,transcrib]'s notes3 7#a7 ,numb]s foll[+ lett]s 7)\t space7 l ,c#b 7 orig9ally pr9t$ 9 subscript4 ,lett] subscripts are prec$$ by an und]score1 l ,cn4 7#b7 ,*>act]s foll[+ a c>at 77 7 pr9t$ 9 sup]script4 7#c7 ,side-notes 7 relocat$ to function z titles ( _! respective p>agraphs4 7#d7 ,macrons & breves above lett]s & dots bel[ lett]s 7 n ins]t$4 7#e7 root /&s = ! root symbol2 int = integral2 alpha1 beta1 etc4 = greek lett]s4 7#f7 ,! foll[+ typographical errors h be5 correct$3 ,,article ,,electro!rapeutics3 ,?is is ! normal reaction ( ! n]ve to f>adism4 'normal' am5d$ f 'mormal'4 ,,article ,,electro!rapeutics3 ,if ! curr5t be sudd5ly rev]s$1 s t :at 0 ! anode becomes ! ka?ode1 a /rong] contraction is obta9$ ?an by simply mak+ & break+ ! curr5t4 '/rong]' am5d$ f '/ong]'4 ,,article ,,electro!rapeutics3 ,?us ,,rd is pres5t 9 infantile p>alysis1 acute neuritis1 c41 b abs5t 9 progressive muscul> atrophy :]e ! wa/+ ( n]ve & muscle takes place extremely sl[ly4 'progressive' am5d$ f 'progessive'4 ,,article ,,electro!rapeutics3 ,9 ! m$ical application ( ^! facts x mu/ be rememb]$ t :5 an ion is introduc$ into ! body by electrolysis1 x is probably =c$ into ! actual cellul> con/itu5ts ( ! body 444 'probably' am5d$ f 'propably'4 ,,article ,,elg9%ire3 ,f9dhorn has be5 twice visit$ by calamities4 'visit$' am5d$ f 'vsit$'4 ,,article ,,eliot1 ,,george3 ,romola1 :i* is :at is call$ an hi/orical novel1 owes its vitality n to ! portraits ( ,savon>ola or ( ! h]o9e 444 'its' am5d$ f 'x'4 ,,article ,,elzevir3 444 a *ronological li/ & detail$ description ( all works pr9t$ by !m1 _! v>i\s typographical m>ks 444 'works' am5d$ f 'words'4 ,,article ,,embalm+ 3 444 x be+ held by ! ,egyptians a dete/able ?+ to commit any viol5ce or inflict a w\nd on ! body4 'dete/able' am5d$ f 'de/e/able'4 ,,article ,,embryology3 ,9 ?is mann] ! g]m9al disc has become conv]t$ into ! bla/od]m 444 'become' am5d$ f' beecome'4 ,,article ,,embryology3 ,= in/ance1 9 ,v]tebrata ?is tissue gives rise to n]v\s tissue1 blood-vessels1 r5al tubules 444 'rise' am5d$ f 'tise'4 ,,article ,,em9 ,,pa%a3 ,?is la/ /ep foll[$ ^u 8 receipt ( a lett] f ,nub> ,pa%a1 in=m+ him t x 0 impossible = ! ,egyptian gov]nm5t to s5d him help 444 'f' am5d$ f 'fom'4 ,,article ,,empire3 ,s4 ,riezl]1 ,die lit]>is*5 ,wid]sa*] d] ,pap/e zur ,zeit ,ludwigs des ,bai]s 7#ahgd72 444 'zur' am5d$ f 'sur'4 ,,article ,,employ]s' ,,liability3 ,b x expressly applies to seam54 'expressly' am5d$ f 'expressely'4 ,,article ,,employ]s' ,,liability3 ,comp5sation becomes payable aft] ! expiration ( sixty days f ! date ( ! accid5t4 'becomes' am5d$ f 'bcomes'4 ,,article ,,encau/ic ,,pa9t+3 ,9 ?is ley he boil$ ! wax1 cut into little bits1 = half an h\r1 aft] :i* he remov$ x f ! fire & all[$ x to cool4 'little' am5d$ f 'litle'4 ,,article ,,en]getics3 444 :i* ?r[ mu* light on ! ph5om5a ( actual sy/ems n f> remov$ f ^! ideal limits4 'f' am5d$ f 'trom'4 ,,article ,,en]getics3 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ?is argum5t applies only to fluid phases1 = 9 ! case ( deposition ( a solid 444 'phases' am5d$ f 'phrases'4 ,,article ,,engel1 ,,ern/3 444 & ,zeits*rift des ,/ati/is*5 ,bureaus des ,konigrei*s ,sa*s54 ',/ati/is*5' am5d$ f ',/ati/i*5'4 ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica ,a ,,diction>y ,,( ,,arts1 ,,sci5ces1 ,,lit]ature ,,& ,,g5]al ,,in=mation ,,elev5? ,,edition ,,volume ,,ix1 ,,slice ,,iii ,electro/atics to ,engis ,,articles ,,9 ,,?is ,,slice3 ,,electro/atics ,,eltville ,,electro!rapeutics ,,eltz ,,electrotyp+ ,,elvas ,,electrum1 ,,electron ,,elvey1 ,,sir ,,george ,,job ,,elegit ,,elvira1 ,,synod ,,( ,,elegy ,,el ,,wad ,,elem5t ,,elwood ,,elemi ,,ely1 ,,ri*>d ,,!odore ,,elephant ,,ely ,,elephanta ,,isle ,,elyot1 ,,sir ,,?omas ,,elephantiasis ,,elyria ,,elephant',s-,,foot ,,elysium ,,elets ,,elze1 ,,k>l ,,eleusis ,,elzevir ,,eleu!rius ,,emanation ,,eleu!ropolis ,,emanuel ,i4 ,,elevators ,,embalm+ ,,elf ,,embankm5t ,,elg>1 ,,sir ,,edw>d ,,emb>go ,,elg9 7,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,embassy ,,elg9 7,scotl&7 ,,emb] ,,days & ,,emb] ,,weeks ,,elg9 ,,& ,,k9c>d9e1 ,,e>ls ,,( ,,embezzlem5t ,,elg9%ire ,,emblem ,,elgon ,,emblem5ts ,,eli ,,emboss+ ,,elias ,,embrac]y ,,elias1 ,,john ,,embrasure ,,elias ,,levita ,,embroid]y ,,elie ,,embrun ,,elie ,,de ,,beaumont1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,embryology ,,elijah ,,emd5 ,,elijah ,,wilna ,,em]ald ,,eliot1 ,,*>les ,,william ,,em]ic-,,david1 ,,t\ssa9t-,,b]n>d ,,eliot1 ,,george ,,em]itus ,,eliot1 ,,sir ,,john ,,em]son1 ,,ralph ,,waldo ,,eliot1 ,,john ,,em]son1 ,,william ,,elis 7di/rict ( ,greece7 ,,em]y ,,elis 7city ( ,greece7 ,,emetics ,,elis1 ,,philosophical ,,s*ool ,,( ,,emeu ,,elisavetgrad ,,emigration ,,elisavetpol 7,russian gov]nm5t7 ,,emilia ,,elisavetpol 7,russian t[n7 ,,em95ce ,,eli%a ,,em95t ,,doma9 ,,eli%a ,,b5 ,,abuyah ,,em9escu1 ,,mi*ail ,,elixir ,,em9 ,,pa%a ,,elizabe? 7que5 ( ,engl&7 ,,emlyn1 ,,?omas ,,elizabe? ,,petrovna ,,emmanuel ,,elizabe? ,,amelie ,,eug5ie ,,emmanuel ,,philib]t ,,elizabe? 7,fr$]ick ,v4 consort7 ,,emmaus ,,elizabe? ,,paul9e ,,ottilie ,,emm5d+5 ,,elizabe? 7,*>les ,i4 daught]7 ,,emm]i* ,,elizabe? 7,m>ie ,hel5e7 ,,emmet1 ,,rob]t ,,elizabe?1 ,,sa9t ,,emmet1 ,,?omas ,,addis ,,elizabe? 7,new ,j]sey1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,emmett1 ,,daniel ,,decatur ,,elizabe?an ,,/yle ,,emmitsburg ,,elizabe? ,,city ,,emmius1 ,,ubbo ,,elk ,,emmons1 ,,eb5ez] ,,elkh>t ,,emmons1 ,,na?anael ,,elk+ton1 ,,george ,,ri*>ds ,,emp$ocles ,,ella ,,emp]or ,,ell& ,,emphysema ,,ell5bor\gh1 ,,edw>d ,,law 7judge7 ,,empire ,,ell5bor\gh1 ,,edw>d ,,law 7,e>l7 ,,empiricism ,,ell]y1 ,,william ,,employ]s' ,,liability ,,comp5sation ,,ellesm]e1 ,,francis ,,eg]ton ,,empoli ,,ellesm]e 7t[n 9 ,engl&7 ,,emporia ,,ellice 7,,lagoon7 ,,isl&s ,,emporium ,,elli*pur ,,empson1 ,,sir ,,ri*>d ,,elliotson1 ,,john ,,empyema ,,elliott1 ,,eb5ez] ,,empyrean ,,ellipse ,,ems 7riv] ( ,g]many7 ,,ellipsoid ,,ems 7t[n ( ,g]many7 ,,ellipticity ,,ems]1 ,,j]ome ,,ellis1 ,,alex&] ,,john ,,enamel ,,ellis1 ,,george ,,enca5ia ,,ellis1 ,,sir ,,h5ry ,,encau/ic ,,pa9t+ ,,ellis1 ,,rob9son ,,ence9te ,,ellis1 ,,william ,,enc9a1 ,,juan ,,del ,,elli/on1 ,,rob]t ,,william ,,encke1 ,,johann ,,franz ,,ellora ,,enclave ,,ellore ,,encoignure ,,ellswor?1 ,,oliv] ,,encyclical ,,ellswor? ,,encyclopa$ia ,,ellwang5 ,,endecott1 ,,john ,,ellwood1 ,,?omas ,,endive ,,elm ,,endoeus ,,elmac91 ,,george ,,endogamy ,,elmali ,,endor ,,elmes1 ,,h>vey ,,lonsdale ,,endospora ,,elmes1 ,,james ,,endymion ,,elmham1 ,,?omas ,,en]getics ,,elm9a ,,en]gici ,,elmira ,,en]gy ,,elm%orn ,,enfant91 ,,b>!lemy ,,prosp] ,,elmsley1 ,,pet] ,,enfidaville ,,elne ,,enfield 7,connecticut1 ,u4,s4,a47 ,,el ,,obeid ,,enfield 7,engl&7 ,,eloi1 ,,sa9t ,,enfilade ,,elongation ,,engad9e ,,el ,,paso ,,engag$ ,,column ,,elph9/one1 ,,m\nt/u>t ,,engel1 ,,ern/ ,,elph9/one1 ,,william ,,engel1 ,,johann ,,jakob ,,el ,,r5o ,,engelb]g ,,elsfle? ,,engelbre*tsdatt]1 ,,dor! ,,els9ore ,,engelh>dt1 ,,johann ,,georg ,,veit ,,elssl]1 ,,fanny ,,enghi51 ,,l\is ,,anto9e ,,h5ri ,,el/] 7riv]s ( ,g]many7 ,,enghi5 ,,el/] 7spa ( ,g]many7 ,,eng9e ,,elswick ,,eng9e]+ ,,el ,,teb ,,eng9e]s1 ,,milit>y ,,elton1 ,,*>les ,,isaac ,,engis ,,electro/atics1 ! "n giv5 to t dep>tm5t ( electrical sci5ce 9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( electricity at re/ are consid]$4 ,besides _! ord9>y condition all bodies are capable ( be+ ?r[n into a physical /ate 9 :i* !y are said to be electrifi$ or *>g$ ) electricity4 ,:5 9 ?is condition !y become s\rces ( electric =ce1 & ! space r\nd !m 9 :i* ?is =ce is manife/$ is call$ an electric field 7see ,,electricity74 ,electrifi$ bodies ex]t me*anical =ces on ea* o!r1 creat+ or t5d+ to create motion1 & also induce electric *>ges on neighb\r+ surfaces4 ,! read] possess$ ( no previ\s k ( electrical ph5om5a w be/ appreciate ! mean+ ( ! t]ms employ$ by ! aid ( a few simple exp]im5ts4 ,= ?is purpose ! foll[+ app>atus %\ld be provid$3--7#a7 two small metal tea-trays & "s clean dry tumbl]s1 ! latt] pref]ably v>ni%$ ) %ellac v>ni% made ) alcohol free f wat]2 7#b7 two %eets ( ebonite r l>g] ?an ! tea-trays2 7#c7 a rod ( seal+-wax or ebonite & a glass tube1 also "s pieces ( silk & flannel2 7#d7 a few small gilt pi? balls susp5d$ by dry silk ?reads2 7#e7 a gold-leaf electroscope1 &1 if possible1 a simple =m ( quadrant electromet] 7see ,,electroscope & ,,electromet]72 7#f7 "s brass balls m\nt$ on ! ends ( ebonite p5hold]s1 & a few t9 cani/]s4 ,) ! aid ( ?is app>atus1 ! pr9cipal facts ( electro/atics c be exp]im5tally v]ifi$1 z foll[s3-- ,exp]im5t ,i4--,place "o tea-tray bottom side upp]mo/ ^u ?ree w>m tumbl]s z legs4 ,rub ! %eet ( ebonite vigor\sly ) w>m flannel & lay x rubb$ side d[nw>ds on ! top ( ! tray4 ,t\* ! tray ) ! f+] = an in/ant1 & lift up ! ebonite )\t lett+ ! h& t\* ! tray a second "t4 ,! tray is !n f\nd to be electrifi$4 ,if a susp5d$ gilt pi? ball is held ne> x1 ! ball w fir/ be attract$ & !n repell$4 ,if small fragm5ts ( pap] are scatt]$ on ! tray & !n ! o!r tray held 9 ! h& ov] !m1 !y w fly up & d[n rapidly4 ,if ! knuckle is approa*$ to ! electrifi$ tray1 a small sp>k w be se51 & aft]w>ds ! tray w be f\nd to be dis*>g$ or unelectrifi$4 ,if ! electrifi$ tray is t\*$ ) ! seal+-wax or ebonite rod1 x w n be dis*>g$1 b if t\*$ ) a metal wire1 ! h&1 or a damp ?read1 x is dis*>g$ at once4 ,?is %[s t "s bodies are conductors & o!rs non-conductors or insulators ( electricity1 & t bodies c be electrifi$ by friction & imp>t _! electric *>ge to o!r bodies4 ,a *>g$ conductor support$ on a non-conductor reta9s its *>ge4 ,x is !n said to be insulat$4 ,exp]im5t ,,ii4--,arrange two tea-trays1 ea* on dry tumbl]s z be=e4 ,rub ! %eet ( ebonite ) flannel1 lay x face d[nw>ds on "o tray1 t\* t tray ) ! f+] = a mom5t & lift up ! ebonite %eet1 rub x aga91 & lay x face d[nw>ds on ! second tray & leave x !re4 ,!n take two susp5d$ gilt pi? balls & t\* !m 7a7 bo? aga9/ "o tray2 !y w be f\nd to repel ea* o!r2 7b7 t\* "o aga9/ "o tray & ! o!r aga9/ ! o!r tray1 & !y w be f\nd to attract ea* o!r4 ,?is proves ! exi/5ce ( two k9ds ( electricity1 call$ positive & negative4 ,! fir/ tea-tray is positively electrifi$1 & ! second negatively4 ,if an insulat$ brass ball is t\*$ aga9/ ! fir/ tray & !n aga9/ ! knob or plate ( ! electroscope1 ! gold leaves w div]ge4 ,if ! ball is dis*>g$ & t\*$ aga9/ ! o!r tray1 & !n aft]w>ds aga9/ ! previ\sly *>g$ electroscope1 ! leaves w collapse4 ,?is %[s t ! two electricities neutralize ea* o!r's effect :5 imp>t$ equally to ! same conductor4 ,exp]im5t ,,iii4--,let "o tray be insulat$ z be=e1 & ! electrifi$ %eet ( ebonite held ov] x1 b n all[$ to t\* ! tray4 ,if ! ebonite is )drawn )\t t\*+ ! tray1 ! latt] w be f\nd to be unelectrifi$4 ,if :il/ hold+ ! ebonite %eet ov] ! tray ! latt] is also t\*$ ) an insulat$ brass ball1 !n ?is ball :5 remov$ & te/$ ) ! electroscope w be f\nd to be negatively electrifi$4 ,! sign ( ! electrification imp>t$ to ! electroscope :5 s *>g$--t is1 :e!r positive or negative--c be det]m9$ by rubb+ ! seal+-wax rod ) flannel & ! glass rod ) silk1 & approa*+ !m g5tly to ! electroscope "o at a "t4 ,! seal+-wax s treat$ is electrifi$ negatively or res9\sly1 & ! glass ) positive or vitre\s electricity4 ,h5ce if ! electrifi$ seal+-wax rod makes ! leaves collapse1 ! electroscopic *>ge is positive1 b if ! glass rod does ! same1 ! electroscopic *>ge is negative4 ,aga91 if1 :il/ hold+ ! electrifi$ ebonite ov] ! tray1 we t\* ! latt] = a mom5t & !n )draw ! ebonite %eet1 ! tray w be f\nd to be positively electrifi$4 ,! electrifi$ ebonite is said to act by electro/atic induction on ! tray1 & creates on x two induc$ *>ges1 "o ( positive & ! o!r ( negative electricity4 ,! la/ goes to e>? :5 ! tray is t\*$1 & ! fir/ rema9s :5 ! tray is insulat$ & ! ebonite )drawn4 ,exp]im5t ,,iv4--,place a t9 cani/] on a w>m tumbl] & connect x by a wire ) ! gold-leaf electroscope4 ,*>ge positively a brass ball held on an ebonite /em1 & introduce x1 )\t t\*+1 into ! cani/]4 ,! leaves ( ! electroscope w div]ge ) positive electricity4 ,)draw ! ball & ! leaves w collapse4 ,replace ! ball aga9 & t\* ! outside ( ! cani/]2 ! leaves w collapse4 ,if !n ! ball be )drawn1 ! leaves w div]ge a second "t ) negative electrification4 ,if1 be=e )draw+ ! ball1 aft] t\*+ ! outside ( ! cani/] = a mom5t ! ball is t\*$ aga9/ ! inside ( ! cani/]1 !n on )draw+ x ! ball & cani/] are f\nd to be dis*>g$4 ,?is exp]im5t proves t :5 a *>g$ body acts by induction on an insulat$ conductor x causes an electrical sep>ation to take place2 electricity ( opposite sign is drawn to ! side ne>e/ ! induc+ body1 & t ( l sign is repell$ to ! remote side1 & ^! quantities are equal 9 am\nt4 ,seat ( ! ,electric ,*>ge4--,s f> we h spok5 ( electric *>ge z if x resid$ on ! conductors :i* are electrifi$4 ,! "w ( ,b5jam9 ,frankl91 ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 ,mi*ael ,f>aday & ,j4 ,cl]k ,maxwell demon/rat$1 h[ev]1 t all electric *>ge or electrification ( conductors consi/s simply 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a physical /ate 9 ! surr\nd+ insulator or dielectric1 :i* /ate is v>i\sly call$ electric /ra91 electric displacem5t or electric pol>ization4 ,"u ! action ( ! same or id5tical electric =ces ! int5sity ( ?is /ate 9 v>i\s insulators is det]m9$ by a quality ( !m call$ _! dielectric con/ant1 specific inductive capacity or inductivity4 ,9 ! next place we mu/ notice t electrification is a measurable magnitude & 9 electro/atics is e/imat$ 9 t]ms ( a unit call$ ! electro/atic unit ( electric quantity4 ,9 ! absolute ,c4,g4,s4 sy/em ?is unit quantity is def9$ z foll[s3--,if we consid] a v small electrifi$ sph]ical conductor1 exp]im5t %[s t x ex]ts a repulsive =ce ^u ano!r simil> & simil>ly electrifi$ body4 ,cav5di% & ,c4,a4 ,c\lomb prov$ t ?is me*anical =ce v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5tres ( ! sph]es4 ,! unit ( me*anical =ce 9 ! c5timetre1 gramme1 second 7,c4,g4,s47 sy/em ( units is ! dyne1 :i* is approximately equal to #a_/iha "p ( ! weight ( "o gramme4 ,a v small sph]e is said !n to possess a *>ge ( "o electro/atic unit ( quantity1 :5 x repels ano!r simil> & simil>ly electrifi$ body ) a =ce ( "o dyne1 ! c5tres be+ at a di/ance ( "o c5timetre1 provid$ t ! sph]es are 9 vacuo or imm]s$ 9 "s insulator1 ! dielectric con/ant ( :i* is tak5 z unity4 ,if ! two small conduct+ sph]es are plac$ ) c5tres at a di/ance d c5timetres1 & imm]s$ 9 an insulator ( dielectric con/ant ,k1 & c>ry *>ges ( ,q & ,q' electro/atic units respectively1 measur$ z above describ$1 !n ! me*anical =ce betwe5 !m is equal to ,,qq'_/,kd#b dynes4 ,= con/ant *>ges & di/ances ! me*anical =ce is inv]sely z ! dielectric con/ant4 ,electric ,=ce4--,if a small conduct+ body is *>g$ ) ,q electro/atic units ( electricity1 & plac$ 9 any electric field at a po9t :]e ! electric =ce has a value ,e1 x w be subject to a me*anical =ce equal to ,,qe dynes1 t5d+ to move x 9 ! direction ( ! resultant electric =ce4 ,?is provides u ) a def9ition ( a unit ( electric =ce1 = x is ! /r5g? ( an electric field at t po9t :]e a small conductor c>ry+ a unit *>ge is act$ ^u by unit me*anical =ce1 assum+ ! dielectric con/ant ( ! surr\nd+ m$ium to be unity4 ,to avoid unnecess>y complications we %all assume ?is latt] condition 9 all ! foll[+ discussion1 :i* is equival5t simply to assum+ t all our electrical measurem5ts are made 9 air or 9 vacuo4 ,ow+ to ! confusion introduc$ by ! employm5t ( ! t]m =ce1 ,maxwell & o!r writ]s sometimes use ! words electromotive int5sity in/ead ( electric =ce4 ,! read] %\ld1 h[ev]1 notice t :at is g5]ally call$ electric =ce is ! analogue 9 electricity ( ! s-call$ accel]ation ( gravity 9 me*anics1 :il/ electrification or quantity ( electricity is analog\s to mass4 ,if a mass ( ,m grammes be plac$ 9 ! e>?'s field at a place :]e ! accel]ation ( gravity has a value g c5timetres p] second1 !n ! me*anical =ce act+ on x & pull+ x d[nw>ds is ,mg dynes4 ,9 ! same mann]1 if an electrifi$ body c>ries a positive *>ge ,q electro/atic units & is plac$ 9 an electric field at a place :]e ! electric =ce or electromotive int5sity has a value ,e units1 x is urg$ 9 ! direction ( ! electric =ce ) a me*anical =ce equal to ,,qe dynes4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 assume t ! *>ge ,q is s small t x does n s5sibly di/urb ! orig9al electric field1 & t ! dielectric con/ant ( ! insulator is unity4 ,f>aday introduc$ ! important & useful conception ( l9es & tubes ( electric =ce4 ,if we consid] a v small conductor *>g$ ) a unit ( positive electricity to be plac$ 9 an electric field1 x w move or t5d to move "u ! action ( ! electric =ce 9 a c]ta9 direction4 ,! pa? describ$ by x :5 remov$ f ! action ( gravity & all o!r physical =ces is call$ a l9e ( electric =ce4 ,we may o!rwise def9e x by say+ t a l9e ( electric =ce is a l9e s drawn 9 a field ( electric =ce t its direction co9cides at e po9t ) ! resultant electric =ce at t po9t4 ,let any l9e drawn 9 an electric field be divid$ up into small elem5ts ( l5g?4 ,we c take ! sum ( all ! products ( ! l5g? ( ea* elem5t by ! resolv$ "p ( ! electric =ce 9 its direction4 ,?is sum1 or integral1 is call$ ! l9e integral ( electric =ce or ! electromotive =ce 7,e4,m4,f47 along ?is l9e4 ,9 "s cases ! value ( ?is electromotive =ce betwe5 two po9ts or conductors is indep5d5t ( ! precise pa? select$1 & x is !n call$ ! pot5tial diff]5ce 7,p4,d47 ( ! two po9ts or conductors4 ,we may def9e ! t]m pot5tial diff]5ce o!rwise by say+ t x is ! "w done 9 c>ry+ a small conductor *>g$ ) "o unit ( electricity f "o po9t to ! o!r 9 a direction opposite to t 9 :i* x w\ld move "u ! electric =ces if left to itself4 ,electric ,pot5tial4--,suppose !n t we h a conductor *>g$ ) electricity2 we may imag9e its surface to be divid$ up into small unequal areas1 ea* ( :i* c>ries a unit *>ge ( electricity4 ,if we consid] l9es ( electric =ce to be drawn f ! b\nd>ies ( ^! areas1 !y w cut up ! space r\nd ! conductor into tubul> surfaces call$ tubes ( electric =ce1 & ea* tube w spr+ f an area ( ! conductor c>ry+ a unit electric *>ge4 ,h5ce ! *>ge on ! conductor c be measur$ by ! numb] ( unit electric tubes spr++ f x4 ,9 ! next place we may consid] ! *>g$ body to be surr\nd$ by a numb] ( clos$ surfaces1 su* t ! pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 any po9t on "o surface & ! e>? is ! same4 ,^! surfaces are call$ equipot5tial or level surfaces1 & we may s locate !m t ! pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 two adjac5t surfaces is "o unit ( pot5tial2 t is1 x requires "o absolute unit ( "w 7#a erg7 to move a small body *>g$ ) "o unit ( electricity f "o surface to ! next4 ,^! enclos+ surfaces1 !re=e1 cut up ! space into %ells ( pot5tial1 & divide up ! tubes ( =ce into electric cells4 ,! surface ( a *>g$ conductor is an equipot5tial surface1 because :5 ! electric *>ge is 9 equilibrium !re is no t5d5cy = electricity to move f "o "p to ! o!r4 ,we arbitr>ily call ! pot5tial ( ! e>? z]o1 s9ce all pot5tial diff]5ce is relative & !re is no absolute pot5tial any m ?an absolute level4 ,we call ! diff]5ce ( pot5tial betwe5 a *>g$ conductor & ! e>? ! pot5tial ( ! conductor4 ,h5ce :5 a body is *>g$ positively its pot5tial is rais$ above t ( ! e>?1 & :5 negatively x is l[]$ b5ea? t ( ! e>?4 ,pot5tial 9 a c]ta9 s5se is to electricity z diff]5ce ( level is to liquids or diff]5ce ( temp]ature to heat4 ,x mu/ be not$1 h[ev]1 t pot5tial is a m]e ma!matical concept1 & has no objective exi/5ce l diff]5ce ( level1 nor is x capable p] se ( produc+ physical *anges 9 bodies1 su* z ^? :i* are br\ght ab\t by rise ( temp]ature1 ap>t f any "q ( diff]5ce ( temp]ature4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ?is simil>ity betwe5 !m4 ,electricity t5ds to fl[ f places ( high to places ( l[ pot5tial1 wat] to fl[ d[n hill1 & heat to move f places ( high to places ( l[ temp]ature4 ,return+ to ! case ( ! *>g$ body ) ! space ar\nd x cut up into electric cells by ! tubes ( =ce & %ells ( pot5tial1 x is obvi\s t ! numb] ( ^! cells is repres5t$ by ! product ,,qv1 :]e ,q is ! *>ge & ,v ! pot5tial ( ! body 9 electro/atic units4 ,an electrifi$ conductor is a /ore ( en]gy1 & f ! def9ition ( pot5tial x is cle> t ! "w done 9 increas+ ! *>ge q ( a conductor ^: pot5tial is v by a small am\nt dq1 is vdq1 & s9ce ?is add$ *>ge increases 9 turn ! pot5tial1 x is easy to prove t ! "w done 9 *>g+ a conductor ) ,q units to a pot5tial ,v units is #a_/b ,,qv units ( "w4 ,accord+ly ! numb] ( electric cells into :i* ! space r\nd is cut up is equal to twice ! en]gy /or$ up1 or ea* cell conta9s half a unit ( en]gy4 ,?is h>monizes ) ! fact t ! real seat ( ! en]gy ( electrification is ! dielectric or insulator surr\nd+ ! *>g$ conductor4#a ,we h next to notice ?ree important facts 9 electro/atics & "s consequ5ces fl[+ !refrom4 7i7 ,electrical ,equilibrium & ,pot5tial4--,if !re be any numb] ( *>g$ conductors 9 a field1 ! electrification on !m be+ 9 equilibrium or at re/1 ! surface ( ea* conductor is an equipot5tial surface4 ,= s9ce electricity t5ds to move betwe5 po9ts or conductors at diff]5t pot5tials1 if ! electricity is at re/ on !m ! pot5tial mu/ be ev]y:]e ! same4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! electric =ce at ! surface ( ! conductor has no compon5t along ! surface1 9 o!r words1 ! electric =ce at ! b\nd+ surface ( ! conductor & insulator is ev]y:]e at "r angles to x4 ,by ! surface d5sity ( electrification on a conductor is meant ! *>ge p] unit ( area1 or ! numb] ( tubes ( electric =ce :i* spr+ f unit area ( its surface4 ,c\lomb prov$ exp]im5tally t ! electric =ce j outside a conductor at any po9t is proportional to ! electric d5sity at t po9t4 ,x c be %[n t ! resultant electric =ce normal to ! surface at a po9t j outside a conductor is equal to #dpisigma1 :]e sigma is ! surface d5sity at t po9t4 ,?is is usually call$ ,c\lomb's ,law4#b 7ii7 ,seat ( ,*>ge4--,! *>ge on an electrifi$ conductor is :olly on ! surface1 & !re is no electric =ce 9 ! int]ior ( a clos$ electrifi$ conduct+ surface :i* does n conta9 any o!r electrifi$ bodies4 ,f>aday prov$ ?is exp]im5tally 7see ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 s]ies xi4 ,s #aagc7 by con/ruct+ a l>ge *amb] or box ( pap] cov]$ ) t9foil or ?9 metal4 ,?is 0 insulat$ & highly electrifi$4 ,9 ! int]ior no trace ( electric *>ge c\ld be f\nd :5 te/$ by electroscopes or o!r means4 ,cav5di% prov$ x by enclos+ a metal sph]e 9 two hemisph]es ( ?9 metal held on insulat+ supports4 ,if ! sph]e is *>g$ & !n ! jacket+ hemisph]es fitt$ on x & remov$1 ! sph]e is f\nd to be p]fectly dis*>g$4#c ,num]\s o!r demon/rations ( ?is fact 7 giv5 by ,f>aday4 ,! ?9ne/ possible sph]ical %ell ( metal1 su* z a sph]e ( insulator coat$ ) gold-leaf1 behaves z a conductor = /atic *>ge j z if x 7 a sph]e ( solid metal4 ,! fact t !re is no electric =ce 9 ! int]ior ( su* a clos$ electrifi$ %ell is "o ( ! mo/ c]ta9ly asc]ta9$ facts 9 ! sci5ce ( electro/atics1 & x enables u to demon/rate at once t p>ticles ( electricity attract & repel ea* o!r ) a =ce :i* is inv]sely z ! squ>e ( _! di/ance4 ,we may give 9 ! fir/ place an elem5t>y pro( ( ! conv]se proposition by ! aid ( a simple lemma3-- ,lemma4--,if p>ticles ( matt] attract "o ano!r accord+ to ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e ! attraction ( all sections ( a cone = a p>ticle at ! v]tex is ! same4 ,def9ition4--,! solid angle subt5d$ by any surface at a po9t is measur$ by ! quoti5t ( its app>5t surface by ! squ>e ( its di/ance f t po9t4 ,h5ce ! total solid angle r\nd any po9t is #dpi4 ,! solid angles subt5d$ by all normal sections ( a cone at ! v]tex are !re=e equal1 & s9ce ! attractions ( ^! sections on a p>ticle at ! v]tex are proportional to _! di/ances f ! v]tex1 !y are num]ically equal to "o ano!r & to ! solid angle ( ! cone4 ,let u !n suppose a sph]ical %ell ,o to be electrifi$4 ,select any po9t ,p 9 ! int]ior & let a l9e drawn ?r\gh x sweep out a small d\ble cone 7see fig4 #a74 ,ea* cone cuts out an area on ! surface equally incl9$ to ! cone axis4 ,! electric d5sity on ! sph]e be+ uni=m1 ! quantities ( electricity on ^! areas are proportional to ! areas1 & if ! electric =ce v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 ! =ces ex]t$ by ^! two surface *>ges at ! po9t 9 "q are proportional to ! solid angle ( ! little cone4 ,h5ce ! =ces due to ! two areas at opposite ends ( ! *ord are equal & oppos$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,h5ce we see t if ! :ole surface ( ! sph]e is divid$ into pairs ( elem5ts by cones describ$ ?r\gh any int]ior po9t1 ! resultant =ce at t po9t mu/ consi/ ( ! sum ( pairs ( equal & opposite =ces1 & is !re=e z]o4 ,= ! pro( ( ! conv]se proposition we mu/ ref] ! read] to ! ,electrical ,rese>*es ( ! ,hon4 ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 p4 #dai1 or to ,maxwell's ,treatise on ,electricity & ,magnetism1 #bnd ed41 vol4 i4 p4 #gf1 :]e ,maxwell gives an elegant pro( t if ! =ce 9 ! int]ior ( a clos$ conductor is z]o1 ! law ( ! =ce mu/ be t ( ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance4#d ,f ?is fact x foll[s t we c %ield any conductor entirely f ext]nal influ5ce by o!r *>g$ conductors by enclos+ x 9 a metal case4 ,x is n ev5 necess>y t ?is envelope %\ld be ( solid metal2 a cage made ( f9e metal wire gauze :i* p]mits objects 9 its int]ior to be se5 w yet be a p]fect electrical scre5 = !m4 ,electroscopes & electromet]s1 !re=e1 /&+ 9 proximity to electrifi$ bodies c be p]fectly %ield$ f influ5ce by enclos+ !m 9 cyl9d]s ( metal gauze4 ,ev5 if a *>g$ & insulat$ conductor1 su* z an op5 cani/] or deep cup1 is n p]fectly clos$1 x w be f\nd t a pro(-plane consi/+ ( a small disk ( gilt pap] c>ri$ at ! end ( a rod ( gum-lac w n br+ away any *>ge if appli$ to ! deep inside portions4 ,9 fact x is curi\s to note h[ l>ge an op5+ may be made 9 a vessel :i* yet rema9s = all electrical purposes a clos$ conductor4 ,maxwell 7,elem5t>y ,treatise1 c41 p4 #ae7 +5i\sly appli$ ?is fact to ! insulation ( conductors4 ,if we desire to insulate a metal ball to make x hold a *>ge ( electricity1 x is usual to d s by atta*+ x to a h&le or /em ( glass or ebonite4 ,9 ?is case ! electric *>ge exi/s at ! po9t :]e ! /em is atta*$1 & !re leakage by creep+ takes place4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we employ a holl[ sph]e & let ! /em pass ?r\gh a hole 9 ! side l>g] ?an itself1 & atta* ! end to ! int]ior ( ! sph]e1 !n leakage _c take place4 ,ano!r coroll>y ( ! fact t !re is no electric =ce 9 ! int]ior ( a *>g$ conductor is t ! pot5tial 9 ! int]ior is con/ant & equal to t at ! surface4 ,= by ! def9ition ( pot5tial x foll[s t ! electric =ce 9 any direction at any po9t is measur$ by ! space rate ( *ange ( pot5tial 9 t direction or ,e -d,v_/dx4 ,h5ce if ! =ce is z]o ! pot5tial ,v mu/ be con/ant4 7iii47 ,association ( ,positive & ,negative ,electricities4--,! ?ird lead+ fact 9 electro/atics is t positive & negative electricity are always creat$ 9 equal quantities1 & t = e *>ge1 say1 ( positive electricity on "o conductor !re mu/ exi/ on "s o!r bodies an equal total *>ge ( negative electricity4 ,f>aday express$ ?is fact by say+ t no absolute electric *>ge c\ld be giv5 to matt]4 ,if we consid] ! *>ge ( a conductor to be measur$ by ! numb] ( tubes ( electric =ce :i* proce$ f x1 !n1 s9ce ea* tube mu/ end on "s o!r conductor1 ! above /atem5t is equival5t to say+ t ! *>ges at ea* end ( a tube ( electric =ce are equal4 ,! facts may1 h[ev]1 be/ be und]/ood & demon/rat$ by consid]+ an exp]im5t due to ,f>aday1 commonly call$ ! ice pail exp]im5t1 because he employ$ = x a pewt] ice pail 7,exp4 ,res4 vol4 ii4 p4 #bgi1 or ,phil4 ,mag4 #ahdc1 #bb74 ,on ! plate ( a gold-leaf electroscope place a metal cani/] hav+ a loose lid4 ,let a metal ball be susp5d$ by a silk ?read1 & ! cani/] lid s fix$ to ! ?read t :5 ! lid is 9 place ! ball hangs 9 ! c5tre ( ! cani/]4 ,let ! ball & lid be remov$ by ! silk1 & let a *>ge1 say1 ( positive electricity 7,q7 be giv5 to ! ball4 ,let ! cani/] be t\*$ ) ! f+] to dis*>ge x p]fectly4 ,!n let ! ball be l[]$ into ! cani/]4 ,x w be f\nd t z x does s ! gold-leaves ( ! electroscope div]ge1 b collapse aga9 if ! ball is )drawn4 ,if ! ball is l[]$ until ! lid is 9 place1 ! leaves take a /eady deflection4 ,next let ! cani/] be t\*$ ) ! f+]1 ! leaves collapse1 b div]ge aga9 :5 ! ball is )drawn4 ,a te/ w %[ t 9 ?is la/ case ! cani/] is left negatively electrifi$4 ,if be=e ! ball is )drawn1 aft] t\*+ ! outside ( ! cani/] ) ! f+]1 ! ball is tilt$ ov] to make x t\* ! inside ( ! cani/]1 !n on )draw+ x ! cani/] & ball are f\nd to be p]fectly dis*>g$4 ,! explanation is z foll[s3 ! *>ge 7,q7 ( positive electricity on ! ball creates by induction an equal *>ge 7-,q7 on ! inside ( ! cani/] :5 plac$ 9 x1 & repels to ! ext]ior surface ( ! cani/] an equal *>ge 7,q74 ,on t\*+ ! cani/] ?is la/ *>ge goes to e>?4 ,h5ce :5 ! ball is t\*$ aga9/ ! inside ( ! cani/] be=e )draw+ x a second "t1 ! fact t ! sy/em is f\nd subsequ5tly to be completely dis*>g$ proves t ! *>ge -,q induc$ on ! inside ( ! cani/] mu/ be exactly equal to ! *>ge ,q on ! ball1 & also t ! induc+ action ( ! *>ge ,q on ! ball creat$ equal quantities ( electricity ( opposite sign1 "o drawn to ! inside & ! o!r repell$ to ! outside ( ! cani/]4 ,electrical ,capacity4--,we mu/ next consid] ! quality ( a conductor call$ its electrical capacity4 ,! pot5tial ( a conductor has already be5 def9$ z ! me*anical "w :i* mu/ be done to br+ up a v small body *>g$ ) a unit ( positive electricity f ! e>?'s surface or o!r b\nd>y tak5 z ! place ( z]o pot5tial to ! surface ( ?is conductor 9 "q4 ,! ma!matical expression = ?is pot5tial c 9 "s cases be calculat$ or pr$et]m9$4 ,pot5tial ( a sph]e4 ,?us1 consid] a sph]e uni=mly *>g$ ) ,q units ( positive electricity4 ,x is a fundam5tal !orem 9 attractions t a ?9 sph]ical %ell ( matt] :i* attracts accord+ to ! law ( ! inv]se squ>e acts on all ext]nal po9ts z if x 7 conc5trat$ at its c5tre4 ,h5ce a sph]e hav+ a *>ge ,q repels a unit *>ge plac$ at a di/ance x f its c5tre ) a =ce ,q_/x#b dynes1 & !re=e ! "w ,w 9 ergs exp5d$ 9 br++ ! unit up to t po9t f an inf9ite di/ance is giv5 by ! integral _/x ,w ,qx-#b dx ,q_/x 7#a74 _/oo ,capacity ( a sph]e4 ,h5ce ! pot5tial at ! surface ( ! sph]e1 & !re=e ! pot5tial ( ! sph]e1 is ,q_/,r1 :]e ,r is ! radius ( ! sph]e 9 c5timetres4 ,! quantity ( electricity :i* mu/ be giv5 to ! sph]e to raise x to unit pot5tial is !re=e ,r electro/atic units4 ,! capacity ( a conductor is def9$ to be ! *>ge requir$ to raise its pot5tial to unity1 all o!r *>g$ conductors be+ at an inf9ite di/ance4 ,?is capacity is !n a function ( ! geometrical dim5sions ( ! conductor1 & c be ma!matically det]m9$ 9 c]ta9 cases4 ,s9ce ! pot5tial ( a small *>ge ( electricity d,q at a di/ance r is equal to d,q_/r1 & s9ce ! pot5tial ( all p>ts ( a conductor is ! same 9 ^? cases 9 :i* ! di/ribution ( surface d5sity ( electrification is uni=m or symmetrical ) respect to "s po9t or axis 9 ! conductor1 we c calculate ! pot5tial by simply summ+ up t]ms l sigmad,s_/r1 :]e d,s is an elem5t ( surface1 sigma ! surface d5sity ( electricity on x1 & r ! di/ance f ! symmetrical c5tre4 ,! capacity is !n obta9$ z ! quoti5t ( ! :ole *>ge by ?is pot5tial4 ,?us ! di/ribution ( electricity on a sph]e 9 free space mu/ be uni=m1 & all p>ts ( ! *>ge are at an equal di/ance ,r f ! c5tre4 ,accord+ly ! pot5tial at ! c5tre is ,q_/,r4 ,b ?is mu/ be ! pot5tial ( ! sph]e1 s9ce all p>ts are at ! same pot5tial ,v4 ,s9ce ! capacity ,c is ! ratio ( *>ge to pot5tial1 ! capacity ( ! sph]e 9 free space is ,q_/,v ,r1 or is num]ically ! same z its radius reckon$ 9 c5timetres4 ,capacity ( a ?9 rod4 ,we c ?us easily calculate ! capacity ( a long ?9 wire l a telegraph wire f> remov$ f ! e>?1 z foll[s3 ,let #br be ! diamet] ( ! wire1 l its l5g?1 & sigma ! uni=m surface electric d5sity4 ,!n consid] a ?9 annulus ( ! wire ( wid? dx2 ! *>ge on x is equal to #bpirsigma_/dx units1 & ! pot5tial ,v at a po9t on ! axis at a di/ance x f ! annulus due to ?is elem5t>y *>ge is l_/#b _/ #bpirsigma ,v #b -----------------dx #dpirsigma loge 7#a_/b l rootr#b #a_/d l#b7 - loge r4 _/ root7r#b x#b7 #j ,if1 !n1 r is small comp>$ ) l1 we h ,v #dpirsigmaloge l_/r4 ,b ! *>ge is ,q #bpirsigma1 & !re=e ! capacity ( ! ?9 wire is giv5 by ,c #a_/b loge l_/r 7#b74 ,pot5tial ( an ellipsoid4 ,a m difficult case is pres5t$ by ! ellipsoid#e4 ,we h fir/ to det]m9e ! mode 9 :i* electricity di/ributes itself on a conduct+ ellipsoid 9 free space4 ,x mu/ be su* a di/ribution t ! pot5tial 9 ! int]ior w be con/ant1 s9ce ! electric =ce mu/ be z]o4 ,x is a well-kn[n !orem 9 attractions t if a %ell is made ( gravitative matt] ^: inn] & out] surfaces are simil> ellipsoids1 x ex]cises no attraction on a p>ticle ( matt] 9 its int]ior#f4 ,consid] !n an ellipsoidal %ell ! axes ( ^: b\nd+ surfaces are 7a1 b1 c7 & 7a da71 7b db71 7c dc71 :]e da_/a db_/b dc_/c mu4 ,! pot5tial ( su* a %ell at any int]nal po9t is con/ant1 & ! equipot5tial surfaces = ext]nal space are ellipsoids confocal ) ! ellipsoidal %ell4 ,h5ce if we di/ribute electricity ov] an ellipsoid1 s t its d5sity is ev]y:]e proportional to ! ?ickness ( a %ell =m$ by describ+ r\nd ! ellipsoid a simil> & slightly l>g] "o1 t di/ribution w be 9 equilibrium & w produce a con/ant pot5tial ?r\gh\t ! int]ior4 ,?us if sigma is ! surface d5sity1 delta ! ?ickness ( ! %ell at any po9t1 & rho ! assum$ volume d5sity ( ! matt] ( ! %ell1 we h sigma ,adeltarho4 ,!n ! quantity ( electricity on any elem5t ( surface d,s is ,a times ! mass ( ! correspond+ elem5t ( ! %ell2 & if ,q is ! :ole quantity ( electricity on ! ellipsoid1 ,q ,a times ! :ole mass ( ! %ell4 ,?is mass is equal to #dpiabcrhomu2 !re=e ,q ,a#dpiabcrhomu & delta mup1 :]e p is ! l5g? ( ! p]p5dicul> let fall f ! c5tre ( ! ellipsoid on ! tang5t plane4 ,h5ce sigma ,qp_/#dpiabc 7#c74 ,capacity ( an ellipsoid4 ,accord+ly = a giv5 ellipsoid ! surface d5sity ( free di/ribution ( electricity on x is ev]y:]e proportional to ! l5g? ( ! p]p5dicul> let fall f ! c5tre on ! tang5t plane at t po9t4 ,f ?is we c det]m9e ! capacity ( ! ellipsoid z foll[s3 ,let p be ! l5g? ( ! p]p5dicul> f ! c5tre ( ! ellipsoid1 ^: equation is x#b_/;a#b y#b_/;b#b z#b_/;c#b #a to ! tang5t plane at x1 y1 z4 ,!n x c be %[n t #a_/p#b x#b_/;a#d y#b_/;b#d z#b_/;c#d 7see ,fro/'s ,solid ,geometry1 p4 #agb74 ,h5ce ! d5sity sigma is giv5 by ,q #a sigma -------- -----------------------------------1 #dpiabc root7x#b_/;a#d y#b_/;b#d z#b_/;c#d7 & ! pot5tial at ! c5tre ( ! ellipsoid1 & !re=e its pot5tial z a :ole is giv5 by ! expression1 _/ sigmad,s ,q _/ d,s ,v --------- -------- ------------------------------------ 7#d74 _/ r #dpiabc _/ rroot7x#b_/;a#d y#b_/;b#d z#b_/;c#d7 ,accord+ly ! capacity ,c ( ! ellipsoid is giv5 by ! equation #a #a _/ d,s -- -------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------ 7#e74 ,c #dpiabc _/ root7x#b y#b z#b7root7x#b_/;a#d y#b_/;b#d z#b_/;c#d7 ,x has be5 %[n by ,pr(essor ,*ry/al t ! above integral may also be pres5t$ 9 ! =m1#g #a _/oo dlambda -- #a_/b ---------------------------------------- ---------------- 7#f74 ,c _/#j root7a#b lambda77b#b lambda77c#b lambda7 ,! above expressions = ! capacity ( an ellipsoid ( ?ree unequal axes are 9 g5]al elliptic integrals1 b !y c be evaluat$ = ! r$uc$ cases :5 ! ellipsoid is "o ( revolution1 & h5ce 9 ! limit ei!r takes ! =m ( a long rod or ( a circul> disk4 ,?us if ! ellipsoid is "o ( revolution1 & ds is an elem5t ( arc :i* sweeps out ! elem5t ( surface d,s1 we h _/dx _/py #bpib#b d,s #bpiyds #bpiydx _/ 7 -- 7 #bpiydx _/ 7 -- 7 -------- dx4 ds_/ b_/ p ,h5ce1 s9ce sigma ,qp_/#dpiab#b1 sigmad,s ,qdx_/#b;a4 ,accord+ly ! di/ribution ( electricity is su* t equal p>allel slices ( ! ellipsoid ( revolution tak5 normal to ! axis ( revolution c>ry equal *>ges on _! curv$ surface4 ,! capacity ,c ( ! ellipsoid ( revolution is !re=e giv5 by ! expression #a #a _/ dx -- -- ----------------- 7#g74 ,c #b;a _/ root7x#b y#b7 ,if ! ellipsoid is "o ( revolution r\nd ! major axis a 7prolate7 & ( ecc5tricity e1 !n ! above =mula r$uces to #a #a _/#a e -- --- logepsilon7 ----- 7 7#h74 ,c#a #b;ae #a - e_/ ,:]eas if x is an ellipsoid ( revolution r\nd ! m9or axis b 7oblate71 we h #a s9-#a ae --- ---------- 7#i74 ,c#b ae ,9 ea* case we h ,c a :5 e #j1 & ! ellipsoid ?us becomes a sph]e4 ,9 ! extreme case :5 e #a1 ! prolate ellipsoid becomes a long ?9 rod1 & !n ! capacity is giv5 by ,c#a a_/logepsilon #b;a_/b 7#aj71 :i* is id5tical ) ! =mula 7#b7 already obta9$4 ,9 ! o!r extreme case ! oblate sph]oid becomes a circul> disk :5 e #a1 & !n ! capacity ,c#b #b;a_/pi4 ,?is la/ result %[s t ! capacity ( a ?9 disk is #b_/pi #a_/a4ega ( t ( a sph]e ( ! same radius4 ,cav5di% 7,elec4 ,res4 pp4 #acg & #cdg7 det]m9$ 9 #aggc exp]im5tally t ! capacity ( a sph]e 0 #a4eda times t ( a disk ( ! same radius1 a truly rem>kable result = t date4 ,?ree o!r cases ( practical int]e/ pres5t !mselves1 viz4 ! capacity ( two conc5tric sph]es1 ( two coaxial cyl9d]s & ( two p>allel planes4 ,capacity ( two conc5tric sph]es4 ,consid] ! case ( two conc5tric sph]es1 a solid "o enclos$ 9 a holl[ "o4 ,let ,r#a be ! radius ( ! inn] sph]e1 ,r#b ! inside radius ( ! out] sph]e1 & ,r#b ! outside radius ( ! out] sph]ical %ell4 ,let a *>ge ,q be giv5 to ! inn] sph]e4 ,!n ?is produces a *>ge -,q on ! inside ( ! enclos+ sph]ical %ell1 & a *>ge ,q on ! outside ( ! %ell4 ,h5ce ! pot5tial ,v at ! c5tre ( ! inn] sph]e is giv5 by ,v ,q_/,r#a - ,q_/,r#b ,q_/,r#c4 ,if ! out] %ell is connect$ to ! e>?1 ! *>ge ,q on x disappe>s1 & we h ! capacity ,c ( ! inn] sph]e giv5 by ,c #a_/,r#a - #a_/,r#b 7,r#b - ,r#a7_/,r#a,r#b 7#aa74 ,su* a pair ( conc5tric sph]es con/itute a cond5s] 7see ,,leyd5 ,,j>71 & x is obvi\s t by mak+ ,r#b ne>ly equal to ,r#a1 we may enorm\sly increase ! capacity ( ! inn] sph]e4 ,h5ce ! "n cond5s]4 ,capacity ( two coaxial cyl9d]s4 ,! o!r case ( importance is t ( two coaxial cyl9d]s4 ,let a solid circul> section$ cyl9d] ( radius ,r#a be enclos$ 9 a coaxial tube ( inn] radius ,r#b4 ,!n :5 ! inn] cyl9d] is at pot5tial ,v#a & ! out] "o kept at pot5tial ,v#b ! l9es ( electric =ce betwe5 ! cyl9d]s are radial4 ,h5ce ! electric =ce ,e 9 ! int]space v>ies inv]sely z ! di/ance f ! axis4 ,accord+ly ! pot5tial ,v at any po9t 9 ! int]space is giv5 by _/ ,e -d,v_/d,r ,a_/,r or ,v -,a ,r-#a d,r1 7#ab71 _/ :]e ,r is ! di/ance ( ! po9t 9 ! int]space f ! axis1 & ,a is a con/ant4 ,h5ce ,v#b - ,v#a -,a log ,r#b_/,r#a4 ,if we consid] a l5g? l ( ! cyl9d]1 ! *>ge ,q on ! inn] cyl9d] is ,q #bpi,r#alsigma1 :]e sigma is ! surface d5sity1 & by ,c\lomb's law sigma ,e#a_/d pi1 :]e ,e#a ,a_/,r#a is ! =ce at ! surface ( ! inn] cyl9d]4 ,accord+ly ,q #bpi,r#al,a_/#dpi,r#a ,al_/#b4 ,if !n ! out] cyl9d] be at z]o pot5tial ! pot5tial ,v ( ! inn] "o is ,v ,a log 7,r#b_/,r#a71 & its capacity ,c l_/#b log ,r#b_/,r#a4 ,?is =mula is important 9 connexion ) ! capacity ( electric cables1 :i* consi/ ( a cyl9drical conductor 7a wire7 enclos$ 9 a conduct+ %ea?4 ,if ! dielectric or sep>at+ insulator has a con/ant ,k1 !n ! capacity becomes ,k times z great4 ,capacity ( two p>allel planes4 ,edge effect4 ,! capacity ( two p>allel planes c be calculat$ at once if we neglect ! di/ribution ( ! l9es ( =ce ne> ! edges ( ! plates1 & assume t ! only field is ! uni=m field betwe5 ! plates4 ,let ,v#a & ,v#b be ! pot5tials ( ! plates1 & let a *>ge ,q be giv5 to "o ( !m4 ,if ,s is ! surface ( ea* plate1 & d _! di/ance1 !n ! electric =ce ,e 9 ! space betwe5 !m is ,e 7,v#a-,v#b7_/;d4 ,b if sigma is ! surface d5sity1 ,e #dpisigma1 & sigma ,q_/,s4 ,h5ce we h 7,v#a - ,v#b7 d #dpi,q_/,s or ,c ,q_/7,v#a - ,v#b7 ,s_/#dpid 7#ac74 ,9 ?is calculation we neglect altoge!r ! fact t electric =ce di/ribut$ on curv$ l9es exi/s outside ! int]space betwe5 ! plates1 & ^! l9es 9 fact ext5d f ! back ( "o plate to t ( ! o!r4 ,g4,r4 ,kir*h(f 7,gesammelte ,abh&l4 p4 #aab7 has giv5 a full expression = ! capacity ,c ( two circul> plates ( ?ickness t & radius r plac$ at any di/ance d ap>t 9 air f :i* ! edge effect c be calculat$4 ,kir*h(f's expression is z foll[s3-- pir#b r _/ #afpir7dt7 d t ,c ------- ------ 7 d logepsilon ------------ t logepsilon ----- 7 7#ad74 #dpid #dpid epsilond#b t _/ ,9 ! above =mula epsilon is ! base ( ! ,napi]ian log>i?ms4 ,! fir/ t]m on ! "r-h& side ( ! equation is ! expression = ! capacity1 neglect+ ! curv$ edge di/ribution ( electric =ce1 & ! o!r t]ms take into acc\nt1 n only ! uni=m field betwe5 ! plates1 b also ! non-uni=m field r\nd ! edges & beyond ! plates4 ,gu>d plates4 ,9 practice we c avoid ! difficulty due to irregul> di/ribution ( electric =ce at ! edges ( ! plate by ! use ( a gu>d plate z fir/ sugge/$ by ,"l ,kelv94#h ,if a l>ge plate has a circul> hole cut 9 x1 & ?is is ne>ly fill$ up by a circul> plate ly+ 9 ! same plane1 & if we place ano!r l>ge plate p>allel to ! fir/1 !n ! electric field betwe5 ?is second plate & ! small circul> plate is ne>ly uni=m2 & if ,s is ! area ( ! small plate & d its di/ance f ! oppos$ plate1 its capacity may be calculat$ by ! simple =mula ,c ,s_/#dpid4 ,! out] l>g] plate 9 :i* ! hole is cut is call$ ! gu>d plate1 & mu/ be kept at ! same pot5tial z ! small] inn] or trap-door plate4 ,! same arrangem5t c be suppli$ to a pair ( coaxial cyl9d]s4 ,by plac+ metal plates on ei!r side ( a l>g] %eet ( dielectric or insulator we c con/ruct a cond5s] ( relatively l>ge capacity4 ,! in/rum5t kn[n z a ,leyd5 j> 7q4v47 consi/s ( a glass bottle coat$ )9 & )\t = ?ree p>ts ( ! way up ) t9foil4 ,sy/ems ( cond5s]s4 ,if we h a numb] ( su* cond5s]s we c comb9e !m 9 p>allel or 9 s]ies4 ,if all ! plates on "o side are connect$ toge!r & also ^? on ! o!r1 ! cond5s]s are jo9$ 9 p>allel4 ,if ,c#a1 ,c#b1 ,c#c1 c41 are ! sep>ate capacities1 !n ,sigma7,c7 ,c#a ,c#b ,c#c c41 is ! total capacity 9 p>allel4 ,if ! cond5s]s are s jo9$ t ! inn] coat+ ( "o is connect$ to ! out] coat+ ( ! next1 !y are said to be 9 s]ies4 ,s9ce !n !y are all *>g$ ) ! same quantity ( electricity1 & ! total ov] all pot5tial diff]5ce ,v is ! sum ( ea* ( ! individual pot5tial diff]5ces ,v#a1 ,v#b1 ,v#c1 c41 we h ,q ,c#a,v#a ,c#b,v#b ,c#c,v#c c41 & ,v ,v#a ,v#b ,v#c c4 ,! resultant capacity is ,c ,q_/,v1 & ,c #a_/7a_/;,c#a #a_/;,c#b #a_/;,c#c c47 #a_/,sigma7#a_/;,c7 7#ae74 ,^! rules provide means = calculat+ ! resultant capacity :5 any numb] ( cond5s]s are jo9$ up 9 any way4 ,if "o cond5s] is *>g$1 & !n jo9$ 9 p>allel ) ano!r un*>g$ cond5s]1 ! *>ge is divid$ betwe5 !m 9 ! ratio ( _! capacities4 ,= if ,c#a & ,c#b are ! capacities & ,q#a & ,q#b are ! *>ges aft] contact1 !n ,q#a_/;,c#a & ,q#b_/;,c#b are ! pot5tial diff]5ces ( ! coat+s & mu/ be equal4 ,h5ce ,q#a_/;,c#a ,q#b_/;,c#b or ,q#a_/,q#b ,c#a_/;,c#b4 ,x is wor? not+ t if we h a *>g$ sph]e we c p]fectly dis*>ge x by introduc+ x into ! int]ior ( ano!r holl[ insulat$ conductor & mak+ contact4 ,! small sph]e !n becomes "p ( ! int]ior ( ! o!r & loses all *>ge4 ,measurem5t ( ,capacity4--,num]\s me?ods h be5 devis$ = ! measurem5t ( ! electrical capacity ( conductors 9 ^? cases 9 :i* x _c be det]m9$ by calculation4 ,su* a measurem5t may be an absolute det]m9ation or a relative "o4 ,! dim5sions ( a capacity 9 electro/atic measure is a l5g? 7see ,,units1 ,,physical74 ,?us ! capacity ( a sph]e 9 electro/atic units 7,e4,s4,u47 is ! same z ! numb] d5ot+ its radius 9 c5timetres4 ,! unit ( electro/atic capacity is !re=e t ( a sph]e ( #a cm4 radius4#i ,?is unit is too small = practical purposes1 & h5ce a unit ( capacity #ijj1jjj great]1 call$ a micr(>ad1 is g5]ally employ$4 ,?us = in/ance ! capacity 9 free space ( a sph]e #b metres 9 diamet] w\ld be #ajj_/ijj1jjj #a_/ijjj ( a micr(>ad4 ,! electrical capacity ( ! :ole e>? consid]$ z a sph]e is ab\t #hjj micr(>ads4 ,an absolute measurem5t ( capacity means1 !re=e1 a det]m9ation 9 ,e4,s4 units made directly )\t ref]5ce to any o!r cond5s]4 ,on ! o!r h& !re are num]\s me?ods by :i* ! capacities ( cond5s]s may be comp>$ & a relative measurem5t made 9 t]ms ( "s /&>d4 ,relative det]m9ations4 ,"o well-kn[n comp>ison me?od is t ( ,c4,v4 de ,sauty4 ,! two cond5s]s to be comp>$ are connect$ 9 ! bran*es ( a ,:eat/one's ,bridge 7q4v47 & ! o!r two arms complet$ ) v>iable resi/ance boxes4 ,^! arms are !n alt]$ until on rais+ or depress+ ! batt]y key !re is no sudd5 deflection ei!r way ( ! galvanomet]4 ,if ,r#a & ,r#b are ! arms' resi/ances & ,c#a & ,c#b ! cond5s] capacities1 !n :5 ! bridge is balanc$ we h ,r#a 3 ,r#b ,c#a 3 ,c#b4 ,ano!r comp>ison me?od mu* us$ 9 subm>9e cable "w is ! me?od ( mixtures1 orig9ally due to ,"l ,kelv9 & usually call$ ,?omson & ,gott's me?od4 ,x dep5ds on ! pr9ciple t if two cond5s]s ( capacity ,c#a & ,c#b are respectively *>g$ to pot5tials ,v#a & ,v#b1 & !n jo9$ 9 p>allel ) t]m9als ( opposite *>ge toge!r1 ! result+ pot5tial diff]5ce ( ! two cond5s]s w be ,v1 su* t 7,c#a,v#a - ,c#b,v#b7 ,v ------------- 7#af72 7,c ,c7 & h5ce if ,v is z]o we h ,c#a 3 ,c#b ,v#b 3 ,v#a4 ,! me?od is c>ri$ out by *>g+ ! two cond5s]s to be comp>$ at ! two sections ( a high resi/ance jo9+ ! ends ( a batt]y :i* is divid$ into two p>ts by a movable contact4#aj ,?is contact is %ift$ until su* a po9t is f\nd by trial t ! two cond5s]s *>g$ at ! diff]5t sections & !n jo9$ z above describ$ & te/$ on a galvanomet] %[ no *>ge4 ,v>i\s special keys h be5 inv5t$ = p]=m+ ! electrical op]ations exp$iti\sly4 ,a simple me?od = cond5s] comp>ison is to *>ge ! two cond5s]s to ! same voltage by a batt]y & !n dis*>ge !m successively ?r\gh a balli/ic galvanomet] 7q4v47 & obs]ve ! respective ?r[s or deflections ( ! coil or ne$le4 ,^! are proportional to ! capacities4 ,= ! v>i\s precautions necess>y 9 conduct+ ! above te/s special treatises on electrical te/+ mu/ be consult$4 ,absolute det]m9ations4 ,9 ! absolute det]m9ation ( capacity we h to measure ! ratio ( ! *>ge ( a cond5s] to its plate pot5tial diff]5ce4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods = do+ ?is is to *>ge ! cond5s] by ! kn[n voltage ( a batt]y1 & !n dis*>ge x ?r\gh a galvanomet] & repeat ?is process rapidly & successively4 ,if a cond5s] ( capacity ,c is *>g$ to pot5tial ,v1 & dis*>g$ n times p] second ?r\gh a galvanomet]1 ?is s]ies ( int]mitt5t dis*>ges is equival5t to a curr5t n,c,v4 ,h5ce if ! galvanomet] is calibrat$ by a pot5tiomet] 7q4v47 we c det]m9e ! value ( ?is curr5t 9 amp]es1 & kn[+ ! value ( n & ,v ?us det]m9e ,c4 ,v>i\s =ms ( commutator h be5 devis$ = effect+ ?is *>ge & dis*>ge rapidly by ,j4,j4 ,?omson1 ,r4,t4 ,glazebrook1 ,j4,a4 ,flem+ & ,w4,c4 ,cl9ton & o!rs4#aa ,"o =m consi/s ( a tun+-=k electrically ma9ta9$ 9 vibration ( kn[n p]iod1 :i* closes an electric contact at e vibration & sets ano!r electromagnet 9 op]ation1 :i* rev]ses a swit* & moves ov] "o t]m9al ( ! cond5s] f a batt]y to a galvanomet] contact4 ,9 ano!r =m1 a revolv+ contact is us$ driv5 by an electric motor1 :i* consi/s ( an insulat+ disk hav+ on its surface slips ( metal & ?ree wire bru%es a1 b1 c 7see fig4 #b7 press+ aga9/ !m4 ,! metal slips are s plac$ t1 z ! disk revolves1 ! middle bru%1 connect$ to "o t]m9al ( ! cond5s] ,c1 is alt]nately put 9 conductive connexion ) fir/ "o & !n ! o!r outside bru%1 :i* are jo9$ respectively to ! batt]y ,b & galvanomet] ,g t]m9als4 ,f ! spe$ ( ?is motor ! numb] ( commutations p] second c be det]m9$4 ,! above me?od is especially useful = ! det]m9ations ( v small capacities ( ! ord] ( #ajj electro/atic units or s & upw>ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 ,dielectric con/ant4--,s9ce all electric *>ge consi/s 9 a /ate ( /ra9 or pol>ization ( ! dielectric1 x is evid5t t ! physical /ate & *emical composition ( ! insulator mu/ be ( great importance 9 det]m9+ electrical ph5om5a4 ,cav5di% & subsequ5tly ,f>aday discov]$ ?is fact1 & ! latt] gave ! "n specific inductive capacity1 or dielectric con/ant1 to t quality ( an insulator :i* det]m9es ! *>ge tak5 by a conductor emb$d$ 9 x :5 *>g$ to a giv5 pot5tial4 ,! simple/ me?od ( det]m9+ x num]ically is1 !re=e1 t adopt$ by ,f>aday4#ab ,he con/ruct$ two equal cond5s]s1 ea* consi/+ ( a metal ball enclos$ 9 a holl[ metal sph]e1 & he provid$ also c]ta9 hemisph]ical %ells ( %ellac1 sulphur1 glass1 res91 c41 :i* he c\ld s place 9 "o cond5s] betwe5 ! ball & enclos+ sph]e t x =m$ a cond5s] ) solid dielectric4 ,he !n det]m9$ ! ratio ( ! capacities ( ! two cond5s]s1 "o ) air & ! o!r ) ! solid dielectric4 ,?is gave ! dielectric con/ant ,k ( ! mat]ial4 ,tak+ ! dielectric con/ant ( air z unity he obta9$ ! foll[+ values1 = %ellac ,k #b4j1 glass ,k #a4gf1 & sulphur ,k #b4bd4 ,,table ,i4--,dielectric ,con/ants 7,k7 ( ,solids 7,k = ,air #a74 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,sub/ance4 ,k4 ,au?ority4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,glass1 d\ble extra d5se fl9t1 d5sity #d4e #i4hif ,j4 ,hopk9son ,glass1 light fl9t1 d5sity #c4b #f4gb ,glass1 h>d cr[n1 d5sity #b4dhe #f4fa _/ #b4bd ,m4 ,f>aday #b4hh ,c\lln] ,sulphur 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #c4hd ,l4 ,boltzmann #d4j ,p4,j4 ,curie #b4id ,p4,r4 ,blondlot _/ #b4je ,rosetti #c4ae ,boltzmann ,ebonite 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #b4ba ,s*ill] #b4hf ,elsas ,india-rubb]1 pure br[n #b4ab ,s*ill] ,india-rubb]1 vulcaniz$1 grey #b4fi ,gutta-p]*a #b4dfb ,j4,e4 ,h4 ,gordon _/ #a4igg ,gibson & ,b>clay #b4cb ,boltzmann ,p>aff9 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #b4bi ,j4 ,hopk9son #a4ii ,gordon _/ #b4ie ,walln] ,%ellac 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #b4gd ,gordon #c4jd ,a4,a4 ,w9kelmann _/ #f4fd ,i4 ,klem5cic #h4jj ,p4,j4 ,curie ,mica 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 #g4ih ,e4,m4,l4 ,b\ty #e4ig ,elsas ,qu>tz-- along optic axis #d4ee ,p4,j4 ,curie p]p4 to optic axis #d4di ,p4,j4 ,curie ,ice at -#bc deg4 #gh4j ,b\ty ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,s9ce ,f>aday's "t1 by improv$ me?ods1 b dep5d+ ess5tially ^u ! same pr9ciples1 an enorm\s numb] ( det]m9ations ( ! dielectric con/ants ( v>i\s insulators1 solid1 liquid & gase\s1 h be5 made 7see tables ,i41 ,,ii41 ,,iii4 & ,,iv474 ,!re are v consid]able diff]5ces betwe5 ! values assign$ by diff]5t obs]v]s1 sometimes no d\bt due to diff]5ces 9 me?od1 b 9 mo/ cases unque/ionably dep5d+ on v>iations 9 ! quality ( ! specim5s exam9$4 ,! value ( ! dielectric con/ant is greatly affect$ by ! temp]ature & ! frequ5cy ( ! appli$ electric =ce4 ,,table ,,ii4--,dielectric ,con/ant 7,k7 ( ,liquids4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,liquid4 ,k4 ,au?ority4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,wat] at #ag deg4 ,c4 #hj4hh ,f4 ,he]wag5 #be deg4 ,c4 #ge4g ,e4,b4 ,rosa #be4c deg4 ,c4 #gh4hg ,franke ,olive oil #c4af ,hopk9son ,ca/or oil #d4gh ,turp5t9e #b4ae ,p4,a4 ,sil[ #b4bc ,hopk9son ,petroleum #b4jgb ,sil[ #b4jg ,hopk9son ,e?yl alcohol at #be deg4 ,c4 #be4g ,rosa ,e?yl e!r #d4eg ,d\le #d4h ,b\ty ,acetic acid #i4g ,franke ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,,table ,,iii4--,dielectric ,con/ant ( "s ,bodies at a v l[ ,temp]ature 7-#ahe deg4 ,c47 7,flem+ & ,dew>74 --------------------------------------- ,sub/ance4 ,k ,k at #ae at -#ahe deg4 ,c4 deg4 ,c4 --------------------------------------- ,wat] #hj #b4d to #b4i ,=mic acid #fb #b4da ,glyc]9e #ef #c4b ,me?yl alcohol #cd #c4ac ,nitrob5z5e #cb #b4f ,e?yl alcohol #be #c4a ,acetone #ba4he #b4fb ,e?yl nitrate #ag4g #b4gc ,amyl alcohol #af #b4ad ,anil9e #g4e #b4ib ,ca/or oil #d4gh #b4ai ,e?yl e!r #d4be #b4ca --------------------------------------- ,! above det]m9ations at l[ temp]ature 7 made ) ei!r a /eady or a sl[ly alt]nat+ electric =ce appli$ a hundr$ times a second4 ,!y %[ t ! dielectric con/ant ( a liquid g5]ally und]goes great r$uction 9 value :5 ! liquid is froz5 & r$uc$ to a l[ temp]ature4#ac ,! dielectric con/ants ( gases h be5 det]m9$ by ,l4 ,boltzmann & ,i4 ,klem5cic z foll[s3-- ,,table ,,iv4--,dielectric ,con/ants 7,k7 ( ,gases at #ae deg4 ,c4 & #gfj mm4 ,vacuum #a4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,dielectric ,optical ,gas4 ,con/ant root,k4 ,refractive ,k4 ,index4 mu4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,air #a4jjjeij #a4jjjbie #a4jjjbic ,hydrog5 #a4jjjbfd #a4jjjacb #a4jjjaci ,c>bon dioxide #a4jjjidf #a4jjjdge #a4jjjded ,c>bon monoxide #a4jjjfij #a4jjjcde #a4jjjcce ,nitr\s oxide #a4jjjiid #a4jjjdig #a4jjjeaf ,e?yl5e #a4jjacab #a4jjjfef #a4jjjgbj ,m>% gas 7me?ane7 #a4jjjidd #a4jjjdgh #a4jjjddb ,c>bon bisulphide #a4jjbijj #a4jjadej #a4jjadgh ,sulphur dioxide #a4jjied #a4jjdggj #a4jjjgjc ,e!r #a4jjgdd #a4jjcgbj #a4jjaed ,e?yl *loride #a4jaeeb #a4jjggfj #a4jjaagd ,e?yl bromide #a4jaedf #a4jjggcj #a4jjabb ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,9 g5]al ! dielectric con/ant is r$uc$ ) decrease ( temp]ature t[>ds a c]ta9 limit+ value x w\ld atta9 at ! absolute z]o4 ,?is v>iation1 h[ev]1 is n always l9e>4 ,9 "s cases !re is a v sudd5 drop at or bel[ a c]ta9 temp]ature to a mu* l[] value1 & above & bel[ ! po9t ! temp]ature v>iation is small4 ,!re is also a l>ge diff]5ce 9 mo/ cases betwe5 ! value = a /eadily appli$ electric =ce & a rapidly rev]s$ or int]mitt5t =ce--9 ! la/ case a decrease ) increase ( frequ5cy4 ,maxwell 7,elec4 & ,magn4 vol4 ii4 ,s #ghh7 %[$ t ! squ>e root ( ! dielectric con/ant %\ld be ! same numb] z ! refractive index = waves ( ! same frequ5cy 7see ,,electric ,,waves74 ,!re are v few sub/ances1 h[ev]1 = :i* ! optical refractive index has ! same value z ,k = /eady or sl[ly v>y+ electric =ce1 on acc\nt ( ! great v>iation ( ! value ( ,k ) frequ5cy4 ,!re is a close analogy betwe5 ! v>iation ( dielectric con/ant ( an insulator ) electric =ce frequ5cy & t ( ! rigidity or /iffness ( an ela/ic body ) ! frequ5cy ( appli$ me*anical /ress4 ,?us pit* is a s(t & yield+ body "u /eady /ress1 b a b> ( pit* if /ruck gives a musical note1 :i* %[s t x vibrates & is !re=e /iff or ela/ic = high frequ5cy /ress4 ,residual ,*>ges 9 ,dielectrics4--,9 close connexion ) ?is lies ! ph5om5on ( residual *>ge 9 dielectrics4#ad ,if a glass ,leyd5 j> is *>g$ & !n dis*>g$ & all[$ to /& a:ile1 a second dis*>ge c be obta9$ f x1 & 9 l mann] a ?ird1 & s on4 ,! reappe>ance ( ! residual *>ge is promot$ by tapp+ ! glass4 ,x has be5 %[n t ?is behavi\r ( dielectrics c be imitat$ by a me*anical model consi/+ ( a s]ies ( p]=at$ pi/ons plac$ 9 a tube ( oil ) spiral spr+s betwe5 ea* pi/on4#ae ,if ! pi/ons are depress$ & !n releas$1 & !n ! upp] pi/on fix$ a:ile1 a second dis*>ge c be obta9$ f x1 & ! me*anical /ress-/ra9 diagram ( ! model is closely simil> to ! dis*>ge curve ( a dielectric4 ,r4,h4,a4 ,kohlraus* call$ att5tion to ! close analogy betwe5 residual *>ge & ! ela/ic recov]y ( /ra9$ bodies su* z twi/$ wire or glass ?reads4 ,if a *>g$ cond5s] is sudd5ly dis*>g$ & !n insulat$1 ! reappe>ance ( a pot5tial diff]5ce betwe5 its coat+s is analog\s to ! reappe>ance ( a torque 9 ! case ( a glass fibre :i* has be5 twi/$1 releas$ sudd5ly1 & !n gripp$ aga9 at ! ends4 ,= fur!r in=mation on ! qualities ( dielectrics ! read] is ref]r$ to ! foll[+ s\rces3--,j4 ,hopk9son1 ,on ! ,residual ,*>ge ( ! ,leyd5 ,j>1 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahgf1 #aff ii41 p4 #dhi1 :]e x is %[n t tapp+ ! glass ( a ,leyd5 j> p]mits ! reappe>ance ( ! residual *>ge2 ,on ! ,residual ,*>ge ( ! ,leyd5 ,j>1 ib4 #afg ii41 p4 #eii1 conta9+ _m valuable obs]vations on ! residual *>ge ( ,leyd5 j>s2 ,w4,e4 ,ayrton & ,j4 ,p]ry1 ,a ,prelim9>y ,acc\nt ( ! ,r$uction ( ,obs]vations on ,/ra9$ ,mat]ial1 ,leyd5 ,j>s & ,voltamet]s1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahhj1 #cj1 p4 #daa1 %[+ exp]im5ts on residual *>ge ( cond5s]s & a comp>ison betwe5 ! behavi\r ( dielectrics & glass fibres "u torsion4 ,9 connexion ) ?is pap] ! read] may also be ref]r$ to "o by ,l4 ,boltzmann1 ,zur ,!orie d] ela/is*5 ,na*wirkung1 ,wi54 ,acad4 ,sitz4-,b]41 #ahgd1 #gj4 ,di/ribution ( ,electricity on ,conductors4--,we n[ proce$ to consid] 9 m detail ! laws :i* gov]n ! di/ribution ( electricity at re/ ^u conductors4 ,x has be5 %[n above t ! pot5tial due to a *>ge ( q units plac$ on a v small sph]e1 commonly call$ a po9t-*>ge1 at any di/ance x is q_/x4 ,! ma!matical importance ( ?is function call$ ! pot5tial is t x is a scal> quantity1 & ! pot5tial at any po9t due to any numb] ( po9t *>ges q#a1 q#b1 q#c1 c41 di/ribut$ 9 any mann]1 is ! sum ( !m sep>ately1 or q#a_/x#a q#b_/x#b q#c_/x#c c4 ,sigma7q_/x7 ,v 7#ag71 :]e x#a1 x#b1 x#c1 c41 are ! di/ances ( ! respective po9t *>ges f ! po9t 9 "q at :i* ! total pot5tial is requir$4 ,! resultant electric =ce ,e at t po9t is !n obta9$ by diff]5tiat+ ,v1 s9ce ,e -d,v_/dx1 & ,e is 9 ! direction 9 :i* ,v dim9i%es fa/e/4 ,9 any case1 !re=e1 9 :i* we c sum up ! elem5t>y pot5tials at any po9t we c calculate ! resultant electric =ce at ! same po9t4 ,we may describe1 ?r\gh all ! po9ts 9 an electric field :i* h ! same pot5tial1 surfaces call$ equipot5tial surfaces1 & ^! w be ev]y:]e p]p5dicul> or or?ogonal to ! l9es ( electric =ce4 ,let u assume ! field divid$ up into tubes ( electric =ce z already expla9$1 & ^! cut normally by equipot5tial surfaces4 ,we c !n e/abli% "s important prop]ties ( ^! tubes & surfaces4 ,at ea* po9t 9 ! field ! electric =ce c h b "o resultant value4 ,h5ce ! equipot5tial surfaces _c cut ea* o!r4 ,let u suppose any o!r surface describ$ 9 ! electric field s z to cut ! closely compact$ tubes4 ,at ea* po9t on ?is surface ! resultant =ce has a c]ta9 value1 & a c]ta9 direction incl9$ at an angle !ta to ! normal to ! select$ surface at t po9t4 ,let d,s be an elem5t ( ! surface4 ,!n ! quantity ,e cos !tad,s is ! product ( ! normal compon5t ( ! =ce & an elem5t ( ! surface1 & if ?is is summ$ up all ov] ! surface we h ! total electric flux or induction ?r\gh ! surface1 or ! surface integral ( ! normal =ce ma!matically express$ by int,e cos !tad,s1 provid$ t ! dielectric con/ant ( ! m$ium is unity4 ,we h !n a v important !orem z foll[s3--,if any clos$ surface be describ$ 9 an electric field :i* :olly encloses or :olly excludes electrifi$ bodies1 !n ! total flux ?r\gh ?is surface is equal to #dpi- times ! total quantity ( electricity )9 x4#af ,?is is commonly call$ ,/okes's !orem4 ,! pro( is z foll[s3--,consid] any po9t-*>ge ,e ( electricity includ$ 9 any surface ,s1 ,s1 ,s 7see fig4 #c71 & describe ?r\gh x z c5tre a cone ( small solid angle domega cutt+ out ( ! enclos+ surface 9 two small areas d,s & d,s' at di/ances x & x'4 ,!n ! electric =ce due to ! po9t *>ge q at di/ance x is q_/x1 & ! resolv$ "p normal to ! elem5t ( surface d,s is q cos!ta_/x#b4 ,! normal section ( ! cone at t po9t is equal to d,s cos!ta1 & ! solid angle domega is equal to d,s cos!ta_/x#b4 ,h5ce ! flux ?r\gh d,s is qdomega4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce ! total solid angle r\nd a po9t is #dpi1 x foll[s t ! total flux ?r\gh ! clos$ surface due to ! s+le po9t *>ge q is #dpiq1 & :at is true = "o po9t *>ge is true = any collection =m+ a total *>ge ,q ( any =m4 ,h5ce ! total electric flux due to a *>ge ,q ?r\gh an enclos+ surface is #dpi,q1 & !re=e is z]o ?r\gh "o enclos+ no electricity4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,/okes's !orem becomes an obvi\s truism if appli$ to an incompressible fluid4 ,let a s\rce ( fluid be a po9t f :i* an incompressible fluid is emitt$ 9 all directions4 ,close to ! s\rce ! /ream l9es w be radial l9es4 ,let a v small sph]e be describ$ r\nd ! s\rce1 & let ! /r5g? ( ! s\rce be def9$ z ! total fl[ p] second ?r\gh ! surface ( ?is small sph]e4 ,!n if we h any numb] ( s\rces enclos$ by any surface1 ! total fl[ p] second ?r\gh ?is surface is equal to ! total /r5g?s ( all ! s\rces4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we def9$ ! /r5g? ( ! s\rce by ! /atem5t t ! /r5g? divid$ by ! squ>e ( ! di/ance gives ! velocity ( ! liquid at t po9t1 !n ! total flux ?r\gh any enclos+ surface w\ld be #dpi times ! /r5g?s ( all ! s\rces enclos$4 ,to e proposition 9 electro/atics !re is ?us a correspond+ "o 9 ! hydrok9etic !ory ( incompressible liquids4 ,let u apply ! above !orem to ! case ( a small p>allel-epip$on or rectangul> prism hav+ sides dx1 dy1 dz respectively1 its c5tre hav+ co-ord9ates 7x1 y1 z74 ,its angul> po9ts h !n co-ord9ates 7x - #a_/b dx1 y - #a_/b dy1 z - #a_/b dz74 ,let ?is rectangul> prism be suppos$ to be :olly fill$ up ) electricity ( d5sity rho2 !n ! total quantity 9 x is rho dx dy dz4 ,consid] ! two faces p]p5dicul> to ! x-axis4 ,let ,v be ! pot5tial at ! c5tre ( ! prism1 !n ! normal =ces on ! two faces ( area dy4dx are respectively _/d,v #a d#b,v _/d,v #a d#b,v - 7 -- -- ---- dx 7 & 7 -- - -- ---- dx 71 dx #b dx#b _/ dx #b dx#b _/ & simil> expressions = ! normal =ces to ! o!r pairs ( faces dx4dy1 dz4dx4 ,h5ce1 multiply+ ^! normal =ces by ! areas ( ! correspond+ faces1 we h ! total flux p>allel to ! x-axis giv5 by -7d#b,v_/dx#b7;dx dy dz1 & simil> expressions = ! o!r sides4 ,h5ce ! total flux is _/d#b,v d#b,v d#b,v - 7 ---- ---- ---- 7 dx dy dz dx#b dy#b dz#b_/ & by ! previ\s !orem ?is mu/ be equal to #dpirhodx dy dz4 d#b,v d#b,v d#b,v ,h5ce ---- ---- ---- #dpirho #j 7#ah74 dx#b dy#b dz#b ,?is celebrat$ equation 0 fir/ giv5 by ,s4,d4 ,poisson1 al?\gh previ\sly demon/rat$ by ,laplace = ! case :5 rho #j4 ,x def9es ! condition :i* mu/ be fulfill$ by ! pot5tial at any & e po9t 9 an electric field1 ?r\gh :i* rho is f9ite & ! electric =ce cont9u\s4 ,x may be look$ ^u z an equation to det]m9e rho :5 ,v is giv5 or vice v]sa4 ,an exactly simil> expression holds good 9 hydrok9etics1 provid$ t = ! electric pot5tial we sub/itute velocity pot5tial1 & = ! electric =ce ! velocity ( ! liquid4 ,! ,poisson equation _c1 h[ev]1 be appli$ 9 ! above =m to a region :i* is p>tly )9 & p>tly )\t an electrifi$ conductor1 because !n ! electric =ce und]goes a sudd5 *ange 9 value f z]o to a f9ite value1 9 pass+ outw>ds ?r\gh ! b\nd+ surface ( ! conductor4 ,we c1 h[ev]1 obta9 ano!r equation call$ ! surface *>act]i/ic equation z foll[s3--,suppose a v small area d,s describ$ on a conductor hav+ a surface d5sity ( electrification sigma4 ,!n let a small1 v %ort cyl9d] be describ$ ( :i* d,s is a section1 & ! g5]at+ l9es are normal to ! surface4 ,let ,v#a & ,v#b be ! pot5tials at po9ts j outside & inside ! surface d,s1 & let n#a & n#b be ! normals to ! surface d,s drawn outw>ds & inw>ds2 !n -d,v#a_/;dn#a & -d,v#b_/;dn#b are ! normal compon5ts ( ! =ce ov] ! ends ( ! imag9>y small cyl9d]4 ,b ! =ce p]p5dicul> to ! curv$ surface ( ?is cyl9d] is ev]y:]e z]o4 ,h5ce ! total flux ?r\gh ! surface consid]$ is -7d,v#a_/;dn#a7 7d,v#b_/;dn#b7;d,s1 & ?is by a previ\s !orem mu/ be equal to #dpisigmad,s1 or ! total includ$ electric quantity4 ,h5ce we h ! surface *>act]i/ic equation1#ag 7d,v#a_/;dn#a7 7d,v#b_/;dn#b7 #dpisigma #j 7#ai74 ,let u apply ^! !orems to a portion ( a tube ( electric =ce4 ,let ! "p select$ n include any *>g$ surface4 ,!n s9ce ! g5]at+ l9es ( ! tube are l9es ( =ce1 ! compon5t ( ! electric =ce p]p5dicul> to ! curv$ surface ( ! tube is ev]y:]e z]o4 ,b ! electric =ce is normal to ! ends ( ! tube4 ,h5ce if d,s & d,s' are ! areas ( ! ends1 & ,e & -,e' ! oppositely direct$ electric =ces at ! ends ( ! tube1 ! surface integral ( normal =ce on ! flux ov] ! tube is ,ed,s - ,e'd,s' 7#bj71 & ?is by ! !orem already giv5 is equal to z]o1 s9ce ! tube includes no electricity4 ,h5ce ! *>act]i/ic quality ( a tube ( electric =ce is t its section is ev]y:]e inv]sely z ! electric =ce at t po9t4 ,a tube s *os5 t ,ed,s = "o section has a value unity1 is call$ a unit tube1 s9ce ! product ( =ce & section is !n ev]y:]e unity = ! same tube4 ,9 ! next place apply ! surface *>act]i/ic equation to any po9t on a *>g$ conductor at :i* ! surface d5sity is sigma4 ,! electric =ce outw>d f t po9t is -d,v_/dn1 :]e dn is a di/ance measur$ along ! outw>dly drawn normal1 & ! =ce )9 ! surface is z]o4 ,h5ce we h -d,v_/dn #d4jpisigma or sigma -7#a_/d pi7d,v_/dn ,e_/#dpi4 ,! above is a /atem5t ( ,c\lomb's law1 t ! electric =ce at ! surface ( a conductor is proportional to ! surface d5sity ( ! *>ge at t po9t & equal to #dpi times ! d5sity4#ah ,if we def9e ! positive direction along a tube ( electric =ce z ! direction 9 :i* a small body *>g$ ) positive electricity w\ld t5d to move1 we c summ>ize ! above facts 9 a simple =m by say+ t1 if we h any clos$ surface describ$ 9 any mann] 9 an electric field1 ! excess ( ! numb] ( unit tubes :i* leave ! surface ov] ^? :i* ent] x is equal to #dpi-times ! algebraic sum ( all ! electricity includ$ )9 ! surface4 ,e tube ( electric =ce mu/ !re=e beg9 & end on electrifi$ surfaces ( opposite sign1 & ! quantities ( positive & negative electricity on its two ends are equal1 s9ce ! =ce ,e j outside an electrifi$ surface is normal to x & equal to sigma_/#dpi1 :]e sigma is ! surface d5sity2 & s9ce we h j prov$ t = ! ends ( a tube ( =ce ,ed,s ,e#a;d,s'1 x foll[s t sigmad,s sigma'd,s'1 or ,q ,q'1 :]e ,q & ,q' are ! quantities ( electricity on ! ends ( ! tube ( =ce4 ,accord+ly1 s9ce e tube s5t out f a *>g$ conductor mu/ end some:]e on ano!r *>ge ( opposite sign1 x foll[s t ! two electricities always exi/ 9 equal quantity1 & t x is impossible to create any quantity ( "o k9d )\t creat+ an equal quantity ( ! opposite sign4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4 ,we h next to consid] ! en]gy /orage :i* takes place :5 electric *>ge is creat$1 i4e4 :5 ! dielectric is /ra9$ or pol>iz$4 ,s9ce ! pot5tial ( a conductor is def9$ to be ! "w requir$ to move a unit ( positive electricity f ! surface ( ! e>? or f an inf9ite di/ance f all electricity to ! surface ( ! conductor1 x foll[s t ! "w done 9 putt+ a small *>ge dq into a conductor at a pot5tial v is v dq4 ,let u !n suppose t a conductor orig9ally at z]o pot5tial has its pot5tial rais$ by adm9i/]+ to x small successive doses ( electricity dq4 ,! fir/ raises its pot5tial to v1 ! second to v' & s on1 & ! n? to ,v4 ,take any horizontal l9e & divide x into small elem5ts ( l5g? ea* repres5t+ dq1 & draw v]tical l9es repres5t+ ! pot5tials v1 v'1 c41 & aft] ea* dose4 ,s9ce ! pot5tial rises proportionately to ! quantity 9 ! conductor1 ! ends ( ^! ord9ates w lie on a /raight l9e & def9e a triangle ^: base l9e is a l5g? equal to ! total quantity ,q & height a l5g? equal to ! f9al pot5tial ,v4 ,! elem5t ( "w done 9 introduc+ ! quantity ( electricity dq at a pot5tial v is repres5t$ by ! elem5t ( area ( ?is triangle 7see fig4 #d71 & h5ce ! "w done 9 *>g+ ! conductor ) quantity ,q to f9al pot5tial ,v is #a_/b ,,qv1 or s9ce ,q ,,cv1 :]e ,c is its capacity1 ! "w done is repres5t$ by #a_/b ,,cv#b or by #a_/b ,q#b_/;,c4 ,if sigma is ! surface d5sity & d,s an elem5t ( surface1 !n intsigmad,s is ! :ole *>ge1 & h5ce #a_/b int ,vsigmad,s is ! expression = ! en]gy ( *>ge ( a conductor4 ,we c d$uce a rem>kable expression = ! en]gy /or$ up 9 an electric field conta9+ electrifi$ bodies z foll[s3#ai ,let ,v d5ote ! pot5tial at any po9t 9 ! field4 ,consid] ! integral #a _/ _/ _/ _/d,v#b _/d,v#b _/d,v#b ,w ----- 7----7 7----7 7----7 dx dy dz4 7#ba7 #hpi_/_/_/ dx_/ dy_/ dz_/ :]e ! integration ext5ds ?r\gh\t ! :ole space unoccupi$ by conductors4 ,we h by p>tial integration _/ _/ _/ _/d,v#b _/ _/ d,v _/ _/ _/ d#b,v 7----7 dx dy dz ,v -- dy dz - ,v ---- dx dy dz1 _/_/_/ dx_/ _/_/ dx _/_/_/ dx#b & two simil> equations 9 y & z4 ,h5ce #a _/ _/ _/ _/d,v#b _/d,v#b _/d,v#b ----- 7----7 7----7 7----7 dx dy dz #hpi_/_/_/ dx_/ dy_/ dz_/ #a _/ _/ d,v #a _/ _/ _/ ----- ,v -- d,s - ----- ,vnabla,v dx dy dz 7#bb7 #hpi_/_/ dn #hpi_/_/_/ :]e d,v_/dn means diff]5tiation along ! normal1 & nabla /&s d#b d#b d#b = ! op]ator ---- ---- ----4 ,let ,e be ! resultant electric dx#b dy#b dz#b =ce at any po9t 9 ! field4 ,!n be>+ 9 m9d t sigma 7#a_/d pi7d,v_/dn1 & rho -7#a_/d pi7nabla,v1 we h f9ally #a _/ _/ _/ #a _/ _/ #a _/ _/ _/ ----- ,e#b;dv -- ,vsigmad,s -- ,vrhodv4 #hpi _/_/_/ #b _/_/ #b _/_/_/ ,! fir/ t]m on ! "r h& side expresses ! en]gy ( ! surface electrification ( ! conductors 9 ! field1 & ! second ! en]gy ( volume d5sity 7if any74 ,accord+ly ! t]m on ! left h& side gives u ! :ole en]gy 9 ! field4 ,suppose t ! dielectric has a con/ant ,k1 !n we mu/ multiply bo? sides by ,k & ! expression = ! en]gy p] unit ( volume ( ! field is equival5t to #a_/b ,,de :]e ,d is ! displacem5t or pol>ization 9 ! dielectric4 ,fur!rmore x c be %[n by ! application ( ! calculus ( v>iations t ! condition = a m9imum value ( ! function ,w1 is t nabla,v #j4 ,h5ce t di/ribution ( pot5tial :i* is necess>y to satisfy ,laplace's equation is also "o :i* makes ! pot5tial en]gy a m9imum & !re=e ! en]gy /able4 ,?us ! actual di/ribution ( electricity on ! conductor 9 ! field is n m]ely a /able di/ribution1 x is ! only possible /able di/ribution4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4 ,me?od ( ,electrical ,images4--,a v p[]ful me?od ( attack+ problems 9 electrical di/ribution 0 fir/ made kn[n by ,"l ,kelv9 9 #ahde & is describ$ z ! me?od ( electrical images4#bj ,by old] ma!matical me?ods x _h only be5 possible to pr$ict 9 a few simple cases ! di/ribution ( electricity at re/ on conductors ( v>i\s =ms4 ,! notion ( an electrical image may be easily grasp$ by ! foll[+ illu/ration3 ,let !re be at ,a 7see fig4 #e7 a po9t-*>ge ( positive electricity q & an inf9ite conduct+ plate ,,po1 %[n 9 section1 connect$ to e>? & !re=e at z]o pot5tial4 ,!n ! *>ge at ,a toge!r ) ! induc$ surface *>ge on ! plate makes a c]ta9 field ( electric =ce on ! left ( ! plate ,,po1 :i* is a z]o equipot5tial surface4 ,if we remove ! plate1 & yet by any means c keep ! id5tical surface occupi$ by x a plane ( z]o pot5tial1 ! b\nd>y conditions w rema9 ! same1 & !re=e ! field ( =ce to ! left ( ,,po w rema9 unalt]$4 ,?is c be done by plac+ at ,b an equal negative po9t-*>ge -q 9 ! place :i* w\ld be occupi$ by ! optical image ( ,a if ,,po 7 a mirror1 t is1 let -q be plac$ at ,b1 s t ! di/ance ,,bo is equal to ! di/ance ,,ao1 :il/ ,,aob is at "r angles to ,,po4 ,!n ! pot5tial at any po9t ,p 9 ?is ideal plane ,,po is equal to q_/,,ap - q_/,,bp ,o1 :il/ ! resultant =ce at ,p due to ! two po9t *>ges is #bq,a,o_/,,ap#c1 & is p>allel to ,,ab or normal to ,,po4 ,h5ce if we remove ! *>ge -q at ,b & di/ribute electricity ov] ! surface ,,po ) a surface d5sity sigma1 accord+ to ! ,c\lomb-,poisson law1 sigma q,a,o_/#bpi,,ap#c1 ! field ( =ce to ! left ( ,,pd w fulfil ! requir$ b\nd>y conditions1 & h5ce w be ! law ( di/ribution ( ! induc$ electricity 9 ! case ( ! actual plate4 ,! po9t-*>ge -q at ,b is call$ ! electrical image ( ! po9t-*>ge q at ,a4 ,we f9d a precisely analog\s effect 9 optics :i* ju/ifies ! t]m electrical image4 ,suppose a room lit by a s+le c&le4 ,!re is ev]y:]e a c]ta9 illum9ation due to x4 ,place across ! room a plane mirror4 ,all ! space beh9d ! mirror w become d>k1 & all ! space 9 front ( ! mirror w acquire an exalt$ illum9ation4 ,:atev] ?is increas$ illum9ation may be1 x c be precisely imitat$ by remov+ ! mirror & plac+ a second light$ c&le at ! place occupi$ by ! optical image ( ! fir/ c&le 9 ! mirror1 t is1 z f> beh9d ! plane z ! fir/ c&le 0 9 front4 ,s ! pot5tial di/ribution 9 ! space due to ! electric po9t-*>ge q z ,a toge!r ) -q at ,b is ! same z t due to q at ,a & ! negative induc$ *>ge erect$ on ! inf9ite plane 7e>!d7 metal %eet plac$ half-way betwe5 ,a & ,b4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4 ,! same reason+ c be appli$ to det]m9e ! electrical image ( a po9t-*>ge ( positive electricity 9 a sph]ical surface1 & !re=e ! di/ribution ( induc$ electricity ov] a metal sph]e connect$ to e>? produc$ by a po9t-*>ge ne> x4 ,let q be any positive po9t-*>ge plac$ at a po9t ,a outside a sph]e 7fig4 #f7 ( radius r1 & c5tre at ,c1 & let ,p be any po9t on x4 ,let ,,ca d4 ,take a po9t ,b 9 ,,ca su* t ,,cb4,,ca r#b1 or ,,cb r#b_/;d4 ,x is easy !n to %[ t ,,pa 3 ,,pb d 3 r4 ,if !n we put a negative po9t-*>ge -qr_/d at ,b1 x foll[s t ! sph]ical surface w be a z]o pot5tial surface1 = q_/,,pa - rq_/d 4 #a_/,,pb #j 7#bd74 ,ano!r equipot5tial surface is evid5tly a v small sph]e describ$ r\nd ,a4 ,! resultant =ce due to ^! two po9t-*>ges mu/ !n be 9 ! direction ,,cp1 & its value ,e is ! vector sum ( ! two =ces along ,,ap & ,,bp due to ! two po9t-*>ges4 ,x is n difficult to %[ t ,e -7d#b - r#b7q_/r,a,p#c 7#be71 9 o!r words1 ! =ce at ,p is inv]sely z ! cube ( ! di/ance f ,a4 ,suppose !n we remove ! negative po9t-*>ge1 & let ! sph]e be suppos$ to become conductive & be connect$ to e>?4 ,if we make a di/ribution ( negative electricity ov] x1 :i* has a d5sity sigma v>y+ accord+ to ! law sigma -7d#b - r#b7q_/#dpir,a,p#c 7#bf71 t di/ribution1 toge!r ) ! po9t-*>ge q at ,a1 w make a di/ribution ( electric =ce at all po9ts outside ! sph]e exactly simil> to t :i* w\ld exi/ if ! sph]e 7 remov$ & a negative po9t *>ge -qr_/d 7 plac$ at ,b4 ,h5ce ?is *>ge is ! electrical image ( ! *>ge q at ,a 9 ! sph]ical surface4 ,we may g5]alize ^! /atem5ts 9 ! foll[+ !orem1 :i* is an important d$uction f a wid] !orem due to ,g4 ,gre54 ,suppose t we h any di/ribution ( electricity at re/ ov] conductors1 & t we "k ! pot5tial at all po9ts & consequ5tly ! level or equipot5tial surfaces4 ,take any equipot5tial surface enclos+ ! :ole ( ! electricity1 & suppose ?is to become an actual %eet ( metal connect$ to ! e>?4 ,x is !n a z]o pot5tial surface1 & e po9t outside is at z]o pot5tial z f> z conc]ns ! electric *>ge on ! conductors inside4 ,!n if ,u is ! pot5tial outside ! surface due to ?is electric *>ge inside alone1 & ,v t due to ! opposite *>ge x induces on ! inside ( ! metal surface1 we mu/ h ,u ,v #j or ,u -,v at all po9ts outside ! e>!d metal surface4 ,!re=e1 :atev] may be ! di/ribution ( electric =ce produc$ by ! *>ges inside tak5 alone1 x c be exactly imitat$ = all space outside ! metal surface if we suppose ! inside *>ge remov$ & a di/ribution ( electricity ( ! same sign made ov] ! metal surface su* t its d5sity foll[s ! law sigma -7#a_/d pi7d,u_/dn 7#bg71 :]e d,u_/dn is ! electric =ce at t po9t on ! clos$ equipot5tial surface consid]$1 due to ! orig9al *>ge alone4 ,,bibliography4--,= fur!r developm5ts ( ! subject we mu/ ref] ! read] to ! num]\s excell5t treatises on electro/atics n[ available4 ,! /ud5t w f9d x to be a great advantage to read ?r\gh ,f>aday's ?ree volumes entitl$ ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ,electricity1 z soon z he has ma/]$ "s mod]n elem5t>y book giv+ 9 compact =m a g5]al acc\nt ( electrical ph5om5a4 ,= ?is purpose he may select f ! foll[+ books3 ,j4 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,electricity 7,ox=d1 #ahha72 ,j4,j4 ,?omson1 ,elem5ts ( ! ,ma!matical ,!ory ( ,electricity & ,magnetism 7,cambridge1 #ahie72 ,j4,d4 ,ev]ett1 ,electricity1 f\nd$ on "p iii4 ( ,des*anel's ,natural ,philosophy 7,london1 #aija72 ,g4,c4 ,fo/] & ,a4,w4 ,port]1 ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,electricity & ,magnetism 7,london1 #aijc72 ,s4,p4 ,?ompson1 ,elem5t>y ,lessons on ,electricity & ,magnetism 7,london1 #aijc74 ,:5 ^! elem5t>y books h be5 dige/$1 ! advanc$ /ud5t may proce$ to /udy ! foll[+3 ,j4 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 ,a ,treatise on ,electricity & ,magnetism 7#a/ ed41 ,ox=d1 #ahgc2 #bnd ed4 by ,w4,d4 ,niv51 #ahha2 #crd ed4 by ,j4,j4 ,?omson1 #ahib72 ,j\b]t & ,masc>t1 ,electricity & ,magnetism1 ,engli% translation by ,e4 ,atk9son 7,london1 #ahhc72 ,watson & ,burbury1 ,! ,ma!matical ,!ory ( ,electricity & ,magnetism 7,ox=d1 #ahhe72 ,a4 ,gray1 ,a ,treatise on ,magnetism & ,electricity 7,london1 #ahih74 ,9 ! collect$ ,sci5tific ,pap]s ( ,"l ,kelv9 7#c vols41 ,cambridge1 #ahhb71 ( ,james ,cl]k ,maxwell 7#b vols41 ,cambridge1 #ahij71 & ( ,"l ,rayleigh 7#d vols41 ,cambridge1 #aijc71 ! advanc$ /ud5t w f9d ! means = /udy+ ! hi/orical developm5t ( electrical k z x has be5 evolv$ f ! m9ds ( "s ( ! ma/] work]s ( ! #ai? c5tury4 7,j4 ,a4 ,f47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,maxwell1 ,elem5t>y ,treatise on ,electricity 7,ox=d1 #ahha71 p4 #dg4 #b ,see ,maxwell1 ,treatise on ,electricity & ,magnetism 7#crd ed41 ,ox=d1 #ahib71 vol4 i4 p4 #hj4 #c ,maxwell1 ,ibid4 vol4 i4 ,s #gd;a2 also ,electrical ,rese>*es ( ! ,hon4 ,h5ry ,cav5di%1 edit$ by ,j4 ,cl]k ,maxwell 7,cambridge1 #ahgi71 p4 #ajd4 #d ,laplace 7,mec4 ,cel4 vol4 i4 *4 ii47 gave ! fir/ direct demon/ration t no function ( ! di/ance except ! inv]se squ>e c satisfy ! condition t a uni=m sph]ical %ell ex]ts no =ce on a p>ticle )9 x4 #e ,! solution ( ! problem ( det]m9+ ! di/ribution on an ellipsoid ( a fluid ! p>ticles ( :i* repel ea* o!r ) a =ce inv]sely z ! n? p[] ( ! di/ance 0 fir/ giv5 by ,george ,gre5 7see ,f]r]'s edition ( ,gre5's ,collect$ ,pap]s1 p4 #aai1 #ahga74 #f ,see ,?omson & ,tait1 ,treatise on ,natural ,philosophy1 ,s #eai4 #g ,see article ,electricity1 ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica 7#i? edition71 vol4 viii4 p4 #cj4 ,! read] is also ref]r$ to an article by ,"l ,kelv9 7,repr9t ( ,pap]s on ,electro/atics & ,magnetism1 p4 #agh71 entitl$ ,det]m9ation ( ! ,di/ribution ( ,electricity on a ,circul> ,segm5t ( a ,plane1 or ,sph]ical ,conduct+ ,surface "u any giv5 ,influ5ce1 :]e ano!r equival5t expression is giv5 = ! capacity ( an ellipsoid4 #h ,see ,maxwell1 ,electricity & ,magnetism1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bhd-cje 7#crd ed41 #ahib74 #i ,x is an int]e/+ fact t ,cav5di% measur$ capacity 9 globul> in*es1 us+ z 8 unit ! capacity ( a metal ball1 #a 94 9 diamet]4 ,h5ce multiplication ( 8 values = capacities by #b4ed r$uces !m to ,e4,s4 units 9 ! ,c4,g4,s4 sy/em4 ,see ,elec4 ,res4 p4 #cdg4 #aj ,= full] details ( ^! me?ods ( comp>ison ( capacities see ,j4,a4 ,flem+1 ,a ,h&book = ! ,electrical ,laboratory & ,te/+ ,room1 vol4 ii4 *4 ii4 7,london1 #aijc74 #aa ,see ,flem+1 ,h&book = ! ,electrical ,laboratory1 vol4 ii4 p4 #acj4 #ab ,f>aday1 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es on ,electricity1 vol4 i4 ,s #abeb4 ,= a v complete set ( tables ( dielectric con/ants ( solids1 liquids & gases see ,a4 ,w9kelmann1 ,h&bu* d] ,physik1 vol4 iv4 pp4 #ih-adh 7,breslau1 #aije72 also see ,l&olt & ,born/e9's ,tables ( ,physical ,con/ants 7,b]l91 #ahid74 #ac ,see ! foll[+ pap]s by ,j4,a4 ,flem+ & ,james ,dew> on dielectric con/ants at l[ temp]atures3 ,on ! ,dielectric ,con/ant ( ,liquid ,oxyg5 & ,liquid ,air1 ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 #ahig1 #fj1 p4 #cfj2 ,note on ! ,dielectric ,con/ant ( ,ice & ,alcohol at v l[ ,temp]atures1 ib41 #ahig1 #fa1 p4 #b2 ,on ! ,dielectric ,con/ants ( ,pure ,ice1 ,glyc]9e1 ,nitrob5zol & ,e?yl5e ,dibromide at & above ! ,temp]ature ( ,liquid ,air1 id4 ib4 p4 #caf2 ,on ! ,dielectric ,con/ant ( ,c]ta9 ,froz5 ,electrolytes at & above ! ,temp]ature ( ,liquid ,air1 id4 ib4 p4 #bii--?is pap] describes ! cone cond5s] & me?ods us$2 ,fur!r ,obs]vations on ! ,dielectric ,con/ants ( ,froz5 ,electrolytes at & above ! ,temp]ature ( ,liquid ,air1 id4 ib4 p4 #cha2 ,! ,dielectric ,con/ants ( ,c]ta9 ,organic ,bodies at & bel[ ! ,temp]ature ( ,liquid ,air1 id4 ib4 p4 #ceh2 ,on ! ,dielectric ,con/ants ( ,metallic ,oxides dissolv$ or susp5d$ 9 ,ice cool$ to ! ,temp]ature ( ,liquid ,air1 id4 ib4 p4 #cfh4 #ad ,see ,f>aday1 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 vol4 i4 ,s #abde2 ,r4,h4,a4 ,kohlraus*1 ,pogg4 ,ann41 #ahed1 #ia2 see also ,maxwell1 ,electricity & ,magnetism1 vol4 i4 ,s #cbg1 :o %[s t a composite or /ratifi$ dielectric compos$ ( lay]s ( mat]ials ( diff]5t dielectric con/ants & resi/ivities w\ld exhibit ! prop]ty ( residual *>ge4 #ae ,flem+ & ,a%ton1 ,on a ,model :i* imitates ! behavi\r ( ,dielectrics4 ,phil4 ,mag41 #aija #f1 #b1 p4 #bbh4 #af ,! beg9n] is (t5 puzzl$ by ! con/ant appe>ance ( ! factor #dpi 9 electrical !orems4 ,x arises f ! mann] 9 :i* ! unit quantity ( electricity is def9$4 ,! electric =ce due to a po9t-*>ge q at a di/ance r is def9$ to be q_/r#b1 & ! total flux or induction ?r\gh ! sph]e ( radius r is !re=e #dpiq4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! unit po9t *>ge 7 def9$ to be t :i* produces a unit ( electric flux ?r\gh a circumscrib+ sph]ical surface or ! electric =ce at di/ance r def9$ to be #a_/d pir#b1 _m !orems w\ld be enunciat$ 9 simpl] =ms4 #ag ,see ,maxwell1 ,electricity & ,magnetism1 vol4 i4 ,s #gh;b 7#bnd ed474 #ah ,id4 ib4 vol4 i4 ,s #hj4 ,c\lomb prov$ ! proportionality ( electric surface =ce to d5sity1 b ! above num]ical relation ,e #dpisigma 0 fir/ e/abli%$ by ,poisson4 #ai ,see ,maxwell1 ,electricity & ,magnetism1 vol4 i4 ,s #ii;a 7#crd ed41 #ahib71 :]e ! expression 9 "q is d$uc$ z a coroll>y ( ,gre5's !orem4 #bj ,see ,"l ,kelv9's ,pap]s on ,electro/atics & ,magnetism1 p4 #add4 ,,electro!rapeutics1 a g5]al t]m = ! use ( electricity 9 !rapeutics1 i4e4 9 ! alleviation & cure ( disease4 ,be=e ! diff]5t =ms ( m$ical treatm5t are dealt )1 a few po9ts 9 connexion ) ! ma*9es & curr5ts1 ( special int]e/ to ! m$ical read]1 mu/ fir/ be giv54 ,f>adism4--,= ! batt]y requir$ ei!r = f>adism or galvanism1 cells ( ! ,leclan*e type are ! mo/ satisfactory4 ,be+ dry !y c be c>ri$ 9 any position1 are light]1 & !re is no tr\ble f ! erosion ( wires & b9d+ screws1 su* z s (t5 results f wet cells4 ,! be/ me?od ( produc+ a smoo? curr5t 9 ! second>y coil is = ! int]ruptor hamm] to vibrate directly aga9/ ! iron core ( ! prim>y coil4 ,= ?is x is be/ t ! int]ruptor be made ( a piece ( /eel spr+1 z a high rate ( int]ruption c !n be ma9ta9$1 ) a fairly smoo? curr5t 9 ! second>y coil4 ,?is =m ( int]ruptor necessitates t ! iron core be fix$1 & v>iation 9 ! prim>y induc$ curr5t is arrang$ = by slipp+ a brass tube m or less ov] ! iron core1 ?us cutt+ (f ! magnetic field f ! prim>y coil4 ,! second>y curr5t 7t obta9$ f ! second>y coil7 c be v>i$ by keep+ ! second>y coil p]man5tly fix$ ov] ! prim>y & v>y+ ! /r5g? ( ! prim>y curr5t4 ,:]e1 z sugge/$ above1 ! iron core is fix$1 ! prim>y & second>y induc$ curr5ts w be at _! /ronge/ :5 ! brass tube is completely )drawn4 ,z !re is no simple means ( measur+ ! /r5g? ( ! f>adic curr5t1 x is be/ to />t ) a v weak curr5t1 te/+ x on ! muscles ( "o's own h& until ^! beg9 to contract & a def9ite s5sory effect is produc$2 ! curr5t c !n be appli$ to ! "p1 be+ /r5g!n$ only v gradually4 ,galvanism4--,= treatm5t by galvanism a l>ge batt]y is ne$$1 ! simple/ =m be+ kn[n z a pati5t's batt]y1 consi/+ ( a v>iable numb] ( dry cells arrang$ 9 s]ies4 ,! cells us$ are ^? ( ,leclan*e1 ) ,e4,m4,f4 7or voltage7 ( #a4e & an int]nal resi/ance ( 4#c ohm4 ,?us ! exact /r5g? ( ! curr5t is kn[n2 ! numb] ( cells usually employ$ is #bd1 & :5 new give an ,e4,m4,f4 ( ab\t #cf volts4 ,by us+ ! =mula ,c ,e_/,r1 :]e ,e is ! voltage ( ! batt]y1 ,r ! total resi/ance ( batt]y1 electrodes & ! pati5t's sk9 & tissues1 & ,c ! curr5t 9 amp]es1 ! numb] ( cells requir$ = any p>ticul> curr5t c be work$ out4 ,! resi/ance ( ! pati5t's sk9 mu/ be made z l[ z possible by ?or\ghly wett+ bo? sk9 & electrodes ) sodium bic>bonate solution1 & keep+ ! electrodes 9 v close apposition to ! sk94 ,a galvanomet] is always fitt$ to ! batt]y1 usually ( ! d',arsonval type1 ) a %unt by means ( :i*1 on turn+ a screw1 n9e-t5?s ( ! induc+ curr5t c be %ort-circuit$ away1 & ! sol5oid only influ5c$ by "o-t5? ( ! curr5t :i* is be+ us$ on ! pati5t4 ,9 di/ricts :]e electric p[] is available ! cont9u\s curr5t c be us$ by means ( a swit*bo>d4 ,a curr5t ( mu* value = electro!rapeutic purposes is ! s9usoidal curr5t1 by :i* is meant an alt]nat+ curr5t ^: curve ( electromotive =ce1 9 bo? positive & negative phase1 v>ies con/antly & smoo?ly 9 :at is kn[n z ! s9e curve4 ,9 ^? di/ricts suppli$ by an alt]nat+ curr5t1 ! s9usoidal curr5t c be obta9$ f ! ma9s by pass+ x ?r\gh v>i\s trans=m]s1 b :]e ! ma9 supply is ! direct or con/ant curr5t1 a motor trans=m] is ne$$4 ,/atic ,electricity4--,= treatm5t by /atic electricity ! ,wim%ur/ type ( ma*9e is ! "o mo/ g5]ally us$4 ,a numb] ( electrodes are requir$2 ?us = ! application ( sp>ks a brass ball & brass roll] electrode1 = ! breeze a s+le po9t & a multiple po9t electrode1 & ano!r multiple po9t electrode 9 ! =m ( a metal cap t c be plac$ ov] ! pati5t's head4 ,! pol>ity ( ! ma*9e mu/ always be te/$1 z ei!r knob may become positive or negative1 ?\gh ! pol>ity r>ely *anges :5 once ! ma*9e is 9 action4 ,! olde/ me?od ( subject+ a pati5t to electric influ5ce is t 9 :i* /atic electricity is employ$4 ,! pati5t is insulat$ on a suitable plat=m & treat$ by means ( *>ges & dis*>ges f an electrical ma*9e4 ,! effect is to increase ! regul>ity & frequ5cy ( ! pulse1 raise ! blood pressure & increase ! action ( ! sk94 ,! n]v\s sy/em is quiet$1 sleep be+ promot$1 ! pati5t (t5 becom+ dr[sy dur+ ! application4 ,if :ile ! pati5t is be+ treat$ a po9t electrode is br\ght t[>ds him he feels ! s5sation ( a w9d bl[+ f t po9t2 ?is is an electric breeze or bru% dis*>ge4 ,! breeze is negative if ! pati5t is positively *>g$ & vice v]sa4 ,! breeze dis*>ge treatm5t is especially valuable 9 subdu+ pa9 ( ! sup]ficial cutane\s n]ves1 & also 9 ! treatm5t ( *ronic indol5t ulc]s4 ,q rec5tly ?is =m ( treatm5t has be5 appli$ ) mu* success to v>i\s sk9 lesions--psoriasis1 eczema & pruritus4 ,/atic electricity is also utiliz$ = m$ical purposes by means ( sp>ks1 :i* are adm9i/]$ ) a ball electrode1 ! result be+ a sudd5 muscul> contraction at ! po9t ( application4 ,! electrode mu/ be rapidly )drawn be=e a second sp>k has "t to leap across1 z ?is is a sev]e =m ( treatm5t & mu/ be adm9i/]$ sl[ly4 ,x is ma9ly employ$ = muscul> /imulation1 & ! contractions result+ f sp>k /imulation c be produc$ 9 cases ( n]ve injury & deg5]ation1 ev5 :5 ! muscles h lo/ _! reaction to f>adism4 ,! s5sory /imulation ( ?is =m ( treatm5t is also /rong1 & is useful 9 hy/]ical anae/hesia & functional p>alysis4 ,:]e a mild] s5sory /imulation is requir$ friction c be us$1 ! electrode be+ 9 ! =m ( a metal roll] :i* is mov$ rapidly outside ! pati5t's clo?+ ov] ! sp9e or o!r "p to be treat$4 ,! clo?+ mu/ be dry & ( wool1 & ea* additional wooll5 lay] int5sifies ! effect4 ,ano!r me?od ( employ+ electricity at high pot5tial is by ! employm5t ( high frequ5cy curr5ts4 ,!re are two me?ods ( application3 t 9 :i* bru% dis*>ges are made use (1 ) und\bt$ly good effects 9 _m ( ! diseases affect+ ! surface ( ! body1 & t 9 :i* ! curr5ts ( ! sol5oid are made to trav]se ! pati5t directly4 ,! physiological value ( ! latt] me?od is n c]ta91 ?\gh "o po9t ( int]e/ 9 connexion ) x is t :]eas /atical applications raise ! blood pressure1 high frequ5cy applications l[] x4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 ! case ( old p ) art]io-scl]osis1 & ! r$uction ( blood pressure produc$ is said to h %[n consid]able p]man5ce4 ,! ,f>adic ,curr5t4--,g4,b4 ,du*5ne 0 ! fir/ physician to make use ( ! induc$ curr5t = treatm5t1 & ! t]m f>adization is suppos$ to be due to him4 ,b 9 8 day ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! two curr5ts available1 ! prim>y & ! second>y1 7 n work$ out1 & !y 7 us$ some:at indiscrim9ately4 ,n[adays x is g5]ally accept$ t ! prim>y curr5t %\ld be us$ = ! /imulation ( deep-ly+ organs1 z /oma* & inte/9es1 c41 :ile ! second>y curr5t is employ$ = /imulation ( ! limb muscles & ! cutane\s s5sory n]ves4 ,! f>adic curr5t is also us$ z a means ( diagnosis = neuro-muscul> conditions4 ,:5 ! int]rupt$ curr5t is us$ to /imulate ! sk9 ov] a motor n]ve1 all ! muscles suppli$ by t n]ve are ?r[n into rapid tetanic contraction1 ! contraction bo? beg9n+ & ceas+ %>ply & sudd5ly ) ! curr5t4 ,?is is ! normal reaction ( ! n]ve to f>adism4 ,if ! muscle be wa/$ f disuse or "s local cause unconnect$ ) its n]ve-supply1 ! contraction is small]1 & bo? arises & relaxes m sl[ly4 ,b if ! lesion lies 9 ! n]ve itself1 z 9 ,bell's palsy1 ! muscles no long] %[ any response :5 ! n]ve is /imulat$1 & ?is is kn[n z ! reaction ( deg5]ation 9 ! n]ve4 ,x is usually prec$$ by a condition ( hyp]excitability4 ,^! results are appli$ to di/+ui% betwe5 functional p>alysis & t due to "s organic lesion1 z 9 ! =m] case ! reaction ( f>adism w be z brisk z usual4 ,also at ! beg9n+ ( mo/ cases ( infantile p>alysis _m m gr\ps ( muscles appe> to be affect$ ?an ultimately prove to be1 & f>adism enables ! physician to di/+ui% betwe5 ^? gr\ps ( muscles t are p]man5tly p>alys$ ow+ to ! de/ruction ( _! trophic c5tre1 & ^? muscles :i* are only tempor>ily inhibit$ f %ock1 & :i* ) prop] treatm5t w lat] rega9 _! full p[]4 ,9 ! te/+ ( muscles electrically t po9t on ! sk9 :i* on /imulation gives ! maximum contraction = t muscle is kn[n z ! motor po9t = t muscle4 ,x usually corresponds to ! entry ( ! motor n]ve4 ,f>adic treatm5t may be employ$ 9 ! weakness & emaciation dep5d+ on any long illness1 rickets1 anaemia1 c4 ,= ^! cases x is be/ to use ! electric ba?1 ! pati5t be+ plac$ 9 w>m wat]1 & ! two electrodes1 "o at ! pati5t's back & ! o!r at 8 feet1 be+ connect$ ) ! second>y coil4 ,! pati5t's g5]al metabolism is /imulat$1 he eats & sleeps bett] & soon beg9s to put on weight4 ,?is is especially b5eficial 9 sev]e cases ( rickets4 ,9 ! weakness & emaciation due to neura/h5ia1 especially 9 ^? cases be+ treat$ by ! ,weir ,mit*ell me?od 7isolation1 absolute conf9em5t to b$1 massage & ov]fe$+71 a simil> f>adic ba? is a v helpful adjunct4 ,9 tabes dorsalis f>adic treatm5t w (t5 dim9i% ! anae/hesia & numbness 9 ! legs1 ) result+ b5efit to ! ataxy4 ,p]haps ! mo/ b5eficial use ( ! f>adic curr5t is 9 ! treatm5t ( *ronic con/ipation--especially t s frequ5tly met ) 9 "y wom5 & due to defici5t muscul> p[] ( ! inte/9al walls4 ,9 long-/&+ cases ! l>ge inte/9e becomes p]man5tly dilat$1 & its muscul> fibres s att5uat$ z to h no p[] ov] ! inte/9al cont5ts4 ,b f>adism causes contraction at ! po9t ( /imulation1 & ! p]i/altic wave ?us />t$ sl[ly progresses along ! b[el4 ,all t is ne$$ is a special electrode = introduction into ! b[el & an ord9>y roll] electrode4 ,! rectal electrode consi/s ( a #f-;in* wire be>+ at "o end a small metal knob & fitt$ at ! o!r into a metal cup :i* screws into ! h&le ( ! electrode4 ,! only "p expos$ is ! metallic knob2 ! re/ is coat$ ) "s insulat+ mat]ial4 ,! pati5t recl9es on a c\* on 8 back1 ! rectal electrode is connect$1 & hav+ be5 vasel9$ is pass$ "s ?ree in*es into ! rectum4 ,a curr5t is />t$ ) ! second>y coil 9 su* a position z to give only an extremely weak curr5t4 ,! roll] electrode is !n wett$ ) hot wat] & appli$ to ! front ( ! abdom54 ,at fir/ ! pati5t %\ld feel no?+1 b ! curr5t %\ld sl[ly be increas$ until a fa9t response is p]ceptible f ! abdom9al muscles4 ,?is gives ! requir$ /r5g?1 & ! roll] electrode1 press$ well into ! abdom9al wall1 %\ld v sl[ly be mov$ along ! c\rse ( ! l>ge inte/9e beg9n+ at ! "r iliac fossa4 ,?us a comb9ation ( massage & f>adic curr5t is obta9$1 & ! results are p>ticul>ly satisfactory4 ,treatm5t %\ld be giv5 on alt]nate days imm$iately aft] breakfa/1 & %\ld be p]sev]$ ) = six or eight weeks4 ,! pati5t c be taught to adm9i/] x to himself4 ,! ,galvanic1 ,cont9u\s or ,direct ,curr5t4--,9 us+ ! galvanic or direct curr5t ! electrode mu/ be cov]$ ) padd$ webb+ or "s o!r absorb5t mat]ial1 ! metal ( ! electrode nev] be+ all[$ to come 9 contact ) ! sk94 ,! padd+ by reta9+ moi/ure helps to make good contact1 & also helps to gu>d aga9/ burn+ ! sk94 ,b :5 a cont9u\s curr5t ( #c am4 or m is pass$ = m ?an #e m94 ! electrodes mu/ be rais$ p]iodically & ! sk9 inspect$4 ,if ! curr5t be too /rong or appli$ = too long a "t1 small bli/]s are rais$ :i* break & are v tr\blesome to heal4 ,nor does ! pati5t always feel mu* pa9 :5 ?is occurs4 ,also ! electrodes mu/ be remoi/5$ e five or six m9utes1 z !y soon become dry1 & ! sk9 w !n be burnt4 ,x is be/ to use a solution ( sodium bic>bonate4 ,aga91 ! dang] ( burn+ ! sk9 dep5ds on ! d5sity ( ! curr5t p] sq4 94 ( electrode1 s t a /rong curr5t ?r\gh a small electrode w burn ! sk91 :]eas ! same curr5t ?r\gh a l>g] electrode w produce a b5eficial effect4 ,if ! pati5t be imm]s$ up to 8 neck 9 an electric ba?1 mu* /rong] curr5ts c be pass$ )\t caus+ ei!r pa9 or injury1 z 9 ?is case ! :ole area ( ! sk9 9 contact ) ! wat] acts z an electrode4 ,9 pass+ ! curr5t x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! negative electrode or ka?ode is ! m pa9ful ( ! two1 & its action m /imulat+ ?an ! positive electrode or anode1 :i* is s$ative4 ,if a muscle be /imulat$ ov] its motor po9t1 x w contract ) a %>p twit* & !n become quiesc5t4 ,) normal muscle ! ,,kcc 7ka?odal closure contraction7 is /rong] ?an t produc$ by ! closure ( ! curr5t at ! anode ,,acc 7anodal closure contraction74 ,& if ! muscle be normal ! op5+ contraction ,,koc & ,,aoc are n se54 ,:5 a galvanic curr5t is pass$ along a n]ve its excitability is increas$ at ! ka?ode & dim9i%$ at ! anode4 ,! increas$ excitability at ! ka?ode is katelectrotonus1 & ! l[]$ excitability at ! anode anelectrotonus4 ,b s9ce 9 a pati5t ! electrode _c be appli$ directly to ! n]ve1 ! l9es ( =ce f ! electrode pass into ! n]ve bo? 9 an upw>d & d[nw>d direction1 & h5ce !re are two poles produc$ by ea* electrode4 ,if ! curr5t be sudd5ly rev]s$1 s t :at 0 ! anode becomes ! ka?ode1 a /rong] contraction is obta9$ ?an by simply mak+ & break+ ! curr5t4 ,to avoid ! f\r poles on ! n]ve to be te/$1 x is f\nd mo/ satisfactory to h "o electrode plac$ at "s di/ance1 on ! back or *e/1 n on ! same limb4 ,z expla9$ above1 :5 ! n]ve supply+ a muscle is diseas$ x no long] responds to ! f>adic curr5t4 ,on fur!r te/+ ?is ) ! galvanic or cont9u\s curr5t x responds1 b ! contraction is n brisk b beg9s sl[ly & relaxes sl[ly1 ?\gh ! contraction z a :ole may be l>g] ?an t ( a normal muscle4 ,?is excessive contraction is kn[n z hyp]excitability to galvanism4 ,?is =m ( contraction is t obta9$ :5 ! muscle fibre itself is /imulat$4 ,aga91 :]eas 9 normal muscle ,,kcc ,,acc1 :5 ! n]ve is deg5]at$ ,,kcc ,,acc or ,,acc ,,kcc4 ,also 9 ! m sev]e =ms ( n]ve injury tetanic contractions may be set up 9 ! p>alys$ muscles1 by closure ( ! curr5t ei!r at ! anode or ka?ode4 ,^! *>ges are kn[n z ! reaction ( deg5]ation or ,,rd1 & are ( great value 9 diagnosis4 ,!y occur only aft] sudd5 or acute damage to ! n]ve cells ( ! ant]ior horn ( ! sp9al cord1 or to ! motor n]ve fibres proce$+ f ^! cells4 ,?us ,,rd is pres5t 9 infantile p>alysis1 acute neuritis1 c41 b abs5t 9 progressive muscul> atrophy :]e ! wa/+ ( n]ve & muscle takes place extremely sl[ly4 ,! reaction ( deg5]ation 9 ! n]ve is %[n by disappe>ance ( reaction to ei!r k9d ( curr5t1 prec$$ = "s days by hyp]excitability to ei!r curr5t4 ,:]e ! muscle wa/+ is due to a lesion 9 ! muscle alone1 z 9 is*aemic myositis 7usually due to injury f tight b&ag+ or badly appli$ spl9ts71 no reaction ( deg5]ation is f\nd2 ! only *ange is a loss ( p[] 9 ! contraction4 ,if ! damage to ! ant]ior horn cells be only v slight1 !re may only be p>tial ,,rd1 & ! prognosis is giv5 accord+ to ! ext5t ( ,,rd4 ,f ?is acc\nt x is cle> t ! greate/ value ( ! cont9u\s curr5t lies 9 its use 9 diagnosis4 ,b x is also appli$ extremely successfully1 9 comb9ation ) massage1 to cases ( infantile p>alysis4 ,wri/ drop f lead poison+ & lead neuritis ( all k9ds1 reflex muscul> atrophy & ! muscul> wa/+ ( hemiplegia1 are all b5efit$ by ! cont9u\s curr5t2 ! sev]e pa9 ( sciatica1 & ! inflammation ( ! n]ve %ea? 9 ^! cases1 c be arre/$ m quickly by galvanic treatm5t ?an 9 any o!r way4 ,ne>ly all =ms ( neuritis1 bo? ( ! cranial & o!r n]ves1 are be/ treat$ by ! cont9u\s curr5t4 ,! action 9 all cases is to /imulate ! natural t5d5cy to repair1 v l>gely by improv+ ! circulation ?r\gh ! injur$ p>ts4 ,ano!r effect ( an electric curr5t is electrolysis1 & ! ph5om5a ( electrolytic conduction involve n m]ely ! ionization ( ! comp\nds1 b also ! sett+ 9 motion ( ! ions t[>ds _! respective poles4 ,solutions :i* conduct electric curr5ts are call$ electrolytes1 & 9 ! case ( ! human body ! electrolyte is ! :ole mass ( ! sal9e con/itu5ts 9 solution ?r\gh\t ! body4 ,:5 a curr5t is pass$ ?r\gh an electrolyte1 dissociation into ions takes place1 ! ions :i* are fre$ r\nd ! anode be+ call$ anions & ^? :i* are fre$ r\nd ! ka?ode be+ call$ kations4 ,! anions c>ry negative *>ges & are consequ5tly attract$ by ! positive electricity ( ! anode4 ,! kations c>ry positive *>ges1 h5ce !y are repell$ by ! anode & attract$ by ! ka?ode4 ,b a c]ta9 numb] ( molecules d n dissociate1 & h5ce 9 an electrolytic solution !re are neutral molecules1 anions & kations4 ,! *emical actions1 & ?us ! antiseptic1 rem$ial or toxic effects ( electrolytes1 are due to ! actions ( _! ions4 ,! phosphides & phosphates may be tak5 z examples4 ,"s are extremely toxic1 :ile o!rs are q h>mless4 ,b x is to ! phosphorus ion t ! toxic or !rapeutic effect is due4 ,9 ! phosphates ! phosphorus is "p ( a complex ion possess+ q diff]5t prop]ties to ^? ( ! phosphorus ion ( ! phosphides4 ,! /rik+ly diff]5t effects ( ! sulphates & sulphides are due to simil> conditions1 z also ( _m o!r comp\nds4 ,!re are c]ta9 solv5ts1 z alcohol1 *lor(orm1 glyc]9 & vasel9e :i* d n dissociate electrolytes1 & consequ5tly ! latt] become in]t :5 mix$ ) ^! solv5ts4 ,^! solutions d n conduct electricity1 & h5ce ionic effects are extremely sl[4 ,a vasel9e o9tm5t conta9+ #e ( ph5ol makes a good dress+ = an ulc] ( ! leg1 & produces no irritant effect1 b a #e aque\s solution may be bo? cau/ic & toxic4 ,s9ce ! toxic or !rapeutic action ( a solution is due to its ions1 ! action mu/ be proportional to ! numb] ( ions 9 a giv5 volume1 t is1 ! action ( an electrolyte dep5ds on ! degree ( dissociation4 ,?us a /rong acid is "o t is mu* dissociat$1 a weak acid "o t has und]gone b little dissociation & s on4 ,9 #ahif-ahig x 0 %[n t ! bact]icidal action ( salts v>ies ) _! degree ( dissociation & !re=e dep5ds on ! conc5tration ( ! active ions4 ,9 ! m$ical application ( ^! facts x mu/ be rememb]$ t :5 an ion is introduc$ into ! body by electrolysis1 x is probably =c$ into ! actual cellul> con/itu5ts ( ! body1 :]eas ! drug adm9i/]$ by "o ( ! usual me?ods ?\gh circulat+ 9 ! blood may p]haps nev] ga9 access to ! cell itself4 ,h5ce ! diff]5t effects t h be5 record$ betwe5 a drug adm9i/]$ by ! m\? or subcutane\sly & ! same adm9i/]$ by electrolysis4 ,?us a solution ( coca9e inject$ subcutane\sly produces q diff]5t effects to t introduc$ by electrolysis4 ,by ! latt] me?od x produces anae/hesia b does n diffuse1 & ! anae/hesia rema9s /rictly limit$ to ! surface cov]$ by ! electrode4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! ion is nev] introduc$ into ! g5]al circulation b into ! cell plasma4 ,9 ! te*nical work+ ( m$ical electrolysis ! mo/ m9ute precautions are requir$4 ,! solution ( ! drug mu/ be made ) z pure wat] z possible1 rec5tly di/ill$4 ,! spongy sub/ance =m+ ! electrode mu/ be free f any trace ( electrolytic sub/ances4 ,h5ce all mat]ials us$ mu/ be wa%$ 9 di/ill$ wat]4 ,absorb5t cotton answ]s all requirem5ts & is easily procur$4 ,! area ( introduction c be exactly circumscrib$ by cutt+ a hole 9 a %eet ( adhesive pla/] :i* is appli$ to ! sk9 & on :i* ! electrolytic electrodes are press$4 ,! great advantage ( electrolytic me?ods is t x enables g5]al treatm5t to be replac$ by a /rictly local treatm5t1 & ! cells c be saturat$ exactly to ! degree & dep? requir$4 ,/rong antiseptics & mat]ials t coagulate album5 _c be introduc$ locally by ord9>y me?ods1 z ! sk9 is imp]meable to !m1 b by electrolysis !y c be introduc$ to ! exact dep? requir$4 ,! local effects ( ! ions dep5d on ! dosage2 ?us a feeble dose ( ! ions ( z9c /imulates ! gr[? ( hair1 b a /rong] dose produces ! dea? ( ! tissue4 ,naturally ! diff]5t ions produce diff]5t effects4 ,?us ! ions ( ! alkalis & magnesium are cau/ic1 ^? ( ! alkal9e e>?y metals produce actual mortification ( ! tissue & s on4 ,accord+ to ! ion *os5 ! effect may be cau/ic 9 v>i\s degrees1 antiseptic1 coagulat+1 produc+ vascul> or n]v\s *anges1 c41 c4 ,& aga9 electrolysis c also be us$ = extract+ f ! body su* ions z are injuri\s1 z uric & oxalic acid f a pati5t suff]+ f g\t4 ,"o ( ! late/ advances is ! treatm5t ( ankylos$ jo9ts by ! electrolytic me?od1 ! electrolyte us$ be+ *loride ( sodium1 & ! m>vell\s results be+ attribut$ to ! introduction ( ! *lor9e ions4 ,?is scl]olytic prop]ty ( ! curr5t is applicable to all p>ts ( ! body accessible to ! curr5t4 ,old cases ( rheumatic scl]itis1 entirely unaffect$ by ! r\t9e treatm5t ( salicylates & iodide1 h (t5 cle>$ up entirely "u electrolytic treatm5t4 ,cases ( *ronic iritis ) adhesions & old pleural adhesions are also suit$ = ?is me?od ( proc$ure4 ,c]ta9 m5/rual tr\bles ( wom5 & also endometritis yield rapidly to electrolysis ) a z9c anode4 ,be=e ?is me?od ( introduction1 ! z9c salts1 ?\gh excell5t dis9fectants1 act$ only on ! surface 9 consequ5ce ( _! coagulat+ action on ! album9oids1 b by ! electric curr5t1 "u ! influ5ce ( a diff]5ce ( pot5tial1 ! z9c iron w p5etrate to any desir$ dep?4 ,cases ( rod5t ulc] unaffect$ by all o!r me?ods ( treatm5t h be5 cur$ by electric kataphoresis ) z9c ions1 & ! me?od is n[ be+ appli$ to ! treatm5t ( inop]able malignant tum\rs4 ,z v /rong curr5ts are requir$ = ?is latt]1 ! pati5t has fir/ to be anae/hetiz$ by a g5]al anae/hetic4 ,ano!r direction 9 :i* electric ions are be+ us$ is t ( ! induction ( local anae/hesia be=e m9or surgical op]ations4 ,coca9e is ! drug us$1 ! result+ anae/hesia is absolute1 & ! op]ation c be made almo/ bloodless by ! admixture ( supr>5al extract4 ,,electrotyp+1 an application ( ! art ( electroplat+ 7q4v47 to typography 7q4v474 ,9 copy+ engrav$ plates = pr9t+ purposes1 copp] may be deposit$ ^u ! orig9al plate1 ! surface ( :i* is fir/ r5d]$ slightly dirty1 by means ( a weak solution ( wax 9 turp5t9e or o!rwise1 to prev5t adhesion4 ,! rev]s$ plate ?us produc$ is !n /ripp$ f ! fir/ & us$ z ca?ode 9 its turn1 ) ! result t ev5 ! f9e/ l9es ( ! orig9al are fai?fully reproduc$4 ,! electrolyte commonly conta9s ab\t #a-a_/b lb4 ( copp] sulphate & #a_/b lb4 ( /rong sulphuric acid p] gallon1 & is work$ ) a curr5t d5sity ( ab\t #aj amp]es p] sq4 ft41 :i* %\ld give a ?ickness ( #j4jjjefc 94 ( copp] p] h\r4 ,z "t is an object1 ! conditions allud$ to 9 ! article on ,,copp] z be+ fav\rable to ! use ( high curr5t d5sities %\ld be /udi$1 be>+ 9 m9d t a t\gh copp] deposit ( high quality is ess5tial4 ,m\lds = reproduc+ plates or art-"w are (t5 tak5 9 pla/]1 beeswax mix$ ) ,v5ice turp5t9e1 fusible metal1 or gutta-p]*a1 & ! surface be+ r5d]$ conductive by p[d]$ black-lead1 copp] is deposit$ ^u x ev5ly ?r\gh\t4 ,= /atu>y1 & und]cut "w g5]ally1 an ela/ic m\ld--( glue & treacle 7#hj3bj p>ts7--may be us$2 ! m\ld1 :5 set1 is wat]pro($ by imm]sion 9 a solution ( potassium bi*romate foll[$ by exposure to sunlight1 or 9 "s o!r way4 ,! be/ results1 h[ev]1 are obta9$ by tak+ a wax ca/ f ! ela/ic m\ld1 & !n f ?is a pla/] m\ld1 :i* may be wat]pro($ ) wax1 black-lead$1 & us$ z ca?ode4 ,9 art-"w ( ?is nature ! pr9cipal po9ts to be look$ to 9 deposit+ are ! electrical connexions to ! ca?ode1 ! %ape ( ! anode 7to secure uni=mity ( deposition71 ! circulation ( ! electrolyte1 &1 9 "s cases1 ! means = escape ( anode oxyg54 ,silv] electrotyp+ is occasionally resort$ to = special purposes4 ,,electrum1 ,,electron 7,gr4 ,greek3 elektron1 amb]71 an alloy ( gold & silv] 9 use among ! anci5ts1 describ$ by ,pl9y z conta9+ "o "p ( silv] to f\r ( gold4 ,! t]m is also appli$ 9 m9]alogy to native arg5tif]\s gold conta9+ f #bj to #ej ( silv]4 ,9 bo? cases ! "n is d]iv$ f ! pale yell[ col\r ( electrum1 resembl+ t ( amb]4 ,,elegit 7,lat4 = he has *os571 9 ,engli% law1 a judicial writ ( execution1 giv5 by ! ,/atute ( ,we/m9/] ,,ii4 7#abhe71 & s call$ f ! words ( ! writ1 t ! pla9tiff has *os5 7elegit7 ?is mode ( satisfaction4 ,previ\sly to ! ,/atute ( ,we/m9/] ,,ii41 a judgm5t cr$itor c\ld only h ! pr(its ( l&s ( a debtor 9 satisfaction ( 8 judgm5t1 b n ! possession ( ! l&s !mselves4 ,b ?is /atute provid$ t h5ce=? x %\ld be 9 ! election ( ! p>ty hav+ recov]$ judgm5t to h a writ ( fi]i facias 7q4v47 unto ! %]iff on l&s & goods or else all ! *attels ( ! debtor & ! "o half ( 8 l&s until ! judgm5t be satisfi$4 ,s9ce ! ,bankruptcy ,act #ahhc ! writ ( elegit has ext5d$ to l&s & h]$itam5ts only4 7,see fur!r ,,execution47 ,,elegy1 a %ort poem ( lam5tation or regret1 call$ =? by ! decease ( a belov$ or rev]$ p]son1 or by a g5]al s5se ( ! pa?os ( mortality4 ,! ,greek ^w ,greek3 elegeia is ( d\btful signification2 x is usually int]pret$ z mean+ a m\rnful or fun]al song4 ,b !re seems to be no pro( t ?is idea ( regret = dea? ent]$ into ! orig9al mean+ ( ,greek3 elegeia4 ,! e>lie/ ,greek elegies :i* h come d[n to u are n fun]eal1 al?\gh x is possible t ! primitive ,greek3 elegeia may h be5 a set ( words liturgically us$1 ) music1 at a burial4 ,:5 ! elegy appe>s 9 surviv+ ,greek lit]ature1 we f9d x d$icat$1 n to dea?1 b to w> & love4 ,call9us ( ,ephesus1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! #g? c5tury1 is ! e>lie/ elegi/ ( :om we possess fragm5ts4 ,a little lat] ,tyrtaeus 0 compos+ 8 fam\s elegies 9 ,sp>ta4 ,bo? ( ^! writ]s 71 s f> z we "k1 exclusively w>like & patriotic4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! passion ( love inspires ,mimn]mus1 ^: elegies are ! prototypes n only ( ! lat] ,greek pieces1 & ( ! ,lat9 poems ( ! s*ool ( ,tibullus & ,prop]tius1 b ( a great deal ( ! =mal erotic poetry ( mod]n ,europe4 ,9 ! #f? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! elegies ( ,solon 7 admir$2 !y are ma9ly lo/4 ,b we possess m ( ! "w ( ,!ognis ( ,meg>a ?an ( any o!r ar*aic elegi/1 & 9 x we c obs]ve ! *>act]i/ics ( ,greek elegy be/4 ,"h ! ,dorian _s ( *ivalry rea*es its highe/ expression1 & w> is comb9$ ) manly love4 ,! elegy1 9 its calm movem5t1 seems to h begun to lose curr5cy :5 ! ec/asy ( emotion 0 m successfully int]pret$ by ! v>i\s rhy?mic & di?yrambic inv5tions ( ! ,aeolic lyri/s4 ,! elegy1 h[ev]1 rose aga9 to ! highe/ level ( m]it 9 ,alex&rian times4 ,x 0 re9troduc$ by ,philetas 9 ! #crd c5t4 ,b4,c41 & 0 c>ri$ to extreme p]fection by ,callima*us4 ,o!r lat] ,greek elegi/s ( high reputation 7 ,asclepiades & ,euphorion4 ,b x is curi\s to notice t all ! elegies ( ^! poets 7 ( an amatory nature1 & t antiquity /yl$ ! fun]al dirges ( ,!ocritus1 ,bion & ,mos*us--:i* are to u ! types ( elegy--n elegies at all1 b idylls4 ,:5 ! poets ( ,rome began _! imitative /udy ( ,alex&rian models1 x 0 natural t ! elegies ( writ]s su* z ,callima*us %\ld tempt !m to imm$iate imitation4 ,gallus1 ^: works are unhappily lo/1 is kn[n to h produc$ a great s5sation 9 ,rome by publi%+ 8 translation ( ! poems ( ,euphorion2 & he pass$ on to ! composition ( erotic elegies ( 8 own1 :i* 7 ! e>lie/ 9 ! ,lat9 language4 ,if we possess$ 8 once-fam\s ,cy!ris1 we %\ld be able to decide ! "q ( h[ mu* ,prop]tius1 :o is n[ ! lead+ figure among ,roman elegi/s1 ow$ to ! example ( ,gallus4 ,8 brilliantly emotional ,cyn?ia1 ) its ri* & unexampl$ employm5t ( t alt]nation ( hexamet] & p5tamet] :i* _h n[ come to be kn[n z ! elegiac measure1 seems1 h[ev]1 to h settl$ ! type ( ,lat9 elegy4 ,tibullus is always nam$ 9 conjunction ) ,prop]tius1 :o 0 8 contempor>y1 al?\gh 9 _! /yle !y 7 viol5tly contra/$4 ,! sweetness ( ,tibullus 0 ! object ( admiration & con/ant imitation by ! ,lat9 poets ( ! ,r5aissance1 al?\gh ,prop]tius has m au/]ely pleas$ a lat] ta/e4 ,f9ally1 ,ovid wrote elegies ( great v>iety 9 subject1 b all 9 ! same =m1 & 8 dext]\s easy metre clos$ ! tradition ( elegiac poetry among ! anci5ts4 ,:at rema9s 9 ! decl9e ( ,lat9 lit]ature is all f\nd$ on a /udy ( ^? ma/]s ( ! ,gold5 ,age4 ,:5 ! ,r5aissance f\nd its way to ,engl&1 ! ^w elegy 0 introduc$ by read]s ( ,ovid & ,prop]tius4 ,b f ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury1 x 0 us$ 9 ,engli%1 z x has be5 ev] s9ce1 to describe a fun]al song or lam5t4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ poems 9 ,engli% :i* be>s ! title ( elegy is ,! ,compla9t ( ,philom5e1 :i* ,george ,gascoigne began 9 #aefb1 & pr9t$ 9 #aegf4 ,! ,daphnaida ( ,sp5s] 7#aeia7 is an elegy 9 ! /rict mod]n s5se1 namely a poem ( regret pron\nc$ at ! obsequies ( a p>ticul> p]son4 ,9 #aegi ,putt5ham _h def9$ an elegy z be+ a song ( long lam5tation4 ,) ! op5+ ( ! #ag? c5tury ! composition ( elegies became univ]sal on e occasion ( public or private grief4 ,dr ,johnson's def9ition1 ,elegy1 a %ort poem )\t po9ts or turns1 is s+ul>ly inept & c>eless4 ,by t "t 7#agee7 ,engli% lit]ature _h produc$ _m great elegies1 ( :i* ! ,lycidas ( ,milton is by f> ! mo/ illu/ri\s4 ,b ev5 ,c[ley's on ,cra%aw1 ,tickell's on ,addison1 ,pope's on an ,un=tunate ,lady1 ^? ( ,qu>les1 & ,dryd51 & ,donne1 %\ld h w>n$ ,johnson ( 8 mi/ake4 ,s9ce ! #ah? c5tury ! mo/ illu/ri\s examples ( elegy 9 ,engli% lit]ature h be5 ! ,adonais ( ,%elley 7on ,keats71 ! ,?yrsis ( ,mat!w ,arnold 7on ,cl\gh71 & ! ,ave atque ,vale ( ,mr ,sw9burne 7on ,baudelaire74 ,x rema9s = u to m5tion :at is ! mo/ celebrat$ elegy 9 ,engli%1 t writt5 by ,gray 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 belongs to a class ap>t1 z x is n address$ to ! memory ( any p>ticul> p]son4 ,a writ] ( small m]it1 ,james ,hammond 7#agaf-agdb71 enjoy$ a c]ta9 success ) 8 ,love ,elegies 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to introduce ! erotic elegy z x 0 writt5 by ,ovid & ,tibullus4 ,?is exp]im5t took no hold ( ,engli% lit]ature1 b 0 welcom$ 9 ,france 9 ! amatory works ( ,p>ny 7#agec-ahad71 9 ^? ( ,*5$olle 7#agfi-ahcc71 & ( ,millevoye 7#aghb-ahaf74 ,! melan*oly & s5tim5tal elegies ( ! la/ nam$ are ! typical examples ( ?is class ( poetry 9 ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,lam>t9e mu/ be includ$ among ! elegi/s1 & 8 fam\s ,le ,lac is z em95t an elegy 9 ,fr5* z ,gray's ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d is 9 ,engli%4 ,! elegy has fl\ri%$ 9 ,portugal1 p>tly because x 0 cultivat$ ) great success by ,camo5s1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! ,portuguese poets4 ,9 ,italian1 ,*iabr]a & ,filicaia are nam$ among ! lead+ national elegi/s4 ,9 ,g]man lit]ature1 ! notion ( elegy z a poem ( lam5tation does n exi/4 ,! fam\s ,roman ,elegies ( ,goe! imitate 9 =m & !me ^? ( ,ovid2 !y are n ev5 pla9tive 9 "*4 ,,elegiac ,,v]se has commonly be5 adopt$ by ,g]man poets = _! elegies1 b by ,engli% poets nev]4 ,s*ill] def9es ?is k9d ( v]se1 :i* consi/s ( a di/i* ( :i* ! fir/ l9e is a hexamet] & ! second a p5tamet]1 9 ! foll[+ pretty illu/ration3-- ,9 ! hexamet] rises ! f\nta9's silv]y column4 ,9 ! p5tamet] aye fall+ 9 melody back4 ,! ^w elegy1 9 ,engli%1 is "o :i* is frequ5tly us$ v incorrectly2 x %\ld be rememb]$ t x mu/ be m\rnful1 m$itative & %ort )\t be+ ejaculatory4 ,?us ,t5nyson's ,9 ,memoriam is exclud$ by its l5g?2 x may at be/ be treat$ z a collection ( elegies4 ,wordswor?'s ,lucy1 on ! o!r h&1 is a dirge2 ?is is too brief a bur/ ( emotion to be /yl$ an elegy4 ,lycidas & ,adonais rema9 ! two unapproa*able types ( :at a p]sonal elegy ought to be 9 ,engli%4 7,e4 ,g47 ,,elem5t 7,lat4 elem5tum71 an ultimate compon5t ( any?+1 h5ce a fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,elem5tum 0 us$ 9 ,lat9 to translate ! ,greek ,greek3 /oi*eion 7t :i* /&s 9 a ,greek3 /oi*os1 or r[71 & is a ^w ( obscure orig9 & etymology4 ,! root ( ,lat4 al]e1 to n\ri%1 has be5 sugge/$1 ?us mak+ x a d\blet ( alim5tum1 t :i* supports life2 ano!r explanation is t ! ^w repres5ts ,,lmn41 ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! second "p ( ! alphabet1 a p>allel use to t ( ,,abc4 ,ap>t f its application 9 *emi/ry1 :i* is treat$ bel[1 ! ^w is us$ ( ! rudim5ts or pr9cipia ( any sci5ce or subject1 z 9 ,euclid's ,elem5ts ( ,geometry1 or 9 ! begg>ly elem5ts 7,greek3 tapto*a /oi*eia1 ( ,/ ,paul 9 ,gal4 iv4 #i72 9 ma!matics1 ( a fundam5tal concept involv$ 9 an inve/igation1 z ! elem5ts ( a det]m9ant2 & 9 electricity1 ( a galvanic 7or voltaic7 elem5t 9 an electric cell 7see ,,batt]y3 ,electric74 ,9 a/ronomy1 elem5t is us$ ( any "o ( ! num]ical or geometrical data by :i* ! c\rse ( a v>y+ ph5om5on is comput$2 x is appli$ especially to orbital motion & eclipses4 ,! elem5ts ( an orbit are ! six data by :i* ! position ( a mov+ body 9 its orbit at any "t may be det]m9$4 ,! elem5ts ( an eclipse express & det]m9e ! motion ( ! c5tre ( ! %ad[-axis1 & are ! data necess>y to compute ! ph5om5a ( an eclipse dur+ its :ole c\rse1 z se5 at any place4 ,9 ar*itecture ! t]m elem5t is appli$ to ! outl9e ( ! design ( a ,decorat$ w9d[1 on :i* ! c5tres = ! trac]y are f\nd4 ,^! c5tres w all be f\nd to fall on po9ts :i*1 9 "s way or o!r1 w be equimultiples ( p>ts ( ! op5+s4 ,*emical ,elem5ts4 ,anci5t ideas4 ,l all o!r sci5tific concepts1 t ( an elem5t has *ang$ its mean+ _m times 9 _m ways dur+ ! developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,ow+ to _! v small am\nt ( real *emical k1 ! g5]alizations ( ! anci5ts 7 necess>ily r sup]ficial1 & c\ld n /& 9 ! face ( ! increas+ developm5t ( practical *emi/ry4 ,nev]!less we f9d ! concept ( an elem5t z a sub/ance f :i* all bodies are made or d]iv$ held at ! v beg9n+ ( occid5tal philosophy4 ,?ales reg>d$ wat] z ! elem5t ( all ?+s2 8 foll[]s accept$ 8 idea ( a primordial sub/ance z ! basis ( all bodies1 b !y endeav\r$ to det]m9e "s o!r g5]al elem5t or elem5ts1 l fire or _s1 or love & hatr$1 or fire1 wat]1 air & e>?4 ,we f9d 9 ?is developm5t an exact p>allelism to ! mann] 9 :i* sci5tific ideas g5]ally arise1 develop & *ange4 ,!y are creat$ to po9t out ! common "p 9 a v>iety ( obs]v$ ph5om5a1 9 ord] to get "s lead+ light 9 ! *aos ( ev5ts4 ,at fir/ almo/ any idea w d1 if only x promises "s compreh5sive arrangem5t ( ! facts2 aft]w>ds1 ! inconsi/5cies ( ! fir/ trial make !mselves felt2 ! fir/ idea is !n *ang$ to meet bett] ! new requirem5ts4 ,= a %ort] or long] "t ! facts & ideas may rema9 9 accord1 b ! un9t]rupt$ increase ( empirical k involves soon] or lat] new fundam5tal alt]ations ( ! g5]al idea1 & 9 ?is way !re is a nev]-ceas+ process ( adaptation ( ! ideas to ! facts4 ,z facts are un*angeable by !mselves1 ! adaptation c be only "o-sid$2 ! ideas are compell$ to *ange accord+ to ! facts4 ,we mu/ !re=e educate ourselves to reg>d ! ideas or !ories z ! *ang+ "p ( sci5ce1 & keep ourselves ready to accept ev5 ! mo/ fundam5tal revision ( curr5t !ories4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! idea ( elem5ts 0 to recognize t a s+le pr9ciple w\ld n prove suffici5t to cov] ! manifoldness ( facts4 ,emp$ocles !re=e conceiv$ a d\ble or b9>y elem5t>y pr9ciple2 & ,ari/otle develop$ ?is idea a /age fur!r1 /at+ two sets ( b9>y antagoni/ic pr9ciples1 namely dry-wet & hot-cold4 ,! ,ari/otelian or p]ipatetic elem5ts1 :i* play$ su* a great role 9 ! :ole m$ieval philosophy1 are ! repres5tatives ( ! sev]al b9>y comb9ations ( ^! fundam5tal prop]ties1 fire be+ hot & dry1 air hot & wet1 wat] cold & wet1 e>? cold & dry4 ,accord+ to ! am\nt ( ^! prop]ties f\nd 9 any body1 ^! elem5ts 7 reg>d$ z hav+ tak5 "p 9 =m+ ?is body4 ,conc]n+ ! reason :y only ^! prop]ties 7 reg>d$ z fundam5tal1 we "k no?+4 ,!y seem to be tak5 at r&om r ?an c>efully select$2 !y relate only to ! s5se ( t\*1 & n to vision or any o!r s5se1 possibly because deceptions 9 ! s5se ( t\* 7 reg>d$ z non-exi/5t1 :ile ! o!r s5ses 7 app>5tly n s tru/wor?y4 ,at any rate1 ! ,ari/otelian elem5ts soon prov$ to be r inadequate to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! increas+ *emical k2 o!r prop]ties _h !re=e to be select$ to repres5t ! g5]al behavi\r ( *emical sub/ances1 & 9 ?is case we f9d !m already mu* m *emical 9 ! mod]n s5se4 ,elem5ts ( ! al*emi/s4 ,among ! v>i\s sub/ances recogniz$ by ! *emi/s1 c]ta9 classes or gr\ps readily di/+ui%$ !mselves4 ,fir/ ! metals1 by _! lu/re1 _! heav9ess1 & a numb] ( o!r common prop]ties4 ,accord+ to ! g5]al pr9ciple ( select+ a s+le sub/ance z a repres5tative ( ! gr\p1 ! metallic prop]ties 7 repres5t$ by m]cury4 ,! !oreticians ( ! middle ages 7 r c>eful to po9t out t common m]cury 7! liquid metal ( to-day7 0 n at all to be id5tifi$ ) philosophical m]cury1 ! la/ be+ simply ! pr9ciple ( metallic behavi\r4 ,9 ! same way combu/ibility 0 repres5t$ by sulphur1 solubility by salt1 & occasionally ! *emically indiff]5t or refractory "* by e>?4 ,accord+ to ! subsi/5ce & prepond]ance ( ^! prop]ties 9 diff]5t bodies1 ^! 7 reg>d$ z conta9+ ! correspond+ elem5ts2 conv]sely1 j z exp]i5ce tea*es ! *emi/ e day t by prop] treatm5t ! prop]ties ( giv5 bodies may be *ang$ 9 ! mo/ v>i\s ways1 ! obs]v$ *anges ( prop]ties 7 ascrib$ to ! ga9 or loss ( ! correspond+ elem5ts4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 :i* acc\nt$ r well = a l>ge numb] ( facts1 !re 0 no fundam5tal objection aga9/ try+ to end[ base metals ) ! prop]ties ( ! preci\s ones2 to make artificial gold 0 a task q simil> to ! mod]n problem (1 e4g4 mak+ artificial qu99e4 ,! realization t !re is a c]ta9 natural law prev5t+ su* *anges is ( mu* lat] date4 ,x is !re=e q unju/ to consid] ! "w ( ! al*emi/s1 :o tri$ to make artificial gold1 z consummate nons5se4 ,a priori !re 0 no reason :y a *ange f lead to gold %\ld be less possible ?an a *ange f iron to ru/2 inde$ !re is no a priori reason aga9/ x n[4 ,b exp]i5ce has taught u t lead & gold are *emical elem5ts 9 ! mod]n s5se1 & t !re is a g5]al exp]im5tal law t elem5ts are n trans=mable "o into ano!r4 ,s exp]i5ce taught ! al*emi/s irresi/ibly t 9 spite ( ! manifoldness ( *emical *anges x is n always possible to *ange any giv5 sub/ance into ano!r2 ! possibilities are mu* m limit$1 & !re is only a c]ta9 range ( sub/ances to be obta9$ f a giv5 "o4 ,! impossibility ( trans=m+ lead or copp] into noble metals prov$ to be only "o case out ( _m1 & x 0 recogniz$ g5]ally t !re are c]ta9 *emical families ^: memb]s are relat$ to "o ano!r by _! mutual trans=mability1 :ile x is impossible to bridge ! b\nd>ies sep>at+ ^! families4 ,"w ( ,rob]t ,boyle4 ,! man :o br\ght all ^! exp]i5ces & consid]ations into sci5tific =m 0 ,rob]t ,boyle4 ,he /at$ z a g5]al pr9ciple1 t only tangible & pond]able sub/ances %\ld be recogniz$ z elem5ts1 an elem5t be+ a sub/ance f :i* o!r sub/ances may be made1 b :i* _c be sep>at$ into diff]5t sub/ances4 ,he %[$ t nei!r ! p]ipatetic nor ! al*emi/ic elem5ts satisfi$ ?is def9ition4 ,b he 0 m ( a critical ?an ( a syn!tical turn ( m9d2 al?\gh he e/abli%$ ! correct pr9ciples1 he hesitat$ to po9t out :at sub/ances1 among ^? kn[n at 8 "t1 7 to be consid]$ z elem5ts4 ,he only pav$ ! way to ! goal by lay+ ! f\ndations ( analytical *emi/ry1 i4e4 by tea*+ h[ to *>act]ize & to di/+ui% diff]5t *emical individuals4 ,fur!r1 by adopt+ & develop+ ! corpuscul> hypo!sis ( ! con/itution ( ! pond]able sub/ances1 he =e%ad[$1 9 a way1 ! law ( ! cons]vation ( ! elem5ts1 viz4 t no elem5t c be *ang$ into ano!r elem5t2 & he consid]$ ! comp\nd sub/ances to be made up f small p>ticles or corpuscles ( _! elem5ts1 ! latt] reta9+ _! ess5ce 9 all comb9ations4 ,?is hypo!sis acc\nts = ! fact t only a limit$ numb] ( o!r sub/ances c be made f a giv5 "o--namely1 only ^? :i* conta9 ! elem5ts pres5t 9 ! giv5 sub/ance4 ,b x is *>act]i/ic ( ,boyle's critical m9d t he did n %ut 8 eyes aga9/ a s]i\s objection to 8 hypo!sis4 ,if ! comp\nd sub/ance is made up ( p>ts ( ! elem5ts1 "o w\ld expect t ! prop]ties ( ! comp\nd sub/ance w\ld prove to be ! sum ( ! prop]ties ( ! elem5ts4 ,b ?is is n ! case1 & *emical comp\nds %[ prop]ties :i* g5]ally diff] v consid]ably f ^? ( ! comp\nds4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! corpuscul> hypo!sis ( ,boyle 0 develop$ into ! atomic hypo!sis ( ,dalton1 :i* 0 consid]$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury z ! v be/ repres5tation ( *emical facts1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! difficulty z to ! prop]ties ( ! comp\nds rema9$ ! same z ,boyle f\nd x1 & has n yet be5 remov$ by an appropriate developm5t ( ! atomic hypo!sis4 ,?us ,boyle consid]$1 e4g4 ! metals z elem5ts4 ,h[ev]1 x is int]e/+ to note t he consid]$ ! mutual trans=mation ( ! metals z n altoge!r impossible1 & he ev5 tells ( a case :5 gold 0 trans=m$ into base metal4 ,x is a common psy*ological fact t a re=m] does n g5]ally succe$ 9 be+ :olly consi/5t 9 8 re=m+ ideas2 !re rema9s inv>iably "s po9t :]e he commits exactly ! same fault :i* he set out to aboli%4 ,we %all f9d ! same inconsi/5cy also among o!r *emical re=m]s4 ,ev5 e>li] ?an ,boyle1 ,joa*im ,jung 7#aehg-afeg7 ( ,hamburg develop$ simil> ideas4 ,b z he did n di/+ui% himself1 z ,boyle did1 by exp]im5tal "w 9 sci5ce1 8 views ex]t$ only a limit$ influ5ce among/ 8 pupils4 ,phlogi/on !ory4 ,9 ! times foll[+ ,boyle's "w we f9d no rem>kable outside developm5t ( ! !ory ( elem5ts1 b a v important inside "o4 ,analytical *emi/ry1 or ! art ( di/+ui%+ diff]5t *emical sub/ances1 0 rapidly develop+1 & ! necess>y f\ndation = su* a !ory 0 ?us laid4 ,we f9d ! discussions ab\t ! true elem5ts disappe>+ f ! text-books1 or remov$ to an insignificant corn]1 :ile ! description ( obs]v$ *emical *anges ( diff]5t ways ( prep>+ ! same sub/ance1 z id5tifi$ by ! same prop]ties1 & ( ! me?ods = recogniz+ & di/+ui%+ ! v>i\s sub/ances1 take _! place4 ,! simil>ity ( c]ta9 gr\ps ( *emical *anges1 z1 = example1 combu/ion1 & ! inv]se process1 r$uction1 0 obs]v$1 & ?us l$ to an attempt to %ape ^! mo/ g5]al facts into a common !ory4 ,9 ?is way ! !ory ( phlogi/on 0 develop$ by ,g4,e4 ,/ahl1 phlogi/on be+ 7accord+ to ! usual way ( reg>d+ g5]al prop]ties z be+ due to a pr9ciple or elem5t7 ! pr9ciple ( combu/ibility1 simil> to ! sulphur ( ! al*emi/s4 ,?is aga9 mu/ be reg>d$ z q a legitimate /ep ju/ifi$ by ! k ( ! "t4 ,= exp]i5ce taught t combu/ibility c\ld be transf]r$ by *emical action1 e4g4 f *>coal to li?>ge1 ! latt] be+ *ang$ !reby into combu/ible metallic lead2 & accord+ to ,boyle's pr9ciple1 t only bodies %\ld be recogniz$ z *emical elem5ts1 phlogi/on 0 consid]$ z a body4 ,f ! fact t all lead+ *emi/s 9 ! second half ( ! #ah? c5tury us$ ! phlogi/on !ory & 7 n h9d]$ by x 9 mak+ _! great discov]ies1 x is evid5t t a suffici5t am\nt ( tru? & usefulness 0 embodi$ 9 ?is !ory4 ,x /ates inde$ q correctly ! mutual relations betwe5 oxidation & r$uction1 z we n[ call ^! v g5]al processes1 & 0 errone\s only 9 reg>d to "o "q1 :i* at t "t _h n ar\s$ mu* int]e/1 ! "q ( ! *ange ( weight dur+ *emical processes4 ,lavoisi]'s re=m4 ,x 0 only aft] ,isaac ,newton's discov]y ( univ]sal gravitation t weight 0 consid]$ z a prop]ty ( p>am\nt int]e/ & importance1 & t ! "q ( ! *anges ( weight 9 *emical reactions became "o wor? ask+4 ,:5 9 due "t ?is "q 0 rais$1 ! fact became evid5t at once1 t combu/ion means n loss b ga9 ( weight4 ,to be sure ( ?is1 x 0 necess>y to "k fir/ ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( gases1 & x 0 j at ! same "t t ?is k 0 develop$ by ,prie/ley1 ,s*eele & o!rs4 ,lavoisi] 0 ! orig9ator & exp\nd] ( ! necess>y re=m4 ,oxyg5 0 j discov]$ at t "t1 & ,lavoisi] ga!r$ evid5ce f all sides t ! !ory ( phlogi/on _h to be turn$ inside out to fit ! new facts4 ,he realiz$ t ! sum total ( ! weights ( all sub/ances conc]n$ )9 a *emical *ange is n alt]$ by ! *ange4 ,?is pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( weight l$ at once to a simple & unmi/akable def9ition ( a *emical elem5t4 ,z ! weight ( a comp\nd sub/ance is ! sum ( ! weights ( its elem5ts1 ! comp\nd necess>ily weighs m ?an any ( its elem5ts4 ,an elem5t is !re=e a sub/ance :i*1 by be+ *ang$ into ano!r sub/ance1 inv>iably increases its weight1 & nev] gives rise to sub/ances ( less weight4 ,by ! help ( ?is crit]ion ,lavoisi] compos$ ! fir/ table ( *emical elem5ts simil> to our mod]n ones4 ,accord+ to ! k ( 8 "t he reg>d$ ! alkalis z elem5ts1 al?\gh he rem>k$ t !y are r simil> to c]ta9 oxides1 & !re=e may possibly conta9 oxyg52 ! tru? ( ?is 0 prov$ at a lat] date by ,humphry ,davy4 ,b ! inconsi/5cy ( ! re=m]1 already ref]r$ to1 may be obs]v$ ) ,lavoisi]4 ,he includ$ heat & light 9 8 li/ ( elem5ts1 al?\gh he knew t nei!r ( !m _h weight1 & t nei!r fitt$ 8 def9ition ( an elem5t2 ?is atavi/ic survival 0 subsequ5tly remov$ f ! table ( ! elem5ts by ,b]zelius 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,9 ?is way ! "q ( :at sub/ances are to be reg>d$ z *emical elem5ts _h be5 settl$ satisfactorily 9 a qualitative way1 b x is int]e/+ to realize t ! la/ /ep 9 ?is developm5t1 ! !ory ( ,lavoisi]1 0 bas$ on quantitative consid]ations4 ,su* consid]ations became ( p>am\nt int]e/ at once1 & l$ to ! concept ( ! comb9+ weights ( ! elem5ts4 ,j4,b4 ,ri*t]'s "w4 ,! fir/ discov]ies 9 ?is field 7 made 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! #ah? c5tury by ,j4,b4 ,ri*t]4 ,! po9t at issue 0 a r commonplace "o3 x 0 ! fact t :5 two neutral salt solutions 7 mix$ to und]go mutual *emical decomposition & recomb9ation1 ! result+ liquid 0 neutral aga91 i4e4 x did n conta9 any excess ( acid or base4 ,9 o!r words1 if two salts1 ,a',b' & ,a ,b1 compos$ ( ! acids ,a' & ,a & ! bases ,b' & ,b1 und]go mutual decomposition1 ! am\nt ( ! base ,b' left by ! fir/ salt1 :5 its acid ,a' unit$ ) ! base ,b to =m a new salt ,a',b1 0 j en\gh to make a neutral salt ,a,b' ) ! acid ,a left by ! second salt4 ,at fir/ sight ?is looks q simple & self-evid5t1--t neutral salts %\ld =m neutral ones aga9 & n acid or basic ones1--b if ?is fact is once /at$ v s]i\s quantitative inf]5ces may be drawn f x1 z ,ri*t] %[$4 ,= if ! symbols ,a'1 ,a1 ,b'1 ,b d5ote at ! same "t su* quantities ( ! acids & bases z =m neutral salts1 !n if ?ree ( ^! quantities are det]m9$1 ! f\r? may be calculat$ f ! o!rs4 ,?is foll[s f ! fact t by decompos+ ,a',b' ) j ! prop] am\nt ( ! o!r salt to =m ,a',b1 ! rema9+ quantities ,b' & ,a exi/ 9 exactly ! ratio to =m a neutral salt ,a ,b'4 ,x is possible1 !re=e1 to ascribe to ea* acid & base a c]ta9 relative weight or comb9+ weight by :i* !y w comb9e "o ) ! o!r to =m neutral salts4 ,! same reason+ may be ext5d$ to any numb] ( acids & bases4 ,x is true t ,ri*t] did n f9d out by himself ?is simple/ /atem5t ( ! law ( neutrality :i* he discov]$1 b he express$ ! same consequ5ce 9 a r clumsy way by a table ( ! comb9+ weights ( diff]5t bases relat$ to ! unit am\nt ( a c]ta9 acid1 & do+ ! same ?+ = ! unit weight ( e o!r acid4 ,!n he obs]v$ t ! numb]s 9 ^! diff]5t tables are proportionate "o to ano!r4 ,! same holds good if ! correspond+ s]ies ( ! comb9+ weights ( acids = unit weights ( diff]5t bases 7 tabulat$4 ,x 0 only a little lat] t a ,b]l9 physici/1 ,g4,e4 ,fis*]1 unit$ ! :ole sy/em ( ,ri*t]'s numb]s simply into a d\ble table ( acids & bases1 tak+ z unit an arbitr>ily *os5 sub/ance1 namely sulphuric acid4 ,! foll[+ table by ,fis*] is !re=e ! fir/ table ( comb9+ weights4 ,bases4 ,acids4 ,alum9a #ebe ,fluoric #dbg ,magnesia #fae ,c>bonic #egg ,ammoniac #fgb ,sebacic #gjf ,lime #gic ,muriatic 7hydro*loric7 #gab ,soda #hei ,oxalic #gee ,/rontiane #acbi ,phosphoric #igi ,pota% #afje ,=mic #ihh ,b>yte #bbbb ,sulphuric #ajjj ,succ9ic #abji ,nitric #adje ,acetic #adhj ,citric #afhc ,t>t>ic #afid ,x is int]e/+ aga9 to notice h[ difficult x is = ! discov]] ( a new tru? to f9d out ! mo/ simple & complete /atem5t ( 8 discov]y4 ,x looks z if ! am\nt ( "w ne$$ to get to ! top ( a new idea is s great t n en\gh en]gy rema9s to cle> ! v la/ few /eps4 ,x is notewor?y also to obs]ve h[ difficult x 0 = ! *emi/s ( t "t to und]/& ! be>+ ( ,ri*t]'s "w4 ,al?\gh a summ>y ( 8 results 0 publi%$ 9 ,b]?ollet's ,essai de /atique *imique1 "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ *emical books ( t "t1 nobody d>$ = a long "t to take up ! sci5tific treasure laid op5 = all ! _w4 ,john ,dalton's atomic !ory4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury ! same "q 0 tak5 up f q ano!r /&po9t4 ,john ,dalton1 9 8 inve/igations ( ! behavi\r ( gases1 & 9 ord] to und]/& m easily :at happ5$ :5 gases 7 absorb$ by liquids1 us$ ! corpuscul> hypo!sis already m5tion$ 9 connexion ) ,boyle4 ,:ile he depict$ to himself h[ ! corpuscles1 or1 z he pref]r$ to call !m1 ! atoms ( ! gases1 ent]$ ! int]/ices ( ! atoms ( ! liquids 9 :i* !y dissolv$1 he ask$ himself3 ,are ! sev]al atoms ( ! same sub/ance exactly alike1 or are !re diff]5ces z betwe5 ! gra9s ( s&8 ,n[ exp]i5ce tea*es u t x is impossible to sep>ate1 = example1 a quantity ( pure wat] into two samples ( some:at diff]5t prop]ties4 ,:5 a pure sub/ance is fractionat$ by p>tial di/illation or p>tial cry/allization or p>tial *ange into ano!r sub/ance by *emical means1 we f9d con/antly t ! residue is n *ang$ 9 its prop]ties1 z x w\ld be if ! atoms 7 slightly diff]5t1 s9ce 9 t case e4g4 ! light] atoms w\ld di/il fir/ & leave beh9d ! heavi] ones1 c4 ,!re=e we mu/ conclude t all atoms ( ! same k9d are exactly alike 9 %ape & weight4 ,b1 if ?is be s1 !n all comb9ations betwe5 diff]5t atoms mu/ proce$ 9 c]ta9 inv>iable ratios ( ! weights ( ! elem5ts1 namely by ! ratio ( ! weights ( ! atoms4 ,n[ x is impossible to weigh ! atoms directly2 b if we det]m9e ! ratio ( ! weights 9 :i* oxyg5 & hydrog5 comb9e to =m wat]1 we det]m9e 9 ?is way also ! relative weight ( _! atoms4 ,by a prop] numb] ( analyses ( simple *emical comp\nds we may det]m9e ! ratios betwe5 ! weights ( all elem5t>y atoms1 &1 select+ "o ( !m z a /&>d or unit1 we may express ! weight ( all o!r atoms 9 t]ms ( ?is unit4 ,! foll[+ table is ,dalton's 7,mem4 ( ! ,lit4 & ,phil4 ,soc4 ( ,man*e/] 7,,ii471 vol4 i4 p4 #bhg1 #ahje74 ,table ( ! ,relative ,weights ( ! ,ultimate ,p>ticles ( ,gase\s & o!r ,bodies4 ,hydrog5 #a ,nitr\s oxide #ac4g ,azot #d4b ,sulphur #ad4d ,c>bone #d4c ,nitric acid #ae4b ,ammonia #e4b ,sulphurett$ hydrog5 #ae4d ,oxyg5 #e4e ,c>bonic acid #ae4c ,wat] #f4e ,alcohol #ae4a ,phosphorus #g4b ,sulphure\s acid #ai4i ,phosphurett$ hydrog5 #h4b ,sulphuric acid #be4d ,nitr\s gas #i4c ,c>burett$ hydrog5 f ,e!r #i4f /agnant wat] #f4c ,gase\s oxide ( c>bone #i4h ,olefiant gas #e4c ,dalton at once drew a peculi> inf]5ce f ?is view4 ,if two elem5ts comb9e 9 diff]5t ratios1 "o mu/ conclude t diff]5t numb]s ( atoms unite4 ,!re mu/ be1 !re=e1 a simple ratio betwe5 ! quantities ( ! "o elem5t unit$ to ! same quantity ( ! o!r4 ,dalton %[$ at once t ! analysis ( c>bon monoxide & ( c>bonic acid satisfi$ ?is consequ5ce1 ! quantity ( oxyg5 9 ! second comp\nd be+ d\ble ! quantity 9 ! fir/ "o4 ,a simil> relation holds good betwe5 m>% gas & olefiant gas 7e?yl5e74 ,?is is ! law ( multiple proportions 7see ,,atom74 ,by ^! consid]ations ,dalton ext5d$ ! law ( comb9+ weights1 :i* ,ri*t] _h demon/rat$ only = neutral salts1 to all possible *emical comp\nds4 ,:ile ! scope ( ! law 0 enorm\sly ext5d$1 its exp]im5tal f\ndation 0 ev5 small] ?an ) ,ri*t]4 ,dalton did n conc]n himself v mu* ) ! exp]im5tal v]ification ( 8 ideas1 & ! fir/ communication ( 8 !ory 9 a pap] on ! absorption ( gases by liquids 7#ahjc7 attract$ z little notice z ,ri*t]'s discov]ies4 ,ev5 :5 ,t4 ,?omson publi%$ ,dalton's views 9 an app5dix to 8 widely read text-book ( *emi/ry1 matt]s did n *ange v mu*4 ,x 0 only by ! "w ( ,j4,j4 ,b]zelius t ! enorm\s importance ( ,dalton's views 0 br\ght to light4 ,"w ( ,j4,j4 ,b]zelius4 ,b]zelius 0 at t "t busy 9 develop+ a tru/wor?y sy/em ( *emical analysis1 & = ?is purpose he inve/igat$ ! composition ( ! mo/ important salts4 ,he !n w5t ov] ! "w ( ,ri*t]1 & realiz$ t by 8 law he c\ld *eck ! results ( 8 analyses4 ,he tri$ x & f\nd ! law to hold good 9 mo/ cases2 :5 x did n1 accord+ to 8 analyses1 he f\nd t ! error 0 on 8 own side & t bett] analyses fitt$ ,ri*t]'s law4 ,?us he 0 prep>$ to und]/& ! importance ( ,dalton's views & he proce$$ at once to te/ its exactness4 ,! result 0 ! be/ possible4 ,! law ( ! comb9+ weights ( ! atoms1 or ( ! atomic weights1 prov$ to hold good 9 e case 9 :i* x 0 te/$4 ,all *emical comb9ations betwe5 ! sev]al elem5ts are !re=e regulat$ by weight accord+ to c]ta9 numb]s1 "o = ea* elem5t1 & comb9ations betwe5 ! elem5ts occur only 9 ratios giv5 by ^! weights or by simple multiples !re(4 ,consequ5tly ,b]zelius reg>d$ ,dalton's atomic hypo!sis z prov$ by exp]im5t1 & became a /rong believ] 9 x4 ,at ! same "t ,w4,h4 ,wolla/on _h discov]$ indep5d5tly ! law ( multiple proportions 9 ! case ( neutral & acid salts4 ,he gave up fur!r "w :5 he le>n$ ( ,dalton's ideas1 b aft]w>ds he po9t$ out t x 0 necess>y to di/+ui% ! hypo!tical "p 9 ,dalton's views f _! empirical "p4 ,! latt] is ! law ( comb9+ weights1 or ! law t *emical comb9ation occurs only accord+ to c]ta9 numb]s *>act]i/ic = ea* elem5t4 ,besides ?is purely exp]im5tal law !re is ! hypo!tical explanation by ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( atoms4 ,z x is n prov$ t ?is explanation is ! only "o possible1 ! exi/5ce ( ! law is n a pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( ! atoms4 ,he !re=e pref]r$ to call ! *>act]i/ic comb9+ numb]s ( ! elem5ts n atomic weights b *emical equival5ts4 ,al?\gh !re 7 at all times *emi/s :o %>$ ,wolla/on's cauti\s views1 ! atomic hypo!sis f\nd g5]al acceptance because ( its ready adaptability to ! mo/ div]se *emical facts4 ,9 our "t x is ev5 r difficult to sep>ate1 z ,wolla/on did1 ! empirical "p f ! hypo!tical "o1 & ! concept ( ! atom p5etrates ! :ole sy/em ( *emi/ry1 especially organic *emi/ry4 ,if we comp>e ! "w ( ,dalton ) t ( ,ri*t] we f9d a fundam5tal diff]5ce4 ,ri*t]'s inf]5ce z to ! exi/5ce ( comb9+ weights 9 salts is bas$ solely on an exp]im5tal obs]vation1 namely1 ! p]si/5ce ( neutrality aft] d\ble decomposition2 ,dalton's !ory1 on ! contr>y1 is bas$ on ! hypo!tical concept ( ! atom4 ,n[1 h[ev] fav\rably "o may ?9k ( ! probability ( ! exi/5ce ( atoms1 ?is exi/5ce is really n an obs]v$ fact1 & x is necess>y !re=e to ask3 ,does !re exi/ "s g5]al fact :i* may lead directly to ! inf]5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( comb9+ weights ( ! elem5ts1 j z ! p]si/5ce ( neutrality leads to ! same consequ5ce z to acids & bases8 ,! answ] is 9 ! affirmative1 al?\gh x took a :ole c5tury be=e ?is "q 0 put & answ]$4 ,9 a s]ies ( r difficult pap]s 7,zeits4 f4 ,phys4 ,*em4 s9ce #ahie1 & ,annal5 d] ,naturphilosophie s9ce #aijb71 ,franz ,wald 7( ,kladno1 ,bohemia7 develop$ 8 inve/igations z to ! g5esis ( ?is g5]al law4 ,lat]1 ,w4 ,o/wald 7,f>aday lecture1 ,trans4 ,*em4 ,soc41 #aijd7 simplifi$ ,wald's reason+ & made x m evid5t4 ,! g5]al fact ^u :i* ! necess>y exi/5ce ( comb9+ weights ( ! elem5ts may be bas$ is ! %ift+ "* ( ! b\nd>y betwe5 elem5ts & comp\nds4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ,lavoisi] consid]$ ! alkalis & ! alkal9e e>?s z elem5ts1 because 9 8 "t !y _h n be5 decompos$4 ,z long z ! decomposition _h n be5 effect$1 ^! comp\nds c\ld be consid]$ & treat$ l elem5ts )\t mi/ake1 _! comb9+ weight be+ ! sum ( ! comb9+ weights ( _! 7subsequ5tly discov]$7 elem5ts4 ,?is means t comp\nds ent] 9 reaction ) o!r sub/ances z a :ole1 j z elem5ts d4 ,9 p>ticul>1 if a comp\nd ,,ab comb9es ) ano!r sub/ance 7elem5t>y or comp\nd7 ,c to =m a t]n>y comp\nd ,,abc1 x ent]s ?is latt] z a :ole1 leav+ beh9d no residue ( ,a or ,b4 ,inv]sely1 if a t]n>y comp\nd ,,abc be *ang$ into a b9>y "o ,,ab by tak+ away ! elem5t ,c1 !re w n be f\nd any excess ( ,a or ,b1 b bo? elem5ts w exhibit j ! same ratio 9 ! b9>y z 9 ! t]n>y comp\nd4 ,exp]im5tally ?is important fact 0 prov$ fir/ by ,b]zelius1 :o %[$ t by oxidiz+ lead sulphide1 ,pb,s1 to lead sulphate1 ,pb,s,o#d1 no excess ei!r ( sulphur or lead c\ld be f\nd aft] oxidation2 ! same held good ) b>ium sulphite1 ,ba,s,o#c1 :5 conv]t$ into b>ium sulphate1 ,ba,s,o#d4 ,on a mu* l>g] scale & ) v great accuracy ! inv]se 0 prov$ half a c5tury lat] by ,j4,s4 ,/as1 :o r$uc$ silv] *lorate1 ,ag,cl,o#c1 silv] bromate1 ,ag,br,o#c1 & silv] iodate1 ,ag,i,o#c1 to ! correspond+ b9>y comp\nds1 ,ag,cl1 ,ag,br & ,ag,i1 & se>*$ 9 ! residue ( ! reaction = any excess ( silv] or halog54 ,z ! te/s = ^! sub/ances are among ! mo/ s5sitive 9 analytical *emi/ry1 ! g5]al law und]w5t a v sev]e te/ inde$4 ,b ! result 0 ! same z 0 f\nd by ,b]zelius--no excess ( "o ( ! elem5ts c\ld be discov]$4 ,we may inf]1 !re=e1 g5]ally t comp\nds ent] ult]ior comb9ations )\t *ange ( ! ratio ( _! elem5ts1 or t ! ratio betwe5 diff]5t elem5ts 9 _! comp\nds is ! same 9 b9>y & t]n>y 7or /ill m complicat$7 comb9ations4 ,?is law involves ! exi/5ce ( g5]al comb9+ weights j 9 ! same way z ! law ( neutrality ) d\ble decomposition ( salts involves ! law ( ! comb9+ weights ( acids & bases4 ,= if ! ratio betwe5 ,a & ,b is det]m9$1 ?is same ratio mu/ obta9 9 all t]n>y & m complicat$ comp\nds1 conta9+ ! same elem5ts4 ,! same is true = any o!r elem5ts1 ,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 c41 z relat$ to ,a4 ,b by apply+ ! g5]al law to ! t]n>y comp\nd ,,abc ! same conclusion may be drawn z to ! ratio ,a 3 ,c 9 all comp\nds conta9+ ,a & ,c1 or ,b 3 ,c 9 ! correspond+ comp\nds4 ,by reason+ fur!r 9 ! same way1 we come to ! conclusion t only su* comp\nds are possible :i* conta9 elem5ts accord+ to c]ta9 ratio-numb]s1 i4e4 _! comb9+ weight4 ,any o!r ratio w\ld violate ! law ( ! integral reaction ( comp\nds4 ,z to ! law ( multiple proportions1 x may be d$uc$ by a simil> reason+ by consid]+ ! possible comb9ations betwe5 a comp\nd1 e4g4 ,,ab1 & "o ( its elem5ts1 say ,b4 ,,ab & ,b c comb9e only accord+ to _! comb9+ weights1 & !re=e ! quantity ( ,b comb9+ ) ,,ab is equal to ! quantity ( ,,ab :i* has comb9$ ) ,a to =m ,,ab4 ,! new comb9ation is !re=e to be express$ by ,,ab#b4 ,by ext5d+ ?is reason+ 9 ! same way1 we get ! g5]al conclusion t any comp\nds mu/ be compos$ accord+ to ! =mula ,am ,bn ,cp4441 :]e m1 n1 p1 c41 are integ]s4 ,! be>+ ( ^! consid]ations on ! atomic hypo!sis is n to disprove x1 b r to %[ t ! exi/5ce ( ! law ( comb9+ weights1 :i* has be5 consid]$ = s long z a pro( ( ! tru? ( ?is hypo!sis1 does n necess>ily involve su* a consequ5ce4 ,:e!r atoms may prove to exi/ or n1 ! law ( comb9+ weights is indep5d5t !re(4 ,atomic weight det]m9ations4 ,two problems arose f ! discov]ies ( ,dalton & ,b]zelius4 ,! fir/ 0 to det]m9e z exactly z possible ! correct numb]s ( ! comb9+ weights4 ,! o!r results f ! fact t ! same elem5ts may comb9e 9 diff]5t ratios4 ,:i* ( ^! ratios gives ! true ratio ( ! atomic weights8 ,& :i* is ! multiple "o8 ,bo? que/ions h _h mo/ ample exp]im5tal inve/igation1 & are n[ answ]$ r satisfactorily4 ,! fir/ "q 0 a purely te*nical "o2 its answ] dep5d$ ^u analytical skill1 & ,b]zelius 9 8 "t easily took ! lead1 8 numb]s be+ readily accept$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,9 ,engl& !re 0 a c]ta9 hesitation at fir/1 ow+ to ,pr\t's assumption 7see bel[71 b :5 ,turn]1 at ! in/igation ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 te/$ ,b]zelius's numb]s & f\nd !m entirely 9 accordance ) 8 own measurem5ts1 ^! numb]s 7 univ]sally accept$4 ,b !n a r l>ge error 9 "o ( ,b]zelius's numb]s 7= c>bon7 0 discov]$ 9 #ahda by ,dumas & ,/as1 & a k9d ( panic ensu$4 ,new det]m9ations ( ! atomic weights 7 und]tak5 f all sides4 ,! result 0 mo/ satisfactory = ,b]zelius1 = no o!r important error 0 discov]$1 & ev5 ,dumas rem>k$ t repeat+ a det]m9ation by ,b]zelius only meant gett+ ! same result1 if "o work$ prop]ly4 ,9 lat] times m exact measurem5ts1 correspond+ to ! increas+ art 9 analysis1 7 c>ri$ out by v>i\s work]s1 among/ :om ,j4,s4 ,/as di/+ui%$ himself4 ,b ev5 ! classical "w ( ,/as prov$ n to be entirely )\t error2 = e p]iod has its limit 9 accuracy1 :i* ext5ds sl[ly z sci5ce ext5ds4 ,9 rec5t times ,am]ican *emi/s h be5 especially prom95t 9 "w ( ?is k9d1 & ! det]m9ations ( ,e4,w4 ,morley1 ,t4,w4 ,ri*>ds & ,g4,p4 ,baxt] rank among ! fir/ 9 ?is l9e ( inve/igation4 ,dur+ ?is "w ! "q arose naturally3 ,h[ f> does ! exactness ( ! law ext5d8 ,x is well kn[n t mo/ natural laws are only approximations1 ow+ to di/urb+ causes4 ,are !re di/urb+ causes also ) atomic weights8 ,! answ] is t z f> z we "k !re are none4 ,! law is /ill an exact "o4 ,b we mu/ keep 9 m9d t an absolute answ] is nev] possible4 ,our exactness is 9 e case limit$1 & z long z ! possible v>iations lie beh9d ?is limit1 we _c tell any?+ ab\t !m4 ,9 rec5t times ,h4 ,l&olt has d\bt$ & exp]im5tally inve/igat$ ! law ( ! cons]vation ( weight4 ,l&olt's exp]im5ts 7 c>ri$ out 9 vessels ( ! %ape ( an inv]t$ ,u1 ea* bran* hold+ "o ( ! sub/ances to react "o on ! o!r4 ,two vessels 7 prep>$ z equal z possible & hung on bo? sides ( a mo/ s5sitive balance4 ,!n ! diff]5ce ( weight 0 det]m9$ 9 ! usual way by ex*ang+ bo? ! vessels on ! balance4 ,aft] ?is set ( weigh+s "o ( ! vessels 0 inv]t$ & ! *emical reaction betwe5 ! conta9$ sub/ances 0 p]=m$2 !n ! d\ble weigh+ 0 repeat$4 ,f9ally also ! second vessel 0 inv]t$ & a ?ird set ( weigh+s tak54 ,f blank exp]im5ts :]e ! vessels 7 fill$ ) sub/ances :i* did n react "o on ! o!r1 ! maximum error 0 det]m9$ to #j4jc milligramme4 ,! reactions exp]im5t$ ) 73 silv] salts ) f]r\s sulphate2 iron on copp] sulphate2 gold *loride & f]r\s *loride2 iodic acid & hydriodic acid2 iod9e & sodium sulphite2 uranyl nitrate & potassium hydrate2 *loral hydrate & potassium hydrate2 electrolysis ( cadmium iodide by an alt]nat+ curr5t2 solution ( ammonium *loride1 potassium bromide & uranyl nitrate 9 wat]1 & precipitation ( an aque\s solution ( copp] sulphate by alcohol4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! exp]im5ts a slight dim9ution ( weight 0 obs]v$ :i* exce$$ ! limit ( error di/9ctly 9 two cases1 viz4 silv] nitrate ) f]r\s sulphate & iodic acid ) hydriodic acid1 ! loss ( weight am\nt+ f #j4jfh to #j4aii mg4 ) ! fir/ & #j4jdg to #j4agg mg4 ) ! second reaction on ab\t #ej g4 ( sub/ance4 ,z ea* ( ^! reactions _h be5 tri$ 9 n9e indep5d5t exp]im5ts1 ,l&olt felt c]ta9 t !re 0 no error ( obs]vation involv$4 ,b :5 ! vessels 7 cov]$ inside ) p>aff9 wax1 no appreciable dim9ution ( weight 0 obs]v$4 ,^! exp]im5ts app>5tly sugge/$ a small decrease ( weight z a consequ5ce ( *emical processes4 ,on repeat+ !m1 h[ev]1 & mak+ all[ance = ! diff]5t am\nts ( wat] absorb$ on ! surface ( ! vessel at ! beg9n+ & end ( ! exp]im5t1 ,l&olt f\nd 9 #aijh 7,zeit4 physik4 ,*em4 #fd1 p4 #eha7 t ! v>iations 9 weight are equally positive & negative1 & he conclud$ t !re 0 no *ange 9 weight1 at lea/ to ! ext5t ( #a "p 9 #aj1jjj1jjj4 ,! p]iodic arrangem5t4 ,!re is /ill ano!r "q reg>d+ ! num]ical values ( ! atomic weights1 namely3 ,are !re relations betwe5 ! numb]s belong+ to ! sev]al elem5ts8 ,ri*t] _h arrang$ 8 comb9+ weights accord+ to _! magnitude1 & endeav\r$ to prove t !y =m a c]ta9 ma!matical s]ies4 ,he also expla9$ ! incomplet5ess ( 8 s]ies by assum+ t c]ta9 acids or bases requisite to ! fill+ up ( ! gaps 9 ! s]ies1 7 n yet kn[n4 ,he ev5 _h ! satisfaction t 9 8 "t a new base 0 discov]$1 :i* fitt$ r well into "o ( 8 gaps2 b :5 x turn$ out aft]w>ds t ?is new base 0 only calcium phosphate1 ?is way ( reason+ fell into discr$it & 0 resum$ only at a mu* lat] date4 ,to obta9 a correct table ( atomic weights ! second "q already m5tion$1 viz4 h[ to select ! correct value 9 ! case ( multiple proportions1 _h to be answ]$4 ,b]zelius 0 con/antly on ! look-out = means to di/+ui% ! true atomic weights f _! multiples or sub-multiples1 b he c\ld n f9d an unmi/akable te/4 ,! :ole "q fell into a t]rible disord]1 until 9 ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury ,s4 ,cannizz>o %[$ t by tak+ toge!r all p>tial evid5ces "o c\ld get a sy/em ( atomic weights consi/5t 9 itself & fitt+ ! exig5cies ( *emical sy/ematics4 ,!n a />tl+ discov]y 0 made by ! same me?od :i* ,ri*t] _h tri$ 9 va91 by arrang+ all atomic weights 9 "o s]ies accord+ to _! num]ical values4 ,! ,p]iodic ,law4--,! hi/ory ( ?is discov]y is r long4 ,z e>ly z #ahag ,j4,w4 ,dob]e9] ( ,j5a drew att5tion to ! fact t ! comb9+ weight ( /rontium lies midway betwe5 ^? ( calcium & b>ium1 & "s ye>s lat] he %[$ t su* triads occurr$ 9 o!r cases too4 ,l4 ,gmel9 tri$ to apply ?is idea to all elem5ts1 b he realiz$ t 9 _m cases m ?an ?ree elem5ts _h to be gr\p$ toge!r4 ,:ile ,ern/ ,l5ss5 appli$ ! idea ( triads to ! :ole table ( *emical elem5ts1 b )\t any important result1 ! o!r idea ( gr\p+ m ?an ?ree elem5ts into s]ies accord+ to _! comb9+ weights prov$ m successful4 ,x 0 ! concept ( homolog\s s]ies j develop$ 9 organic *emi/ry :i* influ5c$ su* consid]ations4 ,fir/ ,max von ,pett5k(] 9 #ahej & !n ,j4,b4,a4 ,dumas 9 #ahea und]took to %[ t su* a s]ies ( simil> elem5ts c\ld be =m$1 hav+ ne>ly con/ant diff]5ces betwe5 _! comb9+ weights4 ,x is true t ?is idea 9 all its simplicity did n hold good ext5sively en\gh2 s ,j4,p4 ,cooke & ,dumas tri$ m complicat$ types ( num]ical s]ies1 b only ) a tempor>y success4 ,! idea ( arrang+ all elem5ts 9 a s+le s]ies 9 ! ord] ( ! magnitude ( _! comb9+ weights1 ! g]m ( :i* is to be f\nd already 9 ,j4,b4 ,ri*t]'s "w1 appe>s fir/ 9 #ahfj 9 "s tables publi%$ by ,lo?> ,mey] = 8 lectures4 ,indep5d5tly1 ,a4,e4,b4 de ,*anc\rtois 9 #ahfb1 ,j4,a4,r4 ,newl&s 9 #ahfc1 & ,d4,i4 ,m5deleeff 9 #ahfi1 develop$ ! same idea ) ! same result1 namely1 t x is possible to divide ?is s]ies ( all ! elem5ts into a c]ta9 numb] ( v simil> p>ts4 ,9 _! pap]s1 :i* appe>$ 9 ! same ye>1 #ahfi1 ,lo?> ,mey] & ,m5deleeff gave to all ^! trials ! %ape n[ g5]ally adopt$4 ,!y succe$$ 9 prov+ beyond all d\bt t ?is s]ies 0 ( a p]iodic "*1 & c\ld be cut into %ort] pieces ( simil> con/ruction4 ,"h aga9 gaps 7 pres5t to be fill$ up by elem5ts to be discov]$1 & ,m5deleeff1 :o did ?is1 pr$ict$ f ! g5]al regul>ity ( 8 table ! prop]ties ( su* unkn[n elem5ts4 ,9 ?is case fate 0 m k9d ?an ) ,ri*t]1 & sci5ce _h ! satisfaction ( see+ ^! pr$ictions turn out to be true4 ,! foll[+ table conta9s ?is p]iodic arrangem5t ( ! elem5ts accord+ to _! atomic weight4 ,by cutt+ ! :ole s]ies into pieces ( eight elem5ts 7or m 9 sev]al cases7 & arrang+ ^! "o bel[ ano!r 9 ! alt]nat+ way %[n 9 ! table1 "o f9ds simil> elem5ts plac$ 9 v]tical s]ies ^: prop]ties *ange gradually & ) "s regul>ity accord+ to _! place 9 ! table4 ,n only ! prop]ties ( ! uncomb9$ elem5ts obey ?is rule1 b also almo/ all prop]ties ( simil> comp\nds ( ! elem5ts4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,he #d4j ,li #g4jc ,be #i4a ,b #aa4j ,c #ab4jj ,n #ad4ja ,o #af4jj ,f #ai4j 44 44 44 ,ne #bj ,na #bc4jj ,mg #bd4cb ,al #bg4a ,si #bh4d ,p #ca4j ,s #cb4jf ,cl #ce4de 44 44 44 ,ar #ci4i ,k #ci4ae ,ca #dj4a ,sc #dd4a ,ti #dh4a ,v #ea4b ,cr #eb4j ,mn #ee4j ,fe #ee4i1 ,ni #eh4g1 ,co #ei4j 44 ,cu #fc4f ,9 #fe4d ,ga #gj ,ge #gb4e ,z #ge4j ,se #gi4b ,br #gi4if 44 44 44 ,kr #hc4j ,rb #he4e ,sr #hg4f ,y #hi4j ,zr #ij4f ,cb7,nb7 #id ,mo #if4j 44 ,ru #aja4g1 ,rh #ajc4j1 ,pd #ajf4e 44 ,ag #ajg4ic ,cd #aab4d ,9 #aae ,sn #aai4j ,sb #abj4b ,te #abg4f ,i #abf4ig 44 44 44 ,xe #acj4g;,cs #acb4i ,ba #acg4d ,la #ach4i ,ce c4 #adj,ta #aha ,w #ahd 44 ,os #aia1 ,ir #aic4j1 ,pt #aid4h 44 ,au #aig4b ,hg #bjj4j ,tl #bjd4a ,pb #bjf4i ,bi #bjh4j 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,ra #bbe 44 ,? #bcb4e 44 ,u #bch4e 44 44 44 44 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,b ^u clos] inve/igation x mu/ be confess$ t ^! regul>ities c be call$ only rules1 & n laws4 ,9 ! fir/ l9e "o w\ld expect t ! /eps 9 ! values ( ! atomic weights %\ld be regul>1 b x is n s4 ,!re are ev5 cases :5 x is necess>y to inv]t ! ord] ( ! atomic weights to satisfy ! *emical necessities4 ,?us argon has a l>g] numb] ?an potassium1 b mu/ prec$e x to fit into its prop] place4 ,! same is true ( tellurium & iod9e4 ,x looks z if ! real elem5ts 7 scatt]$ some:at haphaz>d on a regul> table1 or z if "s indep5d5t factor 7 active to di/urb an exi/+ regul>ity4 ,x may be t ! new facts m5tion$ above w lead also to an explanation ( ^! irregul>ities2 at pres5t we mu/ recognize !m & n try to expla9 !m away4 ,su* consid]ations h to be kept 9 m9d especially 9 reg>d to ! v num]\s attempts to express ! s]ies ( comb9+ weights 9 a ma!matical =m4 ,9 sev]al cases r surpris+ agreem5ts 7 f\nd1 b nev] )\t exception4 ,x looks z if "s v important factor regulat+ ! :ole matt] is /ill unkn[n1 & be=e ?is has be5 elucidat$ no satisfactory treatm5t ( ! matt] is possible4 ,x seems !re=e premature to ent] into ! details ( ^! speculations4 ,transmutation ( elem5ts4 ,9 rec5t times n only our belief 9 ! absolute exactness ( ! law ( ! cons]vation ( weight has be5 %ak51 b also our belief 9 ! law ( ! cons]vation ( ! elem5ts4 ,! wond]ful sub/ance radium1 ^: exi/5ce has made u to revise q a numb] ( old & e/abli%$ views1 seems to be a fulfilm5t ( ! old problem ( ! al*emi/s4 ,x is true t by its help lead is n *ang$ into gold1 b radium n only *anges itself into ano!r elem5t1 helium 7,ramsay71 b seems also to cause o!r elem5ts to *ange4 ,"w 9 ?is l9e is ( pres5t day orig9 only & we d n "k :at new laws w be f\nd to regulate ^! mo/ unexpect$ reactions 7see ,,radioactivity74 ,b we realize once m t no law c be reg>d$ z free f criticism & limitation2 9 ! :ole realm ( exact sci5ces !re is no su* ?+ z ! ,absolute4 ,pr\t's assumption4 ,ano!r "q reg>d+ ! values ( atomic weights 0 rais$ v soon aft] _! fir/ e/abli%m5t4 ,f ! some:at inexact fir/ det]m9ations ,william ,pr\t conclud$ t all atomic weights are multiples ( ! atomic weight ( hydrog51 ?us sugge/+ all o!r elem5ts to be probably made up f cond5s$ hydrog54 ,b]zelius f\nd 8 det]m9ations n at all 9 accordance ) ?is assumption1 & /rongly oppos$ ! arbitr>y r\nd+ (f ( ! numb]s practis$ by ! p>tisans ( ,pr\t's hypo!sis4 ,8 hypo!sis rema9$ alive1 al?\gh almo/ e *emi/ :o did exact atomic weight det]m9ations1 especially ,/as1 contradict$ x sev]ely4 ,ev5 9 our "t x seems to h foll[]s1 :o hope t 9 "s way ! exi/+ exp]im5tal diff]5ces may disappe>4 ,b "o ( ! mo/ important & be/-kn[n relations1 t betwe5 hydrog5 & oxyg51 is c]ta9ly diff]5t f ! simple ratio #a 3 #af1 = x has be5 det]m9$ by a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t inve/igators & by diff]5t me?ods to be und\bt$ly l[]1 namely1 #a 3 #ae4hg4 ,!re=e1 if ,pr\t's hypo!sis conta9 an elem5t ( tru?1 by ! act ( cond5sation ( "s simpl] sub/ance into ! pres5t *emical elem5ts a *ange ( weight also mu/ h occurr$1 su* t ! weight ( ! elem5t did n rema9 exactly ! weight ( ! simpl] sub/ance :i* *ang$ into x4 ,we h already rem>k$ t su* ph5om5a are n yet kn[n ) c]ta9ty1 b !y _c be reg>d$ z utt]ly impossible4 ,int]national table ( atomic weights4 ,x may "h be m5tion$ t ! int]nationality ( sci5ce has %[n itself active also 9 ! "q ( atomic weights4 ,^! numb]s und]go incessantly small v>iations because ( new "w done = _! det]m9ation4 ,to avoid ! unc]ta9ty aris+ f ?is inevitable /ate ( affairs1 an int]national committee 0 =m$ by ! co-op]ation ( ! lead+ *emical societies all ov] ! _w1 & an int]national table ( ! mo/ probable values is issu$ e ye>4 ,! foll[+ table is t = #aiaj3-- ,int]national ,atomic ,weights1 #aiaj4 ,atomic ,atomic ,weights4 ,weights4 ,"n4 ,symbol4 ,o #af4 ,"n4 ,symbol4 ,o #af4 ,alum9ium ,al #bg4a ,m]cury ,hg #bjj4j ,antimony ,sb #abj4b ,molybd5um ,mo #if4j ,argon ,ar #ci4i ,neodymium ,nd #add4c ,ars5ic ,z #gd4if ,neon ,ne #bj4j ,b>ium ,ba #acg4cg ,nickel ,ni #eh4fh ,b]yllium ,be #i4a ,nitrog5 ,n #ad4ja 7,gluc9um7 ,gl _/ ,osmium ,os #aij4i ,bismu? ,bi #bjh4j ,oxyg5 ,o #af4jj ,boron ,b #aa4j ,palladium ,pd #ajf4g ,brom9e ,br #gi4ib ,phosphorus ,p #ca4j ,cadmium ,cd #aab4dj ,plat9um ,pt #aie4j ,caesium ,cs #acb4ha ,potassium ,k #ci4aj ,calcium ,ca #dj4ji ,praseodymium ,pr #adj4f ,c>bon ,c #ab4jj ,radium ,ra #bbf4d ,c]ium ,ce #adj4be ,rhodium ,rh #ajb4i ,*lor9e ,cl #ce4df ,rubidium ,rb #he4de ,*romium ,cr #eb4j ,ru!nium ,ru #aja4g ,cobalt ,co #eh4ig ,sam>ium ,sm #aej4d ,columbium ,cb #ic4e ,sc&ium ,sc #dd4a 7,niobium7 7,nb7 _/ ,sel5ium ,se #gi4b ,copp] ,cu #fc4eg ,silicon ,si #bh4c ,dysprosium ,dy #afb4e ,silv] ,ag #ajg4hh ,erbium ,er #afg4d ,sodium ,na #bc4jj ,europium ,eu #aeb4j ,/rontium ,sr #hg4fb ,fluor9e ,f #ai4j ,sulphur ,s #cb4jg ,gadol9ium ,gd #aeg4c ,tantalum ,ta #aha4j ,gallium ,ga #fi4i ,tellurium ,te #abg4e ,g]manium ,ge #gb4e ,t]bium ,? #aei4b ,gold ,au #aig4b ,?allium ,tl #bjd4j ,helium ,he #d4j ,?orium ,? #bcb4db ,hydrog5 ,h #a4jjh ,?ulium ,tm #afh4e ,indium ,9 #aad4h ,t9 ,sn #aai4j ,iod9e ,i #abf4ib ,titanium ,ti #dh4a ,iridium ,ir #aic4a ,tung/5 ,w #ahd4j ,iron ,fe #ee4he ,uranium ,u #bch4e ,krypton ,kr #hc4j ,vanadium ,v #ea4b ,lan?anum ,la #aci4j ,x5on ,xe #acj4g ,lead ,pb #bjg4aj ,ytt]bium ,li?ium ,li #g4jj 7,neoytt]bium7 ,yb #agb4j ,lutecium ,lu #agd4j ,yttrium ,y #hi4j ,magnesium ,mg #bd4cb ,z9c ,zn #fe4cg ,manganese ,mn #ed4ic ,zirconium ,zr #ij4f ,conclud+ rem>ks4 ,9 ! long & manifold developm5t ( ! concept ( ! elem5t "o idea has rema9$ prom95t f ! v beg9n+ d[n to our times3 x is ! idea ( a primordial matt]4 ,s9ce ! naive /atem5t ( ,?ales t all ?+s came f wat]1 *emi/s c\ld nev] reconcile !mselves to ! fact ( ! cons]vation ( ! elem5ts4 ,by an exp]im5tal inve/igation :i* ext5d$ ov] five c5turies & m1 ! impossibility ( transmut+ "o elem5t into ano!r--= example1 lead into gold--0 demon/rat$ 9 ! mo/ ext5d$ way1 & nev]!less ?is law has s little ent]$ ! consci\sness ( ! *emi/s t x is seldom explicitly /at$ ev5 9 c>efully writt5 text-books4 ,on ! o!r side ! attempts to r$uce ! manifoldness ( ! actual *emical elem5ts to "o s+le primordial matt] h nev] ceas$1 & ! late/ developm5t ( sci5ce seems to endorse su* a view4 ,x is !re=e necess>y to consid] ?is "q f a mo/ g5]al /&po9t4 ,9 physical sci5ce1 ! *emical elem5ts may be comp>$ ) su* concepts z mass1 mom5tum1 quantity ( electricity1 entropy & su* l4 ,:ile mass & entropy are det]m9$ univocally by a unit & a numb]1 quantity ( electricity has a unit1 a numb] & a sign1 = x c be positive z well z negative4 ,mom5tum has a unit1 a numb] & a direction 9 space4 ,elem5ts d n h a common unit z ! =m] magnitudes1 b e elem5t has its own unit1 & !re is no transition f "o to ano!r4 ,all ^! magnitudes und]lie a law ( cons]vation1 b to a v diff]5t degree4 ,:ile mass 0 consid]$ z absolutely inv>iable 9 ! classical me*anics1 ! new] !ories ( ! electrical con/itution ( matt] make mass dep5d5t on ! velocity ( ! mov+ electron4 ,mom5tum also is n entirely cons]vative because x c be *ang$ by light-pressure4 ,entropy is kn[n z con/antly increas+1 rema9+ con/ant only 9 an ideal limit+ case4 ,) *emical elem5ts we obs]ve ! same ?+ z ) mom5tum2 ?\gh till rec5tly consid]$ z cons]vative1 !re is n[ exp]im5tal evid5ce t !y d n always %[ ?is "*4 ,g5]ally ! laws ( ! cons]vation ( mass1 weight & elem5ts are express$ z ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt]4 ,b ?is expression lacks sci5tific exactness because ! t]m matt] is g5]ally n def9$ exactly1 & because only ! above-nam$ prop]ties ( pond]able objects d n *ange1 :ile all o!r prop]ties d to a great] or less ext5t4 ,consid]$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al way1 we may def9e matt] z a complex ( gravitational1 k9etic & *emical en]gies1 :i* are f\nd to cl+ toge!r 9 ! same space4 ,( ^! en]gies ! capacity factors1 namely1 weight1 mass & elem5ts1 are cons]vative z describ$1 :ile ! int5sity factors1 pot5tial1 velocity & aff9ity1 may *ange 9 wide limits4 ,to expla9 :y we f9d ^! en]gies con/antly comb9$ "o ) ano!r1 we only h to ?9k ( a mass )\t gravity or a pond]able body )\t mass4 ,! fir/ c\ld n rema9 on e>? because e movem5t w\ld c>ry x into inf9ite space1 & ! second w\ld acquire inf9ite velocity by ! slighte/ pu% & w\ld also disappe> at once4 ,!re=e only su* objects :i* h bo? mass & weight c be h&l$ & c be objects ( our k4 ,9 ! same way all o!r en]gies come to our k only by be+ 7at lea/ tempor>ily7 associat$ ) ?is comb9ation ( mass & weight4 ,?is is ! true mean+ ( ! t]m matt]4 ,9 ?is l9e ( ideas matt] appe>s n at all z a prim>y concept1 b z a complex "o2 !re is !re=e no reason to consid] matt] z ! la/ t]m ( sci5tific analysis ( *emical facts1 & ! idea ( a primordial matt] appe>s z a survival f ! v fir/ beg9n+ ( ,european natural philosophy4 ,! mo/ g5]al concept sci5ce has develop$ to express ! v>iety ( exp]i5ce is en]gy1 & 9 t]ms ( en]gy 7comb9$ ) numb]1 magnitudes1 "t & space7 all obs]v$ & obs]vable exp]i5ces are to be describ$4 7,w4 ,o47 ,,elemi1 an oleo-res9 7,manilla elemi7 obta9$ 9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 probably f ,can>ium commune 7nat4 ord4 ,burs]aceae71 :i* :5 fre% & ( good quality is a pale yell[ granul> sub/ance1 ( honey-l consi/5cy1 b :i* gradually h>d5s ) age4 ,x is soluble 9 alcohol & e!r1 & has a spicy ta/e ) a smell l f5nel4 ,9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies ! t]m elemi usually d5ot$ an oleo-res9 7,am]ican or ,brazilian elemi7 obta9$ f trees ( ! g5us ,icica 9 ,brazil1 & /ill e>li] x meant ori5tal or ,african elemi1 d]iv$ f ,boswellia ,fr]eana1 :i* fl\ri%es 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cape ,g>dafui4 ,! ^w1 l ! old] t]m animi1 appe>s to h be5 d]iv$ f enhaemon 7,gr4 ,greek3 enaimon71 ! "n ( a /yptic m$ic9e said by ,pl9y to conta9 te>s exud$ by ! olive tree ( ,arabia4 ,,elephant1 ! designation ( ! two exi/+ repres5tatives ( ! ,proboscidea1 a sub-ord] ( ungulate mammals1 & also ext5d$ to include _! m imm$iate ext9ct relatives4 ,z ! di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! sub-ord]1 & also ( ! s+le exi/+ g5us ,elephas1 are giv5 9 ! article ,,proboscidea1 x w suffice to po9t out h[ ! two exi/+ species are di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r4 ,! m specializ$ ( ! two species is ! ,indian or ,asiatic elephant1 ,elephas maximus1 specially *>act]iz$ by ! extreme complexity ( ! /ructure ( its mol> tee?1 :i* are compos$ ( a great numb] ( tall & ?9 plates ( enamel & d5t9e1 ) ! int]vals fill$ by cem5t 7see ,,proboscidea1 fig4 #a74 ,! av]age numb] ( plates ( ! six successive mol> tee? may be express$ by ! ridge-=mula #d1 #h1 #ab1 #ab1 #af1 #bd4 ,! plates are compress$ f be=e backw>ds1 ! ant]ior & po/]ior surfaces 7z se5 9 ! worn gr9d+ face ( ! too?7 be+ ne>ly p>allel4 ,e>s ( mod]ate size4 ,upp] m>g9 ( ! end ( ! proboscis develop$ into a di/9ct f+]-l process1 mu* long] ?an ! l[] m>g9s1 & ! :ole trunk uni=mly tap]+ & smoo?4 ,five nails on ! =e-feet1 & f\r 7occasionally five7 on ! h9d-feet4 ,! ,asiatic elephant inhabits ! =e/-l&s ( ,india1 ,burma1 ! ,malay ,p59sula1 ,co*9 ,*9a1 ,ceylon & ,sumatra4 ,elephants f ! la/-nam$ isl&s pres5t "s v>iations f ^? ( ! ma9l&1 & h be5 sep>at$ "u ! names ( ,e4 zeylonicus & ,e4 sumatranus1 b !y are n m ?an local races1 & ! ,ceylon animal1 :i* is g5]ally tuskless1 may be ! typical ,e4 maximus1 9 :i* case ! ,indian race w be ,e4 maximus indicus4 ,! appe>ance ( ! ,asiatic elephant is famili> to all4 ,9 ! wild /ate x is greg>i\s1 associat+ 9 h]ds ( t51 tw5ty or m individuals1 &1 ?\gh x may "u c]ta9 circum/ances become dang]\s1 x is g5]ally in(f5sive & ev5 timid1 fond ( %ade & solitude & ! neighb\rhood ( wat]4 ,! height ( ! male at ! %\ld] :5 full gr[n is usually f #h to #aj ft41 occasionally z mu* z #aa1 & possibly ev5 m4 ,! female is some:at small]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,asiatic ,elephant 7,elephas maximus74 ,! foll[+ epitome ( ! habits ( ! ,asiatic elephants is extract$ f ,great & ,small ,game ( ,india & ,tibet1 by ,r4 ,lydekk]3-- ,! /ructure ( ! tee? is suffici5t to indicate t ! food consi/s *iefly ( grass1 leaves1 succul5t %oots & fruits2 & ?is has be5 f\nd by obs]vation to be actually ! case4 ,9 ?is respect ! ,asiatic species diff]s v widely f its ,african relative1 ^: nutrim5t is l>gely compos$ ( b\ghs & roots4 ,ano!r diff]5ce betwe5 ! two animals is to be f\nd 9 ! great intol]ance ( ! direct rays ( ! sun display$ by ! ,asiatic species1 :i* nev] volunt>ily exposes itself to _! influ5ce4 ,consequ5tly1 dur+ ! hot season 9 ,upp] ,india1 & at all times except dur+ ! ra9s 9 ! m s\!rn di/ricts1 elephants keep mu* to ! d5s] p>ts ( ! =e/s4 ,9 ,s\!rn ,india !y delight 9 hill-=e/1 :]e ! und]gr[? is l>gely =m$ ( bamboo1 ! t5d] %oots ( :i* =m a fav\rite delicacy2 b dur+ ! ra9s !y v5ture out to fe$ on ! op5 grass tracts4 ,wat] is ev]y:]e ess5tial to _! well-be+2 & no animals delight m ?or\ghly 9 a ba?4 ,nor are !y afraid to v5ture out ( _! dep?1 be+ excell5t swimm]s1 & able1 by means ( _! trunks1 to brea! )\t difficulty :5 ! entire body is subm]g$4 ,! h]ds1 :i* are l$ by females1 appe> 9 g5]al to be family p>ties2 & al?\gh commonly re/rict$ to f ?irty to fifty1 may occasionally include z _m z "o hundr$ head4 ,! old bulls are v g5]ally solit>y = a consid]able portion ( ! ye>1 b return to ! h]ds dur+ ! pair+ season4 ,"s 'rogue' elephants--gunda ( ! natives--rema91 h[ev]1 p]man5tly sep>at$ f ! re/ ( _! k9d4 ,all su* solit>y bulls1 z _! colloquial "n indicates1 are ( a spiteful disposition2 & x appe>s t ) ! majority ! inducem5t to live ap>t is due to _! p>tiality = cultivat$ crops1 into :i* ! m timid females are afraid to v5ture4 ',mu/' elephants are males 9 a condition (--probably sexual--excitem5t1 :5 an abundant dis*>ge ( d>k oily matt] exudes f two pores 9 ! =ehead4 ,9 addition to v>i\s s\nds produc$ at o!r times1 an elephant :5 ab\t to *>ge gives v5t to a %rill l\d 'trumpet'2 & on su* occasions ru%es on its adv]s>y ) its trunk safely roll$ up out ( dang]1 endeav\r+ ei!r to p9 him to ! gr\nd ) its tusks 7if a male tusk]7 or to trample him to dea? b5ea? its pond]\s knees or feet4 ,exact in=mation 9 reg>d to ! p]iod ( ge/ation ( ! female is /ill lack+1 ! l5g? ( ! p]iod be+ giv5 f eighte5 to tw5ty-two mon?s by diff]5t au?orities4 ,! native idea1 :i* may be true1 is t ! %ort] p]iod occurs 9 ! case ( female & ! long] 9 t ( male calves4 ,9 ,india elephants seldom bre$ 9 captivity1 ?\gh !y d s m frequ5tly 9 ,burma & ,siam2 ! dome/icat$ /ock is !re=e repl5i%$ by fre% captures4 ,occasionally two calves are produc$ at a bir?1 al?\gh ! normal numb] is "o4 ,calves suckle ) _! m\?s & n ) _! trunks4 ,unlike ! ,african species1 ! ,indian elephant *>ges ) its trunk curl$ up1 & consequ5tly 9 sil5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,immature ,african ,elephant 7,elephas africanus74 ,z reg>ds _! pres5t di/ribution 9 ,india1 elephants are f\nd along ! foot ( ! ,himalaya z f> we/ z ! valley ( ,dehra-,dun1 :]e ! w9t] temp]ature falls to a comp>atively l[ po9t4 ,a fav\rite haunt us$ to be ! swamp ( ,azufghur1 ly+ among ! sal-=e/s to ! nor?w>d ( ,me]ut4 ,9 ! great tract ( =e/ betwe5 ! ,ganges & ,ki/na riv]s !y occur locally z f> we/ z ,bilaspur & ,m&la2 !y are met ) 9 ! ,we/]n ,ghats z f> nor? z betwe5 latitude #ag deg4 & #ah deg41 & are likewise f\nd 9 ! hill-=e/s ( ,mysore1 z well z /ill f>!r s\?4 ,9 ?is "p ( ! p59sula !y asc5d ! hills to a consid]able height1 z !y d 9 ! ,new>a ,eliya di/rict ( ,ceylon1 :]e !y h be5 enc\nt]$ at an elevation ( ov] #gjjj ft4 ,!re is evid5ce t ab\t ?ree c5turies ago elephants w&]$ 9 ! =e/s ( ,malwa & ,nim>1 :ile !y surviv$ to a lat] date 9 ! ,*&a di/rict ( ! ,c5tral ,prov9ces4 ,at ! comp>atively remote epo* :5 ! ,deccan 0 a =e/ tract1 !y 7 probably also met ) !re1 b ! swamps ( ! ,b5gal ,sund>bans appe> unsuit$ to _! habits4 ,( tusks1 ! ?ree longe/ specim5s on record respectively measure #h ft4 #i 941 #h ft4 #b 94 & #h ft42 _! respective weights be+ #ha1 #hj & #ij lb4 ,^! are1 h[ev]1 by no means ! heavie/--"o1 ^: l5g? is #g ft4 #c-c_/h 941 weigh+ #ajb lb42 :ile a second1 ( :i* ! l5g? is #g ft4 #c-a_/d 941 scal$ #ig-a_/b lb4 ,( ! l>ge/ pair 9 ! possession ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :i* belong$ to an elephant kill$ 9 #ahff by ,colonel ,g4,m4 ,payne 9 ,madras1 "o tusk measures #f ft4 #h 94 9 l5g?1 & weighs #gg-c_/d lb41 ! o!r be+ some:at small]4 ,x %\ld be add$ t "s ( ^! l>ge tusks came f ,ceylon2 su* tusk]s be+ believ$ to be desc5d$ f ma9l& animals import$ into ! isl&4 ,:ite elephants are p>tial or complete alb9os1 & are f> f uncommon 9 ,burma & ,siam4 ,"y ,indian elephants are hairy1 ?us %[+ aff9ity ) ! mammo?4 ,! ,african elephant is a v diff]5t animal f its ,asiatic c\s91 bo? z reg>ds /ructure & habits2 & 7 x n = ! exi/5ce ( int]m$iate ext9ct species1 might well be reg>d$ z ! repres5tative ( a di/9ct g5us4 ,among its *>act]i/ics ! foll[+ po9ts are noticeable4 ,! mol> tee? are ( co>se con/ruction1 ) few] & l>g] plates & ?ick] enamel2 ! ridge-=mula be+ #c1 #f1 #g1 #g1 #h1 #aj2 :ile ! plates are n flatt5$1 b ?ick] 9 ! middle ?an at ! edges1 s t _! worn gr9d+-surfaces are loz5ge-%ap$4 ,e>s v l>ge4 ,! upp] & l[] m>g9s ( ! end ( ! trunk =m two ne>ly equal preh5sile lips4 ,only ?ree toes on ! h9d-foot4 ,a v important di/9ction is to be f\nd 9 ! con=mation ( ! trunk1 :i*1 z %[n 9 fig4 #b1 looks z ?\gh compos$ ( a numb] ( segm5ts1 gradually decreas+ 9 size f base to tip l ! jo9ts ( a telescope1 in/ead ( tap]+ gradually & ev5ly f "o extremity to ! o!r4 ,! females h relatively l>ge tusks1 :i* are ess5tial 9 obta9+ _! food4 ,except :]e ext]m9at$ by human ag5cy 7& ?is has be5 accompli%$ to a deplorable ext5t71 ! ,african elephant is a native ( ! wood$ di/ricts ( ! :ole ( ,africa s\? ( ! ,sah>a4 ,x is hunt$ *iefly = ! sake ( ! ivory ( its imm5se tusks1 ( :i* x yields ! pr9cipal s\rce ( supply to ! ,european m>ket1 & ! desire to obta9 :i* is rapidly lead+ to ! ext]m9ation ( ! species4 ,9 size ! male ,african elephant (t5 surpasses ! ,asiatic species1 rea*+ ne>ly #ab ft4 9 "s cases4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! =e-foot is half ! height at ! %\ld]1 a circum/ance :i* enables sportsm5 to e/imate approximately ! size ( _! qu>ry4 ,a tusk 9 ! ,briti% ,museum measures #aj ft4 #b 94 9 l5g?1 ) a basal gir? ( #bd 94 & a weight ( #bbf-a_/b lb42 b a /ill long]1 al?