,a ,,lett]                              
,,to                                    
,,grov] ,,clevel&1                      
,,on              ,,8 ,,false           
,,inaugural ,,address1 ,,! ,,usurpations
 ,,&                 ,,crimes ,,(       
,,lawmak]s ,,& ,,judges1 ,,& ,,!        
,,consequ5t ,,pov]ty1 ,,ignorance1 ,,&  
,,s]vitude ,,( ,,! ,,p4                 
,,by                            ,,lys&] 
,,spoon]4                               
,,bo/on3                       ,,b5j4   
,r4 ,,tuck]1 ,,publi%]4                 
#ahhf4             ,! au?or res]ves 8   
copyright 9 ?is lett]4         ,fir/    
pamphlet edition publi%$ 9 ,july1       
#ahhf4a      #a ,"u a some:at diff]5t   
title1 to wit1 ,a ,lett] to     ,grov]  
,clevel&1 on 8 ,false1 ,absurd1         
,if-contradictory1 &     ,ridicul\s     
,inaugural ,address1 ?is lett] 0 fir/   
publi%$1     9 in/alm5ts1 ,,lib]ty 7a   
pap] publi%$ 9 ,bo/on72 !     in/alm5ts 
comm5c+ ,june #bj1 #ahhe1 & cont9u+ to  
,may #bb1     #ahhf3 notice be+ giv51 9 

ea* pap]1 ( ! res]vation (              
copyright4                          ,a  
,,lett] ,,to ,,grov] ,,clevel&4         
,,section ,i4  ,to ,grov] ,clevel&3     
,,sir1--,y\r inaugural address is       
probably z hone/1 s5sible1 & consi/5t a 
"o z t ( any presid5t )9 ! la/ fifty    
ye>s1 or1 p]haps1 z any s9ce ! f\ndation
 ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 x is false1  
absurd1 self-contradictory1 & ridicul\s1
 x is n 7z ,i ?9k7 because y are        
p]sonally less hone/1 s5sible1 or       
consi/5t ?an y\r pr$ecessors1 b because 
! gov]nm5t itself--accord+ to y\r own   
description ( x1 & accord+ to !         
practical adm9i/ration ( x = ne>ly a    
hundr$ ye>s--is an utt]ly & palpably    
false1 absurd1 & crim9al "o4 ,su*       
praises z y be/[ ^u x are1 !re=e1       
necess>ily false1 absurd1 & ridicul\s4  
,?us y describe x z a gov]nm5t pl$g$ to 
d equal & exact ju/ice to all m54  ,did 
y /op to ?9k :at t means8 ,evid5tly y   
did n2 = ne>ly1 or q1 all ! re/ ( y\r   
address is 9 direct contradiction to x4 

,let me !n rem9d y t ju/ice is an       
immutable1 natural pr9ciple2 & n any?+ t
 c be made1 unmade1 or alt]$ by any     
human p[]4  ,x is also a subject (      
sci5ce1 & is to be le>n$1 l ma!matics1  
or any o!r sci5ce4 ,x does n d]ive its  
au?ority f ! comm&s1 w1 pleasure1 or    
discretion ( any possible comb9ation (  
m51 :e!r call+ !mselves a gov]nm5t1 or  
by any o!r "n4  ,x is also1 at all      
times1 & 9 all places1 ! supreme law4 ,&
 be+ ev]y:]e & always ! supreme law1 x  
is necess>ily ev]y:]e & always ! only   
law4  ,lawmak]s1 z !y call !mselves1 c  
add no?+ to x1 nor take any?+ f x4      
,!re=e all _! laws1 z !y call !m1--t is1
 all ! laws ( _! own mak+1--h no color (
 au?ority or obligation4 ,x is a        
falsehood to call !m laws2 = !re is no?+
 9 !m t ei!r creates m5's duties or     
rights1 or enlight5s !m z to _! duties  
or rights4 ,!re is consequ5tly no?+ b9d+
 or obligatory ab\t !m4 ,& nobody is    
b\nd to take ! lea/ notice ( !m1 unless 
x be to trample !m "u foot1 z           

usurpations4 ,if !y comm& m5 to d       
ju/ice1 !y add no?+ to m5's obligation  
to d x1 or to any man's "r to en=ce x4  
,!y are !re=e m]e idle w9d1 su* z w\ld  
be comm&s to consid] ! day z day1 & !   
night z night4 ,if !y comm& or lic5se   
any man to d inju/ice1 !y are crim9al on
 _! face4 ,if !y comm& any man to d     
any?+ :i* ju/ice does n require him to  
d1 !y are simple1 nak$ usurpations &    
tyrannies4 ,if !y =bid any man to d     
any?+1 :i* ju/ice w\ld p]mit him to d1  
!y are crim9al invasions ( 8 natural &  
rightful lib]ty4 ,9 :atev] light1 !re=e1
 !y are view$1 !y are utt]ly de/itute ( 
ev]y?+ l au?ority or obligation4 ,!y are
 all necess>ily ei!r ! impud5t1         
fraudul5t1 & crim9al usurpations (      
tyrants1 robb]s1 & murd]]s1 or !        
s5seless "w ( ignorant or ?\ghtless m51 
:o d n "k1 or c]ta9ly d n realize1 :at  
!y are do+4  ,?is sci5ce ( ju/ice1 or   
natural law1 is ! only sci5ce t tells u 
:at are1 & :at are n1 ea* man's natural1
 inh]5t1 inali5able1 individual rights1 

z aga9/ any & all o!r m54 ,& to say t   
any1 or all1 o!r m5 may rightfully      
compel him to obey any or all su* o!r   
laws z !y may see fit to make1 is to say
 t he has no rights ( 8 own1 b is _!    
subject1 _! prop]ty1 & _! slave4  ,= !  
reasons n[ giv51 ! simple ma9t5ance (   
ju/ice1 or natural law1 is pla9ly ! "o  
only purpose = :i* any co]cive p[]--or  
any?+ be>+ ! "n ( gov]nm5t--has a "r to 
exi/4  ,x is intr9sically j z false1    
absurd1 ludicr\s1 & ridicul\s to say t  
lawmak]s1 s-call$1 c inv5t & make any   
laws1 ( _! own1 au?oritatively fix+1 or 
decl>+1 ! rights ( individuals1 or t    
%all be 9 any mann] au?oritative or     
obligatory ^u individuals1 or t         
individuals may rightfully be compell$  
to obey1 z x w\ld be to say t !y c inv5t
 & make su* ma!matics1 *emi/ry1         
physiology1 or o!r sci5ces1 z !y see    
fit1 & rightfully compel individuals to 
con=m all _! actions to !m1 in/ead (    
con=m+ !m to ! ma!matics1 *emi/ry1      
physiology1 or o!r sci5ces ( nature4    

,lawmak]s1 z !y call !mselves1 might j z
 well claim ! "r to aboli%1 by /atute1 !
 natural law ( gravitation1 ! natural   
laws ( light1 heat1 & electricity1 & all
 ! o!r natural laws ( matt] & m9d1 &    
in/itute laws ( _! own 9 ! place ( !m1 &
 compel con=mity to !m1 z to claim ! "r 
to set aside ! natural law ( ju/ice1 &  
compel ob$i5ce to su* o!r laws z !y may 
see fit to manufacture1 & set up 9 its  
/ead4  ,let me n[ ask y h[ y imag9e t   
y\r s-call$ lawmak]s c d equal & exact  
ju/ice to all m51 by any s-call$ laws ( 
_! own mak+4 ,if _! laws comm& any?+ b  
ju/ice1 or =bid any?+ b inju/ice1 !y are
 !mselves unju/ & crim9al4 ,if !y simply
 comm& ju/ice1 & =bid inju/ice1 !y add  
no?+ to ! natural au?ority ( ju/ice1 or 
to m5's obligation to obey x4 ,x is1    
!re=e1 a simple imp]t95ce1 & %e]        
impud5ce1 on _! "p1 to assume t _!      
comm&s1 z su*1 are ( any au?ority       
:atev]4 ,x is also %e] impud5ce1 on _!  
"p1 to assume t _! comm&s are at all    
necess>y to tea* o!r m5 :at is1 & :at is

 n1 ju/ice4 ,! sci5ce ( ju/ice is z op5 
to be le>n$ by all o!r m51 z by         
!mselves2 & x is1 9 g5]al1 s simple &   
easy to be le>n$1 t !re is no ne$ (1 &  
no place =1 any man1 or body ( m51 to   
tea* x1 decl>e x1 or comm& x1 on _! own 
au?ority4  ,= "o1 or ano!r1 ( ^!        
reasons1 !re=e1 ea* & e law1 s-call$1 t 
=ty-eight diff]5t congresses h presum$  
to make1 )9 ! la/ n9ety-six ye>s1 h be5 
utt]ly de/itute ( all legitimate        
au?ority4 ,t is to say1 !y h ei!r be5   
crim9al1 z comm&+ or lic5s+ m5 to d :at 
ju/ice =bade !m to d1 or z =bidd+ !m to 
d :at ju/ice w\ld h p]mitt$ !m to d2 or 
else !y h be5 sup]flu\s1 z add+ no?+ to 
m5's k ( ju/ice1 or to _! obligation to 
d ju/ice1 or ab/a9 f inju/ice4  ,:at    
excuse1 !n1 h y = attempt+ to en=ce ^u !
 p t great mass ( sup]flu\s or crim9al  
laws 7s-call$7 :i* ignorant & fooli%1 or
 impud5t & crim9al1 m5 h1 = s _m ye>s1  
be5 manufactur+1 & promulgat+1 & en=c+1 
9 violation ( ju/ice1 & ( all m5's      
natural1 inh]5t1 & inali5able rights8   

,,section ,,ii4  ,p]haps y w say t !re  
is no su* sci5ce z t ( ju/ice4 ,if y d  
say ?is1 by :at "r1 or on :at reason1 d 
y proclaim y\r int5tion to d equal &    
exact ju/ice to all m58 ,if !re is no   
sci5ce ( ju/ice1 h[ d y "k t !re is any 
su* pr9ciple z ju/ice8 ,or h[ d y "k :at
 is1 & :at is n1 ju/ice8 ,if !re is no  
sci5ce ( ju/ice1--su* z ! p c le>n &    
und]/& = !mselves1--:y d y say any?+    
ab\t ju/ice to !m8 ,or :y d y promise !m
 any su* ?+ z equal & exact ju/ice1 if  
!y d n "k1 & are incapable ( le>n+1 :at 
ju/ice is8 ,d y use ?is phrase to       
deceive ^? :om y look ^u z be+ s        
ignorant1 s de/itute ( reason1 z to be  
deceiv$ by idle1 unmean+ words8 ,if y d 
n1 y are pla9ly b\nd to let u all "k :at
 y d mean1 by do+ equal & exact ju/ice  
to all m54  ,i c assure y1 sir1 t a v   
l>ge portion ( ! p ( ?is c\ntry d n     
believe t ! gov]nm5t is do+ equal &     
exact ju/ice to all m54 ,& "s p]sons are
 e>ne/ly promulgat+ ! idea t ! gov]nm5t 
is n attempt+ to d1 & has no int5tion ( 

do+1 any?+ l equal & exact ju/ice to all
 m52 t1 on ! contr>y1 x is kn[+ly1      
delib]ately1 & wilfully do+ an          
incalculable am\nt ( inju/ice2 t x has  
always be5 do+ ?is 9 ! pa/1 & t x has no
 int5tion ( do+ any?+ else 9 ! future2 t
 x is a m]e tool 9 ! h&s ( a few        
ambiti\s1 rapaci\s1 & unpr9cipl$ m52 t  
its purpose1 9 do+ all ?is inju/ice1 is 
to keep--s f> z !y c )\t driv+ ! p to   
rebellion--all weal?1 & all political   
p[]1 9 z few h&s z possible2 & t ?is    
inju/ice is ! direct cause ( all !      
widespread pov]ty1 ignorance1 & s]vitude
 among ! great body ( ! p4  ,n[1 ,sir1  
,i wi% ,i c\ld hope t y w\ld d some?+ to
 %[ t y are n a p>ty to any su* s*eme z 
t2 some?+ to %[ t y are nei!r corrupt   
en\gh1 nor bl9d en\gh1 nor c[>d en\gh1  
to be made use ( = any su* purpose z t2 
some?+ to %[ t :5 y pr(ess y\r int5tion 
to d equal & exact ju/ice to all m51 y  
atta* "s real & def9ite mean+ to y\r    
words4 ,until y d t1 is x n pla9 t ! p h
 a "r to consid] y a tyrant1 & !        

conf$]ate & tool ( tyrants1 & to get rid
 ( y z unc]emoni\sly z !y w\ld ( any o!r
 tyrant8                                
,,section ,,iii4  ,sir1 if any gov]nm5t 
is to be a rational1 consi/5t1 & hone/  
"o1 x mu/ evid5tly be bas$ on "s        
fundam5tal1 immutable1 et]nal pr9ciple2 
su* z e man may reasonably agree to1 &  
su* z e man may rightfully be compell$  
to abide by1 & obey4 ,& ! :ole p[] ( !  
gov]nm5t mu/ be limit$ to ! ma9t5ance ( 
t s+le pr9ciple4 ,& t "o pr9ciple is    
ju/ice4 ,!re is no o!r pr9ciple t any   
man c rightfully en=ce ^u o!rs1 or ought
 to cons5t to h en=c$ aga9/ himself4 ,e 
man claims ! protection ( ?is pr9ciple =
 himself1 :e!r he is will+ to accord x  
to o!rs1 or n4 ,yet su* is ! inconsi/5cy
 ( human nature1 t "s m5--9 fact1 _m    
m5--:o w risk _! lives = ?is pr9ciple1  
:5 _! own lib]ty or prop]ty is at /ake1 
w violate x 9 ! mo/ flagrant mann]1 if  
!y c !reby obta9 arbitr>y p[] ov] !     
p]sons or prop]ty ( o!rs4 ,we h se5 ?is 
fact illu/rat$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 ?r\gh its  

:ole hi/ory--especially dur+ ! la/      
hundr$ ye>s--& 9 ! case ( _m ( ! mo/    
conspicu\s p]sons4 ,& _! example &      
influ5ce h be5 employ$ to p]v]t ! :ole  
"* ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is aga9/ su* m51 t  
all o!rs1 :o desire no?+ b ju/ice =     
!mselves1 & are will+ to unite to secure
 x = all o!rs1 mu/ comb9e1 if we are ev]
 to h ju/ice e/abli%$ = any4            
,,section ,,iv4  ,x is self-evid5t t no 
numb] ( m51 by conspir+1 & call+        
!mselves a gov]nm5t1 c acquire any      
rights :atev] ov] o!r m51 or o!r m5's   
prop]ty1 :i* !y _h n be=e1 z            
individuals4 ,& :5ev] any numb] ( m51   
call+ !mselves a gov]nm5t1 d any?+ to   
ano!r man1 or to 8 prop]ty1 :i* !y _h no
 "r to d z individuals !y !reby decl>e  
!mselves trespass]s1 robb]s1 or murd]]s1
 accord+ to ! nature ( _! acts4  ,m51 z 
individuals1 may rightfully compel ea*  
o!r to obey ?is "o law ( ju/ice4 ,& x is
 ! only law :i* any man c rightfully be 
compell$1 by 8 fell[ m51 to obey4 ,all  
o!r laws1 x is optional ) ea* man to    

obey1 or n1 z he may *oose4 ,b ?is "o   
law ( ju/ice he may rightfully be       
compell$ to obey2 & all ! =ce t is      
reasonably necess>y to compel him1 may  
rightfully be us$ aga9/ him4  ,b ! "r ( 
e man to d any?+1 & ev]y?+1 :i* ju/ice  
does n =bid him to d1 is a natural1     
inh]5t1 inali5able "r4 ,x is 8 "r1 z    
aga9/ any & all o!r m51 :e!r !y be _m1  
or few4 ,x is a "r indisp5sable to e    
man's highe/ happ9ess2 & to e man's p[] 
( judg+ & det]m9+ = himself :at w1 & :at
 w n1 promote 8 happ9ess4 ,any          
re/riction ^u ! ex]cise ( ?is "r is a   
re/riction ^u 8 rightful p[] ( provid+  
=1 & accompli%+1 8 own well-be+4  ,sir1 
^! natural1 inh]5t1 inali5able1         
individual rights are sacr$ ?+s4 ,!y are
 ! only human rights4 ,!y are ! only    
rights by :i* any man c protect 8 own   
prop]ty1 lib]ty1 or life aga9/ any "o :o
 may be dispos$ to take x away4         
,consequ5tly !y are n ?+s t any set (   
ei!r blockheads or villa9s1 call+       
!mselves a gov]nm5t1 c rightfully take  

into _! own h&s1 & dispose ( at _!      
pleasure1 z !y h be5 accu/om$ to d 9    
?is1 & 9 ne>ly or q all o!r c\ntries4   
,,section ,v4  ,sir1 ,i repeat t        
individual rights are ! only human      
rights4 ,legally speak+1 !re are no su* 
?+s z public rights1 z di/+ui%$ f       
individual rights4 ,legally speak+1 !re 
is no su* creature or ?+ z ! public4 ,! 
t]m ! public is an utt]ly vague &       
indef9ite "o1 appli$ arbitr>ily & at    
r&om to a great] or less numb] (        
individuals1 ea* & e "o ( :om h _! own  
sep>ate1 individual rights1 & none o!rs4
 ,& ! protection ( ^! sep>ate1          
individual rights is ! "o only          
legitimate purpose1 = :i* any?+ 9 !     
nature ( a gov]n+1 or co]cive1 p[] has a
 "r to exi/4 ,& ^! sep>ate1 individual  
rights all re/ ^u1 & c be asc]ta9$ only 
by1 ! "o sci5ce ( ju/ice4  ,legally     
speak+1 ! t]m public rights is z vague &
 indef9ite z are ! t]ms public heal?1   
public good1 public welf>e1 & ! l4 ,x   
has no legal mean+1 except :5 us$ to    

describe ! sep>ate1 private1 individual 
rights ( a great] or less numb] (       
individuals4  ,9 s f> z ! sep>ate1      
private1 natural rights ( individuals   
are secur$1 9 j s f>1 & no f>!r1 are !  
public rights secur$4 ,9 s f> z !       
sep>ate1 private1 natural rights (      
individuals are disreg>d$ or violat$1 9 
j s f> are public rights disreg>d$ or   
violat$4 ,!re=e all ! pret5ces ( s-call$
 lawmak]s1 t !y are protect+ public     
rights1 by violat+ private rights1 are  
%e] & utt] contradictions & frauds4 ,!y 
are j z false & absurd z x w\ld be to   
say t !y are protect+ ! public heal?1 by
 arbitr>ily poison+ & de/roy+ ! heal? ( 
s+le individuals4  ,! pret5ce ( !       
lawmak]s1 t !y are promot+ ! public     
good1 by violat+ individual rights1 is j
 z false & absurd z is ! pret5ce t !y   
are protect+ public rights by violat+   
private rights4 ,sir1 ! greate/ public  
good1 ( :i* any co]cive p[]1 call+      
itself a gov]nm5t1 or by any o!r "n1 is 
capable1 is ! protection ( ea* & e      

individual 9 ! quiet & peaceful enjoym5t
 & ex]cise ( all 8 own natural1 inh]5t1 
inali5able1 individual rights4 ,?is is a
 good t comes home to ea* & e           
individual1 ( :om ! public is compos$4  
,x is also a good1 :i* ea* & e "o ( ^!  
individuals1 compos+ ! public1 c        
appreciate4 ,x is a good1 = ! loss ( :i*
 gov]nm5ts c make no comp5sation :atev]4
 ,x is a univ]sal & imp>tial good1 ( !  
highe/ importance to ea* & e human be+2 
& n any su* vague1 false1 & crim9al ?+ z
 ! lawmak]s--:5 violat+ private         
rights--tell u !y are try+ to accompli%1
 "u ! "n ( ! public good4 ,x is also !  
only equal & exact ju/ice1 :i* y1 or    
anybody else1 are capable ( secur+1 or h
 any occasion to secure1 to any human   
be+4 ,let b ?is equal & exact ju/ice be 
secur$ to all m51 & !y w !n be          
abundantly able to take c>e ( !mselves1 
& secure _! own highe/ good4 ,or if any 
"o %\ld ev] *ance to ne$ any?+ m ?an    
?is1 he may safely tru/ to ! volunt>y   
k9dness ( 8 fell[ m5 to supply x4  ,x is

 "o ( ^? ?+s n easily acc\nt$ =1 t m5 :o
 w\ld scorn to d an inju/ice to a fell[ 
man1 9 a private transaction1--:o w\ld  
scorn to usurp any arbitr>y dom9ion ov] 
him1 or 8 prop]ty1--:o w\ld be 9 !      
highe/ degree indignant1 if *>g$ ) any  
private inju/ice1--& :o1 at a mom5t's   
w>n+1 w\ld take _! lives 9 _! h&s1 to   
def5d _! own rights1 & r$ress _! own    
wrongs1--w1 ! mom5t !y become memb]s (  
:at !y call a gov]nm5t1 assume t !y are 
absolv$ f all pr9ciples & all           
obligations t 7 imp]ative ^u !m1 z      
individuals2 w assume t !y are inve/$ ) 
a "r ( arbitr>y & irresponsible dom9ion 
ov] o!r m51 & o!r m5's prop]ty4 ,yet !y 
are do+ ?is cont9ually4 ,& all ! laws !y
 make are bas$ ^u ! assumption t !y h n[
 become inve/$ ) rights t are m ?an     
human1 & t ^?1 on :om _! laws are to    
op]ate1 h lo/ ev5 _! human rights4 ,!y  
seem to be utt]ly bl9d to ! fact1 t !   
only reason !re c be = _! exi/5ce z a   
gov]nm5t1 is t !y may protect ^? v      
rights1 :i* !y be=e scrupul\sly         

respect$1 b :i* !y n[ unscrupul\sly     
trample ^u4                             
,,section ,,vi4  ,b y evid5tly believe  
no?+ ( :at ,i h n[ be5 say+4 ,y evid5tly
 believe t ju/ice is no law at all1     
unless 9 cases :]e ! lawmak]s may *ance 
to pref] x to any law :i* !y !mselves c 
inv5t4  ,y evid5tly believe t1 a c]ta9  
pap]1 call$ ! con/itution1 :i* nobody   
ev] sign$1 :i* few p]sons ev] read1 :i* 
! great body ( ! p nev] saw1 & z to !   
mean+ ( :i* no two p]sons 7 ev] agre$1  
is ! supreme law ( ?is l&1 any?+ 9 ! law
 ( nature--any?+ 9 ! natural1 inh]5t1   
inali5able1 individual rights ( fifty   
millions ( p--to ! contr>y n )/&+4  ,did
 folly1 falsehood1 absurdity1           
assumption1 or crim9ality ev] rea* a    
high] po9t ?an t8  ,y evid5tly believe t
 ^? great volumes ( /atutes1 :i* ! p at 
l>ge h nev] read1 nor ev5 se51 & nev] w 
read1 nor see1 b :i* su* m5 z y & y\r   
lawmak]s h be5 manufactur+ = ne>ly a    
hundr$ ye>s1 to re/ra9 !m ( _! lib]ty1 &
 deprive !m ( _! natural rights1 7 all  

made = _! b5efit1 by m5 wis] ?an        
!y--wis] ev5 ?an ju/ice itself--& hav+  
only _! welf>e at he>t6  ,y evid5tly    
believe t ! m5 :o made ^? laws 7 duly   
au?oriz$ to make !m2 & t y y\rself h be5
 duly au?oriz$ to en=ce !m4 ,b 9 ?is y  
are utt]ly mi/ak54 ,y h n s mu* z !     
hone/1 responsible scrat* ( "o s+le p51 
to ju/ify y 9 ! ex]cise ( ! p[] y h tak5
 ^u y\rself to ex]cise4 ,= example1 y h 
no su* evid5ce ( y\r "r to take any     
man's prop]ty = ! support ( y\r         
gov]nm5t1 z w\ld be requir$ ( y1 if y 7 
to claim pay = a s+le day's hone/ labor4
  ,x 0 once said1 9 ?is c\ntry1 t       
taxation )\t cons5t 0 robb]y4 ,& a sev5 
ye>s' w> 0 f\ght to ma9ta9 t pr9ciple4  
,b if t pr9ciple 7 a true "o 9 behalf ( 
?ree millions ( m51 x is an equally true
 "o 9 behalf ( ?ree m51 or ( "o man4    
,:o are ev] tax$8 ,individuals only4 ,:o
 h prop]ty t c be tax$8 ,individuals    
only4 ,:o c give _! cons5t to be tax$8  
,individuals only4 ,:o are ev] tax$ )\t 
_! cons5t8 ,individuals only4 ,:o1 !n1  

are robb$1 if tax$ )\t _! cons5t8       
,individuals only4  ,if taxation )\t    
cons5t is robb]y1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates       
gov]nm5t has nev] _h1 has n n[1 & is    
nev] likely to h1 a s+le hone/ doll> 9  
its treasury4  ,if taxation )\t cons5t  
is n robb]y1 !n any b& ( robb]s h only  
to decl>e !mselves a gov]nm5t1 & all _! 
robb]ies are legaliz$4  ,if any man's   
money c be tak5 by a s-call$ gov]nm5t1  
)\t 8 own p]sonal cons5t1 all 8 o!r     
rights are tak5 ) x2 = ) 8 money !      
gov]nm5t c1 & w1 hire soldi]s to /& ov] 
him1 compel him to submit to its        
arbitr>y w1 & kill him if he resi/s4  ,t
 y\r :ole claim ( a "r to any man's     
money = ! support ( y\r gov]nm5t1 )\t 8 
cons5t1 is ! m]e/ f>ce & fraud1 is prov$
 by ! fact t y h no su* evid5ce ( y\r "r
 to take x1 z w\ld be requir$ ( y1 by "o
 ( y\r own c\rts1 to prove a debt ( five
 doll>s1 t might be hone/ly due y4  ,y &
 y\r lawmak]s h no su* evid5ce ( y\r "r 
( dom9ion ov] ! p ( ?is c\ntry1 z w\ld  
be requir$ to prove y\r "r to any       

mat]ial prop]ty1 t y might h pur*as$4   
,:5 a man p>ts ) any consid]able am\nt (
 su* mat]ial prop]ty z he has a natural 
"r to "p )1--z1 = example1 h\ses1 or    
l&s1 or food1 or clo?+1 or any?+ else ( 
mu* value1--he usually gives1 & !       
pur*as] usually dem&s1 "s writt5        
ackn[l$gm5t1 receipt1 bill ( sale1 or   
o!r evid5ce1 t w prove t he volunt>ily  
p>t$ ) x1 & t ! pur*as] is n[ ! real &  
true own] ( x4 ,b y hold t fifty        
millions ( p h volunt>ily p>t$1 n only )
 _! natural "r ( dom9ion ov] all _!     
mat]ial prop]ty1 b also ) all _! natural
 "r ( dom9ion ov] _! own s\ls & bodies2 
:5 n "o ( !m has ev] giv5 y a scrap (   
writ+1 or ev5 made 8 m>k1 to t effect4  
,y h n s mu* z ! hone/ signature ( a    
s+le human be+1 grant+ to y or y\r      
lawmak]s any "r ( dom9ion :atev] ov] him
 or 8 prop]ty4  ,y hold y\r place only  
by a title1 :i*1 on no j pr9ciple ( law 
or reason1 is wor? a /raw4 ,& all :o are
 associat$ ) y 9 ! gov]nm5t--:e!r !y be 
call$ s5ators1 repres5tatives1 judges1  

executive (fic]s1 or :at n--all hold _! 
places1 directly or indirectly1 only by 
! same wor?less title4 ,t title is no?+ 
m nor less ?an votes giv5 9 secret 7by  
secret ballot71 by n m ?an "o-fif? ( !  
:ole population4 ,^! votes 7 giv5 9     
secret solely because ^? :o gave !m did 
n d>e to make !mselves p]sonally        
responsible1 ei!r = _! own acts1 or !   
acts ( _! ag5ts1 ! lawmak]s1 judges1    
etc4  ,^! vot]s1 hav+ giv5 _! votes 9   
secret 7by secret ballot71 h put x out (
 y\r p[]--& out ( ! p[] ( all o!rs      
associat$ ) y 9 ! gov]nm5t--to designate
 y\r pr9cipals individually4 ,t is to   
say1 y h no legal k z to :o vot$ = y1 or
 :o vot$ aga9/ y4 ,& be+ unable to      
designate y\r pr9cipals individually1 y 
h no "r to say t y h any pr9cipals4 ,&  
hav+ no "r to say t y h any pr9cipals1 y
 are b\nd1 on e j pr9ciple ( law or     
reason1 to confess t y are m]e usurp]s1 
mak+ laws1 & en=c+ !m1 ^u y\r own       
au?ority alone4  ,a secret ballot makes 
a secret gov]nm5t2 & a secret gov]nm5t  

is no?+ else ?an a gov]nm5t by          
conspiracy4 ,& a gov]nm5t by conspiracy 
is ! only gov]nm5t we n[ h4  ,y say t e 
vot] ex]cises a public tru/4  ,:o       
appo9t$ him to t tru/8 ,nobody4 ,he     
simply usurp$ ! p[]2 he nev] accept$ !  
tru/4 ,& because he usurp$ ! p[]1 he    
d>es ex]cise x only 9 secret4 ,n "o (   
all ! t5 millions ( vot]s1 :o help$ to  
place y 9 p[]1 w\ld h d>$ to d s1 if he 
_h kn[n t he 0 to be held p]sonally     
responsible1 be=e any j tribunal1 = !   
acts ( ^? = :om he vot$4  ,inasmu* z all
 ! votes1 giv5 = y & y\r lawmak]s1 7    
giv5 9 secret1 all t y & !y c say1 9    
support ( y\r au?ority z rul]s1 is t y  
v5ture ^u y\r acts z lawmak]s1 etc41 n  
because y h any op51 au!ntic1 writt51   
legitimate au?ority grant$ y by any     
human be+1--= y c %[ no?+ ( ! k9d1--b   
only because1 f c]ta9 reports made to y 
( votes giv5 9 secret1 y h reason to    
believe t y h at y\r backs a secret     
association /rong en\gh to su/a9 y by   
=ce1 9 case y\r au?ority %\ld be resi/$4

  ,is !re a gov]nm5t on e>? t re/s ^u a 
m false1 absurd1 or tyrannical basis ?an
 t8                                     
,,section ,,vii4  ,b ! falsehood &      
absurdity ( y\r :ole sy/em ( gov]nm5t d 
n result solely f ! fact t x re/s :olly 
^u votes giv5 9 secret1 or by m5 :o take
 c>e to avoid all p]sonal responsibility
 = _! own acts1 or ! acts ( _! ag5ts4   
,on ! contr>y1 if e man1 woman1 & *ild 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h op5ly sign$1 seal$1 
& deliv]$ to y & y\r associates1 a      
writt5 docum5t1 purport+ to inve/ y )   
all ! legislative1 judicial1 & executive
 p[]s t y n[ ex]cise1 !y w\ld n !reby h 
giv5 y ! slighte/ legitimate au?ority4  
,su* a contract1 purport+ to surr5d]    
into y\r h&s all _! natural rights (    
p]son & prop]ty1 to be dispos$ ( at y\r 
pleasure or discretion1 w\ld h be5      
simply an absurd & void contract1 giv+ y
 no real au?ority :atev]4  ,x is a      
natural impossibility = any man to make 
a b9d+ contract1 by :i* he %all surr5d] 
to o!rs a s+le "o ( :at are commonly    

call$ 8 natural1 inh]5t1 inali5able     
rights4  ,x is a natural impossibility =
 any man to make a b9d+ contract1 t %all
 inve/ o!rs ) any "r :atev] ( arbitr>y1 
irresponsible dom9ion ov] him4  ,! "r ( 
arbitr>y1 irresponsible dom9ion is ! "r 
( prop]ty2 & ! "r ( prop]ty is ! "r (   
arbitr>y1 irresponsible dom9ion4 ,! two 
are id5tical4 ,!re is no diff]5ce betwe5
 !m4 ,nei!r c exi/ )\t ! o!r4 ,if1      
!re=e1 our s-call$ lawmak]s really h t  
"r ( arbitr>y1 irresponsible dom9ion ov]
 u1 :i* !y claim to h1 & :i* !y         
habitually ex]cise1 x mu/ be because !y 
own u z prop]ty4 ,if !y own u z prop]ty1
 x mu/ be because nature made u _!      
prop]ty2 =1 z no man c sell himself z a 
slave1 we c\ld nev] make a b9d+ contract
 t %\ld make u _! prop]ty--or1 :at is ! 
same ?+1 give !m any "r ( arbitr>y1     
irresponsible dom9ion ov] u4  ,z a      
lawy]1 y c]ta9ly ought to "k t all ?is  
is true4                                
,,section ,,viii4  ,sir1 consid]1 = a   
mom5t1 :at an utt]ly false1 absurd1     

ridicul\s1 & crim9al gov]nm5t we n[ h4  
,x all re/s ^u ! false1 ridicul\s1 &    
utt]ly gr\ndless assumption1 t fifty    
millions ( p n only c\ld volunt>ily     
surr5d]1 b actually h volunt>ily        
surr5d]$1 all _! natural rights1 z human
 be+s1 into ! cu/ody ( "s f\r hundr$ m51
 call$ lawmak]s1 judges1 etc41 :o are to
 be held utt]ly irresponsible = !       
disposal !y may make ( !m4#b      #b ,! 
irresponsibility ( ! s5ators &          
repres5tatives is     gu>ante$ to !m 9  
?is wise3          ,= any spee* or      
debate or vote 9 ei!r h\se1 !y         !
 s5ators & repres5tatives %all n be     
que/ion$ held to any legal              
responsibility 9 any         o!r        
place4--,con/itution1 ,art4 #a1 ,sec4   
#f4      ,! judicial & executive (fic]s 
are all equally gu>ante$     aga9/ all  
responsibility to ! p4 ,!y are made     
responsible only to ! s5ators &         
repres5tatives1 ^: laws     !y are to   
adm9i/] & execute4 ,s long z !y sanction
 &     execute all ^! laws1 to !        

satisfaction ( ! lawmak]s1     !y are   
safe aga9/ all responsibility4 ,9 no    
case c !     p1 ^: rights !y are        
cont9ually d5y+ & trampl+     ^u1 hold  
!m to any acc\ntability :atev]4         
,?us x w be se5 t all dep>tm5ts ( !     
gov]nm5t1     legislative1 judicial1 &  
executive1 are plac$ entirely beyond    
any responsibility to ! p1 ^: ag5ts !y  
pr(ess to     be1 & ^: rights !y assume 
to dispose ( at pleasure4      ,0 a m   
absolute1 irresponsible gov]nm5t ?an t  
ev]     inv5t$8  ,! only "r1 :i* any    
individual is suppos$ to reta91 or      
possess1 "u ! gov]nm5t1 is a purely     
fictiti\s "o1--"o t nature nev] gave    
him1--to wit1 8 "r 7s-call$71 z "o ( "s 
t5 millions ( male adults1 to give away1
 by 8 vote1 n only all 8 own natural1   
inh]5t1 inali5able1 human rights1 b also
 all ! natural1 inh]5t1 inali5able1     
human rights ( =ty millions ( o!r human 
be+s--t is1 wom5 & *ildr54  ,to suppose 
t any "o ( all ^! t5 millions ( male    
adults w\ld volunt>ily surr5d] a s+le "o

 ( all 8 natural1 inh]5t1 inali5able1   
human rights into ! h&s ( irresponsible 
m51 is an absurdity2 because1 fir/1 he  
has no p[] to d s1 any contract he may  
make = t purpose be+ absurd1 &          
necess>ily void2 &1 secondly1 because he
 c h no rational motive = do+ s4 ,to    
suppose him to d s1 is to suppose him to
 be an idiot1 incapable ( mak+ any      
rational & obligatory contract4 ,x is to
 suppose he w\ld volunt>ily give away   
ev]y?+ 9 life t 0 ( value to himself1 & 
get no?+ 9 return4 ,to suppose t he w\ld
 attempt to give away all ! natural     
rights ( o!r p]sons--t is1 ! wom5 &     
*ildr5--z well z 8 own1 is to suppose   
him to attempt to d some?+ t he has no  
"r1 or p[]1 to d4 ,x is to suppose him  
to be bo? a villa9 & a fool4  ,& yet ?is
 gov]nm5t n[ re/s :olly ^u ! assumption 
t "s t5 millions ( male adults--m5      
suppos$ to be compos m5tis--h n only    
attempt$ to d1 b h actually succe$$ 9   
do+1 ^! absurd & impossible ?+s4  ,x _c 
be said t m5 put all _! rights into !   

h&s ( ! gov]nm5t1 9 ord] to h !m        
protect$2 because !re c be no su* ?+ z a
 man's be+ protect$ 9 8 rights1 any     
long] ?an he is all[$ to reta9 !m 9 8   
own possession4 ,! only possible way1 9 
:i* any man c be protect$ 9 8 rights1 is
 to protect him 9 8 own actual          
possession & ex]cise ( !m4 ,& yet our   
gov]nm5t is absurd en\gh to assume t a  
man c be protect$ 9 8 rights1 aft] he   
has surr5d]$ !m altoge!r into o!r h&s   
?an 8 own4  ,?is is j z absurd z x w\ld 
be to assume t a man _h giv5 himself    
away z a slave1 9 ord] to be protect$ 9 
! enjoym5t ( 8 lib]ty4  ,a man wants 8  
rights protect$1 solely t he himself may
 possess & use !m1 & h ! full b5efit (  
!m4 ,b if he is compell$ to give !m up  
to somebody else1--to a gov]nm5t1       
s-call$1 or to any body else1--he ceases
 to h any rights ( 8 own to be protect$4
  ,to say1 z ! advocates ( our gov]nm5t 
d1 t a man mu/ give up "s ( 8 natural   
rights1 to a gov]nm5t1 9 ord] to h ! re/
 ( !m protect$--! gov]nm5t be+ all !    

:ile ! sole & irresponsible judge z to  
:at rights he does give up1 & :at he    
reta9s1 & :at are to be protect$--is to 
say t he gives up all ! rights t !      
gov]nm5t *ooses1 at any "t1 to assume t 
he has giv5 up2 & t he reta9s none1 & is
 to be protect$ 9 none1 except su* z !  
gov]nm5t %all1 at all times1 see fit to 
protect1 & to p]mit him to reta94 ,?is  
is to suppose t he has reta9$ no rights 
at all1 t he c1 at any "t1 claim z 8    
own1 z aga9/ ! gov]nm5t4 ,x is to say t 
he has really giv5 up e "r1 & res]v$    
none4  ,= a /ill fur!r reason1 x is     
absurd to say t a man mu/ give up "s ( 8
 rights to a gov]nm5t1 9 ord] t gov]nm5t
 may protect him 9 ! re/4 ,t reason is1 
t e "r he gives up dim9i%es 8 own p[] ( 
self-protection1 & makes x s mu* m      
difficult = ! gov]nm5t to protect him4  
,& yet our gov]nm5t says a man mu/ give 
up all 8 rights1 9 ord] t x may protect 
him4 ,x might j z well be said t a man  
mu/ cons5t to be b\nd h& & foot1 9 ord] 
to enable a gov]nm5t1 or 8 fri5ds1 to   

protect him aga9/ an enemy4 ,leave him 9
 full possession ( 8 limbs1 & ( all 8   
p[]s1 & he w d m = 8 own protection ?an 
he o!rwise c\ld1 & w h less ne$ (       
protection f a gov]nm5t1 or any o!r     
s\rce4  ,f9ally1 if a man1 :o is compos 
m5tis1 wants any outside protection = 8 
rights1 he is p]fectly compet5t to make 
8 own b>ga9 = su* z he desires2 & o!r   
p]sons h no occasion to ?ru/ _!         
protection ^u him1 aga9/ 8 w2 or to     
insi/1 z !y n[ d1 t he %all give up all1
 or any1 ( 8 rights to !m1 9            
consid]ation ( su* protection1 & only   
su* protection1 z !y may aft]w>ds *oose 
to give him4  ,x is especially          
noticeable t ^? p]sons1 :o are s        
impati5t to protect o!r m5 9 _! rights t
 !y _c wait until !y are reque/$ to d s1
 h a some:at invet]ate habit ( kill+ all
 :o d n volunt>ily accept _! protection2
 or d n cons5t to give up to !m all _!  
rights 9 ex*ange = x4  ,if ,a 7 to g to 
,b1 a m]*ant1 & say to him1 ,sir1 ,i am 
a night-wat*man1 & ,i insi/ ^u y\r      

employ+ me z su* 9 protect+ y\r prop]ty 
aga9/ burgl>s2 & to enable me to d s m  
effectually1 ,i insi/ ^u y\r lett+ me   
tie y\r own h&s & feet1 s t y _c int]f]e
 ) me2 & also ^u y\r deliv]+ up to me   
all y\r keys to y\r /ore1 y\r safe1 & to
 all y\r valuables2 & t y au?orize me to
 act solely & fully accord+ to my own w1
 pleasure1 & discretion 9 ! matt]2 & ,i 
dem& /ill fur!r1 t y %all give me an    
absolute gu>anty t y w n hold me to any 
acc\ntability :atev] = any?+ ,i may d1  
or = any?+ t may happ5 to y\r goods :ile
 !y are "u my protection2 & unless y    
comply ) ?is proposal1 ,i w n[ kill y on
 ! spot1--if ,a 7 to say all ?is to ,b1 
,b w\ld naturally conclude t ,a himself 
0 ! mo/ impud5t & dang]\s burgl> t he   
7,b7 _h to fe>2 & t if he 7,b7 wi%$ to  
secure 8 prop]ty aga9/ burgl>s1 8 be/   
way w\ld be to kill ,a 9 ! fir/ place1 &
 !n take 8 *ances aga9/ all su* o!r     
burgl>s z might come aft]w>ds4  ,our    
gov]nm5t con/antly acts ! "p t is "h    
suppos$ to be act$ by ,a4 ,& x is j z   

impud5t a sc\ndrel z ,a is "h suppos$ to
 be4 ,x insi/s t e man %all give up all 
8 rights unres]v$ly into its cu/ody1 &  
!n hold x :olly irresponsible = any     
disposal x may make ( !m4 ,& x gives him
 no alt]native b dea?4  ,if by putt+ a  
bayonet to a man's brea/1 & giv+ him 8  
*oice1 to die1 or be protect$ 9 8       
rights1 x secures 8 cons5t to ! latt]   
alt]native1 x !n proclaims itself a free
 gov]nm5t1--a gov]nm5t re/+ on cons5t6  
,y y\rself describe su* a gov]nm5t z !  
be/ gov]nm5t ev] v\*saf$ to man4  ,c y  
tell me ( "o t is worse 9 pr9ciple8  ,b 
p]haps y w say t ours is n s bad1 9     
pr9ciple1 z ! o!rs1 = ! reason t "h1    
once 9 two1 f\r1 or six ye>s1 ea* male  
adult is p]mitt$ to h "o vote 9 t5      
millions1 9 *oos+ ! public protectors4  
,well1 if y ?9k t t mat]ially alt]s !   
case1 ,i wi% y joy ( y\r rem>kable      
disc]nm5t4                              
,,section ,,ix4  ,sir1 if a gov]nm5t is 
to d equal & exact ju/ice to all m51 x  
mu/ d simply t1 & no?+ m4 ,if x does m  

?an t to any1--t is1 if x gives         
monopolies1 privileges1 exemptions1     
b\nties1 or favors to any1--x c d s only
 by do+ inju/ice to m or less o!rs4 ,x c
 give to "o only :at x takes f o!rs2 = x
 has no?+ ( its own to give to any "o4  
,! be/ t x c d = all1 & ! only hone/ ?+ 
x c d = any1 is simply to secure to ea* 
& e "o 8 own rights1--! rights t nature 
gave him1--8 rights ( p]son1 & 8 rights 
( prop]ty2 leav+ him1 !n1 to pursue 8   
own int]e/s1 & secure 8 own welf>e1 by !
 free & full ex]cise ( 8 own p[]s ( body
 & m9d2 s long z he trespasses ^u !     
equal rights ( no o!r p]son4  ,if he    
desires any favors f any body1 he mu/1  
,i repeat1 dep5d ^u ! volunt>y k9dness (
 su* ( 8 fell[ m5 z may be will+ to     
grant !m4 ,no gov]nm5t c h any "r to    
grant !m2 because no gov]nm5t c h a "r  
to take f "o man any ?+ t is 81 & give x
 to ano!r4  ,if ?is be ! only true idea 
( an hone/ gov]nm5t1 x is pla9 t x c h  
no?+ to d ) m5's int]e/s1 welf>e1 or    
prosp]ity1 z di/+ui%$ f _! rights4 ,be+ 

secur$ 9 _! rights1 ea* & all mu/ take !
 sole *>ge (1 & h ! sole responsibility 
=1 _! own int]e/s1 welf>e1 & prosp]ity4 
,by simply protect+ e man 9 8 rights1 a 
gov]nm5t necess>ily keeps op5 to e "o ! 
wide/ possible field1 t he hone/ly c h1 
= su* indu/ry z he may *oose to foll[4  
,x also insures him ! wide/ possible    
field = obta9+ su* capital z he ne$s = 8
 indu/ry1 & ! wide/ possible m>kets = ! 
products ( 8 labor4 ,) ! possession ( ^!
 rights1 he mu/ be cont5t4  ,no hone/   
gov]nm5t c g into bus9ess ) any         
individuals1 be !y _m1 or few4 ,x _c    
furni% capital to any1 nor prohibit !   
loan+ ( capital to any4 ,x c give to no 
"o any special aid to competition2 nor  
protect any "o f competition4 ,x mu/    
adh]e inflexibly to ! pr9ciple ( entire 
fre$om = all hone/ indu/ry1 & all hone/ 
traffic4 ,x c d to no "o any favor1 nor 
r5d] to any "o any assi/ance1 :i* x     
)holds f ano!r4 ,x mu/ hold ! scales    
imp>tially betwe5 !m2 tak+ no cognizance
 ( any man's int]e/s1 welf>e1 or        

prosp]ity1 o!rwise ?an by simply        
protect+ him 9 8 rights4  ,9 opposition 
to ?is view1 lawmak]s pr(ess to h       
weighty duties laid ^u !m1 to promote   
m5's int]e/s1 welf>e1 & prosp]ity1 z    
di/+ui%$ f _! rights4 ,!y seldom h any  
?+ to say ab\t m5's rights4 ,on !       
contr>y1 !y take x = grant$ t !y are    
*>g$ ) ! duty ( promot+1 sup]9t5d+1     
direct+1 & controll+ ! bus9ess ( !      
c\ntry4 ,9 ! p]=mance ( ?is suppos$     
duty1 all ideas ( individual rights are 
ca/ aside4 ,n kn[+ any way--because !re 
is no way--9 :i* !y c imp>tially promote
 all m5's int]e/s1 welf>e1 & prosp]ity1 
o!rwise ?an by protect+ imp>tially all  
m5's rights1 !y boldly proclaim t       
individual rights mu/ n be p]mitt$ to /&
 9 ! way ( ! public good1 ! public      
welf>e1 & ! bus9ess int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 
,sub/antially all _! lawmak+ proce$s ^u 
?is !ory2 = !re is no o!r !ory1 on :i*  
!y c f9d any ju/ification :atev] = any  
lawmak+ at all4 ,s !y proce$ to give    
monopolies1 privileges1 b\nties1 grants1

 loans1 etc41 etc41 to p>ticul> p]sons1 
or classes ( p]sons2 ju/ify+ !mselves by
 say+ t ^! privileg$ p]sons w give      
employm5t to ! unprivileg$2 & t ?is     
employm5t1 giv5 by ! privileg$ to !     
unprivileg$1 w comp5sate ! latt] = !    
loss ( _! rights4 ,& !y c>ry on _!      
lawmak+ ( ?is k9d to ! greate/ ext5t !y 
?9k is possible1 )\t caus+ rebellion &  
revolution1 on ! "p ( ! injur$ classes4 
,sir1 ,i am sorry to see t y adopt ?is  
lawmak+ !ory to its fulle/ ext5t2 t     
al?\gh1 = once only1 & 9 a doz5 words   
only1--& !n m]ely incid5tally1--y       
describe ! gov]nm5t z a gov]nm5t pl$g$  
to d equal & exact ju/ice to all m51 y  
%[1 ?r\gh\t ! re/ ( y\r address1 t y h  
no ?\ght ( abid+ by t pr9ciple2 t y are 
ei!r utt]ly ignorant1 or utt]ly         
reg>dless1 ( :at t pr9ciple requires (  
y2 t ! gov]nm5t1 s f> z y\r influ5ce    
goes1 is to be giv5 up to ! bus9ess (   
lawmak+1--t is1 to ! bus9ess ( aboli%+  
ju/ice1 & e/abli%+ inju/ice 9 its place2
 t y hold x to be ! prop] duty &        

function ( ! gov]nm5t to be con/antly   
look+ aft] m5's int]e/s1 welf>e1        
prosp]ity1 etc41 etc41 z di/+ui%$ f _!  
rights2 t x mu/ consid] m5's rights z no
 guide to ! promotion ( _! int]e/s2 t x 
mu/ give favors to "s1 & )hold ! same   
favors f o!rs2 t 9 ord] to give ^!      
favors to "s1 x mu/ take f o!rs _!      
rights2 t1 9 reality1 x mu/ traffic 9   
bo? m5's int]e/s & _! rights2 t x mu/   
keep op5 %op1 & sell m5's int]e/s &     
rights to ! highe/ bidd]s2 & t ?is is   
y\r only plan = promot+ ! g5]al welf>e1 
! common int]e/1 etc41 etc4  ,t su* is  
y\r idea ( ! con/itutional duties &     
functions ( ! gov]nm5t1 is %[n by       
diff]5t p>ts ( y\r address3 b m fully1  
p]haps1 by ?is3       ,! l>ge v>iety (  
div]se & compet+ int]e/s subject      to
 f$]al control1 p]si/5tly seek+         
recognition ( _!      claims1 ne$ give u
 no fe> t ! greate/ good ( !            
greate/ numb] w fail to be accompli%$1  
if1 9 !      halls ( national           
legislation1 t _s ( amity & mutual      

concession %all prevail1 9 :i* !        
con/itution _h its      bir?4 ,if ?is   
involves ! surr5d] or po/ponem5t (      
private int]e/s1 & ! ab&onm5t ( local   
advantages1 comp5sation w be f\nd 9 !   
assurance t      ?us ! common int]e/ is 
subs]v$1 & ! g5]al      welf>e advanc$4 
,:at is all ?is b say+ t ! gov]nm5t is n
 at all an in/itution = do+ equal &     
exact ju/ice to all m51 or = ! imp>tial 
protection ( all m5's rights2 b t x is  
its prop] bus9ess to take sides1 = &    
aga9/1 a l>ge v>iety ( div]se & compet+ 
int]e/s2 t x has ?is l>ge v>iety (      
div]se & compet+ int]e/s "u its arbitr>y
 control2 t x c1 at its pleasure1 make  
su* laws z w give success to "s ( !m1 & 
insure ! defeat ( o!rs2 t ^! v>i\s1     
div]se1 & compet+ int]e/s w be p]si/5tly
 seek+ recognition ( _! claims 444 9 !  
halls ( national legislation1--t is1 w  
be p]si/5tly clamor+ = laws to be made 9
 _! favor2 t1 9 fact1 ! halls ( national
 legislation are to be m]e ar5as1 into  
:i* ! gov]nm5t actually invites !       

