,transcrib]'s notes3 ,obvi\s typographical errors h be5 correct$1 b o!rwise ! au?or's spell+ has be5 pres]v$4 ,a ,,guide ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,animals ,,by ,a ,,committee ,,f ,,! ,,biology ,,r\nd ,,table ,,( ,,! ,,*icago ,,high ,,s*ools ,,worrallo ,,:itney1 ,*airman ,,b[5 ,,high ,,s*ool ,,fr$]ic ,c4 ,,lucas ,,englewood ,,high ,,s*ool ,,h>old ,b4 ,,%9n ,,s*urz ,,high ,,s*ool ,,mabel ,e4 ,,smallwood ,,lane ,,te*nical ,,high ,,s*ool ,d4 ,c4 ,,hea? ,,co41 ,,publi%]s ,,bo/on -- ,,new ,,york -- ,,*icago ,copyright1 #aiaa1 ,by ,d4 ,c4 ,hea? ,co4 #a ,e #c ,,preface ,! foll[+ guide to ! /udy ( animals is int5d$ = pupils 9 second>y s*ools4 ,x 0 prep>$ by ! au?ors at ! reque/ ( ! ,biology ,r\nd ,table1 an association compos$ ( ! tea*]s ( ,biology 9 ! ,*icago ,high ,s*ools1 to :om ! au?ors wi% to take ?is opportunity ( express+ _! appreciation ( ! _m helpful sugge/ions & criticisms ( ! manuscript4 ,! "t has pass$ :5 a high s*ool c\rse 9 zology consi/s simply ( a some:at simplifi$ edition ( a simil> c\rse 9 college4 ,all tea*]s n[ recognize t ! motivization ( any c\rse %\ld be its adaptability to ! ne$s ( ! /ud5t1 & t zology mu/ be taught f ! /&po9t ( ! /ud5t r ?an t ( ! subject4 ,9 prep>+ ?is guide1 ! au?ors h tri$ to keep ^! po9ts 9 m9d4 ,! matt] ( pres5tation1 ! ord] ( topics1 & ! *oice ( mat]ial has be5 mu* discuss$1 b ! tr5d ( op9ion has f9ally set 9 t[>d an ecological r ?an a type /udy ( animals2 t !re %\ld be 9 ! case ( "y /ud5ts a brief /udy ( r a l>ge numb] ( animals to br+ out "s g5]al biological law1 r ?an an exhau/ive /udy ( a v few types4 ,x is fur!r recogniz$ t ! use ( a ref]5ce libr>y is absolutely ess5tial 9 connection ) & to supplem5t ! laboratory "w1 z !re are "s topics beyond ! ability ( ! "y /ud5t = orig9al inve/igation z well z impossible 9 ! am\nt ( "t usually allott$ to ! subject 9 our cr[d$ curricula4 ,( great importance is ! economic side ( zology1 especially its be>+ ^u ! appli$ sci5ces ( m$ic9e1 sanitation1 h\sehold sci5ce1 & agriculture1 & ?is phase has receiv$ special att5tion 9 ?is guide4 ,! desirability ( field "w has always be5 recogniz$1 b ! special conditions "u :i* s*ools mu/ "w are s v>iable z to make any set directions = field "w ( little value1 & s !y h 9 mo/ cases be5 omitt$ 9 ?is "w4 ,ea* tea*] c easily give su* special direction = collect+ mat]ial & /udy 9 ! field z ! locality ( ! s*ool & ! "t available = x %all det]m9e4 ,s9ce zology w probably be ! pupil's fir/ laboratory sci5ce1 ! au?ors h prec$$ ! m =mal portion ( ! manual ) a s]ies ( %ort ex]cises on famili> & easily obta9$ animals 9 ord] to introduce ! pupil to ! laboratory me?od & to /imulate 8 int]e/1 tra9+ him at ! outset to be con/antly on ! outlook = specim5s & to %[ him h[ mu* may be le>n$ f common ?+s "r ar\nd him1 if he w only use 8 eyes4 ,we h also begun ! m =mal portion ( ! guide ) insects1 s9ce 9 ! fall !y are easily collect$ & may be /udi$ alive4 ,!y illu/rate1 moreov]1 ! pr9ciples ( classification & me?od ( us+ keys & o!r means ( f9d+ out ! names ( animals4 ,?is w\ld seem to be p$agogically s\nd1 = "s rec5t exp]im5ts ) pupils %[ t ! fir/ "q t comes into a *ild's m9d ^u see+ a new or /range specim5 is ,:at is x8 ,a l>g] portion ( ! guide is giv5 to ! *ordates ?an is usually ! case4 ,! au?ors also believe t ?is is correct & 9 accord ) ! natural int]e/ ( ! pupil4 ,x w s]ve to connect 8 zology m closely ) 8 daily exp]i5ces4 ,!re is mat]ial en\gh provid$ to all[ ! tea*] a *ance to select t be/ adapt$ to 8 purposes or conditions z well z to provide = ^? s*ools t give m ?an "o ye> to zology4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,/udies ,,( ,,liv+ ,,animals #a ,fly1 #a2 ,maggot1 #c2 ,cockroa*1 #d2 ,spid]1 #e2 ,cricket1 #f2 ,gras%opp]1 #g2 ,butt]fly or ,mo?1 #i2 ,cat]pill>1 #aj2 ,tussock ,mo?1 #aa2 ,beetle1 #ac2 ,damsel ,fly ,l>va1 #ad2 ,plant ,lice & ,scale ,bugs1 #ae2 ,wat] ,bugs & ,beetles1 #ag2 ,gett+ ,acqua9t$ ) ! ,libr>y1 #ah4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,/udies ,,( ,,insects #bj ,field ,/udies1 #bj2 ,gras%opp]s or ,locu/s1 #bc2 ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,or?opt]a1 #bh2 ,key to ,or?opt]a1 #bi2 ,dragon ,fly1 #cj2 ,honeybee1 #ca2 ,g5]al ,/udy ( ,insects1 #cc2 ,review ( ,insects1 #ce2 ,key to ,pr9cipal ,ord]s1 #cf2 ,"s ,common ,butt]flies1 #ch2 ,summ>y ( ,insects1 #cg2 ,g5]al ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #dj4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,/ructure ,,& ,,function #dd ,protozoa3 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,cell1 #dd2 ,comp>ative ,/udy1 #dh2 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #di2 ,sponges1 #ea2 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #ec4 ,coel5t]ates3 ,hydra1 #ed2 ,comp>ative ,/udy1 #eh2 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #ei4 ,worms3 ,liv+ ,e>?worm1 #fa2 ,ext]nal ,morphology1 #fd2 ,int]nal ,morphology1 #fd2 ,microscopic ,anatomy1 #ff2 ,summ>y1 #fh2 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #gj2 ,connection betwe5 ,/ructure & ,function1 #gb4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,adaptation ,,to ,,surr\nd+s #gc ,crayfi%es3 ,liv+ ,crayfi%1 #gc2 ,morphology1 #ge2 ,summ>y1 #gi2 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #ha4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,adaptation ,,= ,,protection ,,f ,,enemies #hc ,mollusca3 ,clam1 #hc2 ,snail1 #hg2 ,squid1 #hi2 ,comp>ative ,/udy1 #ia2 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #ib4 ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,exoskeletons1 #ic2 ,protective ,coloration1 #id2 ,animal ,associations1 #if2 ,protective ,habits & ,p[]s1 #ih2 ,def5sive ,/ructures1 #ii2 ,!sis3 ,adaptation = ,protection1 #ii4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,v]tebrates #aja ,fi%es3 ,liv+ ,fi%1 #aja2 ,ext]nal ,/ructure1 #ajc2 ,m\? & ,gills1 #aje2 ,alim5t>y ,canal & ,circulatory ,sy/em1 #ajg2 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #aaj4 ,primitive ,*ordates1 #aab4 ,amphibia3 ,liv+ ,frog or ,toad1 #aad2 ,m\?1 #aaf2 ,organs ( ,dige/ion1 ,absorption1 & ,excretion1 #aag2 ,organs ( ,circulation & ,respiration1 #abj2 ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 #abc2 ,endoskeleton1 #abe2 ,comp>ative ,/udy1 #abi2 ,g5]al ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #abi4 ,reptiles3 ,liv+ ,snake1 ,liz>d1 & ,turtle1 #acj2 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #acb4 ,birds3 ,liv+ ,pigeon1 #acc2 ,plumage1 #acf2 ,birds & ,migration1 #aci2 ,laboratory ,ex]cise1 #aci2 ,field ,"w1 #ada2 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #adb2 ,migration 9 ,g5]al1 #ade4 ,mammals3 ,rod5ts3 ,dome/ic ,rabbit1 #adf2 ,wild ,rabbit1 #adh2 ,gu9ea ,pig or ,:ite ,rat1 #adi2 ,squirrel1 #aej2 ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #aeb4 ,c>nivora3 ,laboratory ,ex]cise1 #aec2 ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #aee4 ,ungulates3 ,laboratory ,ex]cise1 #aeg2 ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #afj4 ,! ,horse1 #afb4 ,homology ( ! ,v]tebrate ,skeleton1 #afh4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,adaptations ,,= ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,species #agj ,me?ods ( ,reproduction3 ,simple or ,asexual ,me?od1 #agj2 ,complex or ,sexual ,me?od1 #aga4 ,developm5t3 ,/ructure ( an ,egg1 #agb2 ,developm5t ( an ,egg1 #agc2 ,metamorphosis ( a ,mosquito1 #agd2 ,metamorphosis ( a ,butt]fly1 #agf2 ,developm5t ( ! ,*ick1 #agg4 ,protection & ,c>e ( ,"y3 ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #agi4 ,adaptation = ! ,pres]vation ( ! ,species3 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise1 #ahj4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,p\ltry #ahb 99 99 99 99 99 ,,gloss>y #ahi ,a ,,guide ,,= ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,animals ,,*apt] ,i ,,introductory ,,/udies ,,( ,,liv+ ,,animals ,9 ! foll[+ brief ex]cises ! prim>y purpose is to ar\se an active1 att5tive int]e/ on ! "p ( ! pupil 9 v>i\s =ms ( animal life :i* may be at h&1 rem9d+ him ( :at & h[ v>i\s creatures eat1 h[ !y brea!1 h[ !y get ideas ( ! _w1 h[ !y get ab\t1 & p]haps h[ !y succe$ :]e o!rs fail4 ,( second>y importance is ! introduction ( laboratory me?ods by easy /ages4 ,! pupil %\ld feel t 8 natural curiosity is only be+ direct$ to def9ite ends & t he is free to inve/igate 9 8 own way4 ,! types "h giv5 are only a few ( ! _m to be f\nd 9 ! e>ly fall1 & ^! ex]cises 9 sev]al cases may be us$ = o!r =ms ?an ^? def9itely m5tion$4 ,!re %\ld be a great deal ( promiscu\s collect+ by ! class1 & 9 ! mass ( mat]ial ga!r$ ! foll[+ types w probably be fairly abundant4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,fly ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ flies 9 cages & individual specim5s 9 small wide-m\? vials ) cotton /opp]s = ! admission ( air4 ,sug> cry/als may be us$ = fe$+4 ,simple l5ses4 ,obs]vations4 ,notice ! division ( ! body into ?ree regions3 head1 ?orax1 & abdom54 ,! six legs1 ! l>ge w+s1 & ! small feel]s may be easily f\nd1 z are ! l>ge eyes1 ! ext5sible m\?1 & b5ea? ! l>g] w+s ! small undevelop$ ones look+ l t9y knobs4 #a4 ,/ate ! g5]al color ( y\r specim5 & give any special m>k+s on its body4 #b4 ,is ! body smoo? or has x a cov]+ ( any k9d8 ,d y reg>d ! fly z a cleanly animal8 ,:y8 #c4 ,"u :at conditions does ! fly use its legs8 its w+s8 ,:at enables x to walk upside d[n8 ,:at use c y assign to ! small w+s8 #d4 ,judg+ by ! relative size ( ! feel]s & ! eyes1 d y ?9k ! fly relies m ^u its sight or its feel+8 ,s9ce ! eyes c probably see y any place :]e y see !m1 det]m9e ?r\gh h[ mu* ( a circle ! fly c see4 #e4 ,h[ does ! fly eat8 ,does x eat solid or liquid food8 #f4 ,:]e is ! ext5sible m\? 7proboscis7 kept :5 n 9 use8 ,:at is ! fly do+ :5 wa%+ its face8 #g4 ,f y\r own obs]vation 9 ! b>n & ! alley :at d y "k ab\t ! fly's cleanl9ess 9 *oos+ its food8 ,h[ w\ld x affect articles 9 ! pantry8 #h4 ,f ! =ego+ /atem5ts %[ h[ flies may be a s]i\s factor 9 deal+ ) disease4 #i4 ,:at means may be employ$ z protection aga9/ adult flies8 aga9/ _! bre$+ places & maggots8 ,sugge/$ draw+4 a4 ,! entire fly1 se5 f above1 #d4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,maggot ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ specim5s 9 pans or cotton-/opp]$ bottles1 ) "s food mat]ial & moi/ clo? or pap]2 l5ses4 ,obs]vations4 ,notice ! g5]al worm-l =m ( ! maggot1 or grub1 ! pla9 & uni=m color1 & ! abs5ce ( all elaborate /ructures1 z w+s & feel]s4 #a4 ,s9ce ?is creature is de/9$ to become a fly+ or walk+ insect1 :at organs w h to appe>8 ,is !re any indication ( ^! /ructures at pres5t8 #b4 ,give ! color ( ! specim51 & expla9 h[ ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( /rong light seems to h affect$ ! color4 ,is ?is effect usual 9 animals or plants t y "k8 #c4 ,tell h[ ! animal gets f place to place1 describ+ any special /ructures y f9d :i* aid 9 ?is "w4 #d4 ,h[ c y tell ! head end8 ,tell h[ ! am\nt ( "w t ! m\? & m\? p>ts d affects _! size & indirectly t ( ! region :]e !y are4 #e4 ,:at s5ses & s5se organs has ! maggot8 ,te/ any ( ^! s5ses or organs g5tly1 by any means at y\r disposal1 or recall any exp]i5ce y h _h along ?is l9e4 ,:i* s5ses or organs seem to be be/ develop$8 #f4 ,expla9 briefly h[ ! active or sluggi% habits ei!r det]m9e or are det]m9$ by ! condition ( ! s5ses or s5se organs4 #g4 ,s9ce ,"m ,nature seems to want maggots to develop rapidly1 tell h[ %e economizes 9 en]gy & mat]ial :5 =m+ !m4 #h4 ,%[ h[ ! developm5t ( maggots 9 refuse matt] is actually b5eficial4 #i4 ,f ! /&po9t ( flies & human welf>e1 %[ :y maggots %\ld n be all[$ to live1--/at+ h[ !y may be prev5t$4 #aj4 ,look up ! /ory ( ! pupa ( ! h\se fly2 ! developm5t & "w ( ! botfly2 ( ! ox-w>ble2 ( ! tsetse fly4 ,sugge/$ draw+4 a4 ,! maggot or grub1 side view1 #d4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,cockroa* ,mat]ials4 ,individual specim5s 9 cages1 j>s1 or wide-m\? vials ) cotton /opp]s to admit air4 ,sev]al roa*es 9 l>ge cages ) mat]ial = food & concealm5t4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,:at is ! g5]al color & ! av]age size ( cockroa*es8 #b4 ,dur+ :at "t ( ! day are roa*es mo/ active8 ,:]e d !y hide at o!r times8 ,h[ d _! %ape & color aid concealm5t8 ,note any odd or /rik+ colors or m>ks :i* might make !m di/+ui%able to _! mates4 #c4 ,is ! roa* a quick or a sl[ mov+ animal8 ,h[ does x get ab\t1--by runn+1 jump+1 walk+1 crawl+1 swimm+1 or fly+8 ,turn y\r specim5 on its back & see h[ x recov]s its prop] position4 ,notice ! relative size & developm5t ( ! w+s & _! use 9 fly+4 #d4 ,if un9jur$1 y\r specim5 has six legs4 ,:y don't !y /ep on ea* o!r8 ,notice ! /iff hairs on ! legs & ! :ite pads "u ! feet4 ,h[ w\ld ^! /ructures be useful to ! animal8 #e4 ,! l>ge1 black1 %9y eyes are on ! front & sides ( ! head2 ! long horns1 or feel]s1 are atta*$ j bel[ ! eyes4 ,^u :i* s5se1 sight or feel+1 d y ?9k ! roa* dep5ds m8 ,expla9 y\r /atem5t4 #f4 ,beside ! m\? are a long & a %ort pair ( feel]s2 p]haps ^! are = ta/+ or smell+4 ,:at d roa*es l to eat8 ,d !y *oose _! food8 ,:at damage d !y d8 #g4 ,h[ c a h\se be rid ( cockroa*es8 ,sugge/$ draw+4 a4 ,a cockroa*1 se5 f above4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,spid] ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ spid]s1 pref]ably l>ge ones1 9 cages2 individual specim5s 9 batt]y j>s or wide-m\? bottles4 ,cocoons4 ,simple l5ses4 ,obs]vations4 ,ea* pupil may feel sure t if treat$ fairly any ( ! common spid]s may be h&l$ )\t fe> ( bite or injury4 #a4 ,note t ! spid]'s body is ( two regions1 ! head-?orax & ! abdom51 & t x is support$ by eight legs4 ,to :at "p ( ! body are ! legs atta*$8 #b4 ,f9d ! feel]s2 if !y are club-%ap$1 y\r specim5 is a male4 ,/ate _! numb] & tell :]e !y are atta*$4 ,:at is ! sex ( y\r spid]8 #c4 ,usually !re are eight t9y ne>-sight$ eyes on ! front ( ! head4 ,/ate ! color ( ! eyes & by a diagram indicate _! arrangem5t4 #d4 ,) :at k9d ( mat]ial is ! body cov]$ 7use ! l5s78 #e4 ,:at is ! color ( y\r specim58 ,:at special m>k+s has x8 ,f9d out ! "n ( y\r k9d ( spid]4 #f4 ,hold+ ! spid] al(t 9 y\r f+]s1 all[ x to drop ^u ! ?read x w sp91 & wat* x climb & sp94 ,record ! numb] ( ! sp9n]s1 _! situation1 & h[ !y act4 ,are ! ?reads /icky8 ,if s1 :y doesn't ! spid] /ick to its web8 ,is ! web us$ = a home or = a sn>e8 #g4 ,try to discov] h[ ! feet are enabl$ to cl+ to ! ?read4 #h4 ,exam9e a cocoon1 not+ its out] =m & /ructure1 & look = an op5+ at ! top4 ,if y c op5 a cocoon c>efully ) scissors1 look = its two coats & inspect its cont5ts4 #i4 ,/ate ?ree uses = ! spid]'s silk4 #aj4 ,:at is ! "w ( spid]s among/ ! animal population ( ! e>?1 or ( :at use are !y8 #aa4 ,out ( doors f9d webs ( v>i\s k9ds3 :eel web1 t5t web1 triangle web1 etc4 #ab4 ,h[ d ! jump+ spid]s diff] f o!rs 9 _! sp9n+ & fe$+ habits8 #ac4 ,look up :at is meant by balloon+ spid]s4 ,f9d out :5 balloon+ occurs & :at is accompli%$ by x4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! entire spid]1 se5 f above4 b4 ,a cocoon4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,cricket ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ crickets 9 cages1 ) mat]ials = food & concealm5t1 & individual specim5s 9 wide-m\? bottles or vials ) cotton /opp]s4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,:at is ! av]age size & ! g5]al color ( crickets8 #b4 ,j :at d !y d :5 y try to cat* !m8 ,:at /ructures enable !m to d ^! ?+s8 #c4 ,( ! ?ree pairs ( legs1 :i* ext5d sidewise = runn+ or grasp+1 & :i* backw>d = jump+ or climb+8 ,:at /ructures h ! legs to enable !m to d _! "w prop]ly8 #d4 ,notice h[ well develop$ ! cricket's w+s are1 & /ate h[ mu* !y are us$ or h[ !y influ5ce ! habits ( ! animal4 #e4 ,h[ _m project+ sp9es are !re on ! h9d] end ( ! body8 ,are !y ornam5tal or useful8 h[8 ,! female crickets h a special spe>-%ap$ sp9e = deposit+ eggs4 #f4 ,9 a column make a li/ ( ! s5ses 7sight1 feel+1 etc471 & opposite ea* /ate :at k9d ( an organ is us$ & :]e x is locat$4 ,! e>s are oblong :ite spots on ! second long piece ( ! front legs4 #g4 ,f9d out :e!r ! cricket *ews solid food or sucks liquid food1 & :e!r x has bit+ jaws or protrusible lips4 ,see :e!r x w attack a too?pick or y\r f+]1 & if ! crickets h be5 conf9$ long1 :e!r !re has be5 any attempt at cannabalism4 ,is its natural food animal or vegetable matt]8 #h4 ,h[ d crickets *irp8 #i4 ,:at "w d !y d 9 nature8 #aj4 ,h[ does a baby cricket develop8 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,gras%opp] ,,or ,,locu/ ,mat]ials4 ,individual specim5s 9 wide-m\? bottles or j>s1 & o!r specim5s 9 cages1 ) turf or foliage = food & concealm5t4 ,simple l5ses4 ,obs]vations4 ,notice ! =m & size ( y\r specim51 its color1 ! numb] ( its legs & ( its feel]s4 ,f9d ! eyes2 ! two l>ge eyes1 a t9y "o betwe5 ! two feel]s1 & ne> ! inn] edge ( ea* l>ge eye1 ano!r t9y "o4 ,) a l5s notice ! m>k+s on ! l>ge eyes4 ,f9d ! m\?1 & note its lips & f+]-l feel]s4 ,draw out an out] w+1 & !n c>efully draw out ! delicate "u w+1 all[+ !m bo? to fold into place aga94 ,"u ! w+s f9d ! circul> or cresc5t-%ap$ membranes1 ! e>drums4 ,wat* ! gras%opp]'s body exp& & contract 9 brea?+1 & f9d ! small brea?+ holes along ea* side ! body4 ,comp>e its rate ( brea?+ ) y\r own4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,9 :at surr\nd+s & h[ does ! gras%opp]'s color protect x8 ,:at color m>k+s has x :i* might s]ve = o!r gras%opp]s to see z signals8 ,expla9 h[ ?is signal+ is done4 #b4 ,expla9 h[ ! legs are plac$ s z to act z spr+s 9 jump+ & alight+4 #c4 ,:at advantages 9 hav+ ! w+s atta*$ on ! upp] side & ! legs on ! "u side ( ! body8 #d4 ,expla9 h[ ! small w+s are protective1 & h[ ! l>ge ones are protect$4 #e4 ,:y is x bett] = ! gras%opp] to h its m\? on ! "u side ( its head in/ead ( 9 front8 #f4 ,! l>ge eyes are suppos$ to be f>-sight$1 ! small ones ne>-sight$4 ,/ate h[ ! l>ge eyes h ! m advantage\s position1 & ar\nd h[ mu* ( a circle !y c see4 #g4 ,describe h[ ! gras%opp] brea!s4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,butt]fly ,,or ,,mo? ,mat]ials4 ,individual specim5s 9 l>ge j>s or cages1 & o!r specim5s 9 cages ) foliage2 simple l5ses & a ne$le or p94 ,obs]vations4 ,butt]flies may g5]ally be di/+ui%$ f mo?s by _! habit ( hold+ _! w+s toge!r above !m :5 at re/1 by ! feel]s :i* are knobb$ at ! end1 & by ! r sl5d] abdom54 ,mo?s g5]ally ei!r fold _! w+s or hold !m out/ret*$1 _! feel]s are n knobb$1 & _! bodies are r bulky4 ,obs]ve ^! po9ts 9 y\r specim5 & ! colors ( ! upp] & "u sides ( ! w+s4 ,f9d ! l>ge eyes & exam9e !m ) a l5s4 ,) ! ne$le or p9 c>efully uncoil ! suck+ tube :i* y may f9d "u ! head betwe5 two %ields4 ,note ! fuzz9ess ( ! body & ! du/ :i* cov]s ! w+s4 ,exam9e "s ( ?is du/ "u a l5s4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,is y\r specim5 a butt]fly or a mo?8 ,prove y\r /atem5t4 ,if possible1 give ! "n ( y\r specim54 #b4 ,write a description ( y\r specim5--its size1 g5]al color1 & special color patt]n4 #c4 ,describe ! suck+ tube1 or proboscis1 & "n "s fl[]s f :i* x might obta9 nect>4 ,try to f9d out h[ ! tube is op]at$4 #d4 ,:y is x t mo?s & butt]flies nev] bite8 ,d !y /+8 ,h[ d y ?9k !y protect !mselves f enemies8 #e4 ,/ate h[ ! fuzz & du/ on y\r specim5 might influ5ce a bird's lik+ = x4 #f4 ,contra/ ! size & usefulness ( ! w+s ( ! butt]fly ) ^? ( "s o!r insect y "k ab\t2 contra/ _! legs2 /ate h[ developm5t ( "o set ( /ructures may cause ano!r set to be simple or feeble4 #g4 ,mo/ mo?s are active by night4 ,:at explanation c y give = _! l>ge eyes & exp&$ feel]s8 ,feel]s ( insects may be = any or all ( ! foll[+3 t\*1 ta/e1 smell1 & he>+4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! butt]fly or mo?4 b4 ,an ant5na 7feel]74 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,cat]pill> ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ cat]pill>s 9 cages or cov]$ j>s = individual /udy1 & o!r specim5s 9 cages ) foliage = food or concealm5t4 ,obs]vations4 ,! pupil %\ld obs]ve ! g5]al =m & ext]nal con/ruction ( ! cat]pill>1 wat*+ x fe$+1 9 action1 & at re/4 ,notice h[ ! creature moves4 ,f9d its head1 its segm5ts 7simil> divisions ( ! body71 & its brea?+ holes along ! sides ( ! body4 ,try to f9d its eyes1 any feel]s1 w+s or paddles4 ,try to loos5 x f its support2 f9d ! t9y hooks on ! feet = cl++ fa/4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,give ! g5]al color ( y\r specim5 & expla9 h[ ?is color may make x conspicu\s or may aid its concealm5t4 #b4 ,describe ! out] surface or cov]+ ( ! cat]pill>4 ,:at /ructures1 if any1 are !re1 :i* might make ! animal di/a/eful or in$ible8 #c4 ,h[ _m pairs ( legs are !re8 ,h[ are !y di/ribut$ along ! body8 ,c\nt+ ! segm5ts1 /ate :i* ones be> no legs4 #d4 ,to :at ext5t d ! legs act 9 locomotion8 ,are !y m]e organs = atta*m5t :ile ! body sw+s =w>d & backw>d1 or d ! legs d ?is1 z 9 a horse8 ,make a complete /atem5t4 #e4 ,notice ! op5+s ( ! int]nal brea?+ tubes4 ,h[ are !y protect$ aga9/ du/ & o!r =eign matt]8 #f4 ,does ! cat]pill> seem to be a w>m-blood$ animal8 ,/ate h[ ! free access ( air along ! body w\ld influ5ce int]nal temp]ature4 #g4 ,:at d y "k ab\t a cat]pill>'s appetite8 ,h[ might cat]pill>s be b5eficial or h>mful8 ,:at means has nature ( hold+ _! numb]s 9 *eck8 #h4 ,recall+ t cat]pill>s f9ally sleep = sev]al days or weeks & awak5 z w+$ creatures1 h[ c y acc\nt = _! appetites8 ,,! ,,tussock ,,mo? ,mat]ials4 ,directions = ! /udy ( ! cat]pill> /age w be f\nd 9 ! ex]cise ,! ,liv+ ,cat]pill>1 & directions = ! /udy ( ! adult male =m w be f\nd 9 ! ex]cise ,! ,liv+ ,butt]fly or ,mo?4 ,! female tussock mo? is a w+less1 ?ick-bodi$ creature1 gray 9 color1 v d[ny1 & ab\t ?ree f\r?s ( an in* long4 ,! foll[+ directions apply m p>ticul>ly to ! /udy ( ! cocoons & ! g5]al h>mfulness ( ! tussock mo?4 ,?is ex]cise may be done be/ outside ( ! classroom1 ! pupil answ]+ ! que/ions on scrap pap] & rewrit+ ^! notes 9 ! laboratory4 ,liv+ cat]pill>s1 cocoons1 "s ( !m be>+ _! fro?y masses ( wax & eggs1 pup1 & adult mo?s ( bo? sexes may be us$ 9 ! laboratory4 ,obs]vations & ,que/ions4 #a4 ,on :at k9ds ( trees are ! cocoons & ! cat]pill>s g5]ally f\nd8 ,:at effect h ! cat]pill>s on ! trees1 & :at may possibly be ! f9al effect ^u ! trees ( ! locality or ! entire di/rict8 #b4 ,^u :at "p ( ! tree are ! cocoons made1 & :y8 ,:]e on ! b>k are !y1 & :y8 #c4 ,is ! op5+ ( ! cocoon at ! upp] or ! l[] end8 ,:at reason c y assign = ?is8 #d4 ,c\nt ! numb] ( cocoons ^u ! entire tree or e/imate x by c\nt+ ^? ^u a "p ( ! tree4 ,n[ c\nt ! numb] ( eggs on a cocoon4 ,assum+ t "o half ( ! cocoons be> eggs1 calculate ! numb] ( cat]pill>s on a tree next ye>4 #e4 ,h[ is ! waxy cov]+ ( ! eggs a p>ticul>ly good protection aga9/ w9t] wea!r8 #f4 ,inve/igate ! int]iors ( sev]al cocoons & /ate :at y f9d4 #g4 ,on ! pupa f9d ! jo9t$ & tap]+ h9d] end1 abdom51 & at ! head region & ly+ along ! "u side1 ! m>ks ( ! legs & ! feel]s1 & possibly ! w+s1 all press$ close aga9/ ! body4 ,f9d also ! brea?+ pores along ! sides ( ! abdom54 #h4 ,unlik5ess betwe5 male & female is call$ sexual dimorphism4 ,expla9 h[ ! tussock mo? %[s ?is4 ,= :at "w does ea* =m seem p>ticul>ly adapt$8 #i4 ,:at me?ods w\ld y use t ! tussock mo? might be de/roy$ or kept out ( a community8 ,! num]\s small worm-l creatures (t5 f\nd are ! cat]pill> /ages ( ano!r insect1 an i*neumon fly1 :i* laid its eggs "u ! sk9 ( ! tussock cat]pill>4 ,h[ has _! developm5t affect$ t ( ! tussock mo?8 ,:at great result does nature accompli% by ?is arrangem5t8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,a cat]pill>1 #b4 b4 ,a cocoon ) its egg mass4 c4 ,a pupa z se5 f ! "u side4 d4 ,an adult mo?1 ei!r male or female4 ,,! ,,liv+ ,,beetle ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ beetles 9 cages1 toge!r ) portions ( ! plant ^u :i* !y are f\nd2 or if wat] beetles are us$1 !y %\ld be kept 9 aqu>ia4 ,individual specim5s 9 batt]y j>s or wide-m\? bottles1 & pres]v$ beetles 9 pans or vials = ref]5ce4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,^u :at plant or 9 :at surr\nd+s is y\r k9d ( beetle g5]ally f\nd8 ,if y c1 give its common "n4 #b4 ,:at is ! l5g?1 bread?1 & ?ickness ( y\r beetle8 ,w\ld y describe x z a small insect or a l>ge "o8 #c4 ,( :at g5]al color is x8 ,describe any color m>k+s y see4 #d4 ,if any ( ! legs diff] f ! o!rs or are ( peculi> %ape or l5g?1 describe !m & tell :at y ?9k !y may be fitt$ to d4 #e4 ,z a rule1 beetles h h>d] %ells ?an o!r insects4 ,does ?is %ell completely inclose ! body1 or c y f9d any s(t p>ts expos$8 ,h[ are ! head1 ?orax1 & abdom5 jo9$ s z to c>ry out ! app>5t purpose ( protection8 ,:at is ! outl9e ( ! body--a cont9u\s l9e or "o ) _m irregul>ities8 #f4 ,if possible1 try to lift up "o side ( ! %ell f ! h9d] end ( ! body4 ,y w discov] t ?is portion ( ! %ell is a pair ( h>d %ea? w+s1 & b5ea? !m is ano!r pair4 ,h[ are ! "u ones unlike ! upp] 9 size & texture8 9 use8 9 arrangem5t :5 n 9 use8 #g4 ,does a beetle sp5d mo/ ( its life on ! w+1 l bees & flies8 ,h[ might ! body cov]+ & ! /ructure ( ! out] w+s affect or det]m9e ! beetle's habits1 ev5 aga9/ its w8 #h4 ,are ! feel]s or are ! eyes ( y\r specim5 m easily di/+ui%$8 ,^u :i* ( ! special s5ses does x seem to place mo/ dep5d5ce8 #i4 ,is y\r k9d ( beetle good = any?+1 ei!r 9 nature or 9 human affairs8 ,make a /atem5t reg>d+ :at good or :at h>m x may d4 ,,! ,,damsel ,,fly ,,l>va ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ l>v ( ! damsel fly 9 %all[ wat* glasses ( wat] = individual use1 & o!rs 9 l>ge pans or aqu>ia4 ,simple l5ses or dissect+ microscopes4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,:at is ! color & ! %ape ( ! l>va8 h[ long is x8 ,notice 9 :at surr\nd+s 9 ! wat] ! l>va lives1 & answ] to y\rself h[ its =m & color w\ld protect x 9 ^? surr\nd+s4 #b4 ,s9ce ! l>va is an insect1 ?\gh immature1 its body is compos$ ( ?ree regions3 head1 ?orax1 & abdom54 ,h[ d ^! regions diff] f ea* o!r8 #c4 ,:at /ructures has y\r specim5 to enable x to move f place to place8 ,if fully develop$ w+s are n pres5t1 :at indication is !re ( _! be+ =m$8 #d4 ,:at s5se organs has ! l>va8 ,:i* ones seem to be ! l>ge/ & mo/ useful8 #e4 ,al?\gh ! aquatic l>va is prep>+ = adult life 9 ! air1 !re %\ld be "s arrangem5t = secur+ air 9 ! wat]4 ,:]e d y f9d outgr[?s ( ! sk9 :i* might increase ! air-absorb+ surface8 ,h[ _m ( ^! /ructures are !re8 ,look )9 !m = ! air tubes1--f9e bran*+ black l9es4 #f4 ,if possible1 )\t injury to ! specim51 exam9e ! l>va's m\?4 ,try to discov] h[ x is us$ & h[ x is protect$ :5 n 9 use4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! entire l>va1 #d4 b4 ,a gill1 z se5 ?r\gh ! microscope4 c4 ,! fe$+ app>atus1 #aj4 ,,plant ,,lice ,,& ,,scale ,,bugs ,plant ,lice 7,aphids7 ,mat]ials4 ,plant lice on v>i\s k9ds ( plants1 su* z h\se plants1 gold5 gl[1 & o!r plants f ! g>d5 or field4 ,g>d5 a/]s ) root lice 7! a/]s %\ld be transplant$ into pots74 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,describe ! size1 appe>ance1 & colors ( ! plant lice 9 y\r collection & _! relation to ! ho/ plant4 #b4 ,are ! lice active or sluggi%8 7,comp>e ) a h\se fly1 = in/ance47 ,:at proportion ( !m h w+s8 ,:at is ! usual me?od ( locomotion8 #c4 ,exam9+ a s+le w+$ specim51 h[ _m w+s d y f9d8 ,h[ d !y fold8 ,:at is ! "* ( ! w+s8 #d4 ,:at is ! food ( ! plant lice8 ,h[ is ! food obta9$8 7,) a h& l5s id5tify ! pi]c+ organ47 ,on :at p>ts ( ! plants are !y f\nd8 ,does ! plant %[ any indication ( be+ h>m$ by ! lice8 ,if s1 h[8 #e4 ,make a c\nt ( ! plant lice ^u a portion ( a plant & e/imate ! :ole numb] ^u a plant4 ,:y are plant lice a v s]i\s pe/8 #f4 ,if any plant lice h ants associat$ ) !m1 /udy ! behavior ( ! ants 9 ?is curi\s relation%ip4 ,:at advantages result f ?is relation%ip ( ant & aphis to ei!r or bo? insects8 ,scale ,bugs ,mat]ials4 ,twigs ( trees1 leaves1 fruit1 f]ns1 etc41 infe/$ ) ^! bugs4 ,if possible1 h samples ( ,san ,jos scales1 maple scales1 & oy/] scales4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,:at is ! g5]al size & appe>ance ( ! v>i\s scale bugs 9 y\r collection8 ,h[ d !y diff] 9 =m & size & color8 #b4 ,remove a scale & /udy x c>efully ) a l5s4 ,:at is "u ! scale8 ,( :at is ! scale compos$8 ,:at d y discov] ab\t ^! bugs to indicate t !y are really insects8 #c4 ,:at c be said ab\t ! numb] ( scale bugs8 ,:y are !y difficult to ext]m9ate8 ,h[ c !y be di/ribut$ f "o place to ano!r1 z f or*>d to or*>d1 s9ce only ! males h w+s8 ,draw+s sugge/$4 a4 ,a s+le aphis z se5 ) h& l5s4 b4 ,v>i\s scale bugs z se5 ) a h& l5s4 c4 ,twigs %[+ ! di/ribution & numb]s ( scale bugs4 ,,wat] ,,bugs ,,& ,,beetles ,wat] ,bugs ,mat]ials4 ,wat] bugs & beetles ( sev]al species 9 small aqu>ia cov]$ ) a wire net4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,) :at legs does ! bug swim8 ,describe _! appe>ance & tell h[ us$ & h[ fitt$ = ?is use4 ,:i* legs are n us$ 9 swimm+8 #b4 ,remove ! bug f ! wat] = a mom5t to te/ o!r me?ods ( locomotion1 z jump+1 crawl+1 fly+4 ,:at d y discov]8 #c4 ,wat* ! bug z x gets a fre% supply ( air1 & describe ! process4 ,:]e is ! air /or$ = use :5 "u wat]8 ,does ! bug s9k or rise :5 x /ops swimm+8 ,:y8 #d4 ,id5tify ! bug's m\? p>ts4 ,:at is _! appe>ance & probable mann] ( use8 ,h[ are ! =elegs fitt$ = grasp+ food8 #e4 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! body8 ,:at is ! position ( ! w+s8 ,d ! two cov] 7=e7 w+s meet 9 a /raight l9e or d !y cross at _! tips8 ,are !y smoo? ?r\gh\t & %ea?-l1 or are !y ?ick at ! base & ?9 at ! tips8 ,summ>y4 ,summ>ize y\r /udy ( ! bug by enum]at+ ! v>i\s ways ! bug is adapt$ = life 9 ! wat]4 ,wat] ,beetles ,use ! same que/ions = ! /udy ( wat] beetles z = wat] bugs4 ,9 addition answ] ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,id5tify ! eyes ( ! :irligig beetle & note _! peculi> con/ruction4 ,h[ c y expla9 ?is peculi> =m ( ! eyes on ! basis ( use8 ,:y are ! ant5n ( bo? wat] bugs & beetles s small8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! dorsal view ( bo? bug & beetle4 b4 ,v5tral view ( ! bug's head to %[ ! beak & fir/ pair ( legs4 ,,gett+ ,,acqua9t$ ,,) ,,! ,,libr>y ,directions4 ,! books 9 a zological libr>y may be r\ghly divid$ into ?ree gr\ps3-- #a4 ,ref]5ce books4 a4 ,advanc$ textbooks4 b4 ,elem5t>y textbooks4 c4 ,natural hi/ories4 d4 ,books = classify+ or nam+ animals4 #b4 ,descriptive books4 e4 ,life hi/ories & habits ( animals4 f4 ,adv5tures ) animals--popul> acc\nts ( animals se5 on walks & travels4 #c4 ,economic zology4 g4 ,books on h>mful animals & me?ods ( de/roy+ !m4 h4 ,books on useful nondome/icat$ animals & _! products4 i4 ,books on dome/ic animals4 j4 ,books ( a g5]al nature n includ$ 9 ! above4 ,exam9e z _m ( ! books 9 y\r libr>y z y c & record = ea* "o 9 y\r notebook3-- #a4 ,title ( ! book2 au?or's "n2 publi%]2 date ( publication4 #b4 ,! k9d ( book z classifi$ above4 #c4 ,:at x includes or :at animals or topics are cov]$ by ! book4 #d4 ,:e!r ! /yle is popul> or te*nical1 i4e4 :e!r x is easy = y to read4 #e4 ,! g5]al "* ( its illu/rations & :e!r !y appe> to be especially helpful4 #f4 ,comm5ts on ! value or int]e/ ( ! book z x appe>s to y4 #g4 ,select a book :i* int]e/s y1 = future read+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,/udies ,,( ,,insects ,! effect ( great numb]s ^u ! /ructure & habits ( animals4 ,! use ( keys 9 f9d+ ! names ( animals4 #a4 ,,field ,,/udies ,mat]ials4 #a4 ,boxes = c>ry+ insects4 #b4 ,a net4 ,?is may be homemade1 us+ mosquito nett+ or fi% net & a /\t wire4 ,if x is to be us$ = a dragnet = wat] insects1 ! wire mu/ be /\t & ! nett+ /rong4 ,make ! net twice z long z wide4 #c4 ,a cyanide j> = kill+ insects4 #d4 ,a few pap] triangles = c>ry+ butt]flies4 #e4 ,a notebook4 ,note4--,y\r in/ructor w give directions = obta9+ ! mat]ial call$ = 9 #c1 #d1 & #e4 ,directions4 ,look c>efully & quietly 9 ! v>i\s situations not$ bel[4 ,d n be 9 a hurry4 ,we$y mead[s or vacant lots & neglect$ roadsides are good places = y\r fir/ trips4 ,note conc]n+ ea* insect f\nd3 7a7 its "n or some?