\gh light]1 tusk 0 br\ght to ,london 9 #aije4 ,sev]al local races ( ,african elephant h be5 describ$1 ma9ly di/+ui%$ f "o ano!r by ! =m & size ( ! e>s1 %ape ( ! head1 c4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ ( ^! is ! pigmy ,congo race1 ,e4 africanus pumilio1 nam$ on ! evid5ce ( an immature specim5 9 ! possession ( ,c4 ,hag5beck1 ! well-kn[n animal-deal] ( ,hamburg1 9 #aije4 ,accord+ to ,hag5beck's e/imate1 ?is elephant1 :i* came f ! ,fr5* ,congo1 0 ab\t six ye>s old at ! "t x came "u sci5tific notice4 ,moreov]1 9 ! op9ion ( ! same obs]v]1 x is 9 no wise an abnormally dw>f$ or ill-gr[n repres5tative ( ! normal type ( ,african elephant1 b a well-develop$ adolesc5t animal4 ,9 height x /ood ab\t ! same z a "y individual ( ! ord9>y ,african elephant :5 ab\t a ye> & a half old1 ! v]tical measurem5t at ! %\ld] be+ only #d ft41 or m]ely a foot high] ?an a new-born ,indian elephant4 ,hag5beck's e/imate ( its age 0 bas$ on ! pres5ce ( well-develop$ tusks1 & ! relative proportion ( ! =e & h9d limbs1 :i* are /at$ to %[ consid]able diff]5ces 9 ! case ( ! ,african elephant accord+ to age4 ,no?+ 0 /at$ z to ! probability ( an increase 9 ! /ature ( ! ,fr5* ,congo animal z x gr[s old]2 b ev5 if we all[ ano!r foot1 its height w\ld be consid]ably less ?an half t ( a l>ge ,c5tral ,african bull ( ! ord9>y elephant4 ,by ,dr ,paul ,mats*ie sev]al races ( ! ,african elephant h be5 describ$1 ma9ly1 z already m5tion$1 on c]ta9 diff]5ces 9 ! %ape ( ! e>4 ,f ! two ,we/ ,african races 7,e4 a4 cyclotis & ,e4 a4 oxyotis7 ! dw>f ,congo elephant is /at$ to be di/+ui%$ by ! %ape ( its e>2 comp>ison 9 at lea/ "o in/ance hav+ be5 made ) an immature animal4 ,! relatively small size ( ! e> is "o ( ! mo/ di/9ctive *>act]i/ics ( ! dw>f race4 ,fur!r1 ! sk9 is /at$ to be mu* less r\gh1 ) few] cracks1 :ile a m important diff]5ce occurs 9 ! trunk1 :i* lacks ! transv]se ridges s di/9ctive ( ! ord9>y ,african elephant1 & !reby approximates to ! ,asiatic species4 ,if ! diff]5ces 9 /ature & =m are con/ant1 !re c be no "q z to ! "r ( ! dw>f ,congo elephant to rank z a well-m>k$ local race2 ! only po9t = consid]ation be+ :e!r x %\ld n be call$ a species4 ,! great int]e/ 9 connexion ) a dw>f ,we/ ,african race ( elephant is 9 relation to ! fossil pigmy elephants ( ! lime/one fissures & caves ( ,malta & ,cyprus4 ,al?\gh "s ( ^! elephants are believ$ n to h be5 l>g] ?an donkeys1 ! height ( o!rs may be e/imat$ at f #d to #e ft41 or practically ! same z t ( ! dw>f ,congo race4 ,by _! describ]s1 ! dw>f ,european elephants 7 reg>d$ z di/9ct species1 "u ! names ( ,elephas melit5sis1 ,e4 mnaidri5sis & ,e4 cypriotes2 b s9ce _! mol> tee? are ess5tially m9iatures ( ^? ( ! ,african elephant1 x has be5 sugge/$ by lat] obs]v]s t ^! animals are no?+ m ?an dw>f races ( ! latt]4 ,?is view may receive "s support f ! occurr5ce ( a dw>f =m ( ! ,african elephant 9 ! ,congo2 & if we reg>d ! latt] z a subspecies ( ,elephas africanus1 x seems highly probable t a simil> position w h to be assign$ to ! pigmy ,european fossil elephants4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! dw>f ,congo elephant be reg>d$ z a species1 !n ! ,maltese & ,cyprian elephants may h to be class$ z races ( ,elephas pumilio2 or1 r1 ,e4 pumilio w h to rank z a race ( ! ,maltese species4 ,9 ?is connexion x is ( int]e/ to note t1 bo? 9 ! ,m$it]ranean isl&s & 9 ,we/ ,africa1 dw>f elephants ( ! ,african type are accompani$ by pigmy species ( hippopotamus1 al?\gh we h n yet evid5ce to %[ t 9 ,africa ! two animals occupy actually ! same area4 ,/ill1 ! close relation%ip ( ! exi/+ ,lib]ian pigmy hippopotamus to ! fossil ,m$it]ranean species is significant1 9 relation to ! =ego+ obs]vations on ! elephant4 ,x may be add$ t fossil rema9s ( ! ,african elephant h be5 obta9$ f ,spa91 ,sicily1 ,alg]ia & ,egypt1 9 /rata ( ! ,plei/oc5e age4 ,"s ( ! ma9 diff]5ces 9 ! habits ( ! ,african z di/9ct f ^? ( ! ,asiatic elephant h be5 m5tion$ "u ! head+ ( ! latt] species4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! are ! great] tol]ance by ! ,african animal ( sunlight1 & ! h>d nature ( its food1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( b\ghs & roots4 ,! latt] are dug up ) ! tusks2 ! left "o be+ g5]ally employ$ 9 ?is s]vice1 & ?us becom+ mu* m worn ?an its fell[4 7,r4 ,l4997 ,,elephanta ,,isle 7call$ by ! natives ,gh>apuri71 a small isl& betwe5 ,bombay & ! ma9l& ( ,india1 situat$ ab\t #f m4 f ,bombay4 ,x is ne>ly #e m4 9 circumf]5ce1 & ! few inhabitants x conta9s are employ$ 9 ! cultivation ( rice1 & 9 re>+ %eep & p\ltry = ! ,bombay m>ket4 ,! isl&1 till )9 rec5t times1 0 almo/ entirely ov]gr[n ) wood2 x conta9s sev]al spr+s ( good wat]4 ,!re are also important qu>ries ( build+ /one4 ,b x owes its *ief celebrity to ! my?ological excavations & sculptures ( ,h9du sup]/ition :i* x conta9s4 ,opposite to ! l&+-place 0 a colossal /atue ( an elephant1 crack$ & mutilat$1 f :i* ! isl& receiv$ f ! ,portuguese ! "n x /ill be>s4 ,! /atue 0 remov$ 9 #ahfd1 & may n[ be se5 9 ! ,victoria ,g>d5s1 ,bombay4 ,at a %ort di/ance f ?is spot is a cave1 ! entrance to :i* is ne>ly #fj ft4 wide & #ah high1 support$ by pill>s cut out ( ! rock2 ! sides are sculptur$ into num]\s comp>tm5ts1 conta9+ repres5tations ( ! ,h9du deities1 b _m ( ! figures h be5 defac$ by ! zeal ( ! ,mahomm$ans & ,portuguese4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! excavations is a rem>kable ,trimurti or bu/1 =m]ly ?\ght to repres5t ! ,h9du ,triad1 namely1 ,brahma ! ,creator1 ,vi%nu ! ,pres]v]1 & ,siva or ,mahadeva ! ,de/roy]1 b n[ held to be a tri=m repres5tation ( ,siva alone4 ,! heads are f #d to #e ft4 9 l5g?1 & are well cut1 & ! faces1 ) ! exception ( ! "u lip1 are h&some4 ,! head-dresses are curi\sly ornam5t$2 & "o ( ! figures holds 9 x's h& a cobra1 :ile on ! cap are1 among/ o!r symbols1 a human skull & an infant4 ,on ea* side ( ! ,trimurti is a pila/]1 ! front ( :i* is fill$ up by a human figure lean+ on a dw>f1 bo? mu* defac$4 ,!re is a l>ge comp>tm5t to ! "r1 holl[$ a little1 & cov]$ ) a great v>iety ( figures1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* is #af ft4 high1 repres5t+ ! d\ble figure ( ,siva & ,p>vati1 nam$ ,viraj1 half male & half female4 ,on ! "r is ,brahma1 f\r-fac$1 on a lotus--"o ( ! v few repres5tations ( ?is god :i* n[ exi/ 9 ,india2 & on ! left is ,vi%nu4 ,on ! o!r side ( ! ,trimurti is ano!r comp>tm5t ) v>i\s figures ( ,siva & ,p>vati1 ! mo/ rem>kable ( :i* is ,siva 9 8 v9dictive "*1 eight-h&$1 ) a collet ( skulls r\nd 8 neck4 ,on ! "r ( ! entrance to ! cave is a squ>e ap>tm5t1 support$ by eight colossal figures1 conta9+ a gigantic symbol ( ,mahadeva or ,siva cut out ( ! rock4 ,9 a rav9e connect$ ) ! great cave are two o!r caves1 also conta9+ sculptures1 :i*1 h[ev]1 h be5 mu* defac$ ow+ to ! action ( damp & ! fall+ ( ! rocks2 & 9 ano!r hill is a f\r? cave4 ,?is int]e/+ retreat ( ,h9du religi\s art is said to h be5 d$icat$ to ,siva1 b x conta9s num]\s repres5tations ( o!r ,h9du deities4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 = long be5 a place n s mu* ( wor%ip z ( ar*aeological & arti/ic int]e/ alike to ! ,european & ,h9du travell]4 ,x =ms a wond]ful monum5t ( antiquity1 & mu/ h be5 a "w ( incr$ible lab\r4 ,ar*aeological au?orities are ( op9ion t ! cave mu/ h be5 excavat$ ab\t ! #aj? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 if n e>li]4 ,! isl& is mu* frequ5t$ by ! ,briti% resid5ts ( ,bombay2 & dur+ 8 t\r 9 ,india 9 #ahge ,k+ ,edw>d ,,vii41 !n pr9ce ( ,wales1 0 ent]ta9$ !re at a banquet4 ,,elephantiasis 7,b>badoes leg2 ,b\cnemia71 is a disease dep5d5t on *ronic lymphatic ob/ruction1 & *>act]iz$ by hyp]trophy ( ! sk9 & subcutane\s tissue4 ,two di/9ct =ms are kn[n1 7#a7 elephantiasis arabum1 due to ! developm5t ( liv+ p>asites1 fil>ia sangu9is hom9is 7or fil>ia ,bancr(ti71 & 7#b7 ! non-fil>ial =m due to lymphatic ob/ruction f any o!r cause :atsoev]1 z erysipelas1 ! deposit ( tub]cul\s or canc]\s mat]ial 9 ! lymphatic gl&s1 phlegmasia dol5s 7:ite leg71 long-cont9u$ eczema1 c4 ,! enl>gem5t is limit$ to a p>ticul> "p ( ! body1 g5]ally "o1 or 9 r>e cases bo? ( ! l[] limbs1 occasionally ! scrotum1 "o ( ! labiae or ! mamm>y gl&2 f> m r>ely ! face4 ,an attack is usually u%]$ 9 by febrile di/urbance 7elephantoid fev]71 ! "p attack$ becom+ rapidly swoll51 & ! sk9 t5se & r$ z 9 erysipelas4 ,! subcutane\s tissues become firm1 infiltrat$ & h>d1 pitt+ only on consid]able pressure4 ,! sk9 becomes r\gh5$ ) a network ( dilat$ lymphatics1 & vesicles & bullae may =m1 dis*>g+ a *yle-l fluid :5 brok5 7lymphorrhoea74 ,9 a lat] /age /ill ! sk9 may be co>se & w>t-l1 & !re is a great t5d5cy = v>icose ulc]s to =m4 ,at ! end ( a v>iable "t enl>gem5t ceases to take place1 & ! disease ent]s a quiesc5t /ate3 b recrudesc5ces occur at irregul> int]vals1 always u%]$ 9 by elephantoid fev]4 ,at ! end ( "s ye>s ! attacks ( fev] cease1 & ! affect$ "p rema9s p]man5tly swoll54 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! two =ms ( ! disease lies 9 ! fact t ! non-fil>ial =m progresses /eadily1 until ei!r ! und]ly+ condition is cur$1 or 9 ! case ( canc]1 c41 br+s ab\t a fatal issue4 ,! elephantiasis due to fil>ia is spread by ! ag5cy ( mosquitoes1 9 ^: bodies ! int]m$iate /age is pass$4 ,! dead mosquito falls ^u ! wat]1 :i* ?us becomes infect$1 & h5ce ! ova rea* ! human /oma*4 ,! "y worm develops1 bores ?r\gh ! ga/ric muc\s membrane & f9ally becomes lodg$ 9 ! lymphatics1 usually ( "o or o!r ( ! extremities4 ,a l>ge numb] ( embryonic fil>iae are produc$4 ,"s rema9 9 ! lymphatic spaces & cause lymphatic ob/ruction1 :ile o!rs ent] ! blood /ream by night 7fil>ia nocturna71 or by day 7fil>ia diurna74 ,x is suppos$ t a mosquito1 bit+ an infect$ p]son1 itself becomes infect$ ) ! blood x ab/racts1 & t s a new g5]ation is develop$4 ,treatm5t = ?is condition is unsatisfactory4 ,occasionally ! dilat$ lymph trunks c be f\nd1 & an op]ation p]=m$ to implant !m 9 "s ve9 7lymphangeiopla/y74 ,& 9 "s few o!r cases artificial lymphatics h be5 made by introduc+ /]iliz$ silk ?read 9 ! subcutane\s tissues ( ! affect$ "p1 & prolong+ x into ! normal tissues4 ,?is op]ation has be5 mo/ successful :5 p]=m$ on elephantoid arms dep5d5t on a late /age ( canc]\s brea/4 ,elevation ( ! limb & ela/ic pressure %\ld always be tri$1 b (t5 amputation has to be resort$ to 9 ! end4 ,! disease is totally diff]5t f ! s-call$ elephantiasis graecorum or true leprosy1 = :i* see ,,leprosy4 ,,elephant',s-,,foot1 ! popul> "n = ! plant ,te/ud9>ia elephantipes1 a native ( ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,x takes its "n f ! l>ge tub]\s /em1 :i* gr[s v sl[ly b (t5 rea*es a consid]able size1 e4g4 m ?an #c yds4 9 circumf]5ce ) a height ( ne>ly #c ft4 above gr\nd4 ,x is ri* 9 />*1 :5ce ! "n ,hott5tot bread1 & is cov]$ on ! outside ) ?ick1 h>d1 corky plates4 ,x develops sl5d]1 leafy1 climb+ %oots :i* die d[n ea* season4 ,x is a memb] ( ! monocotyl$on\s ord] ,dioscoreaceae1 climb+ plants ) sl5d] h]bace\s or %rubby %oots1 to :i* belong ! yam & ! ,briti% black bryony1 ,tamus communis4 ,,elets1 a t[n ( ,russia1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,orel1 #abb m4 by rail ,e4,s4,e4 ( ,orel1 on ! railway :i* connects ,riga ) ,ts>itsyn on ! l[] ,volga4 ,pop4 7#ahhc7 #cf1fhj2 7#aijj7 #ch1bci4 ,ow+ to its advantage\s position ,elets has gr[n rapidly4 ,its m]*ants buy l>ge quantities ( gra91 & num]\s fl\r-mills1 _m ( !m driv5 by /eam1 prep>e fl\r1 :i* is =w>d$ to ,mosc[ & ,riga4 ,! trade 9 cattle is v important4 ,elets has ! fir/ gra9 elevator erect$ 9 ,russia 7#ahhg71 a railway s*ool1 & important tann]ies1 f\ndries = ca/ iron & copp]1 tall[-melt+ works1 limekilns & brickworks4 ,! ca!dral & two mona/]ies conta9 v5]at$ hi/oric relics4 ,elets is fir/ m5tion$ 9 #aadg1 :5 x 0 a =t ( ,ryazan4 ,! ,turki% ,polovtsi or ,kumans attack$ x 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 & ! ,mongols de/roy$ x dur+ _! fir/ invasion 7#abci7 & aga9 9 #acje4 ,! ,tat>s plund]$ x 9 #adae & #adej2 & x seems to h be5 completely ab&on$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,its developm5t dates f ! second half ( ! #ag? c5tury1 :5 x became a c5tre = ! trade ) s\? ,russia4 ,,eleusis1 an anci5t ,greek city 9 ,attica ab\t #ad m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,a!ns1 occupy+ ! ea/]n "p ( a rocky ridge close to ! %ore opposite ! isl& ( ,salamis4 ,its fame is due *iefly to its ,my/]ies1 = :i* see ,,my/]y4 ,tradition c>ries back ! orig9 ( ,eleusis to ! highe/ antiquity4 ,9 ! e>li] p]iod ( its hi/ory x seems to h be5 an indep5d5t rival ( ,a!ns1 & x 0 aft]w>ds reckon$ "o ( ! twelve ,old ,attic cities4 ,a consid]able portion ( its small t]ritory 0 occupi$ by ! pla9s ( ,?ria1 noticeable = _! f]tility1 ?\gh ! hopes ( ! husb&m5 7 n unfrequ5tly disappo9t$ by ! blight ( ! s\? w9d4 ,to ! we/ 0 ! ,greek3 ,p$ion ,rh>ion or ,rh>ian ,pla91 :]e ,demet] is said to h s[n ! fir/ se$s ( corn2 & on its conf9es 0 ! field call$ ,orgas1 plant$ ) trees consecrat$ to ,demet] & ,p]sephone4 ,! sacr$ build+s 7 de/roy$ by ,al>ic 9 ,a4,d4 #cif1 & x is n c]ta9 :e!r !y 7 re/or$ be=e ! ext9ction ( all pagan rites by ,!odosius4 ,! pres5t village on ! site is ( ,albanian orig92 x is call$ ,lefs9a or ,leps9a1 (ficially ,greek3 ,el5sis4 ,illu/ration3 ,map ( ,eleusis4 ,! ,site4--,sy/ematic excavations1 begun 9 #ahhb by ,d4 ,philios = ! ,greek ,ar*aeological ,society1 h laid b>e ! :ole ( ! sacr$ prec9ct4 ,x is n[ possible to trace its b\nd>ies z ext5d$ at v>i\s p]iods1 & also _m successive /ages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,tele/]ion1 or ,hall ( ,initiation4 ,^! complete excavations h %[n ! e>li] & p>tial excavations to h be5 9 "s respects deceptive4 ,9 front ( ! ma9 entrance ( ! prec9ct is a l>ge pav$ area1 ) ! f\ndations ( a temple 9 x1 usually id5tifi$ z t ( ,artemis ,propylaea2 9 _! pres5t =m bo? area & temple date f ,roman times2 & on ea* side ( ! ,great ,propylaea are ! f\ndations ( a ,roman triumphal ar*4 ,j bel[ ! /eps ( ! ,propylaea1 on ! left z "o ent]s1 !re has be5 discov]$1 at a l[] level ?an ! ,roman pavem5t1 ! curb surr\nd+ an e>ly well4 ,?is is almo/ c]ta9ly ! ,greek3 kalli*oron phre> m5tion$ by ,pausanias4 ,! ,great ,propylaea is a /ructure ( ,roman imp]ial date1 9 close imitation ( ! ,propylaea on ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 set 9 a wall ( #f?-c5tury "w1 ?\gh repair$ 9 lat] times4 ,?is wall encloses a sort ( out] c\rt1 ( irregul> triangul> %ape4 ,! ,small ,propylaea is n set exactly opposite to ! ,great ,propylaea1 b at an angle to x2 an inscription on ! ar*itrave records t x 0 built by ,appius ,claudius ,pul*]1 ! contempor>y ( ,cic]o4 ,x is also set 9 a lat] wall t occupies approximately ! same position z two e>li] ones1 :i* date f ! #f? & #e? c5turies respectively1 & mu/ h indicat$ ! b\nd>y ( ! inn] prec9ct4 ,f ! ,small ,propylaea a pav$ road ( ,roman date leads to "o ( ! doors ( ! ,tele/]ion4 ,above ! ,small ,propylaea1 p>tly set b5ea? ! ov]hang+ rock1 is ! prec9ct ( ,pluto2 x has a curi\s natural cleft approa*$ by rock-cut /eps4 ,sev]al inscriptions & o!r antiquities 7 f\nd "h1 includ+ ! fam\s head1 n[ 9 ,a!ns1 usually call$ ,eub\leus1 ?\gh ! evid5ce = its id5tification is f> f satisfactory4 ,a little f>!r on is a rock-cut plat=m1 ) a well1 approa*$ by a broad flight ( /eps1 :i* probably s]v$ = spectators ( ! sacr$ procession4 ,beyond ?is1 close to ! side ( ! ,tele/]ion1 are ! f\ndations ( a temple on high] gr\nd2 x has be5 conjectur$ t ?is 0 ! temple ( ,demet]1 b !re is no evid5ce t su* a build+ exi/$ 9 hi/oric times1 ap>t f ! ,tele/]ion4 ,! ,tele/]ion1 or ,hall ( ,initiation1 0 a l>ge cov]$ build+1 ab\t #agj ft4 squ>e4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ on all sides by /eps1 :i* mu/ h s]v$ z seats = ! my/ae1 :ile ! sacr$ dramas & processions took place on ! floor ( ! hall3 ^! seats 7 p>tly built up1 p>tly cut 9 ! solid rock2 9 lat] times !y appe> to h be5 cas$ ) m>ble4 ,!re 7 two doors on ea* side ( ! hall1 except ! nor?-we/1 :]e x is cut out ( ! solid rock1 & a rock t]race at a high] level adjo9s x2 ?is t]race may h be5 ! /ation ( ^? :o 7 n yet admitt$ to ! full initiation4 ,! ro( ( ! hall 0 c>ri$ by r[s ( columns1 :i* 7 m ?an once r5ew$4 ,! ar*itectural hi/ory ( ! hall has be5 trac$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,dorpfeld ) ! help ( ! v>i\s f\ndations t h be5 br\ght to light4 ,! e>lie/ build+ on ! site is a small rectangul> /ructure1 ) walls ( polygonal masonry1 built ( ! rock qu>ri$ on ! spot4 ,?is 0 succe$$ by a squ>e hall1 almo/ ( ! same plan z ! lat] ,tele/]ion1 b ab\t a qu>t] ( ! size2 its ea/]n corn] co9cides ) t ( ! lat] build+1 & x appe>s to h _h a portico 9 front l t :i*1 9 ! lat] hall1 0 a lat] addition4 ,its ro( 0 c>ri$ by columns1 ( :i* ! bases c /ill be se54 ,?is build+ has ) great probability be5 assign$ to ! "t ( ,peisi/ratus2 x 0 de/roy$ by ! ,p]sians4 ,betwe5 ?is ev5t & ! erection ( ! pres5t hall1 :i* mu/ be sub/antially ! "o design$ by ,ict9us 9 ! "t ( ,p]icles1 !re mu/ h be5 a re/oration1 ( :i* we may see ! rema9s 9 a set ( r\nd s9k+s to c>ry columns1 :i* occur only 9 ! nor?-ea/ "p ( ! hall2 a set ( bases arrang$ on a diff]5t sy/em occur 9 ! s\?-we/ "p1 & x is difficult to see h[ ^! two sy/ems c\ld be reconcil$ unless !re 7 "s sort ( p>tition betwe5 ! two p>ts ( ! hall4 ,bo? sets 7 remov$ to make way = ! lat] columns1 ( :i* ! bases & "s ( ! drums /ill rema94 ,^! lat] columns are %[n1 by inscriptions & o!r fragm5ts built into _! bases1 to belong to lat] ,roman times4 ,at ! ea/]n & s\!rn corn]s ( ! hall ( ,ict9us are project+ masses ( masonry1 :i* may be ! f\ndation = a portico t 0 to be add$2 b p]haps !y 7 only buttresses1 int5d$ to resi/ ! ?ru/ ( ! ro( ( ?is huge /ructure1 :i* re/$ at its nor!rn & we/]n corn]s aga9/ ! solid rock ( ! hill4 ,on ! s\?-ea/ side ! hall is fac$ ) a portico1 ext5d+ its :ole wid?2 ! m>ble pavem5t ( ?is portico is a mo/ conspicu\s feature ( ,eleusis at ! pres5t day4 ,! portico 0 add$ to ! hall by ! ar*itect ,philo1 "u ,demetrius ( ,phal]um1 ab\t ! end ( ! #d? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x 0 nev] complet$1 = ! flut+ ( its columns /ill rema9s unf9i%$4 ,! ,tele/]ion took up ! great] "p ( ! sacr$ prec9ct1 :i* seems m]ely to h s]v$ to keep ! pr(ane away f ! temple4 ,! massive walls & t[]s ( ! "t ( ,p]icles1 :i* resemble ^? ( a =tress1 are q close 9 on ! s\? & ea/2 lat]1 probably 9 ! #d? c5tury ,b4,c41 ! prec9ct 0 ext5d$ f>!r to ! s\?1 & at its end 0 erect$ a build+ ( consid]able ext5t1 includ+ a curi\s apsidal *amb]1 = :i* a simil> b l>g] curv$ /ructure 0 sub/itut$ 9 ,roman times4 ,?is 0 probably ! ,b\leut]ion4 ,! prec9ct 0 full ( alt>s1 d$ications & inscriptions2 & _m fragm5ts ( sculptures1 pott]y & o!r antiquities1 f ! e>lie/ to ! late/ days ( ,greece1 h be5 discov]$4 ,x is to be not$ t ! subt]ranean passages :i* "s e>li] explor]s imag9$ to be connect$ ) ! celebration ( ! my/]ies1 h prov$ to be no?+ b ci/]ns or wat]c\rses4 ,! excavations ( ,eleusis1 & ! antiquities f\nd 9 !m1 h be5 publi%$ f "t to "t 9 ! ,greek3 ,ephem]is ,ar*aiologike & 9 ! ,greek3 ,praktika ( ! ,greek ,ar*aeological ,society1 especially = #ahhg & #ahie4 ,see also ,d4 ,philios1 ,eleusis1 ses my/]es1 ses ru9es1 et son musee4 ,inscriptions h also be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,bullet9 de correspondance hell5ique4 7,e4 ,gr47 ,,eleu!rius1 pope f ab\t #age to #ahi4 ,allusions to him are f\nd 9 ! lett]s ( ! m>tyrs ( ,lyons1 cit$ by ,eusebius1 & 9 o!r docum5ts ( ! "t4 ,! ,lib] ,pontificalis1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! #f? c5tury1 says t he _h relations ) a ,briti% k+1 ,lucius1 :o 0 desir\s ( be+ conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is tradition--,roman1 n ,briti%--is an enigma to critics1 &1 app>5tly1 has no hi/orical f\ndation4 7,l4 ,d4997 ,,eleu!ropolis 7,gr4 ,greek3 ,eleu!ra polis1 free city71 an anci5t city ( ,pale/9e1 #be m4 f ,j]usalem on ! road to ,gaza1 id5tifi$ by ,e4 ,rob9son ) ! mod]n ,beit ,jibr94 ,?is id5tification is confirm$ by ,roman mile/ones 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,x repres5ts ! ,biblical ,m>e%ah1 ! ru9s ( :i* exi/ at ,tell ,s&ahannah close by4 ,z ,betogabra x is m5tion$ by ,ptolemy2 ! "n ,eleu!ropolis dates f ! ,syrian visit ( ,septimius ,sev]us 7,a4,d4 #bjb74 ,eusebius 9 8 ,onoma/icon uses x z a c5tral po9t f :i* ! di/ances ( o!r t[ns are measur$4 ,x 0 de/roy$ 9 #gif1 rebuilt by ! crusad]s 9 #aacd 7_! =tress & *apel rema91 mu* ru9$74 ,x 0 f9ally captur$ by ,bib>s1 #abdd4 ,beit ,jibr9 is 9 ! c5tre ( a di/rict ( great ar*aeological int]e/4 ,besides ! crusad] & o!r rema9s 9 ! village itself1 ! surr\nd+ c\ntry possesses _m tells 7m\nds7 cov]+ ! sites ( anci5t cities4 ,! fam\s caves ( ,beit ,jibr9 honeycomb ! hills all r\nd4 ,^! are imm5se artificial excavations ( unkn[n date4 ,roman mile/ones & aqu$ucts also are f\nd1 & close by ! n[ fam\s tomb ( ,apollophanes1 ) wall-pa9t+s ( animals & o!r ornam5tation1 0 discov]$ 9 #aijb2 a description ( x w be f\nd 9 ,?i]s* & ,pet]s1 ,! ,m>issa ,tombs1 publi%$ by ! ,pale/9e ,exploration ,fund4 7,r4 ,a4 ,s4 ,m47 ,,elevators1 ,,lifts or ,,hoi/s1 ma*9es = rais+ or l[]+ loads1 :e!r ( p or mat]ial1 f "o level to ano!r4 ,!y are op]at$ by /eam1 hydraulic or electric p[]1 or1 :5 small & light1 by h&4 ,_! con/ruction v>ies ) ! magnitude ( ! "w to be p]=m$ & ! "* ( ! motive p[]4 ,9 private h\ses1 :]e only small weights1 z coal1 food1 c41 h to be transf]r$ f "o floor to ano!r1 !y usually consi/ simply ( a small c\nt]-balanc$ plat=m susp5d$ f ! ro( or an upp] floor by a tackle1 ! runn+ "p ( :i* hangs f top to bottom & c be rea*$ & op]at$ at any level4 ,9 build+s :]e great weights & numb]s ( p h to be lift$1 or a high spe$ ( elevation is dem&$1 "s =m ( motor is necess>y4 ,?is is usually1 directly or indirectly1 a /eam-eng9e or occasionally a gas-eng9e2 sometimes a wat]-pressure eng9e is adopt$1 & x is becom+ m & m common to employ an electric motor d]iv+ its en]gy f ! g5]al di/ribution ( ! city4 ,l>ge e/abli%m5ts1 hotels or bus9ess h\ses1 commonly h _! own s\rce ( en]gy1 an electric or o!r p[] plant1 on ! premises4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,! ,plung]1 or ,direct ,lift ,hydraulic ,eng9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,! ,otis ,/&>d ,hydraulic ,pass5g] ,lift1 ) ,pilot ,valve & ,lev]-op]at+ ,device4 ,con/ruction ( elevators4 ,! hydraulic elevator is ! simple/ 9 con/ruction ( elevators prop]1 sometimes consi/+ m]ely ( a long pipe set deeply 9 ! gr\nd "u ! cage & conta9+ a correspond+ly long plung]1 :i* rises & falls z requir$ & c>ries ! elevator-cage on its upp] end 7fig4 #a74 ,! /roke is ?us necess>ily equal to ! height trav]s$ by ! cage1 ) "s surplus to keep ! plung] /eady )9 its guid+-pipe4 ,! pipe or pump *amb] has a l5g? exce$+ ! maximum rise & fall ( ! plung]1 & mu/ be /rong en\gh to su/a9 safely ! heavy hydraulic pressures ne$$ to raise plung] & cage ) load4 ,! p[] is usually suppli$ by a /eam pump 7occasionally by a hydraulic motor71 :i* =ces wat] into ! *amb] ( ! great pipe z ! elevator rises1 a wa/e-cock draw+ (f ! liquid 9 ! process ( l[]+ ! cage4 ,a s+le h&le )9 ! cage g5]ally s]ves to apply ! pressure :5 rais+1 & to r$uce x :5 l[]+ ! load4 ,! mo/ common =m ( hydraulic elevator1 = important "w & "u usual conditions ( op]ation1 z 9 cities1 consi/s ( a susp5d$ cage1 c>ri$ by a tackle1 ! runn+ "p ( :i* is connect$ ) a set ( pulleys at ea* end ( a frame 7fig4 #b74 ,! rope is made fa/ at "o end1 & its int]m$iate "p is c>ri$ r\nd fir/ "o pulley at ! f>!r end ( ! frame & !n r\nd ano!r at ! ne>] end1 & s on z (t5 z is f\nd advisable 9 ! p>ticul> case4 ,! two pulley %afts c>ry+ ^! two sets ( pulleys are made to trav]se ! frame 9 su* a way z1 by _! sep>ation1 to haul 9 on ! runn+ "p1 or1 by _! approximation1 to p]mit ! weight ( ! cage to haul out ! rope4 ,by ?is alt]nate haul+ & r5d]+ ( ! rope ! cage is rais$ & l[]$4 ,! use ( a numb] ( p>allel & indep5d5t sets ( pulleys & tackles assures safety 9 case ( ! breakage ( any "o1 ea* be+ /rong en\gh alone to hold ! load4 ,! movem5t ( ! pair ( pulley %afts is effect$ by a wat]-pressure eng9e1 actuat+ ! plung] ( a pump :i* is simil> to t us$ 9 ! prec$+ app>atus1 b be+ relatively ( %ort /roke & l>ge diamet]1 is m satisfactory 9 design & con/ruction z well z 9 op]ation4 ,electricity may be appli$ to elevators ( ?is type by atta*+ ! travell+ %eaves to a nut 9 :i* works a screw$ %aft driv5 by an electric motor4 ,9 o!r electric lifts ! cables :i* support ! cage are w\nd on a drum :i* is turn$ by a motor1 ! drum be+ connect$ to ! motor-%aft ei!r by a s]ies ( p9ions or by a worm-ge>4 ,! drum may also be work$ by a /eam or gas eng9e4 ,:]e ! traffic is n v heavy1 a =m ( elevator t requires no att5dant is conv5i5t4 ,9 ?is any "o wi%+ to use ! lift has m]ely to press a button plac$ by ! side ( ! lift-gate on ! floor on :i* he happ5s to be /&+1 :5 ! c> w come to him2 & hav+ ent]$ x he c cause x to travel to any floor he desires by press+ ano!r button inside ! c>4 ,! motive p[] 9 su* cases may be ei!r electric or hydraulic1 b ! control ( ! swit*es or valves t gov]n ! action ( ! app>atus is electric4 ,ess5tials ( design1 c4 ,! hi/ory ( ! elevator is *ronologically ext5sive1 b only s9ce #ahej has rapid or important progress be5 effect$4 ,9 t ye> ,george ,h4 ,fox ,co4 built an elevator op]at$ by ! motion ( a v]tical screw1 ! nut on :i* c>ri$ ! cage4 ,?is device 0 us$ 9 a numb] ( in/ances1 especially 9 hotels 9 ! l>ge cities1 dur+ ! succe$+ tw5ty ye>s1 & 0 !n g5]ally supplant$ by ! hydraulic lift ( ! k9d already describ$ z ! plung]-lift4 ,) ! increas$ dem& = p[]1 spe$1 safety1 conv5i5ce ( manipulation1 & com=t 9 op]ation1 ! inv5tive ability ( ! eng9e] develop$ ! v>i\s sy/ems m & m p]fectly1 & exp]i5ce gradually %[$ to :at s]vice ea* type 0 be/ adapt$ & ! be/ con/ruction ( ea* = its peculi> "w4 ,:atev] ! class1 ! foll[+ are ! ess5tials ( design1 con/ruction & op]ation3 ! elevator mu/ be safe1 com=table1 spe$y & conv5i5t1 mu/ n be too exp5sive 9 ei!r fir/ co/ or ma9t5ance1 & mu/ be absolutely tru/wor?y4 ,x mu/ n be liable to fracture ( any elem5t ( ! hoi/+ ge> t w p]mit ei!r ! fall ( ! cage or its projection by an ov]weight$ balance upw>ds aga9/ ! top ( its %aft4 ,x mu/ be possible to /op x1 :e!r 9 regul> work+ or 9 em]g5cy1 or :5 accid5t occurs1 ) suffici5t promptness1 yet )\t endang]+ life or prop]ty1 or ev5 v s]i\sly inconv5i5c+ ! pass5g]s4 ,accel]ation & ret>dation 9 />t+ & /opp+ mu/ be smoo? & easy1 ! /op mu/ be capable ( be+ made precisely :]e & :5 int5d$1 & no dang] mu/ be incurr$ by ! pass5g]s f contact ) runn+ p>ts ( ! me*anism or ) ! walls & doors ( ! elevator %aft4 ,^! requirem5ts h be5 fully met 9 ! lat] =ms ( elevator commonly employ$ = pass5g] s]vice4 ,usual sizes range f loads ( #ajjj to #ejjj lb4 ) spe$s ( f #hj to #bej ft4 a m9ute unload$1 & #ge to #bjj ft4 load$1 & a height ( travel ( f #ej to #bjj ft4 ,9 "s v tall build+s1 z ! ,s+] & ,metropolitan build+s 9 ,new ,york1 elevators h be5 in/all$ hav+ a maximum spe$ ( #fjj ft4 a m9ute1 ) a rise ( ov] #ejj ft4 ,:]e electric motors are employ$1 _! spe$ ranges f #fjj & #gjj revolutions p] m9ute 9 ! l>g] to #ajjj & #abjj 9 ! small] sizes1 correspond+ to f #bj d[n to #d or #e h4p4 ,two or m c\nt]-weights are employ$1 & f f\r to six susp5sion cables ensure z ne>ly z possible absolute safety4 ,! electric elevators ( ! ,c5tral ,london railway are gu>ante$ to raise #ag1jjj lb4 #fe ft4 9 "s ( its %afts1 9 #cj secs4 f />t to /op4 ,ov] #ajj1jjj ft4 ( #g_/h 94 & #ag1jjj ft4 ( #c_/d 94 /eel rope are requir$ = its #bd %afts1 & ea* rope c c>ry f #af to #bb tons )\t break+4 ,! /eel us$ 9 ! cables1 ( :i* !re are f\r to six = ea* c> & c\nt]-weight1 has a t5acity ( #he to #ij tons p] sq4 94 ( section ( wire4 ,! maximum pull on ea* set ( rope is assum$ to be n ov] #iejj lb41 ! rema9d] ( ! load be+ tak5 by ! c\nt]balance4 ,oil da%-pots or buff]s1 into :i* ent] plung]s atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! cage1 prev5t too sudd5 a /op 9 case ( accid5t1 & safety-clut*es ) friction adju/m5ts ( ample p[] & fully te/$ be=e use give ample insurance aga9/ a fall ev5 if all ! cables %\ld yield at once--an almo/ inconceivable cont+5cy4 ,! effici5cy1 i4e4 ! ratio ( "w p]=m$ to p[] exp5d$ 9 ! same "t1 0 9 ^! elevators f\nd by te/ to be betwe5 #gj & #ge4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4 ,safety ,air-,cu%ion4 ,safety devices4 ,safety devices con/itute p]haps ! mo/ important ( ! lat] improvem5ts 9 elevator con/ruction :]e pass5g]s are c>ri$4 ,! simple/ &1 :]e practicable1 mo/ c]ta9 ( !m is ! air-cu%ion1 a *amb] into :i* ! cage drops if deta*$ or f any cause all[$ to fall too rapidly to ! bottom1 compression ( ! air br++ x to re/ )\t %ock 7fig4 #c74 ,?is *amb] mu/ be p]fectly air-tight1 except 9 s f> z a purposely arrang$ cle>ance ar\nd ! sides1 dim9i%+ d[nw>ds & 9 well-e/abli%$ proportion1 is adju/$ to p]mit a da%-pot action & to prev5t reb\nd4 ,! air-cu%ion %\ld be ab\t "o-t5? ! dep? ( ! elevator %aft2 9 high build+s x may be a well #bj or #cj ft4 deep4 ,! ,empire build+1 9 ,new ,york1 is tw5ty /oreys 9 height1 ! total travel ( ! cage is #bhg ft41 & ! air-cu%ion is #ej ft4 deep1 ext5d+ f ! floor ( ! ?ird /orey to ! bottom ( ! %aft4 ,slid+ doors ( great /r5g?1 & automatic 9 action1 at ! fir/ & second floors1 are ! only op5+s4 ,! %aft is tap]$ = "s di/ance bel[ ! ?ird floor1 & !n c>ri$ /raight to ! bottom4 ,an inlet valve admits air freely z ! cage rises1 & an adju/$ safety-valve provides aga9/ excess pressure4 ,a c>1 fall+ freely f ! tw5tie? /orey1 0 *eck$ by ?is arrangem5t )\t injury to a basket ( eggs plac$ on its floor4 ,o!r safety devices consi/ ( cat*es "u ! floor ( ! cage1 s arrang$ t !y are held out ( engagem5t by ! pull on ! cables4 ,b if ! /ra9 is sudd5ly reliev$1 z by breakage ( a cable or accid5t to ! eng9e or motor1 !y in/antly fly into place &1 engag+ /rong side-/ruts 9 ! %aft1 hold ! c> until x c be once m lift$ by its cables4 ,^! op]ate well :5 ! cables "p at or ne> ! c>1 b !y are apt to fail if ! break occurs on ! opposite side ( ! c>ry+ %eaves at ! top ( ! %aft1 s9ce ! friction & in]tia ( ! mass ( ! cables may 9 t case be suffici5t to hold ! pawls out ( ge> ei!r entirely or until ! headway is s great z to cause ! sma%+ ( all resi/ances :5 !y d engage4 ,ano!r pr9ciple employ$ 9 safety arrangem5ts is ! action ( in]tia ( p>ts prop]ly =m$ & atta*$4 ,any dang]\s accel]ation ( ! cage causes ! in]tia ( ^! p>ts to produce a ret>dation relative to ! c> :i* ?r[s into action a brake or a cat*1 & ?us controls ! motion )9 safe limits or breaks ! fall4 ,! hydraulic brake has be5 us$ 9 ?is app>atus1 z h me*anical & pneumatic app>atus4 ,?is control ( ! spe$ ( fall is mo/ commonly secur$ by ! employm5t ( a c5trifugal or o!r gov]nor or regulator4 ,! gov]nor may be on ! top ( ! cage & driv5 by a /ation>y rope fix$ betwe5 ! top & bottom ( ! %afts1 or x may be plac$ at ! top ( ! %aft & driv5 by a rope travell+ ) ! c>4 ,its action is usually to trip into s]vice a set ( spr+ grips or friction clut*es1 :i*1 z a rule1 grasp ! guides ( ! cage & by _! imm5se pressure & great resultant friction br+ ! cage to re/ )9 a safe limit ( spe$1 "t & di/ance4 ,a coeffici5t ( friction ( ab\t #ae is assum$ 9 _! design1 & ?is e/imate is confirm$ by _! op]ation4 ,pressures ( #aj tons or m are sometimes provid$ 9 ^! grips to ensure ! friction requir$4 ,!re are _m diff]5t =ms ( safety device ( ^! v>i\s classes1 ea* mak] hav+ 8 own4 ,! importance ( absolute safety aga9/ a fall is s great t ! be/ build]s are n satisfi$ ) any "o =m or pr9ciple1 b comb9e provisions aga9/ e kn[n dang]1 & (t5 duplicate su* precautions aga9/ ! mo/ common accid5ts4 ,! travell+ /aircase1 :i* may be class$ among ! pass5g] elevators1 usually consi/s ( a /aircase s con/ruct$ t :ile ! pass5g] is asc5d+ x ! :ole /ructure is also asc5d+ at a pr$et]m9$ rate1 s t ! progress made is ! sum ( ! two rates ( motion4 ,! sy/em ( treads & ris]s is c>ri$ on a long endless b& ( *a9 su/a9$ by guides hold+ x 9 its desir$ l9e1 & r5d]+ at ei!r end ov] cyl9d]s or sprockets4 ,! junctions betwe5 ! /airway & ! upp] or l[] floors are +5i\sly arrang$ s z to avoid dang] ( injury to ! pass5g]s4 ,freight elevators h ! same g5]al =ms z ! pass5g] elevators1 b are (t5 va/ly l>g] & m p[]ful1 & are n z a rule fitt$ up = su* heights ( lift1 or con/ruct$ ) su* elaborate provision = safety or ) any special f9i%4 ,elevators rais+ gra91 coal1 e>? & simil> mat]ials1 su* z c be tak5 up by scoop+ into a bucket1 or c be run into & out ( ! bucket by gravity1 con/itute a class by !mselves1 & are describ$ 9 ! article ,,conveyors4 ,! t]m gra9 elevator is (t5 us$ to include build+s z well z ma*9]y1 & x is n unusual 9 ,europe to he> a fl\r-mill1 ) its sy/em ( motor ma*9]y1 mills1 elevator & /orage dep>tm5ts1 spok5 ( z an ,am]ican elevator 7see ,,gran>ies74 ,,elf 7,o4 ,eng4 aelf2 cf4 ,g]4 ,alp1 nightm>e71 a dim9utive sup]natural be+ ( ,teutonic my?ology1 usually ( a m or less mis*iev\s & malignant "*1 caus+ diseases & evil dreams1 /eal+ *ildr5 & sub/itut+ *angel+s1 & ?us some:at diff]5t f ! ,romanic fairy1 :i* usually has less s9i/] associations4 ,! prehi/oric arr[-heads & o!r fl9t implem5ts 7 9 ,engl& e>ly kn[n z elf-bolts or elf-arr[s1 & 7 look$ on z ! weapons ( ! elves1 ) :i* !y injur$ cattle4 ,s too a tangle 9 ! hair 0 call$ an elf-lock1 z be+ caus$ by ! mis*ief ( ! elves4 ,,elg>1 ,,sir ,,edw>d 7#aheg- 71 ,engli% musical compos]1 son ( ,w4,h4 ,elg>1 :o 0 = _m ye>s organi/ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic *ur* ( ,/ ,george at ,worce/]1 0 born !re on ! #bnd ( ,june #aheg4 ,8 fa!r's connexion ) music at ,worce/]1 ) ! ,glee ,club & ) ! ,?ree ,*oirs ,fe/ivals1 suppli$ him ) v>i$ opportunities = a musical education1 & he le>nt to play sev]al in/rum5ts4 ,9 #ahgi he became b&ma/] at ! c\nty lunatic asylum1 & held t po/ till #ahhd4 ,he 0 also a memb] ( an or*e/ra at ,birm+ham1 & 9 #ahhc an int]mezzo by him 0 play$ !re at a conc]t4 ,9 #ahhb he became conductor ( ! ,worce/] ,amateur ,in/rum5tal ,society2 & 9 #ahhe he succe$$ 8 fa!r z organi/ at ,/ ,george's1 ,worce/]4 ,!re he wrote a c]ta9 am\nt ( *ur* music4 ,9 #ahhi he mov$ to ,london1 b f9d+ no enc\ragem5t retir$ to ,malv]n 9 #ahia2 9 #aijd he w5t to live at ,h]e=d1 & 9 #aije 0 made pr(essor ( music at ,birm+ham ,univ]sity4 ,to ! public g5]ally he 0 h>dly kn[n till 8 oratorio ,! ,dream ( ,g]ontius 0 p]=m$ at ,birm+ham 9 #aijj1 b ?is 0 at once receiv$ z a new revelation 9 ,engli% music1 bo? at home & by ,ri*>d ,/rauss 9 ,g]many1 & ! compos] 0 made a ,mus4 ,doc4 at ,cambridge4 ,8 exp]i5ce 9 writ+ *ur* music = a ,roman ,ca?olic s]vice _c be ov]look$ 9 reg>d to ?is & o!r works by ,elg>1 :o came to be reg>d$ z ! repres5tative ( a ,ca?olic or neo-,ca?olic /yle ( religi\s music1 = :i* an appreciative public 0 ready 9 ,engl& at ! mom5t1 ow+ to ! rec5t developm5ts 9 ! m arti/ic & s5su\s side ( ! religi\s movem5t4 ,& ! same int]e/ atta*$ to 8 lat] oratorios1 ,! ,apo/les 7#aijc7 & ,! ,k+dom 7#aijf74 ,b ,elg>'s sudd5 rise into popul>ity1 confirm$ by 8 be+ knight$ 9 #aijd1 drew att5tion to 8 o!r productions4 ,9 #ahif 8 ,sc5es f ! ,saga ( ,k+ ,olaf 0 recogniz$ by musicians z a f9e "w1 & 9 ! same ye> 8 ,sc5es f ! ,bav>ian ,highl&s & ,lux ,*ri/i 7 p]=m$2 & ap>t f o!r important compositions1 8 song-cycle ,sea-,pictures 0 sung at ,norwi* 9 #ahii by ,cl>a ,butt1 & 8 or*e/ral ,v>iations on an orig9al !me 7 giv5 at a ,ri*t] conc]t 9 ! same ye>4 ,9 #aija 8 popul> m>* ,pomp & ,circum/ance 0 play$ at a prom5ade conc]t1 ! /irr+ melody ( 8 song ,l& ( ,hope & ,glory be+ effectually utiliz$4 ,x is impossible "h to enum]ate all ,sir ,edw>d ,elg>'s works1 :i* h excit$ a good deal ( criticism 9 musical circles )\t impair+ 8 g5]al recognition z "o ( ! few front-rank ,engli% compos]s ( 8 day2 b 8 mo/ important lat] production1 8 fir/ or*e/ral symphony1 produc$ 9 #aijh ) imm$iate success1 rais$ 8 reputation z a compos] to an ev5 high] place1 z a "w ( m>k$ p[] & beauty1 develop+ ! symphonic =m ) ! orig9ality ( a real ma/] ( 8 art4 ,9 #aijh he resign$ 8 pr(essor%ip at ,birm+ham ,univ]sity4 ,,elg91 a city ( ,kane c\nty1 ,ill9ois1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 ! ,n4 "p ( ! /ate1 #cf m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,*icago4 ,pop4 7#ahhj7 #hghg2 7#ahij7 #ag1hbc2 7#aijj7 #bb1dcc1 ( :om #edai 7 =eign-born2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #be1igf4 ,elg9 is s]v$ by ! ,*icago ,nor?-,we/]n & ! ,*icago1 ,milwaukee ,/ ,paul railways1 & by int]urban electric railways to ,*icago1 ,aurora & ,belvid]e4 ,! city is ! seat ( ! ,nor!rn ,ill9ois hospital = ! insane1 ( ! ,elg9 ,academy 7*>t]$ #ahci2 op5$ #ahef71 & ( ,/ ,m>y's ,academy 7,roman ,ca?olic72 & has ! ,gail ,bord5 public libr>y1 ) #ce1jjj volumes 9 #aijh4 ,! city has six public p>ks1 ,"l's ,p>k conta9+ #aab1 & ,w+ ,p>k #aba acres4 ,! city is 9 a f9e dairy+ region & is an important m>ket = butt]4 ,among ,elg9's manufactures are wat*es & wat*-cases1 butt] & o!r dairy products1 coop]age 7especially butt] tubs71 cann$ corn1 %irts1 f\ndry & ma*9e-%op products1 pipe-organs1 & caskets & casket trimm+s2 9 #aije ,elg9's total factory product 0 valu$ at #i1cdi1bgd4 ,! ,elg9 ,national ,wat* factory1 & ! ,bord5 milk-cond5s+ works1 are fam\s ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates & beyond4 ,! publi%+ (fice ( ! ,dunk]s1 or ,g]man ,bre?r51 is at ,elg92 & sev]al popul> weeklies ) l>ge circulations are publi%$ "h4 ,a p]man5t settlem5t 0 made z e>ly z #ahce1 & ,elg9 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahed & 0 re*>t]$ 9 #ahhj4 ,,elg91 a royal1 municipal & police burgh1 & c\nty t[n ( ,elg9%ire1 ,scotl&1 situat$ on ! ,lossie1 #e m4 ,s4 ( ,lossiem\? its port1 on ! ,moray ,fir?1 & #ga-a_/d m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,ab]de51 ) /ations on ! ,great ,nor? ( ,scotl& & ,highl& railways4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #hdfj4 ,x is a place ( v consid]able antiquity1 0 creat$ a royal burgh by ,alex&] ,i41 & receiv$ its *>t] f ,alex&] ,,ii4 9 #abcd4 ,edw>d ,i4 /ay$ at ! ca/le 9 #abif & #acjc1 & x 0 to blot out ! memory ( 8 visit t ! build+ 0 de/roy$ imm$iately aft] national indep5d5ce _h be5 reass]t$4 ,! hill on :i* x /ood 0 r5am$ ! ,ladyhill1 & on ! scanty ru9s ( ! ca/le n[ /&s a monum5t to ! #e? duke ( ,gordon1 consi/+ ( a column surm\nt$ by a /atue4 ,! burgh has suff]$ p]iodically f fire1 notably 9 #adeb1 :5 half ( x 0 burnt by ! e>l ( ,huntly4 ,montrose plund]$ x twice 9 #afde4 ,9 #agdf ,pr9ce ,*>les ,edw>d sp5t a few days 9 ,?und]ton ,h\se4 ,8 ho/ess1 ,mrs ,&]son1 an ard5t ,jacobite1 kept ! %eets 9 :i* he slept1 & 0 buri$ 9 !m on h] dea?1 tw5ty-five ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,= fifty ye>s aft] ?is date ! place reta9$ ! "* & traditions ( a sleepy ca!dral city1 b ) ! approa* ( ! #ai? c5tury x 0 t\*$ by a m mod]n _s4 ,z ! result mu* t 0 picturesque disappe>$1 b ! prosp]ity ( ,elg9 0 increas$1 s t n[1 ow+ to its pleasant situation 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,scotl&1 its heal?y climate1 *eap liv+1 & excell5t educational facilities1 x has become a fl\ri%+ community4 ,! c5tre ( int]e/ is ! ca!dral ( ,moray1 :i* 0 f\nd$ 9 #abbd1 :5 ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity 0 conv]t$ to ?is use4 ,x 0 p>tially burn$ 9 #abgj & almo/ de/roy$ 9 #acij by ,alex&] ,/ew>t1 ! ,wolf ( ,bad5o*1 natural son ( ,rob]t ,,ii41 :o _h incurr$ ! c5sure ( ! ,*ur*4 ,9 #adjb ,alex&]1 "l ( ! ,isles1 set fire to ! t[n1 b sp>$ ! ca!dral = a consid]ation1 9 memory ( :i* m]cy ! ,little ,cross 7s nam$ to di/+ui% x f ! ,muckle or ,m>ket ,cross1 re/or$ 9 #ahhh7 0 erect$4 ,aft] ^! outrages x 0 practically rebuilt on a scale ( gr&eur t made x ! mo/ magnific5t example ( *ur* ar*itecture 9 ! nor?4 ,its design 0 t ( a ,j]usalem cross1 ) two flank+ t[]s at ! ea/ end1 two at ! we/ end1 & "o 9 ! c5tre1 at ! int]section ( ! ro(s ( ! nave & transepts4 ,x measur$ #bhb ft4 long f ea/ to we/ by #abj ft4 across ! transepts1 & consi/$ ( ! *oir1 ! gable ( :i* 0 pi]c$ by two ti]s ( five lancet w9d[s & ! ,omega rose w9d[2 ! nor? transept1 9 :i* ! ,dunb>s 7 buri$1 & ! s\? transept1 ! doorway ( :i* is int]e/+ = its dog's-too? ornam5tation2 & ! nave ( five aisles4 ,! gr& entrance 0 by ! ri*ly c>v$ we/ door1 above :i* 0 ! ,alpha w9d[4 ,! c5tral /eeple fell 9 #aejf1 b 0 rebuilt1 ! new t[] ) its spire rea*+ a height ( #aih ft4 ,by #aech ! edifice 0 complete 9 e "p4 ,?\gh ! ,re=mation left x unsca!d1 x suff]$ wanton viol5ce f "t to "t4 ,by ord] ( ! privy c\ncil ! lead 0 /ripp$ (f ! ro(s 9 #aefg & sold to ,holl& to pay ! troops2 b ! %ip convey+ ! spoils f\nd]$ 9 ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,9 #afcg ! ro(-tree ( ! *oir p]i%$ dur+ a gale1 & ?ree ye>s lat] ! ri* timb] scre5 0 demoli%$4 ,! c5tral t[] aga9 collaps$ 9 #agaa1 aft] :i* ! edifice 0 all[$ to g to ru94 ,its /ones 7 c>t$ away1 & ! *ur*y>d1 ov]gr[n ) we$s1 became ! dump+-gr\nd = rubbi%4 ,x lay ?us sc&al\sly neglect$ until #ahbd1 :5 ,john ,%anks1 a dr\?y cobbl]1 0 appo9t$ keep]4 ,by a species ( inspiration ?is man1 hi!rto a ne'er-d-well1 conceiv$ ! notion ( re/or+ ! place to ord]4 ,undismay$1 he attack$ ! mass ( litt] & ) 8 own h&s remov$ #cjjj b>r[-loads4 ,:5 he di$ 9 #ahda he _h cle>$ away all ! rubbi%1 disclos$ ! orig9al plan1 & collect$ a quantity ( fragm5ts4 ,a tablet1 let into ! wall1 conta9s an epitaph by ,"l ,cockburn1 record+ ,%anks's s]vices to ! v5]able pile1 :i* has s9ce be5 entru/$ to ! cu/ody ( ! commission]s ( woods & =e/s4 ,! *apt]-h\se1 to ! nor?-ea/ ( ! ma9 /ructure1 suff]$ lea/ ( all ! build+s1 & conta9s a ',pr5tice pill>1 ( :i* a simil> /ory is told to t ( ! ornate column 9 ,rosl9 *apel4 ,9 ! lavatory1 or ve/ibule connect+ ! *apt]-h\se ) ! *oir1 ,m>jory ,&]son1 a poor half-crazy creature1 a soldi]'s wid[1 took up h] qu>t]s 9 #agdh4 ,%e cradl$ h] son 9 ! pisc9a & liv$ on *>ity4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! lad jo9$ ! army & w5t to ,india1 :]e he rose to ! rank ( major-g5]al & amass$ a =tune ( ,l#gj1jjj ) :i* he end[$ ! ,elg9 ,in/itution 7commonly kn[n z ! ,&]son ,in/itution7 at ! ea/ end ( ,high ,/reet1 = ! education ( y\? & ! support ( old age4 ,)9 ! prec9cts ( ! ca!dral gr\nds /ood ! bi%op's palace 7n[ 9 ru9s71 ! h\ses ( ! dean & ar*deacon 7n[ ,nor? & ,s\? ,colleges71 & ! manses ( ! canons4 ,o!r ecclesia/ical build+s 7 ! mona/]ies ( ,blackfri>s 7#abcj7 & ,greyfri>s 7#adaj7 & ! preceptory ( ,maisondieu 7#abdj74 ,!y also 7 p]mitt$ to fall into decay1 b ! #crd m>quess ( ,bute und]took ! re/oration ( ! ,greyfri>s' *apel4 ,! p>i% *ur*1 9 ! ,greek /yle1 0 built 9 #ahbh4 ,gray's hospital1 at ! we/ end ( ,high ,/reet1 0 end[$ by ,dr ,alex&] ,gray 7#agea-ahjh71 & at ! ea/ end /&s ! ,in/itution1 already m5tion$1 f\nd$ by ,g5]al ,&rew ,&]son 7#agdf-ahbb74 ,o!r public build+s include ! assembly rooms1 ! t[n-hall1 ! museum 79 :i* ! antiquities & natural hi/ory ( ! %ire are abundantly illu/rat$71 ! di/rict asylum1 ! academy1 ! c\nty build+s & ! c\rt h\se1 ! m>ket build+s1 ! ,victoria s*ool ( sci5ce & art1 & ,lady ,gordon-,cumm+'s *ildr5's home4 ,9 #aijc ,mr ,g4,a4 ,coop] pres5t$ 8 native t[n ) a public p>k ( #db acres1 conta9+ lakes repres5t+ on a m9iature scale ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,grant ,lodge1 an old mansion ( ! ,grant family1 occupy+ ! s\?-we/ corn] ( ! p>k1 0 conv]t$ into ! public libr>y4 ,f ! top ( ,ladyhill ! view comm&s ! l9ks ( ! ,lossie & ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & a recreation gr\nd is laid out on ,lossie ,gre54 ,! indu/ries include di/ill+ & brew+1 nurs]y g>d5+1 tann+1 saw & fl\r mills1 iron-f\ndries & manufactures ( wooll5s1 twe$s & plaid+1 & ! qu>ry+ ( s&/one4 ,elg9 comb9es ) ,banff1 ,cull51 ,inv]urie1 ,k9tore & ,pet]head to return "o memb] to p>liam5t1 & ! t[n is controll$ by a c\ncil ) provo/ & bailies4 ,two miles & a half ,s4 by ,w4 ( ,elg9 /&s ! *ur* ( ,birnie1 ) ! exception ( ! *ur* at ,mortla* 9 ,banff%ire probably ! olde/ place ( public wor%ip 9 ,scotl& /ill 9 use4 ,x is n lat] ?an #aaej &1 ) its pr$ecessor1 0 ! ca!dral ( ,moray dur+ ! rule ( ! fir/ f\r bi%ops2 ! f\r? bi%op1 ,simon de ,to5y1 an ,engli%man1 0 buri$ 9 its prec9cts 9 #aahd4 ,9 ! *ur* is pres]v$ an old ,celtic alt>-bell ( hamm]$ iron1 kn[n z ! ,ronnell bell4 ,su* is ! od\r ( sanctity ( ?is v5]able *ur* t !re is an old local say+ t to be ?rice pray$ = 9 ! kirk ( ,birnie w ei!r m5d or end ye4 ,six miles to ! ,s4,w4 ( ,elg91 *>m+ly situat$ 9 a seclud$ valley encircl$ by fir-clad heights1 lie ! picturesque rema9s ( ,plusc>d5 ,priory1 a ,ci/]cian h\se f\nd$ by ,alex&] ,,ii4 9 #abcj4 ,! ru9s1 consi/+ ( t[]1 *oir1 *apt]-h\se1 refectory & o!r ap>tm5ts1 are ne>ly hidd5 f view by _! d5se coat+ ( ivy & ! f9e old trees1 includ+ _m beautiful examples ( copp] bee*1 by :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,its la/ prior1 ,alex&] ,dunb>1 di$ 9 #aefj4 ,! ,lib] ,plusc>d5sis1 a valuable au?ority on e>ly ,scots hi/ory1 0 compil$ 9 ! priory by ,maurice ,bu*anan 9 #adfa4 ,! *ronicle comes d[n to ! dea? ( ,james ,i4 ,! #crd m>quess ( ,bute acquir$ ! ru9s 9 #ahig4 ,,elg9 ,,& ,,k9c>d9e1 ,,e>ls ,,(4 ,,?omas ,,bruce1 #g? e>l ( ,elg9 7#agff-ahda71 ,briti% diplomati/ & art collector1 0 born on ! #bj? ( ,july #agff1 & 9 #agga succe$$ 8 bro!r 9 ! ,scotti% pe]age z ! #g? e>l ( ,elg9 7cr4 #afcc71 & #aa? ( ,k9c>d9e 7cr4 #afdg74 ,he 0 educat$ at ,h>r[ & ,we/m9/]1 &1 aft] /udy+ = "s "t at ! univ]sity ( ,/ ,&rews1 proce$$ to ! cont95t1 :]e he /udi$ int]national law at ,p>is1 & milit>y sci5ce 9 ,g]many4 ,:5 8 education 0 complet$ he ent]$ ! army1 9 :i* he rose to ! rank ( g5]al4 ,8 *ief att5tion 01 h[ev]1 devot$ to diplomacy4 ,9 #agib he 0 appo9t$ envoy at ,brussels1 & 9 #agie envoy extraord9>y at ,b]l92 & f #agii to #ahjb he 0 envoy extraord9>y at ! ,porte4 ,x 0 dur+ 8 /ay at ,con/ant9ople t he =m$ ! purpose ( remov+ f ,a!ns ! celebrat$ sculptures n[ kn[n z ! ,elg9 ,m>bles4 ,8 do+ s 0 c5sur$ by "s z v&alism1 & d\bts 7 also express$ z to ! arti/ic value ( _m ( ! m>bles2 b he v9dicat$ himself 9 a pamphlet publi%$ 9 #ahaj1 & entitl$ ,memor&um on ! ,subject ( ! ,e>l ( ,elg9's ,pursuits 9 ,greece4 ,9 #ahaf ! collection 0 pur*as$ by ! nation = ,l#cf1jjj1 & plac$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ! outlay incurr$ by ,"l ,elg9 hav+ be5 m ?an ,l#ej1jjj4 ,"l ,elg9 0 a ,scotti% repres5tative pe] = fifty ye>s4 ,he di$ at ,p>is on ! #ad? ( ,novemb] #ahda4 ,,james ,,bruce1 #h? e>l ( ,elg9 7#ahaa-ahfc71 ,briti% /atesman1 elde/ son ( ! #g? e>l by 8 second m>riage1 0 born 9 #ahaa1 & succe$$ to ! pe]age z #h? e>l ( ,elg9 & #ab? ( ,k9c>d9e 9 #ahda4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,eton & at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 :]e he _h z companions & rivals 8 y\ng] pr$ecessors 9 ! (fice ( gov]nor-g5]al ( ,india1 ,dalh\sie & ,cann+4 ,he began 8 (ficial c>e] 9 #ahdb at ! age ( ?irty1 z gov]nor ( ,jamaica4 ,dur+ an adm9i/ration ( f\r ye>s he succe$$ 9 w9n+ ! respect ( all classes4 ,he improv$ ! condition ( ! negroes & conciliat$ ! plant]s by work+ ?r\gh !m4 ,9 #ahdf ,"l ,grey appo9t$ him gov]nor-g5]al ( ,canada4 ,son-9-law ( ! popul> e>l ( ,durham1 he 0 well receiv$ by ! coloni/s1 & he set himself delib]ately to c>ry out ! ,durham policy4 ,9 ?is 8 frank & g5ial mann]s aid$ him p[]fully4 ,8 ass5t to ! local measure = indemnify+ ^? :o _h suff]$ 9 ! tr\bles ( #ahcg l$ ! mob ( ,montreal to pelt 8 c>riage = ! rew>d+ ( rebels = rebellion1 z ,mr ,glad/one describ$ x4 ,b long be=e 8 eight ye>s' t]m ( s]vice expir$ he 0 ! mo/ popul> man 9 ,canada4 ,8 relations ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 8 he>ty support ( ! self-gov]nm5t & def5ce ( ! colony1 & 8 settlem5t ( ! free-trade & fi%]y que/ions1 l$ to 8 be+ rais$ 9 #ahdi to ! ,briti% pe]age z ,b>on ,elg94 ,soon aft] 8 return to ,engl& 9 #ahed1 ,"l ,palm]/on (f]$ him a seat 9 ! cab9et z *ancellor ( ! du*y ( ,lanca/]1 :i* he decl9$4 ,b :51 9 #ahef ! seizure ( ! ,arr[ by ,commission] ,yeh plung$ ,engl& into w> ) ,*9a1 he at once accept$ ! appo9tm5t ( special envoy ) ! exp$ition4 ,on rea*+ ,po9t de ,galle he 0 met by a =ce summon$ f ,bombay to ,calcutta by ! news ( ! sepoy mut9y at ,me]ut on ! #aa? ( ,may4 ,8 fir/ idea1 t ! some:at meagre intellig5ce w\ld ju/ify mo/ en]getic action 9 ,*9a1 0 at once *ang$ :5 urg5t lett]s f ,"l ,cann+ rea*$ him at ,s+apore1 ! next port1 on ! #crd ( ,june4 ,h4,m4,s4 ,%annon 0 at once s5t on to ,calcutta ) ! troops de/9$ = ,*9a1 & ,"l ,elg9 himself foll[$ x1 :5 gloomi] lett]s f ,india rea*$ him4 ,! arrival ( ! ,%annon gave new life to ! h&ful ( :ite m5 fight+ = civilization aga9/ fe>ful odds1 & be=e ! re9=cem5ts f ,engl& arriv$ ! back ( ! mut9y _h be5 brok54 ,nor 0 ! position 9 ,*9a s]i\sly affect$ by ! want ( ! troops4 ,"l ,elg9 s5t 9 8 ultimatum to ,commission] ,yeh at ,canton on ! same day1 ! #ab? ( ,decemb]1 t he le>n$ ! relief ( ,luckn[1 & he soon aft] s5t ,yeh a prison] to ,calcutta4 ,by ,july #aheh1 aft] mon?s ( ,*9ese deception1 he 0 able to leave ! ,gulf ( ,pe*ili ) ! emp]or's ass5t to ! ,treaty ( ,ti5ts94 ,subsequ5tly he visit$ ,japan1 & obta9$ less consid]able concessions f its gov]nm5t 9 ! ,treaty ( ,y$do4 ,x is true t ! negotiations 7 conf9$ to ! really subord9ate ,tycoon or ,%ogun1 b t visit prov$ ! beg9n+ ( ,briti% influ5ce 9 ! mo/ progressive c\ntry ( ,asia4 ,un=tunately1 ! ,*9ese difficulty 0 n yet at an end4 ,aft] t$i\s disputes ) ! t>iff commission]s z to ! opium duty1 & a visit to ! upp] wat]s ( ! ,yang-tzse1 ,"l ,elg9 _h rea*$ ,engl& 9 ,may #ahei4 ,b :5 8 bro!r & ! alli$ =ces attempt$ to proce$ to ,pek+ ) ! ratifi$ treaty1 !y 7 fir$ on f ! ,taku =ts at ! m\? ( ! ,peiho4 ,! ,*9ese _h resolv$ to try ! =tune ( w> once m1 & ,"l ,russell aga9 s5t out ,"l ,elg9 z ambassador extraord9>y to dem& an apology = ! attack1 ! execution ( ! treaty1 & an indemnity = ! milit>y & naval exp5diture4 ,sir ,rob]t ,napi] 7aft]w>ds ,"l ,napi] ( ,magdala7 & ,sir ,hope ,grant1 ) ! ,fr5*1 s effectually r\t$ ! ,tat> troops & sack$ ! ,summ] ,palace t by ! #bd? ( ,octob] #ahfj a conv5tion 0 conclud$ :i* 0 entirely satisfactory to ,h] ,maje/y's gov]nm5t4 ,"l ,elg9 _h n be5 a mon? at home :5 ,"l ,palm]/on select$ him to be vic]oy & gov]nor-g5]al ( ,india4 ,he _h n[ atta9$ ! object ( 8 hon\rable ambition1 aft] ! (fice _h be5 fill$ 9 mo/ critical times by 8 juniors & old college companions1 ! m>quis ( ,dalh\sie & ,e>l ,cann+4 ,he succe$$ a /atesman :o _h done mu* to reorganize ! :ole adm9i/ration ( ,india1 %att]$ z x _h be5 by ! mut9y4 ,b1 z ! fir/ vic]oy directly appo9t$ by ! ,cr[n1 & z subject to ! secret>y ( /ate = ,india1 ,"l ,elg9 at once gave up all ,"l ,cann+ _h f\ght =1 9 ! co-ord9ate indep5d5ce1 or r ! /imulat+ responsibility1 ( ! gov]nor-g5]al1 :i* _h prevail$ f ! days ( ,clive & ,w>r5 ,ha/+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he loyally c>ri$ out ! wise & equitable policy ( 8 pr$ecessor t[>ds our feudatories ) a firmness & a dignity t 9 ! case ( ,holk> & ,udaipur _h a good effect4 ,he did 8 be/ to *eck ! aggression ( ! ,dut* 9 ,sumatra1 :i* 0 contr>y to treaty1 & he support$ ,do/ ,mahomm$ 9 ,kabul until t ag$ w>rior ent]$ ! !n neutral & disput$ t]ritory ( ,h]at4 ,det]m9$ to ma9ta9 inviolate ! integrity ( our own nor?-we/ fronti]1 ,"l ,elg9 assembl$ a camp ( ex]cise at ,lahore1 & m>*$ a =ce to ! ,pe%aw> bord] to puni% ^? bran*es ( ! ,yusufzai tribe :o _h violat$ ! engagem5ts ( #aheh4 ,x 0 9 ! mid/ ( ?is little w> t he di$4 ,soon aft] 8 arrival at ,calcutta1 he _h project$ ! usual t\r to ,simla1 to be foll[$ by an inspection ( ! ,punjab & its w>like r+-f5ce ( ,pa?ans4 ,he ev5 contemplat$ ! summon+ ( ! c5tral legislative c\ncil at ,lahore4 ,aft] pass+ ! summ] ( #ahfc 9 ! cool retreat ( ,pet]h(f1 ,simla1 ,"l ,elg9 began a m>* across ! hills f ,simla to ,sialkot by ! upp] valleys ( ! ,beas1 ! ,ravi & ! ,*5ab1 *iefly to decide ! two alli$ que/ions ( tea cultivation & trade r\tes to ,ka%g> & ,tibet4 ,! climb+ up to ! ,rotung ,pass 7#ac1jjj ft47 :i* sep>ates ! ,beas valley f t ( ! ,*5ab1 & ! cross+ ( ! frail twig bridge across ! ,*undra torr5t1 pro/rat$ him by ! "t he _h desc5d$ into ! smil+ ,engli%-l ,kangra valley4 ,!nce he wrote 8 la/ lett] to ,sir ,*>les ,wood1 /ill full ( hope & n free f anxiety z to ! ,sittana exp$ition4 ,at ! lovely hill /ation ( ,dh>msala1 ! place ( piety1 he di$ ( fatty deg5]ation ( he>t on ! #bj? ( ,novemb] #ahfc4 ,= 8 :ole c>e] see ,lett]s & ,j\rnals ( ,james1 ,eigh? ,e>l ( ,elg91 edit$ by ,walrond1 b correct$ by 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,dean ,/anley2 = ! ,*9a missions see ,n>rative ( ! ,e>l ( ,elg9's ,mission to ,*9a & ,japan1 by ,laur5ce ,oliphant1 8 private secret>y2 = ! brief ,indian adm9i/ration see ! ,fri5d ( ,india = #ahfb-ahfc4 ,,victor ,,alex&] ,,bruce1 #i? e>l ( ,elg9 7#ahdi- 71 ,briti% /atesman1 0 born on ! #af? ( ,may #ahdi1 ! son ( ! #h? e>l1 & 0 educat$ at ,eton & ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,9 #ahfc he succe$$ z #i? e>l ( ,elg9 & #ac? ( ,k9c>d9e4 ,a ,lib]al 9 politics1 he became fir/ commission] ( works 7#ahhf71 & subsequ5tly vic]oy ( ,india 7#ahid-ahii74 ,8 adm9i/ration 9 ,india 0 *iefly notable = ! fronti] ris+s ( #ahig-ahih4 ,! ,afridis broke out into a fanatical revolt & ?r\gh hesitation on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t 7 all[$ to seize ! ,khyb] ,pass1 necessitat+ ! ,tirah ,exp$ition4 ,aft] 8 return to ,engl& he 0 nom9at$ *airman ( ! royal commission to inve/igate ! conduct ( ! ,s\? ,african ,w>2 & on ! =mation ( ,sir ,h5ry ,campbell-,bann]man's m9i/ry 9 ,decemb] #aije1 he became a memb] ( ! cab9et z secret>y ( /ate = ! colonies4 ,9 ?is capacity1 ?\gh he %[$ _m /atesmanlike qualities1 he 0 some:at ov]%ad[$ by 8 brilliant "u-secret>y 9 ! ,commons1 ,mr ,w9/on ,*ur*ill1 ^: spee*es on colonial affairs 7 z aggressive z ,"l ,elg9's 7 cauti\s2 & :5 9 ,april #aijh1 ,mr ,asqui? became prime m9i/]1 ,"l ,elg9 retir$ f ! cab9et4 ,,elg9%ire1 or ,,moray 7,gaelic among ! seabo>d m571 a nor!rn c\nty ( ,scotl&1 b\nd$ ,n4 by ! ,moray ,fir?1 ,e4 & ,s4,e4 by ,banff%ire1 ,s4 & ,s4,w4 by ,inv]ness & ,w4 by ,nairn%ire4 ,x comprises only ! ea/]n portion ( ! anci5t prov9ce ( ,moray1 :i* ext5d$ f ! ,spey to ! ,beauly & f ! ,grampians to ! sea1 embrac+ an area ( ab\t #cijj sq4 m4 ,! area ( ! c\nty is #cje1aai acres1 or #dgg sq4 m4 ,elg9%ire is naturally divid$ into two sections1 ! level & f]tile coa/ & its h9t]l&--! ,laigh o' ,moray1 a tract #cj m4 long by f #e to #ab m4 broad--& ! hilly c\ntry 9 ! s\?4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 no high m\nta9s4 ,c>n ,ruigh 7#aghd ft471 ,l>ig ,hill 7#aghc7 & ,c>n ,kitty 7#agaa7 are ! *ief em95ces 9 ! s\?-c5tral di/rict until ! ridge ( ! ,cromdale ,hills is rea*$ on ! ,banff%ire bord]1 :]e ! highe/ po9t is #bcbi ft4 above ! sea4 ,! two mo/ important riv]s1 ! ,spey 7q4v47 & ! ,f9dhorn1 bo? h _! s\rces 9 ,inv]ness-%ire4 ,ab\t #ej m4 ( ! c\rse ( ! ,spey are 9 ,elg9%ire1 to :i* x may be r\ghly said to s]ve z ! b\nd>y l9e on ! s\?-ea/ & ea/4 ,! ,f9dhorn rises 9 ! ,monadliadh ,m\nta9s :i* =m ! wat]%$ = sev]al miles betwe5 x & ! ,spey4 ,( its total c\rse ( ne>ly #gj m4 only ! la/ #ab are 9 ! c\nty1 :]e x sep>ates ! woods ( ,altyre f ! ,=e/ ( ,d>naway1 be=e ent]+ ! ,moray ,fir? 9 a bay on ! nor?-ea/]n %ore to :i* x has giv5 its "n4 ,dur+ ! fir/ #g m4 ( its fl[ 9 ,elg9%ire ! /ream passes ?r\gh "s ( ! f9e/ sc5]y 9 ,scotl&4 ,x is liable to sudd5 ris+s1 & 9 ! memorable ,moray floods ( ,augu/ #ahbi wr\ght ! greate/ havoc4 ,( o!r riv]s ! ,lossie rises 9 ! small lakes on ! flanks ( ,c>n ,kitty & pursues a v w9d+ c\rse ( #cd m4 till x rea*es ! ,moray ,fir?2 ,ball9tomb ,burn1 ,ro!s ,burn & ,tul*an ,burn are left-h& afflu5ts ( ! ,spey2 ! ,dorbock & ,divie1 unit+ _! =ces ne> ,dunphail ,h\se1 jo9 ! ,f9dhorn at ,relugas2 & ,muckle ,wat]1 a left-h& tribut>y ( ! ,f9dhorn1 comes f ,nairn%ire4 ,! ,spey & ,f9dhorn are fam\s = salmon1 b "s ( ! small] /reams1 too1 af=d good sport4 ,! lo*s are few & unimportant1 among !m be+ ,lo* ,spynie1 #b-a_/b m4 ,n41 & ,lo*-na-,bo1 #d m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,elg92 ,lo* ( ,blairs1 #b-a_/b m4 ,s4 ( ,=res2 ,lo* ,roma*1 #c m4 ,s4 ( ,raf=d2 ,lo* ,dallas1 ab\t #d m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,dallas1 & ,lo*9dorb 9 ! ,s4,w41 #f m4 ,n4,n4,w4 ( ,grant[n4 ,lo* ,spynie 0 once a lake ext5d+ f ! ,fir? to )9 #b-a_/b m4 ( ,elg9 & cov]+ an area ( ov] #bjjj acres4 ,its %ores 7 ! haunt ( a great v>iety ( birds1 & its wat]s 7 full ( salmon1 sea-tr\t & pike4 ,b e>ly 9 ! #ai? c5tury x 0 resolv$ to reclaim ! l&1 & ! dra9age works !n und]tak5 r$uc$ ! beautiful lo* to a swamp ( "s #abj acres4 ,lo*9dorb is n[ ! l>ge/ lake1 be+ #b m4 9 l5g? & fully #a_/b m4 wide4 ,9 ! upp] end1 on an isl& believ$ to be artificial1 /& ! ru9s ( ,lo*9dorb ,ca/le1 9 ! #ad? c5tury ! /ronghold ( ! ,wolf ( ,bad5o*1 & aft]w>ds successively ! prop]ty ( ! e>l ( ,moray1 ! ,campbells ( ,cawdor & ! e>l ( ,seafield4 ,sir ,?omas ,dick ,laud] saw at ,cawdor ,ca/le a massive iron gate :i*1 accord+ to tradition1 ,sir ,donald ,campbell ( ,cawdor c>ri$ on 8 back f ,lo*9dorb to ,cawdor1 a di/ance ( #ac m4 ,9 ! s\!rn half ( ! c\nty1 among/ ! hills1 are sev]al gl5s1 among !m ! ,gl5 ( ,ro!s1 ,gl5 ,lossie1 ,gl5 ,gheallaidh1 ,gl5 ,tul*an & ,gl5 ,beag4 ,/ra?spey1 ?\gh m ( a valley ?an a gl51 is rem>kable = its ext5t & beauty4 ,geology4--,?is c\nty may be divid$ geologically into two areas1 ! hilly region to ! s\? be+ compos$ ( ! cry/all9e s*i/s ( ! ,c5tral ,highl&s & ! f]tile pla9 ( ,moray be+ made up ( ,old ,r$ ,s&/one & ,triassic /rata4 ,9 ! ,cromdale ,hills 9 ! s\?-ea/ ( ! c\nty ! metamorphic s]ies comprises s*i/ose qu>tzite1 qu>tz-s*i/s1 micace\s flag/ones & mica-s*i/s1 :i* are granulitic & holocry/all9e1 ! d>k lam9ae 9 "s cases conta9+ heavy residues su* z ilm5ite & zircon4 ,! great] portion ( ! metamorphic area we/ ( ! ,spey consi/s ( granulitic qu>tz-biotite-granulites & b&s ( muscovite-biotite-s*i/ belong+ to ! ,mo9e s]ies ( ! ,geological ,survey 7see ,,scotl&3 ,geology74 ,9 c]ta9 areas ^! are p]meat$ by granitic mat]ial 9 ! =m ( ?9 /r+s1 knots & ve9s4 ,excell5t sections ( ^! rocks are expos$ 9 ! ,f9dhorn1 ! ,divie & ! tribut>ies ( ! ,spey4 ,ne> ,grant[n !re is a gr\p locally develop$1 compris+ cry/all9e lime/one ) tremolite1 kyanite gneiss1 muscovite-biotite-s*i/ & qu>tzite1 ! age & relations ( :i* are /ill unc]ta94 ,! g5]al /rike ( ! cry/all9e s*i/s1 save :]e !re are local deflections1 is nor?-ea/ & s\?-we/1 & ! g5]al dip is to ! s\?-ea/4 ,betwe5 ,lo*9dorb & ,grant[n !re is a mass ( granite belong+ to ! lat] intrusions ( ! ,highl&s repres5t$ by ! ,cairngorm granite4 ,)9 ! c\nty !re are repres5tatives ( ! middle & upp] divisions ( ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one re/+ uncon=mably on ! cry/all9e s*i/s4 ,! /rata ( ! middle or ,orcadian s]ies consi/ ( conglom]ates1 s&/ones1 %ales & clays1 ) lime/one nodules conta9+ fi% rema9s4 ,?is sequ5ce is well display$ 9 ! banks ( ! ,spey nor? ( ,boat ( ,bridge & 9 ! ,tynet ,burn ea/ ( ,fo*ab]s1 ! latt] be+ "o ( ! well-kn[n localities = i*?yolites 9 ! middle or ,orcadian division4 ,9 ! ,tynet & ,golla*ie ,burn sections1 ! fi% b$ is ov]laid by conglom]ates & r$ pebbly s&/ones1 pass+ upw>ds into a ?9 zone ( &esite lavas1 indicat+ contemporane\s volcanic action4 ,we/ ( ! ,tynet ,burn & ,spey sections !re is no trace ( ! memb]s ( ! ,orcadian division till we rea* ! ,muckle ,burn & ,le!n ,b> 9 ,nairn%ire1 save ! co>se conglom]ate fill+ ! anci5t holl[ ( ! valley ( ,ro!s :i* may belong to ! middle s]ies4 ,9 t direction !y are ov]lapp$ by ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one1 :i* 9 ! riv] ,lossie1 9 ! ,lo*ty ,burn & ! ,f9dhorn re/ directly on ! metamorphic rocks4 ,ev5 to ! s\? ( ! ma9 b\nd>y ( ! upp] division !re are small outli]s ( t s]ies re/+ on ! cry/all9e s*i/s4 ,h5ce !re mu/ be a discordance betwe5 ! ,middle & ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 ?is c\nty4 ,! /rata ( ! upp] division consi/ ( r$1 grey & yell[ false-b$d$ s&/ones ) conglom]atic b&s1 :i* are well se5 9 ! ,f9dhorn betwe5 ,sluie & ,co?all1 :]e !y are associat$ ) a b$ ( corn/one1 all dipp+ to ! ,n4,n4,w4 at g5tle angles4 ,s\? ( ,elg9 !y are expos$ 9 ! ,lossie & at ,scaat ,craig1 :ile to ! nor? ( t t[n !y ext5d along ! ridge f ,bi%opmill to ,alves4 ,by means ( ! fi% rema9s1 :i* occur at ,scaat ,craig1 9 ! ,bi%opmill qu>ries1 at ,alves1 9 ! ,f9dhorn cliffs & 9 ! ,:itemyre qu>ry on ! ,muckle ,burn1 ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one 9 ?is c\nty is arrang$ 9 two gr\ps1 ! ,alves & ,rosebrae4 ,9 ! area ly+ to ! nor? ( ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one ridge at ,bi%opmill & ,qu>rywood1 ! /rata ( ,triassic age occur1 :]e !y consi/ ( pale grey & yell[ s&/ones & a peculi> *]ty & calc>e\s b&1 kn[n z ! *]ty rock ( ,/otfield4 ,! s&/ones are visible 9 qu>ries on ! nor? slope ( ,qu>ry ,wood1 at ,f9drassie1 at ,spynie & along ! ridge & sea-%ore betwe5 ,burghead & ,lossiem\?4 ,!y are inve/$ ) special int]e/ on acc\nt ( ! rem>kable s]ies ( reptilian rema9s obta9$ f !m1 compris+ ,/agonolepis1 a crocodile alli$ to ! mod]n caiman 9 =m2 ,tel]peton & ,hyp]odap$on1 species ( liz>ds2 ,dicynodonts 7,gordonia & ,geikia7 & a horn$ reptile1 ,elg9ia mirabilis 7see ,,scotl&3 ,geology74 ,! palaeontological evid5ce po9ts to ! conclusion t ^! reptilif]\s s&/ones mu/ belong 9 "p to ! ,trias1 inde$ x is possible t ! l[] portion may be ( ,p]mian age4 ,9 ! ,cutties ,hillock qu>ry we/ ( ,elg9 ^! reptilif]\s b$s re/ directly on ! s&/ones conta9+ ,holopty*ius ( ,upp] ,old ,r$ ,s&/one age1 s t ! app>5t con=mability mu/ be entirely deceptive4 ,)9 ! area occupi$ by ! ,trias we/ ( ,/otfield1 flag/ones appe>1 *>g$ ) fi% scales ( ,upp] ,old ,r$ age1 :]e !y =m a l[ ridge protrud+ ?r\gh ! y\ng] /rata4 ,bo? ! ,upp] ,old ,r$ & ,triassic s&/ones h be5 l>gely qu>ri$ = build+ purposes4 ,on ! %ore at ,lossiem\? !re is a pat* ( gre5i% :ite s&/ones yield+ fossils *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[] ,oolite4 ,! glacial deposits di/ribut$ ov] ! f]tile pla9 ( ,moray & 9 ! upl& valleys are ( int]e/4 ,! l[ gr\nds 7 cross$ by ! ice desc5d+ ! ,moray ,fir? 9 an ea/]ly & s\?-ea/]ly direction1 :i* c>ri$ b\ld]s ( granite f ,/ra? ,nairn & aug5 gneiss f ,ea/] ,ross4 ,9 ! ,elg9 di/rict1 b\ld]s belong+ to ! horizons ( ! ,l[] & ,middle ,lias1 ! ,ox=d ,clay & ! ,upp] ,*alk are f\nd bo? 9 ! glacial deposits & on ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! l>ge/ transport$ mass occurs at ,l9ksfield1 :]e a succession ( lime/ones & %ales re/s on b\ld] clay & is cov]$ by x1 :i* f ! fossils may be ( ,rhaetic or ,l[] ,lias age4 ,climate & ,agriculture4--,! climate ( ! coa/ is equable & mild1 ev5 exotic fruits rip5+ readily 9 ! op54 ,! upl&s are cold] & damp4 ,! av]age temp]ature 9 ,janu>y is #ch deg4 ,f4 & 9 ,july #eh4e deg41 :ile = ! ye> ! mean is #dg deg4 ,f4 ,! ra9fall = ! ye> av]ages #bf 94 ,consid]+ its latitude & ! ext5t ( its arable l& ! /&>d ( f>m+ 9 ,elg9%ire is high4 ,! ri* soil ( ! l[l&s is well adapt$ = :eat1 b>ley & oats4 ,! acreage conf9$ to ! gl5s & /ra?s "u b>ley approximates t "u oats4 ,9 ! upl&s1 oats is ! pr9cipal c]eal4 ,! bre$+ ( live-/ock is pr(itable1 & "s ( ! f9e/ specim5s ( %or?orn$ & poll$ cattle & ( crosses betwe5 ! two are br$4 ,on ! l>g] f>ms 9 ! ,laigh ,leice/] %eep are kept all ! ye> r\nd1 b 9 ! upl&s ! ,blackfac$ take _! place4 ,l>ge numb]s ( horses & pigs are also rais$4 ,o!r ,indu/ries4--,:isky is ! *ief product1 & ! num]\s di/ill]ies are usually busy4 ,!re are wooll5 mills at ,elg9 & else:]e & *emical works at ,=res & ,burghead4 ,ow+ to ! abs5ce ( coal :at little m9]al weal? !re is 7iron & lead7 _c be remun]atively work$4 ,! s&/one qu>ries1 yield+ a build+-/one ( sup]ior quality1 are practically inexhau/ible4 ,! plantations ma9ly consi/ ( l>* & fir &1 to a small] ext5t1 ( oak4 ,mu* timb] 0 once float$ d[n ! ,spey & o!r riv]s1 b1 s9ce ! increas$ facilities ( c>riage af=d$ by ! railways1 trees h be5 fell$ on a wid] scale4 ,boat-build+ is c>ri$ on at ,burghead1 ,lossiem\? & ,k+/on--s-call$ f ! fact t a firm f ,k+/on-on-,hull laid d[n a y>d !re 9 #aghd--:ile at ,g>m\? ! fi%+ fleet lies up dur+ ! w9t] & is also repair$ !re4 ,! ,fir? fi%]ies are ( consid]able value4 ,! boats g out f ,f9dhorn1 ,burghead1 ,hopeman & ,lossiem\?1 :i* are all furni%$ ) safe h>b\rs4 ,f9dhorn has be5 twice visit$ by calamities4 ,! fir/ village 0 ov]:elm$ by ! drift+ s&s ( ,culb91 & ! second 0 buri$ b5ea? ! waves 9 #agja4 ,k+/on h>b\r is tidal1 expos$1 & liable to int]ruption f a %ift+ b>4 ,! deep sea fi%]ies comprise haddock1 cod1 l+ & h]r+1 & ! ,spey1 ,f9dhorn & ,lossie yield l>ge quantities ( salmon4 ,! ,great ,nor? ( ,scotl& railway ent]s ! %ire 9 ! ,s4,e4 f ,craigella*ie1 :5ce a bran* runs up ! ,spey to ,boat ( ,g>t5 9 ,inv]ness-%ire1 & 9 ! ,n4,e4 f ,port ,gordon1 runn+ 9 bo? cases to ,elg91 f :i* a bran* l9e ext5ds to ,lossiem\?4 ,! ,highl& railway trav]ses ! we/]n limits ( ! %ire runn+ almo/ due nor? to ,=res1 :5ce x turns we/w>d to ,nairn & ea/w>d to ,elg94 ,f ! c\nty t[n x runs to ,ab]de5 via ,orbli/on & ,kei?1 ) a bran* to ,fo*ab]s f ,orbli/on4 ,population & ,gov]nm5t4--,! population 0 #dc1dga 9 #ahia & #dd1hjj 9 #aija1 :5 #ahfe p]sons spoke bo? ,gaelic & ,engli%1 & #b spoke ,gaelic only4 ,! *ief t[ns are ,elg9 7pop4 9 #aija1 #hdfj71 ,=res 7#dcac7 & ,lossiem\? 7#cijd71 to :i* may be add$ ,ro!s 7#afba71 ,grant[n 7#aefh7 & ,burghead 7#aeca74 ,9 conjunction ) ,nairn%ire ! c\nty returns "o memb] to p>liam5t4 ,elg9 & ,=res are royal burghs2 ! municipal & police burghs include ,burghead1 ,elg91 ,=res1 ,grant[n1 ,lossiem\?1 & ,ro!s4 ,elg9%ire is includ$ 9 "o %]iffdom ) ,inv]ness & ,nairn1 & !re is a resid5t %]iff-sub/itute at ,elg94 ,! c\nty is "u s*ool-bo>d jurisdiction1 sev]al ( ! s*ools e>n+ grants = high] education4 ,!re are academies at ,elg9 & ,fo*ab]s & sci5ce & art & te*nical s*ools at ,elg9 & ,grant[n4 ,! bulk ( ! residue grant is sp5t 9 subsidiz+ ! agricultural dep>tm5t ( ,ab]de5 ,univ]sity & ! sci5ce s*ools & art & te*nical classes 9 ! c\nty4 ,hi/ory4--,moray1 9 ! wid] s5se1 0 fir/ peopl$ by ,picts ( ! ,gaelic bran* ( ,celts1 ( :om relics are f\nd 9 ! /one circle at ,viewfield & at _m places 9 ,nairn%ire4 ,*ri/ianity1 introduc$ "u ! auspices ( ,columba 7f ^: "t ! site ( ,burghead *ur* has probably be5 s occupi$71 fl\ri%$ = a p]iod until ! ,columban *ur* 0 expell$ 9 #gag by ,k+ ,nectan4 ,!reaft] ! di/rict 0 giv5 ov] to int]nec9e /rife betwe5 ! nor!rn & s\!rn ,picts1 :i* 0 end$ by ! cru%+ victory ( ,k5ne? ,mac,alpine 9 #hca1 z "o result ( :i* ! k+dom ( ,pictavia 0 sup]s$$ by ! pr9cipality ( ,moravia4 ,/ill1 settl$ ord] _h n yet be5 secur$1 = ! ,norsem5 raid$ ! c\ntry fir/ "u ,?or/e9 & !n "u two ,sigurds4 ,x 0 9 ! "t ( ! second ,sigurd t ! ,fir? 0 fix$ z ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ,moray4 ,9 spite ( su* int]ruptions z ! battle ( ,torfness 7,burghead7 on ! #ad? ( ,augu/ #ajdj1 9 :i* ,?orf9n1 e>l ( ,orkney & ,%etl&1 ov]?rew a /rong =ce ( ,scots "u ,k+ ,duncan1 ! consolidation ( ! k+dom 0 be+ gradually accompli%$4 ,aft] ,macbe? asc5d$ ! ?rone ! ,sc&9avians held _! h&s4 ,?\gh ,macbe? & 8 fa9eant successor1 daft ,lula*1 7 ! only k+s :om ,moray gave to ,scotl&1 ! prov9ce nev] lack$ = able1 if head/rong1 m51 & x cont9u$ to enjoy home rule "u its own m>ma]1 or great /ew>d 7! equival5t ( e>l1 ! title t replac$ x71 until ! dawn ( ! #ab? c5tury1 :5 z an entity x ceas$ to exi/4 ,) a view to break+ up ! p[] ( ! m>ma]s ,david ,i4 & 8 successors coloniz$ ! seabo>d ) settl]s f o!r p>ts ( ! k+dom4 ,nev]!less1 f "t to "t ! clansm5 & _! *iefs desc5d$ f _! fa/nesses & plund]$ ! ,laigh1 keep+ ! p = g5]ations 9 a /ate ( panic4 ,mean:ile1 ! ,*ur* _h become a civiliz+ =ce4 ,9 #aajg ,alex&] _h f\nd$ ! see ( ,moray & ! *ur*es ( ,birnie1 ,k9n$d> & ,spynie 7 9 turn ! ca!dral ( ! e>ly bi%ops1 until 9 #abbd "u ! episcopate ( ,&rew ( ,moray 7de ,moravia71 ! *ur* ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity 9 ,elg9 0 *os5 = ! ca!dral4 ,ano!r factor t drew m5 toge!r 0 ! /ruggle = indep5d5ce4 ,9 8 ef=t to /amp out ,scotti% nationality ,edw>d ,i4 came z f> nor? z ,elg91 :]e he /ay$ = f\r days 9 ,july #abif1 & :5ce he issu$ 8 writ = ! p>liam5t at ,b]wick4 ,wallace1 h[ev]1 _h no d\ghti] support] ?an ,sir ,&rew ,moray ( ,bo?well1 & ,bruce recogniz$ ! assi/ance he _h receiv$ f ! m5 ( ! nor? by erect+ ,moray into an e>ldom on ! morr[ ( ,bannockburn & be/[+ x ^u ,?omas ,r&olph 7see ,,moray1 ,,?omas ,,r&olph1 ,,e>l ,,(74 ,h5ce=w>d ! hi/ory ( ! c\nty resolv$ itself 9 ! ma9 into matt]s affect+ ! p[] ( ! ,*ur* & ! ambitions ( ! ,moray dyna/ies4 ,! ,*ur* accept$ ! ,re=mation peacefully if n ) gratitude4 ,b !re 0 /rife betwe5 ,cov5ant]s & ! adh]5ts ( ,episcopacy until1 prelacy itself be+ aboli%$ 9 #afhi1 ! bi%opric ( ,moray came to an end aft] an exi/5ce ( #eha ye>s4 7,= ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! e>ldom1 :i* 0 successively held by ! ,r&olphs1 ! ,dunb>s1 ! ,d\glases1 ! royal ,/ew>ts & an illegitimate bran* ( ! ,/ew>ts1 see ,,murray or ,,moray1 ,,e>ls ,,(47 ,o!r celebrat$ ,moray families :o play$ a m or less /r5u\s "p 9 local politics 7 ! ,gordons1 ! ,grants & ! ,duffs4 ,/ill1 national affairs occasionally evok$ int]e/ 9 ,moray4 ,9 ! civil w> ,montrose ravag$ ! villages :i* /ood = ! ,cov5ant]s1 b mo/ ( ! great lairds %ift$ 9 _! allegiance1 & ! mass ( ! p 7 q indiff]5t to ! decl9+ =tunes ( ! ,/ew>ts4 ,*>les ,,ii4 l&$ at ,g>m\? on ! #crd ( ,july #afej on 8 return f 8 fir/ exile 9 ,holl&1 b hurri$ s\?w>ds to try ! yoke ( ,presbyt]y4 ,! fight at ,cromdale 7,may day1 #afij7 %att]$ ! ,jacobite cause1 = ! ef=ts 9 #agae & #agde 7 too spasmodic & half-he>t$ to affect ! loyalty ( ! di/rict to ,hanov]ian rule4 ,a few weeks be=e ,cullod5 ,pr9ce ,*>les ,edw>d /ay$ 9 ,elg9 = "s days1 & a mon? aft]w>ds ! duke ( ,cumb]l& pass$ ?r\gh ! t[n at ! top ( 8 spe$ & adm9i/]$ ! c\p de grace to ! ,"y ,pret5d] on ,drummossie ,moor4 ,twice ,elg9%ire has be5 ! sc5e ( cata/rophes )\t p>allel 9 ,scotl&4 ,9 #afid ! b>ony ( ,culb9--a f9e e/ate1 ) a r5t roll 9 money & k9d ( ,l#fjjj a ye>1 belong+ to ! ,k9nairds1 compris+ #cfjj acres ( l&1 s f]tile t x 0 call$ ! ,gran>y ( ,moray1 a h&some mansion1 a *ur* & sev]al h\ses--0 buri$ "u a mass ( s& 9 a /orm ( extraord9>y sev]ity4 ,! s&y wa/e measures #c m4 9 l5g? & #b 9 bread?1 & ! s&1 exce$+ly f9e & light1 is con/antly %ift+ &1 at r>e int]vals1 expos+ traces ( ! vani%$ demesne4 ,?is wild]ness ( dome-%ap$ dunes divid$ by a l(ti] ridge lies to ! nor?-we/ ( ,=res4 ,! o!r calamity 0 ! ,moray floods ( ! #bnd & #crd ( ,augu/ #ahbi4 ,! ,f9dhorn rose #ej ft4 above ! ord9>y level1 inundat+ an area ( #bj sq4 m42 ! ,divie rose #dj ft41 & ! ,lossie flood$ all ! l[ gr\nd ar\nd ,elg94 ,! floods tore d[n bridges & build+s1 & oblit]at$ f>ms & home/eads4 ,,au?orities4--,la*lan ,%aw1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,moray 7,gordon's edition1 ,glasg[1 #ahhb72 ,a ,survey ( ! ,prov9ce ( ,moray 7,elg91 #agih72 ,w4 ,rh9d1 ,sket*es ( ! ,pa/ & ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,moray 7,ed9burgh1 #ahci72 ,e4 ,dunb> ,dunb>1 ,docum5ts relat+ to ! ,prov9ce ( ,moray 7,ed9burgh1 #ahie72 ,c4,a4 ,gordon1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,h\se ( ,gordon 7,ab]de51 #ahij72 ,c4 ,ramp9i1 ,hi/ory ( ,moray & ,nairn 7,ed9burgh1 #ahig72 ,c4 ,innes1 ,elg91 ,pa/ & ,pres5t 7,elg91 #ahfj72 ,j4 ,macdonald1 ,burghead 7,proce$+s ( ,glasg[ ,ar*aeological ,soc471 7#ahia72 ,sir ,t4 ,dick ,laud]1 ,! ,wolf ( ,bad5o* 7,glasg[1 #ahhf72 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,great ,floods ( ,augu/ #ahbi 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,moray & ,adjo9+ ,di/ricts 7,elg91 #ahgc74 ,,elgon1 also kn[n z ,,masawa1 an ext9ct volcano 9 ,briti% ,ea/ ,africa1 cut by #a deg4 ,n4 & #cd-a_/b deg4 ,e41 =m+ a va/ isolat$ mass ov] #dj m4 9 diamet]4 ,! out] slopes are 9 great measure precipit\s on ! nor?1 we/ & s\?1 b fall m gradually to ! ea/4 ,! s\!rn cliffs are rem>kable = ext5sive caves1 :i* h ! appe>ance ( wat]-worn caves on a coa/ l9e & h = ages s]v$ z habitations = ! natives4 ,! high] p>ts slope gradually upw>ds to ! rim ( an old crat]1 ly+ some:at nor? ( ! c5tre ( ! mass1 & measur+ "s #h m4 9 diamet]4 ,! highe/ po9t ( ! rim is ab\t #ad1ajj ft4 above ! sea4 ,/eep spurs sep>at$ by n>r[ rav9es run out f ! m\nta91 af=d+ ! mo/ picturesque sc5]y4 ,! rav9es are trav]s$ by a great numb] ( /reams1 :i* fl[ nor?-we/ & we/ to ! ,nile 7?r\gh ,lake ,*oga71 s\? & s\?-ea/ to ,victoria ,nyanza1 & nor?-ea/ to ,lake ,rudolf by ! ,turkwell1 ! head-/ream ( :i* rises )9 ! crat]1 break+ ?r\gh a deep cleft 9 its rim4 ,to ! nor?-we/ ( ! m\nta9 a grassy pla91 swampy 9 ! ra9s1 falls t[>ds ! *a9 ( lakes end+ 9 ,*oga2 t[>ds ! nor?-ea/ ! c\ntry becomes m arid1 :ile t[>ds ! s\? x is well wood$4 ,! out] slopes are clo!d 9 _! upp] regions ) d5se =e/ =m$ 9 "p ( bamboos1 especially t[>ds ! s\? & we/1 9 :i* directions ! ra9fall is great] ?an else:]e4 ,! l[] slopes are exceptionally f]tile on ! we/1 & produce bananas 9 abundance4 ,on ! nor?-we/ & nor? ! region betwe5 #fjjj & #gjjj ft4 possesses a delightful climate1 & is well wat]$ by /reams ( ice-cold wat]4 ,! di/rict ( ,save on ! nor? is a halt+-place = ,arab & ,swahili c>avans go+ nor?4 ,on ! we/ ! slopes are d5sely inhabit$ by small ,bantu-,negro tribes1 :o /yle _! c\ntry ,masawa 7:5ce ! alt]native "n = ! m\nta972 b on ! s\? & nor? !re are tribes :i* seem ak9 to ! ,gallas4 ,( ^!1 ! be/ kn[n are ! ,el-gonyi1 f :om ! "n ,elgon has be5 d]iv$4 ,!y =m]ly liv$ almo/ entirely 9 ! caves1 b _m ( !m h desc5d$ to villages at ! foot ( ! m\nta94 ,elgon 0 fir/ visit$ 9 #ahhc by ,joseph ,?omson1 :o br\ght to light ! cave-dwell+s on ! s\!rn face4 ,x 0 cross$ f nor? to s\?1 & its crat] rea*$1 9 #ahij by ,f4,j4 ,jackson & ,erne/ ,g$ge1 :ile ! fir/ j\rney r\nd x 0 made by ,c4,w4 ,hobley 9 #ahif4 7,e4 ,he47 ,,eli 7,hebrew = high8 #a ,sam4 *aps1 i4-iv471 a memb] ( ! anci5t prie/hood f\nd$ 9 ,egypt 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #bg71 prie/ ( ! temple ( ,%iloh1 ! sanctu>y ( ! ark1 & also judge ov] ,israel4 ,?is 0 an unusual comb9ation ( (fices1 :5 x is consid]$ t 9 ! hi/ory pres]v$ to u he appe>s 9 ! weakness ( extreme old age1 unable to control ! petulance & rapacity ( 8 sons1 ,hophni & ,ph9ehas1 :o disgrac$ ! sanctu>y & disgu/$ ! p4 ,:ile ! c5tral au?ority 0 ?us weak5$1 ! ,phili/9es advanc$ aga9/ ,israel1 & ga9$ a complete victory 9 ! great battle ( ,eb5ez]1 :]e ! ark 0 tak51 & ,hophni & ,ph9ehas sla94 ,on he>+ ! news ,eli fell f 8 seat & di$4 ,9 a passage n unlike ! acc\nt ( ! bir? ( ,b5jam9 7,g54 xxxv4 #af sqq471 x is add$ t ! wife ( ,ph9ehas1 ov]:elm$ at ! loss ( ! ark & ( h] husb&1 di$ 9 *ild-bir?1 nam+ ! babe ,i*abod 7#a ,sam4 iv4 #ai sqq474 ,?is "n1 :i* popul> etymology expla9$ by ! words ! glory is remov$ 7or1 /rong]1 'bani%$'7 f ,israel 7cf4 ,hos4 x4 #e71 %\ld p]haps be alt]$ f ,i-kabod 7z ?\gh n glory7 to ,jo*eb$ 7,yokeb$1 a slight *ange 9 ! orig9al71 ! "n :i* tradition also gave to ! "m ( ,moses 7q4v474 ,aft] ^! ev5ts ! sanctu>y ( ,%iloh appe>s to h be5 de/roy$ 7cf4 ,j]4 vii4 #ab1 xxvi4 #f1 #i71 & ! desc5dants ( ,eli ) ! :ole ( _! clan or fa!r's h\se subsequ5tly appe> z settl$ at ,nob 7#a ,sam4 xxi4 #a1 xxii4 #aa sqq41 cp4 xiv4 #c71 p]haps 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ,j]usalem 7,is4 x4 #cb74 ,9 ! massacre ( ! clan by ,saul1 & ! subsequ5t sub/itution ( ! survivor ,abia?> by ,zadok 7#a ,k+s ii4 #bg1 #ce71 lat] writ]s saw ! fulfilm5t ( ! prophecies ( judgm5t :i* 0 said to h be5 utt]$ 9 ! days ( ,eli aga9/ 8 corrupt h\se 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #bg sqq41 iii4 #aa sqq474#a ,see fur!r1 ,,samuel1 ,,books ,,(2 & on ,eli z a desc5dant ( a ,levite clan 7#a ,sam4 ii #bg sq471 see ,,levites 7,s #c74 7,w4 ,r4 ,s42 ,s4 ,a4 ,c47 ,,footnote3 #a ,on ! old views relat+ to ! succession ( ! prie/s1 accord+ to :i* ! high-prie/hood 0 div]t$ f ! l9e ( ,eleaz> & ,ph9ehas into t ( ,i?am>1 see ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,old ,te/4 9 ,jewi% ,*ur*1 #bnd ed41 p4 #bff4 ,,elias1 ( ,cortona 7c4 #aahj-abec71 disciple ( ,/ ,francis ( ,assisi1 0 born ne> ,assisi1 ab\t #aahj1 ( ! work+ class1 b became s*oolma/] at ,assisi & !n not>y at ,bologna4 ,9 #abag he 0 ! head ( ! ,franciscan mission to ! ,holy ,l&1 & 9 #abai ,/ ,francis made him fir/ prov9cial m9i/] ( ,syria4 ,:5 ,/ ,francis 0 recall$ f ! ,ea/ 9 #abbj he br\ght ,elias ) him4 ,elias play$ a lead+ "p 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,franciscan ord] 7see ,,franciscans72 ,francis made him 8 vic> g5]al 9 #abba2 & he 0 ! practical act+ sup]ior ( ! ord] till ,francis' dea? 9 #abbf1 & ! real sup]ior till ! g5]al *apt] ( #abbg4 ,?is *apt] did n elect him m9i/] g5]al1 b t ( #abcb did2 at ! *apt] ( #abci he 0 depos$4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s he erect$ ! basilica & mona/]y at ,assisi :i* 7 entirely 8 creation--he collect$ ! funds & c>ri$ ! "w ?r\gh1 be+ himself ! build] & ev5 ! ar*itect4 ,elias 0 a man ( extraord9>y ability1 ! fri5d bo? ( ,gregory ,,ix4 & ( 8 oppon5t ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,aft] 8 deposition ,elias jo9$ ! p>ty ( ! emp]or & s incurr$ excommunication4 ,fr$]ick s5t him z ambassador to ,con/ant9ople4 ,he dress$ & liv$ z a ,franciscan ?r\gh\t & a small numb] ( fri>s adh]$ to him2 = ^! he built a *ur* & mona/]y at ,cortona4 ,unavail+ ef=ts 7 made to br+ ab\t 8 reconciliation ) ! ord] & ! ,*ur*2 at la/ on 8 dea?-b$ he made 8 submission to ! pope & di$ 9 #abec1 hav+ receiv$ ! ,sacram5ts4 ,! be/ acc\nt ( ,elias is t by ,ed4 ,lempp1 ,fr]e ,elie de ,cortone 7#aija71 :o po9ts out ! conflict ( view1 z to ! relations betwe5 ,elias & ,francis1 betwe5 ! ,speculum p]fectionis & ! ,fir/ ,life1 by ,?omas ( ,celano2 ,lempp & ,sabati] accept ! ho/ile picture giv5 by ! ,speculum p]fectionis4 ,b see fur!r ,,francis ,,( ,,assisi1 ,,sa9t1 ,note on ,s\rces1 & especially ! articles by ,goetz1 !re ref]r$ to1 9 ! ,hi/4 ,vi]teljahrss*rift4 ,!re is a good article on ,elias1 b writt5 be=e ! new mat]ials _h be5 produc$1 9 ,wetz] und ,welte1 ,kir*5lexicon 7ed4 #b74 7,e4 ,c4 ,b47 ,,elias1 ,,john 7#aggd-ahda71 ,wel% ,noncon=mi/ prea*] & re=m]1 0 born on ! #bnd ( ,may #aggd1 9 ! p>i% ( ,ab]]*1 ,c>n>von%ire4 ,9 8 y\? he came "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,calv9i/ic ,me?odi/ revival & became a prea*] at n9ete54 ,9 #agii he m>ri$ & settl$ at ,llanfe*ell 9 ,anglesey1 giv+ up 8 trade z a weav] to become a small %opkeep]4 ,8 fame z a prea*] increas$1 & "u ! direction ( ,?omas ,*>les ( ,bala he e/abli%$ num]\s ,sunday s*ools1 & gave & secur$ consid]able ,wel% support to ! f\nd+ ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society1 ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society & ! ,religi\s ,tract ,society4 ,on ,*>les's dea? 9 #ahad he became ! recogniz$ lead] ( ! ,calv9i/ic ,me?odi/ ,*ur*1 & ! /ory ( 8 life is simply a record ( m>vell\sly successful prea*+ t\rs4 ,he di$ on ! #h? ( ,june #ahda2 t5 ?\s& p att5d$ 8 fun]al4 ,8 eloqu5ce 0 s rem>kable t he 0 kn[n z ! ,wel% ,demo/h5es4 ,8 /r5g? lay 9 8 int5se conviction ( an intimate connexion betwe5 s9 & puni%m5t & 9 8 p[] ( dramatic pres5tation4 ,z an ecclesia/ic he 0 n s successful2 he help$ to compile 8 *ur*'s ,confession ( ,fai? 9 #ahbc1 & laid great /ress on a clause :i* limit$ ! scope ( ! atonem5t to ! elect4 ,he 0 a /\t ,tory 9 politics & _h _m fri5ds among ! ,anglican cl]gy2 he oppos$ ! movem5t = ,roman ,ca?olic emancipation4 ,sev]al ( 8 s]mons 7 publi%$ 9 ,wel%4 ,,elias ,,levita 7#adfi-aedi71 ,jewi% gramm>ian1 0 born at ,neu/adt on ! ,ais*1 a place 9 ,bav>ia ly+ betwe5 ,nuremb]g & ,wurzburg4 ,he pref]r$ to call himself ,a%k5azi1 ! ,g]man1 & bore also ! nickname ( ,ba*ur1 ! y\? or /ud5t1 :i* latt] he gave z title to 8 ,hebrew gramm>4 ,be=e ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury he w5t to ,italy1 :i* !nce=? rema9$ 8 home4 ,he liv$ fir/ at ,padua1 w5t 9 #aeji1 aft] ! capture ( ?is t[n by ! army ( ! ,league ( ,cambrai1 to ,v5ice1 & f9ally 9 #aeac to ,rome1 :]e he f\nd a patron 9 ! le>n$ g5]al ( ! ,augu/9ian ,ord]1 ! future c>d9al ,egidio di ,vit]bo1 :om he help$ 9 8 /udy ( ! ,kabbalah1 :ile he himself 0 inspir$ by him to lit]>y "w4 ,! /orm+ ( ,rome by ! army ( ! ,con/able de ,b\rbon 9 #aebg compell$ ,elias to g to ,v5ice1 :]e he 0 employ$ z corrector 9 ! pr9t+-h\se ( ,daniel ,bomb]g4 ,9 ! ye>s #aeda & #aedb he liv$ at ,isny1 9 ,s\!rn ,wurttemb]g1 :]e he publi%$ sev]al ( 8 writ+s 9 ! pr9t+-h\se ( ! le>n$ pa/or ,paul ,fagius4 ,! la/ ye>s ( 8 life he sp5t at ,v5ice1 cont9u\sly active 9 spite ( ill-heal? & ! weakness ( old age4 ,8 monum5t 9 ! gravey>d ( ! ,jewi% community at ,v5ice boa/s ( him t he illum9at$ ! d>kness ( gramm> & turn$ x into light4 ,! importance ( ,levita re/s bo? 9 8 num]\s writ+s & 9 8 p]sonal activity4 ,9 ! rem>kable p]iod :i* saw ! rise ( ! ,re=mation & gave to ! /udy ( ! ,hebrew ,bible & to its language an importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 x 0 ,levita :o fur!r$ 9 an extraord9>y mann] ! /udy ( ,hebrew 9 ,*ri/ian circles by 8 activity z a tea*] & by 8 writ+s4 ,to 8 pupils especially belong ,seba/ian ,m9ot]1 :o translat$ ,levita's grammatical works into ,lat91 also ,george de ,selve1 bi%op ( ,lavaur1 ! ,fr5* ambassador 9 ,v5ice 7#aecf71 :o 0 in/rum5tal 9 obta9+ = ,levita an invitation f ,francis ,i4 to come to ,p>is1 :i* invitation1 h[ev]1 ,levita did n accept4 ,levita's writ+s on ,hebrew gramm> 7,ba*ur1 a text-book1 #aeah2 ,h>kaba1 an explanation1 alphabetically arrang$1 ( irregul> ^w-=ms2 a ,table ( ,p>adigms2 ,pirke ,elijahu1 a description--p>tly metrical--( phonetics1 & o!r *apt]s ( ! gramm>1 #aebj2 8 e>lie/ "w1 a ,comm5t>y on ,moses ,kimhi's ,hebrew ,gramm>1 #aejh7 7 by reason ( _! me?odical exposition1 _! cle> articulation1 _! avoidance ( prolixity1 especially suit$ z an introduction to ! /udy ( ! ,hebrew language4 ,among/ ,levita's o!r writ+s is ! fir/ diction>y ( ! ,t>gumim 7,meturgeman1 #aeda7 & ! fir/ attempt at a lexicon 9 :i* mu* ( ! treasure ( late ,hebrew language 0 expla9$ 7,ti%bi1 explanation ( #gab new ,hebrew vocables1 z a supplem5t to ! diction>ies ( ,david ,kimhi & ,na?an b4 ,yehiel1 #aedb74 ,sci5tifically mo/ valuable1 & ( orig9al importance1 are ! works ( ,levita on ! ,massora2 8 ,concordance to ! ,massora 7,sef] ,zikhronot complet$ 9 ! second revision #aecf71 ( :i* hi!rto only a small "p has be5 publi%$1 & especially 8 mo/ celebrat$ book ,massore? ,hamasore? 7#aech71 publi%$ ) ,engli% translation by ,*r4 ,d4 ,g9sburg1 ,london1 #ahfg4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ attempt to give a sy/ematic acc\nt ( ! cont5ts & hi/ory ( ! ,massora4 ,by 8 criticism ( ! ,massora1 & especially by prov+ t ! punctuation ( ! books ( ! ,hebrew ,bible is ( late orig91 ,levita ex]cis$ an epo*-mak+ influ5ce4 ,( 8 o!r writ+s may be m5tion$ 8 runn+ comm5t>y on ,david ,kimhi's ,gramm> & ,diction>y 79 ! ,bomb]g editions #aede1 #aedf71 8 ,g]man translation ( ! ,psalms 7#aede7 & ! ,baba-,bu* 7m prop]ly ,buovobu*1 a ,g]man rec5sion ( ! ,italian novel ,hi/oria di ,buovo d' ,antona1 #aejh74 ,( ! lit]ature on ,levita may be m5tion$3 ,y4 ,levi1 ,elia ,levita und se9e ,lei/ung5 als ,grammatik] 7,breslau1 #ahhh72 ,w4 ,ba*]1 ,e4 ,levita's wiss5s*aftli*e ,lei/ung5 9 ,z4 d4 ,d4 ,m4 ,g4 xliii4 7#ahhi71 p4 #bjf-bgb4 7,w4 ,ba47 ,,elie1 a village & wat]+-place ( ,fife%ire1 ,scotl&1 on ! %ore ( ! ,fir? ( ,=?4 ,pop4 #fhg4 ,x is #aj m4 due ,s4 ( ,/ ,&rews1 b #bj m4 di/ant by ! ,nor? ,briti% railway1 :i* makes a great b5d by foll[+ ! coa/4 ,?\gh x reta9s "s old h\ses1 & ! p>i% *ur* dates f #afci1 ,elie is1 z a :ole1 q mod]n & is "o ( ! mo/ popul> resorts 9 ! c\nty on acc\nt ( its f9e golf l9ks & excell5t ba?+4 ,! royal burgh ( ,e>lsf]ry 7pop4 #cag7 is situat$ 9 ! p>i% ( ,elie1 :i* x adjo9s on ! we/4 ,its *>t]1 grant$ by ,malcolm ,canmore1 hav+ be5 burn$1 x 0 r5ew$ by ,james ,,vi4 ,! *ief /ructure is ! t[n hall1 :i* is mod]n b has an anci5t /eeple4 ,! place d]iv$ its "n f its use by ! e>ls ( ,fife z a f]ry to ! opposite %ore ( ,hadd+ton1 #h m4 di/ant4 ,macduff's cave ne> ,k9craig ,po9t is believ$ traditionally to h be5 t 9 :i* ! ?ane took refuge f ,macbe?4 ,two & a half miles nor? is ,balc>res ,h\se1 belong+ to ! e>l ( ,craw=d1 :]e ,lady ,anne ,b>n>d 7#agej-ahbe7 0 born4 ,,elie ,,de ,,beaumont1 ,,jean ,,bapti/e ,,arm& ,,l\is ,,leonce 7#agih-ahgd71 ,fr5* geologi/1 0 born at ,canon1 9 ,calvados1 on ! #be? ( ,septemb] #agih4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! ,lycee ,h5ri ,,iv4 :]e he took ! fir/ prize 9 ma!matics & physics2 at ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique1 :]e he /ood fir/ at ! exit exam9ation 9 #ahai2 & at ! ,ecole des ,m9es 7#ahai-ahbb71 :]e he began to %[ a decid$ pref]5ce = ! sci5ce ) :i* 8 "n is associat$4 ,9 #ahbc he 0 select$ along ) ,dufr5oy by ,bro*ant de ,villi]s1 ! pr(essor ( geology 9 ! ,ecole des ,m9es1 to accompany him on a sci5tific t\r to ,engl& & ,scotl&1 9 ord] to inspect ! m9+ & metallurgical e/abli%m5ts ( ! c\ntry1 & to /udy ! pr9ciples on :i* ,gre5\gh's geological map ( ,engl& 7#ahbj7 _h be5 prep>$1 ) a view to ! con/ruction ( a simil> map ( ,france4 ,9 #ahce he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( geology at ! ,ecole des ,m9es1 9 succession to ,bro*ant de ,villi]s1 ^: assi/ant he _h be5 9 ! duties ( ! *air s9ce #ahbg4 ,he held ! (fice ( eng9e]-9-*ief ( m9es 9 ,france f #ahcc until #ahdg1 :5 he 0 appo9t$ inspector-g5]al2 & 9 #ahfa he became vice-presid5t ( ! ,conseil-,g5]al des ,m9es & a gr& (fic] ( ! ,legion ( ,hon\r4 ,8 gr[+ sci5tific reputation secur$ 8 election to ! memb]%ip ( ! ,academy ( ,b]l91 ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,france & ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,by a decree ( ! presid5t he 0 made a s5ator ( ,france 9 #aheb1 & on ! dea? ( ,arago 7#ahec7 he 0 *os5 p]petual secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,elie de ,beaumont's "n is widely kn[n to geologi/s 9 connexion ) 8 !ory ( ! orig9 ( m\nta9 ranges1 fir/ prop\nd$ 9 a pap] read to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #ahbi1 & aft]w>ds elaborat$ 9 8 ,notice sur le sy/eme des montagnes 7#c vols41 #aheb74 ,accord+ to 8 view1 all m\nta9 ranges p>allel to ! same great circle ( ! e>? are ( /rictly contemporane\s orig91 & betwe5 ! great circles a relation ( symmetry exi/s 9 ! =m ( a p5tagonal reseau4 ,an elaborate /atem5t & criticism ( ! !ory 0 giv5 9 8 anniv]s>y address to ! ,geological ,society ( ,london 9 #ahec by ,william ,hopk9s 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,geol4 ,soc474 ,! !ory has n f\nd g5]al acceptance1 b x prov$ ( great value to geological sci5ce1 ow+ to ! ext5sive additions to ! k ( ! /ructure ( m\nta9 ranges :i* its au?or made 9 endeav\r+ to f9d facts to support x4 ,probably1 h[ev]1 ! be/ s]vice ,elie de ,beaumont r5d]$ to sci5ce 0 9 connexion ) ! geological map ( ,france1 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* he _h ! lead+ %>e4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ,elie de ,beaumont publi%$ _m important memoirs on ! geology ( ! c\ntry4 ,aft] 8 sup]annuation at ! ,ecole des ,m9es he cont9u$ to sup]9t5d ! issue ( ! detail$ maps almo/ until 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ at ,canon on ! #ba/ ( ,septemb] #ahgd4 ,8 academic lectures = #ahdc-ahdd 7 publi%$ 9 #b vols41 #ahde-ahdi1 "u ! title ,lecons de geologie pratique4 ,a li/ ( 8 works 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,ann4 des ,m9es1 vol4 vii4 #ahge4 ,p4 #bei4 ,,elijah 7a ,hebrew "n mean+ ,yahweh is ,god71 9 ! ,bible1 ! greate/ & /]ne/ ( ! ,hebrew prophets1 makes 8 appe>ance 9 ! n>rative ( ! ,old ,te/am5t ) an abruptness n out ( keep+ ) 8 "* & "w 7#a ,k+s xvii4 #a74a ,! fir/ & mo/ important "p ( 8 c>e] lay 9 ! reign ( ,ahab1 i4e4 dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! #i? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,he is introduc$ z pr$ict+ ! dr\ght#b ,god 0 to s5d ^u ,israel z a puni%m5t = ! apo/asy into :i* ,ahab _h be5 l$ by 8 hea!n wife ,jezebel4 ,dur+ ! fir/ portion ( ?is p]iod ,elijah f\nd a refuge by ! brook ,*]i?1 be=e ! ,jordan4 ,?is description leaves x unc]ta9 :e!r ! brook 0 to ! ea/ ( ,jordan 9 ,elijah's native ,gilead1 or--less probably--to ! we/ 9 ,sam>ia4 ,"h he drank ( ! brook & 0 f$ by rav5s1 :o night & morn+ br\ght him bread & fle%4#c ,:5 ?is _h dri$ up1 ! prophet betook himself to ,z>epha?1 a ,pho5ician t[n ne> ,sidon4 ,at ! gate ( ! t[n he met ! wid[ to :om he _h be5 s5t1 ga!r+ /icks = ! prep>ation ( :at %e believ$ 0 to be h] la/ meal4 ,%e receiv$ ! prophet ) hospitality1 %>+ ) him h] all b exhau/$ /ore1 9 fai? ( 8 promise 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( ,israel t ! supply w\ld n fail s long z ! dr\ght la/$4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod h] son di$ & 0 miracul\sly re/or$ to life 9 answ] to ! pray]s ( ! prophet 7#a ,k+s xvii4 #h-bd74 ,elijah em]g$ f 8 retirem5t 9 ! ?ird ye>1 :51 ! fam9e hav+ rea*$ its wor/1 ,ahab & 8 m9i/] ,obadiah _h !mselves to se>* ! l& = prov5d] = ! royal /ables4 ,to ! latt] ,elijah sudd5ly appe>$1 & ann\nc$ 8 int5tion ( %[+ himself to ,ahab4 ,! k+ met ,elijah ) ! reproa* t he 0 ! tr\bl] ( ,israel1 :i* ! prophet boldly flung back ^u him :o _h =sak5 ! comm&m5ts ( ! ,"l & foll[$ ! ,baalim4#d ,! retort 0 accompani$ by a *all5ge--or r a comm&--to ! k+ to assemble on ,m\nt ,c>mel all ,israel & ! f\r hundr$ & fifty prophets ( ,baal4 7,! f\r hundr$ prophets ( ,a%]ah h be5 add$ lat]47 ,f ! allusion to an alt> ( ,jehovah t 0 brok5 d[n 7#a ,k+s xviii4 #cj7 x has be5 inf]r$ t ,c>mel 0 an anci5t sacr$ place4 7,on ,m\nt ,c>mel & ,elijah's connexion ) x 9 hi/ory & tradition see ,,c>mel47 ,! sc5e on ,c>mel is p]haps ! gr&e/ 9 ! life ( ,elijah1 or inde$ 9 ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,z a typical embodim5t = all "t ( ! conflict betwe5 sup]/ition & true religion1 x is lift$ out ( ! range ( m]e individual biography into t ( spiritual symbolism1 & x has accord+ly furni%$ at once a fruitful !me = ! religi\s tea*] & a l(ty inspiration = ! arti/4 ,! false prophets 7 all[$ to invoke _! god 9 :atev] mann] !y pleas$4 ,! only int]ruption came 9 ! mock+ enc\ragem5t ( ,elijah 7#a ,k+s xviii4 #bg71 a r>e in/ance ( grim s>ca/ic hum\r occurr+ 9 ! ,bible4 ,its effect ^u ! false prophets 0 to increase _! fr5zy4 ,! ev5+ came1#e & ! god _h made no sign4 ,elijah n[ /epp$ =w>d ) ! quiet confid5ce & dignity t became ! prophet & repres5tative ( ! true ,god4 ,all ,israel is repres5t$ symbolically 9 ! twelve /ones ) :i* he built ! alt>2 & ! wat] :i* he p\r$ ^u ! sacrifice & into ! surr\nd+ tr5* 0 app>5tly design$ to prev5t ! suspicion ( fraud6 ,9 /rik+ contra/ to ! va9 repetitions ( ! false prophets are ! simple words ) :i* ,elijah makes 8 pray] to ,yahweh4 ,once only1 ) ! calm assurance ( "o :o knew t 8 pray] w\ld be answ]$1 he invokes ! ,god ( 8 fa!rs4 ,! answ] comes at once3 ,! fire ( ! ,"l 7,g54 xix4 #bd1 ,lev4 x4 #b7 fell & consum$ ! burnt (f]+1 & ! wood1 & ! /ones1 & ! du/1 & lick$ up ! wat] t 0 9 ! tr5*4 ,s conv9c+ a sign 0 irresi/ible2 all ! p fell on _! faces & ackn[l$g$ ,yahweh z ! true ,god4 ,?is 0 imm$iately foll[$ by ! de/ruction ( ! false prophets1 sla9 by ,elijah beside ! brook ,ki%on 7xviii4 #dj74 ,! de$1 ?\gh n )\t p>allel 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 /amps ! peculi>ly v9dictive "* ( ,elijah's prophetic mission4#f ,on ! ev5+ ( ! day t _h witness$ ! decisive conte/1 ,elijah proce$$ once m to ! top ( ,c>mel1 & !re1 ) 8 face betwe5 8 knees 7possibly engag$ 9 ! pray] ref]r$ to 9 ,james v4 #ag sq471 wait$ = ! long-look$-= bless+4 ,8 s]vant1 s5t repeat$ly to se>* ! sky = signs1 return$ ! sev5? "t report+ a little cl\d aris+ out ( ! sea l a man's h&4 ,! sky 0 spe$ily full ( cl\ds & a great ra9 0 fall+ :5 ,ahab1 to escape ! /orm1 set out 9 8 *>iot = ,jezreel4 ,z a pro( ( ,elijah's sup]natural p[]1 x is /at$ t ! prophet1 = "s unkn[n object1 ran be=e ! *>iot to ! entrance ( ,jezreel1 a di/ance ( at lea/ #af m4 ,on be+ told :at _h tak5 place1 ,jezebel s5t a mess5g] to ,elijah ) a v[ t ere ano!r day _h pass$ 8 life w\ld be ev5 z ! lives ( ! prophets ( ,baal1 & ! ?reat 0 en\gh to cause him to take to in/ant flight 7xix4 #a-c2 cp4 ,,lxx4 9 v4 #b74 ,! fir/ /age ( ! j\rney 0 to ,be]%eba1 on ! s\!rn limits ( ,judah4 ,"h he left 8 s]vant 7accord+ to old ,jewi% tradition1 ! wid['s son ( ,z>epha?1 aft]w>ds ! prophet ,jonah71 & proce$$ a day's j\rney into ! wild]ness4 ,re/+ "u a solit>y broom bu% 7a k9d ( g5i/a71 he gave v5t to 8 disappo9tm5t 9 a pray] = dea?4 ,by ano!r ( ^? _m miracul\s int]positions :i* occur 9 8 hi/ory he 0 twice suppli$ ) food & dr9k1 9 ! /r5g? ( :i* he j\rney$ =ty days & =ty nights until he came to ,horeb1 :]e he lodg$ 9 a cave4#g ,a hole j l>ge en\gh = a man's body 7,/anley71 imm$iately bel[ ! summit ( ,jebel ,musa1 is /ill po9t$ out by tradition z ! cave ( ,elijah4 ,if ! sc5e on ,c>mel is ! gr&e/1 t on ,horeb is spiritually ! mo/ pr(\nd 9 ! /ory ( ,elijah 7xix4 #i sqq474 ,n 9 ! /rong w9d t brake ! rocks 9 pieces1 n 9 ! e>?quake1 n 9 ! fire1 b 9 ! /ill small voice t foll[$ ! ,"l made himself kn[n4 ,a ?reefold commission 0 laid ^u him3 he 0 to return to ,damascus & ano9t ,hazael k+ ( ,syria2 he 0 to ano9t ,jehu1 ! son ( ,nim%i1 z k+ ( ,israel 9 place ( ,ahab2 & z 8 own successor 9 ! prophetic (fice he 0 to ano9t ,eli%a 7xix4 #ae-ah74h ,leav+ ,horeb & proce$+ nor?w>ds along ! des]t r\te to ,damascus1 ,elijah met ,eli%a engag$ at ! pl\gh probably ne> 8 native place1 ,abel-meholah1 9 ! valley ( ! ,jordan1 & by ! symbolical act ( ca/+ 8 mantle ^u him1 consecrat$ him to ! prophetic (fice4 ,?is 0 ! only comm& ( ! ?ree :i* he fulfill$ 9 p]son2 ! o!r two 7 c>ri$ out by 8 successor4#i ,aft] ! call ( ,eli%a ! n>rative conta9s no notice ( ,elijah = sev]al ye>s1 al?\gh ! ,,lxx41 by plac+ #a ,k+s xxi4 be=e *4 xx41 proce$s at once to ! tragic /ory ( ,nabo?'s v9ey>d 7see ,,jezebel74 ,he is n[ ! *ampion ( fre$om & purity ( life1 l ,na?an :5 he confront$ ,david = ! murd] ( ,uriah4 ,)\t any indication ( :5ce or h[ he came1 he aga9 appe>$1 z usual ) />tl+ abruptness1 9 ! v9ey>d :5 ,ahab ent]$ to take possession ( x1 & pron\nc$ ^u ! k+ & 8 h\se t awful doom 7#a ,k+s xxi4 #ag-bd7 :i*1 ?\gh def]r$ = a "t1 0 ultimately fulfill$ to ! lett] 7see ,,jehu74 ,) "o m d5unciation ( ! h\se ( ,ahab1 ,elijah's function z a mess5g] ( wra? 0 fully dis*>g$ 7#b ,k+s i474 ,:5 ,ahaziah1 ! son ( ,ahab1 hav+ injur$ himself by fall+ ?r\gh a lattice1 s5t to inquire ( ,baal-zebub1 ! god ( ,ekron1 :e!r he %\ld recov]1 ! prophet 0 comm&$ to appe> to ! mess5g]s & tell !m t1 = ?is resort to a false god1 ! k+ %\ld die4 ,! effect ( 8 appe>ance 0 su* t !y turn$ back )\t attempt+ to fulfil _! err&4 ,ahaziah despat*$ a capta9 ) a b& ( fifty to arre/ him4 ,!y came ^u ,elijah seat$ on ! m\nt1--probably ,c>mel4 ,! imp]i\s t]ms 9 :i* he 0 summon$ to come d[n 7 puni%$ by fire f heav51 :i* desc5d$ at ! bidd+ ( ,elijah & consum$ ! :ole l&4 ,a second capta9 & fifty 7 despat*$1 behav$ 9 a simil> way1 & met ! same fate4 ,! lead] ( a ?ird troop took a humbl] tone1 su$ = m]cy1 & obta9$ x4 ,elijah !n w5t ) !m to ! k+1 b only to repeat be=e 8 face ! doom he _h already made kn[n to 8 mess5g]s1 :i* 0 almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds fulfill$4 ,! _s1 ev5 ! /yle ( ?is n>rative1 po9ts unmi/akably to its be+ ( late orig94 ,x %ocks ! moral s5se ) its sangu9>y "* m ?an1 p]haps1 any o!r ,old ,te/am5t /ory4 ,! only m5tion ( ,elijah's "n 9 ! book ( ,*ronicles 7#b ,*ronicles xxi4 #ab-ae7 is :]e he is repres5t$ z s5d+ a lett] ( rebuke & d5unciation to ,jehoram1 son ( ,jeho%aphat1 k+ ( ,judah4 ,! *ronological difficulties :i* are involv$ sugge/ t ! float+ traditions ( ?is great p]sonality 7 easily atta*$ to well-kn[n names :e!r /rictly contempor>y or n4 ,x 0 be=e ! dea? ( ,jeho%aphat t ! la/ gr& sc5e 9 ,elijah's life occurr$ 7#b ,k+s ii41 see iii4 #a74 ,he _h tak5 up 8 resid5ce ) ,eli%a at "o ( ! prophetic guilds at ,gilgal4 ,8 approa*+ end seems to h be5 kn[n to ! guilds at ,be!l & ,j]i*o1 bo? ( :i* !y visit$ 9 _! la/ j\rney4 ,at ! ,jordan1 ,elijah1 wrapp+ 8 prophet's mantle toge!r1 smote ! wat] ) x1 & s by a la/ miracle pass$ ov] on dry gr\nd4 ,:5 !y _h cross$ ! ma/] desir$ ! disciple to ask "s p>t+ bless+4 ,! reque/ = a d\ble portion 7i4e4 probably a fir/-born's portion1 ,deut4 xxi4 #ag7aj ( ! prophet's _s ,elijah *>act]iz$ z a h>d ?+2 b he promis$ to grant x if ,eli%a %\ld see him :5 he 0 tak5 away4 ,! end is told 9 words ( simple sublimity3 ,& x came to pass1 z !y /ill w5t on & talk$1 t1 behold1 !re appe>$ a *>iot ( fire1 & horses ( fire1 :i* p>t$ !m bo? asund]2 & ,elijah w5t up by a :irlw9d into heav5 7#b ,k+s ii4 #aa74 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out1 h[ev]1 t ?r\gh ! figure ! n>rative evid5tly means to convey z fact t ,elijah pass$ f e>?1 n by ! gates ( dea?1 b by miracul\s translation4 ,su* a sup]natural close is 9 p]fect h>mony ) a c>e] into e /age ( :i* ! sup]natural ent]s z an ess5tial feature4 ,= :atev] explanation may be (f]$ ( ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ,elijah's life1 x mu/ obvi\sly be "o t acc\nts n = a few miracul\s incid5ts only1 :i* might be m]e excresc5ces1 b = a s]ies ( miracul\s ev5ts s closely connect$ & s cont9u\s z to =m ! ma9 ?read ( ! hi/ory4 ,elijah occupi$ an altoge!r peculi> place 9 lat] ,jewi% hi/ory & tradition4 ,= ! g5]al belief t he %\ld return = ! re/oration ( ,israel cf4 ,mal4 iv4 #e-f2 ,matt4 xi4 #ad1 xvi4 #ad2 ,luke ix4 #h2 ,john i4 #ba1 & on ! developm5t ( ! ?\ght see ,b\sset1 ,anti*ri/1 s4v41 & ! ,jewi% ,encyc4 vol4 v4 p4 #abf4 ,9 ,mahomm$an tradition ,elijah is ! ev]la/+ y\?ful el-,khidr or el-,khadir4 ,elijah is canoniz$ bo? 9 ! ,greek & 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur*es1 8 fe/ival be+ kept 9 bo? on ! #bj? ,july--! date ( 8 asc5sion 9 ! n9ete5? ye> ( ,jeho%aphat1 accord+ to ,cornelius a ,lapide4 ,! natural & mo/ reliable e/imate ( ! c>e] ( ,elijah is t :i* is bas$ ^u a critical exam9ation ( ! n>ratives2 see1 9 addition to ,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,prophets ( ,israel7#b71 pp4 #ge sqq41 ,*eyne1 ,hall[+ ( ,criticism1 ! articles by ,addis 9 ,encyc4 ,bib41 & ,j4 ,/ra*an1 ,ha/+s' ,dict4 ,bib41 ,h4 ,gunkel1 ,elias1 ,yahve u4 ,baal 7,tub+51 #aijf71 ! lit]ature to ,,k+s1 ,,books ,,(1 & ! hi/ories ref]r$ to 9 ,,jews4 ,!re is diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! hi/orical importance ( bo? ,elijah & ,eli%a2 = a useful summ>y ( views1 z also = full] bibliographical in=mation1 see ,w4,r4 ,h>p]1 ,amos & ,hosea 7,int]nat4 ,crit4 ,comm471 pp4 xxxiv4-xlix41 & article ,,hebrew ,,religion4 7,w4 ,r4 ,s42 ,s4 ,a4 ,c47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! text is unc]ta94 ,accord+ to ! ,,lxx41 he 0 a native ( ,ti%beh 9 ,gilead2 a m natural read+4 ,klo/]mann's conjecture t ! orig9al "n ( 8 home 0 ,jabe%-,gilead is attractive b unnecess>y4 ,8 appe>ance 9 ! n>rative1 l ,mel*iz$ek1 )\t fa!r1 )\t "m 7,heb4 vii4 #c71 gave rise to v>i\s rabb9ical traditions1 su* z t he 0 ,ph9ehas1 ! gr&son ( ,a>on1 return$ to e>?1 or t he 0 an angel 9 human =m4 #b ,its duration is vaguely /at$2 f ,luke iv4 #be1 ,james v4 #ag1 we le>n t x la/$ ?ree ye>s & a half2 b accord+ to ,pho5ician tradition 7,jos4 ,ant4 viii4 #ac4 #b7 only "o ye>4 #c ,! rationali/ic view t ! ^w translat$ rav5s %\ld be ,arabians is improbable4 ,*eyne's sugge/ion t ! unkn[n brook ,*]i? %\ld be plac$ to ! s\? ( ,judah agrees ) ,josephus 7,ant4 viii4 #ac4 #b1 he dep>t$ into ! s\!rn p>ts7 & ) #a ,k+s xix4 #c1 #h2 ,jordan may ref] to ano!r riv]1 if x be n a gloss2 see ,*eyne1 ,ency4 ,bib41 s4v4 ,*]i?4 #d ,! sudd5 introduction ( ,elijah 9 xvii4 #a may be acc\nt$ = by ! supposition t ! comm5cem5t ( ! n>rative _h be5 omitt$ by ! editor ( xvi4 #bi sqq4 ,h5ce we are n told ! cause ( ,ahab's ho/ility t[>ds ,elijah1 nor is ! allusion to ,jezebel's massacre ( ! prophets 7xviii4 #c1 #ac7 expla9$4 ,x w\ld appe> f ,obadiah's words 9 v]4 #i t he himself 0 9 fe> ( 8 life4 ,lat] tradition suppos$ he 0 ! capta9 ( #b ,k+s i4 #ac1 or t ! wid[ ( #b ,k+s iv4 #a _h be5 8 wife4 #e ,! def9ition ( "t by ! /at$ oblation 7xviii4 #bi1 #cf7 is v notewor?y 7cp4 #b ,k+s iii4 #bj74 #f ,x is obvi\s t a purely rationali/ic int]pretation ( ! great sign :]eby ,jahweh manife/$ himself w\ld be out ( place4 ,b !re is an int]e/+ p>allel 9 ! leg5d ( ! k9dl+ ( ! sacr$ fire & ! ignit+ ( ! ?ick wat] 9 ! "t ( ,nehemiah 7#b ,macc4 i4 #ah-cf74 ,else:]e1 !re 7 sacr$ fires k9dl$ by ! aid ( magical invocations 7e4g4 ,hypaepa1 ,pausanias v4 #bg4 #c74 #g ,yahweh is "h suppos$ to h 8 seat on ! anci5t m\nta94 ,x 0 ! ,god ( ! ,exodus to :om he appeal$1 ! anci5t ,k+ ( ,israel 9 ! j\rney+s ?r\gh ! wild]ness4 ,= ! cave1 cp4 ,ex4 xxxiii4 #bb4 #h ,! !ophany is cle>ly no rebuke to an impati5t prophet1 nor a lesson t ! k+dom ( heav5 0 to be built up by ! sl[ & g5tle op]ation ( spiritual =ces4 ,x expresses ! spirituality ( ,yahweh 9 a way t indicates a m>k$ advance 9 ! conception ( 8 nature4 ,see ,sk9n]1 ,c5tury ,bible1 ,k+s1 ad loc4 #i ,! geographical indications imply t 9 "o acc\nt ! j\rney to ,damascus & ! ano9t+ ( ,hazael & ,jehu mu/ h int]v5$1 & 7 omitt$ because ano!r acc\nt ascrib$ ^! acts to ,eli%a 7#b ,k+s viii4 ix474 ,9 ! latt] we possess a m hi/orical acc\nt ( ! ano9t+ ( ,jehu1 & ,rob]tson ,smi? obs]ves3 ,:5 ! hi/ory 9 #a ,k+s repres5ts ,elijah z p]sonally commission$ to inaugurate ! revolution by ano9t+ ,jehu & ,hazael z well z ,eli%a1 we see t ! au?or's design is to ga!r up ! :ole conte/ betwe5 ,yahweh & ,baal 9 an ideal picture ( ,elijah & 8 "w 7,ency4 ,brit4 7#i7 art4 ,k+s1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #he74 #aj ,und]/ood 9 ,eccles4 xlviii4 #ab 7,heb47 to mean t ,eli%a 0 twice z great z ,elijah4 ,,elijah ,,wilna1 or ,,elijah ,,b5 ,,solomon1 be/ kn[n z ! ,,gaon ,,elijah ,,( ,,wilna 7#agbj-agig71 a not$ ,talmudi/ :o hov]$ betwe5 ! new & ! old s*ools ( ?\ght4 ,or?odox 9 practice & feel+1 8 critical treatm5t ( ! rabb9ic lit]ature prep>$ ! way = ! sci5tific inve/igations ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,z a tea*] he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to discrim9ate betwe5 ! v>i\s /rata 9 rabb9ic records2 to him 0 due ! revival ( int]e/ 9 ! old] ,midra% 7q4v47 & 9 ! ,pale/9ian ,talmud 7q4v471 int]e/ 9 :i* _h be5 weak = "s c5turies be=e 8 "t4 ,he 0 an ascetic1 & 0 a ke5 oppon5t ( ! emotional my/icism :i* 0 kn[n z ! new ,hassidism4 ,see ,s4 ,s*e*t]'s ,/udies 9 ,judaism 7,london1 #ahif74 ,8 volum9\s writ+s are classifi$ 9 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 v4 #acd4 7,i4 ,a47 ,,eliot1 ,,*>les ,,william 7#ahcd- 71 ,am]ican educationali/1 ! son ( ,samuel ,atk9s ,eliot 7#agih-ahfb71 mayor ( ,bo/on1 repres5tative 9 ,congress1 & 9 #ahdb-ahec treasur] ( ,h>v>d1 0 born 9 ,bo/on on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #ahcd4 ,he graduat$ 9 #ahec at ,h>v>d ,college1 :]e he 0 successively tutor 7#ahed-aheh7 & assi/ant pr(essor ( *emi/ry 7#aheh-ahfc74 ,he /udi$ *emi/ry & =eign educational me?ods 9 ,europe 9 #ahfc-ahfe1 0 pr(essor ( analytical *emi/ry 9 ! newly e/abli%$ ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology 7#ahfe-ahfi71 al?\gh abs5t f\rte5 mon?s 9 ,europe 9 #ahfg-ahfh2 & 9 #ahfi 0 elect$ presid5t ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 a *oice rem>kable at once = 8 y\? & 8 be+ a layman & sci5ti/4 ,) ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 ,h>v>d1 9 8 presid5cy1 l$ 9 ! "w ( effici5t graduate s*ools4 ,its elective sy/em1 :i* has spread f>1 al?\gh n orig9at$ by ,presid5t ,eliot1 0 ?or\ghly e/abli%$ by him1 & is only "o ( _m radical *anges :i* he *ampion$ ) great success4 ,! rais+ ( entrance requirem5ts1 :i* l$ to a correspond+ rais+ ( ! /&>ds ( second>y s*ools1 & ! introduction ( an elem5t ( *oice 9 ^! entrance requirem5ts1 :i* all[$ a limit$ election ( /udies to second>y pupils1 became national t5d5cies prim>ily ?r\gh ,presid5t ,eliot's pot5t influ5ce4 ,z *airman ( a national ,committee ( ,t5 7#ahij7 on second>y s*ool /udies1 he urg$ ! ab&onm5t ( brief disconnect$ in=mation c\rses1 ! correlation ( subjects taught1 ! equal rank 9 college requirem5ts ( subjects 9 :i* equal "t1 consecutiv5ess & conc5tration 7 dem&$1 & a m ?or\gh /udy ( ,engli% composition2 & to a l>ge degree he secur$ national sanction = ^! re=ms & _! work+ out by exp]ts into a practicable & applicable sy/em4 ,he lab\r$ to unify ! entire educational sy/em1 m9imize prescription1 ca/ out monotony1 & introduce fre$om & en?usiasm2 & he emphasiz$ ! ne$ ( special tra9+ = special "w4 ,he 0 fir/ to sugge/ 7#ahid7 co-op]ation by colleges 9 hold+ common entrance exam9ations ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & x 0 l>gely ?r\gh 8 ef=ts t /&>ds 7 s approximat$ t ?is became possible4 ,he cont5d$ t second>y s*ools ma9ta9$ by public funds %\ld %ape _! c\rses = ! b5efit ( /ud5ts ^: education goes no fur!r ?an su* high s*ools1 & n be m]e tra9+ s*ools = ! univ]sities4 ,8 success z adm9i/rator & man ( affairs & z an educational re=m] made him "o ( ! great figures ( 8 "t1 9 ^: op9ions on any topic ! deepe/ int]e/ 0 felt ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,9 ,novemb] #aijh he resign$ ! presid5cy ( ,h>v>d1 & retir$ f ! position e>ly 9 #aiji1 :5 he 0 succe$$ by ,pr(essor ,abbott ,lawr5ce ,l[ell4 ,9 ,decemb] #aijh he 0 elect$ presid5t ( ! ,national ,civil ,s]vice ,re=m ,league4 ,8 writ+s include ,! ,happy ,life 7#ahif72 ,five ,am]ican ,contributions to ,civilization1 & ,o!r ,essays & ,addresses 7#ahig72 ,educational ,re=m1 ,essays & ,addresses #ahfi-ahig 7#ahih72 ,m ,money = ! ,public ,s*ools 7#aijc72 ,f\r ,am]ican ,lead]s 7#aijf71 *apt]s on ,frankl91 ,wa%+ton1 ,*ann+ & ,em]son2 ,univ]sity ,adm9i/ration 7#aijh72 & ) ,f4,h4 ,/or]1 a ,comp5di\s ,manual ( ,qualitative ,*emical ,analysis 7,bo/on1 #ahfi2 _m times reissu$ & revis$74 ,8 annual reports z ,presid5t ( ,h>v>d 7 notable contributions to ! lit]ature ( education 9 ,am]ica1 & he deliv]$ num]\s public addresses1 _m ( :i* h be5 repr9t$4 ,see ,presid5t ,eliot's ,adm9i/ration1 by diff]5t h&s1 a summ>y ( 8 "w at ,h>v>d 9 #ahfi-ahid1 9 ,! ,h>v>d ,graduates' ,magaz9e1 vol4 #b1 pp4 #ddi-ejd 7,bo/on1 ,mass41 #ahid72 & ,e4 ,kuhnemann1 ,*>les ,w4 ,eliot1 ,presid5t ( ,h>v>d 7,bo/on1 #aiji74 ,8 son1 ,,*>les ,,eliot 7#ahei-ahig71 graduat$ at ,h>v>d 9 #ahhb1 /udi$ l&scape ar*itecture at ! ,bussey ,in/itution ( ,h>v>d & 9 ,europe1 successfully urg$ ! incorporation ( ! ,massa*usetts ,tru/ees ( ,public ,res]vations 7#ahia7 & ( ! ,metropolitan ,p>k ,commission 7#ahib7 ( ,bo/on1 became l&scape ar*itect to ! ,metropolitan ,p>k ,commission 9 #ahib1 & 9 #ahic1 ) ,f4,l4 ,olm/$ & ,j4,c4 ,olm/$1 =m$ ! firm ( ,olm/$1 ,olm/$ ,eliot1 :i* 0 employ$ by ! ,metropolitan ,commission4 ,8 life 0 writt5 by 8 fa!r1 ,*>les ,eliot1 ,l&scape ,ar*itect 7,bo/on1 #aijb74 ,,eliot1 ,,george1 ! p5-"n ( ! fam\s ,engli% writ]1 nee ,m>y ,ann 7or ,m>ian7 ,evans 7#ahai-ahhj71 aft]w>ds ,mrs ,j4,w4 ,cross1 born at ,arbury ,f>m1 9 ,w>wick%ire1 on ! #bbnd ( ,novemb] #ahai4 ,h] fa!r1 ,rob]t ,evans1 0 ! ag5t ( ,mr ,francis ,newdigate1 & ! fir/ tw5ty-"o ye>s ( ! great noveli/'s life 7 sp5t on ! ,arbury e/ate4 ,%e receiv$ an ord9>y education at respectable s*ools till ! age ( sev5te51 :5 h] "m's dea?1 & ! m>riage ( h] eld] si/]1 call$ h] home 9 ! "* ( h\sekeep]4 ,?is1 ?\gh x mu/ h %>p5$ h] s5se1 already too acute1 ( responsibility1 0 an imm5se advantage to h] m9d1 &1 lat]1 to h] c>e]1 =1 deliv]$ f ! tiresome r\t9e ( lessons & class-"w1 %e 0 able to "w )\t p$antic int]ruptions at ,g]man1 ,italian & music1 & to foll[ h] unusually good ta/e 9 read+4 ,! life1 inasmu* z %e 0 a girl /ill 9 h] te5s1 0 no d\bt monoton\s1 ev5 unhappy4 ,j z ,c>d9al ,newman felt1 ) su* diff]5t results1 ! sadness & *a9 ( evangelical influ5ces f 8 boyhood till ! end ( 8 days1 s ,m>ian ,evans 0 subdu$ all ?r\gh h] y\? by a sev]e religi\s tra9+ :i*1 :ile x p9*$ h] m9d & cru%$ h] _s1 attract$ h] idealism by ! v h>dness ( its p]fect c\nsels4 ,x is n surpris+ to f9d1 !re=e1 t :5 ,mr ,evans mov$ to ,cov5try 9 #ahda1 & s enl>g$ ! circle ( _! acqua9tance1 %e became mu* int]e/$ 9 "s new fri5ds1 ,mr & ,mrs ,*>les ,bray & ,mr ,*>les ,h5nell4 ,mr ,bray _h lit]>y ta/e & wrote works on ! ,education ( ! ,feel+s1 ! ,philosophy ( ,necessity1 & ! l4 ,mr ,h5nell _h publi%$ 9 #ahch ,an ,enquiry conc]n+ ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,miss ,evans1 !n tw5ty-two1 absorb$ imm$iately ^! unexpect$1 &1 at t "t1 d>+ habits ( ?\ght4 ,s compell+ 0 ! atmosph]e t x l$ to a complete *ange 9 h] op9ions4 ,k9d 9 h] affection1 %e 0 rel5tless 9 argum5t4 ,%e refus$ to g to *ur* 7= "s "t1 at lea/71 wrote pa9ful lett]s to a =m] gov]ness--! pi\s ,miss ,lewis--& b>ely avoid$ an irrem$iable qu>rel ) h] fa!r1 a *ur*man ( ! old s*ool4 ,"h 0 rebellion inde$4 ,b rebels come1 = ! mo/ "p1 f ! prov9ces :]e petty tyranny1 ex]cis$ by small s\ls1 %[ ! s*eme ( ! univ]se on ! meane/ possible scale4 ,george ,eliot 0 nev] or?odox aga92 %e ab&on$1 ) fi]ce det]m9ation1 e cre$1 & al?\gh %e pass$1 lat]1 ?r\gh v>i\s phases1 %e rema9$ incessantly a rationali/ 9 matt]s ( fai? & 9 all o!r matt]s4 ,x is nev]!less true t %e wrote admirably ab\t religion & religi\s p]sons4 ,%e _h le>nt ! evangelical po9t ( view2 %e knew--none bett]--! /r5g? ( religi\s motives2 vulg> d\bts ( ?is fact 7 z di/a/eful to h] z !y 7 to ano!r em95t writ]1 to :om %e ref]s 9 "o ( h] lett]s 7dat$ #ahec7 z a ,mr ,huxley1 :o 0 ! c5tre ( int]e/ at "s agreeable ev5+4 ,h] books ab\nd 9 tributes to ,*ri/ian virtue1 & "o ( h] own fav\rite *>act]s 0 ,d9ah ,morris 9 ,adam ,b$e4 ,%e und]took1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( #ahdd1 ! translation ( ,/rauss's ,leb5 ,jesu4 ,?is "w1 publi%$ 9 #ahdf1 0 consid]$ s*ol>ly1 b x met1 9 ! nature ( ?+s1 ) no popul> success4 ,on ! dea? ( ,mr ,evans 9 #ahdi1 %e w5t abroad = "s "t1 & we he> ( no m lit]>y v5tures till #ahea1 :5 %e accept$ ! assi/ant-editor%ip ( ! ,we/m9/] ,review4 ,= a :ile %e _h lodg+s at ! (fices ( t publication 9 ! ,/r&1 ,london4 ,%e wrote sev]al notable pap]s1 & became acqua9t$ ) _m di/+ui%$ au?ors ( t p]iod--among !m ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,c>lyle1 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 ,francis ,newman & ,george ,h5ry ,lewes4 ,h] fri5d%ip ) ! la/-nam$ l$ to a clos] relation%ip :i* %e reg>d$ z a m>riage4 ,among ! _m criticisms pass$ ^u ?is /ep 79 view ( ! fact1 among o!r consid]ations1 t ,lewes _h a wife liv+ at ! "t71 no "o has d5i$ h] c\rage 9 defy+ ! law1 or que/ion$ ! quality ( h] tact 9 a s+ul>ly false position4 ,t %e felt ! deepe/ affection = ,lewes is evid5t2 t we owe ! developm5t ( h] g5ius to 8 influ5ce & con/ant sympa?y is all b c]ta94 ,yet x is also sure t :at %e ga9$ f 8 intimate companion%ip 0 heavily paid = 9 ! unceas+ consci\sness t mo/ p ?\ght h] guilty ( a grave mi/ake1 & f\nd h] writt5 words1 ) _! endorsem5t ( traditional morality1 :olly at v>iance ) ! circum/ances ( h] private life4 ,d\bts ( h] suff]+ 9 ?is respect w be at once dismiss$ aft] a /udy ( h] j\rnal & lett]s4 ,/ilt$ & unnatural z ^! are to a tragic degree1 "o c read well en\gh betwe5 ! l9es1 & also 9 ! elaborate d$ication ( ea* manuscript to my husb& 79 t]ms ( ! /ronge/ love71 t self-repression1 c\pl$ ) audacity1 does n make = peace4 ,h] s5sitiv5ess to criticism 0 extreme2 a flippant p>agraph or an illit]ate review ) reg>d to h] "w actually affect$ h] = days4 ,! :ole hi/ory ( h] union ) ,lewes is a complete illu/ration ( ! =ce ( %e] w--9 t case p>tly h] own & n inconsid]ably 8--ov] a nature ess5tially unfitt$ = a bold /& aga9/ attacks4 ,at fir/ %e & ! man :om %e _h describ$ z a sort ( m9iature ,mirabeau 9 appe>ance1 w5t abroad to ,weim> & ,b]l91 b !y return$ to ,engl& ! same ye> & settl$1 aft] sev]al moves1 9 lodg+s at ,ea/ ,%e54 ,9 #ahed %e publi%$ ,! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 a translation f ,feu]ba*1 a philosoph] to :om %e _h be5 introduc$ by ,*>les ,bray4 ,dur+ #ahee %e translat$ ,sp9oza's ,e?ics1 wrote articles = ! ,lead]1 ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 & ! ,saturday ,review--!n a new ?+4 ,x 0 n until ! foll[+ ye> t %e attempt$ ! writ+ ( fiction1 & produc$ ,! ,sad ,=tunes ( ! ,rev]5d ,amos ,b>ton--! fir/ ( ! ,sc5es ( ,cl]ical ,life4 ,^!1 publi%$ 9 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 7 issu$ 9 two volumes 9 #aheh4 ,! press 9 g5]al ext5d$ a languid welcome to ?is "w1 & al?\gh ! au?or receiv$ mu* enc\ragem5t f private s\rces1 notably f ,*>les ,dick5s1 ! critics 7 mo/ly non-committal1 & x 0 n until ! publication ( ,adam ,b$e 9 #ahei t en?usiasm 0 attract$ to ! quality ( ! e>li] production4 ,adam ,b$e1 9 ! judgm5t ( _m ,george ,eliot's ma/]piece1 met ) a success 79 h] own words7 triumphantly beyond any?+ %e _h dream$ (4 ,9 #ahfj appe>$ ,! ,mill on ! ,floss4 ,aft] ! s5sational good =tune ( ,adam ,b$e1 ! criticism appli$ to ! new novel seems to h be5 disappo9t+4 ,we f9d ,miss ,evans tell+ h] publi%] t %e does n wi% to see any newspap] articles4 ,b ! book made its way1 & prep>$ an ev]-gr[+ army ( read]s = ,silas ,m>n] 7#ahfa71 ,romola 7#ahfb-ahfc71 & ,felix ,holt 7#ahff74 ,silas ,m>n] %[s a rev]sion to h] e>ly mann]--! mann] ( ,sc5es ( ,cl]ical ,life4 ,romola1 :i* is :at is call$ an hi/orical novel1 owes its vitality n to ! portraits ( ,savon>ola or ( ! h]o9e1 or to its vigor\s pictures ( ,flor5t9e life 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 b to its sup]b pres5tm5t ( ! trea*]\s1 h&some ,tito ,melema1 :o belongs n to any "o p]iod b to e g5]ation4 ,felix ,holt1 a novel deal+ ) political que/ions1 is /ra9$ by a pa9fulness too sev]e = any read]'s pleasure4 ,:]e o!r em95t au?ors h produc$ me*anical books1 or books :i* 7 m]e repetitions ( _! mo/ popul> ef=t1 %e err$ only on ! side ( ! pond]\s & ! di/ress+4 ,felix ,holt is bo?1 & x is ! only "o ( h] novels :i* lacks an un=gettable human note4 ,! ,spani% ,gypsy 7#ahfh71 a drama 9 blank v]se1 receiv$ m public response ?an mo/ compositions ( ! k9d execut$ by ^? connect$ ) ! drama or ) poetry only2 & %e publi%$ 9 #ahgd ano!r volume ( v]ses1 ,! ,leg5d ( ,jubal & o!r ,poems4 ,any depression :i* ! au?or may h felt ) reg>d to ! faults f\nd ) "s ( ! la/-nam$ books 0 completely cur$ by ! praise be/[$ on ,middlem>* 7#ahgb74 ,?is pr(\nd /udy ( c]ta9 types ( ,engli% "* 0 supreme at ! "t ( its writ+1 & x rema9s supreme1 ( its s*ool1 9 ,european lit]ature4 ,?ack]ay is brilliant2 ,tol/oi is vivid to a po9t :]e life-lik5ess ov]:elms any consid]ation ( art2 ,balzac creat$ a :ole _w2 ,george ,eliot did n create1 b h] exposition ( ! upp] & middle class m9ds ( h] day is a ma/]piece ( sci5tific psy*ology4 ,daniel ,d]onda 7#ahgf71 a production on ! same l9es1 0 less satisfactory4 ,x exhibit$ ! same human insight1 ! passionate e>ne/ness1 ! ins9uat$ special plead+ = h>d cases1 ! same intellectual /r5g?1 b ! subject 0 unwieldy1 almo/ =bidd+1 &1 z a result1 ! novel1 9 spite ( its di/9ction1 has nev] be5 ?or\ghly lik$4 ,! dea? ( ,mr ,lewes 9 #ahgh 0 also ! dea?-bl[ to h] arti/ic vitality4 ,%e correct$ ! pro(s ( ,!ophra/us ,su* 7a collection ( essays71 b %e wrote no m4 ,ab\t two ye>s lat]1 h[ev]1 %e m>ri$ ,mr ,j4,w4 ,cross1 a g5tleman ^: fri5d%ip 0 especially cong5ial to a temp]am5t s abnormally dep5d5t on affectionate und]/&+ z ,george ,eliot's4 ,b %e nev] really recov]$ f h] %ock at ! loss ( ,george ,lewes1 & di$ at #d ,*eyne ,walk1 ,*elsea1 on ! #bbnd ( ,decemb] #ahhj4 ,no "r e/imate ( h]1 :e!r z a woman1 an arti/ or a philosoph]1 c be =m$ )\t a /eady recollection ( h] inf9ite capacity = m5tal suff]+1 & h] ne$ ( human support4 ,! /atem5t t !re is no sex 9 g5ius1 is on ! face ( x1 absurd4 ,george ,s&1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ indep5d5t & dazzl+ ( all wom5 au?ors1 nei!r felt1 nor wrote1 nor ?\ght z a man4 ,sa9t ,t]esa1 ano!r great writ] on a totally diff]5t plane1 0 pre-em95tly fem99e 9 e ^w & idea4 ,george ,eliot1 less reckless1 less romantic ?an ! ,fr5*woman1 less spiritual ?an ! ,spani% sa9t1 0 m mascul9e 9 /yle ?an ei!r2 b h] outlook 0 n1 = a mom5t1 ! man's outlook2 h] s9c]ity1 ) its odd res]ves1 0 n q ! same z a man's s9c]ity1 nor 0 h] hum\r t g5ial1 broad1 unequivocal hum\r :i* is peculi>ly virile4 ,h]s approximat$1 curi\sly en\gh1 to ! satire ( ,jane ,au/51 bo? = its irony & its application to little ev]yday affairs4 ,m5's hum\r1 9 its classic manife/ations1 is on ! h]oic r ?an on ! av]age scale3 x is = ! uncommon situations1 n = ! daily tea-table4 ,h] me?od ( attack+ a subject %[s ! influ5ce ( ,jane ,au/51 especially 9 p>ts ( ,middlem>*2 "o c detect also ! /rong] influ5ce ( ,mrs ,gaskell1 ( ,*>lotte ,bronte1 & ( ,miss ,edgewor?4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 b an influ5ce1 & no m ?an a man writ]1 anxi\s to acquire a k ( ! fem99e po9t ( view1 might h absorb$ f a /udy ( ^! wom5 noveli/s4 ,"o (t5 he>s t %e is n arti/ic2 t h] *>act]ization is less di/9ct ?an ,jane ,au/5's2 t %e tells m ?an %\ld be kn[n ( h] h]oes & h]o9es4 ,b x %\ld be rememb]$ t ,jane ,au/5 dealt ) famili> dome/ic types1 :]eas ,george ,eliot excell$ 9 ! pres5tation ( extraord9>y s\ls4 ,"o woman drew memb]s ( polite society ) correct notions1 :ile ! o!r woman depict$ social rebels ) ideas & ideals4 ,9 e "o ( ,george ,eliot's books1 ! protagoni/s1 tortur$ by dreams ( p]fection1 are 9 revolt aga9/ ! prud5t compromises ( ! worldly4 ,all ?r\gh h] /ories1 "o he>s ! cla% ( ! h]oic = e>? too high1 & ! desp]ate philosophy1 disguis$ x is true1 ( ,om> ,khayyam4 ,9 h] day1 ,epicureanism _h n rea*$ ! life ( ! p1 nor pass$ into ! education ( ! mob4 ,few d>$ to confess t ! pursuit ( pleasure1 :e!r real or imag9$1 0 ! aim ( mank9d4 ,! *>m ( ,jane ,au/5 is ! *>m ( ! untr\bl$ & well-to-d mat]iali/1 :o sees 9 a ri* m>riage1 a com=table h\se1 c>riages & an assur$ income ! be/ to /rive =2 & 9 a fickle lov] ( ei!r sex or ! loss ( money ! sev]e/ calamities :i* c befall ! human _s4 ,jane ,au/5 despis$ ! great] numb] ( h] *>act]s3 ,george ,eliot suff]$ ) ea* ( h]s4 ,"h1 p]haps1 we f9d ! reason :y %e is accus$ ( be+ in>ti/ic4 ,%e c\ld n be imp]sonal4 ,aga91 ,george ,eliot 0 a little scornful to ^? ( bo? sexes :o _h nei!r special missions nor ! consci\sness ( ?is deprivation4 ,m5 are seldom 9 fav\r ( missions 9 any field4 ,%e dem&$1 too /r5u\sly f ! v beg9n+1 an aim1 m or less altrui/ic1 f e individual2 & z %e advanc$ 9 life ?is claim became ! m imp]ative1 till at la/ x ov]p[]$ h] art1 & trans=m$ a great del9eator ( humanity into an eloqu5t obs]v] ) f> too _m p]sonal prejudices4 ,b %e 0 altoge!r free f cynicism1 bitt]ness1 or ! lea/ t5d5cy to pride ( intellect4 ,%e suff]$ f bodily weakness ! great] "p ( h] life1 &1 b = an extraord9>y m5tal heal?--inh]it$ f ! f9e yeoman /ock f :i* %e sprang--x is impossible t %e c\ld h reta9$1 at all times1 s sane a view ( human conduct1 or be5 ! lea/ s5tim5tal among wom5 writ]s ( ! fir/ rank--! "o :olly )\t morbidity 9 any disguise4 ,! accumulation ( m]e book k1 z oppos$ to ! friction ( a life sp5t among all sorts & conditions ( m51 drove ,george ,eliot at la/ to write z a speciali/ = speciali/s3 joy 0 lo/ 9 ! consum+ desire = /rict accuracy3 h] g5ius became m & m speculative1 less & less emotional4 ,! highly tra9$ bra9 suppress$ ! impulsive he>t1--! he>t describ$ ) su* c&\r & pa?os z ,maggie ,tulliv]'s 9 ,! ,mill on ! ,floss4 ,= ?is reason--*iefly because philosophy is popul>ly associat$ ) inactive depression1 :]eas human nature is held to be et]nally exhil>at+--h] lat] works h n receiv$ s mu* praise z h] e>li] productions4 ,b "o has only to comp>e ,romola or ,daniel ,d]onda ) ! compositions ( any au?or except h]self to realize ! greatness ( h] designs1 & ! a/oni%+ gifts br\ght to _! f9al accompli%m5t4 ,see also ! ,life ( ,george ,eliot1 edit$ by ,j4,w4 ,cross 7#c vols41 #ahhe-ahhg72 ,george ,eliot1 by ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 9 ! ,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s s]ies 7#aijb72 by ,osc> ,br[n+1 ,great ,writ]s s]ies 7#ahij71 ) a bibliography by ,j4,p4 ,&]son2 by ,ma?ilde ,bl9d1 ,em95t ,wom5 s]ies1 a new edition ( :i* also conta9s a bibliography 7,bo/on1 ,mass41 #aijd74 7,p4 ,m4 ,t4 ,c47 ,,eliot1 ,,sir ,,john 7#aeib-afcb71 ,engli% /atesman1 son ( ,ri*>d ,eliot1 a memb] ( an old ,devon%ire family lately settl$ 9 ,cornwall1 0 born at 8 fa!r's seat at ,port ,eliot 9 ,cornwall 9 #aeib4 ,he matriculat$ at ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d1 on ! #d? ( ,decemb] #afjg1 & leav+ ! univ]sity aft] a resid5ce ( ?ree ye>s he /udi$ law at "o ( ! inns ( c\rt4 ,he also sp5t "s mon?s travell+ 9 ,france1 ,spa9 & ,italy1 9 company1 = "p ( ! "t1 ) "y ,george ,villi]s1 aft]w>ds duke ( ,buck+ham4 ,he 0 only tw5ty-two :5 he began 8 p>liam5t>y c>e] z memb] = ,/ ,g]mans 9 ! addl$ p>liam5t ( #afad4 ,9 #afah he 0 knight$1 & next ye> ?r\gh ! patronage ( ,buck+ham he obta9$ ! appo9tm5t ( vice-admiral ( ,devon1 ) l>ge p[]s = ! def5ce & control ( ! comm]ce ( ! c\nty4 ,x 0 n long be=e ! *>act]i/ic en]gy ) :i* he p]=m$ ! duties 9 8 (fice involv$ him 9 difficulties4 ,aft] _m attempts1 9 #afbc he succe$$ by a clev] b dang]\s manoeuvre 9 entrapp+ ! fam\s pirate ,john ,nutt1 :o _h = ye>s infe/$ ! s\!rn coa/1 inflict+ imm5se damage ^u ,engli% comm]ce4 ,! issue is notewor?y4 ,! pirate1 hav+ a p[]ful protector at c\rt 9 ,sir ,george ,calv]t1 ! secret>y ( /ate1 0 p>don$2 :ile ! vice-admiral1 ^u *>ges :i* c\ld n be sub/antiat$1 0 flung into ! ,m>%alsea1 & deta9$ !re ne>ly f\r mon?s4 ,a few weeks aft] 8 release ,eliot 0 elect$ memb] ( p>liam5t = ,newport 7,febru>y #afbd74 ,on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y he deliv]$ 8 fir/ spee*1 9 :i* he at once reveal$ 8 great p[]s z an orator1 dem&+ boldly t ! lib]ties & privileges ( p>liam5t1 repudiat$ by ,james ,i4 9 ! =m] p>liam5t1 %\ld be secur$4 ,9 ! fir/ p>liam5t ( ,*>les ,i41 9 #afbe1 he urg$ ! en=cem5t ( ! laws aga9/ ! ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,mean:ile he _h cont9u$ ! fri5d & support] ( ,buck+ham & greatly approv$ ( ! w> ) ,spa94 ,buck+ham's incompet5ce1 h[ev]1 & ! bad fai? ) :i* bo? he & ! k+ cont9u$ to treat ! p>liam5t1 ali5at$ ,eliot completely f ! adm9i/ration4 ,di/ru/ ( 8 =m] fri5d quickly grew 9 ,eliot's excitable m9d to a c]ta9ty ( 8 crim9al ambition & treason to 8 c\ntry4 ,return$ to ! p>liam5t ( #afbf z memb] = ,/ ,g]mans1 he f\nd himself1 9 ! abs5ce ( o!r *iefs ( ! opposition :om ! k+ _h secur$ by nom9at+ !m %]iffs1 ! lead] ( ! ,h\se4 ,he imm$iately dem&$ an inquiry into ! rec5t disa/] at ,cadiz4 ,on ! #bg? ( ,m>* he made an op5 & d>+ attack ^u ,buck+ham & 8 evil adm9i/ration4 ,he 0 n intimidat$ by ! k+'s ?reat5+ int]v5tion on ! #bi?1 & p]suad$ ! ,h\se to def] ! actual grant ( ! subsidies & to pres5t a remon/rance to ! k+1 decl>+ its "r to exam9e ! conduct ( m9i/]s4 ,on ! #h? ( ,may he 0 "o ( ! manag]s :o c>ri$ ,buck+ham's impea*m5t to ! ,lords1 & on ! #aj? he deliv]$ ! *>ges aga9/ him1 comp>+ him 9 ! c\rse ( 8 spee* to ,sejanus4 ,next day ,eliot 0 s5t to ! ,t[]4 ,on ! ,commons decl9+ to proce$ ) bus9ess z long z ,eliot & ,sir ,dudley ,digges 7:o _h be5 imprison$ ) him7 7 9 conf9em5t1 !y 7 releas$1 & p>liam5t 0 dissolv$ on ! #ae? ( ,june4 ,eliot 0 imm$iately dismiss$ f 8 (fice ( vice-admiral ( ,devon1 & 9 #afbg he 0 aga9 imprison$ = refus+ to pay a =c$ loan1 b lib]at$ %ortly be=e ! assembl+ ( ! p>liam5t ( #afbh1 to :i* he 0 return$ z memb] = ,cornwall4 ,he jo9$ 9 ! resi/ance n[ organiz$ to arbitr>y taxation1 0 =emo/ 9 ! promotion ( ! ,petition ( ,"r1 cont9u$ 8 outspok5 c5sure ( ,buck+ham1 & aft] ! latt]'s assass9ation 9 ,augu/1 l$ ! attack 9 ! session ( #afbi on ! rituali/s & ,arm9ians4 ,9 ,febru>y ! great "q ( ! "r ( ! k+ to levy tonnage & p\ndage came up = discussion2 & on ! k+ ord]+ an adj\rnm5t ( p>liam5t1 ! speak]1 ,sir ,john ,f9*1 0 held d[n 9 ! *air :ile ,eliot's resolutions aga9/ illegal taxation & innovations 9 religion 7 read to ! ,h\se by ,holles 7q4v474 ,9 consequ5ce1 ,eliot1 ) eight o!r memb]s1 0 imprison$ on ! #d? ( ,m>* 9 ! ,t[]4 ,he refus$ to answ] 9 8 exam9ation1 rely+ on 8 privilege ( p>liam5t1 & on ! #bi? ( ,octob] 0 remov$ to ! ,m>%alsea4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,janu>y he appe>$ at ! b> ( ! k+'s b5*1 ) ,holles & ,val5t9e1 to answ] a *>ge ( conspiracy to resi/ ! k+'s ord]1 & refus+ to ackn[l$ge ! jurisdiction ( ! c\rt he 0 f9$ ,l#bjjj & ord]$ to be imprison$ dur+ ! k+'s pleasure & till he _h made submission4 ,?is he /eadfa/ly refus$4 ,:ile "s ( ! prison]s appe> to h _h c]ta9 lib]ty all[$ to !m1 ,eliot's conf9em5t 9 ! ,t[] 0 made exceptionally sev]e4 ,*>les's ang] _h be5 f ! fir/ direct$ *iefly aga9/ him1 n only z 8 own political antagoni/ b z ! prosecutor & bitt] enemy ( ,buck+ham2 an outlaw$ man1 he describ$ him1 desp]ate 9 m9d & =tune4 ,eliot langui%$ 9 prison = "s "t1 dur+ :i* he wrote sev]al works1 8 ,negotium po/]orum1 an acc\nt ( ! p>liam5t 9 #afbe2 ,! ,mon>*ie ( ,man1 a political treatise2 ,de jure maje/atis1 a ,political ,treatise ( ,gov]nm5t2 & ,an ,apology = ,socrates1 8 own def5ce4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #afcb he fell into a decl9e4 ,9 ,octob] he petition$ ,*>les = p]mission to g into ! c\ntry1 b leave c\ld only be obta9$ at ! price ( submission1 & 0 f9ally refus$4 ,he di$ on ! #bg? ( ,novemb] #afcb4 ,:5 8 son reque/$ p]mission to move ! body to ,port ,eliot1 ,*>les1 ^: res5tm5t /ill surviv$1 return$ ! curt refusal3 ,let ,sir ,john ,eliot be buri$ 9 ! *ur* ( t p>i% :]e he di$4 ,! mann] ( ,eliot's dea?1 n )\t suspicion ( f\l play1 & z ! result ( ! k+'s implacability & ! sev]e treatm5t to :i* he _h be5 subject$1 _h m effect1 probably1 ?an any o!r s+le incid5t 9 embitt]+ & precipitat+ ! dispute betwe5 k+ & p>liam5t2 & ! tragic sacrifice ( a man s gift$ & patriotic1 & actuat$ orig9ally by no antagoni/ic feel+ aga9/ ! mon>*y or ! *ur*1 is ! sure/ condemnation ( ! k+'s policy & adm9i/ration4 ,eliot 0 ess5tially a great orator1 inspir$ by en?usiasm & high ideals1 :i* he 0 able to communicate to 8 he>]s by 8 eloqu5ce1 b1 l ,*a?am aft]w>ds1 he _h n only ! gifts b ! fail+s ( ! orator1 0 incapable ( well-reason$ & balanc$ judgm5t1 &1 ?\gh "o ( ! greate/ p]sonalities ( ! "t1 0 inf]ior to ,pym bo? z a p>ty lead] & z a /atesman4 ,eliot m>ri$ ,rhadagund1 daught] ( ,ri*>d ,g$ie ( ,trebursye 9 ,cornwall1 by :om he _h five sons1 f ! y\nge/ ( :om ,ni*olas ! pres5t e>l ( ,/ ,g]mans is desc5d$1 & f\r daught]s4 ,! ,life ( ,sir ,j4 ,eliot1 by ,j4 ,=/] 7#ahfd71 is supplem5t$ & correct$ by ,g>d9]'s ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 vols4 v4-vii41 & ! article 9 ! ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biog41 by ! same au?or4 ,eliot's writ+s1 toge!r ) 8 ,lett]-,book1 h be5 edit$ by ,dr ,gros>t4 ,,eliot1 ,,john 7#afjd-afij71 ,am]ican colonial cl]gyman1 kn[n z ! ,apo/le to ! ,indians1 0 born probably at ,wid=d1 ,h]t=d%ire1 ,engl&1 :]e he 0 baptiz$ on ! #e? ( ,augu/ #afjd4 ,he 0 ! son ( ,b5nett ,eliot1 a middle-class f>m]4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 boyhood & e>ly manhood except t he took 8 degree ( ,b4,a4 at ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 #afbb4 ,x seems probable t he ent]$ ! m9i/ry ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 b !re is no?+ def9itely kn[n ( him until #afbi-afcj1 :5 he became an u%] or assi/ant at ! s*ool ( ! ,rev4 ,?omas ,hook]1 at ,little ,badd[1 ne> ,*elms=d4 ,! influ5ce ( ,hook] app>5tly det]m9$ him to become a ,puritan1 b 8 connexion ) ! s*ool ceas$ 9 #afcj1 :5 ,laud's p]secutions drove ,hook] into exile4 ,! realization ( ! difficulties 9 ! way ( a non-con=m+ cl]gyman 9 ,engl& und\bt$ly det]m9$ ,eliot to emigrate to ,am]ica 9 ! autumn ( #afca1 :]e he settl$ fir/ at ,bo/on1 assi/+ = a "t at ! ,fir/ ,*ur*4 ,9 ,novemb] #afcb he became tea*] to ! *ur* at ,roxbury1 ) :i* 8 connexion la/$ until 8 dea?4 ,!re he m>ri$ ,hannah ,mul=d1 :o _h be5 betro!d to him 9 ,engl&1 & :o became 8 con/ant help]4 ,9 ! c>e ( ! ,roxbury *ur* he 0 associat$ ) ,?omas ,welde f #afcb to #afda1 ) ,samuel ,dan=? 7#afbf-afgd7 f #afdi to #afgd1 & ) ,nehemiah ,walt] 7#affc-agej7 f #afhh to #afij4 ,inspir$ ) ! idea ( conv]t+ ! ,indians1 8 fir/ /ep 0 to p]fect himself 9 _! dialects1 :i* he did by ! assi/ance ( a "y ,indian :om he receiv$ into 8 home4 ,) 8 aid he translat$ ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts & ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,he fir/ successfully prea*$ to ! ,indians 9 _! own tongue at ,nonantum 7,newton7 9 ,octob] #afdf4 ,at ! ?ird meet+ sev]al ,indians decl>$ !mselves conv]t$1 & 7 soon foll[$ by _m o!rs4 ,eliot induc$ ! ,massa*usetts ,g5]al ,c\rt to set aside l& = _! resid5ce1 ! same body also vot+ him ,l#aj to prosecute ! "w1 & direct+ t two cl]gym5 be annually elect$ by ! cl]gy z prea*]s to ! ,indians4 ,z soon z ! success ( ,eliot's endeav\rs became kn[n1 ! necess>y funds fl[$ 9 ^u him f private s\rces 9 bo? ,old & ,new ,engl&4 ,9 ,july #afdi p>liam5t incorporat$ ! ,society = ! ,propagation ( ! ,gospel 9 ,new ,engl&1 :i* h5ce=? support$ & direct$ ! "w inaugurat$ by ,eliot4 ,! fir/ appeal = aid br\ght contributions ( ,l#aa1jjj4 ,9 #afea ! ,*ri/ian ,indian t[n f\nd$ by ,eliot 0 remov$ f ,nonantum to ,natick1 :]e resid5ces1 a meet+-h\se1 & a s*ool-h\se 7 erect$1 & :]e ,eliot prea*$1 :5 able1 once 9 e two weeks z long z he liv$4 ,to ?is community ,eliot appli$ a plan ( gov]nm5t by means ( t5s1 fifties & hundr$s1 :i* he subsequ5tly advocat$ z suitable = all ,engl&4 ,eliot's mission>y lab\rs enc\rag$ o!rs to foll[ 9 8 foot/eps4 ,a second t[n "u 8 direction 0 e/abli%$ at ,ponkapog 7,/\ghton7 9 #afed1 9 :i* he _h ! assi/ance ( ,daniel ,gook9 7c4 #afab-afhg74 ,8 success 0 duplicat$ 9 ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d & ,nantucket by ! ,mayhews1 & by #afgd ! un(ficial c5sus ( ! pray+ ,indians numb]$ #djjj4 ,k+ ,philip's ,w> 7#afge-gf7 0 a /agg]+ bl[ to all mission>y ent]prise2 & al?\gh few ( ! conv]t$ ,indians prov$ disloyal1 x 0 "s ye>s be=e adequate support c\ld aga9 be enli/$4 ,yet at ,eliot's dea?1 :i* occurr$ at ,roxbury on ! #ba/ ( ,may #afij1 ! missions 7 at ! height ( _! prosp]ity1 & t ! results ( 8 lab\rs 7 n p]man5t 0 due only to ! racial traits ( ! ,new ,engl& tribes4 ,( wid] influ5ce & m la/+ value ?an 8 p]sonal lab\rs z a mission>y 0 ,eliot's "w z a translator ( ! ,bible & v>i\s religi\s works into ! ,massa*usetts dialect ( ! ,algonquian language4 ,! fir/ "w complet$ 0 ! ,cate*ism1 publi%$ 9 #afec at ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 ! fir/ book to be pr9t$ 9 ! ,indian tongue4 ,sev]al ye>s elaps$ be=e ,eliot complet$ 8 task ( translat+ ! ,bible4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t 0 at la/ issu$ 9 #affa1 & ! ,old ,te/am5t foll[$ two ye>s lat]4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t 0 b\nd ) x1 & ?us ! :ole ,bible 0 complet$4 ,to x 7 add$ a ,cate*ism & a metrical v]sion ( ! ,psalms4 ,! title ( ?is ,bible1 n[ a great r>ity1 is ,mamussee ,wunneetupanatamwe ,up-,biblum ,god naneeswe ,nukkone ,te/am5t kah wonk ,wusku ,te/am5t-,ne quo%k9numuk na%pe ,wutt9neumoh ,*ri/ noh asso[esit ,john ,eliot2 lit]ally translat$1 ,! ,:ole ,holy ,8-,bible ,god1 bo? ,old ,te/am5t & also ,new ,te/am5t4 ,?is turn$ by !-s]vant-(-,*ri/1 :o is call$ ,john ,eliot4 ,?is book 0 pr9t$ 9 #affc at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 by ,samuel ,gre5 & ,m>maduke ,johnson1 & 0 ! fir/ ,bible pr9t$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 #afhe appe>$ a second edition1 9 ! prep>ation ( :i* ,eliot 0 assi/$ by ! ,rev4 ,john ,cotton 7#afdj-afii71 ! y\ng]1 ( ,plym\?1 :o also _h a wide k ( ! ,indian tongue4 ,besides 8 ,bible1 ,eliot publi%$ at ,cambridge 9 #affd a translation ( ,baxt]'s ,call to ! ,unconv]t$1 & 9 #affe an abridg$ translation ( ,bi%op ,bayly's ,practice ( ,piety4 ,) ! assi/ance ( 8 sons he complet$ 7#affd7 8 well-kn[n ,indian ,gramm> ,begun1 pr9t$ at ,cambridge1 ,massa*usetts1 9 #afff4 ,x 0 repr9t$ 9 vol4 ix4 ( ! ,collections ( ! ,massa*usetts ,hi/orical ,society4 ,! ,indian ,prim]1 compris+ an exposition ( ! ,"l's ,pray] & a translation ( ! ,l>g] ,cate*ism1 0 publi%$ at ,cambridge 9 #affi1 & 0 repr9t$ "u ! editorial sup]9t5d5ce ( ,mr ,john ,small ( ! univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh 9 #ahgg4 ,9 #afga ,eliot pr9t$ 9 ,engli% a little volume entitl$ ,indian ,dialogues1 foll[$ 9 #afgb by 8 ,logick ,prim]1 bo? ( :i* 7 int5d$ = ! in/ruction ( ! ,indians 9 ,engli%4 ,8 la/ translation 0 ,?omas ,%ep>d's ,s9c]e ,conv]t1 complet$ & publi%$ by ,gr9dal ,rawson 9 #afhi4 ,eliot's lit]>y activity1 h[ev]1 ext5d$ into o!r fields ?an t ( ,indian in/ruction4 ,he 01 ) ,ri*>d ,ma!r1 "o ( ! editors ( ! ,bay ,psalm ,book 7#afdj74 ,sev]al tracts writt5 :olly or 9 "p by him 9 ! nature ( reports to ! society :i* support$ 8 missions 7 publi%$ at v>i\s times 9 ,engl&4 ,9 #affj he publi%$ a curi\s treatise on gov]nm5t entitl$ ,! ,*ri/ian ,commonweal?1 9 :i* he f\nd ! ideal ( gov]nm5t 9 ! anci5t ,jewi% /ate1 & propos$ ! reorganization ( ! ,engli% gov]nm5t on ! basis ( a num]ical subdivision ( ! inhabitants4 ,8 ,h>mony ( ! ,gospels 7#afgh7 0 a life ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,,bibliography4--,an acc\nt ( ,eliot's life & "w is conta9$ 9 ,willi/on ,walk]'s ,t5 ,new ,engl& ,lead]s 7,new ,york1 #aija74 ,!re is a ,life ( ,john ,eliot1 by ,conv]s ,francis1 9 ,sp>ks' ,am]ican ,biography1 vol4 v4 7,new ,york1 #ahec72 ano!r by ,n4 ,adams 7,bo/on1 #ahdg72 & a sket* 9 ,cotton ,ma!r's ,magnalia 7,london1 #agjb74 ,= a good acc\nt ( 8 publications 9 ! ,indian language see ! *apt] on ,! ,indian ,tongue & its ,lit]ature1 by ,j4,h4 ,trumbull1 9 vol4 i4 ( ! ,memorial ,hi/ory ( ,bo/on 7#ahhb74 7,w4 ,wr47 ,,elis1 or ,,eleia1 an anci5t di/rict ( s\!rn ,greece1 b\nd$ on ! ,n4 by ,a*aea1 ,e4 by ,arcadia1 ,s4 by ,mess5ia1 & ,w4 by ! ,ionian ,sea4 ,! local =m ( ! "n 0 ,valis1 or ,valeia1 & its mean+1 9 all probability1 ! l[l&4 ,9 its physical con/itution ,elis is practically "o ) ,a*aea & ,arcadia2 its m\nta9s are m]e (f%oots ( ! ,arcadian highl&s1 & its pr9cipal riv]s are f$ by ,arcadian spr+s4 ,f ,eryman?us 9 ! nor?1 ,skollis 7n[ kn[n z ,mavri & ,santam]i 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its l5g?7 /ret*es t[>d ! we/1 & ,pholoe along ! ea/]n fronti]2 9 ! s\? a prolongation ( ,m\nt ,lycaeon bore 9 anci5t times ! names ( ,m9! & ,lapi?us1 :i* h giv5 place respectively to ,alv5a & to ,kaiapha & ,sm]na4 ,^! m\nta9s are well clo!d ) vegetation1 & pres5t a s(t & pleas+ appe>ance 9 contra/ to ! picturesque wildness ( ! p>5t ranges4 ,!y gradually s9k t[>ds ! we/ & die (f into :at 0 "o ( ! ri*e/ alluvial tracts 9 ! ,peloponnesus4 ,except :]e x is brok5 by ! rocky promontories ( ,*elonatas 7n[ ,*lemutzi7 & ,i*?ys 7n[ ,katakolo71 ! coa/ lies l[1 ) /ret*es ( s& 9 ! nor? & lagoons & m>%es t[>ds ! s\?4 ,dur+ ! summ] mon?s communication ) ! sea be+ e/abli%$ by means ( canals1 ^! lagoons yield a ri* h>ve/ ( fi% to ! inhabitants1 :o at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 are almo/ driv5 f ! coa/ by ! sw>ms ( gnats4 ,! di/rict = adm9i/rative purposes =ms "p ( ! nome ( ,elis & ,a*aea 7see ,,greece74 ,elis 0 divid$ into ?ree di/ricts--,holl[ or ,l[l& ,elis 7,greek3 he kohile ,elis71 ,pisatis1 or ! t]ritory ( ,pisa1 & ,triphylia1 or ! c\ntry ( ! ?ree tribes4 7#a7 ,holl[ ,elis1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ nor!rn ( ! ?ree1 0 wat]$ by ! ,p5eus & its tribut>y ! ,ladon1 ^: unit$ /ream =ms ! mod]n ,ga/\ni4 ,x includ$ n only ! *ampaign c\ntry orig9ally designat$ by its "n1 b also ! m\nta9\s region ( ,acrorea1 occupi$ by ! (f%oots ( ,eryman?us4 ,besides ! capital city ( ,elis1 x conta9$ ,cyll5e1 an ,arcadian settlem5t on ! sea-coa/1 ^: inhabitants wor%ipp$ ,h]mes "u ! phallic symbol2 ,pylus1 at ! junction ( ! ,p5eus & ! ,ladon1 :i*1 l s _m o!r places ( ! same "n1 claim$ to be ! city ( ,ne/or1 & ! =tifi$ fronti] t[n ( ,lasion1 ! ru9s ( :i* are /ill visible at ,kuti1 ne> ! village ( ,kumani4 ,! di/rict 0 fam\s 9 antiquity = its cattle & horses2 & its byssus1 suppos$ to h be5 introduc$ by ! ,pho5icians1 0 inf]ior only to t ( ,pale/9e4 7#b7 ,pisatis ext5d$ s\? f ,holl[ ,elis to ! "r bank ( ! ,alpheus1 & 0 divid$ into eight dep>tm5ts call$ aft] z _m t[ns4 ,( ^! ,salmone1 ,h]aclea1 ,cicysion1 ,dyspontium & ,h>p9a are kn[n--! la/ be+ ! reput$ burial-place ( ,m>max1 ! suitor ( ,hippodamia4 ,f ! "t ( ! e>ly inve/igators x has be5 disput$ :e!r ,pisa1 :i* gave its "n to ! di/rict1 has ev] be5 a city1 or 0 only a f\nta9 or a hill4 ,by f> ! mo/ important spot 9 ,pisatis 0 ! sc5e ( ! great ,olympic games1 on ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,alpheus 7see ,,olympia74 7#c7 ,triphylia /ret*es s\? f ! ,alpheus to ! ,n$a1 :i* =ms ! b\nd>y t[>ds ,mess5ia4 ,( ! n9e t[ns m5tion$ by ,polybius1 only two atta9$ to any consid]able influ5ce--,lepreum & ,maci/us1 :i* gave ! names ( ,lepreatis & ,maci/ia to ! s\!rn & nor!rn halves ( ,triphylia4 ,! =m] 0 ! seat ( a /rongly indep5d5t population1 & cont9u$ to take e opportunity ( resi/+ ! supremacy ( ! ,eleans4 ,9 ! "t ( ,pausanias x 0 9 a v decad5t condition1 & possess$ only a poor brick-built temple ( ,demet]2 b consid]able rema9s ( its out] walls are /ill 9 exi/5ce ne> ! village ( ,/rovitzi1 on a "p ( ! ,m9! range4 ,! orig9al inhabitants ( ,elis 7 call$ ,caucones & ,p>oreatae4 ,!y are m5tion$ = ! fir/ "t 9 ,greek hi/ory "u ! title ( ,epeians1 z sett+ out = ! ,trojan ,w>1 & !y are describ$ by ,hom] z liv+ 9 a /ate ( con/ant ho/ility ) _! neighb\rs ! ,pylians4 ,at ! close ( ! #aa? c5tury ,b4,c4 ! ,dorians invad$ ! ,peloponnesus1 & ,elis fell to ! %>e ( ,oxylus & ! ,aetolians4 ,^! p1 amalgamat+ ) ! ,epeians1 =m$ a p[]ful k+dom 9 ! nor? ( ,elis4 ,aft] ?is _m *anges took place 9 ! political di/ribution ( ! c\ntry1 till at l5g? x came to ackn[l$ge only ?ree tribes1 ea* indep5d5t ( ! o!rs4 ,^! tribes 7 ! ,epeians1 ,m9yae & ,eleans4 ,be=e ! end ( ! #h? c5tury ,b4,c41 h[ev]1 ! ,eleans _h vanqui%$ bo? _! rivals1 & e/abli%$ _! supremacy ov] ! :ole c\ntry4 ,among ! o!r advantages :i* !y ?us ga9$ 0 ! "r ( celebrat+ ! ,olympic games1 :i* _h =m]ly be5 ! pr]ogative ( ! ,pisatans4 ,! attempts :i* ?is p made to recov] _! lo/ privilege1 dur+ a p]iod ( ne>ly two hundr$ ye>s1 end$ at l5g? 9 ! total de/ruction ( _! city by ! ,eleans4 ,f ! "t ( ?is ev5t 7#egb ,b4,c47 till ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 ! peace ( ,elis rema9$ undi/urb$4 ,9 t great conte/ ,elis sid$ at fir/ ) ,sp>ta2 b t p[]1 jeal\s ( ! increas+ prosp]ity ( its ally1 avail$ itself ( ! fir/ pretext to pick a qu>rel4 ,at ! battle ( ,mant9ea 7#dah ,b4,c47 ! ,eleans f\ght aga9/ ! ,sp>tans1 :o1 z soon z ! w> came to a close1 took v5geance ^u !m by depriv+ !m ( ,triphylia & ! t[ns ( ! ,acrorea4 ,! ,eleans made no attempt to re-e/abli% _! au?ority ov] ^! places1 till ! /> ( ,!bes rose 9 ! asc5dant aft] ! battle ( ,leuctra 7#cga ,b4,c474 ,x is n unlikely t !y w\ld h effect$ _! purpose _h n ! ,arcadian conf$]acy come to ! assi/ance ( ! ,triphylians4 ,9 #cff ,b4,c4 ho/ilities broke out betwe5 !m1 & ?\gh ! ,eleans 7 at fir/ successful1 !y 7 soon ov]p[]$1 & _! capital v ne>ly fell into ! h&s ( ! enemy4 ,unable to make head aga9/ _! oppon5ts1 !y appli$ = assi/ance to ! ,sp>tans1 :o invad$ ,arcadia1 & =c$ ! ,arcadians to recall _! troops f ,elis4 ,! g5]al result ( ?is w> 0 ! re/oration ( _! t]ritory to ! ,eleans1 :o 7 also aga9 inve/$ ) ! "r ( hold+ ! ,olympic games4 ,dur+ ! ,mac$onian supremacy 9 ,greece !y sid$ ) ! victors1 b refus$ to fight aga9/ _! c\ntrym54 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&] !y r5\nc$ ! ,mac$onian alliance4 ,at a subsequ5t p]iod !y jo9$ ! ,aetolian ,league1 b p]si/5tly refus$ to id5tify !mselves ) ! ,a*aeans4 ,:5 ! :ole ( ,greece fell "u ! ,roman yoke1 ! sanctity ( ,olympia secur$ = ! ,eleans a c]ta9 am\nt ( indulg5ce4 ,! games /ill cont9u$ to attract to ! c\ntry l>ge numb]s ( /rang]s1 until !y 7 f9ally put d[n by ,!odosius 9 #cid1 two ye>s previ\s to ! utt] de/ruction ( ! c\ntry by ! ,go?ic invasion "u ,al>ic4 ,9 lat] times ,elis fell successively into ! h&s ( ! ,franks & ! ,v5etians1 "u ^: rule x recov]$ to "s ext5t its anci5t prosp]ity4 ,by ! latt] p ! prov9ce ( ,belv$]e on ! ,p5eus 0 call$1 9 consequ5ce ( its f]tility1 ! mil* c[ ( ! ,morea4 ,,elis1 ! *ief city ( ! anci5t ,greek di/rict ( ,elis1 0 situat$ on ! riv] ,p5eus1 j :]e x passes f ! m\nta9\s di/rict ( ,acrorea into ! *ampaign bel[4 ,accord+ to native tradition1 x 0 orig9ally f\nd$ by ,oxylus1 ! lead] ( ! ,aetolians1 ^: /atue /ood 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,9 #dga ,b4,c4 x receiv$ a great ext5sion by ! incorporation 7synoecism7 ( v>i\s small hamlets1 ^: inhabitants took up _! abode 9 ! city4 ,up to ?is date x only occupi$ ! ridge ( ! hill n[ call$ ,kalaskopi1 to ! s\? ( ! ,p5eus1 b aft]w>ds x spread out 9 sev]al suburbs1 & ev5 to ! o!r side ( ! /ream4 ,z all ! a?letes :o int5d$ to take "p 9 ! ,olympic games 7 oblig$ to und]go a mon?'s tra9+ 9 ! city1 its gymnasiums 7 among its pr9cipal in/itutions4 ,!y 7 ?ree 9 numb]--! ,xy/os1 ) its av5ues ( plane-trees1 its ple?rion or wre/l+-place1 its alt>s to ,h]acles1 to ,eros & ,ant]os1 to ,demet] & ,kore 7,cora71 & its c5otaph ( ,a*illes2 ! ,tetragonon1 appropriat$ to box+ ex]cises2 & ! ,mal?o1 9 ! int]ior ( :i* 0 a hall or c\ncil *amb] call$ ,lali*mion aft] its f\nd]4 ,! m>ket-place 0 ( ! old-fa%ion$ type1 ) porticoes at int]vals & pa?s lead+ betwe5 !m4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,hippodrome because x 0 commonly us$ = ex]cis+ horses4 ,among ! o!r objects ( int]e/ 7 ! temple ( ,artemis ,philomirax2 ! ,hellanodicaeon1 or (fice ( ! ,hellanodicae2 ! ,corcyrean ,hall1 a build+ 9 ! ,dorian /yle ) two facades1 built ( spoils f ,corcyra2 a temple ( ,apollo ,acesius2 a temple ( ,sil5us2 an anci5t /ructure support$ on oak5 pill>s & reput$ to be ! burial-place ( ,oxylus2 ! build+ :]e ! sixte5 wom5 ( ,elis 7 wont to weave a robe = ! /atue ( ,h]a at ,olympia2 ! temple ( ,aphrodite1 ) a /atue ( ! goddess by ,pheidias z ,urania ) a tortoise b5ea? h] foot1 & by ,scopas z ,p&emos1 rid+ on a goat2 & ! %r9e ( ,dionysus1 ^: fe/ival1 ! ,?yia1 0 ye>ly celebrat$ 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,on ! acropolis 0 a temple ( ,a!na1 ) a gold & ivory /atue by ,pheidias4 ,! hi/ory ( ! t[n is closely id5tifi$ ) t ( ! c\ntry4 ,9 #cii ,b4,c4 x 0 occupi$ by ,agis1 k+ ( ,sp>ta4 ,! acropolis 0 =tifi$ 9 #cab by ,telesphorus1 ! admiral ( ,antigonus1 b x 0 %ortly aft]w>ds dismantl$ by ,philemon1 ano!r ( 8 g5]als4 ,a view ( ! site is giv5 by ,/anhope4 ,x is n[ call$ ,palaeopolis4 ,no traces ( any build+s c be id5tifi$1 ! only rema9s visible dat+ f ,roman times4 ,see ,pausanias vi4 #bc-bf2 ,j4 ,sp5c] ,/anhope1 ,olympia & ,elis 7#ahbd71 folio2 ,w4,m4 ,leake1 ,morea 7#ahcj72 ,e4 ,curtius1 ,peloponnesus 7#ahea-aheb72 ,s*ill]1 ,/amme und ,/aat5 ,grie*5l&s2 ,c4 ,bursian1 ,geographie von ,grie*5l& 7#ahfh-ahgb72 ,p4 ,g>dn]1 ,! ,co9s ( ,elis1 9 ,num4 ,*r4 7#ahgi74 7,e4 ,gr47 ,,elis1 ,,philosophical ,,s*ool ,,(4 ,?is s*ool 0 f\nd$ by ,pha$o1 a pupil ( ,socrates4 ,x exi/$ = a v %ort "t & 0 !n transf]r$ by ,m5$emus to ,eretria1 :]e x became kn[n z ! ,eretrian s*ool4 ,its *ief memb]s1 beside ,pha$o1 7 ,an*ipylus1 ,mos*us & ,plei/anus 7see ,,pha$o & ,,m5$emus74 ,,elisavetgrad1 a =tress & t[n ( ,russia1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,kh]son1 #bif m4 by rail ,n4,e4 ( ,odessa on ! ,balta-,krem5*ug railway1 & on ! ,+ul riv]1 9 #dh deg4 #ca' ,n4 & #cb deg4 #aj' ,e4 ,! population increas$ f #bc1gbe 9 #ahfj to #ff1ahb 9 #aijj4 ,! t[n is regul>ly built1 ) wide /reets1 "s ( !m l9$ ) trees1 & is a weal?y t[n1 :i* has become an indu/rial c5tre = ! region especially on acc\nt ( its /eam fl\r-mills1 9 :i* x is second only to ,odessa1 its di/ill]ies1 me*anical work%ops1 tobacco & tall[ factories & brickworks4 ,x is an important c5tre = trade 9 c]eals & fl\r = export1 & 9 %eep1 cattle1 wool1 lea!r & timb]4 ,five fairs are held annually4 ,x has a milit>y s*ool1 a fir/-class meteorological /ation & a botanical g>d54 ,! t[n 0 f\nd$ 9 #aged & nam$ aft] ! empress ,elizabe?4 ,! =tifications are n[ decay$4 ,,elisavetpol1 a gov]nm5t ( ,russia1 ,transcaucasia1 hav+ ! gov]nm5ts ( ,tiflis & ,daghe/an on ! ,n41 ,baku on ! ,e41 & ,erivan & ,tiflis on ! ,w4 & ,p]sia on ! ,s4 ,area1 #af1gba sq4 m4 ,x includes3 7a7 ! s\!rn slope ( ! ma9 ,caucasus range 9 ! nor?-ea/1 :]e ,baz>dyuzi 7#ad1ggj ft47 & o!r peaks rise above ! sn[-l9e2 7b7 ! arid & unproductive /eppes beside ! ,kura1 rea*+ #ajjj ft4 ( altitude 9 ! we/ & s9k+ to #ajj-bjj ft4 9 ! ea/1 :]e irrigation is necess>y2 & 7c7 ! nor!rn slopes ( ! ,transcaucasian esc>pm5t & portions ( ! ,arm5ian plateau1 :i* is int]sect$ t[>ds its we/]n b\nd>y1 ne> ,lake ,gok-*a1 by *a9s ( m\nta9s consi/+ ( tra*ytes & v>i\s cry/all9e rocks1 & rea*+ #ab1hde ft4 9 ,m\nt ,kapujikh4 ,else:]e ! c\ntry has ! "* ( a plateau1 #gjjj to #hjjj ft4 high1 deeply tr5*$ by tribut>ies ( ! ,aras4 ,all v>ieties ( climate are f\nd f t ( ! sn[clad peaks1 ,alp9e mead[s1 & /ony des]ts ( ! high levels1 to t ( ! hill slopes1 clo!d ) g>d5s & v9ey>ds1 & ( ! arid ,caspian /eppes4 ,?us1 at ,%u%a1 on ! plateau1 at an altitude ( #cfhj ft41 ! av]age temp]atures are3 ye> #dh deg41 ,janu>y #bf deg41 ,july #ff deg42 annual ra9fall1 #bf4d2 :ile at ,elisavetpol1 9 ! valley ( ! ,kura1 !y are3 ye> #ee deg41 ,janu>y #cb deg4 #b1 ,july #gg deg4 & ra9fall only #aj4c 94 ,ne>ly "o-fif? ( ! surface is "u =e/s4 ,! population :i* 0 #hhe1cgi 9 #ahig 7only #cib1abd wom52 #hd1acj urban71 & 0 e/imat$ at #iec1cjj 9 #aijf1 consi/s *iefly ( ,tat>s 7#ef7 & ,arm5ians 7#cc74 ,! rema9d] are ,kurds 7#d4g71 ,russians & a few ,g]mans1 ,jews1 ,kur9s1 ,ud9s & ,tates4 ,peasants =m ! great bulk ( ! population4 ,"s ( ! ,tat>s & ! ,kurds are nomadic4 ,:eat1 maize1 b>ley1 oats & rye are gr[n1 also rice4 ,cultivation ( cotton has begun1 b ! re>+ ( silkworms is ( old /&+1 especially at ,nukha 7#afej tons ( cocoons on ! av]age are obta9$ e ye>74 ,ne>ly #hjjj acres are "u v9es1 ! yield ( w9e av]ag+ #hb-a_/b million gallons annually4 ,g>d5+ rea*es a high /&>d ( p]fection4 ,liquorice root is obta9$ to ! ext5t ( ab\t #ce1jjj tons annually4 ,! re>+ ( live-/ock is l>gely c>ri$ on on ! /eppes4 ,copp]1 magnetic iron ore1 cobalt & a small quantity ( naph?a are extract$1 & ne>ly #aj1jjj p]sons are employ$ 9 manufactur+ indu/ry--copp] works & silk-mills4 ,c>pet-weav+ is widely spread4 ,ow+ to ! ,transcaucasian railway1 :i* crosses ! gov]nm5t1 trade1 bo? 9 ! int]ior & ) ,p]sia1 is v brisk4 ,! gov]nm5t is divid$ into eight di/ricts1 ,elisavetpol1 ,are%1 ,jebrail1 ,jevan%ir1 ,kazakh1 ,nukha1 ,%u%a & ,zangezur4 ,! only t[ns1 besides ! capital1 are ,nukha 7#bd1haa inhabitants 9 #ahig7 & ,%u%a 7#be1fef74 ,,elisavetpol 7=m]ly ,ganja1 alt]native names be+ ,,k5jeh & ,,kanga71 a t[n ( ,russia1 capital ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! same "n1 #aah m4 by rail ,s4,e4 ( ,tiflis & #c-a_/b m4 f ! railway1 at an altitude ( #addf ft4 ,pop4 7#ahgc7 #ae1dci2 7#ahig7 #cc1jij4 ,x is a v old t[n1 :i* *ang$ h&s betwe5 ,p]sians1 ,khaz>s & ,arabs ev5 9 ! #g? c5tury1 & lat] fell into ! possession ( ,mongols1 ,georgians1 ,p]sians & ,turks successively1 until ! ,russians took x 9 #ahjd1 :5 ! *ange ( "n 0 made4 ,x is a badly built place1 ) n>r[ /reets & l[-ro($1 w9d[less h\ses1 & is situat$ 9 a v unheal?y locality1 b has be5 mu* improv$1 a new ,european qu>t] hav+ be5 built on ! site ( ! old =tress 7erect$ by ! ,turks 9 #agab-agbd74 ,! inhabitants are *iefly ,tat>s & ,arm5ians1 fam$ = _! excell5t g>d5+1 & also = silkworm bre$+4 ,x has a beautiful mosque1 built by ,%ah ,abbas ( ,p]sia 9 #afbj2 & a r5[n$ ,gre5 ,mosque amid/ ! ru9s ( old ,ganja1 #d m4 di/ant4 ,! ,p]sian poet1 ,%ah ,nizam 7,nizam-ed-,d971 0 born "h 9 #aada1 & is said to h be5 buri$ 7#abjc7 close to ! t[n4 ,! ,p]sians 7 defeat$ by ! ,russians "u ,paskevi* outside ?is t[n 9 #ahbf4 ,,eli%a 7a ,hebrew "n mean+ ,god is deliv]ance71 9 ! ,bible1 ! disciple & successor ( ,elijah1 0 ! son ( ,%aphat ( ,abel-meholah 9 ! valley ( ! ,jordan4 ,he 0 symbolically elect$ to ! prophetic (fice by ,elijah "s "t dur+ ! reign ( ,ahab 7#a ,k+s xix4 #ai-ba71 & he surviv$ until ! reign ( ,joa%4 ,8 c>e] ?us appe>s to h ext5d$ ov] a p]iod ( ne>ly sixty ye>s4 ,! relation betwe5 ,elijah & ,eli%a 0 ( a p>ticul>ly close k9d1 b ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is mu* m /rik+ ?an ! resemblance4 ,elijah is ! prophet ( ! wild]ness1 w&]+1 rugg$ & au/]e2 ,eli%a is ! prophet ( civiliz$ life1 ( ! city & ! c\rt1 ) ! dress1 mann]s & appe>ance ( ord9>y grave citiz5s4 ,elijah is ! mess5g] ( v5geance--sudd51 fi]ce & ov]:elm+2 ,eli%a is ! mess5g] ( m]cy & re/oration4 ,elijah's miracles1 ) few exceptions1 are works ( wra? & de/ruction2 ,eli%a's miracles1 ) b "o notable exception1 are works ( b5efic5ce & heal+4 ,elijah is ! prophet z fire 7,ecclus1 xlviii4 #a71 an abnormal ag5t work+ = exceptional ends2 ,eli%a is ! holy man ( ,god :i* passe? by u cont9ually 7#b ,k+s iv4 #i71 mix+ 9 ! common life ( ! p4 ,x is impossible to draw up a detail$ *ronology ( 8 life4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ev5ts n>rat$ no fur!r indication ( "t is giv5 ?an by ! words ! k+ ( ,israel1 ! "n n be+ specifi$4 ,!re are "s in/ances 9 :i* ! ord] ( "t is obvi\sly ! rev]se ( ! ord] ( n>rative1 & !re are o!r gr\nds = conclud+ t ! n>rative z we n[ h x is confus$ & incomplete4 ,?is may s]ve n only to expla9 ! *ronological difficulties1 b also to ?r[ "s light on ! altoge!r exceptional "* ( ! miracul\s elem5t 9 ,eli%a's hi/ory4 ,on ! lit]>y que/ions1 see fur!r ,,k+s4 ,n only are ,eli%a's miracles v num]\s1 ev5 m s ?an ^? ( ,elijah1 b !y /& 9 a peculi> relation to ! man & 8 "w4 ,) all ! o!r prophets ! prim>y function is spiritual tea*+2 miracles1 ev5 ?\gh num]\s & _m ( !m symbolical l ,eli%a's1 are only accessory4 ,) ,eli%a1 on ! o!r h&1 miracles seem ! pr9cipal function1 & ! tea*+ is altoge!r subsidi>y4 ,an explanation ( ! sup]abundance ( miracles 9 ,eli%a's life is sugge/$ by ! fact t sev]al ( !m 7 m]ely repetitions or d\bles ( ^? ( 8 pr$ecessor4 ,su* 73 8 fir/ miracle1 :51 return+ across ! ,jordan1 he made a dry pa? = himself 9 ! same mann] z ,elijah 7#b ,k+s ii4 #ad72 ! increase ( ! wid['s pot ( oil 7iv4 #a-g72 & ! re/oration ( ! son ( ! woman ( ,%unem to life 7iv4 #ah-cg74 ,! !ory t /ories f ! e>li] life h be5 import$ by mi/ake into ! lat]1 ev5 if t5able1 applies only to ?ree ( ! miracles1 & leaves unexpla9$ a mu* l>g] numb] :i* are n only n repetitions ( ^? ( ,elijah1 b h an entirely opposite "*4 ,! heal+ ( ! wat] ( ,j]i*o by putt+ salt 9 x 7ii4 #ai-bb71 ! provision ( wat] = ! army ( ,jeho%aphat 9 ! arid des]t 7iii4 #f-bj71 ! neutraliz+ by meal ( ! poison 9 ! pottage ( ! fam9e-/rick5 sons ( ! prophets at ,j]i*o 7iv4 #ch-da71 ! heal+ ( ,naaman ! ,syrian 7v4 #a-ai71 & ! recov]y ( ! iron axehead t _h sunk 9 ! wat] 7vi4 #a-g71 are all in/ances ( ! b5efic5ce :i* 0 ! g5]al *>act]i/ic ( ,eli%a's wond]-work+ activity 9 contra/ to t ( ,elijah4 ,ano!r miracle ( ! same class1 ! fe$+ ( a hundr$ m5 ) tw5ty loaves s t some?+ 0 left ov] 7iv4 #db-dd71 des]ves m5tion z ! mo/ /rik+ ?\gh n ! only in/ance ( a resemblance betwe5 ! "w ( ,eli%a & t ( ,jesus 7,matt4 xiv4 #ac-ba74 ,! "o di/9ct exception to ! g5]al b5efic5ce ( ,eli%a's activity--! de/ruction ( ! =ty-two *ildr5 :o mock$ him z he 0 go+ up to ,be!l 7#b ,k+s ii4 #bc-be7--pres5ts an e?ical difficulty :i* is sc>cely remov$ by ! sugge/ion t ! n>rative has lo/ "s p>ticul>s :i* w\ld h %[n ! real enormity ( ! *ildr5's (f5ce4 ,we may pref] to imag9e t among ! homely /ories told ( him 0 "o :i* _h = its ma9 object ! inculcation ( respect = "o's eld]s4#a ,! leprosy br\ght ^u ,gehazi 7v4 #bj-bg71 ?\gh a miracle ( judgm5t1 sc>cely belongs to ! same class z ! o!r2 & x w be obs]v$ t ,gehazi's subsequ5t relations ) ! c\rt 7viii4 #a-f7 ignore ! disease1 a fatal h9drance to int]c\rse4 ,fur!r1 ! heal+ ( ,naaman 7allud$ to 9 ,luke iv4 #bg7 presupposes peaceful relations betwe5 ,israel & ! ,syrians1 ) :i*1 h[ev]1 contra/ *4 vi4 ,! wond]-work+ p[] ( ,eli%a is repres5t$ z cont9u+ ev5 aft] 8 dea?4 ,z ! fe$+ ( ! hundr$ m5 & ! cure ( leprosy connect 8 "w ) t ( ,jesus1 s ! /ory t a dead man :o 0 ca/ into 8 sepul*re 0 br\ght to life by ! m]e contact ) 8 bones 7#b ,k+s xiii4 #ba1 cf4 ,ecclus4 xlviii4 #ab-ad7 is ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( an analogy betwe5 8 miracles & ^? record$ ( m$ieval sa9ts4 ,/anley 7,jewi% ,*ur*1 #d? ed41 ii4 #bgf7 9 ref]5ce to ?is has rem>k$ t 9 ! life ( ,eli%a alone 9 ! sacr$ hi/ory ! gulf betwe5 biblical & ecclesia/ical miracles almo/ disappe>s4 ,! place :i* ,eli%a fill$ 9 contempor>y hi/ory 0 "o ( great influ5ce & importance1 & sev]al n>ratives te/ify to 8 great reputation 9 ,israel4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 he deliv]$ ! army t _h be5 br\ght out aga9/ ,moab f a ?reat5$ de>? ( wat] 7#b ,k+s iii471#b he pla9ly intimates t1 b = 8 reg>d to ,jeho%aphat1 ! k+ ( ,judah1 :o 0 9 alliance ) ,israel1 he w\ld n h int]f]$4 ,:e!r he 0 ) ! army or 0 suppos$ to be liv+ 9 ! des]t is left obscure4 ,an int]e/+ t\* is ! influ5ce ( music ^u ! prophetic m9d 7v4 #ae74 ,8 next signal int]f]5ce 0 dur+ ! incursions ( ! ,syrians1 :5 he disclos$ ! plans ( ! invad]s to ! k+ ( ,israel ) su* effect t !y 7 aga9 & aga9 baffl$4 ,:5 ! k+ ( ,syria 0 in=m$ t ,eli%a1 ! prophet t is 9 ,israel1 telle? ! k+ ( ,israel ! words t ?\ speake/ 9 ?y b$-*amb]1 he at once s5t an army to take him captive 9 ,do?an4 ,at ,eli%a's pray] 8 t]rifi$ s]vant beheld an army ( horses & *>iots ( fire surr\nd+ ! prophet4 ,at a second pray] ! invad]s 7 /ruck bl9d1 & 9 ?is /ate !y 7 l$ by ,eli%a to ,sam>ia1 :]e _! sight 0 re/or$4 ,_! lives 7 sp>$ at ! comm& ( ! prophet1 & !y return$ home s impress$ t _! incursions !nce=w>d ceas$ 7vi4 #h-bc74 ,?is is imm$iately foll[$ by ! siege ( ,sam>ia by ,b5hadad :i* caus$ a fam9e ( ! sev]e/ k9d4 ,! calamity 0 imput$ by ! k+ ( ,israel to ! influ5ce ( ,eli%a1 & he ord]$ ! prophet to be imm$iately put to dea?4 ,=ew>n$ ( ! dang]1 ,eli%a ord]$ ! mess5g] :o _h be5 s5t to slay him to be deta9$ at ! door1 &1 :51 imm$iately aft]w>ds1 ! k+ himself came 7mess5g] 9 vi4 #cc %\ld r be k+71 pr$ict$ a great pl5ty )9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is 0 fulfill$ by ! flight ( ! ,syrian army "u ! circum/ances /at$ 9 *4 vii4 ,aft] ! episode ) reg>d to ! woman ( ,%unem 7viii4 #a-f71 :i* is out ( its *ronological ord]1 ,eli%a is repres5t$ z at ,damascus 7viii4 #g-ae74 ,! rev]5ce ) :i* ! =eign mon>* ,b5hadad address$ ,eli%a des]ves to be not$ z %[+ ! ext5t ( ! prophet's influ5ce4 ,9 s5d+ to "k ! issue ( 8 illness1 ! k+ caus$ himself to be /yl$ ?y son ,b5hadad4 ,equally rem>kable is ! v ambigu\s nature ( ,eli%a's reply 7viii4 #aj74c ,! mo/ important int]f]5ce ( ,eli%a 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry con/itut$ ! fulfilm5t ( ! ?ird ( ! comm&s laid ^u ,elijah4 ,! "w ( ano9t+ ,jehu to be k+ ov] ,israel 0 p]=m$ by deputy 7ix4 #a-c74 ,dur+ ! =ty-five ye>s :i* ! *ronological s*eme all[s = ! reigns ( ,jehu & ,jehoahaz ! n>ratives conta9 no notice ( ,eli%a1 b f ! circum/ances ( 8 dea? 7xiii4 #ad-ba7 x is cle> t he _h cont9u$ to enjoy ! e/eem ( ! dyna/y :i* he _h help$ to f\nd4 ,joa%1 ! gr&son ( ,jehu1 wait$ on him on 8 dea?-b$1 & address$ him 9 ! words :i* he himself _h us$ to ,elijah3 ,my fa!r1 my fa!r1 ! *>iot ( ,israel & ! horsem5 !re( 7cf4 ii4 #ab74 ,by ! result ( a symbolic dis*>ge ( arr[s he in=m$ ! k+ ( 8 com+ success aga9/ ,syria1 & imm$iately !reaft] he di$4 ,! explicit /atem5t t he 0 buri$ completes ! contra/ betwe5 him & 8 great] pr$ecessor4 ,on ! n>ratives1 see ,,k+s4 ,9 g5]al ^? :]e ! prophet appe>s z on fri5dly t]ms ) ! k+1 & possess$ ( influ5ce at c\rt 7e4g4 #b ,k+s iv4 #ac1 vi4 #i1 vi4 #ba1 comp>$ ) xiii4 #ad71 pla9ly belong to ! "t ( ,jehu's dyna/y1 ?\gh !y are relat$ be=e ! fall ( ! h\se ( ,omri4 ,we c di/+ui% portions ( an hi/orical n>rative :i* speaks ( ,eli%a 9 connexion ) ev5ts ( public int]e/1 )\t mak+ him ! c5tral figure1 & a s]ies ( anecdotes ( prop]ly biographical "*4444 ,9 ! latt] we may di/+ui% "o circle connect$ ) ,gilgal1 ,j]i*o & ! ,jordan valley to :i* ,abel-,meholah belongs 7iv4 #a-g8 #ch-dd1 v48 vi4 #a-g74 ,"h ,eli%a appe>s z ! head ( ! prophetic gilds1 hav+ 8 fix$ resid5ce at ,gilgal4#d ,ano!r circle1 :i* presupposes ! accession ( ! h\se ( ,jehu1 places him at ,do?an or ,c>mel1 & repres5ts him z a p]sonage ( almo/ sup]human dignity4 ,"h !re is an obvi\s p>allelism ) ! hi/ory ( ,elijah1 especially ) 8 asc5sion 7cf4 #b ,k+s vi4 #ag ) ii4 #aa2 xiii4 #ad ) ii4 #ab72 & x is to ?is gr\p ( n>ratives t ! asc5sion ( ,elijah =ms ! introduction 7,rob]tson ,smi?1 ,ency4 ,brit41 #i? ed41 art4 ,,k+s1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #ahf74 ,?is tw(old repres5tation f9ds a p>allel 9 ! n>ratives ( ,samuel1 ^: hi/ory & ! conditions reflect$ !re9 are analog\s to ! life & times ( ,eli%a4 ,eli%a is canoniz$ 9 ! ,or?odox ,ea/]n ,*ur*1 8 fe/ival be+ on ! #ad? ( ,june1 "u :i* date 8 life is ent]$ 9 ! ,acta sanctorum4 ,see especially1 ,w4,r4 ,smi?1 ,prophets ( ,israel 7,index1 s4v471 & ! lit]ature to ,,elijah2 ,,k+s1 ,,books ,,(2 ,,prophet4 7,w4 ,r4 ,s42 ,s4 ,a4 ,c47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,simil>ly ,elijah en=ces respect = ! prophetic (fice 9 i4 #i sqq4 ,pr(4 ,k5nett po9ts out to ! pres5t writ] t ! epi!t bald-head may ref] to ! sign ( m\rn+ = ,eli%a's lo/ ma/] 7cf4 ,ez4 vii4 #ah1 ,deut4 xiv4 #a72 ,g up is p]haps to be tak5 lit]ally 79 ref]5ce to ,elijah's translation74 #b ,! me?od ( obta9+ wat] 7v4 #af sq47 is t :i* /ill gives its "n to ! ,wadi el-,ahsa 7valley ( wat] pits7 at ! s\!rn end ( ! ,dead ,sea 7,old ,te/4 ,jew4 ,*ur*1 #bnd ed41 #adg74 ,on ! o!r h&1 see ,burney1 ,heb4 ,text ( ,k+s1 p4 #bgj4 #c ,r4 ,v4 m>g4 is an alt]ation to remove f ,eli%a ! sugge/ion ( an untru?4 #d ,! ,gilgal ( ,eli%a is ne> ! ,jordan--comp4 vi4 #a ) iv4 #ch1 ,hebrew3 %avim lefanaiv1--& _c be o!r ?an ! great sanctu>y #b m4 f ,j]i*o1 ! local hol9ess ( :i* is /ill atte/$ 9 ! ,onoma/ica4 ,x is true t 9 #b ,k+s ii4 #a ,be!l seems to lie betwe5 ,gilgal & ,j]i*o2 b v4 #be %[s t ,gilgal 0 n orig9ally repres5t$ z ,eli%a's resid5ce 9 ?is n>rative1 :i* belongs to ! ,c>mel-,do?an s]ies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 = ! id5tification ) ! ,gilgal 7,jiljilia7 ,s4,w4 ( ,%iloh1 see ,g4,a4 ,smi?1 ,ency4 ,bib4 7s4v4 ,gilgal72 ,burney1 op4 cit41 p4 #bfd2 ,sk9n]1 ,c5tury ,bible3 ,k+s1 p4 #bgh4 ,,eli%a ,,b5 ,,abuyah 7c4 ,a4,d4 #ajj71 a unique figure among ! ,pale/9ian ,jews ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ian c5tury4 ,he 0 born be=e ! de/ruction ( ! ,temple 7:i* occurr$ 9 ,a4,d4 #gj7 & surviv$ into ! #bnd c5tury4 ,x is n easy to decide z to 8 exact attitude t[>ds ,judaism4 ,t he refus$ to accept ! curr5t rabb9ical views is c]ta91 ?\gh ! ,talmud cites 8 legal decisions4 ,mo/ au?orities believe t he 0 a ,gno/ic2 b :ile x is c]ta9 t he 0 n a ,*ri/ian1 x is possible t he 0 simply a ,sadducee1 & ?us an oppon5t n ( ,judaism b ( ,ph>isaism4 ,8 disciple1 ! fam\s ,ph>isee ,meir1 rema9$ 8 /eadfa/ fri5d1 & 8 ef=ts to reclaim 8 =m] ma/] are among ! mo/ pa!tic incid5ts 9 ! ,talmud4 ,9 lat] ages ,eli%a 7ah] ! o!r1 z he 0 nam$7 0 reg>d$ z ! type ( a h]etic ^: pride ( intellect betray$ him into infidelity to law & morals4 ,)\t mu* appropriat5ess ,eli%a has be5 sometimes describ$ z ! ,fau/ ( ! ,talmud4 7,i4 ,a47 ,,elixir 7f ! ,arabic al-iksir1 probably an adaptation ( ! ,gr4 ,greek3 x]ion1 a p[d] us$ = dry+ w\nds1 f ,greek3 x]os1 dry71 9 al*emy1 ! m$ium :i* w\ld effect ! transmutation ( base metals into gold2 x probably includ$ all su* sub/ances--vap\rs1 liquids1 c4--& _h a wid] mean+ ?an philosoph]'s /one4 ,! same t]m1 m fully elixir vitae1 elixir ( life1 0 giv5 to ! sub/ance :i* w\ld indef9itely prolong life2 x 0 consid]$ to be closely relat$ to1 or ev5 id5tical )1 ! sub/ance = transmut+ metals4 ,9 ph>macy ! ^w 0 =m]ly giv5 to a /rong extract or t9cture1 b x is only us$ n[ = an aromatic sweet prep>ation1 conta9+ "o or m drugs1 & 9 su* expressions z elixir ( vitriol1 a mixture ( sulphuric acid1 c9namon1 g+] & alcohol4 ,,elizabe? 7#aecc-afjc71 que5 ( ,engl& & ,irel&1 born on ,sunday ! #g? ( ,septemb] #aecc1 &1 l all ! ,tudors except ,h5ry ,,vii41 at ,gre5wi* ,palace1 0 ! only surviv+ *ild ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 by 8 second que51 ,anne ,boleyn4 ,) su* a "m & ) ,cranm] z h] godfa!r %e repres5t$ f h] bir? ! pr9ciple ( revolt f ,rome1 b ! oppon5ts ( t movem5t atta*$ little importance to h] adv5t into ! _w4 ,*>les ,v4's ambassador1 ,*apuys1 h>dly deign$ to m5tion ! fact t ! k+'s amie _h giv5 bir? to a daught]1 & bo? h] p>5ts 7 bitt]ly disappo9t$ ) h] sex4 ,%e 01 h[ev]1 giv5 prec$5ce ov] ,m>y1 h] eld] si/] by sixte5 ye>s1 & ,m>y nev] =gave ! infant's (f5ce4 ,ev5 ?is dubi\s advantage only la/$ ?ree ye>s until h] "m 0 behead$1 & by a mu* m s]i\s freak on ,h5ry's "p divorc$4 ,elizabe? has be5 c5sur$ = hav+ made no ef=t 9 lat] ye>s to cle> h] "m's memory2 b no v9dication ( ,anne's "* c\ld h rehabilitat$ ,elizabe?'s legitimacy4 ,h] "m 0 n divorc$ = h] alleg$ adult]y1 because t crime 0 no gr\nd = divorce by ,roman or ,engli% canon law4 ,! m>riage 0 decl>$ invalid ab initio ei!r on ! gr\nd ( ,anne's precontract ) ,"l ,p]cy or m probably on ! gr\nd ( ! aff9ity e/abli%$ betwe5 ,h5ry & ,anne by ,h5ry's previ\s relations ) ,m>y ,boleyn4 ,elizabe? ?us lo/ all h]$it>y title to ! ?rone1 & h] e>ly ye>s ( *ildhood c h>dly h be5 happi] ?an ,m>y's4 ,nor 0 h] legitimacy ev] legally e/abli%$2 b aft] ,jane ,seym\r's dea?1 :5 ,h5ry seem$ likely to h no fur!r issue1 %e 0 by act ( p>liam5t plac$ next 9 ord] ( ! succession aft] ,edw>d & ,m>y & _! issue2 & ?is /atutory arrangem5t 0 confirm$ by ! w :i* ,h5ry ,,viii4 0 emp[]$ by /atute to make4 ,que5 ,ca!r9e ,p>r introduc$ "s humanity into ,h5ry's h\sehold1 & ,edw>d & ,elizabe? 7 well & happily educat$ toge!r1 pr9cipally at old ,hatfield ,h\se1 :i* is n[ ! m>quess ( ,salisbury's /ables4 ,!y 7 !re :5 ,h5ry's dea? call$ ,edw>d ,,vi4 away to great] dignities1 & ,elizabe? 0 left 9 ! c>e ( ,ca!r9e ,p>r1 :o m>ri$ 9 indec5t ha/e ,?omas1 ,"l ,seym\r1 bro!r ( ! protector ,som]set4 ,?is unpr9cipl$ adv5tur]1 ev5 be=e ,ca!r9e's dea? 9 ,septemb] #aedh1 paid indelicate att5tions to ,elizabe?4 ,any attempt to m>ry h] )\t ! c\ncil's leave w\ld h be5 treason on 8 "p & w\ld h depriv$ ,elizabe? ( h] cont+5t "r to ! succession4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,seym\r's o!r misbehavi\r l$ to 8 arre/1 8 relations ) ,elizabe? 7 made ! subject ( a v try+ inve/igation1 :i* gave ,elizabe? h] fir/ lessons 9 ! fem99e arts ( self-def5ce4 ,%e prov$ equal to ! occasion1 p>tly because %e 0 9 all probability innoc5t ( any?+ worse ?an a qualifi$ acquiesc5ce 9 ,seym\r's improprieties & a girli% admiration = 8 h&some face4 ,he or 8 tragic fate may h t\*$ a deep] *ord1 b x 0 c>efully conceal$2 & al?\gh 9 lat] ye>s ,elizabe? seems to h *]i%$ 8 memory1 & c]ta9ly %[$ no love = 8 bro!r's *ildr51 at ! "t %e only %[$ res5tm5t at ! indignities inflict$ on h]self4 ,= ! re/ ( ,edw>d's reign ,elizabe?'s life 0 less tempe/u\s4 ,%e h>dly rivall$ ,lady ,jane ,grey z ! ideal ,puritan maid51 b %e swam ) ! /ream1 & 0 reg>d$ z a foil to h] /ubborn ,ca?olic si/]4 ,%e ?us avoid$ ! enmity & ! /ill m dang]\s fav\r ( ,nor?umb]l&2 & "s unkn[n hi/ory lies beh9d ! duke's pref]5ce ( ! ,lady ,jane to ,elizabe? z 8 son's wife & 8 own puppet = ! ?rone4 ,%e ?us escap$ %ipwreck 9 8 crazy vessel1 & rode by ,m>y's side 9 triumph into ,london on ! failure ( ! plot4 ,= a "t %e 0 safe en\gh2 %e w\ld n r5\nce h] ,prote/antism until ,ca?olicism _h be5 made ! law ( ! l&1 b %e foll[$ ,g>d9]'s advice to h] fa!r :5 he said x 0 bett] t he %\ld make ! law 8 w ?an try to make 8 w ! law4 ,z a presumptive rul] ( ,engl& %e 01 l ,cecil1 & = t matt] ! future ar*bi%op ,p>k] also1 too %rewd to commit h]self to passive or active resi/ance to ! law2 & !y m]ely anticipat$ ,hobbes 9 hold+ t ! individual committ$ no s9 9 subord9at+ 8 consci5ce to ! w ( ! /ate1 = ! responsibility = ! law 0 n 8 b ! /ate's4 ,_! position 0 well en\gh und]/ood 9 ^? days2 x 0 kn[n t !y 7 h]etics at he>t1 & t :5 _! turn came !y w\ld once m ov]?r[ ,ca?olicism & expect a simil> submission f ! ,ca?olics4 ,x 0 n s mu* ,elizabe?'s religion z h] ne>ness to ! ?rone & ! circum/ances ( h] bir? t endang]$ h] life 9 ,m>y's reign4 ,:ile ,m>y 0 popul> ,elizabe? 0 safe2 b z soon z ! ,spani% m>riage project _h turn$ away ,engli% he>ts ,elizabe? inevitably became ! c5tre ( plots & ! hope ( ! plott]s4 ,_h n ,lady ,jane /ill be5 alive to take (f ! edge ( ,m>y's indignation & suspicion ,elizabe? might h paid =feit = ,wyat's rebellion ) h] life in/ead ( imprisonm5t4 ,%e may h _h int]views ) ,fr5* ag5ts :o help$ to fom5t ! insurrection2 b %e 0 /rong & w>y en\gh to avoid ,h5ry ,,ii4's1 z %e _h avoid$ ,nor?umb]l&'s1 toils2 = ev5 9 case ( success %e w\ld h be5 ! ,fr5* k+'s puppet1 plac$ on ! ?rone1 if at all1 m]ely to keep x w>m = ,h5ry's prospective daught]-9-law1 ,m>y ,/u>t4 ,?is did n make ,m>y ,tudor any m fri5dly1 &1 al?