file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #cejja-;h4htm or #cejja-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/ #cejja_/pg#cejja-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cejj a_/cejja-;h4zip7 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/fricti onlubricat#jjlewi ,transcrib]'s note3 ,text enclos$ by tilde *>act]s is 9 bold face 7bold74 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is 9 italics 7italics74 ,,friction1 ,,lubrication ,,& ,,! ,,lubricants ,,9 ,,horology4 by ,w4 ,t4 ,,lewis1 ,pre/4 ,philadelphia ,horological ,society4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,half-,tones & ,draw+s by ! ,au?or4 ,*icago3 ,geo4 ,k4 ,hazlitt ,co4 #ahif4 ,copyright$ #ahif1 by ,w4 ,t4 ,lewis4 ,copyright$ #ahif1 by ,geo4 ,k4 ,hazlitt ,co4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page4 ,,introduction1 #g ,,*apt] ,i4 ,lubricants 9 ,horology--_! ,s\rce & ,me?ods ( ,ref9em5t1 #i ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,elem5t>y ,physics ,relat+ to ,friction & ,lubrication1 #ba ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,friction--its ,nature & ,!ory1 #bi ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,application ( ! ,laws ( ,friction & ,lubrication 9 ,horology1 #dc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,! ,prop]ties & ,relative ,values ( ,lubricants 9 ,horology1 #fa ,,introduction4 ,_m books h be5 writt5 on ! v>i\s escapem5ts1 describ+ _! action1 con/ruction & proportion1 & ! laws gov]n+ ! same2 le>n$ writ]s h contribut$ mu* valuable in=mation on adju/+2 excell5t atta*m5ts = ! v>i\s la!s h be5 inv5t$2 & factories h exp5d$ =tunes to produce ma*9]y ( wond]ful con/ruction to f9i% all ! p>ts ( a wat* 9 ! mo/ approv$ mann]2 b all ?is sci5tific rese>*1 all ?is pa9/ak+ ef=t1 all ?is c>e & labor1 are r5d]$ abortive by ! mak] or repair] ( a "t piece if he does n ?or\ghly und]/& & apply ! physical laws :i* gov]n ! sci5ce ( lubrication4 ,_m a wat*1 or *ronomet]1 mo/ excell5t 9 all o!r respects1 has come to an untimely end by an almo/ crim9al neglect on ! "p ( its mak] to provide aga9/ we> 9 its v>i\s p>ts by su* con/ruction z w\ld reta9 ! oil at ! places ne$$4 ,h[ (t5 ! repair]--clean he 8 "w z well z he may--replace he ! brok5 or worn "p to put ! "t piece 9 z good condition z new--f9ds t its rate *anges1 t is loses "t be=e long1 &1 at ! end ( "o ye> is badly out ( repair1 solely ! result ( lack ( k1 or neglig5ce1 9 prop]ly lubricat+1 or on acc\nt ( an oil hav+ be5 us$ :i* 0 n suitable4 ,! object ( ?is pap] is to pres5t 9 concise =m ! be/ ( t :i* is furni%$ by ! lit]ature ( ! pr(ession1 toge!r ) t :i* has be5 writt5 on friction & lubrication 9 g5]al 7s f> z x may be applicable71 by ^? n connect$ ) ?is p>ticul> vocation2 z well z ! result ( ! practical exp]i5ce ( ! manufactur]s ( "t pieces 9 ?is c\ntry mo/ ( :om h furni%$ mu* useful data 9 answ] to qu]ies on ! subject4 ,! manufactur]s ( oils h also assi/$ by contribut+ valuable in=mation4 ,! result ( ! au?or's exp]i5ce1 obs]vation & exp]im5ts w also be incorporat$2 & he w be grateful to any :o may read ?is "w1 :o w call att5tion1 ?r\gh ! trade pap]s1 to any errors ( omission or commission t !y may f9d !re94 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,lubricants ,,9 ,,horology--,,_! ,,s\rce ,,& ,,me?od ,,( ,,ref9em5t4 #a4 ,z b little is to be f\nd on ! subject 9 ! lit]ature accessible to mo/ ( ! craft1 a few rem>ks conc]n+ ! s\rce & g5]al me?ods ( ref9+ ! oils us$ 9 horology w1 no d\bt1 be ( int]e/4 ,a me*anic :o w\ld "w intellig5tly %\ld possess a ?or\gh k ( ! mat]ials con/antly us$1 & oil is us$ on e horological me*anism4 ,9 ord] t ?is pap] may be ( maximum b5efit & int]e/1 ! au?or has sp>$ no pa9s 9 procur+ useful data4 #b4 ,porpoise ,jaw ,oil & ,black ,fi% ,melon ,oil 7#fd7 h become widely kn[n & ju/ly celebrat$ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 z !y 7 f\nd to be bett] adapt$ = ! purpose ( lubricat+ f9e & delicate ma*9]y ?an any sub/ance previ\sly us$4 #c4 ,blackfi%-,melon ,oil#a d]ives its "n f ! mass tak5 f ! top ( ! head ( ! animal rea*+ f ! sp\t hole to ! end ( ! nose1 & f ! top ( ! head d[n to ! upp] jaw1 f :i* x is extract$4 ,:5 tak5 (f 9 "o piece ?is mass repres5ts a half wat]melon1 weigh+ ab\t tw5ty-five p\nds ord9>ily4 ,:5 ! knife is put into ! c5t] ( ?is melon ! oil runs out m freely ?an ! wat] does f a v nice wat]melon4 ,porpoise jaw oil & blackfi% melon oil are wor? f #e to #ae p] gallon1 accord+ to supply4 ,!y are n only us$ 9 horology1 b by manufactur]s ( f9e fire>ms1 philosophical app>atus1 & 9 gov]nm5t ligh?\ses = ! clocks ( revolv+ lights4 #d4 ,! ,blubb]1 or fat1 tak5 f ! jaw ( ! porpoise or ! head ( ! blackfi% 0 =m]ly r5d]$ 9 iron pots ov] a fire1 b ! mod]n me?od ( extract+ ! oil by /eam is said to be mu* sup]ior4 ,! oil is wa%$ ) wat] by ?or\gh agitation1 aft] :i* x is all[$ to /& = sev]al days1 :5 x is drawn (f & ! la/ traces ( wat] remov$ by di/illation4 ,! oil is !n subject$ to a v cold temp]ature & press$ ?r\gh flannel clo?s1 by :i* process ! ole9e is sep>at$ f ! /e>9e1 ! result+ oil be+ m or less limpid z ! =m] or latt] con/itu5t pr$om9ates4 #e4 ,john ,w+1 ( ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass41 son-9-law (1 & successor to1 ! late ,ezra ,kelley1 /ates 9 answ] to inquiries1 t _! supply ( oil comes f ! porpoise & blackfi% tak5 dur+ ! summ] mon?s on ! coa/ ( ,africa1 above ! equator2 & t !y f9d t ?is oil conta9s less glut9\s matt] ?an t obta9$ 9 & ab\t ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce riv]1 :i* fact he attributes to ! diff]5ce 9 ! food ( ! fi%1 :i* 9 turn affects ! oil4 #f4 ,d4 ,c4 ,/ull1 ( ,prov9cet[n1 ,mass41 9 answ] to inquiries on ! subject1 has k9dly furni%$ ! foll[+ in=mation & s]ies ( views3 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,buy+ a ,porpoise f a ,fi%]man4 ,! supply ( porpoise-jaw oil & blackfi%-melon oil comes mo/ly f ,massa*usetts ,bay1 ! trap & gill net fi%]m5 br++ !m into ,prov9cet[n1 sometimes alive1 z %[n at ,fig4 #a4 ,! capture ( fifte5 hundr$ blackfi%1 ,fig4 #b1 by ! p ( ,prov9cet[n1 ,truro & ,wellsfleet1 0 "o ( ! mo/ excit+ sc5es 9 ! annals ( coa/ fi%]y4 ,! fi% 7 attract$ to ^! %ores by ! l>ge quantity ( squid & h]r+1 on :i* !y fe$4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! cat* 0 wor? #be1jjj1 "s ( ! fi% weigh+ two tons ea*4 ,! relative size ( a blackfi% & a man is %[n at ,fig4 #c4 ,seaf>+ m5 & :al+ capta9s :o cat* ! porpoise at sea1 extract ! oil f ! head & jaw only1 & br+ x to ! factories to be manufactur$4 ,fig4 #d is a good view ( a mod]n factory4 ,! fat is cut f ! head & jaw1 7,fig4 #e17 wa%$ 9 fre% wat] & put into cov]$ t9 cans1 !n into iron retorts1 7,fig4 #f47 ,^! retorts are !n clos$1 screw$ up tightly1 & live /eam turn$ on f ! boil]4 ,! fat is cook$ by /eam = five h\rs1 ) t5 p\nds pressure1 at #bcj deg4 ,f4 ,by ?is means ! crude oil is extract$ f ! fat4 #g4 ,sp]m ,oil is ! be/ kn[n ( all ! lubricants & is1 = g5]al purposes1 "o ( ! mo/ excell5t4 ,! l>ge cavity 9 ! head ( ! sp]m :ale conta9s oil & solid fat1 f :i* ! =m] is sep>at$1 )\t heat+1 by pressure & cry/alization4 ,z x is n at pres5t us$ to any great ext5t 9 horology1 a m l5g?y description ( ! me?od ( ref9+ w be omitt$4 7#fe47 #h4 ,bone ,oil is made f ! fat obta9$ by boil+ ! bones ( animals4 ,! f9e/ quality is obta9$ f ! leg bones ( rec5tly kill$1 heal?y1 "y cattle1 & ! be/ me?od ( treatm5t is giv5 z foll[s#b3 ,fill a bottle "o ?ird full ( ! oil to be purifi$4 ,!n p\r cl>ifi$ b5z9e 9 small portions ^u ! oil1 close ! bottle & %ake until ! b5z9e has disappe>$4 ,by aga9 add+ b5z9e & %ak+1 a complete solution ( ! fat is f9ally effect$4 ,t ?is has actually tak5 place is recogniz$ by ! cont5ts ( ! bottle n sep>at+ aft] long /&+4 ,! bottle is !n expos$ to a l[ temp]ature = sev]al h\rs1 a solid fat deposits on ! bottom1 & ! l[] ! temp]ature ! great] is ! deposit4 ,alongside ! bottle conta9+ ! oil1 place ano!r bottle ) a funnel1 ! l[] end ( :i* is clos$ by a cotton /opp]2 aft] ?or\ghly %ak+ ! bottle ) oil1 p\r ! cont5ts into ! funnel2 ! fluid portion runs into ! bottle1 :ile ! solid portion is reta9$ 9 ! funnel by ! cotton /opp]4 ,! cle> solution ( bone oil 9 b5z9e collect$ 9 ! bottle is !n br\ght into a small retort :i* is connect$ ) a ?or\ghly cool$ receiv]4 ,place ! retort 9 a t9 vessel fill$ ) wat] & apply heat4 ,! b5z9e readily di/ills (f1 leav+ ! purifi$ bone oil 9 ! retort4 7#ff47 #i4 ,neat's-foot ,oil is l>gely us$ 9 ! arts1 be+ "o ( ! be/ ( lubricants4 ,! be/ oil1 viz43 t us$ = clocks etc41 is extract$ by plac+ ! ?or\ghly clean$ feet ( cattle 9 a cov]$ vessel ne> ! fire or 9 ! sun4 ,! oil ?us obta9$ is cl>ifi$ by /&+ be=e bottl+4 7#fg47 ,x 0 ! practice ( _m old5 "t wat*mak]s to all[ a l>ge bottle ( neat's-foot oil to /& 9 a position expos$ to ! direct rays ( ! sun 9 summ] & to ! extreme cold ( ! w9t]4 ,!n aft] two or ?ree ye>s1 on a v cold w9t] day1 to p\r (f su* oil z /ill rema9$ fluid :i* 0 pres]v$ = use4 #aj4 ,olive ,oil has be5 us$ z a lubricant s9ce ! e>ly days ( horology1 ! old] writ]s giv+ _m me?ods ( treat+ x4 ,x is obta9$ f ! fruit ( ! ,olea ,europea1 "o ( ! jasm9es1 :i* gr[s ?r\gh\t ,s\!rn ,europe & ,nor!rn ,africa & o!r tropical c\ntries4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,a #be1jjj ,cat* ( ,blackfi%4 ,= ! prep>ation ( ! f9e/ oils1 kn[n z ,virg9 oil1 only ! pulp ( olives pick$ by h& is us$4 ,! pulp is pack$ 9 /rong l95 & ! oil is express$ by twi/+ ! l95 toge!r4 ,! pulp sometimes conta9s z high z #gj p] c5t ( oil4 ,its la/ traces ( adh]+ acid are remov$ by rigor\s & repeat$ %ak+ ) "o hundr$? "p ( _! weight ( cau/ic soda lye4 ,aft] ! mixture has /ood = sev]al days a l>ge quantity ( wat] is add$ & ! oil float+ on ! top is p\r$ (f4 ,?\gh ! oil is n[ free f acid1 x /ill conta9s color+ matt] & o!r sub/ances :i* w\ld prove injuri\s4 ,x is !n mix$ ) v /rong alcohol1 t5 p>ts ( ! =m] to two ( ! latt]1 & ?or\ghly mix$ by %ak+4 ,! bottle conta9+ ! mixture is !n plac$ 9 ! sun & ! mixture %ak5 sev]al times a day4 ,9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree weeks ! oil w h become :ite z wat]1 :5 x is )drawn f ! alcohol1 on ! surface ( :i* x floats4 ,! purifi$ oil is plac$ 9 small bottles1 tightly cork$1 & kept 9 a d>k1 cool place4 7#fh47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--,relative ,size ( a ,blackfi% & ,man4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--;,d4 ,c4 ,/ull's ,wat* ,oil ,factory1 ,prov9cet[n1 ,mass4 #aa4 ,m9]al ,oils h ( late ye>s tak5 imm5se /rides 9 ! popul> & m]it$ e/imation ( consum]s1 = g5]al lubricat+ purposes4 ,_! application 9 horology w be discuss$ 9 ano!r "p ( ?is volume4 ,!y are obta9$ f ! residuum ( petroleum di/illation1 & v>y s greatly 9 _! prop]ties t _m ( !m are n applicable to delicate me*anism2 b z ! light] v>ieties seem to fulfill all ! necess>y conditions1 ! writ] w "h consid] _! s\rce & me?od ( treatm5t4 #ab4 ,petroleums are obta9$ f _m diff]5t localities1 be+ fluid1 bitum9\s oils1 all hav+ ! same g5]al *>act]i/ics & orig94 ,!y are all hydroc>bons1 & conta9 little or no oxyg54 ,z _! orig9 is ?or\ghly discuss$ 9 _m works on t subject1 & z !re is su* a div]sity ( op9ion reg>d+ x1 ! read] is ref]r$ to su* works4#c #ac4 ,p>aff9e1 bo? liquid & solid1 is obta9$ by ! di/illation ( crude petroleum by means ( sup]heat$ /eam4 ,:5 ! heavi] hydroc>bons beg9 to come ov] ! receiv] is *ang$ & ! butyrace\s di/illate is filt]$ ?r\gh a long column ( well dri$ animal *>coal4 ,! fir/ portion ( ! p]colate is colorless or ne>ly s4 ,! di/illate is made wat] :ite by "s ref9]s by an acid treatm5t1 foll[$ by a wat]-&-alkali wa%+4 ,on expos+ ?is mass to a l[ temp]ature x becomes ?ick1 some:at l cosmol9e b :ite4 7#ei47 ,x is !n %ovel$ into cotton bags ( v /rong mat]ial & subject$ to p[]ful pressure by means ( a hydraulic press4 ,?is op]ation divides ! p>aff9e into two p>ts3 ! solid p>aff9e wax f :i* c&les1 etc41 are made rema9+ 9 ! bags1 :ile t :i* is express$ is p>aff9e oil4 ,if ! op]ation is c>efully p]=m$ ! oil w be free f cry/al9e p>aff9e at a v l[ temp]ature4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,extract+ ,oil f ! ,head ( a ,porpoise4 #ad4 ,neutral ,oils#d are ref9$ p>aff9e oils v>y+ 9 specific gravity f #j4hfda to #j4hccc4 ,= ! purpose = :i* ^! oils are employ$ x is especially necess>y t !y be ?or\ghly deodoriz$4 ,!y are l>gely us$ = ! purpose ( mix+ ) animal & vegetable oils4 ,x is said t a mixture ( #ie p] c5t ( a good neutral oil ( ! "r gravity1 & #e p] c5t ( sp]m oil1 has be5 sold = pure sp]m4 ,ord9>y inspection z to ! odor & g5]al appe>ance w\ld fail to detect ! adult]ation4 ,hav+ be5 subject$ to ! usual process = ! extraction ( cry/al9e p>aff9e1 !y w /& a v l[ cold te/1 & hav+ be5 pass$ ?r\gh bone black cyl9d]s1 !y are free f odor & h b little color4 ,!y are usually expos$ = a few days 9 op5 %all[ tanks = ! purpose ( remov+ ! fluresc5ce ( petroleum oils4 ,unmix$ ) heavi] oils !y are too light 9 body 7especially ! light] v>ieties7 to be employ$ z sp9dle or ma*9]y oils1 b :5 mix$ ) su* oils 9 ! prop] proportions !y =m admirable lubricat+ comp\nds = g5]al lubricat+ purposes :5 v high spe$ is n requir$4 7#gj-ga47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,r5d]+ ,room 9 ,d4 ,c4 ,/ull's ,factory4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,brannt4 ,animal & ,vegetable ,fats & ,oils4 #b ,brannt4 ,animal & ,vegetable ,fats & ,oils4 #c ,crew2 ,practical ,treatise on ,petroleum4 ,lesqu]eaux2 ,transactions ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society4 ,w9*ell2 ,sket*es ( ,creation4 ,h5ry2 ,e>ly & ,lat] ,hi/ory ( ,petroleum4 #d ,crew4 ,practical ,treatise on ,petroleum4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,elem5t>y ,,physics ,,relat+ ,,to ,,friction ,,& ,,lubrication4 #ae4 ,mo/ ( ^? :o may read ?is "w1 are no d\bt famili> ) ! laws ( elem5t>y physics2 b z all may n be1 = a bett] und]/&+ ( t :i* foll[s1 x may be well to treat briefly ( "s ( ! physical laws be>+ on ! subject4 #af4 ,! ,molecule4#e ,e visible body ( matt] is compos$ ( exce$+ly small p>ticles call$ molecules4 ,?is is ! basis ( ! !ory ( ! con/itution ( matt] :i* physici/s h usually adopt$4 ,x is e/imat$ t if we %\ld attempt to c\nt ! numb] ( molecules 9 a p9's head1 c\nt+ at ! rate ( #aj1jjj1jjj p] second1 we %\ld require #bej1jjj ye>s4 #ag4 ,porosity4 ,! t]m pore 9 physics is re/rict$ to ! invisible space t sep>ates molecules4 ,all matt] is por\s2 ?us d5se gold w absorb 7#bd7 liquid m]cury1 mu* z *alk w wat]2 b ! cavities to be se5 9 a sponge are n pores4 #ah4 ,gravitation4 ,t attraction :i* is ex]t$ on all matt]1 at all di/ances1 is call$ gravitation4 ,gravitation is univ]sal1 t is1 e molecule ( matt] attracts e o!r molecule ( matt] 9 ! univ]se4 ,! :ole =ce ) :i* two bodies attract "o ano!r is ! sum ( ! attraction ( _! molecules1 & dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( molecules ! two bodies collectively conta91 & ! mass ( ea* molecule4 ,h5ce1 all bodies attract1 & are attract$ by1 all o!r bodies4 ,9 a ball susp5d$ f ! ceil+ by a ?read an attraction exi/s betwe5 ! ball & ! ceil+1 b on acc\nt ( a great] attraction exi/+ betwe5 ! ball & ! e>?1 if we cut ! ?read ! ball w move t[>d ! e>?1 or 9 ! direction ( ! great] attraction4 #ai4 ,! ,effect ( ,di/ance4 ,gravitation v>ies inv]sely ) ! di/ance by :i* two bodies are sep>at$4 ,z ! sun is _m times great] ?an ! e>?1 ! attraction betwe5 ! ball 7#ah7 & ! sun w\ld cause ! ball to leave ! e>? & move t[>d ! sun 7 x n = ! fact t ! ball is s mu* ne>] to ! e>? ?an to ! sun4 #bj4 ,cohesion4 ,! attraction :i* holds ! molecules ( ! same sub/ance toge!r s z to =m l>g] bodies is call$ cohesion4 ,x acts only at ins5sible di/ances & is /rictly a molecul> =ce4 ,x is t =ce :i* prev5ts solid bodies f fall+ ap>t4 ,liquids l molasses & honey possess m cohesive =ce among ! molecules ( :i* !y are compos$ ?an limpid liquids l wat] & alcohol4 ,! =m] are said to be visc\s1 or to possess viscosity4 #ba4 ,adhesion4 ,t =ce :i* causes unlike sub/ances to cl+ toge!r is call$ adhesion4 ,x is t =ce :i* keeps nails1 driv5 into wood1 9 _! places4 ,y c climb a pole because ( ! adhesion betwe5 y\r h&s & ! pole4 ,we c\ld n pick any?+ up if x 7 n = adhesion4 ,glue1 :5 dry1 possesses bo? cohesion & adhesion to a great degree4 #bb4 ,capill>ity4 ,exam9e ! surface ( wat] 9 a vessel4 ,y f9d ! surface level1 except ar\nd ! edge next ! glass1 z at ,a 7,fig4 #g47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 #a4 ,?ru/ v]tically into wat] ?ree glass tubes1 ,a1 ,b & ,c 7,fig4 #h71 op5 at bo? ends4 ,y notice ! wat] asc5ds 9 ea* to a diff]5t height1 & t ! asc5sion v>ies inv]sely z ! diamet] ( ! bore2 i4 e41 ! small] ! bore1 ! high] ! wat] asc5ds4 #b4 ,seal "o ( ! tubes at its upp] end4 ,! wat] ent]s b little1 z %[n at ,d 7,fig4 #h71 on acc\nt ( ! resi/ance ( ! air pressure )9 ! tube4 #c4 ,?ru/ v]tically two plates ( glass into wat]1 & gradually br+ ! surfaces ne> to ea* o!r4 ,soon ! wat] rises betwe5 ! plates1 & rises high] z ! plates are br\ght ne>]4 ,if _! surfaces be mutually p>allel & v]tical1 ! wat] rises to ! same height at all po9ts betwe5 ! plates1 z %[n at ,a 7,fig4 #i47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 #d4 ,if ! plates be unit$ by a h+e1 & =m an angle1 ! height to :i* ! wat] asc5ds increases z ! di/ance betwe5 ! plates decreases up to _! l9e ( junction1 :]e x atta9s a maximum1 z %[n at ,b 7,fig4 #i47 #e4 ,decrease ! angle betwe5 ! plates1 & ! wat] asc5ds high]1 z %[n at ,c 7,fig4 #i47 ,?us x is se5 t ! asc5sion v>ies inv]sely ) ! angle betwe5 ! plates2 i4 e41 ! small] ! angle1 ! high] ! wat] asc5ds4 #f4 ,:5 a drop ( oil is plac$ betwe5 two glass plates arrang$ z %[n at ,a 7,fig4 #aj71 if ! surfaces are n too f> di/ant1 & if ! oil t\*es bo? surfaces1 x w be se5 to "w its way to ! junction ( ! plates2 %[+ t oil betwe5 surfaces has a t5d5cy to fl[ t[>ds ! apex ( ! angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 #g4 ,place a drop ( oil on a tap] piece ( metal1 z %[n at ,b 7,fig4 #aj74 ,! oil w gradually rec$e f ! po9t to a place :]e !re is m metal1 %[+ t oil on surfaces has a t5d5cy to fl[ t[>ds ! l>ge/ "p4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 #h4 ,:5 a drop ( oil is plac$ betwe5 two wat* glasses arrang$ ) flat & convex sides adjac5t1 z at ,a 7,fig4 #aa71 or ) convex sides adjac5t1 z at ,b 7,fig4 #aa71 if ! glasses are rigidly fix$ 9 _! relative positions ! drop ( oil c be %ak5 f its location only ) great difficulty2 ! oil at ,c hold+ its place ) great] t5acity ?an ! oil at ,d4 ,! =ego+ ph5om5a are call$ capill>y action1 or capill>ity4 ,capill>y action is due to ! =ces ( cohesion 7#bj71 & to ! =ces ( adhesion 7#ba47 #bc4 ,c5trifugal ,=ce4--,! t5d5cy ( a body rotat+ r\nd a po9t to escape f t po9t is call$ c5trifugal =ce4 ,place a small quantity ( oil on ! arm ( a balance1 ne> ! arbor4 ,rotate ! :eel rapidly4 ,! oil is se5 to fl[ t[>ds ! rim ( ! :eel4 #bd4 ,absorption ( ,gases by ,liquids dep5ds on molecul> attraction & motion4 ,wat] at a temp]ature ( #j deg4 c54 7#cb deg4 f471 is capable ( cond5s+ 9 its pores 7#ag7 six hundr$ times its own bulk ( ammonia gas4 ,! absorption ( oxyg5 f ! air causes "s oils to become m visc\s1 to ev5tually become solid1 )\t los+ 9 weight1 9 fact sometimes ga9+4 ,o!r oils dry up1 or evaporate1 leav+ little or no residue4 #be4 ,=ce4--,=ce is t :i* c produce1 *ange or de/roy motion4 ,we see a body move2 we "k !re mu/ be a cause2 t cause we call =ce4 ,we see a body 9 motion come to re/2 ?is effect mu/ h _h a cause2 t cause we attribute to =ce4 ,! =ces act+ 9 ma*9es are di/+ui%$ into driv+ & resi/+ =ces4 ,t compon5t ( ! =ce :i* does ! "w is call$ ! ef=t4 #bf4 ,friction is usually a resi/+ 7#bi7 =ce1 t5d+ to de/roy motion2 b x is sometimes ! means ( ! transmission ( motion4 #bg4 ,"w is ! result ( =ce act+ ?r\gh space4 ,:5 =ce produces motion1 ! result is "w4 ,"w is measur$ by ! product ( ! resi/ance into ! space ?r\gh :i* x is ov]come4 #bh4 ,en]gy1 :i* is def9$#f z ! capacity = do+ "w1 is ei!r actual or pot5tial4 ,actual or k9etic en]gy is ! en]gy ( an actually mov+ body1 & is measur$ by ! "w :i* x is capable ( p]=m+ :ile be+ br\ght to re/ "u ! action ( a ret>d+ =ce4 ,pot5tial ,en]gy is ! capacity = do+ "w possess$ by a body 9 virtue ( its position1 ( its condition1 or ( its intr9sic prop]ties4 ,a b5t b[ or a coil$ spr+ has pot5tial en]gy1 :i* becomes actual 9 ! impulsion ( ! arr[ or is exp5d$ 9 ! "w ( ! me*anism driv5 by ! ma*9e4 ,a clock weight1 cond5s$ air & gunp[d] are examples4 ,?is =m ( en]gy appe>s 9 e mov+ "p ( e ma*9e & its v>iations (t5 s]i\sly affect ! work+ ( ma*9]y4 7#hd47 ,,footnotes3 #e ,?is & "s ( ! def9itions t foll[ are adapt$ f ,elem5ts ( ,physics by ,a4 ,p4 ,gage4 #f ,?ur/on4 ,friction & ,lo/ ,"w 9 ,ma*9]y1 f :i* excell5t "w mu* ( ! next *apt] is adapt$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,friction--,,its ,,nature ,,& ,,!ory4 #bi4 ,friction4 ,! relative motion ( "o p>ticle or body 9 =c$ contact ) ano!r is always ret>d$1 or prev5t$1 by a resi/+ =ce call$ friction4 ,friction manife/s itself 9 ?ree ways3 ,betwe5 solids x is call$ slid+ & roll+ friction2 betwe5 ! p>ticles ( liquids1 or ( gasses1 :5 !y move 9 contact ) ea* o!r1 or ) o!r bodies1 x is call$ fluid friction4 ,q diff]5t laws gov]n ^! ?ree k9ds ( friction1 z !y are q diff]5t 9 "*4 ,friction c nev] ( itself produce or accel]ate motion1 be+ always a resi/+ =ce1 act+ at ! surfaces ( contact ( ! two p>ticles1 or masses1 betwe5 :i* x occurs1 & 9 ! direction ( _! common tang5t1 resi/+ relative motion 9 :i*ev] direction x may be attempt$ to produce x4 ,! greate/ loss ( en]gy 9 a timepiece 9 :i* all ! p>ts are rigid en\gh to prev5t p]man5t di/ortion1 is t occurr+ ?r\gh friction4 ,ano!r s\rce ( loss ( en]gy is ! r$uction 9 ela/icity ( spr+s caus$ by a rise ( temp]ature4 #cj4 ,! ,cause ( ,slid+ ,friction is ! int]lock+ ( ! asp]ities ( "o surface ) ^? ( ano!r2 & only by ! rid+ ( "o set ov] ! o!r1 or by a rubb+ d[n or te>+ (f ( project+ p>ts1 c motion take place4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t r\ghness is conducive to friction2 & t ! smoo!r ! surface ! less ! friction w be4 #ca4 ,! ,cause ( ,roll+ ,friction is ! irregul>ity & lack ( symmetry ( ! surfaces betwe5 :i* x occurs4 ,x acts z a resi/+1 or ret>d+1 =ce :5 a smoo?ly curv$ surface rolls ^u ano!r surface1 plane or curv$4 ,motion is prev5t$1 or ret>d$1 by ! irregul> v>iation ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! c5t] ( gravity & ! l9e ( motion 9 ! common tang5t ( ! two bodies at ! po9t ( contact1 caus$ by ! irregul>ity ( =m1 or ( surface1 9 ! "o or ! o!r body4 ,roll+ friction is small :]e h>d1 smoo?1 symmetrical surfaces are 9 contact1 & increases z ! surfaces are s(t1 r\gh or irregul>4 ,9 a knife edge support1 se5 9 "s =ms ( p5dulums1 is exhibit$ a =m ( roll+ friction4 #cb4 ,solid ,friction1 ei!r slid+ or roll+1 c\ld be ov]come if x 7 possible to produce absolutely smoo? surfaces4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t ! "* ( ! mat]ial1 z well z ! =m ( _! surfaces1 det]m9es ! am\nt ( friction4 ,9 all "t-keep+ me*anism bo? slid+ & roll+ friction manife/ !mselves2 ! =m] pr9cipally betwe5 ! surfaces ( pivots & be>+s & 9 ! escapem5ts1 ! latt] ma9ly betwe5 ! surfaces ( ! tee? ( :eels1 & to "s ext5t 9 "s ( ! pivots1 & sometimes 9 p>ts ( escapem5ts4 ,x is n ! int5tion ( ! au?or to treat ( ! prop] %ape ( ! tee? ( :eels1 leaves ( p9ions1 or ! proportions ( ! escapem5ts1 ! nature & scope ( ?is "w n p]mitt+ ( x2 b he w conf9e 8 rem>ks pr9cipally to ! p>ts t involve lubrication4 #cc4 ,! ,laws ( ,slid+ ,friction1 z giv5 by ,?ur/on1#g ) solid1 unlubricat$ surfaces1 are1 up to ! po9t ( abrasion1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! direction ( frictional resi/+ =ces is 9 ! common tang5t plane ( ! two surfaces1 & directly oppos$ to _! relative motion4 #b4 ,! po9t1 or surface1 ( application ( ?is resi/ance is ! po9t1 or ! surface1 on :i* contact occurs4 #c4 ,! greate/ magnitude ( ?is resi/+ =ce is dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! surfaces1 & is directly proportional to ! =ce ) :i* two surfaces are press$ toge!r4 #d4 ,! maximum frictional resi/ance is indep5d5t ( ! area ( contact1 ! velocity ( rubb+1 or any o!r conditions ?an int5sity ( pressure & condition ( surfaces4 #e4 ,! friction ( re/ or quiesc5ce1 /atical friction1 is great] ?an t ( motion1 or k9etic friction4 ,he fur!r /ates t ^! laws are n absolutely exact1 z "h /at$1 s f> z !y affect ! magnitude ( frictional resi/ance4 ,x is f\nd t "s evid5ce exi/s indicat+ ! cont9u\s nature ( ! friction ( re/ & ( motion4 ,:5 ! pressure exce$s a c]ta9 am\nt1 fix$ = ea* pair ( surfaces1 abrasion ( ! s(t] surface or o!r *ange ( =m takes place1 ! resi/ance becomes great] & is no long] :olly frictional4 ,:5 ! pressure falls bel[ a c]ta9 o!r & l[] limit ! resi/ance may be pr9cipally due to adhesion1 an entirely diff]5t =ce1 :i* may ent] into ! total resi/ance at all pressures1 b :i* does n always appreciably modify ! law at high pressures4 ,?is limitation is seldom obs]vable ) solid1 unlubricat$ surfaces1 b may (t5 be obs]v$ ) lubricat$ surfaces1 ! friction ( :i*1 z w pres5tly be se5 7#da71 foll[s diff]5t laws4 ,! upp] limit %\ld nev] be approa*$ 9 ma*9]y4 ,! coeffici5t ( friction is t quantity :i*1 be+ multipli$ by ! total pressure act+ normally to ! surfaces 9 contact1 w give ! measure ( ! maximum frictional resi/ance to motion4 #cd4 ,slid+ ,friction is ,proportional to ,pressure accord+ to ! ?ird law quot$ above4 ,?is is easily demon/rat$ by asc]ta9+ :at =ce is necess>y to produce1 or cont9ue1 motion 9 a body ly+ on a plane surface2 d\ble ! weight ( ! body & ! =ce requir$ to produce1 or cont9ue1 motion1 w h to be d\bl$4 ,! conv]se is also true 7#cf74 #ce4 ,slid+ ,friction is ,indep5d5t ( ! ,area ,( ,contact1 ! pressure rema9+ ! same 7law #d1 #cc74 ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t if1 = example1 ! area ( contact be d\bl$1 ?