,transcrib]'s note ,?is is d]iv$ f a copy on ! ,int]net ,ar*ive3 http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/educat ionh[old#jjwalsgoog ,page numb]s 9 ?is book are indicat$ by numb]s enclos$ 9 curly braces1 e4g4 #ii4 ,!y h be5 locat$ :]e page breaks occurr$ 9 ! orig9al book4 ,obvi\s spell+ errors h be5 correct$ b inv5tive & inconsi/5t spell+ is left un*ang$4 ,unusual use ( quotation m>ks is also un*ang$4 ,ext5d$ quotations & citations are ind5t$4 ,footnotes h be5 r5umb]$ to avoid ambiguity1 & relocat$ to ! end ( ! enclos+ p>agraph4 ,end ,transcrib]'s note ,,education ,,h[ ,,old ,,! ,,new ,,by ,,james ,j4 ,,wal%1 ,m4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,litt4 ,d4 ,dean & ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e & ( ,n]v\s ,diseases at ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e2 ,pr(essor ( ,physiological ,psy*ology at ! ,ca!dral ,college1 ,new ,york4 ,,second ,,impression ,,new ,,york ,,=dham ,,univ]sity ,,press #aiaa ,,copyright4 #aiaj1 ,,by ,,james ,j4 ,,wal% ,publi%$ ,octob] #bj?1 #aiaj ,second ,impression ,m>* #bj?1 #aiaa ,,! ,,qu9n ,,bod5 ,,co4 ,,press ,,ramway1 ,n4,j4 ,,to ,,! ,xavi] ,alumni ,sodality ,mo/ ( ! ?\ghts conta9$ 9 ?is volume 7 orig9ally express$ at our breakfa/s4 ,x seems only fitt+1 !n1 t on pres5tation to a l>g] audi5ce !y %\ld be d$icat$ to y4 ,j4 ,j4 ,w4 ,our ,lady's ,day4 ,augu/ #ae1 #aiaj v ,,preface ,! reason = publi%+ ?is volume ( lectures & addresses is ! p]suasion t pres5t-day educators are view+ ! hi/ory ( education ) %ort-sight$ vision4 ,an impression prevails t only ! la/ few g5]ations h done "w ( s]i\s significance 9 education4 ,! hi/ory ( old-"t education is neglect$1 or is treat$ z ( at mo/ antiqu>ian int]e/ & !re is a failure to und]/& its true value4 ,! connect+ l9k betwe5 ! lectures & addresses is ! ef=t to express 9 t]ms ( ! pres5t :at educators 7 do+ 9 ! pa/4 ,once ^u a "t1 :5 ,i proclaim$ ! happ9ess ( ! ,engli% workm5 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! v positive objection 0 rais$1 ,h[ c\ld !y be happy s9ce _! wages 7 only a few c5ts a day8 ,= response x 0 only necess>y to po9t out t = 8 eight c5ts1 ! m9imum wage by act ( ,p>liam5t1 ! workman c\ld buy a pair ( h&made %oes1 t be+ ! maximum price e/abli%$ by law1 & o!r necess>ies at simil> prices4 ,if old-"t education is /udi$ ) ?is same c>e to translate its mean+ into mod]n values1 !n ! v olde/ education ( :i* we h any record takes on significance ev5 = our "t4 vi ,:ile x is g5]ally suppos$ t !re are _m new features 9 mod]n education1 x requires b slight famili>ity ) educational hi/ory to "k t !re is v little t is novel4 ,su* suppos$ly new phases z nature-/udy & te*nical tra9+ & sci5ce1 physical z well z e?ical1 are all old /ories1 ?\gh !y h _h negative phases dur+ :i* x w\ld be h>d to to trace !m4 ,! m we "k ab\t ! hi/ory ( education ! great] is our respect = educators at all times4 ,ne>ly always !y _h a p]fectly cle> idea ( :at !y 7 try+ to d1 !y fac$ ! problems ( education 9 q ! same _s t we d & (t5 solv$ !m v well4 ,inde$ ! results ( _m p]iods ( old-"t education are mu* bett] ?an our own1 ev5 :5 judg$ by our /&>ds4 ,un=tunately !re exi/s a v common p]suasion t evolution plays a l>ge role 9 education & t we1 ! heirs ( all ! ages 9 ! =emo/ files ( "t1 are necess>ily 9 ! =efront ( educational advance4 ,!re has be5 mu* progress 9 education 9 ! la/ c5tury1 b x w\ld1 inde$1 be a hopeless _w if !re _h n be5 progress out ( ! dep?s 9 :i* education 0 plung$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,!re 7 a numb] ( re=m]s 9 education at ! end ( ! eighte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x 0 r easy to be an educational re=m] at t "t4 ,! l[e/ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( vii education 0 ab\t ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x has be5 assum$ t s9ce we are f> ahead ( t g5]ation we mu/ be /ill f>!r ahead ( ! p :o prec$$ !m4 ,t is ! mi/ake4 ,!re are p]iods ( education ( v great significance c5turies long be=e t "t4 ,9 educational lectures & addresses = ! pa/ five ye>s1 ,i h be5 try+ to translate into mod]n t]ms ! mean+ ( ^! old p]iods ( education4 ,a great _m tea*]s h ?\ght ! ideas valuable & sugge/ive & s ,i am tempt$ to publi% !m 9 book =m4 ,!re is an additional reason1 t ( wi%+ to create a bond ( sympa?y betwe5 ! two sy/ems ( education t h gr[n up 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= "s ?ree g5]ations n[ ,ca?olic educators h be5 indep5d5tly build+ up a sy/em ( education f ! elem5t>y s*ools to ! univ]sity4 ,! ,am]ican _w ( education is com+ to recognize h[ mu* !y h accompli%$4 ,!re has ev5 be5 "s curiosity express$ z to h[ x 0 all done 9 spite ( app>5tly insup]able ob/acles4 ,"o phase ( ,ca?olic education1 its ?or\gh-go+ cons]vatism & def9ite ef=t to value ! pa/ prop]ly & take advantage ( its preci\s lessons1 is "h repres5t$4 ,my own educational int]e/s h be5 tak5 up mu* m ( late ye>s ) m$ic9e ?an ) o!r phases ( ?is subject4 ,h5ce ! viii volume conta9s c]ta9 addresses relat+ to ! hi/ory ( m$ical education4 ,!y are m intimately l9k$ ) ! g5]al subject ( education ?an might p]haps be ?\ght4 ,we h _h f9ely organiz$ m$ical education at a numb] ( times 9 ! pa/1 &1 inde$1 at ! pres5t mom5t c f9d inspiration & inc5tive 9 /udy+ ! legal regulation ( m$ic9e & ( m$ical education 9 :at might seem to be s-unpromis+ a "t z ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,= true educational progress !re has always be5 ne$ ( close sympa?y betwe5 ! non-pr(essional & ! pr(essional dep>tm5t ( univ]sities4 ,only :5 ! pr(essional s*ools are real graduate dep>tm5ts1 requir+ "u-graduate tra9+ = admission1 is ! univ]sity do+ its "w prop]ly4 ,?is 0 ! rule 9 ! pa/--h5ce ! preci\s lessons = ! pres5t 9 ! /ory ( ^! old-"t univ]sities4 ,^! lectures & addresses 7 actually deliv]$1 n m]ely read4 ,!y 7 writt5 ) t purpose4 ,c]ta9 repetitions t w\ld h be5 avoid$ if ! articles _h be5 prep>$ directly = read+ & n = an audi5ce1 may be not$4 ,"s ( ! subjects ov]lap & c]ta9 phases _h to be treat$ usually 9 v>iant =m 9 diff]5t lectures4 ,= ^! faults ! read]'s indulg5ce is crav$4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,education1 ,,h[ ,,old ,,! ,,new #h ,,ii4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mod]n ,,univ]sity #fc ,,iii4 ,,m$iaeval ,,sci5tific ,,univ]sities #ic ,,iv4 ,,ideal ,,popul> ,,education #aee ,v4 ,,cycles ,,( ,,fem99e ,,education ,,& ,,influ5ce #aii ,,vi4 ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,fem99e ,,education #bgc ,,vii4 ,,orig9s ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,education #bii ,,viii4 ,,! ,,m$ical ,,pr(ession ,,= ,,six ,,?\s& ,,ye>s #cdi ,,ix4 ,,univ]sity ,,m$ical ,,s*ools #cgg ,x4 ,,! ,,college ,,man ,,9 ,,life #djc ,,xi4 ,,new ,,engl&ism #dcc ,,education1 ,,h[ ,,old ,,! ,,new ,no?+ "u ! sun is new1 nei!r is any man able to say3 ,behold ?is is new3 ,= x ha? already gone be=e 9 ! ages t 7 be=e u4 --,ecclesia/es i3#aj4 ,nullum e/ jam dictum1 quod non dictum sit prius4 --,t]5ce1 ,eun4 ,prol41 #da4 ,no?+ is n[ said :i* 0 n said be=e4 ,/4 ,j]ome relates t 8 preceptor ,donatus1 comm5t+ on ?is passage ( ,t]5ce1 us$ to say3 ,p]eant qui ante nos no/ra dix]unt4 ,may !y p]i% :o said our good ?+s be=e u4 #c ,,education1 ,,h[ ,,old ,,! ,,new ,footnote #a ,footnote #a3 ,mat]ial = ?is lecture 0 ga!r$ = "o ( a c\rse ( lectures on ,phases ( ,education deliv]$ at ,/ ,m>y's ,college1 ,s\? ,b5d1 ,ind41 at ! ,sacr$ ,he>t ,academy1 ,k5wood1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 & at ,/4 ,m>y's ,college1 ,monroe1 ,mi*1 #aiji4 ,9 some:at develop$ =m x 0 deliv]$ to ! public s*ool tea*]s ( ,new ,orleans at ! beg9n+ ( #aiaj4 ,9 v ne>ly its pres5t =m x 0 ! op5+ lecture at ! c\rse ( ! ,brooklyn ,in/itute ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 on ,h[ ,old ! ,new ,is1 deliv]$ 9 ! spr+ ( #aiaj4 ,popul> lectures are usually on "s v up-to-date subject4 ,inde$1 z a rule !y are on subjects t are develop+ at ! mom5t1 & ! ma9 aim ( ! lectur] is to =eca/ ! future4 ,x is be=e a ?+ has happ5$ t we want to "k ab\t x n[1 & ?\gh1 z n infrequ5tly occurs1 ! lectur]'s =eca/ does n 9 ! ev5t prove him a prophet nor ! son ( a prophet1 = nature usually accompli%es h] purposes m simply ?an ! closet philosoph] anticipates1 at lea/ we h ! satisfaction = ! mom5t ( ?9k+ t n only are we up to date b a little ahead ( x4 ,un=tunately ,i h to claim y\r indulg5ce ?is ev5+ 9 ?is matt]1 = tak+ j ! opposite c\rse4 ,i am to talk ab\t ! olde/ book 9 ! _w1 its old-fa%ion$ yet novel cont5ts1 its up-to-date applications1 & its significance = ! hi/ory ( ! race &1 above all1 ! hi/ory ( education4 ,! #d "o int]e/+ feature1 z ,i hope1 ( :at ,i h to say1 is t old-"t me?ods 9 education z sugge/$ by ?is little volume are /rangely famili> & its cont5ts are z significant n[ z !y 7 9 ! old "t f :i* x comes4 ,! book 0 writt5 almo/ z long be=e ,solomon z ,solomon is be=e u1 yet !re is a dep? ( practical wisdom ab\t x t em95tly recalls ! expression !re is no?+ new "u ! sun4 ,s mu* att5tion has be5 giv5 to education 9 rec5t ye>s1 we h made su* a prom95t feature ( x 9 life1 h sp5t s mu* money on x1 h devot$ s mu* "t & ?\ght to its developm5t & organization1 t we feel v sure t :at we are do+ n[ 9 e l9e ( educational ef=t repres5ts--inde$ mu/ repres5t--a great advance ov] any?+ & ev]y?+ t 0 ev] accompli%$ 9 ! pa/4 ,to say any?+ else w\ld seem to mo/ p pure pessimism4 ,x w\ld mean t 9 spite ( all ! ef=ts ( m5 we 7 n mak+ advances4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 all ( u "k t x is q possible to make h]oic ef=ts s sadly misdirect$ t !y accompli% no?+ & get u n[h]e4 ,progress dep5ds n on ef=t b on ! prop] direction ( ! ef=t4 ,we are suppos$1 h[ev]1 to repres5t "o phase & t at ! front rank ( an inevitable advance 9 ?+s human1 pu%$ =w>d1 z x 71 by ! :eel ( evolution 9 its ceaseless progress1 & b\nd #e !re=e to make advancem5t4 ,x is ) ?is idea1 s commonly accept$1 t ,i w\ld take issue by %[+ h[ mu* 0 accompli%$ 9 ! pa/ t anticipates mu* ( :at we are occupi$ ) at ! pres5t "t1 & t s]ves to %[ :at m5 c accompli% at any "t :5 !y set !mselves to do+ ?+s ) high ideals1 well-consid]$ purpose & /r5u\s ef=t4 ,!re are ^? :o insi/ t unless m5 h ! enc\rag+ feel+ t !y are mak+ progress1 _! ef=ts are likely to be less /r5u\s ?an w\ld o!rwise be ! case4 ,!re are ^? :o ?9k app>5tly t complim5ts make ! be/ inc5tive = successful ef=t4 ,"s ( u :o "k t ! _w's be/ "w1 or at lea/ ! "w ( _m ( ! _w's great m51 has be5 done 9 ! mid/ ( opposition1 9 ! v tee? ( criticism1 9 spite ( disc\ragem5t1 may n agree ) t op9ion4 ,! hi/ory ( successful accompli%m5t seems to %[1 inde$1 t inc5tive is all ! /rong] z ! result ( ! opposition :i* ar\ses to r5ew$ ef=ts & ! criticism :i* /rips :atev] is new ( errors t inevitably cl+ to x at ! beg9n+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if !re is any?+ t ! lessons ( hi/ory make cle> x is t self-complac5cy is ! v wor/ ?+1 above all = intellectual ef=t ( any k9d1 & t criticism1 :5 judici\s1 is always b5eficial4 ,above all1 comp>isons are likely to be #f *a/5+ 9 _! effects to make u realize t :at we are do+ at any p>ticul> "t does n mean s mu* m ?an :at _m o!rs h done & may inde$ ev5 mean less4 ,x is r int]e/+1 !n1 to set our complac5t assurance t we are do+ su* wond]ful "w 9 education & repres5t su* magnific5t progress ov] aga9/ "s ( ! educational "w ( ! pa/4 ,aft] all we are n ne>ly s self-congratulatory ab\t our education1 its ways & me?ods &1 above all1 its success z we 7 a doz5 ye>s ago4 ,!re are _m j>r+ notes ( discordant criticism ( me?ods he>d1 !re are _m deprecatory rem>ks pass$ ) reg>d to our suppos$ success1 & !re h be5 "s educators unk9d en\gh1--&1 un=tunately1 !y are (t5 ( ! inn] circle ( our educational life1--to say t we are lack+ 9 s*ol>%ip to a great degree1 & t mu* ( our s-call$ educational progress has be5 a t5d5cy t[>d an accumulation ( sup]ficial in=mation r ?an a tra9+ ( ! intellect = p[]4 ,! absolute ne$ ( ! di/9ction betwe5 education = in=mation & = p[] has be5 com+ home to u4 ,above all1 we h felt t we 7 n a little deceiv$ by appe>ances 9 education & s are m ready to li/5 to sugge/ions ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x has seem$ to me1 t a call+ ( att5tion to :at 0 accompli%$ at c]ta9 long-pa/ p]iods = #g education1 w\ld n only be ( int]e/ z in=mation = tea*]s1 b might possibly be helpful or at lea/ sugge/ive1 9 ! mid/ ( ! some:at disord]$ /ate ( m9d t has result$ f rec5t criticisms ( our educational me?ods & success1 by m5 ^: int]e/ 9 education _c be d\bt$ & ^: opportunities = kn[+ are ! be/4 ,= we are 9 a "t :5 ne>ly e important educator1 presid5t ( a univ]sity1 dean ( a dep>tm5t1 old-"t tea*] or old1 ?\ghtful pupil ) ! int]e/ ( ,alma ,mat] at he>t1 :o has _h some?+ to say ) reg>d to education has said x 9 r d]ogatory fa%ion4 ,p]haps1 !n1 x w d u good to /udy ! p]iods ( ! pa/ & see :at !y did1 h[ _! me?ods diff]$ or /ill m (t5 7 l our own1 :at _! success 0 l & :at we may le>n f !m4 ,! surpris+ ?+ is ! numb] ( repetitions ( pres5t-day exp]i5ces 9 education t we %all f9d 9 ! pa/4 ,?is is true1 h[ev]1 9 e mode ( ?9k+ q z well z 9 education1 once c>eful inve/igation ( conditions is made4 ,if we beg9 at ! beg9n+ & take :at is sometimes call$ ! olde/ book 9 ! _w1 we %all see h[ e>ly def9ite educational ideas took =m4 ,x is a set ( moral lessons or in/ructions giv51 or suppos$ to be giv51 by a fa!r to 8 son4 ,! fa!r's "n 0 ,ptah ,hotep4 ,he 0 a vizi] ( ,k+ ,itosi ( ! ,fif? ,dyna/y 9 ,egypt1 "s "t ab\t #cejj ,b4,c4 #h ,! ,egyptologi/s us$ to date him e>li] ?an t1 b 9 rec5t ye>s !y h be5 clipp+ c5turies (f ,egyptian dates until p]haps ,k+ ,itosi mu/ be consid]$ z hav+ liv$ probably n e>li] ?an #ccej ,b4,c4 ,t makes v little diff]5ce = our purpose1 h[ev]4 ,! olde/ manuscript copy ( ! book 0 writt5 app>5tly n lat] ?an #bijj b4c4 ,x exi/s z ! fam\s ,prisse ,papyrus 9 ! ,biblio!que ,nationale 9 ,p>is4 ,!re is ano!r copy 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,!re is a pretty ?or\gh agreem5t z to ^! dates1 s t we c be sure t ?is little book :i* has come to be kn[n z ! ,in/ruction ( ,ptah ,hotep1 or ! ,prov]bs ( ,ptah ,hotpu--ano!r =m ( 8 "n ) a v>iation 9 ! title--repres5ts ! wisdom ( ! g5]ations :o liv$ 9 ,egypt ab\t #ejjj ye>s ago4 ,x 0 writt51 z ,i h said1 almo/ z long be=e ,solomon z ,solomon is be=e u1 s t ! "* ( ! moral in/ructions :i* x conta9s is extremely int]e/+4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a numb] ( copies ( x made4 ,?is & books l x 7 us$ z s*oolbooks 9 ,egypt4 ,!y 7 employ$ some:at z we employ copybooks4 ,! writ+ ( ! manuscript is ! old hi]atic1 cursive writ+ ( ! ,egyptians1 n _! hi]oglyphics1 & ! *ildr5 us$ portions ( ?is book z copies1 li/5$ to dictation f x & le>n$ to write ! language by imitat+ x4 ,( books simil> to x we h a numb] ( manuscript copies4 ,"s #i ( ^! copies pres]v$ f be=e #bjjj ,b4,c4 are full ( errors su* z s*ool *ildr5 w\ld make 9 tak+ d[n dictation4 ,?is 0 _! me?od ( tea*+ spell+1 & aft] ! *ildr5 _h spell$ ! words ! tea*] w5t ov] !m & correct$ ! mi/akes4 ,^! corrections 7 made 9 a diff]5t color$ ink f t us$ by ! pupils6 ,! :ole sy/em ( tea*+1 z x ?us comes be=e u1 resembles our own elem5t>y s*ool tea*+ mu* m ?an we might ?9k possible4 ,spell+1 writ+1 composition are all taught 9 ?is way yet1 or at lea/ !y 7 :5 ,i 0 at s*ool1 & :ile ,i h he>d t "s ( ! old-fa%ion$ me?ods 7 go+ out1 ,i h also receiv$ "s h9ts ( ! reaction by :i* !y are com+ 9 aga91 s t ! ,egyptian me?ods take on a new int]e/4 ,p]haps !re is no m int]e/+ feature ( ! education ( t old5 "t ?an ! fact t ^! books :i* 7 us$ z copybooks 9 ! s*ool conta9 moral lessons4 ,we h be5 neglect+ ^! 9 our s*ools & h come to recognize ! dang] ( su* neglect4 ,def9ite ef=ts at ! organization ( moral tea*+ 9 "s =m are be+ made by _m tea*]s1 & _! necessity is recogniz$ by all educators4 ,all ( ^! old ,egyptian books1 !n1 w h a special claim on our int]e/ at ! pres5t "t4 ,above all1 ! olde/ ( !m1 ?\gh x is lit]ally ! olde/ book 9 ! _w1 m]its #aj our att5tion1 because its moral tea*+ is v cle>-cut & its emphasis on e?ical precepts v pron\nc$4 ,we w\ld be v prone to ?9k t :at an old fa!r has to say to 8 boy ov] fifty c5turies ago w\ld h1 at mo/1 only an antiqu>ian int]e/ = u4 ,x is n easy ev5 to imag9e t ! old g5tleman c\ld h kn[n human nature s well & writt5 f s close to ! he>t ( humanity because ( 8 love = 8 boy1 t 8 words w\ld always h a practical application 9 life4 ,su*1 h[ev]1 is actually ! case4 ,any fa!r ( ! mod]n "t w\ld be pr\d to be able to give to 8 boy ! em95tly practical maxims t ?is old fa!r has writt5 d[n4 ,if !re is any advice t w be helpful = y\?1 = ! "y usually dem& t !y %all h _! own exp]i5ce & n take x at second h&1 ?is is ! advice t is ( value4 ,only fools1 x is said1 le>n by _! own exp]i5ce1 b !n !re is good ,scripture w>rant = believ+ t !y 7 n all wise m5 9 ! old5 "t1 & we are pretty well agre$ t all ! fools are n dead yet4 ,if advice c be ( s]vice1 h[ev]1 f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 !n "h is ! wisdom ( age = ! inexp]i5ce ( y\?4 ,at lea/ x w s]ve aft] ! ev5t to %[ y\? t x 0 prop]ly w>n$ & t x is entirely its own fault if x has be5 mak+ a fool ( itself--z o!r g5]ations h done be=e4 #aa ,x might be expect$ t at lea/ 9 =m ^! old-"t maxims w\ld be rude & crude1 express$ ) an old man's loquaci\sness & ) _m p]sonal foibles4 ,=tunately = u1 :ile to 8 son ,ptah ,hotep 0 v probably an old man1 he 0 n :at mo/ ( u w\ld call old4 ,9 ,egypt !y m>ri$ comp>atively "y4 ,?is boy 0 probably ! olde/ son4 ,x is usually = ! olde/ t su* advice is treasur$ up & writt5 out4 ,! fa!r !n1 giv+ 8 advice j z 8 son 0 leav+ ! pat]nal h\sehold :5 he _h m>ri$ a wife & 0 ab\t to set up a home ( 8 own1 0 probably n m ?an =ty4 ,to sev5te5 or eighte51 =ty is q anci5t4 ,to mo/ ( ! re/ ( u x is entirely too "y to be tru/$ absolutely 9 s]i\s matt]s4 ,ari/otle decl>$ t a man's body rea*es physical p]fection at ?irty-five & 8 m9d rea*es intellectual maturity at =ty-n9e4 ,8 /ud5ts 7 incl9$ to ?9k t ?is age 0 entirely too old1 8 philosophic contempor>ies ( 8 own g5]ation & ! memb]s ( national academies & le>n$ societies ( mo/ ( ! g5]ations s9ce1 h be5 q sure t ! t]m set 0 entirely too "y4 ,ptah ,hotep's son1 !n1 v probably look$ on 8 fa!r z mo/ sons "u tw5ty are prone to d1 z a de> old-fa%ion$ g5tleman 7he does n l to use ! ^w old fogy = 8 fa!r1 res]v+ x = ! fa!rs ( o!rs71 :o w\ld #ab be q tol]able if he only _h a little m sympa?y ) ! wond]ful advance t is 9 ! _w 9 ?is new g5]ation4 ,! real "y man ( ! "t1 h[ev]1 0 ! fa!r :o wrote 8 maxims1 ! cond5s$ wisdom ( 8 exp]i5ce ( life1 ) a directness1 an absolute cl>ity1 an occasional appeal to figures ( spee* & a v>iety ( expression s /rik+ z to make 8 "w lit]ature4 ,z su* x has come d[n to u4 ,x is em95tly human 9 e way1 & :ile !re is "h & !re an un=tunate t5d5cy to repeat words ( simil> s\nd & diff]5t mean+1 aft] ! fa%ion ( :at we call punn+1 ?is is p>donable en\gh s9ce s _m ( our fri5ds indulge 9 x & give u practice 9 p>don+1 :ile1 on ! :ole1 ! old man wrote z wisely z ,polonius1 & 9 a /yle n q z artificial z t :i* ,%akespe>e has inv5t$ z suitable to ! old ,dani% ,prime ,m9i/]1 :om ! anci5t vizi] ( ,egypt recalls s vividly 9 _m ways4 ,no idea is probably m +ra9$ 9 mod]n ?9k+1 no op9ion is m g5]ally accept$1 no conclusion is sur] to mo/ p1 ?an t we are 9 ! mid/ ( m>vell\s progress 9 ?is little _w ( ours1 & t our g5]ation is some:]e at ! apex ( ! ,pyramid ( ,progress1 elevat$ !reto by ! atta9m5ts ( ! g5]ations t h prec$$ u4 ,z ! ,poet ,laureate put x at ! close ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 we are ! heirs ( all ! ages 9 ! #ac =emo/ files ( "t2 & because we h ! advantage ( our pr$ecessors' progress 9 _! "t1 we are1 ( c\rse1 9 all t makes = human happ9ess & fulness ( life1 v f> ahead ( ^? gone be=e u4 ,! f>!r back we g 9 hi/ory1 !n1 ! l[] d[n m5 are suppos$ to be f\nd 9 all t /&s = intellectuality & 9 all t repres5ts ! possibilities ( human a*ievem5t at its be/4 ,x is n[ well und]/ood t ! g5]ations ( ! pa/ are n s mu* to be blam$ = _! backw>dness z to be piti$ = ! mis=tune t1 hav+ come e>li] 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 !y c\ld n h ! advantages t we enjoy1 & !re=e c\ld only atta9 mu* l[] /ages 9 human progress ?an ours4 ,app>5tly1 !re are v few p :o d n %>e 9 ! op9ions ?us express$4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has be5 proclaim$ ! c5tury ( evolution2 & ! idea ( evolution has become s mu* a "p ( ! ?\ght ( our "t t man also is assum$ to be 9 ! mid/ ( x1 & hi/ory is presum$ to %[ di/9ctly ! wond]ful advance t humanity has made4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is extremely difficult to po9t out def9itely :]e progress 9 humanity may be obs]v$4 ,ambassador ,bryce 0 ask$1 two ye>s ago1 to deliv] an address be=e ,phi ,beta ,kappa at ,h>v>d1 & took = 8 subject ,:at is ,progress8 ,phi ,beta ,kappa is ! frat]nity t admits into its classes only ! be/ #ad /ud5ts1--m5 :o h prov$ _! ability by success4 ,mr4 ,bryce1 speak+ to ! mo/ intellig5t univ]sity graduates1 might be expect$ to make mu* ( our wond]ful rec5t progress4 ,! address subsequ5tly appe>$ 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,augu/1 #aijg4 ,f> f any glorification ( progress1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,am]ican ,commonweal?1 :o has demon/rat$ 8 bread? ( view & 8 notable lack ( ,briti% insul>ity by ! l>ge way he has writt5 ab\t u1 s t we h adopt$ 8 "w z a text-book ( in=mation ab\t ourselves1 is v dubi\s z to :e!r !re is any progress 9 ! _w4 ,!re is c]ta9ly no progress 9 man's highe/ expressions ( 8 intellig5ce4 ,z ,mr4 ,bryce says3 ,! poetry ( ! e>ly ,hebrews & ( ! e>ly ,greeks has nev] be5 surpass$ & h>dly ev] equall$4 ,nei!r has ! philosophy ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 nor ! spee*es ( ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o4 ,no "o pret5ds t !re is any progress 9 art4 ,! ma/]pieces ( ar*itecture1 sculpture1 & pa9t+ date z a rule f long be=e our "t1 "s ( !m ne>ly tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s back4 ,z has be5 v well said1 ! man :o talks mu* ab\t progress 9 our "t usually kn[s only ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght 9 8 own g5]ation1 & n v mu* ab\t t4 ,9 ne>ly e important phase ( human a*ievem5t1 we are1 9 pres5t accompli%m5t1 f> beh9d ! great pr$ecessors4 ,9 our g5]ation1 #ae we are confess$ly imitators 9 e phase ( ae/hetic expression4 ,9 pa9t+1 sculpture1 art & lit]ature1 our models are all 9 ! pa/1 & we are q frank 9 confess+ t we are do+ no "w at all s good z ! "w ( our =efa!rs ( _m g5]ations & sometimes _m c5turies ago4 ,:5ce1 !n1 comes ! idea ( progress8 ,x has obta9$ mo/ ( its vogue f ! !ory ( evolution2 & ! lack ( evid5ce = evolution 9 g5]al1 9 spite ( ! p]suasion on ! "p ( _m educat$ p t !re are pro(s = x1 c be v well judg$ f ! correspond+ lack ( evid5ce ) reg>d to progress 9 humanity4 ,!re is complete abs5ce ( pro( = ?is latt]1 :5 ! situation ) reg>d to human a*ievem5t 9 ! really great ?+s ( human life is exam9$4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be amus+ 7 x n amaz+ to ?9k h[ readily we h come to accept notions = :i* !re is s little sub/antiation4 ,to _m ?is w d\btless seem a surpris+ decl>ation to make1 aft] all t has be5 writt51 & univ]sally accept$ z mo/ p ?9k1 ) reg>d to evolution by ! great m9ds ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:at evolution means1 h[ev]1 is summ$ up 9 ! !ory ( desc5t1 t is t liv+ ?+s z we "k !m n[1 h all come f simpl] =ms & p]haps all f a s+le =m4 ,! only o!r phase ( int]e/ 9 evolution is :at conc]ns ! !ory ( natural selection1 :i* is suppos$ by _m p to #af h be5 demon/rat$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x may be well = ^? :o ?9k ?us to h recall$ to !m :at a rec5t writ] on ! subject1 himself a di/+ui%$ inve/igator 9 biology1 a pr(essor at ,lel& ,/an=d ,univ]sity1 :]e "u ! influ5ce ( ,presid5t ,jordan biology is ?or\ghly yet cons]vatively cultivat$1 has to say ) reg>d to ^! !ories & ! objective evid5ce = !m4 ,pr(essor ,v]non ,l4 ,kellogg 9 8 ,d>w9ism ,to-day1 ,footnote #b p4 #ah1 ?\gh himself an evolutioni/ & a ,d>w9ian1 says3 ,:at may = ! mom5t deta9 u1 h[ev]1 is a ref]5ce to ! curi\sly almo/ completely subjective "* ( ! evid5ce = bo? ! !ory ( desc5t & natural selection4 ,biology has be5 until n[ a sci5ce ( obs]vation2 x is beg9n+ to be "o ( obs]vation plus exp]im5t4 ,! evid5ce = its pr9cipal !ories might be expect$ to be ?or\ghly objective 9 "*2 to be ( ! nature ( positive1 obs]v$ & p]haps exp]im5tally prov$1 facts4 ,h[ is x actually8 ,speak+ by & l>ge1 we only tell ! g5]al tru? :5 we decl>e t no indubitable cases ( species =m+ or trans=m+1 t is ( desc5t1 h be5 obs]v$2 & t no recogniz$ case ( natural selection really select+ has be5 obs]v$4 ,i ha/5 to repeat ! names ( ! ,ancon %eep1 ! ,p>aguay cattle1 ! ,porto ,santo rabbit1 ! ,artemias ( ,s*mankewit* & ! de ,vriesian #ag ev5+ primroses to %[ t ,i "k my li/ ( classic possible exceptions to ?is d5ial ( obs]v$ species =m+1 & to ref] to ,weldon's broad-&-n>r[ front$ crabs z a case ( :at may be an obs]vation ( selection at "w4 ,b su* a li/1 ev5 if x c\ld be ext5d$ to a score1 or to a hundr$1 ( cases1 is ludicr\s z objective pro( ( t desc5t & selection1 "u ^: dom9ation ! =m+ ( millions ( species is suppos$ to h occurr$4 7,italics m9e47 ,footnote #b3 ,h5ry ,holt & ,co41 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,mr4 ,kellogg1 z might be expect$ f ?is1 objects v mu* to ! application t has be5 s he$lessly made ( c]ta9 suppos$ pr9ciples ( evolution to p$agogy4 ,9 practically e sci5ce to :i* ,d>w9ian pr9ciples h be5 appli$ x is ! weake/ ( ! pr9ciples t h be5 appeal$ to z ! f\ndation = presum$ly new developm5ts 9 ! p>ticul> sci5ce4 ,) reg>d to ! s-call$ sci5ce ( education ,pr(essor ,kellogg says3 ,9 ,p$agogy x is also ! !ory ( desc5t r ?an ! selection !ory :i* has be5 drawn on = "s r rem>kable developm5ts 9 *ild /udy & in/ruction4 ,un=tunately x is on t weake/ ( ! ?ree f\ndation pill>s ( desc5t1 namely ! sci5ce ( embryology ) its ,muell]ian-,haeckelian capitulation !ory or biog5etic law1 t ! *ild-/udy p$agogues h build$4 ,! species recapitulates 9 ! ontog5y 7developm5t7 ( ea* ( its individuals ! c\rse or hi/ory ( its #ah phylog5y 7desc5t or evolution74 ,h5ce ! *ild corresponds 9 diff]5t p]iods ( its developm5t to ! phyletic /ages 9 ! desc5t ( man4 ,z ! *ild is =tunately well by its fi%1 dog & monkey /ages be=e x comes into ! c>e ( ! p$agogue1 he has to conc]n himself only ) safe progress ?r\gh ! v>i\s /ages ( prehi/oric & b>b>\s man4 ,detect ! precise phyletic /age cave-man1 /one-age man1 hunt] & roam]1 pa/oral man1 agriculturali/1 & treat ) ! little b>b>ian accord+ly6 ,:at simplicity6 ,only "o tr\ble "h = ! p$agogue3 ! recapitulation !ory is mo/ly wrong & :at is "r 9 x is mo/ly s cov]$ up by ! wrong "p1 t few biologi/s long] h any confid5ce 9 discov]+ ! "r4 ,:at1 !n1 ( our g5]aliz+ fri5ds1 ! p$agogues8 ,x is 9 educational matt]s1 above all1 !n1 t we mu/ be c>eful ab\t assumptions ) reg>d to evolution & suppos$ inevitable progress because we mu/1 =soo?1 be tak+ advantage ( ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( previ\s g5]ations4 ,!re is no inevitability ab\t progress 9 any l9e4 ,! atta9m5t ( any g5]ation dep5ds absolutely on :at t g5]ation tries to d1 ! ideals t x has & ! fidelity ) :i* x sets itself to "w4 ,we c make j z egregi\s mi/akes1 & we h made !m1 z any g5]ation ( ! pa/4 ,we c fo/] delusions ) reg>d to our all-kn[+ness j z #ai _m ano!r fooli% p be=e u h done1 & our "o hope ( real accompli%m5t = ourselves & our g5]ation is to *oose our purposes c>efully & !n set ab\t _! accompli%m5t ) /r5u\s ef=t4 ,! lessons ( ! pa/ 9 hi/ory are extremely preci\s n only because !y %[ u :]e o!rs made mi/akes b also because !y %[ u ! successes ( ! pa/4 ,! bett] we "k ^!1 ! deep] our admiration = !m1 ! bett] ! outlook = ourselves & our accompli%m5t4 ,?is is ! ideal t ,i w\ld l to emphasize 9 ?is s]ies ( lectures & addresses & 9 ?is1 f> f !re be+ any pessimism1 !re is1 z x seems to me1 ! highe/ optimism4 ,any g5]ation t wants to c d well1 b x mu/ want to d efficaci\sly4 ,any "o :o ?9ks t education1 9 ! s5se ( tra9+ ( "* or advice ) reg>d to practical1 e-day life1 has evolut$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 %\ld read ?is little book t ,i br+ to y ?is ev5+4 ,inde$1 x is z ! fir/ *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( education t x f9ds its mo/ valuable place 9 lit]ature4 ,?is tea*] ( ! old-"t1 :o _h 8 boy's be/ int]e/ at he>t1 n only knew :at to say b h[ to say x s z to attract a "y man's att5tion4 ,( c\rse x is probable t1 ev5 ) all ?is good advice1 ! "y man w5t 8 way 9 8 own fa%ion2 = t is ev] ! mode ( ! "y4 ,b1 s f> z ! exp]i5ce ( ano!r #bj c\ld supply = t p]sonal exp]i5ce :i* e human be+ craves1 & w h1 no matt] :at ! co/1 surely ?is olde/ book 9 ! _w supplies ! be/ possible mat]ial4 ,z lit]ature1 x has a f9i% t is q surpris+4 ,art is said to be ! elim9ation ( ! sup]flu\s4 ,surely1 !n1 ?is is artful1 9 ! be/ s5se ( t ^w1 to a supreme degree4 ,x is surpris+ h[ few repetitions !re are1 h[ few t]giv]sations1 h[ few unnecess>y words2 & yet ! /yle is n s au/]e z to be dry & lack+ 9 human int]e/4 ,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! book is ! fact t 9 x ,god is always spok5 ( 9 ! s+ul>4 ,x is n ! gods :o help m51 :o puni% !m1 :o comm& & mu/ be obey$1 ^: provid5ce is s wond]ful1 b x is always ,god4 ,! late/ editor1,footnote #c ,mr4 ,battiscombe ,g4 ,gunn1 9 8 v]sion always ins]ts ! def9ite article be=e ! ^w ,god because1 he says1 9 diff]5t places !re 7 diff]5t local gods1 & ! idea ( ! writ] 0 to emphasize ! fact t ! god ( any p>ticul> locality w\ld act z he decl>$ 9 8 in/ructions4 ,!re are _m di/+ui%$ ,egyptologi/s1 h[ev]1 :o insi/ t ! expression ! ,god1 :i* occurs n only 9 ?is b 9 _m o!r v e>ly ,egyptian writ+s1 is a #ba mono!i/ic deity ^: "n is above all names1 & transc5ds all ! p[] ( humanity to "n him1 & h5ce is spok5 ( always )\t a "n b ) ! def9ite article4 ,footnote #c3 ,! ,in/ructions ( ,ptah ,hotep4 ,translat$ f ! ,egyptian1 ) an ,introduction & an ,app5dix1 by ,battiscombe ,g4 ,gunn4 ,e4 ,p4 ,dutton ,co4 ,wisdom ( ! ,ea/ ,s]ies1 #aiji4 ,x is curi\s inde$ to f9d t ! v fir/ bit ( in/ruction giv5 to 8 son by ?is wise fa!r is1 n to be conceit$ ab\t :at he kn[s4 ,h[ /rik+ ! expression ( 8 fir/ s5t5ce ( ?is olde/ book3 ,be n pr\d because ?\ art le>n$4 ,& ! second is l unto ! fir/3 ,b disc\rse ) ! ignorant man z ) ! sage4 ,& !n at ! end ( ?is v fir/ p>agraph comes ! fir/ figure ( spee* 9 human lit]ature t has be5 pres5t$ = u4 ,x is z beautiful 9 its simplicity & illum9at+ quality z any ( ! subsequ5t "t4 ,fair spee* 7by :i* is meant evid5tly k9dly spee* t[>d ^? :o "k less ?an we d7 is m r>e ?an ! em]ald t is f\nd by slave maid5s on ! pebbles4 ,!n !re comes a s]ies ( directions z to h[ ! "y man %\ld treat 8 sup]iors1 8 equals & 8 inf]iors4 ,if 9 argum5t he is wor/$ by "s "o :o kn[s m ?an himself1 he is caution$4 ,be n angry4 ,if "s "o talks nons5se4 ,correct him4 ,if an ignorant man insi/s on argu+1 ,be n scornful ) him1 b let him alone2 !n %all he conf\nd himself2 = x is %ameful to confuse a mean m9d4 ,! advice may be summ$ up4 ,d n argue ) y\r sup]iors1 x does no good2 nor ) #bb y\r equals1 /ate y\r case & let x g2 b above all1 n ) y\r inf]iors2 let !m talk & !y w make fools ( !mselves4 ,k9dness is always insi/$ on z ! quality mo/ indisp5sable to a man4 ,live !re=e1 says ! fa!r1 9 ! h\se ( k9dl9ess1 & m5 %all come & give gifts ( !mselves4 ,!re are lessons 9 polit5ess z well z 9 k9dl9ess4 ,= in/ance3 ,if ?\ be among ! gue/s ( a great man1 pi]ce him n ) _m glances4 ,x is abhorr$ ( ! s\l to />e at him4 ,speak n till he address !e4 ,speak :5 he que/ione? !e2 s %alt ?\ be good 9 8 op9ion4 ,aga91 he wants 8 son n to eat ! bread ( idl5ess3 ,fill n ?y m\? at ?y neighbor's table4 ,he insi/s mu* on ! lesson t ,god helps ^? :o help !mselves4 ,behold1 he says1 ri*es come n ( !mselves4 ,x is _! rule to come to him t actively desires4 ,if he be/ir him & collect !m himself1 ,god %all make him prosp]\s2 b ,he %all puni% him if he be slo?ful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ga9+ ( ri*es = ri*es' sake is n wor? ! :ile4 ,:5 ri*es are ga9$1 foll[ ! he>t2 = ri*es are ( no avail if "o be we>y4 ,z mu* z to say1 aft] hav+ ga9$ a compet5cy1 d n sp5d fur!r "t 9 amass+ weal?1 b enjoy 9 a reasonable way t :i* has be5 obta9$4 ,!re are c]ta9 ?+s1 h[ev]1 t a man %\ld n foll[2 !y are unwor?y ( 8 #bc nature z a man4 ,z to ! man ^: he>t obeye? 8 belly1 he cause? disgu/ 9 place ( love4 ,8 he>t is wret*$1 8 body is gross4 ,he is insol5t t[>d ^? end[$ by ,god4 ,he t obeye? 8 belly ha? an enemy4 ,:ile ! old man w>ns 8 son aga9/ gluttony & aga9/ slo?1 he has mu* to say ) reg>d to covet\sness3 ,if ?\ desire t ?9e actions may be good1 save ?yself f all malice1 & bew>e ( ! quality ( covet\sness1 :i* is a griev\s inn] malady4 ,?is expression is r5d]$ /ill m /rik+ by :at is add$ to x2 = ! fa!r insi/s t x is p>ticul>ly relatives-9-law :o qu>rel ov] money4 ,covet\sness sette? at v>iance fa!rs-9-law & ! k9sm5 ( ! daught]-9-law4 ,x sund]e? ! wife & ! husb&2 x ga!re? unto itself all evils4 ,x is ! girdle ( all wick$ness4 ,x ne$$ only ! next s5t5ce to make ^! expressions supremely mod]n3 ,be n covet\s z t\*+ %>es1 9 seiz+ t :i* is n ?9e own prop]ty4 ,! ,god ( ?is e>lie/ book t we h f ! h& ( man has ne>ly all ! int]e/+ & important qualities t we ref] to ! ,deity4 ,he is look$ up to z ! giv] ( all good ?+s4 ,he loves 8 creation1 & above all loves man1 & obs]ves m5's actions v c>efully1 & rew>ds or puni%es !m accord+ to _! des]ts4 ,he desires m5 to be fruitful1 & to multiply ^u ! e>? = _! own good & #bd = 8 glory4 ,no?+ unwor?y ( ! ,deity1 z he is kn[n by ! mo/ educat$ p1 is attribut$ to ?is ,god1 :o transc5ds a p]sonal "n4 ,!re is an utt] disreg>d ( all trivial my?ology & ( all my/]i\s riddles1 ?\gh ^! trimm+s ( tru? are to be f\nd con/antly 9 o!r ,egyptian works ( lat] date4 ,inde$1 ! picture ( ,god is z /rik+ a pres5tation ( ! fa!rl9ess & ! provid5ce ( ! ,almighty & ( mo/ ( ! lovable *>act]i/ics ( ! ,deity z !re is to be f\nd any:]e 9 lit]ature until ! com+ ( ! ,savi\r4 ,"o might ?9k t aft] hav+ w>n$ 8 son ab\t mo/ ( ! ,sev5 ,deadly ,s9s z we "k !m--pride1 covet\sness1 gluttony1 envy1 slo? & ang]1--at lea/ we %\ld n f9d lu/ t\*$ on 9 ! mod]n way4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 ?is matt] an extremely *a/e bit ( advice t sums up ! :ole situation z well z a fa!r c tell 8 son4 ,! writ] says3 ,no place prosp]e? :]e9 lu/ is all[$ to "w its way4 ,a ?\s& m5 h be5 ru9$ = ! pleasure ( a little "t %ort z a dream4 ,ev5 dea? is rea*$ !reby4 ,x is a wret*$ ?+4 ,z = ! lu/ful liv]1 e "o leave? him = :at he doe?2 he is avoid$4 ,if 8 desires be n gratifi$1 he reg>de? no laws4 ,! fa!r tells 8 son1 /raight=w>dly & emphatically1 t indulg5ce 9 ?is vice inevitably leads to loss ( fri5ds1 ( heal?1 ( #be ev]y?+ t ! _w holds good2 & t once a man has />t$ d[n ?is pa? he has no reg>d = law or ord] or dec5cy or self-respect4 ,?is eighte5? p>agraph on a ?orny subject is probably "o ( ! mo/ wond]ful passages 9 ?is advice ( a fa!r to 8 son4 ,fa!rs ( ! mod]n "t ask :at %all !y say to _! boys4 ,"h is some?+ to tell !m t does n excite pruri5cy1 t does set ! full /ate ( ! case be=e !m & repres5ts probably all t c be said ) assurance & safety4 ,9 rec5t ye>s we h he>d mu* ( moral & social prophylaxis & ! necessity = giv+ preci\s in=mation ) reg>d to ?is subject t may prove helpful to "y p4 ,mo/ p are sure to ?9k t ?is is ! fir/ "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race t !re has be5 an awak5+ to ! necessity = ?is4 ,( c\rse !re is no d\bt t ow+ to delay$ m>riages & un=tunate social conditions 9 our l>ge cities we h m ne$ ( x ?an pa/ g5]ations1 yet "h 9 ?is old s*oolbook f ,egypt we h v def9ite & v wise tea*+ 9 ! matt]4 ,a physician is prone to wond] :at did ! old man mean by a ?\s& m5 h be5 ru9$ = ! pleasure ( a little "t %ort z a dream4 ,ev5 dea? is rea*$ !reby4 ,is x possible t he knew some?+ ( ! physical1 or let u r say1 ! pa?ological dang]s ( ! vice8 ,9 ! discussion ( ! pictures ( old-"t surg]y 9 #bf ,! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association ,i sugge/$ t ^! g5]ations seem to h kn[n m ab\t ?is phase ( pa?ology ?an we are incl9$ to admit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fa!r emphatically w>ns 8 son t 8 happ9ess w dep5d on lov+ 8 wife & c>+ = h] to ! be/ ( 8 ability2 ?\gh "s ( ! details ( t advice are s naively mod]n 9 _! expression t x seems almo/ impossible to believe t !y %\ld h be5 spok5 ne>ly six ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,he says3 ,if ?\ w\ld be wise1 provide = ?9e h\se1 & love ?y wife4 ,give h] :at %e wants to eat1 get h] :at %e wants to we> lit]ally1 fill h] /oma*1 clo! h] back4 ,gladd5 h] he>t dur+ ?y lifetime1 = %e is an e/ate pr(itable unto its "l4 ,be n h>%1 = g5tl5ess ma/]e? h] m ?an /r5g?4 ,!re is a v>iant translation ( ?is passage quot$ 9 ,masp]o's ,! ,dawn ( ,civilization1 :i* br+s out ev5 m cle>ly ! ideas t seem mo/ mod]n1 & :i* makes x v sure t x is n ! translator :o has f\nd 9 vague old expressions ?\ghts t1 :5 put into mod]n words1 h mod]niz$ old ideas4 ,masp]o reads3 ,if ?\ art wise1 ?\ wilt g up into ?9e h\se & love ?y wife at home2 ?\ wilt give h] abundance ( food2 ?\ wilt clo! h] back ) g>m5ts2 all t cov]s h] limbs1 h] p]fumes1 are ! joy ( h] life4 ,z #bg long z ?\ looke/ to ?is1 %e is z a pr(itable field to h] "l ma/]4 ,! old g5tleman's idea evid5tly 0 t1 look$ at m]ely f a mat]ial /&po9t1 x 0 wor? a man's :ile to sp5d z mu* "t c>+ = 8 wife z = 8 e/ate4 ,%e meant j z mu* = 8 happ9ess 9 ! end & might mean probably m = 8 unhapp9ess4 ,x is a v practical way ( look+ at ! subject & p]haps ! romanci/s might ?9k x sordid4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t ?is is only ! second>y motive sugge/$4 ,at ! beg9n+ he comm&s him to love 8 wife = h] own sake1 & !n1 aft] sugge/+ ! mat]ial b5efit t comes f c>+ = h]1 he says t g5tl5ess ma/]e? h] m ?an /r5g?4 ,imm$iately aft] ?is valuable advice ) reg>d to ! c>e ( ! pr9cipal memb] ( 8 h\sehold ! old man turns to ! "q ( ! c>e ( 8 s]vants4 ,we are surely prone to ?9k t ! s]vant problem at lea/ is a new developm5t 9 ?is little _w ( ours4 ,_m lit]>y works s]ve to fo/] ! impression t 9 ! old days s]vants 7 easy to obta91 t !y 7 always respectful1 t !y c\ld readily be manag$ & life ) !m 01 if n "o sweet song1 at lea/ a v smoo? c\rse4 ,m51 h[ev]1 h always be5 m51 & wom5 & ev5 s]vants h always _h m9ds ( _! own1 & /range z x may seem to u !re has always #bh be5 a s]vant problem & !re 0 "o 9 ,egypt #e1ejj ye>s ago4 ,ptah ,hotep said3 ,satisfy ?9e hir$ s]vants out ( su* ?+s z ?\ ha/2 x is ! duty ( "o t ha? be5 favor$ ( ,god4 ,9 soo?1 x is h>d to satisfy hir$ s]vants4 ,= "o sai?1 'he is a lavi% p]son2 "o kn[e? n t :i* may come f him4' ,b on ! morr[ he ?9ke?1 'he is a p]son ( exactitude 7p>simony71 cont5t !re94' ,& :5 favors h be5 %[n unto s]vants1 !y say 'we g4' 7,italics m9e47 ,peace dwelle? n 9 t t[n :]e9 dwell s]vants t are wret*$4 ,a difficult problem2 pres5ts w n solve x b only complicate x1 exact ju/ice is necess>y1 b ! peace t foll[s is wor? ! tr\ble x entails4 ,! pr9ciple w\ld be valuable 9 _m a squabble ( corporate employ] & ho/s ( s]vants 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,= dome/ic happ9ess1 x ne$$ only ! advice giv5 a little lat] 9 ?is in/ruction3 ,let ?y face be bright :at "t ?\ live/4 ,bread is to be %>$4 ,he t is grasp+ 9 ent]ta9m5t himself %all h an empty belly4 ,he t cause? /rife come? himself to sorr[4 ,take n su* a "o = ?y companion4 ,x is a man's k9dly acts t are rememb]$ ( him 9 ! ye>s aft] 8 life4 ,!re is "o phase ( life 9 :i* ,ptah ,hotep diff]s entirely f ! pres5t g5]ation1--at lea/ if we are to judge ! pres5t g5]ation #bi f its results 9 ?is matt]4 ,( c\rse !re are _m ( u :o consid] t1 9 spite ( six ?\s& ye>s ( di/ance 9 "t1 ! old ,egyptian prime m9i/] is f> ahead ( our contempor>ies 9 ?is important subject4 ,he ?\ght t ob$i5ce 0 ! mo/ important ?+ 9 life4 ,= him indep5d5ce ( _s1 9 a "y p]son p>ticul>ly1 0 an abom9ation4 ,9 spite ( ! t5d5cy to loquacity & to repeat itself1 (t5 said to be s *>act]i/ic ( old age1 ! fa!r1 :o 9 all 8 in/ructions has nev] s9n$ aga9/ ?is lit]>y canon1 almo/ seems to d s :5 x comes to ! "q ( ob$i5ce4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 he insi/s t ob$i5ce is ! "o quality t mu/ *>act]ize a man if he is to get on 9 life1 & if he is to secure happ9ess1 & h a happy g5]ation ( 8 own gr\p ar\nd him4 ,! s5t5ces read m l a ,kempis or "s m$iaeval writ] on spirituality1 & seem meant = monks "u ob$i5ce r ?an = a "y man ( ! _w1 ! son ( a prime m9i/]1 j ab\t to ent] on 8 life "w 9 bus9ess & politics4 ,two ( ! p>agraphs are well wor? quot+ "h3 ,a spl5did ?+ is ! ob$i5ce ( an ob$i5t son2 he come? 9 & li/5e? ob$i5tly4 ,excell5t 9 he>+1 excell5t 9 speak+1 is e man t obeye? :at is noble4 ,! ob$i5ce ( an obey] is a noble ?+4 ,ob$i5ce is bett] ?an all ?+s t are2 x make? good w4 ,h[ good x is t a son %\ld take #cj t f 8 fa!r by :i* he ha? rea*$ old age ob$i5ce6 ,t :i* is desir$ by ! ,god is ob$i5ce2 disob$i5ce is abhorr$ ( ! ,god4 ,v]ily1 x is ! he>t t make? its ma/] to obey or to disobey2 = ! safe-&-s\nd life ( a man is 8 he>t4 ,x is ! ob$i5t man t obeye? :at is said2 he t love? to obey1 ! same %all c>ry out comm&s4 ,he t obeye? become? "o obey$4 ,x is good inde$ :5 a son obeye? 8 fa!r2 & he 78 fa!r7 t ha? spok5 ha? great joy ( x4 ,su* a son %all be mild z a ma/]1 & he t he>e? him %all obey him t ha? spok54 ,he %all be comely 9 body & honor$ by 8 fa!r4 ,8 memory %all be 9 ! m\?s ( ! liv+1 ^? ^u e>?1 z long z !y exi/4 ,z = ! fool1 devoid ( ob$i5ce1 he doe? no?+4 ,k he reg>de? z ignorance1 pr(itable ?+s z hurtful ?+s4 ,he doe? all k9d ( errors1 s t he is rebuk$ !re= e day4 ,he live? 9 dea? !re)4 ,x is 8 food4 ,at *att]+ spee* he m>velle?1 z at ! wisdom ( pr9ces1 liv+ 9 dea? e day4 ,he is %unn$ because ( 8 mis=tunes1 by reason ( ! multitude ( afflictions t come? ^u him e day4 ,( "o ?+ ! old prime m9i/] 0 especially sure4 ,x 0 t employm5t at no s+le occupation1 no matt] :at x 0 or h[ int]e/+ soev] x might be1 c\ld satisfy a man or ev5 keep him 9 good heal?4 ,he felt1 #ca probably by exp]i5ce1 ! necessity = div]sity ( m9d & ( occupation1 if !re 0 to be any happ9ess or any real success 9 life4 ,he has a quiet way ( putt+ x1 b he says1 z confid5tly z ! mo/ mod]n ( p$agogues1 t all "w & no play makes ,jack a dull boy1 & all play & no "w makes x impossible = ,jack to get on4 ,b a prop] mixture ( bo? makes life livable2 & if a man has only ! "w t he c>es =1 & c get "s ( 8 pleasure 9 life out ( 8 "w1 !n is all well4 ,"o t reckone? acc\nts all ! day passe? n an happy mom5t4 ,"o t gladd5e? 8 he>t all ! day provide? n = 8 h\se4 ,! b[man hitte? ! m>k1 z ! /e]sman rea*e? l&1 by div]sity ( aim4 ,he t obeye? 8 he>t %all comm&4 ,!re are "s conclusions 9 ! philosophy ( life t we are v mu* incl9$ to ?9k are ! products ( mod]n practical wisdom1 & x is r surpris+ to f9d !m /at$ pla9ly 9 ?is old-"t advice ( ! fa!r to 8 boy4 ,if !re is "o idea m ?an ano!r t we are confid5t is mod]n1 & are almo/ sure to attribute to ! social developm5t ( our own g5]ation1 x is t ri*es d n belong to ! man :o makes !m to be us$ = 8 own purpose alone1 b _! possession is ju/ifi$ only if he uses !m = ! b5efit ( ! community4 ,?is is s up-to-date an idea inde$ t x is />tl+ to f9d x express$ 9 all its #cb complet5ess 9 ?is olde/ ( books4 ,ptah ,hotep said3 ,if ?\ be great aft] be+ ( no acc\nt1 & ha/ gott5 ri*es aft] pov]ty1 be+ =emo/ 9 ^! 9 ! city1 & ha/ k conc]n+ useful matt]s s t promotion is come unto !e1 !n swa! n ?9e he>t 9 ?9e ho>d1 = ?\ art become ! /ew>d ( ! end[m5ts ( ,god4 ,?\ art n ! la/2 ano!r %all be ?9e equal1 & to him %all come ! l =tune & /ation4 ,aft] all ?is x may be necess>y to trace ! p$igree ( ! book1 s9ce x might seem to be possible t x 0 a mod]n inv5tion4 ,! orig9al ( x is ! s-call$ ,prisse ,papyrus1 :i* is well kn[n by "n to all /ud5ts ( ar*aeology & especially ( ,egyptology1 & ! cont5ts ( :i* are famili> to all :o are acqua9t$ ) ,egyptian hi/ory & lit]ature4 ,x appe>s to h be5 f\nd at ,!bes1 b ! exact place is n kn[n4 ,m4 ,prisse d',av5nes1 ! well-kn[n ,fr5* ar*aeologi/ aft] :om x is nam$1 is said to h b\ght x f "o ( ! ,egyptian native workm51 or fellah91 :om he _h hir$ to make excavations 9 ! tombs ( ,!bes4 ,egyptologi/s g5]ally h accept$ ! idea t x 0 actually tak5 by ?is workman f ! tomb ( "o ( ! ,k+s ,entef1 :o 7 ( ! ,elev5? ,dyna/y & reign$ ab\t #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,?is is n c]ta91 h[ev]4 ,aft] publi%+ a translation 9 #ahdg1 ,m4 ,prisse pres5t$ ! preci\s papyrus to ! #cc ,biblio!que ,royale 7n[ ,nationale74 ,!re x may /ill be se54 ,spread out flat1 x measures ab\t tw5ty-f\r feet 9 l5g? & six in*es 9 wid?4 ,!re are ab\t eighte5 pages ( cle> r$ & black writ+ 9 ! ,hi]atic "*4 ,! fir/ "p ( ?is manuscript is a portion ( ano!r book1 ! s-call$ ,in/ructions ( ,ke'gemni4 ,footnote #d ,?is is1 h[ev]1 only a %ort fragm5t1 ?\gh probably ( ev5 old] date ?an ! ,in/ructions ( ,ptah ,hotep4 ,?is "w we h 9 its entirety4 ,d\btless its pres]vation 0 due to ! fact t _m copies ( x _h be5 made1 ?\gh only two h come d[n to u4 ,footnote #d3 ,^! ,egyptian names are spell$ diff]5tly by diff]5t mod]n s*ol>s1 accord+ to _! idea ( ! value ( c]ta9 s\nds ( ! old] language z !y %\ld be express$ 9 ! mod]n tongue to :i* !y are mo/ famili>4 ,_m ,engli% s*ol>s spell ?is z ,i h done1 ,ke'gemni4 ,masp]o1 h[ev]1 & mo/ ( ! ,fr5* s*ol>s1 spell x ,qaqimni4 ,masp]o pref]s ! =m ,phtah-,hotpu to t ( ,ptah ,hotep1 :i* has be5 adopt$ by ,engli% s*ol>s4 ,!re is a second manuscript ( ! ,in/ructions ( ,ptah ,hotep1--or ! ,prov]bs ( ,phtahhotpu1 z ! book is call$ by ,masp]o4 ,?is 0 discov]$ n long ago 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 by ,mr4 ,griffi?2 &1 :ile x is n s complete z ! ,fr5* copy1 !re is su* an agreem5t betwe5 ! two manuscripts t !re is no d\bt ab\t ! au!nticity ( ! book & ( ! fact t x repres5ts ! olde/ book 9 ! _w4 ,its date w\ld be ab\t #cfej ,b4,c4 if we 7 #cd to foll[1--z does ! translator ( ! mo/ easily procurable ,engli% edition1 ,mr4 ,gunn1--! *ronology ( ,fl9d]s ,petrie4 ,rec5t advances 9 our k ( ,egyptology1 h[ev]1 h br\ght ! dates ne>] to u ?an !y 7 plac$ be=e4 ,su* m5 z ,brea/$ ( ,*icago1 & ,masp]o1 w\ld probably take f ?ree hundr$ to five hundr$ ye>s f ?is date4 ,!re is a def9ite t5d5cy 9 all ! hi/ories to br+ dates mu* ne>] to ! pres5t ?an be=e4 ,= a "t1 ! old] "o c\ld place a date ! m s*ol>ly seem$ to be ! appeal ( su* an op9ion4 ,n[ ! t5d5cy is all ! o!r way4 ,ev5 ! late/ date t c be giv5 = ,ptah ,hotep1 or ,phtahhotpu1 w\ld /ill make 8 little book ! olde/ book 9 ! _w1 h[ev]4 ,=tunately = u ! manuscripts ( ! in/ructions ( ,ptah ,hotep t h come d[n to u are 9 mu* bett] condition ?an ^? ( mo/ ( ! o!r in/ructions ( simil> k9ds =m]ly us$ 9 ! s*ools t h be5 pres]v$4 ,9 "s ( ^! !re are a great _m errors ( writ+1 spell+ & gramm> ) ! corrections ( ! ma/] above 9 a diff]5t-color$ ink4 ,v]ily1 education has n *ang$ mu* 9 spite ( six mill5niums1 or v ne>ly s1 ( suppos$ progress s9ce ^! 7 writt51 = ! :ole process is z famili> z x c be4 ,z ,mr4 ,battiscombe ,gunn says 9 8 ,introduction to 8 edition a s*oolboy's scrawl ov] #c1jjj ye>s #ce old is no easy ?+ to translate4 ,we w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 to h be5 bless$ 9 ! pres]vation ( ?is olde/ book 9 ! _w1 ei!r ( ! orig9al copies set by ! ma/]s or ( su* copies z 7 made by advanc$ /ud5ts4 ,! s]ies ( lucky *ances t h comb9$ to br+ to u1 9 ! comp>atively p]fect =m 9 :i* x exi/s1 ?is olde/ book 9 ! _w is int]e/+ to contemplate4 ,)\t !m we w\ld h no idea ( h[ closely ! fir/ p ( :om we h any def9ite records 9 hi/ory resembl$ u 9 e ess5tial quality ( humanity1 ev5 to ! ways & modes by :i* !y tri$ to lift humanity out ( ! b>b>ic selfi%ness inh]5t 9 x to :at is high] & nobl] 9 its nature4 ,) ?is surpris+ resurrection ( our s*ool-tea*+ me?ods f ! pa/ x is int]e/+ to /udy o!r phases ( ! education ( ^! e>ly times1 & at ! same "t to note ! accompli%m5ts ( ! m51 ( ! p]iod1 _! ta/es1 ! /ate ( _! culture z reg>ds ! arts & crafts & p]sonal adornm5t & ! decoration ( _! h\ses & build+s ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ! di/+ui%$ ,engli% ,egyptologi/1 9 an article on ,! ,romance ( ,e>ly ,civilization1 pr9t$ rec5tly 9 ,! ,indep5d5t 7,new ,york71 said3 ,we h n[ be=e u a view ( ! p[]s ( man at ! e>lie/ po9t to :i* we c trace writt5 hi/ory1 & :at /rikes u mo/ is h[ v little 8 nature or abilities h *ang$ 9 #cf sev5 ?\s& ye>s2 :at he admir$ we admire2 :at 7 8 limits 9 f9e h&iwork are also ours4 ,we may h a wid] outlook1 a great] und]/&+ ( ?+s1 our int]e/s may h ext5d$ 9 ?is int]val2 b z f> z human nature & ta/es g1 man is ess5tially un*ang$ 9 ?is int]val4 ,we h en\gh ( ! products ( ! arts & crafts ( ^! e>ly ,egyptian g5]ations to %[ u t !re mu/ h be5 no inconsid]able tra9+ ( ! m5 ( ?is "t 9 ! mak+ ( beautiful art objects4 ,= in/ance1 ! int]ior decoration ( _! tombs %[s u m5 skill$ z design]s1 clev] 9 ! use ( colors1 ) a r ext5sive k ( pigm5ts & ) a def9ite t5d5cy n to repeat designs b to create new ones4 ,mo/ ( ! diap]$ designs ( mod]n int]ior decorations 7 orig9al ) ! ,egyptians1 & "s ( ^? f\nd 9 ! tombs uncov]$ 9 rec5t ye>s h be5 adopt$ & adapt$ by mod]n design]s4 ,x is 9 ! matt] ( jewelry p>ticul>ly t ! ability & ! tra9+ ( ! old ,egyptian workm5 are mo/ evid5t4 ,x w\ld be q incr$ible to ?9k t ^! workm5 develop$ _! arti/ic craftsman%ip )\t tra9+1 & !re=e !re 0 at lea/ ! g]m ( a te*nical s*ool or set ( s*ools 9 olde/ ,egypt4 ,x w\ld be q impossible to believe ?is only t we "k s mu* m ab\t o!r features ( ,egyptian education z anticipations ( our own4 #cg ,a special ^w ab\t _! jewelry !n1 because x illu/rates a def9ite tra9+ q diff]5t f t ( our "t1 w n be out ( place4 ,_! jewelry1 x may be said at once1 is 9 /rik+ contra/ ) :at we call jewelry 9 our "t4 ,x is true t we are 9 ! mid/ ( "o ( ! wor/ p]iods ( jewelry-mak+1 b !n we are s prone to ?9k ( any?+ v mod]n z repres5t+ ! highe/ evolution1 t ! contra/ is *a/5+ & illum9at+4 ,mr4 ,petrie has insi/$ on ! beautiful jewelry1 c>v$ preci\s /ones & gold ornam5ts ( ! v e>ly p]iod 9 ,egypt4 ,9 our "t we h no jewelry t des]ves ! "n4 ,i d\bt :e!r we ev5 "k ! real def9ition ( jewelry1 s ,i v5ture to repeat x4 ,jewels are preci\s /ones !mselves ( value1 usually ( a high degree ( h>dness s t !y d n det]iorate ) "t or we>1 to :i* a greatly enhanc$ value is add$ by ! h&iwork ( man4 ,jewels are made by arti/ic c>v+ & cutt+ s t besides _! preci\s quality z beautiful color$ /ones1 !y h an add$ *>m & int]e/ f human workman%ip4 ,we we> no su* jewelry 9 our g5]ation4 ,:at we h are m]ely preci\s /ones4 ,^! by an artificial rigg+ ( ! m>ket & a comb9ation ( ! great comm]cial ag5cies t control ! sale ( diamonds & o!r preci\s /ones1 rema9 v exp5sive 9 spite ( _! comp>ative abundance4 ,!y are worn only because !y are a display ( ! #ch am\nt ( money t a p]son c af=d to sp5d = m]e ornam5ts4 ,!re is no?+ 9 ^! preci\s /ones !mselves t c>ries an appeal to ! educat$ m9d4 ,x is true t !y are pretty1 b only ) ! prett9ess ( ! play ( ra9b[ colors t delights a *ildi% or uncultur$ eye4 ,x requires no ta/e to l !m1 no culture to appreciate !m1 & _! co/ alone gives !m value4 ,?is is s true t ^? :o possess a magnific5t p>ure ( diamonds (t5 also h an imitation ( !m 9 *eap] /ones t may be worn on mo/ occasions4 ,! dang] ( loss or ! risk ( robb]y is s great t x has seem$ wor? :ile to h ?is imitation made 9 _m cases4 ,no "o except an exp]t w recognize ! diff]5ce1 & if y are kn[n to possess ! real /ones x w ( c\rse be suppos$ t y are we>+ !m4 ,:at gives !m value z an adornm5t 9 ! eye ( ! possessor1 & presumably also ( ! onlook]s1 is ! fact t !y mu/ h co/ su* a l>ge sum ( money4 ,!y are a vulg> display ( weal?4 ,!y are typically b>b>ic &1 worn 9 ! pr(usion n[ s common1 c>ry u back to ! uncultur$ peoples :o l to we> gaudy ?+s4 ,! ta/e is p]haps a little bett]1 b ! ess5tial quality ( m9d t dictates ! we>+ ( heavy brass r+s & /r+s ( beads & t :i* impels to ! display ( _m diamonds1 is h>d to diff]5tiate4 ,arti/ic objects produce a s5se ( pleasure 9 #ci ! behold]1 an appreciation ( ! beautiful h&iwork ( man4 ,preci\s /ones worn z is n[ ! cu/om produce only a s5se ( envy4 ,( c\rse envy comes only to bas] m9ds1 b x is p]fectly cle> t mo/ ( ^? :o are suppos$ to be affect$ by ! sight ( diamonds worn 9 pr(usion h ?is p>ticul> quality r well develop$4 ,?is di/9ction is (t5 =gott54 ,p]sonal adornm5t z well z ! adornm5t ( "o's h\se %\ld be 9 ord] to give pleasure to o!rs1 & n m]ely a display ( weal? = weal?'s sake 9 su* a way z is likely to produce envy4 ,! old ,egyptians made _! jewelry ) ! true arti/ic s5se4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie has told h[ beautifully !y c>v$ h>d gems ( v>i\s k9ds & h[ ! rema9s ( ^! %[ u a p ( good ta/e1 ev5 ?\gh _! te*nique 9 ! manufacture ( su* objects may h left some?+ to be desir$4 ,9 connection ) ?is olde/ ( books x is important to recall ?is1 = x %[s t n alone 9 ! appli$ wisdom ( life & ! k ga9$ f p]sonal exp]i5ce 7 ^! ,egyptians ( ov] #e1jjj ye>s ago bro!rs & si/]s beyond ^: wise saws we h n advanc$1 b also 9 ! realm ( art _! "w takes its place beside :at is be/ 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,"s may be incl9$ to say t :ile ! ,egyptians may1 z inde$ we mu/ admit !y did1 "k _m ?+s ab\t art & lit]ature & practical wisdom1 yet !y did n h exact #dj k4 ,_! k1 ?