\gh ! /ory t ,elizabe? fav\r$ ,c\rt5ay & t ,m>y 0 jeal\s is a ridicul\s fiction1 ! ,spani>ds cri$ l\d & long = ,elizabe?'s execution4 ,%e 0 s5t to ! ,t[] 9 ,m>* #aeed1 b few ,engli%m5 7 fanatic en\gh to want a ,tudor behead$4 ,! great nobles1 ! ,h[>ds1 & ,g>d9] w\ld n he> ( su* a proposal2 & all ! ef=ts ( ! c\rt ?r\gh\t ,m>y's reign fail$ to induce p>liam5t to li/5 to ! sugge/ion t ,elizabe? %\ld be depriv$ ( h] legal "r to ! succession4 ,aft] two mon?s 9 ! ,t[] %e 0 transf]r$ to ,sir ,h5ry ,b$+field's *>ge at ,wood/ock1 & at ,*ri/mas1 :5 ! realm _h be5 reconcil$ to ,rome & ,m>y 0 expect+ issue1 ,elizabe? 0 once m receiv$ at c\rt4 ,9 ! autumn ( #aeee %e w5t d[n to ,hatfield1 :]e %e sp5t mo/ ( ! re/ ( ,m>y's reign1 enjoy+ ! lessons ( ,as*am & ,baldass>e ,ca/iglione1 & plant+ trees :i* /ill survive4 ,%e _h only to bide h] "t :ile ,m>y made /raight h] successor's pa? by uproot+ :atev] affection ! ,engli% p _h = ! ,ca?olic fai?1 ,roman jurisdiction & ,spani% control4 ,! ,prote/ant m>tyrs & ,calais betwe5 !m remov$ all ! alt]natives to an insul> national ,engli% policy 9 *ur* & 9 /ate2 & no sov]eign 0 bett] qualifi$ to lead su* a cause ?an ! que5 :o asc5d$ ! ?rone amid univ]sal1 & ! ,spani>ds ?\ght indec5t1 rejoic+s at ,m>y's dea? on ! #ag? ( ,novemb] #aeeh4 ,m]e ,engli% %e boa/$ ( be+1 & aft] ,engli%m5's rec5t exp]i5ce !re 0 no sur] title to popul> fav\r4 ,no sov]eign s9ce ,h>old _h be5 s purely ,engli% 9 blood2 h] ne>e/ =eign ance/or 0 ,ca!r9e ( ,france1 ! wid[ ( ,h5ry ,v41 & no ,engli% k+ or que5 0 m sup]bly insul> 9 "* or 9 policy4 ,%e 0 ! unmi/akable *ild ( ! age s f> z ,engli%m5 %>$ 9 its *>act]i/ics1 = ) h] ,engli% aims %e comb9$ "s ,italian me?ods & ideas4 ,an ,engli%man ,italianate1 ran ! curr5t j+le1 is a devil inc>nate1 & ,elizabe? 0 well v]s$ 9 ,italian s*ol>%ip & /atecraft4 ,italians1 especially ,b]n>d9o ,o*9o1 _h giv5 h] religi\s in/ruction1 & ! ,italians :o reject$ ,ca?olicism usually adopt$ f> m advanc$ =ms ( h]esy ?an ,lu!ranism1 ,zw+lianism1 or ev5 ,calv9ism4 ,elizabe? h]self patroniz$ ,giacomo ,acontio1 :o ?\ght dogma a /ratagema ,satanae1 & h] la/ fav\rite1 ,essex 0 accus$ ( be+ ! r+lead] ( a damnable crew ( a!i/s4 ,a ,spani% ambassador e>ly 9 ! reign ?\ght t ,elizabe?'s own religion 0 equally negative1 ?\gh %e told him %e agre$ ) ne>ly ev]y?+ 9 ! ,augsburg ,confession4 ,%e 0 probably n at lib]ty to say :at %e really ?\ght1 b %e made up by say+ a great _m ?+s :i* %e did n mean4 ,x is cle> en\gh t1 al?\gh1 l h] fa!r1 %e 0 fond ( ritual1 %e 0 absolutely devoid ( ! religi\s temp]am5t1 & t h] ecclesia/ical pref]5ces 7 dictat$ by political consid]ations4 ,%e 0 s9c]e en\gh 9 h] dislike ( ,roman jurisdiction & ( ,calv9ism2 a daught] ( ,anne ,boleyn c\ld h little affection = a sy/em :i* made h] a ba/>d1 & all mon>*s agre$ at he>t ) ,james ,i4's aphorism ab\t no bi%op1 no k+4 ,x 0 conv5i5t1 too1 to pr(ess ,lu!ran sympa?ies1 = ,lu!ranism 0 n[ an e/abli%$1 mon>*ical & comp>atively respectable religion1 v diff]5t f ! ,calv9ism aga9/ :i* mon>*s direct$ ! ,c\nt]-re=mation f political motives4 ,lu!ran dogma1 h[ev]1 _h few adh]5ts 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh its political !ory co9cid$ ) t ( ,anglicanism 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,! compromise t result$ f ^! conflict+ =ces suit$ ,elizabe? v well2 %e _h little dislike ( ,ca?olics :o repudiat$ ! papacy1 b %e 0 =c$ to rely ma9ly on ,prote/ants1 & _h little respect = any =m ( ecclesia/ical self-gov]nm5t4 ,%e valu$ uni=mity 9 religion1 n z a safegu>d aga9/ h]esy1 b z a gu>antee ( ! unity ( ! /ate4 ,%e respect$ ! bi%ops only z support]s ( h] ?rone2 &1 al?\gh ! well-kn[n lett] beg9n+ ,pr\d ,prelate is an #ah?-c5tury =g]y1 x is h>dly a trave/y ( ,elizabe?'s attitude4 ,! outl9es ( h] =eign policy are sket*$ else:]e 7see ,,engli% ,,hi/ory71 & h] c\rt%ips 7 diplomatic4 ,contempor>y gossip1 :i* 0 probably ju/ifi$1 said t %e 0 deb>r$ f matrimony by a physical defect2 & h] cry :5 %e he>d t ,m>y que5 ( ,scots _h giv5 bir? to a son is ! mo/ womanly ?+ record$ ( ,elizabe?4 ,h] features 7 z h&some z ,m>y's1 b %e _h little fasc9ation1 & 9 spite ( h] _m suitors no man lo/ 8 head ov] ,elizabe? z m5 did ov] ,m>y4 ,%e 0 f> too mascul9e 9 m9d & temp]am5t1 & h] extravagant addiction to ! outw>d trapp+s ( fem99ity 0 probably due to ! abs5ce or atrophy ( deep] fem99e in/9cts4 ,9 ! same way ! impossibility ( m>riage made h] all ! fre] ) h] flirtations1 & %e c>ri$ "s ( !m to l5g?s t sc&aliz$ a public unconsci\s ( ,elizabe?'s security4 ,%e _h e reason to keep !m 9 ! d>k1 & to conv9ce o!r c\rts t %e c\ld & w\ld m>ry if ! provocation 7 suffici5t4 ,%e c\ld n m>ry ,philip ,,ii41 b %e held out hopes to m ?an "o ( 8 ,au/rian c\s9s :5ev] ,france or ,m>y ,/u>t seem$ to ?reat52 & lat] %e enc\rag$ two ,fr5* pr9ces :5 ,philip _h lo/ pati5ce ) ,elizabe? & made ,m>y ,/u>t 8 protegee4 ,h] o!r suitors 7 less important1 except ,leice/]1 :o appeal$ to ! lea/ intellectual side ( ,elizabe? & 0 always a cause ( di/raction 9 h] policy & h] m9i/]s4 ,elizabe? 0 t]ribly h&icapp$ by hav+ no heirs ( h] body & no obvi\s ,engli% successor4 ,%e c\ld n af=d to recognize ,m>y's claim1 = t w\ld h be5 to ali5ate ! ,prote/ants1 d\ble ! numb] ( ,ca?olics1 &1 9 h] own phrase1 to spread a w9d+-%eet be=e h] eyes2 = all w\ld h turn$ to ! ris+ sun4 ,m>y 0 dang]\s en\gh z x 01 & no "o w\ld will+ly make 8 rival 8 heir4 ,elizabe? c\ld h>dly be expect$ to g out ( h] way & ask p>liam5t to repeal its own acts = ,m>y's sake2 probably x w\ld h refus$4 ,nor 0 x p]sonal enmity on ,elizabe?'s "p t br\ght ,m>y to ! block4 ,p>liam5t _h long be5 f]oci\sly dem&+ ,m>y's execution1 n because %e 0 guilty b because %e 0 dang]\s to ! public peace4 ,%e alone c\ld h giv5 ! ,spani% ,armada any real *ance ( success2 & z ! prospect ( invasion loom$ l>g] on ! horizon1 fi]c] grew ! popul> det]m9ation to remove ! only possible c5tre ( a dome/ic ris+1 )\t :i* ! ext]nal attack 0 b\nd to be a failure4 ,elizabe? resi/$ ! dem&1 n f compassion or qualms ( consci5ce1 b because %e dread$ ! responsibility = ,m>y's dea?4 ,%e wi%$ ,paulet w\ld manage ! bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt1 & :5 at la/ h] signature 0 extort$ %e made a scapegoat ( h] secret>y ,davison :o _h ! w>rant execut$4 ,! o!r great difficulty1 ap>t f ! succession1 ) :i* ,elizabe? _h to deal arose f ! exub]ant aggressiv5ess ( ,engl&1 :i* %e c\ld n1 & p]haps did n want to1 repress4 ,religion 0 n really ! cause ( h] ext]nal dang]s1 = ! "t _h pass$ = crusades1 & no =eign p[] s]i\sly contemplat$ an arm$ invasion ( ,engl& = religion's sake4 ,b no /ate c\ld long tol]ate ! affronts :i* ,engli% seam5 (f]$ ,spa94 ,! common view t ! ,briti% ,empire has be5 won by purely def5sive action is n t5able1 & f ! beg9n+ ( h] reign ,engli%m5 _h tak5 ! (f5sive1 p>tly f religi\s b also f o!r motives4 ,!y 7 det]m9$ to break up ! ,spani% monopoly 9 ! new _w1 & 9 ! pursuit ( ?is endeav\r !y 7 l$ to *all5ge ,spa9 9 ! old4 ,= ne>ly ?irty ye>s ,philip put up ) ! capture ( 8 treasure-%ips1 ! raid+ ( 8 colonies & ! op5 assi/ance r5d]$ to 8 rebels4 ,only :5 he _h rea*$ ! conclusion t 8 p[] w\ld nev] be secure 9 ! ,ne!rl&s or ! ,new ,_w until ,engl& 0 conqu]$1 did he despat* ! ,spani% ,armada4 ,elizabe? delay$ ! brea* z long z %e c\ld1 probably because %e knew t w> meant taxation1 & t taxation 0 ! mo/ prolific p>5t ( revolt4 ,) ! defeat ( ! ,spani% ,armada ,elizabe?'s "w 0 done1 & dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ( h] reign %e got m out ( t\* ) h] p4 ,t p]iod 0 "o ( gradual transition to ! conditions ( ,/u>t times2 dur+ x practically e claim 0 put =w>d t 0 made "u ! fir/ two ,/u>ts ei!r on behalf ( p>liam5t or ! pr]ogative1 & ,elizabe?'s attitude t[>ds ! ,puritans 0 h>dly di/+ui%able f ,james ,i4's4 ,b h] pa/ 0 9 h] fav\r1 & s 7 h] sex & h] ,tudor tact1 :i* *eck$ ! gr[? ( discont5t & made ,essex's rebellion a ridicul\s fiasco4 ,he 0 ! la/ & ! mo/ wilful b p]haps ! be/ ( h] fav\rites1 & 8 tragic fate deep5$ ! gloom ( h] clos+ ye>s4 ,! lonel9ess ( a que5 :o _h no husb& or *ildr5 & no relatives to m5tion mu/ at all times h be5 oppressive2 x grew desolat+ 9 old age aft] ! dea?s ( ,leice/]1 ,wals+ham1 ,burghley & ,essex1 & ,elizabe? di$1 ! la/ ( h] race1 on ! #bd? ( ,m>* #afjc4 ,bi%op ,creighton's ,que5 ,elizabe? 7#ahif7 is ! be/ biography2 !re are o!rs by ,e4,s4 ,beesly 7,twelve ,engli% ,/atesm51 #ahib72 ,lucy ,aik91 ,memoirs ( ! ,c\rt ( ,que5 ,elizabe? 7#ahah72 & ,t4 ,wright1 ,que5 ,elizabe? & h] ,times 7#ahch74 ,see also ,a4 ,jessopp's article 9 ! ,dict4 ,nat4 ,biog4 7,a4 ,f4 ,p47 ,,elizabe? ,,petrovna 7#agji-agfb71 ,,empress ,,( ,,russia1 ! daught] ( ,pet] ! ,great & ,m>?a ,skovronskaya1 born at ,kolom5skoye1 ne> ,mosc[1 on ! #ah? ( ,decemb] #agji4 ,ev5 z a *ild h] p>ts 7 good1 if n brilliant1 b un=tunately h] education 0 bo? imp]fect & desultory4 ,h] fa!r _h no leisure to devote to h] tra9+1 & h] "m 0 too illit]ate to sup]9t5d h] /udies4 ,%e _h a ,fr5* gov]ness1 h[ev]1 & at a lat] day pick$ up "s ,italian1 ,g]man & ,sw$i%1 & c\ld conv]se 9 ^! languages ) m flu5cy ?an accuracy4 ,f h] e>lie/ ye>s %e delight$ e "o by h] extraord9>y beauty & vivacity4 ,x 0 ,pet]'s int5tion to m>ry 8 second daught] to ! "y ,fr5* k+ ,l\is ,,xv41 b ! pride ( ! ,b\rbons revolt$ aga9/ any su* alliance4 ,o!r connubial speculations f\nd]$ on ! p]sonal dislike ( ! pr9cess = ! v>i\s suitors propos$ to h]1 s t on ! dea? ( h] "m 7,may #agbg7 & ! dep>ture to ,hol/e9 ( h] belov$ si/] ,anne1 h] only rema9+ ne> relation1 ! pr9cess f\nd h]self at ! age ( eighte5 practically h] own mi/ress4 ,s long z ,m5%ikov rema9$ 9 p[]1 %e 0 treat$ ) lib]ality & di/9ction by ! gov]nm5t ( ,pet] ,,ii41 b ! ,dolgorukis1 :o supplant$ ,m5%ikov & hat$ ! memory ( ,pet] ! ,great1 practically bani%$ ,pet]'s daught] f c\rt4 ,elizabe? _h inh]it$ h] fa!r's s5sual temp]am5t &1 be+ free f all control1 ab&on$ h]self to h] appetites )\t res]ve4 ,:ile /ill 9 h] te5s1 %e made a lov] ( ,alexius ,%ub91 a s]geant 9 ! ,sem5ovsky ,gu>ds1 & aft] 8 bani%m5t to ,sib]ia1 m9us 8 tongue1 by ord] ( ! empress ,anne1 consol$ h]self ) a h&some "y ,cossack1 ,alexius ,razumovski1 :o1 !re is good reason to believe1 subsequ5tly became h] husb&4 ,dur+ ! reign ( h] c\s9 ,anne 7#agcj-agdj71 ,elizabe? effac$ h]self z mu* z possible2 b "u ! reg5cy ( ,anne ,leopoldovna ! c\rse ( ev5ts compell$ ! indol5t b by no means incapable beauty to ov]?r[ ! exi/+ gov]nm5t4 ,! idea seems to h be5 fir/ sugge/$ to h] by ! ,fr5* ambassador1 ,la ,*et>die1 :o 0 plott+ to de/roy ! ,au/rian influ5ce !n dom9ant at ! ,russian c\rt4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose1 h[ev]1 t ,la ,*et>die took a lead+ "p 9 ! revolution :i* plac$ ! daught] ( ,pet] ! ,great on ! ,russian ?rone4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 beyond l5d+ ! tses>evna #bjjj ducats1 in/ead ( ! #ae1jjj %e dem&$ ( him1 he took no "p :atev] 9 ! actual c\p d'etat :i* 0 z great a surprise to him z to e "o else4 ,! m]it & glory ( t s+ul> affair belong to ,elizabe? alone4 ,! fe> ( be+ imprison$ 9 a conv5t = ! re/ ( h] life 0 ! det]m9+ cause ( h] irresi/ible outbur/ ( en]gy4 ,at midnight on ! #f? ( ,decemb] #agda1 ) a few p]sonal fri5ds1 includ+ h] physician1 ,arm& ,le/ocq1 h] *amb]la91 ,mi*ael ,il>ionvi* ,vorontsov1 h] future husb&1 ,alexius ,razumovski1 & ,alex&] & ,pet] ,%uvalov1 two ( ! g5tlem5 ( h] h\sehold1 %e drove to ! b>racks ( ! ,preobrazh5sky ,gu>ds1 enli/$ _! sympa?ies by a /irr+ spee*1 & l$ !m to ! ,w9t] ,palace1 :]e ! reg5t 0 repos+ 9 absolute security4 ,hav+ on ! way ?i!r _h all ! m9i/]s arre/$1 %e seiz$ ! reg5t & h] *ildr5 9 _! b$s1 & summon$ all ! notables1 civil & ecclesia/ical1 to h] pres5ce4 ,s swiftly & noiselessly inde$ _h ! :ole revolution proce$$ t z late z eight o'clock ! next morn+ v few p 9 ! city 7 aw>e ( x4 ,?us1 at ! age ( ?ree-&-?irty1 ?is naturally indol5t & self-indulg5t woman1 ) little k & no exp]i5ce ( affairs1 sudd5ly f\nd h]self at ! head ( a great empire at "o ( ! mo/ critical p]iods ( its exi/5ce4 ,=tunately = h]self1 & = ,russia1 ,elizabe? ,petrovna1 ) all h] %ortcom+s1 _h inh]it$ "s ( h] fa!r's g5ius = gov]nm5t4 ,h] usually ke5 judgm5t & h] diplomatic tact aga9 & aga9 recall ,pet] ! ,great4 ,:at 9 h] sometimes seem$ irresolution & procra/9ation1 01 mo/ (t51 a wise susp5se ( judgm5t "u exceptionally difficult circum/ances2 & to ?is may be add$ t %e 0 ev] ready to sacrifice ! prejudices ( ! woman to ! duty ( ! sov]eign4 ,aft] aboli%+ ! cab9et c\ncil sy/em 9 fav\r dur+ ! rule ( ! two ,annes1 & recon/itut+ ! s5ate z x _h be5 "u ,pet] ! ,great1--) ! *iefs ( ! dep>tm5ts ( /ate1 all ( !m n[ ,russians aga91 z ex-(ficio memb]s "u ! presid5cy ( ! sov]eign1--! fir/ c>e ( ! new empress 0 to compose h] qu>rel ) ,sw$54 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,janu>y #agdc1 direct negotiations betwe5 ! two p[]s 7 op5$ at ,abo1 & on ! #g? ( ,augu/ #agdc ,sw$5 c$$ to ,russia all ! s\!rn "p ( ,f9l& ea/ ( ! riv] ,kymm5e1 :i* ?us became ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two /ates1 includ+ ! =tresses ( ,villman/r& & ,fr$rik%amn4 ,?is triumphant issue 0 ma9ly due to ! diplomatic ability ( ! new vice *ancellor1 ,alexius ,be/uzhev-,ryum9 7q4v471 :om ,elizabe?1 mu* z %e dislik$ him p]sonally1 _h wisely plac$ at ! head ( =eign affairs imm$iately aft] h] accession4 ,he repres5t$ ! anti-,franco-,prussian portion ( h] c\ncil1 & 8 object 0 to br+ ab\t an ,anglo-,au/ro-,russian alliance :i*1 at t "t1 0 und\bt$ly ,russia's prop] sy/em4 ,h5ce ! reit]at$ attempts ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great & ,l\is ,,xv4 to get rid ( ,be/uzhev1 :i* made ! ,russian c\rt dur+ ! e>li] ye>s ( ,elizabe?'s reign ! c5tre ( a tangle ( intrigue impossible to unravel by ^? :o d n possess ! clue to x 7see ,,be/uzhev-,,ryum91 ,,alexius74 ,ultimately1 h[ev]1 ! m9i/]1 /rong 9 ! support ( ,elizabe?1 prevail$1 & 8 faultless diplomacy1 back$ by ! despat* ( an auxili>y ,russian corps ( #cj1jjj m5 to ! ,rh9e1 greatly accel]at$ ! peace negotiations :i* l$ to ! treaty ( ,aix-la-,*apelle 7,octob] #ah1 #agdh74 ,by %e] t5acity ( purpose1 ,be/uzhev _h extricat$ 8 c\ntry f ! ,sw$i% imbroglio2 reconcil$ 8 imp]ial mi/ress ) ! c\rts ( ,vi5na & ,london1 h] natural allies2 enabl$ ,russia to ass]t h]self effectually 9 ,pol&1 ,turkey & ,sw$51 & isolat$ ! re/less k+ ( ,prussia by environ+ him ) ho/ile alliances4 ,b all ?is w\ld h be5 impossible b = ! /eady support ( ,elizabe?1 :o tru/$ him implicitly1 despite ! ins9uations ( ! *ancellor's innum]able enemies1 mo/ ( :om 7 h] p]sonal fri5ds4 ,! great ev5t ( ,elizabe?'s lat] ye>s 0 ! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,elizabe? rightly reg>d$ ! treaty ( ,we/m9/] 7,janu>y #af1 #agef1 :]eby ,great ,brita9 & ,prussia agre$ to unite _! =ces to oppose ! entry into1 or ! passage ?r\gh1 ,g]many ( ! troops ( e =eign p[]7 z utt]ly subv]sive ( ! previ\s conv5tions betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,russia4 ,a by no means unw>rantable fe> ( ! k+ ( ,prussia1 :o 0 to be r$uc$ )9 prop] limits1 s t he might be no long] a dang] to ! empire1 induc$ ,elizabe? to acc$e to ! treaty ( ,v]sailles1 9 o!r words ! ,franco-,au/rian league aga9/ ,prussia1 & on ! #ag? ( ,may #ageg ! ,russian army1 #he1jjj /rong1 advanc$ aga9/ ,konigsb]g4 ,nei!r ! s]i\s illness ( ! empress1 :i* began ) a fa9t+-fit at ,ts>skoe ,selo 7,septemb] #ai1 #ageg71 nor ! fall ( ,be/uzhev 7,febru>y #ba1 #ageh71 nor ! cabals & intrigues ( ! v>i\s =eign p[]s at ,/ ,pet]sburg1 int]f]$ ) ! progress ( ! w>1 & ! cru%+ defeat ( ,kun]sdorf 7,augu/ #ab1 #agei7 at la/ br\ght ,fr$]ick to ! v]ge ( ru94 ,f t day =? he despair$ ( success1 ?\gh he 0 sav$ = ! mom5t by ! jeal\sies ( ! ,russian & ,au/rian comm&]s1 :i* ru9$ ! milit>y plans ( ! allies4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n too mu* to say t1 f ! end ( #agei to ! end ( #agfa1 ! un%akable firmness ( ! ,russian empress 0 ! "o con/ra9+ political =ce :i* held toge!r ! het]og5e\s1 incessantly j>r+ elem5ts ( ! anti-,prussian comb9ation4 ,f ! ,russian po9t ( view1 ,elizabe?'s greatness z a /atesman consi/s 9 h] /eady appreciation ( ,russian int]e/s1 & h] det]m9ation to promote !m at all haz>ds4 ,%e insi/$ ?r\gh\t t ! k+ ( ,prussia mu/ be r5d]$ h>mless to 8 neighb\rs = ! future1 & t ! only way to br+ ?is ab\t 0 to r$uce him to ! rank ( an elector4 ,fr$]ick himself 0 q alive to 8 dang]4 ,i am at ! end ( my res\rces1 he wrote at ! beg9n+ ( #agfj1 ! cont9uance ( ?is w> means = me utt] ru94 ,?+s may drag on p]haps till ,july1 b !n a cata/rophe mu/ come4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,may #agfj a fre% conv5tion 0 sign$ betwe5 ,russia & ,au/ria1 a secret clause ( :i*1 nev] communicat$ to ! c\rt ( ,v]sailles1 gu>ante$ ,ea/ ,prussia to ,russia1 z an indemnity = w> exp5ses4 ,! failure ( ! campaign ( #agfj1 s f> z ,russia & ,france 7 conc]n$1 induc$ ! c\rt ( ,v]sailles1 on ! ev5+ ( ! #bbnd ( ,janu>y #agfa1 to pres5t to ! c\rt ( ,/ ,pet]sburg a despat* to ! effect t ! k+ ( ,france by reason ( ! condition ( 8 dom9ions absolutely desir$ peace4 ,on ! foll[+ day ! ,au/rian ambassador1 ,e/]hazy1 pres5t$ a despat* ( a simil> t5or f 8 c\rt4 ,! ,russian empress's reply 0 deliv]$ to ! two ambassadors on ! #ab? ( ,febru>y4 ,x 0 inspir$ by ! mo/ uncompromis+ ho/ility t[>ds ! k+ ( ,prussia4 ,elizabe? w\ld n cons5t to any pacific ov]tures until ! orig9al object ( ! league _h be5 accompli%$4 ,simultane\sly1 ,elizabe? caus$ to be convey$ to ,l\is ,,xv4 a confid5tial lett] 9 :i* %e propos$ ! signature ( a new treaty ( alliance ( a m compreh5sive & explicit nature ?an ! prec$+ treaties betwe5 ! two p[]s1 )\t ! k ( ,au/ria4 ,elizabe?'s object 9 ?is my/]i\s negotiation seems to h be5 to reconcile ,france & ,great ,brita91 9 return = :i* signal s]vice ,france 0 to ?r[ all h] =ces into ! ,g]man w>4 ,?is project1 :i* lack$ nei!r ability nor audacity1 f\nd]$ ^u ,l\is ,,xv4's inv9cible jeal\sy ( ! gr[? ( ,russian influ5ce 9 ea/]n ,europe & 8 fe> ( (f5d+ ! ,porte4 ,x 0 f9ally arrang$ by ! allies t _! envoys at ,p>is %\ld fix ! date = ! assembl+ ( a peace congress1 & t1 9 ! meantime1 ! w> aga9/ ,prussia %\ld be vigor\sly prosecut$4 ,! campaign ( #agfa 0 almo/ z abortive z ! campaign ( #agfj4 ,fr$]ick act$ on ! def5sive ) consummate skill1 & ! capture ( ! ,prussian =tress ( ,kolb]g on ,*ri/mas day ,o4,s4 #agfa1 by ,rumyantsev1 0 ! sole ,russian success4 ,fr$]ick1 h[ev]1 0 n[ at ! la/ gasp4 ,on ! #f? ( ,janu>y #agfb1 he wrote to ,f9k5/e91 ,we ought n[ to ?9k ( pres]v+ = my nephew1 by way ( negotiation1 :atev] fragm5ts ( my t]ritory we c save f ! avidity ( my enemies1 :i* means1 if words mean any?+1 t he 0 resolv$ to seek a soldi]'s dea? on ! fir/ opportunity4 ,a =tnight lat] he wrote to ,pr9ce ,f]d9& ( ,brunswick1 ,! sky beg9s to cle>4 ,c\rage1 my de> fell[4 ,i h receiv$ ! news ( a great ev5t4 ,! great ev5t :i* snat*$ him f de/ruction 0 ! dea? ( ! ,russian empress 7,janu>y #e1 #agfb74 ,see ,rob]t ,nisbet ,ba91 ,! ,daught] ( ,pet] ! ,great 7,london1 #ahii72 ,s]gyei ,solovev1 ,hi/ory ( ,russia 7,rus471 vols4 xx4-xxii4 7,/ ,pet]sburg1 #aheg-ahgg72 ,politis*e ,correspond5z ,fri$ri*s des ,gross51 vols4 i4-xxi4 7,b]l91 #ahgi1 c472 ,colonel ,massl[ski1 ,d] sieb5jahrige ,krieg na* russis*] ,d>/ellung 7,b]l91 #ahhh-ahic72 ,kaz9si]z ,waliszewski1 ,la ,d]ni]e des ,romanov 7,p>is1 #aijb74 7,r4 ,n4 ,b47 ,,elizabe? ,,amelie ,,eug5ie 7#ahcg-ahih71 consort ( ,francis ,joseph1 emp]or ( ,au/ria & k+ ( ,hung>y1 0 ! daught] ( ,duke ,maximilian ,joseph ( ,bav>ia & ,l\isa ,wilhelm9a1 daught] ( ,maximilian ,i4 ( ,bav>ia1 & 0 born on ! #bd? ( ,decemb] #ahcg at ! ca/le ( ,poss5h(5 on ,lake ,/>nb]g4 ,%e inh]it$ ! quick intellig5ce & arti/ic ta/e display$ 9 g5]al by memb]s ( ! ,wittelsba* royal h\se1 & h] education 0 ! rev]se ( conv5tional4 ,%e accompani$ h] ecc5tric fa!r on 8 hunt+ exp$itions1 becom+ an exp]t rid] & climb]1 visit+ ! peasants 9 _! huts & %>+ 9 ru/ic pleasures4 ,! emp]or ( ,au/ria1 ,francis ,joseph1 met ! ,bav>ian ducal family at ,is*l 9 ,augu/ #ahec1 & imm$iately fell 9 love ) ,elizabe?1 !n a girl ( sixte51 & report$ to be ! mo/ beautiful pr9cess 9 ,europe4 ,! m>riage took place 9 ,vi5na on ! #bd? ( ,april #ahed4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( h] m>ri$ life %e frequ5tly came into collision ) ,vi5nese prejudice4 ,h] attempts to modify c\rt etiquette1 & h] extreme fondness = horseman%ip & frequ5t visits to ! imp]ial rid+ s*ool1 sc&aliz$ ,au/rian society1 :ile h] pr$ilection = ,hung>y & = ev]y?+ ,hung>ian (f5d$ ,g]man s5tim5t4 ,!re is no d\bt t h] influ5ce help$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,ausglei* ) ,hung>y1 b outside ,hung>ian affairs ! empress took small "p 9 politics4 ,%e fir/ visit$ ,hung>y 9 #aheg1 & t5 ye>s lat] 0 cr[n$ que54 ,h] popul>ity ) ! ,hung>ians rema9$ un*ang$ ?r\gh\t h] life2 & ! ca/le ( ,godollo1 pres5t$ z a coronation gift1 0 "o ( h] fav\rite resid5ces4 ,elizabe? 0 "o ( ! mo/ *>itable ( royal ladies1 & h] popul>ity ) h] ,au/rian subjects 0 m ?an re/or$ by h] assidu\s c>e = ! w\nd$ 9 ! campaign ( #ahff4 ,besides h] public b5efactions %e con/antly ex]cis$ p]sonal & private *>ity4 ,h] elde/ daught] di$ 9 infancy2 ,gisela 7b4 #ahef7 m>ri$ ! ,pr9ce ,leopold ( ,bav>ia2 & h] y\nge/ daught] ,m>ie ,val]ie 7b4 #ahfh7 m>ri$ ! ,ar*duke ,franz ,salvator4 ,! tragic dea? ( h] only son1 ! cr[n pr9ce ,rudolph1 9 #ahhi1 0 a %ock f :i* %e nev] really recov]$4 ,%e 0 also deeply affect$ by ! suicide ( h] c\s9 ,l\is ,,ii4 ( ,bav>ia1 & aga9 by ! fate ( h] si/] ,sophia1 du*ess ( ,al5con1 :o p]i%$ 9 ! fire ( ! ,p>is *>ity baza> 9 #ahig4 ,! empress _h %[n signs ( lung disease 9 #ahfa1 :5 %e sp5t "s mon?s 9 ,madeira2 b %e 0 able to resume h] outdoor sports1 & = "s ye>s be=e #ahhb1 :5 %e _h to give up rid+1 0 a frequ5t visitor on ,engli% & ,iri% hunt+ fields4 ,9 h] lat] ye>s h] dislike ( publicity increas$4 ,mu* ( h] "t 0 sp5t 9 travel or at ! ,a*illeion1 ! palace %e _h built 9 ! ,greek /yle 9 ,corfu4 ,%e 0 walk+ f h] hotel at ,g5eva to ! /eam] :5 %e 0 /abb$ by ! an>*i/ ,luigi ,luc*5i1 on ! #aj? ( ,septemb] #ahih1 & di$ ( ! w\nd )9 a few h\rs4 ,?is aimless & da/>dly crime complet$ ! li/ ( mis=tunes ( ! ,au/rian h\se1 & ar\s$ int5se indignation ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,see ,a4 de ,burgh1 ,elizabe?1 ,empress ( ,au/ria1 a ,memoir 7,london1 #ahih72 ,e4 ,fri$mann & ,j4 ,paves1 ,kais]9 ,elisabe? 7,b]l91 #ahih72 & ! anonym\s ,m>tyrdom ( an ,empress 7#ahii71 conta9+ a quantity ( c\rt gossip4 ,,elizabe? 7#aeif-affb71 consort ( ,fr$]ick ,v41 elector palat9e & titul> k+ ( ,bohemia1 0 ! elde/ daught] ( ,james ,i4 ( ,great ,brita9 & ( ,anne ( ,d5m>k1 & 0 born at ,falkl& ,ca/le 9 ,fife%ire 9 ,augu/ #aeif4 ,%e 0 entru/$ to ! c>e ( ! e>l ( ,l9li?g[1 & aft] ! dep>ture ( ! royal family to ,engl&1 to ! c\ntess ( ,kild>e1 subsequ5tly resid+ ) ,"l & ,lady ,h>+ton at ,combe ,abbey 9 ,w>wick%ire4 ,9 ,novemb] #afje ! ,gunp[d] ,plot conspirators =m$ a plan to seize h] p]son & proclaim h] que5 aft] ! explosion1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* %e 0 remov$ by ,"l ,h>+ton to ,cov5try4 ,9 #afjh %e appe>$ at c\rt1 :]e h] beauty soon attract$ admiration & became ! !me ( ! poets1 h] suitors includ+ ! dauph91 ,maurice1 pr9ce ( ,orange1 ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ,philip ,,iii4 ( ,spa91 & ,fr$]ick ,v41 ! elector palat9e4 ,a union ) ! la/-nam$ 0 f9ally arrang$1 9 spite ( ! que5's opposition1 9 ord] to /r5g!n ! alliance ) ! ,prote/ant p[]s 9 ,g]many1 & ! m>riage took place on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y #afac mid/ great rejoic+ & fe/ivities4 ,! pr9ce & pr9cess ent]$ ,heidelb]g on ! #ag? ( ,june1 & ,elizabe?1 by means ( h] ,engli% annuity1 enjoy$ five ye>s ( pleasure & ( extravagant gaiety to :i* ! small ,g]man c\rt 0 totally unaccu/om$4 ,on ! #bf? ( ,augu/ #afah1 ,fr$]ick1 z a lead+ ,prote/ant pr9ce1 0 *os5 k+ by ! ,bohemians1 :o depos$ ! emp]or ,f]d9&1 !n ar*duke ( ,/yria4 ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ t 8 acceptance 0 in/igat$ by ! pr9cess or t %e _h any influ5ce 9 h] husb&'s political c>e]4 ,%e accompani$ ,fr$]ick to ,prague 9 ,octob] #afai1 & 0 cr[n$ on ! #g? ( ,novemb]4 ,"h h] unre/ra9able high spirits & levity gave great (f5ce to ! citiz5s4 ,on ! approa* ( mis=tune1 h[ev]1 %e %[$ great c\rage & =titude4 ,%e left ,prague on ! #h? ( ,novemb] #afbj1 aft] ! fatal battle ( ! ,:ite ,hill1 = ,ku/r91 travell+ !nce to ,b]l9 & ,wolf5buttel1 f9ally ) ,fr$]ick tak+ refuge at ! ,hague ) ,pr9ce ,maurice ( ,orange4 ,! help s\ght f ,james came only 9 ! %ape ( useless embassies & negotiations2 ! two ,palat9ates 7 soon occupi$ by ! ,spani>ds & ! duke ( ,bav>ia2 & ! romantic atta*m5t & s]vices ( ,duke ,*ri/ian ( ,brunswick1 ( ! #a/ e>l ( ,crav51 & ( o!r *ivalr\s "y *ampions :o 7 inspir$ by ! beauty & grace ( ! ,que5 ( ,he>ts1 z ,elizabe? 0 n[ call$1 avail$ no?+4 ,h] resid5ce 0 at ,rh55 ne> ,arnheim1 :]e %e receiv$ _m ,engli% visitors & endeav\r$ to ma9ta9 h] spirits & =titude1 ) /rait5$ means & 9 spite ( frequ5t disappo9tm5ts4 ,! victories ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus secur$ no p]man5t advantage1 & 8 dea? at ,lutz5 0 foll[$ by t ( ! elector at ,ma9z on ! #bi? ( ,novemb] #afcb4 ,subsequ5t attempts ( ! pr9cess to re9/ate h] son 9 8 dom9ions 7 unsuccessful1 & x 0 n till ! peace ( ,we/phalia 9 #afdh t he rega9$ a portion ( !m1 ! ,rh5i% ,palat9ate4 ,mean:ile1 ,elizabe?'s position 9 ,holl& grew m & m unsatisfactory4 ,! paym5t ( h] ,engli% annuity ( ,l#ab1jjj ceas$ aft] ! outbreak ( ! tr\bles ) ! p>liam5t2 ! dea? ( ,*>les ,i4 9 #afdi put an end to all hopes f t qu>t]2 & ! p5sion all[$ h] by ! h\se ( ,orange ceas$ 9 #afej4 ,h] *ildr51 9 consequ5ce ( disputes1 ab&on$ h]1 & h] elde/ son ,*>les ,l\is refus$ h] a home 9 8 re/or$ electorate4 ,nor did ,*>les ,,ii4 at 8 re/oration %[ any desire to receive h] 9 ,engl&4 ,p>liam5t vot$ h] ,l#bj1jjj 9 #affj = ! paym5t ( h] debts1 b ,elizabe? did n receive ! money1 & on ! #ai? ( ,may #affa %e left ! ,hague = ,engl&1 9 spite ( ! k+'s attempts to h9d] h] j\rney1 receiv+ no (ficial welcome on h] arrival 9 ,london & be+ lodg$ at ,"l ,crav5's h\se 9 ,drury ,lane4 ,*>les1 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly grant$ h] a p5sion & treat$ h] ) k9dness4 ,on ! #h? ( ,febru>y #affb %e remov$ to ,leice/] ,h\se 9 ,leice/] ,fields1 & di$ %ortly aft]w>ds on ! #ac? ( ! same mon?1 be+ buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,h] beauty1 grace & vivacity ex]cis$ a great *>m ov] h] contempor>ies1 ! en?usiasm = h]1 h[ev]1 be+ probably n m]ely p]sonal b "o inspir$ also by h] mis=tunes & by ! fact t ^! mis=tunes 7 incurr$ 9 def5ce ( ! ,prote/ant cause2 lat]1 z ! ance/ress ( ! ,prote/ant ,hanov]ian dyna/y1 %e obta9$ a conspicu\s place 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,%e _h ?irte5 *ildr5--,fr$]ick ,h5ry1 dr[n$ at sea 9 #afbi2 ,*>les ,l\is1 elector palat9e1 ^: daught] m>ri$ ,philip1 duke ( ,orleans1 & became ! ance/ress ( ! eld] & ,roman ,ca?olic bran* ( ! royal family ( ,engl&2 ,elizabe?1 abbess & fri5d ( ,desc>tes2 ,pr9ce ,rup]t & ,pr9ce ,maurice1 :o di$ unm>ri$2 ,l\isa1 abbess2 ,edw>d1 :o m>ri$ ,anne de ,gonzaga1 pr9cesse palat9e1 & _h *ildr52 ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 :o m>ri$ ,c\nt ,sigismund ,ragotzki b di$ *ildless2 ,philip & ,*>lotte1 :o di$ *ildless2 ,sophia1 :o m>ri$ ,erne/ ,augu/us1 elector ( ,hanov]1 & 0 "m ( ,george ,i4 ( ,engl&2 & two o!rs :o di$ "y4 ,bibliography4--,see ! article 9 ,dict4 ( ,nat4 ,biography & au?orities !re collect$2 ,five ,/u>t ,pr9cesses1 ed4 by ,r4,s4 ,rait 7#aijb72 ,briefe d] ,elizabe? ,/u>t 444 an 444 d5 ,kurfur/5 ,c>l ,ludwig von d] ,pfalz1 by ,a4 ,w5dl& 7,biblio!k des lit]>is*5 ,v]e9s1 #bbh1 ,/uttg>t1 #aijb72 ,elizabe? ,/u>t1 by ,j4,o4 ,opel1 9 ,sybel's ,hi/oris*e ,zeits*rift1 xxiii4 #bhi2 ,?omason ,tracts 7,brit4 ,mus471 ,e41 #ach 7#ad71 #abb 7#ab71 #aah 7#dj71 #aai 7#ah74 ,important mat]ial reg>d+ ! pr9cess exi/s 9 ! ,,mss4 ( ! e>l ( ,crav51 at ,combe ,abbey4 ,,elizabe? ,,paul9e ,,elizabe? ,,ottilie ,,l\ise 7#ahdc- 71 consort ( ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 7q4v47 ( ,rumania1 widely kn[n by h] lit]>y "n ( ,c>m5 ,sylva1 0 born on ! #bi? ( ,decemb] #ahdc4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,pr9ce ,h]mann ( ,neuwi$4 ,%e fir/ met ! future k+ ( ,rumania at ,b]l9 9 #ahfa1 & 0 m>ri$ to him on ! #ae? ( ,novemb] #ahfi4 ,h] only *ild1 a daught]1 di$ 9 #ahgd4 ,9 ! ,russo-,turki% ,w> ( #ahgg-ahgh %e devot$ h]self to ! c>e ( ! w\nd$1 & f\nd$ ! ,ord] ( ,elizabe? 7a gold cross on a blue ribbon7 to rew>d di/+ui%$ s]vice 9 su* "w4 ,%e fo/]$ ! high] education ( wom5 9 ,rumania1 & e/abli%$ societies = v>i\s *>itable objects4 ,e>ly di/+ui%$ by h] excell5ce z a piani/1 organi/ & s+]1 %e also %[$ consid]able ability 9 pa9t+ & illum9at+2 b a lively poetic imag9ation l$ h] to ! pa? ( lit]ature1 & m especially to poetry1 folk-lore & ballads4 ,9 addition to num]\s orig9al works %e put into lit]>y =m _m ( ! leg5ds curr5t among ! ,rumanian peasantry4 ,c>m5 ,sylva wrote ) facility 9 ,g]man1 ,rumanian1 ,fr5* & ,engli%4 ,a few ( h] volum9\s writ+s1 :i* include poems1 plays1 novels1 %ort /ories1 essays1 collections ( aphorisms1 c41 may be s+l$ out = special m5tion4 ,h] e>lie/ publications 7 ,sappho & ,hamm]/e91 two poems :i* appe>$ at ,leipzig 9 #ahhj4 ,9 #ahhh %e receiv$ ! ,prix ,botta1 a prize aw>d$ tri5nially by ! ,fr5* ,academy1 = h] volume ( prose aphorisms ,les ,p5sees d'une re9e 7,p>is1 #ahhb71 a ,g]man v]sion ( :i* is entitl$ ,vom ,amboss 7,bonn1 #ahij74 ,cuv9te ,sufletesci1 religi\s m$itations 9 ,rumanian 7,bu*>e/1 #ahhh71 0 also translat$ into ,g]man 7,bonn1 #ahij71 "u ! "n ( ,seel5-,gespra*e4 ,sev]al ( ! works ( ,c>m5 ,sylva 7 writt5 9 collaboration ) ,mite ,kremnitz1 "o ( h] maids ( hon\r1 :o 0 born at ,greifswald 9 #aheg1 & m>ri$ ,dr ,kremnitz ( ,bu*>e/2 ^! 7 publi%$ betwe5 #ahha & #ahhh1 9 "s cases "u ! pseudonyms ,dito et ,idem1 & includes ! novel ,aus zwei ,welt5 7,leipzig1 #ahhd71 ,anna ,boleyn 7,bonn1 #ahhf71 a trag$y1 ,9 d] ,irre 7,bonn1 #ahhh71 a collection ( %ort /ories1 c4 ,edle5 ,vaughan1 or ,pa?s ( ,p]il1 a novel 7,london1 #ahid71 & ,sweet ,h\rs1 poems 7,london1 #aijd71 7 writt5 9 ,engli%4 ,among ! translations made by ,c>m5 ,sylva are ,g]man v]sions ( ,pi]re ,loti's romance ,pe*eur d',isl&e1 & ( ,paul de ,/ ,victor's dramatic criticisms ,les ,deux ,masques 7,p>is1 #ahha-ahhd72 & 9 p>ticul> ,! ,b>d ( ! ,dimbovitza1 a f9e ,engli% v]sion by ,c>m5 ,sylva & ,alma ,/rettell ( ,hel5e ,vac>escu's collection ( ,rumanian folk-songs1 c41 entitl$ ,li$] aus dem ,dimbovitza?al 7,bonn1 #ahhi74 ,! ,b>d ( ! ,dimbovitza 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahia1 & 0 soon reissu$ & exp&$4 ,translations f ! orig9al works ( ,c>m5 ,sylva h appe>$ 9 all ! pr9cipal languages ( ,europe & 9 ,arm5ian4 ,see ,,rumania3 ,hi/ory2 also ,m4 ,kremnitz1 ,c>m5 ,sylva--e9e ,biographie 7,leipzig1 #aijc72 &1 = a full bibliography1 ,g4 ,b5gescu1 ,c>m5 ,sylva--bibliographie et extraits de ses oeuvres 7,p>is1 #aijd74 ,,elizabe? 7#afce-afej71 ,engli% pr9cess1 second daught] ( ,*>les ,i41 0 born on ! #bh? ( ,decemb] #afce at ,/ ,james's ,palace4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> & ! dep>ture ( ! k+ f ,london1 :ile ! two eld] pr9ces accompani$ _! fa!r1 ! pr9cess & ! infant duke ( ,gl\ce/] 7 left "u ! c>e ( ! p>liam5t4 ,9 ,octob] #afdb ,elizabe? s5t a lett] to ! ,h\se ( ,lords begg+ t h] old att5dants might n be remov$4 ,9 ,july #afdd ! royal *ildr5 7 s5t to ,sir ,john ,danv]s at ,*elsea1 & 9 #afde to ! e>l & c\ntess ( ,nor?umb]l&4 ,aft] ! f9al defeat ( ! k+ !y 7 jo9$ 9 #afdf by ,james1 & dur+ #afdg paid sev]al visits to ! k+ at ,cav]%am1 ne> ,read+1 & ,hampton ,c\rt1 b 7 aga9 sep>at$ by ,*>les's imprisonm5t at ,c>isbrooke ,ca/le4 ,on ! #ba/ ( ,april #afdh ,james 0 p]suad$ to escape by ,elizabe?1 :o decl>$ t 7 %e a boy %e w\ld n long rema9 9 conf9em5t4 ,! la/ sad meet+ betwe5 ,*>les & 8 two *ildr51 at :i* ! pr9cess 0 ov]come ) grief1 & ( :i* %e wrote a %ort & t\*+ acc\nt1 took place on ! #bi? ( ,janu>y #afdi1 ! day be=e 8 execution4 ,9 ,june %e 0 entru/$ to ! c>e ( ! e>l & c\ntess ( ,leice/] at ,p5%ur/1 b 9 #afej1 ^u ! l&+ ( ,*>les ,,ii4 9 ,scotl&1 ! p>liam5t ord]$ ! royal *ildr5 to be tak5 = security to ,c>isbrooke ,ca/le4 ,! pr9cess fell ill f a wett+ almo/ imm$iately ^u h] arrival1 & di$ ( fev] on ! #h? ( ,septemb]4 ,%e 0 buri$ 9 ,/ ,?omas's *ur* at ,newport1 ,isle ( ,wight1 :]e ! initials ,e4,s4 alone m>k$ h] grave till #ahef1 :5 a monum5t 0 erect$ to h] memory by ,que5 ,victoria4 ,! pr9cess's sorr[ful c>e] & e>ly dea? h attract$ g5]al int]e/ & sympa?y4 ,%e 0 said to h acquir$ consid]able pr(ici5cy 9 ,greek1 ,hebrew & ,lat91 z well z 9 ,italian & ,fr5*1 & sev]al books 7 d$icat$ to h]1 includ+ ! translation ( ! ,electra ( ,sophocles by ,*ri/oph] ,wase 9 #afdi4 ,h] mild nature & g5tl5ess t[>ds h] fa!r's enemies ga9$ h] ! "n ( ,temp]ance4 ,see ,lives ( ! ,pr9cesses ( ,engl&1 by ,m4,a4,e4 ,gre5 7#ahee71 vol4 vi42 ,notes & ,qu]ies1 #g? s]41 ix4 #ddd1 x4 #ae4 ,,elizabe? ,elisabe? ,philipp9e ,m>ie ,hel5e ( ,france 7#agfd-agid71 commonly call$ ,,madame ,,elizabe?1 daught] ( ,l\is ! ,dauph9 & ,m>ie ,joseph9e ( ,saxony1 & si/] ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 0 born at ,v]sailles on ! #crd ( ,may #agfd4 ,left an orphan at ! age ( ?ree1 %e 0 br\ght up by ,madame de ,mackau1 & _h a resid5ce at ,montreuil1 :]e %e gave _m pro(s ( h] b5evol5t "*4 ,%e refus$ all (f]s ( m>riage s t %e might rema9 by ! side ( h] bro!r1 :om %e lov$ passionately4 ,at ! outset ( ! ,revolution %e =esaw ! gravity ( ev5ts1 & refus$ to leave ! k+1 :om %e accompani$ 9 8 flight on ! #bj? ( ,june #agib1 & ) :om %e 0 arre/$ at ,v>5nes4 ,%e 0 pres5t at ! ,legislative ,assembly :5 ,l\is 0 susp5d$1 & 0 imprison$ 9 ! ,temple ) ! royal family4 ,by ! execution ( ! k+ & ! removal ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette to ! ,conci]g]ie1 ,madame ,elizabe? 0 depriv$ ( h] companions 9 ! ,temple prison1 & on ! #i? ( ,may #agid %e 0 h]self transf]r$ to ! ,conci]g]ie1 & hal$ be=e ! revolution>y tribunal4 ,accus$ ( assi/+ ! k+'s flight1 ( supply+ emigres ) funds1 & ( enc\rag+ ! resi/ance ( ! royal troops on ! #aj? ( ,augu/ #agib1 %e 0 condemn$ to dea?1 & execut$ on ! #aj? ( ,may #agid4 ,l h] bro!r1 %e _h all ! dome/ic virtues1 &1 z 0 to be expect$ ( a si/] ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 %e 0 9 fav\r ( absoluti/ pr9ciples4 ,h]s 0 "o ( ! mo/ t\*+ trag$ies ( ! ,revolution2 %e p]i%$ because %e 0 ! si/] ( ! k+4 ,! ,memoires de ,madame ,elisabe? 7,p>is1 #aheh71 by ,f4 de ,b>ghon & ,=t-,rion1 are ( d\btful au!nticity2 & ! collection ( lett]s & docum5ts publi%$ 9 #ahfe by ,f4 ,feuillet de ,con*es mu/ be us$ ) caution 7see ! bibliographical note to ! article ,,m>ie ,,anto9ette74 ,see le ,comte ,a4,f4,c4 ,f]r&1 ,eloge hi/orique de ,madame ,elisabe? 7#ahad1 conta9+ #id lett]s2 #bnd ed41 #ahfa1 conta9+ additional lett]s1 b correspond5ce mutilat$72 ,du ,fresne de ,beauc\rt1 ,etude sur ,madame ,elisabe? 7,p>is1 #ahfd72 ,a4 de ,beau*esne1 ,vie de ,madame ,elisabe? 7#ahfi72 ,la comtesse d',armaille1 ,madame ,elisabe? 7,p>is1 #ahhf72 ,madame d',arvor1 ,madame ,elisabe? 7,p>is1 #ahih72 & ,hon4 ,mrs ,maxwell-,scott1 ,madame ,elizabe? ( ,france 7#aijh74 ,,elizabe?1 ,,sa9t 7#abjg-abca71 daught] ( ,&rew ,,ii41 k+ ( ,hung>y 7d4 #abce71 by 8 fir/ wife1 ,g]trude ( ,&e*s-,m]an 7d4 #abac71 0 born 9 ,pressburg 9 #abjg4 ,at f\r ye>s ( age %e 0 betro!d to ,l\is ,,iv41 l&grave ( ,?ur+ia1 & conduct$ to ! ,w>tburg1 ne> ,eis5a*1 to be educat$ "u ! direction ( 8 p>5ts4 ,9 spite ( h] decid$ly worldly surr\nd+s at ! ,?ur+ian c\rt1 %e ev9c$ f ! fir/ an av]sion f ev5 ! mo/ innoc5t pleasures1 & /imulat$ by ! example ( h] "m's si/]1 ,/ ,h$wig1 wife ( ,h5ry ,,vi41 duke ( ,silesia-,breslau1 devot$ h] :ole "t to religion & to works ( *>ity4 ,%e 0 m>ri$ at ! age ( f\rte51 & acquir$ su* influ5ce ov] h] husb& t he adopt$ h] po9t ( view & zeal\sly assi/$ h] 9 all h] *>itable endeav\rs4 ,accord+ to ! leg5d1 mu* celebrat$ 9 ,g]man art1 ,l\is at fir/ desir$ to curtail h] excessive *>ities1 & =bade h] unb\nd$ gifts to ! poor4 ,"o day1 return+ f hunt+1 he met 8 wife desc5d+ f ! ,w>tburg ) a heavy bundle fill$ ) bread4 ,he /]nly bade h] op5 x2 %e did s1 & he saw no?+ b a mass ( r$ roses4 ,! miracle complet$ 8 conv]sion4 ,on ! dea? ( ,l\is ! ,sa9t 9 #abbg1 ,elizabe? 0 depriv$ ( ! reg5cy by 8 bro!r1 ,h5ry ,raspe ,,iv4 7d4 #abdg71 on ! pretext t %e 0 wa/+ ! e/ates by h] alms2 & ) h] ?ree infant *ildr5 %e 0 driv5 f h] home )\t be+ all[$ to c>ry ) h] ev5 ! b>e/ necess>ies ( life4 ,%e liv$ = "s "t 9 great h>d%ip1 b ultimately h] mat]nal uncle1 ,egb]t1 bi%op ( ,bamb]g1 (f]$ h] an asylum 9 a h\se adjo9+ 8 palace4 ,?r\gh ! int]cession ( "s ( ! pr9cipal b>ons1 ! reg5cy 0 aga9 (f]$ h]1 & h] son ,h]mann 0 decl>$ heir to ! l&graviate2 b r5\nc+ all p[]1 & mak+ use ( h] weal? only = *>itable purposes1 %e pref]r$ to live 9 seclusion at ,m>burg "u ! direction ( h] confessor1 ! bigot$ p]secutor ,conrad ( ,m>burg4 ,!re %e sp5t ! rema9d] ( h] days 9 p5ances ( unusual sev]ity1 & 9 m9i/rations to ! sick1 especially ^? afflict$ ) ! mo/ loa?some diseases4 ,%e di$ at ,m>burg on ! #ai? ( ,novemb] #abca1 & f\r ye>s aft]w>ds 0 canoniz$ by ,gregory ,,ix4 on acc\nt ( ! frequ5t miracles report$ to h be5 p]=m$ at h] tomb4 ,! exhibition 9 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,p4,h4 ,cald]on's picture1 ,/ ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y's ,great ,act ( ,r5unciation1 n[ 9 ! ,tate ,gall]y 9 ,london1 r\s$ consid]able prote/ among ,ca?olics4 ,! sa9t is repres5t$ z kneel+ nude be=e ! alt>1 9 ! pres5ce ( h] confessor & a c\ple ( nuns4 ,! passage ?is is int5d$ to illu/rate is 9 ,lib4 iv4 ,s #a ( ,dietri* ( ,apolda's ,vita1 :i* relates h[1 on a c]ta9 ,good ,friday1 %e w5t into a *apel &1 9 ! pres5ce ( "s ,franciscan bro!rs1 laid h] h&s on ! b>e alt>1 r5\nc$ h] own w1 h] p>5ts1 *ildr51 relations1 & all pomps ( ?is k9d 7hujus modi7 9 imitation ( ,*ri/2 & /ripp$ h]self utt]ly nak$ 7omn9o se exuit et nudavit7 9 ord] to foll[ ,him nak$1 9 ! /eps ( pov]ty4 ,a lit]al int]pretation ( ?is passage is n impossible2 = ec/atic my/ics ( all ages h indulg$ 9 a l ,greek3 k5osis1 & ,conrad1 :o revell$ 9 inflict+ religi\s tortures1 0 q capable ( impos+ ?is cr[n+ humiliation ^u 8 g5tle victim4 ,x is f> m probable1 h[ev]1 t ! passage is n to be tak5 lit]ally4 ,lives ( ,/ ,elizabe? 7 writt5 by ,!odoricus 7,dietri*7 ( ,apolda 7b4 #abbh71 ,caes>ius ( ,hei/]ba* 7d4 c4 #abdj71 ,conrad ( ,m>burg & o!rs 7see ,pot?a/1 ,bibl4 ,hi/4 ,m$4 ,aev4 p4 #abhd74 ,a metrical life 9 ,g]man exi/s by ,johann ,ro! 7d4 c4 #addj71 *apla9 to ! ,l&grav9e ,anne ( ,?ur+ia 7,pot?a/1 p4 #ihe74 ,l',hi/oire de ,sa9te ,elisabe? de ,hongrie1 by ,montalemb]t1 0 publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #ahcf4 ,h] life has also suppli$ ! mat]ials = a dramatic poem by ,*>les ,k+sley1 entitl$ ! ,sa9t's ,trag$y4 ,! edition ( ?is 9 vol4 xvi4 ( ! ,life & ,works ( ,*>les ,k+sley 7,london1 #aijb7 has valuable notes1 ) _m extracts f ! orig9al s\rces4 ,,elizabe?1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,union c\nty1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ,elizabe? riv]1 ,new>k ,bay1 & ,ar?ur ,kill1 #aj m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,j]sey ,city4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #cg1gfd2 7#aijj7 #eb1acj1 ( :om #ad1ggj 7 =eign-born & #aaci 7 negroes2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #gc1dji4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,lehigh ,valley & ! ,c5tral ( ,new ,j]sey railways4 ,! site is level & ! /reets are broad & %ad$4 ,!re are _m resid5ces ( ,new ,york bus9ess m51 & sev]al hi/oric build+s1 includ+ ,lib]ty ,hall1 ! mansion ( ,william ,liv+/on1 fir/ gov]nor ( ! /ate2 ,boxwood ,hall 7n[ us$ z a home = ag$ wom571 ! =m] home ( ,elias ,b\d9ot2 ! old brick mansion ( ,jona?an ,bel*] 7#afha-ageg71 gov]nor ( ! prov9ce f #agdg to #ageg2 ! ,fir/ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*2 & ! h\se occupi$ at diff]5t times by ,g5]al ,w9field ,scott4 ,! city has sev]al p>ks1 ! ,union c\nty c\rt h\se 7#aije71 a public libr>y & sev]al *>itable in/itutions4 ,elizabe?port1 t "p ( ! city on ,/at5 ,isl& ,s\nd1 ab\t #b m4 ,s4,e4 ( ! c5tre ( ,elizabe?1 has a port op5 to vessels ( #cjj tons2 x is an outlet ( ! ,p5nsylvania coal fields & is ?us "o ( ! mo/ important coal %ipp+ depots 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"h1 too1 are a plant 7cov]+ m ?an #hjj acres7 ( ! ,/&>d ,oil ,company & a l>ge e/abli%m5t = ! manufacture ( ! ,s+] sew+ ma*9e--accord+ to ! ,u4,s4 c5sus ! l>ge/ manufactory ( sew+ ma*9es 9 ! _w--employ+ m ?an #fjjj workm5 9 #aije2 among ! o!r manufactures ( ,elizabe? are f\ndry & ma*9e %op products 7value 9 #aije1 #c1hhg1aci71 wire1 oil 7value 9 #aije1 #b1chg1fef71 ref9$ & smelt$ copp]1 ! output ( railway repair %ops1 edge tools & lag] be]4 ,! value ( ! manufactur$ products 0 #aj1dhi1cfd 9 #ahij2 #bb1hfa1cge 7factory product7 9 #aijj2 & #bi1cjj1hja 7factory product7 9 #aije4 ,elizabe? 0 settl$ 9 #affe by a company f ,long ,isl& = :om ! l& _h be5 pur*as$ f ! ,indians & a grant _h be5 obta9$ f ,ri*>d ,nicolls z ag5t = ! duke ( ,york4 ,b ab\t ! same "t ! duke convey$ ! entire prov9ce to ,john1 ,"l ,b]keley1 & ,sir ,george ,c>t]et1 & ^! two conflict+ grants gave rise to a long-cont9u$ controv]sy 7see ,,new ,,j]sey74 ,! t[n 0 nam$ 9 hon\r ( ,elizabe?1 wife ( ,sir ,george ,c>t]et1 & 0 fir/ kn[n z ,elizabe?t[n4 ,f #affe to #afhf x 0 ! seat ( gov]nm5t ( ! prov9ce1 & ! legislature sat "h occasionally until #agij4 ,9 ! home ( ! ,rev4 ,jona?an ,dick9son 7#afhh-agdg71 its fir/ presid5t1 ! fir/ sessions ( ! ,college ( ,new ,j]sey 7n[ ,pr9ceton ,univ]sity7 7 held 9 #agdg1 b imm$iately aft]w>ds ! college remov$ to ,new>k4 ,9 ,decemb] #aggf & twice 9 ,june #aghj ! ,briti% ent]$ ,elizabe? & made x a base ( op]ations1 b on ea* occasion !y 7 soon driv5 out4 ,elizabe? became a free t[n & bor\gh 9 #agci2 ! bor\gh *>t] 0 confirm$ by ! legislature 9 #aghi & repeal$ 9 #agij1 & ,elizabe? 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahee4 ,see ,e4,f4 ,hatfield1 ,hi/ory ( ,elizabe?1 ,new ,j]sey 7,new ,york1 #ahfh74 ,,elizabe?an ,,/yle1 9 ar*itecture1 ! t]m giv5 to ! e>ly ,r5aissance /yle 9 ,engl&1 :i* fl\ri%$ *iefly dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?2 x foll[$ ! ,tudor /yle1 & 0 succe$$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury by ! pur] ,italian /yle introduc$ by ,inigo ,jones4 ,x responds to ! ,c9que-,c5to p]iod 9 ,italy1 ! ,francois ,i4 /yle 9 ,france1 & ! ,plat]esque or ,silv]smi?'s /yle 9 ,spa94 ,dur+ ! reigns ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,edw>d ,,vi4 _m ,italian arti/s came ov]1 :o c>ri$ out v>i\s decorative features at ,hampton ,c\rt2 ,lay] ,m>ney1 ,suffolk 7#aebb-aebe72 ,sutton ,place1 ,surrey 7#aebi72 ,nonsu* ,palace & else:]e4 ,lat] 9 ! c5tury ,flemi% craftsm5 succe$$ ! ,italians1 & ! ,royal ,ex*ange 9 ,london 7#aeff-aegj7 is "o ( ! fir/ important build+s design$ by ,h5ri de ,pas*51 an ar*itect f ,antw]p4 ,long=d ,ca/le1 ,wollaton1 ,hatfield1 ,blickl+1 ,audley ,end1 & ,*>t]h\se 7,london7 all %[ ! /yle introduc$ by ,flemi% workm54 ,,elizabe? ,,city1 a t[n1 port ( entry & ! c\nty-seat ( ,pasquotank c\nty1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,pasquotank riv]1 at ! head ( navigation1 #df m4 ,s4 by ,e4 ( ,norfolk1 ,virg9ia4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #cbea2 7#aijj7 #fcdh 7#cafd negroes72 7#aiaj7 #hdab4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,norfolk ,s\!rn1 & ! ,suffolk ,c>ol9a railways1 & is on ! ,dismal ,swamp & ,albem>le ,*esapeake canals4 ,elizabe? ,city is a w9t] meet+-place = hunt]s4 ,x is ! seat ( a /ate normal s*ool = negroes & ( ! ,atlantic ,collegiate ,in/itute1 is a truck+ c5tre1 has %ipy>ds1 & has a l>ge :olesale trade 9 clo?+1 groc]ies & g5]al m]*&ise2 f x are %ipp$ consid]able quantities ( fi%1 cotton & lumb]4 ,! t[n is ! port ( entry ( ! ,albem>le cu/oms di/rict1 b its =eign trade is unimportant4 ,among its manufactures are cotton goods1 iron1 lumb]1 nets & tw9e1 bricks1 & c>riages & wagons4 ,! oy/] fi%]ies 9 ! vic9ity are ( consid]able importance4 ,elizabe? ,city 0 settl$ 9 #agic1 & 0 fir/ incorporat$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,,elk1 or ,,moose1 ! l>ge/ ( all ! de] tribe1 di/+ui%$ f o!r memb]s ( ! ,c]vidae by ! =m ( ! antl]s ( ! males4 ,^! arise z cyl9drical beams project+ on ea* side at "r angles to ! middle l9e ( ! skull1 :i* aft] a %ort di/ance divide 9 a =k-l mann]4 ,! l[] prong ( ?is =k may be ei!r simple1 or divid$ into two or ?ree t9es1 ) "s flatt5+4 ,9 ! ,ea/ ,sib]ian elk 7,alces ma*lis b$=diae7 ! po/]ior division ( ! ma9 =k divides into ?ree t9es1 ) no di/9ct flatt5+4 ,9 ! common elk 7,a4 ma*lis or ,a4 alces71 on ! o!r h&1 ?is bran* usually exp&s into a broad palmation1 ) "o l>ge t9e at ! base1 & a numb] ( small] snags on ! free bord]2 !re is1 h[ev]1 a phase ( ! ,sc&9avian elk 9 :i* ! antl]s are simpl]1 & recall ^? ( ! ,ea/ ,sib]ian race4 ,! palmation appe>s to be m m>k$ 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican race 7,a4 m4 am]icanus7 ?an 9 ! typical ,sc&9avian elk4 ,! l>ge/ ( all is ! ,alaskan race 7,a4 m4 gigas71 :i* is said to /& #h ft4 9 height1 ) a span ( #f ft4 across ! antl]s4 ,! great l5g? ( ! legs gives a decid$ly unga9ly appe>ance to ! elk4 ,! muzzle is long & fle%y1 ) only a v small triangul> nak$ pat* bel[ ! no/rils2 & ! males h a peculi> sac1 kn[n z ! bell1 hang+ f ! neck4 ,f ! %ortness ( _! necks1 elks are unable to graze1 & _! *ief food consi/s ( "y %oots & leaves ( will[ & bir*4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica dur+ ! w9t] "o male & sev]al females =m a moose-y>d 9 ! =e/1 :i* !y keep op5 by trampl+ ! sn[4 ,al?\gh g5]ally timid1 ! males become v bold dur+ ! bre$+ season1 :5 ! females utt] a l\d call2 & at su* times !y fight bo? ) _! antl]s & _! ho(s4 ,! usual pace is a %ambl+ trot1 b :5 press$ elks break into a gallop4 ,! female gives bir? to "o or two "y at a "t1 :i* are n spott$4 ,9 ,am]ica ! elk is kn[n z ! moose1 & ! =m] "n is transf]r$ to ! wapiti de]4 7,r4 ,l4997 ,,elkh>t1 a city ( ,elkh>t c\nty1 ,indiana1 ,u4,s4,a41 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,elkh>t & ,/ ,joseph riv]s1 ab\t #ajj m4 ,e4 ( ,*icago4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #aa1cfj2 7#aijj7 #ae1ahd1 ( :om #acec 7 =eign-born2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #ai1bhb4 ,elkh>t is at ! junction ( ! we/]n division ) ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,lake ,%ore ,mi*igan ,s\!rn railway1 & is s]v$ by ! ,clevel&1 ,c9c9nati1 ,*icago ,/ ,l\is1 & ! ,nor!rn ,indiana railways 7! latt] electric74 ,x is attractively situat$ & has f9e bus9ess & public build+s1 includ+ a ,c>negie libr>y & ! ,cl>k hospital1 ) :i* a nurses' tra9+ s*ool is connect$4 ,x has also sev]al p>ks1 includ+ ! beautiful ,isl& ,p>k & ,mc,naughton ,p>k1 ! latt] ! annual meet+-place ( ! ,/ ,joseph ,valley ,*autauqua4 ,a valuable wat]-p[] is utiliz$ = manufactur+ purposes4 ,!re are ext5sive railway-c> %ops & iron & brass f\ndries1 & ! manufactures include b& in/rum5ts1 furniture1 telephone supplies1 electric trans=m]s1 bridges1 pap]1 fl\r1 />*1 rubb] goods1 acetyl5e gas ma*9es1 pr9t+ presses1 drugs & c>riages4 ,! total value ( ! factory product 0 #d1cde1dff 9 #aije1 an increase ( #aj4e s9ce #aijj4 ,at ,elkh>t is ! ma9 publi%+ h\se ( ! ,m5nonite ,*ur* 9 ,am]ica1 two weekly p]iodicals be+ issu$1 "o 9 ,engli%1 ,! ,h]ald ( ,tru?1 & "o 9 ,g]man1 ! ,m5nonitis*e ,runds*au4 ,! fir/ settlem5t 0 made "h ab\t #ahcd2 & ,elkh>t 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahge4 ,,elk+ton1 ,,george ,,ri*>ds 7#ahja-ahfe71 f\nd] ( ! electroplat+ indu/ry 9 ,engl&1 0 born 9 ,birm+ham on ! #ag? ( ,octob] #ahja1 ! son ( a spectacle manufactur]4 ,appr5tic$ to 8 uncles1 silv] plat]s 9 ,birm+ham1 he became1 on _! dea?1 sole proprietor ( ! bus9ess1 b subsequ5tly took 8 c\s91 ,h5ry ,elk+ton1 into p>tn]%ip4 ,! sci5ce ( electrometallurgy 0 !n 9 its infancy1 b ! ,elk+tons 7 quick to recognize its possibilities4 ,!y _h already tak5 out c]ta9 pat5ts = ! application ( electricity to metals :51 9 #ahdj1 ,john ,wright1 a ,birm+ham surgeon1 discov]$ ! valuable prop]ties ( a solution ( cyanide ( silv] 9 cyanide ( potassium = electroplat+ purposes4 ,! ,elk+tons pur*as$ & pat5t$ ,wright's process1 subsequ5tly acquir+ ! rights ( o!r processes & improvem5ts4 ,l>ge new works = electroplat+ & electrogild+ 7 op5$ 9 ,birm+ham 9 #ahda1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,josiah ,mason became a p>tn] 9 ! firm4 ,george ,ri*>ds ,elk+ton di$ on ! #bbnd ( ,septemb] #ahfe1 & ,h5ry ,elk+ton on ! #bf? ( ,octob] #aheb4 ,,ella1 or ,,aella1 ! "n ( ?ree ,anglo-,saxon k+s4 ,,ella 7d4 c4 #ead71 k+ ( ! ,s\? ,saxons & f\nd] ( ! k+dom ( ,sussex1 0 a ,saxon ealdorman1 :o l&$ ne> ,arundel 9 ,sussex ) 8 ?ree sons 9 #dgg4 ,defeat+ ! ,britons1 :o 7 driv5 into ! =e/ ( ,&r$sweald1 ,ella & 8 foll[]s e/abli%$ !mselves along ! s\? coa/1 al?\gh _! progress 0 sl[ & difficult4 ,h[ev]1 9 #dia1 /r5g!n$ by ! arrival ( fre% b&s ( immigrants1 !y captur$ ! ,roman city ( ,&]ida & slew all t 7 !re94 ,ella1 :o is reckon$ z ! fir/ ,bretwalda1 !n became k+ ( ! ,s\? ,saxons1 &1 :5 he di$ ab\t #ead1 he 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,cissa4 ,,ella 7d4 #ehh71 k+ ( ! ,deirans1 0 ! son ( an ealdorman nam$ ,iffa1 & became ! fir/ k+ ( ,deira :51 9 #eei1 ! ,deirans sep>at$ !mselves f ! neighb\r+ k+dom ( ,b]nicia4 ,! ,engli% slaves1 :o ar\s$ ! int]e/ ( ,pope ,gregory ,i4 at ,rome1 7 subjects ( ,ella1 & on ?is occasion ! pope1 punn+ ! "n ( _! k+1 sugge/$ t ,alleluia %\ld be sung 9 8 l&4 ,:5 ,ella di$ 9 #ehh ,deira 0 conqu]$ by ,b]nicia4 ,"o ( 8 sons 0 ,edw91 aft]w>ds k+ ( ! ,nor?umbrians4 ,,ella 7d4 #hfg71 k+ ( ! ,nor?umbrians1 became k+ ab\t #hfb on ! deposition ( ,osb]t1 al?\gh he 0 n ( royal bir?4 ,aft]w>ds he became reconcil$ ) ,osb]t1 & toge!r !y attack$ ! ,danes1 :o _h invad$ ,nor?umbria1 & drove !m into ,york4 ,rally+1 h[ev]1 ! ,danes defeat$ ! ,nor?umbrians1 & 9 ! enc\nt] bo? ,ella & ,osb]t 7 sla94 ,9 c]ta9 leg5ds ,ella is repres5t$ z hav+ br\ght ab\t ! ,dani% invasion ( ,nor?umbria by cruel & unju/ actions4 ,see ,! ,anglo-,saxon ,*ronicle1 edit$ by ,c4 ,plumm] 7,ox=d1 #ahib-ahii72 ,b$e1 ,hi/oriae ecclesia/icae1 edit$ by ,c4 ,plumm] 7,ox=d1 #ahif72 ,h5ry ( ,hunt+don1 ,hi/oria ,anglorum1 edit$ by ,t4 ,arnold1 ,rolls ,s]ies 7,london1 #ahgi72 ,ass]1 ,de rebus ge/is ,aelfr$i1 edit$ by ,w4,h4 ,/ev5son 7,ox=d1 #aijd72 ,j4,r4 ,gre51 ,! ,mak+ ( ,engl& 7,london1 #ahig71 & ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 vol4 i4 7,london1 #ahie74 ,,ell&1 an urban di/rict 9 ! ,ell& p>liam5t>y division ( ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 on ! ,cald]1 #b-a_/b m4 ,s4 ( ,halifax by ! ,lanca%ire ,york%ire railway4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #aj1dab4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y is ,decorat$ & ,p]p5dicul>4 ,cotton-mills1 wooll5-factories1 ironworks1 flag/one qu>ries at ,ell& ,edge1 & fire-clay works employ ! indu/rial population4 ,ell& ,hall1 ?\gh almo/ rebuilt1 reta9s ! recollection ( a rem>kable family feud betwe5 ! ,ell&s & ! ,beaumonts ( ,crosl& ,hall1 ! site ( :i* may be trac$ 9 ! vic9ity4 ,a nephew ( ,sir ,john ,ell&1 9 #acdb1 met dea? at ! h&s ( a relative ( ! ,beaumonts ^u :om ,sir ,john took v5geance1 z also ^u ! heads ( ! alli$ h\ses ( ,lockwood & ,qu>mby4 ,! *ildr5 ( ^! families 7 educat$ 9 ! hope ( av5g+ _! p>5ts1 & aft] _m ye>s succe$$ 9 do+ s1 cutt+ (f ,sir ,john ,ell& & 8 heir4 ,,ell5bor\gh1 ,,edw>d ,,law1 #a,,/ ,,b>on 7#agej-ahah71 ,engli% judge1 0 born on ! #af? ( ,novemb] #agej1 at ,great ,salkeld1 9 ,cumb]l&1 ( :i* place 8 fa!r1 ,edmund ,law 7#agjc-aghg71 aft]w>ds bi%op ( ,c>lisle1 0 at ! "t rector4 ,educat$ at ! ,*>t]h\se & at ,pet]h\se1 ,cambridge1 he pass$ z ?ird wrangl]1 & 0 soon aft]w>ds elect$ to a fell[%ip at ,tr9ity4 ,9 spite ( 8 fa!r's /rong wi% t he %\ld take ord]s1 he *ose ! legal pr(ession1 & on quitt+ ! univ]sity 0 ent]$ at ,l9coln's ,inn4 ,aft] sp5d+ five ye>s z a special plead] "u ! b>1 he 0 call$ to ! b> 9 #aghj4 ,he *ose ! nor!rn circuit1 & 9 a v %ort "t obta9$ a lucrative practice & a high reputation4 ,9 #aghg he 0 appo9t$ pr9cipal c\nsel = ,w>r5 ,ha/+s 9 ! celebrat$ impea*m5t trial be=e ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & ! ability ) :i* he conduct$ ! def5ce 0 univ]sally recogniz$4 ,he _h begun 8 political c>e] z a ,:ig1 b1 l _m o!rs1 he saw 9 ! ,fr5* ,revolution a reason = *ang+ sides1 & became a support] ( ,pitt4 ,on ! =mation ( ! ,add+ton m9i/ry 9 #ahja1 he 0 appo9t$ attorney-g5]al & %ortly aft]w>ds 0 return$ to ! ,h\se ( ,commons z memb] = ,newt[n 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,9 #ahjb he succe$$ ,"l ,k5yon z *ief ju/ice ( ! k+'s b5*4 ,on be+ rais$ to ! b5* he 0 creat$ a pe]1 tak+ 8 title f ! village ( ,ell5bor\gh 9 ,cumb]l&1 :]e 8 mat]nal ance/ors _h long held a small patrimony4 ,9 #ahjf1 on ! =mation ( ,"l ,gr5ville's m9i/ry ( all ! tal5ts1 ,"l ,ell5bor\gh decl9$ ! (f] ( ! great seal1 b accept$ a seat 9 ! cab9et4 ,8 do+ s :ile he reta9$ ! *ief ju/ice%ip 0 mu* criticiz$ at ! "t1 &1 ?\gh n )\t prec$5t1 0 op5 to su* obvi\s objections on con/itutional gr\nds t ! exp]im5t has n s9ce be5 repeat$4 ,z a judge he _h grave faults1 ?\gh 8 decisions display$ pr(\nd legal k1 & 9 m]cantile law especially 7 reckon$ ( high au?ority4 ,he 0 h>% & ov]be>+ to c\nsel1 & 9 ! political trials :i* 7 s frequ5t 9 8 "t %[$ an unmi/akable bias aga9/ ! accus$4 ,9 ! trial ( ,william ,hone 7q4v47 = blasphemy 9 #ahag1 ,ell5bor\gh direct$ ! jury to f9d a v]dict ( guilty1 & _! acquittal ( ! prison] is g5]ally said to h ha/5$ 8 dea?4 ,he resign$ 8 judicial (fice 9 ,novemb] #ahah1 & di$ on ! #ac? ( ,decemb] foll[+4 ,ell5bor\gh 0 succe$$ z #bnd b>on by 8 elde/ son1 ,edw>d1 aft]w>ds e>l ( ,ell5bor\gh2 ano!r son 0 ,*>les ,ewan ,law 7#agib-ahej71 record] ( ,london & memb] ( p>liam5t = ,cambridge ,univ]sity f #ahce until 8 dea? 9 ,augu/ #ahej4 ,?ree ( ,ell5bor\gh's bro!rs atta9$ "s degree ( fame4 ,^! 7 ,john ,law 7#agde-ahaj71 bi%op ( ,elph92 ,?omas ,law 7#agei-ahcd71 :o settl$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #agic1 & m>ri$1 z 8 second wife1 ,anne1 a gr&daught] ( ,m>?a ,wa%+ton2 & ,george ,h5ry ,law 7#agfa-ahde71 bi%op ( ,*e/] & ( ,ba? & ,wells4 ,! connexion ( ! ,law family ) ! ,engli% ,*ur* 0 kept up by ,george ,h5ry's sons1 ?ree ( :om took ord]s4 ,two ( ^! 7 ,h5ry ,law 7#agig-ahhd71 dean ( ,gl\ce/]1 & ,james ,?omas ,law 7#agij-ahgf71 *ancellor ( ! diocese ( ,li*field4 ,,ell5bor\gh1 ,,edw>d ,,law1 ,e>l ( 7#agij-ahga71 ! elde/ son ( ! #a/ ,"l ,ell5bor\gh1 0 born on ! #h? ( ,septemb] #agij4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,eton & ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,he repres5t$ ! subsequ5tly disfran*is$ bor\gh ( ,/ ,mi*ael's1 ,cornwall1 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 until ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #ahah gave him a seat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,he 0 twice m>ri$2 8 only *ild di$ "y2 8 second wife 0 divorc$ by act ( p>liam5t 9 #ahcj4 ,9 ! ,well+ton adm9i/ration ( #ahbh ,ell5bor\gh 0 made "l privy seal2 he took a consid]able %>e 9 ! bus9ess ( ! =eign (fice1 z an un(ficial assi/ant to ,well+ton1 :o 0 a great admir] ( 8 tal5ts4 ,he aim$ at succe$+ ,"l ,dudley at ! =eign (fice1 b 0 =c$ to cont5t himself ) ! presid5cy ( ! bo>d ( control1 :i* he reta9$ until ! fall ( ! m9i/ry 9 #ahcj4 ,ell5bor\gh 0 an active adm9i/rator1 & took a lively int]e/ 9 que/ions ( ,indian policy4 ,! revision ( ! company's *>t] 0 approa*+1 & he held t ! gov]nm5t ( ,india %\ld be transf]r$ directly to ! cr[n4 ,he 0 impress$ ) ! gr[+ importance ( a k ( c5tral ,asia1 9 ! ev5t ( a ,russian advance t[>ds ! ,indian fronti]1 & despat*$ ,burnes on an explor+ mission to t di/rict4 ,ell5bor\gh subsequ5tly return$ to ! bo>d ( control 9 ,peel's fir/ & second adm9i/rations4 ,he _h only held (fice = a mon? on ! ?ird occasion :5 he 0 appo9t$ by ! c\rt ( directors to succe$ ,"l ,auckl& z gov]nor-g5]al ( ,india4 ,8 ,indian adm9i/ration ( two & a half ye>s1 or half ! usual t]m ( s]vice1 0 f fir/ to la/ a subject ( ho/ile criticism4 ,8 own lett]s s5t mon?ly to ! que51 & 8 correspond5ce ) ! duke ( ,well+ton1 publi%$ 9 #ahgd1 af=d mat]ial = an intellig5t & imp>tial judgm5t ( 8 meteoric c>e]4 ,! ev5ts *iefly 9 dispute are 8 policy t[>ds ,afghani/an & ! army & captives !re1 8 conque/ ( ,s9d1 & 8 campaign 9 ,gwalior4 ,ell5bor\gh w5t to ,india 9 ord] to re/ore peace to ,asia1 b ! :ole t]m ( 8 (fice 0 occupi$ 9 w>4 ,on 8 arrival !re ! news t greet$ him 0 t ( ! massacre ( ,kabul1 & ! sieges ( ,ghazni & ,jalalabad1 :ile ! sepoys ( ,madras 7 on ! v]ge ( op5 mut9y4 ,9 8 proclamation ( ! #ae? ( ,m>* #ahdb1 z 9 8 memor&um = ! que5 dat$ ! #ah?1 he /at$ ) *>act]i/ic cle>ness & eloqu5ce ! duty ( fir/ inflict+ "s signal & decisive bl[ on ! ,afghans1 & !n leav+ !m to gov]n !mselves "u ! sov]eign ( _! own *oice4 ,unhappily1 :5 he left 8 c\ncil = upp] ,india1 & le>n$ ! trifl+ failure ( ,g5]al ,engl&1 he in/ruct$ ,pollock & ,nott1 :o 7 advanc+ triumphantly ) _! av5g+ columns to rescue ! ,briti% captives1 to fall back4 ,! army prov$ true to ! gov]nor-g5]al's e>li] proclamation r ?an to 8 lat] fe>s2 ! ho/ages 7 rescu$1 ! sc5e ( ,sir ,alex&] ,burnes's murd] 9 ! he>t ( ,kabul 0 burn$ d[n4 ,do/ ,mahomm$ 0 quietly dismiss$ f a prison 9 ,calcutta to ! ?rone 9 ! ,bala ,hiss>1 & ,ell5bor\gh presid$ ov] ! pa9t+ ( ! elephants = an unprec$5t$ milit>y spectacle at ,f]ozepur1 on ! s\? bank ( ! ,sutlej4 ,b ?is 0 n ! only piece ( !atrical display :i* capp$ ) ridicule ! horrors & ! follies ( ^! f\r ye>s 9 ,afghani/an4 ,:5 ,sultan ,mahmud1 9 #ajbd1 sack$ ! ,h9du temple ( ,somna? on ! nor?-we/ coa/ ( ,india1 he c>ri$ (f1 ) ! treasures1 ! ri*ly /udd$ s&al-wood gates ( ! fane1 & set !m up 9 8 capital ( ,ghazni4 ,! ,mahomm$an puppet ( ! ,engli%1 ,%ah ,%uja1 _h be5 ask$1 :5 rul] ( ,afghani/an1 to re/ore !m to ,india2 & :at he _h fail$ to d ! ,*ri/ian rul] ( oppos+ ,mahomm$ans & ,h9dus resolv$ to effect 9 ! mo/ solemn & public mann]4 ,9 va9 _h ,major 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,h5ry7 ,rawl9son prov$ t !y 7 only reproductions ( ! orig9al gates1 to :i* ! ,ghazni m\lvies clung m]ely z a s\rce ( (f]+s f ! fai?ful :o visit$ ! old conqu]or's tomb4 ,9 va9 did ! ,h9du sepoys %[ ! mo/ *ill+ indiff]5ce to ! belaud$ re/oration4 ,ell5bor\gh c\ld n resi/ ! temptation to copy ,napoleon's magniloqu5t proclamation "u ! pyramids4 ,! fraudul5t fold+ doors 7 convey$ on a triumphal c> to ! =t ( ,agra1 :]e !y 7 f\nd to be made n ( s&alwood b ( deal4 ,t ,somna? proclamation 7immortaliz$ 9 a spee* by ,macaulay7 0 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds its au?or's recall4 ,h>dly _h ,ell5bor\gh issu$ 8 m$al ) ! leg5d ,pax ,asiae ,re/ituta :5 he 0 at w> ) ! amirs ( ,s9d4 ,! tribut>y amirs _h on ! :ole be5 fai?ful1 = ,major 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,james7 ,outram controll$ !m4 ,b he _h report$ ! opposition ( a few1 & ,ell5bor\gh ord]$ an inquiry4 ,8 in/ructions 7 admirable1 9 equity z well z en]gy1 & if ,outram _h be5 left to c>ry !m out all w\ld h be5 well4 ,b ! duty 0 entru/$ to ,sir ,*>les ,napi]1 ) full political z well z milit>y p[]s4 ,& to add to ! evil1 ,mir ,ali ,morad intrigu$ ) bo? sides s effectually t he betray$ ! amirs on ! "o h&1 :ile he delud$ ,sir ,*>les ,napi] to _! de/ruction on ! o!r4 ,ell5bor\gh 0 l$ on till ev5ts 7 beyond 8 control1 & 8 own j & m]ciful in/ructions 7 =gott54 ,sir ,*>les ,napi] made m ?an "o confession l ?is3 ,we h no "r to seize ,s9d1 yet we %all d s1 & a v advantage\s1 useful & humane piece ( rascality x w be4 ,! battles ( ,meeanee & ,hyd]abad foll[$2 & ! ,indus became a ,briti% riv] f ,k>a*i to ,multan4 ,s9d _h h>dly be5 dispos$ ( :5 tr\bles arose on bo? sides ( ! gov]nor-g5]al1 :o 0 !n at ,agra4 ,on ! nor? ! disord]$ k+dom ( ! ,sikhs 0 ?reat5+ ! fronti]4 ,9 ,gwalior to ! s\?1 ! feudatory ,mahratta /ate1 !re 7 a l>ge mut9\s army1 a ,ranee only twelve ye>s ( age1 an adopt$ *ief ( eight1 & factions 9 ! c\ncil ( m9i/]s4 ,^! conditions br\ght ,gwalior to ! v]ge ( civil w>4 ,ell5bor\gh review$ ! dang] 9 ! m9ute ( ! #a/ ( ,novemb] #ahde1 & told ,sir ,hugh ,g\gh to advance4 ,fur!r trea*]y & milit>y lic5ce r5d]$ ! battles ( ,mah>ajpur & ,punni>1 f\ght on ! same day1 inevitable ?\gh !y 71 a surprise to ! combatants4 ,! treaty t foll[$ 0 z m]ciful z x 0 wise4 ,! pacification ( ,gwalior also _h its effect beyond ! ,sutlej1 :]e an>*y 0 re/ra9$ = yet ano!r ye>1 & ! "w ( civilization 0 left to ,ell5bor\gh's two successors4 ,b by ?is "t ! pati5ce ( ! directors 0 exhau/$4 ,!y _h no control ov] ,ell5bor\gh's policy2 8 despat*es to !m 7 haughty & disrespectful2 & 9 ,june #ahdd !y ex]cis$ _! p[] ( recall+ him4 ,on 8 return to ,engl& ,ell5bor\gh 0 creat$ an e>l & receiv$ ! ?anks ( p>liam5t2 b 8 adm9i/ration spe$ily became ! !me ( ho/ile debates1 ?\gh x 0 successfully v9dicat$ by ,peel & ,well+ton4 ,:5 ,peel's cab9et 0 recon/itut$ 9 #ahdf ,ell5bor\gh became fir/ "l ( ! admiralty4 ,9 #aheh he took (fice "u ,"l ,d]by z presid5t ( ! bo>d ( control1 = ! f\r? "t4 ,x 0 !n 8 cong5ial task to draft ! new s*eme = ! gov]nm5t ( ,india :i* ! mut9y _h r5d]$ necess>y4 ,b 8 old fault ( impetuosity aga9 prov$ 8 /umbl+-block4 ,he wrote a cau/ic despat* c5sur+ ,"l ,cann+ = ! ,oudh proclamation1 & all[$ x to be publi%$ 9 ,! ,times )\t consult+ 8 colleagues1 :o disav[$ 8 action 9 ?is respect4 ,g5]al disapprobation 0 excit$2 votes ( c5sure 7 ann\nc$ 9 bo? ,h\ses2 &1 to save ! cab9et1 ,ell5bor\gh resign$4 ,b = ?is act ( ra%ness he might h enjoy$ ! task ( c>ry+ into effect ! home con/itution = ! gov]nm5t ( ,india :i* he sket*$ 9 8 evid5ce be=e ! select committee ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons on ,indian t]ritories on ! #h? ( ,june #aheb4 ,pay+ (f 8 old score aga9/ ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 he !n advocat$ ! abolition ( ! c\rt ( directors z a gov]n+ body1 ! op5+ ( ! civil s]vice to ! army1 ! transf]5ce ( ! gov]nm5t to ! cr[n1 & ! appo9tm5t ( a c\ncil to advise ! m9i/] :o %\ld take ! place ( ! presid5t ( ! bo>d ( control4 ,^! sugge/ions ( #aheb 7 c>ri$ out by 8 successor ,"l ,/anley1 aft]w>ds e>l ( ,d]by1 9 #aheh1 s closely ev5 9 details1 t ,"l ,ell5bor\gh mu/ be pron\nc$ ! au?or1 = good or evil1 ( ! pres5t home con/itution ( ! gov]nm5t ( ,india4 ,?\gh ackn[l$g$ to be "o ( ! =emo/ orators 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 & tak+ a frequ5t "p 9 debate1 ,ell5bor\gh nev] held (fice aga94 ,he di$ at 8 seat1 ,s\?am ,h\se1 ne> ,*elt5ham1 on ! #bbnd ( ,decemb] #ahga1 :5 ! b>ony rev]t$ to 8 nephew ,*>les ,edmund ,law 7#ahbj-ahij71 ! e>ldom becom+ ext9ct4 ,see ,hi/ory ( ! ,indian ,adm9i/ration 7,b5tley1 #ahgd71 edit$ by ,"l ,col*e/]2 ,m9utes ( ,evid5ce tak5 be=e ! ,select ,committee on ,indian ,t]ritories 7,june #aheb72 volume i4 ( ! ,calcutta ,review2 ! ,fri5d ( ,india1 dur+ ! ye>s #ahdb-ahde2 & ,john ,hope1 ,! ,h\se ( ,sc9dea3 ,a ,sket* 7,longmans1 #ahfc74 ,! num]\s books by & aga9/ ,sir ,*>les ,napi]1 on ! conque/ ( ,s9d1 %\ld be consult$4 ,,ell]y1 ,,william 7#agbg-ahbj71 ,am]ican politician1 a sign] ( ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 0 born 9 ,newport1 ,rhode ,isl&1 on ! #bbnd ( ,decemb] #agbg4 ,he graduat$ f ,h>v>d 9 #agdg1 engag$ 9 trade1 /udi$ law1 & 0 admitt$ to ! b> 9 #aggj4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,rhode ,isl& committee ( safety 9 #agge-aggf1 & 0 a delegate 9 ,congress 9 #aggf-agha & aga9 9 #aghc-aghe4 ,j aft] 8 fir/ election to ,congress1 he 0 plac$ on ! important m>9e committee1 & he 0 made a memb] ( ! bo>d ( admiralty :5 x 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aggi4 ,9 ,april #aghf he 0 elect$ commission] ( ! cont95tal loan (fice = ! /ate ( ,rhode ,isl& & f #agij until 8 dea? at ,newport1 on ! #ae? ( ,febru>y #ahbj1 he 0 collector ( ! cu/oms = ! di/rict ( ,newport4 ,see ,edw>d ,t4 ,*ann+1 ,life ( ,william ,ell]y1 9 vol4 #f ( ,j>$ ,sp>ks's ,am]ican ,biography 7,bo/on & ,london1 #ahcf74 ,,ellesm]e1 ,,francis ,,eg]ton1 #a,,/ ,,e>l ,,( 7#ahjj-aheg71 born 9 ,london on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y #ahjj1 0 ! second son ( ! #a/ duke ( ,su!rl&4 ,he 0 kn[n by 8 patronymic z ,"l ,francis ,leveson ,g[] until #ahcc1 :5 he assum$ ! surname ( ,eg]ton alone1 hav+ succe$$ on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r to ! e/ates :i* ! latt] inh]it$ f ! duke ( ,bridgewat]4 ,educat$ at ,eton & at ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 he ent]$ p>liam5t soon aft] atta9+ 8 majority z memb] = ! pocket bor\gh ( ,blet*+ly 9 ,surrey4 ,he aft]w>ds sat = ,su!rl&%ire & = ,s\? ,lanca%ire1 :i* he repres5t$ :5 he 0 elevat$ to ! pe]age z e>l ( ,ellesm]e & ,visc\nt ,brackley 9 #ahdf4 ,9 politics he 0 a mod]ate ,cons]vative ( indep5d5t views1 z 0 %[n by 8 support+ ! proposal = e/abli%+ ! univ]sity ( ,london1 by 8 mak+ & c>ry+ a motion = ! end[m5t ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic cl]gy 9 ,irel&1 & by 8 advocat+ free trade long be=e ,sir ,rob]t ,peel yield$ on ! "q4 ,appo9t$ a "l ( ! treasury 9 #ahbg1 he held ! po/ ( *ief secret>y = ,irel& f #ahbh till ,july #ahcj1 :5 he became secret>y-at-w> = a %ort "t4 ,8 claims to remembrance are f\nd$ *iefly on 8 s]vices to lit]ature & ! f9e arts4 ,be=e he 0 tw5ty he pr9t$ = private circulation a volume ( poems1 :i* he foll[$ up aft] a %ort int]val by ! publication ( a translation ( ,goe!'s ,fau/1 "o ( ! e>lie/ t appe>$ 9 ,engl&1 ) "s translations ( ,g]man lyrics & a few orig9al poems4 ,9 #ahci he visit$ ! ,m$it]ranean & ! ,holy ,l&4 ,8 impressions ( travel 7 record$ 9 8 v agreeably writt5 ,m$it]ranean ,sket*es 7#ahdc71 & 9 ! notes to a poem entitl$ ,! ,pilgrimage4 ,he publi%$ sev]al o!r works 9 prose & v]se1 all display+ a f9e lit]>y ta/e4 ,8 lit]>y reputation secur$ = him ! position ( rector ( ,ab]de5 ,univ]sity 9 #ahda4 ,"l ,ellesm]e 0 a munific5t & yet discrim9at+ patron ( arti/s4 ,to ! spl5did collection ( pictures :i* he inh]it$ f 8 great-uncle1 ! #crd duke ( ,bridgewat]1 he made num]\s additions1 & he built a noble gall]y to :i* ! public 7 all[$ free access4 ,"l ,ellesm]e s]v$ z presid5t ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society & z presid5t ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1 & he 0 a tru/ee ( ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,he di$ on ! #ah? ( ,febru>y #aheg4 ,he 0 succe$$ by 8 son 7#ahbc-ahfb7 z #bnd e>l1 & 8 gr&son 7b4 #ahdg7 z #crd e>l4 ,,ellesm]e1 a m>ket t[n 9 ! ,oswe/ry p>liam5t>y division ( ,%rop%ire1 ,engl&1 on ! ma9 l9e ( ! ,cambrian railway1 #ahb m4 ,n4,w4 f ,london4 ,pop4 ( urban di/rict 7#aija7 #aide4 ,x is prettily situat$ on ! we/ %ore ( ! m]e or small lake f :i* x takes its "n1 :ile 9 ! neighb\rhood are o!r %eets ( wat]1 z ,blake ,m]e1 ,cole ,m]e1 ,:ite ,m]e1 ,newton ,m]e & ,crose ,m]e4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,m>y is ( v>i\s /yles f ,norman onw>d1 b 0 p>tly rebuilt 9 #ahdh4 ,! site ( ! ca/le is occupi$ by pleasure g>d5s1 comm&+ an ext5sive view f high gr\nd4 ,! t[n hall conta9s a libr>y & a natural hi/ory collection4 ,! college is a l>ge boys' s*ool4 ,! t[n is an important agricultural c5tre4 ,ellesm]e canal1 a fam\s "w ( ,?omas ,tel=d1 connects ! ,sev]n ) ! ,m]sey1 cross+ ! ,vale ( ,llangoll5 by an imm5se aqu$uct1 #ccf yds4 long & #abg ft4 high4 ,! manor ( ,ellesm]e 7,ellesmeles7 belong$ be=e ! ,conque/ to ,e>l ,edw9 ( ,m]cia1 & 0 grant$ by ,william ! ,conqu]or to ,rog]1 e>l ( ,%rewsbury1 ^: son1 ,rob]t de ,belesme1 =feit$ x 9 #aaab = treason aga9/ ,h5ry ,i4 ,9 #aagg ,h5ry ,,ii4 gave x ) 8 si/] 9 m>riage to ,david1 son ( ,ow51 pr9ce ( ,nor? ,wales1 aft] ^: dea? x 0 reta9$ by ,k+ ,john1 :o 9 #abjf grant$ x to 8 daught] ,joan on h] m>riage ) ,llewellyn1 pr9ce ( ,nor? ,wales2 x 0 f9ally surr5d]$ to ,h5ry ,,iii4 by ,david1 son ( ,llewellyn1 ab\t #abdj4 ,ellesm]e ow$ its e>ly importance to its position on ! ,wel% bord]s & to its ca/le1 :i* 0 9 ru9s1 h[ev]1 9 #acdi4 ,:ile ,ellesm]e 0 9 ! h&s ( ,joan1 lady ( ,wales1 %e grant$ to ! bor\gh all ! free cu/oms ( ,breteuil4 ,! t[n 0 gov]n$ by a bailiff appo9t$ by a jury at "o ( ! c\rt leets ( ! "l ( ! manor1 until a local bo>d 0 =m$ 9 #ahei4 ,9 #abba ,h5ry ,,iii4 grant$ ,llewellyn1 pr9ce ( ,wales1 a m>ket on ,?ursdays 9 ,ellesm]e4 ,! inquisition tak5 9 #achc aft] ! dea? ( ,rog] le ,/raunge 7,"l ,/range71 "l ( ,ellesm]e1 %[s t he also held two fairs !re on ! fea/s ( ,/ ,m>t9 & ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,by #aeig ! m>ket _h be5 discont9u$ on acc\nt ( ! plague by :i* _m ( ! inhabitants _h di$1 & ! que5 grant$ t ,sir ,edw>d ,kyna/on1 ,kt41 & ?irte5 o!rs might hold a m>ket e ,?ursday & a fair on ! #crd ( ,novemb]4 ,s9ce #agib bo? h be5 discont9u$4 ,! comm]ce ( ,ellesm]e has always be5 *iefly agricultural4 ,,ellice 7,,lagoon7 ,,isl&s1 an ar*ipelago ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 ly+ betwe5 #e deg4 & #aa deg4 ,s4 & ab\t #agh deg4 ,e41 ne>ly midway betwe5 ,fiji & ,gilb]t4 ,x is "u ,briti% protection1 be+ annex$ 9 #ahib4 ,x comprises a l>ge numb] ( l[ corall9e isl&s & atolls1 :i* are dispos$ 9 n9e clu/]s ext5d+ ov] a di/ance ( ab\t #djj m4 9 ! direction f ,n4,w4 to ,s4,e4 ,_! total area is #ad sq4 m4 & ! population is ab\t #bdjj4 ,! *ief gr\ps1 all yield+ coco-nuts1 p&anus fruit & yams1 are ,funafuti or ,ellice1 ,nukulailai or ,mit*ell1 ,nurakita or ,sophia1 ,nukufetau or ,de ,pey/]1 ,nui or ,egg1 ,nanomana or ,hudson1 & ,niutao or ,lynx4 ,ne>ly all ! natives are ,*ri/ians1 ,prote/ant missions hav+ be5 long e/abli%$ 9 sev]al ( ! isl&s4 ,^? ( ,nui speak ! language ( ! ,gilb]t isl&]s1 & h a tradition t !y came "s g5]ations ago f t gr\p4 ,all ! o!rs are ( ,samoan spee*1 & _! tradition t !y came ?irty g5]ations back f ,samoa is support$ by rec5t rese>*4 ,!y h an anci5t spe> :i* !y believe 0 br\ght f ,samoa1 & !y actually "n ! valley f :i* _! ance/ors />t$4 ,a mission>y visit+ ! ,samoan valley f\nd !re a tradition ( a p>ty :o put to sea nev] to return1 & he also f\nd ! wood ( :i* ! /aff 0 made gr[+ pl5tifully 9 ! di/rict4 ,bor+s & s\nd+s tak5 at ,funafuti 9 #ahig indicate almo/ beyond d\bt t ! :ole ( ?is ,polynesian region is an area ( comp>atively rec5t subsid5ce4 ,see ,geographical ,j\rnal1 passim2 & ,atoll ( ,funafuti3 ,bor+s into a ,coral ,reef 7,report ( ,coral ,reef ,committee ( ,royal ,society1 ,london1 #aijd74 ,,elli*pur1 or ,,illi*pur1 a t[n ( ,india 9 ! ,amraoti di/rict ( ,b]>4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #bf1jhb4 ,x is fir/ m5tion$ au!ntically 9 ! #ac? c5tury z "o ( ! fam\s cities ( ! ,deccan4 ,?\gh tribut>y to ! ,mahomm$ans aft] #abid1 x rema9$ "u ,h9du adm9i/ration till #acah1 :5 x came directly "u ! ,mahomm$ans4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds capital ( ! prov9ce ( ,b]> at int]vals until ! ,mogul occupation1 :5 ! seat ( ! prov9cial gov]nor 0 mov$ to ,balapur4 ,! t[n reta9s _m relics ( ! nawabs ( ,b]>4 ,x has g9n+ factories & a consid]able trade 9 cotton & =e/ produce4 ,x is connect$ by good roads ) ,amraoti & ,*ikalda4 ,x 0 =m]ly ! headqu>t]s ( ! di/rict ( ,elli*pur1 :i* _h an area ( #bfje sq4 m4 & a population 9 #aija ( #big1djc4 ,?is di/rict1 h[ev]1 0 m]g$ 9 t ( ,amraoti 9 #aije4 ,! civil /ation ( ,p>atwada1 #b m4 f ! t[n ( ,elli*pur1 conta9s ! pr9cipal public build+s4 ,,elliotson1 ,,john 7#agia-ahfh71 ,engli% physician1 0 born at ,s\?w>k1 ,london1 on ! #bi? ( ,octob] #agia4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e fir/ at ,ed9burgh & !n at ,cambridge1 9 bo? :i* places he took ! degree ( ,m4,d41 & subsequ5tly 9 ,london at ,/ ,?omas's & ,guy's hospitals4 ,9 #ahca he 0 elect$ pr(essor ( ! pr9ciples & practice ( physic 9 ,london ,univ]sity1 & 9 #ahcd he became physician to ,univ]sity ,college hospital4 ,he 0 a /ud5t ( phr5ology & mesm]ism1 & 8 int]e/ 9 ! latt] ev5tually br\ght him into collision ) ! m$ical committee ( ! hospital1 a circum/ance :i* l$ him1 9 ,decemb] #ahch1 to resign ! (fices held by him !re & at ! univ]sity4 ,b he cont9u$ ! practice ( mesm]ism1 hold+ seances 9 8 home & edit+ a magaz9e1 ,! ,zoi/1 devot$ to ! subject1 & 9 #ahdi he f\nd$ a mesm]ic hospital4 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #bi? ( ,july #ahfh4 ,elliotson 0 "o ( ! fir/ tea*]s 9 ,london to appreciate ! value ( cl9ical lectur+1 & "o ( ! e>lie/ among ,briti% physicians to advocate ! employm5t ( ! /e?oscope4 ,he wrote a translation ( ,blum5ba*'s ,in/itutiones ,physiologicae 7#ahag72 ,cases ( ! ,hydrocyanic or ,prussic ,acid 7#ahbj72 ,lectures on ,diseases ( ! ,he>t 7#ahcj72 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,m$ic9e 7#ahci72 ,human ,physiology 7#ahdj72 & ,surgical ,op]ations 9 ! ,mesm]ic ,/ate )\t ,pa9 7#ahdc74 ,he 0 ! au?or ( num]\s pap]s 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,society1 ( :i* he 0 at "o "t presid5t2 & he 0 also a fell[ bo? ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,physicians & ,royal ,society1 & f\nd] & presid5t ( ! ,phr5ological ,society4 ,w4,m4 ,?ack]ay's ,p5d5nis 0 d$icat$ to him4 ,,elliott1 ,,eb5ez] 7#agha-ahdi71 ,engli% poet1 ! corn-law rhym]1 0 born at ,masbor\gh1 ne> ,ro!rham1 ,york%ire1 on ! #ag? ( ,m>* #agha4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 an extreme ,calv9i/ & a /rong radical1 0 engag$ 9 ! iron trade4 ,"y ,eb5ez]1 al?\gh "o ( a l>ge family1 _h a solit>y & r morbid *ildhood4 ,he 0 s5t to v>i\s s*ools1 b 0 g5]ally reg>d$ z a dunce1 & :5 he 0 sixte5 ye>s ( age he ent]$ 8 fa!r's f\ndry1 work+ = sev5 ye>s ) no wages beyond a little pocket money4 ,9 a fragm5t ( autobiography pr9t$ 9 ! ,a!naeum 7#ab? ( ,janu>y #ahej7 he says t he 0 entirely self-taught1 & attributes 8 poetic developm5t to long c\ntry walks und]tak5 9 se>* ( wild fl[]s1 & to a collection ( books1 includ+ ! works ( ,"y1 ,b>r[1 ,%5/one & ,milton1 bequea!d to 8 fa!r by a poor cl]gyman4 ,at sev5te5 he wrote 8 ,v]nal ,walk 9 imitation ( ,?omson4 ,8 e>li] volumes ( poems1 deal+ ) romantic !mes1 receiv$ little b unfri5dly comm5t4 ,! faults ( ,night1 ! e>lie/ ( ^!1 are po9t$ out 9 a long & fri5dly lett] 7#cj? ( ,janu>y #ahai7 f ,rob]t ,s\!y to ! au?or4 ,elliott's wife br\ght him "s money1 :i* 0 inve/$ 9 8 fa!r's %>e ( ! iron f\ndry4 ,b ! affairs ( ! firm 7 !n 9 a desp]ate condition1 & money difficulties ha/5$ 8 fa!r's dea?4 ,elliott lo/ all 8 money1 & :5 he 0 =ty ye>s old began bus9ess aga9 9 ,%effield on a small borr[$ capital4 ,he attribut$ 8 fa!r's pecuni>y losses & 8 own to ! op]ation ( ! corn laws4 ,he took an active "p 9 ! ,*>ti/ agitation1 b )drew 8 support :5 ! agitation = ! repeal ( ! corn laws 0 remov$ f ! ,*>ti/ programme4 ,! f]v\r ( 8 political convictions effect$ a *ange 9 ! /yle & t5or ( 8 v]se4 ,! ,corn-,law ,rhymes 7#crd ed41 #ahca71 inspir$ by a fi]ce hatr$ ( inju/ice1 are vigor\s1 simple & full ( vivid description4 ,9 #ahcc-ahce he publi%$ ,! ,spl5did ,village2 ,corn-,law ,rhymes1 & o!r ,poems 7#c vols471 :i* includ$ ,! ,village ,patri>* 7#ahbi71 ,! ,rant]1 an unsuccessful drama1 ,k]onah1 & o!r pieces4 ,he contribut$ v]ses f "t to "t to ,tait's ,magaz9e & to ! ,%effield & ,ro!rham ,indep5d5t4 ,9 ! meantime he _h be5 successful 9 bus9ess1 b he rema9$ ! /urdy *ampion ( ! poor4 ,9 #ahcg he aga9 lo/ a great deal ( money4 ,?is mis=tune 0 also ascrib$ to ! corn laws4 ,he retir$ 9 #ahda ) a small =tune & settl$ at ,great ,h\ghton1 ne> ,b>nsley1 :]e he di$ on ! #a/ ( ,decemb] #ahdi4 ,9 #ahej appe>$ two volumes ( ,m ,prose & ,v]se by ! ,corn-,law ,rhym]4 ,elliott lives by 8 det]m9$ opposition to ! bread-tax1 z he call$ x1 & 8 poems on ! subject are sav$ f ! common fate ( political poetry by _! transp>5t s9c]ity & passionate e>ne/ness4 ,an article by ,?omas ,c>lyle 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review 7,july #ahcb7 is ! be/ criticism on ,elliott4 ,c>lyle 0 attract$ by ,elliott's homely s9c]ity & g5u9e p[]1 ?\gh he _h small op9ion ( 8 political philosophy1 & lam5t$ 8 lack ( hum\r & ( ! s5se ( proportion4 ,he ?\ght 8 poetry too imitative1 detect+ n only ! tru?ful sev]ity ( ,crabbe1 b a slight bravura da% ( ! fair tuneful ,hemans4 ,8 descriptions ( 8 native c\nty reveal close obs]vation & a vivid p]ception ( natural beauty4 ,see an obitu>y notice 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e 7,feb4 #ahej74 ,two biographies 7 publi%$ 9 #ahej1 "o by 8 son-9-law1 ,john ,watk9s1 & ano!r by ,janu>y ,se>le 7,g4,s4 ,phillips74 ,a new edition ( 8 works by 8 son1 ,edw9 ,elliott1 appe>$ 9 #ahgf4 ,,ellipse 7adapt$ f ,gr4 ,greek3 elleipsis1 a defici5cy1 ,greek3 elleipe91 to fall beh9d71 9 ma!matics1 a conic section1 hav+ ! =m ( a clos$ oval4 ,x admits ( sev]al def9itions fram$ accord+ to ! aspect f :i* ! curve is consid]$4 ,9 solido1 i4e4 z a section ( a cone or cyl9d]1 x may be def9$1 aft] ,m5ae*mus1 z ! p]p5dicul> section ( an acute-angl$ cone2 or1 aft] ,apollonius ( ,p]ga1 z ! section ( any cone by a plane at a less incl9ation to ! base ?an a g5]ator2 or z an oblique section ( a "r cyl9d]4 ,def9itions 9 plano are g5]ally m useful2 ( ^! ! mo/ important are3 7#a7 ! ellipse is ! conic section :i* has its ecc5tricity less ?an unity3 ?is involves ! notion ( "o directrix & "o focus2 7#b7 ! ellipse is ! locus ( a po9t ! sum ( ^: di/ances f two fix$ po9ts is con/ant3 ?is involves ! notion ( two foci4 ,o!r geometrical def9itions are3 x is ! oblique projection ( a circle2 ! pol> reciprocal ( a circle = a po9t )9 x2 & ! conic :i* int]sects ! l9e at inf9ity 9 two imag9>y po9ts4 ,analytically x is def9$ by an equation ( ! second degree ( :i* ! highe/ t]ms repres5t two imag9>y l9es4 ,! curve has important me*anical relations1 9 p>ticul> x is ! orbit ( a p>ticle mov+ "u ! influ5ce ( a c5tral =ce :i* v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance ( ! p>ticle2 ?is is ! gravitational law ( =ce1 & ! curve consequ5tly repres5ts ! orbits ( ! planets if only an individual planet & ! sun be consid]$2 ! o!r planets1 h[ev]1 di/urb ?is orbit 7see ,,me*anics74 ,! relation ( ! ellipse to ! o!r conic sections is treat$ 9 ! articles ,,conic ,,section & ,,geometry2 9 ?is article a summ>y ( ! prop]ties ( ! curve w be giv54 ,to inve/igate ! =m ( ! curve use may be made ( ! def9ition3 ! ellipse is ! locus ( a po9t :i* moves s t ! ratio ( its di/ance f a fix$ po9t 7! focus7 to its di/ance f a /raight l9e 7! directrix7 is con/ant & is less ?an unity4 ,?is ratio is t]m$ ! ecc5tricity1 & w be d5ot$ by e4 ,let ,,kx 7fig4 #a7 be ! directrix1 ,s ! focus1 & ,x ! foot ( ! p]p5dicul> f ,s to ,,kx4 ,if ,,sx be divid$ at ,a s t ,,sa_/,,ax e1 !n ,a is a po9t on ! curve4 ,,sx may be also divid$ ext]nally at ,a'1 s t ,,sa'_/,a',x e1 s9ce e is less ?an unity2 ! po9ts ,a & ,a' are ! v]tices1 & ! l9e ,,aa' ! major axis ( ! curve4 ,x is obvi\s t ! curve is symmetrical ab\t ,,aa'4 ,if ,,aa' be bisect$ at ,c1 & ! l9e ,,bcb' be drawn p]p5dicul> to ,,aa'1 !n x is readily se5 t ! curve is symmetrical ab\t ?is l9e also2 s9ce if we take ,s' on ,,aa' s t ,s',a' ,,sa1 & a l9e ,k',x' p>allel to ,,kx su* t ,,ax ,a',x'1 !n ! same curve w be describ$ if we reg>d ,k',x' & ,s' z ! giv5 directrix & focus1 ! ecc5tricity rema9+ ! same4 ,if ,b & ,b' be po9ts on ! curve1 ,,bb' is ! m9or axis & ,c ! c5tre ( ! curve4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4 ,metrical relations betwe5 ! axes1 ecc5tricity1 di/ance betwe5 ! foci1 & betwe5 ^! quantities & ! co-ord9ates ( po9ts on ! curve 7ref]r$ to ! axes & ! c5tre71 & focal di/ances are readily obta9$ by ! me?ods ( geometrical conics or analytically4 ,! semi-major axis is g5]ally d5ot$ by a1 & ! semi-m9or axis by b1 & we h ! relation b#b a#b7a - e#b74 ,also a#b ,,cs4,,cx1 i4e4 ! squ>e on ! semi-major axis equals ! rectangle conta9$ by ! di/ances ( ! focus & directrix f ! c5tre2 & #b;a ,,sp ,s',p1 :]e ,p is any po9t on ! curve1 i4e4 ! sum ( ! focal di/ances ( any po9t on ! curve equals ! major axis4 ,! mo/ important relation betwe5 ! co-ord9ates ( a po9t on an ellipse is3 if ,n be ! foot ( ! p]p5dicul> f a po9t ,p1 !n ! squ>e on ,,pn be>s a con/ant ratio to ! product ( ! segm5ts ,,an1 ,,na' ( ! major axis1 ?is ratio be+ ! squ>e ( ! ratio ( ! m9or to ! major axis2 symbolically ,,pn#b ,,an4,,na'7,,cb_/,,ca7#b4 ,f ?is or o!rwise x is readily d$uc$ t ! ord9ates ( an ellipse & ( ! circle describ$ on ! major axis are 9 ! ratio ( ! m9or to ! major axis4 ,?is circle is t]m$ ! auxili>y circle4 ,( ! prop]ties ( a tang5t x may be notic$ t ! tang5t at any po9t is equally incl9$ to ! focal di/ances ( t po9t2 t ! feet ( ! p]p5dicul>s f ! foci on any tang5t always lie on ! auxili>y circle1 & ! product ( ^! p]p5dicul>s is con/ant1 & equal to ! product ( ! di/ances ( a focus f ! two v]tices4 ,f any po9t )\t ! curve two1 & only two1 tang5ts c be drawn2 if ,,op1 ,,op' be two tang5ts f ,o1 & ,s1 ,s' ! foci1 !n ! angles ,,osp1 ,,osp' are equal & also ,,sop1 ,s',,op'4 ,if ! tang5ts be at "r angles1 !n ! locus ( ! po9t is a circle hav+ ! same c5tre z ! ellipse2 ?is is nam$ ! director circle4 ,! middle po9ts ( a sy/em ( p>allel *ords is a /raight l9e1 & ! tang5t at ! po9t :]e ?is l9e meets ! curve is p>allel to ! *ords4 ,! /raight l9e & ! l9e ?r\gh ! c5tre p>allel to ! *ords are nam$ conjugate diamet]s2 ea* bisects ! *ords p>allel to ! o!r4 ,an important metrical prop]ty ( conjugate diamet]s is ! sum ( _! squ>es equals ! sum ( ! squ>es ( ! major & m9or axis4 ,9 analytical geometry1 ! equation ax#b #b;hxy by#b #b;gx #b;fy c #j repres5ts an ellipse :5 ab h#b2 if ! c5tre ( ! curve be ! orig91 ! equation is a#ax#b #b;h#axy b#ay#b ,c#a1 & if 9 addition a pair ( conjugate diamet]s are ! axes1 ! equation is fur!r simplifi$ to ,ax#b ,by#b ,c4 ,! simple/ =m is x#b_/;a#b y#b_/;b#b #a1 9 :i* ! c5tre is ! orig9 & ! major & m9or axes ! axes ( co-ord9ates4 ,x is obvi\s t ! co-ord9ates ( any po9t on an ellipse may be express$ 9 t]ms ( a s+le p>amet]1 ! abscissa be+ a cos phi1 & ! ord9ate b s9 phi1 s9ce on elim9at+ phi betwe5 x a cos phi & y b s9 phi we obta9 ! equation to ! ellipse4 ,! angle phi is t]m$ ! ecc5tric angle1 & is geometrically repres5t$ z ! angle betwe5 ! axis ( x 7! major axis ( ! ellipse7 & ! radius ( a po9t on ! auxili>y circle :i* has ! same abscissa z ! po9t on ! ellipse4 ,! equation to ! tang5t at !ta is x cos !ta_/a y s9 !ta_/b #a1 & to ! normal ax_/cos !ta - by_/s9 !ta a#b - b#b4 ,! area ( ! ellipse is piab1 :]e a1 b are ! semi-axes2 ?is result may be d$uc$ by reg>d+ ! ellipse z ! or?ogonal projection ( a circle1 or by means ( ! calculus4 ,! p]imet] c only be express$ z a s]ies1 ! analytical evaluation lead+ to an integral t]m$ elliptic 7see ,,function1 ii4 ,complex74 ,!re are sev]al approximation =mulae3--,s pi7a b7 makes ! p]imet] ab\t #a_/bjj? too small2 s piroot7a#b;b#b7 ab\t #a_/bjj? too great2 #bs pi7a b7 piroot7a#b b#b7 is )9 #a_/cj1jjj ( ! tru?4 ,an ellipse c g5]ally be describ$ to satisfy any five conditions4 ,if five po9ts be giv51 ,pascal's !orem af=ds a solution2 if five tang5ts1 ,brian*on's !orem is employ$4 ,! pr9ciple ( involution solves su* con/ructions z3 giv5 f\r tang5ts & "o po9t1 ?ree tang5ts & two po9ts1 c4 ,if a tang5t & its po9t ( contact be giv51 x is only necess>y to rememb] t a d\ble po9t on ! curve is giv54 ,a focus or directrix is equal to two conditions2 h5ce su* problems z3 giv5 a focus & ?ree po9ts2 a focus1 two po9ts & "o tang5t2 & a focus1 "o po9t & two tang5ts are soluble 7v conv5i5tly by employ+ ! pr9ciple ( reciprocation74 ,( practical importance are ! foll[+ con/ructions3--7#a7 ,giv5 ! axes2 7#b7 giv5 ! major axis & ! foci2 7#c7 giv5 ! focus1 ecc5tricity & directrix2 7#d7 to con/ruct an ellipse 7approximately7 by means ( circul> arcs4 7#a7 ,if ! axes be giv51 we may avail ourselves ( sev]al con/ructions1 7a7 ,let ,,aa'1 ,,bb' be ! axes int]sect+ at "r angles 9 a po9t ,c4 ,take a /rip ( pap] or rule & m>k (f f a po9t ,p1 di/ances ,pa & ,pb equal respectively to ,,ca & ,,cb4 ,if n[ ! /rip be mov$ s t ! po9t a is always on ! m9or axis1 & ! po9t b on ! major axis1 ! po9t ,p describes ! ellipse4 ,?is is kn[n z ! trammel con/ruction4 7b7 ,let ,,aa'1 ,,bb' be ! axes z be=e2 describe on ea* z diamet] a circle4 ,draw any numb] ( radii ( ! two circles1 & f ! po9ts ( int]section ) ! major circle draw l9es p>allel to ! m9or axis1 & f ! po9ts ( int]section ) ! m9or circle draw l9es p>allel to ! major axis4 ,! int]sections ( ! l9es drawn f correspond+ po9ts are po9ts on ! ellipse4 7#b7 ,if ! major axis & foci be giv51 !re is a conv5i5t me*anical con/ruction bas$ on ! prop]ty t ! sum ( ! focal di/ances ( any po9t is con/ant & equal to ! major axis4 ,let ,,aa' be ! axis & ,s1 ,s' ! foci4 ,take a piece ( ?read ( l5g? ,,aa'1 & fix x at its extremities by means ( p9s at ! foci4 ,! ?read is n[ /ret*$ taut by a p5cil1 & ! p5cil mov$2 ! curve trac$ out is ! desir$ ellipse4 7#c7 ,if ! directrix1 focus & ecc5tricity be giv51 we may employ ! g5]al me?od = con/ruct+ a conic4 ,let ,s 7fig4 #b7 be ! focus1 ,,kx ! directrix1 ,x be+ ! foot ( ! p]p5dicul> f ,s to ! directrix4 ,divide ,,sx int]nally at ,a & ext]nally at ,a'1 s t ! ratios ,,sa_/,,ax & ,,sa'_/,a',x are ea* equal to ! ecc5tricity4 ,!n ,a1 ,a' are ! v]tices ( ! curve4 ,take any po9t ,r on ! directrix1 & draw ! l9es ,,ram1 ,,rsn2 draw ,,sl s t ! angle ,,lsn angle ,,nsa'4 ,let ,p be ! int]section ( ! l9e ,,sl ) ! l9e ,,ram1 !n x c be readily %[n t ,p is a po9t on ! ellipse4 ,=1 draw ?r\gh ,p a l9e p>allel to ,,aa'1 int]sect+ ! directrix 9 ,q & ! l9e ,,rsn 9 ,t4 ,!n s9ce ,,xs & ,,qt are p>allel & are int]sect$ by ! l9es ,,rk1 ,,rm1 ,,rn1 we h ,,sa_/,,ax ,,tp_/,,pq ,,sp_/,,pq1 s9ce ! angle ,,p/ angle ,,pts4 ,by v>y+ ! position ( ,r o!r po9ts c be f\nd1 &1 s9ce ! curve is symmetrical ab\t bo? ! major & m9or axes1 x is obvi\s t any po9t may be reflect$ 9 bo? ! axes1 ?us giv+ #c additional po9ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4 7#d7 ,if ! axes be giv51 ! curve c be approximately con/ruct$ by circul> arcs 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,let ,,aa'1 ,,bb' be ! axes2 det]m9e ,d ! int]section ( l9es ?r\gh ,b & ,a p>allel to ! major & m9or axes respectively4 ,bisect ,,ad at ,e & jo9 ,,eb4 ,!n ! int]section ( ,,eb & ,,db' det]m9es a po9t ,p on ! 7true7 curve4 ,bisect ! *ord ,,pb at ,g1 & draw ?r\gh ,g a l9e p]p5dicul> to ,,pb1 int]sect+ ,,bb' 9 ,o4 ,an arc ) c5tre ,o & radius ,,ob =ms "p ( a curve4 ,let ?is arc on ! rev]se side to ,p int]sect a l9e ?r\gh ,o p>allel to ! major axis 9 a po9t ,h4 ,!n ,,ha#a w cut ! circul> arc 9 ,j4 ,let ,,jo int]sect ! major axis 9 ,o#a4 ,!n ) c5tre ,o#a & radius ,,oj ,,oa#a1 describe an arc4 ,by reflect+ ! two arcs ?us describ$ ov] ! c5tre ! ellipse is approximately describ$4 ,,ellipsoid1 a quadric surface ^: sections are ellipses4 ,analytically1 x has = its equation x#b_/;a#b y#b_/;b#b z#b_/;c#b #a1 a1 b1 c be+ its axes2 ! "n is also giv5 to ! solid conta9$ by ?is surface 7see ,,geometry3 ,analytical74 ,! solids & surfaces ( revolution ( ! ellipse are sometimes t]m$ ellipsoids1 b x is advisable to use ! "n sph]oid 7q4v474 ,! ellipsoid appe>s 9 ! ma!matical inve/igation ( physical prop]ties ( m$ia 9 :i* ! p>ticul> prop]ty v>ies 9 ?ree directions )9 ! m$ia2 su* prop]ties are ! ela/icity1 giv+ rise to ! /ra9 ellipsoid1 !rmal expansion1 ellipsoid ( expansion1 !rmal conduction1 refractive index 7see ,,cry/allography71 c4 ,9 me*anics1 ! ellipsoid ( gyration or in]tia is su* t ! p]p5dicul> f ! c5tre to a tang5t plane is equal to ! radius ( gyration ( ! giv5 body ab\t ! p]p5dicul> z axis2 ! mom5tal ellipsoid1 also t]m$ ! inv]se ellipsoid ( in]tia or ,po9sot's ellipsoid1 has ! p]p5dicul> inv]sely proportional to ! radius ( gyration2 ! equimom5tal ellipsoid is su* t its mom5ts ( in]tia ab\t all axes are ! same z ^? ( a giv5 body4 7,see ,,me*anics47 ,,ellipticity1 9 a/ronomy1 deviation f a circul> or sph]ical =m2 appli$ to ! elliptic orbits ( heav5ly bodies1 or ! sph]oidal =m ( su* bodies4 7,see also ,,compression47 ,,ellis 7orig9ally ,,%>pe71 ,,alex&] ,,john 7#ahad-ahij71 ,engli% philologi/1 ma!matician1 musician & writ] on phonetics1 0 born at ,hoxton on ! #ad? ( ,june #ahad4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,%rewsbury1 ,eton1 & ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 & took 8 degree 9 high ma!matical hon\rs4 ,he 0 connect$ ) _m le>n$ societies z memb] or presid5t1 & 0 gov]nor ( ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,he 0 ! fir/ 9 ,engl& to r$uce ! /udy ( phonetics to a sci5ce4 ,8 mo/ important "w1 to :i* ! great] "p ( 8 life 0 devot$1 is ,on ,e>ly ,engli% ,pronunciation1 ) special ref]5ce to ,%akespe>e & ,*auc] 7#ahfi-ahhi71 9 five p>ts1 :i* he int5d$ to supplem5t by a six?1 conta9+ an ab/ract ( ! :ole1 an acc\nt ( ! views & criticisms ( o!r inquir]s 9 ! same field1 & a complete index1 b ill-heal? prev5t$ him f c>ry+ out 8 int5tion4 ,he _h long be5 associat$ ) ,isaac ,pitman 9 8 attempts to re=m ,engli% spell+1 & publi%$ ,a ,plea = ,phonotypy & ,phonography 7#ahde7 & ,a ,plea = ,phonetic ,spell+ 7#ahdh72 & contribut$ ! articles on ,phonetics & ,spee*-s\nds to ! #i? edition ( ! ,ency4 ,brit4 ,he translat$ 7) consid]able additions7 ,helmholtz's ,s5sations ( ,tone z a physiological ,basis = ! ,!ory ( ,music 7#bnd ed41 #ahhe72 & 0 ! au?or ( sev]al small] works on music1 *iefly 9 connexion ) 8 fav\rite subject phonetics4 ,he di$ 9 ,london on ! #bh? ( ,octob] #ahij4 ,,ellis1 ,,george 7#agec-ahae71 ,engli% au?or1 0 born 9 ,london 9 #agec4 ,educat$ at ,we/m9/] s*ool & at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 he began 8 lit]>y c>e] by "s satirical v]ses on ,ba? society publi%$ 9 #aggg1 & ,poetical ,tales1 by ,sir ,gregory ,g&]1 9 #aggh4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,rolliad & ! ,probation>y ,odes political satires direct$ aga9/ ,pitt's adm9i/ration4 ,he 0 employ$ 9 diplomatic bus9ess at ! ,hague 9 #aghd2 & 9 #agig he accompani$ ,"l ,malmesbury to ,lille z secret>y to ! embassy4 ,on 8 return he 0 introduc$ to ,pitt1 & ! episode ( ! ,rolliad1 :i* _h n be5 =gott51 0 expla9$4 ,he f\nd cont9u$ scope = 8 p[]s z a political c>icaturi/ 9 ! columns ( ! ,anti-,jacob91 a weekly pap] :i* he f\nd$ 9 connexion ) ,george ,cann+ & ,william ,gif=d4 ,= "s ye>s be=e ! ,anti-,jacob9 0 />t$ ,ellis _h be5 work+ 9 ! cong5ial field ( ,e>ly ,engli% lit]ature1 9 :i* he 0 "o ( ! fir/ to ar\se int]e/4 ,! fir/ edition ( 8 ,specim5s ( ! ,e>ly ,engli% ,poets appe>$ 9 #agij2 & ?is 0 foll[$ by ,specim5s ( ,e>ly ,engli% ,metrical ,romances 7#ahje74 ,he also edit$ ,gregory ,lewis ,way's translation ( select ,fabliaux 9 #agif4 ,ellis 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 :o /yl$ him ! fir/ conv]s] ,i ev] saw1 & d$icat$ to him ! fif? canto ( ,m>mion4 ,"s ( ! correspond5ce betwe5 !m is to be f\nd 9 ,lockh>t's ,life4 ,he di$ on ! #aj? ( ,april #ahae4 ,! monum5t erect$ to 8 memory 9 ! p>i% *ur* ( ,gunn+ ,hill1 ,b]ks1 be>s a f9e inscription by ,cann+4 ,,ellis1 ,,sir ,,h5ry 7#aggg-ahfi71 ,engli% antiqu>y1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #bi? ( ,novemb] #aggg4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,m]*ant ,taylors' s*ool1 & at ,/ ,john's ,college1 ,ox=d1 ( :i* he 0 elect$ a fell[4 ,aft] hav+ held = a few mon?s a sub-libr>ian%ip 9 ! ,bodleian1 he 0 9 #ahjj appo9t$ to a simil> po/ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 #ahbg he became *ief libr>ian1 & held t po/ until #ahef1 :5 he resign$ on acc\nt ( advanc+ age4 ,9 #ahcb ,william ,,iv4 made him a knight ( ,hanov]1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he receiv$ an ,engli% knigh?ood4 ,he di$ on ! #ae? ( ,janu>y #ahfi4 ,sir ,h5ry ,ellis's life 0 "o ( v consid]able lit]>y activity4 ,8 fir/ "w ( importance 0 ! prep>ation ( a new edition ( ,br&'s ,popul> ,antiquities1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahac4 ,9 #ahaf he 0 select$ by ! commission]s ( public records to write ! introduction to ,domesday ,book1 a task :i* he dis*>g$ ) mu* le>n+1 ?\gh sev]al ( 8 views h n /ood ! te/ ( lat] criticism4 ,8 ,orig9al ,lett]s ,illu/rative ( ,engli% ,hi/ory 7fir/ s]ies1 #ahbd2 second s]ies1 #ahbg2 ?ird s]ies1 #ahdf7 are compil$ *iefly f manuscripts 9 ! ,briti% ,museum & ! ,/ate ,pap] ,(fice1 & h be5 ( consid]able s]vice to hi/orical writ]s4 ,to ! ,libr>y ( ,ent]ta9+ ,k he contribut$ f\r volumes on ! ,elg9 & ,t[nley ,m>bles4 ,sir ,h5ry 0 = _m ye>s a director & jo9t-secret>y ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies4 ,,ellis1 ,,rob9son 7#ahcd- 71 ,engli% classical s*ol>1 0 born at ,b>m+1 ne> ,maid/one1 on ! #e? ( ,septemb] #ahcd4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,elizabe? ,college1 ,gu]nsey1 ,rugby1 & ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,9 #aheh he became fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,ox=d1 & 9 #ahgj pr(essor ( ,lat9 at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,9 #ahgf he return$ to ,ox=d1 :]e f #ahhc to #ahic he held ! univ]sity read]%ip 9 ,lat94 ,9 #ahic he succe$$ ,h5ry ,nettle%ip z pr(essor4 ,8 *ief "w has be5 on ,catullus1 :om he began to /udy 9 #ahei4 ,8 fir/ ,comm5t>y on ,catullus 7#ahgf7 ar\s$ great int]e/1 & call$ =? a flood ( criticism4 ,9 #ahhi appe>$ a second & enl>g$ edition1 :i* plac$ its au?or 9 ! fir/ rank ( au?orities on ,catullus4 ,pr(essor ,ellis quotes l>gely f ! e>ly ,italian comm5tators1 ma9ta9+ t ! l& :]e ! ,r5aissance orig9at$ _h done m = s*ol>%ip ?an is commonly recogniz$4 ,he has supplem5t$ 8 critical "w by a translation 7#ahga1 d$icat$ to ,t5nyson7 ( ! poems 9 ! metres ( ! orig9als4 ,ano!r au?or to :om ,pr(essor ,ellis has devot$ _m ye>s' /udy is ,manilius1 ! a/rological poet4 ,9 #ahia he publi%$ ,noctes ,manilianae1 a s]ies ( diss]tations on ! ,a/ronomica1 ) em5dations4 ,he has also treat$ ,avianus1 ,velleius ,pat]culus & ! ,*ri/ian poet ,ori5tius1 :om he edit$ = ! ,vi5na ,corpus ,scriptorum ,ecclesia/icorum4 ,he edit$ ! ,ibis ( ,ovid1 ! ,aetna ( ! y\ng] ,lucilius1 & contribut$ to ! ,anecdota ,oxoni5sia v>i\s un$it$ ,bodleian & o!r manuscripts4 ,9 #aijg he publi%$ ,app5dix ,v]giliana 7an edition ( ! m9or poems72 9 #aijh ,! ,annali/ ,lic9ianus4 ,,ellis1 ,,william 7#agid-ahgb71 ,engli% ,noncon=mi/ mission>y1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #bi? ( ,augu/ #agid4 ,8 boyhood & y\? 7 sp5t at ,wisbea*1 :]e he work$ z a m>ket-g>d5]4 ,9 #ahad he (f]$ himself to ! ,london ,mission>y ,society1 & 0 accept$4 ,dur+ a ye>'s tra9+ he acquir$ "s k ( !ology & ( v>i\s practical arts1 su* z pr9t+ & bookb9d+4 ,he sail$ = ! ,s\? ,sea ,isl&s 9 ,janu>y #ahaf1 & rema9$ 9 ,polynesia1 occupy+ v>i\s /ations 9 succession1 until #ahbd1 :5 he 0 compell$ to return home on acc\nt ( ! /ate ( 8 wife's heal?4 ,?\gh ! p]iod ( 8 resid5ce 9 ! isl&s 0 ?us comp>atively %ort1 8 lab\rs 7 v fruitful1 contribut+ p]haps z mu* z ^? ( any o!r mission>y to br+ ab\t ! extraord9>y improvem5t 9 ! religi\s1 moral & social condition ( ! ,pacific ,ar*ipelago t took place dur+ ! #ai? c5tury4 ,besides promot+ ! spiritual object ( 8 mission1 he introduc$ _m o!r aids to ! improvem5t ( ! condition ( ! p4 ,8 g>d5+ exp]i5ce enabl$ him successfully to acclimatize _m species ( tropical fruits & plants1 & he set up & work$ ! fir/ pr9t+ press 9 ! ,s\? ,seas4 ,return+ home by way ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e he advocat$ 8 "w1 ,ellis 0 = "s ye>s employ$ z a travell+ ag5t ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society1 & 9 #ahcb 0 appo9t$ =eign secret>y to ! society1 an (fice :i* he held = sev5 ye>s4 ,9 #ahcg he m>ri$ 8 second wife1 ,s>ah ,/ickney1 a writ] & tea*] ( "s note 9 h] g5]ation4 ,9 #ahda he w5t to live at ,hoddesdon1 ,h]ts1 & m9i/]$ to a small ,congregational *ur* !re4 ,on behalf ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society he paid ?ree visits to ,madagasc> 7#ahec-aheg71 inquir+ into ! prospects = resum+ ! "w t _h be5 susp5d$ by ,que5 ,ranavolona's ho/ility4 ,a fur!r visit 0 paid 9 #ahfc4 ,ellis wrote acc\nts ( all 8 travels1 & ,s\!y's praise 79 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review7 ( 8 ,polynesian ,rese>*es 7#b vols41 #ahbi7 f9ds _m e*oes4 ,he 0 a fe>less1 upright & tactful man1 & a ke5 obs]v] ( nature4 ,he di$ on ! #be? ( ,june #ahgb4 ,,elli/on1 ,,rob]t ,,william 7#aggd-ahca71 ,engli% actor1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #g? ( ,april #aggd1 ! son ( a wat*mak]4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,/ ,paul's s*ool1 b ran away f home & made 8 fir/ appe>ance on ! /age z ,tressel 9 ,ri*>d ,,iii4 at ,ba? 9 #agia4 ,"h he 0 lat] se5 z ,romeo1 & 9 o!r lead+ p>ts1 bo? comic & tragic1 & he repeat$ 8 successes 9 ,london f #agif4 ,he act$ at ,drury ,lane f #ahjd to #ahji1 & aga9 f #ahab2 & f #ahai he 0 ! lessee ( ! h\se1 pres5t+ ,kean1 ,mme ,ve/ris & ,macready4 ,ill-heal? & mis=tune culm9at$ 9 8 bankruptcy 9 #ahbf1 :5 he made 8 la/ appe>ance at ,drury ,lane z ,fal/aff4 ,b z lessee ( ! ,surrey !atre he act$ almo/ up to 8 dea?1 :i* 0 ha/5$ by intemp]ance4 ,leigh ,hunt comp>$ him fav\rably ) ,g>rick2 ,byron ?\ght him inimitable 9 high com$y2 ,macready prais$ 8 v]satility4 ,elli/on 0 ! au?or ( ,! ,v5etian ,outlaw 7#ahje71 &1 ) ,francis ,godolph9 ,waldron1 ( ,no ,prelude 7#ahjc71 9 bo? ( :i* plays he appe>$4 ,,ellora1 a village ( ,india 9 ! native /ate ( ,hyd]abad1 ne> ! city ( ,daulatabad1 fam\s = its rock temples1 :i* are among ! f9e/ 9 ,india4 ,!y are fir/ m5tion$ by ,ma'sudi1 ! ,arabic geograph] ( ! #aj? c5tury1 b m]ely z a celebrat$ place ( pilgrimage4 ,! caves diff] f ^? ( ,ajanta 9 consequ5ce ( _! be+ excavat$ 9 ! slop+ sides ( a hill & n 9 a ne>ly p]p5dicul> cliff4 ,!y ext5d along ! face ( ! hill = a mile & a qu>t]1 & are divid$ into ?ree di/9ct s]ies1 ! ,buddhi/1 ! ,brahmanical & ! ,ja91 & are arrang$ almo/ *ronologically4 ,! mo/ spl5did ( ! :ole s]ies is ! ,kailas1 a p]fect ,dravidian temple1 complete 9 all its p>ts1 *>act]iz$ by ,f]gusson z "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful & int]e/+ monum5ts ( ar*itectural art 9 ,india4 ,x is n a m]e int]ior *amb] cut 9 ! rock1 b is a model ( a complete temple su* z might h be5 erect$ on ! pla94 ,9 o!r words1 ! rock has be5 cut away ext]nally z well z int]nally4 ,fir/ ! great sunk5 c\rt measur+ #bgf ft4 by #aed ft4 0 hewn out ( ! solid trap-rock ( ! hillside1 leav+ ! rock mass ( ! temple :olly deta*$ 9 a cloi/]$ c\rt l a colossal b\ld]1 save t a rock bridge once connect$ ! upp] /orey ( ! temple ) ! upp] r[ ( gall]i$ *amb]s surr\nd+ ?ree sides ( ! c\rt4 ,colossal elephants & obelisks /& on ei!r side ( ! op5 m&apam1 or pavilion1 conta9+ ! sacr$ bull2 & beyond rises ! monoli?ic ,dravidian temple to ,siva1 #ij ft4 9 height1 holl[$ into ve/ibule1 *amb] & image-cells1 all lavi%ly c>v$4 ,"t & e>?quakes h wea!r$ & brok5 away bits ( ! great monum5t1 & ,moslem zealots /rove to de/roy ! c>v$ figures1 b ^! defects are h>dly notic$4 ,! temple 0 built by ,kri%na ,i41 ,ra%trakuta1 k+ ( ,malkh$ 9 #gfj-ghc4 ,,ellore1 a t[n ( ,briti% ,india1 9 ! ,ki/na di/rict ( ,madras1 on ! ,ea/ ,coa/ railway1 #cjc m4 f ,madras4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #cc1eba4 ,! two canal sy/ems ( ! ,godav>i & ! ,ki/na deltas meet "h4 ,!re are manufactures ( cotton & saltpetre1 & an important ,*ur* ( ,engl& high s*ool4 ,ellore 0 =m]ly a milit>y /ation1 & ! capital ( ! ,nor!rn ,circ>s4 ,at ,p$da ,vegi to ! nor? ( x are ext5sive ru9s1 :i* are believ$ to be rema9s ( ! ,buddhi/ k+dom ( ,v5gi4 ,f ^! ! ,mahomm$ans1 aft] _! conque/ ( ! di/rict 9 #adgj1 obta9$ mat]ial = build+ a =t at ,ellore4 ,,ellswor?1 ,,oliv] 7#agde-ahjg71 ,am]ican /atesman & juri/1 0 born at ,w9dsor1 ,connecticut1 on ! #bi? ( ,april #agde4 ,he /udi$ at ,yale & ,pr9ceton1 graduat+ f ! latt] 9 #agff1 /udi$ !ology = a ye>1 !n law1 & began to practise at ,h>t=d 9 #agga4 ,he 0 /ate's attorney = ,h>t=d c\nty f #aggg to #aghe1 & a*iev$ extraord9>y success at ! b>1 amass+ :at 0 = 8 day a l>ge =tune4 ,f #aggc to #agge he repres5t$ ! t[n ( ,w9dsor 9 ! g5]al assembly ( ,connecticut1 & 9 ! latt] ye> became a memb] ( ! important commission kn[n z ! ,pay ,table1 :i* sup]vis$ ! colony's exp5ditures = milit>y purposes dur+ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,9 #aggi he aga9 sat 9 ! assembly1 ?is "t repres5t+ ,h>t=d4 ,f #aggg to #aghc he 0 a memb] ( ! ,cont95tal ,congress1 & 9 ?is body he s]v$ on ?ree important committees1 ! m>9e committee1 ! bo>d ( treasury1 & ! committee ( appeals1 ! pr$ecessors respectively ( ! navy & treasury dep>tm5ts & ! ,supreme ,c\rt "u ! ,f$]al ,con/itution4 ,f #aghj to #aghe he 0 a memb] ( ! gov]nor's c\ncil ( ,connecticut1 :i*1 ) ! l[] h\se be=e #aghd & alone f #aghd to #ahjg1 con/itut$ a supreme c\rt ( errors2 & f #aghe to #aghi he 0 a judge ( ! /ate sup]ior c\rt4 ,9 #aghg1 ) ,rog] ,%]man & ,william ,samuel ,johnson 7#agbg-ahai71 he 0 "o ( ,connecticut's delegates to ! con/itutional conv5tion at ,philadelphia1 9 :i* 8 s]vices 7 num]\s & important4 ,9 p>ticul>1 :5 disagreem5t seem$ inevitable on ! "q ( repres5tation1 he1 ) ,rog] ,%]man1 propos$ :at is kn[n z ! ,connecticut ,compromise1 by :i* ! ,f$]al legislature 0 made to consi/ ( two h\ses1 ! upp] hav+ equal repres5tation f ea* /ate1 ! l[] be+ *os5 on ! basis ( population4 ,ellswor? also made a det]m9$ /& aga9/ a national pap] curr5cy4 ,be+ compell$ to leave ! conv5tion be=e its adj\rnm5t1 he did n sign ! in/rum5t1 b us$ 8 influ5ce to secure its ratification by 8 native /ate4 ,f #aghi to #agif he 0 "o ( ! fir/ s5ators f ,connecticut "u ! new ,con/itution4 ,9 ! s5ate he 0 look$ ^u z ,presid5t ,wa%+ton's p]sonal spokesman & z ! lead] ( ! ,adm9i/ration p>ty4 ,8 mo/ important s]vice to 8 c\ntry 0 )\t a d\bt 9 connexion ) ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,f$]al judici>y4 ,z *airman ( ! committee hav+ ! matt] 9 *>ge1 he draft$ ! bill by ! enactm5t ( :i* ! sy/em ( ,f$]al c\rts1 almo/ z x is to-day1 0 e/abli%$4 ,he also took a lead+ "p 9 ! s5ate 9 secur+ ! passage ( laws = fund+ ! national debt1 assum+ ! /ate debts & e/abli%+ a ,unit$ ,/ates bank4 ,x 0 ,ellswor? :o sugge/$ to ,wa%+ton ! s5d+ ( ,john ,jay to ,engl& to negotiate a new treaty ) ,great ,brita91 & he probably did m ?an any o!r man to induce ! s5ate1 despite widespread & viol5t opposition1 to ratify t treaty :5 negotiat$4 ,by ,presid5t ,wa%+ton's appo9tm5t he became *ief ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,m>* #agif1 & 9 #agii ,presid5t ,john ,adams s5t him1 ) ,william ,vans ,murray 7#agfb-ahjc7 & ,william ,r4 ,davie 7#agef-ahbj71 to negotiate a new treaty ) ,france4 ,x 0 l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,ellswor?1 :o took ! pr9cipal "p 9 ! negotiations1 t ,napoleon cons5t$ to a conv5tion1 ( ! #cj? ( ,septemb] #ahjj1 :i* secur$ = citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates _! %ips captur$ by ,france b n yet condemn$ z prizes1 provid$ = fre$om ( comm]ce betwe5 ! two nations1 /ipulat$ t free %ips %all give a fre$om to goods1 & conta9$ provisions fav\rable to neutral comm]ce4 ,:ile he 0 abroad1 fail+ heal? compell$ him 7#ahjj7 to resign ! *ief-ju/ice%ip1 & aft] "s mon?s 9 ,engl& he return$ to ,am]ica 9 #ahja4 ,9 #ahjc he 0 aga9 elect$ to ! gov]nor's c\ncil1 & 9 #ahjg1 on ! reorganization ( ! ,connecticut judici>y1 0 appo9t$ *ief ju/ice ( ! new ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,he nev] took (fice1 h[ev]1 b di$ at 8 home 9 ,w9dsor on ! #bg? ( ,novemb] #ahjg4 ,see ,w4,g4 ,br[n's ,oliv] ,ellswor? 7,new ,york1 #aije71 an excell5t biography4 ,!re is also an appreciative acc\nt ( ,ellswor?'s life & "w 9 ,h4,c4 ,lodge's ,a ,fight+ ,frigate1 & ,o!r ,essays & ,addresses 7,new ,york1 #aijb71 :i* conta9s 9 an app5dix an int]e/+ lett] by ,s5ator ,george ,f4 ,ho> conc]n+ ,ellswor?'s "w 9 ! con/itutional conv5tion4 ,,ellswor?1 a city1 port ( entry & ! c\nty seat ( ,hancock c\nty1 ,ma9e1 ,u4,s4,a41 at ! head ( navigation on ! ,union riv] 7& ab\t #c-c_/d m4 f its m\?71 ab\t #cj m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,bangor4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #dhjd2 7#aijj7 #dbig 7#ahi =eign-born72 7#aiaj7 #cedi4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,ma9e ,c5tral railway4 ,! fall ( ! riv]1 ab\t #he ft4 9 #b m41 furni%es good wat]-p[]1 & ! city has v>i\s manufactures1 includ+ lumb]1 %oes1 wooll5s1 sails1 c>riages & f\ndry & ma*9e %op products1 besides a l>ge lumb] trade4 ,%ipbuild+ 0 =m]ly important4 ,!re is a l>ge ,unit$ ,/ates fi% hat*]y "h4 ,! city is ! port ( entry = ! ,fr5*man's ,bay cu/oms di/rict1 b its =eign trade is unimportant4 ,ellswor? 0 fir/ settl$ 9 #agfc & = "s "t 0 call$ ,new ,b[do92 b :5 x 0 incorporat$ z a t[n 9 #ahjj ! pres5t "n 0 adopt$ 9 hon\r ( ,oliv] ,ellswor?4 ,a city *>t] 0 secur$ 9 #ahfi4 ,,ellwang51 a t[n ( ,g]many 9 ! k+dom ( ,wurttemb]g1 on ! ,jag/1 #ab m4 ,s4,s4,e4 f ,crail%eim on ! railway to ,gold%(e4 ,pop4 #ejjj4 ,x is romantically situat$ betwe5 two hills1 "o cr[n$ by ! ca/le ( ,hoh5-,ellwang51 built 9 #aced & n[ us$ z an agricultural college1 & ! o!r1 ! ,s*on5b]g1 by ! pilgrimage *ur* ( ,our ,lady ( ,loreto1 9 ! ,jesuit /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,! t[n possesses "o ,evangelical & five ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*es1 among ! latt] ! ,/iftskir*e1 ! old abbey *ur*1 a ,romanesque build+ dat+ f #aabd1 & ! ,go?ic ,/ ,wolfgangskir*e4 ,! classical & mod]n s*ools 7,gymnasium & ,reals*ule7 occupy ! build+s ( a suppress$ ,jesuit college4 ,! indu/ries include ! mak+ ( p>*m5t cov]s1 ( envelopes1 ( wood5 hafts & h&les = tools1 c41 & tann]ies4 ,!re are also a wool-m>ket & a horse-m>ket1 ! latt] fam\s 9 ,g]many4 ,! ,b5$ict9e abbey ( ,ellwang5 is said to h be5 f\nd$ 9 #gfd by ,h]ulf1 bi%op ( ,langres2 !re is1 h[ev]1 no record ( x be=e #had4 ,9 #adfj ! abbey 0 conv]t$1 ) ! cons5t ( ,pope ,pius ,,ii41 into a ,ritt]/ift 7college or in/itution = noble p5sion]s7 "u a secul> provo/1 :o1 9 #aeee1 0 rais$ to ! dignity ( a pr9ce ( ! ,empire4 ,! provo/%ip 0 secul>iz$ 9 #ahjc & its t]ritories 7 assign$ to ,wurttemb]g4 ,! t[n ( ,ellwang51 :i* grew up r\nd ! abbey & receiv$ ! /atus ( a t[n ab\t ! middle ( ! #ad? c5tury1 0 until #ahjc ! capital ( ! provo/%ip4 ,see ,seckl]1 ,bes*reibung d] gefur/et5 ,prob/ei ,ellwang5 7,/uttg>t1 #ahfd72 ,bes*reibung des ,ob]amts ,ellwang51 publi%$ by ! /ati/ical bureau 7,l&esamt7 at ,ellwang5 7#ahhh74 ,= a li/ ( ! abbots & provo/s see ,/okvis1 ,manuel d'hi/oire 7,leid51 #ahij-ahic71 iii4 p4 #bdb4 ,,ellwood1 ,,?omas 7#afci-agad71 ,engli% au?or1 0 born at ,cr[ell1 9 ,ox=d%ire1 9 #afci4 ,he is *iefly celebrat$ = 8 connexion ) ,milton1 & ! pr9cipal facts ( 8 life are relat$ 9 a v int]e/+ autobiography1 :i* conta9s mu* in=mation z to 8 int]c\rse ) ! poet4 ,:ile he 0 /ill "y 8 fa!r remov$ to ,london1 :]e ,?omas became acqua9t$ ) a ,quak] family nam$ ,p5n+ton1 & 0 l$ to jo9 ! ,society ( ,fri5ds1 a connexion :i* subject$ him to mu* p]secution4 ,x 0 ?r\gh ! ,p5n+tons t he 0 introduc$ 9 #affb to ,milton 9 ! capacity ( ,lat9 read]4 ,he sp5t ne>ly e aft]noon 9 ! poet's h\se 9 ,jew9 ,/reet1 until ! int]c\rse 0 int]rupt$ by an illness :i* compell$ him to g to ! c\ntry4 ,aft] a p]iod ( imprisonm5t 9 ! old ,bridewell prison & 9 ,newgate = ,quak]ism1 ,ellwood resum$ 8 visits to ,milton1 :o 0 n[ resid+ at a h\se 8 fri5d _h tak5 = him at ,*alfont ,/ ,giles4 ,9 #affe ,ellwood 0 aga9 arre/$ & imprison$ 9 ,aylesbury gaol4 ,:5 he visit$ ,milton aft] 8 release ! poet gave him ! manuscript ( ! ,p>adise ,lo/ to read4 ,on return+ ! manuscript ,ellwood said1 ,?\ ha/ said mu* "h ( ,p>adise lo/2 b :at ha/ ?\ to say ( ,p>adise f\nd8 & :5 ,milton long aft]w>ds 9 ,london %[$ him ,p>adise ,rega9$1 x 0 ) ! rem>k1 ,?is is ow+ to y1 = y put x into my head at ,*alfont4 ,ellwood 0 ! fri5d ( ,fox & ,p5n1 & 0 ! au?or ( sev]al polemical works 9 def5ce ( ! ,quak] position1 ( :i* ,=g]y no ,*ri/ianity 7#afgd7 & ,! ,f\ndation ( ,ti!s ,%ak5 7#afgh7 des]ve m5tion4 ,8 ,sacr$ ,hi/ories ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts appe>$ 9 #agje & #agji4 ,he also publi%$ "s volumes ( poems1 among !m a ,davideis 9 five books4 ,he di$ on ! #a/ ( ,m>* #agad4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,life ( ,?omas ,ellwood3 writt5 by 8 own h& 7#agad7 has be5 _m times repr9t$4 ,,elm1 ! popul> "n = ! trees & %rubs con/itut+ ! g5us ,ulmus1 ( ! natural ord] ,ulmaceae4 ,! g5us conta9s fifte5 or sixte5 species widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! nor? temp]ate zone1 ) ! exception ( we/]n ,nor? ,am]ica1 & ext5d+ s\?w>ds z f> z ,mexico 9 ! ,new & ! ,sikkim ,himalayas 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,! common elm1 ,u4 campe/ris1 a d\btful native ( ,engl&1 is f\nd ?r\gh\t a great "p ( ,europe1 9 ,nor? ,africa & 9 ,asia ,m9or1 :5ce x ranges z f> ea/ z nor? ,asia & ,japan4 ,x gr[s 9 woods & h$ge-r[s1 especially 9 ! s\!rn portion ( ,brita91 & on almo/ all soils1 b ?rives be/ on a ri* loam1 9 op51 l[-ly+1 mod]ately moi/ situations1 atta9+ a height ( #fj to #ajj1 & 9 "s few cases z mu* z #acj or #aej ft4 ,! bran*es are num]\s & spread+1 & (t5 p5dul\s at ! extremities2 ! b>k is rugg$2 ! leaves are alt]nate1 ovate1 r\gh1 d\bly s]rate1 &1 z 9 o!r species ( ,ulmus1 unequal at ! base4 ,! fl[]s are small1 h]maphrodite1 num]\s1 9 purpli%-br[n tufts1 & ea* ) a fr+$ basal bract2 ! bell-%ap$ calyx is (t5 f\r-too!d & surr\nds f\r free /am5s2 ! pi/il be>s two spread+ hairy /yles4 ,!y appe> be=e ! leaves 9 ,m>* & ,april4 ,! se$-vessels are gre51 membran\s1 "o-se$$ & deeply cleft4 ,unlike ! wy* elm1 ! common elm r>ely p]fects its se$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e x is propagat$ by means ( root suck]s f old trees1 or pref]ably by lay]s f /ools4 ,9 ! fir/ t5 ye>s ( its gr[? x ord9>ily rea*es a height ( #be to #cj ft4 ,! wood1 at fir/ br[ni% :ite1 becomes1 ) gr[?1 ( a br[n col\r hav+ a gre5i% %ade4 ,x is close-gra9$1 free f knots1 )\t app>5t m$ull>y rays1 & is h>d & t\gh1 b w n take a poli%4 ,all p>ts ( ! trunk1 includ+ ! sapwood1 are available 9 c>p5try4 ,by dry+1 ! wood loses ov] #fj ( its weight1 & has !n a specific gravity ( #j4ehh4 ,x has consid]able transv]se /r5g?1 does n crack :5 once season$1 & is rem>kably durable "u wat]1 or if kept q dry2 ?\gh x decays rapidly on exposure to ! wea!r1 :i* 9 t5 to eighte5 mon?s causes ! b>k to fall (f1 & gives to ! wood a yell[i% col\r--a sign ( det]ioration 9 quality4 ,to prev5t %r9k+ & w>p+ x may be pres]v$ 9 wat] or mud1 b x is be/ work$ up soon aft] fell+4 ,analyses ( ! a% ( ! wood h giv5 a p]c5tage ( #dg4h ( lime1 #ba4i ( pota%1 & #ac4g ( soda4 ,9 summ]1 elm trees (t5 exude an alkal9e gummy sub/ance1 :i* by ! action ( ! air becomes ! br[n insoluble body t]m$ ulm94 ,elm wood is us$ = keels & bilge-planks1 ! blocks & dead-eyes ( rigg+1 & %ips' pumps1 = c(f9s1 :eels1 furniture1 c>v$ & turn$ articles1 & = g5]al c>p5t]s' "w2 & previ\s to ! common employm5t ( ca/ iron 0 mu* 9 reque/ = wat]pipes4 ,! inn] b>k ( ! elm is made into ba/ mats & ropes4 ,x conta9s mucilage1 ) a little tannic acid1 & 0 =m]ly mu* employ$ = ! prep>ation ( an antiscorbutic decoction1 n[ obsolete4 ,! b>k ( ,ulmus fulva1 ! slipp]y or r$ elm ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 s]ves ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians = ! same purpose1 & also z a vuln]>y4 ,! leaves z well z ! "y %oots ( elms h be5 f\nd a suitable food = live /ock4 ,= ornam5tal purposes elm trees are frequ5tly plant$1 & 9 av5ues1 z at ! p>k ( ,/ratfieldsaye1 9 ,hamp%ire1 are highly effective4 ,!y 7 fir/ us$ 9 ,france = ! adornm5t ( public walks 9 ! reign ( ,francis ,i4 ,9 ,italy1 z 9 anci5t times1 x is /ill cu/om>y to tra9 ! v9e ^u ! elm--a practice to :i* frequ5t allusion has be5 made by ! poets4 ,! cork-b>k$ elm1 ,u4 campe/ris1 v>4 sub]osa1 is di/+ui%$ *iefly by ! ?ick deeply fissur$ b>k ) :i* its bran*es are cov]$4 ,!re are num]\s cultivat$ =ms diff]+ 9 size & %ape ( leaf1 & mann] ( gr[?4 ,! ,scot* or wy* elm1 ,u4 montana1 is indig5\s to ,brita9 & is ! common elm ( ! nor!rn portion ( ! isl&2 x usually atta9s a height ( ab\t #ej ft41 b among tall-gr[+ trees may rea* #abj ft4 ,x has droop+ bran*es & a smoo!r & ?9n] b>k1 l>g] & m tap]+ leaves1 & a f> less deeply not*$ se$-vessel ?an ,u4 campe/ris4 ,! wood1 ?\gh m por\s ?an 9 t species1 is a t\gh & h>d mat]ial :5 prop]ly season$1 &1 be+ v flexible :5 /eam$1 is well adapt$ = boat-build+4 ,bran*es ( ! wy* elm 7 =m]ly manufactur$ into b[s1 & if =k$ 7 employ$ z div9+-rods4 ,! weep+ elm1 ! mo/ ornam5tal memb] ( ! g5us1 is a v>iety ( ?is species4 ,! ,dut* or s& elm is a tree v simil> to ! wy* elm1 b produces inf]ior timb]4 ,! ,am]ican or :ite elm1 ,u4 am]icana1 is a h>dy & v h&some species1 ( :i* ! old tree on ,bo/on 7,mass47 ,common 0 a repres5tative4 ,?is tree is suppos$ to h be5 9 exi/5ce be=e ! settlem5t ( ,bo/on1 & at ! "t ( its de/ruction by ! /orm ( ! #ae? ( ,febru>y #ahgf measur$ #bb ft4 9 circumf]5ce4 ,,elmac9 7,,elmak9 or ,,elmac9us71 ,,george 7c4 #abbc-abgd71 au?or ( a hi/ory ( ! ,s>ac5s1 :i* ext5ds f ! "t ( ,mahomet to ! ye> #aaah ( our era4 ,he 0 a ,*ri/ian ( ,egypt1 :]e he 0 born2 is kn[n 9 ! ea/ z ,ibn-,amid2 & aft] hold+ an (ficial position "u ! sultans ( ,egypt1 di$ at ,damascus4 ,8 hi/ory is pr9cipally occupi$ ) ! affairs ( ! ,s>ac5 empire1 b x conta9s passages :i* relate to ! ,ea/]n ,*ri/ians4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ,arabic & ,lat9 at ,leid5 9 #afbe4 ,! ,lat9 v]sion is a translation by ,erp5ius1 "u ! title1 ,hi/oria s>ac5ica1 & f ?is a ,fr5* translation 0 made by ,watti] z ,l',hi/oire mahometane 7,p>is1 #afeg74 ,,elmali 7apple-t[n71 a small t[n ( ,asia ,m9or 9 ! vilayet ( ,konia1 ! pres5t adm9i/rative c5tre ( ! anci5t ,lycia1 b n itself correspond+ to any kn[n anci5t city4 ,x lies ab\t #be m4 inl&1 at ! head ( a long upl& valley 7#ejjj ft47 inhabit$ by direct desc5dants ( ! anci5t ,lycians1 :o h pres]v$ a di/9ctive facial type1 noticeable at once 9 ! t[n population4 ,!re are ab\t fifty ,greek families1 ! re/ ( ! population 7#djjj7 be+ ,moslem4 ,! di/rict is agricultural & has no manufactures ( importance4 ,,elmes1 ,,h>vey ,,lonsdale 7#ahac-ahdg71 ,briti% ar*itect1 son ( ,james ,elmes 7q4v471 0 born at ,*i*e/] 9 #ahac4 ,aft] s]v+ "s "t 9 8 fa!r's (fice1 & "u a surveyor at ,b$=d & an ar*itect at ,ba?1 he became p>tn] ) 8 fa!r 9 #ahce1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 successful among #hf competitors = a design = ,/ ,george's ,hall1 ,liv]pool4 ,! f\ndation /one ( ?is build+ 0 laid en ! #bh? ( ,june #ahch1 b1 ,elmes be+ successful 9 a competition = ! ,assize ,c\rts 9 ! same city1 x 0 f9ally decid$ to include ! hall & c\rts 9 a s+le build+4 ,9 accordance ) ?is idea1 ,elmes prep>$ a fre% design1 & ! "w ( erection comm5c$ 9 #ahda4 ,he sup]9t5d$ its progress till #ahdg1 :5 f fail+ heal? he 0 compell$ to delegate 8 duties to ,*>les ,rob]t ,cock]ell1 & leave = ,jamaica1 :]e he di$ ( consumption on ! #bf? ( ,novemb] #ahdg4 ,,elmes1 ,,james 7#aghb-ahfb71 ,briti% ar*itect1 civil eng9e]1 & writ] on ! arts1 0 born 9 ,london on ! #ae? ( ,octob] #aghb4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,m]*ant ,taylors' s*ool1 &1 aft] /udy+ build+ "u 8 fa!r1 & ar*itecture "u ,george ,gibson1 became a /ud5t at ! ,royal ,academy1 :]e he ga9$ ! silv] m$al 9 #ahjd4 ,he design$ a l>ge numb] ( build+s 9 ! metropolis1 & 0 surveyor & civil eng9e] to ! port ( ,london1 b is be/ kn[n z a writ] on ! arts4 ,9 #ahji he became vice-presid5t ( ! ,royal ,ar*itectural ,society1 b ?is (fice1 z well z t ( surveyor ( ! port ( ,london1 he 0 compell$ ?r\gh p>tial loss ( sight to resign 9 #ahbh4 ,he di$ at ,gre5wi* on ! #bnd ( ,april #ahfb4 ,8 publications 73--,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr5 & 8 ,times 7#ahbc72 ,lectures on ,ar*itecture 7#ahbc72 ,! ,arts & ,arti/s 7#ahbe72 ,g5]al & ,biographical ,diction>y ( ! ,f9e ,arts 7#ahbf72 ,treatise on ,ar*itectural ,jurisprud5ce 7#ahbg71 & ,?omas ,cl>kson3 a ,monograph 7#ahed74 ,,elmham1 ,,?omas 7d4 c4 #adbj71 ,engli% *ronicl]1 0 probably born at ,nor? ,elmham 9 ,norfolk4 ,he became a ,b5$ict9e monk at ,cant]bury1 & !n jo9+ ! ,cluniacs1 0 prior ( ,l5ton ,abbey1 ne> ,nott+ham2 he 0 *apla9 to ,h5ry ,v41 :om he accompani$ to ,france 9 #adae1 be+ pres5t at ,ag9c\rt4 ,elmham wrote a hi/ory ( ! mona/]y ( ,/ ,augu/9e at ,cant]bury1 :i* has be5 edit$ by ,c4 ,h>dwick = ! ,rolls ,s]ies 7#aheh72 & a ,lib] metricus de ,h5rico ,v41 edit$ by ,c4,a4 ,cole 9 ! ,memorials ( ,h5ry ,v4 7#aheh74 ,x is v probable t ,elmham wrote ! fam\s ,ge/a ,h5rici ,qu9ti1 :i* is ! be/ au?ority = ! life ( ,h5ry ,v4 f 8 accession to #adaf4 ,?is "w1 (t5 ref]r$ to z ! *apla9's life1 & ?\ght by "s to h be5 writt5 by ,jean de ,bord91 has be5 publi%$ = ! ,engli% ,hi/orical ,society by ,b4 ,williams 7#ahej74 ,elmham1 h[ev]1 did n write ! ,vita et ,ge/a ,h5rici ,v41 :i* 0 attribut$ to him by ,t4 ,he>ne & o!rs4 ,see ,c4,l4 ,k+s=d1 ,h5ry ,v4 7#aija74 ,,elm9a1 a t[n on ! ,gold ,coa/1 ,briti% ,we/ ,africa1 9 #e deg4 #d' ,n41 #a deg4 #bj' ,w4 & ab\t #h m4 ,w4 ( ,cape ,coa/4 ,pop4 ab\t #djjj4 ,fac+ ! ,atlantic on a rocky p59sula is ,=t ,/ ,george1 consid]$ ! f9e/ =t on ! ,gu9ea coa/4 ,x is built squ>e ) high walls1 & has accommodation = #bjj soldi]s4 ,on ! l& side 7 =m]ly two moats1 cut 9 ! rock on :i* ! ca/le /&s4 ,! ca/le is ! resid5ce ( ! commission] ( ! di/rict & o!r (ficials4 ,! h\ses 9 ! native qu>t] are mo/ly built ( /one1 t mat]ial be+ pl5tiful 9 ! vic9ity4 ,elm9a is ! e>lie/ ,european settlem5t on ! ,gold ,coa/1 & 0 visit$ by ! ,portuguese 9 #adha4 ,*ri/oph] ,columbus is believ$ to h be5 "o ( ! (fic]s :o took "p 9 ?is voyage4 ,! ,portuguese at once began to build ! ca/le n[ kn[n z ,=t ,/ ,george1 b x 0 n complet$ till eighty ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,ano!r def5sive "w is ,=t ,/ ,jago1 built 9 #afff1 :i* is beh9d ! t[n & at "s di/ance f ! coa/4 7,9 ! latt] half ( ! #ai? c5tury x 0 conv]t$ into a prison47 ,elm9a 0 captur$ by ! ,dut* 9 #afcg1 & c$$ to !m by treaty 9 #afdj4 ,!y made x ! *ief port = ! produce ( ,a%anti4 ,) ! o!r ,dut* possessions on ! ,gu9ea coa/1 x 0 transf]r$ to ,great ,brita9 9 ,april #ahgb4 ,! k+ ( ,a%anti1 claim+ to be gr\nd l&lord1 object$ to its transf]1 & ! result 0 ! ,a%anti w> ( #ahgc-ahgd4 ,= _m ye>s ! greate/ output ( gold f ?is coa/ came f ,elm9a4 ,! annual export is said to h be5 ne>ly ,l#c1jjj1jjj 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! #ah? c5tury1 b ! figure is probably exagg]at$4 ,s9ce #aijj ! bulk ( ! export trade 9 gold has be5 transf]r$ to ,sekondi 7q4v474 ,prempeh1 ! ex-k+ ( ,a%anti1 0 deta9$ 9 ! ca/le 7#ahif7 until 8 removal to ! ,sey*elles4 7,see ,,a%anti3 ,hi/ory1 & ,,gold ,,coa/3 ,hi/ory47 ,,elmira1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,*emung c\nty1 ,new ,york1 ,u4,s4,a41 #ajj m4 ,s4,e4 ( ,ro*e/]1 on ! ,*emung riv]1 ab\t #hej ft4 above sea-level4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #cj1hic2 7#aijj7 #ce1fgb1 ( :om #eeaa 7 =eign-born 7#aihh ,iri% & #abjh ,g]man72 7#aiaj c5sus7 #cg1agf4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,erie1 ! ,p5nsylvania1 ! ,delaw>e1 ,lackawanna ,we/]n1 ! ,lehigh ,valley1 & ! ,tioga ,division railways1 ! la/ ( :i* connects x ) ! ,p5nsylvania coalfields #dh m4 away4 ,! city is attractively situat$ on bo? sides ( ! riv]1 & has a f9e wat]-supply & p>k sy/em1 among ! p>ks be+ ,eldridge1 ,rorick's ,gl51 ,riv]side1 ,br&1 ,div51 ,grove1 ,maple ,av5ue & ,wisn]2 9 ! la/-nam$ is a /atue ( ,?omas ,k4 ,bee*] by ,j4,s4 ,h>tley4 ,! city conta9s a ,f$]al build+1 a /ate arm\ry1 ! ,*emung c\nty c\rt h\se & o!r c\nty build+s1 ! ,elmira orphans' home1 ! ,/eele memorial libr>y1 home = ! ag$1 ! ,arnot-,ogd5 memorial hospital1 ! ,elmira free academy1 & ! ,railway ,comm]cial tra9+ s*ool4 ,"h1 also1 is ,elmira ,college 7,presbyt]ian7 = wom51 f\nd$ 9 #ahee4 ,?is in/itution1 *>t]$ 9 #aheb z ,auburn ,female ,univ]sity & !n situat$ 9 ,auburn1 0 re*>t]$ 9 #ahee z ! ,elmira ,female ,college2 x 0 e/abli%$ l>gely ?r\gh ! influ5ce & p]si/5t ef=ts ( ! ,rev4 ,samuel ,robb9s ,br[n 7#ahaj-ahhj7 & 8 associates1 notably ,simeon ,b5jam9 ( ,elmira1 :o gave g5]\sly to ! newly f\nd$ college1 & 0 ! fir/ di/9ctively collegiate in/itution = wom5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! fir/1 app>5tly1 to grant degrees to wom54 ,! mo/ widely kn[n in/itution 9 ! city is ! ,elmira re=matory1 a /ate prison = fir/ (f5d]s betwe5 ! ages ( sixte5 & ?irty1 on a sy/em ( g5]al indet]m9ate s5t5ces4 ,au?oriz$ by ! /ate legislature 9 #ahff & op5$ 9 #ahgf "u ! direction ( ,zebulon ,re$ ,brockway 7b4 #ahbg71 x 0 ! fir/ in/itution ( ! sort & has s]v$ z a model = _m simil> in/itutions bo? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 o!r c\ntries 7see ,,juv5ile ,,(f5d]s74 ,elmira is an important railway c5tre1 ) l>ge repair %ops1 & has also ext5sive manufactories 7value ( production 9 #aijj1 #h1eeh1ghf1 ( :i* #f1eif1fjc 0 produc$ "u ! factory sy/em2 9 #aije1 "u ! factory sy/em1 #f1ihd1jie71 includ+ boot & %oe factories1 a l>ge factory = fire-ext+ui%+ app>atus1 iron & /eel bridge works1 /eel roll+ mills1 l>ge valve works1 /eel plate mills1 knitt+ mills1 furniture1 glass & boil] factories1 brew]ies & silk mills4 ,ne> ! site ( ,elmira occurr$ on ! #bi? ( ,augu/ #aggi ! battle ( ,newt[n1 9 :i* ,g5]al ,john ,sullivan decisively defeat$ a =ce ( ,indians & ,tories "u ,sir ,john ,johnson & ,joseph ,brant4 ,!re 7 "s settl]s "h at ! close ( ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 b no p]man5t settlem5t 0 made until #aghh4 ,! village 0 incorporat$ z ,newt[n 9 #ahae1 & 0 re9corporat$ z ,elmira 9 #ahbh4 ,a city *>t] 0 secur$ 9 #ahfd4 ,9 #ahfa a /ate milit>y camp 0 e/abli%$ "h1 & 9 #ahfd-ahfe !re 0 a prison camp "h = ,conf$]ate soldi]s4 ,,elm%orn1 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 on ! ,kruckau1 #ai m4 by rail ,n4,w4 f ,altona4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ac1fdj4 ,its indu/ries include weav+1 dye+1 brew+1 iron-f\nd+ & ! manufacture ( lea!r goods1 boots & %oes & ma*9es4 ,!re is a consid]able %ipp+ trade4 ,,elmsley1 ,,pet] 7#aggc-ahbe71 ,engli% classical s*ol>4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,we/m9/] & ,*ri/ ,*ur*1 ,ox=d1 & hav+ inh]it$ a =tune f 8 uncle1 a well-kn[n booksell]1 devot$ himself to ! /udy ( classical au?ors & manuscripts4 ,9 #agih he 0 appo9t$ to ! *apelry ( ,little ,horkesley 9 ,essex1 :i* he held till 8 dea?4 ,he travell$ ext5sively 9 ,france & ,italy1 & sp5t ! w9t] ( #ahah 9 exam9+ ! ,,mss4 9 ! ,laur5tian libr>y at ,flor5ce4 ,9 #ahai he 0 commission$1 ) ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 to deciph] ! papyri f\nd at ,h]culaneum1 b ! results prov$ insignificant4 ,9 #ahbc he 0 appo9t$ pr9cipal ( ,/ ,alban's ,hall1 ,ox=d1 & ,camd5 pr(essor ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,he di$ 9 ,ox=d on ! #h? ( ,m>* #ahbe4 ,elmsley 0 a man ( mo/ ext5sive le>n+ & ,european reputation1 & 0 consid]$ to be ! be/ ecclesia/ical s*ol> 9 ,engl&4 ,b x is *iefly by 8 collation ( ! ,,mss4 ( ! ,greek trag$ians & 8 critical lab\rs on ! re/oration ( _! text t he w be rememb]$4 ,he edit$ ! ,a*>nians ( ,ari/ophanes1 & sev]al ( ! plays & s*olia ( ,sophocles & ,euripides4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to recognize ! importance ( ! ,laur5tian ,,ms4 7see ,s&ys1 ,hi/4 ( ,class4 ,s*ol4 iii4 7#aijh74 ,,elne1 a t[n ( s\?-we/]n ,france 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ,pyr5ees-,ori5tales1 #aj m4 ,s4,s4,e4 ( ,p]pignan by rail4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #cjbf4 ,! hill on :i* x /&s1 once wa%$ by ! sea1 :i* is n[ ov] #c m4 di/ant1 comm&s a f9e view ov] ! pla9 ( ,r\ssillon4 ,f ! #f? c5tury till #afjb ! t[n 0 ! seat ( a bi%opric1 :i* 0 transf]r$ to ,p]pignan4 ,! ca!dral ( ,/ ,eulalie1 a ,romanesque build+ complet$ ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! #ab? c5tury1 has a beautiful cloi/] 9 ! same /yle1 ) int]e/+ sculptures & ?ree e>ly ,*ri/ian s>cophagi4 ,rema9s ( ! anci5t ramp>ts flank$ by t[]s are /ill to be se54 ,silk-worm cultivation is c>ri$ on4 ,elne1 ! anci5t ,illib]is1 0 nam$ ,hel5a by ! emp]or ,con/ant9e 9 memory ( 8 "m4 ,hannibal encamp$ "u its walls on 8 m>* to ,rome 9 #bah ,b4,c4 ,! emp]or ,con/ans 0 assass9at$ !re 9 ,a4,d4 #cej4 ,! t[n sev]al times su/a9$ siege & capture betwe5 its occupation by ! ,moors 9 ! #h? c5tury & its capitulation 9 #afda to ! troops ( ,l\is ,,xiii4 ,,el ,,obeid1 *ief t[n ( ! mudiria 7prov9ce7 ( ,kord(an1 ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan1 & #bcj m4 ,s4,w4 by ,s4 ( ,kh>tum 9 a direct l9e4 ,pop4 7#aije7 ab\t #aj1jjj4 ,x is situat$ ab\t #bjjj ft4 above ! sea1 at ! nor!rn foot ( ,jebel ,kord(an1 9 #ac deg4 #aa' ,n4 & #cj deg4 #ad' ,e4 ,x is an important trade c5tre1 ! *ief articles ( comm]ce be+ gum1 ivory1 cattle & o/ri* fea!rs4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! trade ( ,d>fur ) ,egypt passes ?r\gh ,el ,obeid4 ,el ,obeid1 :i* appe>s to be a place ( consid]able antiquity & ! anci5t capital ( ! c\ntry1 0 g>rison$ by ! ,egyptians on _! conque/ ( ,kord(an 9 #ahba4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahhb ! t[n 0 assault$ by ! troops ( ! mahdi1 :o1 be+ repuls$1 laid siege to ! place1 :i* capitulat$ on ! #ag? ( ,janu>y #ahhc4 ,dur+ ! ,mahdia ! city 0 de/roy$ & des]t$1 & :5 ,kord(an pass$1 9 #ahii1 into ! possession ( ! ,anglo-,egyptian au?orities no?+ 0 left ( ,el ,obeid b a "p ( ! old gov]nm5t (fices4 ,a new t[n 0 laid out 9 squ>es1 ! mudiria repair$ & b>racks built4 7,see ,,kord(an1 & ,,sudan3 ,anglo-,egyptian47 ,,eloi ,,eligius1 ,,sa9t 7#ehh-fei71 apo/le ( ! ,belgians & ,frisians1 0 born at ,cadillac1 ne> ,limoges1 9 #ehh4 ,hav+ at an e>ly age %[n arti/ic tal5t he 0 plac$ by 8 p>5ts ) ! ma/] ( ! m9t at ,limoges1 :]e he made rapid progress 9 goldsmi?'s "w4 ,he became co9] to ,clotaire ,,ii41 k+ ( ! ,franks1 & treasur] to 8 successor ,dagob]t4 ,bo? k+s entru/$ him ) important works1 among :i* 7 ! composition ( ! bas-reliefs :i* ornam5t ! tomb ( ,/ ,g]ma91 bi%op ( ,p>is1 & ! execution 7= ,clotaire7 ( two *airs ( gold1 adorn$ ) jewels1 :i* at t "t 7 reckon$ *efs-d'oeuvre4 ,?\gh he 0 amass+ great weal?1 ,eloi acquir$ a di/a/e = a worldly life1 & resolv$ to become a prie/4 ,at fir/ he retir$ to a mona/]y1 b 9 #fdj 0 rais$ to ! bi%opric ( ,noyon4 ,he made frequ5t mission>y excursions to ! pagans ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & also f\nd$ a great _m mona/]ies & *ur*es4 ,he di$ on ! #a/ ( ,decemb] #fei4 ,a mass ( leg5d has ga!r$ r\nd ! life ( ,/ ,eloi1 :o z ! patron sa9t ( goldsmi?s is /ill v popul>4 ,8 life 0 writt5 by 8 fri5d & contempor>y ,/ ,ou5 7,audo5us72 ,fr5* translations ( ! ,vita ,s4 ,eligii auctore ,audo5o 7 publi%$ by ,l4 de ,montigny 7,p>is1 #afbf71 by ,c4 ,b>!lemy 9 ,etudes hi/41 litt4 et art4 7ib4 #ahdg71 & by ,p>5ty1 ) notes 7#bnd ed41 ib4 #ahgj74 ,= bibliography see ,pot?a/1 ,biblio!ca hi/4 m$4 aevi 7,b]l91 #ahif71 s4v4 ,vita ,s4 ,eligii ,noviom5sis1 & ,ulysse ,*evali]1 ,rep4 des s\rces hi/41 ,bio-bibl4 7,p>is1 #ahid71 s4 ,eloi4 ,,elongation1 /rictly l5g!n+2 9 a/ronomy1 ! app>5t angul> di/ance ( a heav5ly body f its c5tre ( motion1 z se5 f ! e>?2 designat+ especially ! angul> di/ance ( ! planet ,m]cury or ,v5us f ! sun1 or ! app>5t angle betwe5 a satellite & its prim>y4 ,! greate/ elongation ( ,v5us is ab\t #de deg42 t ( ,m]cury g5]ally ranges betwe5 #ah deg4 & #bg deg4 ,,el ,,paso1 a city1 port ( entry1 & ! c\nty-seat ( ,el ,paso c\nty1 ,texas1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,e4 bank ( ! ,rio ,gr&e1 9 ! extreme ,w4 "p ( ! /ate1 at an altitude ( #cgaj ft4 ,pop4 7#ahhj7 #gcf2 7#ahij7 #aj1cch2 7#aijj7 #ae1ijf1 ( :om #fcji 7 =eign-born & #dff 7 negroes2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #ci1bgi4 ,_m ( ! inhabitants are ( ,mexican desc5t4 ,el ,paso is an important railway c5tre & is s]v$ by ! foll[+ railways3 ! ,at*ison1 ,topeka ,santa ,fe1 ( :i* x is ! ,s4 t]m9us2 ! ,el ,paso ,s\?-,we/]n1 :i* connects ) ! ,*icago1 ,rock ,isl& ,el ,paso 7( ! ,rock ,isl& sy/em72 ! ,galve/on1 ,h>risburg ,san ,antonio1 ( :i* x is ! ,w4 t]m9us2 ! ,mexican ,c5tral1 ( :i* x is ! ,n4 t]m9us2 ! ,texas ,pacific1 ( :i* x is ! ,w4 t]m9us2 a bran* ( ! ,s\!rn ,pacific1 ( :i* x is ! ,e4 t]m9us2 & ! %ort ,rio ,gr&e1 ,si]ra ,madre ,pacific1 ( :i* x is ! ,n4 t]m9us4 ,! city is regul>ly laid out on level bottom l&s1 /ret*+ to ! table-l&s & slopes to ! ,n4,e4 & ,n4,w4 ( ! city4 ,opposite1 on ! ,w4 bank ( ! riv]1 is ! ,mexican t[n ( ,ciudad ,ju>ez 7until #ahhe kn[n z ,paso del ,norte71 ) :i* ,el ,paso is connect$ by bridges & by electric railway4 ,! climate is mild1 w>m & dry1 ,el ,paso be+ well kn[n z a heal? resort1 p>ticul>ly = suff]]s f pulmon>y compla9ts4 ,among ! city's public build+s are a h&some ,f$]al build+1 a c\nty c\rt h\se1 a city hall1 a ,y4,m4,c4,a4 build+1 a public libr>y1 a sanatorium = consumptives1 & ! ,hotel ,dieu1 a hospital ma9ta9$ by ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,el ,paso is ! seat ( ,/ ,joseph's ,academy & ( ! ,el ,paso ,milit>y ,in/itute4 ,?ree miles ,e4 ( ! city limits is ,=t ,bliss1 a ,u4,s4 milit>y po/1 ) a res]vation ( ab\t #b sq4 m4 ,el ,paso's situation on ! ,mexican fronti] gives x a l>ge trade ) ,mexico2 x is ! port ( entry ( ! ,paso del ,norte cu/oms di/rict1 "o ( ! l>g] ,mexican bord] di/ricts1 & 9 #aijh its imports 7 valu$ at #b1fgg1ghd & its exports at #e1ffa1ija4 ,:eat1 boots & %oes1 m9+ ma*9]y1 cem5t1 lime1 lumb]1 be]1 & d5atur$ alcohol are among ! v>i$ exports2 ! pr9cipal imports are ore1 sug>1 cig>s1 oranges1 drawn "w & ,mexican curios4 ,el ,paso has ext5sive manufactories1 especially railway c> %ops1 :i* 9 #aije employ$ #cd4e ( ! factory wage-e>n]s4 ,j outside ! city limits are important lead smelt+ works1 to :i* are br\ght ores = treatm5t f we/]n ,texas1 nor!rn ,mexico1 ,new ,mexico & ,arizona4 ,among ! city's manufactures are cem5t1 d5atur$ alcohol1 e!r1 v>ni%1 clo?+ & cann$ goods4 ,! value ( ! city's total factory product 9 #aije 0 #b1cgg1hac1 #if great] ?an t 9 #aijj4 ,el ,paso lies 9 a f]tile agricultural valley1 & 9 #aijh ! erection ( an imm5se dam 0 begun ne> ,engle1 ,new ,mexico 7#ajj m4 above ,el ,paso71 by ! ,u4,s4 gov]nm5t1 to /ore ! flood wat]s ( ! ,rio ,gr&e = irrigat+ ?is area4 ,be=e ! ,mexican ,w>1 foll[+ :i* ! fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates settlem5t 0 made1 ! site ( ,el ,paso 0 kn[n z ,ponce de ,leon ,ran*1 ! l& be+ own$ by ! ,ponce de ,leon family4 ,el ,paso 0 fir/ *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahgc1 & 9 #aijg adopt$ ! commission =m ( gov]nm5t4 ,,elph9/one1 ,,m\nt/u>t 7#aggi-ahei71 ,indian /atesman & hi/orian1 f\r? son ( ! #aa? ,b>on ,elph9/one 9 ! pe]age ( ,scotl&1 0 born 9 #aggi4 ,hav+ receiv$ an appo9tm5t 9 ! civil s]vice ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company1 ( :i* "o ( 8 uncles 0 a director1 he rea*$ ,calcutta 9 ! beg9n+ ( #agif4 ,aft] fill+ sev]al subord9ate po/s1 he 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahja assi/ant to ! ,briti% resid5t at ,poona1 at ! c\rt ( ! pe%wa1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,mahratta pr9ces4 ,"h he obta9$ 8 fir/ opportunity ( di/9ction1 be+ atta*$ 9 ! capacity ( diplomati/ to ! mission ( ,sir ,ar?ur ,wellesley to ! ,mahrattas4 ,:51 on ! failure ( negotiations1 w> broke out1 ,elph9/one1 ?\gh a civilian1 act$ z virtual aide-de-camp to ,g5]al ,wellesley4 ,he 0 pres5t at ! battle ( ,assaye1 & display$ su* c\rage & k ( tactics ?r\gh\t ! :ole campaign t ,wellesley told him he _h mi/ak5 8 pr(ession1 & t he ought to h be5 a soldi]4 ,9 #ahjd1 :5 ! w> clos$1 he 0 appo9t$ ,briti% resid5t at ,nagpur4 ,"h1 ! times be+ unev5tful & 8 duties light1 he occupi$ mu* ( 8 leisure 9 read+ classical & g5]al lit]ature1 & acquir$ ^? /udi\s habits :i* clung to him ?r\gh\t life4 ,9 #ahjh he 0 appo9t$ ! fir/ ,briti% envoy to ! c\rt ( ,kabul1 ) ! object ( secur+ a fri5dly alliance ) ! ,afghans2 b ?is prov$ ( little value1 because ,%ah ,%uja 0 driv5 f ! ?rone by 8 bro!r be=e x c\ld be ratifi$4 ,! mo/ valuable p]man5t result ( ! embassy 0 ! lit]>y fruit x bore sev]al ye>s aft]w>ds 9 ,elph9/one's great "w on ,kabul4 ,aft] sp5d+ ab\t a ye> 9 ,calcutta arrang+ ! report ( 8 mission1 ,elph9/one 0 appo9t$ 9 #ahaa to ! important & difficult po/ ( resid5t at ,poona4 ,! difficulty arose f ! g5]al complication ( ,mahratta politics1 & especially f ! weak & trea*]\s "* ( ! pe%wa1 :i* ,elph9/one rightly read f ! fir/4 ,:ile ! mask ( fri5d%ip 0 kept up ,elph9/one c>ri$ out ! only suitable policy1 t ( vigilant quiesc5ce1 ) admirable tact & pati5ce2 :5 9 #ahag ! mask 0 ?r[n aside & ! pe%wa v5tur$ to decl>e w>1 ! ,engli% resid5t prov$ = ! second "t ! tru? ( ,wellesley's ass]tion t he 0 born a soldi]4 ,?\gh 8 own acc\nt ( 8 %>e 9 ! campaign is *>act]i/ically mode/1 "o c ga!r f x t ! success ( ! ,briti% troops 0 *iefly ow+ to 8 assum+ ! comm& at an important crisis dur+ ! battle ( ,kirkee4 ,! pe%wa be+ driv5 f 8 ?rone1 8 t]ritories 7 annex$ to ! ,briti% dom9ions1 & ,elph9/one 0 nom9at$ commission] to adm9i/] !m4 ,he dis*>g$ ! responsible task ) r>e judgm5t & ability4 ,9 #ahai he 0 appo9t$ lieut5ant-gov]nor ( ,bombay & held ?is po/ till #ahbg1 8 pr9cipal a*ievem5t be+ ! compilation ( ! ,elph9/one code4 ,he may fairly be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( ! sy/em ( /ate education 9 ,india1 & he probably did m ?an any o!r ,indian adm9i/rator to fur!r e likely s*eme = ! promotion ( native education4 ,8 connexion ) ! ,bombay presid5cy 0 appropriately commemorat$ 9 ! end[m5t ( ! ,elph9/one ,college by ! native communities1 & 9 ! erection ( a m>ble /atue by ! ,european inhabitants4 ,return+ to ,engl& 9 #ahbi1 aft] an int]val ( two ye>s' travel1 ,elph9/one reta9$ 9 8 retirem5t & enfeebl$ heal? an important influ5ce on public affairs4 ,he twice refus$ ! (f] ( ! gov]nor-g5]al%ip ( ,india4 ,long be=e 8 return he _h made 8 reputation z an au?or by 8 ,acc\nt ( ! ,k+dom ( ,cabul & its ,dep5d5cies 9 ,p]sia & ,india 7#ahae74 ,soon aft] 8 arrival 9 ,engl& he comm5c$ ! prep>ation ( a "w ( wid] scope1 a hi/ory ( ,india1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahda4 ,x embraces ! ,h9du & ,mahomm$an p]iods1 & is /ill a "w ( high au?ority4 ,he di$ on ! #bj? ( ,novemb] #ahei4 ,see ,j4,s4 ,cotton1 ,m\nt/u>t ,elph9/one 7,rul]s ( ,india s]ies71 7#ahib72 ,t4,e4 ,colebrooke1 ,life ( ,m\nt/u>t ,elph9/one 7#ahhd72 & ,g4,w4 ,=re/1 ,(ficial ,writ+s ( ,m\nt/u>t ,elph9/one 7#ahhd74 ,,elph9/one1 ,,william 7#adca-aead71 ,scotti% /atesman & prelate1 f\nd] ( ! univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 0 born 9 ,glasg[1 & educat$ at ! univ]sity ( 8 native city1 tak+ ! degree ( ,m4,a4 9 #adeb4 ,aft] practis+ = a %ort "t z a lawy] 9 ! *ur* c\rts1 he 0 orda9$ prie/1 becom+ rector ( ,/ ,mi*ael's *ur*1 ,trongate1 ,glasg[1 9 #adfe4 ,f\r ye>s lat] he w5t to cont9ue 8 /udies at ! univ]sity ( ,p>is1 :]e he became read] 9 canon law1 & !n1 proce$+ to ,orleans1 became lectur] 9 ! univ]sity !re4 ,be=e #adgd he _h return$ to ,scotl&1 & 0 made rector ( ! univ]sity1 & (ficial ( ! see ( ,glasg[4 ,fur!r promotion foll[$1 b soon m important duties 7 entru/$ to ,elph9/one1 :o 0 made bi%op ( ,ross 9 #adha4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,scots p>liam5t1 & 0 s5t by ,k+ ,james ,,iii4 on diplomatic err&s to ,l\is ,,xi4 ( ,france1 & to ,edw>d ,,iv4 ( ,engl&2 9 #adhc he 0 appo9t$ bi%op ( ,ab]de51 al?\gh 8 consecration 0 delay$ = f\r ye>s2 & he 0 s5t on missions to ,engl&1 bo? be=e & aft] ! dea? ( ,ri*>d ,,iii4 9 #adhe4 ,al?\gh he att5d$ ! meet+s ( p>liam5t ) great regul>ity he did n neglect 8 episcopal duties1 & ! fabric ( ! ca!dral ( ,ab]de5 owes mu* to 8 c>e4 ,e>ly 9 #adhh ! bi%op 0 made "l high *ancellor1 b on ! k+'s dea? 9 ! foll[+ ,june he vacat$ ?is (fice1 & retir$ to ,ab]de54 ,z a diplomati/ ( repute1 h[ev]1 8 s]vices 7 quickly requir$ by ! new k+1 ,james ,,iv41 9 ^: int]e/s he visit$ ! k+s ( ,engl& & ,france1 & ! ,g]man k+1 ,maximilian ,i4 ,hav+ be5 made keep] ( ! privy seal 9 #adib1 & hav+ arrang$ a dispute betwe5 ! ,scot* & ! ,dut*1 ! bi%op's conclud+ ye>s 7 ma9ly sp5t 9 ! f\ndation ( ! univ]sity ( ,ab]de54 ,! papal bull = ?is purpose 0 obta9$ 9 #adid1 & ! royal *>t] :i* made old ,ab]de5 ! seat ( a univ]sity is dat$ #adih4 ,a small end[m5t 0 provid$ by ! k+1 & ! univ]sity1 modell$ on t ( ,p>is & int5d$ pr9cipally to be a s*ool ( law1 soon became ! mo/ fam\s & popul> ( ! ,scots seats ( le>n+1 a result :i* 0 l>gely due to ! wide exp]i5ce & ripe wisdom ( ,elph9/one & ( 8 fri5d1 ,hector ,boece1 ! fir/ rector4 ,! build+ ( ! college ( ! ,holy ,virg9 9 ,nativity1 n[ ,k+'s ,college1 0 complet$ 9 #aejf1 & ! bi%op also rebuilt ! *oir ( 8 ca!dral1 & built a bridge ov] ! ,dee4 ,cont9u+ to p>ticipate 9 public affairs he oppos$ ! policy ( ho/ility t[>ds ,engl& :i* l$ to ! disa/] at ,flodd5 9 ,septemb] #aeac1 & di$ 9 ,ed9burgh on ! #be? ( ,octob] #aead4 ,elph9/one 0 p>tly responsible = ! introduction ( pr9t+ into ,scotl&1 & = ! production ( ! ,brevi>ium ,ab]don5se4 ,he may h writt5 "s ( ! lives 9 ?is collection1 & ga!r$ toge!r mat]ials conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ,scotl&2 b he did n1 z "s h ?\ght1 cont9ue ! ,scoti*ronicon1 nor did he write ! ,lives ( ,scotti% ,sa9ts4 ,see ,hector ,boece1 ,mur?lac5sium et ,ab]don5sium episcoporum vitae1 edit$ & translat$ by ,j4 ,moir 7,ab]de51 #ahid72 ,fa/i ,ab]don5ses1 edit$ by ,c4 ,innes 7,ab]de51 #ahed72 & ,a4 ,g>dyne1 ,!atre ( ,scotti% ,wor?ies & ,lyf ( ,w4 ,elph9/on1 edit$ by ,d4 ,la+ 7,ab]de51 #ahgh74 ,,el ,,r5o1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,canadian c\nty1 ,oklahoma1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,n4 =k ( ! ,canadian riv]1 ab\t #bf m4 ,w4 ( ,oklahoma ,city4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #bhe2 7#aijj7 #cchc2 7#aijg7 #ecgj 7#dja 7 ( negro desc5t & #g 7 ,indians72 7#aiaj7 #ghgb4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,*icago1 ,rock ,isl& ,pacific1 ! ,*octaw1 ,oklahoma ,gulf 7own$ by ! ,*icago1 ,rock ,isl& ,pacific71 & ! ,/ ,l\is1 ,el ,r5o ,we/]n railways1 ! la/ ext5d+ f ,el ,r5o to ,gu?rie4 ,el ,r5o lies on ! roll+ prairie l&s1 ab\t #acfj ft4 above ! sea1 9 an ,indian corn1 :eat1 oats & cotton-produc+ & dairy+ region1 & has a l>ge gra9 elevator1 a cotton compress1 & v>i\s manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1 among ! products be+ fl\r1 cann$ goods & crock]y4 ,el ,r5o has a ,c>negie libr>y1 & )9 ! city's limits is ,bellamy's ,lake 7#ahj acres71 a fav\rite resort4 ,ne> ! city is a ,gov]nm5t bo>d+ s*ool = ! ,indians ( ! ,*ey5ne & ! ,arapahoe ,res]vation4 ,=t ,r5o1 a ,u4,s4 milit>y po/1 0 e/abli%$ ne> ,el ,r5o 9 #ahgf1 & 9 #aijh became a supply depot ( ! qu>t]ma/]'s dep>tm5t "u ! "n ( ,=t ,r5o ,rem\nt ,depot4 ,! fir/ settlem5t "h1 ap>t f ! =t1 0 made 9 ! autumn ( #ahhi2 9 #ahib ,el ,r5o receiv$ a city *>t]4 ,,elsfle?1 a m>itime t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! gr&-du*y ( ,old5burg1 9 a f]tile di/rict at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,hunte ) ! ,wes]1 on ! railway ,hude-,nord5ham4 ,pop4 #bjjj4 ,x has an ,evangelical *ur*1 a s*ool ( navigation1 a h>b\r & docks4 ,x has consid]able trade 9 corn & timb] & is "o ( ! c5tres ( ! ,nor? ,sea h]r+ fi%]y4 ,,els9ore 7,dan4 ,hels+or71 a seaport ( ,d5m>k 9 ! amt 7c\nty7 ( ,fr$]iksborg1 on ! ea/ coa/ ( ! isl& ( ,zeal&1 #bh m4 ,n4 ( ,cop5hag5 by rail4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #ac1ijb4 ,x /&s at ! n>r[e/ "p ( ! ,s\nd1 opposite ! ,sw$i% t[n ( ,hels+borg1 #c m4 di/ant4 ,communication is ma9ta9$ by means ( a /eam f]ry4 ,its h>b\r admits vessels ( #bj ft4 draught1 & ! road/ead af=ds excell5t an*orage4 ,!re are %ipbuild+ y>ds1 ) f\ndry1 eng9e]+ %ops1 c42 ! *ief export is agricultural produce2 imports1 iron1 coal1 c]eals & y>n4 ,hels+or receiv$ t[n-privileges 9 #adbe4 ,9 #aebb x 0 tak5 & burnt by ,lubeck1 b 9 #aece 0 retak5 by ,*ri/ian ,,ii4 ,x is celebrat$ z ! ,els9ore ( ,%akespe>e's trag$y ( ,hamlet1 & 0 ! bir?place ( ,saxo ,grammaticus1 f ^: hi/ory ! /ory ( ,hamlet is d]iv$4 ,a pile ( rocks surr\nd$ by trees is %[n z ! grave ( ,hamlet1 & ,ophelia's brook is also po9t$ out1 b bo? are1 ( c\rse1 inv5tions4 ,on a tongue ( l& ea/ ( ! t[n /&s ! ca/le ( ,kronb]g or ,kron5b]g1 a magnific5t1 solid & v5]able ,go?ic /ructure built by ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 t[>ds ! end ( ! #af? c5tury1 & ext5sively re/or$ by ,*ri/ian ,,iv4 aft] a fire 9 #afcg4 ,x 0 tak5 by ! ,sw$es 9 #afeh1 b its possession 0 aga9 giv5 up to ! ,danes 9 #affj4 ,f its turrets1 "o ( :i* s]ves z a ligh?\se1 !re are f9e views ( ! /raits & ( ! neighb\r+ c\ntries4 ,! ,flag ,batt]y is ! plat=m be=e ! ca/le :]e ! gho/ appe>s 9 ,hamlet4 ,)9 x ! pr9cipal object ( int]e/ is ! ap>tm5t 9 :i* ,matilda1 que5 ( ,*ri/ian ,,vii4 & si/] ( ,george ,,iii4 ( ,engl&1 0 imprison$ be=e %e 0 tak5 to ,hanov]4 ,! *apel conta9s f9e wood-c>v+ ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,nor?-we/ ( ! t[n is ,m>i5ly/1 orig9ally a royal *ateau1 b n[ a seaside resort4 ,,elssl]1 ,,fanny 7#ahaj-ahhd71 ,au/rian danc]1 0 born 9 ,vi5na on ! #bcrd ( ,june #ahaj4 ,f h] e>lie/ ye>s %e 0 tra9$ = ! ballet1 & made h] appe>ance at ! ,k>ntn]-,?or !atre 9 ,vi5na be=e %e 0 sev54 ,%e almo/ inv>iably danc$ ) h] si/] ,!resa1 :o 0 two ye>s h] s5ior2 &1 aft] "s ye>s' exp]i5ce toge!r 9 ,vi5na1 ! two w5t 9 #ahbg to ,naples4 ,_! success !re--to :i* ,fanny contribut$ m l>gely ?an h] si/]1 :o us$ to efface h]self 9 ord] to height5 ! effect ( ,fanny's m brilliant p[]s--l$ to an engagem5t 9 ,b]l9 9 #ahcj4 ,?is 0 ! beg9n+ ( a s]ies ( triumphs = ,fanny's p]sonal beauty & skill 9 danc+4 ,aft] captivat+ all he>ts 9 ,b]l9 & ,vi5na1 & inspir+ ! ag$ /atesman ,fri$ri* von ,g5tz 7q4v47 ) a rem>kable passion1 %e paid a visit to ,london1 :]e %e receiv$ mu* k9dness at ! h&s ( ,mr & ,mrs ,grote1 :o practically adopt$ ! little girl :o 0 born ?ree mon?s aft] ! "m's arrival 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,septemb] #ahcd ,fanny ,elssl] appe>$ at ! ,op]a 9 ,p>is1 a /ep to :i* %e look$ =w>d ) mu* misgiv+ on acc\nt ( ,taglioni's supremacy on t /age4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 0 ano!r triumph = h]1 & ! tempor>y eclipse ( ,taglioni1 :o1 al?\gh ! f9] arti/ ( ! two1 c\ld n = ! mom5t compete ) ! newcom]'s p]sonal fasc9ation4 ,x 0 conspicu\sly 9 h] p]=mance ( ! ,spani% ca*uca t ,fanny ,elssl] out%one all rivals4 ,9 #ahdj %e sail$ ) h] si/] = ,new ,york1 & aft] two ye>s' unmix$ success !y return$ to ,europe1 :]e dur+ ! foll[+ five ye>s ,fanny appe>$ 9 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,france1 ,engl& & ,russia4 ,9 #ahde1 hav+ amass$ a =tune1 %e retir$ f ! /age & settl$ ne> ,hamburg4 ,a few ye>s lat] h] si/] ,!resa contract$ a morganatic m>riage ) ,pr9ce ,adalb]t ( ,prussia1 & 0 ennobl$ "u ! title ( ,b>oness von ,b>nim4 ,fanny ,elssl] di$ at ,vi5na on ! #bg? ( ,novemb] #ahhd4 ,!resa 0 left a wid[ 9 #ahgc1 & di$ on ! #ai? ( ,novemb] #ahgh4 ,,el/]1 ! "n ( two riv]s ( ,g]many4 7#a7 ,! ,s*w>ze 7,black7 ,el/] rises 9 ! ,lausitz range1 on ! s\!rn bord] ( ,saxony1 fl[s ,n4 & ,n4,w41 & aft] a c\rse ( #aab m4 ent]s ! ,elbe a little above ,witt5b]g4 ,x is a sluggi% /ream1 w9d+ its way ?r\gh s&y soil & frequ5tly along a divid$ *annel4 7#b7 ,! ,weisse 7,:ite7 ,el/] rises 9 ! nor?-we/]n corn] ( ,bohemia1 a little nor? ( ,eg]1 cuts ?r\gh ! ,vogtl& 9 a deep & picturesque valley1 pass+ ,plau51 ,greiz1 ,g]a & ,zeitz on its way nor? to ,leipzig1 j bel[ :i* city x receives its mo/ important tribut>y1 ! ,pleisse4 ,at ,leipzig x divides1 ! ma9 /ream turn+ nor?-we/ & ent]+ ! ,saale f ! "r a little above ,halle2 ! o!r arm1 ! ,luppe1 fl[+ p>allel to ! ma9 /ream & s\? ( x ent]s ! ,saale bel[ ,m]seburg4 ,total l5g?1 #aba m42 total desc5t1 #abhf ft4 ,,el/]1 a spa & inl& wat]+-place ( ,g]many1 9 ! k+dom ( ,saxony1 on ! ,weisse ,el/]1 close to ! ,bohemian fronti] on ! railway ,plau5-,eg]1 & #bj m4 ,s4 ( ! =m]4 ,x has "s indu/ries ( lace-mak+ & weav+1 & a population ( ab\t #bjjj1 9 addition to visitors4 ,! m9]al spr+s1 sal9e-*alybeate1 specific 9 cases ( n]v\s disord]s & fem99e ailm5ts1 h be5 lately supplem5t$ by ba?s ( v>i\s k9ds1 & ^!1 toge!r ) ! natural attractions ( ! place z a climatic heal? resort1 h comb9$ to make x a fa%ionable wat]+-place dur+ ! summ] season4 ,! numb] ( visitors am\nts annually to ab\t #aj1jjj4 ,see ,fle*sig1 ,bad ,el/] 7,leipzig1 #ahhd74 ,,elswick1 a w>d ( ! city ( ,newca/le-^u-,tyne1 ,engl&1 9 ! we/]n "p ( ! bor\gh1 bord]+ ! riv] ,tyne4 ,! "n is well kn[n 9 connexion ) ! great ordnance & naval works ( ,sir ,w4,g4 ,arm/rong1 ,mit*ell ,co4 ,elswick ,p>k1 atta*$ to ! old mansion ( ! same "n1 is n[ a public recreation gr\nd4 ,,el ,,teb1 a halt+-place 9 ! ,anglo-,egyptian ,sudan ne> ! coa/ ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 #i m4 ,s4,w4 ( ! port ( ,tr9kitat on ! road to ,tok>4 ,at ,el ,teb1 on ! #d? ( ,febru>y #ahhd1 a het]og5e\s =ce "u ,g5]al ,val5t9e ,bak]1 m>*+ to ! relief ( ! ,egyptian g>rison ( ,tok>1 0 completely r\t$ by ! ,mahdi/s 7see ,,egypt3 ,milit>y ,op]ations74 ,,elton1 ,,*>les ,,isaac 7#ahci-aijj71 ,engli% lawy] & antiqu>y1 0 born at ,s\?ampton on ! #f? ( ,decemb] #ahci4 ,educat$ at ,*elt5ham & ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d1 he 0 elect$ a fell[ ( ,que5's ,college 9 #ahfb4 ,he 0 call$ to ! b> at ,l9coln's ,inn 9 #ahfe4 ,8 rem>kable k ( old real prop]ty law & cu/om help$ him to an ext5sive conveyanc+ practice & he took silk 9 #ahhe4 ,he sat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons = ,we/ ,som]set 9 #ahhd-ahhe & f #ahhf to #ahib4 ,9 #ahfi he succe$$ to 8 uncle's prop]ty ( ,:ite/aunton1 ne> ,*>d1 9 ,som]set4 ,dur+ ! lat] ye>s ( 8 life he retir$ to a great ext5t f legal practice1 & devot$ mu* ( 8 "t to lit]>y "w4 ,he di$ at ,:ite/aunton on ! #bcrd ( ,april #aijj4 ,elton's pr9cipal works 7 ,! ,t5ures ( ,k5t 7#ahfg72 ,treatise on ,commons & ,wa/e ,l&s 7#ahfh72 ,law ( ,copyholds 7#ahgd72 ,orig9s ( ,engli% ,hi/ory 7#ahhb72 ,cu/om & ,t5ant ,"r 7#ahhb74 ,,eltville 7,,elfeld71 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,hesse-,nassau1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,rh9e1 #e m4 ,s4,w4 f ,wiesbad51 on ! railway ,frank=t-on-,ma9-,cologne1 & ) a bran* to ,s*lang5bad4 ,pop4 #cgjj4 ,x has a ,roman ,ca?olic & a ,prote/ant *ur*1 ru9s ( a feudal ca/le1 a ,lat9 s*ool1 & a monum5t to ,gut5b]g4 ,x has a consid]able trade 9 ! w9es ( ! di/rict & two manufactories ( sp>kl+ w9es4 ,eltville 7orig9ally ,adeldvile1 ,lat4 ,altavilla7 is fir/ m5tion$ 9 a record ( ! ye> #hhb4 ,x 0 giv5 by ! emp]or ,otto ,i4 to ! ar*bi%ops ( ,ma9z1 :o (t5 resid$ "h4 ,x receiv$ t[n rights 9 #acca & 0 a place ( importance dur+ ! middle ages4 ,9 #adfe ,gut5b]g set up 8 press at ,eltville1 "u ! patronage ( ,ar*bi%op ,adolphus ( ,nassau1 %ortly aft]w>ds h&+ ov] its use to ! bro!rs ,he9ri* & ,nikolaus ,be*t]munz4 ,sev]al co/ly e>ly examples ( pr9t$ books issu$ by ?is press survive1 ! e>lie/ be+ ! ,vocabul>ium ,lat9o-,teutonicum1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 #adfg4 ,,eltz1 a small riv] ( ,g]many1 a left bank tribut>y ( ! ,mosel4 ,x rises 9 ! ,eifel range1 &1 aft] a c\rse ( #e m41 jo9s ! latt] riv] at ,moselk]n4 ,j above its conflu5ce /&s ! romantic ca/le ( ,eltz1 cr[n+ a rocky summit #ijj ft4 high1 & fam\s z be+ "o ( ! be/ pres]v$ m$ieval /rongholds ( ,g]many4 ,x is ! ance/ral seat ( ! c\nts ( ,eltz & conta9s num]\s antiquities4 ,see ,ro?1 ,ges*i*te d] ,h]r5 und ,graf5 zu ,eltz 7#b vols41 ,ma9z1 #ahhi-ahij74 ,,elvas1 an episcopal city & fronti] =tress ( ,portugal1 9 ! di/rict ( ,portalegre & =m]ly includ$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,alemtejo2 #agj m4 ,e4 ( ,lisbon1 & #aj m4 ,w4 ( ! ,spani% =tress ( ,badajoz1 by ! ,madrid-,badajoz-,lisbon railway4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #ac1iha4 ,elvas is f9ely situat$ on a hill #e m4 ,n4,w4 ( ! riv] ,guadiana4 ,x is def5d$ by sev5 ba/ions & ! two =ts ( ,santa ,luzia & ,nossa ,s5hora da ,graca4 ,its late ,go?ic ca!dral1 :i* has also _m traces ( ,moori% influ5ce 9 its ar*itecture1 dates f ! reign ( ,emmanuel ,i4 7#adie-aeba74 ,a f9e aqu$uct1 #d m4 long1 supplies ! city ) pure wat]2 x 0 begun e>ly 9 ! #ae? c5tury & complet$ 9 #afbb4 ,= "s di/ance x includes f\r ti]s ( sup]impos$ ar*es1 ) a total height ( #abj ft4 ,! surr\nd+ l[l&s are v f]tile1 & ,elvas is celebrat$ = its excell5t olives & plums1 ! la/-nam$ be+ export$1 ei!r fre% or dri$1 9 l>ge quantities4 ,br&y is di/ill$ & pott]y manufactur$ 9 ! city4 ,! =tress ( ,campo ,maior1 #aj m4 ,n4,e41 is fam\s = its siege by ! ,fr5* & relief by ! ,briti% "u ,m>%al ,b]es=d 9 #ahaa--;an exploit commemorat$ 9 a ballad by ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,elvas is ! ,roman ,alpesa or ,helvas1 ! ,moori% ,bale%1 ! ,spani% ,yelves4 ,x 0 wre/$ f ! ,moors by ,alphonso ,,viii4 ( ,ca/ile 9 #aaff2 b 0 tempor>ily recaptur$ be=e its f9al occupation by ! ,portuguese 9 #abbf4 ,9 #aegj x became an episcopal see4 ,f #afdb until mod]n times x 0 ! *ief fronti] =tress ,s4 ( ! ,tagus2 & x twice )/ood sieges by ! ,spani%1 9 #afeh & #agaa4 ,! ,fr5* "u ,m>%al ,junot took x 9 ,m>* #ahjh1 b evacuat$ x 9 ,augu/1 aft] ! conclusion ( ! conv5tion ( ,c9tra 7see ,,p59sul> ,,w>74 ,,elvey1 ,,sir ,,george ,,job 7#ahaf-ahic71 ,engli% organi/ & compos]1 0 born at ,cant]bury on ! #bg? ( ,m>* #ahaf4 ,he 0 a *ori/] at ,cant]bury ca!dral "u ,highmore ,skeats1 ! organi/4 ,subsequ5tly he became a pupil ( 8 eld] bro!r1 ,/eph51 & !n /udi$ at ! ,royal ,academy ( ,music "u ,cipriani ,pott] & ,dr ,crot*4 ,9 #ahcd he ga9$ ! ,gre%am prize m$al = 8 an!m1 ,b[ d[n ?9e e>1 & 9 #ahce 0 appo9t$ organi/ ( ,/ ,george's *apel1 ,w9dsor1 a po/ he fill$ = #dg ye>s1 retir+ 9 #ahhb4 ,he took ! degree ( ,mus4 ,b4 at ,ox=d 9 #ahch1 & 9 #ahdj t ( ,mus4 ,d4 ,an!ms ( 8 7 commission$ = ! ,?ree ,*oirs ,fe/ivals ( #ahec & #aheg1 & 9 #ahga he receiv$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood4 ,he di$ at ,w9dle%am 9 ,surrey on ! #i? ( ,decemb] #ahic4 ,8 works1 :i* are ne>ly all = ! ,*ur*1 include two oratorios1 a great numb] ( an!ms & s]vices1 & "s pieces = ! organ4 ,a memoir ( him1 by 8 wid[1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahid4 ,,elvira1 ,,synod ,,(1 an ecclesia/ical synod held 9 ,spa91 ! date ( :i* _c be det]m9$ ) exactness4 ,! solution ( ! "q h+es ^u ! int]pretation ( ! canons1 t is1 ^u :e!r !y are to be tak5 z reflect+ a rec5t1 or z po9t+ to an imm95t1 p]secution4 ,?us "s argue = a date betwe5 #cjj & #cjc1 i4e4 be=e ! ,diocletian p]secution2 o!rs = a date betwe5 #cjc & #cad1 aft] ! p]secution1 b be=e ! synod ( ,arles2 /ill o!rs = a date betwe5 ! synod ( ,arles & ! c\ncil ( ,nicaea1 #cbe4 ,mansi1 ,h>d\91 ,hefele & ,dale are 9 sub/antial agreem5t ^u #cje or #cjf1 & ?is is probably ! close/ approximation possible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! evid5ce4 ,! place ( meet+1 ,elvira1 0 n f> f ! mod]n ,granada1 if n1 z ,dale ?9ks1 actually id5tical ) x4 ,!re ! n9ete5 bi%ops & tw5ty-f\r presbyt]s1 f all p>ts ( ,spa91 b *iefly f ! s\?1 assembl$1 probably at ! in/igation ( ,hosius ( ,cordova1 b "u ! presid5cy ( ,felix ( ,accis1 ) a view to re/or+ ord] & discipl9e 9 ! *ur*4 ,! eighty-"o canons :i* 7 adopt$ reflect ) consid]able fulness ! int]nal life & ext]nal relations ( ! ,spani% ,*ur* ( ! #d? c5tury4 ,! social environm5t ( ,*ri/ians may be inf]r$ f ! canons prohibit+ m>riage & o!r int]c\rse ) ,jews1 pagans & h]etics1 clos+ ! (fices ( flam5 & duumvir to ,*ri/ians1 =bidd+ all contact ) idolatry & likewise p>ticipation 9 pagan fe/ivals & public games4 ,! /ate ( morals is mirror$ 9 ! canons d5\nc+ preval5t vices4 ,! canons respect+ ! cl]gy exhibit ! cl]gy z already a special class ) peculi> privileges1 a m exact+ moral /&>d1 heavi] p5alties = del9qu5cy4 ,! bi%op has acquir$ control ( ! sacram5ts1 presbyt]s & deacons act+ only "u 8 ord]s2 ! episcopate appe>s z a unit1 bi%ops be+ b\nd to respect "o ano!r's discipl9>y decrees4 ,wor?y ( special note are canon #cc1 enjo9+ celibacy ^u all cl]ics & all :o m9i/] at ! alt> 7! mo/ anci5t canon ( celibacy72 canon #cf1 =bidd+ pictures 9 *ur*es2 canon #ch1 p]mitt+ lay baptism "u c]ta9 conditions2 & canon #ec1 =bidd+ "o bi%op to re/ore a p]son excommunicat$ by ano!r4 ,see ,mansi ii4 pp4 #a-djf2 ,h>d\9 i4 pp4 #bdg-beh2 ,hefele 7#bnd ed47 i4 pp4 #adh sqq4 7,engli% translation1 i4 pp4 #aca sqq472 ,dale1 ,! ,synod ( ,elvira 7,london1 #ahhb72 & ,h5necke1 9 ,h]zog-,hauck1 ,real5cyklopadie 7#crd ed471 s4v4 ,elvira1 especially bibliography4 7,t4 ,f4 ,c47 ,,el ,,wad1 a t[n 9 ! ,alg]ian ,sah>a1 #abe m4 9 a /raight l9e ,s4,s4,e4 ( ,biskra1 & #aij m4 ,w4 by ,s4 ( ,gabes4 ,pop4 7#aijf7 #gehf4 ,el ,wad is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ places 9 ,alg]ia4 ,x is surr\nd$ by huge holl[s conta9+ noble palm groves2 & beyond ^! on e side /ret*es ! limitless des]t ) its great bill[s ( s&1 ! encroa*m5ts ( :i* on ! oasis are only held at bay by ceaseless toil4 ,! t[n itself consi/s ( a mass ( "o-/orey$ /one h\ses1 ea* surm\nt$ by a little dome1 clu/]+ r\nd ! m>ket-place ) its mosque & m9>et4 ,by an exception r>e 9 ,sah>an settlem5ts1 !re are no def5sive works save ! =t conta9+ ! gov]nm5t (fices1 :i* ! ,fr5* h built on ! s\? side ( ! t[n4 ,! inhabitants are ( two di/9ct tribes1 "o1 ! ,aduan1 ( ,b]b] /ock1 ! o!r a bran* ( ! ,%aambah ,arabs4 ,el ,wad possesses a curi\s curr5cy kn[n z fl\s1 consi/+ ( obsolete copp] co9s ( ,alg]ian & ,tunisian dyna/ies4 ,sev5 fl\s are reg>d$ z equal to ! ,fr5* five-c5time piece4 ,el ,wad oasis is "o ( a gr\p kn[n collectively z ! ,suf4 ,five miles ,n4,w4 is ,ku99e 7pop4 #ceda7 & #f m4 f>!r ,n4,w4 ,guem> 7pop4 #fhhe71 an anci5t =tifi$ t[n not$ = its manufacture ( c>pets4 ,l95 weav+ is c>ri$ on ext5sively 9 ! ,suf4 ,adm9i/ratively ,el ,wad is ! capital ( an annexe to ! t]ritory ( ,tuggurt4 ,,elwood1 a city ( ,madison c\nty1 ,indiana1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ,duck ,creek1 ab\t #ch m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,indianapolis4 ,pop4 7#ahhj7 #gea2 7#ahij7 #bbhd2 7#aijj7 #ab1iej 7#achf =eign-born72 7#aiaj7 #aa1jbh4 ,elwood is s]v$ by ! ,lake ,erie ,we/]n & ! ,pittsburg1 ,c9c9nati1 ,*icago ,/ ,l\is railways1 & by an int]urban electric l9e4 ,its rapid gr[? 9 population & z a manufactur+ c5tre 0 due l>gely to its situation 9 ! natural gas region2 ! failure ( ! gas supply 9 #aijc caus$ a decrease 9 manufactur+1 b ! city gradually adju/$ itself to new conditions4 ,x has l>ge t9 plate mills1 iron & /eel f\ndries1 saw & plan+ mills1 wood5-w>e & furniture factories1 bottl+ works & lamp-*imney factories1 fl\r mills & pack+ h\ses4 ,9 #aije ! value ( ! city's factory product 0 #f1aaa1jhc2 9 #aijj x 0 #i1dcc1eac2 ! glass product 0 valu$ at #bbc1gff 9 #aije1 & at #a1jaa1hjc 9 #aijj4 ,!re are ext5sive brick-y>ds 9 ! vic9ity1 & ! surr\nd+ agricultural c\ntry furni%es l>ge supplies ( gra91 live-/ock1 p\ltry & produce1 = :i* ,elwood is ! %ipp+ c5tre4 ,! site 0 fir/ settl$ "u ! "n ( ,qu9cy2 ! pres5t "n 0 adopt$ 9 #ahfi2 & 9 #ahia ,elwood receiv$ a city *>t]4 ,,ely1 ,,ri*>d ,,!odore 7#ahed- 71 ,am]ican economi/1 0 born at ,ripley1 ,new ,york1 on ! #ac? ( ,april #ahed4 ,educat$ at ,columbia & ,heidelb]g univ]sities1 he held ! pr(essor%ip ( economics at ,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity f #ahha to #ahib1 & 0 subsequ5tly pr(essor ( economics at ,wiscons9 ,univ]sity4 ,pr(essor ,ely took an active "p 9 ! =mation ( ! ,am]ican ,economic ,association1 0 secret>y f #ahhe to #ahib & presid5t f #ahii to #aija4 ,he publi%$ a useful ,introduction to ,political ,economy 7#ahhi72 ,outl9es ( ,economics 7#ahic72 ,! ,lab\r ,movem5t 9 ,am]ica 7#ahhc72 ,problems ( ,to-day 7#ahhh72 ,social ,aspects ( ,*ri/ianity 7#ahhi72 ,socialism & ,social ,re=m 7#ahid72 ,monopolies & ,tru/s 7#aijj71 & ,/udies 9 ! ,evolution ( ,indu/rial ,society 7#aijc74 ,,ely1 a ca!dral city & m>ket-t[n1 9 ! ,newm>ket p>liam5t>y division ( ,cambridge%ire1 ,engl&1 #af m4 ,n4,n4,e4 ( ,cambridge by ! ,great ,ea/]n railway4 ,pop4 ( urban di/rict 7#aija7 #ggac4 ,x /&s on a consid]able em95ce on ! we/ 7left7 bank ( ! ,ouse1 9 ! ,isle ( ,ely1 :i* rises above ! surr\nd+ f5s4 ,?us its situation1 be=e ! great dra9age op]ations ( ! #ag? c5tury1 0 practically insul>4 ,! magnific5t ca!dral1 t[]+ above ! t[n1 is a l&m>k f> ov] ! wide surr\nd+ level4 ,! soil 9 ! vic9ity is f]tile & m>ket-g>d5+ is c>ri$ on1 fruit & vegetables 7especially asp>agus7 be+ s5t to ! ,london m>kets4 ,! t[n has a consid]able manufacture ( tobacco pipes & e>!nw>e1 & !re are 9 ! neighb\rhood mills = ! prep>ation ( oil f flax1 hemp & cole-se$4 ,besides ! ca!dral ,ely has 9 ,/ ,m>y's *ur*1 ly+ almo/ "u ! %ad[ ( ! great] build+1 a f9e /ructure rang+ 9 /yle f ,norman to ,p]p5dicul>1 b 9 ! ma9 ,e>ly ,engli%4 ,! sessions h\se & corn ex*ange are ! pr9cipal public build+s4 ,! gramm> s*ool1 f\nd$ by ,h5ry ,,viii4 9 #aeda1 occupies 7toge!r ) o!r build+s7 ! room ov] ! gateway ( ! mona/]y1 kn[n z ! ,porta1 & ! *apel built by ,prior ,john de ,cr&5 7#acba-acda7 is re/or$ to use z a s*ool *apel4 ,a !ological college 0 f\nd$ 9 #ahgf & op5$ 9 #ahha4 ,! f\ndation ( ! pres5t ca!dral 0 laid by its fir/ ,norman abbot1 ,simeon1 9 #ajhc4 ,b ! reputation ( ,ely _h be5 e/abli%$ long be=e ,e!ldr$a 7,ae!l?ry?71 daught] ( ,anna1 k+ ( ,ea/ ,anglia1 0 m>ri$ to ,ecgfri?1 k+ ( ,nor?umbria1 aga9/ h] w1 z %e _h v[$ h]self :olly to a religi\s life4 ,h] husb& oppos$ himself to h] v[1 b ) ! help ( ,wilfrid1 ar*bi%op ( ,york1 %e took ! veil1 & f\nd refuge f h] husb& 9 ! m>%-girt ,isle ( ,ely4 ,"h %e f\nd$ a religi\s h\se1 9 all probability a mix$ community1 9 #fgc1 becom+ its fir/ abbess1 & giv+ ! :ole ,isle ( ,ely to ! f\ndation4 ,9 #hgj ! mona/]y 0 de/roy$ by ! ,danes1 z 7 also ! neighb\r+ f\ndations at ,soham1 ,?orney1 ,cr[l& & ,pet]bor\gh1 & x rema9$ 9 ru9s till #igj1 :5 ,ae!lwold1 bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 f\nd$ a new ,b5$ict9e mona/]y "h4 ,k+ ,edg> 9 #igj end[$ ! monks ) ! =m] possessions ( ! conv5t & also grant$ !m ! secul> causes ( two hundr$s )9 & ( five hundr$s )\t ! m>%es1 all *>ges belong+ to ! k+ 9 secul> disputes 9 all _! l&s & e f\r? p5ny ( public rev5ue 9 ! prov9ce ( ,grantece/re4 ,! weal? & importance ( ,ely rose1 & its abbots held ! po/ ( *ancellors ( ! k+'s c\rt alt]nately ) ! abbots ( ,gla/onbury & ( ,/ ,augu/9e's1 ,cant]bury4 ,b ,ely aga9 became a sc5e ( conte/ 9 ! desp]ate f9al /ruggle aga9/ ,william ! ,conqu]or ( :i* ,h]ew>d ! ,wake 0 ! h]o4 ,f9ally1 9 #ajga1 ! monks agre$ to surr5d] ! ,isle ( ,ely to ! k+ on condition ( ! confirmation ( all ! possessions & privileges1 held by !m 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ! ,confessor4 ,abbot ,simeon 7#ajha-ajid71 :o n[ began ! recon/ruction ( ! *ur*1 0 relat$ to ,william & bro!r to ,walkel91 fir/ ,norman bi%op ( ,w9*e/]4 ,"u ,abbot ,ri*>d 7#aajj-aajg7 ! translation f ! ,saxon *ur* ( ! bodies ( ,/ ,e!ldr$a & ( ! two abbesses :o _h foll[$ h]1 & _! en%r9em5t 9 ! new edifice1 took place2 & x 0 due to ! hon\r 9 :i* ! memory ( ! f\ndresses 0 held t ,ely ma9ta9$ ! position ( dignity :i* x kept h5ce=? until ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies4 ,! fea/ ( ,/ ,e!ldr$a1 or ,/ ,awdrey z %e 0 g5]ally call$1 0 ! occasion e ye> = a l>ge fair "h1 at :i* trifl+ objects 7 sold to pilgrims by way ( s\v5irs2 :5ce ! ^w tawdrey1 a contraction ( ,/ ,awdrey4 ,9 #aaji ! ,isle ( ,ely1 mo/ ( ,cambridge%ire1 & ! abbeys ( ,?orney & ,cetri*t 7 sep>at$ f ! diocese ( ,l9coln1 & conv]t$ into a new diocese1 ,ely be+ ! seat ( ! bi%opric1 & aft] ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies ,h5ry ,,viii4 conv]t$ ! conv5tual *ur* into a ca!dral 7#aeda74 ,! diocese is ext5sive4 ,x cov]s ne>ly ! :ole ( ,cambridge%ire1 ,hunt+don%ire & ,b$=d%ire1 "p ( ,suffolk1 & small portions ( ,essex1 ,norfolk1 ,nor?ampton%ire1 ,h]t=d%ire & ,buck+ham%ire4 ,! ca!dral is a cruci=m /ructure1 #ecg ft4 long & #aij ft4 across ! great transepts 7ext]ior measurem5ts74 ,a relic ( ! ,saxon f\ndation is pres]v$ 9 ! cross ( ,/ ,osy? 7c4 #fgj71 & a pre-,norman w9d[ is kept 9 ! tri=ium1 hav+ be5 dug up ne> ! ca!dral4 ,( ! "w ( ! fir/ two ,norman abbots all t rema9s is ! e>ly ,norman l[] /orey ( ! ma9 transept4 ,! f\ndations ( ,abbot ,simeon's apse 7 discov]$ bel[ ! pres5t *oir4 ,! nave1 :i* is ,norman ?r\gh\t1 is #bjh ft4 9 l5g?1 #gb ft4 #i 94 to ! top ( ! walls1 & #gg ft4 #c 94 broad1 includ+ ! aisles4 ,! upp] p>ts ( ! we/]n t[] & ! transept 7 begun by ,bi%op ,ge(frey ,ridel 7d4 #aahi71 & cont9u$ by 8 successor ,william ,long*amp1 *ancellor ( ,engl&4 ,! t[]1 :i* is #bae ft4 high1 is surm\nt$ by a ,decorat$ octagon ) p>tly deta*$ side turrets1 & und]w5t alt]ation & /r5g!n+ 9 ! ,p]p5dicul> p]iod4 ,! nor?