\gh twice ! numb] ( asp]ities w pres5t !mselves1 ea* individual ret>d+ =ce is only half ( :at x 0 previ\sly1 & ! g5]al effect is ! same 7#cf74 #cf4 ,! ,int5sity ( ,slid+ ,friction is ,indep5d5t ( ,velocity4 7,law #d1 #cc47 ,?is is expla9$ by ! fact t ! int]lock+ ( ! asp]ities on ea* surface has a %ort] "t to take place 9 increas$ spe$1 & consequ5tly _c be s effective z ) sl[ spe$4 ,b ) high spe$ m asp]ities are pres5t$ ?an 9 l[ spe$1 s ! effect is ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,! above 7#cc-cf7 are n exact1 be+ ! /atem5t ( exp]im5tal laws1 & admit ( consid]able modification :5 appli$ 9 horological sci5ce1 z w be %[n 7#da-db47 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 #cg4 ,! ,effect ( a ,loose ,be>+ is an increase ( friction1 & consequ5tly a loss ( en]gy1 result+ 9 ! we> ( "o or bo? surfaces 9 contact1 accord+ to conditions4 ,9 ,fig4 #ab1 ,a is a loose be>+1 ,b a j\rnal at re/ & ,c ! po9t ( contact4 ,if ! j\rnal be n[ turn$ 9 ! direction ( ! arr[ by ! motive =ce1 x w h a t5d5cy to roll ov] a %ort arc ( ! be>+ to a new po9t ( contact1 z at ,d1 :5 x beg9s to slide2 s long z ! coeffici5t ( friction is un*ang$ x reta9s ?is position2 b approa*es or retreats f ! po9t ,c1 z ! coeffici5t ( friction dim9i%es or increases1 cont9ually f9d+ new conditions ( equilibrium4 ,! arc ( contact is ?us too small to )/& ! pressure )\t abrasion ( "o or bo? surfaces4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! j\rnal1 or pivot1 %\ld fit its be>+ closely2 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t no t5d5cy to b9d %\ld be produc$1 ! fitt+ be+ su* t ! :eel w turn readily ) a m9imum pressure4 ,! film ( oil :i* mu/ be int]pos$ betwe5 ! be>+ surfaces ( ! j\rnal1 or pivot1 & its be>+1 w also occupy "s space2 & ?is mu/ be rememb]$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( pivots 9 ! escapem5t4 #ch4 ,! ,laws ( ,roll+ ,friction are n z yet def9itely e/abli%$1 because ( ! unc]ta9ty ( ! results ( exp]im5ts1 z to ! am\nt ( friction due to 7#a7 r\ghness ( surface1 7#b7 irregul>ity ( =m1 7#c7 di/ortion "u pressure4 ,! fir/ & second ( ^! quantities v>y inv]sely z ! radius2 & ! ?ird dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! mat]ial compos+ ! two surfaces 9 contact4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 t 9 su* m9ute me*anical contrivances z are us$ 9 horology1 z ! motive =ce is 9 "s cases v light1 ! horologi/ %\ld endeavor to produce1 :]e roll+ friction takes place1 ! maximum--smoo?ness ( surface--regul>ity ( =m--adaptation ( surfaces 7#ca47 ,!re are _m o!r po9ts on :i* ! writ] w\ld l to dwell1 z engag+ & dis5gag+ friction1 int]nal friction1 etc41 etc41 b ! scope ( ?is pap] w n p]mit4 #ci4 ,! ,friction ,( ,fluids 9 horology is ( grave importance4 ,x is subject to q diff]5t laws f ^? met ) 9 ! motion ( solids 9 contact4 ,:5 a fluid moves 9 contact ) a solid ! resi/ance to motion exp]i5c$ is due to relative motion ( lay]s ( fluid mov+ 9 contact ) ea* o!r4 ,at surfaces ( contact ) a solid ! fluid lies aga9/ ! solid )\t appreciable relative motion2 z ! di/ance f ! surface is increas$ by lay] ^u lay] ( ! fluid1 ! relative velocity ( ! solid & ! fluid becomes great]4 ,fluid friction is1 !re=e1 ! friction ( adjac5t bodies ( fluid 9 relative motion4 ,:ile fluid friction acts z a ret>d+ =ce 9 me*anism x conv]ts ! me*anical en]gy requir$ to produce x into its heat equival5t1 ?us rais+ ! temp]ature ( ! mass 9 a great] or less] degree4 ,! resi/+ prop]ty :i* ?us effects ?is conv]sion1 & :i* is ! cause ( fluid friction1 is call$ viceosity4 ,x is ?us app>5t t a v>iation ( ! viceosity ( ! oil us$ on a wat* w\ld cause a v>iation ( fluid friction & consequ5tly a v>iation ( ! ef=t 7#aa71 & w\ld s]i\sly int]f]e ) ! rate ( ! wat*4 ,?is w be discuss$ 7#hd7 m ?or\ghly 9 ano!r p>agraph4 #dj4 ,! ,laws ( ,fluid ,friction are3 #a4 ,fluid friction is indep5d5t ( ! pressure betwe5 ! masses 9 contact4 #b4 ,fluid friction is directly proportional to ! surfaces betwe5 :i* x occurs4 #c4 ,?is resi/ance is proportional to ! squ>e ( ! relative velocity at mod]ate & high spe$s1 & to ! velocity ne>ly at v l[ spe$s4 #d4 ,x is indep5d5t ( ! nature ( ! surfaces ( ! solid aga9/ :i* ! /ream may fl[1 b x is dep5d5t to "s ext5t ^u ! degree ( r\ghness ( ^? surfaces4 #e4 ,x is proportional to ! d5sity ( ! fluid & is relat$ 9 "s way to its viscosity4 #da4 ,! ,comp\nd ,friction ( ,lubricat$ ,surfaces1 z ,?ur/on t]ms x1 or friction due to ! action ( surfaces ( solids p>tly sep>at$ by a fluid1 is obs]v$ 9 all cases 9 :i* ! rubb+ surfaces are lubricat$4 ,! solids1 9 su* in/ances1 ?\gh p>tly support$ by ! lay] ( lubricant :i* is reta9$ 9 place by adhesion 7#ba7 & cohesion 7#bj71 usually rub on ea* o!r m or less1 z !y are usually n completely sep>at$ by ! liquid film int]pos$ betwe5 !m4 ,we> is produc$ by ! rubb+ toge!r ( ! two solids2 & ! rate at :i* ! lubricant becomes discolor$ & *>g$ ) abrad$ metal indicates ! am\nt ( we>4 ,! j\rnal & be>+ are =c$ into close contact 9 ! case ( heavy pressures & sl[ spe$s1 z is %[n by _! worn condition2 :ile ! j\rnal floats on ! film ( fluid :i* is cont9ually int]pos$ betwe5 x & ! be>+1 9 ! case ( v light pressures1 & high velocities2 9 ! latt] in/ance ! friction occurs betwe5 two fluid lay]s1 "o mov+ ) ea* surface4 ,) heavy ma*9]y1 z ! h>dness & degree ( poli% ( ! surfaces _c be increas$ 9 proportion to _! weight1 ! solid friction is s great t :ile ! int]position ( a lubricant betwe5 ! surfaces adds fluid friction1 x also r$uces ! solid friction2 & z ! fluid friction is s insignificant z comp>$ to ! solid friction1 ! =m] is almo/ completely mask$ by ! latt]4 ,9 ?is case ! laws ( solid friction are m ne>ly applicable4 ,b 9 a delicate ma*9e l a wat*1 especially 9 ! escapem5t1 :]e ! p[] is s light1 & :]e ! rubb+ surfaces are s h>d1 smoo? & regul>1 ! solid friction is s m9ute z comp>$ to ! fluid friction1 t ! =m] is relatively v slight1 z comp>$ ) ! latt]4 ,! laws ( fluid friction are m ne>ly applicable 9 ?is in/ance4 ,!re are ?us1 evid5tly1 two limit+ cases betwe5 :i* all examples ( satisfactorily lubricat$ surfaces fall2 ! "o limit is t ( purely solid friction1 :i* limit be+ pass$1 & sometimes be=e1 abrasion ensues2 ! o!r limit is t at :i* ! resi/ance is entirely due to ! friction ( ! film ( fluid :i* sep>ates ! surfaces ( ! solids completely4 #db4 ,! ,laws ( ,friction ( ,lubricat$ ,surfaces are evid5tly nei!r ^? ( solid friction nor ^? ( fluid friction1 b w resemble m ne>ly ! "o or ! o!r1 z ! limits describ$ 9 ! previ\s p>agraph are approa*$4 ,! value ( ! coeffici5t ( friction v>ies ) e *ange ( velocity1 ( pressure1 & ( temp]ature1 z well z ) ! *ange ( "* ( ! surfaces 9 contact4 ,= p]fectly lubricat$ surfaces1 7 su* atta9able1 assum+ x practicable ) complete sep>ation ( ! surfaces1 ! laws ( friction1 accord+ to ,?ur/on1 w\ld become3 #a4 ,! coeffici5t is inv]sely z ! int5sity ( ! pressure1 & ! resi/ance is indep5d5t ( ! pressure4 #b4 ,! friction coeffici5t v>ies z ! squ>e ( ! spe$4 #c4 ,! friction v>ies directly z ! area ( ! j\rnal be>+4 #d4 ,! friction v>ies z ! temp]ature rises1 & z ! viscosity ( ! lubricant is ?us decreas$ 7#hj74 #dc4 ,! ,me?ods ( ,r$uc+ ,wa/e ( ,en]gy ,caus$ by ,friction 9 "t keep+ me*anisms are bas$ ^u a few simple pr9ciples4 ,x is evid5t t to make ! "w & p[] s lo/ a m9imum1 x is necess>y to adopt ! foll[+ precautions3 #a4 ,prop] *oice ( mat]ials = rubb+ surfaces 7#bi-cb74 #b4 ,smoo? f9i% & symmetrical %ape ( surfaces 9 contact 7#bi-cb & #ch74 #c4 ,! use ( a lubricant ! viscosity ( :i* is adapt$ to ! pressure betwe5 ! be>+ surfaces 7#hj74 #d4 ,! be/ me?ods = reta9+ ! lubricant at ! places requir$1 & = provid+ = a cont9ual supply ( ! lubricant4 #e4 ,! be>+ surfaces ( su* proportions t ! lubricant w n be expell$ at normal pressure4 #f4 ,! r$uc+ ( ! diamet]s ( all j\rnals1 %\ld]s & pivots1 to ! smalle/ size compatible ) ! =ego+ conditions1 & ) ! /resses !y are expect$ to su/a91 ?us r$uc+ ! space1 ?r\gh :i* ! fluid friction acts1 to a m9imum 7#dj72 z well z r$uc+ ! di/ance f ! axis ( ! arbor or p9ion at :i* ! friction1 bo? solid & fluid1 acts4 ,! "w done is indep5d5t ( ! l5g? ( ! j\rnal2 except z x may modify pressure1 & ?us ! coeffici5t ( friction4 #g4 ,prop] fitt+ ( be>+ surfaces 7#cg74 #h4 ,! r$uc+ ( ! rubb+ surfaces 9 escapem5ts z mu* z ! nature ( ! mat]ials w all[ )\t abrasion 9 ! c\rse ( "t 7#ee74 #dd4 ,friction ,betwe5 ,surfaces ,mov+ at ,v ,sl[ ,spe$1 has be5 inve/igat$ by ,flem+ ,j5k9 & ,j4 ,a4 ,ew+4 ,a contrivance1 :i* w\ld be v excell5t ) "s improvem5t1 = ! det]m9ation ( ! am\nt ( friction "u su* conditions1 is giv5 9 a pap]#h read be=e ! ,royal ,society ( ,london4 ,! arrangem5t employ$ by !m 0 compos$ ( a ca/ iron disk two feet 9 diamet] & weigh+ #hf p\nds4 ,?is disk1 be+ turn$ true on its circumf]5ce1 0 support$ by a sp9dle t]m9at+ 9 pivots #j4be ,c4 ,m4 9 diamet]1 ! pivots re/+ 9 small rectangul> be>+s compos$ ( ! mat]ial ! friction ( :i* ) /eel is to be det]m9$4 ,a trac+ ( ink 0 produc$ on a /rip ( pap] :i* surr\nd$ ! disk1 ! ink be+ suppli$ by a p5 actuat$ electrically by a p5dulum1 z 9 ! syphon record]4 ,z ! traces ?us left on ! pap] 7 produc$ )\t 9 any way int]f]+ ) ! fre$om ( motion ( ! disk1 !y af=d$ a means ( det]m9+ ! velocity ( rotation4 ,! relative velocities ( ! pivot to ! be>+ surfaces v>i$ f 4#jjf ,c4 ,m4 to #j4c ,c4 ,m4 p] second1 be+ ! velocities met ) 9 ! v>i\s p>ts ( "t keep+ devices4 ,exp]im5ts 7 made ) ! be>+ surfaces successively 9 ?ree diff]5t conditions3 viz4 #a1 dry2 #b1 wet ) wat]2 & #c1 wet ) oil2 & gave ! foll[+ results3 ,,table ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,surfaces4 ,,coeffici5t ,,( ,,friction4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,,j\rnal4 ,,be>+4 ,,dry4 ,,wat]4 ,,oil4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,/eel ,/eel #j4cea #j4bjh #j4aah ,brass #j4aie #j4aje #j4adf ,poli%$ ,agate #j4bjj #j4aff #j4ajg ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,sev]al facts ( great int]e/ to ! horologi/ are "h %[n4 #i ,edw>d ,rigg has ?is to say 9 reg>d to ! app>atus ( ,j5k9 & ,ew+4 ,! friction1 !n1 is true slid+ friction )\t any roll+1 & x w be evid5t t if ! be>+ 7 a circul> hole j l>ge en\gh to admit ! pivot freely1 ! "* ( ! friction w\ld be 9 no way *ang$4 ,9 bo? a wat* & clock ! pivots are press$ aga9/ ! sides ( ! pivot holes1 ei!r by ! motive =ce or by gravity4 ,!re is no roll+ r\nd ! pivot holes1 s t ! friction is all ( ! fir/ k9d4 ,j5k9's exp]im5ts are1 !n1 /rictly applicable to ! case ( pivots1#aj & !y con/itute1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! fir/ sci5tific det]m9ation ( ! friction t occurs 9 "t-keep]s1 & ev5 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 ! pressure1 due to ! weight ( #hf p\nds1 is evid5tly too great1 & ?us too little reg>d is paid to ! influ5ce ( adhesion4 ,e4 ,rigg fur!r /ates t1 rev]t+ to ! prec$+ table1 we notice ! foll[+ po9ts ( int]e/3-- #a4 ,:5 ! oil has dri$ up1 ! friction ( a /eel pivot 9 brass is actually less ?an 9 agate4 #b4 ,a great] dim9ution ( friction1 by ! application ( oil1 is effect$ :5 /eel is us$ ) /eel1 ?an :]e /eel is us$ ) brass or agate2 al?\gh ! fluid friction is probably equal 9 ! ?ree cases1 :5 oil is us$4 #c4 ,) a p]fect1 non-dry+1 non-oxidiz+ lubricant1 /eel be>+s = pivots w\ld be pref]able to brass be>+s4 ,h5ce1 ) any?+ %ort ( an approximately p]fect oil1 ! brass is mo/ s]viceable4 #d4 ,brass pivot holes are mu* less affect$ by ! dry+ ( ! oil ?an agate holes w\ld be2 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( exp]im5t1 we mu/ assume t ?is w\ld be ! case ) ruby or o!r jewels4 #e4 ,:5 ! oil is p]fectly fre%1 agate & /eel h a v l[ coeffici5t ( friction4 ,h[ mu* ^! results w\ld be alt]$ by ! use ( a disk ( su* weight1 & pivots ( su* proportionate size1 z to meet ! actual requirem5ts 9 horology1 rema9s to be asc]ta9$4 ,c]ta9ly ! exp]im5ts ( ,j5k91 are n applicable to ! pivots ( a wat*1 z /at$ by ,e4 ,rigg2 especially are !y n applicable to ! friction ( pivots 9 ! escapem5t1 :]e ! laws ( fluid friction are m ne>ly applicable2 & :5 x is rememb]$ t ! weight ( ! disk 0 #hf p\nds1 & ! pivots 4#be c4 m4 9 diamet]1 7or ab\t ! size ( pivot ( a l>ge b>rel arbor17 x is evid5t t ! solid friction produc$ 0 mu* 9 excess ( t produc$ 9 ev5 ! heavy "p ( ! tra9 ( a wat*4 ,fur!rmore1 ev5 ,j5k9 & ,ew+1 9 _! pap]1 /ate t1 ow+ to ! v great int5sity ( ! pressure on ! small be>+ surfaces ( ! axle1 ! lubricants mu/ h be5 to a great ext5t =c$ out4 ,9 a prop]ly made wat*1 ) a good lubricant1 ?is does n occur4 ,b !re c be no d\bt t if ! app>atus above describ$ 7 s con/ruct$ z to meet ! actual conditions 9 "t record+ in/rum5ts1 v valuable data c\ld be !reby secur$4 ,?is c\ld be done by r$uc+ ! weight ( ! disk1 s z to make ! weight be> ! prop] relation to ! size ( ! pivots4 ,,footnotes3 #g ,?ur/on4 ,friction & ,lo/ ,"w 9 ,ma*9]y4 #h ,philosophical ,transactions1 #ahgg1 ,vol4 ,,clxvii41 p4 #ejb4 #i ,! ,horological ,j\rnal1 ,apr41 #ahha4 ,vol4 ,,xxiii41 page #ih4 #aj ,! writ] has italicis$ ?is phrase4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,application ,,( ,,! ,,law ,,( ,,friction ,,& ,,lubrication ,,9 ,,horology4 #de4 ,! scope ( ?is "w w n p]mit ! discussion ( ! prop] size1 %ape & con/ruction ( ea* & e "p ( all ! v>i\s k9ds ( "t-keep+ me*anisms :i* h be5 produc$4 ,h[ev] a numb] ( repres5tative cases ( friction & lubrication w be consid]$1 & ! laws apply+ to ! same w be demon/rat$4 ,practical me?ods ( obta9+ ! be/ results w be %[n & mi/akes to be avoid$ w be po9t$ out4 ,! k ( :at we ought n to d is sometimes ( va/ly great] importance ?an x is usually consid]$ to be4 #df4 ,! ,proportions ( ,pivots1 ,%\ld]s & ,be>+s1 :]e ! be>+s are n capp$ jewels1 %\ld be su* t ! coeffici5t 7#cc7 ( ! comb9$ solid & fluid friction w be a m9imum1 & su* t ! lubricant w n be expell$ at normal pressure1 :ile ! fit 7#cg7 mu/ be good4 #a4 ,! diamet]s ( all pivots %\ld be ( ! smalle/ size compatible 7#dc1f7 ) ! =ego+ condition1 & ) ! /resses :i* !y are expect$ to su/a94 #b4 ,! l5g? ( be>+ surfaces is regulat$ by ! pressures :i* may occur 7#dc7 betwe5 !m1 & by ! nature ( ! mat]ials ( :i* !y may be compos$4 #c4 ,giv5 ! diamet] & ! pressure1 ! l5g? ( ! be>+ surfaces c be s proportion$ z to prev5t abrasion & to pres5t surfaces1 betwe5 :i* ! film ( oil is int]pos$1 ( su* magnitude t ! lubricant w n be expell$ at normal pressure4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 #d4 ,9 ,fig4 #ac ! l5g? ( be>+ surface ( ! pivot is equal to its diamet]1 b ! proportion mu/ be v>i$ accord+ to conditions4 #e4 ,! b>rel arbor pivots are sometimes necess>ily ( l>ge diamet]1 & ! be>+ surfaces c be made %ort] 9 proportion1 z ! surfaces w !n be great en\gh to give good results z well z to reta9 7#dh7 ! oil4 #f4 ,9 ! c5t] p9ion 7#di7 :]e ! diamet] ( ! ! pivots is made small = reasons expla9$ 7#dc1 #f71 ! l5g? ( ! be>+ surfaces mu/ be su* t abrasion w n occur1 & t ! oil w n be expell$4 #g4 ,! re/ ( ! tra9 is subject to ! same laws4 ,! l5g? ( ! be>+ surfaces ( ! pivots remote f ! motive =ce c be made %ort] 9 proportion4 #h4 ,! diamet] ( ! %\ld] ,s1 ,fig4 #ac1 is r$uc$ to z small a size z w prop]ly su/a9 ! end ?ru/1 ?us r$uc+ ! friction1 bo? solid & fluid1 to a m9imum1 at ! same "t r$uc+ ! di/ance f ! c5t] ( ! arbor 7#dc1 #f7 at :i* ! friction acts4 #i4 ,! above proportions v>y ) ! nature ( ! mat]ial2 :]e jewels are employ$ a %ort] be>+ surface may be us$1 if x be desir$ to r$uce friction1 b ! pressure on ! oil is ! same ) jewel z ) brass be>+s1 s t x mu/ n be made s %ort t ! oil w be expell$4 #dg4 ,! ,%ape ( ,pivots1 ,%\ld]s & ,be>+s1 :]e ! be>+s are n capp$ jewels1 %\ld be su* z to produce z little friction z possible4 ,!y %\ld be h>d1 symmetrical1 & smoo? 7#cj74 ,! con/ruction %\ld be su* t a consid]able am\nt ( oil may be appli$ )\t hav+ a t5d5cy to spread4 ,! advantages ( ! con/ruction %[n at ,fig4 #ac are3 #a4 ,! oil s9k ,o is deep & n>r[1 r ?an wide & flat--?us caus+ ! oil to be drawn t[>ds ! apex ( ! angle1 i4 e4 t[>ds ! pivot1 ) great] =ce 7#bb1 #e7 ?an if ! oil s9k 7 wide & %all[1 