+ by :i* to id5tify x1 7b7 :]e y f\nd x1 7c7 :at x 0 do+1 7d7 its probable food4 ,record ^! obs]vations 9 y\r notebook4 ,make a special /udy ( su* insects z y\r in/ructor may designate4 ,:]e to look = ,v>i\s ,insects ,gras%opp]s1 locu/s1 katydids4 ,look along roadsides1 wa/e places1 g>d5s1 especially we$y ones1 we$y lots1 & grassy mead[s & pa/ures4 ,crickets4 ,"u old bo>ds1 along ! edges ( bo>d or /one walks1 along f5ces4 ,beetles4 ,same locations z = crickets1 & also on fl[]+ plants1 "u loose b>k ( trees & /umps1 9 rott5 logs1 etc4 ,= wat] beetles drag edges ( ponds & /reams4 ,dragon flies4 ,along wat]-c\rses1 ponds1 & swamps4 ,drag ponds & dit*es = l>v4 ,bees4 ,on fl[]+ plants1 especially on l>ge pat*es ( wild a/]s1 gold5-rods1 & ?i/les4 ,wasps4 ,s&y /ret*es1--especially along ! wat]1--among fl[]+ plants1 "u ! eaves & ro(s ( outbuild+s4 ,ne/s may be f\nd 9 ^! latt] places4 ,butt]flies & mo?s4 ,9 fields :]e !re are _m fl[]+ plants2 look c>efully on ! leaves ( plants = cat]pill>s1 & = eggs4 ,also look v c>efully on ! "u side ( leaves1 on twigs1 & on ! b>k ( trees = *rysalids ( butt]flies & cocoons ( mo?s4 ,bugs4 ,9 same locations z = bees & gras%opp]s & wat] beetles4 ,also on fruit4 ,aphids4 ,on ! fre% gr[+ tops ( plants4 ,tree hopp]s4 ,on trees & %rubs4 ,hold y\r net on ! "u side ( bran*es & %ake ! bran* vigor\sly4 ,flies4 ,ar\nd decay+ sub/ances1 z g>bage1 fruit1 etc42 on fl[]+ plants4 ,ants4 ,s&y wa/e places1 decay$ logs1 along walks1 (t5 9 kit*5s4 ,note4--,at night _m k9ds ( insects fly ar\nd electric lights or into op5 w9d[s1 attract$ by ! light & may easily be collect$4 ,=m = ,field ,trip ,report ,! notes tak5 on a field trip may be conv5i5tly tabulat$ = p]man5t record 9 ! =m indicat$ bel[3-- ,,field ,,trip ,,report ,date ,"t ,locality ,pupil's ,"n ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,"n ( ,insect ,:]e ,f\nd ,:at x 0 ,do+ ,probable ,food ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,9 case ! "n ( ! insect is n kn[n to y1 use a numb] & "s designation z to color or o!r m>k by :i* x may be kn[n until y h leisure to look up its "n by means ( keys or books on insects4 ,special ,field ,/udies ,! que/ions bel[ may be us$ = a m c>eful field /udy ( any insect4 #a4 ,j :]e 0 ! insect f\nd8 #b4 ,note c>efully :at ! insects are do+ be=e !y are di/urb$ by y\r pres5ce4 ,:at did ! insects d :5 y di/urb$ !m8 ,if y ?9k ?is relat$ to secur+ safety1 expla9 :at leads y to ?9k s4 #c4 ,:at s5ses d y conclude are well develop$8 ,reason = y\r conclusion4 #d4 ,has ! insect a home8 ,if s1 :at is its "*8 #e4 ,:at is ! color8 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! color ( ! insect & its surr\nd+s8 #f4 ,is ! insect solit>y 9 its habits or associat$ ) o!rs ( ! same species8 ,if 9 association ) o!rs1 note ! numb]s1 & :at !y are do+4 #g4 ,:at modes ( locomotion d y obs]ve 9 ?is insect8 ,:i* is ! mo/ common8 ,if x flies or jumps1 note ! di/ance4 #h4 ,if y f9d ! "y1 note :e!r !y diff] f ! adult 9 g5]al appe>ance1 & if s1 9 :at ways !y diff]4 ,d !y diff] 9 food8 #i4 ,:at o!r insects d y f9d 9 ! same habitat8 #b4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,gras%opp]s 7,,locu/s7 ,insects adapt$ to ,life 9 ,grassy ,mead[s & ,fields ,mat]ials4 ,bo? liv+ & dead specim5s ( gras%opp]s4 ,v>i\s /ages ( "y gras%opp]s ei!r dead or liv+4 ,"s m\nt$ specim5s ) w+s spread4 ,! w+s ( gras%opp]s m\nt$ 9 pairs betwe5 two glass slides = use ) microscope or h& l5s4 ,m\nt$ prep>ations ( m\? p>ts & tra*e4 ,def9itions4 ,or?opt]a1 /raight-w+$ insects1 ord] to :i* belong gras%opp]s1 locu/s1 katydids1 crickets1 cockroa*es1 etc4 ,viv>ium1 a cage 9 :i* liv+ animals are kept4 ,ant]ior1 t[>d ! head ( an animal4 ,po/]ior1 opposite to ant]ior4 ,dorsal1 ! upp] surface ( an animal4 ,v5tral1 opposite to dorsal4 ,regions1 pr9cipal divisions ( ! body ( an animal4 ,head1 ?orax1 & abdom51 ! ?ree di/9ct regions into :i* ! body ( a gras%opp] is divid$4 ,somite1 a r+-l division ( ! body ( an animal4 ,pro?orax1 meso?orax1 & meta?orax1 ! ?ree divisions or somites into :i* ! ?orax ( any insect is divid$4 ,a pair ( legs is borne on ea* division4 ,exoskeleton1 an ext]nal skeleton4 ,femur1 tibia1 & t>sus1 ! ?ree pr9cipal divisions ( ! leg correspond+ to ?igh1 %ank1 & foot4 ,ve9s1 ?read-l ?ick5+s ( ! w+s4 ,ocelli1 ! s+le or simple eyes ( an insect1 compos$ ( a s+le eye elem5t4 ,comp\nd eyes1 made up ( _m eye elem5ts4 ,auditory sacs1 organs = he>+ 9 _m animals4 ,ant5n1 ! feel]s borne on ! head4 ,labrum1 ! upp] lip4 ,labium1 ! l[] lip1 =m$ by ! gr[+ toge!r ( ! second maxill4 ,m&ibles1 prim>y jaws situat$ "u ! labrum4 ,maxill1 second>y jaws j 9 front ( ! labium1 ea* compos$ ( ?ree p>ts1 a palp1 a spoon1 & a too?4 ,palps1 ! jo9t$ f+]-l /ructures us$ to h&le food1 "o pair on ! labium & "o pair on ! maxill4 ,spiracles1 op5+s into ! tra*ea f\nd along ! sides ( ! abdom5 & ?orax4 ,tra*e1 sl5d] tubes us$ = brea?+ organs among insects4 ,!y c>ry ! air direct to ! tissues 9 all p>ts ( ! body4 ,ovipositors1 /ructures on ! po/]ior end ( ! abdom5 ( a female1 us$ to deposit eggs4 ,metamorphosis1 ref]s to ! developm5t ( ! "y ( animals :5 /rik+ *anges 9 /ructure occur 9 ! c\rse ( _! gr[?4 ,metamorphosis is call$ complete :5 ! "y h no resemblance to ! adults1 & incomplete :5 !re is a resemblance to ! adult4 ,9 complete metamorphosis ! /ages are l>va1 pupa1 & adult4 ,9 incomplete metamorphosis ! /ages are nymph & adult4 ,obs]vations4 ,! ,body4 #a4 ,%[ h[ ! %ape ( ! gras%opp]'s body is well adapt$ to its ne$s4 #b4 ,:i* region ( ! body is ! ?icke/8 ,:at seems to be ! reason = ?is8 ,:i* regions are capable ( movem5t8 ,locomotion4 #c4 ,:at are ! v>i\s k9ds ( locomotion a gras%opp] c use8 ,:i* are us$ 9 ! viv>ium & :i* :5 free 9 ! laboratory8 #d4 ,:i* legs are us$ 9 jump+8 ,h[ are ^! legs especially adapt$ to ?is1 9 l5g?1 /ructure & direction8 ,c\ld a gras%opp] jump if ! ?ird pair ( legs 7 arrang$ l ! o!r two pairs8 ,:y8 #e4 ,h[ is ! animal able to cl+ to grass /ems & n slip d[n8 ,:at is ! direction ( ! body 9 relation to ! /em or grass blade8 #f4 ,:at is ! position ( ! w+s :5 at re/8 :5 9 use8 ,h[ d ! h9d w+s fold8 ,h[ are ! pr9cipal ve9s ( ! w+s arrang$ to p]mit or facilitate ?is fold+8 #g4 ,contra/ ! =e & h9d w+s ) respect to ?ickness1 size1 & use4 #h4 ,to :i* somites ( ! ?orax are ! w+s atta*$8 ,ne>] :i* surface1 ! dorsal or v5tral8 ,:y8 ,s5se ,organs4 #i4 ,discov] all y c ab\t ! uses ( ! ant5n by c>efully obs]v+ gras%opp]s at re/1 fe$+1 jump+ & crawl+1 approa*+ an object or ano!r gras%opp]1 etc4 #aj4 ,h[ _m comp\nd eyes has ! gras%opp]8 ,h[ _m simple eyes8 ,:]e are !y locat$8 ,exam9e a prep>ation ( ! comp\nd eye ) ! l[ p[] or z demon/rat$ ) ! /]eopticon4 ,:at is ! %ape ( an eye elem5t ( ! comp\nd eye8 ,ab\t h[ _m eye elem5ts are !re 9 a comp\nd eye8 ,fe$+4 #aa4 ,d gras%opp]s eat & dr9k :ile 9 captivity8 ,put a fre% bun* ( grass :i* has be5 spr9kl$ ) wat] 9 a viv>ium ) gras%opp]s t h _h no food or dr9k = tw5ty-f\r h\rs & wat* results4 #ab4 ,:at is ! position ( ! gras%opp]s 9 fe$+8 ,9 :at direction d ! jaws move 9 fe$+8 ,comp>e ?is ) ! direction ( movem5t ( y\r own jaws4 ,:at is ! use ( ! palps8 ,:at d y ?9k is ! use ( ! molasses or saliva t fl[s f ! m\?8 ,respiration4 #ac4 ,describe ! brea?+ movem5ts ( a gras%opp] & expla9 ! relation ( ! movem5ts to inhalation & exhalation ( air4 #ad4 ,f9d ! exact location & numb] ( spiracles on ! abdom54 ,!re are two pairs ( spiracles on ! ?orax4 ,f9d !m4 ,h[ d ! spiracles prev5t ! entrance ( du/8 ,describe a tra*ea z se5 9 a m\nt$ prep>ation ) ! aid ( a microscope or /]eopticon4 ,protection4 #ae4 ,expla9 h[ ! colors ( ! gras%opp] may be protective or useful :5 at re/ 9 its natural habitat & :5 9 flight4 #af4 ,does ! %ell cov] ! entire body8 ,:at are ! advantages ( su* a cov]+8 ,a %ell is likely to h9d] activity1 s5sitiv5ess1 & gr[?4 ,h[ are su* disadvantages ov]come 9 ?is case8 #ag4 ,:at s5ses are probably mo/ reli$ ^u to detect approa*+ dang]8 ,give evid5ce to support y\r answ]4 #ah4 ,:at is ! position ( ! h9d legs :5 at re/8 ,:at relation has ?is to safety8 ,reproduction & ,developm5t4 #ai4 ,describe ! ovipositors & ! probable me?od ( _! use4 ,describe ! egg packets ( gras%opp]s1 if discov]$4 ,ab\t h[ _m eggs 9 "o8 7,!y are sometimes se5 aga9/ ! glass sides ( ! viv>ia47 #bj4 ,if y h "y gras%opp]s ( v>i\s ages1 arrange a set ( !m 9 :at seems to y to be ! ord] ( _! developm5t4 ,h[ d "y gras%opp]s diff] f adults8 ,:at *anges take place z !y develop8 ,:at k9d ( metamorphosis is ?is8 ,summ>y ( ,important ,po9ts 9 ! ,/udy ( ! ,gras%opp] #a4 ,h[ _m & :at di/9ct regions ( ! body are !re8 #b4 ,h[ _m ant5n8 ,comp>e _! l5g? ) t ( ! body4 ,:at o!r s5se organs did y discov]8 #c4 ,h[ _m legs8 ,= :at specially adapt$8 ,h[8 #d4 ,h[ _m w+s8 ,:at is _! re/+ position8 ,h[ d ! =e w+s diff] f ! h9d w+s8 ,h[ d ! h9d w+s fold8 #e4 ,to :at k9d ( fe$+ are !y adapt$1 bit+ or suck+ ! food8 ,h[ _m & :at sets ( m\? p>ts are !re8 #f4 ,h[ is air necess>y = respiration obta9$8 #g4 ,9 :at v>i\s ways are gras%opp]s fitt$ = life 9 mead[s & we$ plots8 #h4 ,h[ d !y meet w9t] conditions8 #i4 ,:at k9d ( metamorphosis has ! gras%opp]8 ,draw+s sugge/$4 a4 ,side view ) ! legs & w+s remov$4 ,label all p>ts %[n 9 ?is draw+4 7,see ,def9itions on pages #bc & #bd = names ( p>ts47 b4 ,face view ( ! head1 %[+ ! simple & comp\nd eyes1 ! ant5n1 labrum1 & palps4 c4 ,"o ( ! ?ird pair ( legs4 ,label p>ts4 d4 ,a =e & a h9d w+ arrang$ 9 natural position4 e4 ,a "y gras%opp]4 #c4 ,,comp>ative ,,/udy ,,( ,,or?opt]a ,mat]ials4 ,m\nt$ specim5s ( v>i\s common species ( or?opt]a4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,:]e does ! insect live8 ,:at is its color8 #b4 ,:at is ! size & %ape z comp>$ ) ! gras%opp]8 #c4 ,:at is ! l5g? ( ! ant5n z comp>$ ) ! l5g? ( ! body8 #d4 ,to :at k9d ( locomotion are ! legs adapt$8 ,h[8 ,are ! =elegs specially adapt$ = grasp+8 #e4 ,:at is ! position ( ! w+s :5 at re/8 ,are !y l>ge or small z comp>$ ) ! size ( ! body8 #f4 ,are ! ovipositors long or %ort8 7,comp>e ) ^? ( ! gras%opp]47 #g4 ,f9d ! gr\p to :i* ! insect belongs & its "n by ! key 9 ! foll[+ section4 #d4 ,,key ,,to ,,"s ,,common ,,or?opt]a ,a4 ,gr\ps ,,legs ,,ant5n ,,o!r ,,*>act]s ,,gr\ps ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,simil>1 fitt$ ,long ,body flatt5$1 w+s fold$ on ,cockroa*es = runn+ dorsal surface ( ! abdom5 7,blattid7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,fir/ pair ( ,r ,pro?orax long & sl5d]1 ,mantis legs enl>g$ long w+s fold$ on dorsal 7,mantid7 = grasp+ surface ( abdom5 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,simil>1 fitt$ ,body usually greatly elongat$ ,walk+ /ick = walk+ ,long & /ick-l1 usually no 7,phasmid7 w+s ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,h9d legs fitt$ ,body some:at compress$1 ,%ort-horn$ = jump+ ,%ort w+s fold$ on side ( gras%opp]s abdom5 7,acridid7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,body compress$1 w+s fold$ ,long-horn$ ,long on sides1 t>sus f\r-jo9t$ gras%opp]s 7,locu/id7 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,body some:at flatt5$1 w+s ,crickets ,long fold$ on ! back1 t>sus 7,gryllid7 ?ree-jo9t$ ,b4 ,species or ,g5]a ,,*>act]s ,,( ,,species ,,common ,,"n ,,gr\ps ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,l>ge size1 br[n color ,am]ican cockroa* ,small size1 pale br[n ,croton bug ,cockroa*es ,d>k color1 (t5 w+less ,ori5tal cockroa* ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,body long1 ant]ior portion sl5d] ,mantis or re> horse ,mantis ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,long body1 long legs1 no w+s ,walk+ /ick ,walk+ /icks ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,v l>ge size1 w+s v small ,lubb] gras%opp] ,small to m$ium size1 legs m>k$ ,r$-legg$ ) r$ gras%opp] ,%ort-horn$ ,l>ge size1 gre5i% br[n color ,diff]5tial locu/ gras%opp]s ,m$ium to l>ge size1 s& color ,c>ol9a locu/s 7gray7 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,r l>ge1 gre51 w+s l>ge ,angle-w+ katydid & angl$ ,long-horn$ ,small to r l>ge1 usually gre5 ,mead[ gras%opp] gras%opp]s ,w+less1 br[n color ,cricket gras%opp] ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,usually r l>ge1 black ,field cricket ,crickets ,w+less1 front legs %ovel-%ap$ ,mole cricket #e4 ,,! ,,dragon ,,fly ,an ,insect adapt$ to ,a]ial ,life ,mat]ials4 ,m\nt$ specim5s ( dragon flies1 "s moi/ pres]v$ specim5s1 liv+ specim5s if practicable1 simple l5ses4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,id5tify ! ?ree regions ( ! body & note ! pres5ce ( a di/9ct neck4 ,:at is ! l5g? ( ! insect8 ,:at is its g5]al =m8 ,if y h liv+ specim5s1 discov] :at movem5ts ! head & abdom5 are capable ( mak+4 #b4 ,:at is ! position & g5]al "* ( ! w+s8 ,expla9 h[ ^! w+s are made v effici5t = fly+4 ,:y %\ld !y n fold8 #c4 ,= :at d ! legs seem be/ adapt$8 ,:y8 #d4 ,note ! size ( ! eyes & ( ! ant5n8 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! great size ( ! eyes & ! relatively small ant5n8 #e4 ,:at is ! type ( m\? p>ts1 bit+ or suck+8 ,if y h liv+ dragon flies1 try fe$+ !m flies or mosquitoes & note h[ !y are seiz$4 #f4 ,! food ( dragon flies is mosquitoes & flies caught :ile on ! w+4 ,9 :at v>i\s ways is ! dragon fly specializ$ = gett+ food 9 ?is mann]8 ,summ>y4 ,h[ is ! dragon fly fitt$ = its a]ial life ) respect to its body1 means & me?od ( locomotion1 s5se organs1 k9d ( food & mann] ( obta9+ x8 ,sugge/$ draw+4 a4 ,dorsal view1 %[+ ve9+ ( "o w+4 #f4 ,,! ,,honeybee ,a ,/udy ( ,adaptations = ,community ,life ,mat]ials4 ,pres]v$ specim5s ( work]s 9 small vials & 9 wat* glasses1 & "s m\nt$ specim5s4 ,a demon/ration case %[+ ! ?ree k9ds ( memb]s ( ! community1 /ages 9 ! developm5t ( ! work]s & que5s & ! cells 9 :i* !y are re>$1 specim5s ( ! comb4 ,small pieces ( beeswax1 a box ( honey1 & specim5s ( comb free = exam9ation4 ,m\nt$ prep>ations ( m\? p>ts & /+s4 ,simple l5ses & comp\nd microscopes4 ,obs]vations4 ,! ,work] ,bee4 #a4 ,obs]ve & describe ! =m1 size1 regions1 & cov]+ ( ! bee4 ,:at are its colors8 #b4 ,obs]ve & describe ! texture1 ve9+1 relative size1 & position ( ! w+s4 ,discov] h[ ! =e & h9d w+s are hook$ toge!r4 ,:at advantage 9 hav+ !m hook$ toge!r8 #c4 ,= :at k9d ( locomotion are ! legs be/ adapt$8 #d4 ,f9d ! poll5 basket on ! t>sus ( a h9d leg4 ,h[ is x fitt$ = c>ry+ poll58 ,:at are ! wax %e>s8 a4 ,exam9e & describe ! /ructure at ! po/]ior end ( ! body us$ = /++4 7,use a m\nt$ prep>ation = ?is ) l[-p[] ( microscope47 b4 ,! m\? p>ts are fitt$ = bo? bit+ & suck+4 ,f9d :at makes ?is possible4 7,use m\nt$ prep>ation47 #e4 ,describe ! ant5n & ! numb]1 position1 & %ape ( ! eyes4 ,are ! eyes fitt$ = ke5 sight8 ,give reason = answ]4 #f4 ,! work] bee ga!rs honey & poll5 & def5ds ! entire community f enemies4 ,:at v>i\s adaptations fit x = ?is "w8 ,! ,community ( ,bees4 #g4 ,h[ d ! work]s1 drones1 & que5 diff] 9 g5]al appe>ance8 #h4 ,describe ! appe>ance ( ! comb & ! arrangem5t & %ape ( ! cells4 ,:y ?is %ape8 ,h[ are ! cells clos$ :5 full ( honey8 #i4 ,h[ d ! cells us$ = re>+ work] bees diff] f ^? us$ = re>+ que5s8 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! l>v8 ,( ! pupa8 #aj4 ,exam9e & te/ 9 v>i\s ways a small piece ( beeswax4 ,:at are ! qualities possess$ by ?is wax :i* make x suitable = mak+ comb & protect+ ! home f /orms8 ,supplem5t>y ,/udies ( ,bees ,mat]ials4 ,= ?is /udy an obs]vation hive ( bees or opportunity to visit an api>y w be helpful4 ,if nei!r are practicable1 !n look up ! answ]s 9 books4 ,!re are gov]nm5t bullet9s on bee-keep+ & mu* helpful in=mation c be obta9$ f l>ge deal]s 9 bees & bee supplies4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,h[ d bees protect _! hives f ra9 & /orm & light8 #b4 ,:at are honey boxes8 ,:]e are !y plac$ 9 ! hive8 ,c ! honey be remov$ late 9 ! fall8 #c4 ,h[ is x safe to approa* & h&le bees 9 remov+ honey & c>+ = !m8 #d4 ,:at are _! habits 9 ent]+ & leav+ ! hive8 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( a return+ load$ work] bee8 #e4 ,h[ d bees survive ! w9t]8 ,:y are ! drones driv5 away or kill$8 #f4 ,wat* bees ga!r+ nect> & poll5 f fl[]s & describe ! process4 ,try foll[+ a bee on its j\rneys4 #g4 ,:5 ! bees are 9 ! hive1 h[ may y "k ! que5 & drones f ! work]s8 #h4 ,:at is sw>m+8 ,:5 does x take place8 ,h[ is ! sw>m hiv$8 #i4 ,:at is ! home ( wild honeybees8 ,h[ f\nd8 ,summ>y ( ! ,/udy ( ,honeybees ,h[ is ! "w ( ! community ( bees divid$ among ! bees8 ,h[ is ea* fitt$ = ! "w8 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! success ( ?is k9d ( life8 ,give reasons = y\r answ]4 #g4 ,,g5]al ,,/udy ,,( ,,insects#a #a ,?is /udy is int5d$ = an alt]native /udy 9 case x is n practicable to use ! /udies ( liv+ insects4 ,) slight adaptation x c be made useful = any insect1 ei!r pres]v$ or liv+4 ,mat]ials4 ,bo? liv+ & pres]v$ specim5s ( ! insects /udi$ %\ld be at h&1 if practicable4 ,!re also %\ld be specim5s ( ! "y4 ,obs]vations4 ,! ,body4 #a4 ,:at is ! %ape & size ( ! insect & ! numb] ( regions 9 its body8 ,does ! %ape seem to be 9 any way adapt$ to ! mode ( life ( ! insect8 ,if s1 h[8 ,locomotion4 #b4 ,:at me?ods ( locomotion has ! insect8 ,:i* is ! mo/ us$8 #c4 ,:at is ! position ( ! w+s :5 at re/8 ,:at is ! texture 7e4g4 ?ick1 smoo?1 lea!ry1 %ell-l1 membran\s7 ( ! =e & h9d w+s8 #d4 ,= :at k9d ( locomotion are ! legs fitt$8 ,h[8 ,s5se ,organs4 #e4 ,h[ _m ant5n has ! insect8 ,:at is _! "* z to %ape & l5g?8 ,h[ _m simple & comp\nd eyes8 ,fe$+4 #f4 ,:at is ! food ( ! insect8 ,h[ are ! m\? p>ts specially adapt$ to obta9+ ?is food8 ,note4--,! m\? p>ts ( insects may be jaws = bit+1 or may =m a tube = suck+1 or a beak = pi]c+ & suck+4 ,respiration4 #g4 ,look = movem5ts ( ! body indicat+ brea?+1 & describe :at y f9d4 ,discov] ! location ( ! spiracles4 ,protection4 #h4 ,:at are ! enemies ( ?is insect8 7,among ! mo/ important enemies ( insects are birds1 c]ta9 o!r insects1 & v>i\s small v]tebrates su* z frogs1 snakes1 liz>ds1 turtles1 etc47 ,h[ does ! insect protect itself f ^! enemies8 #i4 ,describe ! %ell ) respect to ?ickness & flexibility4 ,:at is ! "* ( ! surface z to r\ghness or smoo?ness or cov]+ ( hairs or scales8 ,reproduction & ,developm5t4 ,note4--,x may be necess>y to get answ]s to ^! que/ions f books4 #aj4 ,:]e are ! eggs deposit$8 ,:at is ! numb] ( ! eggs8 ,h[ soon d !y hat*8 #aa4 ,:at is ! food ( ! l>va or nymph8 ,are ! food habits ( ! insects h>mful to man8 ,if s1 h[8 #ab4 ,describe ! l>va z to =m1 color1 & app5dages4 ,is x capable ( locomotion8 #ac4 ,is ! metamorphosis complete or incomplete8 ,if complete1 describe ! pupa & tell :]e x may be f\nd4 ,draw+s4 ,!re %\ld be "o draw+ ( ! insect to %[ its g5]al *>act]i/ics2 usually a dorsal view is be/4 ,= o!r draw+s ask y\r in/ructor4 #h4 ,a ,,review ,,( ,,insects ,directions4 ,! answ]s to que/ions 9 ?is /udy may be conv5i5tly writt5 9 ! =m ( a table4 ,con/ruct ?is table by plac+ ! topics at ! left & ! names ( insects at ! top4 ,all[ ample space1 ab\t "o half in* = ! horizontal spaces & "o & "o half in*es 9 wid? = ! v]tical columns4 ,use "o or two insects f ea* ( ! pr9cipal ord]s1 lett+ ! table ext5d across two opposite pages4 ,topics4 #a4 ,:at is ! habitat8 #b4 ,:at regions has ! body8 #c4 ,h[ _m ant5n8 ,:at is _! =m8 #d4 ,:at k9ds ( eyes has ! insect8 ,h[ _m ( ea* k9d8 #e4 ,h[ _m legs8 #f4 ,= :at k9d ( locomotion are ! legs adapt$8 ,:i* legs are ?us us$8 #g4 ,h[ _m w+s8 ,membran\s or ?ick5$8 #h4 ,:at is ! position ( ! w+s :5 at re/8 #i4 ,if ! =e w+s are ?ick5$1 :at is _! texture1--lea!ry1 smoo? & %ea?-l1 p>tly membran\s1 cov]$ ) scales8 #aj4 ,:at k9d ( m\? p>ts1--jaws = bit+1 a beak = pi]c+1 a tube = suck+1 adapt$ = bo? suck+ & bit+8 #aa4 ,by :at means is respiration accompli%$8 ,summ>y ( ,important ,po9ts f ! ,table #a4 ,:at *>act]s are common to all ! insects describ$ 9 ! table8 #b4 ,:at are ! v>i\s types ( w+s8 ,:y d !y v>y8 #c4 ,:at are ! v>i\s types ( legs8 ,h[ are !y *>act]iz$8 #d4 ,:at are ! v>i\s types ( m\? p>ts8 #e4 ,%[ h[ ! v>iations 9 insects are relat$ to ! habitat & mode ( life ( ! insect4 #i4 ,,key ,,to ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,ord]s ,,( ,,insects ,a#a ,insects ) no w+s4 7,see li/ bel[47 ,a#b ,insects ) w+s ,b ,b#a ,) two pairs ( w+s4 7,see ,note #a bel[47 ,c ,b#b ,) "o pair ( w+s ,dipt]a ,c#a ,bo? pairs ( w+s alike 9 /ructure1 ei!r membran\s or scaly ,d ,c#b ,=e & h9d w+s unlike 9 texture1 =e w+s fold ov] h9d w+s ,e ,d#a ,bo? pairs ( w+s membran\s1 n cov]$ ) scales ,f ,d#b ,bo? pairs ( w+s cov]$ ) scales2 m\? p>ts tubul> = suck+ ,lepidopt]a ,e#a ,=e w+s v smoo?1 %ea? or %ell-l1 meet+ 9 a /raight l9e :5 fold$2 legs adapt$ = walk+1 runn+1 or swimm+2 m\? p>ts = bit+ ,coleopt]a ,e#b ,w+s n z 9 ,e#a ,i ,f#a ,w+s membran\s1 usually fold$ or p>tly fold$2 few n]ves ,g ,f#b ,bo? pairs ( membran\s w+s usually outspread1 _m n]ves2 m\? p>ts = bit+ ,h ,g#a ,w+s membran\s1 hook$ toge!r & p>tly fold$1 or outspread1 few n]ves 9 ! w+s2 m\? p>ts = bo? bit+ & suck+2 regions ( ! body usually v di/9ct ,hym5opt]a ,g#b ,w+s membran\s1 usually fold$1 few n]ves2 m\? p>ts1 a beak = suck+ & pi]c+ ,hemipt]a ,h#a ,outspread membran\s w+s1 ne>ly equal 9 size2 ant5n v %ort & inconspicu\s ,odonata ,h#b ,z 9 ,f#b1 b ant5n n %ort2 w+s sometimes fold$ ,neuropt]a ,h#c ,bo? pairs ( w+s membran\s1 fold$ above ! back2 =e w+s mu* l>g] ?an h9d w+s2 ovipositors long2 m\? p>ts rudim5t>y ,ephem]ida ,i#a ,=e w+s fold$ ov] h9d w+s1 cross+ at _! tips1 :i* are membran\s1 base ( w+s ?ick5$1 m\? p>ts a beak = pi]c+ ,hemipt]a ,i#b ,=e w+s lea!ry1 fold+ ei!r at side ( body or on ! back2 m\? p>ts = bit+1 legs (t5 adapt$ = jump+ ,or?opt]a ,note #a4--,:5 w+s are fold$1 x w be helpful to rememb] t ?ick5$ =e or cov] w+s always h membran\s w+s fold$ b5ea? !m4 ,insects ) no w+s ,ord] a4 ,body long & sl5d]1 /ick-l2 legs = walk+4 ,walk+ /ick ,or?opt]a b4 ,gras%opp]-l4 ,cricket gras%opp] ,or?opt]a c4 ,small size2 regions v di/9ct2 abdom5 sp9dle-%ape4 ,ants ,hym5opt]a d4 ,small size2 ant-l 9 appe>ance2 pale :ite4 ,:ite ants ,isopt]a e4 ,flatt5$ body1 small size2 no comp\nd eyes4 ,spr+tails & fi% mo?s ,?ysanura #aj4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,! ,,/udies ,,( ,,insects ,! ,effect ( ,great ,numb]s #a4 ,take "s insect = illu/ration1 z ! h\se fly1 mosquito1 tussock mo?1 or aphis1 & %[ h[ insects increase 9 numb]s ) great rapidity4 #b4 ,:at c be said ab\t ! numb] ( species ( insects8 #c4 ,!re is said to be great competition among insects4 ,:y8 ,= :at8 #d4 ,h[ is ! great increase ( insects held 9 *eck by natural means8 #e4 ,:at are ! v>i\s habitats ( insects8 ,give z _m z y c ) examples ( insects t use ! habitat4 #f4 ,give examples to %[ h[ greatly ! food ( insects & ! me?od ( obta9+ x v>ies4 #g4 ,give "s illu/rations ( ! great muscul> developm5t ( insects4 ,:y is ?is ne$$8 #h4 ,9 :at v>i\s ways are insects protect$ aga9/ _! enemies8 ,give examples to illu/rate y\r /atem5t4 #i4 ,%[ h[ & :y ! great numb]s ( insects h affect$ ! /ructure & mode ( life ( ! insects4 ,classification #a4 ,by means ( illu/rations f y\r /udies ( insects %[ h[ classification is bas$ ^u lik5ess ( /ructure4 #b4 ,9 ! same mann] %[ h[ diff]5ces 9 /ructure affect classification4 #c4 ,%[ h[ v>iation 9 ! w+s & m\? p>ts is us$ to sep>ate insects into ord]s4 #d4 ,:at are ! pr9ciples ( classification8 #aa4 ,,review ,,& ,,libr>y ,,ex]cise ,,on ,,insects ,g5]al ,topics #a4 ,g5]al *>act]i/ics ( insects4 #b4 ,pr9cipal ord]s ( insects ) *>act]i/ics & examples ( ea* ord]4 #c4 ,respiration & air sacs ( insects4 ,use ( air sacs 9 flight4 #d4 ,! he>t & blood ( insects4 ,h[ ! function ( ! blood diff]s f t ( o!r animals1 z man4 #e4 ,special s5ses ( insects3 _! "*1 location1 & effici5cy4 #f4 ,s\nd-mak+ organs ( insects4 #g4 ,p[] ( communication among insects1 z among ants1 = example4 #h4 ,organs = deposit+ eggs1 ovipositors4 ,h[ !y v>y4 #i4 ,homes ( insects4 ,evid5ces ( ar*itecture 9 "s ( ! homes4 #aj4 ,h[ "s plants make homes = insects4 ,galls & gall insects4 #aa4 ,9 :at v>i\s ways d insects survive ! w9t]8 ,illu/rate ) examples4 #ab4 ,community life among insects4 ,types ( communities4 #ac4 ,poll9ation ( fl[]s by insects4 ,:y insects d ?is "w & h[ ! fl[]s compel !m to d x 9 ! "r mann]4 ,value to ! plants4 ,types ( insects useful = ?is purpose4 #ad4 ,adaptations = protection aga9/ enemies4 ,classify ^! adaptations & illu/rate ) examples4 #ae4 ,! pr9cipal insect pe/s ( ! or*>d & _! "w4 #af4 ,! pr9cipal insect pe/s ( ! g>d5 & ! "w ( ea*4 #ag4 ,! pr9cipal insect pe/s ( %ade trees & _! *>act]i/ics4 #ah4 ,! pr9cipal insect pe/s ( ! h\sehold & me?ods ( ext]m9ation4 #ai4 ,! "w ( birds 9 help+ to keep ! numb] ( h>mful insects d[n4 #bj4 ,a spray+ table %[+ :at poisons are us$1 :5 & = :at plants & insects4 #ba4 ,! pr9cipal b5eficial insects & ! ways 9 :i* !y are b5eficial4 ,special ,topics ,mu* ( ! in=mation call$ = by ! topics bel[ may be obta9$ f ,unit$ ,/ates & /ate gov]nm5t bullet9s4 ,mo/ ( ^! may be obta9$ free f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture & f v>i\s /ate agricultural colleges1 :ile o!rs may be obta9$ by pur*ase at a nom9al price4 ,or?opt]a4 #a4 ,locu/ migrations & _! cause4 #b4 ,! locu/ plagues ( ! great pla9s4 #c4 ,crickets & _! songs4 ,hemipt]a4 #d4 ,! fight aga9/ ! orange scale ( ,cali=nia4 #e4 ,hi/ory ( ! introduction & spread ( ! ,san ,jos scale bug & ! ef=ts to f9d a natural enemy4 ,h[ p fight ! pe/4 #f4 ,aphids4 #g4 ,relations ( ants & aphids4 #h4 ,phyllox]a & its "w4 #i4 ,! me?ods ( fight+ ! *9* bug4 #aj4 ,scale bugs4 #aa4 ,co*9eal bug & ! lacs4 ,coleopt]a4 #ab4 ,! c>rion beetle & its peculi> habits4 #ac4 ,fireflies4 #ad4 ,egyptian sc>abs4 #ae4 ,! curculio & me?ods ( fight+ x4 #af4 ,! weevils & _! "w4 #ag4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,colorado potato beetle4 #ah4 ,lady-bird beetles1 _! habits & use 9 ext]m9at+ h>mful pe/s4 ,dipt]a4 #ai4 ,! inve/igations 9 ,cuba ( ! cause ( yell[ fev]4 #bj4 ,! fight aga9/ yell[ fev] 9 ,new ,orleans4 #ba4 ,me?ods ( prev5t+ plagues ( mosquitoes4 #bb4 ,h[ flies are c>ri]s ( disease4 ,me?ods ( prev5t+ plagues ( flies4 #bc4 ,! tsetse fly4 #bd4 ,sleep+ sickness4 #be4 ,! h\se fly & typhoid4 #bf4 ,p>asitic l>v ( flies4 ,lepidopt]a4 #bg4 ,! silkworm & ! silk indu/ry4 #bh4 ,/ory ( ! gypsy mo?4 #bi4 ,life hi/ory ( ! clo!s mo?4 #cj4 ,h>mful butt]flies4 #ca4 ,! tussock mo? & its hi/ory4 #cb4 ,bla/ophaga & fig culture4 #cc4 ,! codl+ mo? & its "w4 #cd4 ,cutworms4 #ce4 ,! br[n-tail mo?4 ,hym5opt]a4 #cf4 ,! honeybee & honey mak+4 #cg4 ,gall & gall insects4 #ch4 ,! habits ( ! digg] wasp4 #ci4 ,! homes ( ants4 ,habits ( ants4 #dj4 ,slav]y among ants4 #da4 ,agricultural ants4 #db4 ,homes ( bees4 #dc4 ,i*neumon flies & _! b5eficial habit4 #dd4 ,evid5ces ( intellig5ce among ants4 ,,"s ,,common ,,butt]flies--,a ,ref]5ce ,table & ,key ,,gr\p ,,common ,,"n ,,w+ ,,expanse,,broods ,,food ,,plants ,,( ,,haunts ,,( ,,! ,,9 ,,in*es ,,cat]pill> ,,butt]fly ,,*>act]i/ic ,,colors1 ,,m>k+s1 ,,etc4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,milkwe$ ,butt]flies ,mon>* #d--d-a_/b ,may & ,oct,milkwe$ & ,op5 fields dogbane ev]y:]e ,brick-r$ color1 ve9s black1 bord]s ( w+s black ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,fritill>ies or ,silv] ,spots ,v>iegat$ #a-c_/d--b-a_/b;,augu/ ,passion fl[] ,l[ fields fritill>y ,orange-br[n color1 *eck]$ ) black1 no silv] spots4 ,a s\!rn species ,regal fritill>y #c--d ,july1,aug ,violets1 pansies ,l[ fields ,upp] side ( w+s r$di% ) wavy black l9es1 h9d w+ d>k ,great spangl$ #c--d ,july1,aug ,violets1 pansies ,mead[s fritill>y ,simil> to idalia1 b h9d w+s light]4 ,silv] spots on "u surface ( w+s ,silv]-bord]$ #a-a_/b ,jul1,aug1,sep,violets1 pansies ,mead[s1 fritill>y hillsides ,edge ( w+s tipp$ ) silv]1 silv] spots bel[ ,mead[ fritill>y#a-c_/d ,jul1,aug1,sep,violets1 pansies ,mead[s ,no silv] bord]1 silv] bel[ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,*eck] ,spots ,baltimore #a-a_/d--b-a_/b;,june1,july ,turtlehead & ,swamps a/] ,gr\ndwork ( black ) _m r$ & :ite spots4 ,conspicu\s bord] ( r$ spots ,h>ris *eck] #a-a_/b ,june ,a/] & daisy ,clov] mead[s spot ,w+s d>k bord]$1 light] b& across middle ( w+s ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,cresc5t ,spots ,silv] cresc5t #a-a_/d--b ,july ,a/]s ,roadsides ,gr\ndwork ( orange-r$ mottl$ ) black1 silv] cresc5ts on "u m>g9 ( h9d w+s ,pe>l cresc5t #a-a_/d--a-e_/h;,july1,sep ,a/]s1 daisy ,roadsides ,simil> to silv] cresc5t b colors are pal] ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,angle w+s ,comma #b ,may1,jun1,aug,elm1 nettle1 hop ,along woods & wa/e places ,pale r$1 angl$ w+s1 "u surface light gray m>k$ ) silv] commas ,int]rogation #b-a_/b ,may1,jul1,aug,elm1 nettle1 hop ,ne> trees ,simil> to comma1 b m>k$ ) silv] semi-colons ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,tortoise ,%ells ,compton's #b-c_/d ,feb1,oct ,will[ ,ne> wat] tortoise ,looks mu* l ! angle w+s1 b has no silv] spots ,milb]ts's #a-c_/d ,may1,june1 ,nettle ,roadsides tortoise ,aug1,sep ,broad1 r$di% yell[ b& across bo? w+s ,m\rn+ cloak #c ,apr1,jul1,sep,will[1 popl> ,ev]y:]e ,black ) yell[ or cream-bord]$ w+s ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,! ,beauties ,r$ admiral #b ,may1,jul1,sep,nettle1 elm ,wa/e l& ,bright r$ b& circl+ across bo? w+s ,pa9t$ beauty #b ,may1,jul1,sep,ev]la/+1 ,?i/les ?i/le1 burdock ,mottl$ ) p9k1 black & :ite1 "u surface mottl$1 two l>ge spots on "u surface ( h9d w+ ,?i/le butt]fly#b--b-a_/d ,may1,jul1,sep,?i/les ,pa/ures ,l ! pa9t$ beauty1 b has sev]al small eye spots ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,! ,:ite ,admirals ,r$-spott$ #c ,july ,wild *]ry1 ,ne> trees purple apple1 etc4 ,purple & blue above1 six r$ spots on "u surface ( w+s ,b&$ purple #b-a_/b ,july ,haw?orn ,op5 woods ,a broad :ite b& across bo? w+s ,vic]oy #b-a_/b ,june1,aug ,popl>1 will[ ,roadsides ,imitates ! mon>*1 b is small] & has a black l9e across ! h9d w+s ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,! ,satyrs ,grass nymph #a-c_/d ,july ,grass ,mead[s ,dull br[n1 tw5ty spots 9 two r[s across ! w+s ,little wood satyr#a-c_/d ,july ,grass ,hillsides ,dull br[n1 six spots ,wood nymph #b ,july ,grass ,hillsides ,dull br[n1 two eye spots on ea* =e w+ 9 a l>g] yell[ spot ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,hair/reaks ,hop hair/reak #a-a_/h ,may1,july ,hop ,ab\t %rubb]y ,d>k color1 h9d w+s h sl5d] tail-l projection & black spots cr[n$ ) crimson ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,! ,copp]s ,am]ican copp] #a ,may1,jun1,sep,sorrel ,ev]y:]e ,orange-r$ =e w+s spott$ ) black1 h9d w+ ) orange bord] ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,! ,blues ,common blue #a ,may1,july ,pea ,roadsides ,male light violet1 female light] ) r$di% bord]$ w+s ,tail$ blue #a ,may1,aug1,sep,clov]1 etc4 ,roadsides1 fields ,purpli% violet color1 has small tail-l projection on h9d w+s ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,! ,:ites ,common :ite #b ,may1,jul1,sep,mu/>d family ,g>d5s ,:ite *eck]$ ) black on =e w+s1 female br[ni% ,cabbage butt]fly#b ,may1,jul1,sep,cabbage1 etc4 ,g>d5s ,:ite1 black tip on =e w+1 "o or two spots on h9d w+ ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,! ,sulphurs ,common sulphur m4 #a-c_/d1 ,may1,jun1,sep,clov] ,mead[s f4 #b-a_/d ,yell[1 bord]$ ) black ,cl\dless sulphur#b-a_/b ,july ,cassia & legumes,fields ,can>y-yell[ color ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,! ,swall[tails ,tig] swall[tail#c--e ,june1,aug ,*]ry1 tulip tree,op5 woods ,yell[ ) black l9es across w+s ,black swall[tail#c--d ,june1,aug ,p>sley ,g>d5s1 roadsides ,black ) two b&s ( yell[ spots & "o b& ( blue spots ,gre5-cl\d$ #c-c_/d--d-c_/d;,june1,sep ,spice bu%1 ,op5 woods swall[tail sassafras ,black1 "o r[ yell[ spots1 h9d w+ cl\d$ ) gre5 ,blue swall[tail #c-c_/d--d-a_/d;,july1,sep ,dut*man's pipe ,ne> h\ses v9e ,black %ad$ ) blue gre51 "o r[ :iti% spots ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,/ructure ,,& ,,function #a4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,cell ,,& ,,( ,,protozoa ,to %[ :at ,s+le ,cells c ,d ,mat]ials4 ,"s s+le cells ( plant or animal tissue1 /a9$ to %[ /ructure4 ,slides ( a "o-cell$ animal1 /a9$4 ,liv+ "o-cell$ animals4 ,def9itions4 ,cell1 ! smalle/ liv+ unit4 ,protoplasm1 ! liv+ mat]ial compos+ ! cell4 ,nucleus1 a d5se bit ( protoplasm1 usually ne> ! c5t] ( ! cell1 (t5 /a9+ d>k4 ,cytoplasm1 ! less d5se protoplasm outside ( ! nucleus1 usually tak+ a light] /a94 ,nucleolus1 p>anucleus or micronucleus1 a v small1 d5se1 d>k-/a9+ body1 ei!r )9 ! nucleus 7nucleolus7 or ne> x 7p>anucleus or micronucleus7 ,cell wall1 ! lifeless membrane surr\nd+ _m cells1 secret$ by ! protoplasm4 ,food balls1 bits ( food inside ! cells ( _m "o-cell$ animals1 usually %[+ ?r\gh ! walls4 ,food vacuole1 a small drop ( wat] conta9+ dige/ive mat]ial & a food ball4 ,contract+ or pulsat+ vacuoles1 small1 cle> spots 9 ! cell1 fill$ ) wat]4 ,9 ! liv+ cell ^! disappe> at int]vals & !n appe> aga94 ,oral groove1 a funnel-%ap$ groove 9 "o side ( "s "o-cell$ animals1 conduct+ food to ! m\?4 ,9 p>amecium x (t5 %[s z an oblique l9e :5 ! animal rolls4 ,gullet1 ! inn] end ( ! oral groove4 ,cilia1 num]\s m9ute1 vibrat+1 protoplasmic hairs on ! surface ( _m cells4 ,respiration1 ! passage ( oxyg5 into ! tissues ( a liv+ organism & ( c>bon dioxide out ( !m4 ,^! gases c pass ?r\gh any ?91 moi/1 organic membrane4 ,:5 su* a membrane sep>ates two fluids :i* diff] 9 ! am\nt ( oxyg5 !y conta91 oxyg5 passes to ! fluid conta9+ ! small] am\nt4#b ,! same is true ( c>bon dioxide4 ,respiration is believ$ to occur 9 all liv+ organisms4 #b ,?is passage ( fluids ?r\gh membranes is kn[n z osmosis4 ,dige/ion1 ! process ( mak+ food mat]ials soluble1 s t !y c pass ?r\gh membranes & be us$ to build up protoplasm4 ,a few =ms ( cells are able to take 9 solid food & dige/ x 9 _! protoplasm1 b mo/ cells c admit only fluid food4 ,fission1 a me?od ( reproduction us$ 9 all cells1 by :i* a cell divides itself into two1 usually ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,9 "s "o-cell$ animals ?is may be prec$$ by conjugation1 :5 two animals unite tempor>ily & ex*ange nucle> sub/ance2 or 9 "s =ms two cells may fuse & ! result+ cell may divide4 ,budd+ is a =m ( fission 9 :i* a small projection is =m$ on ! p>5t cell & !n cut (f1 mak+ a new individual4 ,protozoa 7fir/ animals71 animals ( "o cell1 exi/+ alone or 9 loose colonies4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,exam9e a s+le cell1 /a9$ to %[ /ructure4 ,id5tify ! nucleus1 cytoplasm1 &1 if pres5t1 ! nucleolus or ! micronucleus1 & ! cell wall4 ,draw to %[ ! =m ( ! cell & ! details ( its /ructure4 ,label all details4 #b4 ,exam9e "s /a9$ p>amecia4 ,select a typical "o & id5tify 9 x nucleus1 micronucleus1 cytoplasm1 & cell wall or cell membrane4 ,y may also be able to see vacuoles1 look+ l holes 9 ! /a9$ protoplasm4 ,give reasons = consid]+ ?is animal to be a s+le cell4 ,draw "o1 to %[ its cellul> /ructure4 ,label all details4 #c4 ,clean a slide & cov] glass1 place a drop ( wat] conta9+ liv+ p>amecia on ! slide1 cov] x1 & exam9e4 ,:at /ructures d y see :i* y saw 9 ! /a9$ p>amecia8 ,:at /ructures d n %[8 ,id5tify any new /ructures y may obs]ve4 ,id5tify also ! lead+ end & ! side conta9+ ! oral groove4 #d4 ,describe ! %ape ( ! animal4 ,:at is ! actual l5g? ( ! animal8 #e4 ,aft] wat*+ ! animal = "s "t1 describe ! pa? foll[$ by a giv5 specim5 z x crosses ! field ( ! microscope4 ,:at reason c y see1 if any1 :y ?is p>amecium is mov+8 ,:at ext]nal factors1 if any1 seem to det]m9e ! pa? x foll[s8 #f4 ,h[ rapidly d p>amecia really move8 ,:at /ructures d !y use 9 locomotion8 ,h[ d !y manage to move 9 "o direction1 in/ead ( alt]nately backw>d & =w>d8 ,h[ d !y manage to move 9 a /raight l9e1 ?