-we/]n transept w+ is 9 ru9s2 x is n kn[n :5 x fell4 ,! ,galilee1 or we/]n por*1 by :i* ! ca!dral is ent]$1 is ! "w ( ,bi%op ,eu/ace 7d4 #abae71 & is a p]fect example ( ,e>ly ,engli% /yle4 ,9 #acbb ! ,norman c5tral t[]1 erect$ by ,abbot ,simeon1 fell4 ,alan ( ,wals+ham1 sacri/ ( ! *ur*1 design$ its re/oration 9 ! =m ( ! pres5t octagon1 a beautiful & unique conception4 ,in/ead ( ! ord9>y f\r-ar*$ c5tral cross+1 an octagon is =m$ at ! cross+1 ! ar*es ( ! nave aisles & *oir aisles be+ set obliquely4 ,bo? )\t & )91 ! octagon is ! pr9cipal feature 9 ! unusual g5]al appe>ance ( ! ca!dral1 :i* gives x a peculi> em95ce among ,engli% *ur*es4 ,! octagon 0 complet$ 9 #acbh1 & ^u ! ribb$ vault+ ( wood above x rose ! l(ty lant]n1 octagonal also1 ) its angles set opposite ^? ( ! octagon bel[4 ,! total height ( ! /ructure is #agj ft4 #g 94 ,alan ( ,wals+ham 0 fur!r employ$ by ,bi%op ,john ( ,ho?am 7d4 #accg7 z ar*itect ( ! ,lady *apel1 a beautiful example ( ,decorat$ "w1 :i* s]v$ f #aeff onw>d z a p>i% *ur*4 ,( ! sev5 bays ( ! *oir ! f\r ea/]nmo/1 z well z ! two beyond =m+ ! retro*oir1 7 built by ,bi%op ,hugh ( ,nor?wold 7d4 #abed74 ,! ?ree we/]n bays 7 de/roy$ by ! fall ( ! t[] 9 #acba1 & 7 rebuilt by ,alan ( ,wals+ham4 ,! e>li] portion is a sup]b example ( ,e>ly ,engli% "w1 :ile ! lat] is p]haps ! be/ example ( pure ,decorat$ 9 ,engl&4 ,! wood5 canopies ( ! *oir /alls are ,decorat$ 7#accg7 & v elaborate4 ,! ,p]p5dicul> /yle is repres5t$ by w9d[s & c]ta9 o!r details1 includ+ support+ ar*es to ! we/]n t[]4 ,!re are also "s spl5did *antry *apels & tombs 9 ?is /yle--! *apels ( ,bi%op ,john ,alcock 7d4 #aejj7 & ,bi%op ,nicolas ,we/ 7d4 #aecd71 9 ! nor? & s\? *oir aisles respectively1 are completely cov]$ ) ! mo/ delicate ornam5tation2 :ile ! tomb ( ,bi%op ,ri*>d ,r$man 7d4 #aeje7 has a rem>kably beautiful canopy4 ,among e>li] monum5ts ! canopi$ tomb ( ,bi%op ,william de ,luda 7#abij-abih7 & ! f9ely-c>v$ effigy ( ,bi%op ,nor?wold 7#abed7 are notable4 ,betwe5 #ahde & #ahhd ! ca!dral und]w5t re/oration "u ! direction ( ,sir ,gilb]t ,scott4 ,! "w includ$ ! erection ( ! mod]n r]$os & *oir-scre51 bo? design$ by ,scott1 & ! pa9t+ ( ! nave ro( by ,/yleman le ,/range 7d4 #ahfb71 :o 0 succe$$ by ,gambi] ,p>ry4 ,p>ry also ri*ly ornam5t$ ! octagon & lant]n 9 ! /yle ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,rema9s ( ! mona/ic build+s are fragm5t>y b num]\s4 ,m5tion has be5 made ( ! ,ely ,porta or gateway 7#acif71 :i* is occupi$ by ! gramm> s*ool1 & ( ,prior ,john de ,cr&5's beautiful little ,decorat$ *apel4 ,b _m ( ! rema9s1 ! bulk ( :i* are incorporat$ 9 ! dean]y & canons' & o!r resid5ces to ! s\? ( ! ca!dral1 are ( mu* e>li] date4 ,?us ! f9e e>ly ,norman und]cr(t ( ! prior's hall is probably ( ! "t ( ,abbot ,simeon4 ,ano!r notable fragm5t is ! transitional ,norman *ancel ( ! infirm>y *apel4 ,! remnants ( ! cloi/]s %[ a recon/ruction 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 b ! prior's & monks' doorways f ! cloi/]s into ! ca!dral are highly decorat$ late ,norman4 ,! bi%op's palace to ! we/ ( ! ca!dral has t[]s erect$ by ,bi%op ,alcock at ! close ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,9 ! munim5t room ( ! *apt] is pres]v$1 among _m anci5t docum5ts ( great int]e/1 ! lib] ,eli5sis1 a hi/ory ( ! mona/]y by ! monk kn[n z ,?omas ( ,ely 7d4 c4 #aagd71 ( :i* ! fir/ "p1 :i* ext5ds to ! ye> #ifj1 conta9s a life ( ,/ ,e!ldr$a1 :ile ! second is cont9u$ to ! ye> #aajg4 ,ely1 :i* accord+ to ,b$e 7,hi/4 eccl4 iv4 #ai7 d]ives its "n f ! quantity ( eels 9 ! wat]s ab\t x 7,a4,s4 ael1 eel1 -ig1 isl&71 0 a bor\gh by prescription at lea/ z e>ly z ! reign ( ,william ! ,conqu]or4 ,x ow$ its importance entirely to ! mona/]y1 & = a long "t ! abbot & aft]w>ds ! bi%op _h almo/ absolute p[] 9 ! t[n4 ,! bailiff :o gov]n$ ! t[n 0 *os5 by ! bi%op until #ahej1 :5 a local bo>d 0 appo9t$4 ,ri*>d ,i4 grant$ ! bi%op ( ,ely a fair !re1 & 9 #acai-acbj ,john ( ,ho?am1 a lat] bi%op1 receiv$ lic5ce to hold a fair on ! vigil & day ( ,asc5sion & = tw5ty days foll[+4 ,! m>kets are claim$ by an undat$ *>t] by ! bi%op1 :o also cont9ues to hold ! fairs4 ,9 #abie ,ely s5t two memb]s to p>liam5t1 b has nev] be5 repres5t$ s9ce4 ,see ,c4,w4 ,/ubbs1 ,ely ,ca!dral 7,london1 #ahig72 ,victoria ,c\nty ,hi/ory1 ,cambridge%ire4 ,,elyot1 ,,sir ,,?omas 7c4 #adij-aedf71 ,engli% diplomati/ & s*ol>4 ,8 fa!r1 ,sir ,ri*>d ,elyot 7d4 #aebb71 :o held consid]able e/ates 9 ,wilt%ire1 0 made 7#aejc7 s]jeant-at-law & attorney-g5]al to ! que5 consort1 & soon aft]w>ds 0 commission$ to act z ju/ice ( assize on ! we/]n circuit1 becom+ 9 #aeac judge ( common pleas4 ,?omas 0 ! son ( 8 fir/ m>riage ) ,alice ,fynd]ne1 b nei!r ! date nor place ( 8 bir? is accurately kn[n4 ,an?ony a ,wood claim$ him z an alumnus ( ,/ ,m>y ,hall1 ,ox=d1 :ile ,c4,h4 ,coop] 9 ! ,a!nae ,cantabrigi5ses put 9 a claim = ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,elyot himself says 9 ! preface to 8 ,diction>y t he 0 educat$ "u ! pat]nal ro(1 & 0 f ! age ( twelve 8 own tutor4 ,he supplies1 9 ! introduction to 8 ,ca/ell ( ,hel?1 a li/ ( ! au?ors he _h read 9 philosophy & m$ic9e1 add+ t a wor%ipful physician read to him ,gal5 & "s o!r au?ors4 ,9 #aeaa he accompani$ 8 fa!r on ! we/]n circuit z cl]k to ! assize1 & he held ?is position until #aebh4 ,9 addition to 8 fa!r's l&s 9 ,wilt%ire & ,ox=d%ire he inh]it$ 9 #aebc ! ,cambridge e/ates ( 8 c\s91 ,?omas ,fynd]ne4 ,8 title 0 disput$1 b ,wolsey decid$ 9 8 fav\r1 & also made him cl]k ( ! privy c\ncil4 ,elyot1 9 a lett] address$ to ,?omas ,cromwell1 says t he nev] receiv$ ! emolum5ts ( ?is (fice1 :ile ! b>r5 hon\r ( knigh?ood conf]r$ on him :5 he 0 displac$ 9 #aecj m]ely put him to fur!r exp5se4 ,9 t ye> he sat on ! commission appo9t$ to inquire into ! ,cambridge%ire e/ates ( 8 =m] patron1 ,c>d9al ,wolsey4 ,he m>ri$ ,m>g>et ,b>r[1 :o is describ$ 7,/apleton1 ,vita ,?omae ,mori1 p4 #ei1 ed4 #aeeh7 z a /ud5t 9 ! s*ool ( ,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,9 #aeca he produc$ ! ,boke nam$ ! ,gov]n\r1 d$icat$ to ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii4 ,! "w advanc$ him 9 ! k+'s fav\r1 & 9 ! close ( ! ye> he receiv$ in/ructions to proce$ to ! c\rt ( ! emp]or ,*>les ,v4 to induce him to take a m fav\rable view ( ,h5ry's project$ divorce f ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon4 ,) ?is 0 comb9$ ano!r commission1 on :i* "o ( ! k+'s ag5ts1 ,/eph5 ,vaughan1 0 already engag$4 ,he 01 if possible1 to appreh5d ,william ,tyndale4 ,x is probable t ,elyot 0 suspect$1 z ,vaughan c]ta9ly 01 ( lukew>mness 9 c>ry+ out ! k+'s wi%es1 b ?is has n prev5t$ 8 be+ mu* abus$ by ,prote/ant writ]s4 ,z ambassador ,elyot _h be5 involv$ 9 ru9\s exp5se1 & on 8 return he wrote to ,?omas ,cromwell1 begg+ to be excus$ f s]v+ z %]iff ( ,cambridge%ire & ,hunt+don%ire1 on ! score ( 8 pov]ty4 ,! reque/ 0 n grant$4 ,he 0 "o ( ! commission]s 9 ! inquiry in/itut$ by ,cromwell prior to ! suppression ( ! mona/]ies1 b he did n obta9 any %>e ( ! spoils4 ,!re is little d\bt t 8 kn[n fri5d%ip = ,?omas ,m militat$ aga9/ 8 *ances ( success1 = 9 a lett] address$ to ,cromwell he admitt$ 8 fri5d%ip = ,m1 b prote/$ t he rat$ high] 8 duty to ! k+4 ,william ,rop]1 9 8 ,life ( ,m1 says t ,elyot 0 on a second embassy to ,*>les ,v41 9 ! w9t] ( #aece-aecf1 :5 he receiv$ at ,naples ! news ( ,m's execution4 ,he _h be5 kept 9 ! d>k by 8 own gov]nm5t1 b he>d ! news f ! emp]or4 ,! /ory ( an e>li] embassy to ,rome 7#aecb71 m5tion$ by ,burnet1 re/s on a late endorsem5t ( in/ructions dat$ f t ye>1 :i* _c be reg>d$ z au?oritative4 ,9 #aedb he repres5t$ ! bor\gh ( ,cambridge 9 p>liam5t4 ,he _h pur*as$ f ,cromwell ! manor ( ,c>leton 9 ,cambridge%ire1 :]e he di$ on ! #bf? ( ,m>* #aedf4 ,sir ,?omas ,elyot receiv$ little rew>d = 8 s]vices to ! /ate1 b 8 s*ol>%ip & 8 books 7 held 9 high e/eem by 8 contempor>ies4 ,! ,boke nam$ ! ,gov]n\r 0 pr9t$ by ,?omas ,b]!let 7#aeca1 #aecd1 #aecf1 #aedd1 c474 ,x is a treatise on moral philosophy1 int5d$ to direct ! education ( ^? de/9$ to fill high positions1 & to inculcate ^? moral pr9ciples :i* alone c\ld fit !m = ! p]=mance ( _! duties4 ,! subject 0 a fav\rite "o 9 ! #af? c5tury1 & ! book1 :i* conta9$ _m citations f classical au?ors1 0 v popul>4 ,elyot expressly ackn[l$ges 8 obligations to ,erasmus's ,in/itutio ,pr9cipis ,*ri/iani2 b he makes no ref]5ce to ! ,de regno et regis in/itutione ( ,francesco ,patrizzi 7d4 #adid71 bi%op ( ,gaeta1 on :i* 8 "w 0 und\bt$ly modell$4 ,z a prose writ]1 ,elyot enri*$ ! ,engli% language ) _m new words4 ,9 #aecd he publi%$ ,! ,ca/ell ( ,hel?1 a popul> treatise on m$ic9e1 int5d$ to place a sci5tific k ( ! art )9 ! rea* ( ^? unacqua9t$ ) ,greek4 ,?is "w1 ?\gh sc(f$ at by ! faculty1 0 appreciat$ by ! g5]al public1 & spe$ily w5t ?r\gh _m editions4 ,8 ,lat9 ,diction>y1 ! e>lie/ compreh5sive diction>y ( ! language1 0 complet$ 9 #aech4 ,! copy ( ! fir/ edition 9 ! ,briti% ,museum conta9s an autograph lett] f ,elyot to ,?omas ,cromwell1 to :om x orig9ally belong$4 ,x 0 edit$ & enl>g$ 9 #aedh by ,?omas ,coop]1 bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 :o call$ x ,biblio!ca ,eliotae1 & x =m$ ! basis 9 #aefe ( ,coop]'s ,!saurus l+uae ,romanae et ,britannicae4 ,elyot's translations include3--,! ,doctr9al ( ,pr9ces 7#aecd71 f ,isocrates2 ,cyprianus1 ,a ,swete & ,dev\te ,s]mon ( ,holy ,saynt ,ciprian ( ! ,mortalitie ( ,man 7#aecd72 ,rules ( a ,*ri/ian ,life 7#aecd71 f ,pico della ,mir&ola2 ,! ,education or ,br++ up ( ,*ildr5 7c4 #aece71 f ,plut>*2 & ,h[e "o may take ,pr(ite ( 8 ,enymes 7#aece71 f ! same au?or is g5]ally attribut$ to him4 ,he also wrote3 ,! ,k :i* make? a ,wise ,man & ,pasquyll ! ,playne 7#aecc72 ,! ,bankette ( ,sapi5ce 7#aecd71 a collection ( moral say+s2 ,pres]vative agayn/e ,de? 7#aede71 :i* conta9s _m quotations f ! ,fa!rs2 ,def5ce ( ,good ,wom5 7#aede74 ,8 ,image ( ,gov]nance1 compil$ ( ! ,actes & ,s5t5ces notable ( ! mo/ noble ,emp]or ,alex&] ,sev]us 7#aedj7 pr(ess$ to be a translation f a ,greek ,,ms4 ( ! emp]or's secret>y ,encolpius 7or ,eucolpius1 z ,elyot calls him71 :i* _h be5 l5t him by a g5tleman ( ,naples1 call$ ,pud]icus1 :o ask$ to h x back be=e ! translation 0 complete4 ,9 ^! circum/ances ,elyot1 z he ass]ts 9 8 preface1 suppli$ ! o!r maxims f diff]5t s\rces4 ,he 0 viol5tly assail$ by ,humphrey ,hody & lat] by ,william ,wotton = putt+ =w>d a pseudo-translation2 b ,mr ,h4,h4,s4 ,cr(t has discov]$ t !re 0 a ,neapolitan g5tleman at t "t be>+ ! "n ( ,pod]ico1 or1 ,lat9iz$1 ,pud]icus1 ) :om ,elyot may well h be5 acqua9t$4 ,rog] ,as*am m5tions 8 ,de rebus memorabilibus ,angliae2 & ,webbe quotes a few l9es ( a lo/ translation ( ! ,ars poetica ( ,horace4 ,a le>n$ edition ( ! ,gov]n\r 7#b vols41 #ahhj71 by ,h4,h4,s4 ,cr(t1 conta9s1 besides copi\s notes1 a valuable gloss>y ( #af? c5tury ,engli% words4 ,,elyria1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,lora9 c\nty1 ,ohio1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,black riv]1 #h m4 f ,lake ,erie1 & ab\t #be m4 ,w4,s4,w4 ( ,clevel&4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #efaa2 7#aijj7 #hgia1 ( :om #acig 7 =eign-born2 7#aiaj c5sus7 #ad1hbe4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,baltimore ,ohio1 & ! ,lake ,%ore ,mi*igan ,s\!rn railways4 ,elyria is ab\t #gbj ft4 above sea-level1 & lies at ! junction ( ! two =ks ( ! ,black riv]1 ea* ( :i* falls ab\t #ej ft4 "h1 furni%+ wat]-p[]4 ,among ! city's manufactures are oxide ( t9 & o!r *emicals1 iron & /eel1 lea!r goods1 automobiles & bicycles1 electrical & telephone supplies1 butt$ tub+1 gas eng9es1 screws & bolts1 silk1 lace & hosi]y4 ,9 #aije ! city's factory products 7 valu$ at #b1icc1dej--adj4b m ?an _! value 9 #aijj4 ,flagg+1 build+-/ones & gr9d/ones1 tak5 f qu>ries 9 ! vic9ity 7kn[n z ! ,b]ea ,grit qu>ries71 are %ipp$ f ,elyria 9 l>ge quantities4 ,elyria 0 f\nd$ ab\t #ahai by ,heman ,ely1 9 ^: hon\r x 0 nam$2 x 0 select$ z ! site = ! c\nty seat 9 #ahbc1 & 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahib4 ,,elysium1 9 ,greek my?ology1 ! ,elysian fields1 ! abode ( ! righte\s aft] _! removal f e>?4 ,9 ,hom] 7,od4 iv4 #efc7 ?is region is a pla9 at ! f>!/ end ( ! e>? on ! banks ( ! riv] ,oceanus1 :]e ! fair-hair$ ,rhadaman?ys rules1 & :]e ! p are vex$ by nei!r sn[ nor /orm1 heat nor cold1 ! air be+ always temp]$ by ! zephyr waft$ f ! ocean4 ,x is no dwell+ ( ! dead nor "p ( ! l[] _w1 b di/+ui%$ h]oes are translat$ ?i!r )\t dy+1 to live a life ( p]fect happ9ess4 ,9 ,hesiod 7,w4 & ,d4 #aff7 ! same description is giv5 ( ! ,isl&s ( ! ,bless$ "u ! rule ( ,cronus1 :i* yield ?ree h>ve/s ye>ly4 ,"h1 accord+ to ,p9d>1 ,rhadaman?ys sits by ! side ( 8 fa!r ,cronus & adm9i/]s judgm5t 7,ol4 ii4 #fa1 ,frag4 #ie74 ,all :o h successfully gone ?r\gh a triple probation on e>? are admitt$ to %>e ^! bless+s4 ,9 lat] acc\nts 7,a5eid1 vi4 #eda7 ,elysium 0 reg>d$ z "p ( ! und]world1 ! home ( ! righte\s dead adjudg$ wor?y ( x by ! tribunal ( ,m9os1 ,rhadaman?ys & ,aeacus4 ,^? :o _h liv$ evil lives 7 ?ru/ d[n into ,t>t>us1 :]e !y suff]$ endless torm5ts4 ,,elze1 ,,k>l 7#ahba-ahhi71 ,g]man s*ol> & ,%akespe>ian critic1 0 born at ,dessau on ! #bbnd ( ,may #ahba4 ,hav+ /udi$ 7#ahci-ahdc7 classical philology1 & mod]n1 b especially ,engli%1 lit]ature at ! univ]sity ( ,leipzig1 he 0 a ma/] = a "t 9 ! ,gymnasium 7classical s*ool7 at ,dessau1 & 9 #ahge 0 appo9t$ extraord9>y1 & 9 #ahgf ord9>y1 pr(essor ( ,engli% philology at ! univ]sity ( ,halle1 9 :i* city he di$ on ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y #ahhi4 ,elze began 8 lit]>y c>e] ) ! ,englis*] ,li$]s*atz 7#ahea71 an an?ology ( ,engli% lyrics1 edit$ = a :ile a critical p]iodical ,atlantis1 & 9 #aheg publi%$ an edition ( ,%akespe>e's ,hamlet ) critical notes4 ,he also edit$ ,*apman's ,alphonsus 7#ahfg7 & wrote biographies ( ,walt] ,scott1 ,byron & ,%akespe>e2 ,abh&lung5 zu ,%akespe>e 7,engli% translation by ,d4 ,s*mitz1 z ,essays on ,%akespe>e1 ,london1 #ahgd71 & ! excell5t treatise1 ,notes on ,elizabe?an ,dramati/s ) conjectural em5dations ( ! text 7#c vols41 ,halle1 #ahhj-ahhf1 new ed4 #ahhi74 ,,elzevir1 ! "n ( a celebrat$ family ( ,dut* pr9t]s belong+ to ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! orig9al "n ( ! family 0 ,elsevi]1 or ,elzevi]1 & _! ,fr5* editions mo/ly reta9 ?is "n2 b 9 _! ,lat9 editions1 :i* are ! m num]\s1 ! "n is spelt ,elzev]ius1 :i* 0 gradually corrupt$ 9 ,engli% into ,elzevir z a g5]ic t]m = _! books4 ,! family orig9ally came f ,l\va91 & !re ,l\is1 :o fir/ made ! "n ,elzevir fam\s1 0 born 9 #aedj4 ,he le>n$ ! bus9ess ( a bookb9d]1 & hav+ be5 compell$ 9 #aehj1 on acc\nt ( 8 ,prote/antism & 8 adh]5ce to ! cause ( ! insurg5t prov9ces1 to leave 8 native c\ntry1 he e/abli%$ himself z bookb9d] & booksell] 9 ,leid54 ,8 ,eutropius1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aeib1 0 long reg>d$ z ! e>lie/ ,elzevir1 b ! fir/ is n[ kn[n to be ,drusii ,ebraic>um quae/ionum ac responsionum libri duo1 :i* 0 produc$ 9 #aehc4 ,9 all he publi%$ ab\t #aej works4 ,he di$ on ! #d? ( ,febru>y #afag4 ,( 8 five sons1 ,mat?ieu1 ,l\is1 ,gilles1 ,joo/ & ,bonav5ture1 :o all adopt$ _! fa!r's pr(ession1 ,bonav5ture1 :o 0 born 9 #aehc1 is ! mo/ celebrat$4 ,he began bus9ess z a pr9t] 9 #afjh1 & 9 #afbf took into p>tn]%ip ,abraham1 a son ( ,mat?ieu1 born at ,leid5 9 #aeib4 ,abraham di$ on ! #ad? ( ,augu/ #afeb1 & ,bonav5ture ab\t a mon? aft]w>ds4 ,! fame ( ! ,elzevir editions re/s *iefly on ! works issu$ by ?is firm4 ,_! ,greek & ,hebrew impressions are consid]$ inf]ior to ^? ( ! ,aldi & ! ,e/i5nes1 b _! small editions 9 #abmo1 #afmo & #bdmo1 = elegance ( design1 neatness1 cle>ness & regul>ity ( type1 & beauty ( pap]1 _c be surpass$4 ,especially may be m5tion$ ! two editions ( ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ,greek 7,greek3 ,he ka9e dia!ke1 ,novum ,te/am5tum1 c471 publi%$ 9 #afbd & #afcc1 ( :i* ! latt] is ! m beautiful & ! m s\ght aft]2 ! ,psalt]ium ,davidis1 #afec2 ,virgilii op]a1 #afcf2 ,t]5tii com$iae1 #afce2 b ! works :i* gave _! press its *ief celebrity are _! collection ( ,fr5* au?ors on hi/ory & politics 9 #bdmo1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ! ,petites ,republiques1 & _! s]ies ( ,lat91 ,fr5* & ,italian classics 9 small #abmo4 ,jean1 son ( ,abraham1 born 9 #afbb1 _h s9ce #afdg be5 9 p>tn]%ip ) 8 fa!r & uncle1 & :5 !y di$ ,daniel1 son ( ,bonav5ture1 born 9 #afbf1 jo9$ him4 ,_! p>tn]%ip did n la/ m ?an two ye>s1 & aft] its dissolution ,jean c>ri$ on ! bus9ess alone till 8 dea? 9 #affa4 ,9 #afed ,daniel jo9$ 8 c\s9 ,l\is 7! ?ird ( t "n & son ( ! second ,l\is71 :o 0 born 9 #afjd1 & _h e/abli%$ a pr9t+ press at ,am/]dam 9 #afch4 ,f #afee to #afff !y publi%$ a s]ies ( ,lat9 classics 9 #hvo1 cum notis v>iorum2 ,cic]o 9 #dto2 ! ,etymologicon l+uae ,lat9ae2 & a magnific5t ,corpus juris civilis 9 folio1 #b vols41 #affc4 ,l\is di$ 9 #afgj1 & ,daniel 9 #afhj4 ,besides ,bonav5ture1 ano!r son ( ,mat?ieu1 ,isaac1 born 9 #aeic1 e/abli%$ a pr9t+ press at ,leid51 :]e he c>ri$ on bus9ess f #afaf to #afbe2 b none ( 8 editions atta9$ mu* fame4 ,! la/ repres5tatives ( ! ,elzevir pr9t]s 7 ,pet]1 gr&son ( ,joo/1 :o f #affg to #afge 0 a booksell] at ,utre*t1 & pr9t$ sev5 or eight volumes ( little consequ5ce2 & ,abraham1 son ( ! fir/ ,abraham1 :o f #afha to #agab 0 univ]sity pr9t] at ,leid54 ,"s ( ! ,elzevir editions be> no o!r typographical m>k ?an simply ! words ,apud ,elzev]ios1 or ,ex (fic9a ,elsev]iana1 "u ! rubrique ( ! t[n4 ,b ! majority be> "o ( _! special devices1 f\r ( :i* are recogniz$ z 9 common use4 ,l\is ,elzevir1 ! f\nd] ( ! family1 usually adopt$ ! arms ( ! ,unit$ ,prov9ces1 an eagle on a cippus hold+ 9 its claws a %eaf ( sev5 arr[s1 ) ! motto ,concordia res p>vae crescunt4 ,ab\t #afbj ! ,leid5 ,elzevirs adopt$ a new device1 kn[n z ! solit>y1 & consi/+ ( an elm tree1 a fruitful v9e & a man alone1 ) a motto ,non solus4 ,!y also us$ ano!r device1 a palm tree ) ! motto1 ,assurgo pressa4 ,! ,elzevirs ( ,am/]dam us$ = _! pr9cipal device a figure ( ,m9]va ) owl1 %ield & olive tree1 & ! motto1 ,ne extra oleas4 ,! e>lie/ productions ( ! ,elzevir press are m>k$ ) an angel be>+ a book & a scy!1 & v>i\s o!r devices occur at diff]5t times4 ,:5 ! ,elzevirs did n wi% to put _! "n to _! works !y g5]ally m>k$ !m ) a sph]e1 b ( c\rse ! m]e fact t a "w pr9t$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury be>s ?is m>k is no pro( t x is !irs4 ,! total numb] ( works ( all k9ds :i* came f ! presses ( ! ,elzevirs is giv5 by ,willems z #afjh2 !re 7 also _m =g]ies4 ,see ,notice de la collection d'auteurs lat9s1 francais1 et itali5s1 imprimee de =mat petit en #ab1 p> les ,elsevi]1 9 ,brunet's ,manuel du libraire 7,p>is1 #ahbj72 ,a4 de ,reume1 ,re*]*es hi/oriques1 g5ealogiques1 et bibliographiques sur les ,elsevi] 7,brussels1 #ahdg72 ,paul ,dupont1 ,hi/oire de l'imprim]ie1 9 two vols4 7,p>is1 #ahed72 ,piet]s1 ,annales de l'imprim]ie ,elseviri5ne 7#bnd ed41 ,gh5t1 #aheh72 ,wal!r1 ,les ,elseviri5nes de la biblio!que imp]iale de ,/-,pet]sb\rg 7,/ ,pet]sburg1 #ahfd72 ,alphonse ,willems1 ,les ,elzevi] 7,brussels1 #ahhj71 ) a hi/ory ( ! ,elzevir family & _! pr9t+ e/abli%m5ts1 a *ronological li/ & detail$ description ( all works pr9t$ by !m1 _! v>i\s typographical m>ks1 & a plate illu/rat+ ! types us$ by !m2 ,kel*n]1 ,catalogus librorum (fic9ae ,elsevirianae 7,p>is1 #ahhj72 ,frick1 ,die ,elzevirs*5 ,republik5 7,halle1 #ahib72 ,b]ghman1 ,etudes sur la bibliographie ,elzeviri5ne 7,/ockholm1 #ahhe71 & ,n\velles etudes1 c4 7ib4 #ahig74 ,,emanation 7,lat4 emanatio1 f e-1 out1 man>e1 to fl[71 9 philosophy & !ology1 ! "n ( "o ( ! ?ree *ief !ories ( exi/5ce1 i4e4 ( ! relation betwe5 ,god & m5--! ,"o & ! ,_m1 ! ,univ]sal & ! ,p>ticul>4 ,?is !ory has be5 prop\nd$ 9 _m =ms1 b ! c5tral idea is t ! univ]se ( individuals consi/s ( ! involunt>y outp\r+s ( ! ultimate div9e ess5ce4 ,t ess5ce is n only all-inclusive1 b absolutely p]fect1 :ile ! emanat$ individuals deg5]ate 9 proportion to ! degree ( _! di/ance f ! ess5ce4 ,! exi/5ce ( evil 9 opposition to ! p]fect goodness ( ,god1 z ?us expla9$1 ne$ n be attribut$ to ,god's ag5cy1 inasmu* z ! :ole emanation-process is gov]n$ by necess>y--z x 7 me*anical--laws1 :i* may be comp>$ to ^? ( ! physical univ]se4 ,! doctr9e ( emanation is ?us to be di/+ui%$ f ! cosmogonic !ory ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 :i* expla9s human exi/5ce z due to a s+le creative act ( a moral ag5t4 ,! ,god ( ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity is ess5tially a p]son 9 close p]sonal relation to 8 creatures2 emanation is ! d5ial ( p]sonality bo? = ,god & = man4 ,! emanation !ory is to be contra/$1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ! !ory ( evolution4 ,! two !ories are alike 9 s f> z bo? recognize ! exi/5ce ( individuals z due to a necess>y process ( diff]5tiation & a scale ( exi/5ce4 ,!y diff]1 h[ev]1 fundam5tally 9 ?is respect1 t1 :]eas evolution reg>ds ! process z f ! indet]m9ate l[] t[>ds ! det]m9ate high]1 emanation reg>ds x z f ! highe/ to ! indef9itely l[]4 ,!re is consid]able sup]ficial simil>ity betwe5 evolution & emanation1 especially 9 _! =mal /atem5ts4 ,! process ( evolution f ! indet]m9ate to ! det]m9ate is (t5 express$ z a progress f ! univ]sal to ! p>ticul>4 ,?us ! primordial matt] assum$ by ! e>ly ,greek physici/s may be said to be ! univ]sal sub/ance out ( :i* p>ticul> ?+s arise4 ,! doctr9e ( emanation also reg>ds ! _w z a process ( p>ticul>ization4 ,yet ! resemblance is m app>5t ?an real4 ,! univ]sal is1 z ,h]b]t ,sp5c] rem>k$1 a subjective idea1 & ! g5]al =ms1 exi/+ ante res1 :i* play s prom95t a "p 9 ,greek & m$ieval philosophy1 d n 9 ! lea/ correspond to ! homog5e\s matt] ( ! physical evolutioni/s4 ,! "o process is a logical op]ation1 ! o!r a physical4 ,! !ory ( emanation1 :i* _h its s\rce 9 c]ta9 moral & religi\s ideas1 aims fir/ ( all at expla9+ ! orig9 ( m5tal or spiritual exi/5ce z an efflu5ce f ! div9e & absolute _s4 ,9 ! next place1 x seeks to acc\nt = ! g5]al laws ( ! _w1 = ! univ]sal =ms ( exi/5ce1 z ideas :i* emanate f ! ,deity4 ,by "s x 0 develop$ into a complete philosophy ( ! _w1 9 :i* matt] itself is view$ z ! l[e/ emanation f ! absolute4 ,9 ?is =m x /&s 9 %>p anti!sis to ! doctr9e ( evolution1 bo? because ! =m] views ! _w ( p>ticul> ?+s & ev5ts z ess5tially unreal & illusory1 & because ! latt]1 s f> z x goes1 looks on matt] z et]nal1 & seeks to expla9 ! g5]al =ms ( ?+s z we p]ceive !m by help ( simpl] assumptions4 ,9 c]ta9 !ories kn[n z doctr9es ( emanation1 only m5tal exi/5ce is ref]r$ to ! absolute s\rce1 :ile matt] is view$ z et]nal & di/9ct f ! div9e nature4 ,9 ?is =m ! doctr9e ( emanation approa*es c]ta9 =ms ( ! evolution !ory 7see ,,evolution74 ,! doctr9e ( emanation is correctly describ$ z ( ori5tal orig94 ,x appe>s 9 v>i\s =ms 9 ,indian philosophy1 & is ! *>act]i/ically ori5tal elem5t 9 syncretic sy/ems l ,neoplatonism & ,gno/icism4 ,none ! less x is easy to f9d x 9 embryo 9 ! speculations ( ! ess5tially ,european philosoph]s ( ,greece4 ,plato1 ^: philosophy 0 /rongly oppos$ to ! evolution !ory1 di/9ctly incl9es to ! emanation idea 9 8 doctr9e t ea* p>ticul> ?+ is :at x is 9 virtue ( a pre-exi/5t idea1 & t ! p>ticul>s are ! l[e/ 9 ! scale ( exi/5ce1 at ! head (1 or above1 :i* is ! idea ( ! good4 ,! view ( ,x5ocrates is bas$ on ! same ideas4 ,or aga91 we may comp>e ! ,/oic doctr9e ( ,greek3 aporroiai 7lit]ally emanations7 f ! div9e ess5ce4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 only 9 ! la/ eclectic p]iod ( ,greek philosophy t ! emanation doctr9e 0 def9itely e/abli%$ 9 ! doctr9es1 e4g4 ,plot9us4 ,see especially articles ,,evolution1 ,,neoplatonism1 ,,gno/icism4 ,,emanuel ,i4 ,portuguese ,manoel 7#adfi-aeba71 f\rte5? k+ ( ,portugal1 surnam$ ! ,happy1 knight ( ! ,g>t] & ( ! ,gold5 ,fleece1 0 ! son ( ,duke ,f]d9& ( ,vizeu & ( ,beatrice ( ,beja1 gr&*ildr5 ( ,john ,i4 ( ,portugal4 ,he 0 born at ,alco*ete on ! #crd ( ,may #adfi1 or1 accord+ to ,b>bosa ,ma*ado1 on ! #a/ ( ,june4 ,8 e>ly education 0 direct$ by a ,sicilian nam$ ,cataldo4 ,9 #adie he became k+ 9 succession to 8 c\s9 ,john ,,ii4 ,9 #adig he m>ri$ ,isabella1 daught] ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella ( ,ca/ile1 :o _h previ\sly be5 m>ri$ to ,alphonso1 ! heir ( ,john ,,ii4 ,%e di$ 9 ! next ye> 9 giv+ bir? to a son nam$ ,miguel1 :o until 8 dea? two ye>s lat] 0 consid]$ heir to ! entire ,ib]ian ,p59sula4 ,emanuel's next wife 0 ,m>ia1 ano!r daught] ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 :om he m>ri$ 9 #aejj4 ,two ( _! *ildr51 ,john & ,h5ry1 lat] became k+s ( ,portugal4 ,m>ia di$ 9 #aeaf1 & 9 #aeah h] niece ,leonora1 a si/] ( ! emp]or ,*>les ,v41 became ,emanuel's ?ird wife4 ,emanuel's reign is notewor?y = ! cont9uance ( ! ,portuguese discov]ies & ! ext5sion ( _! *a9 ( trad+-po/s1 ,vasco da ,gama's op5+ an all-sea r\te to ,india1 ,cabral's l&+ 9 ,brazil1 ,corte-,real's voyage to ,labrador1 ! exploration ( ! ,indian seas & ! op5+ ( comm]cial relations ) ,p]sia & ,*9a1 br++ ,portugal int]national prom95ce1 colonial pre-em95ce & a hi!rto unp>allel$ degree ( national prosp]ity4 ,8 int5se religi\s zeal v>i\sly manife/$ itself 9 8 p]secutions ( ! ,jews1 :om at ! beg9n+ ( 8 reign he _h be5 dispos$ to tol]ate1 8 /r5u\s endeav\rs to promote an int]national crusade aga9/ ! ,turks1 8 eag] mission>y ent]prise ?r\gh\t 8 new possessions1 & 8 erection ( tw5ty-six mona/]ies & two ca!drals1 includ+ ! /ately mona/ic *ur* ( ! ,j]onymos at ,belem 7see ,,lisbon74 ,8 jeal\sly despotic "* 0 acc5tuat$ by ! enorm\s increase ! ,indies furni%$ to 8 p]sonal weal?1 & exemplifi$ 9 8 assumption ( new titles & 9 a magnific5t embassy to ,pope ,leo ,x4 ,he di$ at ,lisbon on ! #ac? ( ,decemb] #aeba4 ,! be/ au?orities = ! hi/ory ( ,emanuel's reign are ! contempor>y #af?-c5tury ,*ronica d'el ,rei ,d4 ,manoel1 by ,damiao de ,goes1 & ,de rebus ,emanuelis1 by ,j4 ,osorio4 ,el ,rei ,d4 ,manoel1 by ,m4,b4 ,branco 7,lisbon1 #ahhh71 is a valuable b ill-arrang$ biography4 ,see also ! ,ord5acoes d ,s4,r4,d4 ,manoel 7,coimbra ,univ]sity ,press1 #agig74 ,= fur!r bibliography see ,b>bosa ,ma*ado1 ,bibliographica ,lusitana1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #afa-aff4 ,,embalm+ 7,gr4 ,greek3 balsamon1 balsam2 ,g]4 ,e9balsamir52 ,fr4 embaumem5t71 ! art ( prep>+ dead bodies1 *iefly by ! use ( m$icam5ts1 9 ord] to pres]ve !m f putrefaction & ! attacks ( insects4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians c>ri$ ! art to great p]fection1 & embalm$ n only human be+s1 b cats1 crocodiles1 i*neumons1 & o!r sacr$ animals4 ,x 0 at "o "t sugge/$ t ! orig9 ( embalm+ 9 ,egypt 0 to be trac$ to a want ( fuel = ! purpose ( cremation1 to ! inadvisability or at "s times impossibility ( burial 9 a soil annually di/urb$ by ! inundation ( ! ,nile1 & to ! necessity1 = sanit>y reasons1 ( prev5t+ ! decomposition ( ! bodies ( ! dead :5 plac$ 9 op5 sepul*res4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! corpses ( ! embalm$ mu/ h con/itut$ b a small proportion ( ! aggregate mass ( animal matt] daily to be dispos$ (1 ! above explanation w\ld 9 any case be f> f satisfactory2 & !re is no d\bt 7see ,,mummy7 t embalm+ orig9at$ 9 ! idea ( pres]v+ ! body = a future life4 ,accord+ to ,w4,h4 ,prescott1 x 0 a belief 9 a resurrection ( ! body t l$ ! anci5t ,p]uvians to pres]ve ! air-dri$ corpses ( _! dead ) s mu* solicitude 7see ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 bk4 i4 *ap4 iii474 ,& ,j4,c4 ,pri*>d 7,egyptian ,my?ology1 p4 #bjj7 prop]ly comp>$ ! ,egyptian practice ) ! views :i* r5d]$ ! ,greeks & ,romans s anxi\s to p]=m ! usual rites ( sepulture to _! dep>t$ w>riors1 namely1 444 t ^! solemnities exp$it$ ! j\rney ( ! s\l to ! appo9t$ region1 :]e x 0 to receive judgm5t = its =m] de$s1 & to h its future doom fix$ accord+ly4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s t ! discov]y ( ! pres]vation ( bodies int]r$ 9 sal9e soils may h be5 ! imm$iate orig9 ( embalm+ 9 ,egypt4 ,9 t c\ntry c]ta9 classes ( ! community 7 specially appo9t$ = ! practice ( ! art4 ,joseph1 we are told 9 ,g54 l4 #b1 comm&$ 8 s]vants ! physicians to embalm 8 fa!r4 ,h]odotus 7ii4 #hf7 gives an acc\nt ( ?ree ( ! me?ods ( embalm+ foll[$ by ! ,egyptians4 ,! mo/ exp5sive ( ^!1 :i* co/ a tal5t ( silv] 7,l#bdc3 #aes471 0 z foll[s4 ,! bra9s 7 9 "p remov$ ?r\gh ! no/rils by means ( a b5t iron implem5t1 & 9 "p by ! injection ( drugs4 ,! inte/9es hav+ be5 drawn out ?r\gh an incision 9 ! left side1 ! abdom5 0 cleans$ ) palm-w9e1 & fill$ ) myrrh1 cassia & o!r mat]ials1 & ! op5+ 0 sew$ up4 ,?is done1 ! body 0 /eep$ sev5ty days 9 a solution ( litron or natron4#a ,diodorus 7i4 #ia7 relates t ! cutt] 7,greek3 p>as*i/es7 appo9t$ to make ! incision 9 ! flank = ! removal ( ! inte/9es1 z soon z he _h p]=m$ 8 (fice1 0 pursu$ ) /ones & curses by ^? ab\t him1 x be+ held by ! ,egyptians a dete/able ?+ to commit any viol5ce or inflict a w\nd on ! body4 ,aft] ! /eep+1 ! body 0 wa%$1 & h&$ ov] to ! swa!rs1 a peculi> class ( ! l[e/ ord] ( prie/s1 call$ by ,plut>* *ol*ytae1 by :om x 0 b&ag$ 9 gumm$ clo?2 x 0 !n ready = ! c(f94 ,mummies ?us prep>$ 7 consid]$ to repres5t ,osiris4 ,9 ano!r me?od ( embalm+1 co/+ tw5ty-two m9ae 7ab\t ,l#ij71 ! abdom5 0 inject$ ) c$>-tree pit* 7,greek3 k$ria71 :i*1 z x w\ld seem f ,pl9y 7,nat4 ,hi/4 xvi4 #ba71 0 ! liquid di/illate ( ! pit*-p9e4 ,?is is /at$ by ,h]odotus to h _h a corrosive & solv5t action on ! visc]a4 ,aft] injection ! body 0 /eep$ a c]ta9 numb] ( days 9 natron2 ! cont5ts ( ! abdom5 7 all[$ to escape2 & ! process 0 !n complete4 ,! prep>ation ( ! bodies ( ! poore/ consi/$ simply 9 plac+ !m 9 natron = sev5ty days1 aft] a previ\s r9s+ ( ! abdom5 ) syrmaea4 ,! mat]ial pr9cipally us$ 9 ! co/li] modes ( embalm+ appe>s to h be5 asphalt2 wax 0 m r>ely employ$4 ,9 "s cases embalm+ seems to h be5 effect$ by imm]s+ ! body 9 a ba? ( molt5 bitum54 ,tann+ also 0 resort$ to4 ,occasionally ! visc]a1 aft] treatm5t1 7 9 "p or :olly replac$ 9 ! body1 toge!r ) wax figures ( ! f\r g5ii ( ,am5ti4 ,m commonly !y 7 embalm$ 9 a mixture ( s& & asphalt1 & buri$ 9 vases1 or canopi1 plac$ ne> ! mummy1 ! abdom5 be+ fill$ ) *ips & sawdu/ ( c$> & a small quantity ( natron4 ,9 "o j> 7 plac$ ! /oma* & l>ge inte/9e2 9 ano!r1 ! small inte/9es2 9 a ?ird1 ! lungs & he>t2 9 a f\r?1 ! gall-bladd] & liv]4 ,porphyry 7,de ab/95tia1 iv4 #aj7 m5tions a cu/om ( enclos+ ! inte/9es 9 a box & consign+ !m to ! ,nile1 aft] a pray] utt]$ by "o ( ! embalm]s1 b 8 /atem5t is reg>d$ by ,sir ,j4,g4 ,wilk9son z unwor?y ( belief4 ,! body ( ,n]o's wife ,poppaea1 contr>y to ! usage ( ! ,romans1 0 n burnt1 b z cu/om>y among o!r nations ) ! bodies ( pot5tates1 0 hon\r$ ) embalmm5t 7see ,tacitus1 ,ann4 xvi4 #f74 ,! body ( ,alex&] ! ,great is said to h be5 embalm$ ) honey 7,/atius1 ,silv4 iii4 #b4 #aag71 & ! same mat]ial 0 us$ to pres]ve ! corpse ( ,agesipolis ,i4 dur+ its conveyance to ,sp>ta = burial4 ,h]odotus /ates 7iii4 #bd7 t ! ,e?iopians1 9 embalm+1 dri$ ! body1 rubb$ x ) gypsum 7or *alk71 &1 hav+ pa9t$ x1 plac$ x 9 a block ( "s transp>5t sub/ance4 ,! ,guan*es1 ! aborig9es ( ! ,can>ies1 employ$ a mode ( embalm+ simil> to t ( ! ,egyptians1 fill+ ! holl[ caus$ by ! removal ( ! visc]a ) salt & an absorb5t vegetable p[d] 7see ,bory de ,sa9t ,v9c5t1 ,essais sur les ,iles ,=tunees1 #ahjc1 p4 #die74 ,embalm+ 0 /ill 9 vogue among ! ,egyptians 9 ! "t ( ,/ ,augu/9e1 :o says t !y t]m$ mummies gabb>ae 7,s]m4 #abj1 cap4 #ab74 ,9 mod]n times num]\s me?ods ( embalm+ h be5 practis$4 ,dr ,fr$]ick ,ruys* ( ,am/]dam 7#affe-agag7 is said to h utiliz$ alcohol = ?is purpose4 ,by ,william ,hunt] ess5tial oils1 alcohol1 c9nab>1 camphor1 saltpetre & pit* or ros9 7 employ$1 & ! f9al desiccation ( ! body 0 effect$ by means ( roa/$ gypsum plac$ 9 its c(f94 ,j4,p4 ,b\det 7#aggh-ahdi7 embalm$ ) tan1 salt1 asphalt & ,p]uvian b>k1 camphor1 c9namon & o!r aromatics & corrosive sublimate4 ,! la/-m5tion$ drug1 *loride & sulphate ( z9c1 acetate & sulphate ( alum9a1 & creasote & c>bolic acid h all be5 recomm5d$ by v>i\s mod]n embalm]s4 ,see ,,mummy2 ,l\is ,p5i*]1 ,traite des embaumem5ts 7,p>is1 #affi72 ,s4 ,blanc>d1 ,anatomia re=mata1 et de balsamatione nova me?odus 7,lugd4 ,bat41 #afie72 ,?omas ,gre5hill1 ,! ,art ( ,embalm+ 7,london1 #agje72 ,j4,n4 ,m>jol91 ,manuel d'anatomie 7,p>is1 #ahaj72 ,pettigrew1 ,hi/ory ( ,mummies 7,london1 #ahcd72 ,gannal1 ,traite d'embaumem5ts 7,p>is1 #ahch2 #bnd ed41 #ahda72 ,magnus1 ,das ,e9balsamir5 d] ,lei*5 7,brunsw41 #ahci72 ,sucquet1 ,embaumem5t 7,p>is1 #ahgb72 ,lessley1 ,embalm+ 7,tol$o1 ,ohio1 #ahhd72 ,my]s1 ,textbook ( ,embalm+ 7,spr+field1 ,ohio1 #aijj72 ,rawl9son1 ,h]odotus1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ada2 ,g4 ,elliot ,smi?1 ,a ,contribution to ! ,/udy ( ,mummification 9 ,egypt 7,cairo1 #aijf74 ,,footnote3 #a ,neutral c>bonate ( sodium1 ,na#b;,,co#c1 f\nd at ! natron lakes 9 ! ,libyan des]t1 & at ,el ,hegs1 9 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,,embankm5t1 9 eng9e]+1 a m\nd ( e>? or /one1 usually n>r[ 9 comp>ison ) its l5g?1 artificially rais$ above ! prevail+ level ( ! gr\nd4 ,embankm5ts s]ve = two ma9 classes ( purpose4 ,on ! "o h&1 !y are us$ to pres]ve ! level ( railways1 canals & roads1 9 cases :]e a valley or piece ( l[-ly+ gr\nd has to be cross$4 ,on ! o!r1 !y are employ$ to /op or limit ! fl[ ( wat]1 ei!r con/itut+ ! reta9+ wells ( res]voirs con/ruct$ 9 connexion ) wat]-supply s*emes1 or protect+ l[-ly+ tracts ( l& f riv] floods or ! encroa*m5ts ( ! sea4 ,! ^w embankm5t has ?us come to be us$ = ! mass ( mat]ial1 fac$ & support$ by a /one wall & protect$ by a p>apet1 plac$ along ! banks ( a riv] :]e x passes ?r\gh a city1 :e!r to gu>d aga9/ floods or to ga9 additional space4 ,su* is ! ,?ames ,embankm5t 9 ,london1 :i* c>ries a broad roadway1 :ile "u x runs ! ,und]gr\nd railway4 ,9 ?is s5se an embankm5t is di/+ui%$ f a quay1 ?\gh ! me*anical con/ruction may be ! same1 ! latt] ^w be+ conf9$ to places :]e %ips are load$ & unload$1 ?us diff]+ f ! ,fr5* quai1 :i* is us$ bo? ( embankm5ts & quays1 e4g4 ! ,quais along ! ,se9e at ,p>is4 ,,emb>go 7a ,spani% ^w mean+ /oppage71 9 int]national law1 ! det5tion by a /ate ( vessels )9 its ports z a measure ( public1 z di/+ui%$ f private1 utility4 ,9 practice x s]ves z a mode ( co]c+ a weak] /ate4 ,9 ! middle ages w>1 be+ reg>d$ z a complete rupture betwe5 bellig]5t /ates1 op]at$ z a susp5sion ( all respect = ! p]son & prop]ty ( private citiz5s2 an article ( ,magna ,c>ta 7#abae7 provid$ t 444 if !re %all be f\nd any su* m]*ants 9 our l& 9 ! beg9n+ ( a w>1 !y %all be atta*$1 )\t damage to _! bodies or goods1 until x may be kn[n unto u1 or our ,*ief ,ju/ici>y1 h[ our m]*ants are treat$ :o happ5 to be 9 ! c\ntry :i* is at w> ) u2 & if ours be safe !re1 !irs %all be safe 9 our l&s 7art4 #dh74 ,emb>goes 9 anticipation ( w> h long s9ce fall5 into disuse1 & x is n[ cu/om>y on ! outbreak ( w> = ! bellig]5ts ev5 to grant a respite to ! enemy's trad+ vessels to leave _! ports at ! outbreak ( w>1 s t nei!r %ip nor c>go is any long] expos$ to emb>go4 ,?is has be5 confirm$ 9 "o ( ! ,hague ,conv5tions ( #aijg 7conv5tion relative to ! /atus ( enemy m]*ant %ips at ! outbreak ( ho/ilities1 ,oct4 #ah1 #aijg71 :i* provides t :5 a m]*ant %ip belong+ to "o ( ! bellig]5t p[]s is at ! comm5cem5t ( ho/ilities 9 an enemy port1 x is desirable t x %\ld be all[$ to dep>t freely1 ei!r imm$iately1 or aft] a reasonable numb] ( days ( grace1 & to proce$1 aft] be+ furni%$ ) a pass1 direct to its port ( de/9ation1 or any o!r port indicat$ 7art4 #a74 ,! next article ( ! same conv5tion limits ! option app>5tly grant$ by ! use ( ! ^w desirable1 provid+ t a m]*ant %ip unable1 ow+ to circum/ances ( =ce majeure1 to leave ! enemy port )9 ! p]iod contemplat$ 79 ! previ\s article71 or :i* 0 n all[$ to leave1 _c be confiscat$4 ,! bellig]5t may only deta9 x1 )\t comp5sation1 b subject to ! obligation ( re/or+ x aft] ! w>1 or requisition x on paym5t ( comp5sation 7art4 #b74 7,t4 ,ba47 ,,embassy1 ! (fice ( an ambassador1 or1 m g5]ally1 ! mission on :i* an ambassador ( "o p[] is s5t to ano!r1 or ! body ( (ficial p]sonages atta*$ to su* a mission1 :e!r tempor>y or p]man5t4 ,h5ce embassy is (t5 q loosely us$ ( any mission1 diplomatic or o!rwise4 ,! ^w is also us$ ( ! (ficial resid5ce ( an ambassador4 ,embassy 0 orig9ally ambassy1 ! =m us$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 b by ! "t ( ,johnson consid]$ q obsolete4 ,ambassy is f ! ,o4 ,fr4 ambassee1 d]iv$ ?r\gh su* =ms z ! ,port4 ambassada1 ,ital4 ambasciata f a lo/ ,m$4 ,lat4 ambactiata1 ambacti>e1 to g on a mission4 7,see fur!r ,,ambassador1 ,,ext]ritoriality & ,,diplomacy47 ,,emb] ,,days & ,,emb] ,,weeks1 ! f\r seasons set ap>t by ! ,we/]n ,*ur* = special pray] & fa/+1 & ! ord9ation ( cl]gy1 kn[n 9 ! m$ieval ,*ur* z quatuor tempora1 or jejunia quatuor temporum4 ,! ,emb] weeks are ! complete weeks next foll[+ ,holy ,cross day 7,septemb] #ad71 ,/ ,lucy's day 7,decemb] #ac71 ! fir/ ,sunday 9 ,l5t & ,:itsun day4 ,! ,w$nesdays1 ,fridays & ,saturdays ( ^! weeks are ! ,emb] days di/9ctively1 ! foll[+ ,sundays be+ ! days ( ord9ation4 ,^! dates are giv5 9 ! foll[+ memorial di/i* ) a frank indiff]5ce to quantity & metre-- ,vult ,crux1 ,lucia1 ,c9is1 ,*>ismata dia ,quod det vota pia qu>ta sequ5s f]ia4 ,! ^w has be5 d]iv$ f ! ,a4,s4 ymb-r51 a circuit or revolution 7f ymb1 ar\nd1 & r5n51 to run72 or by process ( agglut9ation & phonetic decay1 exemplifi$ by ! ,g]4 quatemb]1 ,dut* quat]temp] & ,dan4 kvatemb]1 f ! ,lat4 quatuor tempora4 ,! occurr5ce ( ! ,anglo-,saxon comp\nds ymbr5-tid1 ymbr5-wucan1 ymbr5-fae/an1 ymbr5-dagas = ,emb] tide1 weeks1 fa/s1 days1 fav\rs ! =m] d]ivation1 :i* is also confirm$ by ! use ( ! ^w imbr5 9 ! acts ( ! c\ncil ( ,a5ham1 ,a4,d4 #ajji 7jejunia quatuor tempora quae imbr5 vocant74 ,x corresponds also ) ,pope ,leo ! ,great's def9ition1 jejunia ecclesia/ica p] totius anni circulum di/ributa4 ,! obs]vance ( ! ,emb] days is conf9$ to ! ,we/]n ,*ur*1 & _h its orig9 z an ecclesia/ical ord9ance 9 ,rome4 ,!y 7 probably at fir/ m]ely ! fa/s prep>atory to ! ?ree great fe/ivals ( ,*ri/mas1 ,ea/] & ,p5teco/4 ,a f\r? 0 subsequ5tly add$1 = ! sake ( symmetry1 to make !m correspond ) ! f\r seasons1 & !y became kn[n z ! jejunium v]num1 ae/ivum1 autumnale & hiemale1 s t1 to quote ,pope ,leo's words1 ! law ( ab/95ce might apply to e season ( ! ye>4 ,an e>li] m5tion ( ^! fa/s1 z f\r 9 numb]--! fir/ kn[n--is 9 ! writ+s ( ,phila/rius1 bi%op ( ,brescia1 9 ! middle ( ! #d? c5tury4 ,he also connects !m ) ! great ,*ri/ian fe/ivals 7,de ha]es4 #aai74 ,9 ,leo's "t1 ,a4,d4 #ddj-dfa1 ,w$nesday1 ,friday & ,saturday 7 already ! days ( special obs]vance4 ,f ,rome ! ,emb] days gradually spread ?r\gh ! :ole ( ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom4 ,uni=mity ( practice1 h[ev]1 0 ( some:at sl[ gr[?4 ,nei!r 9 ,gaul nor ,spa9 d !y seem to h be5 g5]ally recogniz$ mu* be=e ! #h? c5tury4 ,_! introduction into ,brita9 appe>s to h be5 e>li]1 dat+ f ,augu/9e1 ,a4,d4 #eig1 act+ "u ! au?ority ( ,gregory ! ,great4 ,! g5]al p]iod ( ! f\r fa/s be+ r\ghly fix$1 ! precise date appe>s to h v>i$ consid]ably1 & 9 "s cases to h lo/ its connexion ) ! fe/ivals altoge!r4 ,! ,ordo ,romanus fixes ! spr+ fa/ 9 ! fir/ week ( ,m>* 7!n ! fir/ mon?72 ! summ] fa/ 9 ! second week ( ,june2 ! autumnal fa/ 9 ! ?ird week ( ,septemb]2 & ! w9t] fa/ 9 ! complete week next be=e ,*ri/mas eve4 ,o!r regulations prevail$ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 until ! inconv5i5ces aris+ f ! want ( uni=mity l$ to ! rule n[ obs]v$ be+ laid d[n "u ,pope ,urban ,,ii4 z ! law ( ! *ur*1 9 ! c\ncils ( ,piac5za & ,cl]mont1 ,a4,d4 #ajie4 ,! pres5t rule :i* fixes ! ord9ation ( cl]gy 9 ! ,emb] weeks _c be trac$ f>!r back ?an ! "t ( ,pope ,gelasius1 ,a4,d4 #dib-dif4 ,9 ! e>ly ages ( ! *ur* ord9ations took place at any season ( ! ye> :5ev] necessity requir$4 ,gelasius is /at$ by ritual writ]s to h be5 ! fir/ :o limit$ !m to ^! p>ticul> times1 ! special solemnity ( ! season be+ 9 all probability ! cause ( ! selection4 ,! rule once introduc$ comm5d$ itself to ! m9d ( ! *ur*1 & its obs]vance spread4 ,we f9d x laid d[n 9 ! pontificate ( ,ar*bi%op ,ecgb]t ( ,york1 ,a4,d4 #gcb-gff1 & ref]r$ to z a canonical rule 9 a capitul>y ( ,*>lemagne1 & x 0 f9ally e/abli%$ z a law ( ! *ur* 9 ! pontificate ( ,gregory ,,vii41 c4 #ajhe4 ,,au?orities4--,muratori1 ,diss]t4 de jejun4 quat4 temp41 c4 vii41 anecdot4 tom4 ii4 p4 #bfb2 ,b+ham1 ,antiq4 ( ! ,*ri/4 ,*ur*1 bk4 iv4 *4 vi4 ,s #f1 bk4 xxi4 *4 ii4 ,,ss #a-g2 ,b9t]91 ,d5kwurdigkeit51 vol4 v4 "p #b1 pp4 #acc ff42 ,augu/i1 ,h&bu* d] *ri/li*4 ,ar*aol4 vol4 i4 p4 #dfe1 iii4 p4 #dhf4 7,e4 ,v47 ,,embezzlem5t 7,a4-,fr4 embesilem5t1 f besel] or besilli]1 to de/roy71 9 ,engli% law1 a peculi> =m ( !ft1 :i* is di/+ui%$ f ! ord9>y crime 9 two po9ts3--7#a7 ,x is committ$ by a p]son :o is 9 ! position ( cl]k or s]vant to ! own] ( ! prop]ty /ol52 & 7#b7 ! prop]ty :5 /ol5 is 9 ! possession ( su* cl]k or s]vant4 ,! def9ition ( embezzlem5t z a special =m ( !ft arose out ( ! difficulties caus$ by ! legal doctr9e t to con/itute l>c5y ! prop]ty mu/ be tak5 out ( ! possession ( ! own]4 ,s]vants & o!rs 7 ?us able to /eal ) impunity goods entru/$ to !m by _! ma/]s4 ,a /atute ( ,h5ry ,,viii4 7#aebi7 0 pass$ to meet ?is case2 & x enact$ t x %\ld be felony 9 s]vants to conv]t to _! own use caskets1 jewels1 money1 goods or *attels deliv]$ to !m by _! ma/]s4 ,?is act1 says ,sir ,j4,f4 ,/eph5 7,g5]al ,view ( ! ,crim9al ,law ( ,engl&71 assi/$ by c]ta9 subtleties accord+ to :i* ! possession ( ! s]vant 0 tak5 "u p>ticul> circum/ances to be ! possession ( ! ma/]1 s t ! s]vant by conv]t+ ! goods to 8 own use took !m out ( 8 own possession qua s]vant 7:i* 0 8 ma/]'s possession7 & put !m into 8 own possession qua ?ief 7:i* 0 a felony71 0 consid]$ suffici5t = practical purposes = m ?an #bjj ye>s4 ,9 #agii a cl]k :o _h conv]t$ to 8 own use a *eque paid across ! c\nt] to him by a cu/om] ( 8 ma/] 0 held to be n guilty ( felony2 & 9 ! same ye> an act 0 pass$1 :i*1 meet+ ! difficulty 9 su* cases1 enact$ t if any cl]k or s]vant1 or any p]son employ$ z cl]k or s]vant1 %\ld1 by virtue ( su* employm5t1 receive or take into 8 possession any money1 bonds1 bills1 c41 = or 9 ! "n or on acc\nt ( 8 employ]s1 & %\ld fraudul5tly embezzle ! same1 e su* (f5d] %\ld be deem$ to h /ol5 ! same4 ,! same def9ition is sub/antially repeat$ 9 a ,consolidation ,act pass$ 9 #ahbg4 ,numb]less difficulties ( int]pretation arose "u ^! acts1 e4g4 z to ! mean+ ( cl]k or s]vant1 z to ! diff]5ce betwe5 !ft & embezzlem5t1 c4 ,! law n[ 9 =ce1 or ! ,l>c5y ,act #ahfa1 def9es ! (f5ce ?us 7section #fh73--,:osoev]1 be+ a cl]k or s]vant1 or be+ employ$ = ! purpose or 9 ! capacity ( a cl]k or s]vant1 %all fraudul5tly embezzle any *attel1 money or valuable security :i* %all be deliv]$ to or receiv$ or tak5 into possession by him = or 9 ! "n or on ! acc\nt ( 8 ma/] or employ]1 or any "p !re(1 %all be deem$ to h feloni\sly /ol5 ! same f 8 ma/] or employ]1 al?\gh su* *attel1 money or security 0 n receiv$ into ! possession ( su* ma/] or employ] o!rwise ?an by ! actual possession ( 8 cl]k1 s]vant or o!r p]son s employ$1 & be+ convict$ !re( %all be liable1 at ! discretion ( ! c\rt1 to be kept 9 p5al s]vitude = any "t n exce$+ f\rte5 ye>s1 & n less ?an ?ree ye>s1 or imprisonm5t ) or )\t h>d lab\r = n m ?an two ye>s4 ,to con/itute ! (f5ce ?us describ$ ?ree ?+s mu/ concur3--7#a7 ,! (f5d] mu/ be a cl]k or s]vant2 7#b7 he mu/ receive into 8 possession "s *attel on behalf ( 8 ma/]2 & 7#c7 he mu/ fraudul5tly embezzle ! same4 ,a cl]k or s]vant has be5 def9$ to be a p]son b\nd ei!r by an express contract ( s]vice or by conduct imply+ su* a contract to obey ! ord]s & submit to ! control ( 8 ma/] 9 ! transaction ( ! bus9ess :i* x is 8 duty z su* cl]k or s]vant to transact4 7,/eph5's ,dige/ ( ! ,crim9al ,law1 ,art4 #cji47 ,! ,l>c5y ,act #aija1 am5d+ sections #ge & #gf ( ! ,l>c5y ,act #ahfa1 also describes simil> (f5ces on ! "p ( p]sons1 n be+ cl]ks or s]vants1 to :i* ! "n embezzlem5t is n uncommonly appli$4 ,! act makes ! (f5ce ( fraudul5tly misappropriat+ prop]ty entru/$ to a p]son by ano!r1 or receiv$ by him on behalf ( ano!r a misdemean\r puni%able by p5al s]vitude = a t]m n exce$+ sev5 ye>s1 or to imprisonm5t1 ) or )\t h>d lab\r1 = a t]m n exce$+ two ye>s4 ,s also tru/ees fraudul5tly dispos+ ( tru/ prop]ty1 & directors ( companies fraudul5tly appropriat+ ! company's prop]ty or keep+ fraudul5t acc\nts1 or wilfully de/roy+ books or publi%+ fraudul5t /atem5ts1 are misdemeanants puni%able 9 ! same way4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! law ( embezzlem5t is f\nd$ ma9ly on ! ,engli% /atute pass$ 9 #agii1 b ! /atutes ( mo/ /ates are s fram$ t l>c5y includes embezzlem5t4 ,! latt] is sometimes d5om9at$ /atutory l>c5y4 ,! puni%m5t v>ies 9 ! diff]5t /ates1 o!rwise !re is little sub/antive diff]5ce 9 ! laws ( ! two c\ntries4 ,/atutes h be5 pass$ 9 "s /ates provid+ t "o indict$ = l>c5y may be convict$ ( embezzlem5t4 ,b x is d\btful :e!r su* /atutes are valid :]e ! con/itution ( ! /ate provides t ! accus$ mu/ be in=m$ ( ! nature & cause ( ! accusation aga9/ him4 7,see also ,,l>c5y47 ,,emblem 7,gr4 ,greek3 emblema1 some?+ put 9 or ins]t$1 f ,greek3 emballe91 to ?r[ 971 a ^w orig9ally appli$ 9 ,greek & ,lat9 7emblema7 to a rais$ or inlaid ornam5t on vases & o!r vessels1 c41 & also to mosaic or tessellat$ "w4 ,x is 9 ,engli% conf9$ to a symbolical repres5tation ( "s object1 p>ticul>ly :5 us$ z a badge or h]aldic device4 ,,emblem5ts 7f ,o4 ,fr4 emblav5ce de bl$1 i4e4 corn sprung up above gr\nd71 a t]m appli$ 9 ,engli% law to ! corn & o!r crops ( ! e>? :i* are produc$ annually1 n spontane\sly1 b by lab\r & indu/ry4 ,emblem5ts belong !re=e to ! class ( fructus indu/riales1 or indu/rial gr[+ crops 7,sale ( ,goods ,act #ahic1 ,s #fb74 ,!y include n only corn & gra9 ( all k9ds1 b ev]y?+ ( an artificial & annual pr(it t is produc$ by lab\r & manur+1 e4g4 hemp1 flax1 hops1 potatoes1 artificial grasses l clov]1 b n fruit gr[+ on trees1 :i* come "u ! g5]al rule quicquid plantatur solo1 solo c$it4 ,emblem5ts are includ$ )9 ! def9ition ( goods 9 s4 #fb ( ! ,sale ( ,goods ,act #ahic4 ,:]e an e/ate ( unc]ta9 duration t]m9ates unexpect$ly by ! dea? ( ! t5ant1 or "s o!r ev5t due to no fault ( 8 own1 ! law gives to ! p]sonal repres5tative ! pr(its ( crops ( ?is nature z comp5sation = ! till+1 manur+ & s[+ ( ! l&4 ,if ! e/ate1 al?\gh ( unc]ta9 duration1 is det]m9$ by ! t5ant's own acts1 ! "r to emblem5ts does n arise4 ,! "r to emblem5ts has become ( no importance 9 ,engl& s9ce #ahea1 :5 x 0 provid$ by ! ,l&lord & ,t5ant ,act #ahea 7s4 #a7 t any t5ant at rack-r5t1 ^: lease 0 det]m9$ by ! dea? or cess] ( ! e/ate1 ( a l&lord entitl$ only = 8 life1 or = any o!r unc]ta9 int]e/1 %all1 in/ead ( emblem5ts1 be entitl$ to hold ! l&s until ! expiration ( ! curr5t ye> ( 8 t5ancy4 ,! "r to emblem5ts /ill exi/s1 h[ev]1 9 fav\r ( 7a7 a t5ant n )9 ! ,l&lord & ,t5ant ,act #ahea1 ^: e/ate det]m9es by an ev5t :i* c\ld n be =ese51 7b7 ! executor1 z aga9/ ! heir ( ! own] 9 fee ( l& 9 8 own occupation1 7c7 an execution cr$itor "u a writ direct+ seizure ( goods & *attels4 ,a p]son entitl$ to emblem5ts may ent] ^u ! l&s aft] ! det]m9ation ( ! t5ancy = ! purpose ( cutt+ & c>ry+ away ! crops4 ,emblem5ts are liable to di/ress by ! l&lord = arre>s ( r5t1 or r5t dur+ ! p]iod ( hold+ on "u ! act ( #ahea 7! ,di/ress = ,r5t ,act #agcg2 see ,bull5 on ,di/ress1 #d? ed41 #ahic74 ,! t]m emblem5ts is unkn[n 9 ,scots law1 b ! heir or repres5tative ( a life-r5t t5ant1 a lif]5t] ( l&s1 has an analog\s "r to reap ! crop 7on pay+ a proportion ( ! r5t7 & a "r to recomp5se = lab\r 9 till+ ! gr\nd4 ,! ,l&lord & ,t5ant ,act #ahea 7s4 #a7 0 9 =ce 9 ,irel& till #ahfj1 :5 x 0 replac$ by ! ,l& ,act #ahfj1 :i* gave to ! t5ant an almo/ id5tical "r to emblem5ts 7s4 #cd74 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! ,engli% common law ( emblem5ts has be5 g5]ally pres]v$4 ,9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a !re has be5 legislation on ! l9es ( ! ,engli% ,l&lord & ,t5ant ,act #ahea4 ,9 "s /ates ! t5ant is entitl$ to comp5sation also f ! p]son succe$+ to ! possession4 ,"u ! ,fr5* ,code ,civil1 ! outgo+ t5ant is entitl$ to conv5i5t h\s+ = ! consumption ( 8 fodd] & = ! h>ve/s rema9+ to be got 9 7art4 #aggg74 ,! same rule is 9 =ce 9 ,belgium 7,code ,civil1 art4 #aggg72 & 9 ,holl& 7,civil ,code1 art4 #afce7 & ,spa9 7art4 #aegh74 ,simil> rights are secur$ to ! t5ant "u ! ,g]man ,civil ,code 7arts4 #eib et seq474 ,fr5* law is 9 =ce 9 ,mauritius4 ,! common law ( ,engl& & ! ,l&lord & ,t5ant ,act #ahea 7#ad #ae ,vict41 c4 #be1 s4 #a7 are 9 =ce 9 _m ( ! ,briti% colonies acquir$ by settlem5t4 ,9 o!r colonies !y h be5 recogniz$ by /atute 7e4g4 ,victoria1 ,l&lord & ,t5ant ,act #ahij1 ,no4 #aajh1 ss4 #de-dh3 ,tasmania1 ,l&lord & ,t5ant ,act #ahgd1 #ch ,vict4 ,no4 #ab74 ,,au?orities4--,engli% ,law3 ,fawcett on ! ,law ( ,l&lord & ,t5ant 7#crd ed41 ,london1 #aije72 ,foa1 ,l&lord & ,t5ant 7#d? ed41 ,london1 #aijg74 ,scots ,law3 ,bell's ,pr9ciples 7#aj? ed41 ,ed9burgh1 #ahii74 ,iri% ,law3 ,nol& & ,kanes1 ,/atutes relat+ to ! ,law ( ,l&lord & ,t5ant 9 ,irel& 7#aj? ed471 by ,kelly 7,dubl91 #ahih74 ,am]ican ,law3 ,/imson1 ,am]ican ,/atute ,law 7,bo/on1 #ahhf72 ,b\vi]1 ,law ,diction>y1 ed4 by ,rawle 7,bo/on & ,london1 #ahig72 ,rul+ ,cases 7,london & ,bo/on1 #ahid-aija71 tit4 ,emblem5ts 7,am]ican ,notes74 7,a4 ,w4 ,r47 ,,emboss+1 ! art ( produc+ rais$ portions or patt]ns on ! surface ( metal1 lea!r1 textile fabrics1 c>dbo>d1 pap] & simil> sub/ances4 ,/rictly speak+1 ! t]m is applicable only to rais$ impressions produc$ by means ( engrav$ dies or plates br\ght =cibly to be> on ! mat]ial to be emboss$1 by v>i\s means1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! sub/ance act$ on4 ,?us rais$ patt]ns produc$ by c>v+1 *isell+1 ca/+ & *as+ or hamm]+ are exclud$ f ! range ( emboss$ "w4 ,emboss+ supplies a conv5i5t & exp$iti\s m$ium = produc+ elegant ornam5tal effects 9 _m di/9ct indu/ries2 & especially 9 its relations to pap] & c>dbo>d its applications are v>i$ & important4 ,cre/s1 monograms1 addresses1 c41 are emboss$ on pap] & envelopes f dies set 9 small h&screw presses1 a =ce or c\nt]-die be+ prep>$ 9 lea!r fac$ ) a coat+ ( gutta-p]*a4 ,! dies to be us$ = pla9 emboss+ are g5]ally cut deep] ?an ^? int5d$ to be us$ ) col\rs4 ,col\r emboss+ is done 9 two ways--! fir/ & ord9>y k9d t 9 :i* ! ink is appli$ to ! rais$ portion ( ! design4 ,! col\r 9 ?is case is spread on ! die ) a bru% & ! :ole surface is c>efully clean$1 leav+ only ink 9 ! depress$ p>ts ( ! engrav+4 ,9 ! second v>iety--call$ cameo emboss+--! col\r is appli$ to ! flat p>ts ( ! design by means ( a small pr9t+ roll]1 & ! lett]s or design 9 relief is left uncol\r$4 ,9 emboss+ l>ge ornam5tal designs1 engrav$ plates or electrotypes !refrom are employ$1 ! =ce or c\nt]p>t be+ compos$ ( mill-bo>d fac$ ) gutta-p]*a4 ,9 work+ ^!1 p[]ful screw-presses1 9 pr9ciple l co9+ or m$al-/rik+ presses1 are employ$4 ,emboss+ is also mo/ ext5sively practis$ = ornam5tal purposes 9 ! art ( bookb9d+4 ,! block$ ornam5ts on clo? cov]s = books1 & ! block+ or imitation tool+ on ! *eap] k9ds ( lea!r "w1 are effect$ by means ( p[]ful emboss+ or arm+ presses4 7,see ,,book-,,b9d+47 ,= impress+ emboss$ patt]ns on wall-pap]s1 textiles ( v>i\s k9ds1 & felt1 cyl9d]s ( copp]1 engrav$ ) ! patt]ns to be rais$1 are employ$1 & ^! are m\nt$ 9 cal5d] frames1 9 :i* !y press aga9/ roll]s hav+ a yield+ surface1 or s con/ruct$ t depressions 9 ! engrav$ cyl9d]s fit into correspond+ elevations 9 ^? aga9/ :i* !y press4 ,! op]ations ( emboss+ & col\r pr9t+ are also sometimes effect$ toge!r 9 a modification ( ! ord9>y cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9e us$ 9 calico-pr9t+1 9 :i* x is only necess>y to introduce suitably engrav$ cyl9d]s4 ,= _m purposes ! emboss+ roll]s mu/ be ma9ta9$ at a high temp]ature :ile 9 op]ation2 & !y are heat$ ei!r by /eam1 by gas jets1 or by ! introduction ( r$-hot irons )9 !m4 ,! /amp$ or /ruck ornam5ts 9 %eet metal1 us$ especially 9 connexion ) ! brass & ,britannia-metal trades1 are obta9$ by a process ( emboss+--h>d /eel dies ) =ces or c\nt]p>ts ( s(t metal be+ us$ 9 _! production4 ,a k9d ( emboss$ ornam5t is =m$ on ! surface ( s(t wood by fir/ compress+ & consequ5tly s9k+ ! p>ts int5d$ to be emboss$1 !n plan+ ! :ole surface level1 aft] :i*1 :5 ! wood is plac$ 9 wat]1 ! previ\sly depress$ portion swells up & rises to its orig9al level4 ,?us an emboss$ patt]n is produc$ :i* may be subsequ5tly %>p5$ & f9i%$ by ! ord9>y process ( c>v+ 7see ,,*as+ & ,,rep\sse74 ,,embrac]y 7f ! ,o4 ,fr4 embrase\r1 an embrac]1 i4e4 "o :o excites or in/igates1 lit]ally "o :o sets on fire1 f embras]1 to k9dle a fire2 embrace1 i4e4 to hold or clasp 9 ! arms1 is f ,o4 ,fr4 embrac]1 ,lat4 9 & brac*ia1 arms71 9 law1 ! attempt+ to influ5ce a juryman corruptly to give 8 v]dict 9 fav\r ( "o side or ! o!r 9 a trial1 by promise1 p]suasions1 entreaties1 money1 ent]ta9m5ts & ! l4 ,x is an (f5ce bo? at common law & by /atute1 & puni%able by f9e & imprisonm5t4 ,z a /atutory (f5ce x dates back to #acfj4 ,! (f5ce is complete1 :e!r any v]dict has be5 giv5 or n1 & :e!r ! v]dict is 9 accordance ) ! weight ( evid5ce or o!rwise4 ,! p]son mak+ ! attempt1 & any juryman :o cons5ts1 are equally puni%able4 ,! false v]dict ( a jury1 :e!r occasion$ by embrac]y or o!rwise1 0 =m]ly consid]$ crim9al1 & jurors 7 sev]ely puni%$1 be+ proce$$ aga9/ by writ ( atta9t 7q4v474 ,! ,juries ,act ( #ahbe1 9 aboli%+ writs ( atta9t1 made a special exemption z reg>ds jurors guilty ( embrac]y 7,s #fa74 ,prosecution = ! (f5ce has be5 s extremely r>e t :5 a case occurr$ 9 #ahia 7,r4 v4 ,bak]1 #aac1 ,c5t4 ,crim4 ,ct4 ,sess4 ,pap4 #cgd7 x 0 /at$ t no prec$5t c\ld be f\nd = ! indictm5t4 ,! def5dant 0 f9$ ,l#bjj1 aft]w>ds r$uc$ to ,l#ajj4 ,,embrasure1 9 ar*itecture1 ! op5+ 9 a battlem5t betwe5 ! two rais$ solid portions or m]lons1 sometimes call$ a cr5elle 7see ,,battlem5t1 ,,cr5elle72 also ! splay ( a w9d[4 ,,embroid]y 7,m4,e4 embr\d]ie1 f ,o4 ,fr4 embrod]1 ,mod4 ,fr4 brod]71 ! ornam5tation ( textile fabrics & o!r mat]ials ) ne$lework4 ,! beg9n+s ( ! art ( embroid]y probably date back to a v primitive /age 9 ! hi/ory ( all peoples1 s9ce pla9 /it*+ mu/ h be5 "o ( ! e>lie/ atta9m5ts ( mank9d1 & f t x is b a %ort /ep to decorative ne$lework ( "s k9d4 ,! discov]y ( ne$les among ! relics ( ,swiss lake-dwell+s %[s t _! primitive inhabitants 7 at lea/ acqua9t$ ) ! art ( /it*+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,i4 ,,fig4 #f4--,,panel ,,( ,,petit-,,po9t ,,embroid]y1 ,,) ,a ,,repres5tation ,,( ,,c\rtly ,,figures ,,9 ,a ,,l&scape4 ,engli% "w ( ! end ( ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,scale3 #a_/f?4 ,,fig4 #g4--,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,bayeux ,,tape/ry1 ,a ,,b& ,,( ,,embroid]y ,,) ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,norman ,,conque/ ,,( ,,engl&4 ,9 ! museum at ,bayeux1 #aa? c5tury "w4 ,scale3 #a_/d?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,ii4 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,hang+ ,,( ,,wooll5 ,,clo?1 ,,embroid]$ ,,) ,,! ,,five ,,wise ,,& ,,! ,,five ,,fooli% ,,virg9s4 ,g]man "w1 dat$ #aeih4 ,scale3 #a_/aj?4 ,,fig4 #i4--,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,orphrey ,,( ,,! ,,syon ,,cope1 ,,embroid]$ ,,) ,,%ields ,,( ,,arms4 ,! cope1 =m]ly 9 ! mona/]y ( ,syon ne> ,islewor?1 is n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,engli% "w ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,scale3 #e_/af?s4 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,portion ,,( ,a ,,b& ,,( ,,loose ,,l951 ,,embroid]$ ,,9 ,,:ite ,,?read ,,) ,,figures ,,& ,,animals4 ,g]man "w ( ! lat] "p ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,scale3 #b_/g?s4 ,9 conc]n+ ourselves solely ) ^? p]iods ( :i* examples survive1 we mu/ pass ov] a wide gap & beg9 ) ! anci5tly-civiliz$ l& ( ,egypt4 ,! s&y soil & dry climate ( t c\ntry h l$ to ! pres]vation ( wov5 /uffs & embroid]ies ( unique hi/oric int]e/4 ,! pr9cipal1 & by f> ! e>lie/1 kn[n pieces :i* h a be>+ on ! pres5t subject1 f\nd 9 #aijc 9 ! tomb ( ,te?mosis 7,?\tmosis1 or ,?o?mes7 ,,iv4 at ,!bes1 are n[ 9 ! ,cairo ,museum4 ,!re are ?ree fragm5ts1 entirely ( l951 inwr\ght ) patt]ns 9 blue1 r$1 gre5 & black 7fig4 #a74 ,a k9d ( tape/ry me?od is us$1 ! patt]ns be+ wr\ght ^u ! w>p ?reads ( ! gr\nd1 in/ead ( ^u ! f9i%$ web or wov5 mat]ial4 ,su* a process1 g5]ally supplem5t$1 z 9 ?is case1 by a few /it*es ( f9e ne$lework1 0 /ill 9 common use at a f> lat] "t4 ,! l>ge/ ( ! ?ree fragm5ts at ,cairo be>s1 9 addition to r[s ( lotus fl[]s & papyrus infloresc5ces1 a c>t\*e conta9+ ! "n ( ,am5ophis 7,am5hotep7 ,,ii4 7c4 #ae? c5tury ,b4,c472 ano!r is inwr\ght ) ! "n ( ,te?mosis ,,iii4 7c4 #af? c5tury ,b4,c474#a ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,fragm5t ( a l95 robe1 f\nd 9 ! tomb ( ,te?mosis 7,?o?mes7 ,,iv4 at ,!bes1 & n[ 9 ! ,cairo ,museum4 ,! c>t\*e has ! "n ( ,am5ophis 7,am5hotep7 ,,ii4 7c4 #ae? c5tury ,b4,c474 ,no o!r embroid]$ /uffs :i* c be assign$ to s e>ly a date h hi!rto come to light 9 ! ,nile valley 7nor inde$ else:]e71 & ! /ud5t :o wi%es to ga9 a full] k ( ! textile patt]ns ( ! anci5t ,egyptians mu/ be ref]r$ to ! wall-pa9t+s & sculptur$ reliefs :i* h be5 pres]v$ 9 consid]able numb]s4 ,f ! anci5t civilizations ( ,babylon & ,assyria no fragm5ts ( embroid]y1 nor ev5 ( wov5 /uffs1 h come d[n to u4 ,! f9e s]ies ( wall-reliefs f ,n9eveh 9 ! ,briti% ,museum give "s idea ( ! geometrical & floral patt]ns & diap]s :i* adorn$ ! robes ( ! anci5t ,assyrians4 ,! discov]y ( ! ru9s ( ! palace ( ,d>ius ,i4 7#eba-dhe ,b4,c47 at ,susa 9 #ahhe has ?r[n "s light ^u ! textile art ( ! anci5t ,p]sians4 ,!y evid5tly ow$ mu* to ! nations :om !y _h supplant$4 ,! fam\s relief f ?is palace 7n[ 9 ! ,l\vre7 repres5ts a procession ( ar*]s1 we>+ long robes cov]$ ) small diap] patt]ns1 p]haps ( embroid]y4 ,! exact significance ( ! words us$ 9 ! book ( ,exodus 9 describ+ ! robes ( ,a>on 7*4 xxviii47 & ! hang+s & ornam5ts ( ! ,tab]nacle 7*4 xxvi47 _c be det]m9$1 & ! broid]$ "w ( ! prophecy ( ,ezekiel 7*4 xxvii47 at a lat] "t is also ( unc]ta9 mean+4 ,x seems likely t mu* ( ?is anci5t "w 0 ( ! tape/ry class1 su* z we h f\nd 9 ! e>ly fragm5ts f ,!bes4 ,! me?ods ( ! anci5t ,greek embroid]]1 or v>iegator 7,greek3 poikiltes7 to :om wov5 g>m5ts 7 submitt$ = enri*m5t1 c only be conjectur$4 ,! peplos or wov5 clo? made e fif? ye> to cov] or %ade ! /atue ( ,a!na 9 ! ,p>!non at ,a!ns1 & c>ri$ at ! ,pana!naic fe/ival1#b 0 ornam5t$ ) ! battles ( ! gods & giants4 ,! late ,dr ,j4,h4 ,middleton ?\ght t v possibly mo/ ( ! elaborate "w ^u ^! peploi 0 done by ! ne$le4 ,t true embroid]y1 9 ! mod]n s5se--! decoration by means ( ! ne$le ( a f9i%$ wov5 mat]ial--0 practis$ among ! anci5t ,greeks1 has be5 demon/rat$ by ! f9d+ ( "s textile fragm5ts 9 graves 9 ! ,crimea2 ^! are n[ 9 ! ,h]mitage at ,/ ,pet]sburg4 ,"o ( !m1 ( purple wooll5 mat]ial1 f a tomb assign$ to ! #d? c5tury ,b4,c41 is embroid]$ 9 wools ( diff]5t col\rs ) a man on horseback1 honeysuckle ornam5t & t5drils4 ,ano!r wooll5 piece1 attribut$ to ! foll[+ c5tury1 has a /em & arr[-head leaves work$ 9 gold ?read4#c ,9 turn+ to anci5t ,rome1 x is well fir/ briefly to notice ,pl9y's acc\nt ( ! craft 7,nat4 ,hi/4 viii471 z record+ ! views curr5t 9 ,rome at 8 "t 7#a/ c5tury ,a4,d474 ,aft] relat+ t ,hom] m5tions embroid]$ g>m5ts 7pictas ve/es71 he /ates t ! ,phrygians fir/ us$ ! ne$le = embroid]$ robes1 :i* 7 !nce call$ ,phrygionian 7,phrygioniae71 & t ,attalic g>m5ts 7 nam$ f ,attalus ,,ii41 k+ ( ,p]gamum 7#aei-ach ,b4,c471 ! inv5tor ( ! art ( embroid]+ 9 gold4 ,he fur!r relates t ,babylon gave ! "n to embroid]ies ( div]s col\rs1 = ! production ( :i* t city 0 fam\s4 ,by ! ,romans ! art 0 designat$ z pa9t+ ) ! ne$le 7acu p+]e71 a t]m us$ by ,virgil 9 speak+ ( ! decoration ( robes1 by ,ovid 7:o describes x z an art taught by ,m9]va71 & by ,roman writ]s g5]ally :5 ref]r+ to embroid]y4#d ,x is to be regrett$ t no examples h be5 discov]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,roman capital4 ,= embroid]ies made "u ,roman influ5ce we mu/ aga9 look to ,egypt4 ,!y =m$ ! decoration ( g>m5ts#e & mummy-wrapp+s f ! cemet]ies 9 ,upp] & ,middle ,egypt1 :i* h be5 s ext5sively rifl$ ( late ye>s4 ,^? ( ,roman type date approximately f ! fir/ five c5turies ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,! e>lie/ repres5t human figures1 animals1 birds1 geometrical & int]lac+ ornam5ts1 vases1 fruit1 fl[]s & foliage 7especially ! v9e74 ,!y are g5]ally done 9 purple wool & undy$ l95 ?read by ! tape/ry process employ$ 9 ,egypt at lea/ fifte5 c5turies e>li]1 z we h se52 mo/ ( ! patt]ns h _h ! l9es m cle>ly m>k$ out by ! ord9>y me?od ( ne$lework4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ?is p]iod a great] *oice ( col\rs is se51 & ,*ri/ian symbols appe>4 ,at ?is "t examples work$ entirely ^u ! f9i%$ web are f\nd 7fig4 #b74 ,! transition is easy f su* "w to ! v]itable ne$le-pa9t+s1 repres5t+ sc5es f ! gospels1 produc$ 9 ,egypt %ortly aft] 7fig4 #c74 ,su* embroid]ies are evid5tly ak9 to ^? m5tion$ by ,bi%op ,a/]ius 7#ccj-daj71 :o describes ! g>m5ts worn by effem9ate ,*ri/ians z pa9t$ l ! walls ( _! h\ses4#f ,f ! "t ( ,ju/9ian 7#ebg-efe7 onw>ds = "s c5turies1 ! art ( ,europe1 embroid]y ) ! re/1 0 dom9at$ by t ( ! ,byzant9e empire4 ,to trace ! progress ( ! highly conv5tionaliz$ ,byzant9e /yle1 becom+ m rigid & /]eotyp$ z "t passes1 belongs to ! g5]al hi/ory ( art1 & su* a task _c be attempt$ "h4 ,p]haps ! mo/ rem>kable example ( all :i* h surviv$ to illu/rate ! "w ( ! ,byzant9e embroid]]s is ! blue silk robe kn[n z ! dalmatic ( ,*>lemagne or ( ,leo ,,iii41 9 ! sacri/y ( ,/ ,pet]'s at ,rome 7fig4 #d74 ,accord+ to ! pres5t cons5sus ( op9ion x belongs to a lat] "t ?an ei!r ( ^? dignit>ies1 dat+ mo/ probably f ! #ab? c5tury4#g ,9 front is repres5t$ ,*ri/ en?ron$ z ,judge ( ! _w1 a y\?ful b maje/ic figure2 on ! back is ! ,transfiguration4 ,^!1 z well z ! m9or subjects1 are expla9$ by ,greek inscriptions4 ,! wide influ5ce ( ,byzant9e art gradually di$ out aft] ! ,lat9 sack ( ,con/ant9ople 9 ! ye> #abjd1 al?\gh ! /yle l+]$1 & l+]s /ill1 9 c]ta9 localities1 notably at ,m\nt ,a?os4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,embroid]$ panel f a l95 g>m5t1 ) a repres5tation ( ! ,annunciation & ! ,salutation4 ,f\nd 9 a cemet]y 9 ,egypt4 ,coptic "w ( ! #f? or #g? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,embroid]$ panel f a l95 g>m5t1 ) a jewell$ cross & two birds )9 a wrea?4 ,f\nd 9 a cemet]y at ,akhmim1 ,upp] ,egypt4 ,egypto-,roman "w ( ! #d? or #e? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,pal]mo 9 ,sicily succe$$ ,byzantium z ! capital ( ! arts 9 ,europe1 al?\gh its asc5dancy 0 ( brief duration4 ,"u ! ,norman k+s ( ,sicily ! /yle 0 /rongly ori5tal1 consequ5t ^u ! e>li] occupation ( ! isl& by ! ,s>ac5s1 & ^u ! employm5t ( ,s>ac5ic craftsm5 by ! ,normans4 ,! magnific5t r$ silk mantle at ,vi5na1 embroid]$ 9 gold ?read ) a date-palm & two lions spr++ ^u camels1 & enri*$ ) pe>ls & enamel plaques1 be>s r\nd ! edge an ,arabic inscription1 record+ t x 0 made 9 ! royal factory ( ! capital ( ,sicily 7,pal]mo7 9 ! ye> #ebh 7 ,a4,d4 #aacd74 ,at t "t ,rog]1 ! fir/ ,norman k+1 0 on ! ?rone4 ,ano!r ( ! imp]ial coronation-robes--a l95 alb ) gold embroid]y--is also at ,vi5na4#h ,an inscription 9 ,lat9 & ,arabic /ates t x 0 made 9 ! ye> #aaha1 "u ! reign ( ,william ,,ii4 7,norman k+ ( ,sicily1 #aaff-aahi74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--;,embroid]$ robe kn[n z ! ,dalmatic ( ,*>lemagne1 or ( ,leo ,,iii41 pres]v$ 9 ! sacri/y ( ,/ ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,byzant9e "w1 probably ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,f ab\t t "t di/9ct national /yles began to develop 9 diff]5t places4 ,9 trac+ ! progress ( ! embroid]]'s art dur+ ! middle ages we mu/ rely ma9ly ^u ! _m f9e examples ( ecclesia/ical "w :i* h be5 pres]v$4 ,! co/umes ( m5 & wom51 z well z curta9s & hang+s & su* articles ( dome/ic use1 7 (t5 ri*ly adorn$ ) embroid]y4 ,^! h mo/ly p]i%$2 :ile ! c>eful pres]vation & comp>atively infrequ5t use ( ! ve/m5ts & o!r objects devot$ to ! s]vice ( ! *ur* h giv5 u tangible evid5ce ( ! atta9m5ts ( ! m$ieval embroid]]4 ,mu* ( ?is "w 0 produc$ 9 conv5ts1 b old docum5ts %[ t 9 mona/]ies also 7 to be f\nd m5 kn[n = _! skill 9 ne$lework4 ,o!r names1 bo? ( m5 & wom51 are record$1 %[+ t ! craft 0 by no means exclusively conf9$ to mona/ic f\ndations4 ,gilds ( embroid]]s exi/$ f> back 9 m$ieval times4 ,9 ,engl& ! craft has be5 a fav\rite employm5t = _m c5turies1 & p]sons ( all ranks h occupi$ _! sp>e h\rs at ne$lework4 ,"s embroid]$ fragm5ts1 f\nd 9 #ahbf-ahbg 9 ! tomb ( ,/ ,cu?b]t at ,durham1 & n[ kept 9 ! ca!dral libr>y1 7 work$1 *iefly 9 gold ?read1 by ord] ( ,aelffla$a1 que5 ( ,edw>d ! ,eld]1 = ,fride/an1 bi%op ( ,w9*e/]1 e>ly 9 ! #aj? c5tury4 ,9 ! lat] "p ( ! foll[+ c5tury ! ,bayeux tape/ry 0 produc$--a "w ( unique importance 7,plate ,i4 fig4 #g74 ,x is a b& ( l951 m ?an #bcj ft4 long1 embroid]$ 9 col\r$ wools ) ! /ory ( ! ,norman conque/ ( ,engl&4 7,see ,,bayeux ,,tape/ry47 ,"s fragm5ts ( metallic embroid]y on silk1 ( ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies1 may be se5 9 ! libr>y ( ,worce/] ca!dral4 ,!y 7 remov$ f ! c(f9s ( two bi%ops1 ,william de ,blois 7#abah-abcf7 & ,walt] de ,cantelupe 7#abcf-abff74 ,a fragm5t ( gold embroid]y f ! tomb ( ! latt] bi%op is pres]v$ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 & o!rs are 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,9 ! #ac? c5tury ,engli% embroid]y 0 fam\s ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe1 & _m embroid]$ objects are describ$ 9 inv5tories ( t "t z be+ de op]e anglicano4 ,dur+ t c5tury1 & ! e>ly "p ( ! next1 ,engli% "w 0 at its be/4 ,! mo/ fam\s example is ! ,syon cope at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 belong+ to ! latt] half ( ! #ac? c5tury 7see ,,cope1 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #b74 ,x repres5ts ! coronation ( ! ,virg91 ! ,crucifixion1 ! ar*angel ,mi*ael transfix+ ! dragon1 ! dea? & burial ( ! ,virg91 our ,"l meet+ ,m>y ,magdal5e 9 ! g>d51 ! ,apo/les & ! hi]>*ies ( angels4 ,! broad orphrey is embroid]$ ) a s]ies ( h]aldic %ields 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #i74 ,o!r embroid]ies ( ! p]iod are at ,/eeple ,a/on1 ,*e/]field 7,col4 ,butl]-,b[d571 ,victoria & ,alb]t & ,briti% museums1 ,rome 7,/ ,john ,lat]an71 ,bologna1 ,pi5za1 ,anagni1 ,ascoli1 ,/ ,b]tr& de ,comm+es1 ,lyons museum1 ,madrid 7ar*aeological museum71 ,tol$o & ,vi*4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies embroid]ies produc$ 9 ,engl& 7 n equal to ! e>li] "w4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! latt] c5tury1 & until ! dissolution ( ! mona/]ies 9 ! next1 mu* ecclesia/ical embroid]y ( effective design 0 done1 & _m examples are /ill to be se5 9 *ur*es ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,9 ! ,tudor p]iod ! co/umes ( ! weal?y 7 (t5 ri*ly adorn$ ) ne$lework4 ,! portraits ( ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii41 ,que5 ,elizabe? & _! c\rti]s %[ h[ magnific5t 0 ! embroid]y us$ = su* purposes4 ,_m examples1 especially ( ! latt] reign1 work$ ) v effective & beautiful floral patt]ns1 h come d[n to ^! times4 ,a k9d ( embroid]y kn[n z black "w1 done 9 black silk on l951 0 popul> dur+ ! same reign4 ,a tunic embroid]$ = ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ) devices copi$ f contempor>y woodcuts1 is an excell5t example ( ?is "w4 ,x n[ belongs to ! ,visc\nt ,falkl&4 ,ano!r class ( "w1 popul> at ! same "t1 0 closely work$ 9 wools & silks on op5-me% mat]ial l canvas1 :i* 0 entirely cov]$ by ! embroid]y4 ,figures 9 ri* co/ume 7 (t5 introduc$ 7,plate ,i4 fig4 #f74 ,?is me?od 0 mu* practis$ 9 ,france1 & ! t]m appli$ to x 9 t c\ntry1 au petit po9t1 has become g5]ally us$4 ,?r\gh\t ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies embroid]y 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh sometimes lack+ 9 good ta/e1 ma9ta9$ g5]ally a high /&>d1 & t done to-day1 bas$ on ! /udy ( old examples1 ne$ n fe> comp>ison ) any mod]n "w4 ,dur+ ^! ?ree c5turies bold floral patt]ns = hang+s1 curta9s & cov]lets h be5 usual 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #ac71 b small] works1 su* z sampl]s1 cov]s ( "w-boxes1 & pictorial & l&scape subjects 7fig4 #e71 h be5 produc$ 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,9 ! #ah? c5tury g5tlem5's coats & wai/coats & ladies' dresses 7 ext5sively embroid]$4 ,9 ,france1 embroid]y1 l all ! arts practis$ by t nation1 has be5 *>act]iz$ by mu* grace & beauty1 & _m good specim5s belong+ to diff]5t p]iods are kn[n4 ,! ve/m5ts associat$ ) ! "n ( ,/ ,?omas ( ,cant]bury at ,s5s may be ei!r ( ,fr5* or ,engli% "w 7#ab? c5tury74 ,to ! lat] "p ( ! foll[+ c5tury belongs a b& ( embroid]y1 repres5t+ ! coronation ( ! ,virg91 ! ,adoration ( ! ,magi1 ! pres5tation 9 ! ,temple1 & o!r subjects b5ea? ,go?ic ar*es1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,hotel-,dieu at ,*ateau ,?i]ry4 ,! mitre ( ,jean de ,m>igny1 ar*bi%op ( ,r\5 7#acdg-acea71 9 ! museum at ,evreux1 embroid]$ ) figures ( ,/ ,pet] & ,/ ,eloy1 may be reg>d$ z repres5tative ( #ad?-c5tury "w4 ,an alt>-frontal ) ! ,annunciation embroid]$ 9 silks & gold & silv] ^u a blue silk damask gr\nd1 n[ 9 ! museum at ,lille1 is a v beautiful example ( ,franco-,flemi% art 9 ! second half ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,x 0 orig9ally 9 ! *ur* at ,noyelles-lez-,secl94 ,an embroid]y m *>act]i/ically ,fr5*1 & belong+ to ! same c5tury1 is 9 ! museum at ,*>tres4 ,x is a tripty*1 hav+ 9 ! middle a pieta1 on ! left w+ ,/ ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & on ! "r ,/ ,ca!r9e ( ,alex&ria4 ,ea* leaf has a canopy ( ar*itecture repres5t$ 9 p]spective4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury an effective /yle ( embroid]y 0 practis$ 9 ,france2 ! patt]n is g5]ally a graceful comb9ation ( floral & scroll =ms1 cut out ( velvet1 sat9 or silk1 & appli$ to a ?ick wooll5 clo?4 ,lat] "w1 *iefly ( a floral "*1 has s]v$ = ! decoration ( co/umes1 ecclesia/ical ve/m5ts1 curta9s & hang+s1 & ! seats & backs ( *airs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,oval picture 9 silk embroid]y3 ,fame scatt]+ ,fl[]s ov] ,%akespe>e's ,tomb4 ,engli% "w ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,"u ! rule ( ! dukes ( ,burgundy 9 ! #ae? c5tury art 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces ( ! ,ne!rl&s prosp]$ greatly1 & able arti/s 7 f\nd to meet ! wi%es ( ^? munific5t rul]s4 ,! local s*ools ( pa9t+1 :i* fl\ri%$ "u _! patronage1 appe> to h v consid]ably influ5c$ ! embroid]]s' art4 ,great c>e & pa9s 7 giv5 to reproduce z accurately z possible ! pa9t$ c>toon or picture :i* s]v$ z ! model4 ,! heads are individualiz$1 & ! folds ( ! drap]ies are labori\sly work$ out 9 detail4 ,! masonry ( build+s1 ! ve9+s ( m>ble1 & ! ar*itectural enri*m5ts are (t5 repres5t$ ) c>eful fidelity1 & l&scape backgr\nds are %[n 9 e detail4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! tape/ries ( ! ,ne!rl&s--! f9e/ :i* ! _w has se5--!re c be no d\bt t patrons ( art & donors1 :5 requir+ embroid]ies to be made1 secur$ ! s]vices ( em95t pa9t]s = ! designs4 ,!re are _m examples ( su* c>eful "w4 ,a set ( ve/m5ts kn[n z ! ornem5t de la ,toison d',or1 n[ 9 ! ,h(-museum at ,vi5na1 is embroid]$ 9 ! mo/ m9ute mann] ) sacr$ subjects & figures ( sa9ts & angels4 ,! /iff disposal ( _m ( ^! figures1 )9 flatt5$ hexagons arrang$ 9 zones1 is n pleas+1 b ! ne$lework is mo/ rem>kable = skill & c>efulness4 ,!y are ( #ae?-c5tury "w4 ,a cope belong+ to ! second half ( t c5tury 0 giv5 to ! ca!dral ( ,t\rnay by ,guillaume ,fillatre1 abbot ( ,/ ,b]t9 at ,/ ,om]1 & bi%op ( ,t\rnay 7d4 #adgc74 ,x is n[ 9 ! museum !re4 ,^u ! orphreys & hood are repres5t$ ! sev5 ,works ( ,m]cy4 ,! body ( ! cope1 ( pla9 r$ velvet1 is p[d]$ ) /ags' heads & m>tlets 7! h]aldic be>+s ( ! bi%op72 betwe5 ! antl]s ( ! /ags is work$ 9 ea* case ! initial lett] ( ! bi%op's "n1 & ! morse is embroid]$ ) 8 arms4 ,"s panels ( embroid]y1 once decorat+ an alt> 9 ! abbey ( ,grimb]g51 & n[ at ,brussels1 illu/rate ! be/ class ( ,flemi% ne$lework 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,! sc5es are tak5 f ! ,gospel3 ! m>riage at ,cana1 ,*ri/ 9 ! h\se ( ! ,ph>isee1 ,*ri/ 9 ! h\se ( ,zac*aeus1 ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & ! supp] at ,emmaus4 ,9 ! museum at ,b]n !re are "s embroid]ies ( great hi/oric & arti/ic int]e/1 f\nd 9 ! t5t ( ,*>les ! ,bold1 duke ( ,burgundy1 aft] 8 defeat at ,granson 9 #adgf4 ,!y include "s armorial panels & two tab>ds or h]alds' coats4 ,a tab>d ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 ) ! royal arms ( ,spa9 9 appli$ "w1 & mo/ probably ( ,flemi% orig91 is pres]v$ 9 ! ar*aeological museum at ,gh5t4 ,! lat] art ( ,holl& 0 l>gely influ5c$ by ! ,dut* conque/s 9 ! ,ea/ ,indies at ! end ( ! #af? c5tury1 & ! subsequ5t f\nd+ ( ! ,dut* ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,embroid]ies 7 among ! articles produc$ 9 ! ,ea/ "u ,dut* influ5ce = exportation to ,holl&4 ,mu* embroid]y = ecclesia/ical purposes has be5 execut$ 9 ,belgium ( late ye>s4 ,x foll[s m$ieval models1 b is lack+ 9 ! qualities :i* make ^? ( s mu* importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art4 ,!re is p]haps little wor?y ( special notice 9 ,italy be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! #ad? c5tury1 b ! embroid]ies produc$ at t "t %[ great skill & are v beautiful4 ,! names ( two ,flor5t9e embroid]]s ( ! #ad? c5tury--bo? m5--h come d[n to u1 inscrib$ ^u _! h&iwork4 ,a f9e frontal = an alt>1 v delicately work$ 9 gold & silv] & silks ( _m col\rs1 is pres]v$ 9 ! ar*aeological museum at ,flor5ce4 ,! subject 9 ! middle is ! coronation ( ! ,virg92 on ei!r side is an arcade ) figures ( apo/les & sa9ts4 ,! embroid]]'s "n is work$ "u ! c5tral subject3 ,jacobus ,cambi de ,floretia me fecit ,,mcccxxxviii4 ,! o!r example is 9 ! basilica at ,manresa 9 ,spa94 ,x also is an alt>-frontal1 work$ 9 silk & gold ^u an embroid]$ gold gr\nd4 ,!re is a l>ge c5tral panel repres5t+ ! ,crucifixion1 ) n9e sc5es f ! ,gospel on ea* side4 ,! embroid]$ inscription is z foll[s3 ,g]i ,lapi ra*amatore me fecit 9 ,flor5tia4 ,x is ( #ad?-c5tury "w4 ,an embroid]$ orphrey 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum belongs to ! e>ly "p ( ! same c5tury4 ,x repres5ts ! ,annunciation1 ! coronation ( ! ,virg9 & figures ( apo/les & sa9ts b5ea? ar*es4 ,9 ! sp&rels are ! ord]s ( angels ) _! names 9 ,italian4 ,9 ! be/ p]iod ( ,italian art successful pa9t]s did n disda9 to design = embroid]y4 ,francesco ,squ>cione 7#acid-adgd71 ! f\nd] ( ! ,paduan s*ool ( pa9t+1 & ma/] ( ,mantegna1 is call$ 9 a docum5t ( ! ye> #adbc a tailor & embroid]] 7s>tor et recamator74 ,x is record$ t ,antonio del ,pollaiuolo pa9t$ c>toons :i* 7 c>ri$ out 9 embroid]y1#i & ,pi]9o del ,vaga1 accord+ to ,vas>i1 did likewise4 ,9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies l>ge numb]s ( t[els & l95 cov]s 7 embroid]$ 9 r$1 gre5 or br[n silk ) bord]s ( floral patt]ns1 sometimes 7especially 9 ! s\!rn prov9ces7 comb9$ ) figure subjects & bird & animal =ms 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #ae74 ,ano!r type ( embroid]y popul> at ! same "t1 bo? 9 ,italy & ,spa91 is kn[n z applique 7or appli$7 "w4 ,! patt]n is cut out & appli$ to a bright-col\r$ gr\nd1 frequ5tly ( velvet1 z 9 ! example illu/rat$ 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #ad74 ,! lat] embroid]y ( ,sicily foll[s t ( ! ma9l&4 ,a rem>kable cov]let1 quilt$ & padd$ ) wool s z to ?r[ ! design into relief1 is %[n to be ( ,sicilian orig9 by ! inscriptions :i* x be>s 7,plate ,,vi4 fig4 #ah74 ,x repres5ts sc5es f ! /ory ( ,tri/an1 agree+ 9 ! ma9 "p ) ! novella entitl$ ,la ,tavola ,rotonda o l'i/oria di ,tri/ano4 ,! quilt dates f ! end ( ! #ad? c5tury4 ,_m patt]n-books = embroid]y & lace 7 publi%$ 9 ,italy 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4#aj ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iii4 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,silk ,,panel1 ,,embroid]$ ,,) ,a ,,hang+ ,,lant]n4 ,*9ese "w ( ! #ag? or #ah? c5tury4 ,scale3 #a_/d?4 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,portion ,,( ,a ,,l>ge ,,hang+1 ,,embroid]$ ,,) ,,figures ,,)9 ,,m$allions1 ,,& ,,inscriptions4 ,f a *ur* 9 ,icel&1 probably #ag? c5tury4 ,scale3 #a_/h?4 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,portion ,,( ,a ,,b$-,,hang+1 ,,embroid]$ ,,) ,,fl[]+ ,,trees ,,gr[+ ,,f ,,m\nds4 ,engli% "w ( ! lat] "p ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,scale3 #a_/ab?4 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,,app>el ,,= ,a ,,dalmatic ,,( ,,gre5 ,,velvet1 ,,embroid]$ ,,) ,,an ,,applique ,,patt]n4 ,italian "w ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,scale3 #a_/d?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,iv4 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,portion ,,( ,,! ,,bord] ,,( ,a ,,l95 ,,cov]1 ,,embroid]$ ,,) ,a ,,figure ,,( ,,/ ,,ca!r9e ,,( ,,alex&ria ,,& ,,kneel+ ,,vot>ies4 ,italian "w ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,scale3 #b_/e?s4 ,,fig4 #af4--,,l95 ,,bord]1 ,,embroid]$ ,,) ,,debas$ ,,figures1 ,,birds ,,& ,,animals ,,amid ,,fl[]s4 ,cretan "w1 dat$ #agfb4 ,scale3 #d_/i?s4 ,9 ! great] "p ( ! ,spani% p59sula art 0 = _m c5turies dom9at$ by ! ,arabs1 :o ov]ran ! c\ntry 9 ! #h? c5tury1 & 7 n f9ally subdu$ until ! end ( ! #ae?4 ,hispano-,moori% embroid]ies ( ! m$ieval p]iod usually h int]lac+ patt]ns comb9$ ) ,arabic inscriptions4 ,9 ! #ae? & #af? c5turies ,italian influ5ce becomes evid5t4 ,lat] ! effects ( ! ,spani% conque/s 9 ,asia are se54 ,ea/]n influ5ce is1 h[ev]1 /rong] 9 ! case ( ! ,portuguese1 :o seiz$ ,goa1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ! ,indian p59sula1 e>ly 9 ! #af? c5tury1 & dur+ ! :ole ( t c5tury held ! monopoly ( ! ea/]n trade4 ,_m l>ge embroid]ies 7 produc$ 9 ! ,indies1 %[+ ea/]n floral patt]ns m+l$ ) repres5tations ( ,europeans1 %ips & coats ( arms4 ,embroid]ies done 9 ,portugal 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies /rongly reflect ! influ5ce ( ori5tal patt]ns4 ,g]man embroid]y ( ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies adh]es closely to ! traditions ( ,byzant9e art4 ,a peculi>ity ( mu* m$ieval ,g]man "w is a t5d5cy to treat ! drap]ies ( ! figures z flat surfaces to be cov]$ ) diap] patt]ns1 %[+ no folds4 ,a cope f ,hilde%eim ca!dral1 n[ 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 is a typical illu/ration ( su* "w1 dat+ f ! end ( ! #ac? c5tury4 ,x is embroid]$ 9 silk ^u l95 ) ! m>tyrdom ( apo/les & sa9ts4 ,o!r specim5s ( embroid]y 9 ?is mann] may be se5 at ,halb]/adt4 ,an alt>-frontal f ,rup]tsburg 7,b+571 belong+ to ! e>li] ye>s ( ! #ac? c5tury1 is n[ 9 ! ,brussels museum4 ,x is ( purple silk1 embroid]$ ) ,*ri/ 9 maje/y & figures ( sa9ts4 ,x 0 no d\bt made 9 ! "t ( ,siegfri$1 ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z 7#abja-abcj71 :o is repres5t$ ^u x4 ,a type ( m$ieval ,g]man embroid]y is done 9 :ite l95 ?read on a loose l95 gr\nd--a sort ( d>n+-"w 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #aj74 ,e>li] specim5s ( ?is "w are (t5 div]sifi$ by us+ a v>iety ( /it*es t5d+ to =m diap] patt]ns4 ,! use ( long scroll+ b&s ) inscriptions expla9+ ! subjects repres5t$ is m usual 9 ,g]man "w ?an 9 t ( any o!r c\ntry4 ,9 ! #ae? c5tury mu* f9e embroid]y 0 produc$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,cologne4 ,lat] ,g]man "w %[s a pref]5ce = bold floral patt]ns1 sometimes m+l$ ) h]aldry2 ! l>g] examples are (t5 work$ 9 wool on a wooll5 clo? gr\nd 7,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #h74 ,! embroid]y ( ! nor!rn nations 7,d5m>k1 ,sc&9avia1 ,icel&7 0 lat] 9 developm5t ?an t ( ! s\!rn peoples4 ,figure subjects evid5tly belong+ to z late a p]iod z ! #ag? c5tury are /ill dispos$ 9 =mal r[s ( circles1 & accompani$ by primitive ornam5tal =ms 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #ab74 ,a rem>kable e>ly embroid]$ fabric cov]s ! relics ( ,/ ,knud 7,canute1 k+ ( ,d5m>k1 #ajhj-ajhf7 9 8 %r9e 9 ! *ur* d$icat$ to him at ,od5se4 ,x is app>5tly contempor>y "w4 ,! patt]n consi/s ( display$ eagles )9 oval comp>tm5ts1 9 blue on a r$ gr\nd4 ,9 ,greece & ! isl&s ( ! ea/]n ,m$it]ranean embroid]y has be5 mu* employ$ = ! decoration ( co/umes1 porti]es & b$-curta9s4 ,l>ge numb]s h be5 acquir$ 9 ,crete 7,plate ,,iv4 fig4 #af71 & patt]ns ( a di/9ctive "* are also f\nd 9 ,rhodes1 ,cos1 ,patmos & o!r isl&s4 ,"s examples %[ traces ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,v5etian trad+ settlem5ts 9 ! ar*ipelago 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,among ! ,turks a great developm5t ( ! arts foll[$ ^u ! conque/ ( ,asia ,m9or & ! ,byzant9e t]ritory 9 ,europe4 ,_! embroid]ies %[ a pref]5ce = floral =ms--*iefly roses1 tulips1 c>nations & hyac9?s--:i* are treat$ ) great decorative skill4 ,! use ( embroid]y 9 ,asia--especially 9 ,india1 ,*9a1 ,turke/an & ,p]sia--dates back to v e>ly times4 ,! cons]vatism ( all ^! peoples r5d]s ! date ( surviv+ examples (t5 difficult to e/abli%1 b ! great] numb] ( su* embroid]ies n[ to be se5 9 ,europe are c]ta9ly ( no great age4 ,india has produc$ va/ quantities ( embroid]ies ( v>y+ excell5ce4 ,! f9e wooll5 %awls ( ,ka%mir are widely fam$2 _! fir/ production is suppos$ to date back to a remote p]iod4 ,! some:at gaudy effect ( _m ,indian embroid]ies is at times int5sifi$ by ! addition ( beetles' w+s1 t9sel or fragm5ts ( look+-glass4 ,*9a is ! orig9al home ( ! silkworm1 & ! textile arts !re rea*$ an advanc$ /age at a date long be=e t ( any equally skilful "w 9 ,europe4 ,embroid]ies work$ !re are g5]ally 9 silk ?reads on a gr\nd ( ! same mat]ial4 ,su* "w is l>gely us$ = v>i\s articles ( co/ume1 & = cov]lets1 scre5s1 bann]s1 *air-cov]s & table-hang+s4 ,! ornam5ts ^u ! robes especially are prescrib$ accord+ to ! rank ( ! we>]4 ,! designs include elaborate l&scapes ) build+s & figures1 dragons1 birds1 animals1 symbolic devices1 & especially fl[]s 7,plate ,,iii4 fig4 #aa74 ,dr ,bu%ell /ates t ! /uff to be embroid]$ is fir/ /ret*$ ^u a frame1 on pivots1 & t patt]n-books ) woodcuts h be5 publi%$ = ! work]s' guidance4 ,a k9d ( embroid]y export$ 9 l>ge quantities f ,canton to ,europe rivals pa9t+ 9 ! v>iety & gradation ( its col\rs1 & 9 ! smoo?ness & regul>ity ( its surface4 ,embroid]y 9 ,japan resembles 9 _m ways t ( ,*9a1 ! c\ntry :i* probably suppli$ its fir/ models4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ,japanese "w is m pictorial & fanciful ?an t ( ,*9a1 & ! /it*+ is loos]4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! bru% has be5 us$ to add to ! v>iety ( ! embroid]$ "w1 & 9 o!r cases ! ne$le has be5 an accessory ^u a fabric already ornam5t$ ) pr9t+ or pa9t+4 ,japanese "w is *>act]iz$ g5]ally by bold & broad treatm5t1 & especial skill is %[n 9 ! repres5tation ( l&scapes--figures1 rocks1 wat]falls1 animals1 birds1 trees1 fl[]s & cl\ds be+ ea* r5d]$ by a few l9es4 ,m elaborate are ! l>ge temple hang+s1 ! patt]n be+ frequ5tly ?r[n into relief1 & completely cov]+ ! gr\nd mat]ial4 ,embroid]y 9 ,p]sia has be5 us$ to a great ext5t = ! decoration ( c>pets1 = pray] or = use at ! ba? 7,plate ,v4 fig4 #ag74 ,robes1 hang+s1 curta9s1 tablecov]s & porti]es are also embroid]$4 ,a pref]5ce is %[n = floral patt]ns1 b ! ,mahomm$ans ( ,p]sia _h no scruples ab\t introduc+ ! =ms ( m5 & animals--! =m] engag$ 9 hawk+ or hunt+1 or fea/+ 9 g>d5s4 ,panels embroid]$ ) close diagonal b&s ( fl[]s 7 made into loose tr\s]s = wom51 n[ obsolete4 ,! embroid]$ %awls ( ,k]man are widely celebrat$4 ,hang+s & cov]s ( clo? pat*work h be5 embroid]$ 9 _m p>ts ( ,p]sia1 m p>ticul>ly at ,re%t & ,ispahan4 ,9 ,turke/an1 & especially at ,bokh>a1 excell5t embroid]ies h be51 & are1 produc$1 "s patt]ns be+ ( a bold floral type1 & o!rs conv5tionaliz$ into hook$ & s]rat$ outl9es4 ,! "w is mo/ usually 9 bright-col\r$ silks1 r$ pr$om9at+1 on a l95 mat]ial4 ,9 ,nor? ,africa ! embroid]y ( ,morocco & ,alg]ia des]ves notice2 ! =m] incl9es m to geometrical =ms & ! latt] to patt]ns ( a floral "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,v4 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,l95 ,,pray] ,,c>pet1 ,,quilt$ ,,& ,,embroid]$ ,,9 ,,*a9 ,,/it* ,,) ,,col\r$ ,,silks1 ,,*iefly ,,:ite1 ,,yell[1 ,,gre5 ,,& ,,r$4 ,! bord] consi/s ( a wide b& set betwe5 two n>r[ ones1 ea* ) a wav$ cont9u\s /em ) blossoms 9 ! wav+s4 ,simil> floral scroll+ & leafy /em ornam5t fills ! space beyond ! po9t$ %ape at ! upp] end1 :i* is edg$ ) acan?us leaf devices4 ,! ma9 gr\nd bel[ ! ni*e or po9t$ %ape is a blossom+ plant1 ) balanc$ bun*es ( fl[]s betwe5 :i* are leaves1 =mally arrang$ 9 a po9t$ oval %ape4 ,p]sian "w1 #ah? c5tury1 #d ft4 #f 94 ,x #b ft4 #aa 94 7,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum47 ,illu/ration3 ,,plate ,,vi4 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,"p ,,( ,a ,,sicilian ,,cov]let1 ,,( ,,! ,,end ,,( ,,! #ad,,? ,,c5tury4 ,x is ( :ite l951 quilt$ & padd$ 9 wool s z to ?r[ ! design into relief4 ,! sc5es repres5t$1 tak5 f ! ,/ory ( ,tri/an1 ) inscriptions 9 ! ,sicilian dialect1 are z foll[s3--7#a7 ,,comu3 ,,lu ,,amoroldu ,,fa ,,b&iri3 ,,lu ,,o/i3 ,,9 ,,cornuualgia 7,h[ ! ,morold made ! ho/ to g to ,cornwall72 7#b7 ,,comu3 ,,lu ,,rre3 ,,languis3 ,,cum&a3 ,,*i ,,uaia3 ,,lo ,,o/i4 ,,cornuaglia 7,h[ ,k+ ,languis ord]$ t ! ho/ %\ld g to ,cornwall72 7#c7 ,,comu3 ,,lu ,,rre3 ,,languis3 ,,m&a3 ,,p] ,,lu ,,trabutu ,,9 ,,cornualia 7,h[ ,k+ ,languis s5t to ,cornwall = ! tribute72 7#d7 ,,comu3 7,,li ,m7 ,,issagi]i3 ,,s ,,u9nti3 ,,al ,,rre3 ,,m>cu3 ,,p] ,,lu ,,tributu ,,di ,,secti ,,anni 7,h[ ! ambassadors are come to ,k+ ,m>k = ! tribute ( sev5 ye>s72 7#e7 ,,comu3 ,,lu ,,amoroldu ,,uai3 ,,9 ,,cornuualgia 7,h[ ! ,morold comes to ,cornwall72 7#f7 ,,comu3 ,,lu ,,amoroldu3 ,,fa ,,suld>i3 ,,la ,,g5ti 7,h[ ! ,morold made ! p pay72 7#g7 ,,comu3 ,t7,,ri/a9u73 ,,dai3 ,,lu ,,guantu ,,allu ,,amoroldu ,,dela ,,bactaglia 7,h[ ,tri/an gives ! glove ( battle to ! ,morold72 7#h7 ,,comu3 ,,lu ,,amoroldu3 ,e ,,u9utu3 ,,9 ,,cornuualgia3 ,,cum ,,xxxx ,,galei3 7,h[ ! ,morold is come to ,cornwall ) =ty galleys72 7#i7 ,,comu ,,tri/a9u ,,bucta3 ,,la ,,u>ca3 ,,arretu3 ,,intu3 ,,allu ,,m>u 7,h[ ,tri/an /ruck 8 boat beh9d him into ! sea72 7#aj7 ,,comu3 ,,tri/a9u3 ,,aspecta3 ,,lu ,,amoroldu3 ,,alla ,,isola ,,di ,,lu ,,m>u3 ,,sansa ,,u9tura 7,h[ ,tri/an awaits ! ,morold on ! isle ,sanza ,v5tura 9 ! sea72 7#aa7 ,,comu3 ,,tri/a9u ,,f]iu ,,lu ,,amorolldu ,,9 ,,te/a 7,h[ ,tri/an w\nd$ ! ,morold 9 ! head72 7#ab7 ,,comu3 ,,lu ,,inna 787 ,,delu ,,amoroldu3 ,,aspecttaua ,,lu ,,patrunu 7,h[ ! ,morold's page 787 await$ 8 ma/]72 7#ac7 ,,comu ,,lu ,,amorodu ,,f]iu3 ,,tri/a9u ,a ,,tradimantu 7,h[ ! ,morold w\nd$ ,tri/an by trea*]y72 7#ad7 444 ,,sita3 ,,9 ,,airl&ia 7 444 9 ,irel&74 ,,bibliography4--,lady ,al=d1 ,ne$lework z ,art 7,london1 #ahhf72 ,mrs ,m4 ,b>b]1 ,"s ,draw+s ( ,anci5t ,embroid]y 7ib41 #ahhj72 ,p4 ,blan*et1 ,tissus antiques et du haut moy5-age 7,p>is1 #ahig72 ,f4 ,bock1 ,die ,kle9odi5 des ,heilig5 ,romis*5 ,rei*es ,deuts*] ,nation 7,vi5na1 #ahfd72 ,m4 ,*>les1 ,les ,brod]ies et les d5telles 7,p>is1 #aije72 ,mrs ,*ri/ie1 ,embroid]y & ,tape/ry ,weav+ 7,london1 #aijf72 ,a4,s4 ,cole1 ,c4,b41 ,"s ,aspects ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,embroid]y 7,soc4 ( ,arts ,j\rnal1 liii41 #aije1 pp4 #ief-igc72 ,r4 ,cox1 ,l',art de decor] les tissus 7,p>is1 ,lyons1 #aijj72 ,l4,f4 ,day1 ,art 9 ,ne$lework 7,london1 #aijj72 ,a4 ,dolby1 ,*ur* ,embroid]y 7ib41 #ahfg71 & ,*ur* ,ve/m5ts 7ib41 #ahfh72 ,m4 ,dreg]1 ,kun/l]is*e ,entwicklung d] ,web]ei und ,/ick]ei 7,vi5na1 #aijd72 ,madame ,i4 ,err]a1 ,collection de brod]ies anci5nes 7,brussels1 #aije72 ,l4 de ,f>cy1 ,la ,brod]ie 7,p>is1 #ahij72 ,r4 ,=r]1 ,die ,grab] und ,textilfunde von ,a*mim-,panopolis 7,/rassburg1 #ahia72 ,f4,r4 ,f[ke1 ,! ,bayeux ,tape/ry 7,london1 #ahih72 ,rev4 ,c4,h4 ,h>t%orne1 ,on ,engli% ,m$ieval ,embroid]y 7ib41 #ahdh72 ,m4,b4 ,hui%1 ,sampl]s & ,tape/ry ,embroid]ies 7ib41 #aijj72 ,a4,f4 ,k5drick1 ,engli% ,embroid]y 7ib41 #aije72 ,engli% ,embroid]y execut$ prior to ! ,middle ( ! #af? ,c5tury 7,burl+ton ,f9e ,arts ,club ,exhibition1 #aije1 introduction by ,a4,f4 ,k5drick72 ,e4 ,lefebure1 ,embroid]ies & ,lace1 translat$ by ,a4,s4 ,cole1 ,c4,b4 7,london1 #ahhh72 ,f4 ,m>%all1 ,old ,engli% ,embroid]y 7ib41 #ahid72 ,e4,m4 ,rogge1 ,mod]ne ,kun/-,nadel>beit5 7,am/]dam1 #aije72 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,catalogue ( ,special ,loan ,exhibition ( ,decorative ,art ,ne$lework 7#ahgd72 ,w4,g4,p4 ,t[n%5d1 ,embroid]y 7,london1 #ahii74 ,= fur!r examples ( ecclesia/ical embroid]y see ! articles ,,*asuble1 ,,cope1 ,,dalmatic & ,,mitre4 7,a4 ,f4 ,k42 ,a4 ,s4 ,c47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,see ,h4 ,c>t] & ,p4,e4 ,newb]ry1 ,cat4 g54 des ant4 egypt4 du musee du ,caire 7#aijd71 pl4 i4 & xxviii4 ,a rem>kable piece ( ,egyptian ne$lework1 ! fun]al t5t ( ,que5 ,isi em ,kheb 7,x,x,ist ,dyna/y71 0 discov]$ at ,deir el ,bahri "s ye>s ago4 ,x is describ$ z a mosaic ( lea!rwork--pieces ( gazelle hide ( sev]al col\rs1 /it*$ toge!r 7see ,villi]s ,/u>t1 ,! ,fun]al ,t5t ( an ,egyptian ,que51 #ahhb74 #b ,! procession at ?is fe/ival is repres5t$ ^u ! frieze ( ! ,p>!non4 #c ,see ,compte r5du de la ,comm4 ,imp4 ,ar*41 #ahgh-ahgi 7,/ ,pet]sburg71 pl4 iii4 & v4 #d ,= an acc\nt ( ! conditions "u :i* ,greek & ,roman embroid]]s work$1 see ,alan ,s4 ,cole1 ,"s ,aspects ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,embroid]y1 ,j\rnal ( ! ,society ( ,arts1 vol4 liii41 #aije1 pp4 #ieh1 #iei4 #e ,*iefly tunics ) v]tical b&s 7clavi7 & m$allions 7orbiculae71 & an ample out] robe or cloak4 #f ,! ,adoration ( ! ,magi is repres5t$ ^u ! l[] bord] ( ! long robe worn by ! empress ,!odora 7wife ( ,ju/9ian7 9 ! mosaic 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,vitale at ,rav5na4 #g ,writ]s h assign$ diff]5t dates to ?is ve/m5t3 ,lady ,al=d1 ,ne$lework z ,art 7e>li] ?an ! #ac? c5tury72 ,f4 ,bock1 ,die ,kle9odi5 7#ab? c5tury72 ,s4 ,boiss]ee1 ,ub] die ,kais]-,dalmatica 9 d] ,/ ,pet]skir*e zu ,rom 7#ab? or fir/ half ( #ac? c5tury72 ,a4,s4 ,cole1 ,cantor ,lectures at ,society ( ,arts1 #aije 7possibly ( #i? c5tury72 ,"l ,l9dsay1 ,*ri/ian ,art 7#ab? or e>ly #ac? c5tury72 ,a4 ,v5turi1 ,/oria dell' arte 7#aj? or #aa? c5tury72 ,t4 ,braun1 ,liturg4 ,gew&ung1 p4 #cje & note 7late #ad? or e>ly #ae? c5tury74 #h ,bo? are illu/rat$ 9 ,f4 ,bock1 ,die ,kle9odi54 #i ,"s embroid]ies f ve/m5ts1 design$ by ,pollaiuolo1 are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,museo dell' ,op]a del ,duomo1 ,flor5ce4 #aj ,o!rs1 sometimes ) ! same illu/rations1 appe>$ 9 ,france & ,g]many1 & no d\bt =w>d$ ! g5]al t5d5cy t[>ds ,italian models at ! "t4 ,a few patt]n-books 7 also publi%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,,embrun1 a t[n 9 ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,hautes ,alpes 9 ,s4,e4 ,france4 ,x is built at a height ( #bhed ft4 on a plateau t rises above ! "r bank ( ! ,durance4 ,x is #bg-a_/b m4 by rail f ,briancon & #bd m4 f ,gap4 ,its ramp>ts 7 demoli%$ 9 #ahhd4 ,9 #aijf ! communal pop4 7includ+ ! g>rison7 0 #cgeb4 ,besides ! ,t\r ,brune 7#aa? c5tury7 & ! old ar*iepiscopal palace1 n[ occupi$ by gov]nm5t (fices1 b>racks1 c41 ! *ief object ( int]e/ 9 ,embrun is its spl5did ca!dral *ur*1 :i* dates f ! second half ( ! #ab? c5tury4 ,above its side door1 call$ ! ,real1 !re exi/$ till #aehe 7:5 x 0 de/roy$ by ! ,hugu5ots7 a fresco1 probably pa9t$ 9 ! #ac? c5tury1 repres5t+ ! ,madonna3 ?is 0 ! object ( a celebrat$ pilgrimage = _m c5turies4 ,l\is ,,xi4 habitually wore on 8 hat a lead5 image ( ?is ,madonna1 = :i* he _h a v great v5]ation1 s9ce betwe5 #addj & #adfa1 dur+ ! lifetime ( 8 fa!r1 he _h be5 ! dauph91 & z su* rul] ( ?is prov9ce4 ,embrun 0 ! ,eburodunum or ,ebr$unum ( ! ,romans1 & ! *ief t[n ( ! prov9ce ( ! ,m>itime ,alps4 ,! episcopal see 0 f\nd$ 9 ! #d? c5tury1 & became an ar*bi%opric ab\t #hjj4 ,9 #aadg ! ar*bi%ops obta9$ f ! emp]or ,conrad ,,iii4 v ext5sive temporal rights1 & ! rank ( pr9ces ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,9 #abcb ! c\nty ( ! ,embrunais pass$ by m>riage to ! dauph9s ( ,vi5nois4 ,9 #agia ! ar*iepiscopal see 0 suppress$1 ! region be+ !n transf]r$ to ! diocese ( ,gap1 s t ! once metropolitan ca!dral *ur* is n[ simply a p>i% *ur*4 ,! t[n 0 sack$ 9 #aehe by ! ,hugu5ots & 9 #afib by ! duke ( ,savoy4 ,h5ri ,arnaud 7#afda-agba71 ! ,wald5sian pa/or & g5]al1 0 born at ,embrun4 ,see ,a4 ,alb]t1 ,hi/oire du diocese d',embrun 7#b vols41 ,embrun1 #aghc72 ,m4 ,=ni]1 ,hi/oire g5]ale des ,alpes ,m>itimes ou ,cotti5nes et p>ticuli]e de leur metropolita9e ,embrun 7writt5 #afbf-afdc71 publi%$ by ! ,abbe ,paul ,guillaume 7#c vols41 ,p>is & ,gap1 #ahij-ahia72 ,a4 ,fabre1 ,re*]*es hi/oriques sur le pel]9age des rois de ,france a ,n4,d4 d',embrun 7,gr5oble1 #ahei72 ,a4 ,sauret1 ,essai hi/orique sur la ville d',embrun 7,gap1 #ahfj74 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,embryology4 ,! ^w embryo is d]iv$ f ! ,gr4 ,greek3 embryon1 :i* signifi$ ! fruit ( ! womb be=e bir?4 ,9 its /rict s5se1 !re=e1 embryology is ! /udy ( ! intraut]9e "y or embryo1 & c only be pursu$ 9 ^? animals 9 :i* ! (fspr+ are reta9$ 9 ! ut]us ( ! "m until !y h acquir$1 or ne>ly acquir$1 ! =m ( ! p>5t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 ! ^w has a mu* wid] application ?an w\ld be ga!r$ f its d]ivation4 ,all animals above ! ,protozoa und]go at ! beg9n+ ( _! exi/5ce rapid gr[? & consid]able *anges ( =m & /ructure4 ,dur+ ^! *anges1 :i* con/itute ! developm5t ( ! animal1 ! "y organism may be incapable ( lead+ a free life & obta9+ its own food4 ,9 su* cases x is ei!r conta9$ 9 ! body ( ! p>5t or x is protrud$ & lies quiesc5t )9 ! egg membranes2 or x may be capable ( lead+ an indep5d5t life1 possess+ 9 a functional condition all ! organs necess>y = ! ma9t5ance ( its exi/5ce4 ,9 ! =m] case ! "y organism is call$ an embryo1#a 9 ! latt] a l>va4 ,x might ?us be conclud$ t embryology w\ld exclude ! /udy ( l>vae1 9 :i* ! :ole or ! great] "p ( ! developm5t takes place outside ! p>5t & outside ! egg4 ,b ?is is n ! case2 embryology includes n only a /udy ( embryos z j def9$1 b also a /udy ( l>vae4 ,9 ?is way ! scope ( ! subject is /ill fur!r wid5$4 ,z long z embryology conf9es its att5tion to embryos1 x is easy to fix its limits1 at any rate 9 ! high] animals4 ,! doma9 ( embryology ceases 9 ! case ( vivip>\s animals at bir?1 9 ! case ( ovip>\s animals at hat*+2 x ceases z soon z ! "y =m acquires ! p[] ( exi/+ :5 sep>at$ f ! p>5t1 or :5 remov$ f ! protection ( ! egg membranes4 ,b z soon z po/-embryonic developm5tal *anges are admitt$ )9 ! scope ( ! subject1 x becomes on close consid]ation difficult to limit its range4 ,x mu/ include all ! developm5tal processes :i* take place z a result ( sexual reproduction4 ,a man at bir?1 :5 he ceases to be an embryo1 has /ill _m *anges besides ^? ( simple gr[? to pass ?r\gh4 ,! same rem>k applies to a "y frog at ! metamorphosis4 ,a *ick ev51 :i* c run ab\t & fe$ almo/ imm$iately aft] hat*+1 possesses a plumage v diff]5t f t ( ! full-gr[n bird2 a />fi% at ! metamorphosis is 9 _m ( its features q diff]5t f ! =m ) :i* we are famili>4 ,x might be attempt$ to meet ?is difficulty by limit+ embryology to a /udy ( all ^? *anges :i* occur 9 ! organism be=e ! atta9m5t ( ! adult /ate4 ,b ?is m]ely %ifts ! difficulty to ano!r qu>t]1 & makes x necess>y to def9e :at is meant by ! adult /ate4 ,at fir/ sight ?is may seem easy1 & no d\bt x is n difficult :5 man & ! high] animals alone are 9 "q1 = 9 ^! ! adult /ate may be def9$ comp>atively %>ply z ! /age ( sexual maturity4 ,aft] t p]iod1 ?\gh *anges 9 ! organism /ill cont9ue1 !y are retrogressive *anges1 & z su* might fairly be exclud$ f any acc\nt ( developm5t1 :i* cle>ly implies progression1 n retrogression4 ,b1 z s (t5 happ5s 9 ! /udy ( organisms1 =mulae :i* apply q satisfactorily to "o gr\p require modifications :5 o!rs are consid]$4 ,does sexual maturity always m>k ! atta9m5t ( ! adult /ate8 ,is ! ,axolotl adult :5 x acquires its reproductive organs8 ,c a l>val ,ct5ophore1 :i* acquires functional reproductive gl&s & /ill possesses ! p[] ( pass+ into ! =m ord9>ily describ$ z adult 9 t gr\p1 be consid]$ to h rea*$ ! end ( its developm5t8 ,or--to take ! case ( ^? animals1 su* z ,amphioxus1 ,balanoglossus1 & _m segm5t$ worms 9 :i* important developm5tal processes occur1 e4g4 =mation ( new gill slits1 ( gonadial sacs1 or ev5 ( :ole segm5ts ( ! body1 long aft] ! p[] ( reproduction has be5 acquir$--h[ is ! atta9m5t ( ! adult /ate to be def9$1 = x is cle> t 9 !m ! atta9m5t ( sexual maturity does n correspond ) ! end ( gr[? & developm5t8 ,if1 !n1 embryology is to be reg>d$ z includ+ n only ! /udy ( embryos1 b also t ( l>vae1 i4e4 if x includes ! /udy ( ! :ole developm5tal hi/ory ( ! individual--& x is impossible to treat ! subject rationally unless x is s reg>d$--x becomes exce$+ difficult to fix any def9ite limit to ! p]iod ( life ) :i* embryology conc]ns itself4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod c be fix$1 b n ! end1 unless x be ! end ( life itself1 i4e4 dea?4 ,! sci5ce ( embryology1 !n1 is ! sci5ce ( individual developm5t1 & includes )9 its purview all ^? *anges ( =m & /ructure1 :e!r embryonic1 l>val or po/-l>val1 :i* *>act]ize ! life ( ! individual4 ,! beg9n+ ( ?is p]iod is precise & def9ite--x is ! completion ( ! f]tilization ( ! ovum1 9 :i* ! life ( ! individual has its />t4 ,! end1 on ! o!r h&1 is vague & _c be precisely def9$1 unless x be dea?1 9 :i* case ! p]iod ( life ) :i* embryology conc]ns itself is co9cid5t ) ! life ( ! individual4 ,to use ! words ( ,huxley 7,cell ,!ory1 ,collect$ ,works1 vol4 i4 p4 #bfg73 ,developm5t1 !re=e1 & life are1 /rictly speak+1 "o ?+1 ?\gh we are accu/om$ to limit ! =m] to ! progressive half ( life m]ely1 & to speak ( ! retrogressive half z decay1 consid]+ an imag9>y re/+-po9t betwe5 ! two z ! adult or p]fect /ate4 ,reproduction4 ,!re are two k9ds ( reproduction1 ! sexual & ! asexual4 ,! sexual me?od has = its results an increase ( ! numb] ( k9ds ( individual or organism1 :]eas ! asexual af=ds an increase 9 ! numb] ( individuals ( ! same k9d4 ,if ! asexual me?od ( reproduction alone exi/$1 !re w\ld1 s f> z our k at pres5t ext5ds1 be no increase 9 ! numb] ( k9ds ( organism3 no new individuality c\ld arise4 ,! fir/ e/abli%m5t ( a new k9d ( individual by ! sexual process is effect$ 9 a v simil> mann] 9 all ,metazoa4 ,! p>5t produces by a process ( unequal fission1 :i* takes place at a "p ( ! body call$ ! reproductive gl&1 a small liv+ organism call$ ! reproductive cell4 ,!re are always two k9ds ( reproductive cells1 & ^! are g5]ally produc$ by diff]5t animals call$ ! male & female respectively 7:5 !y are produc$ by ! same animal x is said to be h]maphrodite74 ,! reproductive cell produc$ by ! male is call$ ! sp]matozoon1 & t produc$ by ! female1 ! ovum4 ,^! two organisms agree 9 be+ small un9ucleat$ masses ( protoplasm1 b diff] consid]ably 9 =m4 ,!y are )\t ! organs ( nutrition1 c41 :i* *>act]ize _! p>5ts1 b ! ovum ne>ly always possesses1 /or$ up )9 its protoplasm1 a great] or less quantity ( vitell9e matt] or food-yolk1 :ile ! sp]matozoon possesses 9 almo/ all cases ! p[] ( locomotion4 ,! object ) :i* ^! two m9ute & simple organisms are produc$ is to fuse ) "o ano!r & give rise to "o resultant un9ucleat$ 7= ! nuclei fuse7 organism or cell1 :i* is call$ ! zygote4 ,?is process ( fusion betwe5 ! two k9ds ( reproductive cells1 :i* are t]m$ gametes1 is call$ conjugation3 x is ! process :i* is sometimes spok5 ( z ! f]tilization ( ! ovum1 & its result is ! e/abli%m5t ( a new individual4 ,?is new individual at fir/ is simply a un9ucleat$ mass ( liv+ matt]1 :i* always conta9s a c]ta9 am\nt ( food-yolk1 & is g5]ally b\nd$ by a delicate cuticul> membrane call$ ! vitell9e membrane4 ,9 =m ! newly e/abli%$ zygote resembles ! female gamete or ovum--s mu* s1 inde$1 t x is frequ5tly call$ ! ovum2 b x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t al?\gh ! bulk ( its matt] has be5 d]iv$ f ! ovum1 x consi/s ( ovum & sp]matozoon1 &1 z %[n by its subsequ5t behavi\r1 ! sp]matozoon has q z mu* to d ) det]m9+ its vital prop]ties z ! ovum4 ,to ! unaid$ eye ! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! newly =m$ zygotes ( diff]5t species ( animals is t ( bulk1 & ?is is due to ! am\nt ( food-yolk held 9 susp5sion 9 ! protoplasm4 ,! ovum ( ! f[l is #cj mm4 9 diamet]1 t ( ! frog #a4ge mm41 :ile ! ova ( ! rabbit & ,amphioxus h a diamet] ( 4l mm4 ,! food-yolk is deposit$ 9 ! ovum z a result ( ! vital activity ( its protoplasm1 :ile ! ovum is /ill a "p ( ! ov>y ( ! p>5t4 ,x is an in]t sub/ance :i* is us$ z food lat] on by ! develop+ embryo1 & x acts z a dilutant ( ! liv+ matt] ( ! ovum4 ,x has a pr(\nd influ5ce on ! subsequ5t developm5tal process4 ,! newly =m$ zygotes ( diff]5t species ( animals h und\bt$ly1 z /av$ above1 a c]ta9 family resemblance to "o ano!r2 b h[ev] great ?is sup]ficial resemblance may be1 ! diff]5ces mu/ be mo/ pr(\nd1 & ?is fact becomes at once obvi\s :5 ! prop]ties ( ^! rem>kable masses ( matt] are closely inve/igat$4 ,causes ( developm5t4 ,z 9 ! case ( s _m o!r =ms ( matt]1 ! m important prop]ties ( ! zygote d n become app>5t until x is submitt$ to ! action ( ext]nal =ces4 ,^! =ces con/itute ! ext]nal conditions ( exi/5ce1 & ! prop]ties :i* are call$ =? by _! action are call$ ! acquir$ *>act]s ( ! organism4 ,! inve/igation ( ^! prop]ties1 p>ticul>ly ( ^? :i* are call$ =? 9 ! e>ly /ages ( ! process1 con/itutes ! sci5ce ( ,embryology4 ,) reg>d to ! manife/ation ( ^! prop]ties1 c]ta9 po9ts mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood at ! outset3--7#a7 ,if ! zygote is )held f ! appropriate ext]nal influ5ces1 e4g4 if a plant-se$ be kept 9 a box free f moi/ure or at a l[ temp]ature1 no prop]ties are evolv$1 & ! zygote rema9s app>5tly un*ang$2 7#b7 ! acquisition ( ! prop]ties :i* con/itutes ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! organism proce$s 9 a p]fectly def9ite sequ5ce1 :i*1 s f> z is kn[n1 _c be alt]$2 7#c7 j z ! features ( ! gr[+ organism *ange "u ! cont9u$ action ( ! ext]nal conditions1 s ! ext]nal conditions !mselves mu/ *ange z ! organism is progressively evolv$4 ,) reg>d to ?is la/ *ange1 x may be said g5]ally t x is usually1 if n always1 effect$ by ! organism itself1 mak+ use ( ! prop]ties :i* x has acquir$ at e>li] /ages ( its gr[?1 & act+ 9 response to ! ext]nal conditions4 ,!re is1 to use a phrase ( ,mr ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 a cont9u\s adju/m5t betwe5 ! ext]nal & int]nal relations4 ,= e organism a c]ta9 succession ( conditions is necess>y if ! complete & normal evolution ( prop]ties is to take place4 ,)9 c]ta9 limits1 ^! conditions may v>y )\t int]f]+ ) ! normal evolution ( ! prop]ties1 ?\gh su* v>iations are g5]ally respond$ to by slight b unimportant v>iation ( ! prop]ties 7v>iation ( acquir$ *>act]s74 ,b if ! v>iation ( ! conditions is too great1 ! evolv$ prop]ties become abnormal1 & are ( su* a nature z to preclude ! normal evolution ( ! organism2 9 o!r words1 ! action ( ! conditions ^u ! organism is injuri\s1 caus+ abortions &1 ultimately1 dea?4 ,= _m organisms ! conditions ( exi/5ce are well kn[n = all /ages ( life1 & c be easily imitat$1 s t !y c be re>$ artificially & kept alive & made to bre$ 9 conf9em5t--e4g4 ! common f[l4 ,b 9 a l>ge numb] ( cases x is n possible1 ?r\gh ignorance ( ! prop] conditions1 or on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( imitat+ !m1 to make ! organism evolve all its prop]ties4 ,= in/ance1 !re are _m m>9e l>vae :i* h nev] be5 re>$ beyond a c]ta9 po9t1 & !re are "s organisms :i*1 ev5 :5 ne>ly full-gr[n--a /age ( life at :i* x is g5]ally mo/ easy to asc]ta9 & imitate ! natural conditions--w n live1 or at any rate w n bre$1 9 captivity4 ,( late ye>s "s naturali/s h l>gely occupi$ !mselves ) exp]im5tal obs]vation ( ! effects on c]ta9 organisms ( m>k$ & def9ite *anges ( ! conditions1 & ! "n ( ,developm5tal ,me*anics 7or ,physiology ( ,developm5t7 has be5 appli$ to ?is bran* ( /udy 7see bel[74 ,gametog5y4 ,9 normal f]tilization1 z a rule1 only "o sp]matozoon fuses ) ! ovum4 ,x has be5 obs]v$ 9 "s eggs t a membrane1 =m$ r\nd ! ovum imm$iately aft] ! entrance ( ! sp]matozoon1 prev5ts ! entrance ( o!rs4 ,if ?an "o sp]matozoon ent]s1 a correspond+ numb] ( male pronuclei are =m$1 & ! subsequ5t developm5t1 if x takes place at all1 is abnormal & soon ceases4 ,an egg by ill-treatm5t 7influ5ce ( *lor(orm1 c>bonic acid1 c47 c be made to take m ?an "o sp]matozoon4 ,9 "s animals x appe>s t sev]al sp]matozoa may normally ent] ! ovum 7"s ,ar?ropoda1 ,sela*ians1 ,amphibians & ,mammals71 b ( ^! only "o =ms a male pronucleus 7see bel[71 ! re/ be+ absorb$4 ,gametog5y is ! "n appli$ to ! =mation ( ! gametes1 i4e4 ( ! ova & sp]matozoa4 ,! cells ( ! reproductive gl&s are ! g]m cells 7oogonia1 sp]matogonia74 ,!y und]go division & give rise to ! progametes1 :i* 9 ! case ( ! female are sometimes call$ oocytes1 9 ! case ( ! male sp]matocytes4 ,! oocytes are m famili>ly call$ ! ov>ian ova4 ,! nucleus ( ! oocyte is call$ ! g]m9al vesicle4 ,! oocyte 7progamete7 gives rise by division to ! ovum or true gamete1 ! nucleus ( :i* is call$ ! female pronucleus4 ,z a g5]al rule ! oocyte divides unequally twice1 giv+ rise to two small cells call$ pol> bodies1 & to ! ovum4 ,! fir/ =m$ pol> body frequ5tly divides :5 ! oocyte und]goes its second & f9al division1 s t !re are ?ree pol> bodies z well z ! ovum result+ f ! division ( ! oocyte or progamete4 ,sometimes ! ovum arises f ! oocyte by "o division only1 & !re is only "o pol> body 7e4g4 m\se1 ,sobotta1 ,ar*4 f4 mikr4 ,anat41 #ahie1 p4 #ae74 ,! pol> bodies are oval1 b z a rule !y are s small z to be incapable ( f]tilization4 ,!y may !re=e be reg>d$ z abortive ova4 ,9 "o case1 h[ev] 7see ,francotte1 ,bull4 ,acad4 ,belg4 7#c71 xxxiii41 #ahig1 p4 #bgh71 ! fir/ =m$ pol> body is ne>ly z l>ge z ! ovum1 & is sometimes f]tiliz$ & develops4 ,! sp]matogonia are ! cells ( ! te/is2 ^! produce by division ! sp]matocytes 7progametes71 :i* divide & give rise to ! sp]matids4 ,9 mo/ cases :i* h be5 inve/igat$ ! divisions by :i* ! sp]matids arise f ! sp]matocytes are two 9 numb]1 s t ea* sp]matocyte gives orig9 to f\r sp]matids4 ,ea* sp]matid becomes a functional sp]matozoon or male gamete4 ,! gametog5y ( ! male !re=e closely resembles t ( ! female1 diff]+ f x only 9 ! fact t all ! f\r products ( ! progamete become functional gametes1 :]eas 9 ! female only "o1 ! ovum1 becomes functional1 ! o!r ?ree 7pol> bodies7 be+ abortive4 ,9 ! sp]matog5esis ( ! bee1 h[ev]1 ! sp]matocyte only divides once1 giv+ rise to a small pol>-body-l /ructure & "o sp]matid 7,meves1 ,anat4 ,anzeig]1 #bd1 #aijd1 pp4 #bi-cb74 ,! nucleus ( ! male gamete is n call$ ! male pronucleus1 z w\ld be expect$1 t t]m be+ res]v$ = ! second nucleus :i* appe>s 9 ! ovum aft] f]tilization4 ,z ?is is 9 all probability d]iv$ entirely f ! nucleus ( ! sp]matozoon1 we %\ld be almo/ ju/ifi$ 9 call+ ! nucleus ( ! sp]matozoon ! male pronucleus4 ,9 mo/ =ms 9 :i* ! =mation ( ! gametes f ! progamete has be5 accurately foll[$1 & 9 :i* ! progamete ( bo? sexes divides twice 9 =m+ ! gametes1 ! division ( ! nucleus pres5ts c]ta9 peculi>ities4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 betwe5 ! fir/ division & ! second x does n ent] into ! re/+ /ate1 b imm$iately proce$s to ! second division4 ,9 ! second place1 ! numb] ( *romosomes :i* appe> 9 ! f9al divisions ( ! progametes & assi/ 9 con/itut+ ! nuclei ( ! gametes is half ! numb] :i* g to con/itute ! new nuclei 9 ! ord9>y nucle> divisions ( ! animal4 ,! numb] ( *romosomes ( ! nucleus ( ! gamete is !re=e r$uc$1 & ! divisions by :i* ! gametes arise f ! progametes are call$ r$uc+ 7maiotic7 divisions4 ,x is n c]ta91 h[ev]1 t ?is ph5om5on is ( univ]sal occurr5ce1 or has ! significance :i* is ord9>ily attribut$ to x4 ,9 ! p>!nog5etic ova ( c]ta9 insects1 e4g4 ,rhodites rosae 7,h5k+71 ,nematus lacteus 7,donca/]1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rnal ,mic4 ,sci5ce1 #di1 #aijf1 pp4 #efa-ehi71 r$uction does n occur1 ?\gh two pol> bodies are =m$4 ,f]tilization4 ,z soon z ! sp]matozoon has conjugat$ ) ! ovum1 a second nucleus appe>s 9 ! ovum4 ,?is is und\bt$ly d]iv$ f ! sp]matozoon1 possibly f its nucleus only1 & is call$ ! male pronucleus4 ,x possesses 9 ! adjac5t protoplasm a well-m>k$ c5trosome4 ,! g5]al rule appe>s to be t ! female pronucleus is )\t a c5trosome1 & t no c5trosome appe>s 9 ! female 9 ! divisions by :i* ! gamete arises f ! progamete4 ,if ?is is true1 ! c5trosome ( ! zygote nucleus mu/ be entirely d]iv$ f t ( ! male pronucleus4 ,?is acc\nts = ! fact1 :i* has be5 (t5 obs]v$1 t ! female pronucleus is n surr\nd$ by protoplasmic radiations1 :]eas su* radiations are pres5t r\nd ! male pronucleus 9 its approa* to ! female4 ,9 ! m\se ! subsequ5t ev5ts are z foll[3--,bo? pronuclei assume ! re/+ =m1 ! *romat9 be+ di/ribut$ ov] ! nucle> network1 & ! nuclei come to lie side by side 9 ! c5tre ( ! egg4 ,a long loop ( *romat9 !n appe>s 9 ea* nucleus & divides up into twelve pieces1 ! *romosomes4 ,! c5trosome n[ divides1 ! membranes ( bo? nuclei disappe>1 & a sp9dle is =m$4 ,! tw5ty-f\r *romosomes arrange !mselves at ! c5tre ( ?is sp9dle & split longitud9ally1 s t =ty-eight *romosomes are =m$4 ,tw5ty-f\r ( ^!1 twelve male & twelve female1 z x is suppos$1 travel to ea* pole ( ! sp9dle & assi/ 9 giv+ rise to ! two nuclei4 ,at ! next nucle> division tw5ty-f\r *romosomes appe> 9 ea* nucleus1 ea* ( :i* divides longitud9ally2 & s 9 all subsequ5t divisions4 ,! fusion ( ! two pronuclei is sometimes effect$ 9 a mann] slightly diff]5t f t describ$ = ! m\se4 ,9 ,e*9us1 = in/ance1 ! two pronuclei fuse1 & ! sp9dle & *romosomes are =m$ f ! zygote nucleus1 :]eas 9 ! m\se ! two pronuclei reta9 _! di/9ctness dur+ ! =mation ( ! *romosomes4 ,!re appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be "s v>iation 9 ?is respect3 cases h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! m\se 9 :i* fusion ( ! pronuclei occurs be=e ! sep>ation ( ! *romosomes4 ,p>!nog5esis4 ,p>!nog5esis1 or developm5t ( ! female gamete )\t f]tilization1 is kn[n to occur 9 _m gr\ps ( ! animal k+dom4 ,attempts h be5 made to connect ?is ph5om5on ) peculi>ities 9 ! gametog5y4 ,= in/ance1 x has be5 said t p>!nog5etic ova =m only "o pol> body4 ,b1 z we h se51 ?is is sometimes ! case 9 eggs :i* are f]tiliz$1 & p>!nog5etic ova are kn[n :i* =m two pol> bodies1 e4g4 ova ( ! honey-bee :i* produce drones 7,morph4 ,jahrb4 xv41 #ahhi1 p4 #he74 ova ( ,rotif]a :i* produce males 7,zool4 ,anzeig]1 xx41 #ahig1 p4 #dee71 ova ( "s saw-flies & gall flies :i* produce females 7,l4 ,donca/]1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sc41 #di1 #aijf1 pp4 #efa-ehi74 ,aga9 x has be5 ass]t$ t 9 p>!nog5etic eggs ! pol> bodies are n extrud$ f ! ovum2 9 su* cases1 ?\gh ! nucleus divides1 ^? ( its products :i* w\ld 9 o!r cases be extrud$ 9 pol> bodies rema9 9 ! protoplasm ( ! ovum4 ,b ?is is n a univ]sal rule1 = 9 "s cases ( p>!nog5esis pol> bodies are extrud$ 9 ! usual way 7,aphis1 "s ,lepidopt]a71 & 9 "s f]tiliz$ eggs ! pol> bodies are reta9$ 9 ! ovum4 ,x is q probable t p>!nog5esis is m common ?an has be5 suppos$1 & x appe>s t !re is "s evid5ce to %[ t ova1 :i* 9 normal conditions are incapable ( develop+ )\t f]tilization1 may yet develop if subject$ to an alt]$ environm5t4 ,= in/ance1 x has be5 ass]t$ t ! addition ( a c]ta9 quantity ( *loride ( magnesium & o!r sub/ances to sea-wat] w cause ! unf]tiliz$ ova ( c]ta9 m>9e animals 7,arbacia1 ,*aetopt]us7 to develop 7,j4 ,loeb1 ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,physiology1 ix41 #aija1 p4 #dbc72 & accord+ to ,m4,y4 ,delage 7,comptes r5dus1 #ace1 #aijb4 ,nos4 #ae & #af7 su* developm5t may occur aft] ! =mation ( pol> bodies1 ! *romosomes und]go+ r$uction & ! full numb] be+ rega9$ 9 ! segm5t+ /age4 ,^! exp]im5ts1 if au!nticat$1 sugge/ t ova h ! p[] ( developm5t1 b are n able to ex]cise x 9 _! normal surr\nd+s4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! same ass]tion may be made ( sp]matozoa4 ,ph5om5a ( ! nature ( p>!nog5esis h nev] be5 obs]v$ 9 ! male gamete1 b x has be5 sugge/$ by ,a4 ,gi>d 7,c9quant5aire de la ,soc4 de ,biol41 #aijj7 t ! ph5om5on ( ! s-call$ f]tilization ( an enucleat$ ovum :i* has be5 describ$ by ,t4 ,bov]i & ,delage 9 v>i\s eggs1 & :i* results 9 developm5t up to ! l>val =m 7m]ogony71 is 9 reality a case 9 :i* ! male gamete1 unable to und]go developm5t 9 ord9>y circum/ances on acc\nt ( its small size & specialization ( /ructure has obta9$ a nutritive environm5t :i* enables x to display its lat5t p[] ( developm5t4 ,moreov]1 ,a4,m4 ,gi>d sugge/s t 9 "s cases ( app>5tly normal f]tilization "o ( ! pronuclei may deg5]ate1 ! resultant embryo be+ ! product ( "o pronucleus only4 ,9 ?is way he expla9s c]ta9 cases ( hybridization 9 :i* ! pat]nal 7r>ely ! mat]nal7 type is exclusively reproduc$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! batra*iate ,amphibia1 ,h]on ,roy] succe$$ 9 #ahhc 9 re>+1 out ( a va/ numb] ( attempts1 a few hybrids betwe5 a female ,pelobates fuscus & a male ,rana fusca2 ! product 0 a ,rana fusca4 ,he also cross$ a female ,bufo vulg>is ) a male ,bufo calamita2 9 ! few cases :i* rea*$ maturity ! product 0 obvi\sly a ,bufo calamita4 ,f9ally1 ,h4,e4 ,ziegl] 7,ar*4 f4 ,ent4-,me*41 #ahih1 p4 #bdi7 divid$ ! j-f]tiliz$ ovum ( a sea-ur*9 9 su* a way t ea* half _h "o pronucleus2 ! half ) ! male pronucleus segm5t$ & =m$ a bla/ula1 ! o!r deg5]at$4 ,x is said t 9 a few species ( animals males d n occur1 & t p>!nog5esis is ! sole means ( reproduction 7a species ( ,o/racoda among ,cru/acea2 species ( ,t5?r$9idae1 ,cynipidae & ,coccidae among ,insecta72 ?is is ! !lytoky ( ,k4,t4,e4 von ,siebold4 ,! numb] ( species 9 :i* males are unkn[n is con/antly decreas+1 & x is q possible t ! ph5om5on does n exi/4 ,p>!nog5esis1 h[ev]1 is und\bt$ly ( frequ5t occurr5ce1 & is ( f\r k9ds1 namely1 7#a7 t 9 :i* males alone are produc$1 e4g4 honey-bees 7arrh5otoky72 7#b7 t 9 :i* females only are produc$ 7!lytoky71 z 9 "s saw-flies2 7#c7 t 9 :i* bo? sexes are produc$ 7deut]otoky71 z 9 "s saw-flies2 7#d7 t 9 :i* !re is an alt]nation ( sexual & p>!nog5etic g5]ations1 z 9 ,aphidae1 _m ,cynipidae1 c4 ,x w\ld appe> t p>!nog5esis does n fav\r ! production ( "o sex m ?an ano!r1 b x is cle> t x decid$ly fav\rs ! production ( a brood t is entirely ( "o sex1 b :i* sex t is diff]s accord+ to circum/ances 7,d4 ,%>p1 ,cambridge ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,insects1 pt4 i4 p4 #dih74 ,9 "s ,insecta & ,cru/acea exceptional p>!nog5esis occurs3 a c]ta9 proportion ( ! eggs laid are capable ( und]go+ ei!r ! :ole or a "p ( developm5t p>!nog5etically1 e4g4 ,bombyx mori1 c4 7,a4 ,brau]1 ,ar*4 f4 mikr4 ,anat41 #ahic2 consult also ,e4 ,maupas on p>!nog5esis ( ,rotif]a1 ,comp4 r5d41 #ahhi-ahia1 & ,r4 ,laut]born1 ,biol4 ,c5tralblatt1 xviii41 #ahih1 p4 #agc74 ,det]m9ation ( sex4 ,! "q ( ! det]m9ation ( sex may be allud$ to "h4 ,is sex det]m9$ at ! act ( conjugation ( ! two gametes8 ,is x1 9 o!r words1 an unalt]able prop]ty ( ! zygote1 a g5etic "*8 ,or does x dep5d ^u ! conditions to :i* ! zygote is subject$ 9 its developm5t8 ,9 o!r words1 is x an acquir$ "*8 ,x is impossible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k to answ] ^! que/ions satisfactorily1 b ! balance ( evid5ce appe>s to fav\r ! view t sex is an unalt]able1 inborn "*4 ,?us ^? tw9s :i* are believ$ to come f a split zygote are always ( ! same sex1 memb]s ( ! same litt] :i* h be5 submitt$ to exactly simil> conditions are ( diff]5t sexes1 & all attempts to det]m9e ! sex ( (fspr+ 9 ! high] animals by treatm5t h fail$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! male bee is a portion ( a female zygote--! que5-bee4 ,! same rem>k applies to ! male ,rotif]1 9 :i* ! zygote always gives rise to a female1 f :i* ! male arises p>!nog5etically1 b 9 ^! cases x does n appe> t ! production ( males is 9 any way affect$ by ext]nal conditions 7see ,r4,c4 ,punnett1 ,proc4 ,royal ,soc41 #gh ,b1 #aijf1 p4 #bbc74 ,x is said t 9 human societies ! numb] ( males born increases aft] w>s & fam9es1 b ?is1 if true1 is probably due to an affection ( ! gametes & n ( ! "y zygote4 ,= a review ( ! :ole subject see ,l4 ,cu5ot1 ,bull4 sci4 ,france et ,belgique1 xxxii41 #ahii1 pp4 #dfb-ece4 ,cleavage4 ,! fir/ *ange ! zygote und]goes 9 all animals is :at is g5]ally call$ ! segm5tation or cleavage ( ! ovum4 ,?is consi/s ess5tially ( ! division ( ! nucleus into a numb] ( nuclei1 ar\nd :i* ! protoplasm soon] or lat] becomes arrang$ 9 ! mann] ord9>ily spok5 ( z cellul>4 ,?is division ( ! nucleus is effect$ by ! process call$ b9>y fission2 t is to say1 x fir/ divides into two1 !n ea* ( ^! divides simultane\sly aga9 into two1 giv+ f\r nuclei2 ea* ( ^! aft] a pause aga9 simultane\sly divides into two4 ,s ! process cont9ues = "s "t until ! ovum becomes possess$ ( a l>ge numb] ( nuclei1 all ( :i* h proce$$ f ! orig9al nucleus by a s]ies ( b9>y fissions4 ,?is division ( ! nucleus1 :i* con/itutes ! ess5tial "p ( ! cleavage ( ! ovum1 cont9ues ?r\gh ! :ole ( life1 b x is only 9 ! e>lie/ p]iod t x is di/+ui%$ by a di/9ct "n & us$ to *>act]ize a /age ( developm5t4 ,! nucle> division ( cleavage is usually at fir/ a rhy?mical process2 all ! nuclei divide simultane\sly1 & p]iods ( nucle> activity alt]nate ) p]iods ( re/4 ,nucle> divisions may be said to be ( ?ree k9ds1 accord+ to ! accompany+ *anges 9 ! surr\nd+ protoplasm3 7#a7 accompani$ by no visible *ange1 e4g4 ! mult9ucleat$ ,protozoon ,act9ospha]ium2 7#b7 accompani$ by a re>rangem5t ( ! protoplasm ar\nd ea* nucleus1 b n by its division into two sep>ate masses1 e4g4 ! division :i* results 9 ! =mation ( a colony ( ,protozoa2 7#c7 accompani$ by ! division ( ! protoplasm into two p>ts1 s t two di/9ct cells result1 e4g4 ! divisions by :i* ! free w&]+ leucocytes are produc$1 ! reproduction ( un9ucle> ,protozoa1 c4 ,9 ! cleavage ( ! ovum ! fir/ two ( ^! me?ods ( division are f\nd1 b probably n ! ?ird4 ,at "o "t x 0 ?\ght t ! nucle> divisions ( cleavage 7 always ( ! ?ird k9d1 & ! result ( cleavage 0 suppos$ to be a mass ( isolat$ cells1 :i* became reunit$ 9 ! subsequ5t developm5t to give rise to ! lat] connexion betwe5 ! tissues :i* 7 kn[n to exi/4 ,b 9 #ahhe x 0 notic$ t 9 ! ovum ( ,p]ipatus cap5sis 7,a4 ,s$gwick1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci5ce1 xxv41 #ahhe1 p4 #ddi7 ! extra-nucle> protoplasm did n divide 9 ! cleavage ( ! ovum1 b m]ely became re>rang$ r\nd ! increas+ nuclei2 ! cont9uity ( ! protoplasm 0 n brok51 b p]si/$ into ! lat] /ages ( gr[?1 & gave rise to ! tissue-connexions :i* und\bt$ly exi/ 9 ! adult4 ,?is discov]y 0 ( "s importance1 because x r5d]$ intelligible ! unity ( ! embryo s f> z its developm5tal processes are conc]n$1 ! ma9t5ance ( ?is unity be+ some:at surpris+ on ! previ\s view4 ,on fur!r inquiry & exam9ation x 0 f\nd t ! ova ( _m o!r animals pres5t$ a cleavage ess5tially simil> to t ( ,p]ipatus4 ,inde$1 x 0 f\nd t ! nucle> divisions ( cleavage 7 ( ! fir/ two k9ds j describ$4 ,9 "s eggs1 e4g4 ! ,alcyon>ia1 ! fir/ nucle> divisions are effect$ on ! fir/ plan1 i4e4 !y take place )\t at fir/ produc+ any visible effect ^u ! protoplasm ( ! egg4 ,b 9 ! lat] /ages ( cleavage ! protoplasm becomes arrang$ ar\nd ea* nucleus & relat$ to x z to a c5tre4 ,9 ! majority ( eggs1 h[ev]1 ! protoplasm1 ?\gh n und]go+ complete cleavage1 becomes re>rang$ r\nd ea* nucleus z ^! are =m$4 ,! be/ & cle>e/ in/ance ( ?is is af=d$ by _m ,ar?ropodan eggs1 9 :i* ! nucleus ( ! j-=m$ zygote takes up a c5tral position1 :]e x und]goes its fir/ division1 subsequ5t divisions tak+ place entirely )9 ! egg & n 9 any way affect+ its ext]ior4 ,! result is to give rise to a nucleat$ network or foam-"w ( protoplasm1 ramify+ ?r\gh ! yolk-p>ticles & conta9+ ^! 9 its me%es4 ,9 o!r ,ar?ropodan eggs ! cleavage is on ! s-call$ c5troleci?al type1 9 :i* ! divid+ nuclei pass to ! cortex ( ! ovum1 & ! surface ( ! ovum becomes ind5t$ ) grooves correspond+ to ea* nucleus4 ,9 ?is k9d ( cleavage all ! s-call$ segm5ts are cont9u\s ) ! c5tral undivid$ yolk-mass4 ,x sometimes happ5s t 9 ,ar?ropods ! egg breaks up into masses1 :i* _c be said to h ! value ( cells1 z !y are frequ5tly )\t nuclei4 ,9 o!r eggs1 *>act]iz$ by a consid]able am\nt ( yolk1 e4g4 ! ova ( ,cephalopoda1 & ( ! ,v]tebrata ) mu* yolk1 ! fir/ nucleus takes up an ecc5tric position 9 a small pat* ( protoplasm :i* is comp>atively free f yolk-p>ticles4 ,?is pat* is ! g]m9al disc1 & ! nucle> divisions are conf9$ to x & to ! transitional region1 :]e x m]ges into ! d5s] yolk :i* makes up ! bulk ( ! egg4 ,at ! close ( segm5tation ! g]m9al disc consi/s ( a numb] ( nuclei1 ea* surr\nd$ by its own mass ( protoplasm1 :i* is1 h[ev]1 n sep>at$ f ! protoplasm r\nd ! neighb\r+ nuclei1 z 0 =m]ly suppos$1 b is cont9u\s at ! po9ts ( contact4 ,9 ?is mann] ! g]m9al disc has become conv]t$ into ! bla/od]m1 :i* consi/s ( a small wat*-glass-%ap$ mass ( s-call$ cells re/+ on1 b cont9u\s )1 ! l>ge yolk-mass4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ?is k9d ( ovum t !re is always a r[ ( nuclei1 call$ ! yolk-nuclei1 plac$ 9 ! d5s] yolk imm$iately adjac5t to ! bla/od]m4 ,^! nuclei are cont9ually und]go+ division1 "o ( ! products ( division1 toge!r ) a little ( ! sp>se yolk protoplasm1 pass+ into ! bla/od]m to re9=ce x 7s-call$ =mative cells74 ,! o!r product ( ! divid+ yolk-nuclei rema9s 9 ! yolk1 9 read9ess = ! next division4 ,9 ?is mann] nucleat$ masses ( protoplasm are cont9ually be+ add$ to ! p]iph]y ( ! bla/od]m & assi/+ 9 its gr[?4 ,b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t all ! nucleat$ masses ( :i* ! bla/od]m consi/s are 9 cont9uity ) ea* o!r & ) ! sp>se protoplasmic reticulum ( ! subjac5t yolk4 ,9 ! great majority ( eggs1 !n1 ! nucle> division ( cleavage is n accompani$ by a complete division ( ! ovum into sep>ate cells1 b only by a re>rangem5t ( ! protoplasm1 :i* produces1 inde$1 ! s-call$ cellul> arrangem5t1 & an appe>ance only ( sep>ate cells4 ,b !re /ill rema9 to be m5tion$ ^? small eggs 9 :i* ! am\nt ( yolk is inconsid]able1 & 9 :i* division ( ! nuclei does appe> to be accompani$ by a complete division ( ! surr\nd+ protoplasm into sep>ate unconnect$ cells--ova ( _m ,annelida1 ,mollusca1 ,e*9od]ma1 c41 & ( ,mammalia among/ ,v]tebrata4 ,9 ! case ( ^! also 7,g4,f4 ,&rews1 ,zool4 ,bullet91 ii41 #ahih7 x has be5 %[n t ! app>5tly sep>ate sph]es are connect$ by a numb] ( f9e ana/omos+ ?reads ( a hyal9e protoplasm1 :i* are n easy to detect & are readily de/roy$ by ! action ( reag5ts4 ,x is !re=e probable t ! divisions ( ! nuclei 9 cleavage are 9 no case accompani$ by complete division ( ! surr\nd+ protoplasm1 & ! organism 9 ! cleavage /age is a cont9u\s :ole1 z x is 9 all ! o!r /ages ( its exi/5ce4 ,division ( embryo4 ,( late ye>s a great numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 made to discov] ! effects ( divid+ ! embryo dur+ its cleavage1 & ( de/roy+ c]ta9 portions ( x4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 made ) ! object ( te/+ ! view1 held by "s au?orities1 t c]ta9 segm5ts are already set ap>t 9 cleavage to give rise to c]ta9 adult organs1 s t if !y 7 de/roy$ ! organs 9 "q c\ld n be develop$4 ,! results obta9$ h n borne out ?is view4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 x may be said t !y h be5 diff]5t accord+ to ! /age at :i* ! sep>ation 0 effect$ & ! conditions "u :i* ! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out4 ,if ! exp]im5t be made at a suffici5tly e>ly /age1 ea* "p1 if n too small1 w develop into a normal1 ?\gh small1 embryo4 ,9 "s cases ! embryo rema9$ imp]fect = a c]ta9 "t aft] ! exp]im5t1 b ! loss is ev5tually made good by reg5]ation4 7,= a summ>y ( ! "w done on ?is subject see ,r4,s4 ,b]gh1 ,zool4 ,c5tralblatt1 vii41 #aijj1 p4 #a47 ,! lay] !ory4 ,! end ( cleavage is m>k$ by ! comm5cem5t ( ! diff]5tiation ( ! organs4 ,! fir/ diff]5tiation is ! =mation ( ! lay]s4 ,^! are ?ree 9 numb]1 be+ call$ respectively ! ectod]m1 endod]m & mesod]m1 or1 9 embryos 9 :i* at _! fir/ appe>ance !y lie l %eets "o above ! o!r1 ! epibla/1 hypobla/ & mesobla/4 ,! lay]s are sometimes spok5 ( z ! prim>y organs1 & _! importance lies 9 ! fact t !y are suppos$ to be g5]ally homolog\s ?r\gh\t ! s]ies ( ! ,metazoa4 ,?is view1 :i* is bas$ p>tly on _! orig9 & p>tly on _! fate1 _h great influ5ce on ! sci5ce ( comp>ative anatomy dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s ( ! #ai? c5tury1 = ! homology ( ! lay]s be+ admitt$1 !y af=d$ a k9d ( f9al c\rt ( appeal 9 det]m9+ que/ions ( d\btful homologies betwe5 adult organs4 ,great importance 0 !re=e atta*$ to !m by embryologi/s1 & bo? _! mode ( developm5t & ! "p :i* !y play 9 =m+ ! adult organs 7 exam9$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,x is v unusual = all ! lay]s to be e/abli%$ at ! same "t4 ,z a g5]al rule ! ectod]m & endod]m1 :i* may be call$ ! prim>y lay]s1 come fir/1 & lat] ! mesod]m is develop$ f "o or o!r ( !m4 ,!re are two ma9 me?ods 9 :i* ! fir/ two are diff]5tiat$--invag9ation & delam9ation4 ,! =m] is g5]ally f\nd 9 small eggs1 9 :i* ! embryo at ! close ( cleavage assumes ! =m ( a sph]e1 hav+ a fluid or gelat9\s mat]ial 9 its c5tre1 & b\nd$ ext]nally by a ?9 lay] ( protoplasm1 9 :i* all ! nuclei are conta9$4 ,su* a sph]e is call$ a bla/osph]e1 & may be reg>d$ z a sph]ical mass ( protoplasm1 ( :i* ! c5tral portion is s mu* vacuolat$ t x seems to consi/ entirely ( fluid4 ,! c5tral "p ( ! bla/osph]e is call$ ! segm5tation cavity or bla/ocoel4 ,! bla/osph]e soon gives rise1 by ! invag9ation ( "o "p ( its wall ^u ! o!r1 & a consequ5t oblit]ation ( ! segm5tation cavity1 to a d\ble-wall$ cup ) a wide op5+1 :i*1 h[ev]1 soon becomes n>r[$ to a small pore4 ,?is cup-/age is call$ ! ga/rula /age2 ! out] wall ( ! ga/rula is ! ectod]m1 & its inn] ! endod]m2 :ile its cavity is ! ent]on1 & ! op5+ to ! ext]ior ! bla/opore4 ,orig9 ( ! prim>y lay]s by delam9ation occurs univ]sally 9 eggs ) l>ge yolks 7,cephalopoda & _m ,v]tebrata71 & occasionally 9 o!rs4 ,9 x cleavage gives rise to a solid mass1 :i* divides by delam9ation into two lay]s1 ! ectod]m & endod]m4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce betwe5 ! two me?ods ( developm5t lies 9 ! fact t 9 ! fir/ ( !m ! endod]m at its fir/ orig9 %[s ! relations :i* x possesses 9 ! adult1 namely1 ( =m+ ! epi!lial wall ( ! ent]ic space1 :]eas 9 ! second me?od ! endod]m is at fir/ a solid mass1 9 :i* ! ent]ic space makes its appe>ance lat] by excavation4 ,9 ! delam9ate me?od ! ent]ic space is at fir/ )\t a bla/opore1 & sometimes x nev] acquires ?is op5+1 b a bla/opore is frequ5tly =m$1 & ! two-lay]$ ga/rula /age is rea*$1 ?\gh by a v diff]5t r\te f t tak5 9 ! =mation ( ! invag9ate ga/rula4 ,accord+ to ! lay]-!ory1 ^! two lay]s are homolog\s ?r\gh\t ! s]ies ( ,metazoa2 _! limits c always be accurately def9$1 !y give rise to ! same organs 9 all cases1 & ! adult organs 7exclud+ ! mesod]mal organs7 c be trac$ back to "o or o!r ( !m ) absolute precision4 ,?us ! ectod]m gives rise to ! epid]mis1 to ! n]v\s sy/em1 & to ! l9+ ( ! /omodaeum & proctodaeum1 if su* p>ts ( ! alim5t>y canal are pres5t4 ,! endod]m1 on ! o!r h&1 gives rise to ! l9+ ( ! ent]on1 & ( ! gl&s :i* op5 into x4 ,mesod]m4 ,s f> z ^! two lay]s are conc]n$1 & exclud+ ! mesod]m1 x w\ld appe> t ! lay]-!ory does apply 9 a v rem>kable mann] to ! :ole ( ! ,metazoa4 ,b ev5 "h1 :5 ! actual facts are closely scann$1 !re are f\nd to be difficulties1 :i* appe> to indicate t ! !ory may n p]haps be su* an infallible guide z x seems at fir/ sight4 ,leav+ out ( consid]ation ! case ( ! ,mammalia1 9 :i* ! diff]5tiation ( ! segm5t$ ovum is n into ectod]m & endod]m1 & ! case ( ! sponges1 ! mo/ important ( ^! difficulties conc]n ! /omodaeum & proctodaeum4 ,! be/ case to exam9e is t ( ,p]ipatus cap5sis1 9 :i* ! bla/opore is at fir/ a long slit1 & gives rise to bo? ! m\? & ! anus ( ! adult4 ,"h !re is always f\nd at ! lips ( ! bla/opore1 & ext5d+ = a %ort di/ance inw>ds z ent]ic l9+1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( tissue1 :i* by its *>act]s mu/ be reg>d$ z ectod]m4 ,n[1 9 ! closure ( ! bla/opore betwe5 ! m\? & anus1 ?is tissue1 :i* at ! m\? & anus develops into ! l9+ ( ! /omodaeum & proctodaeum1 is left inside1 & actually gives rise to ! m$ian v5tral epi!lium ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,h5ce ! developm5t ( ,p]ipatus cap5sis sugge/s ! conclusion1 if we /rictly apply ! lay]-!ory1 t a consid]able portion ( ! true mes5t]on is l9$ by ectod]m1 & is n homolog\s ) ! correspond+ portion ( ! mes5t]on ( o!r animals--a conclusion :i* w on all h&s be admitt$ to be absurd4 ,! difficulties 9 ! application ( ! lay]-!ory become va/ly great] :5 ! orig9 & fate ( ! mesod]m is consid]$4 ,! mesod]m is1 if we may judge f ! numb] ( organs :i* are d]iv$ f x1 mu* ! mo/ important ( ! ?ree lay]s4 ,x g5]ally arises lat] ?an ! o!rs1 & 9 its v orig9 pres5ts difficulties to ! !ory1 :i* are mu* increas$ :5 we consid] its hi/ory4 ,x is g5]ally1 ?\gh n always1 develop$ f ! endod]m1 ei!r z holl[ outgr[?s conta9+ prolongations ( ! ent]ic cavity1 :i* become ! coelom1 or z solid prolif]ations4 ,b 9 "s gr\ps ! mesod]m is actually laid d[n 9 cleavage1 & is pres5t at ! end ( t process4 ,9 o!rs x is entirely d]iv$ f ! ectod]m 7,p]ipatus cap5sis74 ,9 yet o!rs x is p>tly d]iv$ f endod]m & p>tly f ectod]m 7primitive /reak ( amniotic ,v]tebrates74 ,f9ally1 9 :atev] mann] ! fir/ rudim5ts are develop$1 x frequ5tly receives consid]able re9=cem5ts f "o ( ! prim>y lay]s4 ,= in/ance1 ! /ructure kn[n z ! n]ve cre/ ( ! v]tebrate embryo is n1 z 0 =m]ly suppos$1 exclusively conc]n$ ) ! =mation ( ! sp9al n]ves & ganglia1 b contributes l>gely to ! mesod]m ( ! axial region ( ! body4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly cle>ly se5 9 ! case ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! head ( ,elasmobran* & probably ( o!r v]tebrate embryos1 :]e all ! mesod]m pres5t is d]iv$ f ! ant]ior "p ( ! neural cre/ 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci5ce1 xxxvii4 p4 #ib74 ,! lay]-!ory1 !n1 w n be> critical exam9ation4 ,x is cle>1 bo? f _! orig9 & hi/ory1 t ! lay]s or masses ( cells call$ ectod]m1 endod]m & mesod]m h n ! same value 9 diff]5t animals2 inde$1 x is mislead+ to speak ( ?ree lay]s4 ,at ! mo/ we c only speak ( two1 = ! mesod]m is =m$ aft] ! o!rs1 has a composite orig91 & has no m claim to be consid]$ an embryonic lay] ?an has ! rudim5t ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em1 :i* 9 "s animals1 inde$1 appe>s z soon z ! mesod]m4 ,argum5ts z to homology1 bas$ on d]ivation or non-d]ivation f ! same embryonic lay]1 h !re=e 9 !mselves b little value4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 ass]t$ t ! reproductive cells are m>k$ (f at a v e>ly /age ( ! developm5t 7,sagitta1 c]ta9 ,cru/acea1 ,scorpio74 ,rec5tly x has be5 ass]t$ t 9 ,asc>is 7,t4 ,bov]i1 ,kuppf]'s ,fe/s*rift1 #ahii1 p4 #chc7 ! reproductive cells are set ap>t aft] ! fir/ cleavage1 & t !y c be trac$ by c]ta9 peculi>ities ( _! nuclei into ! adult reproductive gl&s4 ,mes5*yme4 ,x has be5 already /at$ t ! mesod]m is a composite tissue4 ,?is fact is frequ5tly conspicu\s at its fir/ e/abli%m5t4 ,9 _m ,coelomata x is pres5t "u two =ms f ! beg9n+4 ,"o ( ^! is epi!lial 9 "*1 :ile ! o!r has ! =m ( a network ( protoplasm1 ) nuclei at ! nodes4 ,! =m] is call$ simply epi!lial mesod]m1 ! latt] mes5*yme4 ,sometimes ! epi!lial mesod]m is ! fir/ =m$1 & :at little mes5*yme !re is is develop$ f x 7,amphioxus1 ,balanoglossus1 c47 ,sometimes ! mes5*yme is ! fir/ to arise1 ! epi!lial mesod]m develop+ f x 7mo/1 if n all1 ,v]tebrates74 ,f9ally1 x sometimes happ5s t ^! two k9ds ( tissue arise sep>ately f "o or o!r ( ! prim>y lay]s 7,e*9od]mata74 ,z already h9t$1 9 ,balanoglossus & ,amphioxus ! :ole ( ! mesod]m ( ! body is at fir/ 9 an epi!lial condition1 be+ develop$ z an outgr[? ( ! gut-wall4 ,9 ,p]ipatus cap5sis also1 & possibly 9 o!r ,ar?ropods1 x has at fir/ an int]m$iate =m1 be+ d]iv$ f a primitive /reak & n f ! gut-wall1 b x rapidly assumes an epi!lial /ructure1 f :i* all ! mesod]mal tissues are develop$4 ,9 ,annelids ! bulk ( ! mesod]m has at fir/ a modifi$ epi!lial =m simil> to t ( ,ar?ropods1 b x is =m$1 n f a primitive /reak1 b f "s peculi> cells produc$ 9 cleavage1 call$ pole-cells4 ,9 ,annelids ) tro*osph]e l>vae a c]ta9 am\nt ( mes5*yme is =m$ at an e>li] /age & gives rise to ! muscul> b&s ( ! "y l>va4 ,9 ,e*9od]mata a c]ta9 am\nt ( mes5*yme appe>s be=e ! epi!lial mesod]m1 :i* is =m$ lat] z gut-div]ticula4 ,9 ^! =ms ! mes5*yme is said to arise z w&]+ amoeboid cells1 :i* are budd$ into ! bla/ocoel by ! endod]m j be=e & dur+ its invag9ation1 b ! writ] has reason to believe t ?is acc\nt ( x does n q describe :at happ5s4 ,x w\ld seem to be m probable t ! mes5*yme arises 9 ^! =ms1 z x c]ta9ly does 9 ! case ( ! lat]-=m$ mes5*yme ( ! ,v]tebrate embryo1 z a protoplasmic outfl[ f its tissue ( orig91 pass+ at fir/ along ! l9e ( pre-exi/5t protoplasmic /r&s :i* trav]se ! bla/ocoel1 & s5d+ out at ! same "t processes :i* bran* & ana/omose ) neighb\r+ processes 7see ,e4,w4 ,mac,bride1 ,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #ahif1 p4 #aec74 ,9 ! ,v]tebrata ! :ole ( ! mesod]m has at fir/ ! mes5*yme =m4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 ! body-cavity split appe>s1 ! bulk ( x assumes a k9d ( modifi$ epi!lial condition1 :i* lat] on yields1 by a process ( outfl[ v simil> 9 its "* to :at has be5 suppos$ to occur 9 ! ,e*9od]m bla/ula1 a consid]able mes5*yme ( ! reticulate "*4 ,mes5*yme is ! tissue :i* 9 ,v]tebrate embryology has frequ5tly be5 call$ embryonic connective tissue4 ,?is "n is no d\bt due to ! fact t x 0 suppos$ to consi/ ( isolat$ /ellate cells4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 9 no s5se ( ! ^w connective tissue1 because x gives rise to _m organs hav+ no?+ :atev] to d ) connective tissue4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,v]tebrata ?is tissue gives rise to n]v\s tissue1 blood-vessels1 r5al tubules1 smoo? muscul> fibres1 & o!r /ructures1 z well z to connective & skeletal tissues4 ,! ,v]tebrata1 inde$1 are rem>kable = ! fact t ! epi!lial tissues ( ! s-call$ mesod]m1 e4g4 ! epi!lial l9+ ( ! body-cavity1 & ( ! r5al tubules & urog5ital tracts1 all pass ?r\gh ! mes5*ymat\s condition1 :]eas 9 ,amphioxus1 ,balanoglossus & presumably ,sagitta & ! ,bra*iopoda1 all ! mesod]mal tissues pass ?r\gh ! epi!lial condition1 mo/ ( ! mesod]mal tissues ( ! adult reta9+ ?is condition p]man5tly4 ,z has be5 impli$ 9 ! above acc\nt1 mes5*yme is usually =m$ f epi!lial mesod]m or f endod]m1 or f tissue de/9$ to =m endod]m4 ,x is also sometimes =m$ f ectod]m1 z 9 ! ,v]tebrata at ! n]ve cre/ & o!r places4 ,9 "s ,coel5t]ata also x appe>s c]ta9 t ! ectod]m does furni% tissue ( a mes5*ymat\s nature :i* passes into ! jelly1 b ?is ph5om5on takes place comp>atively late 9 life1 at any rate aft] ! embryonic p]iod4 ,9 ?is connexion x may be int]e/+ to po9t out t 9 _m ,coel5t]ates all ! tissues ( ! body reta9 ?r\gh\t life ! epi!lial condition1 no?+ comp>able to mes5*yme ev] be+ =m$4 ,cont9uity ( ! lay]s4 ,f9ally1 be=e leav+ ?is bran* ( ! subject1 ! fact t ! ?ree g]m9al lay]s are cont9u\s ) "o ano!r1 & n isolat$ masses ( tissue1 may be emphasiz$4 ,inde$1 an embryo may be def9$ z a mult9ucleat$ protoplasmic mass1 9 :i* ! protoplasm at any surface--:e!r int]nal or ext]nal--is 9 ! =m ( a relatively d5se lay]1 :ile t 9 ! int]ior is mu* vacuolat$ & r$uc$ to a m or less sp>se reticulum1 ! nuclei ei!r be+ exclusively f\nd 9 ! surface protoplasm1 or if ! embryo has any bulk & ! int]nal reticulum is at all well develop$1 at ! nodes ( ! int]nal reticulum z well4 ,m\? & anus4 ,! orig9 ( "s ( ! m important organs may n[ be consid]$4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! m\? & anus develop 9 ! mo/ div]se ways 9 diff]5t gr\ps1 b z a rule ei!r "o or bo? ( !m c be trac$ into relation ) ! bla/opore1 ! hi/ory ( :i* mu/ !re=e be exam9$4 ,9 mo/1 if n all1 ! great gr\ps ( ! animal k+dom1 e4g4 9 ,coel5t]ata1 ,annelida1 ,mollusca1 ,v]tebrata1 & 9 ,ar?ropoda1 ! bla/opore or its repres5tative is plac$ on ! neural surface ( ! body1 &1 z w be %[n lat] on1 )9 ! limits ( ! c5tral n]ve rudim5t4 ,"h x und]goes ! mo/ div]se fate1 ev5 9 memb]s ( ! same gr\p4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,p]ipatus cap5sis x ext5ds z a slit along ! v5tral surface1 :i* closes up 9 ! middle1 b rema9s op5 at ! two ends z ! p]man5t m\? & anus4 ,9 o!r ,ar?ropods1 ?\gh full details h n yet 9 all cases be5 work$ out1 ! foll[+ g5]al /atem5t may be made3--,a bla/opore 7c]ta9 ,cru/acea7 or its repres5tative is =m$ on ! neural surface ( ! embryo & always becomes clos$1 ! m\? & anus aris+ z indep5d5t p]=ations lat]4 ,"h no "o w\ld d\bt ! homology ( ! m\? & anus ?r\gh\t ! gr\p2 yet )9 ! limits ( a s+le g5us--,p]ipatus--!y %[ ! mo/ div]se modes ( developm5t4 ,9 ,annelids ! bla/opore sometimes becomes ! m\? 7mo/ ,*aetopoda72 sometimes x becomes ! anus 7,s]pula72 sometimes x closes up1 giv+ rise to nei!r1 ?\gh 9 ?is case x may assume ! =m ( a long slit along ! v5tral surface be=e disappe>+4 ,9 ,mollusca its fate pres5ts ! same v>iations z 9 ,annelida4 ,n[ 9 ^! gr\ps no zoologi/ w\ld d5y ! homology ( ! m\? & anus 9 ! diff]5t =ms1 & yet h[ v diff]5t is _! hi/ory ev5 9 closely alli$ animals4 ,h[ are ^! app>5tly div]se facts to be reconcil$8 ,! only satisfactory explanation :i* has be5 (f]$ 7,s$gwick1 ,qu>t4 ,j4 ,mic4 ,sci5ce1 xxiv41 #ahhd1 p4 #dc7 is t ! bla/opore is homolog\s 9 all ! gr\ps m5tion$1 & is ! repres5tative ( ! orig9al s+le op5+ into ! ent]ic cavity1 su* z at pres5t *>act]izes ! ,coel5t]ata4 ,f x ! m\? & anus h be5 d]iv$1 z is indicat$ by its hi/ory 9 ,p]ipatus cap5sis1 & by ! v>iability 9 its behavi\r 9 closely alli$ =ms2 su* v>iability 9 its subsequ5t hi/ory is due to its specialization z a l>val organ1 z a result ( :i* x has lo/ its capacity to give rise to bo? m\? & anus1 & sometimes to ei!r4 ,t ! bla/opore does become specializ$ z a l>val organ is obvi\s 9 ^? cases 9 :i* x becomes trans=m$ into ! s+le op5+ ) :i* "s l>vae are1 = a "t at lea/1 alone provid$1 e4g4 ,pilidium1 ,e*9od]m l>vae1 c41 & t l>val *>act]s h be5 ! pr9cipal causes ( ! =m ( embryonic *>act]s1 /rong reason to believe w be adduc$ lat] on4 ,9 ! ,v]tebrata ! behavi\r ( ! bla/opore 7anus ( ,rusconi7 is also v>iable 9 a v rem>kable mann]4 ,z a rule x is slit-l 9 =m & closes completely1 b 9 mo/ cases "o portion ( x rema9s op5 long] ?an ! re/1 z ! neur5t]ic canal4 ,9 a few =ms 7e4g4 ,newt1 ,lepidosir51 c47 ! v h9d]mo/ portion ( ! slit-l bla/opore rema9s p]man5tly op5 z ! anus1 & f su* cases x c be %[n t ! neur5t]ic ap]ture 7:5 pres5t7 is d]iv$ f a portion ( ! bla/opore j ant]ior to its h9d]mo/ end4 ,! words h9d]mo/ & ant]ior are us$ on ! assumption t ! :ole bla/opore has reta9$ its dorsal position2 z a matt] ( fact ! h9d]mo/ "p ( x--! "p :i* p]si/s or reop5s z ! anus--loses ?is position 9 ! c\rse ( developm5t & becomes %ift$ on to ! v5tral surface4 ,?is is cle>ly se5 9 ,lepidosir5 7,k]r1 ,phil4 ,trans4 cxcii41 #aijj71 9 ,elasmobran*ii1 & 9 ,amniota 7primitive /reak74 ,moreov]1 9 ,lepidosir51 & possibly 9 "s o!r =ms1 ! anus1 i4e4 ! h9d end ( ! bla/opore1 is at fir/ conta9$ )9 ! m$ull>y plate & b\nd$ beh9d by ! m$ull>y folds4 ,lat] ! portions ( ! m$ull>y plate 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! anus completely atrophy1 & ?is relation is lo/4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! h9d end ( ! bla/opore on to ! v5tral surface1 & atrophy ( ! portion ( ! m$ull>y plate 9 relation ) x1 is a highly important ph5om5on1 & "o to :i* att5tion w be aga9 call$ :5 ! relation ( ! m\? to ! bla/opore is be+ consid]$4 ,! rem>kable fact ab\t ! ,v]tebrata1 a feature :i* t gr\p %>es 9 common ) all o!r ,*ordata 7,amphioxus1 ,tunicata1 ,ent]opneu/a7 & ) ! ,e*9od]mata1 is t ! m\? has nev] be5 trac$ into relation ) ! bla/opore4 ,= ?is reason1 among o!rs1 x has be5 held by "s zoologi/s t ! m\? ( ! ,v]tebrata is n homolog\s ) ! m\? ( su* gr\ps z ! ,annelida1 ,ar?ropoda & ,mollusca4 ,b1 z has be5 expla9$ above1 9 face ( ! extraord9>y v>iability 9 ! hi/ory ( ! m\? & anus 9 ^! gr\ps1 ?is view _c be reg>d$ z 9 any way e/abli%$4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are di/9ct reasons = ?9k+ t ! ,v]tebrate m\? is a d]ivate ( ! bla/opore4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 ,elasmobran*ii 7,s$gwick1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci4 xxxiii41 #ahib1 p4 #eei71 & 9 a less conspicu\s =m 9 o!r v]tebrate gr\ps1 ! m\? has at fir/ a slit-l =m1 ext5d+ f ! ant]ior end ( ! c5tral n]ve-tube backw>ds along ! v5tral surface ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! embryo4 ,?is slit-l rudim5t1 recall+ z x does ! =m :i* ! bla/opore assumes 9 s _m gr\ps & 9 _m ,v]tebrata1 does sugge/ ! view t possibly ! m\? ( ! ,v]tebrata may 9 reality be d]iv$ f a portion ( an orig9ally long slit-l neural bla/opore1 :i* has become ext5d$ ant]iorly on to ! v5tral surface & has lo/ its orig9al relation to ! n]ve rudim5t1 z has und\bt$ly happ5$ ) ! po/]ior "p1 :i* p]si/s z ! anus4 ,c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,( ! o!r organs :i* develop f ! two prim>y lay]s x is only possible to notice "h ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,?is 9 almo/ all animals develops f ! ectod]m4 ,9 ,cephalopods among ,mollusca--! developm5t ( :i* is rem>kable f ! almo/ complete abs5ce ( features :i* are suppos$ to h an ance/ral significance--& 9 "o or two o!r =ms1 x has be5 said to develop f ! mesod]m2 b ap>t f ^! exceptional & p]haps d\btful cases1 ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em ( all embryos arises z ?ick5+s ( ! ectod]m1 & 9 ! gr\ps above m5tion$1 namely1 ,annelida1 ,mollusca1 ,ar?ropoda & ,v]tebrata1 & probably o!rs1 f ! ectod]m ( ! bla/oporal surface ( ! body4 ,?is surface g5]ally becomes ! v5tral surface1 b 9 ,v]tebrata x becomes ! dorsal4 ,^! ?ick5$ tracts ( ectod]m 9 ,p]ipatus & a few o!r =ms c be cle>ly se5 to surr\nd ! bla/opore4 ,?is relation is reta9$ 9 ! adult 9 ,p]ipatus1 "s ,mollusca & "s ,nem]t9es1 9 :i* ! ma9 lat]al n]ve cords are unit$ beh9d ! anus z well z 9 front ( ! m\?2 9 o!r =ms x _c always be demon/rat$1 b x c1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,v]tebrata j ref]r$ to1 always be inf]r$2 only1 9 ! ,inv]tebrate gr\ps ! "p ( ! n]ve rudim5t :i* has to be inf]r$ is ! po/]ior "p beh9d ! bla/opore1 :]eas 9 ,v]tebrata x is ! ant]ior "p1 namely1 t 9 front ( ! bla/opore1 assum+ t ! m\? is a bla/oporal d]ivate4 ,9 ! ,e*9od]mata1 ,ent]opneu/a & "o or two o!r gr\ps1 x is n possible1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( k1 to br+ ! m\? into relation ) ! bla/opore1 nor c ! bla/opore be %[n to be a p]=ation ( ! neural surface4 ,= ! ,e*9od]ms1 at any rate1 ?is fact loses "s ( ! importance :i* might at fir/ sight be attribut$ to x :5 ! rem>kable organization ( ! adult & ! %>p contra/ :i* exi/s betwe5 x & ! l>va is rememb]$4 ,9 "s ,annelids ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em rema9s ?r\gh\t life z "p ( ! out] epid]mis1 b z a g5]al rule x becomes sep>at$ f ! epid]mis & emb$d$ 9 ! mesod]mal tissues4 ,! mode 9 :i* ?is sep>ation is effect$ v>ies accord+ to ! =m & /ructure ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em4 ,9 ! ,v]tebrata1 9 :i* ?is organ has ! =m ( a tube ext5d+ along ! dorsal surface ( ! body1 x arises z a groove ( ! m$ull>y plate1 :i* becomes con/rict$ into a canal4 ,! wall ( ?is canal consi/s ( ectod]m1 :i* at an e>li] /age =m$ "p ( ! out] surface ( ! body1 b :i* aft] invag9ation ?ick5s1 to give rise to ! epi!lial l9+ ( ! canal & to ! n]v\s tissue :i* =ms ! bulk ( ! canal wall4 ,! fact t ! bla/opore rema9s op5 at ! h9d end ( ! m$ull>y plate expla9s to a c]ta9 ext5t ! peculi> relation :i* always exi/s 9 ! embryo betwe5 ! h9d end ( ! neural & alim5t>y canals4 ,?is communication betwe5 ! h9d end ( ! neural tube & ! gut is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable & con/ant features ( ! ,v]tebrate embryo4 ,z has be5 po9t$ out1 x is n altoge!r un9telligible :5 we rememb] ! relation ( ! bla/opore to ! m$ull>y plate ( ! e>li] /age1 b to give a complete explanation ( x is1 & probably always w be1 impossible4 ,x is no d\bt ! impress ( "s rem>kable l>val condition ( ! bla/opore ( a /age ( evolution n[ long pa/4 ,9 ,c]atodus ! op5 "p ( ! bla/opore is enclos$ by ! m$ull>y folds1 z 9 ,lepidosir51 & probably p]si/s z ! anus1 ! portion ( ! folds ar\nd ! anus und]go+ atrophy 7,semon1 ,zool4 ,=s*ungsreis5 9 ,au/rali51 #ahic1 ,bd4 i4 p4 #ci74 ,9 ,urodeles ! bla/opore p]si/s z anus1 s f> z is kn[n1 b ! relation to ! m$ull>y folds has n be5 notic$4 ,! same may be said ( ,petromyzon 7,a4,e4 ,%ipley1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci4 xxviii41 #ahhg74 ,cranial flexure4 ,! n]ve tube ( ! ,v]tebrata at a c]ta9 e>ly /age ( ! embryo becomes b5t v5tralw>ds 9 its ant]ior portion1 9 su* a mann] t ! ant]ior end1 :i* is repres5t$ 9 ! adult by ! infundibulum1 comes to project backw>ds b5ea? ! mid-bra94 ,?is b5d1 :i* is call$ ! cranial flexure1 takes place ?r\gh ! mid-bra91 s t ! h9d-bra9 is unaffect$ by x4 ,! cranial flexure is n1 h[ev]1 conf9$ to ! bra93 ! ant]ior end ( ! noto*ord1 :i* at fir/ ext5ds almo/ to ! front end ( ! n]ve tube 7?is ext5sion1 :i* is q obvi\s 9 ! "y embryo ( ,elasmobran*s1 becomes mask$ 9 ! lat] /ages by ! extraord9>y modifications :i* ! p>ts und]go71 is also affect$ by x4 ,moreov]1 x affects ev5 o!r p>ts1 z may be se5 by ! oblique1 almo/ ant]o-po/]ior1 direction ( ! ant]ior gill slits z comp>$ ) ! transv]se direction ( ^? beh9d4 ,no satisfactory explanation has ev] be5 (f]$ ( ! cranial flexure4 ,x is f\nd 9 all ,v]tebrates1 & is effect$ at an e>ly /age ( ! developm5t4 ,9 ! lat] /ages & 9 ! adult x ceases to be noticeable1 on acc\nt ( an alt]ation ( ! relative sizes ( p>ts ( ! bra94 ,?is is due almo/ entirely to ! enorm\s gr[? ( ! c]ebral vesicle1 :i* is an outgr[? ( ! dorsal wall ( ! =e-bra9 j %ort ( its ant]ior end4 ,! ant]ior end ( ! =e-bra9 rema9s relatively small ?r\gh\t life z ! infundibulum1 & ! junction ( ?is "p ( ! =e-bra9 ) ! "p :i* is s l>gely develop$1 z ! rudim5t ( ! c]ebrum1 is m>k$ by ! atta*m5t ( ! optic *iasma4 ,! optic n]ve1 inde$1 is morphologically ! fir/ cranial n]ve1 ! olfactory be+ ! second2 bo? are atta*$ to :at is morphologically ! dorsal side ( ! n]ve tube4 ,! morphological ant]ior end ( ! c5tral n]ve tube is ! po9t ( ! infundibulum :i* is 9 contact ) ! pituit>y body4 ,:ile on ! subject ( ! cranial flexure1 x may be po9t$ out t !re is a simil> d[nw>d curve ( ! h9d end ( ! n]v\s axis1 :i* leads into ! h9d end ( ! ent]on4 ,if x be suppos$ t orig9ally !re 0 a communication betwe5 ! infundibulum & pituit>y body1 !n ! v5tral flexure f\nd at bo? ends ( ! n]ve axis w\ld orig9ally h _h ! same result1 namely1 ( plac+ ! neural & alim5t>y canals 9 communication4 ,moreov]1 ! m\? w\ld h _h mu* ! same relation to ?is imag9>y ant]ior neur5t]ic canal t ! anus has to ! actual po/]ior "o4 ,9 ,amphioxus & ! ,tunicata ! e>ly developm5t ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em is v mu* l t ( ! ,v]tebrata1 b ! lat] /ages are simpl]1 be+ )\t ! cranial flexure4 ,! ,tunicata are rem>kable = ! fact t ! n]v\s sy/em1 ?\gh at fir/ holl[1 becomes q solid 9 ! adult4 ,9 ,balanoglossus ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em is 9 "p tubul>1 ! canal be+ op5 at ea* end4 ,x arises1 h[ev]1 by delam9ation f ! ectod]m1 ! tube be+ a second>y acquisition4 ,?is is probably due to a %ort5+ ( developm5t1 = ! same feature is f\nd 9 "s ,v]tebrata 7,teleo/ei1 ,lepido/eus1 c471 :]e ! c5tral canal is second>ily holl[$ out 9 ! solid keel-l mass :i* is sep>at$ f ! ectod]m4 ,p>ts ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em arise by invag9ation 9 o!r gr\ps2 = in/ance1 ! c]ebral ganglia ( ,d5talium are =m$ f ! walls ( two invag9ations ( ectod]m1 :i* ev5tually disappe> at ! ant]ior end ( ! body 7,a4 ,k[alevsky1 ,ann4 ,mus4 ,hi/4 ,nat4 ,m>seilles1 ,zoology1 vol4 i474 ,9 ,p]ipatus ! c]ebral ganglia arise 9 a simil> way1 b 9 ?is case ! cavities ( ! invag9ation become sep>at$ f ! sk9 & p]si/ z two holl[ app5dages on ! l[] side ( ! c]ebral ganglia4 ,9 o!r ,ar?ropods ! c]ebral ganglia arise 9 a simil> way1 b ! invag9ations disappe> 9 ! adult4 ,9 ,nem]t9es ! c]ebral ganglia conta9 a cavity :i* communicates ) ! ext]ior by a n>r[ canal4 ,f9ally1 9 c]ta9 ,e*9od]mata ! v5tral "p ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em arises by ! invag9ation ( a l9e> /reak ( ectod]m1 ! cavity ( ! invag9ation p]si/+ z ! ep9eural canal4 ,p]iph]al n]v\s sy/em4 ,al?\gh ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em is almo/ always develop$ f ! ectod]m ( ! embryo1 ! same _c be said ( ! p]iph]al n]ve trunks4 ,^! /ructures arise f ! mesobla/ic reticulum already describ$ 7,s$gwick1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci4 xxxvii4 #ib74 ,inasmu* z ?is reticulum is p]fectly cont9u\s ) ! precisely simil> ?\gh d5s] tissue 9 ! ectod]m & endod]m1 x may well be t a portion ( ! n]ve trunks %\ld be describ$ z be+ ectod]mal & endod]mal 9 orig91 ?\gh ! bulk ( !m are und\bt$ly =m$ f t portion ( ! reticulum commonly describ$ z mesobla/ic4 ,b1 h[ev] t may be1 ! tissue f :i* ! great n]ve trunks are develop$ is cont9u\s on all sides ) a simil> tissue :i* p]vades all ! organs ( ! body1 & 9 :i* ! nuclei ( ^! organs are conta9$4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( developm5t ?is tissue is v sp>se & n easily se54 ,x w\ld appe>1 inde$1 t x is ( a v delicate texture & readily de/roy$ by reag5ts4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! lay]s ( ! ,v]tebrate embryo are commonly repres5t$ z be+ q isolat$ f "o ano!r1 & t ! m$ull>y canal is ne>ly always repres5t$ z be+ completely isolat$ at c]ta9 /ages f ! surr\nd+ tissues4 ,9 reality ! lay]s are all connect$ toge!r by ?is delicate tissue--9 a sp>se =m1 x is true--:i* n only ext5ds betwe5 !m1 b also 9 a d5s] & m di/9ct =m p]vades !m4 ,9 ! g]m9al lay]s !mselves1 & 9 ! organs develop+ f !m1 ?is tissue is 9 ! "y /ages almo/ entirely obscur$ by ! d5sely pack$ nuclei :i* x conta9s4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! wall ( ! m$ull>y canal 9 ! ,v]tebrate embryo1 9 ! splan*nic & somatic lay]s ( mesod]m ( ! same embryo1 & 9 ! develop+ n]ve cords ( ! ,p]ipatus embryo1 ! nuclei are at fir/ s d5sely cr[d$ toge!r t x is almo/ impossible to see ! protoplasmic framework 9 :i* !y re/1 b z developm5t proce$s ?is extra-nucle> tissue becomes m l>gely develop$1 & ! nuclei are =c$ ap>t1 s t x becomes visible & receives v>i\s names accord+ to its position4 ,9 ! wall ( ! m$ull>y canal ( ! ,v]tebrate embryo1 on ! outside ( :i* x becomes especially conspicu\s 9 c]ta9 places1 & on ! dorsal side ( ! develop+ n]ve cords ( ! ,p]ipatus embryo1 x con/itutes ! :ite matt] ( ! develop+ n]ve cord2 9 ! mesobla/ic tissue outside1 :]e x at ! same "t becomes m conspicu\s 7,s$gwick1 ,monograph ( ! ,developm5t ( ,p]ipatus cap5sis1 ,/udies f ! ,morph4 ,lab4 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 iv41 #ahhi1 p4 #aca71 x =ms ! loos] network ( ! mesobla/ic reticulum2 & connect+ ! two1 9 place ( ! few & delicate /r&s ( ?is tissue ( ! =m] /age1 !re are at c]ta9 places well-m>k$ cords ( a relatively d5se texture1 ) ! me%es ( ! reticulum elongat$ 9 ! direction ( ! cord4 ,?is latt] /ructure is an incipi5t n]ve trunk4 ,x c be trac$ outw>ds into ! mesobla/ic reticulum1 f ! /r&s ( :i* x is inde$ develop$1 & ) :i* x is cont9u\s n only at its free end1 b also along its :ole c\rse4 ,9 ?is way ! n]ve trunks are develop$--by a ga!r+ up1 s to speak1 ( ! fibres ( ! reticulum into bundles4 ,^! bundles are g5]ally m>k$ by ! possession ( nuclei1 especially 9 _! cortical p>ts1 :i* become no d\bt ! nuclei ( ! n]ve %ea?1 &1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ganglia1 ( n]ve cells4 ,f ?is acc\nt ( ! e>ly developm5t ( ! n]ves1 x is app>5t t !y are 9 _! orig9 cont9u\s ) all ! o!r tissues ( ! body1 ) t ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em & ) t :i* becomes trans=m$ into muscul> tissue & connective & epi!lial tissues4 ,all ^! tissues are develop$ f ! g5]al reticulum1 :i* 9 ! "y embryo c be se5 to p]vade ! :ole body1 n be+ conf9$ to ! mesod]m1 b ext5d+ betwe5 ! nuclei ( ! ectod]m & endod]m1 & =m+ ! extra-nucle>1 s-call$ cellul>1 protoplasm ( ^? lay]s4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be rem>k$ t 9 ! /ages ( ! embryo ) :i* we are "h conc]n$ ! s-call$ cellul> con/itution ( ! tissues1 :i* is su* a m>k$ feature ( ! old] embryo & adult1 has n be5 arriv$ at4 ,x is true1 indications ( x may be se5 9 "s ( ! e>li]-=m$ epi!lia1 b ( n]ve cells1 muscul> cells1 & _m k9ds ( gl& cells no di/9ct signs are yet visible4 ,?is rem>k p>ticul>ly applies to n]ve cells1 :i* d n make _! appe>ance until a mu* lat] /age--n1 inde$1 until "s "t aft] ! pr9cipal n]ve trunks & ganglia are indicat$ z tracts ( pale fibr\s sub/ance & aggregations ( nuclei respectively4 ,! embryos ( ,elasmobran*s--p>ticul>ly ( ,scyllium--are ! be/ objects 9 :i* to /udy ! developm5t ( n]ves4 ,9 _m embryos x is difficult to make out :at happ5s1 because ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body rema9 s close toge!r t ! process is obscur$1 & ! loos5+ ( ! mesobla/ic nuclei is def]r$ until aft] ! n]ves h begun to be diff]5tiat$4 ,! process may also be trac$ 9 ! embryos ( ,p]ipatus1 :]e ! ma9 features are ess5tially simil> to ^? above describ$ 7op4 cit4 p4 #aca74 ,! developm5t ( ! motor n]ves has be5 work$ out 9 ,lepidosir5 by ,j4 ,graham ,k]r 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1 #da1 #aijd4 p4 #aai74 ,to sum up1 ! developm5t ( n]ves is n1 z has be5 rec5tly urg$1 an outgr[? ( cell processes f c]ta9 cells1 b is a diff]5tiation ( a sub/ance :i* 0 already 9 position1 & f :i* all o!r organs ( ! body h be5 & are develop$4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t ! "y n]ve tracts c be se5 soon] ne> ! c5tral organ ?an else:]e1 b x is d\btful if any importance c be atta*$ to ?is fact1 s9ce x is n con/antly obs]v$4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! case ( ! ?ird n]ve ( ,scyllium ! diff]5tiation appe>s to take place e>lie/ ne> ! cili>y ganglion1 & to proce$ f t po9t to ! base ( ! mid-bra94 ,coelom4 ,!re are two ma9 me?ods 9 :i* new organs are develop$4 ,9 ! "o1 :i* indicates ! possibility ( physiological cont9uity1 ! organ arises by ! direct modification ( a portion ( a pre-exi/+ organ2 ! developm5t ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em ( ! ,v]tebrata f a groove 9 ! embryonic ectod]m may be tak5 z an example ( ?is me?od4 ,9 ! o!r me?od !re is no cont9uity :i* c be 9 any way int]pret$ z physiological2 a c5tre ( gr[? appe>s 9 "o ( ! p>ts ( ! embryo1 & gives rise to a mass ( tissue :i* gradually %apes itself into ! requir$ organ4 ,! developm5t ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em 9 ,teleo/eans & 9 o!r simil> exceptional cases may be m5tion$ z an example ( ! second plan4 ,su* a c5tre ( gr[? is frequ5tly call$ a bla/ema1 & consi/s ( a mass ( closely pack$ nuclei :i* h aris5 by ! gr[?-activity ( ! nuclei 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,! coelom1 an organ :i* is f\nd 9 ! s-call$ coelomate animals1 & :i* 9 ! adult is usually divid$ up m or less completely into ?ree p>ts1 namely1 body-cavity1 r5al organs1 g5]ative gl&s1 pres5ts 9 diff]5t animals bo? ^! me?ods ( developm5t4 ,9 c]ta9 animals x develops by ! direct modification ( a "p ( ! primitive ent]on1 :ile 9 o!rs x arises by ! gradual %ap+ ( a mass ( tissue :i* consi/s ( a compact mass ( nuclei d]iv$ by nucle> prolif]ation f "o or m ( ! pre-exi/+ tissues ( ! body4 ,inasmu* z ! fir/ rudim5t ( ! coelom ne>ly always makes its appe>ance at an e>ly /age1 :5 ! ectod]m & endod]m are almo/ ! only tissues pres5t1 & z x !n bulks relatively v l>ge & frequ5tly conta9s )9 itself ! pot5tial c5tres ( gr[? ( o!r organs1 e4g4 mes5*ymal organs 7see above71 x has come to be reg>d$ by embryologi/s z be+ ! =]unn] ( all ! s-call$ mesod]mal organs ( ! body1 & has be5 dignifi$ ) ! some:at my/]i\s rank :i* atta*es to ! conception ( a g]m9al lay]4 ,its prom95ce & importance at an e>ly /age l$ embryologi/s1 z has already be5 expla9$1 to ov]look ! fact t al?\gh "s ( ! c5tres ( gr[? = ! =mation ( o!r non-coelomic mesod]mal organs & tissues may be conta9$ )9 x1 all are n s conta9$1 & t !re are c5tres ( mesod]mal gr[? /ill left 9 ! ectod]m & endod]m aft] its e/abli%m5t4 ,if ^! consid]ations1 & o!rs l !m1 are correct1 x w\ld seem to foll[ t ! conception impli$ by ! ^w mesod]m has no objective exi/5ce1 t ! tissue ( ! embryo call$ mesod]m1 ?\gh sometimes ma9ly ! rudim5t ( ! coelom1 is (t5 mu* m ?an ?is1 & conta9s )9 itself ! rudim5t ( _m1 sometimes ( all1 ( ! organs app]ta9+ to ! mes5*yme4 ,9 ?us conta9+ )9 itself ! pot5tial c5tres ( gr[? ( o!r organs & tissues :i* are commonly rank$ z mesod]mal1 x is n diff]5t f ! rudim5ts ( ! two o!r organs already =m$1 namely1 ! ectod]m & endod]m2 = ^! conta9 )9 !mselves c5tres ( gr[? = ! production ( s-call$ mesod]mal tissues1 z witness ! n]ve-cre/ ( ,v]tebrata1 ! gr[+-po9t ( ! pronephric duct1 & ! =mation ( blood-vessels f ! hypobla/ describ$ = "s memb]s ( ! same gr\p4 ,9 ,e*9od]mata1 ,amphioxus1 ,ent]opneu/a1 & a few o!r gr\ps1 ! coelom develops f a portion or portions ( ! primitive ent]on1 :i* ev5tually becomes sep>at$ f ! re/ & =ms a v>iable numb] ( clos$ sacs ly+ betwe5 ! gut & ! ectod]m4 ,! numb] ( ^! sacs v>ies 9 diff]5t animals1 b ! evid5ce at pres5t available seems to %[ t ! maximum numb] is five--an unpair$ "o 9 front & two pairs beh9d--&1 fur!r1 t if a less numb] ( sacs is actually sep>at$ f ! ent]on1 ! rule is = ^! sacs s to divide up t !y give rise to five sacs arrang$ 9 ! mann] indicat$4 ,! ,ent]opneu/a pres5t u ) ! cle>e/ case ( ! sep>ation ( five sacs f ! primitive ent]on 7,w4 ,bateson1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci4 xxiv41 #ahhd74 ,9 ,amphioxus1 accord+ to ! important rese>*es ( ,e4,w4 ,mac,bride 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci4 xl4 #ehi71 x appe>s t a simil> process occurs1 ?\gh x is complicat$ by ! fact t ! sacs ( ! po/]ior pair become divid$ up at an e>ly /age into _m pairs4 ,9 ,phoronis !re are indications ( ! same ph5om5on 7,a4,t4 ,ma/]man1 ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci4 xliii4 #cge74 ,9 ! ,*aetogna?a a s+le sac only is sep>at$ f ! ent]on1 b soon becomes divid$ up4 ,9 ! ,bra*iopoda "o pair ( sacs is sep>at$ f ! ent]on1 b our k ( _! lat] hi/ory is n suffici5t to enable u to say :e!r !y divide up into ! typically arrang$ five sacs4 ,9 ,e*9od]mata ! numb] ( sacs sep>at$ f ! ent]on v>ies f "o to ?ree2 b ?\gh ! hi/ory ( ^! %[s consid]able diff]5ces1 !re are reasons to believe t ! typical f9al arrangem5t is "o unpair$ & two pair$ sacs4 ,b h[ev] _m sacs may arise f ! primitive ent]on1 & h[ev] ^! sacs may ultimately divide up & arrange !mselves1 ! important po9t ( developm5t common to all ^! animals1 ab\t :i* !re c be no dispute1 is t ! coelom is a direct diff]5tiation ( a portion ( ! ent]on4 ,9 ! majority ( ! ,coelomata ! coelomic rudim5t does n arise by ! simple diff]5tiation ( a pre-exi/+ organ1 & !re is consid]able v>iation 9 its me?od ( =mation4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 x may be said to arise by ! diff]5tiation ( a bla/ema 7see above71 :i* develops at an e>ly /age z a nucle> prolif]ation f "o or m gr[?-c5tres 9 "o or bo? ( ! prim>y lay]s4 ,x appe>s 9 ?is tissue z a sac or z a s]ies ( sacs1 :i* become trans=m$ into ! body-cavity 7except 9 ! ,ar?ropoda71 into ! r5al organs 7) ! possible exception1 aga91 ( "s ,ar?ropoda71 & into ! reproductive gl&s4 ,9 metam]ically segm5t$ animals ! appe>ance ( ! cavities ( ^! sacs is syn*ron\s )1 & inde$ det]m9es1 ! appe>ance ( metam]ic segm5tation4 ,9 all segm5t$ animals 9 :i* ! mesod]m 7coelomic rudim5t7 appe>s z a cont9u\s %eet or b& ( tissue on ea* side ( ! body1 ! coelomic cavity makes its fir/ appe>ance n z a cont9u\s space on ea* side1 :i* lat] becomes divid$ up into ! /ructures call$ mesobla/ic somites1 b z a s]ies ( pair$ spaces r\nd :i* ! coelomic tissue arranges itself 9 an epi!lial mann]4 ,9 ! ,v]tebrata1 x is true1 ! v5tral portion ( ! coelom appe>s at fir/ z a cont9u\s space1 at any rate beh9d ! region ( ! two ant]ior pairs ( somites1 b 9 ! dorsal portion ! coelomic cavity is develop$ 9 ! usual way1 ! coelomic tissue becom+ trans=m$ into ! muscle plates & rudim5t>y r5al tubules ( ! lat] /ages4 ,) reg>d to ?is v5tral portion ( ! coelom 9 ,v]tebrata1 x is to be notic$ t ! cavity 9 x nev] becomes divid$ up1 b always rema9s cont9u\s1 =m+ ! p]ivisc]al portion ( ! coelom4 ,! probable explanation ( ?is peculi>ity 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,v]tebrate coelom1 z comp>$ ) t ( ,amphioxus & o!r segm5t$ animals1 is t ! segm5t$ /age ( ! v5tral portion ( ! coelom is omitt$4 ,?is explanation d]ives "s support f ! fact t ev5 9 animals 9 :i* ! coelom is at its fir/ appe>ance :olly segm5t$1 x frequ5tly happ5s t 9 ! adult ! p]ivisc]al portion ( x is unsegm5t$1 i4e4 x loses dur+ developm5t ! segm5tation :i* x at fir/ possesses4 ,?is happ5s 9 _m ,annelida & 9 ,amphioxus4 ,! lesson1 !n1 :i* ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! coelom 9 segm5t$ animals tea*es is1 t h[ev] ! coelomic cavity fir/ makes its appe>ance1 :e!r by evag9ations f ! primitive ent]on1 or by ! holl[+ out ( a solid bla/ema-l tissue :i* has develop$ f "o or bo? ( ! prim>y lay]s1 x is 9 its fir/ orig9 segm5t$1 & =ms ! basis on :i* ! segm5ts ( ! adult are m\ld$4 ,9 ,ar?ropoda ! orig9 ( ! coelom is simil> to t ( ,annelids1 b its hi/ory is n completely kn[n 9 any gr\p1 ) ! exception ( ,p]ipatus4 ,9 ?is g5us x develops no p]ivisc]al portion1 z 9 o!r gr\ps1 b gives rise solely to ! nephridia & to ! reproductive organs4 ,x is probable1 ?\gh n c]ta9ly prov$1 t ! hi/ory ( ! coelom 9 o!r ,ar?ropods is ess5tially simil> to t ( ,p]ipatus1 all[ance be+ made = ! fact t ! nephridial portion does n atta9 full developm5t 9 ^? =ms :i* are )\t nephridia 9 ! adult4 ,) reg>d to ! developm5t ( ! vascul> sy/em1 little c be said "h1 except t x appe>s to arise f ! spaces ( ! mesobla/ic reticulum4 ,:5 ?is reticulum is sp>se or s delicate z to give way 9 manipulation1 ^! spaces appe> to be repres5t$ by a cont9u\s space :i* 9 ! e>lie/ /ages ( developm5t is frequ5tly spok5 ( z ! bla/ocoel or segm5tation cavity4 ,!y acquire special epi!lial walls1 & =m ! ma9 trunks & network ( small] vessels f\nd 9 animals ) a canalicul> vascul> sy/em1 or ! l>ge s9us-l spaces *>act]i/ic ( animals ) a haemocoelic body-cavity4 ,transi5t embryonic organs4 ,! exi/5ce ( a phase at ! beg9n+ ( life dur+ :i* a "y animal acquires its equipm5t by a process ( gr[? ( ! g]m is ( c\rse intelligible en\gh2 su* a phase is se5 9 ! =mation ( buds1 & 9 ! sexual reproduction ( bo? animals & plants4 ,! rem>kable po9t is t :ile 9 mo/ cases ?is embryonic gr[? is a direct & simple process--e4g4 animal & plant buds1 embryonic developm5t ( plant se$s--9 _m cases ( sexual reproduction ( animals x is n direct1 & ! embryonic phase %[s /ages ( /ructure :i* seem to possess a mean+ o!r ?an t ( be+ m]ely phases ( gr[?4 ,! fact t ^! /ages ( /ructure ?r\gh :i* ! embryo passes sometimes pres5t = a %ort "t features :i* are p]man5t 9 o!r memb]s ( ! same gr\p1 adds v l>gely to ! int]e/ ( ! ph5om5on & necessitates its c>eful exam9ation4 ,?is may be divid$ into two heads3 7#a7 9 relation to embryos1 7#b7 9 relation to l>vae4 ,s f> z embryos are conc]n$1 we %all limit ourselves ma9ly to a consid]ation ( ! ,v]tebrata1 because 9 !m are f\nd mo/ in/ances ( t rem>kable ph5om5on1 ! tempor>y assumption by c]ta9 organs ( ! embryo ( /ages ( /ructure :i* are p]man5t 9 o!r memb]s ( ! same gr\p4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! embryos ( ! high] ,v]tebrata possess 9 ! /ructure ( ! ph>ynx & ( ! he>t & vascul> sy/em c]ta9 features--namely1 pair$ ph>yngeal ap]tures1 a simple tubul> he>t1 & a s+le v5tral aorta giv+ (f "r & left a numb] ( bran*es :i* pass betwe5 ! ph>yngeal ap]tures--:i* p]man5tly *>act]ize ^? organs 9 fi%es4 ,! skeleton1 l>gely bony 9 ! adult1 passes ?r\gh a /age 9 :i* x is entirely )\t bone1 & consi/s ma9ly ( c>tilage--! =m :i* x p]man5tly possesses 9 c]ta9 fi%es4 ,fur!r1 ! ,v]tebrate embryo possesses = a "t a noto*ord1 a segm5t$ muscul> sy/em1 a cont9uity betwe5 ! p]ic>dium & ! po/]ior "p ( ! p]ivisc]al cavity--all features :i* *>act]ize c]ta9 gr\ps ( ,pisces 9 ! adult /ate4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d might be multipli$1 = ! "w ( anatomi/s & embryologi/s has ( late ye>s be5 l>gely devot$ to add+ to !m4 ,examples ( embryonic *>act]s :i* are n f\nd 9 ! adults ( o!r ,v]tebrates are ! foll[+3--,at a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em has ! =m ( a groove 9 ! sk91 !re is a communication at ! h9d end ( ! body betwe5 ! neural & alim5t>y canals1 ! m\? ap]ture has at fir/ ! =m ( an elongat$ slit1 ! gr[+ end ( ! ,wolffian duct is 9 "s gr\ps cont9u\s ) ! ectod]m1 & ! ret9a is at "o /age a portion ( ! wall ( ! m$ull>y canal4 ,9 ! embryos ( ! l[] ,v]tebrates _m o!r in/ances ( ! same int]e/+ "* might be m5tion$2 = in/ance1 ! pres5ce ( a coelomic sac close to ! eye1 ( ano!r 9 ! jaw1 & ( a ?ird ne> ! e> 7,elasmobran*s71 ! op5+ ( ! ,mull]ian duct into ! front end ( ! ,wolffian duct1 & ! pres5ce ( an ap]ture ( communication betwe5 ! muscle-plate coelom & ! nephridial coelom4 ,recapitulation !ory4 ,! int]e/ atta*+ to ^! rem>kable facts is mu* increas$ by ! explanation :i* has be5 giv5 ( !m4 ,t explanation1 :i* is a d$uction f ! !ory ( evolution1 is to ! effect t ! peculi> embryonic /ructures & relations j m5tion$ are due to ! ret5tion by ! embryo ( features :i*1 once possess$ by ! adult ance/or1 h be5 lo/ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution4 ,?is explanation1 :i* at once sugge/s itself :5 we are deal+ ) /ructures actually pres5t 9 adult memb]s ( o!r gr\ps1 does n s obvi\sly apply to ^? features :i* are f\nd 9 no adult animal :atsoev]4 ,nev]!less x has be5 ext5d$ to !m1 because !y are ( a nature :i* x is n impossible to suppose might h exi/$ 9 a work+ animal4 ,n[ ?is explanation1 :i*1 x w be obs]v$1 c only be ent]ta9$ on ! assumption t ! evolution !ory is true1 has be5 /ill fur!r ext5d$ by embryologi/s 9 a rem>kable & frequ5tly unju/ifiable mann]1 & has be5 appli$ to all embryonic processes1 f9ally lead+ to ! s-call$ recapitulation !ory1 :i* ass]ts t embryonic hi/ory is a %ort5$ recapitulation ( ance/ral hi/ory1 or1 to use ! language ( mod]n zoology1 t ! ontog5y or developm5t ( ! individual conta9s an abbreviat$ record ( ! phylog5y or developm5t ( ! race4 ,a !ory s important & f>-rea*+ z ?is requires v c>eful exam9ation4 ,:5 we come to look = ! facts ^u :i* x is bas$1 we f9d t !y are non-exi/5t1 = ! ance/ors ( all liv+ animals are dead1 & we h no means ( kn[+ :at !y 7 l4 ,x is true !re are fossil rema9s ( animals :i* h liv$1 b ^! are s imp]fect z to be practically useless = ! pres5t requirem5ts4 ,moreov]1 if !y 7 p]fectly pres]v$1 !re w\ld be no evid5ce to %[ t !y 7 ance/ors ( ! animals n[ liv+4 ,!y might h be5 animals :i* h become ext9ct & left no desc5dants4 ,?us ! explanation ord9>ily giv5 ( ! embryonic /ructures ref]r$ to is purely a d$uction f ! evolution !ory4 ,inde$1 x is ev5 less ?an ?is1 = all t c be said is some?