9 :i* case ! oil w\ld h a t5d5cy to spread1 z too (t5 occurs4 #b4 ,! total l5g? ( ! pivot is to ! l5g? ( its be>+ surface z #e is to #c1 ?us fur!r r$uc+ ! angle1 :i* produces a great] t5d5cy 7#bb1 #e7 9 ! oil to /ay 9 ! oil-s9k4 #c4 ,a circul> groove ,g is cut ar\nd ! oil s9k1 :i* produces a /ill great] t5d5cy on ! "p ( ! oil to /ay 9 ! s9k1 by remov+ metal :i* w\ld o!rwise ex]t an attraction 7#ai7 on ! oil4 #d4 ,! bevel$ portion ,p is comp>atively l>ge--:ile ! %\ld] ,s is relatively small--?us =m+ ! angle ,o' ( ab\t #bj deg4 ) ! flat surface ( ! be>+4 ,?is w cause ! oil to h a t5d5cy to fl[ t[>ds ! pivot1 = ! reason giv5 9 consid]+ ! oil-s9k4 #e4 ,! boss ,b is made to dim9i% ! liability ( ! oil to spread1 by a r$uction 7#ah-ai7 ( ! am\nt ( metal :i* w\ld o!rwise cause x4 #f4 ,! back tap] ,t is made = ! same reason4 ,"s wat*mak]s 787 seem to ?9k ?is is add$ only = ornam5t1 b x is a v important factor 9 produc+ longevity ( ! oil4 #g4 ,! slight *amf] ,c1 9 ! be>+1 s]ves two purposes2 x becomes a res]voir = oil & removes any burr t might o!rwise exi/ 9 a metal be>+1 )\t 9 any way alt]+ its effectiv5ess4 #h4 ,x w ?us be se5 t ! oil res]voirs ,o1 ,o' & ,c are made to conta91 & reta91 ! maximum am\nt ( oil1 & ! supply ( ! lubricant is ?us increas$ to a maximum l5g? ( "t4 ,! application ( ^! pr9ciples to ea* "p to :i* !y relate w be consid]$4 #dh4 ,! ,b>rel ,arbor1 ) its be>+1 %\ld be s con/ruct$ t ! oil w n spread to ! contigu\s p>ts4 ,! oil s9k1 ) circul> groove cut ar\nd ! outside 7#df-dg71 bo? 9 ! b>rel & its cov]1 %\ld n be neglect$4 ,x is well to apply oil to ! bottom & on ! cov] ( ! b>rel1 z well z on ! coils ( ! spr+2 & be=e putt+ on ! cov]1 a small am\nt appli$ on ! arbor nut at ! %\ld]s w assi/ greatly 9 caus+ ! oil to be at once drawn to its prop] place4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ :ile & aft] clean+ ! ma9spr+1 9 ord] t x may come 9 contact ) ! f+]s z little z possible1 z ! acids conta9$ 9 p]spiration are liable to be transf]r$ to ! spr+ & s "w s]i\s injury by contam9at+ ! oil4 ,a "p frequ5tly neglect$ is ! po9t ( contact ( ! click spr+ ) ! click4 ,if ?is "p be n oil$ ru/ is likely to =m1 & _m in/ances h occurr$ :]e ru/ has f\nd its way all ?r\gh ! movem5t f ?is cause4 ,9 fact1 ?is may be said ( ! po9t ( contact ( all spr+s1 ) few exceptions1 bo? 9 pla9 & complicat$ "w4 ,if ! wat* has a *a9 & fusee1 ^! bo? %\ld be look$ aft]2 ! =m] c be well oil$1 & ! surplus wip$ (f s z to leave a m9ute quantity 9 ! int]/ices ( ! l9ks2 :ile ! latt] %\ld h oil on its clicks1 z well z on ! arbor :]e x passes ?r\gh ! :eel4 ,if ! rat*et ( ! ma9ta9+ p[] be ( brass x %\ld n be oil$2 :ile if x is ( /eel oil %\ld be appli$4 ,its click %\ld h ! pivots ( its arbor oil$1 :ile :at 0 said ( clicks 9 g5]al w apply "h4 #di4 ,! ,c5t] ,p9ion ,pivots1 ) _! be>+s1 %\ld be v c>efully con/ruct$1 z ?is is ! vuln]able po9t ( mo/ wat*es4 ,) prop] precautions 7#df-dg7 ^! p>ts c be made s z to we> z long z ! re/ ( ! wat*4 ,9 a high-pric$ wat* ! be>+s %\ld be jewels2 b 9 a *eap wat*1 :]e ! price w n w>rant correct "w & c>eful fitt+1 ! be>+s are pref]ably ( brass or "s o!r metal4 ,:]e ! be>+s ( ! c5t] p9ions are ( brass or nickel1 !re is little difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ !m p]fectly upright--a condition necess>y to produce a m9imum am\nt ( friction--:ile1 if ! be>+s are jewels :i* are n upright1 ! friction1 & consequ5t we>1 w be increas$4 ,prop]ly jewel$ be>+s produce a maximum durability1 z !y cause ! lea/ friction2 :ile ! coeffici5t ( friction is subject to mu* less fluctuation on acc\nt ( ! h>d]1 smoo!r surface ( ! jewel1 7#dc1 #df1 #dg & #fa74 ,:]e !re is a brass be>+ = ! l[] pivot1 9 wat*es hav+ a solid c5t] arbor on :i* ! cannon p9ion revolves 9 sett+1 ! l5g? ( ! be>+ may be pr(itably increas$ by mak+ a boss on ! out] side ( ! l[] plate1 provision = :i* is !n made 9 ! cannon p9ion by a suitable recess4 ,9 ei!r case ! laws previ\sly giv5 %\ld be compli$ )4 ,a s\rce ( mis*ief 9 _m wat*es is ! mann] 9 :i* ! m9ute :eel is made2 ! con/ruction be+ su* t its tee? t\* ! plate s ne> ! be>+ ( ! c5t] arbor t capill>y attraction 7#ai1 #bb7 is produc$1 :i* causes all ! oil to leave ! l[] be>+ ( ! c5t] arbor4 ,?is c be avoid$ by cutt+ (f ! l[] p>ts ( ! tee? ( ! m9ute :eel2 or1 by turn+ a groove 9 ! plate :i* w be conc5tric ) ! m9ute :eel po/1 & :i* w pass "u ! tee? ( ! :eel1 b n ne> en\gh to ! be>+ ( ! c5t] arbor to injure ! latt]4 ,! oil f ! /em w9d me*anism1 also1 sometimes fl[s "u ! m9ute :eel1 & f !re into ! c5t] arbor be>+2 &1 :5 ! oil is us$ up 9 ! =m] place1 x is drawn up aga9 out ( ! latt] place leav+ x dry4 ,a means ( prev5t+ ?is w be discuss$ 7#ei7 lat]4 ,ano!r & v frequ5t cause ( ! l[] c5t] pivot cutt+1 p>ticul>ly 9 new wat*es1 is ! neglect to remove ! poli%+ mat]ial f ! cannon p9ion :]e ! c5t] arbor is solid4 ,a small portion ( oil %\ld be appli$ to ! be>+s ( ! m9ute :eel1 7:]e its p9ion1 or ! pivot on :i* x revolves1 is /eel71 h\r :eel1 & cannon p9ion :]e ! c5t] arbor is solid1 & to ! set h&s arbor :]e ! c5t] arbor is holl[4 ,! safety p9ion %\ld always be oil$1 z x may n o!rwise be ( mu* s]vice4 #ej4 ,! ,?ird ,p9ion ,pivots are sometimes ! s\rce ( mis*ief4 ,:5 ! c5t] :eel is plac$ above or bel[ ! b>rel1 ! upp] or l[] pivot ( ! ?ird p9ion receives su* great /ress t ! oil is =c$ out 9 _m cases4 ,by increas+ ! l5g? ( ! pivot ?is c\ld be obviat$4 ,! m9ute :eel is sometimes s close to ! l[] be>+ ( ?is p9ion z to absorb ! oil4 ,?is c be rem$i$ by cutt+ a recess 9 ! l[] side ( ! m9ute :eel4 ,:]e x is possible to d s ! :eels %\ld be s plac$ on _! p9ions & arbors1 & at su* a di/ance f ! be>+ surfaces ( ! latt]1 t ! /ress on ea* pivot--! comb9$ result ( ! weight ( ! :eel & ! =ces act+ on x--w be equal4 #ea4 ,! ,f\r? ,p9ion ,pivots %\ld foll[ ! same g5]al laws z t giv5 = ! re/ ( ! tra92 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t fluid friction acts z a ret>d+ =ce mu* m p]ceptibly 9 ! light] p>ts ( ! tra92 consequ5tly if no second-h& is to be c>ri$1 v small be>+ surfaces %\ld be ! rule 9 ?is case4 #eb4 ,! ',scape ,p9ion ,pivots z well z ! %\ld]s %\ld n be too l>ge1 :ile !re %\ld be suffici5t back tap] to insure ! oil rema9+ at ! pivots4 ,a v small quantity ( oil %\ld be appli$1 z1 :5 too mu* is us$1 x is liable to "w up into ! p9ion :]e ! latt] is %ort1 z 9 v ?9 wat*es1 ?us produc+1 :5 v f9e du/ is add$1 a mixture t acts mu* l oil /one p[] & oil1 :i* cuts away ! leaves ( ! p9ion4 #ec4 ,! ,lev] ,arbor ,pivots %\ld also be small1 ) small %\ld]s s z to r$uce fluid friction to a m9imum4 ,x may be well to add t 9 all uncapp$ be>+s ( pivots 9 ! tra91 :e!r !y be ( jewels or ( brass1 a slight convex %ape c pr(itably be giv5 to ! surface :]e ! %\ld] ( ! arbor1 or p9ion1 t\*es ! be>+1 !reby r$uc+ n only ! surface ( contact at ! %\ld]1 & consequ5tly dim9i%+ ! cause ( friction 7#da71 b by r$uc+ ! di/ance f ! c5t]1 at :i* ! friction acts1 ! ret>d+ effect ( ! friction is mu* less 7#df71 ?us obta9+ a great] ef=t 7#be74 #ed4 ,! ,balance ,arbor ,pivots & ,be>+s1 z well z ^? ( ! lev] & scape :eel :]e _! pivots run 9 capp$ jewels1 des]ve p>ticul> att5tion4 ,fig4 #ad %[s hole & cap jewels 9 sett+s1 b :at applies to !m is equally applicable to all capp$ jewels1 ) few exceptions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,9 ,fig4 #ad all ! laws ( capill>y action are appli$4 ,x has be5 %[n 7#bb1h7 t1 :5 two wat* glasses are fix$ rigidly relatively ) _! convex sides adjac5t1 if a drop ( oil be plac$ ne> _! c5t]s x c be %ak5 f its position only ) great difficulty4 ,! jewels1 9 ?is in/ance1 pres5t mu* ! same =m1 ?\gh only a m9ute quantity ( oil1 in/ead ( a drop1 is involv$2 b ! same influ5ces are at "w 9 bo? cases4 ,?is res]voir1 if prop]ly made1 w conta9 en\gh oil to la/ a long "t2 z1 :5 ! oil 9 ! c5t] is us$ up1 t :i* is ne>] ! sett+s w be drawn to ! pivot4 ,! writ] has said ne>] ! sett+s2 b x is v important t ! oil %\ld nev] t\* ! sett+ 7#eh74 ,bo? sett+s are cut away at aa'1 9 ord] t z little attractive influ5ce 7#bb7 z possible may be ex]t$ on ! oil by ! metal 9 ! sett+s4 ,:]e ! adjac5t surfaces ( ! hole & cap jewel are flat & p>allel ! oil w usually h a t5d5cy to be drawn to ! sett+--! evil effect ( :i* w be %[n 7#eh7 lat]--especially if ! hole & cap jewel are at any appreciable di/ance f ea* o!r2 :ile if !y are too close toge!r1 ! res]voir w n be suffici5tly l>ge4 ,! conical pivot %[n is ! usual =m 9 ! f9] grades ( ,am]ican wat*es2 & z ?is =m ( pivot comb9es /r5g? ) a m9imum t5d5cy to attract ! oil f ! jewel hole1 x is to be highly recomm5d$4 ,! back-tap] ,t %\ld nev] be neglect$ = reasons previ\sly 7#dg1 #f7 giv54 ,! proportions t %\ld exi/ betwe5 ! diamet] ( ! pivot & ! l5g? ( its be>+ surface1 z well z ! %ape ( ! end ( ! pivot1 _c be discuss$ "h1 z ! scope ( ?is "w w n p]mit2 b x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t ! small] ! pivots1 consi/5t ) /r5g?1 ! less ! fluid friction w be4 ,! sides ( ! pivots %\ld be /raight & p>allel = a m9ute di/ance f _! be>+ surfaces2 :ile ! =m ( ! re/ ( ! pivot %\ld be a gradually increas+ curve1 t]m9at+ at ! po9t :]e ! back-tap] beg9s4 ,! prop] proportion ( ! diamet] ( ! pivot to ! diamet] ( ! jewel hole v>ies accord+ to conditions2 b x has be5 previ\sly 7#cg7 %[n 9 a g5]al way :at ?is %\ld be4 #ee4 ,! ,escapem5ts %\ld be con/ruct$ 9 su* a way t a maximum durability ( oil may be secur$4 ,! act+ surfaces ( ! tee? ( ! scape :eels %\ld be made z small z possible consi/5t ) durability 7#dc1 #h72 :ile en\gh metal %\ld be left ne> ! act+ surfaces to be suffici5t to reta9 ! oil & prev5t its attraction to ! web ( ! :eel4 ,! tee? ( *ronomet] scape :eels %\ld n be oil$1 z x is liable to s]i\sly alt] ! rate4 ,:5 ! oil becomes visc\s by oxidation or by cold x w\ld produce too mu* v>iation ( fluid friction & s dim9i% ! ef=t 7#be7 ( ! me*anism4 ,"s wat*mak]s oil ! =k ( ! lev] 9 an*or escapem5ts v slightly1 by apply+ oil & !n us+ pi? to remove any surplus1 :ile o!rs nev] oil ! =k4 ,! writ] has frequ5tly obs]v$ f]ric oxide or ru/ on ! roll]1 =k1 & on ! plate or potance2 b :e!r ?is 0 ! result ( n oil+ or ( oil hav+ be5 appli$ :i* aft]w>d become gumm$1 or evaporat$1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k4 #ef4 ,! ,curb ,p9s sometimes produce ! f]ric oxide m5tion$ by _! action on ! hairspr+4 ,?is has be5 rem$i$ by ! same me?od z us$ 9 ! =k j ref]r$ to1 & if a v m9ute quantity ( oil c be appli$--su* a m9ute quantity t if ! :ole spr+ 7 equally cov]$ by a coat+ ( oil equally ?91 su* film be+ s ?9 t x w\ld h no t5d5cy to cause ! coils to adh]e1 or to cause small p>ticles ( matt] to adh]e--!n x may be t ?is me?od des]ves notice4 ,by mak+ a solution ( b5z9e & oil 7#ajj drops ( ! =m] ) #a to #aj drops ( ! latt]7 & by imm]s+ ! hairspr+ 9 ?is solution & on )draw+ x dry x quickly betwe5 s(t1 f9e l951 x w be f\nd t ! coils ( ! hairspr+ d n adh]e to ea* o!r4 ,! effect t ?is w\ld produce on ! :ole spr+ by way ( prev5t+ ru/ 9 damp1 w>m climates1 w be /at$ 7#gh7 lat]4 #eg4 ,! ,application ,( ,oil mu/ be att5d$ ) great c>e4 ,! %\ld]s ( ! b>rel & c5t] arbors may be pr(itably oil$ be=e putt+ !m 9 _! places1 apply+ an additional small am\nt aft]w>d4 ,! re/ ( ! pivots %\ld be oil$ aft] ! movem5t is set up--except 9 ! case ( capp$ jewels--z if oil is appli$ to ea* pivot z ! :eel is put 9 position x w\ld be difficult to keep ! oil 9 good condition & at its prop] place if x %\ld be necess>y to take ! movem5t ap>t aga9 = any purpose4 ,! oil is m ev5ly di/ribut$ on ! tee? ( scape :eels1 :]e su* require lubrication1 if a small quantity ( oil be appli$ to ea* too?1 or e second or ?ird too?4 ,a small am\nt add$ to ! surfaces on :i* ! tee? act w 9 mo/ cases be b5eficial4 ,if x be necess>y to take ! movem5t p>tially ap>t = any purpose1 aft] x has be5 oil$1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to give ! tra9 a too rapid motion1 z ! c5trifugal =ce 7#bc7 result+ f ! rapid circul> motion ( ! :eels w be liable to cause ! oil to leave ! jewel holes & spread ^u ! surfaces ( ! jewels1 & also cause ! oil to fly (f ! tee? ( ! scape :eel to its det]m5t & t ( o!r p>ts :i* are bett] )\t oil4 #eh4 ,! ,me?od ( ,oil+ ,capp$ ,jewels has be5 giv5 by ,sauni]1 z foll[s3#aa ,:5 a drop ( oil is introduc$ into ! oil cup ( ! balance pivot-hole1 ins]t a v f9e pegwood po9t1 s z to cause ! desc5t ( ! oil4 ,:5 ?is precaution is n tak51 x frequ5tly happ5s t 9 ins]t+ ! balance pivot its conical %\ld] draws away "s ( ! oil1 & !re is a defici5cy bo? 9 ! hole & on ! end/one4 ,9 bo? ! ,engli% & ,am]ican editions1 ?is errone\s me?od is repeat$4 ,by ?is means1 only an insuffici5t quantity ( oil c be caus$ to fl[ into ! res]voir1 z ! pressure ( ! air inside w prev5t ! oil fl[+ 92 z1 9 ! case ( a glass tube ) ! upp] end seal$ up1 x has be5 %[n 7#bb1 #b7 t ! wat] refus$ to be drawn up ! tube1 ev5 ) ! add$ pressure caus$ by ! l[] end ( ! tube be+ bel[ ! wat] l9e4 ,aga91 ! po9t ( pegwood is liable to h m9ute fibres ( wood adh]+ to x1 :i* w be incorporat$ ) ! oil2 & its liability to break (f1 & rema9 9 ! jewel hole1 is ano!r reason :y pegwood %\ld nev] be us$4 ,! au?or advances a me?od1 :i* is n op5 to ^! objections1 z foll[s3 ,:5 ab\t to place ! cap jewel 9 position--aft] ! hole jewel is 9 place if x be 9 a sett+--a small quantity ( oil is plac$ ,,on ,,! ,,cap ,,jewel1 z %[n at ,o1 ,fig4 #ad1 be+ v c>eful to all[ no oil to spread ^u ! cap jewel sett+4 ,?is sett+ is !n c>efully plac$ 9 position2 :5 ! oil1 if ! op]ation has be5 skillfully p]=m$1 is se5 to be collect$ 9 ! res]voir ,r & 9 ! jewel hole4 ,! appe>ance :i* x w assume is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,! advantages :i* ?is me?od possesses are3 ! res]voir c by ?is means be made to conta9 ! maximum quantity ( oil2 & ! oil cup or s9k ,s is left ) its surface dry1 !reby expos+ less oil to ! influ5ces ( ! air2 &1 at ! same "t ! t5d5cy ( ! oil to fl[ t[>ds ! %\ld] ( ! pivot is decreas$4 ,skill is necess>y 9 ord] to judge ( & place ! requisite am\nt ( oil on ! cap jewel be=e putt+ x 