\gh _! bodies are n symmetrical8 #g4 ,:at is ! food ( ! p>amecia8 ,h[ d !y f9d x8 ,f9d a specim5 at re/ & wat* ! oral groove4 ,sugge/ a me?od by :i* food may be collect$ into x4 ,if possible1 note ! process ( swall[+1 & ! result+ food ball4 ,note4--,if p[d]$ c>m9e be plac$ 9 ! wat] ) "s p>amecia1 x c be se5 9 ! food balls a half h\r or s lat]4 #h4 ,:]e are ! food balls locat$8 ,wat* !m 9 an individual until y notice _! motion4 ,:]e are ! l>g] food balls8 ! small] ones8 ,assum+ !m to h be5 ( approximately equal sizes :5 !y 7 tak5 91 h[ c y acc\nt = diff]5ces n[8 #i4 ,:]e are ! contract+ vacuoles8 ,h[ _m are !re8 ,h[ (t5 does "o contract8 ,:at is _! function8 #aj4 ,z y h be5 /udy+ p>amecia1 to :at ext]nal influ5ces 7z contact1 heat1 light1 etc47 h y se5 !m respond8 ,h[ d !y %[ x :5 !y d respond8 ,is su* a response an advantage to !m or n8 ,:at w\ld be ! result if !y 7 n able to detect *anges 9 _! surr\nd+s8 #aa4 ,:]e does respiration occur 9 p>amecia8 ,:]e d !y obta9 _! supply ( oxyg58 #ab4 ,among ! p>amecia y are /udy+ y usually f9d at lea/ "o 9 ! process ( fission4 ,wat* x until ! halves sep>ate1 if y c4 ,comp>e ! halves4 ,d !y rank z p>5t & (fspr+8 ,if s1 :i* is :i*8 ,if n1 :i* are !y1 p>5t or (fspr+8 #ac4 ,if y happ5 to f9d a pair conjugat+1 notice ! process1 z f> z y c1 9 ! liv+ animals4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,a draw+ to %[ all ! details se5 9 ! liv+ p>amecium4 b4 ,a diagram to %[ ! pa? foll[$ by a p>amecium to get ar\nd "s ob/acle4 c4 ,draw+s to %[ t p>amecia are con/ant 9 %ape & yet flexible4 d4 ,a draw+ to %[ at lea/ "o /age 9 fission4 ,?is may be f a p]man5t prep>ation4 e4 ,a draw+ to %[ p>amecia conjugat+4 ,?is also may be f a p]man5t prep>ation4 f4 ,in/ead ( all ^! sep>ate draw+s !y may be comb9$ into "o4 ,repres5t ! field ( ! microscope1 & 9 x draw all necess>y figures1 to %[ ! facts call$ = 9 ! fir/ five draw+s & any o!r facts y h obs]v$ ab\t liv+ protozoa4 ,make ! :ole draw+ to scale4 ,summ>y ( ,important ,po9ts 9 ! ,/udy ( ,p>amecia #a4 ,look back ov] y\r /udy ( p>amecia & li/ ! diff]5t k9ds ( "w y saw p>amecia do+2 also ! k9ds ( "w y inf] !y c d4 ,:at organs h !y to use8 ,:5 !re is no organ to d a giv5 ?+1 e4g4 to dige/ food1 h[ is ! "w done8 #b4 ,:at conditions are favorable to p>amecia8 ,:y are !y s num]\s "u favorable conditions8 #c4 ,:at w\ld y call a successful animal8 ,are p>amecia successful8 ,give reasons :y !y are or are n4 ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,protozoa ,to enl>ge y\r idea ( :at a cell c d1 sp5d z mu* m "t on ! "o-cell$ animals z y\r c\rse w p]mit4 ,any /agnant wat] may furni% sev]al k9ds4 ,by means ( ref]5ce books1 id5tify z _m z y c4 ,9 ea* case notice3-- #a4 ,its size1 %ape & g5]al appe>ance1 comp>+ & contra/+ x ) p>amecium4 #b4 ,its usual surr\nd+s1 i4e4 ! conditions x has to meet4 #c4 ,! means x has ( f9d+ out facts ab\t its surr\nd+s4 #d4 ,! means x has ( adju/+ itself to its surr\nd+s4 ,= example1 is x /ation>y8 ,if s1 :at does x d :5 conditions *ange8 ,is x locomotory8 ,if s1 h[ effective is its locomotion8 #e4 ,:at is its food8 ,h[ does x f9d food8 #f4 ,c x d z _m k9ds ( "w z p>amecium c8 ,c x d any t p>amecium _c d8 ,if s1 :at8 ,review & ,libr>y ,que/ions on ,protozoa #a4 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% protozoa f o!r animals8 #b4 ,:at are ! classes ( protozoa8 ,*>act]i/ics ( ea* class8 #c4 ,:at is dige/ion8 ,:]e does x take place 9 ! protozoa8 #d4 ,:at results f ! fact t ! amoeba has no cell wall8 7,give at lea/ two po9ts47 #e4 ,9 :at ways are p>amecia m specializ$ ?an amoeba are8 ,h[ does _! great] specialization %[ 9 _! "w8 #f4 ,:at diff]5t me?ods ( locomotion are %[n among protozoa8 ,by :at means is locomotion accompli%$ 9 ea* case8 #g4 ,:at is ency/+8 ,"n "s protozoa :i* ency/4 ,h[ long may an ency/$ animal live8 ,:5 d !y ency/8 ,:y8 #h4 ,give me?ods ( reproduction among protozoa4 ,:i* me?od is fitt$ = rapid multiplication1 = )/&+ dr\?2 = r5ew+ vitality8 #i4 ,_m sci5ti/s speak ( protozoa z immortal4 ,:at argum5t is !re to support su* a /atem5t8 #aj4 ,:y are no protozoa l>ge animals8 ,give at lea/ two reasons4 #aa4 ,:y are protozoa s num]\s8 ,:y m num]\s 9 /agnant wat]8 #ab4 ,:]e are protozoa f\nd8 #ac4 ,:y are protozoa s widely di/ribut$8 #ad4 ,write ! probable hi/ory ( a piece ( *alk4 #ae4 ,:at connection is !re betwe5 protozoa & "s poli%+ p[d]s8 #af4 ,:]e 9 ! human body are mal>ial protozoa f\nd8 ,h[ are !y transf]r$ f "o human be+ to ano!r8 ,:y is !re likely to be m mal>ia 9 newly settl$ regions ?an 9 old] ones8 ,if y 7 oblig$ to sp5d "s "t 9 a region :]e mal>ia exi/$1 :at precautions w\ld y take8 #ag4 ,"n o!r diseases caus$ by protozoa4 ,h[ are !y f\ght8 #ah4 ,:at b5eficial effect h "s protozoa ^u ! wat] ( /agnant ponds & dit*es8 ,h[ may "s =ms injure wat] = h\sehold purposes8 #ai4 ,give at lea/ ?ree reasons = ?9k+ t protozoa are ! mo/ anci5t animals4 #bj4 ,:y are protozoa ( great importance to ! _w8 #b4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,sponges ,to %[ h[ cells loosely associat$ may "w toge!r4 ,mat]ials4 ,! simple/ ( ! _m-cell$ animals are ! sponges1 :i*1 ) "o exception1 are salt-wat] =ms4 ,t "o1 ! spongilla1 is n easily f\nd & is v difficult to ma9ta9 9 ! laboratory4 ,= ^! reasons ! mat]ial = ?is /udy is v meag]1 except at ! sea%ore1 & mu* ( ! "w mu/ be done f diagrams & ref]5ce books4 ,small simple pres]v$ sponges & complex toilet sponge skeletons w also be us$4 ,def9itions4 ,body wall1 ! out] wall 9 bodies ( ! _m-cell$ animals4 ,c5tral cavity1 ! cavity surr\nd$ by ! body wall 9 ! simpl] _m-cell$ animals1 z 9 ! sponges4 ,canals1 *annels ?r\gh ! body walls ( sponges4 ,inhal5t pores1 ! out] ends ( ! canals4 ,o/ia1 ! inn] ends ( ! canals4 ,osculum1 ! l>ge op5+ ( ! c5tral cavity1 at ! di/al end ( ! sponge4 ,spicules1 t9y ne$les ( m9]al sub/ance f\nd 9 ! walls ( _m sponges4 ,fib]s1 flexible ?reads ( horny mat]ial f\nd 9 ! walls ( _m sponges4 ,endod]m cells1 cells l9+ ! canals4 ,!y h cilia or flagella 7projections l>g] ?an cilia74 ,ectod]m cells1 cells cov]+ ! outside ( sponges & "s o!r animals4 ,9 sponges x is believ$ t endod]m & ectod]m cells are able to ex*ange positions & functions4 ,mesoglea1 a jelly-l lay] betwe5 ! endod]m & ectod]m lay]s4 ,9 ! sponges ?is conta9s _m w&]+ cells1 probably f ! o!r lay]s4 ,porif]a 7pore be>]s71 animals ) _m m or less indep5d5t cells1 support$ by solid skeletal p>ts & p5etrat$ by a sy/em ( canals :i* op5 on ! surface z pores4 ,directions4 ,/udy a simple sponge to see ! %ape1 size1 & po9t ( atta*m5t4 ,id5tify ! osculum4 ,9 a diagram ( a long section ( a simple sponge id5tify ! c5tral cavity1 body walls1 canals1 inhal5t pores1 o/ia1 & osculum4 ,9 a simple sponge cut l ! diagram id5tify ! same /ructures4 ,d ! same = ! toilet sponge4 ,/udy a diagram ( a portion ( ! body wall1 consid]ably enl>g$4 ,id5tify ! endod]m & ectod]m cells1 ! spicules or fib]s1 &1 among ! spicules or fib]s1 irregul> amoeboid cells1 sometimes call$ mesod]m cells4 ,exam9e a fragm5t or section ( ea* k9d ( sponge "u ! microscope4 ,notice ! arrangem5t1 %ape1 & l5g? ( ! spicules & ( ! fib]s4 ,te/ bo? k9ds ( sponges by dropp+ a bit ( ea* into weak acid1 & not+ ! results4 ,also burn a bit ( ea* & notice ! odor4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,:at is ! %ape ( a simple sponge8 ,:at enables a mass ( cells to reta9 su* a def9ite %ape8 #b4 ,:at seems to be ! composition ( ! skeletons8 ,:y is "o type ( skeleton rigid & ! o!r ela/ic8 #c4 ,s9ce sponges are atta*$ = mo/ ( _! lives to /ation>y objects1 sugge/ means = obta9+ food & oxyg51 & = gett+ rid ( wa/e matt]4 #d4 ,al?\gh individual cells are s5sitive1 a sponge z a :ole is n4 ,:at connection has ?is fact ) ! fact t sponges are /ation>y8 #e4 ,comp>e simple & complex sponges4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,a view ( a simple sponge4 ,label ev]y?+ %[n4 b4 ,a diagram ( a simple sponge split 9 halves4 ,%[ by arr[s ! pa? foll[$ by ! wat] z x passes ?r\gh ! sponge4 c4 ,a few spicules4 d4 ,a few fib]s4 ,summ>y ( ,important ,po9ts 9 ! ,/udy ( ,sponges #a4 ,:at are two functions ( ! spicules or fib]s8 #b4 ,:at are at lea/ two ( ! functions ( ! endod]m cells8 #c4 ,:at c y sugge/ z functions = ! ectod]m cells8 #d4 ,9 :at cases d cells %[ team "w 9 accompli%+ an object8 #e4 ,:at degree ( specialization is indicat$ by ! fact t ! cells may ex*ange positions & functions8 #f4 ,:at "w c any s+le cell ( a sponge d8 ,comp>e ! "w done by su* a cell ) t done by a p>amecium4 #g4 ,:at "w c a :ole sponge d8 ,comp>e t ) ! "w done by a p>amecium4 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise on ,sponges #a4 ,:at are ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ,porif]a8 #b4 ,sponges 7 once suppos$ to be plants4 ,9 :at respect are !y plant-l8 ,:at made /ud5ts f9ally class !m z animals8 #c4 ,h[ d sponges reproduce8 ,h[ are !y di/ribut$ to new locations8 #d4 ,:]e1 z to dep? ( wat]1 d mo/ sponges gr[8 ,:]e1 z to oceans8 ,:]e1 z to latitude8 #e4 ,:at are "s ( ! difficulties :i* confront a /ation>y animal8 ,h[ are !y ov]come8 #f4 ,to :at class ( sponges d ! toilet sponges belong8 ,:y8 #g4 ,:at conditions are necess>y = toilet sponges to ?rive8 ,:]e are ! be/ ones f\nd8 ,:]e are !y mo/ num]\s8 ,h[ are !y collect$8 ,h[ are !y prep>$ = m>ket8 #h4 ,:at is man able to d t[>d rais+ good sponges = m>ket8 #i4 ,us+ ref]5ce books & museum specim5s1 describe "s especially odd sponges4 #c4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,coel5t]ates ,to %[ cells work+ toge!r m def9itely ?an 9 ,sponges ,a ,/udy ( ,hydra ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ hydras 9 p]man5t aqu>ia1 undi/urb$4 ,liv+ hydras 9 small aqu>ia1 i4e4 tumbl]s1 te/ tubes1 wat* glasses1 etc41 ) pieces ( wat] we$ & if possible "s ( ! microscopic animals f\nd 9 wat] :]e hydras are abundant4 ,if kept cool1 hydras may live sev]al days 9 su* aqu>ia4 ,p]man5t slides ( hydras2 "s :ole1 "s 9 sections1 & "s %[+ ! organs ( reproduction4 ,def9itions4 ,proximal end1 ! end by :i* an animal is atta*$ to an object4 ,di/al end1 ! end opposite ! proximal end4 ,t5tacles1 sl5d] projections ar\nd ! di/al end4 ,m\?1 ! op5+ ?r\gh ! di/al end1 into ! c5tral cavity4 ,bud1 a small hydra or o!r coel5t]ate gr[+ out f ! wall ( ! p>5t4 ,mesoglea1 a ?91 gluey p>tition1 )\t w&]+ cells1 betwe5 ! ectod]m & ! endod]m4 ,nettle cells1 v small cells1 *iefly 9 ! t5tacles1 easily id5tifi$ 9 p]man5t prep>ations z cle> cells ) small hairs project+ f !m4 ,see text-books = details ( _! /ructure4 ,sp]m>y1 ! region or organ :]e ! sp]m cells are =m$4 ,ov>y1 ! region or organ :]e ! egg cells are =m$4 ,coel5t]ates 7holl[ b[els71 sac-%ap$ animals1 ! dige/ive tract hav+ only "o op5+2 ! body wall is ( two lay]s4 ,directions4 ,take a small aqu>ium to y\r table1 set x d[n c>efully & leave x undi/urb$4 ,id5tify a hydra & wat* x = "s "t4 ,obs]vations on ! liv+ animals4 #a4 ,describe ! size & %ape ( a hydra :5 exp&$4 ,di/urb x slightly by %ak+ ! aqu>ium a little1 & describe its %ape :5 contract$4 ,notice also ! flexibility ( ! body4 ,:at d y inf] conc]n+ ! hydra's possession ( a skeleton8 ,:at advantage c x be to h a body s flexible8 #b4 ,h[ _m t5tacles has ! hydra t y are /udy+8 ,:at does ! hydra d ) ^! t5tacles :5 x is exp&$8 ,:at is ! probable object ( su* actions8 #c4 ,h[ does a hydra respond to contact8 ,:at seems to be ! object ( su* a response8 #d4 ,notice ! location ( ! hydras 9 ! l>ge1 undi/urb$ aqu>ia4 ,:]e are !y plac$ z reg>ds ! light side ( ! aqu>ium8 ,( :at value is su* a response to light 9 _! case8 #e4 ,h[ c a hydra locate ! small animals :i* are its food8 ,h[ c x capture !m8 #f4 ,:at motions may a hydra p]=m1 :ile rema9+ atta*$ by its base8 ,:at are ! results ( ^! movem5ts8 #g4 ,if y h happ5$ to see a hydra move f "o place to ano!r1 describe ! process4 ,if n1 give ! facts :i* lead y to believe t x is able to d s4 ,sugge/ all ! me?ods y ?9k x may be able to use4 ,:at is y\r op9ion ( ! hydra's p[] ( locomotion8 ,( :at use is x 9 gett+ food2 9 escap+ enemies2 9 foll[+ ! fluctuations ( ! wat] supply8 ,if y _h to class ! hydra z ei!r "o1 w\ld y call x a /ation>y or a locomotory animal8 #h4 ,/udy budd+ hydras4 ,comp>e ! bud ) ! p>5t hydra z to size1 =m & numb] & size ( t5tacles4 ,notice :e!r ! bud moves indep5d5tly or only ) ! p>5t4 ,:5 does x sep>ate f ! p>5t8 #i4 ,9 hydras collect$ late 9 ! fall y may see ano!r me?od ( reproduction4 ,if su* mat]ial is at h&1 notice small swell+s ne> ! proximal end & o!rs ne> ! t5tacles4 ,eggs are produc$ 9 ! l[] "o1 ! ov>y1 & sp]m cells 9 ! upp] "o1 ! sp]m>y4 ,ref] to y\r text-book = fur!r details4 ,details ( /ructure4 #a4 ,us+ an entire m\nt$ specim5 & a section ( hydra1 id5tify ! body wall & ! c5tral cavity4 ,:at is ! ext5t ( ! c5tral cavity8 7,exam9e bo? ! body & ! t5tacles47 ,:]e does x op5 to ! outside8 ,:at d y ?9k is its use8 #b4 ,9 ! body wall1 id5tify ! endod]mal & ectod]mal lay]s ( cells1 sep>at$ by ! mesoglea1 :i* is usually /a9$ m deeply4 ,/udy ^! cell lay]s c>efully4 ,:at "w ought ea* to d8 ,:at c y discov] 9 its /ructure :i* w\ld fit ea* lay] to d its "w8 #c4 ,9 ! t5tacles1 id5tify ! nettle cells4 ,:]e are !y8 ,h[ are !y arrang$8 ,ab\t h[ _m ( !m w\ld be dis*>g$ if a small animal 7 to bump into a t5tacle8 ,summ>y ( ,important ,po9ts 9 ! ,/udy ( ,hydra #a4 ,"n ! diff]5t k9ds ( cells 9 a hydra4 ,:i* k9d diff]s mo/ f su* a cell z ! />fi% egg8 ,:at "w does ?is specializ$ cell d8 #b4 ,h[ mu* ( a hydra's body may be set 9 action by t\*+ a t5tacle8 ,contra/ ?is ) ! sponge4 ,:at d y inf] conc]n+ ! n]v\s p[] ( ^! two animals8 #c4 ,look back ov] y\r notes & li/ ! diff]5t k9ds ( "w a hydra c d4 #d4 ,c x d any m k9ds ( "w ?an a p>amecium or a sponge c8 ,if s1 give fur!r details4 #e4 ,c x d any ( its "w 9 any bett] way8 ,w\ld y expect x to be able to8 ,:y1 or :y n8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,hydra undi/urb$1 & hydra aft] be+ t\*$ or %ak54 b4 ,a hydra 9 successive poses to %[ its flexibility4 c4 ,a hydra tak+ food4 d4 ,hydras to %[ reproduction 9 "o or bo? ways4 e4 ,a section ( hydra1 %[+ details4 ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,coel5t]ates ,mat]ials4 ,v>i\s coel5t]ates1 su* z hydroids1 hydro-m$us1 jellyfi%es1 sea anemones1 corals1 sea fans1 etc4 ,s9ce ne>ly all ! coel5t]ates except hydras are m>9e =ms1 ^! w usually h to be dead specim5s1 pres]v$ 9 =mal9 or alcohol1 or put up z p]man5t prep>ations = ! microscope4 ,def9itions4 ,colony1 z us$ 9 ?is gr\p1 a numb] ( individuals desc5d$ by budd+ f an orig9al "o1 & rema9+ connect$4 ,polyp1 an individual coel5t]ate2 "o ( ! individuals 9 a colony4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,h[ l>ge is an individual specim5 9 ! =m y are /udy+8 ,if ! =m is colonial1 h[ l>ge is ! colony or portion ( a colony y are /udy+8 ,e/imate ! numb] ( individuals 9 x4 ,is ! colony free-swimm+ or atta*$8 ,if atta*$1 to :at is x usually fa/5$8 #b4 ,comp>e ! individual y are /udy+ ) a hydra1 z to size & %ape ( ! body1 ! location ( ! m\?1 & ! size1 numb]1 & arrangem5t ( ! t5tacles4 #c4 ,is !re a skeleton8 ,if s1 describe x4 ,:at appe>s to be its use8 ,9 corals1 notice ! radiat+ p>titions4 #d4 ,has ! specim5 any nettle cells8 ,if s1 :]e are !y locat$8 #e4 ,are all ! polyps ( ! colony alike8 ,if n1 h[ _m k9ds are !re8 ,h[ d !y diff]8 ,:at is ea* k9d be/ fitt$ to d8 ,:at is ! probable result ( ?is diff]5tiation8 #f4 ,:at k9ds ( reproduction1 if any1 does ! specim5 y are /udy+ %[8 ,f9d out f books :at o!r =ms ( reproduction are sometimes us$ by ?is animal4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,at lea/ "o draw+ ( ea* coel5t]ate y /udy4 ,summ>y ( ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,coel5t]ates #a4 ,h[ may polyps 9 colonial =ms diff] f polyps :i* live s+ly8 #b4 ,:at v>iations 9 me?ods ( reproduction are %[n 9 ?is gr\p8 #c4 ,:i* ( ! polyps y h /udi$ %[s ! greate/ diff]5tiation8 ,9 :at ways8 #d4 ,:at *>act]i/ic d y f9d common to all ! coel5t]ates y h /udi$8 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise on ,coel5t]ates #a4 ,:at are ! *>act]i/ics :i* di/+ui% coel5t]ates8 #b4 ,give ! classes ( coel5t]ates1 ) ! *>act]i/ics & an example ( ea*4 #c4 ,:at enables a hydra to /ick to a support by its foot8 #d4 ,:at are ! processes 9 a hydra by :i* food is captur$1 swall[$1 & dige/$8 #e4 ,:at is ! *ief fact ( int]e/ ab\t ,hydra viridis8 #f4 ,:y d hydras reproduce all summ] by budd+ & 9 ! late fall by eggs8 #g4 ,:at *ange w\ld h develop$ a hydra & its (fspr+ into a plant-l colony in/ead ( into a gr\p ( individuals8 #h4 ,:y are ct5ophores m easily se5 9 ! night ?an o!r coel5t]ates are8 #i4 ,:at relations may exi/ betwe5 hydroids & hydro-m$us8 #aj4 ,:at are ! advantages ( a s$5t>y life8 ,( a locomotory "o8 #aa4 ,:at is meant by ! expression alt]nation ( g5]ations8 ,:i* animals are likely to develop alt]nation ( g5]ations1 s$5t>y ones or locomotory ones8 ,:y8 #ab4 ,give at lea/ two diff]5ces betwe5 hydro-m$us & true jellyfi%es4 #ac4 ,9 ! association betwe5 a hydract9ia colony & a h]mit crab1 :at advantages are d]iv$ by ! hydract9ia8 by ! crab8 ,def9e symbiosis4 ,give ano!r illu/ration ( x4 #ad4 ,h[ are new coral colonies />t$8 ,h[ are l>ge colonies =m$8 #ae4 ,:at are ! conditions ( life "u :i* corals c gr[ vigor\sly8 #af4 ,:]e are corals mo/ abundant8 ,note4--,%[ by color+ ! regions on a blank map ( ! _w4 #ag4 ,h[ may corals =m a reef8 ,:y d !y1 z a rule1 =m a reef in/ead ( add+ directly to ! ma9l&8 #ah4 ,give ,d>w9's !ory reg>d+ ! way a coral atoll may h be5 =m$4 #ai4 ,:]e are fossil corals f\nd 9 abundance8 ,:at does _! pres5ce prove8 #bj4 ,:at is polymorphism8 ,give an illu/ration4 ,:at may be a disadvantage ( polymorphism8 ,:at may be an advantage8 #ba4 ,9 :at ways is ?is gr\p ( economic importance8 #d4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,worms ,to %[ cells associat$ ev5 m closely ?an 9 coel5t]ates1 =m+ tissues & sy/ems ( organs4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,e>?worms ,! ,liv+ ,e>?worm ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ e>?worms1 "s ( :i* are left undi/urb$ f day to day1 9 damp e>? ) leaves ( v>i\s plants scatt]$ ^u x4 ,def9itions4 ,ant]ior end1 ! head end1 usually ! lead+ end4 ,po/]ior end1 ! end opposite ! ant]ior end4 ,v5tral surface1 ! l[] surface1 usually ! "o :i* conta9s ! m\?4 ,dorsal surface1 ! "o opposite ! v5tral surface4 ,somites1 ! r+s or segm5ts ( :i* "s animal bodies are compos$4 ,bilat]al symmetry1 ! symmetry usually %[n by animals :i* h diff]5tiat$ dorsal & v5tral surfaces1 & "r & left sides4 ,animals :i* d n h su* diff]5tiat$ surfaces are usually radially symmetrical1 b sometimes asymmetrical 7)\t symmetry74 ,girdle1 ! some:at transp>5t b& frequ5tly f\nd ne> ! ant]ior end ( an e>?worm4 ,anal op5+1 ! po/]ior op5+ ( ! food canal4 ,set 7s+ul> =m1 seta71 small bri/les or /iff hairs4 ,9 ! e>?worm ^! are set 9 ! body wall at def9ite int]vals1 & aid 9 locomotion4 ,cuticle1 9 ! e>?worm a delicate1 %9+ cov] ov] ! body4 ,egg capsules1 small1 light-color$1 sp9dle-%ap$ sacks1 ab\t ! size & some:at ! %ape ( a gra9 ( :eat1 conta9+ ! eggs or "y ( e>?worms4 ,directions4 ,take a liv+ e>?worm to y\r table & keep x damp by plac+ x 9 a wet tray or ^u moi/ pap]4 ,id5tify ! ant]ior & po/]ior ends1 ! dorsal & v5tral surfaces1 & ! "r & left sides4 ,id5tify also ! somites & ! girdle1 ! m\? ) its project+ lip1 & ! anal op5+4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,wat* a liv+ worm = "s "t4 ,does x seem to h a def9ite object 9 its mov+8 ,if s1 :at is x8 ,^u :at s5se or s5ses does x seem to dep5d = guidance8 ,:i* end usually leads8 ,:y8 #b4 ,ov] :at sort ( surface does x move mo/ easily8 ,:y8 ,wat* x closely = "s "t & discov] h[ x is able to move f place to place4 7,sugge/ion4 ,:at is ! function ( ! set 9 ?is process8 ,h[ c y expla9 ! alt]nate contraction & expansion ( p>ts87 #c4 ,f "t to "t1 = p]haps a week1 exam9e ! leaves :i* 7 scatt]$ :]e ! worms c\ld rea* !m4 ,h ! worms mov$ !m ab\t at all8 ,if s1 :]e are ! leaves left8 ,h any be5 eat51 9 "p or entirely8 ,if s1 is !re any evid5ce ( selection1 ei!r z to ! k9d ( leaf or ! portion ( leaf eat58 ,if e>?worms select food1 :at s5ses w\ld be useful = ! purpose8 ,h y any evid5ce t e>?worms possess su* s5ses8 #d4 ,look+ ?r\gh ! dorsal wall1 notice ! me&]+ r$ l9e1 se5 m easily 9 "s regions ?an 9 o!rs4 ,?is is ! dorsal blood vessel4 ,h[ long is x8 ,:]e is x wid]8 ,:]e n>r[]8 ,notice its pulsations4 ,h[ _m times p] m9ute does x pulsate8 ,9 :i* direction is ! blood =c$8 ,is !re a correspond+ v5tral blood vessel8 ,place a small worm betwe5 two pieces ( glass1 s t y may see ?r\gh x m easily1 & id5tify ! blood vessels encircl+ ! dige/ive canal1 ne> ! ant]ior end4 ,^! are ! s-call$ he>ts ( ! e>?worm4 ,if possible1 decide 9 :i* direction ! blood fl[s ?r\gh !m4 #e4 ,! food canal1 or alim5t>y canal1 lies und]nea? ! dorsal blood vessel1 & is usually easily se51 especially if x is full ( food4 ,notice x :5 ! worm is fully /ret*$ & aga9 :5 x is contract$4 ,h[ long is ! canal8 ,:y does x wr9kle :5 ! worm contracts8 ,:]e does x op5 to ! outside8 ,:y does x ne$ to8 #f4 ,:]e d y inf] respiration mu/ take place 9 ?is animal8 ,:y d y ?9k s8 ,:at fits ?is surface = su* a purpose8 ,:y does an e>?worm seem s uncom=table :5 x is too dry8 #g4 ,:]e d e>?worms live8 ,:at conditions are necess>y 9 _! habitat8 #h4 ,:5 d e>?worms usually leave _! burr[s8 ,:y at t p>ticul> "t r ?an at ano!r8 ,:y does ! e>ly bird cat* ! worm8 #i4 ,:at enemies d e>?worms h8 ,h[ are !y protect$ aga9/ ^! enemies8 #aj4 ,if y h f\nd egg capsules :5 collect+ worms1 describe !m4 ,ext]nal ,morphology ( ,e>?worms ,mat]ials4 ,pres]v$ e>?worms1 ! l>g] ! bett]4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,9 :at respects are ! dorsal & v5tral surfaces alike8 ,9 :at respects diff]5t8 ,:y8 #b4 ,:y are ! "r & left sides alike8 #c4 ,9 :at respects are ! two ends alike8 ,9 :at diff]5t8 ,:y8 #d4 ,h[ _m somites are !re f ! ant]ior end to ! girdle8 ,h[ _m "u ! girdle8 ,h[ _m f ! girdle to ! po/]ior end8 #e4 ,:]e are ! set locat$ 9 a somite8 ,h[ are !y di/ribut$ ov] ! body8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,an e>?worm1 dorsal aspect4 b4 ,an e>?worm1 v5tral aspect4 c4 ,an outl9e diagram ( a cross section1 to %[ ! location ( ! set1 ! blood vessels & ! alim5t>y canal4 ,int]nal ,morphology or ,anatomy ,mat]ials4 7#a7 ,pres]v$ e>?worms1 z l>ge z y c obta94 7#b7 ,cross sections ( e>?worms4 7#c7 ,longitud9al sections ( e>?worms4 ,def9itions4 ,body cavity1 ! space betwe5 ! body wall & ! alim5t>y canal4 ,septa 7s+ul>1 septum71 ! ?9 walls betwe5 somites1 se5 :5 ! worm is op5$4 ,ph>ynx1 ! h>d-wall$1 r bulb\s1 ant]ior portion ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,esophagus1 ! portion ( ! alim5t>y canal ext5d+ back f ! ph>ynx ) ?9n] walls & small] diamet]4 ,crop1 ! %ort1 wide portion ( ! canal back ( ! esophagus4 ,gizz>d1 ! h>d-wall$1 %ort region1 j back ( ! crop4 ,/oma*-inte/9e1 ! portion ( ! canal rea*+ f ! gizz>d to ! anus4 ,v5tral n]ve cord1 a light-color$ ?read ly+ aga9/ ! inn] surface ( ! v5tral body wall4 ,n]ve ganglia 7s+ul>1 ganglion71 slight swell+s on ! v5tral n]ve cord4 ,n]ve r+ or coll>1 a pair ( n]ves ext5d+ f ! v5tral n]ve cord ar\nd ! ph>ynx to a pair ( ganglia 7(t5 call$ ! bra97 9 ! dorsal region ( ! ant]ior end4 ,kidney tubes or nephridia1 ! excretory organs ( ! e>?worm1 occurr+ z sl5d]1 pair$ tubes 9 ne>ly e somite4 ,directions4 ,select a l>ge worm & cut c>efully ?r\gh ! body wall along "o side1 midway betwe5 ! dorsal & v5tral surfaces1 f ! ant]ior end to ! po/]ior4 ,lay ! worm on any conv5i5t fairly s(t surface 7a piece ( p9e1 cork1 peat1 p>aff971 pref]ably "u wat]1 & p9 out ! walls s t y c see into ! int]ior4 ,id5tify ! /ructures def9$ above1 z well z ! dorsal & v5tral blood vessels & ! he>ts4 ,! nephridia are n easily di/+ui%$1 ?\gh !y are v num]\s4 ,!y are long1 sl5d]1 coil$ tubes1 two 9 ea* somite1 ly+ 9 ! body cavity1 "o on ea* side ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,if possible1 id5tify !m4 ,notice t mo/ ( ! int]nal organs are free f ! body wall1 ly+ free 9 ! body cavity4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,:at is ! ext5t ( ! body cavity1 ant]iorly & po/]iorly8 ,:at is its %ape8 #b4 ,:at1 9 g5]al1 is ! %ape ( ! food canal8 ,h[ _m ext]nal op5+s has x8 #c4 ,into :at regions is ! food canal diff]5tiat$8 ,sugge/ "o advantage ( hav+ ^! specializ$ regions4 #d4 ,h[ is ! alim5t>y canal ( ! worm kept away f ! body walls8 ,:y h x ?us support$8 #e4 ,:at is a septum8 ,h[ _m septa are !re8 ,:at vessels & tubes pass ?r\gh a septum8 #f4 ,locate ! n]ve cord4 ,h[ long is x8 ,h[ frequ5tly d ! ganglia occur on x8 ,:i* end ( ! liv+ worm is ! m s5sitive4 ,sugge/ ! connection betwe5 ?is fact & ! location ( ganglia4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,e>?worm1 %[+ /ructures m5tion$ 9 ?is /udy4 ,details ( ,/ructure--,microscopic ,anatomy ,mat]ials4 ,sections ( e>?worms1 pref]ably bo? cross sections & dorso-v5tral1 longitud9al ones4 ,directions4 ,9 a section "u a simple l5s1 id5tify ! dorsal & v5tral surfaces1 ! body wall1 ! body cavity1 ! alim5t>y canal1 &1 if possible1 ! dorsal & v5tral blood vessels & ! v5tral n]ve cord4 ,"u a microscope id5tify ! same /ructures4 ,notice t ! body wall consi/s ( ?ree lay]s ( cells3 an out] s+le lay]1 ! epid]mis2 a middle lay]1 ! circul> muscles2 & an inn] "o1 ! longitud9al muscles4 ,! nephridia %[ z loosely scatt]$ fragm5ts 9 ! body cavity1 at ! "r & left ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,if y happ5 to h a section :i* %[s "o or m set1 id5tify ! muscles :i* op]ate x1 & ! gr\p ( gl&ul> cells at its inn] end1 :i* are kn[n z setig]\s 7f seta7 cells4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,describe ! epid]mal cells4 ,:at is _! probable function8 ,among !m notice l>g] cells1 cle> & r\nd$4 ,^! are ! muc\s 7slime7 cells4 ,:at is ! use ( mucus to ! worm8 #b4 ,describe ! muscle cells4 ,9 :i* direction d ! muscle fib]s ext5d8 ,:at is _! function8 ,:i* lay] ( muscle cells is ?ick]1 ! circul> or ! longitud9al8 ,:y %\ld x be8 #c4 ,notice ! cells 9 ! walls ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,:at lay]s d y f9d8 ,h[ are !y arrang$8 #d4 ,if ! section y are /udy+ is a cross section f ! region back ( ! gizz>d1 ! alim5t>y canal w look horse%oe %ap$1 ind5t$ f ! dorsal surface4 ,:at is ! effect ( ?is ind5tation ^u ! am\nt ( surface 9 ! alim5t>y canal8 #e4 ,/udy ! cells ( ! n]ve cord4 ,h[ d !y comp>e 9 size & %ape ) ! muscle cells8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,a diagram ( a cross section1 %[+ ! relation ( ! organs4 b4 ,a diagram ( a longitud9al section1 at lea/ ?r\gh ! body wall1 to %[ ! arrangem5t ( muscle fib]s4 c4 ,a draw+ ( a portion ( ! body wall1 to %[ details4 ,summ>y ( ,important ,po9ts 9 ,/udy ( ! ,e>?worm #a4 ,comp>$ ) a hydra1 h[ _m cells has an e>?worm8 #b4 ,comp>$ ) a hydra1 h[ mu* are ! cells ( an e>?worm diff]5tiat$8 #c4 ,h[ are ^! diff]5tiat$ cells usually arrang$ ) respect to "o ano!r8 ,:at advantage is !re 9 ?is arrangem5t8 #d4 ,recall ! k9ds ( "w done by p>amecium1 sponge1 hydra1 & worm1 & at ! same "t consid] also ! effici5cy ( ea*4 ,c e>?worms d any m k9ds ( "w ?an any ( ! o!rs8 ,c !y d any m "w8 ,c !y d any ( x bett]8 ,give ! probable reasons = ?is8 ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,worms ,mat]ials4 ,z _m diff]5t k9ds ( worms z y c get1 liv+ or dead4 ,directions4 ,id5tify y\r specim5s4 ,!n /udy z _m z y\r "t w all[1 us+ ^! g5]al que/ions = ea*3-- ,que/ions4 #a4 ,h[ l>ge is ! specim5 & :at is its %ape8 #b4 ,c y di/+ui% a head or a head end8 ,if s1 by :at peculi>ities8 #c4 ,/ate :e!r ! body is segm5t$ or n1 &1 if x is1 :e!r ! segm5ts are alike 9 =m & appe>ance1 i4e4 :e!r ! segm5ts are uni=m4 #d4 ,/ate :e!r ! animal is bilat]ally symmetrical1 radially symmetrical1 or )\t symmetry4 #e4 ,comp>e ?is worm ) ! e>?worm z to s5se organs4 #f4 ,:at organs = respiration has x8 #g4 ,:at special protective devices has x8 #h4 ,if possible1 f9d out & /ate :]e ?is worm lives4 ,:at c y see 9 ! /ructure ( ?is worm :i* enables x to live :]e x does8 ,summ>y ( ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,worms #a4 ,"n ! diff]5t worms y h /udi$4 ,:at *>act]i/ics h !y 9 common8 #b4 ,:at diff]5t me?ods ( obta9+ food d !y %[8 #c4 ,:at v>iations d !y %[ 9 s5ses8 9 s5se organs8 #d4 ,:i* "o seems to y be/ adapt$ to its habitat8 ,9 :at ways8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,"o draw+ ( ea* worm /udi$4 ,review & ,libr>y ,"w on ,worms #a4 ,:at are ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( worms8 #b4 ,give ! classes ( worms1 & ! au?ority = ?is classification4 #c4 ,:at k9d ( soil d e>?worms seem to pref]8 ,:y %\ld !y8 ,h[ d !y =m _! burr[s8 ,:at are ! ca/+s ar\nd ! m\? ( a burr[8 ,h[ are !y plac$ !re8 #d4 ,9 :at ways d e>?worms b5efit ! soil8 ,h[ great is _! effect e/imat$ to be8 #e4 ,give a brief sket* ( ! life ( ,*>les ,d>w91 not+ especially ! "w he did ) e>?worms4 ,:y is ,d>w9's "w on e>?worms notewor?y3 because x is su* a l>ge proportion ( ! "w he did1 or because x is s mu* ( ! "w :i* has be5 done on e>?worms8 #f4 ,h[ are e>?worms protect$ aga9/ ! cold ( our w9t]s8 ,:at limits ! nor!rn range ( e>?worms8 #g4 ,:]e are e>?worms f\nd geographically8 ,:y are !y s widely di/ribut$8 ,by :at means are !y ext5d$ f "o locality to ano!r8 #h4 ,h[ d e>?worms reproduce8 ,:at c>e d !y take ( _! "y8 #i4 ,:at tissues or organs ( e>?worms correspond 9 function ) ! ectod]m ( hydra2 ) ! endod]m8 ,:y does an e>?worm ne$ a sy/em ( blood circulation m ?an a hydra does8 #aj4 ,contra/ ! numb] ( op5+s 9 an e>?worm's alim5t>y canal ) ! numb] 9 a hydra's dige/ive cavity4 ,:i* plan seems a bett] "o8 ,9 :at respects8 #aa4 ,contra/ a cross section ( hydra ) "o ( e>?worm z to ! numb] ( cavities4 ,:i* seems to y ! bett] plan8 ,:y8 #ab4 ,:y does a n]eis ne$ m respiratory surface ?an an e>?worm does8 #ac4 ,comp>+ e>?worm & n]eis1 9 :at respects is ! e>?worm deg5]ate8 ,h[ does x manage to succe$ s well ) su* a deg5]ate body8 #ad4 ,:at is a p>asite8 ,h[ _m ho/s does a typical p>asite require = its developm5t8 ,:i* ho/ is kn[n z ! int]m$iate "o8 #ae4 ,trace ! hi/ory ( a tapeworm f ! egg to ! adult4 ,at :at /age are !y mo/ likely to be de/roy$8 ,:at provision is !re = ?is8 ,:at advantages are !re to ! ho/ 9 ! fact t a tapeworm's egg _c develop 9 ! orig9al ho/8 ,:at advantages to ! p>asite8 #af4 ,:at organs has a p>asite lo/1 if x ev] _h !m8 ,h[ does x succe$ )\t !m8 ,:at connection is !re betwe5 p>asitism & deg5]ation8 ,c y decide :i* is cause & :i* is effect8 ,if s1 :i* is8 #ag4 ,:y d worms s easily become p>asitic8 ,:at advantages are !re 9 becom+ a p>asite8 ,:at disadvantages8 #ah4 ,:at is radial symmetry8 ,"n two animals :i* %[ x4 ,:at is bilat]al symmetry8 ,"n two animals :i* %[ x4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 locomotion & symmetry8 #ai4 ,:at is meant 9 biology by ! t]m reg5]ation8 ,to :at ext5t h we ?is p[]8 ,to :at ext5t h hydra & e>?worm8 ,:at are ! results ( ?is p[]8 #bj4 ,"n v>i\s me?ods ( locomotion among worms4 ,give examples4 ,"n a fix$ or s$5t>y worm4 #ba4 ,:at is ! economic importance ( worms8 ,consid] "h n only e>?worms & tapeworms1 b also ! /oma* worms ( %eep1 liv] flukes1 tri*91 hookworms1 v9eg> eels1 & z _m o!rs z y h "t & books to look up4 #e4 ,,! ,,connection ,,betwe5 ,,/ructure ,,& ,,function ,a ,review ( ! ,"w done on ! ,fir/ ,f\r ,gr\ps ( ,animals ,review all y\r /udies on ! protozoa1 sponges1 coel5t]ates1 & worms4 ,write ! results 9 ! foll[+ summ>y3-- #a4 ,:at "w1 i4e4 labor1 mu/ an animal d to live8 #b4 ,h[ _m cells are necess>y to d ?is "w8 #c4 ,:5 ?is "w is divid$ among a numb] ( cells1 :at is ! effect ^u ! quantity & quality ( "w accompli%$8 #d4 ,:5 ?is "w is divid$ among a numb] ( cells1 h[ does ! /ructure ( ! cells %[ x8 ,h[ does ! arrangem5t ( ! cells also %[ x8 ,give examples4 #e4 ,! te*nical expression = ?is specialization ( cells1 giv+ !m diff]5t functions1 is division ( labor4 ,=mulate a cle> def9ition = ?is expression1 giv+ an example to illu/rate x4 #f4 ,is division ( labor a good ?