,,the ,,negro ,,in ,,literature ,,and   
,,art   ,illustration3 7,c7 ,,mary      
,,dale ,,clark  ,,charles ,,james ,,fox 
,,charles ,s4 ,,gilpin ,,as ,,the       
,,emperor ,,jones     ,the ,negro in    
,literature and ,art in the ,united     
,states   ,,by ,,benjamin ,,brawley     
,author of ,a ,short ,history of the    
,american ,negro   ,,revised ,,edition  
,illustration   ,,new ,,york ,,duffield 
,,company #aiba   ,copyright1 #aiah1    
#aiba1 by ,,duffield  ,,company     ,,to
 ,,my ,,father ,,edward ,,macknight     
,,brawley  ,,with ,,thanks ,,for        
,,severe ,,teaching ,,and ,,stimulating 
,,criticism     ,,contents   ,,chap4    
,,page  ,,preface                       
xi  ,i4 ,,the ,,negro ,,genius          
#c  ,,ii4 ,,phillis ,,wheatley          
#aj  ,,iii4 ,,paul ,,laurence ,,dunbar  
#cc  ,,iv4 ,,charles ,w4 ,,chesnutt     
#de  ,v4 ,w4 ,e4 ,,burghardt ,,du ,,bois
                                #ej     
,,vi4 ,,william ,,stanley ,,braithwaite 
#ef  ,,vii4 ,,other ,,writers           

#fe  ,,viii4 ,,orators4--,,douglass     
,,and ,,washington                   #hc
  ,,ix4 ,,the ,,stage                   
#ig  ,x4 ,,painters4--,,henry ,o4       
,,tanner                            #ajc
  ,,xi4 ,,sculptors4--,,meta ,,warrick  
,,fuller                      #aab      
,,xii4 ,,music                          
#abe  ,,xiii4 ,,general ,,progress1     
#aiah-aiba                        #adb  
,,xiv4 ,,charles ,s4 ,,gilpin           
#aef    ,,appendix3    #a4 ,,the ,,negro
 ,,in ,,american ,,fiction              
#afe    #b4 ,,study ,,of ,,bibliography 
#ahj     ,,illustrations   ,,charles ,s4
 ,,gilpin ,,as ,,the ,,emperor ,,jones  
,frontispiece  ,,phillis ,,wheatley     
,facing p4 #aj  ,,paul ,,laurence       
,,dunbar                                
#cd  ,,charles ,w4 ,,chesnutt           
#df  ,w4 ,e4 ,,burghardt ,,du ,,bois    
#ej  ,,william ,,stanley ,,braithwaite  
#ef  ,,henry ,o4 ,,tanner               
#ajd  ,,meta ,,warrick ,,fuller         
#aab  ,,harry ,t4 ,,burleigh            

#acj     ,,preface   ,the present volume
 undertakes to treat somewhat more      
thoroughly than has ever before been    
attempted the achievement of the ,negro 
in the ,united ,states along literary   
and artistic lines1 judging this by     
absolute rather than by partial or      
limited standards4 ,the work is the     
result of studies in which ,i first     
became interested nearly ten years ago4 
,in #aiaj a booklet1 ,the ,negro in     
,literature and ,art1 appeared in       
,atlanta1 privately printed4 ,the little
 work contained only sixty pages4 ,the  
reception accorded it1 however1 was even
 more cordial than ,i had hoped it might
 be1 and the limited edition was soon   
exhausted4 ,its substance1 in condensed 
form1 was used in #aiac as the last     
chapter of ,a ,short ,history of the    
,american ,negro1 brought out by the    
,macmillan ,co4 ,in the mean time1      
however1 new books and magazine articles
 were constantly appearing1 and my own  
judgment on more than one point had     

changed2 so that the time has seemed    
ripe for a more intensive review of the 
whole field4 ,to teachers who may be    
using the history as a text ,i hardly   
need to say that ,i should be pleased to
 have the present work supersede        
anything said in the last chapter of    
that volume4  ,the first chapter1 and   
those on ,mr4 ,braithwaite and ,mrs4    
,fuller1 originally appeared in the     
,southern ,workman4 ,that on the ,stage 
was a contribution to the ,springfield  
,republican2 and the supplementary      
chapter is from the ,dial4 ,all are here
 reprinted with the kind consent of the 
owners of those periodicals4 ,much of   
the quoted matter is covered by         
copyright4 ,thanks are especially due to
 ,mr4 ,braithwaite and ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4     
,johnson for permission to use some of  
their poems1 and to ,dodd1 ,mead  ,co41 
the publishers of the works of ,dunbar4 
,the bibliography is quite new4 ,it is  
hoped that it may prove of service4     
,,benjamin ,,brawley4  ,north           

,cambridge1 ,august1 #aiag4     ,,the   
,,negro ,,in ,,literature ,,and ,,art   
,,the ,,negro ,,in ,,literature ,,and   
,,art     ,i  ,,the ,,negro ,,genius    
,in his lecture on ,the ,poetic         
,principle1 in leading down to his      
definition of poetry1 ,edgar ,allan ,poe
 has called attention to the three      
faculties1 intellect1 feeling1 and will1
 and shown that poetry1 that the whole  
realm of aesthetics in fact1 is         
concerned primarily and solely with the 
second of these4 ,does it satisfy a     
sense of beauty8 ,this is his sole test 
of a poem or of any work of art1 the aim
 being neither to appeal to the         
intellect by satisfying the reason or   
inculcating truth1 nor to appeal to the 
will by satisfying the moral sense or   
inculcating duty4  ,the standard has    
often been criticised as narrow2 yet it 
embodies a large and fundamental element
 of truth4 ,if in connection with it we 
study the ,negro we shall find that two 
things are observable4 ,one is that any 

distinction so far won by a member of   
the race in ,america has been almost    
always in some one of the arts2 and the 
other is that any influence so far      
exerted by the ,negro on ,american      
civilization has been primarily in the  
field of aesthetics4 ,to prove the point
 we may refer to a long line of         
beautiful singers1 to the fervid oratory
 of ,douglass1 to the sensuous poetry of
 ,dunbar1 to the picturesque style of   
,du,bois1 to the mysticism of the       
paintings of ,tanner1 and to the        
elemental sculpture of ,meta ,warrick   
,fuller4 ,even ,booker ,washington1 most
 practical of ,americans1 proves the    
point1 the distinguishing qualities of  
his speeches being anecdote and         
brilliant concrete illustration4        
,everyone must have observed a striking 
characteristic of the homes of ,negroes 
of the peasant class in the ,south4 ,the
 instinct for beauty insists upon an    
outlet1 and if one can find no better   
picture he will paste a circus poster or

 a flaring advertisement on the walls4  
,very few homes have not at least a     
geranium on the windowsill or a rosebush
 in the garden4 ,if also we look at the 
matter conversely we shall find that    
those things which are most picturesque 
make to the ,negro the readiest appeal4 
,red is his favorite color simply       
because it is the most pronounced of all
 colors4 ,goethe's ,faust can hardly be 
said to be a play primarily designed for
 the galleries4 ,one never sees it fail1
 however1 that in any ,southern city    
this play will fill the gallery with the
 so-called lower class of ,negro people1
 who would never think of going to      
another play of its class1 but          
different2 and the applause never leaves
 one in doubt as to the reasons for     
,goethe's popularity4 ,it is the        
suggestiveness of the love scenes1 the  
red costume of ,mephistopheles1 the     
electrical effects1 and the rain of fire
 that give the thrill desired--all pure 
melodrama of course4 ,faust is a good   

show as well as a good play4  ,in some  
of our communities ,negroes are         
frequently known to get happy in church4
 ,now a sermon on the rule of faith or  
the plan of salvation is never known to 
awaken such ecstasy4 ,this rather       
accompanies a vivid portrayal of the    
beauties of heaven1 with the walls of   
jasper1 the angels with palms in their  
hands1 and 7summum bonum67 the feast of 
milk and honey4 ,and just here is the   
dilemma so often faced by the occupants 
of pulpits in ,negro churches4 ,do the  
people want scholarly training8 ,very   
often the cultured preacher will be     
inclined to answer in the negative4 ,do 
they want rant and shouting8 ,such a    
standard fails at once to satisfy the   
ever-increasing intelligence of the     
audience itself4 ,the trouble is that   
the educated minister too often leaves  
out of account the basic psychology of  
his audience4 ,that preacher who will   
ultimately be the most successful with a
 ,negro congregation will be the one who

 to scholarship and culture can best    
join brilliant imagination and fervid   
rhetorical expression4 ,when all of     
these qualities are brought together in 
their finest proportion the effect is   
irresistible4  ,gathering up the threads
 of our discussion so far1 we find that 
there is constant striving on the part  
of the ,negro for beautiful or striking 
effect1 that those things which are most
 picturesque make the readiest appeal to
 his nature1 and that in the sphere of  
religion he receives with most          
appreciation those discourses which are 
most imaginative in quality4 ,in short1 
so far as the last point is concerned1  
it is not too much to assert that the   
,negro is thrilled not so much by the   
moral as by the artistic and pictorial  
elements in religion4  ,but there is    
something deeper than the sensuousness  
of beauty that makes for the            
possibilities of the ,negro in the realm
 of the arts1 and that is the soul of   
the race4 ,the wail of the old melodies 

and the plaintive quality that is ever  
present in the ,negro voice are but the 
reflection of a background of tragedy4  
,no race can rise to the greatest       
heights of art until it has yearned and 
suffered4 ,the ,russians are a case in  
point4 ,such has been their background  
in oppression and striving that their   
literature and art are to-day marked by 
an unmistakable note of power4 ,the same
 future beckons to the ,american ,negro4
 ,there is something very elemental     
about the heart of the race1 something  
that finds its origin in the ,african   
forest1 in the sighing of the           
night-wind1 and in the falling of the   
stars4 ,there is something grim and     
stern about it all1 too1 something that 
speaks of the lash1 of the child torn   
from its mother's bosom1 of the dead    
body riddled with bullets and swinging  
all night from a limb by the roadside4  
,so far we have elaborated a theory4    
,let us not be misunderstood4 ,we do not
 mean to say that the ,negro can not    

rise to great distinction in any sphere 
other than the arts4 ,he has already    
made a noteworthy beginning in pure     
scholarship and invention2 especially   
have some of the younger men done       
brilliant work in science4 ,we do mean  
to say1 however1 that every race has its
 peculiar genius1 and that1 so far as we
 can at present judge1 the ,negro1 with 
all his manual labor1 is destined to    
reach his greatest heights in the field 
of the artistic4 ,but the impulse needs 
to be watched4 ,romanticism very soon   
becomes unhealthy4 ,the ,negro has great
 gifts of voice and ear and soul2 but so
 far much of his talent has not soared  
above the stage of vaudeville4 ,this is 
due most largely of course to economic  
instability4 ,it is the call of         
patriotism1 however1 that ,america      
should realize that the ,negro has      
peculiar gifts which need all possible  
cultivation and which will some day add 
to the glory of the country4 ,already   
his music is recognized as the most     

distinctive that the ,united ,states has
 yet produced4 ,the possibilities of the
 race in literature and oratory1 in     
sculpture and painting1 are illimitable4
         99       99       99       99  
99  ,along some such lines as those just
 indicated it will be the aim of the    
following pages to study the achievement
 of the ,negro in the ,united ,states of
 ,america4 ,first we shall consider in  
order five representative writers who   
have been most constantly guided by     
standards of literary excellence4 ,we   
shall then pass on to others whose      
literary work has been noteworthy1 and  
to those who have risen above the crowd 
in oratory1 painting1 sculpture1 or     
music4 ,we shall constantly have to     
remember that those here remarked are   
only a few of the many who have longed  
and striven for artistic excellence4    
,some have pressed on to the goal of    
their ambition2 but no one can give the 
number of those who1 under hard         
conditions1 have yearned and died in    

silence4     ,,ii  ,,phillis ,,wheatley 
,on one of the slave ships that came to 
the harbor of ,boston in the year #agfa 
was a little ,negro girl of very        
delicate figure4 ,the vessel on which   
she arrived came from ,senegal4 ,with   
her dirty face and unkempt hair she must
 indeed have been a pitiable object in  
the eyes of would-be purchasers4 ,the   
hardships of the voyage1 however1 had   
given an unusual brightness to the eye  
of the child1 and at least one woman had
 discernment enough to appreciate her   
real worth4 ,mrs4 ,susannah ,wheatley1  
wife of ,john ,wheatley1 a tailor1      
desired to possess a girl whom she might
 train to be a special servant for her  
declining years1 as the slaves already  
in her home were advanced in age and    
growing feeble4 ,attracted by the gentle
 demeanor of the child in question1 she 
bought her1 took her home1 and gave her 
the name of ,phillis4 ,when the young   
slave became known to the world it was  
customary for her to use also the name  

of the family to which she belonged4    
,she always spelled her ,christian name 
,p-h-i-l-l-i-s4  ,illustration3         
,,phillis ,,wheatley  ,phillis ,wheatley
 was born very probably in #agec4 ,the  
poem on ,whitefield published in #aggj  
said on the title-page that she was     
seventeen years old4 ,when she came to  
,boston she was shedding her front      
teeth4 ,her memory of her childhood in  
,africa was always vague4 ,she knew only
 that her mother poured out water before
 the rising sun4 ,this was probably a   
rite of heathen worship4  ,mrs4         
,wheatley was a woman of unusual        
refinement4 ,her home was well known to 
the people of fashion and culture in    
,boston1 and ,king ,street in which she 
lived was then as noted for its         
residences as it is now1 under the name 
of ,state ,street1 famous for its       
commercial and banking houses4 ,when    
,phillis entered the ,wheatley home the 
family consisted of four persons1 ,mr4  
and ,mrs4 ,wheatley1 their son          

,nathaniel1 and their daughter ,mary4   
,nathaniel and ,mary were twins1 born   
,may #d1 #agdc4 ,mrs4 ,wheatley was also
 the mother of three other children1    
,sarah1 ,john1 and ,susannah2 but all of
 these died in early youth4 ,mary       
,wheatley1 accordingly1 was the only    
daughter of the family that ,phillis    
knew to any extent1 and she was eighteen
 years old when her mother brought the  
child to the house1 that is1 just a     
little more than ten years older than   
,phillis4  ,in her new home the girl    
showed signs of remarkable talent4 ,her 
childish desire for expression found an 
outlet in the figures which she drew    
with charcoal or chalk on the walls of  
the house4 ,mrs4 ,wheatley and her      
daughter became so interested in the    
ease with which she assimilated         
knowledge that they began to teach her4 
,within sixteen months from the time of 
her arrival in ,boston ,phillis was able
 to read fluently the most difficult    
parts of the ,bible4 ,from the first her

 mistress strove to cultivate in every  
possible way her naturally pious        
disposition1 and diligently gave her    
instruction in the ,scriptures and in   
morals4 ,in course of time1 thanks      
especially to the teaching of ,mary     
,wheatley1 the learning of the young    
student came to consist of a little     
astronomy1 some ancient and modern      
geography1 a little ancient history1 a  
fair knowledge of the ,bible1 and a     
thoroughly appreciative acquaintance    
with the most important ,latin classics1
 especially the works of ,virgil and    
,ovid4 ,she was proud of the fact that  
,terence was at least of ,african birth4
 ,she became proficient in grammar1     
developing a conception of style from   
practice rather than from theory4       
,pope's translation of ,homer was her   
favorite ,english classic4 ,if in the   
light of twentieth century opportunity  
and methods these attainments seem in no
 wise remarkable1 one must remember the 
disadvantages under which not only      

,phillis ,wheatley1 but all the women of
 her time1 labored2 and recall that in  
any case her attainments would have     
marked her as one of the most highly    
educated young women in ,boston4  ,while
 ,phillis was trying to make the most of
 her time with her studies1 she was also
 seeking to develop herself in other    
ways4 ,she had not been studying long   
before she began to feel that she too   
would like to make verses4 ,alexander   
,pope was still an important force in   
,english literature1 and the young      
student became his ready pupil4 ,she was
 about fourteen years old when she      
seriously began to cultivate her poetic 
talent2 and one of the very earliest1   
and from every standpoint one of the    
most interesting of her efforts is the  
pathetic little juvenile poem1 ,on      
,being ,brought from ,africa to         
,america3      ',twas mercy brought me  
from my pagan land1     ,taught my      
benighted soul to understand     ,that  
there's a ,god--that there's a ,saviour 

too3     ,once ,i redemption neither    
sought nor knew4     ,some view our     
sable race with scornful eye--          
,their colour is a diabolic dye4        
,remember1 ,christians1 ,negroes black  
as ,cain     ,may be refined1 and join  
th' angelic train4  ,meanwhile1 the life
 of ,phillis was altogether different   
from that of the other slaves of the    
household4 ,no hard labor was required  
of her1 though she did the lighter work1
 such as dusting a room or polishing a  
table4 ,gradually she came to be        
regarded as a daughter and companion    
rather than as a slave4 ,as she wrote   
poetry1 more and more she proved to have
 a talent for writing occasional verse4 
,whenever any unusual event1 such as a  
death1 occurred in any family of the    
circle of ,mrs4 ,wheatley's             
acquaintance1 she would write lines on  
the same4 ,she thus came to be regarded 
as a kind of poet-laureate in the       
domestic circles of ,boston4 ,she was   
frequently invited to the homes of      

people to whom ,mrs4 ,wheatley had      
introduced her1 and was regarded with   
peculiar interest and esteem1 on account
 both of her singular position and her  
lovable nature4 ,in her own room at home
 ,phillis was specially permitted to    
have heat and a light1 because her      
constitution was delicate1 and in order 
that she might write down her thoughts  
as they came to her1 rather than trust  
them to her fickle memory4  ,such for   
some years was the course of the life of
 ,phillis ,wheatley4 ,the year #aggj saw
 the earliest publication of one of her 
poems4 ,on the first printed page of    
this edition one might read the         
following announcement3 ,a ,poem1 ,by   
,phillis1 a ,negro ,girl1 in ,boston1   
,on the ,death of the ,reverend ,george 
,whitefield4 ,in the middle of the page 
is a quaint representation of the dead  
man in his coffin1 on the top of which  
one might with difficulty decipher1 ,g4 
,w4 ,ob4 #cj ,sept4 #aggj1 ,aet4 #ef4   
,the poem is addressed to the ,countess 

of ,huntingdon1 whom ,whitefield had    
served as chaplain1 and to the orphan   
children of ,georgia whom he had        
befriended4 ,it takes up in the original
 less than four pages of large print4   
,it was revised for the #aggc edition of
 the poems4  ,in #agga the first real   
sorrow of ,phillis ,wheatley came to    
her4 ,on ,january #cast ,mary ,wheatley 
left the old home to become the wife of 
,rev4 ,john ,lathrop1 pastor of the     
,second ,church in ,boston4 ,this year  
is important for another event4 ,on     
,august #ahth ,phillis1 the servant of  
,mr4 ,wheatley1 became a communicant of 
the ,old ,south ,meeting ,house in      
,boston4 ,we are informed that her      
membership in ,old ,south was an        
exception to the rule that slaves were  
not baptized into the church4 ,at that  
time the church was without a regular   
minister1 though it had lately received 
the excellent teaching of the ,rev4 ,dr4
 ,joseph ,sewell4  ,this was a troublous
 time in the history of ,boston4        

,already the storm of the ,revolution   
was gathering4 ,the period was one of   
vexation on the part of the slaves and  
their masters as well as on that of the 
colonies and ,england4 ,the argument on 
the side of the slaves was that1 as the 
colonies were still ,english territory1 
they were technically free1 ,lord       
,mansfield having handed down the       
decision in #aggb that as soon as a     
slave touched the soil of ,england he   
became free4 ,certainly ,phillis must   
have been a girl of unusual tact to be  
able under such conditions to hold so   
securely the esteem and affection of her
 many friends4  ,about this time1 as we 
learn from her correspondence1 her      
health began to fail4 ,almost all of her
 letters that are preserved were written
 to ,obour ,tanner1 a friend living in  
,newport1 ,r4 ,i4 ,just when the two    
young women became acquainted is not    
known4 ,obour ,tanner survived until the
 fourth decade of the next century4 ,it 
was to her1 then1 still a young woman1  

that on ,july #ai1 #aggb1 ,phillis wrote
 from ,boston as follows3       ,,my    
,,dear ,,friend1--,i received your kind 
epistle a few days ago2      much       
disappointed to hear that you had not   
received my answer      to your first   
letter4 ,i have been in a very poor     
state of      health all the past winter
 and spring1 and now reside in the      
country for the benefit of its more     
wholesome air4 ,i came to      town this
 morning to spend the ,sabbath with my  
master and      mistress4 ,let me be    
interested in your prayers that ,god    
will      bless to me the means used for
 my recovery1 if agreeable to his       
holy will4  ,by the spring of #aggc the 
condition of the health of ,phillis was 
such as to give her friends much        
concern4 ,the family physician advised  
that she try the air of the sea4 ,as    
,nathaniel ,wheatley was just then going
 to ,england1 it was decided that she   
should accompany him4 ,the two sailed in
 ,may4 ,the poem1 ,a ,farewell to       

,america1 is dated ,may #g1 #aggc4 ,it  
was addressed to ,s4 ,w41 that is1 ,mrs4
 ,wheatley4 ,before she left ,america1  
,phillis was formally manumitted4  ,the 
poem on ,whitefield served well as an   
introduction to the ,countess of        
,huntingdon4 ,through the influence of  
this noblewoman ,phillis met other      
ladies1 and for the summer the child of 
the wilderness was the pet of the       
society people of ,england4 ,now it was 
that a peculiar gift of ,phillis        
,wheatley shone to advantage4 ,to the   
recommendations of a strange history1   
ability to write verses1 and the        
influence of kind friends1 she added the
 accomplishment of brilliant            
conversation4 ,presents were showered   
upon her4 ,one that has been preserved  
is a copy of the magnificent #aggj      
,glasgow folio edition of ,paradise     
,lost1 given to her by ,brook ,watson1  
,lord ,mayor of ,london4 ,this book is  
now in the library of ,harvard          
,university4 ,at the top of one of the  

first pages1 in the handwriting of      
,phillis ,wheatley1 are these words3    
,mr4 ,brook ,watson to ,phillis         
,wheatley1 ,london1 ,july1 #aggc4 ,at   
the bottom of the same page1 in the     
handwriting of another1 are these words3
 ,this book was given by ,brook ,watson 
formerly ,lord ,mayor of ,london to     
,phillis ,wheatley  after her death was 
sold in payment of her husband's debts4 
,it is now presented to the ,library of 
,harvard ,university at ,cambridge1 by  
,dudley ,l4 ,pickman of ,salem4 ,march1 
#ahbd4  ,phillis had not arrived in     
,england at the most fashionable season1
 however4 ,the ladies of the circle of  
the ,countess of ,huntingdon desired    
that she remain long enough to be       
presented at the court of ,george ,,iii4
 ,an accident--the illness of ,mrs4     
,wheatley--prevented the introduction4  
,this lady longed for the presence of   
her old companion1 and ,phillis could   
not be persuaded to delay her return4   
,before she went back to ,boston1       

however1 arrangements were made for the 
publication of her volume1 ,poems on    
,various ,subjects1 ,religious and      
,moral1 of which more must be said4     
,while the book does not of course      
contain the later scattered poems1 it is
 the only collection ever brought       
together by ,phillis ,wheatley1 and the 
book by which she is known4  ,the visit 
to ,england marked the highest point in 
the career of the young author4 ,her    
piety and faith were now to be put to   
their severest test1 and her noble      
bearing under hardship and disaster must
 forever speak to her credit4 ,in much  
of the sorrow that came to her she was  
not alone1 for the period of the        
,revolution was one of general distress4
  ,phillis remained in ,england barely  
four months4 ,in ,october she was back  
in ,boston4 ,that she was little        
improved may be seen from the letter to 
,obour ,tanner1 bearing date the #cjth  
of this month3       ,i hear of your    
welfare with pleasure2 but this         

acquaints you      that ,i am at present
 indisposed by a cold1 and since my     
arrival      have been visited by the   
asthma4  ,a postscript to this letter   
reads3       ,the young man by whom this
 is handed to you seems to be a very    
clever man1 knows you very well1 and is 
very complaisant and      agreeable4    
,the young man was ,john ,peters1       
afterwards to be her husband4  ,a great 
sorrow came to ,phillis in the death on 
,march #c1 #aggd1 of her best friend1   
,mrs4 ,wheatley1 then in her sixty-fifth
 year4 ,how she felt about this event is
 best set forth in her own words in a   
letter addressed to ,obour ,tanner at   
,newport under date ,march #ba1 #aggd3  
,,dear ,,obour1--,i received your       
obliging letter enclosed in your        
,reverend ,pastor's and handed me by his
 son4 ,i have lately met      with a    
great trial in the death of my mistress2
 let us imagine      the loss of a      
parent1 sister or brother1 the          
tenderness of all      were united in   

her4 ,i was a poor little outcast and a 
stranger      when she took me in2 not  
only into her house1 but ,i presently   
became a sharer in her most tender      
affections4 ,i was treated by      her  
more like her child than her servant2 no
 opportunity was      left unimproved of
 giving me the best of advice2 but in   
terms      how tender6 how engaging6    
,this ,i hope ever to keep in           
remembrance4 ,her exemplary life was a  
greater monitor than all      her       
precepts and instructions2 thus we may  
observe of how much      greater force  
example is than instruction4 ,to        
alleviate our      sorrows we had the   
satisfaction to see her depart in       
inexpressible raptures1 earnest         
longings1 and impatient      thirstings 
for the upper courts of the ,lord4 ,do1 
my dear      friend1 remember me and    
this family in your closet1 that this   
afflicting dispensation may be          
sanctified to us4 ,i am very      sorry 
to hear that you are indisposed1 but    

hope this will find      you in better  
health4 ,i have been unwell the greater 
part of      the winter1 but am much    
better as the spring approaches4 ,pray  
excuse my not writing you so long       
before1 for ,i have been so      busy   
lately that ,i could not find leisure4  
,i shall send the #e      books you     
wrote for1 the first convenient         
opportunity2 if you      want more they 
shall be ready for you4 ,i am very      
affectionately      your friend1        
,,phillis ,,wheatley4  ,after the death 
of ,mrs4 ,wheatley ,phillis seems not to
 have lived regularly at the old home2  
at least one of her letters written in  
#agge was sent from ,providence4 ,for   
,mr4 ,wheatley the house must have been 
a sad one2 his daughter was married and 
living in her own home1 his son was     
living abroad1 and his wife was dead4   
,it was in this darkening period of her 
life1 however1 that a very pleasant     
experience came to ,phillis ,wheatley4  
,this was her reception at the hands of 

,george ,washington4 ,in #agge1 while   
the siege of ,boston was in progress1   
she wrote a letter to the distinguished 
soldier1 enclosing a complimentary poem4
 ,washington later replied as follows3  
,,cambridge1 ,feb4 #b1 #aggf4           
,,miss ,,phillis1--,your favor of the   
#bfth of ,october did not reach      my 
hand till the middle of ,december4 ,time
 enough1 you say1 to      have given an 
answer ere this4 ,granted4 ,but a       
variety of      important occurrences   
continually interposing to distract the 
mind and to withdraw the attention1 ,i  
hope1 will apologize for      the delay 
and plead my excuse for the seeming1 but
 not real      neglect4 ,i thank you    
most sincerely for your polite notice of
      me1 in the elegant lines you      
enclosed1 and however undeserving       
,i may be of such encomium and          
panegyric1 the style and manner         
exhibit a striking proof of your        
poetical talents1 in honor of           
which1 and as a tribute justly due to   

you1 ,i would have      published the   
poem1 had ,i not been apprehensive that 
while ,i      only meant to give the    
world this new instance of your genius1 
,i might have incurred the imputation of
 vanity4 ,this and      nothing else    
determined me not to give it place in   
the public      prints4 ,if you should  
ever come to ,cambridge or near         
headquarters1 ,i shall be happy to see a
 person so favored by      the muses1   
and to whom ,nature has been so liberal 
and      beneficent in her              
dispensations4       ,i am1 with great  
respect1      ,your obedient humble     
servant1      ,,george ,,washington4    
,not long afterwards ,phillis accepted  
the invitation of the ,general and was  
received in ,cambridge with marked      
courtesy by ,washington and his         
officers4  ,the ,wheatley home was      
finally broken up by the death of ,mr4  
,john ,wheatley1 ,march #ab1 #aggh1 at  
the age of seventy-two4 ,after this     
event ,phillis lived for a short time   

with a friend of ,mrs4 ,wheatley1 and   
then took an apartment and lived by     
herself4 ,by ,april she had yielded to  
the blandishments of ,john ,peters      
sufficiently to be persuaded to become  
his wife4 ,this man is variously        
reported to have been a baker1 a barber1
 a grocer1 a doctor1 and a lawyer4 ,with
 all of these professions and           
occupations1 however1 he seems not to   
have possessed the ability to make a    
living4 ,he wore a wig1 sported a cane1 
and generally felt himself superior to  
labor4 ,bereft of old friends as she    
was1 however1 sick and lonely1 it is not
 surprising that when love and care     
seemed thus to present themselves the   
heart of the woman yielded4 ,it was not 
long before she realized that she was   
married to a ne'er-do-well at a time    
when even an industrious man found it   
hard to make a living4 ,the course of   
the ,revolutionary ,war made it more and
 more difficult for people to secure the
 bare necessaries of life1 and the      

horrors of ,valley ,forge were but an   
aggravation of the general distress4    
,the year was further made memorable by 
the death of ,mary ,wheatley1 ,mrs4     
,lathrop1 on the #bdth of ,september4   
,when ,boston fell into the hands of the
 ,british1 the inhabitants fled in all  
directions4 ,mrs4 ,peters accompanied   
her husband to ,wilmington1 ,mass41     
where she suffered much from poverty4   
,after the evacuation of ,boston by the 
,british troops1 she returned thither4  
,a niece of ,mrs4 ,wheatley1 whose son  
had been slain in battle1 received her  
under her own roof4 ,this woman was a   
widow1 was not wealthy1 and kept a      
little school in order to support       
herself4 ,mrs4 ,peters and the two      
children whose mother she had become    
remained with her for six weeks4 ,then  
,peters came for his wife1 having       
provided an apartment for her4 ,just    
before her departure for ,wilmington1   
,mrs4 ,peters entrusted her papers to a 
daughter of the lady who received her on

 her return from that place4 ,after her 
death these were demanded by ,peters as 
the property of his wife4 ,they were of 
course promptly given to him4 ,some     
years afterwards he returned to the     
,south1 and nothing is known of what    
became of the manuscripts4  ,the conduct
 of her husband estranged ,mrs4 ,peters 
from her old acquaintances1 and her     
pride kept her from informing them of   
her distress4 ,after the war1 however1  
one of ,mrs4 ,wheatley's relatives      
hunted her out and found that her two   
children were dead1 and that a third    
that had been born was sick4 ,this seems
 to have been in the winter of #aghc-hd4
 ,nathaniel ,wheatley1 who had been     
living in ,london1 died in the summer of
 #aghc4 ,in #aghd ,john ,peters suffered
 imprisonment in jail4 ,after his       
liberation he worked as a journeyman    
baker1 later attempted to practice law1 
and finally pretended to be a physician4
 ,his wife1 meanwhile1 earned her board 
by drudgery in a cheap lodging-house on 