\gh l>ge & lib]al1 _h n become sci5tific4 ,?is w sc>cely be ma9ta9$1 h[ev]1 by any "o :o realizes h[ mu* ( appli$ sci5ce !re 0 9 ! build+ ( ! old temples & pyramids & h[ mu* !y mu/ h develop$ me*anics1 appli$ & !oretic1 9 ord] to accompli% ! tasks !y ?us set !mselves4 ,cantor1 ! ,g]man hi/orian ( ma!matics1 ackn[l$g$ ?is & paid a wor?y tribute to ! old ,egyptians' developm5t ( ma!matics1 pure & appli$1 9 discuss+ ! expression t _h be5 us$ by ,democritus1 ! e>ly ,greek geomet]1 :o once decl>$ t ,9 ! con/ruction ( plane figures ) demon/rations no "o has yet surpass$ me1 n ev5 ! rope fa/5]s 7h>p$onaptai7 ( ,egypt4 ,= a long "t ?is ^w h>p$onaptai 0 a my/]y1 b ,pr(essor ,cantor cle>$ x up1 & expla9+ = u ! exact mean+ ( ! comp\nd :i* means lit]ally ei!r rope fa/5]s or rope /ret*]s1 he says1 ,!re is no d\bt t ! ,egyptians 7 v c>eful ab\t ! exact ori5tations ( _! temples & o!r public build+s4 ,old inscriptions seem to %[ t only ! ,nor? & ,s\? l9es 7 drawn by actual obs]vation ( ! />s4 ,! ,ea/ & ,we/ l9es 7 drawn at "r angles to ! o!rs4 ,n[ x appe>s f ! practice ( ,h]on ( ,alex&ria & ( ! anci5t ,indian & probably also ! ,*9ese geomet]s1 t a common me?od ( #da secur+ a "r angle betwe5 two v long l9es 0 to /ret* r\nd ?ree pegs a rope measur$ 9 ?ree portions :i* 7 to "o ano!r 9 ! ratio #c3d3e4 ,! triangle ?us =m$ is "r-angl$4 ,fur!r ! op]ation ( rope /ret*+ is m5tion$ 9 ,egypt1 )\t explanation1 at an extremely e>ly "t 7,am5emhat ,i74 ,if ?is be ! correct explanation ( x1 !n ! ,egyptians 7 acqua9t$ #b1jjj ye>s ,b4,c41 ) a p>ticul> case ( ! proposition n[ kn[n z ! ,py?agorean !orem4 ,?is may n seem to mean v mu*4 ,yet :at x illu/rates is j ?is4 ,^! m5 want$ a c]ta9 developm5t ( ma!matics4 ,!y ne$$ x = ! "w t !y 7 engag$ at4 ,!y set !mselves to ! solution ( c]ta9 problems & 9 do+ s evolv$ a !orem 9 pure ma!matics & an application ( x :i* greatly simplifi$ con/ruction & gave an impetus to me*anics4 ,9 s do+ !y anticipat$ ! "w ( a long aft] "t4 ,?is is :at ,i w\ld insi/ is always true ) reg>d to man4 ,:5 he ne$s "s intellectual developm5t he makes x4 ,:5 he requires an application ( x he succe$s 9 work+ x out4 ,lat] ages may g f>!r1 b _h he ne$$ fur!r developm5ts he evid5tly _h ! p[] to make !m & probably w\ld h made !m4 ,! old ,greeks _h a mu* bett] opportunity to /udy ,egyptian rema9s ?an we h1 & especially 0 ?is true aft] ! f\ndation ( #db ,alex&ria4 ,!re mu/ h be5 a lively int]e/ 9 ?+s ,egyptian ar\s$ 9 ! ,greek m9ds by ?is ,greek settlem5t 9 old ,egypt4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 to f9d "s magnific5t complim5ts to ! old ,egyptians 9 ! m\?s ( "s ( ! writ]s ab\t ! "t ( ! f\ndation ( ,alex&ria4 ,eudemus1 = in/ance1 ! pupil ( ,ari/otle1 wrote ! hi/ory ( ,geometry 9 :i* he traces its inv5tion to ! ,egyptians1 & /ates t ! reason = its inv5tion 0 its necessity 9 ! remeasurem5t ( l& dem&$ aft] ! removal ( l&m>ks by ! annual rise ( ! ,nile4 ,always does "o f9d ?is1 t :5 !re is a s]i\s dem& = an inv5tion 9 !ory or practice m5 make x4 ,x is n a *ange or developm5t 9 man t br+s ab\t inv5tions1 b a *ange 9 8 environm5t :i* causes new necessities to arise1 & !n he proce$s ) an ability always ! same to respond prop]ly to ^? necessities4 ,eudemus says3 ,geometry is said by _m to h be5 inv5t$ among ! ,egyptians1 its orig9 be+ due to ! measurem5t ( plots ( l&4 ,?is 0 necess>y !re because ( ! ris+ ( ! ,nile1 :i* oblit]at$ ! b\nd>ies app]ta9+ to sep>ate own]s4 ,nor is x m>vell\s t ! discov]y ( ?is & o!r sci5ces %\ld h aris5 f su* an occasion1 s9ce ev]y?+ :i* moves 9 developm5t w advance f ! imp]fect to ! #dc p]fect4 ,f m]e s5se-p]ception to calculation1 & f ?is to reason+1 is a natural transition4 ,! old ,egyptians made "s f9e developm5ts ( ari?metic4 ,^! 7 aft]w>ds lo/ & 7 re9v5t$ probably sev]al times4 ,i h already quot$ f ,cantor ! op9ion t ! ,egyptians 7 famili> ) ! prop]ties ( ! "r triangle ^: sides 7 9 ! ratio #c3d3e ov] #d1jjj ye>s ago4 ,9 ! ,papyrus ( ,ahmes1 ^: cont5ts probably come f be=e #bdjj ,b4,c41 !re are ! solutions ( _m problems :i* %[ h[ f> ! ,egyptians _h gone 9 ari?metical calculations4 ,= in/ance1 !re are me?ods ( calculat+ ! solid cont5ts ( b>ns4 ,! solutions are n absolute b are v closely approximate4 ,ahmes has problems t 7 solv$ 9 connection ) ! pyramids1 :i* make x v cle> t ! old ,egyptians _h m ?an a little k ( ! pr9ciples ( proportion1 ( c]ta9 geometrical figures & probably 7 famili> also ) ! simpl] phases at lea/ ( trigonometry4 ,! area ( a circle is f\nd 9 ,ahmes by d$uct+ f ! diamet] "o-n9? & squ>+ ! rema9d]1 :i* gives a value = ! ratio ( ! circumf]5ce to ! diamet] ( a circle mu* m ne>ly correct ?an t us$ by mo/ writ]s until comp>atively rec5t times4 ,z a tea*] ( ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e ) c]ta9 adm9i/rative functions 9 a m$ical #dd s*ool1 ,i h be5 v mu* int]e/$ 9 ! old-"t m$ic9e & above all ! details ( m$ical education t we f9d among ! ,egyptians4 ,ord9>ily x w\ld be assum$ t !re 0 s little ( any?+ l m$ical education t x c\ld be sc>cely wor? :ile talk+ ab\t x4 ,on ! contr>y1 we f9d s mu* t is be+ con/antly add$ to by discov]]s1 t x is a nev]-end+ s\rce ( surprise4 ,!re is a well-gr\nd$ tradition f\nd$ on inscriptions t ,a?o?is1 ! son ( ,m5es1 "o ( ! e>ly k+s1 wrote a "w on anatomy4 ,?is k+ is said to h di$ ab\t #daej ,b4,c4 ,!re are traces ( ! exi/5ce ( hospitals at t "t 9 :i* diseases 7 /udi$ & m$ical att5dants tra9$4 ,ev5 e>li] ?an ?is !re 0 a great physician1 ! fir/ physician ( :om we h record 9 hi/ory1 ^: "n 0 ,i-,em-,hetep1 :i* means ! ,br+] ( ,peace4 ,he _h two o!r titles1 "o ( :i* 0 ! ,ma/] ( ,secrets1 p>tly because he possess$ ! secrets ( heal? & disease1 v probably also because s _m ?+s _h to be confid$ to him z a physician4 ,ano!r ( 8 titles 0 t ( ,! ,scribe ( ,numb]s1 9 ref]5ce1 d\btless1 to ! fact t he _h to use numb]s s c>efully 9 mak+ out 8 prescriptions4 ,8 fir/ title1 t ( ! br+] ( peace1 %[s t v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e x 0 recogniz$ t ! physician's fir/ duty 0 to br+ peace ( m9d to 8 pati5ts4 ,a #de di/+ui%$ ,fr5* physician 7,director7 ( ! dep>tm5t ( physiology ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 ,pr(essor ,ri*et1 said n long s9ce1 t physicians c seldom cure1 !y c (t5 relieve1 b !y c always console1 & evid5tly ?is olde/ physician took 8 duty ( consolation s]i\sly & successfully4 ,he liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,tehs]1 a mon>* ( ! ,?ird ,dyna/y 9 ,egypt1 :o reign$ ab\t #dejj ,b4,c4 or a little lat]4 ,h[ mu* ?is fir/ physician 0 ?\ght ( w be be/ appreciat$ f ! fact t ! well-kn[n /ep pyramid at ,sakk>a1 ! old cemet]y ne> ,memphis1 is call$ by 8 "n4 ,s great inde$ 0 ! honor paid to him t aft] 8 dea? he 0 wor%ipp$ z a god1 & s we h /atues ( him seat$ ) a scroll on 8 knees1 ) an air ( b5ignant k1 a placid-look+ man ) a c]ta9 div9e expression ( sympa?y well suit$ to 8 "n1 ! br+] ( peace4 ,:ile !y rais$ him to _! alt>s he does n we> a be>d z did all _! gods & _! k+s :5 !y 7 rais$ to ! godly dignity1 b evid5tly !y felt t 8 humanity 0 ( supreme int]e/ to !m4 ,!re is ano!r monum5t at ,sakk>a t is ( special int]e/ to u 9 its consid]ation ( old-"t m$ic9e4 ,i discuss$ x & its inscriptions 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association 7,nov4 #h1 #aijg74 ,x is ! tomb ( a surgeon1 decorat$ )9 ) pictures ( surgical op]ations4 ,! gr&eur ( ! tomb & its #df location %[ u t ! surgeon mu/ h held a v prom95t place 9 ! community ( t "t4 ,! date ( ?is tomb is n lat] ?an #bejj ,b4,c4 ,c]ta9 ( ! surgical op]ations resembl$ ^? done at ! pres5t "t4 ,!re is ! op5+ ( a c>buncle at ! back ( ! neck :i* %[s h[ old are m5's diseases & ! modes ( _! treatm5t4 ,aft] ?is ! olde/ monum5t 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e is docum5t>y1 ! ,eb]s ,papyrus1 ! writ+ ( :i* is probably n mu* lat] ?an #agjj ,b4,c4 ,?is consi/s1 moreov]1 ( a collection ( old] texts & sugge/ions 9 m$ic9e1 & "s ( ! idioms are said to belong to sev]al di/ant p]iods4 ,x is probable t c]ta9 portions ( ?is papyrus 7 compos$ n mu* lat] ?an ! olde/ book 9 ! _w1 & t !y date f ne>ly #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,?is papyrus is z int]e/+ & z />tl+ 9 its anticipation ( "s ( our mod]n m$ical wisdom z is ! ,in/ruction ( ,ptah ,hotep 9 ! practical wisdom ( life4 ,?is seems a good deal to say1 b !re is ample evid5ce = x4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,c>l von ,kle91 :o discuss$ ! ,m$ical ,features ( ! ,eb]s ,papyrus 9 "s detail 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association ab\t five ye>s ago1 ov] #gjj diff]5t sub/ances are m5tion$ z ( rem$ial value 9 ?is old-"t m$ical "w4 ,!re is sc>cely a disease ( any important organ ) :i* we are famili> 9 ! mod]n #dg "t t is n m5tion$ "h4 ,:ile ! significance ( diseases ( su* organs z ! sple51 ! ductless gl&s1 & ! app5dix 0 ( c\rse miss$1 ne>ly e o!r pa?ological condition 0 ei!r expressly nam$ or at lea/ h9t$ at4 ,! papyrus insi/s v mu* on ! value ( hi/ory-tak+ 9 m$ic9e1 & h9ts t ! reason :y physicians fail to cure is (t5 because !y h n /udi$ _! cases suffici5tly4 ,:ile ! treatm5t 0 ma9ly symptomatic1 x 0 n m s ?an is a great deal ( !rapeutics at ! pres5t "t1 ev5 9 ! regul> s*ool ( m$ic9e4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( _! rem$ies & ( _! modes ( adm9i/]+ !m is s m>vell\s1 t ,i pref] to quote ,dr4 von ,kle9's enum]ation ( !m = y3 ,9 ?is papyrus are m5tion$ ov] #gjj diff]5t sub/ances f ! animal1 vegetable & m9]al k+doms :i* act z /imulants1 s$atives1 motor excitants1 motor depressants1 n>cotics1 hypnotics1 analgesics1 anodynes1 antispasmodics1 mydriatics1 myotics1 expectorants1 tonics1 d5tifrices1 sialogogues1 antisialics1 refrig]ants1 emetics1 antiemetics1 c>m9atives1 ca?>tics1 purgatives1 a/r+5ts1 *olagogues1 an!lm9tics1 re/oratives1 haematics1 alt]atives1 antipyretics1 antiphlogi/ics1 antip]iodics1 diuretics1 dilu5ts1 diaphoretics1 sudorifics1 anhydrotics1 emm5agogues1 oxytocics1 ecbolics1 galactagogues1 irritants1 es*>otics1 cau/ics1 /yptics1 haemo/atics1 emolli5ts1 demulc5ts1 protectives1 antizymotics1 #dh dis9fectants1 deodorants1 p>asiticides1 antidotes & antagoni/s4 ,sc>cely less int]e/+ ?an ! v>iety ( rem$ies 7 _! me?ods ( adm9i/ration3 ,m$ic9es are direct$ to be adm9i/]$ int]nally 9 ! =m ( decoctions1 infusions1 injections1 pills1 tablets1 tro*es1 capsules1 p[d]s1 potions & inhalations2 & ext]nally1 z lotions1 o9tm5ts1 pla/]s1 etc4 ,!y are to be eat51 drunk1 ma/icat$ or swall[$1 to be tak5 (t5 once only--(t5 = _m days--& ! "t is occasionally designat$--to be tak5 morn+s1 ev5+s or at b$time4 ,=mulas to disguise bad ta/+ m$icam5ts are also giv54 ,we h no advantages ov] ! e>ly ,egyptians ev5 9 elegant prescrib+4 ,! traditions ) reg>d to ,egyptian m$ic9e :i* came to ! ,greeks seem$ s incr$ible z we f\nd !m 9 ! old] hi/orians t !y us$ to be jok$ ab\t4 ,h]odotus came 9 = a good deal ( ?is sc(f+4 ,he 0 said to be entirely too cr$ul\s & prone to exagg]ate 9 ord] to add int]e/ to 8 hi/ory1 b e advance 9 our k 9 mod]n "t has confirm$ :at ,h]odotus has to say4 ,9 ! eighte5? c5tury ,voltaire said ( him1 ,! ,fa!r ( hi/ory1 nay1 r ! ,fa!r ( lies4 ,t 0 ,voltaire's way4 ,any?+ t 0 above him he sc(f$ at4 ,hom] 0 a w&]+ m9/rel su* z y might f9d 9 ! /reets ( ,p>is1 ,dante 0 a m$iaeval b>b>ian1 #di our own ,%akespe>e 0 a dramatic but*]1 produc+ 8 effects by blood%$ & cruelty ^u ! /age4 ,! n9ete5? c5tury has rev]s$ ,voltaire 9 e po9t ( ?is1 ?\gh "s /ill li/5 to him 9 o!r matt]s4 ,above all1 ,h]odotus has be5 amply ju/ifi$ by mod]n inve/igations4 ,h]odotus tells u ( ! tradition ( ! numb] ( diff]5t k9ds ( m$ical speciali/s 9 exi/5ce among ! ,egyptians4 ,we are v prone to ?9k t specialism is a developm5t ( mod]n m$ic9e4 ,:at we "k ( ,egypt %[s u h[ old x is & makes x v cle> t !re mu/ h be5 specializ$ modes ( m$ical education = ^! _m doctors :o treat$ only v limit$ portions ( ! body & no o!r4 ,h]odotus tells u1 to quote = y ! qua9t ,engli% ( "o ( ! old translations3 ,physicke is s /udi$ & practis$ ) ! ,egyptians t e disease ha? 8 sev]al physician1 :o /rive? to excell 9 heal+ t "o disease & n to be exp]t 9 cur+ _m4 ,:]e( x come? t e corn] ( t c\ntry is full ( physicians4 ,"s = ! eyes1 o!rs = ! head1 _m = ! tee?1 n a few = ! /oma* & ! inw>ds4 ,! ,eb]s ,papyrus %[s u t ! specialties 7 by no means scantily develop$4 ,we h traditions ( op]ations ^u ! nose1 ( rem$ies = ! eyes !re are _m & ! diagnosis & treatm5t ( eye diseases are r well #ej develop$4 ,! fill+ ( tee? seems ev5 to h be5 practis$1 ,footnote #e & :ile ! traditions 9 ?is matt] are a little dubi\s1 ! evid5ce has be5 accept$ by "s good au?orities4 ,?is specialism 9 ,egyptian m$ic9e probably exi/$ long be=e ,h]odotus1 = he seems to speak ( x z a v old-"t in/itution 9 8 "t1 & inde$ ,egypt _h deg5]at$ s mu* t x w\ld be h>d to believe t !re 0 any su* developm5t !re 9 8 "t4 ,9 ! old temples !y seem to h us$ _m modes ( treatm5t t we are likely to ?9k ( z v mod]n4 ,music = in/ance 0 us$ to soo! ! worri$1 amusem5ts ( v>i\s k9ds 7 employ$ to influ5ce ! di/urb$ m9d favorably4 ,9 _m ways "s ( ! old temples resembl$ our mod]n heal? resorts4 ,to !m _m pati5ts flock$ & 7 treat$ & talk$ ab\t _! ailm5ts & w5t back ea* ye> = ! cure once m1 all ! :ile be+ m b5efit$1 z is true also 9 our own "t1 by ! regul>ity ( life1 ! regulation ( diet & ! m5tal influ5ce ( ! place1 ?an by any ( ! drugs or ev5 ! curative wat]s4 ,footnote #e3 ,burdett3 ,hi/ory ( ,hospitals4 ,9 a ^w1 our /udy ( old ,egypt & ,egyptian education %[s u m5 do+ ?+s j ab\t ! way t our g5]ation does !m & succe$+ j ab\t z well z we succe$4 ,!y taught writ+1 spell+ & composition z we d & ! moral cont5t ( _! tea*+ is admirable4 ,!y _h tra9+ s*ools = ! arts #ea & crafts1 _! ta/e is bett] ?an ours 9 _m ?+s1 above all1 !y tra9$ workm5 v well1 & ! rema9s ( _! a*ievem5ts are /ill ! subject ( our admiration4 ,!y solv$ me*anical problems 9 ! build+ ( ! pyramids q z well z we d4 ,!y made en\gh exp]im5ts t we w\ld call *emical1 to f9d endur+ pigm5ts = decorative purposes & !y succe$$ 9 mak+ tools t enabl$ !m to c>ve /onework beautifully4 ,ev5 _! pr(essional education 0 n v diff]5t f our own & its results1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! l9e ( specialism1 are />tl+ anticipations ( ! mo/ mod]n phase ( m$ic9e4 ,!y anticipat$ our int]e/s 9 psy*o!rapy & "s ( !m 7 m5tal heal]s1 & m ( !m us$ ! influ5ce ( ! m9d on ! body ?an our physicians h be5 accu/om$ to until v rec5t ye>s4 ,_! physicians & surgeons 7 held 9 ! highe/ v5]ation1 & :at we "k ( !m %[s t ! judgm5t ( ! old ,egyptians 9 ?is matt] 0 v good & bett] ?an ! av]age appreciation ( physicians at ! pres5t "t4 ,aft] all is said no "o ) any pret5ce to k ( ! pa/ w\ld claim = a mom5t t we 7 do+ bett] "w 9 any?+ ?an m5 h done at _m times 9 ! hi/ory ( culture4 ,our idea ( progress is j "o ( ^! vague bits ( self-suffici5cy t ea* g5]ation has _h 9 its own "t & t has made x feel #eb t someh[ :at x is accompli%+ means mu* 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,x is r amus+ to comp>e ! e/imate t any g5]ation has ( itself ) ! appreciation ( x by succe$+ g5]ations4 ,especially is ?is true = g5]ations sep>at$ by #ajj ye>s or m4 ,g5]ations are only made up ( m5 & wom51 & :at man or woman is !re :o has n ?\ght _m times dur+ life t ?\gh 8 or h] "w might n be e/imat$ v highly by ^? close to x1 ?is 0 due b to a sad lack ( prop] appreciation1 s9ce x repres5t$ c]ta9 qualities t well des]v$ admiration8 ,we are all gift$ ) ?is preci\s self-conceit1 :i* is n s bad a ?+1 aft] all1 s9ce x makes u "w bett] ?an if we _h a prop] b mu* less exalt$ appreciation ( our real wor?4 ,x is mu* easi] to enc\rage p to d ?+s ?an to scold or criticise !m into do+ !m4 ,we %all n qu>rel ) our g5]ation1 !n1 = be+ self-conceit$1--x is made up ( human be+s1--b we %all try & n let a due appreciation ( our accompli%m5t be smo!r$ entirely1 by ?is self-conceit4 ,aft] all1 did n our favorite ,engli% poet ( ! late n9ete5? c5tury decl>e u to be ! heirs ( all ! ages 9 ! =emo/ files ( "t1 & h[ c\ld x be o!rwise ?an t we %\ld be f> ahead ( ! pa/1 n only because ! evolution ( man made him m capable ( h&l+ difficult problems1 b also because we #ec _h ! advantage ( ! accumulat$ wisdom su* z x 0 ( ! pa/1 ( ! obs]vations & ! conclusions ( our =efa!rs &1 ( c\rse1 we 7 f> ahead ( !m4 ,?is idea1 h[ev]1 s widely diffus$ t x might almo/ be spok5 ( z univ]sal1 has receiv$ _m jolts 9 rec5t times1 s9ce we h come to try to develop ! ta/e & ! intellect ( our p & n m]ely our mat]ial com=ts & our satisfaction ) ourselves4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out1 ov] & ov] aga91 9 rec5t ye>s t1 ( c\rse1 !re is no su* ?+ z progress 9 lit]ature1 t 9 art we are f> beh9d _m g5]ations ( ! pa/1 t 9 ar*itecture !re is n a new idea 9 ! _w s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 t 9 all ^! modes ( human expression we are m]e imitators & n orig9ators4 ,our drama is lit]ally & lit]>ily a f>ce1 & no drama t any "o expects to live has be5 writt5 = m ?an a c5tury4 ,our build+s are replicas ( old-"t /ructures1 no matt] :at _! purpose1 :e!r x be ecclesia/ical1 or educational1 or municipal1 or b5efici>y4 ,( c\rse f ! sci5tific /&po9t ?is is1 aft] all1 :at we might expect4 ,9 all ! ye>s ( hi/ory ( :i* we h any record !re has be5 no *ange 9 ! nature ( man & no modification ( 8 be+ t w\ld lead u to expect f him any?+ diff]5t f :at _h be5 accompli%$ by man 9 ! pa/4 ,!re is no *ange 9 man's /ructure1 9 ! size ( 8 #ed body 9 any way1 9 8 anatomy or 8 physiology1 9 8 cu/oms1 or ways ( life1 or 9 8 heal?4 ,! heal?y /ill h ab\t ! same expectation ( life1 to use ! life insurance t]m1 & ?\gh we h increas$ ! g5]al av]age duration ( life ?is has be5 at ! exp5se ( o!r preci\s qualities ( ! race4 ,! heal?y live long]1 b ! unheal?y also live long]4 ,! weakl+s 9 m9d & body :om nature us$ to elim9ate e>ly are n[ a burd5 t mu/ be c>$ =4 ,9 g5]al x may be said1 & ,vir*[1 ! great ,g]man pa?ologi/1 :o 0 "o ( ! _w's great liv+ an?ropologi/s ( 8 "t--& t b a few ye>s ago--us$ to insi/1 t man's skeleton &1 above all1 8 skull z we c /udy !m 9 ! mummy ( ! old5 "t1 7 exactly ! same z ^? t ! race has n[4 ,man _c by ?9k+ add a cubit to 8 /ature1 nor an in* to ! circumf]5ce ( 8 skull4 ,! sev5? g5]ation ( an academic family ea* memb] ( :i* has be5 at ! univ]sity 9 8 "t1 is n any m likely to h special faculties = ! intellectual life1 inde$ x is sometimes h9t$ t he has less ( a *ance ?an if 8 p>5ts _h be5 peasants = z long z ! hi/ory ( ! family c be trac$4 ,( c\rse ?is has no prop] be>+ on evolution f ! biological /&po9t1 = ! l5g? ( "t t we h 9 human hi/ory may be conc$$ to be entirely inadequate to produce any noticeable *anges on man's body or m9d1 #ee grant+ t su* 7 9 progress4 ,at ! mo/ we h #g1jjj ye>s ( hi/ory & ! evolutioni/s w\ld tell u t ?is is z no?+ 9 ! unnumb]$ aeons ( evolution4 ,9 ! popul> e/imation1 h[ev]1 evolution c almo/ be se5 at "w j z if "o c\ld see blades ( grass gr[+ by wat*+ !m closely en\gh4 ,?is impression ( man's progress suppos$ to be support$ by ! !ory ( evolution is entirely unf\nd$4 ,j z 8 body is ! same & 8 bra9 ! same size1 & ! relative proportion ( bra9 weight to body weight or at lea/ to skull capacity ! same n[ z !y 7 #f1jjj ye>s ago2 & ?is is true = bo? sexes1 s t because wom5 h small] bodies by "o-eigh? !y also h small] skulls1 & ?is1 too1 occurs among ! mummies 9 ,egypt q z 9 our own "t2 s 9 :at he is able to d ) body & m9d man is un*ang$4 ,some?+ ( dext]ity1 ( facility1 ( self-confid5ce & assurance ( results is ga9$ f "t to "t 9 hi/ory1 b lo/ z (t51 because a few g5]ations fail to be int]e/$ 9 :at int]e/$ _! imm$iate pr$ecessors imm5sely4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t hi/ory %\ld %[ u at all times m5 do+ "w ab\t l t :i* !y did at any o!r "t--provid$ !y 7 deeply int]e/$ en\gh4 ,! wisdom ( ! olde/ book 9 ! _w1 a fa!r's advice to 8 son1 is z practical 9 mo/ ways z ,gorgon ,graham's lett]s to 8 boy--& ev] s mu* #ef m e?ical & true to life4 ,! decorations ( ! old ,egyptian tombs1 ! ar*itecture ( _! temples1 _! ways & habits ( life s f> z we "k !m1 all proclaim !m m5 & wom5 j l ourselves1 c]ta9ly n sep>at$ f u by any gulf or ev5 /reamlet ( evolution4 ,:at are m int]e/+ ?an any suppos$ progress 9 mank9d1 are ! curi\s ups & d[ns ( int]e/ 9 p>ticul> subjects :i* foll[ "o ano!r ) almo/ def9ite regul>ity 9 hi/ory z we "k x4 ,m5 become occupi$ ) "s phase ( ! expression ( life1 lit]ature1 ar*itecture1 gov]nm5t1 sometimes 9 two or ?ree ( ^! at ! same "t1 & !n !re comes a wond]ful p]iod ( developm5t4 ,j :5 ?is epo* rea*es an acme ( p[] ( expression !re come a self-consci\sness & a ref9em5t1 welcom$ at fir/ z new progress1 b t seem to hamp] orig9ality4 ,!n foll[s a p]iod ( di/9ct decad5ce1 b ) a developm5t ( criticism ( :at 0 done 9 ! pa/1 ) ! =mulation ( c]ta9 pr9ciples ( criticism4 ,j :5 by ?is consci\s reflection x might be expect$ t man w\ld surely advance rapidly1 fur!r decay takes place & !re is a negative phase ( p[] ( expression1 out ( :i* man is lift$ by a new g5]ation usually neglectful ( ! imm$iate pa/1 sometimes inde$ deprecat+ x bitt]ly1 ?\gh ?is new phase may h be5 awak5$ by a fur!r pa/1 :i* gets back to nature & to expression = itself4 #eg ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( hi/ory is h[ m5 h done ?+s1 wond]ful ?+s t subsequ5t g5]ations are sure to admire & cont9ue to admire :5ev] !y h s5se & tra9+ en\gh1 yet =get ab\t !m4 ,?is is true n only = arti/ic productions b also = practical applications 9 sci5ce1 = inv5tions1 useful discov]ies & ! l4 ,9 surg]y1 = in/ance1 ?\gh we h a cont9u\s hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 all ( our in/rum5ts h be5 re-inv5t$ at lea/ ?ree or f\r times4 ,aft] ! re9v5tion we h be5 surpris$ to discov] t previ\s g5]ations _h us$ ^! in/rum5ts long be=e u4 ,ev5 ! ,suez ,canal 0 und\bt$ly op5 at lea/ once be=e our "t4 ,p]sonally ,i feel sure t ,am]ica 0 discov]$ at lea/ twice be=e ,columbus' "t & t dur+ sev]al c5turies !re 0 consid]able int]c\rse betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,x is extremely important = u !n to realize ^! cycles 9 human progress & n to deceive ourselves ) ! idea t because we are do+ some?+ t imm$iately prec$+ g5]ations knew no?+ (1 !re=e we are do+ some?+ t nev] 0 done 9 ! _w be=e4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly important = u n[1 = 9 my e/imation ! eighte5? 0 "o ( ! l[e/ ( c5turies 9 human accompli%m5t1 & !re=e we may easily deceive ourselves z to our place 9 human hi/ory 9 ?is c5tury4 #eh ,reflections ( ?is k9d are1 x seems to me1 p>ticul>ly important = educators1 especially 9 ! mid/ ( our t5d5cy to accept evolution un?9k+ly 9 ?is g5]ation4 ,man's skull has n *ang$1 8 body has n be5 modifi$1 8 s(t tissues are ! same z !y us$ to be4 ,8 bra9 is no diff]5t4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld he n h done ?+s 9 ! old5 "t j ab\t z he does !m n[8 ,we d n ?9k t acquir$ *>act]s are inh]it$4 ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes talks ( ,em]son z ! sev5? g5]ation ( an academic family1 b !re are none ( u :o ?9k t ?is made x any easi] = ,em]son to acquire an education1 or gave him a bett] developm5t ( m9d4 ,^? ( u :o h exp]i5ce 9 education "k t ! desc5dant ( a family ( peasants = c5turies or ( f>m]s = _m g5]ations1 easily out/rips "s ( ! scions ( academic families 9 intellect4 ,x is ! man t c\nts & n 8 desc5t4 ,j ?is is true ( g5]ations z well z ( individuals4 ,:5ev] m5 h set !mselves to do+ ?+s !y h accompli%$ ab\t z good results at any "t 9 hi/ory z at any o!r4 ,we app>5tly d n b5efit by ! accumulation ( ! exp]i5ce ( our pr$ecessors4 ,at lea/ we c f9d no trace ( t 9 hi/ory4 ,= a c]ta9 numb] ( ent]pris+ g5]ations !re is manife/ upw>d progress4 ,!n some?+ always happ5s to di/urb ! succession ( ideas1 sometimes x is no?+ m ?an #ei an ov]-ref9em5t t leads to bad ta/e1 & decad5ce takes ! place ( progress4 ,! accompli%m5t ( any p>ticul> g5]ation1 !n1 dep5ds n on its place 9 any real or fanci$ s*eme ( evolution1 b on its own ideals & its det]m9$ ef=ts to a*ieve !m4 ,!re are p :o insi/ t ?is doctr9e is pessimi/ic & disc\rag+ & t1 if we d n keep be=e m5 ! consol+ feel+ t !y are advanc+ beyond _! =ebe>s1 !re is n ! same inc5tive to "w z !re w\ld be "u o!r circum/ances4 ,on ! contr>y1 z x seems to me1 ?is o!r idea t ev]y?+ dep5ds on ourselves & n on our pr$ecessors1 con/itutes ! highe/ =m ( inc5tive4 ,we at ! pres5t "t are f> bel[ _m prec$+ g5]ations 9 art1 lit]ature1 ar*itecture1 arts & crafts & _m developm5ts ( ta/e4 ,"h is no evolution1 b ! /ory ( h[ ea* g5]ation sets itself to "w4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we ?9k t 9 education1 "o ( ! highe/ ( ! arts1 ! m\ld+ ( ! human m9d into beautiful %apes in/ead ( ! m\ld+ ( m pla/ic mat]ial1 we %\ld be f> ahead ( ! pa/ &1 !re=e1 9 a position to f9d no preci\s lessons 9 x8 ,! hi/ory ( education n alone ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies ( education1 b ( at lea/ #f1jjj ye>s ( education1 is wor? :ile kn[+ & x magnific5tly exemplifies h[ old is ! new 9 education4 #fj #fa ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mod]n ,,univ]sity #fb ,:at is x t ha? be58 ,! same ?+ t %all be4 ,:at is x t ha? be5 done8 ,! same t %all be done4 --,ecclesia/es i3#aj4 ,to "o small p 4 4 4 x 0 giv5 to create ! pr9ciple ( ,progress4 ,t p 0 ! ,greek4 ,except ! bl9d =ces ( nature1 no?+ moves 9 ?is _w :i* is n ,greek 9 its orig94 --,ma9e4 #fc ,,! ,,fir/ ,,mod]n ,,univ]sity ,footnote #f ,footnote #f3 ,! mat]ial = ?is address 0 ga!r$ = lectures on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education at ,/4 ,m>y's ,sem9>y1 ,scranton1 ,pa41 & ,/4 ,joseph's ,college1 ,*e/nut ,hill1 ,philadelphia4 ,x 0 l>gely add$ to = ! introductory lecture 9 a c\rse to ! tea*]s ( ! p>o*ial s*ools ( ,philadelphia1 ,m>*1 #aiaj4 ,v ne>ly 9 its pres5t =m x 0 deliv]$ be=e ! ,brooklyn ,in/itute ( ,arts & ,sci5ces z ! second lecture 9 ! c\rse on ,h[ ,old ,! ,new ,is1 ,april1 #aiaj4 ,we are v prone to ?9k t our univ]sities repres5t new developm5ts 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity4 ,we are aw>e t !re 7 great educational in/itutions 9 ! _w at _m times be=e ! pres5t1 & t "s ( !m pr(\ndly affect$ ! intellectual life ( _! "t2 we are likely to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ^! in/itutions 7 v diff]5t f our mod]n univ]sities4 ,!y 7 n s well organiz$1 !y lack$ end[m5ts1 _! dep>tm5ts 7 n co-ord9at$1 !y did n h ! libr>ies &1 ( c\rse1 n ! laboratory facilities t our mod]n univ]sities h1 & !n1 above all1 !y did n devote !mselves to t "o dep>tm5t ( k1 physical sci5ce1 9 :i* absolute tru? c be rea*$1 & 9 :i* ea* advance 9 k z made c be *ronicl$ & set d[n z a sure basis = future "w & work]s 9 ! same l9e = all "t4 #fd ,! old] in/itutions ( le>n+ 7 giv5 up to speculation1 to idealism1 to metaphysics1 &1 ( c\rse1 !re=e1 _! "w1 z _m educat$ p are n[ prone to look at x1 0 too %ad[y to la/1 too cl\dy to s]ve z a f\ndation = any endur+ sci5tific k4 ,i d n ?9k t ,i exagg]ate :5 ,i make ?is z ! /atem5t ( ! ?\ght ( a good _m p ( our "t :o are at lea/ suppos$ to be educat$ & :o consid] t !y are reasonably famili> ) ! educational in/itutions ( ! pa/4 ,x has seem$ to me1 !n1 t x w\ld be int]e/+ & opportune to trace ! orig91 ! developm5t & ! accompli%m5ts ( ! fir/ in/itution ( le>n+ t is v simil> to our own2 & to retrace "s ( ! a*ievem5ts ( its pr(essors1 ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 done & ! conditions surr\nd+ an anci5t s*ool :i* ,i ?9k our /udy w make cle> z well des]v+ ( ! title ( ! fir/ mod]n univ]sity4 ,?is 0 n ! collection ( s*ools at ,a!ns1 ?\gh !re is no d\bt at all t great intellectual & educational "w 0 accompli%$ !re1 b n 9 our mod]n univ]sity s5se4 ,! s*ools 7 indep5d5t1 & :ile ! rivalry eng5d]$ by ?is und\bt$ly did good s long z g5ius rul$ 9 ! s*ools1 x br\ght ab\t a deg5]ation into sophi/ry1 f "h comes ! ^w1 & argum5tativ5ess1 once ! great ma/] _h be5 #fe displac$ by disciples :o 7 sure t !y knew _! ma/]'s m9d1 & probably ?\ght1 z disciples always d1 t !y 7 go+ beyond _! ma/]1 b :o really occupi$ !mselves ) curi\s & trifl+ t]giv]sations ( m9d )9 ! n>r[ circle ( ideas laid d[n by ! ma/]1--z has ne>ly always be5 ! case4 ,! fir/ mod]n univ]sity 0 t ( ,alex&ria4 ,x 0 q z mu* "u ,greek influ5ce z ! s*ools ( ,a!ns4 ,!re h be5 comm5tators on ! /ory ( ,cleopatra1 :o h sugge/$ t h] ,african ca/ ( c\nt5ance did n prove a det]r5t to h] success z a conqu]or ( he>ts1 & :o argue f ?is to ! fact t x is n physical *>m b p]sonality t c\nts 9 woman's p[] ov] m51 q =gett+1 if !y ev] knew1 t ,cleopatra 0 a ,greek ( ! ,greeks1 a daught] ( ! l9e ( ! ,ptolemys1 probably a direct desc5dant ?\gh ) ! b> s9i/] ( ,philip ( ,mac$on1 born ( a h\se s wat*ful ov] its ,greek blood & s res5tful ( any possible admixture ( any?+ less noble ) itself1 t = g5]ations x _h be5 ! cu/om = bro!r to m>ry si/]1 9 ord] t ! race ( ! ,ptolemys might be p]petuat$ 9 absolute purity4 ,alex&ria1 :ile a cosmopolitan city 9 ! inhabitants :o dwelt 9 x & 9 ! wide diffusion ( comm]cial int]e/s t c5tr$ !re z a m>t = ,ea/ & ,we/1 0 absolutely rul$ by ,greeks & repres5ts = _m c5turies aft] #ff ! decl9e ( ,a!ns _h come1 ! brighte/ focus ( ,greek intellectual life1 ,greek culture & art1 ,greek lett]s & education & e phase ( t ,greek influ5ce 9 ae/hetics :i* has always meant s mu* 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! int]e/+ fact ab\t ,alex&ria 9 ! hi/ory ( education1 is t x 0 ! home ( a mod]n univ]sity 9 e s5se ( t t]m1 hav+ p>ticul>ly ! features t _m p are prone to ?9k ( z repres5t+ mod]n evolution 9 education4 ,! build+s ( ! univ]sity 7 erect$ practically by a legacy left by ! great ,conqu]or himself1 ,alex&]4 ,! c5tral po9t ( int]e/ 9 ! univ]sity 0 a great libr>y1 ! nucleus ( :i* 0 ! libr>y ( ,ari/otle1 tutor ( ,alex&]1 :i* _h be5 collect$ ) ! help ( t great ,conqu]or & 0 ! f9e/ collection ( books 9 ! _w ( t "t4 ,! ma9 subject ( int]e/ 9 ! univ]sity 0 physical sci5ce & its si/] subject ma!matics1 :i* raises m]e nature-/udy into ! realm ( sci5ce1 & ?is sci5tific physical education 0 conduct$ 9 connection ) ! great museum or collection ( objects ( int]e/ to sci5ti/s t _h also be5 made p>tly by ,ari/otle himself & p>tly = 8 lov$ tutor by ! gratitude ( ,alex&] dur+ 8 conqu]+ exp$itions 9 ! f> ,ea/4 ,f9ally pr(essors 7 attract$ to ,alex&ria by ! (f] ( a bett] sal>y ?an _h ev] be5 paid at educational in/itutions be=e ?is1 & #fg by ! additional (f] ( a palace to live 91 suppli$ by ! rul] ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is no wond]1 !n1 t 9 att5dance also1 z well z 9 ! pre/ige ( its pr(essors1 ,alex&ria resembl$ a mod]n univ]sity4 ,x 0 its devotion to sci5ce1 h[ev]1 t especially *>act]iz$ ?is fir/ great in/itution ( le>n+ ( :i* we h def9ite records4 ,?is devotion to sci5ce w5t s f> t ev5 lit]ature 0 /udi$ f ! sci5tific /&po9t4 ,su* details z we h ( ! in/ruction at ,alex&ria & ! books t h come d[n to u1 all %[ m5 int]e/$ 9 philology1 9 comp>ative lit]ature1 9 gramm> & comp>ative gramm>1 r ?an 9 ! ideali/ic modes ( k4 ,we h comm5t>ies on ! great au?ors1 b no great orig9al works ( g5ius 9 lit]ature f ! pr(essors ( ,alex&ria4 ,! translation ( ! ,septuag9t v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is a typical example ( ! sort ( "w t 0 be+ done at ,alex&ria4 ,!y collect$ ! docum5ts ( ! nations & translat$ !m = purposes ( comp>ative /udy4 ,x 0 an education = in=mation r ?an = p[]4 ,! ma9 idea ( ! "t & place 0 to "k z mu* z possible ab\t lit]ature1 r ?an to "k :at x repres5t$ 9 t]ms ( life1 & ! real mean+ ( bo? lit]ature & life 0 obscur$ 9 ! /udy ab\t & ab\t !m4 ,p /udi$ books ab\t books r ?an ! books #fh !mselves4 ,!re 0 mu* writ+ ( books ab\t books1 & x 0 ne>ly always comp>atively trivial ?+s 9 ! great au?ors t attract$ mo/ att5tion f ! _m s*olia/s1 critics1 editors1 comm5tators1 lectur]s ( ! "t4 ,p]sonally ,i c\ld well und]/& su* an incid5t happ5+ at ,alex&ria z is said to h happ5$ at a well-kn[n ,engli% 7( c\rse n ,am]ican67 univ]sity n long ago4 ,! class 0 con/ru+ ,%akespe>e & "o ( ! /ud5ts ask$ ! pr(essor :at ! mean+ ( a p>ticul> figure us$ by ! great dramati/ 04 ,! pr(essor repli$ t !y 7 !re to con/rue ,%akespe>e's language & n bo!r ab\t 8 mean+--yet x 0 a class 9 lit]ature4 ,lit]ature 9 rec5t ye>s z /udi$ at ! univ]sities has come to be q z sci5tific 9 its modes & me?ods z x 0 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria4 ,may ,i also add t x has become q z /]ile ( results ( any importance4 ,!re is v little real /udy ( lit]ature1 practically no enc\ragem5t ( ! attempt to draw inspiration f ! great au?ors1 b all devotion to ! gramm>1 to ! philology1 to comp>ative lit]ature z exemplifi$ 9 ! old writ]s4 ,books 7 ! great ess5tials at ,alex&ria4 ,?is is n surpris+ see+ t ! univ]sity 0 f\nd$ ar\nd a great libr>y1 & t ?is libr>y cont9u$ to be ! greate/ 9 ! _w 9 its "t4 ,e /ud5t :o came to ,alex&ria br++ a book ) him ( :i* !re 0 #fi no copy 9 ! libr>y1 0 requir$ by a decree ( ! au?orities to leave a copy beh9d him4 ,9 all ! univ]sity t[ns ( ! times--& !re 7 _m f\nd$ 9 ! ris+ ea/]n cities ( ,alex&]'s empire1 z x gradually crumbl$ into small] pieces provid+ new capitals ) less p[] b ) q z mu* national feel+ z ! capital cities ( l>g] /ates1 libr>ies became ! fa%ion & a city's ma9 claim to pre/ige 9 education & ! intellectual life 0 ! numb] ( its books4 ,antio*1 ,t>sus1 ,cos1 ,cnidos & ,p]gamos are examples ( ?is /ate ( affairs4 ,p]gamos 0 s jeal\s ( ! pre/ige ( ! ,alex&rian ,libr>y t x =bade ! exportation ( p>*m5t1 an inv5tion ( ,p]gamos :i* receiv$ its "n f t city4 ,petty jeal\sies 7 q z mu* ! rule among educational in/itutions !n z !y h be5 at any "t s9ce4 ,to _m p x w seem q absurd to talk ( ,alex&ria z hav+ done s]i\s sci5tific "w because ! me?ods ( sci5ce & sci5tific inve/igation are suppos$ to h be51 z !y ?9k1 discov]$ by ,"l ,bacon 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x is curi\s h[ _m educat$ p1 or at lea/ suppos$ly educat$ p1 h ?is z _! basic notion ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,m5 w&]$ 9 ! mazes ( inductive reason+ utt]ly unable to br+ obs]vations toge!r 9 su* a way z to discov] laws1 utt]ly incompet5t to note ph5om5a & #gj br+ !m into relations to "o ano!r s z to %[ _! sci5tific be>+1 until ,que5 ,elizabe?'s ,"l ,*ancellor came to %[ ! way out ( ! labyr9? & leave ! preci\s cord ?r\gh its corridors1 by :i* o!rs may easily ?read _! way into ! free air ( sci5tific tru?4 ,i "k no?+ t is m absurd ?an ?is4 ,x is a commonplace among educators1 h[ev]2 x is frequ5tly ref]r$ to 9 educational addresses z if x 7 a univ]sally accept$ proposition1 & to dispute x w\ld seem ! ranke/ k9d ( sci5tific h]esy to ^! n>r[ m9ds4 ,=tunately !re are two writ]s1 ,macaulay & ,huxley1 to :om ev5 ^! p are likely to li/51 :o h express$ !mselves ) reg>d to ?is preci\s hi/oric sup]/ition t ,"l ,bacon inv5t$ ! inductive me?od ( reason+ ) :at my long-word$ fri5d w\ld call appropriate opprobrium4 ,macaulay says3 ,! inductive me?od has be5 practis$ ev] s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w by e human be+4 ,x is con/antly practis$ by ! mo/ ignorant cl[n1 by ! mo/ ?\ghtless s*oolboy1 by ! v *ild at ! brea/4 ,t me?od leads ! cl[n to ! conclusion t if he s[s b>ley he %all n reap :eat4 ,by t me?od ! s*oolboy le>ns t a cl\dy day is ! be/ = cat*+ tr\t4 ,! v infant1 we imag9e1 is l$ by induction to expect milk f 8 "m or nurse1 & none f 8 fa!r4 ,n only is x n true t #ga ,bacon inv5t$ ! inductive me?od2 b x is n true t he 0 ! fir/ p]son :o correctly analyz$ t me?od & expla9$ its uses4 ,ari/otle _h long be=e po9t$ out ! absurdity ( suppos+ t syllogi/ic reason+ c\ld ev] conduct m5 to ! discov]y ( any new pr9ciple1 _h %[n t su* discov]ies mu/ be made by induction1 & by induction alone1 & _h giv5 ! hi/ory ( ! inductive process1 concisely inde$1 b ) great p]spicuity & precision4 ,& ,huxley q z emphatically po9ts out3 ,! me?od ( sci5tific inve/igation is no?+ b ! expression ( ! necess>y mode ( work+ ( ! human m9d4 ,x is simply ! mode by :i* all ph5om5a are reason$ ab\t--r5d]$ precise & exact4 ,:ile ! :ole tr5d ( education1 ev5 t ( lit]ature1 0 sci5tific at ,alex&ria1 ! pr9cipal feature ( ! tea*+ 01 z we h said1 conc]n$ ) ! physical sci5ces & ma!matics4 ,x is 9 ma!matics t ! greate/ triumphs 7 secur$4 ,euclid's ,geometry1 z we use x at ! pres5t "t 9 our colleges & univ]sities1 0 put into =m by ,euclid tea*+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria 9 ! e>ly days ( ! in/itution4 ,euclid's sett+ =? ( geometry 0 s p]fect t x has rema9$ = ov] #b1jjj ye>s ! model on :i* all text-books ( geometry ( all ! lat] times h be5 writt54 ,!re seems no d\bt t #gb writ]s on ! hi/ory ( ma!matics are q ju/ifi$ 9 proclaim+ ,euclid's ,geometry z "o ( ! greate/ intellectual works t ev] came f ! h& ( man4 ,! fir/ ,ptolemy 0 =tunate 9 hav+ secur$ ?is man z ! f\nd] ( ! ma!matical dep>tm5t ( 8 univ]sity4 ,8 example1 ! wond]ful inc5tive ( 8 "w1 ! absolute p]fection ( 8 conclusions1 mu/ h prov$ m>vell\s emulative factors = ! /ud5ts :o flock$ to ,alex&ria4 ,commonly ma!maticians are said to be impractical g5iuses s occupi$ ) ma!matical ideas t _! influ5ce 9 o!r ways c\nts = little 9 univ]sity life4 ,if we are to believe ! /ories t come to u ) reg>d to ,euclid1 h[ev]1 & !re is e reason to believe !m1 = "s ( !m come f m5 :o are almo/ contempor>ies1 or f m5 :o _h _! in=mation f contempor>ies1 ,euclid's influ5ce 9 ! univ]sity mu/ h be5 = all t is be/ 9 education4 ,proclus tells ! /ory ( ,k+ ,ptolemy once hav+ ask$ ,euclid1 if !re 0 any %ort] way to obta9 a k ( geometry ?an ?r\gh ! r difficult av5ue ( ,euclid's own text-book1 & ! great ma!matician repli$ t !re 0 no royal road to geometry4 ,/obaeus relates ! /ory ( a /ud5t :o1 hav+ le>n$ ! fir/ !orem1 ask$ b :at %all ,i make by le>n+ ^! ?+s8 ,! "q is s mod]n t ,euclid's #gc answ] des]ves to be 9 ! memory ( all ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 education4 ,euclid call$ 8 slave & said1 ,give him twop5ce1 s9ce he mu/ make some?+ out ( ev]y?+ t he does1 ev5 ! improvem5t ( 8 m9d4 ,probably ev5 m significant ?an ! tradition t ,euclid did 8 "w at ?is fir/ mod]n univ]sity1 & t besides be+ a ma!matician he 0 a man ( v practical ideas 9 education1 is ! fact t he 0 appreciat$ by ! m5 ( 8 "t & t 8 "w 0 look$ up to ) highe/ rev]5ce by 8 contempor>ies & imm$iate successors z repres5t+ great a*ievem5t4 ,x is n ev] ?us4 ,f> f res5t+ 9 any way ! magnific5t syn!sis t he _h made ( _m r vague notions 9 ma!matics be=e 8 "t1 8 contempor>ies unit$ 9 do+ him honor4 ,!y realiz$ t 8 tea*+ creat$ a prop] sci5tific habit ( m9d4 ,pappus says ( ,apollonius t he sp5t a long "t z a pupil ( ,euclid at ,alex&ria & x 0 ?us t he acquir$ a ?or\gh sci5tific habit ( m9d4 ,aft] ,euclid's "t ! value ( 8 discov]ies z a means ( tra9+ ! m9d 0 ?or\ghly appreciat$4 ,! ,greek philosoph]s are said to h po/$ on ! doors ( _! s*ools ,let no "o ent] "h :o does n "k 8 ,euclid4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ! crumbl+ ( old-fa%ion$ me?ods ( education 9 ! introduction ( ! elective sy/em1 9 ! mod]n "t1 _m ( our be/ educators h insi/$ #gd t at lea/ ?is portion ( ma!matics1 ,euclid's contribution to ! sci5ce1 %\ld be a requir$ /udy1 & mo/ educators feel1 ev5 :5 !re is "q ( law or m$ical /udy1 t "o ( ! be/ prep>ations is to be f\nd 9 a ?or\gh k ( ,euclid4 ,almo/ z wond]ful z ! "w ( ,euclid 0 t ( ! second great ma!matician ( ! ,alex&rian s*ool1 ,ar*im$es1 :o n only develop$ pure ma!matics b appli$ ma!matical pr9ciples to me*anics & prov$ besides to h wond]ful me*anical ability & inv5tive g5ius4 ,x 0 ,ar*im$es ( :om ,cic]o spoke s feel+ly 9 8 ,tusculan ,disputations1 :5 ab\t a c5tury & a qu>t] aft] ,ar*im$es' dea?1 he succe$$ 9 f9d+1 8 tomb 9 ! old cemet]y at ,syracuse dur+ 8 quae/or%ip !re4 ,h[ curi\s x is to ?9k t aft] s %ort a "t z #abg ye>s f ! date ( 8 dea? ,ar*im$es 0 absolutely =gott5 by 8 fell[-,syracusans1 :o resolutely d5i$ t any trace ( ,ar*im$es' tomb exi/$4 ,?is /rang] f ,rome knew mu* m ( ,ar*im$es ?an 8 fell[-citiz5s a scant f\r g5]ations aft] 8 "t4 ,n h[ m5 advance1 b h[ !y =get ev5 great advance t has be5 made1 lose sight ( x entirely at times & only too (t5 h to r$iscov] x1 is ! mo/ int]e/+ phase ( hi/ory4 ,cic]o says1 ,?us "o ( ! noble/ cities ( ,greece & "o :i* at "o "t _h be5 v #ge celebrat$ = le>n+1 knew no?+ ( ! monum5t ( its greate/ g5ius until x 0 r$iscov]$ = !m by a native ( ,arp9um--,cic]o's mode/ designation = himself4 ,we h kn[n mu* m ab\t ,ar*im$es' inv5tions ?an ab\t 8 ma!matical works4 ,! ,ar*im$ian screw1 a spiral tube = pump+ wat]1 inv5t$ by him1 is /ill us$ 9 ,egypt4 ,! old /ory ) reg>d to 8 hav+ succe$$ 9 mak+ burn+ mirrors by :i* he 0 enabl$ to set ! ,roman vessels on fire dur+ ! siege ( ,syracuse1 us$ to be d\bt$ v s]i\sly &1 inde$1 by _m consid]$ a q incr$ible feat1 cle>ly an hi/orical exagg]ation1 until ,cuvi] & o!rs 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury succe$$ 9 mak+ a mirror by :i* 9 an exp]im5t 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes 9 ,p>is wood 0 set on fire at a di/ance ( #adj feet4 ,z ! ,roman vessels 7 v small1 propell$ only by o>s or at lea/ ) v small sail capacity1 & z _! means ( (f5ce 0 mo/ crude & !y _h to approa* surely )9 #ajj feet ( ! wall to be effective1 ! old /ory !re=e is probably entirely true4 ,! o!r phase ( hi/ory accord+ to :i* ,ar*im$es succe$$ 9 con/ruct+ in/rum5ts by :i* ! ,roman vessels 7 lift$ bodily out ( ! wat]1 is probably also true1 & c]ta9ly comes ) great cr$ibility ( ! man ( :om x is told t1 aft] hav+ /udi$ ! lev]1 he decl>$ t if he only _h #gf "s place to re/ 8 lev]1 he c\ld move ! _w4 ,! well-kn[n /ory ( 8 discov]y 9 hydro/atics1 by :i* he 0 enabl$ to tell ! ,k+ :e!r ! royal goldsmi?s _h made 8 cr[n ( solid gold or n1 is v well au!nticat$4 ,ar*im$es realiz$ ! application ( ! pr9ciple ( specific gravity 9 ! solution ( su* problems :ile he 0 tak+ a ba?4 ,q =getful ( 8 /ate ( nudity he ran ?r\gh ! /reets1 cry+ ,eureka6 ,eureka6 ,i h f\nd x6 ,i h f\nd x6 ,!re are _m o!r significant developm5ts ( hydro/atics & me*anics1 besides specific gravity & ! lev]1 ! g]ms ( :i* are at lea/ attribut$ to ,ar*im$es4 ,he seems to h be5 "o ( ! _w's great em95t practical g5iuses4 ,t he %\ld h be5 a product ( ,alex&ria & %\ld ev5 h be5 a pr(essor !re w\ld be a great surprise if we did n "k ,alex&ria z a great sci5tific univ]sity4 ,z x is1 x is q easy to und]/& h[ naturally he f9ds 8 place 9 ! hi/ory ( t univ]sity & h[ pr\d any mod]n univ]sity w\ld be to h on ! rolls ( its /ud5ts & pr(essors a man :o n only develop$ pure sci5ce b :o made a s]ies ( practical applications t are ( great value to mank9d4 ,su* m5 our mod]n univ]sities appropriately claim ! "r to vaunt pr\dly z ! products ( _! tra9+4 ,:5 we analyze some?+ ( ! "w 9 #gg pure ma!matics t 0 accompli%$ by ,ar*im$es our e/imation ( him is greatly enhanc$4 ,8 "w ,on ! ,quadrature1 t is ! f9d+ ( ! area ( a segm5t ( ! p>abola1 is probably 8 mo/ significant contribution to ma!matical k4 ,8 pro( ( ! pr9cipal !orem 9 ?is is obta9$ by ! me?od ( exhau/ion1 :i* _h be5 inv5t$ by ,eudoxus b 0 greatly develop$ by ,ar*im$es4 ,?is me?od conta9s 9 itself ! g]m ( t mo/ p[]ful in/rum5t ( ma!matical analysis 9 ! mod]n "t1 ! calculus4 ,ano!r v important "w 0 ,! ,sph]e & ! ,cyl9d]4 ,?is 0 m appreciat$ 9 8 own "t1 & z a consequ5ce1 aft] 8 dea? ! figure ( a sph]e inscrib$ 9 a cyl9d] 0 cut on 8 tomb 9 commemoration ( 8 favorite !orem1 t ! volume ( ! sph]e is two-?irds t ( ! cyl9d] & its surface is f\r times t ( ! base ( ! cyl9d]4 ,x 0 by se>*+ = ?is symbol1 fam\s 9 antiquity1 t ,cic]o 0 enabl$ to f9d 8 tomb accord+ to ! /ory t ,i h already relat$4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! reputation ( ,ar*im$es 9 pure ma!matics has be5 greatly enhanc$ by ! discov]y by ,pr(essor ,heib]g ( a lo/ "w ( ! great ,alex&rian pr(essor 9 ,con/ant9ople4 ,ar*im$es himself /at$ 9 a d$ication ( ! "w to ,erato/h5es ! me?od employ$ 9 ?is4 ,he says3 ,i h ?\ght x well to analyze & lay d[n = y #gh 9 ?is same book a peculi> me?od by means ( :i* x w be possible = y to d]ive in/ruction z to h[ c]ta9 ma!matical que/ions may be inve/igat$ by means ( me*anics4 ,& ,i am conv9c$ t ?is is equally pr(itable 9 demon/rat+ a proposition itself1 = mu* t 0 made evid5t to me ?r\gh ! m$ium ( me*anics 0 lat] prov$ by means ( geometry1 because ! treatm5t by ! =m] me?od _h n yet be5 e/abli%$ by way ( a demon/ration4 ,= ( c\rse x is easi] to e/abli% a pro(1 if "o has 9 ?is way previ\sly obta9$ a conception ( ! que/ions1 ?an = him to seek x )\t su* a prelim9>y notion4 4 4 4 ,inde$1 ,i assume t "s "o among ! inve/igators ( to-day or 9 ! future1 w discov] by ! me?od "h set =? /ill o!r propositions :i* h n yet occurr$ to me4 ,on ?is ,pr(essor ,smi? comm5ts3 ,p]haps 9 all ! hi/ory ( ma!matics no su* prophetic tru? 0 ev] put into words4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem z if ,ar*im$es mu/ h se5 z 9 a vision ! me?ods ( ,galileo1 ,cavali]i1 ,pascal1 ,newton1 & _m o!r great mak]s ( ! ma!matics ( ! ,r5aissance & ! pres5t "t4 ,_m o!r di/+ui%$ pr(essors ( ma!matics h1 s9ce ?is decl>ation ( ,ar*im$es came "u _! notice1 decl>$ t he mu/ h _h almo/ a prophetic vision ( c]ta9 developm5ts ( ma!matics & especially appli$ #gi ma!matics & me*anics & _! relation to "o ano!r1 t 7 only to come 9 mu* lat] & inde$ comp>atively mod]n times4 ,und\bt$ly ,ar*im$es' works prov$ ! g]m ( magnific5t developm5t n only imm$iately aft] 8 own "t b 9 ! long-aft] "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 :5 _! translation awak5$ m9ds to ma!matical problems & _! solutions t w\ld n o!rwise h come4 ,we "k mu* less ( ! life ( ! ?ird ( ! great trio ( tea*]s & /ud5ts ( ,alex&ria1 ,apollonius ( ,p]ga4 ,p]haps x %\ld be en\gh = u to "k t 8 contempor>ies spoke ( him z ! great geomet]1 ?\gh !y 7 famili> ) ,euclid's book & ) ,ar*im$es' mighty "w4 ,apollonius 0 surely a /ud5t ( ,alex&ria = _m ye>s & he 0 probably also a pr(essor ( ma!matics !re4 ,he develop$ especially :at we "k n[ z conic sections4 ,8 book on ! subject conta9s practically all ( ! !orems to be f\nd 9 our text-books ( analytical geometry or conic sections ( ! pres5t "t4 ,x 0 develop$ ) rigor\s ma!matical logic & ,euclidean conclusiv5ess4 ,^! ?ree m5 %[ u beyond all d\bt h[ f9ely ! ma!matical side ( ! univ]sity develop$4 ,aft] ,ar*im$es ! greate/ me*anical g5ius ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria 0 ,h]on4 ,to him we owe a s]ies ( inv5tions & discov]ies 9 hydro/atics & ! #hj con/ruction ( v>i\s me*anical toys t h be5 us$ 9 ! laboratories s9ce4 ,!re is ev5 a little eng9e run by /eam--! aeolipile--inv5t$ by him1 :i* %[s h[ close ! old ,greeks 7 to ! und]ly+ pr9ciples ( discov]ies t 7 de/9$ to come only aft] ! developm5t ( indu/ries creat$ a dem& = !m 9 ! aft] "t4 ,h]on's eng9e is a globe ( copp] m\nt$ on pivots1 conta9+ wat]1 :i* on be+ heat$ produces /eam t f9ds its way out ?r\gh tubes b5t s z to op5 9 opposite directions on ea* side ( ! globe4 ,! impact ( ! escap+ /eam on ! air sets ! globe revolv+1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! turb9e eng9e at "w is cle>4 ,we h us$ /eam = ne>ly #bjj ye>s always ) a reciprocat+ type ( movem5t1 s t to apply en]gy 9 "o direction ! eng9e has _h to move its p>ts backw>ds & =w>ds1 b "h 0 a direct-motion turb9e eng9e 9 ! long ago4 ,our great /eamboats1 ! ,lusitania & ! ,mauretania1 n[ cross ! ocean by ! use ( ?is pr9ciple & n by ! reciprocat+ eng9e1 & x is evid5t t x is along ^! l9es ! future developm5ts ( ! application ( /eam are to take place4 ,ano!r extremely int]e/+ inv5tion made by ,h]on is ! fam\s f\nta9 call$ by 8 "n1 & :i* /ill is us$ to illu/rate pr9ciples 9 pneumatics 9 our classrooms & laboratories4 ,by means ( cond5s$ air wat] is made #ha to spr+ f a jet 9 a cont9u\s /ream & seems p>adoxically to rise high] ?an its s\rce4 ,probably 8 be/ "w 9 ! doma9 ( physics is t on pneumatics 9 :i* are giv5 n only a s]ies ( discussions1 b ( exp]im5ts & demon/rations on ! ela/icity ( air & ( /eam4 ,^! exp]im5ts c\ld only h be5 conduct$ 9 :at we n[ call a physical laboratory4 ,inde$ ^! inv5tions ( 8 are /ill us$ 9 laboratories = demon/ration purposes4 ,:ile we may ?9k1 !n1 t ! f\ndation ( laboratories 0 res]v$ to our day1 !re is abundant evid5ce = _! exi/5ce at ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria4 ,we %all return to ?is subject a little lat]1 :5 ! evid5ce f o!r dep>tm5ts has be5 pres5t$1 & !n x w be cle>1 ,i ?9k1 t ! laboratory me?ods 7 favorite modes ( tea*+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria & 7 9 use 9 ne>ly all dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce bo? = rese>* & = demon/ration purposes4 ,! "w ( ! o!r great tea*] at ,alex&ria :i* 0 to influ5ce mank9d next to t ( ,euclid1 0 n de/9$ to )/& ! critical /udy ( succe$+ g5]ations1 ?\gh x s]v$ = "s #a1ejj ye>s z ! basis ( _! ?9k+ 9 a/ronomy4 ,?is 0 ! "w ( ,ptolemy1 ! great pr(essor ( a/ronomy at ,alex&ria ( ! fir/ c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,x is easy = u n[ to see ! absurdity ( ,ptolemy's sy/em4 ,x is ev5 h>d = u to #hb und]/& h[ m5 c\ld h accept$ x4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 t x solv$ all ! a/ronomical problems ( fifte5 c5turies & t x ev5 enabl$ m51 by its application1 to =etell ev5ts 9 ! heav5s1 & sci5tific prophecy is sometimes claim$ to be ! highe/ te/ ( ! tru? ( a sy/em ( sci5tific ?\ght4 ,ev5 s late z #afbj ,francis ,bacon refus$ to accept ,cop]nicanism1 already be=e ! _w = m ?an a c5tury1 because x did n1 z x seem$ to him1 solve all ! difficulties1 :ile ,ptolemy's sy/em did4 ,z great an a/ronom] z ,ty*o ,brahe liv+ 9 ! c5tury aft] ,cop]nicus /ill clung to ,ptolemy's tea*+4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t :5 ,galileo re/at$ ,cop]nicanism1 ! reason = ! rejection ( 8 tea*+ by all ! a/ronom]s ( ,europe almo/ )\t exception1 0 t 8 reasons 7 n conclusive4 ,!y pref]r$ to hold on to ! old :i* _h be5 s satisfy+ ?an to accept ! new :i* seem$ dubi\s4 ,_! wisdom 9 ?is w be be/ appreciat$ f ! fact t none ( ,galileo's reasons ma9ta9$ !mselves4 ,?\gh 8 sy/em has be5 reject$1 /ill ,ptolemy mu/ be look$ up to z "o ( ! great tea*]s ( mank9d & 8 "w ! ,almage/ z "o ( ! great contributions to human k4 ,! fact t he repres5t$ a climax ( a/ronomical developm5t at ,alex&ria "s f\r c5turies aft] ! f\ndation ( #hc t univ]sity1 s]ves to %[ h[ mu* t fir/ mod]n univ]sity occupi$ itself = all ! c5turies ( its highe/ pre/ige1 ) physical sci5ce z well z ) ma!matics4 ,a/ronomy1 physics1 especially hydro/atics & me*anics1 7 all wond]fully develop$4 ,g5]ations ( pr(essors _h giv5 !mselves to rese>* & to ! publication ( important works q z 9 ! mod]n "t1 & ,alex&ria may well claim ! "r to be plac$ beside any univ]sity = :at x accompli%$ 9 physical sci5ce1 & rank high if n highe/ 9 ! li/ ( great rese>* in/itutions add+ new k to old1 lead+ m5 across ! bord]l& ( ! unkn[n 9 sci5ce & furni%+ t preci\s inc5tive to gr[+ y\? to occupy itself ) ! sci5tific problems ( ! _w ar\nd x4 ,! mo/ important "p ( ! sci5tific "w ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria to my m9d rema9s to be spok5 (1 & t is ! m$ical dep>tm5t4 ,x is a well-kn[n law 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e t1 :5ev] m$ical s*ools are atta*$ to univ]sities 9 su* a way t /ud5ts :o come to ! m$ical dep>tm5t h be5 ?or\ghly tra9$ by prelim9>y /udies & h su* /&>ds ( s*ol>%ip z obta9 9 g5u9e univ]sity "w1 !n great progress 9 m$ic9e & 9 m$ical education is accompli%$4 ,?is 0 em95tly ! case at ,alex&ria4 ,! dep>tm5ts ( ! arts1 ( l+ui/ics & ( philosophy 7 ga!r$ #hd ar\nd ! great build+ kn[n 9 ,greek z ! ,m\seion1 a ^w t has come to u ?r\gh ! ,lat9 "u ! guise ( ,museum4 ,?is temple ( ! ,muses conta9$ collections ( v>i\s k9ds & ne> x 0 situat$ ! great libr>y4 ,n f> away 0 ! ,s]apeum1 or ,temple ( ,s]apis1 ! ,goddess ( ,life1 ar\nd :i* 7 c5tr$ ! biological sci5ces1 & close by 0 ! m$ical s*ool4 ,z tea*]s = ?is m$ical s*ool "s ( ! greate/ physicians ( ! "t 7 secur$ by ! fir/ ,ptolemy & a great p]iod 9 m$ical hi/ory began4 ,! practical wisdom guid+ ! ,ptolemys 9 ! organization ( ?is m$ical s*ool w be be/ appreciat$ f ! fact t !y took ! fir/ /ep by invit+ two di/+ui%$ physicians1 ! products ( ! two greate/ m$ical s*ools ( ! "t1 to lay ! f\ndations at ,alex&ria4 ,!y 7 probably ! be/ inve/igators ( _! "t & !y _h beh9d !m f9e traditions ( rese>*1 ?or\gh obs]vation & cons]vative reason+ & !oriz+ on sci5tific subjects4 ,erasi/ratos 0 a disciple ( ,metrodoros1 ! son-9-law ( ,ari/otle4 ,he _h /udi$ = a "t "u ano!r great tea*]1 ,*rysippos ( ,cnidos4 ,we are likely to "k mu* m ( ,cos ?an ( ,cnidos because ( ! reputation 9 ! aft] "t ( ,hippocrates1 ^: "n is s closely connect$ ) ,cos t ! two are almo/ inv>iably associat$1 b ,cnidos 0 "o ( ! great univ]sity t[ns ( ! lat] ,greek #he civilization4 ,eudoxus ! a/ronom]1 ,ctesias ! writ] on ,p]sian hi/ory1 & ,so/ratos ! build] ( ! great ligh?\se1 "o ( ! sev5 wond]s ( ! _w1 ! ,ph>os at ,alex&ria1 7 products ( ?is univ]sity4 ,its m$ical s*ool 0 fam\s :5 ,cos _h some:at decl9$1 & ,*rysippos 0 "o ( ! lead+ physicians ( ! _w & "o ( ! ackn[l$g$ great tea*]s ( m$ic9e :5 ,erasi/ratos /udi$ "u him at ,cnidos1 & obta9$ t sci5tific tra9+ & inc5tive to orig9al rese>* :i* 0 to prove s valuable to ,alex&ria4 ,8 colleague1 ,h]ophilos1 0 q z di/+ui%$ z ,erasi/ratos & ow$ 8 tra9+ to ! rival s*ool ( ,cos4 ,:e!r x 0 int5tional or n to secure ^! two products ( rival s*ools = ! heal?y _s ( competition t w\ld come f x1 & because !y want$ to h at ,alex&ria ! emulation t w\ld naturally be ar\s$ by su* a condition1 is n kn[n1 b !re c be no d\bt ( ! wisdom ( ! *oice & ( ! =esight :i* dictat$ x4 ,h]ophilos _h /udi$ m$ic9e "u ,praxagoras1 "o ( ! be/-kn[n successors ( ,hippocrates4 ,:ile di/+ui%$ z a surgeon he _h m influ5ce on m$ic9e ?an almo/ any man ( 8 "t1 except possibly ,erasi/ratos4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 a great anatomi/ &1 above all1 a zoologi/ :o1 accord+ to tradition1 _h obta9$ 8 k ( animals f ! mo/ #hf c>eful zootomy ( lit]ally ?\s&s ( specim5s4 ,8 fair fame is black5$ by ! o!r tradition t he practis$ vivisection on human be+s--crim9als be+ turn$ ov] to him = t purpose by ! ,ptolemys1 :o 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 8 rese>*es4 ,! traditions 9 ?is matt]1 h[ev]1 s]ve to confirm ! idea ( 8 zeal z an inve/igator & 8 ard5t labors 9 m$ical sci5ce4 ,t]tullian decl>es t he dissect$ at lea/ #fjj liv+ p]sons4 ,we "k t he did mu* dissection ( human cadav]s & !re is "q :e!r ,t]tullian's /atem5t 0 n gross exagg]ation due to confusion betwe5 dissection & vivisection4 ,bo? ( ^! m5 did "s magnific5t "w ^u ! bra94 ,?is be+ ! fir/ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( humanity :5 human be+s c\ld be dissect$ freely1 x is n surpris+ t !y %\ld take up bra9 anatomy ) ard5t devotion1 9 ! hope to solve "s ( ! _m human problems t seem$ to c5tre 9 ?is complex organ4 ,be=e ?is anatomy _h be5 le>n$ ma9ly f animals1 & z human be+s diff] mo/ widely f animals by _! bra91 naturally1 z soon z ! opportunity pres5t$ itself1 anatomi/s gave !mselves to ?or\gh "w on ?is /ructure :]e s _m discov]ies 7 wait+ to be made4 ,aft] ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em ! he>t 0 /udi$1 & ,erasi/ratos' description ( its valves1 ( its g5]al /ructure & ev5 ( its physiology1 %[ h[ mu* he #hg knew4 ,to "k some?