advocates & repres5tatives ( all !      
selfi% s*emes ( av>ice & ambition t     
unpr9cipl$ m5 c devise2 t ^! s*emes w   
!re be free to compete ) ea* o!r 9 _!   
corrupt (f]s = gov]nm5t favor & support2
 & t x is to be ! prop] & ord9>y bus9ess
 ( ! lawmak]s to li/5 to all ^! s*emes2 
to adopt "s ( !m1 & su/a9 !m ) all !    
money & p[] ( ! gov]nm5t2 & to po/pone1 
ab&on1 oppose1 & defeat all o!rs2 x be+ 
well kn[n1 all ! :ile1 t ! lawmak]s w1  
individually1 favor1 or oppose1 ^! v>i\s
 s*emes1 accord+ to _! own irresponsible
 w1 pleasure1 & discretion1--t is1      
accord+ z !y c bett] s]ve _! own p]sonal
 int]e/s & ambitions by do+ ! "o or !   
o!r4  ,0 a m ?or\gh s*eme ( national    
villa9y ev] inv5t$8  ,sir1 d y n "k t 9 
?is conflict1 betwe5 ^! v>i\s1 div]se1 &
 compet+ int]e/s1 all ideas ( individual
 rights--all ideas ( equal & exact      
ju/ice to all m5--w be ca/ to ! w9ds2 t 
! bolde/1 ! /ronge/1 ! mo/ fraudul5t1 ! 
mo/ rapaci\s1 & ! mo/ corrupt1 m5 w h   
control ( ! gov]nm5t1 & make x a m]e    

in/rum5t = plund]+ ! great body ( ! p8  
,y\r idea ( ! real "* ( ! gov]nm5t is   
pla9ly ?is3 ,! lawmak]s are to assume   
absolute & irresponsible control ( all !
 f9ancial res\rces1 all ! legislative1  
judicial1 & executive p[]s1 ( !         
gov]nm5t1 & employ !m all = ! promotion 
( su* s*emes ( plund] & ambition z !y   
may select f all ^? t may be submitt$ to
 !m = _! approval2 t !y are to keep !   
halls ( national legislation wide op5 = 
! admission ( all p]sons hav+ su* s*emes
 to (f]2 & t !y are to grant monopolies1
 privileges1 loans1 & b\nties to all su*
 ( ^! s*emes z !y c make subs]ve _! own 
individual int]e/s & ambitions1 & reject
 or po/pone all o!rs4 ,& t !re is to be 
no limit to _! op]ations ( ?is k9d1     
except _! fe> ( excit+ rebellion &      
resi/ance on ! "p ( ! plund]$ classes4  
,& y are j fool en\gh to tell u t su* a 
gov]nm5t z ?is may be reli$ on to       
accompli% ! greate/ good to ! greate/   
numb]1 to subs]ve ! common int]e/1 &    
advance ! g5]al welf>e1 if1 only1 9 !   

halls ( national legislation1 t _s (    
amity & mutual concession %all prevail1 
9 :i* ! con/itution _h its bir?4  ,y "h 
assume t ! g5]al welf>e is to dep5d1 n  
^u ! free & untrammell$ ent]prise &     
indu/ry ( ! :ole p1 act+ individually1 &
 ea* enjoy+ & ex]cis+ all 8 natural     
rights2 b :olly or pr9cipally ^u !      
success ( su* p>ticul> s*emes z !       
gov]nm5t may take "u its special        
control4 ,& ?is means t ! g5]al welf>e  
is to dep5d1 :olly or pr9cipally1 ^u su*
 privileges1 monopolies1 loans1 &       
b\nties z ! gov]nm5t may grant to m or  
less ( t l>ge v>iety ( div]se & compet+ 
int]e/s--t is1 s*emes--t may be         
p]si/5tly press$ ^u its att5tion4  ,b z 
y impli$ly ackn[l$ge t ! gov]nm5t _c    
take all ^! int]e/s 7s*emes7 "u its     
control1 & be/[ its favors ^u all alike1
 y conc$e t "s ( !m mu/ be surr5d]$1    
po/pon$1 or ab&on$2 & t1 consequ5tly1 ! 
gov]nm5t _c get on at all1 unless1 9 !  
halls ( national legislation1 t _s (    
amity & mutual concession %all prevail1 

9 :i* ! con/itution _h its bir?4  ,?is  
_s ( amity & mutual concession 9 ! halls
 ( legislation1 y expla9 to mean ?is3 a 
disposition1 on ! "p ( ! lawmak]s       
respectively--^: v>i\s s*emes ( plund]  
_c all be accompli%$1 by reason ( _! be+
 beyond ! f9ancial res\rces ( !         
gov]nm5t1 or ! endurance ( ! p--to      
surr5d] "s ( !m1 po/pone o!rs1 & ab&on  
o!rs1 9 ord] t ! g5]al bus9ess ( robb]y 
may g on to ! greate/ ext5t possible1 & 
t ea* "o ( ! lawmak]s may succe$ ) z _m 
( ! s*emes he is specially intru/$ )1 z 
he c c>ry ?r\gh by means ( su* b>ga9s1 =
 mutual help1 z he may be able to make )
 8 fell[ lawmak]s4  ,su* is ! plan (    
gov]nm5t1 to :i* y say t y consecrate   
y\rself1 & engage y\r e faculty & ef=t4 
,0 a m %ameless av[al ev] made8  ,y _c  
claim to be ignorant ( :at crimes su* a 
gov]nm5t w commit4 ,y h _h abundant     
opportunity to "k--& if y h kept y\r    
eyes op51 y d "k--:at ^! s*emes ( robb]y
 h be5 9 ! pa/2 & f ^! y c judge :at !y 
w be 9 ! future4  ,y "k t "u su* a      

sy/em1 e s5ator &                       
repres5tative--probably )\t an          
exception--w come to ! congress z !     
*ampion ( ! dom9ant sc\ndrelisms ( 8 own
 ,/ate or di/rict2 t he w be elect$     
solely to s]ve ^? int]e/s1 z y call !m2 
t 9 (f]+ himself z a c&idate1 he w      
ann\nce ! robb]y1 or robb]ies1 to :i*   
all 8 ef=ts w be direct$2 t he w call ^!
 robb]ies 8 policy2 or if he be lo/ to  
all dec5cy1 he w call !m 8 pr9ciples2 t 
!y w always be su* z he ?9ks w be/      
subs]ve 8 own int]e/s1 or ambitions2 t  
he w g to ! halls ( national legislation
 ) 8 head full ( plans = mak+ b>ga9s )  
o!r lawmak]s--z corrupt z himself--=    
mutual help 9 c>ry+ _! respective       
s*emes4  ,su* has be5 ! "* ( our        
congresses ne>ly1 or q1 f ! beg9n+4 ,x c
 sc>cely be said t !re has ev] be5 an   
hone/ man 9 "o ( !m4 ,a man has         
sometimes ga9$ a reputation = hone/y1 9 
8 own ,/ate or di/rict1 by oppos+ "s "o 
or m ( ! robb]ies t 7 propos$ by memb]s 
f o!r portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,b su* a man 

has seldom1 or nev]1 des]v$ 8           
reputation2 = he has1 g5]ally1 if n     
always1 be5 ! advocate ( "s "o or m     
s*emes ( robb]y1 by :i* m or less ( 8   
own con/itu5ts 7 to pr(it1 & :i* he knew
 x w\ld be indisp5sable t he %\ld       
advocate1 9 ord] to give him votes at   
home4  ,if !re h ev] be5 any memb]s1 :o 
7 consi/5tly hone/ ?r\gh\t1--:o 7 really
 9 favor ( do+ equal & exact ju/ice to  
all m51--&1 ( c\rse1 no?+ m ?an t to    
any1--_! numb]s h be5 few2 s few z to h 
left no m>k ^u ! g5]al legislation4 ,!y 
h b con/itut$ ! exceptions t prov$ !    
rule4 ,if y 7 n[ requir$ to "n su* a    
lawmak]1 ,i ?9k y w\ld se>* our hi/ory 9
 va9 to f9d him4  ,t ?is is no exagg]at$
 description ( our national lawmak+1 !  
foll[+ facts w prove4  ,= ! fir/ sev5ty 
ye>s ( ! gov]nm5t1 "o portion ( !       
lawmak]s w\ld be satisfi$ ) no?+ less   
?an p]mission to rob "o-six?1 or        
"o-sev5?1 ( ! :ole population1 n only ( 
_! labor1 b ev5 ( _! "r to _! own       
p]sons4 ,9 #ahfj1 ?is class ( lawmak]s  

compris$ all ! s5ators & repres5tatives 
f fifte51 ( ! !n ?irty-?ree1 ,/ates4#c  
#c ,9 ! ,s5ate !y /ood ?irty to         
?irty-six1 9 ! h\se     n9ety to "o     
hundr$ & =ty-sev51 9 ! two bran*es      
unit$ "o hundr$ & tw5ty to "o hundr$ &  
eighty-?ree1     relatively to !        
non-slavehold+ memb]s4      ,f !        
f\ndation ( ! gov]nm5t--)\t a s+le      
int]val1 ,i ?9k--! lawmak]s f !         
slavehold+ ,/ates     _h be51           
relatively1 z /rong1 or /rong]1 ?an 9   
#ahfj4  ,?is body ( lawmak]s1 /&+ always
 firmly toge!r1 & capable ( turn+ !     
scale =1 or aga9/1 any s*eme ( robb]y1 9
 :i* nor!rn m5 7 int]e/$1 b on :i*      
nor!rn m5 7 divid$1--su* z navigation   
acts1 t>iffs1 b\nties1 grants1 w>1      
peace1 etc41--c\ld pur*ase immunity = _!
 own crime1 by support+ su*1 & s _m1    
nor!rn crimes--second only to _! own 9  
atrocity--z c\ld be mutually agre$ on4  
,9 ?is way ! slavehold]s b>ga9$ =1 &    
secur$1 protection = slav]y & ! slave   
trade1 by cons5t+ to su* navigation acts

 z "s ( ! nor!rn ,/ates desir$1 & to su*
 t>iffs on imports--su* z iron1 coal1   
wool1 wooll5 goods1 etc41--z %\ld enable
 ! home produc]s ( simil> articles to   
make =tunes by robb+ ev]ybody else 9 !  
prices ( _! goods4  ,ano!r class (      
lawmak]s h be5 satisfi$ ) no?+ less ?an 
su* a monopoly ( money1 z %\ld enable ! 
hold]s ( x to suppress1 z f> z possible1
 all indu/ry & traffic1 except su* z !y 
!mselves %\ld control2 su* a monopoly ( 
money z w\ld put x :olly out ( ! p[] ( !
 great body ( weal?-produc]s to hire !  
capital ne$$ = _! indu/ries2 & ?us      
compel !m--especially ! me*anical       
portions ( !m--by ! alt]native (        
/>vation--to sell _! labor to !         
monopoli/s ( money1 = j su* prices z ^! 
latt] %\ld *oose to pay4 ,?is monopoly (
 money has also giv51 to ! hold]s ( x1 a
 control1 s ne>ly absolute1 ( all       
indu/ry--agricultural z well z          
me*anical--& all traffic1 z has enabl$  
!m to plund] all ! produc+ classes 9 !  
prices ( _! labor1 or ! products ( _!   

labor4  ,h y be5 bl9d1 all ^! ye>s1 to !
 exi/5ce1 or ! effects1 ( ?is monopoly (
 money8  ,/ill ano!r class ( lawmak]s h 
dem&$ unequal taxation on ! v>i\s k9ds (
 home prop]ty1 t are subject to         
taxation2 su* unequal taxation z w\ld   
?r[ heavy burd5s ^u "s k9ds ( prop]ty1 &
 v light burd5s1 or no burd5s at all1 ^u
 o!r k9ds4  ,& yet ano!r class (        
lawmak]s h dem&$ great appropriations1  
or loans1 ( money1 or grants ( l&s1 to  
ent]prises int5d$ to give great weal? to
 a few1 at ! exp5se ( ev]ybody else4    
,^! are "s ( ! s*emes ( d[nright &      
outright robb]y1 :i* y mildly describe z
 ! l>ge v>iety ( div]se & compet+       
int]e/s1 subject to f$]al control1      
p]si/5tly seek+ recognition ( _! claims 
444 9 ! halls ( national legislation2 & 
ea* hav+ its *ampions & repres5tatives  
among ! lawmak]s4  ,y "k t all1 or v    
ne>ly all1 ! legislation ( congress is  
devot$ to ^! v>i\s s*emes ( robb]y2 & t 
little1 or no1 legislation goes ?r\gh1  
except by means ( su* b>ga9s z ^!       

lawmak]s may ent] into ) ea* o!r1 =     
mutual support ( _! respective robb]ies4
 ,& yet y h ! m5dacity1 or ! /upidity1  
to tell u t s mu* ( ?is legislation z   
does g ?r\gh1 may be reli$ on to        
accompli% ! greate/ good to ! greate/   
numb]1 to subs]ve ! common int]e/1 &    
advance ! g5]al welf>e4  ,& :5 ^! s*emes
 ( robb]y become s num]\s1 atroci\s1 &  
un5durable t !y c no long] be reconcil$ 
9 ! halls ( national legislation1 by    
surr5d]+ "s ( !m1 po/pon+ o!rs1 & ab&on+
 o!rs1 y assume--= su* has be5 !        
prevail+ op9ion1 & y say no?+ to !      
contr>y--t x is ! "r ( ! /ronge/ p>ty1  
or p>ties1 to murd] a half million ( m51
 if t be necess>y1--& z we once did1--n 
to secure lib]ty or ju/ice to any       
body1--b to compel ! weak] ( ^! w\ld-be 
robb]s to submit to all su* robb]ies z !
 /rong] ones may *oose to practise ^u   
!m4                                     
,,section ,x4  ,sir1 y\r idea ( ! true  
"* ( our gov]nm5t is pla9ly ?is3 y      
assume t all ! natural1 inh]5t1         

inali5able1 individual1 human rights (  
fifty millions ( p--all _! individual   
rights to pres]ve _! own lives1 &       
promote _! own happ9ess--h be5 ?r[n into
 "o common heap1--into hot*pot*1 z !    
lawy]s say3 & t ?is hot*pot* has be5    
giv5 into ! h&s ( "s f\r hundr$ *ampion 
robb]s1 ea* ( :om has pl$g$ himself to  
c>ry (f z l>ge a portion ( x z possible1
 to be divid$ among ^? m5--well kn[n to 
himself1 b :o--to save !mselves f all   
responsibility = 8 acts--h secretly 7by 
secret ballot7 appo9t$ him to be _!     
*ampion4  ,sir1 if y _h assum$ t all ! p
 ( ?is c\ntry _h ?r[n all _! weal?1 all 
_! rights1 all _! means ( liv+1 into    
hot*pot*2 & t ?is hot*pot* _h be5 giv5  
ov] to f\r hundr$ f]oci\s h\nds2 & t ea*
 ( ^! h\nds _h be5 select$ & tra9$ to   
br+ to 8 ma/]s s mu* ( ?is common plund]
 z he1 9 ! g5]al fight1 or scramble1    
c\ld get (f )1 y w\ld sc>cely h drawn a 
m vivid picture ( ! true "* ( ! gov]nm5t
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?an y h done 9 y\r  
inaugural address4  ,no wond] t y are   

oblig$ to confess t su* a gov]nm5t c be 
c>ri$ on only amid ! d9 ( p>ty /rife2 t 
x w be influ5c$--y %\ld h said          
direct$--by purely p>tisan zeal2 & t x w
 be att5d$ by ! animosities ( political 
/rife1 ! bitt]ness ( p>tisan defeat1 & !
 exultation ( p>tisan triumph4  ,:at    
gang ( robb]s1 qu>rell+ ov] ! division (
 _! plund]1 c\ld exhibit a m %ameful    
picture ?an y ?us ackn[l$ge to be %[n by
 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8  ,sir1   
no?+ ( all ?is d91 & /rife1 & animosity1
 & bitt]ness1 is caus$ by any attempt1  
on ! "p ( ! gov]nm5t1 to simply d equal 
& exact ju/ice to all m51--to simply    
protect e man imp>tially 9 all 8 natural
 rights to life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty4 ,x  
is all caus$ simply & solely by !       
gov]nm5t's violation ( "s m5's rights1  
to promote o!r m5's int]e/s4 ,if y d n  
"k ?is1 y are m5tally an object ( pity4 
,sir1 m5's rights are always h>moni\s4  
,t is to say1 ea* man's rights are      
always consi/5t & h>moni\s ) ea* & e o!r
 man's rights4 ,b _! int]e/s z y e/imate

 !m1 con/antly cla%2 especially su*     
int]e/s z dep5d on gov]nm5t grants (    
monopolies1 privileges1 loans1 &        
b\nties4 ,& ^! int]e/s1 l ! int]e/s (   
o!r gambl]s1 cla% ) a fury proportion$  
to ! am\nts at /ake4 ,x is ^! cla%+     
int]e/s & n any cla%+ rights t give rise
 to all ! /rife y h "h depict$1 & to all
 ?is necessity = t _s ( amity & mutual  
concession1 :i* y hold to be            
indisp5sable to ! accompli%m5t ( su*    
legislation z y say is necess>y to !    
welf>e ( ! c\ntry4  ,ea* & e man's      
rights be+ consi/5t & h>moni\s ) ea* & e
 o!r man's rights2 & all m5's rights be+
 immutably fix$1 & easily asc]ta9$1 by a
 sci5ce t is op5 to be le>n$ & kn[n by  
all2 a gov]nm5t t does no?+ b equal &   
exact ju/ice to all m5--t simply gives  
to e man 8 own1 & no?+ m to any--has no 
cause & no occasion = any political     
p>ties4 ,:at are ^! political p>ties b  
/&+ armies ( robb]s1 ea* try+ to rob !  
o!r1 & to prev5t be+ itself robb$ by !  
o!r8 ,a gov]nm5t t seeks only to d equal

 & exact ju/ice to all m51 has no cause 
& no occasion to enli/ all ! fight+ m5 9
 ! nation 9 two ho/ile ranks2 to keep !m
 always 9 battle array1 & burn+ ) hatr$ 
t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,x has no cause & no     
occasion = any political w>f>e any      
political ho/ility any political        
campaigns any political conte/s any     
political fights any political defeats  
or any political triumphs4 ,x has no    
cause & no occasion = any ( ^? political
 lead]s s call$1 ^: :ole bus9ess is to  
inv5t new s*emes ( robb]y1 & organize ! 
p into oppos+ b&s ( robb]s2 all = _! own
 aggr&izem5t alone4 ,x has no cause & no
 occasion = ! tol]ation1 or ! exi/5ce1 (
 t vile horde ( political bullies1 &    
sw9dl]s1 & blackgu>ds1 :o enli/ on "o   
side or ! o!r1 & fight = pay2 :o1 ye> 9 
& ye> out1 employ _! lungs & _! ink 9   
spread+ lies among ignorant p1 to excite
 _! hopes ( ga91 or _! fe>s ( loss1 &   
?us obta9 _! votes4 ,9 %ort1 x has no   
cause & no occasion = all ?is d9 ( p>ty 
/rife1 = all ?is purely p>tisan zeal1 = 

all ! bitt]ness ( p>tisan defeat1 = all 
! exultation ( p>tisan triumph1 nor1    
wor/ ( all1 = any ( t _s ( amity &      
mutual concession by :i* y evid5tly mean
 t read9ess1 9 ! halls ( national       
legislation1 to sacrifice "s m5's rights
 to promote o!r m5's int]e/s 9 :i* y say
 ! con/itution _h its bir?4  ,if !      
con/itution does really1 or naturally1  
give rise to all ?is /rife1 & require   
all ?is _s ( amity & mutual             
concession1--& ,i d n c>e n[ to d5y t x 
does1--s mu* ! worse = ! con/itution4 ,&
 s mu* ! worse = all ^? m5 :o1 l        
y\rself1 swe> to pres]ve1 protect1 &    
def5d x4  ,& yet y h ! face to make no  
end ( pr(essions1 or pret5ces1 t !      
impell+ p[]1 ! real motive1 9 all ?is   
robb]y & /rife1 is no?+ else ?an !      
s]vice ( ! p1 _! int]e/s1 ! promotion ( 
_! welf>e1 good gov]nm5t1 gov]nm5t by ! 
p1 ! popul> w1 ! g5]al weal1 !          
a*ievem5ts ( our national de/9y1 !      
b5efits :i* our happy =m ( gov]nm5t c   
be/[1 ! la/+ welf>e ( ! c\ntry1 !       

priceless b5efits ( ! con/itution1 !    
greate/ good to ! greate/ numb]1 !      
common int]e/1 ! g5]al welf>e1 ! p's w1 
! mission ( ! ,am]ican p1 our civil     
policy1 ! g5ius ( our in/itutions1 !    
ne$s ( our p 9 _! home life1 ! settlem5t
 & developm5t ( ! res\rces ( our va/    
t]ritory1 ! prosp]ity ( our republic1 ! 
int]e/s & prosp]ity ( all ! p1 ! safety 
& confid5ce ( bus9ess int]e/s1 mak+ !   
wage ( labor sure & /eady1 a due reg>d  
to ! int]e/s ( capital inve/$ & work+m5 
employ$ 9 ,am]ican indu/ries1 re=m 9 !  
adm9i/ration ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! application
 ( bus9ess pr9ciples to public affairs1 
! con/ant & ev] v>y+ wants ( an active &
 ent]pris+ population1 a firm           
det]m9ation to secure to all ! p ( ! l& 
! full b5efits ( ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t ev]
 v\*saf$ to man1 ! bless+s ( our        
national life1 etc41 etc4  ,sir1 :at is 
! use ( su* a deluge ( unmean+ words1   
unless x be to gloss ov]1 &1 if         
possible1 hide1 ! true "* ( ! acts ( !  
gov]nm5t8  ,su* g5]alities z ^! d n ev5 

glitt]4 ,!y are only ! /ale phrases ( ! 
demagogue1 :o wi%es to appe> to promise 
ev]y?+1 b commits himself to no?+4 ,or  
else !y are ! s5seless talk ( a m]e     
political p>rot1 :o repeats words he has
 be5 taught to utt]1 )\t kn[+ _! mean+4 
,at be/1 !y are ! m]e gibb]i% ( a man   
de/itute ( all political ideas1 b :o    
imag9es t good gov]nm5t1 ! g5]al welf>e1
 ! common int]e/1 ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t   
ev] v\*saf$ to man1 etc41 etc41 mu/ be v
 good ?+s1 if anybody c ev] f9d out :at 
!y are4 ,!re is no?+ def9ite1 no?+ real1
 no?+ tangible1 no?+ hone/1 ab\t !m4    
,yet !y con/itute y\r entire /ock 9     
trade4 ,9 resort+ to !m--9 hold+ !m up  
to public gaze z compris+ y\r political 
cre$--y assume t !y h a mean+2 t !y are 
matt]s ( ov]rul+ importance2 t !y       
require ! action ( an omnipot5t1        
irresponsible1 lawmak+ gov]nm5t2 t all  
^! int]e/s mu/ be repres5t$1 & c be     
secur$1 only 9 ! halls ( national       
legislation2 & by su* political h\nds z 
h be5 select$ & tra9$1 & s5t !re1 solely

 t !y may br+ (f1 to _! respective      
ma/]s1 z mu* z possible ( ! public      
plund] !y hold 9 _! h&s2 t is1 z mu* z  
possible ( ! e>n+s ( all ! hone/        
weal?-produc]s ( ! c\ntry4  ,& :5 ^!    
ma/]s c\nt up ! spoils t _! h\nds h ?us 
br\ght home to !m1 !y set up a          
correspond+ %\t t ! public prosp]ity1 ! 
common int]e/1 & ! g5]al welf>e h be5   
advanc$4 ,& ! sc\ndrels by :om ! "w has 
be5 accompli%$1 9 ! halls ( national    
legislation1 are trumpet$ to ! _w z     
great /atesm54 ,& y are j /upid en\gh to
 be deceiv$ into ! belief1 or j knave   
en\gh to pret5d to be deceiv$ into !    
belief1 t all ?is is really ! tru?4  ,"o
 w\ld inf] f y\r address t y ?9k ! p (  
?is c\ntry incapable ( do+ any?+ =      
!mselves1 individually2 t !y w\ld all   
p]i%1 b = ! employm5t giv5 !m by t l>ge 
v>iety ( div]se & compet+ int]e/s--t is1
 su* purely selfi% s*emes--z may be     
p]si/5tly seek+ recognition ( _! claims 
444 9 ! halls ( national legislation1 & 
secure = !mselves su* monopolies &      

advantages z congress may see fit to    
grant !m4  ,in/ead ( y\r recogniz+ ! "r 
( ea* & e individual to judge (1 &      
provide =1 8 own well-be+1 accord+ to ! 
dictates ( 8 own judgm5t1 & by ! free   
ex]cise ( 8 own p[]s ( body & m9d1--s   
long z he infr+es ! equal rights ( no   
o!r p]son1--y assume t fifty millions ( 
p1 :o nev] saw y1 & nev] w see y1 :o "k 
almo/ no?+ ab\t y1 & c>e v little ab\t  
y1 are all s weak1 ignorant1 & degrad$ z
 to be humbly & besee*+ly look+ to y--& 
to a few m lawmak]s 7s call$7 :om !y    
nev] saw1 & nev] w see1 & ( :om !y "k   
almo/ no?+--to enlight51 direct1 &      
control !m 9 _! daily labors to supply  
_! own wants1 & promote _! own happ9ess6
  ,y ?us assume t ^! fifty millions ( p 
are s debas$1 m5tally & morally1 t !y   
look ^u y & y\r associate lawmak]s z _! 
e>?ly gods1 hold+ _! de/9ies 9 y\r h&s1 
& anxi\sly /udy+ _! welf>e2 in/ead (    
look+ ^u y--z mo/ ( y c]ta9ly ought to  
be look$ ^u--z a m]e cabal ( ignorant1  
selfi%1 ambiti\s1 rapaci\s1 & unpr9cipl$

 m51 :o "k v little1 & c>e to "k v      
little1 except h[ y c get fame1 & p[]1 &
 money1 by trampl+ ^u o!r m5's rights1 &
 robb+ !m ( ! fruits ( _! labor4        
,assum+ y\rself to be ! greate/ ( ^!    
gods1 *>g$ ) ! welf>e ( fifty millions (
 p1 y ent] ^u ! mighty task ) all ! mock
 solemnity1 & ridicul\s gr&iloqu5ce1 ( a
 man ignorant en\gh to imag9e t he is   
really p]=m+ a solemn duty1 & do+ an    
imm5se public s]vice1 in/ead ( simply   
mak+ a fool ( himself4 ,?us y say3      
,fell[ citiz5s3 ,9 ! pres5ce ( ?is va/  
assemblage ( my      c\ntrym51 ,i am    
ab\t to supplem5t & seal1 by ! oa?      
:i* ,i %all take1 ! manife/ation ( ! w (
 a great      & free p4 ,9 ! ex]cise (  
_! p[] & "r (      self-gov]nm5t1 !y h  
committ$ to "o ( _! fell[      citiz5s a
 supreme & sacr$ tru/1 & he "h          
consecrates      himself to _! s]vice4  
,?is impressive c]emony adds little     
to ! solemn s5se ( responsibility ) :i* 
,i contemplate      ! duty ,i owe to all
 ! p ( ! l&4 ,no?+ c      relieve me f  

anxiety le/ by any act ( m9e _!         
int]e/s n _! rights may suff]1 & no?+ is
      ne$$ to /r5g!n my resolution to   
engage e faculty &      ef=t 9 !        
promotion ( _! welf>e4 ,n 9 do+         
equal & exact ju/ice to all m54 ,aft]   
hav+ once      describ$ ! gov]nm5t z "o 
pl$g$ to d equal & exact      ju/ice to 
all m51 y drop t subject entirely1 & w&]
      (f into int]e/s1 & welf>e1 & an   
a/oni%+ numb]      ( o!r equally unmean+
 ?+s4  ,sir1 y w\ld h no occasion to    
take all ?is trem5d\s labor &           
responsibility ^u y\rself1 if y & y\r   
lawmak]s w\ld b keep y\r h&s (f ! rights
 ( y\r c\ntrym54 ,y\r c\ntrym5 w\ld be  
p]fectly compet5t to take c>e ( _! own  
int]e/s1 & provide = _! own welf>e1 if  
_! h&s 7 n ti$1 & _! p[]s crippl$1 by   
su* fett]s z m5 l y & y\r lawmak]s h    
fa/5$ ^u !m4  ,d y "k s little ( y\r    
c\ntrym51 t y ne$ to be told t _! own   
/r5g? & skill mu/ be _! sole reliance = 
_! own well-be+8 ,or t !y are abundantly
 able1 & will+1 & anxi\s above all o!r  

?+s1 to supply _! own ne$s 9 _! home    
life1 & secure _! own welf>e8 ,or t !y  
w\ld d x1 n only )\t j> or friction1 b z
 _! highe/ duty & pleasure1 if _! p[]s 7
 n manacl$ by ! absurd & villa9\s laws y
 propose to execute ^u !m8 ,are y s     
/upid z to imag9e t putt+ *a9s on m5's  
h&s1 & fett]s on _! feet1 &             
insurm\ntable ob/acles 9 _! pa?s1 is !  
way to supply _! ne$s1 & promote _!     
welf>e8 ,d y ?9k y\r c\ntrym5 ne$ to be 
told1 ei!r by y\rself1 or by any su*    
gang ( ignorant or unpr9cipl$ m5 z all  
lawmak]s are1 :at to d1 & :at n to d1 to
 supply _! own ne$s 9 _! home life8 ,d  
!y n "k h[ to gr[ _! own food1 make _!  
own clo?+1 build _! own h\ses1 pr9t _!  
own books1 acquire all ! k1 & create all
 ! weal?1 !y desire1 )\t be+ dom9e]$    
ov]1 & ?w>t$ 9 all _! ef=ts1 by any set 
( ei!r fools or villa9s1 :o may call    
!mselves _! lawmak]s8 ,& d y ?9k !y w   
nev] get _! eyes op5 to see :at         
blockheads1 or impo/ors1 y & y\r        
lawmak]s are8 ,d !y n n[--at lea/ s f> z

 y w p]mit !m to d x--gr[ _! own food1  
build _! own h\ses1 make _! own clo?+1  
pr9t _! own books8 ,d !y n make all !   
sci5tific discov]ies & me*anical        
inv5tions1 by :i* all weal? is creat$8  
,or are all ^! ?+s done by ! gov]nm5t8  
,are y an idiot1 t y c talk z y d1 ab\t 
:at y & y\r lawmak]s are do+ to provide 
= ! real wants1 & promote ! real welf>e1
 ( fifty millions ( p8                  
,,section ,,xi4  ,b p]haps ! mo/        
brilliant idea 9 y\r :ole address1 is   
?is3       ,e citiz5 owes ! c\ntry a    
vigilant wat* & close      scrut9y ( its
 public s]vants1 & a fair & reasonable  
e/imate ( _! fidelity & usefulness4 ,?us
 is ! p's      w impress$ ^u ! :ole     
framework ( our civil policy1           
municipal1 ,/ate1 & f$]al2 & ?is is !   
price ( our      lib]ty1 & ! inspiration
 ( our fai? 9 ! republic4  ,! ess5tial  
p>ts ( ?is decl>ation are ^!3  ,e citiz5
 owes ! c\ntry a vigilant wat* & close  
scrut9y ( its public s]vants1 444 & ?is 
is ! price ( our lib]ty4  ,:o are ^!    

public s]vants1 t ne$ all ?is wat*+8    
,evid5tly !y are ! lawmak]s1 & !        
lawmak]s only4 ,!y are n only ! *ief    
public s]vants1 b !y are absolute ma/]s 
( all ! o!r public s]vants4 ,^! o!r     
public s]vants1 judicial & executive1--!
 c\rts1 ! army1 ! navy1 ! collectors (  
taxes1 etc41 etc41--h no function       
:atev]1 except t ( simple ob$i5ce to !  
lawmak]s4 ,!y are appo9t$1 paid1 & h _! 
duties prescrib$ to !m1 by ! lawmak]s2 &
 are made responsible only to !         
lawmak]s4 ,!y are m]e puppets 9 ! h&s ( 
! lawmak]s4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! lawmak]s are 
! only ones we h any occasion to wat*4  
,y\r decl>ation1 !re=e1 am\nts1         
practically1 to ?is1 & ?is only3  ,e    
citiz5 owes ! c\ntry a vigilant wat* &  
close scrut9y ( ,,its ,,lawmak]s1 444 & 
?is is ! price ( our lib]ty4  ,sir1 y\r 
decl>ation is s f> true1 z t all ! dang]
 to our lib]ty comes solely f !         
lawmak]s4  ,& :y are ! lawmak]s dang]\s 
to our lib]ty8 ,because x is a natural  
impossibility t !y c make any law--t is1

 any law ( _! own inv5tion--t does n    
violate our lib]ty4  ,! law ( ju/ice is 
! "o only law t does n violate our      
lib]ty4 ,& t is n a law t 0 made by !   
lawmak]s4 ,x exi/$ be=e !y 7 born1 & w  
exi/ aft] !y are dead4 ,x d]ives n "o   
p>ticle ( its au?ority f any comm&s (   
!irs4 ,x is1 !re=e1 9 no s5se1 "o ( _!  
laws4 ,only laws ( _! own inv5tion are  
_! laws4 ,& z x is naturally impossible 
t !y c inv5t any law ( _! own1 t %all n 
conflict ) ! law ( ju/ice1 x is         
naturally impossible t !y c make a      
law--t is1 a law ( _! own inv5tion--t   
%all n violate our lib]ty4  ,! law (    
ju/ice is ! precise measure1 & ! only   
precise measure1 ( ! rightful lib]ty (  
ea* & e human be+4 ,any law--made by    
lawmak]s--t %\ld give to any man m      
lib]ty ?an is giv5 him by ! law (       
ju/ice1 w\ld be a lic5se to commit an   
inju/ice ^u "o or m o!r p]sons4 ,on !   
o!r h&1 any law--made by lawmak]s--t    
%\ld take f any human be+ any lib]ty t  
is giv5 him by ! law ( ju/ice1 w\ld be  

tak+ f him a "p ( 8 own rightful lib]ty4
  ,inasmu*1 !n1 z e possible law1 t c be
 made by lawmak]s1 mu/ ei!r give to "s  
"o or m p]sons m lib]ty ?an ! law (     
nature--or ! law ( ju/ice--gives !m1 & m
 lib]ty ?an is consi/5t ) ! natural &   
equal lib]ty ( all o!r p]sons2 or else  
mu/ take f "s "o or m p]sons "s portion 
( t lib]ty :i* ! law ( nature--or ! law 
( ju/ice--gives to e human be+1 x is    
inevitable t e law1 t c be made by      
lawmak]s1 mu/ be a violation ( ! natural
 & rightful lib]ty ( "s "o or m p]sons4 
,!re=e ! v idea ( a lawmak+ gov]nm5t--a 
gov]nm5t t is to make laws ( its own    
inv5tion--is necess>ily 9 direct &      
inevitable conflict ) our lib]ty4 ,9    
fact1 ! :ole1 sole1 & only real purpose 
( any lawmak+ gov]nm5t :atev] is to take
 f "s "o or m p]sons _! lib]ty4         
,consequ5tly ! only way 9 :i* all m5 c  
pres]ve _! lib]ty1 is n to h any lawmak+
 gov]nm5t at all4  ,we h be5 told1 "t   
out ( m9d1 t ,et]nal vigilance is !     
price ( lib]ty4 ,b ?is admonition1 by   

reason ( its indef9it5ess1 has h]et(ore 
fall5 dead ^u ! popul> m9d4 ,x1 9       
reality1 tells u no?+ t we ne$ to "k1 to
 enable u to pres]ve our lib]ty4 ,x does
 n ev5 tell u :at our lib]ty is1 or h[1 
or :51 or ?r\gh :om1 x is endang]$1 or  
de/roy$4  #a4 ,x does n tell u t        
individual lib]ty is ! only human       
lib]ty4 ,x does n tell u t national     
lib]ty1 political lib]ty1 republican    
lib]ty1 democratic lib]ty1 con/itutional
 lib]ty1 lib]ty "u law1 & all ! o!r k9ds
 ( lib]ty t m5 h ev] inv5t$1 & ) :i*    
tyrants1 z well z demagogues1 h amus$ & 
*eat$ ! ignorant1 are n lib]ty at all1  
unless 9 s f> z !y may1 "u c]ta9        
circum/ances1 h *anc$ to contribute     
some?+ to1 or giv5 "s impulse t[>d1     
individual lib]ty4  #b4 ,x does n tell u
 t individual lib]ty means fre$om f all 
compulsion to d any?+ :atev]1 except :at
 ju/ice requires u to d1 & fre$om to d  
ev]y?+ :atev] t ju/ice p]mits u to d4 ,x
 does n tell u t individual lib]ty means
 fre$om f all human re/ra9t or co]cion  

:atsoev]1 s long z we live hone/ly1 hurt
 nobody1 & give to e "o 8 due4  #c4 ,x  
does n tell u t !re is any sci5ce (     
lib]ty2 any sci5ce1 :i* e man may le>n1 
& by :i* e man may "k1 :at is1 & :at is 
n1 8 own1 & e o!r man's1 rightful       
lib]ty4  #d4 ,x does n tell u t ?is "r (
 individual lib]ty re/s ^u an immutable1
 natural pr9ciple1 :i* no human p[] c   
make1 unmake1 or alt]2 nor t all human  
au?ority1 t claims to set x aside1 or   
modify x1 is no?+ b falsehood1          
absurdity1 usurpation1 tyranny1 & crime4
  #e4 ,x does n tell u t ?is "r (       
individual lib]ty is a natural1 inh]5t1 
inali5able "r2 t !re=e no man c "p ) x1 
or delegate x to ano!r1 if he w\ld2 & t1
 consequ5tly1 all ! claims t h ev] be5  
made1 by gov]nm5ts1 prie/s1 or any o!r  
p[]s1 t individuals h volunt>ily        
surr5d]$1 or delegat$1 _! lib]ty to     
o!rs1 are all impo/ures & frauds4  #f4  
,x does n tell u t all human laws1 s    
call$1 & all human lawmak+1--all comm&s1
 ei!r by "o man1 or any numb] ( m51     

call+ !mselves a gov]nm5t1 or by any o!r
 "n--requir+ any individual to d ?is1 or
 =bidd+ him to d t--s long z he lives   
hone/ly1 hurts no "o1 & gives to e "o 8 
due--are all false & tyrannical         
assumptions ( a "r ( au?ority & dom9ion 
ov] him2 are all violations ( 8 natural1
 inh]5t1 inali5able1 rightful1          
individual lib]ty2 &1 z su*1 are to be  
res5t$ & resi/$ to ! utmo/1 by e "o :o  
does n *oose to be a slave4  #g4 ,&1    
f9ally1 x does n tell u t all lawmak+   
gov]nm5ts :atsoev]--:e!r call$ mon>*ies1
 ari/ocracies1 republics1 democracies1  
or by any o!r "n--are all alike         
violations ( m5's natural & rightful    
lib]ty4  ,we c n[ see :y lawmak]s are ! 
only enemies1 f :om our lib]ty has any?+
 to fe>1 or :om we h any occasion to    
wat*4 ,!y are to be wat*$1 because !y   
claim ! "r to aboli% ju/ice1 & e/abli%  
inju/ice 9 its /ead2 because !y claim ! 
"r to comm& u to d ?+s :i* ju/ice does n
 require u to d1 & to =bid u to d ?+s   
:i* ju/ice p]mits u to d2 because !y d5y

 our "r to be1 individually1 &          
absolutely1 our own ma/]s & own]s1 s    
long z we obey ! "o law ( ju/ice t[>ds  
all o!r p]sons2 because !y claim to be  
our ma/]s1 & t _! comm&s1 z su*1 are    
au?oritative & b9d+ ^u u z law2 & t !y  
may rightfully compel u to obey !m4     
,our lib]ty is 9 dang] only f !         
lawmak]s1 because x is only ?r\gh !     
ag5cy ( lawmak]s1 t anybody pret5ds to  
be able to take away our lib]ty4 ,x is  
only ! lawmak]s t claim to be above all 
responsibility = tak+ away our lib]ty4  
,lawmak]s are ! only ones :o are impud5t
 en\gh to ass]t = !mselves ! "r to take 
away our lib]ty4 ,!y are ! only ones :o 
are impud5t en\gh to tell u t we h      
volunt>ily surr5d]$ our lib]ty into _!  
h&s4 ,!y are ! only ones :o h ! insol5t 
condesc5sion to tell u t1 9 consid]ation
 ( our hav+ surr5d]$ into _! h&s our    
lib]ty1 & all our natural1 inh]5t1      
inali5able rights z human be+s1 !y are  
dispos$ to give u1 9 return1 good       
gov]nm5t1 ! be/ =m ( gov]nm5t ev]       

v\*saf$ to man2 to protect u1 to provide
 = our welf>e1 to promote our int]e/s1  
etc41 etc4  ,& yet y are j blockhead    
en\gh to tell u t if ,e citiz5--fifty   
millions & m ( !m--w b keep a vigilant  
wat* & close scrut9y ^u ^! lawmak]s1 our
 lib]ty may be pres]v$6  ,don't y ?9k1  
sir1 t y are really ! wise/ man t ev]   
told a great & free p h[ !y c\ld pres]ve
 _! lib]ty8  ,to be entirely c&id1 don't
 y ?9k1 sir1 t a sur] way ( pres]v+ our 
lib]ty w\ld be to h no lawmak]s at all8 
,,section ,,xii4  ,b1 9 spite ( all ,i h
 said1 or1 p]haps1 c say1 y w probably  
p]si/ 9 y\r idea t ! _w ne$s a great    
deal ( lawmak+2 t mank9d 9 g5]al are n  
entitl$ to h any w1 *oice1 judgm5t1 or  
consci5ce ( _! own2 t1 if n v wick$1 !y 
are at lea/ v ignorant & /upid2 t !y "k 
v little ( :at is = _! own good1 or h[  
to promote _! own int]e/s1 welf>e1 or   
prosp]ity2 t x is !re=e necess>y t !y   
%\ld be put "u gu>dian%ip to lawmak]s2 t
 ^! lawmak]s1 be+ a v sup]ior race (    
be+s1--wise beyond ! re/ ( _!           

species1--& entirely free f all ^?      
selfi% passions :i* tempt common mortals
 to d wrong1--mu/ be intru/$ ) absolute 
& irresponsible dom9ion ov] ! less      
favor$ ( _! k9d2 mu/ prescribe to !     
latt]1 au?oritatively1 :at !y may1 & may
 n1 d2 &1 9 g5]al1 manage ! affairs (   
?is _w accord+ to _! discretion1 free ( 
all acc\ntability to any human          
tribunals4  ,& y seem to be p]fectly    
confid5t t1 "u ?is absolute &           
irresponsible dom9ion ( ! lawmak]s1 !   
affairs ( ?is _w w be rightly manag$2 t 
! int]e/s1 welf>e1 & prosp]ity ( a great
 & free p w be prop]ly att5d$ to2 t !   
greate/ good ( ! greate/ numb] w be     
accompli%$1 etc41 etc4  ,& yet y hold t 
all ?is lawmak+1 & all ?is subjection ( 
! great body ( ! p to ! arbitr>y1       
irresponsible dom9ion ( ! lawmak]s1 w n 
int]f]e at all ) our lib]ty1 if only e  
citiz5 w b keep a vigilant wat* & close 
scrut9y ( ! lawmak]s4  ,well1 p]haps ?is
 is all s2 al?\gh ?is subjection to !   
arbitr>y w ( any man1 or body ( m51     