9 position2 z1 if too mu* is us$ x is worse ?an if too little is employ$1 because ! oil w\ld !n fl[ on to ! sett+1 & f !re betwe5 ! sett+s at b1 :5 x w rapidly be all drawn f ! be>+1 leav+ x dry1 :ile ! sett+s are copi\sly suppli$4 ,! approximate relative position :i* ! oil %\ld occupy is %[n at d1 ,fig4 #ad1 9 section2 & ?is c be se5 by look+ ?r\gh ! jewels ) a d\ble eye-glass1 :5 a true circle1 conc5tric ) ! jewel hole1 w be se5 to h =m$4 ,?is circle repres5ts ! limit ( ! di/ance :i* ! oil has fl[$ f ! jewel hole4 ,:5 too mu* oil has be5 appli$1 ?is limit is n a circle1 b repres5ts a ,u4 ,9 ! example giv51 ! upp] surface ( ! cap jewel is made flat1 :ile ! l[] surface is made convex ) a flat space 9 ! c5t]2 z a bett] view ( ! end ( ! pivot & ! condition ( ! oil c be !reby obta9$4 ,9 no case %\ld ! contigu\s surfaces ( ! hole & cap jewel be bo? made flat2 z1 :5 _! planes are v]tical1 ! oil w be drawn d[nw>ds by gravitation 7#ah71 !re be+ no c\nt]act+ =ce 7#bb7 to keep ! oil 9 place4 ,! au?or has rem$i$ ?is defect1 9 _m in/ances1 by cutt+ a groove ar\nd ! jewel1 leav+ only en\gh metal ne> ! jewel to hold x1 & en\gh ne> ! edge ( ! sett+ to re/ solidly aga9/ ! o!r sett+4 ,9 "s wat*es1 p>ticul>ly ^? ( ,swiss make1 ! jewel bezels--bo? cap & hole--are br\ght well up ar\nd ! jewel1 :ile a groove is cut ar\nd ! jewel bezel4 ,9 ?is in/ance ! oil may be made to cov] ! :ole inside surface ( bo? jewels1 z ! groove w prev5t ! oil f fl[+ away to p>ts :]e x is n requir$4 ,! repreh5sible practice ( replac+ a brok5 cap jewel by cutt+ away ! bezel & plac+ ! new jewel 9 loosely1 _c be too sev]ely condemn$4 ,! new *eap =eign-made wat*es conta9 ?is objectionable feature 9 _m in/ances4 ,:]e ! jewels are 9 sett+s1 %>p in/rum5ts1 z tweez]s1 etc41 %\ld nev] be us$ to pu% ! sett+s 9 place2 z ! projections produc$ 9 ?is mann] w\ld n only injure ! appe>ance ( ! sett+s1 b w\ld prev5t _! close contact4 ,?or\ghly clean1 well-f9i%$ jewel pu%]s are indisp5sable2 z ev5 pegwood is liable to leave fibres at lea/4 ,! %ape ( ! oil] is a matt] ( "s importance2 z ) a poorly-made oil] x is next to impossible to d "w satisfactorily4 ,! tip is pref]ably ( gold1 tap]+ t[>ds ! end to ab\t ! size ( a second's h& pivot ( an eighte5 size ,am]ican movem5t2 b at ! end x %\ld be ab\t ?ree times z wide & flat4 ,a nickel fa/5$ to ! end ( a lead-p5cil w give ! idea approximately4 ,?is l>ge end w cause ! oil to rema9 :]e x may be readily appli$ to ! be>+ surface1 in/ead ( fl[+ back on ! oil] t[>ds ! h&le1 z x w\ld 7#bb1 #g7 if ! po9t 7 tap]+4 #ei4 ,! ,/em ,w9d+ ,me*anism %\ld be ?or\ghly well made1 always keep+ 9 view t ! laws ( capill>y attraction mu/ be compli$ )4 ,:]ev] an angle c be =m$1 ) its apex po9t+ t[>ds ! place :]e ! oil is requir$ to rema91 x %\ld be done4 ,a v good lubricant = /em w9d p>ts is f\nd 9 /e>9e1 f :i* ! animal oils are express$ at cold temp]atures1 z x is v ?ickly fluid at ord9>y temp]atures2 :ile an excell5t lubricant = ?is purpose is p>aff9e--n ! wax nor ! oil1 b t :ite1 s(t sub/ance f :i* bo? are obta9$ 7#ac #gc74 ,/e>9e & p>aff9e bo? possess great viscosity2 &1 ?\gh ! fluid friction is increas$ by _! use1 ! solid friction is dim9i%$4 ,!n1 too1 ! t5d5cy to spread is v mu* less4 #fj4 ,! ,p5dant is frequ5tly a cause ( tr\ble to ! wat*mak]4 ,x is v important t ! w9d+ /em be lubricat$ ) a sub/ance t w n spread at ord9>y temp]atures4 ,! lubricant %\ld be appli$ at all places :]e /eel rubs on /eel or o!r metal4 ,! w9d+ /em & case spr+1 & ! sleeve if pres5t %\ld h z mu* z c be safely appli$2 z !y are s mu* expos$ t ru/ (t5 =ms1 :i* f9ds its way d[n ?r\gh ! movem5t1 frequ5tly result+ 9 s]i\s damage to ! delicate p>ts4 ,! be>+s ( collet on /em & ! p5dant screw %\ld also be lubricat$4 ,att5tion to ^! details w also prev5t t squeak+ s\nd :i*1 sometimes occurr+ %ortly aft] a wat* has be5 repair$1 causes ! own] to believe t ! "w 0 n done prop]ly4 ,! lubricants j m5tion$ 7#ei7 s]ve admirably = ?is purpose4 #fa4 ,! ,cause ( ! ,cutt+ ( ,pivots1 9 addition to ! effect ( friction 7#cb1 #a7 & o!r causes :i* h be5 m5tion$ 7#di71 may be t m9ute curr5ts ( /atic electricity are induc$ betwe5 ! surfaces ( ! pivot & be>+1 ! oil act+ z ! electrolyte4 ,if ?is be ! case1 ! cause ( pivots turn+ black w\ld appe> to be expla9$--! molecules ( iron becom+ electrically disassociat$ f ! molecules ( c>bon1 ! latt] be+ by _! nature black1 & be+ n[ on ! surface 9 suffici5t quantities to make !mselves evid5t1 give ! surface ! black color4 ,su* is ! fir/ /age ( cutt+4 ,! molecules ( iron1 becom+ incorporat$ 9 ! n[ ?ick & visc\s oil or imb$d+ !mselves 9 ! be>+1 act z an abrasive2 ! black surface is remov$1 mak+ ! pivot aga9 bright1 b r+$4 ,! molecules ( iron1 unit+ ) ! molecules ( oxyg5 :i* exi/ 9 ! oil 9 its oxidiz$ /ate1 =ms f]ric oxide4 ,f]ric oxide is kn[n z colco?>1 ,engli%-,ro?1 r\ge1 crocus1 etc4 ,! above !ory is advanc$ by ! au?or = :at x may be wor?1 z x seems to expla9 ?is curi\s ph5om5on4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,sauni]4 ,wat*mak]s' ,h&book4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,prop]ties ,,& ,,relative ,,values ,,( ,,lubricants ,,9 ,,horology4 #fb4 ,lubrication has = its objects1 bo? ! r$uction ( friction & ! prev5tion ( excessive injury f we>2 & ! me*anician resorts to ! exp$i5t ( int]pos+ betwe5 ! rubb+ surfaces a sub/ance hav+ ! l[e/ possible coeffici5t ( friction ) ! greate/ possible capacity = prev5t+ we>4 ,! valuable qualities ( lubricants are det]m9$ by _! p[] ( r$uc+ friction1 & by _! endurance z well z t ( ! surfaces on :i* !y are us$4 ,! am\nt ( frictional resi/ance to ! motion ( ma*9]y is obvi\sly det]m9$ by ! "* ( ! lubricat+ mat]ial4#ab #fc4 ,! ,animal ,oils h _h a wide & v>i$ application 9 g5]al ma*9]y1 & mu* te/imony might be produc$ to %[ ! sup]iority ( any "o k9d ov] all ! o!r k9ds4 ,ea* v>iety has "s p>ticul> prop]ty :i* "s ( ! o!rs may n h to su* a degree4 #fd4 ,porpoise ,jaw ,oil#ac & ,blackfi% ,melon ,oil h c]ta9 good qualities :i* h made !m v popul>1 p>ticul>ly on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,:5 prop]ly ref9$ 7#d-f7 !y are no d\bt v suitable = ! "w ( r$uc+ friction 9 small & delicate me*anism4 #fe4 ,sp]m ,oil 7#g7 _h be5 us$ to "s ext5t z a lubricant = "t-keep+ contrivances2 9 fact1 _m t[] clock exp]ts /ill employ x on ! heavi] be>+s4 ,a4 ,long1 writ+ to ! ,briti% ,horological ,j\rnal1 describes a trip to ! ,arctic regions 9 #ahad & #ahae1 9 :i* he /ates t a c]ta9 portion ( ! sp]m oil !y obta9$ nev] congeal$1 :i* !y pres]v$ & appli$ to _! *ronomet]s1 & ?us kept !m go+ ?r\gh ! w9t]4 ,o!rs h exp]im5t$ ) x1 & x 0 at "o "t l>gely us$2 :ile "s t[] clock mak]s claim t !y f9d x satisfactory4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 op5 to ! objection t x w\ld produce s]i\s v>iation :5 us$ 9 "t-keep+ me*anisms1 z its viscosity v>ies greatly ) v>y+ temp]atures caus$ by ! alt]ation ( ! sp]maceti x conta9s1 ?us caus+ sudd5 fluctuations ( its coeffici5t ( friction 7#ha74 ,x also absorbs oxyg5 rapidly :5 x is expos$ to ! air & loses quality s]i\sly1 gradually becom+ gumm$ or res9\s4 ,a ga9 ( two to ?ree p] c5t 9 weight 9 twelve h\rs :5 expos$ to ! air at #adj deg4 ,f4 7#fj ,c71 is caus$ by ?is absorption ( oxyg5 7#aj74 #ff4 ,bone ,oil 7#h7 has be5 widely us$ bo? 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ,europe1 & possesses "s good qualities1 n ! lea/ ( :i* is ! prop]ty ( resi/+ evaporation & oxidation4 #fg4 ,neatsfoot ,oil 7#i7 has be5 l>gely us$1 especially 9 ,europe4 ,! writ] regrets t he has n procur$ samples 9 ord] to asc]ta9 its relative value4 #fh4 ,olive ,oil 7#aj7 has at lea/ "o good quality4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ p]fectly non-dry+ ( all ! oils1 resi/+ bo? oxidation & evaporation 7#bd74 ,b x is next to impossible to entirely remove its acid qualities1 small traces ( :i* rema9 aft] ! mo/ ?or\gh treatm5t4 ,x is also liable to decomposition1 g5]at+ acids ev5 aft] ref9em5t4 #fi4 ,m9]al ,oil 7#aa7 has be5 us$ z a lubricant = "t keep+ me*anism2 b z !re are s _m v>ieties on ! m>ket1 ea* diff]+ f ! o!rs & possess+ prop]ties peculi> to itself1 & z _m h made exp]im5ts :i* h n demon/rat$ t su* oils possess all ! ess5tial qualities ( a p]fect lubricant 9 horology1 ! au?or believes t ! abundance ( k9ds & qualities ( m9]al oils has 9 ! pa/ be5 m or less confus+ to ! majority ( ^? :o h exp]im5t$2 & believes fur!r1 t if ! prop] k9d & quality ( su* oils _h be5 us$1 all t c\ld be desir$ 9 a lubricant w\ld h be5 %[n to h be5 conta9$ !re94 ,pa/ exp]i5ce has %[n t _m lubricants rema9$ = ye>s unus$ = special purposes to :i*1 :5 tri$1 !y 7 f\nd specially adapt$4 ,?\gh ,e4 ,rigg 0 probably 9 error 9 ! matt] previ\sly discuss$ 7#dd7 8 o!rwise excell5t lecture conta9s ! foll[+3--#ad ,b !re is ano!r subject t has a /ill clos] be>+ on friction z met ) 9 "t keep+ in/rum5ts1 & ,i _c br+ my lecture to a close )\t ref]5ce to t mo/ fruitful s\rce ( tr\ble to ! wat*mak]--oil4 ,breguet1 a v fam\s horologi/1 & ,d',arcet1 an equally celebrat$ *emi/1 work$ toge!r at ?is problem & :at 0 ! result8 ,!y produc$ an oil t 01 accord+ to _! !ory1 p]fect2 b :5 appli$ to wat*es x prov$ to be worse ?an ! ord9>y oils ( comm]ce4 ,s9ce _! day ! *emi/ry ( oil has n made mu* progress1 & ! me?ods recomm5d$ = te/+ oil are /ill v ineffectual4 ,! only te/ ( any use is actual trial = a long p]iod1 & "u v>y+ conditions z to temp]ature1 nature ( atmosph]e1 etc42 & !re are sev]al oils on ! m>ket m or less satisfy+ ! requir$ conditions4 ,s f> z my k goes1 h[ev]1 all are liable to dry2 & ?is prompts me to draw y\r att5tion to a lubricator t has come into use = heavy ma*9]y 9 rec5t ye>s1 9 ! hope t x may af=d a sugge/ion = ! improvem5t ( wat* oils4 ,i allude to ! mixture ( c]ta9 k9ds ( m9]al oil ) an oil t has a t5d5cy to dry4 ,ev5 a small p]c5tage is ass]t$ to entirely *eck ?is t5d5cy & ! result+ mixture is said to h ! prop]ty ( n 9 any way act+ on or damag+ ! metal to :i* x is appli$4 ,! ?ickness1 or 'body1' is made to v>y accord+ to ! pressure to :i* ! oil is subject$4 99 99 99 99 ,w\ld x be ov]sangu9e to hope t "s su* mixture1 prep>$ f p]fectly pure mat]ials1 might help ev5 ! *ronomet] mak] to secure m uni=m rates8 ,absolute fre$om f acidity means a r$uction ( su* electrical action z may occur at ! pivots1 &1 !re=e1 a great] p]man5cy ( ! oil f ?is po9t ( view4 #gj4 ,neutral ,oil 7#ad7 seems to be especially adapt$ = use 9 horology4 ,us$ 9 a pure /ate1 or mix$ 9 v>iable quantities ) a good animal oil1 x c readily be made to fulfill ! v>i\s conditions requir$ 9 all p>ts ( wat*es1 *ronomet]s1 mantel & t[] clocks4 ,x is usually sold z su*1 b sometimes "u ! names liquid p>aff9e1 glycol9e1 albol5e1 etc41 :ile solid p>aff9e1 :ite cosmol9e1 solid albol9e1 are ! names giv5 to ! ?ick butyrace\s mass f :i* neutral oils are made4 ,sometimes ?is sub/ance1 z well z ! liquid p>aff9e1 is m$icat$ or p]fum$2 b x is h>dly necess>y to /ate t :5 ?us treat$ x is unfit = use 9 horology4 #ga4 ,! ,prop]ties ( ,neutral ,oil are /at$ to be3#ae ,x is a cle> oily liquid1 hav+ a specific gravity ( n less ?an #j4hdj & boil+ n bel[ #cfj deg4 ,c4 7#fhj deg4 ,f474 ,x %\ld be free f color$1 fluoresc+1 & odor\s comp\nds4 ,:5 heat$ = a day by means ( a wat] ba?1 ! p>aff9e %\ld n become d>k color$1 & ! sulphuric acid %\ld become only slightly br[ni%4 ,metallic sodium treat$ 9 a simil> mann] %\ld reta9 its metallic lu/re4 ,alcohol boil$ ) p>aff9e %\ld n h an acid reaction4 #gb4 ,! ,prop]ties ( ,solid ,p>aff9e 7#ac7 are giv5 z foll[s3#af ,! melt+ po9t ( comm]cial p>aff9e v>ies mu*4 ,obta9$ f ! residuum ( petroleum di/illation x is usually #dc deg4 ,c4 7#aji4d ,f471 or some:at high]4 ,! acid & metallic sodium te/s giv5 = liquid p>aff9e w apply to ! solid p>aff9e4 #gc4 ,! ,value ( a ,lubricant z a lubricant is indep5d5t ( ! m>ket price2 & x is at a maximum1 accord+ to ,?ur/on1 :5 x possesses ! foll[+ *>act]i/ics3 #a4 ,en\gh body1 or comb9$ capill>ity & viscosity 7#hb71 to keep ! surfaces betwe5 :i* x is int]pos$ f com+ 9 contact at maximum pressures4 #b4 ,! greate/ fluidity consi/5t ) ! prec$+ requirem5ts1 i4 e41 ! lea/ fluid friction all[able4 #c4 ,! l[e/ possible coeffici5t ( friction "u ! conditions 9 actual use1 i4 e41 ! sum ( ! two compon5ts1 solid & fluid friction1 %\ld be a m9imum4 #d4 ,a maximum capacity = receiv+1 transmitt+1 /or+ & c>ry+ away heat4 #e4 ,fre$om f t5d5cy to decompose or to *ange 9 composition by gumm+ or o!rwise1 on exposure to ! air 7#gi7 :ile 9 use4 #f4 ,entire abs5ce ( acid or o!r prop]ties liable to produce injury ( mat]ials or metals 7#gg7 ) :i* !y may be br\ght 9 contact4 #g4 ,a high temp]ature ( vaporization & a l[ temp]ature 7#hc7 ( solidification4 #h4 ,special adaptation z to spe$ & pressure ( rubb+ surfaces "u :i* ! ungu5t is to be us$4 #i4 ,x mu/ be free f grit & f all =eign matt]4 ,! au?or w add t = use 9 horology3 #aj4 ,x mu/ possess a m9imum v>iation ( viscosity 7#hd7 9 v>y+ temp]atures4 ,! writ] c see no reason :y a m9]al oil :i* has be5 prop]ly ref9$ & ( ! prop] consi/5cy1 ei!r alone or mix$ ) animal oil1 c\ld n be us$ to great advantage 9 horology4 ,inde$1 ! possibilities 9 ?is direction seem to be s pregnant ) promises ( good results t "s space w be devot$ to ! matt]4 #gd4 ,! ,special ,advantages ( ,m9]al ,oils z lubricants 9 horology are3 #a4 ,m9]al oils c be made entirely pure1 & possess uni=m & kn[n prop]ties :5 d]iv$ f ! same or a simil> s\rce2 :ile ! quality ( animal & vegetable oils v>ies f ye> to ye>1 dep5d+1 9 animal oils1 on ! season ( ! ye> :5 ! crude oil is obta9$1 on ! age & condition ( ! animal1 & on ! k9d1 quality & quantity ( food :i* x _h 7#e7 rec5tly consum$2 & 9 vegetable oils on ! season1 soil1 climate & me?od ( treatm5t4 #b4 ,accord+ to ,?ur/on ,all vegetable & animal oils are comp\nds ( glyc]9e ) fatty acids4 ,:5 !y become old1 decomposition takes place & ! acid is set free1 by :i* action ! oils become rancid4 ,?is rancid oil or acid w attack & injure ma*9]y4 ,aga91 all animal oils conta9 m or less gummy matt]1 :i* accumulates :5 expos$ to ! action ( ! atmosph]e1 & w1 consequ5tly1 ret>d ! motion ( ! ma*9]y4 #c4 ,spon1 9 8 ,encyclop$ia ( ! ,arts1 gives 8 views to ! effect t ,! be/ oil is t :i* has ! greate/ adhesion to metallic surfaces & ! lea/ cohesion 9 its own p>ticles4 ,9 ?is respect f9e m9]al oils /& fir/1 sp]m oil second1 neatsfoot oil ?ird4 ,consequ5tly ! be/ m9]al oils are ! be/ = light be>+s4 ,! be/ oil to give body to f9e m9]al oils is sp]m oil4 #d4 ,m9]al oils d n absorb oxyg51 & consequ5tly d n gum or become visc\s4--,?ur/on4 #e4 ,m9]al oils nev] become rancid 9 any climate1 z !y possess no fatty acids4 #f4 ,m9]al oils produce v little fluid friction4 #g4 ,m9]al oils )/& a high temp]ature )\t decomposition or vaporization1 & a l[ temp]ature )\t solidification4 #h4 ,prop]ly prep>$ m9]al oils are free f grit & all =eign sub/ances4 #i4 ,9 addition to ! above1 a m9or prop]ty ( m9]al oil is t !y are v *eap comp>atively1 :ile !y d n possess any odor if prop]ly ref9$4 #aj4 ,! v>iation ( viscosity 9 v>y+ temp]atures is less 9 m9]al oils ?an 9 animal or vegetable oils4 #ge4 ,me?ods ( ,te/+ ,oils are necess>y 9 ord] to det]m9e :i* may be adapt$ to a specific purpose4 ,_! peculi> *>act]i/ics mu/ be /udi$ 9 ord] to "k :i* w be/ fulfill ! conditions aris+ 9 actual practice4 ,exp]im5ts are necess>y 9 :i* ! oil is subject$ to conditions approximat+1 z ne>ly z possible1 to ! conditions propos$ 9 its actual use4 ,sauni] /ates#ag t success dep5ds l>gely on ! skill ( ! manipulator2 & if he is n end[$ ) ! p[] ( judg+1 ma9ly by ! ta/e1 :e!r oil satisfies c]ta9 prescrib$ conditions1 he c nev] be c]ta9 ( ! result4 ,z ! au?or's abilities 9 ?is reg>d are n up to ! requir$ /&>d1 & z "s oils are sometimes 9 su* a /ate ( decomposition t ev5 ! odor is unpleasant1 he has us$ o!r1 & p]haps m satisfactory1 me?ods ( det]m9+ ! relative values ( ! v>i\s oils4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts %[ ! relative values ( oils t h be51 or may be1 us$ 9 horology3 ,j4 ,j4 ,r$wood has made exp]im5ts on ! action ( oils ^u metals1 especially = ! purpose ( det]m9+ :i* oils 7 be/ adapt$ = use on ! v>i\s metals & = asc]ta9+ :i* oils 7 mo/ suitable = mix+ z lubricants4 ,he has tabulat$ ! results ( 8 rese>*es 9 two tables1 :i* %[ t3#ah ,m9]al oil has no effect ^u copp] & z9c1 & attacks lead mo/4 ,olive oil attacks copp] mo/1 t9 lea/4 ,sp]m oil attacks z9c mo/1 copp] lea/4 ,! exp]im5ts %[1 on ! o!r h&1 t3 ,brass is attack$ mo/ by olive oil4 ,copp] is n attack$ by m9]al lubricat+ oil1 lea/ by sp]m oil4#ai ,dr4 ,watson /ates 9 reg>d to ?is action3 #a4 ,t ( ! oils us$1 viz41 olive sp]m1 neat's-foot1 & p>aff9e1 ! samples ( p>aff9e oil on copp] 0 lea/ affect$1 & t sp]m 0 next 9 ord] ( inaction4 #b4 ,t ! appe>ances ( ! p>aff9e oil & ! copp] 7 n *ang$ aft] an exposure ( #gg days4 ,he lat]#bj exp]im5t$ fur!r ) ! foll[+ results not$1 aft] "o day's exposure1 ) iron3-- #a4 ,neat's-foot4--,consid]able br[n irregul> deposit on metal4 ,! oil slightly m br[n ?an :5 fir/ appli$4 #b4 ,sp]m4--,slight br[n deposit ) irregul> m>k+s on ! metal4 ,oil ( d>k br[n color4 #c4 ,olive4--,cle> & blea*$ by exposure to light & air4 ,! appe>ance ( metal ! same z :5 fir/ imm]s$4 #d4 ,p>aff9e4--,oil bright yell[ & conta9s a little br[n deposit4 ,! action ( oils on iron expos$ to _! action = tw5ty-f\r h\rs & on copp] aft] t5 day's exposure 0 f\nd to h be53-- ,,table ,,ii4 ,,action ,,( ,,oils ,,on ,,metals4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,,oils4 ,,iron ,,dissolv$ ,,copp] ,,dissolv$ ,,9 #bd ,,h\rs4 ,,9 #aj ,,days4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,neat's foot 4#jhge gra94 4#aajj gra94 ,sp]m 4#jdfj 4#jjcj ,olive 4#jjfb 4#bbjj ,p>aff9e 4#jjde 4#jjae ---------------------------------------- ----- #gf4 ,v>i\s ,exp]im5ts h be5 made by ! writ] ) a numb] ( oils t may be1 or h be51 us$ 9 horology1 z well z ) ! pr9cipal wat* oils on ! m>ket4 ,at fir/ he did n int5d to m5tion ! names ( ! manufactur]s2 b1 aft] seek+ advice ( sev]al em95t wat*mak]s1 & on mature consid]ation1 he decid$ to d s = ! foll[+ reasons3-- #a4 ,! object ( ! ,society be=e :i* ^! lectures 7 deliv]$#ba is to promote & to secure conc]t$ action = ! purpose ( mutual improvem5t 9 ! practice ( our pr(ession z horologi/s1 by a /udy ( bo? ! practical & !oretical divisions ( ! sci5ce & art ( horology2 to publi% ! results ( su* /udy = ! b5efit ( all 9 ! pr(ession2 to pres]ve ! same = ! use ( our successors2 to elevate ! /&>d ( workman%ip2 & to enc\rage 9 ! memb]s a high] conception ( :at our art really is4 ,z ?is object _c be atta9$ )\t ! names ( manufactur]s be+ m5tion$ 9 connection ) _! oils1 ! au?or consid]s t ?is is suffici5t ju/ification4 #b4 ,no inju/ice c h be5 done ! manufactur]s :5 ! au?or /ates t ! results obta9$ by him are n to be consid]$ z conclusive evid5ce reg>d+ ! prop]ties ( ! oils te/$1 z ! samples he us$ may h be5 bett] ?an1 or n s good z1 ! usual output ( ! manufactur]s ^: names 7 on ! labels4 #c4 ,"s ( ! manufactur]s ( oils s5t samples subject to ! condition ( ! publication ( ! results1 ) ! reque/ t ! oils %\ld be submitt$ to te/1 & if f\nd want+1 !y 7! manufactur]s7 c]ta9ly wi%$ to "k x4 ,,table ,,iii4 ,,= ,,ref]5ce4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,table ,split = ,text file ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,manufactur]4 ---------------------------------------- ,,symbols ,,employ$4 ,,"n4 ,,location4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,b,e4 ,k4 w ,ezra ,kelley ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass4 ,b,w4 ,f4 ,n4 w ,w4 ,f4 ,nye ,new ,b$=d1 ,mass4 ,a,d4 ,c4 ,s4 w ,d4 ,c4 ,/ull ,prov9cet[n1 ,mass4 ,a,d4 ,c4 ,s4 * ,d4 ,c4 ,/ull ,prov9cet[n1 ,mass4 ,a,d4 ,c4 ,s4 cl ,d4 ,c4 ,/ull ,prov9cet[n1 ,mass4 ,b,w4 ,c4 w ,w4 ,cuyp]s ,dresd51 ,g]many ,a,b4 ,k4 w ,breit+] ,kunz ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,a,s4 ,b4 ,co4 wc ,/ev5son ,bro4 ,co4 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,a,c4 ,l4 ,co4 w ,*em4 ,lub'g ,co4 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a,c,c4 ,l4 ,co4 ,no 4 #a ,*em4 ,lub'g ,co4 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a,c,glyc ,bullock ,cr5%aw ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,b,c,alb4 f ,mc,kesson ,robb9s ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,b,c,alb4 s ,mc,kesson ,robb9s ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,b,c,sp ----8 ----8 ,b,c,ol ----8 ----8 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,,oil4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,symbols ,,s\rce4 ,,employ$4 ,,k9d4 ,,"n4 -------------------------- ,,g5]ic4 ,,specific4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,b,e4 ,k4 w ,wat* ,sup]f9e ,animal ,porpoise jaw or blackfi%--melon ,b,w4 ,f4 ,n4 w ,wat* ,sup]ior ,animal ,porpoise jaw or blackfi%--melon ,a,d4 ,c4 ,s4 w ,wat* ,sup]f9e ,animal ,porpoise jaw or blackfi%--melon ,a,d4 ,c4 ,s4 * ,*ronomet] ,sup]f9e ,animal ,porpoise jaw or blackfi%--melon ,a,d4 ,c4 ,s4 cl ,clock ,sup]f9e ,animal ,porpoise jaw or blackfi%--melon ,b,w4 ,c4 w ,wat* ,sup]f9e ,animal ,bone ,a,b4 ,k4 w ,wat* ,sup]f9e ,animal ,bone ,a,s4 ,b4 ,co4 wc ,wat* clock ,album ,m9]al ,neutral ,a,c4 ,l4 ,co4 w ,wat* ,p]fect ,mix$ ,neutral ---- 8 ,a,c,c4 ,l4 ,co4 ,no4 #a ,lubricat+ ,no4 #a ,synol5e ,m9]al ,neutral ,a,c,glyc ,lubricat+ ,glycol5e ,m9]al ,neutral ,b,c,alb4 f ,lubricat+ ,fluid albol9e ,m9]al ,neutral ,b,c,alb4 s ,lubricat+ ,solid albol9e ,m9]al ,p>aff9e ,b,c,sp ,lubricat+ ----8 ,animal ,sp]m1 :ale ,b,c,ol ,lubricat+ ----8 ,vegetable ,olive ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,note ,a3 ,obta9$ z sample f manufactur]4 ,note ,b3 ,pur*as$ 9 op5 m>ket4 ,note ,c3 ,n sold z wat* oil4 #d4 ,on he>+ ( ^! exp]im5ts1 o!rs 9 ! pr(ession may be tempt$ to make simil> or o!r inve/igations & publi% !m4 #e4 ,9 t case1 if ! results ( _m exp]im5ts demon/rate ! sup]iority ( "o p>ticul> k9d ( oil1 ! :ole pr(ession w be pr(it$ !reby4 #f4 ,! manufactur]s ( oils may be caus$ to ex]t _! utmo/ to keep abrea/ ( ! times1 & w see = !mselves 9 :at way _! oils may n fulfill ! requir$ conditions1 !reby be+ ! bett] prep>$ to ov]come ! difficulties ) :i* !y meet4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce ! au?or has tabulat$ a li/ ( ! oils :i* he has subject$ to v>i\s te/s1 %[+ ! "n1 k9d & s\rce ( ea* oil te/$2 also ^? :i* 7 obta9$ z samples1 & ^? :i* 7 pur*as$ 9 op5 m>ket1 z well z ^? :i* 7 n sold z wat* oils1 b :i* may be tri$4 ,?is is %[n 9 table ,,iii4 #gg4 ,! ,action ,( ,oils ,on ,brass has be5 det]m9$ by ! au?or by us+ a piece ( good %eet brass into :i* suitable recesses 7 made = ! ret5tion ( ! v>i\s oils4 ,?is plate 0 submitt$ to ! action ( ! air at temp]atures v>y+ f #bd deg4 to #cg4e deg4 ,c4 7ab\t #gf deg4 to #ajj deg4 ,f471 = #ajj days4 ,! results ( ?is te/ are %[n 9 ,table ,,iv4 ,a fur!r te/1 "u diff]5t conditions1 gave results z %[n 9 ,table ,v4 ,,table ,,iv4 ,,action ,,( ,,oils ,,on ,,brass4 ,temp4 #ba deg4 to #cg4e deg4 ,c4 #gj deg4 to #ajj deg4 ,f4 ,"t #ajj days4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,symbols ,,condition4 ,,accord+ ,,to ------------------------------------ ,,table ,,iii4 ,,( ,,oil4 ,,( ,,brass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,e4 ,k4 ,light br[n4 ,br[n4 ,w4 ,f4 ,n4 ,w4 ,c4 ,light br[n4 ,b4 ,k4 ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 w4 ,spread4 ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 ,no4 #a ,unalt]$4 ,glyc4 ,sp4 ,light br[n4 ,gre5i%-br[n4 ,ol4 ,gre54 ,d>k gre5i%-br[n4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,,table ,v4 ,,action ,,( ,,oils ,,on ,,brass4 ,temp4 #e4e deg4 to #ba deg4 ,c4 #dj deg4 to #gj deg4 ,f4 ,"t #be days4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,symbols ,,condition4 ,,accord+ ,,to -------------------------------------- ,,table ,,iii4 ,,( ,,oil4 ,,( ,,brass4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,e4 ,k4 w4 ,v ,light ,br[n4 ,no *ange4 ,w4 ,f4 ,n4 w4 ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 w4 ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 *4 ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 cl4 ,w4 ,c4 w4 ,no *ange4 ,b4 ,k4 w4 ,s4 ,b4 ,co4 w4 cl4 ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 ,no4 #a ,glyc4 ,alb4 f4 ,v light br[n4 ,alb4 s4 ,unalt]$4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #gh4 ,! ,effect ( ,oils on ,/eel1 ) a view ( asc]ta9+ _! ru/ prev5t+ prop]ties1 especially to see if ! treatm5t ( hairspr+s ) a v slight film ( oil 7#ef71 w\ld prev5t ru/ 9 w>m1 damp climates 0 asc]ta9$ by ! au?or1 z foll[s3 ,ea* ( twelve brass p9s1 /uck v]tically 9 a block ( wood1 _h a collet$ hairspr+ on its upp] end4 ,! block ( wood 0 all[$ to float 9 wat] & cov]$ by a glass4 ,"o hairspr+ 0 left z x came f ! factory1 :ile ea* ( ! o!rs _h be5 treat$ ) a solution ( porpoise jaw oil & b5z9e1 v>y+ proportions ( "o to t5 p] c5t ( oil be+ us$1 ! balance be+ b5z9e4 ,! hairspr+s 7 dipp$ into ! solution1 &1 on )draw+1 7 imm$iately plac$ betwe5 two folds ( s(t l95 clo?4 ,9 any case n en\gh oil rema9$ on ! hairspr+s to cause ! coils to adh]e4 ,"o p] c5t ( nitric acid 0 add$ to ! wat]1 & aft] t5 days ! hairspr+s %[$ on exam9ation t !y _h ru/$ 9 proportion to ! am\nt ( oil t _h be5 us$4 ,ano!r trial1 )\t acid 9 ! wat]1 & ) "o hairspr+ treat$ ) e!r1 "o ) b5z9e1 "o ea* ) "o1 two1 five & t5 p] c5t ( porpoise jaw oil 9 b5z9e1 & "o ea* ) ! same quantity ( m9]al oil 9 b5z9e1 %[$ aft] ?irty days t ! hairspr+ treat$ ) t5 p] c5t m9]al oil 0 slightly ru/$1 :ile ^? treat$ ) e!r & b5z9e 7 badly ru/$1 & all ! o!rs 7 ru/$ m or less4 #gi4 ,! ,gumm+ & ,dry+ ( ,oils is a v important consid]ation1 ! =m] be+ caus$ by oxidation1 :ile ! latt] is due to evaporation4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e ^! prop]ties 9 v>i\s oils ! au?or us$ a numb] ( wat* glasses1 _! convex side be+ glu$ to a bo>d4 ,two drops ( oil 7 plac$ 9 ea* wat* glass & spread ov] its concave surface1 & ! bo>d plac$ 9 a cov]$ box 9 :i* suitable air holes _h be5 made1 & all[$ to rema9 9 a temp]ature v>y+ f #ba deg4 to #cg4e deg4 ,c4 7 #gj deg4 to #aaj deg4 ,f47 = #ajj days1 & at ! end ( t "t ! results %[n 9 table ,,vi 7 not$4 ,,table ,,vi4 ,,gumm+ ,,& ,,dry+ ,,( ,,oils4 ,temp4 #ba deg4 ,c4 to #cg4e deg4 ,c4 #gj deg4 ,f4 to #aaj deg4 ,f4 ,"t #ajj ,days4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,symbols ,,accord+ ,,to ,,table ,,iii4 ,,condition4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,e4 ,k4 w4 ,slightly dri$4 ,w4 ,f4 ,n4 w4 ,v slightly dri$4 ,w4 ,c4 w4 ,slightly gumm$4 ,b4 ,k4 w4 ,no *ange4 ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 w4 ,slightly dri$1 & spread4 ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 ,no4 #a4 ,no *ange4 ,glyc4 ,no *ange4 ,sp4 ,slightly gumm$4 ,ol4 ,no *ange4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #hj4 ,! ,viscosity ,( ,oils d5otes an approximate measurem5t ( _! relative lubricat+ p[]4 ,pr(essor ,?ur/on /ates#bb t l>ge consum]s ( oil sometimes pur*ase on ! basis ( ?is k9d ( te/ solely4 ,x is reg>d$ z satisfactory & reliable z any s+le physical or *emical te/ kn[n1 & is second only to ! be/ te/+ ma*9e me?ods4 ,! less ! viscosity1 consi/5tly ) ! use ( ! oil "u ! maximum pressure to be anticipat$1 ! less is1 usually1 ! friction4 ,! be/ lubricant1 z a rule1 is t hav+ ! lea/ viscosity comb9$ ) ! greate/ adhesiv5ess4 ,vegetable oils are m visc\s ?an animal1 & animal m s ?an m9]al oils4 ,! fluidity ( an oil is ?us1 to a l>ge ext5t1 a measure ( its value4 ,! relation betwe5 ! viscosity & ! friction r$uc+ p[] ( oils has be5 det]m9$ by ,mr4 ,n4 ,c4 ,waite#bc & o!rs to be v close4 ,an oil hav+ little viscosity is suitable = ! escapem5t & light] p>ts ( ! tra91 b is n a good lubricant = ! be>+s ( ! c5t] p9ion & b>rel arbor & ! ma9spr+1 :i* require a m visc\s lubricant2 :ile a /ill great] viscosity r5d]s x m s]viceable on ! /em w9d+ me*anism 7#ei7 & 9 ! p5dant 7#fj74 ,aga91 an oil t possesses suffici5t body1 or comb9$ capill>ity 7#cb7 & viscosity1 