+ ( ! "w ( ^! two anatomi/s is to see at once :at is accompli%$ 9 a univ]sity m$ical s*ool :]e m$ical sci5ce1 & n ! m]e practice ( m$ic9e alone1 is ! object ( tea*]s & /ud5ts4 ,i h told ! /ory ( ?is 9 my address be=e ! graduates ( ! ,/4 ,l\is ,m$ical ,univ]sity ,m$ical ,s*ool1 & "h ,i %all simply ref] y to t4 ,footnote #g ,footnote #g3 ,! details ( :at 0 accompli%$ 9 ! ,m$ical ,dep>tm5t at ,alex&ria 7 giv5 to "s ext5t at lea/ 9 ! lecture 9 ,brooklyn1 b are omitt$ "h 9 ord] to avoid repetitions 9 ! pr9t$ copy4 ,( c\rse all ^! /udies at ! univ]sity c\ld n be conduct$ )\t laboratory equipm5t4 ,( itself ! dissect+ room is a laboratory & until v rec5t ye>s x 0 ! only laboratory t mo/ ( ! m$ical s*ools _h4 ,! num]\s exp]im5ts 9 vivisection1 if !y really took place1 requir$ special arrangem5ts & c\ld only be conduct$ 9 :at we n[ call a laboratory ( physiology4 ,?is is n idle talk b repres5ts ! realities ( ! situation4 ,o!r laboratories !re mu/ h be54 ,x w\ld be q impossible to conceive ( a man l ,ar*im$es c>ry+ on 8 "w1 especially ( ! application ( ma!matical pr9ciples to me*anics1 ( ! demon/ration ( me*anical pr9ciples !mselves & ( ! inv5tion ( ! _m int]e/+ ma*9es :i* he made1 )\t :at we call laboratory facilities4 ,! ,ptolemys 7 #hh int]e/$ 9 8 "w1 !y suppli$ him ) a place to d x1 _m ( 8 advanc$ /ud5ts at lea/ mu/ h be5 int]e/$ 9 ?is "w s t1 z ,i see x1 !re 0 :at we w\ld n[ call a physical laboratory 9 connection ) 8 tea*+ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria4 ,:at we "k ab\t ! developm5t ( zoology "u ,erasi/ratos & ,h]ophilos w\ld seem to indicate t !re mu/ h be5 su* special facilities = ! inve/igation ( zoological problems z we w\ld call a laboratory ( physiology4 ,a magnific5t collection ( plants 0 made = ! univ]sity & ^! 7 /udi$ & classifi$1 & :ile we he> no?+ ( _! dissection1 !re 7 at lea/ botanical rooms = me?odical /udy1 if n botanical laboratories4 ,ptolemy's "w repres5t$ ! culm9ation ( a/ronomical in=mation :i* _h be5 ga!r$ = sev]al c5turies4 ,?is c\ld only be br\ght toge!r 9 :at we w\ld n[ call an obs]vatory & ?is repres5ts ano!r laboratory ( physical sci5ce4 ,our laboratory "w1 !re=e1 mu/ h be5 anticipat$ to a great ext5t4 ,we mu/ n =get t our univ]sity laboratories are only a c\ple ( g5]ations old altoge!r & t !y repres5t a v rec5t developm5t ( educational "w4 ,x is extremely int]e/+1 !re=e1 to f9d !m anticipat$ 9 g]m at lea/1 if n 9 actuality1 at ! fir/ mod]n univ]sity ( :i* we h suffici5tly complete records to enable u to #hi appreciate j ! sort ( "w t 0 be+ done & ! ways & modes ( its education4 ,i ?9k t ev5 ?is comp>atively meagre description ( ! fir/ univ]sity ( :i* we h k makes x v cle> t ,alex&ria des]ves ! "n ( ! ,fir/ ,mod]n ,univ]sity4 ,x resembl$ our own 9 s _m ways t ,i1 = "o1 f9d x impossible to discov] any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,at ,alex&ria !y anticipat$ e phase ( mod]n univ]sity education4 ,_! lit]ature 0 /udi$ f a sci5tific /&po9t4 ,!y devot$ !mselves to an ov]:elm+ ext5t to ! /udy ( ! physical sci5ces & ma!matics1 _! pr(essors 7 inv5tors1 develop]s ( practical applications ( sci5ce1 exp]ts to :om appeal 0 made :5 important sci5tific que/ions _h to be settl$1 & _! tea*+ 0 done ) demon/rations & a laboratory sy/em v l our own4 ,no?+ t ,i "k illu/rates bett] ! t5d5cy ( human a*ievem5t n to repres5t advance b to occur 9 cycles ?an ! /ory ( ?is fir/ mod]n univ]sity4 ,t is :y ,i h tri$ to tell x to y z an exquisite illu/ration ( ,h[ ,old ! ,new ,is 9 ,education4 #ij #ia ,,m$iaeval ,,sci5tific ,,univ]sities #ib ,qui ad pauca respiciunt facilit] pronuntiant4 --,,an ,,old ,,philosoph]4 ,^? :o "k little readily pron\nce judgm5t4 #ic ,,m$iaeval ,,sci5tific ,,univ]sities ,footnote #h ,footnote #h3 ,! mat]ial = ?is address 0 orig9ally ga!r$ = a lecture 9 a c\rse on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education deliv]$ to ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 "s #ejj 9 numb]2 tea*]s 9 ! ,ca?olic public s*ools ( ,new ,york ,city1 & = correspond+ lectures to ! ,academy ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1 ,k5wood4 ,! address 0 deliv]$ sub/antially 9 its pres5t =m at ! ,ca?olic ,club ( ,cornell ,univ]sity1 "u ! title ,! ,relations ( ! ,*ur* to ,sci5ce4 ,probably no?+ is m surpris+ to any "o :o kn[s ! hi/ory ( sci5ce & ( sci5tific education ?an ! attitude ( m9d ( ! pres5t g5]ations1 educat$ z !y are ma9ly along sci5tific l9es1 t[>d ! suppos$ lack ( int]e/ ( prec$+ g5]ations 9 sci5ce4 ,our s*ol>s & pr(essors seem to be almo/ univ]sally ( ! op9ion t ! la/ few g5]ations are ! fir/ :o ev] devot$ !mselves s]i\sly to ! /udy ( sci5ce1 or :o1 inde$1 7 free en\gh f sup]/itions & p]suasions & beliefs ( _m k9ds to give !mselves up freely to sci5tific inve/igation4 ,9 ! light ( :at we "k or1 p]haps ,i %\ld say1 :at we are com+ to "k n[ ) reg>d to ! educational int]e/s ( ! m5 ( ! v>i\s times1 ?is w\ld be an amus+1 if x 7 n an amaz+1 presumption on our "p4 ,ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! _w's hi/ory m5 h be5 #id int]e/$ 9 sci5ce1 bo? 9 pure sci5ce & 9 appli$ sci5ce1 9 ! culture sci5ces & 9 ! practical sci5ces4 ,app>5tly m5 =get t philosophy is sci5ce & e?ics is sci5ce & metaphysics is sci5tific & logic is sci5ce & !re is a sci5ce ( language4 ,( c\rse ! prote/ t w be he>d at once is t :at we n[ mean by sci5ce is physical sci5ce4 ,ev5 tak+ ! ^w sci5ce 9 ?is n>r[] s5se1 h[ev]1 h[ c p =get t our ma!matics comes to u f ! old ,greeks1 t old ,greek contributions to m$ic9e &1 above all1 to ! sci5tific side ( x /ill rema9 valuable1 t physical sci5ce1 pure & appli$1 develop$ wond]fully at ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria1 t !re 0 a beg9n+ ( *emi/ry & ! great f\ndations ( a/ronomy laid 9 ! long ago1 & t m5 evid5tly 7 q z mu* int]e/$ 9 ! problems ( nature ar\nd !m z !y h be5 at any "t3 ,ar*im$es insi/+ t if he only _h "s place to re/ 8 lev] he c\ld move ! _w1 inv5t+ ! screw pump1 fa%ion+ 8 great burn+-mirrors1 & a little lat] ,h]on inv5t+ ! fir/ g]m ( ! turb9e eng9e1 :ile all ! "t _! colleagues & contempor>ies 7 develop+ ! ma!matics 9 connection ) !m1 are /udy+ bo? pure & appli$ sci5ce4 ,x is simply failure to /ate 9 t]ms ( ! pres5t :at 0 accompli%$ 9 ! pa/1 t has p]mitt$ p to reta9 #ie curi\s notions ( ! abs5ce ( sci5ce 9 antiquity4 ,probably mo/ p w\ld be q ready to conc$e1 & especially aft] ev5 a brief call+ to _! att5tion ( "s educational facts1 t ! old ,greeks did enjoy a sci5tific educational developm5t2 x w\ld probably ev5 be admitt$ t ! traditions ( sci5ce ( v>i\s k9ds f ,egypt1 f ,*aldea1 f ,babylonia po9t to previ\s eras ( sci5tific developm5t4 ,!y w\ld probably /ill insi/1 h[ev]1 t !re _h be5 a long int]val ( utt] neglect ( sci5ce la/+ ne>ly #b1jjj ye>s & t our int]e/ is prop]ly a resurrection ( sci5ce-/udy aft] a long burial4 ,!y d n ev5 hesitate to blame ! educational au?orities ( ! int]val = _! failure to occupy !mselves ) sci5tific ideas & are prone to f9d reasons ( v>i\s k9ds to acc\nt = ?is failure4 ,z ! ,*ur* 0 dom9ant 9 education dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ?is makes a ready scapegoat1 & s we h he>d mu* ( ! repression ( sci5tific /udy by ! ecclesia/ical au?orities1 & ! det]m9$ ef=t made to keep m5 f inquir+ ab\t ! problems ( nature ar\nd !m1 because ?is w\ld lead !m to ?9k = !mselves & h d\bts ) reg>d to fai?4 ,inde$ ?is attitude ( m9d 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce is s usual t x is a commonplace1 & m5 :o are suppos$ to be s*ol>s talk (f-h&$ly ( direct ,*ur* opposition to sci5ce4 #if ,!re is no d\bt at all t ! ,*ur* 0 ! comm&+ influ5ce 9 education dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,:atev] 0 /udi$ 0 tak5 up because ! ,*ur* au?orities 7 int]e/$ 9 x4 ,:atev] 0 n /udi$ 0 abs5t f ! curriculum because ( _! lack ( int]e/4 ,:ile /udy 0 magnific5tly enc\rag$ !re 7 _m subjects1 ?\gh n ne> s _m z is (t5 ?\ght1 t 7 repress$4 ,! ,*ur* mu/ c]ta9ly be held responsible 9 e way = ! tea*+ ( ! ,middle ,ages1 bo? z reg>ds its ext5t & its limitations4 ,! *>t]s ( ! univ]sities 7 grant$ by ! ,popes4 ,! univ]sities !mselves usually 7 ca!dral s*ools :i* _h develop$1 & to :i* _h become atta*$ v>i\s graduate dep>tm5ts4 ,! ecclesia/ical au?orities 7 9 control ( !m4 ,! rector ( ! univ]sity 0 usually ! ar*deacon ( ! ca!dral or ! *ancellor ( ! diocese4 ,! pr(essors at ! univ]sities 7 practically all ( !m 9 cl]ical ord]s1 & ! great body ( ! /ud5ts 7 cl]ics1 9 ! s5se t !y _h assum$ at lea/ m9or ord]s & 7 suppos$ to be 9 prep>ation = a cl]ical life4 ,?is 01 inde$1 ! "o sure way to secure exemption f ! milit>y duties ( ! "t & to prev5t int]f]5ce ( v>i\s k9ds by ! civil p[] ) ! leisure necess>y = /udy4 ,no man _h any ess5tial rights 9 ! ,middle ,ages except su* z 7 conf]r$ on him by "s organization #ig to :i* he belong$1 & ! cl]ical ord] 0 p>ticul>ly p[]ful4 ,n[ ! int]e/+ phase ( ! education af=d$ by ^! univ]sities "u ecclesia/ical control ) cl]ical /ud5ts & pr(essors con/itut+ ! l>ge majority ( memb]s1 ) ! influ5ce ( ! religi\s ord]s p>am\nt = c5turies1 is t x 0 entirely sci5tific 9 "* & l>gely occupi$ ) ! physical sci5ces1 ?\gh ! culture sci5ces =m$ ! basis ( x4 ,huxley1 ?\gh he is surely ! la/ man ( rec5t times :o w\ld be suspect$ = a mom5t ( exagg]at+ ! sci5tific significance ( m$iaeval education1 recogniz$ ?is fact v well & /at$ x v emphatically4 ,9 8 ,inaugural ,address on ,univ]sities ,actual & ,ideal1 deliv]$ z ,rector ( ,ab]de5 ,univ]sity aft] discuss+ ! subject ) evid5t c>eful prep>ation1 he said3 ,! s*ol>s ( ! m$iaeval univ]sities seem to h /udi$ gramm>1 logic & rhetoric2 ari?metic & geometry2 a/ronomy1 !ology & music4 ,?us1 _! "w1 h[ev] imp]fect & faulty1 judg$ by mod]n lights1 x may h be51 br\ght !m face to face ) all ! lead+ aspects ( ! _m-sid$ m9d ( man4 ,= ^! /udies did really conta91 at any rate 9 embryo1 sometimes x may be 9 c>icature1 :at we n[ call philosophy1 ma!matical & physical sci5ce & art4 #ih ,& ,i d\bt if ! curriculum ( any mod]n univ]sity %[s s cle> & g5]\s a compreh5sion ( :at is meant by culture1 z ?is old ,trivium & ,quadrivium does4 7,italics m9e47 ,( c\rse ,huxley says1 sometimes x may be 9 c>icature4 ,we mu/ n =get1 h[ev]1 t fir/ ev5 ,huxley hesitates to say t x is c>icature1 = he kn[s h[ easy x is to be mi/ak5 9 our e/imation ( ! true significance ( an old-"t mode ( ?\ght1 & !n1 too1 he knew comp>atively h[ little we 7 sure ( ! real ?\ghts & conclusions ( ^! m5 ( ! old5 "t because ( defective sympa?y & ev5 defective k ( _! "w4 ,our k 9 ?is matt] has greatly increas$ s9ce 8 "t4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! m we "k ab\t ^! old ma/]s & ! m$iaeval univ]sities ! less are we likely to ?9k ( _! "w z lack+ 9 s]i\sness 9 any s5se4 ,! qu>t] ( a c5tury t has elaps$ s9ce ,huxley s cog5tly urg$ ?is at ,ab]de5 has br\ght _m facts unkn[n to u be=e & has %[n u :at good "w1 ev5 9 ! physical sci5ces1 0 accompli%$ 9 ^! old-"t univ]sities4 ,= in/ance1 no?+ is m common 9 ! m\?s ( c]ta9 k9ds ( s*ol>s ?an ! expressions ( wond] z to :y m5 did n /udy nature m assidu\sly be=e our "t4 ,"h is a magnific5t op5 book full ( ! mo/ allur+ lessons :i* any "o may /udy = himself1 & t someh[ x is presum$ m5 neglect$ #ii d[n to our "t4 ,we are ! age ( nature /ud5ts1 & prec$+ times are look$ at askance = hav+ neglect$ ! opportunities t lay s invit+ly op5 to !m 9 ?is subject4 ,x has always be5 a wond] to me h[ p d>e to talk ?is way4 ,our old lit]atures are full ( obs]vations on nature4 ,9 my book on ,! ,popes & ,sci5ce ,i take ,dante z a typical product ( ! univ]sities ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & %[ )\t any difficulty z x seems to me1 t !re is no poet ( ! mod]n "t :o c draw figures f nature :i* dem& ev5 a detail$ k ( nature ) s mu* confid5ce z ,dante4 ,he kn[s ! mo/ intimate details ab\t ! birds1 ab\t _m animals1 ab\t ! ways ( fl[]s1 ab\t *ildr51 describes "s exp]im5ts 9 sci5ce1 has a wide k ( a/ronomy & 9 g5]al is famili> ) nature q z mu* if n m ?an any mod]n writ] n ex pr(esso a naturali/4 ,he describes ! metamorphosis ( insects1 h[ ! ants communicate ) "o ano!r1 kn[s ! secrets ( ! bees & exhibits wide k ( ! secrets ( bird life4 ,! presumption t p did n /udy nature 9 ! old5 "t is q unju/ifi$4 ,!y did n write long books ab\t trivial subjects ( nature-/udy4 ,!y did n conclude t because !y 7 see+ some?+ = ! fir/ "t1 t t 0 ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory x _h ev] be5 se54 ,!y 7 g5tle1 #ajj k9dly s*ol>s :o assum$ t o!rs _h eyes & saw too1 & z =tunately !re 0 no pr9t+ press !re 0 n t hurri$ ru%+ into pr9t1 ) sup]ficial obs]vations & /ill m sup]ficial conclusions1 :i* has *>act]iz$ s mu* ( our rec5t lit]ature ( nature-/udy & t has be5 s well dubb$ nature fak+4 ,( c\rse we h _h fak+ ( ! same k9d 9 ne>ly ev]y?+ else3 we h hi/ory fak+ 9 our suppos$ hi/orical romances1 sci5ce fak+ 9 our pseudo-sci5ce1 sci5ce-hi/ory fak+ 9 our ready presumption t ! m5 ( ! old5 "t c\ld n h _h our int]e/s1 &1 above all--may ,i n[ say x8--9 our *eap conclusion t !re mu/ h be5 "s reason = _! lack ( int]e/ 9 sci5ce1 & !n ! assumption )\t any?+ fur!r1 t x mu/ h be5 because ( ! ,*ur*4 ,j z soon z !re is "q ( !re hav+ be5 any s]i\s sci5tific /udy dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 9 ! s5se ( obs]vations 9 physical sci5ce1 inve/igation ( ! physical ph5om5a ( nature & ! draw+ ( conclusions f !m & ! evolv+ ( laws1 !re are a l>ge numb] ( p :o consid] !mselves v well in=m$1 :o w at once object t ?is mu/ be q absurd1 s9ce at ?is "t ,"l ,*ancellor ,bacon _h n z yet laid d[n ! great f\ndations ( ! physical sci5ces 9 8 discussion ( inductive reason+4 ,i h already #aja v5tur$ to sugge/1 9 ! address on ,! ,fir/ ,mod]n ,univ]sity1 h[ utt]ly ridicul\s any su* notion is4 ,i h quot$ ,"l ,macaulay & ,huxley z ridicul+ ^? :o ent]ta9$ su* an idea4 ,"h ,i may be p]mitt$ to recur to ! subject by quotations f ! same au?orities4 ,i h (t5 f\nd t any?+ ,i myself said 9 ?is matt] 0 at once consid]$ z q incr$ible1 s9ce my feel+s 7 entirely too favorable t[>d ! ,middle ,ages & !n my religi\s affiliations are someh[ suppos$ to unfit me = sci5tific ?9k+4 ,=tunately ,macaulay & ,huxley h express$ !mselves 9 ?is matt] ev5 m vigor\sly ?an ,i w\ld be likely to1 & s ,i may simply quote !m4 ,z ,"l ,macaulay wrote 9 8 well-kn[n essay3 ,! vulg> notion ab\t ,bacon we take to be ?is1 t he inv5t$ a new me?od ( arriv+ at tru?1 :i* me?od is call$ induction1 & t he detect$ "s fallacy 9 ! syllogi/ic reason+ :i* _h be5 9 vogue be=e 8 "t4 ,?is notion is z well f\nd$ z t ( ! p :o1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 imag9$ t ,virgil 0 a great conjur]4 ,_m :o are f> too well in=m$ to talk su* extravagant nons5se ent]ta9 :at we ?9k incorrect notions z to :at ,bacon really effect$ 9 ?is matt]4 ,/ill m apposite is :at ,pr(essor ,huxley has to say4 ,disc\rs+ on ! ph5om5a ( #ajb organic nature1 aft] w>n+ 8 auditors n to suppose t sci5tific inve/igation is "s k9d ( mod]n black art1 he adds3 ,i say t y might easily ga!r ?is impression f ! mann] 9 :i* _m p]sons speak ( sci5tific inquiry1 or talk ab\t inductive & d$uctive philosophy1 or ! pr9ciples ( ! ',baconian philosophy4' ,to he> p talk ab\t ! great ,*ancellor--& a v great man he c]ta9ly 0--y w\ld ?9k t x 0 he :o _h inv5t$ sci5ce1 & t !re 0 no su* ?+ z s\nd reason+ be=e ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,!re are _m m5 :o1 ?\gh kn[+ absolutely no?+ ( ! subject ) :i* !y may be deal+1 wi% nev]!less to damage ! au?or ( "s view ) :i* !y ?9k fit to disagree4 ,:at !y d is n to g & le>n some?+ ab\t ! subject2 4 4 4 b !y abuse ! orig9ator ( ! view !y "q1 9 a g5]al mann]1 & w9d up by say+ t1 ',aft] all1 y "k1 ! pr9ciples & me?od ( ?is au?or are totally oppos$ to ! canons ( ! ,baconian philosophy4' ,!n ev]ybody applauds1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 & agrees t x mu/ be s4 ,"l ,bacon himself s little und]/ood true sci5ce t he condemn$ ,cop]nicanism because x fail$ to solve ! problems ( ! univ]se1 & condemn$ ,dr4 ,gilb]t1 ! great f\nd] 9 ,magnetism1 ^: "w 0 ! be/ #ajc exemplification ( inductive sci5ce ( t "t4 ,( c\rse ,bacon did n inv5t sci5ce nor its me?ods4 ,he 0 only a publici/ popul>iz+ !m4 ,!y _h exi/$ 9 ! m9ds ( all logical ?9k]s f ! beg9n+4 ,8 great namesake1 ,fri> ,bacon1 mu* bett] des]ves to be ?\ght a pione] 9 mod]n physical sci5ce ?an ! *ancellor1--& he 0 a m$iaeval univ]sity man4 ,we are prone to ?9k ( ! old-"t univ]sities z classical or lit]>y s*ools ) c]ta9 limit$ po/-graduate features1 m or less di/antly smack+ ( sci5ce4 ,! reason = ?is is easy to und]/&4 ,x is because out ( su* classical & lit]>y colleges our pres5t univ]sities1 ) _! devotion to sci5ce1 7 develop$ or trans=m$ dur+ ! la/ g5]ation or two4 ,x is to be utt]ly ignorant ( m$iaeval education1 h[ev]1 to ?9k t ! classical & lit]>y s*ools are types ( univ]sity "w 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! orig9al univ]sities ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies paid no att5tion to language at all except inasmu* z ,lat91 ! univ]sal language1 0 /udi$ 9 ord] t !re might be a common gr\nd ( und]/&+4 ,lat9 0 n /udi$ at all1 h[ev]1 f its lit]>y side2 to /yle z su* ! pr(essors 9 ! old m$iaeval univ]sities & ! writ]s ( ! books ( ! "t paid no att5tion4 ,inde$ x 0 because ( ?is neglect ( /yle 9 lit]ature & ( ! niceties ( classical ,lat9 t ! univ]sity m5 ( rec5t c5turies be=e our own1 #ajd s bitt]ly condemn$ ! old1 m$iaeval tea*]s & 7 s utt]ly unsympa!tic ) _! tea*+ & me?ods4 ,we1 h[ev]1 h come once m into a "t :5 /yle means little1 inde$1 entirely too little1 & :5 ! matt] is suppos$ to be ev]y?+1 & we %\ld h m sympa?y ) our old] =efa!rs 9 education :o 7 9 ! same boat4 ,we h inh]it$ traditions ( misund]/&+ 9 ?is matt]1 b we %\ld "k ! reasons = !m & !n !y w disappe>4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 exactly ! same ?+ happ5$ 9 our mod]n *ange ( univ]sity int]e/s dur+ ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury z happ5$ 9 ! latt] half ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,italy1 & 9 ! next c5tury ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,) ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople ! ,greeks 7 s5t pack+ by ! ,turks & !y c>ri$ ) !m into ,italy manuscripts ( ! old ,greek au?ors1 examples ( old ,greek art & ! classic _s ( devotion to lit]ature z su*4 ,a new educational movem5t t]m$ ! /udy ( ! humanities _h be5 mak+ "s way 9 ,italy dur+ ! prec$+ half-c5tury be=e ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople1 b n[ int]e/ 9 x came ) a ru%4 ,! cl]gym51 ! nobility1 ev5 ! wom5 ( ! "t became int]e/$ 9 ! ,new ,le>n+1 z x 0 call$4 ,private s*ools ( v>i\s k9ds 7 op5$ = ! /udy ( x1 & ev]ybody consid]$ t x 0 ! "o ?+ t p :o #aje want$ to keep up to date1 sm>t p1 = !y h always be5 ) u1 %\ld n fail to be famili> )4 ,! humanities became ! fa%ion1 j z sci5ce became ! fa%ion 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,fa%ion has a wond]fully p]vasive p[] & x runs 9 cycles 9 intellectual matt]s z well z 9 clo!s4 ,! devotees ( ! ,new ,le>n+ dem&$ a place = x 9 ! univ]sities4 ,univ]sity faculties p]fectly confid5t1 z univ]sity faculties always are1 t :at !y _h 9 ! curriculum 0 q good en\gh1 & cons]vative en\gh to ?9k t :at _h be5 good en\gh = _! =efa!rs 0 surely good en\gh also = ?is g5]ation1 refus$ to admit ! new /udies4 ,= a consid]able p]iod1 !re=e1 ! humanities _h to be pursu$ 9 in/itutions ap>t f ! univ]sities4 ,inde$ x 0 n until ! ,jesuits %[$ h[ valuable classical /udies might be made = developm5tal purposes & true education t !y 7 admitt$ into ! univ]sities4 ,note ! simil>ity ) c]ta9 ev5ts 9 our own "t 9 all ?is4 ,two g5]ations ago ! univ]sities refus$ to admit sci5ce4 ,!y 7 tra9+ m5 9 _! und]graduate dep>tm5ts by means ( classical lit]ature4 ,!y argu$ exactly z did ! old m$iaeval univ]sities ) reg>d to ! new le>n+1 t !y _h no place = sci5ce4 ,sci5ce _h to be le>n$1 !n1 9 sep>ate in/itutions = a "t4 ,! sci5tific #ajf educational movem5t made its way1 h[ev]1 until f9ally x 0 admitt$ into ! univ]sity curricula4 ,n[ we are 9 ! mid/ ( an educational p]iod :5 ! classics are los+ 9 favor s rapidly t x seems z ?\gh x w\ld n be long be=e !y w\ld be entirely replac$ by ! sci5ces1 except1 9 s f> z ^? are conc]n$ :o are look+ = education 9 lit]ature & ! classic languages = special purposes4 ,x w be int]e/+1 !n1 to trace ! /ory ( ! old m$iaeval univ]sities z f> z ! sci5ce 9 _! curriculum 0 conc]n$1 because x repres5ts mu* m closely ?an we might h imag9$1 or ?an is ord9>ily ?\ght1 ! prec$+ phase ( education to ! classical p]iod :i* we h se5 g out ( fa%ion to s great an ext5t 9 ! la/ two g5]ations4 ,we %all readily f9d t at lea/ z mu* "t 0 devot$ 9 ! m$iaeval univ]sities to ! physical sci5ces z 9 our own1 & t ! culture sci5ces fill$ up ! re/ ( ! curriculum4 ,philosophy1 :i* occupi$ s prom95t a place 9 old] univ]sity life1 0 n only a culture sci5ce1 b physical sci5ce z well1 z inde$ ! "n natural philosophy1 :i* rema9$ almo/ d[n to our day1 atte/s4 ,physical sci5ce 0 n ! sole object ( ^! m$iaeval in/itutions ( le>n+1 b !y 7 ?or\ghly sci5tific4 ,! ma9 object ( ! univ]sities 9 ! old5 "t 0 to secure su* #ajg discussion ( ! problems ( man's relation to ! univ]se1 to 8 ,creator1 to 8 fell[-creatures & to ! mat]ial _w z w\ld enable him to appreciate 8 rights & duties & to use 8 p[]s4 ,huxley decl>$ t ! trivium & quadrivium1 ! sev5 lib]al arts /udi$ 9 ! m$iaeval univ]sities1 probably demon/rate a cle>] & m g5]\s compreh5sion ( :at is meant by culture ?an ! curriculum ( any mod]n univ]sity4 ,language 0 le>n$ ?r\gh gramm>1 ! sci5ce ( language4 ,reason+ 0 le>n$ ?r\gh logic1 ! sci5ce ( reason+2 ! art ( expression ?r\gh rhetoric1 a comb9ation ( art & sci5ce ) applications to practical life4 ,ma!matics 0 /udi$ ) a zeal & a success t only ^? :o "k ! hi/ory ( m$iaeval ma!matics c at all appreciate4 ,cantor1 ! ,g]man hi/orian ( ma!matics1 9 hundr$s ( pages ( a l>ge volume1 has told ! /ory ( ! developm5t ( ma!matics dur+ ! c5turies be=e ! ,r5aissance1 t is f ! ?irte5? to ! fifte5?1 9 a way t makes x v cle> t ! tea*+ at ! univ]sities 9 ?is subject 0 n dry & /]ile1 b em95tly productive1 successful 9 rese>*1 & ) con/ant additions to k su* z live univ]sities ought to make4 ,!n !re 0 a/ronomy1 metaphysics1 !ology1 music & law & m$ic9e4 ,! sci5ce ( law 0 develop$ &1 above all1 great #ajh collections ( laws made = purposes ( sci5tific /udy4 ,( a/ronomy e "o 0 expect$ to "k mu*1 ( m$ic9e we %all h consid]able to say h]eaft]1 b 9 ! meantime x is well to recall t ^! m$iaeval c5turies ma9ta9$ a high /&>d ( m$ical education & br\ght "s wond]ful developm5ts 9 ! sci5ces alli$ to m$ic9e & above all 9 _! applications to !rapeutics4 ,surg]y nev] rea*$ s high a plane ( a*ievem5t d[n to our own "t1 z dur+ ! p]iod :5 x 0 /udi$ s fai?fully & develop$ s m>vell\sly at ! m$iaeval univ]sities4 ,x 0 inasmu* z a k ( physics 0 ne$$ = ! developm5t ( metaphysics t ! m$iaeval s*oolm5 devot$ !mselves to ! /udy ( nature4 ,!y turn$ ) z mu* ardor & devotion z did ,h]b]t ,sp5c] 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 to ! accumulation ( su* in=mation ) reg>d to nature z w\ld enable !m to draw conclusions1 e/abli% g5]al pr9ciples & lay firm f\ndations = reason+s ) reg>d to ! creature & ! ,creator4 ,x is1 above all1 ?is phase ( m$iaeval tea*+ "w1 ( ! s*oolm5's ard5t int]e/ t is misund]/ood1 (t5 ignor$ & only too frequ5tly misrepres5t$ 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! discussion ( ! /atus ( matt] 9 ! univ]se ! s*ola/ics & notably ,?omas ,aqu9as _h come to ! conclusion t matt] 0 absolutely inde/ructible4 ,he #aji ev5 w5t s f> z to say t man c\ld n de/roy x1 & ,god w\ld n annihilate x4 ,nihil omn9o 9 nihilum r$igetur--no?+ at all w ev] be r$uc$ to no?+ness1 0 8 dictum z ! conclusion ( a c\rse ( lectures on ?is subject4 ,he saw ! *anges 9 matt] all r\nd him t 7 suppos$ to be de/ructive1 ! burn+s1 ! vaporizations1 ! solutions1 ! putrefactions & all ! re/1 b he knew t ^! only br\ght *anges 9 matt] & n de/ruction ( ! und]ly+ sub/ance4 ,= him1 z = all ! s*ola/ic philosoph]s1 matt] 0 compos$ ( two pr9ciples1 z !y 7 call$4 ,"o ( ^! 0 prime matt] & ! o!r =m4 ,to prime matt]1 "o ( ^!1 matt] or sub/ance ow$ all its negative qualities1 in]tia & ! l4 ,to =m1 ! dynamic elem5t or pr9ciple1 x ow$ all its individuat+ qualities4 ,prime matt] 0 ! same 9 all ?+s4 ,=m 0 ! en]gy or bundle ( en]gies1 ! dynamic pr9ciple1 z we h said1 :i* ent]+ into prime matt]1 made ! diff]5t k9ds ( matt] t we speak (4 ,x is extremely int]e/+ to comp>e ?is old s*ola/ic tea*+ ) ! mod]n ideas ( ! composition ( matt] & especially ! notions :i* h come to u f rese>*es 9 physical *emi/ry 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,our sci5ti/s no long] believe t we h "s eighty diff]5t elem5ts1 ess5tially diff]5t k9ds ( matt]1 t _c by any *ance or process be *ang$ "o #aaj into ano!r4 ,we h se5 "o =m ( elem5t>y matt] *ang+ into ano!r1 helium emanations becom+ radium1 h he>d ( ,pr(essor ,ramsay's transmutation ( v>i\s elem5ts1 & h ab\t come to ! conclusion t 9 ! radio-active sub/ances we h a wond]ful transmut+ p[]4 ,a prom95t ,am]ican pr(essor ( *emi/ry decl>$ n long s9ce t he w\ld l to treat a l>ge quantity ( lead ore 9 ord] to extract f x all ! silv] :i* s con/antly occurs 9 connection ) x 9 ! natural /ate1 & !n hav+ put ! lead ore aside = a score ( ye>s1 w\ld l to exam9e x aga91 confid5t t he w\ld f9d traces ( silv] 9 x once m1 :i* _h develop$ z a consequ5ce ( ! radio-activity pres5t 9 ! sub/ance & :i* is con/antly *ang+ lead into silv] 9 small quantities4 ,newton's decl>ation1 :5 he saw cry/als ( gold 9 connection ) copp]1 t gold _h be5 develop$ f ! copp]1 seem$ v fooli% a c5tury ago1 b no "o w\ld consid] x s at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,we are prone to ?9k t ^! old m$iaeval philosoph]s accept+ to "s ext5t at lea/ ! philosoph]'s /one ) its suppos$ capacity = *ang+ bas] metals into preci\s1 & ) _! acceptance ( ! transmutation ( sub/ances1 _c h _h any real sci5tific b5t ( m9d4 ,we are com+ to ! realization1 h[ev]1 t 9 _m ways by pure reason+1 9 #aaa conjunction ) su* obs]vation z !y _h at h&1 !y anticipat$ our mo/ rec5t conclusions 9 v m>vell\s ways4 ,we "k n[ t radium1 or at lea/ radio-active sub/ances1 repres5t ! philosoph]'s /one ( ! old5 "t4 ,we are n surpris$ at ! transmutation ( metals & ( sub/ances1 on ! contr>y1 we are look+ = x4 ,i rememb] once /at+ ! old !ory ( matt] & =m to a di/+ui%$ pr(essor 9 *emi/ry 9 ?is c\ntry1 & he 0 /ruck by ! simil>ity ( x to :at are ! pres5t accept$ ideas ( ! composition ( matt]4 ,he ask$ :y ?is tea*+ 0 n m g5]ally kn[n4 ,i _h to tell him t 9 e ,ca?olic s*ool ( philosophy1 x 0 taught z a basic doctr9e1 & t f> f be+ conceal$ x 0 ! v t\*/one ( ,ca?olic philosophic tea*+1 & _h (t5 be5 ! subject ( deprecation & contemptu\s rem>ks on ! "p ( ^? :o ?\ght t x repres5t$ some:at fooli% old-fa%ion$ tea*+ h&$ d[n to u f ! backw>dness & abysm ( "t4 ,we h demon/rat$ ! inde/ructibility ( matt] 9 mod]n times by exp]im5tal me?ods4 ,! m$iaeval s*oolm5 rea*$ simil> conclusions1 h[ev]1 by /rict reason+ f ! premises ( obs]vation t !y _h 9 ! old5 times4 ,we may be apt to ?9k t !y knew v little ab\t nature & ! details ( physical sci5ce1 b t w be only because we d n #aab "k _! great books4 ,alb]tus ,magnus is a typical example ( a r5[n$ tea*] ( ! ?irte5? c5tury :o 01 h[ev]1 at ! same "t a highly respect$ memb] ( 8 ord]1 hold+ important (ficial positions 9 x & ?or\ghly honor$ & respect$ by 8 ecclesia/ical sup]iors s t he 0 made a bi%op1 yet writ+ volumes ( obs]vation ) reg>d to ne>ly e phase ( physical sci5ce4 ,a li/ ( 8 books reads l a section ( a catalogue ( a libr>y ( physical sci5ce4 ,i h told ! /ory ( 8 c>e] 9 ! second s]ies ( ,ca?olic ,*ur*m5 9 ,sci5ce1 b ! names ( 8 volumes are suffici5t to %[ :at sort ( "w he 0 do+4 ,he has volumes on *emi/ry1 botany1 on physics1 on cosmography1 on animal locomotion1 on respiration1 on g5]ation & corruption1 on age & dea? & life1 on phases ( psy*ology1 ! s\l1 s5se & s5sation1 memory1 sleep1 ! intellect & _m ano!r subject4 ,^? :o ?9k t !re 0 no att5tion paid to sci5ce 9 ! ,middle ,ages mu/ "k no?+ at all ( ,alb]tus ,magnus' "w4 ,above all1 ^? :o talk ?us are entirely ignorant ( all t ,rog] ,bacon did4 ,rog] ,bacon himself 0 a /ud5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,he 0 a pr(essor !re4 ,he correspond$ ) ! sci5ti/s ( ,europe q z frequ5tly or at lea/ z significantly z pr(essors ( ! mod]n "t d ) ea* o!r4 ,/ud5ts submitt$ _! discov]ies to him4 ,we #aac h ,p]egr9us' lett] to him ) reg>d to magnetism & electricity & "k ( o!rs4 ,we h 8 own books1 9 :i* he treats n only ! sci5tific problems1 b inv5tions & appli$ sci5ce ( all k9ds4 ,at ! pres5t "t 8 int]e/ 9 a]onautics has a special appeal to u4 ,he 0 sure t m5 w\ld sometime make a successful air%ip4 ,he ev5 ?\ght t he c\ld make "o himself1 b 8 exp]im5ts prov$ unsuccessful4 ,8 !ory ( x 0 v int]e/+4 ,9 8 "w ,de ,secretis ,artis et ,naturae ,op]ibus he writes t a ma*9e c\ld be con/ruct$ 9 :i* a man sitt+ 9 ! c5tre might move w+s by means ( a crank & ?us1 q aft] ! fa%ion ( birds1 fly ?r\gh ! air4 ,x 0 he :o wrote t ! "t w\ld come :5 c>riages w\ld move along ! roads )\t m5 or horses to pull !m4 ,at ! mom5t he 0 exp]im5t+ ) gunp[d]4 ,he realiz$1 !re=e1 t sometime m5 w\ld h>ness explosives & use !m = motor purposes4 ,t is1 ( c\rse1 j :at we are do+ ) gasol5e4 ,he sugge/$ t boats w\ld run ov] ! wat] )\t o>s & )\t sails4 ,he 0 anticipat+ our motor boat4 ,he taught t light moves ) a def9ite rate ( velocity1 ?\gh t fact 0 n demon/rat$ = sev]al c5turies aft] 8 "t4 ,he work$ out mo/ ( ! !ory ( l5ses z we h x at ! pres5t "t4 ,he 0 sure t exp]im5t & #aad obs]vation con/itut$ ! only way by :i* k ( nature c\ld be obta9$4 ,9 ?is he 0 b foll[+ 8 great tea*] ,alb]tus ,magnus1 :o insi/$ t 9 natural philosophy exp]im5t alone br\ght sure k2 ,exp]im5tum solum c]tificat 9 talibus4 are 8 own words4 ,rog] ,bacon's devotion to ma!matics %[s h[ ?or\ghly sci5tific 0 ! tr5d ( 8 m9d4 ,)\t ma!matics he 0 sure t "o c\ld n rea* sci5tific k1 or t :at "o did get 0 )\t c]ta9ty4 ,"s ( 8 expressions 9 ?is matt] are /rik+ly mod]n4 ,x is no wond] t 8 writ+s & tea*+s 7 s great a surprise to 8 g5]ation t ! ,pope ord]$ him to write out 8 k 9 books4 ,)\t ?is ord] we w\ld n h _h ,rog] ,bacon's great works1 = 8 v[ ( pov]ty volunt>ily tak5 =bade him to be possess$ ( suffici5t money to enable him to pur*ase writ+ mat]ials1 :i* 7 !n v exp5sive4 ,inde$ ! ma!matics ( ! m$iaeval univ]sities is ! be/ pro( ( ! s]i\sness ( _! devotion to sci5ce &1 may x also be said1 ( _! success4 ,cantor1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,ma!matics1 & he is ! great au?ority 9 ! matt]1 devotes ne>ly #ajj pages ( 8 second volume to ! ma!maticians ( ! ?irte5? c5tury alone1 two ( :om1 ,leon>d ( ,pisa & ,jordanus ,nemor>ius1 did s mu* 9 ari?metic1 9 ! !ory ( numb]s1 & 9 geometry1 #aae z to "w a revolution 9 ma!matics4 ,!y _h great disciples l ,john ( ,holywood 7probably a t[n ne> ,dubl971 ,johannes ,campanus & o!rs4 ,no wond] t at ! end ( ! c5tury ,rog] ,bacon said1 ,= )\t ma!matics no?+ wor? kn[+ 9 philosophy c be obta9$1 & aga91 = he :o kn[s n ma!matics _c "k any o!r sci5ce2 :at is m1 he _c discov] 8 own ignorance or f9d its prop] rem$y4 ,! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies saw ev5 m important "w done4 ,cantor has half a doz5 m5 9 ! fifte5? c5tury to :om he devotes m ?an tw5ty-five pages ea*4 ,h[ ! place ( ?is 9 m$iaeval tea*+ c h escap$ ! notice ( ^? :o insi/ s mu* on ! neglect ( sci5ce dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 is h>d to und]/&4 ,?is alone w\ld convict !m ( ignorance ( :at !y are talk+ ab\t4 ,! educational g5ius ( ! great univ]sity c5tury1 ! ?irte5?1 ! man :o influ5c$ 8 contempor>ies & succe$+ g5]ations m ?an any o!r1 0 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 to :om ! ,*ur*1 = 8 k & goodness1 gave ! title ( sa9t4 ,if any fur!r pro( t ^! c5turies 7 int]e/$ 9 sci5ce 7 ne$$1 or t ! univ]sities 9 :i* he 0 ! lead+ light z s*ol> & pr(essor 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & z ! great ma/] to :om all look$ rev]5tially aft]1 7 develop+ sci5tific /udies1 x w\ld be f\nd 9 #aaf 8 works4 ,philosophy is develop$ sci5tifically 9 8 ,contra ,g5tes & !ology1 sci5tifically 9 8 great ,summa4 ,x is ! v au/]ity ( ! sci5tific qualities ( ^! books t h made !m =bidd+ = _m mod]n read]s1 :o1 !re=e1 h fail$ to und]/& ! sci5tific _s ( ! "t4 ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 h[ev]1 01 z ,i sugge/$ at ! beg9n+ ( ?is1 deeply int]e/$ 9 e =m ( in=mation ) reg>d to :at we n[ call physical sci5ce4 ,he evid5tly drank 9 ) avidity all t _h be5 obs]v$ ) reg>d to liv+ creatures &1 :5 we come to analyze 8 works ) c>e & read 8 books ) ! devotion ( 8 own /ud5ts1 we f9d _m anticipations ( :at is mo/ mod]n 9 our sci5ce4 ,! inde/ructibility ( matt]1 matt] & =m1 t is ! doctr9e ( ! unity ( ! basis ( matt]1 ! cons]vation ( en]gy 9 ! s5se t ! =ms ( matt] *ange b d n disappe>1 all ^! 7 commonplaces 9 8 ?\ght & tea*+4 ,i h rec5tly _h occasion to po9t out h[ close he came to t ?\ght 9 mod]n biology :i* is probably consid]$ to be "o ( our mo/ mod]n contributions to ! !ory ( evolution4 ,x is express$ by ! =mula ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,ontog5y recapitulates phylog5y4 ,accord+ to ?is ! complet$ human be+ repeats 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t ! hi/ory ( ! race1 t is to say1 ! v>y+ phases ( foetal developm5t #aag 9 ! human embryo1 f ! s+le cell 9 :i* x orig9ates up to ! p]fect be+ z x is born into ! _w1 retrace ! hi/ory by :i* f ! s+le-cell be+ man has gradually develop$4 ,! :ole !ory ( evolution is suppos$ by _m p to be mod]n1 b ( c\rse x is n4 ,?is p>ticul> phase ( x1 h[ev]1 is ?\ght surely to be mod]n4 ,x is sometimes spok5 ( z ! fundam5tal law ( biog5y4 ,9 rec5t ye>s s]i\s d\bts h be5 ?r[n on x1 b ) t we h no?+ to d "h4 ,x is v curi\s to f9d1 h[ev]1 t ,/4 ,?omas1 9 8 tea*+ ) reg>d to ! orig9 & developm5t ( ! human be+1 says1 almo/ exactly1 :at ! mo/ ard5t support]s ( ?is s-call$ fundam5tal biog5etic law proclaim$ 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,he says t ! high] a =m is 9 ! scale ( be+ & ! f>!r x is remov$ f m]e mat]ial =m1 ! m int]m$iate =ms mu/ be pass$ ?r\gh be=e ! f9ally p]fect =m is rea*$4 ,!re=e1 9 ! g5]ation ( animal & man--^! hav+ ! mo/ p]fect =ms--!re occur _m int]m$iate =ms 9 g5]ations & consequ5tly de/ruction1 because ! g5]ation ( "o be+ is ! de/ruction ( ano!r4 ,/4 ,?omas does n hesitate to draw 8 conclusions f ?is doctr9e )\t hesitation4 ,he proclaims t ! human mat]ial is fir/ animat$ by a vegetative s\l or pr9ciple ( life1 & !n by an animal s\l & only ultimately1 :5 ! matt] has #aah be5 prop]ly prep>$ = x1 by a rational s\l4 ,he said3 ,! vegetative s\l1 !re=e1 :i* is fir/ 9 ! embryo1 :ile x lives ! life ( a plant1 is de/roy$1 & !re succe$s a m p]fect s\l1 :i* is at once nutri5t & s5ti5t1 & = t "t ! embryo lives ! life ( an animal3 ^u ! de/ruction ( ?is !re succe$s ! rational s\l1 infus$ f )\t4 ,8 discussion ( ! position ( ! ,*ur* & ( fai? to sci5ce is extremely int]e/+1 because "h once m he faces a mod]n problem4 ,aqu9as 0 v s5sitive ) reg>d to ! imposition ^u ,*ri/ians ( ?+s :i* suppos$ly !y _h to believe on ! score ( fai?1 ?\gh !y 7 really n ( fai? at all4 ,"s ( 8 expressions 9 ?is matt] are v /rong & he 0 especially fond ( quot+ ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o 0 v emphatic on ?is po9t4 ,"o ( ^! typical passages des]ves to f9d a place "h because1 :ile ! ^w philosophy is us$1 x is evid5tly sci5ce 9 our mod]n s5se ( ! ^w t is int5d$4 ,augu/9e talks ( :at ! philosoph]s h said ( ! heav5s or ! />s & ! motion ( ! sun & moon1 mean+ ( c\rse ! a/ronom]s1 :o 7 9 ! old days class$ z natural philosoph]s4 ,?is passage1 !n1 :i* conta9s ! op9ions ( ! two greate/ tea*]s ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,we/ may well s]ve z a guide = ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 sci5ce1 & a w>n+ = ^? :o w\ld #aai obtrude fai? too f> into sci5tific que/ions1 & ?us limit inve/igation & hamp] t fre$om ( intellect :i* is s important = ! developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,/4 ,?omas said 9 8 introduction to ! reply to ,ma/] ,john ( ,v]celli3 ,i h endeavor$ to reply b ) ?is prote/ at ! outset1 t _m ( ^! articles d n p]ta9 to ! tea*+s ( fai?1 b r to ! dogmas ( ! philosoph]s4 ,b x works a great injury ei!r to ass]t or d5y z belong+ to sacr$ doctr9e su* ?+s z d n be> ^u ! doctr9e ( piety4 ,= ,augu/9e says1 ',:5 ,i he> c]ta9 ,*ri/ians ignorant ( ^? ?+s 7namely1 :at philosoph]s h said ( ! heav5s1 or ! />s1 or ! motion ( ! sun & moon7 or misund]/&+ !m1 ,i look ) pati5ce ^u su* m53 nor d ,i see any reason to h9d] !m1 :5 ( !e1 ,"l ,creator ( all ?+s1 !y d n believe unwor?y ?+s1 if p]haps !y be ignorant ( ! /ructure1 & condition ( corporal creatures4 ,b !y are a h9drance if !y ?9k ^! ?+s belong to ! v doctr9e ( piety2 & m1 p]t9aci\sly1 d>e to affirm t ( :i* !y are ignorant4' ,b t !y may be ! cause ( injury ,augu/9e %[s4 ',x is v disgraceful1' he says1 '& p]nici\s & especially to be avoid$1 t a ,*ri/ian speak+ ( ^! ?+s z ?\gh accord+ to ,*ri/ian tea*+ %\ld s rave t any infidel may he>2 s t1 z x is said1 see+ him altoge!r 9 ! wrong1 he may #abj sc>cely conta9 8 mir?4 ,& x is n s hurtful t "o man %\ld be se5 to err1 z t our writ]s are believ$ by ^? :o are )\t ! ,*ur* to h su* op9ions1 & to ! ru9 ( ^? ^: salvation is our c>e !y are scorn$ & contemn$ z unle>n$4' ,:5ce x seems saf] to me t ^? ?+s :i* philosoph]s h commonly held1 & are n repugnant to our fai?1 %\ld nei!r be ass]t$ z dogmas ( fai?1 al?\gh at times !y may be introduc$ "u ! names ( ! philosoph]s1 nor s d5i$ z contr>y to ! fai?1 z to give occasion to ! wise ( ?is _w ( contemn+ ! tea*+ ( ! fai?4 ,is x any wond] t ,pr(essor ,sa9tsbury ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 ^: tra9+ 9 ! old ,scot* univ]sities has giv5 him a bread? ( sympa?y n common 9 our "t1 & ^: wide k ( ! lit]ature ( t p]iod z well z its philosophy & education1 & ^: tra9+ 9 ! discussion ( ! criticism ( all "t 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,criticism has made 8 op9ion ( special value1 %\ld h sympa!tically turn$ to ^! old tea*]s & deprecat$ a little bitt]ly ! mod]n attitude t[>ds !m8 ,he said3 ,yet !re has always 9 g5]\s s\ls :o h "s t9cture ( philosophy1 subsi/$ a curi\s k9d ( sympa?y & ye>n+ ov] ! "w ( ^! g5]ations ( ma9ly dis9t]e/$ s*ol>s1 :o1 :atev] !y 71 7 #aba ?or\gh1 & :atev] !y c\ld n d1 c\ld ?9k4 ,& !re h ev51 9 ^! latt] days1 be5 "s graceless ones :o h ask$ :e!r ! sci5ce ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 aft] an equal int]val1 w be ( any m positive value--:e!r x w n h ev5 less comp>ative int]e/ ?an t :i* app]ta9s to ! s*ola/icism ( ! ?irte5?4 ,i h always consid]$1 h[ev]1 t ! easie/ way to %[ ! mod]n /ud5t ( sci5ce h[ supremely sci5tific 9 8 temp] 0 ,/4 ,?omas1 is to quote = him ! passage f t great tea*] ) reg>d to ! ,resurrection4 ,9 e way1 t is typically mod]n4 ,/4 ,?omas faces ! "q t aft] dea? m5's bodies decay1 ! mat]ial ( !m is tak5 up & us$ 9 _m o!r liv+ be+s1 s t h[ c we d>e to believe t we %all rise aga9 on ! la/ day ) ! same bodies t we n[ h8 ,/4 ,?omas discusses ?is knotty problem /raight=w>dly & solves x m satisfactorily1 ev5 = all ! k t we h ( x n[1 ?an has ev] be5 done4 ,:at does n b> num]ical unity 9 a man :ile he lives on un9t]rupt$ly cle>ly c be no b> to ! id5tity ( ! aris5 man ) ! man t 04 ,9 a man's body :ile he lives !re are n only ! same p>ts 9 respect ( matt]1 b also 9 respect ( species4 ,9 respect ( matt] !re is a flux & reflux ( p>ts4 ,/ill t fact does n b> ! man's num]ical unity #abb f ! beg9n+ to ! end ( 8 life4 ,! =m & species ( ! sev]al p>ts cont9ue ?r\gh\t life1 b ! matt] ( ! p>ts is dissolv$ by ! natural heat1 & new matt] accrues ?r\gh n\ri%m5t4 ,yet ! man is n num]ically diff]5t by ! diff]5ce ( 8 compon5t p>ts at diff]5t ages1 al?\gh x is true t ! mat]ial composition ( ! man at "o /age ( 8 life is n 8 mat]ial composition at ano!r4 ,addition is made f )\t to ! /ature ( a boy )\t prejudice to 8 id5tity1 = ! boy & ! adult are num]ically ! same man4 ,! mo/ important feature ( ! sci5tific tea*+s ( ! m$iaeval univ]sities has be5 left till ! la/ because x is ! cl9*+ confirmation ( a claim t ^! 7 ess5tially sci5tific univ]sities4 ,x is to be f\nd 9 ! position ( ! m$ical s*ools & ! /ate ( m$ical tea*+ dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,s curi\sly has ! hi/ory ( education be5 writt51 &1 above all1 ( m$ical education1 t to mo/ p ?is w\ld seem to be surely ! dep>tm5t ( education :i* w\ld prove j ! opposite4 ,we h he>d s mu* ab\t ,*ur* opposition to anatomy & ,*ur* opposition to surg]y1 ( its repression ( ! developm5t ( m$ical sci5ce & ev5 m$ical art1 because ! ,*ur* want$ to make p believe 9 ! value ( masses1 relics & pray]s--& pay = !m--t mo/ p are q sure t !re #abc 0 no m$ical education ( any significance 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,no?+ %[s m cle>ly h[ vici\sly ! hi/ory ( education has be5 writt5 ?an ! exi/5ce ( su* false impressions4 ,n only are !y utt]ly unf\nd$1 b !y are bas$ on supreme ignorance ( "o ( ! greate/ p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e t we h 9 all ! _w's hi/ory4 ,n only 7 ! s*ools excell5t & ! tea*+ progressive1 b !re 0 a f9e developm5t ( m$ical sci5ce &1 above all1 ( surg]y4 ,surg]y is suppos$ to be p>ticul>ly ! dep>tm5t ( m$ic9e t did n develop4 ,we h le>n$ bett] 9 rec5t ye>s1 & n[ we "k t !re 0 no great] p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( surg]y ?an t f #abjj to #adjj :51 alas6 foll[+ s-call$ hi/ory1 we us$ to ?9k !re 0 no surg]y4 ,! fir/ "q t any "o :o kn[s any?+ ab\t ! subject asks ) reg>d to ! progress 9 m$ic9e ( a p>ticul> "t or c\ntry is1 :at 0 ! /&>d ( its m$ical education8 ,:at 0 ! /&>d ( admission to ! m$ical s*ools1 h[ _m ye>s ( m$ical /udies 7 requir$8 ,to ?is "q ! ,middle ,ages h a wond]ful answ] t has n be5 realiz$ until rec5t ye>s4 ,we n[ h ,fr$]ick ,,ii's fam\s law = ! regulation ( ! practice ( m$ic9e & ! ma9ta9+ ( /&>ds 9 m$ical s*ools4 ,?is law 0 promulgat$ 9 ! ,two ,sicilies1 ! s\!rn "p ( #abd ,italy & ,sicily prop]4 ,accord+ to x no "o 0 all[$ to practise m$ic9e :o _h n /udi$ = f\r ye>s 9 a recogniz$ univ]sity & !n practis$ = "o ye> ) a physician be=e receiv+ 8 lic5se to practise by himself4 ,if he want$ to practise surg]y he _h to sp5d an additional special ye> 9 ! /udy ( anatomy4 ,! univ]sity m$ical s*ools 7 graduate s*ools & did n admit a /ud5t unless he _h complet$ ! und]graduate c\rse4 ,( c\rse x may be ?\ght t ?is 0 due entirely to ! great ,emp]or ,fr$]ick1 :o 0 f> ahead ( 8 "t & :o1 !re=e1 anticipat$ ! progress ( m$ical tea*+ by _m c5turies4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 _m o!r docum5ts :i* illu/rate ! /ate ( m$ical education at ?is "t4 ,! *>t]s ( ! m$ical s*ools 7 grant$ by ! ,popes & 7 v explicit 9 :at !y requir$ ( ! new faculties 9 ord] t /&>ds might be ma9ta9$4 ,pope ,john ,,xxii1 = in/ance1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 issu$ *>t]s = m$ical s*ools at ,p]ugia & ,cahors4 ,he requir$ t !re %\ld be f\r ye>s ( m$ical /udy & ?ree ye>s ( prelim9>y "w4 ,he w5t into details to secure ! ma9t5ance ( /&>ds4 ,! orig9al faculties ( ^! s*ools w\ld all h to be doctors 9 m$ic9e f ei!r ,p>is or ,bologna1 & x mu/ be _! duty to e/abli% 9 ! new s*ools ! /&>ds ( _! #abe ,almae ,matres4 ,exam9ations 7 to be conduct$ "u oa?1 m5 7 n to be grant$ degrees unless !y des]v$ !m1 ! votes ( pr(essors reject+ c&idates or graduat+ !m 7 to be "u oa?-b\nd secrecy1 s z to h !m absolutely free f p]sonal influ5ce1 & e precaution 0 tak5 to secure ! highe/ possible /&>ds4 ,x 0 z a consequ5ce ( _! direct atta*m5t to ^! old m$iaeval m$ical s*ools t ! m$ical s*ools f\nd$ "h 9 ,am]ica 9 ! sixte5? c5tury at once began ) high /&>ds4 ,?ree ye>s ( prelim9>y "w 0 requir$ & f\r ye>s ( m$ic9e4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates no prelim9>y requirem5ts 7 dem&$2 & = a full c5tury only two ye>s ( m$ical /udy1 :i* really consi/$ ( b two t]ms ( f\r mon?s ea*1 0 ! requirem5t4 ,! old m$iaeval m$ical s*ools 7 orig9ally atta*$ to ! univ]sities1 & x is a well-kn[n rule 9 ! hi/ory ( education t :5ev] ! m$ical s*ools are indep5d5t !n /&>ds are sure to be l[4 ,:5ev] ! univ]sity controls ! m$ical s*ool & x is a real graduate dep>tm5t1 !n /&>ds ( admission & ( graduation are prop]ly ma9ta9$4 ,x is surpris+ to ?9k t ! old m$iaeval univ]sities %\ld be able to give u lessons 9 ?is matt] & %\ld put u to %ame = our slip-%od n9ete5?-c5tury m$ical education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b ?is is a simple fact4 ,contra/ #abf ! ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries :]e ! m$iaeval traditions ) :i* !y 7 f\nd$ con/ra9$ !m to give f\r1 five & ev5 six ye>s to m$ic9e be=e grant+ a degree4 ,g a /ep fur!r & see h[ devot$ to sci5ce 7 ! ,univ]sities ( ,lima 7,p]u7 & ,mexico1 c5turies be=e we did any s]i\s sci5tific "w 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & all because !y 7 direct desc5dants ( ! old m$iaeval univ]sities4 ,! feel+ ( c]ta9 mod]n educators w\ld be t x did n matt] h[ mu* "t ^! m$iaeval univ]sities gave to m$ic9e s9ce1 aft] all1 !y _h no?+ ( any value to tea* 9 m$ic9e4 ,ev5 educat$ p h be5 l$ to believe t !re 0 no?+ 9 m$ic9e &1 above all1 9 ! surg]y ( ^? times to be ( any value4 ,probably no op9ion is m fooli%ly ignorant or m ridicul\sly absurd ?an ?is1 ?\gh x is a commonplace among p :o are sure !y "k some?+ ab\t hi/ory1 &1 above all1 among ^? :o consid] !mselves au?orities 9 ! hi/ory ( education1 & ( ! developm5t ( sci5ce4 ,9 surg]y a magnific5t developm5t 0 made at ?is "t ( :i* ,i %all h some?+ to say lat]4 ,9 m$ic9e !re 0 mu* less anticipation ( our mod]n progress1 b ev5 "h !re 0 mu* t dem&s our respect4 ,"o ( ! univ]sity m51 ,simon ( ,g5oa1 work$ out ! dosage ( opium & indicat$ its uses4 ,anodyne drugs 7 #abg employ$ mu* m g5]ally & successfully ?an we are apt to ?9k2 v>i\s me?ods ( anae/hesia1 "o ( !m by inhalation1 ( :i* ,i %all say m :5 talk+ ( surg]y1 7 inv5t$ & a l>ge numb] ( drugs & simples 7 exp]im5t$ )4 ,d[n at ,montpelli] ,b]n>d ,gordon sugge/$ r$ light = smallpox4 ,?is is n mu* ( a record1 p]haps1 b we mu/ n =get :at ,pr(essor ,ri*et1 ! ,director ( ! ,physiological ,laboratory ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 said n long s9ce 9 an article on ,physicians & ,m$ic9e 9 ,la ,revue de ,deux ,mondes4 ,x is />tl+ b *a/5+ly true4 ,! !rapeutics ( any g5]ation has always be5 q absurd to ! second succe$+ g5]ation4 ,inde$ x is "o ( ! almo/ di%e>t5+ ?+s 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e to see h[ treatm5ts come 91 are widely accept$ & hail$ z great advances 9 !rapeutics & !n gradually disappe>4 ,!y bl$ a great deal & !y purg$ n a little1 9 accordance ) ! tea*+ 9 ! m$ical s*ools ( ! univ]sities ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 b !n !y bl$ a great deal & purg$ a great deal m1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ! m$ical s*ools ( ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,!re h be5 _m p]iods 9 ! int]val :5 purg+ & ble$+ 71 & v prop]ly1 n ne>ly s popul>4 ,x 0 9 prev5tive m$ic9e p>ticul>ly t #abh ^! progressive m$ical m5 ( ! e>ly univ]sity days secur$ _! triumphs4 ,!y made sep>ate hospitals = ! lep]s all ov] ,europe1 & by segregation succe$$ 9 wip+ out t disease1 ?\gh x 0 z widely spread z tub]culosis 9 our day & pres5t$ j z s]i\s a problem4 ,inde$ ! mo/ enc\rag+ inc5tive = our pres5t tub]culosis campaign is drawn by _m au?orities f ! exp]i5ce ) leprosy1 :i* 0 ev5tually oblit]at$ z an endemic popul> disease1 by /rict segregation me?ods4 ,^! same g5]ations creat$ special hospitals = erysipelas & ?us prev5t$ ! spread ( ?is disease 9 ! ord9>y hospitals1 :]e x us$ to be s s]i\s a factor = morbidity if n = mortality4 ,m5 =got ?is lat] & ! disease became a s]i\s problem once m 9 all ! hospitals ( ev5 a g5]ation ago4 ,! hospital organization work$ out by ^! univ]sity m5 is ! f9e/ jewel 9 ! cr[n ( _! accompli%m5t z appli$ sci5ti/s4 ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii1 himself a ,univ]sity ( ,p>is man1 f\nd$ ! ,santo ,spirito ,hospital 9 ,rome1 summon+ = t purpose ! be/ au?ority on hospitals 9 ,europe1 ,guy ( ,montpelli]1 & !n requir$ ! bi%ops ( ! _w to erect simil> hospitals 9 _! dioceses4 ,?is 0 done1 & x is ,vir*[1 ^: sympa?ies 7 any?+ b favorable to ! ,popes1 :o has be5 mo/ l\d 9 8 praise ( ! wond]ful hospital organization ( ^! c5turies4 ,e t[n 9 #abi ,europe ( #e1jjj inhabitants or m _h a hospital1 & !re 7 hospitals 9 _m ( ! small] t[ns4 ,x w\ld be easy to ?9k t ^! hospitals 7 rudely built1 7 badly v5tilat$1 7 ill-arrang$ &1 above all1 7 likely to be h\ses = ! p]petuation ( disease r ?an = ! rega9+ ( heal?4 ,we are prone to ?9k t we are ! fir/ g5]ation to solve ! problem ( hospital con/ruction4 ,we "k :at poorly-con/ruct$1 badly-plann$ in/itutions 7 ! hospitals ( ?ree g5]ations ago4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ h be5 ! hospital build+s ( c5turies ago8 ,?is argum5t has no place 9 hi/ory2 ! wor/ hospitals 9 ! _w & 9 hi/ory 7 erect$ at ! end ( ! eighte5? & ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,"s ( ! be/ hospitals ev] con/ruct$ date f ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies4 ,?is 0 a "t :5 great ar*itects 7 successfully solv+ ! con/ruction problems = ca!drals1 municipal build+s1 colleges & ! l1 & !y solv$ !m q z successfully = hospitals4 ,"s ( ^! hospitals 7 models 9 _! way4 ,"o ( !m1 built t[>d ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 by ! si/] ( ,/4 ,l\is1 ,m>gu]ite ( ,b\rgogne1 ) its l>ge w9d[s high 9 ! walls1 9 s+le-/ory build+s1 ) arrangem5ts = ! segregation ( pati5ts1 ) ! kit*5s 9 a sep>ate build+1 ) beautiful #acj frescoes on ! walls s t pati5ts' m9ds might be occupi$ & n left to _! own (t5 di/urb+ devices z ) our b>e wall1 ) a /ream ( runn+ wat] divid$ s z to pass on bo? sides ( ! hospital1 is a model ( con/ruction = all "t4 ,x 0 9 surg]y r ?an m$ic9e1 h[ev]1 t ^! great m$iaeval univ]sity m$ical s*ools left _! impress ^u ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e4 ,dur+ ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies we h a s]ies ( wond]ful tea*]s ( surg]y1 ^: a*ievem5ts we "k n by tradition nor by fragm5ts ( _! writ+s1 b by ! text-books :i* !y wrote & :i* con/itut$ ! tea*+ = g5]ations & sometimes = c5turies aft] _! "t4 ,gurlt1 ! great ,g]man hi/orian ( surg]y1 devotes "s #cjj pages ( ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y to ! surgical accompli%m5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,he ev5 prote/s t space compels him to abbreviate ! /ory ( :at ^! old-"t ma/]s ( surg]y did to lay ! f\ndation ( mod]n surgical practices4 ,x is a commonplace 9 ! ,am]ican writ+ ( hi/ory t !re 0 no surg]y at ?is "t4 ,presid5t ,:ite says t1 = ov] a ?\s& ye>s surg]y 0 consid]$ di%onorable until ! ,g]man ,emp]or ,w5ceslas1 9 #adjc1 ord]$ t x %\ld be held 9 honor aga94 ,! two c5turies imm$iately prec$+ ?is date repres5t ! #aca greate/ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( surg]y d[n to our own "t1 & because ( its orig9ality probably great] 9 real a*ievem5t ?an ev5 our vaunt$ age4 ,x is sometimes ! cu/om to say t ?is surg]y 0 d]iv$ f ! ,arabs4 ,?is is suppos$ to rob ! m$iaeval univ]sities ( any pre/ige t may come to !m = ?is m>vell\s progress4 ,gurlt1 h[ev]1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y1 9 8 sket* ( ,rog] 7,ruggi]o71 :o 0 ! fir/ ( ! great surgeons ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 :o taught at ! ,italian univ]sities1 says3 ,?\gh ,arabian writ+s on surg]y _h be5 br\ght ov] to ,italy by ,con/ant9e ,africanus #ajj ye>s be=e ,rog]'s "t1 ^! ex]cis$ no influ5ce ov] ,italian surg]y 9 ! next c5tury1 & !re is n a trace ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,arabs to be f\nd 9 ,rog]'s "w4 ,:5 ,gurlt says ?is x is because he has delib]ately /udi$ ! "q1 & we c be absolutely sure1 !re=e1 t :atev] we f9d 9 surg]y at ?is "t comes to u f ^! great m$iaeval univ]sities !mselves1 & is n import$ f abroad4 ,aft] ,rog]1 :o 0 at ,bologna = a "t aft] hav+ be5 9 ,p>is1 & :o !n became a ,papal physician1 !re are a s]ies ( great names t des]ve to be m5tion$4 ,f\r names are connect$ toge!r by association z ma/] & pupil = :at may be t]m$ f\r g5]ations ( surgical progress4 ,f ! bir? #acb ( ! fir/ to ! dea? ( ! la/ repres5ts ab\t #ajj ye>s4 ,t #ajj ye>s is a glori\sly fruitful c5tury 9 ! hi/ory ( surg]y4 ,! fir/ ( ! gr\p is ,william ( ,salicet1 ( :om ,pr(essor ,clif=d ,allbutt1 ! ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,physic at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 9 8 address on ! ,hi/orical ,relations ( ,m$ic9e & ,surg]y to ! ,end ( ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury1 deliv]$ by special invitation at ! ,congress ( ,arts & ,sci5ces at ! ,_w's ,fair 9 ,/4 ,l\is 9 #aijd1 has ! highe/ praise4 ,allbutt says3 ,l ,lanfranc & ! o!r great surgeons ( ! ,italian tradition1 & unlike ,franco & ,p>e1 ,william _h ! advantage ( ! lib]al univ]sity education ( ,italy2 b l ,p>e & ,wurtz1 he _h a l>ge practical exp]i5ce 9 hospitals & on ! battlefield & fully recogniz$ t surg]y _c be le>n$ f books only4 ,allbutt praises him & rightly = 8 c>eful notes ( cases & !n tells u some?+ ( 8 accompli%m5ts 9 surg]y4 ,he says3 ,william discov]$ t dropsy may be due to a durities r5um six c5turies be=e ,bright2 he sub/itut$ ! knife = ! ,arabi/ abuse ( ! caut]y2 he inve/igat$ ! causes ( ! failure ( heal+ by fir/ int5tion 7,italics ours71 he describ$ ! dang] ( w\nds ( ! neck2 he sutur$ divid$ n]ves2 he =w>d$ ! diagnosis ( suppurative diseases ( ! hip2 & he ref]r$ *ancre & phag$a5a to _! prop] causes4 #acc ,8 pupil ,lanfranc equall$ 8 ma/] 9 devotion to practical surg]y & surpass$ him 9 8 developm5t ( ! great sci5ce ( m$ic9e4 ,pagel1 ! well-kn[n ,g]man hi/orian ( m$ic9e1 says t1 9 8 text-book ,lanfranc has excell5t *apt]s on ! affections ( ! eyes1 ! e>s & m\?1 ! nose1 ev5 ! tee?1 & treats ( h]nia 9 a v practical common-s5se way4 ,he w>ns aga9/ ! radical op]ation & says1 9 words t come home to u ) /range famili>ity at ! pres5t "t1 t _m surgeons decide on op]ations too easily1 n = ! sake ( ! pati5t b = ! sake ( ! money t is 9 !m4 ,lanfranc's discussion ( cy/otomy1 ,pagel *>act]izes z prud5t b rational1 = he consid]s t ! op]ations %\ld n be fe>$ too mu* b n delay$ too long4 ,9 pati5ts suff]+ f ! inconv5i5ce :i* comes f l>ge quantities ( fluid 9 ! abdom5 he advises p>ac5tesis abdom9is1 b w>ns aga9/ putt+ ! pati5t 9 dang] f su* an op]ation )\t due consid]ation4 ,pagel says t ,lanfranc mu/ be consid]$ z "o ( ! greate/ surgeons ( ! ,middle ,ages & ! real e/abli%] ( ! pre/ige ( ! ,fr5* s*ool ( surg]y :i* ma9ta9$ its prom95ce d[n to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,lanfranc _h be5 invit$ to ,p>is to take ! *air ( surg]y1 because ! au?orities ( ! univ]sity want$ to add pre/ige to ! m$ical s*ool1 :i* 0 n z well kn[n z ! s*ool #acd ( philosophy4 ,! fame ( ,william ( ,salicet _h spread ?r\gh\t academic ,europe1 & s ,lanfranc 0 (f]$ ! *air at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 9 ord] to c>ry 8 ma/]'s message !re4 ,! next 9 ! succession ( great tea*]s at ,p>is 0 ,mondeville1 :o f\nd less to d 9 an orig9al way ?an 8 ma/] ,lanfranc & 8 protoma/] ,william1 b :o accompli%$ mu* = surg]y4 ,all t he did 0 ?r[n into ! %ade by :at 0 accompli%$ = succe$+ g5]ations by ! next 9 ! s]ies1 ,guy de ,*auliac1 :o /udi$ = a "t 9 ,p>is "u ,mondeville1 ?