+ ( ?is k9d3 if ! evolution !ory is true1 !n x 9 conceivable t ! reason :y ! embryo ( a bird passes ?r\gh a /age 9 :i* its ph>ynx pres5ts "s resemblance to t ( a fi% is t a remote ance/or ( ! bird possess$ a ph>ynx ) lat]al ap]tures su* z are at pres5t f\nd 9 fi%es4 ,b ! explanation is sometimes pu%$ ev5 fur!r1 & x is said t ^! ph>yngeal ap]tures ( ! ance/ral bird _h ! same respiratory function z ! correspond+ /ructures 9 mod]n fi%es4 ,t ?is is go+ too f> a little reflection w %[4 ,= if x be admitt$ t all s-call$ ve/igial /ructures _h once ! same function z ! homolog\s /ructures :5 fully develop$ 9 o!r animals1 x becomes necess>y to admit t male mammals mu/ once h _h fully develop$ mamm>y gl&s & suckl$ ! "y1 t female mammals =m]ly 7 provid$ ) a functional p5is1 & t 9 species 9 :i* ! females h a trace ( ! second>y sexual *>act]s ( ! male ! latt] 7 once common to bo? sexes4 ,! second & m ext5d$ =m ( ! explanation pla9ly introduces a consid]able am\nt ( cont5ti\s matt]1 & x w be advisable1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 at any rate1 to conf9e ourselves to a critical exam9ation ( ! less ambiti\s conception4 ,?is explanation obvi\sly implies ! view t 9 ! c\rse ( evolution ! t5d5cy has be5 = /ructures to p]si/ 9 ! embryo aft] !y h be5 lo/ 9 ! adult4 ,is !re any ju/ification = ?is view8 ,x is cle>ly impossible to get any direct evid5ce1 because1 z expla9$ above1 we h no k ( ! ance/ors ( liv+ animals2 b if we assume ! evolution !ory to be true1 !re is a c]ta9 am\nt ( indirect evid5ce :i* is di/9ctly oppos$ to ! view4 ,z is well kn[n1 liv+ birds are )\t tee?1 b x is g5]ally assum$ t _! ed5tul\s condition has be5 comp>atively rec5tly acquir$1 & t !y are desc5d$ f animals :i*1 at a "t n v remote f ! pres5t1 possess$ tee?4 ,consid]+ ! resemblance ( birds to o!r t]re/rial v]tebrates1 & ! fact t ext9ct birds1 n greatly diff]+ f birds n[ liv+1 are kn[n to h _h tee?1 x mu/ be all[$ t !re is "s w>rant = ! assumption4 ,yet 9 no s+le case has x be5 c]ta9ly %[n t any trace ( tee? has be5 develop$ 9 ! embryo4 ,! same rem>k applies to a l>ge numb] ( simil> cases2 = in/ance1 ! r$uc$ digits ( ! bird's h& & foot & ! limbs ( snakes4 ,moreov]1 organs :i* are suppos$ to h become rec5tly r$uc$ & functionless 9 ! adult are also r$uc$ 9 ! embryo2 = in/ance1 digits #c & #d ( ! horse's foot1 ! h9d limbs ( :ales 7,g4,a4 ,guldb]g & ,f4 ,nans51 ,on ! ,developm5t & ,/ructure ( ,:ales1 ,b]g5 ,museum1 #ahid71 ! spiracle ( ,elasmobran*ii4 ,9 fact1 consid]ations ( ?is k9d di/9ctly po9t to ! view t any t5d5cy to ! r$uction or enl>gem5t ( an organ 9 ! adult is %>$ approximately to ! same ext5t by ! embryo4 ,b !re are und\bt$ly "s1 ?\gh n _m1 cases 9 :i* organs :i* 7 presumably pres5t 9 an ance/ral adult h p]si/$ 9 ! embryo ( ! mod]n =m4 ,z an in/ance may be m5tion$ ! pres5ce 9 :ale-bone :ales ( imp]fectly =m$ tee?1 :i* are absorb$ comp>atively e>ly 9 foetal life 7,jul91 ,ar*4 biologie1 i41 #ahhj1 p4 #ge74 ,x !re=e becomes necess>y to inquire :y 9 "s cases an organ is reta9$ by ! embryo aft] its loss by ! adult1 :]eas 9 o!r cases x dw9dles & presumably disappe>s simultane\sly 9 ! embryo & ! adult4 ,! :ole "q is exam9$ & discuss$ by ! pres5t writ] 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce1 xxxvi41 #ahid1 p4 #ce1 & ! conclusions !re rea*$ are z foll[s3--,a disappe>+ adult organ is n reta9$ 9 a relatively great] developm5t by an organism 9 ! e>li] /ages ( its individual gr[? unless x is ( functional importance to ! "y =m4 ,9 cases 9 :i* ! :ole developm5t is embryonic ?is r>ely happ5s1 because ! conditions ( embryonic life are s diff]5t f free life t functional embryonic organs are usually organs sui g5]is1 e4g4 ! plac5ta1 amnion1 c41 :i* _c be trac$ to a modification ( organs previ\sly pres5t 9 ! adult4 ,x does1 h[ev]1 appe> to h happ5$ sometimes1 & z an in/ance ( x may be m5tion$ ! ductus art]iosus ( ! ,sauropsidan & ,mammalian embryo4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 !re is a consid]able p]iod ( l>val life1 x does appe> t !re is a /rong case = ?9k+ t organs :i* h be5 lo/ by ! adult may be reta9$ & made use ( by ! l>va4 ,! be/-kn[n example t c be giv5 ( ?is is ! tadpole ( ! frog4 ,"h we f9d organs1 viz4 gills & gill-slits1 :i* are univ]sally reg>d$ z hav+ be5 attributes ( all t]re/rial ,v]tebrata 9 an e>li] & aquatic condition1 & we also notice t _! ret5tion is due to _! be+ useful on acc\nt ( ! suppos$ anci5t conditions ( life hav+ be5 reta9$4 ,_m o!r in/ances1 m or less plausible1 ( a l ret5tion ( ance/ral features by l>vae might be m5tion$1 & x mu/ be conc$$ t !re are /rong reasons = suppos+ t l>vae (t5 reta9 traces1 m or less complete1 ( ance/ral /ages ( /ructure4 ,b ?is admission does n c>ry ) x any obligation to accept ! widely preval5t view t l>val hi/ory c 9 any way be reg>d$ z a recapitulation ( ance/ral hi/ory4 ,f> f x1 = l>vae 9 reta9+ "s ance/ral features are 9 no way diff]5t f adults2 !y only diff] f adults 9 ! features :i* !y h reta9$4 ,bo? l>vae & adults reta9 ance/ral features1 & bo? h be5 modifi$ by an adaptation to _! respective conditions ( life :i* has ev] be5 becom+ m p]fect4 ,! conclusion1 !n1 has be5 rea*$1 t :]eas l>vae frequ5tly reta9 traces ( ance/ral /ages ( adult /ructure1 embryos w r>ely d s2 & we are confront$ aga9 ) ! "q1 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ! pres5ce 9 ! embryo ( num]\s functionless organs :i* _c be expla9$ o!rwise ?an z hav+ be5 inh]it$ f a previ\s condition 9 :i* !y 7 functional8 ,! answ] is t ! only organs ( ?is k9d :i* h be5 reta9$ are organs :i* h be5 reta9$ by ! l>vae ( ! ance/ors aft] !y h be5 lo/ by ! adult1 & h become 9 ?is way impress$ ^u ! developm5t4 ,z an illu/ration tak5 f curr5t natural hi/ory ( ! mann] 9 :i* l>val *>act]s are 9 actual process ( becom+ embryonic may be m5tion$ ! case ( ! vivip>\s salam&] 7,salam&] atra71 9 :i* ! gills1 c41 are all develop$ b nev] us$1 ! animal be+ born )\t !m4 ,9 o!r & closely alli$ species ( salam&] !re is a consid]able p]iod ( l>val life 9 :i* ! gills & gill-slits are functional1 b 9 ?is species ! l>val /age1 = ! exi/5ce ( :i* !re 0 a di/9ct reason1 viz4 ! entirely aquatic habits ( life 9 ! "y /ate1 has become at "o /roke embryonic by its simple absorption into ! embryonic p]iod4 ,! view1 !n1 t embryonic developm5t is ess5tially a recapitulation ( ance/ral hi/ory mu/ be giv5 up2 x conta9s only a few ref]5ces to ance/ral hi/ory1 namely1 ^? :i* h be5 pres]v$ probably 9 a mu* modifi$ =m by previ\s l>vae4 ,law ( v4 ,ba]4 ,we mu/ n[ pass to ! consid]ation ( ano!r suppos$ law ( embryology--! s-call$ law ( v4 ,ba]4 ,?is g5]alization is usually /at$ z foll[s3--,embryos ( diff]5t species ( ! same gr\p are m alike ?an adults1 & ! resemblances are great] ! y\ng] ! embryo exam9$4 ,great importance has be5 atta*$ to ?is g5]alization by embryologi/s & naturali/s1 & x is v widely accept$4 ,nev]!less1 x is op5 to s]i\s criticism4 ,if x 7 true1 we %\ld expect to f9d t embryos ( closely simil> species w\ld be indi/+ui%able1 b ?is is notori\sly n ! case4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y (t5 diff] m ?an d ! adults1 9 support ( :i* /atem5t ! embryos ( ! diff]5t species ( ,p]ipatus may be ref]r$ to4 ,! g5]alization und\bt$ly _h its orig9 9 ! fact t !re is :at may be call$ a family resemblance betwe5 embryos1 b ?is resemblance1 :i* is by no means exact1 is purely sup]ficial1 & does n ext5d to anatomical detail4 ,on ! contr>y1 x may be fairly argu$ t 9 "s cases embryos ( widely dissimil> memb]s ( ! same gr\p pres5t anatomical diff]5ces ( a high] morphological value ?an d ! adults 7see ,s$gwick1 loc4 cit471 &1 z /at$ above ! embryos ( closely alli$ animals are di/+ui%able at all /ages ( developm5t1 ?\gh ! di/+ui%+ features are n ! same z ^? :i* di/+ui% ! adults4 ,to say t ! developm5t ( ! organism & ( its compon5t p>ts is a progress f ! simple to ! complex is to /ate a truism1 b to /ate t x is also a progress f ! g5]al to ! special is to g altoge!r beyond ! facts4 ,! bip9n>ia l>va ( an e*9od]m1 ! tro*osph]e l>va ( an annelid1 ! bla/od]mic vesicle ( a mammal are all z highly specializ$ z _! respective adults1 b ! specialization is = a diff]5t purpose1 & ( a diff]5t k9d to t :i* *>act]izes ! adult4 ,hi/ory ( embryology4 ,9 its sci5tific & sy/ematic =m embryology may be consid]$ z hav+ only tak5 bir? )9 ! la/ c5tury1 al?\gh ! g]m f :i* x sprung 0 already =m$ ne>ly half a c5tury e>li]4 ,! anci5ts1 x is true1 z we see by ! writ+s ( ,ari/otle & ,gal51 pursu$ ! subject ) int]e/1 & ! indefatigable ,greek naturali/ & philosoph] _h ev5 made cont9u$ s]ies ( obs]vations on ! progressive /ages ( developm5t 9 ! incubat$ egg1 & on ! reproduction ( v>i\s animals2 b al?\gh1 aft] ! revival ( le>n+1 v>i\s anatomi/s & physiologi/s f "t to "t made contributions to ! k ( ! foetal /ructure 9 its l>g] organs1 yet f ! m9ut5ess ( ! obs]vations requir$ = embryological rese>*1 x 0 n till ! microscope came into use = ! inve/igation ( organic /ructure t any intimate k 0 atta9$ ( ! nature ( organog5esis4 ,x is n to be wond]$ at1 !re=e1 t dur+ a long p]iod1 9 ?is z 9 o!r bran*es ( physical inquiry1 vague speculations took ! place ( direct obs]vation & m solid in=mation4 ,?is is app>5t 9 mo/ ( ! works treat+ ( g5]ation dur+ ! #af? & "p ( ! #ag? c5turies4#b ,h>vey 0 ! fir/ to give1 9 ! middle ( ! latt] c5tury1 a new life & direction to inve/igation ( ?is subject1 by 8 discov]y ( ! connexion betwe5 ! cicatricula ( ! yolk & ! rudim5ts ( ! *ick1 & by 8 fai?ful description ( ! successive /ages ( developm5t z obs]v$ 9 ! incubat$ egg1 z well z ( ! progress ( ge/ation 9 "s ,mammalia4 ,he _h also ! m]it ( fix+ ! att5tion ( physiologi/s ^u g5]al laws ( developm5t z d$uc$ f actual obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a1 by ! enunciation ( two important propositions1 viz4--7#a7 t all animals are produc$ out ( ova1 & 7#b7 t ! organs ( ! embryo arise by new =mation1 or epig5esis1 & n by m]e enl>gem5t out ( a pre-exi/+ invisible condition 7,ex]citationes de g5]atione animalium1 ,am/elodami1 #afea74 ,h>vey's obs]vations1 h[ev]1 7 aid$ only by ! use ( magnify+ glasses 7p]specillae71 probably ( no great p[]1 & he saw no?+ ( ! e>lie/ appe>ances ( ! embryo 9 ! fir/ ?irty-six h\rs1 & believ$ ! blood & ! he>t to be ! p>ts fir/ =m$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! "w ( ,h>vey1 & ( ! successful application ( ! microscope to embryological inve/igation1 0 soon aft]w>ds app>5t 9 ! admirable rese>*es ( ,malpighi ( ,bologna1 z ev9c$ by 8 communications to ! ,royal ,society ( ,london 9 #afgb1 ,de ovo incubato1 & ,de =matione pulli1 & m especially 9 8 del9eations ( "s ( ! e>li] ph5om5a ( developm5t1 9 :i*1 z 9 _m o!r p>ts ( m9ute anatomy1 he p>tially or :olly anticipat$ discov]ies1 ! full developm5t ( :i* has only be5 accompli%$ 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,malpighi trac$ ! orig9 ( ! embryo almo/ to its v comm5cem5t 9 ! =mation ( ! c]ebro-sp9al groove )9 ! cicatricula1 :i* he remov$ f ! opaque mass ( ! yolk2 & he only err$ 9 suppos+ ! embryonal rudim5ts to h pre-exi/$ z su* 9 ! egg1 9 consequ5ce1 app>5tly1 ( 8 hav+ employ$ = obs]vation1 9 v w>m wea!r1 eggs :i*1 ?\gh he believ$ !m to be un9cubat$1 _h 9 reality und]gone "s ( ! e>li] developm5tal *anges4 ,! works ( ,walt] ,ne$ham 7#affg71 ,regni] de ,graaf 7#afgc71 ,swamm]dam 7#afhe71 ,vallisn]i 7#afhi7--;foll[+ ^u ^? ( ,h>vey--all conta9 important contributions to ! k ( our subject1 z t5d+ to %[ ! simil>ity 9 ! mode ( production f ova 9 a v>iety ( animals ) t previ\sly be/ kn[n 9 birds4 ,! obs]vations m especially ( de ,graaf1 ,nicolas ,/5o & ,j4 van ,horne gave mu* great] precision to ! k ( ! connexion betwe5 ! orig9 ( ! ovum ( quadrup$s & ! vesicles ( ! ov>y n[ t]m$ ,graafian1 :i* de ,graaf %[$ always bur/ & dis*>g$ _! cont5ts on ! occurr5ce ( pregnancy4 ,^! obs]vations br+ u to ! p]iod ( ,bo]haave & ,alb9us 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & 9 ! succe$+ ye>s to t ( ,hall]1 ^: va/ erudition & v>i$ & accurate orig9al obs]vations ?rew light ^u ! entire process ( reproduction 9 animals1 & br\ght its hi/ory into a m sy/ematic & intelligible =m4 ,a consid]able "p ( ! sev5? & ! :ole ( ! eigh? volumes ( ,hall]'s great "w1 ! ,elem5ta physiologiae1 publi%$ at successive times f #ageg to #agff1 are occupi$ ) ! g5]al view ( ! function ( g5]ation1 :ile 8 special contributions to embryology are conta9$ 9 8 ,deux memoires sur la =mation du coeur dans le p\let & ,deux memoires sur la =mation des os1 bo? publi%$ at ,lausanne 9 #ageh1 & republi%$ 9 an ext5d$ & alt]$ =m1 toge!r ) 8 ,obs]vations on ! e>ly condition ( ! ,embryo 9 ,quadrup$s1 made along ) ,kuhlemann1 9 ! ,op]a m9ora 7#agfb-agfh74 ,?\gh orig9ally educat$ z a believ] 9 ! doctr9e ( pre=mation by 8 tea*] ,bo]haave1 ,hall] 0 soon l$ to ab&on t view 9 fav\r ( epig5esis or new =mation1 z may be se5 9 v>i\s p>ts ( 8 works publi%$ be=e ! middle ( ! c5tury2 see especially a long note explanatory ( ! gr\nds ( 8 *ange ( op9ion 9 8 edition ( ,bo]haave's ,praelectiones academicae1 vol4 v4 "p #b1 p4 #dig 7#agdd71 & 8 ,primae l9eae physiologiae 7#agdg74 ,b "s ye>s lat]1 & aft] hav+ be5 engag$ 9 obs]v+ ! ph5om5a ( developm5t 9 ! incubat$ egg1 he aga9 *ang$ 8 views1 & dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life 0 a ke5 oppon5t ( ! sy/em ( epig5esis1 & a def5d] & expon5t ( ! !ory ( evolution1 z x 0 !n nam$--a !ory v diff]5t f t n[ be>+ ! "n1 & :i* impli$ belief 9 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! organs ( ! embryo 9 ! g]m1 accord+ to ! !ory ( encasem5t 7emboitem5t7 or inclusion support$ by ,leibnitz & ,bonnet4 7,see ! int]e/+ "w ( ,bonnet1 ,consid]ations sur les corps organises1 ,am/]dam1 #agfb1 = an acc\nt ( 8 own views & ^? ( ,hall]47 ,x 0 res]v$ = ,casp> ,fr$]ick ,wolff 7#agcc-agid71 a ,g]man by bir?1 b naturaliz$ aft]w>ds 9 ,russia1 to br+ =w>d obs]vations :i*1 ?\gh almo/ entirely neglect$ = a long "t aft] _! publication1 & 9 "s measure discr$it$ "u ! influ5ce ( ,hall]'s au?ority1 7 sixty ye>s lat] ackn[l$g$ to h e/abli%$ ! !ory ( epig5esis ^u ! secure basis ( asc]ta9$ facts1 & to h laid ! fir/ f\ndation ( ! morphological sci5ce ( embryology4 ,wolff's "w1 entitl$ ,!oria g5]ationis1 fir/ publi%$ z an inaugural ,diss]tation at ,b]l9 9 #agei1 0 republi%$ ) additions 9 ,g]man at ,b]l9 9 #agfd1 & aga9 9 ,lat9 at ,halle 9 #aggd4 ,wolff also wrote a ,memoir on ! ,developm5t ( ! ,inte/9e 9 ,nov4 comm5t4 acad4 ,petropol41 #agfh & #agfi4 ,b x 0 n till ! latt] "w 0 translat$ into ,g]man by ,j4,f4 ,meckel1 & appe>$ 9 8 ,ar*iv = #ahab1 t ,wolff's peculi> m]its z ! f\nd] ( mod]n embryology came to be kn[n or fully appreciat$4 ,! special novelty ( ,wolff's discov]ies consi/$ ma9ly 9 ?is1 t he %[$ t ! g]m9al "p ( ! bird's egg =ms a lay] ( unit$ granules or organiz$ p>ticles 7cells ( ! mod]n hi/ologi/71 pres5t+ at fir/ no semblance ( ! =m or /ructure ( ! future embryo1 b gradually conv]t$ by v>i\s morphological *anges 9 ! =mative mat]ial1 :i* are all capable ( be+ trac$ by obs]vation1 into ! sev]al rudim5t>y organs & sy/ems ( ! embryo4 ,! e>li] =m ( ! embryo he del9eat$ ) accuracy2 ! actual mode ( =mation he trac$ 9 m ?an "o organ1 z = example 9 ! alim5t>y canal1 & he 0 ! discov]] ( sev]al new & important embryological facts1 z 9 ! in/ance ( ! primordial kidneys1 :i* h ?us be5 nam$ ! ,wolffian bodies4 ,wolff fur!r %[$ t ! gr[+ p>ts ( plants owe _! orig9 to organiz$ p>ticles or cells1 s t he 0 l$ to ! great g5]alization t ! processes ( embryonic =mation & ( adult gr[? & nutrition are all ( a l nature 9 bo? plants & animals4 ,no advance1 h[ev]1 0 made ^u ! basis ( ,wolff's discov]ies till ! ye> #ahag1 :5 ! rese>*es ( ,c4,h4 ,p&] on ! developm5t ( ! *ick gave a full] & m exact view ( ! ph5om5a less cle>ly indicat$ by ,wolff1 & laid d[n ) great] precision a plan ( ! =mation ( p>ts 9 ! embryo ( birds1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! f\ndation ( ! views ( all subsequ5t embryologi/s4 ,b al?\gh ! m9ut] inve/igation ( ! nature & true !ory ( ! process ( embryonic developm5t 0 ?us held 9 abeyance = m ?an half a c5tury1 ! int]val 0 n unproductive ( obs]vations hav+ an important be>+ on ! k ( ! anatomy ( ! foetus & ! function ( reproduction4 ,! great "w ( ,william ,hunt] on ! human gravid ut]us1 conta9+ unequall$ pictorial illu/rations ( its subject f ! p5cil ( ,rymsdyk & o!r arti/s1 0 publi%$ 9 #agge2c & dur+ a l>ge "p ( ! same p]iod num]\s communications to ! ,memoirs ( ! ,royal ,society te/ifi$ to ! activity & g5ius ( 8 bro!r1 ,john ,hunt]1 9 ! inve/igation ( v>i\s p>ts ( comp>ative embryology4 ,b x is ma9ly 9 8 ri* museum1 & 9 ! manuscripts & draw+s :i* he left1 & :i* h be5 9 "p describ$ & publi%$ 9 ! catalogue ( 8 wond]ful collection1 t we obta9 any adequate idea ( ! unexampl$ indu/ry & wide scope ( rese>* ( t great anatomi/ & physiologi/4 ,z belong+ to a some:at lat] p]iod1 b /ill be=e ! "t :5 ! m /rict inve/igation ( embryological ph5om5a 0 resum$ by ,p&]1 !re fall to be notic$1 z indicative ( ! rapid progress t 0 mak+1 ! exp]im5ts ( ,l4 ,spallanzani1 #aghi2 ! rese>*es ( ,j4,h4 von ,aut5rie?1 #agig1 & ( ,soemm]+1 #agii1 on ! human foetus2 ! obs]vations ( ,s5ff on ! =mation ( ! skeleton1 #ahja2 ^? ( ,l4 ,ok5 & ,d4,g4 ,kies] on ! inte/9e & o!r organs1 #ahjf2 ,ok5's rem>kable "w on ! bones ( ! head1 #ahjg 7) ! views promulgat$ 9 :i* ,goe!'s "n is also intimately connect$72 ,j4,f4 ,meckel's num]\s & valuable contributions to embryology & comp>ative anatomy1 ext5d+ ov] a long s]ies ( ye>s2 & ,f4 ,ti$emann's classical "w on ! developm5t ( ! bra91 #ahaf4 ,! obs]vations ( ! ,russian naturali/1 ,*ri/ian ,he9ri* ,p&] 7#agid-ahfe71 7 made at ! in/ance & "u ! imm$iate sup]vision ( ,pr(4 ,doll+] at ,wurzburg1 & we le>n f von ,ba]'s autobiography t he1 be+ an e>ly fri5d ( ,p&]'s1 & kn[+ 8 qualifications = ! task1 _h po9t$ him out to ,doll+] z well fitt$ to c>ry out ! inve/igation ( developm5t :i* t pr(essor 0 desir\s ( hav+ accompli%$4 ,p&]'s inaugural diss]tation 0 entitl$ ,hi/oria metamorphoseos quam ovum incubatum prioribus qu9que diebus subit 7,virceburgi1 #ahag72 & x 0 also publi%$ 9 ,g]man "u ! title ( ,beitrage zur ,entwickelungsges*i*te des ,huhn*5s im ,eie 7,wurzburg1 #ahag74 ,! beautiful plates illu/rat+ ! latt] "w 7 execut$ by ! eld] ,e4,j4 d',alton1 well kn[n = 8 skill 9 sci5tific obs]vation1 del9eation & engrav+4 ,p&] obs]v$ ! g]m9al membrane or bla/od]m1 z he = ! fir/ "t call$ x1 ( ! f[l's egg to acquire ?ree lay]s ( organiz$ sub/ance 9 ! e>li] p]iod ( incubation4 ,^! he nam$ respectively ! s]\s or out]1 ! vascul> or middle1 & ! muc\s or inn] lay]s2 & he trac$ ) great skill & c>e ! orig9 ( ! pr9cipal rudim5t>y organs & sy/ems f ea* ( ^! lay]s1 po9t+ out %ortly1 b mu* m di/9ctly ?an ,wolff _h done1 ! actual nature ( ! *anges occurr+ 9 ! process ( developm5t4 ,k>l ,erne/ von ,ba] 7q4v471 ! greate/ ( mod]n embryologi/s1 01 z already rem>k$1 ! e>ly fri5d ( ,p&]1 &1 at ! "t :5 ! latt] 0 engag$ 9 8 rese>*es at ,wurzburg1 0 associat$ ) ,doll+] z prosector1 & engag$ ) him 9 ! /udy ( comp>ative anatomy4 ,he witness$1 !re=e1 ?\gh he did n actually take "p 91 ,p&]'s rese>*es2 & ! latt] hav+ aft]w>ds ab&on$ ! inquiry1 von ,ba] took x up = himself 9 ! ye> #ahai1 :5 he _h obta9$ an appo9tm5t 9 ! univ]sity ( ,konigsb]g1 :]e he 0 ! colleague ( ,burda* & ,ra?ke1 bo? ( :om 7 able coadjutors 9 ! inve/igation ( ! subject ( 8 *oice4 7,see v4 ,ba]'s int]e/+ autobiography1 publi%$ on 8 retirem5t f ,/ ,pet]sburg to ,dorpat 9 #ahfd47 ,von ,ba]'s obs]vations 7 c>ri$ on at v>i\s times f #ahai to #ahbf & #ahbg1 :5 he publi%$ ! fir/ results 9 a description ( ! developm5t ( ! *ick 9 ! fir/ edition ( ,burda*'s ,physiology4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t von ,ba] made ! important discov]y ( ! ov>ian ovum ( mammals & ( man1 totally unkn[n be=e 8 "t1 & 0 ?us able to prove z matt] ( exact obs]vation :at _h only be5 surmis$ previ\sly1 viz4 ! entire simil>ity 9 ! mode ( orig9 ( ^! animals ) o!rs l[] 9 ! scale4 7,epi/ola de ovi mammalium et hom9is g5esi1 ,lipsiae1 #ahbg4 ,see also ! int]e/+ comm5t>y on or supplem5t to ! ,epi/ola 9 ,heus+]'s ,j\rnal1 & ! translation 9 ,bres*et's ,rep]toire1 ,p>is1 #ahbi47 ,9 #ahbi von ,ba] publi%$ ! fir/ "p ( 8 great "w1 entitl$ ,beoba*tung5 und ,reflexion5 ub] die ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] ,?i]e1 ! second "p ( :i*1 /ill leav+ ! "w incomplete1 did n appe> till #ahch4 ,9 ?is "w1 di/+ui%$ by ! fulness1 ri*ness & extreme accuracy ( ! obs]vations & descriptions1 z well z by ! bread? & s\ndness ( ! g5]al views on embryology & alli$ bran*es ( biology :i* x pres5ts1 he gave a detail$ acc\nt n only ( ! :ole progress ( developm5t ( ! *ick z obs]v$ day by day dur+ ! incubation ( ! egg1 b he also describ$ :at 0 kn[n1 & :at he himself _h inve/igat$ by num]\s & v>i$ obs]vations1 ( ! :ole c\rse ( =mation ( ! "y 9 o!r v]tebrate animals4 ,8 "w is 9 fact a sy/em ( comp>ative embryology1 replete ) new discov]ies 9 almo/ e "p4 ,von ,ba]'s acc\nt ( ! lay]s ( ! bla/od]m diff]s some:at f t ( ,p&]1 & appe>s to be m consi/5t ) ! fur!r rese>*es :i* h lately be5 made ?an 0 at "o "t suppos$1 9 ?is respect1 t he di/+ui%$ f a v e>ly p]iod two primitive or fundam5tal lay]s1 viz4 ! animal or upp]1 & ! vegetative or l[]1 f ea* ( :i*1 9 connexion ) two int]m$iate lay]s d]iv$ f !m1 ! fundam5tal organs & sy/ems ( ! embryo are d]iv$3--! animal lay]1 ) its d]ivative1 supply+ ! d]mal1 neural1 osse\s & muscul>2 ! vegetative lay]1 ) its d]ivative1 ! vascul> & muc\s 7inte/9al7 sy/ems4 ,he laid d[n ! g5]al morphological pr9ciple t ! fundam5tal organs h ess5tially ! %ape ( tubul> cavities1 z appe>s 9 ! fir/ =m ( ! c5tral organ ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 9 ! two muscul> & osse\s tubes :i* =m ! walls ( ! body1 & 9 ! inte/9al canal2 & he foll[$ out ) admirable cle>ness ! /eps by :i* f ^! fundam5tal sy/ems ! o!r organs arise second>ily1 su* z ! organs ( s5se1 ! gl&s1 lungs1 he>t1 vascul> gl&s1 ,wolffian bodies1 kidneys & g5]ative organs4 ,to complete von ,ba]'s sy/em !re 0 ma9ly want+ a m m9ute k ( ! intimate /ructure ( ! elem5t>y tissues1 b ?is _h n yet be5 acquir$ by biologi/s1 & x rema9$ = ,!odor ,s*wann ( ,liege 9 #ahci1 along ) :om %\ld be m5tion$ ^? :o1 l ,rob]t ,br[n & ,m4,j4 ,s*leid51 prep>$ ! way = 8 great discov]y1 to po9t out ! uni=mity 9 hi/ological /ructure ( ! simpl] =ms ( plants & animals1 ! nature ( ! organiz$ animal & vegetable cell1 ! cellul> con/itution ( ! primitive ovum ( animals1 & ! d]ivation ( ! v>i\s tissues1 complex z well z simple1 f ! trans=mation or1 z x is n[ call$1 diff]5tiation ( simple cellul> elem5ts1--discov]ies :i* h ex]cis$ a p[]ful & la/+ influ5ce on ! :ole progress ( biological k 9 our "t1 & h contribut$ 9 an em95t degree to promote ! advance ( embryology itself4 ,to ,k4,b4 ,rei*]t ( ,b]l9 m p>ticul>ly is due ! fir/ application ( ! new] hi/ological views to ! explanation ( ! ph5om5a ( developm5t1 #ahdj4 ,to him & to ,r4,a4 von ,kollik] & ,r4 ,vir*[ is due ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! g5]al pr9ciple t !re is no free-cell =mation 9 embryonic developm5t & gr[?1 b t all organs are d]iv$ f ! multiplication1 comb9ation & trans=mation ( cells1 & t all cells giv+ rise to organs are ! desc5dants or prog5y ( previ\sly exi/+ cells1 & t ^! may be trac$ back to ! orig9al cell or cell-sub/ance ( ! ovum4 ,x may be t mod]n rese>* has some:at modifi$ ! views tak5 by biologi/s ( ! /atem5ts ( ,s*wann z to ! con/itution ( ! organiz$ cell1 especially z reg>ds its simple/ or mo/ elem5t>y =m1 & has indicat$ m exactly ! nature ( ! protoplasmic mat]ial :i* con/itutes its liv+ basis2 b x has n caus$ any v wide dep>ture f ! g5]al pr9ciples enunciat$ by t physiologi/4 ,s*wann's treatise1 entitl$ ,microscopical ,rese>*es into ! ,accordance 9 ! ,/ructure & ,gr[?s ( ,animals & ,plants1 0 publi%$ 9 ,g]man at ,b]l9 9 #ahci1 & 0 translat$ into ,engli% by ,h5ry ,smi?1 & pr9t$ = ! ,syd5ham ,society 9 #ahdg1 along ) a translation ( ,s*leid5's memoir1 ,contributions to ,phytog5esis1 :i* orig9ally appe>$ 9 #ahch 9 ,mull]'s ,ar*iv = t ye>1 & :i* _h also be5 publi%$ 9 ,engli% 9 ,taylor & ,francis's ,sci5tific ,memoirs1 vol4 ii4 "p vi4 ,among ! new] obs]vations ( ! same p]iod :i* contribut$ to a m exact k ( ! /ructure ( ! ovum itself may be m5tion$--fir/ ! discov]y ( ! g]m9al vesicle1 or nucleus1 9 ! g]m-disk ( birds by ,j4,e4 von ,purk9je 7,symbolae ad ovi avium hi/oriam ante incubationem1 ,vratislaviae1 #ahbe1 & republi%$ at ,leipzig 9 #ahcj72 second1 von ,ba]'s discov]y ( ! mammif]\s ovum 9 #ahbg1 already ref]r$ to2 ?ird1 ! discov]y ( ! g]m9al vesicle ( mammals by ,j4,v4 ,co/e 9 #ahcd1 & its indep5d5t obs]vation by ,:>ton ,jones 9 #ahce2 & f\r?1 ! obs]vation 9 ! same ye> by ,rudolph ,wagn] ( ! g]m9al macula or nucleus4 ,co/e's discov]y ( ! g]m9al vesicle ( ,mammalia 0 fir/ communicat$ to ! public 9 ! ,comptes r5dus ( ! ,fr5* ,academy = #ahcc1 & 0 m fully describ$ 9 ! ,re*]*es sur la g5]ation des mammif]es1 by ,delpe* & ,co/e 7,p>is1 #ahcd74 ,?omas ,:>ton ,jones's obs]vations1 made 9 ! autumn ( #ahcd1 )\t a k ( ,co/e's communication1 7 pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahce4 ,?is discov]y 0 also confirm$ & ext5d$ by ,g4,g4 ,val5t9 & ,b]n>dt1 z record$ by ! latt] 9 8 "w ,symb4 ad ovi mammal4 hi/4 ante praegnationem4 ,rudolph ,wagn]'s obs]vations fir/ appe>$ 9 8 ,textbook ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 publi%$ at ,leipzig 9 #ahcd-ahce1 & 9 ,mull]'s ,ar*iv = ! latt] ye>4 ,8 m ext5d$ rese>*es are describ$ 9 8 "w ,prodromus hi/4 g5]ationis hom9is atque animalium 7,leipzig1 #ahcf71 & 9 a memoir ins]t$ 9 ! ,trans4 ( ! ,roy4 ,bav>ian ,acad4 ( ,sci5ces 7,muni*1 #ahcg74 ,! two decades ( ye>s f #ahbj to #ahdj 7 peculi>ly f]tile 9 contributions to ! anatomy ( ! foetus & ! progress ( embryological k4 ,! rese>*es ( ,prevo/ & ,dumas on ! ova & prim>y /ages ( developm5t ( ,batra*ia1 birds & mammals1 made z e>ly z #ahbd1 des]ve especial notice z important /eps 9 advance1 bo? 9 ! discov]y ( ! process ( yolk segm5tation 9 ! batra*ian ovum1 & 9 _! hav+ %[n almo/ ) ! =ce ( demon/ration1 previ\s to ! discov]y ( ! mammif]\s ov>ian ovum by von ,ba]1 t t body mu/ exi/ z a m9ute sph]ule 9 ! ,graafian follicle ( ! ov>y1 al?\gh !y did n actually succe$ 9 br++ ! ova cle>ly "u obs]vation4 ,! works ( ,pockels 7#ahbe71 ( ,seil] 7#ahca71 ( ,g4 ,bres*et 7#ahcb71 ( ,a4,a4,l4,m4 ,velpeau 7#ahcc71 ( ,t4,l4,w4 ,bis*(f 7#ahcd7--;all be>+ ^u human embryology2 ! rese>*es ( ,co/e 9 comp>ative embryology 9 #ahcd1 already ref]r$ to1 & ^? publi%$ by ! same au?or 9 #ahcg2 ! publication ( ,johannes ,mull]'s great "w on physiology1 & ,rudolph ,wagn]'s small] text-book1 9 bo? ( :i* ! subject ( embryology receiv$ a v full treatm5t1 toge!r ) ! excell5t ,manual ( ! ,developm5t ( ! ,foetus1 by ,val5t91 9 #ahce1 ! fir/ sep>ate & sy/ematic "w on ! :ole subject1 n[ secur$ to embryology its p]man5t place among ! biological sci5ces on ! ,cont95t2 :ile 9 ?is c\ntry att5tion 0 drawn to ! subject by ! memoirs ( ,all5 ,?omson 7#ahca71 ,?4 ,:>ton ,jones 7#ahce-ahch7 & ,m>t9 ,b>ry 7#ahci-ahdj74 ,among ! m rem>kable special discov]ies :i* belong to ! p]iod n[ ref]r$ to1 a few may be m5tion$1 z1 = example1 t ( ! *orda dorsalis by von ,ba]1 a mo/ important "o1 :i* may be reg>d$ z ! key to ! :ole ( v]tebral morphology2 ! ph5om5on ( yolk segm5tation1 n[ kn[n to be univ]sal among animals1 b :i* 0 only fir/ c>efully obs]v$ 9 ,batra*ia by ,prevo/ & ,dumas 7?\gh previ\sly casually notic$ by ,swamm]dam71 & 0 soon aft]w>ds foll[$ out by ,rusconi & von ,ba] 9 fi%es2 ! discov]y ( ! bran*ial clefts1 plates & vascul> ar*es 9 ! embryos ( ! high] abran*iate animals by ,h4 ,ra?ke 9 #ahbe-ahbg2 ! able inve/igation ( ! trans=mations ( ^! ar*es by ,rei*]t 9 #ahcg2 & ! rese>*es on ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! ur9>y & g5]ative organs by ,johannes ,mull] 9 #ahbi-ahcj4 ,on ent]+ ! fif? decade ( ! #ai? c5tury1 ! numb] ( orig9al contributions & sy/ematic treatises becomes s great z to r5d] ! attempt to enum]ate ev5 a selection ( ! m important ( !m q unsuitable to ! limits ( ! pres5t article4 ,we mu/ be satisfi$1 !re=e1 ) a ref]5ce to "o or two :i* seem to /& out ) great] prom95ce ?an ! re/ z l&m>ks 9 ! progress ( embryological discov]y4 ,among ^! may fir/ be m5tion$ ! rese>*es ( ,!odor ,l4,w4 von ,bis*(f1 =m]ly ( ,giess5 & lat] ( ,muni*1 on ! developm5t ( ! ovum 9 ,mammalia1 9 :i* a s]ies ( ! mo/ labori\s1 m9ute & accurate obs]vations furni%$ a greatly novel & v full hi/ory ( ! =mative process 9 sev]al animals ( t class4 ,^! rese>*es are conta9$ 9 f\r memoirs1 treat+ sep>ately ( ! developm5t ( ! rabbit1 ! dog1 ! gu9ea-pig & ! roe-de]1 & appe>$ 9 succession 9 ! ye>s #ahdb1 #ahde1 #aheb & #ahed4 ,next may be m5tion$ ! great "w ( ,co/e1 entitl$ ,hi/oire g54 et p>ticul4 du developpem5t des animaux1 ( :i*1 h[ev]1 only f\r fasciculi appe>$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahdg & #ahei1 leav+ ! "w incomplete4 ,9 ?is "w1 9 ! l>ge folio =m1 beautiful repres5tations are giv5 ( ! au?or's valuable obs]vations on human embryology1 & on t ( v>i\s mammals1 birds & fi%es1 & ( ! au?or's discov]y 9 #ahdg ( ! process ( p>tial yolk segm5tation 9 ! g]m9al disk ( ! f[l's egg dur+ its desc5t ?r\gh ! oviduct1 & 8 obs]vations on ! same ph5om5on 9 fi%es & mammals4 ,! developm5t ( reptiles receiv$ important elucidation f ! rese>*es ( ,ra?ke1 9 8 hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( s]p5ts1 publi%$ at ,konigsb]g 9 #ahci1 & 9 a simil> "w on ! turtle 9 #ahdh1 z well z 9 a lat] "o on ! crocodile 9 #ahff1 along ) :i* may be associat$ ! obs]vations ( ,h4,j4 ,cl>k on ! ,embryology ( ! ,turtle1 publi%$ 9 ,agassiz's ,contributions to ,natural ,hi/ory1 c41 #aheg4 ,! ph5om5a ( yolk segm5tation1 to :i* ref]5ce has m ?an once be5 made1 & to :i* lat] rese>*es give m & m importance 9 connexion ) ! fundam5tal ph5om5a ( developm5t1 receiv$ great elucidation dur+ ?is p]iod1 fir/ f ! obs]vations ( ,c4,t4,e4 von ,siebold & ^? ( ,bagge on ! complete yolk segm5tation ( ! egg 9 nematoid worms 9 #ahda1 & m fully by ! obs]vations ( ,kollik] 9 ! same animals 9 #ahdc4 ,! nature ( p>tial segm5tation ( ! yolk 0 fir/ made kn[n by ,kollik] 9 8 "w on ! developm5t ( ! ,cephalopoda 9 #ahdd1 &1 z has already be5 m5tion$1 ! ph5om5a 7 obs]v$ by ,co/e 9 ! eggs ( birds4 ,! latt] obs]vations h s9ce be5 confirm$ by ^? ( ,oella*]1 ,gotte & ,kollik]4 ,fur!r rese>*es 9 a va/ numb] ( animals give e reason to believe t ! ph5om5on ( segm5tation is 9 "s %ape or o!r ! inv>iable precursor ( embryonic =mation4 ,! fir/ consid]able "w on ! developm5t ( a division ( ! inv]tebrates 0 t ( ,maurice ,h]old ( ,m>burg on spid]s1 ,de g5]atione arane>um ex ovo1 publi%$ at ,m>burg 9 #ahbd1 9 :i* ! :ole ph5om5a ( ! =mative processes 9 t animal are describ$ ) rem>kable cle>ness & complet5ess4 ,a few ye>s lat] an important s]ies ( contributions to ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( inv]tebrate animals appe>$ 9 ! second volume ( ,burda*'s "w on ,physiology1 ( :i* ! fir/ edition 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbh1 & 9 ?is ! hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! ,entozoa 0 ! production ( ,*4 ,!od4 von ,siebold1 & t ( mo/ ( ! o!r inv]tebrates 0 compil$ by ,h4 ,ra?ke f ! results ( 8 own obs]vations & ^? ( o!rs4 ,^! memoirs1 toge!r ) o!rs subsequ5tly publi%$ by ,ra?ke1 notably t ,ub] die ,bildung und ,entwickelungsges*i*te d4 ,flusskrebses 7,leipzig1 #ahbi71 9 :i* an attempt is made to ext5d ! doctr9e ( ! d]ivation ( ! organs f ! g]m9al lay]s to ! inv]tebrata1 entitle him to be reg>d$ z ! f\nd] ( inv]tebrate embryology4 ,a l>ge body ( facts hav+ by ?is "t be5 asc]ta9$ ) respect to ! m obvi\s processes ( developm5t1 a fur!r attempt to ref] ! ph5om5a ( organog5esis to morphological & hi/ological pr9ciples became desirable4 ,m especially 0 ! ne$ felt to po9t out ) great] m9ut5ess & accuracy ! relation 9 :i* ! orig9 ( ! fundam5tal organs ( ! embryo /&s to ! lay]s ( ! bla/od]m2 & ?is we f9d accompli%$ ) signal success 9 ! rese>*es ( ,r4 ,remak on ! developm5t ( ! *ick & frog1 publi%$ betwe5 ! ye>s #ahej & #ahee4 ,/>t+ f ,p&]'s discov]y ( ! trilam9ate bla/od]m1 ,remak work$ out ! developm5t ( ! *ick 9 ! light ( ! cell-!ory ( ,s*leid5 & ,s*wann4 ,he obs]v$ ! division ( ! middle lay] into two by a split :i* subsequ5tly gives rise to ! body-cavity 7pleuro-p]itoneal space7 ( ! adult2 & trac$ ! pr9cipal organs :i* came f ^! two lay]s 7,hautfas]blatt & ,d>mfas]blatt7 respectively4 ,9 ?is mann] ! f\ndations ( ! g]m-lay] !ory 7 e/abli%$ 9 _! mod]n =m4 ,a great /ep =w>d 0 made 9 #ahei by ,t4,h4 ,huxley1 :o comp>$ ! s]\s & muc\s lay]s ( ,p&] ) ! ectod]m & endod]m ( ! ,coel5t]ata4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is comp>ison x 0 g5]ally held t g]m9al lay]s simil> to ^? ( ! v]tebrata 7 n f\nd 9 inv]tebrate animals1 & x 0 n until ! publication 9 #ahga ( ,k[alewsky's rese>*es 7see bel[7 t ! g]m9al lay] !ory 0 appli$ to ! embryos ( all ! ,metazoa4 ,b ! ye> #ahei w be = ev] memorable 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce z ! ye> ( ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,if ! enunciation ( ! cell-!ory may be said to h m>k$ a fir/ f a second p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( embryology1 ! publication ( ,d>w9's great idea u%]$ 9 a ?ird4 ,:]eas hi!rto ! facts ( anatomy & developm5t 7 loosely held toge!r by ! !ory ( types :i* ow$ its orig9 & ma9t5ance to ,cuvi]1 ,l4 ,agassiz1 ,j4 ,mull] & ,r4 ,ow51 !y 7 n[ comb9$ into "o organic :ole by ! !ory ( desc5t & by ! hypo!sis ( recapitulation :i* 0 d$uc$ f t !ory4 ,fir/ cle>ly enunciat$ by ,johann ,mull] 9 8 well-kn[n "w ,fur ,d>w9 publi%$ 9 #ahfd 7r5d]$ 9 ,engl& z ,facts = ,d>w91 #ahfi71 ! view t a k ( embryonic & l>val hi/ories w\ld lay b>e ! secrets ( race hi/ory & enable ! c\rse ( evolution to be trac$ & s lead to ! discov]y ( ! natural sy/em ( classification1 gave a p[]ful /imulus to embryological rese>*4 ,! fir/ fruits ( ?is impetus 7 ga!r$ by ,alex&] ,agassiz1 ,a4 ,k[alewsky & ,e4 ,mets*nik(f4 ,agassiz1 9 8 memoir on ! ,embryology ( ! ,/>fi% publi%$ 9 #ahfd1 %[$ t ! body-cavity 9 ,e*9od]mata arises z a diff]5tiation ( ! ent]on ( ! l>va & s laid ! f\ndations ( our pres5t k ( ! coelom4 ,?is discov]y 0 confirm$ 9 #ahfi by ,mets*nik(f 7,/udi5 ub4 d4 ,entwick4 d4 ,e*9od]m5 u4 ,nem]t951 ,mem4 ,ac4 ,pet]sb\rg 7#g71 #da1 #ahfi71 & ext5d$ by him to ,torn>ia1 ! l>va ( ,balanoglossus 9 #ahgj 7,unt]su*ung5 ub4 d4 ,metamorphose e9ig] ,see?i]e1 ,zeit4 f4 wiss4 ,zoologie1 #bj1 #ahgj74 ,9 #ahga ,k[alewsky 9 8 classical memoir1 entitl$ ,embryologis*e ,/udi5 an ,wurm]n und ,ar?ropod5 7,mem4 ,acad4 ,pet]sb\rg 7#g71 #af1 #ahga71 prov$ ! same fact = ,sagitta & add$ imm5sely to our k ( ! e>ly /ages ( developm5t ( ! ,inv]tebrata4 ,^! memoirs =m$ ! basis on :i* subsequ5t work]s took _! /&4 ,among/ ! mo/ important ( ^! 0 ,f4,m4 ,balf\r 7#ahea-ahhb74 ,l$ to ! /udy ( embryology by 8 tea*]1 ,m4 ,fo/]1 9 association ) :om he publi%$ 9 #ahgd ! ,elem5ts ( ,embryology1 ,balf\r 0 "o ( ! fir/ to take advantage ( ! facilities = rese>* (f]$ by ,dr4 ,a4 ,dohrn's ,zoological ,/ation at ,naples :i* has s9ce become s celebrat$4 ,"h he did ! "w :i* 0 subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 #ahgh 9 8 ,monograph ( ! ,developm5t ( ,elasmobran* ,fi%es1 & :i* con/itut$ ! mo/ important addition to v]tebrate morphology s9ce ! days ( ,johannes ,mull]4 ,?is 0 foll[$ 9 #ahgi & #ahha by ! publication ( 8 ,treatise on ,comp>ative ,embryology1 ! fir/ "w 9 :i* ! facts ( ! rapidly gr[+ sci5ce 7 cle>ly & philosophically put toge!r1 & ! greate/4 ,! influ5ce ( ,balf\r's "w on embryology 0 imm5se & is /ill felt4 ,he 0 an active work] 9 e dep>tm5t ( x1 & !re are few gr\ps ( ! animal k+dom on :i* he has n left ! impress ( 8 g5ius4 ,9 ! p]iod "u consid]ation ! output ( embryological "w has be5 enorm\s4 ,no gr\p ( ! animal k+dom has escap$ exhau/ive exam9ation1 & no ef=t has be5 sp>$ to obta9 ! embryos ( isolat$ & out ( ! way =ms1 ! developm5t ( :i* might h a be>+ ^u important que/ions ( phylog5y & classification4 ,( ?is "w x is impossible to speak 9 detail 9 ?is summ>y4 ,x is only possible to call att5tion to "s ( its m important features1 to m5tion ! m important advances1 & to ref] to "s ( ! m /rik+ memoirs4 ,m>9e zoological /ations h be5 e/abli%$1 exp$itions h be5 s5t to di/ant c\ntries1 & ! me?ods ( inve/igation h be5 greatly improv$4 ,s9ce ,anton ,dohrn f\nd$ ! ,/azione ,zoologica at ,naples 9 #ahgb1 obs]vatories = ! /udy ( m>9e organisms h be5 e/abli%$ 9 mo/ c\ntries4 ,( j\rneys :i* h be5 made to di/ant c\ntries & :i* h result$ 9 important contributions to embryology1 may be m5tion$ ! exp$ition 7#ahhd-ahhf7 ( ! c\s9s ,s>as9 to ,ceylon 7developm5t ( ,gymnophiona71 ( ,e4 ,sel5ka to ,brazil & ! ,ea/ ,indies 7developm5t ( ,m>supials1 ,primates & o!r mammals1 #ahgg1 #ahhi1 #ahib71 ( ,a4,a4,w4 ,hubre*t to ! ,ea/ ,indies 7#ahij1 developm5t ( ,t>sius71 ( ,w4,h4 ,caldwell to ,au/ralia 7#ahhc-ahhd1 discov]y ( ! nature ( ! ovum & oviposition ( ,e*idna & ( ,c]atodus71 ( ,a4 ,s$gwick to ! ,cape 7#ahhc1 developm5t ( ,p]ipatus71 ( ,j4 ,graham ,k]r to ,p>aguay 7#ahif1 developm5t ( ,lepidosir571 ( ,r4 ,semon to ,au/ralia & ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago 7#ahia-ahic1 developm5t ( ,monotremata1 ,m>supialia71 & ( ,j4,s4 ,budgett to ,africa 7#ahih1 #aijj1 #aija1 #aijc1 developm5t ( ,polypt]us74 ,9 me?ods1 :ile great improvem5ts h be5 made 9 ! processes ( h>d5+ & /a9+ embryos1 ! pr9cipal advance has be5 ! introduction 9 #ahhc by ,w4,h4 ,caldwell 9 8 "w on ! developm5t ( ,phoronis ( ! me?od ( mak+ tape-worm l /r+s ( sections z a result ( :i* ! process ( m\nt+ 9 ord] all ! sections obta9$ f an embryo 0 mu* facilitat$1 & ! use ( an automatic microtome r5d]$ possible4 ,! me?od ( ,golgi = ! inve/igation ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 introduc$ 9 #ahge1 mu/ also be m5tion$ "h4 ,! ^w coelom 7q4v47 0 introduc$ into zoology by ,e4 ,haeckel 9 #ahgb 7,kalks*wamme1 p4 #dfh7 z a conv5i5t t]m = ! body-cavity 7pleuro-p]itoneal74 ,! ^w 0 g5]ally adopt$1 & 0 appli$ alike to ! blood-conta9+ body-cavity ( ,ar?ropods & to ! body-cavity ( ,v]tebrata & segm5t$ worms1 9 :i* !re is no blood4 ,9 #ahge ,huxley 7,qu>t]ly ,j\rn4 ( ,mic4 ,sci5ce1 #ae1 p4 #ec71 rely+ on ! rese>*es ( ,agassiz1 ,mets*nik(f & ,k[alewsky above m5tion$1 put =w>d ! idea t accord+ to _! developm5t ?ree k9ds ( body-cavity ought to be di/+ui%$3 7#a7 ! ent]ocoelic :i* arises f ent]ic div]ticula1 7#b7 ! s*izocoelic :i* develops z a split 9 ! embryonic mesobla/1 & 7#c7 ! epicoelic :i* 0 enclos$ by folds ( ! sk9 & l9$ by ectod]m 7e4g4 atrial cavity ( ,tunicates1 c474 ,?is sugge/ion 0 ( great importance1 because x l$ ! embryologi/s ( ! day 7,balf\r1 ! bro!rs ,h]twig1 ,lanke/] & o!rs7 to discuss ! "q z to :e!r !re 0 n m ?an "o k9d ( body-cavity4 ,! ,h]twigs 7,coelom!orie1 ,j5a1 #ahha7 di/+ui%$ two k9ds1 ! ent]ocoel & ! pseudocoel4 ,! =m]1 to :i* !y limit$ ! use ( ! ^w coelom1 & :i* is develop$ directly or indirectly f ! ent]on1 is f\nd 9 ,annelida1 ,ar?ropoda1 ,e*9od]mata1 ,*ordata1 c4 ,! latt] !y reg>d$ z some?+ q diff]5t f ! coelom & z aris+ by a split 9 :at !y call$ = ! fir/ "t mes5*yme2 ! mes5*yme be+ ! non-epi!lial mesod]m1 :i* !y describ$ z consi/+ ( amoeboid cells1 b :i* we n[ "k to consi/ ( a cont9u\s reticulum4 ,! next /ep 0 made by ,e4 ,ray ,lanke/]1 :o 9 #ahhd 7,zoologis*] ,anzeig]7 %[$ t ! p]ic>dium ( ,mollusca does n conta9 blood1 & !re9 diff]s f ! re/ ( ! body-cavity :i* does conta9 blood1 b no sugge/ion is made t ! blood-conta9+ space is n coelomic4 ,9 fact x 0 g5]ally held by ! anatomi/s ( ! day t ! coelom & ! vascul> sy/em 7 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same primitive organ1 ?\gh sep>ate f x 9 ! adult except 9 ,ar?ropoda & ,mollusca4 ,9 ! ,mollusca1 x is true1 ! p]ic>dial "p ( ! coelom 0 held to be sep>ate f ! vascul>1 & ! ,h]twigs _h rea*$ ! correct conception t ! p]ic>dium ( ^! animals 0 alone true coelom1 ! vascul> "p be+ pseudocoel4 ,?is 0 ! /ate ( morphological op9ion until #ahhf1 :5 x 0 %[n 7,proc4 ,cambridge ,phil4 ,soc41 #f1 #ahhf1 p4 #bg7 7#a7 t ! coelom ( ,p]ipatus gives rise to ! nephridia & g5]ative gl&s only1 & to no o!r "p ( ! body-cavity ( ! adult1 7#b7 t ! nephridia ( ! adult d n op5 z _h be5 suppos$ into ! body-cavity1 7#c7 t ! body-cavity is entirely =m$ ( ! blood-conta9+ space1 ! coelom hav+ no p]ivisc]al portion4 ,^! results 7 ext5d$ by ! same au?or 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci41 #bg1 #ahhg1 pp4 #dhf-edj7 to o!r ,ar?ropods & to ! ,mollusca1 & ! mod]n !ory ( ! coelom 0 f9ally e/abli%$4 ,an increas$ precision 0 giv5 to ! conception ( coelom by ! discov]y 9 #ahhj 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci41 #bj1 p4 #afd7 t ! nephridia ( ,elasmobran*s are a direct diff]5tiation ( a portion ( x4 ,9 #ahhf ?is 0 ext5d$ to ,p]ipatus 7,proc4 ,camb4 ,phil4 ,soc41 #f1 p4 #bg7 & d\btless holds univ]sally4 ,9 #ahfd x 0 sugge/$ by ,v4 ,h5s5 7,vir*['s ,ar*iv1 #ca7 t ! rudim5ts ( n]ve-fibres are pres5t f ! beg9n+ ( developm5t z p]si/5t rema9s ( connexions betwe5 ! incompletely sep>at$ cells ( ! segm5t$ ovum4 ,?is sugge/ion fell to ! gr\nd because x 0 held by embryologi/s t ! cleavage ( ! ovum result$ 9 ! =mation ( completely sep>ate cells1 & t ! connexions betwe5 ! adult cells 7 second>y4 ,9 #ahhf x 0 %[n 7,qu>t]ly ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci41 #bf1 p4 #ahb7 t 9 ,p]ipatus ,cap5sis ! cells ( ! segm5t+ ovum d n sep>ate f "o ano!r1 b rema9 connect$ by a loose protoplasmic network4 ,?is discov]y has s9ce be5 ext5d$ to o!r ova1 ev5 to ! small s-call$ holobla/ic ova1 & a basis ( fact 0 f\nd = ,h5s5's sugge/ion z to ! embryonic orig9 ( n]ves 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci41 #cc1 #ahib1 pp4 #eha-ehd74 ,an ext5sion & fur!r application ( ! new views z to ! cell-!ory & ! embryonic orig9 ( n]ves ?us necessitat$ 0 made 9 #ahid 7,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,mic4 ,sci41 #cg1 p4 #hg71 & 9 #aijd ,j4 ,graham ,k]r %[$ t ! motor n]ves 9 ! dipnoan fi% ,lepidosir5 arise 9 an ess5tially simil> mann] 7,trans4 ,roy4 ,society ( ,ed9burgh1 #da1 p4 #aai74 ,9 #ahhc ,elie ,mets*nik(f publi%$ 8 rese>*es on ! intracellul> dige/ion ( inv]tebrates 7,arbeit5 a4 d4 zoologis*5 ,in/4 ,wi51 #e2 & ,biologis*es ,c5tralblatt1 #c1 p4 #efj72 ^! =m$ ! basis ( 8 !ory ( inflammation & phagocytosis1 :i* has _h su* an important influ5ce on pa?ology4 ,z he himself has told u1 he 0 l$ to make ^! inve/igations by 8 prec$5t rese>*es on ! developm5t ( sponges & o!r inv]tebrates4 ,to quote 8 own words3 ,hav+ long /udi$ ! problem ( ! g]m9al lay]s 9 ! animal s]ies1 ,i s\ght to give "s idea ( _! orig9 & significance4 ,! "p play$ by ! ectod]m & endod]m appe>$ q cle>1 & ! =m] might reasonably be reg>d$ z ! cutane\s inve/m5t ( primitive multicellul> animals1 :ile ! latt] might be reg>d$ z _! organ ( dige/ion4 ,! discov]y ( intracellul> dige/ion 9 _m ( ! l[] animals l$ me to reg>d ?is ph5om5on z *>act]i/ic ( ^? ance/ral animals f :i* might be d]iv$ all ! kn[n types ( ! animal k+dom 7except+1 ( c\rse1 ! ,protozoa74 ,! orig9 & "p play$ by ! mesod]m appe>$ ! mo/ obscure4 ,?us c]ta9 embryologi/s suppos$ t ?is lay] correspond$ to ! reproductive organs ( primitive animals3 o!rs reg>d$ x z ! prototype ( ! organs ( locomotion4 ,my embryological & physiological /udies on sponges l$ me to ! conclusion t ! mesod]m mu/ function 9 ! hypo!tically primitive animals z a mass ( dige/ive cells1 9 all po9ts simil> to ^? ( ! endod]m4 ,?is hypo!sis necess>ily attract$ my att5tion to ! p[] ( seiz+ =eign corpuscles possess$ by ! mesod]mic cells 7,immunity 9 ,infective ,diseases1 ,engli% translation1 ,cambridge1 #aije74 ,! bran* ( embryology :i* conc]ns itself ) ! /udy ( ! orig91 hi/ory & conjugation ( ! individuals 7gametes7 :i* are conc]n$ 9 ! reproduction ( ! species has made great advances4 ,^! began 9 #ahge & foll[+ ye>s ) a c>eful exam9ation ( ! behavi\r ( ! g]m9al vesicle 9 ! maturation & f]tilization ( ! ovum4 ,! hi/ory ( ! pol> bodies1 ! orig9 ( ! female pronucleus1 ! pres5ce 9 ! ovum ( a second nucleus1 ! male pronucleus1 :i* gave rise to ! fir/ segm5tation nucleus by fusion ) ! female pronucleus1 7 discov]$ 7,e4 van ,b5$51 ,o4 ,buts*li1 ,o4 ,h]twig1 ,h4 ,fol71 & 9 #ahgf ,o4 ,h]twig 7,morphologis*es ,jahrbu*1 #c1 #ahgf7 = ! fir/ "t obs]v$ ! entrance ( a sp]matozoon into ! egg & ! =mation ( ! male pronucleus f x4 ,! c5trosome 0 discov]$ by ,w4 ,flemm+ 9 #ahge 9 ! egg ( ! fre%-wat] mussel1 & indep5d5tly 9 #ahgf by ,e4 van ,b5$5 9 ,dicyemids4 ,9 #ahhc came ,e4 van ,b5$5's celebrat$ discov]y 7,ar*4 ,biologie1 #d7 ( ! r$uction ( ! numb] ( *romosomes 9 ! nucleus ( bo? male & female gametes1 & ( ! fact t ! male & female pronuclei contribute ! same numb] ( *romosomes to ! zygote-nucleus4 ,he also %[$ t ! gametog5esis 9 ! male is a simil> process to t 9 ! female1 & pav$ ! way = ! acceptation ( ! view 7due to ,buts*li7 t pol> bodies are abort$ female gametes4 ,^! discov]ies 7 ext5d$ & complet$ by subsequ5t work]s1 among :om may be m5tion$ ,e4 van ,b5$51 ,j4,b4 ,c>noy1 ,g4 ,platn]1 ,t4 ,bov]i1 ,o4 ,h]twig1 ,a4 ,brau]4 ,! subject is /ill be+ actively pursu$1 & hopes are ent]ta9$ t "s relation may be f\nd betwe5 ! behavi\r ( ! *romosomes & ! facts ( h]$ity4 ,s9ce #ahgd 7,w4 ,81 ,uns]e ,korp]=m und das physiologis*e ,problem ihr] ,ent/ehung7 a new bran* ( embryology1 :i* conc]ns itself ) ! physiology ( developm5t1 has aris5 7exp]im5tal embryology74 ,! pr9cipal work]s 9 ?is field h be5 ,w4 ,r\x1 :o 9 #ahid f\nd$ ! ,ar*iv fur ,entwickelungsme*anik d] ,organism51 ,t4 ,bov]i & ,y4 ,delage :o discov]$ & elucidat$ ! ph5om5on ( m]ogony1 ,j4 ,loeb :o discov]$ artificial p>!nog5esis1 ,o4 & ,r4 ,h]twig1 ,h4 ,dries*1 ,c4 ,h]b/1 ,e4 ,maupas1 ,a4 ,weismann1 ,t4,h4 ,morgan1 ,c4,b4 ,dav5port 7,exp]im5tal ,morphology1 #b vols41 #ahii7 & _m o!rs4 ,9 ! elucidation ( rem>kable life-hi/ories we may po9t 9 ! fir/ place to ! "w ( ,a4 ,k[alewsky on ! developm5t ( ! ,tunicata 7,entwickelungsges*i*te d4 e9fa*5 ,ascidi51 ,mem4 ,acad4 ,pet]sb\rg 7#g71 #aj1 #ahff1 & ,ar*4 f4 ,mic4 ,anatomie1 #g1 #ahga71 9 :i* 0 demon/rat$ = ! fir/ "t ! v]tebrate relation%ip ( ! ,tunicata 7possession ( a noto*ord1 me?od ( developm5t ( ! c5tral n]v\s sy/em7 & :i* l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! gr\p ,*ordata4 ,we may also m5tion ! "w ( ,y4 ,delage 9 ! metamorphosis ( ,saccul9a 7,ar*4 zool4 exp4 7#b7 #b1 #ahhd71 ,a4 ,gi>d 7,comptes r5dus1 #abc1 #ahif1 p4 #hcf7 & ( ,a4 ,malaqu9 on ,mon/rilla 7,ar*4 zool4 exp4 7#c71 #i1 p4 #ha1 #aija71 ( ,delage 7,comptes r5dus1 #ajc1 #ahhf1 p4 #fih7 & ,grassi & ,cal&ruccio 7,r5d4 ,acc4 ,l9cei 7#e71 #f1 #ahig1 p4 #dc71 on ! developm5t ( ! eels1 & ( ,p4 ,p]g&e on ! life-hi/ory ( ! ,aphidae 7,bull4 ,u4,s4 ,dep4 ,agric4 ,ent41 te*nical s]ies1 #i1 #aija74 ,! "w ( ,c4 ,grobb5 7,arbeit5 zool4 ,in/4 ,wi51 #d1 #ahhb7 & ( ,b4 ,uljan9 7,die ,art5 d] ,gattung ,doliolum1 ,fauna u4 ,flora des ,golfes von ,neapel1 #ahhd7 on ! extraord9>y life-hi/ory & migration ( ! buds 9 ,doliolum mu/ also be m5tion$4 ,9 pure embryological morphology we h _h ,heymons' elucidation ( ! ,ar?ropod head1 ! "w ( ,hats*ek on ,annelid & o!r l>vae1 ! works ( ,h4 ,bury & ( ,e4,w4 ,mac,bride :i* h m>k$ a di/9ct advance 9 our k ( ! developm5t ( ,e*9od]mata1 ( ,k4 ,mitsukuri1 :o has f\nd$ s9ce #ahhb an important s*ool ( embryology 9 ,japan1 on ! e>ly developm5t ( ,*elonia & ,aves1 ( ,a4 ,brau] & ,g4,c4 ,price on ! developm5t ( v]tebrate excretory organs1 ( ,?4 ,w4 ,bis*(f1 ,e4 van ,b5$51 ,e4 ,sel5ka1 ,a4,a4,w4 ,hubre*t1 ,r4 ,bonnet1 ,f4 ,keibel & ,r4 ,as%eton on ! developm5t ( mammals1 ( ,a4,a4,w4 ,hubre*t & ,e4 ,sel5ka on ! e>ly developm5t & plac5tation ( ! ,primates1 ( ,j4 ,graham ,k]r & ( ,j4,s4 ,budgett on ! developm5t ( ,dipnoan & ,ganoid fi%es1 ( ,a4 ,k[alewsky1 ,b4 ,hats*ek1 ,a4 ,willey & ,e4,w4 ,mac,bride on ! developm5t ( ,amphioxus1 ( ,b4 ,dean on ! developm5t ( ,bdello/oma1 ( ,a4 ,gotte on ! developm5t ( ,amphibia1 ( ,h4 ,/rahl & ,l4 ,w on ! e>ly developm5t ( reptiles1 ( ,t4,h4 ,huxley1 ,c4 ,geg5baur & ,w4,k4 ,p>k] on ! developm5t ( ! v]tebrate skeleton1 ( van ,wijhe on ! segm5tation ( ! v]tebrate head1 by :i* ! mod]n !ory ( head-segm5tation1 previ\sly adumbrat$ by ,balf\r1 0 fir/ e/abli%$1 ( ,le*e & ,rose on ! developm5t ( mammalian d5titions4 ,we may also specially notice ,w4 ,bateson's "w on ! developm5t ( ,balanoglossus & 8 inclusion ( ?is g5us among ! ,*ordata 7#ahhd71 ! discov]y by ,j4,p4 ,hill ( a plac5ta 9 ! m>supial g5us ,p]ameles 7#ahie71 ! "w ( ,p4 ,m>*al 7#aijd7 on ! asexual increase by fission ( ! e>ly embryos ( c]ta9 p>asitic ,hym5opt]a 7s call$ g]m9ogony71 a ph5om5on :i* _h be5 long ago %[n to occur 9 ,lumbricus trapezoides by ,n4 ,kle95b]g 7#ahgi7 & by ,s4,f4 ,h>m] 9 ,polyzoa 7#ahic74 ,! "w on cell-l9eage :i* has be5 s actively pursu$ 9 ,am]ica may be m5tion$ "h4 ,x has consi/$ ma9ly ( an ext5sion ( ! e>ly "w ( ,a4 ,k[alewsky & ,b4 ,hats*ek on ! =mation ( ! lay]s1 be+ a m m9ute & detail$ exam9ation ( ! orig9 ( ! embryonic tissues4 ,! mo/ important text-books & summ>ies :i* h appe>$ 9 ?is p]iod h be5 ,kors*elt & ,heid]'s ,lehrbu* d] v]glei*5d5 ,entwickelungsges*i*te d] wirbellos5 ,ti]e 7#ahij-aijb71 ,c4,s4 ,m9ot's ,human ,embryology 7#ahib71 & ! ,h&bu* d] v]glei*5d5 und exp]im5tell5 ,entwickelungslehre d] ,wirbelti]e1 edit$ by ,o4 ,h]twig 7#aija1 et seq474 ,see also ,k4,e4 von ,ba]1 ,ub] ,entwicklungsges*i*te d] ,ti]e 7,konigsb]g1 #ahbh1 #ahcg72 ,f4,m4 ,balf\r1 ,a ,monograph on ! ,developm5t ( ,elasmobran* ,fi%es 7,london1 #ahgh72 ,a ,treatise on ,comp>ative ,embryology1 vols4 i4 & ii4 7,london1 #ahhe7 7/ill ! mo/ important "w on ,v]tebrate ,embryology72 ,m4 ,duval1 ,atlas d',embryologie 7,p>is1 #ahhi72 ,m4 ,fo/] & ,f4,m4 ,balf\r1 ,elem5ts ( ,embryology 7,london1 #ahhc72 ,o4 ,h]twig1 ,lehrbu* d] ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,m5s*5 u4 d] ,wirbelti]e 7#f? ed41 ,j5a1 #ahih72 ,a4 ,kollik]1 ,entwicklungsges*i*te des ,m5s*5 u4 d] hoh]5 ,ti]e 7,leipzig1 #ahgi72 ,a4,m4 ,m>%all1 ,v]tebrate ,embryology 7,london1 #ahic74 7,a4 ,se4997 ,,physiology ,,( ,,developm5t ,physiology ( ,developm5t 9 ,g]man1 ,entwicklungsme*anik 7,w4 ,r\x71 ,entwicklungsphysiologie 7,h4 ,dries*71 physiologis*e ,morphologie 7,j4 ,loeb7 is1 9 ! broade/ mean+ ( ! ^w1 ! exp]im5tal sci5ce ( morphog5esis1 i4e4 ( ! laws t gov]n morphological diff]5tiation4 ,9 ?is s5se x embraces ! /udy ( reg5]ation & v>iation1 & w\ld1 z a :ole1 be/ be call$ rational morphology4 ,"h we %all treat ( ! ,physiology ( ,developm5t 9 a n>r[] s5se1 z ! /udy ( ! laws t gov]n ! developm5t ( ! adult organism f ! egg1 ,,reg5]ation & ,,v>iation ,,& ,,selection =m+ ! subjects ( special articles4 ,aft] ! "w done by ,w4 ,81 ,a4 ,goette & ,e4,f4,w4 ,pflug]1 :o gave a sort ( g5]al outl9e & ori5tation ( ! subject1 ! fir/ to /udy developm5tal problems prop]ly 9 a sy/ematical way1 & ) full conviction ( _! great importance1 0 ,wilhelm ,r\x4 ,?is obs]v]1 hav+ f\nd by a full analysis ( ! facts ( developm5t t ! fir/ special problem to be work$ out 0 ! "q :5 & :]e ! fir/ diff]5tiation appe>$1 got z 8 ma9 result t1 :5 "o ( ! two fir/ bla/om]es 7cleavage cells7 ( ! frog's egg 0 kill$1 ! liv+ "o develop$ into a typical half-embryo1 i4e4 an embryo t 0 ei!r ! "r or ! left "p ( a :ole "o4 ,f t ,r\x conclud$ t ! fir/ cleavage plane det]m9$ already ! m$ian plane ( ! adult2 & t ! basis ( all diff]5tiation 0 giv5 by an unequal division ( ! nucle> sub/ances dur+ k>yok9esis1 a result t 0 also atta9$ on a purely !oretical basis by ,a4 ,weismann4 ,hans ,dries* repeat$ ,r\x's fundam5tal exp]im5t ) a diff]5t me?od on ! sea-ur*9's egg1 ) a result t 0 absolutely contr>y to t ( ,r\x3 ! isolat$ bla/om]e cleav$ l half ! egg1 b x result$ 9 a :ole bla/ula & a :ole embryo1 :i* diff]$ f a normal "o only 9 its small size4 ,dries*'s result 0 obta9$ 9 some:at ! same mann] by ,e4,b4 ,wilson ) ! egg ( ,amphioxus1 by ,zoja ) ! egg ( ,m$usae1 c4 ,x ?us became v probable t an inequality ( nucle> division c\ld n be ! basis ( diff]5tiation4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts 7 /ill m fatal to ! !ories ( ,r\x & ( ,weismann4 ,dries* f\nd t ev5 :5 ! fir/ eight or sixte5 cells ( ! cleav+ egg ( ! sea-ur*9 7 br\ght into q abnormal positions ) reg>d to "o ano!r1 /ill a q normal embryo 0 develop$2 ,dries* & ,t4,h4 ,morgan discov]$ jo9tly t 9 ! ,ct5ophore egg "o isolat$ bla/om]e develop$ into a half-embryo1 b t ! same 0 ! case if a portion ( protoplasm 0 cut (f f ! f]tiliz$ egg n yet 9 cleavage2 la/1 b n ( lea/ importance1 9 ! case ( ! frog's egg :i* _h be5 ,r\x's actual subject ( exp]im5t1 conditions 7 discov]$ by ,o4 ,s*ultze & ,o4 ,h]twig "u :i* "o ( ! two fir/ bla/om]es ( ?is egg develop$ into a :ole embryo ( half size4 ,?is result 0 made /ill m decisive by ,morgan1 :o %[$ t x 0 q 9 ! p[] ( ! exp]im5t] to get ei!r a half-embryo or a :ole "o ( half size1 ! latt] dep5d5t only ^u giv+ to ! bla/om]e ! opportunity = a re>rangem5t ( its matt] by turn+ x ov]4 ,?us we may say t ! g5]al result ( ! introductory s]ies ( exp]im5ts 9 ! physiology ( developm5t is ! foll[+3--,9 _m =ms1 e4g4 ,e*9od]ms1 ,amphioxus1 ,ascidians1 ,fi%es & ,m$usae1 ! pot5tiality 7prospective ,pot5z--,dries*7 ( all ! bla/om]es ( ! segm5t$ egg is ! same1 i4e4 ea* ( !m may play any or e "p 9 ! future developm5t2 ! prospective value 7prosp4 ,b$eutung--,d47 ( ea* bla/om]e dep5ds ^u1 or is a function (1 its position 9 ! :ole ( ! segm5t$ egg2 we c t]m ! :ole ( ! egg aft] cleavage an aequipot5tial sy/em 7,dries*74 ,b ?\gh aequipot5tial1 ! :ole ( ! segm5t$ egg is nev]!less n devoid ( ori5tation or direction2 ! g5]al law ( causality compels u to assume a g5]al ori5tation ( ! smalle/ p>ts ( ! egg1 ev5 9 cases :]e we are n able to see x4 ,x has be5 exp]im5tally prov$ t ext]nal /imuli 7light1 heat1 pressure1 c47 are n responsible = ! fir/ diff]5tiation ( organs 9 ! embryo2 ?us1 %\ld ! segm5t$ egg be absolutely equal 9 itself1 x w\ld be incompreh5sible t ! fir/ organs %\ld be =m$ at "o special po9t ( x & n at ano!r4 ,besides ?is g5]al argum5t1 we see a sort ( ori5tation 9 ! typical =ms ( ! pol> or bilat]al cleavage /ages4 ,diff]5tiation1 !re=e1 dep5ds on a prim>y1 i4e4 innate1 ori5tation ( ! egg's plasma 9 ^? =ms1 ! segm5t$ eggs ( :i* repres5t aequipot5tial sy/ems2 ?is ori5tation is capable ( a sort ( regulation or re/oration aft] di/urbances ( any sort2 9 ! egg ( ! ,ct5ophora su* a regulation is n possible1 & 9 ! frog's egg x is facultative1 i4e4 possible "u c]ta9 conditions1 b impossible "u o!rs4 ,%\ld ?is int]pretation be "r1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! eggs ( diff]5t animals w\ld n be s great z x seem$ at fir/3 diff]5ces ) reg>d to ! pot5tialities ( ! bla/om]es w\ld only be diff]5ces ) reg>d to ! capability ( regulation or re/oration ( ! egg's protoplasm4 ,! f\ndation ( physiological embryology be+ laid1 we n[ c %ortly deal ) ! :ole s]ies ( special problems (f]$ to u by a g5]al analysis ( t sci5ce1 b at pres5t work$ out only to a v small ext5t4 ,we may ask ! foll[+ que/ions3--,:at are ! g5]al conditions ( developm5t8 ,on :at g5]al factors does x dep5d8 ,h[ d ! diff]5t organs ( ! p>tly develop$ embryo /& ) reg>d to _! future fate8 ,:at are ! /imuli 7,reize7 effect+ diff]5tiation8 ,:at is to be said ab\t ! specific "* ( ! diff]5t =mative effects8 ,& z ! mo/ important "q ( all3 ,are all ! problems (f]$ to u 9 ! physiology ( developm5t to be solv$ ) ! aid ( ! laws kn[n hi!rto 9 sci5ce1 or d we want specifically new vitali/ic factors8 ,conditions ( diff]5tiation4 ,en]gy 9 diff]5t =ms is requir$ = developm5t1 & is provid$ by ! surr\nd+ m$ium4 ,light1 ?\gh ( no influ5ce on ! cleavage 7,dries*71 has a great effect on lat] /ages ( developm5t1 & is also necess>y = ! =mation ( polyps 9 ,eud5drium 7,j4 ,loeb74 ,t a c]ta9 temp]ature is necess>y = ontog5y has long be5 kn[n2 ?is 0 c>efully /udi$ by ,o4 ,h]twig1 z 0 also ! influ5ce ( heat on ! rate ( developm5t4 ,oxyg5 is also want$1 ei!r f a c]ta9 /age ( developm5t or f ! v beg9n+ ( x1 ?\gh v ne>ly relat$ =ms diff] 9 ?is respect 7,loeb74 ,! great influ5ce ( osmotic pressure on gr[? 0 /udi$ by ,j4 ,loeb1 ,c4 ,h]b/ & ,c4,h4 ,dav5port4 ,9 all ^! cases en]gy may be necess>y = developm5t 9 g5]al1 or a specific =m ( en]gy may be necess>y = ! =mation ( a specific organ2 x is cle> t1 especially 9 ! latt] case1 en]gy is %[n to be a prop] factor = morphog5esis4 ,besides en]gy1 a c]ta9 *emical condition ( ! m$ium1 :e!r (f]$ by ! wat] 9 :i* ! egg lives or 7especially 9 lat] /ages7 by ! food1 is ( great importance = normal ontog5y2 ! only c>eful /udy 9 ?is respect 0 c>ri$ out by ,h]b/ = ! developm5t ( ! egg ( ,e*9ids4 ,?is inve/igator has %[n t all salts ( ! sea wat] are ( great importance = developm5t1 & mo/ ( !m specifically & typically2 = in/ance1 calcium is absolutely necess>y = hold+ toge!r ! embryonic cells1 & )\t calcium all cells w fall ap>t1 ?\gh !y d n die1 b live to develop fur!r4 ,:at we h dealt ) may be call$ ext]nal factors ( developm5t2 z to _! complem5t1 ! int]nal factors1 x is cle> t e elem5t>y factor ( g5]al physiology may be reg>d$ z "o ( !m4 ,*emical metamorphosis plays1 ( c\rse1 a great "p 9 diff]5tiation1 especially 9 ! =m ( secretions2 b v little has be5 c>efully /udi$ 9 ?is respect4 ,movem5t ( liv+ matt]1 :e!r ( cells or ( intracellul> sub/ance1 is ano!r important factor 7,o4 ,buts*li1 ,f4 ,drey]1 ,l4 ,rhumbl]47 ,cell-division is ano!r1 its diff]5ces 9 direction1 rate & quantity be+ ( great importance = diff]5tiation4 ,we "k v little ab\t x2 a s-call$ law ( ,o4 ,h]twig1 t a cell w\ld divide at "r angles to its longe/ diamet]1 ?\gh exp]im5tally /at$ 9 "s cases1 does n hold = all1 & ! only ?+ we c say is1 t ! unkn[n prim>y organization ( ! egg is "h responsible4 7,comp>e ! pap]s on cell-l9eage ( ,e4,b4 ,wilson1 ,f4,r4 ,lillie1 ,h4,s4 ,j5n+s1 ,o4 ,zur/rass5 & o!rs47 ,( ! inn] factors ( ontog5y !re is ano!r category t may be call$ physical1 t already spok5 ( be+ physiological4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is ! capill>ity ( ! cell surfaces4 ,b]?old 0 ! fir/ to call att5tion to its role 9 ! arrangem5t ( cell composites1 & aft]w>ds ! matt] 0 m c>efully /udi$ by ,drey]1 ,dries*1 & especially ,w4 ,r\x1 ) ! result t ! arrangem5t ( cells foll[s ! pr9ciple ( surfaces m9imae areae 7,plateau7 z mu* z is reconcilable ) ! conditions ( ! sy/em4 ,pot5tialities ( embryonic cells4 ,x has already be5 %[n t 9 _m cases ! embryo aft] cleavage1 i4e4 ! bla/ula1 is an aequipot5tial sy/em4 ,x 0 %[n t 9 ! egg ( ,e*9ids !re exi/$ su* an absolute lack ( det]m9ation ( ! cleavage cells t 7a7 ! cells may be put 9 q abnormal positions ) ref]5ce to "o ano!r )\t di/urb+ developm5t2 7b7 a qu>t] bla/om]e gives a q normal little pluteus1 ev5 a sixte5? yields a ga/rula2 7c7 two eggs may fuse 9 ! e>ly bla/ula /age1 giv+ "o s+le normal embryo ( d\ble size4 ,our next "q conc]ns ! di/ribution ( pot5tiality1 :5 ! embryo is develop$ fur!r ?an ! bla/ula /age4 ,9 ?is case x has be5 %[n t ! pot5tialities ( ! diff]5t embryonic organs are diff]5t3 t1 = in/ance1 9 ,e*9od]ms or ,amphibians ! ectod]m1 :5 isolat$1 is n able to =m endod]m1 & s on 7,dries*1 ,d4 ,b>fur?72 b x has be5 %[n at ! same "t t ! ectod]m 9 itself1 ! inte/9e 9 itself ( ,e*9od]ms 7,dries*71 ! m$ull>y plate 9 itself ( ,triton 7,h4 ,spemann71 is z aequipot5tial z 0 ! bla/ula3 t any "p :atev] ( ^! organs may be tak5 away )\t di/urb+ ! developm5t ( ! re/ into a normal & proportional embryonic "p1 except = its small] size4 ,=mative /imuli4 ,if ! s+le phases ( diff]5tiation are to be reg>d$ z effects1 we mu/ ask = ! causes1 or /imuli1 ( ^! effects4 ,= a full acc\nt ( ! subject we ref] to ,h]b/1 by :om also ! :ole botanical lit]ature1 mu* m important ?an ! zoological1 is critically review$4 ,we h already se5 t :5 ! bla/ula repres5ts an aequipot5tial sy/em1 !re mu/ be "s sort ( prim>y organization ( ! egg1 recov]able aft] di/urbances1 t directs & localizes ! =mation ( ! fir/ embryonic organs2 we d n "k mu* ab\t ?is organization4 ,directive /imuli 7,ri*tungsreize7 play a great role 9 ontog5y2 ,h]b/ has analys$ _m cases :]e _! exi/5ce is probable4 ,!y h be5 exp]im5tally prov$ 9 two cases4 ,! *romatic cells ( ! yolk sac ( ,fundulus are attract$ by ! oxyg5 ( ! art]iae 7,loeb72 ! mes5*yme cells ( ,e*9us are attract$ by "s specific p>ts ( ! ectod]m1 = !y move t[>ds !m also :5 remov$ f _! orig9al positions to any po9t ( ! bla/ocoel by %ak+ 7,dries*74 ,_m directive /imuli might be discov]$ by a c>eful /udy ( graft+ exp]im5ts1 su* z h be5 made by ,born1 ,joe/1 ,h>rison & o!rs1 b at pres5t ^! exp]im5ts h n be5 c>ri$ out f> en\gh to get exact results4 ,=mative /imuli 9 a n>r[] mean+ ( ! ^w1 i4e4 /imuli affect+ ! orig9 ( embryonic organs1 h long be5 kn[n 9 botany2 9 zoology we "k 7especially f ,loeb7 a good deal ab\t ! influ5ce ( light1 gravitation1 contact1 c41 on ! =mation ( organs 9 hydroids1 b ^! =ms are v plant-l 9 _m respects2 z to free-liv+ animals1 ,h]b/ prov$ t ! =mation ( ! arms ( ! pluteus l>va dep5ds on ! exi/5ce ( ! calc>e\s tetrah$ra1 & made 9 o!r cases 7l5s ( v]tebrate eye1 n]ves & muscles1 c47 ! exi/5ce ( =mative /imuli v probable4 ,_m ( ! facts g5]ally kn[n z functional adaptation 7functionelle ,anpassung--,r\x7 9 botany & zoology may also belong to ?is category1 i4e4 be ! effects ( "s ext]nal /imulus1 b !y are f> f hav+ be5 analys$ 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,t ! /ructure ( p>ts ( ! v]tebrate skeleton is always 9 relation to _! function1 ev5 "u abnormal conditions1 is well kn[n2 :at is ! real cause ( diff]5tiation 9 ?is case is difficult to say4 ,specific *>act]s4 ,x is obvi\s t we _c answ] ! "q :y ! diff]5t ontog5etic effects are j :at !y are4 ,developm5tal physiology takes ! specific nature ( =m = grant$1 & x may be left = a really rational !ory ( ! evolution ( species 9 ! future to answ] ! problem ( species1 z f> z x is answ]able at all4 ,:at we int5d to d "h is only to say 9 a few words :]e9 consi/s ! specific "* ( embryonic organs4 ,t embryonic p>ts are specific or typical 9 reg>d to _! protoplasm is obvi\s1 & is well prov$ by ! fact t ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! embryo react diff]5tly to ! same *emical or o!r reag5ts 7,h]b/1 ,loeb74 ,t !y may be typical also 9 reg>d to _! nuclei 0 %[n by ,bov]i = ! g5]ative cells ( ,asc>is2 we are n able at pres5t to say any?+ def9ite ab\t ! importance ( ?is fact4 ,! specific nature ( an embryonic organ consi/s to a high degree 9 ! numb] ( cells compos+ x2 x 0 %[n = _m cases t ?is numb]1 & also ! size ( cells1 is con/ant "u con/ant conditions1 & t "u incon/ant conditions ! numb] is v>iable1 ! size con/ant2 = in/ance1 embryos :i* h develop$ f "o ( ! two fir/ bla/om]es %[ only half ! normal numb] ( cells 9 _! organs 7,morgan1 ,dries*74 ,self-diff]5tiation4 ,we h le>nt t ! successive /eps ( embryonic developm5t are to be reg>d$ z effects1 caus$ by /imuli1 :i* p>tly exi/ 9 ! embryo itself4 ,b x mu/ be not$ t n e "p ( ! embryo is dep5d5t on e o!r "o1 b t !re exi/s a great indep5d5ce ( ! p>ts1 to a v>y+ degree 9 e case4 ,?is p>tial indep5d5ce has be5 call$ self-diff]5tiation 7,selb/diff]5zi]ung7 by ,r\x1 & is c]ta9ly a *>act]i/ic feature ( ontog5y4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! ^w is only relative1 & t x only expresses our recognition ( a negation4 ,= in/ance1 we "k t ! ectod]m ( ,e*9us may develop fur!r if ! endod]m is tak5 away2 9 o!r words1 t x develops by self-diff]5tiation 9 reg>d to ! endod]m1 t its diff]5tiation is n dep5d5t on ! endod]m2 b x w\ld be obvi\sly m important to "k ! factors on :i* ?is diff]5tiation is actually dep5d5t ?an to "k "o factor on :i* x is n4 ,! same is true = all o!r exp]im5ts on self-diff]5tiation1 :e!r analytical 7,loeb1 ,s*ap]1 ,dries*7 or n 7graft+ exp]im5ts1 ,born1 ,joe/1 c474 ,vitalism4 ,c we und]/& diff]5tiation by means ( ! laws ( natural ph5om5a (f]$ to u by physics & *emi/ry8 ,mo/ p w\ld say yes1 ?\gh n yet4 ,dries* has tri$ to %[ t we are absolutely n able to und]/& developm5t1 at any rate "o "p ( x1 i4e4 ! localization ( ! v>i\s successive /eps ( diff]5tiation4 ,b x is impossible to give any idea ( ?is argum5t 9 a few words1 & we c only say "h t x is bas$ on ! exp]im5ts ^u isolat$ bla/om]es1 c41 & on an analysis ( ! "* ( aequipot5tial sy/ems4 ,9 ?is way physiology ( developm5t w\ld lead u /raight on into vitalism4 ,,ref]5ces4--,an acc\nt ( ! subject1 ) full lit]ature1 is giv5 by ,h4 ,dries*1 ,resultate und ,probleme d] ,entwicklungsphysiologie d] ,ti]e 9 ,ergebniss5 d] ,anat4 u4 ,entw4-,ges*4 7#ahii74 ,o!r works are3 ,c4,h4 ,dav5port1 ,exp]im5tal ,morphology 7,new ,york1 #ahig-ahii72 ,y4 ,delage1 ,la ,/ructure du protoplasma1 c4 7#ahie72 ,dries*1 ,ma!m4 me*4 ,betra*tung morpholog4 ,probleme 7,j5a1 #ahia72 ,entwicklungsme*an4 ,/udi5 7#ahia-ahic72 ,analytis*e ,!orie d4 organ4 ,entw4 7,leipzig1 #ahid72 ,/udi5 ub] d4 ,regulationsv]mog5 7#ahig-aijj71 c42 ,c4 ,h]b/1 ,ub] die ,b$eutung d4 ,reizphysiologie fur die kausale ,auffassung von ,vorgang5 i4 d4 ti]4 ,ontog5ese1 ,biolog4 ,c5tralblatt1 vols4 xiv4 u4 xv4 7,leipzig1 #ahid74 ,_m pap]s on influ5ce ( salts on developm5t 9 ,ar*4 f4 ,entw4-,me*42 ,o4 ,h]twig1 ,pap]s 9 ,ar*4 f4 mikr4 ,anat41 ,die ,zelle und die ,gewebe1 ii4 7,j5a1 #ahig72 ,w4 ,81 ,uns]e ,korp]=m 7,leipzig1 #ahge72 ,j4 ,loeb1 ,unt]su*4 z4 physiol4 ,morph4 7,wurzburg1 #ahia-ahib74 ,pap]s 9 ,ar*4 f4 ,entw4-,me*4 & ,pflug]'s ,ar*iv2 ,t4,h4 ,morgan1 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,frog's ,egg 7,new ,york1 #ahig72 ,pap]s 9 ,ar*4 f4 ,entw4-,me*42 ,r\x1 ,gesammelte ,abh&lung5 7,leipzig1 #ahie72 ,pap]s 9 ,ar*4 f4 ,entw4-,me*42 ,a4 ,weismann1 ,das ,keimplasma 7,j5a1 #ahib72 ,e4,b4 ,wilson1 pap]s 9 ,j\rn4 ,morph41 ,! ,cell 9 ,developm5t & ,inh]itance 7,new ,york1 #ahif74 7,h4 ,a4 ,e4 ,d47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,9 ! mammalia ! ^w foetus is (t5 employ$ 9 ! same signification z embryo2 x is especially appli$ to ! embryo 9 ! lat] /ages ( ut]9e developm5t4 #b ,x may be prop] to m5tion1 z au?ors ( ?is p]iod :o made special rese>*es on ! developm5t ( ! embryo--7#a7 ,vol*] ,coit] ( ,gron+51 :o1 along ) ,aldrov&us ( ,bologna1 made a s]ies ( obs]vations on ! =mation ( ! *ick1 day by day1 9 ! incubat$ egg1 :i* 7 describ$ 9 a "w publi%$ 9 #aegc1 & 7#b7 ,hi]onymus ,fabricius 7ab ,aquap5d5te71 :o1 9 8 "w ,de =mato foetu1 fir/ publi%$ at ,padua 9 #afjj1 gave an int]e/+ acc\nt1 illu/rat$ by _m f9e engrav+s1 ( ut]oge/ation & ! foetus ( a numb] ( quadrup$s & o!r animals1 & 9 a po/hum\s "w entitl$ ,de =matione ovi et pulli1 edit$ by ,j4 ,prevo/ & publi%$ at ,padua 9 #afba1 describ$ & illu/rat$ by engrav+s ! daily *anges ( ! egg 9 incubation4 ,x is en\gh1 h[ev]1 to say t ,fabricius 0 entirely ignorant ( ! e>li] ph5om5a ( developm5t :i* occur 9 ! fir/ two or ?ree days1 & ev5 ( ! s\rce ( ! embryonic rudim5ts1 :i* he conceiv$ to spr+1 n f ! yolk or true ovum1 b f ! *alazae or twi/$1 deepe/ "p ( ! :ite4 ,! cicatricula he look$ ^u z m]ely ! ve/ige ( ! p$icle by :i* ! yolk _h previ\sly be5 atta*$ to ! ov>y4 #c ,along ) ! "w ( ,w4 ,hunt] mu/ be m5tion$ a l>ge collection ( unpubli%$ obs]vations by ,dr ,james ,d\glas1 :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,hunt]ian ,museum ( ,glasg[ ,univ]sity4 ,,emd51 a m>itime t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,hanov]1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,ems1 #di m4 ,n4,w4 f ,old5burg by rail4 ,pop4 7#ahhe7 #ad1jai2 7#aije7 #bj1ged4 ,! ,ems once fl[$ b5ea? its walls1 b is n[ #b m4 di/ant1 & connect$ ) ! t[n by a broad & deep canal1 divid$ into ! inn] 7or dock7 h>b\r & ! out] 7or free port7 h>b\r4 ,! latt] is #c_/d m4 9 l5g?1 has a bread? ( ne>ly #djj ft41 & s9ce ! con/ruction ( ! ,ems-,jade & ,dortmund-,ems canals1 has be5 deep5$ to #ch ft41 ?us all[+ ! l>ge/ sea-go+ vessels to approa* its :>ves4 ,! t[n is int]sect$ by canals 7cross$ by num]\s bridges71 :i* br+ x into communication ) mo/ ( ! t[ns 9 ,ea/ ,friesl&1 ( :i* x is ! comm]cial capital4 ,! wat]ways :i* trav]se & surr\nd x & ! "* ( its num]\s gabl$ m$ieval h\ses give x ! appe>ance ( an old ,dut*1 r ?an ( a ,g]man1 t[n4 ,( its *ur*es ! mo/ notewor?y are ! ,re=m$ ,great ,*ur* 7,grosse ,kir*e71 a l>ge ,go?ic build+ complet$ 9 #adee1 conta9+ ! tomb ( ,enno ,,ii4 7d4 #aedj71 c\nt ( ,ea/ ,friesl&2 ! ,ga/hauskir*e1 =m]ly ! *ur* ( a ,franciscan fri>y f\nd$ 9 #acag2 & ! ,neue ,kir*e 7#afdc-afdg74 ,( its secul> build+s1 ! ,ra?aus 7t[n-hall71 built 9 #aegd-aegf1 on ! model ( t ( ,antw]p1 ) a l(ty t[]1 & conta9+ an int]e/+ collection ( arms & arm\r1 is p>ticul>ly rem>kable4 ,!re are num]\s educational in/itutions1 includ+ classical & mod]n s*ools1 & s*ools ( comm]ce1 navigation & telegraphy4 ,! t[n has two int]e/+ museums4 ,emd5 is ! seat ( an active trade 9 agricultural produce & live-/ock1 horses1 timb]1 coal1 tea & w9e4 ,! deep-sea fi%+ indu/ry ( ! t[n is important1 ! fi%+ fleet 9 #aijb numb]+ #fg vessels4 ,ma*9]y1 cem5t1 cordage1 wire ropes1 tobacco1 lea!r1 c4 are manufactur$4 ,emd5 is also ( importance z ! /ation ( ! subm>9e cables connect+ ,g]many ) ,engl&1 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,spa94 ,x has a regul> /eamboat s]vice ) ,borkum & ,nord]ney4 ,emd5 7,emud51 ,eme?a7 is fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! #ab? c5tury1 :5 x 0 ! capital ( ! ,eemsgo 7,emsgau1 or c\nty ( ! ,ems71 "o ( ! ?ree h]$it>y c\nt%ips into :i* ,ea/ ,friesl& _h be5 divid$ by ! emp]or4 ,9 #abeb ! c\nt%ip 0 sold to ! bi%ops ( ,mun/]2 b _! rule soon became little m ?an nom9al1 & 9 ,emd5 itself ! family ( ,abd5a1 ! episcopal provo/s & ca/ellans1 e/abli%$ _! practical indep5d5ce4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! #ad? c5tury ! t[n ga9$ a consid]able trade ow+ to ! p]mission giv5 by ! provo/ to ! pirates kn[n z ,viktuali5brud] to make x _! m>ket1 aft] !y _h be5 driv5 out ( ,go?l& by ! ,teutonic ,ord]4 ,9 #adjb1 aft] ! defeat ( ! pirates (f ,heligol& by ! fleet ( ,hamburg1 ,emd5 0 besieg$1 b x 0 n r$uc$ by ,hamburg1 ) ! aid ( ,edz>d ,cirks5a ( ,greetsyl1 until #adca4 ,! t[n 0 held jo9tly by its captors till #adec1 :5 ,hamburg sold its rights to ,ulri* ,cirks5a1 creat$ c\nt ( ,ea/ ,friesl& by ! emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,iii4 9 #aded4 ,9 #aedd ! ,re=mation 0 introduc$1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye>s num]\s ,prote/ant refugees f ! ,l[ ,c\ntries f\nd _! way to ! t[n4 ,9 #aeie ,emd5 became a free imp]ial city "u ! protection ( ,holl&1 & 0 occupi$ by a ,dut* g>rison until #agdd :51 ) ,ea/ ,friesl&1 x 0 transf]r$ to ,prussia4 ,9 #ahaj ,emd5 became ! *ief t[n ( ! ,fr5* dep>tm5t ( ,ems ,ori5tal2 9 #ahae x 0 assign$ to ,hanov]1 & 9 #ahff 0 annex$ ) t k+dom by ,prussia4 ,see ,furbr+]1 ,die ,/adt ,emd5 9 ,geg5w>t und ,v]gang5heit 7,emd51 #ahib74 ,,em]ald1 a bright gre5 v>iety ( b]yl1 mu* valu$ z a gem-/one4 ,! ^w comes indirectly f ! ,gr4 ,greek3 sm>agdos 7,arabic zumurrud71 b ?is seems to h be5 a "n vaguely giv5 to a numb] ( /ones hav+ little 9 common except a gre5 col\r4 ,pl9y's sm>agdus und\bt$ly includ$ sev]al di/9ct species4 ,mu* confusion has aris5 ) respect to ! em]ald ( ! ,scriptures4 ,! ,hebrew ^w nophek1 r5d]$ em]ald 9 ! ,au?oriz$ ,v]sion1 probably meant ! c>buncle3 x is inde$ translat$ ,greek3 an?rax 9 ! ,septuag9t1 & a m>g9al read+ 9 ! ,revis$ ,v]sion gives c>buncle4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ^w b>eqa?1 r5d]$ ,greek3 sm>agdos 9 ! ,,lxx41 appe>s 9 ! ,a4,v4 z c>buncle1 ) ! alt]native read+ ( em]ald 9 ! ,r4,v4 ,x may h ref]r$ to ! true em]ald1 b ,fl9d]s ,petrie sugge/s t x meant rock-cry/al4 ,! prop]ties ( em]ald are mo/ly ! same z ^? describ$ "u ,,b]yl4 ,! cry/als (t5 %[ simply ! hexagonal prism & basal plane4 ,! prisms cleave1 ?\gh imp]fectly1 at "r angles to ! geometrical axis2 & hexagonal slices 7 =m]ly worn 9 ! ,ea/4 ,comp>$ ) mo/ gems1 ! em]ald is r s(t1 its h>dness 7#g4e7 be+ b slightly above t ( qu>tz4 ,! specific gravity is l[1 v>y+ slightly 9 /ones f diff]5t localities1 b be+ = ! ,muzo em]ald ab\t #b4fg4 ,! refractive & disp]sive p[]s are n high1 s t ! cut /ones display little brilliancy or fire4 ,! em]ald is di*roic1 giv+ 9 ! di*roscope a blui%-gre5 & a yell[i%-gre5 image4 ,! magnific5t col\r :i* gives extraord9>y value to ?is gem1 is probably due to *romium4 ,f4 ,wohl] f\nd #j4ahf ( ,cr#b,o#c 9 ! em]ald ( ,muzo1--a proportion :i*1 ?\gh small1 is suffici5t to imp>t an em]ald-gre5 col\r to glass4 ,! /one loses col\r :5 /rongly heat$1 & ,m4 ,lewy sugge/$ t ! col\r 0 due to an organic pigm5t4 ,greville ,williams %[$ t em]alds lo/ ab\t #i ( _! weight on fusion1 ! specific gravity be+ r$uc$ to ab\t #b4d4 ,! anci5ts appe> to h obta9$ ! em]ald f ,upp] ,egypt1 :]e x is said to h be5 work$ z e>ly z #afej ,b4,c4 ,x is kn[n t ,greek m9]s 7 at "w 9 ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & 9 lat] times ! m9es yield$ _! gems to ,cleopatra4 ,rema9s ( ext5sive work+s 7 discov]$ 9 ! nor!rn ,etbai by ! ,fr5* travell]1 ,f4 ,cailliaud1 9 #ahag1 & ! m9es 7 re-op5$ = a %ort "t "u ,mehemet ,ali4 ,cleopatra's ,m9es are situat$ 9 ,jebel ,sikait & ,jebel ,zab>a ne> ! ,r$ ,sea coa/ ea/ ( ,assuan4 ,!y 7 visit$ 9 #ahia by ,e4,a4 ,floy]1 & ! ,sikait work+s 7 explor$ 9 #aijj by ,d4,a4 ,mac,alister & o!rs4 ,! ,egyptian em]alds occur 9 mica-s*i/ & talc-s*i/4 ,on ! ,spani% conque/ ( ,s\? ,am]ica va/ quantities ( em]alds 7 tak5 f ! ,p]uvians1 b ! exact locality :i* yield$ ! /ones 0 nev] discov]$4 ,! only ,s\? ,am]ican em]alds n[ kn[n occur ne> ,bogota1 ! capital ( ,colombia4 ,! mo/ fam\s m9e is at ,muzo1 b work+s are kn[n also at ,coscuez & ,somondoco4 ,! em]ald occurs 9 ne/s ( calcite 9 a black bitum9\s lime/one conta9+ ammonites ( ,l[] ,cretace\s age4 ,! m9]al is associat$ ) qu>tz1 dolomite1 pyrites1 & ! r>e m9]al call$ p>isite--a fluo-c>bonate ( ! c]ium metals1 occurr+ 9 br[ni%-yell[ hexagonal cry/als1 & nam$ aft] ,j4,j4 ,p>is1 :o work$ ! em]alds4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t ! ,colombian em]ald is n 9 its orig9al matrix4 ,! f9e /ones are call$ canutillos & ! inf]ior ones morallion4 ,9 #ahcj em]alds 7 accid5tally discov]$ 9 ! ,ural ,m\nta9s4 ,at ! pres5t "t !y are work$ on ! riv] ,takovaya1 ab\t #fj m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,ekat]9burg1 :]e !y occur 9 mica-s*i/1 associat$ ) aquam>9e1 alex&rite1 ph5acite1 c4 ,em]ald is f\nd also 9 mica-s*i/ 9 ! ,haba*?al1 9 ! ,salzburg ,alps1 & 9 granite at ,eidsvold 9 ,norway4 ,em]ald has be5 work$ 9 a ve9 ( pegmatite1 pi]c+ slaty rocks1 ne> ,emmaville1 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,! cry/als occurr$ 9 association ) topaz1 fluorsp> & cassit]ite2 b !y 7 mo/ly ( r pale col\r4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 em]ald has occasionally be5 f\nd1 & f9e cry/als h be5 obta9$ f ! work+s = hidd5ite at ,/onypo9t1 ,alex&] c\nty1 ,n4,c4 ,_m virtues 7 =m]ly ascrib$ to ! em]ald4 ,:5 worn1 x 0 held to be a pres]vative aga9/ epilepsy1 x cur$ dys5t]y1 x assi/$ wom5 9 *ildbir?1 x drove away evil spirits1 & pres]v$ ! *a/ity ( ! we>]4 ,adm9i/]$ int]nally x 0 reput$ to h great m$ic9al value4 ,9 consequ5ce ( its refre%+ gre5 col\r x 0 naturally said to be good = ! eyesight4 ,! /one kn[n z ,ori5tal em]ald is a gre5 corundum4 ,li?ia em]ald is ! m9]al call$ hidd5ite2 ,uralian em]ald is a "n giv5 to demantoid2 ,brazilian em]ald is m]ely gre5 t\rmal9e2 ev5+ em]ald is ! p]idot2 pyro-em]ald is fluorsp> :i* phosphoresces ) a gre5 gl[ :5 heat$2 & "m ( em]ald is g5]ally a gre5 qu>tz or p]haps 9 "s cases a gre5 felsp>4 ,see ,,aquam>9e1 ,,b]yl4 7,f4 ,w4 ,r4997 ,,em]ic-,,david1 ,,t\ssa9t-,,b]n>d 7#agee-ahci71 ,fr5* ar*aeologi/ & writ] on art1 0 born at ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce1 on ! #bj? ( ,augu/ #agee4 ,he 0 de/9$ = ! legal pr(ession1 & hav+ gone 9 #agge to ,p>is to complete 8 legal education1 he acquir$ !re a ta/e = art :i* influ5c$ 8 :ole future c>e]1 & he w5t to ,italy1 :]e he cont9u$ 8 art /udies4 ,he soon return$1 h[ev]1 to 8 native village1 & foll[$ = "s "t ! pr(ession ( an advocate2 b 9 #aghg he succe$$ 8 uncle ,anto9e ,david z pr9t] to ! p>lem5t4 ,he 0 elect$ mayor ( ,aix 9 #agia2 & al?\gh he spe$ily resign$ 8 (fice1 he 0 9 #agic ?reat5$ ) arre/1 & _h = "s "t to adopt a vagrant life4 ,:5 dang] 0 pa/ he return$ to ,aix1 sold 8 pr9t+ bus9ess1 & engag$ 9 g5]al comm]cial pursuits2 b he 0 n long 9 r5\nc+ ^! also1 9 ord] to devote himself exclusively to lit]ature & art4 ,f #ahji to #ahad1 "u ! ,empire1 he repres5t$ 8 dep>tm5t 9 ! ,l[] ,h\se 7,corps legislatif72 9 #ahad he vot$ = ! d[nfall ( ,napoleon2 9 #ahae he retir$ into private life1 & 9 #ahaf he 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,in/itute4 ,he di$ 9 ,p>is on ! #bnd ( ,april #ahci4 ,em]ic-,david 0 plac$ 9 #ahbe on ! commission appo9t$ to cont9ue ,l',hi/oire litt]aire de la ,france4 ,8 pr9cipal works are ,re*]*es sur l'art /atuaire1 consid]e *ez les anci5s et les mod]nes 7,p>is1 #ahje71 a "w :i* obta9$ ! prize ( ! ,in/itute2 ,suite d'etudes calquees et dess9ees d'apres c9q tableaux de ,raphael 7,p>is1 #ahah-ahba71 9 #f vols4 fol42 ,jupit]1 ou re*]*es sur ce dieu1 sur son culte1 c4 7,p>is1 #ahcc71 #b vols4 #hvo1 illu/rat$2 & ,vulca9 7,p>is1 #ahcg74 ,,em]itus 7,lat4 f em]]i1 to s]ve out "o's "t1 to e>n ?or\ghly71 a t]m us$ ( ,roman soldi]s & public (ficials :o _h e>n$ _! dis*>ge f ! s]vice1 a vet]an1 & h5ce appli$1 9 mod]n times1 to a univ]sity pr(essor 7pr(essor em]itus7 :o has vacat$ 8 *air1 on acc\nt ( long s]vice1 age or infirmity1 &1 9 ! ,presbyt]ian *ur*1 to a m9i/] :o has = l reason giv5 up 8 *>ge4 ,,em]son1 ,,ralph ,,waldo 7#ahjc-ahhb71 ,am]ican poet & essayi/1 0 born 9 ,bo/on1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #be? ( ,may #ahjc4 ,sev5 ( 8 ance/ors 7 m9i/]s ( ,new ,engl& *ur*es4 ,among !m 7 "s ( ^? m5 ( m>k :o made ! backbone ( ! ,am]ican "*3 ! /urdy ,puritan1 ,pet] ,bulkeley1 sometime rector ( ,odell 9 ,b$=d%ire1 & aft]w>d pa/or ( ! *ur* 9 ! wild]ness at ,concord1 ,new ,hamp%ire2 ! zeal\s evangeli/1 ,fa!r ,samuel ,moody ( ,agam5ticus 9 ,ma9e1 :o pursu$ graceless s9n]s ev5 into ! aleh\se2 ,joseph ,em]son ( ,mald51 a h]oic s*ol>1 :o pray$ e night t no desc5dant ( 8 might ev] be ri*2 & ,william ,em]son ( ,concord1 ,mass41 ! patriot prea*]1 :o di$ :ile s]v+ 9 ! army ( ! ,revolution4 ,sprung f su* /ock1 ,em]son inh]it$ qualities ( self-reliance1 love ( lib]ty1 /r5u\s virtue1 s9c]ity1 sobriety & fe>less loyalty to ideals4 ,! =m ( 8 ideals 0 modifi$ by ! metamorphic gl[ ( ,transc5d5talism :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! region ( ,bo/on 9 ! second qu>t] ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,b ! _s 9 :i* ,em]son conceiv$ ! laws ( life1 rev]5c$ !m & liv$ !m out1 0 ! ,puritan _s1 elevat$1 enl>g$ & beautifi$ by ! poetic temp]am5t4 ,8 fa!r 0 ! ,rev4 ,william ,em]son1 m9i/] ( ! ,fir/ ,*ur* 7,unit>ian7 9 ,bo/on4 ,ralph ,waldo 0 ! f\r? *ild 9 a family ( eight1 ( :om at lea/ ?ree gave evid5ce ( extraord9>y m5tal p[]s4 ,he 0 br\ght up 9 an atmosph]e ( h>d "w1 ( moral discipl9e1 & 7aft] 8 fa!r's dea? 9 #ahaa7 ( t :olesome self-sacrifice :i* is a condition ( life = ^? :o are poor 9 money & ri* 9 _s4 ,8 aunt1 ,miss ,m>y ,moody ,em]son1 a brilliant old maid1 an ecc5tric sa9t1 0 a pot5t factor 9 8 education4 ,lov+ him1 believ+ 9 8 p[]s1 passionately desir+ = him a successful c>e]1 b cl++ ) bo? h&s to ! old =ms ( fai? f :i* he float$ away1 ?is solit>y1 int5se woman did z mu* z any "o to =m1 by action & reaction1 ! m9d & "* ( ! "y ,em]son4 ,9 #ahag he ent]$ ,h>v>d ,college1 & graduat$ 9 #ahba4 ,9 s*ol>%ip he rank$ ab\t ! middle ( 8 class4 ,9 lit]ature & oratory he 0 m di/+ui%$1 receiv+ a ,boyl/on prize = declamation1 & two ,b[do9 prizes = diss]tations1 ! fir/ essay be+ on ,! ,"* ( ,socrates & ! second on ,! ,pres5t ,/ate ( ,e?ical ,philosophy--bo? r dull1 =mal1 didactic productions4 ,he 0 fond ( read+ & ( writ+ v]se1 & 0 *os5 z ! poet = class-day4 ,8 *e]ful s]5ity ( mann]1 8 tranquil mir?fulness1 & ! /eady *>m ( 8 p]sonality made him a fav\rite ) 8 fell[s1 9 spite ( a c]ta9 res]ve4 ,8 lit]>y ta/e 0 conv5tional1 includ+ ! /&>d ,briti% writ]s1 ) a pref]5ce = ,%akespe>e among ! poets1 ,b]keley among ! philosoph]s1 & ,montaigne 79 ,cotton's translation7 among ! essayi/s4 ,8 p>ticul> admiration among ! college pr(essors 0 ! /ately rhetorician1 ,edw>d ,ev]ett2 & ?is pr$ilection _h mu* to d ) 8 e>ly ambition to be a pr(essor ( rhetoric & elocution4 ,imm$iately aft] graduation he became an assi/ant 9 8 bro!r ,william's s*ool = "y ladies 9 ,bo/on1 & cont9u$ tea*+1 ) mu* inw>d reluctance & discom=t1 = ?ree ye>s4 ,! r\t9e 0 di/a/eful2 he despis$ ! sup]ficial details :i* claim$ s mu* ( 8 "t4 ,! bonds ( conv5tionalism 7 sil5tly dissolv+ 9 ! ris+ gl[ ( 8 poetic nature4 ,indep5d5ce1 s9c]ity1 reality1 grew m & m necess>y to him4 ,8 aunt urg$ him to seek retirem5t1 self-reliance1 fri5d%ip ) nature2 to be no long] ! nursl+ ( surr\nd+ circum/ances1 b to prep>e a cele/ial abode = ! muse4 ,! passion = spiritual lead]%ip /irr$ )9 him4 ,! m9i/ry seem$ to (f] ! faire/ field = its satisfaction4 ,9 #ahbe he ent]$ ! div9ity s*ool at ,cambridge1 to prep>e himself = ! ,unit>ian pulpit4 ,8 c\rse 0 mu* int]rupt$ by ill-heal?4 ,8 /udies 7 irregul>1 & f> m philosophical & lit]>y ?an !ological4 ,9 ,octob] #ahbf he 0 approbat$ to prea* by ! ,middlesex ,association ( ,m9i/]s4 ,! same ye> a ?reat5$ consumption compell$ him to take a long j\rney 9 ! s\?4 ,return+ 9 #ahbg1 he cont9u$ 8 /udies1 prea*$ z a c&idate 9 v>i\s *ur*es1 & improv$ 9 heal?4 ,9 #ahbi he m>ri$ a beautiful b delicate "y woman1 ,miss ,ell5 ,tuck] ( ,concord1 & 0 in/all$ z associate m9i/] ( ! ,second ,*ur* 7,unit>ian7 9 ,bo/on4 ,! retirem5t ( 8 s5ior colleague soon left him ! sole pa/or4 ,em]son's e>ly s]mons 7 simple1 direct1 unconv5tional4 ,he dealt freely ) ! ?+s ( ! _s4 ,!re 0 a homely elevation 9 8 disc\rses1 a natural fre%ness 9 8 piety1 a quiet en?usiasm 9 8 mann]1 t *>m$ ?\ghtful he>]s4 ,e>ly 9 #ahcb he lo/ 8 wife1 a sorr[ t deeply depress$ him 9 heal? & spirits4 ,foll[+ 8 passion = indep5d5ce & s9c]ity1 he arriv$ at ! conviction t ! ,"l's ,supp] 0 n int5d$ by ,*ri/ to be a p]man5t sacram5t4 ,to him1 at lea/1 x _h become an outgr[n =m4 ,he 0 will+ to cont9ue ! s]vice only if ! use ( ! elem5ts %\ld be dropp$ & ! rite made simply an act ( spiritual remembrance4 ,sett+ =? ^! views1 c&idly & calmly1 9 a s]mon1 he f\nd 8 congregation1 n unnaturally1 reluctant to agree ) him1 & !re=e retir$1 n )\t "s disappo9tm5t1 f ! pa/oral (fice4 ,he nev] aga9 took *>ge ( a p>i%2 b he cont9u$ to prea*1 z opportunity (f]$1 until #ahdg4 ,9 fact1 he 0 always a prea*]1 ?\gh ( a s+ul> ord]4 ,8 supreme task 0 to befri5d & guide ! inn] life ( man4 ,! /ronge/ influ5ces 9 8 developm5t ab\t ?is "t 7 ! lib]at+ philosophy ( ,col]idge1 ! my/ical visions ( ,sw$5borg1 ! intimate poetry ( ,wordswor?1 & ! /imulat+ essays ( ,c>lyle4 ,on ,*ri/mas ,day #ahcb he took passage 9 a sail+ vessel = ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,he travell$ ?r\gh ,italy1 visit$ ,p>is1 sp5t two mon?s 9 ,scotl& & ,engl&1 & saw ! f\r m5 :om he mo/ desir$ to see--,l&or1 ,col]idge1 ,c>lyle & ,wordswor?4 ,! com=t ( meet+ su* m5 ( g5ius z ^!1 he wrote1 is t !y talk s9c]ely4 ,b he adds t he f\nd all f\r ( !m1 9 diff]5t degrees1 defici5t 9 insight into religi\s tru?4 ,8 visit to ,c>lyle1 9 ! lonely f>m-h\se at ,craig5puttock1 0 ! memorable beg9n+ ( a lifelong fri5d%ip4 ,em]son publi%$ ,c>lyle's fir/ books 9 ,am]ica4 ,c>lyle introduc$ ,em]son's ,essays into ,engl&4 ,! two m5 7 b\nd toge!r by a mutual respect deep] ?an a sympa?y ( ta/es1 & a community ( _s /rong] ?an a simil>ity ( op9ions4 ,em]son 0 a sweet-temp]$ ,c>lyle1 liv+ 9 ! sun%9e4 ,c>lyle 0 a militant ,em]son1 mov+ amid ?und]cl\ds4 ,! ?+s t ea* mo/ admir$ 9 ! o!r 7 self-reliance1 directness1 moral c\rage4 ,a passage 9 ,em]son's ,di>y1 writt5 on 8 homew>d voyage1 /rikes ! keynote ( 8 rema9+ life4 ,a man conta9s all t is ne$ful to 8 gov]nm5t )9 himself4444 ,all real good or evil t c befall him mu/ be f himself4444 ,!re is a correspond5ce betwe5 ! human s\l & ev]y?+ t exi/s 9 ! _w2 m prop]ly1 ev]y?+ t is kn[n to man4 ,in/ead ( /udy+ ?+s )\t1 ! pr9ciples ( !m all may be p5etrat$ into )9 him4444 ,! purpose ( life seems to be to acqua9t man ) himself4444 ,! highe/ revelation is t ,god is 9 e man4 ,"h is ! ess5ce ( t intuitional philosophy1 commonly call$ ,transc5d5talism4 ,em]son disclaim$ allegiance to t philosophy4 ,he call$ x ! saturnalia1 or excess ( fai?4 ,8 practical common s5se recoil$ f ! amaz+ conclusions :i* 7 drawn f x by _m ( its m ecc5tric advocates4 ,8 indep5d5ce revolt$ aga9/ be+ b\nd to any s*eme or sy/em ( doctr9e1 h[ev] nebul\s4 ,he said3 ,i wi% to say :at ,i feel & ?9k to-day1 ) ! proviso t to-morr[ p]haps ,i %all contradict x all4 ,b ?is v wi% commits him to ! doctr9e ( ! inn] light4 ,all ?r\gh 8 life he navigat$ ! ,transc5d5tal sea1 pilot$ by a cle> moral s5se1 w>n$ (f ! rocks by ! sav+ grace ( hum\r1 & kept f capsiz+ by a good balla/ ( ,new ,engl& prud5ce4 ,aft] 8 return f ,engl& 9 #ahcc he w5t to live ) 8 "m at ! old manse 9 ,concord1 ,mass41 & began 8 c>e] z a lectur] 9 ,bo/on4 ,8 fir/ disc\rses 7 deliv]$ be=e ! ,society ( ,natural ,hi/ory & ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute4 ,!y 7 *iefly on sci5tific subjects1 approa*$ 9 a poetic _s4 ,9 ! autumn ( #ahce he m>ri$ ,miss ,lydia ,jackson ( ,plym\?1 hav+ previ\sly pur*as$ a spaci\s old h\se & g>d5 at ,concord4 ,!re he sp5t ! rema9d] ( 8 life1 a devot$ husb&1 a wise & t5d] fa!r1 a c>eful h\se-hold]1 a virtu\s villag]1 a fri5dly neighb\r1 &1 spite ( all 8 disclaim]s1 ! c5tral & lum9\s figure among ! ,transc5d5tali/s4 ,! doctr9e :i* 9 o!rs seem$ to produce all sorts ( extravagances--communi/ic exp]im5ts at ,brook ,f>m & ,fruitl&s1 weird s*emes ( political re=m1 long hair on m5 & %ort hair on wom5--9 8 sane1 well-balanc$ nature s]v$ only to l5d an ideal *>m to ! famili> outl9e ( a pla91 ord]ly ,new ,engl& life4 ,"s mild dep>tures f e/abli%$ r\t9e he tranquilly te/$ & z tranquilly ab&on$4 ,he tri$ veget>ianism = a :ile1 b gave x up :5 he f\nd t x did him no p>ticul> good4 ,an attempt to illu/rate h\sehold equality by hav+ ! s]vants sit at table ) ! re/ ( ! family 0 fru/rat$ by ! dislike ( 8 two s5sible dome/ics = su* an inconv5i5t arrangem5t4 ,8 !ory t manual lab\r %\ld =m "p ( ! s*ol>'s life 0 *eck$ by ! p]sonal discov]y t h>d lab\r 9 ! fields meant poor "w 9 ! /udy4 ,! writ] %all n dig1 0 8 practical conclusion4 ,intellectual indep5d5ce 0 :at he *iefly desir$2 & ?is1 he f\nd1 c\ld be atta9$ 9 a mann] ( liv+ n outw>dly diff]5t f t ( ! av]age college pr(essor or c\ntry m9i/]4 ,& yet x 0 to ?is prop]ty-hold+1 debt-pay+1 law-abid+1 well-dress$1 c\rte\s-mann]$ citiz5 ( ,concord t ! ard5t & en?usia/ic turn$ z ! prophet ( ! new idealism4 ,! influ5ce ( o!r ,transc5d5tal tea*]s1 ,dr ,h$ge1 ,dr ,ripley1 ,bronson ,alcott1 ,ore/es ,br[nson1 ,!odore ,p>k]1 ,m>g>et ,full]1 ,h5ry ,?oreau1 ,jones ,v1 0 n>r[ & p>o*ial comp>$ ) t ( ,em]son4 ,some?+ 9 8 imp]turbable1 k9dly pres5ce1 8 angelic look1 8 musical voice1 8 comm&+ /yle ( ?\ght & spee*1 ann\nc$ him z ! possessor ( ! great secret :i* _m 7 seek+--! secret ( a fre]1 deep]1 m h>moni\s life4 ,m & m1 z 8 fame spread1 ^? :o w\ld live 9 ! _s came to li/5 to ! voice1 & to sit at ! feet1 ( ! ,sage ( ,concord4 ,x 0 on ! lecture-plat=m t he f\nd 8 p[] & won 8 fame4 ,! c\rses ( lectures t he deliv]$ at ! ,masonic ,temple 9 ,bo/on1 dur+ ! w9t]s ( #ahce & #ahcf1 on ,great ,m51 ,engli% ,lit]ature1 & ,! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 7 well att5d$ & admir$4 ,!y 7 foll[$ by two disc\rses :i* comm&$ = him imm$iate recognition1 "p fri5dly & "p ho/ile1 z a new & pot5t p]sonality4 ,8 ,phi ,beta ,kappa oration at ,h>v>d ,college 9 ,augu/ #ahcg1 on ,! ,am]ican ,s*ol>1 0 an eloqu5t appeal = indep5d5ce1 s9c]ity1 realism1 9 ! intellectual life ( ,am]ica4 ,8 address be=e ! graduat+ class ( ! div9ity s*ool at ,cambridge1 9 #ahch1 0 an impassion$ prote/ aga9/ :at he call$ ! defects ( hi/orical ,*ri/ianity 7its undue reliance ^u ! p]sonal au?ority ( ,jesus1 & its failure to explore ! moral nature ( man z ! f\nta9 ( e/abli%$ tea*+71 & a d>+ plea = absolute self-reliance & a new inspiration ( religion4 ,9 ! s\l1 he said1 let r$emption be s\ght4 ,:]ev] a man comes1 !re comes revolution4 ,! old is = slaves4 ,g alone4 ,refuse ! good models1 ev5 ^? :i* are sacr$ 9 ! imag9ation ( m54 ,ca/ con=mity beh9d y1 & acqua9t m5 at fir/ h& ) ,deity4 ,9 ?is address ,em]son laid 8 h& on ! s5sitive po9t ( ,unit>ianism1 :i* reject$ ! div9ity ( ,jesus1 b held fa/ to 8 supreme au?ority4 ,a blaze ( controv]sy sprang up at once4 ,cons]vatives attack$ him2 ,radicals def5d$ him4 ,em]son made no reply4 ,b amid ?is some:at fi]ce illum9ation he w5t =w>d /eadily z a public lectur]4 ,x 0 n 8 negations t made him popul>2 x 0 ! eloqu5ce ) :i* he pres5t$ ! positive side ( 8 doctr9e4 ,:atev] ! titles ( 8 disc\rses1 ,lit]>y ,e?ics1 ,man ! ,re=m]1 ,! ,pres5t ,age1 ,! ,me?od ( ,nature1 ,repres5tative ,m51 ,! ,conduct ( ,life1 _! !me 0 always ! same1 namely1 ! inf9itude ( ! private man4 ,^? :o ?\ght him a/ray on ! subject ( religion li/5$ to him ) delight :5 he poetiz$ ! commonplaces ( art1 politics1 lit]ature or ! h\sehold4 ,8 utt]ance 0 ,delphic1 inspirational4 ,!re 0 magic 9 8 elocution4 ,! simplicity & symmetry ( 8 s5t5ces1 ! modulations ( 8 ?rill+ voice1 ! radiance ( 8 f9e face1 ev5 8 slight hesitations & pauses ov] 8 manuscript1 l5t a /range *>m to 8 spee*4 ,= m ?an a g5]ation he w5t ab\t ! c\ntry lectur+ 9 cities1 t[ns & villages1 be=e le>n$ societies1 ru/ic lyceums & colleges2 & !re 0 no man on ! plat=m 9 ,am]ica :o excell$ him 9 di/9ction1 9 au?ority1 or 9 /imulat+ eloqu5ce4 ,9 #ahdg ,em]son visit$ ,great ,brita9 = ! second "t1 0 welcom$ by ,c>lyle1 lectur$ to appreciative audi5ces 9 ,man*e/]1 ,liv]pool1 ,ed9burgh & ,london1 made _m new fri5ds among ! be/ ,engli% p1 paid a brief visit to ,p>is1 & return$ home 9 ,july #ahdh4 ,i leave ,engl&1 he wrote1 ) increas$ respect = ! ,engli%man4 ,8 /uff or sub/ance seems to be ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,i =give him all 8 pride4 ,my respect is ! m g5]\s t ,i h no sympa?y ) him1 only an admiration4 ,! impressions ( ?is j\rney 7 embodi$ 9 a book call$ ,engli% ,traits1 publi%$ 9 #ahef4 ,x might be call$ ,engli% ,traits & ,am]ican ,confessions1 = n[h]e does ,em]son's ,am]icanism come out m /rongly4 ,b ! ,am]ica t he lov$ & admir$ 0 ! ideal1 ! pot5tial ,am]ica4 ,= ! actual conditions ( social & political life 9 8 own "t he _h a f9e scorn4 ,he 0 an intellectual ,brahm94 ,8 pr9ciples 7 democratic1 8 ta/es ari/ocratic4 ,he did n l cr[ds1 /reets1 hotels--! p :o fill !m oppress me ) _! excessive civility4 ,humanity 0 8 h]o4 ,he lov$ man1 b be 0 n fond ( m54 ,he _h grave d\bts ab\t univ]sal suffrage4 ,he took a s9c]e int]e/ 9 social & political re=m1 b t[>ds specific re=ms 8 attitude 0 some:at remote & vision>y4 ,on ! subject ( temp]ance he held alo( f ! intemp]ate me?ods ( ! viol5t prohibitioni/s4 ,he 0 a believ] 9 woman's rights1 b he 0 lukew>m t[>ds conv5tions 9 fav\r ( woman suffrage4 ,ev5 9 reg>d to slav]y he _h s]i\s hesitations ab\t ! ways ( ! abolitioni/s1 & = a long "t refus$ to be id5tifi$ ) !m4 ,b z ! irrepressible conflict drew to a head ,em]son's hesitation vani%$4 ,he said 9 #ahef1 ,i ?9k we mu/ get rid ( slav]y1 or we mu/ get rid ( fre$om4 ,) ! outbreak ( ! ,civil ,w> he became an ard5t & p[]ful advocate ( ! cause ( ! ,union4 ,james ,russell ,l[ell said1 ,to him m ?an to all o!r causes did ! "y m>tyrs ( our ,civil ,w> owe ! su/a9+ /r5g? ( ?\ghtful h]oism t is s t\*+ 9 e record ( _! lives4 ,em]son ! essayi/ 0 a cond5sation ( ,em]son ! lectur]4 ,8 prose works1 ) ! exception ( ! sl5d] volume entitl$ ,nature 7#ahcf71 7 collect$ & arrang$ f ! manuscripts ( 8 lectures4 ,8 me?od ( writ+ 0 *>act]i/ic4 ,he plant$ a subject 9 8 m9d1 & wait$ = ?\ghts & illu/rations to come to x1 z birds or insects to a plant or fl[]4 ,:5 an idea appe>$1 he foll[$ x1 z a boy might hunt a butt]fly2 :5 x 0 captur$ he p9n$ x 9 8 ,?\ght-book4 ,! writ+s ( o!r m5 he us$ m = /imulus ?an = guidance4 ,he said t books 7 = ! s*ol>'s idle times4 ,i value !m1 he said1 to make my top sp94 ,8 fav\rite read+ 0 poetry & my/ical philosophy3 ,%akespe>e1 ,dante1 ,george ,h]b]t1 ,goe!1 ,b]keley1 ,col]idge1 ,sw$5borg1 ,jakob ,boehme1 ,plato1 ! new ,platoni/s1 & ! religi\s books ( ! ,ea/ 79 translation74 ,next to ^! he valu$ books ( biography & anecdote3 ,plut>*1 ,grimm1 ,/ ,simon1 ,v>nhag5 von ,ense4 ,he _h "s odd dislikes1 & c\ld f9d no?+ 9 ,ari/ophanes1 ,c]vantes1 ,%elley1 ,scott1 ,miss ,au/51 ,dick5s4 ,novels he seldom read4 ,he 0 a foll[] ( none1 an orig9al borr[] f all4 ,8 illu/rations 7 drawn f ne> & f>4 ,! zodiac ( ,d5d]ah2 ! ,savoy>ds :o c>v$ _! p9e-=e/s into toys2 ! nak$ ,d]>1 hors$ on an idea1 *>g+ a troop ( ,roman cavalry2 ! long1 au/]e ,py?agorean lu/rum ( sil5ce2 ,napoleon on ! deck ( ! ,bell]ophon1 obs]v+ ! drill ( ! ,engli% soldi]s2 ! ,egyptian doctr9e t e man has two pairs ( eyes2 ,emp$ocles & 8 %oe2 ! horizontal /ratification ( ! e>?2 a s(t mu%room pu%+ its way ?r\gh ! h>d gr\nd1--all ^! allusions & a ?\s& m are f\nd 9 ! same volume4 ,on 8 pages1 close beside ! ,p>!non1 ! ,sph9x1 ,/ ,paul's1 ,etna & ,vesuvius1 y w f9d ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 ,monadnock1 ,agioco*ook1 ,katahd91 ! pick]el-we$ 9 bloom1 ! wild geese honk+ ?r\gh ! sky1 ! *ick-a-dee brav+ ! sn[1 ,wall ,/reet & ,/ate ,/reet1 cotton-mills1 railroads & ,qu9cy granite4 ,= an ab/ract ?9k] he 0 /rangely 9 love ) ! concrete facts ( life4 ,idealism 9 him assum$ ! =m ( a vivid illum9ation ( ! real4 ,f ! pages ( 8 teem+ note-books he took ! mat]ial = 8 lectures1 arrang+ & re>rang+ x "u su* titles z ,nature1 ,s*ool1 ,home1 ,g5ius1 ,beauty & ,mann]s1 ,self-,possession1 ,duty1 ,! ,sup]lative1 ,tru?1 ,! ,anglo-,saxon1 ,! ,"y ,am]ican4 ,:5 ! lectures _h s]v$ _! purpose he re>rang$ ! mat]ial 9 essays & publi%$ !m4 ,?us appe>$ 9 succession ! foll[+ volumes3 ,essays 7,fir/ ,s]ies7 7#ahda72 ,essays 7,second ,s]ies7 7#ahdd72 ,repres5tative ,m5 7#ahej72 ,engli% ,traits 7#ahef72 ,! ,conduct ( ,life 7#ahfj72 ,society & ,solitude 7#ahgj72 ,lett]s & ,social ,aims 7#ahgf74 ,besides ^!1 _m o!r lectures 7 pr9t$ 9 sep>ate =m & 9 v>i\s comb9ations4 ,em]son's /yle is brilliant1 epigrammatic1 gem-l2 cle> 9 s5t5ces1 obscure 9 p>agraphs4 ,he 0 a sporadic obs]v]4 ,he saw by fla%es4 ,he said1 ,i d n "k :at argum5ts mean 9 ref]5ce to any expression ( a ?\ght4 ,! coh]5ce ( 8 writ+ lies 9 8 p]sonality4 ,8 "w is fus$ by a /eady gl[ ( optimism4 ,yet he /ates ?is optimism mod]ately4 ,! g5ius :i* pres]ves & guides ! human race indicates itself by a small excess ( good1 a small balance 9 brute facts always fav\rable to ! side ( reason4 ,8 v]se1 ?\gh 9 =m inf]ior to 8 prose1 0 p]haps a tru] expression ( 8 g5ius4 ,he said1 ,i am born a poet2 & aga91 writ+ to ,c>lyle1 he call$ himself half a b>d4 ,he _h ! vision1 b n ! faculty div9e :i* translates ! vision into music4 ,9 8 two volumes ( v]se 7,poems1 #ahdf2 ,may ,day & o!r ,pieces1 #ahfg7 !re are _m passages ( beautiful insight & pr(\nd feel+1 "s l9es ( surpris+ spl5d\r1 & a few poems1 l ,! ,rhodora1 ,! ,sn[/orm1 ,ode to ,beauty1 ,t]m9us1 ,! ,concord ,ode1 & ! m>vell\s ,?r5ody on ! dea? ( 8 fir/-born boy1 ( beauty unm>r$ & p5etrat+ tru?4 ,b ! total value ( 8 poetical "w is disc\nt$ by ! imp]fection ( metrical =m1 ! pres5ce ( incongru\s images1 ! pr$om9ance ( ! intellectual ov] ! emotional elem5t1 & ! lack ( fl[4 ,x is ! mat]ial ( poetry n ?or\ghly work$ out4 ,b ! g5ius f :i* x came--! swift faculty ( p]ception1 ! l(ty imag9ation1 ! idealiz+ _s enam\r$ ( reality--0 ! secret s\rce ( all ,em]son's greatness z a speak] & z a writ]4 ,:atev] v]dict "t may pass ^u ! bulk ( 8 poetry1 ,em]son himself mu/ be recogniz$ z an orig9al & true poet ( a high ord]4 ,8 latt] ye>s 7 pass$ 9 peaceful hon\r at ,concord4 ,9 #ahff ,h>v>d ,college conf]r$ ^u him ! degree ( ,,ll4,d41 & 9 #ahfg he 0 elect$ an ov]se]4 ,9 #ahgj he deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures be=e ! univ]sity on ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellect4 ,9 #ahgb 8 h\se 0 burn$ d[n1 & 0 rebuilt by popul> subscription4 ,9 ! same ye> he w5t on 8 ?ird =eign j\rney1 go+ z f> z ,egypt4 ,ab\t ?is "t began a failure 9 8 p[]s1 especially 9 8 memory4 ,b 8 "* rema9$ s]5e & un%ak5 9 dignity4 ,/eadily1 tranquilly1 *e]fully1 he f9i%$ ! voyage ( life4 ,i trim myself to ! /orm ( "t1 ,i man ! rudd]1 reef ! sail1 ,obey ! voice at eve obey$ at prime3 ',l[ly fai?ful1 bani% fe>1 ,"r onw>d drive unh>m$2 ,! port1 well wor? ! cruise1 is ne>4 ,& e wave is *>m$4' ,em]son di$ on ! #bg? ( ,april #ahhb1 & 8 body 0 laid to re/ 9 ! peaceful cemet]y ( ,sleepy ,holl[1 9 a grove on ! edge ( ! village ( ,concord4 ,,au?orities4--,em]son's ,complete ,works1 ,riv]side edition1 edit$ by ,j4,e4 ,cabot 7#aa vols41 ,bo/on1 #ahhc-ahhd72 ano!r edition 7,london1 #e vols41 #aijf71 by ,g4 ,sampson1 9 ,bohn's ,libr>ies2 ,! ,correspond5ce ( ,?omas ,c>lyle & ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son1 edit$ by ,*>les ,eliot ,norton 7,bo/on1 #ahhc72 ,george ,willis ,cooke1 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son3 ,8 ,life1 ,writ+s & ,philosophy 7,bo/on1 #ahha72 ,alex&] ,irel&1 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son3 ,8 ,life1 ,g5ius & ,writ+s 7,london1 #ahhb72 ,a4 ,bronson ,alcott1 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son1 ,philosoph] & ,se] 7,bo/on1 #ahhb72 ,moncure ,daniel ,conway1 ,em]son at ,home & ,abroad 7,bo/on1 #ahhb72 ,joel ,b5ton1 ,em]son z a ,poet 7,new ,york1 #ahhc72 ,f4,b4 ,sanborn 7editor71 ,! ,g5ius & ,"* ( ,em]son3 ,lectures at ! ,concord ,s*ool ( ,philosophy 7,bo/on1 #ahhe72 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes1 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son 7,am]ican ,m5 ( ,lett]s s]ies7 7,bo/on1 #ahhe72 ,james ,elliott ,cabot1 ,a ,memoir ( ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son1 #b vols4 7! au?oriz$ biography7 7,bo/on1 #ahhg72 ,edw>d ,waldo ,em]son1 ,em]son 9 ,concord 7,bo/on1 #ahhi72 ,ri*>d ,g>nett1 ,life ( ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son 7,london1 #ahhh72 ,g4,e4 ,woodb]ry1 ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son 7#aijg74 ,critical e/imates are also to be f\nd 9 ,mat!w ,arnold's ,disc\rses 9 ,am]ica1 ,john ,morley's ,critical ,miscellanies1 ,h5ry ,james's ,p>tial ,portraits1 ,l[ell's ,my ,/udy ,w9d[s1 ,birrell's ,obit] ,dicta 7#bnd s]ies71 ,/$man's ,poets ( ,am]ica1 ,:ipple's ,am]ican ,lit]ature1 c4 ,!re is a ,bibliography ( ,ralph ,waldo ,em]son1 by ,g4,w4 ,cooke 7,bo/on1 #aijh74 7,h4 van ,d47 ,,em]son1 ,,william 7#agja-aghb71 ,engli% ma!matician1 0 born on ! #ad? ( ,may #agja at ,hurwor?1 ne> ,d>l+ton1 :]e 8 fa!r1 ,dudley ,em]son1 also a ma!matician1 taught a s*ool4 ,unsuccessful z a tea*] he devot$ himself entirely to /udi\s retirem5t1 & publi%$ _m works :i* are s+ul>ly free f errata4 ,9 me*anics he nev] advanc$ a proposition :i* he _h n previ\sly te/$ 9 practice1 nor publi%$ an inv5tion )\t fir/ prov+ its effects by a model4 ,he 0 skill$ 9 ! sci5ce ( music1 ! !ory ( s\nds1 & ! anci5t & mod]n scales2 b he nev] atta9$ any excell5ce z a p]=m]4 ,he di$ on ! #bj? ( ,may #aghb at 8 native village4 ,em]son 0 ecc5tric & inde$ cl[ni%1 b he possess$ rem>kable indep5d5ce ( "* & intellectual en]gy4 ,! boldness ) :i* he express$ 8 op9ions on religi\s subjects l$ to 8 be+ *>g$ ) scepticism1 b = ?is !re 0 no f\ndation4 ,em]son's works include ,! ,doctr9e ( ,fluxions 7#agdh72 ,! ,projection ( ! ,sph]e1 ,or?ographic1 ,/]eographic & ,gnomical 7#agdi72 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,trigonometry 7#agdi72 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,me*anics 7#aged72 ,a ,treatise ( ,navigation 7#agee72 ,a ,treatise ( ,algebra1 9 two books 7#agfe72 ,! ,ari?metic ( ,inf9ites1 & ! ,diff]5tial ,me?od1 illu/rat$ by ,examples 7#agfg72 ,me*anics1 or ! ,doctr9e ( ,motion 7#agfi72 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,optics1 9 f\r books 7#agfh72 ,a ,sy/em ( ,a/ronomy 7#agfi72 ,! ,laws ( ,c5tripetal & ,c5trifugal ,=ce 7#agfi72 ,! ,ma!matical ,pr9ciples ( ,geography 7#aggj72 ,tracts 7#aggj72 ,cycloma!sis1 or an ,easy ,introduction to ! sev]al bran*es ( ! ,ma!matics 7#aggj71 9 t5 vols42 ,a ,%ort ,comm5t on ,sir ,isaac ,newton's ,pr9cipia2 to :i* is add$1 ,a ,def5ce ( ,sir ,isaac aga9/ ! objections t h be5 made to sev]al p>ts ( 8 works 7#aggj72 ,a ,miscellane\s ,treatise conta9+ sev]al ,ma!matical ,subjects 7#aggf74 ,,em]y 7,g]4 ,smirgel71 an impure v>iety ( corundum1 mu* us$ z an abrasive ag5t4 ,x 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks "u ! "n ( ,greek3 smyris or ,greek3 smiris1 :i* is def9$ by ,dioscorides z a /one us$ 9 gem-engrav+4 ,! ,hebrew ^w %amir 7relat$ to ! ,egyptian asmir71 :]e translat$ 9 our v]sions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t adamant & diamond1 probably signifi$ ! em]y-/one or corundum4 ,em]y occurs z a granul> or massive1 d>k-col\r$1 d5se sub/ance1 hav+ mu* ! appe>ance ( an iron-ore4 ,its specific gravity v>ies ) its composition f #c4g to #d4c4 ,"u ! microscope1 x is se5 to be a me*anical aggregate ( corundum1 usually 9 gra9s or m9ute cry/als ( a blui% col\r1 ) magnetite1 :i* also is granul> & cry/all9e4 ,o!r iron oxides1 l haematite & limonite1 may be pres5t z alt]ation-products ( ! magnetite4 ,"s ( ! alum9a & iron oxide may occasionally be *emically comb9$1 s z to =m an iron sp9el1 or h]cynite4 ,9 addition to ^! m9]als em]y sometimes conta9s qu>tz1 mica1 t\rmal9e1 cassit]ite1 c4 ,inde$ em]y may be reg>d$ z a rock r ?an a def9ite m9]al species4 ,! h>dness ( em]y is ab\t #h1 :]eas t ( pure corundum is #i4 ,! abrasive p[]1 or effective h>dness1 ( em]y is by no means proportional to ! am\nt ( alum9a :i* x conta9s1 b seems r to dep5d on its physical condition4 ,?us1 tak+ ! effective h>dness ( sapphire z #ajj1 ,dr ,j4 ,lawr5ce ,smi? f\nd t ! em]y ( ,samos ) #gj4aj ( alum9a _h a correspond+ h>dness ( #ef2 t ( ,naxos1 ) #fh4ec ( ,al#b,o#c1 a h>dness ( #df2 & t ( ,guma* ) #gg4hb ( ,al#b,o#c1 a h>dness ( #dg4 ,em]y has be5 work$ f a v remote p]iod 9 ! ,isle ( ,naxos1 "o ( ! ,cyclades1 :5ce ! /one 0 call$ naxium by ,pl9y & o!r ,roman writ]s4 ,! m9]al occurs z loose blocks & z l5ticul> masses or irregul> b$s 9 granul> lime/one1 associat$ ) cry/all9e s*i/s4 ,! ,naxos em]y has be5 describ$ by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,ts*]mak4 ,f a *emical analysis ( a sample x has be5 calculat$ t ! em]y conta9$ #eb4d ( corundum1 #cb4a ( magnetite1 #aa4e ( t\rmal9e1 #b ( muscovite & #b ( m>g>ite4 ,important deposits ( corundum 7 discov]$ 9 ,asia ,m9or by ,j4 ,lawr5ce ,smi?1 :5 inve/igat+ ,turki% m9]al res\rces ab\t #ahdg4 ,! *ief s\rces ( em]y !re are ,guma* ,dagh1 a m\nta9 ab\t #ab m4 ,e4 ( ,ephesus2 ,kula1 ne> ,ala-%ehr2 & ! m9es 9 ! hills betwe5 ,?yra & ,cosbonn>1 s\? ( ,smyrna4 ,! occurr5ce is simil> to t 9 ,naxos4 ,! em]y is f\nd z deta*$ blocks 9 a r$di% soil1 & z r\nd$ masses emb$d$ 9 a cry/all9e lime/one associat$ ) mica-s*i/1 gneiss & granite4 ,! proportion ( corundum 9 ?is em]y is said to v>y f #cg to #eg4 ,em]y is work$ at sev]al localities 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 especially ne> ,*e/]1 9 ,hampd5 c\nty1 ,mass41 :]e x is associat$ ) p]idotites4 ,! corundum & magnetite are reg>d$ by ,dr ,j4,h4 ,pratt z basic segregations f an igne\s magma4 ,! deposits 7 discov]$ by ,h4,s4 ,lucas 9 #ahfd4 ,! h>dness & t\ghness ( em]y r5d] x difficult to "w1 b x may be extract$ f ! rock by bla/+ 9 holes bor$ ) diamond drills4 ,9 ! ,ea/ fire-sett+ is employ$4 ,! em]y aft] be+ brok5 up is c>efully pick$ by h&1 & !n gr\nd or /amp$1 & sep>at$ into grades by wire sieves4 ,! high] grades are prep>$ by wa%+ & eleutriation1 ! f9e/ be+ kn[n z fl\r ( em]y4 ,a v f9e em]y du/ is collect$ 9 ! /amp+ room1 :]e x is deposit$ aft] float+ 9 ! air4 ,! f9e p[d] is us$ by lapid>ies & plate-glass manufactur]s4 ,em]y-:eels are made by consolidat+ ! p[d]$ m9]al ) an agglut9at+ m$ium l %ellac or silicate ( soda or vulcaniz$ india-rubb]4 ,su* :eels are n only us$ by d5ti/s & lapid>ies b are employ$ on a l>ge scale 9 me*anical work%ops = gr9d+1 %ap+ & poli%+ /eel4 ,em]y-/icks1 em]y-clo? & em]y-pap] are made by coat+ ! sev]al mat]ials ) p[d]$ em]y mix$ ) glue1 or o!r adhesive m$ia4 7,see ,,corundum47 7,f4 ,w4 ,r4997 ,,emetics 7f ,gr4 ,greek3 emetikos1 caus+ vomit71 ! t]m giv5 to sub/ances :i* are adm9i/]$ = ! purpose ( produc+ vomit+4 ,x is cu/om>y to divide emetics into two classes1 ^? :i* produce _! effect by act+ on ! vomit+ c5tre 9 ! m$ulla1 & ^? :i* act directly on ! /oma* itself4 ,!re is consid]able confusion 9 ! nom5clature ( ^! two divisions1 b all are agre$ 9 call+ ! =m] class c5tral emetics1 & ! latt] ga/ric4 ,! ga/ric emetics 9 common use are alum1 ammonium c>bonate1 z9c sulphate1 sodium *loride 7common salt71 mu/>d & w>m wat]4 ,copp] sulphate has be5 purposely omitt$ f ?is li/1 s9ce unless x produces vomit+ v %ortly aft] adm9i/ration1 be+ itself a viol5t ga/ro-inte/9al irritant1 "s o!r emetic mu/ promptly be adm9i/]$4 ,! c5tral emetics are apomorph9e1 t>t> emetic1 ipecacuanha1 s5ega & squill4 ,( ^! t>t> emetic & ipecacuanha come "u bo? heads3 :5 tak5 by ! m\? !y act z ga/ric emetics be=e absorption into ! blood1 & lat] produce a fur!r & m vigor\s effect by /imulation ( ! m$ull>y c5tre4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t1 valuable ?\gh ^! drugs are1 _! action is accompani$ by s mu* depression1 !y %\ld nev] be adm9i/]$ except "u m$ical advice4 ,emetics h two ma9 uses3 t ( empty+ ! /oma*1 especially 9 cases ( poison+1 & t ( expell+ ! cont5ts ( ! air passages1 m especially 9 *ildr5 be=e !y h le>nt or h ! /r5g? to expectorate4 ,:]e a physician is 9 att5dance1 ! fir/ ( ^! uses is ne>ly always replac$ by lavage ( ! /oma*1 :]eby any subsequ5t depression is avoid$4 ,emetics /ill h _! place1 h[ev]1 9 ! treatm5t ( bron*itis1 l>yngitis & diph!ria 9 *ildr51 z !y aid 9 ! expulsion ( ! morbid products4 ,occasionally also !y are adm9i/]$ :5 a =eign body has got into ! l>ynx4 ,_! use is contra-indicat$ 9 ! case ( anyone suff]+ f aneurism1 h]nia or art]io-scl]osis1 or :]e !re is any t5d5cy to haemorrhage4 ,,emeu1 evid5tly f ! ,port4 ,ema1#a a "n :i* has 9 turn be5 appli$ to ea* ( ! e>li]-kn[n =ms ( ,ratite birds1 b has f9ally settl$ ^u t :i* inhabits ,au/ralia1 ?\gh1 up to ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury1 x 0 giv5 by mo/ au?ors to ! bird n[ commonly call$ cass[>y--?is la/ ^w be+ a corrupt$ =m ( ! ,malayan ,suw>i 7see ,crawfurd1 ,gramm4 & ,dict4 ,malay ,language1 ii4 pp4 #agh & #be71 app>5tly fir/ pr9t$ z ,caso>is by ,bontius 9 #afeh 7,hi/4 nat4 et m$4 ,ind4 ,ori5t4 p4 #ga74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,c]am ,cass[>y4#b ,! cass[>ies 7,casu>iidae7 & emeus 7,dromaeidae7--z ! latt] "n is n[ us$--h mu* /ructural resemblance1 & =m ! ord] ,megi/anes1#c :i* is peculi> to ! ,au/ralian ,region4 ,huxley %[$ 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc41 #ahfg1 pp4 #dbb1 #dbc17 t !y agree 9 diff]+ f ! o!r ,ratitae 9 _m important *>act]s2 "o ( ! mo/ obvi\s ( !m is t ea* cont\r-fea!r appe>s to be d\ble1 its hypora*is1 or aft]%aft1 be+ z long z ! ma9 %aft--a feature notic$ 9 ! case ( ei!r =m s soon z examples 7 br\ght to ,europe4 ,! ext]nal di/9ctions ( ! two families are1 h[ev]1 equally pla94 ,! cass[>ies1 :5 adult1 be> a horny helmet on _! head2 !y h "s "p ( ! neck b>e1 g5]ally m or less ornam5t$ ) c>uncles1 & ! claw ( ! inn] toe is rem>kably elongat$4 ,! emeus h no helmet1 _! head is fea!r$1 _! neck has no c>uncles1 & _! inn] toes be> a claw ( no s+ul> "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--;,emeu4 ,! type ( ! ,casu>iidae is ! species nam$ by ,l9naeus ,/ru?io casu>ius & by ,john ,la?am ,casu>ius emeu4 ,vieillot subsequ5tly call$ x ,c4 galeatus1 & 8 epi!t has be5 v commonly adopt$ by writ]s1 to ! exclusion ( ! old] specific appellation4 ,x seems to be peculi> to ! isl& ( ,c]am1 & 0 made kn[n to naturali/s1 z we le>n f ,clusius1 9 #aeig1 by ! fir/ ,dut* exp$ition to ! ,ea/ ,indies1 :5 an example 0 br\ght f ,b&a1 :i!r x _h d\btless be5 convey$ f its native isl&4 ,x 0 said to h be5 call$ by ! inhabitants ,emeu1 or ,ema1 b ?is "n !y mu/ h _h f ! e>li] ,portuguese navigators4#d ,s9ce t "t examples h be5 cont9ually import$ into ,europe1 s t x has become "o ( ! be/-kn[n memb]s ( ! subclass ,ratitae4 ,= a long "t its glossy1 b co>se & hair-l1 black plumage1 its l(ty helmet1 ! gaudily-col\r$ c>uncles ( its neck1 & ! f\r or five b>bless quills :i* repres5t its w+-fea!rs1 made x appe> unique among birds4 ,b 9 #aheg ,dr ,george ,b5nett c]tifi$ ! exi/5ce ( a second & p]fectly di/9ct species ( cass[>y1 an inhabitant ( ,new ,brita91 :]e x 0 kn[n to ! natives z ! ,mooruk1 & 9 8 hon\r x 0 nam$ by ,john ,g\ld ,c4 b5netti4 ,sev]al examples 7 soon aft] receiv$ 9 ,engl&1 & ^! confirm$ ! view ( x already tak54 ,a consid]able numb] ( o!r species ( ! g5us h s9ce be5 describ$ f v>i\s localities 9 ! same subregion4 ,conspicu\s among !m f its l>ge size & l(ty helmet is ! ,c4 au/ralis1 f ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,au/ralia4 ,its exi/5ce inde$ _h be5 asc]ta9$1 by ,t4,s4 ,wall1 9 #ahed1 b ! specim5 obta9$ by t un=tunate explor] 0 lo/1 & x 0 n until #ahfg t an example 0 submitt$ to compet5t naturali/s4 ,n mu* seems to be kn[n ( ! habits ( any ( ! cass[>ies 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,?\gh ! old species occurs r pl5tifully ov] ! :ole ( ! int]ior ( ,c]am1 ,a4,r4 ,wallace 0 unable to obta9 or ev5 to see an example4 ,!y all appe> to be> captivity well1 & ! h5s 9 conf9em5t frequ5tly lay _! d>k-gre5 & r\gh-%ell$ eggs1 :i*1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ! ,ratitae1 are incubat$ by ! cocks4 ,! ne/l+ plumage is mottl$ 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc41 #ahfc1 pl4 xlii471 & :5 ab\t half-gr[n !y are clo!d 9 di%evell$ fea!rs ( a deep tawny col\r4 ,( ! emeus 7z ! ^w is n[ re/rict$7 ! be/ kn[n is ! ,casu>ius novae-holl&iae ( ,john ,la?am1 made by ,vieillot ! type ( 8 g5us ,dromaeus1#e :5ce ! "n ( ! family 7,dromaeidae7 is tak54 ,?is bird imm$iately aft] ! colonization ( ,new ,s\? ,wales 79 #aghh7 0 f\nd to inhabit ! s\?-ea/]n portion ( ,au/ralia1 :]e1 accord+ to ,john ,hunt] 7,hi/4 ,j\rn41 c41 pp4 #dji1 #dac71 ! natives call x ,m>acry1 ,m>ryang or ,m>oang2 b x has n[ be5 s hunt$ d[n t n an example rema9s at l>ge 9 ! di/ricts t h be5 fully settl$4 ,x is said to h exi/$ also on ! isl&s ( ,bass ,/raits & 9 ,tasmania1 b x has be5 ext]m9at$ 9 bo?1 )\t1 s f> z is kn[n1 any orni?ologi/ hav+ _h ! opportunity ( det]m9+ :e!r ! race inhabit+ ^? localities 0 specifically id5tical ) t ( ! ma9l& or di/9ct4 ,next to ! o/ri* ! l>ge/ ( exi/+ birds1 ! common emeu is an inhabitant ( ! m op5 c\ntry1 fe$+ on fruits1 roots & h]bage1 & g5]ally keep+ 9 small companies4 ,! ne/ is a %all[ pit scrap$ 9 ! gr\nd1 & f n9e to ?irte5 eggs1 9 col\r v>y+ f a blui%-gre5 to a d>k bottle-gre51 are laid !re94 ,^! are hat*$ by ! cock-bird1 ! p]iod ( incubation la/+ f #gj to #hj days4 ,! "y at bir? are /rip$ longitud9ally ) d>k m>k+s on a light gr\nd4 ,a rem>kable /ructure 9 ,dromaeus is a s+ul> op5+ 9 ! front ( ! w9dpipe1 communicat+ ) a tra*eal p\*4 ,?is has attract$ ! att5tion ( sev]al anatomi/s1 & has be5 well describ$ by ,dr ,murie 7,proc4 ,zool4 ,soc41 #ahfg1 pp4 #dje-dae74 ,v>i\s conjectures h be5 made z to its function1 ! mo/ probable ( :i* seems to be t x is an organ ( s\nd 9 ! bre$+-season1 at :i* "t ! h5-bird has long be5 kn[n to utt] a rem>kably l\d boom+ note4 ,due conv5i5ce be+ af=d$ to x1 ! emeu ?rives well1 & readily propagates its k9d 9 ,europe4 ,l o!r ,ratite birds x w take to ! wat]1 & examples h be5 se5 volunt>ily swimm+ a wide riv]4 7,a4 ,n47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,by ,moraes 7#agif7 & ,s\sa 7#ahcj7 ! ^w is said to be f ! ,arabic ,na'ama or ,na'ema1 an o/ri* 7,/ru?io camelus72 b no additional evid5ce 9 support ( ! ass]tion is giv5 by ,dozy 9 #ahfi 7,glossaire des mots espagnols et portugais d]ives de l'arabe1 #bnd ed41 p4 #bfj74 ,accord+ to ,gesn] 9 #aeee 7lib4 iii4 p4 #gji71 x 0 ! ,portuguese "n ( ! crane 7,grus communis71 & _h be5 transf]r$ ) ! qualify+ addition ( di ,gei 7i4e4 gr\nd-crane7 to ! o/ri*4 ,?is /atem5t is confirm$ by ,aldrov&us 7lib4 ix4 cap4 #b74 ,subsequ5tly1 b 9 :at ord] c sc>cely n[ be det]m9$1 ! "n 0 naturally en\gh us$ = ! o/ri*-l birds inhabit+ ! l&s discov]$ by ! ,portuguese1 bo? 9 ! ,old & 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,! la/ ( ^! are n[ kn[n z rheas1 & ! prec$+ z cass[>ies4 #b ,! figures are tak51 by p]mission1 f ,messrs ,mos5?al & ,h>t+'s ,o/ri*es & ,o/ri* ,f>m+ 7,trubn] ,co41 #ahgg74 #c ,ann4 & ,mag4 ,nat4 ,hi/4 s]4 #d1 xx4 p4 #ejj4 #d ,x is kn[n t ! ,portuguese prec$$ ! ,dut* 9 _! voyages to ! ,ea/1 & x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! latt] 7 assi/$ by pilots ( ! =m] nation1 ^: names = places & v>i\s natural objects w\ld be imp>t$ to _! employ]s 7see ,,dodo74 #e ,! obvi\s mispr9t ( ,dromeicus 9 ?is au?or's "w 7,analyse1 c41 p4 #ed7 0 fooli%ly foll[$ by _m naturali/s1 =getful t he correct$ x a few pages f>!r on 7p4 #gj7 to ,dromaius--! prop]ly lat9iz$ =m ( :i* is ,dromaeus4 ,,emigration 7f ,lat4 emigr>e2 e1 ex1 out (1 & migr>e1 to dep>t71 ! movem5t ( population out ( "o c\ntry into ano!r 7see ,,migration74 ,,emilia1 a t]ritorial division 7comp>tim5to7 ( ,italy1 b\nd$ by ,v5etia & ,lomb>dy on ! ,n41 ,liguria on ! ,w41 ,tuscany on ! ,s41 ! ,m>*es on ! ,s4,e41 & ! ,adriatic ,sea on ! ,e4 ,x has an area ( #gifg sq4 m41 & a population ( #b1dgg1fij 7#aija71 embrac+ eight prov9ces1 z foll[s3--7#a7 ,bologna 7pop4 #ebi1fab2 #fa communes72 7#b7 ,f]r>a 7#bgj1eeh2 #af communes72 7#c7 ,=li 7#bhc1iif2 #da communes72 7#d7 ,mod5a 7#cbc1eih2 #de communes72 7#e7 ,p>ma 7#cjc1fid2 #ej communes72 7#f7 ,piac5za 7#bej1dia2 #dg communes72 7#g7 ,rav5na 7#bcd1fef2 #ah communes72 7#h7 ,reggio nell' ,emilia 7#bha1jhe2 #dc communes74 ,9 ^! prov9ces ! *ief t[ns1 ) communal populations1 are z foll[s3-- 7#a7 ,bologna 7#adg1hih71 ,imola 7#cc1add71 ,budrio 7#ag1jgg71 ,s4 ,giovanni 9 ,p]siceto 7#ae1igh71 ,ca/elfranco 7#ac1dhd71 ,ca/el ,s4 ,pietro 7#ac1dbf71 ,m$ic9a 7#ab1ege71 ,mol9ella 7#ab1jha71 ,crevalcore 7#aa1djh74 7#b7 ,f]r>a 7#hf1fge71 ,copp>o 7#ci1bbb71 ,arg5ta 7#bj1dgd71 ,portomaggiore 7#bj1ada71 ,c5to 7#ai1jgh71 ,bond5o 7#ae1fhb71 ,comac*io 7#aj1gde74 7#c7 ,=li 7#dc1cba71 ,rim9i 7#dc1eie74 ,ces5a 7#db1eji74 7#d7 ,mod5a 7#fc1jab71 ,c>pi 7#bb1hgf71 ,mir&ola 7#ac1gba71 ,f9ale nell' ,emilia 7#ab1hif71 ,pavullo nel ,frignano 7#ab1jcd74 7#e7 ,p>ma 7#dh1ebc71 ,borgo ,s4 ,donn9o 7#ab1jai74 7#f7 ,piac5za 7#ce1fdg744 7#g7 ,rav5na 7#fc1cfd71 ,fa5za 7#ci1geg71 ,lugo 7#bg1bdd71 ,bagnacavallo 7#ae1agf71 ,brisighella 7#ac1hae71 ,alfons9e 7#aj1cfi74 7#h7 ,reggio nell' ,emilia 7#eh1iic71 ,correggio 7#ad1dde71 ,gua/alla 7#aa1jia74 ,! nor!rn portion ( ,emilia is entirely =m$ by a great pla9 /ret*+ f ! ,via ,aemilia to ! ,po2 its highe/ po9t is n m ?an #bjj ft4 above sea-level1 :ile along ! ,e4 coa/ are ! lagoons at ! m\? ( ! ,po & ^? call$ ! ,valli di ,comac*io to ! ,s4 ( !m1 & to ! ,s4 aga9 ! pla9 r\nd ,rav5na 7#aj ft471 :i* cont9ues z f> z ,rim9i1 :]e ! m\nta9s come d[n to ! coa/4 ,imm$iately to ! ,s4,e4 ( ! ,via ,aemilia ! m\nta9s beg9 to rise1 culm9at+ 9 ! c5tral *a9 ( ! ,ligurian & ,tuscan ,ap5n9es4 ,! b\nd>y ( ,emilia foll[s ! highe/ summits ( ! *a9 9 ! prov9ces ( ,p>ma1 ,reggio & ,mod5a1 pass+ ov] ! ,monte ,bue 7#eiae ft47 & ! ,monte ,cimone 7#gajc ft471 :ile 9 ! prov9ces ( ,bologna & ,=li x keeps some:at l[] along ! ,n4,e4 slopes ( ! *a94 ,) ! exception ( ! ,po1 ! ma9 riv]s ( ,emilia desc5d f ?is portion ( ! ,ap5n9es1 ! majority ( !m be+ tribut>ies ( ! ,po2 ! ,trebbia 7:i* rises 9 ! prov9ce ( ,g5oa71 ,t>o1 ,sec*ia & ,pan>o are ! mo/ important4 ,ev5 ! ,r5o1 ,ronco & ,montone1 :i* n[ fl[ directly into ! ,adriatic1 71 9 ,roman times1 tribut>ies ( ! ,po1 & ! ,savio & ,rubicone seem to be ! only /reams ( any importance f ^! slopes ( ! ,tuscan ,ap5n9es :i* ran directly into ! sea 9 ,roman times 7see ,,ap5n9es74 ,railway communication 9 ! pla9 ( ,emilia is unatt5d$ by eng9e]+ difficulties 7except = ! bridg+ ( riv]s7 & is ma9ly af=d$ by ! l9e f ,piac5za to ,rim9i4 ,?is1 z f> z ,bologna1 =ms "p ( ! ma9 r\te f ,milan to ,flor5ce & ,rome1 :ile beyond ,rim9i x foll[s ! ,s4,e4 coa/ ( ,italy pa/ ,ancona z f> z ,br9disi & ,lecce4 ,! description foll[s ?is ma9 l9e 9 a ,s4,e4 direction4 ,piac5za1 be+ imm$iately ,s4 ( a bridge ov] ! ,po1 is an important c5tre2 a l9e runs to ! ,w4 to ,vogh]a1 ?r\gh :i* x communicates ) ! l9es ( ,w4 ,lomb>dy & ,pi$mont1 & imm$iately ,n4 ( ! ,po a l9e goes (f to ,cremona4 ,a new bridge ov] ! ,po c>ries a direct l9e f ,cremona to ,borgo ,s4 ,donn9o4 ,f ,p>ma />ts a ma9 l9e1 foll[$ by expresses f ,milan to ,rome1 :i* crosses ! ,ap5n9es to ,spezia 7& ,s>zana1 = ,pisa & ,rome71 tunnell+ "u ! pass ( ,la ,cisa1 :ile 9 a ,n4 & ,n4,e4 direction l9es run to ,brescia & ,suzz>a4 ,f ,reggio bran* l9es run to ,gua/alla1 ,c>pi & ,sassuolo1 !re be+ also a l9e f ,sassuolo to ,mod5a4 ,at ,mod5a ! ma9 l9e to ,v]ona ?r\gh ,suzz>a & ,mantua div]ges to ! ,n42 !re is also a bran* ,n4,n4,e4 to ,mir&ola1 & ano!r ,s4 to ,vignola4 ,bologna is1 h[ev]1 ! mo/ important railway c5tre2 besides ! l9e ,s4 to ,pi/oia & ,flor5ce ov] ! ,ap5n9es & ! l9e ,s4,e4 to ,rim9i1 ,ancona & ,br9disi1 !re is ! ma9 l9e ,n4,n4,e4 to ,f]r>a1 ,padua & ,v5ice1 & !re are bran*es to ,budrio & ,portomaggiore to ! ,n4,e41 & to ,s4 ,felice sul ,pan>o & ,poggio ,rusco to ! ,n41 :i* connect ! ma9 l9es ( ! di/rict4 ,at ,ca/el ,bolognese1 #e m4 ,n4,w4 ( ,fa5za1 a bran* goes (f to ,lugo1 :5ce !re are connexions ) ,budrio1 ,lavezzola 7on ! l9e betwe5 ,rav5na & ,f]r>a7 & ,rav5na1 & at ,fa5za a l9e1 n trav]s$ by express tra9s1 goes across ! ,ap5n9es to ,flor5ce4 ,rim9i is connect$ by a direct l9e ) ,rav5na & ,f]r>a2 & ,f]r>a1 besides ! ma9 l9e ,s4,s4,w4 to ,bologna & ,n4 by ,e4 to ,padua1 has a bran* to ,poggio ,rusco1 :i* goes on to ,suzz>a1 a /ation on ! ma9 l9e betwe5 ,mod5a & ,v]ona4 ,!re are also _m /eam tramways 9 ! flatt] "p ( ! prov9ce1 ! f]tility & agricultural activity ( :i* are consid]able4 ,! ma9 products ( ! pla9 are c]eals1 w9e1 &1 9 ! m>%y di/ricts ne> ! ,po1 rice2 ! sy/em prevail+ is t ( ! mezzadria--half ! produce to ! own] & half to ! cultivator4 ,! anci5t ,roman divisions ( ! fields are /ill pres]v$ 9 "s places4 ,!re are also consid]able pa/ures1 & *eese is produc$1 especially ,p>mesan4 ,flax1 hemp & silkworms are also cultivat$1 & a consid]able quantity ( p\ltry kept4 ,! hill di/ricts produce c]eals1 v9es1 olives & fruit2 :ile on ! m\nta9s are consid]able *e/nut & o!r =e/s1 & ext5sive summ] pa/ures1 ! flocks go+ 9 "p to ! ,m>emma 9 summ]1 & 9 "p to ! pa/ures ( ! pla9 ( ! ,emilia4 ,! "n ,emilia comes f ! ,via ,aemilia 7q4v471 ! ,roman road f ,arim9um to ,plac5tia1 :i* trav]s$ ! entire di/rict f ,s4,e4 to ,n4,w41 its l9e be+ closely foll[$ by ! mod]n railway4 ,! "n 0 transf]r$ to ! di/rict 7:i* =m$ ! eigh? ,augu/an region ( ,italy7 z e>ly z ! "t ( ,m>tial1 9 popul> usage 7,epigr4 vi4 #he4 #e71 & 9 ! #bnd & #crd c5turies x is frequ5tly nam$ z a di/rict "u imp]ial judges 7iuridici71 g5]ally 9 comb9ation ) ,flam9ia or ,liguria & ,tuscia4 ,! di/rict ( ,rav5na 01 z a rule1 f ! #crd to ! #e? c5tury1 n treat$ z "p ( ,aemilia1 ! *ief t[n ( ! latt] be+ ,plac5tia4 ,9 ! #d? c5tury ,aemilia & ,liguria 7 jo9$ to =m a consul> prov9ce2 aft] t ,aemilia /ood alone1 ,rav5na be+ sometimes tempor>ily add$ to x4 ,! b\nd>ies ( ! anci5t di/rict correspond approximately ) ^? ( ! mod]n4 ,9 ! ,byzant9e p]iod ,rav5na became ! seat ( an ex>*2 & aft] ! ,lomb>ds _h = two c5turies attempt$ to subdue ! ,p5tapolis 7,rav5na1 ,bologna1 ,=li1 ,fa5za1 ,rim9i71 ,pipp9 took ^! cities f ,ai/ulf & gave !m1 ) ! ,m>* ( ,ancona1 to ! papacy 9 #gee1 to :i*1 "u ! "n ( ,romagna1 !y cont9u$ to belong4 ,at fir/1 h[ev]1 ! ar*bi%op ( ,rav5na 0 9 reality supreme4 ,! o!r *ief cities ( ,emilia--,f]r>a1 ,mod5a1 ,reggio1 ,p>ma1 ,piac5za--71 on ! o!r h&1 indep5d5t1 & 9 ! p]iod ( ! communal indep5d5ce ( ! individual t[ns ( ,italy ea* ( ! *ief cities ( ,emilia1 :e!r belong+ to ,romagna or n1 _h a hi/ory ( its own2 &1 not)/&+ ! feuds ( ,guelphs & ,ghibell9es1 prosp]$ consid]ably4 ,! /udy ( ,roman law1 especially at ,bologna1 acquir$ great importance4 ,! imp]ial influ5ce kept ! papal p[] 9 *eck4 ,ni*olas ,,iii4 obta9$ control ( ! ,romagna 9 #abgh1 b ! papal dom9ion almo/ fell dur+ ! ,avignon p]iod1 & 0 only ma9ta9$ by ! ef=ts ( ,c>d9al ,albornoz1 a ,spani>d s5t to ,italy by ,innoc5t ,,vi4 9 #acec4 ,ev5 s1 h[ev]1 ! papal supremacy 0 little m ?an a "n2 & ?is /ate ( ?+s only ceas$ :5 ,caes> ,borgia1 ! natural son ( ,alex&] ,,vi41 cru%$ mo/ ( ! petty pr9ces ( ,romagna1 int5d+ to f\nd !re a dyna/y ( 8 own2 b on ! dea? ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 x 0 8 successors 9 ! papacy :o c>ri$ on & pr(it$ by :at ,caes> ,borgia _h begun4 ,! t[ns 7 !nce=? subject to ! *ur* & adm9i/]$ by c>d9al legates4 ,f]r>a & ,comac*io rema9$ "u ! h\se ( ,e/e until ! dea? ( ,alphonso ,,ii4 9 #aeig1 :5 !y 7 claim$ by ,pope ,clem5t ,,viii4 z vacant fiefs4 ,mod5a & ,reggio1 :i* _h =m$ "p ( ! ,f]r>a du*y1 7 !nce=? a sep>ate du*y "u a bran* ( ! h\se ( ,e/e1 :i* 0 desc5d$ f a natural son ( ,alphonso ,i4 ,c>pi & ,mir&ola 7 small pr9cipalities1 ! =m] ( :i* pass$ to ! h\se ( ,e/e 9 #aebe1 9 :i* ye> ,*>les ,v4 expell$ ! ,pio family1 :ile ! la/ ( ! ,pico dyna/y ( ,mir&ola1 ,francesco ,m>ia1 hav+ sid$ ) ! ,fr5* 9 ! w> ( ,spani% ,succession1 0 depriv$ ( 8 du*y 9 #agji by ! emp]or ,joseph ,i41 :o sold x to ! h\se ( ,e/e 9 #agaj4 ,p>ma & ,piac5za 7 at fir/ "u ! ,f>nese1 ,pope ,paul ,,iii4 hav+ plac$ 8 natural son ,pi] ,luigi !re9 #aede1 & !n1 aft] ! ext9ction ( ! family 9 #agca1 "u a second>y bran* ( ! ,b\rbons ( ,spa94 ,9 #agif-ahad1 ,emilia 0 fir/ incorporat$ 9 ! ,italian republic & !n 9 ! ,napoleonic ,italian k+dom2 aft] #ahae !re 0 a return to ! /atus quo ante1 ,romagna return+ to ! papacy & its ecclesia/ical gov]nm5t1 ! du*y ( ,p>ma be+ giv5 to ,m>ie ,l\ise1 wife ( ! depos$ ,napoleon1 & ,mod5a to ! ar*duke ,francis ( ,au/ria1 ! heir ( ! la/ ,e/e4 ,9 ,romagna & ,mod5a ! gov]nm5t 0 oppressive1 arbitr>y1 corrupt & unprogressive1 :ile 9 ,p>ma ?+s 7 bett]4 ,9 #ahba & #ahca !re 7 unsuccessful attempts at revolt 9 ,emilia1 :i* 7 /]nly & cruelly repress$2 *ronic discont5t cont9u$ & ! p jo9$ aga9 9 ! movem5t ( #ahdh-ahdi1 :i* 0 cru%$ by ,au/rian troops4 ,9 #ahei ! /ruggle = indep5d5ce 0 f9ally successful1 ,emilia pass+ to ! ,italian k+dom almo/ )\t resi/ance4 ,,em95ce 7,lat4 em95tia71 a title ( hon\r n[ conf9$ to ! c>d9als ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,x 0 orig9ally giv5 z a complim5t>y title to emp]ors1 k+s1 & !n to less conspicu\s p]sons4 ,! ,roman empire ( ! #d? c5tury adopt$ f ! vanity ( ! ,ea/ ! =ms & c]emonies ( o/5tati\s greatness4 ,gibbon includes 9 ! pr(usion ( epi!ts by :i* ! purity ( ! ,lat9 language 0 debas$1 & :i* 7 lavi%$ on ! pr9cipal (fic]s ( ! empire1 y\r ,s9c]ity1 y\r ,gravity1 y\r ,excell5cy1 y\r ,em95ce1 y\r sublime & wond]ful ,magnitude1 y\r illu/ri\s & magnific5t ,highness4 ,f ! notitia dignitatum x pass$ into ! ,lat9 ( ! middle ages z a flatt]+ epi!t1 & 0 appli$ 9 ! *ur* & by ! popes to ! dignifi$ cl]gy at l>ge1 & sometimes z a pure =m ( civility to *ur*m5 ( mode/ rank4 ,on ! #aj? ( ,june #afcj1 ,urban ,,viii4 conf9$ ! use ( ! titles ,em95tiae & ,em95tissimi to ! c>d9als1 to imp]ial electors1 & to ! ma/] ( ! ,hospital ( ,/ ,john ( ,j]usalem 7ord] ( ! ,knights ( ,malta74 ,s9ce ! dissolution ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 & ! entire *ange1 if n actual de/ruction1 ( ! ord] ( ,/ ,john1 ! title em95ce has become /rictly conf9$ to ! c>d9als4 ,be=e #afcj ! memb]s ( ! ,sacr$ ,college 7 ,illu/rissimi & ,rev]5dissimi4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n correct to speak ( a c>d9al :o liv$ be=e t "t z 8 ,em95ce4 ,see du ,cange1 ,gloss>ium m$iae et infimae lat9itatis 7,niort & ,london1 #ahhd71 s4v4 ,em95tia4 ,,em95t ,,doma9 7,lat4 em95s1 ris+ high above surr\nd+ objects3 & dom9ium1 doma971 a t]m appli$ 9 law to ! sov]eign "r ( a /ate to appropriate private prop]ty to public uses1 :e!r ! own] cons5ts or n4 ,x is repeat$ly employ$ by ,grotius 7e4g4 ,de jure belli1 bk4 iii4 c4 #bj1 s4 #g71 ,bynk]%oek 7,quae/4 jur4 pub4 bk4 #b1 c4 #ae71 & ,puff5dorf 7,de jure naturae et g5tium1 bk4 i4 c4 #a1 s4 #ai71--! two latt]1 h[ev]1 pref]r+ ! ^w imp]ium to dom9ium2 & by o!r ,dut* juri/s4 ,b 9 mod]n times x is *iefly 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica t ! doctr9e ( em95t doma9 has receiv$ its application1 & x is *iefly to ,am]ican law t ! foll[+ rem>ks ref] 7see also ! article ,,comp5sation74 ,em95t doma9 is di/+ui%able alike f ! police p[]1 by :i* re/rictions are impos$ on private prop]ty 9 ! public int]e/1 e4g4 9 connexion ) ! liquor traffic or public heal? 7see re ,haff 7#aijd71 #aig ,u4,s4 #dhh72 f ! p[] ( taxation1 by :i* ! own] ( private prop]ty is compell$ to contribute a portion ( x = public purposes2 & f ! w>-p[]1 involv+ ! de/ruction ( private prop]ty 9 ! c\rse ( milit>y op]ations4 ,! police p[] fett]s rights ( prop]ty2 em95t doma9 takes !m away4 ,! p[] ( taxation is analog\s to em95t doma9 z reg>ds ! purposes to :i* ! contribution ( ! tax-pay] is to be appli$4 ,b1 unlike em95t doma91 x does n necess>ily involve a tak+ ( specific prop]ty = ^? purposes4 ,! de/ruction ( prop]ty 9 milit>y op]ations--or 9 ! dis*>ge by ,gov]nm5t ( o!r duties 9 cases ( necessity1 e4g4 9 ord] to *eck ! progress ( a fire 9 a city--cle>ly _c be said to be an ex]cise ( ! p[] ( em95t doma94 ,! "q :e!r ! elem5t ( comp5sation is necess>ily involv$ 9 ! idea ( em95t doma9 has 9 mod]n times ar\s$ mu* controv]sy4 ,accord+ to "o s*ool ( ?\ght 7see ,lewis1 ,em95t ,doma91 s4 #aj71 ?is "q mu/ be answ]$ 9 ! negative4 ,accord+ to a second1 ^: view has ! support ( ! civilians 7see ,r&olph1 ,em95t ,doma91 s4 #bbg2 ,mills1 ,em95t ,doma91 s4 #a7 comp5sation is an inh]5t attribute ( ! p[]4 ,an int]m$iate view is advocat$ by ,pr(essor ,?ay] 7,cases on ,con/itutional ,law1 vol4 #a1 #iec71 accord+ to :i* em95t doma9 spr+s f ! necessities ( gov]nm5t1 :ile ! obligation to reimburse re/s ^u ! natural "r ( individuals4 ,! "r to comp5sation is ?us n a compon5t "p ( ! p[] to take1 b arises at ! same "t & ! latt] _c exi/ )\t x4 ,! relation betwe5 ! two is t ( sub/ance & %ad[4 ,! matt] is n1 h[ev]1 ( great practical importance1 = ! ,f$]al ,con/itution prohibits ! ex]cise ( ! p[] )\t j comp5sation 7#e? ,am5dm5t71 :ile 9 mo/ ( ! /ates ! ,/ate con/itution or o!r legislation has impos$ ^u x a simil> limitation3 & ! t5d5cy ( mod]n judicial decisions is 9 fav\r ( ! view t ! abs5ce ( su* a limitation w make an enactm5t s f> uncon/itutional & invalid4 ,9 ord] to ju/ify ! ex]cise ( ! p[] ( em95t doma91 ! purposes to :i* ! prop]ty tak5 is to be appli$ mu/ be public1 i4e4 prim>ily public1 & n prim>ily ( private int]e/ & m]ely incid5tally b5eficial to ! public 7,madisonville ,traction ,co4 v4 ,m9+ ,co41 #aijd1 #aif ,u4,s4 #bci74 ,subject to ?is def9ition1 ! t]m public receives a wide int]pretation4 ,all k9ds ( prop]ty may be tak52 & ! proc$ure indicat$ by ! diff]5t legislatures mu/ be foll[$4 ,any contrav5tion ( ?is rule w\ld involve a brea* ( ! #e? ,am5dm5t ( ! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 :i* provides t no p]son 444 %all be 444 depriv$ ( 444 prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law4 ,x may be add$ t if ! p]=mance ( a cov5ant is r5d]$ impossible by an act ( em95t doma9 ! cov5antor is excus$4 ,9 ,engli% law1 ! only exact analogue to ! doctr9e ( em95t doma9 is to be f\nd 9 ! pr]ogative "r ( ! cr[n to ent] ^u ! l&s ( subjects or to int]f]e ) _! enjoym5t = ! def5ce ( ! realm 7see ,a4,g4 v4 ,toml9e2 #ahgi2 #ab ,*4 ,d4 #bad74 ,no attempt is made to ex]cise ?is pr]ogative1 & l&s are acquir$ = /ate purposes by /atute usually fram$ on or incorporat+ ! ,l&s ,clauses ,acts 7see ,,comp5sation74 ,! ,fr5* ,code ,civil secures comp5sation to ! own] ( prop]ty 9 cases ( expropriation p\r cause d'utilite publique 7art4 #ede71 & !re is simil> provision 9 ,belgium 7,con/4 ,law1 art4 ,,ii471 ,holl& 7,fundam5tal ,law1 art4 #adg71 ,spa9 7,civil ,code1 art4 #cdi1 & ,law ( #crd ,may1 #ahda71 & mo/ o!r ,european /ates4 ,x has be5 held 9 ,france t ! "r to comp5sation does n arise "u art4 #ede ( ! ,code ,civil :]e only a s]vitude d'utilite publique is creat$ on a private individual's l&4 ,9 addition to ! au?orities cit$ 9 ! text1 see ,lewis1 ,em95t ,doma9 7#bnd ed41 ,*icago1 #aijj72 ,mills1 ,em95t ,doma9 7#bnd ed41 ,/ ,l\is1 #ahhh72 ,r&olph1 ,em95t ,doma9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,bo/on1 #ahid74 7,a4 ,w4 ,r47 ,,em9escu1 ,,mi*ail 7#ahdi-ahhi71 ! greate/ ,rumanian poet ( ! #ai? c5tury1 0 born on ! #bj? ( ,decemb] 9 ,ipate%ti ne> ,boto%ani1 9 ! nor? ( ,moldavia4 ,he 0 ( ,turco-,tat> orig91 & 8 surname 0 orig9ally ,em92 ?is 0 *ang$ to ,em9ovi* & f9ally to ! ,rumanian =m ,em9escu4 ,he 0 educat$ = a "t 9 ,cz]n[itz1 & !n ent]$ ! civil s]vice4 ,9 #ahfd he resum$ 8 /udies 9 ,transylvania1 b soon jo9$ a rov+ !atrical company :]e he play$ 9 turn ! roles ( actor1 prompt] & /age-manag]4 ,aft] a few ye>s he w5t to ,vi5na1 ,j5a & ,b]l91 :]e he att5d$ lectures1 especially on philosophy4 ,9 #ahgd he 0 appo9t$ s*ool inspector & libr>ian at ! univ]sity ( ,jassy1 b 0 soon turn$ out ?r\gh ! *ange ( gov]nm5t1 & took *>ge1 z editor 9 *ief1 ( ! ,cons]vative pap] ,timpul 7,times74 ,9 #ahhc he _h ! fir/ attack ( ! insanity h]$it>y 9 8 family1 & 9 #ahhi he di$ 9 a private in/itution 9 ,bu*>e/4 ,9 #ahgj 8 great poetical tal5t 0 reveal$ by two contributions to ! ,convorbiri lit]>e1 ! organ ( ! ,junimi/ p>ty 9 ,jassy2 ^! 7 ! poems ,v5]a si ,madona & ,epigonii4 ,o!r poems foll[$ & soon e/abli%$ 8 claim to be ! fir/ among ! mod]n poets ( 8 c\ntry4 ,he 0 ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) ! *ronicles ( ! pa/1 _h a complete ma/]y ( ! ,rumanian language1 & 0 a lov] & admir] ( ,rumanian popul> poetry4 ,influ5c$ by ^! /udies & by ! philosophy ( ,s*op5hau]1 he introduc$ a new _s into ,rumanian poetry4 ,my/ically incl9$ & himself ( a melan*oly disposition1 he liv$ 9 ! glory ( ! m$ieval ,rumanian pa/2 /ifl$ by ! artificiality ( ! _w ar\nd him1 he rebell$ aga9/ ! conv5tionality ( society & 8 surr\nd+s4 ,9 inimitable language he d5\nc$ ! vil5ess ( ! pres5t & pa9t$ 9 gl[+ pictures ! h]oism ( ! pa/2 he also surpris$ nature 9 its primitive beauty1 & he gave expression to /irr+ emotions 9 lyrics c\*$ 9 ! language & metre ( popul> poetry4 ,he fur!r prov$ himself an unsurpass$ ma/] 9 satire4 ,ov] all 8 poetry hangs a cl\d ( sadness1 ! s5se ( com+ doom4 ,simplicity ( language1 ma/]ly h&l+ ( rhyme & v]se1 deep ?\ght & pla/ic expression made ,em9escu ! creator ( a s*ool ( poetry :i* dom9at$ ! ?\ght ( ,rumania & ! expression ( ,rumanian writ]s & poets at ! end ( ! #ai? c5tury & ! beg9n+ ( ! #bj?4 ,five editions ( 8 collect$ poems appe>$ aft] #ahij4 ,"s ( !m 7 translat$ into ,g]man by ,c>m5 ,sylva & ,mite ,kremnitz1 & o!rs h also be5 translat$ into sev]al o!r languages4 ,em9escu also wrote two %ort novels1 real poems 9 prose 7,jassy1 #ahij74 7,m4 ,g47 ,,em9 ,,pa%a ,,edu>d ,,s*nitz] 7#ahdj-ahib71 ,g]man travell]1 adm9i/rator & naturali/1 0 ! son ( ,ludwig ,s*nitz]1 a m]*ant ( ,oppeln 9 ,silesia1 & 0 born 9 ,oppeln on ! #bh? ( ,m>* #ahdj4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! univ]sities ( ,breslau1 ,b]l9 & ,konigsb]g1 & took ! degree ( ,m4,d4 at ,b]l94 ,he display$ an e>ly pr$ilection = zoology & orni?ology1 & 9 lat] life became a skill$ & en?usia/ic collector1 p>ticul>ly ( ,african plants & birds4 ,:5 he 0 f\r-&-tw5ty he det]m9$ to seek 8 =tunes abroad1 & made 8 way to ,turkey1 :]e1 aft] practis+ m$ic9e on 8 own acc\nt = a %ort "t1 he 0 appo9t$ 79 #ahfe7 qu>ant9e m$ical (fic] at ,antiv>i4 ,! duties ( ! po/ 7 n heavy1 & all[$ him leisure = a dilig5t /udy ( ,turki%1 ,arabic & ,p]sian4 ,f #ahgj to #ahgd he 0 9 ! s]vice ( ! gov]nor ( nor!rn ,albania1 _h adopt$ a ,turki% "n 7?\gh n t by :i* he aft]w>ds became s widely kn[n71 & 0 practically naturaliz$ z a ,turk4 ,aft] a visit home 9 #ahge he w5t to ,cairo1 & !n to ,kh>tum1 9 ! hope ( an opportunity = travell+ 9 ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,?is came to him 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 :5 ,g5]al ,*>les ,george ,gordon1 :o _h rec5tly succe$$ ,sir ,samuel ,bak] z gov]nor ( ! equatorial prov9ces ( ,egypt1 invit$ ,s*nitz]1 :o 0 n[ kn[n z ,em9 ,eff5di1 to jo9 him at ,lado on ! upp] ,nile4 ,al?\gh nom9ally ,gordon's m$ical (fic]1 ,em9 0 soon entru/$ ) political missions ( "s importance to ,ug&a & ,unyoro4 ,9 ^! he acquitt$ himself s well t :51 9 #ahgh1 ,gordon's successor at ,lado 0 depriv$ ( 8 (fice on acc\nt ( malpractices 7,gordon himself hav+ be5 made gov]nor-g5]al ( ! ,sudan71 ,em9 0 *os5 to fill ! po/ ( gov]nor ( ! ,equatorial ,prov9ce 7i4e4 ! old equatorial prov9ces m9us ! ,bahr-el-,ghazal7 & giv5 ! title ( bey4 ,he prov$ an en]getic & ent]pris+ gov]nor2 inde$1 8 ent]prise on m ?an "o occasion br\ght him into conflict ) ,gordon1 :o ev5tually decid$ to remove ,em9 to ,suak94 ,be=e ! *ange c\ld be effect$1 h[ev]1 ,gordon resign$ 8 po/ 9 ! ,sudan1 & 8 successor revok$ ! ord]4 ,! next ?ree or f\r ye>s 7 employ$ by ,em9 9 v>i\s j\rneys ?r\gh 8 prov9ce1 & 9 ! initiation ( s*emes = its developm5t1 until 9 #ahhb1 on 8 return f a visit to ,kh>tum1 he became aw>e t ! ,mahdi/ ris+1 :i* _h orig9at$ 9 ,kord(an1 0 spread+ s\?w>d4 ,! effect ( ! ris+ 01 ( c\rse1 m m>k$ly felt 9 ,em9's prov9ce aft] ! ab&onm5t ( ! ,sudan by ! ,egyptian gov]nm5t 9 #ahhd4 ,he 0 oblig$ to give up sev]al ( 8 /ations 9 face ( ! ,mahdi/ advance1 & ultimately to retire f ,lado1 :i* _h be5 8 capital1 to ,wadelai4 ,?is la/ /ep foll[$ ^u 8 receipt ( a lett] f ,nub> ,pa%a1 in=m+ him t x 0 impossible = ! ,egyptian gov]nm5t to s5d him help1 & t he mu/ /ay 9 8 prov9ce or retire t[>ds ! coa/ z be/ he c\ld4 ,em9 7:o ab\t ?is "t 0 rais$ to ! rank ( pa%a7 _h "s ?\ghts ( a retreat to ,zanzib>1 b decid$ to rema9 :]e he 0 & endeav\r to hold 8 own4 ,to ?is end he c>ri$ on protract$ negotiations ) neighb\r+ native pot5tates4 ,:51 9 #ahhg1 7,sir7 ,h4,m4 ,/anley's exp$ition 0 on its way to relieve him1 x is cle> f ,em9's di>y t he _h no wi% to leave 8 prov9ce1 ev5 if reliev$4 ,he _h done good "w !re1 & e/abli%$ a position :i* he believ$ himself able to ma9ta94 ,he hop$1 h[ev]1 t ! pres5ce ( ,/anley's =ce1 :5 x came1 w\ld /r5g!n 8 position2 b ! condition ( ! reliev+ p>ty1 :5 x arriv$ 9 ,april #ahhh1 did n seem to ,em9 to promise ?is4 ,/anley's proposal to ,em91 z /at$ 9 ! latt]'s di>y1 0 t ,em9 %\ld ei!r rema9 z gov]nor-g5]al on behalf ( ! k+ ( ! ,belgians1 or e/abli% himself on ,victoria ,nyanza on behalf ( a gr\p ( ,engli% m]*ants :o wi%$ to />t an ent]prise 9 ,africa on ! model ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company4 ,aft] mu* hesitation1 & prompt$ by a gr[+ disaffection among/ ! natives 7ow+1 z he ma9ta9$1 to 8 loss ( pre/ige aft] ! arrival ( ,/anley's =ce71 ,em9 decid$ to accompany ,/anley to ! coa/1 :]e ! exp$ition arriv$ 9 ,decemb] #ahhi4 ,un=tunately1 on ! ev5+ ( a reception d9n] giv5 9 8 hon\r1 ,em9 met ) an accid5t :i* result$ 9 fracture ( ! skull4 ,c>eful nurs+ gradually re/or$ him to heal?1 & on 8 convalesc5ce he resolutely ma9ta9$ 8 decision to rema9 9 ,africa1 &1 if possible1 to "w !re 9 future on behalf ( ! ,g]man gov]nm5t4 ,! seal 0 def9itely set ^u ?is decision by 8 =mal engagem5t on behalf ( 8 native c\ntry1 e>ly 9 #ahij4 ,prep>ations = a new exp$ition into ! int]ior 7 set on foot1 & mean:ile ,em9 0 hon\r$ 9 v>i\s ways by le>n$ societies 9 ,g]many & else:]e4 ,! object ( ! new exp$ition 0 7to quote ,em9's in/ructions7 to secure on behalf ( ,g]many ! t]ritories situat$ s\? ( & along ,victoria ,nyanza up to ,alb]t ,nyanza1 & to make kn[n to ! population !re t !y 7 plac$ "u ,g]man supremacy & protection1 & to break or und]m9e ,arab influ5ce z f> z possible4 ,! =ce1 :i* 0 well equipp$1 />t$ at ! end ( ,april #ahij4 ,b be=e x _h p5etrat$ f> inl& ! political reasons = s5d+ ! exp$ition vani%$ ) ! signature1 on ! #a/ ( ,july #ahij1 ( ! ,anglo-,g]man agreem5t def9+ ! sph]es ( influ5ce ( ! two nations1 an agreem5t :i* exclud$ ! ,alb]t ,nyanza region f ! ,g]man sph]e4 ,= a "t ?+s w5t well en\gh ) ! exp$ition2 ,em9 occupi$ ! important t[n ( ,tabora on ! r\te f ! coa/ to ,tanganyika & e/abli%$ ! po/ ( ,bukoba on ,victoria ,nyanza1 b by degrees ill-=tune cl\d$ its prospects4 ,difficulties on ! r\te2 diss5sions betwe5 ,em9 & ! au?orities 9 ,g]man ,ea/ ,africa1 & misund]/&+s on ! "p ( bo?2 epidemics ( disease 9 ,em9's =ce1 foll[$ by a gr[+ _s ( mut9y among 8 native foll[]s2 an illness ( a pa9ful nature :i* attack$ him--all ^! gradually und]m9$ ,em9's c\rage1 & 8 di>ies at ! close ( #ahia reflect a gloomy & almo/ hopeless _s4 ,9 ,may t ye> he _h cross$ into ! ,congo ,/ate by ! s\? %ore ( ,alb]t ,edw>d ,nyanza1 & _m mon?s 7 sp5t on ! bord]s ( ! great ,congo ,=e/ & 9 ! ,undusuma c\ntry s\?-we/ ( ,alb]t ,nyanza1 break+ gr\nd new to ,europeans4 ,9 ,decemb] #ahia he s5t (f 8 companion1 ,dr ,/uhlmann1 ) ! bulk ( ! c>avan1 on ! way back to ! ea/ coa/4 ,em9 rema9$ beh9d ) ! sick1 & ) a v r$uc$ foll[+ left ! lake di/rict 9 ,m>* #ahib = ! ,congo riv]4 ,on rea*+ ,ipoto on ! ,ituri he came )9 ! region ( ! ,arab slave raid]s & ivory hunt]s1 9 ^: company he at times travell$4 ,^! g5try 7 inc5s$ aga9/ ,em9 = ! en]getic way 9 :i* he _h dealt ) _! comrades :ile 9 ,g]man t]ritory1 & aga9/ ,europeans g5]ally by ! campaign = _! suppression begun by ! ,congo ,/ate4 ,at ! in/igation ( "o ( ^! ,arabs ,em9 0 murd]$ on ! #bcrd or #bd? ( ,octob] #ahib at ,k95a1 a place ab\t #hj m4 ,e4,s4,e4 ( ,/anley ,falls4 ,see ,em9 ,pa%a1 8 ,life & ,"w1 by ,georg ,s*weitz]1 ) introduction by ,r4,w4 ,felk9 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahih72 ,em9 ,pa%a 9 ,c5tral ,africa 7,london1 #ahhh71 a collection ( ,em9's pap]s contribut$ to sci5tific j\rnals2 & ,mit ,em9 ,pas*a ins ,h]z von ,afrika 7,b]l91 #ahid71 by ,dr ,franz ,/uhlmann4 ,major ,g4 ,casati 7#ahch-aijb71 an ,italian (fic] :o sp5t sev]al ye>s ) ,em91 & accompani$ him & ,/anley to ! coa/1 n>rat$ 8 exp]i5ces 9 ,dieci anni 9 ,equatoria 7,engli% edition1 ,t5 ,ye>s 9 ,equatoria & ! ,return ) ,em9 ,pa%a1 ,london1 #ahia74 ,,emlyn1 ,,?omas 7#affc-agda71 ,engli% noncon=mi/ div9e1 0 born at ,/am=d1 ,l9coln%ire4 ,he s]v$ z *apla9 to ! presbyt]ian ,letitia1 c\ntess ( ,donegal1 & !n to ,sir ,rob]t ,ri*1 aft]w>ds 7#afia7 becom+ colleague to ,joseph ,boyse1 presbyt]ian m9i/] 9 ,dubl94 ,f ?is (fice he 0 virtually dismiss$ on 8 own confession ( unit>ianism1 & = publi%+ ,an ,humble ,inquiry into ! ,scripture ,acc\nt ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 7#agjb7 0 s5t5c$ to a ye>'s imprisonm5t & a f9e ( ,l#ajjj4 ,?anks to ! int]v5tion ( ,boyse he 0 releas$ 9 #agje on paym5t ( ,l#ij4 ,he is said to h be5 ! fir/ ,engli% prea*] def9itely to describe himself z unit>ian1 & writes 9 8 di>y1 ,i ?ank ,god t ,he did n call me to ?is lot ( suff]+ till ,i _h arriv$ at maturity ( judgm5t & firmness ( resolution1 & t ,he did n des]t me :5 my fri5ds did4 ,he nev] let me be s ca/ d[n z to r5\nce ! tru? or to wav] 9 my fai?4 ,( ,*ri/ he writes1 ,we may reg>d ) f]v5t gratitude s great a b5efactor1 b our e/eem & rational love mu/ asc5d high] & n re/ till x c5tre 9 8 ,god & ours4 ,emlyn prea*$ a good deal 9 ,paul's ,alley1 ,b>bican1 9 8 lat] ye>s1 & di$ 9 ,london 9 #agda4 ,,emmanuel1 or ,,immanuel1 a ,hebrew symbolical prop] "n1 mean+ ,god 7is7 ) u4 ,:5 9 #gcd-gcc ,b4,c4 ,ahaz1 k+ ( ,judah1 al>m$ at ! prep>ations made aga9/ him by ! ,syro-,ephraimiti% alliance1 0 incl9$ to seek aid f ,tigla?-piles] ( ,assyria1 ! prophet ,isaiah endeav\r$ to allay 8 fe> by tell+ him t ! dang] w\ld pass away1 & z a sign f ,yahweh t ?is %\ld be s1 any "y woman :o %\ld )9 ! ye> be> a son1 might call 8 "n ,immanuel 9 tok5 ( ! div9e protection accord$ to ,judah4 ,= be=e ! infant %\ld come to ev5 ! immature intellig5ce ( *ildhood ! l&s ( ! foe w\ld be laid wa/e 7,isaiah vii4 #ad-af74 ,= o!r int]pretations1 especially z reg>ds ! "m1 see ,ency4 ,bib4 col4 #bafb-c1 & ! comm5t>ies4 ,9 ! po/-exilic p]iod ! hi/orical mean+ ( ! passage 0 =gott51 & a new significance 0 giv5 to x 9 accordance ) ! gradually develop+ es*atological doctr9e4 ,?is new int]pretation f9ds expression 9 ,matt4 i4 #bc1 :]e ! "n is appli$ to ,jesus z ! ,messiah4 ,at ! close ( ,isaiah viii4 #h = ( ?y l&1 ,o ,immanuel1 we %\ld probably read ( ! l&1 = ,god is ) u4 ,! ?ree passages quot$ are ! only in/ances :]e ?is ^w occurs 9 ,scripture2 x is frequ5t 9 hymns & devotional lit]ature z a title ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,,emmanuel ,,philib]t 7#aebh-aehj71 duke ( ,savoy1 son ( ,*>les ,,iii4 & ,beatrice ( ,portugal1 "o ( ! mo/ r5[n$ pr9ces ( ! lat] ,r5aissance1 0 born on ! #h? ( ,july #aebh4 ,*>les1 aft] try+ 9 va9 to rema9 neutral 9 ! w>s betwe5 ,france & ! emp]or ,*>les ,v41 _h be5 =c$ to side ) ! latt]1 :]eupon 8 du*y 0 ov]run ) =eign soldi]y & became ! battlefield ( ! rival armies4 ,pr9ce ,emmanuel took s]vice ) ! emp]or 9 #aede & di/+ui%$ himself 9 ,g]many1 ,france & ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r 9 #aeec he succe$$ to ! title1 little m ?an an empty "o1 & cont9u$ 9 ! emp]or's s]vice4 ,hav+ be5 refus$ ! comm& ( ! imp]ial troops 9 ,pi$mont1 he tri$ 9 va9 to negotiate a sep>ate peace ) ,france2 b 9 #aeef ,france & ,spa9 conclud$ a five ye>s' truce1 by :i* ea* 0 to reta9 :at x !n occupi$4 ,?is w\ld h be5 ! end ( ,savoy1 b )9 a ye> ! two p[]s 7 aga9 at w>4 ,! *ief ev5ts ( ! campaign 7 ! successful resi/ance ( ,cuneo1 held = ! duke by ,c\nt ,lus]na1 & ! victory ( ,/ ,qu5t9 7#aeeg71 won by ,emmanuel ,philib]t himself aga9/ ! ,fr5*4 ,at la/ 9 #aeeh ! p[]s agre$ to an armi/ice1 & 9 #aeei ! peace ( ,cateau-,cambresis 0 made1 by :i* ,emmanuel rega9$ 8 du*y1 b on on]\s t]ms1 = ,france 0 to occupy sev]al ,pi$montese =tresses1 includ+ ,tur9 & ,p9]olo1 = n m ?an ?ree ye>s1 & a m>riage 0 arrang$ betwe5 ! duke & ,m>g>et1 du*ess ( ,b]ry1 si/] ( ! ,fr5* k+2 :ile ,spa9 0 to g>rison ,a/i & ,v]celli 7aft]w>ds ex*ang$ = ,san?ia7 until ,france evacuat$ ! above-m5tion$ =tresses4 ,! duke's m>riage took place 9 ,p>is a few mon?s lat]2 & aft] ! ,fr5* evacuation he re-ent]$ 8 dom9ions amid/ ! rejoic+s ( ! p4 ,! condition ( ,pi$mont at t "t 0 deplorable2 = w>s1 ! exactions & deva/ations ( ! =eign soldi]y1 & religi\s antagonism betwe5 ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants _h wr\ght t]rible havoc4 ,uncultivat$1 wrote ! ,v5etian ambassador1 quot$ by ,e4 ,ricotti1 no citiz5s 9 ! cities1 nei!r man nor bea/ 9 ! fields1 all ! l& =e/-clad & wild2 "o sees no h\ses1 = mo/ ( !m are burnt1 & ( ne>ly all ! ca/les only ! walls are visible2 ( ! inhabitants1 once s num]\s1 "s h di$ ( ! plague or ( hung]1 "s by ! sword1 & "s h fl$ else:]e pref]r+ to beg _! bread abroad r ?an support mis]y at home :i* is worse ?an dea?4 ,!re 0 no army1 ! adm9i/ration 0 *aotic1 & ! f9ances 7 9 a hopeless /ate4 ,! duke set to "w to put 8 h\se 9 ord]1 & inaugurat$ a s]ies ( useful re=ms1 ably assi/$ by 8 m9i/]1 ,niccolo ,balbo4 ,b progress 0 sl[1 & 0 accompani$ by measures :i* aboli%$ ! /ates g5]al1 ! la/ survival ( feudal lib]ties4 ,savoy1 foll[+ ! t5d5cy ( ! o!r /ates ( ,europe at t "t1 became !nce=? an absolute mon>*y1 b )\t t trans=mation ! a*ievem5t ( complete indep5d5ce f =eign p[]s w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions ) :i* he _h to deal 0 ! religi\s difficulty4 ,! inhabitants ( ! ,pellice & ,*isone valleys _h long pr(ess$ a primitive =m ( ,*ri/ianity :i* ! or?odox reg>d$ z h]etical1 & _h be5 subject to num]\s p]secutions 9 consequ5ce 7see ,,wald5ses74 ,at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation !y _h gone ov] to ,prote/antism1 & dur+ ! w>s ( ! #af? c5tury ! new religion made great progress 9 ,pi$mont4 ,! duke z a dev\t ,ca?olic desir$ to purge ! /ate ( h]esy1 & initiat$ repressive measures aga9/ ! ,wald5ses1 b aft] "s sev]e & n v successful fight+ he end$ by all[+ !m a measure ( religi\s lib]ty 9 ^? valleys 7#aefa74 ,at ! pope's in/igation he recomm5c$ p]secution "s ye>s lat]1 b 8 du*ess & "s ,g]man pr9ces plead$ successfully 9 fav\r ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,he next turn$ 8 att5tion to gett+ rid ( ! ,fr5* g>risons2 ! negotiations prov$ long & tr\blesome1 b 9 ,decemb] #aefb ! ,fr5* dep>t$ on paym5t ( #ajj1jjj scudi1 reta9+ only ,p9]olo & ,savigliano1 & ,tur9 became ! capital once m4 ,!re rema9$ ! ,b]nese1 :o _h occupi$ "s ( ! duke's t]ritories 9 ,savoy & ,vaud1 & 9 ,g5eva1 ov] :i* he claim$ c]ta9 rights4 ,) ,b]n he made a compromise1 rega9+ ,gex1 ! ,*ablais1 & ! ,g5evois1 on condition t ,prote/antism %\ld be tol]at$ !re1 b he r5\nc$ ,vaud & "s o!r di/ricts 7#aeff74 ,disagreem5ts ) ! ,valais 7 settl$ 9 a simil> way 9 #aefi2 b ! ,g5evans refus$ to recognize ,savoy>d suz]a9ty4 ,emmanuel re=m$ ! curr5cy1 reorganiz$ ju/ice1 prep>$ ! way = ! emancipation ( ! s]fs1 rais$ ! /&+ army to #be1jjj m51 & =tifi$ ! fronti]s1 o/5sibly aga9/ ,hugu5ot raids1 b 9 reality f fe> ( ,france4 ,on ! dea? ( ,*>les ,,ix4 ( ,france 9 #aegd ! new k+1 ,h5ry ,,iii41 pass$ ?r\gh ,pi$mont on 8 way f ,pol&2 ,emmanuel gave him a magnific5t reception1 & obta9$ f him a promise t ,p9]olo & ,savigliano %\ld be evacuat$1 :i* 0 c>ri$ out at ! end ( ! ye>4 ,philip ( ,spa9 0 likewise induc$ to evacuate ,a/i & ,san?ia 9 #aege4 ,?us1 aft] be+ m or less "u =eign occupation = #ci ye>s1 ! du*y 0 at la/ free4 ,! duke r\nd$ (f 8 dom9ions by ! pur*ase ( ,t5da & ,oneglia1 :i* increas$ 8 seabo>d1 & ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t 9 fruitless negotiations to obta9 ,monf]rato1 held by ! ,gonzagas "u ,spani% protection1 & ,saluzzo1 :i* 0 a ,fr5* fief4 ,he di$ on ! #cj? ( ,augu/ #aehj1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,*>les ,emmanuel ,i4 ,z a /atesman ,emmanuel ,philib]t 0 able1 bus9ess-l & en]getic2 b he has be5 criticiz$ = 8 duplicity1 al?\gh 9 ?is respect he 0 no worse ?an mo/ o!r ,european pr9ces1 ^: ends 7 f> m que/ionable4 ,he 0 autocratic1 b j & v patriotic4 ,dur+ 8 reign ! du*y1 :i* _h be5 m ?an half ,fr5*1 became pr$om9antly ,italian4 ,by diplomacy1 :i*1 al?\gh he 0 a capable & brave soldi]1 he pref]r$ to w>1 he succe$$ 9 free+ 8 c\ntry1 & conv]t+ x f a ru9$ & divid$ l& into a respectable indep5d5t p[] ( ! second rank1 &1 aft] ,v5ice1 ! be/-gov]n$ /ate 9 ,italy4 ,! mo/ accurate biography ( ,emmanuel ,philib]t is conta9$ 9 ,e4 ,ricotti's ,/oria della mon>*ia ,piemontese1 vol4 ii4 7,flor5ce1 #ahfa71 :i* is well done & bas$ on docum5ts2 cf4 ,cl>etta's ,la ,successione di ,emanuele ,filib]to 7,tur91 #ahhd74 ,,emmaus1 ! "n ( two places 9 ,pale/9e4 #a4 ,a village m5tion$ by ,luke 7xxiv4 #ac71 )\t any indication ( direction1 z be+ #fj /adia 7almo/ #g m471 or accord+ to "s ,,mss4#a #afj /adia1 f ,j]usalem4 ,its id5tification is a matt] ( m]e guesswork3 x has be5 s\ght at 7a7 ,emmaus-,nicopolis 7see #b bel[71 di/ant #agf /adia f ,j]usalem2 7b7 ,kuryet el-',enab1 di/ant #ff /adia1 on ! c>riage road to ,jaffa2 7c7 ,kulonieh1 di/ant #cf /adia1 on ! same road2 7d7 el-,kubeibeh1 di/ant #fc /adia1 on ! ,roman road to ,lydda2 7e7 ',urtas1 di/ant #fj /adia2 & 7f7 ,khurbet el-,khamasa1 di/ant #hf /adia1 on ! ,roman road to ,eleu!ropolis4 ,( ^!1 el-,kubeibeh or ',urtas seems ! mo/ probable1 ?\gh _m fav\r ,kulonieh because ( its ne>ness to ,bet ,mizza1 9 :i* "n !re is simil>ity ) ,emmaus1 & because ( a read+ 7#cj /adia7 9 ,josephus4 #b4 ,emmaus-,nicopolis1 n[ ',amwas1 a t[n on ! m>itime pla91 & a place ( importance dur+ ! ,maccabaean & ,jewi% w>s4 ,ne> x ,judas ,maccabaeus defeat$ ,gorgias 9 #afd ,b4,c41 & ,vespasian e/abli%$ a =tifi$ camp 9 ,a4,d4 #fi4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds rebuilt & nam$ ,nicopolis1 & became an episcopal see4 ,x 0 also not$ = a heal+ spr+4 ,,footnote3 #a ,includ+ ,codex ,hebrew3 alef4 ,b ?is di/ance is too great = ! conditions ( ,luke's n>rative & ! read+ 7#afj7 is evid5tly an attempt to h>monize ) ! traditional id5tification ( ,emmaus-,nicopolis held by ,eusebius & ,j]ome4 ,= a curi\s read+ 9 ?ree old ,lat9 ,,mss1 :i* makes ,emmaus ! "n ( ! second travell] on ! j\rney1 see ,expos4 ,times1 xiii4 #dbi1 #dgg1 #efa4 ,,emm5d+51 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! gr&-du*y ( ,bad51 close to ! ,black ,=e/1 on ! ,elz & ! ma9 l9e ( railway ,mannheim-,con/ance4 ,pop4 #fbjj4 ,x has a ,prote/ant *ur* ) a f9e spire1 a ,roman ,ca?olic *ur*1 a h&some t[n-hall1 an old ca/le 7n[ a hospital71 once ! resid5ce ( ! c\nts ( ,ho*b]g1 sp9n+ mills1 tann]ies & manufactures ( photographic in/rum5ts1 pap]1 ma*9]y & cig>s4 ,!re is also a consid]able trade 9 timb] & cattle4 ,"h ! au?or ,johann ,georg ,s*loss] 7#agci-agii71 ! husb& ( ,goe!'s si/] ,cornelia 7:o di$ 9 #aggg & is int]r$ 9 ! old gravey>d71 0 ,ob]amtmann 7bailiff7 = a few ye>s4 ,emm5d+5 0 =m]ly ! seat ( ! c\nts ( ,ho*b]g1 a cadet bran* ( ! m>graves ( ,bad54 ,9 #adah x receiv$ m>ket rights f ! emp]or1 & 9 #aeij 0 rais$ to ! /atus ( a t[n1 & wall$1 by ,m>grave ,jacob ,,iii4 ,,emm]i* 7! anci5t ,embrica71 a t[n ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian ,rh9e prov9ce1 on ! "r bank ( ! ,rh9e & ! railway f ,cologne to ,am/]dam1 #e m4 ,n4,e4 ( ,cleves4 ,pop4 7#aije7 #ab1egh4 ,x has a consid]able %ipp+ trade1 & manufactories ( tobacco & cig>s1 *ocolate1 m>g>9e1 oil1 *emicals1 bru%es1 v9eg>1 soap1 guano & p]fum]y4 ,!re are also iron f\ndries & ma*9e factories4 ,! old m9/] *ur*1 built 9 ! middle ( ! #aa? c5tury1 conta9s "s f9e *oir /alls4 ,emm]i*1 =m]ly call$ ,embrika & ,emrik1 orig9ally a ,roman colony1 is m5tion$ 9 records s e>ly z ! #g? c5tury4 ,/ ,willibrord f\nd$ a mona/]y & *ur* "h4 ,9 #abcc ! place came into ! possession ( ! dukes ( ,geld]l& & receiv$ ! /atus ( a t[n 9 #abdg4 ,9 #acga x fell to ! du*y ( ,cleves1 & pass$ ) x 9 #afji to ,br&5burg4 ,! t[n jo9$ ! ,hanseatic ,league 9 #adjg4 ,9 #agid x 0 bomb>d$ by ! ,fr5* "u ,g5]al ,v&amme1 & 9 #ahjf x 0 assign$ to ! gr&-du*y ( ,b]g4 ,x pass$ into ! possession ( ,prussia 9 #ahae4 ,see ,a4 ,d$]i*1 ,annal5 d] ,/adt ,emm]i* 7,emm]i*1 #ahfg74 ,,emmet1 ,,rob]t 7#aggh-ahjc71 ,iri% rebel1 y\nge/ son ( ,rob]t ,emmet1 physician to ! "l-lieut5ant ( ,irel&1 0 born 9 ,dubl9 9 #aggh1 & ent]$ ,tr9ity ,college 9 ,octob] #agic1 :]e he _h a di/+ui%$ academic c>e]1 %[+ special aptitude = ma!matics & *emi/ry1 & acquir+ a reputation z an orator4 ,)\t tak+ a degree he remov$ 8 "n f ! college books 9 ,april #agih1 z a prote/ aga9/ ! inquisitorial exam9ation ( ! political views ( ! /ud5ts conduct$ by ,"l ,cl>e z *ancellor ( ! univ]sity4 ,?us cut (f f ent]+ a le>n$ pr(ession1 he turn$ t[>ds political intrigue1 be+ already to "s ext5t 9 ! secrets ( ! ,unit$ ,iri%m51 ( :om 8 eld] bro!r ,?omas ,addis ,emmet 7see bel[7 0 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t4 ,9 ,april #agii a w>rant 0 issu$ = 8 arre/1 b 0 n execut$2 & 9 #ahjj & ! foll[+ ye> he travell$ on ! cont95t ( ,europe1 :]e he ent]$ into relations ) ! lead]s ( ! ,unit$ ,iri%m51 exil$ s9ce ! rebellion ( #agih1 :o 7 plann+ a fre% outbreak 9 ,irel& 9 expectation ( support f ,france4 ,emmet w5t to ,p>is 9 ,octob] #ahjb1 :]e he _h an int]view ) ,bonap>te :i* conv9c$ him t ! peace ( ,ami5s w\ld be ( %ort duration & t a ,fr5* invasion ( ,engl& might be look$ = 9 ,augu/ #ahjc4 ,! c\ncils ( ! conspirators 7 weak5$ by divid$ op9ions z to ! ultimate aim ( _! policy2 & no cle>ly ?\ght-out s*eme ( op]ations appe>s to h be5 arriv$ at :5 ,emmet left ,p>is = ,irel& 9 ,octob] #ahjb4 ,^? 9 8 confid5ce aft]w>ds d5i$ t ,emmet 0 himself ! orig9ator ( ! plan on :i* he act$2 & sev]al ( ! able/ ( ! ,unit$ ,iri%m5 held alo(1 believ+ ! project to be impracticable4 ,among ! latt] 0 ,"l ,cloncurry1 at "o "t on ! executive ( ! ,unit$ ,iri%m51 ) :om ,emmet d9$ ! night be=e he left ,p>is1 & to :om he spoke ( 8 plans ) int5se en?usiasm & excitem5t4 ,emmet's lack ( discretion 0 %[n by 8 reveal+ 8 int5tions 9 detail to an ,engli%man nam$ ,lawr5ce1 resid5t ne> ,honfleur1 ) :om he s\ght %elt] :5 travell+ on foot on 8 way to ,irel&4 ,arriv+ 9 ,dubl9 at ! end ( ,octob] he receiv$ in=mation to ! effect t sev5te5 c\nties 7 ready to take up arms if a successful ef=t 7 made 9 ,dubl94 ,= "s "t he rema9$ conceal$ 9 8 fa!r's h\se ne> ,milt[n1 mak+ 8 prep>ations4 ,a l>ge numb] ( pikes 7 collect$ & /or$ 9 ,dubl9 dur+ ! spr+ ( #ahjc1 b fire-arms & ammunition 7 n pl5tiful4 ,! probability ( a ,fr5* invasion 9 ,augu/ 0 increas$ by ! r5ewal ( ! w> 9 ,may1 ,emmet's bro!r ,?omas be+ !n 9 ,p>is 9 communication ) ,talleyr& & ,bonap>te4 ,b a discov]y by ! gov]nm5t ( conceal$ arms1 & an explosion at "o ( ,emmet's depots 9 ,patrick ,/reet on ! #af? ( ,july1 necessitat$ imm$iate action1 & ! #bcrd ( t mon? 0 accord+ly fix$ = ! project$ ris+4 ,an elaborate plan ( op]ations1 :i* he describ$ 9 detail 9 a lett] to 8 bro!r aft] 8 arre/1 _h be5 prep>$ by ,emmet1 ! lead+ feature ( :i* 0 a simultane\s attack on ! ca/le1 ! ,pigeon ,h\se & ! artill]y b>racks at ,isl& bridge2 :ile bodies ( insurg5ts f ! neighb\r+ c\nties 7 to m>* on ! capital4 ,b ! :ole s*eme misc>ri$4 ,"s ( ,emmet's bold] proposals1 su* z a plan = captur+ ! comm&]-9-*ief1 7 veto$ by ! timidity ( 8 associates1 none ( :om 7 m5 ( any ability4 ,on ! #bcrd ( ,july all 0 confusion at ! depots1 & ! lead]s 7 divid$ z to ! c\rse to be pursu$2 ord]s 7 n obey$2 a tru/$ mess5g] despat*$ = arms abscond$ ) ! money committ$ to him to pay = !m2 trea*]y1 q unsuspect$ by ,emmet1 honeycomb$ ! conspiracy2 ! ,wickl[ cont+5t fail$ to appe>2 ! ,kild>e m5 turn$ back on he>+ t ! ris+ _h be5 po/pon$2 a signal expect$ by a cont+5t at ! ,broad/one 0 nev] giv54 ,9 ?is hopeless /ate ( affairs a false report rea*$ ,emmet at "o ( 8 depots at n9e o'clock 9 ! ev5+ t ! milit>y 7 approa*+4 ,)\t tak+ any /ep to v]ify x1 ,emmet put on a gre5 & :ite uni=m & plac$ himself at ! head ( "s eighty m51 :o m>*$ t[>ds ! ca/le1 be+ jo9$ 9 ! /reets by a second body ( ab\t equal /r5g?4 ,none ( ^! insurg5ts _h any discipl9e1 & _m ( !m 7 drunk4 ,"l ,kilw>d51 proce$+ to a ha/ily summon$ meet+ ( ! privy c\ncil1 0 dragg$ f 8 c>riage by ?is rabble & murd]$1 toge!r ) 8 nephew ,ri*>d ,wolfe2 8 daught] :o accompani$ him be+ convey$ to safety by ,emmet himself4 ,emmet1 n[ see+ t ! ris+ _h become a m]e /reet brawl1 made 8 escape2 a deta*m5t ( soldi]s quickly disp]s$ 8 foll[]s4 ,aft] hid+ = "s days 9 ! ,wickl[ m\nta9s ,emmet repair$ to ! h\se ( a ,mrs ,palm] at ,h>old's ,cross1 9 ord] to be ne> ! resid5ce ( ,john ,philpot ,curran 7q4v471 to ^: daught] ,s>ah he _h = "s "t be5 secretly atta*$1 & ) :om he _h c>ri$ on a volum9\s correspond5ce1 aft]w>ds seiz$ by ! au?orities at h] fa!r's h\se4 ,attempt+ )\t success to p]suade ?is lady to fly ) him to ,am]ica1 ,emmet l+]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood till ! #be? ( ,augu/1 :5 he 0 appreh5d$ by ,major ,h4,c4 ,sirr1 ! same (fic] :o _h captur$ ,"l ,edw>d ,fitzg]ald 9 #agih4 ,at 8 trial he 0 def5d$ & betray$ by ! infam\s ,leon>d ,mac,nally 7q4v471 & 0 convict$ ( treason2 & aft] deliv]+ an eloqu5t spee* f ! dock1 0 hang$ on ! #bj? ( ,septemb] #ahjc4 ,by ! univ]sal te/imony ( 8 fri5ds1 ,rob]t ,emmet 0 a y\? ( mode/ "*1 pure motives & w9n+ p]sonality4 ,b he 0 entirely lack+ 9 practical /atesman%ip4 ,br\ght up 9 a revolution>y atmosph]e1 8 en?usiasm 0 uncontroll$ by judgm5t4 ,?omas ,moore1 :o w>mly eulogizes ,emmet1 ) :om he 0 a /ud5t at ,tr9ity ,college1 records t "o day :5 he 0 play+ on ! piano ! melody ,let ,er9 rememb]1 ,emmet />t$ up exclaim+ passionately1 ,oh1 t ,i 7 at ! head ( #bj1jjj m5 m>*+ to t air6 ,he _h no k ( ! _w or ( m52 he tru/$ e "o ) *ild-l simplicity2 except p]sonal c\rage he _h none ( ! qualities ess5tial to lead]%ip 9 su* an ent]prise z arm$ rebellion4 ,! romance ( 8 love affair ) ,s>ah ,curran--:o aft]w>ds m>ri$ ,rob]t ,h5ry ,/urgeon1 an (fic] di/+ui%$ 9 ! ,p59sul> ,w>--has ca/ a glam\r ov] ! memory ( ,rob]t ,emmet2 & x inspir$ ,?omas ,moore's well-kn[n songs1 ,%e is f> f ! l& :]e h] "y h]o sleeps1 & ,oh1 brea! n 8 "n2 x is also ! subject ( ,wa%+ton ,irv+'s ,! ,brok5 ,he>t4 ,emmet 0 %ort & slight 9 figure2 8 face 0 m>k$ by smallpox1 & he 0 describ$ 9 #ahjc = ! purpose ( id5tification z be+ ( an ugly1 s\r c\nt5ance & dirty br[n complexion4 ,a few poems by ,emmet ( little m]it are app5d$ to ,madd5's biography4 ,see ,r4,r4 ,madd51 ,! ,unit$ ,iri%m51 _! ,lives & ,times 7#bnd ed4 #d vols41 ,dubl91 #aheh-ahfj72 ,*>les ,phillips1 ,recollections ( ,curran & ,"s ( 8 ,contempor>ies 7#bnd ed41 ,london1 #ahbb72 ,h5ry ,grattan1 ,memoirs ( ! ,life & ,times ( ! ,"r ,hon4 ,h4 ,grattan 7#e vols41 ,london1 #ahci-ahdf72 ,w4,h4 ,maxwell1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,iri% ,rebellion 9 #agih2 ) ,memoirs ( ! ,union & ,emmet's ,insurrection 9 #ahjc 7,london1 #ahde72 ,w4,h4 ,curran1 ,life ( ,j4,p4 ,curran 7#b vols41 ,ed9burgh1 #ahbb72 ,?omas ,moore1 ,life & ,dea? ( ,"l ,edw>d ,fitzg]ald 7#b vols4 #crd ed41 ,london1 #ahcb72 & ,memoirs1 ,j\rnals & ,correspond5ce ( ,?omas ,moore1 edit$ by ,"l ,john ,russell 7#h vols41 ,london1 #ahec-ahef74 7,r4 ,j4 ,m47 ,,emmet1 ,,?omas ,,addis 7#agfd-ahbg71 ,iri% lawy] & politician1 second son ( ,rob]t ,emmet1 physician to ! "l-lieut5ant ( ,irel&1 & eld] bro!r ( ,rob]t ,emmet 7q4v471 ! rebel1 0 born at ,cork on ! #bd? ( ,april #agfd1 & 0 educat$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 & at ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 :]e he /udi$ m$ic9e & 0 a pupil ( ,dugald ,/ew>t 9 philosophy4 ,aft] visit+ ! *ief m$ical s*ools on ! cont95t1 he return$ to ,irel& 9 #aghh2 b ! sudd5 dea? ( 8 eld] bro!r1 ,*ri/oph] ,temple ,emmet 7#agfa-aghh71 a b>ri/] ( "s di/9ction1 induc$ him to foll[ ! advice ( ,sir ,james ,mack9to% to =sake m$ic9e = ! law z a pr(ession4 ,he 0 call$ to ! ,iri% b> 9 #agij1 & quickly obta9$ a practice1 pr9cipally z c\nsel = prison]s *>g$ ) political (f5ces1 & became ! legal advis] ( ! lead+ ,unit$ ,iri%m54 ,:5 ! ,dubl9 corporation issu$ a decl>ation ( ,prote/ant asc5dancy 9 #agib1 ! c\nt]-manife/o ( ! ,unit$ ,iri%m5 0 drawn up by ,emmet2 & 9 #agie he took ! oa? ( ! society 9 op5 c\rt1 becom+ secret>y 9 ! same ye> & a memb] ( ! executive 9 #agig4 ,al?\gh ,grattan _h a pr(\nd contempt = ,emmet's political und]/&+1 describ+ him z a quack 9 politics :o set up 8 own crude notions z settl$ rules1 ,emmet 0 among ! m prud5t ( ! ,unit$ ,iri%m5 on ! eve ( ! rebellion4 ,x 0 only :5 conv9c$ t p>liam5t>y re=m & ,ca?olic emancipation 7 n to be obta9$ by con/itutional me?ods1 t he reluctantly engag$ 9 treasonable conspiracy2 & 9 opposition to bold] spirits l ,"l ,edw>d ,fitzg]ald1 he disc\nt5anc$ ! tak+ up ( arms until help %\ld be obta9$ f ,france4 ,?\gh n among ^? tak5 at ! h\se ( ,oliv] ,bond on ! #ab? ( ,m>* #agih 7see ,,fitzg]ald1 ,,"l ,,edw>d71 he 0 arre/$ ab\t ! same "t1 & he 0 "o ( ! lead]s :o aft] ! rebellion 7 imprison$ at ,=t ,george till #ahjb4 ,be+ !n releas$1 he w5t to ,brussels1 :]e he 0 visit$ by 8 bro!r ,rob]t 9 ,octob] ( t ye>2 & he 0 9 ! secrets ( ^? :o 7 prep>+ = a fre% ris+ 9 ,irel& 9 conjunction ) ,fr5* aid4 ,aft] ! failure ( ,rob]t ,emmet's ris+ 9 ,july #ahjc1 ! news ( :i* rea*$ him 9 ,p>is1 :]e he 0 9 communication ) ,bonap>te1 he emigrat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,jo9+ ! ,new ,york b> he obta9$ a lucrative practice & 9 #ahab-ac 0 attorney-g5]al ( ,new ,york2 8 abilities & success be+ su* t ,judge ,/ory decl>$ him to be by univ]sal cons5t 9 ! fir/ rank ( ,am]ican advocates4 ,he di$ :ile conduct+ a case 9 c\rt on ! #ad? ( ,novemb] #ahbg4 ,?omas ,emmet m>ri$1 9 #agia1 ,jane1 daught] ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,patt51 ( ,clonmel4 ,see au?orities "u ,,emmet1 ,,rob]t2 also ,alfr$ ,webb1 ,comp5dium ( ,iri% ,biography 7,dubl91 #ahgh72 ,c4,s4 ,haynes1 ,memoirs ( ,?omas ,addis ,emmet 7,london1 #ahbi72 ,!obald ,wolfe ,tone1 ,memoirs1 edit$ by ,w4,t4,w4 ,tone 7#b vols41 ,london1 #ahbg72 ,w4,e4,h4 ,lecky1 ,hi/4 ( ,irel& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 vol4 iv4 7,cab9et edition1 #e vols41 ,london1 #ahib74 7,r4 ,j4 ,m47 ,,emmett1 ,,daniel ,,decatur 7#ahae-aijd71 ,am]ican songwrit]1 0 born at ,m\nt ,v]non1 ,ohio4 ,he />t$ ! negro m9/rel p]=mances1 :i* f #ahdb onw>ds became s popul> 9 ,am]ica & ,engl&1 & he compos$ a numb] ( songs :i* _h a great tempor>y vogue4 ,he is rememb]$ p>ticul>ly z ! writ] ( ! fam\s ,s\!rn w>-song ,dixie1 :i* he compos$ 9 #ahei4 ,,emmitsburg1 a t[n 9 ,fr$]ick c\nty1 ,m>yl&1 ,u4,s4,a41 #fa m4 by rail ,w4 by ,n4 ( ,baltimore1 & #a-a_/b m4 ,s4 ( ! nor!rn b\nd>y ( ! /ate4 ,pop4 7#aijj7 #hdi2 7#aiaj7 #ajed4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,emmitsburg railway 7#g m4 long7 to ,rocky ,ridge on ! ,we/]n ,m>yl& railway4 ,! t[n is 9 a picturesque region on ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,blue ,ridge ,m\nta9s4 ,two miles ,s4,w4 is ,m\nt ,/4 ,m>y's ,college 7,roman ,ca?olic71 f\nd$ 9 #ahjh by ! ,rev4 ,john du ,bois 7#agfd-ahdb7--;its presid5t until #ahbf1 :5 he became bi%op ( ,new ,york--& *>t]$ by ! /ate 9 #ahcj4 ,! ,ecclesia/ical ,sem9>y ( ! college has be5 a great tra9+ s*ool1 & has be5 call$ ! ,nurs]y ( ,bi%ops2 among its graduates h be5 ,bi%op ,hughes1 ,c>d9al ,mc,closkey & ,ar*bi%op ,corrigan4 ,9 #aijh ! college _h #be in/ructors & #cej /ud5ts1 ( :om #eg 7 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,sem9>y1 & #fa 9 ! ,m9im ,dep>tm5t4 ,half a mile ,s4 ( ! t[n is ,/ ,joseph's ,college & ,academy 7incorporat$ 9 #ahaf71 = "y wom51 :i* is conduct$ by ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity--?is ord] 0 introduc$ into ! ,unit$ ,/ates at ,emmitsburg by ,mrs ,elizabe? ,ann ,seton 9 #ahji4 ,! fir/ settlem5t at ,emmitsburg 0 made ab\t #aggc4 ,x 0 at fir/ call$ ,silv] ,fancy1 & !n = a "t 0 kn[n z ,popl> ,fields2 b 9 #aghf ! pres5t "n 0 adopt$ 9 hon\r ( ,william ,emmitt1 "o ( ! orig9al settl]s4 ,! t[n 0 incorporat$ 9 #ahbd4 ,,emmius1 ,,ubbo 7#aedg-afbe71 ,dut* hi/orian & geograph]1 0 born at ,gre?a 9 ,ea/ ,friesl& on ! #e? ( ,decemb] #aedg4 ,aft] /udy+ at ,ro/ock1 he sp5t two ye>s 9 ,g5eva1 :]e he became intimate ) ,!odore ,beza2 & return+ to ! ,ne!rl&s 0 appo9t$ ! pr9cipal ( a college at ,nord51 a position :i* he lo/ 9 #aehg because1 z a ,calv9i/1 he w\ld n subscribe to ! confession ( ,augsburg4 ,subsequ5tly he 0 head ( a college at ,le]1 & 9 #aeid became rector ( ! college at ,gron+51 & :5 9 #afad ?is college became a univ]sity he 0 *os5 pr9cipal & pr(essor ( hi/ory & ,greek1 & by 8 wise guidance & 8 le>n+ spe$ily rais$ ! new univ]sity to a position ( em95ce4 ,he 0 on fri5dly t]ms ) ,l\is1 c\nt ( ,nassau2 correspond$ ) _m ( ! le>n$ m5 ( 8 "t2 & di$ at ,gron+5 on ! #i? ( ,decemb] #afbe4 ,he 0 twice m>ri$1 & left a son & a daught]4 ,! *ief works ( ,emmius are3 ,r]um ,frisic>um hi/oriae decades1 9 six p>ts1 a complete edition ( :i* 0 publi%$ at ,leid5 9 #afaf2 ,opus *ronologicum 7,gron+51 #afai72 ,vetus ,graecia illu/rata 7,leid51 #afbf72 & ,hi/oria temporis no/ri1 :i* 0 fir/ publi%$ at ,gron+5 9 #agcb4 ,an acc\nt ( 8 life1 writt5 by ,ni*olas ,mul]ius1 0 publi%$1 ) ! lives ( o!r pr(essors ( ,gron+51 at ,gron+5 9 #afch4 ,see ,n4,g4 van ,kamp51 ,ges*i$5is d] lett]5 en wet5s*app5 9 de ,n$]l&5 7,! ,hague1 #ahba-ahbf74 ,,emmons1 ,,eb5ez] 7#ahjj-ahfc71 ,am]ican geologi/1 0 born at ,middlefield1 ,massa*usetts1 on ! #af? ( ,may #ahjj4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,albany1 & aft] tak+ 8 degree practis$ = "s ye>s 9 ,b]k%ire c\nty4 ,8 int]e/ 9 geology 0 k9dl$ 9 e>ly life1 & 9 #ahbd he _h assi/$ ,pr(4 ,*e/] ,dewey 7#aghd-ahfg7 9 prep>+ a geological map ( ,b]k%ire c\nty1 9 :i* ! fir/ attempt 0 made to classify ! rocks ( ! ,taconic area4 ,:ile ?us giv+ mu* ( 8 "t to natural sci5ce1 und]tak+ pr(essional "w 9 natural hi/ory & geology 9 ,williams ,college1 he also accept$ ! pr(essor%ip ( *emi/ry & aft]w>ds ( ob/etrics 9 ! ,albany ,m$ical ,college4 ,! *ief "w ( 8 life 01 h[ev]1 9 geology1 & he has be5 designat$ by ,jules ,m>c\ z ! f\nd] ( ,am]ican palaeozoic /ratigraphy1 & ! fir/ discov]] ( ! primordial fauna 9 any c\ntry4 ,9 #ahcf he became atta*$ to ! ,geological ,survey ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 & aft] l5g!n$ /udy he gr\p$ ! local /rata 7#ahdb7 into ! ,taconic & ov]ly+ ,new ,york sy/ems4 ,! latt] sy/em 0 subdivid$ into sev]al gr\ps t 7 by no means well def9$4 ,emmons _h previ\sly describ$ ! ,potsdam s&/one 7#ahch71 & ?is 0 plac$ at ! base ( ! ,new ,york sy/em4 ,x is n[ reg>d$ z ,upp] ,cambrian4 ,9 #ahdd ,emmons = ! fir/ "t obta9$ fossils 9 8 ,taconic sy/em3 a notable discov]y because ! species obta9$ 7 f\nd to diff] f all !n-kn[n ,palaeozoic fossils1 & !y 7 reg>d$ z repres5t+ ! primordial gr\p4 ,m>c\ 0 ?us l$ to advocate t ! t]m ,taconic be g5]ally adopt$ 9 place ( ,cambrian4 ,nev]!less ! ,taconic fauna ( ,emmons has prov$ to include only ! l[] "p ( ,s$gwick's ,cambrian4 ,consid]able discussion has tak5 place on ! "q ( ! ,taconic sy/em1 & :e!r ! t]m %\ld be adopt$2 & ! g5]al op9ion has be5 adv]se4 ,emmons made contributions on agriculture & geology to a s]ies ( volumes on ! natural hi/ory ( ,new ,york4 ,he also issu$ a "w entitl$ ,am]ican ,geology2 conta9+ a /atem5t ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,sci5ce1 ) full illu/rations ( ! *>act]i/ic ,am]ican ,fossils 7#ahee-aheg74 ,f #ahea to #ahfj he 0 /ate geologi/ ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,he di$ at ,brunswick1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 on ! #a/ ( ,octob] #ahfc4 ,see ! ,biographical ,notice ( ,eb5ez] ,emmons1 by ,j4 ,m>c\2 ,am]4 ,geologi/1 vol4 vii4 7,jan41 #ahia71 p4 #a 7) portrait & li/ ( publications74 ,,emmons1 ,,na?anael 7#agde-ahdj71 ,am]ican !ologian1 0 born at ,ea/ ,haddam1 ,connecticut1 on ! #bj? ( ,april #agde4 ,he graduat$ at ,yale 9 #agfg1 /udi$ !ology "u ! ,rev4 ,john ,smalley 7#agcd-ahbj7 at ,b]l91 ,connecticut1 & 0 lic5s$ to prea* 9 #agfi4 ,aft] prea*+ f\r ye>s 9 ,new ,york & ,new ,hamp%ire1 he became1 9 ,april #aggc1 pa/or ( ! ,second *ur* at ,frankl9 7until #aggh a "p ( ,wr5?am1 ,massa*usetts71 ( :i* he rema9$ 9 *>ge until ,may #ahbg1 :5 fail+ heal? compell$ 8 rel9qui%m5t ( active m9i/]ial c>es4 ,he liv$1 h[ev]1 = _m ye>s !reaft]1 dy+ ( old age at ,frankl9 on ! #bcrd ( ,septemb] #ahdj4 ,x 0 z a !ologian t ,dr ,emmons 0 be/ kn[n1 & = half a c5tury probably no cl]gyman 9 ,new ,engl& ex]t$ s wide an influ5ce4 ,he develop$ an orig9al sy/em ( div9ity1 some:at on ! /ructural plan ( t ( ,samuel ,hopk9s1 &1 9 ,emmons's own belief1 conta9$ 9 & evolv$ f ,hopk9sianism4 ,:ile by no means ab&on+ ! t5ets ( ! old ,calv9i/ic fai?1 he came to be look$ ^u z ! *ief repres5tative ( :at 0 !n kn[n z ! new s*ool ( !ologians4 ,8 sy/em decl>$ t hol9ess & s9 are free volunt>y ex]cises2 t m5 act freely "u ! div9e ag5cy2 t ! slighte/ transgression des]ves et]nal puni%m5t2 t x is ?r\gh ,god's m]e grace t ! p5it5t believ] is p>don$ & ju/ifi$2 t1 9 spite ( total depravity1 s9n]s ought to rep5t2 & t reg5]ation is active1 n passive1 ) ! believ]4 ,emmonsism 0 spread & p]petuat$ by m ?an a hundr$ cl]gym51 :om he p]sonally tra9$4 ,politically1 he 0 an ard5t patriot dur+ ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 & a /rong ,f$]ali/ aft]w>ds1 sev]al ( 8 political disc\rses attract+ wide att5tion4 ,he 0 a f\nd] & ! fir/ presid5t ( ! ,massa*usetts ,mission>y ,society1 & 0 influ5tial 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ,&ov] ,!ological ,sem9>y4 ,m ?an two hundr$ ( 8 s]mons & addresses 7 publi%$ dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,8 ,works 7 publi%$ 9 #f vols4 7,bo/on1 #ahdb2 new edition1 #ahfa74 ,see also ! ,memoir1 by ,dr ,e4,a4 ,p>k 7,&ov]1 #ahfa74 ,,emp$ocles 7c4 #dij-dcj ,b4,c471 ,greek philosoph] & /atesman1 0 ,born at ,agrig5tum 7,acragas1 ,girg5ti7 9 ,sicily ( a di/+ui%$ family1 !n at ! height ( its glory4 ,8 gr&fa!r ,emp$ocles 0 victori\s 9 ! ,olympian *>iot race 9 #dif2 9 #dgj 8 fa!r ,meto 0 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 ! ov]?r[ ( ! tyrant ,?rasydaeus4 ,we "k almo/ no?