:atev]1 & "u any pret5ce :atev]1 seems1 
on ! face ( x1 to be mu* m l slav]y1 ?an
 x does l lib]ty4  ,if1 !re=e1 y really 
int5d to cont9ue ?is sy/em ( lawmak+1 x 
seems indisp5sable t y %\ld expla9 to u 
:at y mean by ! t]m our lib]ty4  ,s f> z
 y\r address gives u any light on !     
subject1 y evid5tly mean1 by ! t]m our  
lib]ty1 j su*1 & only su*1 lib]ty1 z !  
lawmak]s may see fit to all[ u to h4  ,y
 seem to h no conception ( any o!r      
lib]ty :atev]4  ,y give u no idea ( any 
o!r lib]ty t we c secure to ourselves1  
ev5 ?\gh e citiz5--fifty millions & m ( 
!m--%all all keep a vigilant wat* &     
close scrut9y ^u ! lawmak]s4  ,n[1      
inasmu* z ! human race always h _h all !
 lib]ty _! lawmak]s h se5 fit to p]mit  
!m to h2 & inasmu* z1 "u y\r sy/em (    
lawmak+1 !y always w h z mu* lib]ty z _!
 lawmak]s %all see fit to give !m2 &    
inasmu* z y app>5tly conc$e ! "r1 :i* ! 
lawmak]s h always claim$1 ( kill+ all ^?
 :o are n cont5t ) s mu* lib]ty z _!    
lawmak]s h se5 fit to all[ !m1--x seems 

v pla9 t y h n add$ any?+ to our /ock ( 
k on ! subject ( our lib]ty4  ,leav+ u  
?us1 z y d1 9 z great d>kness z we ev]  
71 on ?is all-important subject ( our   
lib]ty1 ,i ?9k y ought to submit        
pati5tly to a little que/ion+ on ! "p ( 
^? ( u1 :o feel t all ?is lawmak+--ea* &
 e sep>ate p>ticle ( x--is a violation (
 our lib]ty4  ,w y1 !re=e1 please tell u
 :e!r any1 &1 if any1 h[ mu*1 ( t       
natural lib]ty--( t natural1 inh]5t1    
inali5able1 individual "r to lib]ty--)  
:i* x has g5]ally be5 suppos$ t ,god1 or
 ,nature1 has end[$ e human be+1 w be   
left to u1 if ! lawmak]s are to cont9ue1
 z y w\ld h !m d1 ! ex]cise ( _!        
arbitr>y1 irresponsible dom9ion ov] u8  
,are y prep>$ to answ] t "q8  ,no4 ,y   
appe> to h nev] giv5 a ?\ght to any su* 
"q z t4  ,i w !re=e answ] x = y4  ,& my 
answ] is1 t f ! mom5t x is conc$$ t any 
man1 or body ( m51 :atev]1 "u any       
pret5ce :atev]1 h ! "r to make laws ( _!
 own inv5tion1 & compel o!r m5 to obey  
!m1 e ve/ige ( man's natural & rightful 

lib]ty is d5i$ him4  ,t ?is is s is     
prov$ by ! fact t all a man's natural   
rights /& ^u "o & ! same basis1 viz41 t 
!y are ! gift ( ,god1 or ,nature1 to    
him1 z an individual1 = 8 own uses1 & = 
8 own happ9ess4 ,if any "o ( ^! natural 
rights may be arbitr>ily tak5 f him by  
o!r m51 all ( !m may be tak5 f him on ! 
same reason4 ,no "o ( ^! rights is any m
 sacr$ or inviolable 9 its nature1 ?an  
are all ! o!rs4 ,! d5ial ( any "o ( ^!  
rights is !re=e equival5t to a d5ial (  
all ! o!rs4 ,! violation ( any "o ( ^!  
rights1 by lawmak]s1 is equival5t to !  
ass]tion ( a "r to violate all ( !m4    
,pla9ly1 unless all a man's natural     
rights are inviolable by lawmak]s1 none 
( !m are4 ,x is an absurdity to say t a 
man has any rights ( 8 own1 if o!r m51  
:e!r call+ !mselves a gov]nm5t1 or by   
any o!r "n1 h ! "r to take !m f him1 )\t
 8 cons5t4 ,!re=e ! v idea ( a lawmak+  
gov]nm5t necess>ily implies a d5ial (   
all su* ?+s z individual lib]ty1 or     
individual rights4  ,f ?is /atem5t x    

does n foll[ t e lawmak+ gov]nm5t w1 9  
practice1 take f e man all 8 natural    
rights4 ,x w d z x pleases ab\t x4 ,x w 
take "s1 leav+ him to enjoy o!rs1 j z   
its own pleasure or discretion %all     
dictate at ! "t4 ,x w\ld defeat its own 
ends1 if x 7 wantonly to take away all 8
 natural rights1--z1 = example1 8 "r to 
live1 & to brea!1--= !n he w\ld be dead1
 & ! gov]nm5t c\ld !n get no?+ m out (  
him4 ,! mo/ tyrannical gov]nm5t w1      
!re=e1 if x h any s5se1 leave its       
victims en\gh lib]ty to enable !m to    
provide = _! own subsi/5ce1 to pay _!   
taxes1 & to r5d] su* milit>y or o!r     
s]vice z ! gov]nm5t may h ne$ (4 ,b x w 
d ?is = its own good1 & n = !irs4 ,9    
all[+ !m ?is lib]ty1 x does n at all    
recognize _! "r to x1 b only consults   
its own int]e/s4  ,n[1 sir1 ?is is !    
real "* ( ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
z x is ( all o!r lawmak+ gov]nm5ts4 ,!re
 is n a s+le human "r1 :i* ! gov]nm5t ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates recognises z inviolable4
 ,x tramples ^u any & e individual "r1  

:5ev] its own w1 pleasure1 or discretion
 %all s dictate4 ,x takes m5's prop]ty1 
lib]ty1 & lives :5ev] x c s]ve its own  
purposes by do+ s4  ,all ^! ?+s prove t 
! gov]nm5t does n exi/ at all = !       
protection ( m5's rights2 b t x         
absolutely d5ies to ! p any rights1 or  
any lib]ty1 :atev]1 except su* z x %all 
see fit to p]mit !m to h = ! "t be+4 ,x 
virtually decl>es t x does n itself exi/
 at all = ! good ( ! p1 b t ! p exi/    
solely = ! use ( ! gov]nm5t4  ,all ^!   
?+s prove t ! gov]nm5t is n "o          
volunt>ily e/abli%$ & su/a9$ by ! p1 = !
 protection ( _! natural1 inh]5t1       
individual rights1 b t x is m]ely a     
gov]nm5t ( usurp]s1 robb]s1 & tyrants1  
:o claim to own ! p z _! slaves1 & claim
 ! "r to dispose ( !m1 & _! prop]ty1 at 
_! 7! usurp]s'7 pleasure or discretion4 
,n[1 sir1 s9ce y may be dispos$ to d5y t
 su* is ! real "* ( ! gov]nm5t1 ,i      
propose to prove x1 by evid5ces s num]\s
 & conclusive t y _c dispute !m4  ,my   
proposition1 !n1 is1 t !re is n a s+le  

natural1 human "r1 t ! gov]nm5t ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates recognizes z inviolable2 t
 !re is n a s+le natural1 human "r1 t x 
hesitates to trample "u foot1 :5ev] x   
?9ks x c promote its own int]e/s by do+ 
s4  ,! pro(s ( ?is proposition are s    
num]\s1 t only a few ( ! mo/ important c
 "h be enum]at$4  #a4 ,! gov]nm5t does n
 ev5 recognize a man's natural "r to 8  
own life4 ,if x h ne$ ( him1 = !        
ma9t5ance ( its p[]1 x takes him1 aga9/ 
8 w 7conscripts him71 & puts him be=e ! 
cannon's m\?1 to be bl[n 9 pieces1 z if 
he 7 a m]e s5seless ?+1 hav+ no m rights
 ?an if he 7 a %ell1 a cani/]1 or a     
torp$o4 ,x consid]s him simply z s mu*  
s5seless w> mat]ial1 to be consum$1     
exp5d$1 & de/roy$ = ! ma9t5ance ( its   
p[]4 ,x no m recognizes 8 "r to h any?+ 
to say 9 ! matt]1 ?an if he 7 b s mu*   
weight ( p[d] or ball4 ,x does n        
recognize him at all z a human be+1 hav+
 any rights :atev] ( 8 own1 b only z an 
in/rum5t1 a weapon1 or a ma*9e1 to be   
us$ 9 kill+ o!r m54  #b4 ,! gov]nm5t n  

only d5ies a man's "r1 z a moral human  
be+1 to h any w1 any judgm5t1 or any    
consci5ce ( 8 own1 z to :e!r he himself 
w be kill$ 9 battle1 b x equally d5ies 8
 "r to h any w1 any judgm5t1 or any     
consci5ce ( 8 own1 z a moral human be+1 
z to :e!r he %all be us$ z a m]e weapon 
= kill+ o!r m54 ,if he refuses to kill  
any1 or all1 o!r m51 :om x comm&s him to
 kill1 x takes 8 own life1 z            
unc]emoni\sly z if he 7 b a dog4  ,is x 
possible to conceive ( a m complete     
d5ial ( all a man's natural1 human      
rights1 ?an is ! d5ial ( 8 "r to h any  
w1 judgm5t1 or consci5ce ( 8 own1 ei!r z
 to 8 be+ kill$ himself1 or z to 8 be+  
us$ z a m]e weapon = kill+ o!r m58  #c4 
,b 9 /ill ano!r way1 ?an by its         
conscriptions1 ! gov]nm5t d5ies a man's 
"r to any w1 *oice1 judgm5t1 or         
consci5ce ( 8 own1 9 reg>d ei!r to be+  
kill$ himself1 or us$ z a weapon 9 its  
h&s = kill+ o!r p4  ,if1 9 private life1
 a man ent]s into a p]fectly volunt>y   
agreem5t to "w = ano!r1 at "s innoc5t & 

useful labor1 = a day1 a week1 a mon?1  
or a ye>1 he _c lawfully be compell$ to 
fulfil t contract2 because su*          
compulsion w\ld be an ackn[l$gm5t ( 8 "r
 to sell 8 own lib]ty4 ,& ?is is :at no 
"o c d4  ,?is "r ( p]sonal lib]ty is    
inali5able4 ,no man c sell x1 or transf]
 x to ano!r2 or give to ano!r any "r (  
arbitr>y dom9ion ov] him4 ,all contracts
 = su* a purpose are absurd & void      
contracts1 t no man c rightfully be     
compell$ to fulfil4  ,b :5 a delud$ or  
ignorant "y man has once be5 entic$ into
 a contract to kill o!rs1 & to take 8   
*ances ( be+ kill$ himself1 9 ! s]vice (
 ! gov]nm5t1 = any giv5 numb] ( ye>s1 ! 
gov]nm5t holds t su* a contract to sell 
8 lib]ty1 8 judgm5t1 8 consci5ce1 & 8   
life1 is a valid & b9d+ contract2 & t if
 he fails to fulfil x1 he may rightfully
 be %ot4  ,all ^! ?+s prove t ! gov]nm5t
 recognizes no "r ( ! individual1 to 8  
own life1 or lib]ty1 or to ! ex]cise ( 8
 own w1 judgm5t1 or consci5ce1 9 reg>d  
to 8 kill+ 8 fell[-m51 or to be+ kill$  

himself1 if ! gov]nm5t sees fit to use  
him z m]e w> mat]ial1 9 ma9ta9+ its     
arbitr>y dom9ion ov] o!r human be+s4    
#d4 ,! gov]nm5t recognizes no su* ?+ z  
any natural "r ( prop]ty1 on ! "p (     
individuals4  ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t 
x takes1 = its own uses1 any & e man's  
prop]ty--:5 x pleases1 & z mu* ( x z x  
pleases--)\t obta9+1 or ev5 ask+1 8     
cons5t4  ,?is tak+ ( a man's prop]ty1   
)\t 8 cons5t1 is a d5ial ( 8 "r (       
prop]ty2 = ! "r ( prop]ty is ! "r (     
supreme1 absolute1 & irresponsible      
dom9ion ov] any?+ t is naturally a      
subject ( prop]ty1--t is1 ( own]%ip4 ,x 
is a "r aga9/ all ! _w4 ,& ?is "r (     
prop]ty--?is "r ( supreme1 absolute1 &  
irresponsible dom9ion ov] any?+ t is    
naturally a subject ( own]%ip--is       
subject only to ?is qualification1 viz41
 t ea* man mu/ s use 8 own1 z n to      
injure ano!r4  ,if ,a uses 8 own prop]ty
 s z to injure ! p]son or prop]ty ( ,b1 
8 own prop]ty may rightfully be tak5 to 
any ext5t t is necess>y to make         

rep>ation = ! wrong he has done4  ,?is  
is ! only qualification to :i* ! natural
 "r ( prop]ty is subject4  ,:51 !re=e1 a
 gov]nm5t takes a man's prop]ty1 = its  
own support1 or = its own uses1 )\t 8   
cons5t1 x practically d5ies 8 "r (      
prop]ty altoge!r2 = x practically ass]ts
 t its "r ( dom9ion is sup]ior to 84    
,no man c be said to h any "r ( prop]ty 
at all1 9 any ?+--t is1 any "r (        
supreme1 absolute1 & irresponsible      
dom9ion ov] any ?+--( :i* any o!r m5 may
 rightfully deprive him at _! pleasure4 
,n[1 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9    
ass]t+ its "r to take at pleasure !     
prop]ty ( individuals1 )\t _! cons5t1   
virtually d5ies _! "r ( prop]ty         
altoge!r1 because x ass]ts t its "r (   
dom9ion ov] x1 is sup]ior to !irs4  #e4 
,! gov]nm5t d5ies ! natural "r ( human  
be+s to live on ?is planet4 ,?is x does 
by d5y+ _! natural "r to ^? ?+s t are   
indisp5sable to ! ma9t5ance ( life4 ,x  
says t1 = e ?+ necess>y to ! ma9t5ance (
 life1 !y mu/ h a special p]mit f !     

gov]nm5t2 & t ! gov]nm5t _c be requir$  
to grant !m any o!r means ( liv+ ?an x  
*ooses to grant !m4  ,all ?is is %[n z  
foll[s1 viz43  ,! gov]nm5t d5ies !      
natural "r ( individuals to take        
possession ( wild]ness l&1 & hold &     
cultivate x = _! own subsi/5ce4  ,x     
ass]ts t wild]ness l& is ! prop]ty ( !  
gov]nm5t2 & t individuals h no "r to    
take possession (1 or cultivate1 x1     
unless by special grant ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,&
 if an individual attempts to ex]cise   
?is natural "r1 ! gov]nm5t puni%es him z
 a trespass] & a crim9al4  ,! gov]nm5t  
has no m "r to claim ! own]%ip (        
wild]ness l&s1 ?an x has to claim !     
own]%ip ( ! sun%9e1 ! wat]1 or !        
atmosph]e4 ,& x has no m "r to puni% a  
man = tak+ possession ( wild]ness l&1 & 
cultivat+ x1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! gov]nm5t1 
?an x has to puni% him = brea?+ ! air1  
dr9k+ ! wat]1 or enjoy+ ! sun%9e1 )\t a 
special grant f ! gov]nm5t4  ,9 ?us     
ass]t+ ! gov]nm5t's "r ( prop]ty 9      
wild]ness l&1 & 9 d5y+ m5's "r to take  

possession ( & cultivate x1 except on   
fir/ obta9+ a grant f ! gov]nm5t1--:i*  
grant ! gov]nm5t may )hold if x         
pleases1--! gov]nm5t pla9ly d5ies !     
natural "r ( m5 to live on ?is planet1  
by d5y+ _! natural "r to ! means t are  
indisp5sable to _! procur+ ! food t is  
necess>y = support+ life4  ,9 ass]t+ its
 "r ( arbitr>y dom9ion ov] t natural    
weal? t is indisp5sable to ! support (  
human life1 x ass]ts its "r to )hold t  
weal? f ^? ^: lives are dep5d5t ^u x4 ,9
 ?is way x d5ies ! natural "r ( human   
be+s to live on ! planet4 ,x ass]ts t   
gov]nm5t owns ! planet1 & t m5 h no "r  
to live on x1 except by fir/ gett+ a    
p]mit f ! gov]nm5t4  ,?is d5ial ( m5's  
natural "r to take possession ( &       
cultivate wild]ness l& is n alt]$ at all
 by ! fact t ! gov]nm5t cons5ts to sell 
z mu* l& z x ?9ks x exp$i5t or pr(itable
 to sell2 nor by ! fact t1 9 c]ta9      
cases1 x gives outright c]ta9 l&s to    
c]ta9 p]sons4 ,not)/&+ ^! sales & gifts1
 ! fact rema9s t ! gov]nm5t claims !    

orig9al own]%ip ( ! l&s2 & ?us d5ies !  
natural "r ( individuals to take        
possession ( & cultivate !m4 ,9 d5y+ ?is
 natural "r ( individuals1 x d5ies _!   
natural "r to live on ! e>?2 & ass]ts t 
!y h no o!r "r to life ?an ! gov]nm5t1  
by its own m]e w1 pleasure1 &           
discretion1 may see fit to grant !m4  ,9
 ?us d5y+ man's natural "r to life1 x ( 
c\rse d5ies e o!r natural "r ( human    
be+s2 & ass]ts t !y h no natural "r to  
any?+2 b t1 = all o!r ?+s1 z well z =   
life itself1 !y mu/ dep5d :olly ^u !    
good pleasure & discretion ( ! gov]nm5t4
                                        
,,section ,,xiii4  ,9 /ill ano!r way1 ! 
gov]nm5t d5ies m5's natural "r to life4 
,& t is by d5y+ _! natural "r to make   
any ( ^? contracts ) ea* o!r1 = buy+ &  
sell+1 borr[+ & l5d+1 giv+ & receiv+1   
prop]ty1 :i* are necess>y1 if m5 are to 
exi/ 9 any consid]able numb]s on ! e>?4 
,ev5 ! few savages1 :o contrive to live1
 mo/ly or :olly1 by hunt+1 fi%+1 & ga!r+
 wild fruits1 )\t cultivat+ ! e>?1 &    

almo/ :olly )\t ! use ( tools or ma*9]y1
 are yet1 at times1 necessitat$ to buy &
 sell1 borr[ & l5d1 give & receive1     
articles ( food1 if no o!rs1 z _! only  
means ( pres]v+ _! lives4 ,b1 9 civiliz$
 life1 :]e b a small portion ( m5's     
labor is necess>y = ! production ( food1
 & !y employ !mselves 9 an almo/ inf9ite
 v>iety ( indu/ries1 & 9 ! production ( 
an almo/ inf9ite v>iety ( commodities1 x
 w\ld be impossible = !m to live1 if !y 
7 :olly prohibit$ f buy+ & sell+1 borr[+
 & l5d+1 giv+ & receiv+1 ! products (   
ea* o!r's labor4  ,yet ! gov]nm5t ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates--ei!r act+ sep>ately1 or  
jo9tly ) ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts--has h]et(ore
 con/antly d5i$1 & /ill con/antly d5ies1
 ! natural "r ( ! p1 z individuals1 to  
make _! own contracts1 = su* buy+ &     
sell+1 borr[+ & l5d+1 & giv+ & receiv+1 
su* commodities z !y produce = ea* o!r's
 uses4  ,i repeat t bo? ! national &    
,/ate gov]nm5ts h con/antly d5i$ !      
natural "r ( individuals to make _! own 
contracts4 ,!y h done ?is1 sometimes by 

arbitr>ily =bidd+ !m to make p>ticul>   
contracts1 & sometimes by arbitr>ily    
qualify+ ! obligation ( p>ticul>        
contracts1 :5 ! contracts !mselves 7    
naturally & intr9sically z j & lawful z 
any o!rs t m5 ev] ent] into2 & 71       
consequ5tly1 su* z m5 h z p]fect a      
natural "r to make1 z !y h to make any (
 ^? contracts :i* !y are p]mitt$ to     
make4  ,! laws arbitr>ily prohibit+1 or 
arbitr>ily qualify+1 c]ta9 contracts1 t 
are naturally & intr9sically j & lawful1
 are s num]\s1 & s well kn[n1 t !y ne$ n
 all be enum]at$ "h4 ,b any & all su*   
prohibitions1 or qualifications1 are a  
d5ial ( m5's natural "r to make _! own  
contracts4 ,!y are a d5ial ( m5's "r to 
make any contracts :atev]1 except su* z 
! gov]nm5ts %all see fit to p]mit !m to 
make4  ,x is ! natural "r ( any & all   
human be+s1 :o are m5tally compet5t to  
make reasonable contracts1 to make any &
 e possible contract1 t is naturally &  
intr9sically j & hone/1 = buy+ & sell+1 
borr[+ & l5d+1 giv+ & receiv+1 any & all

 possible commodities1 t are naturally  
v5dible1 loanable1 & transf]able1 & t   
any two or m individuals may1 at any "t1
 )\t =ce or fraud1 *oose to buy & sell1 
borr[ & l5d1 give & receive1 ( & to ea* 
o!r4  ,& x is pla9ly only by !          
untrammell$ ex]cise ( ?is natural "r1 t 
all ! loanable capital1 t is requir$ by 
m5's indu/ries1 c be l5t & borr[$1 or t 
all ! money c be suppli$ = ! pur*ase &  
sale ( t almo/ inf9ite div]sity & am\nt 
( commodities1 t m5 are capable (       
produc+1 & t are to be transf]r$ f ! h&s
 ( ! produc]s to ^? ( ! consum]s4  ,b ! 
gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--& also !    
gov]nm5ts ( ! ,/ates--utt]ly d5y !      
natural "r ( any individuals :atev] to  
make any contracts :atev]1 = buy+ &     
sell+1 borr[+ & l5d+1 giv+ & receiv+1   
any & all su* commodities1 z are        
naturally v5dible1 loanable1 &          
transf]able1 & z ! produc]s & consum]s (
 su* commodities may wi% to buy & sell1 
borr[ & l5d1 give & receive1 ( & to ea* 
o!r4  ,^! gov]nm5ts 7,/ate & national7  

d5y ?is natural "r ( buy+ & sell+1 etc41
 by arbitr>ily prohibit+1 or qualify+1  
all su*1 & s _m1 ( ^! contracts1 z !y   
*oose to prohibit1 or qualify4  ,!      
prohibition1 or qualification1 ( any "o 
( ^! contracts--t are intr9sically j &  
lawful--is a d5ial ( all individual     
natural "r to make any ( !m4 ,= ! "r to 
make any & all ( !m /&s on ! same gr\nds
 ( natural law1 natural ju/ice1 & m5's  
natural rights4 ,if a gov]nm5t has ! "r 
to prohibit1 or qualify1 any "o ( ^!    
contracts1 x has ! same "r to prohibit1 
or qualify1 all ( !m4 ,!re=e ! ass]tion1
 by ! gov]nm5t1 ( a "r to prohibit1 or  
qualify1 any "o ( !m1 is equival5t to a 
d5ial ( all natural "r1 on ! "p (       
individuals1 to make any ( !m4  ,! p[] t
 has be5 ?us usurp$ by gov]nm5ts1 to    
arbitr>ily prohibit or qualify all      
contracts t are naturally & intr9sically
 j & lawful1 has be5 ! great1 p]haps !  
greate/1 ( all ! in/rum5talities1 by    
:i*1 9 ?is1 z 9 o!r c\ntries1 ne>ly all 
! weal?1 accumulat$ by ! labor ( ! _m1  

has be51 & is n[1 transf]r$ into !      
pockets ( ! few4  ,x is by ?is arbitr>y 
p[] ov] contracts1 t ! monopoly ( money 
is su/a9$4 ,few p h any real p]ception (
 ! p[]1 :i* ?is monopoly gives to !     
hold]s ( x1 ov] ! indu/ry & traffic (   
all o!r p]sons4 ,& ! "o only purpose ( !
 monopoly is to enable ! hold]s ( x to  
rob ev]ybody else 9 ! prices ( _! labor1
 & ! products ( _! labor4  ,! !ory1 on  
:i* ! advocates ( ?is monopoly attempt  
to ju/ify x1 is simply ?is3 ,t x is n at
 all necess>y t money %\ld be a bona    
fide equival5t ( ! labor or prop]ty t is
 to be b\ght ) x2 t if ! gov]nm5t w b   
specially lic5se a small am\nt ( money1 
& prohibit all o!r money1 ! hold]s ( !  
lic5s$ money w !n be able to buy ) x !  
labor & prop]ty ( all o!r p]sons = a    
half1 a t5?1 a hundr$?1 a ?\s&?1 or a   
million?1 ( :at su* labor & prop]ty are 
really & truly wor?4  ,david ,a4 ,wells1
 "o ( ! mo/ prom95t--p]haps at ?is "t1 !
 mo/ prom95t--advocate ( ! monopoly1 9  
?is c\ntry1 /ates ! !ory ?us3       ,a  

?ree-c5t piece1 if x c\ld be divid$ into
 a suffici5t      numb] ( pieces1 ) ea* 
piece capable ( be+ h&l$1      w\ld     
und\bt$ly suffice = do+ all ! bus9ess ( 
!      c\ntry 9 ! way ( facilitat+      
ex*anges1 if no o!r      bett]          
in/rum5tality 0 available4--,new ,york  
,h]ald1      ,febru>y #ac1 #ahge4  ,he  
means "h to say1 t a ?ree-c5t piece     
conta9s z mu* real1 true1 & natural     
m>ket value1 z x w\ld be necess>y t all 
! money ( ! c\ntry %\ld h1 if ! gov]nm5t
 w\ld b prohibit all o!r money2 t is1 if
 ! gov]nm5t1 by its arbitr>y legislative
 p[]1 w\ld b make all o!r & bett] money 
unavailable4  ,& ?is is ! !ory1 on :i*  
,john ,locke1 ,david ,hume1 ,adam ,smi?1
 ,david ,ric>do1 ,j4 ,r4 ,mc,culloch1 & 
,john ,/u>t ,mill1 9 ,engl&1 & ,amasa   
,walk]1 ,*>les ,h4 ,c>roll1 ,hugh       
,mc,culloch1 9 ?is c\ntry1 & all ! o!r  
conspicu\s advocates ( ! monopoly1 bo? 9
 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,engl&1 h attempt$ to   
ju/ify x4 ,!y h all held t x 0 n        
necess>y t money %\ld be a bona fide    

equival5t ( ! labor or prop]ty to be    
b\ght ) x2 b t1 by ! prohibition ( all  
o!r money1 ! hold]s ( a comp>atively    
wor?less am\nt ( lic5s$ money w\ld be   
enabl$ to buy1 at _! own prices1 ! labor
 & prop]ty ( all o!r m54  ,& ?is is !   
!ory on :i* ! gov]nm5ts ( ,engl& & !    
,unit$ ,/ates h always1 ) immat]ial     
exceptions1 act$1 9 prohibit+ all b su* 
small am\nts ( money z !y 7! gov]nm5ts7 
%\ld specially lic5se4 ,& x is ! !ory ^u
 :i* !y act n[4 ,& x is s manife/ly a   
!ory ( pure robb]y1 t sc>ce a ^w c be   
necess>y to make x m evid5tly s ?an x n[
 is4  ,b inasmu* z y\r m9d seems to be  
fill$ ) ! wilde/ visions ( ! excell5cy (
 ?is gov]nm5t1 & to be /rangely ignorant
 ( its wrongs2 & inasmu* z ?is monopoly 
( money is1 9 its practical op]ation1 "o
 ( ! greate/--possibly ! greate/--( all 
^! wrongs1 & ! "o t is mo/ reli$ ^u =   
robb+ ! great body ( ! p1 & keep+ !m 9  
pov]ty & s]vitude1 x is pla9ly important
 t y %\ld h y\r eyes op5$ on ! subject4 
,i !re=e submit1 = y\r consid]ation1 !  

foll[+ self-evid5t propositions3  #a4 ,t
 to make all traffic j & equal1 x is    
indisp5sable t1 9 ea* sep>ate pur*ase & 
sale1 ! money paid %\ld be a bona fide  
equival5t ( ! labor or prop]ty b\ght )  
x4  ,d>e y1 or any o!r man1 ( common    
s5se & common hone/y1 dispute ! tru? ( t
 proposition8 ,if n1 let u consid] t    
pr9ciple e/abli%$4 ,x w !n s]ve z "o ( !
 necess>y & infallible guides to ! true 
settlem5t ( all ! o!r que/ions t rema9  
to be settl$4  #b4 ,t s long z no =ce or
 fraud is practis$ by ei!r p>ty1 !      
p>ties !mselves1 to ea* sep>ate         
contract1 h ! sole1 absolute1 &         
unqualifi$ "r to decide = !mselves1 :at 
money1 & h[ mu* ( x1 %all be consid]$ a 
bona fide equival5t ( ! labor or prop]ty
 t is to be ex*ang$ = x4 ,all ?is is    
necess>ily impli$ 9 ! natural "r ( m5 to
 make _! own contracts1 = buy+ & sell+  
_! respective commodities4  ,w y dispute
 ! tru? ( t proposition8  #c4 ,t any "o 
man1 :o has an hone/ doll>1 ( any k9d   
:atsoev]1 has z p]fect a "r1 z any o!r  

man c h1 to (f] x 9 ! m>ket1 9          
competition ) any & all o!r doll>s1 9   
ex*ange = su* labor or prop]ty z may be 
9 ! m>ket = sale4  ,w y dispute ! tru? (
 t proposition8  #d4 ,t :]e no fraud is 
practis$1 e p]son1 :o is m5tally        
compet5t to make reasonable contracts1  
mu/ be presum$ to be z compet5t to judge
 ( ! value ( ! money t is (f]$ 9 !      
m>ket1 z he is to judge ( ! value ( all 
! o!r commodities t are b\ght & sold =  
money4  ,w y dispute ! tru? ( t         
proposition8  #e4 ,t ! free & op5 m>ket1
 9 :i* all hone/ money & all hone/      
commodities are free to be giv5 &       
receiv$ 9 ex*ange = ea* o!r1 is ! true1 
f9al1 absolute1 & only te/ ( ! true &   
natural m>ket value ( all money1 z ( all
 ! o!r commodities t are b\ght & sold = 
money4  ,w y dispute ! tru? ( t         
proposition8  #f4 ,t any prohibition1 by
 a gov]nm5t1 ( any su* k9d or am\nt (   
money--provid$ x be hone/ 9 itself--z ! 
p>ties to contracts may volunt>ily agree
 to give & receive 9 ex*ange = labor or 

prop]ty1 is a palpable violation ( _!   
natural "r to make _! own contracts1 &  
to buy & sell _! labor & prop]ty on su* 
t]ms z !y may f9d to be necess>y = !    
supply ( _! wants1 or may ?9k mo/       
b5eficial to _! int]e/s4  ,w y dispute !
 tru? ( t proposition8  #g4 ,t any      
gov]nm5t1 t lic5ses a small am\nt ( an  
article ( su* univ]sal necessity z      
money1 & t gives ! control ( x into a   
few h&s1 select$ by itself1 & !n        
prohibits any & all o!r money--t is     
intr9sically hone/ & valuable--palpably 
violates all o!r m5's natural "r to make
 _! own contracts1 & infallibly proves  
its purpose to be to enable ! few hold]s
 ( ! lic5s$ money to rob all o!r p]sons 
9 ! prices ( _! labor & prop]ty4  ,w y  
dispute ! tru? ( t proposition8  ,are n 
all ^! propositions s self-evid5t1 or s 
easily demon/rat$1 t !y _c1 ) any       
reason1 be disput$8  ,if y feel compet5t
 to %[ ! falsehood ( any "o ( !m1 ,i    
hope y w attempt ! task4                
,,section ,,xiv4  ,if1 n[1 y wi% to =m  

"s rational op9ion ( ! ext5t ( ! robb]y 
practis$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 by ! hold]s ( ?is
 monopoly ( money1 y h only to look at !
 foll[+ facts4  ,!re are1 9 ?is c\ntry1 
,i ?9k1 at lea/ tw5ty-five millions (   
p]sons1 male & female1 sixte5 ye>s old1 
& upw>ds1 m5tally & physically capable (
 runn+ ma*9]y1 produc+ weal?1 & supply+ 
_! own ne$s = an indep5d5t & com=table  
subsi/5ce4  ,to make _! indu/ry mo/     
effective1 & to enable !m1 individually1
 to put into _! own pockets z l>ge a    
portion z possible ( _! own e>n+s1 !y   
ne$1 on an av]age1 "o ?\s& doll>s ea* ( 
money capital4 ,"s ne$ "o1 two1 ?ree1 or
 five hundr$ doll>s1 o!rs "o1 two1 ?ree1
 or five ?\s&4 ,^! p]sons1 !n1 ne$1 9 ! 
aggregate1 tw5ty-five ?\s& millions (   
doll>s 7#be1jjj1jjj1jjj71 ( money       
capital4  ,!y ne$ all ?is money capital 
to enable !m to buy ! raw mat]ials ^u   
:i* to be/[ _! labor1 ! implem5ts &     
ma*9]y ) :i* to labor1 & _! means (     
subsi/5ce :ile produc+ _! goods = !     
m>ket4  ,unless !y c get ?is capital1 !y

 mu/ all ei!r "w at a disadvantage1 or n
 "w at all4 ,a v l>ge portion ( !m1 to  
save !mselves f />vation1 h no          
alt]native b to sell _! labor to o!rs1  
at j su* prices ^! o!rs *oose to pay4 ,&
 ^! o!rs *oose to pay only su* prices z 
are f> bel[ :at ! labor]s c\ld produce1 
if !y !mselves _h ! necess>y capital to 
"w )4  ,b ?is ne$$ capital y\r lawmak]s 
arbitr>ily =bid !m to h2 & = no o!r     
reason ?an to r$uce !m to ! condition ( 
s]vants2 & subject !m to all su*        
extortions z _! employ]s--! hold]s ( !  
privileg$ money--may *oose to practise  
^u !m4  ,if1 n[1 y ask me :]e ^!        
tw5ty-five ?\s& millions ( doll>s (     
money capital1 :i* ^! labor]s ne$1 are  
to come f1 ,i answ]3  ,!oretically1 !re 
are1 9 ?is c\ntry1 fifty ?\s& millions (
 doll>s ( money capital                 
7#ej1jjj1jjj1jjj7--or twice z mu* z ,i h
 suppos$ ^! labor]s to ne$--,,n[ ,,ly+  
,,idle6 ,& x is ly+ idle1 solely because
 ! circulation ( x1 z money1 is         
prohibit$ by ! lawmak]s4  ,if y ask h[  

?is c be1 ,i w tell y4  ,!oretically1 e 
doll>'s wor? ( mat]ial prop]ty1 t is    
capable ( be+ tak5 by law1 & appli$ to !
 paym5t ( ! own]'s debts1 is capable (  
be+ repres5t$ by a promissory note1 t   
%all circulate z money4  ,b tak+ all ?is
 mat]ial prop]ty at only half its actual
 value1 x is /ill capable ( supply+ !   
tw5ty-five ?\s& millions ( doll>s--or "o
 ?\s& doll>s ea*--:i* ^! labor]s ne$4   
,n[1 we "k--because exp]i5ce has taught 
u--t solv5t promissory notes1 made      
payable 9 co9 on dem&1 are ! be/ money t
 mank9d h ev] _h2 7al?\gh probably n !  
be/ !y ev] w h74  ,to make a note       
solv5t1 & suitable = circulation z      
money1 x is only necess>y t x %\ld be   
made payable 9 co9 on dem&1 & be issu$  
by a p]son1 or p]sons1 :o are kn[n to h 
9 _! h&s abundant mat]ial prop]ty1 t c  
be tak5 by law1 & appli$ to ! paym5t ( !
 note1 ) all co/s & damages = non-paym5t
 on dem&4  ,!oretically1 ,i repeat1 all 
! mat]ial prop]ty 9 ! c\ntry1 t c be    
tak5 by law1 & appli$ to ! paym5t ( debt

 c be us$ z bank+ capital2 & be         
repres5t$ by promissory notes1 made     
payable 9 co9 on dem&4 ,&1 practically1 
s mu* ( x c be us$ z bank+ capital z may
 be requir$ = supply+ all ! notes t c be
 kept 9 circulation z money4  ,al?\gh ^!
 notes are made legally payable 9 co9 on
 dem&1 x is seldom t su* paym5t is      
dem&$1 if only x be publicly kn[n t !   
notes are solv5t3 t is1 if x be publicly
 kn[n t !y are issu$ by p]sons :o h s   
mu* mat]ial prop]ty1 t c be tak5 by law1
 & sold1 z may be necess>y to br+ ! co9 
t is ne$$ to pay ! notes4 ,9 su* cases1 
! notes are pref]r$ to ! co91 because !y
 are s mu* m safe & conv5i5t = h&l+1    
c\nt+1 & transportation1 ?an is ! co92 &
 also because we c h s _m times m ( !m4 
,^! notes are also a legal t5d]1 to !   
banks t issue !m1 9 paym5t ( ! notes    
disc\nt$2 t is1 9 paym5t ( ! notes giv5 
by ! borr[]s to ! banks4 ,&1 9 ! ord9>y 
c\rse ( ?+s1 all ! notes1 issu$ by !    
banks = circulation1 are want$1 & come  
back to ! banks1 9 paym5t ( ! notes     

disc\nt$2 ?us sav+ all necessity =      
r$eem+ !m ) co91 except 9 r>e cases4 ,= 
meet+ ^! r>e cases1 ! banks f9d x       
necess>y to keep on h& small am\nts (   
co92 probably n m ?an "o p] c5t4 ( !    
am\nt ( notes 9 circulation4  ,z ! notes
 disc\nt$ h usually b a %ort "t to      
run1--say ?ree mon?s on an av]age1--!   
bank notes issu$ = circulation w all    
come back1 on an av]age1 once 9 ?ree    
mon?s1 & be r$eem$ by ! bank]s1 by be+  
accept$ 9 paym5t ( ! notes disc\nt$4    
,!n ! bank notes w be re-issu$1 by      
disc\nt+ new notes1 & w g into          
circulation aga92 to be aga9 br\ght     
back1 at ! end ( ano!r ?ree mon?s1 &    
r$eem$1 by be+ accept$ 9 paym5t ( ! new 
notes disc\nt$4  ,9 ?is way ! bank notes
 w be cont9ually re-issu$1 & r$eem$1 9 !
 greate/ am\nts t c be kept 9           
circulation long en\gh to e>n su* an    
am\nt ( int]e/ z w make x an object = ! 
bank]s to issue !m4  ,ea* ( ^! notes1   
issu$ = circulation1 if kn[n to be      
solv5t1 w always h ! same value 9 !     

m>ket1 z ! same nom9al am\nt ( co94 ,&  
?is value is a j "o1 because ! notes are
 9 ! nature ( a li51 or mortgage1 ^u s  
mu* prop]ty ( ! bank]s z is necess>y to 
pay ! notes1 & z c be tak5 by law1 &    
sold1 & ! proce$s appli$ to _! paym5t4  
,!re is no dang] t any m ( ^! notes w be
 issu$ ?an w be want$ = buy+ & sell+    
prop]ty at its true & natural m>ket     
value1 relatively to co92 = z ! notes   
are all made legally payable 9 co9 on   
dem&1 if !y %\ld ev] fall bel[ ! value (
 co9 9 ! m>ket1 ! hold]s ( !m w at once 
return !m to ! banks1 & dem& co9 = !m2 &
 ?us take !m out ( circulation4  ,!     
bank]s1 !re=e1 h no motive = issu+ m (  
!m ?an w rema9 long en\gh 9 circulation1
 to e>n s mu* int]e/ z w make x an      
object to issue !m2 ! only motive =     
issu+ !m be+ to draw int]e/ on !m :ile  
!y are 9 circulation4  ,! bank]s readily
 f9d h[ _m are want$ = circulation1 by !
 "t ^? issu$ rema9 9 circulation1 be=e  
com+ back = r$emption4 ,if !y come back 
imm$iately1 or v quickly1 aft] be+      

issu$1 ! bank]s "k t !y h ov]-issu$1 & t
 !y mu/ !re=e pay 9 co9--to _!          
inconv5i5ce & p]haps loss--notes t w\ld 
o!rwise h rema9$ 9 circulation long     
en\gh to e>n s mu* int]e/ z w\ld h paid 
= issu+ !m2 & w\ld !n h come back to !m 
9 paym5t ( notes disc\nt$1 in/ead ( com+
 back on a dem& = r$emption 9 co94  ,n[1
 ! be/ ( all possible bank+ capital is  
real e/ate4 ,x is ! be/1 because x is   
visible1 immovable1 & inde/ructible4 ,x 
_c1 l co91 be remov$1 conceal$1 or c>ri$
 out ( ! c\ntry4 ,& its aggregate value1
 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 is probably a 
hundr$ times great] ?an ! am\nt ( co9 9 
circulation4 ,x is !re=e capable (      
furni%+ a hundr$ times z mu* money z we 
c h 9 co94  ,! own]s ( ?is real e/ate h 
! greate/ inducem5ts to use x z bank+   
capital1 because all ! bank+ pr(it1 ov] 
& above exp5ses1 is a cle> pr(it2       
inasmu* z ! use ( ! real e/ate z bank+  
capital does n int]f]e at all ) its use 
= o!r purposes4  ,f>m]s h a d\ble1 & mu*
 m ?an a d\ble1 inducem5t to use _! l&s 

z bank+ capital2 because !y n only get a
 direct pr(it f ! loan ( _! notes1 b1 by
 loan+ !m1 !y furni% ! necess>y capital 
= ! greate/ v>iety ( manufactur+        
purposes4 ,!y ?us induce a mu* l>g]     
portion ( ! p1 ?an o!rwise w\ld1 to     
leave agriculture1 & engage 9 me*anical 
employm5ts2 & ?us become pur*as]s1      
in/ead ( produc]s1 ( agricultural       
commodities4 ,!y ?us get mu* high]      
prices = _! agricultural products1 &    
also a mu* great] v>iety & am\nt (      
manufactur$ commodities 9 ex*ange4  ,!  
am\nt ( money1 capable ( be+ furni%$ by 
?is sy/em1 is s great t e man1 woman1 & 
*ild1 :o is wor?y ( cr$it1 c\ld get x1 &
 d bus9ess = himself1 or h]self--ei!r   
s+ly1 or 9 p>tn]%ips--& be "u no        
necessity to act z a s]vant1 or sell 8  
or h] labor to o!rs4 ,all ! great       
e/abli%m5ts1 ( e k9d1 n[ 9 ! h&s ( a few
 proprietors1 b employ+ a great numb] ( 
wage labor]s1 w\ld be brok5 up2 = few1  
or no p]sons1 :o c\ld hire capital1 & d 
bus9ess = !mselves1 w\ld cons5t to labor

 = wages = ano!r4  ,! cr$it furni%$ by  
?is sy/em w\ld always be /able2 = !     
sy/em is probably capable ( furni%+1 at 
all times1 all ! cr$it1 & all ! money1 t
 c be ne$$4 ,x w\ld also introduce a    
sub/antially univ]sal sy/em ( ca%       
paym5ts4 ,ev]ybody1 :o c\ld get cr$it at
 all1 w\ld be able to get x at a bank1 9
 money4 ,) ! money1 he w\ld buy ev]y?+  
he ne$$ = ca%4 ,he w\ld also sell ev]y?+
 = ca%2 = :5 ev]ybody buys = ca%1       
ev]ybody sells = ca%2 s9ce buy+ = ca%1 &
 sell+ = ca%1 are necess>ily "o & ! same
 ?+4  ,we %\ld1 !re=e1 nev] h ano!r     
crisis1 panic1 revulsion ( cr$it1       
/agnation ( indu/ry1 or fall ( prices2 =
 ^! are all caus$ by ! lack ( money1 & !
 consequ5t necessity ( buy+ & sell+ on  
cr$it2 :]eby ! am\nt ( indebt$ness      
becomes s great1 s enorm\s1 9 fact1 9   
proportion to ! am\nt ( money extant1 ) 
:i* to meet x1 t ! :ole sy/em ( cr$it   
breaks d[n2 to ! ru9 ( ev]ybody1 except 
! few hold]s ( ! monopoly ( money1 :o   
reap a h>ve/ 9 ! fall ( prices1 & !     

consequ5t bankruptcy ( ev]ybody :o is   
dep5d5t on cr$it = 8 means ( do+        
bus9ess4  ,x w\ld be inadmissible = me1 
9 ?is lett]1 to occupy ! space t w\ld be
 necess>y1 to expose all ! false1       
absurd1 & ridicul\s pret5ces1 by :i* !  
advocates ( ! monopoly ( money h        
attempt$ to ju/ify x4 ,! only real      
argum5t !y ev] employ$ has be5 t1 by    
means ( ! monopoly1 ! few hold]s ( x 7  
enabl$ to rob ev]ybody else 9 ! prices (
 _! labor & prop]ty4  ,& our gov]nm5ts1 
,/ate & national1 h hi!rto act$ toge!r 9
 ma9ta9+ ?is monopoly1 9 flagrant       
violation ( m5's natural "r to make _!  
own contracts1 & 9 flagrant violation ( 
! self-evid5t tru?1 t1 to make all      
traffic j & equal1 x is indisp5sable t !
 money paid %\ld be1 9 all cases1 a bona
 fide equival5t ( ! labor or prop]ty t  
is b\ght ) x4  ,! hold]s ( ?is monopoly 
n[ rule & rob ?is nation2 & ! gov]nm5t1 
9 all its bran*es1 is simply _! tool4 ,&
 be+ _! tool = ?is gigantic robb]y1 x is
 equally _! tool = all ! less] robb]ies1

 to :i* x is suppos$ t ! p at l>ge c be 
made to submit4                         
,,section ,,xv4  ,b al?\gh ! monopoly ( 
money is "o ( ! mo/ gl>+ violations (   
m5's natural "r to make _! own          
contracts1 & "o ( ! mo/                 
effective--p]haps ! mo/ effective--=    
enabl+ a few m5 to rob ev]ybody else1 & 
= keep+ ! great body ( ! p 9 pov]ty &   
s]vitude1 x is n ! only "o t our        
gov]nm5t practises1 nor ! only "o t has 
! same robb]y 9 view4  ,! s-call$ taxes 
or duties1 :i* ! gov]nm5t levies ^u     
imports1 are a practical violation bo? (
 m5's natural "r ( prop]ty1 & ( _!      
natural "r to make _! own contracts4  ,a
 man has ! same natural "r to traffic ) 
ano!r1 :o lives on ! opposite side ( !  
globe1 z he has to traffic ) 8 next-door
 neighbor4 ,& any ob/ruction1 price1 or 
p5alty1 int]pos$ by ! gov]nm5t1 to !    
ex]cise ( t "r1 is a practical violation
 ( ! "r itself4  ,! t51 tw5ty1 or fifty 
p] c5t4 ( a man's prop]ty1 :i* is tak5 f
 him1 = ! reason t he pur*as$ x 9 a     

=eign c\ntry1 mu/ be consid]$ ei!r z !  
price he is requir$ to pay = ! privilege
 ( buy+ prop]ty 9 t c\ntry1 or else z a 
p5alty = hav+ ex]cis$ 8 natural "r (    
buy+ x 9 t c\ntry4 ,:e!r x be consid]$ z
 a price paid = a privilege1 or a p5alty
 = hav+ ex]cis$ a natural "r1 x is a    
violation bo? ( 8 natural "r ( prop]ty1 
& ( 8 natural "r to make a contract 9 t 
c\ntry4  ,9 %ort1 x is no?+ b d[nright  
robb]y4  ,& :5 a man seeks to avoid ?is 
robb]y1 by evad+ ! gov]nm5t robb]s :o   
are ly+ 9 wait = him1--t is1 ! s-call$  
rev5ue (fic]s1--:om he has z p]fect a "r
 to evade1 z he has to evade any o!r    
robb]s1 :o may be ly+ 9 wait = him1--!  
seizure ( 8 :ole prop]ty1--in/ead ( !   
t51 tw5ty1 or fifty p] c5t4 t w\ld      
o!rwise h be5 tak5 f him1--is n m]ely   
add+ s mu* to ! robb]y itself1 b is add+
 insult to ! robb]y4 ,x is puni%+ a man 
z a crim9al1 = simply try+ to save 8    
prop]ty f robb]s4  ,b x w be said t ^!  
taxes or duties are laid to raise rev5ue
 = ! support ( ! gov]nm5t4  ,be x s1 = !