+ = an animal body1 or is x n8 ,give reasons = y\r op9ion1 ) examples = illu/ration4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,adaptation ,,to ,,surr\nd+s ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,cru/acea ,to ,%[ ! ,g5]al ,adaptation ( an ,inv]tebrate to its ,surr\nd+s #a4 ,a ,,/udy ,,( ,,crayfi%es ,mat]ials4 ,crayfi%es1 liv+ & pres]v$4 ,"s ( ! liv+ crayfi%es %\ld be e/abli%$ 9 conditions z natural z possible i4e4 9 an in* or s ( fre% wat]1 ) rocks1 we$s1 etc41 & left undi/urb$4 ,small crayfi%es are desirable to %[ locomotion 9 wat]4 ,liv+ ,crayfi%es ,directions & obs]vations4 #a4 ,obs]ve liv+ crayfi%es 9 _! usual habitat or 9 a l>ge aqu>ium1 )\t di/urb+ !m1 & see :]e !y /ay :5 !y are free to *oose4 ,notice _! position4 ,:at s5ses are on gu>d8 ,:at is ! color ( ! head & claws8 ,h[ may ?is color aid ! animal 9 gett+ food or 9 escap+ enemies8 ,:y is ! color ( ! po/]ior region less important ?an ! color ( ! ant]ior8 #b4 ,(f] !m bits ( meat4 ,if "o takes food1 notice ! app5dages x uses4 ,h[ does x discov] ! food8 ,) :at app5dages does x grasp ! food8 ,h[ is ! food convey$ to ! m\?8 ,) :at s5ses1 if any1 does ! animal te/ ! food z x eats x8 #c4 ,if ! crayfi%es are 9 pl5ty ( wat] & y />tle !m 9 any way1 "s ( !m may swim4 ,wat* = su* an occurr5ce & notice x c>efully4 ,h[ is swimm+ accompli%$8 ,:i* end leads 9 swimm+8 ,h[ f> does ! animal swim at a /roke8 ,h[ long does x cont9ue to swim8 ,:]e does x g8 ,does x see :]e x is go+8 ,= :at purpose w\ld ?is me?od ( locomotion be useful8 #d4 ,place a liv+ crayfi% 9 a tray ) wat] to cov] x1 & take x to y\r table4 ,wat* ! crayfi% z x walks ab\t 9 ! wat]1 !n take x out & let x walk out ( wat]4 ,comp>e ! two processes4 ,:at causes ! diff]5ces8 #e4 ,h[ _m app5dages are us$ 9 walk+8 ,:at ord]1 if any1 is !re 9 mov+ ! legs8 ,:i* me?od1 walk+ or swimm+1 does x use 9 go+ to "s p>ticul> spot1 e4g4 9 go+ to f9d food or cov]8 ,:y8 #f4 ,g5tly turn ! animal on its back & wat* ! movem5ts ( its app5dages z x rights itself4 ,:i* app5dages does x use & h[ does x use !m8 ,h[ c x manage to use s _m app5dages 9 h>mony1 = "o result8 #g4 ,= :at diff]5t purposes h y se5 ! crayfi%es use _! l>ge claws8 ,= :i* does ! claw seem be/ fitt$8 ,c y ?9k ( any *ange :i* w\ld make x m effici5t = its ma9 purpose8 ,if s1 describe ! *ange & tell h[ x w\ld "w4 #h4 ,te/ ! di/ribution ( ! s5se ( feel+4 ,is x any:]e especially acute8 ,if s1 :]e8 ,:y h two pairs ( feel]s8 ,:]e is ea* pair c>ri$ :5 ! animal is at re/2 :5 x is 9 motion8 ,h[ mu* t]ritory c ! two pairs gu>d8 #i4 ,t\* ! eyes4 ,comp>e _! s5sitiv5ess ) t ( y\r own eyes4 ,:at movem5ts c ! eyes p]=m8 ,h[ are !y protect$8 ,:at range ( t]ritory c !y gu>d8 #aj4 ,:at o!r s5ses1 if any1 d y ?9k a crayfi% has8 ,:y d y ?9k s8 #aa4 ,e>ly 9 ! spr+ crayfi%es may be f\nd c>ry+ eggs or "y4 ,if su* a specim5 is at h&1 notice :]e & h[ ! eggs or "y are atta*$4 ,h[ _m are !re8 ,h[ are !y c>$ =8 ,c ! "y crayfi% let g8 ,if remov$1 c !y atta* !mselves aga98 ,h[ mu* c>e does ! "m give !m :5 !y are remov$8 ,morphology ( a ,crayfi% ,def9itions4 ,cephalo-?orax1 ! ant]ior half ( ! body1 divid$ into ! head & ! ?orax4 ,c]vical groove1 ! groove divid+ ! head f ! ?orax4 ,abdom51 ! po/]ior half ( ! body1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( somites4 ,note4--,! c5tral "p ( ! tail f9 is usually includ$ z a somite4 ,c>apace1 ! cont9u\s %ell-l portion ( ! exoskeleton cov]+ ! cephalo-?orax4 ,ro/rum1 ! %>p projection ( ! c>apace at ! ant]ior end4 ,gill *amb]1 a pocket on ea* side ( ! ?orax1 cov]$ by a flap ( ! c>apace4 ,app5dages1 pair$ /ructures atta*$ to ! body4 ,!y are nam$ z foll[s3-- ,eye/alks4 7,^! are n class$ z app5dages by all /ud5ts47 ,ant5nules1 ! small feel]s4 ,ant5n1 ! l>ge feel]s4 ,m&ibles1 ! jaws1 "o on ea* side ( ! m\?4 ,maxill1 ! two pairs ( small m\? p>ts j back ( ! m&ibles4 ,maxillip$s1 ! ?ree pairs ( app5dages betwe5 ! maxill & ! l>ge claws4 ,*elip$s1 ! l>ge claws or p9*]s4 ,walk+ legs1 ! f\r pairs ( app5dages back ( ! *elip$s4 ,swimm]ets1 ! app5dages on ! abdom54 ,op5+s1 five on ! v5tral surface1 z foll[s3-- ,! op5+s f ! excretory organs1 ?r\gh small :ite cones on ! bases ( ! ant5n4 ,! m\?1 f>!r back1 betwe5 ! maxillip$s4 ,! anal op5+1 9 ! la/ segm5t ( ! abdom54 ,! op5+ f ! reproductive gl&1 t[>d ! po/]ior "p ( ! ?orax4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,h[ l>ge is y\r specim58 ,h[ does x comp>e 9 size ) o!r crayfi%es 9 ! laboratory8 #b4 ,describe ! %ape ( ! body1 contra/+ ! ant]ior end ) ! po/]ior1 & ! dorsal surface ) ! v5tral4 #c4 ,/udy ! am\nt ( motion p]mitt$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! body4 ,:at prev5ts motion8 ,:at p]mits x8 ,:]e is ! body mo/ flexible8 ,:y8 ,:]e is x mo/ rigid8 ,:y8 #d4 ,h[ mu* ( ! surface is cov]$ ) exoskeleton8 ,:at arrangem5t is !re to p]mit ! animal to feel contact8 ,h[ c ! animal gr[ ) su* an exoskeleton8 #e4 ,place a dead crayfi% 9 dilute acid = a few h\rs4 ,:at is ! result8 ,:at has ! acid done8 ,expla9 ! fact t crayfi%es are (t5 f\nd alive & well ) a s(t %ell8 #f4 ,comp>e ! cephalo-?orax ) ! abdom5 z to size1 %ape1 & flexibility4 #g4 ,h[ _m somites are !re 9 ! abdom58 ,:i* way does x b5d8 ,/udy ! somite %ells on e side & !n /ate :at !re is 9 _! con/ruction :i* det]m9es ! direction & am\nt ( _! motion4 ,h[ are ! somite %ells arrang$ to protect ! body dur+ b5d+8 ,h[ is ! v5tral surface ( ! abdom5 protect$8 #h4 ,:]e are ! app5dages atta*$8 ,/udy a walk+ leg & describe its g5]al con/ruction1 ! numb] & k9d ( jo9ts1 ! direction ( motion 9 ea* jo9t1 & ! range ( motion = ! :ole leg4 ,/udy an ant5na 9 ! same way4 ,:at me?ods are us$ 9 ! crayfi% to secure a wide range ( motion8 ,to secure flexibility8 #i4 ,c>efully split a crayfi% into "r & left halves4 ,to d ?is1 fir/ cut ?r\gh ! v5tral exoskeleton f end to end ) scissors1 !n ) a %>p knife or razor cut ?r\gh to ! dorsal exoskeleton & cut t ) ! scissors4 ,/udy "o half1 to get a bett] idea ( ! atta*m5t ( ! app5dages4 ,^! may !n be remov$ & plac$ 9 ord] on a piece ( pap] ^u :i* a li/ ( ! app5dages has be5 writt54 #aj4 ,h[ _m pairs ( app5dages are !re8 ,h[ may !y be gr\p$ accord+ to location2 h[ gr\p$ accord+ to function8 ,h[ _m pairs are !re 9 ea* gr\p8 #aa4 ,:at simil>ities ( /ructure d y f9d 9 ne>ly all ( ! app5dages8 ,assum+ a swimm]et ( ! ?ird1 f\r?1 or fif? somite to be ! lea/ *ang$ f ! primitive type1 :at *anges 7 necess>y to make ! six? swimm]et2 ! ?ird maxillip$2 ! walk+ legs2 ! ant5n2 ! ant5nules8 #ab4 ,remove ! "p ( ! c>apace :i* cov]s a gill *amb]4 ,:at are ! b\nd>ies ( ! *amb]8 ,:]e does x op5 to ! wat]8 #ac4 ,describe ! appe>ance & ! texture ( a gill4 ,h[ are ! gills kept moi/ :5 ! crayfi% is 9 wat]2 :5 x is on l&8 ,:y %\ld !y be kept moi/8 #ad4 ,w\ld y class ! gills z ext]nal /ructures or z int]nal8 ,:y d y ?9k s8 ,to :at are !y atta*$8 ,h[ are ! gills affect$ by ! motion ( ! legs8 #ae4 ,:at "w goes on 9 ! gills8 ,h[ is ! supply ( oxyg5 r5ew$8 ,9 ?is connection1 try a live crayfi%1 kept quiet 9 wat] j ab\t deep en\gh to cov] x4 ,float bits ( pap] ne> x or c>efully place a drop ( ink 9 ! wat] ne> x4 ,by "s su* me?od curr5ts ( wat] may usually be %[n1 & _! direction det]m9$4 ,consid] also ! habitual motions ( m\? p>ts & swimm]ets1 ! bubbles sometimes se5 :5 a crayfi% is dropp$ into wat] & ! habit crayfi%es h ( ly+ on "o side1 close to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,summ>y ( ! ,/udy ( ,crayfi%es ,to summ>ize y\r /udy1 write a connect$ acc\nt ( ! relations ( crayfi%es to _! environm5ts1 "u ! foll[+ topics3-- #a4 ,:at are ! v>y+ conditions 9 _! surr\nd+s :i* crayfi%es mu/ meet8 ,:i* are mo/ important8 #b4 ,:at conditions mu/ be ma9ta9$ 9 ord] t crayfi%es may succe$1 i4e4 may live & reproduce8 #c4 ,h[ does a crayfi% "k :at are ! conditions ar\nd x8 #d4 ,h[ is x fitt$ to meet ^! conditions8 7,answ] 9 ! foll[+ details73-- a4 ,h[ wide a food range has x1 i4e4 h[ _m k9ds ( food does x eat8 ,h[ does x f9d its food8 ,h[ does x rea* x8 ,h[ does x take its food8 ,h[ does x make food small en\gh to be eat58 b4 ,:at are ! organs = tak+ 9 oxyg58 ,:]e are !y8 ,h[ are !y atta*$8 ,h[ is ! supply ( oxyg5 kept up8 ,h[ are ! organs kept f dry+1 f clogg+1 & f me*anical injury8 c4 ,:at ranges ( temp]ature c crayfi%es endure8 ,:at temp]ature is be/8 ,h[ d !y avoid fatal extremes8 d4 ,:at are ! enemies ( crayfi%es8 ,:at protection aga9/ ^! h !y8 e4 ,h[ (t5 d crayfi%es reproduce8 ,ab\t h[ _m times dur+ a normal lifetime8 ,ab\t h[ _m eggs are !re & h[ _m ( !m hat*8 ,:at c>e is giv5 to ! eggs & to ! "y8 ,ab\t h[ _m ( ! "y rea* maturity8 7,sugge/ion4 ,d ! crayfi%es ( a region v>y noticeably 9 numb]s f ye> to ye>87 #e4 ,:at limits ! range ( crayfi%es1 nor? & s\?8 ,:at limits x on l&8 ,:at 9 wat]8 #f4 ,:5 ! crayfi%es ( a giv5 locality are n well adapt$ to x1 :at c !y d8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! :ole animal1 dorsal surface1 pref]ably )\t app5dages4 b4 ,"o ( ea* pair ( app5dages1 except :]e !y duplicate4 c4 ,! tail-f94 ,label ! six? swimm]ets1 ! six? & sev5? somites4 d4 ,! gill *amb]1 ) gills 9 position4 ,%[ circulation ( wat] by arr[s4 e4 ,a gill1 to %[ con/ruction4 #b4 ,,comp>ative ,,/udy ,,( ,,cru/acea ,mat]ials4 ,get toge!r all ! diff]5t specim5s ( cru/acea y c collect1 & id5tify ! mat]ial4 ,!n /udy ea* specim5 z foll[s3-- ,que/ions4 #a4 ,briefly describe ! exoskeleton1 if !re is "o4 #b4 ,:at region or regions are cle>ly segm5t$8 #c4 ,h[ mu* ( ! body is cov]$ by a c>apace8 #d4 ,has x segm5t$ app5dages8 ,classify ! app5dages z to _! use4 #e4 ,are ! cephalo-?orax & abdom5 equally develop$8 ,if n1 :i* is m develop$8 #f4 ,h[ _m ant5n has x8 ,are ! eyes /alk$1 or are !y sessile8 #g4 ,:at organs ( respiration has x8 ,:]e are !y atta*$8 #h4 ,h[ _m ?oracic app5dages has x1 if any8 #i4 ,:at me?ods ( locomotion does x use8 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,does ?is animal seem to be adapt$ to life on l& or 9 wat]1 or bo?8 ,give y\r reasons = y\r op9ion4 #b4 ,:at *>act]i/ics are common to all ! cru/acea y h /udi$8 #c4 ,,review ,,& ,,libr>y ,,"w ,,on ,,cru/acea #a4 ,:at are ar?ropods8 #b4 ,give ! classes ( ar?ropods ) an example ( ea*4 #c4 ,:at are ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ! class cru/acea8 #d4 ,9 :at respects are mo/ ( ! app5dages ( ! crayfi% homolog\s1 i4e4 alike 9 ! plan ( /ructure8 ,:i* d y consid] ! simple/1 & :y d y8 ,:i* d y consid] ! mo/ specializ$1 & :y8 #e4 ,:i* somite ( ! crayfi% is )\t app5dages8 ,h[ _m somites are !re 9 a crayfi%'s body1 if ea* somite be>s only "o pair ( app5dages1 z _m sci5ti/s believe8 ,h[ _m ( ^! are 9 ! head2 ?orax2 abdom58 #f4 ,comp>e ! n]v\s sy/em ( ! crayfi% ) t ( ! e>?worm z reg>ds effici5cy4 ,^u :at d y base y\r answ]8 #g4 ,"n two po9ts 9 :i* e>?worms & crayfi%es are alike4 ,"n ?ree 9 :i* !y diff]4 #h4 ,h[ are crayfi%es caught = m>ket8 ,:]e d ^? sold 9 ,*icago usually come f8 ,h[ are !y %ipp$8 #i4 ,comp>e ! "y =ms ( a crayfi% & a crab4 #aj4 ,describe any five diff]5t cru/acea4 #aa4 ,describe ! "w done by ! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t & by ! /ate gov]nm5ts to protect & to p]petuate ! lob/]4 ,:y is x ?\ght necess>y to d ?is8 #ab4 ,discuss ! process & ! advantages & disadvantages ( molt+1 z se5 9 ! cru/acea4 #ac4 ,"n two advantages 9 hav+ su* a %ell z cru/acea h4 ,"n two disadvantages4 ,on ! :ole1 is su* a %ell favorable to an animal's *ances ( success or is x n8 #ad4 ,give ! curi\s my? ab\t goose b>nacles4 #ae4 ,:at cru/acea are p>asitic8 ,give an acc\nt ( "o4 #af4 ,:y are b>nacles class$ among cru/acea8 ,:]e 7 !y once class$8 ,:y may !y be consid]$ deg5]ate1 ev5 ?\gh n p>asitic8 ,h[ d !y manage to succe$8 ,:at is _! economic importance8 ,h[ are _! effects *eck$ or prev5t$8 #ag4 ,describe "s ( ! odd means ( self-protection %[n among cru/acea4 #ah4 ,describe a comp\nd eye4 ,give two !ories z to :at c be se5 ) a comp\nd eye4 ,:y d we n "k1 in/ead ( !oriz+8 #ai4 ,:at is ! economic value ( ! v small cru/acea8 #bj4 ,discuss ! value to man ( ! v>i\s =ms ( cru/acea4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,adaptations ,,= ,,protection ,,f ,,enemies ,a4 ,,! ,,exoskeleton #a4 ,,! ,,clam--,a ,,type ,,( ,,mollusca ,to ,%[ ! ,effect ( a ,heavy ,exoskeleton ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ clams 9 aqu>ia1 ) en\gh moi/ s& to cov] ! clams1 pres]v$ clams1 sets ( mat*$ clam%ells1 a few %ells ) ! h+e unbrok51 evaporat+ di%es1 hydro*loric acid4 ,def9itions4 ,mollusca1 a bran* ( ! animal k+dom includ+ ^? animals ) s(t1 unsegm5t$ bodies1 inclos$ 9 two folds ( sk9 kn[n z ! mantle4 ,!y are (t5 call$ %ellfi% z mo/ ( ! =ms h a %ell4 ,lamellibran*iata or ,pelecypoda1 names giv5 to ! class ( ,mollusca to :i* ! clam belongs4 ,! =m] t]m ref]s to ! broad1 flap-l gills & ! latt] to ! hat*et-l foot4 ,valve1 "o ( two p>ts ( ! clam%ell4 ,h+e ligam5t1 ! ela/ic /ructure :i* fa/5s ! valves toge!r at ! dorsal m>g94 ,umbones1 a pair ( elevations ne> ! ant]ior end ( ! %ell4 ,l9es ( gr[?1 conc5tric l9es ar\nd ! umbones4 ,siphons1 two op5+s at ! po/]ior end ( ! clam1 ! upp] op5+ is ! excurr5t op5+ & ! l[] ! incurr5t4 ,9 ! salt wat] clam ! siphons =m a long tube1 usually call$ ! neck4 ,h+e tee?1 projections ne> ! dorsal m>g9 on ! inn] surface ( ! %ell4 ,! ant]ior irregul> /ructure is ! c>d9al & ! m po/]ior blade-l /ructure is ! lat]al too?4 ,muscle sc>s1 sc>-l m>k+s on ! inn] surface ( ! %ell indicat+ ! po9t :]e muscles 7 atta*$4 ,! l>ge sc> j 9 front ( ! c>d9al too? is ! ant]ior adductor muscle sc>1 & ! "o j back ( ! lat]al too? is ! po/]ior adductor muscle sc>4 ,pallial l9e1 a l9e connect+ ! two muscle sc>s4 ,mantle1 folds ( sk9 cov]+ ! body ( ! clam & ly+ close to ! inn] surface ( ! valves4 ,foot1 a hat*et-%ap$ /ructure ext5d+ f ! v5tral edge ( ! body4 ,gills1 broad flap-l /ructures = respiration1 situat$ ea* side ( ! body 9 ! mantle cavity4 ,!y consi/ ( a d\ble fold ( membrane ?r\gh :i* run _m p]=ations l9$ ) cilia4 ,! wav+ ( ^! cilia cause ! curr5t ( wat] ne$$ = respiration4 ,palps1 small flap-l /ructures ne> ! ant]ior end ( ! clam4 ,!y surr\nd ! m\?4 ,on _! surface are cilia :i* cause curr5ts ( wat] t[>d ! m\?4 ,adductor muscles1 l>ge muscles ext5d+ f valve to valve4 ,obs]vations4 ,id5tify ant]ior & po/]ior ends1 dorsal & v5tral surfaces1 "r & left sides4 #a4 ,:y may a clam be call$ a bivalve8 #b4 ,:at is ! position ( ! clam 9 ! mud8 ,:at is ! position ( ! foot if ! clam is undi/urb$8 ,are ! two valves tightly clos$ or slightly op5 at ?is "t8 #c4 ,:at *anges take place 9 ! %ell z ! clam gr[s8 ,:at m>k+s on ! surface ( ! %ell indicate ?is8 #d4 ,:]e is ! clam s5sitive to t\* or tactile /imulus8 ,:y has ! clam no eyes8 ,zologi/s h f\nd a /ructure 9 clams :i* !y h suppos$ to be an e>4 ,:]e d y ?9k ! /ructure is locat$8 ,:y is ! clam successful )\t eyes8 7,!re are _m bivalves :i* h !m47 #e4 ,exam9e sev]al clams until y f9d "s ) enl>gem5ts 9 ! gills4 ,break (f a small "p ( an enl>gem5t ) y\r =ceps & exam9e "u ! comp\nd microscope4 ,describe :at y see4 #f4 ,drop "s p[d]$ *alk or c>m9e 9 ! wat] j above ! siphon1 wat* ! siphons = sev]al m9utes1 & note :at happ5s4 ,:at d y conclude to be ! use ( ! siphons8 ,recall+ :at took place 9 sponges1 :at w\ld y sugge/ z ! probable cause ( ^! curr5ts8 ,:at does ! clam ?us probably obta98 ,h[ d ! two siphons diff]8 ,:y8 #g4 ,place a clam 9 wat] suffici5t to cov] x & heat sl[ly to ab\t #dj degrees ,c5tigrade1 until ! valves op5 slightly4 ,remove & proce$ z foll[s3 ,raise "o valve1 sep>ate ! mantle f x1 & !n cut ?r\gh ! two l>ge firm /ructures 7adductor muscles7 f\nd at ea* end4 ,:at does ! valve d :5 ! muscles are cut8 ,:at is ! cause ( ?is8 ,/ate y\r !ory z to h[ a clam op5s & closes its %ell4 #h4 ,note ! texture ( ! mantle4 ,h[ _m lobes has x8 ,:at is _! ext5t8 ,h[ are ! lobes relat$ to ! valves8 #i4 ,remove or lift up "o mantle lobe4 ,id5tify ! s(t body1 ! foot1 ! gills1 ! palps1 & ! m\?4 ,:i* ( ^! /ructures are arrang$ 9 pairs8 #aj4 ,det]m9e ! /ructure & composition ( ! %ell z foll[s3-- a4 ,break a ?ick clam%ell & exam9e ! brok5 edge4 ,id5tify ! inn] or pe>ly lay] & ! out] or *alky lay]s4 ,:at gives color to ! %ell 9 ! liv+ clam8 b4 ,burn a small piece ( %ell 9 an evaporat+ di% ov] a buns5 burn]4 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! %ell aft] burn+8 ,:at has be5 burn$1 animal or m9]al matt]8 ,:at !n is ! residue8 c4 ,place a small piece ( %ell 9 acid4 ,:at results8 ,is !re a l>ge am\nt ( residue8 ,:at con/itutes ! great] "p ( ! %ell1 animal or m9]al matt]8 d4 7,optional7 ,devise "s me?od & det]m9e ! approximate p] c5t ( m9]al & ( animal matt] 9 ! clam%ell4 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,:y did we /udy ! clam8 7,see title ( ex]cise47 #b4 ,h[ has ! heavy %ell ( ! clam affect$3-- a4 ,! "* ( ! clam's body1 b4 ! locomotion1 c4 ! developm5t ( s5se organs4 #c4 ,:at special problems has ! clam z reg>ds gett+ food & oxyg58 ,h[ are ^! problems solv$8 #d4 ,h[ does ! clam protect ! "y clam dur+ developm5t8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,dorsal m>g9 ( ! clam4 b4 ,side view ( ! clam4 c4 ,! clam ) "o valve remov$ or lift$ back4 d4 ,! clam ) "o valve & "o mantle lobe remov$4 e4 ,! edge ( a brok5 %ell4 f4 ,diagram ( cross sections4 #b4 ,,! ,,snail--,a ,,type ,,( ,,mollusca ,to %[ ,ano!r ,type ( ,exoskeleton ,mat]ials4 ,specim5s ( pond snails1 edible snails1 & slugs1 & o!r l& snails1 & a collection ( %ells ( v>i\s types4 ,def9itions4 ,ga/]opoda1 ! "n ( ! class to :i* ! snail belongs4 ,spire1 ! coil$ portion ( ! snail %ell4 ,ap]ture1 ! op5+ ( ! %ell4 ,lip1 ! edge ( ! %ell =m+ ! m>g9 ( ! ap]ture4 ,:orl1 a s+le coil ( ! spire4 ,suture1 ! depression betwe5 ! :orls4 ,foot1 ! flat disk-l /ructure on :i* a snail creeps4 ,brea?+ pore1 an op5+ 9 ! mantle us$ 9 respiration4 ,l+ual ribbon1 ! rasp or file l tongue ( ! snail4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,:y is a snail call$ a univalve8 #b4 ,id5tify ! head & m\? ( ! snail4 ,wat* ! snail fe$+ & exam9e ! m\? ( ! snail ) a l5s4 ,:at d y notice8 ,if y\r aqu>ium 9 :i* ! pond snail is liv+ has a gre5 coat+ 7alg7 on ! side1 describe its appe>ance aft] ! snail has be5 crawl+ up & d[n ov] x4 ,expla94 #c4 ,h[ _m t5tacles has a pond snail8 a l& snail8 ,:]e are ! eyes locat$ 9 ea* case8 ,:at movem5ts ( ! t5tacles d y notice8 ,:at is _! purpose8 #d4 ,h[ does ! rate ( locomotion ( ! snail comp>e ) t ( ! clam8 ,f9d out if ! snail c creep backw>ds or on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,does !re seem to be any t5d5cy = ! snail to g up & d[n ! sides ( ! aqu>ia v]tically r ?an to ! "r or left8 #e4 ,:at does a snail d :5 di/urb$8 ,:at is ga9$ by ?is action8 #f4 ,se>* = pond snail's eggs on ! side ( ! aqu>ia4 ,lift up ! bits ( cabbage on :i* ! slugs are fe$+ & se>* = eggs4 ,describe :at y f9d 9 ea* case1 not+ ! size1 appe>ance1 & :e!r ! eggs are laid s+ly or 9 masses4 #g4 ,f9d ! brea?+ pore4 ,describe its position & appe>ance4 #h4 ,contra/ ! v>i\s types ( %ells1 & note ) c>e 9 :at respects !y diff]4 ,hold+ ! %ell ) ! ap]ture t[>d y & ! spire po9t+ up1 det]m9e :e!r ea* %ell has ! ap]ture on ! "r 7"r-h&$ %ell7 or on ! left 7left-h&$ %ell74 ,is ! "r-h&$ or ! left-h&$ %ell m common8 #i4 7,optional7 ,by means ( "s book 9 ! laboratory1 det]m9e ! sci5tific "n ( ea* ( ! snails f\nd 9 ! v>i\s aqu>ia 9 ! laboratory4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,draw+s to %[ ! pond snail 9 v>i\s positions 9 ! aqu>ium4 b4 ,a draw+ ( ! slug4 c4 ,at lea/ ?ree diff]5t types ( snail %ell4 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,9 :at respects does a snail %[ resemblance to a clam8 #b4 ,:at are ! *ief po9ts ( diff]5ce8 #c4 ,:at reasons c y sugge/ = ! bett] developm5t ( ! s5se organs8 #d4 ,:at advantage has a snail ov] a clam 9 ! matt] ( gett+ food8 #e4 ,h[ does ! %ell ( ! snail comp>e ) t ( ! clam z an organ = protection8 #c4 ,,! ,,squid--,a ,,type ,,( ,,mollusca ,to %[ ! ,effect ( a ,mu* ,r$uc$ or ,rudim5t>y ,skeleton ,mat]ials4 ,small squids1 & a few l>ge specim5s = comp>ison & dissection4 ,def9itions4 ,cephalopoda1 ! "n ( ! class to :i* ! squid belongs4 ,caudal f91 a horizontal /ructure at ! po/]ior end ( ! squid4 ,*romatophores1 irregul> cells 9 ! mantle :i* give color to ! squid4 ,exhal5t siphon1 a funnel or tube op5+ on ! v5tral side j bel[ ! base ( ! arms or t5tacles4 ,p51 a remnant ( an exoskeleton imb$d$ 9 ! mantle along ! dorsal side4 ,ink sac1 a sac conta9+ a d>k1 /icky liquid :i* may be ?r[n out ?r\gh ! funnel into ! wat]4 ,! op5+ is ne> ! inn] op5+ ( ! funnel4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! squid8 ,to :at is ?is %ape adapt$8 #b4 ,id5tify ! head & ! well-develop$ eyes4 #c4 ,h[ _m arms or t5tacles are !re8 ,h[ are !y arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ! m\?8 ,:at d y f9d on ! di/al ends ( ! arms8 ,h[ d ! arms v>y z to size8 ,:at does ! position & arrangem5t ( ! arms sugge/ z to _! function8 #d4 ,id5tify ! exhal5t siphon4 ,:]e may wat] ent] ! mantle cavity8 ,recall+ ! action ( ! siphons 9 ! clam1 sugge/ a me?od by :i* a squid is propell$ ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,9 :at direction mu/ x swim8 #e4 ,split ! mantle along ! v5tral surface & spread ap>t4 ,id5tify ! long plume-l gills1 ! ink sac1 & ! inn] op5+ ( ! exhal5t siphon4 ,h[ _m gills d y f9d8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! squid side view4 b4 ,! squid f ! v5tral side ) ! mantle split op51 arr[s to %[ direction ( wat]4 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,9 :at ways does a squid %[ relation%ip to ! clam & ! snail8 #b4 ,:at has a squid ga9$ ?r\gh ! r$uction ( its exoskeleton8 ,:at has x lo/8 ,:at *anges 7 necess>y 9 its /ructure to (fset ! loss ( an exoskeleton8 #d4 ,a ,,comp>ative ,,/udy ,,( ,,mollusca ,mat]ials4 ,specim5s ( z _m diff]5t k9ds ( mollusks z possible1 *>ts1 books4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,:at is ! symmetry8#c #c ,?is & ! foll[+ que/ions are to be answ]$ = ea* specim54 ,! answ]s may be tabulat$ if desir$4 #b4 ,is ! body segm5t$ or unsegm5t$8 #c4 ,are lat]al app5dages pres5t or want+8 #d4 ,is an exoskeleton pres5t or want+8 ,if pres5t1 is x univalve or bivalve2 if abs5t1 :at o!r means ( protection has be5 develop$ to take its place8 #e4 ,is ! animal fix$1 or is x free to move8 ,if fix$1 9 :at way8 ,if x moves1 :at is ! me?od & organ ( locomotion8 #f4 ,:at are ! organs ( respiration8 ,:at is _! "*8 #g4 ,h[ is food obta9$8 #h4 ,:at s5ses are probably pres5t8 ,:at s5se organs are pres5t8 #i4 ,:at is ! habitat8 #aj4 ,9 :at ways if any does ! animal %[ deg5]ation8 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,:at *>act]s are common to all mollusks8 #b4 ,:at is ! pr9cipal means ( protection among mollusks8 #c4 ,"n ?ree causes ( deg5]ation among mollusks4 #e4 ,,mollusca3 ,,review ,,& ,,libr>y ,,ex]cise ,*>act]i/ics4 #a4 ,:at are ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( mollusks8 #b4 ,"n ! pr9cipal classes & give ! *>act]i/ics ( ea*4 ,morphology4 #c4 ,:at is peculi> ab\t ! /ructure ( a clam's he>t8 ,:at is its position8 ,contra/ ) ! he>t ( a crayfi%4 #d4 ,make cross-sectional diagrams to %[ ! arrangem5t ( p>ts 9 a clam3 7a7 9 ! region ( ! umbone2 7b7 9 ! region j 9 front ( ! po/]ior muscle2 7c7 9 ! region ( ! ant]ior muscle4 #e4 ,describe ! v>i\s types ( eyes f\nd 9 mollusks1 & _! location4 #f4 ,describe ! tongue or l+ual ribbon ( ! snail1 & its use4 #g4 ,:at is ! op]culum ( snails8 its use8 ,physiology4 #h4 ,describe ! circulation ( wat] ?r\gh ! siphons & mantle cavity ( a clam4 ,h[ is x caus$8 ,:at ?ree uses has x8 #i4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal facts ab\t ! developm5t ( fre%-wat] clams8 #aj4 ,describe ! circulation ( blood 9 a clam4 #aa4 ,:at v>i\s me?ods ( locomotion are f\nd among mollusca8 ,economics4 ,write a %ort acc\nt ( ! foll[+3-- #ab4 ,oy/] culture4 #ac4 ,typhoid-fev] & oy/]s4 #ad4 ,clams1 scallops1 & o!r edible %ellfi%4 #ae4 ,pe>ls & pe>l fi%]ies4 #af4 ,fre%-wat] clams & ! button indu/ry4 #ag4 ,sepia1 ,tyrian dye1 etc4 #ah4 ,h>mful & useful mollusks4 #ai4 ,! "w ( ,u4 ,s4 ,fi% ,commission 9 propagat+ clams4 ,natural hi/ory4 #bj4 ,give ! class1 habitat1 & "s important fact ab\t ea* ( ! foll[+3 ,pect5s2 w+ %ells2 ,tridacna gigas2 abalones2 limpets2 oy/] drill2 p]iw9kle2 mussel2 cuttle fi%2 octopus2 nautilus2 argonaut4 #f4 ,a ,,comp>ative ,,/udy ,,( ,,exoskeletons ,mat]ials4 ,*>ts1 specim5s1 etc4 ,s9ce ?is is p>tly a review ex]cise1 y\r notes & draw+s ( inv]tebrates %\ld be at h&4 ,def9itions4 ,exoskeleton1 a protective cov]+ develop$ on ! outside ( an animal4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,:at are =am9if]a2 radiol>ia8 ,h[ d !y diff] f o!r protozoans8 ,( :at two sub/ances are ! %ells ( protozoans compos$8 #b4 ,h[ are ! spicules =m$ 9 a simple sponge8 ,:at are glass sponges8 ,give reasons :y ! skeletons ( sponges may or may n be consid]$ exoskeletons8 #c4 ,:at are /one corals8 ,:at is ! relation ( ! coral polyp to ! skeleton8 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! coral :5 exp&$ z comp>$ ) its appe>ance :5 contract$8 ,( :at sub/ance is ! coral compos$8 #d4 ,describe ! exoskeleton ( a />fi%4 ,contra/ ! exoskeleton ( ! sea ur*9 & ! />fi%4 ,:y does a sea cucumb] ne$ no well-develop$ exoskeleton8 #e4 ,:at /ructure 9 an e>?worm may be consid]$ an exoskeleton8 ,:at o!r types ( exoskeletons are f\nd 9 segm5t$ worms8 #f4 ,( :at sub/ance is ! exoskeleton ( ar?ropods compos$8 ,:at additional sub/ance is f\nd deposit$ 9 ! %ell 9 ! case ( cru/aceans8 ,:at advantage 9 ! ar?ropod type ( exoskeleton8 #g4 ,:y are mollusks s commonly call$ %ellfi%8 ,:at advantage 9 ! mollusk type ( skeleton8 ,:at disadvantages8 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,:at type ( exoskeleton is common among inv]tebrates8 #b4 ,:at are ! g5]al purposes ( exoskeletons8 #c4 ,:at is ! explanation ( ! v>i\s =ms ( exoskeletons f\nd8 #d4 ,( :at sub/ances are exoskeletons compos$8 ,b4 ,,protective ,,coloration ,to %[ h[ ,color may be ,protective ,mat]ials4 ,specim5s su* z ! ,kny-,s*e]] mimicry collections1 diagrams1 etc4 ,def9itions4 ,g5]al protective resemblance1 ! g5]al resemblance betwe5 ! color ( an animal & its surr\nd+s4 ,v>iable protective resemblance1 ! *ang+ ( ! color ( an animal to correspond to ! *ange 9 its backgr\nd4 ,special protective resemblance1 ! resemblance ( an animal to "s object f\nd 9 its backgr\nd 9 color & =m4 ,mimicry1 ! resemblance ( an unprotect$ animal to a well-protect$ "o4 ,w>n+ colors1 bright colors :i* protect animals by caus+ o!r animals to avoid x4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,%[ h[ ! transp>5t color ( a p>amecium1 ! gre5 color ( a cabbage worm1 or ! gre5 color ( a c]ta9 species ( hydra may result 9 protect+ an animal f its enemies4 ,m5tion z _m o!r examples z y c4 #b4 ,:at is ga9$ by ! ability ( a squid to *ange its color8 ,h[ is ?is *ange br\ght ab\t8 #c4 ,expla9 ! protective coloration ( ! foll[+3 ,dead-leaf butt]fly1 walk+ /ick1 geometrid l>va4 ,hunt up o!r examples4 #d4 ,expla9 ! protective coloration 9 ! foll[+3 ,hov] flies1 cle>-w+$ mo?s1 vic]oy butt]flies4 #e4 ,make a li/ ( sev]al inv]tebrates t are protect$ by _! bright color4 ,expla9 ! reason = ! bright color4 #f4 ,h[ may ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! color ( ! upp] & l[] surfaces ( animals be expla9$ on ! basis ( use to ! animal8 #g4 7,optional7 ,f9d out "s o!r uses ( color to an animal aside f protection4 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,"n f\r uses ( color4 #b4 ,"n f\r ways an animal is protect$ by be+ l its backgr\nd4 #c4 ,"n "o way x is protect$ by be+ unlike its backgr\nd4 #d4 ,:at disadvantages 9 ?is me?od ( protection8 ,c4 ,,animal ,,associations ,to %[ ,ano!r ,me?od ( ,protection f ,enemies ,mat]ials4 ,specim5s1 *>ts1 etc41 illu/rat+ animal associations4 ,def9itions4 ,animal communities1 associations ( _m animals ( ! same species 9 communities 9 :i* !re is a great] or less division ( labor4 ,greg>i\s1 associations :]e !re is b little division ( labor4 ,p>asitism1 an association :]e "o animal lives at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,! animal on :i* ! p>asite lives is call$ ! ho/4 ,if !re are two ho/s dur+ ! life cycle ( ! p>asite1 ! second ho/ is call$ an int]m$iate ho/4 ,symbiosis1 an association :]e two animals live toge!r 9 mutually helpful relations4 ,comm5salism1 an association :]e two animals live toge!r 9 relations n