\gh 8 e>ly m$ical education 0 obta9$ at ,montpelli]1 b _h also _h ! advantage ( sp5d+ a ye> 9 ,italy at ! v>i\s m$ical s*ools :i* 7 fam\s at t "t4 ,^! two incid5ts1 ,lanfranc's invitation to ,p>is to be a tea*] !re f ,italy m ?an a ?\s& miles away1 & ,guy de ,*auliac's /udies 9 all ! important univ]sities ( ,europe ( ! "t be=e he took up 8 own "w1 illu/rate bett] ?an any words ( ours c ! ard5t en?usiasm = /udy1 ! ?or\ghgo+ anticipation ( our mo/ mod]n me?ods 9 education4 ,mondeville1 l ,*auliac1 _h made v ne>ly ! same r\nd ( ! univ]sities4 ,x is a cu/om1 n a *ance incid5t1 t we h to deal ) "h4 ,guy de ,*auliac has be5 giv5 ! "n ( ! fa!r ( mod]n surg]y4 ,any "o :o wants to see :y %\ld read ! text-book on surg]y t #ace ,*auliac wrote & :i* = two c5turies aft] 8 "t 7he di$ ab\t ! middle ( ! f\rte5? c5tury7 cont9u$ to be ! mo/ us$ text-book ( surg]y 9 ! m$ical s*ools ( ,europe4 ,*auliac1 = in/ance1 describes ! treatm5t ( conditions )9 all ?ree ( ! important cavities ( ! body1 ! skull1 ! ?orax & ! abdom54 ,pagel has ?ree closely-pr9t$ pages 9 small type ( titles alone ( subjects 9 surg]y :i* ,*auliac treat$ ) di/9ction4 ,8 description ( in/rum5ts & me?ods ( op]ation is especially full & sugge/ive4 ,he describes ! passage ( a ca!t]1 = in/ance1 ) ! accuracy & complete te*nique ( a man :o knew ! difficulties ( x 9 complicat$ cases f practical exp]i5ce4 ,he ev5 recognizes ! dang]s = ! pati5t f ! pres5ce ( anatomical anomalies ( v>i\s k9ds & describes c]ta9 ( ! m important ( !m4 ,he has v exact indications = treph9+4 ,= empyema he advises op5+ ( ! *e/ & indicates :]e & h[4 ,he says v frankly t 9 w\nds ( ! abdom5 ! pati5t w die if ! inte/9es h be5 p]=at$ & left untreat$1 & he describes a me?od ( sutur+ w\nds ( ! inte/9es 9 ord] to save ! pati5t's life4 ,8 treatm5t ( bone surg]y & ( fractures & dislocations is especially int]e/+ & %[s h[ f> ^! v practical m5 _h rea*$ conclusions resembl+ ^? ( our "t4 #acf ,x 0 9 h]nia p>ticul>ly t ,*auliac's surgical g5ius manife/$ itself4 ,he op]at$ = h]nia & its radical cure1 plac+ ! pati5t 9 an exagg]at$ ,tr5del5b]g position1 head d[n1 feet fa/5$ to a slant+ bo>d4 ,= su* "w anatomy _h to be kn[n v well1 & ,*auliac _h made special /udies at ,bologna "u ,b]truccio1 ! successor ( ,mond9o4 ,*auliac once decl>$ t ! surgeon ignorant ( anatomy c>ves ! human body z a bl9d man w\ld c>ve wood4 ,( ulc]s ( all k9ds ,*auliac writes f a k evid5tly d]iv$ f exp]i5ce4 ,( ulc]s due to canc] he has mu* to say4 ,he consid]s !m hopeless unless !y c be excis$ at a v e>ly /age & ! incision foll[$ by cau/ics4 ,= c>c9omat\s ulc]s !re is n mu* t we c d beyond ?is1 ev5 9 our day4 ,x is no wond] t ! great hi/orians ( m$ic9e h be5 unanim\s 9 praise ( ?is wond]ful sci5tific g5ius4 ,= my lecture on ,old-,"t ,m$ical ,education1 be=e ! ,johns ,hopk9s ,hi/orical ,club1 la/ ye>1 ,i quot$ "s ( ^? op9ions4 ,portal1 = in/ance1 says ( him1 ,x may be av]r$ t ,guy de ,*auliac said ne>ly ev]y?+ t mod]n surgeons say & t 8 "w is ( inf9ite price1 b un=tunately too little pond]$4 ,malgaigne decl>es ,*auliac's ,*irurgia ,magna1 ,a ma/]piece ( le>n$ & lum9\s writ+4 ,pagel says1 ,*auliac repres5ts ! summit ( atta9m5t 9 m$iaeval #acg surg]y1 & he laid ! f\ndation ( t primacy 9 surg]y :i* ! ,fr5* ma9ta9$ d[n to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,pr(essor ,clif=d ,allbutt says ( ,*auliac's treatise1 ,?is great "w ,i h /udi$ c>efully & n )\t prejudice2 yet ,i _c wond] t ,fallopius comp>$ ! au?or ) ,hippocrates or t ,john ,fre9d calls him ! pr9ce ( surgeons4 ,! book is ri*1 aphori/ic1 ord]ly & precise4 ,9 a ^w x has all ! qualities t are usually said to be lack+ 9 ! "w ( m$iaeval sci5ti/s1 & x is a /&+ reproa* to ^? :o ignorantly h made s little ( ! "w ( ^! wond]ful m5 ( ! old5 "t1 :o anticipat$ s _m ( ! features ( our mod]n m$ic9e & surg]y t we are prone to ?9k ( z repres5t+ climaxes 9 human progress1 indications ( a wond]ful human evolution4 ,two o!r names ( great pr(essors ( surg]y des]ve to be m5tion$ because !y make x v cle> t ?is wond]ful developm5t ( surg]y 0 n conf9$ to ,france & ,italy1 b made itself felt all ov] ,europe4 ,"o ( ^! is ,john ,yp]mann1 a surgeon ( ! e>ly f\rte5? c5tury1 ( :om almo/ no?+ 0 kn[n until ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 :5 ! ,belgian hi/orian1 ,broeck1 br\ght to light 8 works & ga!r$ "s details ( 8 life4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,lanfranc1 & at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury /udi$ at ,p>is on a s*ol>%ip vot$ by 8 native t[n ( ,ypres1 #ach :i* provid$ ma9t5ance & tuition fees = him at ! great ,fr5* univ]sity expressly 9 ord] t he might become exp]t 9 surg]y4 ,we are likely to ?9k ( ,ypres z an unimportant t[n1 b x 0 "o ( ! great indu/rial c5tres ( ,europe & "o ( ! mo/ popul\s1 busy t[ns ( ,fl&]s 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 not$ = its manufacture ( l95s & f9e laces4 ,! fam\s ,clo? ,hall1 erect$ 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ar*itectural monum5ts 9 ,europe1 & "o ( ! f9e/ build+s ( its k9d 9 ! _w1 0 ! result ( ! same _s t s5t ,yp]mann to ,p>is4 ,aft] 8 return ,yp]mann settl$ d[n 9 8 native t[n & obta9$ great r5[n n only at home1 s t 9 t "p ( ! c\ntry an exp]t surgeon is /ill spok5 ( z an ,yp]mann1 b he became fam\s ?r\gh\t all ! ,teutonic c\ntries4 ,he is ! au?or ( two books 9 ,flemi%4 ,"o ( ^! is on m$ic9e4 ,pagel calls x an unimportant compilation4 ,! t]ms t occur 9 x1 h[ev]1 are en\gh to %[ u h[ mu* m ?an we are likely to ?9k1 ^! old ma/]s 9 m$ic9e discuss$ problems t are /ill puzzl+ u4 ,he treats ( dropsy1 rheumatism1 "u :i* occur ! t]ms coryza & cat>rh1 ict]us1 ph?isis 7he calls ! tub]cul\s tysik571 apoplexy1 epilepsy1 fr5zy1 le?>gy1 fall5 palate1 c\gh1 %ortness ( brea?1 lung abscess1 hemorrhage1 blood-spitt+1 liv] abscess1 h>d5+ ( ! sple51 affections ( ! kidney1 #aci bloody ur9e1 diabetes1 incont95ce ( ur9e1 dysuria1 /rangury1 gonorrhea & involunt>y sem9al emissions--all ^! t]ms are quot$ directly f ,pagel4 ,8 "w 9 m$ic9e1 h[ev]1 is z no?+ comp>$ to 8 writ+s on surg]y4 ,a special feature ( 8 book is ! pres5ce ( sev5ty illu/rations ( in/rum5ts ( ! mo/ v>i\s k9ds1 toge!r ) a plate %[+ ! anatomical features ( ! /it*+ ( a w\nd 9 ! head4 ,ev5 ,pagel's brief acc\nt ( its cont5ts w be a s\rce ( nev]-end+ surprise = ^? :o ?9k t surg]y has develop$ entirely 9 our "t4 ,ev5 9 ?is "w on surg]y1 h[ev]1 !re are _m ?+s t we n[ treat "u m$ic9e4 ,z ?is gives u an opportunity to %[ h[ mu* m ( m$ic9e 0 kn[n at ?is "t ?an is usually ?\ght1 ,i v5ture to quote "s ( ,pagel's brief resume ( ! cont5ts ( a s+le *apt]4 ,?is is a *apt] devot$ to intoxications1 :i* includes ! effect ( can?>ides z well z alcohol1 & treats ( ! bites ( snakes1 scorpions & ( ! fatal effects ( w\nds due to ! bite ( mad dogs4 ,! o!r great surgeon & surgical writ] ( ! "t1 = !re mu/ h be5 _m di/+ui%$ surgeons & only a few writ]s1 if we c tru/ to common exp]i5ce 9 t matt]1 0 ,john ,ard]n1 an ,engli% surgeon4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 ,montpelli]1 practis$ = a "t 9 ,france1 !n settl$ = "s ye>s 9 ! #adj small t[n ( ,new>k 9 ,nott+ham%ire1 & !n = ne>ly ?irty ye>s 9 ,london4 ,8 ,practice ( ,surg]y1 z yet exi/+ only 9 manuscript1 is ano!r "o ( ^! wond]ful contributions to ! appli$ sci5ces ( anatomy & m$ic9e at a "t :5 su* applications are (t5 suppos$ to h be5 abs5t4 ,he 0 an exp]t op]ator & _h a wide reputation = 8 success 9 ! treatm5t ( diseases ( ! rectum4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor ( a new cly/] app>atus4 ,d>emb]g1 ! m$ical hi/orian1 :o saw a copy ( ,ard]n's manuscript 9 ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,ox=d1 says t x conta9$ num]\s illu/rations ( in/rum5ts & op]ations4 ,we =tunately possess an excell5t manuscript copy 9 ! ,surgeon ,g5]al's ,libr>y at ,wa%+ton1 & sometime x is hop$ ?is w be edit$ & publi%$4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! "w ( all ( ^! m5 is _! dep5d5ce on p]sonal obs]vation & n on au?ority4 ,guy de ,*auliac's position 9 ?is matt] c be v well appreciat$ f 8 criticism ( ,john ( ,gaddesd5's book 9 :i* he bewails ! bl9d foll[+ ( ^? :o _h gone be=e4 ,8 bitt]e/ reproa* = _m ( 8 pr$ecessors 0 t1 ,!y foll[$ "o ano!r l cranes1 :e!r = fe> or love he w\ld n say4 ,pagel praises ,yp]mann = ! well-m>k$ /riv+ :i* he has not$ 9 him to free himself f ! bondage ( au?ority1 & because mo/ ( 8 !rapeutic #ada descriptions re/ ^u 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,william ( ,salicet1 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is great p]iod ( surg]y1 _h insi/$ t notes ( cases 7 ! mo/ valuable s\rces ( wisdom 9 m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,! la/ ( !m1 ,ard]n1 gave /ati/ics ( 8 cases & 0 q z pr\d z any mod]n surgeon ( ! l>ge numb] t he _h op]at$ on4 ,he gives ^! c>efully & accurately4 ,i h dwelt on ! m$ical side ( ^! univ]sities ma9ly1 ( c\rse1 because ?is is m famili> to me z a hi/orian ( m$ic9e ?an _! "w 9 o!r sci5tific dep>tm5ts1 b also to a great ext5t because ! m$ical s*ools ga!r$ unto !mselves ne>ly all ! sci5tific k ( ! "t4 ,botany1 m9]alogy1 climatology1 meteorology 7 all /udi$ = ! sake ( :at c\ld be le>n$ f !m = ! b5efit ( m$ic9e4 ,ev5 a/ronomy :i* 0 !n ! old a/rology1 0 cultivat$ s]i\sly1 because ( ! suppos$ effect ( ! />s on human con/itutions4 ,= ?is we surely _c blame ^! m$iaeval /ud5ts ( sci5ce s9ce f\r c5turies lat] ,galileo & ev5 ,kepl] 7 /ill mak+ horoscopes = _! patrons & lay+ d[n laws f a/ronomy t 7 suppos$ to be applicable to m$ic9e4 ,ev5 ,cop]nicus /udi$ a/ronomy & m$ic9e side by side & ?is comb9ation ( /udies 0 n at all infrequ5t4 ,! m$ical s*ools1 !n1 are ! real index ( #adb ! s]i\s int]e/ ( ! m$iaeval univ]sities 9 sci5ce4 ,our sci5tific dep>tm5ts 9 mod]n univ]sities h develop$ o!r int]e/s1 because ( v>i\s applications t ^! h to life & its conc]ns4 ,always 9 sci5tific univ]sities appli$ sci5ce is sure to encroa* ^u ! doma9 ( pure sci5ce1 & no "o kn[s t bett] ?an we d1 = we h be5 bewail+ ! pres5ce ( ma*9e %ops & boil] factories on ! univ]sity gr\nds4 ,! old univ]sities did n tea* appli$ me*anics or eng9e]+1 b t does n mean t ^! subjects 7 n taught4 ,!re 7 special te*nical s*ools conduct$ by ! gilds by means ( appr5tice%ip & ! j\rneyman tra9+1 :i* enabl$ !m to tea* ^? :o c>$ to h x all ! k necess>y = con/ruction "w ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,! wond]ful ar*itectural eng9e]+ exhibit$ 9 ! ca!drals1 univ]sity build+s1 t[n halls & ca/les ( ?is "t1 & ! magnific5t bridges1 "s ( :i* are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 %[ u t ! te*nical subjects 7 by no means neglect$4 ,footnote #i ,our m$iaeval =efa!rs 9 education _h ! wisdom n to let ! te*nical subjects int]f]e ) pure sci5ce too mu*1 z !y inevitably d :5ev] ! two are br\ght too closely toge!r4 ,culture is always ov]%ad[$ by ! practical1 b n to ! ultimate b5efit ( ! race4 ,footnote #i3 ,see ,address on ,ideal ,education ( ! ,masses4 ,! pro( = u "h 9 ,am]ica1 close at #adc h&1 t ^! univ]sities ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 ?or\ghly sci5tific 9 _s & n only capable (1 b actually active & successful 9 sci5tific inve/igation1 is to be f\nd 9 our e>lie/ ,am]ican univ]sities4 ,we are prone to ?9k1 because ( ! curi\sly defective way 9 :i* our hi/ories ( education h be5 writt51 t ! only ?+s wor? :ile talk+ ab\t 9 ! orig9s ( education "h 9 ,am]ica are to be f\nd 9 ,engli% ,am]ica4 ,rec5t inve/igations h %[n h[ utt]ly deceiv$ we 7 by fooli% self-conceit 9 ?is matt]4 ,long be=e ! ,engli%-,am]ican univ]sities 7 f\nd$1 & /ill long] be=e !y began to d any s]i\s "w 9 education1 !re 7 important univ]sities hav+ lit]ally ?\s&s ( /ud5ts 9 att5dance 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico & ! ,univ]sity ( ,lima 9 ,p]u 7 bo? f\nd$ ab\t ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,h>v>d came ne>ly a c5tury lat]1 ,yale a full c5tury & a half1 ,pr9ceton m ?an two c5turies4 ,! contra/ betwe5 our ,engli%-,am]ican in/itutions ( le>n+1 h[ev]1 & _! ,spani%-,am]ican rivals 9 accompli%m5t & numb]s 9 att5dance is /ill m /rik+ ?an ! m]e dates ( f\ndation4 ,( c\rse !re 7 *airs ( _m sci5ces1 /range z t may seem to u ) our ridicul\s traditions ) reg>d to ! hi/ory ( education4 ,^! ,spani%-,am]ican univ]sities 7 #add ! direct desc5dants ( ! old m$iaeval univ]sities4 ,!y 7 9 close relation%ip ) ,salamanca1 ,valladolid & ,alcala4 ,!y 7 ! prog5y ( sci5tific univ]sities & !y 71 ( c\rse1 occupi$ ma9ly ) sci5ce4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t already ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance1 ) its classical /udies z ! basis ( education1 _h begun to make itself felt1 ^! ,spani%-,am]ican univ]sities reta9$1 to a great ext5t1 ! sci5tific curriculum4 ,nor mu/ x be ?\ght t !y 7 %illy-%ally in/itutions ( le>n+1 do+ no?+ 9 reality1 b mak+ a great pret5ce ( /udy+ _m ?+s4 ,to "k ! v opposite we turn to ,b\rne1 himself at ! "t a pr(essor at ,yale1 & writ+ "o ( ! volumes ( a s]ies edit$ by ,pr(essor ,alb]t ,bu%nell ,h>t1 :o holds ! *air ( hi/ory at ,h>v>d1 to be told 9 v def9ite emphatic t]ms h[ successfully inve/igations 9 sci5ce & sci5tific education 7 c>ri$ on 9 ,mexico4 ,pr(essor ,b\rne says3 ,n all ! in/itutions ( le>n+ f\nd$ 9 ,mexico 9 ! sixte5? c5tury c be enum]at$ "h1 b x is n too mu* to say t 9 numb]1 range ( /udies & /&>d ( atta9m5ts by ! (fic]s !y surpass$ any?+ exi/+ 9 ,engli% ,am]ica until ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,mexican s*ol>s made di/+ui%$ a*ievem5ts 9 "s bran*es ( sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly m$ic9e & surg]y1 b pre-em95tly l+ui/ics1 hi/ory & an?ropology4 #ade ,diction>ies & gramm>s ( ! native languages & hi/ories ( ! ,mexican in/itutions are an impos+ pro( ( _! s*ol>ly devotion & intellectual activity4 ,conspicu\s are ,toribio de ,motol9ia's ',hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espana1' ,duran's ',hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espana1' b mo/ important ( all ,sahagun's great "w on ,mexican life & religion4 ,! sci5tific products ( ^! univ]sities 9 ,am]ica are int]e/+ because almo/ z a rule we "k absolutely no?+ ab\t !m 9 ,engli% ,am]ica1 &1 !re=e1 conclude !re mu/ h be5 none4 ,! fir/ book writt5 on a m$ical topic 9 ,am]ica 0 ! ,secretos de ,*irurgia1 writt5 by ,dr4 ,p$r>ias de ,b5avides1 :i* 0 publi%$ at ,valladolid 9 ,spa9 9 #aefg4 ,! fir/ book on m$ic9e actually publi%$ 9 ?is c\ntry 0 ,op]a ,m$ic9alia1 by ,francisco ,bravo4 ,footnote #aj ,on ,columbus' second exp$ition1 h[ev]1 a ,dr4 ,*anca :o _h be5 physician-9-ord9>y to ! ,k+ & ,que5 ( ,spa91 0 s5t ) ! exp$ition z :at we w\ld n[ call a sci5tific atta*e4 ,on 8 return he wrote a volume ( sci5tific obs]vations t he _h made 9 ,am]ica4 ,"s ( ^! 7 d\btless writt5 :ile he 0 ov] "h1 ?\gh ! book 0 publi%$ 9 ,spa94 ,dr4 ,yb>ra ( ,new ,york rec5tly publi%$ a resume ( ?is 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,publications & an article on x 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association4 #adf ,x %[s v well h[ wide 7 ! sci5tific int]e/s ( ! physicians ( ! "t & h[ ard5t _! inve/igation ( sci5ce1 = !re is sc>cely a phase ( mod]n sci5ce t w\ld be t\*$ on by ! corps ( sci5ti/s n[ atta*$ to su* an exp$ition :i* does n receive "s s]i\s treatm5t 9 ,dr4 ,*anca's book4 ,?us e>ly did ! ,spani%-,am]icans take up sci5tific inve/igation s]i\sly4 ,footnote #aj3 ,publi%$ 9 ,mexico1 #aegj4 ,pr(essor ,b\rne ( ,yale1 9 8 *apt] on ! ,transmission ( ! ,european ,culture1 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! ,am]ican ,nation ,s]ies1 ,footnote #aa says 7p4 #ag73 ,e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,lima ,univ]sity ,lima1 ,p]u c\nt$ ne>ly #b1jjj /ud5ts & numb]$ ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty doctors 9 its faculty 9 !ology1 civil & canon law1 m$ic9e & ! arts4 ,ulloa reports t '! univ]sity makes a /ately appe>ance f )\t1 & its inside is decorat$ ) suitable ornam5ts4' ,!re 7 *airs ( all ! sci5ces1 & '"s ( ! pr(essors h1 not)/&+ ! va/ di/ance1 ga9$ ! applause ( ! lit]ati ( ,europe4' ,! com+ ( ! ,jesuits contribut$ mu* to ! real educational "w 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y e/abli%$ colleges1 "o ( :i*1 ! little ,jesuit ,college at ,juli1 on ,lake ,titicaca1 became a seat ( g5u9e le>n+4 ,footnote #aa3 ,h>p]s1 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,a di/+ui%$ pr(essor ( m$ic9e 9 ?is c\ntry to ^: att5tion ?is /ate ( m$ical #adg education 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries1 s diff]5t f :at is ?\ght1 0 call$1 said3 ,:at a surprise x is to f9d t :ile we h be5 accu/om$ to ?9k t ! primum mobile ! active initiative 9 education 9 ?is c\ntry came f ! ,anglo-,saxons1 we n[ f9d t !y 7 long anticipat$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( education by ! ,spani>ds1 ?\gh we h be5 r accu/om$ to despise !m = _! backw>dness4 ,) reg>d to ! e/abli%m5t ( ! fir/ ,am]ican m$ical s*ool1 x is no long] a surprise to f9d t x 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,mexico1 j z soon z we realize t ! ,mexican ,univ]sity 0 closely 9 t\* ) ! traditions ( ! m$iaeval univ]sities g5]ally & ^! all e/abli%$ m$ical s*ools z univ]sity dep>tm5ts4 ,! /&>ds ( ^! m$iaeval m$ical s*ools 7 transport$ to ,am]ica & ma9ta9$4 ,our m$ical s*ools 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates got away f ! univ]sities1 became m]e prep>atory in/itutions1 grant$ degrees = j z little /udy z possible1 two t]ms ( f\r mon?s ea* 9 mo/ cases1 sometimes giv5 9 ! same cal5d> ye> & requir+ no prelim9>y tra9+4 ,we are re=m+ ?is n[ = a g5]ation1 b j inasmu* z we are1 f> f advanc+1 we are go+ /raight back to ! m$iaeval univ]sities & _! /&>ds & me?ods4 ,) all ?is evid5ce be=e u x seems p]fectly cle> t ^! old m$iaeval univ]sities #adh mu/ be consid]$ to h be5 sci5tific univ]sities 9 our fulle/ mod]n s5se ( ! t]m4 ,!y devot$ all _! "t to ! /udy ( ph5om5a ar\nd !m & ! attempt to f9d ! pr9ciples und]ly+ !m4 ,!y w5t at x some:at diff]5tly 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce ?an ^? :i* are n[ employ$1 b 9 all _! practical "w at lea/1 !y anticipat$ our me?ods z well z _m ( our results4 ,! great pr(essors wrote text-books & /ud5ts :o 7 ard5t 9 ! pursuit ( k copi$ out ^? text-books by h&4 ,!y _h no way ( easily multiply+ !m almo/ indef9itely1 z we h at ! pres5t "t4 ,probably no?+ %[s s well ! en?usia/ic zeal ( ^! times 9 ! pursuit ( sci5tific k z ! fact t s _m copies ( ^! textbooks /ill rema9 = u4 ,mu* has be5 lo/ by w> & fire1 & /ill m by wanton de/ruction by p :o c\ld n und]/&1 = !re 7 _m int]v5+ g5]ations t sold ^! old manuscripts by ! ton = ! use ( groc]s to wrap up butt] & any o!r commodity4 ,if we only _h ! weal? ( manuscript t 0 orig9ally creat$ x w\ld be easy to fill 9 ! gaps 9 our k1 & %[ ! wond]ful sci5tific s*ol>%ip ( ^! m$iaeval univ]sities4 ,z x is1 !re _c be ! slighte/ d\bt t ^! 7 great sci5tific univ]sities4 ,h[1 !n1 has ! opposite tradition ( sci5ce only #adi com+ to cultivation 9 our "t obta9$ a foo?old2 above all1 h[ has x happ5$ t m5 h insi/$ t !re 0 no sci5ce 9 ^! old days because ! ,*ur* 0 oppos$ to sci5ce & w\ld n p]mit its /udy or all[ ( sci5tific inve/igation8 ,if we 7 to believe _m writ]s :o h be5 tak5 v s]i\sly1 anatomy 0 conduct$ only "u ! pa9 ( dea?1 *emi/ry made "o liable to all sorts ( p5alties & o!r =ms ( sci5ce 7 absolutely bann$4 ,!re is no reason at all = any su* decl>ations f :at we "k ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,! place :]e su* gr\ndless ass]tions are f\nd is 9 ! s-call$ hi/ory ( religion4 ,! odium !ologicum 0 v bitt]1 & ignorant m5 said ?+s )\t kn[+1 & !n _! /atem5ts 7 copi$ by o!rs :o knew ev5 less4 ,probably !re is no m s]i\s blot on ! hi/ory ( education &1 above all1 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 ?an ! fact t m5 suppos$ to be s*ol>ly h be5 s ready to accept absolutely ignorant /atem5ts ) reg>d to ! /ate ( sci5ce dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x w\ld be amus+1 if x 7 n s amaz+1 to recall ! utt] lack ( s*ol>%ip t *>act]iz$ ! m5 :o wrote su* ?+s1 b above all ! g5]ations t accept$ su* hi/ory z solemn tru? & ev5 conf]r$ academic dignities & degrees on su* m54 ,take a book l ,dr4 ,drap]'s ,conflict ( ,sci5ce & ,religion4 ,x #aej is f\nd$ on ! utt]mo/ lack ( k ( ! subjects ( :i* he speaks4 ,x is true t he has consult$ hi/orical writ]s4 ,!y 7 all second>y au?orities4 ,he _h nev] gone back to look up a s+le orig9al docum5t ( any k9d4 ,he 0 a physician2 suppos$ly at lea/1 !n1 he %\ld "k ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e4 ,he kn[s no?+ at all ab\t ! great m$ical s*ools ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies2 ( ! great p]iod ( surg]y t occurr$ at ?is "t he has no inkl+4 ,_h he c>$ really to "k any?+ ab\t ! p]iod he c\ld h se5 "s ( ! text-books writt5 by ^! m54 ,in/ead we h an exhibition1 9 8 book1 ( ! mo/ consummate assumption ( k associat$ ) sublime ignorance & bitt] condemnation = old in/itutions1 educational & ecclesia/ical1 9 matt]s ( :i* he kn[s no?+1 ?\gh if he did "k1 8 op9ion w\ld surely be j ! opposite to t he has express$4 ,to a great degree ?is is true ( ,presid5t ,:ite's ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology4 ,second>y au?orities con/antly figure 9 x1 & !y are quot$ f1 z a rule1 ) ! def9ite idea ( prov+ a p>ticul> !sis--t !ology is oppos$ to sci5ce4 ,( c\rse x is v diff]5t to t ( ,drap]1 !re is mu* m ( true s*ol>%ip 9 x1 b x is sad to ?9k t ! pre/ige ( a presid5t ( a great univ]sity :o _h be5 a pr(essor ( #aea hi/ory %\ld h be5 l5t to /atem5ts s egregi\sly mislead+ z ^? :i* are con/antly to be f\nd 9 8 "w4 ,ev5 sadd] x is to ?9k t ?is has be5 accept$ by _m p z a s*ol>ly "w & z repres5t+ ! la/ ^w on ! subject4 ,! ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory 9 its preface said1 t hi/ory has be5 a long conspiracy aga9/ ! tru? & t we mu/ n[ g back once m to ! orig9al docum5ts4 ,x has become impossible1 ! editors decl>e1 = ! hi/orical writ]s ( ! pres5t age to tru/ )\t res]ve ev5 to ! mo/ respect$ second>y au?orities4 ,! hone/ /ud5t cont9ually f9ds himself des]t$1 ret>d$1 misl$1 by ! classics ( hi/orical lit]ature1 & has to hew 8 own way ?r\gh multitud9\s transactions1 p]iodicals & (ficial publications 9 ord] to rea* ! tru?4 ,9 no dep>tm5t ( hi/ory is ?is expression m true ?an 9 t ( education1 & especially ( sci5ce & ! relation ( educational in/itutions to sci5tific developm5t4 ,no man %\ld n[ d>e v5ture to say any?+ ab\t ! /ate ( sci5ce at any "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory :o has n se5 "s ( ! books writt5 at t "t4 ,above all1 no "o %\ld v5ture to make little ( ! pa/ on ! /r5g? ( :at religi\sly prejudic$ writ]s h said ab\t x4 ,?is /ory ( ! m$iaeval univ]sities is mo/ illum9at+ f t /&po9t4 ,!y 7 #aeb sci5tific univ]sities closely resembl+ our own4 ,x has become ! cu/om to talk ( !m z if !y 7 in/itutions ( le>n+ t accompli%$ no?+1 & wa/$ _! "t ov] trifles4 ,we (t5 he> ( h[ mu* "t 0 wa/$ 9 dialectics 9 ! ,middle-,age univ]sities1 b surely x 0 n m ?an is wa/$ ov] te*nics 9 our mod]n univ]sity4 ,hundr$s ( books 7 writt5 ab\t ! quips & quiddities ( logic1 b ?\s&s ( volumes are full ( te*nics & mo/ ( our sci5tific j\rnals are cr[d$ ) x4 ,let u1 !n1 if = no o!r reason ?an our frat]nity ) !m1 beg9 to d ju/ice to ^! old univ]sities4 ,_! s*ol>s 7 ard5t & zeal\s1 _! pr(essors 7 en?usia/ic & labori\s4 ,! tomes !y issu$ 7 l>g] & _! writ+s m volum9\s ?an ^? ( our own pr(essors4 ,!y are h>d read+1 b no "o mu/ d>e to criticise !m unless he has read !m1 &1 above all1 no "o mu/ make little ( !m )\t kn[+ some?+ ab\t !m at fir/ h&4 ,?is is s*ol>%ip2 ! second>y in=mation t has be5 popul> is sciolism4 ,let u get back to s*ol>%ip4 ,t is :at we ne$ j n[ 9 ,am]ica4 #aec ,,ideal ,,popul> ,,education #aed ,accord+ to my view he :o w\ld be good at any?+ mu/ practise t ?+ f 8 y\? upw>ds1 bo? 9 sport & e>ne/1 9 ! p>ticul> way :i* ! "w requires3 = example1 he :o is to be a good build]1 %\ld play at build+ *ildr5's h\ses2 & he :o is to be a good husb&man at till+ ! gr\nd2 ^? :o h ! c>e ( _! education %\ld provide !m :5 "y ) mimic tools4 ,& !y %\ld le>n be=eh& ! k :i* !y w aft]w>ds require = _! art4 ,= example1 ! future c>p5t] %\ld le>n to measure or apply ! l9e 9 play2 & ! future w>rior %\ld le>n rid+ or "s o!r ex]cise = amusem5t1 & ! tea*] %\ld endeavor to direct ! *ildr5's incl9ations & pleasures by ! help ( amusem5ts to _! f9al aim 9 life4 ,! sum ( education is "r tra9+ 9 ! nurs]y4 ,! s\l ( ! *ild 9 8 play %\ld be tra9$ to t sort ( excell5ce 9 :i*1 :5 he gr[s up to manhood1 he w h to be p]fect$4 ,d y agree ) me ?us f>8--,plato1 ,laws 7,j[ett71 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #agc4 ,scribn]1 #aijh4 ,!re w be gymnasia & s*ools 9 ! mid/ ( ! city1 & outside ! city circuses 7playgr\nds7 & op5 spaces = rid+ places & ar*]y4 ,9 all ( ^! !re %\ld be in/ructors ( ! "y4--,plato1 ,laws 7,j[ett71 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #hb4 ,scribn]1 #aijb4 #aee ,,ideal ,,popul> ,,education ,footnote #ab ,footnote #ab3 ,! mat]ial = ?is lecture 0 collect$ = a c\rse on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education deliv]$ to ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 at ,/ ,/eph5's ,hall1 ,new ,york ,city1 9 ,janu>y & ,febru>y1 #aiji4 ,! mat]ial 0 subsequ5tly develop$ = a simil> set ( lectures = ! religi\s tea*]s 9 ! p>o*ial s*ools ( ,philadelphia 9 ! spr+ ( #aiaj4 ,we h come to realize 9 rec5t ye>s t 9 _m ways our education ( ! masses is a failure4 ,tea*+ p to read & write & occupy+ !m ) books till !y are fifte5 ye>s ( age1 :5 all t !y w use _! p[] to read = is to devote !mselves to ?ree or f\r editions ( ! daily pap] & ! huge1 ov]gr[n ,sunday pap]s on _! only day ( leisure1 ) p]haps occasional rec\rse to a *eap magaz9e or a *eap] novel1 9 ord] to kill "t1 z !y frankly decl>e1 is sc>cely wor? :ile4 ,inde$ we h ev5 come to realize t su* education gives opportunity r = ! developm5t ( discont5t ?an ( happ9ess4 ,! le>n+ to write :i* enables a man to be a cl]k1 or a bookkeep]1 ! occupations t are1 z a rule1 ! lea/ lucrative1 t are s full t !re is no "q ( organiz+ !m1 t conf9e m5 = long h\rs 9 d>k rooms v (t5 & furni% ! lea/ possible opportunity to rise1 is ( itself n ideal4 ,) "s r #aef disconnect$ in=mation ?is is practically all t our ord9>y education tea*es p1 & yet we sp5d eight ye>s & l>ge sums ( money on x4 ,we are j beg9n+ to realize t o!r =ms ( education & n ^! sup]ficial introductions to suppos$ s*ol>%ip1 :i* c mean s little1 con/itute realities 9 education4 ,we h come to realize t ,g]many1 :]e x is said t m ?an sixty p] c5t4 ( ! population has its opportunity = "s te*nical tra9+1 s t m5 are taught ! rudim5ts ( a trade or a h&icraft or "s occupation o!r ?an t :i* %all make !m m]e r\t9e s]vants ( "s "o else1 does f> bett] ?an ?is4 ,by contra/ x is rem>k$ t less ?an "o p] c5t4 ( our *ildr5 h ! opportunity = su* tra9+4 ,we are v prone to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t ! te*nical s*ool is a mod]n idea4 ,we assume t x owes its orig9 to ! developm5t ( mank9d 9 ! process ( evolution to a po9t :]e ! recognition ( ! value ( h&iwork & craftsman%ip has at l5g? aris54 ,no?+ c\ld well be less true ?an ?is4 ,x is true t ! eighte5? c5tury saw practically no education ( ?is k9d & x 0 only at ! end ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t any mod]n nation ev5 began to wake up to ! necessity = x4 ,9 ! old] times1 h[ev]1 &1 above all1 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 !re 0 a magnific5t tra9+ af=d$ ! masses ( ! p 9 all sorts ( arts & #aeg crafts & trades & occupations1 su* z c n[ be obta9$ only 9 te*nical s*ools4 ,!y did n call ^! tea*+ in/itutions te*nical s*ools1 b !y _h all ! b5efits t we w\ld n[ d]ive f su* s*ools4 ,?is tra9+ ! p ( ^! times ow$ to ! gilds4 ,^! 71 ( c\rse1 ( _m =ms1 ! ,arts ,gilds1 ! ,crafts ,gilds1 ! ,m]*ants ,gilds1 & !n ! v>i\s ,trades ,gilds4 ,boys 7 appr5tic$ to m5 foll[+ su* an occupation z ! y\? _h express$ a lik+ =1 or t he seem$ to be adapt$ to1 or t 8 p>5ts *ose = him1 & !n began 8 tra9+4 ,x 0 conduct$ = five or six ye>s usually 9 ! h\se ( ! ma/] or tradesman to :om he 0 appr5tic$4 ,! ma/] provid$ him ) bo>d & clo!s1 at lea/1 aft] ! fir/ ye>1 & he gradually tra9$ him 9 ! trade or craft or indu/ry1 :atev] x might be4 ,aft] 8 appr5tice%ip 0 ov] ! "y man ( eighte5 or s became a j\rneyman workman & usually w&]$ f 8 native t[n to o!r places1 sometimes go+ ev5 ov] seas 9 ord] to le>n ! =eign secrets ( 8 craft or art or trade1 & aft] ?ree ye>s ( ?is1 :5 ready to settle d[n1 pres5t$ evid5ce z to 8 accompli%m5ts1 & if ?is 0 accept$ he became a ma/] 9 8 gild4 ,if he 7 a craftsman or an artisan he made a lock or a bolt or "s m arti/ic piece ( "w 9 ! metals base or preci\s1 & if ?is sample 0 #aeh consid]$ wor?y ( !m by 8 fell[-gildsm5 he 0 admitt$ z a ma/] 9 ! gild4 ,?is 0 ! highe/ rank ( workman1 & ! m5 :o held x 7 suppos$ to be able to d any?+ t _h be5 done by fell[-workm5 up to t "t4 ,! piece t he pres5t$ 0 !n call$ a ma/]piece1 & x is f ?is t our good old ,engli% ^w ma/]piece 0 d]iv$4 ,?is might seem a v inadequate tra9+1 & p]haps appeal to _m z n des]v+ ( ! "n ( te*nical tra9+ or s*ool+4 ,! only way to decide z to t1 h[ev]1 is to appreciate ! products turn$ out by ^! workm54 ,x 0 ^! graduates ( ! appr5tice-j\rneyman sy/em ( te*nical tra9+ :o produc$ ! great s]ies ( m>vell\s art objects :i* adorn ! ,engli% ca!drals1 ! ,engli% municipal build+s1 ! ca/les & ! palaces & ! mona/]ies ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 ! graduates ( ^! s*ools1 or at lea/ ( ?is me?od ( s*ool+1 :o produc$ ! wond]ful /a9$ glass1 ! beautiful bells1 ! f9i%$ ironwork1 ! surpass+ woodwork1 ! sculpture1 ! decoration1--9 a ^w1 all ! arti/ic details ( ! ar*itecture ( ! wond]ful ,go?ic p]iods ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1--:i* we h le>n$ to value s highly 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,if we want$ to produce su* "w 9 our l>ge cities n[1 we w\ld h to import ! workm54 ,^! wond]ful #aei products 7 made 9 cities s small t we w\ld be apt to ?9k !m sc>cely m ?an insignificant t[ns 9 our "t4 ,no t[n 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ) ! possible exception ( ,london1 _h m ?an #be1jjj1 & mo/ ( ! ca!dral t[ns 7 "u #ae1jjj 9 population & _m ( !m _h less ?an #aj1jjj4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is tea*+ w5t & h[ mu* x p>took ( ! nature ( real te*nical tra9+ c be v well appreciat$ f rec5t /udies ( ^! e>ly times4 ,!re has probably nev] be5 m beautiful h&icraftsman%ip nor bett] products ( :at we n[ call ! arts & crafts ?an dur+ ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies1 :5 ?is sy/em ( educat+ ! masses became ?or\ghly organiz$4 ,any "o :o kn[s ! details ( ! decoration ( ! great ,go?ic ca!drals or ( ! mona/]ies & ca/les & municipal build+s ( ^! c5turies w be well acqua9t$ ) ^! m>vels ( accompli%m5t1 scatt]$ ev]y:]e ?r\gh\t ,engl&1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy & ,spa9 9 ?is p]iod4 ,some?+ ( ! /ory ( x all ,i tri$ to tell1 z f> z ! ca!drals are conc]n$1 9 my book1 ,! ,?irte5? ! ,greate/ ( ,c5turies4 ,^? :o c>e to see ano!r side ( x w f9d x 9 ,mr4 ,a4 ,ralph ,adams ,cram's ,! ,ru9$ ,abbeys ( ,great ,brita94 ,footnote #ac ,mr4 ,cram1 himself a #afj successful mod]n ar*itect1 does n hesitate to decl>e "s ( ?is "w z among ! mo/ beautiful t ev] 0 made1 ev5 includ+ ! anci5t ,greek & ,roman productions4 ,9 8 se>*es into ! ru9s ( ^! old abbeys he has f\nd mutilat$ fragm5ts s consummate 9 _! faultless art t !y des]ve a place ) ! ma/]pieces ( sculpture ( e age4 ,footnote #ac3 ,new ,york1 ,! ,*ur*man ,company1 #aije4 ,x 0 n alone1 h[ev]1 9 ! arts ( sculpture & decoration1 t is 9 ^? f9] accompli%m5ts t w\ld occupy only a few ( ! workm51 b 9 e detail ( adornm5t t ^! arti/ic craftsm5 excell$4 ,! locks & bolts1 ! lat*es & h+es1 ! grilles1 ev5 ! v f5ces & gates made 9 wr\ght iron1 are beautiful 9 e l9e & 9 ! arti/ic effici5cy ( _! designs4 ,! c>v$ woodwork is 9 _m places a m>vel4 ,:5 a gate has to be mov$1 or a h+e is no long] us$1 or a lock or ev5 a key f ^! e>ly times goes out ( commission1 we w\ld consid] x almo/ a sacrilege to ?r[ x away2 x is transport$ to ! museum--n alone because ( its value z an antique b1 z a rule1 also because ( its *>m z a "w ( art4 ,:5 a b5*-end is no long] ne$$ x1 too1 f9ds its way into ! museum4 ,z ,rev4 ,augu/us ,jessopp has %[n v cle>ly 9 8 /udies ( ! old ,engli% p>i%es1 ^! m>vels ( iron & woodwork 7 made1 9 mo/ cases1 respectively by ! village blacksmi? & ! village c>p5t]4 ,9 ! ar*ives ( #afa "s ( ! p>i%es ( ! ,middle ,ages ! acc\nts are f\nd %[+ t ^! m5 7 paid = !m4 ,:5 ! village blacksmi? & ! village c>p5t] becomes ! arti/ artisan capable ( produc+ su* good "w1 !n inde$ is !re an ideal education at "w & a te*nical tra9+ t may be boa/$ (4 ,! mo/ important feature ( ?is education rema9s to be spok5 (1 h[ev]4 ,x consi/$ ( ! f9e developm5t & occupation ( ! m9d t came f ?is sy/em4 ,m5 f\nd happ9ess 9 _! "w4 ,9 a population ( less ?an #c1jjj1jjj ( p _m ?\s&s ( workm51 engag$ 9 build+ ^! magnific5t monum5ts ( t old "t1 reap$ a bless$ pleasure 9 ! do+ ( beautiful ?+s4 ,!y1 too1 _h a %>e 9 ! great monum5t ( :i* _! t[n 0 wor?ily pr\d & ! opportunity to make some?+ wor? :ile = x4 ,in/ead ( idly envy+ o!rs !y devot$ !mselves to mak+ :atev] _! contribution might be z beautiful z possible4 ,x might be only ! h+es = ! doors or ! lat* = ! gates1 x might be only ! /onework = ! bases ( pill>s1 ?\gh x might be ! beautiful decoration ( _! capitals2 b ev]y?+ 0 be+ done beautifully & an arti/ h& 0 requir$ ev]y:]e4 ,m5 mu/ h tri$ ov] & ov] aga9 to make su* f9e ?+s4 ,!y 7 n done at haphaz>d nor at "o trial4 ,!re mu/ h be5 _m a spoil$ piece #afb reject$1 n s mu* by ! =eman z by ! critical1 educat$ ta/e ( ! workm5 !mselves :o 7 able to make su* beautiful ?+s4 ,m5 :o c\ld make su* arti/ic products mu/ h labor$ mu* & begun ov] & ov] aga94 ,?is mu/ h made ! f9e/ occupation ( m9d t a great mass ( p has ev] _h 9 all ! _w's hi/ory4 ,am]ican millionaires model ! gates ( _! p>ks & ! grille doors ( _! palaces "u ! wise direction ( mod]n ar*itects :o =tunately "k en\gh to foll[ ! designs creat$ by ^! village workm5 ( ! old5 "t4 ,mod]n palatial resid5ces are glad to h samples ( ! wood-c>v+ ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies z models = _! decoration1 & z attractive pieces ar\nd :i* pres5t-day "w may be done4 ,we h to import our workm51 ev5 our l>ge cities _c supply all t we want ( !m1 & yet little t[ns ( a few ?\s& inhabitants _h !m 9 suffici5t abundance 9 ! old5 "t to enable !m to make e portion ( _! great monum5tal build+s1 ca!drals1 abbeys1 univ]sities1 ca/les & t[n halls beautiful 9 e way4 ,?is repres5ts ! triumph ( a te*nical tra9+ af=d$ by ! gilds ( workm5 ( ! old5 "t4 ,we h to insi/ on ?is because our pres5t g5]ation has be5 s sure t ours 0 ! fir/ g5]ation t gave any s]i\s att5tion to ! education ( ! masses1 t x is important to %[ by #afc contra/ h[ mu* ( a mi/ake we h made & h[ well an old] g5]ation accompli%$ its purpose4 ,! *apt] ( ! ,lo/ ,arts might well be told ) reg>d to ?is old "t4 ,!y _h secrets 9 glass-mak+ :i* 7 ! tradition ( ! tea*+ ( p>ticul> gilds t we h be5 unable to f9d aga9 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,!re is a jewel-l lu/re to _! colors t is sometimes simply m>vell\s 9 its dep? & purity4 ,at ,l9coln ! contra/ betwe5 old & new glass c be se5 v well4 ,! old w9d[s ( ! ?irte5? c5tury "t 7 /on$ out by ! ,p>liam5t>ians :5 !y captur$ ! t[n1 because =soo? !y c\ld h no su* idolatry z t 9 _! pres5ce4 ,! old sexton1 :o z man & boy = ov] sixty ye>s _h liv$ 8 life "u ! beautiful t9ts ( ! old glass1 n[ saw x scatt]$ ^u ! floor 9 fragm5ts4 ,he c\ld n "p ) x ?us & s he ga!r$ x up into bags1 brok5 to pieces ?\gh x 01 & hid x away 9 ! crypt4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury :5 !y 7 re/or+ ! ca!dral !y f\nd ^! fragm5ts ( ! old w9d[s4 ,!y piec$ !m toge!r & !y prov$ to be s beautiful t1 ?\gh !y c\ld n fit !m z !y 7 9 ! old5 "t1 at lea/ !y succe$$ 9 mak+ a beautiful pat*work ( color$ glass4 ,ov] on ! o!r side ( ,l9coln ,ca!dral !y !n plac$ "s new w9d[s ( ! #afd mod]n "t4 ,^! 7 made 9 ,france1 ,i believe4 ,!y 7 made ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 /a9$-glass mak+ 0 almo/ at its l[e/ ebb4 ,!y 7 consid]$ to be v beautiful1 h[ev]1 & some?+ l ,l#bj1jjj /]l+ 0 paid = !m4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! two sets ( w9d[s is v /rik+4 ,! old w9d[s are s beautiful1 ! new ones are s commonplace4 ,! visitor1 ev5 ?\gh he kn[s no?+ ab\t art1 notices ! contra/ &1 if he has an eye = color1 views ) some?+ ( a %ock ?is attempt ( ! n9ete5? c5tury to d some?+ t _h be5 s well done by ! gild-tra9$ workm5 ( ! te*nical s*ools ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?\gh !y are repres5t$ "h only by pat*$ fragm5ts ( _! "w he c sc>cely repress a smile at ! effect ( _! "w 9 *eap5+ ! mod]n4 ,ev]y:]e x is ! same way4 ,mr4 ,f4 ,rolfe1 writ+ f ,v5ice1 :]e he has be5 /udy+ ?irte5?-c5tury glass1 & talk+ ( its wond]ful beauty z comp>$ to any?+ mod]n1 says3 ,!re are also fragm5ts ( two w9d[s1 piec$ toge!r & ! miss+ p>ts fill$ 9 ) ! be/ :i* mod]n ,murano c d4 ,^! %[ ! celebrat$ ,b]ovi]o ,ruby ,glass 7secret lo/7 ( m>vell\s dep? & brilliancy 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! mod]n "w is m]ely wat]y4 7,! anci5t is j l a decant] ( port w9e47 ,?is is ! /ory1 no matt] :]e "o goes1 #afe ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,at ,york !y w\ld n surr5d] ! t[n to ! ,p>liam5t>y army until a gu>antee _h be5 giv5 !m t _! ca!dral w\ld n be deva/at$ z _h be5 ! case else:]e4 ,besides ,g5]al ,ireton 0 a fri5d ( ! ,yorki/s & he 0 ready to agree to ! /ipulation4 ,! agreem5t 0 n fully c>ri$ out1 fanatic soldi]s c\ld n be entirely re/ra9$1 b "s ( ! old glass rema9s4 ,!re is probably no?+ m beautiful 9 all ! realm ( arti/ic glass-mak+ ?an ! fam\s ,five ,si/]s w9d[ at ,york4 ,9 ,france ! ,revolution repeat$ :at ! ,puritans accompli%$ ( ru9 9 ,engl&4 ,notre ,dame has no trace ( its old glass4 ,9 "s ( ! ca!drals1 h[ev]1 !re has =tunately be5 pres]v$ = u en\gh ( x to "k h[ wond]fully ! mak]s ( x mu/ h be5 tra9$1 & to let u realize h[ mu* ( exp]im5t1 ( inve/igation1 ( /udy t we w\ld n[ call appli$ *emi/ry mu/ h gone to ! mak+ ( ?is wond]ful old glass4 ,^! te*nical s*ools 7 n m]ely pass+ on arts & crafts traditions1 b ea* g5]ation 0 add+ to ! secrets ( ! gilds by orig9al rese>* ( its own4 ,we are prone to ?9k t su* "w ( orig9al inve/igation 0 res]v$ = our "t1 b t is only because ( ! fooli% self-complac5cy :i* bl9ds u to :at o!r g5]ations did4 ,! /a9$ glass ( ! ca!drals ( ,b\rges #aff & ( ,*>tres %[s ! m>vell\s success ( ^! old work]s 9 glass & _! p[] to make endur+ products4 ,x is a my/]y to see h[ _! blues h la/$ :ile ! sun has %one ?r\gh !m all ^! ye>s & caus$ no det]ioration or only su* z s(t5s & adds to beauty b n really causes to fade4 ,blue _h to be us$ 9 great pr(usion on ! w9d[s because ! symbolism ( color 0 well det]m9$ & blue /ood = ! virtue ( purity & 0 ! ,bless$ ,virg9's color4 ,x _h to come 91 !re=e1 on ne>ly all occasions4 ,usually by irradiation blue causes surr\nd+ colors to lose some?+ ( _! t9t1 & by contra/ (t5 spoils :at w\ld ord9>ily be expect$ to prove beautiful color effects4 ,^! old workm5 _h f\nd ! secret ( us+ x 9 su* a way z n ?us to spoil surr\nd+ colors1 n to p]mit x to be too ass]tive1 yet we h wond]ful endur+ blues t h come d[n to u practically un*ang$ ?r\gh all ^! c5turies4 ,:]e ! workm5 ( ! old "t set !mselves produc+ pure color effects1 _! w9d[s look l jewels & coruscate 9 ! light ( ! sett+ sun--= _! mo/ *>m+ effects 7 p>ticul>ly obta9$ 9 ! we/ w9d[s--) a glori\s beauty t has appeal$ to e g5]ation s9ce4 ,x 0 n alone 9 ! build+ trades1 h[ev]1 t ^! f9e ?+s 7 accompli%$4 ,bookmak+ rea*$ a degree ( p]fection t #afg has nev] be5 excell$4 ,humphreys1 ! au?ority on illum9at$ books1 decl>es t ! manuscript volumes ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 illum9at$ z !y are by ! pati5t labor & ! f9ely develop$ ta/e ( ?is "t1 are ! mo/ beautiful ev] made4 ,we h "o example ( ! ?irte5?-c5tury illum9at$ book 9 ! ,l5ox ,libr>y 9 ,new ,york = :i*1 ,i believe1 ! museum au?orities 7 q will+ to pay "s #ah1jjj1 & x is wor? mu* m ?an t n[1 = x is a wondr\sly beautiful example ( ! illum9ations ( ! "t4 ,l ! glassmak]s1 ^! bookmak]s _h secrets t h be5 lo/1 & t we ) all our k ( sci5ce & ( art 9 ! mod]n "t1 or at lea/ our fondly complac5t notion ( our k ( art & sci5ce1 are unable to f9d ! =mulas =4 ,!y us$ blues 9 _! illum9at+ "w t h nev] fad$1 ?\gh blues are s prone to fade on p>*m5t4 ,!y manag$ _! blues 9 wond]ful way & !y /ill are z fre% & z undi/urb+ ( ! h>mony ( o!r colors z 9 ! long ago4 ,!y c\ld burni% gold & x /ays z bright z :5 x 0 fir/ appli$ to ! leaves1 ev5 aft] sev5 c5turies4 ,we h lo/ ! art ( burni%+ gold 9 su* appli$ "w & ours becomes dull aft] a "t4 ,nor 0 ?is tea*+ ( te*nics conf9$ only to ! m54 ,f ?is p]iod we h ! mo/ beautiful ne$lework 9 ! _w4 ,! fam\s #afh ,cope ( ,ascoli has rec5tly attract$ wide att5tion4 ,mr4 ,pi]pont ,morgan pur*as$ x & 0 will+ to pay #fj1jjj = x1 ?\gh ! jewels t _h be5 on x orig9ally _h be5 remov$4 ,8 exp]ts assur$ him t x 0 ! mo/ beautiful piece ( ne$lework 9 ! _w4 ,aft]w>ds x 0 f\nd to h be5 /ol51 & s he re/or$ x to ! ,italian ,gov]nm5t1 :o did n return x to ! little conv5t ( ,ascoli 9 ,nor? ,c5tral ,italy1 f :i* x _h be5 /ol5 & :]e x 0 made at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury 7#abhd71 ,else:]e 9 ,europe !y 7 do+ j z *>m+ "w ) ! ne$le4 ,9 fact ,engl&1 n ,italy1 0 ! ackn[l$g$ home ( x4 ,! ,engli% ,cope ( ,cyon is ano!r notable example ( ne$lework f ?is "t4 ,?irte5?-c5tury "w ) ! ne$le is fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( ! art4 ,x 0 ! product ( j ! same =ces t gave u ! wond]ful /a9$ glass4 ,!y1 too1 us$ colors & appli$ great art pr9ciples to ?is unpromis+ mode ( expression & accompli%$ great results4 ,i h _h ! privilege ( see+ ! copy ( ! ,cope ( ,ascoli t 0 made :ile 9 ,mr4 ,morgan's possession1 &1 l ! /a9$ glass ( ,york or ,b\rges or ,*>tres1 x is "o ( ! ?+s n likely ev] to be =gott51 s beautiful a realization is x ( :at is be/ 9 ta/e & art4 ,! supremely int]e/+ feature ( ?is popul> education 0 its effect ^u ! lives1 & #afi m9ds1 & happ9ess ( ! workm54 ,m5 got up to _! "w 9 ! morn+ n z to a r\t9e occupation 9 :i* !y did ! same ?+s ov] & ov] aga91 until !y 7 s tir$ t !y c\ld sc>cely d !m any m1 & !n came home to re/ f fatigue 9 we>9ess ( m9d & ( body4 ,b !y awoke f s\nd sleep ) ! memory t ideas _h be5 com+ to !m ! day be=e1 & especially t[>ds ev5+ t1 n[ ) fre% bodies1 !y might be able to execute bett]1 & t x w\ld surely be a pleasure to "w out4 ,!y came to _! "w ) an arti/'s _s1 hopeful t !y w\ld be able to express 9 ! mat]ial :at !y saw s cle>ly ) _! m9d's eye4 ,x 0 tiresome work+ b ! h\rs 7 n long1 & always !re 0 ! ?\ght ( accompli%m5t wor?y ( ! ca!dral or ! abbey or ! t[n hall1 wor?y to be plac$ beside ! ma/]pieces 9 ! be/ s5se ( t de> old ^w1 t _! fell[-workm5 ( ! o!r gilds 7 accompli%+ ar\nd !m4 ,!y w5t to b$ heal?ily tir$ b n we>y1 sometimes to dream ( _! "w1 n z a nightm>e1 b z some?+ t repres5t$ possibilities ( accompli%m5t4 ,:5 te*nical s*ools c lift m5 up to ?is plane !n1 inde$1 !re is a *ance = happ9ess ev5 = ! workm54 ,comp>e ) ?is = a mom5t ! lot ( ! mod]n workman4 ,he goes out 9 ! morn+ to "w t seldom is int]e/+1 t he #agj practically nev] c>es to d only t he mu/ get money en\gh to support himself & 8 family1 & t requires ! frequ5t repetition ( r\t9e movem5ts until he is we>y1 body & s\l4 ,he mu/ "w or />ve4 ,he has v little int]e/ 9 x z a rule1 (t5 none at all1 & sometimes he is ?or\ghly disgu/$ ) x4 ,he mu/ e>n money en\gh to get bread to live to-day s t he %all be able to g & "w aga9 tomorr[4 ,& s ! humdrum r\nd f day to day ) no?+ to relieve ! prospect until ! d>kness comes :5 no man c "w4 ,z to dreams ( accompli%m5t or pleasure 9 8 "w1 z ! arti/ has1 !re is practically none4 ,he ne$s mu/ g on1 & t is all ab\t x4 ,is x any wond] t ?is bre$s discont5t8 ,happy is ! man :o has f\nd 8 "w4 ,!re is only "o happ9ess 9 ?is little life ( ours & t consi/s 9 hav+ "w to d t "o c>es to d1 & ! *ance to d x 9 su* ord] & ) su* rew>ds z make life reasonably pleasant1 satisfy+ f ! mat]ial side4 ,!re are no pleasures 9 life equal to ! joy ( ! work] 9 8 "w :5 he c>es = x4 ,pleasures are at mo/ b pass+ incid5ts4 ,! "w is :at c\nts4 ,^! workm5 ( ! ,middle ,ages taught 9 ! te*nical s*ools ( t old5 "t _h *ances = happ9ess1 *ances t 7 well tak51 su* z p]haps no o!r g5]ation ( workm5 c\ld h4 ,( c\rse x may be said t1 aft] all1 !re #aga 7 only opportunities = a few to "w at ! great ar*itectural monum5ts ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,9 a s5se ?is is true1 b x mu/ n be =gott5 t )\t mod]n me*anical means & ) ! sl[1 pati5t labori\s ef=t requir$ to raise ^! huge edifices1 mu* "t & _m m5 7 requir$4 ,besides ! ca!drals & ! abbeys !re 7 _m private ca/les & t[n halls1 & !n 9 _m places ! homes ( ! gilds !mselves1 "s ( :i*1 z1 = in/ance1 ! fam\s hall ( ! clo?mak]s at ,ypres1 are among ! mo/ beautiful monum5ts ( ! ar*itecture ( t p]iod4 ,9 ev]y?+1 h[ev]1 ! workm5 _h a *ance to d beautiful "w4 ,9 ! textile indu/ries ?is is ! "t :5 "s ( ! mo/ beautiful clo? ev] made 0 inv5t$ & br\ght to p]fection4 ,l95 0 wov5 ) wond]ful skill1 sat9 0 inv5t$ & br\ght to p]fection1 silk brocades ( m>vell\s designs ( _m k9ds 7 made1 ?reads ( gold & silv] 7 introduc$ into ! textures1 wond]fully f9e effects 7 /udi$ out & appli$ 9 ! indu/ries1 & j z 9 ! decorative arts s 9 ! arts ( clo?-weav+ & ( _m o!r =ms ( human endeavor1 !re 0 an arti/ic craftsman%ip su* z we h lo/ sight ( to a great ext5t 9 our age ( ma*9]y4 ,! ,iri% poet1 ,yeats1 9 bidd+ a gr\p ( ,am]ican fri5ds good-bye "s five ye>s ago1 said t we _h _m opportunities = culture #agb 9 life "h 9 ,am]ica1 b we mu/ be c>eful to take !m fully & n deceive ourselves ) c\nt]feits1 or we w\ld surely miss some?+ ( ! preci\s privilege & developm5t t might be ours4 ,among o!r ?+s he said1 t we mu/ n =get t until ! v ut5sils 9 ! kit*5 are useful z well z beautiful no nation c ?9k ( itself z really cultur$4 ,if m5 & wom5 c be> )\t con/ra9t to h&le ?+s t are m]ely useful )\t beauty 9 !m1 !re is some?+ s]i\sly lack+ 9 _! culture4 ,:atev] is m]ely useful is hide\s4 ,nature nev] made any?+ t 0 m]ely useful 9 all ! _w's hi/ory4 ,! ?+s ( nature ar\nd u are all wond]ful utilities & yet *>m+ly beautiful4 ,! pretty fl[]s are se$ envelopes meant to attract birds & insects1 s t ! se$s may be scatt]$4 ,! beautiful fruits are o!r se$ envelopes meant to attract man & ! animals1 s t ! se$s may be c>ri$ f> & wide4 ,! leaves ( trees are em95tly useful z lungs & /oma* & yet are beautiful & h a wondr\s v>iety & a *>m all _! own4 ,?is preci\s lesson ( nature !y seem to h und]/ood well 9 ! ,middle ,ages & appli$ x ) m>vell\s p]fection4 ,x has (t5 be5 call$ to att5tion t portions ( ,go?ic edifices 9 d>k corn]s1 out ( ! sight ( ! ord9>y visitor1 are j z beautifully decorat$ 9 _! own way z ^? :i* are #agc especially on exhibition4 ,! grave/ones 9 _! *ur*es1 ?\gh meant to be trodd5 "u foot & (t5 cov]$ by ! dirt f ! %oes ( pass]sby1 yet _h bronze ornam5ts t are s beautiful t 9 ! mod]n "t arti/s take rubb+s ( !m s z to c>ry ! designs away ) !m4 ,:ile e portion ( ! *ur* is beautiful1 ! same ?+ 0 true 9 ! ca/les & to a great ext5t 9 _! own homes4 ,! furniture ( t "t1 ev5 9 ! h\ses ( small] tradesm51 0 beautiful 9 its simplicity1 its solidity1 its *>m ( l9e1 & !n1 above all1 its absolute rejection ( all pret5ce ( seem+ to be any?+ o!r ?an x 04 ,_! dr9k+ cups 7 beautiful1 _! dome/ic ut5sils ( v>i\s k9ds _h *>m+ l9es &1 ?\gh !y did n h z _m z we h 9 ! mod]n "t1 :at !y _h 7 s beautiful t n[ we f9d !m on exhibition 9 museums1 & we are beg9n+ to imitate !m 9 ord] t ! weal?y may h z bric-a-brac ornam5ts 9 _! h\ses1 ! ut5sils :i* 7 9 ord9>y use 9 ! homes ( ! middle classes ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,!re 0 a satisfaction = ! workman 9 mak+ all ^! beaute\s ?+s4 ,he knew1 z a rule1 = :om !y 7 to be made4 ,he knew :]e !y 7 to be plac$4 ,he (t5 saw 8 h&iwork aft]w>ds4 ,8 reputation dep5d$ on x4 ,!re 0 a happ9ess !n 9 do+ x well1 & 9 tak+ 8 "t to x1 t surpasses #agd any idle pleasure away f 8 "w1 z happ9ess always surpasses pleasure4 ,!re 0 ! joy ( ! do+1 & joys we are com+ to appreciate mean ev] s mu* m ?an pleasures4 ,:at we want at ! pres5t "t are m joys & less pleasures4 ,h[ _m m5 & wom5 7 bless$ 9 t "t because !y _h f\nd _! "w4 ,t is ! only real happ9ess 9 life4 ,h[ pr(usely x 0 scatt]$ ov] ! m$iaeval _w4 ,almo/ no?+ t 0 made 0 ( a "* t c\ld be done by m]e r\t9e4 ,a man _h to occupy bo? m9d & body 9 ! mak+ ( ! textiles1 ( ! kit*5 ut5sils1 ( ! furniture1 ( ! v>i\s metal ut5sils requir$ = h\ses1 & s = ne>ly ev]y?+ else4 ,x is ! workman :o has m]e r\t9e "w t has opportunity to ?9k ab\t o!r ?+s & brood ov] 8 lot & gr[ m & m dissatisfi$4 ,x is ! man :o does n h to give 8 m9d to :at he is do+1 b :o :ile 8 body gr[s m & m tir$ accompli%+ a limit$ set ( con/antly repeat$ movem5ts1 may all[ 8 m9d to pond] gloomily ov] 8 condition1 comp>e x ) t ( o!rs & gr[ envi\s1 :o has ! wor/ possible se$s ( discont5t 9 8 occupation4 ,m5 :o did ?is sort ( "w t requir$ active m5tal att5tion1 le>n$ to ?9k = !mselves4 ,:5 !y _h mom5ts ( leisure1 n hav+ newspap]s & sup]ficial %all[ books #age to wa/e _! "t on1 !y did "s ?9k+4 ,any "o :o has _h a little intimate contact ) ! old-fa%ion$ artisans1 ! %oemak]s1 ! h>nessmak]s1 ! cab9etmak]s :o "w at b5*es1 ! woodc>v]s1 m5 :o h real trades1 kn[s h[ (t5 "o f9ds among !m a deep1 s]i\s ?9k] ) reg>d to ! problems ( life ar\nd4 ,!y d n dr9k 9 o!r p's op9ions & !n ?9k t !y are ?9k+1 because !y are able to repeat "s =mulas ( words4 ,su* m5 are n easily l$4 ,!y make good jurym51 !y h logic2 above all1 !y are ?\ghtful4 ,!re mu/ h be5 mu* ( ?is 9 ! old "t among ! h&icraftsm5 ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,x is d\btless to ?is t we owe ! fact t ^! m5 7 gradually organiz$ 9 _m wond]ful ways into ! basic democracy on :i* ! lib]ties ( ! ,engli%-speak+ p ( ! _w are f\nd$4 ,we %all h mu* m to say ( ?is 9 treat+ ( ! wond]ful frat]nal organizations1 ) solutions = ne>ly e problem ( social ne$1 :i* ^! m5 succe$$ 9 work+ out = !mselves 9 times consid]$ to h be5 b5ight$4 ,!re 0 ano!r phase ( ! education ( ^! memb]s ( ! gilds t is ev5 m int]e/+ because x tr5*es p>ticul>ly on ! intellectual side ( life1 ! provision ( ent]ta9m5t & solves an important social problem4 ,?is 0 ! organization ( dramatic #agf p]=mances = ! p 9 :i* ! memb]s ( ! gilds took "p4 ,! /ories ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & ( ! ,new1 & ( ! lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 & ( v>i\s incid5ts connect$ ) ,*ur* hi/ory1 7 work$ up into plays & 7 pres5t$ 9 ! v>i\s cities4 ,we h ! rema9s ( _m cycles ( ^! plays4 ,!y repres5t ! beg9n+s ( our mod]n dramatic lit]ature4 ,!y 7 simple & v naive1 b !y 7 int]e/+ & !y conc]n$ "s ( ! deepe/ & mo/ beautiful ?\ghts ) :i* man has ev] be5 conc]n$4 ,! memb]s ( ! gilds & _! families took "p 9 !m4 ,! pr9cipal sets ( plays 7 giv5 9 ! spr+time at ! v>i\s fe/ivals ( ! ,*ur*1 s frequ5t !n4 ,mo/ ( ! sp>e "t f ,*ri/mas on1 especially ! long h\rs ( ! w9t] ev5+s1 7 occupi$ 9 prep>ations ( v>i\s k9ds = ^! spr+ dramatic p]=mances4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( any?+ m likely to give p innoc5t & joyful yet absorb+ occupations ( m9d ?an ^! prep>ations4 ,"s ( ! "y m5 & wom5 7 *os5 z ! actors & _h to le>n _! p>ts & be rehe>s+ !m4 ,*oruses _h to be tra9$1 co/umes _h to be made1 "s sc5]y _h to be arrang$1 ev]y?+ 0 done by ! memb]s ( ! p>ticul> gild = ea* special portion ( ! cycle ( ! play assign$ to !m4 ,g>m5ts _h actually to be manufactur$ out ( ! wool1 #agg ! dye+ ( !m _h to be manag$1 spangles _h to be made = !m1 !re mu/ h be5 busy occupation ( ! mo/ int]e/+ k9d = _m h&s4 ,( c\rse x is easy to say t ^! naive productions c\ld n h meant v mu* = ! p4 ,any "o :o ?9ks s1 h[ev]1 has _h no exp]i5ce ) private !atricals1 & above all has nev] _h ! opportunity to see h[ mu* !y mean = ! occupation ( "y folks' m9ds & ! keep+ ( !m out ( mis*ief dur+ ! w9t] mon?s :5 !y are mu* indoors4 ,:5 ! ,jesuits f\nd$ _! great s*ools 9 ,europe !y laid x d[n z "o ( ! rules ( ! in/itute to be obs]v$ 9 all _! s*ools1 t plays 9 c]ta9 numb] %\ld be giv5 e ye>1 p>tly = ! sake ( ! educational effect ( su* occupation ) dramatic lit]ature1 b ma9ly because ( ! int]e/ ar\s$ by !m & ! occupation ( m9d = "y folks :i* !y involve4 ,z to h[ mu* !y may mean1 p]haps ! be/ way = ^? ( our day to realize x is to take ! example ( ,ob]amm]gau ) its great ,passion ,play /ill giv54 ,"h we h a typical in/ance ( a ,passion play ( ! old5 "t ma9ta9+ itself4 ,! prep>ations = x occupy ! villag]s 9 _! m\nta9 home n = mon?s only1 b = ye>s be=e x is giv54 ,x repres5ts ! c5tre ( ! village life1 is ! ma9 portion ( its activities4 ,! place ( a #agh family ) reg>d to ! play con/itutes its position 9 ! village ari/ocracy4 ,some?+ ( ?is mu/ h be5 true 9 ! gilds ( ! ,middle ,ages 9 ^! dramatic p]=mances4 ,j z at ,ob]amm]gau ne>ly e "o ( ! villag]s has some?+ to d or is 9 "s way connect$ ) ! prep>ation ( ! play1 s mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ! p>ticul> gilds & probably _! families _h "s connection ) _! plays4 ,! *ildr5 _h _! int]e/ & curiosity ar\s$ & 7 all[$ to help 9 _! measure1 & !n :5 ! glori\s day ( ! p]=mance came1 !re mu/ h be5 joy 9 ! he>ts ( all & rejoic+ ov] its success4 ,?is is ! sort ( occupation ( m9d t we w\ld l to be able to provide = our p 9 ! cities & t[ns1 b circum/ances are su* t we _c4 ,^? :o w\ld ?9k t ^! old ,passion & my/]y plays meant v little = ! p :o did n take "p 9 !m &1 above all1 v little = ! spectators1 9 an educational way1 =get entirely t ?is side ( ! "w ( ! old plays c also be /udi$ at ,ob]amm]gau4 ,?is little t[n ( #a1djj inhabitants occupies itself = ye>s to su* good effect t1 :5 ! p]=mances are giv5 cr[ds flock f all ov] ! _w to witness !m4 ,:5 ,i 0 !re 9 #aijj ,i ?9k t ,i saw ! mo/ cosmopolitan ga!r+ t ,i _h ev] be5 91 ?