 sake ( ! argum5t4 ,all taxes1 levi$ ^u 
a man's prop]ty = ! support ( gov]nm5t1 
)\t 8 cons5t1 are m]e robb]y2 a         
violation ( 8 natural "r ( prop]ty4 ,&  
:5 a gov]nm5t takes t51 tw5ty1 or fifty 
p] c5t4 ( a man's prop]ty1 = ! reason t 
he b\ght x 9 a =eign c\ntry1 su* tak+ is
 z mu* a violation ( 8 natural "r (     
prop]ty1 or ( 8 natural "r to pur*ase   
prop]ty1 z is ! tak+ ( prop]ty :i* he   
has himself produc$1 or :i* he has b\ght
 9 8 own village4  ,a man's natural "r (
 prop]ty1 9 a commodity he has b\ght 9 a
 =eign c\ntry1 is intr9sically z sacr$ &
 inviolable z x is 9 a commodity produc$
 at home4 ,! =eign commodity is b\ght ) 
! commodity produc$ at home2 & !re=e /&s
 on ! same foot+ z ! commodity produc$  
at home4 ,& x is a pla9 violation ( "o's
 "r1 = a gov]nm5t to make any di/9ction 
betwe5 !m4  ,gov]nm5t assumes to exi/ = 
! imp>tial protection ( all rights (    
prop]ty4 ,if x really exi/s = t purpose1
 x is pla9ly b\nd to make ea* k9d (     
prop]ty pay its prop] proportion1 & only

 its prop] proportion1 ( ! co/ (        
protect+ all k9ds4 ,to levy ^u a few    
k9ds ! co/ ( protect+ all1 is a nak$    
robb]y ( ! hold]s ( ^? few k9ds1 = !    
b5efit ( ! hold]s ( all o!r k9ds4  ,b ! 
pret5ce t heavy taxes are levi$ ^u      
imports1 solely1 or ma9ly1 = ! support (
 gov]nm5t1 :ile light taxes1 or no taxes
 at all1 are levi$ ^u prop]ty at home1  
is an utt]ly false pret5ce4 ,!y are     
levi$ ^u ! import$ commodity1 ma9ly1 if 
n solely1 = ! purpose ( enabl+ !        
produc]s ( compet+ home commodities to  
extort f consum]s a high] price ?an !   
home commodities w\ld br+ 9 free & op5  
m>ket4 ,& ?is additional price is %e]   
robb]y1 & is kn[n to be s4 ,& ! am\nt ( 
?is robb]y--:i* goes into ! pockets ( ! 
home produc]s--is five1 t51 tw5ty1 or   
fifty times great] ?an ! am\nt t goes   
into ! treasury1 = ! support ( !        
gov]nm5t1 accord+ z ! am\nt ( ! home    
commodities is five1 t51 tw5ty1 or fifty
 times great] ?an ! am\nt ( ! import$   
compet+ commodities4  ,?us ! am\nts t g 

to ! support ( ! gov]nm5t1 & also !     
am\nts t g into ! pockets ( ! home      
produc]s1 9 ! high] prices !y get = _!  
goods1 are all %e] robb]ies2 & no?+     
else4  ,b x w be said t ! heavy taxes   
are levi$ ^u ! =eign commodity1 n to put
 great weal? into a few pockets1 b to   
protect ! home labor] aga9/ !           
competition ( ! paup] labor ( o!r       
c\ntries4  ,?is is ! great argum5t t is 
reli$ on to ju/ify ! robb]y4  ,?is      
argum5t mu/ h orig9at$ ) ! employ]s (   
home labor1 & n ) ! home labor]s        
!mselves4  ,! home labor]s !mselves c\ld
 nev] h orig9at$ x1 because !y mu/ h se5
 t1 s f> z !y 7 conc]n$1 ! object ( !   
protection1 s-call$1 01 at be/1 only to 
b5efit !m1 by robb+ o!rs :o 7 z poor z  
!mselves1 & :o _h z good a "r z !mselves
 to live by _! labor4 ,t is1 !y mu/ h   
se5 t ! object ( ! protection 0 to rob !
 =eign labor]s1 9 :ole1 or 9 "p1 ( !    
pittances on :i* !y 7 already           
necessitat$ to live2 &1 secondly1 to rob
 consum]s at home1--9 ! increas$ prices 

( ! protect$ commodities1--:5 _m or mo/ 
( ^! home consum]s 7 also labor]s z poor
 z !mselves4  ,ev5 if any class (       
labor]s w\ld h be5 s selfi% & di%one/ z 
to wi% to ?us b5efit !mselves by injur+ 
o!rs1 z poor z !mselves1 !y c\ld h _h no
 hope ( c>ry+ ?r\gh su* a s*eme1 if !y  
alone 7 to pr(it by x2 because !y c\ld h
 _h no su* influ5ce ) gov]nm5ts1 z w\ld 
be necess>y to enable !m to c>ry x      
?r\gh1 9 opposition to ! rights &       
int]e/s ( consum]s1 bo? ri* & poor1 &   
mu* m num]\s ?an !mselves4  ,= ^!       
reasons x is pla9 t ! argum5t orig9at$ )
 ! employ]s ( home labor1 & n ) ! home  
labor]s !mselves4  ,& :y d ! employ]s ( 
home labor advocate ?is robb]y8 ,c]ta9ly
 n because !y h su* an int5se compassion
 = _! own labor]s1 t !y are will+ to rob
 ev]ybody else1 ri* & poor1 = _! b5efit4
 ,nobody w suspect !m ( be+ influ5c$ by 
any su* compassion z t4 ,b !y advocate x
 solely because !y put into _! own      
pockets a v l>ge portion                
c]ta9ly--probably ?ree-f\r?s1 ,i %\ld   

judge--( ! increas$ prices _!           
commodities are ?us made to br+ 9 !     
m>ket4 ,! home labor]s !mselves probably
 get n m ?an "o-f\r? ( ^! increas$      
prices4  ,?us ! argum5t = protection is 
really an argum5t = robb+ =eign         
labor]s--z poor z our own--( _! equal & 
rightful *ances 9 our m>kets2 & also =  
robb+ all ! home consum]s ( ! protect$  
article--! poor z well z ! ri*--9 !     
prices !y are made to pay = x4 ,& all   
?is is done at ! in/igation1 &          
pr9cipally = ! b5efit1 ( ! employ]s (   
home labor1 & n = ! b5efit ( home       
labor]s !mselves4  ,hav+ n[ se5 t ?is   
argum5t--( protect+ our home labor]s    
aga9/ ! competition ( ! paup] labor (   
o!r c\ntries--is1 ( itself1 an utt]ly   
di%one/ argum5t2 t x is di%one/ t[>ds   
=eign labor]s & home consum]s2 t x mu/ h
 orig9at$ ) ! employ]s ( home labor1 & n
 ) ! home labor]s !mselves2 & t !       
employ]s ( home labor1 & n ! home       
labor]s !mselves1 are to receive !      
pr9cipal pr(its ( ! robb]y1 let u n[ see

 h[ utt]ly false is ! argum5t itself4   
#a4 ,! paup] labor]s 7if !re are any    
su*7 ( o!r c\ntries h j z good a "r to  
live by _! labor1 & h an equal *ance 9  
our own m>kets1 & 9 all ! m>kets ( ! _w1
 z h ! paup] labor]s1 or any o!r        
labor]s1 ( our own c\ntry4  ,e human be+
 has ! same natural "r to buy & sell1 ( 
& to1 any & all o!r p 9 ! _w1 z he has  
to buy & sell1 ( & to1 ! p ( 8 own      
c\ntry4 ,& none b tyrants & robb]s d5y t
 "r4 ,& !y d5y x = _! own b5efit solely1
 & n = ! b5efit ( _! labor]s4  ,& if a  
man1 9 our own c\ntry--ei!r f motives ( 
pr(it to himself1 or f motives ( pity   
t[>ds ! paup] labor]s ( o!r             
c\ntries--*ooses to buy ! products ( !  
=eign paup] labor1 r ?an ! products ( ! 
labor]s ( 8 own c\ntry1 he has a p]fect 
legal "r to d s4 ,& = any gov]nm5t to   
=bid him to d s1 or to ob/ruct 8 do+ s1 
or to puni% him = do+ s1 is a violation 
( 8 natural "r ( pur*as+ prop]ty ( :om  
he pleases1 & f su* motives z he        
pleases4  #b4 ,to =bid our own p to buy 

9 ! be/ m>kets1 is equival5t to =bidd+  
!m to sell ! products ( _! own labor 9 !
 be/ m>kets2 = !y c buy ! products (    
=eign labor1 only by giv+ ! products (  
_! own labor 9 ex*ange4 ,!re=e to d5y   
our "r to buy 9 =eign m>kets1 is to =bid
 u to sell 9 =eign m>kets4 ,& ?is is a  
pla9 violation ( m5's natural rights4   
,if1 :5 a produc] ( cotton1 tobacco1    
gra91 beef1 pork1 butt]1 *eese1 or any  
o!r commodity1 9 our own c\ntry1 has    
c>ri$ x abroad1 & ex*ang$ x = iron or   
wool5 goods1 & has br\ght ^! latt] home1
 ! gov]nm5t seizes "o-half ( !m1 because
 !y 7 manufactur$ abroad1 ! robb]y      
committ$ ^u ! own] is ! same z if !     
gov]nm5t _h seiz$ "o-half ( 8 cotton1   
tobacco1 or o!r commodity1 be=e he      
export$ x2 because ! iron or wool5      
goods1 :i* he pur*as$ abroad ) !        
products ( 8 own home labor1 are z mu* 8
 own prop]ty1 z 0 ! commodity ) :i* he  
pur*as$ !m4  ,!re=e ! tax laid ^u =eign 
commodities1 t h be5 b\ght ) ! products 
( our home labor1 is z mu* a robb]y ( ! 

home labor]1 z ! same tax w\ld h be51 if
 laid directly ^u ! products ( our home 
labor4 ,x is1 at be/1 only a robb]y ( "o
 home labor]--! produc] ( cotton1       
tobacco1 gra91 beef1 pork1 butt]1 or    
*eese--= ! b5efit ( ano!r home labor]--!
 produc] ( iron or wool5 goods4  #c4 ,b 
?is :ole argum5t is a false "o1 = !     
fur!r reason t our home labor]s d n h to
 compete ) ! paup] labor ( any c\ntry on
 e>?2 s9ce ! actual paup]s ( no c\ntry  
on e>? are engag$ 9 produc+ commodities 
= export to any o!r c\ntry4 ,!y produce 
few1 or no1 o!r commodities ?an ^? !y   
!mselves consume2 & ord9>ily n ev5 ^?4  
,!re are a great _m millions ( actual   
paup]s 9 ! _w4 ,9 "s ( ! l>ge prov9ces (
 ,briti% ,india1 = example1 x is said t 
ne>ly half ! population are paup]s4 ,b  
,i ?9k t ! commodities !y are produc+ = 
export to o!r c\ntries ?an _! own1 h    
nev] be5 he>d (4  ,! t]m1 paup] labor1  
is !re=e a false "o4 ,& :5 ^! robb]s--! 
employ]s ( home labor--talk ( protect+  
_! labor]s aga9/ ! competition ( ! paup]

 labor ( o!r c\ntries1 !y d n mean t !y 
are protect+ !m aga9/ ! competition (   
actual paup]s2 b only aga9/ !           
competition ( t imm5se body ( labor]s1 9
 all p>ts ( ! _w1 :o are kept con/antly 
on ! v]ge ( paup]ism1 or />vation2 :o h 
little1 or no1 means ( subsi/5ce1 except
 su* z _! employ]s see fit to give      
!m1--:i* means are usually b>ely en\gh  
to keep !m 9 a condition to labor4  ,^! 
are ! only paup] labor]s1 f ^:          
competition our own labor]s are s\ght to
 be protect$4 ,!y are q z badly (f z our
 own labor]s2 & are 9 equal ne$ (       
protection4  ,:at1 !n1 is to be done8   
,?is policy ( exclud+ =eign commodities 
f our m>kets1 is a game t all o!r       
gov]nm5ts c play at1 z well z our own4  
,& if x is ! duty ( our gov]nm5t to     
protect our labor]s aga9/ ! competition 
( ! paup] labor1 s-call$1 ( all o!r     
c\ntries1 x is equally ! duty ( e o!r   
gov]nm5t to protect its labor]s aga9/ ! 
competition ( ! s-call$ paup] labor (   
all o!r c\ntries4 ,s t1 accord+ to ?is  

!ory1 ea* nation mu/ ei!r %ut out       
entirely f its m>kets ! products ( all  
o!r c\ntries2 or1 at lea/1 lay su* heavy
 duties ^u !m1 z w1 9 "s measure1       
protect its own labor]s f ! competition 
( ! paup] labor ( all o!r c\ntries4     
,?is !ory1 !n1 is t1 in/ead ( p]mitt+   
all mank9d to supply ea* o!r's wants1 by
 freely ex*ang+ _! respective products )
 ea* o!r1 ! gov]nm5t ( ea* nation %\ld  
rob ! p ( e o!r1 by impos+ heavy duties 
^u all commodities import$ f !m4  ,!    
natural effect ( ?is s*eme is to pit !  
s-call$ paup] labor ( ea* c\ntry aga9/ !
 s-call$ paup] labor ( e o!r c\ntry2 &  
all = ! b5efit ( _! employ]s4 ,& z x    
holds t s-call$ paup] labor is *eap] ?an
 free labor1 x gives ! employ]s 9 ea*   
c\ntry a con/ant motive = r$uc+ _! own  
labor]s to ! l[e/ condition ( pov]ty1   
consi/5t ) _! ability to labor at all4  
,9 o!r words1 ! !ory is1 t ! small] !   
portion ( ! products ( labor1 t is giv5 
to ! labor]s1 ! l>g] w be ! portion t w 
g into ! pockets ( ! employ]s4  ,n[1 x  

is n a v honorable proce$+ = any        
gov]nm5t to pit its own s-call$ paup]   
labor]s--or labor]s t are on ! v]ge (   
paup]ism--aga9/ simil> labor]s 9 all o!r
 c\ntries3 & all = ! sake ( putt+ !     
pr9cipal proce$s ( _! labor into !      
pockets ( a few employ]s4  ,to set two  
bodies ( paup] labor]s--or ( labor]s on 
! v]ge ( paup]ism--to robb+ ea* o!r1 = !
 pr(it ( _! employ]s1 is ! next ?+1 9   
po9t ( atrocity1 to sett+ !m to kill+   
ea* o!r1 z gov]nm5ts h h]et(ore be5 9 ! 
habit ( do+1 = ! b5efit ( _! rul]s4  ,! 
labor]s1 :o are paup]s1 or on ! v]ge (  
paup]ism--:o are de/itute1 or on ! v]ge 
( de/itution--comprise 7) _! families7  
d\btless n9e-t5?s1 probably             
n9ete5-tw5tie?s1 ( all ! p on ! globe4  
,!y are n all wage labor]s4 ,"s ( !m are
 savages1 liv+ only z savages d4 ,o!rs  
are b>b>ians1 liv+ only z b>b>ians d4 ,b
 an imm5se numb] are m]e wage labor]s4  
,mu* ! l>g] portion ( ^! h be5 r$uc$ to 
! condition ( wage labor]s1 by !        
monopoly ( l&1 :i* m]e b&s ( robb]s h   

succe$$ 9 secur+ = !mselves by milit>y  
p[]4 ,?is is ! condition ( ne>ly all !  
,asiatics1 & ( probably "o-half !       
,europeans4 ,b 9 ^? portions ( ,europe &
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e manufactures h be5
 mo/ ext5sively introduc$1 & :]e1 by    
sci5ce & ma*9]y1 great weal? has be5    
creat$1 ! labor]s h be5 kept 9 !        
condition ( wage labor]s1 pr9cipally1 if
 n :olly1 by ! monopoly ( money4 ,?is   
monopoly1 e/abli%$ 9 all ^! manufactur+ 
c\ntries1 has made x impossible = !     
manufactur+ labor]s to hire ! money     
capital t 0 necess>y to enable !m to d  
bus9ess = !mselves2 & has consequ5tly   
compell$ !m to sell _! labor to !       
monopoli/s ( money1 = j su* prices z ^! 
latt] %\ld *oose to give4  ,x is1 !n1 by
 ! monopoly ( l&1 & ! monopoly ( money1 
t m ?an a ?\s& millions ( ! e>?'s       
inhabitants--z savages1 b>b>ians1 & wage
 labor]s--are kept 9 a /ate (           
de/itution1 or on ! v]ge ( de/itution4  
,hundr$s ( millions ( !m are receiv+1 = 
_! labor1 n m ?an ?ree1 five1 or1 at    

mo/1 t5 c5ts a day4  ,9 we/]n ,europe1 &
 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e1 )9 ! la/ hundr$
 & fifty ye>s1 ma*9]y has be5 introduc$1
 & :]e alone any consid]able weal? is n[
 creat$1 ! wage labor]s1 al?\gh !y get s
 small a portion ( ! weal? !y create1   
are nev]!less 9 a va/ly bett] condition 
?an are ! labor+ classes 9 o!r p>ts ( ! 
_w4  ,if1 n[1 ! employ]s ( wage labor1 9
 ?is c\ntry1--:o are also ! monopoli/s (
 money1--& :o are o/5sibly s di/ress$   
le/ _! own wage labor]s %\ld suff] f !  
competition ( ! paup] labor ( o!r       
c\ntries1--h really any ( t humanity1 ( 
:i* !y make su* pr(ession1 !y h be=e !m 
a mu* wid] field = ! display ( x1 ?an !y
 seem to desire4 ,t is to say1 !y h x 9 
_! p[]1 n only to elevate imm5sely !    
condition ( ! labor+ classes 9 ?is      
c\ntry1 b also to set an example t w be 
v rapidly foll[$ 9 all o!r c\ntries2 & !
 result w be ! elevation ( all oppress$ 
labor]s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,?is !y c d1 by   
simply aboli%+ ! monopoly ( money4 ,!   
real produc]s ( weal?1 ) few or no      

exceptions1 w !n be able to hire all !  
capital !y ne$ = _! indu/ries1 & w d    
bus9ess = !mselves4 ,!y w also be able  
to hire _! capital at v l[ rates (      
int]e/2 & w !n put into _! own pockets  
all ! proce$s ( _! labor1 except :at !y 
pay z int]e/ on _! capital4 ,& ?is am\nt
 w be too small to ob/ruct mat]ially _! 
rise to indep5d5ce & weal?4             
,,section ,,xvi4  ,b w ! monopoli/s (   
money give up _! monopoly8 ,c]ta9ly n   
volunt>ily4 ,!y w d x only ^u           
compulsion4 ,!y w hold on to x z long z 
!y own & control gov]nm5ts z !y d n[4 ,&
 :y w !y d s8 ,because to give up _!    
monopoly w\ld be to give up _! control (
 ^? great armies ( s]vants--! wage      
labor]s--f :om all _! weal? is d]iv$1 & 
:om !y c n[ co]ce by ! alt]native (     
/>vation1 to labor = !m at j su* prices 
z !y 7! monopoli/s ( money7 %all *oose  
to pay4  ,n[ ^! monopoli/s ( money h no 
plans :atev] = mak+ _! capital1 z !y    
call x--t is1 _! money capital--_!      
privileg$ money capital--pr(itable to   

!mselves1 o!rwise ?an by us+ x to employ
 o!r m5's labor4 ,& !y c keep control ( 
o!r m5's labor only by depriv+ ! labor]s
 !mselves ( all o!r means ( subsi/5ce4  
,& !y c deprive !m ( all o!r means (    
subsi/5ce only by putt+ x out ( _! p[]  
to hire ! money t is necess>y to enable 
!m to d bus9ess = !mselves4 ,& !y c put 
x out ( _! p[] to hire money1 only by   
=bidd+ all o!r m5 to l5d !m _! cr$it1 9 
! %ape ( promissory notes1 to be        
circulat$ z money4  ,if ! tw5ty-five or 
fifty ?\s& millions ( loanable          
capital--promissory notes--:i*1 9 ?is   
c\ntry1 are n[ ly+ idle1 7 p]mitt$ to be
 loan$1 ^! wage labor]s w\ld hire x1 & d
 bus9ess = !mselves1 in/ead ( labor+ z  
s]vants = o!rs2 & w\ld ( c\rse reta9 9  
_! own h&s all ! weal? !y %\ld create1  
except :at !y %\ld pay z int]e/ = _!    
capital4  ,& :at is true ( ?is c\ntry1  
is true ( e o!r :]e civilization exi/s2 
= :]ev] civilization exi/s1 l& has      
value1 & c be us$ z bank+ capital1 & be 
made to furni% all ! money t is necess>y

 to enable ! produc]s ( weal? to hire ! 
capital necess>y = _! indu/ries1 & ?us  
relieve !m f _! pres5t s]vitude to ! few
 hold]s ( privileg$ money4  ,?us x is t 
! monopoly ( money is ! "o great ob/acle
 to ! lib]ation ( ! labor+ classes all  
ov] ! _w1 & to _! indef9ite progress 9  
weal?4  ,b we are n[ to %[1 m def9itely1
 :at relation ?is monopoly ( money is   
made to be> to ! fre$om ( int]national  
trade2 & :y x is t ! hold]s ( ?is       
monopoly1 9 ?is c\ntry1 dem& heavy      
t>iffs on imports1 on ! ly+ pret5ce (   
protect+ our home labor aga9/ !         
competition ( ! s-call$ paup] labor (   
o!r c\ntries4  ,! explanation ( ! :ole  
matt] is z foll[s4  #a4 ,! hold]s ( !   
monopoly ( money1 9 ea* c\ntry1--m      
especially 9 ! manufactur+ c\ntries l   
,engl&1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & "s           
o!rs1--assume t ! pres5t condition (    
pov]ty1 = ! great mass ( mank9d1 all ov]
 ! _w1 is to be p]petuat$ =ev]2 or at   
lea/ = an indef9ite p]iod4 ,f ?is       
assumption !y inf] t1 if free trade     

betwe5 all c\ntries is to be all[$1 !   
s-call$ paup] labor ( ea* c\ntry is to  
be =ev] pitt$ aga9/ ! s-call$ paup]     
labor ( e o!r c\ntry4 ,h5ce !y inf] t x 
is ! duty ( ea* gov]nm5t--or c]ta9ly (  
our gov]nm5t--to protect ! s-call$ paup]
 labor ( our own c\ntry--t is1 ! class (
 labor]s :o are con/antly on ! v]ge (   
paup]ism--aga9/ ! competition ( !       
s-call$ paup] labor ( all o!r c\ntries1 
by su* duties on imports z w secure to  
our own labor]s a monopoly ( our own    
home m>ket4  ,?is is1 on ! face ( x1 !  
mo/ plausible argum5t--& almo/1 if n    
really1 ! only argum5t--by :i* !y n[    
attempt to su/a9 _! re/rictions ^u      
int]national trade4  ,if ?is argum5t is 
a false "o1 _! :ole case falls to !     
gr\nd4 ,t x is a false "o1 w be %[n     
h]eaft]4  #b4 ,^! monopoli/s ( money    
assume t paup] labor1 s-call$1 is !     
*eape/ labor 9 ! _w2 & t !re=e ea*      
nation1 9 ord] to compete ) ! paup]     
labor ( all o!r nations1 mu/ itself h   
*eap labor4 ,9 fact1 *eap labor is1 )   

!m1 ! great s9e qua non ( all national  
indu/ry4 ,to compete ) *eap labor1 say  
!y1 we mu/ h *eap labor4 ,?is is1 ) !m1 
a self-evid5t proposition4 ,& ?is dem& =
 *eap labor means1 ( c\rse1 t ! labor+  
classes1 9 ?is c\ntry1 mu/ be kept1 z   
ne>ly z possible1 on a level ) ! s-call$
 paup] labor ( all o!r c\ntries4  ,?us  
_! :ole s*eme ( national indu/ry is made
 to dep5d ^u *eap labor4 ,& to secure   
*eap labor1 !y hold x to be indisp5sable
 t ! labor]s %all be kept con/antly ei!r
 9 actual paup]ism1 or on ! v]ge (      
paup]ism4 ,&1 9 ?is c\ntry1 !y "k ( no  
way ( keep+ ! labor]s on ! v]ge (       
paup]ism1 b by reta9+ 9 _! 7!           
monopoli/s'7 own h&s su* a monopoly (   
money z w put x out ( ! p[] ( ! labor]s 
to hire money1 & d bus9ess = !mselves2 &
 ?us compel !m1 by ! alt]native (       
/>vation1 to sell _! labor to !         
monopoli/s ( money at su* prices z w    
enable !m 7! monopoli/s7 to manufacture 
goods 9 competition ) ! s-call$ paup]   
labor]s ( all o!r c\ntries4  ,let x be  

repeat$--z a vital proposition--t ! :ole
 indu/rial programme ( ^! monopoli/s    
re/s ^u1 & implies1 su* a degree (      
pov]ty1 on ! "p ( ! labor+ classes1 z w 
put _! labor 9 direct competition ) !   
s-call$ paup] labor ( all o!r c\ntries4 
,s long z !y 7! monopoli/s7 c p]petuate 
?is extreme pov]ty ( ! labor+ classes1 9
 ?is c\ntry1 !y feel safe aga9/ all     
=eign competition2 =1 9 all o!r ?+s ?an 
*eap labor1 we h advantages equal to ^? 
( any o!r nation4  ,fur!rmore1 ?is      
extreme pov]ty1 9 :i* ! labor]s are to  
be kept1 necess>ily implies t !y are to 
receive no l>g] %>e ( ! proce$s ( _! own
 labor1 ?an is necess>y to keep !m 9 a  
condition to labor4 ,x implies t _!     
indu/ry--:i* is really ! national       
indu/ry--is n to be c>ri$ on at all = _!
 own b5efit1 b only = ! b5efit ( _!     
employ]s1 ! monopoli/s ( money4 ,x      
implies t ! labor]s are to be m]e tools 
& ma*9es 9 ! h&s ( _! employ]s2 t !y are
 to be kept simply 9 runn+ ord]1 l o!r  
ma*9]y2 b t1 beyond ?is1 !y are to h no 

m rights1 & no m int]e/s1 9 ! products (
 _! labor1 ?an h ! :eels1 sp9dles1 & o!r
 ma*9]y1 ) :i* ! "w is done4  ,9 %ort1  
?is :ole programme implies t !          
labor]s--! real produc]s ( weal?--are n 
to be consid]$ at all z human be+s1 hav+
 rights & int]e/s ( _! own2 b only z    
tools & ma*9es1 to be own$1 us$1 &      
consum$ 9 produc+ su* weal? z _!        
employ]s--! monopoli/s ( money--may     
desire = _! own subsi/5ce & pleasure4   
,:at1 !n1 is ! rem$y8 ,pla9ly x is to   
aboli% ! monopoly ( money4 ,lib]ate all 
?is loanable capital--promissory        
notes--t is n[ ly+ idle1 & we lib]ate   
all labor1 & furni% to all labor]s all !
 capital !y ne$ = _! indu/ries4 ,we %all
 !n h no long]1 all ov] ! e>?1 !        
competition ( paup] labor ) paup] labor1
 b only ! competition ( free labor )    
free labor4 ,& f ?is competition ( free 
labor ) free labor1 no p on e>? h any?+ 
to fe>1 b all peoples h ev]y?+ to hope4 
,& :y h all peoples ev]y?+ to hope f !  
competition ( free labor ) free labor8  

,because :5 e human be+1 :o labors at   
all1 has1 z ne>ly z possible1 all !     
fruits ( 8 labor1 & all ! capital t is  
necess>y to make 8 labor mo/ effective1 
he has all ne$$ inducem5ts to ! be/ use 
( bo? 8 bra9s & 8 muscles1 8 head & 8   
h&s4 ,he applies bo? 8 head & 8 h&s to 8
 "w4 ,he n only acquires1 z f> z        
possible1 = 8 own use1 all ! sci5tific  
discov]ies & me*anical inv5tions1 t are 
made by o!rs1 b he himself makes        
sci5tific discov]ies & me*anical        
inv5tions4 ,he ?us multiplies           
indef9itely 8 p[]s ( production4 ,& ! m 
ea* "o produces ( 8 own p>ticul>        
commodity1 ! m he c buy ( e o!r man's   
products1 & ! m he c pay = !m4  ,)      
fre$om 9 money1 ! sci5tific discov]ies &
 me*anical inv5tions1 made 9 ea* c\ntry1
 w n only be us$ to ! utmo/ 9 t c\ntry1 
b w be c>ri$ into all o!r c\ntries4 ,&  
^! discov]ies & inv5tions1 giv5 by ea*  
c\ntry to e o!r1 & receiv$ by ea* c\ntry
 f e o!r1 w be ( inf9itely m value ?an  
all ! mat]ial commodities t w be ex*ang$

 betwe5 ^! c\ntries4  ,9 ?is way ea*    
c\ntry contributes to ! weal? ( e o!r1 &
 ! :ole human race are enri*$ by !      
increas$ p[] & /imulus giv5 to ea* man's
 labor ( body & m9d4  ,b x is to be kept
 con/antly 9 m9d1 t !re c be no su* ?+ z
 free labor1 unless !re be fre$om 9     
money2 t is1 unless ev]ybody1 :o c      
furni% money1 %all be at lib]ty to d s4 
,pla9ly labor _c be free1 unless !      
labor]s are free to hire all ! money    
capital t is necess>y = _! indu/ries4 ,&
 !y _c be free to hire all ?is money    
capital1 unless all :o c l5d x to !m1   
%all be at lib]ty to d s4  ,9 %ort1     
labor _c be free1 unless ea* labor] is  
free to hire all ! capital--money       
capital1 z well z all o!r capital--t he 
hone/ly c hire2 free to buy1 :]ev] he c 
buy1 all ! raw mat]ial he ne$s = 8      
labor2 & free to sell1 :]ev] he c sell1 
all ! products ( 8 labor4 ,!re=e labor  
_c be free1 unless we h fre$om 9 money1 
& free trade ) all mank9d4  ,we c n[    
und]/& ! situation4 ,9 ! mo/ civiliz$   

nations--su* z ,we/]n ,europe & ! ,unit$
 ,/ates--labor is utt]ly crippl$1 robb$1
 & enslav$ by ! monopoly ( money2 &     
also1 9 "s ( ^! c\ntries1 by ! monopoly 
( l&4 ,9 ne>ly or q all ! o!r c\ntries (
 ! _w1 labor is n only robb$ & enslav$1 
b to a great ext5t p>alyz$1 by !        
monopoly ( l&1 & by :at may prop]ly be  
call$ ! utt] abs5ce ( money4 ,!re is1   
consequ5tly1 9 ^! latt] c\ntries1 almo/ 
lit]ally1 no div]sity ( indu/ry1 no     
sci5ce1 no skill1 no inv5tion1 no       
ma*9]y1 no manufactures1 no production1 
& no weal?2 b ev]y:]e mis]able pov]ty1  
ignorance1 s]vitude1 & wret*$ness4  ,9  
?is c\ntry1 & 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 :]e !   
uses ( money are kn[n1 !re is no excuse 
to be (f]$ = ! monopoly ( money4 ,x is  
ma9ta9$1 9 ea* ( ^! c\ntries1 by a small
 knot ( tyrants & robb]s1 :o h got      
control ( ! gov]nm5ts1 & use _! p[]     
pr9cipally to ma9ta9 ?is monopoly2      
und]/&+1 z !y d1 t ?is "o monopoly (    
money gives !m a sub/antially absolute  
control ( all o!r m5's prop]ty & labor4 

,b n satisfi$ ) ?is sub/antially        
absolute control ( all o!r m5's prop]ty 
& labor1 ! monopoli/s ( money1 9 ?is    
c\ntry1--feign+ great pity = _! labor]s1
 b really seek+ only to make _! monopoly
 m pr(itable to !mselves1--cry out =    
protection aga9/ ! competition ( ! paup]
 labor ( all o!r c\ntries2 :5 !y alone1 
& su* z !y1 are ! direct cause ( all !  
paup] labor 9 ! _w4 ,b = !m1 & o!rs l   
!m1 !re w\ld be nei!r pov]ty1 ignorance1
 nor s]vitude on ! face ( ! e>?4  ,b to 
all t has n[ be5 said1 ! advocates ( !  
monopoly ( money w say t1 if all !      
mat]ial prop]ty ( ! c\ntry 7 p]mitt$ to 
be repres5t$ by promissory notes1 & ^!  
promissory notes 7 p]mitt$ to be l5t1   
b\ght1 & sold z money1 ! labor]s w\ld n 
be able to hire !m1 = ! reason t !y c\ld
 n give ! necess>y security = repaym5t4 
,b let ^? :o w\ld say ?is1 tell u :y x  
is t1 9 ord] to prev5t m5 f loan+ _!    
promissory notes1 = circulation z money1
 x has always be5 necess>y = gov]nm5ts  
to prohibit x1 ei!r by p5al enactm5ts1  

or prohibitory taxation4 ,^! p5al       
enactm5ts & prohibitory taxation are    
ackn[l$gm5ts t1 b = !m1 ! notes w\ld be 
loan$ to any ext5t t w\ld be pr(itable  
to ! l5d]s4 ,:at ?is ext5t w\ld be1 no?+
 b exp]i5ce ( fre$om c det]m9e4 ,b      
fre$om w\ld d\btless give u t51 tw5ty1  
mo/ likely fifty1 times z mu* money z we
 h n[1 if s mu* c\ld be kept 9          
circulation4 ,& labor]s w\ld at lea/ h  
t51 tw5ty1 or fifty times bett] *ances =
 hir+ capital1 ?an !y h n[4 ,&1         
fur!rmore1 all labor & prop]ty w\ld h   
t51 tw5ty1 or fifty times bett] *ances (
 br++ _! full value 9 ! m>ket1 ?an !y h 
n[4  ,b 9 ! space t is all[able 9 ?is   
lett]1 x is impossible to say all1 or   
ne>ly all1 ( :at might be said1 to %[ ! 
ju/ice1 ! utility1 or ! necessity1 =    
p]fect fre$om 9 ! matt]s ( money &      
int]national trade4 ,to pursue ^! topics
 fur!r w\ld exclude o!r matt]s ( great  
importance1 z %[+ h[ ! gov]nm5t acts !  
"p ( robb] & tyrant 9 all its           
legislation on contracts2 & t ! :ole    

purpose ( all its acts is t ! e>n+s ( ! 
_m may be put into ! pockets ( ! few4   
,,section ,,xvii4  ,al?\gh1 z has       
already be5 said1 ! con/itution is a    
pap] t nobody ev] sign$1 t few p]sons h 
ev] read1 & t ! great body ( ! p nev]   
saw2 & t has1 consequ5tly1 no m claim to
 be ! supreme law ( ! l&1 or to h any   
au?ority :atev]1 ?an has any o!r pap]1 t
 nobody ev] sign$1 t few p]sons ev]     
read1 & t ! great body ( ! p nev] saw2 &
 al?\gh x purports to au?orize a        
gov]nm5t1 9 :i* ! lawmak]s1 judges1 &   
executive (fic]s are all to be secur$   
aga9/ any responsibility :atev] to ! p1 
^: lib]ty & rights are at /ake2 & al?\gh
 ?is gov]nm5t is kept 9 op]ation only by
 votes giv5 9 secret 7by secret ballot71
 & 9 a way to save ! vot]s f all p]sonal
 responsibility = ! acts ( _! ag5ts--!  
lawmak]s1 judges1 etc42 & al?\gh ! :ole 
affair is s audaci\s a fraud &          
usurpation1 t no p c\ld be expect$ to   
agree to x1 or ought to submit to x1 = a
 mom5t2 yet1 inasmu* z ! con/itution    

decl>es itself to h be5 orda9$ &        
e/abli%$ by ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = !  
ma9t5ance ( lib]ty & ju/ice = !mselves &
 _! po/]ity2 & inasmu* z all its        
support]s--t is1 ! vot]s1 lawmak]s1     
judges1 etc4--pr(ess to d]ive all _!    
au?ority f x2 & inasmu* z all lawmak]s1 
& all judicial & executive (fic]s1 bo?  
national & ,/ate1 swe> to support x2 &  
inasmu* z !y claim ! "r to kill1 & are  
evid5tly det]m9$ to kill1 & e/eem x !   
highe/ glory to kill1 all :o d n submit 
to its au?ority2 we might reasonably    
expect t1 f motives ( common dec5cy1 if 
f no o!r1 ^? :o pr(ess to adm9i/] x1    
w\ld pay "s def]5ce to its comm&s1 at   
lea/ 9 ^? p>ticul> cases :]e x          
explicitly =bids any violation ( !      
natural rights ( ! p4  ,especially might
 we expect t ! judici>y--^: c\rts claim 
to be c\rts ( ju/ice--& :o pr(ess to be 
au?oriz$ & sworn to expose & condemn all
 su* violations ( individual rights z ! 
con/itution itself expressly            
=bids--w\ld1 9 spite ( all _! (ficial   

dep5d5ce on1 & responsibility to1 !     
lawmak]s1 h suffici5t respect = _!      
p]sonal *>act]s1 & ! op9ions ( ! _w1 to 
induce !m to pay "s reg>d to all ^? p>ts
 ( ! con/itution t expressly require any
 rights ( ! p to be held inviolable4    
,if ! judicial tribunals _c be expect$  
to d ju/ice1 ev5 9 ^? cases :]e !       
con/itution expressly comm&s !m to d x1 
& :]e !y h solemnly sworn to d x1 x is  
pla9 t !y h sunk to ! l[e/ dep?s (      
s]vility & corruption1 & c be expect$ to
 d no?+ b s]ve ! purposes ( robb]s &    
tyrants4  ,b h[ futile h be5 all        
expectations ( ju/ice f ! judici>y1 may 
be se5 9 ! conduct ( ! c\rts--&         
especially 9 t ( ! s-call$ ,supreme     
,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--9 reg>d to m5's
 natural "r to make _! own contracts4   
,al?\gh ! ,/ate lawmak]s h1 m frequ5tly 
?an ! national lawmak]s1 made laws 9    
violation ( m5's natural "r to make _!  
own contracts1 yet all laws1 ,/ate &    
national1 hav+ = _! object ! de/ruction 
( t "r1 h always1 )\t a s+le exception1 

,i ?9k1 receiv$ ! sanction ( ! ,supreme 
,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,& hav+ be5    
sanction$ by t c\rt1 !y h be51 z a matt]
 ( c\rse1 sanction$ by all ! o!r c\rts1 
,/ate & national4 ,& ?is "w has gone on1
 until1 if ^! c\rts are to be believ$1  
no?+ at all is left ( m5's natural "r to
 make _! own contracts4  ,t su* is !    
tru?1 ,i n[ propose to prove4  ,&1 fir/1
 z to ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts4  ,! con/itution
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7,art4 #a1 ,sec4 #aj7
 decl>es t3       ,no ,/ate %all pass   
any law impair+ ! obligation (          
contracts4  ,?is provision does n       
designate :at contracts h1 & :at h n1 an
 obligation4 ,b x cle>ly presupposes1   
implies1 assumes1 & ass]ts t !re are    
contracts t h an obligation4 ,any ,/ate 
law1 !re=e1 :i* decl>es t su* contracts 
%all h no obligation1 is pla9ly 9       
conflict ) ?is provision ( ! con/itution
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,?is provision1    
also1 by imply+ t !re are contracts1 t h
 an obligation1 necess>ily implies t m5 
h a "r to ent] into !m2 = if m5 _h no "r

 to ent] into ! contracts1 ! contracts  
!mselves c\ld h no obligation4  ,?is    
provision1 !n1 ( ! con/itution ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 n only implies t !re are 
contracts t h an obligation1 b x also   
implies t ! p h ! "r to ent] into all   
su* contracts1 & h ! b5efit ( !m4 ,& any
 ,/ate law1 conflict+ ) ei!r ( ^!       
implications1 is necess>ily             
uncon/itutional & void4  ,fur!rmore1 !  
language ( ?is provision ( !            
con/itution1 to wit1 ! obligation s+ul> 
( contracts plural1 implies t !re is "o 
& ! same obligation to all contracts    
:atsoev]1 t h any legal obligation at   
all4 ,& !re obvi\sly mu/ be "s "o       
pr9ciple1 t gives validity to all       
contracts alike1 t h any validity4  ,!  
law1 !n1 ( ?is :ole c\ntry1 z e/abli%$  
by ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is1 
t all contracts :atsoev]1 9 :i* ?is "o  
pr9ciple ( validity1 or obligation1 is  
f\nd1 %all be held valid2 & t ! ,/ates  
%all impose no re/ra9t :atev] ^u ! p's  
ent]+ into all su* contracts4  ,all1    

!re=e1 t c\rts h to d1 9 ord] to det]m9e
 :e!r any p>ticul> contract1 or class ( 
contracts1 are valid1 & :e!r ! p h a "r 
to ent] into !m1 is simply to det]m9e   
:e!r ! contracts !mselves h1 or h n1 ?is
 "o pr9ciple ( validity1 or obligation1 
:i* ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates     
decl>es %all n be impair$4  ,/ate       
legislation c obvi\sly h no?+ to d ) !  
solution ( ?is "q4 ,x c nei!r create1   
nor de/roy1 t obligation ( contracts1   
:i* ! con/itution =bids x to impair4 ,x 
c nei!r give1 nor take away1 ! "r to    
ent] into any contract :atev]1 t has t  
obligation4  ,on ! supposition1 !n1 t ! 
con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is1 :at x 
decl>es itself to be1 viz41 ! supreme   
law ( ! l&1 444 any?+ 9 ! con/itutions  
or laws ( ! ,/ates to ! contr>y not)/&+1
 ?is provision aga9/ any ,/ate law      
impair+ ! obligation ( contracts1 is s  
explicit1 & s au?oritative1 t !         
legislatures & c\rts ( ! ,/ates h no    
color ( au?ority = violat+ x4 ,& !      
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has _h 

no color ( au?ority or ju/ification =   
suff]+ x to be violat$4  ,?is provision 
is c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ important--p]haps 
! mo/ important--( all ! provisions ( ! 
con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 z        
protective ( ! natural rights ( ! p to  
make _! own contracts1 or provide = _!  
own welf>e4  ,yet x has be5 con/antly   
trampl$ "u foot1 by ! ,/ate             
legislatures1 by all mann] ( laws1      
decl>+ :o may1 & :o may n1 make c]ta9   
contracts2 & :at %all1 & :at %all n1 be 
! obligation ( p>ticul> contracts2 ?us  
sett+ at defiance all ideas ( ju/ice1 ( 
natural rights1 & equal rights2 conf]r+ 
monopolies & privileges ^u p>ticul>     
individuals1 & impos+ ! mo/ arbitr>y &  
de/ructive re/ra9ts & p5alties ^u o!rs2 
all ) a view ( putt+1 z f> z possible1  
all weal? into ! h&s ( ! few1 & impos+  
pov]ty & s]vitude ^u ! great body ( ! p4
  ,& yet all ^! enormities h gone on =  
ne>ly a hundr$ ye>s1 & h be5 sanction$1 
n only by all ! ,/ate c\rts1 b also by !
 ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,&  

:at color ( excuse h any ( ^! c\rts (f]$
 = ?us uphold+ all ^! violations (      
ju/ice1 ( m5's natural rights1 & ev5 ( t
 con/itution :i* !y _h all sworn to     
support8  ,!y h (f]$ only ?is3 ,!y h all
 said !y did n "k :at ! obligation (    
contracts 06  ,well1 suppose1 = ! sake (
 ! argum5t1 t !y h n kn[n :at !         
obligation ( contracts 01 :at1 !n1 0 _! 
duty8 ,pla9ly ?is1 to nei!r en=ce1 nor  
annul1 any contract :atev]1 until !y    
%\ld h discov]$ :at ! obligation (      
contracts 04  ,cle>ly !y c\ld h no "r to
 ei!r en=ce1 or annul1 any contract     
:atev]1 until !y %\ld h asc]ta9$ :e!r x 
_h any obligation1 &1 if any1 :at t     
obligation 04  ,if ^! c\rts really d n  
"k--z p]haps !y d n--:at ! obligation ( 
contracts is1 !y des]ve no?+ b contempt 
= _! ignorance4 ,if !y d "k :at !       
obligation ( contracts is1 & yet        
sanction ! almo/ lit]ally innum]able    
laws t violate x1 !y des]ve no?+ b      
dete/ation = _! villa9y4  ,& until !y   
%all susp5d all _! judgm5ts = ei!r      

en=c+1 or annull+1 contracts1 or1 on !  
o!r h&1 %all asc]ta9 :at ! obligation ( 
contracts is1 & sweep away all ,/ate    
laws t impair x1 !y w des]ve bo?        
contempt = _! ignorance1 & dete/ation = 
_! crimes4  ,individual ,ju/ices ( !    
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h1 at  
lea/ 9 "o in/ance1 9 #ahbg 7,ogd5 vs4   
,saund]s1 #ab ,:eaton #bac71 attempt$ to
 give a def9ition ( ! obligation (      
contracts4 ,b !re 0 great disagreem5t   
among !m2 & no "o def9ition secur$ !    
ass5t ( ! :ole c\rt1 or ev5 ( a         
majority4 ,s9ce !n1 s f> z ,i "k1 t c\rt
 has nev] attempt$ to give a def9ition4 
,&1 s f> z ! op9ion ( t c\rt is conc]n$1
 ! "q is z unsettl$ n[1 z x 0 sixty ye>s
 ago4 ,& ! op9ions ( ! ,supreme ,c\rts (
 ! ,/ates are equally unsettl$ ) ^? ( ! 
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!    
consequ5ce is1 t ! obligation (         
contracts--! pr9ciple on :i* ! real     
validity1 or invalidity1 ( all contracts
 :atsoev] dep5ds--is practically unkn[n1
 or at lea/ unrecogniz$1 by a s+le c\rt1

 ei!r ( ! ,/ates1 or ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 
,&1 z a result1 e species ( absurd1     
corrupt1 & robb] legislation goes on    
unre/ra9$1 z x always has done4  ,:at1  
n[1 is ! reason :y n "o ( ^! c\rts has  
ev] s f> giv5 its att5tion to ! subject 
z to h discov]$ :at ! obligation (      
contracts is8 ,:at t pr9ciple is1 ,i    
repeat1 :i* !y h all sworn to su/a91 &  
on :i* ! real validity1 or invalidity1 (
 e contract on :i* !y ev] adjudicate1   
dep5ds8 ,:y is x t !y h all gone on     
sanction+ & en=c+ all ! nak$ly iniquit\s
 laws1 by :i* m5's natural "r to make _!
 own contracts has be5 trampl$ "u foot8 
,surely x is n because !y d n "k t all  
m5 h a natural "r to make _! own        
contracts2 = !y "k t1 z well z !y "k t  
all m5 h a natural "r to live1 to brea!1
 to move1 to speak1 to he>1 to see1 or  
to d any?+ :atev] = ! support ( _!      
lives1 or ! promotion ( _! happ9ess4    
,:y1 !n1 is x1 t !y /rike d[n ?is "r1   
)\t c]emony1 & )\t compunction1 :5ev] !y
 are comm&$ to d s by ! lawmak]s8 ,x is 

because1 & solely because1 !y are s     
s]vile1 slavi%1 degrad$1 & corrupt1 z to
 act habitually on ! pr9ciple1 t ju/ice 
& m5's natural rights are matt]s ( no   
importance1 9 comp>ison ) ! comm&s ( !  
impud5t & tyrannical lawmak]s1 on :om !y
 are dep5d5t = _! (fices & _! sal>ies4  
,x is because1 & solely because1 !y1 l !
 judges "u all o!r irresponsible &      
tyrannical gov]nm5ts1 are "p & p>cel ( a
 conspiracy = robb+ & enslav+ ! great   
body ( ! p1 to gratify ! luxury & pride 
( a few4 ,x is because1 & solely        
because1 !y d n recognize our gov]nm5ts1
 ,/ate or national1 z in/itutions       
design$ simply to ma9ta9 ju/ice1 or to  
protect all m5 9 ! enjoym5t ( all _!    
natural rights2 b only z in/itutions    
design$ to accompli% su* objects z      
irresponsible cabals ( lawmak]s may     
agree ^u4  ,9 pro( ( all ?is1 ,i give ! 
foll[+4  ,previ\s to #ahbd1 two cases _h
 come up f ! ,/ate c\rts1 to ! ,supreme 
,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 involv+ ! "q   
:e!r a ,/ate law1 invalidat+ "s p>ticul>

 contract1 came )9 ! con/itutional      
prohibition ( any law impair+ !         
obligation ( contracts4  ,"o ( ^! cases 
0 t ( ,flet*] vs4 ,peck1 7#f ,cran*     
#hg71 9 ! ye> #ahaj4 ,9 ?is case ! c\rt 
held simply t a grant ( l&1 once made by
 ! legislature ( ,georgia1 c\ld n be    
resc9d$ by a subsequ5t legislature4  ,b 
no g5]al def9ition ( ! obligation (     
contracts 0 giv54  ,aga91 9 ! ye> #ahai1
 9 ! case ( ,d>tm\? ,college vs4        
,woodw>d 7#d ,:eaton #eah71 ! c\rt held 
t a *>t]1 grant$ to ,d>tm\? ,college1 by
 ! k+ ( ,engl&1 be=e ! ,revolution1 0 a 
contract2 & t a law ( ,new ,hamp%ire1   
annull+1 or mat]ially alt]+1 ! *>t]1 )\t
 ! cons5t ( ! tru/ees1 0 a law impair+ !
 obligation ( t contract4  ,b1 9 ?is    
case1 z 9 t ( ,flet*] vs4 ,peck1 ! c\rt 
gave no g5]al def9ition ( ! obligation (
 contracts4  ,b 9 ! ye> #ahbd1 & aga9 9 
#ahbg1 9 ! case ( ,ogd5 vs4 ,saund]s    
7#ab ,:eaton #bac7 ! "q 01 :e!r an      
insolv5t law ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 :i*
 dis*>g$ a debtor f a debt1 contract$   

aft] ! passage ( ! law1 or1 z ! c\rts   
w\ld say1 contract$ "u ! law--on 8 giv+ 
up 8 prop]ty to be di/ribut$ among 8    
cr$itors--0 a law impair+ ! obligation (
 contracts8  ,to ! correct decision (   
?is case1 x seem$ indisp5sable t ! c\rt 
%\ld give a compreh5sive1 precise1 &    
univ]sal def9ition ( ! obligation (     
contracts2 "o by :i* x might =ev] aft]  
be kn[n :at 01 & :at 0 n1 t obligation (
 contracts1 :i* ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts 7     
=bidd5 to impair by any law :atev]4  ,! 
cause 0 he>d at two t]ms1 t ( #ahbd1 & t
 ( #ahbg4  ,x 0 argu$ by ,web/]1        
,:eaton1 ,wirt1 ,clay1 ,liv+/on1 ,ogd51 
,jones1 ,sampson1 & ,ha9es2 n9e 9 all4  
,_! argum5ts 7 s volum9\s t !y c\ld n be
 report$ at l5g?4 ,only summ>ies ( !m   
are giv54 ,b ^! summ>ies occupy         
?irty-eight pages 9 ! reports4  ,!      
judges1 at t "t1 7 sev51 viz41 ,m>%all1 
,wa%+ton1 ,johnson1 ,duvall1 ,/ory1     
,?ompson1 & ,trimble4  ,! judges gave   
five diff]5t op9ions2 occupy+ "o hundr$ 
pages ( ! reports4  ,b no "o def9ition (