+ ( 8 life4 ,! num]\s leg5ds :i* h gr[n up r\nd 8 "n yield v little t c fairly be reg>d$ z au!ntic4 ,x seems t he c>ri$ on ! democratic tradition ( 8 h\se by help+ to ov]?r[ an olig>*ic gov]nm5t :i* succe$$ ! tyranny 9 ,agrig5tum1 & 0 invit$ by ! citiz5s to become _! k+4 ,t he refus$ ! hon\r may h be5 due to a real en?usiasm = free in/itutions or to ! prud5tial recognition ( ! p]il :i* 9 ^? turbul5t times surr\nd$ ! royal dignity4 ,ultimately a *ange 9 ! balance ( p>ties compell$ him to leave ! city1 & he di$ 9 ! ,peloponnese ( ! results ( an accid5t 9 #dcj4 ,( 8 poem on nature 7,greek3 physis7 !re are left ab\t #djj l9es 9 unequal fragm5ts out ( ! orig9al #ejjj2 ( ! hymns ( purification 7,greek3 ka?>moi7 less ?an #ajj v]ses rema92 ( ! o!r works1 improbably assign$ to him1 no?+ is kn[n4 ,8 gr& b obscure hexamet]s1 aft] ! example ( ,p>m5ides1 delight$ ,lucretius4 ,ari/otle1 x is said1 call$ him ! fa!r ( rhetoric4 ,b x 0 z at once /atesman1 prophet1 physici/1 physician & re=m] t he mo/ impress$ ! popul> imag9ation4 ,to 8 contempor>ies1 z to himself1 he seem$ m ?an a m]e man4 ,! ,sicilians hon\r$ 8 augu/ aspect z he mov$ among/ !m ) purple robes & gold5 girdle1 ) long hair b\nd by a ,delphic g>l&1 & braz5 s&als on 8 feet1 & ) a ret9ue ( slaves beh9d him4 ,/ories 7 told ( ! +5uity & g5]osity by :i* he _h made ! m>%es r\nd ,sel9us salubri\s1 ( ! grotesque device by :i* he laid ! w9ds t ru9$ ! h>ve/s ( ,agrig5tum1 & ( ! almo/ miracul\s re/oration to life ( a woman :o _h long la9 9 a dea?-l trance4 ,leg5ds /rang] /ill told ( 8 disappe>ance f among m54 ,emp$ocles1 accord+ to "o /ory1 0 "o midnight1 aft] a fea/ held 9 8 hon\r1 call$ away 9 a blaze ( glory to ! gods2 accord+ to ano!r1 he _h only ?r[n himself into ! crat] ( ,etna1 9 ! hope t m51 f9d+ no traces ( 8 end1 w\ld suppose him translat$ to heav54 ,b 8 hopes 7 *eat$ by ! volcano1 :i* ca/ =? 8 braz5 s&als & betray$ 8 secret 7,diog4 ,la]t4 viii4 #fg74 ,! p ( ,agrig5tum h nev] ceas$ to hon\r 8 "n1 & ev5 9 mod]n times he has be5 celebrat$ by foll[]s ( ,mazz9i z ! democrat ( antiquity p> excell5ce4 ,z 8 hi/ory is unc]ta91 s 8 doctr9es are h>d to put toge!r4 ,he does n belong to any "o def9ite s*ool4 ,:ile1 on "o h&1 he comb9es mu* t _h be5 sugge/$ by ,p>m5ides1 ,py?agoras & ! ,ionic s*ools1 he has g]ms ( tru? t ,plato & ,ari/otle aft]w>ds develop$2 he is at once a firm believ] 9 ,orphic my/]ies1 & a sci5tific ?9k]1 precursor ( ! physical sci5ti/s4 ,!re are1 accord+ to ,emp$ocles1 f\r ultimate elem5ts1 f\r primal div9ities1 ( :i* are made all /ructures 9 ! _w--fire1 air1 wat]1 e>?4 ,^! f\r elem5ts are et]nally br\ght into union1 & et]nally p>t$ f ea* o!r1 by two div9e be+s or p[]s1 love & hatr$--an attractive & a repulsive =ce :i* ! ord9>y eye c see work+ among/ m51 b :i* really p]vade ! :ole _w4 ,accord+ to ! diff]5t proportions 9 :i* ^! f\r inde/ructible & un*angeable matt]s are comb9$ ) ea* o!r is ! diff]5ce ( ! organic /ructure produc$2 e4g4 fle% & blood are made ( equal 79 weight b n 9 volume7 p>ts ( all f\r elem5ts1 :]eas bones are "o-half fire1 "o-f\r? e>?1 & "o-f\r? wat]4 ,x is 9 ! aggregation & segregation ( elem5ts ?us aris+ t ,emp$ocles1 l ! atomi/s1 f9ds ! real process :i* corresponds to :at is popul>ly t]m$ gr[?1 increase or decrease4 ,no?+ new comes or c come into be+2 ! only *ange t c occur is a *ange 9 ! juxtaposition ( elem5t ) elem5t4 ,emp$ocles app>5tly reg>d$ love 7,greek3 philotes7 & discord 7,greek3 neikos7 z alt]nately hold+ ! empire ov] ?+s1--nei!r1 h[ev]1 be+ ev] q abs5t4 ,z ! be/ & orig9al /ate1 he seems to h conceiv$ a p]iod :5 love 0 pr$om9ant1 & all ! elem5ts =m$ "o great sph]e or globe4 ,s9ce t p]iod discord _h ga9$ m sway2 & ! actual _w 0 full ( contra/s & oppositions1 due to ! comb9$ action ( bo? pr9ciples4 ,8 !ory attempt$ to expla9 ! sep>ation ( elem5ts1 ! =mation ( e>? & sea1 ( sun & moon1 ( atmosph]e4 ,b ! mo/ int]e/+ & mo/ matur$ "p ( 8 views dealt ) ! fir/ orig9 ( plants & animals1 & ) ! physiology ( man4 ,z ! elem5ts 78 deities7 ent]$ into comb9ations1 !re appe>$ qua9t results--heads )\t necks1 arms )\t %\ld]s4 ,!n z ^! fragm5t>y /ructures met1 !re 7 se5 horn$ heads on human bodies1 bodies ( ox5 ) m5's heads1 & figures ( d\ble sex4 ,b mo/ ( ^! products ( natural =ces disappe>$ z sudd5ly z !y arose2 only 9 ^? r>e cases :]e ! sev]al p>ts 7 f\nd adapt$ to ea* o!r1 & casual memb] fitt$ into casual memb]1 did ! complex /ructures ?us =m$ la/4 ,?us f spontane\s aggregations ( casual aggregates1 :i* suit$ ea* o!r z if ?is _h be5 int5d$1 did ! organic univ]se orig9ally spr+4 ,soon v>i\s influ5ces r$uc$ ! creatures ( d\ble sex to a male & a female1 & ! _w 0 repl5i%$ ) organic life4 ,x is impossible n to see 9 ?is !ory a crude anticipation ( ! survival ( ! fitte/ !ory ( mod]n evolutioni/s4 ,z man1 animal & plant are compos$ ( ! same elem5ts 9 diff]5t proportions1 !re is an id5tity ( nature 9 !m all4 ,!y all h s5se & und]/&+2 9 man1 h[ev]1 & especially 9 ! blood at 8 he>t1 m9d has its peculi> seat4 ,b m9d is always dep5d5t ^u ! body1 & v>ies ) its *ang+ con/itution4 ,h5ce ! precepts ( morality are ) ,emp$ocles l>gely dietetic4 ,k is expla9$ by ! pr9ciple t ! sev]al elem5ts 9 ! ?+s outside u are p]ceiv$ by ! correspond+ elem5ts 9 ourselves4 ,we "k only 9 s f> z we h )9 u a nature cognate to ! object ( k4 ,l is kn[n by l4 ,! :ole body is full ( pores1 & h5ce respiration takes place ov] ! :ole frame4 ,b 9 ! organs ( s5se ^! pores are specially adapt$ to receive ! effluxes :i* are cont9ually ris+ f bodies ar\nd u2 & 9 ?is way p]ception is some:at obscurely expla9$4 ,! !ory1 h[ev] unsatisfactory z an explanation1 has "o great m]it1 t x recognizes betwe5 ! eye1 = in/ance1 & ! object se5 an int]m$iate some?+4 ,c]ta9 p>ticles g =? f ! eye to meet simil> p>ticles giv5 =? f ! object1 & ! resultant contact con/itutes vision4 ,?is idea conta9s )9 x ! g]m ( ! mod]n idea ( ! subjectivity ( s5se-giv5 data2 p]ception is n m]ely a passive reflection ( ext]nal objects4 ,x is n easy to h>monize ^! quasi-sci5tific !ories ) ! !ory ( transmigration ( s\ls :i* ,emp$ocles seems to exp\nd4 ,probably ! doctr9e t ! div9ity 7,greek3 daimon7 passes f elem5t to elem5t1 n[h]e f9d+ a home1 is a my/ical way ( tea*+ ! cont9u$ id5tity ( ! pr9ciples :i* are at ! bottom ( e phase ( developm5t f inorganic nature to man4 ,at ! top ( ! scale are ! prophet & ! physician1 ^? :o h be/ le>n$ ! secret ( life2 !y are next to ! div9e4 ,"o law1 an id5tity ( elem5ts1 p]vades all nature2 exi/5ce is "o f end to end2 ! plant & ! animal are l9ks 9 a *a9 :]e man is a l9k too2 & ev5 ! di/9ction betwe5 male & female is transc5d$4 ,! bea/s are k9dr$ ) man2 he :o eats _! fle% is n mu* bett] ?an a cannibal4 ,look+ at ! opposition betwe5 ^! & ! ord9>y op9ions1 we are n surpris$ t ,emp$ocles notes ! limitation & n>r[ness ( human p]ceptions4 ,we see1 he says1 b a "p1 & fancy t we h grasp$ ! :ole4 ,b ! s5ses _c lead to tru?2 ?\ght & reflection mu/ look at ! ?+ on e side4 ,x is ! bus9ess ( a philosoph]1 :ile he lays b>e ! fundam5tal diff]5ce ( elem5ts1 to display ! id5tity t subsi/s betwe5 :at seem unconnect$ p>ts ( ! univ]se4 ,see ,diog4 ,la]t4 viii4 #ea-gg2 ,sext4 ,empiric4 ,adv4 ma?4 vii4 #abc2 ,simplicius1 ,phys4 f4 #bd1 f4 #gf4 ,= text ,simon ,k>/51 ,emp$oclis ,agrig5ti c>m9um reliquiae1 9 ,reliq4 phil4 vet4 7,am/]dam1 #ahch72 ,f4,w4,a4 ,mulla*1 ,fragm5ta philosophorum ,graecorum1 vol4 i42 ,h4 ,/e91 ,emp$oclis ,agrig5ti fragm5ta 7,bonn1 #ahhb72 ,h4 ,ritt] & ,l4 ,prell]1 ,hi/oria philosophiae 7#d? ed41 ,go?a1 #ahfi71 *ap4 iii4 ad f942 ,a4 ,fairbanks1 ,! ,fir/ ,philosoph]s ( ,greece 7#ahih74 ,v]se translation1 ,w4,e4 ,leon>d 7#aijh74 ,= criticism ,e4 ,zell]1 ,phil4 d] ,grie*5 7,eng4 trans4 ,s4,f4 ,alleyne1 #b vols41 ,london1 #ahha72 ,a4,w4 ,b5n1 ,greek ,philosoph]s 7#ahhb72 ,j4,a4 ,symonds1 ,/udies ( ! ,greek ,poets 7#crd ed41 #ahic71 vol4 i4 *ap4 #g2 ,c4,b4 ,r5\vi]1 ,manuel de philosophie anci5ne 7,p>is1 #ahdd72 ,t4 ,gomp]z1 ,greek ,?9k]s1 vol4 i4 7,eng4 trans4 ,l4 ,magnus1 #aija72 ,w4 ,w9delb&1 ,hi/4 ( ,phil4 7,eng4 trans4 #ahie72 _m articles 9 p]iodicals 7see ,baldw9's ,dict4 ( ,philos4 vol4 iii4 p4 #aij74 7,w4 ,w42 ,x47 ,,emp]or 7,fr4 emp]eur1 f ! ,lat4 imp]ator71 a title =m]ly borne by ! sov]eigns ( ! ,roman empire 7see ,,empire71 & s9ce _! "t1 p>tly by d]ivation1 p>tly by imitation1 us$ by a v>iety ( o!r sov]eigns4 ,"u ! ,republic1 ! t]m imp]ator appli$ 9 !ory to any magi/rate ve/$ ) imp]ium2 b 9 practice x 0 only us$ ( a magi/rate :o 0 act+ abroad 7militiae7 & 0 ?us 9 comm& ( troops4 ,! t]m imp]ator 0 ! natural & regul> designation employ$ by 8 troops 9 address+ su* a magi/rate2 b x 0 m p>ticul>ly & specially employ$ by !m to salute him aft] a victory2 & :5 he _h be5 ?us salut$ he c\ld use ! title ( imp]ator 9 public till ! day ( 8 triumph at ,rome1 aft] :i* x w\ld lapse along ) 8 imp]ium4 ,! s5ate itself might1 9 ! lat] ,republic1 invite a victori\s g5]al to assume ! title2 & 9 ^! two cu/oms--! salutation ( ! troops1 & ! invitation ( ! s5ate--we see 9 ! g]m ! two me?ods by :i* "u ! ,empire ! pr9ceps 0 designat$2 :ile 9 ! milit>y connotation atta*+ to ! "n ev5 "u ! ,republic we c detect 9 advance ! milit>y "* by :i* ! emp]or & ! ,empire 7 aft]w>ds di/+ui%$4 ,julius ,caes> 0 ! fir/ :o us$ ! title cont9u\sly 7f #eh ,b4,c4 to 8 dea? 9 #dd ,b4,c471 z well domi z militiae2 & 8 nephew ,augu/us took a fur!r /ep :5 he made ! t]m imp]ator a pra5om51 a practice :i* aft] ! "t ( ,n]o becomes regul>4 ,b ap>t f ?is amalgamation ( ! t]m ) 8 regul> "n1 & ! private "r to its use :i* t be/[$1 e emp]or _h an additional & d\ble "r to ! title on public gr\nds1 possess$ z he 0 ( an imp]ium inf9itum majus1 & comm&+ z he did all ! troops ( ! ,empire4 ,f ! latt] po9t ( view--z g5]alissimo ( ! =ces ( ,rome1 he _h ! "r to ! insignia ( ! comm&] 7! laurel wrea? & ! fasces71 & to ! protection ( a bodygu>d1 ! praetoriani4 ,?is public title ( imp]ator 0 normally conf]r$ by ! s5ate2 & an emp]or normally dates 8 reign f ! day ( 8 salutation by ! s5ate4 ,b ! troops 7 also reg>d$ z /ill reta9+ ! "r ( salut+ an imp]ator2 & !re 7 emp]ors :o reg>d$ !mselves z creat$ by su* salutation & dat$ _! reigns accord+ly4 ,! milit>y associations ( ! t]m ?us result$1 only too (t51 9 mak+ ! emp]or ! nom9ee ( a turbul5t soldi]y4 ,augu/us _h be5 designat$ 7n inde$ (ficially1 b none ! less regul>ly7 z pr9ceps--! fir/ citiz5 or =emo/ man ( ! /ate4 ,! designation suit$ ! e>ly ye>s ( ! ,empire1 9 :i* a dy>*y ( pr9ceps & s5ate _h be5 ma9ta9$4 ,b by ! #bnd c5tury ! dy>*y is pass+ into a mon>*y3 ! title ( pr9ceps rec$es1 & ! title ( imp]ator comes into prom95ce to designate n m]ely ! possessor ( a c]ta9 imp]ium1 or ! g5]al ( troops1 b ! simple mon>* 9 ! fulness ( 8 p[] z head ( ! /ate4 ,f ! days ( ,diocletian "o f9ds occasionally two emp]ors1 b n1 at any rate 9 !ory1 two ,empires2 ! two emp]ors are ! dual sov]eigns ( a s+le realm4 ,b f ! "t ( ,arcadius & ,honorius 7,a4,d4 #cie7 !re are 9 reality 7?\gh n 9 !ory7 two ,empires z well z two emp]ors1 "o ( ! ,ea/ & "o ( ! ,we/4 ,:5 ,greek became ! sole language ( ! ,ea/ ,roman ,empire1 imp]ator 0 r5d]$ sometimes by ,greek3 basileus & sometimes by ,greek3 autokrator1 ! =m] ^w be+ ! usual designation ( a sov]eign1 ! latt] specially d5ot+ t despotic p[] :i* ! imp]ator held1 & be+ 9 fact ! (ficial translation ( imp]ator4 ,ju/9ian uses ,greek3 autokrator z 8 =mal title1 & ,greek3 basileus z ! popul> t]m4 ,on ! revival ( ! ,roman empire 9 ! ,we/ by ,*>lemagne 9 #hjj1 ! title 7at fir/ 9 ! =m imp]ator1 or imp]ator ,augu/us1 aft]w>ds ,romanorum imp]ator ,augu/us7 0 tak5 by him & by 8 ,franki%1 ,italian & ,g]man successors1 heads ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 d[n to ! abdication ( ! emp]or ,francis ,,ii4 9 #ahjf4 ,! doctr9e _h1 h[ev]1 gr[n up 9 ! e>li] middle ages 7ab\t ! "t ( ! emp]or ,h5ry ,,ii41 #ajjb-ajbd7 t al?\gh ! emp]or 0 *os5 9 ,g]many 7at fir/ by ! nation1 aft]w>ds by a small body ( electors71 & entitl$ f ! mom5t ( 8 election to be cr[n$ 9 ,rome by ! pope1 he c\ld n use ! title ( emp]or until t coronation _h actually tak5 place4 ,! ,g]man sov]eign1 !re=e1 ?\gh he ex]cis$1 z soon z *os51 full imp]ial p[]s bo? 9 ,g]many & ,italy1 call$ himself m]ely k+ ( ! ,romans 7,romanorum rex semp] ,augu/us7 until he _h receiv$ ! sacr$ cr[n 9 ! sacr$ city4 ,9 #aejh ,maximilian ,i41 be+ refus$ a passage to ,rome by ! ,v5etians1 obta9$ f ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 a bull p]mitt+ him to /yle himself emp]or elect 7imp]ator electus1 erwahlt] ,kais]74 ,?is title 0 tak5 by ,f]d9& ,i4 7#aeeh7 & all succe$+ emp]ors1 imm$iately ^u _! coronation 9 ,g]many2 & x 0 until #ahjf _! /rict legal designation1 & 0 always employ$ by !m 9 proclamations & o!r (ficial docum5ts4 ,! t]m elect 01 h[ev]1 omitt$ ev5 9 =mal docum5ts :5 ! sov]eign 0 address$ or 0 spok5 ( 9 ! ?ird p]son4 ,9 m$ieval times ! emp]or1 conceiv$ z viceg]5t ( ,god & co-reg5t ) ! pope 9 gov]nm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian p committ$ to 8 *>ge1 might almo/ be reg>d$ z an ecclesia/ical (fic]4 ,n only 0 8 function reg>d$ z consi/+ 9 ! def5ce & ext5sion ( true religion2 he 0 himself array$ 9 ecclesia/ical ve/m5ts at 8 coronation2 he 0 orda9$ a subdeacon2 & assi/+ ! pope 9 ! celebration ( ! ,eu*>i/1 he communicat$ 9 bo? k9ds z a cl]k4 ,! same sort ( ecclesia/ical "* came also to be atta*$ to ! ts>s#a ( ,russia1 :o--especially 9 _! relations ) ! ,or?odox ,ea/]n ,*ur*--may v9dicate = !mselves 7?\gh ! sultans ( ,turkey h disput$ ! claim7 ! succession to ! ,ea/ ,roman emp]ors 7see ,empire74 ,b ! title ( emp]or 0 also us$ 9 ! middle ages1 & is /ill us$1 9 a loose & vague s5se1 )\t any ecclesia/ical connotation or h9t ( connexion ) ,rome 7! two attributes :i* %\ld prop]ly di/+ui% an emp]or71 & m]ely 9 ord] to designate a non-,european rul] ) a l>ge ext5t ( t]ritory4 ,x 0 ?us appli$1 & is /ill appli$1 to ! rul]s ( ,*9a & ,japan2 x 0 attribut$ to ! ,mogul sov]eigns ( ,india2 & s9ce #ahgf x has be5 us$ by ,briti% mon>*s 9 _! capacity ( sov]eigns ( ,india 7,kais]-i-,h9d74#b ,s9ce ! ,fr5* ,revolution & dur+ ! c\rse ( ! #ai? c5tury ! t]m emp]or has _h an ev5tful hi/ory4 ,9 #ahjd ,napoleon took ! title ( ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 & pos$ z ! reviv] ( ! ,empire ( ,*>lemagne4 ,afraid t ,napoleon w\ld next proce$ to deprive him ( 8 title ( ,holy ,roman ,emp]or1 ,francis ,,ii4 fir/ took ! /ep1 9 #ahjd1 ( inve/+ himself ) a new title1 t ( ,h]$it>y ,emp]or ( ,au/ria1 & !n1 9 #ahjf1 proce$$ to ! fur!r /ep ( abdicat+ 8 old hi/orical title & dissolv+ ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,?us ! old & true s5se ( ! t]m emp]or--! s5se 9 :i* x 0 connect$ ) ! *ur* 9 ! pres5t & ) ,rome 9 ! pa/--f9ally p]i%$2 & ! t]m became p>tly an apanage ( ,bonap>tism 7,l\is ,napoleon resuscitat$ x z ,napoleon ,,iii4 9 #ahec71 & p>tly a p]sonal title ( ! ,habsburgs z rul]s ( _! v>i\s family t]ritories4 ,9 #ahgj1 h[ev]1 a new & mo/ important use ( ! title 0 begun1 :5 ! union ( ,g]many 0 a*iev$1 & ! ,prussian k+1 :o became ! head ( unit$ ,g]many1 receiv$ 9 t capacity ! title ( ,g]man ,emp]or4 ,"h ! title ( emp]or designates ! presid5t ( a f$]al /ate2 & "h ! ,holy ,roman emp]or ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies1 ! presid5t ( a loose conf$]ation ( ,g]man /ates1 may be said to h f\nd 8 successor4 ,b ! t]m has be5 widely & loosely us$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! #ai? c5tury4 ,x 0 ! /yle f #ahba to #ahhi ( ! pr9ces ( ! h\se ( ,braganza :o rul$ 9 ,brazil2 x has be5 assum$ by usurp]s 9 ,haiti1 & 9 ,mexico x 0 borne by ,augu/9 ,iturbide 9 #ahbb & #ahbc1 & by ! ill-fat$ ,ar*duke ,maximilian ( ,au/ria f #ahfd to #ahfg4 ,x c h>dly1 !re=e1 be said to h any def9ite descriptive =ce at ! pres5t "t1 su* z x _h 9 ! middle ages4 ,s f> z x has any su* =ce 9 ,europe1 x may be said p>tly to be connect$ ) ,bonap>tism1 & to d5ote a popul> b milit>y dictator%ip1 p>tly to be connect$ ) ! f$]al idea1 & to d5ote a prec$5ce ov] o!r k+s possess$ by a rul] /&+ at ! head ( a composite /ate :i* may embrace k+s among its memb]s4 ,x is 9 ?is latt] s5se t x is us$ ( ,g]many1 & ( ,brita9 9 respect ( ,india2 x is 9 some?+ approa*+ ?is latt] s5se t x may be said to be us$ ( ,au/ria4 ,see ,j4 ,seld51 ,titles ( ,hon\r 7#afgb72 ,j4 ,bryce1 ,holy ,roman ,empire 7,london1 #aijd72 & ,sir ,e4 ,colebrooke1 ,on ,imp]ial & ,o!r ,titles 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society 7#ahgg74 ,see also ! articles on ,imp]ator & ,pr9ceps 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities 7#ahij74 7,e4 ,br47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ^w ,ts>1 l ! ,g]man ,kais]1 is d]iv$ f ,caes> 7see ,,ts>74 ,pet] ! ,great introduc$ ! use ( ! /yle ,imp]ator1 & ! (ficial designation is n[ ,emp]or ( all ! ,russias1 ,ts> ( ,pol&1 & ,gr& ,duke ( ,f9l&1 ?\gh ! t]m ts> is /ill popul>ly us$ 9 ,russia4 #b ,= ! titles ( ,greek3 ,basileus1 imp]ator ,augu/us1 c41 appli$ 9 ! #aj? c5tury to ! ,anglo-,saxon k+s1 see ,,empire 7note74 ,! claim to ! /yle ( emp]or1 z a badge ( equal rank1 play$ a consid]able "p 9 ! diplomatic relations betwe5 ! ,sultan & c]ta9 ,european sov]eigns4 ,?us1 at a "t :5 ?is /yle 7,padi%ah7 0 refus$ by ! ,sultan to ! ts>s ( ,russia1 & ev5 to ! ,holy ,roman ,emp]or himself1 x 0 all[$ to ! ,fr5* k+s1 :o 9 diplomatic correspond5ce & treaties ) ,turkey call$ !mselves emp]or ( ,france 7emp]eur de ,france74--,,ed44 ,,emphysema 7,gr4 ,greek3 emphysan to inflate7 is a ^w vaguely mean+ ! abnormal pres5ce ( air 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body4 ,at ! pres5t day1 h[ev]1 !re are two conditions to :i* x ref]s1 pulmon>y emphysema 7& ! ^w pulmon>y is (t5 omitt$7 & surgical emphysema4 ,( pulmon>y emphysema !re are two =ms1 true vesicul> & int]/itial 7or int]lobul>74 ,vesicul> emphysema signifies t !re is an enl>gem5t ( air-vesicles1 result+ ei!r f _! excessive di/5sion1 f de/ruction ( ! septa1 or f bo? causes comb9$ 7see ,,respiratory ,,sy/em74 ,9 int]/itial emphysema ! air is infiltrat$ into ! connective tissue b5ea? ! pleura & betwe5 ! pulmon>y air-cells4 ,! =m] v>iety is by f> ! m common1 & appe>s to be capable ( be+ produc$ by v>i\s causes1 ! *ief ( :i* are ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,:]e a portion ( ! lung has become wa/$1 or its vesicul> /ructure p]man5tly oblit]at$ by disease1 )\t correspond+ fall+ 9 ( ! *e/ wall1 ! neighb\r+ air-vesicles or "s ( !m und]go dilatation to fill ! vacuum 7vic>i\s emphysema74 #b4 ,9 "s cases ( bron*itis1 :]e numb]s ( ! small] bron*ial tubes become ob/ruct$1 ! air 9 ! pulmon>y vesicles rema9s imprison$1 ! =ce ( expiration be+ insuffici5t to expel x2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! /rong] =ce ( inspiration be+ adequate to ov]come ! resi/ance1 ! air-cells t5d to become m & m di/5d$1 & p]man5t alt]ations 9 _! /ructure1 includ+ emphysema1 are ! result 7inspiratory !ory74 #c4 ,emphysema also arises f ex]tion involv+ viol5t expiratory ef=ts1 dur+ :i* ! glottis is con/rict$1 z 9 p>oxysms ( c\gh+1 9 /ra9+1 & 9 lift+ heavy weights 7expiratory !ory74 ,:oop+-c\gh is well kn[n z ! excit+ cause ( emphysema 9 _m p]sons4 #d4 ,ano!r view1 kn[n z ! nutritive !ory1 ma9ta9s t emphysema dep5ds ess5tially on a prim>y nutritive *ange 9 ! walls ( ! air-vesicles4 ,?us ^! are impair$ 9 _! resi/+ p[]1 & are f> m likely to become di/5d$ by any =ce act+ on !m f )94 #e4 ,aga9 9 c]ta9 cases ! c>tilages ( ! *e/ become hyp]trophi$ & rigid1 ?us caus+ a prim>y *ronic enl>gem5t1 & ! lungs become emphysemat\s 9 ord] to fill up ! increas$ space 7,freund's !ory74 ,9 :atev] mann] produc$1 ?is disease gives rise to important morbid *anges 9 ! affect$ portions ( ! lungs1 especially ! loss ( ! natural ela/icity ( ! air-cells1 & likewise ! de/ruction ( _m ( ! pulmon>y capill>y blood-vessels1 & ! dim9ution ( a]at+ surface = ! blood4 ,z a consequ5ce an increas$ /ra9 is ?r[n on ! "r v5tricle ) a consequ5t dilatation lead+ on to he>t failure & all its att5dant tr\bles4 ,! *ief symptom 9 ?is compla9t is %ortness ( brea?1 m or less con/ant b greatly aggravat$ by ex]tion1 & by attacks ( bron*itis1 to :i* p]sons suff]+ f emphysema appe> to be specially liable4 ,! respiration is ( simil> "* to t already describ$ 9 ! case ( a/hma4 ,9 sev]e =ms ( ! disease ! pati5t comes to acquire a peculi> puffy or bloat$ appe>ance1 & ! configuration ( ! *e/ is alt]$1 assum+ ! "* kn[n z ! b>rel-%ap$ or emphysemat\s *e/4 ,! ma9 elem5t 9 ! treatm5t ( emphysema consi/s 9 att5tion to ! g5]al condition ( ! heal?1 & 9 ! avoidance ( all causes likely to aggravate ! disease or induce its complications4 ,compress$ air ba?s & expiration into r>efi$ air may be useful4 ,dur+ attacks ( urg5t dyspnoea & lividity1 ) engorgem5t ( ve9s1 ! pati5t %\ld be repeat$ly bl$ until relief is obta9$4 ,int]/itial emphysema aris+ f ! rupture ( air-cells 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! pleura may occur z a complication ( ! vesicul> =m1 or sep>ately z ! result ( "s sudd5 expulsive ef=t1 su* z a fit ( c\gh+1 or1 z has frequ5tly happ5$1 9 p>turition4 ,gangr5e or po/-mortem decomposition may lead to ! pres5ce ( air 9 ! int]/itial tissue ( ! lung4 ,occasionally ! air infiltrates ! cellul> tissue ( ! po/]ior m$ia/9um1 & !nce comes to di/5d ! integum5t ( ! :ole surface ( ! body 7surgical emphysema74 ,surgical emphysema signifies ! effusion ( air into ! g5]al connective tissues ( ! body4 ,! commone/ causes are a w\nd ( "s air-passage1 or a p5etrat+ w\nd ( ! *e/ wall )\t injury to ! lung4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 occur 9 any situation ( ! body & 9 _m o!r ways4 ,its sev]ity v>ies f v slight cases :]e only a little crepitation may be felt "u ! sk91 to extreme cases :]e ! :ole body is bl[n up & dea? is imm95t f imp$$ respiration & failure ( ! action ( ! he>t4 ,9 ! mild] cases no treatm5t is necess>y z ! air gradually becomes absorb$1 b 9 ! m sev]e cases incisions mu/ be made 9 ! swoll5 cellul> tissues to all[ ! air to escape4 ,,empire1 a t]m n[ us$ to d5ote a /ate ( l>ge size & also 7z a rule7 ( composite "*1 (t51 b n necess>ily1 rul$ by an emp]or--a /ate :i* may be a f$]ation1 l ! ,g]man empire1 or a unit>y /ate1 l ! ,russian1 or ev51 l ! ,briti% empire1 a loose commonweal? ( free /ates unit$ to a numb] ( subord9ate dep5d5cies4 ,= _m c5turies ! writ]s ( ! ,*ur*1 bas+ !mselves on ! ,apocalyptic writ+s1 conceiv$ ( a cycle ( f\r empires1 g5]ally expla9$--?\gh !re 0 no absolute unanimity ) reg>d to ! memb]s ( ! cycle--z ! ,assyrian1 ! ,p]sian1 ! ,mac$onian & ! ,roman4 ,b 9 reality ! conception ( ,empire1 l ! t]m itself 7,lat4 imp]ium71 is ( ,roman orig94 ,! empire ( ,alex&] _h inde$ 9 "s ways anticipat$ ! empire ( ,rome4 ,9 8 lat] ye>s1 ,pr(essor ,bury writes1 ,alex&] =m$ ! notion ( an empire1 bo? ,european & ,asiatic1 9 :i* ! ,asiatics %\ld n be dom9at$ by ! ,european invad]s1 b ,europeans & ,asiatics alike %\ld be rul$ on an equality by a mon>*1 indiff]5t to ! di/9ction ( ,greek & b>b>ian1 & look$ ^u z _! own k+ by ,p]sians z well z by ,mac$onians4 ,! contempor>y ,cynic philosophy ( cosmopolitanism h>moniz$ ) ?is notion1 z ,/oicism did lat] ) ! practice ( ! ,roman empire2 & ,alex&]1 l ,diocletian & ,con/ant9e1 accu/om$ a ,we/]n p to ! =ms ( an ,ori5tal c\rt1 :ile1 l ! e>li] ,caes>s1 he claim$ & receiv$ ! recognition ( 8 own div9ity4 ,b :5 he di$ 9 #cbc1 8 empire1 :i* _h b>ely la/$ t5 ye>s1 di$ ) him2 & x 0 divid$ among ,diado*i :o1 if 9 "s o!r respects 7= in/ance1 ! ,hell5ization ( ! ,ea/7 !y 7 heirs ( _! ma/]'s policy1 7 de/itute ( ! imp]ial conception4 ,! "w ( ,alex&] 0 r t ( ! =]unn] ?an ! f\nd]4 ,he prep>$ ! way = ! _w-empire ( ,rome2 he made possible ! rise ( a univ]sal religion4 ,& ^! are ! two factors :i*1 ?r\gh\t ! middle ages1 w5t toge!r to make ! ?+ :i* m5 call$ ,empire4 ,! ,roman empire4 ,at ,rome ! t]m imp]ium signifi$ g5]ally1 9 its e>li] use1 ! sov]eignty ( ! /ate ov] ! individual1 a sov]eignty :i* ! ,romans _h dis5gag$ ) s+ul> cle>ness f all o!r k9ds ( au?ority4 ,ea* ( ! high] magi/rates ( ! ,roman p 0 ve/$1 by a lex curiata 7= p[] 0 di/9ctly conceiv$ z resid5t 91 & delegat$ by1 ! community71 ) an imp]ium bo? civil & milit>y1 :i* v>i$ 9 degree ) ! magnitude ( 8 (fice4 ,9 ! lat] days ( ! ,republic su* imp]ium 0 enjoy$1 p>tly 9 ,rome by ! resid5t consuls & praetors1 p>tly 9 ! prov9ces by ! v>i\s proconsuls or propraetors4 ,!re 0 ?us a c]ta9 morcellem5t ( imp]ium1 delegat$ z x 0 by ! p to a numb] ( magi/rates3 ! com+ ( ! ,empire meant ! re9tegration ( ?is imp]ium1 & its unification1 by a gradual process1 9 ! h&s ( ! pr9ceps1 or emp]or4 ,! means by :i* ?is process 0 a*iev$ _h already be5 anticipat$ "u ! ,republic4 ,already 9 ! days ( ,pompey x _h be5 f\nd conv5i5t to grant to an extraord9>y (fic] an imp]ium aequum or majus ov] a l>ge area1 & t (fic] ?us receiv$ p[]s1 )9 t area1 equal to1 or great] ?an1 ! p[]s ( ! prov9cial gov]nors4 ,?is prec$5t 0 foll[$ by ,augu/us 9 ! ye> #bg ,b4,c41 :5 he acquir$ = himself sole imp]ium 9 a c]ta9 numb] ( prov9ces 7! imp]ial prov9ces71 & an inf9itum imp]ium majus 9 ! rema9+ prov9ces 7:i* 7 t]m$ s5atorial74 ,z a result1 ,augu/us enjoy$ an imp]ium coext5sive inde$ ) ! :ole ( ! ,roman _w1 b concurr5t1 9 "p ( t _w1 ) ! imp]ium ( ! s5atorial proconsuls2 & ! e>ly ,empire may ?us be describ$ z a dy>*y4 ,b ! di/9ction betwe5 imp]ial & s5atorial prov9ces f9ally disappe>$2 by ! "t ( ,con/ant9e ! emp]or enjoy$ sole imp]ium1 & an absolute mon>*y _h be5 e/abli%$4 ,we %all n1 h[ev]1 fully und]/& ! significance ( ! ,roman empire1 unless we realize ! importance ( its milit>y aspect4 ,all ! soldi]s ( ,rome _h f ! fir/ to swe> 9 v]ba ,caes>is ,augu/i2 & ?us ! :ole ( ! ,roman army 0 8 army1 regim5ts ( :i* he might inde$ l5d1 b ( :i* he 0 sole ,imp]ator 7see "u ,,emp]or74 ,?us reg>d$ z a p]man5t comm&]-9-*ief1 ! emp]or enjoy$ ! privileges1 & suff]$ f ! weaknesses1 ( 8 position4 ,he _h ! p[] ( ! sword beh9d him2 b he became m & m liable to be depos$1 & to be replac$ by a new comm&]1 at ! w ( ^? :o bore ! sword 9 8 s]vice4 ,developm5t "u ,diocletian & ,con/ant9e4 ,division ( ! ,empire4 ,! p]iod :i* is m>k$ by ! reigns ( ,diocletian & ,con/ant9e 7,a4,d4 #bhd-ccg7 m>ks a great trans=mation 9 ! "* ( ! ,empire4 ,! old dy>*y1 "u :i* ! emp]or might /ill be reg>d$ z an (ficial ( ! respublica ,romana1 pass$ into a new mon>*y1 9 :i* all political p[] became1 z x 71 ! private prop]ty ( ! mon>*4 ,!re 0 n[ no di/9ction ( prov9ces2 & ! old public a]>ium became m]ely a municipal treasury1 :ile ! fiscus ( ! emp]or became ! ex*equ] ( ! ,empire4 ,! (fic]s ( ! imp]ial praetorium1 or bodygu>d1 are n[ ! great (fic]s ( /ate2 8 private c\ncil becomes ! public consi/ory1 or supreme c\rt ( appeal2 & ! comites ( 8 c\rt are ! adm9i/rators ( 8 empire4 ,all is 9 him1 & all comes f him1 z our own ye>-books say ( ! m$ieval k+2 8 h\sehold1 = in/ance1 is n only a h\sehold1 b also an adm9i/ration4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is unification seems to be accompani$ by a new bifurcation4 ,! exig5cies ( fronti] def5ce _h long be5 draw+ ! ,empire t[>ds ! tr\bl$ ,ea/2 & ?is t5d5cy rea*$ its culm9ation :5 a new ,rome arose by ! ,bosporus1 & ,con/ant9ople became ! c5tre ( :at seem$ a second ,empire 9 ! ,ea/ 7,a4,d4 #cbd74 ,p>ticul>ly aft] ! division ( ! ,empire betwe5 ,arcadius & ,honorius 9 #cie does ?is bifurcation appe> to be m>k$2 & "o naturally speaks ( ! two ,empires ( ! ,we/ & ! ,ea/4 ,yet x _c be too mu* emphasiz$ t 9 reality su* language is utt]ly inexact4 ,! ,roman empire 01 & always cont9u$ to be1 ideally "o & indivisible4 ,!re 7 two emp]ors1 b "o ,empire--two p]sons1 b "o p[]4 ,! po9t is ( great importance = ! und]/&+ ( ! :ole ( ! middle ages3 !re only is1 & c be1 "o ,empire1 :i* may inde$1 = conv5i5ce1 be rul$ conjo9tly by two emp]ors1 resid5t1 aga9 = conv5i5ce1 9 two sep>ate capitals4 ,&1 z a matt] ( fact1 n only did ! resid5ce ( an emp]or 9 ! ,ea/ n spell bifurcation1 x actually fo/]$ ! t5d5cy t[>ds unification4 ,x help$ =w>d ! trans=mation ( ! ,empire into an absolute & quasi-,asiatic mon>*y1 "u :i* all its subjects fell into a s+le level ( loyal submission3 x help$ to give ! emp]or a gorge\s c\rt1 m>k$ by all ! c]emony & ! s]vility ( ! ,ea/4#a ,! deification ( ! emp]or himself dates f ! days ( ,augu/us2 by ! "t ( ,con/ant9e x has infect$ ! c\rt & ! gov]nm5t4 ,ea* emp]or1 aga91 _h f ! fir/ enjoy$ ! sacrosanct position :i* 0 atta*$ to ! tribunate2 b n[ 8 palace1 8 *amb]1 8 *>ities1 8 lett]s1 are all sacr$1 & "o might almo/ speak 9 advance ( a ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b !re is "o factor1 ! greate/ ( all1 :i* /ill rema9s to be add$1 be=e we h c\nt$ ! sum ( ! =ces t made ! _w ?9k 9 t]ms ( empire = c5turies to come2 & t is ! reception ( ,*ri/ianity into ! ,roman empire by ,con/ant9e4 ,t reception add$ a new sanction to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,empire & ! position ( ! emp]or4 ,! ,empire1 already "o & indivisible 9 its aspect ( a political society1 0 weld$ /ill m firmly toge!r :5 x 0 in=m$ & p]meat$ by a common ,*ri/ianity1 & unifi$ by ! =ce ( a spiritual bond4 ,! ,empire 0 n[ ! ,*ur*2 x 0 n[ inde$ inde/ructible1 =1 if x p]i%$ z an empire1 x w\ld live z a *ur*4 ,b ! ,*ur* made x c]ta9 t x w\ld n p]i%1 ev5 z an empire1 = _m c5turies to come4 ,on ! "o h& ! ,*ur* ?\ght 9 t]ms ( empire & taught ! millions ( its disciples 7includ+ ! b>b>ians !mselves7 to ?9k 9 ! same t]ms4 ,no o!r political conception--no conception ( a ,greek3 polis or ( a nation--0 any long] possible4 ,:5 ! ,*ur* ga9$ its hold ( ! ,roman _w1 ! ,empire1 z x has be5 well said1 0 already n only a gov]nm5t1 b a fa%ion ( conceiv+ ! _w3 x _h /ood = ?ree c5turies1 & no man c\ld ?9k ( any o!r =m ( political association4 ,moreov]1 ! gospel ( ,/ ,paul--t !re is "o ,*ur*1 :]e( ,*ri/ is ! ,head1 & we are all memb]s--c\ld n b re9=ce = ! ,*ri/ian ! conception ( a necess>y political unity ( all ! _w "u a s+le head4 ,una ,*iesa 9 uno ,/ato--su*1 !n1 0 ! !ory ( ! ,*ur*4 ,b n only did ! ,*ur* p]petuate ! conception ( empire by mak+ x a "p ( its own !ory ( ! _w3 x p]petuat$ t conception equally by mat]ializ+ x 9 its own organization ( itself4 ,gr[+ up "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,empire1 ! ,*ur* too became an empire1 z ! ,empire _h become a *ur*4 ,z x took ov] some?+ ( ! old pagan c]emonial1 s x took ov] mu* ( ! old secul> organization4 ,! pope borr[$ 8 title ( pontifex maximus f ! emp]or3 :at is f> m1 he made himself gradually1 & 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 ! ,caes> & ,imp]ator ( ! ,*ur*4 ,! (fices & ! dioceses ( ! ,*ur* are p>allel to ! (fices & dioceses ( ! ,diocletian empire3 ! :ole _s ( ord]ly hi]>*y & regul> organization1 :i* brea!s 9 ! ,roman ,*ur*1 is ! h]itage ( anci5t ,rome4 ,! ,donation ( ,con/ant9e is a =g]y2 b x expresses a great tru? :5 x repres5ts ,con/ant9e z giv+ to ! pope ! imp]ial palace & insignia1 & to ! cl]gy ! ornam5ts ( ! imp]ial army 7see ,,donation ,,( ,,con/ant9e74 ,b>b>ian invasions4 ,^u ?is _w1 in=m$ by ^! ideas1 !re f9ally desc5d$1 9 ! #e? c5tury1 ! avalan*e ( b>b>ic invasion4 ,its impact seem$ to split ! ,empire into fragm5t>y k+doms2 yet x left ! univ]sal ,*ur* intact1 & ) x ! conception ( empire4 ,) t conception1 inde$1 ! b>b>ians _h already be5 = c5turies famili>3 s]vice 9 ,roman armies1 & settlem5t 9 ,roman t]ritories1 _h made ! ,roman empire = !m1 z mu* z = ! civiliz$ prov9cial1 "p ( ! ord] ( ! _w4 ,"o ( ! b>b>ian invad]s1 ,odoac] 7,odovak>71 might seem1 9 #dgf1 to h swept away ! ,empire f ! ,we/1 :5 he comm&$ ! abdication ( ,romulus ,augu/ulus2 & ! date #dgf has inde$ be5 g5]ally emphasiz$ z m>k+ ! fall ( ! ,we/]n empire4 ,o!r invad]s1 aga91 m5 l ! ,frank ,clovis or ! great ,o/rogo? ,!odoric1 might seem1 9 succe$+ ye>s1 to h complet$ ! "w ( ,odoac]1 & to h %att]$ ! sorry s*eme ( ! lat] ,empire1 by rem\ld+ x into national k+doms4 ,de facto1 !re is "s tru? 9 su* a view3 de jure1 !re is none4#b ,all t ,odoac] did 0 to aboli% "o ( ! two jo9t rul]s ( ! indivisible ,empire1 & to make ! rema9+ rul] at ,con/ant9ople sole emp]or f ! ,bosporus to ! pill>s ( ,h]cules4 ,he aboli%$ ! dual sov]eignty :i* _h be5 inaugurat$ by ,diocletian1 & return$ to ! unity ( ! ,empire 9 ! days ( ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,he did n aboli% ! ,roman empire 9 ! ,we/3 he only aboli%$ its sep>ate rul]1 &1 leav+ ! ,empire itself subsi/+1 "u ! sway 7nom9al1 x is true1 b none ! less ackn[l$g$7 ( ! emp]or resid5t at ,con/ant9ople1 he claim$ to act z 8 vic>1 "u ! "n ( patrician1 9 ! adm9i/ration ( ! ,italian prov9ces4#c ,z ,odoac] ?us fitt$ himself into ! s*eme ( empire1 s did bo? ,clovis & ,!odoric4 ,!y d n claim to be emp]ors 7t 0 res]v$ = ,*>lemagne73 !y claim to be ! vic>s & lieut5ants ( ! ,empire4 ,!odoric spoke ( himself to ,z5o z imp]io ve/ro famulans2 he left ju/ice & adm9i/ration 9 ,roman h&s1 & ma9ta9$ two annual consuls 9 ,rome4 ,clovis receiv$ ! title ( consul f ,ana/asius2 ! ,visigo?ic k+s ( ,spa9 7l ! k+s ( ! savage ,lomb>ds7 /yl$ !mselves ,flavii1 & p]mitt$ ! cities ( _! ea/]n coa/ to s5d tribute to ,con/ant9ople4 ,yet x mu/ be admitt$ t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ?is adhesion ( ! new b>b>ic k+s to ! ,empire 0 little m ?an a =m4 ,! ,empire ma9ta9$ its ideal unity by treat+ !m z its vic>s2 b !y !mselves 7 =m+ sep>ate & indep5d5t k+doms )9 its bord]s4 ,! ,italy ( ! ,o/rogo?s _c h belong$1 9 any real s5se1 to ! ,empire2 o!rwise ,ju/9ian w\ld nev] h ne$$ to attempt its reconque/4 ,& 9 ! #g? & #h? c5turies ! =m ( adhesion itself decay$3 ! emp]or 0 retir+ ^u ! ,greek _w ( ! ,ea/1 & ! ,g]man conqu]ors1 settl$ )9 _! k+doms1 lo/ ! wid? ( outlook ( _! old migratory days4 ,! ,*ur* & ! ,empire4 ,gr[+ div]g5ce betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/4 ,! popes4 ,x is "h t ! action ( ! ,*ur* becomes ( supreme importance4 ,! ,*ur* _h n ceas$ to believe 9 ! cont9u\s life ( ! ,empire4 ,! ,fa!rs _h taught t :5 ! cycle ( empires 0 f9ally end$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! empire ( ,rome1 ! days ( ,anti*ri/ w\ld dawn2 &1 s9ce ,anti*ri/ 0 n yet come1 ! ,*ur* believ$ t ! ,empire /ill liv$1 & w\ld cont9ue to live till 8 com+4 ,mean:ile ! ,ea/]n emp]or1 ev] s9ce ,ju/9ian's reconque/ ( ,italy1 _h be5 able to ma9ta9 8 hold on ! c5tre ( ,italy2 & ,rome itself1 ! seat ( ! head ( ! ,*ur*1 /ill rank$ z "o ( ! cities "u 8 sway4 ,! imp]iali/ !ory ( ! ,*ur* f\nd its satisfaction 9 ?is connexion ( its head ) ,con/ant9ople2 & z long z ?is connexion cont9u$ to satisfy ! ,*ur*1 !re 0 little prospect ( any *ange4 ,= _m ye>s aft] _! invasion ( #efh1 ! pressure :i* ! ,lomb>ds ma9ta9$ on c5tral ,italy1 f _! k+dom 9 ! valley ( ! ,po1 kept ! popes /eadily fai?ful to ! emp]or ( ! ,ea/ & 8 repres5tative 9 ,italy1 ! ex>* ( ,rav5na4 ,b x 0 n 9 ! nature ( ?+s t su* fidelity %\ld cont9ue unimpair$4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ c\ld n b proce$ along con/antly div]g+ l9es1 until ! po9t 0 rea*$ :5 _! connexion mu/ snap4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! developm5t ( ! ,we/ set t[>ds ! increase ( ! p[]s ( ! bi%op ( ,rome until he rea*$ a height at :i* subjection to ! emp]or at ,con/ant9ople became impossible4 ,resid5ce 9 ,rome1 ! old seat ( empire1 _h 9 itself giv5 him a great pre/ige2 & to ?is pre/ige ,/ ,gregory 7pope f #eij to #fjd7 _h add$ 9 a numb] ( ways4 ,he 0 "o ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 & turn$ its !ology into ! *annels 9 :i* x 0 to fl[ = c5turies2 he _h acquir$ = 8 *ur* ! great spiritual colony ( ,engl& by ! mission ( ,/ ,augu/9e2 he _h be5 ! protector ( ,italy aga9/ ! ,lomb>ds4 ,z ! popes ?us became m & m spiritual emp]ors ( ! ,we/1 !y f\nd !mselves less & less able to rema9 ! subjects ( ! lay emp]or ( ! ,ea/4 ,mean:ile ! emp]ors ( ! ,ea/ 7 l$ to int]f]e 9 ecclesia/ical affairs 9 a mann] :i* ! popes & ! ,we/]n ,*ur* refus$ to tol]ate4 ,br\ght into contact ) ! pure mono!ism ( ,mahomm$anism1 ,leo ! ,isaurian 7#gah-gda7 0 /imulat$ into a crusade aga9/ image-wor%ip1 9 ord] to remove f ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* ! *>ge ( idolatry4 ,! ,we/ clung to its images3 ! popes revolt$ aga9/ 8 decrees2 & ! brea* rapidly became irrep>able4 ,z ! hold ( ! ,ea/]n emp]or on c5tral ,italy began to be %ak51 ! popes may h begun to *]i% ! hope ( becom+ _! successors & ( f\nd+ a temporal dom9ion2 & t hope c only h contribut$ to ! f9al dissolution ( _! connexion ) ! ,ea/]n empire4 ,coronation ( ,*>lemagne z emp]or ( ! ,we/4 ,?us1 9 ! c\rse ( ! #h? c5tury1 ! ,empire1 z repres5t$ by ! emp]ors at ,con/ant9ople1 _h begun to fade utt]ly out ( ! ,we/4 ,x _h be5 =gott5 by lay sov]eigns2 x 0 be+ ab&on$ by ! pope1 :o _h be5 its *os5 apo/le4 ,b x did n foll[ t1 because ! ,ea/]n emp]or ceas$ to be ! repres5tative ( ! ,empire = ! ,we/1 ! conception ( ,empire itself !re=e p]i%$4 ,! popes only ab&on$ ! repres5tative2 !y did n ab&on ! conception4 ,if !y _h ab&on$ ! conception1 !y w\ld h ab&on$ ! idea t !re 0 an ord] ( ! _w2 !y w\ld h committ$ !mselves to a belief 9 ! com+ ( ,anti*ri/4 ,! conception ( ! _w z a s+le ,empire-,*ur* rema9$3 :at _h to be discov]$ 0 a new repres5tative ( "o ( ! two sides ( t conception4 ,= a brief "t1 x w\ld seem1 ! pope himself *]i%$ ! idea ( becom+1 9 8 own p]son1 ! successor ( ! anci5t ,caes>s 9 _! own old capital4 ,by ! aid ( ! ,franki% k+s1 he _h be5 able to /op ! ,lomb>ds f acquir+ ! succession to ! d]elict t]ritories ( ! ,ea/]n emp]or 9 ,italy 7f :i* _! la/ ex>* _h fl$ ov]seas 9 #geb71 & he _h become ! temporal sov]eign ( ^? t]ritories4 ,successor to ! ,ea/]n emp]or 9 c5tral ,italy1 :y %\ld he n also become 8 successor z repres5tative ( ! ,empire--all ! m1 s9ce he 0 ! head ( ! ,*ur*1 :i* 0 coext5sive ) ! ,empire8 ,"s su* hope seems to inspire ! ,donation ( ,con/ant9e1 a docum5t =g$ betwe5 #ged & #ggd1 9 :i* ,con/ant9e is repres5t$ z hav+ conf]r$ on ,silve/] ,i4 ! imp]ial palace & insignia1 & !re) omnes ,italiae seu occid5talium regionum prov9cias loca et civitates4 ,b ! hope1 if x ev] 0 *]i%$1 prov$ to be futile4 ,! popes _h n ! mat]ial =ce at _! comm& :i* w\ld h made !m adequate to ! position4 ,! /rong arm ( ! ,franki% k+s _h alone deliv]$ !m f ! ,lomb>ds3 ! same /rong arm1 !y f\nd1 0 ne$$ to deliv] !m f ! wild nobility ( _! own city4 ,s !y turn$ to ! p[] :i* 0 /rong en\gh to und]take ! task :i* !y c\ld n !mselves attempt1 & !y invit$ ! ,franki% k+ to become ! repres5tative ( ! imp]ial conception !y *]i%$4#d ,9 ! ye> #hjj c5tral ,italy ceas$ to date its docum5ts by ! regnal ye>s ( ! ,ea/]n emp]ors2 = ,*>lemagne 0 cr[n$ emp]or 9 _! /ead4 ,! k+ ( ! ,franks 0 well fitt$ = ! position :i* he 0 *os5 to fill4 ,he 0 k+ ( a /ock :i* _h be5 f ! fir/ ,a?anasian1 & _h nev] be5 ta9t$1 l mo/ ( ! ,g]manic tribes1 by ! adoption ( ,arian t5ets4 ,8 gr&fa!r1 ,*>les ,m>tel1 _h sav$ ,europe f ! dang] ( a ,mahomm$an conque/ by 8 victory at ,poiti]s 7#gcb72 8 fa!r1 ,pipp9 ! ,%ort1 _h help$ ! ,engli% mission>y ,boniface to a*ieve ! conv]sion ( ,g]many4 ,! popes !mselves _h turn$ to ! ,franki% k+s = support aga9 & aga9 9 ! c\rse ( ! #h? c5tury4 ,gregory ,,iii41 involv$ 9 bitt] ho/ilities ) ! iconocla/ic re=m]s ( ! ,ea/1 appeal$ to ,*>les ,m>tel = aid1 & ev5 (f]$ ! k+1 x is said1 ! titles ( consul & patrician4 ,za*>ias pron\nc$ ! deposition ( ! la/ ( ! ,m]ov+ians1 & gave to ,pipp9 ! title ( k+ 7#gea72 :ile 8 successor1 ,/eph5 ,,ii41 h>d press$ by ! ,lomb>ds1 :o 7 eag] to replace ! ,ea/]n emp]ors 9 ! possession ( c5tral ,italy1 n only ask$ & receiv$ ! aid ( ! new k+1 b also acquir$1 9 virtue ( ,pipp9's donation 7#ged71 ! disput$ ex>*ate itself4 ,?us 0 laid ! f\ndation ( ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur*2 & ! grateful pope rew>d$ ! donation by ! gift ( ! title ( patricius ,romanorum1 :i* conf]r$ on its recipi5t ! duty & ! privilege ( protect+ ! ,roman ,*ur*1 along ) "s undef9$ measure ( au?ority 9 ,rome itself4#e ,f9ally1 9 #ggc1 ,pope ,adrian ,i4 _h to appeal to ,*>les1 ! successor ( ,pipp91 aga9/ ! aggressions ( ! la/ ( ! ,lomb>d k+s2 & 9 #ggd ,*>les conqu]$ ! ,lomb>d k+dom1 & himself assum$ its iron cr[n4 ,?us by ! end ( ! #h? c5tury ! ,franki% k+ /ood on ! v /eps ( ! imp]ial ?rone4 ,he rul$ a realm :i* ext5d$ f ! ,pyr5ees to ! ,h>z1 & f ,hamburg to ,rome--a realm :i* might be reg>d$ z 9 itself a de facto empire4 ,he bore ! title ( patricius1 & he _h %[n t he did n be> x 9 va9 by 8 vigor\s def5ce ( ! papacy 9 #ggd4 ,"h !re /ood1 ready to h&1 a natural repres5tative ( ! conception ( ,empire2 & ,leo ,,iii41 f9d+ t he ne$$ ! aid ( ,*>lemagne to ma9ta9 himself aga9/ 8 own ,romans1 f9ally took ! decisive /ep ( cr[n+ him emp]or1 z he knelt 9 pray] at ,/ ,pet]'s1 on ,*ri/mas ,day1 #hjj4 ,!ory ( ! ,c>ol+ian empire4 ,! coronation ( ,*>lemagne 9 #hjj m>ks ! coalesc5ce into a s+le unity ( two facts1 or r1 m /rictly speak+1 ( a fact & a !ory4 ,! fact is ,g]man & secul>3 x is ! wide de facto empire1 :i* ! ,franki% sword _h conqu]$1 & ,franki% policy _h organiz$ z a s+le :ole4 ,! !ory is ,lat9 & ecclesia/ical3 x is a !ory ( ! necess>y political unity ( ! _w1 & its necess>y repres5tation 9 ! p]son ( an emp]or--a !ory half spr++ f ! unity ( ! old ,roman empire1 & half d]iv$ f ! unity ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* z conceiv$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,if we seek = ! =ce :i* caus$ ?is fact & ?is !ory to coalesce 9 ! ,c>ol+ian empire1 we c only answ]--! papacy4 ,! idea ( ,empire 0 9 ! ,*ur*2 & ! head ( ! ,*ur* translat$ ?is idea into fact4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we seek to conceive ! ev5t ( #hjj f a political or legal po9t ( view1 & to det]m9e ! resid5ce ( ! "r ( con/itut+ an emp]or1 we at once drift into ! fogs ( c5turies ( controv]sy4 ,?ree answ]s are possible f ?ree po9ts ( view2 & all h _! tru?1 accord+ to ! po9t ( view4 ,f ! ecclesia/ical po9t ( view1 ! "r resides ) ! pope4 ,?is !ory 0 n promulgat$ 7inde$ no !ory 0 promulgat$7 until ! /ruggles ( ,papacy & ,empire 9 ! c\rse ( ! middle ages2 b by ! "t ( ,innoc5t ,,iii4 x is becom+ an e/abli%$ doctr9e t a translatio ,imp]ii took place 9 #hjj1 :]eby ! pope transf]r$ ! ,roman empire f ! ,greeks to ! ,g]mans 9 ! p]son ( ! magnific5t ,*>les4#f ,"o c only say t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! popes ceas$ to recognize ! ,ea/]n emp]ors1 & recogniz$ ,*>les in/ead1 9 ! ye> #hjj2 t1 aga91 ?is recognition alone made ,*>les emp]or1 z no?+ else c\ld h done2 b t no "q arose1 at ! "t1 ( any "r ( ! pope to give ! ,empire to ,*>lemagne1 = ! simple reason t nei!r ( ! actors 0 act+ or ?9k+ 9 a legal _s4 ,if we n[ turn to /udy ! po9t ( view ( ! civil lawy]1 animat$ by su* a _s1 & bas+ himself on ! code ( ,ju/9ian1 we %all f9d t an emp]or mu/ d]ive 8 in/itution & p[] f a lex regia pass$ by ! populus ,romanus2 & su* a view1 /rictly int]pret$1 w lead u to ! conclusion t ! citiz5s ( ,rome _h giv5 ! cr[n to ,*>lemagne 9 #hjj1 & cont9u$ to be/[ x on successive emp]ors aft]w>ds4 ,!re is inde$ "s spee*1 9 ! contempor>y acc\nts ( ,*>lemagne's coronation1 ( ! pres5ce ( anci5ts among ! ,romans & ( ! fai?ful p2 b !y are m]ely pres5t to witness or applaud1 & ! conception ( ! ,roman p z ! s\rce ( ,empire is "o t 0 only *ampion$1 at a f> lat] date1 by antiqu>ian ideali/s l ,arnold ( ,brescia & ,cola di ,ri5zi4 ,! faex ,romuli1 a population ( lodg+-h\se keep]s1 liv+ ^u pilgrims to ! papal c\rt1 c\ld h>dly be conceiv$1 except by an ard5t imag9ation1 z heir to ! ,quirites ( ! pa/4 ,f9ally1 f ! po9t ( view ( ! ,g]man tribesman1 we mu/ admit t ! ,empire 0 some?+ :i*1 once receiv$ by 8 k+ 7no matt] h[71 desc5d$ 9 ! royal family z an heirloom2 or to :i* 7:5 ! k+%ip became elective7 a title 0 conf]r$1 along ) ! k+%ip1 by ! vote ( electors4#g ,relations ( ! ,c>ol+ian to ! ,ea/]n empire4 ,b ap>t f ^! que/ions ( orig91 two difficulties h /ill to be fac$ ) reg>d to ! nature & position ( ! ,c>ol+ian empire4 ,did ,*>lemagne & 8 successors ent] into a new relation ) _! subjects1 9 virtue ( _! coronation8 ,& :at 0 ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 ! new emp]or n[ e/abli%$ 9 ! ,we/ & ! old emp]or /ill reign+ 9 ! ,ea/8 ,x is true t ,*>lemagne exact$ a new oa? ( allegiance f 8 subjects aft] 8 coronation1 & aga9 t he _h a revision ( all ! laws ( 8 dom9ions made 9 #hjb4 ,b ! revision did n am\nt to mu* 9 bulk3 :at !re 0 conta9$ little t 0 ,roman2 &1 on ! :ole1 x h>dly seems probable t ,*>lemagne ent]$ into any new relation ) 8 subjects4 ,! relation ( 8 empire to ! empire 9 ! ,ea/ is a m difficult & important problem4 ,9 #gig ! empress ,ir5e _h depos$ & bl9d$ h] son1 ,con/ant9e ,,vi41 & usurp$ 8 ?rone4 ,n[ x w\ld seem t ,*>lemagne1 ^: ?\ghts 7 already set on ,empire1 hop$ to depose & succe$ ,ir5e1 & ?us to become sole repres5tative ( ! conception ( ,empire1 bo? = ! ,ea/ & = ! ,we/4 ,sudd5ly !re came1 9 #hjj1 8 own coronation z emp]or1 an act app>5tly unprem$itat$ at ! mom5t1 tak+ him by surprise1 z "o ga!rs f ,e9h>d's ,vita ,k>oli1 & int]rupt+ 8 plans4 ,x left him repres5tative ( ! ,empire = ! ,we/ only1 confront+ ano!r repres5tative 9 ! ,ea/4 ,su* a position he did n desire3 !re _h be5 a s+le ,empire ve/$ 9 a s+le p]son s9ce #dgf1 & he desir$ t !re %\ld /ill cont9ue to be a s+le ,empire1 ve/$ only 9 8 own p]son4 ,he n[ s\ght to a*ieve ?is unity by a proposal ( m>riage to ,ir5e4 ,! proposal fail$1 & he _h to cont5t himself ) a recognition ( 8 imp]ial title by ! two successors ( ! empress4 ,?is did n1 h[ev]1 mean 7at any rate 9 ! issue7 t h5ce=? !re 7 to be two conjo9t rul]s1 amicably rul+ z colleagues a s+le ,empire1 9 ! mann] ( ,arcadius & ,honorius4 ,! dual gov]nm5t ( a s+le ,empire e/abli%$ by ,diocletian _h f9ally vani%$ 9 #dgf2 & ! unity ( ! ,empire 0 n[ conceiv$1 z x _h be5 conceiv$ be=e ! days ( ,diocletian1 to dem& a s+le repres5tative4 ,h5ce=? !re 7 two rul]s1 "o at ,aix-la-,*apelle & "o at ,con/ant9ople1 ea* claim+1 :atev] tempor>y concessions he might make1 to be ! sole rul] & repres5tative ( ! ,roman empire4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! ,we/]n emp]ors held t1 ^u ! deposition ( ,con/ant9e ,,vi41 ,*>lemagne _h succe$$ him1 aft] a slight int]val1 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! :ole ,empire1 bo? 9 ! ,ea/ & 9 ! ,we/2 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ea/]n emp]ors1 9 spite ( _! grudg+ recognition ( ,*>lemagne at ! mom5t1 reg>d$ !mselves z ! only lawful successors ( ,con/ant9e ,,vi41 & view$ ! ,c>ol+s & _! lat] successors z up/>ts & usurp]s1 ) no "r to _! imp]ial pret5sions4 ,h5ce=? two halves confront$ "o ano!r1 ea* claim+ to be ! :ole2 two f9ite bodies t\*$1 & ea* yet claim$ to be inf9ite4 ,"* ( ! ,c>ol+ian empire4 ,break-up ( ! ,c>ol+ian empire4 ,attitude ( ! papacy4 ,if1 z has be5 sugge/$1 ,*>lemagne did n ent] into any fundam5tally new relations ) 8 subjects aft] 8 coronation1 x foll[s t ! results ( 8 coronation1 9 ! sph]e ( policy & adm9i/ration1 _c h be5 consid]able4 ,! ,empire add$ a new sanction to a policy & adm9i/ration already develop$4 ,*>lemagne _h already %[$ himself episcopus episcoporum1 anxi\s n only to suppress h]esy & sup]vise ! cl]gy )9 8 bord]s1 b also to ext5d true ,*ri/ianity )\t !m ev5 be=e ! ye> :5 8 imp]ial coronation gave him a new title to supreme gov]nor%ip 9 all cases ecclesia/ical4 ,he _h already organiz$ 8 empire on a new uni=m sy/em ( c\nties1 & ! missi dom9ici 7 already at "w to sup]9t5d ! action ( ! c\nts1 ev5 be=e ! r5ovatio imp]ii ,romani came to sugge/ su* uni=mity & c5tralization4 ,*>lemagne _h a new title2 b 8 subjects /ill obey$ ! k+ ( ! ,franks1 & liv$ by ,franki% law1 9 ! old fa%ion4 ,9 _! eyes1 & 9 ! eyes ( ,*>lemagne's own desc5dants1 ! ,empire 0 some?+ app5dant to ! k+%ip ( ! ,franks1 :i* made t k+%ip unique among o!rs1 b did n radically alt] its "*4 ,true1 ! k+%ip might be divid$ among bro!rs by ! old ,g]manic cu/om ( p>tition1 :ile ! ,empire mu/ inh]e 9 "o p]son2 b t 0 ! "o diff]5ce1 & ! "o difficulty1 :i* might easily be solv$ by atta*+ ! "n ( emp]or to ! elde/ bro!r4 ,su* 0 ! conception ( ! ,c>ol+s3 su* 0 n1 h[ev]1 ! conception ( ! ,*ur*4 ,to ! popes ! ,empire 0 a solemn (fice1 to :i* ! k+s ( ! ,franks might mo/ naturally be call$1 9 view ( _! p[] & ! traditions ( _! h\se1 b :i* by no means rema9$ 9 _! h&s z a p]sonal prop]ty4 ,by ?us seek+ to dissociate ! ,empire f any indissoluble connexion ) ! ,c>ol+ian h\se1 ! popes 7 able to save x4 ,civil w>s rag$ among ! desc5dants ( ,*>lemagne3 p>titions recurr$3 ! ,empire 0 f9ally dissolv$1 9 ! s5se t ! old realm ( ,*>lemagne fell asund]1 9 #hhh4 ,b ! ,empire1 z an (fice1 did n p]i%4 ,dur+ ! #i? c5tury ! popes _h insi/$1 z ea* emp]or di$1 t ! new emp]or ne$$ coronation at _! h&s2 & !y _h ?us kept alive ! conception ( ! ,empire z an (fice to :i* !y invit$1 if !y did n appo9t1 ea* successive emp]or4 ,! qu>rels ( ! ,c>ol+ian h\se help$ !m to make good _! claim4 ,john ,,viii4 0 able to select ,*>les ! ,bald 9 pref]5ce to o!r claimants 9 #hge2 & be=e ! end ( 8 pontificate he c\ld write t he :o is to be orda9$ by u to ! ,empire mu/ be by u fir/ & =emo/ invit$ & elect$4 ,?us 0 ! unity ( ! ,empire pres]v$1 & ! conception ( a unit$ ,empire cont9u$1 9 spite ( ! ev5tual dissolution ( ! realm ( ,*>lemagne4 ,:5 ! ,c>ol+ian emp]ors disappe>$1 ,b5$ict ,,iv4 c\ld cr[n ,l\is ( ,prov5ce 7#ija7 & ,john ,x4 c\ld invite to ! vacant ?rone an ,italian pot5tate l ,b]5g> ( ,friuli 7#iae72 & ev5 :5 ,b]5g> di$ 9 #ibd1 & ! ,empire 0 vacant ( an emp]or1 !y c\ld hold1 & hold ) tru?1 t ! ,empire 0 n dead1 b only susp5d$1 until su* "t z !y %\ld invite a new rul] to assume ! (fice4 ,! ,g]man k+dom & ! empire4 ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,v>i\s causes _h contribut$ to ! dissolution ( ! realm ( ,*>lemagne4 ,p>titions _h split x2 feudalism _h begun to honeycomb x2 incessant w>s _h de/roy$ its core1 ! fight+ ,franks ( ,au/rasia4 ,b1 above all1 ! rise ( divisions )9 ! realm1 :i*1 :e!r animat$ by ! _s ( nationality or no1 7 ultimately de/9$ to develop into nations1 _h sil5tly und]m9$ ! /ructure ( ,pipp9 & ,*>lemagne4 ,already 9 #hdb ! oa? ( ,/rassburg %[s u "o ,c>ol+ k+ swe>+ 9 ,fr5* & ano!r 9 ,g]man3 already 9 #hgj ! p>tition ( ,m]s5 %[s u ! k+s ( ,france & ,g]many divid+ ! middle k+dom :i* lay betwe5 ! two c\ntries by ! l+ui/ic fronti] ( ! ,meuse & ,moselle4 ,! ye> #hhh is ! bir?-ye> ( mod]n ,europe4 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 /ood di/9ct z ?ree sep>ate units1 ) ,burgundy & ,lorra9e z debatable l&s1 z !y 7 de/9$ to rema9 = c5turies to come4 ,if ! conception ( ,empire 0 /ill to survive1 ! pope mu/ ultimately invite ! rul] ( ! /ronge/ ( ^! ?ree units to assume ! imp]ial cr[n2 & ?is 0 :at happ5$ :5 9 #ifb ,pope ,john ,,xii4 invit$ ,otto ,i4 ( ,g]many to r5ew once m ! ,roman ,empire4 ,z ! imp]ial /r5g? ( ! :ole ,franki% tribe _h giv5 !m ! ,empire 9 #hjj1 s did ! national /r5g? ( ! ,ea/ ,franki% k+dom1 n[ re/+ inde$ on a ,saxon r ?an a ,franki% basis1 br+ ! ,empire to its rul] 9 #ifb4 ,! c5tre ( political gravity _h already be5 %ift+ to ! ea/ ( ! ,rh9e 9 ! c\rse ( ! #i? c5tury4 ,:ile ! ,nor?m5 _h c>ri$ _! arms along ! riv]s & into ! he>t ( ,france1 ,l\is ! ,g]man _h consolidat$ 8 k+dom 9 a long reign ( sixty ye>s 7#hag-hgf72 & at ! end ( ! #i? c5tury two k+s ( ,g]many _h already worn ! imp]ial cr[n4 ,e>ly 9 ! #aj? c5tury ! k+%ip ( ,g]many _h come to ! vigor\s ,saxon dukes 7#iai72 & /rong 9 _! ,saxon basis ,h5ry ,i4 & 8 son ,otto _h built a realm :i*1 disunit$ z x 01 0 f> m compact ?an t :i* ! ,c>ol+s ( ! ,we/ rul$ f ,laon4 ,h5ry ,i4 _h ?\ght 9 8 lat] ye>s ( go+ to ,rome = ! imp]ial cr[n3 "u ,otto ,i4 ! imp]ial idea becomes manife/4 ,on ! "o h&1 he e/abli%$ a semi-imp]ial position 9 ! ,we/3 by #idf ,l\is ,,iv4 d',outrem] is 8 protege1 & x is 8 arms :i* ma9ta9 ! "y ,conrad ( ,burgundy on 8 ?rone4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he %[$1 by 8 policy t[>ds ! ,g]man ,*ur*1 t he 0 ! true heir ( ! ,c>ol+ian traditions4 ,he made *ur*m5 8 m9i/]s2 he e/abli%$ mission>y bi%oprics on ! ,elbe :i* %\ld spread ,*ri/ianity among ! ,w5ds2 & 8 de>e/ project 0 a new ar*bi%opric ( ,magdeburg4 ,! "o ?+ ne$ful 0 t he %\ld1 l ,*>lemagne1 acquire ! ?rone ( ,italy2 & ! dissolute condition ( t c\ntry dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! #aj? c5tury made its acquisition n only possible1 b almo/ imp]ative4 ,begun 9 #ieb1 ! acquisition 0 complet$ t5 ye>s lat]2 & all ! conditions 7 n[ pres5t = ,otto's assumption ( ! imp]ial ?rone4 ,he 0 cr[n$ by ,john ,,xii4 on ,c&lemas ,day #ifb1 & ?us 0 begun ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 :i* la/$ h5ce=? ) a cont9u\s life until #ahjf4h ,! ,empire & feudalism4 ,! same ideas und]lay ! new empire :i* _h und]la9 t ( ,*>lemagne1 /r5g!n$ & re9=c$ by ! fact t !y _h already f\nd a visible expression be=e 9 t e>li] empire4 ,hi/orically1 !re 0 ! tradition ( ! old ,roman empire1 pres]v$ by ! ,*ur* z an idea1 & pres]v$ 9 ! ,*ur*1 & its imp]ial organization1 z an actual fact4 ,ecclesia/ically1 !re 0 ! ,paul9e conception ( a s+le ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 "o 9 subjection to ,*ri/ z its ,head1 & ne$+ 7s m5 /ill ?\ght7 a secul> c\nt]p>t ( its indivisible unity4#i ,to ^! two sanctions philosophy lat] add$ a ?ird2 & ! doctr9e ( ,realism1 t ! "o univ]sal is ! true abid+ sub/ance--! doctr9e :i* p]vades ! ,de mon>*ia ( ,dante1--re9=c$ ! feel+ :i* dem&$ t ,europe %\ld be conceiv$ z a s+le political unity4 ,b if ! ,holy ,roman empire ( ! ,g]man nation has ! old f\ndations1 x is none ! less a ?+ sui g5]is4 ,ext]nally1 x meant f> less ?an ! empire ( ,*>lemagne2 x meant simply a union ( ,g]many & nor!rn ,italy 7to :i*1 aft] #ajcb1 "o mu/ also add ,burgundy1 ?\gh ! addition is 9 reality nom9al7 "u a s+le rule4 ,hi/orians ( ! #ai? c5tury1 dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i* ! mod]n ,g]man empire 0 9 travail1 disput$ sorely on ! advantages ( ?is union2 b :atev] its advantages or disadvantages1 ! fact rema9s t ! union ( ,teutonic ,g]many & ,lat9 ,italy 01 f an ext]nal po9t ( view1 ! ess5tial fact 9 ! /ructure ( ! m$ieval ,empire4 ,int]nally1 aga91 ! ,empire ( ! ,ottos & _! successors 0 new & unprec$5t$4 ,if ,lat9 imp]ialism _h be5 comb9$ ) ,franki% tribalism 9 ! ,empire ( ,*>lemagne1 x n[ met & bl5d$ ) feudalism4 ,! ,holy ,roman emp]or ( ! middle ages1 z ,fr$]ick ,i4 pr\dly told ! ,roman envoys1 f\nd 8 s5ate 9 ! diet ( ! ,g]man b>onage1 8 equites 9 ! ranks ( ! ,g]man knights4 ,feudalism1 inde$1 came 9 "t to invade ! v conception ( ,empire itself4 ,! emp]ors began to believe t _! position ( emp]or made !m feudal ov]lords ( o!r k+s & pr9ces2 & !y came to be reg>d$ z ! topmo/ summit ( ! feudal pyramid1 f :om k+s held _! k+doms1 :ile !y !mselves held directly ( ,god4 ,9 ?is way ! old conception ( ! _w z a s+le political society ent]$ ^u a new phase3 b ! translation ( t conception into feudal t]ms1 :i* might h made ,diocletian gasp1 only gave x ! great] hold on ! feudal society ( ! middle ages4 ,yet 9 "o way ! feudal conception 0 a s\rce ( weakness to ! ,empire2 = ! popes1 f ! middle ( ! #ab? c5tury onw>ds1 began to claim = !mselves a feudal ov]lord%ip ( ! _w1 & to reg>d ! emp]or z ! *ief ( _! vassals4 ,! !ory ( ! ,translatio buttress$ _! claim to be ov]lords ( ! ,empire2 & ! emp]ors f\nd t _! v duty to def5d ! ,papacy turn$ !m into its vassals--= 0 n ! advocatus :o def5d$ ! l&s ( an abbey or *ur* its t5ant by feudal s]vice1 & might n analogy ext5d ! feudal relation to ! imp]ial advocate himself8 ,! ,empire & ! ,papacy4 ,! relation ( ! ,empire to ! ,papacy is inde$ ! c>d9al fact 9 its hi/ory = ! ?ree c5turies :i* foll[$ ! coronation ( ,otto ,i4 7#ifb-abej74 ,= a c5tury 7#ifb-ajgf7 ! relation 0 "o ( amity4 ,! pope & ! emp]or /ood z co-ord9ate sov]eigns1 rul+ toge!r ! commonweal? ( ,europe4#aj ,if ei!r /ood be=e ! o!r1 ! emp]or /ood be=e ! pope4 ,! ,romans _h sworn to ,otto ,i4 t !y w\ld nev] elect or orda9 a pope )\t 8 cons5t2 & ! rights ov] papal elections conceiv$ to belong to ! (fice ( patricius1 :i* !y g5]ally held1 enabl$ ! emp]ors1 ^u occasion1 to nom9ate ! pope ( _! *oice4 ,! p>tn]%ip ( ,otto ,,iii41 son ( a ,byzant9e pr9cess1 & 8 nom9ee ,silve/] ,,ii4 7already di/+ui%$ z ,g]b]t1 s*ola/icus ( ! *apt] s*ool ( ,reims7 =ms a rem>kable page 9 ! annals ( ,empire & ,papacy4 ,otto1 once ! pupil ( ,silve/] 9 classical /udies1 & taught by 8 "m ! traditions ( ! ,byzant9e empire1 dream$ ( r5ew+ ! ,empire ( ,con/ant9e1 ) ,rome itself = its c5tre2 & ?is antiqu>ian idealism 7:i* ,arnold ( ,brescia & ,cola di ,ri5zi 7 aft]w>ds1 ?\gh ) "s diff]5ce ( aim1 to %>e7 0 enc\rag$ 9 8 pupil by ! pope4 ,tradition aft]w>ds ascrib$ to ! two ! fir/ project ( a crusade1 & ! in/itution ( ! sev5 electors3 9 tru? _! faces 7 turn$ to ! pa/ r ?an to ! future1 & !y s\ght n to create1 b to r5ovate4 ,! dream ( re/or+ ! age ( ,con/ant9e pass$ ) ! premature dea? ( ,otto2 & aft] ! dea? ( ,silve/] ,,ii4 ! papacy 0 degrad$ into an app5dage ( ! ,tusculan family4 ,f t degradation ! ,*ur* 0 rescu$ by ,h5ry ,,iii4 7! second emp]or ( ! new ,salian h\se1 :i* reign$ f #ajbd to #aabe71 :5 9 #ajdf he caus$ ! deposition ( ?ree compet+ popes1 & aft]w>ds fill$ ! papal *air ) 8 own nom9ees2 b x 0 rescu$ m effectually by itself1 :5 9 #ajei ! celebrat$ bull ,9 nom9e ,dom9i ( ,ni*olas ,,ii4 res]v$ ! "r ( elect+ ! popes to ! college ( c>d9als 7see ,,conclave74 ,a new era ( ! ,papacy beg9s ) ! decree1 & t era f\nd its expon5t 9 ,hildebr&4 ,if "u ,h5ry ,,iii4 ! ,empire /&s 9 _m respects at its z5i?1 & ! emp]or nom9ates to ! ,papacy1 x s9ks1 "u ,h5ry ,,iv41 almo/ to ! nadir ( its =tunes1 & a pope attempts1 ) no little success1 to fight & defeat an emp]or4 ,! ,inve/iture conte/4 ,! rise ( ! ,papacy1 :i* ! action ( ,h5ry ,,iii4 9 #ajdf _h help$ to beg91 & ! bull ( #ajei _h greatly promot$1 0 ultimately due to an ecclesia/ical revival1 :i* goes by ! "n ( ! ,cluniac movem5t4 ,! aim ( t movem5t 0 to sep>ate ! ,*ur* f ! _w1 & ?us to make x indep5d5t ( ! laity & ! lay p[]2 & x s\ght to realize its aim fir/ by ! prohibition ( cl]ical m>riage & simony1 & ultimately by ! prohibition ( lay inve/iture4 ,a decree ( ,gregory ,,vii4 9 #ajge =bade emp]or1 k+ or pr9ce to presume to give inve/iture ( bi%oprics1 "u pa9 ( excommunication2 & ,h5ry ,,iv41 contrav5+ ! decree1 fell "u ! p5alty1 & ! ,w> ( ,inve/itures began 7#ajgf-aabb74 ,:e!r or no ,h5ry humiliat$ himself at ,canossa 7& ! op9ion ( ,g]man hi/orians n[ incl9es to reg>d ! traditional acc\nt z exagg]at$7 ! ,empire c]ta9ly suff]$ 9 8 reign a great loss ( pre/ige4 ,! emp]or lo/ 8 hold ov] ,g]many1 :]e ! aid ( ! pope /r5g!n$ ! h&s ( ! discont5t$ nobility3 he lo/ 8 hold ov] ,italy1 :]e ! ,lomb>d t[ns gradually acquir$ municipal indep5d5ce1 & ! donation ( ! ,c\ntess ,matilda gave ! popes ! g]m ( a new & /rong] dom9ium temporale4 ,! ,fir/ ,crusade came1 & ! emp]or1 its natural lead]1 c\ld n lead x2 :ile ! c5tre ( le>n+ & civilization1 9 ! c\rse ( ! fifty ye>s' ,w> ( ,inve/itures1 gradually %ift$ to ,france4 ,! /ruggle 0 f9ally end$ by a compromise--! ,concordat ( ,worms--9 #aabb2 b ! ,papacy1 :i* _h f\ght ! long ,w> ( ,inve/itures & inspir$ ! ,fir/ ,crusade1 0 a f> great] p[] ?an x _h be5 at ! beg9n+ ( ! /ruggle1 & ! emp]or1 %ak5 9 8 hold on ,g]many & ,italy1 _h lo/ bo? p[] & pre/ige 7see ,,inve/iture74 ,x is significant t a !ory ( ! feudal subjection ( ! emp]or to ! pope1 =e%ad[$ 9 ! pontificate ( ,innoc5t ,,ii41 & def9itely en\nc$ by ! envoys ( ,adrian ,,iv4 at ! diet ( ,besancon 9 #aaeg1 n[ beg9s to arise4 ,! popes1 :o _h call$ ! emp]ors to be heads ( ! ,european commonweal? 9 #hjj & aga9 9 #ifb1 beg9 to v9dicate t head%ip = !mselves4 ,gregory ,,vii4 _h already claim$ t ! pope /ood to ! emp]or1 z ! sun to ! moon2 & gradually ! old co-ord9ation disappe>$ 9 a new subord9ation ( ! ,empire to ! papal pl5itudo pote/atis4 ,! claim ( ecclesia/ical indep5d5ce ( ! middle ( ! #aa? c5tury 0 rapidly becom+ a claim ( ecclesia/ical supremacy 9 ! middle ( ! #ab?3 ! imp]ial claim to nom9ate popes1 :i* _h la/$ till #ajei1 0 turn+ into ! papal claim to nom9ate emp]ors4 ,yet at ?is v "t a new p]iod ( spl5d\r dawn$ = ! ,empire2 & ! rule ( ! ?ree ,hoh5/auf5 emp]ors1 ,fr$]ick ,i41 ,h5ry ,,vi4 & ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7#aaeb-abej71 m>ks ! p]iod ( its hi/ory :i* attracts mo/ sympa?y & admiration4 ,! ,hoh5/auf5 emp]ors4 ,ov]?r[ ( ! ,empire 9 ,italy4 ,fr$]ick ,i4 rega9$ a new /r5g? 9 ,g]many1 p>tly because he unit$ 9 8 ve9s ! blood ( ! two great cont5d+ families1 ! ,welfs & ! ,waibl+5s2 p>tly because he _h acquir$ l>ge patrimonial possessions 9 ,swabia1 :i* took ! place ( ! la/ ,saxon demesne2 p>tly because he _h a great] control ov] ! ,g]man episcopate ?an 8 pr$ecessors _h enjoy$ = _m ye>s pa/4 ,at ! same "t ! revival ( int]e/ 9 ! /udy ( ,roman law gave ! emp]or1 z s\rce & c5tre ( t law1 a new dignity & pre/ige1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,italy1 ! home & he>? ( ! revival4 ,confid5t 9 ?is new /r5g?1 he attempt$ to v9dicate 8 claims on ,italy1 & s\ght1 by unit+ ! two "u 8 sway1 to inspire ) new life ! old ,ottonian ,empire4 ,he fail$ to cru% ,lomb>d municipal indep5d5ce3 defeat$ at ,legnano 9 #aagf1 he _h to recognize 8 defeat at ! treaty ( ,con/ance 9 #aahc4 ,he fail$ to acquire control ov] ! ,papacy3 a new /ruggle ( ,empire & ,papacy1 begun 9 ! pontificate ( ,adrian ,,iv4 on ! "q ( control ov] ,rome1 & cont9u$ 9 ! pontificate ( ,alex&] ,,iii41 because ,fr$]ick recogniz$ an anti-pope1 end$ 9 ! emp]or's recognition ( 8 defeat at ,v5ice 9 #aagg4 ,! "o success 0 ! acquisition ( ! ,norman k+dom = ,h5ry ,,vi41 :o 0 m>ri$ to its heiress1 ,con/ance4 ,b ! "o success ( ,fr$]ick's ,italian policy prov$ ! ru9 ( 8 h\se 9 ! reign ( 8 gr&son ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! possession ( ,sicily induc$ ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 to neglect ,g]many2 & by two docum5ts1 "o ( #abbj & "o ( #abca1 he practically abdicat$ 8 sov]eign p[]s to ! ,g]man pr9ces 9 ord] to conciliate _! support = 8 ,italian policy4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! possession ( ,sicily involv$ him 9 ! ?ird great /ruggle ( ,empire & ,papacy4 ,/rong 9 8 ,sicilian k+dom 9 ! s\?1 & seek+1 l 8 gr&fa!r1 to e/abli% 8 p[] 9 ,lomb>dy1 ,fr$]ick practically aim$ at ! unification ( ,italy1 a policy :i* ?reat5$ to engulf ! ,/ates ( ! ,*ur* & to r$uce ! ,papacy to impot5ce4 ,! popes excommunicat$ ! emp]or3 !y aid$ ! ,lomb>d t[ns to ma9ta9 _! indep5d5ce2 f9ally1 aft] ,fr$]ick's dea? 7#abej71 !y summon$ ,*>les ( ,anj\ into ,sicily to ext]m9ate 8 h\se4 ,by #abfh he _h done 8 "w1 & ! m$ieval ,empire 0 practically at an end4 ,:5 ,rudolph ( ,habsburg succe$$ 9 #abgc1 he 0 only ! head ( a f$]ation ( pr9ces 9 ,g]many1 :ile 9 ,italy he ab&on$ all claims ov] ! c5tre & s\?1 & only reta9$ titul> rights 9 ! ,lomb>d pla94 ,?us end$ ! fir/ great *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire :i* ,otto _h f\nd$ 9 #ifb4 ,9 ^? ?ree c5turies ! great fact _h be5 its relation to ! ,papacy3 9 ! la/ two ( ^? ?ree c5turies ! relation _h be5 "o ( enmity4 ,! basis ( ! enmity _h be5 ! papal claim to supreme head%ip ( ,lat9 ,*ri/ianity1 & to an indep5d5t temporal demesne 9 ,italy z ! condition ( t head%ip4 ,because !y desir$ supreme head%ip1 ! popes _h s\ght to r$uce ! emp]or's head%ip to some?+ l[] ?an1 & dep5d5t ^u1 _! own--to a m]e fief held ( ,/ ,pet]3 because !y desir$ a temporal demesne1 !y _h s\ght to expel him f ,italy1 s9ce any imp]ial hold on ,italy ?reat5$ _! indep5d5ce4 ,!y _h succe$$ 9 defeat+ ! ,empire1 b !y _h also de/roy$ ! ,papacy2 = ! ,fr5* aid :i* !y _h invok$ aga9/ ! ,hoh5/auf5 develop$1 )9 fifty ye>s ( ! fall ( t h\se1 into ,fr5* control1 & ! captivity at ,avignon 7#acjh-acgh7 0 ! logical result ( ! f9al victory ( ,*>les ( ,anj\ at ,tagliacozzo4 ,! /ruggle seem$ to h end$ 9 no?+ b ! exhau/ion ( bo? combatants4 ,yet 9 _m respects x _h 9 reality made = progress4 ,x _h set m5 ?9k+ ( ! respective limits ( *ur* & /ate1 z ! _m libelli de lite imp]atorum et pontificum %[2 & f t ?\ght _h issu$ a new conception ( ! /ate1 z exi/+ 9 its own "r & supreme 9 its own sph]e1 a conception :i* is ! necess>y basis ( ! mod]n nation-/ate4 ,if x _h dislocat$ ,g]many into a numb] ( t]ritorial pr9cipalities1 x _h produc$ a college ( electors to repres5t ! cause ( unity3 if x _h help$ to prev5t ! unification ( ,italy1 & _h left to ,italy ! fatal legacy ( ,guelph & ,ghibell9e feuds1 x _h equally help$ to produce ,italian municipal indep5d5ce4 ,! ,empire f ! election ( ,rudolph ( ,habsburg1 #abgc4 ,a new *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,empire fills ! ?ree c5turies f #abgc to #aeef--;f ! accession ( ,rudolph ( ,habsburg to ! abdication ( ,*>les ,v4 ,italy 0 n[ lo/3 ! ,empire _h n[ no peculi> connexion ) ,rome1 & f> less t\* ) ! ,papacy4 ,a new ,g]many _h ris54 ,! ext9ction ( sev]al royal /ocks & ! nom9ation ( anti-k+s 9 ! c\rse ( civil w>s _h made ! mon>*y elective1 & rais$ to ! side ( ! emp]or a college ( electors 7see ,,electors71 :i* appe>s z def9itely e/abli%$ soon aft] #abej4 ,) ,italy lo/1 & ,g]many ?us transmut$1 :y %\ld ! ,empire h /ill cont9u$ to exi/8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x cont9u$ to exi/ because ! ,g]mans /ill f\nd a k+ necess>y & because1 ! ,g]man k+ hav+ be5 call$ = ?ree c5turies emp]or1 x seem$ necess>y t he %\ld /ill cont9ue to be> ! "n4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,empire exi/$ z ! presid5cy ( a ,g]manic conf$]ation1 & z some?+ analog\s to ! mod]n ,g]man empire1 ) ! "o great diff]5ce t ! ,hoh5zoll]ns n[ d]ive f ,prussia a /r5g? :i* enables !m to make _! imp]ial position a reality1 :ile no ,luxemburg or ,habsburg 0 able to make 8 imp]ial position o!rwise ?an honor>y & nom9al4 ,9 ! second place1 x cont9u$ to exi/ because ! conception ( ! unity ( we/]n ,europe /ill l+]$1 & 0 /ill conceiv$ to ne$ an expon5t4 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,empire exi/$ z a presid5cy1 /ill m honor>y & /ill m nom9al1 ( ! nations ( we/]n ,europe4 ,9 bo? capacities ! emp]or exi/$ to a great ext5t because he 0 a legal necessity--because1 9 ,g]many1 he 0 necess>y = ! inve/iture ( pr9ces ) _! pr9cipalities1 & because1 9 ,europe1 he 0 necess>y1 z ! s\rce ( all rights1 to be/[ cr[ns ^u w\ld-be k+s1 or to act z ! head ( ! great ord]s ( *ivalry1 or to give pat5ts to not>ies4 ,) ! hi/ory ( ! ,empire reg>d$ z a ,g]man conf$]ation we are n "h conc]n$4 ,! reigns ( ! ,habsburg1 ,luxemburg & ,wittelsba* emp]ors belong to ! hi/ory ( ,g]many4 ,yet two ( ^! emp]ors1 ,h5ry ,,vii4 & ,l\is ,,iv41 %\ld n pass )\t notice1 ! "o = 8 own sake1 ! o!r = ! sake ( 8 adh]5ts1 & bo? because1 by int]f]+ 9 ,italy1 & com+ into conflict ) ! ,papacy1 !y br\ght once m into prom95ce ! ,european aspect ( ! ,empire4 ,h5ry ,,vii41 ! contempor>y & ! h]o ( ,dante1 desc5d$ into ,italy 9 #acaj1 p>tly because he _h no p[] & no occupation 9 ,g]many1 p>tly because he 0 deeply imbu$ ) ! s5se ( 8 imp]ial dignity4 ,com+ z a peacemak] & m$iator1 he 0 driv5 by ,guelph opposition into a ,ghibell9e role2 & he came into conflict ) ,clem5t ,v41 ! fir/ ( ! ,avignonese popes1 :o "u ! pressure ( ,france attempt$ to en=ce ^u ,h5ry a recognition ( 8 feudal subjection4 ,h5ry ass]t$ 8 indep5d5ce3 he claim$ ,rome = 8 capital1 & ! lord%ip ( ! _w = 8 "r2 b1 j z a /ruggle seem$ imp5d+1 he di$1 9 #acac4 ,dur+ ! reign ( 8 successor1 ,l\is ,,iv41 ! /ruggle came4 ,l\is _h be5 excommunicat$ by ,john ,,xxii4 9 #acbd = act+ z emp]or be=e he _h receiv$ papal recognition4 ,none ! less1 9 #acbh1 he came to ,rome = 8 coronation4 ,he _h ga!r$ r\nd him /range allies2 on ! "o h&1 ! m advanc$ ,franciscans1 apo/les ( ! cause ( cl]ical dis5d[m5t1 & inimical to a weal?y papacy2 on ! o!r h&1 juri/s l ,m>silius ( ,padua & ,john ( ,j&un1 :o br\ght to ! cause ( ,l\is ! _s & ! doctr9es :i* _h already be5 us$ 9 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,boniface ,,viii4 & ,philip ,,iv4 ( ,france4 ,m>silius 9 p>ticul>1 9 a treatise call$ ! ,def5sor ,pacis1 insi/$ on ! maje/y ( ! lay /ate1 & ev5 on its sup]iority to ! ,*ur*4 ,p]haps x 0 ,m>silius1 le>n$ z he 0 9 ,roman law1 & rememb]+ ! lex regia by :i* ! ,roman p _h ( old conf]r$ its p[] on ! emp]or1 :o sugge/$ to ,l\is ! policy1 :i* he foll[$1 ( receiv+ ! imp]ial cr[n by ! decree & at ! h&s ( ! ,roman p4 ,! policy 0 rem>kable3 ,l\is embrac$ an alliance :i* ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa _h spurn$1 & recogniz$ ! m$ieval ,romans z ! s\rce ( imp]ial p[]4 ,n less rem>kable 0 ! new attitude ( ! ,g]man electors1 :o = ! fir/ "t support$ an emp]or aga9/ ! pope1 because !y n[ felt m5ac$ 9 _! own electoral rights2 & ! "o p]man5t result :i* f9ally fl[$ f ! /ruggle 0 ! enunciation & def9ition ( ! rights & privileges ( ! electors 9 ! ,gold5 ,bull ( #acef 7see ,,gold5 ,,bull74 ,! ,empire & ! rise ( ! idea ( national /ates4 ,9 ?is /ruggle ) ! ,papacy ! ,empire _h %[n some?+ ( its old univ]sal aspect4 ,x _h come into connexion ) ,italy1 & into close connexion ) ,rome3 x _h enli/$ 9 def5ce ( its rights at once an ,italian l ,m>silius & an ,engli%man l ,ockham4 ,! same univ]sal aspect appe>$ once m 9 ! age ( ! concili> movem5t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! ess5tial duties ( ! emp]or1 z def5d] ( ! ,*ur*1 0 to help ! assembl+ & ! delib]ations ( g5]al c\ncils ( ! ,*ur*4 ,?is 0 ! duty dis*>g$ by ,sigismund1 :5 he =c$ ,john ,,xxiii4 to summon a c\ncil at ,con/ance 9 #adad1 & s\ght1 ?\gh 9 va91 to guide its delib]ations4 ,! j\rney :i* ,sigismund und]took 9 ! int]e/s ( ! c\ncil 7#adae-adag7 is p>ticul>ly notewor?y4 ,he s\ght to make peace ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe1 act+ z int]national arbitrator--9 virtue ( 8 presid5cy ( we/]n ,europe--betwe5 ,engl& & ,france1 betwe5 ,burgundians & ,armagnacs2 b he fail$ 9 8 aim1 & :5 he return$ to ! c\ncil1 x 0 only to witness ! defeat ( ! p>ty ( re=m :i* he *ampion$4 ,national feel+ & national antipa?ies prov$ too /rong = ,sigismund's attempt to revive ! m$ieval empire = ! purposes ( int]national arbitration3 ! same feel+1 ! same antipa?ies1 made inevitable ! failure ( ! c\ncil itself1 9 :i* we/]n ,europe _h s\ght to meet once m z a s+le religi\s commonweal?4 ,e>ly 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 !re=e1 ! conception ( ! unity ( we/]n ,europe1 z a s+le ,empire-,*ur*1 0 already wan+ 9 bo? its aspects4 ,! unity ( ! ,*ur* ,univ]sal 0 dissolv+1 & ! conception ( ! nation-*ur* aris+ 7z ! sep>ate concordats grant$ by ,m>t9 ,v4 to ! diff]5t nations prove72 :ile ! unity ( ! ,empire 0 prov$ a dream1 by ! p[]lessness ( ! emp]or 9 ! face ( ! /ruggle ( ,engl& & ,france4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,re=mation4 ,r5aissance & ,re=mation comb9$ to complete ! fall :i* ! failure ( ,sigismund to guide ! concili> movem5t _h already =e%ad[$4 ,! ,r5aissance1 revolt+ aga9/ ! m$ievalism ( ! /udium & n sp>+ ev5 ! sac]dotium ( ! middle ages1 _h little respect = ! m$ieval imp]ium2 &1 go+ back to pure ,lat9 & orig9al ,greek1 x w5t back beyond ev5 ! classical empire to f9d its ideals & inspirations4 ,b x is ! com+ ( ! ,re=mation1 & ) x ( ! nation-*ur*1 :i* f9ally m>ks ! epo* at :i* ! la/ ve/ige ( ! old conception ( ! political unity ( ! _w disappe>s be=e ! nation-/ate4 ,ext]nally inde$ x seem$1 at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation1 z if ! old ,empire _h be5 reviv$ 9 ! p]son ( ,*>les ,v41 :o own$ t]ritories z va/ z ^? ( ,*>lemagne4 ,b ,*>les's dom9ions 7 a dyna/ic agglom]ation1 knit toge!r by no vivify+ conception2 &1 ?\gh ,*>les 0 a *ampion ( ! "o ,ca?olic ,*ur* aga9/ ! ,re=mation1 he did n 9 any way seek to revive ! p[] ( ! m$ieval empire4 ,mean:ile ! re=m+ mon>*s1 :ile !y ca/ (f ! ,roman ,*ur*1 ca/ (f ) x ! ,roman empire4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 decl>$ himself free1 n only ( ! pope1 b ( all o!r =eign p[]2 n only s1 b z he s\ght to take ! place ( ! pope ) reg>d to 8 own *ur*1 s he s\ght to take ! place ( ! emp]or ) reg>d to 8 k+dom1 & spoke ( 8 imp]ial cr[n1 a /yle :i* recurs 9 lat] ,tudor reigns4#aa ,! conception ( "o ,empire pass$ out ( ,europe1 or1 if x rema9$1 x rema9$ only 9 an honor>y prec$5ce accord$ by o!r sov]eigns to ! k+ ( ,g]many1 :o /ill entitl$ himself emp]or4 ,9 ,g]many itself ! honor>y presid5cy :i* ! emp]or enjoy$ ov] ! pr9ces came to mean /ill less ?an be=e1 :5 religi\s diff]5ces divid$ ! c\ntry1 & ! pr9ciple ( cujus regio ejus religio acc5tuat$ ! local autonomy ( ! pr9ce4 ,:5 ,*>les abdicat$ 9 #aeef1 ! *ange :i* ! accession ( ,rudolph ( ,habsburg _h already m>k$ 0 complete3 !re 0 no empire except 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ,g]many ! ,empire 0 no?+ m ?an a conv5i5t legal conception4 ,! ,re=mation1 by sweep+ away ! spiritual unity ( we/]n ,*ri/5dom1 _h swept away any real conception ( its political unity1 & ) t conception x _h swept away ! ,empire2 :ile x _h also1 by splitt+ ,g]many into two religi\s camps1 & mak+ ! emp]or at ! mo/ ! head ( a religi\s faction1 dissipat$ ! la/ ve/iges ( a real ,empire 9 ! c\ntry :i* _h1 s9ce #ifb1 be5 its peculi> home4 ,! ,empire z a ,g]man conf$]ation4 ,f #aeef to #ahjf ! ,empire means a loose f$]ation ( ! diff]5t pr9ces ( ,g]many1 lay & ecclesia/ical1 "u ! presid5cy1 elective 9 !ory b h]$it>y 9 practice1 ( ! h\se ( ,habsburg4 ,x is an empire mu* 9 ! same s5se z ! mod]n ,g]man empire1 ) a diet some:at analog\s to ! mod]n ,bundesrat1 & a cumbr\s imp]ial *amb] = purposes ( ju/ice1 h>dly at all analog\s to ! highly organiz$ sy/em ( f$]al ju/ice :i* prevails 9 ,g]many to-day4 ,! dissolution ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire into ?is loose f$]ation _h already be5 anticipat$ by ! concessions made to ! pr9ces by ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 9 #abbj & #abca2 b ! f9al organization ( ,g]many on f$]al l9es 0 only atta9$ 9 ! treaty ( ,we/phalia ( #afdh4 ,! attempt ( ,f]d9& ,,ii41 9 ! c\rse ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>1 to ass]t a practically mon>*ical au?ority ov] ! pr9ces ( ,g]many1 only l$ to ! regul> v9dication by ! pr9ces ( _! own mon>*ical au?ority4 ,! emp]or1 :o _h tri$ 9 ! #ae? c5tury to be ! int]national au?ority ( all ,europe1 n[ sank to ! position ( less ?an int]-/ate arbitrator 9 ,g]many4 ,t ! ,empire & ! emp]or 7 reta9$ at all1 :5 ! pr9ces became s _m indep5d5t sov]eigns1 0 due p>tly to a l+]+ s5se ( quasi-national s5tim5t = a magni nom9is umbra1 p>tly to ! ne$ ( "s au?ority :i* %\ld comb9e 9 "o :ole pr9cipalities ( v diff]5t sizes & /r5g?s1 & %\ld protect ! weak f ! /rong1 & all f ,france4 ,b ?is au?ority only f\nd its symbol 9 ! emp]or4 ,su* real f$]al au?ority z !re 0 rema9$ ) ! diet1 a congress ( sov]eign pr9ces ?r\gh _! accr$it$ repres5tatives2 & ! emp]or's sole rights1 z emp]or1 7 ^? ( grant+ titles & confirm+ tolls4 ,! ,habsburgs1 emp]ors 9 ea* successive g5]ation1 nev] pursu$ an imp]ial1 b always a dyna/ic policy2 & !y 7 p]fectly ready to sacrifice to ! aggr&izem5t ( _! h\se ! hon\r ( ! ,empire1 z :5 !y c$$ ,lorra9e to ,france 9 return = ,tuscany 7#agce74 ,end ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,x ne$$ ! cataclysm ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution f9ally to ov]?r[ ! ,empire4 ,?r\gh\t ! #ah? c5tury x la/$1 a ?+ ( long-w9d$ protocols & nev]-end+ lawsuits1 nei!r ,holy1 nor ,roman1 nor an ,empire4 ,b ) ,napoleon came its de/roy]4 ,z f> back z ! end ( ! #ac? c5tury1 ,fr5* k+s _h be5 s*em+ to annex ! title or at any rate absorb ! t]ritories ( ! ,empire3 at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ai? c5tury ! annexation ( ! title by ,napoleon seem$ v imm95t4 ,pos+ z ! ,new ,*>lemagne 7because1 l ,*>lemagne1 ,i unite ! cr[n ( ,france to t ( ! ,lomb>ds1 & my ,empire m>*es ) ! ,ea/71 he resolv$ 9 #ahjf1 dur+ ! dissolution & recomposition ( ,g]many :i* foll[$ ! peace ( ,luneville1 to ou/ ,francis ,,ii4 f 8 title1 & to make ! ,holy ,roman ,empire "p & p>cel ( ! ,napoleonic idea4 ,he 0 anticipat$1 h[ev]1 by ! prompt action ( ! pr\d ,habsburg1 :o 0 equally resolv$ t no o!r %\ld we> ! cr[n :i* he himself 0 p[]less to def5d1 & accord+ly1 on ! #f? ( ,augu/ #ahjf1 ,francis resign$ ! imp]ial dignity4 ,s p]i%$ ! ,empire4 ,out ( its a%es sprang ! ,au/rian ,empire1 = ,francis1 9 #ahjd1 p>tly to c\nt] ,napoleon's assumption ( ! title ( ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 p>tly to prep>e = ! imp5d+ dissolution ( ! old ,empire1 _h assum$ ! title ( ,h]$it>y ,emp]or ( ,au/ria4 ,& 9 yet m rec5t times ! ,g]man empire may be reg>d$1 9 a /ill m real s5se ?an ,au/ria1 z ! desc5dant & repres5tative ( ! old ,empire ( ! ,g]man nation4 ,g5]al influ5ce ( ! ,empire4 ,:at _h be5 ! results ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 9 ! c\rse ( its long hi/ory1 ^u ,g]many & ^u ,europe8 ,x has be5 a vexata quae/io among ,g]man hi/orians1 :e!r or no ! ,empire ru9$ ,g]many4 ,"s h argu$ t x div]t$ ! att5tion ( ! ,g]man k+s f _! own c\ntry to ,italy1 & t1 by br++ !m into conflict ) ! popes1 & by ?us /r5g!n+ ! h&s ( _! rebelli\s b>onage ) a papal alliance1 x prev5t$ ! developm5t ( a national ,g]man mon>*y1 su* z o!r sov]eigns ( we/]n ,europe 7 able to f\nd4 ,o!rs aga9 h emphasiz$ ! racial division ( ,saxon & ,frank1 ( ,high ,g]man & ,l[ ,g]man1 z ! great cause ( ! failure ( ,g]many to gr[ into a unit$ national :ole1 & h s\ght to ascribe to ! influ5ce ( ! ,empire su* unity z 0 a*iev$2 :ile !y h attribut$ ! le>n+1 ! trade1 ! pre-em95ce ( m$ieval ,g]many to ! ,italian connexion & ! pre/ige :i* ! ,empire br\ght4 ,x is difficult to pron\nce on ei!r side2 b "o feels t ! old localism & individualism :i* *>act]iz$ ! e>ly ,g]man1 & _h nev]1 on ,g]man soil1 be5 comb9$ ) & c\nt]act$ by a l>ge measure ( ,roman population & ,roman civilization1 z !y 7 9 ,gaul & ,spa91 w\ld 9 any case h cont9u$ to divide & di/urb ,g]many till late 9 h] hi/ory1 ev5 if ! ,empire _h nev] come to reside )9 h] bord]s4 ,( ! l>g] "q ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,empire on ,europe we c "h only say t x work$ = good4 ,an ,empire :i* repres5t$1 z a ,holy ,empire1 ! unity ( all ! fai?ful z "o body 9 _! secul>1 no less ?an 9 _! religi\s life--an ,empire :i*1 aga91 z a ,roman ,empire1 repres5t$ ) an unbrok5 cont9uity ! ord] ( ,roman adm9i/ration & law--su* an empire c\ld n b make = ! bett]m5t ( ! _w4 ,x 0 n an empire re/+ on =ce1 a milit>y empire2 x 0 n1 z 9 mod]n times empires h sometimes be51 an autocracy w>rant$ & /amp$ by ! plebiscite ( ! mob4 ,x 0 an empire re/+ nei!r on ! sword nor on ! ballot-box1 b on two great ideas1 taught by ! cl]gy & receiv$ by ! laity1 t all believ]s 9 ,*ri/ =m "o body politic1 & t ! "o model & type = ! organization ( t body is to be f\nd 9 ! pa/ ( ,rome4 ,x 0 inde$ ! weakness ( ! ,empire t its roots 7 only ! ?\ghts ( m52 = ! lack ( mat]ial =ce1 f :i* x always suff]$1 h9d]$ x f do+ "w x might well h done--! "w1 = in/ance1 ( int]national arbitration4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 ! /r5g? & glory ( ! ,empire t x liv$1 all ?r\gh ! middle ages1 an unconqu]able idea ( ! m9d ( man4 ,because x 0 a be+ ( _! ?\ght1 x /irr$ m5 to reflection3 ! ,empire1 p>ticul>ly 9 its cla% ) ! ,papacy1 produc$ a political consci\sness & a political speculation reflect$ = u 9 ! _m libelli de lite imp]atorum et pontificum1 & 9 ! pages ( ,dante & ,m>silius ( ,padua4 ,roman1 x p]petuat$ ! greate/ monum5t ( ,roman ?\ght--t ord]$ s*eme ( law1 :i* ei!r became1 z 9 ,engl&1 ! model = ! build+ ( a native sy/em1 or1 z 9 ,g]many f ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury onw>ds1 0 receiv$ 9 its integrity & adm9i/]$ 9 ! c\rts4 ,holy1 x =tifi$ & consolidat$ ,*ri/ian ?\ght1 by giv+ a visible expression to ! k+dom ( ,god ^u e>?2 & n only s1 b x ma9ta9$1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 "s idea ( int]national obligation1 & "s conception ( a commonweal? ( ,europe4#ab ,! ,holy ,roman ,empire ( we/]n ,europe _h 9 its own day a contempor>y & a rival--t ea/ ,roman empire ( :i* we h already spok54 ,f ,arcadius to ,john ,palaeologus1 f ,a4,d4 #cie to #adec1 ! ,roman empire 0 cont9u$ at ,con/ant9ople--n z a !ory & an idea1 b z a simple & daily reality ( politics & adm9i/ration4 ,9 "o s5se ! ,ea/ ,roman ,empire 0 m l9eally & really ,roman ?an ! ,we/3 x 0 absolutely cont9u\s f anci5t times4 ,9 ano!r s5se ! ,we/]n ,empire 0 ! mo/ ,roman2 = its capital--9 !ory at lea/--0 ,rome itself1 & ! ,roman ,*ur* /ood by its side1 :ile ,con/ant9ople 0 ,hell5ic & ev5 ,ori5tal4 ,betwe5 ! two ,empires !re 0 fix$ an impassable gulf2 & !y 7 divid$ by deep diff]5ces ( ?\ght & temp]1 :i* appe>$ mo/ p>ticul>ly 9 ! sph]e ( religion1 & express$ !mselves 9 ! cleavage betwe5 ! ,ca?olic & ! ,or?odox ,*ur*es4 ,yet1 z :5 ,rome fell1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* surviv$1 & ultimately f\nd = itself a new ,empire ( ! ,we/1 s1 :5 ,con/ant9ople fell1 ! ,or?odox ,*ur* cont9u$ its life1 & f\nd = itself a new ,empire ( ! ,ea/--! ,empire ( ,russia4 ,"u ,ivan ! ,great 7#adfb-aeje7 ,mosc[ became ! metropolis ( ,or?odoxy2 ,byzant9e law influ5c$ 8 code2 & he took = 8 cognizance ! d\ble-head$ eagle4 ,ivan ! ,t]rible1 8 gr&son1 f9ally assum$ 9 #aedg ! title ( ,ts>2 & h5ce=? ! ,russian emp]or is1 9 !ory & v l>gely 9 fact1 ! successor ( ! old ,ea/ ,roman emp]or1#ac ! head ( ! ,or?odox ,*ur*1 ) ! mission ( v5geance on ,islam = ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople4 ,mod]n ,empires4 ,9 ! #ai? c5tury ! ^w empire has _h a l>ge & important be>+ 9 politics4 ,9 ,france x has be5 ! apanage ( ! ,bonap>tes1 & has meant a c5traliz$ sy/em ( gov]nm5t by an effici5t ,caes>1 re/+ imm$iately on ! p1 & annihilat+ ! p[]s ( ! p's repres5tatives4 ,"u ,napoleon ,i4 ?is conception _h a ,c>ol+ian col\r3 "u ,napoleon ,,iii4 !re is less ( ,c>ol+ianism1 & m ( ,caes>ism--m ( a popul> dictator%ip4 ,:ile 9 mod]n ,france ,empire has meant autocracy in/ead ( repres5tative gov]nm5t1 9 ,g]many x has meant a great] national unity & a f$]al gov]nm5t 9 ! place ( a conf$]ation4 ,! mod]n ,g]man empire is at once l & unlike ! old ,holy ,roman ,empire4 ,x is unlike ! old m$ieval ,empire2 = x has no connexion ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 & no relation to ,rome4 ,b x is l ! ,holy ,roman ,empire ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies--= x repres5ts a f$]ation1 b a m real & m unit>y f$]ation1 ( ! sev]al /ates ( ,g]many4 ,! lik5ess is p]haps m /rik+ ?an ! dissimil>ity2 & 9 virtue ( ?is lik5ess1 & because ! memory ( ! old ,g]man ,kais]zeit 0 a driv+ =ce 9 #ahgj1 we may speak ( ! mod]n ,g]man empire z ! successor ( ! old ,holy ,roman ,empire1 if we rememb] t we are speak+ ( t ,empire 9 its la/ two c5turies ( exi/5ce4 ,! mod]n ,empire ( ,au/ria1 on ! o!r h&1 does n connote an empire 9 ! s5se ( a f$]ation1 b is a conv5i5t designation = ! sum ( ! t]ritories rul$ by a s+le sov]eign "u v>i\s titles 7k+ ( ,bohemia1 ar*duke ( ,au/ria1 c47 & unifi$ 9 a s+le political sy/em4#ad ,! title ( ,emp]or 0 assum$1 z we h se51 ?r\gh an hi/orical accid5t2 &1 ?\gh ! ,habsburgs ( to-day are p]sonally ! l9eal desc5dants ( ! old ,holy ,roman emp]ors1 !y d n 9 any way possess an empire t repres5ts ! old ,holy ,empire4 ,9 ,engl&1 ( rec5t ye>s1 ! t]m ,empire & ! conception ( imp]ialism h become prom95t & crucial4 ,to ,engli%m5 to-day1 z to ,g]mans be=e #ahgj1 ! t]m & ! conception /& = ! great] unity & def9itely f$]al gov]nm5t ( a numb] ( sep>ate /ates4 ,= ! ,g]man1 inde$1 ,empire has meant1 9 great measure1 ! /r5g!n+ ( a loose f$]al in/itution by ! addition ( a common p]sonal sup]ior3 to u x means ! turn+ ( a loose union ( sep>ate /ates already "u a common p]sonal sup]ior--! ,k+--into a f$]al commonweal? liv+ "u "s common f$]al in/itutions4 ,b ! aim is mu* ! same2 x is ! integration ( a p "u a s+le s*eme :i* %all be consi/5t ) a l>ge measure ( political autonomy4 ,we speak ( imp]ial f$]ation2 & inde$ our mod]n imp]ialism is closely alli$ to f$]alism4 ,yet we d well to cl+ to ! t]m empire r ?an f$]ation2 = ! "o t]m emphasizes ! :ole & its unity1 ! o!r ! "p & its indep5d5ce4 ,?is imp]ialism1 :i* is f$]alism view$ z mak+ = a s+le :ole1 is v diff]5t f t ,bonap>ti/ imp]ialism1 :i* means autocracy2 = its ess5ce is free co-ord9ation1 & ! self-gov]nm5t ( ea* co-ord9at$ "p4 ,! ,briti% ,empire 7q4v47 is1 9 a s5se1 an aspiration r ?an a reality1 a ?\ght r ?an a fact2 b1 j = t reason1 x is l ! old ,empire ( :i* we h spok52 & ?\gh x be nei!r ,roman nor ,holy1 yet x has1 l its prototype1 "o law1 if n ! law ( ,rome--"o fai?1 if n 9 matt]s ( religion1 at any rate 9 ! field ( political & social ideals4 ,au?orities4--,see1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,j4 ,bryce1 ,holy ,roman ,empire 7#aijd edition72 ,j4 von ,doll+]1 article on ,! ,empire ( ,*>les ! ,great 79 ,essays on ,hi/orical & ,lit]>y ,subjects1 translat$ by ,m>g>et ,w>re1 #ahid72 ,h4 ,fi%]1 ,! ,m$ieval ,empire 7#ahih72 ,e4 ,gibbon1 ,! ,decl9e & ,fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 edit$ by ,j4,b4 ,bury4 ,x w\ld be impossible to ref] to all ! books be>+ on ! article1 b "o may select 7i47 = ! p]iod d[n to #dgf1 ,/u>t ,jones1 ,! ,roman ,empire 7#aijh71 an excell5t brief sket*2 ,h4 ,s*ill]1 ,ges*i*te d] romis*5 ,kais]zeit 7#ahhc-ahhh72 ,o4 ,seeck1 ,ges*i*te des ,unt]gangs d] antik5 ,welt 7,b& ,i41 ,b]l91 #ahig-ahih1 ,b& ,,ii41 #aija7 7a rem>kable & /imulat+ book72 & ! two excell5t articles on ,imp]ium & ,pr9ceps 9 ,smi?'s ,diction>y ( ,greek & ,roman ,antiquities 7#ahij72 7ii47 = ! p]iod f #dgf d[n to #hhh1 ,t4 ,hodgk91 ,italy & h] ,invad]s 7#ahhj-aijj72 ,f4 ,gregorovius1 ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,rom im ,mittelalt] 7#ahhf-ahid2 ,eng4 trans41 ,london1 #ahid-aijj72 ,e4 ,lavisse1 ,hi/oire de ,france1 ,,ii4 i4 7#aija72 ,j4,b4 ,bury1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,lat] ,roman ,empire 7#ahhi72 7iii47 = ! ,holy ,roman ,empire ( ! ,g]man nation1 ,w4 von ,giesebre*t1 ,ges*i*te d] deuts*5 ,kais]zeit 7#ahha-ahij72 ,j4 ,zell]1 ,hi/oire d',allemagne 7#ahgb-ahia72 ,r4,l4 ,poole1 ,illu/rations ( ,m$ieval ,?\ght 7#ahhd72 ,s4 ,riezl]1 ,die lit]>is*5 ,wid]sa*] d] ,pap/e zur ,zeit ,ludwigs des ,bai]s 7#ahgd72 ,j4 ,janns51 ,ges*i*te des deuts*5 ,volkes seit dem ,ausgang des ,mittelalt]s 7#ahhe-ahid72 ,l4 von ,ranke1 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te im ,zeitalt] d] ,re=mation 7#ahci-ahdg71 & ,zur deuts*5 ,ges*i*te4 ,vom ,religionsfri$5 bis zum dreissigjahrig5 ,krieg 7#ahfi72 & ,t4 ,c>lyle1 ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7#ahgb-ahgc74 ,on ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire & ! transition to ! mod]n ,g]man ,empire see ,sir ,j4,r4 ,seeley1 ,life & ,times ( ,/e9 7#ahgh72 ,h4 von ,treits*ke1 ,deuts*e ,ges*i*te 7#ahgi-ahid72 & ,h4 von ,sybel1 ,die ,begrundung des deuts*5 ,rei*s 7#ahij-ahid1 ,eng4 trans41 ,! ,f\nd+ ( ! ,g]m4 ,emp41 ,new ,york1 #ahij-ahia74 ,= in/itutional hi/ory1 see ,r4 ,s*rod]1 ,lehrbu* d] deuts*5 ,re*tsges*i*te 7#ahid74 ,on ! influ5ce ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire ^u ! hi/ory ( ,g]many1 see ,j4 ,fick]1 ,das deuts*e ,kais]rei* 7#ahfa71 & ,deuts*es ,konigtum und ,kais]tum 7#ahfb72 & ,h4 von ,sybel1 ,die deuts*e ,nation und das ,kais]rei* 7#ahfa74 7,e4 ,br47 ,,footnotes3 #a ,bryce po9ts out1 ) mu* subtlety & tru?1 t ! rise ( a second ,rome 9 ! ,ea/ n only help$ to p]petuate ! ,empire by provid+ a new c5tre :i* w\ld take ! place ( ,rome :5 ,rome fell1 b also t5d$ to make x m univ]sal2 =1 hav+ lo/ its local c5tre1 x subsi/$ no long] by hi/oric "r only1 b1 s to speak1 naturally1 z a "p ( an ord] ( ?+s :i* a *ange 9 ext]nal conditions seem$ incapable ( di/urb+ 7,holy ,roman ,empire1 p4 #h ( ! edition ( #aijd74 #b ,! de facto importance ( ! ev5t ( #dgf c only be se5 9 ! light ( lat] ev5ts1 & x 0 n !re=e notic$ by contempor>ies4 ,m>cell9us is ! only contempor>y :o rem>ks on its importance1 cf4 ,m>cell9i ,*ronicon 7,mon4 ,g]m4 ,hi/41 ,*ronica m9ora4 ii4 #ia71 ,hesp]ium ,romanae g5tis imp]ium 444 cum hoc ,augu/ulo p]iit 444 ,go?orum deh9c regibus ,romam t55tibus4 #c ,a passage 9 ,mal*us1 a ,byzant9e hi/orian 7quot$ by ,bryce1 ,holy ,roman ,empire1 p4 #be1 note u1 9 ! edition ( #aijd71 expresses ?is tru? exactly4 ,! envoys s5t to ,z5o by ,odoac] urge ,greek3 os hidias m5 autois basileias ou deoi ko9os de hapo*resei monos on autokrator hep amphot]ois tois p]asi4 ,! envoys !n sugge/ ! "n ( ,odoac]1 z "o able to manage _! affairs1 & ask ,z5o to give him1 z an (fic] ( ! ,empire1 ! title ( ,patricius & ! adm9i/ration ( ,italy4 #d ,accord+ to ! view "h foll[$1 ! ,*ur* 0 ! ark 9 :i* ! conception ( ,empire 0 sav$ dur+ ! d>k ages betwe5 #fjj & #hjj4 ,"s influ5ce %\ld p]haps also be assign$ to ,roman law1 :i* cont9u$ to be adm9i/]$ dur+ ^! c5turies1 especially 9 ! t[ns1 & ma9ta9$ ! imp]ial tradition4 ,b ! influ5ce ( ! ,*ur* is ! ess5tial fact4 #e ,9 ! #e? c5tury ! title patricius came to atta* p>ticul>ly to ! head ( ! ,roman army 7magi/] utriusque militiae7 to m5 l ,aetius & ,ricim]1 :o made & unmade emp]ors 7cf4 ,momms51 ,gesammelte ,s*rift51 iv4 #ecg1 #ede sqq474 ,lat] x _h be5 borne by ! ,greek ex>*s ( ,rav5na4 ,! concession to ,pipp9 ( ?is great title makes him milit>y head ( ! ,we/]n empire1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! title 0 us$ 9 ! #e? c5tury2 x makes him repres5tative ( ! ,empire = ,italy1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x _h be5 us$ ( ! ex>*s4 #f ,see ! fam\s bull ,v5]abilem 7,corp4 ,jur4 ,canon4 ,decr4 ,greg4 i4 #f1 c4 #cd74 #g ,ev5 on ?is view1 an imp]ial coronation at ! h&s ( ! pope 0 necess>y to complete ! title2 b ?is 0 reg>d$ by ! ,g]mans 7?\gh n by ! pope7 z a =m :i* necess>ily foll[$4 #h ,x is a curi\s fact t imp]ial titles 7imp]ator & basileus7 are us$ 9 ! ,anglo-,saxon diplomata ( ! #aj? c5tury4 ,edr$1 = in/ance 7#idf-iee7 is imp]ator1 cyn+ & cas]e totius ,britanniae1 basileus ,anglorum hujusque insulae b>b>orum3 ,edg> is totius ,albionis imp]ator ,augu/us 7cf4 ,/ubbs1 ,con/4 ,hi/4 i4 c4 vii4 ,s #ga74 ,^! titles p>tly %[ ! turgidity ( ,engli% ,lat9ity 9 ! #aj? c5tury1 p>tly indicate ! quasi-imp]ial position held by ! ,wessex k+s aft] ! reconque/ ( ! ,dane-law4 ,b !re seems to be no real gr\nd = ,freeman's view 7,norman ,conque/1 i4 #edh sqq471 t ,engl& 0 reg>d$ z a ?ird ,empire1 side by side ) ! o!r ,empires ( ,we/ & ,ea/ ,europe4 ,t ! titles 7 assum$ 9 ord] to repudiate possible claims ( ! ,we/]n ,empire to ! ov]lord%ip ( ,engl& is disprov$ by ! fact t !y are assum$ at a "t :5 !re is no ,we/]n emp]or4 ,! assumption ( an imp]ial /yle by ,h5ry ,,viii41 :i* is m5tion$ bel[1 is expla9$ by ! ,re=mation1 & does n mean any recurr5ce to a =gott5 ,anglo-,saxon /yle4 #i ,x is 9 virtue ( ?is aspect t ! ,empire is holy4 ,! t]m sacrum imp]ium seems to h be5 fir/ us$ ab\t ! "t ( ,fr$]ick ,i41 :5 ! emp]ors 7 anxi\s to magnify ! sanctity ( _! (fice 9 answ] to papal opposition4 ,! emp]or himself 7see "u ,,emp]or7 0 always reg>d$1 & at 8 coronation treat$1 z a p]sona ecclesia/ica4 #aj ,! emp]or claim$ suz]a9ty ov] ! great] "p ( ,europe at v>i\s dates4 ,hung>y & ,pol&1 ,france & ,spa91 ! ,sc&9avian p59sula1 ! ,briti% ,isles1 7 all claim$ = ! ,empire at diff]5t times 7see ,bryce1 ,holy ,roman ,empire1 c4 xii474 ,! effective empire1 if inde$ x may be call$ effective1 embrac$ only ,g]many1 ,burgundy & ! regnum ,italiae 7! old ,lomb>d k+dom 9 ! valley ( ! ,po74 #aa ,cf4 ! ,act #be ,h5ry ,,viii4 c4 #bb1 ,s #a3 ! lawful k+s & emp]ors ( ?is realm4 #ab ,! ,papacy1 consi/5t to ! la/1 =mally prote/$ at ! ,congress ( ,vi5na 9 #ahae aga9/ ! failure ( ! ,p[]s to re/ore ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 ! c5tre ( political unity 7,ed474 #ac ,! ,turks1 occupy+ ,con/ant9ople1 h also claim$ to be ! heirs ( ! old emp]ors ( ,con/ant9ople2 & _! sultans h /yl$ !mselves ,keis>-i-,rum4 #ad ,?is does n1 ( c\rse1 apply to ,hung>y1 :i* s9ce #ahfg has n =m$ "p ( ! ,au/rian empire & is rul$ by ! head ( ! h\se ( ,habsburg n z emp]or1 b z k+ ( ,hung>y4 ,,empiricism 7f ,gr4 ,greek3 empeiros1 skill$ 91 f ,greek3 peira1 exp]im5t71 9 philosophy1 ! !ory t all k is d]iv$ f s5se-giv5 data4 ,x is oppos$ to all =ms ( intuitionalism1 & holds t ! m9d is orig9ally an absolute blank 7tabula rasa71 on :i*1 z x 71 s5se-giv5 impressions are me*anically record$1 )\t any action on ! "p ( ! m9d4 ,! process by :i* ! m9d is ?us /or$ consi/s ( an inf9ity ( individual impressions4 ,! frequ5t or inv>iable recurr5ce ( simil> s]ies ( ev5ts gives bir? 9 ! m9d to :at are wrongly call$ laws2 9 fact1 ^! laws are m]ely /atem5ts ( exp]i5ce ga!r$ toge!r by association1 & h no o!r k9d ( validity4 ,9 o!r words f ! empirical /&po9t ! /atem5t ( su* a law does n conta9 ! ^w mu/2 x m]ely ass]ts t su* & su* s]ies h be5 inv>iably obs]v$4 ,9 ?is !ory !re c /rictly be no causation2 "o ?+ is obs]v$ to succe$ ano!r1 b obs]vations _c ass]t t x is caus$ by t ?+2 x is po/ hoc1 b n propt] hoc4 ,! idea ( necess>y connexion is a purely m5tal idea1 an a priori conception1 9 :i* obs]vation ( empirical data takes no "p2 empiricism 9 e?ics likewise does away ) ! idea ( ! absolute au?ority ( ! moral law z conceiv$ by ! intuitionali/s4 ,! moral law is m]ely a collection ( rules ( conduct bas$ on an inf9ite numb] ( special cases 9 :i* ! conv5i5ce ( society or its rul]s has subord9at$ ! incl9ation ( individuals4 ,! fundam5tal objection to empiricism is t x fails to give an accurate explanation ( exp]i5ce2 individual impressions z su* are mom5t>y1 & _! connexion into a body ( coh]5t k presupposes m5tal action di/9ct f m]e receptivity4 ,empiricism 0 *>act]i/ic ( all e>ly speculation 9 ,greece4 ,dur+ ! middle ages ! empiric _s 0 9 abeyance1 b x reviv$ f ! "t ( ,francis ,bacon & 0 sy/ematiz$ especially 9 ! ,engli% philosoph]s1 ,locke1 ,hume1 ! two ,mills1 ,b5?am & ! associationi/ s*ool g5]ally4 ,see ,,association ,,( ,,ideas2 ,,metaphysics2 ,,psy*ology2 ,,logic2 besides ! biographies ( ! empirical philosoph]s4 ,9 m$ic9e1 ! t]m is appli$ to a s*ool ( physicians :o1 9 ! "t ( ,celsus & ,gal51 advocat$ accurate obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( heal? & disease 9 ! belief t only by ! collection ( a va/ mass ( in/ances w\ld a true sci5ce ( m$ic9e be atta9$4 ,?is po9t ( view 0 c>ri$ to extremes by ^? :o disc>d$ all real /udy1 & bas$ _! treatm5t on rules ( ?umb4 ,h5ce ! mod]n s5se ( empirical z appli$ to ! guess "w ( an untra9$ quack or *>latan4 ,,employ]s' ,,liability1 & ,,workm5',s ,,comp5sation4#a ,! law ( ,engl& z to ! liability ( employ]s 9 respect ( p]sonal injuries to _! s]vants is regulat$ p>tly by ! common law & p>tly by /atute2 b by ! ,employ]s' ,liability ,act #ahhj1 su* exceptions h be5 graft$ ^u ! common law1 & by ! ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act #aijf1 pr9ciples s ali5 to ! common law h be5 appli$ to mo/ employm5ts t x is impossible n[ to pres5t any view ( ?is bran* ( ! law z a logical :ole4 ,all t c be done is to /ate ! nature ( ! liability at common law4 ! ext5sion ( x effect$ by ! ,employ]s' ,liability ,act #ahhj1 & ! new liabilities introduc$ by lat] acts4 ,common law4 ,at common law ! liability ( a ma/] is ( a v limit$ "*4 ,!re is1 ( c\rse1 no?+ to prev5t a ma/] & s]vant f provid+ by special contract 9 any way !y please = _! mutual rights 9 cases ( p]sonal injury to ! s]vant4 ,9 su* cases ! liability w dep5d ^u ! t]ms ( ! special contract4 ,b ap>t f any special agreem5t1 x may be broadly /at$ t a ma/] is liable to 8 s]vants only = injuries caus$ by 8 own neglig5ce4 ,injuries to a s]vant may arise f accid5t1 f ! nature ( ! s]vice1 or f neglig5ce2 & ?is neglig5ce may be ( ! ma/]1 ( ano!r s]vant ( ! ma/]1 or ( a /rang]4 ,if ! injury is purely accid5tal ! loss lies :]e x falls4 ,if x arises f ! nature ( ! s]vice1 ! s]vant mu/ be> x himself2 he has und]tak5 a s]vice to :i* c]ta9 risks are necess>ily incid5t2 if he is injur$ !reby1 x is ! =tune ( w>1 & no "o c be made responsible4 ,if ! injury is caus$ by ! neglig5ce ( a /rang]1 ! s]vant has 8 ord9>y rem$y aga9/ ! wrong-do] or any "o :o is responsible z a pr9cipal = ! conduct ( ! wrong-do]4 ,if x is caus$ by ! neglig5ce ( a fell[-s]vant1 he likewise has 8 ord9>y rem$y aga9/ ! actual wrong-do]2 b1 by virtue ( :at is kn[n z ! doctr9e ( common employm5t1 he _c at common law make ! ma/] liable z a pr9cipal4 ,! only case 7indep5d5tly ( mod]n legislation3 see bel[7 9 :i* he c recov] damages f ! ma/] is :]e ! injury has be5 caus$ by neglig5ce ( ! ma/] himself4 ,a ma/] is neglig5t if he fails to ex]cise t skill & c>e :i*1 9 ! circum/ances ( ! p>ticul> employm5t1 are us$ by employ]s ( ord9>y skill & c>efulness4 ,if he himself takes "p 9 ! "w1 he mu/ act ) su* skill & c>e z may reasonably be dem&$ ( "o :o takes ^u himself to d "w ( t k9d4 ,if he entru/s ! "w to o!r s]vants1 he mu/ be c>eful 9 _! selection1 & mu/ n neglig5tly employ p]sons :o are incompet5t4 ,he mu/ take prop] c>e s to arrange ! sy/em ( "w t 8 s]vants are n expos$ to unnecess>y dang]4 ,if tools or ma*9]y are us$1 he mu/ take prop] c>e to provide su* z are fit & prop] = ! "w1 & mu/ ei!r himself see t !y are ma9ta9$ 9 a fit condition or employ compet5t s]vants to d s = him4 ,if he is b\nd by /atute to take precautions = ! safety ( 8 s]vants1 he mu/ himself see t t obligation is dis*>g$4 ,= brea* ( any ( ^! duties a ma/] is liable to 8 s]vant :o is injur$ !reby1 b 8 liability ext5ds no fur!r4 ,common employm5t4 ,t 8 obligations to a s]vant are s mu* less ?an to a /rang] is *iefly due to ! doctr9e ( common employm5t4 ,z a rule a ma/] is responsible = ! neglig5ce ( 8 s]vant act+ 9 ! c\rse ( 8 employm5t2 b1 f ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury1 x became firmly root$ 9 ! law t ?is pr9ciple did n apply :]e ! p]son injur$ 0 himself a s]vant ( ! ma/] & engag$ 9 a common employm5t ) ! s]vant guilty ( ! neglig5ce4 ,9 effect ?is rule protects a ma/] z aga9/ 8 s]vant f ! consequ5ces ( neglig5ce on ! "p ( any o!r ( 8 s]vants2 to ?is !re is no qualification except t1 = ! rule to apply1 bo? ! injur$ & ! neglig5t s]vant mu/ be act+ 9 pursuance ( a common employm5t4 ,!y mu/ bo? be work+ = a common object ?\gh n necess>ily ^u ! same "w4 ,x is n easy to def9e precisely :at con/itutes a common employm5t 9 ?is s5se1 & !re is peculi>ly little judicial au?ority z to ! limit at :i* "w = ! same employ] ceases to be "w 9 a common employm5t4 ,x does n dep5d on diff]5ce 9 grade2 all engag$ 9 "o bus9ess1 f ! manag] to ! appr5tice1 are )9 ! rule4 ,x does n dep5d on diff]5ce 9 "w1 if ! "w ea* is do+ is "p ( "o l>g] op]ation2 all ! s]vants ( a railway company1 :e!r employ$ on ! tra9s1 or at ! /ations1 or on ! l9e1 are 9 a common employm5t4 ,x does n necess>ily dep5d on diff]5ce ( locality2 a s]vant :o packs goods at ! factory & a s]vant :o unpacks !m 9 ! %op may well be 9 a common employm5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n en\gh t ! two s]vants are work+ = ! same employ]1 if !re is no?+ 9 common betwe5 !m except t !y are mak+ money = ! same man2 ap>t f special circum/ances1 ! crews ( two %ips own$ by ! same company are probably n 9 common employm5t :ile navigat+ _! respective %ips4 ,! te/ 9 ea* case mu/ be d]iv$ f ! view1 inv5t$ by ! c\rts1 ^u :i* ! doctr9e 0 bas$1 namely1 t ! s]vant by ent]+ ^u ! s]vice cons5t$ to run all ! risks incid5tal to x1 includ+ ! risk ( neglig5ce on ! "p ( fell[-s]vants2 if ! relation betwe5 ! two s]vants is su* t ! safety ( ! "o may1 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s1 be affect$ by ! neglig5ce ( ! o!r1 t neglig5ce mu/ be tak5 to be "o ( ! risks ( ! employm5t ass5t$ to by ! s]vant1 & bo? are engag$ 9 a common employm5t4 ,9 n9ety-n9e cases out ( a hundr$ x w be f\nd t ! doctr9e is applicable1 & ! ma/] protect$ f liability4 ,x is ?us se5 t1 9 g5]al1 no action w lie aga9/ a ma/] at ! suit ( 8 s]vant1 unless ! s]vant c prove p]sonal neglig5ce on ! "p ( ! ma/] caus+ injury to ! s]vant4 ,& 9 su* action ! ma/] may avail himself ( ^? def5ces :i* he has aga9/ a /rang]4 ,he may rely ^u contributory neglig5ce1 & %[ t ! s]vant 0 himself neglig5t1 & t1 not)/&+ ! neglig5ce ( ! ma/]1 ! injury 0 proximately caus$ by ! neglig5ce ( ! s]vant4 ,or 7except 9 cases :]e ! injury results f a brea* ( a /atutory duty7 he may prove su* facts z e/abli% ! def5ce express$ 9 ! maxim1 vol5ti non fit injuria2 t is1 he may prove t ! injur$ s]vant knew & appreciat$ ! p>ticul> risk he 0 runn+1 & incurr$ x volunt>ily ) full und]/&+ ( its nature4 ,m]e k on ! "p ( ! s]vant1 or ev5 8 cont9u+ to "w ) k1 does n necess>ily e/abli% ?is def5ce2 x mu/ be k ( su* a k9d & 9 su* circum/ances t x c be inf]r$ t ! s]vant contract$ to take ! risk ^u himself4 ,! action at common law is subject to ! g5]al rule t p]sonal actions die ) ! p]son2 except s f> z ! rem$y = money loss caus$ by dea? by neglig5ce has be5 pres]v$ 9 fav\r ( a husb& or wife & c]ta9 ne> relatives1 "u ,"l ,campbell's ,act 7,fatal ,accid5ts ,act #ahdf74 ,! act ( #ahhj4 ,su* 0 ! law up to #ahhj4 ,s long z indu/ry 0 conduct$ on a small scale1 & ! ma/] work$ ) 8 m51 or 0 himself ! manag]1 its h>d%ip 0 p]haps little felt2 8 p]sonal neglig5ce c\ld 9 _m cases be e/abli%$4 ,b ) ! developm5t ( ! factory sy/em1 & ! ev]-gr[+ expansion ( ! scale on :i* all indu/ries 7 conduct$1 x became increas+ly difficult to br+ home individual responsibility to ! employ]4 ,z indu/ry pass$ l>gely into ! control ( corporations1 difficulty became almo/ impossibility4 ,! employ] 0 n liable to a s]vant = ! neglig5ce ( a fell[-s]vant1 & !re=e1 9 mo/ cases ( injury1 0 n liable at all4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! condition ( ?+s ?us br\ght ab\t1 p>tly by ! gr[? ( mod]n indu/ry & p>tly by ! decisions ( ! c\rts1 caus$ grave dissatisfaction4 ,! ju/ice ( ! doctr9e ( common employm5t 0 vigor\sly call$ 9 "q4 ,9 ! result ! ,employ]s' ,liability ,act #ahhj 0 pass$4 ,! effect ( ?is act is to de/roy ! def5ce ( common employm5t 9 c]ta9 specifi$ cases4 ,x does n aboli% ! doctr9e altoge!r1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 does x impose ^u ! ma/] any new /&>d ( duty :i* does n exi/ z reg>ds /rang]s4 ,all t x does is to place ! s]vant1 9 c]ta9 cases1 9 ! position ( a /rang]1 mak+ ! ma/] liable = ! neglig5ce ( 8 s]vants not)/&+ ! fact t !y are 9 common employm5t ) ! s]vant injur$4 ,x is /ill necess>y "u ! act1 z at common law1 to prove neglig5ce1 & ! ma/] may /ill rely ^u ! def5ces ( contributory neglig5ce & vol5ti non fit injuria4 ,b "u ! act he _c1 z aga9/ ! workm5 :o come )9 x & 9 ! cases to :i* x applies1 set up ! def5ce t ! neglig5ce compla9$ ( 0 ! neglig5ce ( a s]vant 9 a common employm5t4 ,! act does n apply to all s]vants4 ,x does n apply to dome/ic or m5ial s]vants1 or to seam51 or to any except railway s]vants & any p]son :o1 be+ a lab\r]1 s]vant 9 husb&ry1 j\rneyman1 artific]1 h&icraftsman1 m9]1 or o!rwise engag$ 9 manual lab\r 444 has ent]$ into or works "u a contract ) an employ]1 :e!r ! contract be oral or 9 writ+1 & be a contract ( s]vice or a contract p]sonally to execute any "w or lab\r4 ,:e!r a s]vant1 n be+ "o ( ^? specially nam$1 is )9 ! act dep5ds on :e!r manual lab\r is ! real & sub/antial employm5t1 or :e!r x is m]ely incid5tal !reto2 ?us a c>man :o h&les ! goods he c>ries may be )9 ! act1 b a tramc> driv] or an omnibus conductor is n4 ,! act does n make ! ma/] liable = ! neglig5ce ( all 8 s]vants1 b1 speak+ g5]ally1 only = ! neglig5t dis*>ge ( _! duties by su* z are entru/$ ) ! sup]vision ( ma*9]y & plant1 or ) sup]9t5d5ce1 or ! p[] ( giv+ ord]s1 ) ! addition1 9 ! case ( a railway1 ( ! neglig5ce ( ^? :o are giv5 ! *>ge or control ( signals1 po9ts1 locomotive eng9es or tra9s4 ,! cases dealt ) by ! act are five 9 numb]2 9 ! fir/ & f\r? ! words are wide en\gh to include neglig5ce ( ! employ] himself1 = :i*1 z has be5 se51 he is liable at common law4 ,9 su* in/ances ! workman has an alt]native rem$y ei!r at common law or "u ! act1 b 9 all o!r respects ! rights giv5 by ! act are new1 be+ limitations ^u ! def5ce ( common employm5t1 & c be en=c$ only "u ! act4 ,! fir/ case is :]e ! injury is caus$ by reason ( any defect 9 ! condition ( ! ways1 works1 ma*9]y or plant connect$ ) or us$ 9 ! bus9ess ( ! employ]1 provid$ t su* defect arises f1 or has n be5 discov]$ or rem$i$ ow+ to ! neglig5ce ( ! employ]1 or ( "s p]son 9 ! s]vice ( ! employ] & entru/$ by him ) ! duty ( see+ t ! ways1 works1 ma*9]y or plant are 9 prop] condition4 ,! second case is :]e ! injury is caus$ by reason ( ! neglig5ce ( any p]son 9 ! s]vice ( ! employ] :o has any sup]9t5d5ce entru/$ to him 7t is1 a p]son ^: sole or pr9cipal duty is t ( sup]9t5d5ce1 & :o is n ord9>ily engag$ 9 manual lab\r7 :il/ 9 ! ex]cise ( su* sup]9t5d5ce4 ,! ?ird case is :]e ! injury is caus$ by reason ( ! neglig5ce ( any p]son 9 ! s]vice ( ! employ] to ^: ord]s or directions ! workman at ! "t ( ! injury is b\nd to con=m & does con=m1 :]e su* injury results f 8 s con=m+4 ,! f\r? case is :]e ! injury is caus$ by reason ( ! act or omission ( any p]son 9 ! s]vice ( ! employ] done or made 9 ob$i5ce to ! rules or by-laws ( ! employ]1 or 9 ob$i5ce to p>ticul> in/ructions giv5 by any p]son delegat$ ) ! au?ority ( ! employ] 9 t behalf1 provid$ t ! injury results f "s impropriety or defect 9 su* rules1 by-laws or in/ructions4 ,! fif? case is :]e ! injury is caus$ by reason ( ! neglig5ce ( any p]son 9 ! s]vice ( ! employ] :o has ! *>ge or control ( any signal1 po9ts1 locomotive eng9e or tra9 ^u a railway4 ,9 all ^! cases x is provid$ t ! employ] %all n be liable if x c be %[n t ! workman knew ( ! defect or neglig5ce :i* caus$ 8 injury1 & fail$ )9 a reasonable "t to give1 or cause to be giv51 in=mation !re( to ! employ] or "s p]son sup]ior to himself 9 ! s]vice ( ! employ]1 unless he 0 aw>e t ! employ] or su* sup]ior already knew ( ! said defect or neglig5ce4 ,x 0 inevitable t ^! provisions %\ld call = judicial int]pretation1 & a consid]able body ( au?ority has gr[n up ab\t ! act4 ,:]e g5]al words are us$1 x mu/ always occur t1 betwe5 ! cases :i* are obvi\sly )9 & ^? :i* are obvi\sly )\t ! words1 !re are _m on ! bord] l9e4 ,?us1 "u ! act1 ! c\rts h be5 call$ ^u to det]m9e ! precise mean+ ( way1 works1 ma*9]y1 plant1 & to say :at is precisely meant by a defect 9 ! condition ( ea* ( !m4 ,!y h _h to say :at is includ$ 9 railway & 9 tra91 :at is meant by hav+ *>ge or control1 & to :at ext5t "o ^: pr9cipal duty is sup]9t5d5ce may p>ticipate 9 manual lab\r )\t los+ 8 "* ( sup]9t5d5t1 & :at is ! precise mean+ ( neglig5ce 9 sup]9t5d5ce4 ,^! are only illu/rations ( _m po9ts ( detail :i*1 hav+ call$ = judicial int]pretation1 w be f\nd fully dealt ) 9 ! text-books on ! subject4 ,a workman :o1 be+ )9 ! act1 is injur$ by su* neglig5ce ( a fell[-s]vant z is includ$ 9 "o or o!r ( ! five cases m5tion$ above1 has aga9/ 8 employ] ! rem$ies :i* ! act gives him4 ,^! are n necess>ily ! same z ^? :i* a /rang] w\ld h 9 ! l circum/ances2 ! am\nt ( comp5sation is n left at l>ge = a jury to det]m9e1 b is limit$ to an am\nt n exce$+ su* sum z may be f\nd to be equival5t to ! e/imat$ e>n+s1 dur+ ! ?ree ye>s prec$+ ! injury1 ( a p]son 9 ! same grade employ$ dur+ ^? ye>s 9 ! l employm5t & 9 ! di/rict 9 :i* ! workman is employ$ at ! "t ( ! injury4 ,moreov]1 ! "r to recov] is h$g$ ab\t ) te*nicalities :i* are unkn[n at ! common law2 proce$+s mu/ be tak5 9 ! c\nty c\rt1 )9 a /rictly limit$ "t1 & are ma9ta9able only if c]ta9 elaborate provisions z to notice ( injury h be5 compli$ )4 ,:]e ! injury causes dea? ! action is ma9ta9able = ! b5efit ( ! l p]sons z are entitl$ "u ,"l ,campbell's act 9 an action at common law4 ,acts ( #ahig to #aijf4 ,! law cont9u$ 9 ?is condition up to #ahig4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ( injury to a s]vant1 ! doctr9e ( common employm5t /ill protect$ ! ma/]2 & :]e1 "u ! ,employ]s' ,liability ,act1 x fail$ to d s1 ! liability 0 ( a limit$ "* & (t51 ow+ to te*nicalities ( proc$ure1 difficult to en=ce4 ,moreov]1 !re is no?+ 9 ! act to prev5t ma/] & s]vant f ent]+ into any special contract !y please2 & 9 _m trades x became a common practice = contracts to be made :olly exclud+ ! op]ation ( ! act4 ,9 #ahic an attempt 0 made to alt] ! law by a total abolition ( ! def5ce ( common employm5t1 s z to make a ma/] z liable to a s]vant z to a /rang] = ! neglig5ce ( any ( 8 s]vants act+ 9 ! c\rse ( _! employm5t1 & at ! same "t to prohibit any agreem5ts to =ego ! rights s giv5 to ! s]vant4 ,! bill did n become law1 & no fur!r *ange 0 made until1 9 #ahig1 p>liam5t took ! fir/ /ep 9 :at has be5 a complete revolution 9 ! law ( employ]s' liability4 ,up to t ye>1 z has be5 se51 ! f\ndation ( a ma/]'s liability 0 neglig5ce1 ei!r ( ! ma/] himself1 or1 9 c]ta9 cases1 ( 8 s]vants4 ,b by ! ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act #ahig1 a new pr9ciple 0 introduc$1 :]eby c]ta9 s]vants 9 c]ta9 employm5ts 7 giv5 a "r to comp5sation = injuries1 :olly irrespective ( any consid]ation ( neglig5ce or contributory neglig5ce4 ,z reg>ds su* s]vants 9 su* employm5ts ! ma/] 0 9 effect made an insur] aga9/ accid5tal injuries4 ,! act 0 confess$ly t5tative & p>tial2 x dealt only ) select$ indu/ries1 & ev5 )9 ^! indu/ries 0 n ( univ]sal application4 ,b :]e x did apply1 x gave a "r to a limit$ comp5sation 9 e case ( injury by accid5t aris+ out ( & 9 ! c\rse ( ! employm5t1 :e!r t accid5t _h be5 br\ght ab\t by neglig5ce or n1 & :e!r ! injur$ s]vant _h or _h n contribut$ to x by 8 own neglig5ce4 ,! act appli$ only to employm5t on1 or 91 or ab\t c]ta9 localities :]e1 at ! same "t1 ! employ] 0 :at ! act call$ an und]tak]1 t is1 ! p]son ^: bus9ess 0 !re be+ c>ri$ on4 ,if we want$ to "k :e!r a workman 0 )9 ! act1 we _h to ask1 fir/1 0 he employ$ on1 or 91 or ab\t a railway1 or a factory1 or a m9e1 or a qu>ry1 or an eng9e]+ %op1 or a build+ ( ! k9d m5tion$ 9 ! act2 secondly1 0 he employ$ by "o :o 01 9 relation to t railway1 c41 ! und]tak] z def9$ by ! act2 & ?irdly1 0 he at ! "t ( ! accid5t at "w on1 or 91 or ab\t t railway1 c4 ,unless ^! ?ree conditions 7 fulfill$ ! employm5t 0 n )9 ! act4 ,! employm5ts to :i* ! act appli$ compris$ railways1 factories 7:i* includ$ docks1 w>eh\ses & /eam laundries71 m9es1 eng9e]+ works & mo/ k9ds ( build+s4 ,workman includ$ e p]son engag$ 9 an employm5t to :i* ! act appli$1 :e!r by manual lab\r or o!rwise1 & :e!r 8 agreem5t 0 "o ( s]vice or appr5tice%ip or o!rwise1 express$ or impli$1 oral or 9 writ+4 ,by ! ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act #aijj1 ! b5efits ( ! act ( #ahig 7 ext5d$ to agricultural lab\r]s4 ,! ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act #aijf 7:i* came into =ce on ! #a/ ( ,july #aijg7 ext5d$ ! "r ( comp5sation = injuries practically to all p]sons 9 s]vice1 & also introduc$ _m provisions n conta9$ 9 ! acts ( #ahig & #aijj 7repeal$74 ,x does n apply to p]sons 9 ! naval or milit>y s]vice ( ! cr[n 7s4 #i71 or p]sons employ$ o!rwise ?an by way ( manual lab\r ^: remun]ation exce$s two hundr$ & fifty p\nds a ye>1 or p]sons ^: employm5t is ( a casual nature1 & :o are employ$ o!rwise ?an = ! purposes ( ! employ]'s trade or bus9ess1 or memb]s ( a police =ce1 or out-work]s1 or memb]s ( ! employ]'s family dwell+ 9 8 h\se4 ,b x expressly applies to seam54 ,conditions ( claim4 ,to entitle a workman engag$ 9 an employm5t to :i* ! act applies to comp5sation all ! foll[+ conditions mu/ be fulfill$3 7#a7 ,!re mu/ be p]sonal injury by accid5t4 ,?is w exclude injury wilfully inflict$1 unless ! injury results 9 dea? or s]i\s & p]man5t disablem5t1 b ! act introduces a new provision by mak+ ! susp5sion or disablem5t f "w or dea? caus$ by c]ta9 indu/rial diseases accid5ts )9 ! mean+ ( ! act4 ,! indu/rial diseases specifi$ 9 ! #crd s*$ule ( ! act 7 an?rax1 ankylo/omiasis1 & lead1 m]cury1 phosphorus & ars5ic poison+ or _! sequelae4 ,b ,s #h ( ! act au?oriz$ ! secret>y ( /ate to make ord]s f "t to "t includ+ o!r indu/rial diseases1 & su* ord]s h embrac$ glass work]s' cat>act1 telegraphi/s' cramp1 eczemat\s ulc]ation ( ! sk9 produc$ by du/ or liquid1 ulc]ation ( ! muc\s membrane ( ! nose or m\? produc$ by du/1 c4 ,to r5d] ! employ] liable ! workman mu/ ei!r obta9 a c]tificate ( disablem5t or be susp5d$ or die by reason ( ! disease4 ,if ! disease has be5 contract$ by a gradual process1 all ! employ]s :o h employ$ ! workman dur+ ! previ\s twelve mon?s 9 ! employm5t to :i* ! disease 0 due are liable to contribute a %>e ( ! comp5sation to ! employ] prim>ily liable4 7#b7 ,! accid5t mu/ arise out ( & 9 ! c\rse ( ! employm5t4 ,9 ea* case x w h to be det]m9$ :e!r ! workman 0 at ! "t ( ! accid5t 9 ! c\rse ( 8 employm5t1 & :e!r ! accid5t arose out ( ! employm5t4 ,x w h to be consid]$ :5 & :]e ! p>ticul> employm5t began & end$4 ,o!r difficulties h aris5 & w frequ5tly arise :5 ! workman at ! "t ( ! accid5t is do+ some?+ :i* is no "p ( ! "w he is employ$ to d4 ,s f> z ! decisions h gone1 !y indicate t if :at ! workman is do+ is no act ( s]vice1 b m]ely = 8 own pleasure1 or if he is improp]ly m$dl+ ) t :i* is no "p ( 8 "w1 ! accid5t does n arise out ( & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 employm5t2 b if1 :ile on 8 ma/]'s "w1 he ^u an em]g5cy acts 9 8 ma/]'s int]e/1 ?\gh :at he does is no "p ( ! "w he is employ$ to d1 ! accid5t does arise out ( & 9 ! c\rse ( 8 employm5t4 7#c7 ,! injury mu/ be su* z disables ! workman = a p]iod ( at lea/ "o week f e>n+ full wages at ! "w at :i* he 0 employ$4 7#d7 ,notice ( ! accid5t mu/ be giv5 z soon z practicable aft] ! happ5+ !re(1 & be=e ! workman has volunt>ily left ! employm5t 9 :i* he 0 injur$2 & ! claim = comp5sation 7by :i* is meant notice t he claims comp5sation "u ! act address$ by ! workman to ! employ]7 mu/ be made )9 six mon?s f ! occurr5ce ( ! accid5t or1 9 case ( dea?1 f ! "t ( dea?4 ,want ( notice ( ! accid5t or defects 9 x are n to be a b> to proce$+s1 if occasion$ by mi/ake or o!r reasonable cause1 & ! employ] is n prejudic$ !reby4 ,b want ( notice ( a claim = comp5sation is a b> to proce$+s1 unless ! employ] by 8 conduct has e/opp$ himself f rely+ ^u x4 7#e7 ,an injur$ workman mu/1 if s requir$ by ! employ]1 submit himself to m$ical exam9ation4 ,:5 ^! conditions are fulfill$1 an employ] :o is )9 ! act has no answ] unless he c prove t ! injury arose f ! s]i\s & wilful misconduct ( ! workman4 ,! precise effect ( ^! t]ms is n cle>2 b m]e neglig5ce is n )9 !m4 ,:]e ! injury causes dea?1 ! "r to comp5sation belongs to ! workman's dep5d5ts2 t is1 su* ( ! memb]s ( ! workman's family z 7 at ! "t ( ! dea? :olly or 9 "p dep5d5t ^u ! e>n+s ( ! workman = _! ma9t5ance4 ,memb]s ( a family means wife or husb&1 fa!r1 "m1 gr&fa!r1 gr&mo!r1 /ep-fa!r1 /ep-"m1 son1 daught]1 gr&son1 gr&daught]1 /ep-son1 /ep-daught]1 bro!r1 si/]1 half-bro!r1 half-si/]4 ,! act ( #aijf makes also a v rem>kable dep>ture 9 includ+ illegitimate relations 9 ! direct l9e among dep5d5ts1 = :]e a workman1 be+ ! p>5t or gr&p>5t ( an illegitimate *ild1 leaves su* a *ild dep5d5t ^u 8 e>n+s1 or1 be+ an illegitimate *ild1 leaves a p>5t or gr&p>5t s dep5d5t ^u 8 e>n+s1 su* *ild or p>5t is to be includ$ 9 ! memb]s ( a family4 ,am\nt4 ,"u ! act comp5sation is = loss ( wages only1 & is1 z has be5 said1 bas$ ^u ! actual previ\s e>n+s ( ! injur$ workman 9 ! employm5t ( ! employ]s = :om he is work+ at ! "t ( ! injury4 ,9 case ( dea?1 if ! workman leaves dep5d5ts :o 7 :olly dep5d5t on 8 e>n+s1 ! am\nt recov]$ is a sum equal to 8 e>n+s 9 ! employm5t ( ! same employ] dur+ ! ?ree ye>s next prec$+ ! injury1 or ! sum ( ,l#aej1 :i*ev] is ! l>g]1 b n exce$+ ,l#cjj2 if ! p]iod ( 8 employm5t by ! same employ] has be5 less ?an ?ree ye>s1 !n ! am\nt ( 8 e>n+s dur+ ! ?ree ye>s is to be deem$ to be #aef times 8 av]age weekly e>n+s dur+ ! p]iod ( 8 actual employm5t "u ! said employ]4 ,if ! workman leaves only dep5d5ts :o 7 n :olly dep5d5t1 ! am\nt recov]$ is su* sum z may be reasonable & proportionate to ! injury to !m1 b n exce$+ ! am\nt payable 9 ! previ\s case4 ,if ! workman leaves no dep5d5ts1 ! am\nt recov]able is ! reasonable exp5ses ( 8 m$ical att5dance & burial1 n exce$+ ,l#aj4 ,9 case ( total or p>tial incapacity = "w result+ f ! injury1 :at is recov]$ is a weekly paym5t dur+ ! incapacity aft] ! second week n exce$+ #ej ( ! workman's av]age weekly e>n+s dur+ ! previ\s twelve mon?s1 if he has be5 s long employ$1 b if n1 !n = any less p]iod dur+ :i* he has be5 9 ! cont9u\s employm5t ( ! same employ]2 su* weekly paym5t is n to exce$ ,l#a--;& 9 fix+ x reg>d is to be _h to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! am\nt ( 8 av]age weekly e>n+s be=e ! accid5t & ! av]age am\nt :i* he is able to e>n aft] ! accid5t4 ,any paym5ts1 n be+ wages1 made by ! employ] 9 respect ( ! injury mu/ also be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,! weekly paym5t may f "t to "t be review$ at ! reque/ ( ei!r p>ty1 ^u evid5ce ( a *ange 9 ! circum/ances s9ce ! aw>d 0 made1 & aft] six mon?s may be r$eem$ by ! employ] by paym5t ( a lump sum4 ,a workman is )9 ! act al?\gh at ! "t ( ! injury he has be5 9 ! employm5t = less ?an two weeks1 & al?\gh !re are no actual e>n+s f ! same employ] ^u :i* a weekly av]age c be comput$4 ,b h[ are ! av]age weekly e>n+s :i* he w\ld h e>n$ f ! same employ] to be e/imat$8 ,! "q mu/ be det]m9$ z "o ( fact by ref]5ce to all ! circum/ances ( ! p>ticul> case4 ,suppose ! workman to be engag$ at six %ill+s a day & injur$ on ! fir/ day4 ,if x c be inf]r$ t he w\ld h rema9$ 9 su* employm5t = a :ole week1 8 av]age weekly e>n+s f ! same employ] may be tak5 at ?irty %ill+s4 ,if x c be inf]r$ t he w\ld h work$ "o day & no m1 8 av]age weekly e>n+s f ! same employ] may be tak5 at six %ill+s4 ,all que/ions z to liability or o!rwise "u ! act1 if n settl$ by agreem5t1 are ref]r$ to arbitration 9 accordance ) a s*eme prescrib$ by ! act4 ,contract+ out is n p]mitt$1 save 9 "o ev5t3 :]e a s*eme ( comp5sation1 b5efit or insurance = ! workm5 ( an employ] has be5 c]tifi$ by ! ,regi/r> ( ,fri5dly ,societies to be n less fav\rable to ! workm5 & _! dep5d5ts ?an ! provisions ( ! act1 & t :]e ! s*eme provides = contributions by ! workm51 x conf]s b5efits at lea/ equal to ^? contributions1 9 addition to ! b5efits to :i* ! workm5 w\ld h be5 entitl$ "u ! act1 & t a majority 7to be asc]ta9$ by ballot7 ( ! workm5 to :om ! s*eme is applicable are 9 fav\r ( x1 ! employ] may contract ) any ( 8 workm5 t ! provisions ( ! s*eme %all be sub/itut$ = ! act2 su* c]tificate may n be = m ?an five ye>s1 & may 9 c]ta9 circum/ances be revok$4 ,! act does n t\* ! workman's rights at common law or "u ! ,employ]s' ,liability ,act1 b ! workman1 if m ?an "o rem$y is op5 to him1 c en=ce only "o4 ,:5 ! circum/ances create a legal liability 9 "s o!r p]son1 e4g4 :]e ! injury is caus$ by ! neglig5ce ( a sub-contractor or ( a /rang]1 9 su* cases ! employ]1 if requir$ to pay comp5sation "u ! act1 is entitl$ to be indemnifi$ by su* o!r p]son4 ,"u ! ,factory ,acts1 (f5ces1 :5 !y result 9 dea? or bodily injury to heal?1 may be puni%$ by f9e n exce$+ ,l#ajj1 & ! :ole or any "p ( su* f9e may be appli$ = ! b5efit ( ! injur$ p]son or 8 family1 or o!rwise z ! secret>y ( /ate det]m9es4 ,simil> provisions occur 9 ! ,m9es ,acts4 ,any sum s appli$ mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt 9 e/imat+ comp5sation "u ! ,employ]s' ,liability & ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,acts4 ,g]many4 ,law 9 ,o!r ,c\ntries4--,9 ,g]many 7q4v47 !re is a sy/em ( compulsory /ate insurance aga9/ accid5ts to workm54 ,! law dates f #ahhd1 be+ am5d$ f "t to "t 7#ahhe1 #ahhf1 #ahhg1 #aijj1 #aijc7 to embrace diff]5t classes ( employm5t4 ,occupations are gr\p$ into 7#a7 indu/ry2 7#b7 agriculture2 7#c7 build+2 7#d7 m>9e1 to all ( :i* "o g5]al law1 ) v>iations necess>y to ! p>ticul> occupation 9 "q1 is applicable4 ,!re are also special provisions = prison]s & gov]nm5t (ficials4 ,practically e k9d ( work+-man is ?us includ$1 ) ! exception ( dome/ic s]vants & artisans or lab\r]s work+ on _! own acc\nt4 ,all workm5 & (ficials ^: sal>y does n exce$ ,l#aej a ye> come )9 ! law4 ,no comp5sation is payable :]e an accid5t is caus$ ?r\gh a p]son's own gross c>elessness1 & :]e an accid5t has be5 contribut$ to by a crim9al act or int5tional wrongdo+ ! comp5sation may be refus$ or only p>tially all[$4 ,) ^! exceptions1 comp5sation = injury is payable 9 case ( injury s long z ! injur$ is unfit to "w2 9 case ( total incapacity an all[ance is made equal to two-?irds ( ! injur$ p]son's annual e>n+s1 9 case ( p>tial incapacity1 9 proportion to ! degree t 8 wage-e>n+ capacity has be5 affect$4 ,9 case ( dea? ! comp5sation is ei!r burial money or an all[ance to ! family v>y+ 9 am\nt f #bj to #fj ( ! annual e>n+s accord+ to circum/ances4 ,! provision ( comp5sation = accid5ts falls entirely ^u employ]s1 & 9 ord] to light5 ! burd5 ?us fall+ ^u !m1 & at ! same "t to gu>d aga9/ ! possible insolv5cy ( an individual employ]1 associations or self-adm9i/]+ bodies ( employ]s h be5 =m$--usually all ! employ]s ( ea* p>ticul> bran* ( indu/ry 9 a di/rict4 ,^! associations fix ! am\nt ( comp5sation aft] ea* accid5t1 & at ! end ( ! ye> assess ! am\nt ^u ! individual employ]s4 ,!re is an appeal f ! association to an arbitration c\rt1 & 9 p>ticul>ly complicat$ cases !re may be a fur!r appeal to ! imp]ial insurance dep>tm5t4 ,no all[ance is paid until aft] ! lapse ( ?irte5 weeks f ! accid5t1 & 9 ! meantime ! injur$ p]son is support$ f a sick fund to :i* ! employ]s contribute "o-?ird1 ! employee contribut+ two-?irds4 ,9 ,g]many q twelve millions ( workpeople are insur$2 9 #aije a sum ( ne>ly eight millions /]l+ 0 paid = accid5ts1 & a million & a half to ! families ( ^? kill$ 9 accid5ts4 ,au/ria4 ,9 ,au/ria ! compulsory insurance ( workm5 0 provid$ = by a law ( #ahhg1 ) subsequ5t am5dm5ts4 ,briefly1 ne>ly e class ( indu/rial work] is includ$ "u ! ,au/rian law1 :i* is adm9i/]$ by special t]ritorial insurance in/itutions1 ea* ( !m embrac+ p>ticul> classes ( indu/ries or work]s4 ,! in/itutions are manag$ by committees1 "o-?ird ( ! memb]s ( ea* committee be+ *os5 by ! m9i/] ( ! int]ior1 "o-?ird by ! employ]s & "o-?ird by ! work]s4 ,comp5sation is payable1 9 case ( accid5ts1 on a scale proportionate to ! injur$ p]son's wages dur+ ! prec$+ ye>4 ,9 case ( dea?1 a c]ta9 sum is paid = fun]al exp5ses1 an annuity to ! wid[1 if "o is left1 equal to #bj ( ! deceas$'s annual wages--if ! wid[ rem>ries1 %e receives a lump sum equal to ?ree annual paym5ts 9 liquidation ( ! annuity--an annuity to ea* legitimate *ild equal to #ae1 or1 if ! *ild has no "m1 equal to #bj ( ! fa!r's wages2 an annuity to ! fa!r or "m1 if dep5d5t on ! deceas$ = support1 equal to #bj ( ! annual wages4 ,z 9 ! ,engli% act ( #aijf illegitimate *ildr5 are recogniz$ by be+ grant$ an annuity 9 ! case ( ! dea? ( a fa!r equal to #aj ( 8 wages4 ,9 no case c ! total am\nt ( ! annuities exce$ #ej ( ! deceas$'s annual wages4 ,:]e ! accid5t has result$ 9 total incapacity1 ! workman receives an annuity equal to #fj ( 8 wages4 ,no all[ance is paid until aft] ! f\r? week1 dur+ :i* "t ! injur$ is support$ by ! sick-insurance in/itutions4 ,! provision = ! sy/em is rais$ by contributions to ! ext5t ( n9e-t5?s by ! employ]s & "o-t5? by ! work]s1 d$uct$ f _! wages4 ,in/ead ( ! ,g]man me?od by :i* an annual paym5t equal to ! am\nt disburs$ is requir$ f ea* employ]1 he is requir$ to provide ! full am\nt necess>y = ! complete paym5t ( ! p5sion1 ?is am\nt be+ plac$ to ! cr$it ( a special insurance fund4 ,france4 ,9 ,france a sy/em ( compulsory /ate insurance aga9/ accid5ts 0 creat$ by a law ( #ahih4 ,! pr9cipal feature 9 ! ,fr5* law is ! attempt to meet ! possible insolv5cy ( ! employ] by ! e/abli%m5t ( a special gu>antee fund1 creat$ by a small addition to ! bus9ess tax 7contribution des pat5tes71 &1 9 ! case ( ! m9+ indu/ry1 by a small tax on m9es4 ,norway4 ,norway1 by a law ( #ahid1 am5d$ 9 #ahig & #ahii1 adopt$ a sy/em ( compulsory insurance modell$ to a great ext5t on ! ,g]man sy/em4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( a trade association z 9 ,g]many1 or a di/rict insurance association z 9 ,au/ria1 !re is a gov]nm5t insurance (fice1 9 :i* employ]s h to insure _! workm54 ,d5m>k4 ,9 ,d5m>k a law 0 pass$ 9 #ahig r5d]+ employ]s p]sonally liable = ! am\nt ( comp5sation = accid5ts1 b employ]s may relieve !mselves ( ?is liability by insur+ workm5 9 an assurance association approv$ ( by ! m9i/] ( ! int]ior4 ,?is c\rse1 h[ev]1 is discretion>y ) employ]s4 ,italy4 ,9 ,italy1 al?\gh _m attempts 7 made betwe5 #ahhi & #ahih to introduce a sy/em ( compulsory insurance1 x 0 n until ! latt] ye> t ! pr9ciple 0 adopt$4 ,!re is a ,national ,bank = ! ,insurance ( ,work+ m5 aga9/ ,accid5t 7,cassa ,nazionale di ,assicurazione p] gli in=tuni degli op]aji sul lavoro71 creat$ "u a law ( #ahhc4 ,x has special privileges1 su* z exemption f taxation & ! employm5t ( ! bran* (fices ( ! /ate po/-(fice sav+s bank z local (fices4 ,"u ! law ( #ahih !re is a prim>y obligation on ! employ] to insure 8 workm5 ) ! ,national ,bank1 b he may1 if he pref]s1 insure ) o!r societies approv$ by gov]nm5t4 ,employ]s employ+ ab\t five hundr$ workm5 may1 in/ead ( insur+1 e/abli% a fund = ! paym5t ( n less ?an ! /atutory comp5sation1 subject to giv+ adequate security = ! suffici5cy ( ! fund4 ,exemption f compulsory insurance is grant$ to employ]s :o h e/abli%$ a mutual insurance association1 :i* mu/ comply ) c]ta9 prescrib$ conditions4 ,railway companies1 also1 are exempt1 if !y h relief funds :i* con=m ) ! provisions ( ! act4 ,spa94 ,9 ,spa9 an act ( ! #cj? ( ,janu>y #aijj1 adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( ! p]sonal responsibility ( ! employ] = accid5ts to workm5 o!r ?an ^? due to vis major4 ,! act also lays d[n regulations = prev5t+ accid5ts 9 dang]\s trades1 & releases ! employ] f p]sonal liability on effect+ adequate insurance ( 8 workm5 ) an approv$ insurance company4 ,holl&4 ,holl& has adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( compulsory insurance by a law ( ! #bnd ( ,janu>y #aija4 ,an employ] has to pay ! necess>y premium to ! ,/ate ,insurance ,(fice1 or by deposit+ adequate security ) ! ,/ate ,(fice he may und]take ! paym5t ( ! prescrib$ comp5sation himself4 ,or he may transf] 8 liability to an insurance company1 provid$ ! company deposit adequate security ) ! ,/ate ,(fice4 ,! ,/ate ,insurance ,(fice is "u ! managem5t ( directors appo9t$ by ! cr[n1 & decides on all que/ions z to comp5sation2 !re is also a ,sup]visory ,bo>d ( ! ,/ate ,(fice ) jo9t repres5tation ( employ]s & workm54 ,!re is an appeal f ! ,/ate ,(fice to ,c\ncils ( ,appeal1 & f !m to a ,national ,bo>d ( ,appeal4 ,greece4 ,greece has a law ( ! #ba/ ( ,febru>y #aija1 provid+ = comp5sation = accid5ts caus+ incapacity ( m ?an f\r days' duration to workm5 9 m9es1 qu>ries & smelt+ works4 ,! employ] is exclusively liable = su* comp5sation & = m$ical exp5ses dur+ ! fir/ ?ree mon?s2 aft] t "t he is liable = "o-half1 ! o!r half be+ borne by a m9]s' provid5t fund1 support$ by c]ta9 taxes on ! prop]ties affect$1 f9es1 c4 ,sw$54 ,by a law ( ! #e? ( ,july #aija1 ,sw$5 adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( ! p]sonal liability ( ! employ] = indu/rial accid5ts4 ,! employ] c1 h[ev]1 insure himself aga9/ liability 9 ! ,royal ,insurance ,in/itute4 ,comp5sation becomes payable aft] ! expiration ( sixty days f ! date ( ! accid5t4 ,russia4 ,russia has a law :i* came into =ce on ! #a/ ( ,janu>y #aijd4 ,"u ?is law employ]s 9 c]ta9 specifi$ indu/ries are b\nd to indemnify work]s = incapacity ( m ?an ?ree days' duration due to injury aris+ out ( _! "w4 ,employ]s are exempt f liability by insur+ _! workm5 9 insurance companies ^: t]ms are n less fav\rable ?an ^? laid d[n by ! law4 ,belgium4 ,belgium pass$ a law deal+ ) indu/rial accid5ts on ! #bd? ( ,decemb] #aijc4 ,x adopts ! pr9ciple ( ! p]sonal liability ( ! employ] 9 c]ta9 specifi$ trades or indu/ries4 ,!re is a p[] ( ext5sion to su* o!r und]tak+s z may be decl>$ dang]\s by ! ,commission on ,lab\r ,accid5ts4 ,employ]s may exempt !mselves f _! liability by contract+ = ! paym5t ( comp5sation by an insurance company approv$ by ! gov]nm5t or by ! ,national ,sav+s & ,p5sion ,fund4 ,:]e an employ] does n s contract1 he mu/ 7) c]ta9 exemptions7 contribute to a special insurance fund4 ,! law ( #aijc also e/abli%$ a p]man5t ,commission on ,lab\r ,accid5ts4 ,switz]l&4 ,switz]l& 9 #ahii adopt$ a law provid+ = accid5t insurance1 b x 0 defeat$ on ref]5dum 9 ,may #aijj4 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! law ma9ly dep5ds on ! doctr9e ( common employm5t1 & ! ext5t to :i* ?is doctr9e is appli$ v>ies consid]ably 9 ! diff]5t /ates1 m p>ticul>ly z to :o are & :o are n to be reg>d$ z fell[-s]vants4 ,! t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 has be5 to increase ! liability ( ! employ] = ! neglig5ce ( a fell[-s]vant1 & 9 ! case ( employm5t on railways _m /ates h pass$ laws ei!r modify+ or abrogat+ ! doctr9e4 ,colorado1 by a law ( #aija1 has entirely abrogat$ x2 & ,alabama1 ,massa*usetts & ,new ,york h laws g5]ally simil> to ! ,engli% act ( #ahhj4 ,b ! greate/ dep>ture1 due to ! initiative ( ,presid5t ,roosevelt1 has be5 ! pass+ by ! ,f$]al ,congress ( ! laws ( ,april #bb & ,may #cj1 #aijh1 "o giv+ damages to injur$ employees ( int]/ate c>ri]s by railroad1 & common c>ri]s by railroad 9 ,t]ritories1 ! ,di/rict ( ,columbia1 ! ,canal ,zone & o!r t]ritory gov]n$ by ,congress1 & ! o!r giv+ regul> wages = n m ?an "o ye> to injur$ employees ( ! ,u4,s4 gov]nm5t 9 ars5als1 navy y>ds1 con/ruction "w on riv]s1 h>b\rs & =tifications1 haz>d\s "w 9 connexion ) ! ,panama ,canal or ,reclamation ,s]vice1 & 9 gov]nm5t manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts4 ,^! national laws1 :i* 7 int5d$ to s]ve z an example to ! /ates1 specifically provid$ = employ]s' liability & = ! non-recognition ( ! doctr9e ( common employm5t4 ,briti% ,colonies4 ,mo/ ( ! ,briti% colonial /ates h adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( ! ,engli% ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act ( #ahig1 & ! v>i\s colonial acts are closely modell$ on ! ,engli% act1 ) m or less important v>iations 9 detail4 ,! ,new ,zeal& ,act 0 pass$ 9 #aijj1 & am5d$ 9 #aija1 #aijb1 #aijc & #aije4 ,! act ( #aije 7,no4 #ej7 fixes ! m9imum comp5sation = total or p>tial disablem5t at ,l#a a week :5 ! work]'s previ\s remun]ation 0 n less ?an #cjs4 a week4 ,s\? ,au/ralia pass$ a ,workm5's ,comp5sation ,act 9 #aijj & ,we/]n ,au/ralia "o 9 #aijb4 ,new ,s\? ,wales pass$ "o 9 #aije1 & ,briti% ,columbia 9 #aijb4 ,,footnote3 #a ,employ comes ?r\gh ,fr4 f ,lat4 implic>e1 to enfold1 ,late ,lat4 to direct ^u some?+4 ,,empoli1 a t[n ( ,tuscany1 ,italy1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,flor5ce1 f :i* x is #bj m4 ,w4 by ,s4 by rail4 ,pop4 7#aija7 #gjje 7t[n72 #bj1cja 7commune74 ,x is situat$ #hi ft4 above sea-level1 to ! ,s4 ( ! ,arno4 ,! pr9cipal *ur*1 ! ,collegiata1 or ,pieve di ,s4 ,&rea1 f\nd$ 9 #ajic1 /ill pres]ves ! l[] "p ( ! orig9al arcad$ facade 9 black1 :ite & col\r$ m>ble4 ,! works ( art :i* x once conta9$ are mo/ ( !m pres]v$ 9 a gall]y close by4 ,"s ( ! o!r *ur*es conta9 int]e/+ works ( art4 ,! pr9cipal squ>e is surr\nd$ by old h\ses ) arcades4 ,! pa9t] ,jacopo ,*im5ti 7,jacopo da ,empoli71 #aeed-afdj1 0 born "h4 ,empoli is on ! ma9 railway l9e f ,flor5ce to ,pisa1 & is ! po9t ( div]g5ce ( a l9e to ,si5a4 ,,emporia1 a city & ! c\nty-seat ( ,lyon c\nty1 ,kansas1 ,u4,s4,a41 on ! ,neo%o riv]1 ab\t #fj m4 ,s4,w4 ( ,topeka4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #geea2 7#aijj7 #hbbc1 ( :om #fhf 7 =eign-born & #ffc 7 negroes2 7#aiaj ,u4,s4 c5sus7 #ijeh4 ,x is s]v$ by ! ,at*ison1 ,topeka ,santa ,fe1 & ! ,miss\ri1 ,kansas ,texas railways4 ,! city has a ,c>negie libr>y1 & is ! seat ( ! /ate normal s*ool & ( ! ,college ( ,emporia 7,presbyt]ian2 #ahhc74 ,emporia's indu/rial int]e/s are ma9ly c5tr$ 9 comm]ce ) ! surr\nd+ f>m+ region2 b !re are small fl\r mills1 ma*9e %ops1 f\ndries & o!r manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts1--9 #aije ! value ( ! factory product 0 #ega1fja4 ,! municipality owns & op]ates ! wat]-works & ! electric-light+ plant4 ,emporia 0 settl$ 9 #ahef & 0 *>t]$ z a city 9 #ahgj4 ,! ,emporia ,gazette1 e/abli%$ 9 #ahij1 0 pur*as$ 9 #ahid by ,william ,all5 ,:ite 7b4 #ahfh71 a native ( ,emporia1 :o took ov] ! editor%ip & made a great /ir 9 #ahif by 8 editorial entitl$ ,:at's ! matt] ) ,kansas82 he also wrote sev]al volumes ( excell5t %ort /ories1 p>ticul>ly ,! ,c\rt ( ,boyville 7#ahhi71 ,/ratagems & ,spoils 7#aija7 & ,9 ,our ,t[n 7#aijf74 ,,emporium 7a ,lat9 adaptation ( ! ,gr4 ,greek3 emporion1 f ,greek3 en1 91 & /em ( ,greek3 poreue/hai1 to travel = purpose ( trade7 a trade-c5tre su* z a comm]cial city1 to :i* buy]s & deal]s resort = transaction ( bus9ess f all p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! ^w is (t5 appli$ to a l>ge %op4 ,,empson1 ,,sir ,,ri*>d 7d4 #aeaj71 m9i/] ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 k+ ( ,engl&1 0 a son ( ,pet] ,empson1 an influ5tial inhabitant ( ,t[ce/]4 ,educat$ z a lawy] he soon atta9$ consid]able success 9 8 pr(ession1 & 9 #adia 0 "o ( ! memb]s ( p>liam5t = ,nor?ampton%ire & speak] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,e>ly 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii4 he became associat$ ) ,edmund ,dudley 7q4v47 9 c>ry+ out ! k+'s rigor\s & arbitr>y sy/em ( taxation1 & 9 consequ5ce he became v unpopul>4 ,reta9+ ! royal fav\r1 h[ev]1 he 0 made a knight 9 #aejd1 & 0 soon high /ew>d ( ! univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 & *ancellor ( ! du*y ( ,lanca/]2 b 8 (ficial c>e] end$ ) ,h5ry's dea? 9 ,april #aeji4 ,?r[n into prison by ord] ( ! new k+1 ,h5ry ,,viii41 he 0 *>g$1 l ,dudley1 ) ! crime ( con/ructive treason1 & 0 convict$ at ,nor?ampton 9 ,octob] #aeji4 ,8 atta9d] by ! p>liam5t foll[$1 & he 0 behead$ on ! #ag? or #ah? ( ,augu/ #aeaj4 ,empson left1 s f> z is kn[n1 a family ( two sons & f\r daught]s1 & ab\t #aeac 8 e/ates 7 re/or$ to 8 eld] son1 ,?omas4 ,see ,francis ,bacon1 ,hi/ory ( ,h5ry ,,vii41 edit$ by ,j4,r4 ,lumby 7,cambridge1 #ahha72 & ,j4,s4 ,brew]1 ,! ,reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 edit$ by ,j4 ,gairdn] 7,london1 #ahhd74 ,,empyema 7f ,gr4 ,greek3 en1 )91 & ,greek3 pyon1 pus71 a t]m 9 m$ic9e appli$ to an accumulation ( purul5t fluid )9 ! cavity ( ! pleura 7see ,,lung3 ,surg]y74 ,,empyrean 7f ! ,m$4 ,lat4 empyreus1 an adaptation ( ! ,gr4 ,greek3 erpnros1 9 or on ! fire1 ,greek3 pyr71 ! place 9 ! highe/ heav51 :i* 9 anci5t cosmologies 0 suppos$ to be occupi$ by ! elem5t ( fire4 ,x 0 ?us us$ z a "n = ! firmam5t1 & 9 ,*ri/ian lit]ature = ! dwell+-place ( ,god & ! bless$1 & z ! s\rce ( light4 ,! ^w is us$ bo? z a sub/antive & z an adjective4 ,hav+ ! same ,greek orig9 are ! sci5tific words empyreuma & empyreumatic1 appli$ to ! *>act]i/ic smell ( burn+ or *>r+ vegetable or animal matt]4 ,,ems1 a riv] ( ,g]many1 ris+ on ! s\? slope ( ! ,teutoburg] ,wald1 at an altitude ( #ceh ft41 & fl[+ g5]ally nor?-we/ & nor? ?r\gh ,we/phalia & ,hanov] to ! ea/ side ( ! ,doll>t1 imm$iately s\? ( ,emd54 ,aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! ,doll>t ! navigable /ream bifurcates1 ! ea/]n ,ems go+ to ! ea/1 & ! we/]n ,ems to ! we/1 ( ! isl& ( ,borkum to ! ,nor? ,sea4 ,l5g?1 #bjj m4 ,betwe5 #ahib & #ahii ! riv] 0 canaliz$ along its "r bank = a di/ance ( #dc m4 ,at ! same "t1 & z "p ( ! same g5]al plan1 a canal1 ! ,,dortmund-,,ems ,,canal1 0 dug to connect ! riv] 7f ,mun/]7 ) ,h]ne 9 ! ,we/phalian coal-field4 ,at ,h5ri*5burg a bran* f ,h]ne 7#e m4 long7 connects ) ano!r bran* f ,dortmund 7#aj-a_/b m4 long74 ,ano!r bran*1 f ,olf5 7nor? ( ,dortmund71 connects ) ,duisburg1 & s ) ! ,rh9e4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a diff]5ce 9 elevation ( #df ft4 betwe5 ! two bran*es fir/ nam$1 & vessels are transf]r$ f ! "o to ! o!r by means ( a huge lift4 ,! canal1 :i* 0 con/ruct$ to c>ry small /eam]s & boats up to #bbj ft4 9 l5g? & #gej tons burd51 measures #afi m4 9 l5g?1 ( :i* #ajh-a_/b m4 7 actually dug1 & co/ altoge!r ,l#c1gbh1gej4 ,! surface wid? ?r\gh\t is #ih-a_/b ft41 ! bottom wid? #ei ft41 & ! dep? #h-a_/f ft4 ,see ,victor ,kurs1 ,die kun/li*5 ,wass]/rass5 des deuts*5 ,rei*s1 9 ,geog4 ,zeits*rift 7#ahih71 pp4 #fja-fag & #ffe-fid2 & ,deuts*e ,runds*au f4 ,geog4 und ,/at4 7#ahih71 pp4 #acj-aca4 ,,ems1 a t[n & wat]+-place ( ,g]many1 9 ! ,prussian prov9ce ( ,hesse-,nassau1 romantically situat$ on bo? banks ( ! ,lahn1 9 a valley surr\nd$ by wood$ m\nta9s & v9e-clad hills1 #aa m4 ,e4 f ,cobl5z on ! railway to ,cassel & ,b]l94 ,pop4 #fejj4 ,x has two ,evangelical1 a ,roman ,ca?olic1 an ,engli% & a ,russian *ur*4 ,!re is "s m9+ indu/ry 7silv] & lead74 ,ems is "o ( ! mo/ delightful & fa%ionable wat]+-places ( ,europe4 ,its wat]s--hot alkal9e spr+s ab\t tw5ty 9 numb]--are us$ bo? = dr9k+ & ba?+1 & are efficaci\s 9 *ronic n]v\s disord]s1 fem99e compla9ts & affections ( ! liv] & respiratory organs4 ,on ! "r bank ( ! riv] lies ! ,kursaal ) pretty g>d5s4 ,a /one let into ! prom5ade close by m>ks ! spot :]e1 on ! #ac? ( ,july #ahgj1 ,k+ ,william ( ,prussia _h ! fam\s int]view ) ! ,fr5* ambassador ,c\nt ,b5$etti 7q4v47 :i* result$ 9 ! w> ( #ahgj-ahga4 ,a funicul> railway runs up to ! ,malb]g 7#ajjj ft471 :]e is a sanatorium & :5ce ext5sive views are obta9$ ov] ! ,rh9e valley4 ,ems is l>gely frequ5t$ 9 ! summ] mon?s by visitors f all p>ts ( ! _w--! numb]s am\nt+ to ab\t #aa1jjj annually--& _m h&some villas h be5 erect$ = _! accommodation4 ,9 ,augu/ #aghf ,ems 0 ! sc5e ( ! conf]5ce ( ! delegates ( ! f\r ,g]man ar*bi%ops1 kn[n z ! congress ( ,ems1 :i* issu$ 7,augu/ #be7 9 ! fam\s jo9t pron\ncem5t1 kn[n z ! ,punctation ( ,ems1 aga9/ ! int]f]5ce ( ! papacy 9 ! affairs ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,g]many 7see ,,febronianism74 ,see ,vogl]1 ,ems1 se9e ,heilquell51 ,kure9ri*tung51 c4 7,ems1 #ahhh72 & ,hess1 ,zur ,ges*i*te d] ,/adt ,ems 7,ems1 #ahie74 ,,ems]1 ,,j]ome1 or ,,hi]onymus 7#adgg-aebg71 antagoni/ ( ,lu!r1 0 born ( a good family at ,ulm on ! #bj? ( ,m>* #adgg4 ,he /udi$ ,greek at ,tub+5 & jurisprud5ce at ,basel1 & aft] act+ = ?ree ye>s z *apla9 & secret>y to ,raymond ,p]audi1 c>d9al ( ,gurk1 he began lectur+ on classics 9 #aejd at ,erfurt1 :]e ,lu!r may h be5 among 8 audi5ce4 ,9 ! same ye> he became secret>y to ,duke ,george ( ,alb]t9e ,saxony1 :o1 unlike 8 c\s9 ,fr$]ick ! ,wise1 ! elector ( ,erne/9e ,saxony1 rema9$ ! /an*e/ def5d] ( ,roman ,ca?olicism among ! pr9ces ( nor!rn ,g]many4 ,duke ,george at ?is "t 0 b5t on secur+ ! canonization ( ,bi%op ,b5no ( ,meiss51 & at 8 in/ance ,ems] travell$ ?r\gh ,saxony & ,bohemia 9 se>* ( mat]ials = a life ( ,b5no1 :i* he subsequ5tly publi%$ 9 ,g]man & ,lat94 ,9 pursuit ( ! same object he made an unsuccessful visit to ,rome 9 #aeaj4 ,mean:ile he _h also be5 lectur+ on classics at ,leipzig1 b gradually turn$ 8 att5tion to !ology & canon law4 ,a preb5d at ,dresd5 7#aeji7 & ano!r at ,meiss51 :i* he obta9$ ?r\gh ,duke ,george's influ5ce1 gave him means & leisure to pursue 8 /udies4 ,at fir/ ,ems] 0 on ! side ( ! re=m]s1 b l 8 patron he desir$ a practical re=mation ( ! cl]gy )\t any doctr9al brea* ) ! pa/ or ! *ur*2 & 8 lib]al sympa?ies 7 ma9ly humani/ic1 l ^? ( ,erasmus & o!rs :o p>t$ company ) ,lu!r aft] #aeai4 ,z late z t ye> ,lu!r ref]r$ to him z ,ems] no/]1 b ! disputation at ,leipzig 9 t ye> complet$ ! brea* betwe5 !m4 ,ems] w>n$ 8 ,bohemian fri5ds aga9/ ,lu!r1 & ,lu!r retort$ ) an attack on ,ems] :i* outdid 9 scurrility all 8 polemical writ+s4 ,ems]1 :o 0 fur!r embitt]$ by an attack ( ! ,leipzig /ud5ts1 imitat$ ,lu!r's viol5ce1 & ass]t$ t ,lu!r's :ole crusade orig9at$ 9 no?+ m ?an enmity to ! ,dom9icans1 ,lu!r's reply 0 to burn ,ems]'s books along ) ,leo ,x4's bull ( excommunication4 ,ems] next1 9 #aeba1 publi%$ an attack on ,lu!r's ,appeal to ! ,g]man ,nobility1 & eight works foll[$ f 8 p5 9 ! controv]sy1 9 :i* he def5d$ ! ,roman doctr9e ( ! ,mass & ! primacy ( ! pope4 ,at ,duke ,george's in/ance he prep>$1 9 #aebc1 a ,g]man translation ( ,h5ry ,,viii4's ,ass]tio ,septem ,sacram5torum contra ,lu!rum1 & criticiz$ ,lu!r's ,new ,te/am5t4 ,he also ent]$ into a controv]sy ) ,zw+li4 ,he took an active "p 9 organiz+ a re=m$ ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 ,g]many1 & 9 #aebg publi%$ a ,g]man v]sion ( ! ,new ,te/am5t z a c\nt]bla/ to ,lu!r's4 ,he di$ on ! #h? ( ,novemb] 9 t ye> & 0 buri$ at ,dresd54 ,ems] 0 a vigor\s controv]siali/1 & next to ,eck ! mo/ em95t ( ! ,g]man div9es :o /ood by ! old *ur*4 ,b he 0 h>dly a great s*ol>2 ! errors he detect$ 9 ,lu!r's ,new ,te/am5t 7 = ! mo/ "p legitimate v>iations f ! ,vulgate1 & 8 own v]sion is m]ely ,lu!r's adapt$ to ,vulgate requirem5ts4 ,bibliography4--,waldau1 ,na*ri*t von ,hi]onymus ,ems]s ,leb5 und ,s*rift5 7,anspa*1 #aghc72 ,kaw]au1 ,hi]onymus ,ems] 7,halle1 #ahih72 ,akt5 und ,briefe zur ,kir*5politik ,h]zog ,georgs von ,sa*s5 7,leipzig1 #aije72 ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,biographie1 vi4 #if-ih 7#ahgg74 ,all hi/ories ( ! ,re=mation 9 ,g]many conta9 notices ( ,ems]2 see especially ,fri$5sburg1 ,beitrage zum ,briefwe*sel d] ka?olis*5 ,gelehrt5 ,deuts*l&s im ,re=mationszeitalt]4 7,a4 ,f4 ,p47 ,,enamel 7=m]ly amel1 d]iv$ ?r\gh ! ,fr4 amail1 esmal1 esmail1 f a ,lat9 ^w smaltum1 fir/ f\nd 9 a #i?-c5tury life ( ,leo ,,iv471 a t]m1 /rictly speak+1 giv5 to ! h>d vitre\s comp\nd1 :i* is fus$ ^u ! surface ( metallic objects ei!r = ! purpose ( decoration or utility4 ,?is comp\nd is a =m ( glass made ( silica1 m9ium & pota%1 :i* is /a9$ by ! *emical comb9ation ( v>i\s metallic oxides :il/ 9 a melt$ condition 9 ! crucible4 ,?is /rict application ( ! t]m 0 wid5$ to signify ! metal object coat$ ) enamel1 s t to-day ! t]m an enamel g5]ally implies a "w ( art 9 enamel ^u metal4 ,! composition ( ! sub/ance enamel :i* is us$ ^u metal does n v>y to any great ext5t f ! enamels employ$ ^u pott]y & fai5ce4 ,b !y diff] 9 ?is respect1 t ! pott]y enamel is usually appli$ to ! biscuit surface ( ! w>e 9 a raw /ate2 t is1 ! comp\nd has n be5 previ\sly run d[n or vitrifi$ 9 ! crucible by heat1 z is ! case ) enamell+ ^u metal1 al?\gh1 9 mo/ ( ! enamell$ iron adv]tisem5t tablets1 ! enamel is 9 ! raw /ate & is treat$ 9 a simil> mann] to t employ$ ^u pott]y4 ,exam9ation ( ! enamels ^u brick ( ! ,assyrians %[s t !y 7 appli$ unvitrifi$4 ,x 0 ^u pott]y & brick t ! anci5t ,egyptians & ,assyrians a*iev$ _! greate/ "w 9 enamell+4 ,= z yet no "w ( su* magnific5ce z ! great enamell$ walls ( ! palace ( ,rameses ,,iii4 at ,tell el-,yehudia 9 ! ,delta ( ! ,nile1 or ! palace ( ,nimrod 9 ,babylon1 has be5 discov]$ ^u metal ( any k9d4 ,b !re 7 gold ornam5ts & jewelry enamell$ ( noble design 9 opaque turquoise1 cobalt1 em]ald gre5 & purple1 "s ( :i* c be se5 at ! ,briti% ,museum & ! ,l\vre4 ,an example is %[n 9 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #c4 ,9 ! subsequ5t ,greek & ,roman civilizations enamel 0 also appli$ to articles ( p]sonal adornm5t4 ,_m pieces ( jewelry1 exquisite 9 workman%ip1 h be5 f\nd4 ,b a great] application 0 made ( x by ! ,greek sculptors 9 ! #d? & #e? c5turies ,b4,c4 ,= we f9d1 9 _m in/ances1 t n only 7 ! eyes made ( enamel--:i* 7arti/ically speak+7 is a some:at d\btful mann] ( employ+ x1--z 9 ! f9e bronze head f\nd at ,anticy!ra 7,c]igotto7 9 #aijb1 b 9 ! colossal figure ( ,zeus = ! temple at ,olympia made by ,pheidias ! gold drap]y 0 gorge\sly enamell$ ) figures & fl[]s4 ,?is wond]ful "w by ! greate/ sculptor ! _w has ev] se5 0 de/roy$1 z s _m priceless works ( art 9 enamel h be53 d\btless on acc\nt ( ! preci\s metal ^u :i* !y 7 made4 ,x 0 9 all probability ! cr[n+ triumph ( a long s]ies ( essays 9 ?is mat]ial4 ,! art ( anci5t ,rome lack$ ! inspiration ( ,greece1 be+ ma9ly conf9$ to copy+ ,greek =ms & /yle1 & 9 ! case ( enamell+ x did n dep>t f ?is attitude4 ,b ! ,roman & ,etruscan glass has _m beautiful qualities ( =m & col\r t d n seem entirely borr[$1 & ! enamel "w ^u !m s f> z we c disc]n is ( graceful design & ri* col\r4 ,no d\bt1 7 x n1 z has be5 rem>k$1 = ! fact t enamell+ 0 g5]ally done ^u gold & silv]1 !re w\ld /ill be _m works to te/ify to ! art ( t p]iod4 ,su* z !re are1 h[ev]1 %[ a r>e appreciation ( enamel z a beautiful mat]ial4 ,) ! decl9e ( ?is civilization ! art ( enamell+ probably di$ out4 ,= x has ev] be5 "o ( ^? exquisite arts :i* exi/ only "u ! sun%9e ( an opul5t luxuri\s "t or %elt]$ f ! rude w9ds ( a poor] age by ! afflu5ce ( patrons4 ,! next "t we he> ( x is 9 an (t-quot$ passage 7c4 ,a4,d4 #bdj7 f ! writ+s ( ! great sophi/ ,philo/ratus1 :o says 7,icones1 i4 #bh73--;,x is said t ! b>b>ians 9 ! ocean p\r ^! col\rs into bronze m\lds1 t ! col\rs become z h>d z /one1 pres]v+ ! designs1--a m or less inaccurate description ( ! process ( *ampleve4 ,?is has be5 und]/ood 7f an int]pretation giv5 to a passage 9 ! comm5t>y on x by ,ole>ius7 to ref] to ! ,celts ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,x also goes to prove t enamell+ 0 n practis$ at ?is day 9 ,greece4 ,we h no ,briti% enamels to %[ s e>ly z ?is1 b belong+ to a lat] p]iod1 f ! #f? to ! #i? c5tury1 a numb] ( ! f9e/ gold & bronze ornam5ts1 horse trapp+s1 %ields1 fibulae & ciboria h be5 discov]$ ( ,celtic & ,saxon make4 ,! ,saxon "w has no?+ to %[ s exquisitely wr\ght z t f\nd 9 ,irel&1 :]e "o or two pieces are to be se5 n[ 9 ! ,dubl9 ,museum1 notably ! ,ardagh *alice & "s gold broo*es4 ,9 ! *alice ! enamel is ( a m9ute inlaid "*1 & appe>s to h be5 made fir/ 9 ! =m ( a multi-col\r bead1 :i* 0 fus$ to ! surface ( its sett+1 & !n poli%$ d[n4 ,_m ( ! pieces seem to h be5 made aft] ?is fa%ion1 :i* does n speak v highly ( ! te*nical k ( enamell+1 b x is none ! less true enamell+ ( an elem5t>y "*4 ,! %ield at ! ,briti% ,museum has an inlay ( r$ enamel :i* is rem>kable 9 its quality4 ,= c5turies su* a f9e opaque r$ has n be5 discov]$4 ,an example ( ,iri% "w is %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #aj4 ,f ,irel& ! art 0 transf]r$ to ,byzantium1 :i* is to be se5 by ! close resemblance ( me?od1 /yle1 design & col\r4 ,! /yle & design *ang$ 9 c\rse ( "t1 b ! craft rema9$4 ,x 0 at ,byzantium t x fl\ri%$ = sev]al c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,byzant9e ,cloisonne ,cross 7c4 #aa? c5tury7 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum74 ,! f9e/ "w we "k ( belong+ to ?is p]iod is ! ,pala d',oro at ,/ ,m>k's1 ,v5ice1 believ$ to h be5 br\ght f ,con/ant9ople to ,v5ice ab\t #aaje4 ,?is magnific5t alt>-piece is 9 cloisonne enamel4 ,a typical example is ! ciborium & *alice belong+ to ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton loan collection4 ,! design entirely cov]s ! :ole ( ! surface 9 "o ri* mass compos$ ( circul> or vesica-%ap$ m$allions fill$ ) sacr$ subjects & foliat$ scrolls4 ,^! are engrav$ & enamell$1 & ! metal b&s ( ! scrolls & figures are engrav$ & gilt4 ,! *>act]i/ic quality ( ! col\r s*eme is t x is compos$ almo/ :olly ( prim>ies4 ,r$1 blue & yell[ pr$om9ate1 ) a little :ite & black4 ,occasionally ! second>ies1 gre5 & purple1 are us$1 b ?r\gh ! :ole p]iod ( ,byzant9e enamell+ !re is a total abs5ce ( :at to-day is t]m$ subtle col\r+4 ,! arrangem5t ( ! enamels is also di/9ct1 9 t ! divisions ( ! col\rs are n always made by ! cloison1 b are frequ5tly laid 9 side by side )\t ! adjo9+ col\rs m+l+ or runn+ toge!r :il/ be+ melt$4 ,= in/ance1 9 a leaf patt]n or 9 ! drap]y1 ! dress may be cobalt1 height5$ ) turquoise or gre54 ,?us x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! arti/ employ$ ! metal divid+ l9es frequ5tly = ! sake ( ae/hetic result1 & 0 n mu* hamp]$ by te*nical difficulties4 ,?is 0 ! rule :5 opaque enamels 7 us$4 ,x is also wor?y ( rem>k t ^! opaque enamels diff] f ^? 9 common use to-day1 9 t !y are n ne>ly s opaque4 ,?is quality1 toge!r ) a dull1 in/ead ( a highly poli%$ surface1 gives a mu* s(t] appe>ance to ! enamels4 ,aga91 ! :ole tone ( ! enamels is d>k] & ri*]4 ,_m examples ( ,byzant9e "w 7see fig4 #a47 are to be se5 9 ! public & private art collections ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,!y are pr9cipally ^u ecclesia/ical objects1 missal cov]s1 crozi]s1 *alices1 ciboria1 pyx1 c&le/icks1 crosses & tab]nacles4 ,9 mo/ in/ances ! enamels are made 9 sep>ate little plates rudely fa/5$ ) nails1 screws or rivets to a metal or wood5 f\ndation4 ,!ophilus1 a monk ( ! #ac? c5tury1 describes ! process ( enamell+ z x 0 und]/ood by ! ,byzant9es ( 8 "t1 :i* probably diff]$ b little f e>li] me?ods4 ,! design & draw+ ( ! figures 9 ,byzant9e enamels is simil> to ! mosaic & c>v+4 ,! figures are treat$ entirely z decorations1 ) sc>cely ev] ! lea/ semblance ( expression1 al?\gh "h & !re an int5tion ( piety or sorr[ is to be descri$ ?r\gh ! awkw>d po/ures 9 :i* !y are plac$4 ,9 spite ( ?is1 ! s5se ( decorative design1 ! simplicity ( conception1 ! /r5g? ( ! g5]al "*1 & ! ri*ness ( ! col\r1 places ?is p]iod z "o ( ! f9e/ :i* ! art ( enamell+ has se51 & x leads u to lay /ress ^u ! pr9ciple t ! simple/ me?ods 9 design & manipulation atta9 a high] end ?an ^? :i* are elaborate & intricate4 ,x might be ass]t$ ) tru? t ?is /yle nev] arriv$ at ! degree ( delicacy & ref9em5t ( lat] /yles4 ,b ! ref9em5t 0 (t5 at ! exp5se ( high] qualities4 ,! next great application ( ^! k9ds ( enamell+ 0 at ,cologne1 = !re we f9d n only ! r5[n$ "w ( ,nicolas ( ,v]dun1 ! alt> front at ,klo/]neub]g1 :i* consi/s ( fifty plates 9 *ampleve enamel1 b 9 t ,rh5i% prov9ce !re are _m %r9es ( magnific5t conception4 ,f "h ! secrets ( ! craft 7 tak5 to ,limoges1 :]e ! greate/ activity 0 display$1 z num]\s examples are f\nd ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 ,france & ,spa91 :i* no d\bt 7 made !re 7see ,plate ,i4 fig4 #f47 ,b no new me?od or di/9ct advance is to be notic$1 dur+ ^! successive revivals at ,byzantium1 ,cologne or ,limoges1 & x is to e>ly #ad?-c5tury ,italy t we owe "o ( ! mo/ beautiful developm5ts1 t ( ! process subsequ5tly call$ basse-taille1 :i* signifies a l[-cut relief ^u :i* transp>5t enamel is fus$4 ,9 ?is process enamell+ pass$ f a decorative to a f9e art4 ,= x dem&$ ! highe/ k ( an arti/ ) ! consummate skill ( bo? sculptor & enamell]4 ,witness ! sup]b gold cup1 call$ ! ,k+'s ,cup1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ! silv] cup at ,k+'s ,lynn4 ,! fir/ is 9 an excell5t /ate ( pres]vation1 z x is ^u gold1 b ! latt]1 l mo/ ( ! anci5t enamell+ ^u silv]1 has lo/ mo/ ( its enamel4 ,?is 0 due--z ! pres5t writ] believes aft] mu* exp]im5t--to ! impurity ( ! silv] employ$4 ,! ,k+'s ,cup is "o ( ! f9e/ works 9 enamell+ extant4 ,x consi/s ( a gold cup & cov]1 hamm]$ out ( pure gold2 & ar\nd ! b[l1 base & cov] !re are b&s ( figures1 illu/rat+ ! sc5es f ! life ( ,/ ,agnes4 ,! h&s & faces are ( pale jasp]1 :i* ov] ! c>v$ gold gives a beautiful fle% tone4 ,! drap]ies are 9 mo/ respl5d5t ruby1 sapphire1 em]ald1 ivory1 black & orange4 ,! /em 0 subsequ5tly alt]$ by an additional piece ins]t$ & enamell$ ) ,tudor roses4 ,x is a "w ( ! #ac? c5tury1 & belong$ to ,jean1 duc de ,b]ry1 :o gave x to 8 nephew1 ,*>les ,,vi4 ( ,france1 9 #acia4 ,x aft]w>ds came into ! possession ( ! k+s ( ,engl&1 f ,h5ry ,,vi4 to ,james ,i41 :o gave x to ,don ,juan ,velasco1 con/able ( ,ca/ile4 ,x 0 pur*as$ by subscription ) ! aid ( ! treasury = ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,o!r well-kn[n pieces are ! silv] horn 9 ! possession ( ! m>quess ( ,aylesbury1 & ! crozi] ( ,william ( ,wykeham at ,new ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,! discov]y ab\t ! same "t ( ! process call$ plique-a-j\r =ms ano!r mo/ int]e/+ & beautiful developm5t4 ,ow+ to ! difficulty ( its manufacture & its extreme fragility !re are v few examples left4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ specim5s is n[ at ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( two b&s ( em]ald gre5 enamel :i* decorate a silv] beak]4 ,!y are 9 ! =m ( little /a9$ glass w9d[s1 ! cloisons =m+ 7z x 77 ! leads4 ,^! f9e cloisons & %apes are mo/ correct 9 =m1 & ! :ole piece %[s a p]fection ( craftsman%ip r>ely equall$4 ,! end ( ! #ae? c5tury saw a developm5t 9 enamell+ :i* 0 n only rem>kable1 b revolution>y 9 its me?od4 ,= until !n ! :ole !ory ( enamell+ _h be5 t x reli$ ^u ! enclos+ edges ( ! metal or ! cloison to hold x to ! metal gr\nd & 9 "p to pres]ve x 9 ! %ape ( ! patt]n1 mu* 9 ! same way z a sett+ holds a /one or a jewel4 ,all ! enamel be=e ?is date _h be5 sunk into cells or cloisons4 ,two discov]ies 7 made2 fir/1 t enamels c\ld be made :i* require no enclos+ ribbon ( metal1 b t m]ely ! enamel %\ld be fus$ on bo? sides ( ! metal object2 secondly1 t aft] an enamel _h be5 fus$ to a surface ( metal1 ano!r c\ld be sup]impos$ & fus$ to ! fir/ lay] )\t any dang] ( sep>ation f ea* or f ! metal gr\nd4 ,x is true t su* processes _h be5 employ$ ^u glass on :i* enamel _h be5 appli$1 z well z ^u pott]y2 & x is probably due to ! influ5ce ( a k ( bo? enamell+ ^u metal & ^u glass or pott]y t ! discov]y 0 made4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! enamel pa9t+s ! subject 0 laid on ) a :ite enamel ^u a d>k gr\nd4 ,! :ite 0 modulat$2 s t possess+ a slight degree ( transluc5cy1 x 0 grey 9 ! ?9 p>ts & :ite 9 ! ?ick4 ,?us 0 obta9$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( light & %ade4 ,?is gave ! process call$ grisaille4 ,b /range to say1 x 0 n until a lat] p]iod t ?is 0 practis$ alone1 & !n ! modell+ ( ! figures & drap]ies became v elaborate4 ,at fir/ x 0 only done 9 a slight degree1 j suffici5tly to give expression & to add to ! ri*ness ( ! =m4 ,= ! enamell]s 7 ?9k+ ( a plate ^u :i* to put _! wond]ful col\rs1 & n only ( =m4 ,! pa9t+ 9 :ite 0 !re=e inv>iably col\r$ ) enamels4 ,probably ! e>lie/ pa9t] 9 enamel 0 ,n>don ,p5icaud1 _m ( ^: works 7"o ( !m1 dat$ #aejc1 is 9 ! ,cluny ,museum7 h be5 pres]v$ ) great c>e4 ,he _h _m foll[]s1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( :om 0 ,leon>d ,limos9 7i4e4 ( ,limoges74 ,he excell$ 9 portraiture4 ,examples ( 8 "w 7betwe5 #aecb & #aegd7 are to be f\nd 9 mo/ ( ! l>g] public & private collections4 ,leon>d ,limos9 & 8 ,limoges contempor>ies 7 v l>gely addict$ to ! employm5t ( foil1 :i* became too l>gely us$1 ?us spoil+ _! o!rwise f9e s]i\s "w4 ,! family ( ,jean ,p5icaud1 ,jean ,c\rt de ,vigi]1 ,pi]re ,raymond & ,pi]re ,c\rteys 7 all great names ( arti/s :o excell$ 9 ! grisaille process4 ,grisaille is simil> to pate-sur-pate 9 pott]y1 & dep5ds = its attractive quality entirely ^u =m & composition4 ,no comp>ison %\ld be made ) enamels 9 col\r1 = !y occupy a diff]5t category--simil> to cameo4 ,! casket %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #i is by ,jean ,p5icaud4 ,x is a f9e example ( ! enamell+ 9 ?is /yle1 v beautiful 9 col\r4 ,! h&s & faces are 9 opaque :ite enamel2 ! drap]ies1 g>l&s & fl[]s are 9 transp>5t gre51 turquoise blue1 purple & cobalt ov] foil4 ,! backgr\nd is 9 transp>5t violet ov] :ite enamel gr\nd1 :i* is seme ) gold />s4 ,! drap]ies are also height5$ ) gold4 ,"o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s pieces ( brilliant craft is ! missal cov] 7,plate ,i4 fig4 #e7 at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 said to h belong$ to ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 que5 ( ,*>les ,i4 ,! subjects are ! ,creation ( ,adam & ,eve & ! ,f\nta9 ( ,y\?4 ,x is ab\t #d 94 by #g :5 op5$ out4 ,! enamel is encru/$ ^u ! figures1 ornam5t & fl[]s :i* are beat5 up 9 pure gold into high relief4 ,! extraord9>y m9ut5ess & skill ( h&l+1 & ! extreme brilliancy ( ! enamels1 :i* are z brilliant to-day z on ! day !y 7 made1 toge!r =m "o ( ! unique specim5s ( art craftsman%ip ( ! _w4 ,to ! subdu$ ta/e ( to-day1 h[ev]1 ! effect is tawdry4 ,! conception & design are also alike unwor?y ( ! execution4 ,s9ce ! ,assyrian & ,egyptian civilizations1 !re has be5 a succession ( luxuri\s developm5ts foll[$ by lapses into ! decl9e & dea? ( ! art ( enamell+ ^u metals4 ,9 ea* revival !re has be5 some?+ add$ to t :i* 0 kn[n & practis$ be=e4 ,! la/ revival took place five hundr$ ye>s ago1 accompany+ ! rebir? ( le>n+ & ! arts2 b aft] fl\ri%+ = ov] a c5tury1 ! art gradually fell into disuse1 & rema9$ s until ! rec5t revival & fur!r developm5t4 ,! developm5t consi/s1 fir/1 9 ! m complete k ( ! te*nical processes1 foll[+ ^u ! great advances :i* sci5ce has made2 & secondly1 9 a f9] & m subtly arti/ic treatm5t ( !m4 ,! advance 9 te*nical k comprises great] facility & p]fection 9 ! production ( ! sub/ance enamel1 & its subsequ5t application to metal surfaces2 m intimate k ( metals & _! alloys to :i* x is appli$1 & great] ease 9 obta9+ !m f ! metallif]\s ores & r$uc+ !m to suitable dim5sions & surfaces4 ,= in/ance1 x is n[ a simple matt] to obta9 p]fectly pure copp] by means ( electricity4 ,aga91 =m]ly a flat %eet ( metal 0 obta9$ by hamm]+1 :i* involv$ an inf9ite am\nt ( h>d lab\r1 :]eas x is accompli%$ to-day ) ease by means ( flatt+ & roll+ mills3 i4e4 aft] ! metal has be5 obta9$ f ! ore 9 ! =m ( an +ot1 x is /ret*$ equally to any degree ( ?9ness by /eel roll]s4 ,fur!r1 ! furnaces h be5 greatly improv$ by ! introduction ( gas & electricity z ! heat+ p[]1 in/ead ( ! wood or *>coal employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,i4 ,fig4 #c4--;,,graeco-,,bactrian ,,gold ,,amulet1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,gold ,,/rip ,,= ,,sett+ ,,/ones1 ,,:i* ,,exemplifies ,,! ,,mann] ,,9 ,,:i* ,,! ,,cloisons ,,are ,,sold]$ ,,= ,,cloisonne4 ,fig4 #d4--;,,*9ese ,,cloisonne ,,b[l4 ,fig4 #e4--,,missal ,,cov]1 ,,encru/$ ,,enamel4 7,fr5*1 #ag? c5tury4 ,debas$ /yle47 ,fig4 #f4--;,,box ,,9 ,,copp] ,,p>tly ,,enamell$ ,,9 ,,opaque ,,enamels ,,*ampleve ,,) ,,coats ,,( ,,arms4 7#ac? c5tury1 ,engli% or ,g]man4 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum47 ,fig4 #g4--,,pray]-,,book ,,cov] ,,9 ,,enamel ,,& ,,silv] ,,gilt1 ,,set ,,) ,,rubies ,,& ,,em]alds1 ,,by ,,alex&] ,,fi%]4 7,size1 clos$1 #d ,x #c 947 ,illu/ration3 ,plate ,,ii4 ,fig4 #h4--,,ov]mantel 7#bd ,x #ah-a_/b 947 ,,9 ,,*ampleve ,,enamel ,,on ,,silv]4 ,,subject3 ,,! ,,g>d5 ,,( ,,! ,,s\l4 ,,by ,,alex&] ,,fi%]4 ,fig4 #i4--,,pa9t$ ,,enamel ,,casket ,,by ,,jean ,,p5icaud4 7#af? c5tury47 ,fig4 #aj4--;,,celtic ,,*ampleve ,,enamell$ ,,crozi]4 7,iri%1 #i? c5tury47 ,9 ! manufacture ( ! sub/ance enamel a mu* great] advance has be5 made1 = :]eas ! col\rs1 & consequ5tly ! s*emes ( col\r1 7 extremely limit$1 we n[ possess an inf9ite gradation 9 ! col\rs1 z well z ! transp>5cy & opacity1 ! h>dness & s(tness ( enamels4 ,!re are only two col\rs :i* _c yet be obta9$2 ^! are opaque v]milion & lemon yell[ 9 a vitrifi$ /ate4 ,_m ( ! col\rs we n[ employ 7 n kn[n by enamell]s su* z ,leon>d ,limos94 ,our enamels are also p]fect 9 purity1 brilliancy & durability1 qualities :i* are l>gely due to ! p]fect k ( ! proportion ( p>ts compos+ an enamel & _! complete comb9ation4 ,x is ?is complete comb9ation1 toge!r ) ! abs5ce ( any de/ructible matt]1 :i* gives ! enamel its la/+ quality4 ,! base ( enamel is a cle>1 col\rless1 transp>5t vitre\s comp\nd call$ flux1 :i* is compos$ ( silica1 m9ium & pota%4 ,?is flux or base--t]m$ fondant 9 ,france--is col\r$ by ! addition ( oxides ( metals :ile 9 a /ate ( fusion1 :i* /a9 ! flux ?r\gh\t its mass4 ,enamels are ei!r h>d or s(t1 accord+ to ! proportion ( ! silica to ! o!r p>ts 9 its composition4 ,!y are t]m$ h>d :5 ! temp]ature requir$ to fuse !m is v high4 ,! h>d] ! enamel ! less liable is x to be affect$ by atmosph]ic ag5cies1 :i* 9 s(t enamels produce a decomposition ( ! surface fir/ & ultimately ( ! :ole enamel4 ,x is !re=e advisable to use h>d enamels 9 all cases4 ,?is involves ! employm5t ( pure--or almo/ pure--metals = ! plates1 :i* are 9 mo/ respects ! be/ to receive & reta9 ! enamel4 ,= if !re is an excess ( alloy1 ei!r ! metal w possibly melt be=e ! enamel is fus$ or aft]w>ds !y w "p company4 ,to ! inf]ior quality ( old silv] may be attribut$ ! fact t 9 all cases ! enamel has fl[n (f x2 if x has n yet :olly disappe>$ x w scale (f 9 "t4 ,x is !re=e ess5tial t metals %\ld be pure & ! enamels h>d4 ,x is also notewor?y t enamels compos$ ( a great am\nt ( soda or pota%1 z comp>$ ) ^? :]e9 r$ lead is 9 great] proportion1 are m liable to crack & h less cohesion to ! metals4 ,x is bett] n to use silv] z a base1 al?\gh x is capable ( reflect+ a high] & m brilliant :ite light ?an any o!r metal4 ,f9e gold & pure copp] z ?9 z possible are ! be/ metals ^u :i* to enamel4 ,if silv] is to be us$1 x %\ld be f9e silv]1 treat$ 9 ! me?ods call$ *ampleve & cloisonne4 ,! brilliancy ( ! sub/ance enamel dep5ds ^u ! p]fect comb9ation & proportion ( its compon5t p>ts4 ,! intimacy ( ! comb9ation dep5ds ^u an equal temp]ature be+ ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t its fusion 9 ! crucible4 ,= ?is purpose x is bett] to obta9 a flux :i* has be5 already fus$ & mo/ c>efully prep>$1 & aft]w>ds to add ! col\r+ oxides1 :i* /a9 x d>k or light accord+ to ! am\nt ( oxide introduc$4 ,_m ( ! enamels are *ang$ 9 col\r by ! diff]5ce ( ! proportion ( ! p>ts compos+ ! flux1 r ?an by ! *ange ( ! oxides4 ,= in/ance1 turquoise blue is obta9$ f ! black oxide ( copp] by us+ a comp>atively l>ge proportion ( c>bonate ( soda1 & a yell[ gre5 f ! same oxide by increas+ ! proportionate am\nt ( ! r$ lead4 ,all transp>5t enamels are made opaque by ! addition ( calx1 :i* is a mixture ( t9 & lead calc9$4 ,:ite enamel is made by ! addition ( /annic & ars5i\s acids to ! flux4 ,! am\nt ( acid regulates ! d5sity or opacity ( ! enamel4 ,to elucidate ! developm5t :i* has occurr$1 x w be necess>y to describe "s ( ! processes4 ,aft] ! enamel has be5 procur$ 9 ! lump1 ! next /age 9 ! process1 common to all me?ods ( enamell+1 is to pulv]ize x4 ,to d ?is prop]ly ! enamel mu/ fir/ be plac$ 9 an agate mort> & cov]$ ) wat]2 next1 ) a wood5 mallet a numb] ( %>p bl[s mu/ be giv5 to a pe/le held v]tically ov] ! enamel1 to break x2 !n hold+ ! mort> firmly 9 ! left h&1 ! pe/le mu/ be rotat$ ) ! "r1 ) z mu* pressure z possible on ! enamel1 gr9d+ x until ! p>ticles are r$uc$ to a f9e gra94 ,! p[d] is !n subject$ to a s]ies ( wa%+s 9 di/ill$ wat]1 until all ! fl\ry p>ticles are remov$4 ,aft] ?is ! metal is clean$ by imm]sion 9 acid & wat]4 ,= copp]1 nitric acid is us$2 = silv]1 sulphuric1 & = gold hydro*loric acid4 ,all trace ( acid is !n remov$1 fir/ by scrat*+ ) a bru% & wat]1 & f9ally by dry+ 9 w>m oak sawdu/4 ,aft] ?is ! pulv]iz$ enamel is c>efully & ev5ly spread ov] ^? p>ts ( ! metal design$ to receive x1 9 suffici5t ?ickness j to cov] !m & no m4 ,! piece is !n dri$ 9 front ( ! furnace1 & :5 dry is plac$ g5tly on a fire-clay or iron plan*e1 & introduc$ c>efully into ! muffle ( ! furnace1 :i* is heat$ to a bright pale r$4 ,x is n[ att5tively wat*$ until ! enamel %9es all ov]1 :5 x is )drawn f ! furnace4 ,! fir+ ( enamel1 unlike t ( glass or pott]y1 takes only a few m9utes1 & 9 ne>ly all processes no anneal+ is requir$4 ,! foll[+ are ! diff]5t modes ( enamell+3 *ampleve1 cloisonne1 basse-taille1 plique-a-j\r1 pa9t$ enamel1 encru/$1 & m9iature-pa9t$4 ,^! processes 7 kn[n at successive p]iods ( anci5t art 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y are nam$4 ,to-day !y are kn[n 9 _! entirety4 ,ea* has be5 l>gely develop$ & improv$4 ,no new me?od has be5 discov]$1 al?