mutually helpful b )\t injury to ei!r4 ,obs]vations & que/ions4 ,note4--,to f9d answ]s to _m ( ^! que/ions x w be necess>y to ref] to ! ref]5ce books 9 ! laboratory4 #a4 ,exam9e a specim5 ( ,volvox4 ,:y may ?is be consid]$ a colonial protozoan & n a _m-cell$ animal8 ,:at is ga9$ by ! colonial habit8 #b4 ,is ! colonial habit common or r>e 9 sponges & coel5t]ates8 ,:at is *iefly ga9$8 #c4 ,describe ! community life 9 "o ( ! insects 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ gr\ps3-- a4 ant1 honeybee1 t]mite4 b4 bumblebee1 pap] wasp1 hornet4 c4 m9+ bee4 d4 c>p5t] bee1 mud wasp1 digg] wasp4 #d4 ,"n ! ho/ or ho/s 9 ! foll[+ cases3 tri*9a1 liv] fluke1 mal>ial p>asite1 tapeworm1 hook worm4 ,give ! life hi/ory ( "o or m ( ! p>asites j enum]at$4 ,:at is ! effect ( p>asitism on ! /ructure ( ! p>asite8 #e4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ants & plant lice8 ,%[ h[ ?is relation is mutually helpful4 ,m5tion o!r cases ( symbiosis t y h come across4 #f4 ,) :at animal are b>nacles (t5 associat$8 ,:at is ! habit ( ! pea or oy/] crab8 ,:at are gue/ bees8 ,:at /ructure is lack+ t is f\nd 9 o!r bees8 ,:at are (t5 f\nd 9 ! cavities ( sponges8 ,:y are ^! associations call$ comm5salism r ?an symbiosis8 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,into :at gr\ps c animal associations be divid$ bas$ ^u ! numb] ( species conc]n$8 #b4 ,f ! /&po9t ( protection1 is ?is a good or a bad me?od ( protection8 #c4 ,:at disadvantages c y see 9 ?is me?od ( protection4 ,d4 ,,protective ,,habits ,,& ,,p[]s ,mat]ials4 ,specim5s1 *>ts1 & books1 %[+ habits ( inv]tebrates4 ,def9itions4 ,reg5]ation1 ! p[] to gr[ new p>ts ( ! body :5 p>ts h be5 lo/ or injur$4 ,mask+1 ! cov]+ ( an animal by "s object or organism s z to hide its id5tity4 ,nocturnal habits1 ! habit ( hid+ 9 ! daytime & com+ out at night to fe$4 ,t]rify+ attitudes1 ! protective attitudes assum$ at times by animals 9 ord] to w>d (f attack4 ,obs]vations & que/ions4 #a4 ,h[ are ,sabella & ,s]pula protect$8 ,:at advantages & disadvantages 9 ?is habit8 ,:at *anges 9 /ructure are associat$ ) ?is tube-dwell+ habit8 #b4 ,:at two protective habits has ! e>?worm8 ,"n "s o!r animals t h simil> habits4 #c4 ,describe ! protective habits ( ! caddis-fly l>va2 ( ! leaf-roll] mo?4 ,:at b5efit to ! h]mit crab is ! colony ( hydract9ia gr[+ on ! snail %ell :i* x inhabits8 ,give o!r simil> cases4 #d4 ,"n z _m cases ( reg5]ation z y c4 #e4 ,:at peculi> habits has a puss-mo? l>va8 a dragon fly8 ,give o!r examples4 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,"n ! v>i\s protective habits4 #b4 ,/ate any advantages or disadvantages y c ) ref]5ce to ^! protective habits4 ,e4 ,,def5sive ,,/ructures ,ano!r ,me?od ( ,protection f ,enemies ,mat]ials4 ,specim5s1 *>ts1 books1 etc41 to illu/rate ! v>i\s def5sive organs f\nd among inv]tebrates4 ,obs]vations & que/ions4 #a4 ,describe ! /++ hairs ( ! p>amecium4 #b4 ,describe ! action & /ructure ( nettle cells4 ,:]e are !y locat$ 9 ! case ( hydra2 ( jellyfi%8 #c4 ,:at def5sive organs are f\nd among ! ar?ropods8 #d4 ,:at are /9kbugs8 ,:at peculi> organs ( def5se h ! cat]pill>s ( ! swall[tail butt]flies8 #e4 ,:]e is ! /+ ( a hornet locat$8 ,to :at 9 a gras%opp] does x correspond8 ,:y does a hornet or bee inflict s pa9ful a w\nd8 #f4 ,:at peculi> organ ( def5se has a squid8 #g4 ,f9d o!r examples ( def5sive /ructures4 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,:at advantages h organs ( def5se z a me?od ( protection8 #b4 ,:at disadvantages8 ,f4 ,,!sis ,to sum up ! ,important ,po9ts 9 ! ,/udy ( ,adaptations = ,protection ,directions4 ,write a connect$ acc\nt ( :at y h f\nd out ab\t protection ( animals f _! enemies1 us+ ! foll[+ outl9e3-- #a4 ,! /ruggle = exi/5ce-- a4 its cause1 b4 its ?reefold nature1 c4 ! v>i\s k9ds ( adaptations4 #b4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( protection f enemies4 a4 ,! exoskeleton4 b4 ,protective coloration4 c4 ,animal associations4 d4 ,protective habits4 e4 ,def5sive /ructures4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,v]tebrates ,a4 ,,/udies ,,( ,,fi%es ,,! ,,liv+ ,,fi% ,v]tebrates adapt$ to ,wat] ,life ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ goldfi%es or o!r fi%es 9 small aqu>ia = individual /udy & a few fi%es 9 a l>ge aqu>ium :]e !y h consid]able fre$om ( motion4 ,def9itions4 ,trunk1 ! portion ( ! body betwe5 ! head & ! tail4 ,compress$1 a t]m us$ to describe ! %ape ( ! body :5 x is n>r[] f side to side ?an f dorsal to v5tral surface4 ,:5 ! opposite is true1 ! body is said to be flatt5$4 ,m$ian f9s1 ! unpair$ f9s situat$ on ! m$ian l9e1 dorsal & v5tral1 includ+ ! tail or caudal f91 ! dorsal f91 & ! anal f94 ,pair$ f9s1 f9s occurr+ 9 pairs ( :i* ! m ant]ior are ! pectoral f9s & ! po/]ior are ! pelvic f9s4 ,f9 rays1 ! framework or skeleton ( ! f9s ov] :i* membrane is /ret*$ to =m ! f9s4 ,f9 rays are ( two k9ds3 ^? compos$ ( bone & ^? compos$ ( c>tilage4 ,lat]al l9e1 a s5se organ ext5d+ along ea* side ( ! fi% 9 a l9e indicat$ by tubes or p]=ations 9 ! scales4 ,gills1 respiratory organs adapt$ = tak+ oxyg5 f ! wat]4 ,op]culum1 ! flaps cov]+ ! gills on ea* side ( ! head4 ,pigm5t1 a sub/ance :i* gives color to an object4 ,obs]vations4 ,locomotion4 #a4 ,wat* ! fi%es 9 ! l>ge aqu>ium & det]m9e :i* f9s are mo/ us$ & h[ !y are us$ 7a7 9 swimm+ =w>d1 7b7 9 swimm+ upw>d & d[nw>d1 7c7 9 ma9ta9+ balance1 7d7 9 rema9+ at re/1 & 7e7 9 guid+ ! movem5ts ( ! fi%4 #b4 ,:at advantages are !re to ! fi% 7a7 9 ! p[] to op5 & close ! dorsal & anal f9s1 7b7 9 hav+ no neck1 & 7c7 9 hav+ a compress$ =m8 #c4 ,enum]ate ! v>i\s ways by :i* ! body ( ! fi% is adapt$ to rapid movem5t ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,fe$+4 #d4 ,:at is ! food ( ! fi%es y are /udy+8 ,fe$ !m & wat* !m eat4 ,:y is ! upp] jaw (t5 call$ a lip8 ,:at is ! %ape & size ( ! m\? :5 op5$ 9 fe$+8 ,does ! fi% *ew its food8 ,describe 9 detail ! fi%es' me?od ( fe$+4 ,respiration4 #e4 ,id5tify ! op]cula & ! gill op5+s4 ,wat* ! movem5ts ( ! op]cula & m\?1 & det]m9e :at movem5ts are conc]n$ 9 brea?+ & _! ord]4 ,describe 9 detail ! circulation ( wat] us$ 9 brea?+ & h[ x is caus$4 ,s5se ,organs4 #f4 ,id5tify ! eyes1 no/rils1 & lat]al l9e4 ,h[ _m no/rils are !re & :]e locat$8 ,:at is ! position & ext5t ( ! lat]al l9e8 #g4 ,describe ! location ( ! eyes4 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! out] surface ( ! eyes8 ,:y ?is %ape8 ,c ! eyes be mov$1 i4e4 c !y be rotat$1 roll$1 or retract$8 ,f :at direction might an enemy approa* )\t be+ se58 ,h[ w\ld su* an enemy be detect$8 ,protection4 #h4 ,) :at protective /ructures is ! body cov]$8 ,d !y h9d] ! movem5ts ( ! fi%8 ,:at are ! advantages ( ! scale cov]+ ( fi%es ov] ! %ell cov]+ ( gras%opp]s or crayfi%es8 #i4 ,9 :at o!r ways are ! fi%es y are /udy+ protect$ aga9/ enemies8 ,s9ce y _c acc\nt = ! r$ color ( goldfi%es on ! basis ( use to ! fi%1 !n h[ d y acc\nt = ?is bright color8 ,! ,body4 #aj4 ,:at is ! symmetry ( ! fi%8 ,into :at regions is ! body divid$8 ,summ>y ( ! /udy ( ! liv+ fi%4 ,enum]ate 9 "o column ! diff]5t adaptations :i* fit ! fi% = life 9 wat] & 9 a second column /ate ! special purpose ( ea* adaption4 ,! ,ext]nal ,/ructure ( ! ,fi% ,mat]ials4 ,fre%ly kill$ or pres]v$ fi% 9 di%es or %all[ pans ) en\gh wat] to prev5t dry+4 ,simple or comp\nd microscopes1 =ceps1 & a bri/le4 ,directions4 ,exam9e ! f9s & id5tify ! membrane & ! support+ rods1 or rays1 ( bone or c>tilage4 ,notice h[ ! ends ( ! c>tilag9\s rays keep ! membrane f te>+4 ,inve/igate ! scales z to _! arrangem5t1 numb]1 & size4 ,remove a small pat* ( scales along ! lat]al l9e to f9d h[ !y are atta*$1 :]e ! fi%'s color is situat$1 & h[ access to ! s5sory organs ( ! l9e is p]mitt$4 ,exam9e a scale "u ! microscope4 ,obs]ve ! eyes & id5tify ! p>ts simil> to ^? ( ! human eye3 lid1 la%1 te>-duct1 cornea1 iris1 & pupil4 ,9 front ( & betwe5 ! eyes1 f9d ! no/rils4 ,by means ( a bri/le det]m9e :e!r ^! are connect$ & :e!r !y d or d n op5 into ! m\? or ! ?roat4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,make a li/ ( ! f9s1 classify+ !m accord+ to _! /ructure4 #b4 ,be>+ 9 m9d ! diff]5ces 9 /ructure & consequ5t action1--:at c y say reg>d+ ! adaptation ( ! sev]al f9s = protection8 = rigidity or flexibility 9 locomotion8 #c4 ,/ate h[ mu* ( ! body is cov]$ ) scales1 & :]e ! l>ge/ & ! smalle/ ones are f\nd4 #d4 ,h[ are ! scales arrang$ ) ref]5ce to ea* o!r8 ,:at b5efit is d]iv$ f ?is 9 protection8 9 locomotion8 ,if y h notic$ any mucus or slime ^u ! body1 /ate its use4 #e4 ,d ! scales or ! sk9 be> ! pigm5t8 ,give ! color patt]n ( ! k9d ( fi% us$ 9 class4 ,h[ w\ld ?is be useful to ! fi% 9 its natural home8 #f4 ,describe ! /ructure ( a scale & /ate h[ x is atta*$ to ! sk94 ,9 :at way is ! lat]al-l9e scale specializ$8 #g4 ,/ate h[1 :5 ! fi% is swimm+1 ! no/rils cat* odors4 ,by means ( a diagram1 ) arr[s %[ ! probable direction ( ! wat] curr5t ?r\gh ! nose4 #h4 ,/ate :i* ( ! /ructures ( y\r eye are pres5t 9 ! fi%'s eye1 & :i* are miss+4 ,c\ld a fi% weep8 w9k8 ,h[ w\ld a fi% sleep8 #i4 ,inasmu* z light p5etrates wat] b a little way1 s t objects c be di/+ui%$ only )9 ab\t ?irty feet1 w\ld ! fi% be ne>sight$ or f>sight$8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,a side view ( ! entire fi%1 fully label$4 b4 ,a bony ray$ & a c>tilag9\s ray$ f94 c4 ,a scale1 %[+ its m9ute /ructure4 d4 ,a dorsal or a lat]al view ( ! head1 %[+ ! s5se organs4 ,! ,m\? & ! ,gills ( ! ,fi% ,mat]ials4 ,! same mat]ials z ^? us$ 9 ! prec$+ ex]cise may be us$ "h4 ,directions4 ,! m\?1 its /ructure & its action1 c be se5 by pull+ ! upp] jaw upw>d & =w>d until ! m\? & ! gill *amb]s op5 fully4 ,exam9e ! /ructure & action ( ! jaws1 ! tongue1 ! ?roat1 & ! tee? on ea* jaw & on ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,inve/igate ! brea?+ app>atus f ! ?roat side & f ! ext]ior1 not+ ! numb]1 =m1 & /ructure ( ! gills1 _! atta*m5t & _! protection4 ,! m\? may be kept op5 by a %ort spl9t] or a ball ( pap]4 ,! pupil %\ld id5tify ! foll[+ /ructures3-- #a4 ,gill1 an organ = brea?+ ! air dissolv$ 9 wat]4 #b4 ,gill ar*1 an ar* ( bone or c>tilage support+ ! gills4 #c4 ,gill filam5ts1 fr+e-l /ructures atta*$ to ! gill ar*es1 =m+ ! gills4 #d4 ,gill rak]1 lat]al projections f ! gill ar*es4 #e4 ,gill-slits1 op5+s betwe5 ! gill ar*es = ! passage ( wat]4 #f4 ,op]culum1 ! flap-l cov]+ ( ! gills on ea* side ( ! head4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,comp>$ ) ! size ( its body1 h[ wide c ! fi% op5 its m\?8 ,:at d y inf] z to ! size ( its bite8 #b4 ,are ! jaws rigidly affix$ to ! skull8 ,:y %\ld !y be s atta*$1 or :y n8 #c4 ,( h[ _m pieces is ! upp] jaw compos$8 ! "u jaw8 #d4 ,:]e are ! tee?8 ,judg+ f _! =m1 size1 & situation1 :at d y ?9k mu/ be _! use8 #e4 ,d y ?9k ! tongue is us$ to assi/ 9 ma/ication8 9 ta/+8 9 spee*8 9 swall[+8 #f4 ,h[ _m gills are !re1 & :]e are !y situat$8 ,h[ are !y atta*$8 ,:i* "o is n free f ! body ?r\gh\t its l5g?8 #g4 ,:at probably causes ! color ( ! gill filam5ts8 ,:at is !re 9 _! numb] & texture :i* fits !m = _! function8 #h4 ,:at is ! direction ( ! wat] curr5t ?r\gh ! gill *amb]8 ,( :at use are ! gill rak]s8 #i4 ,h[ are ! gills protect$8 ,summ>y4 ,write a complete acc\nt ( h[ ! fi% eats & h[ x brea!s4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,a front view ( ! fi%'s face1 ) ! m\? fully op54 b4 ,a side view1 z above4 c4 ,a v5tral view ( ! head1 ) bo? gill-*amb]s wide op5 & ! gills sep>at$ f ea* o!r4 ,indicate curr5ts by arr[s4 d4 ,a s+le gill4 ,! ,alim5t>y ,canal & ! ,circulatory ,sy/em ( ! ,fi% ,mat]ials4 ,small fre% fi%1 %all[ pans or di%es ( wat]1 =ceps1 & scissors4 ,directions4 ,if ! in/ructor has n op5$ ! fi% previ\sly1 ?is is to be done by ! /ud5t z foll[s3 ,on ! v5tral side1 ins]t ! scissors 9 ! v5t 79 front ( ! anal f97 & cut /raight =w>d to a po9t betwe5 ! op]cula4 ,c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 op5+ ! *amb] ab\t ! he>t2 ?is lies betwe5 ! gill *amb]s4 ,! v>i\s organs1 s f> z possible1 %\ld be c>efully drawn out & sep>at$1 9 ord] t _! /ructure may be di/+ui%$4 ,! pupil %\ld id5tify ! foll[+ p>ts3-- #a4 ,body cavity1 ! entire int]nal space1 divid$ by a membrane1 false diaphragm1 into a l>ge abdom9al cavity & a small *amb]1 p]ic>dial *amb]1 betwe5 ! gill *amb]s4 #b4 ,liv]1 a l>ge r$ or p9k mass ly+ at ! front end ( ! abdom9al cavity1 & divid$ into two unequal lobes4 ,! gall-bladd]1 ?9-wall$ & gre51 may be se5 betwe5 ^! lobes4 #c4 ,alim5t>y canal4 a4 ,m\?4 b4 ,esophagus1 9 ! fi% a v %ort tube4 c4 ,/oma*1 :ite & muscul>1 beg9n+ ) a v %ort esophagus & end+ z a bl9d sac4 ,if x is mu* di/5d$1 op5 x to see :at ! fi% may h eat54 d4 ,small inte/9e1 ?9-wall$1 tubul>1 & some:at coil$4 e4 ,l>ge inte/9e1 a %ort1 ?9-wall$ expansion at ! po/]ior end ( ! small inte/9e2 usually less ?an half an in* long4 f4 ,coeca1 f two to sev]al small p\*es atta*$ :]e ! small inte/9e leaves ! /oma*4 #d4 ,sple51 a r$di% br[n globule betwe5 ! folds ( ! inte/9e4 #e4 ,swim bladd]1 an elongat$ *amb] ly+ aga9/ ! backbone1 p>tition$ (f f ! cavity bel[ by a delicate membrane4 #f4 ,p]itoneum1 ! delicate1 silv]y membrane :i* l9es ! abdom9al cavity & enfolds ! visc]a4 ,note its spots ( pigm5t4 #g4 ,p]ic>dial *amb]1 ! *amb] ar\nd ! he>t2 see #a above4 #h4 ,he>t4 ,z ! fi% is plac$ belly upw>d 9 ! pan ! v5tricle faces y1 p9k1 conical1 & muscul>4 ,po/]ior to x1 on ! dorsal side1 is ! auricle1 a membran\s sac4 #i4 ,v5tral aorta1 aris+ on ! ant]ior surface ( ! v5tricle z a :ite muscul> cord 7really a tube7 :i* is enl>g$ close to ! he>t into a bulb1 ! art]ial bulb4 ,y %\ld foll[ up ?is aorta until y see x divide "r & left to s5d its bran*es outw>d into ! gills1 ! bran*es be+ call$ gill art]ies4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,! fi% frequ5tly swall[s its food alive4 ,:y %\ld ! /oma* be muscul>8 ,:y is x bett] t ! inte/9e does n leave ! /oma* at ! end opposite ! esophagus8 #b4 ,( :at use c ! coeca be8 ,:at /ructure ( ! human inte/9e d y recall t is at all l !m 9 =m or use8 #c4 ,h[ _m times ! l5g? ( ! body is ! l5g? ( ! alim5t>y canal8 ,does ?is indicate t ! fi% is compell$ to eat a great deal ( poor food or t its food is highly nutriti\s1 s t little ne$ be tak58 #d4 ,ne> :i* end ( ! fi%'s body is ! he>t8 ,is ?is ! usual or ! unusual condition among animals y "k ab\t8 ,:at advantages c y ?9k ( 9 ?is arrangem5t8 #e4 ,:at advantages are !re 9 hav+ ! he>t 9 a *amb] sep>at$ f ! o!r vital organs8 #f4 ,( h[ _m *amb]s does ! he>t consi/8 ,:y %\ld at lea/ "o ( !m be muscul>8 #g4 ,h[ _m times does ! blood pass ?r\gh ! he>t 9 mak+ a complete circuit ( ! body8 ,w\ld y call ?is a s+le or a d\ble circulation8 #h4 ,does ! he>t =ce ! blood onw>d or does x draw blood into itself1 i4e4 is ! he>t a =ce pump or is x a suction pump8 #i4 ,h[ is circulation made complete8 ,if ! he>t is a =ce pump1 is its p[] suffici5t to drive blood ?r\gh art]y1 capill>y1 ve91 & into auricle1 if ! capill>ies c /& ! pressure1 or is ano!r action conc]n$8 ,if x is a suction pump1 :y does ! blood leave ! he>t8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! body cavity1 ) visc]a undi/urb$4 b4 ,! alim5t>y canal ext5d$4 c4 ,! ant]ior end ( ! fi% ) ! s9us held op51 to %[ ! g5]al situation ( ! p>ts4 d4 ,! he>t 9 its *amb]1 ) ! outgo+ vessels z f> z dissect$4 ,use arr[s to %[ direction ( circulation4 e4 ,a copy ( "s good diagram or *>t :i* illu/rates ! he>t ( ! fi% ) ! connect+ ve9s & art]ies4 ,fi%es3 ,a ,g5]al ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise #a4 ,food & ! fe$+ habits ( "y & ( adult fi%es4 #b4 ,! diet & habits ( cod2 lant]n-fi%2 swordfi%2 ramora2 hagfi%2 angl]2 g>-pike2 /urgeon2 %>k2 sawfi%2 paddle-fi%4 #c4 ,! v>iations1 real or app>5t1 9 ! brea?+ habits ( ! porcup9e-fi%2 ! climb+-fi%2 ! lung-fi%4 #d4 ,peculi>ities 9 swimm+ z se5 9 ! fly+-fi%2 ! fl\nd]2 ! sea-horse4 #e4 ,int5sity ( s\nd "u wat]1 & ! correspond+ /ructure ( ! fi%'s e>4 #f4 ,light & sight "u wat] 7z 9 #e74 #g4 ,protection ( fi%es3 /+-ray2 torp$o2 coral-fi%2 /urgeon2 lava-fi%2 swordfi%2 sawfi%2 pipefi%4 #h4 ,! social in/9ct ( fi%es1 & s*ools4 #i4 ,! bre$+ habits ( salmon2 eel2 /ickle-back2 /urgeon2 :itefi%2 %>k2 sea-horse2 sunfi%4 #aj4 ,! fi%+ indu/ries ( ! ,great ,lakes or ( ! cold oceans1 ) a li/ ( ! fi%es caught & _! values4 #aa4 ,fi% nets & traps3 se9e2 gill-net2 p\nd-net2 trawl1 ,fr5* or ,engli%2 fi%-:eel2 fi%-weir2 spe>2 dip-net2 set-l9e2 spoon2 fly4 #ab4 ,! ,u4,s4 ,bureau ( ,fi%]ies3 its locations1 its problems1 & its me?ods4 #ac4 ,! ,/ate ,fi% ,commission1 z above4 #ad4 ,game & fi% laws2 _! purpose & _! en=cem5t4 #ae4 ,game fi% ( ! fre% wat]s2 tr\t1 bass1 pick]el1 & muskellunge4 #af4 ,game fi% ( ! ocean3 t>pon1 tuna1 sea-bass1 swordfi%1 & bluefi%4 #ag4 ,fi% z food4 #ah4 ,fi% diet & leprosy4 #ai4 ,fi% diet & p>asitic worms4 #bj4 ,fi% nuisances3 c>p1 catfi%1 & dogfi%4 #ba4 ,comm]cial products ( fi%es1 _! prep>ation & _! uses3 cavi>1 %agre51 cod liv] oil1 is+lass1 & glue4 #bb4 ,! geographic di/ribution ( fi%es1 ) means ( disp]sal & re/riction4 #bc4 ,! faunal regions ( ! lake 7or ocean71 ) *>act]i/ic =ms4 #bd4 ,fi%es ( anci5t times2 ( ! ,devonian p]iod4 #be4 ,! /ory ( ! e>ly life ( ,l\is ,agassiz2 ( ,d4 ,s4 ,jordan2 ( ,c4 ,h4 ,eig5mann2 ( ,ba%=d ,dean4 #bf4 ,goldfi%3 _! orig92 h[ to c>e = !m4 #bg4 ,fa%ions 9 fi% tails1 old & new4 #bh4 ,developm5t & v>iation 9 scales2 fa%ions 9 scales4 #bi4 ,! common ord]s ( fi%es1 ) examples4 ,primitive ,*ordates ,mat]ials4 ,an acorn-tongu$ worm1 a lancelet1 a lamprey1 a %>k1 & a p]*4 ,if individual specim5s are n available1 ! pupil's text-book & *>ts are to be us$4 ,obs]vations4 ,acorn-tongu$ worm3 ,notice ! v simple =m & /ructure ( ! symmetrical body1 ! proboscis1 ! coll> surr\nd+ ! neck ) its simple rod ( c>tilage1 ! m>ks ( int]nal gills & gill slits ext5d+ "s di/ance along ! body1 & ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( s5se organs4 ,! acorn-tongu$ worm 7,balanoglossus7 lives 9 ! s& ( ! sea%ore & 9 %all[ wat] 9 temp]ate & tropical regions4 ,lancelet3 ,obs]ve ! =m ( ! body1 ( ! f91 & ( ! m\?2 note ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( s5se organs1 & f9d out ! numb] ( gills or gill slits4 ,! lancelet 7,amphioxus7 is simil> 9 habit to ! acorn-tongu$ worm4 ,by day x lies buri$ ) only ! m\? expos$1 b at night x swims actively ab\t4 ,x is some:at m conf9$ to ! tropics4 ,lamprey3 ,obs]ve "h also ! primitive or unspecializ$ =m ( ! body1 ( ! f91 ( ! jawless m\?1 ! numb] ( gill slits1 & ! s5se organs4 ,%>k3 ,exam9e ! body1 not+ its =m & diff]5tiation into regions1 its cov]+1 its f9s1 m\?1 gill slits1 & s5se organs4 ,p]*3 ,if y h n already /udi$ ! bony fi%1 ! po9ts sugge/$ = ! %>k w be suffici5t = ?is ex]cise4 ,9 ea* case1 f9d out ! condition ( ! skeleton4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,:i* ( ^! animals seem mo/ simple 9 =m1 & :i* mo/ complex8 ,give a reason = y\r answ]4 #b4 ,give ! /ages :i* %[ h[ ! fold ( sk9 develops into sep>ate f9s4 #c4 ,h[ does ! numb] ( gills & gill slits *ange 9 ! s]ies8 7,give def9ite numb]s47 ,h[ may ! r$uction 9 ! numb] ( gills be comp5sat$ = 9 ! am\nt ( surface expos$ = ! ex*ange ( gases 9 brea?+8 #d4 ,h[ is protection af=d$ ! delicate /ructure ( ! gills 9 ! f9al =m8 #e4 ,give ! /ages 9 ! =mation ( a def9ite1 symmetrical m\? ) jaws ( equal size4 #f4 ,! pres5ce ( s5se organs may be tak5 to indicate t !re is an organ ( control1 or bra94 ,h[ is ! developm5t ( ?is organ l or unlike t ( ! o!r /ructures 9 ! s]ies8 #g4 ,= ! develop+ bra9 & n]v\s sy/em :at protection & support is af=d$ 9 ea* case8 ,! =ego+ que/ions may be answ]$ 9 tabul> =m by arrang+ ! names ( ! animals 9 a l9e & ! que/ions 9 a column4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,acorn-tongu$ worm1 #a4 b4 ,lancelet1 #a4 c4 ,lamprey1 #a_/b4 d4 ,%>k3 #a1 head z f> z ! pectoral f9s2 #b1 ! tail4 e4 ,p]*1 z direct$ = %>k4 ,b4 ,,/udies ,,( ,,amphibia ,progress f ,wat]-liv+ ,animals to ,l&-liv+ ,animals ,! ,liv+ ,frog or ,toad ,to %[ h[ an ,animal may be adapt$ to bo? ,l& & ,wat] ,life ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ frogs 9 small cages or aqu>ia2 liv+ toads2 "s pung5t liquid1 z ammonia4 ,obs]vations4 ,! ,body4 #a4 ,contra/ ! body ( ! frog ) t ( ! fi% z to regions1 %ape1 & compactness4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! diff]5ces8 ,locomotion4 #b4 ,:at k9ds ( locomotion c a frog use8 ,:y is x difficult = a frog to crawl or walk8 ,h[ f> c a frog jump8 ,h[ are swimm+ & jump+ accompli%$8 ,:at d y ?9k is ! use ( ! hump on ! back8 #c4 ,id5tify 9 ! legs ! ?igh1 %ank1 ankle1 foot1 toes1 & web1 & 9 ! arm1 ! upp] arm1 =e>m1 wri/1 h&1 & f+]s4 ,/ate 9 detail ! diff]5ces 9 /ructure & 9 position betwe5 ! =e & h9d limbs4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ^! diff]5ces8 ,fe$+4 #d4 ,induce a frog or toad to eat by dangl+ food1 su* z a piece ( raw meat or meal worms1 small e>?worms1 etc41 be=e x4 ,h[ does x seize ! food8 ,:at w x eat8 ,h[ is ! m\? adapt$ to ?is mann] ( fe$+8 ,respiration4 #e4 ,! frog has no diaphragm1 & !re=e no *e/ cavity2 wat* v c>efully ! movem5ts ( ! m\?1 ! no/rils1 ! ?roat1 & ! sides ( ! body to det]m9e h[ ! problem ( brea?+ 7h[ ! air is gott5 into & out ( ! lungs7 )\t a diaphragm is solv$4 ,write a detail$ acc\nt ( ! frog's me?od ( brea?+ :i* %all expla9 j h[ ! air is =c$ into ! lungs4 #f4 ,:at w\ld be ! effect ( propp+ op5 ! m\? ( ! frog8 ,:y8 ,does ! frog brea! 9 ! usual mann] :ile "u ! wat]8 ,if n1 h[ d y expla9 its ability to rema9 "u wat] = a long p]iod ( "t8 ,s5se ,organs4 #g4 ,inve/igate ! effici5cy ( ! five special s5ses 9 ! frog by devis+ exp]im5ts to te/ ea* s5se2 z1 = example1 giv+ a frog its lib]ty on ! floor & try+ to cat* x aga91 to te/ ! s5se ( sight4 ,write an acc\nt ( y\r exp]im5ts & _! results4 ,:i* ( ! s5ses is be/ develop$8 ,give reasons = y\r answ]4 #h4 ,comp>e ! eye ( ! frog ) respect to its %ape1 movem5ts1 p>ts1 & protective /ructures ) t ( ! fi%4 ,9 :at respects are !y simil>8 9 :at respects diff]5t8 ,:y %\ld !y diff]8 #i4 ,:]e are ! frogs' e>s locat$8 ,:at d y ?9k ( ! effici5cy ( an e>drum situat$ on ! surface ( ! body8 ,:y8 #aj4 ,! frog has c]ta9 o!r responses4 ,try turn+ ! j> or cage conta9+ a frog ar\nd to face ! frog 9 ano!r direction4 ,:at happ5s8 ,h[ d y expla9 ?is response on ! basis ( use8 ,:at o!r responses h y notic$8 ,protection4 #aa4 ,has ! frog an exoskeleton8 ,describe ! color s*eme ( ! frog & expla9 h[ x may be protective4 ,:y are frogs bright] 9 spr+ ?an 9 fall8 #ab4 ,:y d frogs usually live ne> wat]8 ,d !y ev] leave ! vic9ity ( /reams8 ,if s1 :58 ,summ>y4 ,9 :at ways is ! frog adapt$ to wat] life8 ,9 :at ways to life on l&8 ,9 :at respects d toads diff] f frogs8 ,! ,frog's ,m\? ,mat]ials4 ,pres]v$ or fre%ly kill$ frogs 9 di%es or %all[ pans ( wat]2 =ceps & a bri/le4 ,obs]vations4 ,op5 ! frog's m\? z widely z possible &1 if necess>y1 ins]t a spl9t] to hold ! jaws ap>t4 ,id5tify ! foll[+ /ructures3-- ,tongue4 ,draw x =w>d until ! free end ext5ds f ! m\? & is outspread2 obs]ve its =m1 ext5t1 & atta*m5t4 ,tee?4 ,f9d ^? on ! jaws & on ! ro( ( ! m\?4 ,no/rils4 ,pu% ! bri/le inw>d ?r\gh a no/ril to det]m9e its direction & ext5t4 ,vocal cords4 ,^! =m a h>d :ite mass 9 ! floor ( ! m\?1 well back beh9d ! tongue4 ,glottis1 ! slit inclos$ betwe5 ! vocal cords1 op5+ into ! tra*ea4 ,esophagus1 ! passage to ! /oma*1 at ! po/]ior end ( ! m\?4 ,eu/a*ian tubes1 small passages outw>d to ! e>s at ! junction ( ! upp] & l[] jaws4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,describe ! probable action ( ! frog's tongue 9 cat*+ a bug4 #b4 ,:at advantage c y ascribe to ! peculi> mode ( atta*m5t ( ! tongue8 #c4 ,( :at use is ! not* 9 ! inn] end ( ! tongue8 7,note its position :5 ! tongue lies at re/ 9 ! m\?47 #d4 ,if ! frog *ew$ its food1 h[ w\ld ! exi/+ /ructure ( ! no/rils be v inconv5i5t8 #e4 ,recall ei!r ! frog's habit ( fe$+ or ! /ructure ( ! no/rils4 ,d y ?9k ! no/rils are ( mu* s]vice 9 smell+8 ,/ate ! reason = y\r answ]4 #f4 ,( :at use are ! vocal cords & :y are !y s muscul>8 ,consid] _! use 9 s\nd mak+ & also _! condition dur+ swall[+4 #g4 ,( :at use are ! tee?8 ,recall ! =m & use ( ! fi%'s tee?4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! m\?1 wide op5 & ) tongue ext5d$4 b4 ,a diagram %[+ ! pa? ( air & ( food ?r\gh ! frog's m\?4 ,! ,organs ( ,dige/ion1 ,absorption1 & ,excretion ,mat]ials4 ,fre%ly kill$ or pres]v$ frogs 9 di%es or %all[ pans ( wat]1 =ceps1 &1 if ! pupil is to d any dissect+1 scissors4 ,directions & ,obs]vations4 ,! specim5s may h be5 op5$ by ! tea*]1 or may be dissect$ by ! pupil z foll[s3-- ,plac+ ! frog on its back1 ) =ceps firmly grasp ! sk9 ( ! abdom5 & ! muscles b5ea?1 j 9 front ( ! h9d legs1 & ) ! scissors cut /raight =w>d 9 ! middle l9e until ! floor ( ! m\? is rea*$2 ?is w sep>ate ! arms4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 n to cut too deeply1 b ?is may be avoid$ by keep+ ! sk9 uplift$4 ,n[ cut sidewise 9 front ( ea* h9d leg 9 ord] t ! body wall may be laid aside4 ,"u ! arms ! he>t w be se52 x w be /udi$ z a "p ( ! circulatory sy/em4 99 99 99 99 99 ,id5tify ! foll[+ organs3-- ,liv]1 ! l>ge r$ or br[n mass1 consi/+ ( sev]al divisions & ly+ close up "u ! arms4 ,bile sac1 small1 gre51 & betwe5 ! liv] lobes4 ,alim5t>y canal4 #a4 ,m\?4 #b4 ,esophagus4 #c4 ,/oma*1 ! elongat$1 light-color$1 firm1 & muscul> portion4 #d4 ,small inte/9e1 a sl5d]1 m or less closely coil$1 tubul> portion4 #e4 ,l>ge inte/9e1 a ?9-wall$ enl>gem5t at ! po/]ior end ( ! canal4 #f4 ,duod5um4 ,?is is a muscul> portion ( ! small inte/9e imm$iately foll[+ ! /oma*1 aga9/ :i* x is fold$4 ,pancreas1 a yell[i%1 pulpy mass ly+ 9 ! fold betwe5 ! /oma* & ! duod5um4 ,sple51 a d>k r$ globule1 usually small] ?an a pea1 ly+ ne>ly free among ! folds ( ! small inte/9e4 ,fat bodies1 yell[ fr+e-l /ructures1 sometimes f\nd ne> ! /oma*4 ,kidneys1 a pair ( elongat$ d>k r$ organs1 beh9d ! sple5 & aga9/ ! back4 ,note _! num]\s blood vessels4 ,possibly ! uret]s1 or ur9al ducts1 c be discov]$ & trac$ to _! junction ) ! bladd]1 a cle> membran\s sac 9 ! po/]ior extremity ( ! body cavity4 ,p]itoneum1 a ?9 membrane l9+ ! body cavity & atta*+ ! vital organs to ! backbone4 ,note4--,specim5s secur$ 9 late fall1 w9t]1 or e>ly spr+ may conta91 if female1 a l>ge numb] ( d>k-color$ eggs2 or if male1 two :ite te/es1 locat$ ne> ! kidneys & simil> to !m 9 =m1 ?\gh small]4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,"n ! p>ts ( ! frog's alim5t>y canal4 #b4 ,"n ! gl&s or organs :i* are accessory to ! canal4 #c4 ,h[ long is ! esophagus8 ,h[ does ! pres5ce or abs5ce ( a neck affect ! esophagus8 #d4 ,h[ does ! ?ickness ( ! /oma* wall comp>e ) t ( ! inte/9e1 & h[ d y acc\nt = ! diff]5ce8 #e4 ,measure ! l5g? ( ! trunk ( ! frog's body & t ( ! out/ret*$ alim5t>y canal4 ,h[ _m times ! l5g? ( ! "o is t ( ! o!r8 ,h[ does ?is ratio comp>e ) t ( an h]bivor\s animal8 7,! %eep's food canal is ab\t ?irty-two times ! l5g? ( its body47 #f4 ,:at is ! color ( ! bile1 z se5 ?r\gh ! walls ( ! bile sac8 ,?is color is *>act]i/ic ( c>nivor\s animals2 9 h]bivor\s =ms x is yell[4 ,f9d its color 9 "s omnivor\s =m1 z man4 #g4 ,"n ! organs conc]n$ 9 excretion4 #h4 ,:at holds ! int]nal organs 9 place1 & f :at are !y susp5d$8 #i4 ,! sple5 is call$ a ductless gl&4 ,give its function1 & expla9 :y a duct is n necess>y to x4 #aj4 ,s9ce ! frog swall[s its food alive & entire1 :at "w mu/ ! /oma* d8 ,:at dige/ive organs w\ld be abs5t f ! m\?1 or else poorly develop$8 #aa4 ,s9ce ! frog is c>nivor\s1 :at dige/ive f]m5ts are probably pres5t1 & :at ones abs5t f ! alim5t>y canal8 #ab4 ,fat bodies are l>ge/ 9 ! fall1 & are r>ely f\nd 9 ! spr+4 ,h[ c y acc\nt = ?is8 #ac4 ,:5 ?r\gh ) ! g5]al /udy ( ! alim5t>y canal1 y may op5 ! /oma* by cutt+ x l5g?wise4 ,describe ! "* ( ! /oma* l9+ z to folds & villi1 /at+ ! advantage ( ea* be+ pres5t & ! reason = ! direction ( ! folds4 ,tell h[ ! food is propell$ onw>d ?r\gh ! alim5t>y canal4 ,give ! sci5tific "n = ?is action4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! visc]a 7int]nal organs7 undi/urb$4 b4 ,! alim5t>y canal ext5d$4 c4 ,! excretory sy/em4 ,! ,organs ( ,circulation & ,respiration ( ! ,frog ,mat]ials4 ,! mat]ials us$ 9 ?is ex]cise are ! same z ^? us$ 9 ! prec$+ ex]cise4 ,obs]vations4 ,! pupil %\ld id5tify ! foll[+ /ructures3-- ,p]ic>dium1 a membrane t surr\nds ! he>t &1 9 ! case ( ! frog1 sep>ates ! body cavity into two portions1 ! abdom5 & ! p]ic>dial *amb]4 ,he>t1 ly+ betwe5 ! %\ld]s & 9 front ( ! false diaphragm4 ,x is conical 9 =m & compos$ ( ?ree *amb]s4 ,v5tricle1 ! p9k1 conical1 & muscul> portion ( ! he>t1 po9t+ backw>d & outw>d4 ,auricles1 "r & left4 ,^! are ant]ior & dorsal to ! v5tricle1 ?91 membran\s1 & d>k-color$4 ,art]ial trunk1 ! s+le l>ge blood vessel1 usually empty ( blood1 & :ite4 ,note its orig9 & trace x z f> z possible1 at lea/ until y see x divide to encircle ! ?roat4 ,s9us v5osus1 a l>ge membran\s sac dorsal to ! he>t & connect$ ) ! "r auricle4 ,lungs1 two small oblong1 p9k1 spongy sacs1 ly+ betwe5 & beh9d ! %\ld]s4 ,! pupil may also id5tify ! foll[+ /ructures if a specim5 is available :i* has ! blood vessels inject$4 ,conus art]iosus1 or art]ial trunk1 a l>ge art]y pass+ obliquely =w>d f ! v5tricle1 & divid+ into ?ree bran*es on ea* side4 ,c>otid art]ies1 ! fir/ bran*es ( ! conus1 to ! head & neck4 ,aortas1 ! second bran*es ( ! conus1 to ! dorsal region4 ,pulmocutane\s art]ies1 ! ?ird bran*es ( ! conus1 to ! lungs & sk94 ,dorsal aorta1 ! l>ge art]y along ! back1 =m$ by ! union ( ! two aortas4 ,iliac1 or femoral art]ies1 ! two po/]ior divisions ( ! dorsal aorta1 supply+ ! legs4 ,po/]ior 7asc5d+7 v5a cava1 a l>ge ve9 close to ! dorsal aorta1 pass+ =w>d f ! kidneys4 ,hepatic ve9s1 l>ge ve9s connect+ ! liv] ) ! po/]ior v5a cava4 ,ant]ior 7desc5d+7 v5 cav1 l>ge ve9s =m$ by ! junction ( ! ve9s f ! arm1 neck1 & head on ! "r & left sides4 ,subclavian ve9s1 f ! arms4 ,jugul> ve9s1 f ! neck4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,( h[ _m *amb]s does ! frog's he>t consi/8 ,"n !m1 & describe !m z to size1 color1 & /ructure4 #b4 ,:i* *amb] receives blood f ! body1 & :i* receives blood f ! lungs8 #c4 ,"n ! l>ge art]ies & give ! regions :i* !y supply4 ,"n ! l>ge ve9s & give ! regions f :i* !y come4 #d4 ,describe ! lungs z to size1 bo? :5 inflat$ & :5 un9flat$4 ,describe _! color2 entirety or subdivision2 texture4 #e4 ,9 ! inflat$ lung1 notice ! int]ior p>titions or *amb]s1 :i* are call$ vesicles4 ,h[ d !y affect ! am\nt ( surface expos$ = gas ex*ange 9 brea?+8 #f4 ,measur+ ! lung collaps$ & aga9 :5 inflat$1 calculate its approximate volume 9 ea* case & /ate h[ mu* air x may take 9 dur+ an inspiration4 #g4 ,describe ! diaphragm & /ate its probable use z a factor 9 respiration or z a p>tition4 ,advanc$ que/ions4 #h4 ,app>5tly ! pure & ! impure blood mu/ comm+le ^u ent]+ ! s+le v5tricle1 b by a simple device ?is sc>cely occurs4 ,h[ w\ld su* comm+l+ affect ! purity ( ! blood z x rea*$ ! tissues1 & h5ce affect wa/e removal1 oxidation1 body temp]ature1 activity1 & intellig5ce8 #i4 ,:at are ! *amb]s ( ! fi%'s he>t8 ( ! mammalian 7human7 he>t8 ,h[ may ! he>t ( ! frog be reg>d$ z int]m$iate betwe5 ^! o!rs8 ,h[ & :]e might ! gr[? ( a p>tition )9 x br+ ab\t ! high] /ructure8 7,?is actually occurs 9 c]ta9 reptiles47 #aj4 ,! lungs are said to be outgr[?s ( ! alim5t>y canal4 ,expla9 h[ _! connection w\ld t5d to %[ ?is4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! he>t & lungs 9 _! normal position4 b4 ,! circulatory sy/em1 z se5 9 ! inject$ specim54 c4 ,a copy ( ! diagram or model ( ! circulatory sy/em4 d4 ,a diagram ( ! respiratory tract f ! no/rils to ! lungs1 by arr[s %[+ ! c\rse ( ! air4 ,! ,n]v\s ,sy/em ( ! ,frog ,mat]ials4 ,specim5s :i* h ! bra9 expos$ & o!r specim5s ^: visc]a h be5 remov$ s t ! sp9al n]ves c be se52 pans or %all[ di%es ( wat] & =ceps4 ,obs]vations4 ,! n]ve tissues are g5]ally :ite 9 color unless !y h be5 specially treat$ & /a9$4 ,! pupil %\ld id5tify ! foll[+ /ructures3-- ,a4 ,bra91 ^? enl>gem5ts ( n]ve tissue situat$ 9 ! head & compos$ ( f\r pr9cipal p>ts1 z foll[s3-- #a4 ,c]ebral hemisph]es1 a pair ( elongat$ lobes1 ! ant]ior enl>gem5ts4 #b4 ,mid bra91 or optic lobes1 a pair ( l>ge ovoid /ructures1 project+ diagonally =w>d & sidewise4 #c4 ,c]ebellum1 a sl5d]1 transv]se ridge1 close beh9d ! midbra94 #d4 ,m$ulla1 ! ant]ior end ( ! sp9al cord1 wide/ 9 front & conta9+ a triangul> depression4 7,frequ5tly a pair ( small] enl>gem5ts is to be se5 9 front ( ! c]ebral hemisph]es2 !y are ! olfactory lobes1 & f !m n]ves pass =w>d to ! nasal *amb]47 ,b4 ,sp9al cord1 ext5d+ along ! sp9e1 giv+ rise to n]ves4 ,c4 ,sp9al n]ves1 t5 pairs ( n]ves :i* are connect$ ) ! cord ?r\gh dorsal 7s5sory7 & v5tral 7motor7 roots1 & :i* p5etrate ! body & its app5dages4 ,! fir/ ent]s ! neck2 ! second & ?ird jo9 & ent] ! arm2 ! f\r? to six? p5etrate ! sk9 & muscles ( ! trunk2 ! sev5? to n9? jo9 by a plexus to =m ! sciatic n]ve :i* supplies ! leg1 & ! t5? ent]s ! po/]ior portion ( ! body4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,:i* lobes ( ! bra9 are pair$8 ,give at lea/ two possible causes or reasons = _! d\ble /ructure4 #b4 ,! optic lobes are connect$ ) ! eyes4 ,comp>e _! size ) t ( ! o!r p>ts4 ,( h[ mu* use d y ?9k !y are to ! frog8 #c4 ,if folds or convolutions 9 ! surface ( ! c]ebrum indicate intellig5ce1 ?