to resi/ ! t5d5cy to be squeez$ f betwe5 ! be>+ surfaces 9 ! heavi] p>ts ( ! me*anism w produce a great excess ( fluid friction 9 ! light] p>ts ( ! tra9 & 9 ! escapem5t4 #ha4 ,! ,relative ,viscosity ( ,oils is det]m9$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,v>i\s ma*9es h be5 devis$ = te/+ ! lubricat+ prop]ties ( oils1 b z ! *eap ones are ( no use1 & z ^? :i* are reliable are s exp5sive z to prohibit _! g5]al use except 9 laboratories & l>ge factories1 a simple me?od ( asc]ta9+ ! relative viscosity ( oils is desirable4 ,! au?or us$ a piece ( plate glass ( suitable size on :i* "o drop ( ea* oil to be te/$ 0 plac$ ne> its end4 ,! glass incl9$ f ! horizontal1 longitud9ally--! angle ( incl9ation be+ #f degrees--& 0 plac$ 9 a con/ant temp]ature ( #ae4e deg4 ,c4 7 #fj deg4 ,f47 ,! total di/ance 9 c5timet]s :i* ea* _h travel$ by ! end ( ea* day1 z well z ! appe>ance ( ! track :i* x _h left is %[n 9 table ,,vii4 ,,table ,,vii4 ,,relative ,,viscosity ,,& ,,gumm+ ,,( ,,oils4 ,temp4 #ae4e deg4 ,c4 #fj deg4 ,f4 ,incl9ation #f degrees4 ,"t #g days4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,symbols ,,di/ance ,,9 ,,cm4 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,travel$ ,,by ,,oil ,,at ,,! ,,end ,,wid? ,,table ,,iii4 ,,( ,,ea* ,,day4 ,,( ,,track4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,days4 #a #b #c #d #e #f #g ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,e4 ,k4 w4 #af #ah ,/at4 444 444 444 #ah ,m$ium4 ,w4 ,f4 ,n4 w4 #ae #af4e #ah #ai #bj ,/at4 #bj ,w4 ,c4 w4 #ag4eai #bj ,/at4 444 444 #bj ,n>r[4 ,b4 ,k4 w4 #ab4eae #ag4e #bj ,/at4 444 #bj ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 w4 #g4eaj #ab4e #ae #ag4e,/at4 #ag4e ,v wide4 ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 ,no4 #a4ae #af4e #ah ,/at4 444 444 #ah ,m$ium4 ,glyc4 #ae #af4e #ah ,/at4 444 444 #ah ,sp4 #j #b4e #e #g4e #i #aj #aa ,n>r[4 ,ol4 #e #f4e #g ,/at4 444 444 #g ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,table ,,vii n only %[s ! relative viscosity ( ! v>i\s oils1 b also _! t5d5cy to gum or dry 7#gi47 ,! wid? ( ! track left by ! oil is an indication ( ! cohesion 7#bj7 & adhesion 7#ba7 :i* exi/s1 respectively1 9 ! oil & betwe5 ! oil & ! glass4 ,a n>r[ track d5otes great cohesion & little adhesion2 a wide track d5otes great adhesion & little cohesion2 :ile a m$ium track indicates t bo? prop]ties are m ne>ly equal4 ,if an oil possess great adhesion & little cohesion x is m liable to resi/ ! t5d5cy to be squeez$ out ( be>+s1 b x is also m likely to spread4 ,ano!r te/ made 9 ! mann] j describ$ 7table ,,vii7 gave results z %[n 9 table ,,viii3 ,,table ,,viii4 ,,relative ,,viscosity ,,& ,,gumm+ ,,( ,,oils4 ,temp4 #bd deg4 ,c4 #ge deg4 ,f4 ,incl9ation #g degrees4 ,"t #g4c days4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,,symbols ,,di/ance ,,9 ,,cm4 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,travel$ ,,by ,,! ,,oil ,,at ,,! ,,end ,,table ,,iii4 ,,( ,,ea* ,,day4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,days4 #j4c #a4c #b4c #c4c #d4c #e4c #f4c #g4c ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,e4 ,k4 w4 #ad #bc #bf4ebh4ebi4eca4ecb4e #cc ,w4 ,f4 ,n4 w4 #ab4ebj #bf4ebi #ca #cb4ecc4e #cd ,w4 ,c4 w4 #ai #bd #bf4ebh #bi #cj4ecb #cc ,b4 ,k4 w4 #ad #ag4ebe #bg #bi4eca4ecc #cc4e ,s4 ,b4 ,co4 w4 c4 #aj #bj #bf #bf4ebg #bg4ebh #bh4e ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 w4 #bi #ch #dj4edb4edc #dc4e,/at4#dc4e ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 ,no4 #a4 #ag4ebc #bg #bh #bi #cj #ca #cb ,glyc4 #ag4ebc #bh #cj #cb #cd #ce #ce4b ,alb4 f4 #ae #bj #bi #cc #ce #cg #ch #ch4e ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! au?or once he>d a wat*mak] say to a cu/om]1 :5 ! latt] call$ = a clock :i* _h be5 left = repairs1 ,i h clean$ y\r clock ?or\ghly2 &1 z y are a good cu/om]1 ,i made z good a job ( x z ,i c\ld4 ,i ev5 oil$ x ) wat* oil4 ,?is wat*mak] evid5tly ?\ght he 0 "r4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to m5tion t a /ock ( oils ( diff]5t viscosity %\ld be kept on h& & intellig5tly us$2 ! diff]5t be>+s 9 any "t keep+ me*anism requir+ oils ( diff]5t viscosity4 ,x is n to be suppos$ t ! au?or means ea* be>+ 9 a wat* is to h a sep>ate oil appli$2 b a di/9ction %\ld be made betwe5 ! light & heavy pressures4 #hb4 ,! ,effect ,( ,heat ,on ,oils is v m>k$ 9 all cases2 "s oils be+ mu* m subject to *ange ?an o!rs1 9 viscosity & o!r prop]ties1 "u ! influ5ce ( an increase ( temp]ature4 ,! lubricat+ p[] ( an oil is decreas$1 :ile its t5d5cy to spread is increas$1 ) a rise ( temp]ature4 ,9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! relative values ( v>i\s oils 9 ?is respect ! writ] us$ a plate ( glass #bh cm4 x #dj cm41 plac$ x flat on a table1 &1 deposit+ "o drop ( ea* oil ne> "o ( its long] edges1 all[$ x to rema9 9 a temp]ature ( #ba deg4 ,c4 7 #gj deg4 ,f47 = #cj m9utes4 ,at ! end ( ?is "t ! glass plate 0 plac$ 9 a v]tical position1 ) its edge ne> :i* ! drops ( oil _h be5 deposit$ upp]mo/ & horizontal4 ,! "t requir$ by ea* oil to run d[n to ! bottom1 a di/ance ( #be cm41 0 not$4 ,! wid? ( ! track1 at a po9t #c cm4 f ! location ( ! drop at ! />t1 0 measur$ :5 ! oil _h pass$ t po9t1 & aga9 measur$ at ! same po9t :5 ! oil _h rea*$ ! bottom4 ,! same te/ 0 repeat$1 ) all ! conditions simil> except t ! temp]ature ( ! room 0 rais$ to #ch deg4 ,c4 7 #ajj deg4 ,f47 be=e ! oil 0 plac$ on ! glass2 b ! glass 0 all[$ to rema9 9 ?is temp]ature also = #cj m9utes4 ,! results ( bo? exp]im5ts are %[n 9 table ,,ix4 ,,table ,,ix4 ,,relative ,,viscosity1 ,,cohesion ,,& ,,adhesion ,,( ,,oils4 ,temp4 #ba deg4 ,c47 #gj deg4 ,f47 & #ch deg4 ,c4 7 #ajj deg4 ,f47 ,incl9ation ,v]tical4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,symbols ,,m9utes ,,requir$ ,,wid? ,,( ,,track ,,9 ,,mm4 ,,at ,a ,,po9t ,,accord+ ,,to ,,to ,,fl[ #be ,,cm4 #c ,,cm4 ,,bel[ ,,/>t+ ,,table ,,iii4 ,,at ,a ,,temp]ature ,,place ,,:5 ,,! ,,oil ,,_h ,,fl[$ ,,( -------------------------------------- ,temp4 #ba deg4 ,c ,temp4 #ch deg4 ,c4 7#gj deg4 ,f47 7#ajj deg4 ,f47 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- #ba #ch deg4 ,c4 deg4 ,c4 #gj #ajj #c ,,cm4 #be ,,cm4 #c ,,cm4 #be ,,cm4 deg4 ,f4 deg4 ,f4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,e4 ,k4 w4 #ba #ad #e #e #e #e ,w4 ,f4 ,n4 w4 #ah #ab #e #e #e #e ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 w4 #bj #ac #e #e #e #e ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 *4 #ae #aj #e #e #e #e ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 cl4 #bj #aa #e #e #e #e ,w4 ,c4 w4 #ac #h #e #a #e #a ,b4 ,k4 w4 #ac #aa #e #j #e #j ,s4 ,b4 ,co4 w4 c4 #ae #aa #f #f #f #h ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 w4 #ag #ae #f #g #g #h ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 ,no4 #a4 #ae #aj #f #f #e #e ,glyc4 #ad #aj #f #f #e #h ,alb4 f4 #ad #aj #f #f #e #f ,sp4 #aj #g #f #a #e #j ,ol4 #ad #ab #e #b #e #a ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,:ile ! relative viscosity ( oils 9 v>y+ high temp]atures is %[n 9 table ,,ix1 ! wid? ( ! track indicates ! same prop]ties z 7 expla9$ 9 ref]5ce to table ,,vii4 ,?us x is se5 t ! ?ird & fif? columns ( figures d5ote ! relative adhesion ( ! oils1 approximately accord+ to ! value ( ! figures2 :ile ! f\r? & six? columns exhibit _! relative cohesion1 & abs5ce ( adhesion1 approximately accord+ to ! inv]se value ( ! figures4 ,?us ! t5d5cy ( ! oil to spread1 9 ! w>m temp]ature to :i* "t keep+ me*anisms are frequ5tly subject$1 is indicat$4 #hc4 ,! ,effect ,( ,cold ,on ,oils is v obs]vable 9 "s v>ieties1 conv]t+ !m into greases1 or ev5 into h>d1 waxy solids4 ,= out-(-door "w ungu5ts mu/ be select$ t w fe$ at any temp]ature to :i* !y are expos$ 9 ! work+ ( ! be>+s to :i* !y are appli$4 ,! au?or has subject$ v>i\s oils to a l[ degree ( temp]ature1 us+ a suffici5t numb] ( ?9 glass te/ tubes ( #c cubic c5timet]s capacity1#bd into ea* ( :i* #b cubic c5timet]s ( ! oils to be te/$ 7 p\r$4 ,! te/ tubes 7 !n tightly cork$ & prop]ly secur$ to a ?9 bo>d1 & plac$ 9 a temp]ature ( -#ae deg4 ,c4 7 #e deg4 ,f47 ! condition ( ! oils be+ not$ at v>i\s int]vals1 ! result ( :i* is %[n 9 table ,x4 #hd4 ,! ,v>iations ( ,viscosity ( ,oils 9 ,v>y+ ,temp]atures always create fluctuations ( _! friction r$uc+ p[]2 :ile ! v>iations ( fluid friction :i* result are also ( great importance 9 horology4 ,:5 x is kn[n t ! viscosity & lubricat+ p[] ( an oil are usually 7#hj7 v closely relat$1 x is se5 t *ange ( temp]ature has an exce$+ly important effect ^u oils1 ev5 = g5]al lubricat+ purposes2 b p>ticul>ly s :5 !y are appli$ to small & delicate me*anisms4 ,an oil ( ! prop] viscosity at ord9>y temp]atures may be v unsuitable 9 an extreme ( heat1 or cold1 to :i* timepieces are frequ5tly subject$--on acc\nt ( be+ too limpid 9 high temp]atures to prop]ly sep>ate ! rubb+ surfaces2 :ile 9 l[ temp]atures x may become s visc\s z to s]i\sly imp$e ! motion ( ! escapem5t & ! light] p>ts ( ! tra94 ,,table ,x4 ,,relative ,,effect ,,( ,,cold ,,on ,,oils4 ,temp4 -#ae deg4 ,c4 7 #e deg4 ,f47 ,"t ( ,exposure #f h\rs ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,symbols ,,accord+ ,,to ,,condition ,,( ,,oil4 ,,table ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,"t4 #ae ,,m94#cj ,,m94#a ,,h\r4#f ,,h\rs4,,ord] ,,( ,,viscosity ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,e4 ,k4 ,w4 w4 444 444 444 444 #b ,w4 ,f4 ,n4 w4 444 444 t-f4 t-f4 #d ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 w4 444 444 444 444 #b ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 *4 444 444 444 444 #b ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 cl4 s-s4 s-s4 s-s4 s-s4 #f ,w4 ,c4 w4 444 444 444 444 #b ,b4 ,k4 w4 444 444 444 444 #b ,s4 ,b4 ,co4 w4 c4 444 444 444 444 #a ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 w4 s-s4 s-s4 s-s4 s-s4 #e ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 ,no4 #a4 s-s4 s-s4 s-s4 s-s4 #g ,glyc4 444 444 444 444 #a ,alb4 f4 444 444 444 444 #c ,sp4 s-s4 s-s4 s4 v-s4 #h ,ol4 v-t-f4 s-s4 s4 v-s4 #i ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,t4 ,f4 ,?ickly fluid2 or l honey4 ,v4 ,t4 ,f4 ,v ?ickly fluid2 or l jelly4 ,s4 ,s4 ,semi-solid2 or l butt] at #fj deg4 ,f4 ,s4 ,solid2 or l butt] at freez+ po9t4 ,v4 ,s4 ,v solid2 or l p>aff9 wax4 ,! figures 9 ! la/ column d5ote ! app>5t relative viscosity1 z asc]ta9$ by inv]t+ ! te/ tubes repeat$ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae ,aga91 ev5 if ! oil 7 visc\s en\gh 9 high temp]atures to resi/ ! t5d5cy to be squeez$ out ( ! be>+s1 ! rate ( ! timepiece w\ld be s]i\sly affect$ by ! v>iation ( solid & fluid friction--especially ! latt]--caus$ by a v>iable viscosity ( ! oil4 ,:5 a wat*1 *ronomet] or clock has be5 s adju/$ z to keep a maximum ev5 rate1 ! oil is "o ( ! factors ( ! v>iation :i* has be5 ov]come2 & x is obvi\s t if ano!r oil be us$1 9 :i* a great] or less v>iation ( viscosity exi/s ?an 9 ! oil ) :i* su* timepiece 0 lubricat$ prior to adju/m5t1 ! v>iation s produc$ w be m or less obs]vable4 ,x is1 !n1 evid5tly necess>y to be able to asc]ta91 ) ! greate/ possible exactness1 :at *ange 9 ?is respect is produc$ 9 ! v>i\s oils by a *ange ( temp]ature4 ,! means previ\sly giv5 7#ha-hc7 h _! value2 b :5 supplem5t$ by a me?od = det]m9+ ! p>ticul> prop]ty "u consid]ation1 ! results obta9$ are exce$+ly int]e/+ & valuable4 ,on acc\nt ( ! importance ( ?is matt] ! au?or has made inve/igations 9 ?is direction1 us+ a viscosimet] z %[n at ,fig4 #ae1 & ( :i* ! foll[+ is a description3 ,,aa repres5ts an ord9>y retort /&1 ) adju/able arms1 ,,bb1 = hold+ 9 position ! !rmomet] ,c1 & ! funnel ,,dd capable ( hold+ ab\t "o p9t ( wat]4 ,,ee is ! viscosimet] prop]1 a glass tube1 swoll5 at ! l[] end1 & t]m9at+ 9 a circul> orifice ( #a millimet] 7 4#jd in*7 9 diamet]2#be be+ a pipette hold+ "o cubic c5timet] ( oil betwe5 ! dott$ l9es ,u & ,o4 ,f is a flexible gum ela/ic tube fitt+ ) an air-tight jo9t to ! upp] end ( ! glass tube4 ,! funnel is clos$ at its l[] end by a tightly-fitt+ cork ,h1 9 :i* an op5+ is made1 ?r\gh :i* op5+ ! pipette passes & projects slightly bel[4 ,g is a small1 %all[ vessel1 pref]ably ( glass1 ( suffici5t capacity to receive ! cont5ts ( ! pipette4 ,s is a syphon compos$ ( a glass tube 9 two sections--unit$ by a %ort piece ( rubb] tube on :i* ! device ,p p9*es by ! adju/m5t ( ! lev] ,l--! b5t section beg9n+ ne> ! bottom ( ! funnel1 :ile ! /raight section t]m9ates bel[ ! level ( ! table on :i* ! retort /& is plac$4 ,9 op]at+ ) ?is1 ! au?or proce$$ z foll[s3 ,! funnel 0 p>tially fill$ ) wat]1 & hot wat] add$ until its temp]ature rea*$ #dc deg4 ,c4 7 #aaj deg4 ,f74 ,a suffici5t quantity ( ! oil to be te/$ 0 plac$ 9 ! glass vessel ,g1 & drawn into ! viscosimet] by g5tle suction ( ! m\? until x exactly rea*$ ! l9e ,u1 :]e x 0 reta9$1 by a slight pressure ) ! ?umb & f+]1 = five m9utes1 ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! funnel be+ kept con/ant4 ,at ! end ( t "t1 aft] be+ sure t all ! conditions z to temp]ature & quantity ( oil 7 satisfi$1 ! pressure ( ! ?umb & f+] 0 relax$1 :5 ! oil began to drop ?r\gh ! l[] end ( ! pipette4 ,! "t requir$ = ! upp] surface ( ! oil to fall f ,u to ,o 0 c>efully asc]ta9$ by means ( a /op wat*1 & ! numb] ( seconds not$4 ,9 case ( d\bt ! te/ 0 repeat$4 ,! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! funnel 0 !n l[]$ by ! addition ( ice1 to #ch deg4 ,c4 7 #ajj deg4 ,f471 :5 ! op]ation 0 aga9 p]=m$ z j describ$4 ,?is 0 repeat$ at regul> int]vals ( temp]ature d[n to #d deg4 ,c4 7 #dj deg4 ,f71 :5 ! wat] 0 aga9 heat$1 ! pipette ?or\ghly cleans$ by introduc+ b5z9e into ! pipette 9 a mann] simil> to t by :i* ! oil 0 introduc$4 ,! surplus wat] :i* accumulat$ 9 ! funnel 0 all[$ to escape ?r\gh ! syphon by relax+ ! lev] ( ! p9*+ device4 ,x is obvi\s t ! numb] ( seconds1 9 ea* case1 corresponds to ! viscosity4 ,o!r oils 7 put ?r\gh ! same c\rse1 ! results obta9$ be+ %[n 9 table ,,xi4 ,,table ,,xi4 ,,relative ,,v>iations ,,( ,,viscosity ,,( ,,oils ,,9 ,,v>y+ ,,temp]atures4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,symbols ,,seconds ,,requir$ ,,= #a ,c4 ,c4 ,,( ,,oil ,,to ,,fl[ ,,accord+ ,,to ,,?r\gh ,,an ,,orifice ,,( #a ,,mm4 7 4#jd ,,947 ,,table ,,iii4 ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,,c5t4 #d4e #aj #ae4e #ba #bf4e #cb #cg4e #dc ,,temp4,a ---------------------------------------- ------ ,,fahr4 #dj #ej #fj #gj #hj #ij #ajj #aaj ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,e4 ,k4 w4 #be #bj #ag #ae #aj #h4e #g #f ,w4 ,f4 ,n4 w4 #bg #bj #ad #aa #i #h #g #f ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 w4 #cb #bc4e #ai #ae #ab4e #aa4e #i4e #h ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 *4 #bh #bc #ag #ad #aa4e #i #g #f ,d4 ,c4 ,s4 cl4 #bi #bj #ag #ad4e #aa #h4e #g #f4e ,w4 ,c4 w4 #bd #bj #ah #ac #aa4e #aj #h #g ,b ,k4 w4 #df #ce #be #bj #ag #ae #aa4eaj ,s4 ,b4 ,co4 w4 c4 #ba #af #aa4e #aj #i #h #g #f4e ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 w4 #ad #aj #i #f4e #e #d4e #d #c4e ,c4 ,l4 ,co4 ,no4 #a4 #cb #bh #ab4e #aj #h4e #g4e #f4e #f ,glyc4 #ai #ac #aj #i4e #g4e #f4e #e4e #e ,alb4 f4 #be #ai #af #ac #aj #h #f4e #e4e ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ,note ,a3 ,! read+s ( ! ,c5tigrade & ,fahr5heit scales giv5 "h are n exactly equival5t2 b !y are ne> en\gh = all practical purposes4 #he4 ,mix$ ,oils h be5 tri$ by _m :o h be5 desir\s ( obta9+ a bett] lubricant4 ,a mixture ( diff]5t k9ds ( animal or vegetable oils--or a comb9ation ( bo?--has usually prov$ worse ?an any s+le "o ( ! compon5ts2 z1 :5 x is kn[n t alt]ations#bf ( composition occur 9 ! animal & vegetable oils ) exposure to air & light & ) advanc+ age 7#gd-b71 x is obvi\s t ?is *emical action is accel]at$ by a mixture4 ,! m9]al oils are n subject to su* alt]ations to any s]i\s ext5t2 &1 :5 !y are comp\nd$ ) animal or vegetable oils1 ! result+ mixture p>takes ( ! good qualities ( bo?1 accord+ to exp]im5ts :i* ! au?or has made4 ,x w\ld make ?is pap]#bg too l5g?y to ins]t ! results2 h[ev]1 a future opportunity may n be want+4 #hf4 ,v>i\s ,manufactur]s ( wat*es1 *ronomet]s & clocks1 h favor$ ! writ] ) m or less valuable in=mation 9 answ] to qu]ies on ! subject1 :i* has be5 tabulat$ & :i* is %[n 9 table ,,xii4 ,x is necess>y to "k j :at k9d ( oil has be5 us$ by ! manufactur] ( a "t piece = ?ree reasons3-- 7#a47 ,if "s ( ! be>+s ne$ a small quantity ( oil1 be+ o!rwise 9 su* good condition--because ( nev] hav+ be5 us$1 9 fact new--t x is unnecess>y to take all ! me*anism ap>t & clean x1 x is v important t ! op]ator "k :at k9d1 or v>iety1 ( lubricant has be5 previ\sly us$1 9 ord] n to mix oils2 or1 if a mixture is ?us made1 to make x intellig5tly4 7#he47 7#b47 ,:5 ! oil :i* has be5 appli$ 9 ! factory has n p]=m$ its functions prop]ly 9 any "p ( a "t piece1 x is necess>y to "k :at p>ticul> v>iety ( lubricant has be5 us$ 9 ord] to sub/itute an oil :i* possesses ! prop]ties lack$ by ! oil previ\sly us$4 7#fa47 7#c47 ,9 a wat* :i* has be5 s adju/$ z to keep a maximum ev5 rate1 ! oil is "o ( ! factors ( ! v>iation :i* has be5 ov]come4 ,x is necess>y1 !n1 on putt+ ! wat* 9 ord]1 to employ a lubricant :i* possesses ! same v>iation ( viscosity z ! oil :i* 0 us$ dur+ adju/m5t4 7#hd47 ,"s o!r int]e/+ facts are %[n 9 table ,,xii1 z well z ! =ego+4 ,! qu]ies 7 z foll[s3-- ,,que/ions ,,ask$4 #a4 ,:at oil d y use8 #b4 ,:at oils h y tri$8 #c4 ,:at has be5 y\r exp]i5ce ) mix$ oils8 #d4 ,d y use ! same grade ( oil on all p>ts ( y\r ----8 #e4 ,if n1 :at is y\r practice8 #f4 ,:at am\nt ( oil d y use annually8 ,! answ]s are giv5 9 ,table ,,xii4 #hg4 ,impurities 9 ,oils & all =eign matt] ex]t a v injuri\s effect4 ,! me?od ( seal+ ! bottles ) seal+ wax or gum labels %\ld be avoid$2 ! =m]1 z ! wax is brittle & liable to break 9 v f9e pieces :i* lodge ar\nd ! cork f :5ce !y get into ! oil2 & ! latt] because ! gum ) :i* x is caus$ to adh]e rema9s on ! bottle1 only to be absorb$ by ! oil4 ,p>aff9 wax makes a v good seal+ mat]ial1 z x is n brittle1 & keeps ! oil protect$ f ! air4 ,an extra long cork %\ld accompany ea* bottle4 ,,table ,,xii4--,,answ]s ,,to ,,que/ions4 ,,manufactur]4 #a #b #c #d #e #f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,heavi] oil ,am]ican on b>rel #h ,wal?am ,sev]al4 ,sev]al4 ,small4 ,no4 arbors & qu>ts ,wat* ,co4 w9d+ ,:eels4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,kelley's4 ,light oil on ,elg9 ,smi?'s on ,cook's4 escapem5ts1 ,national f9e "w4 ,nye's4 ,no4 & oil ) #a-a_/b ,wat* ,co4 ,nye's4 ,:eel]'s4 m body 9 gallons4 ,smi?'s4 ma9spr+ bo>ds4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,hampd5 ,unsatis- ,wat* ,kelley's4 ,kelley's4 factory ,yes4 ,co4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,ill9ois ,kelley's4 ,d n ,wat* ,nye's4 ,cook's4 use ,mix$ #c ,co4 ,& ,oils4 qu>ts4 o!rs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,*ronomet] #a gross ,new ,nye's4 oil on /em- bottles ,columbus ,nye's4 ,kelley's4 ,none4 ,no4 w9d & d regul> ,wat* ,co4 no exp]i- size4 m5t+4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,wat* oil on ,new ,york tra9 pivots1 #b ,/&>d ,kelley's4 ,kelley's4 ,none4 ,no4 & clock qu>ts ,wat* ,co4 oil on /em ea*4 w9d4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,kelley's ,rock=d ,kelley's4 ,ay]'s4 ,yes4 ,wat* ,co4 ,guyj]s8 ,smi?'s4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,tr5ton ,nye's4 ,yes4 ,wat* ,co4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,kelley's4 ,wat]bury ,smi?'s4 ,nye's4 ,n a #a ,wat* ,co4 ,smi?'s4 ,success4 ,yes4 gallon4 ,& o!rs4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,yes4 ,wat*es1 light grade4 ,se? ,?omas ,nye's4 ,mo/ ,none4 ,yes4 ,clocks1 ,clock ,co4 o!rs4 m$ium grade4 ,yes4 ,t[] ,clocks1 heavy grade4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,table ,,xii4--,,answ]s ,,to ,,que/ions4--,,cont9u$4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,manufactur]4 #a #b #c #d #e #f ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,/ev5- ,on all be>- son's4 +s ! same #a,s9e ,dolo ,black- ,none4 ,no4 oil1 b on #a fi%4 ma9spr+ gallon4 ,e4 ,h[>d ,porpoise- a rock oil4 ,wat* jaw4 ,rock4 ,clock ,co4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #b,kelley's4 ,none4 ,yes4 #a gallon4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #c,rock ,oil4 ,satis- ,yes4 #aj factory4 gallons4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,light oil = ,h4 ,h4 ,he9- ,e k9d,unsatis- small pivots ri*1,*rono- ,/ull's4 9 ! factory4 ,no4 & heavi] #a p9t4 met] ,mak]4 m>ket4 oil = l>g] pivots4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,/ull's4 ,yes4 ,a light oil on ,new ,hav5 ,/ull's4 ,black- ,unsatis- clock-wat*es4 #bj ,clock ,co4 ,kelley's4 fi%4 factory4 -------------------gallons4 ,porpoise4 ,yes4 ,a heavy oil on clocks4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,+raham ,rock4 ,unsatis- #ab ,clock ,co4 ,porpoise4 ,mix$4 factory4 ,yes4 gallons4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,/ull's4 ,wat]bury ,/ull's4 ,smi?'s4 ,none4 ,yes4 #ae-bj ,clock ,co4 ,/ev5- gals4 son's4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,wm4 ,l4 ,gil- ,nye's4 b]t ,clock ,nye's4 ,smi?'s4 #aj-ab ,co4 ,kelley's4 gals4 ,com/ock's ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,note #a3 ,wat*4 ,note #b3 ,regulator4 ,note #c3 ,t[] ,clock4 ,!n aga9 "s workm5 leave ! oil bottle /&+ op51 :i* is obvi\sly a v c>eless proce$+4 ,! au?or has se5 a bottle "o qu>t] full ( du/1 ! oil /ill be+ us$ f ! top4 ,:5 oil is to be plac$ 9 ! oil-cup1 x %\ld be done by us+ a small1 clean glass rod--kept = ! purpose--& nev] p\r$ out ( ! bottle4 ,! oil cup %\ld always h ! cov] on except :5 tak+ oil f x4 ,be=e x is refill$ x %\ld be v c>efully clean$4 ,! oil] %\ld be p]fectly clean1 t k9d :i* has a hexagonal nut on ! h&le & a gold tip be+ v excell5t4 ,"s c>eless workm5 wipe ! oil] on ! back ( ! h&1 on ! clo!s1 on a dirty rag1 on an old *amois1 etc4 ,! tip ( ! oil] %\ld nev] t\* ! h& or f+]s1 z ! acids 9 ! p]spiration are sure to cause a bad effect on ! oil4 ,! foll[+ is a li/ ( oil]s :i* ! au?or has se5 us$3--,peg wood1 broom /raw1 quill1 too?pick1 mat*-/ick1 screw driv]1 tweez]s1 rat-tail file1 piece ( copp] wire1 horse-%oe nail1 /eel p54 ,if du/ be on ! b5* pap]1 or 9 ! movem5t tray1 ! pivots w surely transf] "s ( x to ! be>+s :5 ! :eels are be+ put to place4 ,! scape-:eel1 ma9spr+ & o!r p>ts1 ! rubb+ surfaces ( :i* may come 9 contact ) ! f+]s1 %\ld be s h&l$ z to all[ no p]spiration to become deposit$ on any surface :i* may aft]w>ds require oil+1 z ! acids conta9$ 9 ! p]spiration w ex]t an injuri\s effect on ! oil4 ,! own]s ( wat*es sometimes subject !m to v h>d treatm5t by us+ p]fumes1 etc41 & !n "s p p]spire m ?an o!rs1 :ile ! p]spiration ( "s p]sons conta9s m acids1 or is m rancid1 ?an t ( o!rs4 ,= ^! reasons ! me?od ( te/+ oil by putt+ x on wat*es kept to loan to cu/om]s z ,sauni] recomm5ds _c be reli$ on4 ,oils %\ld be kept 9 a clean1 cool1 d>k place4 ,! wrapp] or label on ! bottle %\ld be d>k blue or black1 to exclude all light1 z1 if ?is is n done1 ! oil w be m liable to decomposition1 except 9 ! case ( a m9]al oil1 :i* is n affect$ by light4 ,all vegetable & animal oil :i* has be5 blea*$ by exposure to ! light is m liable to decomposition on exposure to air ?an t :i* is unblea*$4 #hh4 ,! ,effect ( ,age on ,oils4 ,writ+ on ?is subject ,mr4 ,h5ry ,g4 ,abbott#bh /ates z foll[s3 ,!re is a popul> fallacy exi/+ 9 ! trade t oils %\ld be us$ :5 fre%1 & ev5 t ackn[l$g$ au?ority1 ,sauni]1 says1 'd n buy f motives ( economy bottles t h laid = ye>s 9 ! %op4' ,?is may be true & probably is 9 reg>d to animal & vegetable oils1 :i* are likely to become rancid if kept = a long "t1 b ,william ,f4 ,nye1 "o ( ! l>ge/ & mo/ celebrat$ manufactur]s ( f9e wat* & *ronomet] oils 9 ! _w1 decl>es t blackfi% oils are improv$ by age1 & 8 oils are seldom plac$ on ! m>ket 9 ! same ye> z obta9$4 ,we are indebt$ to ! same au?ority = ! /atem5t t oils ( ?is k9d are cle>] & m brilliant aft] "s ye>s ?an fre% oils4 ,?\gh ,mr4 ,abbott has made "s v valuable additions to ! lit]ature ( ! pr(ession1 ! au?or begs p]mission to call att5tion1 9 ref]5ce to ?is1 to ! foll[+ facts3 ,mr4 ,abbott says t vegetable & animal oils are likely to become rancid if kept = a long "t1 b blackfi% oils are n4 ,brant#bi /ates t ! porpoise or ,phoco5a communis1 ,cuv41 & ! blackfi%1 or ,phoco5a globiceps1 are ( ! subdivision ,delph9odea1 or dolph9s1 ( ! family ( ,cetacea1 or :ales1 an ord] ( ! v]tebrat$ mammif]\s m>9e animals4 ,adl] ,wright#cj /ates t ! t]m 'tra9 oil1' /rictly speak+1 applies to any oil extract$ f ! blubb] ( cetaceans & ! alli$ m>9e mammalia1 su* z ! seal1 porpoise1 dolph9 & walrus4 ,huxley classes among cetacea ! dolph9s1 porpoises1 grampus & n>:al4 ,au?orities might be quot$ ad inf9itum to %[1 n only t porpoise-jaw oil & blackfi%-melon oil are animal oils1 b t !y possess prop]ties simil> to o!r animal oils z f> z _! liability to decompose by age1 m or less1 is conc]n$4 ,fur!rmore1 ,?ur/on#ca /ates t all vegetable & animal oils are comp\nds ( glyc]9e & ! fatty acids4 ,:5 !y become old decomposition takes place1 & acid is set free1 by :i* action1 z is commonly said1 ! oils become rancid4 ,?us ,sauni] is borne out 9 8 admonition4 #hi4 ,9 ,conclusion1 ! au?or wi%es to /ate1 t z he has be5 able to f9d b little 9 ! lit]ature ( ! craft 9 ,engli%1 ,fr5* or ,g]man1 he has pursu$ ! /udy ( ! prop]ties & relative values ( lubricants 9 horology ^u l9es :i* h sugge/$ !mselves z be+ be/ adapt$ to give good results4 ,z mu* t is h]e9 conta9$ is new & orig9al 9 its application 9 horology1 ! !ories advanc$ may be 9 "s respects incorrect4 ,! te/s ( v>i\s oils h1 no d\bt1 be5 subject to p]sonal error2 b x has be5 ! e>ne/ desire ( ! au?or to give ! subject ! att5tion x des]ves4 ,9 ord] t tru? may prevail & t ju/ice may be done to ! v>i\s manufactur]s ( oils1 z well z to ! au?or & 8 subject1 he w aga9 reque/ criticism ?r\gh ! trade press 9 any matt] 9 :i* he may seem to be at fault4 ,he fur!r wi%es t o!rs may become int]e/$1 & t ! mak]s & repair]s ( wat*es1 *ronomet]s & clocks1 z well z ! manufactur]s ( oil1 w fur!r assi/ 9 ^! inve/igations by mak+ simil> or o!r exp]im5ts1 & report ! result ( ! same ?r\gh ! trade press 9 ord] t ?is v important subject may be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,9 fur!rance ( ?is object ! au?or w furni% samples ( oils free to anyone wi%+ to make exp]im5tal te/s ( any k9d1 on condition t ! results ( su* te/s %all be publi%$ or communicat$ to ! au?or = future publication4 ,address1 ,w4 ,t4 ,lewis1 ,presid5t ,philadelphia ,horological ,society1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,footnotes3 #ab ,?ur/on4 ,friction & ,lo/ ,"w 9 ,ma*9]y4 #ac ,z ! fi% f :i* ^! oils are obta9$ are ( ! mammalia ord]1 _! oils are class$ among ! animal oils4 #ad ,! ,horological ,j\rnal1 ,apr41 #ahha4 ,vol4 xxiii4 ,page #ih4 #ae ,ph>macopoea ,g]manica4 #ahhb4 #af ,! ,national ,disp5satory4 #ahhd4 #ag ,sauni]1 ,wat*mak]'s ,h&-,book1 p4 #ajd1 ,eng4 ,edition2 p4 #abi1 ,am4 ,edition4 #ah ,brannt4 ,animal & ,vegetable ,fats & ,oils4 #ai ,pap] read 9 ! ,*emical ,section1 ,briti% ,association1 ,plym\? ,meet+1 #ahgi4 #bj ,swansea ,meet+4 ,briti% ,association1 #ahhj4 #ba ,?is "w is compil$ f a c\rse ( lectures deliv]$ by ! au?or be=e ! ,philadelphia ,horological ,society1 #ahif4 #bb ,?ur/on4 ,friction & ,lo/ ,"w 9 ,ma*9]y4 #bc ,proce$+s ,n4 ,e4 ,cotton ,manufactur]s' ,association1 ,nov4 #bh1 #ahhj4 #bd ,! av]age teaspoon holds #e cubic c5timet]s4 #be #a millimet] 4#jci in*4 #bf ,?ur/on4 ,friction & ,lo/ ,"w 9 ,ma*9]y4 #bg ,?is "w is compil$ f a s]ies ( pap]s read & lectures deliv]$ by ! au?or be=e ! ,philadelphia ,horological ,society1 #ahif4 #bh ,abbott4 ,! ,am]ican ,wat*mak] & ,jewel]1 #ahib1 page #bdi4 #bi ,brant4 ,animal & ,vegetable ,fats & ,oils1 pages #big-bii4 #cj ,adl] ,wright4 ,oils1 ,fats & ,waxes1 & ,_! ,manufactur$ ,products1 p4 #bib-bic4 #ca ,friction & ,lo/ ,"w 9 ,ma*9]y4