\gh ,i h be5 to sev]al ,int]national #agi ,m$ical ,congresses4 ,!re 7 ,russians & ,poles1 & ,sc&9avians & ,am]icans & ,au/ralians1 & !re /ay$ 9 ! h\se ) u a little p>ty f ,bu5os ,ayres1 & our seat companions 9 ! tra9 7 ,engli%1 :o _h be5 born 9 ,india1 & !y po9t$ out to u "s ,s\? ,africans :o _h come to see ! ,passion ,play4 ,?is village ( #a1djj inhabitants succe$s 9 produc+ actors :o are capable ( ar\s+ ?us ! int]e/ ( ! _w1 & !y h arti/ic ta/e en\gh to m\nt x well1 & !y manage _! p]=mances 9 ?or\ghly dignifi$ fa%ion1 & yet 9 _m ways !y h ! simplicity &1 above all1 ! de> old simple fai? ( ! m$iaeval p f :om !y come4 ,?is is ! be/ possible evid5ce t we c\ld h ( ! place ( ! old plays 9 ! life ( ! p4 ,we h ano!r =m ( evid5ce t is extremely int]e/+4 ,out ( ^! old my/]y plays1 dramas ( ! ,nativity & ( ! ,passion ) ! introductions & int]ludes to ^! c5tral facts ( creation1 !re develop$ fir/ ! morality plays & !n ! drama ( ! mod]n "t4 ,twice 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 ea* "t q indep5d5t ( ! o!r1 ! drama has orig9at$ anew out ( religi\s c]emonials4 ,9 old ,greece ?is is ! orig9 ( ! drama2 9 ! ,middle ,ages exactly ! same ?+ happ5$4 ,nor 0 ?is orig9 unwor?y 9 any way ( ! great developm5t t came4 ,"s ( ! old #ahj my/]y plays 7 writt5 ) wond]ful dramatic insight & ) a capacity to br+ out dramatic mom5ts t is v admirable4 ,z = ! morality plays we h _h "o ( !m repeat$ to u 9 rec5t ye>s1 ,ev]yman1 & well x has s]v$ to %[ h[ able 0 ! g5ius ( ^! old dramatic writ]s4 ,p ( ! mod]n sordid "t li/5$ = two h\rs enraptur$ & !n w5t away1 pay+ ! tribute ( sil5ce to ?is wond]ful arrangem5t ( ! ideas connect$ ) su* a famili> !me z ! f\r la/ ?+s to be rememb]$--dea?1 judgm5t1 heav5 & hell4 ,f9e z is ,ev]yman1 !re are "s critics :o ?9k ! ,ca/le ( ,p]sev]ance1 writt5 ab\t ! same "t1 ! latt] "p ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 an ev5 great] play4 ,! mo/ important feature ( ?is "w 9 dramatics ( ! old gilds 0 n ! ent]ta9m5t1 ?\gh ) :at we "k ( h[ l[ ent]ta9m5t c s9k & h[ mu* x c mean = degradation1 surely t w\ld be suffici5t1 b ! fact t all ( ! workm5 & _! families 9 ! t[ns 7 occupi$ ) ! high ?\ghts & ! beautiful phrases & ! uplift+ motives & ! deep significance ( ! ,bible /ories4 ,^! are s simple t no "o c\ld fail to und]/&4 ,!y are writt5 s close to ! he>t ( human nature t ev5 ! simple/ *ild c appreciate _! mean+4 ,!y are full ( ! mo/ preci\s lessons1 yet )\t #aha any ( t moraliz+ t is (t5 s /]ile & s *>act]i/ic ( :at we call m]e prea*+4 ,all ! t[nspeople 7 occupi$ = mon?s be=eh& ) ^! /ories4 ,!y got ev] clos] & clos] to ! he>t ( ! my/]y 9 !m4 ,!y got clos] ?us to ! he>t ( ! my/]y ( life4 ,!y 7 made to feel ! pres5ce ( ! ,creator & ( ,provid5ce :ile occupy+ !mselves ) ?\ghts t are ! ess5ce ( deepe/ poetry4 ,:at w\ld "o n give to be able to occupy a great numb] ( p1 = _m h\rs e w9t]1 ) su* ?\ghts1 n alone = _! moral effect b _! real educational value4 ,!y did n add useless in=mation to useless in=mation1 b !y did br+ developm5t ( m9d &1 above all1 he>t4 ,9 my book ,! ,?irte5? ! ,greate/ ( ,c5turies1 ,footnote #ad ,i tell ! /ory ( h[ ! v>i\s trades gilds 9 ! t[ns divid$ ^! phases ( ! my/]y plays among !mselves4 ,e "o _h an opportunity to d some?+4 ,!y 7 ! tann]s & ! pla/]]s1 ! c>dmak]s & ! full]s1 ! coop]s1 ! armor]s1 ! gaunt]s & glov]s1 ! %ipwrights1 ! pessn]s1 fi%mong]s & m>9]s1 ! p>*m5t-mak]s & bookb9d]s1 ! hosi]s1 ! spic]s1 ! pewt]]s & f\nd]s1 ! tyl]s & smi?s1 ! *&l]s1 ! orfev]s1 ! goldsmi?s1 ! goldbeat]s1 ! money-mak]s1 & !n _m o!r trades ^: names s\nd curi\s to u ( #ahb ! mod]n "t4 ,! b[y]s or mak]s ( b[s2 ! flet*]s or arr[ fea!r]s2 ! hay-re/]s or work]s 9 horsehair1 ! b[l]s or b[lmak]s1 ! fey/\rs1 mak]s ( saddle-trees2 ! v]r\rs1 glaci]s2 ! dubb]s1 refurbi%]s ( clo!s2 ! lumn9]s or illum9ators1 ! scriv5]s or public writ]s2 ! drap]s1 ! m]c]s2 ! lorym]s or bridle-mak]s2 ! spurri]s1 mak]s ( spurs2 ! cordwan]s2 ! bladesmi?s2 ! curri]s2 ! scal]s1 & _m o!rs1 all _h _! *ances to take "p 9 ^! old plays4 ,footnote #ad3 ,ca?olic ,summ] ,s*ool ,press1 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,!y 7 n be+ ent]ta9$1 b 7 !mselves active ag5ts 9 ! do+ ( ?+s = !mselves & = o!rs4 ,?is is :at br+s real cont5tm5t ) x4 ,sup]ficial ent]ta9m5t t occupies ! surface ( ! m9d = ! mom5t means v little = real recreation ( m9d4 ,:at m5 ne$ is to h some?+ t makes !m ?9k along l9es diff]5t to ^? 9 :i* !y are engag$ 9 _! daily "w4 ,?is gives real re/4 ,! blood gets away f p>ts ( ! bra9 :]e x has be5 all day1 fl[s to new p>ts1 & recreation is ! result4 ,su* ent]ta9m5t1 h[ev]1 mu/ occupy ! v c5tre ( int]e/ = ! mom5t & n be some?+ se5 9 pass+ & !n =gott54 ,! mod]n psy*o!rapeuti/ w\ld say1 t no bett] amusem5t ?an ?is c\ld possibly be obta9$ s9ce x br\ght real div]sion ( m9d4 ,above all1 we ( ! mod]n "t :o "k h[ vici\s1 h[ immoral 9 its t5d5cies1 h[ #ahc sugge/ive ( all t is evil1 h[ famili>iz+ ) :at is wor/ 9 m5 until famili>ity begets contempt1 comm]cial ent]ta9m5t 9 ! %ape ( dramatics1 s-call$ at lea/1 may be1 _c help b admire & envy & w\ld emulate1 if we c\ld1 ?is f9e solution ( a v press+ social problem t ! gilds f\nd 9 an educational feature t is ( surpass+ value4 ,!re are ?ree po/-graduate c\rses 9 mod]n life t are q beyond ! control ( our educational au?orities1 ?\gh we talk mu* ( our int]e/ & our accompli%m5ts 9 education4 ,^! ?ree h m influ5ce ov] ! p ?an all ( our popul> education4 ,!y are ! newspap]1 ! libr>y & ! !atre4 ,"s ( u :o "k :at ! libr>y is do+ are n at all satisfi$ ) x4 ,we are sp5d+ an imm5se am\nt ( money ma9ly to furni% ! *eape/ k9d ( m]e sup]ficial amusem5t to ! p ( our cities4 ,9 s do+ we are probably hurt+ _! p[] ( conc5tration ( m9d in/ead ( help+ x1 & x is ?is conc5tration ( m9d t is ! be/ fruit ( education4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 ano!r /ory4 ,( ! newspap]1 z we n[ h x1 ! less said ! bett]4 ,x is br++ our "y p p>ticul>ly into intimate contact ) _m ( ! vici\s & brutaliz+ ?+s ( life1 ! sex crimes1 brutal murd]s & prize-fights1 s t uplift & ref9em5t almo/ become impossible4 ,z = ! !atre1 no "o n[ ?9ks ( x z #ahd educationally valuable4 ,our plays are su* sup]ficial pres5tations ( ! life ar\nd u t once !y h _h _! run no "o ?9ks ( reviv+ !m4 ,?is is ! bett] side ( ! !atre4 ,! wor/ side is absolutely 9 ! h&s ( ! p[]s ( evil & is confess$ly gr[+ worse all ! "t4 ,besides ^! indirect educational features ! gilds enc\rag$ c]ta9 =mal educational in/itutions t are ( great int]e/1 & t h be5 misund]/ood = sev]al c5turies until rec5t ye>s4 ,9 _m places !y ma9ta9$ gramm> s*ools & ^! gramm> s*ools 7 em95tly successful 9 help+ to make s*ol>s ( su* ( ! sons ( ! memb]s ( ! gilds z want$ to lift !mselves above _! trades into ! intellectual life4 ,we "k m ab\t ! gramm> s*ool at ,/rat=d-on-,avon ?an ( any ( ! o!rs4 ,! reason = ?is is t we h be5 int]e/$ 9 ! antiquities ( ,%akespe>e's t[n & ! conditions :i* obta9$ 9 x1 be=e z well z dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,! ,gild ( ! ,holy ,cross ( ,/rat=d ma9ta9$ a gramm> s*ool 9 :i* _m pupils 7 educat$4 ,t ?is 0 n a s+ul> feature ( gild "w is evid5t f :at we "k ( _m o!r gilds4 ,^! gild s*ools 7 suppress$ 9 ! re=mation "t & !n lat] _h to be replac$ by ! s-call$ ,edw>d ,,vi gramm> s*ools1 9 "o ( :i* x is usually said t ,%akespe>e 0 educat$4 ,z ! ,engli% #ahe hi/orian ,gairdn] decl>$ n long s9ce 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,pre-,re=mation ,times 9 ,engl&1 ,edw>d has obta9$ a reputation = f\ndations 9 *>ity & 9 education t he by no means des]v$4 ,! s*ools f\nd$ by him p>ticul>ly 7 no?+ m ?an re-e/abli%m5ts ( popul> s*ools ( ! old5 "t ^: end[m5t _h be5 confiscat$4 ,! new f\ndations 7 make%ifts to appease popul> clamor4 ,! old gilds did n believe 9 devot+ all ! e>ly ye>s ( *ildr5 to m]e book-le>n+4 ,"s few ) special aptitudes = ?is 7 provid$ ) opportunities4 ,! re/ 7 educat$ 9 v>i\s ways at home until _! appr5tice%ip to a trade began1 & !n _! real education comm5c$4 ,our own exp]i5ce ) education 9 ! e>ly ye>s f six to eight or n9e is n p>ticul>ly favorable4 ,*ildr5 :o ent] s*ool a little lat] ?an ! legal age graduate soon] & ) ev5 high] m>ks ?an ^? :o beg9 at ! age ( six4 ,?is has be5 %[n by /ati/ics 9 ,engl& 9 _m cities4 ,:at is le>n$ ) s mu* fuss & worry & bo!r = ! *ildr5 & ! tea*]s f six to eight1 is rapidly pick$ up 9 a few mon?s at ! age ( eight or n9e1 & !n is bett] assimilat$4 ,! gramm> s*ools ( ! gilds took ! *ildr5 ab\t ! age ( n9e or t5 & !n gave !m education 9 lett]s4 ,t education1 by ! way1 began at six 9 ! morn+ &1 #ahf ) two h\rs ( int]vals1 cont9u$ until f\r 9 ! aft]noon4 ,!y believ$ 9 ! eight-h\r day = *ildr51 b !y began x good & e>ly s t artificial light might n con/itute a problem4 ,! be/ s*ool+1 h[ev]1 af=d$ by ! gilds1 aft] t 9 self-help ( c\rse1 0 t 9 mutual aid4 ,we are e/abli%+ s*ools ( philan?ropy 9 ! mod]n "t & we talk mu* ab\t ! organization ( *>ity & o!r phases ( mutual aid4 ,9 ?is z 9 ev]y?+ else we map out1 z ,george ,eliot once said1 our ignorance ( ?+s1 or at lea/ our grop+s aft] solutions ( problems1 9 long ,greek names1 :i* (t5 s]ve to produce ! idea t we "k ev] s mu* m ab\t ^! subjects ?an we really d4 ,! tra9+ 9 bro!rly love & helpfulness 9 ! old gilds 0 a f9e s*ool4 ,^? :o ?9k t x is only n[ t ideas ( mutuality 9 %>+ responsibilities1 ( co-op]ation & co-ord9ation ( ef=t = ! b5efit ( all1 ( community int]e/s1 are new1 %\ld /udy ,t\lm9 ,smi?'s "w on ! gilds1 or read ,br5tano on ! =eign gilds4 ,!re is n a phase ( our organization ( *>ity 9 ! mod]n "t t 0 n well anticipat$ by ! memb]s ( ! gilds1 & t1 too1 9 ways su* z we _c ev5 hope to rival unless we *ange ! basis on :i* our helpfulness is f\nd$4 ,!irs 0 n a /oop+ d[n ( suppos$ bett]1 or s-call$ upp] classes1 to help ! l[]1 #ahg b organization among ! p to help !mselves s t !re 0 9 no s5se a paup]ization4 ,e phase ( human ne$ 0 look$ to4 ,we are j beg9n+ to realize our obligations to c>e = ! old1 & ! la/ tw5ty ye>s has se5 v>i\s ef=ts on ! "p ( gov]nm5ts to provide old-age p5sions4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages accord+ to ! laws ( ! gilds ! man :o _h paid 8 dues = sev5 ye>s w\ld !n draw a weekly p5sion equal to some?+ m ?an five doll>s n[1 = all ! re/ ( 8 life if he 7 disabl$ by injury1 or _h become incapacitat$ f old age or illness4 ,!n !re 7 gilds to provide insurance aga9/ loss by fire1 loss by robb]y on l& & also on sea1 loss by %ipwreck1 loss ev5 by imprisonm5t & all o!r phases ( human ne$s4 ,if ! workman 7 injur$ 8 family nurs$ him dur+ ! day b a bro!r memb] ( ! gild1 z we h said1 0 s5t to c>e = him at night1 & a good portion ( 8 wages w5t on1 paid to him out ( ! gild *e/4 ,if he di$ 8 wid[ & orphans 7 c>$ = by a special p5sion4 ,! wid[ did n h to break up ! family & s5d ! *ildr5 to orphan asylums4 ,!re 7 practically no orphan asylums4 ,! gilds c>$ = ! *ildr5 ( dead memb]s4 ,z ! boys grew up special att5tion 0 giv5 !m s z to provide a trade = !m1 & !y 7 giv5 e>li] opportunities ?an o!rs to get on 9 life4 #ahh ,! orphans 7 ! favorite *ildr5 ( ! gilds1 & in/ead ( a *ild be+ h&icapp$ by ! loss ( 8 p>5ts :5 he 0 "y1 x sometimes happ5$ t he got bett] opportunities ?an if 8 p>5ts liv$4 ,^! gilds provid$ opportunities = social ent]ta9m5t & fri5dly int]c\rse & = su* acqua9tance%ip z w\ld af=d mutual pleasure & give opportunities = ! meet+ ( ! "y folks1--sons & daught]s ( ! memb]s ( ! gild4 ,!y _h _! ye>ly b5efit at :i* ! wives ( ! memb]s & _! swee!>ts 7 suppos$ by rule to come1 & !n !y _h o!r meet+s & social ga!r+s--picnics 9 ! c\ntry 9 ! summ]1 dances 9 ! w9t] "t & all 9 a circle :]e e "o knew e "o else1 & all w5t well4 ,^! are "s social features ( ^! gilds educational 9 ! highe/ s5se t we c well envy 9 ! mod]n "t1 :5 we f9d x s difficult to secure innoc5t1 happy pleasures = "y p t w n leave a bad ta/e 9 ! m\? aft]w>ds4 ,:5 a memb] ( ! gild di$ 8 bro!r memb]s att5d$ ! ,mass :i* 0 said = him & gave a c]ta9 am\nt 9 *>ity t 0 meant to be appli$ = 8 b5efit4 ,! :ole outlook on life 0 em95tly bro!rly4 ,!re has nev] be5 su* a tea*+ ( true frat]nity1 ( ! bro!rhood ( man1 ( ! necessity = mutual aid & !n ( su* practice ( x z makes x easy1 z among ^! old gilds4 #ahi ,! f9e/ result ( ?is tea*+ is to be se5 9 ! democratic _s t gradually arose z a consequ5ce ( ^! gilds & _! tea*+ ( self-gov]nm5t 9 all local affairs to ! p4 ,! gilds 7 arrang$ & organiz$ 9 ! v>i\s p>i%es4 ,^! p>i%es 7 indep5d5t communities = local affairs :o _h *>ge ( ! police sy/em1 ! heal?1 ! road-mak+1 ! pa?-keep+1 ! b\nd>y-gu>d+ &1 9 g5]al1 ! com=t & conv5i5ce ( ! community4 ,! gildsm51 m ?an any o!rs1 7 ! factors 9 ^! p>i%es4 ,!y accumulat$ money = ! v>i\s purposes & _h great influ5ce 9 ! developm5t ( ! community life & ! solution ( local gov]nm5t problems4 ,x w\ld be v easy to ?9k t ! gilds c\ld n h fulfill$ all ^! duties & subs]v$ all ^! ne$s4 ,if we recall1 h[ev]1 t !re 7 #hj1jjj gilds 9 ,engl& at ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 :5 !re 7 n m ?an #d1jjj1jjj ( p 9 ! :ole c\ntry1 !n we c see h[ mu* c\ld be accompli%$4 ,alas1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! next c5tury all _! moneys 7 confiscat$1 & because !y 7 ,*ur* societies1 e "o ( !m requir+ att5dance at ,*ur* duties & at ,mass1 z well z at ! ,masses = ! dead1 b1 above all1 = ! crime ( hav+ money 9 _! treasuries at a "t :5 ! ,k+ ne$$ money & 8 appetite _h be5 :ett$ by ! spoil ( ! #aij mona/]ies & ! *ur*es1 ! gilds 7 oblit]at$4 ,only a few ( !m 9 ,london t _h p[]ful protectors & t escap$ on ! plea t !y 7 comm]cial organizations & n religi\s societies1 7 able to pres]ve some?+ ( _! old-"t integrity4 ,^! are n[ s ri* t !y are ! wond] ( ^? :o "k !m4 ,!y give u a good idea1 h[ev]1 ( ! deep f\ndations t _h be5 e/abli%$ out ( ! common *e/ 9 ! pur*ase ( prop]ty = ^! gilds4 ,9 solv+ ! problems ( indu/rial insurance1 ( provid+ = ! wid[s & ! orphans1 ( secur+ annuities :5 !y w\ld be ne$$1 ^! gilds set u an example t x w\ld be well = u to foll[4 ,! insurance money 0 n accumulat$ 9 su* huge sums t x w\ld be a con/ant temptation = exploitation on ! "p ( (ficials4 ,x 0 di/ribut$ 9 comp>atively small sums 9 _m ?\s&s ( treasuries1 & 0 "u ! surveillance ( ^? mo/ int]e/$ 9 x4 ,! old-age p5sions 7 n gov]nm5tal1 issu$ 9 l>ge numb]s & op5 to inevitable abuses1 b 7 giv5 by ^? :o knew1 to ^? ^: necessities 7 well kn[n4 ,no wond] t we f9d democratic gov]nm5t develop+ co-ord9ately ) ^! gilds4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5tury ,magna ,*>ta 0 sign$4 ,ab\t ! middle ( x ! fir/ ,engli% ,p>liam5t met1 be=e ! end ( x ! prop] repres5tation ( ! cities & #aia t[ns :i* 7 ma9ly controll$ by ! gilds 0 secur$ & dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( x ! ,engli% ,common ,law came into effect s z to secure ! rights ( all4 ,bracton's great ,dige/ ( ! ,engli% ,common ,law 0 writt5 ab\t #abhj1 & x is /ill ! great s\rcebook ( ! pr9ciples ( law 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries4 ,9 _m ( ! ,/ates ( our ,union ! ,supreme ,c\rts /ill make _! decisions on ! basis ( ! ,engli% ,common ,law1 & until a decade or two ago all ( !m did4 ,! p's rights 7 secur$ by ! education ( ! p & ! prop]ty laws & ^? = ! gu>dian%ip ( ! p]son & = ! prev5tion ( autocratic int]f]5ce ) lib]ty 7 all ( !m put into effect z a consequ5ce ( ?is education 9 democracy4 ,?is1 !n1 0 surely an ideal tea*+ ( ! masses1 a tea*+ ( ! arts & crafts1 a tea*+ ( mutual aid1 a tea*+ ( true frat]nity1 a tea*+ ( book-le>n+ :5ev] t 0 consid]$ necess>y or advisable1 a tea*+ ( ! rights ( man & a wond]ful developm5t ( laws z a consequ5ce1 & all ( ?is accompli%$ n by ! upp] classes1 /oop+ to lift ! l[] classes1 b out ( ! consci\s developm5t ( ! l[] classes !mselves1 s t !re came a true evolution & n m]ely a sup]ficial influ5ce f )\t4 ,if we want to "k h[ to tea* ! masses & to help !m to cont5tm5t1 happ9ess1 occupation ( m9d1 #aib uplift+ ent]ta9m5t1 *e]ful amusem5t &1 above all1 to consci\s democratic gov]nm5t1 "h is ! model ( x z x c be f\nd n[h]e else4 ,i comm5d x to ^? :o are tea*+ & :o1 realiz+ ! failure ( our mod]n education 9 _m ways1 are look+ ab\t = ! rem$ies t w help to make our popul> education m effici5t4 ,! s\l ( ?is ideal education ( ! masses 0 ! tra9+ ( "*4 ,!y _h no illusions t ! m]e imp>t+ ( in=mation w\ld make p bett] nor t ! kn[+ ( _m ?+s w\ld make !m m desirable citiz5s4 ,probably !y did n consci\sly reason mu* ab\t ^! subjects1 b _! in/9cts l$ !m /raight4 ,mr4 ,edw>d ,o4 ,sisson1 writ+ 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,july1 #aiaj1 says t ! f9al "q reg>d+ education is :e!r x avails to produce ! type ( "* requir$ by ! republic 7nation7 & ! race4 ,to accompli% ?is we ne$ to fit our practice to ,h]b>t's great =mula t1 ! *ief bus9ess ( education is ! e?ical revelation ( ! univ]se4 ,take any "p ( ?is sy/em ( education t ,i h call$ ! ideal education ( ! masses & try x by t /&>d & see h[ high its m>k w be4 ,_! h&iwork is ma9ly an act ( devotion to ! ,god ( ! univ]se & its products are ! mo/ beautiful gifts t ev] 7 (f]$ to him4 ,ca!dral /onework1 glass-"w1 ironwork1 beautiful sacr$ vessels1 h&some/ #aic ve/m5ts ev] made1 ne$lework1 lacework1 ! beautiful sett+ ( ! ca!dral2 :at an act ( wor%ip x all 06 ,:5 x 0 f9i%$1 x belong$ to no class b to ! :ole p4 ,x 0 !irs to be pr\d ( & to wor%ip 94 ,_! v amusem5ts 7 (t5 acts ( wor%ip4 ,_! plays conc]n$ ! revelations ( ,god to man1 = !y 7 all f\nd$ on ! ,bible1 & ev5 = ^? :o may n accept ^? revelations z div9e ! fact t ! m5 & wom51 ! masses1 ! h&workm5 & ! little trad]s1 7 = _m mon?s 9 ea* ye> engag$ ) ! high e?ical ?\ghts t con/itute ! greate/ contribution to ! e?ical revelation ( ! univ]se t we h 9 lit]ature1 mu/ ( itself be an em95tly satisfy+ feature ( ?is old-"t education4 ,z reg>ds ! ,creator1 ^! p 7 con/antly made famili> ) ,him1 ,8 works & ways4 ,_! holidays 7 holy-days4 ,!y 7 anniv]s>ies 9 ! life ( ! ,god-,man or ,8 *os5 s]vants4 ,! m5 & wom5 :om !y celebrat$ on ^? days 7 *os5 *>act]s :o _h devot$ !mselves unselfi%ly to o!rs1 s t ! aft]-"t hail$ !m z sa9ts because ( _! =getfulness ( self4 ,we "k :at ?is con/antly recurr+ rem9d] ( ! lives ( great m5 & wom5 may be1 & !n we mu/ n =get t on ^! days 9 _! great ca!dral !y he>d ! /ory ( ! life ( ! sa9t ( ! day1 & (t5 a disc\rse on ! qualities t #aid /amp$ him or h] z wor?y ( admiration4 ,let u rememb]1 above all1 t !re 7 z _m wom5 sa9ts z m51 & t ^! 7 held up = ! admiration & emulation ( gr[+ y\?4 ,?is 0 e?ical tra9+ at e turn 9 life4 ,above all1 !re 0 con/ant tra9+ 9 t ?\ghtfulness = o!rs t means s mu* 9 any true sy/em ( education4 ,:5 memb]s ( ! gilds fell ill1 _! families nurs$ !m dur+ ! day1 b memb]s ( ! gilds *os5 = t purpose nurs$ !m at night4 ,x 0 felt t ! family did q en\gh n to exhau/ itself by night wat*+4 ,:5 bro!r memb]s ( ! gild di$ _! fell[s att5d$ _! fun]al 9 a body1 &1 above all1 took "p 9 ! ,mass = _! s\ls4 ,p :o d n und]/& ! ,ca?olic idea ( ,mass = ! dead w n appreciate ?is 9 ! way t ,ca?olics d1 b at lea/ !y w und]/& ! bro!rl9ess ( ! act & ! beautiful purpose t prompt$ s _m to ga!r1 9 ord] t ev5 aft] dea? !y might d :atev] !y c\ld = ?is dep>t$ bro!r4 ,besides ! dea? ( a bro!r gildsman 0 ! signal = ! giv+ ( alms because ! m]it ( ^! alms1 x 0 felt1 c\ld be transf]r$ to 8 acc\nt1 & s ! bond ( frat]nity cont9u$ ev5 9 ! life beyond4 ,! e?ical effect ( all ?is on ! m9ds ( p :o s9c]ely believ$ c sc>cely be exagg]at$4 ,"h is a tra9+ ( ! w & #aie ( "*1 & a tea*+ ( ! relation%ip ( man to man & ( man to ! ,creator c>ri$ out into all ! smalle/ details ( life4 ,above all1 ^! g5]ations _h a tra9+ 9 p]sonal s]vice = "o ano!r4 ,e "o ex]cis$ *>ity4 ,x 0 n a few ( ! v weal?y :o practis$ philan?ropy4 ,!y _h safegu>ds :i*1 z f> z is possible1 prev5t$ abuse ( ?is *>ity4 ,! alms1 = in/ance1 t 0 giv5 on ! occasion ( a bro!r's fun]al 0 n di/ribut$ hit or miss & all at "o "t1 b memb]s ( ! gild b\ght f ! treasur] tok5s :i* might be r$eem$ 9 bread & meat or 9 ca/-(f clo?+ or 9 "s o!r way4 ,^! 7 di/ribut$ to ! poor z !y seem$ to ne$ !m4 ,if y met a poor man :o seem$ really 9 want y c\ld give him "o or m ( ^! tok5s & !n be sure t :ile he w\ld get :atev] 0 necess>y to supply 8 absolute ne$s1 he w\ld n be able to abuse *>ity4 ,9 our "t we con/antly h /ories ( l>ge accumulations on ! "p ( /reet begg>s :o own valuable prop]ty & h acc\nts 9 sav+s banks & ! l4 ,!re 0 no possibility ( ?is "u ! m$iaeval sy/em & yet *>ity 0 widely ex]cis$1 e "o took "s "p 9 x1 & !re 0 t tra9+1 n only 9 effective pity = affliction1 b also 9 helpfulness = o!rs1 :i* means s mu* m ?an ! ex]cise ( occasional *>ity1 because1 = ! mom5t1 "o is t\*$ by ! #aif sight ( suff]+ or has remorse because "o feels t "o has be5 indulg+ "o's self & wants ! preci\s satisfaction t w come f a little mak+ up = luxuri\s extravagance4 ,9 our "t1 :5 we h gradually exclud$ moral tea*+ & tra9+ almo/ entirely f our s*ools & our me?ods ( education1 ?is phase ( ! ideal education ( ! masses is p>ticul>ly int]e/+4 ,milton decl>$ t ! ma9 skill & gr\ndwork ( education w be to temp] ! pupils ) su* lectures & explanations z w draw !m into will+ ob$i5ce1 inflam$ ) ! /udy ( le>n+ & ! admiration ( virtue1 /irr$ up ) high hopes ( liv+ to be brave m5 & wor?y patriots4 ,_! great /one-books1 ! ca!drals1 :]e all :o came c\ld read ! life ( ! ,"l1 ! frequ5t rem9d]s ( ! lives ( ! sa9ts1 do]s among m5 :o =got !mselves & ?\ght ( o!rs1 ! frat]nal obligations ( ! gilds & _! int]c\rse ) ea* o!r1 all ^! con/itut$ ! ess5ce ( an education z ne>ly l t dem&$ by ,milton z c well be imag9$4 ,x seems f>-fet*$ to g back five1 six1 ev5 sev5 c5turies to f9d su* ideals 9 practice1 b ! educator :o is s]i\s & c&id ) himself w f9d x easy to discov] ! elem5ts ( a wond]ful intellectual &1 above all1 moral tra9+ ( ! p1 t is ! :ole p f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 9 ^! e>ly days4 #aig ,,cycles ,,( ,,fem99e ,,education ,,& ,,influ5ce #aih ,& if ,i am "r no?+ c be m fooli% ?an our mod]n fa%ion ( tra9+ m5 & wom5 diff]5tly1 :]eby "o-half ( ! p[] ( ! city is lo/4 ,= reflect--if wom5 are n to h ! education ( m5 "s o!r mu/ be f\nd = !m1 & :at o!r c we propose8 --,plato1 ,laws 7,j[ett71 p4 #hb4 ,scribn]1 #aijb4 #aii ,,cycles ,,( ,,fem99e ,,education ,,& ,,influ5ce ,footnote #ae ,footnote #ae3 ,! mat]ial = ?is 0 ga!r$ = a lecture on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education deliv]$ = ! ,academy ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t1 ,k5wood1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,/4 ,joseph's ,college1 ,*e/nut ,hill1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,v ne>ly 9 its pres5t =m ! address 0 deliv]$ be=e ! ,league = ! ,civic ,education ( ,wom51 at ! ,colony ,club1 ,new ,york ,city1 9 ! w9t] ( #aiaj4 ,no?+ is common] ?an to suppose t :at we are do+ at ! pres5t day is an improvem5t ov] :atev] !y 7 do+ at any "t 9 ! pa/ 9 ! same l9e4 ,we 7 r pr\d dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury to talk ( t c5tury z ! c5tury ( evolution4 ,evolution>y t]ms ( all k9ds f\nd _! way ev5 into ev]yday spee* & a v g5]al impression 0 produc$ t we are 9 ! mid/ ( progress s rapid & un]r+1 t ev5 f decade to decade x is possible to trace ! wond]ful advance t man is mak+4 ,we look back on ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury z q hopelessly backw>d4 ,!y _h no railroads1 no /reet-c> l9es1 no public /reet light+1 no modes ( heat+ build+s t gave any com=t 9 ! cold wea!r1 no elevators1 & :5 we comp>e our pres5t com=table condition ) ! discom=ts ( t n s di/ant p]iod1 we feel h[ mu* evolution has done = u1 & inevitably #bjj conclude t j z mu* progress z has be5 made 9 transportation & 9 com=t1 has also be5 made 9 ! ?+s ( ! m9d1 &1 above all1 9 education1 s t1 :ile ! mill5nium is n yet "h1 x _c surely be f> (f2 & m5 are atta9+ at la/1 ) giant /rides1 ! great purpose t runs ?r\gh ! ages4 ,probably 9 no?+ is ! assumption t we are do+ some?+ f> beyond :at 0 ev] accompli%$ be=e1 m emphatically express$ ?an 9 ! ord9>y op9ions z to :at is be+ done by & = wom5 9 our g5]ation4 ,we h come to ?9k t at la/ 9 ! c\rse ( evolution woman is beg9n+ to come into some?+ ( h] rights1 %e is at la/ gett+ h] opportunity = ! high] education & = pr(essional education s f> z %e wants x1 & z a consequ5ce is secur+ t influ5ce :i*1 z ! equal ( man1 %e %\ld h 9 ! _w4 ,n[ !re is j "o ?+ ) reg>d to ?is v g5]al impression :i* des]ves to be call$ p>ticul>ly to att5tion4 ,?is is n ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 nor ! fir/ by _m times1 t woman has _h ! opportunity = ! high] education & has tak5 x v well4 ,nei!r is x ! fir/ "t t %e has insi/$ on hav+ an influ5ce 9 public affairs1 b on ! contr>y1 we c readily f9d a v curi\s s]ies ( cycles ( fem99e education & ( ! ex]cise ( public influ5ce by wom51 ) int]vals ( almo/ negative phases 9 ^! matt]s t #bja are r difficult to expla94 ,let u be=e try+ to und]/& :at ! fem9i/ic movem5t means 9 our own "t &1 above all1 be=e try+ to sum up its ultimate significance = ! race1 /udy "s ( ! correspond+ movem5ts 9 =m] times4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ phase ( ! woman movem5t 9 hi/ory is t :i* occurr$ at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,because x is typical ( ! phases ( ! fem9i/ic movem5t at all times1 & !n1 too1 because x is clos] to u & ! records ( x are m complete1 x w be extremely int]e/+ to foll[ out "s ( ! details ( x4 ,x may be necess>y = t to make a little excursion into ! hi/ory ( ! p]iod4 ,dur+ ! e>ly fifte5? c5tury ! ,turks 7 bo!r+ ,con/ant9ople s mu*1 t ,greek s*ol>s1 r5d]$ uncom=table at home1 began mak+ _! way ov] into ,italy r frequ5tly1 br++ ) !m preci\s manuscripts & rema9s ( old ,greek art4 ,besides comm]ce ar\s$ by ! ,crusades 0 mak+ ! int]c\rse betwe5 ,ea/ & ,we/ mu* m intimate ?an x _h be5 &1 z a result1 a ta/e = ,greek lett]s & art 0 beg9n+ to be felt 9 c]ta9 portions ( ,italy4 ,:5 ,con/ant9ople fell1 ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 ! pre/ige ( ! old capital ( ! ,greek empire 0 lo/1 & s*ol>s ab&on$ x = ,italy 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,?is is ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,! rebir? t ! ^w #bjb signifies1 is n a rebir? ( art & ar*itecture & lit]ature into ! mod]n _w1 z if !re _h be5 no?+ be=e1 = ,go?ic art & ar*itecture & lit]ature is q z wond]ful1 if n m s1 ?an any?+ t came aft]1 & !re are good au?orities :o insi/ t ! ,r5aissance hurt1 r ?an help$1 ,europe4 ,! ,r5aissance 0 a rebir? ( ,greek ideas & ideals 9 ae/hetics into ! ,european _w1 & :ile we may n agree ) ,sir ,h5ry ,ma9e t :atev] lives & moves 9 ! intellectual _w is ,greek 9 orig91 !re is no d\bt t ,greek c be ! s\rce ( mo/ wond]ful inc5tive & su* x prov$ to be dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,m5 & wom5 began to /udy ,greek & !y paid mu* m att5tion z a consequ5ce to ! ,lat9 classics modell$ on ! ,greek1 & s ! ,new ,le>n+1 ! s-call$ humanities1 became ! c5tre ( intellectual int]e/4 ,!y 7 /udi$ fir/ 9 private s*ools1 b be=e long a place = ^! new /udies 0 dem&$ 9 ! curriculum ( ! univ]sities4 ,! univ]sities1 h[ev]1 7 occupi$ ) ! s-call$ sev5 lib]al arts1 :i* 7 really sci5tific /udies4 ,!re 0 geometry1 a/ronomy1 music1 gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic & metaphysics1 ) consid]able e?ics & political sci5ce1 s t !y resembl$ 9 _m ways our mod]n univ]sities z !y h be5 trans=m$ s9ce ! re-introduction ( sci5tific /udies into !m4 #bjc ,! univ]sity faculties 7 cont5t & cons]vative aft] ! fa%ion ( univ]sities ev]1 & !y q naturally refus$ to ent]ta9 ! notion ( su* a radical *ange z ! introduction ( classical /udies into ! curriculum4 ,?is is j exactly :at ! classical univ]sities ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury did :5 !y 7 ask$ by sci5tific en?usia/s to re-introduce sci5tific /udies into ! curriculum1 :i* 9 ! c\rse ( #hjj ye>s _h come to be made up almo/ exclusively ( classical /udies4 ,9 ?is curi\s way does hi/ory repeat itself4 ,unable to obta9 a place = ! /udies 9 humanism 9 ! univ]sities1 rul+ pr9ces & weal?y memb]s ( ! nobility proce$$ to f\nd special s*ools = ^! subjects4 ,9 ^! s*ools )\t ! traditions ( ! pa/1 ! wom5 ask$ & obta9$ ! privilege ( /udy+4 ,!re _h come a notewor?y *ange 9 intellectual int]e/1 a novelty 0 introduc$ into education4 ,:5ev] t happ5s woman always asks & always obta9s ! privilege ( ! high] education4 ,dur+ ! ,r5aissance p]iod %e proce$$ to %[ h] intellectual p[]4 ,_m ( ! wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance became di/+ui%$ = s*ol>%ip4 ,p]haps "o ?+ %\ld be not$ ) reg>d to t4 ,_! reputation = s*ol>%ip 0 l>gely conf9$ to _! y\ng] ye>s4 ,!y 7 m precoci\s1 or appli$ !mselves bett] to _! /udies1 & accord+ly knew m ( ! classics #bjd at tw5ty ?an _! male relatives :o _h ! same opportunities4 ,inde$ we he> ( !m z brilliant s*ol>s at sixte5 & sev5te5 & eighte54 ,!y took "p 9 ,lat9 plays t 7 brilliantly p]=m$ be=e ! nobility1 high] ecclesia/ics1 c>d9als & ev5 ! ,popes4 ,!y 7 brilliant 9 music1 9 ! languages & 9 _! ta/e = art4 ,lat] on 9 life we d n he> s mu* ( !m4 ,!y evid5tly 7 ready to leave ! s]i\s "w ( s*ol>%ip to ! m5 & cont5t !mselves ) be+ enlight5$ patrons ( lit]ature1 b5efic5t advocates ( ! arts1 lib]al cu/om]s ( ! arti/ic g5iuses ( ! "t4 ,above all1 we f9d no great orig9al works f !m4 ,!y are *>m+ appreciators b n good inv5tors--at ?is "t1 ( c\rse4 ,:ile !y d n occupy !mselves ) dry-z-du/ s*ol>%ip1 !re is no d\bt at all t mu* ( ! glory ( ! ,r5aissance1 ) its great revivals 9 art & lett]s1 is due to ! wom5 ( ! "t4 ,x 0 !y :o insi/$ on ! build+ ( ! t[n h\ses1 f9ely decorat$ & ) *>m+ objects ( art 9 !m4 ,x 0 = !m t ! arti/s ( ! "t made _m beautiful ?+s4 ,!y 7 v (t5 ! patrons :o enabl$ *ur*es to obta9 f arti/s ! wond]ful pa9t+s ( ! "t4 ,! sculptors made = !m _m *>m+ pieces ( bric-a-brac4 ,! arti/s laid out beautiful g>d5s t we are only j beg9n+ to #bje appreciate aga9 n[ t our ta/e = outdoor life is be+ prop]ly cultivat$4 ,!y b\ght ! books t 7 issu$ by ! ,manutiuses at ,v5ice4 ,isabella ,d',e/e _h a /&+ ord] t all ! books issu$ f ?is great ,v5etian press %\ld be s5t to h]4 ,books 7 co/ly treasures 9 ^! times4 ,a s+le volume ( "o ( ^! incunabula ( pr9t+ s beautifully issu$ f ,manutius's pr9t+ e/abli%m5t 0 wor? ne>ly "o hundr$ doll>s 9 our money4 ,! wom5 design$ _! own dresses4 ,!y enc\rag$ ! m9iature pa9t+ ( ! "t & ! illum9ation ( books & occasionally took up ^! arts !mselves4 ,!y fo/]$ ! developm5t ( textile indu/ries1 lacemak+ & ! v>i\s k9ds ( figur$ clo?1 s t we h "s ( ! mo/ beautiful inv5tions 9 ?is k9d at ?is "t4 ,tape/ry-mak+ took on a new vigor & beauty because ( _! patronage4 ,!y want$ beautiful glass1 & new p]iods ( m>vell\s developm5t ( glass-t9t+ & mak+ 7 u%]$ 94 ,z c be readily und]/ood ^! are ! sort ( ?+s t m5 are n int]e/$ 91 & :5ev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race we f9d a p]iod ( developm5t ( ?is k9d we c be sure t educat$ wom5 are responsible = x4 ,^! wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance decorat$ _! homes beautifully1 _h !m built sub/antially1 ) wond]ful ta/e &1 above all1 _h !m set *>m+ly 9 ! ,italian #bjf ,r5aissance g>d5s t are s des]v$ly admir$4 ,:ile !y 7 ?us occupi$ ) ! beautiful ?+s ( life "s ( !m wrote poetry t has liv$ 7,lucrezia ,tornabuoni dei ,m$ici1 ,vittoria ,colonna71 "s ( !m indulg$ 9 fiction 7,m>gu]ite ( ,nav>re7 t is /ill read1 & a great epo* ( fiction-writ+ respond$ to _! int]e/ z read]s2 "s ( !m mix$ 9 politics & prov$ _! p[]1 at times "s ( !m act$ z reg5ts = _! sons 7,=li1 ,d',e/e71 & succe$$ magnific5tly1 s t we h e phase ( developm5t ( woman's p[]4 ,!re c be no d\bt t at ?is p]iod woman 0 af=d$ e opportunity = ! developm5t ( h] intellectual life1 & t %e took h] opportunities ) great success4 ,we h f ?is "t probably ! names ( m di/+ui%$ wom5 ?an f any o!r correspond+ p]iod 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,!re 0 a wond]ful gr\p ( wom5 at ! ,c\rt ( ,giovanna ( ,naples 9 ! fir/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 because ,naples got h] ,r5aissance impulses fir/1 be+ clos] by sea to ,con/ant9ople & hav+ _m ,greek traditions f ! old days :5 ,s\!rn ,italy 0 ,magna ,graecia4 ,!n !re are a s]ies ( f9ely educat$ wom5 connect$ ) ! ,m$ici h\sehold at ,flor5ce4 ,! "m ( ! great ,lor5zo is ! be/ kn[n ( !m1 & h] poems %[ real lit]>y p[]4 ,! ,d',e/e family is #bjg bett] kn[n g5]ally1 & !n !re 7 ! ,gonzagas1 "s ( ! wom5 ( ! h\se ( ,=li1 ,vittoria ,colonna1 ^: influ5ce ov] art & arti/s %[s h] g5ius q z well z does h] writ+1 & _m o!rs4 ,ev]y:]e wom5 are on a foot+ ) m5 z reg>ds ! intellectual life4 ,ev]y:]e !y direct conv]sations s]i\sly ) reg>d to lit]>y & arti/ic subjects1 &1 inde$1 x is !y :o1 9 :at we w\ld n[ call salons1 s]ve to make intellectual subjects fa%ionable1 & s conc5trate att5tion on !m & secure ! patronage s necess>y = arti/s & writ]s if !y are to subsi/ :ile do+ _! "w4 ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake1 h[ev]1 to ?9k = a mom5t t x 0 9 ,italy alone t su* opportunities = high] education & intellectual influ5ce 7 all[$ to wom54 ,j z ! ,r5aissance movem5t itself spread ?r\gh\t ,europe affect+ ! education1 ! lit]ature1 ! art1 ! ar*itecture1 ! arts & crafts ( ! "t & ! nations1 s did ! fem9i/ic movem5t spread1 & ev]y:]e we f9d /rik+ expressions ( x4 ,9 ,france1 = in/ance1 ! ,r5aissance c be trac$ v easily 9 lett]s & ar*itecture1 & 0 n mu* beh9d ,italy 9 fem99e education4 ,que5 ,anne ( ,bretagne organiz$ ! ,c\rt ,s*ool ( ! "t1 & int]e/ 9 lit]ature became ! fa%ion ( ! h\r4 ,m>gu]ite ( ,nav>re is a woman ( ! ,r5aissance1 & s is ,r5ee ( ,anj\1 :ile ! "n #bjh ( ,l\ise ,la ,cordi]e %[s1 = la cordi]e means ! cord-wa9]'s daught]1 t high] education = wom5 0 n conf9$ to ! nobility4 ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots1 educat$ 9 ,france1 ^: lett]s & ^: poetry ) occasional excursions into ,lat91 %[ u h[ ?or\ghly educat$ %e 01--x mu/ n be =gott5 t %e 0 put into prison at tw5ty-f\r & nev] aga9 got out1--is a typical woman ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,si*el has told ! /ory ( ^! wom5 ( ,france v well1 & ^? :o want to "k ! details ( ! fem9i/ic movem5t ( ! "t %\ld turn to him4 ,9 ,spa91 too1 ! ,r5aissance movem5t made itself felt 9 e dep>tm5t4 ,mo/ ( ,spa9's ca!drals 7 f9i%$ dur+ ! ,r5aissance "t1 & "s ( ! "w is ! admiration ( ! _w4 ,spa9's lit]>y ,r5aissance came a little lat]1 b :5 x did x contribut$ at lea/ two great names to ! _w lit]ature--,c]vantes & ,cald]on4 ,! wom5 ( ! nation 7 also affect$1 & ,que5 ,isabella 0 a deeply intellectual woman ( _m int]e/s4 ,spa9 contribut$ to ! fem9i/ic movem5t probably ! greate/ "n 9 ! hi/ory ( fem99e intellectuality 9 ,/4 ,t]esa4 ,h[ mu* ( sympa?y !re 0 ) ?is great expression ( fem99e intellig5ce w be be/ appreciat$ f ! fact t ,spani% ecclesia/ics talk ( ,t]esa z _! ,spani% ,doctor ( ! ,*ur*1 & t 9 ,rome !re is among/ ! /atues #bji ( ! ,doctors & ! ,fa!rs 9 ! ,*ur* "o woman figure1 t ( ,/4 ,t]esa1 ) ! title mat] spiritualium--"m ( spiritual ?+s4 ,h] books1 pr(\ndly admir$ by ! ,spani>ds1 ,7 ! favorite read+ = su* extremely diff]5t m9ds z ,f5elon & ,bossuet1 & h be5 ! /oreh\se ev] s9ce = ,g]man my/ics4 ,!y 7 beautifully translat$ by ,cra%aw into ,engli%1 & h be5 ! subject ( great int]e/ dur+ ! pres5t fem9i/ic movem5t1 especially s9ce ,george ,eliot's ref]5ce to h] 9 ! preface ( ,middlem>*4 ,9 ,engl& ! ,r5aissance did n affect art mu*1 nor ar*itecture1 ?\gh x did pr(\ndly /ir ! m5 ( lett]s1 & ! great ,elizabe?an p]iod ( ,engli% lit]ature is really an expression ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,engl&4 ,"h almo/ m ?an any:]e else 9 ,europe ! wom5 %>$ 9 ! uplift & devotion to ?+s intellectual t develop$4 ,que5 ,m>y 0 a well-educat$ woman1 ,que5 ,elizabe? read ,greek z well z ,lat9 easily1 ,lady ,jane ,grey pref]r$ h] lessons 9 ,greek1 "u ,rog] ,as*am1 to go+ to balls & r\ts & hunt+ p>ties1 & 0 a blue-/ock+ 9 ! v]ie/ s5se ( ! t]m4 ,x has be5 h9t$ t x 0 p]haps ?is t di/urb$ h] fem99e common s5se & all[$ h] to be l$ s easily into ! fooli% conspiracy 9 :i* %e lo/ h] life4 ,! los+ ( "o's head 9 ?+s deeply intellectual may sometimes mean ! los+ ( x #baj m lit]ally :5 cr[ns are at /ake4 ,!re are _m o!r names ( noble wom5 ( ?is "t t might be m5tion$ & t are well kn[n = _! intellectual developm5t4 ,t ! movem5t did n conf9e itself to ! high] nobility we c be sure1 = :5 ! bett] classes d ill !y are imitat$1 b s also are !y imitat$ :5 !y d well4 ,besides1 ! /ory t we h ( ,m>g>et ,m & h] fri5ds %[s t ! middle classes 7 also /irr$ to int]e/ 9 ?+s intellectual4 ,! usual objection1 :5 ?is /ory ( ! ,r5aissance & ! fem9i/ic movem5t connect$ ) x is told1 if ! n>rator w\ld urge t "h 0 an e>li] p]iod ( fem99e education ?an ours1 is t1 aft] all1 ! education ( ?is p]iod 0 conf9$ to only a few ( ! nobility4 ,?is is n true1 & !re are _m reasons :y x is n true4 ,fir/1 ! upp] classes are always imitat$ by ! o!rs1 & if !re 0 a fa%ion = education we c be sure t x spread4 ,we h n ! records ( _m educat$ wom51 b ^? t we h all make x cle> t education 0 n conf9$ to a few1 & t ^? ( ! middle classes :o want$ x c\ld readily secure x4 ,!re 7 probably z _m wom5 to ! population ( ,europe at t "t enjoy+ ! high] education z !re are proportionately 9 ,am]ica at ! pres5t "t4 ,europe _h b a small population altoge!r 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,!re #baa 7 probably less ?an #d1jjj1jjj ( p 9 ,engl& at ! end1 ev51 ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ,elizabe?'s "t :5 ! c5sus 0 tak51 because ( ! ,spani% ,armada1 ^! 7 ! figures4 ,!re 7 n _m m p 9 all ,europe !n ?an !re are n[ 9 ,engl&4 ,if out ( ^! few1 comp>atively1 we c pick out ! gr\p ( di/+ui%$ wom5 :om ,i h j spok5 (1 !n !re mu/ h be5 a great _m %>+ 9 ! privileges ( ! high] education4 ,footnote #af ,footnote #af3 ,:at an int]e/+ reflection on ! notion ( suppos$ progress is ! fact po9t$ out by ,ambassador ,bryce 9 8 address on ,progress 7,atlantic ,july1 #aijg71 t :ile out ( #dj1jjj1jjj ( p !re 7 s _m g5ius m5 & wom5 accompli%+ "w t ! _w w nev] will+ly let die1 we ) a population t5 times z great _c %[ any?+ l z _m4 ,mo/ ( ! great names t are mo/ famili> to ! mod]n m9d come 9 a s+le c5tury1--! sixte5?4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! we/]n civilization !n repres5t$ by #dj1jjj1jjj has ne> to #ejj1jjj1jjj ( p4 ,we make no pret5sion at all1 h[ev]1 to ! claim t we h m great m5 ?an !y _h4 ,we %\ld h t5 times z _m1 b on ! contr>y we are q will+ to conc$e t we h v few comp>$ to _! numb] & almo/ none1 if inde$ !re are any1 :o measure up to ! high /&>ds ( a*ievem5t ( t "t m ?an f\r c5turies ago4 ,x is ?\ghts ( ?is k9d t %[ "o h[ mu* we mu/ correct ! ord9>ily accept$ notions ) reg>d to progress & inevitable developm5t1 & ea* g5]ation improv+ on its pr$ecessors & ! l1 t are s commonly diffus$ b t repres5t no reality 9 hi/ory at all4 ,x is true t x 01 z a rule1 only ! daught]s ( ! nobility :o receiv$ ! opportunity = ! high] education1 or at lea/ obta9$ x ) facility4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 h[ev]1 j :at ! nobility ( ,italy1 &1 #bab inde$1 ( o!r c\ntries also1 repres5t$4 ,! conditions !re are mo/ typical & x is wor? :ile /udy+ !m out4 ,! ,m$ici1 = in/ance1 ( ,flor5ce1 ^: wom5 folk 7 s well educat$1 7 memb]s ( ! gilds ( ! apo!c>ies1 z _! "n indicates1 :o made a =tune on drugs & preci\s /ones & beautiful /uffs f ! ,ea/1 & !n became ! bank]s ( ,europe4 ,noblem5 7 creat$ because ( success 9 w>1 success 9 politics1 success 9 diplomacy1 b also because ( success 9 comm]ce1 & occasionally success 9 ! arts4 ,n _m educators & arti/s 7 among !m any m ?an 9 our "t1 because !y 7 n1 z a rule1 possess$ ( ! =tune prop]ly to keep up ! dignity ( a pat5t ( nobility4 ,! daught]s ( ! nobility ( ,italy1 h[ev]1 7 n v diff]5t1 c]ta9ly _! orig9 0 v simil> to t ( ! daught]s ( ! weal?y m5 ( ,am]ica1 :o are1 aft] all1 ! only ones :o c take advantage ( ! high] education 9 our "t4 ,we mu/ n =get t1 comp>$ to ! :ole population1 ! numb] ( wom5 secur+ ! high] education is v limit$4 ,to ?9k t ! ,r5aissance ) ?is provision ( ample opportunities = fem99e education 0 ! fir/ epo* ( ?is k9d 9 ! _w's hi/ory w\ld be to miss sadly a ho/ ( hi/orical facts & _! significance4 ,un=tunately hi/ory has be5 s writt5 f ! /&po9t ( #bac man & 8 int]e/s1 t ?is phase ( hi/ory is n well kn[n & probably less und]/ood4 ,hi/ory has be5 too mu* a m]e accumulation ( facts ) reg>d to w>1 diplomacy & politics4 ,:ile we h kn[n mu* ( h]oes & battles1 we h kn[n little ( education1 ( art1 ( arti/ic a*ievem5t ( all k9ds4 ,we h kn[n ev5 less ( popul> movem5ts4 ,we h kn[n almo/ no?+ ( ! great uplift ( ! masses :i* creat$ ! magnific5t arts & crafts ( ! ,middle ,ages1 t we are j beg9n+ to admire s mu* once m1 & our admiration ( !m is ! be/ measure ( our own s]i\s arti/ic developm5t4 ,k+s & w>riors & k+s' mi/resses & ugly diplomacy & rott5 politics1 h occupi$ ! c5tre ( ! /age 9 hi/ory4 ,surely we are com+ to a "t :5 o!r matt]s1 ! human ?+s & n ! animal in/9cts1 w be ! ma9 subject ( hi/ory2 :5 fight+ & sex & acquisitiv5ess & selfi%ness %all give place 9 hi/ory to mutual aid1 uplift1 unselfi%ness & ?\ghtfulness = o!rs4 ,z soon z hi/ory is /udi$ f ! /&po9t ( ! l>g] human int]e/s & n t ( political hi/ory1 x is easy to f9d n only traces b detail$ /ories ( fem99e education at _m times4 ,be=e ! ,r5aissance ! great phase ( education _h be5 t ( ! univ]sities4 ,! fir/ ( ! univ]sities 0 f\nd$ d[n at ,sal]no ar\nd a m$ical s*ool1 ! #bad second t ( ,bologna ar\nd a law s*ool & ! ?ird t ( ,p>is ) a s*ool ( philosophy & !ology z a nucleus4 ,?is seems to be ab\t ! way t man's int]e/s manife/ !mselves 9 an era ( developm5t4 ,fir/1 he is occupi$ ma9ly ) 8 body & its ne$s2 !n 8 prop]ty & its rights1 & f9ally1 z he lifts himself up to high] ?+s1 8 relations to 8 fell[-man & to 8 ,creator come to be pr(\nd vital int]e/s4 ,su*1 at lea/1 is ! /ory ( ! orig9 ( ! univ]sities 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! surprise = u :o are consid]+ ! /ory ( fem99e education & influ5ce is :at happ5$ at ,sal]no4 ,"h "s tw5ty miles back f ,naples1 9 a salubri\s climate1 n f> f ! ,m$it]ranean1 :]e old ,greek traditions _h ma9ta9$ !mselves1 = ,s\!rn ,italy 0 call$ ,magna ,graecia1 :]e ! int]c\rse ) ! ,arabs & ) ! nor!rn %ores ( ,africa & ) ! ,ne> ,ea/1 br\ght ! m$ical secrets ( _m climes to a focus1 ! fir/ mod]n m$ical s*ool came into exi/5ce4 ,9 ! dep>tm5t ( wom5's diseases wom5 pr(essors taught1 wrote text-books & evid5tly 7 consid]$1 9 e s5se ( ! ^w1 co-ord9ate pr(essors 9 ! univ]sity4 ,we h ! text-book ( "o ( !m1 ,trotula1 :o is hail$ z ! f\nd] ( ! ,sal]nitan ,s*ool ( ,wom5 ,physicians1 ! ^w s*ool be+ us$ 9 ! same s5se z :5 we talk ( a s*ool ( #bae pa9t+1 & n at all 9 ! s5se ( our mod]n wom5's m$ical s*ools4 ,trotula 0 ! wife ( ! pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ! univ]sity1 ,plata]ius ,i1 & ! "m ( ano!r pr(essor at ! univ]sity1 ,plata]ius ,,ii1 h]self a pr(essor l !m4 ,!re are _m o!r names ( wom5 pr(essors at ! ,univ]sity ( ,sal]no 9 ?is dep>tm5t4 ,wom51 h[ev]1 7 n alone all[$ to practise ?is s+le phase ( m$ic9e1 b we h lic5ses grant$ to wom5 9 ,naples1 ( :i* at ?is "t ,sal]no 0 ! univ]sity1 to practise bo? m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,x seems to h be5 q common1 ,i %\ld say1 at lea/ z common z 9 our own "t = wom5 to /udy & practise m$ic9e1 & _! place 9 ! univ]sity & ! e/imation 9 :i* _! books 7 held1 %[ u t all ! difficulties 9 ! way ( pr(essional education = wom5 _h be5 remov$ & t !y 7 accept$ by _! mascul9e colleagues on a foot+ ( absolute equality4 ,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ?is surpris+ & unexpect$ developm5t ( pr(essional education = wom5 is to be f\nd 9 ! conditions out ( :i* ,sal]no develop$4 ,! s*ool 0 orig9ally a mona/ic s*ool "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,b5$ict9e monks f ,monte ,cass9o n f> away4 ,! great ,ar*bi%op ,alphanus ,i1 :o 0 ! mo/ prom95t patron & :o _h be5 a pr(essor !re1 0 himself #baf a ,b5$ict9e monk4 ,h[ intimately ! relations ( ! monks to ! s*ool 7 ma9ta9$ c be realiz$ f ! fact t :5 ! greate/ m$ical tea*] & writ] ( ,sal]no1 ,con/ant9e ,africanus1 want$ to h leisure to write 8 great works 9 m$ic9e1 he retir$ f 8 pr(essor%ip to ! mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o4 ,8 great fri5d ,desid]ius 0 ! abbot !re1 & 8 influ5ce 0 /ill v /rong at ,sal]no4 ,desid]ius aft]w>ds became ,pope1 & cont9u$ 8 b5efic5t patronage ( ?is ,s\!rn ,italian univ]sity4 ,9 a ^w1 x 0 9 ! mid/ ( ! mo/ intimate ecclesia/ical & mona/ic influ5ce t ?is h&+ ov] ( ! dep>tm5t ( wom5's diseases to wom5 9 a great tea*+ in/itution occurr$4 ,! wise old monks 7 ?or\ghly practical1 & ?\gh em95tly cons]vative1 knew ! ne$s ( mank9d v well1 & work$ out ?is solution ( "o s]ies ( problems4 ,:5 ! next great univ]sity1 t ( ,bologna1 0 f\nd$1 x develop$1 z ,i h sugge/$1 ar\nd a law s*ool4 ,irn]ius reviv$ ! /udy ( ! old ,roman law1 & 8 tea*+ ( x attract$ s mu* att5tion t /ud5ts f all ov] ,europe flock$ to ,bologna4 ,law is diff]5t f m$ic9e 9 _m respects4 ,! "r ( wom5 to /udy m$ic9e w readily be grant$1 _! place 9 a sy/em ( m$ical education is manife/4 ,) reg>d to law1 h[ev]1 !re c sc>cely be grave "q z to ! #bag advisability ( woman /udy+ x unless economic conditions =ce h] to x4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true at a "t :5 woman c\ld own no prop]ty & _h no rights until %e m>ri$4 ,9 spite ( ! _m inh]5t improbabilities ( ?is developm5t1 ! law s*ool 0 sc>cely op5$ at ,bologna be=e wom5 became /ud5ts 9 x4 ,probably ,irn]ius' daught] & "s ( h] fri5ds 7 ! fir/ /ud5ts1 b aft] a "t o!rs came & ! facilities seem to h be5 q op5 to !m4 ,z out ( ! law s*ool ! univ]sity gradually develop$1 opportunities = /udy 9 ! o!r high] bran*es 7 accord$ to wom5 at ,bologna4 ,we h ! /ory ( _! success 9 ma!matics1 9 philosophy1 9 music & 9 a/ronomy4 ,accord+ to a well-kn[n & app>5tly well au!nticat$ tradition1 "o di/+ui%$ woman /ud5t ( ,bologna1 ,m>ia ,di ,novella1 a*iev$ su* success 9 ma!matics ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury t %e 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ma!matics4 ,app>5tly ! faculty ( ,bologna _h no qualms ( educational consci5ce nor betook !mselves to su* halfway measures z "o ( our mod]n faculties1 :i* accords a c]tificate to a woman t %e has pass$ bett] 9 ! ma!matical tripos ?an ! ,s5ior ,wrangl]1 ?\gh !y d n accord h] ! ,s5ior ,wrangl]%ip4 ,! /ory goes on to say t ,signor9a ,di ,novella1 kn[+ t %e 0 pretty1 & fe>+ t h] #bah beauty w\ld di/urb ! m9ds1 at lea/1 ( h] male /ud5ts1 arrang$ to lecture f beh9d a curta94 ,?is w\ld seem to indicate t ! blue-/ock+s ( ! old5 "t c\ld be z surpass+ly mode/ z !y 7 intellig5t4 ,i rememb] once tell+ ?is /ory be=e a conv5t audi5ce4 ,! de> old ,"m ,sup]ior1 :o _h kn[n me = _m ye>s1 v5tur$ to ask me aft]w>ds1 ,did y say t %e 0 "y8 & ,i said yes1 accord+ to ! tradition2 & h&some8 & ,i nodd$ ! affirmative1 ,well1 !n1 %e said1 ,i d n believe ! re/ ( ! /ory4 ,b !n1 aft] all1 :at d de> old ,mo!rs ,sup]ior "k ab\t ! _w or its ways1 or ab\t h&some "y wom5 or _! ways1 or ab\t ! significance ( traditions :i* s]ve to %[ u t ev5 pretty1 intellig5t wom5 c be z mode/ly retir+ & z ready to conceal _! *>ms z !y are to be *>m+ly c\rte\s & c>eful ( ! feel+s ( o!rs8 ,x 0 n alone 9 law & ma!matics1 h[ev]1 t wom5 7 giv5 opportunities = ! high] education & ev5 = pr(essional "w at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,9 m$ic9e1 z well z 9 law1 wom5 rea*$ di/9ction4 ,! fir/ great pr(essor ( anatomy ( mod]n times is ,mond9o1 ^: text-book on dissection1 publi%$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 cont9u$ to be us$ 9 ! m$ical s*ools = two c5turies4 ,"o ( 8 assi/ants 0 #bai ,aless&ra ,giliani1 "o ( ! two univ]sity prosectors 9 anatomy4 ,at ! ,surgeon ,g5]al's ,libr>y 9 ,wa%+ton1 9 "o ( ! e>ly pr9t$ editions ( ,mond9o's "w1 ! frontispiece %[s a "y woman mak+ ! dissection be=e him prep>atory to 8 lecture4 ,to h]1 accord+ to an old ,italian *ronicle1 we owe ! inv5tion ( me?ods ( v>ni%+ & pa9t+ ! tissues ( cadav]s s t !y w\ld resemble m _! appe>ance 9 ! liv+ /ate1 t !y might be pres]v$ = fur!r use1 ?us avoid+ to "s ext5t ! necessity = con/ant repetition ( ! det]r5t "w ( dissection1 ev5 m det]r5t at t "t4 ,x is curi\sly int]e/+ to f9d t ano!r great improvem5t 9 ! tea*+ ( anatomy1 inv5t$ 9 ,italy ne>ly f\r c5turies lat]1 came also f a woman tea*+ at an ,italian univ]sity1 ,madame ,manzol9i4 ,! tradition connect+ ^! two wom5 is unbrok54 ,!re is n a c5tury f ! ?irte5? to ! eighte5? 9 :i* !re 7 n di/+ui%$ wom5 pr(essors at ! univ]sities ( ,italy1 &1 !re=e1 also /ud5ts 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,j h[ _m wom5 /ud5ts !re 7 we d n "k4 ,x might seem to be a comp>atively easy problem to f9d out j h[ _m !re 7 at any giv5 "t by look+ up ! regi/]s ( ! univ]sities4 ,once 9 ,bologna itself ,i got hold ( ! old univ]sity regi/]s1 confid5t t n[ ,i w\ld le>n j :at 0 #bbj ! proportion ( wom5 /ud5ts at ! univ]sity4 ,i 0 utt]ly disappo9t$1 h[ev]1 ,italian mo!rs _h1 s f> z ! settlem5t ( ?is "q is conc]n$1 ! un=tunate habit occasionally ( giv+ boys' names to girls1 & girls' names to boys4 ,!y call$ _! *ildr5 aft] favorite sa9ts4 ,a girl might well be call$ ,antonio1 = ! fem99e =m 0 n 9 common use 9 e>li] times4 ,_m boys _h = fir/ "n ,m>ia4 ,x us$ to be ! cu/om 9 ,v5ice = e *ild1 no matt] :at its sex1 to receive f ! ,*ur* ! two names ,m>ia ,giovanni1 & !n ! p>5ts might add :at o!r names !y pleas$4 ,! names ( royalty1 ) _! frequ5t use ( m+l$ mascul9e & fem99e names1 %[ h[ mu* confusion c be work$ to any s*eme = ! det]m9ation ( ! sex ( /ud5ts at ! old univ]sities by ?is1 = u1 un=tunate habit4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 x 0 dur+ ! ?irte5? c5tury :5 ! developm5t ( fem99e education 9 ! e>ly univ]sity p]iod 0 at its height1 t c]ta9 *anges 9 ! dome/ic economy ( ! ,bolognese are wor?y ( notice4 ,two k9ds ( prep>$ food became popul>1 if !y 7 n1 inde$1 bo? inv5t$ at ?is "t4 ,"o ( !m1 be>+ ! classic "n ,bologna1 is /ill ) u1 has spread ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & is likely to cont9ue to be an important article ( food = _m c5turies m4 ,ano!r =m ( prep>$ food 0 a sort ( dess]t call$ ,bologna #bba pudd+1 prep>$ f c]eals1 & :i* c /ill be pur*as$ 9 ,bologna1 ?\gh =eign]s1 z a rule1 d n c>e mu* = x4 ,^! two articles ( food modifi$ mat]ially ! prep>ation ( food = meals at ?is "t4 ,x 0 possible to buy bo? ( ^!1 z n[1 ready made1 & s ! h\sewife 0 sp>$ ! bo!r & tr\ble & exp5diture ( "t requir$ = ?is "w4 ,we h "h "o phase ( ! orig9 ( ! delicatess5 /ores4 ,?is sort ( *ange 9 dome/ic economy has always be5 not$ :5ev] wom5 h gone out ( ! home = o!r occupations & h become some?+ less--or m--?an ! h\sewives & mo!rs !y 7 be=e4 ,su* *anges 9 ! diet>y1 h[ev]1 9 ! direction ( ready-made food are nev] popul> ) m54 ,"o ,g]man hi/orical writ] has be5 unk9d en\gh to say t ?is is "o ( ! reasons :y ! high] education gradually became mu* less popul>1 or at lea/ attract$ less att5tion ?an be=e4 ,wom5 want ?+s = !mselves1 & if !y are oppos$ insi/ on gett+ !m1 is ! way ?is cynic ,teuton puts x4 ,if1 aft] a "t1 h[ev]1 hav+ got :at !y want1 !y f9d t ! m5 d n l !m to h x1 !y gradually ab&on x4 ,accord+ to him ,bologna & ,bologna pudd+ sav$ ! /oop+ ov] ! kit*5 range1 or :atev] took its place 9 ^? days1 & gave all classes ( wom5 m opportunity = intellectual developm5t or at lea/ #bbb = occupation ) ?+s diff]5t f h\sehold duties1 b aft] a "t ! m or less res5tful attitude ( ! m5 br\ght ab\t a *ange4 ,h[ev] t may be is h>d to say4 ,ano!r int]e/+ feature ( ! hi/ory ( ^! times connect$ 9 "s way ) fem99e education or1 at lea/1 ) fem99e occupation ) o!r ?+s besides _! h\seholds1 0 a great devotion to a p>ticul> bre$ ( pet dogs ( :i* "o he>s mu* 9 ! acc\nts ( ! life at ,bologna at ?is "t4 ,"h1 once m1 ! ,g]man cynic has _h 8 say4 ,he has sugge/$ t1 :5ev] wom5 became occupi$ ) ?+s outside _! home1 ) a consequ5t dim9ution 9 ! numb] ( *ildr51 !y are almo/ sure to f9d an outlet = _! affections 9 devotion to dogs & o!r pets4 ,app>5tly he w\ld sugge/ t !y lit]ally g to ! dogs4 ,x is v curi\s t j dur+ ?is ?irte5? c5tury1 :5 fem99e education at ,bologna is at its height1 "o he>s s mu* ( ^! pets4 ,at o!r times 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 :5 wom5 h tak5 to intellectual int]e/s & especially :5 !re has be5 a fall 9 ! bir?-rate1 ?is same att5tion to pet animals is wor?y ( /udy4 ,aft] ! ?irte5? c5tury !re seems to h be5 a reaction aga9/ ^! pets4 ,x is to be hop$ t !re is no connection betwe5 ?is & ! prep>$ foods spok5 (1 b ! decl9e 9 ! popul>ity ( pets & ( woman's #bbc occupation ) intellectual int]e/s w5t h& 9 h&4 ,= all ( ?is ,i am indebt$ to ,g]man au?orities ^: attitude t[>ds fem99e education may some:at prejudice !m &1 inde$1 probably does s1 b ^! ?+s are only m5tion$ z %[+ c]ta9 views t are held4 ,! int]e/+ ?+ = u is t aft] a p]iod ( some:at m ?an a c5tury ( r int5se int]e/ on ! "p ( ! wom5 9 ne>ly e phase ( ! intellectual life1 !re is !n a dim9ution ( int]e/1 s t by ! end ( ! f\rte5? c5tury wom51 ev5 :]e fem99e intellectual life 0 vigor\s1 are occupi$ almo/ )\t exception z !y 7 be=e ! univ]sity p]iod1 ma9ly ) dome/ic conc]ns4 ,:ile fem99e education 0 s common 9 ! ecclesia/ically rul$ univ]sities ( ,italy1 ! cu/om did n spread 9 ,we/]n ,europe4 ,! reason is n f> to seek4 ,all ( ! we/]n univ]sities owe _! orig9s to ,p>is4 ,ox=d 0 due to a )drawal ( ,engli% /ud5ts f ,p>is1 ,cambridge to a simil> )drawal f ,ox=d4 ,_m ( ! ,scot* univ]sities are gr&*ildr5 ( ,p>is4 ,all ( ! ,fr5* univ]sities are direct desc5dants1 except ,montpelli]4 ,! ,spani% univ]sities h a simil> relation4 ,! exp]i5ce ) fem99e education at ,p>is _h be5 un=tunate4 ,! ,heloise & ,abel>d incid5t came 9 a =mative /age ( ! univ]sity4 ,x settl$ unfavorably ! #bbd :ole "q ( fem99e att5dance at univ]sities = ! we/4 ,x seems a small ?+ to h su* a wide & f>-rea*+ influ5ce1 b x is v (t5 on little ?+s t ! success or failure ( great social movem5ts ( any k9d dep5ds4 ,we h practically no record ( any relaxation ( univ]sity regulations 9 ?is matt] 9 ! we/4 ,p]haps ! ,teutonic "* 0 oppos$ to x1 p]haps ! ,teutonic wom5 7 less anxi\s = x1 be+ m occupi$ ) ,*ur* & *ildr5 & _! home1 b !re 0 none1 & its abs5ce is responsible = ! feel+ s common among u1 t n[ = ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w wom5 are enjoy+ ! opportunity = ! high] education4 ,ev5 ! univ]sity epo*1 h[ev]1 is n ! fir/ phase ( opportunities = ! education ( woman 9 mod]n hi/ory4 ,f> f x1 inde$1 we c f9d mu* m ?an traces ( a fem9i/ movem5t 9 o!r c5turies be=e ?is1 &1 inde$1 9 _m ( !m4 ,:5 ,*>lemagne e/abli%$ s*ools = 8 p & invit$ ,alcu91 ! ,engli% monk1 to develop educational in/itutions = 8 p1 ! fir/ & mo/ important s*ool 0 t ( ! imp]ial palace :]e ,alcu9 himself taught4 ,9 ?is ! wom5 ( ,p>is 7 giv5 opportunities q z well z ! m52 inde$1 !y seem to h tak5 a m vivid int]e/ & _! example seems to h be5 ! highe/ inc5tive = _m ( ! m5 to take up a "w s =eign to _! natures1 #bbe = z yet !y _h all ! b>b>\s in/9cts ( _! ,go?ic ance/ors1 only slightly tam$ & modifi$ by two or ?ree c5turies ( gradual uplift & religi\s tra9+ ( "*4 ,!re are lett]s f ! wom5 ( ! palace1 & especially ,*>lemagne's daught]1 to ,alcu91 discuss+ phases ( 8 tea*+ & sugge/+ problems & que/ions ) reg>d to ! matt]s :i* he _h be5 mak+ ! subject ( 8 in/ruction4 ,x w\ld be easy to ?9k t ?is incid5t ( ! ,palace ,s*ool did n mean v mu* & t its pass+ influ5ce did n make itself felt widely nor = long4 ,! /ate ( education at ?is "t mu/ n be =gott54 ,only ! cl]gy1 z a rule1 _h leisure = x4 ,all ! re/ ( ! _w 7 engag$ ei!r 9 ! frequ5t w>s or 9 a tireless /ruggle = subsi/5ce z f>m]s1 m]*ants & craftsm54 ,! nobility neglect$ education j z mu* z ! upp] classes always d1 ?