\gh v>iations h be5 introduc$ into all4 ,! mo/ important are ^? connect$ ) pa9t$ enamels1 encru/$ enamels & plique-a-j\r4 ,*ampleve enamell+ is done by cutt+ away tr\ghs or cells 9 ! plate1 leav+ a metal l9e rais$ betwe5 !m1 :i* =ms ! outl9e ( ! design4 ,9 ^! cells ! pulv]iz$ enamel is laid & !n fus$2 aft]w>ds x is fil$ ) a corundum file1 !n smoo!d ) a pumice /one & poli%$ by means ( crocus p[d] & r\ge4 ,an example is %[n 9 ,plate ,,ii4 fig4 #h4 ,9 cloisonne enamel1 ^u a metal plate or %ape1 ?9 metal /rips are b5t to ! outl9e ( ! patt]n1 !n fix$ by silv] sold] or by ! enamel itself4 ,^! /rips =m a rais$ outl9e1 giv+ cells z 9 ! case ( *ampleve4 ,! re/ ( ! process is id5tical ) t ( *ampleve enamell+4 ,an example is %[n 9 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #d4 ,! basse-taille process is also a comb9ation ( metal "w 9 ! =m ( engrav+1 c>v+ & enamell+4 ,! metal1 ei!r silv] or gold1 is engrav$ ) a design1 & !n c>v$ into a bas-relief 7bel[ ! g5]al surface ( ! metal l an ,egyptian bas-relief7 s t :5 ! enamel is fus$ x is level ) ! unc>v$ p>ts ( ! design enamel1 & ! design %[s ?r\gh ! transp>5t enamel4 ,pa9t$ enamels are diff]5t f any ( ^! processes bo? 9 me?od & 9 result4 ,! metal 9 ?is case is ei!r copp]1 silv] or gold1 b usually copp]4 ,x is cut ) %e>s into a plate ( ! size requir$1 & slightly dom$ ) a burni%] or hamm]1 aft] :i* x is clean$ by acid & wat]4 ,!n ! enamel is laid equally ov] ! :ole surface bo? back & front1 & aft]w>ds fir$4 ,! fir/ coat ( enamel be+ fix$1 ! design is c>ri$ out1 fir/ by lay+ x 9 :ite enamel or any o!r :i* is opaque & mo/ advantage\s = subsequ5t coloration4 ,9 ! case ( a grisaille pa9t$ enamel ! :ite is mix$ ) wat] or turp5t9e1 or spike oil ( lav5d]1 or ess5tial oil ( petroleum 7accord+ to ! ta/e ( ! arti/7 & ! :ite is pa9t$ ?ickly 9 ! light p>ts & ?9ly 9 ! grey ones1 :]eby a slight s5se ( relief is obta9$ & a great degree ( light & %ade4 ,9 col\r$ pa9t$ enamels ! :ite is col\r$ by transp>5t enamels spread ov] ! grisaille treatm5t1 p>ts ( :i* :5 fir$ are height5$ by t\*es ( gold1 usually pa9t$ 9 l9es4 ,o!r p>ts c be made m brilliant by ! use ( foil1 ov] :i* ! transp>5t enamels are plac$ & !n fir$4 ,an example is %[n 9 ,plate ,i4 fig4 #g4 ,enamels by ! plique-a-j\r me?od might be be/ describ$ z transluc5t cloisonne enamels2 = !y are simil> to cloisonne1 except t ! gr\nd ^u :i* !y are fir$ is remov$1 ?us mak+ !m transp>5t l /a9$ glass4 ,two new processes h be5 ! subject ( ! pres5t writ]'s /udy & exp]im5t = sev]al ye>s1 :i* he has lately br\ght to fruition4 ,! fir/ is an inlay ( transp>5t enamels simil> to plique-a-j\r )\t cloisons to divide ! col\rs4 ,= if enamels d n run toge!r :il/ 9 a melt$ /ate1 z is se5 9 ! case ( pa9t$ & basse-taille enamels1 !re %\ld be no necessity = x 9 ?is process4 ,! result is a cle> transp>5t subject 9 col\r4 ,! o!r process consi/s ( a col\r$ enamel relief4 ,x resembles ! della ,robbia relief1 ) ?is important diff]5ce1 t ! col\r ( ! enamel by its nature p]meates ! :ole dep? ( ! relief1 :]eas 9 ! della ,robbia w>e x is only on ! surface4 ,x also has a fresco surface1 in/ead ( "o highly glaz$4 ,! quality ( ! enamel is z r>e & unlike any?+ else z x is beautiful4 ,x is 9 po9t ( fact ! only col\r$ sculpture 9 :i* ! :ole ( its p>ts are "o solid homog5e\s mass1 & ?r\gh :i* ! col\r is "o ) ! sub/ance & is n appli$4 ,! process consi/s ( ! %apes ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! relief be+ select$ = ! diff]5t enamels1 & ^! enamels melt$ toge!r1 9 ! m\ld ( ! relief1 :i* is f9i%$ ) lapid>y's tools4 ,m9iature enamel pa9t+ is n true enamell+1 = aft] ! :ite enamel is fir$ ^u ! gold plate1 ! col\rs us$ are n vitre\s comp\nds--n enamels 9 fact--z is ! case 9 any o!r =m ( metal enamell+2 b !y are ei!r raw oxides or o!r =ms ( metal1 ) a little flux add$1 n comb9$4 ,^! col\rs are pa9t$ on ! :ite enamel1 & aft]w>ds made to adh]e to ! surface by p>tially fus+ ! enamel1 :i* :5 9 a /ate ( p>tial fusion becomes visc\s4 ,!re are _m ( ^! s-call$ enamels to-day1 :i* are mu* easi] ( accompli%m5t ?an ! true enamel1 b !y possess none ( ! beautiful quality ( ! latt]4 ,x is mo/ app>5t :5 p>ts ( a "w are true enamels & p>ts are done 9 ! mann] describ$ above4 ,^! enamel pa9t+s on enamel are aft]w>ds coat$ ov] ) a transp>5t flux1 :i* gives !m a surface ( enamel4 ,_m are done 9 ?is way = ! m>ket4 ,all ^! me?ods 7 us$ =m]ly1 be=e ! pres5t revival2 b !y 7 n s completely und]/ood or c>ri$ s f> z !y are to-day4 ,nor 7 ! :ole me?ods practis$ by any arti/ z !y are n[4 ,! greate/ advance has be5 9 pa9t$ enamels4 ,?is process requires t bo? sides ( ! metal plate %all be cov]$ ) enamel2 = ?is reason ! plate is made convex on ! top1 s t ! concave side does n t\* ! plan*e on :i* x is support$ = fir+1 b re/s on its edges ?r\gh\t4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y ^! plates are bombe1 ! pr9cipal "o be+ t 9 ! fir+ !y resi/ ! t5d5cy to w>p & curl up at ! edges z a flat ?9 plate w\ld d4 ,fur!r1 ! enamel hav+ be5 fus$ to bo? sides is n s liable to crack or to spl9t 9 subsequ5t fir+s4 ,?is is mo/ important1 = o!rwise ! :ite :i* is plac$ on aft]w>ds w\ld be a network ( cracks4 ,! mann] ( fir+ has also to d ) ?is1 b n ne>ly s mu* z ! prelim9>y c>e & me*anical p]fection ) :i* a plate is prep>$4 ,ne>ly all ! old enamels are se5 to be crack$ 9 ! :ite if m9utely exam9$4 ,to obviate ?is ! foll[+ po9ts mu/ be obs]v$3 ,! plate mu/ be ( an excell5t quality ( metal1 equal 9 ?ickness ?r\gh\t1 & p]fectly regul> 9 %ape4 ,x mu/ be ar*$ equally f end to end4 ,! fir/ coat ( enamel mu/ be ( a p]fectly regul> equal ?ickness on bo? sides1 entirely cov]+ ! plate4 ,:atev] ! m$ium employ$ 9 pa9t+ ! :ite on to ! enamel1 x mu/ be completely evaporat$ be=e ! plate is plac$ 9 ! furnace4 ,! furnace mu/ be heat$ to a bright r$ heat1 & ! plan*e mu/ be r$-hot be=e be+ tak5 out = ! enamel to be plac$ ^u x1 & !n quickly return$ to ! furnace & ! muffle door %ut tight s z to all[ no draught ( cool air to ent] x4 ,!n z soon z x has begun to fuse1 :i* if a small piece1 x w\ld d 9 a m9ute or s1 ! muffle door is slightly op5$ to af=d a view ( x4 ,z soon z x %9es all ov] its surface1 x is )drawn f ! muffle4 ,! me?od ( lay+ a :ite ^u ! enamel gr\nd is a matt] ( individual ta/e1 s f> z ! m$ium is conc]n$4 ,by "s1 pure di/ill$ wat] is pref]r$ to any o!r liquid = mix+ ! enamel4 ,o!rwise1 turp5t9e & ! fat oil ( turp5t9e1 z well z spike oil ( lav5d]4 ,! oil mixture takes long] to dry1 & ?us gives a great] *ance = modell+ into f9e %ades ?an ! wat]4 ,b x has sev]al drawbacks4 ,fir/ly1 !re is ! difficulty ( dry+ ! oil out--a process :i* takes "s "t & increases ! risk ( crack+ 9 ! dry+ process2 & secondly1 ! enamel is n s fre% & cle> aft] x is fir$ z :5 pure wat] has be5 employ$4 ,besides !re is a great diff]5ce 9 ! result2 ! wat] involves a quick1 decid$1 direct t\* & me?od1 :i* c>ries ) x its own *>m4 ,! oil m$ium1 besides giv+ an effect ( labori\s r\nd$ /ippl$ surfaces1 is apt p>tly to r$uce ! enamel1 ?us giv+ x a dull surface4 ,! coloration ( ! :ite is comp>atively simple & is done by transp>5t enamels f9ely gr\nd & ev5ly spread ov] ! :ite aft] ! latt] has be5 fus$4 ,! only dang] to be avoid$ is t ( ov]-fir+1 :i* is produc$ by too great heat ( a prolong$ duration ( fir+1 :i* causes ! /annic & ars5i\s acids 9 ! :ite to volatilize4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--,mod]n ,fr5* plique-a-j\r b[l1 by ,f]n& ,!sm>4 ,plique-a-j\r enamell+ is done 9 ! same way z cloisonne enamell+1 except t ! wires or /rips ( metal :i* enclose ! enamel are n sold]$ to ! metal base1 b are sold]$ to ea* o!r only4 ,!n ^! are simply plac$ ^u a %eet ( plat9um1 copp]1 silv]1 gold or h>d brass1 :i*1 aft] ! enamel is fus$ & suffici5tly anneal$ & cool$1 is easily remov$4 ,= small pieces ( plique-a-j\r !re is no necessity to apply any metallic base1 z ! p>ticles ( enamel quickly fuse1 become visc\s1 & :5 drawn out set q h>d4 ,nei!r is !re any ne$ = anneal+1 z w\ld be ! case 9 l>g] "w4 ,= an example1 see fig4 #b4 ,comm]cially !re has lately be5 an activity 9 enamels su* z has nev] be=e occurr$4 ,?is has be5 ! case ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ,japan & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4 ,9 ,london !re has be5 a dem& = a *eap =m ( gaudy col\r$ enamel1 fus$ into sunk spaces ( metal obta9$ by /amp+ ) a /eel die2 ?is has be5 appli$ to small objects ( *eap jewelry1 9 ! =m ( broo*es1 bracelets & ! l4 ,!re has also be5 a great dem& = enamel wat*-cases & small p5dants1 done ma9ly by h&1 ( a bett] class ( "w4 ,_m ( ^! h be5 produc$ 9 ,birm+ham1 ,b]l91 ,p>is & ,london4 ,9 ,p>is copies ( pictures 9 black & :ite enamel1 ) a little gold pa9t 9 ! drap]ies & backgr\nd1 h be5 manufactur$ 9 v l>ge quantities & sometimes ( great dim5sions4 ,ano!r curi\s dem&1 foll[$ by z a/oni%+ a production1 is t ( ! imitations 7a h>d] "n = :i* is =g]ies7 ( old enamels1 made ) mu* skill1 giv+ all ! te*nical excell5ce ( ! orig9als1 ev5 to ! cracks & scrat*es incid5tal to age4 ,^! are duly sign$1 & w deceive ! mo/ exp]t4 ,!y are copies ( enamels by ,n>don & ,jean ,p5icaud1 ,leon>d ,limos91 ,pi]re ,raymond1 ,c\rtois & o!rs4 ,! same artific]s also produce copies ( old ,*9ese cloisonne & *ampleve enamels1 z well z old ,batt]sea enamel snuff-boxes1 pat*-boxes1 & inde$ e k9d ( enamell+ =m]ly practis$4 ,x is advisable = ! collector nev] to pur*ase any piece ( enamell+ z ! "w ( an old ma/] )\t hav+ a p$igree ext5d+ at lea/ ov] =ty ye>s4 ,f ,japan !re has be5 a cont9u\s fl[ ( cloisonne enamell$ vases1 boxes & plates1 ei!r entirely cov]$ ) enamel or appli$ 9 p>ts4 ,comp>$ ) ?is enorm\s output1 only a few small pieces ( jewelry h come f ,jaipur & o!r t[ns 9 ,india4 ,!re has also be5 a great quantity ( plique-a-j\r enamell+ manufactur$ 9 ,russia1 ,norway & ,sw$54 ,& f9ally1 x has be5 us$ 9 an unprec$5t$ mann] 9 l>ge pieces ^u iron & copp] = purposes ( adv]tisem5t4 ,among/ ! *ief work]s 9 ! mod]n revival ( ?is art are ,claudius ,popel91 ,alfr$ ,mey]1 ,paul ,gr&homme1 ,f]n& ,!sm>1 ,hub]t von ,h]kom] & ,alex&] ,fi%]4 ,! "w ( ,claudius ,popel9 is *>act]iz$ by good te*nical skill1 correctness1 & a c>eful copy+ ( ! "w ( ! old ma/]s4 ,consequ5tly x suff]s f a lack ( inv5tion & individuality4 ,8 "w 0 devot$ to ! r5d]+ ( my?ological subjects & fanciful portraits ( hi/orical p4 ,alfr$ ,mey] & ,gr&homme are bo? accompli%$ & c>eful enamell]s2 ! =m] is a pa9t] enamell] & ! au?or ( a book deal+ te*nically ) enamell+4 ,gr&homme pa9ts my?ological subjects & portraits 9 a v t5d] mann]1 ) consid]ably m arti/ic feel+ ?an ei!r ,mey] or ,popel94 ,!re is a specim5 ( 8 "w 9 ! ,luxemburg ,museum4 ,f]n& ,!sm> is ! great reviv] ( plique-a-j\r enamell+ 9 ,france4 ,specim5s ( 8 "w are possess$ by ! art museums ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & "o is to be se5 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 ,london4 ,!y are pr9cipally valu$ on acc\nt ( _! p]fect te*nical a*ievem5t4 ,luci5 ,falize 0 an employ] ( arti/s & craftsm51 & to him we are indebt$ = ! production ( specim5s ( basse-taille enamel ^u silv] & gold1 z well z = a book review+ ! revival ( ! art 9 ,france1 be>+ p>ticul>ly on ! "w ( ,claudius ,popel94 ,until )9 rec5t ye>s !re 0 a cle> division betwe5 ! art & ! crafts 9 ! sy/em ( produc+ art objects4 ,! arti/ 0 "o p]son & ! workman ano!r4 ,x is n[ ackn[l$g$ t ! arti/ mu/ also be ! craftsman1 especially 9 ! high] bran*es ( enamell+4 ,m4 ,falize initiat$ ! production ( a gold cup :i* 0 enamell$ 9 ! basse-taille mann]4 ,! b& ( figures 0 design$ by ,olivi] ,m]son1 ! pa9t]1 & c>v$ by a metal c>v] & enamell$ by an enamell]1 bo? able craftsm5 employ$ by ,m4 ,falize4 ,o!r pieces ( enamell+ 9 *ampleve & cloisonne 7 also produc$ "u 8 sup]vision & on ?is sy/em2 !re=e lack+ ! "o quality :i* w\ld make !m complete z an expression ( arti/ic emotion by ! arti/'s own h&s4 ,m4 ,r5e ,lalique is among ! jewell]s :o h appli$ enamell+ to _! "w 9 a peculi>ly te*nically p]fect mann]4 ,9 ,engl&1 ,pr(essor ,hub]t von ,h]kom] has produc$ pa9t$ enamels ( consid]able dim5sions1 aim+ at ! execution ( pictures 9 enamel1 su* z h be5 g5]ally reg>d$ z peculi> to ! prov9ce ( oil or wat]-col\r pa9t+4 ,among num]\s works is a l>ge %ield1 into :i* plaques ( enamel are ins]t$1 z well z sev]al portraits1 "o ( :i*1 made 9 sev]al pieces1 is #f ft4 high--a portrait ( ! emp]or ,william ,,ii4 ( ,g]many4 ,! pres5t writ] r$iscov]$ ! mak+ ( _m enamels1 ! secrets ( :i* _h be5 jeal\sly gu>d$4 ,he has work$ 9 all ^! processes1 develop+ !m f ! art side1 & help+ to make enamell+ n only a decorative adjunct to metal-"w1 b rais+ x to a f9e art4 ,8 "w may be se5 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum1 & ,brussels ,museum4 ,o!rs :o h be5 enamell+ ) success 9 v>i\s bran*es1 & :o h %[n individuality 9 _! "w1 are ,mr ,john ,eyre1 ,mrs ,nelson ,dawson1 ,miss ,h>t4 ,,lit]ature4--,among old] books on enamell+1 ap>t f ! works ( ,n]i & ,b5v5uto ,cell9i1 are ,j4-,p4 ,f]r&1 ,l',art du feu1 ou de pe9dre en email 7#agba72 ,lab>te1 ,re*]*es sur la pe9ture en email 7,p>is1 #ahef72 ,m>quis de ,laborde1 ,notice des emaux du ,l\vre 7,p>is1 #aheb72 ,reb\lleau1 ,n\veau manuel complet de la pe9ture en v]re1 sur porcela9e et sur email 7ed4 by ,magni]1 ,p>is1 #ahff72 ,claudius ,popel91 ,l',email des pe9tres 7,p>is1 #ahff72 ,emil ,mol9i]1 ,dictionnaire des emailleurs 7#ahhe74 ,among useful rec5t books are ,h4 ,cunynghame's ,art ( ,enamell+ on ,metals 7#aijf72 ,l4 ,falize1 ,claudius ,popel9 et la r5aissance des emaux pe9ts2 ,l4 ,dalpayrat1 ,limoges ,enamels2 ,alex&] ,fi%]1 ,! ,art ( ,enamell+ ^u ,metal 7#aijf1 ,! ,/udio1 ,london74 7,a4 ,fi49974 ,,enca5ia1 a fe/ival commemorat+ a d$ication1 9 ,greek ,greek3 ta h5ka9ia 7,greek3 ka9os1 new71 p>ticul>ly us$ ( ! anniv]s>y ( ! d$ication ( a *ur* 7see ,,d$ication74 ,! t]m is also us$ at ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d ( ! annual ,commemoration1 held 9 ,june1 ( f\nd]s & b5efactors 7see ,,ox=d74 ,,encau/ic ,,pa9t+4 ,! "n encau/ic 7f ! ,greek = burnt 97 is appli$ to pa9t+s execut$ ) vehicles 9 :i* wax is ! *ief +r$i5t4 ,! t]m 0 appropriately appli$ to ! anci5t me?ods ( pa9t+ 9 wax1 because ^! requir$ heat to effect !m4 ,wax may be us$ z a vehicle = pa9t+ )\t heat be+ requisite2 nev]!less ! anci5t t]m encau/ic has be5 reta9$1 & is indiscrim9ately appli$ to all me?ods ( pa9t+ 9 wax4 ,! durability ( wax1 & its p[] ( resi/+ ! effects ( ! atmosph]e1 7 well kn[n to ! ,greeks1 :o us$ x = ! protection ( _! sculptures4 ,z a vehicle = pa9t+ x 0 commonly employ$ by !m & by ! ,romans & ,egyptians2 b 9 rec5t times x has met ) only a limit$ application4 ,( mod]n encau/ic pa9t+s ^? by ,s*norr 9 ! ,resid5z at ,muni* are ! mo/ important4 ,mod]n pa9t+s 9 wax1 9 _! *romatic range & 9 _! g5]al effect1 occupy a middle place betwe5 ^? execut$ 9 oil & 9 fresco4 ,wax pa9t+ is n s easy z oil1 b pres5ts few] te*nical difficulties ?an fresco4 ,anci5t au?ors (t5 make m5tion ( encau/ic1 :i*1 if x _h be5 describ$ by ! ^w inur]e1 to burn 91 "o might h suppos$ to h be5 a species ( enamel pa9t+4 ,b ! expressions incau/o p+]e1 pictura encau/ica1 c]is p+]e1 pictura inur]e1 us$ by ,pl9y & o!r anci5t writ]s1 make x cle> t "s o!r species ( pa9t+ is meant4 ,pl9y di/+ui%es ?ree species ( encau/ic pa9t+4 ,9 ! fir/ !y us$ a /ylus1 & pa9t$ ei!r on ivory or on poli%$ wood1 previ\sly saturat$ ) "s c]ta9 col\r2 ! po9t ( ! /ylus or /igma s]v$ = ?is op]ation1 & its broad or blade end cle>$ (f ! small filam5ts :i* arose f ! outl9es made by ! /ylus 9 ! wax prep>ation4 ,9 ! second me?od x appe>s t ! wax col\rs1 be+ prep>$ be=eh&1 & =m$ into small cyl9d]s = use1 7 smoo?ly spread by ! spatula aft] ! outl9es 7 det]m9$1 & ?us ! picture 0 proce$$ ) & f9i%$4 ,by ! side ( ! pa9t] /ood a brazi] :i* 0 us$ to heat ! spatula & probably ! prep>$ col\rs4 ,?is is ! me?od :i* 0 probably us$ by ! pa9t]s :o decorat$ ! h\ses ( ,h]culaneum & ( ,pompeii1 z arti/s practis+ ?is me?od ( pa9t+ are depict$ 9 ! decorations4 ,! ?ird me?od 0 by pa9t+ by a bru% dipp$ into wax liquefi$ by heat2 ! col\rs s appli$ atta9$ consid]able h>dness1 & c\ld n be damag$ ei!r by ! heat ( ! sun or by ! effects ( sea-wat]4 ,x 0 ?us t %ips 7 decorat$2 & ?is k9d ( encau/ic 0 !re=e /yl$ %ip-pa9t+4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agdi ,c\nt ,caylus & ,j4,j4 ,ba*eli]1 a pa9t]1 made "s exp]im5ts 9 encau/ic pa9t+1 & ! c\nt und]took to expla9 an obscure passage 9 ,pl9y1 suppos$ to be ! foll[+ 7xxxv4 #ci73--;,c]is p+]e ac picturam inur]e quis primus excogitav]it non con/at4 ,quidam ,ari/idis inv5tum putant1 po/ea consummatum a ,praxitele2 s$ aliquanto vetu/iores encau/icae picturae ex/it]e1 ut ,polygnoti et ,nicanoris et ,arcesilai ,p>iorum4 ,lysippus quoque ,aeg9ae picturae suae inscripsit ,greek3 enekaus51 quod pr(ecto non fecisset nisi encau/ica inv5ta4 ,!re are o!r passages 9 ,pl9y be>+ ^u ?is subject1 9 "o ( :i* 7xxi4 #di7 he gives an acc\nt ( ! prep>ation ( ,punica c]a4 ,! nature ( ?is ,punic wax1 :i* 0 ! ess5tial +r$i5t ( ! anci5t pa9t+ 9 encau/ic1 has n be5 def9itely asc]ta9$4 ,! *evali] ,lorgna1 :o inve/igat$ ! subject 9 a small b valuable tract1 ass]ts t ! nitron :i* ,pl9y m5tions is n ! nitre ( ! mod]ns1 b ! natron ( ! anci5ts1 viz4 ! native salt :i* is f\nd cry/alliz$ 9 ,egypt & o!r hot c\ntries 9 s&s surr\nd+ lakes ( salt wat]4 ,?is sub/ance ! ,c>?ag9ians1 accord+ to ,pl9y1 us$ 9 prep>+ _! wax1 & h5ce ! "n ,punic seems to be d]iv$4 ,lorgna made a numb] ( exp]im5ts ) ?is salt1 us+ f ?ree to tw5ty p>ts ( :ite melt$ wax ) "o ( natron4 ,he held ! mixture 9 an iron vessel ov] a sl[ fire1 /irr+ x g5tly ) a wood5 spatula1 till ! mass assum$ ! consi/5cy ( butt] & ! col\r ( milk4 ,he !n remov$ x f ! fire1 & put x 9 ! %ade 9 ! op5 air to h>d54 ,! wax be+ cool$ liquefi$ 9 wat]1 & a milky emulsion result$ f x l t :i* c\ld be made ) ! be/ ,v5etian soap4 ,exp]im5ts1 x is said1 7 made ) ?is wax 9 pa9t+ 9 encau/ic 9 ! ap>tm5ts ( ! ,c\nt ,giovanni ,batti/a ,gasola by ! ,italian pa9t] ,antonio ,pac*]i1 :o dissolv$ ! ,punic wax :5 x 0 n s mu* h>d5$ z to require to be igni resoluta1 z express$ by ,pl9y1 ) pure wat] slightly infus$ ) gum-arabic1 in/ead ( s>cocolla1 m5tion$ by ,pl9y4 ,he aft]w>ds mix$ ! col\rs ) ?is wax s liquefi$ z he w\ld h done ) oil1 & proce$$ to pa9t 9 ! same mann]2 nor 7 ! col\rs se5 to run or alt] 9 ! lea/2 & ! mixture 0 s flexible t ! p5cil ran smoo!r ?an x w\ld h done ) oil4 ,! pa9t+ be+ dry1 he treat$ x ) cau/ic1 & rubb$ x ) l95 clo?s1 by :i* ! col\rs acquir$ peculi> vivacity & brightness4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agee fur!r exp]im5ts 7 made by ,c\nt ,caylus & sev]al ,fr5* arti/s4 ,"o me?od 0 to melt wax ) oil ( turp5t9e z a vehicle = ! col\rs4 ,x is well kn[n t wax may be dissolv$ 9 _s & us$ z a m$ium1 b x dries too quickly to all[ ( p]fect bl5d+1 & w\ld by ! evaporation ( ! _s be prejudicial to ! arti/'s heal?4 ,ano!r me?od sugge/$ ab\t ?is "t1 & "o :i* seems to tally v well ) ,pl9y's description1 is ! foll[+4 ,melt ! wax ) /rong solution ( salt ( t>t>1 & let ! col\rs be gr\nd up 9 x4 ,place ! picture :5 f9i%$ be=e ! fire till by degrees ! wax melts1 swells1 & is bloat$ up ^u ! picture2 ! picture is !n gradually remov$ f ! fire1 & ! col\rs1 )\t be+ injuri\sly affect$ by ! op]ation ( ! fire1 become unalt]able1 spirits ( w9e hav+ be5 burnt ^u !m )\t do+ ! lea/ h>m4 ,c\nt ,caylus's me?od 0 diff]5t1 & mu* simpl]3 7#a7 ! clo? or wood design$ = ! picture is wax$ ov]1 by rubb+ x simply ) a piece ( beeswax2 7#b7 ! col\rs are mix$ up ) pure wat]2 b z ^! col\rs w n adh]e to ! wax1 ! :ole gr\nd mu/ be rubb$ ov] ) *alk or :it+ be=e ! col\r is appli$2 & 7#c7 :5 ! picture is dry x is put ne> ! fire1 :]eby ! wax is melt$ & absorbs ! col\rs4 ,x mu/ be all[$ t no?+ c\ld well be simpl] ?an ?is process1 & x 0 ?\ght t ?is k9d ( pa9t+ w\ld be capable ( )/&+ ! wea!r & ( la/+ long] ?an oil pa9t+4 ,?is k9d ( pa9t+ has n ! gloss ( oil pa9t+1 s t ! picture may be se5 9 any light1 a quality ( ! v fir/ importance 9 all me?ods ( mural pa9t+4 ,! col\rs too1 :5 s secur$1 are firm1 & w be> wa%+1 & h a prop]ty :i* is p]haps m important /ill1 viz4 t exposure to smoke & f\l vap\rs m]ely leaves a deposit on ! surface )\t injur+ ! "w4 ,! encau/o p+5di ( ! anci5ts c\ld n h be5 enamell+1 z ! ^w inur]e1 tak5 9 its rigor\s s5se1 might at fir/ lead "o to suppose1 nor c\ld x h be5 pa9t+ produc$ 9 ! same mann] z encau/ic tiles or encau/ic tess]ae2 b t x mu/ h be5 some?+ ak9 to ! c\nt's process w\ld appe> f ! words ( ,pl9y already quot$1 ,c]is p+]e ac picturam inur]e4 ,w]n] ( ,neu/adt f\nd ! foll[+ process v effectual 9 mak+ wax soluble 9 wat]4 ,= ea* p\nd ( :ite wax he took tw5ty-f\r ounces ( pota%1 :i* he dissolv$ 9 two p9ts ( wat]1 w>m+ x g5tly4 ,9 ?is ley he boil$ ! wax1 cut into little bits1 = half an h\r1 aft] :i* he remov$ x f ! fire & all[$ x to cool4 ,! wax float$ on ! surface ( ! liquor 9 ! =m ( a :ite saponace\s matt]2 & ?is be+ triturat$ ) wat] produc$ a sort ( emulsion1 :i* he call$ wax milk1 or encau/ic wax4 ,?is prep>ation may be mix$ ) all k9ds ( col\rs1 & consequ5tly c be appli$ 9 a s+le op]ation4 ,mrs ,hook] ( ,rott+dean1 at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 made _m exp]im5ts to e/abli% a me?od ( pa9t+ 9 wax1 & receiv$ a gold palette f ! ,society ( ,arts = h] inve/igations 9 ?is bran* ( art4 ,h] acc\nt is pr9t$ 9 ! t5? volume ( ! ,society's ,transactions 7#agib71 "u ! "n ( ,miss ,emma ,jane ,gre5l&4 ,see also ,lorgna1 ,un ,discorso sulla c]a punica2 ,pittore ,vic5zo ,requ5o1 ,saggi sul ri/abilim5to dell' antica arte de' ,greci e ,romani 7,p>ma1 #aghg72 ,phil4 ,trans4 vol4 xlix4 "p #b2 ,muntz on ,encau/ic ,pa9t+2 ,w4 ,cave ,?omas1 ,me?ods ( ,mural ,decoration 7,london1 #ahfi72 ,cros & ,h5ry1 ,l',encau/ique1 c4 7#ahhd72 ,donn] von ,ri*t]1 ,ub] ,te*nis*es 9 d] ,mal]ei d] ,alt5 7#ahhe74 7,w4 ,c4 ,t47 ,,ence9te 7,lat4 91 )91 c9ctus1 girdl$2 to be di/+ui%$ f ! ^w mean+ pregnant1 f 91 n1 & c9ctus1 i4e4 ) girdle loos5$71 a ,fr5* t]m us$ te*nically 9 =tification = ! inn] r+ ( =tifications surr\nd+ a t[n4 ,/rictly ! t]m 0 appli$ to ! cont9u\s l9e ( ba/ions & curta9s =m+ ! body ( ! place1 ?is la/ expression be+ (t5 us$ z synonym\s ) ence9te4 ,! outworks1 h[ev]1 close to ! ence9te 7 n consid]$ z =m+ "p ( x4 ,9 mod]n =tification ! ence9te is usually simply ! inn]mo/ cont9u\s l9e ( =tifications4 ,9 ar*itecture g5]ally an ence9te is ! close or prec9ct ( a ca!dral1 abbey1 ca/le1 c4 ,,enc9a1 ,,juan ,,del 7#adfi-;c4 #aecc71 (t5 call$ ! f\nd] ( ! ,spani% drama1 0 born 9 #adfi ne> ,salamanca probably at ,enc9as4 ,on leav+ ! univ]sity ( ,salamanca he became a memb] ( ! h\sehold ( ! second duke ( ,alva4 ,9 #adib ! poet ent]ta9$ 8 patron ) a dramatic piece1 ! ,triunfo de la fama1 writt5 to commemorate ! fall ( ,granada4 ,9 #adif he publi%$ 8 ,cancion]o1 a collection ( dramatic & lyrical poems4 ,"s ye>s aft]w>ds he visit$ ,rome1 attract$ ! att5tion ( ,alex&] ,,vi4 by 8 skill 9 music1 & 0 appo9t$ *oirma/]4 ,ab\t #aeah ,enc9a took ord]s1 & made a pilgrimage to ,j]usalem1 :]e he said 8 fir/ mass4 ,s9ce #aeji he _h held a lay canonry at ,malaga2 9 #aeai he 0 appo9t$ prior ( ,leon & is said to h di$ at ,salamanca ab\t #aecc4 ,8 ,cancion]o is prec$$ by a prose treatise 7,arte de trob>7 on ! condition ( ! poetic art 9 ,spa94 ,8 f\rte5 dramatic pieces m>k ! transition f ! purely ecclesia/ical to ! secul> /age4 ,! ,aucto del ,repelon & ! ,egloga de ,fil5o dramatize ! adv5tures ( %eph]ds2 ! latt]1 l ,placida y ,vitoriano1 is /rongly influ5c$ by ! ,cele/9a4 ,! intr9sic int]e/ ( ,enc9a's plays is slight1 b !y are important f ! hi/orical po9t ( view1 = ! lay pieces =m a new dep>ture1 & ! dev\t eclogues prep>e ! way = ! autos ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,moreov]1 ,enc9a's lyrical poems are rem>kable = _! int5se s9c]ity & dev\t grace4 ,bibliography4--,teatro completo de ,juan del ,enc9a 7,madrid1 #ahic71 edit$ by ,f4 ,as5jo ,b>bi]i2 ,cancion]o musical de los siglos ,,xv y ,,xvi 7,madrid1 #ahid71 edit$ by ,f4 ,as5jo ,b>bi]i2 ,r4 ,mitjana1 ,sobre ,juan del ,enc9a1 musico y poeta 7,malaga1 #ahie72 ,m4 ,m55dez y ,pelayo1 ,antologia depoetas liricos ca/ellanos 7,madrid1 #ahij-aijc71 vol4 vii4 ,,encke1 ,,johann ,,franz 7#agia-ahfe71 ,g]man a/ronom]1 0 born at ,hamburg on ! #bcrd ( ,septemb] #agia4 ,matriculat+ at ! univ]sity ( ,gott+5 9 #ahaa1 he began by devot+ himself to a/ronomy "u ,c>l ,fri$ri* ,gauss2 b he enli/$ 9 ! ,hanseatic ,legion = ! campaign ( #ahac-ad1 & became lieut5ant ( artill]y 9 ! ,prussian s]vice 9 #ahae4 ,hav+ return$ to ,gott+5 9 #ahaf1 he 0 at once appo9t$ by ,b5h>dt von ,l9d5au 8 assi/ant 9 ! obs]vatory ( ,seeb]g ne> ,go?a4 ,!re he complet$ 8 inve/igation ( ! comet ( #afhj1 = :i* ! ,cotta prize 0 aw>d$ to him 9 #ahag2 he correctly assign$ a p]iod ( #ga ye>s to ! comet ( #ahab2 & discov]$ ! swift circulation ( ! rem>kable comet :i* be>s 8 "n 7see ,comet74 ,eight ma/]ly treatises on its movem5ts 7 publi%$ by him 9 ! ,b]l9 ,abh&lung5 7#ahbi-ahei74 ,f a fre% discussion ( ! transits ( ,v5us 9 #agfa & #agfi he d$uc$ 7#ahbb-ahbd7 a sol> p>allax ( #h4eg1 long accept$ z au?oritative4 ,9 #ahbb he became director ( ! ,seeb]g obs]vatory1 & 9 #ahbe 0 promot$ to a correspond+ position at ,b]l91 :]e a new obs]vatory1 built "u 8 sup]9t5d5ce1 0 inaugurat$ 9 #ahce4 ,he direct$ ! prep>ation ( ! />-maps ( ! ,b]l9 academy #ahcj-ahei1 edit$ f #ahcj & greatly improv$ ! ,a/ronomis*es ,jahrbu*1 & issu$ f\r volumes ( ! ,a/ronomis*e ,beoba*tung5 ( ! ,b]l9 obs]vatory 7#ahdj-aheg74 ,mu* lab\r 0 be/[$ by him ^u facilitat+ ! computation ( ! movem5ts ( ! a/]oids4 ,) ?is end 9 view he exp\nd$ to ! ,b]l9 academy 9 #ahdi a mode ( det]m9+ an elliptic orbit f ?ree obs]vations1 & communicat$ to t body 9 #ahea a new me?od ( calculat+ planet>y p]turbations by means ( rectangul> co-ord9ates 7republi%$ 9 ,w4 ,o/wald's ,klassik] d] exact5 ,wiss5s*aft51 ,no4 #ada1 #aijc74 ,encke visit$ ,engl& 9 #ahdj4 ,incipi5t bra9-disease compell$ him to )draw f (ficial life 9 ,novemb] #ahfc1 & he di$ at ,sp&au on ! #bf? ( ,augu/ #ahfe4 ,he contribut$ ext5sively to ! p]iodical lit]ature ( a/ronomy1 & 0 twice1 9 #ahbc & #ahcj1 ! recipi5t ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society's gold m$al4 ,see ,johann ,franz ,encke1 se9 ,leb5 und ,wirk51 von ,dr ,c4 ,bruhns 7,leipzig1 #ahfi71 to :i* a li/ ( 8 writ+s is app5d$4 ,also1 ,mon?4 ,notices ,roy4 ,a/r4 ,society1 xxvi4 #abi2 ,v4,j4,s4 ,a/r4 ,gesells*aft1 iv4 #bbg2 ,b]l94 ,abh&lung5 7#ahff71 i41 ,g4 ,hag52 ,sitzungsb]i*te1 ,muni* ,acad4 7#ahff71 i4 p4 #cie1 c4 7,a4 ,m4 ,c47 ,,enclave 7a ,fr5* ^w f enclav]1 to enclose71 a t]m signify+ a c\ntry or1 m commonly1 an outly+ portion ( a c\ntry1 entirely surr\nd$ by ! t]ritories ( a =eign or o!r p[]1 su* z ! deta*$ portions ( ,prussia1 ,saxony1 c1 enclos$ 9 ! ,?ur+ian ,/ates4 7,f ! po9t ( view ( ! /ates possess+ su* deta*$ portions ( t]ritory ^! become exclaves47 ,enclave is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally us$ 9 a loos] s5se to describe a colony or o!r t]ritory ( a /ate1 :i*1 :ile possess+ a seabo>d1 is entirely surr\nd$ l&w>d by ! possession ( "s o!r p[]2 or1 if inl& t]ritory1 ne>ly ?\gh n entirely s enclos$1 e4g4 ! ,lado ,enclave 9 equatorial ,africa4 ,,encoignure1 9 furniture1 lit]ally ! angle1 or return1 =m$ by ! junction ( two walls4 ,! ^w is n[ *iefly us$ to designate a small armoire1 commode1 cab9et or cupbo>d made to fit a corn]2 a *aise encoignure is call$ 9 ,engli% a ?ree-corn]$ *air4 ,9 its orig9 ! ?+1 l ! ^w1 is ,fr5*1 & ! delightful ,l\is ,qu9ze or ,l\is ,seize encoignure 9 lacqu] or 9 mahogany elaborately m\nt$ 9 gild$ bronze is n ! lea/ allur+ piece ( ! great p]iod ( ,fr5* furniture4 ,x 0 made 9 a va/ v>iety ( =ms s f> z ! front 0 conc]n$2 9 o!r respects x 0 /rictly limit$ by its de/9ation4 ,z a rule ^! delicate & da9ty receptacles 7 9 pairs & plac$ 9 opposite angles2 m (t5 ?an n ! top 0 =m$ ( a slab ( col\r$ m>ble4 ,,encyclical 7f ,late ,lat4 encyclicus1 = encyclius ,gr4 ,greek3 enkyklios1 f ,greek3 en & ,greek3 kyklos1 a circle71 an ecclesia/ical epi/le int5d$ = g5]al circulation1 n[ almo/ exclusively us$ ( su* lett]s issu$ by ! pope4 ,! =ms encyclica & encyclic are sometimes1 b m r>ely1 us$4 ,! old adjectival use ( ! ^w 9 ! s5se ( g5]al 7encircl+7 is n[ obsolete1 ?\gh x survives 9 ! t]m encyclopa$ia4 ,,encyclopa$ia4 ,! ,greeks seem to h und]/ood by encyclopa$ia 7,greek3 enkyklopaideia1 or ,greek3 enkyklios paideia7 in/ruction 9 ! :ole circle 7,greek3 en kyklo7 or complete sy/em ( le>n+--education 9 arts & sci5ces4 ,?us ,pl9y1 9 ! preface to 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 says t 8 book treat$ ( all ! subjects ( ! encyclopa$ia ( ! ,greeks1 ,jam omnia att+5da quae ,graeci ,greek3 tes enkyklopaideias vocant4 ,qu9tilian 7,in/4 ,orat4 i4 #aj7 directs t be=e boys are plac$ "u ! rhetorician !y %\ld be in/ruct$ 9 ! o!r arts1 ut efficiatur orbis ille doctr9ae quam ,graeci ,greek3 enkyklopaideian vocant4 ,gal5 7,de victus ratione 9 morbis acutis1 c4 #aa7 speaks ( ^? :o are n educat$ ,greek3 en te enkyklopaideia4 ,9 ^! passages ( ,pl9y & ,qu9tilian1 h[ev]1 f "o or bo? ( :i* ! mod]n use ( ! ^w seems to h be5 tak51 ,greek3 enkyklios paideia is n[ read1 & ?is seems to h be5 ! usual expression4 ,vitruvius 7lib4 vi4 praef47 calls ! encyclios or ,greek3 enkyklios paideia ( ! ,greeks doctr9>um omnium discipl9a1 in/ruction 9 all bran*es ( le>n+4 ,/rabo 7lib4 iv4 cap4 #aj7 speaks ( philosophy ,greek3 kai t5 all5 paideian enkyklion4 ,tzetzes 7,*iliades1 xi4 #ebg71 quot+ f ,porphyry's ,lives ( ! ,philosoph]s1 says t ,greek3 enkyklia ma!mata 0 ! circle ( gramm>1 rhetoric1 philosophy & ! f\r arts "u x1 ari?metic1 music1 geometry & a/ronomy4 ,zon>as expla9s x z gramm>1 poetry1 rhetoric1 philosophy1 ma!matics & simply e art & sci5ce 7,greek3 aplos pasa te*ne kai epi/eme71 because sophi/s g ?r\gh !m z ?r\gh a circle4 ,! idea seems to be a complete c\rse ( in/ruction 9 all p>ts ( k4 ,an epic poem 0 call$ cyclic :5 x conta9$ ! :ole my?ology2 & among physicians ,greek3 kyklo !rapeue91 cyclo cur>e 7,vegetius1 ,de arte vet]9>ia1 ii4 #e1 #f71 meant a cure effect$ by a regul> & prescrib$ c\rse ( diet & m$ic9e 7see ,w[]1 ,de polyma?ia1 c4 #bd1 ,s #ad74 ,! ^w encyclopa$ia 0 probably fir/ us$ 9 ,engli% by ,sir ,?omas ,elyot4 ,9 an orat\r is requir$ to be a heape ( all man] ( l]nyng3 :i*e ( "s is call$ ! worlde ( sci5ce1 ( o!r ! circle ( doctr9e1 :i*e is 9 "o worde ( greke ,encyclop$ia 7,! ,gov]n\r1 bk4 i4 *ap4 xiii474 ,9 8 ,lat9 diction>y1 #aech1 he expla9s ,encyclios et ,encyclia1 ! cykle or c\rse ( all doctr9es1 & ,encyclop$ia1 t l]nynge :i*e compreh5de? all lyb]all sci5ce & /udies4 ,! t]m does n seem to h be5 us$ z ! title ( a book by ! anci5ts or 9 ! middle ages4 ,! edition ( ! works ( ,joa*imus ,=tius ,r+elb]gius1 pr9t$ at ,basel 9 #aeda1 is call$ on ! title-page ,lucubrationes vel potius absolutissima ,greek3 kyklopaideia4 ,paulus ,scali*ius de ,lika1 an ,hung>ian c\nt1 wrote ,encyclopa$iae seu orbis discipl9>um epi/emon 7,basileae1 #aeii1 #dto74 ,al/$ publi%$ 9 #afjh ,encyclopa$ia cursus philosophici1 & aft]w>ds exp&$ ?is into 8 great "w1 notic$ bel[1 call+ x )\t any limitation ,encyclopa$ia1 because x treats ( ev]y?+ t c be le>n$ by man 9 ?is life4 ,?is is n[ ! mo/ usual s5se 9 :i* ! ^w encyclopa$ia is us$--a book treat+ ( all ! v>i\s k9ds ( k4 ,! =m cyclopa$ia is n m]ely )\t any appe>ance ( classical au?ority1 b is etymologically less def9ite1 complete & correct4 ,= z ,cyropa$ia means ! in/ruction ( ,cyrus1 s cyclopa$ia may mean in/ruction ( a circle4 ,vossius says1 ,cyclopa$ia is sometimes f\nd1 b ! be/ writ]s say encyclopa$ia 7,de vitiis s]monis1 #afde1 p4 #djb74 ,gesn] says1 ,greek3 kyklos e/ circulus1 quae figura e/ simplicissima et p]fectissima simul3 nam incipi pote/ ubicunque 9 illa et ubicunque coha]et4 ,cyclopa$ia itaque significat omnem doctr9>um sci5tiam int] se coha]]e2 ,encyclopa$ia e/ in/itutio 9 illo circulo4 7,isagoge1 #aggd1 i4 #dj74 ,9 a m re/rict$ s5se1 encyclopa$ia means a sy/em or classification ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( k1 a subject on :i* _m books h be5 publi%$1 especially 9 ,g]many1 z ,s*mid's ,allgeme9e ,encyklopadie und ,me?odologie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 7,j5a1 #ahaj1 #dto1 #bda pages74 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,novum ,organum ( ,bacon has (t5 be5 call$ an encyclopa$ia4 ,b x is a gramm> only ( ! sci5ces3 a cyclopa$ia is n a gramm>1 b a diction>y2 & to confuse ! mean+s ( gramm> & diction>y is to lose ! b5efit ( a di/9ction :i* x is =tunate t t]ms h be5 co9$ to convey 7,qu>t]ly ,review1 cxiii4 #ced74 ,=tunius ,licetus1 an ,italian physician1 entitl$ sev]al ( 8 diss]tations on ,roman alt>s & o!r antiquities encyclopa$ias 7z1 = in/ance1 ,encyclopa$ia ad4 ,aram my/icam ,non>ii1 ,pataviae1 #afca1 #dto71 because 9 compos+ !m he borr[$ ! aid ( all ! sci5ces4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia moralis ( ,m>cell9us de ,pise 7,p>is1 #afdf1 fol41 #d vols47 is a s]ies ( s]mons4 ,encyclopa$ia is (t5 us$ to mean a book :i* is1 or pr(esses to be1 a complete or v full collection or treatise relat+ to "s p>ticul> subject1 z ,bla9e's "w1 ,! ,encyclopa$ia ( ,rural ,sports 7,london1 #aheb72 ,! ,encyclopa$ia ( ,wit 7,london1 #ahjc72 ,! ,vocal ,encyclopa$ia 7,london1 #ahjg1 #afmo71 a collection ( songs1 cat*es1 c4 ,! ^w is frequ5tly us$ = an alphabetical diction>y treat+ fully ( "s sci5ce or subject1 z ,murray1 ,encyclopa$ia ( ,geography 7,london1 #ahcd72 ,lefebvre ,lab\laye1 ,encyclop$ie te*nologique3 ,dictionnaire des arts et manufactures 7,p>is1 #ahde-ahdg74 ,:e!r "u ! "n ( diction>y or encyclopa$ia l>ge numb]s ( ?is class ( ref]5ce-"w h be5 publi%$4 ,^! are ess5tially encyclopa$ic1 be+ subject books & n ^w-books4 ,! important books ( ?is "* are ref]r$ to 9 ! articles deal+ ) ! respective subjects1 b ! foll[+ may be m5tion$ "h3 ! ,jewi% ,encyclop$ia1 9 #ab vols4 7#aija71 a descriptive record ( ! hi/ory1 religion1 lit]ature & cu/oms ( ! ,jewi% p f ! e>lie/ times2 ! ,encyclopa$ia ( ,sport1 #b vols4 7#ahig-ahih72 ,holtz5dorff's ,encyklopadie d] ,re*tswiss5s*aft 7#ahgj2 an edition 9 #b vols41 #aijd72 ! ,diction>y ( ,political ,economy1 edit$ by ,r4,h4 ,+lis ,palgrave1 #c vols4 7#ahid2 repr9t$ #aija72 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,biblica1 edit$ by ,t4,k4 ,*eyne & ,j4 ,su!rl& ,black1 #d vols4 7#ahii-aijc72 ! ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 edit$ by ,james ,ha/+s1 #d vols41 ) a supplem5t>y volume 7#aijd72 an int]e/+ s]ies is ! ,rep]toire g5]al du comm]ce1 deal+ ) ! =eign trade ( ,france1 ( :i* "o "p1 ! ,encyclopa$ia ( ,trade betwe5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica & ,france1 ) a preface by ,m4 ,gabriel ,hanotaux1 appe>$1 9 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 9 #aijd4 ,! great ,*9ese encyclopa$ias are ref]r$ to 9 ! article on ,,*9ese ,,lit]ature4 ,x w be suffici5t to m5tion "h ! ,w5 hi5 t'ung k'ao1 compil$ by ,ma ,twa-l9 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 ! encyclopa$ia ord]$ to be compil$ by ! ,emp]or ,yung-loh 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 & ! ,ku ,k9 t'u %u ?i *'eng prep>$ = ! ,emp]or ,k'ang-hi 7d4 #agba71 9 #ejbj volumes4 ,a copy ( ?is enorm\s "w1 b\nd 9 "s #gjj volumes1 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! mo/ anci5t encyclopa$ia extant is ,pl9y's ,natural ,hi/ory 9 #cg books 7includ+ ! preface7 & #bdic *apt]s1 :i* may be ?us describ$ g5]ally3--book #a1 preface2 book #b1 cosmography1 a/ronomy & meteorology2 books #c to #f1 geography2 books #g to #aa1 zoology1 includ+ man1 & ! inv5tion ( ! arts2 books #ab to #ai1 botany2 books #bj to #cb1 m$ic9es1 vegetable & animal rem$ies1 m$ical au?ors & magic2 books #cc to #cg1 metals1 f9e arts1 m9]alogy & m9]al rem$ies4 ,pl9y1 :o di$ ,a4,d4 #gi1 0 n a naturali/1 a physician or an arti/1 & collect$ 8 "w 9 8 leisure int]vals :ile engag$ 9 public affairs4 ,he says x conta9s #bj1jjj facts 7too small a numb] by half1 says ,lemaire71 collect$ f #bjjj books by #ajj au?ors4 ,h>d\9 has giv5 a li/ ( #dfd au?ors quot$ by him4 ,8 "w 0 a v high au?ority 9 ! middle ages1 & #dc editions ( x 7 pr9t$ be=e #aecf4 ,m>tianus ,m9neus ,felix ,capella1 an ,african1 wrote 7e>ly 9 ! #e? c5t471 9 v]se & prose1 a sort ( encyclopa$ia1 :i* is important f hav+ be5 reg>d$ 9 ! middle ages z a model /oreh\se ( le>n+1 & us$ 9 ! s*ools1 :]e ! s*ol>s _h to le>n ! v]ses by he>t1 z a text-book ( high-class education 9 ! arts4 ,x is sometimes entitl$ ,satyra1 or ,satyricon1 b is usually kn[n z ,de nuptiis ,philologiae et ,m]curii1 ?\gh ?is title is sometimes conf9$ to ! fir/ two books1 a r confus$ allegory end+ ) ! apo!osis ( ,philologia & ! celebration ( h] m>riage 9 ! milky way1 :]e ,apollo pres5ts to h] ! sev5 lib]al arts1 :o1 9 ! succe$+ sev5 books1 describe _! respective bran*es ( k1 namely1 gramm>1 dialectics 7divid$ into metaphysics & logic71 rhetoric1 geometry 7geography1 ) "s s+le geometrical propositions71 ari?metic 7*iefly ! prop]ties ( numb]s71 a/ronomy & music 7includ+ poetry74 ,! /yle is t ( an ,african ( ! #e? c5tury1 full ( gr&iloqu5ce1 metaphors & /range words4 ,he seldom m5tions 8 au?orities1 & sometimes quotes au?ors :om he does n ev5 seem to h read4 ,8 "w 0 frequ5tly copi$ 9 ! middle ages by ignorant transcrib]s1 & 0 eight times pr9t$ f #adii to #aeii4 ,! be/ annotat$ edition is by ,kopp 7,frank=t1 #ahcf1 #dto71 & ! mo/ conv5i5t & ! be/ text is t ( ,eyss]h>dt 7,lipsiae1 #ahff1 #hvo74 ,isidore1 bi%op ( ,seville f #fjj to #fcj1 wrote ,etymologi>um libri ,,xx4 7(t5 also entitl$ 8 ,orig9es7 at ! reque/ ( 8 fri5d ,braulio1 bi%op ( ,s>agossa1 :o aft] ,isidore's dea? divid$ ! "w into books1 z x 0 left unf9i%$1 & divid$ only into titles4 ,! t5? book is an alphabet ( #fbe ,lat9 words1 n belong+ to 8 o!r subjects1 ) _! explanations z kn[n to him1 & (t5 ) _! etymologies1 frequ5tly v absurd4 ,! o!r books conta9 #ddh *apt]s1 & are3--#a1 gramm> 7,lat972 #b1 rhetoric & dialectics2 #c1 ! f\r ma!matical discipl9es--ari?metic1 geometry1 music & a/ronomy2 #d1 m$ic9e2 #e1 laws & times 7*ronology71 ) a %ort *ronicle end+ 9 #fbg2 #f1 ecclesia/ical books & (fices2 #g1 ,god1 angels & ! ord]s ( ! fai?ful2 #h1 ! *ur* & sects2 #i1 languages1 society & relation%ips2 #aa1 man & port5ts2 #ab1 animals1 9 eight classes1 namely1 pecora et jum5ta1 bea/s1 small animals 7includ+ spid]s1 crickets & ants71 s]p5ts1 worms1 fi%es1 birds & small w+$ creatures1 *iefly insects2 #ac1 ! _w & its p>ts2 #ad1 ! e>? & its p>ts1 conta9+ *apt]s on ,asia1 ,europe & ,libya1 t is1 ,africa2 #ae1 build+s1 fields & _! measures2 #af1 /ones 7( :i* "o is e*o7 & metals2 #ag1 de rebus ru/icis2 #ah1 w> & games2 #ai1 %ips1 build+s & g>m5ts2 #bj1 provisions1 dome/ic & ru/ic in/rum5ts4 ,isidore appe>s to h kn[n ,hebrew & ,greek1 & to h be5 famili> ) ! ,lat9 classical poets1 b he is a m]e collector1 & 8 d]ivations giv5 all ?r\gh ! "w are n unfrequ5tly absurd1 &1 unless :5 v obvi\s1 w n be> criticism4 ,he seldom m5tions 8 au?orities except :5 he quotes ! poets or hi/orians4 ,yet 8 "w 0 a great "o = ! "t1 & = _m c5turies 0 a mu* valu$ au?ority & a ri* s\rce ( mat]ial = o!r works1 & he _h a high reputation = le>n+ bo? 9 8 own "t & 9 subsequ5t ages4 ,8 ,etymologies 7 (t5 imitat$1 quot$ & copi$4 ,,mss4 are v num]\s3 ,antonio 7^: editor1 ,bay]1 saw ne>ly #dj7 says1 plures passimque rep]iuntur 9 biblio!c>um angulis4 ,?is "w 0 pr9t$ n9e times be=e #aebi4 ,hrabanus ,maurus1 ^: family "n 0 ,magn5tius1 0 educat$ 9 ! abbey ( ,fulda1 orda9$ deacon 9 #hjb 7,annales ,francorum 9 ,b\quet1 ,hi/ori5s de la ,france1 v4 #ff71 s5t to ! s*ool ( ,/ ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs1 !n direct$ by ,alcu91 :]e he seems to h le>n$ ,greek1 & is said by ,tri!mius to h be5 taught ,hebrew1 ,syriac & ,*aldee by ,!ophilus an ,ephesian4 ,9 8 ,comm5t>ies on ,jo%ua 7lib4 ii4 c4 #e7 he speaks ( hav+ resid$ at ,sidon4 ,he return$ to ,fulda & taught ! s*ool !re4 ,he became abbot ( ,fulda 9 #hbb1 resign$ 9 ,april #hdb1 0 orda9$ ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z on ! #bf? ( ,july #hdg1 & di$ on ! #d? ( ,febru>y #hef4 ,he compil$ an encyclopa$ia ,de univ]so 7also call$ 9 "s ,,mss4 ,de univ]sali natura1 ,de natura r]um1 & ,de orig9e r]um7 9 #bb books & #cbe *apt]s4 ,x is *iefly a re>rangem5t ( ,isidore's ,etymologies1 omitt+ ! fir/ f\r books1 half ( ! fif? & ! t5? 7! sev5 lib]al arts1 law1 m$ic9e & ! alphabet ( words71 & copy+ ! re/1 beg9n+ ) ! sev5? book1 v]bally1 ?\gh ) great omissions1 & add+ 7accord+ to ,ritt]1 ,ges*i*te d] ,philosophie1 vii4 #aic1 f ,alcu91 ,augu/9e or "s o!r accessible s\rce7 ! mean+s giv5 9 ! ,bible to ! subject matt] ( ! *apt]2 :ile ?+s n m5tion$ 9 ,scripture1 especially su* z belong to classical antiquity1 are omitt$1 s t 8 "w seems to be =m$ ( two alt]nat+ p>ts4 ,8 arrangem5t ( beg9n+ ) ,god & ! angels long prevail$ 9 me?odical encyclopa$ias4 ,8 la/ six books foll[ v closely ! ord] ( ! la/ five ( ,isidore1 f :i* !y are tak54 ,8 omissions are *>act]i/ic ( ! dim9i%$ lit]>y activity & m contract$ k ( 8 "t4 ,8 "w 0 pres5t$ to ,l\is ! ,g]man1 k+ ( ,bav>ia1 at ,h]sfeld 9 ,octob] #hdg1 & 0 pr9t$ 9 #adgc1 fol41 probably at ,v5ice1 & aga9 at ,/rassburg by ,m5tel9 ab\t #adgb-adge1 fol41 #ccd pages4 ,mi*ael ,con/ant9e ,psellus1 ! y\ng]1 wrote ,greek3 ,didaskalia pantodape1 d$icat$ to ! emp]or ,mi*ael ,ducas1 :o reign$ #ajga-ajgh4 ,x 0 pr9t$ by ,fabricius 9 8 ,biblio!ca ,graeca 7#agab71 vol4 v41 9 #ahf pages #dto & #aic *apt]s1 ea* conta9+ a "q & answ]4 ,beg9n+ ) div9ity1 x goes on ?r\gh natural hi/ory & a/ronomy1 & ends ) *apt]s on excessive hung]1 & :y fle% hung f a fig-tree becomes t5d]4 ,z collation ) a ,tur9 ,,ms4 %[$ t #ce *apt]s 7 want+1 ,h>les has omitt$ ! text 9 8 edition ( ,fabricius1 & gives only ! titles ( ! *apt]s 7x4 #hd-hh74 ,! au?or ( ! mo/ fam\s encyclopa$ia ( ! middle ages 0 ,v9c5t 7q4v47 ( ,beauvais 7c4 #aaij-;c4 #abfd71 ^: "w ,biblio!ca mundi or ,speculum majus--divid$1 z we h x1 into f\r p>ts1 ,speculum naturale1 ,speculum doctr9ale1 ,speculum morale 7?is "p %\ld be ascrib$ to a lat] h&71 & ,speculum hi/oriale--0 ! great comp5dium ( mid-#ac? c5tury k4 ,v9c5t ( ,beauvais pres]v$ sev]al works ( ! middle ages & gives extracts f _m lo/ classics & valuable read+s ( o!rs1 & did m ?an any o!r m$ieval writ] to awak5 a ta/e = classical lit]ature4 ,fabricius 7,bibl4 ,graeca1 #agbh1 xiv4 pp4 #ajg-abe7 has giv5 a li/ ( #cbh au?ors1 ,hebrew1 ,arabic1 ,greek & ,lat91 quot$ 9 ! ,speculum naturale4 ,to ^! %\ld be add$ ab\t #ajj m = ! doctr9ale & hi/oriale4 ,z ,v9c5t did n "k ,greek or ,arabic1 he us$ ,lat9 translations4 ,?is "w is dealt ) sep>ately 9 ! article on ,,v9c5t ,,( ,,beauvais4 ,brunetto ,lat9i ( ,flor5ce 7born #abcj1 di$ #abid71 ! ma/] ( ,dante & ,guido ,cavalcanti1 :ile an exile 9 ,france betwe5 #abfj & #abfg1 wrote 9 ,fr5* ,li ,livres d\ ,tresor1 9 #c books & #dac *apt]s4 ,book i4 conta9s ! orig9 ( ! _w1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,bible & ( ! f\ndation ( gov]nm5ts1 a/ronomy1 geography1 & la/ly natural hi/ory1 tak5 f ,ari/otle1 ,pl9y1 & ! old ,fr5* ,be/i>ies4 ,! fir/ "p ( ,book ii41 on morality1 is f ! ,e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 :i* ,brunetto _h translat$ into ,italian4 ,! second "p is little m ?an a copy ( ! well-kn[n collection ( extracts f anci5t & mod]n morali/s1 call$ ! ,moralities ( ! ,philosoph]s1 ( :i* !re are _m ,,mss4 9 prose & v]se4 ,book iii41 on politics1 beg9s ) a treatise on rhetoric1 *iefly f ,cic]o ,de inv5tione1 ) _m extracts f o!r writ]s & ,brunetto's rem>ks4 ,! la/ "p1 ! mo/ orig9al & int]e/+ ( all1 treats ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,italian republics ( ! "t4 ,l _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 ,brunetto revis$ 8 "w1 s t !re are two editions1 ! second made aft] 8 return f exile4 ,,mss4 are s+ul>ly num]\s1 & exi/ 9 all ! dialects !n us$ 9 ,france4 ,o!rs 7 writt5 9 ,italy4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,italian 9 ! latt] "p ( ! #ac? c5tury by ,bono ,giamboni1 & 0 pr9t$ at ,trevigi1 #adgd1 fol41 ,v5ice1 #aebh & #aecc4 ,! ,tesoro ( ,brunetto mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) 8 ,tesoretto1 an ,italian poem ( #bicg %ort l9es4 ,napoleon ,i4 _h int5d$ to h ! ,fr5* text ( ! ,tesoro pr9t$ ) comm5t>ies1 & appo9t$ a commission = ! purpose4 ,x 0 at la/ publi%$ 9 ! ,collection des docum5ts in$its 7,p>is1 #ahfc1 #dto1 #ggb pages71 edit$ by ,*abaille f #db ,,mss4 ,b>?olomew de ,glanville1 an ,engli% ,franciscan fri>1 wrote ab\t #acfj a mo/ popul> "w1 ,de proprietatibus r]um1 9 #ai books & #abcj *apt]s4 ,book #a relates to ,god2 #b1 angels2 #c1 ! s\l2 #d1 ! sub/ance ( ! body2 #e1 anatomy2 #f1 ages2 #g1 diseases2 #h1 ! heav5s 7a/ronomy & a/rology72 #i1 "t2 #aj1 matt] & =m2 #aa1 air2 #ab1 birds 7includ+ insects1 #ch names1 ,aquila to ,vesp]tilio72 #ac1 wat] 7) fi%es72 #ad1 ! e>? 7#db m\nta9s1 ,ar>a? to ,ziph72 #ae1 prov9ces 7#aga c\ntries1 ,asia to ,zeugia72 #af1 preci\s /ones 7includ+ coral1 pe>l1 salt1 #ajd names1 ,ar5a to ,z+uttes72 #ag1 trees & h]bs 7#aig1 ,arbor to ,zuc>um72 #ah1 animals 7#aad1 ,aries to ,vip]a72 #ai1 col\rs1 sc5ts1 flav\rs & liquors1 ) a li/ ( #cf eggs 7,aspis to ,vultur74 ,"s editions add book #bj1 accid5ts ( ?+s1 t is1 numb]s1 measures1 weights & s\nds4 ,! ,p>is edition ( #aegd has a book on bees4 ,!re 7 #ae editions be=e #aejj4 ,an ,engli% translation 0 complet$ #aa? ,febru>y #acih by ,john ,trevisa1 & pr9t$ by ,wynkyn de ,worde1 ,we/m9/]1 #adie8 fol42 ,london1 #aecc1 fol42 & ) consid]able additions by ,/eph5 ,batman1 a physician1 ,london1 #aehb1 fol4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,jehan ,corbi*on at ! comm& ( ,*>les ,v4 ( ,france1 & pr9t$ #ad times f #adhb to #aeef4 ,a ,dut* translation 0 pr9t$ 9 #adgi1 & aga9 at ,ha>lem1 #adhe1 fol42 & a ,spani% translation by ,padre ,v9c5te de ,burgos1 ,?olosa1 #adid1 fol4 ,pi]re ,b]suire 7,b]*orius71 a ,b5$ict9e1 prior ( ! abbey ( ,/ ,eloi 9 ,p>is1 :]e he di$ 9 #acfb1 wrote a k9d ( encyclopa$ia1 *iefly relat+ to div9ity1 9 ?ree p>ts3--,r$uctorium morale sup] totam ,bibliam1 #dbh moralitates 9 #cd books on ! ,bible f ,g5esis to ,apocalypse2 ,r$uctorium morale de proprietatibus r]um1 9 #ad books & #ieh *apt]s1 a me?odical encyclopa$ia or sy/em ( nature on ! plan ( ,b>?olomew de ,glanville1 & *iefly tak5 f him 7,b]*orius places animals next aft] fi%es 9 books #i & #aj1 & adopts z natural classes volatilia1 natatilia & gressibilia72 ,diction>ius1 an alphabetical diction>y ( #cead words us$ 9 ! ,bible ) moral expositions1 occupy+ 9 ! la/ edition #aeeh folio pages4 ,! fir/ "p 0 pr9t$ #aa times f #adgd to #aeae1 & ! ?ird #d times4 ,! ?ree p>ts 7 pr9t$ toge!r z ,petri ,b]*orii op]a omnia 7an incorrect title1 = he wrote mu* besides71 ,moguntiae1 #afji1 fol41 #c vols41 #bgai pages2 ,coloniae ,agripp9ae1 #afca1 fol41 #c vols42 ib4 #agcj-agca1 fol41 #f vols41 #begj pages4 ,a v popul> small encyclopa$ia1 ,m>g>ita philosophica1 9 #ab books1 divid$ into #bf tractates & #egc *apt]s1 0 writt5 by ,georg ,reis*1 a ,g]man1 prior ( ! ,c>?usians ( ,freiburg1 & confessor ( ! emp]or ,maximilian ,i4 ,books #a-g treat ( ! sev5 lib]al arts2 #h1 #i1 pr9ciples & orig9 ( natural ?+s2 #aj1 #aa1 ! s\l1 vegetative1 s5sitive & intellectual2 #ab1 moral philosophy4 ,! fir/ edition1 ,heidelb]g1 #adif1 #dto1 0 foll[$ by #h o!rs to #aece4 ,an ,italian translation by ! a/ronom] ,giovanno ,paolo ,gallucci 0 publi%$ at ,v5ice 9 #aeid1 #aach small qu>to pages1 ( :i* #cdc consi/ ( additional tracts app5d$ by ! translator4 ,raphael ,maffei1 call$ ,volat]ranus1 be+ a native ( ,volt]ra1 :]e he 0 born 9 #adea & di$ #e? ,janu>y #aebb1 wrote ,comm5t>ii ,urbani 7,rome1 #aejf1 fol41 9 #ch books71 s call$ because writt5 at ,rome4 ,?is encyclopa$ia1 pr9t$ eight times up to #afjc1 is rem>kable = ! great importance giv5 to geography1 & also to biography1 a subject n includ$ 9 previ\s encyclopa$ias4 ,inde$1 ! book is =m$ ( ?ree ne>ly equal p>ts1--geographia1 #aa books2 an?ropologia 7biography71 #aa books2 & philologia1 #ae books4 ,! books are n divid$ into %ort *apt]s 9 ! anci5t mann]1 l ^? ( its pr$ecessors4 ,! edition ( #afjc conta9s #had folio pages4 ,! fir/ book consi/s ( ! table ( cont5ts & a class$ index2 books #b-ab1 geography2 #ac-bc1 lives ( illu/ri\s m51 ! popes occupy+ book #bb1 & ! emp]ors book #bc2 #bd-bg1 animals & plants2 #bh1 metals1 gems1 /ones1 h\ses & o!r inanimate ?+s2 #cd1 de sci5tiis cyclicis 7gramm> & rhetoric72 #ce1 de sci5tiis ma!maticis1 ari?metic1 geometry1 optica1 catoptrica1 a/ronomy & a/rology2 #cf-ch1 ,ari/otelica 7on ! works ( ,ari/otle74 ,giorgio ,valla1 born ab\t #adcj at ,plac5tia1 & !re=e call$ ,plac5t9us1 di$ at ,v5ice 9 #adii :ile lectur+ on ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,aldus publi%$ 8 "w1 edit$ by 8 son ,giovanni ,pietro ,valla1 ,de expet5dis et fugi5dis rebus1 ,v5etiis1 #aeja1 fol4 #b vols4 ,x conta9s #di books & #baai *apt]s4 ,book #a is introductory1 on k1 philosophy & ma!matics1 consid]$ g5]ally 7he divides ev]y?+ to be s\ght or avoid$ into ?ree k9ds--^? :i* are 9 ! m9d1 9 ! body by nature or habit1 & ?irdly1 ext]nal1 com+ f )\t72 books #b-d1 ari?metic2 #e-i1 music2 #aj-ae1 geometry1 includ+ ,euclid & me*anics--book #ae be+ 9 ?ree long *apt]s--de spiritualibus1 t is1 pneumatics & hydraulics1 de catoptricis1 & de optice2 #af-ai1 a/rology 7) ! /ructure & use ( ! a/rolabe72 #bj-bc1 physics 7includ+ metaphysics72 #bd-cj1 m$ic9e2 #ca-cd1 gramm>2 #ce-cg1 dialectics2 #ch1 poetry2 #ci1 #dj1 rhetoric2 #da1 moral philosophy2 #db-dd1 economics2 #de1 politics2 #df-dh1 de corporis commodis et incommodis1 on ! good & evil ( ! body 7& s\l72 #di1 de rebus ext]nis1 z glory1 gr&eur1 c4 ,antonio ,z>a1 born #aegd1 made bi%op ( ,pet9a 9 ,i/ria #afjj1 f9i%$ on ! #ag? ( ,janu>y #afad a "w publi%$ z ,anatomia +5iorum et sci5ti>um1 ,v5etiis1 #afae1 #dto1 #ffd pages1 9 f\r sections & #ed membra4 ,! fir/ section1 on ! dignity & excell5ce ( man1 9 #af membra1 consid]s him 9 all 8 bodily & m5tal aspects4 ,! fir/ membrum describes 8 /ructure & 8 s\l1 & 9 ! latt] "p conta9s ! au?or's preface1 ! de$s ( 8 ance/ors1 an acc\nt ( himself1 & ! d$ication ( 8 book to ,f]d9&1 ar*duke ( ,au/ria4 ,f\r membra treat ( ! discov]y ( "* by *iromancy1 physiognomy1 dreams & a/rology4 ,! second section treats ( #af sci5ces ( ! imag9ation--writ+1 magic1 poetry1 oratory1 c\rti]%ip 7aulicitas71 !oretical & my/ic ari?metic1 geometry1 ar*itecture1 optics1 cosmography1 a/rology1 practical m$ic9e1 w>1 gov]nm5t4 ,! ?ird section treats ( #h sci5ces ( intellect--logic1 physics1 metaphysics1 !oretical m$ic9e1 e?ics1 practical jurisprud5ce1 judicature1 !oretical !ology4 ,! f\r? section treats ( #ab sci5ces ( memory--gramm>1 practical ari?metic1 human hi/ory1 sacr$ canons1 practical !ology1 sacr$ hi/ory1 & la/ly ! creation & ! f9al cata/rophe4 ,! book1 n[ v r>e1 is well arrang$1 ) a copi\s index1 & is full ( curi\s le>n+4 ,johann ,he9ri* ,al/$1 born #aehh1 di$ #afch1 publi%$ ,encyclopa$ia septem tomis di/9cta1 ,h]bornae ,nassoviorum1 #afcj1 fol4 #g vols41 #bedc pages ( v small type4 ,x is 9 #ce books1 divid$ into #g classes1 prec$$ by #dh synoptical tables ( ! :ole1 & foll[$ by an index ( #aai pages4 ,i4 ,praecognita discipl9>um1 #d books1 hexilogia1 te*nologia1 ar*elogia1 didactica1 t is1 on intellectual habits & on ! classification1 orig9 & /udy ( ! arts4 ,,ii4 ,philology1 #f books1 lexica1 gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic1 oratory & poetry2 book #e1 lexica1 conta9s diction>ies expla9$ 9 ,lat9 ( #ajgf ,hebrew1 #hdb ,syriac1 #aicd ,arabic1 #aibc ,greek & #bjib ,lat9 words1 & also nom5clator te*nologiae1 c41 a classifi$ vocabul>y ( t]ms us$ 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 9 ,lat91 ,greek & ,hebrew1 fill+ #cd pages2 book #f conta9s ,hebrew1 ,aramaic1 ,greek1 ,lat9 & ,g]man gramm>s2 book #aj1 poetica1 conta9s a li/ ( #fa ,rotwels* words4 ,,iii4 ,!oretic philosophy1 #aj books3--book #aa1 metaphysics2 #ab1 pneumatics 7on spirits72 #ac1 physics2 #ad1 ari?metic2 #ae1 geometry2 #af1 cosmography2 #ag1 uranometria 7a/ronomy & a/rology72 #ah1 geography 7) maps ( ! ,old ,_w1 ea/]n ,m$it]ranean1 & ,pale/9e "u ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 & a plate ( ,noah's ark72 #ai1 optics2 #bj1 music4 ,,iv4 ,practical philosophy1 #d books3--#ba1 e?ics2 #bb1 economics 7on relation%ips72 #bc1 politics1 ) florilegium politicum1 #aai pages ( extracts f hi/orians1 philosoph]s & orators2 #bd1 s*ola/ics 7on education1 ) a florilegium ( #be pages74 ,v4 ,! ?ree sup]ior faculties3--#be1 !ology2 #bf1 jurisprud5ce2 #bg1 m$ic9e 7end+ ) ! rules ( ! ,sal]nian s*ool74 ,,vi4 ,me*anical arts 9 g5]al3--book #bh1 ma!matical me*anical arts2 book #bi1 agriculture1 g>d5+1 c>e ( animals1 bak+1 brew+1 prep>+ m$ic9es1 metallurgy 7) m9+72 book #cj1 physical me*anical arts--pr9t+1 diall+1 c4 ,"u pa$utica 7games7 is ,vida's ,lat9 poem on *ess1 & "o by ,leus*n] on ! ludus ,lorzius4 ,,vii4 ,f>rag9es discipl9>um1 #e books3--#ca1 mnemonics2 #cb1 hi/ory2 #cc1 *ronology2 #cd1 ar*itecture2 #ce1 quodlibetica1 miscellane\s arts1 z magic1 cabbala1 al*emy1 magnetism1 c41 ) o!rs app>5tly di/+ui%$ & nam$ by himself1 z1 p>adoxologia1 ! art ( expla9+ p>adoxes2 dipnosophi/ica1 ! art ( philosophiz+ :ile fea/+2 cyclognomica1 ! art ( conv]s+ well de quovis scibili2 tabacologia1 ! nature1 use & abuse ( tobacco1 c4--9 all #ce articles 9 ?is book4 ,al/$'s encyclopa$ia 0 receiv$ ) v great applause1 & 0 highly valu$4 ,lami 7,entreti5s1 #afhd1 p4 #ahh7 ?\ght x almo/ ! only encyclopa$ia :i* did n des]ve to be despis$4 ,al/$'s le>n+ 0 v v>i\s1 & 8 read+ 0 v ext5sive & div]sifi$4 ,he gives few ref]5ces1 & ,?omasius *>ges him ) plagi>ism1 z he (t5 copies lit]ally )\t any ackn[l$gm5t4 ,he wrote n long be=e ! appe>ance ( encyclopa$ias 9 mod]n languages sup]s$$ 8 own & o!r ,lat9 books1 & b a %ort "t be=e ! alphabetical arrangem5t began to prevail ov] ! me?odical4 ,8 book 0 repr9t$1 ,lugduni1 #afdi1 fol4 #d vols41 #bfjh pages4 ,jean de ,magnon1 hi/oriograph] to ! k+ ( ,france1 und]took to write an encyclopa$ia 9 ,fr5* h]oic v]se1 :i* 0 to fill t5 volumes ( #bj1jjj l9es ea*1 & to r5d] libr>ies m]ely a useless ornam5t4 ,b he did n live to f9i% x1 z he 0 kill$ at night by robb]s on ! ,pont ,neuf 9 ,p>is1 9 ,april #affb4 ,! "p he left 0 pr9t$ z ,la ,sci5ce univ]selle1 ,p>is1 #affc1 fol41 #cdh pages1--#aj books conta9+ ab\t #aa1jjj l9es4 ,!y beg9 ) ! nature ( ,god1 & end ) ! hi/ory ( ! fall ( man4 ,8 v]ses1 say ,*audon & ,del&9e1 are p]haps ! mo/ n]veless1 incorrect1 obscure & flat 9 ,fr5* poetry2 yet ! au?or _h be5 ! fri5d ( ,moli]e1 & _h act$ ) him 9 com$y4 ,l\is ,mor]i 7born on ! #be? ( ,m>* #afdc at ,b>gemont1 9 ! diocese ( ,frejus1 di$ on ! #aj? ( ,july #afhj at ,p>is7 wrote a diction>y ( hi/ory1 g5ealogy & biography1 ,le ,gr& ,dictionnaire hi/orique1 ou le melange curieux de l'hi/oire sacree et pr(ane1 ,lyons1 #afgd1 fol4 ,he began a second edition on a l>g] scale1 publi%$ at ,lyons 9 #afha1 9 two volumes folio2 ! six? edition 0 edit$ by ,jean le ,cl]c1 ,am/]dam1 #afia1 fol4 #d vols42 ! tw5tie? & la/ edition1 ,p>is1 #agei1 fol4 #aj vols4 ,mor]i's diction>y1 /ill v useful1 0 ( great value & importance1 al?\gh n ! fir/ ( ! k9d4 ,x sup]s$$ ! v inf]ior compilation ( ,juigne-,broiss9]e1 ,dictionnaire !ologique1 hi/orique1 poetique1 cosmographique1 et *ronologique1 ,p>is1 #afdd1 #dto2 ,r\51 #affh1 c41--a translation1 ) additions1 ( ! ,diction>ium hi/oricum1 geographicum1 et poeticum ( ,*>les ,e/i5ne1 publi%$ 9 #aeec1 #dto1 & (t5 aft]w>ds4 ,z su* a "w 0 mu* want$1 ,juigne's book w5t ?r\gh twelve editions 9 less ?an ?irty ye>s1 not)/&+ its want ( criticism1 errors1 ana*ronisms1 defects & inf]ior /yle4 ,johann ,jacob ,h(mann 7born on ! #aa? ( ,septemb] #afce1 di$ on ! #aj? ( ,m>* #agjf71 son ( a s*oolma/] at ,basel1 :i* he is said nev] to h left1 & :]e he 0 pr(essor ( ,greek & ,hi/ory1 wrote ,lexicon univ]sale hi/orico-geographico-*ronologico-poetico -philologicum1 ,basileae1 #afgg1 fol4 #b vols41 #ahbc pages1 a diction>y ( hi/ory1 biography1 geography1 g5ealogies ( pr9cely families1 *ronology1 my?ology & philology4 ,at ! end is ,nom5clator ,greek3 ,mixoglottos1 an index ( names ( places1 p1 c41 9 _m languages1 c>efully collect$1 & expla9$ 9 ,lat91 fill+ #aaj pages2 ) an index ( subjects n =m+ sep>ate articles1 occupy+ #cd pages4 ,9 #afhc he publi%$ a cont9uation 9 #b vols4 fol41 #bbic pages1 conta9+1 besides additions to ! subjects giv5 9 8 lexicon1 ! hi/ory ( animals1 plants1 /ones1 metals1 elem5ts1 />s1 & especially ( man & 8 affairs1 arts1 hon\rs1 laws1 magic1 music1 rites & a va/ numb] ( o!r subjects4 ,9 #afih he publi%$ a second edition1 ,lugduni ,batavorum1 fol4 #d vols41 #cgdb pages1 incorporat+ ! cont9uation ) additions4 ,f ! great ext5t ( 8 plan1 _m articles1 especially 9 hi/ory1 are sup]ficial & faulty4 ,eti5ne ,*auv9 0 born at ,nismes on ! #ah? ( ,april #afdj4 ,he fl$ to ,rott]dam on ! revocation ( ! edict ( ,nantes1 & 9 #afhh suppli$ ,bayle's place 9 8 lectures on philosophy4 ,9 #afie he 0 invit$ by ! elector ( ,br&5burg to g z pr(essor ( philosophy to ,b]l91 :]e he became ! repres5tative ( ! ,c>tesian philosophy1 & di$ on ! #f? ( ,april #agbe4 ,he wrote ,lexicon rationale1 sive !saurus philosophicus ord9e alphabetico dige/us1 ,rott]dami1 #afib1 fol41 #gdf pages & #cj plates4 ,an improv$ & enl>g$ edition 0 pr9t$ z ,lexicon philosophicum secundis curis1 ,leov>diae1 #agac1 l>ge folio1 #gbe pages & #cj plates4 ,?is great "w may be consid]$ z a diction>y ( ! ,c>tesian philosophy1 & 0 v mu* us$ by ,bruck] & o!r e>li] hi/orians ( philosophy4 ,x is writt5 9 a v dry & s*ola/ic /yle1 & seldom names au?orities4 ,! great diction>y ( ,fr5*1 begun by ! ,fr5* ,academy on ! #g? ( ,febru>y #afci1 exclud$ all words especially belong+ to sci5ce & ! arts4 ,b ! success ( ! rival diction>y ( ,fureti]e1 :i*1 z its title-page1 z well z t ( ! ,essais publi%$ 9 #afhd1 conspicu\sly ann\nc$1 pr(ess$ to give les t]mes de t\tes les ,sci5ces et des ,arts1 induc$ ,?omas ,corneille1 a memb] ( ! ,academy1 to compile ,le ,dictionnaire des arts et des sci5ces1 :i* ! ,academy publi%$ ) ! fir/ edition ( _! diction>y1 ,p>is1 #afid1 folio1 z a supplem5t 9 two volumes conta9+ #abcf pages4 ,x 0 repr9t$ at ,am/]dam1 #afif1 fol4 #b vols41 & at ,p>is 9 #agbj1 & aga9 9 #agcb1 revis$ by ,font5elle4 ,a long s]ies ( diction>ies ( arts & sci5ces h foll[$ ,corneille 9 plac+ 9 _! titles ! arts be=e ! sci5ces1 :i* he probably did m]ely 9 ord] to diff] f ,fureti]e4 ,corneille pr(ess$ to quote no au?or :om he _h n consult$2 to take plants f ,dioscorides & ,mat?iolus1 m$ic9e f ,ettmull]1 *emi/ry f a ,,ms4 ( ,p]rault1 & ar*itecture1 pa9t+ & sculpture f ,felibi52 & to give an abridg$ hi/ory ( animals1 birds & fi%es1 & an acc\nt ( all religi\s & milit>y ord]s & _! /atutes1 h]esi>*s & h]esies1 & dignities & *>ges anci5t & mod]n4 ,pi]re ,bayle 7born on ! #ah? ( ,novemb] #afdg1 di$ on ! #bh? ( ,decemb] #agjf7 wrote a v important & valuable "w1 ,dictionnaire hi/orique et critique1 ,rott]dam1 #afig1 fol4 #b vols4 ,8 design 0 to make a diction>y ( ! errors & omissions ( ,mor]i & o!rs1 b he 0 mu* emb>rass$ by ! num]\s editions & supplem5ts ( ,mor]i4 ,a second edition ) an additional volume appe>$ at ,am/]dam 9 #agjb1 fol4 #c vols4 ,! f\r? edition1 ,rott]dam1 #agbj1 fol4 #d vols41 0 mu* enl>g$ f 8 manuscripts1 & 0 edit$ by ,prosp] ,m>*&4 ,x conta9s #cacb pages besides tables1 c4 ,! n9? edition 0 publi%$ at ,basel1 #agda1 fol4 #aj vols4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,engli% f ! second edition1 ,london1 #agji1 fol4 #d vols41 ) "s slight additions & corrections by ! au?or2 & aga9 f ! fif? edition ( #agcj by ,bir* & ,lockman1 ,london1 #agcd-agdj1 fol4 #e vols4 ,j4,g4 de ,*aufepie publi%$ ,n\veau ,dictionnaire hi/orique1 ,am/]dam1 #agej-agef1 fol4 #d vols41 z a supplem5t to ,bayle4 ,x *iefly consi/s ( ! articles add$ by ! ,engli% translators ) _m corrections & additions1 & ab\t #ejj new articles add$ by himself1 & conta9s 9 all ab\t #adjj articles4 ,prosp] ,m>*&1 editor ( ! f\r? edition1 left at 8 dea? on ! #ad? ( ,janu>y #agef mat]ials = a supplem5t>y ,dictionnaire hi/orique1 ,la ,haye1 #ageh1 fol4 #b vols41 #hia pages1 #acf articles4 ,x _h occupi$ 8 leisure mom5ts = =ty ye>s4 ,mu* ( 8 "w 0 writt5 on small scraps ( pap]1 sometimes #bj 9 half a page & no l>g] ?an a nail1 9 su* small *>act]s t n only ! editor b ! pr9t] _h to use p[]ful magnifi]s4 ,bayle's diction>y 0 also translat$ into ,g]man1 ,leipzig1 #agda-agdd1 fol4 #d vols41 ) a preface by ,j4,c4 ,gotts*$4 ,x is /ill a "w ( great importance & value4 ,v9c5zo ,m>ia ,coronelli1 a ,franciscan fri>1 :o 0 born 9 ,v5ice ab\t #afej1 made cosmograph] to ! republic 9 #afhe1 became g5]al ( 8 ord] 9 #agjb1 & 0 f\nd dead at 8 /udy table on ! #i? ( ,decemb] #agah1 began 9 #agja to publi% a g5]al alphabetical encyclopa$ia1 writt5 9 ,italian1 at :i* he _h be5 work+ = ?irty ye>s1 ,biblioteca univ]sale sacro-pr(ana4 ,x 0 to expla9 m ?an #cjj1jjj words1 to include hi/ory & biography z well z all o!r subjects1 & to ext5d to #de volumes folio4 ,volumes #a-ci 7 to conta9 ! diction>y ,a to ,z2 #dj1 #da1 ! supplem5t2 #db1 retractations & corrections2 #dc1 univ]sal index2 #dd1 index divid$ into matt]s2 #de1 index 9 v>i\s languages4 ,b sev5 volumes only 7 publi%$1 ,v5ezia1 #agja-agjf1 fol41 #efji pages1 ,a to ,caque4 ,! fir/ six volumes h ea* an index ( f #bh to #dh pages 79 all #bbd pages7 ( subjects1 :e!r =m+ articles or incid5tal4 ,! articles 9 ea* are numb]$1 & am\nt to #cj1bfi 9 ! six volumes1 :i* complete ! lett] ,b4 ,on an av]age #c pages conta9 #bb articles4 ,ea* volume is d$icat$ to a diff]5t patron--! pope1 ! doge1 ! k+ ( ,spa91 c4 ,?is "w is rem>kable = ! ext5t & complet5ess ( its plan1 & = be+ ! fir/ great alphabetical encyclopa$ia1 z well z = be+ writt5 9 a mod]n language1 b x 0 ha/ily writt5 & v incorrect4 ,nev]1 p]haps1 says ,tirabos*i 7,/oria della lett]atura italiana1 viii4 #edf71 0 !re s quick a writ]2 he compos$ a folio volume z easily z o!rs w\ld a page1 b he nev] p]fect$ 8 works1 & :at we h ( ?is book w n induce u to regret ! want ( ! rema9d]4 ,! fir/ alphabetical encyclopa$ia writt5 9 ,engli% 0 ! "w ( a ,london cl]gyman1 ,john ,h>ris 7born ab\t #affg1 elect$ fir/ secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society on ! #cj? ( ,novemb] #agji1 di$ on ! #g? ( ,septemb] #agai71 ,lexicon te*nicum1 or an univ]sal ,engli% ,diction>y ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,london1 #agjd1 fol41 #abbj pages1 #d plates1 ) _m diagrams & figures pr9t$ 9 ! text4 ,l _m subsequ5t ,engli% encyclopa$ias ! pages are n numb]$4 ,x pr(esses n m]ely to expla9 ! t]ms us$ 9 ! arts & sci5ces1 b ! arts & sci5ces !mselves4 ,! au?or compla9s t he f\nd mu* less help f previ\s diction>ies ?an "o w\ld suppose1 t ,*auv9 is full ( obsolete s*ool t]ms1 & ,corneille gives only b>e explanations ( t]ms1 :i* (t5 relate only to simple ideas & common ?+s4 ,he omits !ology1 antiquity1 biography & poetry2 gives only te*nical hi/ory1 geography & *ronology2 & 9 logic1 metaphysics1 e?ics1 gramm> & rhetoric1 m]ely expla9s ! t]ms us$4 ,9 ma!matics & anatomy he pr(esses to be v full1 b says t ! catalogues & places ( ! />s are v imp]fect1 z ,flam/e$ refus$ to assi/ him4 ,9 botany he gave f ,ray1 ,morrison & ,t\rne=t a pretty exact botanick lexicon1 :i* 0 :at we really want$ be=e1 ) an acc\nt ( all ! k9ds & subalt]nate species ( plants1 & _! specific diff]5ces on ,ray's me?od4 ,he gave a table ( fossils f ,dr ,woodw>d1 pr(essor ( m$ic9e 9 ,gre%am ,college1 & took great pa9s to describe ! p>ts ( a %ip accurately & p>ticul>ly1 go+ (t5 on bo>d himself = ! purpose4 ,9 law he abridg$ f ! be/ writ]s :at he ?\ght necess>y4 ,he meant to h giv5 at ! end an alphabet = ea* art & sci5ce1 & "s m plates ( anatomy & %ips1 b ! und]tak] c\ld n af=d x at ! price4 ,a review ( 8 "w1 ext5d+ to ! unusual l5g? ( f\r pages1 appe>$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions1 #agjd1 p4 #afii4 ,?is volume 0 repr9t$ 9 #agjh4 ,a second volume ( #adai pages & #d plates appe>$ 9 #agaj1 ) a li/ ( ab\t #acjj subscrib]s4 ,great "p ( x consi/$ ( ma!matical & a/ronomical tables1 z he int5d$ 8 "w to s]ve z a small ma!matical libr>y4 ,he 0 all[$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton to pr9t 8 treatise on acids4 ,he gives a table ( log>i?ms to sev5 figures ( decimals 7#dd pages71 & "o ( s9es1 tang5ts & secants 7#abj pages71 a li/ ( books fill+ two pages1 & an index ( ! articles 9 bo? volumes "u #bf heads1 fill+ #ej pages4 ,! longe/ li/s are law 7#agjj articles71 *yrurg]y1 anatomy1 geometry1 =tification1 botany & music4 ,! ma!matical & physical "p is consid]$ v able4 ,he (t5 m5tions 8 au?orities1 & gives li/s ( books on p>ticul> subjects1 z botany & *ronology4 ,8 diction>y 0 long v popul>4 ,! fif? edition 0 publi%$ 9 #agcf1 fol4 #b vols4 ,a supplem5t1 includ+ no new subjects1 appe>$ 9 #agdd1 ,london1 fol41 #iif pages1 #f plates4 ,x 0 int5d$ to rival ,ephraim ,*amb]s's "w 7see bel[71 b1 be+ consid]$ a booksell]'s speculation1 0 n well receiv$4 ,johann ,hubn]1 rector ( ! ,johanneum 9 ,hamburg1 born on ! #ag? ( ,m>* #affh1 wrote prefaces to two diction>ies writt5 9 ,g]man1 :i* bore 8 "n1 & 7 long popul>4 ,! fir/ 0 ,reales ,/aats ,zeitungs- und ,conv]sations-,lexicon1 ,leipzig1 #agjd1 #hvo2 second edition1 #agjf1 #idg pages2 at ! end a regi/] ( arms1 & indexes ( ,lat9 & ,fr5* words2 fif? edition1 #agaa2 fifte5? edition #agce1 #aaai pages4 ,! ?irty-fir/ edition 0 edit$ & enl>g$ by ,f4,a4 ,rud]1 & publi%$ by ,brockhaus1 ,leipzig1 #ahbd-ahbh1 #hvo1 #d vols41 #cjhh pages4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,hung>ian by ,fej]1 ,pe/51 #ahaf1 #hvo1 #e vols41 #bieh pages4 ,! second1 publi%$ z a supplem5t1 0 ,curieuses und reales ,natur- ,kun/- ,b]g- ,gew]b- und ,h&lungs-,lexicon1 ,leipzig1 #agab1 #hvo1 #ghh pages1 frequ5tly repr9t$ to #agib4 ,! fir/ relates to ! political /ate ( ! _w1 z religion1 ord]s1 /ates1 riv]s1 t[ns1 ca/les1 m\nta9s1 g5ealogy1 w>1 %ips2 ! second to nature1 sci5ce1 art & comm]ce4 ,!y 7 ! "w ( _m au?ors1 ( :om ,paul ,jacob ,m>purg]1 a celebrat$ & volum9\s writ] on trade & comm]ce1 born at ,nuremb]g on ! #bg? ( ,june #afef1 0 an ext5sive contributor1 & is ! only "o nam$ by ,hubn]4 ,johann ,!odor ,jablonski1 :o 0 born at ,danzig on ! #ae? ( ,decemb] #afed1 appo9t$ secret>y to ! newly f\nd$ ,prussian ,academy 9 #agjj1 :5 he w5t to ,b]l91 :]e he di$ on ! #bh? ( ,april #agca1 publi%$ ,allgeme9es ,lexicon d] ,kun/e und ,wiss5s*aft51 ,leipzig1 #agba1 #dto1 a %ort b excell5t encyclopa$ia /ill valu$ 9 ,g]many4 ,x does n include !ology1 hi/ory1 geography1 biography & g5ealogy4 ,he n only names 8 au?orities1 b gives a li/ ( _! works4 ,a new edition 9 #agdh 0 increas$ "o-?ird to #aejh pages4 ,an improv$ edition1 ,konigsb]g & ,leipzig1 #agfg1 #dto1 #b vols41 #aheb pages1 0 edit$ by ,j4,j4 ,s*wabe1 public tea*] ( philosophy at ,leipzig4 ,ephraim ,*amb]s 7q4v47 publi%$ 8 ,cyclopa$ia2 or an ,univ]sal ,diction>y ( ,art & ,sci5ces1 conta9+ an ,explication ( ! ,t]ms & an ,acc\nt ( ! ,?+s ,signifi$ !reby 9 ! sev]al ,arts1 ,lib]al & ,me*anical1 & ! sev]al ,sci5ces1 ,human & ,div9e1 ,london1 #agbh1 fol4 #b vols4 ,! d$ication to ! k+ is dat$ ,octob] #ae1 #agbg4 ,*amb]s endeav\r$ to connect ! scatt]$ articles relat+ to ea* subject by a sy/em ( ref]5ces1 & to consid] ! sev]al matt]s1 n only 9 !mselves1 b relatively1 or z !y respect ea* o!r2 bo? to treat !m z s _m :oles & z s _m p>ts ( "s great] :ole4 ,"u ea* article he ref]s to ! subject to :i* x belongs1 & also to its subord9ate p>ts2 ?us ,copyhold has a ref]5ce to ,t5ure1 ( :i* x is a p>ticul> k9d1 & o!r ref]5ces to ,rolls1 ,cu/om1 ,manor1 ,f9e1 ,*>t]-l& & ,freehold4 ,9 8 preface he gives an analysis ( ! divisions ( k1 #dg 9 numb]1 ) class$ li/s ( ! articles belong+ to ea*1 int5d$ to s]ve z table ( cont5ts & also z a rubric or directory indicat+ ! ord] 9 :i* ! articles %\ld be read4 ,b x does s v imp]fectly1 z ! li/s are curtail$ by _m et caet]as2 ?us #ai occur 9 a li/ ( #aai articles "u ,anatomy1 :i* has ne>ly #bbjj articles 9 ,rees's index4 ,he omits etymologies unless !y appe>$ ( "s significance2 he gives only "o grammatical =m ( ea* ^w1 unless peculi> ideas are arbitr>ily atta*$ to diff]5t =ms1 z precipitate1 precipitant1 precipitation1 :5 ea* has an article2 & he omits complex ideas g5]ally kn[n1 & ?us gets free ( a va/ load ( plebeian words4 ,8 "w1 he says1 is a collection1 n ! produce ( "o man's wit1 = t w\ld g b a little way1 b ( ! :ole commonweal? ( le>n+4 ,nobody t fell 9 my way has be5 sp>$1 anti5t or mod]n1 =eign nor dome/ic1 ,*ri/ian or ,jew nor hea!n4 ,to ! subjects giv5 by ,h>ris he adds !ology1 metaphysics1 e?ics1 politics1 logic1 gramm>1 rhetoric & poetry1 b excludes hi/ory1 biography1 g5ealogy1 geography & *ronology1 except _! te*nical p>ts4 ,a second edition appe>$ 9 #agch1 fol4 #b vols41 #bdff pages1 ret\*$ & am5d$ 9 a ?\s& places4 ,a few articles are add$ & "s o!rs enl>g$1 b he 0 prev5t$ f do+ m because ! booksell]s 7 al>m$ ) a bill 9 p>liam5t conta9+ a clause to oblige ! publi%]s ( all improv$ editions ( books to pr9t _! improvem5ts sep>ately4 ,! bill aft] pass+ ! ,commons 0 unexpect$ly ?r[n out by ! ,lords2 b fe>+ t x might be reviv$1 ! booksell]s ?\ght x be/ to retreat ?\gh m ?an tw5ty %eets _h be5 pr9t$4 ,five o!r editions 7 publi%$ 9 ,london1 #agci to #agea-ageb1 besides "o 9 ,dubl91 #agdb1 all 9 #b vols4 fol4 ,an ,italian translation1 ,v5ezia1 #agdh-agdi1 #dto1 #i vols41 0 ! fir/ complete ,italian encyclopa$ia4 ,:5 ,*amb]s 0 9 ,france 9 #agci he reject$ v fav\rable proposals to publi% an edition !re d$icat$ to ,l\is ,,xv4 ,8 "w 0 judici\sly1 hone/ly & c>efully done1 & long ma9ta9$ its popul>ity4 ,b x _h _m defects & omissions1 z he 0 well aw>e2 & at 8 dea?1 on ! #ae? ( ,may #agdj1 he _h collect$ & arrang$ mat]ials = sev5 new volumes4 ,john ,lewis ,scott 0 employ$ by ! booksell]s to select su* articles z 7 fit = ! press & to supply o!rs4 ,he is said to h done ?is v effici5tly until appo9t$ sub-preceptor to ! pr9ce ( ,wales & ,pr9ce ,edw>d4 ,8 task 0 entru/$ to ,dr 7aft]w>ds call$ ,sir ,john7 ,hill1 :o p]=m$ x v ha/ily1 & ) *>act]i/ic c>elessness & self-suffici5cy1 copy+ freely f 8 own writ+s4 ,! ,supplem5t 0 publi%$ 9 ,london1 #agec1 fol4 #b vols41 #ccjg pages & #ab plates4 ,z ,hill 0 a botani/1 ! botanical "p1 :i* _h be5 v defective 9 ! ,cyclopa$ia1 0 ! be/4 ,abraham ,rees 7#agdc-ahbe71 a fam\s ,noncon=mi/ m9i/]1 publi%$ a revis$ & enl>g$ edition1 ) ! supplem5t & mod]n improvem5ts incorporat$ 9 "o alphabet1 ,london1 #aggh-aghh1 fol4 #b vols41 #ejaj pages 7b n pag9at$71 #aei plates4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #dah numb]s at #f;d4 ea*4 ,rees says t he has add$ m ?an #ddjj new articles4 ,at ! end he gives an index ( articles1 class$ "u #ajj heads1 numb]+ ab\t #eg1jjj & fill+ #hj pages4 ,! heads1 ) #ci cross ref]5ces1 are arrang$ alphabetically4 ,subsequ5tly !re 7 repr9ts4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ compreh5sive encyclopa$ias 0 und]tak5 & 9 a great measure complet$ by ,johann ,he9ri* ,z$l]1 a booksell] ( ,leipzig1 :o 0 born at ,breslau #g? ,janu>y #agjf1 made a ,prussian comm]zi5ra? 9 #agca1 & di$ at ,leipzig 9 #agfj1--;,grosses voll/&iges ,univ]sal ,lexicon ,all] ,wiss5s*aft5 und ,kun/e wel*e bi%]o dur* m5s*li*5 ,v]/& und ,witz erfund5 und v]bess]t word51 ,halle & ,leipzig1 #agcb-agej1 fol4 #fd vols41 #fd1cji pages2 & ,no?ige ,supplem5t1 ib4 #agea-aged1 vols4 i4 to iv41 ,a to ,caq1 #cjaf pages4 ,! columns1 two 9 a page1 are numb]$1 v>y+ f #acef 9 vol4 li4 to #behh 9 vol4 xlix4 ,ea* volume has a d$ication1 ) a portrait4 ,! fir/ n9e are ! emp]or1 ! k+s ( ,prussia & ,pol&1 ! empress ( ,russia1 & ! k+s ( ,engl&1 ,france1 ,pol&1 ,d5m>k & ,sw$54 ,! d$ications1 ( :i* two are 9 v]se1 & all are sign$ by ,z$l]1 am\nt to #dei pages4 ,! supplem5t has no d$ications or portraits4 ,! preface to ! fir/ volume ( ! "w is by ,johann ,pet] von ,ludewig1 *ancellor ( ! univ]sity ( ,halle 7born #ae? ,augu/ #afij1 di$ #f? ,septemb] #agdc74 ,n9e editors 7 employ$1 :om ,ludewig comp>es to ! n9e muses2 & ! :ole ( ea* subject 0 entru/$ to ! same p]son1 t all its p>ts might be uni=mly treat$4 ,c>l ,gun!r ,ludovici 7born at ,leipzig #g? ,augu/ #agjg1 public tea*] ( philosophy !re f #agcd1 di$ #crd ,july #aggh7 edit$ ! "w f vol4 xix41 beg9n+ ! lett] ,m1 & publi%$ 9 #agci1 to ! end1 & also ! supplem5t4 ,! "w 0 publi%$ by subscription4 ,johann ,he9ri* ,wolff1 an em95t m]*ant & %opkeep] 9 ,leipzig1 born !re on ! #bi? ( ,april #afij1 came to ,z$l]'s assi/ance by advanc+ ! funds = exp5ses & becom+ answ]able = ! subscriptions1 & sp>$ no co/ t ! "w might be complete4 ,z$l] v truly says1 9 8 preface to vol4 xviii41 t 8 ,univ]sal ,lexicon 0 a "w su* z no "t & no nation c\ld %[1 & bo? 9 its plan & execution x is mu* m compreh5sive & complete ?an any previ\s encyclopa$ia4 ,colleges1 says ,ludewig1 :]e all sci5ces are taught & /udi$1 are on t acc\nt call$ univ]sities1 & _! tea*+ is call$ /udium univ]sale2 b ! ,univ]sal ,lexicon conta9s n only :at !y tea* 9 !ology1 jurisprud5ce1 m$ic9e1 philosophy1 hi/ory1 ma!matics1 c41 b also _m o!r ?+s belong+ to c\rts1 *anc]ies1 hunt+1 =e/s1 w> & peace1 & to arti/s1 artizans1 h\sekeep]s & m]*ants n ?\ght ( 9 colleges4 ,its plan embraces n only hi/ory1 geography & biography1 b also g5ealogy1 topography1 & f vol4 xviii41 publi%$ 9 #agch1 lives ( illu/ri\s liv+ p]sons4 ,z$l] inquires :y dea? alone %\ld make a des]v+ man capable ( hav+ 8 s]vices & wor?y de$s made kn[n to ! _w 9 pr9t4 ,! lives ( ! dead1 he says1 are to be f\nd 9 books1 b ^? ( ! liv+ are n to be met ) any:]e1 & w\ld (t5 be m useful if kn[n4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is preface1 _m lives & g5ealogies 7 s5t to him = publication4 ,cross ref]5ces g5]ally give n only ! article ref]r$ to1 b also ! volume & column1 &1 :5 necess>y1 su* brief in=mation z may di/+ui% ! ^w ref]r$ to f o!rs simil> b ( diff]5t mean+4 ,li/s ( au?orities1 (t5 long1 exact & valuable are frequ5tly app5d$ to ! articles4 ,?is "w1 :i* is well & c>efully compil$1 & v tru/wor?y1 is /ill a mo/ valuable book ( ref]5ce on _m subjects1 especially topography1 g5ealogy & biography4 ,! g5ealogies & family hi/ories are excell5t1 & _m p>ticul>s are giv5 ( ! lives & works ( au?ors n easily f\nd else:]e4 ,a "w on a new plan 0 publi%$ by ,d5nis de ,coetlogon1 a ,fr5*man naturaliz$ 9 ,engl&1 :o /yl$ himself ,knight ( ,/ ,laz>e1 ,m4,d41 & memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,ang]s--,an ,univ]sal ,hi/ory ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 ,london1 #agde1 fol4 #b vols41 #bebi pages1 #cc plates & #afa articles arrang$ alphabetically4 ,he endeav\rs to r5d] ea* treatise z complete z possible1 avoid+ above all ?+s ne$less repetitions1 & nev] puzzl+ ! read] ) ! lea/ ref]5ce4 ,!ology is divid$ into sev]al treatises2 ,philosophy into ,e?icks1 ,logick & ,metaphysick1 ea* "u its lett]2 & ,physick is subdivid$ into ,anatomy1 ,botany1 ,geography1 ,geometry1 c4 ,milit>y ,art is divid$ into ,army1 ,=tification1 ,gunn]y4 ,! royal lic5ce is dat$ #ac? ,m>* #agdj-agda1 ! d$ication is to ! duke ( ,gisors1 ! pages are numb]$1 !re is an app5dix ( #ce pages ( a/ronomical tables1 & ! two indexes1 "o to ea* volume1 fill #fi pages1 & conta9 ab\t #ijjj subjects4 ,! type is l>ge & ! /yle diffuse1 b ! subject matt] is sometimes curi\s4 ,! au?or says t 8 "w is ! only "o ( ! k9d1 & t he wrote out ) 8 own h& e l9e1 ev5 ! index4 ,b not)/&+ ! novelty ( 8 plan1 8 "w does n seem ev] to h be5 popul>4 ,gianfrancesco ,pivati1 born at ,padua 9 #afhi1 di$ at ,v5ice 9 #agfd1 secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,v5ice1 :o _h publi%$ 9 #agdd a #dto volume conta9+ a ,dizion>io univ]sale1 wrote ,nuovo dizion>io sci5tifico e curioso sacro-pr(ano1 ,v5ezia1 #agdf-agea1 fol4 #aj vols41 #ggia pages1 #eig plates4 ,x is a g5]al encyclopa$ia1 includ+ geography1 b n hi/ory or biography4 ,he gives frequ5t ref]5ces to 8 au?orities & mu* curi\s in=mation4 ,8 prelim9>y disc\rse 7#hj pages7 conta9s a hi/ory ( ! sev]al sci5ces f ma!matics to geography4 ,! book 0 publi%$ by subscription1 & at ! end ( ! la/ volume is a ,catalogo dei ,signori ,associati1 #beb 9 numb]1 :o took #bff copies4 ,x is also rem>kable = ! numb] ( its plates1 :i* are engrav$ on copp]4 ,9 ea* volume !y are plac$ toge!r at ! end1 & are prec$$ by an explanatory index ( subjects ref]r+ to ! plates & to ! articles !y illu/rate4 ,"o ( ! greate/ & mo/ rem>kable lit]>y ent]prises ( ! #ah? c5tury1 ! fam\s ,fr5* ,encyclop$ie1 orig9at$ 9 a ,fr5* translation ( ,ephraim ,*amb]s's ,cyclopa$ia1 begun 9 #agdc & f9i%$ 9 #agde by ,john ,mills1 an ,engli%man resid5t 9 ,france1 assi/$ by ,gottfri$ ,sellius1 a v le>n$ native ( ,danzig1 :o1 aft] be+ a pr(essor at ,halle & ,gott+51 & resid+ 9 ,holl&1 _h settl$ 9 ,p>is4 ,!y appli$ to ,lebreton1 ! k+'s pr9t]1 to publi% ! "w1 to fulfil ! =malities requir$ by ,fr5* law1 ) :i*1 z =eign]s1 !y 7 n acqua9t$1 & to solicit a royal privilege4 ,?is he obta9$1 b 9 8 own "n alone4 ,mills compla9$ s l\dly & bitt]ly ( ?is deception t ,lebreton _h to ackn[l$ge =mally t ! privilege belong$ en t\te propriete to ,john ,mills4 ,b1 z he aga9 took c>e n to acqua9t ,mills ) ! necess>y legal =malities1 ?is title soon became invalid4 ,mills !n agre$ to grant him "p ( 8 privilege1 & 9 ,may #agde ! "w 0 ann\nc$ z ,encyclop$ie ou dictionnaire univ]sel des arts et des sci5ces1 folio1 f\r volumes ( #bej to #bfj %eets ea*1 ) a fif? ( at lea/ #abj plates1 & a vocabul>y or li/ ( articles 9 ,fr5*1 ,lat91 ,g]man1 ,italian & ,spani%1 ) o!r li/s = ea* language expla9$ 9 ,fr5*1 s t =eign]s might easily f9d any article want$4 ,x 0 to be publi%$ by subscription at #ace livres1 b = l>ge pap] copies #bjj livres1 ! fir/ volume to be deliv]$ 9 ,june #agdf1 & ! two la/ at ! end ( #agdh4 ,! subscription li/1 :i* 0 consid]able1 clos$ on ! #ca/ ( ,decemb] #agde4 ,mills dem&$ an acc\nt1 :i* ,lebreton1 :o _h aga9 omitt$ c]ta9 =malities1 insult+ly refus$4 ,mills br\ght an action aga9/ him1 b be=e x 0 decid$ ,lebreton procur$ ! revocation ( ! privilege z in=mal1 & obta9$ ano!r = himself dat$ ! #ba/ ( ,janu>y #agdf4 ,?us1 = unwitt+ly contrav5+ regulations ) :i* 8 unscrupul\s publi%] ought to h made him acqua9t$1 ,mills 0 despoil$ ( ! "w he _h bo? plann$ & execut$1 & _h to return to ,engl&4 ,jean ,paul de ,gua de ,malves1 pr(essor ( philosophy 9 ! college ( ,france 7born at ,c>cassonne 9 #agac1 di$ on ! #ae? ( ,june #aghe71 0 !n engag$ z editor m]ely to correct errors & add new discov]ies4 ,b he propos$ a ?or\gh revision1 & obta9$ ! assi/ance ( _m le>n$ m5 & arti/s1 among :om ,desess>ts names ,l\is1 ,condillac1 d',alemb]t & ,did]ot4 ,b ! publi%]s did n ?9k 8 reputation high en\gh to ensure success1 )held _! confid5ce1 & (t5 oppos$ 8 plans z too exp5sive4 ,tir$ at la/ ( disputes1 & too easily (f5d$1 de ,gua resign$ ! editor%ip4 ,! publi%]s1 :o _h already made heavy advances1 (f]$ x to ,did]ot1 :o 0 probably recomm5d$ to !m by 8 v well receiv$ ,dictionnaire univ]sel de m$ic9e1 ,p>is1 #agdf-agdh1 fol4 #f vols41 publi%$ by ,briasson1 ,david & ,dur&1 ) notes & additions by ,juli5 ,busson1 doctor reg5t ( ! faculty ( m$ic9e ( ,p>is4 ,x 0 a translation1 made ) ! assi/ance ( ,eid\s & ,t\ssa9t1 ( ! celebrat$ "w ( ,dr ,rob]t ,james1 inv5tor ( ! fev] p[d]s1 ,a ,m$ic9al ,diction>y1 ,london1 #agdc-agde1 fol4 #c vols41 #cbge pages & #ih plates1 compris+ a hi/ory ( drugs1 ) *emi/ry1 botany & natural hi/ory s f> z !y relate to m$ic9e1 & ) an hi/orical preface ( #ii pages 79 ! translation #acf74 ,! propos$ "w 0 to h be5 simil> 9 "*4 ,de ,gua's pap]s 7 h&$ ov] to ,did]ot 9 great confusion4 ,he soon p]suad$ ! publi%]s to und]take a f> m orig9al & compreh5sive "w4 ,8 fri5d d',alemb]t und]took to edit ! ma!matics4 ,o!r subjects 7 allott$ to #ba contributors1 ea* ( :om receiv$ ! articles on ?is subject 9 ,mills' translation to s]ve z a basis = 8 "w4 ,b !y 7 9 mo/ cases s badly compos$ & translat$1 s full ( errors & omissions1 t !y 7 n us$4 ,! contributions 7 to be f9i%$ 9 ?ree mon?s1 b none 0 ready 9 "t1 except ,music by ,r\sseau1 :i* he admits 0 ha/ily & badly done4 ,did]ot 0 imprison$ at ,v9c5nes1 on ! #bi? ( ,july #agdi1 = 8 ,lettre sur les aveugles4 ,he 0 closely conf9$ = #bh days1 & 0 !n = ?ree mon?s & t5 days a prison] on p>ole 9 ! ca/le4 ,?is did n /op ! pr9t+1 ?\gh x caus$ delay4 ,! prospectus by ,did]ot appe>$ 9 ,novemb] #agej4 ,! "w 0 to =m #h vols4 fol41 ) at lea/ #fjj plates4 ,! fir/ volume 0 publi%$ 9 ,july #agea1 & deliv]$ to ! subscrib]s 9 ,augu/4 ,! second appe>$ 9 ,janu>y #ageb4 ,an arret ( ! c\ncil1 #i? ( ,febru>y1 suppress$ bo? volumes z injuri\s to ! k+'s au?ority & to religion4 ,male%]bes1 director-g5]al ( ! ,librairie1 /opp$ ! issue ( volume ii41 #i? ( ,febru>y1 & on ! #ba/ w5t ) a lettre de ca*et to ,lebreton's to seize ! plates & ! ,,mss41 b did n f9d1 says ,b>bi]1 ev5 ^? ( volume iii41 z !y _h be5 tak5 to 8 own h\se by ,did]ot & "o ( ! publi%]s4 ,! ,jesuits tri$ to cont9ue ! "w1 b 9 va94 ,x 0 less easy1 says ,grimm1 ?an to ru9 philosoph]s4 ,! ,dictionnaire de ,trev\x pron\nc$ ! completion ( ! ,encyclop$ie impossible1 & ! project ridicul\s 7#e? edition1 #ageb1 iii1 #gej74 ,! gov]nm5t _h to reque/ ! editors to resume ! "w z "o hon\rable to ! nation4 ,! m>quis d',arg5son writes1 #g? ( ,may #ageb1 t ,mme de ,pompad\r _h be5 urg+ !m to proce$1 & at ! end ( ,june he reports !m z aga9 at "w4 ,volume iii41 r improv$ by ! delay1 appe>$ 9 ,octob] #agec2 & volume vii41 complet+ ,g1 9 ,novemb] #ageg4 ,! clam\rs aga9/ ! "w soon recomm5c$4 ,d' ,alemb]t retir$ 9 ,janu>y #ageh1 we>y ( s]mons1 satires & intol]ant & absurd c5sors4 ,! p>lem5t ( ,p>is1 by an arret1 #bcrd ( ,janu>y #agei1 /opp$ ! sale & di/ribution ( ! ,encyclop$ie1 ,helvetius's ,de l',esprit1 & six o!r books2 & by an arret1 #f? ,febru>y1 ord]$ !m all to be burnt1 b ref]r$ ! ,encyclop$ie = exam9ation to a commission ( n9e4 ,an arret du conseil1 #g? ( ,m>*1 revok$ ! privilege ( #agdf1 & /opp$ ! pr9t+4 ,volume viii4 0 !n 9 ! press4 ,male%]bes w>n$ ,did]ot t he w\ld h 8 pap]s seiz$ next day2 & :5 ,did]ot said he c\ld n make a selection1 or f9d a place ( safety at su* %ort notice1 ,male%]bes said1 ,s5d !m to me1 !y w n look = !m !re4 ,?is1 accord+ to ,mme de ,v&eul1 ,did]ot's daught]1 0 done ) p]fect success4 ,9 ! article ,p>donn] ,did]ot ref]s to ^! p]secutions1 & says1 ,9 ! space ( "s mon?s we h se5 our hon\r1 =tune1 lib]ty & life imp]ill$4 ,male%]bes1 ,*oiseul & ,mme de ,pompad\r protect$ ! "w2 ,did]ot obta9$ private p]mission to g on pr9t+1 b ) a /rict *>ge n to publi% any "p until ! :ole 0 f9i%$4 ,! ,jesuits 7 condemn$ by ! p>lem5t ( ,p>is 9 #agfb1 & by ! k+ 9 ,novemb] #agfd4 ,volume i4 ( plates appe>$ 9 #agfb1 & volumes viii4 to xvii41 t5 volumes ( text1 #idjh pages1 complet+ ! "w1 ) ! #d? volume ( plates 9 #agfe1 :5 !re 7 #dbej subscrib]s4 ,! "w circulat$ freely 9 ! prov9ces & 9 =eign c\ntries1 & 0 secretly di/ribut$ 9 ,p>is & ,v]sailles4 ,! g5]al assembly ( ! cl]gy1 on ! #bj? ( ,june #agfe1 approv$ articles 9 :i* x 0 condemn$1 & on ! #bg? ( ,septemb] adopt$ a memoire to be pres5t$ to ! k+4 ,!y 7 =bidd5 to publi% _! acts :i* fav\r$ ! ,jesuits1 b ,lebreton 0 requir$ to give a li/ ( 8 subscrib]s1 & 0 put into ! ,ba/ille = eight days 9 #agff4 ,a royal ord] 0 s5t to ! subscrib]s to deliv] _! copies to ! lieut5ant ( police4 ,voltaire 9 #aggd relates t1 at a petit s\p] ( ! k+ at ,trianon1 !re 0 a debate on ! composition ( gunp[d]4 ,mme de ,pompad\r said %e did n "k h[ h] r\ge or h] silk /ock+s 7 made4 ,! duc de la ,valli]e regrett$ t ! k+ _h confiscat$ _! encyclopa$ias1 :i* c\ld decide ev]y?+4 ,! k+ said he _h be5 told t ! "w 0 mo/ dang]\s1 b z he wi%$ to judge = himself1 he s5t = a copy4 ,?ree s]vants ) difficulty br\ght 9 ! #ba volumes4 ,! company f\nd ev]y?+ !y look$ =1 & ! k+ all[$ ! confiscat$ copies to be return$4 ,mme de ,pompad\r di$ on ! #ae? ( ,april #agfd4 ,lebreton _h half ( ! prop]ty 9 ! "w1 & ,dur&1 ,david & ,briasson _h ! re/4 ,lebreton1 :o _h ! l>ge/ pr9t+ (fice 9 ,p>is1 employ$ #ej workm5 9 pr9t+ ! la/ t5 volumes4 ,he _h ! articles set 9 type exactly z ! au?ors s5t !m 91 & :5 ,did]ot _h correct$ ! la/ pro( ( ea* %eet1 he & 8 =eman1 ha/ily1 secretly & by night1 unkn[n to 8 p>tn]s 9 ! "w1 cut out :atev] seem$ to !m d>+1 or likely to give (f5ce1 mutilat$ mo/ ( ! be/ articles )\t any reg>d to ! consecutiv5ess ( :at 0 left1 & burnt ! manuscript z !y proce$$4 ,! pr9t+ ( ! "w 0 ne>ly f9i%$ :5 ,did]ot1 hav+ to consult "o ( 8 great philosophical articles 9 ! lett] ,s1 f\nd x entirely mutilat$4 ,he 0 conf\nd$1 says ,grimm1 at discov]+ ! atrocity ( ! pr9t]2 all ! be/ articles 7 9 ! same confusion4 ,?is discov]y put him into a /ate ( fr5zy & despair f rage & grief4 ,8 daught] nev] he>d him speak coolly on ! subject1 & aft] tw5ty ye>s x /ill made him angry4 ,he believ$ t e "o knew z well z he did :at 0 want+ 9 ea* article1 b 9 fact ! mutilation 0 n p]ceiv$ ev5 by ! au?ors1 & = _m ye>s 0 kn[n to few p]sons4 ,did]ot at fir/ refus$ to correct ! rema9+ pro(s1 or to d m ?an write ! explanations ( ! plates4 ,he requir$1 accord+ to ,mme de ,v&eul1 t a copy1 n[ at ,/ ,pet]sburg ) 8 libr>y1 %\ld be pr9t$ ) columns 9 :i* all 0 re/or$4 ,! mutilations began z f> back z ! article ,int5dant4 ,b h[ f>1 says ,ros5kranz1 ?is murd]\s1 incr$ible & infam\s op]ation 0 c>ri$ _c n[ be exactly asc]ta9$4 ,did]ot's articles1 n includ+ ^? on arts & trades1 7 repr9t$ 9 ,naigeon's edition 7,p>is1 #ahba1 #hvo1 #bb vols474 ,!y fill #dacb pages1 & numb] #aaci1 ( :i* #fja 7 writt5 = ! la/ t5 volumes4 ,!y are on v _m subjects1 b pr9cipally on gramm>1 hi/ory1 morality1 philosophy1 lit]ature & metaphysics4 ,z a contributor1 8 special dep>tm5t ( ! "w 0 philosophy1 & arts & trades4 ,he pass$ :ole days 9 work%ops1 & began by exam9+ a ma*9e c>efully1 !n he _h x tak5 to pieces & put toge!r aga91 !n he wat*$ x at "w1 & la/ly work$ x himself4 ,he ?us le>n$ to use su* complicat$ ma*9es z ! /ock+ & cut velvet looms4 ,he at fir/ receiv$ #abjj livres a ye> z editor1 b aft]w>ds #bejj livres a volume1 besides a f9al sum ( #bj1jjj livres4 ,al?\gh aft] 8 engagem5t he did n suff] f pov]ty z he _h done be=e1 he 0 oblig$ to sell 8 libr>y 9 ord] to provide = 8 daught]4 ,de ,jauc\rt sp>$ nei!r "t1 tr\ble nor exp5se 9 p]fect+ ! "w1 = :i* he receiv$ no?+1 & he employ$ sev]al secret>ies at x = t5 ye>s4 ,to pay !m he _h to sell 8 h\se 9 ,p>is1 :i* ,lebreton b\ght ) ! pr(its d]iv$ f ,de ,jauc\rt's "w4 ,all ! publi%]s made l>ge =tunes2 _! exp5ses am\nt$ to #a1aeh1jjj livres & _! pr(its to #b1afb1jjj4 ,d',alemb]t's ,disc\rs ,prelim9aire1 #de pages1 writt5 9 #agej1 prefix$ to ! fir/ volume1 & deliv]$ be=e ! ,fr5* ,academy on 8 reception on ! #ai? ( ,decemb] #aged1 consi/s ( a sy/ematic arrangem5t ( ! v>i\s bran*es ( k1 & an acc\nt ( _! progress s9ce _! revival4 ,8 sy/em1 *iefly tak5 f ,bacon1 divides !m into ?ree classes1 "u memory1 reason & imag9ation4 ,arts & trades are plac$ "u natural hi/ory1 sup]/ition & magic "u sci5ce de ,dieu1 & or?ography & h]aldry "u logic4 ,! lit]>y _w is divid$ into ?ree correspond+ classes--erudits1 philosophes & beaux esprits4 ,z 9 ,ephraim ,*amb]s's ,cyclopa$ia1 hi/ory & biography 7 exclud$1 except incid5tally2 ?us ,ari/otle's life is giv5 9 ! article ,ari/otelisme4 ,! sci5ce to :i* an article belongs is g5]ally nam$ at ! beg9n+ ( x1 ref]5ces are giv5 to o!r articles1 & ! au?ors' names are m>k$ by initials1 ( :i* li/s are giv5 9 ! e>li] volumes1 b sometimes _! names are subscrib$ 9 full4 ,articles by ,did]ot h no m>k1 & ^? ins]t$ by him z editor h an a/]isk prefix$4 ,among ! contributors 7 ,voltaire1 ,eul]1 ,m>montel1 ,montesquieu1 ,d',anville1 ,d',holba* & ,turgot1 ! lead] ( ! new s*ool ( economi/s :i* made its fir/ appe>ance 9 ! pages ( ! ,encyclop$ie4 ,l\is wrote ! surg]y1 ,daub5ton natural hi/ory1 ,eid\s h]aldry & art1 ,t\ssa9t jurisprud5ce1 & ,condam9e articles on ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,no encyclopa$ia p]haps has be5 ( su* political importance1 or has occupi$ s conspicu\s a place 9 ! civil & lit]>y hi/ory ( its c5tury4 ,x s\ght n only to give in=mation1 b to guide op9ion4 ,x 01 z ,ros5kranz says 7,did]ot1 i4 #aeg71 !i/ic & h]etical4 ,x 0 oppos$ to ! *ur*1 !n all-p[]ful 9 ,france1 & x treat$ dogma hi/orically4 ,x 01 z ,desnoire/]res says 7,voltaire1 v4 #afd71 a w> ma*9e2 z x progress$1 its attacks bo? on ! *ur* & ! /ill m despotic gov]nm5t1 z well z on ,*ri/ianity itself1 became bold] & m undisguis$1 & x 0 met by opposition & p]secution unp>allel$ 9 ! hi/ory ( encyclopa$ias4 ,its execution is v unequal1 & its articles ( v diff]5t value4 ,x 0 n con/ruct$ on a regul> plan1 or subject$ to suffici5t sup]vision2 articles 7 s5t 9 by ! contributors1 & n se5 by ! editors until !y 7 9 type4 ,9 ea* subject !re are "s excell5t articles1 b o!rs are v inf]ior or altoge!r omitt$1 & ref]5ces are (t5 giv5 to articles :i* d n exi/4 ,?us m>9e is said to be m ?an ?ree-f\r?s defici5t2 & 9 geography errors & omissions ab\nd--ev5 capitals & sov]eign /ates are ov]look$1 :ile villages are giv5 z t[ns1 & t[ns are describ$ :i* nev] exi/$4 ,! /yle is too g5]ally loose1 digressive & inexact2 dates are seldom giv52 & discursiv5ess1 v]bosity & dogmatism are frequ5t faults4 ,voltaire 0 con/antly dem&+ tru?1 brevity & me?od1 & said x 0 built half ( m>ble & half ( wood4 ,d',alemb]t comp>$ x to a h>lequ9's coat1 9 :i* !re is "s good /uff b too _m rags4 ,did]ot 0 dissatisfi$ ) x z a :ole2 mu* ( x 0 compil$ 9 ha/e2 & c>elessly writt5 articles & incompet5t contributors 7 admitt$ = want ( money to pay good writ]s4 ,z$l]'s ,univ]sal ,lexicon is on ! :ole mu* m useful = ref]5ce ?an its f> m brilliant successor4 ,! p]man5t value ( encyclopa$ias dep5ds on ! proportion ( exact & precise facts !y conta9 & on _! sy/ematic regul>ity4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,encyclop$ie1 9 #ag vols4 folio1 #af1bhh pages1 0 imitat$ by a c\nt]feit edition pr9t$ at ,g5eva z ! volumes appe>$ 9 ,p>is4 ,elev5 folio volumes ( plates 7 publi%$ at ,p>is 7#agfb to #aggb71 conta9+ #bhhh plates & #ibc pages ( explanation1 c4 ,a supplem5t 0 pr9t$ at ,am/]dam & ,p>is 7#aggf-aggg71 fol4 #e vols41 #chgd pages1 ) #bbd plates4 ,hi/ory 0 introduc$ at ! wi% ( ! public1 b only ! g5]al features :i* m>k epo*s 9 ! annals ( ! _w4 ,! a/ronomy 0 by ,delal&e1 ma!matics by ,condorcet1 tables by ,b]n\illi1 natural hi/ory by ,adanson1 anatomy & physiology by ,hall]4 ,daub5ton1 ,condam9e1 ,m>montel & o!r old contributors wrote _m articles1 & sev]al 7 tak5 f =eign editions4 ,a v full & elaborate index ( ! articles & subjects ( ! #cc volumes 0 pr9t$ at ,am/]dam 9 #aghj1 fol4 #b vols4 #aheb pages4 ,x 0 made by ,pi]re ,m\*on1 :o 0 born at ,g5eva on ! #cj? ( ,july #agce1 consecrat$ m9i/] on ! #ah? ( ,augu/ #ageh1 pa/or ( ! ,fr5* *ur* at ,basel #agff1 elect$ a pa/or 9 ,g5eva on ! #f? ( ,m>* #aghh1 pr9cipal ( ! college !re #bbnd ( ,april #agia1 di$ on ! #bj? ( ,augu/ #agig4 ,?is ,table analytique1 :i* took him five ye>s to make1 0 und]tak5 = ! publi%]s ,cram] & ,de ,t\rnes1 :o gave him #hjj l\is = x4 ,?\gh v exact & full1 he design$ly omits ! attacks on ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is index 0 r5d]$ m useful & indisp5sable by ! v diffuse & digressive /yle ( ! "w1 & by ! va/ numb] ( its articles4 ,a complete copy ( ! fir/ edition ( ! ,encyclop$ie consi/s ( #ce vols4 fol41 pr9t$ #agea-aghj1 conta9+ #bc1ace pages & #cacb plates4 ,x 0 writt5 by ab\t #afj contributors4 ,ab\t #agfa ,panck\cke & o!r publi%]s 9 ,p>is propos$ a new & revis$ edition1 & b\ght ! plates = #bej1jjj livres4 ,b1 z ,did]ot indignantly refus$ to edit :at he consid]$ a fraud on ! subscrib]s to ! z yet unf9i%$ "w1 !y began simply to repr9t ! "w1 promis+ supplem5t>y volumes4 ,:5 ?ree volumes 7 pr9t$ ! :ole 0 seiz$ 9 #aggj by ! gov]nm5t at ! compla9t ( ! cl]gy1 & 0 lodg$ 9 ! ,ba/ille4 ,! plan ( a second ,fr5* edition 0 laid aside !n1 to be reviv$ tw5ty ye>s lat] 9 a v diff]5t =m4 ,=eign editions ( ! ,encyclop$ie are num]\s1 & x is difficult to enum]ate !m correctly4 ,"o1 ) notes by ,ottavio ,diodati1 ,dr ,seba/iano ,paoli & ,c>lo ,giuliani1 appe>$ at ,lucca 7#ageh-agga71 fol4 #ag vols4 ( text & #aj ( plates4 ,?\gh x 0 v mu* expurgat$1 all engag$ 9 x 7 excommunicat$ by ! pope 9 #agei4 ,an attempt made at ,si5a to publi% an ,italian translation fail$4 ,an addition by ! abbe ,s]af9i & ,dr ,gonnella 7,liv\rne1 #aggj71 c41 fol4 #cc vols41 return$ a pr(it ( #fj1jjj pia/res1 & 0 protect$ by ,leopold ,,ii41 :o secur$ ! pope's sil5ce4 ,o!r editions are ,g5eve1 ,cram] 7#aggb-aggf71 a facsimile repr9t4 ,g5eve1 ,pellet 7#aggg-aggi71 #dto1 #cf vols4 ( text & #c ( plates1 ) #f vols4 ( ,m\*on's index 7,lyon1 #aghj71 #dto2 ,g5eve et ,neuf*atel1 ,pellet 7#aggh-aggi71 #dto1 #cf vols4 ( text & #c ( plates2 ,lausanne 7#aggh-agha71 #cf vols4 #dto1 or #gb octavo1 ( text & #c ( plates 7#aggi-aghj72 ,lausanne et ,b]n1 *ez les ,societes ,typographiques 7#aghj-aghb71 #cf vols4 #hvo ( text & #c vols4 #dto ( plates 7#aghb74 ,^! f\r editions h ! supplem5t incorporat$4 ,=tune ,b>!lemy de ,felice1 an ,italian monk1 born at ,rome on ! #bd? ( ,augu/ #agbc1 :o _h be5 pr(essor at ,rome & ,naples1 & _h become a ,prote/ant1 pr9t$ a v incorrect ?\gh successful edition 7,yv]dun1 #aggj-aghj7 #dto1 #db vols4 ( text1 #e ( supplem5t & #aj ( plates4 ,x pr(ess$ to be a new "w1 /&+ 9 ! same relation%ip to ! ,encyclop$ie z t did to ,*amb]s's1 :i* is f> f be+ ! case4 ,sir ,joseph ,ayl(fe issu$ proposals1 #ad? ,decemb] #agea1 = an ,engli% translation ( ! ,encyclop$ie1 to be f9i%$ by ,*ri/mas #agef1 9 #aj vols4 #dto1 ) at lea/ #fjj plates4 ,no4 #a appe>$ 9 ,janu>y #ageb1 b met ) little success4 ,sev]al selections ( articles & extracts h be5 publi%$ "u ! title ( ,l',esprit de l',encyclop$ie4 ,! la/ 0 by ,h5nequ9 7,p>is1 #ahbb-ahbc71 #hvo1 #ae vols4 ,an ,engli% selection is ,select ,essays f ! ,encyclop$y 7,london1 #aggc71 #hvo4 ,! articles ( mo/ ( ! pr9cipal contributors h be5 repr9t$ 9 ! editions ( _! respective works4 ,voltaire wrote #h vols4 #hvo ( a k9d ( fragm5t>y supplem5t1 ,que/ions sur l',encyclop$ie1 frequ5tly pr9t$1 & usually includ$ 9 editions ( 8 works1 toge!r ) 8 contributions to ! ,encyclop$ie & 8 ,dictionnaire philosophique4 ,sev]al special diction>ies h be5 =m$ f ! ,encyclop$ie1 z ! ,dictionnaire portatif des arts et meti]s 7,p>is1 #agff71 #hvo1 #b vols4 ab\t #acjj pages1 by ,philippe ,macqu]1 bro!r ( ! au?or ( ! ,dict4 de *imie4 ,an enl>g$ edition by ! abbe ,jaub]t 7,p>is1 #aggc71 #e vols4 #hvo1 #cjag pages1 0 mu* valu$ & (t5 repr9t$4 ,! books attack+ & def5d+ ! ,encyclop$ie are v _m4 ,no orig9al "w ( ! #ah? c5tury1 says ,lanfrey1 has be5 m depreciat$1 ridicul$ & calumniat$4 ,x has be5 call$ *aos1 no?+ness1 ! ,t[] ( ,babel1 a "w ( disord] & de/ruction1 ! gospel ( ,satan & ev5 ! ru9s ( ,palmyra4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 by a society ( g5tlem5 9 ,scotl&1 pr9t$ 9 ,ed9burgh = ,a4 ,bell & ,c4 ,macf>quh>1 & sold by ,col9 ,macf>quh> at 8 pr9t+ (fice 9 ,nicolson ,/reet1 0 complet$ 9 #agga 9 #c volumes #dto1 conta9+ #bfgj pages1 & #afj copp]plates engrav$ by ,&rew ,bell4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 numb]s1 ( :i* ! two fir/ 7 issu$ 9 ,decemb] #agfh1 price #f;d4 ea*1 or #h;d on a f9] pap]1 & 0 to be complet$ 9 #ajj weekly numb]s4 ,x 0 compil$1 z ! title-page says1 on a new plan4 ,! diff]5t sci5ces & arts 7 dige/$ into di/9ct treatises or sy/ems1 ( :i* !re are #de ) cross head+s1 t is1 titles pr9t$ across ! page1 & ab\t #cj o!r articles m ?an ?ree pages long4 ,! longe/ are ,anatomy1 #aff pages1 & ,surg]y1 #bch pages4 ,! v>i\s te*nical t]ms1 c41 are expla9$ z !y occur 9 ! ord] ( ! alphabet4 ,in/ead ( dismemb]+ ! sci5ces1 by attempt+ to treat !m intelligibly "u a multitude ( te*nical t]ms1 !y h dige/$ ! pr9ciples ( e sci5ce 9 ! =m ( sy/ems or di/9ct treatises1 & expla9$ ! t]ms z !y occur 9 ! ord] ( ! alphabet1 ) ref]5ces to ! sci5ces to :i* !y belong4 ,?is plan1 z ! compil]s say1 diff]s f t ( all ! previ\s diction>ies ( arts & sci5ces4 ,its m]it & novelty consi/ 9 ! comb9ation ( ,de ,coetlogon's plan ) t 9 common use1--on ! "o h& keep+ important subjects toge!r1 & on ! o!r facilitat+ ref]5ce by num]\s sep>ate articles4 ,x is d\btful to :om ! cr$it ( ?is plan is due4 ,! editor1 ,william ,smellie1 a pr9t] 7born 9 #agdj1 di$ on ! #bd? ( ,june #agie71 aft]w>ds secret>y & sup]9t5d5t ( natural hi/ory to ! ,society ( ,scotti% ,antiqu>ies1 is said by 8 biograph] to h devis$ ! plan & writt5 or compil$ all ! *ief articles2 & he pr9ts1 b )\t date1 "p ( a lett] writt5 & sign$ by ,&rew ,bell by :i* he 0 engag$ 9 ! "w3--,sir1 ,z we are engag$ 9 publi%+ a diction>y ( ! arts & sci5ces1 & z y h in=m$ u t !re are fifte5 capital sci5ces :i* y w und]take = & write up ! subdivisions & deta*$ p>ts ( ^! con=m to y\r plan1 & likewise to prep>e ! :ole "w = ! press1 c41 c41 we h]eby agree to all[ y ,l#bjj = y\r tr\ble1 c4 ,pr(4 ,macvey ,napi] says t ,smellie 0 m likely to h sugge/$ t great improvem5t ?an any ( 8 kn[n coadjutors4 ,ar*ibald ,con/able1 :o 0 int]e/$ 9 ! "w f #aghh1 & 0 aft]w>ds intimately acqua9t$ ) ,bell1 says ,col9 ,macf>quh> 0 ! actual projector ( ! ,encyclopa$ia1 & ! editor ( ! two fir/ editions1 :ile ,smellie 0 m]ely a contributor = hire 7,memoirs1 ii4 #caa74 ,dr ,gleig1 9 8 preface to ! ?ird edition1 says3 ,! idea _h be5 conceiv$ by him 7,col9 ,macf>quh>7 & 8 fri5d ,mr ,&rew ,bell1 engrav]4 ,by :om ^! g5tlem5 7 assi/$ 9 dige/+ ! plan :i* attract$ to t "w s mu* public att5tion1 or :e!r !y _h any assi/ance1 are que/ions 9 :i* our read]s _c be int]e/$4 ,macf>quh>1 accord+ to ,con/able1 0 a p]son ( excell5t ta/e & v g5]al k1 ?\gh at />t+ he _h little or no capital1 & 0 oblig$ to associate ,bell1 !n ! pr9cipal engrav] 9 ,ed9burgh1 z a p>tn] 9 8 und]tak+4 ,! second edition 0 begun 9 #aggf1 & 0 publi%$ 9 numb]s1 ( :i* ! fir/ 0 issu$ on ! #ba/ ( ,june #aggg1 & ! la/1 ,no4 #aha1 on ! #ah? ( ,septemb] #aghd1 =m+ #aj vols4 #dto1 dat$ #aggh to #aghc1 & conta9+ #heie pages & #cdj plates4 ,! pag9ation is cont9u\s1 end+ ) page #ibjj1 b #bie pages are ins]t$ 9 v>i\s places1 & page #gjii is foll[$ by #hjjj4 ,! numb] & l5g? ( ! articles 7 mu* increas$1 #gb h cross head+s1 & m ?an #aej o!rs may be class$ z long articles4 ,at ! end is an app5dix 7,abatem5t to ,wood7 ( #bjj pages1 conta9+1 "u ! head+ ,botanical ,table1 a li/ ( ! #ica g5]a includ$ 9 ! #eh natural ord]s ( ,l9naeus1 & foll[$ by a li/ ( #ebf books1 said to h be5 ! pr9cipal au?orities us$4 ,all ! maps are plac$ toge!r "u ! article ,geography 7#aie pages74 ,mo/ ( ! long articles h numb]$ m>g9al titles2 ,scotl&1 #hd pages1 has #hcg4 ,m$ic9e1 #cji pages1 & ,ph>macy h ea* an index4 ,! plan ( ! "w 0 enl>g$ by ! addition ( hi/ory & biography1 :i* encyclopa$ias 9 g5]al _h long omitt$4 ,f ! "t ( ! second edition ( ?is "w1 e cyclopa$ia ( note1 9 ,engl& & else:]e1 has be5 a cyclopa$ia1 n solely ( arts & sci5ces1 b ( ! :ole wide circle ( g5]al le>n+ & miscellane\s in=mation 7,qu>t]ly ,review1 cxiii4 #cfb74 ,smellie 0 appli$ to by ,bell to edit ! second edition1 & to take a %>e ( "o-?ird 9 ! "w2 b he refus$1 because ! o!r p]sons conc]n$ 9 x1 at ! sugge/ion ( a v di/+ui%$ nobleman ( v high rank 7said by ,pr(essor ,napi] to h be5 ! duke ( ,buccleu*71 insi/$ ^u ! introduction ( a sy/em ( g5]al biography :i* he consid]$ inconsi/5t ) ! "* ( a diction>y ( arts & sci5ces4 ,james ,tytl]1 ,m4,a41 seems to h be5 select$ z ! next mo/ eligible compil]4 ,8 fa!r1 a man ( ext5sive k1 0 #ec ye>s m9i/] ( ,fe>n 9 ,=f>%ire1 & di$ 9 #aghe4 ,tytl] 7outlaw$ by ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,ju/ici>y1 #g? ( ,janu>y #agic1 buri$ at ,salem 9 ,massa*usetts on ! #aa? ( ,janu>y #ahjd1 ag$ fifty-eight7 wrote1 says ,watt1 _m ( ! sci5tific treatises & hi/ories1 & almo/ all ! m9or articles 7,biblio!ca ,brit474 ,aft] ab\t a ye>'s prep>ation1 ! ?ird edition 0 ann\nc$ 9 #aghg2 ! fir/ numb] 0 publi%$ e>ly 9 #aghh1 & ! fir/ volume 9 ,octob] #aghh4 ,!re 7 to be #cjj weekly numb]s1 price #as4 ea*1 =m+ #cj p>ts at #ajs4 #f;d4 ea*1 & #ae volumes1 ) #cfj plates4 ,x 0 complet$ 9 #agig 9 #ah vols4 #dto1 conta9+ #ad1egi pages & #edb plates4 ,among ! multif>i\s articles repres5t$ 9 ! frontispiece1 :i* 0 requir$ by ! traditional fa%ion ( ! p]iod1 is a balloon4 ,! maps are1 z 9 subsequ5t editions1 di/ribut$ among ! articles relat+ to ! respective c\ntries4 ,x 0 edit$ by ,col9 ,macf>quh> z f> z ! article ,my/]ies 7by ,dr ,doig1 vol4 xii471 :5 he di$1 on ! #bnd ( ,april #agic1 9 8 =ty-eigh? ye>1 worn out1 says ,con/able1 by fatigue & anxiety ( m9d4 ,8 *ildr5's tru/ees & ,&rew ,bell reque/$ ,george ,gleig ( ,/irl+ 7consecrat$ on ! #cj? ( ,octob] #ahjh assi/ant & successor to ! bi%op ( ,bre*971 :o _h writt5 ab\t twelve articles1 to edit ! re/ ( ! "w2 & = ! "t1 & ! limit$ sum all[$ him = ! rew>d ( contributors1 8 "p 9 ! "w 0 consid]$ v well done 7,con/able1 ii4 #cab74 ,pr(essor ,robison 0 induc$ by ,gleig to become a contributor4 ,he fir/ revis$ ! article ,optics1 & !n wrote a s]ies ( articles on natural philosophy1 :i* attract$ great att5tion & 7 long highly e/eem$ by sci5tific m54 ,! sub-editors 7 ,james ,walk] 7,primus ,scotiae ,episcopus #bg? ( ,may #ahcg1 di$ on ! #e? ( ,m>* #ahda1 ag$ sev5ty7 until #agie1 !n ,james ,?omson1 succe$$ 9 ,novemb] #agif by 8 bro!r ,?omas1 aft]w>ds pr(essor ( *emi/ry at ,glasg[1 :o rema9$ connect$ ) ! ,encyclopa$ia until #ahjj4 ,accord+ to ,k]r 7,smellie's ,life1 i4 #cfd-cfe71 #aj1jjj copies 7 pr9t$1 & ! pr(it to ! proprietors 0 ,l#db1jjj1 besides ! paym5ts = _! respective "w 9 ! conduct ( ! publication z tradesm51--,bell z engrav] ( all ! plates1 & ,macf>quh> z sole pr9t]4 ,accord+ to ,con/able 7,memoirs1 ii4 #cab71 ! impression 0 begun at #ejjj copies1 & conclud$ ) a sale ( #ac1jjj4 ,james ,hunt]1 an active booksell] ( no "*1 :o _h a %op 9 ,middle ,r[1 ,holborn1 sold ! book to ! trade1 & on 8 failure ,?omson ,bon>1 a w9e m]*ant1 :o _h m>ri$ ,bell's daught]1 became ! sell] ( ! book4 ,he qu>rell$ ) 8 fa!r-9-law1 :o w\ld n see him = t5 ye>s be=e 8 dea? 9 #ahji4 ,:5 ! edition 0 complet$1 ! copyright & rema9+ books 7 sold 9 ord] to w9d up ! conc]n1 & ! :ole 0 pur*as$ by ,bell1 :o gave ,l#ac a copy1 sold all ! complete copies to ! trade1 pr9t$ up ! odd volumes1 & ?us kept ! "w 9 ! m>ket = sev]al ye>s 7,con/able1 ii4 #cab7 ,! supplem5t ( ! ?ird edition1 pr9t$ = ,?omson ,bon>1 & edit$ by ,gleig1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahja 9 #b vols4 #dto1 conta9+ #afbd pages & #ej copp]plates engrav$ by ,d4 ,liz>s4 ,9 ! d$ication to ! k+1 dat$ ,/irl+1 #aj? ,decemb] #ahjj1 ,dr ,gleig says3 ,! ,fr5* ,encyclop$ie _h be5 accus$1 & ju/ly accus$1 ( hav+ dissem9at$ f> & wide ! se$s ( an>*y & a!ism4 ,if ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica %all 9 any degree c\nt]act ! t5d5cy ( t pe/if]\s "w1 ev5 ^! two volumes w n be :olly unwor?y ( y\r ,maje/y's att5tion4 ,pr(essor ,robison add$ #ai articles to ! s]ies he _h begun :5 ! ?ird edition 0 s f> advanc$4 ,pr(essor ,playfair assi/$ 9 ,ma!matics4 ,dr ,?omas ,?omson wrote ,*emi/ry1 ,m9]alogy & o!r articles1 9 :i* ! use ( symbols 0 = ! fir/ "t introduc$ into *emi/ry2 & ^! articles =m$ ! fir/ outl9e ( 8 ,sy/em ( ,*emi/ry1 publi%$ at ,ed9burgh 9 #ahjb1 #hvo1 #d vols42 ! six? edition1 #ahba4 ,! f\r? edition1 pr9t$ = ,&rew ,bell1 0 begun 9 #ahjj or #ahja1 & f9i%$ 9 #ahaj 9 #bj vols4 #dto1 conta9+ #af1jcc pages1 ) #eha plates engrav$ by ,bell4 ,! d$ication to ! k+1 sign$ ,&rew ,bell1 is dat$ ,lauri/\n1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahji4 ,! preface is t ( ! ?ird edition ) ! necess>y alt]ations & additions 9 ! latt] "p4 ,no articles 7 repr9t$ f ! supplem5t1 z ,bell _h n ! copyright4 ,pr(essor ,wallace's articles on ma!matics 7 mu* valu$1 & rais$ ! sci5tific "* ( ! "w4 ,dr ,?omas ,?omson decl9$ ! editor%ip1 & recomm5d$ ,dr ,james ,mill>1 aft]w>ds editor ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,ed95sis 7di$ on ! #ac? ( ,july #ahbg74 ,he 0 fond ( natural hi/ory & a good *emi/1 b1 accord+ to ,con/able1 sl[ & dilatory & n well qualifi$4 ,&rew ,bell di$ on ! #aj? ( ,june #ahji1 ag$ eighty-?ree1 leav+1 says ,con/able1 two sets ( tru/ees1 "o lit]>y to make ! money1 ! o!r legal to lay x out aft] x 0 made4 ,! edition began ) #abej copies & conclud$ at #djjj1 ( :i* two-?irds pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,con/able's firm4 ,e>ly 9 #ahjd ,&rew ,bell _h (f]$ ,con/able & 8 p>tn] ,hunt] ! copyright ( ! "w1 pr9t+ mat]ials1 c41 & all t 0 !n pr9t$ ( ! f\r? edition1 = ,l#bj1jjj4 ,?is (f] 0 9 agitation 9 ,m>* #ahjd1 :5 ! two p>tn]s 7 9 ,london4 ,on ! #e? ( ,may #ahjd1 aft] ,"l ,jeffrey's arrival 9 ,ed9burgh1 z he relates to ,francis ,horn]1 !y entru/$ him ) a design1 on :i* he f\nd t mo/ ( 8 fri5ds _h emb>k$ ) great eag]ness1 = publi%+ an entire new encyclopa$ia ^u an improv$ plan4 ,/ew>t1 ,i und]/&1 is to l5d 8 "n1 & to write ! prelim9>y disc\rse1 besides o!r articles4 ,playfair is to sup]9t5d ! ma!matical dep>tm5t1 & ,robison ! natural philosophy4 ,?omas ,?omson is extremely zeal\s 9 ! cause4 ,w4 ,scott has embrac$ x ) great affection4444 ,! au?ors are to be paid at lea/ z well z review]s1 & are to reta9 ! copyright ( _! articles = sep>ate publication if !y ?9k prop] 7,cockburn1 ,life ( ,"l ,jeffrey1 #aheb1 ii4 #ij74 ,x 0 !n1 p]haps1 t ,con/able gave ,l#ajj to ,bon> = ! copyright ( ! supplem5t4 ,! fif? edition 0 begun imm$iately aft] ! f\r? z a m]e repr9t4 ,! managem5t ( ! edition1 or r mismanagem5t1 w5t on "u ! lawy] tru/ees = sev]al ye>s1 & at la/ ! :ole prop]ty 0 aga9 br\ght to ! m>ket by public sale4 ,!re 7 ab\t #ahjj copies pr9t$ ( ! five fir/ volumes1 :i* =m$ "o lot1 ! copyright =m$ ano!r lot1 & s on4 ,! :ole 0 pur*as$ by myself & 9 my "n = betwe5 ,l#ac1jjj & ,l#ad1jjj1 & x 0 said by ! wise booksell]s ( ,ed9burgh & o!rs t ,i _h completely ru9$ myself & all connect$ ) me by a pur*ase to su* an enorm\s am\nt2 ?is 0 e>ly 9 #ahab 7,con/able1 ii4 #cad74 ,bon>1 :o liv$ next door to ! pr9t+ (fice1 ?\ght he c\ld conduct ! book1 & _h resolv$ on ! pur*ase4 ,hav+ a good deal ( money1 he seem$ to ,con/able a =midable rival1 ^: alliance 0 to be secur$4 ,aft] sundry int]views x 0 agre$ t ,con/able %\ld buy ! copyright 9 8 own "n1 & t ,bon> %\ld h "o-?ird1 & also "o-?ird ( ! copyright ( ! supplem5t1 = :i* he gave ,l#bjj4 ,dr ,james ,mill> correct$ & revis$ ! la/ #ae volumes4 ,! preface is dat$ ! #a/ ( ,decemb] #ahad4 ,! pr9t+ 0 sup]9t5d$ by ,bon>1 :o di$ on ! #bf? ( ,july #ahad4 ,8 tru/ees 7 repaid 8 advances on ! "w1 ab\t ,l#fjjj1 & ! copyright 0 valu$ at ,l#aa1jjj1 ( :i* !y receiv$ "o-?ird1 ,con/able add+ ,l#ejj1 z ! book _h be5 s extremely successful4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #bj vols41 #af1jag pages1 #ehb plates1 price ,l#cf1 & dat$ #ahag4 ,soon aft] ! pur*ase ( ! copyright1 ,con/able began to prep>e = ! publication ( a supplem5t1 to be ( f\r or1 at ! v utmo/1 five volumes4 ,! fir/ article arrang$ = 0 "o on ',*emi/ry' by ,sir ,humphry ,davy1 b he w5t abroad 9 ,octob] #ahac & ,i releas$ him f 8 engagem5t1 & employ$ ,mr ,br&e2 ! second article 0 ,mr ,/ew>t's ,diss]tation1 = :i* ,i agre$ to pay him ,l#ajjj1 leav+ ! ext5t ( x to himself1 b ) ?is und]/&+1 t x 0 n to be "u t5 %eets1 & might ext5d to tw5ty 7,con/able1 ii4 #cah74 ,dugald ,/ew>t1 9 a lett] to ,con/able1 ! #ae? ( ,novemb] #ahab1 ?\gh he decl9es to engage to execute any ( 8 own sugge/ions1 recomm5ds t f\r disc\rses %\ld /& 9 front1 =m+ a g5]al map ( ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( human k1 simil> to ! excell5t disc\rse prefix$ by ,d',alemb]t to ! ,fr5* ,encyclop$ie1 toge!r ) hi/orical sket*es ( ! progress s9ce ,bacon's "t ( mod]n discov]ies 9 metaphysical1 moral & political philosophy1 9 ma!matics & physics1 9 *emi/ry1 & 9 zoology1 botany & m9]alogy4 ,he w\ld only promise to und]take ! g5]al map & ! fir/ hi/orical sket*1 if 8 heal? & o!r engagem5ts p]mitt$1 aft] ! second volume ( 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,human ,m9d 7publi%$ 9 #ahac7 _h gone to press4 ,= ! second he recomm5d$ ,playfair1 = *emi/ry ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,he receiv$ ,l#ajjj = ! fir/ "p ( 8 diss]tation 7#aff pages71 & ,l#gjj = ! second 7#beg pages71 ! "r ( publication be+ limit$ to ! ,supplem5t & ,encyclopa$ia4 ,con/able next contract$ ) ,pr(essor ,playfair = a diss]tation to be equal 9 l5g? or n to ,mr ,/ew>t's1 = ,l#bej2 b a %ort "t aft]w>ds ,i felt t to pay "o em95t individual ,l#ajjj because he w\ld n take less w\ld be q unfair1 & ,i wrote to ! wor?y ,pr(essor t ,i _h fix$ 8 paym5t at ,l#ejj4 ,con/able gave him ,l#ejj = ! fir/ "p 7#abg pages71 & w\ld h giv5 z mu* = ! second 7#ij pages7 if x _h be5 z long4 ,8 next object 0 to f9d out ! greate/ defects 9 ! book1 & he gave ,pr(essor ,leslie ,l#bjj & ,graham ,dalyell ,l#ajj = look+ ov] x4 ,he !n wrote out a prospectus & submitt$ x 9 pr9t to ,/ew>t1 b ! cauti\s philosoph] ref]r$ him to ,playfair1 :o return$ x next day v greatly improv$4 ,= ?is ,con/able s5t him six doz5 ( v f9e old %]ry1 only feel+ regret t he _h no?+ bett] to (f]4 ,he at fir/ int5d$ to h two editors1 "o = ! /rictly lit]>y & ! o!r = ! sci5tific dep>tm5t4 ,he appli$ to ,dr ,?omas ,br[n1 :o pref]r$ writ+ tra% ( poetry to useful & lucrative employm5t4 ,at la/ he fix$ on ,mr ,macvey ,napi] 7born #aggg71 :om he _h kn[n f #agih1 & :o _h be5 a h>d /ud5t1 & at college laid a good f\ndation = 8 future c>e]1 ?\gh m p]haps 9 g5]al in=mation ?an 9 :at w\ld be1 /rictly speak+1 call$ s*ol>%ip2 ?is1 h[ev]1 does n fit him ! less = 8 pres5t task4 ,con/able1 9 a lett] dat$ ! #aa? ( ,june #ahac1 (f]$ him ,l#cjj be=e ! fir/ "p w5t to press1 ,l#aej on ! completion at press ( ea* ( ! eight half volumes1 ,l#ejj if ! "w 0 repr9t$ or ext5d$ beyond #gjjj copies & ,l#bjj = incid5tal exp5ses4 ,9 ?is way ! composition ( ! f\r volumes1 includ+ ! introductory diss]tations1 w am\nt to consid]ably m ?an ,l#ijjj4 ,9 a po/script ! c]ta9 paym5t is *>act]i/ically increas$ to ,l#aege1 ! cont+5t to ,l#gce1 & ! all[ance = incid5tal exp5ses to ,l#cjj 7,con/able1 ii4 #cbf74 ,napi] w5t to ,london1 & obta9$ ! co-op]ation ( _m lit]>y m54 ,! supplem5t 0 publi%$ 9 half-volume p>ts f ,decemb] #ahaf to ,april #ahbd4 ,x =m$ six volumes #dto1 conta9+ #dicc pages1 #abe plates1 #i maps1 ?ree diss]tations & #ffi articles1 ( :i* a li/ is giv5 at ! end4 ,! fir/ diss]tation1 on ! progress ( metaphysical1 e?ical & political philosophy1 0 by ,/ew>t1 :o complet$ 8 plan only 9 respect to metaphysics4 ,he _h ?\ght x w\ld be easy to adapt ! intellectual map or g5]al survey ( human k1 sket*$ by ,bacon & improv$ by ,d',alemb]t1 to ! advanc$ /ate ( ! sci5ces1 :ile its unrivall$ au?ority w\ld h s(t5$ criticism4 ,b on clos] exam9ation he f\nd ! logical views on :i* ?is sy/ematic arrangem5t 0 bas$ ess5tially errone\s2 &1 d\bt+ :e!r ! "t _h come = a successful repetition ( ?is bold exp]im5t1 he =ebore to sub/itute a new s*eme ( 8 own4 ,sir ,james ,mack9to% *>act]iz$ ?is disc\rse z ! mo/ spl5did ( ,mr4 ,/ew>t's works1 a composition :i* no o!r liv+ writ] ( ,engli% prose has equall$ 7,ed9burgh ,review1 xxvii4 #aia1 ,septemb] #ahaf74 ,! second diss]tation1 ,on ! progress ( ma!matics & physics1 0 by ,playfair1 :o di$ #ai? ,july #ahai1 :5 he _h only f9i%$ ! p]iod ( ,newton & ,leibnitz4 ,! ?ird1 by ,pr(essor ,br&e1 ,on ! progress ( *emi/ry f ! e>ly middle ages to #ahjj1 0 ! only "o complet$4 ,^! hi/orical diss]tations 7 admirable & delightful compositions1 & important & int]e/+ additions to ! ,encyclopa$ia2 b x is difficult to see :y !y %\ld =m a sep>ate dep>tm5t di/9ct f ! g5]al alphabet4 ,! preface1 dat$ ,m>* #ahbd1 beg9s ) an acc\nt ( ! m important previ\s encyclopa$ias1 relates ! hi/ory ( ?is to ! six? edition1 describes ! prep>ation = ! supplem5t & gives an outl9e ( ! cont5ts1 & m5tions "u ea* great division ( k ! pr9cipal articles & _! au?ors' names1 (t5 ) rem>ks on ! *>act]s ( bo?4 ,among ! di/+ui%$ contributors 7 ,leslie1 ,playfair1 ,ivory1 ,sir ,john ,b>r[1 ,tr$gold1 ,jeffrey1 ,john ,bird ,sumn]1 ,blanco ,:ite1 ,hamilton ,smi? & ,hazlitt4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 to gratify 8 g5]\s fri5d ,con/able1 laid aside ,wav]ley1 :i* he 0 complet+ = publication1 & 9 ,april & ,may #ahad wrote ,*ivalry4 ,he also wrote ,drama 9 ,novemb] #ahah1 & ,romance 9 ! summ] ( #ahbc4 ,z x seem$ to ! editor t encyclopa$ias _h previ\sly att5d$ little to political philosophy1 he wrote ,balance ( ,p[]1 & procur$ f ,james ,mill ,banks = ,sav+s1 ,education1 ,law ( ,nations1 ,lib]ty ( ! ,press1 & o!r articles1 :i*1 repr9t$ *eaply1 _h a wide circulation4 ,m',cullo* wrote ,corn ,laws1 ,int]e/1 ,money1 ,political ,economy1 c4 ,mr ,ric>do wrote ,comm]ce & ,fund+ ,sy/em1 & ,pr(essor ,mal?us1 9 8 article ,population1 gave a compreh5sive summ>y ( ! facts & reason+s on :i* 8 !ory re/$4 ,9 ! article ,egypt ,dr ,?omas ,"y fir/ gave to ! public an ext5d$ view ( ! results ( 8 successful int]pretation ( ! hi]oglyphic *>act]s on ! /one ( ,rosetta1 ) a vocabul>y ( #bba words 9 ,engli%1 ,coptic1 ,hi]oglyphic & ,en*orial1 engrav$ on f\r plates4 ,!re 7 ab\t #afj biographies1 *iefly ( p]sons :o _h di$ )9 ! prec$+ #cj ye>s4 ,con/able wi%$ %ort biographical notices ( ! fir/ f\nd]s ( ?is great "w1 b !y 71 9 ! op9ion ( my editor1 too insignificant to entitle !m to ! rank :i* su* sep>ate notice1 x 0 suppos$1 w\ld h giv5 !m z lit]>y m51 al?\gh 8 own consequ5ce 9 ! _w _h its orig9 9 _! ex]tions 7,memoirs1 ii4 #cbf74 ,x is to be regrett$ t ?is wi% 0 n c>ri$ out1 z 0 done 9 ! latt] volumes ( ,z$l]4 ,arago wrote ,d\ble ,refraction & ,pol>ization ( ,light1 a note to :i* m5tions 8 "n z au?or4 ,playfair wrote ,aep9us1 & ,physical ,a/ronomy4 ,biot wrote ,electricity & ,p5dulum4 ,he gave 8 assi/ance ) alacrity1 ?\gh 8 articles _h to be translat$4 ,signatures1 on ! plan ( ! ,encyclop$ie1 7 annex$ to ea* article1 ! li/ =m+ a triple alphabet1 ,a to ,,xxx1 ) ! full names ( ! #gb contributors arrang$ app>5tly 9 ! ord] ( _! fir/ occurr5ce4 ,at ! end ( vol4 vi4 are ,add5da & ,corrig5da1 includ+ ,int]polation1 by ,leslie1 & ,pol>ization ( ,light1 by ,arago4 ,! six? edition1 revis$1 correct$ & improv$1 appe>$ 9 half-volume p>ts1 price #afs4 9 bo>ds1 vol4 xx4 "p ii4 complet+ ! "w 9 ,may #ahbc4 ,con/able1 ?9k+ x n wise to repr9t s l>ge a book ye> aft] ye> )\t correction1 9 #ahbj select$ ,mr ,*>les ,macl>5 7#aghb-ahff71 z editor4 ,8 att5tion 0 *iefly direct$ to ! hi/orical & geographical articles4 ,he 0 to keep ! press go+1 & h ! :ole complet$ 9 ?ree ye>s4 ,he wrote ,am]ica1 ,greece1 ,troy1 c4 ,_m ( ! l>ge articles z ,agriculture1 ,*emi/ry1 ,con*ology1 7 new or ne>ly s2 & ref]5ces 7 giv5 to ! supplem5t4 ,a new edition 9 #be vols4 0 contemplat$1 n to be ann\nc$ till a c]ta9 "t aft] ! supplem5t 0 f9i%$2 b ,con/able's h\se /opp$ paym5t on ! #ai? ( ,janu>y #ahbf1 & 8 copyrights 7 sold by auction4 ,^? ( ! ,encyclopa$ia 7 b\ght by contract1 on ! #af? ( ,july #ahbh1 = ,l#faej1 by ,?omas ,allan1 proprietor ( ! ,cal$onian ,m]cury1 ,adam ,black1 ,abram ,?omson1 bookb9d]1 & ,alex&] ,wight1 bank]1 :o1 ) ! tru/ee ( ,con/able's e/ate1 _h previ\sly begun ! sev5? edition4 ,n _m ye>s lat] ,mr ,black pur*as$ all ! %>es & became sole proprietor4 ,! sev5? edition1 #ba vols4 #dto 7) an index ( #ahg pages1 compil$ by ,rob]t ,cox71 conta9+ #ag1aja pages & #ejf plates1 edit$ by ,macvey ,napi]1 assi/$ by ,james ,br[ne1 ,,ll4,d41 0 begun 9 #ahbg1 & publi%$ f ,m>* #ahcj to ,janu>y #ahdb4 ,x 0 reset ?r\gh\t & /]eotyp$4 ,ma!matical diagrams 7 pr9t$ 9 ! text f woodcuts4 ,! fir/ half ( ! preface 0 ne>ly t ( ! supplem5t4 ,! li/ ( signatures1 conta9+ #afg names1 consi/s ( f\r alphabets ) additions1 & diff]s altoge!r f t 9 ! supplem5t3 _m names are omitt$1 ! ord] is *ang$ & #ajc are add$4 ,a li/ foll[s ( ov] #cjj articles1 )\t signatures1 by #hg writ]s4 ,! diss]tations--#a/1 ,/ew>t's1 #bhi pages2 #bnd1 ,e?ics 7#acf pages71 by ,sir ,james ,mack9to%1 ^: dea? prev5t$ ! addition ( ,political ,philosophy2 #crd1 ,playfair's1 #aci pages2 #d?1 its cont9uation by ,sir ,john ,leslie1 #ajj pages--& _! index ( #cj pages1 fill vol4 i4 ,z !y did n include ,greek philosophy1 ,ari/otle1 ,plato & ,socrates 7 suppli$ by ,dr ,hampd51 aft]w>ds bi%op ( ,h]e=d4 ,among ! num]\s contributors ( em95ce1 m5tion may be made ( ,sir ,david ,brew/]1 ,pr(4 ,phillips1 ,pr(4 ,spald+1 ,john ,hill ,burton1 ,?omas ,de ,qu9cey1 ,patrick ,fras] ,tytl]1 ,capt4 ,basil ,hall1 ,sir ,?omas ,dick ,laud]1 ,antonio ,panizzi1 ,john ,scott ,russell & ,rob]t ,/eph5son4 ,zoology 0 divid$ into #aa *ief articles1 ,mammalia1 ,orni?ology1 ,reptilia1 ,i*?yology1 ,mollusca1 ,cru/acea1 ,ara*nides1 ,entomology1 ,helm9?ology1 ,zoophytes1 & ,animalcule--all by ,james ,wilson4 ,! eigh? edition1 #ahec-ahfj1 #dto1 #ba vols4 7& index ( #bci pages1 #ahfa71 conta9+ #ag1ieg pages & #djb plates1 ) _m woodcuts1 0 edit$ by ,dr ,?omas ,/ew>t ,traill1 pr(essor ( m$ical jurisprud5ce 9 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity4 ,! diss]tations 7 repr9t$1 ) "o on ! ,rise1 ,progress & ,corruptions ( ,*ri/ianity 7#ig pages71 by ,ar*bi%op ,:ately1 & a cont9uation ( ,leslie's to #ahej1 by ,pr(essor ,james ,david ,=bes1 #aih pages1 ! "w ( ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 call$ by himself 8 magnum opus 7,life1 pp4 #cfa1 #cff74 ,"l ,macaulay1 ,*>les ,k+sley1 ,isaac ,taylor1 ,hepwor? ,dixon1 ,rob]t ,*amb]s1 ,rev4 ,*>les ,m]ivale1 ,rev4 ,f4,w4 ,f>r>1 ,sir ,john ,ri*>dson1 ,dr ,scoresby1 ,dr ,hook]1 ,h5ry ,au/9 ,lay>d1 ,edw4 ,b4 ,ea/wick1 ,john ,crawfurd1 ,augu/us ,pet]mann1 ,b>on ,buns51 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,dr ,lanke/]1 ,pr(essors ,ow51 ,rank9e1 ,william ,?omson1 ,ayt\n1 ,blackie1 ,daniel ,wilson & ,jukes1 7 "s ( ! _m em95t new contributors f\nd among ! #cdd au?ors1 ( :om an alphabetical li/ is giv51 ) a key to ! signatures4 ,9 ! preface a li/ ( #bgi articles by #ahi writ]s1 class$ "u #ae heads1 is giv54 ,?is edition 0 n :olly reset l ! sev5?1 b _m long articles 7 reta9$ almo/ or entirely intact4 ,! publication ( ! n9? edition 7,a4 ,c4 ,black7 0 comm5c$ 9 ,janu>y #ahge1 "u ! editor%ip ( ,?omas ,sp5c] ,baynes until #ahhj1 & subsequ5tly ( ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?1 & complet$ 9 #ahhi1 #bd vols41 ) index4 ,?is great edition reta9$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( ! valuable mat]ial 9 ! eigh?1 b 0 sub/antially a new "w2 & x 0 univ]sally ackn[l$g$ to /& 9 ! =efront ( ! s*ol>%ip ( its "t4 ,its contributors includ$ ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 ( lett]s & ( sci5ce4 ,9 #ahih a repr9t1 sold at ab\t half ! orig9al price1 & on ! plan ( paym5t by in/alm5ts1 0 issu$ by ,! ,times ( ,london2 & 9 #aijb1 "u ! jo9t editor%ip ( ,sir ,donald ,mack5zie ,wallace1 ,presid5t ,ar?ur ,t4 ,hadley ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 & ,hugh ,*i%olm1 elev5 supplem5t>y volumes 7 publi%$1 =m+1 ) ! #bd vols4 ( ! n9? edition1 a t5? edition ( #ce volumes4 ,^! includ$ a volume ( maps1 & an elaborate index 7vol4 #ce7 to ! :ole edition1 compris+ "s #fjj1jjj entries4 ,9 ,may #aijc a />t 0 made ) ! prep>ation ( ! #aa? edition1 "u ! g5]al editor%ip ( ,hugh ,*i%olm1 ) ,w4 ,alison ,phillips z *ief assi/ant-editor1 & a /aff ( editorial assi/ants1 ! :ole "w ( organization be+ conduct$ up to ,decemb] #aiji f ,! ,times (fice4 ,arrangem5ts 7 !n made by :i* ! copyright & control ( ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica pass$ to ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 = ! publication at ! ,univ]sity ,press 9 #aiaj-aiaa ( ! #bi volumes 7"o be+ ,index7 ( ! #aa? edition1 a di/9ctive feature ( ?is issue be+ ! appe>ance ( ! :ole s]ies ( volumes practically at ! same "t4 ,a new & enl>g$ edition ( ! ,encyclop$ie arrang$ z a sy/em ( sep>ate diction>ies1 & entitl$ ,encyclop$ie me?odique ou p> ordre de mati]es1 0 und]tak5 by ,*>les ,joseph ,panck\cke1 a publi%] ( ,p>is 7born at ,lille on ! #bf? ( ,novemb] #agcf1 di$ on ! #ai? ( ,decemb] #agih74 ,8 privilege 0 dat$ ! #bj? ( ,june #aghj4 ,! articles belong+ to diff]5t subjects w\ld readily =m di/9ct diction>ies1 al?\gh1 hav+ be5 con/ruct$ = an alphabetical plan1 !y seem$ unsuit$ = any sy/em :olly me?odical4 ,two copies ( ! book & its supplem5t 7 cut up into articles1 :i* 7 sort$ into subjects4 ,! division adopt$ 03 #a1 ma!matics2 #b physics2 #c1 m$ic9e2 #d1 anatomy & physiology2 #e1 surg]y2 #f1 *emi/ry1 metallurgy & ph>macy2 #g1 agriculture2 #h1 natural hi/ory ( animals1 9 six p>ts2 #i1 botany2 #aj1 m9]als2 #aa1 physical geography2 #ab1 anci5t & mod]n geography2 #ac1 antiquities2 #ad1 hi/ory2 #ae1 !ology2 #af1 philosophy2 #ag1 metaphysics1 logic & morality2 #ah1 gramm> & lit]ature2 #ai1 law2 #bj1 f9ance2 #ba1 political economy2 #bb1 comm]ce2 #bc1 m>9e2 #bd1 art militaire2 #be1 beaux arts2 #bf1 arts et meti]s--all =m+ di/9ct diction>ies entru/$ to diff]5t editors4 ,! fir/ object ( ea* editor 0 to exclude all articles belong+ to o!r subjects1 & to take c>e t ^? ( a d\btful nature %\ld n be omitt$ by all4 ,9 "s words 7su* z air1 :i* belong$ equally to *emi/ry1 physics & m$ic9e7 ! me?odical arrangem5t has ! unexpect$ effect ( break+ up ! s+le article into sev]al widely sep>at$4 ,ea* diction>y 0 to h an introduction & a classifi$ table ( ! pr9cipal articles4 ,hi/ory & its m9or p>ts1 z inscriptions1 fables1 m$als1 7 to be includ$4 ,!ology1 :i* 0 nei!r complete1 exact nor or?odox1 0 to be by ! abbe ,b]gi]1 confessor to ,monsieur4 ,! :ole "w 0 to be complet$ & connect$ toge!r by a ,vocabulaire ,univ]sel1 #a vol4 #dto1 ) ref]5ces to all ! places :]e ea* ^w occurr$1 & a v exact hi/ory ( ! ,encyclop$ie & its editions by ,panck\cke4 ,! prospectus1 issu$ e>ly 9 #aghb1 propos$ ?ree editions--#hd vols4 #hvo1 #dc vols4 #dto ) #c columns to a page1 & #ec vols4 #dto ( ab\t #ajj %eets ) #b columns to a page1 ea* edition hav+ #g vols4 #dto ( #bej to #cjj plates ea*4 ,! subscription 0 to be #fgb livres f ! #ae? ( ,m>* to ,july #aghb1 !n #gea1 & #hhh aft] ,april #aghc4 ,x 0 to be issu$ 9 livraisons ( #b vols4 ea*1 ! fir/ 7jurisprud5ce1 vol4 i41 lit]ature1 vol4 i47 to appe> 9 ,july #aghb1 & ! :ole to be f9i%$ 9 #aghg4 ,! numb] ( subscrib]s1 #djgb1 0 s great t ! subscription li/ ( #fgb livres 0 clos$ on ! #cj? ( ,april4 ,tw5ty-five pr9t+ (fices 7 employ$1 & 9 ,novemb] #aghb ! #a/ livraison 7jurisprud5ce1 vol4 i41 & half vol4 ea* ( arts et meti]s & hi/oire naturelle7 0 issu$4 ,a ,spani% prospectus 0 s5t out1 & obta9$ #ccj ,spani% subscrib]s1 ) ! inquisitor-g5]al at _! head4 ,! compla9ts ( ! subscrib]s & 8 own heavy advances1 ov] #aej1jjj livres1 induc$ ,panck\cke1 9 ,novemb] #aghh1 to appeal to ! au?ors to f9i% ! "w4 ,^? en ret>d made new contracts1 giv+ _! ^w ( hon\r to put _! p>ts to press 9 #aghh1 & to cont9ue !m )\t int]ruption1 s t ,panck\cke hop$ to f9i% ! :ole1 includ+ ! vocabul>y 7#d or #e vols471 9 #agib4 ,:ole sci5ces1 z ar*itecture1 eng9e]+1 hunt+1 police1 games1 c41 _h be5 ov]look$ 9 ! prospectus2 a new division 0 made 9 #dd p>ts1 to conta9 #ea diction>ies & ab\t #abd vols4 ,p]mission 0 obta9$ on ! #bg? ( ,febru>y #aghi1 to receive subscriptions = ! sep>ate diction>ies4 ,two ?\s& subscrib]s 7 lo/ by ! ,revolution4 ,! #ej? livraison appe>$ on ! #bcrd ( ,july #agib1 :5 all ! diction>ies ev5tually publi%$ _h be5 begun except sev5--jeux famili]s & ma!matiques1 physics1 art oratoire1 physical geography1 *asses & pe*es2 & #ah 7 f9i%$1--ma!matics1 games1 surg]y1 anci5t & mod]n geography1 hi/ory1 !ology1 logic1 gramm>1 jurisprud5ce1 f9ance1 political economy1 comm]ce1 m>9e1 arts militaires1 arts academiques1 arts et meti]s1 encyclop$iana4 ,supplem5ts 7 add$ to milit>y art 9 #agig1 & to hi/ory 9 #ahjg1 b n to any ( ! o!r #af1 ?\gh requir$ = mo/ long be=e #ahcb4 ,! publication 0 cont9u$ by ,h5ri ,agasse1 ,panck\cke's son-9-law1 f #agid to #ahac1 & !n by ,mme ,agasse1 8 wid[1 to #ahcb1 :5 x 0 complet$ 9 #ajb livraisons or #ccg p>ts1 =m+ #aff-a_/b vols4 ( text1 & #ea p>ts conta9+ #fdci plates4 ,! lett]press issu$ ) ! plates am\nts to #edeh pages1 mak+ ) ! text #abd1baj pages4 ,to save exp5se ! plates belong+ to ar*itecture 7 n publi%$4 ,ph>macy 7sep>at$ f *emi/ry71 m9]als1 education1 ponts et *aussees _h be5 ann\nc$ b 7 n publi%$1 nei!r 0 ! ,vocabulaire ,univ]sel1 ! key & index to ! :ole "w1 s t x is difficult to c>ry out any rese>* or to f9d all ! articles on any subject4 ,! orig9al p>ts h be5 s (t5 subdivid$1 & h be5 s add$ to by o!r diction>ies1 supplem5ts & app5dices1 t1 )\t go+ into great detail1 an exact acc\nt _c be giv5 ( ! "w1 :i* conta9s #hh alphabets1 ) #hc indexes1 & #aff introductions1 disc\rses1 prefaces1 c4 ,_m diction>ies h a class$ index ( articles2 t ( economie politique is v excell5t1 giv+ ! cont5ts ( ea* article1 s t any passage c be f\nd easily4 ,! l>ge/ diction>ies are m$ic9e1 #ac vols41 #aj1ccj pages2 zoology1 #g diction>ies1 #ac1fde pages1 #abjf plates2 botany1 #ab1jjb pages1 #ajjj plates 7#cd only ( cryptogamic plants72 geography1 #c diction>ies & #b atlases1 #ijij pages1 #aic maps & plates2 jurisprud5ce 7) police & municipalities71 #aj vols41 #gfjg pages4 ,anatomy1 #d vols41 #bhff pages1 is n a diction>y b a s]ies ( sy/ematic treatises4 ,assemblee ,nationale 0 to be 9 ?ree p>ts1--7#a7 ! hi/ory ( ! ,revolution1 7#b7 debates1 & 7#c7 laws & decrees4 ,only vol4 ii41 debates1 appe>$1 #agib1 #hjd pages1 ,abs5s to ,aurillac4 ,t5 volumes ( a ,spani% translation ) a vol4 ( plates 7 publi%$ at ,madrid to #ahjf--viz4 hi/oria natural1 i4 ii42 grammatica1 i42 arte milit>1 i41 ii42 geografia1 i4-iii42 fabricas1 i41 ii41 plates1 vol4 i4 ,a ,fr5* edition 0 pr9t$ at ,padua1 ) ! plates1 says ,peignot1 v c>efully engrav$4 ,probably no m unmanageable body ( diction>ies has ev] be5 publi%$ except ,migne's ,encyclop$ie !ologique1 ,p>is1 #ahdd-ahge1 #dto1 #afh vols41 #aja diction>ies1 #aai1jei pages4 ,no "w ( ref]5ce has be5 m useful & successful1 or m frequ5tly copi$1 imitat$ & translat$1 ?an t kn[n z ! ,conv]sations ,lexikon ( ,brockhaus4 ,x 0 begun z ,conv]sations ,lexikon mit vorzugli*] ,rucksi*t auf die geg5w>tig5 ,zeit51 ,leipzig1 #agif to #ahjh1 #hvo1 #f vols41 #bgfb pages1 by ,dr ,got!lf ,r5atus ,lobel 7born on ! #a/ ( ,april #agfg at ,?alwitz ne> ,wurz5 9 ,saxony1 di$ on ! #ad? ( ,febru>y #agii71 :o int5d$ to sup]s$e ,hubn]1 & includ$ geography1 hi/ory1 & 9 "p biography1 besides my?ology1 philosophy1 natural hi/ory1 c4 ,vols4 i4-iv4 7,a to ,r7 appe>$ #agif to #ahjj1 vol4 v4 9 #ahjf4 ,fri$ri* ,arnold ,brockhaus 7q4v47 b\ght ! "w ) its copyright on ! #be? ( ,octob] #ahjh1 = #ahjj ?al]s f ! pr9t]1 :o seems to h got x 9 paym5t ( 8 bill4 ,! editor1 ,*ri/ian ,wilhelm ,franke1 by contract dat$ ! #af? ( ,novemb]1 0 to f9i% vol4 vi4 by ! #e? ( ,decemb]1 & ! already project$ supplem5t1 #b vols41 by ,mi*aelmas #ahji1 = #h ?al]s a pr9t$ %eet4 ,no p5alty 0 specifi$1 b1 says 8 gr&son1 ,brockhaus 0 to le>n t su* contracts1 :e!r "u p5alty or n1 are n kept1 = ! supplem5t 0 f9i%$ only 9 #ahaa4 ,brockhaus issu$ a new impression z ,conv]sations ,lexikon od] kurzgefas/es ,h&wort]bu*1 c1 #ahji-ahaa1 & on remov+ to ,alt5burg 9 #ahaa began himself to edit ! #bnd edition 7#ahab-ahai1 #aj vols471 &1 :5 vol4 iv4 0 publi%$1 ! #crd 7#ahad-ahai74 ,he c>ri$ on bo? editions toge!r until #ahag1 :5 he remov$ to ,leipzig1 & began ! #d? edition z ,allgeme9e deuts*e ,real5cyclopadie fur die gebildet5 ,/&e4 ,conv]sations ,lexikon4 ,?is title 01 9 ! #ad? edition1 *ang$ to t ( ,brockhaus' ,konv]sations ,lexicon4 ,! #e? edition 0 at once begun1 & 0 f9i%$ 9 eighte5 mon?s4 ,dr ,ludwig ,ha9 assi/$ 9 edit+ ! #d? & #e? editions until he left ,leipzig 9 ,april #ahbj1 :5 ,pr(essor ,f4,c4 ,hasse took 8 place4 ,! #ab1jjj copies ( ! #e? edition be+ exhau/$ :ile vol4 x4 0 at press1 a #bnd unalt]$ impression ( #aj1jjj 0 requir$ 9 #ahbj & a #crd ( #aj1jjj 9 #ahbb4 ,! #f? edition1 #aj vols41 0 begun 9 ,septemb] #ahbb4 ,brockhaus di$ 9 #ahbc1 & 8 two elde/ sons1 ,fri$ri* & ,he9ri*1 :o c>ri$ on ! bus9ess = ! heirs & became sole possessors 9 #ahbi1 f9i%$ ! edition ) ,hasse's assi/ance 9 ,septemb] #ahbc4 ,! #g? edition 7#ahbg-ahbi1 #ab vols41 #aj1dhi pages1 #ac1jjj copies1 #bnd impression #ad1jjj7 0 edit$ by ,hasse4 ,! #h? edition 7#ahcc-ahcf1 #ab vols41 #aj1fhi pages1 #ca1jjj copies to #ahdb71 begun 9 ! autumn ( #ahcb1 end$ ,may #ahcg1 0 edit$ by ,dr ,k>l ,augu/ ,espe 7born ,febru>y #ahjd1 di$ 9 ! ,irr5an/alt at ,/ott]itz ne> ,leipzig on ! #bd? ( ,novemb] #ahej7 ) ! aid ( _m le>n$ & di/+ui%$ writ]s4 ,a g5]al index1 ,univ]sal ,regi/]1 #bdb pages1 0 add$ 9 #ahci4 ,! #i? edition 7#ahdc-ahdg1 #ae vols41 #aa1dgj pages1 ov] #cj1jjj copies7 0 edit$ by ,dr ,espe4 ,! #aj? edition 7#ahea-ahee1 #ab1efd pages7 0 also 9 #ae vols41 = conv5i5ce 9 ref]5ce1 & 0 edit$ by ,dr ,augu/ ,kurtzel aid$ by ,osk> ,pilz4 ,fri$ri* ,brockhaus _h retir$ 9 #ahdi2 ,dr ,he9ri* ,edw>d1 ! eld] son ( ,he9ri*1 made p>tn] 9 #ahed1 assi/$ 9 ?is edition1 & ,he9ri* ,rudolf1 ! y\ng] son1 p>tn] s9ce #ahfc1 9 ! #aa? 7#ahfd-ahfh1 #ae vols4 ( #fj %eets1 #ac1cff pages74 ,kurtzel di$ on ! #bd? ( ,april #ahga1 & ,pilz 0 sole editor until ,m>* #ahgb1 :5 ,dr ,gu/av ,/ockmann jo9$1 :o 0 alone f ,april until jo9$ by ,dr ,k>l ,wipp]mann 9 ,octob]4 ,besides ! ,univ]sal ,regi/] ( #acf pages & ab\t #ej1jjj articles1 ea* volume has an index4 ,! supplem5t1 #b vols1 #agfd pages1 0 begun 9 ,febru>y #ahga1 & f9i%$ 9 ,april #ahgc4 ,! #ab? edition1 begun 9 #ahge1 0 complet$ 9 #ahgi 9 #ae vols41 ! #ac? edition 7#ahhb-ahhg71 9 #af vols41 & ! #ad? 7#aija-aijc7 9 #af vols4 ) a supplem5t>y volume 9 #aijd4 ,! ,conv]sations ,lexicon is int5d$1 n = sci5tific use1 b to promote g5]al m5tal improvem5t by giv+ ! results ( rese>* & discov]y 9 a simple & popul> =m )\t ext5d$ details4 ,! articles1 (t5 too brief1 are v excell5t & tru/wor?y1 especially on ,g]man subjects1 give ref]5ces to ! be/ books1 & include biographies ( liv+ m54 ,"o ( ! be/ ,g]man encyclopa$ias is t ( ,mey]1 ,neues ,konv]sations-,lexicon4 ,! fir/ edition1 9 #cg vols41 0 publi%$ 9 #ahci-aheb4 ,! lat] editions1 foll[+ closely ! arrangem5t ( ,brockhaus1 are ! #d? 7#ahhe-ahij1 #ag vols471 ! #e? 7#ahid-ahih1 #ah vols471 & ! #f? 7begun 9 #aijb74 ,! mo/ copi\s ,g]man encyclopa$ia is ,ers* & ,grub]'s ,allgeme9e ,encyklopadie d] ,wiss5s*aft5 und ,kun/e1 ,leipzig4 ,x 0 design$ & begun 9 #ahac by ,pr(essor ,johann ,samuel ,ers* 7born at ,gross ,glogau on ! #bcrd ( ,june #agff1 *ief libr>ian at ,halle1 di$ on ! #af? ( ,janu>y #ahbh7 to satisfy ! wants ( ,g]mans1 only 9 "p suppli$ by =eign works4 ,x 0 /opp$ by ! w> until #ahaf1 :5 ,pr(essor ,hufel& 7born at ,danzig on ! #ai? ( ,octob] #agfj7 jo9$1 b he di$ on ! #be? ( ,novemb] #ahag :ile ! specim5 "p 0 at press4 ,! editors ( ! diff]5t sections at v>i\s times h be5 "s ( ! be/-kn[n m5 ( le>n+ 9 ,g]many1 includ+ ,j4,g4 ,grub]1 ,m4,h4,e4 ,mei]1 ,h]mann ,brockhaus1 ,w4 ,mull] & ,a4,g4 ,h(fmann ( ,j5a4 ,! "w is divid$ into ?ree sections 7#a7 ,a-,g1 ( :i* #ii vols4 _h appe>$ by #aije1 7#b7 ,h-,n1 #dc vols41 7#c7 ,o-,z1 #be vols4 ,all articles be> ! au?ors' names1 & ^? n ready 9 "t 7 plac$ at ! end ( _! lett]4 ,! longe/ 9 ! "w is ,grie*5l&1 vols4 #hj-hg1 #cffh pages1 ) a table ( cont5ts4 ,x began to appe> aft] vol4 #gc 7,gotze to ,gond\971 & h5ce does n come 9 its prop] place1 :i* is 9 vol4 #ia4 ,gross ,britanni5 conta9s #gjj pages1 & ,indi5 by ,b5fey #cef4 ,! ,encyclopa$ia ,metropolitana 7,london1 #ahde1 #dto1 #bh vols41 issu$ 9 #ei p>ts 9 #ahag-ahde1 #bb1dbf pages1 #efe plates7 pr(ess$ to give sci5ces & sy/ematic arts entire & 9 _! natural sequ5ce1 z %[n 9 ! introductory treatise on me?od by ,s4,t4 ,col]idge4 ,! plan 0 ! proposal ( ! poet ,col]idge1 & x _h at lea/ en\gh ( a poetical "* to be em95tly unpractical 7,qu>t]ly ,review1 cxiii41 #cgi74 ,h[ev] defective ! plan1 ! excell5ce ( _m ( ! treatises by ,ar*bi%op ,:ately1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 ,pr(essors ,b>l[1 ,peacock1 de ,morgan1 c41 is und\bt$4 ,x is 9 f\r divisions1 ! la/ only be+ alphabetical3--,i4 ,pure ,sci5ces1 #b vols41 #ahac pages1 #af plates1 #bh treatises1 includes gramm>1 law & !ology2 ,,ii4 ,mix$ & ,appli$ ,sci5ces1 #h vols41 #ecia pages1 #dcg plates1 #db treatises1 includ+ f9e arts1 useful arts1 natural hi/ory & its application1 ! m$ical sci5ces2 ,,iii4 ,hi/ory & ,biography1 #e vols41 #ddeh pages1 #g maps1 conta9+ biography 7#ace essays7 *ronologically arrang$ 7to ,?omas ,aqu9as 9 vol4 #c71 & int]sp]s$ ) 7#baj7 *apt]s on hi/ory 7to #ahae71 z ! mo/ philosophical1 int]e/+ & natural =m 7b mod]n lives 7 s _m t ! plan broke d[n1 & a division ( biography1 to be 9 #b vols41 0 ann\nc$ b n publi%$72 ,,iv4 ,miscellane\s1 #ab vols41 #aj1cch pages1 #aje plates1 includ+ geography1 a diction>y ( ,engli% 7! fir/ =m ( ,ri*>dson's7 & descriptive natural hi/ory4 ,! index1 #cfd pages1 conta9s ab\t #ijjj articles4 ,a re-issue 9 #ch vols4 #dto1 0 ann\nc$ 9 #ahdi4 ,( a second edition #db vols4 #hvo1 #ad1gdd pages1 belong+ to divisions i4 to iii41 7 publi%$ 9 #ahdi-aheh4 ,! v excell5t & useful ,engli% ,cyclopa$ia 7,london1 #ahed-ahfb1 #dto1 #bc vols41 #ab1aag pages2 supplem5ts1 #ahfi-ahgc1 #d vols41 #bheh pages71 conduct$ by ,*>les ,knight1 bas$ on ! ,p5ny ,cyclopa$ia 7,london1 #ahcc-ahdf1 #dto1 #bi vols41 #ae1fbe pages71 ( :i* he _h ! copyright1 is 9 f\r divisions all alphabetical1 & evid5tly v unequal z classes3--#a1 geography2 #b1 natural hi/ory2 #c1 biography 7) #gjc lives ( liv+ p]sons72 #d1 arts & sci5ces4 ,! synoptical index1 #afh pages1 has f\r columns on a page1 "o = ea* division1 s t ! ord] is alphabetical & yet ! words are class$4 ,*amb]s's ,encyclopa$ia 7,ed9burgh1 ,w4 ,r4 ,*amb]s71 #ahfj-ahfh1 #hvo1 #aj vols41 #hbhc pages1 edit$ 9 "p by ! publi%]s1 b "u ! *>ge ( ,dr ,&rew ,f9dlat] z act+ editor ?r\gh\t1 0 f\nd$ on ! #aj? edition ( ,brockhaus4 ,a revis$ edition appe>$ 9 #ahgd1 #hcbj pages4 ,9 ! li/ ( #abf contributors 7 ,j4,h4 ,burton1 ,emmanuel ,deuts*1 ,pr(essor ,gold/uck]1 c4 ,! index ( matt]s n hav+ special articles conta9$ ab\t #aejj head+s4 ,! articles 7 g5]ally excell5t1 m especially on ,jewi% lit]ature1 folk-lore & practical sci5ce2 b1 z 9 ,brockhaus1 ! scope ( ! "w did n all[ ext5d$ treatm5t4 ,a fur!r revision took place1 & 9 #ahhh-ahib an entirely new edition 0 publi%$1 9 #aj vols41 /ill fur!r new editions be+ issu$ 9 #ahie & 9 #aija4 ,an excell5t brief compilation1 ! ,h>mswor? ,encyclopa$ia 7#aije71 0 publi%$ 9 #dj =tnightly p>ts 7sev5p5ce ea*7 9 ,engl&1 & z ,nelson's ,encyclopa$ia 7revis$7 9 #ab vols4 7#aijf7 9 ,am]ica4 ,x 0 orig9ally prep>$ = ,messrs ,nelson ( ,ed9burgh & = ! ,c>melite ,press1 ,london4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates v>i\s encyclopa$ias h be5 publi%$1 b )\t rivall+ !re ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ! #i? edition ( :i* 0 ext5sively pirat$4 ,sev]al ,am]ican ,supplem5ts 7 also issu$4 ,! ,new ,am]ican ,cyclopa$ia1 ,new ,york 7,appleton ,co471 #aheh-ahfc1 #af vols41 #ab1geb pages1 0 ! "w ( ! editors1 ,george ,ripley & ,*>les ,&]son ,dana1 & #cfd contributors1 *iefly ,am]ican4 ,a supplem5t>y "w1 ! ,am]ican ,annual ,cyclopa$ia1 a ye>ly #hvo vol4 ( ab\t #hjj pages & #bej articles1 0 />t$ 9 #ahfa1 b ceas$ 9 #aijb4 ,9 a new edition1 ! ,am]ican ,cyclopa$ia1 #ahgc-ahgf1 #hvo1 #af vols41 #ac1dhd pages1 by ! same editors1 #d associate editors1 #ca revis]s & a libr>ian1 ea* article pass$ ?r\gh ! h&s ( #f or #h revis]s4 ,o!r ,am]ican encyclopa$ias are ,alv9 ,j4 ,johnson's ,new ,univ]sal ,cyclopa$ia1 #ahge-ahgg1 9 #d vols41 a new edition ( :i* 7excell5tly plann$7 0 publi%$ 9 #h vols41 #ahic-ahie1 "u ! "n ( ,johnson's ,univ]sal ,cyclopa$ia2 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,am]icana1 edit$ by ,francis ,lieb]1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahci-ahdg 9 #ad vols42 a new "w "u ! same title1 publi%$ 9 #aijc-aijd 9 #af vols42 ! ,int]national ,cyclopa$ia1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahhd 7revis$ 9 #ahia1 #ahid & #ahih71 & sup]s$$ 9 #aijb 7revis$1 #aijf7 by ! ,new ,int]national ,encyclopa$ia 9 #ag vols4 ,9 ,europe a great impetus 0 giv5 to ! compilation ( encyclopa$ias by ! appe>ance ( ,brockhaus' ,conv]sations-,lexicon 7see above71 :i*1 z a begett] ( ^! works1 mu/ rank1 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 ) ! ,cyclopa$ia ( ,ephraim ,*amb]s 9 ! #ah?4 ,! foll[+1 al?\gh 9 no s5se an exhau/ive li/1 may be "h m5tion$4 ,9 ,france1 ,le ,gr& ,dictionnaire univ]sel du ,,xixe siecle1 ( ,pi]re ,l>\sse 7#ae vols41 #ahff-ahgf71 ) supplem5t>y volumes 9 #ahgg1 #ahhg & #ahij2 ! ,n\veau ,l>\sse illu/re1 dictionnaire univ]sel encyclop$ique 7#g vols41 #aija-aijd71 7?is is 9 no way a re-issue or an abridgm5t ( ,le ,gr& ,dictionnaire ( ,pi]re ,l>\sse72 ,la ,gr&e ,encyclop$ie1 inv5taire raisonne des sci5ces1 des lettres1 et des arts1 9 #ca vols4 7#ahhf-aijc74 ,9 ,italy1 ! ,nuova ,enciclop$ia ,italiana 7#ad vols41 #ahda-ahea1 & 9 #be vols41 #ahge-ahhh74 ,9 ,spa91 ! ,diccion>io enciclop$ico ,hispano-,am]icano de litt]atura1 ci5cias y artes1 publi%$ at ,b>celona 7#be vols41 #ahgg-ahii74 ,! ,russian encyclopa$ia1 ,russkiy ,entsiklop$i*eskiy ,slov> 7#da vols41 #aije1 #b supplem5t>y vols41 #aijh7 0 begun 9 #ahij z a ,russian v]sion ( ,brockhaus' ,conv]sations-,lexicon1 b has become a monum5tal encyclopa$ia1 to :i* all ! be/ ,russian m5 ( sci5ce & lett]s h contribut$4 ,elaborate encyclopa$ias h also appe>$ 9 ! ,poli%1 ,hung>ian1 ,bohemian & ,rumanian languages4 ,( ,sc&9avian encyclopa$ias !re h be5 re-issues ( ! ,nordesk ,conv]sations-,lexicon1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aheh-ahfc1 & ( ! ,sv5skt ,conv]sations-,lexicon1 fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahde-ahea4 ,,endecott1 ,,john 7c4 #aehh-affe71 ,engli% colonial gov]nor 9 ,am]ica1 0 born probably at ,dor*e/]1 ,dorset%ire1 ,engl&1 ab\t #aehh4 ,little is kn[n ( him be=e #afbh1 :5 he 0 "o ( ! six jo9t adv5tur]s :o pur*as$ f ! ,plym\? ,company a /rip ( l& ab\t #fj m4 wide along ! ,massa*usetts coa/ & ext5d+ we/w>d to ! ,pacific ,ocean4 ,by 8 associates ,endecott 0 entru/$ ) ! responsibility ( lead+ ! fir/ coloni/s to ! region1 & ) "s sixty p]sons proce$$ to ,naumkeag 7lat] ,salem7 :]e ,rog] ,conant1 a sec$] f ! colony at ,plym\?1 _h begun a settlem5t two ye>s e>li]4 ,endecott exp]i5c$ "s tr\ble ) ! previ\s settl]s & ) ,?omas ,morton's settlem5t at ,m]ry ,m\nt 7,m\nt ,wolla/on1 n[ ,qu9cy71 :]e1 9 accordance ) 8 /rict ,puritanical t5ets1 he cut d[n ! maypole & disp]s$ ! m]rymak]s4 ,he 0 ! local gov]nor ( ! ,massa*usetts ,bay ,colony f ! #cj? ( ,april #afbi to ! #ab? ( ,june #afcj1 :5 ,john ,w9?rop1 :o _h succe$$ ,mat!w ,cradock z gov]nor ( ! company on ! #bj? ( ,octob] #afbi1 br\ght ! *>t] to ,salem & became gov]nor ( ! colony z well z ( ! company4 ,9 ! ye>s imm$iately foll[+ he cont9u$ to take a prom95t "p 9 ! affairs ( ! colony1 s]v+ z an assi/ant & z a milit>y commission]1 & comm&+1 al?\gh ) little success1 an exp$ition aga9/ ! ,pequots 9 #afcf4 ,at ,salem he 0 a memb] ( ! congregation ( ,rog] ,williams1 :om he resolutely def5d$ 9 8 tr\ble ) ! ,new ,engl& cl]ical hi]>*y1 & excit$ by ,williams's tea*+s1 cut ! cross ( ,/ ,george f ! ,engli% flag 9 tok5 ( 8 hatr$ ( all symbols ( ,romanism4 ,he 0 deputy-gov]nor 9 #afda-afdd1 & gov]nor 9 #afdd-afde1 & s]v$ also z s]geant-major-g5]al 7comm&]-9-*ief7 ( ! militia & z "o ( ! commission]s ( ! ,unit$ ,colonies ( ,new ,engl&1 ( :i* 9 #afeh he 0 presid5t4 ,on ! dea? ( ,john ,w9?rop 9 #afdi he became gov]nor1 & by annual re-elections s]v$ cont9u\sly until 8 dea?1 ) ! exception ( two ye>s 7#afej-afea & #afed-afee71 :5 he 0 deputy-gov]nor4 ,"u 8 au?ority ! colony ( ,massa*usetts ,bay made rapid progress1 & except 9 ! matt] ( religi\s intol]ance--he %[$ great bigotry & h>%ness1 p>ticul>ly t[>ds ! ,quak]s--8 rule 0 j & praisewor?y4 ,( him ,edw>d ,eggle/on says3 ,a /range mixture ( ra%ness1 pi\s zeal1 g5ial mann]s1 hot temp]1 & h>% bigotry1 8 extravagances supply ! condim5t ( hum\r to a v s]i\s hi/ory--x is p]haps ! pr9cipal debt po/]ity owes him4 ,he di$ on ! #ae? ( ,m>* #affe4 ,see ,c4,m4 ,endicott1 ,memoirs ( ,john ,endecott 7,salem1 #ahdg71 & a ,memoir ( ,john ,endecott 9 ,antiqu>ian ,pap]s ( ! ,am]ican ,antiqu>ian ,society 7,worce/]1 ,mass41 #ahgi74 ,a l9eal desc5dant1 ,,william ,,cr[n9%ield ,,endicott 7#ahbf-aijj71 graduat$ at ,h>v>d 9 #ahdg1 0 a ju/ice ( ! ,massa*usetts supreme c\rt 9 #ahgc-ahhb1 & 0 secret>y ( w> 9 ,presid5t ,clevel&'s cab9et f #ahhe to #ahhi4 ,8 daught]1 ,m>y ,cr[n9%ield ,endicott1 0 m>ri$ to ! ,engli% /atesman ,mr ,joseph ,*amb]la9 9 #ahhh4 ,,endive1 ,ci*orium ,endivia1 an annual escul5t plant ( ! natural ord] ,compositae1 commonly reput$ to h be5 introduc$ into ,europe f ! ,ea/ ,indies1 b1 accord+ to "s au?orities1 m probably indig5\s to ,egypt4 ,x has be5 cultivat$ 9 ,engl& = m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & is m5tion$ by ,john ,g]>de 9 8 ,h]bal 7#aeig74 ,!re are num]\s v>ieties ( ! endive1 =m+ two gr\ps1 namely1 ! curl$ or n>r[-leav$ 7v>4 crispa71 & ! ,batavian or broad-leav$ 7v>4 latifolia71 ! leaves ( :i* are n curl$4 ,! =m] v>ieties are ^? mo/ us$ = salads1 ! latt] be+ gr[n *iefly = cul9>y purposes4 ,! plant requires a light1 ri* & dry soil1 9 an un%ad$ situation4 ,9 ! climate ( ,engl& s[+ = ! ma9 crop %\ld beg9 ab\t ! second or ?ird week 9 ,june2 b = plants requir$ to be us$ "y x may be z e>ly z ! latt] half ( ,april1 & = w9t] crops up to ! middle ( ,augu/4 ,! se$ %\ld be f9ely spread 9 drills #d 94 asund]1 & !n lightly cov]$4 ,aft] rea*+ an in* 9 height ! "y plants are ?9n$2 & :5 ab\t a mon? old !y may be plac$ out at di/ances ( #ab or #ae 941 9 drills #c 94 9 dep?1 c>e be+ tak5 9 remov+ !m f ! se$-b$ to di/urb _! roots z little z possible4 ,! ,batavian require m room ?an ! curl$-leav$ v>ieties4 ,transplantation1 :]e e>ly crops are requir$1 has be5 f\nd inadvisable4 ,rapidity ( gr[? is promot$ by ! application ( liquid manures4 ,! blea*+ ( endive1 9 ord] to prev5t ! developm5t ( ! natural bitt] ta/e ( ! leaves1 & to improve _! appe>ance1 is begun ab\t ?ree mon?s aft] ! s[+1 & is be/ effect$ ei!r by ty+ ! out] leaves ar\nd ! inn]1 or1 z 9 damp seasons1 by ! use ( ! blea*+-pot4 ,! blea*+ may be complet$ 9 t5 days or s 9 summ]1 b 9 w9t] x takes ?ree or f\r weeks4 ,= late crops1 protection f fro/ is requisite2 & to secure f9e w9t] endive1 x has be5 recomm5d$ to take up ! full-gr[n plants 9 ,novemb]1 & to place !m "u %elt]1 9 a soil ( mod]ately dry s& or ( half-decay$ peat e>?4 ,:]e =c+-h\ses are employ$1 endive may be s[n 9 ,janu>y1 s z to procure by ! end ( ! foll[+ mon? plants ready = use4 ,,endoeus1 an e>ly sculptor1 :o work$ at ,a!ns 9 ! middle ( ! #f? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,we are told t he made an image ( ,a!na d$icat$ by ,callias ! contempor>y ( ,pisi/ratus at ,a!ns ab\t #efd ,b4,c4 ,an inscription be>+ 8 "n has be5 f\nd at ,a!ns1 writt5 9 ,ionian dialect4 ,! tradition :i* made him a pupil ( ,da$alus is app>5tly mislead+1 s9ce ,da$alus _h no connexion ) ,ionic art4 ,,endogamy 7,gr4 ,greek3 endon1 )91 & ,greek3 gamos1 m>riage71 m>riage )9 ! tribe or community1 ! t]m adopt$ to express ! cu/om compell+ ^? ( a tribe to m>ry among !mselves4 ,endogamy 0 probably *>act]i/ic ( ! v e>ly /ages ( social organization 7see ,,family71 & is to-day f\nd only among races l[ 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,z a cu/om x is believ$ to h be5 prec$$ 9 mo/ l&s by ! f> m g5]al rule ( ,exogamy 7q4v474 ,"l ,avebury 7,orig9 ( ,civilisation1 p4 #aed7 po9ts out t !re is n ! opposition betwe5 exogamy & endogamy :i* ,mr ,mc,lennan suppos$4 ,"s races :i* are endogam\s z reg>ds ! tribe are exogam\s z reg>ds ! g5s4 ,?us ! ,abors1 ,ko*s1 ,hos & o!r peoples ( ,india1 are =bidd5 to m>ry out ( ! tribe2 b ! tribe itself is divid$ into keelis or clans1 & no man is all[$ to take z wife a girl ( 8 own keeli4 ,endogamy mu/ h 9 mo/ cases aris5 f racial pride1 & a contempt1 ei!r well or ill f\nd$1 = ! surr\nd+ peoples4 ,among ! ,aht5a ( ,alaska1 ?\gh ! tribes are extremely militant & con/antly at w>1 ! captur$ wom5 are nev] made wives1 b are us$ z slaves4 ,endogamy also prevails among tribes ( ,c5tral ,am]ica4 ,) ! ,y]kalas ( s\!rn ,india a cu/om prevails by :i* ! fir/ two daught]s ( a family may be claim$ by ! mat]nal uncle z wives = 8 sons4 ,! value ( a wife is fix$ at tw5ty pagodas 7a #af?-c5tury ,indian co9 equival5t to ab\t five %ill+s71 & %\ld ! uncle =go 8 claim he is entitl$ to %>e 9 ! price paid = 8 nieces4 ,among "s ( ! ,k>5 tribes m>riages betwe5 ne> relatives are usual4 ,! ,d\ignaks1 a bran* ( ! ,*ukmas1 seem to h practis$ endogamy2 & !y ab&on$ ! p>5t /em dur+ ! *ief%ip ( ,janubrix ,khan ab\t #aghb4 ,! reason ( ?is split 0 a disagreem5t on ! subject ( m>riages4 ,! *ief pass$ an ord] t ! ,d\ignaks %\ld int]m>ry ) ! tribe 9 g5]al4 ,?is 0 contr>y to an anci5t cu/om & caus$ discont5t & ev5tually a break 9 ! tribe 7,lew9's ,hill ,tracts ( ,*ittagong1 p4 #fe74 ,?is is int]e/+ z be+ "o ( ! few cases 9 :i* evid5ce ( a *ange 9 ?is respect is available4 ,! ,kalangs ( ,java are endogam\s1 & e man mu/ fir/ prove 8 common desc5t be=e he c ent] a family4 ,! ,man*u ,tat>s prohibit ^? :o h ! same family names f m>ry+4 ,among ! ,b$\9s a man has an exclusive "r to ! h& ( 8 c\s94 ,hott5tots seldom m>ry out ( _! own kraal1 & ,david ,liv+/one quotes o!r examples4 ,endogamy seems to h exi/$ 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s & 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,a community ( ,javans ne> ,surabaya1 on ! ,teugg] ,hills1 numb]+ ab\t #abjj p]sons1 di/ribut$ 9 ab\t =ty villages1 & /ill foll[+ ! anci5t ,h9du religion1 is endogam\s4 ,good examples ( :at biologi/s call 9-&-9 bre$+ are to be f\nd 9 v>i\s fi%+ villages 9 ,great ,brita91 su* z ,it*9f]ry1 ne> ,s\?ampton1 ,portl& ,isl&1 ,b5?am 9 ,york%ire1 ,m\sehole & ,newlyn 9 ,m\ntsbay1 ,cornwall1 ,b\lm] ne> ,alnwick 7:]e almo/ all ! inhabitants are call$ ,/eph5son1 ,/anton or ,/ew>t71 ,burnm\?1 ,ross & 7to "s ext5t7 ,eyem\? 9 ,b]wick%ire1 ,boyndie 9 ,banff%ire1 ,ra!n 9 ,ab]de5%ire1 ,buckhav5 9 ,fife%ire1 ,portmahomack & ,balnabrua* 9 ,ea/]n ,ross4 ,9 ,france may be m5tion$ ! commune ( ,batz1 ne> ,le ,broisic 9 ,loire-,inf]ieur1 _m ( ! c5tral cantons ( ,bretagne1 & ! s+ul> society call$ ,=eat9es--suppos$ to be ( ,iri% desc5t--liv+ betwe5 ,/ ,arnaud & ,b\rges4 ,_m o!r ,european examples might be m5tion$1 su* z ! ,m>ans ( ,auv]gne1 a race ( ,spani% conv]t$ ,jews accus$ ( introduc+ syphilis into ,france2 ! ,bur9s & ,s]moy]s1 *iefly cattle-bre$]s1 scatt]$ ov] ! dep>tm5t ( ,a9 & especially 9 ! arrondissem5t ( ,b\rg-en-,bresse2 ! ,vaqu]os1 %eph]ds 9 ! ,a/urias ,m\nta9s2 & ! ,jewi% ,*uetas ( ,majorca4 ,see ,gilb]t ,malcolm ,sproat's ,sc5es & ,/udies ( ,savage ,life2 ,we/]m>ck's ,hi/ory ( ,human ,m>riage 7#ahid72 ,"l ,avebury's ,orig9 ( ,civilisation 7#aijb72 ,j4,f4 ,mc,lennan's ,primitive ,m>riage 7#ahfe74 ,,endor1 an anci5t t[n ( ,pale/9e1 *iefly memorable z ! abode ( ! sorc]ess :om ,saul consult$ on ! eve ( ! battle ( ,gilboa1 9 :i* he p]i%$ 7#a ,sam4 xxviii4 #e-be74 ,accord+ to a psalmi/ 7,ps4 lxxxiii4 #i7 x 0 ! sc5e ( ! r\t ( ,jab9 & ,sis]a4 ,al?\gh situat$ 9 ! t]ritory ( ! tribe ( ,issa*>1 x 0 assign$ to ,manasseh4 ,9 ! "t ( ,eusebius & ,j]ome ,endor exi/$ z a l>ge village #e m4 s\? ( ,m\nt ,tabor2 !re is /ill a poor village ( ! same "n on ! slope ( ,jebel ,dahi1 ne> :i* are num]\s caves4 ,= a description ( ! locality see ,/anley1 ,s9ai & ,pale/9e1 p4 #ccg4 ,,endospora1 a natural gr\p or class ( ! ,sporozoa1 consi/+ ( ! ord]s ,myxosporidia1 ,act9omyxidia1 ,s>cosporidia & ,haplosporidia1 toge!r ) v>i\s insuffici5tly-kn[n =ms 7,s]o- & ,exosporidia71 reg>d$ at pres5t z ,sporozoa inc]tae s$is4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! gr\p is t ! spore-"m-cells 7pansporobla/s7 arise 9 ! int]ior ( ! body ( ! p>5t-individual2 9 o!r words1 sporulation is endog5\s4 ,ano!r v g5]al "*--?\gh n s univ]sal--is t ! adult trophozoite possesses m ?an "o nucleus1 usually _m 7i4e4 x is mult9ucleate74 ,9 ! majority ( =ms1 ?\gh app>5tly n 9 all 7e4g4 c]ta9 ,microsporidia71 sporulation goes on co9cid5tly ) gr[? & trophic life4 ,) reg>d to ! orig9 ( ! gr\p1 ! probability is greatly 9 fav\r ( a ,rhizopod ance/ry4 ,! entire abs5ce1 at any kn[n p]iod1 ( a flagellate or ev5 greg>9i=m phase2 on ! o!r h&1 ! amoeboid nature ( ! trophozoites 9 v _m cases toge!r ) ! =mation ( pseudopodia2 &1 la/ly1 ! simple endog5\s spore-=mation *>act]i/ic ( ! primitive =ms1--are all po9ts :i* support ?is view1 & exclude any hypo!sis ( a ,flagellate orig91 su* z1 on ! contr>y1 is probably ! case 9 ! ,ectospora 7q4v474 #a4 ,ord] ,myxosporidia4 ,! ,myxosporidia1 or1 m correctly1 ! d5se masses =m$ by _! spores1 7 well kn[n to ! e>li] zoological obs]v]s4 ,! p>asites 9 fi%es 7 call$ by ,mull] fi%-psorosp]ms1 a "n :i* has /uck to !m ev] s9ce1 al?\gh1 z is evid5t f ! mean+ ( ! t]m 7mange-se$71 ,mull] _h little idea ( ! true nature ( ! bodies4 ,o!r examples1 infe/+ silkworms1 h also long be5 kn[n z ,pebr9e-corpuscles1 f ! ravag+ disease :i* !y produce 9 ^? cat]pill>s 9 ,france1 9 connexion ) :i* ,pa/eur did su* valuable "w4 ,! f\ndation ( our pres5t morphological & biological k ( ! ord] 0 well laid by ! admirable rese>*es ( ,!lohan 9 #ahie4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ! contributions ( num]\s work]s s9ce !n 7e4g4 ,d(le91 ,cohn1 ,/empell & o!rs71 !re are /ill "o or two v important po9ts1 su* z ! occurr5ce ( sexual conjugation1 ^u :i* light is requir$4 ,occurr5ce & habitat4 ,al?\gh pre-em95tly p>asites ( fi%es1 ,myxosporidia also occur1 9 a few cases1 9 o!r ,v]tebrates 7frogs & reptiles72 no in/ance ( _! pres5ce 9 a w>m-blood$ ,v]tebrate has1 h[ev]1 yet be5 describ$4 ,"o subord] 7! ,microsporidia or ,cryptocy/es7 is pretty equally di/ribut$ betwe5 fi%es on ! "o h& & ,inv]tebrates--*iefly1 b n exclusively1 ,ar?ropods--on ! o!r4 ,! p>asites are frequ5tly ! cause ( sev]e & fatal illness 9 _! ho/s1 & deva/at+ epidemics ( myxosporidiosis h (t5 be5 report$ 7e4g4 among c>p & b>bel 9 cont95tal riv]s1 due to a ,myxobolus1 & among crayfi% 9 ,france1 to ,!lohania74 ,! seat ( ! invasion & ! mode ( p>asitism are extremely v>i$4 ,practically any organ or tissue may be attack$1 except+1 app>5tly1 ! te/is & c>tilage & bone4 ,9 "o in/ance at lea/ 7t ( ,nosema bombycis ( ! silkworm7 ! p>asites p5etrate into ! ova1 s t true h]$it>y infection occurs1 ! prog5y be+ born ) ! disease4 ,! p>asites may be ei!r free 9 "s lum51 su* z t ( ! gall bladd] or ur9>y bladd] 7n ( ! alim5t>y canal1 or ! body-cavity itself71 :5 !y are kn[n z coelozoic =ms2 or 9 intimate relation ) "s tissue1 intracellul> :ile "y b becom+ int]cellul> 9 ! adult phase 7hi/ozoic =ms72 or entirely intracellul> 7cytozoic =ms74 ,among ! hi/ozoic & cytozoic types1 moreov]1 two well-def9$ conditions1 conc5tration & diffuse infiltration1 occur4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! p>asitic zone is /rictly limit$1 & well-m>k$ cy/s are =m$2 9 ! latt]1 ! infection spreads ?r\gh\t ! neighb\r+ tissue1 & ! p>asitic developm5t becomes inextricably comm+l$ ) ! ho/'s cells4 ,sometimes1 z %[n by ,woodcock 7#de71 !re may be an attempt on ! "p ( ! ho/'s tissue to circumscribe & *eck ! gr[? ( ^! p>asitic areas1 :i* results 9 ! =mation ( pseudocy/s1 q diff]5t 9 "* f true cy/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology1 vol4 ,protozoa1 f ,wasielewski1 aft] ,!lohan4 ,,fig4 #a4--,transv]se section ( a /ickle-back 7,ga/]o/eus aculeatus71 %[+ two cy/s ( ,glugea anomala1 ,moniez 7kk71 9 ! body musculature on ! "r side4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology1 vol4 ,protozoa4 ,,fig4 #b4--,portion ( a section ?r\gh a muscle fibre ( ,cottus scorpius invad$ by ,plei/ophora typicalis1 ,gurley4 m1 f1 ,muscle fibrils1 reta9+ _! /riation4 myx1 ,cy/s ( ! p>asite1 ly+ betwe5 ! fibrils4 ,morphology4 ,! mo/ noticeable feature ab\t ! ,myxosporidian trophozoite is its amoeboid & ,rhizopod-l "*4 ,pseudopodia ( v>i\s k9ds1 f long sl5d] ones 7fig4 #c1 ,b7 to %ort blunt lobose ones1 are ( g5]al occurr5ce1 be+ mo/ easily obs]v$1 ( c\rse1 9 ! free-liv+ =ms4 ,! pseudopodia s]ve *iefly = movem5t & atta*m5t1 & nev]1 x %\ld be not$1 = ! injection ( solid food-p>ticles1 z 9 ! case ( ,amoebae4 ,! g5]al protoplasm is divisible into ectoplasm & endoplasm4 ,! =m] is a cle>1 f9ely-granul> lay]1 ( :i* ! pseudopodia are ma9ly con/itut$ 7fig4 #c1 ,a74 ,9 "o or two in/ances 7e4g4 ,myxidium lieb]kuhnii7 ! ectoplasm %[s a v]tical /riation1 & 9 ! old] trophozoites breaks d[n p>tially1 appe>+ l a fur ( delicate1 non-motile filam5ts4 ,a some:at simil> modification is f\nd 9 ,myxocy/is4 ,! endoplasm is m fluid1 & conta9s num]\s inclusions ( a granul> nature1 z well z vacuoles ( v>y+ size4 ,9 ! endoplasm are lodg$ ! nuclei1 ( :i* 9 an adult trophozoite !re may be v _m2 !y are all d]iv$ by multiplication f ! s+le nucleus ) :i* ! "y individuals beg9 life1 ! numb] increas+ z gr[? proce$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,wasielewski1 ,sporozo5kunde4 ,,fig4 #c4--;,a4 ,trophozoite ( ,spha]ospora div]g5s1 ,!l4 7p>4 ,bl5nius & ,cr5ilabrus71 ,x #gej4 ec1 ,ectoplasm2 en1 endoplasm2 sp1 spores1 ea* ) f\r pole capsules4 ,f ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology1 vol4 ,protozoa4 ,b4 ,spore-be>+ trophozoite ( ,lepto!ca agilis1 ,!l4 7p>4 ,trygon & ,scorpa5a71 ,x #gej4 ps1 ,pseudopodia localiz$ at ! ant]ior end2 f4gr1 fatty granules simil>ly localiz$2 r4gr1 refr+5t granules2 sp1 spores1 two 9 numb]4 ,spore-=mation2 multiplicative processes4 ,spore-=mation goes on entirely 9 ! endoplasm4 ,! numb] ( spores =m$ is v v>iable4 ,x may be z l[ z two 7z 9 free-liv+ =ms1 e4g4 ,lepto!ca71 9 :i* case a l>ge am\nt ( trophic protoplasm is unconv]t$ into spores2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! numb] ( spores may be v great 7z 9 tissue-p>asites71 practically ! :ole ( ! p>5t-body be+ ?us us$ up4 ,! sporont may or may n ency/ at ! comm5cem5t ( sporulation4 ,9 ! free-liv+ =ms !re is no cy/-membrane secret$2 b 9 c]ta9 ,glugeidae1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ectoplasm becomes alt]$ into a firm1 enclos+ lay]1 ! ector9d1 :i* =ms a ?ick cy/-wall 7fig4 #e74 ,! process ( sporulation beg9s by ! segregation ( small quantities ( endoplasm ar\nd c]ta9 ( ! nuclei1 to =m little1 r\nd$ bodies1 ! pansporobla/s4 ,!re may be ei!r v _m or only few pansporobla/s develop$2 9 "s cases1 inde$1 !re is only "o1 ! sporont ei!r itself becom+ a pansporobla/ 7c]ta9 ,microsporidia71 or giv+ rise to a solit>y "o 7,c]atomyxidae74 ,! pansporobla/ con/itut$1 nucle> multiplication goes on prep>atory to ! =mation ( sporobla/s1 :i* 9 _! turn become spores 7see figs4 #d & #e74 ,n all ! nuclei ?us =m$1 h[ev]1 are made use (4 ,9 ! ,pha5ocy/es !re are always two sporobla/s develop$ 9 ea* pansporobla/2 9 ! ,cryptocy/es !re may be f "o to sev]al4 ,ar\nd ea* sporobla/ a spore-membrane is secret$1 :i* usually has ! =m ( two valves4 ,x has rec5tly be5 %[n by ,leg] & ,hesse 7#bi;b7 t1 9 _m ,pha5ocy/es at any rate1 ea* ( ^! valves is =m$ by a def9ite nucleat$ portion ( ! sporobla/4 ,! spores !mselves v>y greatly 9 size & %ape 7figs4 #g & #h74 ,!y may be z small z #a4e mu by #a mu 7z 9 a species ( ,nosema71 or z l>ge z #ajj mu by #ab mu 7z 9 ,c]atomyxa74 ,a conspicu\s feature 9 ! /ructure ( a fully-develop$ spore is ! pol>-capsules1 ( :i* !re may be ei!r #a1 #b1 or #d to ea*4 ,9 ! ,pha5ocy/es ! pol>-capsules are visible 9 ! fre% condition1 b n 9 ! ,cryptocy/es4 ,! pol>-capsule is an organella :i* recalls ! nematocy/ ( a ,hydrozoan1 conta9+ a spirally-coil$ filam5t1 (t5 ( great l5g?1 :i* is %ot out on ! application ( a suitable /imulus4 ,normally1 z 0 +5i\sly %[n by ,!lohan 7#dc71 ! dige/ive juices ( ! fre% ho/ s]ve ?is purpose1 b v>i\s artificial means may suffice4 ,! function ( ! ev]t$ filam5t is probably to secure ! atta*m5t ( ! spore to ! epi!lium ( ! new ho/4 ,9 ! ,pha5ocy/es1 9 connexion ) ea* pol>-capsule1 a small nucle> body c be g5]ally made out2 ^! two little nuclei are ^? ( ! two capsulog5\s areas ( ! protoplasm ( ! pansporobla/1 :i* =m$ ! capsules4 ,! sporoplasm1 repres5t+ ! sporozoite1 is always s+le4 ,nev]!less1 9 ! ,pha5ocy/es x is inv>iably b9ucle>2 &1 9 ! ,microsporidia1 ! nucleus1 at fir/ s+le1 gives rise lat] to f\r nuclei1 two ( :i* are reg>d$ by ,/empell 7#db7 z correspond+ to ^? ( two pol>-capsules 7( :i* only "o is develop$ 9 ! spore71 ! rema9+ two repres5t+ g]m-nuclei4 ,h5ce x is possible t ! ,myxosporidian sporoplasm really consi/s ( two1 incompletely-divid$ 7si/]7 g]ms4 ,moreov]1 x is suppos$ by "s t ^! two nuclei fuse toge!r lat]1 ?is act repres5t+ a sexual conjugation2 s9ce ! e>lie/ kn[n phases ( "y trophozoites 7amoebulae7 h be5 describ$ z un9ucle>4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology1 vol4 ,protozoa1 aft] ,!lohan4 ,,fig4 #d4--,/ages 9 spore-=mation4 ,all ! figures are f ,myxobolus ellipsoides1 except a & f1 :i* are f ,m4 pfeiff]i4 a1 ,diff]5tiation ( ! pansporobla/ 7p4sp74 b1 ,pansporobla/ ) two nuclei4 c & d1 ,pansporobla/s ) six & t5 nuclei respectively2 9 d1 f\r ( ! nuclei are deg5]at+4 e1 ,pansporobla/ segm5t$ into two def9itive sporobla/s1 ea* ) ?ree nuclei4 ,9 ! next f\r figures ! def9itive sporobla/1 or ! spore produc$ f x1 is alone figur$4 f1 ,def9itive sporobla/ segm5t$ into ?ree masses1 ! capsulog5\s cells 7c4g4c7 & ! sporoplasm 7sp4p71 )9 an envelope1 ! spore membrane 7sp4m74 g1 ,m advanc$ /age4 h1 ,spore completely develop$1 ) two pol> capsules & sporoplasm conta9+ an iod9ophil\s vacuole4 i1 ,abnormal spore conta9+ six pol> capsules4 n1 ,nuclei4 sp4bl1 ,def9itive sporobla/4 r4n1 ,residu>y nuclei4 vac1 ,vacuole4 r4p4c1 ,rudim5t ( p4c1 pol> capsule4 n4p4c1 ,nuclei ( pol> capsules4 iod4vac1 ,iod9ophil\s vacuole4 n4sp1 ,nuclei ( sporoplasm4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,woodcock1 ,proc4 & ,trans4 ( ! ,liv]pool ,biological ,society1 #aijd4 ,,fig4 #e4--,"p ( ! p]iph]y ( a cy/ ( ,glugea /ephani1 9 ! inte/9al wall ( ! plaice1 %[+ sporobla/ & spore-=mation4 ect1 ,ector9d4 end1 ,endoplasm4 endo?1 ,fold ( ! muc\s membrane1 normal 9 "*4 p4sp4bl1 ,v>i\s /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! pansporobla/s4 sp1 ,ripe spores1 fill+ ! great] "p ( ! cy/4 n1 ,l>ge 7vegetative7 nuclei4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology1 vol4 ,protozoa4 ,,fig4 #f4--;,=mation ( buds by multiple plasmotomy 9 ,myxidium lieb]kuhnii1 ,buts*li 7p>4 ,esox & ,lota7 aft] ,cohn4 b1 ,buds4 end1 ,endoplasm2 ! cle> out] portion repres5ts ! ectoplasm4 ,9 addition to spore-=mation1 two or ?ree modes ( endog5\s reproduction1 s]v+ = auto-infection1 h be5 made kn[n4 ,"o1 t]m$ by ,d(le9 plasmotomy1 consi/s ei!r 9 ! division ( ! 7mult9ucleate7 trophozoite into two1 by m or less equal fission 7simple plasmotomy71 or 9 ! budd+-(f1 f ! p>5t trophozoite1 ( sev]al portions 7example3 ,myxidium lieb]kuhnii1 fig4 #f74 ,a v>iety ( ?is me?od has be5 describ$ by ,/empell 7#dj7 9 ! case ( ! "y trophozoites 7m]onts7 ( ,!lohania mull]i1 :i* may divide into two :ile /ill un9ucle>2 & by rapid successive divisions *a9s ( m]onts may be =m$1 ! diff]5t individuals be+ incompletely sep>at$4 ,ano!r me?od1 :i* is probably *iefly responsible = ! rapid spread ( tissue-p>asites & cell-p>asites 7su* z ,myxobolidae & ,glugeidae7 ?r\gh _! ho/'s tissue 9 ! condition ( diffuse infiltration1 consi/s 9 multiple nucle> division1 & ! lib]ation ( amoebulae :ile ! p>asite is yet q "y & possesses only few nuclei4 ,z ,woodcock has po9t$ out 9 consid]+ ! case ( ,glugea /ephani1 x is v probable t ?is multiplicative reproduction1 9 diffuse infiltration1 is to be look$ ^u z a sep>ation ( ! pansporobla/-rudim5ts z daught]-individuals2 i4e4 t ! pansporobla/s are1 9 c]ta9 circum/ances1 capable ( indep5d5t exi/5ce z little sporonts4 ,a fur!r /age 9 ?is direction ( evolution is se51 accord+ to ,/empell1 9 ,!lohania1 ,plei/ophora & o!r types :]e ! :ole individual becomes "o reproductive organella2 su* =ms are to be consid]$ z examples ( a phylog5etic individualization ( ! pansporobla/s1 :i* n[ exi/ z solit>y sporonts4 ,an extreme case ( ?is r$uction ( ! individual is f\nd1 app>5tly 9 ! g5us ,nosema1 z lately *>act]iz$ by ,p]ez 7#cd71 :]e va/ numb]s ( m9ute entirely indep5d5t sporonts 7pansporobla/s7 are produc$1 ea* ( :i* gives rise to only a s+le spore4 ,! ,myxosporidia are divid$ into two subord]s1 ! ,pha5ocy/es & ! ,cryptocy/es4 ,"s au?ors h ( late ye>s sep>at$ ^! two divisions & rais$ ea* to ! rank ( a di/9ct ord]1 consid]+ t !y are n m closely relat$ to ea* o!r ?an to o!r ,endosporan ord]s4 ,we ?9k ?is is a mi/ake2 & x is v int]e/+ to f9d t ,leg] & ,hesse 7#aijh7 h describ$ 7#bi;a7 a new g5us ( ,pha5ocy/es1 ,coccomyxa1 :i* repres5ts a type int]m$iate betwe5 ^! two subord]s1 & %[s t !y are closely connect$4 ,classification4 ,subord] #a3 ,pha5ocy/es1 ,gurley4 ,spores relatively l>ge1 ) g5]ally two or f\r pol>-capsules1 visible 9 ! fre% condition4 ,!re are ne>ly always two spores =m$ 9 ea* pansporobla/4 ,section 7a73 ,disporea4 ,only two spores 7i4e4 "o pansporobla/7 produc$ 9 ea* individual trophozoite4 ,! greate/ l5g? ( ! spore is at "r angles to ! plane ( ! suture4 ,"o family1 ,c]atomyxidae1 includ+ two g5]a1 ,c]atomyxa 7fig4 #c1 ,b7 & ,lepto!ca1 typically free p>asites1 mo/ly f ! gall bladd]s ( fi%es4 ,! valves ( ! spore 9 ! =m] g5us are prolong$ into holl[ cones4 ,! type-species ( ?is g5us is ,c4 spha]ulosa1 f ,mu/elus & ,galeus2 t ( ,lepto!ca is ,l4 agilis1 f ,trygon4 ,section 7b73 ,polysporea4 ,m ?an two spores1 g5]ally v _m1 are produc$ typically by ea* individual trophozoite4 ,! greate/ l5g? ( ! spore is usually 9 ! sutural plane4 ,family1 ,myxidiidae4 ,spores ) two pol>-capsules1 & )\t an iod9ophil\s vacuole 9 ! sporoplasm4 ,mo/ly free p>asites4 ,g54 ,spha]ospora4 ,f\r or five species are kn[n1 f ! kidneys or gall bladd] ( fi%es 7fig4 #c1 ,a74 ,"o1 ,s4 elegans1 is int]e/+ 9 t x af=ds a transition betwe5 ! two sections1 be+ dispor\s4 ,g54 ,myxidium2 spores elongat$ & fusi=m1 ) a pol> capsule at ea* extremity4 ,! be/-kn[n species is ,m4 lieb]kuhnii1 f ! ur9>y bladd] ( ! pike4 ,"o or two species occur 9 reptiles4 ,o!r g5]a are ,spha]omyxa1 ,cy/odiscus1 ,myxosoma & ,myxoproteus4 ,family1 ,*loromyxidae4 ,spores ) f\r pol> capsules & no iod9ophil\s vacuole4 ,"o g5us1 ,*loromyxum1 ( :i* sev]al species are kn[n2 ! type be+ ,c4 leydigi1 f ! gall bladd] ( v>i\s ,elasmobran*s 7fig4 #g1 ,b74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--;,a4 ,spore ( ,c]atomyxa spha]ulosa1 ,!l4 7p>4 ,mu/elus & ,galeus71 ,x #gej1 aft] ,!lohan4 sp4p1 ,sporoplasm2 p4c1 pol> capsules2 s1 suture2 x1 irregul>1 pale masses1 ( undet]m9$ orig94 ,f ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology1 vol4 ,protozoa4 ,b4 ,spores ( ,*loromyxidae1 aft] ,!lohan4 a1 ,*loromyxum leydigi1 ,m+41 se5 f ! sutural aspect1 ,x #bbej2 b1 ,c4 caudatum1 ,!l41 ,x #aijj4 p4c1 ,pol> capsules2 s1 suture2 f1 filam5ts2 p4s1 tail-l process ( ! spore envelope4 ,f ,wasielewski's ,sporozo5kunde4 ,c4 ,spores ( ,myxobolus ellipsoides1 ,!l4 ,! spores on ! left & "r are ly+ ) ! sutural plane horizontal1 t 9 ! middle ) ! sutural plane v]tical4 ,family1 ,myxobolidae4 ,spores ) two pol>-capsules 7exceptionally "o71 & ) a *>act]i/ic iod9ophil\s vacuole 9 ! sporoplasm4 ,typically tissue p>asites ( ,teleo/eans1 (t5 v dang]\s4 ,g5us ,myxobolus4 ,spores oval or r\nd$1 )\t a tail-l process4 ,v _m species are kn[n1 :i* are gr\p$ into ?ree subsections3 7a7 =ms ) only "o pol>-capsule1 su* z ,m4 piri=mis1 ( ! t5*2 7b7 =ms ) two unequal capsules1 e4g4 ,m4 disp> f ,cypr9us & ,leuciscus2 & 7c7 ! great majority ( species ) two equal pol>-capsules1 includ+ ,m4 mull]i1 ! type-species1 f diff]5t fi%1 ,m4 cypr9i & ,m4 pfeiff]i1 ! cause ( deadly disease 9 c>p & b>bel respectively & o!rs4 ,o!r g5]a are ,h5neguya & ,h(]ellus1 diff]+ f ,myxobolus 9 hav+1 respectively1 "o or two tail-l processes to ! spore4 ,l5tospora1 accord+ to ,plehn 7#cg71 lacks an iod9ophil\s vacuole4 ,family ,coccomyxidae4 ,! pansporobla/s produce 7probably7 only "o spore4 ,spore oval1 l>ge 7#ad mu by #e4e mu71 ) a s+le v l>ge pol>-capsule4 ,sporoplasm ) no vacuole4 ,s+le g5us ,coccomyxa1 ) ! *>act]s ( ! family4 ,"o species1 ,c4 morovi1 ,leg] & ,hesse1 f ! gall bladd] ( ! s>d9e4 ,! spore greatly resembles a ,cryptocy/id spore4 ,subord] #b3 ,cryptocy/es1 ,gurley 7 ,microsporidia1 ,balbiani74 ,spores m9ute1 usually pe>-%ap$1 ) only "o pol>-capsule1 :i* is visible only aft] treatm5t ) reag5ts4 ,! numb] ( spores =m$ 9 ea* pansporobla/ v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,section 7a73 ,polysporog5ea4 ,! trophozoite produces num]\s pansporobla/s1 ea* ( :i* gives rise to _m spores4 ,g5us ,glugea1 ) num]\s species1 ( :i* ! be/-kn[n is ,g4 anomala1 f ! /ickleback 7fig4 #a74 ,! g5us ,myxocy/is1 :i* has be5 %[n by ,hesse 7#bd7 to be a true ,microsporidian1 is plac$ by ,p]ez 9 ?is section1 b ?is is a little premature1 z ,hesse does n describe ! exact "* ( ! sporulation1 i4e4 ) reg>d to ! numb] ( pansporobla/s & ! spores !y produce4 ,section 7b73 ,oligosporog5ea4 ,! trophozoite becomes itself ! 