the west side of the town4 ,her disease 
made rapid progress1 and she died       
,december #e1 #aghd4 ,her last baby died
 and was buried with her4 ,no one of her
 old acquaintances seems to have known  
of her death4 ,on the ,thursday after   
this event1 however1 the following      
notice appeared in the ,independent     
,chronicle3       ,last ,lord's ,day1   
died ,mrs4 ,phillis ,peters 7formerly   
,phillis      ,wheatley71 aged          
thirty-one1 known to the world by her   
celebrated miscellaneous poems4 ,her    
funeral is to be this      afternoon1 at
 four o'clock1 from the house lately    
improved by      ,mr4 ,todd1 nearly     
opposite ,dr4 ,bulfinch's at ,west      
,boston1 where      her friends and     
acquaintances are desired to attend4    
,the house referred to was situated on  
or near the present site of the ,revere 
,house in ,bowdoin ,square4 ,the exact  
site of the grave of ,phillis ,wheatley 
is not known4  ,at the time when she was
 most talked about1 ,phillis ,wheatley  

was regarded as a prodigy1 appearing as 
she did at a time when the achievement  
of the ,negro in literature and art was 
still negligible4 ,her vogue1 however1  
was more than temporary1 and the #agic1 
#ahjb1 and #ahaf editions of her poems  
found ready sale4 ,in the early years of
 the last century her verses were       
frequently to be found in school        
readers4 ,from the first1 however1 there
 were those who discounted her poetry4  
,thomas ,jefferson1 for instance1 said  
that it was beneath the dignity of      
criticism4 ,if after #ahaf interest in  
her work declined1 it was greatly       
revived at the time of the anti-slavery 
agitation1 when anything indicating     
unusual capacity on the part of the     
,negro was received with eagerness4     
,when ,margaretta ,matilda ,odell of    
,jamaica ,plain1 a descendant of the    
,wheatley family1 republished the poems 
with a memoir in #ahcd1 there was such a
 demand for the book that two more      
editions were called for within the next

 three years4 ,for a variety of reasons1
 especially an increasing               
race-consciousness on the part of the   
,negro1 interest in her work has greatly
 increased within the last decade1 and  
as copies of early editions had within  
recent years become so rare as to be    
practically inaccessible1 the reprint in
 #aiji of the volume of #aggc by the ,a4
 ,m4 ,e4 ,book ,concern in ,philadelphia
 was especially welcome4  ,only two     
poems written by ,phillis ,wheatley     
after her marriage are in existence4    
,these are ,liberty and ,peace1 and ,an 
,elegy ,sacred to the ,memory of ,dr4   
,samuel ,cooper4 ,both were published in
 #aghd4 ,of ,poems on ,various          
,subjects1 the following advertisement  
appeared in the ,boston ,gazette for    
,january #bd1 #aggd3      ,this ,day    
,published     ,adorn'd with an ,elegant
 ,engraving of the ,author1     7,price 
#cs4 #d;d4 ,l4 ,m4 ,bound17      ,,poems
      on various subjects1--,religious  
and ,moral1     ,by ,phillis ,wheatley1 

a ,negro ,girl4     ,sold by ,mess's    
,cox  ,berry1     at their ,store1 in   
,king-,street1 ,boston4      ,n4        
,b4--,the subscribers are requested to  
apply for their     copies4  ,the little
 octavo volume of #abd pages contains   
#ci poems4 ,one of these1 however1 must 
be excluded from the enumeration1 as it 
is simply ,a ,rebus by ,i4 ,b41 which   
serves as the occasion of ,phillis      
,wheatley's poem1 the answer to it4     
,fourteen of the poems are elegiac1 and 
at least six others are occasional4 ,two
 are paraphrases from the ,bible4 ,we   
are thus left with sixteen poems to     
represent the best that ,phillis        
,wheatley had produced by the time she  
was twenty years old4 ,one of the       
longest of these is ,niobe in ,distress 
for ,her ,children ,slain by ,apollo1   
from ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 ,book ,,vi1
 and from a ,view of the ,painting of   
,mr4 ,richard ,wilson4 ,this poem       
contains two interesting examples of    
personification 7neither of which seems 

to be drawn from ,ovid71 fate portentous
 whistling in the air1 and the feather'd
 vengeance quiv'ring in his hands1      
though the point might easily be made   
that these are little more than a part  
of the pseudo-classic tradition4 ,the   
poem1 ,to ,s4 ,m41 a ,young ,african    
,painter1 on seeing his works1 was      
addressed to ,scipio ,moorhead1 a young 
man who exhibited some talent for       
drawing and who was a servant of the    
,rev4 ,john ,moorhead of ,boston4 ,from 
the poem we should infer that one of his
 subjects was the story of ,damon and   
,pythias4 ,of prime importance are the  
two or three poems of autobiographical  
interest4 ,we have already remarked ,on 
,being ,brought from ,africa to         
,america4 ,in the lines addressed to    
,william1 ,earl of ,dartmouth1 the young
 woman spoke again from her personal    
experience4 ,important also in this     
connection is the poem ,on ,virtue1 with
 its plea3      ,attend me1 ,virtue1    
thro' my youthful years6     ,o leave me

 not to the false joys of time6     ,but
 guide my steps to endless life and     
bliss4  ,one would suppose that ,phillis
 ,wheatley would make of ,an ,hymn to   
,humanity a fairly strong piece of work4
 ,it is typical of the restraint under  
which she labored that this is one of   
the most conventional things in the     
volume4 ,all critics agree1 however1    
that the strongest lines in the book are
 those entitled ,on ,imagination4 ,this 
effort is more sustained than the       
others1 and it is the leading poem that 
,edmund ,clarence ,stedman chose to     
represent ,phillis ,wheatley in his     
,library of ,american ,literature4 ,the 
following lines are representative of   
its quality3      ,imagination6 ,who can
 sing thy force8     ,or who describe   
the swiftness of thy course8            
,soaring through air to find the bright 
abode1     ,th' empyreal palace of the  
thundering ,god1     ,we on thy pinions 
can surpass the wind1     ,and leave the
 rolling universe behind3     ,from star

 to star the mental optics rove1        
,measure the skies1 and range the realms
 above2     ,there in one view we grasp 
the mighty whole1     ,or with new      
worlds amaze th' unbounded soul4        
,hardly beyond this is ,liberty and     
,peace1 the best example of the later   
verse4 ,the poem is too long for        
inclusion here1 but may be found in     
,duyckinck's ,cyclopedia of ,american   
,literature1 and ,heartman and          
,schomburg's collected edition of the   
,poems and ,letters4  ,it is unfortunate
 that1 imitating ,pope1 ,phillis        
,wheatley more than once fell into his  
pitfalls4 ,her diction--fleecy care1    
vital breath1 feather'd race--is        
distinctly pseudo-classic4 ,the         
construction is not always clear2 for   
instance1 in the poem1 ,to ,maecenas1   
there are three distinct references to  
,virgil1 when grammatically the poetess 
seems to be speaking of three different 
men4 ,then1 of course1 any young writer 
working under the influence of ,pope and

 his school would feel a sense of       
repression4 ,if ,phillis ,wheatley had  
come on the scene forty years later1    
when the romantic writers had given a   
new tone to ,english poetry1 she would  
undoubtedly have been much greater4     
,even as it was1 however1 she made her  
mark1 and her place in the history of   
,american literature1 though not a large
 one1 is secure4  ,hers was a great     
soul4 ,her ambition knew no bounds1 her 
thirst for knowledge was insatiable1 and
 she triumphed over the most adverse    
circumstances4 ,a child of the          
wilderness and a slave1 by her grace and
 culture she satisfied the              
conventionalities of ,boston and of     
,england4 ,her brilliant conversation   
was equaled only by her modest demeanor4
 ,everything about her was refined4     
,more and more as one studies her life  
he becomes aware of her sterling        
,christian character4 ,in a dark day she
 caught a glimpse of the eternal light1 
and it was meet that the first ,negro   

woman in ,american literature should be 
one of unerring piety and the highest of
 literary ideals4     ,,iii  ,,paul     
,,laurence ,,dunbar   ,incomparably the 
foremost exponent in verse of the life  
and character of the ,negro people has  
been ,paul ,laurence ,dunbar4 ,this     
gifted young poet represented perfectly 
the lyric and romantic quality of the   
race1 with its moodiness1 its abandon1  
its love of song1 and its pathetic      
irony1 and his career has been the      
inspiration of thousands of the young   
men and women whose problems he had to  
face1 and whose aspirations he did so   
much to realize4  ,dunbar was born in   
,dayton1 ,ohio1 ,june #bg1 #ahgb4 ,his  
parents were uneducated but earnest     
hard-working people1 and throughout his 
life the love of the poet for his mother
 was ever a dominating factor4 ,from    
very early years ,dunbar made little    
attempts at rhyming2 but what he        
afterwards called his first poetical    
achievement was his recitation of some  

original verses at a ,sunday ,school    
,easter celebration when he was thirteen
 years old4 ,he attended the ,steele    
,high ,school in ,dayton1 where he was  
the only ,negro student in his class2   
and by reason of his modest and yet     
magnetic personality1 he became very    
popular with his schoolmates4 ,in his   
second year he became a member of the   
literary society of the school1         
afterwards became president of the same1
 as well as editor of ,the ,high ,school
 ,times1 a monthly student publication1 
and on his completion of the course in  
#ahia he composed the song for his      
class4 ,somewhat irregularly for the    
next two or three years ,dunbar         
continued his studies1 but he never had 
the advantage of a regular college      
education4 ,on leaving the high school1 
after vainly seeking for something      
better1 he accepted a position as       
elevator boy1 working for four dollars a
 week4 ,in #ahic1 at the ,world's       
,columbian ,exposition in ,chicago1 he  

was given a position by ,frederick      
,douglass1 who was in charge of the     
exhibit from ,hayti4 ,oak and ,ivy      
appeared in #ahic1 and ,majors and      
,minors in #ahie4 ,these little books   
were privately printed2 ,dunbar had to  
assume full responsibility for selling  
them1 and not unnaturally he had many   
bitter hours of discouragement4 ,asking 
people to buy his verses grated on his  
sensitive nature1 and he once declared  
to a friend that he would never sell    
another book4 ,sometimes1 however1 he   
succeeded beyond his highest hopes1 and 
gradually1 with the assistance of       
friends1 chief among whom was ,dr4 ,h4  
,a4 ,tobey1 of ,toledo1 the young poet  
came into notice as a reader of his     
verses4 ,william ,dean ,howells wrote a 
full-page review of his poems in the    
issue of ,harper's ,weekly that         
contained an account of ,william        
,mc,kinley's first nomination for the   
presidency4 ,dunbar was now fairly      
launched upon his larger fame1 and      

,lyrics of ,lowly ,life1 published by   
,dodd1 ,mead  ,co4 in #ahif1 introduced 
him to the wider reading public4 ,this  
book is deservedly the poet's best      
known4 ,it contained the richest work of
 his youth and was really never         
surpassed4 ,in #ahig ,dunbar enhanced   
his reputation as a reader of his own   
poems by a visit to ,england4 ,about    
this time he was very busy1 writing     
numerous poems and magazine articles1   
and meeting with a success that was so  
much greater than that of most of the   
poets of the day that it became a vogue4
 ,in ,october1 #ahig1 through the       
influence of ,robert ,g4 ,ingersoll1 he 
secured employment as an assistant in   
the reading room of the ,library of     
,congress1 ,washington2 but he gave up  
this position after a year1 for the     
confinement and his late work at night  
on his own account were making rapid    
inroads upon his health4 ,on ,march #f1 
#ahih1 ,dunbar was married to ,alice    
,ruth ,moore1 of ,new ,orleans1 who also

 had become prominent as a writer4      
,early in #ahii he went ,south1 visiting
 ,tuskegee and other schools1 and giving
 many readings4 ,later in the same year 
he went to ,colorado in a vain search   
for health4 ,books were now appearing in
 rapid succession1 short story          
collections and novels as well as poems4
 ,the ,uncalled1 written in ,london1    
reflected the poet's thought of entering
 the ministry4 ,it was followed by ,the 
,love of ,landry1 a ,colorado story2    
,the ,fanatics1 and ,the ,sport of the  
,gods4 ,collections of short stories    
were1 ,folks from ,dixie1 ,the ,strength
 of ,gideon1 ,in ,old ,plantation ,days1
 and ,the ,heart of ,happy ,hollow4     
,volumes of verse were ,lyrics of the   
,hearthside1 ,lyrics of ,love and       
,laughter1 ,lyrics of ,sunshine and     
,shadow1 as well as several specially   
illustrated volumes4 ,dunbar bought a   
home in ,dayton1 where he lived with his
 mother4 ,his last years were a record  
of sincere friendships and a losing     

fight against disease4 ,he died         
,february #i1 #aijf4 ,he was only       
thirty-three1 but he had existed        
millions of years4  ,illustration3      
,,paul ,,laurence ,,dunbar  ,unless his 
novels are considered as forming a      
distinct class1 ,dunbar's work falls    
naturally into three divisions3 the     
poems in classic ,english1 those in     
dialect1 and the stories in prose4 ,it  
was his work in the ,negro dialect that 
was his distinct contribution to        
,american literature4 ,that this was not
 his desire may be seen from the eight  
lines entitled1 ,the ,poet1 in which he 
longed for success in the singing of his
 deeper notes and spoke of his dialect  
as a jingle in a broken tongue4 ,any    
criticism of ,dunbar's classic ,english 
verse will have to reckon with the      
following poems3 ,ere ,sleep ,comes     
,down to ,soothe the ,weary ,eyes1 ,the 
,poet and ,his ,song1 ,life1 ,promise   
and ,fulfillment1 ,ships ,that ,pass in 
the ,night1 and ,october4 ,in the pure  

flow of lyrical verse the poet rarely   
surpassed his early lines3#a      ,ere  
sleep comes down to soothe the weary    
eyes1       ,how questioneth the soul   
that other soul--     ,the inner sense  
which neither cheats nor lies1          
,but self exposes unto self1 a scroll   
,full writ with all life's acts unwise  
or wise1       ,in characters indelible 
and known2     ,so1 trembling with the  
shock of sad surprise1       ,the soul  
doth view its awful self alone1     ,ere
 sleep comes down to soothe the weary   
eyes4  ,footnote #a3 ,as stated in the  
,preface1 we are under obligations to   
,dodd1 ,mead  ,co4 for permission to use
 the quotations from ,dunbar4 ,these are
 covered by copyright by this firm1 as  
follows3 ,ere ,sleep ,comes ,down to    
,soothe the ,weary ,eyes1 ,the ,poet and
 his ,song1 and ,life1 #ahif2 ,lullaby1 
#ahii2 and ,compensation1 #aije4  ,the  
,poet and his ,song is also             
distinguished for its simplicity and its
 lyric quality3      ,a song is but a   

little thing1     ,and yet what joy it  
is to sing6     ,in hours of toil it    
gives me zest1     ,and when at eve ,i  
long for rest2     ,when cows come home 
along the bars1       ,and in the fold  
,i hear the bell1     ,as night1 the    
,shepherd1 herds his stars1       ,i    
sing my song1 and all is well4          
99       99       99       99       99  
,sometimes the sun1 unkindly hot1       
,my garden makes a desert spot2         
,sometimes a blight upon the tree       
,takes all the fruit away from me2      
,and then with throes of bitter pain    
,rebellious passions rise and swell2    
,but life is more than fruit or grain1  
,and so ,i sing1 and all is well4  ,the 
two stanzas entitled ,life have probably
 been quoted more than any other lines  
written by the poet3      ,a crust of   
bread and a corner to sleep in1     ,a  
minute to smile and an hour to weep in1 
,a pint of joy to a peck of trouble1    
,and never a laugh but the moans come   
double2                   ,and that is  

life4      ,a crust and a corner that   
love makes precious1     ,with a smile  
to warm and the tears to refresh us2    
,and joy seems sweeter when cares come  
after1     ,and a moan is the finest of 
foils for laughter2                     
,and that is life4  ,promise and        
,fulfillment was especially admired by  
,mrs4 ,minnie ,maddern ,fiske1 who      
frequently recited it with never-failing
 applause4 ,of the poet's own reading of
 ,ships that ,pass in the ,night on one 
occasion1 ,brand ,whitlock wrote3 ,that 
last evening he recited--oh6 what a     
voice he had--his ',ships that ,pass in 
the ,night4' ,i can hear him now and see
 the expression on his fine face as he  
said1 ',passing6 ,passing6' ,it was     
prophetic4  ,other pieces1 no more      
distinguished in poetic quality1 are of 
special biographical interest4 ,robert  
,gould ,shaw was the expression of      
pessimism as to the ,negro's future in  
,america4 ,to ,louise was addressed to  
the young daughter of ,dr4 ,tobey1 who1 

on one occasion1 when the poet was      
greatly depressed1 in the simple way of 
a child cheered him by her gift of a    
rose4 ,the ,monk's ,walk reflects the   
poet's thought of being a preacher4     
,finally1 there is the swan song1       
,compensation1 contributed to           
,lippincott's1 eight exquisite lines3   
,because ,i had loved so deeply1        
,because ,i had loved so long1     ,god 
in his great compassion       ,gave me  
the gift of song4      ,because ,i have 
loved so vainly1       ,and sung with   
such faltering breath1     ,the ,master 
in infinite mercy       ,offers the boon
 of ,death4  ,the dialect poems suffer  
by quotation1 being artistic primarily  
as wholes4 ,of these1 by common consent1
 the masterpiece is1 ,when ,malindy     
,sings1 a poem inspired by the singing  
of the poet's mother4 ,other pieces in  
dialect that have proved unusually      
successful1 especially as readings1 are 
,the ,rivals1 ,a ,coquette ,conquered1  
,the ,ol' ,tunes1 ,a ,corn-,song1 ,when 

de ,co'n ,pone's ,hot1 ,how ,lucy       
,backslid1 ,the ,party1 ,at             
,candle-,lightin' ,time1 ,angelina1     
,whistling ,sam1 ,two ,little ,boots1   
and ,the ,old ,front ,gate4 ,almost all 
of these poems represent the true       
humorist's blending of humor and pathos1
 and all of them exemplify the delicate 
and sympathetic irony of which ,dunbar  
was such a master4 ,as representative of
 the dialect verse at its best1         
attention might be called to a little   
poem that was included in the           
illustrated volume1 ,candle-,lightin'   
,time1 but that1 strangely enough1 was  
omitted from both of the larger editions
 of the poems1 very probably because the
 title1 ,lullaby1 was used more than    
once by the poet3      ,kiver up yo'    
haid1 my little lady1       ,hyeah de   
win' a-blowin' out o' do's1     ,don'   
you kick1 ner projick wid de comfo't1   
,less'n fros'll bite yo' little toes4   
,shut yo' eyes1 an' snuggle up to mammy2
       ,gi' me bofe yo' han's1 ,i hol'  

'em tight2     ,don' you be afeard1 an' 
'mence to trimble       ,des ez soon ez 
,i blows out de light4      ,angels is  
a-mindin' you1 my baby1       ,keepin'  
off de ,bad ,man in de night4     ,whut 
de use o' bein' skeered o' nuffin'8     
,you don' fink de da'kness gwine to     
bite8     ,whut de crackin' soun' you   
hyeah erroun' you8--       ,lawsy1      
chile1 you tickles me to def6--         
,dat's de man what brings de fros'1     
a-paintin'       ,picters on de winder  
wid his bref4      ,mammy ain' afeard1  
you hyeah huh laughin'8       ,go 'way1 
,mistah ,fros'1 you can't come in2      
,baby ain' erceivin' folks dis evenin'1 
,reckon dat you'll have to call ag'in4  
,curl yo' little toes up so1 my         
'possum--       ,umph1 but you's a      
cunnin' one fu' true6--     ,go to      
sleep1 de angels is a-watchin'1         
,an' yo' mammy's mindin' of you1 too4   
,the short stories of ,dunbar would have
 been sufficient to make his reputation1
 even if he had not written his poems4  

,one of the best technically is         
,jimsella1 from the ,folks from ,dixie  
volume4 ,this story exhibits the pathos 
of the life of unskilled ,negroes in the
 ,north1 and the leading of a little    
child4 ,in the sureness with which it   
moves to its conclusion it is a         
beautiful work of art4 ,a ,family ,feud 
shows the influence of an old servant in
 a wealthy ,kentucky family4 ,in similar
 vein is ,aunt ,tempe's ,triumph4 ,the  
,walls of ,jericho is an exposure of the
 methods of a sensational preacher4     
,generally these stories attempt no keen
 satire1 but only a faithful portrayal  
of conditions as they are1 or1 in most  
cases1 as they were in ante-bellum days4
 ,dunbar's novels are generally weaker  
than his short stories1 though ,the     
,sport of the ,gods1 because of its     
study of a definite phase of life1 rises
 above the others4 ,nor are his         
occasional articles especially strong4  
,he was eminently a lyric poet4 ,by his 
graceful and beautiful verse it is that 

he has won a distinct place in the      
history of ,american literature4  ,by   
his genius ,paul ,laurence ,dunbar      
attracted the attention of the great1   
the wise1 and the good4 ,his bookcase   
contained many autograph copies of the  
works of distinguished contemporaries4  
,the similarity of his position in      
,american literature to that of ,burns  
in ,english has frequently been pointed 
out4 ,in our own time he most readily   
invites comparison with ,james ,whitcomb
 ,riley4 ,the writings of both men are  
distinguished by infinite tenderness and
 pathos4 ,but above all worldly fame1   
above even the expression of a          
struggling people's heart1 was the      
poet's own striving for the             
unattainable4 ,there was something      
heroic about him withal1 something that 
links him with ,keats1 or1 in this      
latter day1 with ,rupert ,brooke and    
,alan ,seeger4 ,he yearned for love1 and
 the world rushed on2 then he smiled at 
death and was universally loved4        

,,iv  ,,charles ,w4 ,,chesnutt          
,charles ,waddell ,chesnutt1 the best   
known novelist and short story writer of
 the race1 was born in ,cleveland1      
,ohio1 ,june #bj1 #aheh4 ,at the age of 
sixteen he began to teach in the public 
schools of ,north ,carolina1 from which 
state his parents had gone to           
,cleveland2 and at the age of           
twenty-three he became principal of the 
,state ,normal ,school at ,fayetteville4
 ,in #ahhc he left the ,south1 engaging 
for a short while in newspaper work in  
,new ,york ,city1 but going soon to     
,cleveland1 where he worked as a        
stenographer4 ,he was admitted to the   
bar in #ahhg4  ,while in ,north         
,carolina ,mr4 ,chesnutt studied to good
 purpose the dialect1 manners1 and      
superstitions of the ,negro people of   
the state4 ,in #ahhg he began in the    
,atlantic ,monthly the series of stories
 which was afterwards brought together  
in the volume entitled1 ,the ,conjure   
,woman4 ,this book was published by the 

,houghton ,mifflin ,co41 the firm which 
published also ,mr4 ,chesnutt's other   
collection of stories and the first two 
of his three novels4 ,the ,wife of his  
,youth1 and ,other ,stories of the      
,color-,line appeared in #ahii4 ,in the 
same year appeared a compact biography  
of ,frederick ,douglass1 a contribution 
to the ,beacon ,biographies of ,eminent 
,americans4 ,three novels have since    
appeared1 as follows3 ,the ,house       
,behind the ,cedars 7#aijj72 ,the       
,marrow of ,tradition 7#aija72 and ,the 
,colonel's ,dream 7#aije74  ,mr4        
,chesnutt's short stories are not all of
 the same degree of excellence1 but the 
best ones show that he is fully master  
of the short story as a literary form4  
,one of the best technically is ,the    
,bouquet4 ,this is a story of the       
devotion of a little ,negro girl to her 
white teacher1 and shows clearly how the
 force of ,southern prejudice might     
forbid the expression of simple love not
 only in a representative home1 but even

 when the object of the devotion is     
borne to the cemetery4 ,the ,sheriff's  
,children is a tragic tale of the       
relations of a white father with his    
illegitimate colored son4 ,most famous  
of all these stories1 however1 is ,the  
,wife of his ,youth1 a simple work of   
art of great intensity4 ,it is a tale of
 a very fair colored man who1 just      
before the ,civil ,war1 by the aid of   
his ,negro wife1 makes his way from     
slavery in ,missouri to freedom in a    
,northern city1 ,groveland ,cleveland84 
,after the years have brought to him    
business success and culture1 and he has
 become the acknowledged leader of his  
social circle and the prospective       
husband of a very attractive young      
widow1 his wife suddenly appears on the 
scene4 ,the story ends with ,mr4        
,ryder's acknowledging before a company 
of guests the wife of his youth4 ,such  
stories as these1 each setting forth a  
certain problem and working it out to   
its logical conclusion1 reflect great   

credit upon the literary skill of the   
writer4  ,illustration3 ,,charles ,w4   
,,chesnutt  ,of the novels1 ,the ,house 
,behind the ,cedars is commonly given   
first place4 ,in the story of the       
heroine1 ,rena ,walden1 are treated some
 of the most subtle and searching       
questions raised by the color-line4     
,rena is sought in love by three men1   
,george ,tryon1 a white man1 whose love 
fails when put to the test2 ,jeff ,wain1
 a coarse and brutal mulatto1 and ,frank
 ,fowler1 a devoted young ,negro1 who   
makes every sacrifice demanded by love4 
,the novel1 especially in its last      
pages1 moves with an intensity that is  
an unmistakable sign of power4 ,it is   
,mr4 ,chesnutt's most sustained         
treatment of the subject for which he   
has become best known1 that is1 the     
delicate and tragic situation of those  
who live on the border-line of the      
races2 and it is the best work of       
fiction yet written by a member of the  
race in ,america4 ,in ,the ,marrow of   

,tradition the main theme is the        
relations of two women1 one white and   
one colored1 whose father1 the same     
white man1 had in time been married to  
the mother of each4 ,the novel touches  
upon almost every phase of the ,negro   
,problem4 ,it is a powerful plea1 but   
perhaps too much a novel of purpose to  
satisfy the highest standards of art4   
,the ,wellington of the story is very   
evidently ,wilmington1 ,n4 ,c41 and the 
book was written immediately after the  
race troubles in that city in #ahih4    
,the ,colonel's ,dream is a sad story of
 the failure of high ideals4 ,colonel   
,henry ,french is a man who1 born in the
 ,south1 achieves success in ,new ,york 
and returns to his old home for a little
 vacation1 only to find himself face to 
face with all the problems that one     
meets in a backward ,southern town4 ,he 
dreamed of a regenerated ,south1 filled 
with thriving industries1 and thronged  
with a prosperous and happy people1     
where every man1 having enough for his  

needs1 was willing that every other man 
should have the same2 where law and     
order should prevail unquestioned1 and  
where every man could enter1 through the
 golden door of hope1 the field of      
opportunity1 where lay the prizes of    
life1 which all might have an equal     
chance to win or lose4 ,becoming        
interested in the injustice visited upon
 the ,negroes in the courts1 and in the 
employment of white children in the     
cotton-mills1 ,colonel ,french          
encounters opposition to his benevolent 
plans1 opposition which finally sends   
him back to ,new ,york defeated4 ,mr4   
,chesnutt writes in simple1 clear       
,english1 and his methods might well be 
studied by younger writers who desire to
 treat1 in the guise of fiction1 the    
many searching questions that one meets 
to-day in the life of the ,south4     ,v
  ,w4 ,e4 ,,burghardt ,,dubois          
,william ,edward ,burghardt ,dubois was 
born ,february #bc1 #ahfh1 at ,great    
,barrington1 ,mass4 ,he received the    

degree of ,bachelor of ,arts at ,fisk   
,university in #ahhh1 the same degree at
 ,harvard in #ahij1 that of ,master of  
,arts at ,harvard in #ahia1 and1 after a
 season of study at the ,university of  
,berlin1 received also the degree of    
,doctor of ,philosophy at ,harvard in   
#ahie1 his thesis being his exhaustive  
study1 ,suppression of the              
,slave-,trade4 ,dr4 ,du,bois taught for 
a brief period at ,wilberforce          
,university1 and was also for a time an 
assistant and fellow in ,sociology at   
the ,university of ,pennsylvania1       
producing in #ahii his study1 ,the      
,philadelphia ,negro4 ,in #ahif he      
accepted the professorship of ,history  
and ,economics at ,atlanta ,university1 
the position which he left in #aiaj to  
become ,director of ,publicity and      
,research for the ,national ,association
 for the ,advancement of ,colored       
,people4 ,in connection with this work  
he has edited the ,crisis since the     
beginning of that publication4 ,he has  

made various investigations1 frequently 
for the national government1 and has    
contributed many sociological studies to
 leading magazines4 ,he has been the    
moving spirit of the ,atlanta           
,conference1 and by the ,studies of     
,negro ,problems1 which he has edited at
 ,atlanta ,university1 he has become    
recognized as one of the great          
sociologists of the day1 and as the man 
who more than anyone else has given     
scientific accuracy to studies relating 
to the ,negro4  ,illustration3 ,w4 ,e4  
,,burghardt ,,du ,,bois  ,aside from his
 more technical studies 7these including
 the masterly little book1 ,the ,negro1 
in ,holt's ,home ,university ,library   
,series71 ,dr4 ,du,bois has written     
three books which call for consideration
 in a review of ,negro literature4 ,of  
these one is a biography1 one a novel1  
and the other a collection of essays4   
,in #aiji was published ,john ,brown1 a 
contribution to the series of ,american 
,crisis ,biographies4 ,the subject was  

one well adapted to treatment at the    
hands of ,dr4 ,du,bois1 and in the last 
chapter1 ,the ,legacy of ,john ,brown1  
he has shown that his hero has a message
 for twentieth century ,america1 this3  
,the cost of liberty is less than the   
price of repression4 ,the ,quest of the 
,silver ,fleece1 the novel1 appeared in 
#aiaa4 ,this story has three main       
themes3 the economic position of the    
,negro agricultural laborer1 the        
subsidizing of a certain kind of ,negro 
schools1 and ,negro life and society in 
the city of ,washington4 ,the book      
employs a big theme in its portrayal of 
the power of ,king ,cotton in both high 
and lowly life in the ,southland2 but   
its tone is frequently one of satire1   
and on the whole the work will not add  
much to the already established         
reputation of the author4 ,the third    
book really appeared before either of   
the two works just mentioned1 and       
embodies the best work of the author in 
his most highly idealistic period4 ,in  

#aijc fourteen essays1 most of which had
 already appeared in such magazines as  
the ,atlantic and the ,world's ,work1   
were brought together in a volume       
entitled1 ,the ,souls of ,black ,folk4  
,the remarkable style of this book has  
made it the most important work in      
classic ,english yet written by a       
,negro4 ,it is marked by all the arts of
 rhetoric1 especially by liquid and     
alliterative effects1 strong antithesis1
 frequent allusion1 and poetic          
suggestiveness4 ,the color-line is ,the 
,veil1 the familiar melodies1 the       
,sorrow ,songs4 ,the qualities that have
 just been remarked will be observed in 
the following paragraphs3       ,i have 
seen a land right merry with the sun1   
where children      sing1 and rolling   
hills lie like passioned women wanton   
with      harvest4 ,and there in the    
,king's ,highway sat and sits a figure  
veiled and bowed1 by which the          
traveler's footsteps hasten as      they
 go4 ,on the tainted air broods fear4   