 ! obligation ( contracts c\ld be agre$ 
on2 n ev5 by a majority4  ,"h1 !n1      
sixte5 lawy]s & judges--_m ( !m among ! 
mo/ em95t ! c\ntry has ev] _h--7 call$  
^u to give _! op9ions ^u a "q ( ! highe/
 importance to all m5's natural rights1 
to all ! int]e/s ( civiliz$ society1 &  
to ! v exi/5ce ( civilization itself2 a 
"q1 ^u ! answ] to :i* dep5d$ ! real     
validity1 or invalidity1 ( e contract t 
ev] 0 made1 or ev] w be made1 betwe5 man
 & man4 ,& yet1 by _! disagreem5ts1 !y  
all virtually ackn[l$g$ t !y did n "k   
:at ! obligation ( contracts 06  ,b ?is 
0 n all4 ,al?\gh !y c\ld n agree z to   
:at ! obligation ( contracts 01 !y did  
all agree t x c\ld be no?+ :i* ! ,/ate  
lawmak]s c\ld n prohibit & aboli%1 by   
laws pass$ be=e ! contracts 7 made4 ,t  
is to say1 !y all agre$ t ! ,/ate       
lawmak]s _h absolute p[] to prohibit all
 contracts :atsoev]1 = buy+ & sell+1    
borr[+ & l5d+1 giv+ & receiv+1 prop]ty2 
& t1 :5ev] !y did prohibit any p>ticul> 
contract1 or class ( contracts1 all su* 

contracts1 !reaft] made1 c\ld h no      
obligation6  ,!y said ?is1 be x not$1 n 
( contracts t 7 naturally & intr9sically
 crim9al & void1 b ( contracts t 7      
naturally & intr9sically z j1 & lawful1 
& useful1 & necess>y1 z any t m5 ev]    
ent] into2 & t _h z p]fect a natural1   
intr9sic1 inh]5t obligation1 z any ( ^? 
contracts1 by :i* ! traffic ( society is
 c>ri$ on1 or by :i* m5 ev] buy & sell1 
borr[ & l5d1 give & receive1 prop]ty1 ( 
& to ea* o!r4  ,n "o ( ^! sixte5 lawy]s 
& judges took ! gr\nd t ! con/itution1 9
 =bidd+ any ,/ate to pass any law       
impair+ ! obligation ( contracts1 int5d$
 to protect1 aga9/ ! arbitr>y           
legislation ( ! ,/ates1 ! only true1    
real1 & natural obligation ( contracts1 
or ! "r ( ! p to ent] into all really j1
 & naturally obligatory contracts4  ,is 
x possible to conceive ( a m %ameful    
exhibition1 or confession1 ( ! s]vility1
 ! bas5ess1 or ! utt] degradation1 ( bo?
 b> & b5*1 ?an _! refusal to say "o ^w 9
 favor ( ju/ice1 lib]ty1 m5's natural   

rights1 or ! natural1 & only real1      
obligation ( _! contracts8  ,& yet1 f t 
day to ?is--a p]iod ( sixty ye>s1 save  
"o--nei!r b> nor b5*1 s f> z ,i "k1 h   
ev] utt]$ "o syllable 9 v9dication (    
m5's natural "r to make _! own          
contracts1 or to h ! only true1 real1   
natural1 inh]5t1 intr9sic obligation (  
_! contracts respect$ by lawmak]s or    
c\rts4  ,c any fur!r pro( be ne$$ t all 
ideas ( ju/ice & m5's natural rights are
 absolutely bani%$ f ! m9ds ( lawmak]s1 
& f s-call$ c\rts ( ju/ice8 ,or t       
absolute & irresponsible lawmak+ has    
usurp$ _! place8  ,or c any fur!r pro(  
be ne$$1 ( ! utt] wor?lessness ( all !  
con/itutions1 :i* ^! lawmak]s & judges  
swe> to support1 & pr(ess to be gov]n$  
by8   ,,section ,,xviii4  ,if1 n[1 x be 
ask$1 :at is ?is con/itutional          
obligation ( contracts1 :i* ! ,/ates are
 =bidd5 to impair1 ! answ] is1 t x is1 &
 necess>ily mu/ be1 ! natural           
obligation2 or t obligation1 :i*        
contracts h1 on pr9ciples ( natural law1

 & natural ju/ice1 z di/+ui%$ f any     
arbitr>y or unju/ obligation1 :i*       
lawmak]s may assume to create1 & atta*  
to contracts4  ,?is natural obligation  
is ! only "o obligation :i* all         
obligatory contracts c be said to h4 ,x 
is ! only inh]5t obligation1 t any      
contract c be said to h4 ,x is recogniz$
 all ov] ! _w--at lea/ z f> z x is      
kn[n--z ! "o only true obligation1 t    
any1 or all1 contracts c h4 ,&1 s f> z x
 is kn[n--x is held valid all ov] ! _w1 
except 9 ^? exceptional cases1 :]e      
arbitr>y & tyrannical gov]nm5ts h assum$
 to annul x1 or sub/itute "s o!r 9 its  
/ead4  ,! con/itution assumes t ?is "o  
obligation ( contracts1 :i* x designs to
 protect1 is ! natural "o1 because x    
assumes t x exi/$1 & 0 kn[n1 at ! "t !  
con/itution itself 0 e/abli%$2 & c]ta9ly
 no "o obligation1 o!r ?an ! natural "o1
 c be said to h be5 kn[n1 z applicable  
to all obligatory contracts1 at ! "t !  
con/itution 0 e/abli%$4 ,unless1 !re=e1 
! con/itution be presum$ to h int5d$ !  

natural obligation1 x _c be said to h   
int5d$ any "o obligation :atev]2 or1    
consequ5tly1 to h =bidd5 ! violation (  
any "o obligation :atev]4  ,x _c be said
 t ! obligation1 :i* ! con/itution      
design$ to protect 0 any arbitr>y       
obligation1 t 0 unkn[n at ! "t !        
con/itution 0 e/abli%$1 b t 0 to be     
creat$1 & made kn[n aft]w>d2 = !n ?is   
provision ( ! con/itution c\ld h _h no  
effect1 until su* arbitr>y obligation   
%\ld h be5 creat$1 & made kn[n4 ,& z x  
gives u no in=mation z to h[1 or by :om1
 ?is arbitr>y obligation 0 to be creat$1
 or :at ! obligation itself 0 to be1 or 
h[ x c\ld ev] be kn[n to be ! "o t 0    
int5d$ to be protect$1 ! provision      
itself becomes a m]e nullity1 hav+ no   
effect to protect any obligation at all4
  ,x w\ld be a manife/ & utt] absurdity 
to say t ! con/itution int5d$ to protect
 any obligation :atev]1 unless x be     
presum$ to h int5d$ "s p>ticul>         
obligation1 t 0 kn[n at ! "t2 = t w\ld  
be equival5t to say+ t ! con/itution    

int5d$ to e/abli% a law1 ( :i* no man   
c\ld "k ! mean+4  ,b ?is is n all4  ,!  
"r ( prop]ty is a natural "r4 ,! only   
real "r ( prop]ty1 t is kn[n to mank9d1 
is ! natural "r4 ,m5 h also a natural "r
 to convey _! natural rights ( prop]ty f
 "o p]son to ano!r4 ,& !re is no means  
kn[n to mank9d1 by :i* ?is natural "r ( 
prop]ty c be transf]r$1 or convey$1 by  
"o man to ano!r1 except by su* contracts
 z are naturally obligatory2 t is1      
naturally capable ( convey+ & b9d+ ! "r 
( prop]ty4  ,all contracts :atsoev]1 t  
are naturally capable1 compet5t1 &      
suffici5t to convey1 transf]1 & b9d !   
natural "r ( prop]ty1 are naturally     
obligatory2 & really & truly d convey1  
transf]1 & b9d su* rights ( prop]ty z !y
 purport to convey1 transf]1 & b9d4     
,all ! o!r modes1 by :i* "o man has ev] 
attempt$ to acquire ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 h
 be5 !fts1 robb]ies1 & frauds4 ,b ^!1 ( 
c\rse1 h nev] convey$ any real rights ( 
prop]ty4  ,to make any contract b9d+1   
obligatory1 & effectual = convey+ &     

transf]r+ rights ( prop]ty1 ^! ?ree     
conditions only are ess5tial1 viz41 #a4 
,t x be ent]$ into by p>ties1 :o are    
m5tally compet5t to make reasonable     
contracts4 #b4 ,t ! contract be a purely
 volunt>y "o3 t is1 t x be ent]$ into   
)\t ei!r =ce or fraud on ei!r side4 #c4 
,t ! "r ( prop]ty1 :i* ! contract       
purports to convey1 be su* an "o z is   
naturally capable ( be+ convey$1 or     
transf]r$1 by "o man to ano!r4  ,subject
 to ^! conditions1 all contracts        
:atsoev]1 = convey+ rights ( prop]ty--t 
is1 = buy+ & sell+1 borr[+ & l5d+1 giv+ 
& receiv+ prop]ty--are naturally        
obligatory1 & b9d su* rights ( prop]ty z
 !y purport to convey4  ,subject to ^!  
conditions1 all contracts1 = !          
conveyance ( rights ( prop]ty1 are      
recogniz$ z valid1 all ov] ! _w1 by bo? 
civiliz$ & savage man1 except 9 ^?      
p>ticul> cases :]e gov]nm5ts arbitr>ily 
& tyrannically prohibit1 alt]1 or       
invalidate !m4  ,?is natural obligation 
( contracts mu/ necess>ily be presum$ to

 be ! "o1 & ! only "o1 :i* ! con/itution
 =bids to be impair$1 by any ,/ate law  
:atev]1 if we are to presume t !        
con/itution 0 int5d$ = ! ma9t5ance (    
ju/ice1 or m5's natural rights4  ,on !  
o!r h&1 if ! con/itution be presum$ n to
 protect ?is natural obligation (       
contracts1 we "k n :at o!r obligation x 
did int5d to protect4 ,x m5tions no o!r1
 describes no o!r1 gives u no h9t ( any 
o!r2 & nobody c give u ! lea/ in=mation 
z to :at o!r obligation ( contracts 0   
int5d$4  ,x c\ld n h be5 any obligation 
:i* ! ,/ate lawmak]s might arbitr>ily   
create1 & annex to all contracts2 = ?is 
is :at no lawmak]s h ev] attempt$ to d4 
,& x w\ld be ! height ( absurdity to    
suppose !y ev] w inv5t any "o           
obligation1 & atta* x to all contracts4 
,!y h only attempt$ ei!r to annul1 or   
impair1 ! natural obligation ( p>ticul> 
contracts2 or1 9 p>ticul> cases1 to     
sub/itute o!r obligations ( _! own      
inv5tion4 ,& ?is is ! mo/ !y w ev]      
attempt to d4   ,,section ,,xix4        

,assum+ x n[ to be prov$ t ! obligation 
( contracts1 :i* ! ,/ates are =bidd5 to 
impair1 is ! natural obligation2 & t1   
con/itutionally speak+1 ?is provision   
secures to all ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates !  
"r to ent] into1 & h ! b5efit (1 all    
contracts :atsoev]1 t h t "o natural    
obligation1 let u look at "s ( ! m      
important ( ^? ,/ate laws t h ei!r      
impair$ t obligation or prohibit$ !     
ex]cise ( t "r4  #a4 ,t law1 9 all !    
,/ates1 by :i* any1 or all1 ! contracts 
( p]sons1 "u tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 are   
ei!r invalidat$1 or =bidd5 to be ent]$  
into4  ,! m5tal capacity ( a p]son to   
make reasonable contracts1 is ! only    
crit]ion1 by :i* to det]m9e 8 legal     
capacity to make obligatory contracts4  
,& 8 m5tal capacity to make reasonable  
contracts is c]ta9ly n to be det]m9$ by 
! fact t he is1 or is n1 tw5ty-"o ye>s (
 age4 ,!re w\ld be j z mu* s5se 9 say+ t
 x 0 to be det]m9$ by 8 height or 8     
weight1 z !re is 9 say+ t x %\ld be     
det]m9$ by 8 age4  ,ne>ly all p]sons1   

male & female1 are m5tally compet5t to  
make reasonable contracts1 long be=e !y 
are tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age4 ,& z soon z !y 
are m5tally compet5t to make reasonable 
contracts1 !y h ! same natural "r to    
make !m1 t !y ev] c h4 ,& _! contracts h
 ! same natural obligation t !y ev] c h4
  ,if a p]son's m5tal capacity to make  
reasonable contracts be drawn 9 "q1 t is
 a "q ( fact1 to be asc]ta9$ by ! same  
tribunal t is to asc]ta9 all ! o!r facts
 involv$ 9 ! case4 ,x c]ta9ly is n to be
 det]m9$ by any arbitr>y legislation1 t 
%all deprive any "o ( 8 natural "r to   
make contracts4  #b4 ,all ! ,/ate laws1 
t d n[ =bid1 or t h h]et(ore =bidd5     
m>ri$ wom5 to make any or all contracts1
 t !y are1 or 71 m5tally compet5t to    
make reasonably1 are violations ( _!    
natural "r to make _! own contracts4  ,a
 m>ri$ woman has ! same natural "r to   
acquire & hold prop]ty1 & to make all   
contracts t %e is m5tally compet5t to   
make reasonably1 z has a m>ri$ man1 or  
any o!r man4 ,& any law invalidat+ h]   

contracts1 or =bidd+ h] to ent] into    
contracts1 on ! gr\nd ( h] be+ m>ri$1   
are n only absurd & outrage\s 9         
!mselves1 b are also z pla9ly violations
 ( t provision ( ! con/itution1 :i*     
=bids any ,/ate to pass any law impair+ 
! natural obligation ( contracts1 z w\ld
 be laws invalidat+ or prohibit+ simil> 
contracts by m>ri$ m54  #c4 ,all ^?     
,/ate laws1 commonly call$ acts (       
incorporation1 by :i* a c]ta9 numb] (   
p]sons are lic5s$ to contract debts1 )\t
 hav+ _! individual prop]ties held      
liable to pay !m1 are laws impair+ !    
natural obligation ( _! contracts4  ,on 
natural pr9ciples ( law & reason1 ^!    
p]sons are simply p>tn]s2 & _! private  
prop]ties1 l ^? ( any o!r p>tn]s1 %\ld  
be held liable = _! p>tn]%ip debts4 ,l  
any o!r p>tn]s1 !y take ! pr(its ( _!   
bus9ess1 if !re be any pr(its4 ,& !y are
 naturally b\nd to take all ! risks ( _!
 bus9ess1 z 9 ! case ( any o!r bus9ess4 
,= a law to say t1 if !y make any       
pr(its1 !y may put !m all into _! own   

pockets1 b t1 if !y make a loss1 !y may 
?r[ x ^u _! cr$itors1 is an absurdity & 
an outrage4 ,su* a law is pla9ly a law  
impair+ ! natural obligation ( _!       
contracts4  #d4 ,all ,/ate insolv5t     
laws1 s-call$1 t di/ribute a debtor's   
prop]ty equally among 8 cr$itors1 are   
laws impair+ ! natural obligation ( 8   
contracts4  ,if ! natural obligation (  
contracts 7 kn[n1 & recogniz$ z law1 we 
%\ld h no ne$ ( insolv5t or bankrupt    
laws4  ,! only =ce1 function1 or effect 
( a legal contract is to convey & b9d   
rights ( prop]ty4 ,a contract t conveys 
& b9ds no "r ( prop]ty1 has no legal    
=ce1 effect1 or obligation :atev]4#d    
#d ,x may h v weighty moral obligation2 
b x c h     no legal obligation4        
,consequ5tly1 ! natural obligation ( a  
contract ( debt b9ds ! debtor's prop]ty1
 & no?+ m4 ,t is1 x gives ! cr$itor a   
mortgage ^u ! debtor's prop]ty1 & no?+  
m4  ,a fir/ debt is a fir/ mortgage2 a  
second debt is a second mortgage2 a ?ird
 debt is a ?ird mortgage2 & s on        

indef9itely4  ,! fir/ mortgage mu/ be   
paid 9 full1 be=e any?+ is paid on !    
second4 ,! second mu/ be paid 9 full1   
be=e any?+ is paid on ! ?ird2 & s on    
indef9itely4  ,:5 ! mortgag$ prop]ty is 
exhau/$1 ! debt is cancell$2 !re is no  
o!r prop]ty t ! contract b9ds4  ,if1    
!re=e1 a debtor1 at ! "t 8 debt becomes 
due1 pays to ! ext5t ( 8 ability1 & has 
be5 guilty ( no fraud1 fault1 or        
neglect1 dur+ ! "t 8 debt _h to run1 he 
is !nce=? dis*>g$ f all legal           
obligation4  ,if ?is pr9ciple 7         
ackn[l$g$1 we %\ld h no occasion1 & no  
use1 = insolv5t or bankrupt laws4  ,(   
c\rse1 p]sons :o h nev] ask$ !mselves   
:at ! natural obligation ( contracts is1
 w raise num]\s objections to !         
pr9ciple1 t a legal contract b9ds no?+  
else ?an rights ( prop]ty4 ,b _!        
objections are all %all[ & fallaci\s4   
,i h n space "h to g into all ! argum5ts
 t may be necess>y to prove t contracts 
c h no legal effect1 except to b9d      
rights ( prop]ty2 or to %[ ! tru? ( t   

pr9ciple 9 its application to all       
contracts :atsoev]4 ,to d ?is w\ld      
require a some:at elaborate treatise4   
,su* a treatise ,i hope sometime to     
publi%4 ,= ! pres5t1 ,i only ass]t !    
pr9ciple2 & ass]t t ! ignorance ( ?is   
tru? is at lea/ "o ( ! reasons :y c\rts 
& lawy]s h nev] be5 able to agree z to  
:at ! obligation ( contracts 04  ,9 all 
! cases t h n[ be5 m5tion$1--t is1 (    
m9ors 7s-call$71 m>ri$ wom51            
corporations1 insolv5ts1 & 9 all o!r l  
cases--! tricks1 or pret5ces1 by :i* !  
c\rts attempt to uphold ! validity ( all
 laws t =bid p]sons to ex]cise _!       
natural "r to make _! own contracts1 or 
t annul1 or impair1 ! natural obligation
 ( _! contracts1 are ^!3  #a4 ,!y say t1
 if a law =bids any p>ticul> contract to
 be made1 su* contract1 be+ !n an       
illegal "o1 c h no obligation4          
,consequ5tly1 say !y1 ! law _c be said  
to impair x2 because ! law _c impair an 
obligation1 t has nev] _h an exi/5ce4   
,!y say ?is ( all contracts1 t are      

arbitr>ily =bidd52 al?\gh1 naturally &  
intr9sically1 !y h z valid an obligation
 z any o!rs t m5 ev] ent] into1 or z any
 t c\rts en=ce4  ,by su* a nak$ trick z 
?is1 ^! c\rts n only /rike d[n m5's     
natural "r to make _! own contracts1 b  
ev5 seek to evade t provision ( !       
con/itution1 :i* !y are all sworn to    
support1 & :i* comm&s !m to hold valid !
 natural obligation ( all m5's          
contracts2 any?+ 9 ! con/itutions or    
laws ( ! ,/ates to ! contr>y not)/&+4   
,!y might z well h said t1 if !         
con/itution _h decl>$ t no ,/ate %all   
pass any law impair+ any man's natural  
"r to life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty--7t is1 8
 natural "r to live1 & d :at he w )     
himself & 8 prop]ty1 s long z he infr+es
 ! "r ( no o!r p]son7--?is prohibition  
c\ld be evad$ by a ,/ate law decl>+ t1 f
 & aft] su* a date1 no p]son %\ld h any 
natural "r to life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty2 
& t1 !re=e1 a law arbitr>ily tak+ f a   
man 8 life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty1 c\ld n be
 said to impair 8 "r to !m1 because no  

law c\ld impair a "r t did n exi/4  ,!  
answ] to su* an argum5t z ?is1 w\ld be1 
t x is a natural tru? t e man1 :o ev]   
has be51 or ev] w be1 born into ! _w1   
necess>ily has be51 & necess>ily w be1  
born ) an inh]5t "r to life1 lib]ty1 &  
prop]ty2 & t1 9 =bidd+ ?is "r to be     
impair$1 ! con/itution presupposes1     
implies1 assumes1 & ass]ts t e man has1 
& w h1 su* a "r2 & t ?is natural "r is !
 v "r1 :i* ! con/itution =bids any ,/ate
 law to impair4  ,or ! c\rts might z    
well h said t1 if ! con/itution _h      
decl>$ t no ,/ate %all pass any law     
impair+ ! obligation ( contracts made = 
! pur*ase ( food1 t provision c\ld h be5
 evad$ by a ,/ate law =bidd+ any        
contract to be made = ! pur*ase ( food2 
& !n say+ t su* contract1 be+ illegal1  
c\ld h no obligation1 t c\ld be impair$4
  ,! answ] to ?is argum5t w\ld be t1 by 
=bidd+ any ,/ate law impair+ !          
obligation ( contracts made = ! pur*ase 
( food1 ! con/itution presupposes1      
implies1 assumes1 & ass]ts t su*        

contracts h1 & always w h1 a natural    
obligation2 & t ?is natural obligation  
is ! v obligation1 :i* ! con/itution    
=bids any ,/ate law to impair4  ,s 9    
reg>d to all o!r contracts4 ,!          
con/itution presupposes1 implies1       
assumes1 & ass]ts ! natural tru?1 t     
c]ta9 contracts h1 & always necess>ily w
 h1 a natural obligation4 ,& ?is natural
 obligation--:i* is ! only real         
obligation t any contract c h--is ! v "o
 t ! con/itution =bids any ,/ate law to 
impair1 9 ! case ( any contract :atev] t
 has su* obligation4  ,& yet all ! c\rts
 hold ! direct opposite ( ?is4 ,!y hold 
t1 if a ,/ate law =bids any contract to 
be made1 su* a contract c !n h no       
obligation2 & t1 consequ5tly1 no ,/ate  
law c impair an obligation t nev] exi/$4
  ,b if1 by =bidd+ a contract to be     
made1 a ,/ate law c prev5t ! contract's 
hav+ any obligation1 ,/ate laws1 by     
=bidd+ any contracts at all to be made1 
c prev5t all contracts1 !reaft] made1 f 
hav+ any obligation2 & ?us utt]ly de/roy

 all m5's natural rights to make any    
obligatory contracts at all4  #b4 ,a    
second pret5ce1 by :i* ! c\rts attempt  
to evade t provision ( ! con/itution1   
:i* =bids any ,/ate to pass any law     
impair+ ! obligation ( contracts1 is    
?is3 ,!y say t ! ,/ate law1 t requires1 
or obliges1 a man to fulfil 8 contracts1
 is itself ! obligation1 :i* !          
con/itution =bids to be impair$2 & t    
!re=e ! con/itution only prohibits !    
impair+ ( any law = en=c+ su* contracts 
z %all be made "u x4  ,b ?is pret5ce1 x 
w be se51 utt]ly disc>ds ! idea t       
contracts h any natural obligation4 ,x  
implies t contracts h no obligation1    
except ! laws t are made = en=c+ !m4 ,b 
if contracts h no natural obligation1 !y
 h no obligation at all1 t ought to be  
en=c$2 & ! ,/ate is a m]e usurp]1       
tyrant1 & robb]1 9 pass+ any law to     
en=ce !m4  ,pla9ly a ,/ate _c rightfully
 en=ce any contracts at all1 unless !y h
 a natural obligation4  #c4 ,a ?ird     
pret5ce1 by :i* ! c\rts attempt to evade

 ?is provision ( ! con/itution1 is ?is3 
,!y say t ! law is a "p ( ! contract    
itself2 & !re=e _c impair its           
obligation4  ,by ?is !y mean t1 if a law
 is /&+ ^u ! /atute book1 prescrib+ :at 
obligation c]ta9 contracts %all1 or %all
 n1 h1 x mu/ !n be presum$ t1 :5ev] su* 
a contract is made1 ! p>ties int5d$ to  
make x accord+ to t law2 & really to    
make ! law a "p ( _! contract2 al?\gh !y
 !mselves say no?+ ( ! k9d4  ,?is       
pret5ce1 t ! law is a "p ( ! contract1  
is a m]e trick to *eat p out ( _!       
natural "r to make _! own contracts2 &  
to compel !m to make only su* contracts 
z ! lawmak]s *oose to p]mit !m to make4 
,to say t x mu/ be presum$ t ! p>ties   
int5d$ to make _! contracts accord+ to  
su* laws z may be prescrib$ to !m--or1  
:at is ! same ?+1 to make ! laws a "p ( 
_! contracts--is equival5t to say+ t !  
p>ties mu/ be presum$ to h giv5 up all  
_! natural "r to make _! own contracts2 
to h ackn[l$g$ !mselves imbeciles1      
incompet5t to make reasonable contracts1

 & to h au?oriz$ ! lawmak]s to make _!  
contracts = !m2 = if ! lawmak]s c make  
any "p ( a man's contract1 & presume 8  
cons5t to x1 !y c make a :ole "o1 &     
presume 8 cons5t to x4  ,if ! lawmak]s c
 make any "p ( m5's contracts1 !y c make
 ! :ole ( !m2 & c1 !re=e1 buy & sell1   
borr[ & l5d1 give & receive m5's prop]ty
 ( all k9ds1 accord+ to _! 7! lawmak]s'7
 own w1 pleasure1 or discretion2 )\t !  
cons5t ( ! real own]s ( ! prop]ty1 & ev5
 )\t _! k1 until x is too late4 ,9 %ort1
 !y may take any man's prop]ty1 & give  
x1 or sell x1 to :om !y please1 & on su*
 conditions1 & at su* prices1 z !y      
please2 )\t any reg>d to ! rights ( !   
own]4 ,!y may1 9 fact1 at _! pleasure1  
/rip any1 or e1 man ( 8 prop]ty1 & be/[ 
x ^u :om !y w2 & !n ju/ify ! act ^u !   
presumption t ! own] cons5t$ to h 8     
prop]ty ?us tak5 f him & giv5 to o!rs4  
,?is absurd1 contemptible1 & dete/able  
trick has _h a long lease ( life1 & has 
be5 us$ z a cov] = "s ( ! greate/ (     
crimes4 ,by means ( x1 ! m>riage        

contract has be5 p]v]t$ into a contract1
 on ! "p ( ! woman1 to make h]self a    
legal non-entity1 or non compos m5tis2  
to give up1 to h] husb&1 all h] p]sonal 
prop]ty1 & ! control ( all h] real      
e/ate2 & to "p ) h] natural1 inh]5t1    
inali5able "r1 z a human be+1 to direct 
h] own labor1 control h] own e>n+s1 make
 h] own contracts1 & provide = !        
subsi/5ce ( h]self & h] *ildr54  ,!re   
w\ld be j z mu* reason 9 say+ t !       
lawmak]s h a "r to make ! entire m>riage
 contract2 to m>ry any man & woman aga9/
 _! w2 dispose ( all _! p]sonal &       
prop]ty rights2 decl>e !m imbeciles1    
incapable ( mak+ a reasonable m>riage   
contract2 !n presume ! cons5t ( bo? !   
p>ties2 & f9ally treat !m z crim9als1 & 
_! *ildr5 z outca/s1 if !y presume to   
make any contract ( _! own4  ,?is same  
trick1 ( hold+ t ! law is a "p ( !      
contract1 has be5 made to protect !     
private prop]ty ( /ockhold]s f liability
 = ! debts ( ! corporations1 ( :i* !y 7 
memb]s2 & to protect ! private prop]ty (

 special p>tn]s1 s-call$1 or limit$     
p>tn]s1 f liability = p>tn]%ip debts4   
,?is same trick has be5 employ$ to      
ju/ify insolv5t & bankrupt laws1        
s-call$1 :]eby a fir/ cr$itor's "r to a 
fir/ mortgage on ! prop]ty ( 8 debtor1  
has be5 tak5 f him1 & he has be5        
compell$ to take 8 *ances ) z _m        
subsequ5t cr$itors z ! debtor may succe$
 9 becom+ indebt$ to  ,all ^!           
absurdities & atrocities h be5 practic$ 
by ! lawmak]s ( ! ,/ates1 & su/a9$ by ! 
c\rts1 "u ! pret5ce t !y 7! c\rts7 did n
 "k :at ! natural obligation ( contracts
 02 or t1 if !y did "k :at x 01 !       
con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates impos$ no 
re/ra9t ^u its unlimit$ violation by !  
,/ate lawmak]s4   ,,section ,,xx4  ,b1 n
 cont5t ) hav+ always sanction$ !       
unlimit$ p[] ( ! ,/ate lawmak]s to      
aboli% all m5's natural "r to make _!   
own contracts1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates has1 )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 
tak5 pa9s to ass]t t congress also has !
 arbitr>y p[] to aboli% ! same "r4  #a4 

,x has ass]t$ ! arbitr>y p[] ( congress 
to aboli% all m5's "r to make _! own    
contracts1 by ass]t+ its p[] to alt] !  
mean+ ( all contracts1 aft] !y are made1
 s z to make !m widely1 or :olly1       
diff]5t f :at ! p>ties _h made !m4  ,?us
 ! c\rt has said t1 aft] a man has made 
a contract to pay a c]ta9 numb] (       
doll>s1 at a future "t1--mean+ su*      
doll>s z 7 curr5t at ! "t ! contract 0  
made1--congress has p[] to co9 a doll> (
 less value ?an ! "o agre$ on1 &        
au?orize ! debtor to pay 8 debt ) a     
doll> ( less value ?an ! "o he _h       
promis$4  ,to cov] up ?is infam\s crime1
 ! c\rt ass]ts1 ov] & ov] aga91--:at no 
"o d5ies1--t congress has p[]           
7con/itutionally speak+7 to alt]1 at    
pleasure1 ! value ( its co9s4 ,b x !n   
ass]ts t congress has ?is additional1 & 
:olly diff]5t1 p[]1 to wit1 ! p[] to    
decl>e t ?is alt]ation 9 ! value ( !    
co9s %all "w a correspond+ *ange 9 all  
exi/+ contracts = ! paym5t ( money4  ,9 
reality !y say t a contract to pay money

 is n a contract to pay any p>ticul>    
am\nt1 or value1 ( su* money z 0 kn[n & 
und]/ood by ! p>ties at ! "t ! contract 
0 made1 b only su*1 & s mu*1 z congress 
%all aft]w>ds *oose to call by t "n1 :5 
! debt %all become due4  ,!y ass]t t1 by
 simply reta9+ ! "n1 :ile alt]+ !       
?+1--or by simply giv+ an old "n to a   
new ?+1--congress has p[] to utt]ly     
aboli% ! contract :i* ! p>ties !mselves 
ent]$ into1 & sub/itute = x any su* new 
& diff]5t "o1 z !y 7congress7 may *oose 
to sub/itute4  ,"h are _! own words3    
,! contract obligation 444 0 n a duty to
 pay gold or      silv]1 or ! k9d (     
money recogniz$ by law at ! "t :5      !
 contract 0 made1 nor 0 x a duty to pay 
money ( equal      intr9sic value 9 !   
m>ket4444 ,b ! obligation ( a           
contract to pay money is to pay t :i* ! 
law %all      recognize z money :5 !    
paym5t is to be made4--,legal      ,t5d]
 ,cases1 #ab ,wallace #edh4  ,?is is    
say+ t ! obligation ( a contract to pay 
money is n an obligation to pay :at bo? 

! law & ! p>ties recognize z money1 at !
 "t :5 ! contract is made1 b only su*   
sub/itute z congress %all aft]w>ds      
prescribe1 :5 ! paym5t is to be made4   
,?is op9ion 0 giv5 by a majority ( !    
c\rt 9 ! ye> #ahgj4  ,9 ano!r op9ion !  
c\rt says3       ,"u ! p[] to co9 money1
 & to regulate its value1      congress 
may issue co9s ( same d5om9ation t is1  
be>+      ! same "n z ^? already curr5t 
by law1 b ( less      intr9sic value ?an
 ^?1 by reason ( conta9+ a less         
weight ( ! preci\s metals1 & !reby      
enable debtors to      dis*>ge _! debts 
by ! paym5t ( co9s ( ! less real        
value4 ,a contract to pay a c]ta9 sum ( 
money1 )\t any      /ipulation z to !   
k9d ( money 9 :i* x %all be made1       
may always be satisfi$ by paym5t ( t sum
 t is1 t      nom9al am\nt 9 any curr5cy
 :i* is lawful money at !      place &  
"t at :i* paym5t is to be               
made4--,juilli>d vs4      ,gre5man1 #aaj
 ,u4 ,s4 ,reports1 #ddi4  ,?is op9ion 0 
giv5 by ! entire c\rt--save "o1         

,field--at ! ,octob] t]m ( #ahhc4  ,bo? 
^! op9ions are di/9ct decl>ations ( !   
p[] ( congress to alt] m5's contracts1  
aft] !y are made1 by simply reta9+ ! "n1
 :ile alt]+ ! ?+1 t is agre$ to be paid4
  ,9 bo? ^! cases1 ! c\rt means di/9ctly
 to say t1 aft] ! p>ties to a contract h
 agre$ ^u ! numb] ( doll>s to be paid1  
congress has p[] to r$uce ! value ( !   
doll>1 & au?orize all debtors to pay !  
less valuable doll>1 in/ead ( ! "o agre$
 on4  ,9 o!r words1 ! c\rt means to say 
t1 aft] a contract has be5 made = !     
paym5t ( a c]ta9 numb] ( doll>s1        
congress has p[] to alt] ! mean+ ( ! ^w 
doll>1 & ?us au?orize ! debtor to pay 9 
some?+ diff]5t f1 & less valuable ?an1 !
 ?+ he agre$ to pay4  ,well1 if congress
 has p[] to alt] m5's contracts1 aft] !y
 are made1 by alt]+ ! mean+ ( ! ^w      
doll>1 & ?us r$uc+ ! value ( ! debt1 x  
has a precisely equal p[] to increase ! 
value ( ! doll>1 & ?us compel ! debtor  
to pay m ?an he agre$ to pay4  ,congress
 has evid5tly j z mu* "r to increase !  

value ( ! doll>1 aft] a contract has be5
 made1 z x has to r$uce its value4 ,x   
has1 !re=e1 j z mu* "r to *eat debtors1 
by compell+ !m to pay m ?an !y agre$ to 
pay1 z x has to *eat cr$itors1 by       
compell+ !m to accept less ?an !y agre$ 
to accept4  ,all ?is talk ( ! c\rt is   
equival5t to ass]t+ t congress has ! "r 
to alt] m5's contracts at pleasure1 aft]
 !y are made1 & make !m ov] into some?+1
 or any?+1 :olly diff]5t f :at ! p>ties 
!mselves _h made !m4  ,& ?is is         
equival5t to d5y+ all m5's "r to make _!
 own contracts1 or to acquire any       
contract rights1 :i* congress may n     
aft]w>d1 at pleasure1 alt]1 or aboli%4  
,x is equival5t to say+ t ! words (     
contracts are n to be tak5 9 ! s5se 9   
:i* !y are us$1 by ! p>ties !mselves1 at
 ! "t :5 ! contracts are ent]$ into1 b  
only 9 su* diff]5t s5ses z congress may 
*oose to put ^u !m at any future "t4    
,if ?is is n ass]t+ ! "r ( congress to  
aboli% altoge!r m5's natural "r to make 
_! own contracts1 :at is x8  ,incr$ible 

z su* audaci\s villa9y may seem to ^?   
unsophi/icat$ p]sons1 :o imag9e t a c\rt
 ( law %\ld be a c\rt ( ju/ice1 x is    
nev]!less true1 t ?is c\rt int5d$ to    
decl>e ! unlimit$ p[] ( congress to     
alt]1 at pleasure1 ! contracts ( p>ties1
 aft] !y h be5 made1 by alt]+ ! k9d &   
am\nt ( money by :i* ! contracts may be 
fulfill$4 ,t !y int5d$ all ?is1 is      
prov$1 n only by ! extracts already giv5
 f _! op9ions1 b also by ! :ole t5or (  
_! argum5ts--too long to be repeat$     
"h--& m explicitly by ^! quotations1    
viz43       ,!re is no well-f\nd$       
di/9ction to be made betwe5 !           
con/itutional validity ( an act (       
congress decl>+      treasury notes a   
legal t5d] = ! paym5t ( debts           
contract$ aft] its passage1 & t ( an act
 mak+ !m a      legal t5d] = ! dis*>ge (
 all debts1 z well ^?      incurr$ be=e1
 z ^? made aft]1 its enactm5t4--,legal  
,t5d] ,cases1 #ab ,wallace #ecj 7#ahgj74
       ,e contract = ! paym5t ( money1  
simply1 is necess>ily      subject to ! 

con/itutional p[] ( ! gov]nm5t ov] !    
curr5cy1 :atev] t p[] may be1 & !       
obligation (      ! p>ties is1 !re=e1   
assum$ ) ref]5ce to t      p[]4--#ab    
,wallace #edi4       ,contracts = !     
paym5t ( money are subject to ! au?ority
      ( congress1 at lea/ s f> z relates
 to ! means (      paym5t4--#ab ,wallace
 #edi4  ,! c\rt means "h to say t e     
contract = ! paym5t ( money1 simply1 is 
necess>ily made1 by ! p>ties1 subject to
 ! p[] ( congress to alt] x aft]w>d--by 
alt]+ ! k9d & value ( ! money ) :i* x   
may be paid--into any?+1 into :i* !y    
7congress7 may *oose to alt] x4  ,& ?is 
is equival5t to say+ t all su* contracts
 are made1 by ! p>ties1 ) ! impli$      
und]/&+ t ! contracts1 z writt5 & sign$ 
by !mselves1 d n b9d ei!r ( ! p>ties to 
any?+2 b t !y simply sugge/1 or         
initiate1 "s non-descript or o!r1 :i*   
congress may aft]w>d conv]t into a b9d+ 
contract1 ( su* a sort1 & only su* a    
sort1 z !y 7congress7 may see fit to    
conv]t x into4  ,e "o ( ^! judges knew t

 no two m51 hav+ common hone/y & common 
s5se1--unless fir/ depriv$ ( all p[] to 
make _! own contracts1--w\ld ev] ent]   
into a contract to pay money1 ) any     
und]/&+ t ! gov]nm5t _h any su* arbitr>y
 p[] z ! c\rt "h ascribes to x1 to alt] 
_! contract aft] x %\ld be made4 ,su* an
 absurd contract w\ld1 9 reality1 be no 
legal contract at all4 ,x w\ld be a m]e 
gambl+ agreem5t1 hav+1 naturally &      
really1 no legal obligation at all4  ,b 
fur!r4 ,a solv5t contract to pay money  
is 9 reality--9 law1 & 9 equity--a bona 
fide mortgage ^u ! debtor's prop]ty4 ,& 
?is mortgage "r is z v]itable a "r (    
prop]ty1 z is any "r ( prop]ty1 t is    
convey$ by a w>ranty de$4 ,& congress   
has no m "r to invalidate ?is mortgage1 
by a s+le iota1 ?an x has to invalidate 
a w>ranty de$ ( l&4 ,& ^! judges w      
sometime f9d out t su* is ! obligation (
 contracts1 if !y ev] f9d out :at !     
obligation ( contracts is4  ,! ju/ices (
 t c\rt h _h ?is "q--:at is ! obligation
 ( contracts8--be=e !m = sev5ty ye>s1 & 

m4 ,b !y h nev] agre$ among             
!mselves--ev5 by s _m z a majority--z to
 :at x is4 ,& ?is disagreem5t is v good 
evid5ce t none ( !m h kn[n :at x is2 =  
if any "o ( !m _h kn[n :at x is1 he w\ld
 d\btless h be5 able1 long ago1 to      
enlight5 ! re/4  ,consid]+ ! vital      
importance ( m5's contracts1 x w\ld     
evid5tly be m to ! cr$it ( ^! judges1 if
 !y w\ld give _! att5tion to ?is "q ( ! 
obligation ( contracts1 until !y %all h 
solv$ x1 ?an x is to be tell+ fifty     
millions ( p t !y h no "r to make any   
contracts at all1 except su* z congress 
has p[] to invalidate aft] !y %all h be5
 made4 ,su* ass]tions z ?is1 com+ f a   
c\rt t _c ev5 tell u :at ! obligation ( 
contracts is1 are n entitl$ to any s]i\s
 consid]ation4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y %[ u   
:at f>ces & impo/ures ^! judicial       
op9ions--or decisions1 z !y call        
!m--are4 ,!y %[ t ^! judicial oracles1 z
 m5 call !m1 are no bett] ?an "s ( ! o!r
 s-call$ oracles1 by :om mank9d h be5   
dup$4  ,b ^! judges c]ta9ly nev] w f9d  

out :at ! obligation ( contracts is1    
until !y f9d out t m5 h ! natural "r to 
make _! own contracts1 & unalt]ably fix 
_! obligation2 & t gov]nm5ts c h no p[] 
:atev] to make1 unmake1 alt]1 or        
invalidate t obligation4  ,/ill fur!r4  
,congress has ! same p[] ov] weights &  
measures t x has ov] co9s4 ,& ! c\rt has
 no m "r or reason to say t congress has
 p[] to alt] exi/+ contracts1 by alt]+ !
 value ( ! co9s1 ?an x has to say t1    
aft] any or all m5 h1 = value receiv$1  
ent]$ into contracts to deliv] s _m     
bu%els ( :eat or o!r gra91 s _m p\nds ( 
beef1 pork1 butt]1 *eese1 cotton1 wool1 
or iron1 s _m y>ds ( clo?1 or s _m feet 
( lumb]1 congress has p[]1 by alt]+ ^!  
weights & measures1 to alt] all ^! exi/+
 contracts1 s z to conv]t !m into       
contracts to deliv] only half z _m1 or  
to deliv] twice z _m1 bu%els1 p\nds1    
y>ds1 or feet1 z ! p>ties agre$ ^u4  ,to
 add to ! f>ce1 z well z to ! iniquity1 
( ^! judicial op9ions1 x mu/ be kept 9  
m9d1 t ! c\rt says t1 aft] ,a has sold  

valuable prop]ty to ,b1 & has tak5 9    
paym5t an hone/ & suffici5t mortgage on 
,b's prop]ty1 congress has ! p[] to     
compel him 7,a7 to give up ?is mortgage1
 & to accept1 9 place ( x1 n any?+ ( any
 real value :atev]1 b only ! promissory 
note ( a s-call$ gov]nm5t2 & t gov]nm5t 
"o :i*--if taxation )\t cons5t is       
robb]y--nev] _h an hone/ doll> 9 its    
treasury1 ) :i* to pay any ( its debts1 
& is nev] likely to h "o2 b relies :olly
 on its future robb]ies = its means to  
pay !m2 & c give no gu>anty1 b its own  
int]e/ at ! "t1 t x w ev5 make ! paym5t 
out ( its future robb]ies4  ,if a       
company ( b&its 7 to seize a man's      
prop]ty = _! own uses1 & give him _!    
note1 promis+ to pay him out ( _! future
 robb]ies1 ! transaction w\ld n be      
consid]$ a v legitimate "o4 ,b x w\ld be
 intr9sically j z legitimate z is ! "o  
:i* ! ,supreme ,c\rt sanctions on ! "p (
 congress4  ,b&itti h n usually kept    
supreme c\rts ( _! own1 to legalize ei!r
 _! robb]ies1 or _! promises to pay =   

pa/ robb]ies1 out ( ! proce$s ( _!      
future ones4 ,p]haps !y may n[ take a   
lesson f our ,supreme ,c\rt1 & e/abli%  
c\rts ( _! own1 t w h]eaft] legalize all
 _! contracts ( ?is k9d4   ,,section    
,,xxi4  ,to ju/ify its decl>ation1 t    
congress has p[] to alt] m5's contracts 
aft] !y are made1 ! c\rt dwells ^u !    
fact t1 at ! times :5 ! legal-t5d] acts 
7 pass$1 ! gov]nm5t 0 9 p]il ( its life2
 & ass]ts t x _h !re=e a "r to d almo/  
any?+ = its self-pres]vation1 )\t mu*   
reg>d to its hone/y1 or di%one/y1 t[>ds 
private p]sons4 ,?us x says3       ,a   
civil w> 0 !n rag+1 :i* s]i\sly ?reat5$ 
!      ov]?r[ ( ! gov]nm5t1 & !         
de/ruction ( !      con/itution itself4 
,x dem&$ ! equipm5t & support (         
l>ge armies & navies1 & ! employm5t (   
money to an      ext5t beyond ! capacity
 ( all ord9>y s\rces ( supply4          
,mean:ile ! public treasury 0 ne>ly     
empty1 & ! cr$it      ( ! gov]nm5t1 if n
 /ret*$ to its utmo/ t5sion1 _h         
become ne>ly exhau/$4 ,money$           

in/itutions _h advanc$      l>gely ( _! 
means1 & m c\ld n be expect$ ( !m4      
,!y _h be5 compell$ to susp5d specie    
paym5ts4 ,taxation      0 inadequate to 
pay ev5 ! int]e/ on ! debt already      
incurr$1 & x 0 impossible to await !    
income (      additional taxes4 ,!      
necessity 0 imm$iate & press+4 ,!       
army 0 unpaid4 ,!re 0 !n due to !       
soldi]s 9 !      field ne>ly a score (  
millions ( doll>s4 ,! requisitions      
f ! ,w> & ,navy dep>tm5ts = supplies1   
exce$$ fifty      millions1 & ! curr5t  
exp5diture 0 ov] "o million p]          
day4444 ,=eign cr$it we _h none4 ,we say
 no?+ ( !      ov]hang+ p>alysis (      
trade1 & bus9ess g5]ally1 :i*           
?reat5$ loss ( confid5ce 9 ! ability ( !
 gov]nm5t      to ma9ta9 its cont9u$    
exi/5ce1 & !re) ! complete              
de/ruction ( all rema9+ national cr$it4 
,x 0 at su* a "t1 & 9 su* circum/ances1 
t congress      0 call$ ^u to devise    
means to ma9ta9+ ! army &      navy1 =  
secur+ ! l>ge supplies ( money ne$$1 &  

inde$ = ! pres]vation ( ! gov]nm5t      
creat$ by !      con/itution4 ,x 0 at   
su* a "t1 & 9 su* & em]g5cy1      t !   
legal-t5d] acts 7 pass$4--#ab ,wallace  
#edj-a4  ,9 ! same case ,bradley said3  
,c ! poor man's cattle1 & horses1 & corn
 be ?us tak5      by ! gov]nm5t1 :5 !   
public exig5cy requires x1 &      _c !  
ri* man's bonds & notes be 9 l mann]    
tak5      to rea* ! same end8--p4 #efa4 
,he also said3       ,x is absolutely   
ess5tial to indep5d5t national exi/5ce  
t gov]nm5t %\ld h a firm hold on ! two  
great      in/rum5talities ( ! sword & !
 purse1 & ! "r      to wield !m )\t     
re/riction1 on occasions ( national     
p]il4 ,9 c]ta9 em]g5cies gov]nm5t mu/ h 
at its      comm&1 n only ! p]sonal     
s]vices--! bodies &      lives--( its   
citiz5s1 b ! less]1 ?\gh n less         
ess5tial1 p[] ( absolute control ov] !  
res\rces ( !      c\ntry4 ,its armies   
mu/ be fill$1 & its navies mann$1 by    
! citiz5s 9 p]son4--p4 #efc4  ,also he  
said3       ,! conscription may deprive 

me ( lib]ty1 & de/roy my      life4444  
,all ^! are fundam5tal political        
conditions on      :i* life1 prop]ty1 & 
money are respectively held &           
enjoy$ "u our sy/em ( gov]nm5t1 nay1 "u 
any sy/em      ( gov]nm5t4 ,!re are     
times :5 ! exig5cies ( !      ,/ate     
rightly absorb all subord9ate           
consid]ations ( private      int]e/1    
conv5i5ce1 & feel+4--p4 #efe4  ,su* an  
attempt z ?is1 to ju/ify "o crime1 by   
tak+ = grant$ ! ju/ice ( o!r & great]   
crimes1 is a r desp]ate mode ( reason+1 
= a c\rt ( law2 to say no?+ ( a c\rt (  
ju/ice4 ,! answ] to x is1 t no gov]nm5t1
 h[ev] good 9 o!r respects--any m ?an   
any o!r good in/itution--has any "r to  
live o!rwise ?an on purely volunt>y     
support4 ,x c h no "r to take ei!r !    
poor man's cattle1 & horses1 & corn1 or 
! ri* man's bonds & notes1 or poor m5's 
bodies & lives1 )\t _! cons5t4 ,& :5 a  
gov]nm5t resorts to su* measures to save
 its life1 we ne$ no fur!r pro( t its "t
 to die has come4 ,a good gov]nm5t1 no m