\ghtfulness1 or m9d1 :at d y inf] z to ! frog's m5tal condition & p[] to ?9k8 #d4 ,has ! frog bra9 or bra9s8 ,expla94 #e4 ,"n sev]al ?+s done by an animal's bra94 #f4 ,:i* ( ! sp9al n]ves are specially l>ge8 ,:y %\ld !y be l>ge8 #g4 ,:at advantages are !re 9 ! frog's hav+ a dorsal n]ve cord in/ead ( a v5tral "o1 z ! e>?worm has8 ,:at w\ld be ! effect ( cutt+ or break+ ! dorsal root ( a sp9al n]ve8 ! v5tral root8 ! entire sp9al cord8 ,h[ d y expla9 ! convulsions ( ! bra9less 7behead$7 *ick5 or frog8 #h4 ,:at k9ds ( impulses orig9ate outside ( ! n]ve c5t]1 & :at k9ds 9 ! c5t]8 #i4 ,s5sations rea* ! cord & bra9 ?r\gh ! dorsal root ( ! sp9al n]ve4 ,:at k9ds ( messages travel ?r\gh ! v5tral root1 & 9 :at direction d !y g8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! bra94 b4 ,! sp9al cord & its n]ves4 c4 ,! n]v\s sy/em4 d4 ,a diagram ( ! cord & its n]ves1 %[+ ! k9ds & ! directions ( ! n]ve impulses4 ,! ,endoskeleton ( ! ,frog ,mat]ials4 ,prep>$ frog skeletons m\nt$ 9 glass-cov]$ boxes or 9 o!r cases suitable = individual /udy2 o!r v]tebrate skeletons = ref]5ce4 ,obs]vations4 ,! pupil %\ld exam9e 8 specim5 & id5tify ! foll[+ /ructures3-- ,a4 ,skull3-- #a4 ,cranium1 or bra9 case1 ! c5tral & h9d] portion4 #b4 ,nasal bone1 a triangul> bone ly+ 9 front ( ea* l>ge op5+1 or eye orbit1 & atta*$ to ! ant]ior end ( ! cranium4 #c4 ,premaxill>ies1 a pair ( small bones :i* =m ! tip ( ! nose4 #d4 ,maxill>y1 a sl5d] bone =m+ ! side ( ! upp] jaw4 #e4 ,d5t>y1 ! bone ( ! l[] jaw1 correspond+ to ! maxill>y4 #f4 ,occipital =am51 ! po/]ior op5+ or entrance into ! cranium1 normally cov]$ dorsally by c>tilage & mo/ easily se5 9 a sep>ate skull4 ,b4 ,v]tebral ,column3-- #a4 ,c]vical v]tebra1 ! fir/ v]tebra1 support+ ! skull4 #b4 ,dorso-lumb> v]tebr1 v]tebr ) small lat]al processes4 #c4 ,sacrum1 ! n9? v]tebra1 be>+ extra long lat]al processes or arms4 #d4 ,uro/yle1 ! la/ v]tebra1 ly+ 9 ! m$ian l9e1 a long1 sl5d]1 blade-l bone1 really =m$ by ! fusion ( sev]al v]tebr4 ,c4 ,v]tebra3-- #a4 ,c5trum1 ! solid1 ne>ly circul> portion4 #b4 ,lat]al process1 "o ( ! pair$ projections1 ext5d+ outw>d on ei!r side4 #c4 ,neural sp9e1 ! s+le projection1 ext5d+ t[>d ! dorsal side4 #d4 ,neural ar*1 =m$ l>gely by a connection betwe5 ! lat]al process & ! neural sp9e4 ,! ar* above & ! c5trum bel[ inclose ! neural canal4 ,d4 ,pectoral1 or ,%\ld]1 ,girdle3-- #a4 ,/]num1 ! brea/bone1 ext5d+ along ! m$ian v5tral l9e4 #b4 ,coracoid1 a heavy bone ext5d+ f ! /]num sidewise to support ! arm4 #c4 ,clavicle1 ! coll> bone1 a light bone 9 front ( ! coracoid4 #d4 ,scapula1 ! %\ld] blade1 a broad1 ?9 bone :i* ar*es ar\nd to ! dorsal side4 ,e4 ,pelvic1 or ,hip1 ,girdle3-- #a4 ,ilium1 a long1 sl5d]1 curv$ bone1 ) its mate unit+ to =m an inv]t$ wi%bone2 x is jo9$ to ! sacrum4 #b4 ,pelvis1 ! region ( ! socket at ! junction ( ! ilia4 ,f4 ,=e ,leg1 or ,arm3-- #a4 ,hum]us1 ! s+le bone ( ! upp] arm4 #b4 ,radius1 ! bone ( ! l[] arm on ! ?umb side2 9 ! frog unit$ to ! ulna4 #c4 ,ulna1 ! bone ( ! =e>m opposite ! radius4 #d4 ,c>pals1 small bones ( ! wri/4 #e4 ,metac>pals1 a s+le s]ies ( long bones =m+ ! palm ( ! h&4 #f4 ,phalanges1 ! bones ( ! f+]s & ?umb 7s+ul> phalanx74 ,g4 ,h9d ,leg3-- #a4 ,femur1 ! ?igh bone1 next to ! body4 #b4 ,tibia1 ! l>g] bone ( ! l[] leg on ! inn] side2 9 ! frog unit$ to ! fibula4 #c4 ,fibula1 ! small] bone ( ! l[] leg4 #d4 ,t>sals1 ! small bones ( ! in/ep4 #e4 ,metat>sals1 ! long bones ( ! in/ep4 #f4 ,phalanges1 ! bones ( ! toes4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,:]eab\ts 9 ! frog has nature made an attempt to inclose delicate or vital /ructures 9 bony cases8 #b4 ,exam9+ ! inside ( ! m\?1 f9d ! tee?4 ,judg+ f _! size & /ructure1 ( :at use are ^! tee?8 #c4 ,:at advantages c y see 9 hav+ ! arms & legs atta*$ to girdles in/ead ( hav+ !m fa/5$ directly to ! v]tebral column8 ,h[ has _! developm5t affect$ ! %ape ( ! trunk1 z oppos$ to t ( ! fi%8 #d4 ,make a comp>ison ( ! two girdles z to _! atta*m5t to ! sp9e & _! consequ5t rigidity or fre$om ( movem5t4 #e4 ,h[ _m v]tebr are !re 9 ! sp9al column8 ,:at advantage c y see 9 hav+ ! column compos$ ( _m small v]tebr in/ead ( a few l>ge ones8 ,enum]ate ^? hav+ a special =m or /ructure1 & /ate ! use ( ea*4 #f4 ,on ! v]tebr notice any irregul>ities1 prom95ces1 or r\gh5+s4 ,= :at are su* bones bett] adapt$ ?an smoo? bones w\ld be8 #g4 ,h[ is ! frog's hump+ p]mitt$8 ,h[ are ! uro/yle & ! pelvis connect$1 if at all8 ,has ?is any effect on motion8 7,see liv+ frog47 #h4 ,9 p>allel columns1 keep+ correspond+ p>ts 9 a l9e1 tabulate ! bones ( ! =e & h9d limbs4 #i4 ,/ate h[ extra l5g? has be5 atta9$ 9 ! h9d leg1 & give ! purpose or ! result ( ?is l5g!n+4 #aj4 ,9 ! =e>m notice ! fus+ ( ! radius & ulna4 ,h[ w\ld ^! p>ts act 9 rotat+ ! h&1 z comp>$ ) y\r own1 :]e !y are free8 ,comp>e also ! tibia & fibula4 ,:]e 9 ! frog's leg is turn+ made possible by ! use ( p>allel bones8 #aa4 ,comp>e ! frog's h& & foot z to numb] ( f+]s & toes2 z to l5g? & spread4 ,h any f+]s or toes only two phalanges8 #ab4 ,h[ w\ld an inn] skeleton affect ! gr[? & ! size ( an animal1 z comp>$ ) an out] skeleton1 l ! clam's8 #ac4 ,h[ w\ld ! lack ( an out] skeleton influ5ce s5sitiv5ess1 activity1 & intellig5ce8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! skull & trunk1 ) app5dages ( "o side4 b4 ,ea* set ( bones sep>ately1 z ! skull1 ! column1 etc4 ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,amphibia ,mat]ials4 ,v>i\s amphibia1 ei!r dead or alive1 su* z newts1 mud puppies 7necturus71 salam&]s1 & sev]al species ( frogs & toads1 especially tree toads4 ,obs]vations4 ,answ] ! foll[+ que/ions ) respect to ea* animal3-- #a4 ,:at regions ( ! body are pres5t8 ,:at is ! g5]al %ape & size ( ! body8 #b4 ,= :at k9d ( locomotion are ! limbs fitt$8 ,h[8 #c4 ,h ! h&s & feet any special adaptations8 ,if s1 :at are !y & = :at purpose8 #d4 ,) :at organs does ! animal brea!8 ,if ) gills1 are !y ext]nal or int]nal8 #e4 ,judg+ f ! specim51 :at d y ?9k is ! habitat8 ,give reason = y\r answ]4 ,summ>y f ! ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,amphibia #a4 ,:i* ( ! amphibia 9 ?is /udy are fi%-l 9 "*8 ,:at are ! fi%-l *>act]s8 ,d y ?9k ^! fi%-l amphibia are ( a l[] or high] type ?an ! o!rs8 ,give reasons = y\r answ]4 #b4 ,%[ h[ ! v>iation 9 7a7 ! =m ( ! body1 7b7 color patt]ns1 & 7c7 ! /ructure ( ! legs & arms ( ! amphibia are relat$ to habitat & mode ( life4 ,amphibia3 ,a ,g5]al ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise #a4 ,! usefulness ( ! ,am]ican toad4 #b4 ,! bre$+ habits ( ! common frog2 ( ! ,sur9am toad2 ( ! ob/etrical toad2 ( ! smi?4 #c4 ,! developm5t ( ! axolotl4 #d4 ,! habits ( ! tree frogs & _! v>iable coloration4 #e4 ,! croak+ ( frogs & ( toads4 #f4 ,! fly+ frog ( ,ceylon4 #g4 ,! di/ribution & habits ( ! hellb5d]2 ( ! mud puppy2 ( ! ,congo snake4 #h4 ,! g5]al abs5ce ( ! amphibia f arid regions4 #i4 ,frog f>m+ = city m>kets4 #aj4 ,protective devices ( v>i\s amphibia4 #aa4 ,toads & w>ts4 #ab4 ,! hom+ & wat] in/9cts ( toads4 #ac4 ,hib]nation1 seasonal or prolong$1 ( toads & frogs4 #ad4 ,! *anges 9 ! respiratory & circulatory sy/em dur+ metamorphosis4 #ae4 ,ontog5y & phylog5y1 z illu/rat$ by amphibia4 #af4 ,! /ructural defects :i* w\ld prev5t an ambiti\s frog f becom+ a highly tra9$ & skillful animal4 #ag4 ,! classification ( amphibia1 ) examples4 #ah4 ,! k9ds ( frogs & toads f\nd 9 ! region :]e y live4 ,c4 ,,/udies ,,( ,,liv+ ,,reptiles ,%[+ ,div]sity ( ,adaptation among closely relat$ ,animals ,! ,snake #a4 ,:at is ! %ape8 ,:at regions are pres5t8 ,h[ d y di/+ui% betwe5 ! trunk & ! tail8 ,has ! tail any use8 ,:at are ! advantages ( a body )\t limbs8 #b4 ,describe ! snake's pa? 9 locomotion4 ,h[ is locomotion accompli%$8 ,is ! abs5ce ( limbs a h9drance to ! animal 9 its locomotory activity8 #c4 ,describe ! appe>ance & movem5ts ( ! tongue4 ,( :at use are ^! movem5ts ( ! tongue8 #d4 ,:at evid5ce is !re t ! snake brea!s ) lungs8 #e4 ,:at s5se organs d y f9d8 ,comp>e ! e>s & eyes ) ^? ( ! frog4 ,:at expla9s ! peculi> />+ appe>ance ( ! eyes8 #f4 ,:at is ! color s*eme8 ,does x appe> to be protective8 ,if s1 h[8 #g4 ,( :at does ! exoskeleton consi/8 ,h[ are ! scales arrang$8 ,:at v>iations 9 ! size ( ! scales d y f9d8 ,:at special use h "s ( ! scales8 ,h[ fitt$ = ?is8 ,h[ does a snake m\lt8 ,appe>ance be=e & aft] m\lt+4 ,! ,florida ,liz>d #a4 ,describe ! body z to regions & %ape4 ,is ! tail ( use8 #b4 ,:at are ! liz>d's locomotory abilities8 ,h[ is x fitt$ = liv+ 9 trees8 #c4 ,fe$ ! liz>d flies or meal worms & describe its me?od ( captur+ !m4 #d4 ,comp>e ! liz>d's respiration & s5se organs ) ^? ( ! snake & frog4 #e4 ,:at is ! usual color ( ! liz>d8 ,:at h y discov]$ ab\t its p[] to *ange colors8 ,h[ may ?is be ( use to x8 #f4 ,( :at does ! exoskeleton consi/8 ,is ! entire body cov]$8 ,h[ are ! scales arrang$8 ,h[ does ! liz>d m\lt8 ,! ,turtle #a4 ,9 :at important ways does ! body ( ! turtle diff] f ^? ( ! snake & liz>d8 #b4 ,:at me?ods ( locomotion has ! turtle8 ,= :i* me?od is x be/ fitt$8 ,h[8 ,:y are its movem5ts 9 wat] s mu* less clumsy ?an on l&8 7,comp>e weight on l& ) weight 9 wat]47 ,comp>e ! effici5cy ( ! locomotion ( a turtle ) t ( a liz>d & sugge/ a reason = ! diff]5ce4 #c4 ,:at d turtles eat :ile 9 ! laboratory8 ,s9ce turtles h no tee?1 h[ c !y bite (f _! food8 #d4 ,:at c y discov] ) respect to ! respiration ( ! turtle8 ,does x brea! :5 "u wat]8 #e4 ,:at s5se organs has a turtle8 ,:i* appe>s to be mo/ highly develop$8 ,h[ d y "k8 #f4 ,9 :at v>i\s ways is ! turtle protect$ aga9/ enemies8 7,y %\ld /ate sev]al47 ,are y afraid ( a turtle8 ,if s1 :y8 ,:y does ! turtle ne$ m protection ?an ! snake or liz>d8 #g4 ,describe ! color patt]n ( ! turtle y are /udy+4 ,is ?is arrangem5t ( colors ! same = o!rs ( ! same species8 #h4 ,describe ! arrangem5t ( ! epid]mal plates ( ! turtle's %ell4 ,are ! arrangem5t1 numb]1 & =m ( plates ! same = all turtles ( ?is species8 ,comp>e ) ! plates ( o!r species4 ,:at v>iations d y f9d8 ,reptiles3 ,a ,g5]al ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise #a4 ,*>act]i/ics ( reptiles4 #b4 ,ord]s ( reptiles4 ,*>act]i/ics & examples ( ea* ord]4 #c4 ,poison\s snakes f\nd 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! poison fangs ( a rattlesnake4 ,habits ( ! rattlesnake4 #d4 ,cures = snake bites1 fabl$ & real4 #e4 ,snake *>m+4 #f4 ,fam\s poison\s snakes & _! habits4 #g4 ,! *>act]i/ics & habits ( alligators4 #h4 ,! *>act]i/ics & habits ( m>9e turtles4 ,h[ !y diff] f pond turtles4 #i4 ,= :at is ea* ( ! foll[+ not$8 ,:]e does x live8 ,! t]rap9s8 ! horn$ toad8 ! ,gila mon/]8 ! *ameleon8 ! glass snake8 #aj4 ,reptiles ( =m] 7geological7 times comp>$ ) ^? ( ! pres5t4 #aa4 ,c>e ( eggs & "y4 ,swall[+ ( "y by snakes4 #ab4 ,food ( snakes4 ,def5d ! proposition t non-poison\s snakes are b5eficial & %\ld n be kill$ wantonly4 #ac4 ,inve/igate & write an acc\nt ( ! economic value ( reptiles4 ,d4 ,,/udies ,,( ,,birds ,v]tebrates specializ$ = ,flight ,! ,liv+ ,pigeon ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ pigeons 9 cages1 &1 if practicable1 o!r birds su* z *ick5s1 can>ies1 & sp>r[s4 ,! ,body4 #a4 ,:at divisions ( ! body are pres5t8 ,comp>e ! relative size ( ^! divisions ) t ( o!r v]tebrates /udi$4 ,c y acc\nt = ! great increase 9 bulk ( ! trunk ov] ! o!r divisions8 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! long] neck8 ,flight4 #b4 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! body8 ,h[ is ! body made smoo?8 ,to :at is ! %ape & smoo?ness adapt$8 7,recall ! appe>ance ( a pluck$ pigeon or *ick547 #c4 ,obs]ve ! size ( ! w+s by measur+ _! wid? & spread 7measur$ f tip to tip :5 outspread74 ,:]e on ! body are !y atta*$8 ,h[ is ?is po9t ( atta*m5t advantage\s8 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! upp] surface ( a w+ :5 spread8 ( ! l[] surface8 ,h[ is ?is %ape advantage\s 9 flight8 #d4 ,:]e are ! l>ge/ & /ronge/ fea!rs8 ,h[ are !y arrang$ ) respect to ea* o!r3 7a7 to prev5t air pass+ ?r\gh on ! d[n /roke ( ! w+8 7b7 to p]mit fold+8 #e4 ,:at is ! %ape & wid? ( ! tail :5 outspread8 :5 fold$8 ,9 :at way does ! tail assi/ 9 flight8 ,walk+ & ,p]*+4 #f4 ,id5tify ! p>ts ( ! leg z 9 ! frog4 7,see /udy ( frog47 ,) :at exoskeletal /ructures is ea* "p cov]$8 ,h[ _m toes are !re8 ,does ! pigeon walk on its foot or on its toes8 ,:]e is ! ankle jo9t8 #g4 ,! bird's legs are arrang$ to support ! body4 ,h[ is ?is br\ght ab\t8 ,comp>e ) ! liz>d & frog 9 ?is respect4 #h4 ,expla9 h[ ! legs are adapt$ 7a7 to pres]ve ! balance ( ! body1 & 7b7 = p]*+4 ,are !y well or poorly adapt$ = locomotion8 ,expla94 ,= :at o!r purposes are ! legs sometimes us$8 ,fe$+ & ,dr9k+4 #i4 ,:at is ! =m & "* ( ! jaws ( ! pigeon 7call$ ! beak78 ,(f] food1 & wat* ! pigeons eat4 ,h[ does a pigeon seize & swall[ food8 ,does x *ew ! food8 ,locate ! crop4 ,if ! pigeon *ew$ its food1 w\ld x h a crop8 ,:y8 ,h[ does a pigeon dr9k8 ,h[ does ! *ick5 dr9k8 ,respiration4 #aj4 ,:at p>ts move 9 brea?+8 #aa4 ,comp>e r\ghly ! body temp]ature 7by t\*7 ( man1 ! pigeon1 & ! frog4 ,:i* has ! highe/ temp]ature8 :i* ! l[e/8 ,h[ c y acc\nt = ! high] temp]ature ( ! bird8 7,:i* ( ! ?ree mu/ be able to endure long-su/a9$ ef=t8 ,:at is ! effect on y\r own body ( long-cont9u$ ef=t87 ,s5se ,organs4 #ab4 ,id5tify ! eyes1 e>s1 & no/rils1 & describe _! location4 ,:at are ! advantages 9 hav+ ! e>drum at ! bottom ( a canal8 ,is !re any disadvantage8 ,:at is ! probable function ( ! inn] ?9 eyelid8 ,h[ does x "w8 #ac4 ,inve/igate ! p[] ( response ( ! special s5ses4 ,:i* seems to be ! mo/ al]t8 ,/ate ! exp]im5ts :i* y us$ & y\r reasons = y\r answ]s to ?is "q4 ,:i* s5ses are mo/ s]viceable 9 f9d+ food8 9 protect+ aga9/ enemies8 ,protection4 #ad4 ,9 :at diff]5t ways are fea!rs protective to ! bird8 ,/udy ! arrangem5t ( ! fea!rs to f9d h[ protection is increas$ 9 ?is way4 ,h[ d ! fea!rs & p>ts ( fea!rs :i* lie next ! body diff] f ^? :i* are on ! out] surface8 ,:at p>ts ( ! body are unprotect$ by fea!rs8 ,h[ are ^! protect$1 if at all8 #ae4 ,note ! flexibility ( ! neck4 ,?r\gh :at "p ( ! arc ( a circle c ! pigeon turn its head8 ,h[ is ?is especially important to birds8 #af4 ,:at means ( def5se has ! pigeon :5 attack$8 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,make a li/ ( ! important adaptations ( ! pigeon1 7a7 to flight1 7b7 to fe$+1 7c7 to p]*+1 & 7d7 to protection4 #b4 ,:i* is ! mo/ highly specializ$1 ! fi%1 frog1 snake1 or bird8 ,give reasons = y\r answ]s4 #c4 ,9 :at v>i\s ways are fea!rs ( use to ! bird8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,side view ( ! head4 b4 ,a foot4 c4 ,a w+4 d4 ,side view ( ! pigeon4 ,supplem5t>y ,/udies ( ! ,pigeon ,^! topics & que/ions %\ld be answ]$ f exp]i5ce ) pigeons & obs]vations ( _! habits & behavior1 & f books to be obta9$ f ! s*ool & public libr>ies4 #a4 ,! hom+ in/9ct ( ! common blue pigeon & ( c>ri] pigeons4 #b4 ,ne/+ habits1 numb] ( broods & numb] ( "y 9 ea* brood1 fe$+ ! "y4 ,:y is ?is me?od ( fe$+ ! "y necess>y8 #c4 ,v>ieties or bre$s ( pigeons4 ,h[ ! v>i\s v>ieties 7 produc$2 h[ !y are kept true2 rev]sions ( type4 #d4 ,d>w9's exp]im5ts ) ! pigeons2 object ( ! exp]im5t4 ,:itman's exp]im5ts4 ,! ,exoskeleton ( ! ,bird3 ,plumage ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ birds1 z p]haps pigeons1 or m\nt$ or /uff$ sk9s1 sep>ate fea!rs1 portions ( fea!rs1 microscopes4 ,obs]vations4 ,! pupils %\ld /udy ! arrangem5t ( ! fea!rs & _! v>iations 9 =m & size1 & %\ld id5tify ! foll[+ pr9cipal k9ds3-- ,cont\r fea!rs1 ^? fea!rs1 g5]ally broad1 :i* cov] ! body1 giv+ to x its outl9e & color4 ,cov]ts1 ^? fea!rs :i* cov] jo9ts1 su* z ! jo9ts ( ! w+ & tail4 ,prim>ies or p9ions1 ! long /iff fea!rs ( ! outside ( ! w+1 us$ 9 su/a9+ ! bird 9 flight4 ,second>ies1 ! %ort]1 m symmetrical fea!rs ly+ next & ov] ! prim>ies4 ,d[n1 s(t fea!rs f\nd on "y birds & next to ! sk9 on "s adults4 ,?read fea!rs1 be/ se5 ab\t ! eyes1 e>s1 & beak4 ,quill1 ! b>e /iff portion1 "o end ( :i* is ins]t$ 9 ! sk94 ,exam9e its int]nal /ructure4 ,vane1 ! broad exp&$ portion1 ! "p ord9>ily se5 on ! bird4 ,%aft1 ! mid-rib ( ! vane4 ,b>bs1 ! delicate outgr[?s ( ! %aft mak+ up ! vane4 ,b>bules1 ! subdivisions ( ! b>bs1 "s ( :i* are provid$ ) hooklets4 ,^! may well be /udi$ microscopically4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,h[ is ! plumage arrang$ to (f] lea/ resi/ance to ! air 9 flight8 ,h[ does a bird sit :5 expos$ to ! w9d8 #b4 ,9 a column write ! names ( ! p>ts ( a fea!r1 & opposite ea* "p /ate its p>ticul> use4 #c4 ,( :at use are ! hooklets on ! b>bules8 #d4 ,/ate & expla9 ! peculi> position ( ! %aft ( ! prim>y fea!r2 ( t ( a cont\r fea!r4 ,! plumage ( _m birds conta9s all /ages ( fea!r specialization1 f d[n to p9ion4 ,f9d z _m ( !m z y c on y\r specim54 #e4 ,:at reason c y assign = ! fluffy base & ! compact end ( ! cont\r fea!r8 #f4 ,h[ mu* ( ! fea!r ( a full-gr[n bird seems to be suppli$ ) blood vessels8 ,h[ does ?is bloodless or full-blood$ condition affect ! weight ( ! fea!r2 ( ! plumage2 ( ! bird8 #g4 ,h[ w\ld ! above condition affect ! temp]ature ( ! blood & ( ! body8 ,w\ld x t5d to cool ! animal or to cons]ve its heat8 #h4 ,%[ h[ ! air ly+ motionless among/ ! plumage may s]ve ! same purpose z t 9 ! pack+ ( a fireless cook] or a !rmos bottle4 #i4 ,h[ w\ld ! above condition affect ! gr[? & repair ( ! fea!r8 ,:at connection has x ) m\lt+8 #aj4 ,:at k9d ( fea!rs =ms mo/ birds' baby clo!s8 ,:at k9d =ms ! adults' und]clo!s8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,a typical fea!r4 b4 ,a fea!r ( ea* k9d4 c4 ,a bird ) w+s outspread1 %[+ positions ( fea!rs4 d4 ,! m9ute /ructure ( a fea!r4 ,birds & ,migration ,to illu/rate ,di/ribution ,"w 9 ! ,laboratory ,mat]ials4 ,bird sk9s or m\nt$ birds1 at lea/ "o repres5tative ( ea* ord] &1 bett] /ill1 ( ea* family ( ! birds :i* pass ?r\gh or rema9 9 y\r neighborhood2 specim5s 9 a museum may also be us$4 ,"s guide to ! id5tification ( birds1 z ,walt]'s ,wild ,birds 9 ,city ,p>ks or ,re$'s ,bird ,guide4 ,a good diagram ( a bird4 ,directions4 ,y\r object "h is to famili>ize y\rself ) ! appe>ance ( birds ( diff]5t types1 & ) ! t]ms us$ 9 describ+ !m4 ,/udy fir/ a diagram ( a bird & le>n ! t]ms & _! applications4 ,an important item 9 ! description ( a bird is its l5g?4 ,?is is obta9$ by measur+ f ! tip ( ! beak1 ov] ! curve ( ! head1 to ! end ( ! tail4 ,?is measures a curv$ l9e & gives a great] l5g? = a bird ?an ! /raight l9e y w\ld naturally e/imate4 ,tra9 y\r eye by wat*+ h\se sp>r[s 7s-call$ ,engli% sp>r[s7 & fix+ _! l5g? z a unit4 ,!y are call$ six in*es long1 & 9 ! field o!r birds may be measur$ by !m4 ,! rob9 is t5 in*es long1 & may be us$ to measure ! l>g] birds4 ,9 describ+ ! colors ( birds1 great discussions (t5 arise because pupils d n use t]ms correctly4 ,consult ,*apman's ,birds ( ,ea/]n ,nor? ,am]ica = a color key or *>t1 & tra9 y\rself to obs]ve colors c>efully & "n !m correctly4 ,y w f9d m colors among birds ?an are giv5 !re1 b ! *>t w help y a great deal4 ,/udy 9 ! laboratory z _m birds z y c4 ,try to get "o ( ea* ord] at lea/ &1 among ! p]*+ birds1 "o ( ea* family4 ,! answ]s to ! foll[+ que/ions %\ld be record$ ^u ! blank outl9es ( birds1 or else 9 ! =m ( a table4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,h[ long is ! bird8 #b4 ,:at is ! g5]al color ( ! upp] surface2 ( ! l[]8 #c4 ,:at are ! m>k+s or peculi>ities ( ! head1 if !re are any8 #d4 ,note any peculi>ities ( ! tail1 z to %ape1 l5g?1 or color1 if !re are any4 #e4 ,if ! w+s are n l ! back1 note _! color1 &1 if !re are w+ b>s1 note _! numb] & color4 #f4 ,:at are ! m>k+s on ! brea/1 if !re are any8 #g4 ,note any o!r m>k+s1 z rump spot1 etc4 #h4 ,:at sort ( beak has ! bird8 #i4 ,:at sort ( feet has x8 #aj4 ,id5tify ! bird1 us+ any key or guide y h4 ,d n ask any "o to help y until y h exhau/$ y\r own res\rces4 ,comp>ative ,/udy ( ,birds #a4 ,9 :at ways d ! feet ( birds v>y8 ,give examples to illu/rate y\r answ]4 ,:at are ! pr9cipal results ( ^! v>iations8 #b4 ,9 :at ways d ! beaks ( birds v>y8 ,give examples ( ! v>iations & ( ! special uses ( ! beaks4 #c4 ,h[ d wat] birds diff] f l& birds2 fle%-eat+ birds f se$ eat]s2 insect-eat+ birds f se$ eat]s2 %ore & swamp birds f l& birds8 ,"w 9 ! ,field ,mat]ials4 7#a7 ,birds 9 ! field1 field or op]a glasses1 & bird guides4 7#b7 ,"s extra "t1 z field "w is r sl[4 7#c7 ,consid]able en]gy1 z birds rise e>ly & may be up & away be=e ! usual h\r = y\r appe>ance4 ,directions4 ,! object ( ?is "w is to become acqua9t$ ) ! liv+ bird1 to le>n n only its "n1 b also "s ( its ways4 ,y w ne$ to sp5d "t to d ?is1 & z a rule ! m "t y sp5d ! m y w see4 ,e "t y g out aft] birds1 record at ! "t e k9d ( bird y see1 s t at ! end ( ! season y w "k n only :5 ea* k9d ( bird came1 b also h[ long x /aid4 ,:5 y see a new bird1 record imm$iately its colors1 m>k+s1 actions1 notes1 & any?+ else :i* may help y lat] to id5tify x4 ,d n tru/ to memory nor to ! inspiration ( ! classroom4 ,aft] weeks ( obs]vation1 write ! foll[+ summ>y4 ,summ>y ( ! ,results ( ,field ,/udy ( ,birds #a4 ,ov] :at l5g? ( "t h y\r obs]vations ext5d$8 ,:]e h y /udi$8 ,:at h y f\nd to be ! be/ conditions = /udy+ birds8 ,h[ _m birds h y id5tifi$8 #b4 ,:5 9 ! ye> d birds migrate2 :5 9 ! tw5ty-f\r h\rs8 #c4 ,9 spr+ migration :i* birds come fir/2 :i* come la/8 ,:at reason is !re = ?is ord]8 #d4 ,:at may ret>d migration8 ,:at may ha/5 x8 #e4 ,:at c\ld prev5t c]ta9 birds f ev] com+ "h1 or1 if !y did come1 f /ay+8 #f4 ,"n "s birds :i* /ay "h p]man5tly2 "s :i* come only = ! w9t]2 "s :i* come = ! summ]s2 "s :i* m]ely pass ?r\gh1 go+ & com+4 #g4 ,c y see any?+ :i* may det]m9e :e!r a bird w ne/ "h or f>!r nor?8 ,if s1 :at is x8 #h4 ,:y is ! h\se sp>r[ s successful8 #i4 ,:y are blue jays s nomadic 9 w9t]8 #aj4 ,:at mon?s d ! h]r+ gulls /ay "h8 ,:5 d !y leave8 ,:]e d !y g :5 !y leave8 ,:at d !y d :ile !y are gone8 ,:5 d !y return8 ,:at is _! economic value8 #aa4 ,h[ _m birds' ne/s h y se5 ?is spr+8 ,to :at k9ds ( birds did !y belong8 ,if y h be5 able to /udy "o 9 p>ticul>1 give its hi/ory z f> z y "k x4 #ab4 ,tell :at y h le>n$ by y\r own obs]vation ?is spr+ conc]n+ ! k9ds ( food birds eat1 & _! me?ods ( obta9+ food4 #ac4 ,:at bird songs h y le>n$ to "k8 ,:5 d ^! birds s+ mo/8 ,does a bird h m ?an "o song8 #ad4 ,:at birds h y se5 ne> y\r home8 ,:at atta*$ !m to ! vic9ity8 ,h[ might y attract m birds8 ,birds2 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise #a4 ,:at are ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( birds8 #b4 ,give ! ord]s ( birds1 ) ! *>act]i/ics ( ea* ord] & an example ( ea*4 #c4 ,def9e & give illu/rations ( ! mean+ ( ! expressions3 l& birds2 wat] birds2 %ore birds2 swamp birds2 scav5g]s2 policem5 ( ! air4 #d4 ,discuss ! temp]ature ( birds1 ! am\nt ( en]gy !y %[1 & ! oxyg5 !y use4 #e4 ,beaks ( birds4 #f4 ,feet ( birds4 #g4 ,! crop & gizz>d4 ,:y abs5t 9 _m birds8 #h4 ,:at is !re 9 a bird's con/ruction :i* enables x to twi/ its head s f> ar\nd8 ,:at are ! advantages 9 be+ able to d s8 #i4 ,acc\nt = ! oil9ess ( plumage ( wat] birds2 = ! complete fea!r+ ( legs & feet 9 "s =ms4 #aj4 ,def9e m\lt+ & discuss its advantages & disadvantages4 #aa4 ,give reasons :y y w\ld n expect a bird to hib]nate4 #ab4 ,"n two or m k9ds ( birds :i* %[ recognition m>ks4 ,:at sort ( birds w\ld y expect to f9d ) su* m>ks8 ,:y8 #ac4 ,is a bird's egg alive :5 x is laid8 ,:y does x h s mu* food /or$ 9 x8 ,:at direct int]e/ h we 9 ?is fact8 #ad4 ,h[ are ! eggs ( v>i\s birds protect$ :ile !y are develop+8 ,note4--,d n be satisfi$ ) only "o way4 ,a bird seldom is4 #ae4 ,comp>e prcocial & altricial birds z to _! /age ( developm5t :5 hat*$2 ! location & "* ( ! ne/2 ! c>e giv5 by ! p>5ts2 ! s++ habit ( ! p>5ts2 ! success ( ! type4 #af4 ,"n at lea/ ?ree insect-eat+ birds & tell h[ _m insects x is e/imat$ ea* w de/roy 9 a day4 ,effect 9 a g>d58 #ag4 ,if y _h an or*>d to protect f insects w\ld y spray x ) poison1 or w\ld y police x ) birds8 ,note4--,consid] bo? sides4 ,!re is mu* to be said on ea*4 ,if y decid$ t y ne$$ m birds1 h[ w\ld y get !m8 #ah4 ,suppose y _h a city lot 9 ! suburbs1 #ej feet wide by #bjj feet deep1 ) a h\se cov]+ ! fir/ #ej feet4 ,make a plan ( ! back y>d to %[ :at y c\ld d to attract ! birds to x 9 ! summ]2 9 ! w9t]4 ,rememb] t birds mu/ h protection aga9/ enemies z well z aga9/ *anges 9 wea!r1 etc4 #ai4 ,= :at purposes are birds kill$ by man8 ,:i* ( ^! d y consid] legitimate8 ,:i* birds may n legally be kill$ at any "t ( ! ye> 9 ?is /ate8 ,:i* may at c]ta9 seasons8 ,:i* may at any "t8 ,:5 %\ld an op5 season be p]mitt$8 ,h[ long %\ld x la/8 #bj4 ,give a %ort biography ( ,audubon4 ,describe ! purpose ( ! ,audubon ,society & "s ( ! "w accompli%$ by x4 #ba4 ,:5 7 ! h\se sp>r[s1 or1 z we call !m1 ! ,engli% sp>r[s1 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry8 ,:]e8 ,:y8 ,h !y prov$ a success f our /&po9t8 ,f _! own8 ,:y h !y increas$ s enorm\sly8 ,:at "p ( ! c\ntry is /ill free f !m8 ,:y8 ,give ! reasons = & ! me?ods ( fight+ ,engli% sp>r[s4 #bb4 ,! hi/ory ( ! pass5g] pigeon4 #bc4 ,:at has ! quail or bob:ite to d ) our food supply8 #bd4 ,p\ltry keep+4 #be4 ,"n ?ree bird magaz9es & give a *>act]i/ic ( ea* "o4 #bf4 ,fossil birds & ! light !y %$ on ! probable ance/ry ( birds4 ,/udy ( ! ,migration ( ,animals 9 ,g5]al ,! migration ( birds is only "o case ( a ph5om5on :i* is comp>atively common4 ,f y\r text & ref]5ce books f9d o!r examples ( migration4 ,:at are ! causes :i* make animals migrate8 ,:at me?ods d v>i\s animals use8 ,:at are "s results ( ^! migrations8 ,summ>ize y\r /udy 9 ! foll[+ !sis3-- ,! di/ribution ( animals4 #a4 ,! necessity = ?is di/ribution4 #b4 ,me?ods ( di/ribution--volunt>y--involunt>y4 ,note4--,see 9 review ! me?ods us$ to spread corals1 hydroids1 & o!r s$5t>y =ms1 />fi%1 clams1 etc41 z well z ^? us$ by ! v>i\s v]tebrates4 #c4 ,"t :5 migration occurs4 ,consid] "h ! "y ( mo/ animals1 & ! movem5ts ( _m birds1 z well z movem5ts caus$ by "s accid5tal occurr5ce4 #d4 ,di/ance t animals move f ! place ( _! bir?4 #e4 ,factors :i* det]m9e ! r\tes ( di/ribution4 #f4 ,factors :i* limit di/ribution4 ,migration maps4 #a4 ,a map to %[ ! migration r\te ( ! birds ( y\r region4 #b4 ,a map to %[ ! migration ( ! potato beetle 7or ,engli% sp>r[ or any o!r animal ! ext5sion ( ^: range has be5 /udi$74 #c4 ,a map ( ! _w1 %[+ ! zonal areas4 #d4 ,a map ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 %[+ ! di/ribution ( ! ungulates1 ) ! b\nd>ies & b>ri]s m>k$4 #e4 ,a map ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 %[+ ! di/ribution ( ! fur-be>+ animals4 #f4 ,a map ( ! _w1 %[+ ! di/ribution ( ! human races4 ,e4 ,,/udies ,,( ,,mammals ,to illu/rate ,man's ,relation to ,o!r ,animals2 ! ,connection betwe5 ,mode ( ,life & ,/ructure ,! ,rabbit ,! effects ( dome/ication ^u an animal4 ,a burr[+ type ( rod5t4 ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ rabbits--"y rabbits are m desirable = laboratory /udy4 ,obs]vations4 ,! ,body4 #a4 ,:at divisions ( ! body are !re8 ,comp>e ! l5g? & use ( ! neck ) t ( ! pigeon4 ,describe ! "* & l5g? ( ! tail4 ,:at use has x1 if any8 ,locomotion4 #b4 ,:at me?ods ( locomotion has ! rabbit8 ,:i* is mo/ commonly us$8 #c4 ,/udy ! limbs1 & f9d ! ankle & wri/4 ,does ! rabbit walk on its foot or its toes8 ,note ! numb] & "* ( ! toes & f+]s & _! claws4 ,:at is ! effect ( ! nonretractile p[] ( ! claws ^u ! uses to :i* claws c be put8 #d4 ,:at uses h ! =e or ! h9d limbs o!r ?an locomotion8 ,expla9 h[ ! usual sitt+ or re/+ po/ure is advantage\s = quick locomotion4 #e4 ,by means ( pr9t]'s or writ+ ink sme>$ ov] ! soles ( ! feet1 & a long piece ( clean :ite pap] get pr9ts ( a rabbit's tracks z x hops ov] ! pap]4 ,expla9 h[ ! peculi> =mation ( ! tracks occurs4 ,fe$+4 #f4 ,(f] a rabbit v>i\s k9ds ( food4 ,h[ does x te/ ! food be=e eat+8 ,does ! rabbit ev] use its =elimbs to assi/ 9 fe$+8 ,if s1 :5 & h[8 ,h[ is ! food eat58 ,h[ are ! tee? fitt$ = ! rabbit's me?od ( fe$+8 ,does y\r rabbit dr9k8 ,if s1 h[8 ,respiration4 #g4 ,:at movem5ts ( ! body are conc]n$ 9 brea?+8 #h4 ,comp>e ! frequ5cy ( ! brea?+ movem5ts ) y\r own4 ,c y di/+ui% ! he>t beats8 ,if s1 h[ & :]e8 ,c\nt !m4 ,s5se ,organs4 #i4 ,note ! position ( ! eyes1 %ape ( _! surface1 %ape & size ( ! pupil4 ,:at ext]nal protect+ /ructures are pres5t1--su* z eyelids1 eyela%es1 eyebr[s8 ,/udy ! movem5ts ( ! eyelids4 ,is !re a ?ird eyelid z 9 ! bird8 ,comp>e ! use ( ! neck 9 enl>g+ ! range ( vision ) t ( ! bird4 ,is ! rabbit's range ( vision great] or less ?an y\r own8 #aj4 ,:at is ! location ( ! no/rils8 ,:at advantages are ga9$ by ! prolongation ( ! face =w>d8 ,note any peculi>ity 9 ! =m or movem5t ( ! no/rils4 ,h[ d y expla9 ^! movem5ts8 ,are ! no/rils m or less useful ?an ^? ( o!r v]tebrates y h /udi$8 ,h[8 #aa4 ,note ! %ape1 size1 & position ( ! ext]nal e>s & expla9 :at relation1 if any1 ^! *>act]s ( ! e>s h to he>+4 ,note ! v>i\s movem5ts ( ! e>s & ! reasons = ^! movem5ts4 #ab4 ,:at special organs = t\* has ! rabbit8 ,"u :at circum/ances are ^! ( use8 ,:at p>ts ( ! body are mo/ s5sitive to t\*8 ,protection4 #ac4 ,:at home-mak+ habits d y obs]ve 9 ! rabbit8 ,:at habits relat+ to secrecy1 com=t1 & safety1 d y obs]ve8 #ad4 ,/udy ! fur & hair ( ! rabbit4 ,h[ d y di/+ui% betwe5 fur & hair8 ,:at v>iations d y f9d 9 ! fur & hair8 ,:at p>ts ( ! body are uncov]$8 ,:y8 ,:at are ! v>i\s functions ( ! fur & hair cov]+ ( rabbit8 #ae4 ,h rabbits any means ( def5se or (f5se8 ,expla94 ,social ,habits4 #af4 ,notice & describe any?