,three centuries'      thought has been 
the raising and unveiling of that bowed 
human      heart1 and now behold a      
century new for the duty and the deed4  
,the problem of the ,twentieth ,century 
is the problem of the      color-line4  
99       99       99       99       99  
,my journey was done1 and behind me lay 
hill and dale1 and ,life      and       
,death4 ,how shall man measure ,progress
 there where the      dark-faced ,josie 
lies8 ,how many heartfuls of sorrow     
shall      balance a bushel of wheat8   
,how hard a thing is life to the        
lowly1 and yet how human and real6 ,and 
all this life and love      and strife  
and failure--is it the twilight of      
nightfall or the      flush of some     
faint-dawning day8       ,thus sadly    
musing1 ,i rode to ,nashville in the    
,jim ,crow car4              99       99
       99       99       99       ,i sit
 with ,shakespeare and he winces not4   
,across the color-line      ,i move arm 
in arm with ,balzac and ,dumas1 where   

smiling men and      welcoming women    
glide in gilded halls4 ,from out the    
caves of      evening that swing between
 the strong-limbed earth and the        
tracery of the stars1 ,i summon         
,aristotle and ,aurelius and what       
soul ,i will1 and they all come         
graciously with no scorn nor            
condescension4 ,so1 wed with ,truth1 ,i 
dwell above the ,veil4 ,is      this the
 life you grudge us1 ,o knightly        
,america8 ,is this the      life you    
long to change into the dull red        
hideousness of      ,georgia8 ,are you  
so afraid lest peering from this high   
,pisgah1      between ,philistine and   
,amalekite1 we sight the ,promised      
,land8  ,where merit is so even and the 
standard of performance so high1 one    
hesitates to choose that which is best4 
,the ,dawn of ,freedom is a study of the
 ,freedmen's ,bureau2 ,mr4 ,booker ,t4  
,washington and ,others is a frank      
criticism of the late orator and leader2
 ,the ,meaning of ,progress is a story  

of life in ,tennessee1 told with        
infinite pathos by one who has been the 
country schoolmaster2 ,the ,training of 
,black ,men is a plea for liberally     
educated leadership2 while ,the ,quest  
of the ,golden ,fleece1 like one or two 
related essays1 is a faithful portrayal 
of life in the black belt4 ,the book1 as
 a whole1 is a powerful plea for justice
 and the liberty of citizenship4  ,w4   
,e4 ,burghardt ,du,bois is the best     
example that has so far appeared of the 
combination of high scholarship and the 
peculiarly romantic temperament of the  
,negro race4 ,beneath all the play of   
logic and statistic beats the passion of
 a mighty human heart4 ,for a long time 
he was criticised as aloof1 reserved1   
unsympathetic2 but more and more1 as the
 years have passed1 has his mission     
become clearer1 his love for his people 
stronger4 ,forced by the pressure of    
circumstance1 gradually has he been led 
from the congenial retreat of the       
scholar into the arena of social        

struggle2 but for two decades he has    
remained an outstanding interpreter of  
the spiritual life of his people4 ,he is
 to-day the foremost leader of the race 
in ,america4     ,,vi  ,,william        
,,stanley ,,braithwaite   ,the foremost 
of the poets of the race at present is  
,william ,stanley ,braithwaite1 of      
,boston4 ,mr4 ,braithwaite is not only  
the possessor of unusual talent1 but for
 years he has worked most               
conscientiously at his art and taken the
 time and the pains to master the       
fundamentals that others all too often  
deem unimportant4 ,in #aijd he published
 a small book of poems entitled ,lyrics 
of ,life and ,love4 ,this was followed  
four years later by ,the ,house of      
,falling ,leaves4 ,within recent years  
he has given less and less time to his  
own verse1 becoming more and more       
distinguished as a critic in the special
 field of ,american poetry4 ,for several
 years he has been a regular and valued 
contributor of literary criticism to the

 ,boston ,evening ,transcript2 he has   
had verse or critical essays in the     
,forum1 the ,century1 ,scribner's1 the  
,atlantic1 etc42 and in #aiaf became    
editor of the new ,poetry ,review of    
,cambridge4 ,he has collected and edited
 7publishing chiefly through            
,brentano's7 ,the ,book of ,elizabethan 
,verse1 ,the ,book of ,georgian ,verse1 
and ,the ,book of ,restoration ,verse2  
and he has also published the ,anthology
 of ,magazine ,verse for each year since
 #aiac4 ,he is the general editor of    
,the ,contemporary ,american ,poets     
,series1 which is projected by the      
,poetry ,review ,company1 and which will
 be issued in twelve little books1 each 
giving a sympathetic study of a poet of 
the day2 he himself is writing the      
volume on ,edwin ,arlington ,robinson2  
and before long it is expected that a   
novel will appear from his pen4 ,very   
recently 7#aiag7 ,mr4 ,braithwaite has  
brought together in a volume1 ,the      
,poetic ,year1 the series of articles   

which he contributed to the ,transcript 
in #aiaf-ag4 ,the aim was in the form of
 conversations between a small group of 
friends to discuss the poetry of #aiaf4 
,says he3 ,there were four of us in the 
little group1 and our common love for   
the art of poetry suggested a weekly    
meeting in the grove to discuss the     
books we had all agreed upon reading4444
 ,i made up my mind to record these     
discussions1 and the setting as well1   
with all those other touches of human   
character and mood which never fail to  
enliven and give color to the serious   
business of art and life4444 ,i gave    
fanciful names to my companions1 ,greek 
names which ,i am persuaded symbolized  
the spirit of each4 ,there was nothing  
,psyche touched but made its soul       
apparent4 ,her wood-lore was beautiful  
and thorough2 the very spirit of        
flowers1 birds and trees was evoked when
 she went among them4 ,our other        
companion of her sex was ,cassandra1 and
 we gave her this name not because her  

forebodings were gloomy1 but merely for 
her prophesying disposition1 which was  
always building air-castles4 ,the other 
member besides myself of our little     
group was ,jason1 of the heroic dreams  
and adventuresome spirit4 ,he was       
restless in the bonds of a tranquillity 
that chafed the hidden spirit of his    
being4 ,from the introduction we get    
something of the critic's own aims and  
ideals3 ,the conversational scheme of   
the book may1 or may not1 interest some 
readers4 ,poetry is a human thing1 and  
it is time for the world--and especially
 our part of the world--to regard it as 
belonging to the people4 ,it sprang from
 the folk1 and passed1 when culture     
began to flourish1 into the possession  
of a class4 ,now culture is passing from
 a class to the folk1 and with it poetry
 is returning to its original           
possessors4 ,it is in the spirit of     
these words that we discuss the poetry  
of the year4 ,emphasis is here given to 
this work because it is the sturdiest   

achievement of ,mr4 ,braithwaite in the 
field in which he has recently become   
most distinguished1 and even the brief  
quotations cited are sufficient to give 
some idea of his graceful1 suggestive   
prose4  ,illustration3 ,,william        
,,stanley ,,braithwaite  ,in a review of
 this writer's poetry we have to        
consider especially the two collections1
 ,lyrics of ,life and ,love1 and ,the   
,house of ,falling ,leaves1 and the     
poems that have more recently appeared  
in the ,atlantic1 ,scribner's1 and other
 magazines4 ,it is to be hoped that     
before very long he will publish a new  
edition of his poems4 ,the earlier      
volumes are out of print1 and a new book
 could contain the best of them1 as well
 as what has appeared more recently4    
,lyrics of ,life and ,love embodied the 
best of the poet's early work4 ,the     
little book contains eighty pages1 and  
no one of the lyrics takes up more than 
two pages1 twenty in fact being exactly 
eight lines in length4 ,this appearance 

of fragility1 however1 is a little      
deceptive4 ,while ,keats and ,shelley   
are constantly evident as the models in 
technique1 the yearning of more than one
 lyric reflects the deeper romantic     
temper4 ,the bravado and the tenderness 
of the old poets are evident again in   
the two ,christmas pieces1 ,holly ,berry
 and ,mistletoe1 and ,yule-,song3 ,a    
,memory3      ,the trees are bare1 wild 
flies the snow1       ,hearths are      
glowing1 hearts are merry--     ,high in
 the air is the ,mistletoe1       ,over 
the door is the ,holly ,berry4          
,never have care how the winds may blow1
       ,never confess the revel grows   
weary--     ,yule is the time of the    
,mistletoe1       ,yule is the time of  
the ,holly ,berry4             99       
99       99       99       99           
,december comes1 snows come1            
,comes the wintry weather2     ,faces   
from away come--       ,hearts must be  
together4         ,down the stair-steps 
of the hours         ,yule leaps the    

hills and towers--       ,fill the bowl 
and hang the holly1       ,let the times
 be jolly4  ,the ,watchers is in the    
spirit of ,kingsley's ,the ,three       
,fishers3      ,two women on the lone   
wet strand--       7,the wind's out with
 a will to roam7     ,the waves wage war
 on rocks and sand1       7,and a ship  
is long due home47      ,the sea sprays 
in the women's eyes--       7,hearts can
 writhe like the sea's wild foam7       
,lower descend the tempestuous skies1   
7,for the wind's out with a will to     
roam47      ,o daughter1 thine eyes be  
better than mine1       7,the waves     
ascend high on yonder dome7     ,north  
or ,south is there never a sign8        
7,and a ship is long due home47         
,they watched there all the long night  
through--       7,the wind's out with a 
will to roam7     ,wind and rain and    
sorrow for two--       7,and heaven on  
the long reach home47  ,the second      
volume marked a decided advance in      
technique4 ,when we remember also the   

,pre-,raphaelite spirit1 with its love  
of rhythm and imagery1 we are not       
surprised to find here an appreciation  
,to ,dante ,gabriel ,rossetti4          
,especially has the poet made progress  
in the handling of the sonnet1 as may be
 seen in the following3      ,my        
thoughts go marching like an armed host 
,out of the city of silence1 guns and   
cars2     ,troop after troop across my  
dreams they post       ,to the invasion 
of the wind and stars4     ,o brave     
array of youth's untamed desire6        
,with thy bold1 dauntless captain ,hope 
to lead     ,his raw recruits to ,fate's
 opposing fire1       ,and up the walls 
of ,circumstance to bleed4     ,how     
fares the expedition in the end8        
,when this my heart shall have old age  
for king     ,and to the wars no further
 troop can send1       ,what final      
message will the arm'stice bring8       
,the host gone forth in youth the world 
to meet1     ,in age returns--in victory
 or defeat8  ,then there is the epilogue

 with its heart-cry3      ,lord of the  
mystic star-blown gleams     ,whose     
sweet compassion lifts my dreams2       
,lord of life in the lips of the rose   
,that kiss desire2 whence ,beauty grows2
     ,lord of the power inviolate       
,that keeps immune thy seas from fate1  
99       99       99       99       99  
,lord1 ,very ,god of these works of     
thine1     ,hear me1 ,i beseech thee1   
most divine6  ,within very recent years 
,mr4 ,braithwaite has attracted unusual 
attention among the discerning by a new 
note of mysticism that has crept into   
his verse4 ,this was first observed in  
,sandy ,star1 that appeared in the      
,atlantic 7,july1 #aiji73      ,no more 
from out the sunset1       ,no more     
across the foam1     ,no more across the
 windy hills       ,will ,sandy ,star   
come home4      ,he went away to search 
it1       ,with a curse upon his tongue1
     ,and in his hands the staff of life
       ,made music as it swung4      ,i 
wonder if he found it1       ,and knows 

the mystery now3     ,our ,sandy ,star  
who went away       ,with the secret on 
his brow4  ,the same note is in ,the    
,mystery 7or ,the ,way1 as the poet     
prefers to call it7 that appeared in    
,scribner's 7,october1 #aiae73      ,he 
could not tell the way he came          
,because his chart was lost3     ,yet   
all his way was paved with flame        
,from the bourne he crossed4      ,he   
did not know the way to go1             
,because he had no map3     ,he followed
 where the winds blow1--       ,and the 
,april sap4      ,he never knew upon his
 brow       ,the secret that he bore--  
,and laughs away the mystery now        
,the dark's at his door4  ,mr4          
,braithwaite has done well4 ,he is      
to-day the foremost man of the race in  
pure literature4 ,but above any partial 
or limited consideration1 after years of
 hard work he now has recognition not   
only as a poet of standing1 but as the  
chief sponsor for current ,american     
poetry4 ,no comment on his work could be

 better than that of the ,transcript1   
,november #cj1 #aiae3 ,he has helped    
poetry to readers as well as to poets4  
,one is guilty of no extravagance in    
saying that the poets we have--and they 
may take their place with their peers in
 any country--and the gathering         
deference we pay them1 are created      
largely out of the stubborn1            
self-effacing enthusiasm of this one    
man4 ,in a sense their distinction is   
his own4 ,in a sense he has himself     
written their poetry4 ,very much by his 
toil they may write and be read4 ,not   
one of them will ever write a finer poem
 than ,braithwaite himself has lived    
already4     ,,vii  ,,other ,,writers   
,in addition to those who have been     
mentioned1 there have been scores of    
writers who would have to be considered 
if we were dealing with the literature  
of the ,negro in the widest sense of the
 term4 ,not too clearly1 however1 can   
the limitations of our subject be       
insisted upon4 ,we are here concerned   

with distinctly literary or artistic    
achievement1 and not with work that     
belongs in the realm of religion1       
sociology1 or politics4 ,only briefer   
mention accordingly can be given to     
these latter fields4  ,naturally1 from  
the first there have been works dealing 
with the place of the ,negro in         
,american life4 ,outstanding after the  
numerous sociological studies and other 
contributions to periodical literature  
of ,dr4 ,du,bois are the books of the   
late ,booker ,t4 ,washington4           
,representative of these are ,the       
,future of the ,american ,negro1 ,my    
,larger ,education1 and ,the ,man       
,farthest ,down4 ,as early as #ahbi1    
however1 ,david ,walker1 of ,boston1    
published his passionate ,appeal1 a     
protest against slavery that awakened   
,southern legislatures to action2 and in
 the years just before the ,civil ,war1 
,henry ,highland ,garnet wrote sermons  
and addresses on the status of the race 
in ,america1 while ,william ,wells      

,brown wrote ,three ,years in ,europe1  
and various other works1 some of which  
will receive later mention4 ,after the  
war1 ,alexander ,crummell became an     
outstanding figure by reason of his     
sermons and addresses1 many of which    
were preserved4 ,he was followed by an  
interesting group of scholarly men1     
represented especially by ,william ,s4  
,scarborough1 ,kelly ,miller1 and       
,archibald ,h4 ,grimke4 ,mr4            
,scarborough is now president of        
,wilberforce ,university4 ,he has       
contributed numerous articles to        
representative magazines4 ,his work in  
more technical fields is represented by 
his ,first ,lessons in ,greek1 a        
treatise on the ,birds of ,aristophanes1
 and his paper in the ,arena 7,january1 
#ahig7 on ,negro ,folk-,lore and        
,dialect4 ,mr4 ,miller is ,dean of the  
,college of ,arts and ,sciences at      
,howard ,university4 ,he has collected  
his numerous and cogent papers in two   
volumes1 ,race ,adjustment1 and ,out of 

the ,house of ,bondage4 ,the first is   
the more varied and interesting of the  
two books1 but the latter contains the  
poetic rhapsody1 ,i ,see and ,am        
,satisfied1 first published in the      
,independent 7,august #g1 #aiac74 ,mr4  
,a4 ,h4 ,grimke1 as well as ,mr4        
,miller1 has contributed to the         
,atlantic2 and he has written the lives 
of ,garrison and ,sumner in the         
,american ,reformers ,series4 ,negro    
,culture in ,west ,africa1 by ,george   
,w4 ,ellis1 is original and scholarly2  
,the ,aftermath of ,slavery1 by ,william
 ,a4 ,sinclair1 is a volume of more than
 ordinary interest2 and ,the ,african   
,abroad1 by ,william ,h4 ,ferris1 while 
confused in construction and form1      
contains much thoughtful material4      
,within recent years there have been    
published a great many works1 frequently
 illustrated1 on the progress and       
achievements of the race4 ,very few of  
these books are scholarly4 ,three       
collaborations1 however1 are of decided 

value4 ,one is a little volume entitled1
 ,the ,negro ,problem1 consisting of    
seven papers by representative ,negroes1
 and published in #aijc by ,james ,pott 
,co41 of ,new ,york4 ,another is ,from  
,servitude to ,service1 published in    
#aije by the ,american ,unitarian       
,association of ,boston1 and made up of 
the ,old ,south ,lectures on the history
 and work of ,southern institutions for 
the education of the ,negro2 while the  
third collaboration is1 ,the ,negro in  
the ,south1 published in #aijg by       
,george ,w4 ,jacobs  ,co41 of           
,philadelphia1 and made up of four      
papers1 two by ,dr4 ,washington1 and two
 by ,dr4 ,du,bois1 which were the       
,william ,levi ,bull ,lectures in the   
,philadelphia ,divinity ,school for the 
year #aijg4  ,halfway between works on  
the ,negro ,problem and those in        
history1 are those in the field of      
biography and autobiography4 ,for       
decades before the ,civil ,war the      
experiences of fugitive slaves were used

 as a part of the anti-slavery argument4
 ,in #ahde appeared the ,narrative of   
the ,life of ,frederick ,douglass1 this 
being greatly enlarged and extended in  
#ahha as ,the ,life and ,times of       
,frederick ,douglass4 ,in similar vein  
was the ,autobiography of a ,fugitive   
,negro1 by ,samuel ,ringgold ,ward4     
,then ,josiah ,henson 7the original of  
,uncle ,tom7 and ,sojourner ,truth      
issued their narratives4 ,collections of
 more than ordinary interest were       
,william ,wells ,brown's ,the ,black    
,man 7#ahfc71 ,james ,m4 ,trotter's     
,music and ,some ,highly ,musical       
,people 7#ahgh71 and ,william ,j4       
,simmons's ,men of ,mark 7#ahhg74 ,john 
,mercer ,langston's ,from the ,virginia 
,plantation to the ,national ,capitol is
 interesting and serviceable2 special   
interest attaches to ,matthew ,henson's 
,a ,negro ,explorer at the ,north ,pole2
 while ,maud ,cuney ,hare's ,norris     
,wright ,cuney was a distinct           
contribution to the history of ,southern

 politics4 ,the most widely known work  
in this field1 however1 is ,up ,from    
,slavery1 by ,booker ,t4 ,washington4   
,the unaffected and simple style of this
 book has made it a model of personal   
writing1 and it is by reason of merit   
that the work has gained unusual        
currency4  ,the study1 of course1       
becomes more special in the field of    
history4 ,interest from the first was   
shown in church history4 ,this was      
represented immediately after the war by
 ,bishop ,daniel ,a4 ,payne's studies in
 the history of the ,a4 ,m4 ,e4 ,church1
 and twenty-five years later1 for the   
,baptist denomination1 by ,e4 ,m4       
,brawley's ,the ,negro ,baptist ,pulpit4
 ,one of the earliest writers of merit  
was ,william ,c4 ,nell1 who1 in #ahea1  
published his pamphlet1 ,services of    
,colored ,americans in the ,wars of     
#aggf and #ahab4 ,the ,rising ,son1 by  
,william ,wells ,brown1 was an account  
of the antecedents and advancement of   
the colored race2 the work gave         

considerable attention to ,africa1      
,hayti1 and the colonies1 and was quite 
scholarly in method4 ,then1 in #ahgb1   
full of personal experience1 appeared   
,william ,still's ,the ,underground     
,railroad4 ,the epoch-making work in    
history1 however1 was the two-volume    
,history of the ,negro ,race in         
,america1 by ,george ,w4 ,williams1     
which was issued in #ahhc4 ,this work   
was the exploration of a new field and  
the result of seven years of study4 ,the
 historian more than once wrote         
subjectively1 but his work was1 on the  
whole1 written with unusually good      
taste4 ,after thirty years some of his  
pages have1 of course1 been superseded2 
but his work is even yet the great      
storehouse for students of ,negro       
history4 ,technical study within recent 
years is best represented by the        
,harvard doctorate theses of ,dr4       
,du,bois and ,dr4 ,carter ,g4 ,woodson4 
,that of ,dr4 ,du,bois has already been 
mentioned4 ,that of ,dr4 ,woodson was   

entitled ,the ,disruption of ,virginia4 
,dr4 ,woodson is the editor of the      
,journal of ,negro ,history1 a quarterly
 magazine that began to appear in #aiaf1
 and that has already published several 
articles of the first order of merit4   
,he has also written ,the ,education of 
the ,negro ,prior to #ahfa1 a work in   
the most scientific spirit of modern    
historical study1 to which a companion  
volume for the later period is expected4
 ,largely original also in the nature of
 their contribution have been ,the      
,haitian ,revolution1 by ,t4 ,g4        
,steward1 and ,the ,facts of            
,reconstruction1 by ,john ,r4 ,lynch2   
and1 while less intensive1 interesting  
throughout is ,j4 ,w4 ,cromwell's ,the  
,negro in ,american ,history4  ,many of 
the younger writers are cultivating the 
short story4 ,especially have two or    
three1 as yet unknown to the wider      
public1 done excellent work in          
connection with syndicates of great     
newspapers4 ,the ,goodness of ,st4      

,rocque1 and ,other ,stories1 by ,alice 
,moore ,dunbar 7now ,mrs4 ,nelson71 is  
representative of the stronger work in  
this field4 ,numerous attempts at the   
composition of novels have also been    
made4 ,even before the ,civil ,war was  
over appeared ,william ,wells ,brown's  
,clotille3 ,a ,tale of the ,southern    
,states4 ,it is in this special         
department1 however1 that a sense of    
literary form has frequently been most  
lacking4 ,the distinctively literary    
essay has not unnaturally suffered from 
the general pressure of the ,problem4 ,a
 paper in the ,atlantic ,monthly        
7,february1 #aijf71 however1 ,the ,joys 
of ,being a ,negro1 by ,edward ,e4      
,wilson1 a ,chicago lawyer1 was of      
outstanding brilliancy4 ,a4 ,o4         
,stafford1 of ,washington1 is a special 
student of the folklore of ,africa4 ,he 
has contributed several scholarly papers
 to the ,journal of ,negro ,history1 and
 he has also published through the      
,american ,book ,company an interesting 

supplementary reader1 ,animal ,fables   
,from the ,dark ,continent4 ,alain      
,locke is interested in both            
philosophical and literary studies1     
represented by ,the ,american           
,temperament1 a paper contributed to the
 ,north ,american ,review 7,august1     
#aiaa71 and a paper on ,emile ,verhaeren
 in the ,poetry ,review 7,january1      
#aiag74  ,little has been accomplished  
in sustained poetic flight4 ,of shorter 
lyric verse1 however1 many booklets have
 appeared4 ,as this is the field that   
offers peculiar opportunity for         
subjective expression1 more has been    
attempted in it than in any other       
department of artistic endeavor4 ,it    
demands1 therefore1 special attention1  
and the study will take us back before  
the ,civil ,war4  ,the first person to  
attract much attention after ,phillis   
,wheatley was ,george ,moses ,horton1 of
 ,north ,carolina1 who was born in #agig
 and died about #ahhj 7or #ahhc74 ,he   
was ambitious to learn1 was the         

possessor of unusual literary talent1   
and in one way or another received      
instruction from various persons4 ,he   
very soon began to write verse1 all of  
which was infused with his desire for   
freedom1 and much of which was suggested
 by the common evangelical hymns1 as    
were the following lines3      ,alas6   
and am ,i born for this1       ,to wear 
this slavish chain8     ,deprived of all
 created bliss1       ,through hardship1
 toil1 and pain8      ,how long have ,i 
in bondage lain1       ,and languished  
to be free6     ,alas6 and must ,i still
 complain1       ,deprived of liberty8  
99       99       99       99       99  
,come1 ,liberty6 thou cheerful sound1   
,roll through my ravished ears2         
,come1 let my grief in joys be drowned1 
,and drive away my fears4  ,some of     
,horton's friends became interested in  
him and desired to help him publish a   
volume of his poems1 so that from the   
sale of these he might purchase his     
freedom and go to the new colony of     

,liberia4 ,the young man became fired   
with ambition and inspiration4 ,thrilled
 by the new hope1 he wrote3      ',twas 
like the salutation of the dove1        
,borne on the zephyr through some       
lonesome grove1     ,when spring        
returns1 and winter's chill is past1    
,and vegetation smiles above the blast4 
,horton's master1 however1 demanded for 
him an exorbitant price1 and when ,the  
,hope of ,liberty appeared in #ahbi it  
had nothing of the sale that was hoped  
for4 ,disappointed in his great desire1 
the poet seems to have lost ambition4   
,he became a janitor around the state   
university at ,chapel ,hill1 executed   
small commissions for verse from the    
students1 who treated him kindly1 and in
 later years went to ,philadelphia2 but 
his old dreams had faded4 ,several      
reprintings of his poems were made1     
however1 and one of these was bound with
 the #ahch edition of ,phillis          
,wheatley's poems4  ,in #ahed appeared  
the first edition of ,poems on          

,miscellaneous ,subjects1 by ,frances   
,ellen ,watkins1 commonly known as ,mrs4
 ,frances ,e4 ,w4 ,harper4 ,mrs4 ,harper
 was a woman of exceptionally strong    
personality and could read her poems to 
advantage4 ,her verse was very popular1 
not less than ten thousand copies of her
 booklets being sold4 ,it was decidedly 
lacking in technique1 however1 and much 
in the style of ,mrs4 ,hemans4 ,mrs4    
,harper was best when most simple1 as   
when in writing of children she said3   
,i almost think the angels       ,who   
tend life's garden fair1     ,drop down 
the sweet white blossoms       ,that    
bloom around us here4  ,the secret of   
her popularity was to be seen in such   
lines as the following from ,bury ,me in
 a ,free ,land3      ,make me a grave   
where'er you will1     ,in a lowly plain
 or a lofty hill2     ,make it among    
earth's humblest graves1     ,but not in
 a land where men are slaves4  ,of the  
,emancipation ,proclamation she wrote3  
,it shall flash through coming ages1    

,it shall light the distant years2      
,and eyes now dim with sorrow           
,shall be brighter through their tears4 
,while ,mrs4 ,harper was still          
prominently before the public appeared  
,albery ,a4 ,whitman1 a ,methodist      
minister1 whose ,not a ,man and ,yet a  
,man appeared in #ahgg4 ,the work of    
this writer is the most baffling with   
which this book has to deal4 ,it is     
diffuse1 exhibits many lapses in taste1 
is uneven metrically1 as if done in     
haste1 and shows imitation on every     
hand4 ,it imitates ,whittier1           
,longfellow1 ,tennyson1 ,scott1 ,byron  
and ,moore4 ,the ,old ,sac ,village and 
,nanawawa's ,suitors are very evidently 
,hiawatha over again2 and ,custer's     
,last ,ride is simply another version of
 ,the ,charge of the ,light ,brigade4   
,the ,rape of ,florida exhibits the same
 general characteristics as the earlier 
poems4 ,and yet1 whenever one has about 
decided that ,whitman is not worthy of  
consideration1 he insists on a revision 

of judgment4 ,the fact is that he shows 
a decided faculty for brisk narration4  
,this may be seen in ,the ,house of the 
,aylors4 ,he has1 moreover1 a romantic  
lavishness of description that1 in spite
 of all technical faults1 still has some
 degree of merit4 ,the following        
quotations1 taken respectively from ,the
 ,mowers and ,the ,flight of ,leeona1   
will exemplify both his extravagance and
 his possibilities in description3      
,the tall forests swim in a crimson sea1
     ,out of whose bright depths rising 
silently1     ,great golden spires shoot
 into the skies1     ,among the isles of
 cloudland high1 that rise1     ,float1 
scatter1 burst1 drift off1 and slowly   
fade1     ,deep in the twilight1 shade  
succeeding shade4             99        
99       99       99       99      ,and 
now she turns upon a mossy seat1        
,where sings a fern-bound stream beneath
 her feet1     ,and breathes the orange 
in the swooning air2     ,where in her  
queenly pride the rose blooms fair1     

,and sweet geranium waves her scented   
hair2     ,there1 gazing in the bright  
face of the stream1     ,her thoughts   
swim onward in a gentle dream4  ,in ,a  
,dream of ,glory occur the lines3       
,the fairest blooms are born of humble  
weeds1       ,that faint and perish in  
the pathless wood2     ,and out of      
bitter life grow noble deeds       ,to  
pass unnoticed in the multitude4        
,whitman's shortcomings become readily  
apparent when he attempts sustained     
work4 ,the ,rape of ,florida is the     
longest poem yet written by a ,negro in 
,america1 and also the only attempt by a
 member of the race to use the elaborate
 ,spenserian stanza throughout a long   
piece of work4 ,the story is concerned  
with the capture of the ,seminoles in   
,florida through perfidy and the taking 
of them away to their new home in the   
,west4 ,it centers around three         
characters1 ,palmecho1 an old chief1    
,ewald1 his daughter1 and ,atlassa1 a   
young ,seminole who is ,ewald's lover4  

,the poem is decidedly diffuse2 there is
 too much subjective description1 too   
little strong characterization4         
,palmecho1 instead of being a stout     
warrior1 is a chief of peace and kindly 
deeds4 ,stanzas of merit1 however1      
occasionally strike the eye4 ,the       
boat-song forces recognition as genuine 
poetry3      ,come now1 my love1 the    
moon is on the lake2       ,upon the    
waters is my light canoe2     ,come with
 me1 love1 and gladsome oars shall make 
,a music on the parting wave for you1-- 
,come o'er the waters deep and dark and 
blue2     ,come where the lilies in the 
marge have sprung1       ,come with me1 
love1 for ,oh1 my love is true6         
,this is the song that on the lake was  
sung1     ,the boatman sang it over when
 his heart was young4  ,in #ahij        
,whitman brought out an edition of ,not 
a ,man and ,yet a ,man and ,the ,rape of
 ,florida1 adding to these a collection 
of miscellaneous poems1 ,drifted        
,leaves1 and in #aija he published ,an  

,idyl of the ,south1 an epic poem in two
 parts4 ,it is to be regretted that he  
did not have the training that comes    
from the best university education4 ,he 
had the taste and the talent to benefit 
from such culture in the greatest       
degree4  ,all who went before him were1 
of course1 superseded in #ahif by ,paul 
,laurence ,dunbar2 and ,dunbar started a
 tradition4 ,throughout the country     
there sprang up imitators1 and some of  
the imitations were more than fair4 ,all
 of this1 however1 was a passing        
phenomenon4 ,those who are writing at   
the present day almost invariably eschew
 dialect and insist upon classics forms 
and measures4 ,prominent among these is 
,james ,weldon ,johnson4 ,mr4 ,johnson  
has seen a varied career as teacher1    
writer1 consul for the ,united ,states  
in foreign countries1 especially        
,nicaragua1 and national organizer for  
the ,national ,association for the      
,advancement of ,colored ,people4 ,he   
has written numerous songs1 which have  

been set to music by his brother1       
,rosamond ,johnson1 or ,harry ,t4       
,burleigh2 he made for the ,metropolitan
 ,opera the ,english translation of the 
,spanish opera1 ,goyescas1 by ,granados 
and ,periquet2 and in #aiaf1 while      
associated with the ,age1 of ,new ,york1
 in a contest opened by the ,public     
,ledger1 of ,philadelphia1 to editorial 
writers all over the country1 he won a  
third prize of two hundred dollars for a
 campaign editorial4 ,the remarkable    
book1 ,autobiography of an ,ex-,colored 
,man1 half fact1 half fiction1 was      
published anonymously1 but is generally 
credited to ,mr4 ,johnson4 ,very        
recently 7,december1 #aiag7 has appeared
 this writer's collection1 ,fifty ,years
 and ,other ,poems4 ,in pure lyric flow 
he is best represented by two poems in  
the ,century4 ,one was a sonnet         
entitled1 ,mother ,night 7,february1    
#aiaj73      ,eternities before the     
first-born day1       ,or ere the first 
sun fledged his wings of flame1         