\gh !re 7 c]ta9 fa%ions :i* ga9$ a foo?old & t seem to %[ t !y _h "s int]e/4 ,_m a nobleman ( ! m$iaeval c5turies1 h[ev]1 boa/$ t he c\ld n sign 8 own "n4 ,he 0 r pr\d ( ! fact t he _h n l[]$ himself to m]e book k4 ,!re 7 l>ge numb]s ( ! cl]gy & ! monks1 h[ev]1 & ^! 7 ! s*ol>s ( ! p]iod4 ,!re 7 also at ?is "t l>ge numb]s ( religi\s wom51 & ^! 9 _! leisure h\rs #bbf sp5t mu* "t at educational matt]s & "s ( !m accompli%$ la/+ results4 ,! "m ( ! family1 ! c\rt dame1 ! wife ( ! nobleman1 ^: ca/le 0 mu* m ! home ( "w ?an x has ev] be5 at any "t s9ce1 _h b little leisure = ! intellectual life4 ,! nuns devot$ !mselves to beautiful h&iwork1 to ! composition z well z ! transcription ( books & to ! cultural int]e/s g5]ally4 ,x has always be5 true1 z a rule1 t ! woman :o accompli%$ any?+ 9 ! intellectual life mu/ be ei!r a celibate1 or at mo/1 ! "m ( b a *ild or two4 ,! "m ( a l>ge family1 unless %e is extremely exceptional1 _c be expect$ to be productive 9 ! intellectual life4 ,%e has n ! "t = orig9al "w1 & /ill less = ! fil+ process necess>y = appropriate expression4 ,!re are r>e exceptions1 b !y only prove ! rule4 ,"o ( ! two =ms ( production app>5tly wom5 mu/ give up to devote !mselves to ! o!r4 ,! nuns 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 9 ! retirem5t ( _! conv5ts1 gave !mselves mu* m ?an we are likely to ?9k possible1 to lit]>y & sci5tific production4 ,)9 ! pa/ ye> ,i h publi%$ sket*es ( two di/+ui%$ wom5 ( ! t5? & twelf? c5turies ^: books %[ u ! intellectual int]e/s ( ! wom5 ( ?is "t4 ,only t wom5 7 hav+ opportunities = m5tal developm5t #bbg ^! w\ld n h be5 writt51 & z !y 7 writt5 = wom51 x is evid5t t ^? int]e/s 7 q widely diffus$4 ,"o ( ^! two au?ors comes 9 :at is sometimes call$ ! d>ke/ ( ! ,d>k ,ages1 ! t5? c5tury2 ! o!r 0 born 9 ! elev5?4 ,!y s]ve to %[ h[ mu* m int5se ?an we are likely to ?9k 0 ! int]e/ ( ! "t 9 ?+s intellectual4 ,)\t pr9t+ & )\t any prop] means ( publication1 someh[ ^! wom5 succe$$ 9 mak+ lit]>y monum5ts t h outla/$ ! wreck & ru9 ( "t1 & t h be5 ( suffici5t int]e/ to mank9d to be pres]v$ among vicissitudes :i* seem$ surely de/9$ to de/roy !m4 ,"o ( ! two ladies 0 ,ros)a1 or ,hrots)a1 a nun ( ,g&]%eim1 9 :at is n[ ,hanov]1 :o 9 ! t5? c5tury wrote a s]ies ( com$ies 9 imitation ( ,t]5ce1 probably n meant to be play$ b to be read4 ,%e says 9 ! preface t ! reason = writ+ !m 0 t s _m religi\s 7 read+ ! indec5t lit]ature ( classical ,rome1 ) ! excuse t x 0 necess>y = ! cultivation ( /yle or = ! completion ( _! education1 t %e want$ & _h /riv5 to write some?+ moral & ,*ri/ian to replace ! old] writ+s4 ,t preface ( itself ought to be en\gh to %[ u t 9 ! nunn]ies along ! ,rh9e1 ( :i* we "k t !re 7 _m1 !re mu/ h be5 a mu* m #bbh widespread & ard5t int]e/ 9 lit]ature1 &1 above all1 9 classic lit]ature1 ?an we h _h any idea ( until rec5tly4 ,hrots)a1 to give h] h] ,saxon "n1 0 only a "y woman ( tw5ty-five :5 %e wrote ! s]ies ( /ories & plays ?us prefac$1 & :ile h] /yle1 ( c\rse1 does n comp>e ) ! classics1 worse ,lat9 has (t5 be5 writt5 by p :o 7 sure t !y knew m ab\t ,lat9ity ?an any nun ( ! obscure t5? c5tury c\ld possibly h kn[n4 ,! o!r woman writ] ( ab\t ?is "t 0 ,hildeg>de1 ! abbess ( a mona/]y along ! ,rh9e1 born at ! end ( ! elev5? c5tury1 :o wrote a text-book ( m$ic9e1 :i* 0 ! mo/ important docum5t 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e 9 ?is c5tury4 ,! nuns 7 ! nurses & ! hospital att5dants & 9 ! c\ntry places1 to a great ext5t1 ! physicians ( ?is "t4 ,9 ! cities !re 7 regul> practition]s ( m$ic9e1 b ! infirm>ian ( a mona/]y c>$ = ! ail+ monks & ! p on ! mona/]y e/ates :5 ill1 & (t5 !y 7 _m 9 numb]1 & ! infirm>ian ( a conv5t did ! same ?+ = ! si/]s & = at lea/ ! wom5 folk among ! p ( ! neighborhood4 ,x 0 9 ord] to ga!r toge!r & pres]ve ! m$ical traditions ( ! mona/]ies & conv5ts t ,hildeg>de1 :o aft]w>ds came to be kn[n z ,/4 ,hildeg>de1 wrote h] volume on m$ic9e4 ,x has be5 rec5tly #bbi issu$ 9 ! collection ( old writ+s call$ ,migne's ,patrologia1 & has drawn _m praises f hi/orical critics = ! am\nt ( in=mation :i* x conta9s4 ,^! two1 ,hros)a & ,hildeg>de1 furni% abundant evid5ce ( ! intellectual life ( ! conv5ts ( ?is old "t & m ?an h9t at h[ mu* has be5 lo/ t might h help$ u to a l>g] k ( !m4 ,) ?is 9 m9d x w be easi] to und]/& a prec$+ phase ( ! hi/ory ( fem99e education 9 ,europe4 ,! fir/ nation t 0 conv]t$ to ,*ri/ianity 9 a body1 s t ,*ri/ian ideas & ideals _h a *ance = ass]tion & application 9 ! life ( ! p1 0 ,irel&4 ,*ri/ianity :5 introduc$ into ,rome met ) ! det]m9$ opposition ( old paganism4 ,aft] ! migration ( nations & ! com+ d[n ( ! b>b>ians ^u ! ,roman ,empire1 !re 0 little opportunity = ,*ri/ianity to ass]t itself until aft] ^! ,teutonic peoples _h be5 lift$ out ( _! b>b>ism to a high] plane ( civilization4 ,9 ,irel&1 h[ev]1 n only did conv]sion to ,*ri/ianity conv]t ! :ole p1 b x came to a p :o possess$ already a high degree ( civilization & culture1 a lit]ature t we h be5 le>n+ to ?9k m & m ( 9 rec5t ye>s1 _m arts1 & ! developm5t ( sci5ce1 9 ! =m ( m$ic9e at lea/1 to a high degree4 ,! law & music1 ! language & ! lit]ature ( #bcj ! e>ly ,iri% all %[ u a highly cultivat$ p4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity came to !m1 !n1 education became its wat*word4 ,s*ools 7 op5$ ev]y:]e on ! isl&4 ,irel& became ,! ,isl& ( ,sa9ts & ( ,s*ol>s1 & lit]ally ?\s&s ( /ud5ts flock$ f ,engl& & ! ma9l& to ^! ,iri% s*ools4 ,! fir/ & ! greate/ ( ^! 0 t f\nd$ by ,/4 ,patrick himself at ,armagh4 ,dur+ ! c5tury aft] 8 dea? !re 7 probably at "o "t z _m z #e1jjj /ud5ts at ,armagh4 ,only next 9 importance to ?is great s*ool ( ! ,iri% apo/le 0 t ( 8 great fem99e co-work]1 ,/4 ,brigid1 :o did = ! wom5 ( ,irel& :at ,/4 ,patrick _h be5 do+ = ! m54 ,x is probable t !re 7 #h1jjj /ud5ts at ,kild>e1 ,brigid's great s*ool1 at "o "t4 ,x is curi\s to ?9k t !re %\ld h be5 some?+ l co-education #a1ejj ye>s ago1 &1 above all1 9 ,irel&1 b ,kild>e seems to h _h a sy/em n unlike t 9 vogue at _m ( our univ]sities 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,! male & female /ud5ts 7 ?or\ghly segregat$1--may ,i say ?is is n ! la/ "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory t segregation 0 ! di/+ui%+ trait ( co-education1--b ! tea*]s ( ! m5 at ,kild>e seem also to h lectur$ to ! wom54 ,! m5 occupi$ an entirely subsidi>y position1 h[ev]2 ev5 ! bi%ops ( ,kild>e 9 ,brigid's "t 7 appo9t$ on h] recomm5dation4 ,= c5turies #bca aft]w>ds ! ,abbess ( ,kild>e1 ,brigid's successor1 _h ! privilege ( a comm&+ voice 9 ! selection ( ! bi%op4 ,! s*ool at ,kild>e 0 conduct$ ma9ly by & = wom51 ?\gh !re 7 m5 9 ! neighbor+ mona/]y :o taught bo? classes ( pupils4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! education ( ,kild>e is t x 0 n conc]n$ exclusively1 nor ev5 = ! major "p app>5tly1 ) book-le>n+4 ,! book-le>n+ ( ! ,iri% s*ools 0 celebrat$4 ,d[n at ,kild>e1 h[ev]1 c]ta9 ( ! arts & crafts 7 cultivat$ ) special success4 ,lace-mak+ & ! illum9ation ( books 7 two ( ! favorite occupations ( ^! /ud5ts at ,kild>e 9 :i* m>vell\s success 0 a*iev$4 ,! tradition ( ,iri% lace-mak+ :i* has ma9ta9$ itself dur+ all ! c5turies began1 or at lea/1 secur$ its fir/ great pre/ige1 9 ,brigid's "t4 ,g]ald ! ,wel%man1 sometimes spok5 ( z ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 told ( hav+ se5 dur+ a j\rney 9 ,irel& c5turies aft] ,brigid's "t1 b ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s ago1 a copy ( ! ,scriptures t 0 wond]fully illum9at$4 ,he ?\ght x ! mo/ beautiful book 9 ! _w4 ,8 description tallies v closely ) t ( ! ,book ( ,kells4 ,"s h ev5 v5tur$ to sugge/ t he actually saw ! ,book ( ,kells at ,kild>e4 ,?is is extremely improbable1 h[ev]1 & ! ,book ( ,kells almo/ surely orig9at$ else:]e4 ,!re #bcb seems1 h[ev]1 to h be5 at ,kild>e "s book ne>ly z beautiful z ! ,book ( ,kells1 made !re1 & e/abli%+ p]adv5ture ! ?or\ghness ( ! arti/ic education giv5 at ,kild>e at ?is "t4 ,s mu* = fem99e influ5ce & education "u ,*ri/ianity4 ,mo/ p are likely to "k mu* m ( ! place ( wom5 9 ,greece & ,rome ?an dur+ ,*ri/ian times4 ,we are prone1 h[ev]1 to exagg]ate ! dep5d5ce ( woman among bo? ,lat9s & ,greeks & to ?9k t %e _h v few opportunities = intellectual developm5t & almo/ none = expression ( h] p]sonality & ! ex]tion ( h] influ5ce4 ,"h1 once m1 z 9 _m o!r phases ( ?is subject we are1 ?r\gh ignorance1 assum+ conditions 9 ! pa/ t are q unlike ^? :i* actually exi/$4 ,rec5tly 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,mrs4 ,emily ,james ,putnam1 sometime ! ,dean ( ,b>n>d1 9 an article on ,! ,roman ,lady1 ,footnote #ag has completely und]m9$ usual notions ) reg>d to ! position ( ! ,roman woman4 ,! ,roman matrons _h rights all _! own1 & succe$$ 9 ass]t+ !mselves 9 _m ways4 ,!re 0 nev] any seclusion ( ! wom5 9 ,rome & ! ,roman matrona at all times enjoy$ p]sonal fre$om1 ent]ta9$ h] husb&'s gue/s1 _h a voice 9 8 affairs1 manag$ 8 h\se & came & w5t z %e pleas$4 ,mrs4 ,putnam sugge/s t 9 #bcc e>ly days %e %>$ ! labors & ! dang]s ( ! insecure life ( a weak p among ho/ile neighbors4 ,x may n be fanciful to say t ! lib]ty ( ! ,roman woman ( classical times 0 ! inh]it$ rew>d ( ! pr[ess ( a pione] ance/ress1 9 ! same way z ! social fre$om ( ! ,am]ican woman to-day comes to h] f ! brave ,colonial h\semo!r1 able to "w &1 :5 ne$ 01 to fight4 ,footnote #ag3 ,atlantic ,mon?ly1 ,june1 #aiaj4 ,inde$ ! m "o /udies social life 9 ,rome ! m cle> does x become t conditions 7 v simil> = wom5 to :at !y are 9 ?is late/ ( ! republics "h 9 ,am]ica4 ,?is w n be surpris+ if we b le>n to realize t ! circum/ances ( ! developm5t ( ,rome itself1 ! environm5t 9 :i* ! wom5 7 plac$ resembl$ ours ( ! lat] "t mu* m closely ?an we h _h any idea ( until rec5t ye>s4 ,! ,italian hi/orian1 ,f]r]o1 has read new lessons into ,roman hi/ory = u by %[+ u ! pa/ 9 t]ms ( ! pres5t4 ,! conditions t develop$ at ,rome1 z ,i h said1 7 v simil> to ^? :i* develop$ 9 ! mod]n ,am]ican republic4 ,ri*es came1 luxury arose4 ,ea/]n slaves came to d all ! "w 9 ! h\sehold t c\ld =m]ly be accompli%$ by ! wom51 ,greek h&-maid5s p>ticul>ly took e solicitude out ( h] h&s1 & !n ! ,roman matron look$ ar\nd = some?+ to occupy h]self )1 & #bcd x 0 n long be=e we h expressions f ! m5 t w\ld rem9d u ( _m ?+s t h be5 said 9 ! la/ g5]ation or s4 ,!re is a well-kn[n spee* ( ,cato deliv]$ 9 opposition to ! repeal ( ! ,oppian ,law :i* =bade wom5 to hold prop]ty1 t is report$ by ,livy & s\nds /rangely mod]n4 ,mrs4 ,putnam talks ( x v aptly1 z an expression ( ! ev] recurr5t uneas9ess ( ! male 9 ! pres5ce ( ! insurg5t female4 ',if1 ,romans1' said he1 'e individual among u _h made x a rule to ma9ta9 ! pr]ogative & au?ority ( a husb& ) respect to 8 own wife1 we %\ld h less tr\ble ) ! :ole sex4 ,x 0 n )\t pa9ful emotions ( %ame t ,i j n[ made my way into ! =um ?r\gh a cr[d ( wom54 ,_h ,i n be5 re/ra9$ by respect = ! mode/y & dignity ( "s individuals among !m1 ,i %\ld h said to !m1 ,:at sort ( practice is ?is1 ( runn+ out into public1 besett+ ! /reets1 & address+ o!r wom5's husb&s8 ,c\ld n ea* h made ! same reque/ to h] husb& at home8 ,are y\r bl&i%m5ts m s$uctive 9 public ?an 9 private1 & ) o!r wom5's husb&s ?an y\r own8 ',our ance/ors ?\ght x n prop] t wom5 %\ld transact any1 ev5 private bus9ess1 )\t a director4 ,we1 x seems1 suff] !m n[ to int]f]e 9 ! managem5t ( /ate #bce affairs4 ,w y give ! re9s to _! untractable nature & _! uncontroll$ passions8 ,?is is ! smalle/ ( ! injunctions laid on !m by usage or ! laws1 all ( :i* wom5 be> ) impati5ce2 !y long = lib]ty1 or r = lic5se4 ,:at w !y n attempt if !y w9 ?is victory8 ,! mom5t !y h arriv$ at an equality ) m51 !y w become y\r sup]iors4' ,! social conditions :i* develop$ at ,rome are inde$ s /rangely l ^? ) :i* we are n[ famili> z to be q />tl+4 ,z a m]e man ,i %\ld hesitate to sugge/ ?is1 s9ce x ref]s p>ticul>ly to fem99e affairs & dome/ic conc]ns1 b s9ce x has be5 betray$ by "o ( ! sex p]haps ,i may v5ture to quote x4 ,once m ,i turn to ,mrs4 ,putnam = an apt expression ( ! conditions4 ,%e says3 ,! ,greeks1 :o1 to be sure1 _h no?+ 9 _! dwell+s t 0 n beautiful1 _h /ill suppos$ ! great works ( art 7 = public places4 ,) ! ,romans began ! private collection ( *efs-d'oeuvre 9 its mo/ snobbi% aspect4 ,! p>ts play$ by ! sexes 9 ?is ent]prise sometimes %[$ ! same division ( labor t prevails v l>gely 9 a c]ta9 great nation ( our own day t %all be nameless3 ! husb& paid = ! be/ art t money c\ld buy1 & ! wife le>n$ to talk ab\t x & to ent]ta9 ! arti/4 ,x is true t ! ,roman lady began also to improve h] m9d4 ,%e #bcf /udi$ ,greek1 & hir$ ,greek ma/]s to tea* h] hi/ory & philosophy4 ,ladies flock$ to he> lectures on all sorts ( subjects1 orig9at+ ! odd connection betwe5 s*ol>%ip & fa%ion :i* /ill p]si/s4 ,?is subject may be pursu$ ) ev]-increas+ recognition ( simil>ity betwe5 t "t & our own4 ,= in/ance1 ,mrs4 ,putnam says3 ,a woman ( fa%ion1 we are told1 reckon$ x among h] ornam5ts if x 7 said ( h] t %e 0 well read & a ?9k]1 & t %e wrote lyrics almo/ wor?y ( ,sappho4 ,%e1 too1 mu/ h h] hir$ escort ( tea*]s1 & li/5 to !m n[ & !n1 at table or :ile %e 0 hav+ h] hair dress$1--at o!r times %e 0 too busy4 ,& (t5 :ile ! philosoph] 0 discuss+ high e?ical !mes h] maid w\ld come 9 ) a love-lett]1 & ! argum5t mu/ wait till x 0 answ]$4 ,no?+ v important 9 ! way ( production result$ f all ! lady's lit]>y activity4 ,! v]ses1 if ,sulpicia's !y be1 are ! sole surviv+ evid5ce ( creative ef=t among h] k9d2 &1 respectable z !y are1 !y ne$ n di/urb ,sappho's repose4 ,x 0 indirectly t ! ,roman lady affect$ lit]ature1 s9ce k9ds began to be produc$ to h] special ta/e2 = x is h>dly an accid5t t ! v]s de societe %\ld exp&1 & ! novel orig9ate1 9 p]iods :5 = ! fir/ "t wom5 7 a l>ge elem5t 9 ! read+ public4 #bcg ,9 our "t x has be5 said1 t "o ( ! reasons :y ! "y man does n m>ry is (t5 t he is fe>ful ( ! sup]iority ( ! college-br$ "y woman4 ,he kn[s t he himself has no m intellig5ce ?an is absolutely necess>y = ! prop] conduct ( life1 & he fe>s t 8 breaks 9 gramm>1 9 lit]ature1 9 ta/e = art1 9 social ?+s1 may make him ! laugh+-/ock ( ! educat$ woman4 ,we w\ld be reasonably sure1 mo/ ( u1 t at lea/ ?is is ! fir/ "t 9 ! _w's hi/ory t any?+ l ?is has happ5$4 ,x is r int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to read "s ( ! reflections ( ! ,roman satiric poets on ! /ate ( affairs t develop$ 9 ,rome z a consequ5ce ( /udy & lectures & at lea/ suppos$ s*ol>%ip becom+ ! fa%ion4 ,i hate ! woman1 says ,juv5al1 :o is always turn+ back to ! grammatical rules ( ,palaemon & consult+ !m2 ! fem99e antiqu>y :o recalls v]ses unkn[n to me1 & corrects ! words ( an unpoli%$ fri5d :i* ev5 a man w\ld n obs]ve4 ,let a husb& be all[$ to make a solecism 9 peace4 ,i recomm5d ! read+ ( ,juv5al to ! college "y woman ( ! mod]n "t1 n only = its classic b = its social value4 ,among ! ,greeks ! position ( wom5 0 q diff]5t f :at is usually suppos$4 ,x is only too (t5 ! cu/om to ?9k t ! ,greek wom51 conf9$ to a great degree to _! #bch h\ses1 %>+ little 9 ! public discussions1 com+ v slightly into public 9 any way1 7 m or less despis$ by ! m5 & tol]at$1 b surely n mu* respect$4 ,! place ( wom5 9 life at any "t c be be/ judg$ f ! position assign$ !m by ! dramatic poets ( any p]iod4 ,! l>g] ! m9d ( ! dramatic poet1 ! m ( a g5ius he is1 ! m surely does 8 e/imate express$ 9 lit]ature repres5t life z he saw x4 ,rusk9 po9t$ out t ,%akespe>e has no h]oes & _m h]o9es2 t1 :ile he has no m5 t /& 9 unm>r$ p]fection ( "*1 !re is sc>cely a play t has n a p]fect woman 9 x1 /eadfa/ 9 grave hope & errorless purpose2 conceiv$ 9 ! highe/ h]oic type ( humanity4 ,:at is ?us true ( ,%akespe>e is j z true ( ! great dramatic poets ( ! ,greeks4 ,9 practically all ! extant plays ( ,a,eschylus1 ,sophocles & ,euripides1 wom5 are ! h]o9es4 ,!y are repres5t$ z nobl]1 brav]1 m capable ( suff]+1 ) a bett] appreciation ( _! e?ical surr\nd+s & ! realities ( life1 ?an ! m5 ar\nd !m4 ,z mu* z ,antigone is sup]ior to h] qu>relsome bro!rs1 z ,alce/is rises above h] selfi% husb&1 z ,tecmessa is sup]ior to & w\ld h sav$ ,ajax if only he _h p]mitt$ h]1 s ev]y:]e d we f9d wom5 occupy+ n a place ( equality b a position ( sup]iority4 ,^! plays 7 writt5 by m54 ,j z 9 #bci ! case ( ,%akespe>e !y 7 writt5 by m5 ma9ly to be witness$ by m51 = :ile ?ree-f\r?s ( our audi5ces at !atres n[ are wom51 at lea/ ?ree-f\r?s ( ! audi5ce 9 ,%akespe>e's "t 7 m51 & 9 ! old ,greek !atre ! m5 l>gely exce$$ ! wom5 9 att5dance4 ,^! 7 mascul9e pictures ( ! place ( woman1 pa9t$ n 9 empty complim5t b ) pr(\nde/ respect & deepe/ und]/&+4 ,we honor ^! writ]s z ! greate/ 9 ! hi/ory ( lit]ature because !y saw life s cle>ly & s truly4 ,lit]ature is only great :5 x mirrors life to ! nail4 ,:at ! ,greek dramati/s _h done1 ,hom] _h done be=e !m4 ,8 picture ( ! old] ,greek wom5 %[s u t !y 7 on an absolute equality 9 _! h\seholds ) ! m51 t n only 7 !y ?or\ghly respect$ & lov$ = !mselves1 b1 to repeat ,rusk91 !y 7 look$ up to z infallibly wise c\nsellors1 z ! be/ possible advis]s to :om a man c\ld g1 provid$ !y !mselves 7 ( high "* & _! he>ts1 z well z _! intellects1 7 int]e/$ 9 ! problems involv$4 ,!re are1 ( c\rse1 9 all ( ! dramati/s "s wick$ wom54 ,9 ! :ole r\nd ( ,%akespe>e's *>act]s !re are only ?ree wick$ wom5 :o h degrad$ _! womanhood among ! pr9cipal figures4 ,^! are ,lady ,macbe?1 ,regan & ,gon]il4 ,we h correspond+ *>act]s 9 ! ,greek dramati/s4 #bdj ,clytemne/ra is ! ,lady ,macbe? ( ,greek ,trag$y4 ,euripides1 ! fem9i/ z he has be5 call$1 has %[n u1 z fem9i/s ev]1 m ( ! wor/ side ( wom5 ?an 8 great] pr$ecessors ,a,eschylus & ,sophocles4 ,he has exhibit$ ! ext5t to :i* religi\s ov]-en?usiasm c c>ry wom5 9 ! ,bac*ae1 & 0 ! fir/ to introduce ! sex problem4 ,9 g5]al x may be said1 z ,rusk9 says ( ,%akespe>e1 t :5 a ,greek dramati/ pictures wick$ wom5 !y are at once felt to be frightful exceptions to ! ord9>y laws ( life2 fatal 9 _! influ5ce also 9 proportion to ! p[] = good :i* !y _h ab&on$4 ,inde$ trag$y1 z we see x 9 ! great tragic poets1 might be def9$ z ! failure on ! "p ( a good woman to save ! m5 :o are ne>e/ & de>e/ to h] f ! faults into :i* _! *>act]s impel !m4 ,all ! great dramati/s1 anci5t & mod]n1 repres5t wom5 once m 9 ,rusk9's words z infallibly fai?ful & wise c\nsellors--incorruptibly j & pure examples--/rong always to sanctify1 ev5 :5 !y _c save4 ,h[ little !re is 9 any "q ( evolution hav+ br\ght new influ5ce or high] place to woman may be v well realiz$ f ?is position ( wom5 among ! old ,greeks4 ,glad/one has call$ att5tion to x v =cibly 9 8 ,essay on ! ,place ( ,anci5t ,greece 9 ! ,provid5tial ,ord]1 :5 he says1 ,outside #bda ! pale ( ,*ri/ianity1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d a p>allel 9 po9t ( elevation to ! ,greek wom5 ( ! h]oic age4 ,he has tak5 ! place ( woman z repres5t+ ! crit]ion by :i* ! civilization & ! culture ( a p at any "t may be judg$1 ?\gh he does n at all ?9k t "o f9ds a con/ant upw>d t5d5cy 9 hi/ory 9 ?is reg>d4 ,he says3 ,= :5 we are seek+ to asc]ta9 ! measure ( t conception :i* any giv5 race has =m$ ( our nature1 !re is1 p]haps1 no s+le te/ s effective1 z ! position :i* x assigns to woman4 ,= z ! law ( =ce is ! law ( brute creation1 s 9 proportion z he is "u ! yoke ( t law does man approximate to ! brute4 ,& 9 proportion1 on ! o!r h&1 z he has escap$ f its dom9ion1 is he asc5d+ into ! high] sph]e ( be+ & claim+ relation%ip ) ,deity4 ,b ! emancipation & due asc5d5cy ( woman are n a m]e fact1 !y are ! emphatic ass]tion ( a pr9ciple1 & t pr9ciple is ! de?ronem5t ( ! law ( =ce & ! en?ronem5t ( o!r & high] laws 9 its place & its despite4 ,( c\rse1 ( ! =mal education ( ! wom5 ( ,greece we "k v little4 ,we d "k t !y w\ld n h be5 respect$ z !y 71 look$ up to by _! sons & _! husb&s1 honor$ z ! poets h %[n !m to be1 put ^u ! /age z ! h]o9es ( ! race1 only t !y _h be5 intellectually z well z #bdb morally ! equals--nay1 ! sup]iors--( ! m5 ar\nd !m4 ,we d n "k mu* ab\t ! tea*+ ( wom5 be=e & dur+ ! classical p]iod1 b we c und]/& v well f :at we "k ( !m t !y mu/ h _h good opportunities = education4 ,plato1 ( c\rse1 insi/s t wom5 %\ld be educat$ 9 e way exactly z ! m54 ,he m5tions specifically gymna/ics & horseback rid+1 & says t wom5 %\ld be tra9$ 9 ^! z well z ?+s intellectual1 = !y %\ld h _! bodies develop$ z well z _! m9ds4 ,8 reason = dem&+ equal education is v int]e/+1 because x is an anticipation ( :at is be+ said r emphatically at ! pres5t "t4 ,he says3 ,if ,i am "r no?+ c be m fooli% ?an our mod]n fa%ion ( tra9+ m5 & wom5 diff]5tly1 :]eby "o-half ( ! p[] ( ! city is lo/4 ,= reflect if wom5 are n to h ! education ( m5 "s o!r mu/ be f\nd = !m1 & :at o!r c we propose8 ,8 idea evid5tly 0 t only "o-half ^? :o ought to be citiz5s 7 prop]ly tra9$ = civic duties if ! education ( wom5 7 neglect$4 ,x is extremely int]e/+ 9 ! light ( ?is to read "s ( ,ari/ophanes' plays4 ,?ree ( !m1 ,lysi/rata1 ! ,!smophoriazusae1 :i* has a simpl] "n ,! ,wom5's ,fe/ival1 = x ref]r$ to ! great fea/ ( ,!smophoria 9 honor ( ,c]es & ,pros]p9e1 & #bdc ! ,ecclesiazusae4 ,?is la/ title may be r5d]$ a little freely ,! ,female ,p>liam5t1 = 9 x wom5 secure1 by a little fraud1 ! "r to vote & vote !mselves into (fice z ! ma9 portion ( ! plot ( ! play4 ,all ?ree ( ^! plays ref] p>ticul>ly to ! "q ( wom5's rights1 & ?\gh ,! ,wom5's ,fe/ival 0 writt5 z a satire on ,euripides x is evid5t t only ?is subject 0 ab\t z prom95tly be=e ! p ( ,a!ns z ! "q ( votes = wom5 is 9 our "t1 ,ari/ophanes w\ld n h writt5 ^! satiric com$ies4 ,! subjects ( 8 plays are always ! v late/ actuality 9 ,a!ns4 ,socrates 0 satiriz$ 9 ,! ,cl\ds )9 a few mon?s ( 8 dea?4 ,! ,w> 0 writt5 :ile ,a!ns 0 actually engag$ 9 x1 & ,! ,peace 0 writt5 )9 a few mon?s aft] ! sign+ ( ! treaty4 ,votes = wom5 mu/ actually h be5 on ! v c5tre ( ! c>pet :5 ,ari/ophanes wrote 8 ,ecclesiazusae or ,fem99e ,p>liam5t4 ,le/ x %\ld be ?\ght t ,i intrude myself 9 any way 9 try+ to boil d[n = y ! old satiric com$y1 or t ,i am mod]niz+ ,ari/ophanes 9 ord] to adapt ! ideas ( ?is play m fully to conditions t are ar\nd u at ! pres5t "t1 ,i %all read to y ! excell5t cond5sation ( x made by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,lucas ,coll9s1 ,m4,a41 9 8 ,ari/ophanes1 9 ! s]ies ( ,anci5t ,classics = ,engli% #bdd ,read]s1 t s*ol>ly introduction to ! classic au?ors ( :i* ,mr4 ,coll9s is ! editor4 ,he says3 ,! wom5 h det]m9$1 "u ! lead]%ip ( a clev] lady nam$ ,praxagora1 to re=m ! con/itution ( ,a!ns4 ,= ?is purpose !y w dress l m5--be>ds includ$--& occupy ! seats 9 ! ,pnyx1 s z to be able to comm& a majority ( votes 9 ! next public assembly1 ! p>liam5t ( ,a!ns4 ,praxagora is /rongly ( op9ion ) ! mod]n ,mrs4 ,poys]1 t on ! po9t ( speak+1 at all ev5ts1 ! wom5 h great natural advantages ov] ! m52 t ':5 !y h any?+ to say !y c mo/ly f9d words to say x 94' ,!y hold a midnight meet+ = ! purpose ( rehe>s+ _! int5d$ spee*es & gett+ accu/om$ to _! new clo!s4 ,two or ?ree ( ! mo/ ambiti\s orators un=tunately break d[n at ! v outset1 mu* to _! lead]'s disgu/1 by address+ ! assembly z 'ladies' & swe>+ female oa?s & us+ _m o!r unp>liam5t>y expressions q unbefitt+ _! mascul9e attire4 ,praxagora h]self1 h[ev]1 makes a spee* :i* is v g5]ally admir$4 ,%e compla9s ( ! mismanagem5t hi!rto ( public affairs1 & ass]ts t ! only hope ( salvation = ! /ate is to put ! gov]nm5t into ! h&s ( ! wom52 argu+1 l ,lysi/rata 9 ! com$y ( t "n1 t ^? :o h s long manag$ ! dome/ic e/abli%m5t #bde successfully are be/ fitt$ to und]take ! same duties on a l>g] scale4 ,! wom51 too1 are %[n by _! advocate to be highly cons]vative1 &1 !re=e1 safe gu>dians ( ! public int]e/s3 ,!y roa/ & boil aft] ! good old fa%ion1 ,!y keep ! holidays t 7 kept ( old4 ,!y make _! *eesecakes by ! old receipts4 ,!y keep a private bottle l _! mo!rs4 ,!y plague _! husb&s--z !y always did4 ,ev5 9 ! managem5t ( a campaign1 !y w be f\nd m prud5t & m compet5t ?an ! m53 ,be+ mo!rs1 !y'll be *>y ( ! blood ,( _! own sons1 our soldi]s2 be+ mo!rs1 ,!y w take c>e _! *ildr5 d n />ve ,:5 !y're on s]vice2 &1 = ways & means1 ,tru/ u1 !re's no?+ clev]] ?an a woman3 ,& z = diplomacy1 !y'll be h>d inde$ ,to *eat--!y "k too _m tricks !mselves4 ,h] spee* is unanim\sly applaud$2 %e is elect$ lady-presid5t on ! spot1 by public acclamation1 & ! *orus ( ladies m>* (f t[>ds ! ,pnyx to secure _! places l ! old g5tlem5 9 ',! ,wasps' ready = ! daybreak4 ,9 ! next sc5e1 two ( ! husb&s ent] 9 great p]plexity1 "o wrapp$ 9 8 wife's dress+ g[n1 & ! o!r ) only 8 "u-g>m5t #bdf on & )\t 8 %oes4 ,!y bo? want to g to ! assembly b _c f9d _! clo!s4 ,:ile !y are wond]+ :at 9 ! _w _! wives c h done ) !m1 & :at is become ( ! ladies !mselves1 a ?ird neighbor1 ,*remes1 comes 94 ,he has be5 to ! assembly2 b ev5 he 0 too late to get ! ?reep5ce :i* 0 all[$ out ( ! public treasury to all :o took _! seat 9 good "t1 & :i* all ,a!nian citiz5s1 if we may tru/ _! satiri/1 7 s ludicr\sly eag] to secure4 ,! place 0 q full already1 & ( /range faces1 too4 ,& a h&some fair-fac$ y\? 7,praxagora 9 disguise1 we are to und]/&7 _h got up1 & amid ! l\d *e]s ( ^? unkn[n vot]s _h propos$ & c>ri$ a resolution1 t ! gov]nm5t ( ! /ate %\ld be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( a committee ( ladies1--an exp]im5t :i* _h f\nd favor also ) o!rs1 *iefly because x 0 '! only *ange :i* _h n z yet be5 tri$ at ,a!ns4' ,8 two neighbors are some:at conf\nd$ at 8 news1 b congratulate !mselves on ! fact t ! wives w n[1 at all ev5ts1 h to see to ! ma9t5ance ( ! *ildr51 & t '! gods sometimes br+ good out ( evil4' ,! wom5 return1 & get home z quickly z !y c to *ange _! co/ume s t ! trick by :i* ! pass+ ( ?is new decree has be5 secur$ may n be detect$4 ,praxagora succe$s 9 p]suad+ h] husb& t %e _h #bdg be5 s5t = 9 a hurry to att5d a sick neighbor1 & only borr[$ 8 coat to put on 'because ! night 0 s cold' & 8 /rong %oes & /aff1 9 ord] t any evil-dispos$ p]son might take h] = a man z %e tramp$ along1 & s n int]f]e ) h]4 ,%e at fir/ affects n to h he>d ( ! re=m :i* has be5 j c>ri$1 b :5 h] husb& expla9s x1 decl>es x w make ,a!ns a p>adise4 ,!n %e confesses to him t %e has h]self be5 *os51 9 full assembly1 ',g5]alissima ( ! /ate4' ,%e puts ! "q1 h[ev]1 j z we h all se5 x put by a mod]n actress1--'w ?is h\se agree to x8' ,& if ,praxagora 0 at all attractively got up1 we may be sure x 0 c>ri$ by acclamation 9 ! affirmative4 ,!n1 9 ! fir/ place1 !re %all be no m pov]ty2 !re %all be community ( goods1 & s !re %all be no law suits1 & no gambl+ & no in=m]s4 7,!y promis$ m ev5 ?an our suffragettes--if possible47 ,moreov]1 !re %all be community ( wives1--& all ! ugly wives %all h ! fir/ *oice ( husb&s4 ,s %e goes (f to h] public duties1 to see t ^! resolutions are c>ri$ out =?)2 ! good citiz5 begg+ leave to foll[ close at h] side1 s t all :o see him may say1 ',:at a f9e fell[ is our ,g5]alissima's husb&6' ,! sc5e *anges to ano!r /reet 9 ,a!ns1 :]e ! citiz5s are br++ out all _! prop]ty1 to be c>ri$ into ! m>ket-place #bdh & inv5tori$ = ! common /ock4 ,citiz5 ',a' dances ) delight z he m>%als 8 dilapidat$ *attels into a mock procession--f ! meal sieve1 :i* he kisses1 x looks s pretty ) its p[d]$ hair1 to ! iron pot :i* looks z black 'z if ,lysima*us' 7"s well-kn[n fop ( ! day1 possibly pres5t among ! audi5ce7 '_h be5 boil+ 8 hair dye 9 x4' ,?is patriot1 at lea/1 has n mu* to lose1 & hopes he may h some?+ to ga91 "u ^! female communi/s4 ,b 8 neighbor1 :o is bett] (f1 is 9 no su* hurry4 ,! ,a!nians1 z he rem>ks1 are always mak+ new laws & abrogat+ !m2 :at has be5 pass$ to-day v likely w be repeal$ to-morr[4 ,besides x is a good old national habit to take1 n to give4 ,he w wait a :ile be=e he gives 9 an inv5tory ( 8 possessions4 7,"o might ?9k ( an income tax law 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury47 ,b at ?is po9t comes ! city-beadle 7an appo9tm5t n[ held1 ( c\rse1 by a lady7 ) a summons to a banquet provid$ = all citiz5s out ( ! public funds3 & among/ ! items 9 ! bill ( f>e is "o di% ^: "n is compos$ ( sev5ty-sev5 syllables--:i* ,ari/ophanes gives u1 b :i* ! read] %all be sp>$4 7,x has be5 boil$ d[n by ! ,am]ican s*oolboy to j 'ha%4'7 ,citiz5 ',b' at once deliv]s x z 8 op9ion t 'e #bdi man ( prop] feel+ %\ld support ! con/itution to ! utmo/ ( 8 ability1' & hurries to take 8 place at ! fea/4 ,!re are "s difficulties caus$1 v naturally by ! new communi/ic regulations z to provid+ = ! old & ugly wom51 b ) ^! we ne$ n deal4 ,! piece ends ) an invitation1 issu$ by direction ( ,praxagora ?r\gh h] lady-*amb]la91 to ! public g5]ally1 spectators includ$1 to jo9 ! national banquet :i* is to inaugurate ! new ord] ( ?+s4 ,9 a previ\s com$y ,ari/ophanes _h told ( ano!r int]f]5ce ( wom5 9 ! political life ( ,a!ns t conta9s s _m rem9d]s ( ! mod]n "t1 & %[s s def9itely h[ old ! new is1 t x des]ves a place "h4 ,above all1 ! des]tions f ! cause ( ! wom5 :5 !y f9d t _! political duties int]f]e ) _! home duties1 & t !y h to sacrifice _m ( ! joys ( life ev5 ?\gh !y are duties t may at times seem irksome en\gh1--*ildr51 h\sehold "w1 etc41--= ^! new] obligations ) :i* !y h s little sympa?y1 is especially int]e/+4 ,once m ,i pref] to take ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,coll9s' summ>y ( ! play 9 ord] t x may be cle> t ,ari/ophanes' mean+ is n be+ /ret*$ = ! purpose ( mak+ po9ts ) reg>d to pres5t-day conditions4 ,aft] all1 ,mr4 ,coll9s' little book 0 writt5 v ne>ly ?irty ye>s ago1 :5 v little ( ! pres5t fem9i/ic #bej movem5t1 at lea/ 9 ! =m 9 :i* we are n[ famili> ) x1 _h ass]t$ itself4 ,!y det]m9e1 "u ! lead+ ( ! clev] ,lysi/rata1 wife to "o ( ! magi/rates1 to take ! "q 7( ! end+ ( ! w>7 into _! own h&s4 ,!y resolve ^u a volunt>y sep>ation f _! husb&s--a practical divorce a m5sa et ?oro--until peace ) ,sp>ta %all be proclaim$4 ,x is resolv$ t a body ( ! eld] matrons %all seize ! ,acropolis & make !mselves ma/]s ( ! public treasury4 ,^! =m "o ( ! two *oruses 9 ! play1 ! o!r be+ compos$ ( ! old m5 ( ,a!ns4 ,! latt] proce$ 7) a good deal ( comic difficulty1 ow+ to ! /eepness ( ! asc5t & _! %ortness ( brea?7 to attack ! ,acropolis1 arm$ ) tor*es & fagots & pans ( *>coal1 ) :i* !y hope to smoke out ! occupants4 ,b ! wom5 h provid$ !mselves ) buckets ( wat]1 :i* !y empty on ! heads ( _! assailants1 :o soon retire discomfit$ to call ! police4 ,b ! police are1 9 _! turn1 repuls$ by ^! resolute insurg5ts1 :om !y d n exactly "k h[ to deal )4 ,at la/ a memb] ( ! public committee comes =w>d to p>ley1 & a dialogue takes place betwe5 him & ,lysi/rata4 ',:y1' he asks1 'h !y ?us tak5 possession ( ! citadel8' ',!y h resolv$ h5ce=? to manage ! public rev5ues !mselves1' is ! #bea reply1 '& n all[ !m to be appli$ to c>ry+ on ?is ru9\s w>4' ',t is no bus9ess = wom51' argues ! magi/rate4 ',:y n8' says ,lysi/rata2 '! wives h long _h ! managem5t ( ! private purses ( ! husb&s1 to ! great advantage ( bo?4' ,9 %ort1 ! wom5 h made up _! m9ds to h _! voice no long] ignor$1 z hi!rto1 9 que/ions ( peace & w>4 ,_! remon/rances h always be5 met ) ! taunt t 'w> is ! bus9ess ( m52' & to any "q !y h v5tur$ to ask _! husb&s on su* po9ts1 ! answ] has always be5 ! old cry--old z ! days ( ,hom]--',g sp91 y jade1 g sp96' ,b !y w put up ) x no long]4 ,z !y h always _h wit en\gh to cle> ! tangl$ ?reads 9 _! "w1 s !y h no d\bt ( settl+ all ^! difficulties & complications 9 int]national disputes1 if x is left to !m4 ,b :at conc]n1 h] oppon5t asks1 c wom5 h ) w>1 :o contribute no?+ to its dang]s & h>d%ips8 ',contribute1 inde$6' says ! lady2 'we contribute ! sons :o c>ry x on4' ,& %e ?r[s d[n to h] adv]s>y h] hood1 h] basket & h] sp9dle1 & bids him 'g home & c>d wool1'--x is all su* old m5 are fit =2 h5ce=? ! prov]b 7( ! m5's mak+7 %all be rev]s$1--',w> %all be ! c>e ( ! wom54' ,! magi/rate retires n hav+ got ! be/ ( x1 v naturally1 9 an enc\nt] ( words2 & ! *orus ( eld]s raise ! cry--#beb well kn[n z a popul> p>tisan cry at ,a!ns1 & sure to call =? a he>ty laugh 9 su* juxtaposition--t ! wom5 are design+ to 'set up a tyranny6' ,b poor ,lysi/rata soon has h] tr\bles4 ,h] unwor?y recruits are fa/ des]t+ h]4 ,!y are go+ (f to _! husb&s 9 ! mo/ sneaky mann]--creep+ out ?r\gh ! little hole "u ! citadel :i* l$ to ! celebrat$ cave ( ,pan1 & lett+ !mselves d[n f ! walls by ropes at ! risk ( break+ _! necks4 ,^? :o are caught all h excell5t excuses4 ,"o has "s fleeces ( f9e ,milesian wool at home :i* mu/ be se5 to1--%e is sure ! mo?s are eat+ !m4 ,ano!r has urg5t occasion = ! doctor2 a ?ird _c sleep alone = fe> ( ! owls--( :i*1 z e "o kn[s1 !re 7 really a great _m at ,a!ns4 ,! husb&s1 too1 are gett+ uncom=table )\t _! h\sekeep]s2 !re is no "o to cook _! victuals2 & "o poor s\l comes & humbly entreats 8 wife at lea/ to come home & wa% & dress ! baby4 ,x is becom+ pla9 t ei!r ! w> or ! wives' resolution w soon give way1 :5 !re arrives an embassy f ,sp>ta4 ,!y _c /& ?is g5]al /rike ( ! wives4 ,!y are agre$ already ) _! enemies1 ! ,a!nians1 on "o po9t--z to ! wom5--t ! old ,greek com$ian's prov]b1 :i* we h borr[$ & translat$ freely1 is true1-- ,!re is no liv+ ) 'em--or )\t 'em4 #bec ,!y are come to (f] t]ms ( peace4 ,:5 two p>ties are already ( "o m9d1 z ,lysi/rata obs]ves1 !y are n long 9 com+ to an und]/&+4 ,a treaty is made on ! spot1 ) rem>kably few prelim9>ies4 ,:5ev] we h suffici5t rema9s to illu/rate ! life ( any p]iod ( hi/ory ) reasonable complet5ess1 we f9d wom5 occupy+ a mu* m important place ?an is usually conc$$ to !m4 ,! tr\ble is t we assume t we "k some?+ ab\t ! pa/1 because we h some:]e obta9$ a vague notion ( x & !n we fill 9 details 9 accordance ) t preconceiv$ notion4 ,! g5]al rule1 un=tunately1 is to make z little ( ! pa/ z possible & to consid] t1 ( c\rse1 !y mu/ h be5 v diff]5t f u1 & surely f> beh9d u 9 ev]y?+4 ,! m "o really kn[s ( hi/ory1 h[ev]1 ! less does "o ?9k ?is4 ,we mu/ n let our complac5t self-satisfaction ) our own g5]ation di/urb our prop] appreciation ( pa/ g5]ations1 h[ev]4 ,an ,engli% writ] said n v long ago1 & n[ t we h review$ v>i\s p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( fem99e influ5ce & ( education1 ,i ?9k t y w recognize ! ju/ice ( :at he said1 ,x is too mu* ! easy cu/om ( ! pres5t self-admir+ day--n a bit m self-satisfi$1 aft] all1 ?an ea* day has be5 9 its #bed turn--to hold ! wom5 ( ! pa/ z some?+ little bett] ?an dolls = _! atta9m5ts1 a little de>] ?an slaves = _! position & despicably cont5t !re94 ,no?+ c\ld well be less true ?an ?is4 ,:at is apt to /rike u1 h[ev]1 aft] a review ( ! phases ( fem99e education & influ5ce su* z ,i h sket*$1 is t !re are und\bt$ly times dur+ :i* v little is he>d ( fem99e influ5ce & almo/ no?+ at all ( fem99e education4 ,!re are p]iods on ! o!r h& :5 ^! subjects are ! v c5tre ( human int]e/4 ,?is int]e/ waxes to a c]ta9 climax & !n app>5tly wanes4 ,:at is ! reason = ^! wax+s & wan+s8 ,is !re any?+ t we "k ab\t !m t w help u to acc\nt = !m8 ,if wom5 h once a*iev$ a c]ta9 position & h once secur$ c]ta9 privileges 9 ! matt] ( education1 x might reasonably be expect$ t1 b>r+ "s great cataclysm or political upheaval1 t completely disrupt$ society1 !y w\ld n ab&on ^! h>d-won rights & preci\s privileges1 & s we %\ld n h to be go+ ?r\gh ! /orm & /ress ( ano!r p]iod ( discussion1 controv]sy1 opposition ) reg>d to woman's rights4 ,h[ is x t rights once atta9$--& nev] unless aft] a /ruggle1 = no matt] h[ civiliz$ a p]iod or h[ cultur$ a p1 !y d n grant rights to any class unless =c$ to d s-- t ^! rights h aft]w>ds be5 lo/1 or at lea/ greatly dim9i%$ & p>tly =gott58 #bee ,9 ?is we come ^u "o ( ! my/]ies ( hi/ory & ( ! life ( man4 ,h[ is x t m5 secure c]ta9 k & !n =get x--lit]ally =get all ab\t x--h[ is x t m5 make discov]ies & !n lose sight ( !m s t !y h to be made ov] aga92 h[ is x t m5 ev5 make useful inv5tions ( all k9ds & ^! are lo/ sight ( & ! inv5tion has to be made ov] aga9 9 succe$+ g5]ations8 ,h[ is x t ! ,suez ,canal 0 op5$ at lea/ once be=e our "t & !n all[$ to fill up ) s&1 & we _h to d ! "w all ov] aga9 two g5]ations ago8 ,h[ is x t ,am]ica 0 discov]$ at lea/ twice1 probably (t5]1 be=e ,columbus' "t1 & yet 8 0 a real discov]y8 ,we actually h ,papal docum5ts address$ to bi%ops 9 ,gre5l& f ,popes 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 m5tion+ missions on ! ma9l& ( ,am]ica4 ,!re are traditions t seem to po9t beyond all d\bt to ! fact t ! ,iri% monks 7 "h 9 ,am]ica 9 ! eigh? & n9? c5turies4 ,^? traditions come f ?ree or f\r diff]5t s\rces4 ,!re 0 a rev]5ce = ! cross among ! ,indians 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,a tradition ( :ite-rob$ prie/s :o came f ov] ! sea4 ,! ,norse "n = ,am]ica 0 ,irl& x ,mikla1 ,irel& ! ,great1 #bef t is1 ! isl& ( ! ,iri%1 mu* l>g] ?an ,irel& itself & ly+ beyond x 9 ! seas4 ,h[ is x1 inde$1 t !re are _m discov]ies & r$iscov]ies ( ! same pr9ciple 9 sci5ce8 ,h]on's eng9e at ,alex&ria 0 an anticipation ( ! turb9e pr9ciple 9 ! application ( /eam4 ,:5 we dug up surgical in/rum5ts at ,pompeii we 7 surpris$ to f9d t !y _h ! =m ( _m in/rum5ts t we ?\ght we _h inv5t$ 9 our "t4 ,9 glass-mak+1 9 iron-work+1 9 all ! arts & crafts preci\s secrets are discov]$1 !n lo/1 !n r$iscov]$1 & ?is may ev5 happ5 sev]al times4 ,we f9d no sign ( a cont9u\s progress1 b recurr+ phases t repres5t ups & d[ns 9 man's int]e/ 9 c]ta9 ?+s & 8 a*ievem5ts correspond+ to ! int5sity ( 8 int]e/4 ,su* a ?+ z a regul> progressive advance "o f9ds n[h]e 9 hi/ory4 ,nations d n ma9ta9 _! p[] aft] !y h a*iev$ x4 ,j z soon z ! /ruggle to ma9ta9 !mselves is ov]1 int]nal tr\bles ( v>i\s k9ds set dis9tegrat+ factors at "w & x is n long be=e decad5ce c be not$ & !n ! disappe>ance ( ! p or at lea/ ( its national prom95ce becomes inevitable4 ,we %all n be surpris$ to f9d ups & d[ns 9 ! hi/ory ( fem99e influ5ce & education1 = ?is is ! rule ( hi/ory4 ,we h only be5 labor+ "u ! false notion t def9ite progress 0 ! rule because ( #beg ov]-absorption 9 ! evolution !ory--b x is n4 ,!re seems to be 9 ?is matt] a c]ta9 *eck ^u ! occupation ( woman ) int]e/s ext]nal to h] h\sehold t w\ld tempt h] to occupy h]self mu* ) duties extrane\s to ! family life4 ,aft] all1 "o ?+ is p]fectly cle>4 ,only wom5 c be mo!rs4 ,we h n succe$$ ev5 9 gett+ ! slighte/ possible h9t ( any me?od ( cont9u+ ! race except by ! ord9>y process ( mat]nity4 ,:atev] ( direct evolution ! advocates ( ! !ory ( evolution h sugge/$ z com+ 9 humanity s t x may be ! subject ( obs]vation1 has be5 due 9 _! m9ds to ! l5g!n+ ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! "y ( ! race are c>$ =4 ,z we g up 9 ! scale ( life f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 infancy-- mean+ by t ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! (fspr+ is c>$ = by ! p>5ts--l5g!ns4 ,9 ! v small be+s !re is none4 ,z we asc5d 9 ! scale we f9d traces ( p>5tal c>e4 ,!n comes occupation ( ! p>5ts ) _! (fspr+ f a few h\rs up to a day or two1 & !n f9ally mon?s & ye>s1 until 9 ! human race infancy has be5 gradually prolong$ to tw5ty ye>s4 ,?is is ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s obs]vation & x is int]e/+ & sugge/ive4 ,a "m !n especially1 ?\gh also a fa!r1 mu/ c>e = *ildr51 n alone = mon?s be=e & aft] bir?1 b = a score ( ye>s4 #beh ,occupation ) o!r ?+s1 ?\gh necess>y1 detracts f ?is c>e ( *ildr51 & if exagg]at$ leads to ! celibate condition or t approa*+ x1 ! limitation ( families )9 n>r[ b\nds4 ,! "m ( b two or ?ree *ildr5 may occupy h]self ) o!r ?+s &1 inde$1 has to f9d o!r occupation ( m9d4 ,at c]ta9 p]iods 9 ! _w's hi/ory a c]ta9 numb] ( ^! wom5 accumulate & ! t5d5cy to celibacy or to v limit$ mat]nity makes itself felt1 & !n ?is class ( p usually fails to propagate en\gh ( ! species l !mselves to take _! places 9 ! _w4 ,x is a matt] ( common comm5t at ! pres5t mom5t t if ! wom5's colleges 7 to dep5d on ! prog5y ( _! graduates to fill ! classes 9 succe$+ ye>s1 ! numb]s at ! s*ools n only w\ld n increase b w\ld con/antly t5d to decrease4 ,( c\rse ?is same ?+ is true ( ! desc5dants ( ! male graduates ( _m ( our ,ea/]n univ]sities1 & ,i believe t att5tion has be5 p>ticul>ly call$ to x ) reg>d to our ?ree olde/ univ]sities4 ,su* are ! risks ( life & ! fatalities incid5t to disease1 ev5 ) our pres5t improv$ hygi5ic conditions1 t any?+ less ?an five or six *ildr5 9 a family w n prove suffici5t ev5tually to replace ! p>5ts 9 _! activities4 ,:5 to small families is add$ ! numb] ( celibates consequ5t ^u absorption 9 self-improvem5t1 !n ! failure ( ! #bei cultur$ classes ev5 to replace !mselves becomes v manife/1 & h5ce our dw9dl+ native populations1 if we take t ^w to mean ! families t h be5 9 ! c\ntry = m ?an two g5]ations4 ,nature does n confide conditions 9 humanity entirely to man1 h[ev]4 ,?is w\ld be to leave mank9d subject to c]ta9 :ims & fa%ions & ! caprices ( times & p4 ,!re are _m biological *ecks :i* ma9ta9 mank9d 9 a c]ta9 equilibrium4 ,a typical example ( x is ! regulation ( ! numb] ( ea* sex born4 ,9 g5]al ! proportion ( ! sexes to "o ano!r ma9ta9s a ratio v ne> t ( equality "u ord9>y natural conditions4 ,?is obta9s 9 spite ( ! fact t man is s mu* m subject to accid5ts ?an woman1 s mu* m likely to cat* & succumb to disease & s mu* m likely to we> himself out prematurely z ! result ( 8 labors4 ,! dea?-rate among wom5 at all ages is l[] ?an t ( m51 yet a con/ant1 def9ite equilibrium ( ! sexes is ma9ta9$ ) accurate nicety4 ,!re is evid5tly "s *eck exi/+ 9 nature itself t prev5ts any di/urbance ( ?is fix$ ratio4 ,n only is nature able to ma9ta9 ?is1 b 9 cases :]e1 because ( "s s]i\s di/urbance ( natural conditions1 a decid$ inequality ( ! ratio occurs by accid5t1 nature is able to re/ore conditions to ! previ\s normal1 )\t our be+ q able to und]/& j h[ ?is is #bfj accompli%$4 ,we d n "k h[ sex is det]m9$4 ,!re h be5 _m explanations (f]$1 b all ( !m h prov$ inadequate & mo/ ( !m q nugatory4 ,9 spite ( our lack ( k !re h be5 times 9 hi/ory :5 a /rik+ manife/ation ( nature's p[] has occurr$4 ,= in/ance1 aft] ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w> 9 ,g]many ! ratio betwe5 ! sexes _h be5 s mu* di/urb$ t1 accord+ to "s hi/orians1 !re 7 probably ne>ly twice z _m wom5 z m5 9 exi/5ce 9 ! ,g]manic c\ntries4 ,! m5 _h be5 cut (f by ! w> itself1 by fam9es consequ5t ^u x1 by extreme & unusual ef=ts to support _! families & by epidemic diseases 9 camps & campaigns4 ,! disproportion 0 s great t a relaxation ( ! m>riage laws 0 p]mitt$ = a "t 9 c]ta9 ( ! c\ntries & m5 7 all[$ to h two wives4 ,"u ^! conditions nature at once began to reass]t h]self1 ! numb] ( male bir?s 0 greatly increas$ & ! disproportion betwe5 ! sexes imm$iately began to less54 ,at ! end ( sc>cely m ?an ?ree g5]ations ! normal equilibrium ( ! sexes 0 re/or$ & !re 0 ab\t an equal numb] ( m5 & wom5 aga94 ,"h we h ! effect ( "o ( ^! curi\sly int]e/+ biological *ecks ^u man's fooli% qu>relsom5ess :i* might result 9 a too great disproportion ( ! sexes4 ,we %all n be surpris$1 !n1 if we f9d o!r #bfa su* biological *ecks & comp5sations ex]t+ !mselves4 ,9 rec5t ye>s ,sir ,francis ,galton1 ! c\s9 ( ,d>w91 :o is recogniz$ z ! be/ liv+ au?ority 9 /ati/ical biology1 & ,pr(essor ,k>l ,pe>son1 :o has done m ?an any "o else to br+ out _m curi\s & int]e/+ b v important biological laws by ! /udy ( /ati/ics1 h insi/$ 9 _! /udies ( ! effect ( ! law ( primog5iture1 t :5 !re are small families1 ! *ildr5 are m likely to be n]v\s1 (t5] h an incl9ation to m5tal disease & h less resi/ive vitality aga9/ disease 9 g5]al ?an ! av]age *ild ( ! l>g] families4 ,!re is a small b significant advantage 9 vitality t accrues to lat] *ildr5 ( a family4 ,?is is s contr>y to ! frequ5tly express$ op9ion t only ! *ildr5 ( small families c be br\ght up prop]ly to resi/ disease & h su* advantages 9 _! education & nutrition z to be ( bett] heal?1 t ,i %\ld hesitate to quote x1 only t x has beh9d x ! au?ority ( su* di/+ui%$ sci5ti/s z ,galton & ,pe>son4 ,!y are bo? cons]vative ,engli%m51 !y h no !ory ( _! own t !y are support+1 !y h no axe to gr9d 9 ?+s social & political = ! laun*+ ( ! new !ory1 !y are only mak+ obs]vations on ! facts pres5t$ & ! data t h be5 collect$4 ,"h is ano!r /rik+ example ( a *eck on c]ta9 t5d5cies 9 humanity t app>5tly #bfb nature does n approve (1 or to avoid p]sonify+ a process1 we _h bett] say are n accord+ to nature's laws4 ,! small family does n p]petuate itself4 ,x has c]ta9 natural disadvantages t "w aga9/ x4 ,x gradually disappe>s & ! races ( l>g] families ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,we ne$ n h _h rec\rse to ,galton's & ,pe>son's pr9ciple 9 ?is matt]1 = we see ! results ( ! small family 9 pres5t-day hi/ory4 ,france is decreas+ 9 population4 ,our own ,puritan families are dy+ out4 ,am]ican families g5]ally ( m ?an ?ree g5]ations are n p]petuat+ !mselves4 ,! teem+ f]tility ( ! poor immigrants :o come to u is1 ) immigration itself1 supply+ our increase 9 population4 ,our nation is1 z a result1 gradually becom+ some?+ v diff]5t f :at our =efa!rs anticipat$4 ,:at has app>5tly happ5$1 !n1 9 ! hi/ory ( fem99e education & influ5ce is t1 :5ev] wom5 became occupi$ ) su* modes ( education1 or ! cultivation ( phases ( fem99e influ5ce t took !m out ( _! h\ses1 away f family life & f> f ! he>?/one1 ! p>ticul> classes ( wom5 :o ?us became int]e/$ did n propagate !mselves1 or propagat$ !mselves to su* a limit$ degree t1 aft] a "t1 _! k9d disappe>$ to a great ext5t4 ,! dome/ic woman ) t5d5cies to c>e mu* m = h] mat]nal duties ?an = any extra-domicili>y successes #bfc propagat$ h]self1 rais$ h] *ildr5 ) h] ideals1 cultivat$ dome/icity & consci\sly or unconsci\sly fo/]$ ! "m idea z ! ma9 feature ( woman's life & h] pr9cipal s\rce n only ( occupation1 b ( joy 9 ! liv+1 ( consolation & ( g5u9e accompli%m5t4 ,! t5d5cy1 z c readily be se5 9 our own "t1 ( ! o!r class ( woman is l>gely to fo/]1 (t5 unconsci\sly1 b ( c\rse (t5 consci\sly also1 ! opposite notions4 ,%e talks ( ! slav]y ( *ild-rais+1 ! limitations ( ! home woman1 ! drudg]y ( dome/ic life1 =gett+ t life is "w & t ! only happ9ess 9 life is to h "w t y want to d1 :atev] x may be1 b all ?is talk has its inevitable effect ^u all b ! born "m woman1 & ! result is ! fad = public occupation in/ead ( dome/ic life4 ,x is easy to see :at ! result ( ! opposite op9ion is4 ,e t5d5cy ( ! intellectual woman s-call$ is to repress su* natural in/9cts z lead to ! propagation ( ! race & ! cont9uance ( h] k9d4 ,( c\rse x w be said t intellectual wom5 are q will+ to h "o or two *ildr54 ,fir/1 ?is is n true = a great _m ( !m4 ,secondly1 = ^? :o h "o or two *ildr5 losses by dea? & failure to m>ry 9 ! second g5]ation1 because ( consci\s or unconsci\s disc\ragem5ts & ! exagg]ation ( ideas ) reg>d to ! dang] ( mat]nity1 lead (t5 to a complete #bfd suppression ( ! family 9 ! second or ?ird g5]ation4 ,app>5tly ! rule ( hi/ory is t !re are f\r or five g5]ations ( wom5 int]e/$ 9 intellectual ?+s p>ticul>ly1 :o foll[ "o ano!r 9 ^! p]iods ( special fem99e education & ex]tion ( influ5ce outside ( ! home4 ,!n !re comes a di/9ct decad5ce ( ! fem9i/ movem5t1 because ( ! gradual dim9ution 9 numb] ( wom5 :o are int]e/$ 9 su* ?+s1 & !n1 :ile !re are always c]ta9 wom5 :o develop great intellectual abilities :i* require a l>g] /age ?an ! home = _! display1 & :ile !re are always "s :o f9d an intellectual c>e] or r make x1 v little is he>d ( fem9ism & wom5's claims4 ,!y are satisfi$ to rule _! husb&s1 to raise _! *ildr51 to be sa9ts to _! sons & eld] si/]s to _! daught]s1 & ! fem99e _w has its simple joys & n mu* fuss ab\t rights4 ,x may seem f>-fet*$ ?us to appeal to a biological *eck or a great und]ly+ natural law 9 a matt] ( ?is k9d1 b 9 rec5t ye>s biology has s (t5 be5 appeal$ to to ju/ify unsocial conditions t its true application ne$s to be po9t$ out4 ,we h he>d1 = in/ance1 mu* ( ! /ruggle = life & ! competition t is suppos$ to be inevitable 9 nature1 :ile all ! "t x has app>5tly be5 =gott5 t !re is no /ruggle = life )9 ! species #bfe except :5 !re is "s di/urbance ( ! ord9>y ord] ( nature1 z 9 times ( fam9e1 or :5 a "m is =ag+ = h] *ildr54 ,on ! contr>y1 mutual aid is ! rule )9 ! species & !re is no animal small or l>ge1 f ! ant to ! elephant1 t does n help its k9d & has n c]ta9 wond]ful in/9cts = helpfulness1 ! orig9 ( :i* we d n "k1 b :i* are f\nd$ 9 nature itself4 ,man ju/ifies inhumanity to man by ! suppos$ /ruggle = life1 :ile all ! "t nature tea*es u ! opposite law4 ,nature's way is t ( elim9ation4 ,h] int]e/ is ! race4 ,%e c>es v little = ! individual & gu>ds only h] great purpose ( secur+ ! propagation ( ! race4 ,app>5tly su* int5se preoccupation ) ! intellectual life z provides opportunity = s]i\s education1 = lit]>y "w & = ! ex]tion ( diffuse influ5ce 9 a community1 does n make = ! propagation ( ! race or its prop] pres]vation4 ,we c see ?is easily 9 ! _w ar\nd u1 9 ! limit$ prog5y ( ^? :o live ! intellectual or selfi% life to ! exclusion ( racial int]e/s4 ,?is is oppos$ to nature's purpose & %e proce$s to elim9ate ^? :o /& 9 h] way4 ,?is is n done by any cataclysmic process b by a law ( nature4 ,^? involv$ 9 ! influ5ce di/urb+ to h] purpose elim9ate !mselves4 ,?is is z true = indulg5ce 9 toxic sub/ances t produce c]ta9 p]sonal #bff mom5t>y good feel+s1 z = ! m delib]ate avoidance ( c]ta9 ( nature's burd5s :i* br+s ab\t a c]ta9 negative pleasure at lea/ by less5+ ! am\nt ( pa9 t has to be borne & tr\ble to be endur$4 ,to ^! pa9s & tr\bles nature has atta*$ "s ( ! be/ ( ! comp5sations ( life4 ,! dome/ic joys are prop]ly man's highe/ s\rce ( unalloy$ pleasure )\t remorse4 ,our review ( ! phases ( fem99e education & influ5ce w\ld seem to %[ t !re has occurr$ a s]ies ( cycles ab\t ?ree c5turies ap>t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race1 dur+ :i* wom5 become v mu* occupi$ ) ?+s ext]nal to _! h\sehold4 ,su* cycles are repres5t$ by our own p]iod1 t ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 t ( ! univ]sity p]iod 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & !n t at ,*>lemagne's c\rt e>li]1 ?\gh ! b>b>ic conditions foll[+ ! migration ( nations probably did n all[ a natural expression ( ! t5d5cies at ?is "t4 ,e>li] 9 hi/ory1 9 ! fir/ c5tury be=e ,*ri/ & j aft] & 9 ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/ 9 ,greece1 !re _h be51 z we h po9t$ out1 su* cycles4 ,dur+ ! int]v5+ c5turies !re is a negative phase 9 ! movem5t1 s t fem9ism1 "u :i* is und]/ood woman's expression ( h]self outside ( h] home & ! ex]tion ( h] influ5ce ap>t f h] family & imm$iate fri5ds1 is v little 9 #bfg evid5ce4 ,dur+ ^! times ! dome/ic woman reass]ts h]self4 ,dur+ ! positive phases ( ! movem5t %e cont9ues to h h] *ildr51 ! fem9i/s d n1 or at lea/ n to ! same ext5t4 ,!y & _! k9d are gradually elim9at$1 at lea/ to a great degree1 & s ! negative phase comes on4 ,?is is n an argum5t & is n meant z su*4 ,x is meant to be a sci5tific read+ ( ! mean+ ( c]ta9 phases ( ! hi/ory ( ! race z !y c be /udi$4 ,i w\ld be ! la/ 9 ! _w to ?9k t ,i c\ld influ5ce pres5t-day activities by any su* indications ( a great law 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race t takes ?ree c5turies f phase to phase4 ,aft] all1 :o c>es = a law t does n affect our g5]ation1 b at mo/ ! ?ird & f\r? succe$+ g5]ations1 & ! manife/ation ( ^: ph5om5a c only be recogniz$ 9 ?ree-c5tury p]iods8 ,:at ,i h tri$ to d is to po9t out j :at are ! cycles ( fem99e influ5ce & education 9 ! _w's hi/ory1 & !n to "w out ! reasons :y1 q contr>y to :at might be expect$1 ^! phases h n cont9u$1 b are int]rupt$ by p]iods ( utt] decad5ce ( fem99e influ5ce or int]e/ 9 public life & education4 ,p]haps 9 our "t we are go+ to *ange all t4 ,t is ! feel+ t we are prone to h4 ,o!rs may h made progress & =gott5 ab\t x1 or #bfh may h made mi/akes & be5 elim9at$ = !m1 b we are s consci\sly active 9 our affairs t we _c ?9k ( ourselves z likely to suff] ! fate ( our pr$ecessors4 ,!re is mu* ( t feel+ abroad 9 ! pres5t day1 !re has always be5 mu* ( t feel+ abroad 9 e o!r day1 = ea* succe$+ g5]ation 9 its turn is p]fectly sure t :at x is do+ means m ?an ev] be=e1 ?\gh x c see v cle>ly ! mi/akes made by its pr$ecessors4 ,x is some:at l our feel+ t[>ds o!r p]sons & _! accompli%m5ts 9 life z comp>$ to our own4 ,mo/ ( u are q sure t :atev] we are do+ is q significant1 ?\gh we c see pla9ly t :at mo/ ( our fri5ds are do+1 or are try+ to d1 is altoge!r trivial & insignificant4 ,9 rec5t ye>s we h come to realize m & m h[ mu* hi/ory ne$s to be /udi$ 9 ! light ( biology4 ,! decad5ce ( ,greece 0 probably due1 to a great ext5t1 to ! br++ back by ,alex&]'s conqu]+ soldi]s ( mal>ia f ! ,ori5t1 & ?us ! vanqui%$ prov$ ! ru9 ( _! conqu]ors4 ,! great plagues ( ! old5 "t :i* sometimes c>ri$ away ne>ly "o-half ! human race 9 a s+le visitation1 7 due to insect pe/s ( v>i\s k9ds1 :i* all unkn[n to m5 convey$ ! disease & diffus$ x widely4 ,x w n be easy always to read ! lessons ( biology 9 hi/ory aright4 ,:e!r ,i h done s = y #bfi or n1 9 ?is matt] ( ! hi/ory ( fem9ism1 ,i _c tell4 ,! /ory1 h[ev]1 has be5 int]e/+ to "w out1 & ,i d n ?9k t its conclusions h ev] be5 pres5t$ to ! public 9 q ?is =m be=e4 ,!y are n[ pres5t$ n ) ! idea t !y %\ld be accept$ z absolute1 b = ! criticism & consid]ation ( ^? :o are mo/ vitally int]e/$ & :o want to "k all t c be kn[n ab\t ! conditions surr\nd+ woman's influ5ce 9 ! _w & h] place = good 9 ! hi/ory ( ! race4 #bgj #bga ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,fem99e ,,education #bgb ,x is y\r duty to see t y\r daught] loves /udy & "w1 secur+ ?is by ! promise ( rew>ds or "s o!r means ( emulation4 ,above all y mu/ take c>e n to give h] disgu/ = /udy = fe> t ?is may cont9ue z %e gr[s old]4 ,let h] n le>n 9 h] *ildhood :at %e %\ld unle>n lat] 9 life4 --,lett] ( ,/4 ,j]ome to ,leta1 ! wife ( ,toxolus1 ! son ( ,/4 ,paula4 ,! sum ( education is "r tra9+ 9 ! nurs]y4 ,! s\l ( ! *ild 9 8 play %\ld be tra9$ to t sort ( excell5ce 9 :i*1 :5 he gr[s up to manhood1 he w h to be p]fect$4 --,plato1 ,laws 7,j[ett71 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #agd4 ,scribn]1 #aijb4 ,! m9ds ( *ildr5 are mo/ ( all influ5c$ by ! tra9+ !y receive at home4 --,pope ,leo ,,xiii4 #bgc ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,fem99e ,,education ,footnote #ah ,footnote #ah3 ,! mat]ial = ?is address 0 ga!r$ orig9ally = ! normal c\rses on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education = _m ( ! tea*+ si/]hoods 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 its pres5t =m x 0 ! address to ! graduates ( ,/4 ,elizabe?'s ,college1 ,conv5t ,/ation1 ,n4 ,j41 on ! occasion ( ! celebration ( ! jubilee ( ! f\ndation ( its tea*+ "w4 ,lady ,ba*elors3 ,i h _h frequ5t occasions to address all sorts ( ba*elors on _! graduation1 ( sci5ce & arts & lett]s & p$agogy1 b ?is is my fir/ opportunity to address ladies cr[n$1 at lea/ symbolically1 ) ! laurel b]ries ( ! ba*elorhood 9 art4 ,we are apt to ?9k ( "y ladies r z ma/]s ( arts innum]able1 & z ne$+ no degree to atte/ _! abilities4 ,:ile ,i am glad1 inde$1 to address y z lady ba*elors ,i d s ) ! fonde/ hope t y w all proce$ to fur!r degrees ei!r academic or dome/ic & n rema9 9 t nondescript class ( ba*elor-maids4 ,i %\ld l to be able to tell y h[ mu* pleasure x gives me to h ! privilege ( address+ y on ?is ,fiftie? ,anniv]s>y ( ! ,f\ndation ( ,/4 ,elizabe?'s4 ,!re is an apt illu/ration ( ! ,communion ( ,sa9ts 9 y\r title z a college4 ,f\nd$ 9 honor ( t noble1 sa9tly ,am]ican woman1 ,elizabe? ,seton1 #bgd & yet call$ p>ticul>ly aft] t ,sa9t ,elizabe? :om ! ,"m ( ! ,"l set out to visit z ! fir/ act ( h] ,mo!rhood ( ! ,*ur*1 !re always rises 9 my m9d besides1 ! ?