 ?an a bad "o1 has any "r to live by    
robb]y1 murd]1 or any o!r crime4  ,b s  
?9k n ! ,ju/ices ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y hold t1
 9 comp>ison ) ! pres]vation ( !        
gov]nm5t1 all ! rights ( ! p to prop]ty1
 lib]ty1 & life are wor?less ?+s1 n to  
be reg>d$4 ,s !y hold t 9 su* an exig5cy
 z !y describe1 congress _h ! "r to     
commit any crime aga9/ private p]sons1  
by :i* ! gov]nm5t c\ld be sav$4 ,& among
 ^! lawful crimes1 ! c\rt holds t       
congress _h ! "r to issue money t %\ld  
s]ve z a lic5se to all hold]s ( x1 to   
*eat--or r op5ly rob--_! cr$itors4  ,!  
c\rt might1 ) j z mu* reason1 h said t1 
to pres]ve ! life ( ! gov]nm5t1 congress
 _h ! "r to issue su* money z w\ld      
au?orize all cr$itors to dem& twice !   
am\nt ( _! hone/ dues f all debtors4  ,!
 c\rt might1 ) j z mu* reason1 h said t1
 to pres]ve ! life ( ! gov]nm5t1        
congress _h ! "r to sell indulg5ces =   
all mann] ( crimes2 = !ft1 robb]y1 rape1
 murd]1 & all o!r crimes1 = :i*         

indulg5ces w\ld br+ a price 9 ! m>ket4  
,c any "o imag9e x possible t1 if !     
gov]nm5t _h always done no?+ b t equal &
 exact ju/ice to all m5--:i* y say x is 
pl$g$ to d1--b :i* y mu/ "k x has nev]  
done1--x c\ld ev] h be5 br\ght into any 
su* p]il ( its life1 z ^! judges        
describe8 ,c\ld x ev] h be5 necessitat$ 
to take ei!r ! poor man's cattle1 &     
horses1 & corn1 or ! ri* man's bonds &  
notes1 or poor m5's bodies & lives1 )\t 
_! cons5t8 ,c\ld x ev] h be5 necessitat$
 to conscript ! poor man--too poor to   
pay a ransom ( ?ree hundr$ doll>s--made 
?us poor by ! tyranny ( ! gov]nm5t      
itself--deprive him ( 8 lib]ty1 & de/roy
 8 life8 ,c\ld x ev] h be5 necessitat$  
to sell indulg5ces = crime to ei!r      
debtors1 or cr$itors1 or anybody else8  
,to pres]ve ! con/itution--a            
con/itution1 ,i repeat1 t au?oriz$ no?+ 
b equal & exact ju/ice to all m5--c\ld x
 ev] h be5 necessitat$ to s5d into !    
field millions ( ignorant "y m51 to cut 
! ?roats ( o!r "y m5 z ignorant z       

!mselves--few ( :om1 on ei!r side1 _h   
ev] read ! con/itution1 or _h any real k
 ( its legal mean+2 & n "o ( :om _h ev] 
sign$ x1 or promis$ to support x1 or 0  
"u ! lea/ obligation to support x8  ,x  
is1 ,i ?9k1 p]fectly safe to say1 t n "o
 9 a ?\s&1 probably n "o 9 t5 ?\s&1 ( ^!
 "y m51 :o 7 s5t out to but*] o!rs1 & be
 but*]$ !mselves1 _h any real k ( !     
con/itution !y 7 pr(ess$ly s5t out to   
support2 or any reasonable k ( ! real "*
 & motives ( ! congresses & c\rts t     
pr(ess to adm9i/] ! con/itution4 ,if !y 
_h possess$ ?is k1 h[ _m ( !m w\ld h ev]
 gone to ! field8  ,b fur!r4 ,is x      
really true t ! "r ( ! gov]nm5t to      
commit all ^! atrocities3       ,are !  
fundam5tal political conditions on :i*  
life1      prop]ty1 & money are         
respectively held & enjoy$ "u our       
sy/em ( gov]nm5t8  ,if su* is ! real "* 
( ! con/itution1 c any fur!r pro( be    
requir$ ( ! necessity t x be buri$ out (
 sight at once & =ev]8 ,! tru? 0 t !    
gov]nm5t 0 9 p]il1 solely because x 0 n 

fit to exi/4 ,x1 & ! ,/ate              
gov]nm5ts--all b p>ts ( "o & ! same     
sy/em--7 rott5 ) tyranny & crime4 ,& be+
 b\nd toge!r by no hone/ tie1 & exi/+ = 
no hone/ purpose1 de/ruction 0 ! only   
hone/ doom to :i* any ( !m 7 entitl$4 ,&
 if we _h sp5t ! same money & blood to  
de/roy !m1 t we did to pres]ve !m1 x    
w\ld h be5 t5 ?\s& times m cr$itable to 
our intellig5ce & "* z a p4  ,cle>ly !  
c\rt has n /r5g!n$ its case at all by   
?is picture ( ! p]il 9 :i* ! gov]nm5t 0 
plac$4 ,x has only %[n to :at desp]ate  
/raits a gov]nm5t1 f\nd$ on usurpation &
 fraud1 & devot$ to robb]y & oppression1
 may be br\ght1 by ! qu>rels t are      
liable to arise betwe5 ! diff]5t        
factions--t is1 ! diff]5t b&s (         
robb]s--( :i* x is compos$4 ,:5 su*     
qu>rels arise1 x is n to be expect$ t   
ei!r faction--hav+ nev] _h any reg>d to 
human rights1 :5 act+ 9 conc]t ) !      
o!r--w hesitate at any new crimes t may 
be necess>y to prolong its exi/5ce4  ,"h
 0 a gov]nm5t t _h nev] _h any          

legitimate exi/5ce4 ,x pr(ess$ly re/$   
all its au?ority on a c]ta9 pap] call$ a
 con/itution2 a pap]1 ,i repeat1 t      
nobody _h ev] sign$1 t few p]sons _h ev]
 read1 t ! great body ( ! p _h nev] se54
 ,?is gov]nm5t _h be5 impos$1 by a few  
prop]ty hold]s1 ^u a p too poor1 too    
scatt]$1 & _m ( !m too ignorant1 to     
resi/4 ,x _h be5 c>ri$ on1 = "s sev5ty  
ye>s1 by a m]e cabal ( irresponsible m51
 call$ lawmak]s4 ,9 ?is cabal1 ! sev]al 
local b&s ( robb]s--! slavehold]s ( !   
,s\?1 ! iron monopoli/s1 ! wooll5       
monopoli/s1 & ! money monopoli/s1 ( !   
,nor?--7 repres5t$4 ,! :ole purpose (   
its laws 0 to rob & enslave ! _m--bo?   
,nor? & ,s\?--= ! b5efit ( a few4 ,b ^! 
robb]s & tyrants qu>rel$--z less] b&s ( 
robb]s h done--ov] ! division ( _!      
spoils4 ,& h5ce ! w>4 ,no su* pr9ciple z
 ju/ice to anybody--black or :ite--0 !  
rul+ motive on ei!r side4  ,9 ?is w>1   
ea* faction--already /eep$ 9            
crime--plung$ into new1 if n great]1    
crimes4 ,9 its desp]ation1 x resolv$ to 

de/roy m5 & money1 )\t limit1 & )\t     
m]cy1 = ! pres]vation ( its exi/5ce4 ,! 
nor!rn faction1 hav+ m m51 money1 &     
cr$it ?an ! s\!rn1 surviv$ ! ,kilk5ny   
fight4 ,nei!r faction c>$ any?+ = human 
rights !n1 & nei!r ( !m has %[n any     
reg>d = human rights s9ce4 ,z a w>      
measure1 ! nor!rn faction f\nd x        
necess>y to put an end to ! "o great    
crime1 f :i* ! s\!rn faction _h drawn   
its weal?4 ,b all o!r gov]nm5t crimes h 
be5 m rampant s9ce ! w>1 ?an !y 7 be=e4 
,nei!r ! conqu]ors1 nor ! conqu]$1 h yet
 le>n$ t no gov]nm5t c h any "r to exi/ 
= any o!r purpose ?an ! simple ma9t5ance
 ( ju/ice betwe5 man & man4  ,& n[1 ye>s
 aft] ! fi5di% but*]y is ov]1 & aft] m5 
w\ld seem to h _h "t to come to _!      
s5ses1 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates1 repres5t+ ! victori\s faction1  
comes =w>d ) ! decl>ation t "o ( !      
crimes--! violation ( m5's private      
contracts--resort$ to by its faction1 9 
! heat ( conflict1 z a means ( pres]v+  
its p[] ov] ! o!r1 0 n only ju/ifiable &

 prop] at ! "t1 b t x is also a         
legitimate & con/itutional p[]1 to be   
ex]cis$ =ev] h]eaft] 9 "t ( peace6  ,m>k
 ! knav]y ( ^! m54 ,!y fir/ say t1      
because ! gov]nm5t 0 9 p]il ( its life1 
x _h a "r to lic5se great crimes aga9/  
private p]sons1 if by s do+ x c\ld raise
 money = its own pres]vation4 ,next !y  
say t1 al?\gh ! gov]nm5t is no long] 9  
p]il ( its life1 x may /ill g on =ev]   
lic5s+ ! same crimes z x 0 be=e         
necessitat$ to lic5se6  ,!y ?us         
virtually say t ! gov]nm5t may commit ! 
same crimes 9 "t ( peace1 t x is        
necessitat$ to d 9 "t ( w>2 &1 t1       
consequ5tly1 x has ! same "r to take !  
poor man's cattle1 & horses1 & corn1 & !
 ri* man's bonds & notes1 & poor m5's   
bodies & lives1 9 "t ( peace1 :5 no     
necessity :atev] c be alleg$1 z 9 "t (  
w>1 :5 ! gov]nm5t is 9 p]il ( its life4 
,9 %ort1 !y virtually say1 t ?is        
gov]nm5t exi/s = itself alone2 & t all !
 natural rights ( ! p1 to prop]ty1      
lib]ty1 & life1 are m]e baubles1 to be  

dispos$ (1 at its pleasure1 :e!r 9 "t ( 
peace1 or 9 w>4   ,,section ,,xxii4  ,z 
if to place beyond controv]sy ! fact1 t 
! c\rt may =ev] h]eaft] be reli$ on to  
sanction e usurpation & crime t congress
 w ev] d>e to put into ! =m ( a /atute1 
)\t ! slighte/ color ( au?ority f !     
con/itution1 necessity1 utility1 ju/ice1
 or reason1 x has1 on ?ree sep>ate      
occasions1 ann\nc$ its sanction ( !     
monopoly ( money1 z f9ally e/abli%$ by  
congress 9 #ahff1 & cont9u$ 9 =ce ev]   
s9ce4  ,?is monopoly is e/abli%$ by a   
prohibitory tax--a tax ( t5 p] c5t4--on 
all notes issu$ = circulation z money1  
o!r ?an ! notes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & !   
national banks4  ,?is t5 p] c5t4 is     
call$ a tax1 b is really a p5alty1 & is 
int5d$ z su*1 & z no?+ else4 ,its :ole  
purpose is--n to raise rev5ue--b solely 
to e/abli% a monopoly ( money1 by       
prohibit+ ! issue ( all notes int5d$ =  
circulation z money1 except ^? issu$1 or
 specially lic5s$1 by ! gov]nm5t itself4
  ,?is prohibition ^u ! issue ( all     

notes1 except ^? issu$1 or specially    
lic5s$1 by ! gov]nm5t1 is a prohibition 
^u all fre$om ( indu/ry & traffic4 ,x is
 a prohibition ^u ! ex]cise ( m5's      
natural "r to l5d & hire su* money      
capital z all m5 ne$ to enable !m to    
create & di/ribute weal?1 & supply _!   
own wants1 & provide = _! own happ9ess4 
,its :ole purpose is to r$uce1 z f> z   
possible1 ! great body ( ! p to !       
condition ( s]vants to a few--a         
condition b a s+le grade above t (      
*attel slav]y--9 :i* _! labor1 & !      
products ( _! labor1 may be extort$ f !m
 at su* prices only z ! hold]s ( !      
monopoly may *oose to give4  ,?is       
prohibitory tax--s-call$--is !re=e      
really a p5alty impos$ ^u ! ex]cise (   
m5's natural "r to create & di/ribute   
weal?1 & provide = _! own & ea* o!r's   
wants4 ,& x is impos$ solely = ! purpose
 ( e/abli%+ a practically omnipot5t     
monopoly 9 ! h&s ( a few4  ,call+ ?is   
p5alty a tax is "o ( ! dirty tricks1 or 
r d[nright lies--t ( call+ ?+s by false 

names--to :i* congress & ! c\rts resort1
 to hide _! usurpations & crimes f !    
common eye4  ,ev]ybody--:o believes 9 ! 
gov]nm5t--says1 ( c\rse1 t congress has 
p[] to levy taxes2 t x mu/ d s to raise 
rev5ue = ! support ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,!re=e 
?is ly+ congress call ?is p5alty a tax1 
in/ead ( call+ x by its true "n1 a      
p5alty4  ,x c]ta9ly is no tax1 because  
no rev5ue is rais$1 or int5d$ to be     
rais$1 by x4 ,x is n levi$ ^u prop]ty1  
or p]sons1 z su*1 b only ^u a c]ta9 act1
 or ^u p]sons = do+ a c]ta9 act2 an act 
t if n only p]fectly innoc5t & lawful 9 
itself1 b t is naturally & intr9sically 
useful1 & ev5 indisp5sable = ! prosp]ity
 & welf>e ( ! :ole p4 ,its :ole object  
is simply to det] ev]ybody--except ^?   
specially lic5s$--f p]=m+ ?is innoc5t1  
useful1 & necess>y act4 ,& ?is x has    
succe$$ 9 do+ = ! la/ tw5ty ye>s2 to !  
de/ruction ( ! rights1 & ! impov]i%m5t &
 immeasurable injury ( all ! p1 except !
 few hold]s ( ! monopoly4  ,if congress 
_h pass$ an act1 9 ?is =m1 to wit3      

,no p]son1 nor any association ( p]sons1
 incorporat$ or                         
un9corporat$--unless specially lic5s$ by
 congress--%all      issue _! promissory
 notes = circulation z money2 & a       
p5alty ( t5 p] c5t4 ^u ! am\nt ( all su*
 notes      %all be impos$ ^u ! p]sons  
issu+ !m1  ! act w\ld h be5 ! same1 9   
effect & int5tion1 z is ?is act1 t      
imposes :at x calls a tax4 ,! p5alty    
w\ld h be5 und]/ood by ev]ybody z a     
puni%m5t = issu+ ! notes2 & w\ld h be5  
appli$ to1 & en=c$ aga9/1 ^? only :o    
%\ld h issu$ !m4 ,& x is ! same ) ?is   
s-call$ tax4 ,x w nev] be collect$1     
except = ! same cause1 & "u ! same      
circum/ances1 z ! p5alty w\ld h be54 ,x 
has no m to d ) rais+ a rev5ue1 ?an !   
p5alty w\ld h _h4 ,& all ^! ly+ lawmak]s
 & c\rts "k x4  ,b if congress _h put   
?is prohibition di/9ctly 9 ! =m ( a     
p5alty1 ! usurpation w\ld h be5 s       
b>efac$--s de/itute ( all color (       
con/itutional au?ority--t congress d>$ n
 risk ! consequ5ces4 ,& possibly ! c\rt 

might n h d>$ to sanction x2 if1 inde$1 
!re be any crime or usurpation :i* !    
c\rt d>e n sanction4 ,s ^! knavi%       
lawmak]s call$ ?is p5alty a tax2 & !    
c\rt says t su* a tax is cle>ly         
con/itutional4 ,& ! monopoly has n[ be5 
e/abli%$ = tw5ty ye>s4 ,& sub/antially  
all ! indu/rial & f9ancial tr\bles ( t  
p]iod h be5 ! natural consequ5ces ( !   
monopoly4  ,if congress _h laid a       
prohibitory tax ^u all food--t is1 _h   
impos$ a p5alty ^u ! production & sale (
 all food--except su* z x %\ld h itself 
produc$1 or specially lic5s$2 & %\ld h  
r$uc$ ! am\nt ( food1 ?us produc$ or    
lic5s$1 to "o t5?1 tw5tie?1 or fiftie? (
 :at 0 really ne$$2 ! motive & ! crime  
w\ld h be5 ! same1 9 "*1 if n 9 degree1 
z !y are 9 ?is case1 viz41 to enable !  
few hold]s ( ! lic5s$ food to extort1 f 
ev]ybody else1 by ! fe> ( />vation1 all 
_! 7! latt]'s7 e>n+s & prop]ty1 9       
ex*ange = ?is small quantity ( privileg$
 food4  ,su* a monopoly ( food w\ld h   
be5 no cle>] violation ( m5's natural   

rights1 ?an is ! pres5t monopoly (      
money4 ,& yet ?is colossal crime--l e   
o!r crime t congress *ooses to          
commit--is sanction$ by its s]vile1     
rott51 & /9k+ c\rt4  ,on :at            
con/itutional gr\nds--t is1 on :at      
provisions f\nd 9 ! con/itution         
itself--does ! c\rt pr(ess to give its  
sanction to su* a crime8  ,on ^! ?ree   
only3  #a4 ,on ! p[] ( congress to lay &
 collect taxes1 etc4  #b4 ,on ! p[] (   
congress to co9 money4  #c4 ,on ! p[] ( 
congress to borr[ money4  ,out ( ^!     
simple1 & app>5tly h>mless provisions1 !
 c\rt manufactures an au?ority to grant1
 to a few p]sons1 a monopoly t is       
practically omnipot5t ov] all ! indu/ry 
& traffic ( ! c\ntry2 t is fatal to all 
o!r m5's natural "r to l5d & hire       
capital = any or all _! legitimate      
indu/ries2 & fatal absolutely to all _! 
natural "r to buy1 sell1 & ex*ange any1 
or all1 ! products ( _! labor at _!     
true1 j1 & natural prices4  ,let u look 
at ^! con/itutional provisions1 & see h[

 mu* au?ority congress c really draw f  
!m4  #a4 ,! con/itution says3       ,!  
congress %all h p[] to lay & collect    
taxes1 duties1      impo/s1 & excises1  
to pay ! debts1 & provide = !           
common def5ce & g5]al welf>e ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4  ,?is provision pla9ly au?orizes
 no taxation :atev]1 except = ! rais+ ( 
rev5ue to pay ! debts & legitimate      
exp5ses ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,x no m au?orizes 
taxation = ! purpose ( e/abli%+         
monopolies ( any k9d :atev]1 ?an x does 
= tak+ op5ly & boldly all ! prop]ty ( ! 
_m1 & giv+ x outright to a few4 ,& none 
b a congress ( usurp]s1 robb]s1 &       
sw9dl]s w\ld ev] ?9k ( us+ x = t        
purpose4  ,! c\rt says1 9 effect1 t ?is 
provision gives congress p[] to e/abli% 
! pres5t monopoly ( money2 t ! p[] to   
tax all o!r money1 is a p[] to prohibit 
all o!r money2 & a p[] to prohibit all  
o!r money is a p[] to give ! pres5t     
money a monopoly4  ,h[ mu* is su* an    
argum5t wor?8 ,let u %[ by a p>allel    
case1 z foll[s4  ,congress has ! same   

p[] to tax all o!r prop]ty1 t x has to  
tax money4 ,& if ! p[] to tax money is a
 p[] to prohibit money1 !n x foll[s t ! 
p[] ( congress to tax all o!r prop]ty   
?an money1 is a p[] to prohibit all o!r 
prop]ty ?an money2 & a p[] to prohibit  
all o!r prop]ty ?an money1 is a p[] to  
give monopolies to all su* o!r prop]ty z
 congress may n *oose to prohibit2 or   
may *oose to specially lic5se4  ,on su* 
reason+ z ?is1 x w\ld foll[ t ! p[] (   
congress to tax money1 & all o!r        
prop]ty1 is a p[] to prohibit all money1
 & all o!r prop]ty2 & ?us to e/abli%    
monopolies 9 favor ( all su* money1 &   
all su* o!r prop]ty1 z x *ooses n to    
prohibit2 or *ooses to specially lic5se4
  ,?us1 ?is reason+ w\ld give congress  
p[] to e/abli% all ! monopolies1 x may  
*oose to e/abli%1 n only 9 money1 b 9   
agriculture1 manufactures1 & comm]ce2 & 
protect ^! monopolies aga9/ infr+em5t1  
by impos+ prohibitory taxes ^u all money
 & o!r prop]ty1 except su* z x %\ld     
*oose n to prohibit2 or %\ld *oose to   

specially lic5se4  ,because !           
con/itution says t congress %all h p[]  
to lay & collect taxes1 etc41 to raise !
 rev5ue necess>y = pay+ ! curr5t exp5ses
 ( ! gov]nm5t1 ! c\rt say t congress h  
p[] to levy prohibitory taxes--taxes t  
%all yield no rev5ue at all--b %all     
op]ate only z a p5alty ^u all indu/ries 
& traffic1 & ^u ! use ( all ! means (   
indu/ry & traffic1 t %all compete ) su* 
monopolies z congress %all *oose to     
grant4  ,?is is no m ?an an unv>ni%$    
/atem5t ( ! argum5t1 by :i* ! c\rt      
attempts to ju/ify a prohibitory tax ^u 
money2 = ! same reason+ w\ld ju/ify !   
levy+ ( a prohibitory tax--t is1        
p5alty--^u ! use ( any & all o!r means (
 indu/ry & traffic1 by :i* any o!r      
monopolies1 grant$ by congress1 might be
 infr+$4  ,!re is pla9ly no m connection
 betwe5 ! p[] to lay & collect taxes1   
etc41 = ! necess>y exp5ses ( ! gov]nm5t1
 & ! p[] to e/abli% ?is monopoly (      
money1 ?an !re is betwe5 su* a p[] (    
taxation1 & a p[] to puni%1 z a crime1  

any or all indu/ry & traffic :atsoev]1  
except su* z ! gov]nm5t may specially   
lic5se4  ,?is :ole *eat lies 9 ! use ( !
 ^w tax1 to describe :at is really a    
p5alty1 ^u ! ex]cise ( any or all m5's  
natural rights ( provid+ = _! subsi/5ce 
& well-be+4 ,& none b corrupt & rott5   
congresses & c\rts w\ld ev] ?9k (       
practis+ su* a *eat4  #b4 ,! second     
provision ( ! con/itution1 reli$ on by !
 c\rt to ju/ify ! monopoly ( money1 is  
?is3       ,! congress %all h p[] to co9
 money1 regulate ! value      !re(1 & ( 
=eign co9s4  ,! only important "p ( ?is 
provision is t :i* says t ! congress    
%all h p[] to co9 money1 & regulate !   
value !re(4  ,t "p ab\t regulat+ ! value
 ( =eign co9s--if any "o c tell h[      
congress c regulate x--is ( no          
appreciable importance to anybody2 = !  
co9s w circulate1 or n1 z m5 may1 or may
 n1 *oose to buy & sell !m z money1 & at
 su* value z !y w be> 9 free & op5      
m>ket1--t is1 9 competition ) all o!r   
co9s1 & all o!r money4 ,?is is _! only  

true & natural m>ket value2 & !re is no 
occasion = congress to d any?+ 9 reg>d  
to !m4  ,! only ?+1 !re=e1 t we ne$ to  
look at1 is simply ! p[] ( congress to  
co9 money4  ,s f> z congress itself is  
au?oriz$ to co9 money1 ?is is simply a  
p[] to weigh & assay metals1--gold1     
silv]1 or any o!r1--/amp ^u !m m>ks     
indicat+ _! weight & f95ess1 & !n sell  
!m to :omsoev] may *oose to buy !m2 &   
let !m g 9 ! m>ket = :atev] !y may *ance
 to br+1 9 competition ) all o!r money t
 may *ance to be (f]$ !re4  ,x is no p[]
 to impose any re/rictions :atev] ^u any
 or all o!r hone/ money1 t may be (f]$ 9
 ! m>ket1 & b\ght & sold 9 competition )
 ! co9s weigh$ & assay$ by ! gov]nm5t4  
,! p[] itself is a frivol\s "o1 ( little
 or no utility2 = ! weigh+ & assay+ (   
metals is a ?+ s easily done1 & c be    
done by s _m diff]5t p]sons1 t !re is   
c]ta9ly no necessity = its be+ done at  
all by a gov]nm5t4 ,& x w\ld und\bt$ly h
 be5 f> bett] if all co9s--:e!r co9$ by 
gov]nm5ts or individuals--_h all be5    

made into pieces be>+ simply ! names (  
p\nds1 ounces1 p5nyweights1 etc41 &     
conta9+ j ! am\nts ( pure metal describ$
 by ^? weights4 ,! co9s w\ld !n h be5   
reg>d$ z only s mu* metal2 & z hav+ only
 ! same value z ! same am\nt ( metal 9  
any o!r =m4 ,m5 w\ld !n h kn[n exactly  
h[ mu* ( c]ta9 metals !y 7 buy+1 sell+1 
& promis+ to pay4 ,& all ! juggl]y1     
*eat+1 & robb]y t gov]nm5ts h practis$1 
& lic5s$ individuals to practise--by    
co9+ pieces be>+ ! same names1 b hav+   
diff]5t am\nts ( metal--w\ld h be5      
avoid$4  ,& all excuses = e/abli%+      
monopolies ( money1 by prohibit+ all o!r
 money ?an ! co9s1 w\ld also h be5      
avoid$4  ,z x is1 ! con/itution imposes 
no prohibition ^u ! co9+ ( money by     
individuals1 b only by ,/ate gov]nm5ts4 
,individuals are left p]fectly free to  
co9 x1 except t !y mu/ n c\nt]feit !    
securities & curr5t co9 ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates4  ,= q a numb] ( ye>s aft] !     
discov]y ( gold 9 ,cali=nia--t is1 until
 ! e/abli%m5t ( a gov]nm5t m9t !re--a   

l>ge "p ( ! gold t 0 tak5 out ( ! e>?1 0
 co9$ by private p]sons & companies2 &  
?is co9age 0 p]fectly legal4 ,& ,i d n  
rememb] to h ev] he>d any compla9t1 or  
accusation1 t x 0 n hone/ & reliable4   
,! true & only value1 :i* ! co9s h z    
money1 is t value :i* !y h z metals1 =  
uses 9 ! arts1--t is1 = plate1 wat*es1  
jewelry1 & ! l4 ,?is value !y w reta91  
:e!r !y circulate z money1 or n4 ,at ?is
 value1 !y are s utt]ly inadequate to   
s]ve z bona fide equival5ts = su* o!r   
prop]ty z is to be b\ght & sold = money2
 &1 aft] be+ m9t$1 are s quickly tak5   
out ( circulation1 & work$ up into      
articles ( use--plate1 wat*es1 jewelry1 
etc4--t !y are practically ( almo/ no   
importance at all z money4  ,b !y c be s
 easily & *eaply c>ri$ f "o "p ( ! _w to
 ano!r1 t !y h sub/antially ! same m>ket
 value all ov] ! _w4 ,!y are also1 9 b a
 small degree1 liable to great or sudd5 
*anges 9 value4 ,= ^! reasons1 !y s]ve  
well z /&>ds--are p]haps ! be/ /&>ds we 
c h--by :i* to measure ! value ( all o!r

 money1 z well z o!r prop]ty4 ,b to give
 !m any monopoly z money1 is to d5y !   
natural "r ( all m5 to make _! own      
contracts1 & buy & sell1 borr[ & l5d1   
give & receive1 all su* money z ! p>ties
 to b>ga9s may mutually agree ^u2 & also
 to lic5se ! few hold]s ( ! co9s to rob 
all o!r m5 9 ! prices ( ! latt]'s labor 
& prop]ty4  #c4 ,! ?ird provision ( !   
con/itution1 on :i* ! c\rt relies to    
ju/ify ! monopoly ( money1 is ?is3      
,! congress %all h p[] to borr[ money4  
,c any "o see any connection betwe5 !   
p[] ( congress to borr[ money1 & its p[]
 to e/abli% a monopoly ( money8         
,c]ta9ly no su* connection is visible to
 ! legal eye4 ,b x is di/9ctly visible  
to ! political & f9ancial eye2 t is1 to 
t class ( m51 = :om gov]nm5ts exi/1 & :o
 own congresses & c\rts1 & set 9 motion 
armies & navies1 :5ev] !y c promote _!  
own int]e/s by do+ s4  ,to a gov]nm5t1  
^: usurpations & crimes h br\ght x to ! 
v]ge ( de/ruction1 ^! m5 say3           
,make bonds be>+ six p] c5t4 int]e/2    

sell !m to u at      half _! face value2
 !n give u a monopoly ( money bas$      
^u ^! bonds--su* a monopoly z w subject 
! great      body ( ! p to a dep5d5ce ^u
 u = ! necess>ies      ( life1 & compel 
!m to sell _! labor & prop]ty to u      
at our own prices2 !n1 "u pret5ce (     
rais+ rev5ue to      pay ! int]e/ &     
pr9cipal ( ! bonds1 impose su* a        
t>iff ^u import$ commodities z w enable 
u to get fifty      p] c5t4 m = our own 
goods ?an !y are wor?2 9 %ort1          
pl$ge to u all ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t to    
extort = u1      9 ! future1 ev]y?+ t c 
be extort$ f !      produc]s ( weal?1 & 
we w l5d y all ! money y      ne$ to    
ma9ta9 y\r p[]4  ,& ! gov]nm5t has no   
alt]native b to comply ) ?is infam\s    
proposal1 or give up its infam\s life4  
,?is is ! only real connection !re is   
betwe5 ! p[] ( congress to borr[ money1 
& its p[] to e/abli% a monopoly ( money4
 ,x 0 only by an outright sale ( !      
rights ( ! :ole p1 = a long s]ies (     
ye>s1 t ! gov]nm5t c\ld raise ! money   

necess>y to cont9ue its villa9\s        
exi/5ce4  ,congress _h j z mu*          
con/itutional p[] to borr[ money1 by !  
sale ( any & all ! o!r natural rights ( 
! p at l>ge1 z x _h to borr[ money by ! 
sale ( ! p's natural rights to l5d &    
hire money4  ,:5 ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates--assum+ to be an oracle1  
emp[]$ to def9e au?oritatively ! legal  
rights ( e human be+ 9 ! c\ntry--decl>es
 t congress has a con/itutional p[] to  
prohibit ! use ( all t imm5se mass (    
money capital1 9 ! %ape ( promissory    
notes1 :i* ! real prop]ty ( ! c\ntry is 
capable ( supply+ & su/a9+1 & :i* is    
suffici5t to give to e labor+ p]son1 man
 or woman1 ! means ( indep5d5ce &       
weal?--:5 t c\rt says t congress has p[]
 to prohibit ! use ( all ?is money      
capital1 & grant to a few m5 a monopoly 
( money t %all condemn ! great body (   
weal?-produc]s to hopeless pov]ty1      
dep5d5ce1 & s]vitude--& :5 ! c\rt has ! 
audacity to make ^! decl>ations on su*  
nak$ly false & s5seless gr\nds z ^? t h 

n[ be5 /at$1 x is cle>ly "t = ! p ( ?is 
c\ntry to inquire :at con/itutions &    
gov]nm5ts are good =1 & :e!r !y 7! p7 h 
any natural "r1 z human be+s1 to live = 
!mselves1 or only = a few conspirators1 
sw9dl]s1 usurp]s1 robb]s1 & tyrants1 :o 
employ lawmak]s1 judges1 etc41 to d _!  
villa9\s "w ^u _! fell[-m54  ,! c\rt    
gave _! sanction to ! monopoly ( money 9
 ^! ?ree sep>ate cases1 viz43 ,veazie   
,bank vs4 ,f5no1 #h ,wallace1 #edi      
7#ahfi74 ,national ,bank vs4 ,unit$     
,/ates1 #aja ,u4 ,s4 ,reports1 #e & #f  
7#ahgi74 ,juilli>d vs4 ,gre5man1 #aaj   
,u4 ,s4 ,reports #dde-f 7#ahhd74        
,section ,,xxiii4  ,if any?+ c\ld add to
 ! disgu/ & dete/ation :i* ! mon/r\s    
falsifications ( ! con/itution1 already 
describ$1 %\ld excite t[>ds ! c\rt t    
resorts to !m1 x w\ld be ! fact t !     
c\rt1 n cont5t ) falsify+ to ! utmo/ !  
con/itution itself1 goes outside ( !    
con/itution1 to ! tyrannical practices (
 :at x calls ! sov]eign gov]nm5ts ( o!r 
civiliz$ nations1 to ju/ify ! same      

practices by our own4  ,x ass]ts1 ov] & 
ov] aga91 ! idea t our gov]nm5t is a    
sov]eign gov]nm5t2 t x has ! same rights
 ( sov]eignty1 z ! gov]nm5ts ( o!r      
civiliz$ nations2 especially ^? 9       
,europe4  ,:at1 !n1 is a sov]eign       
gov]nm5t8 ,x is a gov]nm5t t is sov]eign
 ov] all ! natural rights ( ! p4 ,?is is
 ! only sov]eignty t any gov]nm5t c be  
said to h4 ,"u x1 ! p h no rights4 ,!y  
are simply subjects1--t is1 slaves4 ,!y 
h b "o law1 & "o duty1 viz41 ob$i5ce1   
submission4 ,!y are n recogniz$ z hav+  
any rights4 ,!y c claim no?+ z _! own4  
,!y c only accept :at ! gov]nm5t *ooses 
to give !m4 ,! gov]nm5t owns !m & _!    
prop]ty2 & disposes ( !m & _! prop]ty1  
at its pleasure1 or discretion2 )\t     
reg>d to any cons5t1 or diss5t1 on _!   
"p4  ,su* 0 ! sov]eignty claim$ &       
ex]cis$ by ! gov]nm5ts ( ^?1 s-call$1   
civiliz$ nations ( ,europe1 t 7 9 p[] 9 
#aghg1 #aghh1 & #aghi1 :5 our           
con/itution 0 fram$ & adopt$1 & !       
gov]nm5t put 9 op]ation "u x4 ,& ! c\rt 

n[ says1 virtually1 t ! con/itution     
int5d$ to give to our gov]nm5t ! same   
sov]eignty ov] ! natural rights ( ! p1 t
 ^? gov]nm5ts _h !n4  ,b h[ did !       
civiliz$ gov]nm5ts ( ,europe become     
possess$ ( su* sov]eignty8 ,_h ! p ev]  
grant$ x to !m8 ,n at all4 ,! gov]nm5ts 
spurn$ ! idea t !y 7 dep5d5t on ! w or  
cons5t ( _! p = _! political p[]4 ,on ! 
contr>y1 !y claim$ to h d]iv$ x f ! only
 s\rce1 f :i* su* sov]eignty c\ld h be5 
d]iv$2 t is1 f ,god ,himself4  ,9 #aghg1
 #aghh1 & #aghi1 all ! great gov]nm5ts (
 ,europe1 except ,engl&1 claim$ to exi/ 
by :at 0 call$ ,div9e ,"r4 ,t is1 !y    
claim$ to h receiv$ au?ority f ,god     
,himself1 to rule ov] _! p4 ,& !y       
taught1 & a s]vile & corrupt prie/hood  
taught1 t x 0 a religi\s duty ( ! p to  
obey !m4 ,& !y kept great /&+ armies1 & 
hordes ( pimps1 spies1 & ruffians1 to   
keep ! p 9 subjection4  ,& :51 soon     
aft]w>ds1 ! revolutioni/s ( ,france     
de?ron$ ! k+ !n exi/+--! ,legitimi/ k+1 
s-call$--& ass]t$ ! "r ( ! p to *oose _!

 own gov]nm5t1 ^! o!r gov]nm5ts c>ri$ on
 a tw5ty ye>s' w> aga9/ h]1 to ree/abli%
 ! pr9ciple ( sov]eignty by ,div9e ,"r4 
,& 9 ?is w>1 ! gov]nm5t ( ,engl&1 al?\gh
 n itself claim+ to exi/ by ,div9e      
,"r1--b really exi/+ by brute           
=ce1--furni%$ m5 & money )\t limit1 to  
ree/abli% t pr9ciple 9 ,france1 & to    
ma9ta9 x :]ev] else1 9 ,europe1 x 0     
endang]$ by ! idea ( popul> rights4  ,! 
pr9ciple1 !n1 ( ,sov]eignty by ,div9e   
,"r--su/a9$ by brute =ce--0 ! pr9ciple  
on :i* ! gov]nm5ts ( ,europe !n re/$2 & 
mo/ ( !m re/ on t pr9ciple today4 ,& n[ 
! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates      
virtually says t our con/itution int5d$ 
to give to our gov]nm5t ! same          
sov]eignty--! same absolutism--! same   
supremacy ov] all ! natural rights ( !  
p--z 0 claim$ & ex]cis$ by ^? ,div9e ,"r
 gov]nm5ts ( ,europe1 a hundr$ ye>s ago6
  ,t ,i may n be suspect$ ( misrepres5t+
 ^! m51 ,i give "s ( _! own words z     
foll[s3       ,x is n d\bt$ t ! p[] to  
e/abli% a /&>d (      value1 by :i* all 

o!r values may be measur$1 or1 9 o!r    
words1 to det]m9e :at %all be lawful    
money & a legal      t5d]1 is 9 its     
nature1 & ( necessity1 a gov]nm5tal     
p[]4 ,x is 9 all c\ntries ex]cis$ by !  
gov]nm5t4--,hepburn vs4 ,griswold1 #h   
,wallace #fae4  ,! c\rt call a p[]1     
,to make treasury notes a legal t5d] = !
 paym5t ( all      debts private z well 
z public a p[] confess$ly      possess$ 
by e indep5d5t sov]eignty o!r ?an !     
,unit$ ,/ates4--,legal ,t5d] ,cases1 #ab
 ,wallace1 p4 #ebi4  ,also1 9 ! same    
case1 x speaks (3       ,t g5]al p[] ov]
 ! curr5cy1 :i* has always be5 an       
ackn[l$g$ attribute ( sov]eignty 9 e o!r
 civiliz$      nation ?an our own4--p4  
#ede4  ,9 ?is same case1 by way ( ass]t+
 ! p[] ( congress to d any di%one/ ?+ t 
any s-call$ sov]eign gov]nm5t ev] did1 !
 c\rt say3       ,has any "o1 9 good    
fai?1 av[$ 8 belief t ev5 a law         
debas+ ! curr5t co91 by increas+ ! alloy
 & !n      mak+ ^! debas$ co9s a legal  
t5d] 9 paym5t ( debts      previ\sly    

contract$1 w\ld be tak+ private prop]ty8
 ,x      might be impolitic1 & unju/1 b 
c\ld its con/itutionality      be       
d\bt$8--p4 #eeb4  ,9 ! same case1       
,bradley said3       ,z a gov]nm5t1 x ! 
gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0      inve/$
 ) all ! attributes ( sov]eignty4--p4   
#eee4  ,also he said3       ,su* be+ !  
"* ( ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 x seems to     
be a self-evid5t proposition t x is     
inve/$ ) all      ^? inh]5t & impli$    
p[]s1 :i*1 at ! "t (      adopt+ !      
con/itution1 7 g5]ally consid]$ to      
belong      to e gov]nm5t1 z su*1 & z   
be+ ess5tial to !      ex]cise ( its    
functions4--p4 #eef4  ,also he said3    
,ano!r proposition equally cle> is1 t at
 ! "t !      con/itution 0 adopt$1 x 01 
& = a long "t _h      be51 ! practice ( 
mo/1 if n all1 civiliz$ gov]nm5ts1      
to employ ! public cr$it z a means (    
anticipat+ !      national rev5ues = !  
purpose ( enabl+ !m to ex]cise      _!  
gov]nm5tal functions4--p4 #eef4  ,also  
he said3       ,x is our duty to con/rue

 ! in/rum5t ! con/itution by      its   
words1 9 ! light ( hi/ory1 ( ! g5]al    
nature (      gov]nm5t1 & ! incid5ts (  
sov]eignty4--p4 #ee4  ,also he said3    
,! gov]nm5t simply dem&s t its cr$it    
%all be accept$      & receiv$ by public
 & private cr$itors dur+ ! p5d+         
exig5cy4 ,e gov]nm5t has a "r to dem&   
?is1 :5      its exi/5ce is at /ake4--p4
 #efj4  ,also he said3       ,^! views  
are exhibit$ 444 = ! purpose ( %[+ t    
x ! p[] to make its notes a legal t5d] 9
 paym5t (      private debts is "o ( ^? 
vital & ess5tial p[]s      inh]+ 9 e    
national sov]eignty1 & necess>y to its  
self-pres]vation4--p4 #efd4  ,9 /ill    
ano!r legal t5d] case1 ! c\rt said3     
,! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 by !            
con/itution1      e/abli%$ a national   
gov]nm5t1 ) sov]eign p[]s1              
legislative1 executive1 &               
judicial4--,juilli>d vs4      ,gre5man1 
#aaj ,u4 ,s4 ,reports1 p4 #dch4  ,also x
 calls ! con/itution3       ,a          
con/itution1 e/abli%+ a =m ( gov]nm5t1  

decl>+      fundam5tal pr9ciples1 &     
creat+ a national sov]eignty1           
int5d$ to endure = ages4--p4 #dci4      
,also ! c\rt speaks ( ! gov]nm5t ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates3       ,z a sov]eign      
gov]nm5t4--p4 #ddf4  ,also x said3      
,x appe>s to u to foll[1 z a logical &  
necess>y      consequ5ce1 t congress has
 ! p[] to issue !      obligations ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates 9 su* =m1 & to impress    
^u !m su* qualities z curr5cy1 = !      
pur*ase (      m]*&ise & ! paym5t (     
debts1 z accord ) ! usage      ( o!r    
sov]eign gov]nm5ts4 ,! p[]1 z incid5t to
 !      p[] ( borr[+ money1 & issu+     
bills or notes ( !      gov]nm5t = money
 borr[$1 ( impress+ ^u ^? bills      or 
notes ! quality ( be+ a legal t5d] = !  
paym5t (      private debts1 0 a p[]    
univ]sally und]/ood to belong to        
sov]eignty1 9 ,europe & ,am]ica1 at ! "t
 ( ! fram+      & adoption ( !          
con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!       
gov]nm5ts ( ,europe1 act+ ?r\gh ! mon>*1
 or !      legislature1 accord+ to !    

di/ribution ( p[]s "u      _! respective
 con/itutions1 _h1 & h1 z sov]eign      
a p[] ( issu+ pap] money z ( /amp+ co94 
,?is p[]      has be5 di/9ctly recogniz$
 9 an important mod]n case1      ably   
argu$ & fully consid]$1 9 :i* ! ,emp]or 
(      ,au/ria1 z ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 obta9$ 
f ! ,engli% ,c\rt (      ,*anc]y an     
injunction aga9/ ! issue1 9 ,engl&1 )\t 
8 lic5se1 ( notes purport+ to be public 
pap] money (      ,hung>y4--p4 #ddg4    
,also x speaks (3       ,congress1 z !  
legislature ( a sov]eign nation4--p4    
#ddi4  ,also x said3       ,! p[] to    
make ! notes ( ! gov]nm5t a legal t5d] 9
      paym5t ( private debts1 be+ "o ( !
 p[]s belong+ to      sov]eignty 9 o!r  
civiliz$ nations1 444 we are            
irresi/ibly impell$ to ! conclusion t ! 
impress+      ^u ! treasury notes ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates ! quality (      be+ a    
legal t5d] 9 paym5t ( private debts1 is 
an      appropriate means1 conducive &  
pla9ly adapt$ to !      execution ( !   
und\bt$ p[]s ( congress1 consi/5t )     