,calm ,night1 the everlasting and the   
same1     ,a brooding mother over chaos 
lay4     ,and whirling suns shall blaze 
and then decay1       ,shall run their  
fiery courses and then claim       ,the 
haven of the darkness whence they came2 
,back to ,nirvanic peace shall grope    
their way4     ,so when my feeble sun of
 life burns out1       ,and sounded is  
the hour for my long sleep1         ,i  
shall1 full weary of the feverish light1
     ,welcome the darkness without fear 
or doubt1       ,and1 heavy-lidded1 ,i  
shall softly creep         ,into the    
quiet bosom of the ,night4  ,when we    
think of the large number of those who  
have longed for success in artistic     
expression1 and especially of the first 
singer of the old melodies1 we could    
close this review with nothing better   
than ,mr4 ,johnson's tribute1 ,o ,black 
and ,unknown ,bards 7,century1          
,november1 #aijh73      ,o black and    
unknown bards of long ago1       ,how   
came your lips to touch the sacred fire8

     ,how1 in your darkness1 did you    
come to know       ,the power and beauty
 of the minstrel's lyre8     ,who first 
from 'midst his bonds lifted his eyes8  
,who first from out the still watch1    
lone and long1     ,feeling the ancient 
faith of prophets rise       ,within his
 dark-kept soul1 burst into song8       
,there is a wide1 wide wonder in it all1
       ,that from degraded rest and     
servile toil1     ,the fiery spirit of  
the seer should call       ,these simple
 children of the sun and soil4     ,o   
black singers1 gone1 forgot1 unfamed1   
,you--you alone1 of all the long1 long  
line     ,of those who've sung untaught1
 unknown1 unnamed1       ,have stretched
 out upward1 seeking the divine4        
,you sang not deeds of heroes or of     
kings3       ,no chant of bloody war1   
nor exulting paean     ,of arms-won     
triumphs2 but your humble strings       
,you touched in chords with music       
empyrean4     ,you sang far better than 
you knew1 the songs       ,that for your

 listeners' hungry hearts sufficed      
,still live--but more than this to you  
belongs3       ,you sang a race from    
wood and stone to ,christ4     ,,viii   
,,orators4--,,douglass ,,and            
,,washington   ,the ,negro is peculiarly
 gifted as an orator4 ,to magnificent   
gifts of voice he adds a fervor of      
sentiment and an appreciation of the    
possibilities of a great occasion that  
are indispensable in the work of one who
 excels in this field4 ,greater than any
 of these things1 however1 is the       
romantic quality that finds an outlet in
 vast reaches of imagery and a          
singularly figurative power of          
expression4 ,only this innate gift of   
rhetorical expression has accounted for 
the tremendous effects sometimes        
realized even by untutored members of   
the race4 ,its possibilities under the  
influences of culture and education are 
illimitable4  ,on one occasion ,harriet 
,tubman1 famous for her work in the     
,underground ,railroad1 was addressing  

an audience and describing a great      
battle in the ,civil ,war4 ,and then1   
said she1 we saw the lightning1 and that
 was the guns2 and then we heard the    
thunder1 and that was the big guns2 and 
then we heard the rain falling1 and that
 was drops of blood falling2 and when we
 came to git in the craps1 it was dead  
men that we reaped4#b ,all through the  
familiar melodies one finds the pathos  
and the poetry of this imagery4 ,two    
unusual individuals1 untutored but      
highly gifted in their own spheres1 in  
the course of the last century proved   
eminently successful by joining this    
rhetorical faculty to their native      
earnestness4 ,one of these was the      
anti-slavery speaker1 ,sojourner ,truth4
 ,tall1 majestic1 and yet quite         
uneducated1 this interesting woman      
sometimes dazzled her audiences by her  
sudden turns of expression4 ,anecdotes  
of her quick and startling replies are  
numberless4 ,the other character was    
,john ,jasper1 of ,richmond1 ,va41      

famous three decades ago for his ,sun do
 move sermon4 ,jasper preached not only 
on this theme1 but also on ,dry bones in
 the valley1 the glories of the ,new    
,jerusalem1 and many similar subjects   
that have been used by other preachers1 
sometimes with hardly less effect1      
throughout the ,south4 ,when one made   
all discount for the tinsel and the     
dialect1 he still would have found in   
the work of ,john ,jasper much of the   
power of the true orator4  ,footnote #b3
 ,reported by ,a4 ,b4 ,hart1 in ,slavery
 and ,abolition1 #bji4  ,other men have 
joined to this love for figurative      
expression the advantages of culture2   
and a common characteristic1 thoroughly 
typical of the romantic quality         
constantly present1 is a fondness for   
biblical phrase4 ,as representative     
might be remarked ,robert ,b4 ,elliott1 
famous for his speech in ,congress on   
the constitutionality of the ,civil     
,rights ,bill2 ,john ,mercer ,langston1 
also distinguished for many political   

addresses2 ,m4 ,c4 ,b4 ,mason1 for years
 a prominent representative of the      
,methodist ,episcopal ,church2 and      
,charles ,t4 ,walker1 still the most    
popular preacher of the ,negro          
,baptists4 ,a new and telling form of   
public speaking1 destined to have more  
and more importance1 is that just now   
best cultivated by ,dr4 ,du,bois1 who1  
with little play of voice or gesture1   
but with the earnestness of conviction1 
drives home his message with instant    
effect4  ,in any consideration of       
oratory one must constantly bear in     
mind1 of course1 the importance of the  
spoken word and the personal equation4  
,at the same time it must be remembered 
that many of the most worthy addresses  
made by ,negroes have not been preserved
 in accessible form4 ,again and again1  
in some remote community1 with true     
eloquence has an untutored preacher     
brought comfort and inspiration to a    
struggling people4 ,j4 ,c4 ,price1 for  
years president of ,livingstone ,college

 in ,north ,carolina1 was one of the    
truest orators the ,negro race ever had1
 and many who heard him will insist that
 he was foremost4 ,his name has become  
in some quarters a synonym for          
eloquence1 and he certainly appeared on 
many noteworthy occasions with marked   
effect4 ,his reputation will finally    
suffer1 however1 for the reason given1  
that his speeches are not now generally 
accessible4 ,not one is in ,mrs4        
,dunbar's ,masterpieces of ,negro       
,eloquence4  ,one of the most effective 
occasional speakers within recent years 
has been ,reverdy ,c4 ,ransom1 of the   
,a4 ,m4 ,e4 ,church4 ,in his great      
moments ,mr4 ,ransom has given the      
impression of the true orator4 ,he has  
little humor1 is stately and dignified1 
but bitter in satire and invective4     
,there is1 in fact1 much in his speaking
 to remind one of ,frederick ,douglass4 
,one of his greatest efforts was that on
 the occasion of the celebration of the 
one hundredth anniversary of the birth  

of ,garrison1 in ,faneuil ,hall1        
,boston1 ,december #aa1 #aije4 ,said he1
 in part3       ,what kind of ,negroes  
do the ,american people want8 ,that they
      must have the ,negro in some      
relation is no longer a question of     
serious debate4 ,what kind of ,negroes  
do the ,american people      want8 ,do  
they want a voteless ,negro in a        
republic founded upon      universal    
suffrage8 ,do they want a ,negro who    
shall not be      permitted to          
participate in the government which he  
must      support with his treasure and 
defend with his blood8 ,do they         
want a ,negro who shall consent to be   
set aside as forming a      distinct    
industrial class1 permitted to rise no  
higher than the      level of serfs or  
peasants8 ,do they want a ,negro who    
shall      accept an inferior social    
position1 not as a degradation1 but     
as the just operation of the laws of    
caste based on color8 ,do      they want
 a ,negro who will avoid friction       

between the races by      consenting to 
occupy the place to which white men may 
choose to      assign him8 ,what kind of
 a ,negro do the ,american people want8 
444 ,taught by the ,declaration of      
,independence1 sustained by the         
,constitution of the ,united ,states1   
enlightened by the education      of our
 schools1 this nation can no more resist
 the advancing      tread of the hosts  
of the oncoming blacks than it can bind 
the      stars or halt the resistless   
motion of the tide4#c  ,footnote #c3    
,quoted from ,masterpieces of ,negro    
,eloquence1 #cad-e4  ,two men1 by reason
 of great natural endowment1 a fitting  
appreciation of great occasions1 and the
 consistency with which they produced   
their effects1 have won an undisputed   
place in any consideration of ,american 
orators4 ,these men were ,frederick     
,douglass and ,booker ,t4 ,washington4  
,frederick ,douglass was born in #ahag  
and lived for ten years as a slave upon 
a ,maryland plantation4 ,then he was    

bought by a ,baltimore shipbuilder4 ,he 
learned to read1 and1 being attracted by
 ,the ,lady of the ,lake1 when he       
escaped in #ahch and went disguised as a
 sailor to ,new ,bedford1 ,mass41 he    
adopted the name ,douglas 7spelling it  
with two s's1 however74 ,he lived for   
several years in ,new ,bedford1 being   
assisted by ,garrison in his efforts for
 an education4 ,in #ahda1 at an         
anti-slavery convention in ,nantucket1  
he exhibited such intelligence1 and     
showed himself the possessor of such a  
remarkable voice1 that he was made the  
agent of the ,massachusetts             
,anti-,slavery ,society4 ,he now        
lectured extensively in ,england and the
 ,united ,states1 and ,english friends  
raised ,l#aej to enable him regularly to
 purchase his freedom4 ,for some years  
before the ,civil ,war he lived in      
,rochester1 ,n4,y41 where he published a
 paper1 ,the ,north ,star1 and where    
there is now a public monument to him4  
,later in life he became ,recorder of   

,deeds in the ,district of ,columbia1   
and then ,minister to ,hayti4 ,at the   
time of his death in #ahie ,douglass had
 won for himself a place of unique      
distinction4 ,large of heart and of     
mind1 he was interested in every forward
 movement for his people2 but his       
charity embraced all men and all races4 
,his reputation was international1 and  
to-day many of his speeches are to be   
found in the standard works on oratory4 
,mr4 ,chesnutt has admirably summed up  
the personal characteristics of the     
oratory of ,douglass4 ,he tells us that 
,douglass possessed1 in large measure1  
the physical equipment most impressive  
in an orator4 ,he was a man of          
magnificent figure1 tall1 strong1 his   
head crowned with a mass of hair which  
made a striking element of his          
appearance4 ,he had deep-set and        
flashing eyes1 a firm1 well-moulded     
chin1 a countenance somewhat severe in  
repose1 but capable of a wide range of  
expression4 ,his voice was rich and     

melodious1 and of carrying power4#d     
,douglass was distinctly dignified1     
eloquent1 and majestic2 he could not be 
funny or witty4 ,sorrow for the slave1  
and indignation against the master1 gave
 force to his words1 though1 in his     
later years1 his oratory became less and
 less heavy and more refined4 ,he was   
not always on the popular side1 nor was 
he always exactly logical2 thus he      
incurred much censure for his opposition
 to the exodus of the ,negro from the   
,south in #ahgi4 ,for half a century1   
however1 he was the outstanding figure  
of the race in the ,united ,states4     
,footnote #d3 ,frederick ,douglass1     
#ajg-h4  ,perhaps the greatest speech of
 his life was that which ,douglass made 
at ,rochester on the #eth of ,july1     
#aheb4 ,his subject was ,american       
,slavery1 and he spoke with his         
strongest invective4 ,the following     
paragraphs from the introduction will   
serve to illustrate his fondness for    
interrogation and biblical phrase3      

,pardon me1 and allow me to ask1 ,why am
 ,i called upon to speak      here      
to-day8 ,what have ,i1 or those ,i      
represent1 to do with your      national
 independence8 ,are the great principles
 of political      freedom and of       
natural justice embodied in that        
,declaration of      ,independence      
extended to us8 ,and am ,i1 therefore1  
called upon      to bring our humble    
offering to the national altar1 and to  
confess the benefits1 and express devout
 gratitude for the      blessings       
resulting from your independence to us8 
99       99       99       99       99  
,by the rivers of ,babylon1 there we sat
 down1 yea1 we wept1 when      we       
remembered ,zion4 ,we hanged our harps  
upon the willows in the      midst      
thereof4 ,for there they that carried us
 away captive      required of us a     
song2 and they that had wasted us       
required of      us mirth1 saying1 ,sing
 us one of the songs of ,zion4 ,how     
shall      we sing the ,lord's song in a

 strange land8 ,if ,i forget thee1 ,o   
,jerusalem1 let my right hand forget her
 cunning4 ,if ,i do not      remember   
thee1 let my tongue cleave to the roof  
of my mouth4#e  ,footnote #e3 ,quoted   
from ,williams1 ,,ii1 #dce-f4  ,the     
years and emancipation and the progress 
of his people in the new day gave a more
 hopeful tone to some of the later      
speeches of the orator4 ,in an address  
on the #gth of ,december1 #ahij1 he     
said3       ,i have seen dark hours in  
my life1 and ,i have seen the darkness  
gradually disappearing1 and the light   
gradually increasing4 ,one      by one  
,i have seen obstacles removed1 errors  
corrected1      prejudices softened1    
proscriptions relinquished1 and my      
people      advancing in all the        
elements that make up the sum of general
      welfare4 ,i remember that ,god    
reigns in eternity1 and that1           
whatever delays1 disappointments1 and   
discouragements may come1      truth1   
justice1 liberty1 and humanity will     

prevail4#f  ,footnote #f3 ,quoted from  
,foreword in ,in ,memoriam3 ,frederick  
,douglass4  ,booker ,t4 ,washington was 
born about #aheh1 in ,franklin ,county1 
,virginia4 ,after the ,civil ,war his   
mother and stepfather removed to        
,malden1 ,w4 ,va41 where1 when he became
 large enough1 he worked in the salt    
furnaces and the coal mines4 ,he had    
always been called ,booker1 but it was  
not until he went to a little school at 
his home and found that he needed a     
surname that1 on the spur of the moment1
 he adopted ,washington4 ,in #ahgb he   
worked his way to ,hampton ,institute1  
where he paid his expenses by assisting 
as a janitor4 ,graduating in #ahge1 he  
returned to ,malden and taught school   
for three years4 ,he then attended for a
 year ,wayland ,seminary in ,washington 
7now incorporated in ,virginia ,union   
,university in ,richmond71 and in #ahgi 
was appointed an instructor at ,hampton4
 ,in #ahha there came to ,general       
,armstrong1 principal of ,hampton       

,institute1 a call from the little town 
of ,tuskegee1 ,ala41 for someone to     
organize and become the principal of a  
normal school which the people wanted to
 start in that place4 ,he recommended   
,mr4 ,washington1 who opened the school 
on the #dth of ,july in an old church   
and a little shanty1 with an attendance 
of thirty pupils4 ,in #ahie ,mr4        
,washington came into national          
prominence by a remarkable speech at the
 ,cotton ,states ,exposition in         
,atlanta1 and after that he interested  
educators and thinking people generally 
in the working out of his ideas of      
practical education4 ,he was the author 
of several books along lines of         
industrial education and                
character-building1 and in his later    
years only one or two other men in      
,america could rival his power to       
attract and hold great audiences4       
,harvard ,university conferred on him   
the degree of ,master of ,arts in #ahif1
 and ,dartmouth that of ,doctor of ,laws

 in #aija4 ,he died in #aiae4  ,in the  
course of his career ,mr4 ,washington   
delivered hundreds of addresses on      
distinguished occasions4 ,he was        
constantly in demand at colleges and    
universities1 great educational         
meetings1 and gatherings of a civic or  
public character4 ,his ,atlanta speech  
is famous for the so-called compromise  
with the white ,south3 ,in all things   
that are purely social we can be as     
separate as the fingers1 yet one as the 
hand in all things essential to mutual  
progress4 ,on receiving his degree at   
,harvard in #ahif1 he made a speech in  
which he emphasized the fact that the   
welfare of the richest and most cultured
 person in ,new ,england was bound up   
with that of the humblest man in        
,alabama1 and that each man was his     
brother's keeper4 ,along somewhat the   
same line he spoke the next year at the 
unveiling of the ,robert ,gould ,shaw   
,monument in ,boston4 ,at the ,chicago  
,peace ,jubilee in #ahih he reviewed the

 conduct of the ,negro in the wars of   
the ,united ,states1 making a powerful  
plea for justice to a race that had     
always chosen the better part in the    
wars of the country4 ,mr4 ,washington   
delivered many addresses1 but he never  
really surpassed the feeling and point  
and oratorical quality of these early   
speeches4 ,the following paragraph from 
the ,atlanta speech will illustrate his 
power of vivid and apt illustration3    
,a ship lost at sea for many days       
suddenly sighted a friendly      vessel4
 ,from the mast of the unfortunate      
vessel was seen a      signal3 ,water1  
water2 we die of thirst6 ,the answer    
from the      friendly vessel at once   
came back3 ,cast down your bucket where 
you are4 ,a second time the signal1     
,water1 water2 send us      water6 ran  
up from the distressed vessel1 and was  
answered3      ,cast down your bucket   
where you are4 ,and a third and a fourth
      signal for water was answered3    
,cast down your bucket where you        

are4 ,the captain of the distressed     
vessel1 at last heeding the             
injunction1 cast down his bucket1 and it
 came up full of      fresh1 sparkling  
water from the mouth of the ,amazon     
,river4 ,to      those of my race who   
depend on bettering their condition in a
      foreign land1 or who underestimate
 the importance of      cultivating     
friendly relations with the ,southern   
white man1 who      is their next door  
neighbor1 ,i would say3 ,cast down your 
bucket where you are--cast it down in   
making friends in every      manly way  
of the people of all races by whom we   
are      surrounded4#g  ,footnote #g3   
,quoted from ,story of ,my ,life and    
,work1 #afe-f4  ,the power to realize   
with fine feeling the possibilities of  
an occasion may be illustrated from the 
speech at ,harvard3       ,if through   
me1 an humble representative1 seven     
millions of my      people in the ,south
 might be permitted to send a message to
      ,harvard--,harvard that offered up

 on death's altar young ,shaw1      and 
,russell1 and ,lowell1 and scores of    
others1 that we might      have a free  
and united country--that message would  
be1 ,tell      them that the sacrifice  
was not in vain4 ,tell them that by     
habits of thrift and economy1 by way of 
the industrial school      and college1 
we are coming up4 ,we are crawling up1  
working up1      yea1 bursting up--often
 through oppression1 unjust             
discrimination and prejudice1 but       
through them all we are      coming up1 
and with proper habits1 intelligence1   
and property1      there is no power on 
earth that can permanently stay our     
progress4#h  ,footnote #h3 ,quoted from 
,story of ,my ,life and ,work1 #baj-aa4 
,the eloquence of ,douglass differed    
from that of ,washington as does the    
power of a gifted orator differ from the
 force of a finished public speaker4    
,the one was subjective2 the other was  
objective4 ,douglass swayed his         
audience1 and even himself1 by the sweep

 of his passion and rhetoric2           
,washington studied every detail and    
weighed every word1 always keeping in   
mind the final impression to be made4   
,douglass was an idealist1 impatient for
 the day of perfect fruition2           
,washington was an opportunist1 making  
the most of each chance as it came4 ,the
 one voiced the sorrows of the ,old     
,testament1 and for the moment produced 
the more tremendous effect2 the other   
longed for the blessing of the ,new     
,testament and spoke with lasting       
result4 ,both loved their people and    
each in his own way worked as he could  
best see the light4 ,by his earnestness 
each in his day gained a hearing2 by    
their sincerity both found a place in   
the oratory not only of the ,negro but  
of the world4     ,,ix  ,,the ,,stage   
,in no other field has the ,negro with  
artistic aspirations found the road so  
hard as in that of the classic drama4   
,in spite of the far-reaching influence 
of the ,negro on ,american life1 it is  

only within the last two years that this
 distinct racial element has begun to   
receive serious attention4 ,if we pass  
over ,othello as professedly a ,moor    
rather than a ,negro1 we find that the  
,negro1 as he has been presented on the 
,english or ,american stage1 is best    
represented by such a character as      
,mungo in the comic opera1 ,the         
,padlock1 on the boards at ,drury ,lane 
in #agfh4 ,mungo is the slave of a ,west
 ,indian planter2 he becomes profane in 
the second act and sings a burlesque    
song4 ,here1 as elsewhere1 there was no 
dramatic or sympathetic study of the    
race4 ,even ,uncle ,tom was a           
conventional embodiment of patience and 
meekness rather than a highly           
individualized character4  ,on the      
legitimate stage the ,negro was not     
wanted4 ,that he could succeed1 however1
 was shown by such a career as that of  
,ira ,aldridge4 ,this distinguished     
actor1 making his way from ,america to  
the freer life of ,europe1 entered upon 

the period of his greatest artistic     
success when1 in #ahcc1 at ,covent      
,garden1 he played ,othello to the ,iago
 of ,edmund ,kean1 the foremost actor of
 the time4 ,he was universally ranked as
 a great tragedian4 ,in the years       
#aheb-e he played in ,germany4 ,in #aheg
 the ,king of ,sweden invited him to    
visit ,stockholm4 ,the ,king of ,prussia
 bestowed upon him a first-class medal  
of the arts and sciences4 ,the ,emperor 
of ,austria complimented him with an    
autograph letter2 the ,czar of ,russia  
gave him a decoration1 and various other
 honors were showered upon him4  ,such  
is the noblest tradition of the ,negro  
on the stage4 ,in course of time1       
however1 because of the new blackface   
minstrelsy that became popular soon     
after the ,civil ,war1 all association  
of the ,negro with the classic drama was
 effectively erased from the public     
mind4 ,near the turn of the century some
 outlet was found in light musical      
comedy4 ,prominent in the transition    

from minstrelsy to the new form were    
,bob ,cole and ,ernest ,hogan2 and the  
representative musical comedy companies 
have been those of ,cole and ,johnson1  
and ,williams and ,walker4 ,bert        
,williams is to-day generally remarked  
as one of the two or three foremost     
comedians on the ,american stage4 ,even 
musical comedy1 however1 is not so      
prominent as it was ten years ago1 by   
reason of the competition of vaudeville 
and moving-pictures2 and any            
representation of the ,negro on the     
stage at the present time is likely to  
be either a burlesque1 or1 as in such   
pictures as those of ,the ,birth of a   
,nation1 a deliberate and malicious     
libel on the race4  ,in different ones  
of the ,negro colleges1 however1 and    
elsewhere1 are there those who have     
dreamed of a true ,negro drama--a drama 
that should get away from the minstrelsy
 and the burlesque and honestly present 
,negro characters face to face with all 
the problems that test the race in the  

crucible of ,american civilization4 ,the
 representative institutions give       
frequent amateur productions1 not only  
of classical plays1 but also of sincere 
attempts at the faithful portrayal of   
,negro character4 ,in even wider fields1
 however1 is the possibility of the     
material for serious dramatic treatment 
being tested4 ,in the spring of #aiad   
,granny ,maumee1 by ,ridgely ,torrence1 
a ,new ,york dramatist1 was produced by 
the ,stage ,society of ,new ,york4 ,the 
part of ,granny ,maumee was taken by    
,dorothy ,donnelly1 one of the most     
emotional and sincere of ,american      
actresses2 two performances were given1 
and ,carl ,van ,vechten1 writing of the 
occasion in the ,new ,york ,press1 said3
 ,it is as important an event in our    
theater as the first play by ,synge was 
to the ,irish movement4 ,another        
experiment was ,children1 by ,guy       
,bolton and ,tom ,carlton1 presented by 
the ,washington ,square ,players in     
,march1 #aiaf1 a little play in which a 

mother shoots her son rather than give  
him up to a lynching party4 ,in ,april1 
#aiag1 ,granny ,maumee1 with two other  
short plays by ,mr4 ,torrence1 ,the     
,rider of ,dreams1 and ,simon the       
,cyrenian1 was again put on the stage in
 ,new ,york1 this time with a company of
 colored actors1 prominent among whom   
were ,opal ,cooper and ,inez ,clough4   
,this whole production1 advertised as   
the first colored dramatic company to   
appear on ,broadway1 was under the      
patronage of ,mrs4 ,norman ,hapgood and 
the direction of ,robert ,edmond ,jones1
 and its success was such as to give    
hopes of much greater things in the     
future4  ,three or four other           
representative efforts within the race  
itself in the great field of the drama  
must be remarked4 ,one of the most      
sincere was ,the ,exile1 written by ,e4 
,c4 ,williams1 and presented at the     
,howard ,theater in ,washington1 ,may   
#bi1 #aiae1 a play dealing with an      
episode in the life of ,lorenzo de      

,medici4 ,the story used is thoroughly  
dramatic1 and that part of the          
composition that is in blank verse is of
 a notable degree of smoothness4 ,the   
,star of ,ethiopia1 by ,dr4 ,du,bois1   
was a pageant1 elaborately presented4   
,originally produced in ,new ,york in   
#aiac1 it also saw performances in      
,washington and ,philadelphia4 ,the     
spring of #aiaf witnessed the beginning 
of the work of the ,edward ,sterling    
,wright ,players1 of ,new ,york4 ,this  
company used the legitimate drama and   
made a favorable impression1 especially 
by its production of ,othello4 ,at      
present special interest attaches to the
 work of the ,lafayette ,players in ,new
 ,york1 who have already made           
commendable progress in the production  
of popular plays4  ,the field is        
comparatively new4 ,it is1 however1 one 
peculiarly adapted to the ability of the
 ,negro race1 and at least enough has   
been done so far to show that both      
,negro effort in the classic drama and  

the serious portrayal of ,negro life on 
the stage are worthy of respectful      
consideration4     ,x                   
,,painters4--,,henry ,o4 ,,tanner       
,painting has long been a medium through
 which the artistic spirit of the race  
yearned to find expression4 ,as far back
 as in the work of ,phillis ,wheatley   
there is a poem addressed to ,s4 ,m4    
7,scipio ,moorhead71 a young ,african   
painter1 one of whose subjects was the  
story of ,damon and ,pythias4 ,it was a 
hundred years more1 however1 before     
there was really artistic production4   
,e4 ,m4 ,bannister1 whose home was at   
,providence1 though little known to the 
younger generation1 was very prominent  
forty years ago4 ,he gathered about     
himself a coterie of artists and rich   
men that formed the nucleus of the      
,rhode ,island ,art ,club1 and one of   
his pictures took a medal at the        
,centennial ,exposition of #ahgf4       
,william ,a4 ,harper1 who died in #aiaj1
 was a product of the ,chicago ,art     

,institute1 at whose exhibitions his    
pictures received much favorable comment
 about #aijh and #aiaj4 ,on his return  
from his first period of study in ,paris
 his ,avenue of ,poplars took a prize of
 one hundred dollars at the ,institute4 
,other typical subjects were ,the ,last 
,gleam1 ,the ,hillside1 and ,the ,gray  
,dawn4 ,great hopes were awakened a few 
years ago by the landscapes of ,richard 
,l4 ,brown2 and the portrait work of    
,edwin ,a4 ,harleston is destined to    
become better and better known4 ,william
 ,e4 ,scott1 of ,indianapolis1 is       
becoming more and more distinguished in 
mural work1 landscape1 and portraiture1 
and among all the painters of the race  
now working in this country is          
outstanding4 ,he has spent several years
 in ,paris4 ,la ,pauvre ,voisine1       
accepted by the ,salon in #aiab1 was    
afterwards bought by the ,argentine     
government4 ,a second picture exhibited 
in the ,salon in #aiac1 ,la ,misere1 was
 reproduced in the ,french catalogue and

 took first prize at the ,indiana ,state
 ,fair the next year4 ,la ,connoisseure 
was exhibited in the ,royal ,academy in 
,london in #aiac4 ,mr4 ,scott has done  
the mural work in ten public schools in 
,chicago1 four in ,indianapolis1 and    
especially was he commissioned by the   
city of ,indianapolis to decorate two   
units in the city hospital1 this task   
embracing three hundred life-size       
figures4 ,some of his effects in        
coloring are very striking1 and in      
several of his recent pictures he has   
emphasized racial subjects4             
,illustration3 ,,henry ,o4 ,,tanner     
,the painter of assured fame and        
commanding position is ,henry ,ossawa   
,tanner4  ,the early years of this      
artist were a record of singular        
struggle and sacrifice4 ,born in        
,pittsburgh in #ahei1 the son of a      
minister of very limited means1 he      
received his early education in         
,philadelphia4 ,for years he had to     
battle against uncertain health4 ,in his

 thirteenth year1 seeing an artist at   
work1 he decided that he too would      
become a painter1 and he afterwards     
became a student at the ,pennsylvania   
,academy of ,fine ,arts4 ,while still a 
very young man1 he attempted drawings of
 all sorts and sent these to various    
,new ,york publishers1 only to see them 
promptly returned4 ,a check1 however1   
for forty dollars for one that did not  
return encouraged him1 and a picture1 ,a
 ,lion at ,home1 from the exhibition of 
the ,academy of ,design1 brought eighty 
dollars4 ,he now became a photographer  
in ,atlanta1 ,ga41 but met with no real 
success2 and for two years he taught    
drawing at ,clark ,university in        
,atlanta4 ,in this period came a summer 
of struggle in the mountains of ,north  
,carolina1 and the knowledge that a     
picture that had originally sold for    
fifteen dollars had brought two hundred 
and fifty dollars at an auction in      
,philadelphia4 ,desiring now to go to   
,europe1 and being encouraged by ,bishop

 and ,mrs4 ,hartzell1 the young painter 
gave in ,cincinnati an exhibition of his
 work4 ,the exhibition failed2 not a    
picture was regularly sold4 ,bishop and 
,mrs4 ,hartzell1 however1 gave the      
artist a sum for the entire collection1 
and thus equipped he set sail for ,rome1
 ,january #d1 #ahia1 going by way of    
,liverpool and ,paris4  ,in the story of
 his career that he contributed to the  
,world's ,work some years ago1 ,mr4     
,tanner gave an interesting account of  
his early days in ,paris4 ,acquaintance 
with the great ,french capital induced  
him to abandon thoughts of going to     
,rome2 but there followed five years of 
pitiless economy1 broken only by a visit
 to ,philadelphia1 where he sold some   
pictures4 ,he was encouraged1 however1  
by ,benjamin ,constant and studied in   
the ,julien ,academy4 ,in his early     
years he had given attention to animals 
and landscape1 but more and more he was 
drawn towards religious subjects4       
,daniel in the ,lions' ,den in the      