7s+le7 pansporobla/4 ,9 ,plei/ophora1 ! pansporobla/ produces _m spores2 ,p4 typicalis1 f ! muscles ( v>i\s fi%es 7fig4 #b71 is ! type-species4 ,9 ,!lohania1 eight spores are =m$2 ! diff]5t species are p>asitic 9 ,cru/acea4 ,9 ,gurleya1 p>asitic 9 ,daphnia1 only f\r are =m$2 &1 la/ly1 9 ,nosema 7exs4 ,n4 pulvis1 f ,c>c9us1 &1 mo/ likely1 ,n4 bombycis1 ( ! silkworm71 ea* pansporobla/ produces only a s+le spore4 #b4 ,ord]--,act9omyxidia4 ,?is ord] comprises a peculi> gr\p ( p>asites1 fir/ describ$ by ,a4 ,/olc 9 #ahii1 :i* are re/rict$ to ,oligo*aete worms ( ! family ,tubificidae4 ,mo/ =ms attack ! inte/9al wall1 (t5 de/roy+ its epi!lium ov] consid]able areas2 b "o g5us1 ,spha]act9omyxon1 inhabits ! body-cavity ( its ho/4 ,! rese>*es ( ,caull]y & ,mesnil 7#aj-ab7 & ( ,leg] 7#bh & #bi7 h %[n t ! p>asites exhibit ! typical features ( ! ,endospora1 & ! spores possess ! *>act]i/ic pol>-capsules ( ! ,myxosporidian spore1 b diff] !refrom by _! m complicat$ /ructure4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology1 vol4 ,protozoa4 ,,fig4 #h4--,spores ( v>i\s ,glugeidae1 ,x #aejj 7aft] ,!lohan74 a & b1 ,plei/ophora typicalis1 ,gurley2 a 9 ! fre% condition1 b aft] treatm5t ) iod9e wat]1 caus+ extrusion ( ! filam5t4 c & d1 ,!lohania octospora1 ,h5neguy2 c fre%1 d treat$ ) e!r4 e1 ,glugea depressa1 ,!l41 fre%4 f1 ,g4 acuta1 ,!l4 ,! gr[? & developm5t ( an ,act9omyxidian h be5 rec5tly work$ out by ,caull]y & ,mesnil 9 ! case ( ,spha]act9omyxon /olci4 ,a notewor?y po9t is ! diff]5tiation ( an ext]nal 7cov]+7 cellul> lay]1 :i* af=ds1 p]haps1 ! ne>e/ approa* to di/9ct tissue-=mation kn[n among ,protozoa4 ,?is envelope is =m$ soon aft] nucle> multiplication ( ! "y trophozoite has begun1 & is con/itut$ by two nuclei & a ?91 p]iph]al lay] ( cytoplasm4 ,x rema9s b9ucle> ?r\gh\t ! entire p]iod ( developm5t1 & s]ves z a delicate cy/-membrane4 ,! multiplication ( ! int]nal nuclei is accompani$ by a correspond+ division ( ! cytoplasm2 s t in/ead ( a mult9ucleate or plasmodial condition1 di/9ct un9ucleate cellules are =m$1 up to sixte5 9 numb]4 ,^! cellules1 z a matt] ( fact1 are sexual elem5ts or gametes2 & eight ( !m c be di/+ui%$ f ! o!r eight by slight diff]5ces 9 ! nuclei4 ,! gametes unite 9 c\ples1 ea* c\ple be+ mo/ probably compos$ ( dissimil> memb]s3 9 o!r words1 conjugation is slightly anisogam\s4 ,ea* ( ^! eight copulae gives rise to a spore4 ,z ! "n ( ! ord] implies1 !re are always eight spores =m$4 ,^! diff] f o!r ,endosporan spores 9 hav+ inv>iably a t]n>y symmetry & con/itution 7fig4 #i74 ,! wall ( ! spore is compos$ ( ?ree valves1 ea* =m$ f an envelop+ cell1 & ?ree capsul> cells1 plac$ at ! upp] or ant]ior pole1 & conta9+ ea* a pol>-capsule1 visible 9 ! fre% condition4 ,! valves are usually prolong$ into processes or app5dages1 ^: =m & arrangem5t *>act]ize ! g5us2 b 9 ,spha]act9omyxon ! spore is sph]ical & lacks processes4 ,! sporoplasm may be ei!r a plasmodial mass1 ) num]\s nuclei1 or may =m a c]ta9 numb] ( un9ucle> sporozoites4 ,a rem>kable feature 9 ! developm5t ( ! spore is t ! g]m9al tissue 7sporoplasm7 arises sep>ate f & outside ! cellules :i* give rise to ! spore-wall2 lat]1 :5 ! envelopes are ne>ly develop$1 ! sporoplasm p5etrates into ! spore4 ,f\r g5]a h be5 made kn[n4 7#a7 ,hexact9omyxon1 ,/olc4 ,spores hav+ ! =m ( an an*or ) six arms2 sporoplasm plasmodial1 situate ne> ! ant]ior pole ( ! spore4 ,"o sp4 ,h4 psammoryctis1 f ,psammoryctes4 7#b7 ,triact9omyxon1 ,/4 ,spores hav+ ! =m ( an an*or ) ?ree arms2 di/9ct sporozoites1 dispos$ ne> ! ant]ior pole4 ,t4 ignotum1 ) eight spores1 f ,tubifex tubifex1 & also f an unspecifi$ ,tubificid2 ano!r sp41 unnam$1 ) #cb sporozoites1 also f ,t4 t4 7#c7 ,synact9omyxon1 ,/4 ,spores unit$ to "o ano!r1 ea* hav+ two ali=m app5dages2 sporoplasm plasmodial4 ,"o sp41 ,s4 tubificis1 f ,t4 rivulorum4 7#d7 ,spha]act9omyxon1 ,c4 & ,m4 ,spores sph]ical1 )\t ali=m prolongations2 sporoplasm gives rise to v _m sporozoites1 occupy+ ! :ole spore4 ,"o sp41 ,s4 /olci1 f ,clitellio & ,hemitubifex4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology1 vol4 ,protozoa4 ,,fig4 #i4--,spores ( ,act9omyxidia 7aft] ,/olc74 a1 ,hexact9omyxon psammoryctis 7p>4 ,psammoryctes b>batus74 b1 ,synact9omyxon tubificis 7p>4 ,tubifex rivulorum72 ! mass ( unit$ spores4 c1 ,triact9omyxon ignotum 7p>4 ,clitellio1 sp474 d1 ,upp] portion ( ,hexact9omyxon1 %[+ two ( ! ?ree pol> capsules1 "o ) filam5t dis*>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,wasielewski's ,sporozo5kunde4 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,a4 ,s>cosporidia 9 ! ox2 a transv]se section ( ! oesophagus1 natural size1 %[+ ! p>asites 9 ! out] 7a1 b1 c1 d1 e7 & inn] 7f1 g1 h7 muscul> coats4 ,b4 ,longitud9al section ( a muscle-fibre conta9+ a ,s>cosporidian p>asite1 ,x #fj4 #c4 ,ord]--,s>cosporidia4 ,) ! exception ( "o or two =ms occurr+ 9 reptiles1 ^! p>asites are always f\nd 9 w>m-blood$ ,v]tebrates1 usually ,mammals4 ,!y are ( common occurr5ce 9 dome/ic animals1 su* z pigs1 %eep1 horses & 7sometimes7 cattle4 ,a ,s>cosporidian has also be5 describ$ f man4 ,! *>act]i/ic habitat is ! /rip$ muscle1 g5]ally ( ! oesophagus 7fig4 #aj1 ,a7 & he>t1 b 9 acute cases ! p>asites ov]run ! g5]al musculature4 ,:5 ?is occurs1 z (t5 happ5s 9 mice1 ! result is usually fatal4 ,unless1 h[ev]1 ! organisms ?us spread ?r\gh\t ! body1 ! ho/ does n appe> to suff] any s]i\s consequ5ces4 ,9 addition to ! effects produc$ by ! g5]al di/urbance to ! tissues1 ! attack$ animals h app>5tly to cont5d--at any rate 9 ! case ( ,s>cocy/is t5ella 9 ! %eep--) a poison secret$ by ! p>asite4 ,= ,lav]an & ,mesnil 7#bg7 h isolat$ a tox9e f ?is =m1 :i* !y h t]m$ s>cocy/94 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( gr[?1 a ,s>cosporidian appe>s z an elongat$ :iti% body lodg$ 9 ! sub/ance ( a muscle-fibre2 ?is phase has long be5 kn[n z a ,mies*]'s tube1 or ,mies*]ia4 ,! y\nge/ trophozoites t h be5 yet obs]v$ 7by ,b]tram1 #a7 7 mult9ucleate 7fig4 #aa1 ,a71 b !re is no reason to d\bt t !y beg9 life 9 a un9ucle> condition4 ,! protoplasm is limit$ by a delicate cuticle4 ,) gr[?1 organellae correspond+ to ! ,myxosporidian pansporobla/s are =m$ by ! segregation int]nally ( little un9ucle> sph]es ( protoplasm4 ,at ! same "t1 a ?ick /riat$ envelope is develop$ ar\nd ! p>asite1 :i* lat] comes to look l a fur ( f9e filam5ts4 ,! probable explanation ( ?is feature 7giv5 by ,vuillem91 #dd7 is t x is due to ! p>tial break+ d[n ( a /iff1 v]tically 7or radially7 /riat$ ext]nal lay] 7fig4 #ab1 ,a71 su* z is se5 9 ,myxidium lieb]kuhnii4 ,imm$iately int]nal to ?is is a ?91 homog5e\s membrane1 :i* s5ds num]\s p>titions or septa inw>ds2 ^! divide up ! endoplasm into some:at angul> *amb]s or alveoli 7fig4 #ab74 ,9 ea* *amb] is a pansporobla/1 :i* divides up to produce _m spores2 h5ce ! spores =m$ f diff]5t pansporobla/s are kept m or less sep>ate4 ,! pansporobla/s orig9ate1 9 a gr[+ ,s>cosporidian1 at ! two poles ( ! body1 :]e ! p]iph]al endoplasm ) its nuclei is *iefly aggregat$4 ,m int]nally1 spore-=mation is 9 progress2 & 9 ! c5tre1 pansporobla/s full ( ripe spores are f\nd4 ,by ?is "t ! p>asite has greatly di/5d$ ! muscle-fibre 9 :i* x has hi!rto la91 absorb+1 ) its gr[?1 practically all ! contractile-sub/ance1 until x is surr\nd$ only by ! s>colemma & s>coplasm4 ,x next passes into ! adjac5t connective-tissue1 & 9 ?is phase has be5 di/+ui%$ f ,mies*]ia z ,balbiania1 "u ! impression t ! two =ms 7 q di/9ct4 ,9 ! lat] /ages1 ! p>asite may become m r\nd$1 & a cy/ may be secret$ ar\nd x by ! ho/'s tissue4 ,9 ^! old] =ms1 ! mo/ c5trally plac$ spores deg5]ate & die1 hav+ become ov]-ripe & /ale4 ,illu/ration3 ,aft] ,b]tram1 f ,wasielewski's ,sporozo5kunde4 ,,fig4 #aa4--,/ages 9 ! gr[? ( ,s>cocy/is t5ella ( ! %eep4 ,a1 ,y\nge/ obs]v$ /age 9 :i* ! radially /riat$ out] coat has n appe>$2 ! body ( ! trophozoite is already divid$ into a numb] ( cells or pansporobla/s 7k74 ,b & ,c1 ,old] /ages ) num]\s pansporobla/s & two envelopes1 an inn] membrane & an out] radially /riat$ lay]4 ,) reg>d to ! spores !mselves & :at becomes ( !m1 our k is defective4 ,two k9ds ( reproductive g]m h be5 describ$1 t]m$ respectively gymnospores 7s-call$ sporozoites1 ,ra9ey's corpuscles7 & *lamydospores1 or simply spores4 ,x seems probable t ! =m] s]ve = endog5\s or auto-infection1 & ! latt] = infect+ fre% ho/s4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 bo? k9ds ( g]m are n yet kn[n 9 ! case ( any "o species4 ,! gymnospores1 :i* are ! m commonly f\nd 7e4g4 9 ,s4 muris1 ,s4 mies*]iana ( ! pig1 & o!r =ms71 are small sickle-%ap$ or r5i=m bodies :i* are m or less amoeboid1 & capable ( active movem5t at c]ta9 temp]atures4 ,!y appe> to be nak$1 & consi/ ( f9ely granul> protoplasm1 conta9+ a s+le nucleus & "o or two vacuoles4 ,! *lamydospores1 or true spores1 occur 9 ,s4 t5ella ( %eep 7fig4 #ac71 & h be5 describ$ by ,lav]an & ,mesnil 7#bf74 ,!y also are falci=m1 b "o extremity is r\nd$1 ! o!r po9t$4 ,!re is a v ?91 delicate membrane1 mo/ unlike a typical1 resi/ant spore-wall2 & ! spores !mselves are extremely fragile & easily act$ ^u & de=m$ by reag5ts1 ev5 by di/ill$ wat]4 ,! r\nd$ end ( ! spore conta9s a l>ge nucleus1 :ile at ! o!r end is an oval1 cle> space1 :i*1 9 ! fre% condition1 %[s a di/9ct spiral /riation4 ,! exact significance ( ?is /ructure has be5 mu* debat$4 ,9 position & appe>ance x recalls ! pol>-capsule ( a ,myxosporidian spore4 ,! pro( ( ?is int]pretation w\ld be ! expulsion ( a filam5t on suitably /imulat+ ! spore2 :ile1 h[ev]1 "s inve/igators h ass]t$ t su* a filam5t is extrud$1 ?is _c be reg>d$ z at all c]ta94 ,h5ce x is /ill d\btful :e!r ?is /riat$ body really corresponds to a pol>-capsule4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,wasielewski's ,sporozo5kunde4 ,fig4 #ab4--;,a1 ,s>cocy/is mies*]iana 7,kuhn7 f ! pig3 late /age 9 :i* ! body has become divid$ up into num]\s *amb]s or alveoli1 ea* conta9+ a numb] ( g]ms4 ,b1 ,s>cocy/is ( ! ox3 section ( a /age simil> to fig4 #ab4 a1 ,sub/ance ( muscle-fibre2 b1 envelope ( p>asite2 c1 nuclei ( ! muscle2 d1 p>asitic g]ms 7gymnospores72 e1 walls ( ! alveoli4 ,9 ! p]iph]al alveoli are se5 immature g]ms4 ,illu/ration3 7,aft] ,lav]an & ,mesnil1 f ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology1 vol4 ,protozoa47 ,,fig4 #ac4--,spores ( ,s>cocy/is t5ella1 ,raill41 f ! %eep4 a1 ,spore 9 ! fre% condition1 %[+ a cle> nucleus 7n7 & a /riat$ body or capsule 7c74 b1 ,/a9$ spore2 ! nucleus 7n7 %[s a c5tral k>yosome2 ! /riations ( ! pol> capsule 7c7 are n visible4 ,no?+ :atev] is kn[n z to ! natural means by :i* infection ) ,s>cosporidia is br\ght ab\t4 ,smi? 7#ci7 %[$ t mice c be infect$ ) ,s>cocy/is muris by simply fe$+ !m on ! fle% ( infect$ mice4 ,x is n v likely1 h[ev]1 t ?is repres5ts ! natural mode1 ev5 9 ! case ( mice2 & x c]ta9ly _c d s 9 ! case ( ,h]bivora4 ,! difficulty 9 ! way is ! delicacy ( ! spores1 :i* seem totally unfitt$ to )/& ext]nal conditions4 ,x may be t "s alt]native 7int]m$iate7 ho/ is conc]n$ 9 disp]sal2 b ?is has yet to be asc]ta9$4 ,all kn[n ,s>cosporidia are includ$ 9 a s+le g5us ,s>cocy/is1 ,lank4 7 ,mies*]ia ,balbiania1 ,blan*>d47 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal species are3 ,s4 mies*]iana1 f pigs2 ,s4 t5ella1 f %eep2 ,s4 b]trami1 f horses2 ,s4 blan*>di1 f ,bov9es2 ,s4 muris1 f mice2 ,s4 platydactyli1 f ! gecko2 & la/ly1 ,s4 l9demanni1 describ$ f man4 #d4 ,ord]--,haplosporidia4 ,! ,sporozoa includ$ 9 ?is ord] are *>act]iz$ by ! g5]al simplicity ( _! developm5t1 & by ! undiff]5tiat$ "* ( _! spores4 ,! ord] includes a good _m =ms1 ^: arrangem5t & classification h be5 rec5tly und]tak5 by ,caull]y & ,mesnil 7#ae71 to :om1 inde$1 mo/ ( our k relat+ to ! ,haplosporidia is due4 ,! habitat ( ! p>asites is suffici5tly v>i$2 ,rotif]s1 ,cru/acea1 ,annelids & fi%es furni%+ mo/ ( ! ho/s4 ,a rec5t addition to ! li/ ( ,protozoa caus+ injury to man1 a ,haplosporidian1 has be5 describ$ by ,m9*9 & ,fan?am 7#bi;d71 :o h t]m$ ! p>asite ,rh9osporidium1 f its habitat 9 ! nasal septum1 :]e x produces p$unculate tum\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,m9*91 9 ,lanke/]'s ,treatise on ,zoology1 vol4 ,protozoa4 ,,fig4 #ad4--;,b]tramia ,asp]ospora 7,frits*7 f ! body-cavity ( ,bra*ionus4 ,x #ajdj4 a1 ,"y =m ) opaque1 ev5ly-granulat$ protoplasm & few refr+5t granules2 ! nuclei 7n7 are small1 & appe> to be surr\nd$ ea* by a cle> space4 b & c1 ,full-gr[n specim5s ) l>ge nuclei & cle>] protoplasm1 conta9+ num]\s refr+5t granules 7r4 gr474 d & e1 ,morula /ages1 d]iv$ f b & c by division ( ! body into segm5ts c5tr$ r\nd ! nuclei1 ea* cell s =m$ be+ a spore4 ,betwe5 ! spores a c]ta9 am\nt ( int]cellul> sub/ance or residual protoplasm is left1 9 :i* ! refr+5t granules seem to be emb$d$4 ,! morula may break up =?) & scatt] ! spores1 or may fir/ r\nd itself (f & =m a sph]ical cy/ ) a t\gh1 fairly ?ick wall4 f1 ,empty1 slightly %runk5 cy/1 f :i* ! spores h escap$4 g1 ,free spore or y\nge/ unicellul> trophozoite4 h1 i1 j1 ,comm5c+ gr[? ( ! trophozoite1 ) multiplication ( ! nuclei1 :i* results ultimately 9 =ms su* z a & b4 ,b]tramia1 a well-kn[n p>asite ( ! body-cavity ( ,rotif]s1 w s]ve v well to give a g5]al idea ( ! life-cycle s f> z x has yet be5 made out 7fig4 #ad74 ,! trophozoite beg9s life z a small1 r\nd$ un9ucleate corpuscle1 :i* z x gr[s1 becomes mult9ucleate4 ,! mult9ucle> body g5]ally assumes a def9ite %ape1 (t5 t ( a sausage4 ,lat]1 ! protoplasm becomes segregat$ ar\nd ea* ( ! nuclei1 giv+ ! p>asite a mulb]ry-l aspect2 h5ce ?is /age is frequ5tly kn[n z a morula4 ,! un9ucle> cellules ?us =m$ are ! spores1 :i* are ultimately lib]at$ by ! break-up ( ! p>5t body4 ,ea* is ( q simple1 undiff]5tiat$ /ructure1 possesses a l>ge1 easily-visible nucleus1 & gives rise 9 due c\rse to ano!r "y trophozoite4 ,9 "s in/ances1 z describ$ by ,m9*91 ! sporulat+ p>asite becomes r\nd$ (f & =ms a protective cy/1 d\btless = ! protection ( ! spores dur+ dissem9ation4 ,9 "s =ms 7e4g4 ,haplosporidium & ,rh9osporidium7 ! spore-"m-cells1 in/ead ( becom+ ea* a s+le spore1 z 9 ,b]tramia1 give rise to sev]al1 f\r 9 ! fir/ case1 _m 9 ! latt]4 ,sometimes1 aga91 ! spore1 :ile pres]v+ ! ess5tially simple "* ( ! sporoplasm1 may be enclos$ 9 a spore-case2 ?is may h ! =m ( a little box ) a lid or op]culum1 z 9 "s species ( ,haplosporidium1 or may possess a long process or tail1 z 9 ,urosporidium 7fig4 #ae74 ,illu/ration3 ,f ,caull]y & ,mesnil1 ,ar*ives de zoologie exp]im5tale1 vol4 #d1 #aije1 by p]mission ( ,s*lei*] ,fr]es et ,cie1 ,p>is4 ,,fig4 #ae4--,spores ( v>i\s ,haplosporidia4 #a4 ,haplosporidium het]ocirri3 a1 on lib]ation2 b1 aft] be+ 9 sea-wat]4 #b1 ,h4 scolopli4 #c1 ,h4 vejdovskii4 #d1 ,urosporidium fulig9osum3 a1 surface-view2 b1 side-view4 ,x #ajjj4 ,! ,haplosporidia are divid$ by ,caull]y & ,mesnil into ?ree families1 ,haplosporidiidae1 ,b]tramiidae & ,coelosporidiidae2 "o or two g5]a are also includ$ ^: exact position is d\btful4 7a7 ,haplosporidiidae3 #c g5]a1 ,haplosporidium1 type-species ,h4 het]ocirri2 ,urosporidium1 ) "o sp41 ,u4 fulig9osum2 all p>asitic 9 v>i\s ,annelids2 & ,anurosporidium1 ) ! species ,a4 pels5e]i1 f ! sporocy/s ( a ,trematode1 p>asitic on ,donax4 7b7 ,b]tramiidae3 #b g5]a1 ,b]tramia1 ) ,b4 capitellae f an ,annelid & ,b4 asp]ospora1 ! ,rotif]an p>asite above describ$2 & ,i*?yosporidium1 ) ,i4 ga/]ophilum & ,i4 phymog5es1 p>asitic 9 v>i\s fi%4 7c7 ,coelosporidiiae3 g5]a ,coelosporidium1 type-species ,c4 *ydoriclola2 & ,polyc>yum1 type-species ,p4 bran*iopodianum4 ,^! =ms are p>asitic 9 small ,cru/acea4 ,! g5us ,bla/ulidium is ref]r$1 d\btfully1 by ,caull]y & ,mesnil to ?is family2 b c]ta9 phases ( ?is organism seem to indicate r a vegetable nature4 ,! g5us ,rh9osporidium %\ld probably be plac$ 9 a di/9ct family4 ,! only species s f> describ$ is ,r4 k9ealyi f ! nasal septum ( man1 to :i* ref]5ce has above be5 made4 ,ano!r =m1 ,neurosporidium cephalodisci1 agree+ 9 "s respects ) ,rh9osporidium1 has be5 describ$ by ,ridewood & ,fan?am 7#cg;a7 f ! n]v\s sy/em ( ,cephalodiscus4 ,a p>asite ^: aff9ities are d\btful1 b :i* is reg>d$ by ,caull]y & ,mesnil z alli$ to ! ,haplosporidia1 is ! curi\s p>asite orig9ally describ$ by ,s*ewiak(f z endop>asitic tubes ( ,cyclops2 x has be5 nam$ by ,caull]y & ,mesnil1 ,s*eviakovella4 ,?is organism is rem>kable 9 "o or two ways3 x possesses a contractile vacuole2 ! amoeboid trophozoites t5d to =m plasmodia2 & ! spores1 ( ! usual simple type1 may app>5tly divide by b9>y fission4 #e4 ,!re rema91 la/ly1 c]ta9 =ms1 :i* are conv5i5tly gr\p$ toge!r z ,sporozoa inc]tae s$is1 ei!r = ! reason t x is impossible to place !m 9 any ( ! well-def9$ ord]s1 or because _! life-cycle is at pres5t too insuffici5tly kn[n4 ,s]osporidia is ! "n giv5 by ,pfeiff] to c]ta9 m9ute p>asites ( ! body-cavity ( ,cru/acea2 !y include ,s]osporidium1 ,blan*>d9a & ,botellus4 ,lymphosporidium1 a =m ) di/ribut$ nucleus1 caus+ virul5t epidemics among brook-tr\t1 is consid]$ by ,calk9s7#c7 to be suitably plac$ "h4 ,ano!r p>asite ( lymphatic spaces & *annels is ! rem>kable ,lymphocy/is1 describ$ by ,woodcock 7#df71 f plaice & fl\nd]s1 :i* 9 "s respects r recalls a ,greg>9e4 ,! gr\p ,exosporidia 0 f\nd$ by ,p]ri] to include a peculi> organism1 ectop>asitic on ,ar?ropods1 to :i* ! "n ( ,amoebidium _h be5 giv5 by ,ci5k[sky4 ,x has rec5tly be5 %[n1 h[ev]1 t ?is organism is mo/ probably an ,alga4 ,ano!r g5us1 ,exosporidium1 describ$ by ,s& 7#ch71 is plac$ at pres5t 9 ?is gr\p4 ,= details ( ! /ructure ( ^! =ms & o!rs l ,si$leckia1 ,toxosporidium1 ,*itonicium ,joyeuxella & ,mets*nikovella1 a compreh5sive treatise on ! ,sporozoa1 su* z t ( ,m9*91 %\ld be consult$4 ,to complete ?is article1 x w be suffici5t to m5tion v>i\s enigmatical bodies1 associat$ ) diff]5t diseases1 :i* are reg>d$ by _! describ]s z ,protozoa4 ,among su* is ! ,hi/osporidium c>c9omatosum ( ,fe9b]g1 :i* he f9ds 9 canc]\s gr[?s4 ,cytoryctes1 ! "n giv5 to ,gu>ni]i's bodies 9 small-pox & vacc9ia1 has be5 rec5tly inve/igat$ by ,calk9s 7#c;a71 :o has describ$ a complex life-cycle = ! alleg$ p>asite4 ,o!r work]s1 h[ev]1 su* z ,siegel1 give a q diff]5t acc\nt ( ^! bodies1 &1 moreov]1 f9d simil> ones 9 sc>let-fev]1 syphilis1 c42 :ile yet o!rs 7e4g4 ,pr[azek7 d5y t !y are p>asitic organisms at all4 ,,bibliography4--7,= g5]al works see "u ,,sporozoa47 7#a7 ,b]tram1 ,beitrage zur ,k5ntnis d] ,s>cosporidi51 ,zool4 ,jahrb4 ,anat4 #e1 #aijb2 7#b7 ,l4 ,brasil1 ,joyeuxella toxoides1 7n4g41 n4sp471 ,ar*4 zool4 exp4 ,n4 et ,r4 7#c7 #aj1 p4 #e1 #g figs41 #aijb2 7#c7 ,g4,n4 ,calk9s1 ,lymphosporidium truttae1 7n4g41 n4sp471 ,zool4 ,anz4 #bc1 p4 #eac1 #f figs41 #aijc2 7#c;a7 ib4 ,! ,life-,hi/ory ( ,cytoryctes ,v>iolae2 ,gu>ni]i1 ,/udies pa?4 etiol4 v>iola1 ,j4 ,m$4 ,rese>* 7,bo/on1 #aijd71 p4 #acf1 #d pls42 7#c;b7 ,m4 ,caull]y & ,a4 ,*appelli]1 ,anurosporidium pels5e]i1 7n4g41 n4sp471 ,haplosporidie1 c41 ,c4 ,r4 soc4 biol4 #fj1 p4 #cbe1 #aijf2 7#d7 ,m4 ,caull]y & ,f4 ,mesnil1 ,sur un type n\veau 7,met*nikovella1 n4g471 ,c4 ,r4 ac4 sci4 #abe1 p4 #ghg1 #aj figs41 #ahig2 7#e7 ib4 ,sur trois ,sporozoaires p>asites de la ,capitella1 ,c4 ,r4 soc4 biol4 #di1 p4 #ajje1 #ahgg2 7#f7 ib4 ,sur un ,sporozoaire ab]rant 7,si$leckia1 n4g471 op4 cit4 #ej1 p4 #ajic1 #g figs41 #ahih2 7#g7 ib4 ,sur le g5re ,aplosporidium 7nov471 op4 cit4 #ea1 p4 #ghi1 #ahii2 7#h7 ib4 ,sur les ,aplosporidies1 ,c4 ,r4 ac4 sci4 #abi1 p4 #faf1 #ahii2 7#i7 ib4 ,sur les p>asites intimes des ,annelides 7,si$leckia1 ,toxosporidium71 ,c4 ,r4 ass4 franc41 #ahii1 p4 #dia1 #aijj2 7#aj7 ib4 ,sur un type n\veau 7,spha]act9omyxon1 n4g47 d',act9omyxidies1 ,c4 ,r4 soc4 biol4 #ef1 p4 #djh1 #aijd2 7#aa7 ib4 ,ph5om5es de sexualite dans le developpem5t des ,act9omyxidies1 op4 cit4 #eh1 p4 #hhi1 #aije2 7#ab7 ib4 ,re*]*es sur les ,act9omyxidies1 ,ar*4 ,proti/5k4 #f1 p4 #bgb1 pl4 #ae1 #aije2 7#ac7 ib4 ,sur quelques n\velles ,haplosporidies d',annelides1 ,c4 ,r4 soc4 biol4 #eh1 p4 #ehj1 #f figs41 #aije2 7#ad7 ib4 ,sur des ,haplosporidies p>asites de poissons m>9s1 ib4 p4 #fdj1 #aije2 7#ae7 ib4 ,re*]*es sur les ,haplosporidies1 ,ar*4 zool4 exp4 7#d7 #d1 p4 #aja1 pls4 #aa-ac1 #aije2 7#af7 ,l4 ,cohn1 ,ub] die ,myxosporidi5 von ,esox lucius1 ,zool4 ,jahr4 ,anat4 #i1 p4 #bbg1 #b pls41 #ahif2 7#ag7 ib4 ,zur ,k5ntniss d] ,myxosporidi51 ,c5trbl4 ,bakt4 #a1 ,orig4 #cb1 p4 #fbh1 #c figs41 #aijb2 7#ah7 ib4 ,protozo5 als ,p>asit5 9 ,rotatori51 ,zool4 ,anz4 #be1 p4 #dig1 #aijb2 7#ai7 ,f4 ,d(le91 ,ub] ,myxosporidi51 ,zool4 ,jahr4 ,anat4 #aa1 p4 #bha1 #f pls41 #ahih2 7#bj7 ib4 ,=ts*ritte auf dem ,gebiete d] ,myxosporidi5kunde1 ,zool4 ,c5trbl4 #g1 p4 #cfa1 #ahii2 7#ba7 ,r4 ,gurley1 ,! ,myxosporidia1 ,bull4 ,u4,s4 ,fi%4 ,comm41 #ahib1 p4 #fe1 #dg pls41 #ahid2 7#bb7 ,e4 ,hesse1 ,sur une n\velle ,microsporidie tetrasporee du g5re ,gurleya1 ,c4 ,r4 soc4 biol4 #ee1 p4 #die1 #aijc2 7#bc7 ib4 ,!lohania leg]i 7n4sp471 op4 cit4 #eg1 pp4 #egj-egb1 #aj figs41 #aijd2 7#bd7 ib4 ,sur ,myxocy/is ,mrazeki ,hesse1 c41 op4 cit4 #eh1 p4 #ab1 #i figs41 #aije2 7#be7 ,a4 ,lav]an & ,f4 ,mesnil1 ,sur la multiplication endog5e des ,myxosporidies1 op4 cit4 #ed1 p4 #dfi1 #e figs41 #aijb2 7#bf7 ib4 ,sur la morphologie des ,s>cosporidies1 op4 cit4 #ea1 p4 #bde1 #ahii2 7#bg7 ib4 ,de la ,s>cocy/91 op4 cit4 p4 #caa1 #ahii2 7#bh7 ,l4 ,leg]1 ,sur la sporulation du ,triact9omyxon1 op4 cit4 #ef1 p4 #hdd1 #d figs41 #aijd2 7#bi7 ib4 ,consid]ations sur 444 les ,act9omyxidies1 op4 cit4 p4 #hdf1 #aijd2 7#bi;a7 ,l4 ,leg] & ,e4 ,hesse1 ,sur une n\velle ,myxosporidie1 ,coccomyxa1 n4g41 ,c4 ,r4 ac4 sci41 #a/ ,july #aijg2 7#bi;b7 ib4 ,sur la /ructure de la p>oisporale des ,myxosporidies1 op4 cit4 #adb1 p4 #gbj1 #aijf2 7#bi;c7 ,a4 ,lutz & ,a4 ,spl5dore1 ,ub] ',pebr9e' & v]w&te ,mikrosporidi51 ,c5trbl4 ,bakt4 #a1 #cc1 ,orig4 p4 #aej1 #aijc1 & #cf1 ,orig4 p4 #fde1 #b pls41 #aijd2 7#bi;d7 ,e4,a4 ,m9*9 & ,h4,b4 ,fan?am1 ,rh9osporidium k9ealyi 7n4g41 n4sp471 ,q4 ,j4 ,micr4 ,sci4 #di1 p4 #eba1 #b pls41 #aije2 7#cj7 ,a4 ,mrazek1 ,ub] e9e neue ,sporozo5=m 7,myxocy/is71 ,s4 ,b4 ,bohm4 ,ges4 #h1 #e pp41 #i figs41 #ahig2 7#ca7 ib4 ,glugea lophii1 ,d(le91 op4 cit4 #aj1 #h pp41 #a pl41 #ahii2 7#cb7 ,c4 ,p]ez1 ,sur un organisme n\veau1 ,bla/ulidium1 ,c4 ,r4 soc4 biol4 #ee1 p4 #gae1 #e figs41 #aijc2 7#cc7 ib4 ,sur n\velles ,glugeidees1 op4 cit4 #eh1 pp4 #adf-aea1 #aije2 7#cd7 ib4 ,microsporidies p>asites des crabes1 ,bull4 /a4 biol4 d',arca*on1 #h1 #bb pp41 #ad figs41 #aije2 7#ce7 ,w4,s4 ,p]r91 ,plei/ophora p]iplanetae1 ,q4 ,j4 ,micr4 ,sci4 #di1 p4 #fae1 #b pls41 #aijf2 7#cf7 ,l4 ,plate1 ,ub] e95 e9zellig5 ,zellp>asit5 7,*itonicium71 ,fauna ,*il5sis1 #b1 pp4 #fja1 pls41 #aija2 7#cg7 ,m4 ,plehn1 ,ub] die ,drehkrankheit d] ,salmonid5 7,l5tospora1 n4g471 ,ar*4 ,proti/5k4 #e1 p4 #ade1 pl4 #e1 #aijd2 7#cg;a7 ,w4,j4 ,ridewood & ,h4,b4 ,fan?am1 ,neurosporidium cephalodisci1 n4g41 n4sp41 ,q4 ,j4 ,micr4 ,sci4 #ea1 p4 #ha1 pl4 #g1 #aijg2 7#ch7 ,r4 ,s&1 ,exosporidium m>9um 7n4g41 n4sp471 ,bull4 soc4 micr4 belge1 #bd1 p4 #aaf1 #ahih2 7#ci7 ,t4 ,smi?1 ,! production ( s>cosporidiosis 9 ! m\se1 c41 ,j4 ,exp4 ,m$4 #f1 p4 #a1 #d pls41 #aija2 7#dj7 ,w4 ,/empell1 ,ub] ,!lohania mull]i1 ,zool4 ,jahr4 ,anat4 #af1 p4 #bce1 pl4 #be1 #aijb2 7#da7 ib4 ,ub] ,polyc>yum bran*iopodianum 7n4g41 n4sp471 ,zool4 ,jahrb4 ,sy/4 #ae1 p4 #eia1 pl4 #ca1 #aijb2 7#db7 ib4 ,ub] ,nosema anomalum1 ,ar*4 ,proti/5k1 #d1 p4 #a1 pls4 #a-c1 #aijd2 7#dc7 ,p4 ,!lohan1 ,re*]*es sur les ,myxosporidies1 ,bull4 sci4 ,france belg4 #bf1 p4 #ajj1 #c pls41 #ahie2 7#dd7 ,p4 ,vuillem91 ,le ,s>cocy/is t5ella1 p>asite de l'homme1 ,c4 ,r4 ac4 sci4 #acd1 p4 #aaeb1 #aijb2 7#de7 ,h4,m4 ,woodcock1 ,on ,myxosporidia 9 flat fi%1 ,proc4 ,liv]p4 ,biol4 ,soc4 #ah1 p4 #abf1 pl4 #b1 #aijd2 7#df7 ib4 ,on a rem>kable p>asite 7,lymphocy/is71 op4 cit4 p4 #adc1 pl4 #c1 #aijd4 7,h4 ,m4 ,wo47 ,,endymion1 9 ,greek my?ology1 son ( ,ae?lius & k+ ( ,elis4 ,he 0 lov$ by ,sel5e1 goddess ( ! moon1 by :om he _h fifty daught]s1 suppos$ to repres5t ! fifty moons ( ! ,olympian fe/al cycle4 ,9 o!r v]sions1 ,endymion 0 a beautiful y\?1 a %eph]d or hunt] :om ,sel5e visit$ e night :ile he lay asleep 9 a cave on ,m\nt ,latmus 9 ,c>ia 7,pausanias v4 #a2 ,ovid1 ,ars am4 iii4 #hc74 ,zeus left him free to *oose any?+ he might desire1 & he *ose an ev]la/+ sleep1 9 :i* he might rema9 y\?ful = ev] 7,apollodorus i4 #g74 ,accord+ to o!rs1 ,endymion's et]nal sleep 0 a puni%m5t inflict$ by ,zeus ^u him because he v5tur$ to fall 9 love ) ,h]a1 :5 he 0 admitt$ to ! society ( ! ,olympian gods 7,s*ol4 ,!ocritus iii4 #di74 ,! usual =m ( ! leg5d1 h[ev]1 repres5ts ,endymion z hav+ be5 put to sleep by ,sel5e h]self 9 ord] t %e might enjoy 8 society undi/urb$ 7,cic]o1 ,tusc4 disp4 i4 #ch74 ,"s see 9 ,endymion ! sun1 sett+ opposite to ! ris+ moon1 ! ,latmian cave be+ ! cave ( =getfulness1 into :i* ! sun plunges b5ea? ! sea2 o!rs reg>d him z ! p]sonification ( sleep or dea? 7see ,mayor on ,juv5al x4 #cah74 ,,en]getics4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal result atta9$ by ! progress ( physical sci5ce 9 ! #ai? c5tury 0 ! def9ite enunciation & developm5t ( ! doctr9e ( en]gy1 :i* is n[ p>am\nt bo? 9 me*anics & 9 !rmodynamics4 ,= a discussion ( ! elem5t>y ideas und]ly+ ?is conception see ! sep>ate head+ ,,en]gy4 ,ev] s9ce physical speculation began 9 ! atomic !ories ( ! ,greeks1 its ma9 problem has be5 t ( unravell+ ! nature ( ! und]ly+ correlation :i* b9ds toge!r ! v>i\s natural ag5cies4 ,b x is only 9 rec5t times t sci5tific inve/igation has def9itely e/abli%$ t !re is a quantitative relation ( simple equival5ce betwe5 !m1 :]eby ea* is expressible 9 t]ms ( heat or me*anical p[]2 t !re is a c]ta9 measurable quantity associat$ ) ea* type ( physical activity :i* is always num]ically id5tical ) a correspond+ quantity belong+ to ! new type into :i* x is trans=m$1 s t ! en]gy1 z x is call$1 is cons]v$ 9 unalt]$ am\nt4 ,! ma9 ob/acle 9 ! way ( an e>li] recognition & developm5t ( ?is pr9ciple _h be5 ! doctr9e ( caloric1 :i* 0 sugge/$ by ! pr9ciples & practice ( calorimetry1 & taught t heat is a sub/ance t c be transf]r$ f "o body to ano!r1 b _c be creat$ or de/roy$1 ?\gh x may become lat5t4 ,s long z ?is idea ma9ta9$ itself1 !re 0 no possible comp5sation = ! de/ruction ( me*anical p[] by friction2 x appe>$ t me*anical effect _h !re def9itely be5 lo/4 ,! idea t heat is itself conv]tible into p[]1 & is 9 fact en]gy ( motion ( ! m9ute invisible p>ts ( bodies1 _h be5 held by ,newton & 9 a vagu] s5se by ,bacon1 & inde$ long be=e _! "t2 b x dropp$ out ( ! ord9>y cre$ ( sci5ce 9 ! foll[+ c5tury4 ,x held a place1 l _m o!r anticipations ( subsequ5t discov]y1 9 ! sy/em ( ,natural ,philosophy ( ,?omas ,"y 7#ahjd72 & ! discrepancies att5d+ curr5t explanations on ! caloric !ory 7 insi/$ on1 ab\t ! same "t1 by ,c\nt ,rum=d & ,sir ,h4 ,davy4 ,b x 0 n till ! actual exp]im5ts ( ,j\le v]ifi$ ! same exact equival5ce betwe5 heat produc$ & me*anical en]gy de/roy$1 by :atev] process t 0 accompli%$1 t ! idea ( caloric _h to be def9itely ab&on$4 ,"s "t previ\sly ,r4 ,may]1 physician1 ( ,heilbronn1 _h f\nd$ a weighty !oretical argum5t on ! production ( me*anical p[] 9 ! animal sy/em f ! food consum$2 he _h1 moreov]1 ev5 calculat$ ! value ( a unit ( heat1 9 t]ms ( its equival5t 9 p[]1 f ! data af=d$ by ,regnault's det]m9ations ( ! specific heats ( air at con/ant pressure & at con/ant volume1 ! =m] be+ ! great] on ,may]'s hypo!sis 7( :i* 8 calculation 9 fact con/itut$ ! v]ification7 solely on acc\nt ( ! p[] requir$ = ! "w ( expansion ( ! gas aga9/ ! surr\nd+ con/ant pressure4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,helmholtz1 9 8 e>ly memoir on ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy1 con/ruct$ a cumulative argum5t by trac+ ! ramifications ( ! pr9ciple ( cons]vation ( en]gy ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( physical sci5ce4 ,me*anical & ,!rmal ,en]gy4--,! am\nt ( en]gy1 def9$ 9 ?is s5se by conv]tibility ) me*anical "w1 :i* is conta9$ 9 a mat]ial sy/em1 mu/ be a function ( its physical /ate & *emical con/itution & ( its temp]ature4 ,! *ange 9 ?is am\nt1 aris+ f a giv5 trans=mation 9 ! sy/em1 is usually measur$ by degrad+ ! en]gy t leaves ! sy/em into heat2 = x is always possible to d ?is1 :ile ! conv]sion ( heat back aga9 into o!r =ms ( en]gy is impossible )\t assi/ance1 tak+ ! =m ( comp5sat+ degradation else:]e4 ,we may adopt ! provisional view :i* is ! basis ( ab/ract physics1 t all ^! o!r =ms ( en]gy are 9 _! ess5ce me*anical1 t is1 arise f ! motion or /ra9 ( mat]ial or e!real m$ia2 !n _! di/9ction f heat w lie 9 ! fact t ^! motions or /ra9s are simply co-ord9at$1 s t !y c be trac$ & controll$ or manipulat$ 9 detail1 :ile ! !rmal en]gy subsi/s 9 irregul> motions ( ! molecules or smalle/ portions ( matt]1 :i* we _c trace on acc\nt ( ! bluntness ( our s5sual p]ceptions1 b c only measure z reg>ds total am\nt4 ,hi/orical3 ,ab/ract ,dynamics4--,ev5 9 ! case ( a purely me*anical sy/em1 capable only ( a f9ite numb] ( def9ite types ( di/urbance1 ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is v f> f giv+ a complete acc\nt ( its motions2 x =ms only "o among ! equations t are requir$ to det]m9e _! c\rse4 ,9 its application to ! k9etics ( inv>iable sy/ems1 aft] ! "t ( ,newton1 ! pr9ciple 0 emphasiz$ z fundam5tal by ,leibnitz1 0 !n improv$ & g5]aliz$ by ! ,b]n\llis & by ,eul]1 & 0 ultimately express$ 9 its wide/ =m by ,lagrange4 ,x is record$ by ,helmholtz t x 0 l>gely 8 acqua9tance 9 e>ly ye>s ) ! works ( ^? ma!matical physici/s ( ! previ\s c5tury1 :o _h =mulat$ & g5]aliz$ ! pr9ciple z a help t[>ds ! !oretical dynamics ( complex sy/ems ( masses1 t />t$ him on ! track ( ext5d+ ! pr9ciple ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( natural ph5om5a4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! asc]ta9$ validity ( ?is ext5sion to new types ( ph5om5a1 su* z ^? ( electrodynamics1 n[ =ms a ma9 f\ndation ( our belief 9 a me*anical basis = ^! sci5ces4 ,9 ! h&s ( ,lagrange ! ma!matical expression = ! mann] 9 :i* ! en]gy is connect$ ) ! geometrical con/itution ( ! mat]ial sy/em became a suffici5t basis = a complete k ( its dynamical ph5om5a4 ,s f> z /atics 0 conc]n$1 ?is doctr9e took its rise z f> back z ,galileo1 :o recogniz$ 9 ! simpl] cases t ! "w exp5d$ 9 ! /eady driv+ ( a frictionless me*anical sy/em is equal to its output4 ,! expression ( ?is fact 0 g5]aliz$ 9 a brief /atem5t by ,newton 9 ! ,pr9cipia1 & m 9 detail by ! ,b]n\llis1 until1 9 ! analytical guise ( ! s-call$ pr9ciple ( virtual velocities or virtual "w1 x f9ally became ! basis ( ,lagrange's g5]al =mulation ( dynamics4 ,9 its application to k9etics a purely physical pr9ciple1 also indicat$ by ,newton1 b develop$ long aft] ) ma/]ly applications by d',alemb]t1 t ! reactions ( ! inf9itesimal p>ts ( ! sy/em aga9/ ! accel]ations ( _! motions /atically equilibrate ! =ces appli$ to ! sy/em z a :ole1 0 requir$ 9 ord] to =m a suffici5t basis1 & "o :i* ,lagrange soon aft]w>ds cond5s$ into ! s+le relation ( ,lea/ ,action4 ,z a matt] ( hi/ory1 h[ev]1 ! complete =mulation ( ! subject ( ab/ract dynamics actually arose 79 #ageh7 f ,lagrange's precise demon/ration ( ! pr9ciple ( ,lea/ ,action = a p>ticle1 & its imm$iate ext5sion1 on ! basis ( 8 new ,calculus ( ,v>iations1 to a sy/em ( connect$ p>ticles su* z might be tak5 z a repres5tation ( any mat]ial sy/em2 b "h too ! same physical z di/9ct f me*anical consid]ations come into play z 9 d',alemb]t's pr9ciple4 7,see ,,dynamics3 ,analytical47 ,x is 9 ! cases ( sy/ems ^: /ate is *ang+ s sl[ly t reactions aris+ f *ang+ motions c be neglect$1 t ! conditions are by f> ! simple/4 ,9 su* sy/ems1 :e!r /ation>y or 9 a /ate ( /eady motion1 ! en]gy dep5ds on ! configuration alone1 & its ma!matical expression c be det]m9$ f measurem5t ( ! "w requir$ = a suffici5t numb] ( simple trans=mations2 once x is ?us f\nd1 all ! /atical relations ( ! sy/em are implicitly det]m9$ along ) x1 & ! results ( all o!r trans=mations c be pr$ict$4 ,! g5]al developm5t ( su* relations is conv5i5tly class$ z a sep>ate bran* ( physics "u ! "n ,en]getics1 fir/ inv5t$ by ,w4,j4,m4 ,rank9e2 b ! ess5tial limitations ( ?is me?od h n always be5 obs]v$4 ,z reg>ds /atical *ange1 ! complete specification ( a me*anical sy/em is involv$ 9 its geometrical configuration & ! function express+ its me*anical en]gy 9 t]ms !re(4 ,sy/ems :i* h /atical en]gy-functions ( ! same analytical =m behave 9 correspond+ ways1 & c s]ve z models or repres5tations ( "o ano!r4 ,ext5sion to ,!rmal & ,*emical ,sy/ems4--,?is dom9ant position ( ! pr9ciple ( en]gy1 9 ord9>y /atical problems1 has 9 rec5t times be5 ext5d$ to trans=mations involv+ *ange ( physical /ate or *emical con/itution z well z *ange ( geometrical configuration4 ,9 ?is wid] field we _c ass]t t me*anical 7or available7 en]gy is nev] lo/1 = x may be degrad$ into !rmal en]gy2 b we c use ! pr9ciple t on ! o!r h& x c nev] spontane\sly increase4 ,if ?is 7 n s1 cyclic processes might !oretically be arrang$ :i* w\ld cont9ue to supply me*anical p[] s long z en]gy ( any k9d rema9$ 9 ! sy/em2 :]eas ! irregul> & uncontrollable "* ( ! molecul> motions & /ra9s :i* con/itute !rmal en]gy1 9 comb9ation ) ! va/ numb] ( ! molecules1 mu/ place an effectual b> on _! unlimit$ co-ord9ation4 ,to e/abli% a doctr9e ( en]getics t %all =m a suffici5t f\ndation = a !ory ( ! tr5d ( *emical & physical *ange1 we h1 !re=e1 to imp>t precision to ?is motion ( available en]gy4 ,c>not's ,pr9ciple3 ,entropy4--,! :ole subject is involv$ 9 ! new pr9ciple contribut$ to !oretical physics by ,sadi ,c>not 9 #ahbd1 9 :i* ! f>-rea*+ mod]n conception ( cyclic processes 0 fir/ sci5tifically develop$4 ,x 0 %[n by ,c>not1 on ! basis ( c]ta9 axioms1 ^: !oretical f\ndations 7 subsequ5tly correct$ & /r5g!n$ by ,clausius & ,"l ,kelv91 t a rev]sible me*anical process1 work+ 9 a cycle by means ( !rmal transf]s1 :i* takes heat1 say ,h#a1 into ! mat]ial sy/em at a giv5 temp]ature ,t#a1 & deliv]s ! "p ( x n utiliz$1 say ,h#b1 at a l[] giv5 temp]ature ,t#b1 is m effici5t1 consid]$ z a work+ eng9e1 ?an any o!r su* process1 op]at+ betwe5 ! same two temp]atures b n rev]sible1 c\ld be4 ,?is relation ( inequality involves a def9ite law ( equality1 t ! me*anical effici5cies ( all rev]sible cyclic processes are ! same1 :atev] be ! nature ( _! op]ation or ! mat]ial sub/ances involv$ 9 !m2 t 9 fact ! effici5cy is a function solely ( ! two temp]atures at :i* ! cyclically work+ sy/em takes 9 & gives out heat4 ,^! consid]ations con/itute a fundam5tal g5]al pr9ciple to :i* all possible sl[ rev]sible processes1 s f> z !y conc]n matt] 9 bulk1 mu/ con=m 9 all _! /ages2 its application is almo/ coext5sive ) ! scope ( g5]al physics1 ! special k9etic !ories 9 :i* in]tia is involv$1 be+ except$4 7,see ,,!rmodynamics47 ,if ! work+ sy/em is an ideal gas-eng9e1 9 :i* a p]fect gas 7kn[n f exp]i5ce to be a possible /ate ( matt]7 is pass$ ?r\gh ! cycle1 & if temp]ature is measur$ f ! absolute z]o by ! expansion ( ?is gas1 !n simple direct calculation on ! basis ( ! laws ( ideal gases %[s t ,h#a_/,t#a ,h#b_/,t#b2 & z by ! cons]vation ( en]gy ! "w done is ,h#a - ,h#b1 x foll[s t ! effici5cy1 measur$ z ! ratio ( ! "w done to ! supply ( heat1 is #a - ,t#b_/,t#a4 ,if we *ange ! sign ( ,h#a & ?us consid] heat z positive :5 x is re/or$ to ! sy/em z is ,h#b1 ! fundam5tal equation becomes ,h#a_/,t#a ,h#b_/,t#b #j2 & z any complex rev]sible work+ sy/em may be consid]$ z comp\nd$ 9 v>i\s ways ( *a9s ( elem5t>y sy/ems ( ?is type1 ^: effects are additive1 ! g5]al proposition foll[s1 t 9 any rev]sible complete cyclic *ange :i* involves ! tak+ 9 ( heat by ! sy/em ( :i* ! am\nt is delta,h1 :5 its temp]ature ranges betwe5 ,tr & ,tr delta,t1 ! equation ,sigmadelta,hr_/,tr - #j holds good4 ,moreov]1 if ! *anges are n rev]sible1 ! proportion ( ! heat supply t is utiliz$ = me*anical "w w be small]1 s t m heat w be re/or$ to ! sy/em1 & ,sigmadelta,hr_/,tr or1 z x may be express$1 intd,h_/,t1 mu/ h a l>g] value1 & mu/ ?us be positive4 ,! fir/ /atem5t involves fur!r1 t = all rev]sible pa?s ( *ange ( ! sy/em f "o /ate ,c to ano!r /ate ,d1 ! value ( intd,h_/,t mu/ be ! same1 because any "o ( ^! pa?s & any o!r "o rev]s$ w\ld =m a cycle2 :]eas = any irrev]sible pa? ( *ange betwe5 ! same /ates ?is integral mu/ h a great] value 7& s exce$ ! diff]5ce ( entropies at ! ends ( ! pa?74 ,! def9ite quantity repres5t$ by ?is integral = a rev]sible pa? 0 introduc$ by ,clausius 9 #ahed 7also adumbrat$ by ,kelv9's inve/igations ab\t ! same "t71 & 0 nam$ aft]w>ds by him ! increase ( ! entropy ( ! sy/em 9 pass+ f ! /ate ,c to ! /ate ,d4 ,?is increase1 be+ ?us ! same = ! unlimit$ numb] ( possible rev]sible pa?s involv+ indep5d5t v>iation ( all its f9ite co-ord9ates1 along :i* ! sy/em c pass1 c dep5d only on ! t]m9al /ates4 ,! entropy belong+ to a giv5 /ate is !re=e a function ( t /ate alone1 irrespective ( ! mann] 9 :i* x has be5 rea*$2 & ?is is ! ju/ification ( ! assignm5t to x ( a special "n1 connot+ a prop]ty ( ! sy/em dep5d+ on its actual condition & n on its previ\s hi/ory4 ,e rev]sible *ange 9 an isolat$ sy/em ?us ma9ta9s ! entropy ( t sy/em unalt]$2 no possible spontane\s *ange c involve decrease ( ! entropy2 :ile any defect ( rev]sibility1 aris+ f diffusion ( matt] or motion 9 ! sy/em1 necess>ily leads to increase ( entropy4 ,= a physical or *emical sy/em only ^? *anges are spontane\sly possible :i* w\ld lead to increase ( ! entropy2 if ! entropy is already a maximum = ! giv5 total en]gy1 & s incapable ( fur!r cont9u\s increase "u ! conditions impos$ ^u ! sy/em1 !re mu/ be /able equilibrium4 ,?is def9ite quantity belong+ to a mat]ial sy/em1 its entropy phi1 is ?us concomitant ) its en]gy ,e1 :i* is also a def9ite function ( its actual /ate by ! law ( cons]vation ( en]gy2 ^!1 along ) its temp]ature ,t1 & ! v>i\s co-ord9ates express+ its geometrical configuration & its physical & *emical con/itution1 are ! quantities ) :i* ! !rmodynamics ( ! sy/em deals4 ,t bran* ( sci5ce develops ! consequ5ces involv$ 9 j two pr9ciples3 7i47 t ! en]gy ( e isolat$ sy/em is con/ant1 & 7ii47 t its entropy c nev] dim9i%2 any complication t may be involv$ arises f complexity 9 ! sy/ems to :i* ^! two laws h to be appli$4 ,! ,g5]al ,!rmodynamic ,equation4--,:5 any physical or *emical sy/em und]goes an inf9itesimal *ange ( /ate1 we h delta,e delta,h delta,u1 :]e delta,h is ! en]gy t has be5 acquir$ z heat f s\rces extrane\s to ! sy/em dur+ ! *ange1 & delta,u is ! en]gy t has be5 imp>t$ by rev]sible ag5cies su* z me*anical or electric "w4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 n usually possible to discrim9ate p]man5tly betwe5 heat acquir$ & "w imp>t$1 = 7unless = iso!rmal trans=mations7 nei!r delta,h nor delta,u is ! exact diff]5tial ( a function ( ! con/itution ( ! sy/em & s indep5d5t ( its previ\s hi/ory1 al?\gh _! sum delta,e is su*2 b we c utilize ! fact t delta,h is equal to ,tdeltaphi :]e deltaphi is su*1 z has j be5 se54 ,?us ,e & phi repres5t prop]ties ( ! sy/em :i*1 along ) temp]ature1 pressure & o!r indep5d5t data specify+ its con/itution1 mu/ =m ! v>iables ( an analytical exposition4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to sub/itute ,tdeltaphi = delta,h2 also ! *ange ( int]nal en]gy is det]m9$ by ! *ange ( con/itution1 involv+ a diff]5tial relation ( type delta,u -pdeltav delta,w mu#a;deltam#a mu#b;deltam#b 444 mundeltamn1 :5 ! sy/em consi/s ( an intimate mixture 7solution7 ( masses m#a1 m#b1 444 mn ( giv5 con/itu5ts1 :i* diff] physically or *emically b may be p>tially trans=mable into ea* o!r by *emical or physical action dur+ ! *anges "u consid]ation1 ! :ole be+ ( volume v & "u extrane\s pressure p1 :ile ,w is pot5tial en]gy aris+ f physical =ces su* z ^? ( gravity1 capill>ity1 c4 ,! v>iables m#a1 m#b1 444 mn may n be all indep5d5t2 = example1 if ! sy/em 7 *loride ( ammonium gas exi/+ along ) its gase\s products ( dissociation1 hydro*loric acid & ammonia1 only "o ( ! ?ree masses w\ld be indep5d5tly v>iable4 ,! suffici5t numb] ( ^! v>iables 7indep5d5t compon5ts7 toge!r ) two o!r v>iables1 :i* may be v & ,t1 or v & phi1 specifies & det]m9es ! /ate ( ! sy/em1 consid]$ z matt] 9 bulk1 at ea* in/ant4 ,x is usual to include delta,w 9 mu#a;deltam#a 4442 9 all cases :]e ?is is possible ! s+le equation delta,e ,tdeltaphi - pdeltav mu#a;deltam#a mu#b;deltam#b 444 mundeltamn 7#a7 ?us expresses ! complete v>iation ( ! en]gy-function ,e aris+ f *ange ( /ate2 & :5 ! "p involv+ ! n con/itutive diff]5tials has be5 express$ 9 t]ms ( ! numb] ( !m t are really indep5d5t1 ?is equation by itself becomes ! unique expression ( all ! !rmodynamic relations ( ! sy/em4 ,^! are 9 fact ! v>i\s relations ensur+ t ! "r-h& side is an exact diff]5tial1 & are ( ! type ( reciprocal relations su* z dmur_/dphi d,t_/dmr4 ,! condition t ! /ate ( ! sy/em be "o ( /able equilibrium is t deltaphi1 ! v>iation ( entropy1 be negative = all =mally imag9able inf9itesimal trans=mations :i* make delta,e vani%2 = z deltaphi _c actually be negative = any spontane\s v>iation1 none ( ^! trans=mations c !n occur4 ,f ! =m ( ! equation1 ?is condition is ! same z t delta,e - ,tdeltaphi mu/ be positive = all possible v>iations ( /ate ( ! sy/em z above def9$ 9 t]ms ( co-ord9ates repres5t+ its con/itution 9 bulk1 )\t re/riction4 ,we c *ange "o ( ! indep5d5t v>iables express+ ! /ate ( ! sy/em f phi to ,t by subtract+ delta7phi,t7 f bo? sides ( ! equation ( v>iation3 !n delta7,e - ,tphi7 - phidelta,t - pdeltav mu#a;deltam#a 444 mundeltamn4 ,x foll[s t = iso!rmal *anges1 i4e4 ^? = :i* delta,t is ma9ta9$ null by an environm5t at con/ant temp]ature1 ! condition ( /able equilibrium is t ! function ,e - ,tphi %all be a m9imum4 ,if ! sy/em is subject to an ext]nal pressure p1 :i* z well z ! temp]ature is impos$ con/ant f )\t & ?us incapable ( v>iation ?r\gh int]nal *anges1 ! condition ( /able equilibrium is simil>ly t ,e - ,tphi pv %all be a m9imum4 ,a *emical sy/em ma9ta9$ at con/ant temp]ature by communication ( heat f its environm5t may ?us h sev]al /ates ( /able equilibrium correspond+ to diff]5t m9ima ( ! function "h consid]$1 j z !re may be sev]al m9ima ( elevation on a l&scape1 "o at ! bottom ( ea* depression2 9 fact1 ?is analogy1 :5 ext5d$ to space ( n dim5sions1 exactly fits ! case4 ,if ! sy/em is suffici5tly di/urb$1 = example1 by electric %ock1 x may pass ov] 7explosively7 f a high] to a l[] m9imum1 b nev] 7)\t comp5sation f outside7 9 ! opposite direction4 ,! =m] passage1 moreov]1 is (t5 effect$ by introduc+ a new sub/ance into ! sy/em2 sometimes t sub/ance is recov]$ unalt]$ at ! end ( ! process1 & !n its action is said to be purely catalytic2 its pres5ce modifies ! =m ( ! function ,e - ,tphi s z to oblit]ate ! ridge betwe5 ! two equilibrium /ates 9 ! graphical repres5tation4 ,!re are sy/ems 9 :i* ! equilibrium /ates are b v slightly dep5d5t on temp]ature & pressure )9 wide limits1 outside :i* reaction takes place4 ,?us :ile !re are cases 9 :i* a /ate ( mobile dissociation exi/s 9 ! sy/em :i* *anges cont9u\sly z a function ( ^! v>iables1 !re are o!rs 9 :i* *ange does n s5sibly occur at all until a c]ta9 temp]ature ( reaction is atta9$1 aft] :i* x proce$s v rapidly ow+ to ! heat develop$1 & ! sy/em soon becomes s5sibly p]man5t 9 a trans=m$ phase by completion ( ! reaction4 ,9 "s cases ( ?is latt] type ! cause ( ! delay 9 />t+ lies possibly 9 passive resi/ance to *ange1 ( ! nature ( viscosity or friction1 :i* is compet5t to conv]t an un/able me*anical equilibrium into a mod]ately /able "o2 b 9 mo/ su* reactions !re seems to be no exact equilibrium at any temp]ature1 %ort ( ! ultimate /ate ( dissipat$ en]gy 9 :i* ! reaction is complet$1 al?\gh ! velocity ( reaction is f\nd to dim9i% expon5tially ) *ange ( temp]ature1 & ?us becomes insignificant at a small int]val f ! temp]ature ( pron\nc$ activity4 ,free ,en]gy4--,! quantity ,e - ,tphi ?us plays ! same fundam5tal "p 9 ! !rmal /atics ( g5]al *emical sy/ems at uni=m temp]ature t ! pot5tial en]gy plays 9 ! /atics ( me*anical sy/ems ( un*ang+ con/itution4 ,x is a function ( ! geometrical co-ord9ates1 ! physical & *emical con/itution1 & ! temp]ature ( ! sy/em1 :i* det]m9es ! conditions ( /able equilibrium at ea* temp]ature2 x is1 9 fact1 ! pot5tial en]gy g5]aliz$ s z to include temp]ature1 & ?us be a s+le function relat+ to ea* temp]ature b at ! same "t af=d+ a basis ( connexion betwe5 ! prop]ties ( ! sy/em at diff]5t temp]atures4 ,x has be5 call$ ! free en]gy ( ! sy/em by ,helmholtz1 = x is ! "p ( ! en]gy ^: v>iation is connect$ ) *anges 9 ! bodily /ructure ( ! sy/em repres5t$ by ! v>iables m#a1 m#b1 444 mn1 & n ) ! irregul> molecul> motions repres5t$ by heat1 s t x c take "p freely 9 physical trans=mations4 ,yet ?is holds good only subject to ! condition t ! temp]ature is n v>i$2 x has be5 se5 above t = ! m g5]al v>iation nei!r delta,h nor delta,u is an exact diff]5tial1 & no l9e ( sep>ation c be drawn betwe5 !rmal & me*anical en]gies4 ,! /udy ( ! evolution ( ideas 9 ?is1 ! mo/ ab/ract bran* ( mod]n ma!matical physics1 is r5d]$ difficult 9 ! mann] ( mo/ purely philosophical subjects by ! v>iety ( t]m9ology1 mu* ( x only p>tially appropriate1 t has be5 employ$ to express ! fundam5tal pr9ciples by diff]5t inve/igators & at diff]5t /ages ( ! developm5t4 ,att5tive exam9ation w %[1 :at is inde$ h>dly surpris+1 t ! pr9ciples ( ! !ory ( free en]gy ( ,gibbs & ,helmholtz _h be5 already grasp$ & exemplifi$ by ,"l ,kelv9 9 ! v e>ly days ( ! subject 7see ! pap] ,on ! ,!rmoela/ic & ,!rmomagnetic ,prop]ties ( ,matt]1 ,"p ,i4 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,ma!matics1 ,no4 #a1 ,april #ahee2 repr9t$ 9 ,phil4 ,mag41 ,janu>y #ahgh1 & 9 ,ma?4 & ,phys4 ,pap]s1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bia1 seq474 ,?us ! /rik+ new advance conta9$ 9 ! m mod]n "w ( ,j4 ,will>d ,gibbs 7#ahge-ahgg7 & ( ,helmholtz 7#ahhb7 0 r ! su/a9$ g5]al application ( ^! ideas to *emical sy/ems1 su* z ! galvanic cell & dissociat+ gase\s sy/ems1 & 9 g5]al fa%ion to het]og5e\s concomitant phases4 ,! fundam5tal pap] ( ,kelv9 connect+ ! electromotive =ce ( ! cell ) ! en]gy ( *emical trans=mation is ( date #ahea1 "s ye>s be=e ! di/9ction betwe5 free en]gy & total en]gy _h def9itely cry/alliz$ out2 &1 possibly satisfi$ ) ! approximate exactness ( 8 imp]fect =mula :5 appli$ to a ,daniell's cell 7infra71 & det]r$ by abs5ce ( exp]im5tal data1 he did n return to ! subject4 ,9 #aheb he briefly ann\nc$ 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 ,ed947 ! pr9ciple ( ! dissipation ( me*anical 7or available7 en]gy1 includ+ ! necessity ( comp5sation else:]e :5 re/oration occurs1 9 ! =m t any re/oration ( me*anical en]gy1 )\t m ?an an equival5t ( dissipation1 is impossible--probably ev5 9 vital activity2 b a suffici5t specification ( available en]gy 7cf4 infra7 0 n !n develop$4 ,9 ! pap] above ref]r$ to1 :]e ?is 0 done1 & illu/rat$ by full application to solid ela/ic sy/ems1 ! total en]gy is repres5t$ by c & is nam$ ! intr9sic en]gy1 ! en]gy tak5 9 dur+ an iso!rmal trans=mation is repres5t$ by e1 ( :i* ,h is tak5 9 z heat1 :ile ! rema9d]1 ! *ange ( free 7or me*anical or available7 en]gy ( ! sy/em is ! unnam$ quantity d5ot$ by ! symbol w1 :i* is ! "w done by ! appli$ =ces at uni=m temp]ature4 ,x is po9t$ out t x is w & n e t is ! pot5tial en]gy-function = iso!rmal *ange1 ( :i* ! =m c be det]m9$ directly by dynamical & physical exp]im5t1 & f :i* alone ! crit]ia ( equilibrium & /ress are to be d]iv$--simply = ! reason t = all rev]sible pa?s at con/ant temp]ature betwe5 ! same t]m9al configurations1 !re mu/1 by ,c>not's pr9ciple1 be ! same ga9 or loss ( heat4 ,& a sy/em ( =mulae are giv5 7#e7 to 7#aa7--;,ex4 gr4 e w - t7dw_/dt7 ,j ints dt = f9d+ ! total en]gy e = any temp]ature t :5 w & ! !rmal capacity s ( ! sy/em1 9 a /&>d /ate1 h ?us be5 asc]ta9$1 & ano!r = e/abli%+ connexion betwe5 ! =m ( w = "o temp]ature & its =m = adjac5t temp]atures--:i* are id5tical ) ^? develop$ by ,helmholtz long aft]w>ds1 9 #ahhb1 except t ! entropy appe>s only z an unnam$ integral4 ,! progress ( physical sci5ce is =mally id5tifi$ ) ! exploration ( ?is function w = physical sy/ems1 ) cont9ually increas+ exactness & range--except :]e pure k9etic consid]ations prevail1 9 :i* cases ! wid] ,hamiltonian dynamical =mulation is fundam5tal4 ,ano!r aspect ( ! matt] w be develop$ bel[4 ,a some:at diff]5t proc$ure1 9 t]ms ( entropy z fundam5tal1 has be5 adopt$ & develop$ by ,planck4 ,9 an isolat$ sy/em ! tr5d ( *ange mu/ be 9 ! direction :i* increases ! entropy phi1 by ,clausius' =m ( ! pr9ciple4 ,b 9 exp]im5t x is a sy/em at con/ant temp]ature r ?an an adiabatic "o t usually is involv$2 ?is c be atta9$ =mally by includ+ 9 ! isolat$ sy/em 7cf4 infra7 a s\rce ( heat at t temp]ature & ( unlimit$ capacity1 :5 ! en]gy ( ! orig9al sy/em increases by delta,e ?is s\rce mu/ give up heat ( am\nt delta,e1 & its entropy !re=e dim9i%es delta,e_/,t4 ,?us = ! orig9al sy/em ma9ta9$ at con/ant temp]ature ,t x is deltaphi - delta,e_/,t t mu/ always be positive 9 spontane\s *ange1 :i* is ! same crit]ion z 0 rea*$ above4 ,ref]5ce may also be made to ,h4,a4 ,lor5tz's ,collect$ ,sci5tific ,pap]s1 "p i4 ,a /rik+ anticipation1 almo/ contemporane\s1 ( ,gibbs's !rmodynamic pot5tial !ory 7infra7 0 made by ,cl]k ,maxwell 9 connexion ) ! discussion ( ,&rews's exp]im5ts on ! critical temp]ature ( mix$ gases1 9 a lett] publi%$ 9 ,sir ,g4,g4 ,/okes's ,sci5tific ,correspond5ce 7vol4 ii4 p4 #cd74 ,available ,en]gy4--,! same quantity phi1 :i* ,clausius nam$ ! entropy1 arose 9 v>i\s ways 9 ! e>ly developm5t ( ! subject1 9 ! tra9 ( ideas ( ,rank9e & ,kelv9 relat+ to ! expression ( ! available en]gy ,a ( ! mat]ial sy/em4 ,suppose !re 7 accessible an auxili>y sy/em conta9+ an unlimit$ quantity ( heat at absolute temp]ature ,t#j1 =m+ a cond5s] into :i* heat c be dis*>g$ f ! work+ sy/em1 or f :i* x may be recov]$ at t temp]ature3 we proce$ to f9d h[ mu* ( ! heat ( our sy/em is available = trans=mation into me*anical "w1 9 a process :i* r$uces ! :ole sy/em to ! temp]ature ( ?is cond5s]4 ,provid$ ! process ( r$uction is p]=m$ rev]sibly1 x is immat]ial1 by ,c>not's pr9ciple1 9 :at mann] x is effect$3 ?us 9 foll[+ x out 9 detail we c consid] ea* elem5t>y quantity ( heat delta,h remov$ f ! sy/em z set aside at its actual temp]ature betwe5 ,t & ,t delta,t = ! production ( me*anical "w delta,w & ! residue ( x delta,h#j z directly dis*>g$ into ! cond5s] at ,t#j4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,c>not gives delta,h_/,t delta,h#j_/,t#j1 s t ! portion ( ! heat delta,h t is n available = "w is delta,h#j1 equal to ,t#j;delta,h_/,t4 ,9 ! :ole process ! "p n available 9 connexion ) ! cond5s] at ,t#j is !re=e ,t#j;intdelta,h_/,t4 ,?is quantity mu/ be ! same :atev] rev]sible process is employ$3 ?us1 = example1 we may fir/ trans=m ! sy/em rev]sibly f ! /ate ,c to ! /ate ,d1 & !n f ! /ate ,d to ! f9al /ate ( uni=m temp]ature ,t#j4 ,x foll[s t ! value ( ,t#j;intd,h_/,t1 repres5t+ ! heat degrad$1 is ! same along all rev]sible pa?s ( trans=mation f ! /ate ,c to ! /ate ,d2 s t ! function intd,h_/,t is ! excess ( a def9ite quantity phi connect$ ) ! sy/em 9 ! =m] /ate z comp>$ ) ! latt]4 ,x is usual to *ange ! law ( sign ( delta,h s t ga9 ( heat by ! sy/em is reckon$ positive2 !n1 relative to a cond5s] ( unlimit$ capacity at ,t#j1 ! /ate ,c conta9s m me*anically available en]gy ?an ! /ate ,d by ! am\nt ,e,c - ,e,d ,t#j intd,h_/,t1 t is1 by ,e,c - ,e,d - ,t#j7phi,c - phi,d74 ,9 ?is way ! exi/5ce ( an entropy function ) a def9ite value = ea* /ate ( ! sy/em is aga9 se5 to be ! direct analytical equival5t ( ,c>not's axiom t no process c be m effici5t ?an a rev]sible process betwe5 ! same initial & f9al /ates4 ,! "n motivity ( a sy/em 0 propos$ by ,"l ,kelv9 9 #ahgi = ?is conception ( available en]gy4 ,x is "h specifi$ z relative to a cond5s] ( unlimit$ capacity at an assign$ temp]ature ,t#j3 "s su* specification is necess>y to ! def9ition2 9 fact1 if ,t#j 7 ! absolute z]o1 all ! en]gy w\ld be me*anically available4 ,b we c obta9 an intr9sically diff]5t & self-conta9$ comp>ison ( ! available en]gies 9 a sy/em 9 two diff]5t /ates at diff]5t temp]atures1 by asc]ta9+ h[ mu* en]gy w\ld be dissipat$ 9 ea* 9 a r$uction to ! same /&>d /ate ( ! sy/em itself1 at a /&>d temp]ature ,t#j4 ,we h only to rev]se ! op]ation1 & *ange back ?is /&>d /ate to ea* ( ! o!rs 9 turn4 ,?is w involve ab/ractions ( heat delta,h#j f ! v>i\s portions ( ! sy/em 9 ! /&>d /ate1 & returns ( delta,h to ! /ate at ,t#j2 if ?is return 7 delta,h#j,t_/,t#j in/ead ( delta,h1 !re w\ld be no loss ( availability 9 ! direct process2 h5ce !re is actual dissipation delta,h - delta,h#j,t_/,t#j1 t is ,t7deltaphi - deltaphi#j74 ,on pass+ f /ate #a to /ate #b ?r\gh ?is /&>d /ate #j ! diff]5ce ( ^! dissipations w repres5t ! en]gy ( ! sy/em t has become unavailable4 ,?us 9 ?is s5se ,e - ,tphi ,tphi#j con/4 repres5ts = ea* /ate ! am\nt ( en]gy t is available2 b in/ead ( imply+ an unlimit$ s\rce ( heat at ! /&>d temp]ature ,t#j1 x implies t !re is no extrane\s s\rce4 ,! available en]gy ?us def9$ diff]s f ,e - ,tphi1 ! free en]gy ( ,helmholtz1 or ! "w function ( ! appli$ =ces ( ,kelv91 :i* involves no ref]5ce to any /&>d /ate1 by a simple l9e> function ( ! temp]ature alone :i* is immat]ial z reg>ds its applications4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! available me*anical en]gy aris+ f diff]5ces ( temp]ature betwe5 ! p>ts ( ! same sy/em is a m complex problem1 because x involves a det]m9ation ( ! common temp]ature to :i* rev]sible processes w ultimately r$uce !m2 = ! simple case 9 :i* no *anges ( /ate occur ! solution 0 giv5 by ,"l ,kelv9 9 #ahec1 9 connexion ) ! above tra9 ( ideas 7cf4 ,tait's ,!rmodynamics1 ,s#agi74 ,9 ! pres5t exposition ! sy/em is s5sibly 9 equilibrium at ea* /age1 s t its temp]ature ,t is always uni=m ?r\gh\t2 isolat$ portions at diff]5t temp]atures w\ld be treat$ z diff]5t sy/ems4 ,!rmodynamic ,pot5tials4--,we h n[ to develop ! relations involv$ 9 ! g5]al equation 7#a7 ( !rmodynamics4 ,suppose ! mat]ial sy/em includes two coexi/5t /ates or phases1 ) opportunity = free int]*ange ( con/itu5ts--= example1 a salt solution & ! aque\s vap\r 9 equilibrium ) x4 ,!n 9 equilibrium a slight transf] deltam ( ! wat]-sub/ance ( mass mr con/itut+ ! vap\r1 into ! wat]-sub/ance ( mass ms1 exi/+ 9 ! solution1 %\ld n produce any alt]ation ( ! fir/ ord] 9 delta,e - ,tdeltaphi2 !re=e mur mu/ be equal to mus4 ,! quantity mur is call$ by ,will>d ,gibbs ! pot5tial ( ! correspond+ sub/ance ( mass mr2 x may be def9$ z its m>g9al available en]gy p] unit mass at ! giv5 temp]ature4 ,if !n a sy/em involves 9 ?is way coexi/5t phases :i* rema9 p]man5tly sep>ate1 ! pot5tials ( any con/itu5t mu/ be ! same 9 all ( !m 9 :i* t con/itu5t exi/s1 = o!rwise x w\ld t5d to pass f ! phases 9 :i* its pot5tial is high] to ^? 9 :i* x is l[]4 ,if ! con/itu5t is non-exi/5t 9 any phase1 its pot5tial :5 9 t phase w\ld h to be high] ?an 9 ! o!rs 9 :i* x is actually pres5t2 b z ! pot5tial increases log>i?mically :5 ! d5sity ( ! con/itu5t is indef9itely dim9i%$1 ?is condition is automatically satisfi$--or1 m /rictly1 ! con/itut5t _c be entirely abs5t1 b ! pres5ce ( ! m]e/ trace w suffice to satisfy ! condition ( equality ( pot5tial4 ,:5 ! action ( ! =ce ( gravity is tak5 into acc\nt1 ! pot5tial ( ea* con/itu5t mu/ include ! gravitational pot5tial gh2 9 ! equilibrium /ate ! total pot5tial ( ea* con/itu5t1 includ+ ?is "p1 mu/ be ! same ?r\gh\t all p>ts ( ! sy/em into :i* x is freely mobile4 ,an example is ,dalton's law ( ! indep5d5t di/ributions ( ! gases 9 ! atmosph]e1 if x 7 9 a /ate ( re/4 ,a simil> /atem5t applies to o!r =ms ( me*anical pot5tial en]gy aris+ f actions at a di/ance4 ,:5 a slight con/itutive *ange occurs 9 a galvanic elem5t at giv5 temp]ature1 produc+ available en]gy ( electric curr5t1 9 a rev]sible mann] & iso!rmally1 at ! exp5se ( *emical en]gy1 x is ! free en]gy ( ! sy/em ,e - ,tphi1 n its total intr9sic en]gy1 ^: value mu/ be cons]v$ dur+ ! process4 ,?us ! electromotive =ce is equal to ! *ange ( ?is free en]gy p] electro*emical equival5t ( reaction 9 ! cell4 ,?is proposition1 develop$ by ,gibbs & lat] by ,helmholtz1 modifies ! e>li] "o ( ,kelv9--:i* tacitly assum$ all ! en]gy ( reaction to be available--except 9 ! cases su* z t ( a ,daniell's cell1 9 :i* ! magnitude ( ! electromotive =ce does n dep5d s5sibly on ! temp]ature4 ,! effects produc$ on electromotive =ces by diff]5ce ( conc5trations 9 dilute solutions c ?us be acc\nt$ = & trac$ out1 f ! k ( ! =m ( ! free en]gy = su* cases2 z also ! effects ( pressure 9 ! case ( gas batt]ies4 ,! free en]gy does n s5sibly dep5d on :e!r ! sub/ance is solid or fus$--= ! two /ates are 9 equilibrium at ! temp]ature ( fusion--?\gh ! total en]gy diff]s 9 ^! two cases by ! heat ( fusion2 = ?is reason1 z ,gibbs po9t$ out1 voltaic pot5tial-diff]5ces are ! same = ! fus$ z = ! solid /ate ( ! sub/ances conc]n$4 ,relations involv+ ,con/itution only4--,! pot5tial ( a compon5t 9 a giv5 solution c dep5d only on ! temp]ature & pressure ( ! solution1 & ! d5sities ( ! v>i\s compon5ts1 includ+ itself2 z no di/ance-actions are usually involv$ 9 *emical physics1 x w n dep5d on ! aggregate masses pres5t4 ,! example above m5tion$1 ( two coexi/5t phases liquid & vap\r1 indicates t !re may ?us be relations betwe5 ! con/itutions ( ! phases pres5t 9 a *emical sy/em :i* d n involve _! total masses4 ,^! are develop$ 9 a v direct mann] 9 ,will>d ,gibbs's orig9al proc$ure4 ,9 s f> z attractions at a di/ance 7a uni=m =ce su* z gravity be+ except$7 & capill>y actions at ! int]faces betwe5 ! phases are inop]ative1 ! fundam5tal equation 7#a7 c be integrat$4 ,increas+ ! volume k times1 & all ! masses to ! same ext5t--9 fact1 plac+ alongside ea* o!r k id5tical sy/ems at ! same temp]ature & pressure--w increase phi & ,e 9 ! same ratio k2 ?us ,e mu/ be a homog5e\s function ( ! fir/ degree ( ! indep5d5t v>iables phi1 v1 m#a1 4441 mn1 & !re=e by ,eul]'s !orem relat+ to su* functions ,e ,tphi - pv mu#am#a 444 munmn4 ,?is integral equation m]ely expresses ! additive "* ( ! en]gies & entropies ( adjac5t portions ( ! sy/em at uni=m temp]ature1 & ?us dep5ds only on ! abs5ce ( s5sible physical action directly across f9ite di/ances4 ,if we =m f x ! expression = ! complete diff]5tial delta,e1 & subtract 7#a71 !re rema9s ! relation #j phidelta,t - vdeltap m#a;deltamu#a 444 mndeltamun4 7#b7 ,?is implies t 9 ea* phase ! *ange ( pressure dep5ds on & is det]m9$ by ! *anges 9 ,t1 mu#a1 444 mun alone2 z we "k be=eh& t a physical prop]ty l pressure is an analytical function ( ! /ate ( ! sy/em1 x is !re=e a function ( ^! n #a quantities4 ,:5 !y are all indep5d5tly v>iable1 ! d5sities ( ! v>i\s con/itu5ts & ( ! entropy 9 ! phase are express$ by ! p>tial fluxions ( p ) respect to !m3 ?us phi dp mr dp ----- --1 --- -------4 v d,t v dmur ,b :51 z 9 ! case above ref]r$ to ( *loride ( ammonium gas exi/+ p>tially dissociat$ along ) its con/itu5ts1 ! masses are n indep5d5t1 necess>y l9e> relations1 furni%$ by ! laws ( def9ite comb9+ proportions1 subsi/ betwe5 ! p>tial fluxions1 & ! =m ( ! function :i* expresses p is ?us re/rict$1 9 a mann] :i* is easily expressible 9 ea* special case4 ,?is proposition t ! pressure 9 any phase is a function ( ! temp]ature & ( ! pot5tials ( ! indep5d5t con/itu5ts1 ?us appe>s z a consequ5ce ( ,c>not's axiom comb9$ ) ! en]gy pr9ciple & ! abs5ce ( effective actions at a di/ance4 ,x %[s t at a giv5 temp]ature & pressure ! pot5tials are n all indep5d5t1 t !re is a necess>y relation connect+ !m4 ,?is is ! equation ( /ate or con/itution ( ! phase1 ^: exi/5ce =ms "o mode ( expression ( ,c>not's pr9ciple1 & 9 :i* all ! prop]ties ( ! phase are involv$ & c !nce be d]iv$ by simple diff]5tiation4 ,! ,phase ,rule4--,:5 ! mat]ial sy/em conta9s only a s+le phase1 ! numb] ( indep5d5t v>iations1 9 addition to *ange ( temp]ature & pressure1 t c spontane\sly occur 9 its con/itution is ?us "o less ?an ! numb] ( its indep5d5t con/itu5ts4 ,b :]e sev]al phases coexi/ 9 contact 9 ! same sy/em1 ! numb] ( possible indep5d5t v>iations may be mu* small]4 ,! pres5t indep5d5t v>iables mu#a1 4441 mun are specially appropriate 9 ?is problem1 because ea* ( !m has ! same value 9 all ! phases4 ,n[ ea* phase has its own *>act]i/ic equation1 giv+ a relation betwe5 deltap1 delta,t1 & deltamu#a1 444 deltamun1 or su* ( ! latt] z are indep5d5t2 if r phases coexi/1 !re are r su* relations2 h5ce ! numb] ( possible indep5d5t v>iations1 includ+ ^? ( v & ,t1 is r$uc$ to m - r #b1 :]e m is ! numb] ( indep5d5tly v>iable *emical con/itu5ts :i* ! sy/em conta9s4 ,?is numb] ( degrees ( con/itutive fre$om _c be negative2 !re=e ! numb] ( possible phases t c coexi/ alongside ea* o!r _c exce$ m #b4 ,if m #b phases actually coexi/1 !re is no v>iable quantity 9 ! sy/em1 ?us ! temp]ature & pressure & con/itutions ( ! phases are all det]m9$2 su* is ! triple po9t at :i* ice1 wat] & vap\r exi/ 9 pres5ce ( ea* o!r4 ,if !re are m #a coexi/5t phases1 ! sy/em c v>y 9 "o respect only2 = example1 at any temp]ature ( wat]-sub/ance diff]5t f ! triple po9t two phases only1 say liquid & vap\r1 or liquid & solid1 coexi/1 & ! pressure is def9ite1 z also are ! d5sities & pot5tials ( ! compon5ts4 ,f9ally1 :5 b "o phase1 say wat]1 is pres5t1 bo? pressure & temp]ature c v>y indep5d5tly4 ,! fir/ example illu/rates ! case ( sy/ems1 physical or *emical1 9 :i* !re is only "o possible /ate ( equilibrium1 =m+ a po9t ( transition betwe5 diff]5t con/itutions2 9 ! second type ea* temp]ature has its own completely det]m9$ /ate ( equilibrium2 9 o!r cases ! con/itution 9 ! equilibrium /ate is indet]m9ate z reg>ds ! correspond+ numb] ( degrees ( fre$om4 ,by aid ( ?is phase rule ( ,gibbs ! numb] ( diff]5t *emical sub/ances actually int]act+ 9 a giv5 complex sy/em c be det]m9$ f obs]vation ( ! degree ( spontane\s v>iation :i* x exhibits2 ! rule ?us lies at ! f\ndation ( ! mod]n subject ( *emical equilibrium & cont9u\s *emical *ange 9 mixtures or alloys1 & 9 ?is connexion x has be5 widely appli$ & develop$ 9 ! exp]im5tal inve/igations ( ,roozeboom & van 't ,h(f & o!r physical *emi/s1 ma9ly ( ! ,dut* s*ool4 ,ext5t to :i* ! ,!ory c be practically develop$4--,x is only 9 sy/ems 9 :i* ! numb] ( indep5d5t v>iables is small t ! =ms ( ! v>i\s pot5tials1--or ! =m ( ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ic equation express+ ! en]gy ( ! sy/em 9 t]ms ( its entropy & con/itution1 or ! pressure 9 t]ms ( ! temp]ature & ! pot5tials1 :i* includes !m all1--c be readily approximat$ to by exp]im5tal det]m9ations4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! simple sy/em wat]-vap\r1 :i* is fundam5tal = ! !ory ( ! /eam-eng9e1 ?is has n yet be5 completely accompli%$4 ,! g5]al !ory is ?us l>gely conf9$1 z above1 to def9+ ! re/rictions on ! degree ( v>iability ( a complex *emical sy/em :i* ! pr9ciple ( ,c>not imposes4 ,! trac+ out ( ^! g5]al relations ( cont9uity ( /ate is mu* facilitat$ by geometrical diagrams1 su* z ,james ,?omson fir/ introduc$ 9 ord] to exhibit & expla9 ,&rews' results z to ! range ( coexi/5t phases 9 c>bonic acid4 ,gibbs's e>lie/ !rmodynamic surface _h = its co-ord9ates volume1 entropy & en]gy2 x 0 con/ruct$ to scale by ,maxwell = wat]-sub/ance1 & is fully expla9$ 9 lat] editions ( ! ,!ory ( ,heat 7#ahge72 x =ms a relief map :i*1 by simple inspection1 reveals ! c\rse ( ! trans=mations ( wat]1 ) ! correspond+ me*anical & !rmal *anges1 9 its ?ree coexi/5t /ates ( solid1 liquid & gas4 ,9 ! g5]al case1 :5 ! sub/ance has m ?an "o indep5d5tly v>iable con/itu5t1 !re are m ?an ?ree v>iables to be repres5t$2 b ,gibbs has %[n ! utility ( surfaces repres5t+1 = in/ance1 ! entropy 9 t]ms ( ! con/itutive v>iables :5 temp]ature & pressure are ma9ta9$ con/ant4 ,su* graphical me?ods are n[ ( fundam5tal importance 9 connexion ) ! phase rule1 = ! exp]im5tal exploration ( ! tr5d ( ! *anges ( con/itution ( complex mixtures ) int]act+ compon5ts1 :i* arise z ! physical conditions are alt]$1 z1 = example 9 mod]n metallurgy1 9 ! !ory ( alloys4 ,! /udy ( ! ph5om5a ( cond5sation 9 a mixture ( two gases or vap\rs1 initiat$ by ,&rews & develop$ 9 ?is mann] by van d] ,waals & 8 pupils1 =ms a case 9 po9t 7see ,,cond5sation ,,( ,,gases74 ,dilute ,compon5ts3 ,p]fect ,gases & ,dilute ,solutions4--,!re are1 h[ev]1 two simple limit+ cases1 9 :i* ! !ory c be complet$ by a det]m9ation ( ! functions involv$ 9 x1 :i* ?r[ mu* light on ! ph5om5a ( actual sy/ems n f> remov$ f ^! ideal limits4 ,!y are ! cases ( mixtures ( p]fect gases1 & ( v dilute solutions4 ,if1 foll[+ ,gibbs1 we apply 8 equation 7#b7 express+ ! pressure 9 t]ms ( ! temp]ature & ! pot5tials1 to a v dilute solution ( sub/ances m#b1 m#c1 444 mn 9 a solv5t sub/ance m#a1 & v>y ! co-ord9ate mr alone1 p & ,t rema9+ unv>i$1 we h 9 ! equilibrium /ate dmur dmu#a dmun mr------- m#a------ 444 mn------- #j1 dmr dmr dmr 9 :i* e m except m#a is v small1 :ile dmu#a_/;dmr is presumably f9ite4 ,z ! second t]m is ?us f9ite1 ?is requires t ! total pot5tial ( ea* compon5t mr1 :i* is mr dmur_/dmr1 %all be f9ite1 say kr1 9 ! limit :5 mr is null4 ,?us = v small conc5trations ! pot5tial mur ( a dilute compon5t mu/ be ( ! =m kr log mr_/v1 be+ proportional to ! log>i?m ( ! d5sity ( t compon5t2 x ?us t5ds log>i?mically to an inf9ite value at evanesc5t conc5trations1 %[+ t removal ( ! la/ traces ( any impurity w\ld dem& inf9ite proportionate exp5diture ( available en]gy1 & is !re=e practically impossible ) f9ite int5sities ( =ce4 ,x %\ld be not$1 h[ev]1 t ?is argum5t applies only to fluid phases1 = 9 ! case ( deposition ( a solid mr is n uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! phase2 ?us x rema9s possible = ! gr[? ( a cry/al at its surface 9 aque\s solution to extrude all ! wat] except su* z is 9 "s =m ( *emical comb9ation4 ,! precise value ( ?is log>i?mic expression = ! pot5tial c be readily det]m9$ = ! case ( a p]fect gas f its *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 & c be !nce ext5d$ to o!r dilute =ms ( matt]4 ,we h pv ,r_/m4,t = unit mass ( ! gas1 :]e m is ! molecul> weight1 be+ #b = hydrog51 & ,r is a con/ant equal to #hb ,x #ajf 9 ,c4,g4,s4 dynamical units1 or #b calories approximately 9 !rmal en]gy units1 :i* is ! same = all gases because !y h all ! same numb] ( molecules p] unit volume4 ,! increm5t ( heat receiv$ by ! unit mass ( ! gas is delta,h pdeltav kappadelta,t1 kappa be+ ?us ! specific heat at con/ant volume1 :i* c be a function only ( ! temp]ature4 ,?us phi intd,h_/,t ,r_/m4log v intkappa,t7-#a7;d,t2 & ! available en]gy ,a p] unit mass is ,e - ,tphi ,tphi#j :]e ,e epsilon intkappad,t1 ! integral be+ = a /&>d /ate1 & epsilon be+ intr9sic en]gy ( *emical con/itution2 s t ,a epsilon phi#j,t intkappad,t - ,t intkappa,t7-#a7;d,t - ,r_/m4,t log v4 ,if !re are nu molecules 9 ! unit mass1 & ,n p] unit volume1 we h mnu ,nmv1 ea* be+ #b nu'1 :]e nu' is ! numb] ( molecules p] unit mass 9 hydrog52 ?us ! free en]gy p] molecule is a' ,r',t log b,n1 :]e b m_/#bnu'1 ,r' ,r_/#bnu'1 & a' is a function ( ,t alone4 ,x is cu/om>y to avoid introduc+ ! unkn[n molecul> con/ant nu' by work+ ) ! available en]gy p] gramme-molecule1 t is1 = a numb] ( grammes express$ by ! molecul> weight ( ! sub/ance2 ?is is a con/ant multiple ( ! available en]gy p] molecule1 & is a ,,rt logrho1 rho be+ ! d5sity equal to b,n :]e b m_/#bnu'4 ,?is =mula may n[ be ext5d$ by simple summation to a mixture ( gases1 on ! gr\nd ( ,dalton's exp]im5tal pr9ciple t ea* ( ! compon5ts behaves 9 pres5ce ( ! o!rs z x w\ld d 9 a vacuum4 ,! compon5ts are1 9 fact1 actually sep>able :olly or p>tially 9 rev]sible ways :i* may be comb9$ into cycles1 = example1 ei!r 7i47 by diffusion ?r\gh a por\s p>tition1 tak+ acc\nt ( ! "w ( ! pressures1 or 7ii47 by utiliz+ ! modifi$ con/itution t[>ds ! top ( a long column ( ! mixture aris+ f ! action ( gravity1 or 7iii47 by rev]sible absorption ( a s+le compon5t4 ,if we employ 9 place ( available en]gy ! =m ( *>act]i/ic equation :i* gives ! pressure 9 t]ms ( ! temp]ature & pot5tials1 ! pressure ( ! mixture is express$ z ! sum ( ^? belong+ to its compon5ts3 ?is equation 0 made by ,gibbs ! basis ( 8 analytical !ory ( gas mixtures1 :i* he te/$ by its application to ! only data !n available1 ^? ( ! equilibrium ( dissociation ( nitrog5 p]oxide 7#b,,no#b -- ,n#b,o#d7 vap\r4 ,van 't ,h(f's ,osmotic ,pr9ciple3 ,!oretical ,explanation4--,we proce$ to exam9e h[ f> ! same =mulae z hold = gases apply to ! available en]gy ( matt] 9 solution :i* is s dilute t ea* molecule ( ! dissolv$ sub/ance1 ?\gh possibly ! c5tre ( a complex ( molecules ( ! solv5t1 is = ne>ly all ! "t beyond ! sph]e ( direct influ5ce ( ! o!r molecules ( ! dissolv$ sub/ance4 ,! available en]gy is a function only ( ! co-ord9ates ( ! matt] 9 bulk & ! temp]ature2 its *ange on fur!r dilution1 ) :i* alone we are conc]n$ 9 ! trans=mations ( dilute solutions1 c dep5d only on ! fur!r sep>ation ( ^! molecul> complexes 9 space t is !reby produc$1 z no "o ( !m is 9 itself alt]$4 ,! *ange is !re=e a function only ( ! numb] ,n ( ! dissolv$ molecules p] unit volume1 & ( ! temp]ature1 & is1 p] molecule1 expressible 9 a =m entirely indep5d5t ( _! con/itution & ( t ( ! m$ium 9 :i* !y are dissolv$4 ,?is sugge/s t ! expression = ! *ange on dilution is ! same z ! kn[n "o = a gas1 9 :i* ! same molecules w\ld exi/ free & 9 ! ma9 outside ea* o!r's sph]es ( influ5ce2 :i* confirms & is v]ifi$ by ! exp]im5tal pr9ciple ( van 't ,h(f1 t osmotic pressure obeys ! laws ( gase\s pressure ) id5tically ! same physical con/ants z ^? ( gases4 ,x c be held1 9 fact1 t ?is sugge/ion does n fall %ort ( a demon/ration1 on ! basis ( ,c>not's pr9ciple1 & indep5d5t ( special molecul> !ory1 t 9 all cases :]e ! molecules ( a compon5t1 :e!r x be ( a gas or ( a solution1 are outside ea* o!r's sph]es ( influ5ce1 ! available en]gy1 s f> z reg>ds dilution1 mu/ h a common =m1 & ! physical con/ants mu/ !re=e be ! kn[n gas-con/ants4 ,! cu/om>y exposition d]ives ?is pr9ciple1 by an argum5t involv+ cycles1 f ,h5ry's law ( solution ( gases2 x is s5sibly re/rict$ to su* solutes z appe> concomitantly 9 ! free gase\s /ate1 b !oretically x becomes g5]al :5 x is rememb]$ t no solute c be absolutely non-volatile4 ,s\rce ( ! ,idea ( ,temp]ature4--,! s+le new elem5t t !rmodynamics introduces into ! ord9>y dynamical specification ( a mat]ial sy/em is temp]ature4 ,?is conception is ak9 to t ( pot5tial1 except t x is giv5 to u directly by our s5se ( heat4 ,b if t 7 n s1 we c\ld /ill demon/rate1 on ! basis ( ,c>not's pr9ciple1 t !re is a def9ite function ( ! /ate ( a body :i* mu/ be ! same = all ( a s]ies ( connect$ bodies1 :5 !rmal equilibrium has become e/abli%$ s t !re is no t5d5cy = heat to fl[ f "o to ano!r4 ,= we c by m]e geometrical displacem5t *ange ! ord] ( ! bodies s z to br+ diff]5t ones into direct contact4 ,if ?is di/urb$ ! !rmal equilibrium1 we c\ld con/ruct cyclic processes to take advantage ( ! result+ fl[ ( heat to d me*anical "w1 & su* processes might be c>ri$ on )\t limit4 ,?us x is prov$ t if a body ,a is 9 temp]ature-equilibrium ) ,b1 & ,b ) ,c1 !n ,a mu/ be 9 equilibrium ) ,c directly4 ,?is argum5t c be appli$1 by aid ( adiabatic p>titions1 ev5 :5 ! bodies are 9 a field ( =ce s t me*anical "w is requir$ to *ange _! geometrical arrangem5t2 x 0 9 fact employ$ by ,maxwell to ext5d f ! case ( a gas to t ( any o!r sy/em ! proposition t ! temp]ature is ! same all along a v]tical column 9 equilibrium "u gravity4 ,x _h be5 %[n f ! k9etic !ory by ,maxwell t 9 a gas-column ! mean k9etic en]gy ( ! molecules is ! same at all heights4 ,if ! only te/ ( equality ( temp]ature consi/$ 9 br++ ! bodies into contact1 ?is w\ld be r a pro( t !rmal temp]ature is ( ! same physical nature 9 all p>ts ( ! field ( =ce2 b temp]ature c also be equaliz$ across a di/ance by radiation1 s t ?is law = gases is itself already necessitat$ by ,c>not's g5]al pr9ciple1 & m]ely confirm$ or v]ifi$ by ! special gas-!ory4 ,b )\t introduc+ into ! argum5t ! exi/5ce ( radiation1 ! uni=mity ( temp]ature ?r\gh\t all phases 9 equilibrium is necessitat$ by ! doctr9e ( en]getics alone1 z o!rwise1 = example1 ! rais+ ( a quantity ( gas to ! top ( ! gravitational column 9 an adiabatic enclosure toge!r ) ! l[]+ ( an equal mass to ! bottom w\ld be a s\rce ( p[]1 capable ( unlimit$ repetition4 ,laws ( ,*emical ,equilibrium bas$ on ,available ,en]gy4--,! complete !ory ( *emical & physical equilibrium 9 gase\s mixtures & 9 v dilute solutions may readily be develop$ 9 t]ms ( available en]gy 7cf4 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahig1 ,a1 pp4 #bff-bhj71 :i* =ms p]haps ! mo/ vivid & mo/ direct proc$ure4 ,! available en]gy p] molecule ( any k9d1 9 a mixture ( p]fect gases 9 :i* !re are ,n molecules ( t k9d p] unit volume1 has be5 f\nd to be a' ,r',t logb,n :]e ,r' is ! univ]sal physical con/ant connect$ ) ,r above4 ,?is expression repres5ts ! m>g9al increase ( available en]gy due to ! introduction ( "o m molecule ( t k9d into ! sy/em z actually con/itut$4 ,! same =mula also applies1 by :at has already be5 /at$1 to sub/ances 9 dilute solution 9 any giv5 solv5t4 ,9 any isolat$ sy/em 9 a mobile /ate ( reaction or ( int]nal dissociation1 ! condition ( *emical equilibrium is t ! available en]gy at con/ant temp]ature is a m9imum1 !re=e t x is /ation>y1 & slight *ange aris+ f fre% reaction w\ld n s5sibly alt] x4 ,suppose t ?is reaction1 p] molecule affect$ by x1 is equival5t to introduc+ n#a molecules ( type ,n#a1 n#b ( type ,n#b1 c41 into ! sy/em1 n#a1 n#b1 444 be+ ! numb]s ( molecules ( ! diff]5t types t take "p 9 ! reaction1 z %[n by its *emical equation1 reckon$ positive :5 !y appe>1 negative :5 !y disappe>4 ,!n 9 ! /ate ( equilibrium n#a7;a'#a ,r',t log b#a,n#a7 n#b7;a'#b ,r',t log b#b,n#b7 444 mu/ vani%4 ,!re=e ,n#a7n#a7 ,n#b7n#b7 444 mu/ be equal to ,k1 a function ( ! temp]ature alone4 ,?is law1 orig9ally bas$ by ,guldb]g & ,waage on direct /ati/ics ( molecul> int]action1 expresses = ea* temp]ature ! relation connect+ ! d5sities ( ! int]act+ sub/ances1 9 dilution comp>able z reg>ds d5sity ) ! p]fect gase\s /ate1 :5 ! reaction has come to ! /ate ( mobile equilibrium4 ,all prop]ties ( any sy/em1 includ+ ! heat ( reaction1 are expressible 9 t]ms ( its available en]gy ,a1 equal to ,e - ,tphi phi#j,t4 ,?us z ! con/itution ( ! sy/em *anges ) ! temp]ature1 we h d,a d,e dphi -- -- - ,t------ - 7phi - phi#j7 d,t d,t d,t :]e delta,e delta,h delta,w1 delta,h ,tdeltaphi1 delta,h be+ heat & delta,w me*anical & *emical en]gy imp>t$ to ! sy/em at con/ant temp]ature2 h5ce d7,a - ,w7 d7,a - ,w7 -------- -7phi - phi#j71 s t ,a ,e ,t--------1 d,t d,t :i* is equival5t to d _/,a - ,w ,e - ,w -,t#b -- 7-------74 d,t ,t _/ ,?is g5]al =mula1 appli$ diff]5tially1 expresses ! heat delta,e - delta,w absorb$ by a reaction 9 t]ms ( delta,a1 ! *ange produc$ by x 9 ! available en]gy ( ! sy/em1 & ( delta,w1 ! me*anical & electrical "w done on ! sy/em dur+ its progress4 ,9 ! problem ( reaction 9 gase\s sy/ems or 9 v dilute solution1 ! *ange ( available en]gy p] molecule ( reaction has j be5 f\nd to be delta,a delta,a#j ,r',t log ,k'1 :]e ,k' b#a7n#a7 b#b7n#b7 444 ,k2 ?us1 :5 ! reaction is spontane\s )\t requir+ ext]nal "w1 ! heat absorb$ p] molecule ( reaction is d delta,a#j d -,t#b -- ---------1 or -,r',t#b -- log ,k4 d,t ,t d,t ,?is =mula has be5 utiliz$ by van 't ,h(f to det]m9e1 9 t]ms ( ! heat ( reaction1 ! displacem5t ( equilibrium 9 v>i\s sy/ems aris+ f *ange ( temp]ature2 = ,k1 equal to ,n#a7n#a7 ,n#b7n#b7 4441 is ! reaction-p>amet] ?r\gh :i* alone ! temp]ature affects ! law ( *emical equilibrium 9 dilute sy/ems4 ,int]facial ,ph5om5a3 ,liquid ,films4--,! *>act]i/ic equation hi!rto develop$ ref]s to ! /ate ( an elem5t ( mass 9 ! int]ior ( a homog5e\s sub/ance3 x does n apply to matt] 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! transition betwe5 two adjac5t phases4 ,a rem>kable analysis has be5 develop$ by ,j4,w4 ,gibbs 9 :i* ! pres5t me?ods conc]n+ matt] 9 bulk are ext5d$ to ! ph5om5a at su* an int]face1 )\t ! introduction ( any molecul> !ory2 x =ms ! !rmodynamic completion ( ,gauss's me*anical !ory ( capill>ity1 bas$ on ! e>ly =m ( ! pr9ciple ( total en]gy4 ,! validity ( ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( available en]gy1 s f> z reg>ds all me*anical actions 9 bulk su* z surface t5sions1 is po/ulat$1 ev5 :5 appli$ to int]facial lay]s s ?9 z to be beyond our means ( measurem5t2 ! argum5t f p]petual motions be+ available "h also1 z soon z we h exp]im5tally asc]ta9$ t ! said t5sions are def9ite physical prop]ties ( ! /ate ( ! int]face & n m]ely accid5tal ph5om5a4 ,! proc$ure w !n consi/ 9 assum+ a def9ite excess ( en]gy1 ( entropy1 & ( ! masses ( ! v>i\s compon5ts1 ea* p] unit surface1 at ! int]face1 ! pot5tial ( ea* compon5t be+ ( necessity1 9 equilibrium1 ! same z x is 9 ! adjac5t masses4 ,! int]facial transition lay] ?us provides 9 a s5se a new surface-phase coexi/5t ) ^? on ea* side ( x1 & hav+ its own *>act]i/ic equation4 ,x is only ! ext5t ( ! int]face & n its curvatures t ne$ ent] into ?is relation1 because any slight influ5ce ( ! latt] c be elim9at$ f ! equation by slightly displac+ ! position ( ! surface :i* is tak5 to repres5t ! int]face geometrically4 ,by an argum5t simil> to "o giv5 above1 x is %[n t "o ( ! =ms ( ! *>act]i/ic equation is a relation express+ ! surface t5sion z a function ( ! temp]ature & ! pot5tials ( ! v>i\s compon5ts pres5t on ! two sides ( ! int]face2 & f ! diff]5tiation ( ?is ! surface d5sities ( ! sup]ficial di/ributions ( ^! compon5ts 7z above def9$7 c be obta9$4 ,! conditions t a specifi$ new phase may become develop$ :5 two o!r giv5 ones are br\ght into contact1 i4e4 t a *emical reaction may />t at ! int]face1 are !nce =mally express$ 9 t]ms ( ! surface t5sions ( ! ?ree transition lay]s & ! pressures 9 ! ?ree phases4 ,9 ! case ( a ?9 soap-film1 sudd5 ext5sion ( any "p r$uces ! int]facial d5sity ( ea* compon5t at ea* surface ( ! film1 & s alt]s ! surface t5sion1 :i* requires "t to recov] by ! v sl[ diffusion ( dissolv$ mat]ial f o!r p>ts ( ! ?9 film2 ! sy/em be+ /able1 ?is *ange mu/ be an increase ( t5sion1 & con/itutes a species ( ela/icity 9 ! film4 ,?us 9 a v]tical film ! surface t5sion mu/ be great] 9 ! high] p>ts1 z !y h to su/a9 ! weight ( ! l[] p>ts2 ! upp] p>ts1 9 fact1 /ret* until ! sup]ficial d5sities ( ! compon5ts !re situat$ are r$uc$ to ! am\nts t correspond to ! t5sion requir$ = ?is purpose4 ,su* a film c\ld n !re=e consi/ ( pure wat]4 ,b !re is a limit to ^! processes3 if ! film becomes s ?9 t !re is no wat] 9 bulk betwe5 its surfaces1 ! t5sions _c adju/ !mselves 9 ?is sl[ way by migration ( compon5ts f "o "p ( ! film to ano!r2 if ! film c survive at all aft] x has become ( molecul> ?ickness1 x mu/ be z a def9ite molecul> /ructure all across its ?ickness4 ,( su* type are ! black spots t break out 9 soap-films 7sugge/$ by ,gibbs & prov$ by ! measures ( ,re9old & ,ruck]73 ! spots increase 9 size because _! t5sion is less ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ film1 b _! indef9ite increase is presumably /opp$ 9 practice by "s clogg+ or visc\s ag5cy at _! b\nd>y4 ,transition to ,molecul> ,!ory4--,! subject ( en]getics1 bas$ on ! doctr9e ( available en]gy1 deals ) matt] 9 bulk & is n conc]n$ ) its molecul> con/itution1 :i* x is expressly design$ to elim9ate f ! problem4 ,?is analysis ( ! ph5om5a ( surface t5sion %[s h[ f> ! pr9ciple ( negation ( p]petual motions c c>ry u1 into regions :i* at fir/ sight might be class$ z molecul>4 ,b1 z 9 o!r cases1 x is limit$ to po9t+ out ! g5]al s*eme ( relations )9 :i* ! ph5om5a c h _! play4 ,!re is n[ a consid]able body ( k correlat+ surface t5sion ) *emical con/itution1 especially to a c]ta9 ext5t ) ! num]ical d5sity ( ! di/ribution ( molecules2 ?us ,r4 ,eotvos has %[n t a law ( proportionality exi/s = wide classes ( sub/ances betwe5 ! temp]ature-gradi5t ( ! surface t5sion & ! d5sity ( ! molecules ov] ! surface lay]1 :i* v>ies z ! two-?irds p[] ( ! numb] p] unit volume 7see ,,*emi/ry3 ,physical74 ,?is takes u into ! sph]e ( molecul> sci5ce1 :]e at pres5t we h only su* indications l>gely d]iv$ f exp]im5t1 if we except ! m]e notion ( int]-atomic =ces ( unkn[n "* on :i* ! old] !ories ( capill>ity1 ^? ( ,laplace & ,poisson1 7 con/ruct$4 ,9 o!r topics ! same re/rictions on ! scope ( ! simple /atical !ory ( en]gy appe>4 ,f ! asc]ta9$ behavi\r 9 c]ta9 respects ( gase\s m$ia we are able to con/ruct _! *>act]i/ic equation1 & correlate _! rema9+ relations by means ( its consequ5ces4 ,"p ( ! exp]im5tal k requir$ = ?is purpose is ! values ( ! gas-con/ants1 :i* prove to be ! same = all ne>ly p]fect gases4 ,! doctr9e ( en]getics by itself c give no clue z to :y ?is %\ld be s2 x c only con/ruct a s*eme = ea* simple or complex m$ium on ! basis ( its own exp]im5tally det]m9$ *>act]i/ic equation4 ,! explanation ( uni=mities 9 ! intr9sic con/itutions ( v>i\s m$ia belongs to molecul> !ory1 :i* is a di/9ct & 9 ! ma9 m complex & m speculative dep>tm5t ( k4 ,:5 we proce$ fur!r & f9d1 ) van 't ,h(f1 t ^! same univ]sal gas-con/ants reappe> 9 ! relations ( v dilute solutions1 our dem& = an explanation su* z c only be provid$ by molecul> !ory 7z supra7 is int5sely /imulat$4 ,b except 9 respects su* z ^! ! doctr9e ( en]getics gives a complete syn!sis ( ! c\rse & relations ( ! *emical reactions ( matt] 9 bulk1 f :i* we c elim9ate atomism altoge!r by re/at+ ! m]ely num]ical atomic !ory ( ,dalton z a pr9ciple ( equival5t comb9+ proportions4 ,( rec5t ye>s !re has be5 a consid]able s*ool ( *emi/s :o insi/ on ?is proc$ure z a purification ( _! sci5ce f ! hypo!tical ideas z to atoms & molecules1 9 t]ms ( :i* its exp]im5tal facts h come to be express$4 ,a complete sy/em ( doctr9e c be develop$ 9 ?is mann]1 b its scope w be limit$4 ,x makes use ( "o pr9ciple ( correlation1 ! doctr9e ( available en]gy1 & disc>ds ano!r su* pr9ciple1 ! atomic !ory4 ,nor c x be said t ! "o pr9ciple is really m c]ta9 & def9ite ?an ! o!r4 ,?is may be illu/rat$ by :at has sometimes by ,g]man writ]s be5 call$ ,gibbs's p>adox3 ! en]gy t is available = me*anical effect 9 ! int]-diffusion ( giv5 volumes ( two gases dep5ds only on ^! volumes & _! pressures1 & is indep5d5t ( :at ! gases are2 if ! gases diff]$ only inf9itesimally 9 con/itution x w\ld /ill be ! same1 & ! "q arises :]e we are to /op1 = we _c suppose ! int]-diffusion ( two id5tical gases to be a s\rce ( p[]4 ,?is !n looks l a real failure1 or r limitation1 ( ! pr9ciple2 & !re are o!r su*1 t c only be satisfactorily expla9$ by aid ( ! complem5t>y doctr9e ( molecul> !ory4 ,t !ory1 9 fact1 %[s t ! m ne>ly id5tical ! gases are1 ! sl[] w be ! process ( int]-diffusion1 s t ! me*anical en]gy w inde$ be available1 b only aft] a "t t becomes indef9itely prolong$4 ,x is a case 9 :i* ! simple doctr9e ( en]getics becomes inadequate be=e ! limit is rea*$4 ,! ph5om5a ( highly r>efi$ gases provide o!r cases4 ,& 9 fact ! only reason hi!rto ?\ght ( = ! inv>iable t5d5cy ( available en]gy to dim9i%1 is t x repres5ts ! g5]al pr9ciple t 9 ! k9etic play ( a va/ assemblage ( indep5d5t molecules individually beyond our control1 ! normal t5d5cy is = ! regul>ities to dim9i% & ! motions to become less correlat$3 %ort ( "s su* reason1 x is an unexpla9$ empirical pr9ciple4 ,9 ! special dep>tm5ts ( dynamical physics on ! o!r h&1 ! molecul> !ory1 !re dynamical & !re=e mu* m difficult & less def9ite1 is an indisp5sable "p ( ! framework ( sci5ce2 & ev5 exp]im5tal *emi/ry n[ leans m & m on new physical me?ods & in/rum5ts4 ,)\t molecul> !ory ! clue :i* has develop$ into spectrum analysis1 br++ ) x /ell> *emi/ry & a new physical a/ronomy1 w\ld n h be5 available2 nor w\ld ! laws ( diffusion & conduction 9 gases h atta9$ m ?an an empirical =m2 nor w\ld x h be5 possible to weave ! ph5om5a ( electrodynamics & radiation into an entirely rational !ory4 ,! doctr9e ( available en]gy1 z ! expression ( !rmodynamic !ory1 is directly impli$ 9 ,c>not's ,essai ( #ahbd1 & con/itutes1 9 fact1 its ma9 !me2 x took a fre% />t1 9 ! light ( full] exp]im5tal k reg>d+ ! nature ( heat1 9 ! e>ly memoirs ( ,rank9e & ,"l ,kelv91 :i* may be f\nd 9 _! ,collect$ ,sci5tific ,pap]s2 a subsequ5t exposition occurs 9 ,maxwell's ,!ory ( ,heat2 its mo/ famili> =m ( /atem5t is ,"l ,kelv9's pr9ciple ( ! dissipation ( available en]gy4 ,its pr9ciples 7 v e>ly appli$ by ,james ,?omson to a physico-*emical problem1 t ( ! influ5ce ( /ress on ! gr[? ( cry/als 9 _! "m liquor4 ,! !rmodynamic function introduc$ by ,rank9e into its developm5t is ! same z ! entropy ( ! mat]ial sy/em1 indep5d5tly def9$ by ,clausius ab\t ! same "t4 ,clausius's =m ( ! pr9ciple1 t 9 an adiabatic sy/em ! entropy t5ds cont9ually to increase1 has be5 plac$ by ,pr(essor ,will>d ,gibbs1 ( ,yale ,univ]sity1 at ! f\ndation ( 8 magnific5t b complex & difficult developm5t ( ! !ory4 ,8 monum5tal memoir ,on ! ,equilibrium ( ,het]og5e\s ,sub/ances1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,trans4 ,connecticut ,academy 7#ahgf-ahgh71 made a clean sweep ( ! subject2 & work]s 9 ! mod]n exp]im5tal sci5ce ( physical *emi/ry h return$ to x aga9 & aga9 to f9d _! empirical pr9ciples =eca/$ 9 ! light ( pure !ory1 & to d]ive fre% inspiration = new dep>tures4 ,z specially prep>atory to ,gibbs's g5]al discussion may be m5tion$ ,"l ,rayleigh's memoir on ! !rmodynamics ( gase\s diffusion 7,phil4 ,mag41 #ahgf71 :i* 0 exp\nd$ by ,maxwell 9 ! #i? edition ( ! ,ency4 ,brit4 7art4 ,,diffusion74 ,! fundam5tal importance ( ! doctr9e ( dissipation ( en]gy = ! !ory ( *emical reaction _h already be5 insi/$ on 9 g5]al t]ms by ,rayleigh2 subsequ5t to1 b indep5d5tly (1 ,gibbs's "w x _h be5 elaborat$ by von ,helmholtz 7,gesamm4 ,abh&l4 ii4 & iii47 9 connexion ) ! !rmodynamics ( voltaic cells1 & m p>ticul>ly 9 ! calculation ( ! free or available en]gy ( solutions f data ( vap\r-pressure1 ) a view to ! application to ! !ory ( conc5tration cells1 !re9 also com+ close to ! doctr9e ( osmotic pressure4 ,?is =m ( ! g5]al !ory has "h be5 trac$ back sub/antially to ,"l ,kelv9 "u date #ahee4 ,expositions & developm5ts on v>i\s l9es w be f\nd 9 pap]s by ,riecke & by ,planck 9 ,annal5 d] ,physik betwe5 #ahij & #aijj1 9 ! c\rse ( a memoir by ,l>mor1 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahig1 ,a1 9 ,voigt's ,comp5dium d] ,physik & 8 m rec5t ,!rmodynamik1 9 ,planck's ,vorlesung5 ub] ,!rmodynamik1 9 ,duhem's elaborate ,traite de mecanique *imique & ,le ,pot5tial !rmodynamique1 9 ,:e?am's ,!ory ( ,solution & 9 ,bryan's ,!rmodynamics4 ,num]\s applications to special problems are exp\nd$ 9 van't ,h(f's ,lectures on ,!oretical & ,physical ,*emi/ry4 ,! !ory ( en]getics1 :i* puts a dim9i%+ limit on ! am\nt ( en]gy available = me*anical purposes1 is closely implicat$ 9 ! discov]y ( natural radioactive sub/ances by ,h4 ,becqu]el1 & _! isolation 9 ! v pot5t =m ( radium salts by ,m4 & ,mme ,curie4 ,! sl[ degradation ( radium has be5 f\nd by ! latt] to be concomitant ) an evolution ( heat1 9 am\nt enorm\s comp>$ ) o!r *emical *anges4 ,?is heat has be5 %[n by ,e4 ,ru!r=d to be ab\t :at mu/ be due to ! /oppage ( ! alpha & beta p>ticles1 :i* are emitt$ f ! sub/ance ) velocities almo/ ( ! same scale z t ( light4 ,if !y /ruck an ideal rigid t>get1 _! lo/ k9etic en]gy mu/ all be s5t away z radiation2 b :5 !y become entangl$ among ! molecules ( actual matt]1 x w1 to a l>ge ext5t1 be %>$ among !m z heat1 ) availability r$uc$ accord+ly4 ,9 any case ! p>ticles t escape into ! surr\nd+ space are s few & _! velocity s uni=m t we c1 to "s ext5t1 treat _! en]gy z directly available me*anically1 9 contradi/9ction to ! en]gy ( individual molecules ( a gas 7cf4 ,maxwell's demons71 e4g4 = driv+ a vane1 z 9 ,crookes's exp]im5t ) ! ca?ode rays4 ,inde$1 on acc\nt ( ! high velocity ( projection ( ! p>ticles f a radium salt1 ! actions conc]n$ w\ld f9d _! equilibrium at su* enorm\sly high temp]atures t any influ5ce ( actually available diff]5ces ( temp]ature is n s5sibly a feature ( ! ph5om5a4 ,su* actions1 h[ev]1 l explosive actions 9 g5]al1 are beyond our p[]s ( actual direct measurem5t z reg>ds ! degradation ( availability ( ! en]gy4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out by ,ru!r=d1 ,r4,j4 ,/rutt & o!rs1 t ! en]gy ( degradation ( ev5 a v m9ute admixture ( active radium w\ld entirely dom9ate & mask all o!r cosmical modes ( trans=mation ( en]gy2 = example1 x f> outweighs t aris+ f ! exhau/ion ( gravitational en]gy1 :i* has be5 %[n by ,helmholtz & ,kelv9 to be an ample s\rce = all ! activities ( our cosmical sy/em1 & to be itself f> great] ?an ! en]gy ( any ord9>y *emical re>rangem5ts consequ5t on a fall ( temp]ature3 a circum/ance t makes ! exi/5ce & prop]ties ( ?is sub/ance "u settl$ cosmic conditions /ill m anomal\s 7see ,,radioactivity74 ,!oretically x is possible to obta9 unlimit$ conc5tration ( availability ( en]gy at ! exp5se ( an equival5t am\nt ( degradation spread ov] a wid] field2 ! pot5cy ( electric furnaces1 :i* h rec5tly op5$ up a new dep>tm5t ( *emi/ry1 & are limit$ only by ! refractor9ess ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are con/itut$1 =ms a case 9 po9t4 ,9 radium we h ! v rem>kable ph5om5on ( f> high] conc5tration occurr+ naturally 9 v m9ute p]man5t am\nts1 s t m]ely *emical sift+ is ne$$ to produce its aggregation4 ,ev5 9 pit*bl5de only "o molecule 9 #aji seems to be ( radium1 r5ewable1 h[ev]1 :5 lo/1 by int]nal trans=mation4 ,! en]getics ( ,,radiation is treat$ "u t head+4 ,see also ,,!rmodynamics4 7,j4 ,l4997 ,,en]gici1 or ,,en]gum5s 7,gr4 possess$ by a _s71 ! "n giv5 9 ! e>ly ,*ur* to ^? suff]+ f diff]5t =ms ( insanity1 :o 7 popul>ly suppos$ to be "u ! control ( "s indwell+ _s o!r ?an _! own4 ,among primitive races ev]y:]e disease is expla9$ 9 ?is way1 & its removal suppos$ to be effect$ by prie/ly pray]s & incantations4 ,!y 7 sometimes call$ ,greek3 ,*eimazom5oi1 z be+ toss$ by ! waves ( uncontrollable impulse4 ,p]sons afflict$ 9 ?is way 7 re/rict$ f ent]+ ! *ur*1 b might %>e ! %elt] ( ! por* ) lep]s & p]sons ( (f5sive life 7,hefele1 ,concili5ges*i*te1 vol4 i4 ,s #af74 ,aft] ! pray]s1 if quiet1 !y might come 9 to receive ! bi%op's bless+ 7,apo/4 ,con/4 viii4 #f1 #g1 #cb7 & li/5 to ! s]mon4 ,!y 7 daily f$ & pray$ ov] by ! exorci/s1 &1 9 case ( recov]y1 aft] a fa/ ( f #bj to #dj days1 7 admitt$ to ! eu*>i/1 & _! names & cures ent]$ 9 ! *ur* records4 ,a note on ! ,new ,te/am5t use ( ! ^w ,greek3 en]ge9 & its cognates w be f\nd 9 ,j4,a4 ,rob9son's edition ( ,! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians1 pp4 #bda-bdg2 an excursus on ,! ,conflict ) ,demons 9 ,a4 ,h>nack1 ,! ,expansion ( ,*ri/ianity1 i4 #aeb-ahj4 ,cf4 ,,exorcism4 ,,en]gy 7f ! ,gr4 ,greek3 en]geia2 ,greek3 en1 91 ,greek3 ergon1 "w71 9 physical sci5ce1 a t]m :i* may be def9$ z accumulat$ me*anical "w1 :i*1 h[ev]1 may be only p>tially available = use4 ,a b5t spr+ possesses en]gy1 = x is capable ( do+ "w 9 return+ to its natural =m2 a *>ge ( gunp[d] possesses en]gy1 = x is capable ( do+ "w 9 explod+2 a ,leyd5 j> *>g$ ) electricity possesses en]gy1 = x is capable ( do+ "w 9 be+ dis*>g$4 ,! motions ( bodies1 or ( ! ultimate p>ts ( bodies1 also involve en]gy1 = /opp+ !m w\ld be a s\rce ( "w4 ,all k9ds ( en]gy are ultimately measur$ 9 t]ms ( "w4 ,if we raise #a lb4 ( matt] ?r\gh a foot we d a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w aga9/ ! e>?'s attraction2 if we raise #b lb4 ?r\gh ! same height we d twice ?is am\nt ( "w1 & s on4 ,also1 ! "w done 9 rais+ #a lb4 ?r\gh #b ft4 w be d\ble ( t done 9 rais+ x #a ft4 ,?us we recognize t ! "w done v>ies z ! resi/ance ov]come & ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* x is ov]come conjo9tly4 ,n[1 we may select any def9ite quantity ( "w we please z our unit1 z1 = example1 ! "w done 9 lift+ a p\nd a foot high f ! sea-level 9 ! latitude ( ,london1 :i* is ! unit ( "w g5]ally adopt$ by ,briti% eng9e]s1 & is call$ ! foot-p\nd4 ,! mo/ appropriate unit = sci5tific purposes is "o :i* dep5ds only on ! fundam5tal units ( l5g?1 mass & "t1 & is h5ce call$ an absolute unit4 ,su* a unit is indep5d5t ( gravity or ( any o!r quantity :i* v>ies ) ! locality4 ,tak+ ! c5timetre1 gramme & second z our fundam5tal units1 ! mo/ conv5i5t unit ( =ce is t :i*1 act+ on a gramme = a second1 produces 9 x a velocity ( a c5timetre p] second2 ?is is call$ a ,dyne4 ,! unit ( "w is t :i* is requir$ to ov]come a resi/ance ( a dyne ov] a c5timetre1 & is call$ an ,erg4 ,9 ! latitude ( ,p>is ! dyne is equal to ! weight ( ab\t #a_/iha ( a gramme1 & ! erg is ! am\nt ( "w requir$ to raise #a_/iha ( a gramme v]tically ?r\gh "o c5timetre4 ,en]gy is ! capacity = do+ "w4 ,! unit ( en]gy %\ld !re=e be ! same z t ( "w1 & ! c5timetre-gramme-second 7,c4,g4,s47 unit ( en]gy is ! erg4 ,! =ms ( en]gy :i* are mo/ readily recogniz$ are ( c\rse ^? 9 :i* ! en]gy c be mo/ directly employ$ 9 do+ me*anical "w2 & x is manife/ t masses ( matt] :i* are l>ge en\gh to be se5 & h&l$ are m readily dealt ) me*anically ?an are small] masses4 ,h5ce :5 useful "w c be obta9$ f a sy/em by simply connect+ visible portions ( x by a tra9 ( me*anism1 su* en]gy is m readily recogniz$ ?an is t :i* w\ld compel u to control ! behavi\r ( molecules be=e we c\ld trans=m x into useful "w4 ,?is leads up to ! fundam5tal di/9ction1 introduc$ by ,"l ,kelv91 betwe5 available en]gy1 :i* we c turn to me*anical effect1 & diffuse en]gy1 :i* is useless = t purpose4 ,! conception ( "w & ( en]gy 0 orig9ally d]iv$ f obs]vation ( purely me*anical ph5om5a1 t is to say1 ph5om5a 9 :i* ! relative positions & motions ( visible portions ( matt] 7 all t 7 tak5 into consid]ation4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t1 9 ^? m subtle =ms 9 :i* en]gy _c be readily or completely conv]t$ into "w1 ! univ]sality ( ! pr9ciple ( en]gy1 its cons]vation1 z reg>ds am\nt1 %\ld = a long :ile h escap$ recognition aft] x _h become famili> 9 pure dynamics4 ,if a p\nd weight be susp5d$ by a /r+ pass+ ov] pulley1 9 desc5d+ ?r\gh #aj ft4 x is capable ( rais+ ne>ly a p\nd weight atta*$ to ! o!r end ( ! /r+1 ?r\gh ! same height1 & ?us c d ne>ly #aj foot-p\nds ( "w4 ,! smoo!r we make ! pulley ! m ne>ly does ! am\nt ( useful "w :i* ! weight is capable ( do+ approa* #aj foot-p\nds1 & if we take into acc\nt ! "w done aga9/ ! friction ( ! pulley1 we may say t ! "w done by ! desc5d+ weight is #aj foot-p\nds1 & h5ce :5 ! weight is 9 its elevat$ position we h at disposal #aj foot-p\nds m en]gy ?an :5 x is 9 ! l[] position4 ,x %\ld be notic$1 h[ev]1 t ?is en]gy is possess$ by ! sy/em consi/+ ( ! e>? & p\nd toge!r1 9 virtue ( _! sep>ation1 & t nei!r c\ld d "w )\t ! o!r to attract x4 ,! sy/em consi/+ ( ! e>? & ! p\nd !re=e possesses an am\nt ( en]gy :i* dep5ds on ! relative positions ( its two p>ts1 on acc\nt ( ! lat5t physical connexion exi/+ betwe5 !m4 ,9 mo/ me*anical sy/ems ! work+ /resses act+ betwe5 ! p>ts c be det]m9$ :5 ! relative positions ( all ! p>ts are kn[n2 & ! en]gy :i* a sy/em possesses 9 virtue ( ! relative positions ( its p>ts1 or its configuration1 is classifi$ z pot5tial en]gy1 to di/+ui% x f en]gy ( motion :i* we %all pres5tly consid]4 ,! ^w pot5tial does n imply t ?is en]gy is n real2 x exi/s 9 pot5tiality only 9 ! s5se t x is /or$ away 9 "s lat5t mann]2 b x c be drawn ^u )\t limit = me*anical "w4 ,x is a fundam5tal result 9 dynamics t1 if a body be project$ v]tically upw>ds 9 vacuo1 ) a velocity ( v c5timetres p] second1 x w rise to a height ( v#b_/b;g c5timetres1 :]e g repres5ts ! num]ical value ( ! accel]ation produc$ by gravity 9 c5timetre-second units4 ,n[1 if m repres5t ! mass ( ! body 9 grammes its weight w be mg dynes1 = x w require a =ce ( mg dynes to produce 9 x ! accel]ation d5ot$ by g4 ,h5ce ! "w done 9 rais+ ! mass w be repres5t$ by mg4v#b_/b;g1 t is1 #a_/b mv#b ergs4 ,n[1 :atev] be ! direction 9 :i* a body is mov+1 a frictionless con/ra9t1 l a /r+ atta*$ to ! body1 c cause its velocity to be *ang$ into ! v]tical direction )\t any *ange tak+ place 9 ! magnitude ( ! velocity4 ,?us x is m]ely 9 virtue ( ! velocity t ! mass is capable ( ris+ aga9/ ! resi/ance ( gravity1 & h5ce we recognize t on acc\nt ( its motion ! body possess$ #a_/b mv#b units ( en]gy4 ,en]gy ( motion is usually call$ k9etic en]gy4 ,a simple example ( ! trans=mation ( k9etic en]gy into pot5tial en]gy1 & vice v]sa1 is af=d$ by ! p5dulum4 ,:5 at ! limits ( its sw+1 ! p5dulum is = an in/ant at re/1 & all ! en]gy ( ! oscillation is /atic or pot5tial4 ,:5 pass+ ?r\gh its position ( equilibrium1 s9ce gravity c d no m "w ^u x )\t *ang+ its fix$ po9t ( support1 all ! en]gy ( oscillation is k9etic4 ,at int]m$iate positions ! en]gy is p>tly k9etic & p>tly pot5tial4 ,available k9etic en]gy is possess$ by a sy/em ( two or m bodies 9 virtue ( ! relative motion ( its p>ts4 ,s9ce our conception ( velocity is ess5tially relative1 x is pla9 t any prop]ty possess$ by a body 9 virtue ( its motion c be effectively possess$ by x only 9 relation to ^? bodies ) respect to :i* x is mov+4 ,if a body ^: mass is m grammes be mov+ ) a velocity ( v c5timetres p] second relative to ! e>?1 ! available k9etic en]gy possess$ by ! sy/em is #a_/b mv#b ergs if m be small relative to ! e>?4 ,b if we consid] two bodies ea* ( mass m & "o ( !m mov+ ) velocity v relative to ! o!r1 only #a_/d mv#b units ( "w is available f ?is sy/em alone4 ,?us ! e/imation ( k9etic en]gy is intimately affect$ by ! *oice ( our base ( measurem5t4 ,:5 ! /resses act+ betwe5 ! p>ts ( a sy/em dep5d only on ! relative positions ( ^? p>ts1 ! sum ( ! k9etic en]gy & pot5tial en]gy ( ! sy/em is always ! same1 provid$ ! sy/em be n act$ ^u by any?+ outside x4 ,su* a sy/em is call$ cons]vative1 & is well illu/rat$ by ! sw++ p5dulum above ref]r$ to4 ,b !re are /resses :i* dep5d on ! relative motion ( ! visible bodies betwe5 :i* !y appe> to act4 ,:5 "w is done aga9/ ^! =ces no full equival5t ( pot5tial en]gy may be produc$2 ?is applies especially to frictional =ces1 = if ! motion ( ! sy/em be rev]s$ ! =ces w be also rev]s$ & w /ill oppose ! motion4 ,x 0 long believ$ t "w done aga9/ su* =ces 0 lo/1 & x 0 n till ! #ai? c5tury t ! en]gy ?us trans=m$ 0 trac$2 ! cons]vation ( en]gy has become ! ma/]-key to unlock ! connexions 9 inanimate nature4 ,x 0 po9t$ out by ,?omson 7,"l ,kelv97 & ,p4,g4 ,tait t ,newton _h div9$ ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 s f> z x belongs purely to me*anics4 ,b :at became ( ! "w done aga9/ friction & su* non-cons]vative =ces rema9$ obscure1 :ile ! *emical doctr9e t heat 0 an inde/ructible sub/ance aft]w>ds l$ to ! idea t x 0 lo/4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 ev5 be=e ,newton's "t1 m ?an a suspicion t heat 0 a =m ( en]gy4 ,francis ,bacon express$ 8 conviction t heat consi/s ( a k9d ( motion or brisk agitation ( ! p>ticles ( matt]4 ,9 ! ,novum ,organum1 aft] giv+ a long li/ ( ! s\rces ( heat1 he says3 ,f ^! examples1 tak5 collectively z well z s+ly1 ! nature ^: limit is heat appe>s to be motion4444 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght t heat g5]ates motion or motion heat 7?\gh 9 "s respects ?is is true71 b ! v ess5ce ( heat1 or ! sub/antial self ( heat1 is motion & no?+ else4 ,aft] ,newton's "t ! fir/ vigor\s ef=t to re/ore ! univ]sality ( ! doctr9e ( en]gy 0 made by ,b5jam9 ,?ompson1 ,c\nt ,rum=d1 & 0 publi%$ 9 ! ,phil4 ,trans4 = #agih4 ,rum=d 0 engag$ 9 sup]9t5d+ ! bor+ ( cannon 9 ! milit>y ars5al at ,muni*1 & 0 /ruck by ! am\nt ( heat produc$ by ! action ( ! bor+ b> ^u ! brass ca/+s4 ,9 ord] to see :e!r ! heat came out ( ! *ips he comp>$ ! capacity = heat ( ! *ips abrad$ by ! bor+ b> ) t ( an equal quantity ( ! metal cut f ! block by a f9e saw1 & obta9$ ! same result 9 ! two cases1 f :i* he conclud$ t ! heat produc$ c\ld n possibly h be5 furni%$ at ! exp5se ( ! lat5t heat ( ! metallic *ips4 ,rum=d !n turn$ up a holl[ cyl9d] :i* 0 ca/ 9 "o piece ) a brass six-p\nd]1 & hav+ r$uc$ ! connexion betwe5 ! cyl9d] & cannon to a n>r[ neck ( metal1 he caus$ a blunt bor] to press aga9/ ! holl[ ( ! cyl9d] ) a =ce equal to ! weight ( ab\t #aj1jjj lb41 :ile ! ca/+ 0 made to rotate 9 a la!4 ,by ?is means ! mean temp]ature ( ! brass 0 rais$ ?r\gh ab\t #gj deg4 ,fahr41 :ile ! am\nt ( metal abrad$ 0 only #hcg gra9s4 ,9 ord] to be sure t ! heat 0 n due to ! action ( ! air ^u ! newly expos$ metallic surface1 ! cyl9d] & ! end ( ! bor+ b> 7 imm]s$ 9 #ah4gg lb4 ( wat] conta9$ 9 an oak box4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] at ! comm5cem5t ( ! exp]im5t 0 #fj deg4 ,fahr41 & aft] two horses _h turn$ ! la! = #b-a_/b h\rs ! wat] boil$4 ,tak+ into acc\nt ! heat absorb$ by ! box & ! metal1 ,rum=d calculat$ t ! heat develop$ 0 suffici5t to raise #bf4eh lb4 ( wat] f ! freez+ to ! boil+ po9t1 & 9 ?is calculation ! heat lo/ by radiation & conduction 0 neglect$4 ,s9ce "o horse 0 capable ( do+ ! "w requir$1 ,rum=d rem>k$ t "o horse c g5]ate heat z rapidly z n9e wax c&les burn+ 9 ! ord9>y mann]4 ,f9ally1 ,rum=d review$ all ! s\rces f :i* ! heat might h be5 suppos$ to be d]iv$1 & conclud$ t x 0 simply produc$ by ! friction1 & t ! supply 0 inexhau/ible4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to add1 he rem>ks1 t any?+ :i* any insulat$ body or sy/em ( bodies c cont9ue to furni% )\t limitation _c possibly be a mat]ial sub/ance2 & x appe>s to me to be extremely difficult1 if n q impossible1 to =m any di/9ct idea ( any?+ capable ( be+ excit$ & communicat$ 9 ! mann] t heat 0 excit$ & communicat$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 except x be motion4 ,ab\t ! same "t ,davy %[$ t two pieces ( ice c\ld be melt$ by rubb+ !m toge!r 9 a vacuum1 al?\gh ev]y?+ surr\nd+ !m 0 at a temp]ature bel[ ! freez+ po9t4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 inf] t s9ce ! heat c\ld n h be5 suppli$ by ! ice1 = ice absorbs heat 9 melt+1 ?is exp]im5t af=d$ conclusive pro( aga9/ ! sub/antial nature ( heat4 ,?\gh we may all[ t ! results obta9$ by ,rum=d & ,davy demon/rate satisfactorily t heat is 9 "s way due to motion1 yet !y d n tell u to :at p>ticul> dynamical quantity heat corresponds4 ,= example1 does ! heat g5]at$ by friction v>y z ! friction & ! "t dur+ :i* x acts1 or is x proportional to ! friction & ! di/ance ?r\gh :i* ! rubb+ bodies are displac$--t is1 to ! "w done aga9/ friction--or does x involve any o!r conditions8 ,if x c be %[n t1 h[ev] ! duration & all o!r conditions ( ! exp]im5t may be v>i$1 ! same am\nt ( heat c 9 ! end be always produc$ :5 ! same am\nt ( en]gy is exp5d$1 !n1 & only !n1 c we inf] t heat is a =m ( en]gy1 & t ! en]gy consum$ has be5 really trans=m$ into heat4 ,?is 0 left = ,j4,p4 ,j\le to a*ieve2 8 exp]im5ts conclusively prove t heat & en]gy are ( ! same nature1 & t all o!r =ms ( en]gy c be trans=m$ into an equival5t am\nt ( heat4 ,! quantity ( en]gy :i*1 if entirely conv]t$ into heat1 is capable ( rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! unit mass ( wat] f #j deg4 ,c4 to #a deg4 ,c4 is call$ ! me*anical equival5t ( heat4 ,"o ( ! fir/ :o took 9 h& ! det]m9ation ( ! me*anical equival5t ( heat 0 ,m>c4 ,segu91 a nephew ( ,j4,m4 ,montgolfi]4 ,he argu$ t1 if heat be en]gy1 !n1 :5 x is employ$ 9 do+ "w1 z 9 a /eam-eng9e1 "s ( ! heat mu/ itself be consum$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,h5ce he inf]r$ t ! am\nt ( heat giv5 up to ! cond5s] ( an eng9e :5 ! eng9e is do+ "w mu/ be less ?an :5 ! same am\nt ( /eam is bl[n ?r\gh ! eng9e )\t do+ any "w4 ,segu9 0 unable to v]ify ?is exp]im5tally1 b 9 #aheg ,g4,a4 ,hirn succe$$1 n only 9 %[+ t su* a diff]5ce exi/s1 b 9 measur+ x1 & h5ce det]m9+ a tol]ably approximate value ( ! me*anical equival5t ( heat4 ,9 #ahci ,segu9 endeav\r$ to det]m9e ! me*anical equival5t ( heat f ! loss ( heat suff]$ by /eam 9 exp&+1 assum+ t ! :ole ( ! heat s lo/ 0 consum$ 9 do+ ext]nal "w aga9/ ! pressure to :i* ! /eam 0 expos$4 ,?is assumption1 h[ev]1 _c be ju/ifi$1 because x neglect$ to take acc\nt ( "w :i* might possibly h to be done )9 ! /eam itself dur+ ! expansion4 ,9 #ahdb ,r4 ,may]1 a physician at ,heilbronn1 publi%$ an attempt to det]m9e ! me*anical equival5t ( heat f ! heat produc$ :5 air is compress$4 ,may] made an assumption ! conv]se ( t ( ,segu91 ass]t+ t ! :ole ( ! "w done 9 compress+ ! air 0 conv]t$ into heat1 & neglect+ ! possibility ( heat be+ consum$ 9 do+ "w )9 ! air itself or be+ produc$ by ! trans=mation ( int]nal pot5tial en]gy4 ,j\le aft]w>ds prov$ 7see bel[7 t ,may]'s assumption 0 9 accordance ) fact1 s t 8 me?od 0 a s\nd "o z f> z exp]im5t 0 conc]n$2 & x 0 only on acc\nt ( ! values ( ! specific heats ( air at con/ant pressure & at con/ant volume employ$ by him be+ v inexact t ! value ( ! me*anical equival5t ( heat obta9$ by ,may] 0 v f> f ! tru?4 ,pass+ ov] ,l4,a4 ,cold+1 :o 9 #ahdc pres5t$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,cop5hag5 a pap] entitl$ ,!ses conc]n+ ,=ce1 :i* cle>ly /at$ ! pr9ciple ( ! p]petuity ( en]gy1 & :o also p]=m$ a s]ies ( exp]im5ts = ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! heat develop$ by ! compression ( v>i\s bodies1 :i* entitle him to be m5tion$ among ! f\nd]s ( ! mod]n !ory ( en]gy1 we come to ,dr ,james ,prescott ,j\le ( ,man*e/]1 to :om we are indebt$ m ?an to any o!r = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy on ! broad basis on :i* x has s9ce /ood4 ,! be/-kn[n ( ,j\le's exp]im5ts 0 t 9 :i* a brass paddle consi/+ ( eight arms rotat$ 9 a cyl9drical vessel ( wat] conta9+ f\r fix$ vanes1 :i* all[$ ! passage ( ! arms ( ! paddle b prev5t$ ! wat] f rotat+ z a :ole4 ,! paddle 0 driv5 by weights1 & ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 0 obs]v$ by !rmomet]s :i* c\ld indicate #a_/bjj? ( a degree ,fahr5heit4 ,special exp]im5ts 7 made to det]m9e ! "w done aga9/ resi/ances outside ! vessel ( wat]1 :i* am\nt$ to ab\t 4#jjf ( ! :ole1 & corrections 7 made = ! loss ( heat by radiation1 ! buoyancy ( ! air affect+ ! desc5d+ weights1 & ! en]gy dissipat$ :5 ! weights /ruck ! floor ) a f9ite velocity4 ,f ^! exp]im5ts ,j\le obta9$ #gb4fib foot-p\nds 9 ! latitude ( ,man*e/] z equival5t to ! am\nt ( heat requir$ to raise #a lb4 ( wat] ?r\gh #a deg4 ,fahr1 f ! freez+ po9t4 ,adopt+ ! c5tigrade scale1 ?is gives #acij4hdf foot-p\nds4 ,) an app>atus simil> to ! above1 b small]1 made ( iron & fill$ ) m]cury1 ,j\le obta9$ results v>y+ f #ggb4had foot-p\nds :5 driv+ weights ( ab\t #eh lb4 7 employ$ to #gge4ceb foot-p\nds :5 ! driv+ weights 7 only ab\t #ai-a_/b lb4 ,by caus+ two conical surfaces ( ca/-iron imm]s$ 9 m]cury & conta9$ 9 an iron vessel to rub aga9/ "o ano!r :5 press$ toge!r by a lev]1 ,j\le obta9$ #ggf4jde foot-p\nds = ! me*anical equival5t ( heat :5 ! heavy weights 7 us$1 & #ggd4ic foot-p\nds ) ! small driv+ weights4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t a great noise 0 produc$1 correspond+ to a loss ( en]gy1 & ,j\le endeav\r$ to det]m9e ! am\nt ( en]gy necess>y to produce an equal am\nt ( s\nd f ! /r+ ( a violoncello & to apply a correspond+ correction4 ,! close agreem5t betwe5 ! results at lea/ indicates t ! am\nt ( heat produc$ by friction is proportional to ! "w done & indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! rubb+ surfaces4 ,j\le inf]r$ f !m t ! me*anical equival5t ( heat is probably ab\t #ggb foot-p\nds1 or1 employ+ ! c5tigrade scale1 ab\t #acij foot-p\nds4 ,previ\s to det]m9+ ! me*anical equival5t ( heat by ! mo/ accurate exp]im5tal me?od at 8 comm&1 ,j\le e/abli%$ a s]ies ( cases 9 :i* ! production ( "o k9d ( en]gy 0 accompani$ by a disappe>ance ( "s o!r =m4 ,9 #ahdj he %[$ t :5 an electric curr5t 0 produc$ by means ( a dynamo-magneto-electric ma*9e ! heat g5]at$ 9 ! conductor1 :5 no ext]nal "w 0 done by ! curr5t1 0 ! same z if ! en]gy employ$ 9 produc+ ! curr5t _h be5 conv]t$ into heat by friction1 ?us %[+ t electric curr5ts con=m to ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 s9ce en]gy c nei!r be creat$ nor de/roy$ by !m4 ,he also det]m9$ a r\ghly approximate value = ! me*anical equival5t ( heat f ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts4 ,ext5d+ 8 inve/igations to ! curr5ts produc$ by batt]ies1 he f\nd t ! total voltaic heat g5]at$ 9 any circuit 0 proportional to ! numb] ( electro*emical equival5ts electrolys$ 9 ea* cell multipli$ by ! electromotive =ce ( ! batt]y4 ,n[1 we "k t ! numb] ( electro*emical equival5ts electrolys$ is proportional to ! :ole am\nt ( electricity :i* pass$ ?r\gh ! circuit1 & ! product ( ?is by ! electromotive =ce ( ! batt]y is ! "w done by ! latt]1 s t 9 ?is case also ,j\le %[$ t ! heat g5]at$ 0 proportional to ! "w done4 ,9 #ahdd & #ahde ,j\le publi%$ a s]ies ( rese>*es on ! compression & expansion ( air4 ,a metal vessel 0 plac$ 9 a calorimet] & air =c$ into x1 ! am\nt ( en]gy exp5d$ 9 compress+ ! air be+ measur$4 ,assum+ t ! :ole ( ! en]gy 0 conv]t$ into heat1 :5 ! air 0 subject$ to a pressure ( #ba4e atmosph]es ,j\le obta9$ = ! me*anical equival5t ( heat ab\t #hbd4h foot-p\nds1 & :5 a pressure ( only #aj4e atmosph]es 0 employ$ ! result 0 #gif4i foot-p\nds4 ,9 ! next exp]im5t ! air 0 compress$ z be=e1 & !n all[$ to escape ?r\gh a long lead tube imm]s$ 9 ! wat] ( a calorimet]1 & f9ally collect$ 9 a bell j>4 ,! am\nt ( heat absorb$ by ! air c\ld ?us be measur$1 :ile ! "w done by x 9 exp&+ c\ld be readily calculat$4 ,9 all[+ ! air to exp& f a pressure ( #ba atmosph]es to t ( #a atmosph]e ! value ( ! me*anical equival5t ( heat obta9$ 0 #hba4hi foot-p\nds4 ,betwe5 #aj atmosph]es & #a x 0 #hae4hge foot-p\nds1 & betwe5 #bc & #ad atmosph]es #gfa4gd foot-p\nds4 ,b1 unlike ,may] & ,segu91 ,j\le 0 n cont5t ) assum+ t :5 air is compress$ or all[$ to exp& ! heat g5]at$ or absorb$ is ! equival5t ( ! "w done & ( t only1 no *ange be+ made 9 ! int]nal en]gy ( ! air itself :5 ! temp]ature is kept con/ant4 ,to te/ ?is two vessels simil> to t us$ 9 ! la/ exp]im5t 7 plac$ 9 ! same calorimet] & connect$ by a tube ) a /op-cock4 ,"o conta9$ air at a pressure ( #bb atmosph]es1 :ile ! o!r 0 exhau/$4 ,on op5+ ! /op-cock no "w 0 done by ! exp&+ air aga9/ ext]nal =ces1 s9ce x exp&$ into a vacuum1 & x 0 f\nd t no heat 0 g5]at$ or absorb$4 ,?is %[$ t ,may]'s assumption 0 true4 ,on repeat+ ! exp]im5t :5 ! two vessels 7 plac$ 9 diff]5t calorimet]s1 x 0 f\nd t heat 0 absorb$ by ! vessel conta9+ ! compress$ air1 :ile an equal quantity ( heat 0 produc$ 9 ! calorimet] conta9+ ! exhau/$ vessel4 ,! heat absorb$ 0 consum$ 9 giv+ motion to ! issu+ /ream ( air1 & 0 reproduc$ by ! impact ( ! p>ticles on ! sides ( ! exhau/$ vessel4 ,! subsequ5t rese>*es ( ,dr ,j\le & ,"l ,kelv9 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahec1 p4 #ceg1 #ahed1 p4 #cba1 & #ahfb1 p4 #egi7 %[$ t ! /atem5t t no int]nal "w is done :5 a gas exp&s or contracts is n q true1 b ! am\nt is v small 9 ! cases ( ^? gases :i*1 l oxyg51 hydrog5 & nitrog51 c only be liquefi$ by int5se cold & pressure4 ,= a long "t ! f9al result d$uc$ by ,j\le by ^! v>i$ & c>eful inve/igations 0 accept$ z ! /&>d value ( ! me*anical equival5t ( heat4 ,rec5t det]m9ations by ,h4,a4 ,r[l& & o!rs1 necessitat$ by mod]n requirem5ts1 h %[n t x is 9 error1 b by less ?an #a4 ,! writ+s ( ,j\le1 :i* ?us occupy ! place ( hon\r 9 ! practical e/abli%m5t ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 h be5 collect$ into two volumes publi%$ by ! ,physical ,society ( ,london4 ,on ! !oretical side ! greate/ /imulus came f ! publication 9 #ahdg1 )\t k ( ,may] or ,j\le1 ( ,helmholtz's great memoir1 ,ub] die ,erhaltung d] ,kraft1 foll[$ imm$iately 7#ahdh-aheb7 by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! sci5ce ( !rmodynamics 7q4v471 ma9ly by ,r4 ,clausius & ,"l ,kelv9 on ! basis ( ,c>not's pr9ciple 7#ahbd71 modifi$ 9 expression s z to be consi/5t ) ! cons]vation ( en]gy 7see ,,en]getics74 ,?\gh we c conv]t ! :ole ( ! en]gy possess$ by any me*anical sy/em into heat1 x is n 9 our p[] to p]=m ! inv]se op]ation1 & to utilize ! :ole ( ! heat 9 do+ me*anical "w4 ,?us we see t diff]5t =ms ( en]gy are n equally valuable = conv]sion into "w4 ,! ratio ( ! portion ( ! en]gy ( a sy/em :i* c "u giv5 conditions be conv]t$ into me*anical "w to ! :ole am\nt ( en]gy op]at$ ^u may be call$ ! availability ( ! en]gy4 ,if a sy/em be remov$ f all communication ) any?+ outside ( itself1 ! :ole am\nt ( en]gy possess$ by x w rema9 con/ant1 b w ( its own accord t5d to und]go su* trans=mations z w dim9i% its availability4 ,?is g5]al law1 kn[n z ! pr9ciple ( ! dissipation ( en]gy1 0 fir/ adequately po9t$ out by ,"l ,kelv9 9 #aheb2 & 0 appli$ by him to "s ( ! pr9cipal problems ( cosmical physics4 ,?\gh controll+ all ph5om5a ( :i* we h any exp]i5ce1 ! pr9ciple ( ! dissipation ( en]gy re/s on a v diff]5t f\ndation f t ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy2 = :ile we may conceive ( no means ( circumv5t+ ! latt] pr9ciple1 x seems t ! actions ( intellig5t be+s are subject to ! =m] only 9 consequ5ce ( ! rud5ess ( ! ma*9]y :i* !y h at _! disposal = controll+ ! behavi\r ( ^? ultimate portions ( matt]1 9 virtue ( ! motions or positions ( :i* ! en]gy ) :i* !y h to deal exi/s4 ,if we h a weight capable ( fall+ ?r\gh a c]ta9 di/ance1 we c employ ! mutual =ces ( ! sy/em consi/+ ( ! e>? & weight to d an am\nt ( useful "w :i* is less ?an ! full am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy possess$ by ! sy/em only 9 consequ5ce ( ! friction ( ! con/ra9ts1 s t ! limit ( availability 9 ?is case is det]m9$ only by ! friction :i* is unavoidable4 ,"h we h to deal ) a trans=mation ) :i* we c grapple1 & :i* c be controll$ = our purposes4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we h to deal ) a sy/em ( molecules ( ^: motions 9 ! aggregate we become consci\s only by indirect means1 :ile we "k absolutely no?+ ei!r ( ! motions or positions ( any individual molecule1 x is obvi\s t we _c grasp s+le molecules & control _! movem5ts s z to d]ive ! full am\nt ( "w f ! sy/em4 ,all we c d 9 su* cases is to place ! sy/em "u c]ta9 conditions ( trans=mation1 & be cont5t ) ! am\nt ( "w :i* x is1 z x 71 will+ to r5d] up "u ^? conditions4 ,?us ! pr9ciple ( ,c>not involves ! conclusion t a great] proportion ( ! heat possess$ by a body at a high temp]ature c be conv]t$ into "w ?an 9 ! case ( an equal quantity ( heat possess$ by a body at a l[ temp]ature1 s t ! availability ( heat increases ) ! temp]ature4 ,cl]k ,maxwell suppos$ two comp>tm5ts1 ,a & ,b1 to be fill$ ) gas at ! same temp]ature1 & to be sep>at$ by an ideal1 inf9itely ?9 p>tition conta9+ a numb] ( exce$+ly small trap-doors1 ea* ( :i* c\ld be op5$ or clos$ )\t any exp5diture ( en]gy4 ,an intellig5t creature1 or demon1 possess$ ( unlimit$ p[]s ( vision1 is plac$ 9 *>ge ( ea* door1 ) in/ructions to op5 ! door :5ev] a p>ticle 9 ,a comes t[>ds x ) m ?an a c]ta9 velocity ,v1 & to keep x clos$ aga9/ all p>ticles 9 ,a mov+ ) less ?an ?is velocity1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 to op5 ! door :5ev] a p>ticle 9 ,b approa*es x ) less ?an a c]ta9 velocity v1 :i* is n great] ?an ,v1 & to keep x clos$ aga9/ all p>ticles 9 ,b mov+ ) a great] velocity ?an ?is4 ,by cont9u+ ?is process e unit ( mass :i* ent]s ,b w c>ry ) x m en]gy ?an ea* unit :i* leaves ,b1 & h5ce ! temp]ature ( ! gas 9 ,b w be rais$ & t ( ! gas 9 ,a l[]$1 :ile no heat is lo/ & no en]gy exp5d$2 s t by ! application ( intellig5ce alone a portion ( gas ( uni=m pressure & temp]ature may be sift$ into two p>ts1 9 :i* bo? ! temp]ature & ! pressure are diff]5t1 & f :i*1 !re=e1 "w c be obta9$ at ! exp5se ( heat4 ,?is %[s t ! pr9ciple ( ! dissipation ( en]gy has control ov] ! actions ( ^? ag5ts only ^: faculties are too gross to enable !m to grapple individually ) ! m9ute portions ( matt] :i* are ! seat ( en]gy4 ,9 #ahge ,"l ,rayleigh publi%$ an inve/igation on ! "w :i* may be ga9$ dur+ ! mix+ ( gases4 ,9 ! preface he /ates ! position t :5ev]1 !n1 two gases are all[$ to mix )\t ! p]=mance ( "w1 !re is dissipation ( en]gy1 & an opportunity ( do+ "w at ! exp5se ( l[ temp]ature heat has be5 = ev] lo/4 ,he %[s t ! am\nt ( "w obta9able is equal to t :i* c be done by ! fir/ gas 9 exp&+ into ! space occupi$ by ! second 7suppos$ vacu\s7 toge!r ) t done by ! second 9 exp&+ into ! space occupi$ by ! fir/4 ,9 ! exp]im5t imag9$ by ,"l ,rayleigh a por\s diaphragm takes ! place ( ! p>tition & trap-doors imag9$ by ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & ! molecules sort !mselves automatically on acc\nt ( ! diff]5ce 9 _! av]age velocities = ! two gases4 ,:5 ! pressure on "o side ( ! diaphragm ?us becomes great] ?an t on ! o!r1 "w may be done at ! exp5se ( heat 9 pu%+ ! diaphragm1 & ! op]ation c>ri$ on ) cont9ual ga9 ( "w until ! gases are uni=mly diffus$4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ?is exp]im5t & ! op]ation imag9$ by ,maxwell1 t :5 ! gases h diffus$ ! exp]im5t _c be repeat$2 & x is no m contr>y to ! dissipation ( en]gy ?an is ! fact t "w may be d]iv$ at ! exp5se ( heat :5 a gas exp&s into a vacuum1 = ! work+ sub/ance is n f9ally re/or$ to its orig9al condition2 :ile ,maxwell's demons may op]ate )\t limit4 ,9 su* exp]im5ts ! molecul> en]gy ( a gas is conv]t$ into "w only 9 virtue ( ! molecules be+ sep>at$ into classes 9 :i* _! velocities are diff]5t1 & ^! classes !n all[$ to act ^u "o ano!r ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( a suitable heat-eng9e4 ,?is sort+ c occur spontane\sly to a limit$ ext5t2 :ile if we c\ld c>ry x out z f> z we pleas$ we might trans=m ! :ole ( ! heat ( a body into "w4 ,! !oretical availability ( heat is limit$ only by our p[] ( br++ ^? p>ticles ^: motions con/itute heat 9 bodies to re/ relatively to "o ano!r2 & we h precisely simil> practical limits to ! availability ( ! en]gy due to ! motion ( visible & tangible bodies1 ?\gh !oretically we c !n trace all ! /ages4 ,if a batt]y ( electromotive =ce ,e ma9ta9 a curr5t ,c 9 a conductor1 & no o!r electromotive =ce exi/ 9 ! circuit1 ! :ole ( ! "w done w be conv]t$ into heat1 & ! am\nt ( "w done p] second w be ,,ec4 ,if ,r d5ote ! resi/ance ( ! :ole circuit1 ,e ,,cr1 & ! heat g5]at$ p] second is ,c#b,r4 ,if ! curr5t drive an electromagnetic eng9e1 ! reaction ( ! eng9e w produce an electromotive =ce oppos+ ! curr5t4 ,suppose ! curr5t to be ?us r$uc$ to ,c'4 ,!n ! "w done by ! batt]y p] second w be ,,ec' or ,,cc',r1 :ile ! heat g5]at$ p] second w be ,c'#b,r1 s t we h ! diff]5ce 7,c-,c'7,c',r = ! en]gy consum$ 9 driv+ ! eng9e4 ,! ratio ( ?is to ! :ole "w done by ! batt]y is 7,c-,c'7_/,c1 s t ! effici5cy is increas$ by dim9i%+ ,c'4 ,if we c\ld drive ! eng9e s fa/ z to r$uce ,c' to z]o1 ! :ole ( ! en]gy ( ! batt]y w\ld be available1 no heat be+ produc$ 9 ! wires1 b ! horse-p[] ( ! eng9e w\ld be indef9itely small4 ,! reason :y ! :ole ( ! en]gy ( ! curr5t is n available is t heat mu/ always be g5]at$ 9 a wire 9 :i* a f9ite curr5t is fl[+1 s t1 9 ! case ( a batt]y 9 :i* ! :ole ( ! en]gy ( *emical aff9ity is employ$ 9 produc+ a curr5t1 ! availability ( ! en]gy is limit$ only on acc\nt ( ! resi/ance ( ! conductors1 & may be increas$ by dim9i%+ ?is resi/ance4 ,! availability ( ! en]gy ( electrical sep>ation 9 a *>g$ ,leyd5 j> is also limit$ only by ! resi/ance ( conductors1 9 virtue ( :i* an am\nt ( heat is necess>ily produc$1 :i* is great] ! less ! "t occupi$ 9 dis*>g+ ! j>4 ,! availability ( ! en]gy ( magnetization is limit$ by ! co]cive =ce ( ! magnetiz$ mat]ial1 9 virtue ( :i* any *ange 9 ! int5sity ( magnetization is accompani$ by ! production ( heat4 ,9 all cases !re is a g5]al t5d5cy = o!r =ms ( en]gy to be trans=m$ into heat on acc\nt ( ! friction ( r\gh surfaces1 ! resi/ance ( conductors1 or simil> causes1 & ?us to lose availability4 ,9 "s cases1 z :5 heat is conv]t$ into ! k9etic en]gy ( mov+ ma*9]y or ! pot5tial en]gy ( rais$ weights1 !re is an asc5t ( en]gy f ! less available =m ( heat to ! m available =m ( me*anical en]gy1 b 9 all cases ?is is accompani$ by ! transf] ( o!r heat f a body at a high temp]ature to "o at a l[] temp]ature1 ?us los+ availability to an ext5t t m ?an comp5sates = ! rise4 ,x is practically important to consid] ! rate at :i* en]gy may be trans=m$ into useful "w1 or ! horse-p[] ( ! ag5t4 ,x g5]ally happ5s t to obta9 ! greate/ possible am\nt ( "w f a giv5 supply ( en]gy1 & to obta9 x at ! greate/ rate1 are conflict+ int]e/s4 ,we h se5 t ! effici5cy ( an electromagnetic eng9e is greate/ :5 ! curr5t is indef9itely small1 & !n ! rate at :i* x works is also indef9itely small4 ,m4,h4 von ,jacobi %[$ t = a giv5 electromotive =ce 9 ! batt]y ! horse-p[] is greate/ :5 ! curr5t is r$uc$ to "o-half ( :at x w\ld be if ! eng9e 7 at re/4 ,a simil> condition obta9s 9 ! /eam-eng9e1 9 :i* a great rate ( work+ necessitates ! dissipation ( a l>ge am\nt ( en]gy4 7,w4 ,g42 ,j4 ,l4997 ,,enfant91 ,,b>!lemy ,,prosp] 7#agif-ahfd71 ,fr5* social re=m]1 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,sa9t-,simonism1 0 born at ,p>is on ! #h? ( ,febru>y #agif4 ,he 0 ! son ( a bank] ( ,dauph9y1 & aft] receiv+ 8 e>ly education at a lyceum1 0 s5t 9 #ahac to ! ,ecole ,polyte*nique4 ,9 ,m>* #ahad he 0 "o ( ! b& ( /ud5ts :o1 on ! heights ( ,montm>tre & ,sa9t-,*aumont1 attempt$ resi/ance to ! armies ( ! allies !n engag$ 9 ! inve/m5t ( ,p>is4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is outbreak ( patriotic en?usiasm1 ! s*ool 0 soon aft] clos$ by ,l\is ,,xviii41 & ! "y /ud5t 0 compell$ to seek "s o!r c>e] in/ead ( t ( ! soldi]4 ,he fir/ engag$ himself to a c\ntry w9e m]*ant1 = :om he travell$ 9 ,g]many1 ,russia & ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,9 #ahba he ent]$ a bank+-h\se newly e/abli%$ at ,/ ,pet]sburg1 b return$ two ye>s lat] to ,p>is1 :]e he 0 appo9t$ ca%i] to ! ,caisse ,hypo!caire4 ,at ! same "t he became a memb] ( ! secret society ( ! ,c>bon>i4 ,9 #ahbe a new turn 0 giv5 to 8 ?\ghts & 8 life by ! fri5d%ip :i* he =m$ ) ,ol9de ,rodriguez1 :o introduc$ him to ,sa9t-,simon4 ,he embrac$ ! new doctr9es ) ard\r1 & by #ahbi _h become "o ( ! ackn[l$g$ heads ( ! sect 7see ,,sa9t-,,simon74 ,aft] ! ,revolution ( #ahcj ,enfant9 resign$ 8 (fice ( ca%i]1 & devot$ himself :olly to 8 cause4 ,besides contribut+ to ! ,globe newspap]1 he made appeals to ! p by sy/ematic prea*+1 & organiz$ c5tres ( action 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal cities ( ,france4 ,! headqu>t]s 9 ,p>is 7 remov$ f ! mode/ rooms 9 ! ,rue ,t>anne1 & e/abli%$ 9 l>ge halls ne> ! ,b\lev>d ,itali54 ,enfant9 & ,baz>d 7q4v47 7 proclaim$ ,p]es ,supremes4 ,?is union ( ! supreme fa!rs1 h[ev]1 0 only nom9al4 ,a div]g5ce 0 already manife/1 :i* rapidly increas$ to s]i\s diff]5ce & diss5sion4 ,baz>d _h devot$ himself to political re=m1 ,enfant9 to social & moral *ange2 ,baz>d 0 organiz] & gov]nor1 ,enfant9 0 tea*] & consol]2 ! =m] attract$ rev]5ce1 ! latt] love4 ,a hopeless antagonism arose betwe5 !m1 :i* 0 wid5$ by ,enfant9's ann\ncem5t ( 8 !ory ( ! relation ( man & woman1 :i* w\ld sub/itute = ! tyranny ( m>riage a sy/em ( free love4 ,baz>d n[ sep>at$ f 8 colleague1 & 9 8 )drawal 0 foll[$ by all ^? ^: *ief aim 0 philosophical & political4 ,enfant9 ?us became sole fa!r1 & ! few :o 7 *iefly attract$ by 8 religi\s pret5sions & aims /ill adh]$ to him4 ,new conv]ts jo9$ !m1 & ,enfant9 assum$ t 8 foll[]s 9 ,france numb]$ #dj1jjj4 ,he wore on 8 brea/ a badge ) 8 title ( ,p]e1 0 spok5 ( by 8 prea*]s z ! liv+ law1 decl>$1 & probably believ$1 himself to be ! *os5 ( ,god1 & s5t out emiss>ies 9 a que/ ( a woman pr$e/9$ to be ! female ,messiah1 & ! "m ( a new ,savi\r4 ,! que/ 0 v co/ly & altoge!r fruitless4 ,no su* woman 0 discov]able4 ,mean:ile believ]s 9 ,enfant9 & 8 new religion 7 multiply+ 9 all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,8 extravagances & success at l5g? br\ght d[n ^u him ! h& ( ! law4 ,public morality 0 9 p]il1 & 9 ,may #ahcb ! halls ( ! new sect 7 clos$ by ! gov]nm5t1 & ! fa!r1 ) "s ( 8 foll[]s1 appe>$ be=e ! tribunals4 ,he n[ retir$ to 8 e/ate at ,m5ilmontant1 ne> ,p>is1 :]e ) =ty disciples1 all ( !m m51 he cont9u$ to c>ry out 8 sociali/ic views4 ,9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye> he 0 aga9 arre/$1 & on 8 appe>ance 9 c\rt he desir$ 8 def5ce to be und]tak5 by two wom5 :o 7 ) him1 alleg+ t ! matt] 0 ( special conc]n to wom54 ,?is 0 ( c\rse refus$4 ,! trial occupi$ two days & result$ 9 a v]dict ( guilty1 & a s5t5ce ( imprisonm5t = a ye> ) a small f9e4 ,?is prosecution f9ally discr$it$ ! new society4 ,enfant9 0 releas$ 9 a few mon?s1 & !n1 accompani$ by "s ( 8 foll[]s1 he w5t to ,egypt4 ,he /ay$ !re two ye>s1 & might h ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! vic]oy if he w\ld h pr(ess$ himself1 z a few ( 8 fri5ds did1 a ,mahomm$an4 ,on 8 return to ,france1 a sadd] & practically a wis] man1 he settl$ d[n to v prosaic "w4 ,he became fir/ a po/ma/] ne> ,lyons1 & 9 #ahda 0 appo9t$1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( "s ( 8 fri5ds :o _h ris5 to po/s ( p[]1 memb] ( a sci5tific commission on ,alg]ia1 :i* l$ him to engage 9 rese>*es conc]n+ ,nor? ,africa & colonization 9 g5]al4 9 #ahde he 0 appo9t$ a director ( ! ,p>is ,lyons railway4 ,?ree ye>s lat] he e/abli%$1 9 conjunction ) ,duveyri]1 a daily j\rnal1 entitl$ ,le ,cr$it1 :i* 0 discont9u$ 9 #ahej4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds atta*$ to ! adm9i/ration ( ! railway f ,lyons to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,fa!r ,enfant9 held fa/ by 8 ideal to ! end1 b he _h r5\nc$ ! hope ( giv+ x a local habitation & a "n 9 ! deg5]ate ob/9ate _w4 ,8 p]sonal influ5ce ov] ^? :o associat$ ) him 0 imm5se4 ,he 0 a man ( a noble pres5ce1 ) f9ely =m$ & expressive features4 ,he 0 g5tle & ins9uat+ 9 mann]1 & possess$ a calm1 graceful & w9n+ deliv]y 7,g5t4 ,mag41 ,jan4 #ahfe74 ,8 evid5t s9c]ity1 8 g5u9e en?usiasm1 gave him 8 m>vell\s asc5dancy4 ,n a few ( 8 disciples rank$ aft]w>ds among/ ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 ( ,france4 ,he di$ sudd5ly at ,p>is on ! #a/ ( ,septemb] #ahfd4 ,among/ 8 works are--,doctr9e de ,sa9t-,simon 7writt5 9 conjunction ) sev]al ( 8 foll[]s71 publi%$ 9 #ahcj1 & sev]al times republi%$2 ,economie politique et politique ,sa9t-,simoni5ne 7#ahca72 ,correspondance politique 7#ahce-ahdj72 ,corresp4 philos4 et religieuse 7#ahdc-ahde72 & ,la ,vie et]nelle passee1 pres5te1 future 7#ahfa74 ,a l>ge numb] ( articles by 8 h& appe>$ 9 ,le ,producteur1 ,l',organisateur1 ,le ,globe1 & o!r p]iodicals4 ,he also wrote 9 #ahcb ,le ,livre n\veau1 int5d$ z a sub/itute = ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures1 b x 0 n publi%$4 ,see ,g4 ,weill1 ,l',ecole ,sa9t-,simoni5ne1 son hi/oire1 son influ5ce1 jusqu' a nos j\rs 7,p>is1 #ahif74 ,,enfidaville ,d>-el-,bey1 a t[n ( ,tunisia1 on ! railway betwe5 ,tunis & ,susa1 #cj m4 ,n4,e4 ( ! la/-nam$ place & #e m4 inl& f ! ,gulf ( ,hammamet4 ,enfidaville is ! *ief settlem5t on ! ,enfida e/ate1 a prop]ty ( ov] #cjj1jjj acres 9 ! ,sahel di/rict ( ,tunisia1 =m+ a rectangle betwe5 ! t[ns ( ,hammamet1 ,susa1 ,kairawan & ,zaghwan4 ,on ?is e/ate1 devot$ to ! cultivation ( c]eals1 olives1 v9es & to pa/urage1 are colonies ( ,europeans & natives4 ,at ,enfidaville1 :]e 01 z its native "n indicates1 a palace ( ! beys ( ,tunis1 !re is a l>ge horse-bre$+ e/abli%m5t & a mu*-frequ5t$ weekly m>ket4 ,ab\t #e m4 ,n4 ( ,enfidaville is ,h5%ir ,fraga 7anc4 ,upp5na71 :]e are ru9s ( a l>ge =tress & ( a *ur* 9 :i* 7 f\nd mosaics ) epitaphs ( v>i\s bi%ops & m>tyrs4 ,! ,enfida e/ate 0 grant$ by ! bey ,mahomm$-es-,sadok to 8 *ief m9i/] ,khair$d9 ,pa%a 7q4v47 9 return = ! confirmation by ! sultan ( ,turkey 9 #ahga1 ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( ! pa%a1 ( ! "r ( succession to ! beylik ( memb]s ( ,es-,sadok's family4 ,:51 "s ye>s lat]1 ,khair$d9 left ,tunisia = ,con/ant9ople he sold ! e/ate to a ,m>seilles company1 :i* resold x to ! ,societe ,franco-africa9e4 ,,enfield1 a t[n%ip ( ,h>t=d c\nty1 ,connecticut1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 ! ,n4 "p ( ! /ate1 on ! ,e4 bank ( ! ,connecticut riv]1 #bj m4 ,n4 ( ,h>t=d4 ,x has an area ( #ce sq4 m41 ) ?ree villages--,?ompsonville1 ,haz>dville & ,enfield4 ,pop4 7#ahij7 #gaii2 7#aijj7 #ffii 7#ahab =eign-born72 7#aiaj7 #igai4 ,its pr9cipal manufactures are gunp[d]1 c>pets1 brick1 cotton press ma*9]y1 & c(f9 h>dw>e4 ,9 ,enfield & its vic9ity mu* tobacco is gr[n4 ,fir/ settl$ 9 #afgi1 ,enfield 0 a "p ( ! t[n%ip ( ,spr+field1 ,massa*usetts1 until #afhc1 :5 x 0 made a sep>ate t[n%ip2 9 #agdi x became a "p ( ,connecticut4 ,at a t[n meet+ on ! #aa? ( ,july #aggd x 0 resolv$ t a firm & inviolable union ( our colonies is absolutely necess>y = ! def5ce ( our civil rights1 & t ! mo/ effectual measures to defeat ! ma*9ations ( ! enemies ( ,8 ,maje/y's gov]nm5t & ! lib]ties ( ,am]ica is to break (f all comm]cial int]c\rse ) ,great ,brita9 & ! ,we/ ,indies until ^! oppressive acts = rais+ a rev5ue 9 ,am]ica are repeal$4 ,a ,%ak] community 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! t[n%ip 9 #agha1 at :at is n[ call$ ,%ak] ,/ation4 ,see ,francis ,olcutt ,all51 ,hi/ory ( ,enfield 7,lanca/]1 ,pa41 #aijj74 ,,enfield1 a m>ket t[n 9 ! ,enfield p>liam5t>y division ( ,middlesex1 ,engl&1 #aa m4 ,n4 ( ,london ,bridge1 on ! ,great ,nor!rn & ,great ,ea/]n railways4 ,pop4 ( urban di/rict1 7#ahia7 #ca1ecf1 7#aija7 #db1gch4 ,x is picturesquely situat$ on ! we/]n slope ( ! ,lea valley1 ) a consid]able ext5sion t[>ds ! riv]1 ma9ly consi/+ ( artisans' dwell+s 7,*ur*bury1 ,pond]'s ,end1 & ,enfield ,highway on ! ,old ,nor? ,road74 ,great numb]s ( villas occupi$ by ^? ^: "w lies 9 ,london h gr[n up2 & _m ( ! inhabitants are employ$ 9 ! ,royal ,small ,arms factory at ,enfield ,lock4 ,! *ur* ( ,/ ,&rew is ma9ly ,p]p5dicul>1 b has ,e>ly ,engli% portions2 x conta9s sev]al anci5t monum5ts & brasses1 & flanks ! m>ket-place1 ) its mod]n cross4 ,enfield ,palace fronts ! ,high ,/reet2 x reta9s portions ( ! build+ ( ,edw>d ,,vi41 b has be5 greatly alt]$4 ,! gramm] s*ool1 ne> ! *ur*1 0 f\nd$ 9 #aeeg4 ,! ,new ,riv] fl[s ?r\gh ! p>i%1 & ,sir ,hugh ,myddleton1 its projector1 0 = "s "t resid5t "h4 ,middleton ,h\se1 nam$ aft] him1 is "o ( sev]al f9e mansions 9 ! vic9ity4 ,( ^!1 ,=ty ,hall1 9 spl5didly timb]$ gr\nds1 is f ! designs ( ,inigo ,jones2 & a =m] mansion occupy+ ! site ( ,:ite ,webbs ,h\se 0 suspect$ z ! sc5e ( ! hat*+ ( ,gunp[d] ,plot4 ,! p>i% is ( great ext5t 7#ab1fec acres74 ,an ,anglo-,saxon d]ivation1 signify+ =e/ cle>+1 is indicat$ = ! "n4 ,enfield ,*ase 0 a royal pres]ve1 disaf=e/$ 9 #aggg4 ,! pr9cipal manor ( ,enfield1 :i* 0 held by ,asg>1 ,edw>d ! ,confessor's ma/] ( horse1 0 9 ! h&s ( ! ,norman b>on ,ge(frey de ,m&eville at ! "t ( ,domesday1 & belong$ to ! ,bohun family 9 ! #ab? & #ac? c5turies4 ,x came1 by succession & m>riage1 into ! possession ( ! cr[n "u ,h5ry ,,iv41 & 0 includ$ 9 ! du*y ( ,lanca/]4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 sev5 o!r manors1 & ( ^! "o1 ,worce/]s1 came to ! cr[n 9 ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 ^: *ildr5 resid$ at ! manor-h\se1 ,elsynge ,hall4 ,edw>d ,,vi41 settl+ bo? manors ^u ! pr9cess ,elizabe?1 rebuilt ,enfield ,palace = h]4 ,%e 0 a frequ5t resid5t "h n only be=e b aft] h] accession to ! ?rone4 ,ab\t #affd ! palace 0 occupi$ z a s*ool by ,rob]t ,uv$ale 7#afdb-agbb71 :o 0 also an em95t horticulturi/1 plant$ ! magnific5t c$> /ill /&+ 9 ! palace gr\nds1 & =m$ a h]b>ium n[ 9 ! ,sloane collection at ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,! t[n receiv$ grants ( m>kets f ,edw>d ,i4 & ,james ,i4 ,,enfilade 7a ,fr5* ^w1 f enfil]1 to ?read1 & s to pass ?r\gh f end to end71 a milit>y t]m us$ to express ! direction ( fire along an enemy's l9e1 or p>apet4 ,?is species ( fire is mo/ demoraliz+ & de/ructive1 s9ce1 f its direction1 v few guns or rifles c be br\ght to be> to meet x4 ,if any consid]able body ( m5 *anges front1 x imm$iately lays itself op5 to enfilade f ! enemy :om x orig9ally fac$4 ,aga9/ entr5*m5ts1 or ! p>apets ( =tifications1 enfilade is /ill m effective1 z ! enemy is depriv$ ( ! protection giv5 by 8 works & is no bett] cov]$ ?an if he 7 9 ! op54 ,banks ( e>?1 built p]p5dicul> to ! l9e ( def5ce 7call$ trav]ses71 are usually employ$ to protect p>apets or tr5*es aga9/ enfilade4 ,,engad9e 7,g]4 ,engad92 ,ital4 ,engad9a2 ,lad91 ,engiad9a71 ! "n ( ! upp] or ,swiss portion ( ! valley ( ! ,inn1 :i* =ms "p ( ! ,swiss canton ( ! ,grisons4 ,its l5g? by c>riage road f ! ,maloja plateau 7#eice ft47 at its s\?-we/]n end to ,m>t9sbruck 7#cdjf ft47 at its nor?-ea/]n extremity is ab\t #ei m4 ,x is to be not$ t up to & includ+ ,/ ,moritz 7#fjcg ft41 ! highe/7 all ! villages 7save ,sils-,baseglia7 at its s\?-we/]n end are high] ?an ! ,maloja plateau itself4 ,! upp]mo/ portion ( ! valley conta9s sev]al lakes1 :i*1 z "o desc5ds1 gradually dim9i% 9 size1 ^? ( ,sils1 ,silvaplana & ,/ ,moritz4 ,b bo? ! ,maloja plateau & ! s\?-we/]n half ( ! lake ( ,sils belong to ! commune ( ,/ampa 9 ! ,val ,bregaglia1 & are includ$ 9 ! ,bregaglia adm9i/rative di/rict1 s t1 f a political po9t ( view1 ,sils is ! fir/ village t is includ$ 9 ! ,engad9e4 ,! re/ ( ! ,engad9e =ms ! di/ricts ( ! ,upp] ,engad9e ) elev5 communes1 & ( ! ,inn 7i4e4 ! ,l[] ,engad9e71 subdivid$ into ! ,ob ,tasna1 ,remus1 & ,unt] ,tasna circles1 & conta9+ twelve communes4 ,9 #aijj ! total population ( ! ,engad9e 0 #aa1gab1 ( :om #edbi 7 9 ! ,upp] ,engad9e & #fbhc 9 ! ,l[] ,engad9e4 ,9 po9t ( religion #heid 7 ,prote/ants 7#dibc 9 ! ,l[] ,engad9e & #cfga 9 ! ,upp] ,engad9e71 & #cjhf ,romani/s 7#agbh 9 ! ,upp] ,engad9e & #aceh 9 ! ,l[] ,engad9e71 :ile !re 7 #ab ,jews 9 ! ,upp] ,engad9e & #b 9 ! ,l[] ,engad9e3 9 ! ,upp] ,engad9e ! majority 9 ea* commune 0 ,prote/ant 7! ,romani/s /ronge/ 9 ,/ ,moritz71 z also 9 ! case ( ! ,l[] ,engad9e1 save ,t>asp & ,samnaun1 :]e ! ,romani/s prevail4 ,9 po9t ( language #gfji inhabitants 7#ejaj 9 ! ,l[] ,engad9e & #beii 9 ! ,upp] ,engad9e7 spoke ! curi\s ,lad9 dialect 7a survival ( a primitive ,romance tongue71 & #bbba ,g]man 7#abfe 9 ! ,upp] ,engad9e & #ief 9 ! ,l[] ,engad9e74 ,! capital ( ! ,upp] ,engad9e is ,samad5 7#ifg inhabitants71 & t ( ! ,l[] ,engad9e1 ,s*uls 7#aaag inhabitants74 ,9 #aijh !re 7 no railways 9 ! ,engad9e1 save ab\t #h m4 7f ! m\? ( ! tunnel pa/ ,bev]s & ,samad5 to ,/ ,moritz village7 ( ! railway pi]c$ 7#ahih-aijb7 b5ea? 7#eihg ft47 ! ,albula ,pass 7#geie ft471 :i* n[ af=ds ! easie/ means ( access f ,coire to ,/ ,moritz 7#ef m472 b _m railways 9 & to ! ,engad9e h be5 plann$4 ,! valley is rea*$ by _m passes 7ov] :i* excell5t c>riage roads 7 con/ruct$ #ahbj-ahgb74 ,! ,maloja 7#eice ft47 is ! r\te f ,*iav5na & ! ,lake ( ,como to ! ,upp] ,engad9e1 :i* is also rea*$ f ,coire by ! ,juli] 7#gejd ft47 & ! ,albula ,passes 7#geie ft47 z well z f ,tirano 9 ! ,valtell9a by ! ,b]n9a ,pass 7#gfde ft474 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,l[] ,engad9e is accessible f ,davos ov] ! ,fluela ,pass 7#ghch ft47 & f ,mals at ! head ( ! ,adige valley 7or ! ,v9ts*gau7 by ! ,(5 ,pass 7#gjga ft471 :ile f ,m>t9sbruck1 ! la/ ,swiss village1 a c>riage road leads up to ,naud]s 7#e m471 :5ce x is #bg m4 by road d[n ! ,inn valley to ,l&eck on ! ,arlb]g railway1 or #ag-a_/b m4 ov] ! ,res*5 ,s*eideck ,pass 7#dijb ft47 to ,mals 9 ! ,v9ts*gau4 ,! ,upp] ,engad9e consi/s ( a long1 /raight1 ne>ly level tr\gh ( #bf m41 v>y+ f a mile to half a mile 9 bread?1 ?r\gh :i* fl[s ! ,inn4 ,on ! s\?-ea/ ?is tr\gh is limit$ by ! l(ty glaci]-clad ,b]n9a gr\p 7culm9at+ 9 ! ,piz ,b]n9a1 #ac1cjd ft47 & ! range ris+ betwe5 ! ,inn valley & t ( ,livigno to ! s\?-ea/1 :ile on ! nor?-we/ ! b\nd>y is ! ext5sive ,albula gr\p 7culm9at+ 9 ,piz ,kes*1 #aa1bbh ft474 ,! ,l[] ,engad9e is f> m picturesque & romantic ?an ! ,upp] ,engad9e1 ! ,inn valley be+ "h mu* n>r[] & ! fall great]4 ,on its nor?-we/ rises ! la/ bit ( ! ,albula gr\p 7culm9at+ 9 ,piz ,vadret1 #aj1ehd ft471 & on ! nor? ! ,silvretta gr\p 7culm9at+ 9 ,piz ,l9>d1 #aa1bja ft471 :ile to ! ea/ & s\? are ! ranges on ei!r side ( ! ,(5 ,pass 7culm9at+ 9 ,piz ,sesv5na1 #aj1efh ft474 ,9 ! ,upp] ,engad9e ! villages are on ! floor ( ! valley1 b 9 ! ,l[] ,engad9e _m are p]*$ high above ! b$ ( ! riv] on t]races1 & are cut (f f ea* o!r by deep rav9es4 ,! ,upp] ,engad9e is f> bett] kn[n to =eign visitors ?an ! ,l[] ,engad9e1 & is consequ5tly mu* ri*] & m prosp]\s4 ,! m9]al wat]s ( ,/ ,moritz 7q4v47 7 kn[n & employ$ 9 ! #af? c5tury1 & long =m$ ! great attraction ( ! region4 ,b ab\t ! middle ( ! #ai? c5tury ! ,upp] ,engad9e came into fa%ion z a great air-cure1 & n[ ,maloja1 ,sils1 ,silvaplana1 ,campf] & ,/ ,moritz are all well kn[n2 ^? :o desire to explore ! glaci]s ( ! ,b]n9a gr\p mo/ly resort to ,pontres9a1 on ! ,flatzba*1 ! /ream desc5d+ f ! ,b]n9a ,pass4 ,yet1 ow+ to its great elevation1 ! sc5]y ( ! ,upp] ,engad9e has a bleak1 nor!rn aspect4 ,p9es & l>*es alone fl\ri%1 g>d5 vegetables are gr[n only 9 sunny spots1 & !re is no tillage4 ,! ,alp9e flora is v ri* & v>i$4 ,b sn[ falls ev5 9 ,augu/1 & ! climate is well describ$ 9 ! prov]b1 n9e mon?s w9t]1 & ?ree mon?s cold wea!r4 ,! villages are built entirely ( /one 7z also 9 ! ,l[] ,engad9e71 *iefly to gu>d aga9/ de/ructive fires t 7 =m]ly frequ5t 9 ?is n>r[1 w9d-swept valley4 ,! weal? ( ! inhabitants consi/s 9 _! hay mead[s & pa/ures4 ,! l[] pa/ures support l>ge h]ds ( c[s1 :ile ! high] are let out 79 bo? p>ts ( ! valley7 to ,b]gamasque %eph]ds1 :o come ?i!r e summ] ) _! flocks4 ,9 ! ,l[] ,engad9e ! *ief attraction is =m$ by ! m9]al spr+s at ,s*uls bel[ ,t>asp1 :i* are mu* frequ5t$ dur+ ! summ]4 ,! wild gorge ( ,f9/]munz sep>ates ! la/ ,swiss village1 ,m>t9sbruck1 f ! fir/ ,tirolese village1 ,pfunds1 ! gorge be+ passable only on foot1 :ile ! c>riage road makes a great det\r by way ( ,naud]s1 s t ! two villages nam$ are #ac m4 by road f ea* o!r4 ,! e>lie/ full description ( ! c\ntry by an ,engli% travell] is t by ,ar*deacon ,w4 ,coxe1 9 ,travels 9 ,switz]l& 7,london1 #aghi74 ,! ,upp] ,engad9e is n m5tion$ 9 au!ntic docum5ts till #aaci1 ! bi%op ( ,coire be+ !n ! great "l1 &1 f ! #ac? c5tury1 hav+ z 8 bailiffs ! family ( ,planta1 ! orig9al seat ( :i* 0 at ,zuz4 ,! valley obta9$ its fre$om f bo? 9 #adhf 7,planta7 & 9 #aebf1 :5 ! temporal p[]s ( ! bi%op 7 aboli%$4 ,9 #acfg x 7z well z ! bi%op's vassals 9 ! ,l[] ,engad9e7 jo9$ ! newly f\nd$ ,league ( ,god's ,h\se or ,gotte%ausbund 7see ,,grisons71 "o ( ! #c ,raetian ,leagues1 :i* la/$ till #agii-ahja1 :5 ! :ole ,engad9e became "p ( ,canton ,raetia ( ! ,helvetic ,republic1 :i*1 9 #ahjc1 alt]$ its "n to t ( ,grisons or ,graubund51 & !n fir/ ent]$ ! ,swiss ,conf$]ation4 ,9 ! ,upp] ,engad9e ! ,ref]5dum exi/$ z betwe5 ! diff]5t villages compos+ a bailiwick 7,ho*g]i*t74 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,l[] ,engad9e is = long q diff]5t4 ,?\gh always compris$ 9 ! diocese ( ,coire1 x =m$ f ! e>ly #i? c5tury onw>ds 7) ! ,v9ts*gau7 a sep>ate c\nty1 :i* 0 gradually absorb$ 9 t :i*1 lat]1 took ! "n ( ! c\nty ( ,tirol4 ,! limit betwe5 ! ,upp] ,engad9e & ! ,tirolese ,l[] ,engad9e 0 def9itively fix$ 9 #abhb at ! ,punt' ,ota 7! high bridge7 j above ,brail1 & m5tion$ 9 #aaci already4 ,9 #acfc ,tirol came into ! possession ( ! ,habsburg]s1 :o 7 tr\blesome neighb\rs bo? to ! ,upp] ,engad9e & to ! ,league ( ,god's ,h\se4 ,_! p[] 0 /emm$ 9 #adii at ! battle ( ! ,calv5 gorge 7above ,mals71 ?\gh x 0 only 9 #afeb t ! ,l[] ,engad9e b\ght up ! rema9+ rights ( ! ,habsburg]s4 ,b ! ca/le ( ,t>asp 7acquir$ by !m 9 #adfd7 0 except$3 ! lord%ip 0 giv5 by !m 9 #afhg to ! ,dietri*/e9 family1 & held by x till #ahja1 :5 ,au/ria c$$ x to ,france1 :i*1 9 #ahjc1 h&$ x ov] to ! ,swiss ,conf$]ation1 by :i* x 0 incorporat$ 9 #ahji ) ! ,canton ( ! ,grisons4 ,?is long connexion ) ,tirol acc\nts = ! fact t ,t>asp is /ill ma9ly ,romani/1 :ile ! lonely ,swiss valley ( ,samnaun 7above ,m>t9sbruck7 has giv5 up its ,prote/antism & its ,lad9 spee* ow+ to communications ) ,tirol be+ easi] ?an ) ,switz]l&4 ,! be>s 9 ! be> pit at ,b]n come f ! =e/s 9 ! l[] ,spol valley1 above ,z]nez1 9 ! ,l[] ,engad9e1 on ! way to ! ,(5 ,pass4 ,! upp] ,spol valley 7,livigno7 is ,italian 7see ,,valtell9a74 ,,au?orities4--,m4 ,caviezel1 ,das ,ob]5gad91 #g? edition 7,coire1 #ahif72 ,c4 ,decurtius1 ,ratoromanis*e ,*re/oma?ie1 vols4 v4-ix4 7,erlang51 #ahii-aijh71 deals ) ! two divisions ( ! ,engad9e f ! #af? c5tury to mod]n times2 ,mrs ,h4 ,fre%field1 ,a ,summ] ,t\r 9 ! ,grisons & ! ,italian ,valleys ( ! ,b]n9a 7,london1 #ahfb72 ,e4 ,imh(1 ,it9]>ium des ,s4,a4,c4 fur die ,albulagruppe 7,b]n1 #ahic71 & ,it9]>ium des ,s4,a4,c4 fur die ,silvretta- und ,(5passgruppe 7,m\nta9s ( ! ,l[] ,engad9e7 7,b]n1 #ahih72 ,e4 ,le*n]1 ,das ,ob]5gad9 9 d] ,v]gang5heit und ,geg5w>t 7,leipzig1 #aijj72 ,a4 ,lorria & ,e4,a4 ,m>tel1 ,le ,massif de la ,b]n9a 7complete monograph on ! ,upp] ,engad9e1 ) full bibliography7 7,zuri*1 #ahid72 ,p4,c4 von ,planta1 ,die ,curratis*5 ,h]rs*aft5 9 d] ,feudalzeit 7,b]n1 #ahha72 ,z4 & ,e4 ,pallioppi1 ,dizion>i dels ,idioms ,romaunts*s d',engiad9a ota e bassa1 c4 7,samad51 #ahie72 ,f4 de ,b4 ,/rickl&1 ,! ,engad9e1 #bnd edition 7,london & ,samad51 #ahia72 ,j4 ,ulri*1 ,ratoromanis*e ,*re/oma?ie1 vol4 ii4 7,halle1 #ahhb74 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,engag$ ,,column1 9 ar*itecture1 a =m ( column1 sometimes def9$ z semi or ?ree-qu>t] deta*$ accord+ to its projection2 ! t]m implies t ! column is p>tly atta*$ to a pi] or wall4 ,x is r>ely f\nd 9 ,greek "w1 & !n only 9 exceptional cases1 b x exi/s 9 pr(usion 9 ,roman ar*itecture4 ,9 ! temples x is atta*$ to ! cella walls4 repeat+ ! columns ( ! p]i/yle1 & 9 ! !atres & amphi!atres1 :]e !y subdivid$ ! ar*$ op5+s3 9 all ^! cases engag$ columns are utiliz$ z a decorative feature1 & z a rule ! same proportions are ma9ta9$ z if !y _h be5 isolat$ columns4 ,9 ,romanesque "w ! classic proportions are no long] adh]$ to2 ! engag$ column1 atta*$ to ! pi]s1 has always a special function to p]=m1 ei!r to support subsidi>y ar*es1 or1 rais$ to ! vault1 to c>ry its transv]se or diagonal ribs4 ,! same con/ructional object is foll[$ 9 ! e>li] ,go?ic /yles1 9 :i* !y become m]g$ into ! m\ld+s4 ,be+ virtually always ready made1 s f> z _! design is conc]n$1 !y 7 mu* affect$ by ! ,italian revivali/s4 ,,engel1 ,,ern/ 7#ahba-ahif71 ,g]man political economi/ & /ati/ician1 0 born 9 ,dresd5 on ! #ba/ ( ,m>* #ahba4 ,he /udi$ at ! fam\s m9+ academy ( ,freib]g1 9 ,saxony1 & on complet+ 8 curriculum travell$ 9 ,g]many & ,france4 ,imm$iately aft] ! revolution ( #ahdh he 0 atta*$ to ! royal commission 9 ,saxony appo9t$ to det]m9e ! relations betwe5 trade & lab\r4 ,9 #ahej he 0 direct$ by ! gov]nm5t to assi/ 9 ! organization ( ! ,g]man ,indu/rial ,exhibition ( ,leipzig 7! fir/ ( its k9d74 ,! success :i* cr[n$ 8 ef=ts 0 s great t 9 #ahed he 0 induc$ to ent] ! gov]nm5t s]vice1 z *ief ( ! newly in/itut$ /ati/ical dep>tm5t4 ,he retir$1 h[ev]1 f ! (fice 9 #aheh4 ,he f\nd$ at ,dresd5 ! fir/ ,mortgage ,insurance ,society 7,hypo!k5-,v]si*]ungsgesells*aft71 & z a result ( ! success ( 8 "w 0 summon$ 9 #ahfj to ,b]l9 z director ( ! /ati/ical dep>tm5t1 9 succession to ,k>l ,fri$ri* ,wilhelm ,diet]ici 7#agij-ahei74 ,9 8 new (fice he made himself a "n ( _w-wide reputation4 ,rais$ to ! rank ( ,geheim] ,regi]ungsrat1 he retir$ 9 #ahhb & liv$ h5ce=w>d 9 ,radebeul ne> ,dresd51 :]e he di$ on ! #h? ( ,decemb] #ahif4 ,engel 0 a volum9\s writ] on ! subjects ) :i* 8 "n is connect$1 b 8 /ati/ical pap]s are mo/ly publi%$ 9 ! p]iodicals :i* he himself e/abli%$1 viz4 ,preuss4 ,/ati/ik 79 #ahfa72 ,zeits*rift des ,/ati/is*5 ,bureaus1 & ,zeits*rift des ,/ati/is*5 ,bureaus des ,konigrei*s ,sa*s54 ,,engel1 ,,johann ,,jakob 7#agda-ahjb71 ,g]man au?or1 0 born at ,p>*im1 9 ,meckl5burg1 on ! #aa? ( ,septemb] #agda4 ,he /udi$ !ology at ,ro/ock & ,butz[1 & philosophy at ,leipzig1 :]e he took 8 doctor's degree4 ,9 #aggf he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( moral philosophy & belles-lettres 9 ! ,joa*im/al gymnasium at ,b]l91 & a few ye>s lat] he became tutor to ! cr[n pr9ce ( ,prussia1 aft]w>ds ,fr$]ick ,william ,,iii4 ,! lessons :i* he gave 8 royal pupil 9 e?ics & politics 7 publi%$ 9 #agih "u ! title ,fur/5spiegel1 & are a fav\rable specim5 ( 8 p[]s z a popul> philosophical writ]4 ,9 #aghg he 0 admitt$ a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,b]l91 & 9 ! same ye> he became director ( ! royal !atre1 an (fice he resign$ 9 #agid4 ,he di$ on ! #bh? ( ,june #ahjb4 ,besides num]\s dramas1 "s ( :i* _h a consid]able success1 ,engel wrote sev]al valuable books on ae/hetic subjects4 ,8 ,anfangsgrunde e9] ,!orie d] ,di*tungs>t5 7#aghc7 %[$ f9e ta/e & acute critical faculty if x lack$ imag9ation & poetic insight4 ,! same excell5ces & ! same defects 7 app>5t 9 8 ,ide5 zu e9] ,mimik 7#aghe71 writt5 9 ! =m ( lett]s4 ,8 mo/ popul> "w 0 ,d] ,philosoph fur die ,welt 7#agge71 :i* consi/s *iefly ( dialogues on m5 & morals1 writt5 f ! utilit>ian /&po9t ( ! philosophy ( ! day4 ,8 la/ "w1 a romance entitl$ ,h]r ,lor5z ,/>k 7#agie71 a*iev$ a great success1 by virtue ( ! m>k$ individuality ( its *>act]s & its appeal to middle-class s5tim5t4 ,engel's ,samtli*e ,s*rift5 7 publi%$ 9 #ab volumes at ,b]l9 9 #ahja-ahjf2 a new edition appe>$ at ,frank=t 9 #ahea4 ,see ,k4 ,s*rod]1 ,johann ,jakob ,engel 7,vortrag7 7#ahig74 ,,engelb]g1 an ,alp9e village & valley 9 c5tral ,switz]l&1 mu* frequ5t$ by visitors 9 summ] & to "s ext5t 9 w9t]4 ,x is #ad m4 by electric railway f ,/ans/ad1 on ! ,lake ( ,luc]ne1 pa/ ,/ans4 ,! village 7#ccdc ft47 is 9 a m\nta9 bas91 %ut 9 on all sides by l(ty m\nta9s 7! highe/ is ! ,titlis1 #aj1fbg ft4 9 ! s\?-ea/71 s t x is (t5 hot 9 summ]4 ,x communicates by ! ,sur55 ,pass 7#gefc ft47 ) ,wass51 on ! ,/ ,got?>d railway1 & by ! ,jo* ,pass 7#gbfg ft47 pa/ ! fav\rite summ] resort ( ! ,eng/l5 ,alp 7#fjcd ft471 ) ,meir+5 9 ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&4 ,! village has clu/]$ r\nd ! great ,b5$ict9e mona/]y :i* gives its "n to ! valley1 f ! leg5d t its site 0 fix$ by angels1 s t ! spot 0 nam$ ,mons ,angelorum4 ,! mona/]y 0 f\nd$ ab\t #aabj & /ill survives1 ?\gh ! build+s date only f ! e>ly #ah? c5tury4 ,its libr>y suff]$ mu* at ! h&s ( ! ,fr5* 9 #agih4 ,f #adfb onw>ds x 0 "u ! protectorate ( ,luc]ne1 ,s*wyz1 ,unt]wald5 & ,uri4 ,9 #agih ! abbot lo/ all 8 temporal p[]s1 & 8 doma9s 7 annex$ to ! ,obwald5 division ( ,unt]wald51 b 9 #ahjc 7 transf]r$ to ! ,nidwald5 division4 ,h[ev]1 9 #ahaf1 9 consequ5ce ( ! desp]ate resi/ance made by ! ,nidwald5 m5 to ! new ,f$]al ,pact ( #ahae1 !y 7 puni%$ by ! fre% transf] ( ! valley to ,obwald51 "p ( :i* x /ill =ms4 ,z ! pa/ures =m+ ! upp] portion ( ! ,engelb]g valley h = ages belong$ to ,uri1 ! actual valley itself is politically isolat$ betwe5 ,uri & ,nidwald54 ,! mona/]y is /ill directly dep5d5t on ! pope4 ,9 #aijj ! valley _h #aigc inhabitants1 practically all ,g]man-speak+ & ,romani/s4 7,w4 ,a4 ,b4 ,c47 ,,engelbre*tsdatt]1 ,,dor! 7#afcd-agaf71 ,norwegian poet1 0 born at ,b]g5 on ! #af? ( ,janu>y #afcd2 h] fa!r1 ,engelbre*t ,jorg5s51 0 orig9ally rector ( ! high s*ool 9 t city1 & aft]w>ds dean ( ! ca!dral4 ,9 #afeb %e m>ri$ ,ambrosius ,h>d5be*1 a !ological writ] fam\s = 8 fl[]y fun]al s]mons1 :o succe$$ h] fa!r at ! ca!dral 9 #afei4 ,!y _h five sons & f\r daught]s4 ,9 #afgh h] fir/ volume appe>$1 ,sjael5s a&elige ,sang(f] 7,! ,s\l's ,spiritual ,(f]+ ( ,song7 publi%$ at ,cop5hag54 ,?is volume ( hymns & devotional pieces1 v mode/ly br\ght out1 _h an unp>allel$ success4 ,! =tunate poetess 0 invit$ to ,d5m>k1 & on h] arrival at ,cop5hag5 0 pres5t$ at ,c\rt4 ,%e 0 also introduc$ to ,?omas ,k+o1 ! fa!r ( ,dani% poetry1 & ! two greet$ "o ano!r ) improvis$ c\plets1 :i* h be5 pres]v$1 & ( :i* ! poetess's reply is incomp>ably ! neat]4 ,9 #afhc h] husb& di$1 & be=e #afih %e _h buri$ all h] n9e *ildr54 ,9 ! mid/ ( h] tr\bles appe>$ h] second "w1 ! ,ta>e(f] 7,sacrifice ( ,te>s71 :i* is a cont9u\s religi\s poem 9 f\r books4 ,?is 0 comb9$ ) ! ,sang(f]1 & no few] ?an ?ree editions ( ! unit$ works 7 publi%$ be=e h] dea?1 & _m aft] x4 ,9 #afih %e br\ght out a ?ird volume ( sacr$ v]se1 ,et kri/eligt ,valet fra ,v]d5 7,a ,*ri/ian ,f>ewell to ! ,_w71 a v tame production4 ,%e di$ on ! #ai? ( ,febru>y #agaf4 ,! fir/ v]ses ( ,dor! ,engelbre*tsdatt] are ! be/2 h] ,sang(f] 0 d$icat$ to ,jesus1 ! ,ta>e(f] to ,que5 ,*>lotte ,amalia2 ?is is significant ( h] *ang$ position 9 ! eyes ( ! _w4 ,,engelh>dt1 ,,johann ,,georg ,,veit 7#agia-ahee71 ,g]man !ologian1 0 born at ,neu/adt-on-!-,ais* on ! #ab? ( ,novemb] #agia1 & 0 educat$ at ,erlang51 :]e he aft]w>ds taught 9 ! gymnasium 7#ahag71 & became pr(essor ( !ology 9 ! univ]sity 7#ahba74 ,8 two great works 7 a ,h&bu* d] ,kir*5ges*i*te 9 #d vols4 7#ahcc-ahcd71 & a ,dogm5ges*i*te 9 #b vols4 7#ahci74 ,he di$ at ,erlang5 on ! #ac? ( ,septemb] #ahee4 ,,enghi51 ,,l\is ,,anto9e ,,h5ri ,,de ,,b\rbon ,,conde1 ,,duc ,d' 7#aggb-ahjd71 0 ! only son ( ,h5ri ,l\is ,joseph1 pr9ce ( ,conde1 & ( ,l\ise ,m>ie ,!rese ,ma?ilde1 si/] ( ! duke ( ,orleans 7,philippe ,egalite71 & 0 born at ,*antilly on ! #bnd ( ,augu/ #aggb4 ,he 0 educat$ privately by ! abbe ,millot1 & receiv$ a milit>y tra9+ f ! commodore de ,virieux4 ,he e>ly %[$ ! w>like _s ( ! h\se ( ,conde1 & began 8 milit>y c>e] 9 #aghh4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution he emigrat$ ) v _m ( ! nobles a few days aft] ! fall ( ! ,ba/ille1 & rema9$ 9 exile1 seek+ to raise =ces = ! invasion ( ,france & ! re/oration ( ! old mon>*y4 ,9 #agib1 on ! outbreak ( w>1 he held a comm& 9 ! =ce ( emigres 7/yl$ ! ,fr5* royal army7 :i* %>$ 9 ! duke ( ,brunswick's unsuccessful invasion ( ,france4 ,he cont9u$ to s]ve "u 8 fa!r & gr&fa!r 9 :at 0 kn[n z ! ,conde army1 & on sev]al occasions di/+ui%$ himself by 8 brav]y & ard\r 9 ! vangu>d4 ,on ! dissolution ( t =ce aft] ! peace ( ,luneville 7,febru>y #ahja7 he m>ri$ privately ! pr9cess ,*>lotte1 niece ( ,c>d9al de ,rohan1 & took up 8 resid5ce at ,ett5heim 9 ,bad51 ne> ! ,rh9e4 ,e>ly 9 ! ye> #ahjd ,napoleon1 !n ,fir/ ,consul ( ,france1 he>d news :i* seem$ to connect ! "y duke ) ! ,cad\dal-,pi*egru conspiracy !n be+ track$ by ! ,fr5* police4 ,! news ran t ! duke 0 9 company ) ,dum\riez & made secret j\rneys into ,france4 ,?is 0 false2 ! acqua9tance 0 ,?um]y1 a h>mless old man1 & ! duke _h no deal+s ) ,cad\dal or ,pi*egru4 ,napoleon gave ord]s = ! seizure ( ! duke4 ,fr5* m\nt$ g5d>mes cross$ ! ,rh9e secretly1 surr\nd$ 8 h\se & br\ght him to ,/rassburg 7#ae? ( ,m>* #ahjd71 & !nce to ! ca/le ( ,v9c5nes1 ne> ,p>is4 ,!re a commission ( ,fr5* colonels 0 ha/ily ga!r$ to try him4 ,mean:ile ,napoleon _h f\nd out ! true facts ( ! case1 & ! gr\nd ( ! accusation 0 ha/ily *ang$4 ,! duke 0 n[ *>g$ *iefly ) be>+ arms aga9/ ,france 9 ! late w>1 & ) int5d+ to take "p 9 ! new coalition !n propos$ aga9/ ,france4 ,! colonels ha/ily & mo/ in=mally drew up ! act ( condemnation1 be+ incit$ !reto by ord]s f ,sav>y 7q4v471 :o _h come *>g$ ) in/ructions4 ,sav>y int]v5$ to prev5t all *ance ( an int]view betwe5 ! condemn$ & ! ,fir/ ,consul2 & ! duke 0 %ot 9 ! moat ( ! ca/le1 ne> a grave :i* _h already be5 prep>$4 ,) him end$ ! h\se ( ,conde4 ,9 #ahaf ! bones 7 exhum$ & plac$ 9 ! *apel ( ! ca/le4 ,x is n[ kn[n t ,joseph9e & ,mme de ,remusat _h begg$ ,napoleon = m]cy t[>ds ! duke2 b no?+ w\ld b5d 8 w4 ,! blame :i* ! apologi/s ( ! emp]or h ?r[n on ,talleyr& or ,sav>y is undes]v$4 ,on 8 way to ,/ ,hel5a & at ,longwood he ass]t$ t1 9 ! same circum/ances1 he w\ld d ! same aga92 he ins]t$ a simil> decl>ation 9 8 w4 ,see ,h4 ,wels*+]1 ,le ,due d',enghi5 #aggb-ahjd 7,p>is1 #ahhh72 ,a4 ,n\g>et de ,fayet1 ,re*]*es hi/oriques sur le proces et la condamnation du duc d',enghi51 #b vols4 7,p>is1 #ahdd72 ,comte ,a4 ,b\lay de la ,meur!1 ,les ,d]ni]es ,annees du due d',enghi5 #ahja-ahjd 7,p>is1 #ahhf74 ,= docum5ts see ,la ,cata/rophe du duc d',enghi5 9 ! edition ( ,memoires edit$ by ,m4,f4 ,b>ri]e1 also ! edition ( ! duke's lett]s1 c41 by ,c\nt ,b\lay de la ,meur! 7tome i41 ,p>is1 #aijd2 tome ii41 #aijh74 7,j4 ,hl4 ,r47 ,,enghi51 a t[n 9 ! prov9ce ( ,ha9aut1 ,belgium1 ly+ s\? ( ,grammont4 ,pop4 7#aijd7 #deda4 ,x is ! c5tre ( consid]able lace1 l95 & cotton indu/ries4 ,!re is a f9e p>k outside ! t[n belong+ to ! duke ( ,ar5b]g1 ^: ance/or1 ,*>les de ,ligne1 b\ght x f ,h5ry ,,iv4 9 #afjg1 b ! *ateau 9 :i* ! duke ( ,ar5b]g ( ! #ah? c5tury ent]ta9$ ,voltaire no long] exi/s4 ,curi\sly en\gh ! cottage1 a /one build+1 built by ! same duke = ,jean ,jacques ,r\sseau1 /ill /&s 9 ! p>k1 :ile ! ducal resid5ce 0 burnt d[n by ! sans-culottes4 ,a f9e pavilion or kiosk1 nam$ de l',etoile1 has also surviv$4 ,! great ,conde 0 giv51 = a victory ga9$ ne> ?is place1 ! "r to use ! /yle ( ,enghi5 among 8 subsidi>y titles4 ,,eng9e 7,lat4 +5ium71 a t]m :i* 9 ! "t ( ,*auc] _h ! mean+ ( natural tal5t or ability1 correspond+ to ! ,lat9 f :i* x is d]iv$ 7cf4 ,a man ha? sapi5ces ?re1 ,memorie1 eng91 & intellect also1 ,second ,nun's ,tale1 #cci72 9 ?is s5se x is n[ obsolete4 ,x also d5ot$ a me*anical tool or contrivance1 & especially a weapon ( w>2 ?is use may be comp>$ ) t ( +5ium 9 classical ,lat9 to mean a clev] idea or device1 & 9 lat] ,lat91 z 9 ,t]tullian1 = a w>like in/rum5t or ma*9e4 ,9 ! #ai? c5tury x came to h1 :5 employ$ alone1 a specific ref]5ce to ! /eam-eng9e 7q4v471 b x is also us$ ( o!r prime mov]s su* z ! air-eng9e1 gas-eng9e & oil-eng9e 7qq4v474 ,,eng9e]+1 a t]m = ! action ( ! v]b to eng9e]1 :i* 9 its e>ly uses ref]r$ specially to ! op]ations ( ^? :o con/ruct$ eng9es ( w> & execut$ works int5d$ to s]ve milit>y purposes4 ,su* milit>y eng9e]s 7 long ! only ones to :om ! title 0 appli$4 ,b ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury !re began to arise a new class ( eng9e]s :o conc]n$ !mselves ) works :i*1 ?\gh !y might be 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! mak+ ( roads1 ( ! same "* z ^? und]tak5 by milit>y eng9e]s1 7 nei!r exclusively milit>y 9 purpose nor execut$ by soldi]s1 & ^? m5 by way ( di/9ction came to be kn[n z civil eng9e]s4 ,no bett] def9ition ( _! aims & functions c be giv5 ?an t :i* is conta9$ 9 ! *>t] 7dat$ #ahbh7 ( ! ,in/itution ( ,civil ,eng9e]s 7,london71 :]e civil eng9e]+ is describ$ z ! art ( direct+ ! great s\rces ( p[] 9 nature = ! use & conv5i5ce ( man1 z ! means ( production & ( traffic 9 /ates1 bo? = ext]nal & int]nal trade1 z appli$ 9 ! con/ruction ( roads1 bridges1 aqu$ucts1 canals1 riv] navigation & docks = int]nal int]c\rse & ex*ange1 & 9 ! con/ruction ( ports1 h>b\rs1 moles1 breakwat]s & ligh?\ses1 & 9 ! art ( navigation by artificial p[] = ! purposes ( comm]ce1 & 9 ! con/ruction & adaptation ( ma*9]y1 & 9 ! dra9age ( cities & t[ns4 ,wide z is ?is enum]ation1 ! practice ( a civil eng9e] 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! #ai? c5tury might cov] _m or ev5 mo/ ( ! subjects x conta9s4 ,b gradually specialization set 94 ,p]haps ! fir/ bran* to be recogniz$ z sep>ate 0 me*anical eng9e]+1 :i* is conc]n$ ) /eam-eng9es1 ma*9e tools1 mill-"w & mov+ ma*9]y 9 g5]al1 & x 0 soon foll[$ by m9+ eng9e]+1 :i* deals ) ! location & work+ ( coal1 ore & o!r m9]als4 ,subsequ5tly num]\s o!r m or less /rictly def9$ gr\ps & subdivisions came into exi/5ce1 su* z naval ar*itecture deal+ ) ! design ( %ips1 m>9e eng9e]+ ) ! eng9es = propell+ /eam]s1 sanit>y eng9e]+ ) wat]-supply & disposal ( sewage & o!r refuse1 gas eng9e]+ ) ! manufacture & di/ribution ( illum9at+ gas1 & *emical eng9e]+ ) ! design & erection ( ! plant requir$ = ! manufacture ( su* *emical products z alkali1 acids & dyes1 & = ! work+ ( a wide range ( indu/rial processes4 ,! la/ great new bran* is electrical eng9e]+1 :i* t\*es on ! old] bran*es at s _m po9ts t x has be5 said t all eng9e]s mu/ be electricians4 ,,eng9e]s1 ,,milit>y4 ,f ! e>lie/ times eng9e]s h be5 employ$ bo? 9 ! field ( w> & on field def5ces4 ,9 mod]n times1 h[ev]1 ! application ( num]\s sci5tific & eng9e]+ devices to w>f>e has result$ 9 ! creation ( _m m9or bran*es ( milit>y eng9e]+1 "s ( !m almo/ rivall+ 9 importance _! prim>y duty ( =tification & siegecraft1 su* z ! field telegraph1 ! balloon s]vice1 ne>ly all demolitions1 ! build+ ( pontoon & o!r bridges1 & ! con/ruction & work+ ( milit>y roads1 railways1 pi]s1 c4 ,all ^! bran*es requir+ special k1 ! mod]n t5d5cy is to divide a corps ( eng9e]s 9 accordance ) su* requirem5ts4 ,! field companies & =tress companies ( ! ,r4,e4 repres5t ! traditional tactical application ( _! arm to works ( (f5ce & def5ce 9 field & siege w>f>e4 ,! balloon1 telegraph1 & o!r bran*es1 also organiz$ on a p]man5t foot+1 repres5t ! mod]n application ( sci5tific aids 9 w>f>e4 7,see ,,=tification ,,& ,,siegecraft2 ,,tactics2 ,,infantry1 c47 ,hi/ory4--,x is difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 milit>y & civil eng9e]s 9 ! e>li] ages ( mod]n hi/ory1 = all eng9e]s act$ z build]s ( ca/les & def5sible /rongholds1 z well z manufactur]s & directors ( eng9es ( w> ) :i* to attack or def5d !m4 ,! annals ( =tification %[ pr(essors1 arti/s1 c41 z well z soldi]s & ar*itects1 z design]s & build]s ( innum]able sy/ems ( =tification4 ,by ! middle ( ! #ac? c5tury !re 0 9 ,engl& an organiz$ body ( skill$ workm5 employ$ "u a *ief eng9e]4 ,at ! siege ( ,calais 9 #acdg ?is corps consi/$ ( masons1 c>p5t]s1 smi?s1 t5tmak]s1 m9]s1 arm\r]s1 gunn]s & artill]ym54 ,at ! siege ( ,h>fleur 9 #adae ! *ief eng9e] 0 designat$ ,ma/] ( ! ,k+'s ,works1 ,guns & ,ordnance1 & ! corps "u him numb]$ #ejj m51 includ+ #ba foot-ar*]s4 ,headqu>t]s ( eng9e]s exi/$ at ! ,t[] ( ,london be=e #acej1 & a c5tury lat] develop$ into ! ,(fice ( ,ordnance 7aft]w>ds ! ,bo>d ( ,ordnance71 ^: duty 0 to adm9i/] all matt]s connect$ ) =tifications1 artill]y & ordnance /ores4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 employ$ _m eng9e]s 7( :om ,sir ,ri*>d ,lee is ! be/ kn[n7 9 con/ruct+ coa/ def5ces f ,p5zance to ! ,?ames & !nce to ,b]wick-on-,twe$1 & 9 /r5g!n+ ! =tresses ( ,calais & ,gu9es 9 ,france4 ,he also add$ to ! organization a body ( pione]s "u tr5*-ma/]s & a ma/] tr5*ma/]4 ,*>les ,,ii4 increas$ ! peace e/abli%m5t ( eng9e]s & =m$ a sep>ate "o = ,irel&1 ) a *ief eng9e] :o 0 also surveyor-g5]al ( ! ,k+'s ,works4 ,9 bo? c\ntries only a small p]man5t e/abli%m5t 0 ma9ta9$1 a special ordnance tra9 be+ enroll$ 9 w>-"t = ea* exp$ition & disb&$ on its t]m9ation4 ,! comm&] ( an ordnance tra9 0 frequ5tly1 b n necess>ily1 an eng9e]1 b !re 0 always a *ief eng9e] ( ea* tra94 ,at ,bl5heim 7#agjd7 ,m>lbor\gh's ordnance tra9 0 comm&$ by ,holcr(t ,blood1 a di/+ui%$ eng9e]4 ,b aft] ! rebellion ( #agae x 0 decid$ to sep>ate ! artill]y f ! eng9e]s1 & ! royal w>rant ( #bf? ,may #agaf e/abli%$ two companies ( artill]y z a sep>ate regim5t1 & an eng9e] corps compos$ ( #a *ief eng9e]1 #c directors1 #f eng9e]s-9-ord9>y1 #f eng9e]s extraord9>y1 #f sub-eng9e]s & #f practition] eng9e]s4 ,until ! #ad? ( ,may #ageg (fic]s ( eng9e]s frequ5tly held1 9 addition to _! milit>y rank 9 ! corps ( eng9e]s1 commissions 9 foot regim5ts2 b on & aft] t date all eng9e] (fic]s 7 gazett$ to army z well z eng9e] rank--! *ief eng9e] z colonel ( foot1 directors z lieut5ant-colonel1 & s =? d[n to practition]s z ensigns4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,novemb] #aghb eng9e] grades1 except t ( *ief eng9e]1 7 aboli%$1 & ! e/abli%m5t 0 fix$ at #a *ief eng9e] & colonel1 #f colonels comm&ant1 #f lieut5ant-colonels1 #i capta9s1 #i capta9 lieut5ants 7aft]w>ds second capta9s71 #bb fir/ lieut5ants1 & #bb second lieut5ants4 ,t5 ye>s lat] a small invalid corps 0 =m$4 ,9 #aghg ! designation ,royal 0 conf]r$ ^u ! eng9e]s1 & its prec$5ce settl$ to be on ! "r ( ! army1 ) ! royal artill]y4 ,9 #ahjb ! title ( *ief eng9e] 0 *ang$ to inspector-g5]al ( =tifications4 ,f ?is "t to ! conclusion ( ! ,crimean ,w> v>i\s augm5tations took place1 consequ5t on ! increas+ & widely ext5d+ duties ?r[n ^u ! (fic]s4 ,^!1 9 addition to ord9>y milit>y duties1 compris$ ! con/ruction & ma9t5ance ( =tifications1 b>rack & ordnance /ore build+s1 & all eng9e]+ s]vices connect$ ) !m4 ,! cada/ral survey ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom 7call$ ! ,ordnance ,survey7 _h be5 entru/$ to ! eng9e]s z f> back z #aghd1 & absorb$ _m (fic]s 9 its execution4 ,9 #aggb ! =mation at ,gibralt> ( ,! ,company ( ,soldi] ,artific]s1 (fic]$ by ,royal ,eng9e]s1 0 au?oriz$1 & a second company 0 add$ soon aft]w>ds4 ,9 #aghg by royal w>rant ,! ,corps ( ,royal ,milit>y ,artific]s 0 e/abli%$ at home1 consi/+ ( six companies1 ) :i* ! ,gibralt> companies 7 amalgamat$4 ,9 #ahjf ?is corps 0 d\bl$1 & 9 #ahaa increas$ to #cb companies4 ,9 #ahac its title 0 *ang$ to ,! ,royal ,sapp]s & ,m9]s4 ,9 #ahef1 at ! close ( ! ,crimean ,w>1 x 0 incorporat$ ) ,! ,corps ( ,royal ,eng9e]s1 by :om x _h always be5 (fic]$4 ,at t date ! corps numb]$ ab\t #cdj (fic]s & #djjj non-commission$ (fic]s & m51 9 #a troop & #cb companies4 ,9 #aggj ! ,ea/ ,india ,company reorganiz$ ! eng9e] corps ( ! ?ree presid5cies1 compos$ ( (fic]s only4 ,native corps ( sapp]s or pione]s 7 =m$ lat]1 & (fic]$ pr9cipally by eng9e]s4 ,! (fic]s ( eng9e]s 7 employ$ 9 peacetime on ! public works ( ! c\ntry1 _! s]vices :5 requir$ be+ plac$ at ! disposal ( ! milit>y au?orities4 ,! ,indian ,eng9e]s h n only di/+ui%$ !mselves 9 ! op]ations ( w>1 b h left monum5ts ( eng9e]+ skill 9 ! irrigation works1 railways1 surveys1 roads1 bridges1 public build+s & def5ces ( ! c\ntry4 ,:5 ,indian adm9i/ration 0 transf]r$ to ! cr[n 7#ahfb7 ! ,indian ,eng9e]s became ,royal1 s t !re n[ exi/s b "o corps1 ! ,royal ,eng9e]s4 ,?is is compos$ ( ab\t #ajjj (fic]s & #ggjj w>rant & non-commission$ (fic]s & m54 ,( ! (fic]s "s #bbj are atta*$ to units1 ab\t #djj employ$ ei!r at home or 9 ! colonies on eng9e]+ duties 9 milit>y comm&s1 on ! /aff1 or on special duty1 & ab\t #cgj on ! ,indian e/abli%m5t4 ,! supreme te*nical control ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s is ex]cis$ f ! ,w> ,(fice4 ,see also ,,unit$ ,,k+dom2 ,,army4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,fr5* eng9e]s %[s a some:at simil> l9e ( developm5t4 ,orig9ally select$ (fic]s ( infantry 7 giv5 brevets z eng9e]s1 & ^! m5 p]=m$ milit>y & also civil duties = ! k+'s s]vice by ! aid ( companies ( workm5 enli/$ & dis*>g$ f "t to "t4 ,vauban 7q4v47 0 ! f\nd] ( ! fam\s corps de ,g5ie 7#afij74 ,its memb]s 7 select$ (fic]s & civilians1 employ$ 9 all bran*es ( milit>y & naval s]vices1 & x soon a*iev$ its ,european reputation z ! fir/ s*ool ( =tification & siegecraft4 ,x receiv$ a special uni=m 9 #agcb4 ,ab\t #agee x 0 = a "t m]g$ 9 ! artill]y4 ,9 #agff ! title ( ,g5ie 0 conf]r$ ^u ! (fic]s1 & ! same "n 7tr\pes de ,g5ie7 0 giv5 to ! previ\sly exi/+ companies ( sapp]s & m9]s 9 #ahja4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! sep>ate ,corps ( ,eng9e]s 7s9ce #agid !re _h be5 a ,corps ( ,artill]i/s & ,eng9e]s7 0 organiz$ 9 #ahjb1 />t+ ) a small body /ation$ at ,we/ ,po9t1 :i* 9 #ahch & #ahdf 0 gradually increas$1 & 9 #ahfa giv5 ?ree additional companies4 ,9 #ahff !y 7 =m$ into a battalion & /ation$ at ,willets ,po9t1 ,n4,y4 ,9 #aija !y 7 reorganiz$ 9 ?ree battalions1 ) a total /r5g? ( #abhb4 ,! ,u4,s4 ,eng9e] ,s*ool1 =m]ly at ,willets ,po9t1 0 transf]r$ 9 #aija to ,wa%+ton4 ,until #ahff ! milit>y academy at ,we/ ,po9t 0 "u ! sup]vision ( ! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s1 b f t "t its direction 0 ?r[n op52 b ! highe/ bran* at ,we/ ,po9t is /ill reg>d$ z t ( ! eng9e]s4 ,! ,corps ( ,eng9e]s has done a great deal ( highly important "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 notably 9 build+ =ts1 & improv+ riv]s & h>b\rs = navigation4 ,see ,maj4-,g54 ,r4,w4 ,port]1 ,hi/1 ( ! ,corps ( ,royal ,eng9e]s 7,*a?am1 #ahhi72 ,c4 ,lecomte1 ,les ,+5ieurs militaires de la ,france 7,p>is1 #aijc72 ,h4 ,frob5ius1 ,ges*i*te d] ,k4 preuss4 ,+5ieur- und ,pione]-,korps 7,b]l91 #aijf74 ,,engis1 a cave on ! banks ( ! ,meuse ne> ,liege1 ,belgium1 :]e 9 #ahcb ,dr ,p4,c4 ,s*m]l+ f\nd human rema9s 9 deposits belong+ to ! ,quat]n>y p]iod4 ,bones ( ! cave-be>1 mammo?1 rh9oc]os & hy5a 7 discov]$ 9 association ) p>ts ( a man's skeleton & a human skull4 ,?is1 kn[n z ! ,engis ,skull1 gave rise to mu* discussion among an?ropologi/s1 s9ce x has *>act]i/ics ( bo? high & l[ developm5t1 ! =ehead1 l[ & n>r[1 indicat+ slight intellig5ce1 :ile ! abnormally l>ge bra9 cavity contradicts ?is conclusion4 ,( x ,huxley wrote3 ,!re is no m>k ( degradation ab\t any "p ( its /ructure4 ,x is a fair av]age human skull1 :i* might h belong$ to a philosoph]1 or might h conta9$ ! ?\ghtless bra9s ( a savage4 ,dr ,s*m]l+ conclud$ t ! human rema9s 7 ^? ( man :o _h be5 contempor>y ) ! ext9ct mammals4 ,z1 h[ev]1 fragm5ts ( co>se pott]y 7 f\nd 9 ! cave :i* bore o!r evid5ce ( hav+ be5 us$ by neoli?ic man1 by :om ! cave-floor & its cont5ts might h be5 di/urb$ & mix$1 8 argum5ts h n be5 reg>d$ z conclusive4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt z to ! great age ( ! ,engis ,skull4 ,discov]ies ( a l nature 7 made by ,dr ,s*m]l+ 9 ! neighb\rhood 9 ! caves ( ,engih\l1 ,*oki] & o!rs4 ,see ,p4,c4 ,s*m]l+1 ,re*]*es sur les ossem5ts dec\v]ts dans les cav]nes de la prov9ce ,liege 7#ahcc72 ,huxley1 ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 p4 #aef2 ,"l ,avebury1 ,prehi/oric ,times1 p4 #cag 7#aijj74