! lett] & _s ( ! con/itution1 etc4----p4
 #dej4  ,on read+ ^! a/oni%+ ideas ab\t 
sov]eignty--sov]eignty ov] all ! natural
 rights ( mank9d--sov]eignty1 z x       
prevail$ 9 ,europe at ! "t ( ! fram+ &  
adoption ( ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates--we are compell$ to see t ^!     
judges obta9$ _! con/itutional law1 n f 
! con/itution itself1 b f ! example ( ! 
,div9e ,"r gov]nm5ts exi/+ 9 ,europe a  
hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,^! judges seem nev] to
 h he>d ( ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 or !  
,fr5* ,revolution1 or ev5 ( ! ,engli%   
,revolutions ( ! sev5te5?               
c5tury--revolutions f\ght & accompli%$  
to ov]?r[ ^! v ideas ( sov]eignty1 :i*  
^! judges n[ proclaim1 z ! supreme law (
 ?is c\ntry4 ,!y seem nev] to h he>d ( !
 ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce1 nor ( any   
o!r decl>ation ( ! natural rights (     
human be+s4 ,to _! m9ds1 ! sov]eignty ( 
gov]nm5ts is ev]y?+2 human rights no?+4 
,!y app>5tly _c conceive ( su* a ?+ z a 
p's e/abli%+ a gov]nm5t z a means (     
pres]v+ _! p]sonal lib]ty & rights4 ,!y 

c only see :at fe>ful calamities        
sov]eign gov]nm5ts w\ld be liable to1 if
 !y c\ld n compel _! subjects--! p--to  
support !m aga9/ _! w1 & at e co/ ( _!  
prop]ty1 lib]ty1 & lives4 ,!y are utt]ly
 bl9d to ! fact1 t x is ?is v assumption
 ( sov]eignty ov] all ! natural rights (
 m51 t br+s gov]nm5ts into all _!       
difficulties1 & all _! p]ils4 ,!y d n   
see t x is ?is v assumption ( sov]eignty
 ov] all m5's natural rights1 t makes x 
necess>y = ! ,div9e ,"r gov]nm5ts (     
,europe to ma9ta9 n only great /&+      
armies1 b also a vile pur*as$ prie/hood1
 t %all impose ^u1 & help to cru%1 !    
ignorant & sup]/iti\s p4  ,^! judges    
talk ( ! con/itutions ( ^! sov]eign     
gov]nm5ts ( ,europe1 z !y exi/$ at ! "t 
( ! fram+ & adoption ( ! con/itution ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y app>5tly d n "k t ^?
 gov]nm5ts _h no con/itutions at all1   
except ! ,w ( ,god1 _! /&+ armies1 & !  
judges1 lawy]s1 prie/s1 pimps1 spies1 & 
ruffians !y kept 9 _! s]vice4  ,if ^!   
judges _h liv$ 9 ,russia1 a hundr$ ye>s 

ago1 & _h *anc$ to be visit$ ) a mom5t>y
 spasm ( manhood--a fact h>dly to be    
suppos$ ( su* creatures--& _h be5 s5t5c$
 !re= to ! kn\t1 a dungeon1 or ,sib]ia1 
w\ld we ev] aft]w>d h se5 !m1 z judges (
 our ,supreme ,c\rt1 decl>+ t gov]nm5t  
to be ! model aft] :i* ours 0 =m$8  ,^! 
judges w probably be surpris$ :5 ,i tell
 !m t ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
conta9s no su* ^w z sov]eign1 or        
sov]eignty2 t x conta9s no su* ^w z     
subjects2 nor any ^w t implies t !      
gov]nm5t is sov]eign1 or t ! p are      
subjects4 ,at mo/1 x conta9s only !     
mi/ak5 idea t a p[] ( mak+ laws--by     
lawmak]s *os5 by ! p--0 consi/5t )1 &   
necess>y to1 ! ma9t5ance ( lib]ty &     
ju/ice = ! p !mselves4 ,?is mi/ak5 idea 
01 9 "s measure1 excusable 9 t day1 :5  
reason & exp]i5ce _h n demon/rat$1 to _!
 m9ds1 ! utt] incompatibility ( all     
lawmak+ :atsoev] ) m5's natural rights4 
,! only o!r provision ( ! con/itution1 t
 c be int]pret$ z a decl>ation (        
sov]eignty 9 ! gov]nm5t1 is ?is3        

,?is con/itution1 & ! laws ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates :i*      %all be made 9 pursuance
 !re(1 & all treaties made1 or      :i* 
%all be made1 "u ! au?ority ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates1      %all be ! supreme law ( !  
l&1 & ! judges 9 e      ,/ate %all be   
b\nd !reby1 any?+ 9 ! con/itution or    
laws ( any ,/ate to ! contr>y           
not)/&+4--,art4 ,,vi4  ,?is provision ,i
 int]pret to mean simply t !            
con/itution1 laws1 & treaties ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1 %all be ! supreme law ( ! l&--n
 any?+ 9 ! natural rights ( ! p to      
lib]ty & ju/ice1 to ! contr>y not)/&+--b
 only t !y %all be ! supreme law ( ! l&1
 any?+ 9 ! con/itution or laws ( any    
,/ate to ! contr>y not)/&+1--t is1 :5ev]
 ! two may *ance to conflict ) ea* o!r4 
,if ?is is its true int]pretation1 !    
provision conta9s no decl>ation (       
sov]eignty ov] ! natural rights ( ! p4  
,ju/ice is ! supreme law ( ?is1 & all   
o!r l&s2 any?+ 9 ! con/itutions or laws 
( any nation to ! contr>y not)/&+4 ,& if
 ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates int5d$ 

to ass]t ! contr>y1 x 0 simply an       
audaci\s lie--a lie z fooli% z x 0      
audaci\s--t %\ld h cov]$ ) infamy e man 
:o help$ to frame ! con/itution1 or     
aft]w>d sanction$ x1 or t %\ld ev]      
attempt to adm9i/] x4  ,inasmu* z !     
con/itution decl>es itself to h be5     
orda9$ & e/abli%$ by       ,we1 ! p ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ord] to =m a m         
p]fect union1 e/abli% ju/ice1 insure    
dome/ic tranquillity1      provide = !  
common def5ce1 promote ! g5]al welf>e1  
& secure ! bless+s ( lib]ty to ourselves
 & our      po/]ity1  ev]ybody :o       
attempts to adm9i/] x1 is b\nd to give x
 su* an int]pretation1 & only su* an    
int]pretation1 z is consi/5t )1 &       
promotive (1 ^? objects1 if its language
 w admit ( su* an int]pretation4  ,to   
suppose t ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates int5d$  
to decl>e t ! con/itution & laws ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates %\ld be ! supreme law ( ! 
l&1 any?+ 9 _! own natural rights1 or 9 
! natural rights ( ! re/ ( mank9d1 to ! 
contr>y not)/&+1 w\ld be to suppose t !y

 int5d$1 n only to au?orize e inju/ice1 
& ar\se univ]sal viol5ce1 among         
!mselves1 b t !y int5d$ also to av[     
!mselves ! op5 enemies ( ! rights ( all 
! re/ ( mank9d4 ,c]ta9ly no su* folly1  
madness1 or crim9ality z ?is c be       
attribut$ to !m by any rational         
man--always except+ ! ju/ices ( !       
,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !     
lawmak]s1 & ! believ]s 9 ! ,div9e ,"r ( 
! cunn+ & ! /rong1 to e/abli% gov]nm5ts 
t %all deceive1 plund]1 enslave1 & murd]
 ! ignorant & ! weak4  ,_m m51 /ill     
liv+1 c well rememb] h[1 "s fifty ye>s  
ago1 ^? fam\s *ampions ( sov]eignty1 (  
arbitr>y p[]1 ,web/] & ,calh\n1 debat$ !
 "q1 :e!r1 9 ?is c\ntry1 sov]eignty     
resid$ 9 ! g5]al or ,/ate gov]nm5ts4 ,b 
!y nev] settl$ ! "q1 = ! v good reason t
 no su* ?+ z sov]eignty resid$ 9 ei!r4  
,& ! "q 0 nev] settl$1 until x 0 settl$ 
at ! co/ ( a million ( lives1 & "s t5   
?\s& millions ( money4 ,& !n x 0 settl$ 
only z ! same "q _h s (t5 be5 settl$    
be=e1 to wit1 t ! heavie/ battalions are

 sov]eign ov] ! light]4  ,! only real   
sov]eignty1 or "r ( sov]eignty1 9 ?is or
 any o!r c\ntry1 is t "r ( sov]eignty   
:i* ea* & e human be+ has ov] 8 or h]   
own p]son & prop]ty1 s long z he or %e  
obeys ! "o law ( ju/ice t[>ds ! p]son & 
prop]ty ( e o!r human be+4 ,?is is !    
only natural "r ( sov]eignty1 t 0 ev]   
kn[n among m54 ,all o!r s-call$ rights (
 sov]eignty are simply ! usurpations (  
impo/ors1 conspirators1 robb]s1 tyrants1
 & murd]]s4  ,x is n /range t we are 9  
su* high favor ) ! tyrants ( ,europe1 :5
 our ,supreme ,c\rt tells !m t our      
gov]nm5t1 al?\gh a little diff]5t 9 =m1 
/&s on ! same ess5tial basis z !irs ( a 
hundr$ ye>s ago2 t x is z absolute &    
irresponsible z !irs 7 !n2 t x w sp5d m 
money1 & %$ m blood1 to ma9ta9 its p[]1 
?an !y h ev] be5 able to d2 t ! p h no m
 rights "h ?an !re2 & t ! gov]nm5t is   
do+ all x c to keep ! produc+ classes z 
poor "h z !y are !re4   ,,section       
,,xxiv4  ,john ,m>%all has ! reputation 
( hav+ be5 ! greate/ juri/ ! c\ntry has 

ev] _h4 ,& he unque/ionably w\ld h be5 a
 great juri/1 if ! two fundam5tal       
propositions1 on :i* all 8 legal1       
political1 & con/itutional ideas 7 bas$1
 _h be5 true4  ,^! propositions 71 fir/1
 t gov]nm5t has all p[]2 &1 secondly1 t 
! p h no rights4  ,^! two propositions  
71 ) him1 c>d9al pr9ciples1 f :i*1 ,i   
?9k1 he nev] dep>t$4  ,= ^! reasons he 0
 ! oracle ( all ! rapaci\s classes1 9 ^:
 int]e/ ! gov]nm5t 0 adm9i/]$4 ,& f !m  
he got all 8 fame4  ,i ?9k 8 record does
 n furni% a s+le in/ance1 9 :i* he ev]  
v9dicat$ m5's natural rights1 9         
opposition to ! arbitr>y legislation (  
congress4  ,he 0 *ief ju/ice ?irty-f\r  
ye>s3 f #ahja to #ahce4 ,9 all t "t1 s  
f> z ,i h kn[n1 he nev] decl>$ a s+le   
act ( congress uncon/itutional2 &       
probably nev] w\ld h done s1 if he _h   
liv$ to ?is "t4  ,&1 s f> z ,i "k1 he   
nev] decl>$ a s+le ,/ate law            
uncon/itutional1 on acc\nt ( its        
inju/ice1 or its violation ( m5's       
natural rights2 b only on acc\nt ( its  

conflict ) ! con/itution1 laws1 or      
treaties ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  ,he 0      
consid]$ v pr(\nd on que/ions (         
sov]eignty4 ,9 fact1 he nev] said mu* 9 
reg>d to any?+ else4 ,he held t1 9 ?is  
c\ntry1 sov]eignty 0 divid$3 t !        
national gov]nm5t 0 sov]eign ov] c]ta9  
?+s2 & t ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts 7 sov]eign   
ov] all o!r ?+s4 ,he _h app>5tly nev]   
he>d ( any natural1 individual1 human   
rights1 t _h nev] be5 delegat$ to ei!r !
 g5]al or ,/ate gov]nm5ts4  ,z a        
practical matt]1 he seem$ to hold t !   
g5]al gov]nm5t _h sov]eignty en\gh to   
de/roy z _m ( ! natural rights ( ! p z x
 %\ld please to de/roy2 & t ! ,/ate     
gov]nm5ts _h sov]eignty en\gh to de/roy 
:at %\ld be left1 if !re %\ld be any    
su*4 ,he evid5tly consid]$ t1 to !      
national gov]nm5t1 _h be5 delegat$ ! "p 
( ! lion1 ) ! "r to dev\r z mu* ( 8 prey
 z 8 appetite %\ld crave2 & t ! ,/ate   
gov]nm5ts 7 jackals1 ) p[] to dev\r :at 
! lion %\ld leave4  ,9 8 ef=ts to       
e/abli% ! absolutism ( our gov]nm5ts1 he

 made himself an adept 9 ! use ( all ^? 
false def9itions1 & false assumptions1  
to :i* c\rts are driv51 :o hold t       
con/itutions & /atute books are supreme 
ov] all natural pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 &   
ov] all ! natural rights ( mank9d4  ,"h 
is 8 def9ition ( law4 ,he pr(esses to h 
borr[$ x f "s "o1--he does n say :om1--b
 he accepts x z 8 own4       ,law has   
be5 def9$ by a writ]1 ^: def9itions     
especially      h be5 ! !me ( almo/     
univ]sal panegyric1 ,to be a      rule (
 civil conduct prescrib$ by ! supreme   
p[] 9 a      ,/ate4 ,9 our sy/em1 !     
legislature ( a ,/ate is !      supreme 
p[]1 9 all cases :]e its action is n    
re/ra9$      by ! con/itution ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates4--,ogd5 vs4 ,saund]s1      #ab  
,:eaton #cdg4  ,?is def9ition is an     
utt]ly false "o4 ,x d5ies all ! natural 
rights ( ! p2 & is resort$ to only by   
usurp]s & tyrants1 to ju/ify _! crimes4 
,! true def9ition ( law is1 t x is a    
fix$1 immutable1 natural pr9ciple2 & n  
any?+ t man ev] made1 or c make1 unmake1

 or alt]4 ,?us we speak ( ! laws (      
matt]1 & ! laws ( m9d2 ( ! law (        
gravitation1 ! laws ( light1 heat1 &    
electricity1 ! laws ( *emi/ry1 geology1 
botany2 ( physiological laws1 (         
a/ronomical & atmosph]ical laws1 etc41  
etc4  ,all ^! are natural laws1 t man   
nev] made1 nor c ev] unmake1 or alt]4   
,! law ( ju/ice is j z supreme &        
univ]sal 9 ! moral _w1 z ^! o!rs are 9 !
 m5tal or physical _w2 & is z unalt]able
 z are ^! by any human p[]4 ,& x is j z 
false & absurd to talk ( anybody's hav+ 
! p[] to aboli% ! law ( ju/ice1 & set up
 _! own w 9 its /ead1 z x w\ld be to    
talk ( _! hav+ ! p[] to aboli% ! law (  
gravitation1 or any ( ! o!r natural laws
 ( ! univ]se1 & set up _! own w 9 !     
place ( !m4  ,yet ,m>%all holds t ?is   
natural law ( ju/ice is no law at all1 9
 comp>ison ) "s rule ( civil conduct    
prescrib$ by :at he calls ! supreme p[] 
9 a ,/ate4  ,& he gives ?is mis]able    
def9ition1 :i* he pick$ up some:]e--out 
( ! legal fil? 9 :i* he wall[$--z 8     

suffici5t au?ority = /rik+ d[n all !    
natural obligation ( m5's contracts1 &  
all m5's natural rights to make _! own  
contracts2 & = uphold+ ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts
 9 prohibit+ all su* contracts z !y1 9  
_! av>ice & tyranny1 may *oose to       
prohibit4 ,he does x too1 directly 9 !  
face ( t v con/itution1 :i* he pr(esses 
to uphold1 & :i* decl>es t ,no ,/ate    
%all pass any law impair+ ! natural     
obligation ( contracts4  ,by ! same     
rule1 or on ! same def9ition ( law1 he  
w\ld /rike d[n any & all ! o!r natural  
rights ( mank9d4  ,t su* a def9ition (  
law %\ld suit ! purposes ( m5 l ,m>%all1
 :o believe t gov]nm5ts %\ld h all p[]1 
& m5 no rights1 acc\nts = ! fact t1 9   
?is c\ntry1 m5 h _h no rights--b only   
su* p]mits z lawmak]s h se5 fit to all[ 
!m--s9ce ! ,/ate & ,unit$ ,/ates        
gov]nm5ts 7 e/abli%$1--or at lea/ = !   
la/ eighty ye>s4  ,m>%all also said3    
,! "r ( gov]nm5t to regulate contracts1 
to prescribe      ! rules by :i* !y may 
be evid5c$1 to prohibit su* z      may  

be deem$ mis*iev\s1 is unque/ionable1 & 
has be5      univ]sally ex]cis$4--,ogd5 
vs4 ,saund]s1 #ab ,:eaton #cdg4  ,he "h 
ass]ts t ! supreme p[] 9 a ,/ate--t is1 
! legislature ( a ,/ate--has ! "r to    
deem x mis*iev\s to all[ m5 to ex]cise  
_! natural "r to make _! own contracts6 
,contracts t h a natural obligation6 ,& 
t1 if a ,/ate legislature ?9ks x        
mis*iev\s to all[ m5 to make contracts t
 are naturally obligatory1 its "r to    
prohibit !m is unque/ionable4  ,is n ?is
 equival5t to say+ t gov]nm5ts h all    
p[]1 & ! p no rights8  ,on ! same       
pr9ciple1 & "u ! same def9ition ( law1 !
 lawmak]s ( a ,/ate may1 ( c\rse1 hold x
 mis*iev\s to all[ m5 to ex]cise any (  
_! o!r natural rights1 z well z _! "r to
 make _! own contracts2 & may !re=e     
prohibit ! ex]cise ( any1 or all1 ( !m4 
,& ?is is equival5t to say+ t gov]nm5ts 
h all p[]1 & ! p no rights4  ,if a      
gov]nm5t c =bid ! free ex]cise ( a s+le 
"o ( man's natural rights1 x may1 = !   
same reason1 =bid ! ex]cise ( any & all 

( !m2 & ?us e/abli%1 practically &      
absolutely1 ,m>%all's pr9ciple1 t !     
gov]nm5t has all p[]1 & ! p no rights4  
,9 ! same case1 ( ,ogd5 vs4 ,saund]s1   
,m>%all's pr9ciple 0 agre$ to by all !  
o!r ju/ices1 & all ! lawy]s6  ,?us      
,?ompson1 "o ( ! ju/ices1 said3         
,w\ld x n be )9 ! legitimate p[]s ( a   
,/ate      legislature to decl>e        
prospectively t no "o %\ld be      made 
responsible1 ^u contracts ent]$ into    
be=e arriv+      at ! age ( tw5ty-five  
ye>s8 ,?is1 ,i presume1 _c be           
d\bt$4--p4 #cjj4  ,on ! same pr9ciple1  
he might say t a ,/ate legislature may  
decl>e t no p]son1 "u fifty1 or sev5ty1 
or a hundr$1 ye>s ( age1 %all ex]cise 8 
natural "r ( mak+ any contract t is     
naturally obligatory4  ,9 ! same case1  
,trimble1 ano!r ( ! ju/ices1 said3      
,if ! positive law t is1 ! /atute law ( 
! ,/ate      decl>es ! contract %all h  
no obligation1 x c h no      obligation1
 :atev] may be ! pr9ciples ( natural law
 9      reg>d to su* a contract4 ,?is   

doctr9e has be5 held &      ma9ta9$ by  
all ,/ates & nations4 ,! p[] (          
controll+1      modify+1 & ev5 tak+     
away1 all obligation f su*              
contracts z1 indep5d5tly ( positive     
enactions to !      contr>y1 w\ld h be5 
obligatory1 has be5 ex]cis$ by all      
indep5d5t sov]eigns4--p4 #cbj4  ,yes2 & 
:y has ?is p[] be5 ex]cis$ by all ,/ates
 & nations1 & all indep5d5t sov]eigns8  
,solely because ^! gov]nm5ts h all--or  
at lea/ s _m ( !m z ,trimble _h 9 8     
m9d--be5 despotic & tyrannical2 & h     
claim$ = !mselves all p[]1 & d5i$ to ! p
 all rights4  ,?us x seems t ,trimble1 l
 all ! re/ ( !m1 got 8 con/itutional    
law1 n f any natural pr9ciples ( ju/ice1
 n f man's natural rights1 n f !        
con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 nor ev5 f
 any con/itution affirm+ m5's natural   
rights1 b f ! doctr9e t has be5 held &  
ma9ta9$ by all ^? ,/ates & nations1 &   
all ^? indep5d5t sov]eigns1 :o h usurp$ 
all p[]1 & d5i$ all ! natural rights (  
mank9d4  ,m>%all gives ano!r ( 8 false  

def9itions1 :51 speak+ = ! :ole c\rt1 9 
reg>d to ! p[] ( congress to regulate   
comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among !      
sev]al ,/ates1 he ass]ts ! "r ( congress
 to an arbitr>y1 absolute dom9ion ov]   
all m5's natural rights to c>ry on su*  
comm]ce4 ,?us he says3       ,:at is ?is
 p[]8 ,x is ! p[] to regulate3 t is1 to 
prescribe ! rule by :i* comm]ce is to be
 gov]n$4 ,?is      p[]1 l all o!rs ve/$ 
9 congress1 is complete 9      itself1  
may be ex]cis$ to its utmo/ ext5t1 &    
ackn[l$ges      no limitations1 o!r ?an 
are prescrib$ by ! con/itution4      ,^!
 are express$ 9 pla9 t]ms1 & d n affect 
!      que/ions :i* arise 9 ?is case1 or
 :i* h be5      discuss$ at ! b>4 ,if1 z
 has always be5 und]/ood1 !             
sov]eignty ( congress1 ?\gh limit$ to   
specific objects1 is      pl5>y z to ^? 
objects1 ! p[] ov] comm]ce )      =eign 
nations1 & among ! sev]al ,/ates1 is    
ve/$ 9      congress z absolutely z x   
w\ld be 9 a s+le gov]nm5t1      hav+ 9  
its con/itution ! same re/rictions on ! 

ex]cise ( ! p[] z are f\nd 9 !          
con/itution ( !      ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!  
wisdom & ! discretion ( congress1       
_! id5tity ) ! p1 & ! influ5ce :i* _!   
con/itu5ts possess at elections1 are1 9 
?is1 z 9 _m      o!r in/ances1 z t1 =   
example1 ( decl>+ w>1 !      sole       
re/ra9ts on :i* !y ! p h reli$1 to      
secure !m f its abuse4 ,!y are !        
re/ra9ts on :i*      ! p mu/ (t5 rely   
,,solely1 9 all repres5tative           
gov]nm5ts4--,gibbons vs4 ,ogd51 #i      
,:eaton #aif4  ,?is is a g5]al          
decl>ation ( absolutism ov] all comm]ce 
) =eign nations & among ! sev]al ,/ates1
 ) c]ta9 exceptions m5tion$ 9 !         
con/itution2 su* z t all duties1 impo/s1
 & excises %all be uni=m ?r\gh\t !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 & no tax or duty %all be 
laid on articles export$ f any ,/ate1 & 
no pref]5ce %all be giv51 by any        
regulation ( comm]ce or rev5ue1 to !    
ports ( "o ,/ate ov] ^? ( ano!r2 nor    
%all vessels b\nd to1 or f1 "o ,/ate1 be
 oblig$ to ent]1 cle>1 or pay duties 9  

ano!r4  ,accord+ to ?is op9ion ( ! c\rt1
 congress has--subject to ! exceptions  
ref]r$ to--absolute1 irresponsible      
dom9ion ov] all comm]ce ) =eign nations1
 & among ! sev]al ,/ates2 & all m5's    
natural rights to trade ) ea* o!r1 among
 ! sev]al ,/ates1 & all ov] ! _w1 are   
pro/rate "u ! feet ( a contemptible1    
dete/able1 & irresponsible cabal (      
lawmak]s2 & ! p h no protection or      
r$ress = any tyranny or robb]y t may be 
practis$ ^u !m1 except ! wisdom & !     
discretion ( congress1 _! id5tity ) ! p1
 & ! influ5ce :i* _! con/itu5ts possess 
at elections6  ,x w be notic$ t ! c\rt  
say t all ! o!r p[]s1 ve/$ 9 congress1  
are complete 9 !mselves1 & may be       
ex]cis$ to _! utmo/ ext5t1 & ackn[l$ge  
no limitations1 o!r ?an ^? prescrib$ by 
! con/itution4  ,!y say t among all !   
o!r practically unlimit$ p[]s1 ve/$ 9   
congress1 is ! p[] ( decl>+ w>2 &1 (    
c\rse1 ( c>ry+ on w>2 t congress has p[]
 to c>ry on w>1 = any reason1 to any    
ext5t1 & aga9/ any p1 x pleases4  ,?us  

!y say1 virtually1 t ! natural rights ( 
mank9d impose no con/itutional re/ra9ts 
:atev] ^u congress1 9 ! ex]cise ( _!    
lawmak+ p[]s4  ,is n ?is ass]t+ t       
gov]nm5ts h all p[]1 & ! p no rights8   
,b :at is to be p>ticul>ly notic$1 is ! 
fact t ,m>%all gives to congress all ?is
 practically unlimit$ p[] ov] all       
comm]ce ) =eign nations1 & among !      
sev]al ,/ates1 solely on ! /r5g? ( a    
false def9ition ( ! v]b to regulate4 ,he
 says t ! p[] to regulate comm]ce is !  
p[] to prescribe ! rule by :i* comm]ce  
is to be gov]n$4       ,?is def9ition is
 an utt]ly false1 absurd1 & atroci\s "o4
      ,x w\ld give congress p[]         
arbitr>ily to control1 ob/ruct1         
imp$e1 d]ange1 prohibit1 & de/roy       
comm]ce4       ,! v]b to regulate does  
n1 z ,m>%all ass]ts1 imply !            
ex]cise ( any arbitr>y control :atev]   
ov] ! ?+      regulat$2 nor any p[] to  
prescribe arbitr>ily ! rule1      by :i*
 ! ?+ regulat$ is to be gov]n$4 ,on !   
contr>y1 x comes f ! ,lat9 ^w1 regula1 a

 rule2 &      implies ! pre-exi/5ce ( a 
rule1 to :i* ! ?+      regulat$ is made 
to con=m4       ,to regulate "o's diet1 
= example1 is n1 on ! "o h&1      to    
/>ve "o's self to emaciation1 nor1 on ! 
o!r1 to gorge      "o's self ) all sorts
 ( indige/ible & hurtful      sub/ances1
 9 disreg>d ( ! natural laws ( heal?4 ,b
 x      supposes ! pre-exi/5ce ( !      
natural laws ( heal?1 to      :i* ! diet
 is made to con=m4       ,a clock is n  
regulat$1 :5 x is made to g1 to /op1 to 
g =w>ds1 to g backw>ds1 to g fa/1 to g  
sl[1 at !      m]e w or caprice ( !     
p]son :o may h x 9 h&4 ,x      is       
regulat$ only :5 x is made to con=m to1 
to m>k      truly1 ! diurnal revolutions
 ( ! e>?4 ,^! revolutions      ( ! e>?  
con/itute ! pre-exi/+ rule1 by :i* alone
 a      clock c be regulat$4       ,a   
m>9]'s compass is n regulat$1 :5 ! ne$le
 is made      to move ?is way & t1 at ! 
w ( an op]ator1 )\t      ref]5ce to !   
nor? pole4 ,b x is regulat$ :5 x is     
fre$ f all di/urb+ influ5ces1 & suff]$  

to po9t      con/antly to ! nor?1 z x is
 its nature to d4       ,a locomotive is
 n regulat$1 :5 x is made to g1 to      
/op1 to g =w>ds1 to g backw>ds1 to g    
fa/1 to g sl[1      at ! m]e w & caprice
 ( ! eng9e]1 & )\t      reg>d to        
economy1 utility1 or safety4 ,b x is    
regulat$1      :5 its motions are made  
to con=m to a pre-exi/+ rule1      t is 
made up ( economy1 utility1 & safety    
comb9$4 ,:at      ?is rule is1 9 ! case 
( a locomotive1 may n be kn[n      ) su*
 sci5tific precision1 z is ! rule 9 !   
case ( a      clock1 or a m>9]'s        
compass2 b x may be approximat$ )       
suffici5t accuracy = practical purposes4
       ,! pre-exi/+ rule1 by :i* alone  
comm]ce c be      regulat$1 is a matt] (
 sci5ce2 & is already kn[n1 s      f> z 
! natural pr9ciple ( ju/ice1 9 relation 
to      contracts1 is kn[n4 ,! natural  
"r ( all m5 to make all      contracts  
:atsoev]1 t are naturally & intr9sically
 j      & lawful1 furni%es ! pre-exi/+  
rule1 by :i* alone      comm]ce c be    

regulat$4 ,& x is ! only rule1 to :i*   
congress h any con/itutional p[] to make
 comm]ce      con=m4       ,:5 all      
comm]ce1 t is intr9sically j & lawful1  
is      secur$ & protect$1 & all comm]ce
 t is intr9sically      unju/ &         
unlawful1 is prohibit$1 !n comm]ce is   
regulat$1      & n be=e4#e           #e 
,! above extracts are f a pamphlet      
publi%$ by          me 9 #ahfd1 entitl$ 
,consid]ations = ,bank]s1          etc41
 pp4 #ee1 #ef1 #eg4  ,?is false         
def9ition ( ! v]b to regulate has be5   
us$1 "t out ( m9d1 by knavi% lawmak]s & 
_! c\rts1 to hide _! violations ( m5's  
natural "r to d _! own bus9esses 9 all  
su* ways--t are naturally & intr9sically
 j & lawful--z !y may *oose to d !m 94  
,^! lawmak]s & c\rts d>e n always d5y1  
utt]ly & pla9ly1 m5's "r to d _! own    
bus9esses 9 _! own ways2 b !y w assume  
to regulate !m2 & 9 pret5d+ simply to   
regulate !m1 !y contrive to regulate m5 
out ( all _! natural rights to d _! own 
bus9esses 9 _! own ways4  ,h[ mu* h we  

all he>d 7we :o are old en\gh71 )9 ! la/
 fifty ye>s1 ( ! p[] ( congress1 or ( ! 
,/ates1 to regulate ! curr5cy4 ,& to    
regulate ! curr5cy has always meant to  
fix ! k9d1 & limit ! am\nt1 ( curr5cy1 t
 m5 may be p]mitt$ to buy & sell1 l5d & 
borr[1 give & receive1 9 _! deal+s ) ea*
 o!r4 ,x has also meant to say :o %all h
 ! control ( ! lic5s$ money2 in/ead (   
mak+ x mean ! suppression only ( false &
 di%one/ money1 & !n leav+ all m5 free  
to ex]cise _! natural "r ( buy+ & sell+1
 borr[+ & l5d+1 giv+ & receiv+1 all su*1
 & s mu*1 hone/ & true money1 or        
curr5cy1 z ! p>ties to any or all       
contracts may mutually agree ^u4        
,m>%all's false assumptions are num]\s &
 tyrannical4 ,!y all h ! same end 9 view
 z 8 false def9itions2 t is1 to e/abli% 
! pr9ciple t gov]nm5ts h all p[]1 & ! p 
no rights4 ,!y are s num]\s t x w\ld be 
t$i\s1 if n impossible1 to describe !m  
all sep>ately4 ,_m1 or mo/1 ( !m are    
embrac$ 9 ! foll[+1 viz43  #a4 ,!       
assumption t1 by a c]ta9 pap]1 call$ !  

con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates--a pap]   
7,i repeat & reit]ate7 :i* nobody ev]   
sign$1 :i* b few p]sons ev] read1 & :i* 
! great body ( ! p nev] saw--& also by  
"s =ty subsidi>y pap]s1 call$ ,/ate     
con/itutions1 :i* also nobody ev] sign$1
 :i* b few p]sons ev] read1 & :i* !     
great body ( ! p nev] saw--all mak+ a   
p]fect sy/em ( ! m]e/ no?+ness--!       
assumption1 ,i say1 t1 by ^! pap]s1 ! p 
h all cons5t$ to ! abolition ( ju/ice   
itself1 ! highe/ moral law ( ! ,univ]se2
 & t all _! own natural1 inh]5t1        
inali5able rights to ! b5efits ( t law1 
%all be annull$2 & t !y !mselves1 &     
ev]y?+ t is !irs1 %all be giv5 ov] into 
! irresponsible cu/ody ( "s =ty little  
cabals ( blockheads & villa9s call$     
lawmak]s--blockheads1 :o imag9e !mselves
 wis] ?an ju/ice itself1 & villa9s1 :o  
c>e no?+ = ei!r wisdom or ju/ice1 b only
 = ! gratification ( _! own av>ice &    
ambitions2 & t ^! cabals %all be inve/$ 
) ! "r to dispose ( ! prop]ty1 lib]ty1 &
 lives ( all ! re/ ( ! p1 at _! pleasure

 or discretion2 or1 z ,m>%all says1 _!  
wisdom & discretion6  ,if su* an        
assumption z t does n embrace ne>ly1 or 
q1 all ! o!r false assumptions t usurp]s
 & tyrants c ev] ne$1 to ju/ify !mselves
 9 robb+1 enslav+1 & murd]+ all ! re/ ( 
mank9d1 x is less compreh5sive ?an x    
appe>s to me to be4  #b4 ,9 ! foll[+    
p>agraph may be f\nd ano!r bat* (       
,m>%all's false assumptions4       ,! "r
 to contract is ! attribute ( a free    
ag5t1 & he      may rightfully co]ce    
p]=mance f ano!r free ag5t1 :o          
violates 8 fai?4 ,contracts h           
consequ5tly an intr9sic      obligation4
 ,b ,:5 m5 come into society1 !y c no   
long] ex]cise ?is orig9al natural "r (  
co]cion4 ,x      w\ld be incompatible ) 
g5]al peace1 & is !re=e      surr5d]$4  
,society prohibits ! use ( private      
individual      co]cion1 & gives 9 its  
place a m safe & m c]ta9      rem$y4 ,b 
! "r to contract is n surr5d]$ ) !      
"r to co]ce p]=mance4--,ogd5 vs4        
,saund]s1 #ab ,:eaton      #cej4  ,9 ?is

 extract1 tak5 9 connection ) ! re/ ( 8 
op9ion 9 ! same case1 ,m>%all convicts  
himself ( ! grosse/ falsehood4 ,he      
ackn[l$ges t m5 h a natural "r to make  
_! own contracts2 t _! contracts h an   
intr9sic obligation2 & t !y h an orig9al
 & natural "r to co]ce p]=mance ( !m4 ,&
 yet he assumes1 & virtually ass]ts1 t  
m5 volunt>ily come into society1 &      
surr5d] to society _! natural "r to     
co]ce ! fulfilm5t ( _! contracts4 ,he   
assumes1 & virtually ass]ts1 t !y d ?is1
 ^u ! gr\nd1 & = ! reason1 t society    
gives 9 its place a m safe & m c]ta9    
rem$y2 t is1 a m safe & m c]ta9 en=cem5t
 ( all m5's contracts t h an intr9sic   
obligation4  ,9 ?us say+ t m5 come into 
society1 & surr5d] to society1 _!       
orig9al & natural "r ( co]c+ ! fulfilm5t
 ( contracts1 & t society gives 9 its   
place a m safe & c]ta9 rem$y1 he        
virtually says1 & means to say1 t1 9    
consid]ation ( su* surr5d] ( _! orig9al 
& natural "r ( co]cion1 society pl$ges  
itself to !m t x w give !m ?is m safe & 

m c]ta9 rem$y2 t is1 t x w m safely & m 
c]ta9ly en=ce _! contracts ?an !y c d x 
!mselves4  ,& yet1 9 ! same op9ion--only
 two & ?ree pages prec$+ ?is extract--he
 decl>es emphatically t ! "r (          
gov]nm5t--or ( :at he calls society--to 
prohibit su* contracts z may be deem$   
mis*iev\s1 is unque/ionable4--p4 #cdg4  
,& z an illu/ration ( ! ex]cise ( ?is "r
 ( society to prohibit su* contracts z  
may be deem$ mis*iev\s1 he cites ! usury
 laws1 ?us3       ,! acts aga9/ usury   
decl>e ! contract to be void 9 !        
beg9n+4 ,!y d5y t ! in/rum5t ev] became 
a      contract4 ,!y d5y x all orig9al  
obligation2 & _c      impair t :i* nev] 
came into exi/5ce4--p4 #cdh4  ,all ?is  
is z mu* z to say t1 :5 a man has       
volunt>ily come into society1 & has     
surr5d]$ to society 8 orig9al & natural 
"r ( co]c+ ! fulfilm5t ( 8 contracts1 & 
:5 he has done ?is 9 ! confid5ce t      
society w fulfil its pl$ge to give him a
 m safe & m c]ta9 co]cion ?an he 0      
capable ( himself1 society may !n turn  

ar\nd to him1 & say3       ,we ackn[l$ge
 t y h a natural "r to make y\r own     
contracts4 ,we ackn[l$ge t y\r contracts
 h an      intr9sic obligation4 ,we     
ackn[l$ge t y _h an orig9al      &      
natural "r to co]ce ! fulfilm5t ( !m4   
,we      ackn[l$ge t x 0 solely 9       
consid]ation ( our pl$ge      to y1 t we
 w\ld give y a m safe & m c]ta9         
co]cion ?an y 7 capable ( y\rself1 t y  
surr5d]$ to u y\r "r to co]ce a         
fulfilm5t ( !m4      ,& we ackn[l$ge t1 
accord+ to our pl$ge1 y h      n[ a "r  
to require ( u t we co]ce a fulfilm5t ( 
!m4 ,b aft] y _h surr5d]$ to u y\r own  
"r (      co]cion1 we took a diff]5t    
view ( ! pl$ge we _h giv5      y2 &     
conclud$ t x w\ld be mis*iev\s to all[ y
      to make su* contracts4 ,we !re=e  
prohibit$ y\r mak+      !m4 ,& hav+     
prohibit$ ! mak+ ( !m1 we _c n[         
admit t !y h any obligation4 ,we mu/    
!re=e      decl9e to en=ce ! fulfilm5t (
 !m4 ,& we w>n y      t1 if y attempt to
 en=ce !m1 by virtue ( y\r own          

orig9al & natural "r ( co]cion1 we %all 
be oblig$      to consid] y\r act a     
brea* ( ! g5]al peace1 &      puni% y   
accord+ly4 ,we are sorry t y h lo/ y\r  
prop]ty1 b society mu/ judge z to :at   
contracts are1      & :at are n1        
mis*iev\s4 ,we c !re=e give y no        
r$ress4 ,nor c we suff] y to en=ce y\r  
own rights1 or      r$ress y\r own      
wrongs4  ,su* is ,m>%all's !ory ( ! way 
9 :i* society got possession ( all m5's 
orig9al & natural "r to make _! own     
contracts1 & en=ce ! fulfilm5t ( !m2 & (
 ! way 9 :i* society n[ ju/ifies itself 
9 prohibit+ all contracts1 ?\gh         
intr9sically obligatory1 :i* x may *oose
 to consid] mis*iev\s4 ,& he ass]ts t1 9
 ?is way1 society has acquir$ an        
unque/ionable "r to *eat m5 out ( all _!
 orig9al & natural "r to make _! own    
contracts1 & en=ce ! fulfilm5t ( !m4  ,a
 man's orig9al & natural "r to make all 
contracts t are intr9sically obligatory1
 & to co]ce ! fulfilm5t ( !m1 is "o ( ! 
mo/ valuable & indisp5sable ( all human 

possessions4 ,b ,m>%all assumes t a man 
may surr5d] ?is "r to society1 "u a     
pl$ge f society1 t x w secure to him a m
 safe & c]ta9 fulfilm5t ( 8 contracts1  
?an he is capable ( himself2 & t        
society1 hav+ ?us obta9$ f him ?is      
surr5d]1 may !n turn ar\nd to him1 & n  
only refuse to fulfil its pl$ge to him1 
b may also prohibit 8 own ex]cise ( 8   
own orig9al & natural "r1 :i* he has    
surr5d]$ to society6  ,?is is z mu* z to
 say t1 if ,a c b induce ,b to intru/ 8 
7,b's7 prop]ty ) him 7,a71 = safekeep+1 
"u a pl$ge t he 7,a7 w keep x m safely &
 c]ta9ly ?an ,b c d x himself1 ,a !reby 
acquires an unque/ionable "r to keep !  
prop]ty =ev]1 & let ,b :i/le = x6  ,?is 
is ! k9d ( assumption on :i* ,m>%all    
bas$ all 8 ideas ( ! con/itutional law (
 ?is c\ntry2 t con/itutional law1 :i* he
 0 s fam\s = exp\nd+4 ,x is ! k9d (     
assumption1 by :i* he exp\nd$ ! p out ( 
all _! orig9al & natural rights4  ,he _h
 j z mu* "r to assume1 & practically did
 assume1 t ! p _h volunt>ily come into  

society1 & _h volunt>ily surr5d]$ to _! 
gov]nm5ts all _! o!r natural rights1 z  
well z _! orig9al & natural "r to make &
 en=ce _! own contracts4  ,he virtually 
said to all ! p ( ?is c\ntry3       ,y h
 volunt>ily come into society1 & h      
volunt>ily      surr5d]$ to y\r         
gov]nm5ts all y\r natural rights1 (     
e "n & nature :atsoev]1 = safe keep+2 & 
n[      t ^! gov]nm5ts h1 by y\r own    
cons5t1 got      possession ( all y\r   
natural rights1 !y h an                 
unque/ionable "r to )hold !m f y =ev]4  
,if x 7 n melan*oly to see mank9d ?us   
*eat$1 robb$1 enslav$1 & murd]$1 on !   
au?ority ( su* nak$ impo/ures z ^!1 x   
w\ld be1 to ! la/ degree1 ludicr\s1 to  
see a man l ,m>%all--reput$ to be "o ( !
 fir/ intellects ! c\ntry has ev]       
_h--solemnly exp\nd+ ! con/itutional    
p[]s1 z he call$ !m1 by :i* ! g5]al &   
,/ate gov]nm5ts 7 au?oriz$ to rob ! p ( 
all _! natural rights z human be+s4  ,& 
yet ?is same ,m>%all has done m ?an any 
o!r "o man--c]ta9ly m ?an any o!r man )9

 ! la/ eighty-five ye>s--to make our    
gov]nm5ts1 ,/ate & national1 :at !y are4
 ,he has1 = m ?an sixty ye>s1 be5 e/eem$
 an oracle1 n only by 8 associates &    
successors on ! b5* ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b by all ! o!r judges1
 ,/ate & national1 by all ! ignorant1 z 
well z knavi%1 lawmak]s 9 ! c\ntry1 & by
 all ! sixty to a hundr$ ?\s& lawy]s1 ^u
 :om ! p h be51 & are1 oblig$ to dep5d =
 ! security ( _! rights4  ,?is sy/em (  
false def9itions1 false assumptions1 &  
fraud & usurpation g5]ally1 runs ?r\gh  
all ! op]ations ( our gov]nm5ts1 ,/ate &
 national4 ,!re is no?+ g5u9e1 no?+     
real1 no?+ true1 no?+ hone/1 to be f\nd 
9 any ( !m4 ,!y all proce$ ^u !         
pr9ciple1 t gov]nm5ts h all p[]1 & ! p  
no rights4   ,,section ,,xxv4  ,b p]haps
 ! mo/ absolute pro( t our national     
lawmak]s & judges are z reg>dless ( all 
con/itutional1 z !y are ( all natural1  
law1 & t _! /atutes & decisions are z   
de/itute ( all con/itutional1 z !y are (
 all natural1 au?ority1 is to be f\nd 9 

! fact t ^! lawmak]s & judges h trampl$ 
^u1 & utt]ly ignor$1 c]ta9 am5dm5ts to !
 con/itution1 :i* _h be5 adopt$1 &      
7con/itutionally speak+7 become         
au?oritative1 z e>ly z #agia2 only two  
ye>s aft] ! gov]nm5t w5t into op]ation4 
,if ^! am5dm5ts _h be5 obey$1 !y w\ld h 
compell$ all congresses & c\rts to      
und]/& t1 if ! gov]nm5t _h any          
con/itutional p[]s at all1 !y 7 simply  
p[]s to protect m5's natural rights1 & n
 to de/roy any ( !m4  ,^! am5dm5ts h    
actually =bidd5 any lawmak+ :atev] 9    
violation ( m5's natural rights4 ,& ?is 
is equival5t to a prohibition ( any     
lawmak+ at all4 ,& if lawmak]s & c\rts  
_h be5 z desir\s ( pres]v+ m5's natural 
rights1 z !y h be5 ( violat+ !m1 !y w\ld
 long ago h f\nd out t1 s9ce ^!         
am5dm5ts1 ! con/itution au?oriz$ no     
lawmak+ at all4  ,^! am5dm5ts 7 t5 9    
numb]4 ,!y 7 recomm5d$ by ! fir/        
congress1 at its fir/ session1 9 #aghi2 
two-?irds ( bo? h\ses concurr+4 ,& 9    
#agia1 !y _h be5 ratifi$ by all !       