,salon in #ahif brought honorable       
mention1 the artist's first official    
recognition4 ,he was inspired1 and very 
soon afterwards he made his first visit 
to ,palestine1 the land that was        
afterwards to mean so much to him in his
 work4 ,the ,resurrection of ,lazarus1  
in #ahig1 was bought by the ,french     
government1 and now hangs in the        
,luxembourg4 ,the enthusiasm awakened by
 this picture was so great that a friend
 wrote to the painter at ,venice3 ,come 
home1 ,tanner1 to see the crowds behold 
your picture4 ,after twenty years of    
heart-breaking effort ,henry ,tanner had
 become a recognized artist4 ,his later 
career is a part of the history of the  
world's art4 ,he won a third-class medal
 at the ,salon in #ahig1 a second-class 
medal in #aijg1 second-class medals at  
the ,paris ,exposition in #aijj1 at the 
,buffalo ,exposition in #aija1 and at   
the ,st4 ,louis ,exposition in #aijd1 a 
gold medal at ,san ,francisco in #aiae1 
the ,walter ,lippincott ,prize in       

,philadelphia in #aijj1 and the ,harris 
,prize of five hundred dollars1 in      
#aijf1 for the best picture in the      
annual exhibition of ,american paintings
 at the ,chicago ,art ,institute4  ,mr4 
,tanner's later life has been spent in  
,paris1 with trips to the ,far ,east1 to
 ,palestine1 to ,egypt1 to ,algiers1 and
 ,morocco4 ,some years ago he joined the
 colony of artists at ,trepied1 where he
 has built a commodious home and studio4
 ,miss ,mac,chesney has described this  
for us3 ,his studio is an ideal         
workroom1 being high-ceilinged1         
spacious1 and having the least possible 
furniture1 utterly free from masses of  
useless studio stuff and paraphernalia4 
,the walls are of a light gray1 and at  
one end hangs a fine tapestry4 ,oriental
 carved wooden screens are at the doors 
and windows4 ,leading out of it is a    
small room having a domed ceiling and   
picturesque high windows4 ,in this      
simply furnished room he often poses his
 models1 painting himself in the large  

studio1 the sliding door between being a
 small one4 ,he can often make use of   
lamplight effects1 the daylight in the  
larger room not interfering4 ,within    
recent years the artist has kept pace   
with some of the newer schools by       
brilliant experimentation in color and  
composition4 ,moonlight scenes appeal to
 him most4 ,he seldom paints other than 
biblical subjects1 except perhaps a     
portrait such as that of the ,khedive or
 ,rabbi ,wise4 ,a landscape may attract 
him1 but it is sure to be idealized4 ,he
 is thoroughly romantic in tone1 and in 
spirit1 if not in technique1 there is   
much to connect him with ,holman ,hunt1 
the ,pre-,raphaelite painter4 ,in fact  
he long had in mind1 even if he has not 
actually worked out1 a picture entitled1
 ,the ,scapegoat4  ,the ,annunciation1  
as well as ,the ,resurrection of        
,lazarus1 was bought by the ,french     
government2 and ,the ,two ,disciples at 
the ,tomb was bought by the ,chicago    
,art ,institute4 ,the ,bagpipe ,lesson  

and ,the ,banjo ,lesson are in the      
library at ,hampton ,institute4 ,other  
prominent titles are3 ,christ and       
,nicodemus1 ,jews ,waiting at the ,wall 
of ,solomon1 ,stephen ,before the       
,council1 ,moses and the ,burning ,bush1
 ,the ,mothers of the ,bible 7a series  
of five paintings of ,mary1 ,hagar1     
,sarah1 ,rachel1 and the mother of      
,moses1 that marked the commencement of 
paintings containing all or nearly all  
female figures71 ,christ at the ,home of
 ,mary and ,martha1 ,the ,return of the 
,holy ,women1 and ,the ,five ,virgins4  
,of ,christ and ,his ,disciples on the  
,road to ,bethany1 one of the most      
remarkable of all the pictures for      
subdued coloring1 the painter says1 ,i  
have taken the tradition that ,christ   
never spent a day in ,jerusalem1 but at 
the close of day went to ,bethany1      
returning to the city of strife in the  
morning4 ,of ,a ,flight into ,egypt he  
says3 ,never shall ,i forget the        
magnificence of two ,persian ,jews that 

,i once saw at ,rachel's ,tomb2 what a  
magnificent ',abraham' either one of    
them would have made6 ,nor do ,i forget 
a ride one stormy ,christmas night to   
,bethlehem4 ,dark clouds swept the      
moonlit skies and it took little        
imagination to close one's eyes to the  
flight of time and see in those hurrying
 travelers the crowds that hurried      
,bethlehemward on that memorable night  
of the ,nativity1 or to transpose the   
scene and see in each hurrying group ',a
 ,flight into ,egypt4' ,as to which one 
of all these pictures excels the others 
critics are not in perfect agreement4   
,the ,resurrection of ,lazurus is in    
subdued coloring1 while ,the            
,annunciation is noted for its effects  
of light and shade4 ,this latter picture
 must in any case rank very high in any 
consideration of the painter's work4 ,it
 is a powerful portrayal of the ,virgin 
at the moment when she learns of her    
great mission4  ,mr4 ,tanner has the    
very highest ideals for his art4 ,these 

could hardly be better stated than in   
his own words3 ,it has very often seemed
 to me that many painters of religious  
subjects 7in our time7 seem to forget   
that their pictures should be as much   
works of art 7regardless of the subject7
 as are other paintings with less holy  
subjects4 ,to suppose that the fact of  
the religious painter having a more     
elevated subject than his brother artist
 makes it unnecessary for him to        
consider his picture as an artistic     
production1 or that he can be less      
thoughtful about a color harmony1 for   
instance1 than he who selects any other 
subject1 simply proves that he is less  
of an artist than he who gives the      
subject his best attention4 ,certainly1 
no one could ever accuse ,henry ,tanner 
of insincere workmanship4 ,his whole    
career is an inspiration and a challenge
 to aspiring painters1 and his work is a
 monument of sturdy endeavor and exalted
 achievement4     ,,xi                  
,,sculptors4--,,meta ,,warrick ,,fuller 

,in sculpture1 as well as in painting1  
there has been a beginning of highly    
artistic achievement4 ,the first person 
to come into prominence was ,edmonia    
,lewis1 born in ,new ,york in #ahde4 ,a 
sight of the statue of ,franklin1 in    
,boston1 inspired within this young     
woman the desire also to make a stone   
man4 ,garrison introduced her to a      
sculptor who encouraged her and gave her
 a few suggestions1 but altogether she  
received little instruction in her art4 
,in #ahfe she attracted considerable    
attention by a bust of ,robert ,gould   
,shaw1 exhibited in ,boston4 ,in this   
same year she went to ,rome to continue 
her studies1 and two years later took up
 her permanent residence there4 ,among  
her works are3 ,the ,freedwoman1 ,the   
,death of ,cleopatra 7exhibited at the  
exposition in ,philadelphia in #ahgf71  
,asleep1 ,the ,marriage of ,hiawatha1   
and ,madonna with the ,infant ,christ4  
,among her busts in terra cotta are     
those of ,john ,brown1 ,charles ,sumner1

 ,lincoln1 and ,longfellow4 ,most of the
 work of ,edmonia ,lewis is in ,europe4 
,more recently the work of ,mrs4 ,may   
,howard ,jackson1 of ,washington1 has   
attracted the attention of the          
discerning4 ,this sculptor has made     
several busts1 among her subjects being 
,rev4 ,f4 ,j4 ,grimke and ,dr4 ,du,bois1
 and ,mother and ,child is one of her   
best studies4 ,bertina ,lee1 of         
,trenton1 ,n4 ,j41 is one of the        
promising young sculptors4 ,she is from 
the ,trenton ,art ,school and has       
already won several valuable prizes4    
,illustration3 ,,meta ,,warrick ,,fuller
  ,the sculptor at the present time of  
assured position is ,meta ,vaux ,warrick
 ,fuller4  ,meta ,vaux ,warrick was born
 in ,philadelphia1 ,june #i1 #ahgg4 ,she
 first compelled serious recognition of 
her talent by her work in the           
,pennsylvania ,school of ,industrial    
,art1 for which she had won a           
scholarship1 and which she attended for 
four years4 ,here one of her first      

original pieces in clay was a head of   
,medusa1 which1 with its hanging jaw1   
beads of gore1 and eyes starting from   
their sockets1 marked her as a sculptor 
of the horrible4 ,in her graduating     
year1 #ahih1 she won a prize for metal  
work by a crucifix upon which hung the  
figure of ,christ torn by anguish1 also 
honorable mention for her work in       
modeling4 ,in her post-graduate year she
 won the ,george ,k4 ,crozier first     
prize for the best general work in      
modeling for the year1 her particular   
piece being the ,procession of ,arts and
 ,crafts4 ,in #ahii the young student   
went to ,paris1 where she worked and    
studied for three years1 chiefly at     
,colarossi's ,academy4 ,her work brought
 her in contact with ,st4 ,gaudens and  
other artists2 and finally there came a 
day when the great ,rodin himself1      
thrilled by the figure in ,secret       
,sorrow1 a man represented as eating his
 heart out1 in the attitude of a father 
beamed upon the young woman and said1   

,mademoiselle1 you are a sculptor2 you  
have the sense of form4 ,the ,wretched1 
one of the artist's masterpieces1 was   
exhibited in the ,salon in #aijc1 and   
along with it went ,the ,impenitent     
,thief2 and at one of ,byng's           
exhibitions in ,l',art ,nouveau         
galleries it was remarked of her that   
under her strong and supple hands the   
clay has leaped into form3 a whole      
turbulent world seems to have forced    
itself into the cold and dead material4 
,on her return to ,america the artist   
resumed her studies at the ,school of   
,industrial ,art1 winning1 in #aijd1 the
 ,battles first prize for pottery4 ,in  
#aijg she was called on for a series of 
tableaux representing the advance of the
 ,negro1 for the ,jamestown             
,tercentennial ,exposition1 and later   
7#aiac7 for a group for the ,new ,york  
,state ,emancipation ,proclamation      
,commission4 ,in #aiji ,meta ,vaux      
,warrick became the wife of ,dr4        
,solomon ,c4 ,fuller1 of ,framingham1   

,mass4 ,a disastrous fire in #aiaj      
destroyed some of her most valuable     
pieces while they were in storage in    
,philadelphia4 ,only a few examples of  
her early work1 that for one reason or  
another happened to be elsewhere1 were  
saved4 ,in ,may1 #aiad1 however1 she had
 sufficiently recovered from this blow  
to be able to hold a public exhibition  
of her work4 ,mrs4 ,fuller resides in   
,framingham1 has a happy family of three
 boys1 and in the midst of a busy life  
still finds some time for the practice  
of her art4  ,the fire of #aiaj         
destroyed the following productions3    
,secret ,sorrow1 ,silenus1 ,oedipus1    
,brittany ,peasant1 ,primitive ,man1 two
 of the heads from ,three ,gray ,women1 
,peeping ,tom1 ,falstaff1 ,oriental     
,dancer1 ,portrait of ,william ,thomas1 
,the ,wrestlers1 ,death in the ,wind1   
,desespoir1 ,the ,man with a ,thorn1    
,the ,man who ,laughed1 the ,two-,step1 
,sketch for a ,monument1 ,wild ,fire1   
and the following studies in            

,afro-,american types3 ,an ,old ,woman1 
,the ,schoolboy1 ,the ,comedian 7,george
 ,w4 ,walker71 ,the ,student1 ,the      
,artist1 and ,mulatto ,child1 as well as
 a few unfinished pieces4 ,such a       
misfortune has only rarely befallen a   
rising artist4 ,some of the sculptor's  
most remarkable work was included in the
 list just given4  ,fortunately         
surviving were the following3 ,the      
,wretched 7cast in bronze and remaining 
in ,europe71 ,man ,carrying ,dead ,body1
 ,medusa1 ,procession of ,arts and      
,crafts1 ,portrait of the late ,william 
,still1 ,john the ,baptist 7the only    
piece of her work made in ,paris that   
the sculptor now has71 ,sylvia 7later   
destroyed by accident71 and ,study of   
,expression4  ,the exhibition of #aiad  
included the following3 ,a ,classic     
,dancer1 ,brittany ,peasant 7a          
reproduction of the piece destroyed71   
,study of ,woman's ,head1 ,a ,drink1    
,please 7a statuette of ,tommy ,fuller71
 ,mother and ,baby1 ,a ,young           

,equestrian 7,tommy ,fuller71 ,so ,big  
7,solomon ,fuller1 ,jr471 ,menelik ,,ii 
of ,abyssinia1 ,a ,girl's ,head1        
,portrait of a ,child1 ,the ,pianist    
7portrait of ,mrs4 ,maud ,cuney ,hare71 
,portrait of ,s4 ,coleridge-,taylor1    
,relief ,study of a ,woman's ,head1     
,medallion ,portrait of a ,child 7,tommy
 ,fuller71 ,medallion ,portrait of ,dr4 
,a4 ,e4 ,p4 ,rockwell1 ,statuette of a  
,woman1 ,second model of group made for 
the ,new ,york ,state ,emancipation     
,proclamation ,commission 7with two     
fragments from the final model of this71
 ,portrait of ,dr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,p4          
,rockwell1 ,four ,figures 7,spring1     
,summer1 ,autumn1 ,winter7 for          
over-mantel panel1 ,portrait-,bust of a 
,child 7,solomon ,fuller1 ,jr471        
,portrait-,bust of a ,man 7,dr4 ,s4 ,c4 
,fuller71 ,john the ,baptist1 ,danse    
,macabre1 ,menelik ,,ii in profile1     
,portrait of a ,woman1 ,the ,jester4    
,since #aiad the artist has produced    
several of her strongest pieces4 ,peace 

,halting the ,ruthlessness of ,war in   
,may1 #aiag1 took a second prize in a   
competition under the auspices of the   
,massachusetts ,branch of the ,woman's  
,peace ,party4 ,similarly powerful are  
,watching for ,dawn1 ,mother and ,child1
 ,immigrant in ,america1 and ,the       
,silent ,appeal4 ,noteworthy1 too1 are  
,the ,flower-,holder1 ,the              
,fountain-,boy1 and ,life in ,quest of  
,peace4 ,the sculptor has also produced 
numerous statuettes1 novelties1 etc41   
for commercial purposes1 and just now   
she is at work on a motherhood series4  
,from time to time one observes in this 
enumeration happy subjects4 ,such1 for  
instance1 are ,the ,dancing ,girl1 ,the 
,wrestlers1 and ,a ,young ,equestrian4  
,these are frequently winsome1 but1 as  
will be shown in a moment1 they are not 
the artist's characteristic productions4
 ,nor was the ,jamestown series of      
tableaux4 ,this was a succession of     
fourteen groups 7originally intended for
 seventeen7 containing in all one       

hundred and fifty figures4 ,the purpose 
was by the construction of appropriate  
models1 dramatic groupings1 and the use 
of proper scenic accessories1 to trace  
in chronological order the general      
progress of the ,negro race4 ,the whole1
 of course1 had its peculiar interest   
for the occasion2 but the artist had to 
work against unnumbered handicaps of    
every sort2 her work1 in fact1 was not  
so much that of a sculptor as a         
designer2 and1 while the whole          
production took considerable energy1 she
 has naturally never regarded it as her 
representative work4  ,certain          
productions1 however1 by reason of their
 unmistakable show of genius1 call for  
special consideration4 ,these are       
invariably tragic or serious in tone4   
,prime in order1 and many would say in  
power1 is ,the ,wretched4 ,seven figures
 representing as many forms of human    
anguish greet the eye4 ,a mother yearns 
for the loved ones she has lost4 ,an old
 man1 wasted by hunger and disease1     

waits for death4 ,another1 bowed by     
shame1 hides his face from the sun4 ,a  
sick child is suffering from some       
terrible hereditary trouble2 a youth    
realizes with despair that the task     
before him is too great for his         
strength2 and a woman is afflicted with 
some mental disease4 ,crowning all is   
the philosopher1 who1 suffering through 
sympathy with the others1 realizes his  
powerlessness to relieve them and       
gradually sinks into the stoniness of   
despair4  ,the ,impenitent ,thief1      
admitted to the ,salon along with ,the  
,wretched1 was demolished in #aijd1     
after being subjected to a series of    
unhappy accidents4 ,it also defied      
convention4 ,heroic in size1 the thief  
hung on the cross1 all the while        
distorted by anguish4 ,hardened1        
unsympathetic1 blasphemous1 he was still
 superb in his presumption1 and he was  
one of the artist's most powerful       
conceptions4  ,man ,carrying ,dead ,body
 portrays a scene from a battlefield4   

,in it the sculptor has shown the length
 to which duty will spur one on4 ,a man 
bears across his shoulder the body of a 
comrade that has evidently lain on the  
battlefield for days1 and though the    
thing is horrible1 he lashes it to his  
back and totters under the great weight 
until he can find a place for decent    
burial4 ,to every one there comes such a
 duty2 each one has his own burden to   
bear in silence4  ,two earlier pieces1  
,secret ,sorrow1 and ,oedipus1 had the  
same marked characteristics4 ,the first 
represented a man1 worn and gaunt1 as   
actually bending his head and eating out
 his own heart4 ,the figure was the     
personification of lost ambition1       
shattered ideals1 and despair4 ,for     
,oedipus the sculptor chose the hero of 
the old ,greek legend at the moment     
when1 realizing that he has killed his  
father and married his mother1 he tears 
his eyes out4 ,the artist's later       
conception1 ,three ,gray ,women1 from   
the legend of ,perseus1 was in similar  

vein4 ,it undertook to portray the      
,graeae1 the three sisters who had but  
one eye and one tooth among them4       
,perhaps the most haunting creation of  
,mrs4 ,fuller is ,john the ,baptist4    
,with head slightly upraised and with   
eyes looking into the eternal1 the      
prophet rises above all sordid earthly  
things and soars into the divine4 ,all  
faith and hope and love are in his face1
 all poetry and inspiration in his eyes4
 ,it is a conception that1 once seen1   
can never be forgotten4  ,the second    
model of the group for the ,new ,york   
,state ,emancipation ,proclamation      
,commission 7two feet high1 the finished
 group as exhibited being eight feet    
high7 represents a recently emancipated 
,negro youth and maiden standing beneath
 a gnarled1 decapitated tree that has   
the semblance of a human hand stretched 
over them4 ,humanity is pushing them out
 into the world1 while at the same time 
the hand of ,fate1 with obstacles and   
drawbacks1 is restraining them in the   

exercise of their new freedom4 ,in the  
attitudes of the two figures is         
strikingly portrayed the uncertainty of 
those embarking on a new life1 and in   
their countenances one reads all the    
eagerness and the courage and the hope  
that is theirs4 ,the whole is one of the
 artist's most ambitious efforts4       
,immigrant in ,america was inspired by  
two lines from ,robert ,haven           
,schauffler's ,scum of the ,earth3      
,children in whose frail arms shall rest
     ,prophets and singers and saints of
 the ,west4  ,an ,american mother1 the  
parent of one strong healthy child1 is  
seen welcoming the immigrant mother of  
many children to the land of plenty4    
,the work is capable of wide            
application4 ,along with it might be    
mentioned a suffrage medallion and a    
smaller piece1 ,the ,silent ,appeal4    
,this last is a very strong piece of    
work4 ,it represents the mother capable 
of producing and caring for three       
children as making a silent request for 

the suffrage 7or peace1 or justice1 or  
any other noble cause74 ,the work is    
characterized by a singular note of     
dignity4  ,peace ,halting the           
,ruthlessness of ,war1 the recent prize 
piece1 represents ,war as mounted on a  
mighty steed and trampling to death     
helpless human beings1 while in one hand
 he bears a spear on which he has       
impaled the head of one of his victims4 
,as he goes on in what seems his        
irresistible career ,peace meets him on 
the way and commands him to cease his   
ravages4 ,the work as exhibited was in  
gray-green wax and treated its subject  
with remarkable spirit4 ,it must take   
rank as one of the four or five of the  
strongest productions of the artist4    
,meta ,warrick ,fuller's work may be    
said to fall into two divisions1 the    
romantic and the social4 ,the first is  
represented by such things as ,the      
,wretched and ,secret ,sorrow1 the      
second by ,immigrant in ,america and    
,the ,silent ,appeal4 ,the transition   

may be seen in ,watching for ,dawn1 a   
group that shows seven figures1 in      
various attitudes of prayer1            
watchfulness1 and resignation1 as       
watching for the coming of daylight1 or 
peace4 ,in technique this is like ,the  
,wretched1 in spirit it is like the     
later work4 ,it is as if the sculptor's 
own seer1 ,john the ,baptist1 had1 by   
his vision1 summoned her away from the  
ghastly and horrible to the everyday    
problems of needy humanity4 ,there are  
many1 however1 who hope that she will   
not utterly forsake the field in which  
she first became famous4 ,her early work
 is not delicate or pretty2 it is       
gruesome and terrible2 but it is also   
intense and vital1 and from it speaks   
the very tragedy of the ,negro race4    
,,xii  ,,music   ,the foremost name on  
the roll of ,negro composers is that of 
a man whose home was in ,england1 but   
who in so many ways identified himself  
with the ,negroes of the ,united ,states
 that he deserves to be considered here4

 ,he visited ,america1 found the        
inspiration for much of his best work in
 ,african themes1 and his name at once  
comes to mind in any consideration of   
the history of the ,negro in music4     
,samuel ,coleridge-,taylor#i            
7#ahge-aiab7 was born in ,london1 the   
son of a physician who was a native of  
,sierra ,leone1 and an ,english mother4 
,he began the study of the violin when  
he was no more than six years old1 and  
as he grew older he emphasized more and 
more the violin and the piano4 ,at the  
age of ten he entered the choir of ,st4 
,george's1 at ,croydon1 and a little    
later became alto singer at ,st4 ,mary  
,magdalene's1 ,croydon4 ,in #ahij he    
entered the ,royal ,college of ,music as
 a student of the violin2 and he also   
became a student of ,stanford's in      
composition1 in which department he won 
a scholarship in #ahic4 ,in #ahid he was
 graduated with honor4 ,his earliest    
published work was the anthem1 ,in      
,thee1 ,o ,lord 7#ahib72 but he gave    

frequent performances of chamber music  
at student concerts in his earlier      
years2 one of his symphonies was        
produced in #ahif under ,stanford's     
direction1 and a quintet for clarinet   
and strings in ,f sharp minor 7played at
 the ,royal ,college in #ahie7 was given
 in ,berlin by the ,joachim ,quartet1   
and a string quartet in ,d minor dates  
from #ahif4 ,coleridge-,taylor became   
world-famous by the production of the   
first part of his ,hiawatha trilogy1    
,hiawatha's ,wedding-,feast1 at the     
,royal ,college1 ,november #aa1 #ahih4  
,he at once took rank as one of the     
foremost living ,english composers4 ,the
 second part of the trilogy1 ,the ,death
 of ,minnehaha1 was given at the ,north 
,staffordshire ,festival in the autumn  
of #ahii2 and the third1 ,hiawatha's    
,departure1 by the ,royal ,choral       
,society1 in ,albert ,hall1 ,march #bb1 
#aijj4 ,the whole work was a tremendous 
success such as even the composer       
himself never quite duplicated4         

,requests for new compositions for      
festival purposes now became numerous1  
and in response to the demand were      
produced ,the ,blind ,girl of           
,castel-,cuille 7,leeds1 #aija71 ,meg   
,blane 7,sheffield1 #aijb71 ,the        
,atonement 7,hereford1 #aijc71 and      
,kubla ,khan 7,handel ,society1 #aijf74 
,coleridge-,taylor also wrote the       
incidental music for the four romantic  
plays by ,stephen ,phillips produced at 
,his ,majesty's ,theatre1 as follows3   
,herod1 #aijj2 ,ulysses1 #aija2 ,nero1  
#aijb2 ,faust1 #aijh2 as well as        
incidental music for ,othello 7the      
composition for the orchestra being     
later adapted as a suite for            
pianoforte71 and for ,a ,tale of ,old   
,japan1 the words of which were by      
,alfred ,noyes4 ,in #aijd he was        
appointed conductor of the ,handel      
,society4 ,the composer's most          
distinctive work is probably that       
reflecting his interest in the ,negro   
folk-song4 ,characteristic of the       

melancholy beauty1 barbaric color1 charm
 of musical rhythm and vehement passion 
of the true ,negro music are his        
symphonic pianoforte selections based on
 ,negro melodies from ,africa and       
,america3 the ',african ,suite1' a group
 of pianoforte pieces1 the ',african    
,romances' 7words by ,paul ,l4 ,dunbar71
 the ',songs of ,slavery1' ',three      
,choral ,ballads' and ',african         
,dances1' and a suite for violin and    
pianoforte4#aj ,the complete list of the
 works of ,coleridge-,taylor would      
include also the following3 ,southern   
,love ,songs1 ,dream-,lovers 7an        
operetta71 ,gipsy ,suite 7for violin and
 piano71 ,solemn ,prelude 7for          
orchestra1 first produced at the        
,worcester ,festival1 #ahii71           
,nourmahal's ,song and ,dance 7for      
piano71 ,scenes from an ,everyday       
,romance1 ,ethiopia ,saluting the       
,colors 7concert march for orchestra71  
,five ,choral ,ballads to words by      
,longfellow 7produced at the ,norwich   

,festival1 #aije71 ,moorish ,dance 7for 
piano71 ,six ,sorrow ,songs1 several    
vocal duets1 and the anthems1 ,now ,late
 on the ,sabbath ,day1 ,by the ,waters  
of ,babylon1 ,the ,lord is ,my          
,strength1 ,lift ,up ,your ,heads1      
,break ,forth into ,joy1 and ,o ,ye that
 ,love the ,lord4 ,among the things     
published since his death are his       
,viking ,song1 best adapted for a male  
chorus1 and a group of pianoforte and   
choral works4  ,footnote #i3 ,this      
account of ,coleridge-,taylor is based  
largely1 but not wholly1 upon the facts 
as given in ,grove's ,dictionary of     
,music 7#aiaj edition1 ,macmillan74 ,the
 article on the composer ends with a    
fairly complete list of works up to     
#aiaj4  ,footnote #aj3 ,crisis1         
,october1 #aiab4  ,in ,america the      
history of conscious musical effort on  
the part of the ,negro goes back even   
many years before the ,civil ,war4 ,some
 of the most interesting music produced 
by the ,negro slaves was handed down    

from the days when the ,french and      
,spanish had possession of ,louisiana4  
,from the free ,negroes of ,louisiana   
there sprang up1 during slavery days1 a 
number of musicians and artists who     
distinguished themselves in foreign     
countries to which they removed because 
of the prejudice which existed against  
colored people4 ,among them was ,eugene 
,warburg1 who went to ,italy and        
distinguished himself as a sculptor4    
,another was ,victor ,sejour1 who went  
to ,paris and gained distinction as a   
poet and composer of tragedy4 ,the      
,lambert family1 consisting of seven    
persons1 were noted as musicians4       
,richard ,lambert1 the father1 was a    
teacher of music2 ,lucien ,lambert1 a   
son1 after much hard study1 became a    
composer of music4 ,edmund ,dede1 who   
was born in ,new ,orleans in #ahbi1     
learned while a youth to play a number  
of instruments4 ,he accumulated enough  
money to pay his passage to ,france4    
,here he took up a special study of     

music1 and finally became director of   
the orchestra of ,l',alcazar1 in        
,bordeaux1 ,france4#aa  ,footnote #aa3  
,washington3 ,the ,story of the ,negro1 
,,ii1 #bgf-g4  ,the foremost composer of
 the race to-day is ,harry ,t4          
,burleigh1 who within the last few years
 has won a place not only among the most
 prominent song-writers of ,america1 but
 of the world4 ,he has emphasized       
compositions in classical vein1 his work
 displaying great technical excellence4 
,prominent among his later songs are    
,jean1 the ,saracen ,songs1 ,one ,year  
7#aiad-aiae71 the ,five ,songs of       
,laurence ,hope1 set to music1 ,the     
,young ,warrior 7the words of which were
 written by ,james ,w4 ,johnson71 and   
,passionale 7four songs for a tenor     
voice1 the words of which were also by  
,mr4 ,johnson74 ,nearly two years ago1  
at an assemblage of the ,italo-,american
 ,relief ,committee at the ,biltmore    
,hotel1 ,new ,york1 ,mr4 ,amato1 of the 
,metropolitan ,opera1 sang with         

tremendous effect1 ,the ,young ,warrior1
 and the ,italian version has later been
 used all over ,italy as a popular song 
in connection with the war4 ,of somewhat
 stronger quality even than most of     
these songs are ,the ,grey ,wolf1 to    
words by ,arthur ,symons1 ,the ,soldier1
 a setting of ,rupert ,brooke's well    
known sonnet1 and ,ethiopia ,saluting   
the ,colors4 ,an entirely different     
division of ,mr4 ,burleigh's work1      
hardly less important than his songs1 is
 his various adaptations of the ,negro  
melodies1 especially for choral work2   
and he assisted ,dvorak in his ,new     
,world ,symphony1 based on the ,negro   
folk-songs4 ,for his general achievement
 in music he was1 in #aiag1 awarded the 
,spingarn ,medal4 ,his work as a singer 
is reserved for later treatment4        
,illustration3 ,,harry ,t4 ,,burleigh   
,another prominent composer is ,will    
,marion ,cook4 ,mr4 ,cook's time has    
been largely given to the composition of
 popular music2 at the same time1       

however1 he has produced numerous songs 
that bear the stamp of genius4 ,in #aiab
 a group of his tuneful and             
characteristic pieces was published by  
,schirmer4 ,generally his work exhibits 
not only unusual melody1 but also       
excellent technique4 ,j4 ,rosamond      
,johnson is also a composer with many   
original ideas4 ,like ,mr4 ,cook1 for   
years he gave much attention to popular 
music4 ,more recently he has been       
director of the ,new ,york ,music       
,settlement1 the first in the country   
for the general cultivation and         
popularizing of ,negro music4 ,among his
 later songs are3 ,i ,told ,my ,love to 
the ,roses1 and ,morning1 ,noon1 and    
,night4 ,in pure melody ,mr4 ,johnson is
 not surpassed by any other musician of 
the race to-day4 ,his long experience   
with large orchestras1 moreover1 has    
given him unusual knowledge of          
instrumentation4 ,carl ,diton1 organist 
and pianist1 has so far been interested 
chiefly in the transcription for the    

organ of representative ,negro melodies4
 ,swing ,low1 ,sweet ,chariot was       
published by ,schirmer and followed by  
,four ,jubilee ,songs4 ,r4 ,nathaniel   
,dett has the merit1 more than others1  
of attempting to write in large form4   
,his carol1 ,listen to the ,lambs1 is   
especially noteworthy4 ,representative  
of his work for the piano is his        
,magnolia ,suite4 ,this was published by
 the ,clayton ,f4 ,summy ,co41 of       
,chicago4 ,as for the very young men of 
promise1 special interest attaches to   
the work of ,edmund ,t4 ,jenkins1 of    
,charleston1 ,s4 ,c41 who three years   
ago made his way to the ,royal ,academy 
in ,london4 ,able before he left to     
perform brilliantly on half a dozen     
instruments1 this young man was soon    
awarded a scholarship2 in #aiaf-ag he   
was awarded a silver medal for          
excellence on the clarinet1 a bronze    
medal for his work on the piano1 and1   
against brilliant competition1 a second 
prize for his original work in          