+ 9 ! behavior ( ! rabbits :i* may be class$ z social1--su* z play1 fondness = company1 display ( affection1 hom+ in/9cts1 c>e ( "y1 etc4 ,supplem5t>y ,/udy ( ,wild ,rabbits ,if y _c answ] ^! que/ions f obs]vations ( wild rabbits1 ! answ]s may be obta9$ by read+ "s good natural hi/ory4 ,erne/ ,?ompson ,seton's /ory ( a rabbit's life is good = ! purpose4 #a4 ,:at me?od ( locomotion is m highly develop$ 9 wild rabbits ?an 9 dome/ic rabbits8 ,:y8 #b4 ,:5 d wild rabbits d _! fe$+8 ,:y8 ,9 :at ways d !y sometimes d damage 9 fe$+8 #c4 ,:at s5ses w probably be m al]t ?an ^? ( ! dome/ic rabbit8 ,:y8 #d4 ,:]e d wild rabbits usually make _! homes8 ,:y8 ,h[ d !y gu>d aga9/ be+ corn]$ 9 _! homes8 #e4 ,9 :at ways d !y gu>d aga9/ surprise :5 fe$+8 ,:at are ! pr9cipal enemies ( rabbits8 ,:at devices d !y employ to escape enemies :5 pursu$ by !m8 ,:at is ?ump+8 ,:5 us$8 #f4 ,h[ _m "y rabbits are usually produc$ at "o "t8 ,h[ _m litt]s 9 a season8 ,h[ long does x take a "y rabbit to mature8 #g4 ,h[ are ! "y ( rabbits gu>d$ aga9/ dang] f enemies & wea!r8 ,:at are ! v>i\s causes t t5d to keep d[n ! numb]s ( rabbits8 #h4 ,give an acc\nt ( ! plagues ( rabbits 9 ,colorado & ,au/ralia1 includ+ ! reasons = ! great increase 9 numb]s & ! me?ods us$ to de/roy ! rabbits4 ,summ>y ( ! ,/udy ( ,rabbits #a4 ,:at has be5 ! g5]al effect ( dome/ication ^u rabbits8 #b4 ,:at are ! mo/ important *>act]s & habits t fit ! wild rabbit = its life8 ,! ,gu9ea ,pig or ,:ite ,rat ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ animals4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,:at regions ( ! body c y id5tify8 ,:at is ! relative l5g? ( ! neck1 e>s1 legs8 ,:at ab\t ! tail8 #b4 ,describe ! color s*eme ( ! animal4 ,is x protective or ! result ( bre$+8 ,:at is ! "* ( ! cov]+8 #c4 ,describe ! me?od & rate ( locomotion4 ,w\ld ?is me?od ( locomotion enable ! animal to escape f enemies 7e4g4 dogs78 #d4 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! foot8 ,:at is ! %ape & l5g? ( ! claws8 ,= :at are !y adapt$8 #e4 ,:at s\nds d ! animals make8 #f4 ,:at is ! appe>ance & %ape ( ! eye8 ,:at is ! color ( ! eye8 #g4 ,/ate ! size & %ape ( ! ext]nal e>4 ,:at movem5ts are *>act]i/ic8 #h4 ,:at motions ( ! no/rils d y see8 #i4 ,fe$ ! animal v>i\s k9ds ( food4 ,h[ does x eat8 ,/ate any facts y obs]v$1 to %[ t x has or has n a *oice z to food4 #aj4 ,wat* ! animal = "s "t to det]m9e its m5tal *>act]i/ics4 ,is x al]t8 curi\s8 timid8 ,does x %[ mu* intellig5ce8 affection8 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 m5tal developm5t & success 9 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce8 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,:at are ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! animal8 #b4 ,to :at k9d ( life is x adapt$8 #c4 ,:at are "s ( ! *>act]i/ics t make ! animal a good pet8 ,! ,squirrel ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ specim5s 9 cages1 m\nt$ specim5s1 pictures1 *>ts1 lant]n slides1 etc4 ,directions4 ,be=e tak+ up ! /udy ( ! squirrel 9 ! laboratory a trip %\ld be made to "s p>k or wood$ region & ! habits ( squirrels not$4 ,take y\r cam]a & try to take "s snap%ots4 ,aft] ! laboratory ex]cise visit "s museum or zological g>d5 & /udy ! relatives ( ! squirrel4 ,obs]vations bas$ ^u field "w4 #a4 ,:at diff]5t po/ures does ! squirrel assume8 #b4 ,:at does x d :5 fright5$8 #c4 ,:at use h ! =elegs o!r ?an locomotion8 #d4 ,h[ does a squirrel g up a tree8 d[n8 f bran* to bran*8 ,/ate all ! =ms ( locomotion y h notic$4 #e4 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! tail8 ,:at is ! position ( ! tail :5 ! squirrel is sitt+8 runn+8 on a bran*8 ,describe any motions ( ! tail y notic$4 ,is !re any?+ express$ by ^! motions or are !y )\t mean+8 #f4 ,tempt ! squirrel ) "s nuts4 ,/ate ! evid5ce t leads y to ?9k t ! squirrel is al]t1 timid1 curi\s4 ,d y ?9k ! squirrel acts mo/ f in/9ct or z ! result ( intellig5ce8 #g4 ,9 :at v>i\s ways does a squirrel attempt to escape notice8 ,:at does x d :5 y *ase x8 ,obs]vations 9 ! laboratory4 #a4 ,:at divisions are !re to ! body8 ,:at is ! l5g? ( ! neck8 ! l5g? & appe>ance ( ! tail8 #b4 ,:at is ! relative l5g? ( ! legs z comp>$ ) ! body8 ,h[ does ! l5g? ( ! front & h9d legs comp>e8 #c4 ,does ! animal walk on its toes or on ! sole ( its foot8 ,h[ _m toes on ea* foot8 ,:at is ! l5g? ( ! claws8 ,= :at c\ld !y be us$8 #d4 ,(f] ! squirrel v>i\s k9ds ( food & see if x has a *oice4 ,describe its me?ods ( eat+4 #e4 ,note ! position ( ! eyes1 ! %ape ( _! surface1 & ! %ape & size ( ! pupil4 ,h[ _m eyelids d y notice8 ,:y d ! squirrel's eyes appe> s bright8 ,are eyebr[s1 eyela%es1 or te> gl&s pres5t8 #f4 ,note ! size1 %ape1 & appe>ance ( ! squirrel's ext]nal e>s4 #g4 ,:at movem5ts ( ! no/rils d y notice8 ,= :at does a squirrel *iefly use 8 no/rils8 ,:at explanation c y sugge/ = ! no/rils1 eyes1 & e>s hav+ ! same relative position 9 all v]tebrates8 #h4 ,h[ does a squirrel protect itself8 #i4 ,sme> ! feet ( a squirrel ) ink & all[ x to run ov] a roll ( clean pap] z 9 ! case ( ! rabbit4 ,h[ d its tracks diff] f ^? ( ! rabbit8 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,:at are ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! squirrel8 #b4 ,to :at k9d ( life is x adapt$8 #c4 ,:at adaptations has ! squirrel to protect x f its enemies8 #d4 ,:at *>act]i/ics make ! squirrel a good pet8 ,:at objections to x8 ,libr>y ,ex]cise on ,rod5ts #a4 ,g5]al *>act]i/ics & examples ( rod5ts4 ,! tee? ( rod5ts4 #b4 ,%[ h[ v>iation 9 habitat dep5ds ^u /ructure among rod5ts by comp>+1 = example1 squirrels1 beav]s1 & wood*ucks4 #c4 ,v>iations 9 ! tails ( rod5ts4 ,:at are ! causes ( ?is v>iation8 #d4 ,pocket goph]s & _! economic relations4 #e4 ,species ( mice4 ,_! habits4 #f4 ,! danc+ m\se4 #g4 ,damage by mice4 ,plagues ( field mice 9 ,nevada4 ,me?od ( ext]m9ation4 #h4 ,habits & k9ds ( rats4 #i4 ,economic importance ( rats4 ,me?ods ( ext]m9ation4 #aj4 ,rats & ! bubonic plague4 #aa4 ,squirrels1 k9ds & habits4 #ab4 ,! economic value ( rabbits4 #ac4 ,! gr\ndhog my?4 ,habits ( wood*ucks4 #ad4 ,! beav]--_! habits & sagacity4 ,me?ods ( trapp+ !m4 #ae4 ,prairie dogs--_! habits & economic importance4 ,h[ ext]m9at$8 #af4 ,:at are porcup9es8 #ag4 ,v>iation 9 ! homes among rod5ts4 ,usual means ( def5se4 #ah4 ,make a li/ ( rod5ts 9 a column1 & 9 ano!r column opposite ea* "n write ! v>i\s ways ! animal is ( economic importance4 ,sum up ) a /atem5t %[+ ! mo/ important ways rod5ts are ( value to man & h>mful to man4 #ai4 ,def5d ! proposition t rod5ts are on ! :ole h>mful animals & %\ld be ext]m9at$4 #bj4 ,h[ "s rod5ts contribute to ! sci5ce ( m$ic9e1 m especially to bact]iology4 ,! ,cat or ,dog--,c>nivora ,mat]ials4 ,liv+ specim5s ( cats or dogs4 ,pictures1 books1 lant]n slides1 etc4 ,supplem5t ! laboratory /udy ) trips to museums & zological g>d5s to obs]ve ! relatives ( ! cat4 ,def9itions4 ,c>nivora4 ,an ord] ( mammals1 *iefly fle%-eat+1 ) claws & well-develop$ can9e tee?4 ,c>nivor\s1 fle%-eat+4 ,h]bivor\s1 plant-eat+4 ,omnivor\s1 eat+ bo? plants & animal food4 ,digitigrade1 walk+ on ! toes4 ,plantigrade1 walk+ on ! soles ( ! feet4 ,vibriss1 long hairs on ! face--:isk]s4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,into :at regions is ! body divid$8 #b4 ,:at is ! %ape ( ! head & ! l5g? ( ! neck8 #c4 ,are ! legs relatively long or %ort8 ,h[ d ! front & h9d legs comp>e 9 l5g?8 ,h[ _m toes on ea* foot8 ,is ! cat digitigrade or plantigrade8 #d4 ,h[ _m pads on ! sole ( ! foot8 ,:at use c y sugge/ = ^! /ructures8 ,:at is ! size & %ape ( ! claws8 ,are !y retractile or nonretractile8 ,= :at purposes may ! claws be us$8 #e4 ,describe ! tail z to l5g? & appe>ance4 ,movem5ts4 #f4 ,:at is ! size & appe>ance ( ! ext]nal e>s8 ,:at movem5t d y notice8 #g4 ,are ! eyes l>ge or small8 ,:at eyelids c y f9d8 ,:at o!r accessory /ructures8 ,:at is ! %ape & direction ( ! pupil8 #h4 ,:at o!r s5sory /ructures d y f9d8 ,:at is _! function8 #i4 ,wat* ! animal eat4 ,does x *ew or flet*]ize its food8 ,:at tee? seem well develop$8 ,is ! movem5t ( ! jaws simply up & d[n1 or is !re a lat]al movem5t z well8 #aj4 ,try to f9d out "s ( ! m5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! animal1 i4e4 is x sluggi% or active8 ,is x al]t8 ,does x %[ curiosity8 fe>8 ,:at evid5ce ( intellig5ce8 ,supplem5t>y /udies4 a4 ,sme> ! feet ( a cat ) ink & all[ x to run on a %eet ( clean pap]4 ,make a diagram to %[ tracks4 ,d ! same 9 case ( a dog4 ,h[ d ^! tracks diff]8 ,:y8 b4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a cat & a dog z to ! mann] ( eat+ a bone8 c4 ,z y see dogs & cats outside d y see any evid5ce 9 ei!r case ( a t5d5cy to ga!r 9 packs 7greg>i\sness78 d4 ,:at diff]5t emotions are express$ by a dog's tail8 a cat's tail8 e4 ,:at s\nds d cats & dogs make8 ,significance8 f4 ,contra/ ! sleep+ habits ( cats & dogs4 g4 ,h[ l>ge is ! litt] 9 case ( dogs & cats8 ,condition ( "y at bir?8 ,h[ long be=e ! eyes ( ! "y are op58 ,c>e ( "y4 ,summ>y4 ,to :at k9d ( life does a cat or dog seem be/ adapt$3 7a7 z to food8 7b7 protection f enemies8 ,c>nivora2 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise ,*>act]i/ics4 #a4 ,! g5]al *>act]s ( c>nivora4 #b4 ,five important families4 ,! *>act]i/ics & examples ( ea* family4 ,morphology & physiology4 #c4 ,! d5tition ( ! cat1 ! dog1 & ! be>4 ,v>iation 9 ! *ew+ tee?4 #d4 ,?ree types ( pair$ app5dages among c>nivora4 ,relation to habitat4 #e4 ,! diff]5ce 9 /ructure & use ( ! po/]ior legs ( ! seal & walrus4 #f4 ,! alim5t>y canal ( a cat & rabbit comp>$4 #g4 ,! tongue ( cats & dogs contra/$ z to /ructure & use4 ,economics4 #h4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 hair & fur4 #i4 ,! fur-be>+ c>nivora4 ,families1 & habitat4 #aj4 ,trapp+4 #aa4 ,game laws & game w>d5s4 ,hunt]s' lic5ses4 #ab4 ,hunt+ big game4 #ac4 ,c>nivora h>mful to man4 #ad4 ,c>nivora useful to man4 #ae4 ,c>nivora z pets4 #af4 ,*ief types or bre$s ( dome/icat$ dogs4 ,*>act]i/ics4 ,special value ( ea*4 #ag4 ,*ief types or bre$s ( dome/icat$ cats4 #ah4 ,dogs z burd5 be>]s4 ,natural ,hi/ory4 #ai4 ,di/ribution & range ( c>nivora4 ,c>nivora ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #bj4 ,w9t] habits among c>nivora4 #ba4 ,food ( c>nivora4 ,v>i\s me?ods ( obta9+ x4 #bb4 ,! hunt+ habits ( ! dog & cat family4 #bc4 ,! habits & di/ribution ( ! raccoons4 #bd4 ,! color s*emes ( ! m important families ( ! c>nivora4 #be4 ,seasonal v>iation 9 color4 #bf4 ,di/ribution & habits ( ! f]rets & weasels4 #bg4 ,h[ c>nivora protect !mselves f enemies4 ,:i* c>nivora h be5 mo/ successful 9 resi/+ man's advance8 #bh4 ,peculi> & int]e/+ c>nivora to be se5 9 museums & zological g>d5s4 #bi4 ,orig9 ( ! dome/ic dog4 #cj4 ,intellig5ce ( dogs4 #ca4 ,fox-hunt+4 #cb4 ,coyotes & _! relation to /ock rais+1 etc4 ,! ,ungulates ,mat]ials4 ,pictures1 *>ts1 lant]n slides1 & books %[+ c[1 %eep1 hog1 goat1 horse1 etc4 ,diagram ( skeleton4 ,directions4 ,s9ce x is impossible to h liv+ ungulates 9 ! laboratory1 ?is /udy %\ld be supplem5t$ by trips to a museum & to a zological g>d54 ,obs]ve also su* ho($ animals z may be common 9 y\r neighborhood4 ,use y\r cam]a & make snap%ots1 %[+ *>act]i/ic attitudes ( ^! animals4 ,def9itions4 ,ungulates1 an ord] ( mammals *>act]iz$ by ! possession ( ho(s4 ,rum9ant1 a division ( ungulates1 :i* *ew ! cud4 ,p]issodactyl1 a division ( ungulates ) an odd numb] ( toes4 ,artiodactyl1 a division ( ungulates ) an ev5 numb] ( toes4 ,c>nivor\s1 fle%-eat+4 ,h]bivor\s1 plant-eat+4 ,omnivor\s1 eat+ bo? plant & animal food4 ,obs]vations 9 ! laboratory4 ,note4--,answ] ! foll[+ que/ions = "o or m ( ! foll[+3 ,! c[1 %eep1 goat1 hog1 & horse4 ,if desir$1 ! que/ions may be answ]$ 9 ! =m ( a table4 #a4 ,:at is ! relative l5g? ( ! neck8 ,:at is its direction ) ref]5ce to ! body8 ,( :at importance is ?is l5g? & direction8 #b4 ,:at is ! l5g? & appe>ance ( ! tail8 ,:at is its use8 #c4 ,:at is ! relative l5g? ( ! legs8 ,locate ! heel1 knee1 & elb[4 7,ref]5ce %\ld be made to a diagram ( a skeleton47 ,:5 ! leg is long1 9 :i* bone is ?is l5g!n+ accompli%$ 7comp>$ ) human skeleton78 #d4 ,h[ _m toes on ea* foot8 ,is ! animal an artiodactyl or a p]issodactyl8 ,is x plantigrade or digitigrade8 #e4 ,:at is ! relative size & position ( ! e>s 7ext]nal e>78 #f4 ,:at is ! relative size & position ( ! eyes8 no/rils8 #g4 ,are horns ( any k9d pres5t8 ,if s1 note ! size1 %ape1 & direction4 ,are !y pres5t 9 bo? sexes8 ,if n1 9 :i* "o8 ,if 9 bo?1 note any diff]5ces di/+ui%+ ! sexes4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,head1 side view4 b4 ,entire animal1 side view4 ,obs]vations 9 ! field or at home4 #a4 ,note h[ ! animal uses its lips1 tongue1 & tee? 9 fe$+4 ,is x a rum9ant8 #b4 ,9 :at ord] does ! animal use its feet8 ,look up ! def9ition ( walk1 run1 gallop1 cant]1 trot1 lope1 s+le foot1 pace4 ,:i* ( ^! =ms ( locomotion are optional ) ! animal8 #c4 ,describe ! process :5 ! animal lies d[n & gets up4 #d4 ,describe ! cov]+ ( ! animal1 not+ its l5g?1 f95ess1 etc4 ,:at v>iations 9 diff]5t regions ( ! body8 #e4 ,is ! animal al]t or sluggi%8 ,^u :at s5ses does x mo/ dep5d8 ,:at m5tal *>act]i/ics are mo/ m>k$1 e4g4 curiosity1 fe>1 suspicion4 #f4 ,note any movem5ts ( ! e>4 ,:at is ga9$ by ^! movem5ts8 #g4 ,:at is ! position ( ! eye8 ,:at is ! %ape & direction ( ! pupil8 ,reason8 #h4 ,:at means has ! animal = gett+ away f its enemies4 ,obs]vations bas$ ^u museum trip or natural hi/ory4 #a4 ,id5tify z _m ungulates z y c2 = example1 buffalo1 musk ox1 big-horn %eep1 ,rocky ,m\nta9 goat1 *amois1 antelope1 giraffe1 r$ de]1 elk1 moose1 re9de]1 wild bo>1 pecc>y1 rh9oc]os1 zebra1 hippopotamus4 #b4 ,answ] ! foll[+ que/ions ab\t ea*3-- a4 ,:at is ! family1 sci5tific "n8 b4 ,:at is ! size ( ! animal8 ! relative l5g? ( ! h9d & =e legs8 ! relative l5g? ( ! neck8 c4 ,:at is ! nature ( ! cov]+ ( ! animal8 d4 ,are any horns develop$8 ,if pres5t1 :at is _! size1 %ape1 direction1 & appe>ance8 e4 ,:at is ! habitat ( ! animal8 its di/ribution & social life8 ,summ>y4 ,9 a %ort !sis summ>ize ! facts y h f\nd out ab\t ungulates1 us+ ! foll[+ outl9e3-- #a4 ,:y call$ ungulates8 ,v>iation 9 numb] ( toes4 #b4 ,g5]al fact ab\t ! food ( ungulates4 ,! two divisions4 #c4 ,! g5]al adaptations = protection4 #d4 ,! social life ( ! ungulates4 #e4 ,! native ungulates ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 #f4 ,comm]cial uses & value4 ,ungulates3 ,review & ,libr>y ,ex]cise ,*>act]i/ics4 #a4 ,classification ( ungulates bas$ ^u numb] ( toes1 k9d ( horns1 *ew+ ! cud1 etc4 ,"s ( ! m important families ) examples4 ,morphology & physiology4 #b4 ,! v>iation 9 ! numb] & k9ds ( tee?4 ,! d5tition 7or d5tal =mula7 ( horse & c[4 #c4 ,! v>i\s types ( horns4 ,%$d+ ( horns & sexual v>iation4 #d4 ,! /ructure & function ( ! /oma* ( a rum9ant4 ,mean+ ( ! cud-*ew+ habit4 #e4 ,! /ructure ( ! /oma* ( a camel4 ,economics4 #f4 ,ungulates :i* h be5 dome/icat$4 #g4 ,bre$s ( cattle--_! di/+ui%+ m>ks & valuable po9ts4 #h4 ,bre$s ( horses--_! di/+ui%+ m>ks & valuable po9ts4 #i4 ,bre$s ( %eep--_! di/+ui%+ m>ks & valuable po9ts4 #aj4 ,bre$s ( hogs--_! di/+ui%+ m>ks & valuable po9ts4 #aa4 ,angora goats4 #ab4 ,! mak+ ( butt] & *eese4 ,k9ds ( *eese4 ,sub/itutes = butt]4 #ac4 ,! pack+ indu/ry4 ,ungulates useful z food4 #ad4 ,! v>i\s me?ods ( pres]v+ meat4 #ae4 ,cattle ran*es & r\nd-ups4 ,free cattle 9 w9t]4 #af4 ,cattle rais+ 9 y\r /ate2 9 o!r c\ntries4 #ag4 ,transportation ( cattle4 ,/ock c>s1 c>e & fe$+4 #ah4 ,useful products d]iv$ f ungulates4 #ai4 ,tann+4 ,v>ieties & use ( lea!r4 #bj4 ,diagrams %[+ *ief cuts ( meats4 #ba4 ,%eep husb&ry4 ,%e>+4 #bb4 ,ungulates z bea/s ( burd54 ,advantages & disadvantages4 #bc4 ,gov]nm5t inspection--qu>ant9e4 ,natural ,hi/ory4 #bd4 ,geographical di/ribution ( ungulates4 ,habitat & range4 #be4 ,native ungulates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 #bf4 ,h[1 :51 & by :om cattle & horses 7 introduc$ into ,am]ica4 #bg4 ,! geological hi/ory ( ! horse4 #bh4 ,! /ory ( ! buffalo4 #bi4 ,de] hunt+4 #cj4 ,me?ods ( protection f enemies among ungulates4 #ca4 ,bre$+ habits & c>e ( "y 9 case ( ungulates4 #cb4 ,intellig5ce 9 ! case ( horses4 #cc4 ,/range & peculi> ungulates to be se5 9 museums & zological g>d5s4 ,! ,horse ,! pupil is expect$ to /udy c>efully ! acc\nt ( ,eohippus or ,hyraco!rium 9 8 text or any o!r available ref]5ce book1 & to supplem5t t "w & ?is brief sket* ) orig9al obs]vations ^u horses on ! /reet1 at a local /ore1 or :]ev] possible or conv5i5t4 ,f ! e>ly horses :i* migrat$ f ,nor? ,am]ica !re arose 9 ,asia & ,africa ! ass1 fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( e>ly civilization & /ill us$ 9 "s localities z bea/s ( burd5 or = ! bre$+ ( mules1 :i* are ! crosses betwe5 ass & horse4 ,!re also arose ! zebra & ! mo/ primitive ( mod]n horses1 ,przewalskii's horse1 a wild pony ( we/]n ,*9a1 ab\t =ty in*es high & almo/ id5tical ) ! draw+s ( ! horse made by e>ly man1 #cj1jjj ye>s ago4 ,d\btless ! mod]n ponies ( ,irel&1 ,icel&1 & ,%etl& are desc5dants ( ! orig9al ,przewalskii type & n1 z is (t5 claim$1 true horses /unt$ by rigors ( climate & scant f>e4 ,! horse is *>act]iz$ l>gely by ! pres5ce ( a lock ( hair betwe5 ! e>s1 a full mane & tail1 small e>s1 l>ge ho(s1 & peculi> neigh4 ,! ass has no =elock1 a scanty mane & tail1 long e>s1 small ho(s1 & a di/9ct bray4 ,by means ( v>i\s crusades & raids1 ! mod]n horse 0 introduc$ into ,europe f ,asia1 :]e x is cle>ly trac$ 9 hi/ory to ! reign ( ,k+ ,solomon4 ,"h1 9 ,europe1 because ( local conditions & dem&s1 x assum$ diff]+ type =ms4 ,! road/] type is close/ to ! ,arabian 9 "*4 ,! draft or heavy type 0 br$ 9 we/]n ,europe :5 heavy armor came into use = rid] & horse1 & ! coa* or c>riage type 0 develop$ :5 armor 0 ab&on$ = gunp[d]4 ,f9ally explor]s & coloni/s br\ght ! horse back to ,am]ica1 its orig9al home4 ,! v>i\s types & v>ieties may be briefly describ$4 ,a4 ,! draft type has %ort legs1 %ort neck1 l>ge r\nd body1 & ranges 9 weight f #adjj p\nds to #bjjj p\nds4 ,v>ieties3-- #a4 ,p]*]on3 g5]ally ab\t #agjj p\nds 9 weight1 #af h&s 7#fd in*es7 high1 gray or black1 blocky body1 /eep rump1 clean legs1 & quick action4 #b4 ,%ire3 g5]ally ab\t #ahjj p\nds 9 weight1 #ag h&s high1 bay or br[n1 :ite m>k$ feet & face1 hairy legs & feet1 & sl[ action4 #c4 ,belgian3 g5]ally ab\t #ahjj p\nds 9 weight1 #af h&s high1 *e/nut or roan 9 color1 compact body1 %ort1 /eep rump1 & small feet4 ,b4 ,! coa* or c>riage type has legs & neck ( m$ium l5g?1 a body full-*e/$ b n blocky1 & a weight v>y+ f #aaej p\nds to #adjj p\nds4 ,v>ieties3-- #a4 ,hackney3 g5]ally ( full1 broad1 p[]ful body1 %ort legs & back1 high action & high c>riage ( neck & head1 bay or *e/nut 9 color1 #ae h&s high1 & #adjj p\nds 9 weight4 #b4 ,coa*3 g5]ally light] ?an ! ,hackney1 ) long] legs & long /ride2 height1 #af h&s2 weight1 #acjj p\nds4 #c4 ,clevel& bay3 av]ag+ #af-a_/b h&s 9 height1 #acej p\nds 9 weight1 high1 broad hips1 /rong action1 & bay color4 ,c4 ,! road/] type is long & lean ( limb & body1 & av]ages ab\t #aajj p\nds 9 weight4 ,v>ieties3-- #a4 ,?or\ghbr$3 ( small head1 long neck1 level back1 ( v>iable color1 #ad-a_/b--af-a_/b h&s high1 ab\t #ajjj p\nds 9 weight4 #b4 ,am]ican saddle3 an ,am]ican production2 n a di/9ct bre$1 b a road/] ( high quality4 #c4 ,am]ican trott]3 a sup]ior type ( good spe$4 ,! (f =efoot & ! nigh h9d foot act toge!r1 ! nigh =e & ! (f h9d feet toge!r1 giv+ a two-beat gait4 #d4 ,pac]3 simil> to ! trott]1 b us+ bo? (f feet & bo? nigh feet toge!r1 giv+ a sw++ gait4 ,! horse is v simil> to man 9 its physical & m5tal "*1 be+ subject to ! same ailm5ts & treatm5t & hav+ ! same impulses ( affection1 hatr$1 fe>1 jeal\sy1 ob$i5ce1 willfulness1 memory1 & p]haps reason4 ,x is ( all animals mo/ c>eful 9 its eat+ & dr9k+2 because its /oma* is small1 ! food %\ld n be bulky b conc5trat$1 gra9 =m+ a goodly portion ( ! ration4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important po9t 9 ! /ructure ( ! horse is ! =m ( ! leg & foot4 ,! %\ld] %\ld slope slightly backw>d & ! pa/]n jo9t1 imm$iately above ! ho(1 slightly backw>d4 ,! hips1 or qu>t]s1 %\ld slope d[nw>d some:at1 & ! hock %\ld be comp>atively wide to af=d ample lev]age = ! pull+ muscles4 ,! legs %\ld be /raight z pill>s :5 se5 f front or re>4 ,! out] walls ( ! ho( support mo/ ( ! weight ?\gh ! frog %\ld normally t\* ! gr\nd4 ,9 nature ! ho( we>s away prop]ly ( itself1 b ! %od ho( ne$s regul> trimm+ att5tion1 :ile ! frog mu/ n be trimm$1 = x is ! s(t gr[+ "p t n\ri%es ! ho(4 ,9 ?is treatm5t ! foot is comp>able ) ! human f+] & f+] nail4 ,obs]vations4 ,if access to a liv+ animal is impossible or inconv5i5t1 ! pupil may use ref]5ce book or pictures = mo/ ( ^! po9ts4 ,a measur+ tape or rul] %\ld be at h&1 & ! assi/ance ( an exp]i5c$ p]son is a valuable aid4 ,if sev]al horses are /udi$1 !y %\ld be di/+ui%$ by "n or numb]4 ,record ! color1 condition1 weight1 & height ( ! horse at ! %\ld]4 7,height is giv5 9 h&s1 a h& be+ ! bread? ( ! palm1 or #d in*es47 ,note ! slope ( ! %\ld]1 ( ! back & ! hips1 ! g5]al =m ( ! head & neck1 & ! facial expression4 ,f9d ! *e/nuts1 w>ty gr[?s on ! inside ( ea* leg4 ,exam9e ! foot1 f9d+ ! ,v-%ap$ frog 9 ! c5t]1 surr\nd$ by ! horny ho(4 ,f9d ! pulse by pass+ ! f+]s d[nw>d f ! upp] curve ( ! neck1 along ! inside ( ! jaw2 c\nt ! pulse4 ,notice ! position & motion ( ! e>s ) _! l9+ ( hair1 & ! position ( ! eyes1 ! =m ( ! pupil1 & ! probable range ( vision4 ,wat* ! horse use its lips1 & exam9e ! m\? & tee?1 f9d+ ! gr9d+ tee? f> back 9 ! m\?1 ! incisors 9 front1 & ! space :]e ! can9es are miss+4 ,! male may h can9es 9 ! upp] jaw4 ,on ! surfaces ( ! incisors are ! depressions1 or cups1 by means ( :i* age is det]m9$4 ,at six ye>s ! cups leave ! l[] c5t] tee?2 at sev5 ! adjo9+ tee?2 & at eight1 ! out] l[] tee?4 ,at n9e ye>s !y leave ! upp] c5t] incisors2 at t51 ! adjo9+ tee?2 & at elev51 ! out] tee? above4 ,at ! age ( t5 ye>s a spot appe>s 9 ! out] upp] incisors1 at fifte5 ye>s ! groove has worn to ! c5t] ( ! too?1 & at tw5ty-"o ye>s ! groove is worn to ! bottom ( ! too?4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,describe ! horse y /udi$ z to its "n or numb]1 its color1 m>k+s1 weight1 & size4 ,( :at type & bre$ is x a specim58 #b4 ,^u h[ mu* ( ! foot does ! horse walk8 ,h[ does ?is affect ease or spe$ ( action8 ,h[ does an a?lete imitate ?is 9 spr9t+8 #c4 ,h[ _m toes has ea* foot8 ,:at advantage or disadvantage c y see 9 ?is unusual /ructure8 #d4 ,h[ is ! ho( con/ruct$ to di/ribute ! weight ov] a surface broad] ?an ! leg8 ,h[ g5]al is ?is among t]re/rial animals8 #e4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce 9 ! position ( ! *e/nuts ( ! =e & h9d legs8 #f4 ,:]e 9 ! =eleg is a spr+9ess p]mitt$ by curvature8 ,:]e does ! back leg accompli% ! same ?+8 #g4 ,h[ d y acc\nt = ! elongat+ ( ! face8 #h4 ,expla9 ! uses ( ! lips1 tell+ h[ !y are fitt$ = _! "w4 #i4 ,tell :]e ! bit lies 9 ! horse's m\?1 & h[ ! /ructure p]mits ?is4 #aj4 ,:]e are ! e>s situat$8 ,h[ does ?is peculi> position affect ! range ( he>+ & g5]al al]tness8 ,( h[ mu* movem5t are !y capable8 ,describe ! l9+ ( ! e>1 & /ate its use4 #aa4 ,:at is ! rate ( ! pulse8 #ab4 ,measure ! height at %\ld] & at cr\p1 l5g? ( body f )]s to rump1 ( head1 ( neck2 ?ickness ( body f ! %\ld] to ! *e/ & ( di/ance ( *e/ f gr\nd4 ,po9t out any equalities or ratios y f9d4 ,topics = inve/igation4 #a4 ,! mean+ ( ! t]ms gee1 haw1 nigh1 (f1 run1 gallop1 trot1 pace1 s+le foot1 rack4 #b4 ,! location1 cause1 & effect ( ^! tr\bles3 heaves1 bl9d /agg]s1 knee sprung1 %oe boil1 quitt]1 r+ bone1 spav91 capp$ hock1 flat foot1 ho( b\nd1 gl&]s1 mange1 swe5y1 hide b\nd1 & ?ru%4 #c4 ,! record "t = a trott$ & a pac$ mile4 #d4 ,! mean+ ( "o horse p[]4 ,h[ mu* a horse c pull on good roads4 #e4 ,record prices = valuable horses4 #f4 ,curr5t prices = horses2 = ponies2 = mules4 #g4 ,! orig9 & ! use ( ! mule4 #h4 ,balanc$ rations4 #i4 ,! numb] & c>e ( ! "y1 & _! relative developm5t at bir?4 #aj4 ,o!r animals us$ z bea/s ( burd5 9 peculi> conditions or localities4 ,homology ( ! ,v]tebrate ,skeleton ,mat]ials4 ,prep>$ skeletons ( an amphibian1 a reptile1 a bird1 ano!r mammal1 & man4 ,if any ( ^! be lack+1 lant]n-slide illu/rations may be us$ 9 a p>tially d>k5$ room4 ,obs]vations4 ,hav+ /udi$ ! frog's skeleton 9 detail1 ! /ud5t c readily comp>e ea* ( ^! types ) x4 ,comp>e 9 a v g5]al way ! skulls1 ! girdles1 & ! limbs2 _! =m & use4 ,note v>iations 9 ! =m & numb] ( ! v]tebr & ! numb] ( ! ribs4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,9 :i* types ( v]tebrates are ! jo9ts betwe5 ! skull bones b\nd ) c>tilage8 ,h[ does ! jo9+ *ange 9 lat] types8 #b4 ,:at dissimil>ities occur 9 ! s]ies z reg>ds closure or box+ 9 ( ! eye orbits1 no/rils1 & skull bones8 ,h[ w\ld ^! *anges 9 jo9+ & closure affect /r5g?1 rigidity1 & protection8 #c4 ,:at evid5ce is !re t su* improvem5t has affect$ bra9 capacity & intellig5ce8 #d4 ,/ate h[ ! atta*m5t ( ! skull to ! v]tebral column *anges z ! animal man assumes an erect position4 #e4 ,are ! v]tebr ( ^! types alike 9 /ructure8 ,:at is ! g5]al =m ( an horizontally plac$ v]tebra1 z 9 ! horse or a reptile1 & ( a v]tically plac$ "o1 z 9 man8 ,if y see any diff]5ces1 acc\nt = !m4 #f4 ,:]ev] possible1 f9d ! v]tebr ( ! neck 7c]vical71 & note ! numb] ( !m 9 ea* case4 #g4 ,h[ is flexibility ( ! column accompli%$ 9 c]ta9 types or 9 c]ta9 places ( "o type8 ,h[ is rigidity ga9$8 ,/ate in/ances 9 ea* answ]4 #h4 ,exam9+ ! int]ior ( ! turtle's %ell1 f9d out & expla9 h[ ! v]tebr h be5 modifi$ to =m ! upp] %ell4 ,h[ has ! "u portion 7pla/ron7 be5 =m$8 #i4 ,9 r\nd numb]s1 :i* skeleton has ! greate/ numb] ( v]tebr & :i* ! lea/8 #aj4 ,:i* skeleton has ! greate/ numb] ( ribs1 & :i* has ! lea/8 #aa4 ,9 a summ>iz+ /atem5t expla9 any v>iations y f9d 9 ! pectoral & pelvic girdle = /r5g? 7rigidity72 flexibility4 ,?is answ] may be writt5 z a table1 nam+ ! bones1 opposite ea* /at+ its condition1 & !n :at x af=ds or is adapt$ to4 #ab4 ,:at is accompli%$ by hav+ two bones 9 ! %ank ( ! leg8 ,9 :at types or =ms is !re b "o1 & :i* "o is x8 #ac4 ,c y assign any advantages 9 p[]1 agility1 l5g? ( leg1 or position ( leg & foot accru+ f a long ankle8 7,see horse1 frog1 et al47 #ad4 ,enum]ate ! types or =ms1 & opposite ea* /ate ! numb] ( f+]s & toes4 #ae4 ,make a table1 head+ "o column ,=m or type2 ano!r1 ,habitat2 & a ?ird1 ,habit4 ,judg+ f ! /ructure :i* y see or f y\r previ\s k or exp]i5ce1 fill 9 ! table1 /at+ :e!r ! type is aquatic1 t]re/rial1 or arial2 :e!r x burr[s1 walks1 runs1 or climbs1 etc4 #af4 ,f y\r /atem5ts 9 #ae1 expla9 h[ ! peculi> mode ( life affects ! /ructure ( ^! types4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,adaptations ,,= ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,species ,a4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,reproduction #a4 ,! ,simple or ,asexual ,me?od ( ,reproduction ,mat]ials4 ,slides or diagrams1 %[+ a divid+ amoeba1 a divid+ p>amecium1 a divid+ vorticella1 reproduction 9 "s =m ( sporozoa1 budd+ hydra1 gemmules ( spongilla1 & "s species ( worm z ,d]o or ,n]eis 9 ! process ( divid+4 ,def9itions4 ,spore1 a cell capable ( develop+ into a new organism4 ,asexual reproduction1 reproduction by division ( ! cell or body4 ,sexual reproduction1 reproduction by means ( ! conjugation ( two reproductive cells kn[n z ! egg & sp]m cells4 ,f]tilization1 ! fusion ( ! male or sp]m cell ) ! egg or female cell4 ,ov>y1 an organ produc+ eggs4 ,sp]m>y1 an organ produc+ sp]m cells4 ,cross f]tilization1 f]tilization 9 :i* ! sp]m & egg cells are produc$ by diff]5t individuals4 ,dioeci\s1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( reproductive organs f\nd 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,monoeci\s1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( reproductive organs f\nd 9 ! same individual4 ,directions4 ,note4--,ref] to y\r notes1 if ! animals m5tion$ 9 ^! ex]cises h be5 already /udi$4 ,?is ex]cise may be l>gely review4 ,/udy ! me?ods ( reproduction 9 ! specim5s or diagrams be=e y4 ,det]m9e fir/1 9 :at respects ! me?ods ( reproduction are simil> 9 all2 second1 9 :at respects !re is a v>iation4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,:at has an amoeba ga9$ by divid+8 ,:at p[]s has ea* new cell t ! orig9al amoeba _h lo/8 ,:at w\ld h be5 ! fate ( ! amoeba if x _h n divid$ into new cells8 #b4 ,:at v>i\s =ms ( cell division did y f9d8 #c4 ,:at is ! simple/ me?od ( reproduction8 #b4 ,! ,complex or ,sexual ,me?od ( ,reproduction ,mat]ials4 ,slides or diagrams %[+ hydra & sponge reproduc+ sexually4 ,conjugat+ p>amecia1 f]tiliz$ & unf]tiliz$ />fi% eggs4 ,directions4 ,id5tify ! reproductive organs or gonads ( ! hydra4 ,^! are slight swell+s on ! surface4 ,! "o ne>] to ! m\? end is ! sp]m>y & t ne> ! atta*$ end is ! ov>y4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,h[ is an egg cell produc$ 9 hydra8 ,9 g5]al h[ d ! reproductive cells ( sponges & hydra orig9ate8 #b4 ,:at is ga9$ by limit+ ! process ( reproduction to special cells8 #c4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! nucleus ( ! f]tiliz$ & ! unf]tiliz$ egg8 #d4 ,:at is ! advantage ( cross f]tilization8 ,h[ accompli%$ 9 ,hydra8 ,:at reason c y sugge/ = ! sp]m>y's position8 #e4 ,describe ! conjugation ( a p>amecium4 #f4 ,describe ! process ( maturation & f]tilization 9 a />fi% egg4 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,div+ ,amoeba or ,p>amecium4 b4 ,budd+ ,hydra4 c4 ,hydra %[+ gonads4 d4 ,/>fi% egg--f]tiliz$ & unf]tiliz$4 ,summ>y ( important po9ts 9 ! /udy ( me?ods ( reproduction3-- #a4 ,:at are ! two pr9cipal me?ods ( reproduction8 ,h[ d !y diff]8 #b4 ,:y is reproduction necess>y8 ,b4 ,,developm5t #a4 ,! ,h5's ,egg ,mat]ials4 ,h5's eggs1 hydro*loric acid4 ,def9itions4 ,g]m spot1 a :ite spot1 imb$d$ 9 ! yolk4 ,?is is ! po9t at :i* developm5t beg9s4 ,yolk1 ! yell[ portion ( a bird's egg4 ,?is is a food mat]ial1 ri* 9 fat4 ,album51 ! :ite1 visc\s portion ( a bird's egg4 ,*alaza1 ! spiral portion ( album5 always se5 9 ! bird's egg4 ,directions4 ,boil an egg at lea/ t5 m9utes 9 wat] deep en\gh to cov] x4 ,note :i* side is upp]mo/ & m>k ?is "p ( ! %ell = ref]5ce4 ,remove ! egg & pick away ! %ell f ab\t half ! egg1 leav+ ! %ell on t portion :i* 0 und]nea? :5 plac$ 9 wat]4 ,) a %>p knife remove ?is half ( ! egg4 ,note ! ?ickness ( ! %ell4 ,te/ its composition 7use hydro*loric acid74 ,f9d ! membrane l9+ ! %ell & note t at "o end x sep>ates into two p>ts to inclose an air space4 #a4 ,:at is ?is =8 ,h[ does x *ange aft] an egg has be5 incubat$ = a week or m8 ,break an uncook$ egg 9 a sauc]4 ,note ! g]m spot4 ,note also ! diff]5ce 9 ! consi/5cy ( ! :ite 7album57 & yell[ portion 7yolk74 #b4 ,:y does ! latt] reta9 its %ape8 #c4 ,:y d ! :ite & yolk n mix unless %ak5 or beat5 toge!r8 #d4 ,look = ! *alaza4 #e4 ,:at d y ?9k is ! use ( ?is /ructure8 ,weigh a fre% egg1 place x 9 a dry atmosph]e = a week1 & weigh x aga94 ,record result4 ,:y may eggs be kept a long "t p]fectly fre% if coat$ ) p>aff9 or if put 9 wat] glass8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,! egg z x appe>s 9 ! sauc]4 b4 ,! egg aft] "p ( ! %ell has be5 remov$4 #b4 ,e>ly ,embryonic ,developm5t ( an ,egg ,mat]ials4 ,slides or diagrams1 %[+ v>i\s /ages 9 ! developm5t ( "s animal ?r\gh ! ga/rula /age4 ,def9itions4 ,cleavage /ages1 two1 f\r1 eight1 sixte5 cells1 etc41 aris+ by repeat$ division1 />t+ ) ! egg4 ,bla/ula1 a holl[ sph]e1 ! wall ( :i* is compos$ ( a s+le lay] ( cells4 ,ga/rula1 a /age =m$ f ! bla/ula by pu%+ 9 "o side ( ! latt]1 s z to =m a m or less cup-%ape /ructure4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,is !re any consid]able diff]5ce betwe5 ! size ( ! egg & ! size ( ! bla/ula & ga/rula8 ,has developm5t tak5 place by an increase ( size or by an increase ( complexity8 #b4 ,contra/ ! bla/ula & ga/rula z to numb] ( cavities1 numb] ( cell lay]s1 numb] ( ext]nal op5+s4 #c4 ,sugge/ protozoans t resemble ! egg & bla/ula respectively4 ,:at inv]tebrates resemble ! ga/rula 9 body plan8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,"s ( ! cleavage /ages4 b4 ,a bla/ula4 c4 ,a ga/rula4 #c4 ,po/embryonic ,developm5t or ,metamorphosis ( a ,mosquito ,mat]ials4 ,"s specim5s ( ! l>v & pup ( ! mosquito1 ord9>ily kn[n z wriggl]s4 ,ei!r specim5s or diagrams ( egg packets %\ld also be provid$4 ,m\nt$ specim5s ( adult ( bo? sexes4 ,def9itions4 ,po/embryonic developm5t1 ! *anges tak+ place 9 ! developm5t ( an animal aft] bir? or hat*+4 ,l>va1 ! active fe$+ /age4 ,x is ! fir/ /age 9 po/embryonic developm5t1 & foll[s ! ga/rula /age4 ,pupa1 usually a re/+ or quiesc5t /age4 ,x is ! /age foll[+ ! l>va /age4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,describe ! appe>ance ( ! egg packet bo? z se5 ) ! unaid$ eye & ) a h& l5s4 ,f9d ! trapdoor4 #b4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! appe>ance ( ! l>va & ! pupa8 ,h[ d _! re/+ positions diff]8 #c4 ,:at does ! l>va d :5 di/urb$8 ,describe any *>act]i/ic motions t y notice4 #d4 ,contra/ ! pupa ) ! l>va "u ! same conditions & note any diff]5ces4 #e4 ,:]e d y ?9k ! ext]nal op5+s ( ! respiratory organs ( ! l>va & ^? ( ! pupa are locat$8 ,give reasons = y\r answ]4 #f4 ,into :at does ! pupa *ange8 ,:]e mu/ ! pupa be at ?is "t8 ,is x easi] = ! pupa to /ay at ! surface or at ! bottom8 #g4 ,exam9e an adult mosquito4 ,/ate ! k9d ( m\? p>ts1 ! numb] & appe>ance ( ! w+s1 ! appe>ance ( ! ant5n4 ,h[ does ! male & female diff] 9 ?is respect8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,a diagrammatic draw+ repres5t+ ! j> ( wat] & %[+ ! v>i\s positions assum$ by ! wriggl]s4 b4 ,c>eful draw+s ( ea* /age4 #d4 ,po/embryonic ,developm5t or ,metamorphosis ( a ,butt]fly or ,mo? ,mat]ials4 ,! eggs1 cat]pill>s1 pup1 cocoons1 & adult ( "s mo? or simil> /ages ( a butt]fly4 ,def9itions4 ,prolegs1 %ort1 unsegm5t$ app5dages f\nd 9 ! l>va4 ,cat]pill>1 ! l>va ( a mo? or butt]fly4 ,spiracles1 op5+s into ! tra* or brea?