,/ates3 & f t "t !y impos$ ! re/rictions
 m5tion$ ^u all ! p[]s ( congress4  ,^! 
am5dm5ts 7 propos$1 by ! fir/ congress1 
= ! reason t1 al?\gh ! con/itution1 z   
orig9ally fram$1 _h be5 adopt$1 its     
adoption _h be5 procur$ only ) great    
difficulty1 & 9 spite ( great           
objections4 ,^! objections 7 t1 z       
orig9ally fram$ & adopt$1 ! con/itution 
conta9$ no adequate security = ! private
 rights ( ! p4  ,^! objections 7        
admitt$1 by v _m1 if n all1 ! fri5ds ( !
 con/itution !mselves1 to be v weighty2 
& su* z ought to be imm$iately remov$ by
 am5dm5ts4 ,& x 0 only because ^! fri5ds
 ( ! con/itution pl$g$ !mselves to use  
_! influ5ce to secure ^! am5dm5ts1 t !  
adoption ( ! con/itution itself 0       
secur$4 ,& x 0 9 fulfilm5t ( ^! pl$ges1 
& to remove ^! objections1 t ! am5dm5ts 
7 propos$ & adopt$4  ,! fir/ eight      
am5dm5ts specifi$ p>ticul>ly v>i\s      
prohibitions ^u ! p[] ( congress2 su*1 =
 example1 z ^? secur+ to ! p ! free     
ex]cise ( religion1 ! fre$om ( spee* & !

 press1 ! "r to keep & be> arms1 etc41  
etc4 ,!n foll[$ ! n9? am5dm5t1 9 ^!     
words3       ,! enum]ation 9 !          
con/itution1 ( c]ta9 rights1      reta9$
 by ! p %all n be con/ru$ to d5y or     
disp>age o!rs reta9$ by ! p4  ,"h is an 
au?oritative decl>ation1 t ! p h o!r    
rights ?an ^? specially enum]at$ 9 !    
con/itution2 & t ^! o!r rights 7 reta9$ 
by ! p2 t is1 t congress %\ld h no p[]  
to infr+e !m4  ,:at1 !n1 7 ^! o!r       
rights1 t _h n be5 enum]at$2 b :i* 7    
nev]!less reta9$ by ! p8  ,pla9ly !y 7  
m5's natural rights2 = ^! are ! only    
rights t ! p ev] _h1 or1 consequ5tly1 t 
!y c\ld reta94  ,& z no attempt is made 
to enum]ate all ^! o!r rights1 or any   
consid]able numb] ( !m1 & z x w\ld be   
obvi\sly impossible to enum]ate all1 or 
any consid]able numb]1 ( !m2 & z no     
exceptions are made ( any ( !m1 !       
necess>y1 ! legal1 ! inevitable inf]5ce 
is1 t !y 7 all reta9$2 & t congress %\ld
 h no p[] to violate any ( !m4  ,n[1 if 
congress & ! c\rts _h attempt$ to obey  

?is am5dm5t1 z !y 7 con/itutionally b\nd
 to d1 !y w\ld soon h f\nd t !y _h      
really no lawmak+ p[] :atev] left to !m2
 because !y w\ld h f\nd t !y c\ld make  
no law at all1 ( _! own inv5tion1 t w\ld
 n violate m5's natural rights4  ,all   
m5's natural rights are co-ext5sive )   
natural law1 ! law ( ju/ice2 or ju/ice z
 a sci5ce4 ,?is law is ! exact measure1 
& ! only measure1 ( any & e man's       
natural rights4 ,no "o ( ^! natural     
rights c be tak5 f any man1 )\t do+ him 
an inju/ice2 & no m ?an ^! rights c be  
giv5 to any "o1 unless by tak+ f !      
natural rights ( "o or m o!rs4  ,9 %ort1
 e man's natural rights are1 fir/1 ! "r 
to d1 ) himself & 8 prop]ty1 ev]y?+ t he
 pleases to d1 & t ju/ice t[>ds o!rs    
does n =bid him to d2 &1 secondly1 to be
 free f all compulsion1 by o!rs1 to d   
any?+ :atev]1 except :at ju/ice to o!rs 
requires him to d4  ,su*1 !n1 has be5 ! 
con/itutional law ( ?is c\ntry s9ce     
#agia2 admitt+1 = ! sake ( !            
argum5t--:at ,i d n really admit to be a

 fact--t ! con/itution1 s call$1 has ev]
 be5 a law at all4  ,?is am5dm5t1 f !   
rem>kable circum/ances "u :i* x 0       
propos$ & adopt$1 mu/ h made an         
impression ^u ! m9ds ( all ! public m5 (
 ! "t2 al?\gh !y may n h fully          
compreh5d$1 & d\btless did n fully      
compreh5d1 its sweep+ effects ^u all !  
suppos$ p[]s ( ! gov]nm5t4  ,b :atev]   
impression x may h made ^u ! public m5 (
 t "t1 its au?ority & p[] 7 :olly lo/ ^u
 _! successors2 & probably1 = at lea/   
eighty ye>s1 x has nev] be5 he>d (1 ei!r
 9 congress or ! c\rts4  ,john ,m>%all 0
 p]fectly famili> ) all ! circum/ances1 
"u :i* ?is1 & ! o!r n9e am5dm5ts1 7     
propos$ & adopt$4 ,he 0 ?irty-two ye>s  
old 7lack+ sev5 days7 :5 ! con/itution1 
z orig9ally fram$1 0 publi%$ 7,septemb] 
#ag1 #aghg72 & he 0 a memb] ( ! ,virg9ia
 conv5tion t ratifi$ x4 ,he knew        
p]fectly ! objections t 7 rais$ to x1 9 
t conv5tion1 on ! gr\nd ( its inadequate
 gu>anty ( m5's natural rights4 ,he knew
 ) :at =ce ^! objections 7 urg$ by "s ( 

! able/ memb]s ( ! conv5tion4 ,& he knew
 t1 to obviate ^! objections1 !         
conv5tion1 z a body1 )\t a diss5t+      
voice1 s f> z appe>s1 recomm5d$ t v     
/r+5t am5dm5ts1 = secur+ m5's natural   
rights1 be made to ! con/itution4 ,& he 
knew fur!r1 t1 b = ^! am5dm5ts be+      
recomm5d$1 ! con/itution w\ld n h be5   
adopt$ by ! conv5tion4#f      #f ,= !   
am5dm5ts recomm5d$ by ! ,virg9ia        
conv5tion1     see ,elliot's ,debates1  
,vol4 #c1 pp4 #feg to #ffc4 ,= ! debates
     ^u ^! am5dm5ts1 see pages #ddd to  
#deb1 & #dfj to #dfb1 &     #dff to     
#dga1 & #egi to #feb4  ,! am5dm5ts      
propos$ 7 too num]\s to be repeat$ "h1  
al?\gh !y w\ld be v in/ructive1 z %[+ h[
 jeal\s ! p 71 le/ _! natural rights    
%\ld be invad$ by laws made by congress4
 ,& t ! conv5tion might d ev]y?+ 9 its  
p[] to secure ! adoption ( ^! am5dm5ts1 
x resolv$ z foll[s3       ,& ! conv5tion
 d1 9 ! "n & behalf ( ! p (      ?is    
commonweal?1 enjo9 x ^u _!              
repres5tatives 9      congress to ex]t  

all _! influ5ce1 & use all reasonable   
& legal me?ods1 to obta9 a ratification 
( ! =ego+      alt]ations & provisions1 
9 ! mann] provid$ by ! #e?      article 
( ! said ,con/itution2 &1 9 all         
congressional      laws to be pass$ 9 ! 
meantime1 to con=m to ! _s (      ^!    
am5dm5ts1 z f> z ! said ,con/itution w  
admit4--,elliot's ,debates1 ,vol4 #c1 p4
 #ffa4  ,9 sev5 o!r ,/ate conv5tions1 to
 wit1 9 ^? ( ,massa*usetts1 ,new        
,hamp%ire1 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,new ,york1    
,m>yl&1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 !
 inadequate security = m5's natural     
rights1 & ! necessity = am5dm5ts1 7     
admitt$1 & insi/$ ^u1 9 v simil> t]ms to
 ^? 9 ,virg9ia4  ,9 ,massa*usetts1 !    
conv5tion propos$ n9e am5dm5ts to !     
con/itution2 & resolv$ z foll[s3        
,& ! conv5tion d1 9 ! "n & 9 ! behalf ( 
!      p ( ?is commonweal?1 enjo9 x ^u  
_!      repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 at  
all times1 until !      alt]ations &    
provisions a=esaid h be5 consid]$1      
agreeably to ! #e? article ( ! said     

,con/itution1 to ex]t      all _!       
influ5ce1 & use all reasonable & legal  
me?ods1      to obta9 a ratification ( !
 said alt]ations &      provisions1 9   
su* mann] z is provid$ 9 ! said         
article4--,elliot's ,debates1 ,vol4 #b1 
p4 #agh4  ,! ,new ,hamp%ire conv5tion1 t
 ratifi$ ! con/itution1 propos$ twelve  
am5dm5ts1 & add$3       ,& ! ,conv5tion 
d1 9 ! "n & behalf ( ! p (      ?is     
,/ate1 enjo9 x ^u _! repres5tatives 9   
congress1      at all times1 until !    
alt]ations & provisions a=esaid      h  
be5 consid]$ agreeably to ! fif? article
 ( ! said      ,con/itution1 to ex]t all
 _! influ5ce1 & use all      reasonable 
& legal me?ods1 to obta9 a ratification 
( !      said alt]ations & provisions1 9
 su* mann] z is provid$      9 !        
article4--,elliot's ,debates1 ,vol4 #a1 
p4 #cbf4  ,! ,rhode ,isl& conv5tion1 9  
ratify+ ! con/itution1 put =? a         
decl>ation ( rights1 9 eighte5 articles1
 & also propos$ tw5ty-"o am5dm5ts to !  
con/itution2 & prescrib$ z foll[s3      

,& ! ,conv5tion d1 9 ! "n & behalf ( ! p
 (      ! ,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl& &        
,provid5ce ,plantations1 enjo9 x      ^u
 _! s5ators & repres5tative or          
repres5tatives1      :i* may be elect$  
to repres5t ?is ,/ate 9 congress1 to    
ex]t all _! influ5ce1 & use all         
reasonable means1 to      obta9 a       
ratification ( ! foll[+ am5dm5ts to !   
said      ,con/itution1 9 ! mann]       
prescrib$ !re92 & 9 all laws      to be 
pass$ by ! congress 9 ! mean "t1 to     
con=m to      ! _s ( ! said am5dm5ts1 z 
f> z ! ,con/itution      w              
admit4--,elliot's ,debates1 ,vol4 #a1 p4
 #cce4  ,! ,new ,york conv5tion1 t      
ratifi$ ! con/itution1 propos$ a great  
_m am5dm5ts1 & add$3       ,& !         
,conv5tion d1 9 ! "n & behalf ( ! p (   
! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 enjo9 x ^u _!     
repres5tatives 9      congress1 to ex]t 
all _! influ5ce1 & use all reasonable   
means1 to obta9 a ratification ( !      
foll[+ am5dm5ts to      ! said          
,con/itution1 9 ! mann] prescrib$ !re92 

& 9      all laws to be pass$ by !      
congress1 9 ! mean "t1 to      con=m to 
! _s ( ! said am5dm5ts z f> z !         
,con/itution w admit4--,elliot's        
,debates1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #cbi4  ,! ,new   
,york conv5tion also address$ a         
,,circul> ,,lett] to ! gov]nors ( all ! 
o!r ,/ates1 ! fir/ two p>agraphs ( :i*  
are z foll[s3                           
,,! ,,circul> ,,lett]1       ,f !       
,conv5tion ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york to !  
,gov]nors      ( ! sev]al ,/ates 9 !    
,union4                                 
,,p\ghkeepsie1 ,,july #bh1 #aghh4       
,sir1 ,we1 ! memb]s ( ! ,conv5tion ( ?is
 ,/ate1 h      delib]ately & maturely   
consid]$ ! ,con/itution propos$      = !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,sev]al articles 9 x    
appe> s      exceptionable to a majority
 ( u1 t no?+ b ! fulle/      confid5ce (
 obta9+ a revision ( !m by a g5]al      
conv5tion1 & an inv9cible reluctance to 
sep>at+ f our      si/] ,/ates1 c\ld h  
prevail$ ^u a suffici5t numb] to        
ratify x1 )\t /ipulat+ = previ\s        

am5dm5ts4 ,we all      unite 9 op9ion1 t
 su* a revision w be necess>y to        
recomm5d x to ! approbation & support ( 
a num]\s body      ( our con/itu5ts4    
,we obs]ve t am5dm5ts h be5 propos$1 &  
are      anxi\sly desir$1 by sev]al ( ! 
,/ates1 z well z by      ?is2 & we ?9k x
 ( great importance t effectual         
measures be imm$iately tak5 = call+ a   
conv5tion1 to meet      at a p]iod n f> 
remote2 = we are conv9c$ t !            
appreh5sions & discont5ts1 :i* ^?       
articles occasion1      _c be remov$ or 
allay$1 unless an act to provide = x    
be among ! fir/ t %all be pass$ by ! new
      congress4--,elliot's ,debates1    
,vol4 #b1 p4 #dac4  ,9 ! ,m>yl&         
conv5tion1 num]\s am5dm5ts 7 propos$1 & 
?irte5 7 agre$ to2 mo/ ( !m by a        
unanim\s vote1 & all by a great         
majority4 ,fifte5 o!rs 7 propos$1 b !re 
0 s mu* disagreem5t 9 reg>d to !m1 t    
none at all 7 =mally recomm5d$ to       
congress4 ,b1 says ,elliot3       ,all !
 memb]s1 :o vot$ = ! ratification ( !   

con/itution1 decl>$ t !y w\ld engage    
!mselves1      "u e tie ( honor1 to     
support ! am5dm5ts !y _h      agre$ to1 
bo? 9 _! public & private *>act]s1 until
      !y %\ld become a "p ( ! g5]al     
gov]nm5t4--,elliot's      ,debates1     
,vol4 #b1 pp4 #eej1 #eeb-c4  ,! fir/    
,nor? ,c>ol9a conv5tion refus$ to ratify
 ! con/itution1 &       ,resolv$1 ,t a  
decl>ation ( rights1 ass]t+ &           
secur+ f encroa*m5ts ! great pr9ciples (
 civil &      religi\s lib]ty1 & !      
inali5able rights ( ! p1      toge!r )  
am5dm5ts to ! mo/ ambigu\s &            
exceptionable p>ts ( ! said con/itution 
( gov]nm5t1      ought to be laid be=e  
congress1 & ! conv5tion ( ,/ates      t 
%all or may be call$ = ! purpose ( am5d+
 !      said ,con/itution1 = _!         
consid]ation1 previ\s to !              
ratification ( ! ,con/itution a=esaid1  
on ! "p ( !      ,/ate ( ,nor?          
,c>ol9a4--,elliot's ,debates1 ,vol4 #a1 
p4 #ccb4  ,! ,s\? ,c>ol9a conv5tion1 t  
ratifi$ ! con/itution1 propos$ c]ta9    

am5dm5ts1 &       ,resolv$1 ,t x be a   
/&+ in/ruction to all su*      delegates
 z may h]eaft] be elect$ to repres5t ?is
 ,/ate      9 ! ,g5]al ,gov]nm5t1 to    
ex]t _! utmo/ abilities &      influ5ce 
to effect an alt]ation ( ! ,con/itution1
      con=mably to ! =ego+              
resolutions4--,elliot's ,debates1       
,vol4 #a4 p4 #cbe4  ,9 ! ,p5nsylvania   
conv5tion1 num]\s objections 7 made to !
 con/itution1 b x does n appe> t !      
conv5tion1 z a conv5tion1 recomm5d$ any 
specific am5dm5ts4 ,b a /rong movem5t1  
outside ( ! conv5tion1 0 aft]w>ds made 9
 favor ( su* am5dm5ts4 7,elliot's       
,debates1 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #edb47  ,( !     
debates 9 ! ,connecticut conv5tion1     
,elliot gives only :at he calls ,a      
,fragm5t4  ,( ! debates 9 ! conv5tions (
 ,new ,j]sey1 ,delaw>e1 & ,georgia1     
,elliot gives no acc\nts at all4  ,i    
!re=e _c /ate ! gr\nds1 on :i* !        
adoption ( ! con/itution 0 oppos$4 ,!y 7
 d\btless v simil> to ^? 9 ! o!r ,/ates4
 ,?is is r5d]$ morally c]ta9 by ! fact1 

t ! am5dm5ts1 soon aft]w>ds propos$ by  
congress1 7 imm$iately ratifi$ by all ! 
,/ates4 ,also by ! fur!r fact1 t ^!     
,/ates1 by reason ( ! smallness ( _!    
repres5tation 9 ! popul> bran* (        
congress1 w\ld naturally be ev5 m jeal\s
 ( _! rights1 ?an ! p ( ! l>g] ,/ates4  
,x is especially wor?y ( notice t1 9 "s1
 if n 9 all1 ! conv5tions t ratifi$ !   
con/itution1 al?\gh ! ratification 0    
accompani$ by su* urg5t recomm5dations (
 am5dm5ts1 & by an almo/ absolute       
assurance t !y w\ld be made1 x 0        
nev]!less secur$ only by v small        
majorities4  ,?us 9 ,virg9ia1 ! vote 0  
only #hi ayes to #gi nays4 7,elliot1    
,vol4 #c1 p4 #fed47  ,9 ,massa*usetts1 !
 ratification 0 secur$ only by a vote ( 
#ahg yeas to #afh nays4 7,elliot1 ,vol4 
#b1 p4 #aha47  ,9 ,new ,york1 ! vote 0  
only #cj yeas to #bg nays4 7,elliot1    
,vol4 #b1 p4 #dac47  ,9 ,new ,hamp%ire &
 ,rhode ,isl&1 nei!r ! yeas nor nays are
 giv54 7,elliot1 ,vol4 #a1 pp4          
#cbg-cce47  ,9 ,connecticut1 ! yeas 7   

#abh2 nays n giv54 7,elliot1 ,vol4 #a4  
p4 #cba-b47  ,9 ,new ,j]sey1 ! yeas 7   
#ch2 nays n giv54 7,elliot1 ,vol4 #a1 p4
 #cba47  ,9 ,p5nsylvania1 ! yeas 7 #df2 
! nays n giv54 7,elliot1 ,vol4 #a1 p4   
#cbj47  ,9 ,delaw>e1 ! yeas 7 #cj2 nays 
n giv54 7,elliot1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #cai47   
,9 ,m>yl&1 ! vote 0 #eg yeas2 nays n    
giv54 7,elliot1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #cbe47  ,9 
,nor? ,c>ol9a1 nei!r ! yeas nor nays are
 giv54 7,elliot1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #ccc47  ,9
 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 nei!r ! yeas nor nays are
 giv54 7,elliot1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #cbe47  ,9
 ,georgia1 ! yeas 7 #bf2 nays n giv54   
7,elliot1 ,vol4 #a1 p4 #cbd47  ,we c ?us
 see by :at meagre votes ! con/itution 0
 adopt$4 ,we c also see t1 b = !        
prospect t important am5dm5ts w\ld be   
made1 specially = secur+ ! natural      
rights ( ! p1 ! con/itution w\ld h be5  
spurn$ ) contempt1 z x des]v$ to be4  ,&
 yet n[1 ow+ to ! usurpations ( lawmak]s
 & c\rts1 ! orig9al con/itution--) !    
wor/ possible con/ruction put ^u x--has 
be5 c>ri$ into effect2 & ! am5dm5ts h   

be5 simply ca/ into ! wa/e baskets4     
,m>%all 0 ?irty-six ye>s old1 :5 ^!     
am5dm5ts became a "p ( ! con/itution 9  
#agia4 ,t5 ye>s aft]1 9 #ahja1 he became
 ,*ief ,ju/ice4 ,x !n became 8 sworn    
con/itutional duty to scrut9ize sev]ely 
e act ( congress1 & to condemn1 z       
uncon/itutional1 all t %\ld violate any 
( ^! natural rights4 ,yet he appe>s nev]
 to h ?\ght ( ! matt] aft]w>ds4 ,or1 r1 
?is n9? am5dm5t1 ! mo/ important ( all1 
seems to h be5 s utt]ly antagoni/ic to  
all 8 ideas ( gov]nm5t1 t he *ose to    
ignore x altoge!r1 &1 z f> z he c\ld1 to
 bury x out ( sight4  ,in/ead (         
recogniz+ x z an absolute gu>anty ( all 
! natural rights ( ! p1 he *ose to      
assume--= x 0 all a m]e assumption1 a   
m]e mak+ a con/itution out ( 8 own head1
 to suit himself--t ! p _h all          
volunt>ily come into society1 & _h      
volunt>ily surr5d]$ to society all _!   
natural rights1 ( e "n & nature--tru/+ t
 !y w\ld be secur$2 & t n[1 society1    
hav+ ?us got possession ( all ^! natural

 rights ( ! p1 _h ! unque/ionable "r to 
dispose ( !m1 at ! pleasure--or1 z he   
w\ld say1 accord+ to ! wisdom &         
discretion--( a few contemptible1       
dete/able1 & irresponsible lawmak]s1 :om
 ! con/itution 7?us am5d$7 _h =bidd5 to 
dispose ( any "o ( !m4  ,if1 n[1 ,m>%all
 did n see1 9 ?is am5dm5t1 any legal =ce
 or au?ority1 :at becomes ( 8 reputation
 z a con/itutional lawy]8 ,if he did see
 ?is =ce & au?ority1 b *ose to trample  
!m "u 8 feet1 he 0 a p]jur$ tyrant &    
traitor4  ,:at1 also1 are we to ?9k (   
all ! judges1--=ty 9 all1--8 associates 
& successors1 :o1 = eighty ye>s1 h be5  
tell+ ! p t ! gov]nm5t has all p[]1 & ! 
p no rights8 ,h !y all be5 m]e          
blockheads1 :o nev] read ?is am5dm5t1 or
 knew no?+ ( its mean+8 ,or h !y1 too1  
be5 p]jur$ tyrants & traitors8  ,:at1   
too1 becomes ( ^? great con/itutional   
lawy]s1 z we h call$ !m1 :o h be5       
suppos$ to h won su* immortal honors1 z 
exp\nd]s ( ! con/itution1 b :o seem nev]
 to h discov]$ 9 x any security = m5's  

natural rights8 ,is _! app>5t ignorance1
 on ?is po9t1 to be acc\nt$ = by ! fact1
 t t portion ( ! p1 :o1 by au?ority ( ! 
gov]nm5t1 are sy/ematically robb$ ( all 
_! e>n+s1 beyond a b>e subsi/5ce1 are n 
able to pay su* fees z are ! robb]s :o  
are au?oriz$ to plund] !m8  ,if any "o w
 n[ look back to ! records ( congress & 
! c\rts1 = ! la/ eighty ye>s1 ,i d n ?9k
 he w f9d a s+le m5tion ( ?is am5dm5t4  
,& :y has ?is be5 s8 ,solely because !  
am5dm5t--if its au?ority _h be5         
recogniz$--w\ld h /ood z an insup]able  
b>ri] aga9/ all ! ambition &            
rapacity--all ! arbitr>y p[]1 all !     
plund]1 & all ! tyranny--:i* ! ambiti\s 
& rapaci\s classes h det]m9$ to         
accompli% ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! gov]nm5t4   
,! fact t ^! classes h be5 s successful 
9 p]v]t+ ! con/itution 7?us am5d$7 f an 
in/rum5t av[$ly secur+ all m5's natural 
rights1 into an au?ority = utt]ly       
de/roy+ !m1 is a suffici5t pro( t no    
lawmak+ p[] c be safely intru/$ to any  
body1 = any purpose :atev]4  ,& t ?is   

p]v]sion ( ! con/itution %\ld h be5     
sanction$ by all ! judicial tribunals ( 
! c\ntry1 is also a pro(1 n only ( !    
s]vility1 audacity1 & villa9y ( !       
judges1 b also ( ! utt] rott5ness ( our 
judicial sy/em4 ,x is a suffici5t pro( t
 judges1 :o are dep5d5t ^u lawmak]s = _!
 (fices & sal>ies1 & are responsible to 
!m by impea*m5t1 _c be reli$ on to put !
 lea/ re/ra9t ^u ! acts ( _! ma/]s1 !   
lawmak]s4  ,su*1 !n1 w\ld h be5 ! effect
 ( ! n9? am5dm5t1 if x _h be5 p]mitt$ to
 h its legitimate au?ority4   ,,section 
,,xxvi4  ,! t5? am5dm5t is 9 ^! words3  
,! p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by
 !      con/itution1 nor prohibit$ by x 
to ! ,/ates1 are res]v$      to ! ,/ates
 respectively1 or to ! p4  ,?is am5dm5t1
 equally ) ! n9?1 secures to ! p all _! 
natural rights4 ,& :y8  ,because1 9     
tru?1 no p[]s at all1 nei!r legislative1
 judicial1 nor executive1 _h be5        
delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by !        
con/itution4  ,b x w be said t ! am5dm5t
 itself implies t c]ta9 lawmak+ p[]s _h 

be5 delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by !    
con/itution4  ,no4 ,x only implies t ^? 
:o adopt$ ! am5dm5t believ$ t su*       
lawmak+ p[]s _h be5 delegat$ to ! ,unit$
 ,/ates by ! con/itution4  ,b 9 ?is     
belief1 !y 7 entirely mi/ak54 ,& :y8    
#a4 ,because x is a natural             
impossibility t any lawmak+ p[]s :atev] 
c be delegat$ by any "o man1 or any     
numb] ( m51 to any o!r man1 or any numb]
 ( o!r m54  ,m5's natural rights are all
 inh]5t & inali5able2 & !re=e _c be p>t$
 )1 or delegat$1 by "o p]son to ano!r4  
,& all contracts :atsoev]1 = su* a      
purpose1 are necess>ily absurd & void   
contracts4  ,= example4 ,i _c delegate  
to ano!r man any "r to make laws--t is1 
laws ( 8 own inv5tion--& compel me to   
obey !m4  ,su* a contract1 on my "p1    
w\ld be a contract to "p ) my natural   
lib]ty2 to give myself1 or sell myself1 
to him z a slave4 ,su* a contract w\ld  
be an absurd & void contract1 utt]ly    
de/itute ( all legal or moral           
obligation4  #b4 ,i _c delegate to ano!r

 any "r to make laws--t is1 laws ( 8 own
 inv5tion--& compel a ?ird p]son to obey
 !m4  ,= example4 ,i _c delegate to ,a  
any "r to make laws--t is1 laws ( 8 own 
inv5tion--& compel ,z to obey !m4  ,i _c
 delegate any su* "r to ,a1 because ,i h
 no su* "r myself2 & ,i _c delegate to  
ano!r :at ,i d n myself possess4  ,= ^! 
reasons no lawmak+ p[]s ev] c\ld be--&  
!re=e no lawmak+ p[]s ev] 7--delegat$ to
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! con/itution2 no   
matt] :at ! p ( t day--any or all (     
!m--may h attempt$ to d1 or may h       
believ$ !y _h p[] to d1 9 ! way (       
delegat+ su* p[]s4  ,b n only 7 no      
lawmak+ p[]s delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 by ! con/itution1 b nei!r 7 any        
judicial p[]s s delegat$4 ,& :y8        
,because x is a natural impossibility t 
"o man c delegate 8 judicial p[]s to    
ano!r4  ,e man has1 by nature1 c]ta9    
judicial p[]s1 or rights4 ,t is to say1 
he has1 by nature1 ! "r to judge (1 &   
en=ce 8 own rights1 & judge (1 & r$ress 
8 own wrongs4 ,b1 9 s do+1 he mu/ act   

only 9 accordance ) 8 own judgm5t &     
consci5ce1 & subject to 8 own p]sonal   
responsibility1 if1 ?r\gh ei!r ignorance
 or design1 he commits any error        
injuri\s to ano!r4  ,n[1 inasmu* z no   
man c delegate1 or imp>t1 8 own judgm5t 
or consci5ce to ano!r1 x is naturally   
impossible t he c delegate to ano!r 8   
judicial rights or p[]s4  ,s1 too1 e man
 has1 by nature1 a "r to judge (1 &     
en=ce1 ! rights1 & judge (1 & r$ress !  
wrongs1 ( any & all o!r m54 ,?is "r is  
includ$ 9 8 natural "r to ma9ta9 ju/ice 
betwe5 man & man1 & to protect ! injur$ 
p>ty aga9/ ! wrongdo]4 ,b1 9 do+ ?is1 he
 mu/ act only 9 accordance ) 8 own      
judgm5t & consci5ce1 & subject to 8 own 
p]sonal responsibility = any error he   
may commit1 ei!r ?r\gh ignorance or     
design4  ,b1 inasmu* z1 9 ?is case1 z 9 
! prec$+ "o1 he c nei!r delegate nor    
imp>t 8 own judgm5t or consci5ce to     
ano!r1 he _c delegate 8 judicial p[] or 
"r to ano!r4  ,b n only 7 no lawmak+ or 
judicial p[]s delegat$ to ! ,unit$      

,/ates by ! con/itution1 nei!r 7 any    
executive p[]s s delegat$4 ,& :y8       
,because1 9 a case ( ju/ice or inju/ice1
 x is naturally impossible t any "o man 
c delegate 8 executive "r or p[] to     
ano!r4  ,e man has1 by nature1 ! "r to  
ma9ta9 ju/ice = himself1 & = all o!r    
p]sons1 by ! use ( s mu* =ce z may be   
reasonably necess>y = t purpose4 ,b he c
 use ! =ce only 9 accordance ) 8 own    
judgm5t & consci5ce1 & on 8 own p]sonal 
responsibility1 if1 ?r\gh ignorance or  
design1 he commits any wrong to ano!r4  
,b inasmu* z he _c delegate1 or imp>t1 8
 own judgm5t or consci5ce to ano!r1 he  
_c delegate 8 executive p[] or "r to    
ano!r4  ,! result is1 t1 9 all judicial 
& executive proce$+s1 = ! ma9t5ance (   
ju/ice1 e man mu/ act only 9 accordance 
) 8 own judgm5t & consci5ce1 & on 8 own 
p]sonal responsibility = any wrong he   
may commit2 :e!r su* wrong be committ$  
?r\gh ei!r ignorance or design4  ,!     
effect ( ?is pr9ciple ( p]sonal         
responsibility1 9 all judicial &        

executive proce$+s1 w\ld be--or at lea/ 
ought to be--t no "o w\ld give any      
judicial op9ions1 or d any executive    
acts1 except su* z 8 own judgm5t &      
consci5ce %\ld approve1 & su* z he w\ld 
be will+ to be held p]sonally           
responsible =4  ,no "o c\ld ju/ify1 or  
excuse1 8 wrong act1 by say+ t a p[]1 or
 au?ority1 to d x _h be5 delegat$ to    
him1 by any o!r m51 h[ev] num]\s4  ,= ! 
reasons t h n[ be5 giv51 nei!r any      
legislative1 judicial1 nor executive    
p[]s ev] 71 or ev] c\ld h be51 delegat$ 
to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! con/itution2 no 
matt] h[ hone/ly or innoc5tly ! p ( t   
day may h believ$1 or attempt$1 !       
contr>y4  ,& :at is true1 9 ?is matt]1 9
 reg>d to ! national gov]nm5t1 is1 = !  
same reasons1 equally true 9 reg>d to   
all ! ,/ate gov]nm5ts4  ,b ?is pr9ciple 
( p]sonal responsibility1 ea* = 8 own   
judicial or executive acts1 does n /& 9 
! way ( m5's associat+1 at pleasure1 = !
 ma9t5ance ( ju/ice2 & select+ su*      
p]sons z !y ?9k mo/ suitable1 = judicial

 & executive duties2 & reque/+ !m to    
p]=m ^? duties2 & !n pay+ !m = _! labor4
 ,b ! p]sons1 ?us select$1 mu/ /ill p]=m
 _! duties accord+ to _! own judgm5ts & 
consci5ces alone1 & subject to _! own   
p]sonal responsibility = any errors (   
ei!r ignorance or design4  ,to make x   
safe & prop] = p]sons to p]=m judicial  
duties1 subject to _! p]sonal           
responsibility = any errors ( ei!r      
ignorance or design1 two ?+s w\ld seem  
to be important1 if n indisp5sable1     
viz43  #a4 ,t1 z f> z is reasonably     
practicable1 all judicial proce$+s %\ld 
be 9 writ+2 t is1 t all te/imony1 & all 
judicial op9ions1 ev5 to q m9ute        
details1 %\ld be 9 writ+1 & be pres]v$2 
s t judges may always h x 9 _! p[] to %[
 fully :at _! acts1 & _! reasons = _!   
acts1 h be52 & also t anybody1 &        
ev]ybody1 int]e/$1 may =ev] aft] h !    
means ( kn[+ fully ! reasons on :i*     
ev]y?+ has be5 done2 & t any errors1 ev]
 aft]w>ds discov]$1 may be correct$4    
#b4 ,t all judicial tribunals %\ld      

consi/ ( s _m judges--)9 any reasonable 
numb]--z ei!r p>ty may desire2 or z may 
be necess>y to prev5t any wrong do+1 by 
any "o or m ( ! judges1 ei!r ?r\gh      
ignorance or design4  ,su* tribunals1   
consi/+ ( judges1 num]\s en\gh1 &       
p]fectly compet5t to settle ju/ly       
probably n9ety-n9e "o-hundr$?s ( all !  
controv]sies t arise among m51 c\ld be  
obta9$ 9 e village4 ,!y c\ld give _!    
imm$iate att5tion to e case2 & ?us avoid
 mo/ ( ! delay1 & mo/ ( ! exp5se1 n[    
att5dant on judicial proce$+s4  ,to make
 ^! tribunals satisfactory to all       
reasonable & hone/ p]sons1 x is         
important1 & probably indisp5sable1 t   
all judicial proce$+s %\ld be _h1 9 !   
fir/ in/ance1 at ! exp5se ( !           
association1 or associations1 to :i* !  
p>ties to ! suit belong4  ,an           
association = ! ma9t5ance ( ju/ice %\ld 
be a purely volunt>y "o2 & %\ld be =m$  
^u ! same pr9ciple z a mutual fire or   
m>9e insurance company2 t is1 ea* memb] 
%\ld pay 8 j proportion ( ! exp5se      

necess>y = protect+ all4  ,a s+le       
individual c\ld n reasonably be expect$ 
to delay1 or =ego1 ! ex]cise ( 8 natural
 "r to en=ce 8 own rights1 & r$ress 8   
own wrongs1 except ^u ! condition t !re 
is an association t w d x promptly1 &   
)\t exp5se to him4 ,b hav+ paid 8 prop] 
proportion ( ! exp5se necess>y = !      
protection ( all1 he has !n a "r to dem&
 prompt & complete protection = himself4
  ,inasmu* z x _c be kn[n :i* p>ty is 9 
! wrong1 until ! trial has be5 _h1 !    
exp5se ( bo? p>ties mu/1 9 ! fir/       
in/ance1 be paid by ! association1 or   
associations1 to :i* !y belong4 ,b aft] 
! trial has be5 _h1 & x has be5 asc]ta9$
 :i* p>ty 0 9 ! wrong1 & 7if su* %\ld be
 ! case7 s cle>ly 9 ! wrong z to h _h no
 ju/ification = putt+ ! association to !
 exp5se ( a trial1 he !n may prop]ly be 
compell$ to pay ! co/ ( all ! proce$+s4 
,if ! p>ties to a suit %\ld belong to   
diff]5t associations1 x w\ld be "r t !  
judges %\ld be tak5 f bo? associations2 
or f a ?ird association1 ) :i* nei!r    

p>ty 0 connect$4  ,if1 ) all ^!         
safegu>ds aga9/ inju/ice & exp5se1 a    
p>ty1 accus$ ( a wrong1 %\ld refuse to  
appe> = trial1 he might rightfully be   
proce$$ aga9/1 9 8 abs5ce1 if ! evid5ce 
produc$ aga9/ him %\ld be suffici5t to  
ju/ify x4  ,x is probably n necess>y to 
g into any fur!r details "h1 to %[ h[   
easy & natural a ?+ x w\ld be1 to =m z  
_m volunt>y & mutually protective       
judicial associations1 z might be ei!r  
necess>y or conv5i5t1 9 ord] to br+     
ju/ice home to e man's door2 & to give  
to e hone/ & di%one/ man1 all reasonable
 assurance t he %\ld h ju/ice1 & no?+   
else1 done = him1 or to him4   ,,section
 ,,xxvii4  ,( c\rse we c h no c\rts (   
ju/ice1 "u su* sy/ems ( lawmak+1 &      
supreme c\rt decisions1 z n[ prevail4   
,we h a population ( fifty to sixty     
millions2 & n a s+le c\rt ( ju/ice1     
,/ate or national6  ,b we h ev]y:]e     
c\rts ( inju/ice--op5 & av[$            
inju/ice--claim+ sole jurisdiction ( all
 cases affect+ m5's rights ( bo? p]son &

 prop]ty2 & hav+ at _! beck brute =ce   
en\gh to compel absolute submission to  
_! decrees1 :e!r j or unju/4  ,c a m    
decisive or infallible condemnation (   
our gov]nm5ts be conceiv$ (1 ?an !      
abs5ce ( all c\rts ( ju/ice1 & !        
absolute p[] ( _! c\rts ( inju/ice8     
,yes1 !y lie "u /ill ano!r condemnation1
 to wit1 t _! c\rts are n only c\rts (  
inju/ice1 b !y are also secret          
tribunals2 adjudicat+ all causes accord+
 to ! secret in/ructions ( _! ma/]s1 !  
lawmak]s1 & _! au?oriz$ int]pret]s1 _!  
supreme c\rts4  ,i say secret tribunals1
 & secret in/ructions1 because1 to !    
great body ( ! p1 ^: rights are at /ake1
 !y are secret to all practical int5ts &
 purposes4 ,!y are secret1 because _!   
reasons = _! decrees are to be f\nd only
 9 great volumes ( /atutes & supreme    
c\rt reports1 :i* ! mass ( ! p h nei!r  
money to buy1 nor "t to read2 & w\ld n  
und]/&1 if !y 7 to read !m4  ,^! /atutes
 & reports are s f> out ( rea* ( ! p at 
l>ge1 t ! only k a man c ord9>ily get ( 

!m1 :5 he is summon$ be=e "o ( !        
tribunals appo9t$ to execute !m1 is to  
be obta9$ by employ+ an exp]t--or       
s-call$ lawy]--to enlight5 him4  ,?is   
exp]t 9 inju/ice is "o :o buys ^! great 
volumes ( /atutes & reports1 & sp5ds 8  
life 9 /udy+ !m1 & try+ to keep himself 
in=m$ ( _! cont5ts4 ,b ev5 he c give a  
cli5t v little in=mation 9 reg>d to !m2 
= ! /atutes & decisions are s volum9\s1 
& are s con/antly be+ made & unmade1 &  
are s de/itute ( all con=mity to ^?     
natural pr9ciples ( ju/ice :i* m5       
readily & intuitively compreh5d2 & are  
moreov] capable ( s _m diff]5t          
int]pretations1 t he is usually 9 z     
great d\bt--p]haps 9 ev5 great]         
d\bt--?an 8 cli5t1 z to :at w be !      
result ( a suit4  ,! mo/ he c usually   
say to 8 cli5t1 is ?is3       ,e civil  
suit mu/ f9ally be giv5 to "o ( two     
p]sons1      ! pla9tiff or def5dant4    
,:e!r1 !re=e1 y\r cause is a      j1 or 
an unju/1 "o1 y h at lea/ "o *ance 9    
two1      ( ga9+ x4 ,b no matt] h[ j y\r

 cause may be1 y      ne$ h no hope t ! 
tribunal t tries x1 w be      gov]n$ by 
any su* consid]ation1 if ! /atute book1 
or !      pa/ decisions ( ! supreme     
c\rt1 are aga9/ y4 ,s1 also1      no    
matt] h[ unju/ y\r cause may be1 y may  
nev]!less      expect to ga9 x1 if !    
/atutes & pa/ decisions are 9      y\r  
favor4 ,if1 !re=e1 y h money to sp5d 9  
su* a      lott]y z ?is1 ,i w d my be/  
to ga9 y\r cause = y1      :e!r x be a  
j1 or an unju/1 "o4  ,if ! *>ge is a    
crim9al "o1 ?is exp]t says to 8 cli5t3  
,y mu/ ei!r be f\nd guilty1 or acquitt$4
 ,:e!r1      !re=e1 y are really innoc5t
 or guilty1 y h at lea/      "o *ance 9 
two1 ( an acquittal4 ,b no matt] h[     
innoc5t      y may be ( any real crime1 
y ne$ h no hope ( an      acquittal1 if 
! /atute book1 or ! pa/ decisions ( !   
supreme c\rt1 are aga9/ y4 ,if1 on ! o!r
 h&1 y h      committ$ a real wrong to  
ano!r1 !re may be _m laws on      !     
/atute book1 _m prec$5ts1 &             
te*nicalities1 &      :imsicalities1    

?r\gh :i* y may hope to escape4 ,b y\r  
reputation1 y\r lib]ty1 or p]haps y\r   
life1 is at /ake4 ,to      save ^! y c  
af=d to risk y\r money1 ev5 ?\gh !      
result is s unc]ta94 ,!re=e y _h be/    
give me y\r      money1 & ,i w d my be/ 
to save y1 :e!r y are      innoc5t or   
guilty4  ,b = ! great body ( ! p1--^? :o
 h no money t !y c af=d to risk 9 a     
lawsuit1--no matt] :at may be _! rights 
9 ei!r a civil or crim9al suit1--_!     
cases are hopeless4 ,!y may h be5 tax$1 
directly & indirectly1 to _! la/ doll>s1
 = ! support ( ! gov]nm5t2 !y may ev5 h 
be5 compell$ to risk _! lives1 & to lose
 _! limbs1 9 its def5ce2 yet :5 !y want 
its protection1--t protection = :i* _!  
taxes & milit>y s]vices 7 pr(ess$ly     
extort$ f !m1--!y are coolly told t !   
gov]nm5t (f]s no ju/ice1 nor ev5 any    
*ance or semblance ( ju/ice1 except to  
^? :o h m money ?an !y4  ,b ! po9t n[ to
 be specially notic$ is1 t 9 ! case (   
ei!r ! civil or crim9al suit1 ! cli5t1  
:e!r ri* or poor1 is ne>ly or q z mu* 9 

! d>k z to 8 fate1 & z to ! gr\nds on   
:i* 8 fate w be det]m9$1 z ?\gh he 7 to 
be tri$ by an ,engli% ,/> ,*amb] c\rt1  
or "o ( ! secret tribunals ( ,russia1 or
 ev5 ! ,spani% ,inquisition4  ,?us 9 !  
supreme exig5cies ( a man's life1 :e!r 9
 civil or crim9al cases1 :]e 8 prop]ty1 
8 reputation1 8 lib]ty1 or 8 life is at 
/ake1 he is really to be tri$ by :at is1
 to him1 at lea/1 a secret tribunal2 a  
tribunal t is gov]n$ by :at are1 to him1
 ! secret in/ructions ( lawmak]s1 &     
supreme c\rts2 nei!r ( :om c>e any?+ = 8
 rights ( prop]ty 9 a civil suit1 or = 8
 guilt or innoc5ce 9 a crim9al "o2 b    
only = _! own au?ority z lawmak]s &     
judges4  ,! by/&]s1 at ^! trials1 look  
on amaz$1 b p[]less to def5d ! "r1 or   
prev5t ! wrong4 ,human nature has no    
rights1 9 ! pres5ce ( ^! inf]nal        
tribunals4  ,is x any wond] t all m5    
live 9 con/ant t]ror ( su* a gov]nm5t z 
t8 ,is x any wond] t s _m give up all   
attempts to pres]ve _! natural rights ( 
p]son & prop]ty1 9 opposition to        

tribunals1 to :om ju/ice & inju/ice are 
indiff]5t1 & ^: ways are1 to common     
m9ds1 hidd5 my/]ies1 & imp5etrable      
secrets4  ,b ev5 ?is is n all4 ,! mode (
 trial1 if n z infam\s z ! trial itself1
 is at lea/ s utt]ly false & absurd1 z  
to add a new elem5t ( unc]ta9ty to !    
result ( all judicial proce$+s4  ,a     
trial 9 "o ( ^! c\rts ( inju/ice is a   
trial by battle1 almo/1 if n q1 z really
 z 0 a trial by battle1 five hundr$ or a
 ?\s& ye>s ago4  ,n[1 z !n1 ! adv]se    
p>ties *oose _! *ampions1 to fight _!   
battles = !m4  ,^! *ampions1 tra9$ to   
su* conte/s1 & arm$1 n only ) all !     
weapons _! own skill1 cunn+1 & p[] c    
supply1 b also ) all ! iniquit\s laws1  
prec$5ts1 & te*nicalities t lawmak]s &  
supreme c\rts c give !m1 = defeat+      
ju/ice1 & accompli%+ inju/ice1 c--if n  
always1 yet none b !mselves "k h[       
(t5--(f] _! cli5ts su* *ances (         
victory--indep5d5tly ( ! ju/ice ( _!    
causes--z to induce ! di%one/ to g into 
c\rt to evade ju/ice1 or accompli%      

inju/ice1 n less (t5 p]haps ?an ! hone/ 
g !re 9 ! hope to get ju/ice1 or avoid  
inju/ice4  ,we h n[1 ,i ?9k1 "s sixty   
?\s& ( ^! *ampions1 :o make x ! bus9ess 
( _! lives to equip !mselves = ^!       
conflicts1 & sell _! s]vices = a price4 
,is !re any "o ( ^! m51 :o /udies ju/ice
 z a sci5ce1 & reg>ds t alone 9 all 8   
pr(essional ex]tions8 ,if !re are any   
su*1 :y d we s seldom1 or nev]1 he> (   
!m8 ,:y h !y n told u1 hundr$s ( ye>s   
ago1 :at are m5's natural rights ( p]son
 & prop]ty8 ,& :y h !y n told u h[      
false1 absurd1 & tyrannical are all ^!  
lawmak+ gov]nm5ts8 ,:y h !y n told u :at
 impo/ors & tyrants all ^! s-call$      
lawmak]s1 judges1 etc41 etc41 are8 ,:y  
are s _m ( !m s ambiti\s to become      
lawmak]s & judges !mselves8  ,is x too  
mu* to hope = mank9d1 t !y may sometime 
h c\rts ( ju/ice1 in/ead ( su* c\rts (  
inju/ice z ^!8  ,if we ev] %\ld h c\rts 
( ju/ice1 x is easy to see :at w become 
( /atute books1 supreme c\rts1 trial by 
battle1 & all ! o!r ma*9]y ( fraud &    

tyranny1 by :i* ! _w is n[ rul$4  ,if ! 
p ( ?is c\ntry knew :at crimes are      
con/antly committ$ by ^! c\rts (        
inju/ice1 !y w\ld squel* !m1 )\t m]cy1 z
 unc]emoni\sly z !y w\ld squel* s _m    
gangs ( b&its or pirates4 ,9 fact1 b&its
 & pirates are highly respectable &     
honorable villa9s1 comp>$ ) ! judges (  
^! c\rts ( inju/ice4 ,b&its & pirates d 
n--l ^! judges--attempt to *eat u out ( 
our common s5se1 9 ord] to *eat u out ( 
our prop]ty1 lib]ty1 or life4 ,!y d n   
pr(ess to be any?+ b su* villa9s z !y   
really are4 ,!y d n claim to h receiv$  
any ,div9e au?ority = robb+1 enslav+1 or
 murd]+ u at _! pleasure4 ,!y d n claim 
immunity = _! crimes1 ^u ! gr\nd t !y   
are duly au?oriz$ ag5ts ( any su*       
invisible1 intangible1 irresponsible1   
unimag9able ?+ z society1 or ! ,/ate4   
,!y d n insult u by tell+ u t !y are    
only ex]cis+ t au?ority to rob1 enslave1
 & murd] u1 :i* we ourselves h delegat$ 
to !m4 ,!y d n claim t !y are robb+1    
enslav+1 & murd]+ u1 solely to secure   

our happ9ess & prosp]ity1 & n f any     
selfi% motives ( _! own4 ,!y d n claim a
 wisdom s sup]ior to t ( ! produc]s (   
weal?1 z to "k1 bett] ?an !y1 h[ _!     
weal? %\ld be dispos$ (4 ,!y d n tell u 
t we are ! free/ & happie/ p on e>?1    
inasmu* z ea* ( our male adults is all[$
 "o voice 9 t5 millions 9 ! *oice ( !   
m51 :o are to rob1 enslave1 & murd] u4  
,!y d n tell u t all lib]ty & ord] w\ld 
be de/roy$1 t society itself w\ld g to  
pieces1 & man g back to b>b>ism1 if x 7 
n = ! c>e1 & sup]vision1 & protection1  
!y lavi% ^u u4 ,!y d n tell u ( !       
alm%\ses1 hospitals1 s*ools1 *ur*es1    
etc41 :i*1 out ( ! pure/ *>ity &        
b5evol5ce1 !y ma9ta9 = our b5efit1 out (
 ! money !y take f u4 ,!y d n c>ry _!   
heads high1 above all o!r m51 & dem& our
 rev]5ce & admiration1 z /atesm51       
patriots1 & b5efactors4 ,!y d n claim t 
we h volunt>ily come into _! society1 & 
surr5d]$ to !m all our natural rights ( 
p]son & prop]ty2 nor all our orig9al &  
natural "r ( def5d+ our own rights1 &   

r$ress+ our own wrongs4 ,!y d n tell u t
 !y h e/abli%$ infallible supreme c\rts1
 to :om !y ref] all que/ions z to !     
legality ( _! acts1 & t !y d no?+ t is n
 sanction$ by ^! c\rts4 ,!y d n attempt 
to deceive u1 or mislead u1 or reconcile
 u to _! do+s1 by any su* pret5ces1     
impo/ures1 or insults z ^!4 ,!re is n a 
s+le ,john ,m>%all among !m4 ,on !      
contr>y1 !y ackn[l$ge !mselves robb]s1  
murd]]s1 & villa9s1 pure & simple4 ,:5  
!y h once tak5 our money1 !y h ! dec5cy 
to get out ( our sight z soon z         
possible2 !y d n p]si/ 9 foll[+ u1 &    
robb+ u1 aga9 & aga91 s long z we       
produce any?+ t !y c take f u4 ,9 %ort1 
!y ackn[l$ge !mselves ho/es humani      
g5]is3 enemies ( ! human race4 ,!y      
ackn[l$ge x to be our unque/ion$ "r &   
duty to kill !m1 if we c2 t !y expect   
no?+ else1 ?an t we w kill !m1 if we c2 
& t we are only fools & c[>ds1 if we d n
 kill !m1 by any & e means 9 our p[]4   
,!y nei!r ask1 nor expect1 any m]cy1 if 
!y %\ld ev] fall into ! h&s ( hone/ m54 

,= all ^! reasons1 !y are n only mode/ &
 s5sible1 b really frank1 hone/1 &      
honorable villa9s1 contra/$ ) ^! c\rts (
 inju/ice1 & ! lawmak]s by :om ^! c\rts 
are e/abli%$4  ,su*1 ,mr4 ,clevel&1 is !
 real "* ( ! gov]nm5t1 ( :i* y are !    
nom9al head4 ,su* are1 & h be51 its     
lawmak]s4 ,su* are1 & h be51 its judges4
 ,su* h be5 its executives4 ,su* is its 
pres5t executive4 ,h y any?+ to say =   
any ( !m8                   ,y\rs       
frankly1                     ,,lys&]    
,,spoon]4      ,,bo/on1 ,,may #ae1      
#ahhf4                                  
,,! ,,end4     ,transcrib]'s ,notes3    
,text 9 italics 0 enclos$ ) und]scores  
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 ) ,,all ,,caps 7,,small ,,caps74  ,on  
page #bb1 !re 0 ! use ( d\ble quotation 
m>ks )9 d\ble quotation m>ks4 ,t usage 0
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p]iod z add$ aft] indebt$ to4