composition4 ,the year also witnessed   
the production of his ,prelude          
,religieuse at one of the grand         
orchestral concerts of the ,academy4    
,outstanding pianists are ,raymond      
,augustus ,lawson1 of ,hartford1 ,conn41
 and ,hazel ,harrison1 now of ,new      
,york4 ,mr4 ,lawson is a true artist4   
,his technique is very highly developed1
 and his style causes him to be a       
favorite concert pianist4 ,he has more  
than once been a soloist at the concerts
 of the ,hartford ,philharmonic         
,orchestra1 and has appeared on other   
noteworthy occasions4 ,he conducts at   
,hartford one of the leading studios in 
,new ,england4 ,miss ,harrison has      
returned to ,america after years of     
study abroad1 and now conducts a studio 
in ,new ,york4 ,she was a special pupil 
of ,busoni and has appeared in many     
noteworthy recitals4 ,another prominent 
pianist is ,roy ,w4 ,tibbs1 now a       
teacher at ,howard ,university4 ,helen  
,hagan1 who a few years ago was awarded 

the ,sanford scholarship at ,yale for   
study abroad1 has since her return from 
,france given many excellent recitals2  
and ,ethel ,richardson1 of ,new ,york1  
has had several very distinguished      
teachers and is in general one of the   
most promising of the younger           
performers4 ,while those that have been 
mentioned could not possibly be         
overlooked1 there are to-day so many    
noteworthy pianists that even a most    
competent and well-informed musician    
would hesitate before passing judgment  
upon them4 ,prominent among the         
organists is ,melville ,charlton1 of    
,brooklyn1 an associate of the ,american
 ,guild of ,organists1 who has now won  
for himself a place among the foremost  
organists of the ,united ,states1 and   
who has also done good work as a        
composer4 ,he is still a young man and  
from him may not unreasonably be        
expected many years of high artistic    
endeavor4 ,two other very prominent     
organists are ,william ,herbert ,bush1  

of ,new ,london1 ,conn41 and ,frederick 
,p4 ,white1 of ,boston4 ,mr4 ,bush has  
for thirty years filled his position at 
the ,second ,congregational ,church1 of 
,new ,london1 and has also given much   
time to composition4 ,mr4 ,white1 also a
 composer1 for twenty-five years had    
charge of the instrument in the ,first  
,methodist ,episcopal ,church1 of       
,charlestown1 ,mass4 ,excellent         
violinists are numerous1 but in         
connection with this instrument         
especially must it be remarked that more
 and more must the line of distinction  
be drawn between the work of a pleasing 
and talented performer and the effort of
 a conscientious and painstaking artist4
 ,foremost is ,clarence ,cameron ,white1
 of ,boston4 ,prominent also for some   
years has been ,joseph ,douglass1 of    
,washington4 ,felix ,weir1 of           
,washington and ,new ,york1 has given   
unusual promise2 and ,kemper ,harreld1  
of ,chicago and ,atlanta1 also deserves 
mention4 ,in this general sketch of     

those who have added to the musical     
achievement of the race there is a name 
that must not be overlooked4 ,blind     
,tom1 who attracted so much attention a 
generation ago1 deserves notice as a    
prodigy rather than as a musician of    
solid accomplishment4 ,his real name was
 ,thomas ,bethune1 and he was born in   
,columbus1 ,ga41 in #ahdi4 ,he was      
peculiarly susceptible to the influences
 of nature1 and imitated on the piano   
all the sounds he knew4 ,without being  
able to read a note he could play from  
memory the most difficult compositions  
of ,beethoven and ,mendelssohn4 ,in     
phonetics he was especially skillful4   
,before his audiences he would commonly 
invite any of his hearers to play new   
and difficult selections1 and as soon as
 a rendering was finished he would      
himself play the composition without    
making a single mistake4  ,of those who 
have exhibited the capabilities of the  
,negro voice in song it is but natural  
that sopranos should have been most     

distinguished4 ,even before the ,civil  
,war the race produced one of the first 
rank in ,elizabeth ,taylor ,greenfield1 
who came into prominence in #ahea4 ,this
 artist1 born in ,mississippi1 was taken
 to ,philadelphia and there cared for by
 a ,quaker lady4 ,said the ,daily ,state
 ,register1 of ,albany1 after one of her
 concerts3 ,the compass of her marvelous
 voice embraces twenty-seven notes1     
reaching from the sonorous bass of a    
baritone to a few notes above even      
,jenny ,lind's highest4 ,a voice with a 
range of more than three octaves        
naturally attracted much attention in   
both ,england and ,america1 and         
comparisons with ,jenny ,lind1 then at  
the height of her great fame1 were      
frequent4 ,after her success on the     
stage ,miss ,greenfield became a teacher
 of music in ,philadelphia4 ,twenty-five
 years later the ,hyers ,sisters1 ,anna 
and ,emma1 of ,san ,francisco1 started  
on their memorable tour of the          
continent1 winning some of their        

greatest triumphs in critical ,new      
,england4 ,anna ,hyers especially was   
remarked as a phenomenon4 ,then arose   
,madame ,selika1 a cultured singer of   
the first rank1 and one who1 by her     
arias and operatic work generally1 as   
well as by her mastery of language1 won 
great success on the continent of       
,europe as well as in ,england and      
,america4 ,the careers of two later     
singers are so recent as to be still    
fresh in the public memory2 one indeed  
may still be heard on the stage4 ,it was
 in #ahhg that ,flora ,batson entered on
 the period of her greatest success4    
,she was a ballad singer and her work at
 its best was of the sort that sends an 
audience into the wildest enthusiasm4   
,her voice exhibited a compass of three 
octaves1 from the purest1 most clear-cut
 soprano1 sweet and full1 to the rich   
round notes of the baritone register4   
,three or four years later than ,flora  
,batson in her period of greatest       
artistic success was ,mrs4 ,sissieretta 

,jones4 ,the voice of this singer1 when 
it first attracted wide attention1 about
 #ahic1 commanded notice as one of      
unusual richness and volume1 and as one 
exhibiting especially the plaintive     
quality ever present in the typical     
,negro voice4  ,at the present time     
,harry ,t4 ,burleigh instantly commands 
attention4 ,for twenty years this singer
 has been the baritone soloist at ,st4  
,george's ,episcopal ,church1 ,new      
,york1 and for about half as long at    
,temple ,emanu-,el1 the ,fifth ,avenue  
,jewish synagogue4 ,as a concert and    
oratorio singer ,mr4 ,burleigh has met  
with signal success4 ,of the younger    
men1 ,roland ,w4 ,hayes1 a tenor1 is    
outstanding4 ,he has the temperament of 
an artist and gives promise of being    
able to justify expectations awakened by
 a voice of remarkable quality4 ,within 
recent years ,mme4 ,anita ,patti ,brown1
 a product of the ,chicago              
conservatories1 has also been prominent 
as a concert soloist4 ,she sings with   

simplicity and ease1 and in her voice is
 a sympathetic quality that makes a     
ready appeal to the heart of an         
audience4 ,just at present ,mme4 ,mayme 
,calloway ,byron1 most recently of      
,chicago1 seems destined within the near
 future to take the very high place that
 she deserves4 ,this great singer has   
but lately returned to ,america after   
years of study and cultivation in       
,europe4 ,she has sung in the principal 
theaters abroad and was just on the eve 
of filling an engagement at the ,opera  
,comique when the war began and forced  
her to change her plans4  ,in this      
general review of those who have helped 
to make the ,negro voice famous1 mention
 must be made of a remarkable company of
 singers who first made the folk-songs  
of the race known to the world at large4
 ,in #ahga the ,fisk ,jubilee ,singers  
began their memorable progress through  
,america and ,europe1 meeting at first  
with scorn and sneers1 but before long  
touching the heart of the world with    

their strange music4 ,the original band 
consisted of four young men and five    
young women2 in the seven years of the  
existence of the company altogether     
twenty-four persons were enrolled in it4
 ,altogether1 these singers raised for  
,fisk ,university one hundred and fifty 
thousand dollars1 and secured school    
books1 paintings1 and apparatus to the  
value of seven or eight thousand more4  
,they sang in the ,united ,states1      
,england1 ,scotland1 ,ireland1 ,holland1
 ,switzerland1 and ,germany1 sometimes  
before royalty4 ,since their time they  
have been much imitated1 but hardly ever
 equaled1 and never surpassed4  ,this   
review could hardly close without       
mention of at least a few other persons 
who have worked along distinctive lines 
and thus contributed to the general     
advance4 ,pedro ,t4 ,tinsley is director
 of the ,choral ,study ,club of         
,chicago1 which has done much work of   
real merit4 ,lulu ,vere ,childers1      
director of music at ,howard            

,university1 is a contralto and an      
excellent choral director2 while ,john  
,w4 ,work1 of ,fisk ,university1 by     
editing and directing1 has done much for
 the preservation of the old melodies4  
,mrs4 ,e4 ,azalia ,hackley1 for some    
years prominent as a concert soprano1   
has recently given her time most largely
 to the work of teaching and showing the
 capabilities of the ,negro voice4      
,possessed of a splendid musical        
temperament1 she has enjoyed the benefit
 of three years of foreign study1 has   
published ,a ,guide to ,voice ,culture1 
and generally inspired many younger     
singers or performers4 ,mrs4 ,maud      
,cuney ,hare1 of ,boston1 a concert     
pianist1 has within the last few years  
elicited much favorable comment from    
cultured persons by her lecture-recitals
 dealing with ,afro-,american music4 ,in
 these she has been assisted by ,william
 ,h4 ,richardson1 baritone soloist of   
,st4 ,peter's ,episcopal ,church1       
,cambridge4 ,scattered throughout the   

country are many other capable teachers 
or promising young artists4     ,,xiii  
,,general ,,progress1 #aiah-aiba   ,the 
three years that have passed since the  
present book appeared have been years of
 tremendous import in the life of the   
,negro people of the ,united ,states1 as
 indeed in that of the whole nation4 ,in
 #aiah we were in the very midst of the 
,great ,war1 and not until the fall of  
that year were the divisions of the     
,students' ,army ,training ,corps       
organized in our colleges2 and yet      
already some things that marked the     
conflict are beginning to seem very long
 ago4  ,to some extent purely literary  
and artistic achievement in ,america was
 for the time being retarded1 and in the
 case of the ,negro this was especially 
true4 ,the great economic problems      
raised by the war and its aftermath have
 very largely absorbed the energy of the
 race2 and even if something was        
actually done--as in a literary way--it 
was not easy for it to gain recognition1

 the cost of publication frequently     
being prohibitive4 ,an enormous amount  
of power yearned for expression1        
however2 scores and even hundreds of    
young people were laying solid          
foundations in different lines of art2  
and within the next decade we shall     
almost certainly witness a great        
fulfillment of their striving4 ,yet even
 for the time being there are some      
things that cannot pass unnoticed4  ,of 
those who have received prominent       
mention in the present book1 ,w4,e4     
,burghardt ,du,bois and ,william        
,stanley ,braithwaite especially have   
continued the kind of work of which they
 had already given indication4 ,in #aibj
 appeared ,dr4 ,du,bois's ,darkwater    
7,harcourt1 ,brace  ,co41 ,new ,york71 a
 strong indictment of the attitude of   
the white world toward the ,negro and   
other colored peoples4 ,this book       
belongs rather to the field of social   
discussion than to that of pure         
literature1 and whether one prefers it  

to ,the ,souls of ,black ,folk will     
depend largely on whether he prefers a  
work primarily in the wider field of    
politics or one especially noteworthy   
for its literary quality4 ,mr4          
,braithwaite has continued the          
publication of his ,anthology of        
,magazine ,verse 7now issued annually   
through ,small1 ,maynard  ,co41         
,boston71 and he has also issued ,the   
,golden ,treasury of ,magazine ,verse   
7,small1 ,maynard  ,co41 #aiah71        
,victory3 ,celebrated by ,thirty-eight  
,american ,poets 7,small1 ,maynard      
,co41 #aiai71 as well as ,the ,story of 
the ,great ,war for young people        
7,frederick ,a4 ,stokes  ,co41 ,new     
,york1 #aiai74 ,as for the special part 
of the ,negro in the war1 importance    
attaches to ,dr4 ,emmett ,j4 ,scott's   
,official ,history of the ,american     
,negro in the ,world ,war 7,washington1 
#aiai71 while in biography outstanding  
is ,robert ,russa ,moton's ,finding a   
,way ,out 7,doubleday1 ,page  ,co41     

,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y41 #aibj71 a work  
written in modest vein and forming a    
distinct contribution to the history of 
the times4  ,of those poets who have    
come into prominence within the period  
now under review first place must       
undoubtedly be given to ,claude ,mc,kay4
 ,this man was originally a ,jamaican   
and his one little book was published in
 ,london2 but for the last several years
 he has made his home in the ,united    
,states and his achievement must now be 
identified with that of the race in this
 country4 ,he has served a long         
apprenticeship in writing1 has a firm   
sense of form1 and only time can now    
give the full measure of his            
capabilities4 ,his sonnet1 ,the ,harlem 
,dancer1 is astonishing in its artistry1
 and another sonnet1 ,if ,we must ,die1 
is only less unusual in strength4 ,mr4  
,mc,kay has recently brought together   
the best of his work in a slender       
volume1 ,spring in ,new ,hampshire1 and 
,other ,poems 7,grant ,richards  ,co41  

,london1 #aibj74 ,three young men who   
sometimes gave interesting promise1 have
 died within the period--,joseph ,s4    
,cotter1 ,jr41 ,roscoe ,c4 ,jamison1 and
 ,lucian ,b4 ,watkins4 ,cotter's ,the   
,band of ,gideon1 and ,other ,lyrics    
7,the ,cornhill ,co41 ,boston1 #aiah7   
especially showed something of the      
freedom of genuine poetry2 and mention  
must also be made of ,charles ,b4       
,johnson's ,songs of my ,people 7,the   
,cornhill ,co41 #aiah71 while ,leslie   
,pickney ,hill's ,the ,wings of         
,oppression 7,the ,stratford ,co41      
,boston1 #aiba7 brings together some of 
the striking verse that this writer has 
contributed to different periodicals    
within recent years4 ,meanwhile ,mrs4   
,georgia ,douglas ,johnson has continued
 the composition of her poignant lyrics1
 and ,mrs4 ,alice ,m4 ,dunbar-,nelson   
occasionally gives demonstration of her 
unquestionable ability1 as in the       
sonnet1 ,i had not thought of violets of
 late 7,crisis1 ,august1 #aiai74 ,if a  

prize were to be given for the best     
single poem produced by a member of the 
race within the last three years1 the   
decision would probably have to rest    
between this sonnet and ,mc,kay's ,the  
,harlem ,dancer4  ,in other fields of   
writing special interest attaches to the
 composition of dramatic work4 ,mary    
,burrill and ,mrs4 ,dunbar-,nelson      
especially have contributed one-act     
plays to different periodicals2         
,angelina ,w4 ,grimke has formally      
published ,rachel1 a play in three acts 
7,the ,cornhill ,co41 ,boston1 #aibj71  
while several teachers and advanced     
students at the different educational   
institutions are doing excellent amateur
 work that will certainly tell later in 
a larger way4 ,r4 ,t4 ,browne's ,the    
,mystery of ,space 7,e4 ,p4 ,dutton     
,co41 ,new ,york1 #aibj71 is an         
interesting excursion in metaphysics2   
and this book calls forth a remark about
 the general achievement of the race in 
philosophy and science4 ,these          

departments are somewhat beyond the     
province of the present work4 ,it is    
worthwhile to note1 however1 that while 
the whole field of science is just now  
being entered in a large way by members 
of the race1 several of the younger men 
within the last decade have entered upon
 work of the highest order of original  
scholarship4 ,no full study of this     
phase of development has yet been made2 
but for the present an article by ,dr4  
,emmett ,j4 ,scott1 ,scientific         
,achievements of ,negroes 7,southern    
,workman1 ,july1 #aibj71 will probably  
be found an adequate summary4 ,maud     
,cuney ,hare has brought out a beautiful
 anthology1 ,the ,message of the ,trees 
7,the ,cornhill ,co41 ,boston1 #aiai72  
and in the wide field of literature     
mention might also be made of ,a ,short 
,history of the ,english ,drama1 by the 
author of the present book 7,harcourt1  
,brace  ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aiba74  ,the 
general attitude in the presentation of 
,negro characters in the fiction in the 

standard magazines of the country has   
shown some progress within the last     
three years1 though this might seem to  
be fully offset by such burlesques as   
are given in the work of ,e4 ,k4 ,means 
and ,octavus ,roy ,cohen1 all of which  
but gives further point to the essay on 
,the ,negro in ,american ,fiction in    
this book4 ,quite different and of much 
more sympathetic temper are ,the        
,shadow1 a novel by ,mary ,white        
,ovington 7,harcourt1 ,brace  ,co41 ,new
 ,york1 #aibj7 and ,george ,madden      
,martin's ,children of the ,mist1 a     
collection of stories about the people  
in the lowlands of the ,south 7,d4      
,appleton  ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aibj74    
,in the field of the theatre and the    
drama there has been progress1 though   
the lower order of popular comedy still 
makes strong appeal2 and of course all  
legitimate drama has recently had to    
meet the competition of moving-pictures1
 in connection with which several       
members of the race have in one way or  

another won success4 ,outstanding is    
,noble ,m4 ,johnson1 originally of      
,colorado1 a man of great personal gifts
 and with a face and figure admirably   
adapted to ,indian as well as ,negro    
parts4 ,in the realm of the spoken drama
 attention fixes at once upon ,charles  
,s4 ,gilpin1 whose work is so important 
that it must be given special and       
separate treatment4 ,it is worthy of    
note also that great impetus has        
recently been given to the construction 
of playhouses1 the thoroughly modern    
,dunbar ,theatre in ,philadelphia being 
a shining example4 ,interesting in the  
general connection for the capability   
that many of the participants showed was
 the remarkable pageant1 ,the ,open     
,door1 first presented at ,atlanta      
,university and in the winter of        
#aibj-ba given in various cities of the 
,north for the benefit of this          
institution4  ,in painting and sculpture
 there has been much promise1 but no one
 has appeared who has gone beyond the   

achievement of those persons who had    
already won secure position4 ,indeed    
that would be a very difficult thing to 
do4 ,mr4 ,tanner1 ,mr4 ,scott1 ,mrs4    
,meta ,warrick ,fuller1 and ,mrs4 ,may  
,howard ,jackson have all continued     
their work4 ,mr4 ,tanner has remained   
abroad1 but there have recently been    
exhibitions of his pictures in ,des     
,moines and ,boston1 and in #aiai ,mrs4 
,jackson exhibited at the ,national     
,academy of ,design and at the showing  
of the ,society of ,independent ,artists
 at the ,waldorf-,astoria4 ,in          
connection with sculpture1 important is 
a labor of love1 a book1 ,emancipation  
and the ,freed in ,american ,sculpture1 
by ,frederick ,h4 ,m4 ,murray 7published
 by the author1 #agcc #gth ,st41 ,n4    
,w41 ,washington1 #aiaf74 ,this work    
contains many beautiful illustrations   
and deserves the attention of all who   
are interested in the artistic life of  
the ,negro or in his portrayal by       
representative ,american sculptors4  ,in

 music the noteworthy fact is that there
 has been such general recognition of   
the value of ,negro music as was never  
accorded before1 and impetus toward     
co-operation and achievement has been   
given by the new ,national ,association 
of ,negro ,musicians4 ,r4 ,nathaniel    
,dett has been most active and has      
probably made the greatest advance4 ,his
 compositions and the songs of ,harry   
,t4 ,burleigh are now frequently given a
 place on the programs of the foremost  
artists in ,america and ,europe1 and the
 present writer has even heard them at  
sea4 ,outstanding among smaller works by
 ,mr4 ,dett is his superb ,chariot      
,jubilee1 designed for tenor solo and   
chorus of mixed voices1 with            
accompaniment of organ1 piano1 and      
orchestra4 ,to the ,southern ,workman   
7,april and ,may1 #aiah7 this composer  
contributed two articles4 ,the          
,emancipation of ,negro ,music and      
,negro ,music of the ,present2 and1     
while continuing his studies at ,harvard

 ,university in #aibj1 under the first  
of these titles he won a ,bowdoin essay 
prize1 and for a chorus without         
accompaniment1 ,don't be weary1         
traveler1 he also won the ,francis      
,boott prize of #ajj4 ,melville         
,charlton1 the distinguished organist1  
has gained greater maturity and in      
,april1 #aiai1 under the auspices of the
 ,verdi ,club1 he conducted ,il         
,trovatore in the ,grand ,ballroom of   
the ,waldorf-,astoria4 ,maud ,cuney     
,hare has helped to popularize ,negro   
music by lecture-recitals and several   
articles in musical journals1 the latter
 being represented by such titles as    
,the ,drum in ,africa1 ,the ,sailor and 
his ,songs1 and ,afro-,american         
,folk-,song ,contribution in the        
,musical ,observer4 ,in ,january1 #aiai1
 with the assistance of ,william ,r4    
,richardson1 baritone1 ,mrs4 ,hare gave 
a lecture-recital on ,afro-,american and
 ,creole ,music in the lecture hall of  
the ,boston ,public ,library1 this being

 one of four such lectures arranged for 
the winter by the library trustees and  
marking the first time such recognition 
was accorded members of the race4 ,the  
violinist1 ,clarence ,cameron ,white1   
has also entered the ranks of the       
composers with his ,bandanna ,sketches  
and other productions1 and to the       
,musical ,observer 7beginning in        
,february1 #aiag7 he also contributed a 
formal consideration of ,negro ,music4  
,meanwhile ,j4 ,rosamond ,johnson1 ,carl
 ,diton1 and other musicians have       
pressed forward2 and it is to be hoped  
that before very long the ambitious and 
frequently powerful work of ,h4         
,laurence ,freeman will also win the    
recognition it deserves4  ,in the       
department of singing1 in which the race
 has already done so much laudable work1
 we are evidently on the threshold of   
greater achievement than ever before4   
,several young men and women are just   
now appearing above the horizon1 and    
only a few years are needed to see who  

will be able to contribute most2 and    
what applies to the singers holds also  
in the case of the young violinists1    
pianists1 and composers4 ,of those who  
have appeared within the period1        
,antoinette ,smythe ,garnes1 who was    
graduated from the ,chicago ,musical    
,college in #aiai with a diamond medal  
for efficiency1 has been prominent among
 those who have awakened the highest    
expectation2 and ,marian ,anderson1 a   
remarkable contralto1 and ,cleota ,j4   
,collins1 a soprano1 have frequently    
appeared with distinct success4         
,meanwhile ,roland ,w4 ,hayes1 the      
tenor1 has been winning further triumphs
 by his concerts in ,london2 and        
generally prominent before the public in
 the period now under review has been   
,mme4 ,florence ,cole ,talbert1 also the
 winner of a diamond medal at ,chicago  
in #aiaf4 ,mme4 ,talbert has been a     
conscientious worker2 her art has now   
ripened2 and she has justified her high 
position by the simplicity and ease with

 which she has appeared on numerous     
occasions1 one of the most noteworthy of
 her concerts being that at the         
,university of ,california in #aibj4    
,a list of books bearing on the artistic
 life of the ,negro1      whether or not
 by members of the race1 would include  
those      below4 ,it may be remarked   
that these are only some of the more    
representative of the productions within
 the last three years1      and         
attention might also be called to the   
pictures of the ,van      ,hove ,statues
 in the ,congo ,museum at ,brussels in  
the ,crisis1      ,september1 #aibj4    
,a ,social ,history of the ,american    
,negro1 by ,benjamin ,brawley4      ,the
 ,macmillan ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aiba4
       ,songs and ,tales from the ,dark 
,continent1 recorded from the           
singing and the sayings of ,c4 ,kamba   
,simango1 ,ndau ,tribe1      ,portuguese
 ,east ,africa1 and ,madikane ,cele1    
,zulu ,tribe1 ,natal1      ,zululand1   
,south ,africa1 by ,natalie ,curtis     

,burlin4 ,g4 ,schirmer1      ,new ,york 
and ,boston1 #aibj4       ,negro        
,folk-,songs3 ,hampton ,series1 recorded
 by ,natalie ,curtis      ,burlin1 in   
four books4 ,g4 ,schirmer1 ,new ,york   
and ,boston1 #aiah4       ,the ,upward  
,path3 ,a reader for colored children1  
compiled by      ,myron ,t4 ,prichard   
and ,mary ,white ,ovington1 with an     
introduction      by ,robert ,r4 ,moton4
 ,harcourt1 ,brace  ,co41 ,new ,york1   
#aibj4              99       99       99
       99       99       ,j4 ,a4 ,lomax3
 ,self-,pity in ,negro ,folk-,songs4    
,nation1 ,august #i1      #aiag4        
,louise ,pound3 ,ancestry of a ,negro   
,spiritual4 ,modern ,language           
,notes1 ,november1 #aiah4       ,natalie
 ,curtis ,burlin3 ,negro ,music at      
,birth4 ,music ,quarterly1              
,january1 #aiai1 and ,current ,opinion1 
,march1 #aiai4       ,william ,stanley  
,braithwaite3 ,some ,contemporary ,poets
 of the      ,negro ,race4 ,crisis1     
,april1 #aiai4       ,elsie ,clews      

,parsons3 ,joel ,chandler ,harris and   
,negro ,folklore4      ,dial1 ,may #ag1 
#aiai4       ,willis ,richardson3 ,the  
,hope of a ,negro ,drama4 ,crisis1      
,november1 #aiai4       ,n4 ,i4 ,white3 
,racial ,traits in the ,negro ,song4    
,sewanee ,review1      ,july1 #aibj4    
,our ,debt to ,negro ,sculpture4        
,literary ,digest1 ,july #ag1 #aibj4    
,c4 ,bell3 ,negro ,sculpture4 ,living   
,age1 ,september #be1 #aibj4            
,robert ,t4 ,kerlin3 ,present-,day      
,negro ,poets4 ,southern ,workman1      
,december1 #aibj4       ,robert ,t4     
,kerlin3 ,canticles of ,love and ,woe4  
,southern      ,workman1 ,february1     
#aiba4     ,,xiv  ,,charles ,s4 ,,gilpin
   ,as an illustration of the highly    
romantic temperament that characterizes 
the ,negro race1 and also as an instance
 of an artist who has worked for years  
to realize his possibilities1 we might  
cite such a shining example as ,charles 
,s4 ,gilpin1 the star of ,the ,emperor  
,jones in the ,new ,york theatrical     

season of #aibj-ba4 ,here is a man who  
for years dreamed of attainment in the  
field of the legitimate drama1 but who  
found no opening2 but who with it all   
did not despair1 and now1 after years of
 striving and waiting1 stands with his  
rounded experience and poise as an honor
 and genuine contributor to the         
,american stage4  ,charles ,s4 ,gilpin  
was born in ,richmond1 ,va41 the        
youngest child in a large family4 ,his  
mother was a nurse in the city hospital2
 his father a hard-working man in a     
steel plant4 ,he was educated at ,st4   
,frances' ,convent1 where he sang well  
and took some part in amateur           
theatricals2 but he was to work a long  
while yet before he found a chance to do
 the kind of work that he wanted to do1 
and meanwhile he was to earn his living 
as printer or barber or otherwise1 just 
as occasion served4 ,he himself has     
recently said1 ,i've been in stock      
companies1 vaudeville1 minstrel shows1  
and carnivals2 but not until #aijg did  