+ tubes4 ,tub]cles1 knob-l projections4 ,*rysalis1 ! pupa /age ( a butt]fly4 ,cocoons1 ! cov]+ spun by ! l>va be=e *ang+ to ! pupa4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,/ate ! color & appe>ance ( ! l>va4 ,if tub]cles or sp9es are pres5t1 /ate :]e4 ,:]e are ! spiracles8 ,h[ d y di/+ui% ! head1 ?orax1 & abdom5 9 ! case ( ! cat]pill>8 #b4 ,:at k9d ( m\? p>ts has ! cat]pill>8 #c4 ,h[ _m prolegs has ! cat]pill>8 ,( :at use are !y8 ,h[ does ! numb] ( prolegs diff] f t ( ! cat]pill> 9 ! case ( ! grub8 maggot8 currant worm8 #d4 ,:at is ! advantage ( ! cocoon8 ,:at is its color1 appe>ance1 & mat]ial8 ,is x compos$ ( a t\gh sub/ance1 or is x easily torn8 ,:]e are cocoons f\nd out ( doors8 ,:]e w\ld y look = *rysalids8 7,expla9 diff]5ces 9 locations47 ,describe ! cocoons ( tussock mo?1 clo!s mo?1 leaf roll]4 #e4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ,cecropia cocoon :i* conta9s a liv+ pupa & "o t has be5 p>asitiz$8 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( a p>asitiz$ cat]pill>8 #f4 ,:at rudim5t>y /ructures c y id5tify 9 ! pupa8 ,:at k9d ( m\? p>ts has ?is /age8 #g4 ,:i* ( ^! /ages is ! active /age8 ,:i* /age is quiesc5t8 ,:at is really go+ on 9 ! quiesc5t /age8 ,9 :i* /age does ! insect gr[8 fe$8 ,if ! insect 7 h>mful1 9 :i* /age w\ld x d ! damage8 ,h[8 #h4 ,describe :at occurs :5 ! pupa *anges into ! adult4 ,:at is ! appe>ance ( ! w+s 9 ! beg9n+8 ,:at *anges take place8 #i4 ,:at k9d ( m\? p>ts has ! adult8 ,describe4 #aj4 ,describe ! ant5n4 ,h[ d ! ant5n ( mo?s & butt]flies v>y8 #aa4 ,:at is ! size & appe>ance ( ! eggs8 ,are !y laid s+ly or 9 gr\ps8 ,sugge/$ draw+s4 a4 ,a cat]pill>1 side view4 b4 ,a pupa1 v5tral view4 c4 ,an adult1 dorsal view4 d4 ,a few eggs4 #e4 ,developm5t ( ! ,*ick ,mat]ials4 ,an incubator1 a brood]1 a sett+ ( eggs4 ,directions4 ,read c>efully ! directions = sett+ up & regulat+ ! incubator4 ,rememb] t ! temp]ature %\ld av]age #ajc degrees & %\ld n v>y m ?an two or ?ree degrees above or bel[ ?is4 ,c&le ! eggs f "t to "t & note diff]5ce 9 appe>ance1 z developm5t proce$s1 especially z to transp>5cy & size ( ! air space4 ,an egg t is transp>5t aft] t5 days is probably inf]tile & %\ld be remov$4 ,eggs :i* are develop+ prop]ly w %[ f ?is "t on a well develop$ air space1 & w be q opaque4 ,! ve9s (t5 give a spid]-web appe>ance4 ,twice ea* day remove ! tray ( eggs & all[ to cool slightly4 ,once a day ! eggs %\ld be turn$ be=e ! tray is return$ to ! incubator4 ,que/ions4 #a4 ,describe ! appe>ance ( ! %ell :5 ! *ick is ab\t to come out4 ,9 ab\t h[ _m days aft] y put ! eggs 9 ! incubator did y fir/ note ?is *ange8 ,y %\ld wat* ! incubator c>efully f ! eighte5? day on4 #b4 ,:at proportion ( ! eggs hat*$8 ,:at reasons c y sugge/ = ! failure ( "s to hat*8 ,did any :i* 7 pipp$ fail to hat*8 ,if s1 break !m op5 & see if y c discov] ! tr\ble4 #c4 ,h[ does ! *ick get out ( ! %ell8 ,h[ long does x take = x to get out aft] ! %ell is *ipp$8 ,h[ does a *ick look z soon z x has come out ( ! %ell8 #d4 ,) :at is a *ick cov]$ :5 x is fir/ hat*$8 ,h[ long be=e fea!rs beg9 to develop8 #e4 ,h[ long be=e a *ick ne$s food8 ,h[ does x recognize x8 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,:at are ! two k9ds ( developm5t8 #b4 ,:at are ! /ages 9 embryonic developm5t8 #c4 ,:at two g5]al types ( po/embryonic developm5t z det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( ! food suppli$ 9 ! egg8 ,c4 ,,protection ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,"y ,libr>y ,ex]cise ,mat]ials4 ,books & diagrams %[+ z _m me?ods = ! c>e ( "y z possible4 ,obs]vations4 #a4 ,to :at ext5t is c>e giv5 to ! eggs & "y 9 ! case ( fi%8 ,is ! numb] ( eggs l>ge or small8 ,contra/ ?is condition ) t ( ! rob94 ,:at g5]al conclusion is sugge/$8 #b4 ,describe ! egg-lay+ habits ( five or m ( ! foll[+3 gras%opp]1 cecropia mo?1 tussock mo?1 leaf m9]1 case be>]1 leaf roll]1 sph9x mo?1 gall insects1 i*neumon flies1 spid]s1 e>?worm4 ,h[ is ! develop+ animal protect$ 9 ea* case8 ,h[ is food assur$8 #c4 ,contra/ ! me?od ( ! honeybee & ! solit>y wasp z to ! me?od ( c>+ = & fe$+ ! "y4 #d4 ,describe ! ne/s ( five or m ( ! foll[+3 spid]1 honeybee1 bumblebee1 pap] wasp1 mud daub]1 digg] wasp4 #e4 ,describe ! ne/s ( ! foll[+3 /ickleback fi%1 sunfi%4 #f4 ,describe ! ne/s ( t5 birds common to y\r neighborhood4 #g4 ,describe ! homes ( ! foll[+3 wood*uck1 mole1 squirrel1 rabbit1 muskrat1 prairie dog1 beav]1 be>4 #h4 ,9 case ( birds :i* ( ! p>5t birds builds ! ne/ & c>es = ! little birds8 #i4 ,h[ are ! "y c>$ = 9 ! foll[+ cases3 crayfi%1 cyclops1 pipefi%1 ,sur9am toad8 ,summ>y4 #a4 ,:at g5]al me?ods are !re = protect+ ! "y8 #b4 ,:at v>i\s devices = assur+ pl5ty ( food = ! develop+ animal8 #c4 ,:at is ! relation betwe5 ! c>e giv5 ! "y & ! numb] ( eggs produc$8 ,d4 ,,adaptations ,,= ,,! ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,! ,,species ,review ,que/ions & ,libr>y ,ex]cise #a4 ,%[ h[ ! sexual me?od ( reproduction t5ds to produce v>iations4 #b4 ,:at is meant by ! t]m h]$ity8 #c4 ,:at are *romosomes8 ,:at d "s zologi/s believe to be ! relation betwe5 ^! *romosomes & h]$ity8 #d4 ,:at are dom9ant & recessive *>act]s8 ,:at is meant by ,m5del law ( h]$ity8 #e4 ,:at is meant by ! t]m p>!nog5esis8 ,:at are "s ( its advantages & "u :at conditions does x take place8 ,"n "s animal 9 :i* p>!nog5esis commonly takes place4 #f4 ,:at is sex dimorphism8 ,give "s examples4 #g4 ,:at 7 ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr(essor ,loeb & o!rs 9 connection ) artificially f]tiliz$ eggs8 #h4 ,h[ d eggs v>y z to ! k9d ( %ell1 am\nt ( food1 size1 etc48 ,:at is ! effect ( ! am\nt ( food ^u ! rate ( developm5t8 ,on ! /age ( developm5t at :i* ! egg is hat*$8 #i4 ,contra/ prcocial & altricial birds4 #aj4 ,:at is ! effect ( gr\nd ne/+ & tree ne/+ ^u ! numb] ( eggs & ! c>e ( ! "y8 #aa4 ,describe ! metamorphosis ( gras%opp]1 ,june beetle1 honeybee1 dragon-fly1 cicada1 may-fly1 ant-lion1 caddis fly4 #ab4 ,comp>e ! developm5t ( ! crayfi%1 crab1 & lob/]4 ,:at names are giv5 to ! l>v8 ,:at is ! significance 9 ! fact t ! lob/] hat*es 9 ! mysis /age8 #ac4 ,:at are "s ( ! peculi> names giv5 to ! l>v 9 ! case ( e*9od]ms1 worms1 & mollusks8 ,:y %\ld ^! h receiv$ special names8 #ad4 ,"n ! ?ree primitive g]m lay]s4 ,/ate ! pr9cipal organs d]iv$ f ea* 9 ! high] animals4 #ae4 ,:at is ontog5y8 phylog5y8 ,:at is ! mean+ ( ! law ,! ontog5y is an epitome ( ! phylog5y8 #af4 ,:o 0 ,weissman8 ,:at important contribution did he make to zology8 #ag4 ,) :at phase ( zology is ! "n ( ,t4 ,h4 ,morgan associat$8 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,p\ltry ,mat]ials4 ,ei!r pictures or specim5s ( ! diff]5t bre$s ( f[l4 ,g5]al ,in=mation4 ,"u ! t]m p\ltry are includ$ *ick5s z well z turkeys1 pigeons1 ducks1 geese1 etc4 ,*ick5s are mo/ g5]ally rais$1 s9ce !y d n require su* special conditions z ! o!rs4 ,9 ?is ex]cise only ?is =m ( p\ltry is consid]$4 ,! h5 has be5 dome/icat$ f prehi/oric times1 be+ probably d]iv$ f ! s-call$ jungle f[l ( ,india 7,gallus bankiva71 :i* is /ill to be f\nd 9 its native habitat4 ,?r\gh con/ant attempts to improve ! dome/ic f[l along ! l9es ( great] egg-production1 size1 etc41 !re h be5 develop$ a great _m diff]5t bre$s ( f[l4 ,^! may be divid$ into sev5 gr\ps1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! ,am]ican ,class4 #b4 ,! ,asiatic ,class4 #c4 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,class4 #d4 ,! ,engli% ,class4 #e4 ,! ,dut* ,class4 #f4 ,! ,fr5* ,class4 #g4 ,! ,ornam5tal & ,exhibition ,classes4 ,! ,am]ican ,class includes f[ls rais$ bo? = egg-production & = eat+4 ,x includes ! foll[+ well-kn[n bre$s3 ! ,plym\? ,rocks1 ! ,wy&ottes1 ! ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s1 & ! less-kn[n bre$s ( ,javas1 ,dom9iques1 & ,j]sey ,blues4 ,^! all lay good-siz$ br[n eggs1 are good w9t] lay]s1 & /& conf9em5t well4 ,! /&>d weight v>ies f six & "o half p\nds to sev5 & "o half p\nds = ! h51 & f eight & "o half p\nds to n9e & "o half p\nds = ! cock1 ! ,plym\? ,rocks be+ ! heavie/ ( ! bre$s4 ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal v>ieties ( ,plym\? ,rocks--! ,b>r$ ,rocks1 ) grayi%-:ite plumage regul>ly cross$ ) b>s ( blue-black1 ! ,:ite ,rocks1 & ! ,buff ,rocks4 ,all h s+le upright combs1 :i*1 ) ! wattles & ! e> lobes1 are bright r$1 a l>ge bright eye1 & yell[ legs4 ,!re are also ?ree pr9cipal v>ieties ( ,wy&ottes4 ,! ,silv]-lac$ ,wy&otte has a silv]y-:ite plumage1 ) black m>k+s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body4 ,! ,gold5 ,wy&otte is simil> 9 its m>k+s1 b has yell[ :]e ! ,silv]-lac$ has :ite4 ,! ,:ite ,wy&otte is pure :ite4 ,all h rose combs1 r$ e> lobes1 & yell[ legs4 ,!y are on ! av]age ab\t a p\nd light] ?an ! ,plym\? ,rocks4 ,! ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s are a mu* m rec5t bre$ t has ( late become v popul>4 ,!y are ( a r$di%-br[n color1 ab\t ! weight ( ! ,wy&otte1 ) yell[ legs4 ,!re are bo? s+le comb$ & rose comb$ v>ieties4 ,! ,asiatic ,class includes ^? bre$s rais$ *iefly = ! table4 ,! ,brahmas1 ,co*9s1 & ,lang%ans are ! *ief bre$s4 ,!y are consid]ably heavi] ?an o!r bre$s1 & are specially *>act]iz$ by ! fea!rs on ! legs & feet4 ,!y all lay br[n eggs1 & are 9 _m cases good lay]s4 ,! ,brahmas include two pr9cipal v>ieties1 ! light & ! d>k4 ,! g5]al color is black & :ite1 & !y h yell[ legs1 r$ wattles1 e> lobes1 & comb1 ! latt] be+ ( ! k9d call$ a pea-comb1 :i* is ( small size 9 ! cock4 ,!re are f\r v>ieties ( ,co*9s1 ! ,buff be+ mu* m rais$ ?an ! ,p>tridge1 ! ,:ite1 or ! ,black4 ,! ,p>tridge some:at resembles a d>k ,brahma1 b has r$ & br[n plumage4 ,co*9s h s+le combs1 yell[ legs1 & a g5]al fluffy "* to ! plumage1 t ( saddle & hackle meet+1 ?us giv+ a *>act]i/ic appe>ance to ^! f[ls4 ,! eggs are n q s l>ge z ! o!r two bre$s ( ?is class4 ,! ,lang%ans are small] & m active ?an ! two bre$s j describ$4 ,!y h black legs1 ! feet are n s heavily fea!r$1 & 9 g5]al ^! f[ls are mu* less awkw>d 9 appe>ance4 ,!re are two v>ieties1 ! ,:ite & ! ,black4 ,! ,m$it]ranean ,class includes ^? bre$s rais$ *iefly because ( _! great egg-production4 ,!y are active birds1 (t5 tr\blesome because ( _! ability to fly ov] high enclosures1 s t :5 kept 9 ! city x is usually necess>y to clip "o w+4 ,!y are n s good w9t] lay]s z a rule1 b are non-sett]s4 ,!y all lay :ite eggs4 ,! *ief bre$s includ$ are ! ,leghorns1 ! ,m9orcas1 & ! ,black ,spani%4 ,! ,leghorns--! mo/ popul> ( ^! bre$s--include two *ief v>ieties1 ! ,br[n & ! ,:ite4 ,! comb is mo/ commonly s+le1 fall+ to "o side 9 ! h51 ! wattles long & p5dul\s1 ! e> lobes :ite1 & ! legs yell[4 ,! ,m9orcas are glossy black 9 color1 ) a l>ge droop+ comb 9 ! h51 & long1 ?91 p5dul\s wattle4 ,!y lay a v l>ge egg4 ,! ,black ,spani% resemble ! ,m9orcas1 b are di/+ui%$ by ! :ite face & *eeks & ! :ite on ! inn] edge ( ! wattles4 ,! ,engli% ,class includes ! ,orp+tons & ! ,dork+s4 ,! ,dork+s are "o ( ! olde/ bre$s ( f[l1 & suffici5tly id5tifi$ by ! pres5ce ( a fif? toe4 ,!re are ?ree v>ieties--! ,:ite1 ! ,silv]-gray1 & ! ,color$4 ,! ,:ite ,dork+ has a rose comb2 ! ,silv]-gray has a s+le comb & silv]y-gray plumage ) black m>k+s1 ! h5 hav+ a salmon-color$ brea/2 ! ,color$ ,dork+s h sometimes s+le & sometimes rose combs1 ! plumage ( ! cock be+ black & /raw-color$ & t ( ! h5 be+ black & gray ) ! brea/ salmon m>k$ ) black4 ,! ,orp+tons are %ort legg$1 ) close plumage4 ,!y are ( l>ge size1 ! h5s be+ f sev5 to eight p\nds & ! cocks f n9e to t5 p\nds4 ,!re are ?ree v>ieties--! black1 ! buff1 & ! :ite4 ,! black1 except = %ape1 might be mi/ak5 = a ,m9orca1 b has r$ e> lobes & black %anks4 ,! ,orp+tons h ! reputation ( matur+ e>ly1 "s /ra9s be+ kn[n to lay :5 f\r mon?s old4 ,! ,dut* ,class includes ! ,r$-caps1 ! ,camp9es1 & ! v>i\s v>ieties ( ! ,hamburgs--( :i* !re are six3 ! ,gold5 ,spangl$1 ! ,silv] ,spangl$1 ! ,gold5 ,p5cil$1 ! ,silv] ,p5cil$1 ! ,black & ! ,:ite4 ,!y are all good lay]s & non-sett]s1 b lay a small egg1 :ite 9 color4 ,!y are readily recogniz$ by _! peculi> rose comb ) its long1 spikelike projection 9 ! back1 _! r$ face1 :ite e> lobes1 & blui% legs4 ,! prevail+ color ( ! gold5 v>ieties is a r$di% bay m>k$ ) black & ( ! silv] v>ieties :ite m>k$ ) black4 ,! cock usually has m d>k m>k+s ?an ! h54 ,! ,r$-caps are l>ge f[l ) a r$ & black plumage4 ,! comb is simil> to ! ,hamburg's b l>g]1 & ! e> lobes are r$4 ,! ,camp9es resemble ! ,hamburgs1 b h a s+le comb4 ,! ,fr5* ,class includes ! ,h\dans1 ! ,crevecoeurs1 & ! ,la ,fle*e4 ,! ,h\dans are mottl$ black & :ite ) p9ki% :ite legs1 ) a fif? toe l ! ,dork+s1 & are easily recogniz$ by _! peculi> cre/4 ,! o!r bre$s ( f[l1 l ! cre/$ ,poli%1 ,bantams1 & game f[l1 h less int]e/ = ! p\ltry rais]1 ?\gh (t5 se5 9 exhibitions & p\ltry %[s4 ,to sum up1 we may gr\p all ^! bre$s accord+ to _! value into 7#a7 ! egg bre$s1 includ+ ! ,leghorn1 ,m9orca1 ,spani%1 & ,r$-cap2 7#b7 ! meat bre$s1 includ+ ! ,brahmas1 ,co*9s1 & ,lang%ans2 7#c7 ! g5]al purpose bre$s1 includ+ ! ,plym\? ,rocks1 ,wy&ottes1 ,rhode ,isl& ,r$s1 ,dork+s1 & ,orp+tons2 & 7#d7 ! fancy bre$s1 includ+ ! ,poli%1 ,bantams1 ,games1 etc4 ,def9itions4 ,am]ican ,/&>d ( ,p]fection1 an illu/rat$ volume publi%$ by ! ,am]ican ,p\ltry ,association1 indicat+ ! desirable po9ts ( ea* recogniz$ bre$ ( f[l4 ,comb1 ! fle%y outgr[? on ! head4 ,s+le comb1 a ?91 upright comb4 ,rose comb1 a flat comb ) a r\gh or corrugat$ surface4 ,pea comb1 resembl+ ?ree s+le combs1 unit$ at ! back4 ,wattles1 ! fle%y outgr[?s f ! und]side ( ! ?roat4 ,e> lobes1 ! fle%y /ructure 9 ! region ( ! e>4 ,"u-color1 ! color not$ :5 ! cov]ts are rais$4 ,hackle1 ! fea!rs on ! neck4 ,cape1 ! fea!rs back ( ! hackle4 ,saddle1 ! fea!rs 9 ! po/]ior region ( ! back4 ,sickle1 ! curv$ fea!rs ( ! tail 9 ! cock4 ,p5cil+1 small /ripes or color m>k+s on ! fea!r4 ,spangl+1 l>ge spots or splot*es ( color on ! fea!r4 ,%anks1 ! expos$ scaly portions ( ! legs1 usually spok5 ( z ! legs4 ,que/ions & obs]vations4 #a4 ,make a diagrammatic sket* ( a f[l & locate ! pr9cipal regions us$ 9 ! description ( ! v>i\s bre$s4 #b4 ,obs]v+ ! specim5s or ! pictures ( ! f[ls at h&1 note ! size & k9d ( comb1 ! appe>ance ( ! wattles1 ! color ( ! eyes & e> lobes1 ! color 9 ! v>i\s regions ( ! body1 ! color & any peculi>ity ( ! legs & feet4 ,if y wi%1 y may record y\r answ]s 9 tabul> =m4 ,topics = inve/igation4 #a4 ,look up & report ^u ! av]age numb] ( eggs laid annually1 & ! numb] ( eggs to ! p\nd1 9 ! case ( ! ,plym\? ,rock1 ,wy&otte1 ,rhode ,isl& ,r$1 ,dork+1 ,brahma1 ,leghorn1 & ,m9orca4 #b4 ,expla9 ! t]ms non-sett] & w9t] lay]4 #c4 ,:5 d h5s m\lt8 ,h[ does ?is affect ! lay+8 ,:at s*emes h p\ltry m5 to br+ ?is m\lt+ at ! mo/ favorable season8 #d4 ,:at is a balanc$ ration z appli$ to f[ls8 ,:at are "s me?ods ( fe$+ :i* t5d to secure great] egg-production8 #e4 ,expla9 "s ( ! special features ( su* me?ods ( h\s+ & keep+ *ick5s z ! ,philo ,sy/em1 ,corn+ ,sy/em1 etc4 #f4 ,:at precautions mu/ be tak5 9 rais+ *ick5s s z to prev5t disease & attacks ( enemies8 #g4 ,:at does x co/ p] ye> to keep a doz5 h5s8 ,h[ _m c a p]son keep pr(itably on a city lot1 if he is n to make a special bus9ess ( *ick5 rais+8 #h4 ,h[ d *ick5s solve ! problem ( ! g>bage c8 #i4 ,:at are "s ( ! objections made to keep+ *ick5s 9 ! city8 ,are ^! objections well f\nd$1 & if s h[ may !y be met8 #aj4 ,f9d out :at bre$s ( *ick5s are kept 9 y\r neighborhood1 & note "s ( ! reasons t are giv5 = keep+ ^! p>ticul> bre$s4 ,,gloss>y ,ab d' m51 7#a7 ! h9d] portion ( ! body ( an inv]tebrate2 7#b7 ( high] animals1 ! region or cavity conta9+ ! /oma*1 inte/9e1 etc4 ,al bu' m51 7#a7 a proteid sub/ance2 7#b7 :ite ( egg4 ,a' nal1 p]ta9+ to ! anus1 or h9d] op5+ ( ! inte/9e4 ,anal f91 a v5tral m$ian f9 ( fi%es1 j back ( ! anus4 ,animal ,communities1 associations ( _m animals ( ! same species4 ,an t5' na1 a segm5t$ s5sory app5dage on ! head ( an ar?ropod4 ,an t5' nule1 a small ant5na4 ,an te' ri or1 f>!r =w>d1 9 front (2 at ! head or =w>d end4 ,a or' ta1 a l>ge art]y aris+ at ! he>t & =m+ ! trunk ( ! art]ial sy/em4 ,ap' er ture1 an op5+4 ,ap p5d' age1 a projection f ! body1 usually "o ( a pair4 ,ar ?rop' o da1 a gr\p ( animals ) a segm5t$ trunk & pair$1 segm5t$ app5dages4 ,ar ti o dac' tyl1 an ungulate ) an ev5 numb] ( toes4 ,a sex' u al1 )\t sex4 ,au' di to ry1 p]ta9+ to he>+4 ,b>b1 "o ( ! lat]al outgr[?s ( ! %aft ( a fea!r1 =m+ ! vane4 ,b>b ule1 a small outgr[? ( ! b>b ( a fea!r4 ,bi lat' er al sym' me try1 hav+ ! "r & left sides mirror images "o ( ! o!r4 ,body cavity1 ! space betwe5 ! body wall & ! alim5t>y canal4 ,body-wall1 ! out] wall 9 bodies ( ! _m-cell$ animals4 ,budd+1 a =m ( fission 9 :i* a cell or portion ( ! body =ms a small protub]ance or bud1 :i* is !n cut (f f ! p>5t & =ms a new individual4 ,canals1 *annels ?r\gh ! body-walls ( sponges4 ,c>' a pace1 ! %ell :i* cov]s a portion or all ( ! cephalo-?orax 9 cru/aceans4 ,c>' di nal1 p]ta9+ to a c>do or h+e4 ,c> niv' or ous1 fle%-eat+4 ,c> ot' id1 a l>ge art]y :i* supplies ! bra9 & head ) blood4 ,c>' pal1 a bone ( ! wri/4 ,cat' er pil l>1 ! l>va ( a butt]fly or mo?4 ,caud al1 p]ta9+ to ! tail4 ,cell1 ! smalle/ liv+ unit4 ,cell-wall1 ! lifeless membrane surr\nd+ _m cells1 secret$ by ! protoplasm4 ,c5tral cavity1 ! cavity surr\nd$ by ! body-wall 9 ! simpl] _m-cell$ animals1 z 9 ! sponges4 ,ceph a lop' o da1 ! class to :i* ! squid1 octopus1 nautilus1 etc41 belong4 ,ceph' al o-?o' rax1 ! division ( ! body =m$ by ! fus$ head & ?orax 9 _m ar?ropoda4 ,c]' vi cal groove1 ! groove m>k+ ! place ( union :5 head & ?orax are m]g$ into a cephalo-?orax4 ,*a la' za1 "o ( ! spiral masses ( album5 f\nd at ! two ends ( a bird's egg4 ,*e' li p$s1 ! l>ge claws 9 _m cru/aceans4 ,*or-date1 animals ) a noto*ord1 pres5t ?r\gh\t life or disappe>+4 ,*ro mat' o phore1 color body4 ,*rys' a lis1 ! pupa /age ( a butt]fly4 ,cil' i um 7pl4 cilia71 a m9ute vibrat+ hair on ! surface ( _m cells4 ,co coon' 1 ! envelope spun by c]ta9 l>val insects 9 :i* !y are inclos$ dur+ ! pupa /age4 ,a simil> /ructure1 z ! egg-case ( spid]s1 e>?worms1 etc4 ,coe' cum 7se' kum71 a bl9d p\* or bag2 a sac op5 at "o end4 ,coe l5 te ra' ta1 r simple1 sac-l animals ) nettle cells 9 ! body walls4 ,co le op' te ra1 beetles4 ,col' o ny1 a gr\p ( animals ( ! same k9d f\nd 9 "o locality1 usually relat$ to ea* o!r & (t5 actually connect$4 ,com m5' sal ism1 an association ( two animals1 n mutually helpful1 b )\t injury to ei!r4 ,com p\nd eye1 an eye made up ( _m simple eyes or eye elem5ts4 ,com press$' 1 n>r[] f side to side ?an f dorsal to v5tral surface4 ,con ju ga' tion1 a process occurr+ 9 "s "o-cell$ animals1 prec$+ reproduction4 ,9 ?is process two animals unite tempor>ily & ex*ange nucle> sub/ance1 or 9 "s =ms ! two cells fuse into "o4 ,aft] ?is ex*ange or fusion fission occurs1 usually m rapidly ?an be=e4 ,contract+ or pulsat+ vacuoles1 small1 cle> spots 9 a cell1 fill$ ) a wat]y fluid4 ,9 ! liv+ animal ^! alt]nately disappe> & !n reappe>4 ,co' nus ar te ri o' sus1 a cone-%ap$ art]y connect$ ) ! v5tricle ( ! he>t4 ,cov' ert1 a fea!r ov]ly+ ! base ( ! l>ge fea!rs ( ! w+ or tail4 ,cra' ni um1 ! skull1 p>ticul>ly t "p ( x inclos+ ! bra94 ,crop1 an enl>g$ portion ( ! esophagus4 ,cross f]tilization1 a =m ( f]tilization 9 :i* ! male & female elem5ts are produc$ by diff]5t individuals4 ,crus ta' ce a1 aquatic1 gill-be>+ ar?ropods1 ) two pairs ( ant5n4 ,cu' ti cle1 ! ?9 out] sk94 ,cy' to plasm1 ! portion ( ! protoplasm ( a cell :i* is outside ( ! nucleus1 less d5se ?an ! nucleus & usually tak+ a light] /a94 ,d5' ta ry1 ! t]m9al portion or bone ( ! l[] jaw ( v]tebrates l[] ?an mammals1 conta9+ all or mo/ ( ! tee?4 ,di a phragm1 a muscul> p>tition sep>at+ ! abdom5 & ?orax1 9 mammals4 ,dig' i ti grade1 walk+ on ! toes4 ,di oe' ci\s1 reproductive organs 9 diff]5t individuals4 ,dip' te ra1 insects ) two w+s1 includ+ flies1 mosquitoes1 etc4 ,dis' tal end1 ! free end ( any object :i* is atta*$ by "o end4 ,dor' sal surface1 ! upp] surface2 ! back4 ,du' o de' num1 ! fir/ portion ( ! small inte/9e4 ,ec' to d]m cells1 cells cov]+ ! outside ( sponges & "s o!r simple animals4 ,egg cell1 ! l>ge1 non-motile reproductive cell1 ) :i* a sp]m cell fuses4 ,em bry on' ic1 developm5t )9 ! egg or 9 ! body ( ! "m4 ,en' d d]m cells1 cells l9+ inn] cavities 9 ! _m-cell$ animals4 ,z a rule !y h cilia or flagella4 ,e soph' a gus1 ! portion ( ! alim5t>y canal connect+ ! m\? 7or ! ph>ynx7 ) ! /oma*4 ,eu /a' *i an 7eu /a' kian7 tube1 a passage betwe5 ! ph>ynx & ! middle e>4 ,ex ha' l5t1 fl[+ or mov+ away f ! body4 ,ex' o skel' e ton1 an ext]nal skeleton4 ,eye /alk1 an app5dage :i* be>s an eye on its free end4 ,fe' mur1 7#a7 ! ?igh bone2 7#b7 ! ?ird jo9t ( an insect's leg4 ,f] ti li za' tion1 ! fusion ( male & female elem5ts 9 reproduction4 ,fi' b]s1 flexible ?reads2 fib]s ( a horny mat]ial are f\nd 9 ! walls ( _m ( ! sponges4 ,fib' u la1 ! out] ( ! two long bones ( ! l[] leg4 ,f91 a paddle-l /ructure = swimm+4 ,f9-rays1 ! framework ( ! f9s ( fi%es4 ,fis' sion1 a me?od ( reproduction us$ 9 all cells1 by :i* a cell divides itself into two1 usually ?r\gh ! c5t]4 ,see also ,conjugation & ,budd+4 ,fla gel' lum 7pl4 flagella71 vibrat+ hairs l>g] ?an cilia & less num]\s4 ,food-balls1 bits ( food inside ! cells ( _m "o-cell$ animals1 usually %[+ ?r\gh ! walls4 ,food-vacuole1 a small drop ( wat] conta9+ dige/ive mat]ial & a food-ball4 ,fo ra' m51 an op5+ or %ort passage4 ,gall-bladd]1 a membran\s sac = ! /orage ( gall1 or bile1 at ! l[] edge ( ! liv] 7syn4 bile sac74 ,gas t] op' o da1 ! class to :i* ! snail belongs4 ,ge' nus 7pl4 g5]a71 a gr\p ( closely relat$ species4 ,g]m-spot1 ! region 9 ! bird's egg 9 :i* developm5t fir/ takes place4 ,gill1 an app>atus = brea?+ ! air dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,gill-*am' b]1 a pocket or cavity cov]$ by a flap1 9 :i* ! gills lie4 ,gir' dle1 ! "n appli$ to ! smoo? b& (t5 occurr+ ne> ! ant]ior end ( an e>?worm4 ,giz' z>d1 a portion ( ! alim5t>y canal ) especially ?ick5$ muscul> walls4 ,glot' tis1 ! op5+ betwe5 ! vocal cords1 or ! m\? ( ! w9dpipe4 ,gre ga' ri ous1 associations ( animals ) little division ( labor2 ga!r+ 9 flocks1 h]ds1 etc4 ,gullet1 ! inn] end ( ! oral groove4 ,he mip' te ra1 insects ) a pi]c+ organ = suck+ _! food1 ,bugs4 ,he pat' ic1 p]ta9+ to ! liv]4 ,h] biv' o r\s1 plant-eat+4 ,hock1 ! jo9t ( ! h9d leg situat$ betwe5 ! tibia & t>sus1 correspond+ to ! ankle 9 man4 ,hu' me rus1 ! long bone ( ! upp] "p ( ! arm or =e limb4 ,hy m5 op' te ra1 ord] ( insects to :i* belong bees1 ants1 & wasps4 ,i* neu' mon 7ic nu' mon71 an insect t deposits its eggs ^u or 9 o!r insects1 ^u :i* its l>v w fe$4 ,9 ha' l5t1 fl[+ or mov+ t[>d ! body4 ,9 ha' l5t pores1 ! out] ends ( ! canals 9 ! body-walls ( sponges4 ,ink-sac1 a def5sive /ructure f\nd 9 ! squid4 ,ju' gu l>1 p]ta9+ to ! ?roat4 ,la' bi um1 l[] lip4 ,la' brum1 upp] lip4 ,la mell' i bran* i a' ta1 ! class to :i* ! clam1 oy/]1 etc41 belong2 bivalves1 sometimes call$ pelecypoda4 ,l>' va1 7#a7 ! e>ly =m ( an animal :5 x is unlike ! p>5t1 or und]goes a metamorphosis2 7#b7 ! fir/ /age ( po/embryonic developm5t4 ,lat' er al1 7#a7 situat$ to "o side ( ! m$ian plane2 7#b7 situat$ 9 ! region ( ! h+e 9 a bivalve %ell4 ,lep i dop' te ra1 butt]flies & mo?s4 ,lig' a m5t1 a /rong b& or cord b9d+ two /ructures toge!r4 ,l9' gual1 p]ta9+ to ! tongue4 ,lip1 any /ructure t b\nds an orifice4 ,mam' mal1 v]tebrates ) a cov]+ ( hair or fur4 ,man' di ble1 a jaw or a jaw-l m\?-"p4 ,man' tle1 folds ( sk9 cov]+ ! body ( a bivalve4 ,mask+1 ! cov]+ ( an animal by "s object s z to hide its id5tity4 ,max il' l1 ! app5dages j back ( ! m&ibles 9 ar?ropods4 ,max' il la ry1 p]ta9+ to or situat$ ne> ! jaw4 ,max il' li p$s1 ! app5dages back ( ! maxill 9 cru/aceans4 ,me' di an1 p]ta9+ to ! middle4 ,mes o gle' a1 a non-cellul> lay] betwe5 ectod]m & endod]m cells4 ,mes o ?o' rax1 ! middle division ( ! ?orax4 ,met a c>' pal1 "o ( ! bones betwe5 ! wri/ 7c>pus7 & ! f+]s 7phalanges74 ,met a mor' pho sis1 ! s]ies ( *anges :i* take place 9 ! developm5t ( "s animals aft] !y are hat*$4 ,met a t>' sal1 "o ( ! bones ( ! metat>sus1 betwe5 ! ankle & ! toes4 ,met a ?o' rax1 ! mo/ po/]ior region ( ! ?orax4 ,mi cro nu' cle u1 see ,nucleolus4 ,mimicry1 a me?od ( protection due to ! resemblance ( an unprotect$ to a well-protect$ animal4 ,mol lus' ca1 ! bran* ( animals to :i* clams1 snails1 etc41 belong4 ,mo noe' ci\s1 reproductive organs 9 diff]5t regions ( ! same individual4 ,m\?1 ! ant]ior op5+ into ! dige/ive cavity4 ,neph rid' i um 7pl4 neph rid' i a71 a tubule function+ z a kidney 9 "s ( ! worms4 ,net' tle cells1 ! /++ cells f\nd 9 ! coel5t]ates4 ,noc tur' nal1 p]ta9+ to night4 ,nu cle' o lus 7pl4 nucleoli71 a v small1 d5se1 d>k-/a9+ body1 ei!r )9 ! nucleus or ne> x4 ,9 ! latt] case x is (t5 call$ ! p>anucleus or micronucleus4 ,nu' cle u 7pl4 nuclei71 a d5se bit ( protoplasm usually ne> ! c5t] ( a cell1 (t5 /a9+ d>k4 ,o cel' lus1 a simple eye4 ,om niv' o r\s1 eat+ or liv+ ^u food ( all k9ds4 ,o p]' cu lum1 a lid or cov]4 ,o' ral1 p]ta9+ to ! m\?4 ,oral groove1 a funnel-%ap$ groove 9 "o side ( "s "o-cell$ animals conduct+ food to ! m\?4 ,or' d]1 a t]m 9 classification us$ to designate a gr\p ( g5]a4 ,or ?op' t] a1 ! ord] to :i* locu/s1 gras%opp]s1 etc41 belong4 ,os' cu lum 7pl4 oscula71 ! l>ge op5+ f ! c5tral cavity 9 sponges4 ,os mo' sis1 ! process by :i* fluids ( diff]5t d5sities become equally diffus$ :5 sep>at$ by an organic membrane or by a por\s /ructure4 ,os' ti a 7s+4 o/ium71 ! inn] ends ( ! canals 9 ! body-walls ( sponges4 ,o' va ry1 ! organ 9 :i* ! egg cells are develop$4 ,o vi pos' i tors1 organs us$ to deposit eggs4 ,pal' li al1 a l9e connect+ ! two muscle sc>s 9 a bivalve %ell4 ,palp1 7#a7 a jo9t$ f+]-l /ructure on ! oral app5dages ( ar?ropods2 7#b7 oral app5dages f\nd 9 mollusca4 ,pan' cre z1 "o ( ! gl&s ( ! dige/ive sy/em4 ,p> a nu' cle u1 see ,nucleolus4 ,p>' a si tism1 an association ( two animals1 "o liv+ at ! exp5se ( ! o!r4 ,pec' to ral1 7#a7 p]ta9+ to ! ?orax or brea/2 7#b7 ! ant]ior ( ! pair$ f9s ( fi%es4 ,pelvic1 7#a7 p]ta9+ to ! pelvis2 7#b7 ! po/]ior pair$ f9s ( fi%es4 ,p51 a remnant ( exoskeleton f\nd 9 ! squid4 ,p] i c>' di um1 a membran\s bag surr\nd+ ! he>t4 ,p] is s dac' tyl1 ungulates ) an odd numb] ( toes4 ,p]' i to ne' um1 a membrane t l9es ! body cavity4 ,pha' lanx 7pl4 phalanges71 "o ( ! bones ( ! f+]s or toes4 ,ph>' ynx1 ! region ( ! alim5t>y canal j back ( ! m\? cavity4 ,pigm5t1 a sub/ance :i* gives color to an object4 ,plan' ti grade1 walk+ on ! soles ( ! feet2 flat-foot$4 ,pol' l5 bas ket1 ! flatt5$ hairy tibia ( ! h9d legs ( honey bees1 us$ = c>ry+ poll54 ,pol' l9 na tion1 ! transf] ( poll5 f ! an!r ( a fl[] to ! /igma4 ,polyp1 any radially symmetrical animal1 b usually an individual 9 a connect$ colony4 ,po rif' e ra1 ! sponges1 di/+ui%$ by ! canals :i* p]=ate ! body wall4 ,po/ em bry on' ic1 developm5t aft] bir? or hat*+4 ,pos te' ri or1 situat$ beh9d or t[>d ! h9d] "p4 ,pro bos' cis1 a prolong$1 flexible sn\t or a tubul> /ructure1 protrud+ f ! head4 ,pro' leg1 an unsegm5t$ app5dage f\nd 9 ! l>v ( "s insects4 ,protective resemblance1 a me?od ( protection due to ! resemblance ( an animal to its backgr\nd4 ,pro ?o' rax1 ! mo/ ant]ior division ( ! ?orax4 ,pro' to plasm1 ! liv+ mat]ial compos+ ! cell2 ! physical basis ( life4 ,pro to zo' a 7s+4 protozon71 animals ( "o cell1 exi/+ alone or 9 loose colonies4 ,prox' i mal end1 ! atta*$ end ( any?+ :i* has also a free end4 ,pulsat+ vacuoles1 see ,contract+ vacuoles4 ,pu' pa1 ! /age 9 ! developm5t ( an insect imm$iately prec$+ ! adult4 ,quill1 "o ( ! l>ge1 /iff1 /rong flight fea!rs or tail fea!rs ( a bird2 ! holl[1 basal "p ( a fea!r2 a l>ge1 holl[1 %>p sp9e4 ,ra' di al sym' me try1 hav+ ! organs or p>ts arrang$ symmetrically ar\nd a c5t]4 ,re g5 er a' tion1 ! p[] to gr[ new p>ts or organs4 ,re' gions1 ! pr9cipal divisions ( ! body1 head1 ?orax1 & abdom54 ,res pi ra' tion1 ! passage ( oxyg5 into ! tissues ( a liv+ organism & ( c>bon dioxide out ( !m4 ,^! gases c pass ?r\gh any ?91 moi/1 organic membrane4 ,:5 su* a membrane sep>ates two fluids :i* diff] 9 ! am\nt ( oxyg5 !y conta91 oxyg5 passes to ! fluid conta9+ ! small] am\nt4 ,! same is true ( c>bon dioxide4 ,respiration is believ$ to occur 9 all liv+ organisms4 ,ro' d5t1 mammals ) curv$ self-%>p5+ incisor tee?1 ord] includ+ mice1 rats1 squirrels1 rabbits1 etc4 ,ros' trum1 a beak-l projection or sn\t4 ,ru' mi nant1 *ew+ ! cud4 ,sac1 a cavity or p\*4 ,sa' crum1 a composite bone =m$ by ! union ( v]tebr 9 ! region ( hips4 ,scap' u la1 ! %\ld]-blade4 ,sep' tum 7pl4 sep' ta71 a wall or p>tition betwe5 two cavities4 ,se' ta 7pl4 se' tae71 small bri/les or /iff hairs4 ,sex' u al1 p]ta9+ to sex4 ,si' nus ve no' sus1 an enl>gem5t ( ! t]m9ation ( ! l>ge ve9s4 ,si' phon1 a tube-l organ4 ,s' mites1 ! s]ial segm5ts or r+s compos+ ! bodies ( _m animals4 ,spe' ci es1 a ^w us$ 9 classification to designate a gr\p ( animals diff]+ only 9 m9or details4 ,sp]' ma ry1 ! organ 9 :i* sp]m cells are develop$4 ,sp]m cells1 ! small1 (t5 motile1 reproductive cell1 :i* fuses ) ! egg cell4 ,spic' ules1 t9y ne$les ( m9]al sub/ance f\nd 9 ! walls ( _m animals1 notably sponges4 ,spi' ra cle1 an op5+ into ! tra*eal brea?+ organs ( insects4 ,spire1 ! coil$ portion ( a ga/]opod %ell4 ,spore1 a cell capable ( develop+ into a new organism4 ,/]num1 a bone ext5d+ along ! l[] middle l9e ( ! *e/ region4 ,/om' a*1 ! region ( ! alim5t>y canal especially adapt$ to dige/ food4 ,/om' a*-9 tes' t9e1 a region ( ! alim5t>y canal adapt$ to bo? dige/ & absorb food4 ,sub cla' vi an1 situat$ b5ea? ! clavicle4 ,su' ture1 ! junction ( two contigu\s /ructures4 ,swim' m] ets1 ! abdom9al app5dages 9 cru/aceans4 ,sym bi o' sis1 an association ( two animals :i* is mutually helpful4 ,t>' sal1 "o ( ! bones ( ! t>sus or ankle4 ,t>' sus1 7#a7 ! ankle2 7#b7 ! fif? or t]m9al jo9t 9 an insect's leg4 ,t5' ta cles1 special organs = t\*2 also us$ sometimes = o!r purposes4 ,t]rify+ attitudes1 protective attitudes assum$ by "s animals4 ,?o' rax1 ! region ( ! body betwe5 ! head & abdom54 ,tib' i a1 7#a7 ! %9-bone2 7#b7 ! f\r? jo9t ( an insect's leg4 ,too?1 7#a7 an organ us$ 9 ma/ication2 7#b7 a too?-l projection4 ,tra' *e a1 a tube :i* c>ries air ei!r to ! respiratory organ or to ! tissues4 ,trunk1 ! portion ( ! body betwe5 head & tail4 ,tu' b] cle1 a knob-l projection4 ,ul' na1 t bone ( ! =e>m :i* is on ! same side z ! little f+]4 ,um' bo 7pl4 umbones71 an elevation ne> ! ant]ior end ( a bivalve %ell4 ,un' gu lates1 ho($ mammals4 ,u re' t]1 a duct connect+ ! kidney ) ! ur9>y bladd]4 ,u' ro /yle1 a long bone =m+ ! h9d] extremity ( ! v]tebral column ( tailless amphibia4 ,vac' u oles1 small1 cle> spots 9 cells1 fill$ ) a wat]y fluid4 ,see ,food-vacuoles & ,contract+ vacuoles4 ,valve1 7#a7 a membran\s fold :i* all[s ! blood1 or o!r fluids1 to fl[ 9 only "o direction2 7#b7 "o ( ! two p>ts ( ! %ell ( a bivalve4 ,ve91 7#a7 a blood-vessel c>ry+ blood t[>d ! he>t2 7#b7 "o ( ! tubul> ?ick5+s ( an insect's w+4 ,ve' na ca' va1 a l>ge ve9 empty+ into ! "r auricle ( ! he>t4 ,v5' tral1 situat$ on ! "u surface4 ,v5' tri cle1 any cavity ( a holl[ organ1 z ( ! bra9 or he>t4 ,v]' mes1 ! worms1 a poorly def9$ gr\p ( animals1 %[+ bilat]al symmetry b )\t segm5t$ app5dages4 ,v]' te bra1 "o ( ! bones ( ! sp9al column4 ,v]' te brates1 animals hav+ a backbone4 ,vi bris' s1 long hairs on ! face4 ,vis' ce ra 7pl4 ( viscus71 ! organs ( "o ( ! great cavities ( ! body 7! abdom51 ! ?orax1 or ! cranium71 usually mean+ ^? ( ! abdom54 ,vi va' ri um1 a cage 9 :i* liv+ animals are kept4 ,w>n+ colors1 bright colors :i* r5d] an animal free f attack4 ,:orl1 a s+le coil 9 ! spire ( a ga/]opod %ell4 ,yolk1 food mat]ial ( an egg4