,i have an opportunity to show an       
audience that the ,negro has dramatic   
talent and likes to play parts other    
than comedy ones4  ,it was in the #ij's 
that ,mr4 ,gilpin began his professional
 work as a variety performer in         
,richmond1 and he soon joined a         
traveling organization4 ,in #aijc he was
 one of the ,gilmore ,canadian ,jubilee 
,singers2 in #aije he was with ,williams
 and ,walker2 the next season with ,gus 
,hill's ,smart ,set2 and then from #aijg
 to #aiji with the ,pekin ,stock        
,company of ,chicago4 ,this last company
 consisted of about forty members1 of   
whom eleven were finally selected for   
serious drama4 ,mr4 ,gilpin was one of  
these2 but the manager died1 and once   
more the aspiring actor was forced back 
to vaudeville4  ,now followed ten long  
years--ten years of the kind that blast 
and kill1 and with which even the       
strongest man sometimes goes under4     
,with the ,new ,york managers there was 
no opening4 ,and yet sometimes there was

 hope--not only hope1 but leadership and
 effort for others1 as when ,mr4 ,gilpin
 carried a company of his own to the    
,lafayette ,theatre and helped to begin 
the production of ,broadway shows4 ,life
 was leading--somewhere2 but meanwhile  
one had to live1 and the way was as yet 
uncertain4 ,at last1 in #aiai1 came a   
chance to play ,william ,custis1 the old
 ,negro in ,drinkwater's ,abraham       
,lincoln4  ,the part was not a great    
one4 ,it was still bound by racial      
limitations and ,custis appeared in only
 one scene4 ,nevertheless the work was  
serious2 here at least was opportunity4 
,in the early fall of #aibj ,mr4 ,gilpin
 was still playing ,custis and helping  
to make the play a success4 ,meanwhile1 
however1 ,eugene ,o',neill1 one of the  
most original playwrights in the        
country1 had written ,the ,emperor      
,jones2 and ,charles ,s4 ,gilpin was    
summoned to the part of the star4       
,there were many who regretted to see   
him leave ,abraham ,lincoln1 and some   

indeed who wondered if he did the wise  
thing4 ,to ,charles ,gilpin1 however1   
came the decision that sooner or later  
must be faced by every artist1 and      
indeed by every man in any field of     
endeavor--either to rest on safe and    
assumed achievement1 or to believe in   
one's own self1 take the great risk1 and
 launch out into the unknown4 ,he choose
 to believe in himself4 ,his work was   
one of the features of the ,new ,york   
theatrical season of #aibj-ba1 and at   
the annual dinner of the ,drama ,league 
in #aiba he was one of the ten guests   
who were honored as having contributed  
most to the ,american theatre within the
 year4  ,the play on which this success 
has been based is a highly original and 
dramatic study of panic and fear4 ,the  
,emperor ,jones is a ,negro who has     
broken out of jail in the ,united       
,states and escaped to what is termed a 
,west ,indian ,island not yet           
self-determined by white marines4 ,here 
he is sufficiently bold and ingenious to

 make himself ruler within two years4   
,he moves unharmed among his sullen     
subjects by virtue of a legend of his   
invention that only a silver bullet can 
harm him1 but at length when he has     
reaped all the riches in sight1 he deems
 it advisable to flee4 ,as the play     
begins1 the measured sound of a beating 
tom-tom in the hills gives warning that 
the natives are in conclave1 using all  
kinds of incantations to work themselves
 up to the point of rebellion4          
,nightfall finds the ,emperor at the    
edge of a forest where he has food      
hidden and through whose trackless waste
 he knows a way to safety and freedom4  
,his revolver carries five bullets for  
his pursuers and a silver one for       
himself in case of need4 ,bold and      
adventurous1 he plunges into the jungle 
at sunset2 but at dawn1 half-crazed1    
naked1 and broken1 he stumbles back to  
the starting-place only to find the     
natives quietly waiting for him there4  
,now follows a vivid portrayal of       

strange sounds and shadows1 with        
terrible visions from the past4 ,as the 
,emperor's fear quickens1 the forest    
seems filled with threatening people who
 stare at and bid for him4 ,finally1    
shrieking at the worst vision of all1 he
 is driven back to the clearing and to  
his death1 the tom-tom beating ever     
nearer and faster according as his panic
 grows4  ,to the work of this remarkable
 part--which is so dominating in the    
play that it has been called a dramatic 
monologue--,mr4 ,gilpin brings the      
resources of a matured and thoroughly   
competent actor4 ,his performance is    
powerful and richly imaginative1 and    
only other similarly strong plays are   
now needed for the further enlargement  
of the art of an actor who has already  
shown himself capable of the hardest    
work and the highest things4  ,for once 
the critics were agreed4 ,said          
,alexander ,woolcott in the ,new ,york  
,times with reference to those who      
produced the play3 ,they have acquired  

an actor1 one who has it in him to      
invoke the pity and the terror and the  
indescribable foreboding which are part 
of the secret of ',the ,emperor ,jones4'
 ,kenneth ,mac,gowan wrote in the       
,globe2 ,gilpin's is a sustained and    
splendid piece of acting4 ,the moment   
when he raises his naked body against   
the moonlit sky1 beyond the edge of the 
jungle1 and prays1 is such a dark lyric 
of the flesh1 such a cry of the         
primitive being1 as ,i have never seen  
in the theatre2 and in the ,tribune     
,heywood ,broun said of the actor3 ,he  
sustains the succession of scenes in    
monologue not only because his voice is 
one of a gorgeous natural quality1 but  
because he knows just what to do with   
it4 ,all the notes are there and he has 
also an extraordinary facility for being
 in the right place at the right time4  
,such comments have been re-echoed by   
the thousands who have witnessed ,mr4   
,gilpin's thrilling work1 and in such a 
record as this he deserves further      

credit as one who has finally bridged   
the chasm between popular comedy and the
 legitimate drama1 and who thus by sheer
 right of merit steps into his own as   
the foremost actor that the ,negro race 
has produced within recent years4       
,,appendix   #a4 ,,the ,,negro ,,in     
,,american ,,fiction  ,ever since       
,sydney ,smith sneered at ,american     
books a hundred years ago1 honest       
critics have asked themselves if the    
literature of the ,united ,states was   
not really open to the charge of        
provincialism4 ,within the last year or 
two the argument has been very much     
revived2 and an ,english critic1 ,mr4   
,edward ,garnett1 writing in ,the       
,atlantic ,monthly1 has pointed out that
 with our predigested ideas and         
made-to-order fiction we not only       
discourage individual genius1 but make  
it possible for the multitude to think  
only such thoughts as have passed       
through a sieve4 ,our most popular      
novelists1 and sometimes our most       

respectable writers1 see only the       
sensation that is uppermost for the     
moment in the mind of the               
crowd--divorce1 graft1 tainted meat or  
money--and they proceed to cut the cloth
 of their fiction accordingly4 ,mr4     
,owen ,wister1 a regular practitioner of
 the novelist's art1 in substance       
admitting the weight of these charges1  
lays the blame on our crass democracy   
which utterly refuses to do its own     
thinking and which is satisfied only    
with the tinsel and gewgaws and         
hobbyhorses of literature4 ,and no theme
 has suffered so much from the          
coarseness of the mob-spirit in         
literature as that of the ,negro4  ,as a
 matter of fact1 the ,negro in his      
problems and strivings offers to        
,american writers the greatest          
opportunity that could possibly be given
 to them to-day4 ,it is commonly agreed 
that only one other large question1 that
 of the relations of capital and labor1 
is of as much interest to the ,american 

public2 and even this great issue fails 
to possess quite the appeal offered by  
the ,negro from the social standpoint4  
,one can only imagine what a ,victor    
,hugo1 detached and philosophical1 would
 have done with such a theme in a novel4
 ,when we see what actually has been    
done--how often in the guise of fiction 
a writer has preached a sermon or       
shouted a political creed1 or vented his
 spleen--we are not exactly proud of the
 art of novel-writing as it has been    
developed in the ,united ,states of     
,america4 ,here was opportunity for     
tragedy1 for comedy1 for the subtle     
portrayal of all the relations of man   
with his fellow man1 for faith and hope 
and love and sorrow4 ,and yet1 with the 
,civil ,war fifty years in the distance1
 not one novel or one short story of the
 first rank has found its inspiration in
 this great theme4 ,instead of such work
 we have consistently had traditional   
tales1 political tracts1 and lurid      
melodramas4  ,let us see who have       

approached the theme1 and just what they
 have done with it1 for the present     
leaving out of account all efforts put  
forth by ,negro writers themselves4     
,the names of four exponents of         
,southern life come at once to          
mind--,george ,w4 ,cable1 ,joel         
,chandler ,harris1 ,thomas ,nelson      
,page1 and ,thomas ,dixon2 and at once1 
in their outlook and method of work1 the
 first two become separate from the last
 two4 ,cable and ,harris have looked    
toward the past1 and have embalmed      
vanished or vanishing types4 ,mr4 ,page 
and ,mr4 ,dixon1 with their thought on  
the present 7though for the most part   
they portray the recent past71 have used
 the novel as a vehicle for political   
propaganda4  ,it was in #ahgi that ,old 
,creole ,days evidenced the advent of a 
new force in ,american literature2 and  
on the basis of this work1 and of ,the  
,grandissimes which followed1 ,mr4      
,cable at once took his place as the    
foremost portrayer of life in old ,new  

,orleans4 ,by birth1 by temperament1 and
 by training he was thoroughly fitted   
for the task to which he set himself4   
,his mother was from ,new ,england1 his 
father of the stock of colonial         
,virginia2 and the stern ,puritanism of 
the ,north was mellowed by the gentler  
influences of the ,south4 ,moreover1    
from his long apprenticeship in         
newspaper work in ,new ,orleans he had  
received abundantly the knowledge and   
training necessary for his work4        
,setting himself to a study of the      
,negro of the old regime1 he made a     
specialty of the famous--and            
infamous--quadroon society of ,louisiana
 of the third and fourth decades of the 
last century4 ,and excellent as was his 
work1 turning his face to the past in   
manner as well as in matter1 from the   
very first he raised the question       
propounded by this paper4 ,in his       
earliest volume there was a story       
entitled ',tite ,poulette1 the heroine  
of which was a girl amazingly fair1 the 

supposed daughter of one ,madame ,john4 
,a young ,dutchman fell in love with    
',tite ,poulette1 championed her cause  
at all times1 suffered a beating and    
stabbing for her1 and was by her nursed 
back to life and love4 ,in the midst of 
his perplexity about joining himself to 
a member of another race1 came the word 
from ,madame ,john that the girl was not
 her daughter1 but the child of yellow  
fever patients whom she had nursed until
 they died1 leaving their infant in her 
care4 ,immediately upon the publication 
of this story1 the author received a    
letter from a young woman who had       
actually lived in very much the same    
situation as that portrayed in ',tite   
,poulette1 telling him that his story   
was not true to life and that he knew it
 was not1 for ,madame ,john really was  
the mother of the heroine4 ,accepting   
the criticism1 ,mr4 ,cable set about the
 composition of ,madame ,delphine1 in   
which the situation is somewhat similar1
 but in which at the end the mother     

tamely makes a confession to a priest4  
,what is the trouble8 ,the artist is so 
bound by circumstances and hemmed in by 
tradition that he simply has not the    
courage to launch out into the deep and 
work out his human problems for himself4
 ,take a representative portrait from   
,the ,grandissimes3       ,clemence had 
come through ages of ,african savagery1 
through      fires that do not refine1  
but that blunt and blast and blacken    
and char2 starvation1 gluttony1         
drunkenness1 thirst1 drowning1          
nakedness1 dirt1 fetichism1 debauchery1 
slaughter1 pestilence1      and the     
rest--she was their heiress2 they left  
her the cinders      of human           
feelings4444 ,she had had children of   
assorted      colors--had one with her  
now1 the black boy that brought the     
basil to ,joseph2 the others were here  
and there1 some in the      ,grandissime
 households or field-gangs1 some        
elsewhere within      occasional sight1 
some dead1 some not accounted for4      

,husbands--like the ,samaritan woman's4 
,we know she was a      constant singer 
and laugher4  ,very brilliant of course2
 and yet ,clemence is a relic1 not a    
prophecy4  ,still more of a relic is    
,uncle ,remus4 ,for decades now1 this   
charming old ,negro has been held up to 
the children of the ,south as the       
perfect expression of the beauty of life
 in the glorious times befo' de wah1    
when every ,southern gentleman was      
suckled at the bosom of a black mammy4  
,why should we not occasionally attempt 
to paint the ,negro of the new          
day--intelligent1 ambitious1 thrifty1   
manly8 ,perhaps he is not so poetic2 but
 certainly the human element is greater4
  ,to the school of ,cable and ,harris  
belong also of course ,miss ,grace ,king
 and ,mrs4 ,ruth ,mc,enery ,stuart1 a   
thoroughly representative piece of work 
being ,mrs4 ,stuart's ,uncle ',riah's   
,christmas ,eve4 ,other more popular    
writers of the day1 ,miss ,mary         
,johnston and ,miss ,ellen ,glasgow for 

instance1 attempt no special analysis of
 the ,negro4 ,they simply take him for  
granted as an institution that always   
has existed and always will exist1 as a 
hewer of wood and drawer of water1 from 
the first flush of creation to the      
sounding of the trump of doom4  ,but    
more serious is the tone when we come to
 ,thomas ,nelson ,page and ,thomas      
,dixon4 ,we might tarry for a few       
minutes with ,mr4 ,page to listen to    
more such tales as those of ,uncle      
,remus2 but we must turn to living      
issues4 ,times have changed4 ,the       
grandson of ,uncle ,remus does not feel 
that he must stand with his hat in his  
hand when he is in our presence1 and he 
even presumes to help us in the running 
of our government4 ,this will never do2 
so in ,red ,rock and ,the ,leopard's    
,spots it must be shown that he should  
never have been allowed to vote anyway1 
and those honorable gentlemen in the    
,congress of the ,united ,states in the 
year #ahfe did not know at all what they

 were about4 ,though we are given the   
characters and setting of a novel1 the  
real business is to show that the ,negro
 has been the sentimental pet of the    
nation all too long4 ,by all means let  
us have an innocent white girl1 a burly 
,negro1 and a burning at the stake1 or  
the story would be incomplete4  ,we have
 the same thing in ,the ,clansman1 a    
drama of fierce revenge4 ,but here we   
are concerned very largely with the     
blackening of a man's character4        
,stoneman 7,thaddeus ,stevens very      
thinly disguised7 is himself the whole  
,congress of the ,united ,states4 ,he is
 a gambler1 and spends a part of almost 
every night at ,hall  ,pemberton's ,faro
 ,place on ,pennsylvania ,avenue4 ,he is
 hysterical1 drunk with the joy of a    
triumphant vengeance4 ,the ,south is    
conquered soil1 he says to the          
,president 7a mere figure-head1 by the  
way71 ,i mean to blot it from the map4  
,further3 ,it is but the justice and    
wisdom of heaven that the ,negro shall  

rule the land of his bondage4 ,it is the
 only solution of the race problem4     
,wait until ,i put a ballot in the hand 
of every ,negro1 and a bayonet at the   
breast of every white man from the      
,james to the ,rio ,grande4 ,stoneman1  
moreover1 has a mistress1 a mulatto     
woman1 a yellow vampire who dominates   
him completely4 ,senators1              
representatives1 politicians of low and 
high degree1 artists1 correspondents1   
foreign ministers1 and cabinet officers 
hurried to acknowledge their fealty to  
the uncrowned king1 and hail the strange
 brown woman who held the keys of his   
house as the first lady of the land4    
,this1 let us remember1 was for some    
months the best-selling book in the     
,united ,states4 ,a slightly altered    
version of it has very recently         
commanded such prices as were never     
before paid for seats at a              
moving-picture entertainment2 and with  
,the ,traitor and ,the ,southerner it   
represents our most popular treatment of

 the gravest social question in         
,american life6 ,the ,clansman is to    
,american literature exactly what a     
,louisiana mob is to ,american          
democracy4 ,only too frequently1 of     
course1 the mob represents us all too   
well4  ,turning from the longer works of
 fiction to the short story1 ,i have    
been interested to see how the matter   
has been dealt with here4 ,for purposes 
of comparison ,i have selected from ten 
representative periodicals as many      
distinct stories1 no one of which was   
published more than ten years ago2 and  
as these are in almost every case those 
stories that first strike the eye in a  
periodical index1 we may assume that    
they are thoroughly typical4 ,the ten   
are3 ,shadow1 by ,harry ,stillwell      
,edwards1 in the ,century 7,december1   
#aijf72 ,callum's ,co'tin'3 ,a          
,plantation ,idyl1 by ,frank ,h4 ,sweet1
 in the ,craftsman 7,march1 #aijg72 ,his
 ,excellency the ,governor1 by ,l4 ,m4  
,cooke1 in ,putnam's 7,february1 #aijh72

 ,the ,black ,drop1 by ,margaret ,deland
 in ,collier's ,weekly 7,may #b and #i1 
#aijh72 ,jungle ,blood1 by ,elmore      
,elliott ,peake1 in ,mc,clure's         
7,september1 #aijh72 ,the ,race-,rioter1
 by ,harris ,merton ,lyon1 in the       
,american 7,february1 #aiaj72 ,shadow1  
by ,grace ,mac,gowan ,cooke and ,alice  
,mac,gowan1 in ,everybody's 7,march1    
#aiaj72 ,abram's ,freedom1 by ,edna     
,turpin1 in the ,atlantic 7,september1  
#aiab72 ,a ,hypothetical ,case1 by      
,norman ,duncan1 in ,harper's 7,june1   
#aiae72 and ,the ,chalk ,game1 by ,l4   
,b4 ,yates1 in the ,saturday ,evening   
,post 7,june #e1 #aiae74 ,for high      
standards of fiction ,i think we may    
safely say that1 all in all1 the        
periodicals here mentioned are          
representative of the best that ,america
 has to offer4 ,in some cases the story 
cited is the only one on the ,negro     
question that a magazine has published  
within the decade4  ,shadow 7in the     
,century7 is the story of a ,negro      

convict who for a robbery committed at  
the age of fourteen was sentenced to    
twenty years of hard labor in the mines 
of ,alabama4 ,an accident disabled him1 
however1 and prevented his doing the    
regular work for the full period of his 
imprisonment4 ,at twenty he was a       
hostler1 looking forward in despair to  
the fourteen years of confinement still 
waiting for him4 ,but the three little  
girls of the prison commissioner visit  
the prison4 ,shadow performs many little
 acts of kindness for them1 and their   
hearts go out to him4 ,they storm the   
governor and the judge for his pardon1  
and present the ,negro with his freedom 
as a ,christmas gift4 ,the story is not 
long1 but it strikes a note of genuine  
pathos4  ,callum's ,co'tin' is concerned
 with a hard-working ,negro1 a          
blacksmith1 nearly forty1 who goes      
courting the girl who called at his shop
 to get a trinket mended for her        
mistress4 ,at first he makes himself    
ridiculous by his finery2 later he makes

 the mistake of coming to a crowd of    
merrymakers in his working clothes4     
,more and more1 however1 he storms the  
heart of the girl1 who eventually       
capitulates4 ,from the standpoint simply
 of craftsmanship1 the story is an      
excellent piece of work4  ,his          
,excellency the ,governor deals with the
 custom on ,southern plantations of     
having1 in imitation of the white       
people1 a ,negro governor whose duty it 
was to settle minor disputes4 ,at the   
death of old ,uncle ,caleb1 who for     
years had held this position of         
responsibility1 his son ,jubal should   
have been the next in order4 ,he was    
likely to be superseded1 however1 by    
loud-mouthed ,sambo1 though urged to    
assert himself by ,maria1 his wife1 an  
old house-servant who had no desire     
whatever to be defeated for the place of
 honor among the women by ,sue1 a former
 field-hand4 ,at the meeting where all  
was to be decided1 however1 ,jubal with 
the aid of his fiddle completely        

confounded his rival and won4 ,there are
 some excellent touches in the story2   
but1 on the whole1 the composition is   
hardly more than fair in literary       
quality4  ,the ,black ,drop1 throughout 
which we see the hand of an experienced 
writer1 analyzes the heart of a white   
boy who is in love with a girl who is   
almost white1 and who when the test     
confronts him suffers the tradition that
 binds him to get the better of his     
heart4 ,but you will still believe that 
,i love you8 he asks1 ill at ease as    
they separate4 ,no1 of course ,i can not
 believe that1 replies the girl4        
,jungle ,blood is the story of a        
simple-minded1 simple-hearted ,negro of 
gigantic size who in a moment of fury   
kills his pretty wife and the white man 
who has seduced her4 ,the tone of the   
whole may be gleaned from the           
description of ,moss ,harper's father3  
,an old darky sat drowsing on the stoop4
 ,there was something ape-like about his
 long arms1 his flat1 wide-nostriled    

nose1 and the mat of gray wool which    
crept down his forehead to within two   
inches of his eyebrows4  ,the           
,race-,rioter sets forth the stand of a 
brave young sheriff to protect his      
prisoner1 a ,negro boy1 accused of the  
assault and murder of a little white    
girl4 ,hank ,egge tries by every        
possible subterfuge to defeat the plans 
of a lynching party1 and finally dies   
riddled with bullets as he is defending 
his prisoner4 ,the story is especially  
remarkable for the strong and           
sympathetic characterization of such    
contrasting figures as young ,egge and  
old ,dikeson1 the father of the dead    
girl4  ,shadow 7in ,everybody's7 is a   
story that depends for its force very   
largely upon incident4 ,it studies the  
friendship of a white boy1 ,ranny1 and a
 black boy1 ,shadow1 a relationship that
 is opposed by both the ,northern white 
mother and the ambitious and independent
 ,negro mother4 ,in a fight1 ,shad      
breaks a collar-bone for ,ranny2 later  

he saves him from drowning4 ,in the face
 of ,ranny's white friends1 all the     
harsher side of the problem is seen2 and
 yet the human element is strong beneath
 it all4 ,the story1 not without        
considerable merit as it is1 would have 
been infinitely stronger if the         
friendship of the two boys had been     
pitched on a higher plane4 ,as it is1   
,shad is very much like a dog following 
his master4  ,abram's ,freedom is at the
 same time one of the most clever and   
one of the most provoking stories with  
which we have to deal4 ,it is a perfect 
example of how one may walk directly up 
to the light and then deliberately turn 
his back upon it4 ,the story is set just
 before the ,civil ,war4 ,it deals with 
the love of the slave ,abram for a free 
young woman1 ,emmeline4 ,all his life he
 had heard and used the phrase 'free    
nigger' as a term of contempt4 ,what1   
then1 was this vague feeling1 not       
definite enough yet to be a wish or even
 a longing8 ,so far1 so good4 ,emmeline 

inspires within her lover the highest   
ideals of manhood1 and he becomes a     
hostler in a livery-stable1 paying to   
his master so much a year for his       
freedom4 ,then comes the astounding and 
forced conclusion4 ,at the very moment  
when1 after years of effort1 ,emmeline  
has helped her husband to gain his      
freedom 7and when all the slaves are    
free as a matter of fact by virtue of   
the ,emancipation ,proclamation71       
,emmeline1 whose husband has special    
reason to be grateful to his former     
master1 says to the lady of the house3  
,me an' ,abram ain't got nothin' to do  
in dis worl' but to wait on you an'     
master4  ,in ,a ,hypothetical ,case we  
again see the hand of a                 
master-craftsman4 ,is a white boy       
justified in shooting a ,negro who has  
offended him8 ,the white father is not  
quite at ease1 quibbles a good deal1 but
 finally says ,yes4 ,the story1 however1
 makes it clear that the ,negro did not 
strike the boy4 ,he was a hermit living 

on the ,florida coast and perfectly     
abased when he met ,mercer and his two  
companions4 ,when the three boys pursued
 him and finally overtook him1 the      
,negro simply held the hands of ,mercer 
until the boy had recovered his temper4 
,mercer in his rage really struck       
himself4  ,the ,chalk ,game is the story
 of a little ,negro jockey who wins a   
race in ,louisville only to be drugged  
and robbed by some flashlight ,negroes  
who send him to ,chicago4 ,there he     
recovers his fortunes by giving to a    
group of gamblers the correct tip on    
another race1 and he makes his way back 
to ,louisville much richer by his visit4
 ,throughout the story emphasis is      
placed upon the superstitious element in
 the ,negro race1 an element readily    
considered by men who believe in luck4  
,of these ten stories1 only five strike 
out with even the slightest degree of   
independence4 ,shadow 7in the ,century7 
is not a powerful piece of work1 but it 
is written in tender and beautiful      

spirit4 ,the ,black ,drop is a bold     
handling of a strong situation4 ,the    
,race-,rioter also rings true1 and in   
spite of the tragedy there is optimism  
in this story of a man who is not afraid
 to do his duty4 ,shadow 7in            
,everybody's7 awakens all sorts of      
discussion1 but at least attempts to    
deal honestly with a situation that     
might arise in any neighborhood at any  
time4 ,a ,hypothetical ,case is the most
 tense and independent story in the     
list4  ,on the other hand1 ,callum's    
,co'tin' and ,his ,excellency the       
,governor1 bright comedy though they    
are1 belong1 after all1 to the school of
 ,uncle ,remus4 ,jungle ,blood and ,the 
,chalk ,game belong to the class that   
always regards the ,negro as an animal1 
a minor1 a plaything--but never as a    
man4 ,abram's ,freedom1 exceedingly well
 written for two-thirds of the way1     
falls down hopelessly at the end4 ,many 
old ,negroes after the ,civil ,war      
preferred to remain with their former   

masters2 but certainly no young woman of
 the type of ,emmeline would sell her   
birthright for a mess of pottage4  ,just
 there is the point4 ,that the ,negro is
 ever to be taken seriously is          
incomprehensible to some people4 ,it is 
the story of ,the ,man that ,laughs over
 again4 ,the more ,gwynplaine protests1 
the more outlandish he becomes to the   
,house of ,lords4  ,we are simply asking
 that those writers of fiction who deal 
with the ,negro shall be thoroughly     
honest with themselves1 and not remain  
forever content to embalm old types and 
work over outworn ideas4 ,rather should 
they sift the present and forecast the  
future4 ,but of course the editors must 
be considered4 ,the editors must give   
their readers what the readers want2 and
 when we consider the populace1 of      
course we have to reckon with the mob4  
,and the mob does not find anything very
 attractive about a ,negro who is       
intelligent1 cultured1 manly1 and who   
does not smile4 ,it will be observed    

that in no one of the ten stories above 
mentioned1 not even in one of the five  
remarked most favorably1 is there a     
,negro of this type4 ,yet he is obliged 
to come4 ,america has yet to reckon with
 him4 ,the day of ,uncle ,remus as well 
as of ,uncle ,tom is over4  ,even now1  
however1 there are signs of better      
things4 ,such an artist as ,mr4         
,howells1 for instance1 has once or     
twice dealt with the problem in         
excellent spirit4 ,then there is the    
work of the ,negro writers themselves4  
,the numerous attempts in fiction made  
by them have most frequently been open  
to the charge of crassness already      
considered2 but ,paul ,laurence ,dunbar1
 ,charles ,w4 ,chesnutt1 and ,w4 ,e4    
,burghardt ,du,bois have risen above the
 crowd4 ,mr4 ,dunbar1 of course1 was    
better in poetry than in prose4 ,such a 
short story as ,jimsella1 however1      
exhibited considerable technique4 ,the  
,uncalled used a living topic treated   
with only partial success4 ,but for the 

most part1 ,mr4 ,dunbar's work looked   
toward the past4 ,somewhat stronger in  
prose is ,mr4 ,chesnutt4 ,the ,marrow of
 ,tradition is not much more than a     
political tract1 and ,the ,colonel's    
,dream contains a good deal of          
preaching2 but ,the ,house ,behind the  
,cedars is a real novel4 ,among his     
short stories1 ,the ,bouquet may be     
remarked for technical excellence1 and  
,the ,wife of ,his ,youth for a         
situation of unusual power4 ,dr4        
,du,bois's ,the ,quest of the ,silver   
,fleece contains at least one strong    
dramatic situation1 that in which ,bles 
probes the heart of ,zora2 but the      
author is a sociologist and essayist    
rather than a novelist4 ,the grand epic 
of the race is yet to be produced4      
,some day we shall work out the problems
 of our great country4 ,some day we     
shall not have a state government set at
 defiance1 and the massacre of ,ludlow4 
,some day our little children will not  
slave in mines and mills1 but will have 

some chance at the glory of ,god's      
creation2 and some day the ,negro will  
cease to be a problem and become a human
 being4 ,then1 in truth1 we shall have  
the ,promised ,land4 ,but until that day
 comes let those who mold our ideals and
 set the standards of our art in fiction
 at least be honest with themselves and 
independent4 ,ignorance we may for a    
time forgive2 but a man has only himself
 to blame if he insists on not seeing   
the sunrise in the new day4   #b4       
,,study ,,of ,,bibliography  ,the       
following bibliography1 while aiming at 
a fair degree of completeness for books 
and articles coming within the scope of 
this volume1 can not be finally         
complete1 because so to make it would be
 to cover very largely the great subject
 of the ,negro ,problem1 only one phase 
of which is here considered4 ,the aim is
 constantly to restrict the discussion  
to that of the literary and artistic    
life of the ,negro2 and books primarily 
on economic1 social1 or theological     

themes1 however interesting within      
themselves1 are generally not included4 
,booker ,t4 ,washington may seem to be  
an exception to this2 but the general   
importance of the books of this author  
would seem to demand their inclusion1   
especially as some of them touch        
directly on the subject of present      
interest4   ,i  ,,books ,,by ,,six      
,,most ,,prominent ,,authors            
,,wheatley1 ,,phillis 7,mrs4 ,peters74  
,poem on the ,death of the ,reverend    
,george ,whitefield4 ,boston1   #aggj4  
,poems on ,various ,subjects1 ,religious
 and ,moral4 ,london and   ,boston1     
#aggc4    ,elegy ,sacred to the ,memory 
of ,dr4 ,samuel ,cooper4 ,boston1 #aghd4
    ,liberty and ,peace4 ,boston1 #aghd4
    ,letters1 edited by ,charles ,deane4
 ,boston1 #ahfd4       ,note4--,the     
bibliography of the work of ,phillis    
,wheatley is now      a study within    
itself4 ,titles just enumerated are only
 for what      may be regarded as the   
most important original sources4 ,the   

important volume1 that of #aggc1 is now 
very rare and valuable4      ,numerous  
reprints have been made1 among them the 
following3      ,philadelphia1 #aggd2   
,philadelphia1 #aghf2 ,albany1 #agic2   
,philadelphia1 #ahja2 ,walpole1 ,n4 ,h41
 #ahjb2 ,hartford1 #ahjd2      ,halifax1
 #ahac2 ,new ,england1 #ahaf2 ,denver1  
#ahhg2 ,philadelphia1      #aiji 7the   
last being the accessible reprint by ,r4
 ,r4 and ,c4 ,c4      ,wright1 ,a4 ,m4  
,e4 ,book ,concern74 ,note also ,memoir 
of ,phillis      ,wheatley1 by ,b4 ,b4  
,thatcher1 ,boston1 #ahcd2 and ,memoir  
and ,poems      of ,phillis ,wheatley   
7memoir by ,margaretta ,matilda ,odell71
      ,boston1 #ahcd1 #ahce1 and #ahch1 
the three editions in rapid             
succession being due to the anti-slavery
 agitation4 ,not the      least valuable
 part of ,deane's #ahfd edition of the  
,letters is      the sketch of ,phillis 
,wheatley1 by ,nathaniel ,b4 ,shurtleff1
      which it contains4 ,this was first
 printed in the ,boston ,daily          

,advertiser1 ,dec4 #ba1 #ahfc4 ,it is   
brief1 but contains several      facts  
not to be found elsewhere4 ,duyckinck's 
,cyclopaedia of      ,american          
,literature 7#ahee and #ahff7 gave a    
good review and      reprinted from the 
,pennsylvania ,magazine the             
correspondence      with ,washington1   
and the poem to ,washington1 also       
,liberty and      ,peace4 ,also         
important for reference is ,oscar       
,wegelin's      ,compilation of the     
,titles of ,volumes of ,verse--,early   
,american      ,poetry1 ,new ,york1     
#aijc4 ,note also ,the ,life and ,works 
of ,phillis      ,wheatley1 by ,g4      
,herbert ,renfro1 edited by ,leila ,amos
 ,pendleton1      ,washington1 #aiaf4   
,the whole matter of bibliography has   
recently      been exhaustively studied 
in ,heartman's ,historical ,series1 in  
beautiful books of limited editions1 as 
follows3 7#a7 ,phillis      ,wheatley3  
,a ,critical ,attempt and a             
,bibliography of ,her      ,writings1 by

 ,charles ,fred ,heartman1 ,new ,york1  
#aiae2 7#b7 ,phillis      ,wheatley3    
,poems and ,letters4 ,first ,collected  
,edition4 ,edited by      ,charles ,fred
 ,heartman1 with an ,appreciation by    
,arthur ,a4      ,schomburg1 ,new ,york1
 #aiae2 7#c7 ,six ,broadsides relating  
to      ,phillis ,wheatley1 ,new ,york1 
#aiae4 ,these books are of the first    
order of importance1 and yet they awaken
 one or two questions4      ,one wonders
 why ,to ,maecenas1 ,on ,virtue1 and ,on
 ,being      ,brought from ,africa to   
,america1 all very early work1 were     
placed near the end of the poems in     
,poems and ,letters2 nor is      the    
relation between ,to a ,clergyman on the
 ,death of ,his ,lady1      and ,to the 
,rev4 ,mr4 ,pitkin on the ,death of ,his
 ,lady1 made      clear1 the two poems1 
evidently different versions of the same
      subject1 being placed pages apart4
 ,the great merit of the book1          
however1 is that it adds to ,poems on   
,various ,subjects the      four other  

poems not generally accessible3 7#a7 ,to
 ,his      ,excellency1 ,george         
,washington2 7#b7 ,on ,major-,general   
,lee2 7#c7      ,liberty and ,peace2    
7#d7 ,an ,elegy ,sacred to the ,memory  
of ,dr4      ,samuel ,cooper4 ,the first
 of ,heartman's three volumes gives a   
list of books containing matter on      
,phillis ,wheatley4 ,to this      may   
now be added the following magazine     
articles1 none of which      contain    
matter primarily original3 7#a7         
,christian ,examiner1      ,vol4 ,,xvi1 
p4 #afi 7,review by ,w4 ,j4 ,snelling of
 the #ahcd edition      of the poems72  
7#b7 ,knickerbocker1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #he2
 7#c7 ,north      ,american ,review1    
,vol4 #fh1 p4 #dah 7by ,mrs4 ,e4 ,f4    
,ellet72 7#d7      ,london ,athenaeum   
for #ahce1 p4 #hai 7by ,rev4 ,t4        
,flint72 7#e7      ,historical ,magazine
 for #aheh1 p4 #agh2 7#f7 ,catholic     
,world1      ,vol4 #ci1 p4 #dhd1 ,july1 
#ahhd2 7#g7 ,chautauquan1 ,vol4 #ah1 p4 
#eii1 ,february1 #ahid 7by ,pamela      

,mc,arthur ,cole74   ,,dunbar1 ,,paul   
,,laurence4    ,life and ,works1 edited 
by ,lida ,keck ,wiggins4 ,j4 ,l4        
,nichols    ,co41 ,naperville1 ,ill41   
#aijg4    ,the following1 with the      
exception of the sketch at the end1 were
   all published by ,dodd1 ,mead  ,co41 
,new ,york4    ,poems3    ,lyrics of    
,lowly ,life1 #ahif4   ,lyrics of the   
,hearthside1 #ahii4   ,lyrics of ,love  
and ,laughter1 #aijc4   ,lyrics of      
,sunshine and ,shadow1 #aije4           
,complete ,poems1 #aiac4    ,specially  
,illustrated ,volumes of ,poems3        
,poems of ,cabin and ,field1 #ahii4     
,candle-,lightin' ,time1 #aija4   ,when 
,malindy ,sings1 #aijc4   ,li'l' ,gal1  
#aijd4   ,howdy1 ,honey1 ,howdy1 #aije4 
,joggin' ,erlong1 #aijf4   ,speakin' o' 
,christmas1 #aiad4    ,novels3    ,the  
,uncalled1 #ahif4   ,the ,love of       
,landry1 #aijj4   ,the ,fanatics1 #aija4
   ,the ,sport of the ,gods1 #aijb4     
,stories and ,sketches3    ,folks from  
,dixie1 #ahih4   ,the ,strength of      

,gideon1 and ,other ,stories1 #aijj4    
,in ,old ,plantation ,days1 #aijc4      
,the ,heart of ,happy ,hollow1 #aijd4   
,uncle ,eph's ,christmas1 a one-act     
musical sketch1 ,washington1 #aijj4     
,,chesnutt1 ,,charles ,,waddell4        
,frederick ,douglass3 ,a ,biography4    
,small1 ,maynard  ,co41 ,boston1        
#ahii4    ,the ,conjure ,woman          
7stories74 ,houghton ,mifflin ,co41     
,boston1 #ahii4    ,the ,wife of ,his   
,youth1 and ,other ,stories of the      
,color-line4   ,houghton ,mifflin ,co41 
,boston1 #ahii4    ,the ,house ,behind  
the ,cedars 7novel74 ,houghton ,mifflin 
,co41   ,boston1 #aijj4    ,the ,marrow 
of ,tradition 7novel74 ,houghton        
,mifflin ,co41 ,boston1   #aija4    ,the
 ,colonel's ,dream 7novel74 ,doubleday1 
,page  ,co41 ,new ,york1   #aije4       
,,dubois1 ,,william ,,edward            
,,burghardt4    ,suppression of the     
,african ,slave-,trade4 ,longmans1      
,green  ,co41   ,new ,york1 #ahif 7now  
handled through ,harvard ,university    

,press1   ,cambridge74    ,the          
,philadelphia ,negro4 ,university of    
,pennsylvania1   ,philadelphia1 #ahii4  
,the ,souls of ,black ,folk3 ,essays and
 ,sketches4 ,a4 ,c4 ,mc,clurg    ,co41  
,chicago1 #aijc4    ,the ,negro in the  
,south 7with ,booker ,t4 ,washington74  
,geo4 ,w4   ,jacobs  ,co41              
,philadelphia1 #aijg4    ,john ,brown   
7in ,american ,crisis ,biographies74    
,geo4 ,w4 ,jacobs    ,co41              
,philadelphia1 #aiji4    ,the ,quest of 
the ,silver ,fleece 7novel74 ,a4 ,c4    
,mc,clurg  ,co41   ,chicago1 #aiaa4     
,the ,negro 7in ,home ,university       
,library ,series74 ,henry ,holt  ,co41  
,new ,york1 #aiae4   ,,braithwaite1     
,,william ,,stanley4    ,lyrics of ,life
 and ,love4 ,h4 ,b4 ,turner  ,co41      
,boston1 #aijd4    ,the ,house of       
,falling ,leaves 7poems74 ,j4 ,w4 ,luce 
,co41 ,boston1   #aijh4    ,the ,book of
 ,elizabethan ,verse 7anthology74 ,h4   
,b4 ,turner  ,co41   ,boston1 #aijf4    
,the ,book of ,georgian ,verse          

7anthology74 ,brentano's1 ,new ,york1   
#aijh4    ,the ,book of ,restoration    
,verse 7anthology74 ,brentano's1 ,new   
,york1   #aiji4    ,anthology of        
,magazine ,verse for #aiac 7including   
the ,magazines   and the ,poets1 a      
review74 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #aiac4     
,anthology of ,magazine ,verse for      
#aiad4 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #aiad4       
,anthology of ,magazine ,verse for      
#aiae4 ,gomme  ,marshall1 ,new   ,york1 
#aiae4    ,anthology of ,magazine ,verse
 for #aiaf4 ,laurence ,j4 ,gomme1 ,new  
,york1 #aiaf4    ,the ,poetic ,year 7for
 #aiaf73 ,a ,critical ,anthology4       
,small1 ,maynard    ,co41 ,boston1      
#aiag4    ,anthology of ,magazine ,verse
 for #aiag4 ,small1 ,maynard  ,co41     
,boston4    ,edwin ,arlington ,robinson1
 in ,contemporary ,american ,poets      
,series1 announced for early publication
 by the ,poetry ,review   ,co41         
,cambridge1 ,mass4   ,,washington1      
,,booker ,,taliaferro4    ,the ,future  
of the ,american ,negro4 ,small1        

,maynard  ,co41 ,boston1   #ahii4       
,the ,story of ,my ,life and ,work4     
,nichols  ,co41 ,naperville1 ,ill41     
#aijj4    ,up from ,slavery3 ,an        
,autobiography4 ,doubleday1 ,page  ,co41
 ,new   ,york1 #aija4    ,character     
,building4 ,doubleday1 ,page  ,co41 ,new
 ,york1 #aijb4    ,working ,with the    
,hands4 ,doubleday1 ,page  ,co41 ,new   
,york1 #aijd4    ,putting the ,most     
,into ,life4 ,crowell  ,co41 ,new ,york1
 #aijf4    ,frederick ,douglass 7in     
,american ,crisis ,biographies74 ,geo4  
,w4   ,jacobs  ,co41 ,philadelphia1     
#aijf4    ,the ,negro in the ,south     
7with ,w4 ,e4 ,b4 ,du,bois74 ,geo4 ,w4  
,jacobs    ,co41 ,philadelphia1 #aijg4  
,the ,negro in ,business4 ,hertel1      
,jenkins  ,co41 ,chicago1 #aijg4    ,the
 ,story of the ,negro4 ,doubleday1 ,page
  ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aiji4    ,my       
,larger ,education4 ,doubleday1 ,page   
,co41 ,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y41   #aiaa4  
,the ,man ,farthest ,down 7with ,robert 
,emory ,park74 ,doubleday1 ,page        

,co41 ,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y41 #aiab4    
,,ii  ,,original ,,works ,,by ,,other   
,,authors    ,,brown1 ,,william ,,wells3
    ,clotelle3 ,a ,tale of the ,southern
 ,states4 ,redpath1 ,boston1 #ahfd      
7first printed ,london1 #ahec74         
,,carmichael1 ,,waverley ,,turner3      
,from the ,heart of a ,folk1 and ,other 
,poems4 ,the ,cornhill ,co41   ,boston1 
#aiag4    ,,douglass1 ,,frederick3      
,life and ,times of ,frederick          
,douglass4 ,park ,publishing ,co41      
,hartford1 ,conn41 #ahha 7note also     
,narrative of ,life1 ,boston1   #ahdf2  
and ,my ,bondage and ,my ,freedom1      
,miller1 ,new ,york1 #ahee74            
,,dunbar1 ,,alice ,,moore 7,mrs4        
,nelson73    ,the ,goodness of ,st4     
,rocque1 and ,other ,stories4 ,dodd1    
,mead  ,co41   ,new ,york1 #ahii4       
,masterpieces of ,negro ,eloquence      
7edited74 ,the   ,bookery ,publishing   
,co41 ,new ,york1 #aiad4    ,,harper1   
,,frances ,,ellen ,,watkins3    ,poems  
on ,miscellaneous ,subjects4 ,boston1   

#ahed1 #ahef2 also   ,merrihew  ,son1   
,philadelphia1 #aheg1 #ahff 7second     
series71 #ahga4    ,moses3 ,a ,story of 
the ,nile4 ,merrihew  ,son1             
,philadelphia1 #ahfi4   ,sketches of    
,southern life4 ,merrihew  ,son1        
,philadelphia1 #ahgb4    ,,horton1      
,,george ,,moses3    ,the ,hope of      
,liberty4 ,gales  ,son1 ,raleigh1 ,n4   
,c41 #ahbi 7note   also ,poems by a     
,slave1 bound with ,poems of ,phillis   
,wheatley1   ,boston1 #ahch74           
,,johnson1 ,,georgia ,,douglas3    ,the 
,heart of a ,woman1 and ,other ,poems4  
,the ,cornhill ,co41 ,boston1   #aiag4  
,,johnson1 ,,fenton3    ,a ,little      
,dreaming4 ,peterson ,linotyping ,co41  
,chicago1 #aiac4    ,visions of the     
,dusk4 ,trachlenburg ,co41 ,new ,york1  
#aiae4    ,songs of the ,soil4          
,trachlenburg ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4  
,,johnson1 ,,james ,w43                 
,autobiography of an ,ex-,colored ,man  
7published anonymously74   ,sherman1    
,french  ,co41 ,boston1 #aiab4    ,fifty

 ,years and ,other ,poems1 with an      
,introduction by ,brander   ,matthews4  
,the ,cornhill ,co41 ,boston1 #aiag4    
,,margetson1 ,,george ,,reginald3       
,the ,fledgling ,bard and the ,poetry   
,society4 ,r4 ,g4 ,badger1 ,boston1     
#aiaf4    ,,mcgirt1 ,,james ,e43    ,for
 ,your ,sweet ,sake4 ,john ,c4 ,winston 
,co41 ,philadelphia1 #aiji4    ,,miller1
 ,,kelly3    ,race ,adjustment4 ,the    
,neale ,publishing ,co41 ,new ,york and 
,washington1 #aijh4    ,out of the      
,house of ,bondage4 ,the ,neale         
,publishing ,co41 ,new ,york   and      
,washington1 #aiad4    ,,whitman1       
,,albery ,a43    ,not a ,man and ,yet a 
,man4 ,springfield1 ,ohio1 #ahgg4       
,twasinta's ,seminoles1 or ,the ,rape of
 ,florida4 ,nixon-,jones   ,printing    
,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 ,mo41 #ahhd4         
,drifted ,leaves4 ,nixon-,jones         
,printing ,co41 ,st4 ,louis1 #ahij 7this
   being a collection of two former     
works with miscellanies74    ,an ,idyl  
of the ,south1 an epic poem in two parts

 7,part ,i1 ,the   ,octoroon2 ,part     
,,ii1 ,the ,southland's ,charms and     
,freedom's   ,magnitude74 ,the          
,metaphysical ,publishing ,co41 ,new    
,york1 #aija4   ,,iii  ,,books ,,dealing
 ,,in ,,some ,,measure ,,with ,,the     
,,literary ,,and ,,artistic ,,life ,,of 
,,the ,,negro    ,,brown1 ,,william     
,,wells3    ,the ,black ,man1 ,his      
,antecedents1 ,his ,genius1 and ,his    
,achievements4 ,hamilton1 ,new ,york1   
#ahfc4    ,,child1 ,,lydia ,,maria3     
,the ,freedman's ,book4 ,ticknor        
,fields1 ,boston1 #ahfe4    ,,cromwell1 
,,john ,w43    ,the ,negro in ,american 
,history4 ,the ,american ,negro         
,academy1   ,washington1 #aiad4         
,,culp1 ,d4 ,w43    ,twentieth ,century 
,negro ,literature4 ,j4 ,l4 ,nichols    
,co41   ,naperville1 ,ill41 #aijb4      
,,ellis1 ,,george ,w43    ,negro        
,culture in ,west ,africa4 ,the ,neale  
,publishing ,co41 ,new   ,york1 #aiad4  
,,fenner1 ,,thomas ,p43    ,religious   
,folk-,songs of the ,negro 7new         

edition74 ,the ,institute   ,press1     
,hampton1 ,va41 #aiji4    ,,gregory1    
,,james ,m43    ,frederick ,douglass the
 ,orator4 ,willey  ,son1 ,springfield1  
,mass41   #ahic 7note also ,in          
,memoriam3 ,frederick ,douglass1 ,john  
,c4   ,yorston  ,co41 ,philadelphia1    
#ahig74    ,,hatcher1 ,,william ,e43    
,john ,jasper4 ,fleming ,h4 ,revell     
,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijh4    ,,holland1  
,,frederic ,,may3    ,frederick         
,douglass1 the ,colored ,orator4 ,funk  
,wagnalls1 ,new   ,york1 #ahia 7rev4    
#ahie74    ,,hubbard1 ,,elbert3         
,booker ,washington in ,little ,journeys
 to the ,homes of ,great   ,teachers4   
,the ,roycrofters1 ,east ,aurora1 ,n4   
,y41 #aijh4    ,,krehbiel1 ,,henry ,e43 
,afro-,american ,folk-,songs4 ,g4       
,schirmer1 ,new ,york  ,london1 #aiad4  
,,pike1 ,g4 ,d43    ,the ,jubilee       
,singers4 ,lee  ,shepard1 ,boston1      
#ahgc4    ,,riley1 ,,benjamin ,f43      
,the ,life and ,times of ,booker ,t4    
,washington4 ,fleming ,h4 ,revell       

,co41 ,new ,york1 #aiaf4    ,,sayers1   
,w4 ,c4 ,,berwick3    ,samuel           
,coleridge-,taylor3 ,musician2 ,his     
,life and ,letters4 ,cassell    ,co41   
,london and ,new ,york1 #aiae4          
,,schomburg1 ,,arthur ,a43    ,a        
,bibliographical ,checklist of ,american
 ,negro ,poetry4 ,new ,york1   #aiaf4   
,,scott1 ,,emmett ,j41 and ,,stowe1     
,,lyman ,,beecher3    ,booker ,t4       
,washington1 ,builder of a              
,civilization4 ,doubleday1 ,page        
,co41 ,garden ,city1 ,n4 ,y4 #aiaf 7note
 also ,memorial ,addresses of   ,dr4    
,booker ,t4 ,washington in ,occasional  
,papers of the ,john ,f4   ,slater      
,fund1 #aiaf74    ,,simmons1 ,,william  
,j43    ,men of ,mark4 ,geo4 ,m4 ,rewell
  ,co41 ,cleveland1 ,ohio1 #ahhg4       
,,trotter1 ,,james ,m43    ,music and   
,some ,highly ,musical ,people4 ,boston1
 #ahgh4    ,,williams1 ,,george ,w43    
,history of the ,negro ,race in ,america
 from #afai to #ahhj4 #b vols4   ,g4 ,p4
 ,putnam's ,sons4 ,new ,york and        

,london1 #aiae4   ,,iv  ,,select ,,list 
,,of ,,thirty-,,six ,,magazine          
,,articles  7,the arrangement is        
chronological1 and articles of unusual  
scholarship or interest are marked 9947 
99 ,negro ,spirituals1 by ,thomas       
,wentworth ,higginson4 ,atlantic1       
,vol4 #ai1 p4 #fhe 7,june1 #ahfg74      
,plantation ,music1 by ,joel ,chandler  
,harris4 ,critic1 ,vol4 #c1 p4   #eje   
7,december #ae1 #ahhc74    99 ,the      
,negro on the ,stage1 by ,laurence      
,hutton4 ,harper's1 ,vol4   #gi1 p4 #aca
 7,june1 #ahhi74    ,old ,plantation    
,hymns1 ,hymns of the ,slave and the    
,freedman1   ,recent ,negro ,melodies3 a
 series of three articles by ,william   
,e4   ,barton4 ,new ,england ,magazine1 
,vol4 #ai1 pp4 #ddc1 #fji1 #gjg         
7,december1 #ahih1 ,january and         
,february1 #ahii74    ,mr4 ,charles ,w4 
,chesnutt's ,stories1 by ,w4 ,d4        
,howells1 ,atlantic1   ,vol4 #he1 p4 #gj
 7,may1 #aijj74    ,the ,american ,negro
 at ,paris1 by ,w4 ,e4 ,burghardt       

,du,bois4 ,review   of ,reviews1 ,vol4  
#bb1 p4 #ege 7,november1 #aijj74        
,sojourner ,truth1 by ,lillie ,chace    
,wyman4 ,new ,england ,magazine1   ,vol4
 #bd1 p4 #ei 7,march1 #aija74    ,a ,new
 ,element in ,fiction1 by ,elizabeth ,l4
 ,cary4 ,book ,buyer1   ,vol4 #bc1 p4   
#bf 7,august1 #aija74    ,the ,true     
,negro ,music and its ,decline1 by      
,jeannette ,robinson   ,murphy4         
,independent1 ,vol4 #ee1 p4 #agbc 7,july
 #bc1 #aijc74    ,biographia--,africana1
 by ,daniel ,murray4 ,voice of the      
,negro1   ,vol4 #a1 p4 #ahf 7,may1      
#aijd74    ,samuel ,coleridge-,taylor1  
by ,william ,v4 ,tunnell4 ,colored      
,american ,magazine 7,new ,york71 ,vol4 
#h1 p4 #dc 7,january1 #aije74    ,the   
,negro of ,to-,day in ,music1 by ,james 
,w4 ,johnson4 ,charities1   ,vol4 #ae1  
p4 #eh 7,october #g1 #aije74    ,william
 ,a4 ,harper1 by ,florence ,l4 ,bentley4
 ,voice of the ,negro1   ,vol4 #c1 p4   
#aag 7,february1 #aijf74    ,paul       
,laurence ,dunbar1 by ,mary ,church     

,terrell4 ,voice of the   ,negro1 ,vol4 
#c1 p4 #bga 7,april1 #aijf74            
,dunbar's ,best ,book4 ,bookman1 ,vol4  
#bc1 p4 #abb 7,april1 #aijf74   ,tribute
 by ,w4 ,d4 ,howells in same issue1 p4  
#ahe4    ,chief ,singer of the ,negro   
,race4 ,current ,literature1 ,vol4 #dj1 
p4 #djj 7,april1 #aijf74    ,meta       
,warrick1 ,sculptor of ,horrors1 by     
,william ,francis ,o',donnell4   ,world 
,to-,day1 ,vol4 #ac1 p4 #aaci           
7,november1 #aijg74 ,see also   ,current
 ,literature1 ,vol4 #dd1 p4 #ee         
7,january1 #aijh74    ,afro-,american   
,painter ,who ,has ,become ,famous in   
,paris4 ,current   ,literature1 ,vol4   
#de1 p4 #djd 7,october1 #aijh74    99   
,the ,story of an ,artist's ,life1 by   
,h4 ,o4 ,tanner4 ,world's   ,work1 ,vol4
 #ah1 pp4 #aaffa1 #aagfi 7,june and     
,july1 #aiji74    ,indian and ,negro in 
,music4 ,literary ,digest1 ,vol4 #dd1 p4
 #acdf   7,june #bi1 #aiab74    ,the    
,higher ,music of ,negroes 7mainly on   
,coleridge-,taylor74   ,literary        

,digest1 ,vol4 #de1 p4 #efe 7,october   
#e1 #aiab74    99 ,the ,negro's         
,contribution to the ,music of ,america1
 by ,natalie   ,curtis4 ,craftsman1     
,vol4 #bc1 p4 #ffj 7,march1 #aiac74     
,legitimizing the ,music of the ,negro4 
,current ,opinion1 ,vol4 #ed1   p4 #chd 
7,may1 #aiac74    ,the ,soul of the     
,black 7,herbert ,ward's ,bronzes74     
,independent1   ,vol4 #gd1 p4 #iid 7,may
 #a1 #aiac74    ,a ,poet ,painter of    
,palestine 7,h4 ,o4 ,tanner71 by ,clara 
,t4   ,mac,chesney4 ,international      
,studio 7,july1 #aiac74    ,the ,negro  
in ,literature and ,art1 by ,w4 ,e4     
,burghardt ,du,bois4   ,annals of the   
,american ,academy of ,political and    
,social   ,science1 ,vol4 #di1 p4 #bcc  
7,september1 #aiac74    ,afro-,american 
,folksongs 7review of book by ,henry    
,edward   ,krehbiel74 ,nation1 ,vol4    
#ih1 p4 #caa 7,march #ai1 #aiad74       
,negro ,music in the ,land of ,freedom1 
and ,the ,promise of ,negro   ,music4   
,outlook1 ,vol4 #ajf1 p4 #faa 7,march   

#ba1 #aiad74    ,beginnings of a ,negro 
,drama4 ,literary ,digest1 ,vol4 #dh1 p4
 #aaad   7,may #i1 #aiad74    ,george   
,moses ,horton3 ,slave ,poet1 by        
,stephen ,b4 ,weeks4 ,southern          
,workman1 ,vol4 #dc1 p4 #ega 7,october1 
#aiad74    ,the ,rise and ,fall of      
,negro ,minstrelsy1 by ,brander         
,matthews4   ,scribner's1 ,vol4 #eg1 p4 
#ged 7,june1 #aiae74    ,the ,negro in  
the ,southern ,short ,story1 by ,h4 ,e4 
,rollins4   ,sewanee ,review1 ,vol4 #bd1
 p4 #db 7,january1 #aiaf74    ,h4 ,t4   
,burleigh3 ,composer by ,divine ,right1 
and the ,american   ,coleridge-,taylor4 
,musical ,america1 ,vol4 #bc1 ,no4 #bf  
7,april #bi1   #aiaf74 7,note also ,an  
,american ,negro ,whose ,music ,stirs   
the ,blood   of ,warring ,italy4        
,current ,opinion1 ,august1 #aiaf1 p4   
#ajj47    ,the ,drama ,among ,black     
,folk1 by ,w4 ,e4 ,b4 ,du,bois4 ,crisis1
 ,vol4   #ab1 p4 #afi 7,august1 #aiaf74 
,afro-,american ,folk-,song             
,contribution1 by ,maud ,cuney ,hare4   

,musical ,observer1 ,vol4 #ae4 ,no4 #b1 
p4 #ac 7,february1 #aiag74    ,after the
 ,play 7criticism of recent plays by    
,ridgely ,torrence71   by ,f4 ,h4 ,new  
,republic1 ,vol4 #aj1 p4 #cbe 7,april   
#ad1 #aiag74     ,,the ,,end     ,,index
   ,a  ,aldridge1 ,ira1 #ih4  ,anderson1
 ,marian1 #aec4   ,b  ,bannister1 ,e4   
,m41 #ajc4  ,batson1 ,flora1 #acg4      
,bethune1 ,thomas1 #ace-acf4            
,braithwaite1 ,william ,stanley1 #ef-fd1
 #adc1 #add4  ,brawley1 ,e4 ,m41 #gj4   
,brown1 ,anita ,patti1 #ach4  ,brown1   
,richard ,l41 #ajd4  ,brown1 ,william   
,wells1 #ff1 #fi1 #gj1 #gb4  ,browne1   
,r4 ,t41 #adg4  ,burleigh1 ,harry ,t41  
#hj1 #acj-aca1 #ach1 #aea4  ,burrill1   
,mary1 #adf4  ,bush1 ,william ,herbert1 
#acd4  ,byron1 ,mayme ,calloway1        
#ach-aci4   ,c  ,charlton1 ,melville1   
#acd1 #aea4  ,chesnutt1 ,charles ,w41   
#de-di1 #hi1 #agh4  ,childers1 ,lulu    
,vere1 #adj4  ,clough1 ,inez1 #aja4     
,cohen1 ,octavus ,roy1 #adh4  ,cole1    
,bob1 #ii4  ,coleridge-,taylor1 ,samuel1

 #abe-abi4  ,collins1 ,cleota ,j41 #aec4
  ,cook1 ,will ,marion1 #aca4  ,cooper1 
,opal1 #ajj4  ,cotter1 ,joseph ,s41     
,jr41 #ade4  ,cromwell1 ,j4 ,w41 #ga4   
,crummell1 ,alexander1 #ff4   ,d  ,dede1
 ,edmund1 #abi-acj4  ,dett1 ,r4         
,nathaniel1 #acb1 #aea4  ,diton1 ,carl1 
#acb1 #aeb4  ,douglass1 ,frederick1 #d1 
#cd1 #fh1 #hf1 #hh-ia1 #ie-if4          
,douglass1 ,joseph1 #ace4  ,du ,bois1   
,w4 ,e4 ,burghardt1 #d1 #ej-ee1 #fe1    
#fh1 #gj1 #adc1 #agh4  ,dunbar1 ,alice  
,ruth ,moore 7,mrs4 ,nelson71 #cf1 #ga1 
#hf1 #adf4  ,dunbar1 ,paul ,laurence1   
#d1 #cc-dd1 #gi1 #aja1 #abh1 #agh4   ,e 
,elliott1 ,robert ,b41 #he4  ,ellis1    
,george ,w41 #fg4   ,f  ,ferris1        
,william ,h41 #fg4  ,freeman1 ,h4       
,laurence1 #aec4  ,fuller1 ,meta        
,warrick1 #d1 #aab-abd1 #aej4   ,g      
,garnes1 ,antoinette ,smythe1 #aec4     
,garnet1 ,henry ,h41 #ff4  ,gilpin1     
,charles ,s41 #adi1 #aef-afb4           
,greenfield1 ,elizabeth ,taylor1        
#acf-acg4  ,grimke1 ,angelina ,w41 #adf4

  ,grimke1 ,archibald ,h41 #ff1 #fg4    
,h  ,hackley1 ,e4 ,azalia1 #adj4        
,hagan1 ,helen1 #acd4  ,hare1 ,maud     
,cuney1 #fi1 #ada1 #adg1 #aeb4          
,harleston1 ,edwin ,a41 #ajd4  ,harper1 
,frances ,e4 ,w41 #ge-gf4  ,harper1     
,william ,a41 #ajc-ajd4  ,harreld1      
,kemper1 #ace4  ,harrison1 ,hazel1 #acc4
  ,hayes1 ,w4 ,roland1 #ach1 #aec4      
,henson1 ,josiah1 #fh4  ,henson1        
,matthew1 #fi4  ,hill1 ,leslie ,pickney1
 #adf4  ,hogan1 ,ernest1 #ii4  ,horton1 
,george ,m41 #gc-ge4  ,hyers1 ,anna and 
,emma1 #acg4   ,j  ,jackson1 ,may       
,howard1 #aac1 #aej4  ,jamison1 ,roscoe 
,c41 #ade4  ,jasper1 ,john1 #hd-he4     
,jenkins1 ,edmund ,t41 #acb-acc4        
,johnson1 ,charles ,b41 #ade4  ,johnson1
 ,mrs4 ,georgia ,douglas1 #adf4         
,johnson1 ,james ,w41 #gi-hb1 #acj4     
,johnson1 ,j4 ,rosamond1 #hj1 #aca-acb1 
#aeb4  ,johnson1 ,noble ,m41 #adi4      
,jones1 ,sissieretta1 #ach4   ,l        
,lambert1 ,lucien1 #abi4  ,lambert1     
,richard1 #abi4  ,langston1 ,john ,m41  

#fi1 #he4  ,lawson1 ,raymond ,augustus1 
#acc4  ,lee1 ,bertina1 #aac4  ,lewis1   
,edmonia1 #aab-aac4  ,locke1 ,alain1    
#gb4  ,lynch1 ,john ,r41 #ga4   ,m      
,martin1 ,george ,madden1 #adh4  ,mason1
 ,m4 ,c4 ,b41 #he4  ,mc,kay1 ,claude1   
#add-adf4  ,means1 ,e4 ,k41 #adh4       
,miller1 ,kelly1 #ff-fg4  ,moorhead1    
,scipio1 #ajc4  ,moton1 ,robert ,russa1 
#add4  ,murray1 ,frederick ,h4 ,m41     
#aej4   ,n  ,nell1 ,william ,c41 #gj4   
,o  ,o',neill1 ,eugene1 #aei4           
,ovington1 ,mary ,white1 #adh4   ,p     
,payne1 ,daniel ,a41 #fi4  ,price1 ,j4  
,c41 #hf4  ,prichard1 ,myron ,t41 #aee4 
,r  ,ranson1 ,reverdy ,c41 #hf-hg4      
,richardson1 ,ethel1 #acd4  ,richardson1
 ,william ,h41 #ada1 #aeb4   ,s         
,scarborough1 ,william ,s41 #ff4        
,scott1 ,dr4 ,emmett ,j41 #add1 #adg4   
,scott1 ,william ,e41 #ajd-aje1 #aej4   
,sejour1 ,victor1 #abi4  ,selika1 ,mme41
 #acg4  ,simmons1 ,william ,j41 #fi4    
,sinclair1 ,william ,a41 #fg4           
,stafford1 ,a4 ,o41 #gb4  ,steward1 ,t4 

,g41 #ga4  ,still1 ,william1 #gj4   ,t  
,talbert1 ,florence ,cole1 #aec-aed4    
,tanner1 ,henry ,o41 #d1 #aje-aaa1 #aej4
  ,tibbs1 ,roy ,w41 #acd4  ,tinsley1    
,pedro ,t41 #adj4  ,trotter1 ,james ,m41
 #fi4  ,truth1 ,sojourner1 #fi1 #hd4    
,tubman1 ,harriet1 #hc4   ,w  ,walker1  
,charles ,t41 #he4  ,walker1 ,david1    
#ff4  ,warberry1 ,eugene1 #abi4  ,ward1 
,samuel ,ringgold1 #fh4  ,washington1   
,booker ,t41 #d1 #ed1 #fe1 #fh1 #fi1    
#hh1 #ib-if4  ,watkins1 ,lucian ,b41    
#ade4  ,weir1 ,felix1 #ace4  ,wheatley1 
,phillis 7,mrs4 ,peters71 #aj-cb1 #gc1  
#ge1 #ajc4  ,white1 ,clarence ,cameron1 
#ace1 #aeb4  ,white1 ,frederick ,p41    
#acd1 #ace4  ,whitman1 ,albery ,a41     
#gf-gi4  ,williams1 ,bert1 #ii4         
,williams1 ,e4 ,c41 #aja4  ,williams1   
,george ,w41 #gj4  ,wilson1 ,edward ,e41
 #gb4  ,woodson1 ,carter ,g41 #ga4      
,work1 ,john ,w41 #adj4  ,wright1       
,edward ,sterling1 #aja4                
,transcriber's ,notes3  ,two variations 
appear in the text when ,du,bois is     

printed in all caps4 ,the variations1   
,,dubois and ,,du ,,bois1 have been left
 as printed4  ,page #ch 7footnote73     
,changed ',lullaby1 #ahhi4' to          
',lullaby1 #ahhi4'  ,page #db3 erceiving
 left as printed2 verified in book of   
,dunbar's poetry cited1                 
,candle-,lightin' ,time4  ,page #ib3    
,changed ,maiden1 ,w4 ,va4 to ,malden1  
,w4 ,va44  ,page #ih3 ,changed          
ministrelsy to minstrelsy4  ,page #abg3 
,changed ,the ,blind ,girl of           
,castel-,cuille to ,the ,blind ,girl of 
,castel-,cuille4  ,page #abi 7and       
,index73 ,changed ,edmund ,dede to      
,edmund ,dede4  ,page #aec3 ,changed    
period to comma1 after ,hayes           
7,meanwhile ,roland ,w4 ,hayes1 the     
tenor1 44474  ,page #aed3 ,changed if to
 of 7,a list of books bearing 44474     
,changed if to of 7these are only some  
of44474  ,page #aha3 ,changed 7,note3 to
 ,note3  ,page #aia3 ,changed 7,june1   
#ahfg7 to 7,june1 #ahfg74