\ght ( t o!r ,sa9t ,elizabe? :om ! ,g]mans delight to call ! de> ,sa9t ,elizabe?1 :o1 ?\gh %e di$ :5 %e 0 sc>cely tw5ty-f\r1 has left a "n undy+ 9 ! annals ( helpfulness = o!rs4 ,?is ,/4 ,elizabe?1 ^: "n ,i recall ) special will+ness n[ t ,i see y ready to g out to d y\r _w's "w1 liv$ 9 ! mid/ ( :at has be5 until q rec5t ye>s ! despis$ ,middle ,ages1 out ( :i* z little good might be expect$ z out ( ,naz>e? 9 ! old5 "t1 yet %e s /amp$ h] p]sonality on ! _w ( h] day t n[ ! aft]-"t1 neglectful1 z a rule1 ( ! individual1 s c>eless ev5 ( ! _w's 7suppos$7 great ones1 w n will+ly let h] "n die4 ,%e is /ill ) u z a great liv+ =ce4 ,!y read a sket* ( h] life1 ,i h he>d1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,neighborhood ,h\se 9 ,new ,york )9 ! la/ few mon?s1 z an inc5tive to t devotion to ! ne$y t *>act]iz$ h]4 ,%e 0 a woman :o ?\ght n at all ( h]self1 b all ( o!rs4 ,z a consequ5ce1 mank9d 9 its bett] moods has nev] ceas$ to turn to h]4 ,evid5tly ! =mula = be+ rememb]$ is to =get y\rself4 ,i am sure1 h[ev]1 t t has be5 br\ght home to y s well dur+ y\r #bge ye>s at ,/4 ,elizabe?'s t x w\ld1 inde$1 be br++ coals to ,newca/le = me to say any?+ ab\t x 9 ! few m9utes ,i h to talk to y4 ,:at ,i h *os5 to say to y ref]s to t high] ,ca?olic education = wom5 ( :i* y are n[ go+ out z ! repres5tatives4 ,i d x all ! m readily because1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( y\r belov$ tea*]s1 ,i h _h ! privilege ( co-op]at+ a little 9 t education1 = ,i appreciate t privilege v mu*4 ,app>5tly a good _m p *]i% ! idea t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is oppos$ to fem99e education1 or at lea/ to ! high] education ( wom5 z we "k x n[1 & t 9 ! pa/ h] influ5ce has be5 con/antly & consi/5tly ex]t$ aga9/ any developm5t ( ?is phase ( human accompli%m5t4 ,9 ! liturgy ( ! ,*ur* wom5 are usually spok5 ( z ! dev\t female sex1 & x is suppos$ t ! "o ef=t ( ! ,*ur* itself1 ! un]r+ purpose ( ecclesia/ical au?orities1 0 to prev5t wom5 f becom+ le>n$ le/ !y %\ld lose some?+ ( _! dev\tness4 ,app>5tly x is =gott5 t "s ( ! greate/ devotees 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! sa9tly wom5 :o 7 held up to ! admiration & emulation ( _! si/]s 9 ! aft]-"t1 wom5 l ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5na1 ,/4 ,angela ,m]ici1 ,/4 ,jane ,frances ,de ,*antal &1 above all1 ,/4 ,t]esa1 #bgf 7 em95tly intellectual wom5 z well z models ( devotion4 ,?is same idea z to ! ,*ur* delib]ately fo/]+ ignorance has be5 q common 9 ! writ+s ( c]ta9 types ( hi/orians ) reg>d to o!r dep>tm5ts ( education1 & ^? ( u :o are int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e h be5 r surpris$ to be told t1 because ! ,*ur* want$ to keep p 9 read9ess to look to ,masses & pray]s & relics & %r9es = ! cure ( _! ailm5ts1--&1 ( c\rse1 pay = ! privilege ( tak+ advantage ( ^!1--! developm5t ( m$ic9e 0 disc\rag$1 ! p 7 kept 9 ignorance & all progress 9 sci5tific k 0 hamp]$4 ,x is1 inde$1 amus+ to he> ?is :5 "o kn[s t = sev5 c5turies ! greate/ contributors to m$ical sci5ce h be5 ! ,papal physicians1 delib]ately call$ to ,rome1 _m ( !m1 because !y 7 ! great m$ical sci5ti/s ( _! day1 & ! ,popes w\ld h no o!rs ne>4 ,= c5turies ! ,papal ,m$ical ,s*ool 0 ! f9e/ 9 ! _w = ! orig9al rese>* done !re1 & ,bologna at ! height ( its fame 0 9 ! ,papal ,/ates4 ,) s _m o!r presumptions ) reg>d to ! position ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds education1 x is n surpris+ t !re %\ld be a complete misund]/&+ ( h] attitude t[>d fem99e education1 an absolute ignor+ ( ! realities ( ! hi/ory ( education1 :i* %[ #bgg exactly ! opposite ( any?+ l opposition to be true4 ,i h _h a good deal to d 9 labor+ at lea/ to correct _m false ideas ) reg>d to ! hi/ory ( education1 &1 above all1 ) :at conc]ns suppos$ ,*ur* opposition to v>i\s phases ( educational advance4 ,i "k no presumption ( opposition on ! "p ( ! ,*ur* to education t is s gr\ndless1 h[ev]1 z t :i* w\ld insi/ t x is only n[ ) :at p are pleas$ to call ! break+ up ( ,*ur* influ5ce g5]ally1 s t ev5 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has to b[1 ?\gh unwill+ly1 to ! _s ( ! times & to mod]n progress1 t fem99e education is receiv+ its due %>e ( att5tion4 ,mo/ p seem to be q sure t ! fir/ s]i\s developm5t ( opportunities = ! high] education ( wom5 came 9 our "t4 ,!y presume t nev] be=e has !re be5 any?+ wor? :ile talk+ ab\t 9 ?is matt]4 ,j inasmu* z !y d !y are completely p]v]t+ ! realities ( ! hi/ory ( education1 :i* are 9 ?is matt] p>ticul>ly int]e/+ & by no means lack+ 9 detail4 ,:5ev] !re is any "q ( ,*ur* influ5ce 9 education1 or ( ! _s ( ! ,*ur* ) reg>d to education1 ^? :o wi% to talk kn[+ly ( ! subject %\ld turn to ! p]iod 9 :i* ! ,*ur* 0 a pr$om9ant factor 9 human affairs ?r\gh\t ,europe4 ,?is is1 z is well kn[n1 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! #bgh ,pope :o 0 on ! ?rone at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury1 ,innoc5t ,,iii1 is fam\s 9 hi/ory = hav+ set d[n k+s f _! ?rones1 dictat$ _m modifications ( political policy to ! c\ntries ( ,europe :5ev] secul> gov]nm5ts 7 violat+ c]ta9 great pr9ciples ( ju/ice1 & 9 g5]al1 0 look$ up to z ! mo/ p[]ful ( rul]s 9 temporal z well z 9 spiritual affairs4 ,a typical example ( ! place occupi$ by ! ,*ur* is to be se5 :5 ,philip ,augu/us ( ,france repudiat$ 8 lawful wife to m>ry ano!r4 ,pope ,innoc5t set himself /]nly aga9/ ! inju/ice1 & ! pr\d ,fr5* ,k+1 at ! "t "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful sov]eigns ( ,europe1 _h to take back ! neglect$ wife f ! ,sc&9avian c\ntries1 ! di/ance & weakness ( ^: relatives w\ld seem to make x s easy = a det]m9$ mon>* to put h] aside4 ,:5 ,k+ ,john 9 ,engl& violat$ ! rights ( 8 p1 ,innoc5t put ! c\ntry "u an ,int]dict1 releas$ ,john's subjects f _! allegiance & promptly br\ght ! %ifty ,plantag5et to t]ms4 ,! ,pope at ! end ( ! c5tury1 ! great ,boniface ,,viii1 0 sc>cely less ass]tive ( ! rights ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! ,papacy ?an ! fir/ ( ! ?irte5?-c5tury ,pontiffs4 ,:ile he 0 n s successful z 8 great pr$ecessor 9 ma9ta9+ 8 rights1 ! policy ( ! ,*ur* evid5tly _h n *ang$4 ,mo/ ( ! ,popes ( ! int]val wield$ an imm5se influ5ce = good #bgi t 0 felt 9 e sph]e ( life 9 ,europe 9 _! "t4 ,n[ x is ) reg>d to ?is p]iod t x is fair to ask ! "q1 ,:at 0 ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>d education8 ,ow+ to h] ackn[l$g$ supremacy 9 spiritual matt]s & ! ext5sion ( ! spiritual au?ority ev5 ov] ! temporal au?orities :5ev] ! ess5tial pr9ciples ( e?ics or any "q ( morals 0 conc]n$1 ! ,*ur* c\ld absolutely dictate ! educational policy ( ,europe4 ,n[1 ?is is ! c5tury :5 ! univ]sities arose & receiv$ _! mo/ magnific5t developm5t4 ,! great ,lat]an ,c\ncil1 held at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury1 requir$ e bi%op to e/abli% pr(essor%ips equival5t to :at we n[ call a college 9 connection ) 8 ca!dral4 ,! metropolitan ar*bi%ops 7 expect$ to develop univ]sity c\rses 9 connection ) _! colleges4 ,ev]y:]e1 !n1 9 ,europe univ]sities arose1 & !re 0 ! livelie/ appreciation & ! mo/ ard5t en?usiasm = education1 s t n only 7 ample opportunities provid$1 b ^! 7 tak5 glori\sly & ! culture ( mod]n ,europe awoke & bloom$ wond]fully4 ,"s idea ( ! ext5sion ( univ]sity opportunities c be judg$ f ! fact t1 accord+ to ! be/ & mo/ cons]vative /ati/ics available1 !re 7 m /ud5ts at ! univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge to ! population ( ! ,engl& ( t day1 ?an !re are #bhj to ! population ( ev5 su* an educationally well provid$ city z ,great] ,new ,york 9 ! pres5t ye> ( grace #aiaj4 ,?is seems a/\nd+ to our mod]n ideas1 b x is absolutely true if !re is any tru? 9 hi/ory4 ,! /ati/ics are provid$ by m5 :o are n at all favorable to ,ca?olic education or ! ,*ur*'s influ5ce = education4 ,at ?is same "t !re 7 probably m ?an #ae1jjj /ud5ts at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 & almo/ beyond a d\bt #bj1jjj at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is4 ,we h n rea*$ su* figures = univ]sity att5dance aga91 ev5 d[n to ! pres5t4 ,/ud5ts came f all ov] ! _w to ^! univ]sities1 b m ?an tw5ty o!r univ]sities 7 f\nd$ ?r\gh\t ,europe 9 ?is c5tury4 ,! population 0 v scanty comp>$ to :at x is at ! pres5t "t2 !re 7 probably n m ?an #be1jjj1jjj ( p on ! :ole cont95t4 ,engl& _h less ?an #c1jjj1jjj ( p &1 z we "k v well by ! c5sus made be=e ! com+ ( ! ,armada1 _h only slightly m ?an #d1jjj1jjj ev5 9 ,elizabe?'s "t1 "s two c5turies lat]4 ,"h is abundant evid5ce ( ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds education4 ,n[ comes ! "q = u4 ,:at ab\t fem99e education at ! "t ( ?is great new awak5+ ( educational purpose ?r\gh\t ,europe8 ,if we c f9d no trace ( x1 !n are we ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t if ! ,*ur* did n oppose1 at lea/ %e did n #bha favor ! high] education = wom54 ,let u see :at we f9d4 ,! fir/ univ]sity 9 our mod]n s5se ( ! ^w came into exi/5ce d[n at ,sal]no ar\nd ! great m$ical s*ool :i* _h exi/$ !re = sev]al c5turies4 ,probably ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ! tea*+ at ,sal]no is ! fact t ! dep>tm5t ( ! diseases ( wom5 9 ! great m$ical s*ool 0 9 *>ge ( wom5 pr(essors = sev]al c5turies1 & we h ! books !y wrote on ?is subject1 & "k mu* ( ! position !y occupi$4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( !m1 ,trotula1 left u a text-book on h] subject :i* conta9$ _m int]e/+ details ( ! m$ic9e ( ! p]iod1 & we "k ( h] t %e 0 ! wife ( "o pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,sal]no & ! "m ( ano!r4 ,%e 0 ! f\ndress ( :at 0 call$ ! s*ool ( ,sal]nitan wom5 physicians1 us+ ! ^w s*ool 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* x is employ$ :5 we talk ( a s*ool ( pa9t]s4 ,?is is all ! m int]e/+ because ! ,univ]sity ( ,sal]no 0 ma9ly "u mona/ic influ5ce4 ,orig9ally ! s*ools 9 connection ) ! s*ool ( m$ic9e 7 f\nd$ f ! great ,b5$ict9e mona/]y ( ,monte ,cass9o n f> away4 ,! fir/ great tea*] ( m$ic9e at ,sal]no1 ,con/ant9e ,africanus1 ^: influ5ce 0 dom9ant 9 8 own "t & cont9u$ aft]w>ds ?r\gh 8 writ+s1 became a ,b5$ict9e monk 9 8 e>ly middle age4 ,! #bhb prep>atory s*ools = ! m$ical c\rses at ,sal]no 7 l>gely 9 ! h&s ( ! ,b5$ict9es4 ,! univ]sity itself 0 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,sal]no m ?an any o!r1 & ! "o :o did mo/ = x1 ! great ,alphanus1 _h be5 a ,b5$ict9e monk4 ,ord9>ily ?is w\ld be presum$ to preclude any possibility ( ! developm5t ( a great phase ( education = wom51 & especially pr(essional education = wom5 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,sal]no4 ,j ! contr>y happ5$4 ,! wise monks1 :o knew human life & appreciat$ its difficulties1 recogniz$ ! necessity1 or at lea/ ! advisability1 = wom5 z m$ical att5dants on wom5 & *ildr51 & s ! fir/ great mod]n s*ool ( m$ic9e1 ma9ly "u mona/ic influ5ce1 _h ! dep>tm5t ( wom5's diseases 9 ! h&s ( wom5 !mselves4 ,9 ,naples wom5 7 all[$ to practise m$ic9e1 & we h "s ( ! lic5ses :i* %[ ! =mal p]mission grant$ by ! gov]nm5t 9 ?is matt]4 ,an almo/ exactly simil> /ate ( affairs to t ?us se5 at ,sal]no develop$ at ,bologna1 only !re ! univ]sity 0 f\nd$ r\nd ! law s*ool1 & ! fir/ wom5 /ud5ts 7 9 t s*ool4 ,:5 ,irn]ius e/abli%$ 8 great lecture%ip ( ,roman ,law at ,bologna1 to :i* /ud5ts 7 attract$ f all ov] ,europe1 he seems to h se5 no objection to all[ wom5 to att5d 8 c\rses1 & we h ! names ( 8 daught] #bhc & sev]al o!r wom5 :o rea*$ di/9ction 9 ! law s*ool4 ,z ! o!r dep>tm5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna develop$ we f9d wom5 z /ud5ts & tea*]s 9 ^!4 ,"o ( ! assi/ants to ! fir/ great pr(essor ( anatomy at ,bologna1 ,mond9o1 ^: text-book ( anatomy 0 us$ 9 ! s*ools = two c5turies aft] ?is "t1 0 a "y woman1 ,aless&ra ,giliani4 ,x is to h] t we owe an e>ly me?od = ! injection ( bodies 9 su* a way z to pres]ve !m1 & %e also v>ni%$ & color$ !m s t ! det]r5t "w ( dissection w\ld n h to be c>ri$ on to su* an ext5t z be=e1 yet ! actual human tissues might be us$ = demon/rat+ purposes4 ,z ! result ( ! traditions 9 fem99e education ?us e/abli%$ wom5 cont9u$ to enjoy abundant opportunities at ! univ]sities ( ,italy1 & !re is n a s+le c5tury s9ce ! ?irte5? :5 !re h n be5 "s di/+ui%$ wom5 pr(essors at ! ,italian univ]sities4 ,ne>ly five c5turies aft] ! y\?ful assi/ant 9 anatomy ( :om we h spok51 ^: inv5tion meant s mu* = mak+ ! /udy ( m$ic9e less det]r5t & dang]\s1 came ,madame ,manzol9i1 :o inv5t$ ! me?od ( mak+ wax models ( human tissues s t ^! might be /udi$ = anatomical purposes4 ,made 9 ! natural colors1 ^! 7 em95tly helpful4 ,9 ! meantime _m wom5 pr(essors ( _m subjects _h come & gone at #bhd ! ,italian univ]sities4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury !re 0 a great tea*] ( ma!matics :o 0 s "y & h&some t1 9 ord] n to di/urb ! m9ds ( h] /ud5ts1 %e lectur$ f beh9d a curta94 ,x is evid5t t ! educat$ wom5 ( ! ,middle ,ages c\ld be z mode/ z !y 7 intellig5t & ?\ghtful ( o!rs1 q z mu* z if !y _h devot$ _! lives to g5tle *>ity & n to ! high] education4 ,wom5 physicians1 educators1 ma!maticians1 pr(essors ( lit]ature1 a/ronom]s1 all ^! are to be f\nd at ! univ]sities ( ,italy :ile ! ,*ur* & ! ecclesia/ics 7 ! dom9at+ influ5ces 9 ^! univ]sities4 ,un=tunately ! spread ( ?is fem99e educational movem5t f ,italy to ! we/ ( ,europe 0 di/urb$ by ! ,heloise & ,abel>d incid5t at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 & z all ! we/]n univ]sities owe _! orig9 to ,p>is1 !y took ! tradition creat$ !re aft] ,abel>d's "t1 t wom5 %\ld n be all[$ to ent] ! univ]sity4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ?ree c5turies lat]1 ! ,r5aissance br\ght 9 ! new le>n+1 ! s*ools ( humanism indep5d5t ( ! univ]sities admitt$ wom5 on absolute t]ms ( equality ) m51 & "s ( ! wom5 became ! di/+ui%$ s*ol>s ( ! "t4 ,! ,*ur*'s influ5ce is pla9ly to be se5 9 ?is1 & ! wom5 took "p 9 plays giv5 9 ,greek & classic ,lat9 be=e ! c>d9als & prom95t ecclesia/ics1 & ev]y:]e ! #bhe feel+ develop$ t1 if wom5 want$ to h ! high] education ( ! humanities or1 z x 0 !n call$1 ! ,new ,le>n+1 !y %\ld h x4 ,?is fem99e educational movem5t spread all ov] ,europe4 ,anne ( ,bretagne organiz$ a s*ool at ! ,fr5* ,c\rt = ! wom5 ( ! c\rt1 & su* wom5 z ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots1 ,m>g>et ( ,nav>re1 ,r5ee ( ,anj\1 ,l\ise ,la ,cordi]e are a few ( ! ,fr5* wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance :o atta9$ di/9ction = broad culture & education at ?is "t4 ,spa91 too1 _h its wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ( !m 0 ,isabella ( ,ca/ile1 ^: assi/ance to ,columbus 0 no m]e accid5t1 nor due s mu* to p]sonal influ5ce ex]t$ on h]1 z to h] own broad int]e/ 9 ! ?+s ( ! m9d 9 h] "t4 ,h] daught] ,ca!r9e1 :o became ,que5 ( ,engl&1 0 deeply educat$1 :ile h] daught]1 ,que5 ,m>y ( ,engl&1 knew ! classics & especially ,lat9 v well4 ,dur+ h] "t 9 ,engl& _m ( ! nobility ( ! high] classes 7 di/+ui%$ = education4 ,lady ,jane ,grey pref]r$ to /udy ,greek to go+ to balls & r\ts1 & sacrific$ hunt+ p>ties = h] lessons "u ,rog] ,as*am1 9 ! great ,greek au?ors4 ,que5 ,elizabe? knew ,greek & ,lat9 v well4 ,! fam\s ,c\ntess ( ,arundell at ?is "t 0 a di/+ui%$ s*ol>4 ,m>g>et ,m is a bright example ( opportunities = ! high] education giv5 & tak5 9 ! l[] classes ( #bhf ! nobility ( ! ,engl& ( h] "t4 ,"o ?+ we c be sure ( 9 ! ,engl& ( t "t1 if ! ,que5 & ! highe/ nobility 7 int]e/$ 9 education & devot$ _! "t to x s s$ul\sly & successfully1 !n )\t d\bt ^? b5ea? !m 9 rank did s likewise4 ,! upp] classes are n alone imitat$ 9 ?+s unwor?y1 b also 9 :at is be/ if !y only provide ! good example4 ,to anyone :o kn[s ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 h[ev]1 ^! incid5ts 9 fem99e education w n be surpris+4 ,e "t1 z a rule1 t !re has be5 a great new awak5+ 9 education1 wom51 too1 h dem&$ ! "r to h _! %>e 9 x1 & ! ,*ur*1 f> f disc\rag+1 has always help$ to provide educational opportunities4 ,:5 9 ! n9? c5tury ,*>lemagne reorganiz$ ! education ( ,europe1 or1 at lea/1 re9/itut$ x = 8 p1 ! wom5 ( ! ,palace _h _! opportunities to att5d ! ,palace s*ool z well z ! m54 ,t ,palace s*ool 0 a v wond]ful travell+ univ]sity1 w&]+ :]ev] ! ,c\rt w5t4 ,x 0 at ,aix1 x 0 probably at ,p>is = a "t2 :5 ,*>lemagne w5t d[n to ,italy x w5t ) him & seems to h held "s sessions ev5 :ile he 0 9 ,rome2 !re is a tradition ( its exi/5ce :ile he /ay$ "o w9t] 9 ,v]ona4 ,?\gh ! tea*]s 9 x 7 monks1 = ,*>lemagne & ,alfr$1 ! great1 broad-m9d$ rul]s1 :o did s mu* = #bhg _! p1 _h no illusions ab\t ! high place t ! monks held 9 life 9 _! "t1 wom5 7 taught at ! s*ools z well z m54 ,*>lemagne & ,alfr$ 7 9 ! be/ possible position to "k :o 7 ! be/ tea*]s 9 _! "t1 & !y turn$ ) confid5ce to ! monks4 ,p g5]ally1 &1 above all1 _! great rul]s1 knew no?+ ( ! condemnation ( ! monks 9 ! ,d>k ,ages :i* came a ?\s& ye>s aft] _! "t2 f p :o knew no?+ ab\t !m & :o _h ev5 less sympa?y ) !m4 ,!y bo? knew !m & sympa?iz$ ) all !y 7 do+1 !re=e _! cordial enc\ragem5t ( !m4 ,_! attitude 0 em95tly ju/ifi$ by ! fact t ! monks 7 broad en\gh1 9 spite ( _! mona/ic habits & _! suppos$ lack ( appreciation = wom51 to take up to a great ext5t ev5 ! tea*+ ( wom54 ,!re are lett]s f ! wom5 ( ! c\rt ( ,*>lemagne writt5 to ,alcu9 & to o!r tea*]s ( ! "t1 :i* %[ h[ int]e/$ 7 ! wom5 9 ! s*ool "w4 ,?is is n surpris+ if we recall t1 :5 ,b5$ict f\nd$ ! monks ( ! we/1 :o 7 to provide ! homes :]e culture 0 to be ma9ta9$ & ! classics pres]v$ = u & education gradually diffus$1 8 si/] ,/4 ,s*ola/ica did ! same ?+ = ! wom5 z h] bro!r 0 do+ = ! m54 ,anyone :o kn[s ! /ory ( ! ,b5$ict9e conv5ts = #bhh wom5 & ! books !re produc$1 plays1 /ories1 ev5 works on m$ic9e & o!r sci5ces1 w realize h[ mu* 0 accompli%$ = ! high] education ( wom5 9 ^! in/itutions 9 unpromis+ times4 ,! wom5 :o want$ to foll[ ! intellectual life 7 giv5 ! opportunity & _m ( !m did excell5t "w4 ,)9 ! la/ ye> ,i h writt5 & publi%$ sket*es ( ! lives ( ,/4 ,hildeg>de1 :o wrote books on m$ic9e 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 & ( ,hros)a1 ! nun ( ,g&]%eim1 :o wrote ,lat9 com$ies 9 imitation ( ,t]5ce 9 ! t5? c5tury4 ,^! s]i\s lit]>y & sci5tific writ+s by wom5 9 :at is usually presum$ to be ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ! s-call$ ,d>k ,ages1 & pres]v$ = u out ( ! wreck & ru9 t came d[n on ne>ly ev]y?+ produc$ 9 ^? times1 %[s u v cle>ly h[ mu* m ?an we h be5 accu/om$ to ?9k ^! wom5 ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 int]e/$ 9 ! intellectual life4 ,books are writt5 only :5 !re are read]s & appreciation = !m1 & ! int]e/ ( contempor>ies & ! hope ( future int]e/ z an inc5tive4 ,( c\rse1 ev5 be=e ! f\ndation ( ! ,b5$ict9es we h a great liv+ example ( ! enc\ragem5t ( ! ,*ur* = ! high] education ( wom54 ,x came at a "t & "u circum/ances t furni% abundant evid5ce ( h[ mu* ! ,*ur* appreciates & is ready to enc\rage education & h[ preci\s %e realizes #bhi x is = h] *ildr54 ,:5 ! fir/ nation 0 conv]t$ z a :ole to ,*ri/ianity1 :5 ! ,iri% p came ov] "u ! ,apo/olic ,patrick's wond]ful mission>y zeal1 ! fir/ ?+ t 0 done 9 ?is fir/ ,*ri/ian nation 0 to f\nd s*ools4 ,irel& became ! ,isl& ( ,sa9ts & ( ,s*ol>s4 ,:ile ! b>b>ians _h ov]run ,europe & de/roy$ ! s*ools !re1 ,irel& became ! home ( ! be/ tea*]s 9 ! _w & m5 flock$ to h] f all ov] ,europe4 ,^! s*ools1 h[ev]1 7 n res]v$ = ! m51 b abundant opportunities 7 also af=d$ wom5 = s*ol>%ip & = culture ( e k9d4 ,only second 9 importance to ,/4 ,patrick's great s*ool at ,armagh dur+ ! fir/ c5tury 9 ! hi/ory ( ,irel& z a ,*ri/ian nation 0 ,/4 ,brigid's s*ool at ,kild>e4 ,we "k f ,giraldus ,cambr5sis1 n[ bett] kn[n z ,g]ald ! ,wel%man1 t1 9 8 travels 9 ,irel& c5turies aft]w>ds1 b be=e ! de/ruction ( ,kild>e1 he saw _m wond]ful evid5ces ( ! intellectual life ( t in/itution4 ,above all1 he saw a fam\s copy ( ! ,holy ,scripture s beautifully illum9at$ t he ?\ght x ! f9e/ book 9 ! _w4 ,8 description w\ld %[ u t if ?is copy ( ! ,scriptures :i* ,g]ald saw 0 n ! book ( ,kells z "s h v5tur$ to sugge/1 x 0 at lea/ a copy n unlike t fam\s illum9at$ volume :i* is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ #bij beautiful book t ev] came f ! h& ( man4 ,! arts & ! crafts evid5tly 7 /udi$ & practis$ z well z book-le>n+ at ,kild>e1 & ,brigid's influ5ce br\ght to h] at h] college ( ,kild>e1 lit]ally ?\s&s ( ! daught]s ( ! nobility ( ,irel&1 ( ,engl& & ( portions ( ! ,cont95t1 attract$ by h] sanctity & h] s*ol>%ip & ! wond]ful intellectual & arti/ic "w t 0 be+ accompli%$ !re4 ,) ^! facts 9 m9d x is easy to see t ! ,*ur*1 f> f oppos+ 9 any way ! high] education = wom51 has n only enc\rag$ b actually patroniz$ x :5ev] !re is a dem& = x on ! "p ( any g5]ation 9 hi/ory4 ,fem99e education comes & goes1 s ?\gh 9 less m>k$ly cyclical fa%ion does mascul9e education4 ,j :at ! law beh9d ^! cycles is we d n "k z yet4 ,"o ?+ is sure1 n[ t ano!r cycle ( int]e/ has come to fem99e education 9 ! _w1 ! ,*ur* is n only will+ b anxi\s to give h] *ildr5 ! b5efit ( x1 & ! gr[? ( ! high] education among ,ca?olics = ,ca?olic "y wom5 9 ,am]ica 9 ! la/ decade is ! be/ evid5ce ( ?is4 ,our tea*+ ,si/]hoods 9 ?is c\ntry h nobly lift$ !mselves up to ! occasion dem&$1 & we may well be pr\d ( our ,ca?olic colleges = wom54 ,p]sonally ,i "k :at is be+ done at "s half a doz5 ( !m1 & ,i h no hesitation #bia 9 say+ t !y are giv+ a bett]1 solid]1 ?\gh p]haps1 a less %[y education ?an _! secul> rivals4 ,( y\r "w at ,/4 ,elizabe?'s ,i h _h su* p]sonal in=mation z makes me realize h[ ?or\gh are ! ef=ts to provide e possible opportunity = high] fem99e education & h[ successful !y are4 ,only less absurd ?an ! notion t ! ,*ur* is 9 any way oppos$ to fem99e education is ! ?\ght t seems to be 9 _m p's m9ds 9 our day1 t ! ,*ur* w\ld pref] to keep woman 9 ! backgr\nd & does n want h] to d great influ5tial ?+s :5 ^? are dem&$ ( h]4 ,! feel+ seems to be t only mod]n evolution has br\ght su* opportunities = wom5 to ex]t ! preci\s humanit>ian influ5ce t is sometimes possible = h]4 ,h[ mu* ^? :o talk ?us =get ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* if !y ev] knew x1 b also ( fem99e influ5ce 9 ! _w1 is v cle> f ev5 a %ort resume ( fem99e a*ievem5ts 9 ,*ri/ian times4 ,:5ev] !re has be5 a great movem5t 9 ! ,*ur* t meant mu* = ! m5 & wom5 ( a "t1 beside ! man :o initiat$ x1 if %e 0 n1 inde$1 ! initiator h]self1 /ood a great woman only a little less significant 9 influ5ce1 z a rule1 & sometimes ev5 great] ?an he4 ,9 ! conv]sion ( ! fir/ p to ,*ri/ianity1 beside ,/4 ,patrick /ood ,/4 ,brigid4 ,9 ! f\ndation ( ! monks ( ! we/ t #bib great in/itution t meant s mu* = ! ,*ur* & = ,europe1 beside ,/4 ,b5$ict /ood ,/4 ,s*ola/ica1 8 si/]1 do+ & organiz+ = ! wom5 ( h] "t & succe$+ g5]ations1 :at h] bro!r did = ! m54 ,:51 9 ! new] disp5sation ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,m5dicant ,religi\s ,ord]s1 ,/4 ,francis came to br+ a great new message to ! _w1 beside him & only a little less influ5tial ?an he 9 8 lifetime1 & sav+ 8 "w = its g5u9e mission aft] 8 dea?1 came ,/4 ,cl>e4 ,:5 ! tide ( ! religi\s revolt spread+ d[n f ,g]many1 0 pu%$ back 9 ,spa91 beside ,/4 ,t]esa1 = "h ! great] protagoni/ ( ! movem5t 0 a woman1 /ood ,/4 ,john ( ,god4 ,:5 ,/4 ,francis ,de ,sales came to d 8 great "w = education & = ! uplift ( ! bett] classes1 beside him & sc>cely less influ5tial ?an he 9 e way1 0 ,/4 ,jane ,frances ,de ,*antal4 ,9 ! great new organization ( mod]n *>ity "u ,/4 ,v9c5t ,de ,paul beside t wond]ful fri5d ( ! poor ^: "w is ! und]ly+ impulse ( all mod]n organiz$ *>ity 9 ! be/ s5se ( t mu* abus$ t]m1 /ood ! mode/ & humble b /rongly beautiful woman1 ! f\ndress ( ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity1 ,madame ,le ,gras4 ,ev5 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ) ! new] organizations ( education dem&$ by *ang$ conditions1 :5 su* f\ndations z ^? ( ! ,sacr$ ,he>t & ( ! ,si/]s ( ,notre ,dame #bic came into exi/5ce1 m5 & wom5 co-op]at$ 9 ^! works & only n[ are we realiz+ to ! full ! sanctity ( su* wom5 z ,bless$ ,madame ,b>at or ! ,v5]able ,julie ,billi>t & _! advis] & fri5d1 ,fa!r ,v>91 ! ,jesuit4 ,nor 0 x only 9 connection ) "w accompli%$ by m5 or initiat$ by !m t we f9d wom5 do+ great "w4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t _m ( ! religi\s ord]s :i* are accompli%+ f9e "w 9 e l9e ( helpful endeavor1 (t5 hundr$s ( ye>s aft] _! f\ndations1 9 conditions v diff]5t f ^? 9 :i* !y 7 e/abli%$1 orig9at$ 9 ! m9ds ( wom5 & _h _! con/itutions work$ out practically )\t any help f m51 & (t51 inde$1 aga9/ ! judgm5t ( m54 ,! _w ( our day is n prone to appreciate at its prop] wor? ^! great works ( wom5 :o took = an aim 9 life unselfi% purpose1 r ?an any m p]sonal ambition4 ,x mu/ n be =gott51 !n1 t ! fir/ settlem5t work] ( mod]n times1 ! de> ,/4 ,elizabe? ( ,hung>y1 is "o ( ! great influ5ces t w nev] die4 ,! ca!dral erect$ 9 h] honor )9 a few ye>s aft] h] dea? is ! mo/ beautiful monum5t to woman any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,:at ,/4 ,elizabe? 0 to ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5na 0 to ! f\rte5?4 ,)\t h] influ5ce & h] place 9 x1 x w\ld be impossible to #bid und]/& ! hi/ory ( t c5tury1 ?\gh sometimes hi/ory has be5 writt5 )\t a m5tion ( h]4 ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury came ,joan ( ,arc1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? "s ( ! brave wom5 :o f\nd$ great humanit>ian works 9 connection ) ! e>ly mission>ies 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,ev]y:]e 9 hi/ory y f9d ,ca?olic wom5 accompli%+ great ?+s4 ,aft] all1 ?is is only :at is to be anticipat$ f :at is symboliz$ & prefigur$ 9 ! /ory ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,*ur*4 ,:5 ! ,son ( ,god came z ! ,r$eem] ( ,mank9d1 beside ,him 9 ,8 life & mission1 ! highe/ ( mortals 9 ! influ5ce t %e 0 to h ov] all succe$+ g5]ations1 /ood ! ,woman1 ^: se$ 0 to cru% ! s]p5t's head1 ! ,"m f :om ,he _h *os5 to take ,8 human fle%4 ,! ,"m ( ! ,messiah became ! ,"m ( ! infant ,*ur* & ! ,"m ( all ,*ri/ians ev] s9ce4 ,surely ?is 0 giv5 = a sign n to be contradict$ 9 ! aft]-"t4 ,z ! ,"m beside ! ,son1 s 0 woman ev] to /& z ! mo/ preci\s influ5ce 9 ! "w ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,z ! great s*eme ( r$emption 0 dep5d5t on h] cons5t1 s ev] 0 woman to be ,god's greate/ auxili>y 9 ! accompli%m5t ( good = humanity4 ,y c und]/&1 !n1 t :5 ,i say to y graduates ( ,/4 ,elizabe?'s1 g out & fulfill y\r missions1 :atev] !y may be1 ,i mean #bie t y %all be ready to take up any "w = :i* y\r education & y\r tra9+ fit y1 & ,god grant x may br+ y su* opportunities = good z h be5 exemplifi$ 9 ! lives ( s _m ,ca?olic wom5 all d[n ! ages4 ,!re is no?+ m ?an ?is t ,i c\ld say to y4 ,our "m ,*ur*1 f> f want+ to keep wom5 9 ! backgr\nd1 has always accord$ !m full & equal rights 9 _! own doma9s &1 above all1 has giv5 !m absolute indep5d5ce 9 ! religi\s organizations z f> z t is compatible ) effective co-op]ation 9 good "w4 ,y may be sure1 !n1 t any "w t y f9d to d wor?y ( y1 & t y take up :ole-he>t$ly1 w h n only h] bless+ b y %all f9d e enc\ragem5t4 ,! glori\s examples ( ! ,ca?olic wom5 ( ! pa/1 educat$1 intellectual wom51 "s ( :om l ,/4 ,t]esa1 ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,si5na1 ,/4 ,jane ,frances ,de ,*antal & ,/4 ,brigid are high among ! greate/ intellectual wom5 t ev] liv$1 w be y\r guid+ />s1 & if y keep !m 9 m9d y %all n g wrong4 ,rememb] t we expect mu* & we h a "r to expect mu* ( ! wom5 graduates ( our ,ca?olic ,wom5's ,colleges--y h a great mission1 y h put y\r h& to ! pl[1 d n look back1--onw>d & upw>d4 ,god's 9 8 _w & all's well4 ,only our co-op]ation is ne$$4 #bif #big ,,orig9s ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,education #bih ,lib5t] hom9es id quod volunt cr$unt4 --,caes>1 ,bell4 ,gall41 iii3#h4 ,m5 believe readily :at !y want to4 ,great additions h ( late be5 made to our k ( ! pa/2 ! long conspiracy aga9/ ! revelation ( tru? has gradually giv5 away 4444 ,x has become impossible = ! hi/orical writ] ( ! pres5t age to tru/ )\t res]ve ev5 to ! mo/ respect$ second>y au?orities4 ,! hone/ /ud5t f9ds himself cont9ually des]t$1 ret>d$1 misl$ by ! classics ( hi/orical lit]ature4 --,preface ( ,cambridge ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 #bii ,,orig9s ,,9 ,,am]ican ,,education ,footnote #ai ,footnote #ai3 ,! mat]ial = ?is address 0 collect$ = a lecture on ! ,hi/ory ( ,education = ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity ( ,m\nt ,/4 ,v9c5t's1 ,new ,york1 & ! ,sacr$ ,he>t ,academy1 ,k5wood1 ,albany1 ,n4 ,y4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 develop$ = an address to ! p>o*ial s*ool tea*]s ( ,new ,orleans & = ! summ] normal c\rses ( ,/4 ,m>y's ,college1 ,s\? ,b5d1 ,ind41 & ,/4 ,m>y's ,college1 ,monroe1 ,mi*4 ,v ne>ly 9 its pres5t =m ! address 0 deliv]$ 9 a c\rse at ,bo/on ,college 9 ! spr+ ( #aiaj4 ,"h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we h be5 some:at amaz+ly ignorant ( our bro!r ,am]icans ( ,mexico & ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,our ignorance has be5 s complete z to h ! usual result ( q intol]ant bigotry ) reg>d to ! significance ( :at 0 be+ done 9 ^! ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries4 ,a di/+ui%$ ex-presid5t ( "o ( our ,am]ican univ]sities said 9 8 autobiography1 t a favorite maxim ( 8 = 8 own guidance 01 ,! man ,i don't l is ! man ,i don't "k4 ,if we only "k en\gh ab\t p1 we always f9d out q en\gh ab\t !m t is admirable to make u l !m4 ,:5ev] we are tempt$ to conclude t somebody is hopelessly insignificant !n :at we ne$ to correct is our judgm5t by bett] k ( !m4 ,= mo/ ,am]icans1 = we h arrogat$ to ourselves ! title ( ,am]icans to ! exclusion ( any possible %>e #cjj 9 x ( our ,s\? ,am]ican bre?r51 ,spani% ,am]ica has be5 s hopelessly backw>d1 s out ( all comp>ison ) ourselves1 z to be q undes]v+ ( our notice unless x be = pr(\nd deprecation4 ,=tunately = u 9 rec5t ye>s our k ( ,spani% ,am]ica has become l>g] & deep] & m g5u9e1 & z a consequ5ce !re has be5 less assumption ( k f\nd$ on ignorance4 ,e ga9 9 k ( ,spani% ,am]ica has rais$ ,spani% ,am]ica & h] peoples 9 our e/imation4 ,n long s9ce at a public d9n] ! presid5t ( a great ,am]ican univ]sity said1 ,we h only j discov]$ ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,?is is lit]ally true4 ,we h ?\ght t we knew mu* ab\t x1 & t t mu* %[$ u h[ little des]v+ ( our att5tion 0 ,spani% ,am]ica1 :ile all ! :ile a preci\s m9e ( in=mation ) reg>d to ! beg9n+s ( ! hi/ory ( education1 ( lit]ature1 ( culture1 nay1 ev5 ( physical sci5ce on ?is cont95t1 rema9$ to be /udi$ 9 ^! c\ntries & n our own4 ,our s*ol>s are n[ engag$ 9 br++ toge!r ! mat]ials out ( :i* a real hi/ory ( ,spani% ,am]ica c be con/ruct$ = _! fell[-,am]icans ( ! ,nor?1 & _! surprise :5 x is plac$ be=e !m is likely to be supreme4 ,9 ! meantime !re are "s phases ( ?is in=mation t1 ,i ?9k1 x w be int]e/+ to br+ toge!r = y4 #cja ,jo% ,bill+s1 writ+ z ,uncle ,esek 9 ! ,c5tury ,magaz9e "s tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 made use ( an expression :i* des]ves to be frequ5tly recall$4 ,he said3 ,x is n s mu* ! ignorance ( mank9d t makes !m ridicul\s z ! kn[9' s _m ?+s t a9't s4 ,we h a v typical illu/ration ( ! wisdom ( ?is f9e old saw 9 ! hi/ory ( education "h 9 ,am]ica z x is be+ develop$ by s*ol>ly hi/orical rese>* at ! pres5t "t4 ,! consultation ( orig9al docum5ts & ( fir/-h& au?orities 9 ! hi/ory ( ,spani%-,am]ican education has fairly work$ a revolution 9 ! ideas =m]ly held on ?is subject4 ,! new developm5ts br+ out v =cibly h[ supremely necess>y x is to "k some?+ def9ite ab\t a subject be=e writ+ ab\t x1 & yet h[ _m intellig5t & suppos$ly educat$ m5 cont9ue to talk ab\t ?+s ) an assumption ( k :5 !y "k no?+ at all ab\t !m4 ,ca?olics are suppos$ by ! g5]ality ( ,am]icans to h come late into ! field ( education 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,:atev] !re is ( education on ?is cont95t is ord9>ily suppos$ to be due entirely to ! ef=ts ( :at has be5 call$ ! ,anglo-,saxon elem5t "h4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 k is gr[+ ( :at ! ,ca?olic ,spani>ds did = education 9 ,am]ica & z a consequ5ce ! face ( ! hi/ory ( education is be+ completely *ang$4 ,e #cjb advance 9 hi/ory 9 rec5t ye>s has made = ! advantage ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,mod]n hi/orical me?ods insi/ on ! consultation ( orig9al docum5ts & give v little weight to ! quotation ( second-h& au?orities4 ,we are gett+ at endur+ hi/ory z f> z t is possible1 & ! real position ( ! ,*ur* is com+ to light4 ,9 no portion ( human accompli%m5t is ! modification ( hi/ory m /rik+ ?an ) reg>d to education4 ,!re 0 mu* m education 9 ! pa/ c5turies ?an we h ?\ght & ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 0 always an important factor 9 x4 ,n[h]e is ?is tru? m /rik+ ?an ) reg>d to education "h 9 ,am]ica 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries4 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,gaylord ,b\rne1 pr(essor ( hi/ory at ,yale ,univ]sity1 wrote ! volume on ,spa9 9 ,am]ica :i* con/itutes ! ?ird volume ( ,! ,am]ican ,nation1 a hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry 9 tw5ty-sev5 volumes edit$ by ,pr(essor ,alb]t ,bu%nell ,h>t1 :o holds ! *air ( hi/ory at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,pr(essor ,b\rne has no illusions ) reg>d to ! relative value ( ,anglo-,saxon & ,spani% education 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 8 *apt] on ,! ,transmission ( ,european ,culture he says3 ,e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,lima ,univ]sity 7,lima1 ,p]u7 c\nt$ ne>ly two ?\s& /ud5ts & numb]$ ab\t "o hundr$ & eighty doctors 79 its faculty7 9 !ology1 civil & canon law1 m$ic9e & ! arts4 ,ulloa #cjc reports t ! univ]sity makes a /ately appe>ance f )\t & its inside is decorat$ ) suitable ornam5ts4 ,!re 7 *airs ( all ! sci5ces & "s ( ! pr(essors h1 not)/&+ ! va/ di/ance1 ga9$ ! applause ( ! lit]ati ( ,europe4 ,! com+ ( ! ,jesuits contribut$ mu* to ! real educational "w 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y e/abli%$ colleges1 "o ( :i*1 ! little ,jesuit college at ,juli1 on ,lake ,titicaca1 became a seat ( g5u9e le>n+4 7,b\rne47 ,he does n hesitate to emphasize ! contra/ betwe5 ,spani% ,am]ica & ,engli% ,am]ica ) reg>d to education & culture1 & ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( 8 comp>ison is t ,spani% ,am]ica surpass$ ! ,nor? completely & anticipat$ by ne>ly two c5turies "s ( ! progress t we are s pr\d ( 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:at a />tl+ p>agraph1 = in/ance1 is ! foll[+ = ^? :o h be5 accu/om$ to make little ( ! ,*ur*'s int]e/ 9 education & to attribute ! backw>dness ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 z !y presum$ !y knew x1 to ! pres5ce ( ! ,*ur* & h] influ5ce !re4 ,n all ! in/itutions ( le>n+ f\nd$ 9 ,mexico 9 ! sixte5? c5tury c be enum]at$ "h1 b x is n too mu* to say t 9 numb]1 range ( /udies & /&>d ( atta9m5ts by ! (fic]s !y surpass$ any?+ exi/+ 9 ,engli% ,am]ica until ! n9ete5? #cjd c5tury4 ,mexican s*ol>s made di/+ui%$ a*ievem5ts 9 "s bran*es ( sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly m$ic9e & surg]y1 b pre-em95tly l+ui/ics1 hi/ory & an?ropology4 ,diction>ies & gramm>s ( ! native languages & hi/ories ( ! ,mexican in/itutions are an impos+ pro( ( _! s*ol>ly devotion & intellectual activity4 ,conspicu\s are ,toribio de ,motol9ia's ',hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espana1' ,duran's ',hi/oria de las ,indias de ,nueva ,espana1' b mo/ important ( all ,sahagun's great "w on ,mexican life & religion4 ,inde$1 x is ) reg>d to sci5ce 9 v>i\s =ms t "o f9ds ! mo/ surpris+ contributions f ^! old-"t s*ol>s4 ,:ile ! ,engli% 9 ,am]ica 7 pay+ practically no att5tion to sci5ce1 ! ,spani>ds 7 deeply int]e/$ 9 x4 ,dr4 ,*anca1 a physician :o _h be5 = sev]al ye>s physician-9-ord9>y to ! ,k+ & ,que5 & 0 look$ ^u z "o ( ! lead]s ( 8 pr(ession 9 ,spa91 jo9$ ,columbus' second exp$ition 9 ord] to make sci5tific notes4 ,! little volume t he issu$ z ! report ( ?is sci5tific excursion is a valuable contribution to ! sci5ce ( ! "t & furni%es preci\s in=mation ) reg>d to ,indian m$ic9e1 ,indian cu/oms1 _! k ( botany & ( metals1 c]ta9 phases ( zoology1 & ! l1 t %[ h[ wide 0 ! int]e/ 9 sci5ce ( ?is ,spani% physician ( ov] f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 #cje ,aft] read+ p>agraphs su* z ,pr(essor ,b\rne has writt5 ) reg>d to education 9 ,spani% ,am]ica1 h[ amus+ x is to reflect t "o ( ! pr9cipal argum5ts aga9/ ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has be5 t %e keeps nations backw>d & unprogressive & un$ucat$--& ! ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries h be5 held up d]isively & conclusively z horrible examples ( ?is4 ,ev5 we ,ca?olics h be5 prone to take on an apologetic mood ) reg>d to !m4 ,! tea*+ ( hi/ory 9 ,engli%-speak+ c\ntries has be5 s untrue to ! realities t we h accept$ ! impression t ! ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries 7 f> beh9d 9 all ! ways t 7 claim$4 ,n[ we f9d t in/ead ( pres5t+ gr\nds = apology !y are triumphant examples ( h[ soon & h[ en]getically ! ,*ur* gets to "w at ! great problems ( education :]ev] %e ga9s a position ( au?ority or ev5 a foo?old ( influ5ce4 ,in/ead ( ne$+ to be a%am$ ( !m1 z we h p]haps ignorantly be51 !re is a reason to be des]v$ly pr\d ( !m4 ,_! education f> out/ripp$ our own 9 all ! c5turies d[n to ! n9ete5?1 & ! culture ( ! ,spani%-,am]icans1 q a diff]5t ?+ f education1 is deep] ?an ours ev5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,x is h>d = ,nor? ,am]ica to p]mit h]self to be p]suad$ ( ?is1 b !re is no d\bt ( its absolute tru?4 ,x is only s9ce ! days ( /eam t ! #cjf ,engli%-speak+ races 9 ,am]ica h come to possess a c]ta9 mat]ial progress above t ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries4 ,b\rne says3 ,if we comp>e ,spani% ,am]ica ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates a hundr$ ye>s ago we mu/ recognize t :ile 9 ! ,nor? !re 0 a s\nd] body politic1 a pur] social life & a m g5]al dissem9ation ( elem5t>y education1 yet 9 ,spani% ,am]ica !re 7 bo? va/ly great] weal? & great] pov]ty1 m impos+ monum5ts ( civilization1 su* z public build+s1 in/itutions ( le>n+ & hospitals1 m popul\s & ri*] cities1 a high] atta9m5t 9 c]ta9 bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,no "o c read ,humboldt's acc\nt ( ! ,city ( ,mexico & its e/abli%m5ts = ! promotion ( sci5ce & ! f9e arts )\t realiz+ t :atev] may be ! sup]iorities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ov] ,mexico 9 ^! respects1 !y h be5 mo/ly ! ga9s ( ! age ( /eam4 ,:ile we are prone to ?9k t a republican =m ( gov]nm5t is ! great fo/]-"m ( progress & t :atev] developm5t may h come 9 ,s\? ,am]ican c\ntries has be5 ! result ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics1 ,pr(essor ,b\rne is n ( t op9ion & is incl9$ to ?9k t if ! ,spani% ,colonial ,gov]nm5t c\ld h be5 ma9ta9$ at its be/ until ! com+ ( ! age ( /eam or well on into ! n9ete5? c5tury1 !n ! ,s\? ,am]ican republics w\ld h be5 s]i\s #cjg rivals ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & h be5 kept f be+ s hamp]$ z !y 7 by _! int]nal political diss5sions4 ,8 p>agraph on ?is matt] is s contradictory ( ord9>y impressions1 "h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates p>ticul>ly1 t x seems wor? :ile call+ att5tion to x because x conta9s t mo/ preci\s ( sugge/ions1 a ?\ght t is entirely diff]5t f any t mo/ p h _h be=e4 ,he says3 ,dur+ ! fir/ half-c5tury aft] ! application ( /eam to transportation ,mexico welt]$ 9 dome/ic turmoils aris+ out ( ! cra% ( ! old regime4 ,if ! rule ( ,spa9 c\ld h la/$ half a c5tury long]1 be+ progressively z x 0 dur+ ! reign ( ,*>les ,,iii2 if a succession ( su* vic]oys z ,revilla ,gig$o1 9 ,mexico1 & ,de ,croix & ,de ,taboaday ,lemos1 9 ,p]u1 c\ld h borne sway 9 ,am]ica until railroads c\ld h be5 built1 int]colonial int]c\rse ramifi$ & a di/9ctly ,spani%-,am]ican _s develop$1 a great ,spani%-,am]ican f$]al /ate might possibly h be5 creat$1 capable ( self-def5se aga9/ ,europe1 & invit+ co-op]ation r ?an aggression f ! neighbor 9 ! ,nor?4 ,lima 0 ! great c5tre = education 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 & ,mexico1 9 ,spani% ,nor? ,am]ica1 0 n f> at all beh9d4 ,! trac+ ( ! /eps ( ! developm5t ( education 9 ,mexico emphasizes especially ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,spani>ds & ! ,engli%m5 9 _! #cjh relation to ! ,indian4 ,bi%op ,zum>aga want$ a college = ,indians 9 8 bi%opric1 & x 0 because ( ?is b5efic5t purpose t ! fir/ in/itution = high] education 9 ! ,new ,_w 0 f\nd$ z e>ly z #aece4 ,at t "t ! ne$ = education = ! :ites 0 n felt s mu*1 s9ce only adults z a rule 7 9 ! colony1 ! numb] ( *ildr5 & gr[+ y\?s be+ z yet v small4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,college ( ,santa ,cruz1 9 ,tlaltelolco1 "o ( ! qu>t]s ( ! ,city ( ,mexico res]v$ = ! ,indians1 0 f\nd$ "u ! bi%op's patronage4 ,among ! faculty 7 graduates ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is & ( ,salamanca1 two ( ! greate/ univ]sities ( ,europe ( ?is "t1 & !y _h n only ! ambition to tea*1 b also to foll[ out t o!r purpose ( a univ]sity--to inve/igate & write4 ,among !m 7 su* em95t s*ol>s z ,b]n>d9o de ,sahagun1 ! f\nd] ( ,am]ican an?ropology1 & ,juan de ,torquemada1 :o is himself a product ( ,mexican education1 ^: ,mon>quia ,indiana is a great /oreh\se ( facts conc]n+ ,mexico be=e ! com+ ( ! :ites1 & preci\s details ) reg>d to ,mexican antiquities4 ,kn[+ ?is1 x is n surpris+ t ! curriculum 0 broad & lib]al4 ,besides ! elem5t>y bran*es & gramm> & rhetoric1 in/ruction 0 provid$ 9 ,lat91 philosophy1 ,mexican m$ic9e1 music1 botany 7especially ) #cji ref]5ce to native plants71 ! zoology ( ,mexico1 "s pr9ciples ( agriculture1 & ! native languages4 ,x is n surpris+ to be told t _m ( ! graduates ( ?is college became ,alcaldes & ,gov]nors 9 ! ,indian t[ns1 & t !y did mu* to spread civilization & culture among _! compatriots4 ,! ,engli%-speak+ ,am]icans furni%$ no?+ ( ?is k9d1 & our colleges = ,indians came only 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is true t ,h>v>d1 accord+ to its *>t]1 0 = ! education ( ! ,indian y\? ( ?is c\ntry 9 k & godl9ess1 b ! ,indians 7 entirely neglect$ & no s]i\s ef=t 0 ev] made to give !m any education4 ,x 0 a son ( ! ,puritans :o said t 8 =efa!rs fir/ fell on _! knees & !n on ! aborig9es1 & ! diff]5ce 9 ! treatm5t ( ! ,indians by ! ,engli% & ! ,spani>ds is a m>k$ note 9 all _! hi/ory4 ,dur+ ! next few ye>s s*ools 7 e/abli%$ also = ! education ( me/izo *ildr51 t is1 ( ! mix$ race :o are n[ call$ ,creoles4 ,9 fact1 9 #aecf a fund f ! ,royal ,ex*equ] 0 giv5 = ! tea*+ ( ^! *ildr54 ,/range z x may seem1 = we are apt to ?9k t ! tea*+ ( girls is a mod]n idea1 s*ools 7 also e/abli%$ = ,indian girls4 ,all ( ^! s*ools cont9u$ to fl\ri%1 & gradually spread beyond ! ,city ( ,mexico itself into ! villages ( ! ,indians4 ,z a #caj matt] ( fact1 :]ev] a mission 0 e/abli%$ a s*ool 0 also f\nd$4 ,e t[n1 ,indian z well z ,spani%1 0 by law requir$ to h its *ur*1 hospital & s*ool = tea*+ ,indian *ildr5 ,spani% & ! elem5ts ( religion4 ,! tea*+ & p>i% "w 9 ! ,indian villages 0 9 *>ge ( two or m fri>s1 z a rule1 & 0 well done4 ,! rema9s ( ! mona/]ies ) _! magnific5t ,spani%-,am]ican ar*itecture1 are /ill to be se5 9 _m portions ( ,mexico & ( ! ,spani% t]ritories t h be5 incorporat$ ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 places :]e !y might be lea/ expect$1 & !y %[ ! influ5ce = culture & education t gradually ext5d$ all ov] ! ,mexican c\ntry4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! necessity = advanc$ tea*+ = ! con/antly gr[+ numb] ( native :ites began to be felt1 & s dur+ ! fif? decade ( ! sixte5? c5tury a numb] ( s*ools = !m came into exi/5ce 9 ! ,city ( ,mexico4 ,! ne$ 0 felt = "s c5tral in/itution4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,spani% ,cr[n 0 petition$ to e/abli% au?oritatively a univ]sity4 ,su* a /ep w\ld h be5 utt]ly out ( ! "q 9 ,engli% ,am]ica1 because ! ,cr[n 0 s little int]e/$ 9 colonial affairs4 ,9 ! ,spani% c\ntry1 h[ev]1 ! ,cr[n 0 deeply int]e/$ 9 mak+ ! coloni/s feel t ?\gh !y 7 at a di/ance f ! c5tre ( gov]nm5t1 _! rul]s 7 int]e/$ 9 #caa secur+ = !m1 z f> z possible1 all ! opportunities ( life at home 9 ,spa94 ,?is is s diff]5t f :at is ord9>ily presum$ to h be5 ! attitude ( ,spa9 t[>ds its colonies z to be q a surprise = ^? :o h dep5d$ on old-fa%ion$ hi/ory1 b !re c be no d\bt ( its tru?4 ,accord+ly1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico receiv$ its royal *>t] ! same ye> z ! ,univ]sity ( ,lima 7#aeea74 ,mexico 0 n =mally organiz$ z a univ]sity until #aeec4 ,9 ! light ( ^! dates1 x is r amus+ to h ! ,c5tury ,diction>y1 "u ! ^w ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 speak ( t in/itution z ! olde/ & l>ge/ in/itution ( le>n+ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x _h be5 prec$$ by almo/ a c5tury1 n only 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 b also 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! importance ( ,h>v>d 0 z no?+ comp>$ to ! univ]sities ( ,lima & ,mexico1 & inde$ = a c5tury aft] its f\ndation ,h>v>d 0 sc>cely m ?an a small !ological s*ool1 ) a hundr$ or s ( pupils1 sometimes hav+ no graduat+ class1 practically nev] graduat+ m ?an eight or t5 pupils1 :ile ! two ,spani%-,am]ican univ]sities c\nt$ _! /ud5ts by ! ?\s& & _! annual graduates by ! hundr$4 ,! reason = ! success ( ^! ,s\? ,am]ican univ]sities above t ( ,h>v>d is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ,h>v>d's sph]e ( usefulness 0 extremely limit$ because ( #cab religi\s diff]5ces & %ades ( diff]5ces4 ,?is _h hamp]$ all education 9 ,prote/ant c\ntries v s]i\sly4 ,pr(essor ,pauls51 :o holds ! *air ( philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 calls att5tion to ! fact t ! ,re=mation _h any?+ b ! effect ( favor+ education t has (t5 be5 said4 ,! picture t he draws ( conditions 9 ,g]many a c5tury be=e ! f\ndation ( ,h>v>d w\ld s]ve v well z a lively prototype ( ! factors at "w 9 prev5t+ ,h>v>d f becom+ su* an educational in/itution z ! univ]sities ( ,lima & ,mexico s naturally became4 ,he says1 9 ,g]man ,univ]sities & ,univ]sity ,/udies3 ,dur+ ?is p]iod aft] ,lu!r's revolt a m det]m9$ ef=t 0 made to control in/ruction ?an at any p]iod be=e or s9ce4 ,! fe> ( h]esy1 ! extraord9>y anxiety to keep in/ruction well )9 or?odox l9es1 0 n less int5se at ! ,lu!ran ?an at ! ,ca?olic in/itutions2 p]haps x 0 ev5 m s1 because "h doctr9e 0 n s well e/abli%$1 apo/asy 0 possible 9 ei!r ( two directions1 t[>d ,ca?olicism or ,calv9ism4 ,ev5 ! philosophic faculty felt ! pressure ( ?is dem& = correctness ( doctr9es4 ,?us came ab\t ^! re/rictions )9 ! petty /ates & _! n>r[-m9d$ e/abli%$ *ur*es :i* well-nigh /ifl$ ! intellectual life ( ! ,g]man p4 ,because ( ?is & ! fact t ! att5dance #cac at ! college did n ju/ify x1 ! s*ool ( m$ic9e at ,h>v>d 0 n op5$ until aft] ! ,revolution 7#aghc74 ,! law s*ool 0 n op5$ until #ahag4 ,?is is sometimes spok5 ( z ! e>lie/ law s*ool connect$ ) a univ]sity on ?is cont95t1 b1 ( c\rse1 only by ^? :o "k no?+ at all ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican univ]sities4 ,9 ! ,spani% c\ntries ! *airs 9 law 7 e/abli%$ v e>ly2 inde$1 be=e ^? ( m$ic9e4 ,canon law 0 always an important subject 9 ,spani% univ]sities1 & civil law 0 s closely connect$ ) x t x 0 nev] neglect$4 ,:5 ! *>t] ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,lima 0 grant$ by ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v1 9 #aeea1 ! t[n 0 sc>cely m ?an fifte5 ye>s old4 ,x _h be5 f\nd$ 9 #aece4 ,curi\sly en\gh1 j ab\t ! same int]val _h elaps$ betwe5 ! f\ndation ( ! ,massa*usetts colony by ! ,pilgrims & ! legal e/abli%m5t ( ! college aft]w>d kn[n z ,h>v>d by ! ,g5]al ,c\rt ( ! colony4 ,x is evid5t t 9 bo? cases x 0 ! ne$s ( ! ris+ g5]ation :o _h come to be f twelve to sixte5 ye>s ( age t l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! in/itutions ( high] education4 ,! actual f\ndation ( ,h>v>d did n come = two ye>s lat]1 & ! int5tion ( ! f\nd]s 0 n ne>ly s broad z t ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,lima4 ,already at ,lima s*ools _h be5 #cad e/abli%$ by ! religi\s ord]s1 & x 0 ) ! idea ( organiz+ ! education z x 0 be+ giv5 t ! *>t] f ! ,cr[n 0 obta9$4 ,) reg>d to bo? ,lima & ,mexico1 )9 a few ye>s a bull ( approval & confirmation 0 ask$ & obta9$ f ! ,pope4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,lima cont9u$ to develop ) wond]ful success4 ,9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury x _h m ?an a ?\s& /ud5ts1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? x _h two ?\s& /ud5ts1 & !re is no d\bt at all ( its successful accompli%m5t ( all t a univ]sity is suppos$ to d4 ,juan ,antonio ,ribeyro1 :o 0 ! rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,lima =ty ye>s ago1 said 9 ! introduction to ,! ,univ]sity ,annals = #ahfi t1 ,x _c be d5i$ t ! ,univ]sity ( ,p]u dur+ its e>ly hi/ory fill$ a l>ge role ( direct int]v5tion = ! =mation ( laws1 = ! amelioration ( cu/oms & 9 direct+ all ! pr9cipal acts ( civil & private society1 =m+ ! religi\s beliefs1 r5d]+ !m free f sup]/itions & errors & influ5c+ all ! in/itutions ( ! c\ntry to ! common good4 ,c]ta9ly ?is is all t w\ld be dem&$ ( a univ]sity z an influ5ce = uplift1 & ! fact t su* an ideal %\ld h be5 *]i%$ %[s h[ well ! purpose ( an educational in/itution _h be5 realiz$4 ,! s*ol>ly "w done by "s ( ^! pr(essors at ,spani%-,am]ican univ]sities /ill #cae rema9s a model ( true univ]sity "w4 ,x is ! duty ( ! univ]sity to add to k z well z to dissem9ate x4 ,t ideal ( univ]sity exi/5ce is suppos$ to be a creation ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & inde$ is (t5 said to h be5 br\ght into ! hi/ory ( education by ! example ( ! ,g]man univ]sities4 ,we f9d1 h[ev]1 t ! pr(essors ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican univ]sities accompli%$ mu* 9 ?is matt] & t _! works rema9 z preci\s /oreh\ses ( in=mation = aft] g5]ations4 ,pr(essor ,b\rne has giv5 b a %ort li/ ( !m 9 addition to ^? t h already be5 m5tion$1 b ev5 ?is furni%es an excell5t idea ( h[ mu* ! univ]sity pr(essors ( ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies 9 ,spani% ,am]ica 7 tak+ to he>t ! duty ( ga!r+1 arrang+ & classify+ k = aft] g5]ations4 ,!y did m 9 ! sci5ces ?an 9 any?+ else4 ,x is (t5 ?\ght t our k ( ! e?nology & an?ropology ( ! ,indians is entirely ! creation ( rec5t inve/igators1 b t is true only if "o leaves out ( acc\nt ! "w ( ^! old ,spani%-,am]ican s*ol>s4 ,pr(essor ,b\rne says3 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ! e>li] ,p]uvian writ]s 7 ,aco/a1 ! hi/orian1 ! au?or ( ! ',natural & ,civil ,hi/ory ( ! ,indies'2 ! me/izo ,g>ciasso de la ,vega1 :o 0 educat$ 9 ,spa9 & wrote ( ! ,inca ,empire & ,de ,soto's exp$ition2 ,s&oval1 ! au?or ( ! #caf fir/ "w on ,africa & ! negro writt5 9 ,am]ica2 ,antonio ,leon ,p9elo1 ! fir/ ,am]ican bibliograph]1 & "o ( ! greate/ z well ( ! indefatigable codifi]s ( ! old legislation ( ! ,indies4 ,p9elo 0 born 9 ,p]u & educat$ at ! ,jesuit ,college 9 ,lima1 b sp5t 8 lit]>y life 9 ,spa94 ,( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico m details are available ?an ( ,p]u1 & ! fact t x 0 situat$ "h 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & t ! culture :i* x influ5c$ has _h its effect on c]ta9 portions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 has made x seem wor? :ile to devote consid]able space to x4 ,! ,univ]sity 0 call$ ! ,royal & ,pontifical ,univ]sity ( ,mexico1 because1 :ile x 0 f\nd$ "u ! *>t] ( ! ,k+ ( ,spa91 ?is _h be5 confirm$ by a bull f ! ,pope1 :o took ! new univ]sity directly "u ! patronage ( ! ,holy ,see4 ,! reason = ! f\ndation ( ! univ]sity1 z ! m5 at t "t saw x1 is conta9$ 9 ! op5+ *apt] ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 :i* is quot$ z ! preamble ( ! con/itutions ( ! univ]sity3 ,9 ! beg9n+ 0 ! ,^w1 & ! ,^w 0 ) ,god4 ,! same 0 9 ! beg9n+ ) ,god4 ,all ?+s 7 made by ,him & )\t ,him 0 made no?+ t 0 made4 ,9 ,him 0 ,life1 & ! ,life 0 ! light ( m54 ,?is !y consid]$ ample reason = ! erection ( a univ]sity & ! spread ( k ) ,god's own sanction4 #cag ,! patron sa9ts ( ! univ]sity1 z s decl>$ by ! fir/ article ( ! con/itutions1 7 ,/4 ,paul ! ,apo/le1 & ,/4 ,ca!r9e ! ,m>tyr4 ,among ! patrons1 h[ev]1 7 also m5tion$ 9 special mann] two o!r sa9ts--,/4 ,john ,nepomuc51 :o di$ r ?an reveal ! secrets ( ! confessional1 & ,/4 ,aloysius ,gonzaga1 ! special patron ( /ud5ts4 ,x is evid5t t ^! two patrons _h be5 *os5 ) a p>ticul> idea t devotion to !m w\ld enc\rage ! practice ( su* virtues & devotion to duty z w\ld be especially useful to ! /ud5ts1 cl]ical & secul>1 ( ! univ]sity4 ,on all f\r ( ! fea/ days ( ^! patrons ! univ]sity _h a holiday4 ,?is w\ld seem to be add+ notably to ! numb] ( free days 9 a mod]n univ]sity1 b mu/ h meant v little at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico1 !y _h s _m o!r free days4 ,! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ce betwe5 ! cal5d> ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico & t ( a mod]n univ]sity w\ld be ! numb] ( days 9 ! ye> 9 :i* no lectures 7 giv54 ,!re 7 "s =ty ( ^! altoge!r4 ,besides ! f\r patron sa9t days1 ! fea/ day ( e ,apo/le 0 a holiday4 ,besides ^!1 all ! ,fa!rs & ,doctors ( ! ,*ur* gave reasons = holidays4 ,!n !re 0 ,/4 ,seba/ian's ,day1 9 ord] t "y m5 might be brave1 ,/4 ,joseph's ,day1 ! ,annunciation1 ! ,expectation1 ! ,assumption & ! ,nativity ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ! #cah ,inv5tion ( ! ,holy ,cross1 ! ,?ree ,rogation ,days & ! ,fea/ ( ,our ,lady ( ! ,sn[s4 ,besides1 !re 7 ,/4 ,magdal5's1 ,/4 ,ann's1 ,/4 ,ignatius' & ,/4 ,lawr5ce's ,day4 ,^! 7 n all1 b ?is w give an idea h[ closely connect$ ) ! ,*ur* 7 ! lectures at ! univ]sity1 or1 r1 ! int]mission f ! lectures4 ,x might be said t ?is 0 a s]i\s wa/e ( preci\s "t1 & t our univ]sities 9 ! mod]n "t w\ld n ?9k ( imitat+ !m1 b su* a rem>k c\ld come b f "s "o :o did n realize ! real condition t obta9$ 9 ! old-"t univ]sities4 ,at ! pres5t "t our univ]sities f9i% _! s*ola/ic ye> ab\t ! middle ( ,may & d n beg9 aga9 until ,octob]--ne>ly tw5ty weeks4 ,at ^! old univ]sities _! annual int]mission betwe5 s*ola/ic ye>s la/$ only ! six weeks f ! ,fea/ ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ,septemb] #h1 to ,/ ,luke's ,day1 ,octob] #ah4 ,!y _h five weeks at ,ea/] "t & two weeks at ,*ri/mas "t4 ,!y spread _! ye> out ov] a long] p]iod & comp5sat$ = %ort] vacations by grant+ holidays dur+ ! ye>4 ,_! ye>'s labor 0 less int5se & spread out ov] m gr\nd ?an ours4 ,! developm5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico into a real univ]sity 9 ! full s5se ( ! old /udium g5]ale1 9 :i* all =ms ( human k might be pursu$1 is v int]e/+ #cai & %[s ! ?or\ghgo+ det]m9ation ( ! ,spani% ,am]icans to make = !mselves & _! *ildr5 an in/itute ( le>n+ wor?y ( !mselves & _! magnific5t new c\ntry4 ,*>t]$ 9 #aeea1 x 0 n =mally op5$ until #aeec4 ,*airs 7 e/abli%$ 9 ?is ye> 9 !ology1 ,sacr$ ,scripture1 canon law & decretals1 laws1 art1 rhetoric & gramm>4 ,bo? ,spani% & ,lat9 7 taught 9 ! classes ( gramm> & rhetoric4 ,to ^! 0 add$ v %ortly a *air 9 ,mexican ,indian languages1 9 accordance ) ! special provisions ( ! imp]ial *>t]4 ,! univ]sity cont9u$ to develop & add$ fur!r *airs & dep>tm5ts z "t w5t on4 ,x _h a *air ( jurisprud5ce at ! beg9n+1 b its law dep>tm5t 0 complet$ 9 #aefi by ! addition ( two o!r *airs1 "o 9 ! in/itutes ( law1 ! o!r 9 codes ( law4 ,9 ! meantime ! univ]sity _h begun to make itself felt z a corporate body = g5]al uplift by publications ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,its pr(essor ( rhetoric1 ,dr4 ,c]vantes ,salaz]1 publi%$ 9 #aeee ?ree int]e/+ ,lat9 dialogues 9 imitation ( ,erasmus' dialogues4 ,at ! mom5t ,erasmus' ,colloquia 0 ! mo/ admir$ academic "w 9 ! univ]sity _w ( ! "t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! dialogues describ$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico1 & ! o!r two1 tak+ up ,mexico ,city & its environm5ts1 gave an excell5t idea ( #cbj :at ! ,spani%-,am]ican capital ( ,mexico 0 ?ree c5turies & a half ago4 ,! e>ly promot]s ( education & missions did n rely ^u ! di/ant ,european presses = ! publication ( _! manuals4 ,! pr9t+ press 0 introduc$ into ! ,new ,_w probably z e>ly z #aecf1 & x seems likely t ! fir/ book1 an elem5t>y ,*ri/ian doctr9e call$ ',la ,escala ,espiritual' 7! ladd] ( ! _s71 0 issu$ 9 #aecg4 ,no copy ( x1 h[ev]1 is kn[n to exi/4 ,sev5 diff]5t pr9t]s pli$ _! craft 9 ,new ,spa9 9 ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,among ! notable issues ( ^! presses1 besides ! religi\s works & *ur* s]vice works1 7 diction>ies & gramm>s ( ! ,mexican languages1 ,puga's ',c$ul>io' 9 #aefc1 a compilation ( royal ord9ances1 ,f>fan's ',tractado de ,m$ic9a4' ,9 #afje appe>$ ! fir/ text-book publi%$ 9 ,am]ica = in/ruction 9 ,lat91 a manual ( poetics ) illu/rative examples f hea!n & ,*ri/ian poets4 7,b\rne47 ,) ! light ?r[n on ! e>ly hi/ory ( pr9t+ on ?is cont95t by a p>agraph l ?is1 h[ amus+ x is to be told t ! tradition among ! pr9t]s & ! publi%]s & ev5 ! bibliophiles ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is t ! fir/ book pr9t$ 9 ,am]ica 0 ! ,massa*usetts ,bay ,psalm ,book pr9t$1 ,i believe1 9 #afcg4 ,!re 7 no less ?an sev5 pr9t+ presses at "w 9 ,mexico dur+ ! sixte5? #cba c5tury1 fully fifty ye>s be=e ! ,massa*usetts ,bay ,psalm ,book 0 issu$4 ,h[ int]e/+ x is = ^? :o /ill l to insi/ t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is oppos$ to ! di/ribution ( ! ,scriptures to ! p or its pr9t+ 9 ! v]nacul>1 to f9d h[ _m editions ( x 7 pr9t$ 9 ,mexico & 9 ,s\? ,am]ica dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,?is /ory ( ! pr9t+ press 9 ,spani% ,am]ica 9 ! e>ly days w\ld ( itself make a mo/ int]e/+ *apt] 9 a volume on ,am]ican orig9s1 :i* c\ld probably be ext5d$ into a v valuable little manual ( bibliography & bibliophilic in=mation t w\ld ar\se new int]e/ 9 ! accumulation ( e>ly ,am]ican books4 ,! univ]sity _h be5 f\nd$ j tw5ty-five ye>s :5 provision 0 made = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! m$ical dep>tm5t4 ,accord+ to mo/ ( ! *ronicles ! fir/ *air 9 m$ic9e 0 f\nd$ ,june #ba1 #aegh1 al?\gh !re are "s au?orities :o /ate t ?is e/abli%m5t came only 9 #aehj4 ,i am a graduate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania ,m$ical ,s*ool myself1 & ,i yield to none ( h] sons 9 v5]ation = my ,alma ,mat]1 b ,i _c pass ov] ?is /atem5t ( ! f\ndation ( ! m$ical s*ool 9 ,mexico )\t recall+ t we h be5 r pr\d at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania to be kn[n z ! ,fir/ ,am]ican ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,?is is1 ( c\rse1 only due to our fond ,unit$ ,/ates way ( assum+ #cbb ourselves to be all ,am]ica & utt]ly neglect+ any k ( ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,i believe t !re are tablets erect$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania *ronicl+ our priority4 ,"o ( !m is to ! fir/ graduat+ class1 ! o!r to ! fir/ faculty ( ! m$ical s*ool4 ,i believe t betwe5 ! erection ( ! two tablets !re _h come to be "s suspicion ( ! possibility t ,s\? ,am]ica 0 ahead ( u 9 ?is respect & s ! second tablet specifically m5tions ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,:5 ,i talk$ "s "t ago be=e ! ,college ( ,physicians ( ,philadelphia on ?is subject "o ( my fri5ds1 :o 0 a tea*] at ! univ]sity1 ask$ me :at !y %\ld d ) _! tablets4 ,i sugge/$ t1 by all means1 !y %\ld be all[$ to rema91 & t z soon z possible an opportunity %\ld be secur$ to erect ! ?ird tablet conta9+ a /atem5t ( ! real facts ) reg>d to ! place ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania z ! protagoni/ 9 m$ic9e 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! tablets w !n s]ve to %[ ! gradual evolution ( our k ( ! true hi/ory ( m$ical education 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,x is all ! m important t ?is %\ld be ! arrangem5t because ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania has be5 a lead] 9 ! discov]y ( ,s\? ,am]ica t has be5 made by u 9 ! la/ few ye>s4 ,betwe5 ! date ( ! f\ndation ( ! fir/ *air 9 m$ic9e at ! beg9n+ ( ! #cbc la/ qu>t] ( ! sixte5? c5tury & ! f\ndation ( ! city1 ,mexico _h n be5 )\t provision ( physicians4 ,9 ! v fir/ ye> ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico1 ?\gh !re 0 no =mal faculty ( m$ic9e1 two doctors receiv$ _! degrees 9 m$ic9e f ! univ]sity4 ,!y _h be5 /ud5ts 9 ,spa9 & 7 able to satisfy ! faculty ( _! ability4 ,?is %[s t ! in/itution 0 consid]$ to h ! p[] to conf] ^! degrees ^u ^? :o br\ght evid5ce ( hav+ complet$ ! necess>y /udies1 ?\gh x 0 n 9 a position to provide facilities = ^! /udies4 ,x is evid5t t ?is cu/om cont9u$ 9 subsequ5t ye>s until ! necessity = m$ical /udies at home became evid5t4 ,! intimate connection betwe5 ! univ]sities ( old ,spa9 & ( ,new ,spa9 is a v int]e/+ subject 9 ! educational hi/ory ( ! "t4 ,ev5 be=e ! f\ndation ( ! univ]sity1 h[ev]1 def9ite ef=ts 7 made by ! au?orities to secure prop] m$ical s]vice = ! coloni/s & to prev5t _! exploitation by quacks & *>latans4 ,/rict m$ical regulations 7 e/abli%$ by ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ! ,city ( ,mexico 9 #aebg s z to prev5t quacks f ,europe1 :o might ?9k to exploit ! ills ( ! settl]s 9 ! new colony1 f practis+ m$ic9e4 ,lic5ses to practise 7 issu$ only to ^? :o %[$ ! possession ( a univ]sity degree4 #cbd ,?is /rict regulation ( m$ical practice 0 ext5d$ also to ! apo!c>ies 9 #aebi4 ,ev5 be=e ?is1 arrangem5ts _h be5 made = ! regul> tea*+ ( b>b]-surgeons1 s t injuries & w\nds ( v>i\s k9ds might be treat$ prop]ly1 & s t em]g5cies might be promptly met1 ev5 9 ! abs5ce ( a physician1 by ^! b>b]-surgeons4 ,dr4 ,b&eli]1 9 8 article on ,francisco ,bravo 9 ! second volume ( ! ,ca?olic ,encyclop$ia1 calls att5tion to "s important details ) reg>d to m$ic9e 9 ,mexico 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & especially to ?is di/+ui%$ physician :o publi%$ ! fir/ book on m$ic9e 9 t city 9 #aegj4 ,?ree ye>s be=e t "t ,dr4 ,p$r>ius de ,b5avides _h publi%$ 8 ,secretos de ,*irurgia at ,valladolid1 9 ,spa91 a "w :i* _h be5 writt5 9 ,am]ica & conta9$ an imm5se am\nt ( k t is invaluable ) reg>d to ,indian m$ic9al practice4 ,dr4 ,bravo's "w1 h[ev]1 has ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ m$ical treatise pr9t$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,! issuance ( ^! books %[s ! int5se int]e/ 9 m$ic9e 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 b !re are o!r details :i* s]ve to %[ h[ ?or\gh & practical 7 ! ef=ts ( ! au?orities 9 secur+ ! be/ possible m$ical practice4 ,9 #aebd !re 0 f\nd$ 9 ! ,city ( ,mexico a hospital1 :i* /ill /&s & :i* 0 a model 9 its way4 ,t way 0 #cbe mu* bett] ?an ! mode ( ! con/ruction ( hospitals 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 = in/ance1 :5 hospitals & c>e = ! ail+ rea*$ ! l[e/ ebb 9 mod]n times4 ,o!r hospitals besides ?is f\ndation by ,cortez soon arose1 & ! w>ds ( ^! hospitals 7 us$ = purposes ( cl9ical tea*+4 ,cl9ical or b$side tea*+ 9 m$ic9e is suppos$ to be a comp>atively rec5t feature ( m$ical education4 ,!re are traces ( x1 h[ev]1 at all times 9 hi/ory & :ile at times :5 !ory rul$ ! practical application ( obs]vation wan$1 x 0 con/antly com+ back :5ev] m5 took m$ical education s]i\sly4 ,its employm5t 9 ,mexico seems to h be5 an obvi\s developm5t ( _! v practical me?ods1 :i* began ) ! tea*+ ( fir/ aid to ! injur$ & develop$ ?r\gh special /udies ( ! p>ticul> diseases ( ! c\ntry & ( ! me?ods ( cur+ !m by native drugs4 ,a *air ( botany exi/$ already 9 connection ) ! univ]sity1 & ?is1 ) ! lectures on m$ic9e1 con/itut$ ! m$ical tra9+ until #aeii1 :5 a second m$ical lecture%ip 0 add$4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! next tw5ty ye>s altoge!r sev5 *airs 9 m$ic9e 7 f\nd$1 s t besides ! two lecture%ips 9 m$ic9e !re 0 a *air ( anatomy & surg]y1 a special *air ( dissection1 a *air ( !rapeutics1 ! special duty ( :i* 0 to lecture on ,gal5 ,de ,me?odo ,m$5di1 a #cbf *air ( ma!matics & a/rology1 = ! />s 7 suppos$ to influ5ce human con/itutions by all ! le>n$ m5 ( ?is "t & ev5 ,kepl] & ,galileo & ,ty*o-,brahe 7 )9 ?is decade mak+ horoscopes = important p 9 ,europe1 &1 f9ally1 a *air ( progno/ics4 ,mo/ ( ! tea*+ 0 f\nd$ on ,hippocrates & ,gal51 & le/ ?is %\ld seem suffici5t to condemn x z hopelessly backw>d 9 ! m9ds ( _m1 x may be recall$ t dur+ ! c5tury foll[+ ?is "t ,syd5ham1 9 ,engl&1 & ,bo]haave1 9 ,holl&1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m$ical m5 ( _! "t & look$ on ) great rev]5ce by ! tea*]s ( ours1 7 bo? ( !m plead+ = a return to ,hippocrates & ,gal54 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! m$ical s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico 0 furni%+ q z good a m$ical tra9+ z ! av]age m$ical s*ool 9 ,europe at t "t1 at lea/ s f> z ! subjects lectur$ on are conc]n$4 ,inde$1 x 0 modell$ closely aft] ! ,spani% univ]sities1 :i* 7 consid]$ well up to ! /&>d ( ! "t4 ,9 ! meantime additional *airs 9 univ]sity subjects cont9u$ to be f\nd$4 ,ano!r *air 9 arts 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aehf1 & fur!r *airs 9 law & gramm> 7 add$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ,spani% ,cr[n 0 v mu* int]e/$ 9 ,mexican education1 & ,k+ ,philip ,,ii ( ,spa91 :o is usually m5tion$ 9 ,engli% hi/ory = q #cbg o!r qualities ?an 8 int]e/ 9 culture & education1 0 especially lib]al 9 8 provision f ! ,cr[n rev5ues ( funds = ! univ]sity4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 accord+ to ,flores 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,mexico f ! ,indian ,times ,d[n to ! ,pres5t1 ! total am\nt ( income f ! ,cr[n all[$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico 0 ne>ly #aj1jjj4 ,?is 0 ab\t ,%akespe>e's "t1 & s we h readily available calculations z to ! buy+ p[] ( money at t "t comp>$ to our own4 ,x is usually said t ! money ( ,elizabe?'s "t _h eight to t5 times ! trad+ value ( ours4 ,?is w\ld mean t ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico _h ne>ly an income ( #ajj1jjj ap>t f fees & o!r s\rces ( rev5ue4 ,?is w\ld n be consid]$ contemptible ev5 9 our own day = a univ]sity hav+ less ?an tw5ty pr(essor%ips4 ,! numb] ( /ud5ts at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico is n absolutely kn[n1 b1 z we h se51 ,pr(essor ,b\rne calculates t ! ,univ]sity ( ,lima _h at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury m ?an #b1jjj /ud5ts4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico at ! same "t probably _h m ?an #a1jjj /ud5ts1 & bo? ( ^! univ]sities 7 l>g] 9 numb] ?an any in/itution ( le>n+ )9 ! b\nd>ies ( ! pres5t ,unit$ ,/ates until aft] ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,aft] all1 we began to h univ]sities 9 ! real s5se ( #cbh t ^w--t is1 educational in/itutions giv+ opportunities 9 und]graduate "w & ! graduate dep>tm5ts ( law1 m$ic9e & !ology--n until ne>ly ! end ( ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,our m$ical & law s*ools did n1 z a rule1 become atta*$ to our univ]sities until ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ev5 late 9 t4 ,?is 0 to ! s]i\s detrim5t ( po/-graduate "w1 & especially detrim5tal to ! prelim9>y tra9+ requir$ = x1 & consequ5tly to ! products ( ^! s*ools4 ,be=e a /ud5t c\ld ent] "o ( ! po/-graduate dep>tm5ts at ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico 9 law or m$ic9e1 he 0 requir$ to h made at lea/ ?ree ye>s ( /udies 9 ! und]graduate dep>tm5ts4 ,:5 we contra/ ?is regulation ) ! cu/om 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! result is a little />tl+4 ,until ! la/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury /ud5ts might ent] our m$ical s*ools /raight f ! pl[ or ! smi?y or ! me*anic's b5*1 & )\t any prelim9>y education1 aft] two t]ms ( m$ical lectures consi/+ ( f\r mon?s ea*1 be giv5 a degree :i* 0 a lic5se to practise m$ic9e4 ,! abuses ( su* a sy/em are manife/1 & actually came into exi/5ce4 ,!y 7 n p]mitt$ 9 ,mexico ev5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,x might p]haps be ?\ght t ^! magnific5t opportunities 9 education 7 provid$ #cbi only = ! high] classes1 or conc]n$ only book le>n+ & ! lib]al & pr(essional /udies4 ,f> f any su* exclusiv5ess z ?is1 _! s*ools 7 ?or\ghly r\nd$ & gave in/ruction 9 ! arts & crafts & recogniz$ ! value ( manual tra9+4 ,we h only come to appreciate 9 ! la/ few decades h[ mu* we h lo/ 9 education 9 ,am]ica by neglect+ ^! features ( education = ! masses4 ,:ile ,g]many has manual tra9+ = ov] fifty p] c5t4 ( ! *ildr5 :o g to h] s*ools1 "h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we provide x = some?+ less ?an "o p] c5t1 ( our *ildr54 ,!y made no su* mi/ake z ?is 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries4 ,inde$1 ,pr(essor ,b\rne's p>agraph on ?is subject is p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( :at he has to say ) reg>d to education 9 ,spani% ,am]ica4 ,! objective me?ods ( education1 z he depicts !m1 ! ?or\ghly practical cont5t ( education1 & ! fact t ! ,*ur* 0 "o ( ! ma9 factors 9 br++ ab\t ?is well-r\nd$ education1 is ( itself a />tl+ comm5t>y on ! curi\sly p]v]t$ notions t h be5 held 9 ! pa/ ) reg>d to ! comp>ative value ( education 9 ,spani% & 9 ,engli% ,am]ica & ! attitude ( ! ,*ur* t[>d ^! educational que/ions3 ,bo? ! ,cr[n & ! ,*ur* 7 solicit\s = education 9 ! colonies1 & provisions 7 made = its promotion on a f> great] #ccj scale ?an 0 possible or ev5 attempt$ 9 ! ,engli% colonies4 ,! e>ly ,franciscan mission>ies built a s*ool beside ea* *ur*1 & 9 _! tea*+ abundant use 0 made ( signs1 draw+s & pa9t+s4 ,! native languages 7 r$uc$ to writ+1 & 9 a few ye>s ,indians 7 le>n+ to read & write4 ,p$ro de ,gante1 a ,flemi% lay bro!r & a relative ( ,*>les ,v1 f\nd$ & conduct$ 9 ! ,indian qu>t] 9 ,mexico a great s*ool1 att5d$ by ov] a ?\s& ,indian boys1 :i* comb9$ in/ruction 9 elem5t>y & high] bran*es1 ! me*anical & f9e arts4 ,9 its work%ops ! boys 7 taught to be tailors1 c>p5t]s1 blacksmi?s1 %oemak]s & pa9t]s4 ,if !re 0 all ?is ( progress 9 education 9 ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries 9 advance ( :at we _h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p w be prone to ask :]e1 !n1 are ! products ( ! ,spani%-,am]ican education8 ,?is is only a fair "q1 & if ! products _c be %[n1 _! education1 h[ev] pret5ti\s1 mu/ h be5 m]ely sup]ficial or holl[1 & mu/ h meant no?+ = ! culture ( _! p4 ,we are sure t mo/ p w\ld consid] ! "q itself q suffici5t = argum5t1 = x w\ld be suppos$ to be unansw]able4 ,su* has be5 ! /ate ( m9d creat$ by hi/ory z x is writt5 = ,engli%-speak+ p1 t we are n at all prep>$ to ?9k t !re #cca c possibly be 9 exi/5ce c]ta9 great products ( ,spani%-,am]ican education t %[ v cle>ly h[ mu* bett] educational sy/ems 7 develop$ 9 ,spani% ?an 9 ,engli% ,am]ica4 ,! fact t we d n "k !m1 h[ev]1 is only ano!r evid5ce ( ! "o-sid$ness ( ,am]ican education 9 ! ,nor?1 ev5 at ! pres5t "t4 ,our :ole attitude t[>d ! ,s\? ,am]ican p1 our complac5t self-suffici5cy f :i* we look d[n on !m1 our ?or\ghgo+ condesc5sion = _! ignorance & backw>dness1 is all f\nd$ on our lack ( real k ) reg>d to !m4 ,! mo/ /rik+ product ( ,s\? ,am]ican education 0 ! ar*itectural /ructures :i* ! ,spani%-,am]ican p erect$ z ornam5ts ( _! t[ns1 memorials ( _! culture & evid5ces ( _! education4 ,! ca!drals 9 ! ,spani% t[ns ( ,s\? ,am]ica & ,mexico are /ructures1 z a rule1 fairly comp>able ) ! ecclesia/ical build+s erect$ by t[ns ( ! same size 9 ,europe4 ,z a rule1 !y 7 plann$ at lea/ 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & mo/ ( !m 7 f9i%$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,_! ca!drals are h&some ar*itectural /ructures wor?y ( _! fai? & endur+ evid5ce ( _! ta/e & love ( beauty4 ,! ecclesia/ical build+s1 ! h\ses ( _! bi%ops & ar*bi%ops & _! mona/]ies 7 wor?y ( _! ca!drals & *ur*es4 ,mo/ ( !m are beautiful1 all ( !m are dignifi$1 all ( !m _h #ccb a p]man5t "* t has made !m endure d[n to our day & has made !m an unfail+ ornam5t ( ! t[ns 9 :i* !y are4 ,_! municipal build+s p>took ( ?is same type4 ,"s ( !m are v h&some /ructures4 ,( _! univ]sities we h already he>d t !y 7 impos+ build+s f )\t1 h&somely decorat$ )94 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! ,spani% ,am]icans practically inv5t$ ! new /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,h[ effective t /yle is1 we _h abundant opportunity to see :5 x 0 employ$ = ! build+ ( ! ,pan-,am]ican ,exposition at ,buffalo4 ,t /yle is ess5tially ,am]ican4 ,x is ! only new ?+ t ,am]ica has contribut$ to con/ruction s9ce its settlem5t4 ,h[ ?or\ghly suitable x 0 = ! climate = :i* x 0 inv5t$1 ^? :o h _h exp]i5ce ( x 9 ! new hotels erect$ 9 ,florida1 9 ! la/ decade or s1 c judge v well4 ,_m ( its effects are an adaptation ( classical =mulae to build+s = ! w>m1 yet unc]ta9 climate ( _m p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,"s ( ! old mona/]ies con/ruct$ aft] ?is /yle are beautiful examples ( ar*itecture 9 e s5se ( ! ^w4 ,if ! ,spani%-,am]ican monks _h done no?+ else b leave u ?is h&some new model 9 ar*itecture !y w\ld n h liv$ 9 va91 nor w\ld _! influ5ce 9 ,am]ican life h be5 )\t its endur+ effects4 ,?is is a typical #ccc product ( ! high] culture ( ! ,s\? ,spani%-,am]ican p4 ,) reg>d to ! *ur*es1 x may be said t ! _s ( ! ,puritans 0 entirely oppos$ to any?+ l ! ornam5tation ( _! *ur*es1 & t1 inde$1 ^! 7 n *ur*es 9 ! usual s5se ( ! ^w1 b 7 m]ely meet+ h\ses4 ,h5ce !re 0 n ! same impulse to make !m beautiful z lift$ ! ,spani% ,am]icans into _! magnific5t expressions ( ar*itectural beauty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are o!r build+s 9 reg>d to :i*1 if !re _h be5 any real culture 9 ! m9ds ( ! ,engli% ,am]icans1 we h a "r to expect "s beauty z well z usefulness4 ,if we contra/ = a mom5t ! hospitals ( ,engli% & ,spani% ,am]ica ! diff]5ce is s /rik+ z to %[ ! lack ( "s important quality 9 ! m9ds ( ! build]s at ! nor?4 ,spani%-,am]ican hospitals are among ! beautiful /ructures ) :i* !y began to adorn _! t[ns e>ly1 & "s ( !m rema9 at ! pres5t day z examples ( ! ar*itectural ta/e ( _! build]s4 ,!y 7 usually l[1 (t5 ( b "o /ory 9 height1 ) a c\rty>d & ) ample porticos = convalesc5ts1 & ?ick walls to def5d !m f ! heat ( ! climate4 ,9 _m features !y surpass _m hospitals t h be5 built 9 ,am]ica until v rec5t ye>s4 ,!y 7 modell$ on ! old m$iaeval hospitals1 "s ( :i* are v beautiful #ccd examples ( h[ to build places = ! c>e ( ! ail+4 ,contra/ = a mom5t ) ?is ! /ate ( affairs t has exi/$ ) reg>d to our *ur* build+s & our public /ructures ( all k9ds 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 d[n to ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,we h no build+s dat+ f be=e ! n9ete5? c5tury t h any pret5sion to ar*itectural beauty4 ,!y 7 built m]ely = utility4 ,"s ( !m /ill h an int]e/ = u because ( hi/orical associations1 b !y are a /&+ evid5ce ( ! lack ( ta/e ( our ,anglo-,saxon ance/ors4 ,! ,engli% poet1 ,yeats1 said at a little d9n] giv5 to him j be=e he left ?is c\ntry t5 ye>s ago1 t no nation c pret5d to be+ cultur$ until ! v ut5sils 9 ! kit*5 are beautiful z well z useful4 ,:at is to be said1 !n1 ( a nation t erects public build+s t are to be m]ely useful8 ,z a matt] ( fact1 mo/ ( !m 7 b>racks4 ,! ,am]ican p woke up some:at 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b ! awak5+ 0 v sl[4 ,a few h&some /ructures 7 erect$1 b x is n until ! la/ decade or two t we h be5 able to awak5 public ta/e to ! necessity = hav+ all our public build+s beautiful z well z useful4 ,! effect ( ?is ta/e = /ructural beauty on ! appe>ance ( ! /reets ( _! t[ns 0 an important elem5t 9 mak+ !m v diff]5t f our cramp$ & n>r[ pa?ways4 #cce ,! late ,mr4 ,erne/ ,crosby once express$ ?is v emphatically 9 an aft]-d9n] spee*1 by detail+ 8 exp]i5ce ) reg>d to ,havana4 ,he _h visit$ ! ,cuban capital "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 & f\nd x v picturesque 9 its old ,spani% ways4 ,x is true ! /reets 7 dirty & ! dea?-rate 0 some:at high1 b ! vi/a t y saw :5 y came ar\nd ! corn] ( a /reet1 0 n ! same t y _h se5 ar\nd e o!r corn] = tw5ty miles2 x 0 diff]5t4 ,x 0 l>gely a city ( homes1 ) "s ?\ght ( life be+ made happy1 r ?an m]ely be+ labori\s4 ,x 0 a place to live 9 & enjoy life :ile x la/$1 & n m]ely a place to exi/ 9 & make money4 ,he came nor? by l&4 ,! fir/ t[n t he /ruck on ! ma9l&1 he said1 rem9d$ him ( ,hobok54 ,e o!r t[n t he /ruck 9 ! ,nor? rem9d$ him m & m ( ,hobok51 until he came to ! immortal ,hobok5 itself4 ,! ,am]ican end ( ! ,anglo-,saxon idea seem$ to him to make all ! t[ns l ,hobok5 z f> z possible4 ,!re is only "o t[n 9 ?is c\ntry t is n l ,hobok51 & t is ,wa%+ton2 & :5ev] we let ! politicians "w _! wills on t--witness ! ,p5sion ,build+--x has a t5d5cy to gr[ m & m l ,hobok54 ,p]haps we %all be able to save x4 ,z = ,havana1 he said he und]/ood t ! dea?-rate _h be5 cut 9 two1 & t yell[ fev] 0 no long] #ccf epidemic !re1 b he und]/ood also t ! t[n 0 gr[+ m & m l ,hobok51 s t he sc>cely d>$ g back to see x4 ,! p>able has a lesson t is well wor? driv+ home = our p1 = x emphasizes a notable lack ( culture among ! ,am]ican p1 :i* did n exi/ among ! ,spani% ,am]icans1 a lack :i* we did n realize until ! la/ decade or two1 ?\gh x is an important index ( true culture4 ,! hide\s build+s t we h all[$ ourselves to live 9 9 ,am]ica1 &1 above all1 t we h erect$ z repres5t+ ! dignity ( city1 & only too (t5 ev5 ( /ate1 toge!r ) ! awful evid5ce ( graft1 :5ev] an attempt has be5 made to correct ?is false ta/e & erect some?+ wor?y ( u1 ! graft usually spoil+ to a v great ext5t our be/ purposes1 proclaim an abs5ce ( culture 9 ,am]ican life t am\nts to a conviction ( failure ( our education to be lib]al 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!re 7 o!r products ( ,spani%-,am]ican education q z /rik+ z ! ar*itectural beauties ) :i* ,mexicans & ,s\? ,am]icans adorn$ _! t[ns4 ,q z int]e/+1 inde$1 z _! ar*itecture is _! lit]ature4 ,ord9>ily we are apt to assume t because we h he>d almo/ no?+ ( ,spani%-,am]ican lit]ature1 !re mu/ be v little ( x1 & :at little !re is mu/ h v little significance4 ,?is is only ano!r "o ( ^! examples #ccg ( h[ ridicul\s x is to "k some?+ t a9't s4 ,spani%-,am]ican lit]ature is v ri*4 ,x beg9s v e>ly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,spani% settlem5t4 ,x is especially notewor?y = its s]i\s products1 & :5 ! _w's acc\nt ( ! endur+ lit]ature ( ! pa/ f\r c5turies w be made up mu* m ( :at 0 writt5 9 ,s\? ,am]ica w live ?an :at has be5 produc$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is seems q unpatriotic1 b x is only an expression ( prop] e/imation ( values1 )\t any ( t amus+ self-complac5cy :i* s commonly *>act]izes ,nor? ,am]ican e/imation ( any?+ t is done by our p4 ,s\? ,am]ican lit]ature1 9 ! be/ s5se ( t mu* abus$ t]m1 beg9s %ortly aft] ! middle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ) ! writ+ ( ! ,spani% poet1 ,ercilla's1 epic1 ,araucana1 :i* 0 compos$ 9 ,s\? ,am]ica dur+ ! decade f #aeej to #aefj4 ,?is is a lit]>y "w ( g5u9e m]it1 t has attract$ ! att5tion ( critics & s*ol>s ( all k9ds & has giv5 its au?or a significant place ev5 9 ! limit$ field ( epic poetry among ! few great names t ! _w c>es to recall 9 ?is lit]>y mode4 ,voltaire consid]$ ?is epic poem a great contribution to lit]ature1 & 9 ! prefatorial essay to 8 own epic1 ! ,h5riade1 he praises x v highly4 ,! poem takes its "n f ! ,araucanos ,indians1 :o _h ris5 9 revolt aga9/ ! ,spani>ds 9 ,*ile1 & #cch aga9/ :om ! poet s]v$ = ne>ly t5 ye>s4 ,he did n le>n to despise !m1 & :ile ! lit]ature :i* does ju/ice to ! l(ty s5tim5ts :i* sometimes fl[$ f m\?s ( great ,indian *iefs1 is suppos$ to be mu* m rec5t1 ,ercilla's mo/ en?usia/ically extoll$ passage is ! noble spee* :i* he has giv5 to ! ag$ *ief1 ,colocolo1 9 ! ,araucana4 ,! exp$ition aga9/ ! ,araucanos inspir$ two o!r f9e poems--t ( ,p$ro de ,ona1 ,arauco ,domado1 writt5 ne> ! end ( ! c5tury1 & ,araucana1 writt5 by ,diego de ,santi/eban1 ^: poem also saw ! light be=e ! sev5te5? c5tury op5$4 ,a f\r? poet1 ,juan de ,ca/ellanos1 bett] ?an ei!r ( ^!1 wrote ,elegias de ,v>ones ,ilu/res de ,indias4 ,he 0 a prie/ :o _h s]v$ 9 ,am]ica1 & :o rememb]$ "s ( ! magnific5t traits ( ! ,indians t he _h obs]v$ dur+ 8 life among !m1 & made !m ! subject ( 8 poetry4 ,?is 0 only ! beg9n+ ( a s]i\s ,spani%-,am]ican lit]ature1 t has cont9u$ ev] s9ce4 ,fa!r ,*>les ,w>r5 ,curri]1 9 a s]ies ( lectures at ! ,ca?olic ,summ] ,s*ool ?ree ye>s ago1 did n hesitate to say t ! body ( ,spani%-,am]ican lit]ature 0 mu* l>g] & mu* m important1 & mu* m ( x 0 de/9$ to endure ?an ( our ,engli%-,am]ican lit]ature4 ,9 ! light ( :at ^! ,spani>ds _h done = education 9 _! univ]sities1 & = ! beauty ( life 9 #cci _! cities by _! ar*itecture1 ?is is n s surpris+ a say+ z x might o!rwise be4 ,all ( ^! ?+s /& toge!r & are confirmations "o ( ! o!r4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ product ( ,spani%-,am]ican education1 h[ev]1--! "o :i* %[s t x really /ood = a high] civilization ?an ours1--rema9s to be spok5 (4 ,x consi/s ( _! treatm5t ( ! ,indians4 ,f ! v beg9n+1 z we h j %[n1 _! lit]ature 9 ,spani% ,am]ica did ju/ice to ! ,indians4 ,!y saw 8 bett] traits4 ,x is true !y _h a bett] class ( ,indians1 z a rule1 to deal )1 b !re is no d\bt also t !y did mu* to keep him on a high] level1 :ile ev]y?+ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica t 0 done by ! settl]s 0 prone to r$uce ! native 9 ! scale ( civilization4 ,he 0 taught ! vices & n ! virtues ( civilization1 & little 0 attempt$ to uplift him4 ,j z ! lit]>y m5 7 int]e/$ 9 ! bett] side ( 8 "*1 s ! ,spani%-,am]ican sci5ti/s 7 int]e/$ 9 8 folklore1 9 8 m$ic9e1 9 8 arts & crafts1 9 8 e?nology & an?ropology--9 a ^w1 9 all t ,nor? ,am]icans h only come to be int]e/$ 9 dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,books on all ^! subjects 7 publi%$1 & n[ con/itute a preci\s fund ( k ) reg>d to ! aborig9es t w\ld h be5 lo/ only = ! devotion ( ,spani%-,am]ican s*ol>s4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t ! ,indian #cdj himself1 ) all ?is int]e/ 9 him1 did n disappe>1 z 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 b has rema9$ to con/itute ! basis ( ,s\? ,am]ican peoples4 ,if ! ,s\? ,am]ican peoples are beh9d our own 9 any?+1 x is because l>ge elem5ts 9 !m h be5 rais$ f a /ate ( semi-b>b>ism into civilization1 :ile our p h all come f nations t 7 long civiliz$ & we h none at all ( ! natives left4 ,:]ev] ! ,engli% w5t always ! aborig9es disappe>$ be=e !m4 ,! /ory is ! same 9 ,new ,zeal& & ,au/ralia z x is 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & x w\ld be ! same 9 ,india1 only = ! teem+ millions t live 9 t p59sula1 = :om ,anglo-,saxon civilization has nev] meant an uplift 9 any s5se ( ! ^w1 b r ! contr>y4 ,! :ite man's burd5 has be5 to c>ry ! ,indian1 in/ill+ into him all ! vices1 until no long] he c\ld cl+ to 8 %ifty ma/] & 0 %ak5 (f to de/ruction4 ,?is /ory ( ! contra/ ( ! treatm5t ( ! ,indian at ! ,nor? & ! ,s\? is probably ! be/ evid5ce = ! real dep? ( culture t ! magnific5t education ( ! ,spani>ds1 s e>ly & s ?or\ghly organiz$ 9 _! colonies1 accompli%$ = ?is cont95t4 ,alone x w\ld /& z ! highe/ possible evid5ce ( ! int]e/ ( ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t & ! ,spani% ,*ur* 9 ! organization n only ( education1 b ( gov]nm5t 9 su* a way z to br+ happ9ess & uplift = #cda bo? natives & coloni/s 9 ! ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries4 ,abuses !re 71 z !re always w be :]e m5 are conc]n$ & :]e a sup]ior race comes 9 contact ) an inf]ior4 ,^! abuses1 h[ev]1 7 exceptions & n ! rule4 ,! policy in/itut$ by ! ,spani>ds & ma9ta9$ 9 spite ( ! t5d5cies ( m5 to deg5]ate into tyranny & misuse ( ! natives is well wor?y ( admiration4 ,engli%-speak+ hi/ory has kn[n v little ( x until comp>atively rec5t ye>s4 ,mr4 ,sidney ,lee1 ! editor ( ! ,engli% ,biographical ,diction>y & ! au?or ( a s]ies ( works on ,%akespe>e :i* has ga9$ = him recognition z probably ! be/ liv+ au?ority on ! hi/ory ( ! ,elizabe?an times1 wrote a s]ies ( articles :i* appe>$ 9 ,scribn]'s la/ ye> on ,! ,call ( ! ,we/4 ,?is 0 meant to undo mu* ( ! prejudice :i* exi/s 9 reg>d to ,spani% colonization 9 ?is c\ntry & to mitigate ! undue rev]5ce 9 :i* ! ,engli% explor]s & coloni/s h be5 held by comp>ison4 ,!re seems e reason to ?9k1 !n1 t ?is new]1 tru] view ( hi/ory is gradually go+ to f9d its way into circulation4 ,9 ! meantime x is amus+ to look back & realize h[ mu* prejudice has be5 all[$ to w>p ,engli% hi/ory 9 ?is matt]1 & h[1 z a consequ5ce ( ! det]m9$1 delib]ate ef=ts to black5 ! ,spani% "n1 we h _h to accept z hi/ory exactly ! opposite view to ! #cdb reality 9 ?is matt]4 ,le/ we %\ld be ?\ght to be exagg]at+1 we v5ture to quote "o ( ! op5+ p>agraphs ( ,mr4 ,sidney ,lee's article z x appe>$ 9 ,scribn]'s = ,may1 #aijg3 ,especially has !ological bias ju/ifi$ neglect or facilitat$ misconception ( ,spa9's role 9 ! sixte5? c5tury drama ( ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,spa9's initial adv5tures 9 ! ,new ,_w are (t5 consci\sly or unconsci\sly ov]look$ or und]rat$ 9 ord] t %e may figure on ! /age ( hi/ory z ! b5ight$ *ampion ( a false & obsolete fai?1 :i* 0 vanqui%$ "u div9e protect+ ,provid5ce by ,engli% def5d]s ( ! true religion4 ,_m are ! ho/ile critics :o h pa9t$ sixte5? c5tury ,spa9 z ! av>ici\s accumulator ( ,am]ican gold & silv]1 to :i* %e _h no "r1 z ! monopoli/ ( ,am]ican trade1 ( :i* %e robb$ o!rs1 & z ! oppressor & ext]m9ator ( ! weak & innoc5t aborig9es ( ! new cont95t :o deplor$ h] pres5ce among !m4 ,cruelty 9 all its hide\s =ms is1 inde$1 commonly set =? z ,spa9's only in/rum5t ( rule 9 h] sixte5? c5tury empire4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,engli% adv5tur] has be5 cr$it$ by ! same p5s ) a t\*+ humanity1 ) ! pure/ religi\s aspirations1 ) a romantic c\rage :i* 0 always at ! disposal ( ! oppress$ native4 ,no su* picture is recogniz$ :5 we apply ! t\*/one ( ! oral traditions1 pr9t$ #cdc books1 maps & manuscripts conc]n+ ,am]ica :i* circulat$ 9 ,%akespe>e's ,engl&4 ,!re a pr$ilection = romantic adv5ture is f\nd to sway ! ,spani>ds 9 ev5 great] degree ?an x sway$ ! ,elizabe?an4 ,religi\s zeal is se5 to inspirit ! ,spani>ds m con/antly & conspicu\sly ?an x /imulat$ 8 ,engli% contempor>y4 ,! motives ( ea* nation are b>ely di/+ui%able "o f ano!r4 ,nei!r des]ves to be cr$it$ ) any monopoly ( virtue or vice4 ,above all1 ! /udy ( contempor>y au?orities br+s into a dazzl+ light :i* illumes e corn] ( ! picture ! comm&+ facts ( ! ,spani>d's priority z explor]1 z sci5tific navigator1 z conqu]or1 z settl]4 ,"h is magnific5t praise f "o :o _c be suspect$ ( national or cre$ aff9ities to bias 8 judgm5t4 ,he has /udi$ ! facts & n ! prejudic$ /atem5ts ( 8 c\ntrym54 ,! m c>efully ! "w ( ! ,spani>ds 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies is /udi$1 ! m praise is be/[$ ^u !m4 ,! m a writ] kn[s ( actual conditions ! m does he feel poignantly ! inju/ice t has be5 done by ! ,prote/ant tradition :i* abus$ ! good t 0 accompli%$ by ! ,ca?olic ,spani% & :i* neglect$1 di/ort$ & calumniat$ 8 de$s & motives4 ,?is bit ( ,prote/ant tradition is1 aft] all1 only suff]+ ! fate t e o!r #cdd ,prote/ant position has und]gone dur+ ! c\rse ( ! developm5t ( sci5tific hi/orical criticism4 ,e /ep t[>d ! new]1 tru] hi/ory has add$ /rik+ details to ! picture ( ! b5efic5t influ5ces ( ! ,*ur* ^u h] p 9 e way4 ,x has %[n up pitilessly ! subt]fuges1 ! mis/atem5ts & ! positive ignorance :i* h enabl$ ,prote/antism to ma9ta9 ! opposite impression 9 p's m9ds 9 ord] to %[ h[ impossible 0 agreem5t ) ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 s9ce x /ood = backw>dness & ignorance & utt] lack ( sympa?y ) intellectual developm5t4 ,n[ we f9d ev]y:]e t j ! opposite 0 true4 ,:5ev] ! ,re=mation _h ! opportunity to ex]t itself to ! full1 education & culture suff]$4 ,erasmus said 9 8 "t1 ,:]ev] ,lu!ranism reigns !re is an end ( lit]ature4 ,*ur*es & ca!drals t us$ to be m>vell\s expressions ( ! arti/ic & poetic feel+ ( ! p became ! uglie/ k9d ( m]e meet+ h\ses4 ,rev4 ,augu/us ,jessop1 himself an ,anglican cl]gyman1 tells h[ art di$ out 9 rural ,engl& aft] ! ,re=mation1 :i* he calls ,! ,great ,pillage1 & ,k+ ,:itewa% & ,que5 ,ugl9ess rul$ supreme = c5turies4 ,! same ?+ happ5$ 9 ,g]many1 & education 0 affect$ q z mu* z art4 ,g]man national developm5t 0 delay$1 & %e has come to take h] place 9 _w influ5ce only 9 ! n9ete5? #cde c5tury1 aft] mo/ ( ! influ5ce ( ! religi\s revolt l$ by ,lu!r 9 ! sixte5? c5tury has pass$ away4 ,^! are b a few ( ! /rik+ diff]5ces 9 rec5t hi/ory t are s well typifi$ by ! contra/ betwe5 :at 0 accompli%$ = art & culture & ar*itecture & education by ! ,ca?olic ,spani>d & ! ,engli% ,prote/ant "h 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! sixte5?1 sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,tru? is com+ to h] own at la/1 & x is 9 ! hi/ory ( education p>ticul>ly t advances are be+ made :i* *ange ! :ole aspect ( ! significance ( hi/ory dur+ ! pa/ #cej ye>s4 #cdf #cdg ,,! ,,m$ical ,,pr(ession ,,= ,,six ,,?\s& ,,ye>s #cdh ,tu recte vivis si curas esse quod audis2 ,neve putes alium sapi5te bonoque beatum4 --,horace1 ,ep41 #a1 #af4 ,y are liv+ "r if y take c>e to be :at p say y are4 ,d n imag9e t any "o :o is really happy is o!r ?an wise & good4 ,quod ipse sis1 non quod habe>is1 int]e/4 --,publius ,syrus4 ,! "q is :at y are1 n :at y are ?\ght to be4 ,may y s raise y\r "*1 t y may help to make ! next age a bett] ?+1 & leave po/]ity 9 y\r debt = ! advantage x %all receive by y\r example4 --,"l ,halifax4 #cdi ,,! ,,m$ical ,,pr(ession ,,= ,,six ,,?\s& ,,ye>s ,footnote #bj ,footnote #bj3 ,?is 0 ! address to ! graduates at ! ,fir/ ,comm5cem5t ( ! ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 ,june #i1 #aiji4 ,i h felt t ! fir/ graduation ( ! y\nge/ ( ! m$ical s*ools might v well be occupi$ ) ! consid]ation ( ! place ( ! m$ical pr(ession 9 hi/ory4 ,we are r apt 9 ! mod]n "t to neglect ! lessons ( hi/ory &1 above all1 ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 fir/ because x is n always easy to get def9ite in=mation ) reg>d to x1 & secondly & ma9ly because we are likely to imag9e t sci5tific & m$ical hi/ory c mean v little = u4 ,9 ,am]ica p>ticul>ly we h neglect$ ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e & x has be5 "o ( ! def9ite ef=ts at ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e to r5ew int]e/ 9 ?is subject4 ,x is entirely too important to be neglect$ & x has valuable lessons = all g5]ations1 b especially = a g5]ation s occupi$ ) itself1 t x does n prop]ly consid] ! claims ( ! pa/ to recognition = f9e "w accompli%$1 & = ! exhibition ( "s ( ! be/ qualities ( ! human intellect 9 ! pursuit ( sci5tific & practical m$ical k 9 previ\s g5]ations4 #cej ,at ! e>lie/ dawn ( hi/ory we f9d in/itutions call$ temples 9 :i* m5 7 be+ treat$ = _! ailm5ts4 ,^? :o treat$ !m we h be5 accu/om$ to speak ( z prie/s4 ,& su* !y 71 s9ce _! functions includ$ ! direction ( religi\s s]vices4 ,^! religi\s s]vices1 h[ev]1 7 n ! ex]cises ( religion z we "k !m n[1 b 7 special s]vices meant to propitiate c]ta9 gods :o 7 suppos$ to rule ov] heal? & disease4 ,!re 7 o!r k9ds ( temples besides ^!4 ,we /ill talk ( temples ( ju/ice mean+ our law c\rts1 & our phrase comes f an old] "t :5 p w5t to h _! diff]5ces ( op9ion adjudicat$ by m5 :o conduct$ ! s]vices ( praise & pray] = p>ticul> deities :o 7 suppos$ to mete out ju/ice to m51 b ! temple att5dants 7 at ! same "t exp]t 9 decid+ causes1 kn[+ "r & wrong1 wise 9 decl>+ h[ ju/ice %\ld be done4 ,^! e>ly temples1 !n1 9 :i* ! ail+ 7 treat$ & ov] :i* exp]ts 9 disease & its treatm5t presid$1 7 n temples 9 our mod]n s5se1 b 7 mu* l hospitals z we "k !m n[4 ,!y w\ld rem9d u ( ! hospitals conduct$ by religi\s ord]s1 tra9$ to c>e = ! illnesses ( mank9d & yet deeply int]e/$ 9 ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,human in/itutions are nev] s diff]5t f "o ano!r1 ev5 9 spite ( long di/ance ( "t #cea or place1 z !y are usually presum$ to be4 ,m5 & wom5 h n *ang$ 9 all ! p]iod ( human hi/ory t we "k1 & _! modes & ways ( life (t5 h a />tl+ simil>ity if we b f9d ! key = ! significance ( cu/oms t seem to be v diff]5t4 ,^! temples ( ! gods ( heal? & ( disease1 !n1 7 places :]e pati5ts congregat$ & m5 /udi$ diseases = g5]ations1 & pass$ on _! k f "o to ano!r1 & accumulat$ in=mation1 & elaborat$ !ories1 & came to conclusions1 (t5 on insuffici5t premises1 & did _m o!r ?+s t we are do+ at ! pres5t "t4 ,! m$ical pr(ession is directly desc5d$ f ^! in/itutions4 ,!y are among ! olde/ t we "k ( 9 human hi/ory4 ,^! special temples are only a little less anci5t ?an o!r =ms ( temples if1 inde$1 !y 7 n ! fir/ to be f\nd$1 = man's fir/ mo/ clamor\s reason = appeal to ! gods has ev] be5 himself & 8 own heal?4 ,) ! reception ( y\r diplomas ?is ev5+ y n[ belong to :at is !re=e probably ! olde/ pr(ession 9 ! _w4 ,9 welcom+ y into x let me call y\r att5tion p>ticul>ly to ! fact t ! hi/ory ( our pr(ession c be trac$ back to ! v beg9n+ ( ! c\rse ( "t1 = z long z we h any acc\nt ( m5's actions 9 an organiz$ social ord]4 #ceb ,we are v prone 9 ! mod]n "t to ?9k t :at we are do+ 9 ea* successive g5]ation is ( s mu* great] significance ?an :at 0 accompli%$ be=e our "t t x is really sc>cely wor? :ile to give mu* att5tion to ! pa/4 ,?is self-suffici5t complac5cy ) reg>d to ! pres5t w\ld be q unbe>able only t ea* successive g5]ation 9 its turn has _h ! same t5d5cy & has expiat$ its fault by be+ ?\ght little ( by subsequ5t g5]ations4 ,we %all h our turn ) ^? we affect to despise4 ,x is suppos$ to be p>ticul>ly true 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce &1 above all1 9 m$ic9e t !re is su* a wide *asm betwe5 :at we are do+ n[ & :at 0 accompli%$ by our =ebe>s1 no matt] h[ intellig5t !y 7 9 ! long ago1 t to occupy ourselves s]i\sly ) ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e may be a pleasant occupation = an eld]ly physician :o has no?+ bett] to d1 b c mean v little = ! "y man ent]+ ^u practice or = ! physician busy ) 8 pati5ts4 ,m$ical hi/ory may be good en\gh = "s book-worm int]e/$ 9 dry-z-du/ details = _! own sake & p]haps because he rejoices 9 ! fact t o!r p d n "k !m1 b c h v little significance = ! up-to-date physician4 ,?is is an impression t is dy+ h>d j n[1 b x is dy+4 ,we are le>n+ t !re is v little t we are #cec do+ ev5 n[ t has n be5 done be=e u & t1 above all1 ! great physicians1 no matt] h[ long ago !y wrote1 always h preci\s lessons = u t we _c af=d to neglect1 ev5 ?\gh !y be #cjj or #fjj or #a1hjj or ev5 #b1ejj ye>s ago4 ,at all ( ^! dates 9 ! pa/ !re 7 physicians ^: works w nev] die4 ,9 e dep>tm5t ( human hi/ory ! impression t we are ! only ones ^: "w is significant has be5 receiv+ a sad jolt 9 rec5t ye>s1 & p]haps 9 no bran* ( sci5ce is ?is s true z 9 m$ic9e4 ,we are com+ to realize h[ mu* ! physicians & surgeons ( long di/ant times accompli%$1 &1 above all1 we are le>n+ to appreciate t !y approa*$ problems 9 m$ic9e at _m p]iods ( m$ical hi/ory 9 ! be/ sci5tific temp] ( ! mod]n "t4 ,( c\rse !re 7 abuses1 b1 !n1 ! ,"l kn[s1 !re are abuses n[4 ,( c\rse _! !rapeutics _h _m absurdities 9 x1 b1 !n1 let u n =get t ,pr(essor ,*>les ,ri*et1 ! director ( ! dep>tm5t ( physiology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 decl>$ n long ago 9 an article 9 ! be/ kn[n ( ,fr5* magaz9es1 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 t ! !rapeutics ( any g5]ation ( ! _w's hi/ory always conta9$ _m absurdities--= ! second succe$+ g5]ation4 ,! curi\s ?+ ab\t x is t "s ( ^! suppos$ absurdities aft]w>d come #ced back into vogue & prove to be preci\s g]ms ( discov]y1 or rem$ies ( value t occasionally ev5 develop into excell5t sy/ems ( treatm5t4 ,( c\rse !re 7 sup]/itions 9 ! old days1 b1 !n1 !re h be5 sup]/itions 9 m$ic9e at all times4 ,any "o :o ?9ks t we are )\t sup]/itions 9 m$ic9e at ! pres5t "t1 sup]/itions t are confid5tly accept$ by _m regul> practis+ physicians1 mu/1 inde$1 be innoc5t4 ,a sup]/ition is 9 its etymology a survival4 ,x comes f ! ,lat9 sup]/es1 a survivor4 ,x is ! acceptance ( "s doctr9e ! reasons = :i* h disappe>$ 9 ! progress ( k or ! developm5t ( sci5ce1 ?\gh ! doctr9e itself /ill ma9ta9s a hold on ! m9ds ( man4 ,sup]/ition has no?+ necess>ily to d ) religion1 ?\gh x is ) reg>d to religion t doctr9es are p>ticul>ly apt to be accept$ aft] ! reasons = !m h disappe>$4 ,9 m$ic9e1 h[ev]1 sup]/itions are almo/ z common z 9 religion4 ,i %all nev] =get a discussion ) two ( ! mo/ prom95t physicians ( ?is c\ntry on ?is subject4 ,"o ( !m 0 our greate/ pa?ologi/1 ! o!r a great tea*] ( cl9ical m$ic9e1 :o came into m$ic9e ?r\gh *emi/ry & !re=e _h a "r to op9ions ) reg>d to ! *emical side ( m$ic9e4 ,we _h be5 discuss+ ! "q ( h[ mu* s]i\s m$ical #cee education !re 0 9 ! ,middle ,ages & h[1 9 spite ( ! magnific5t "w done1 s _m sup]/itions 9 m$ic9e cont9u$ to ma9ta9 !mselves4 ,i rem>k$ t x seem$ impossible to tea* tru?s to l>ge bodies ( m5 )\t hav+ !m accept c]ta9 doctr9es :i* !y ?\ght tru?s b :i* 7 only !ories & :i* !y insi/$ on hold+ aft] ! reasons = !m _h pass$ away4 ,i ev5 v5tur$ to say t ,i ?\ght t !re 7 z _m sup]/itions n[1 & su* z !re 71 7 ( z great significance z ^? t ma9ta9$ !mselves 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,my *emical cl9ician bro!r on ! "r side said1 ,let u n =get 9 ?is reg>d ! hold ! uric acid dia!sis has on ! ,engli%-speak+ m$ical pr(ession4 ,& ! bro!r pa?ologi/ on ! left side3 ,well1 & :at %all we say ( inte/9al auto-intoxication8 ,p]haps y w n realize all ! =ce ( ^! expressions at ! pres5t "t1 b aft] y h be5 five ye>s 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e & h be5 flood$ by ! lit]ature ( ! adv]tis+ manufactur+ ph>maci/ & by ! samples ( ! detail man & 8 advice & sugge/ion ( pr9ciples ( practice1 if y w li/5 to !m1 p]haps y w appreciate h[ mu* su* frank expressions mean z portray+ ! m$ical sup]/itions ( our "t4 ,surely we :o h = ye>s be5 mu* occupi$ ) ! sup]/ition1 = su* x n[ #cef turns out to be1 ( h]$ity 9 m$ic9e1 w n be sup]cili\s t[>d old] g5]ations & _! sup]/itions4 ,until a few ye>s ago we 7 p]fectly sure t a numb] ( diseases 7 inh]it$ directly4 ,tub]culosis1 rheumatism1 g\t1 v>i\s nutritional di/urbances all 7 suppos$ to pass f fa!r to son & f "m to daught]1 or sometimes to cross ! sex l9e4 ,= a "t canc] 0 deem$ to be surely h]$it>y to "s degree at lea/4 ,n[ mo/ ( u "k t probably no disease is directly inh]it$1 t acquir$ *>act]s are almo/ surely n transmitt$1 & t :ile defects may be ! subject ( h]$ity1 disease nev] is4 ,n only ?is1 biological inve/igations h s]v$ to %[ t :at is ! subject ( inh]itance is j ! opposite1--resi/ance to disease4 ,a p]son ^: fa!r & "m _h suff]$ f tub]culosis us$ to ?9k x almo/ inevitable t he too %\ld suff] f x4 ,if !y _h di$ t he too w\ld die4 ,our exp]ts 9 tub]culosis decl>e n[1 t if tub]culosis has exi/$ 9 ! prec$+ g5]ation !re is a mu* bett] *ance ( ! pati5t recov]+ f x1 or at lea/ resi/+ x = a long "t1 ?an if !re _h be5 no tub]culosis 9 ! family4 ,we _h be5 h>bor+ ! sup]/ition ( h]$ity1 ! surviv] op9ion f a prec$+ g5]ation1 until we le>n$ bett] by obs]vation4 ,let u turn f su* discussion to ! #ceg beg9n+s ( ! /ory ( our m$ical pr(ession z x has be5 reveal$ to u 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,! fir/ picture t we h ( a physician 9 hi/ory is1 inde$1 "o to make u pr\d ( our pr(ession4 ,! fir/ physician 0 ,i-em-,hetep1 ^: "n means ! br+] ( peace4 ,he _h two o!r titles accord+ to tradition1 "o ( :i* 0 ! ma/] ( secrets1 evid5tly 9 ref]5ce to ! fact t m or less necess>ily _m secrets mu/ be entru/$ to ! physician1 b also1 d\btless1 9 connection ) ! k ( ! secrets ( !rapeutics :i* he 0 suppos$ to possess4 ,ano!r ( 8 titles 0 t ( ! scribe ( numb]s1 by :i*1 p]haps1 ref]5ce is made to 8 prescriptions1 :i* may h be5 l5g?y1 = !re are _m cal5d> prescriptions 9 ! e>ly days1 b may only ref] to ! necessity ( 8 kn[+ weights & measures & numb]s v exactly = pr(essional purposes4 ,i-em-,hetep liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,k+ ,t*s]1 a mon>* ( ! ?ird dyna/y 9 ,egypt1 ! date ( :i* is some:at unc]ta91 b is ab\t #dejj ,b4,c4 ,h[ di/+ui%$ ?is fir/ physician 0 9 8 "t may be ga!r$ f ! fact t ! well-kn[n /ep pyramid at ,sakk>a1 ! old cemet]y ne> ,memphis1 is attribut$ to him4 ,s great 0 ! honor paid to him t1 aft] 8 dea? he 0 wor%ipp$ z a god1 & s we h /atues ( him z a placid-look+ man ) a c]ta9 div9e expression1 seat$ ) a #ceh scroll on 8 knees & an air ( b5ignant k well suit$ to 8 pr(ession4 ,i call$ att5tion 9 #aijg ,footnote #ba to ! fact t ! e>lie/ pictures ( surgical op]ations extant _h rec5tly be5 uncov]$ 9 ! cemet]y ( ,sakk>a ne> ,memphis 9 ,egypt4 ,^! pictures %[ t surg]y 0 probably an organiz$ bran* ( m$ic9e ?us e>ly1 & ! fact t !y are f\nd 9 a v important tomb %[s h[ prom95t a place 9 ! community ! surgeon held at t "t4 ,! olde/ docum5t aft] t :i* we h ) reg>d to m$ic9e is ! ,eb]s ,papyrus1 ! writ+ ( :i* 0 done probably ab\t #afjj ,b4,c4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is only a copy ( an old] manuscript or s]ies ( manuscripts1 & !re seems to be no d\bt t ! text1 :i* conta9s idioms ( a mu* old] p]iod1 or1 inde$1 sev]al p]iods1 probably repres5ts accumulations ( in=mation made dur+ #b1jjj or ev5 #c1jjj ye>s be=e ! date ( our manuscript4 ,inde$1 x is n improbable t ! olde/ portions ( ! ,eb]s ,papyrus owe _! orig9 to m5 ( ! fir/ ,egyptian dyna/ies1 ne>ly #e1jjj ye>s ,b4,c4 ,to be memb]s ( a pr(ession t c ?us trace its e>lie/ writt5 docum5ts to a "t ne>ly "s #g1jjj ye>s ago1 is an honor t may be readily appreciat$ & t may all[ ( "s complac5cy4 ,footnote #ba3 ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association1 ,novemb] #h1 #aijg4 ,!re is a well-gr\nd$ tradition :i* %[s #cei u t an ,egyptian mon>* ) ^: "n ev5 we are famili>1 ?\gh we may n be able to pron\nce x v well--he 0 ,a?o?is1 ! son ( ,m5es--wrote a "w on anatomy4 ,! exact date ( ?is mon>*'s dea? is sometimes said to be #daeg b4c4 ,we h traces ( hospitals 9 exi/5ce at ?is "t & some?+ ( ! nature ( a m$ical s*ool4 ,inde$1 "o may fairly inf] t m$ical education1 :i* _h be5 develop+ = "s "t1 probably = "s c5turies1 took a def9ite =m at ?is "t 9 connection ) ! temples ( ,saturn4 ,prie/s & physicians 7 ! same1 or at lea/ physicians =m$ "o ( ! ord]s ( ! cl]gy & ! tea*]s ( m$ic9e p>ticul>ly 7 cl]gym54 ,?is tradition ( close affiliation betwe5 religion & m$ic9e cont9u$ d[n to ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,h[ few ( u !re are :o realize t until ! f\rte5? c5tury ! pr(essors ( m$ic9e at ! great univ]sities 7 n m>ri$ m51 because memb]s ( ! faculty1 z is true at ! pres5t "t ( _m memb]s ( ! faculty 9 ! ,engli% univ]sities1 7 n all[$ to m>ry4 ,! old cl]ical tradition 0 /ill ma9ta9+ itself ev5 ) reg>d to ! m$ical tea*]s4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ ?+ ab\t ?is e>ly hi/ory ( m$ic9e 9 ,egypt is t1 ) ! v e>lie/ dawn ( m$ical hi/ory1 we h traces ( highly develop$ specialism 9 m$ic9e4 ,!re 7 ?irty-six dep>tm5ts ( m$ic9e1 or #cfj at lea/ !re 7 ?irty-six m$ical div9ities :o presid$ ov] ! p>ticul> p>ts ( ! human body4 ,9 ! l>g] temples1 at lea/1 !re 0 a special corps ( prie/ physicians = ea* "o ( ^! dep>tm5ts4 ,h]odotus1 ! ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory1 is p>ticul>ly full 9 8 details ( ,egyptian hi/ory1 & ?\gh he wrote ab\t #djj ,b4,c41 ne>ly #b1cjj ye>s ago1 8 att5tion 0 attract$ by ?is highly develop$ specialism among ! ,egyptians4 ,he tells u 9 qua9t fa%ion1 ,physicke is s /udi$ & practis$ ) ! ,egyptians t e disease ha? 8 sev]al physician1 :o /rive? to excell 9 heal+ t "o disease & n to be exp]t 9 cur+ _m4 ,:]e( x come? t e corn] ( t c\ntry is full ( physicians4 ,"s = ! eyes1 o!rs = ! head1 _m = ! tee?1 n a few = ! /oma* & ! inw>ds4 ,x is int]e/+ to realize t ! same /ate ( affairs ^u :i* y "y graduates w come n[ t y are go+ out to f9d an opportunity to practise = y\rselves at ! end ( ! fir/ decade ( ! tw5tie? c5tury1 is n v diff]5t f t :i* ! great ,fa!r ( ,hi/ory *ronicles z ! /ate ( affairs among ! ,egyptians betwe5 #fjj & #a1jjj be=e ,*ri/1--let u say ab\t #c1jjj ye>s ago4 ,y1 too1 w f9d t e corn] is full ( physicians1 "s = ! eyes1 o!rs = ! head1 _m = ! tee?1 n a few = ! /oma* & ev]y?+ else "u ! sun q z 9 #cfa anci5t ,egypt4 ,aft] a "t y w probably f9d t "s little corn] has be5 left = y1 & y w "w h>d en\gh to get into x fir/1 & !n to fill x aft]w>d4 ,! /ory ( h[ "y physicians h got on 9 _! fir/ few ye>s has probably be5 int]e/+ at all times 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,i ?9k t ,i "k ab\t x at five diff]5t p]iods1 & 9 e "o ( ^! !re seem$ to be no possible room1 & yet someh[ room 0 ev5tually f\nd1 ?\gh only aft] !re _h be5 a /ruggle1 9 ! mid/ ( :i* a c]ta9 numb] ( ! "y physicians f\nd ano!r sph]e ( activity besides m$ic9e4 ,( c\rse x is easy to ?9k t ^! specialties did n am\nt to mu*1 b any su* ?\ght is ! m]e/ assumption4 ,a s+le in/ance w %[ y h[ completely at fault ?is assumption is4 ,d5ti/ry is presum$ to be a v mod]n pr(ession4 ,z a matt] ( fact mummies 7 f\nd 9 ! cemet]y ( ,!bes ^: bodies probably come f be=e #cjjj ,b4,c41 :o h 9 _! tee? ! rema9s ( gold fill+s t 7 well put 91 & %[ good workman%ip1 ne>ly #e1jjj ye>s ago4 ,footnote #bb ,aft] d5ti/ry1 ! specialty t we w\ld be sure c\ld n h _h any significant exi/5ce s long ago w\ld be t ( oph?almology4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 x is ) reg>d to ! k ( eye diseases display$ by ^! e>ly tea*]s ( #cfb m$ic9e t ! ,eb]s ,papyrus is mo/ />tl+4 ,x is especially full 9 diagnosis & conta9$ _m valuable h9ts = treatm5t4 ,z = l>yngology & rh9ology1 "o ( ! e>lie/ m$ical records t we h1 is ! rew>d+ by "o ( ! k+s ( ,egypt ( an e>ly dyna/y 7ne>ly #djjj ,b4,c471 ( a physician :o _h cur$ him ( a tr\ble ( ! nose ( long /&+1 t seems to h int]f]$ ) 8 brea?+4 ,footnote #bb3 ,burdett3 ,hi/ory ( ,hospitals4 ,x is easy to ?9k 9 spite ( all ?is1 t ! ,egyptians did n "k mu* m$ic9e2 b only "o :o kn[s no?+ ab\t x ?9ks s4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,c>l von ,kle91 :o discuss$ ! ,m$ical ,features ( ! ,eb]s ,papyrus 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,am]ican ,m$ical ,association ab\t five ye>s ago1 ov] #gjj diff]5t sub/ances are m5tion$ z ( rem$ial value 9 ?is old-"t m$ical "w4 ,!re is sc>cely a disease ( any important organ ) :i* we are famili> 9 ! mod]n "t t is n m5tion$ "h4 ,:ile ! significance ( diseases ( su* organs z ! sple51 ! ductless gl&s1 & ! app5dix 01 ( c\rse1 miss$1 ne>ly e o!r pa?ological condition 0 ei!r expressly nam$ or at lea/ h9t$ at4 ,! papyrus insi/s v mu* on ! value ( hi/ory-tak+ 9 m$ic9e1 & h9ts t ! reason :y physicians fail to cure is (t5 because !y h n /udi$ _! cases suffici5tly4 ,:ile ! treatm5t 0 ma9ly symptomatic1 x 0 n m s ?an is a great deal ( !rapeutics #cfc at ! pres5t "t1 ev5 9 ! regul> s*ool ( m$ic9e4 ,! numb] & v>iety ( _! rem$ies & ( _! modes ( adm9i/]+ !m is s m>vell\s1 t ,i pref] to quote ,dr4 von ,kle9's enum]ation ( !m = y3 ,9 ?is papyrus are m5tion$ ov] #gjj diff]5t sub/ances f ! animal1 vegetable & m9]al k+doms :i* act z /imulants1 s$atives1 motor excitants1 motor depressants1 n>cotics1 hypnotics1 analgesics1 anodynes1 antispasmodics1 mydriatics1 myotics1 expectorants1 tonics1 d5tifrices1 sialogogues1 antisialics1 refrig]ants1 emetics1 antiemetics1 c>m9atives1 ca?>tics1 purgatives1 a/r+5ts1 *olagogues1 an!lm9tics1 re/oratives1 haematics1 alt]atives1 antipyretics1 antiphlogi/ics1 antip]iodics1 diuretics1 dilu5ts1 diaphoretics1 sudorifics1 anhydrotics1 emm5agogues1 oxytocics1 cau/ics1 ecbolics1 galactagogues1 irritants1 es*>otics1 cau/ics1 /yptics1 haemo/atics1 emolli5ts1 demulc5ts1 protectives1 antizymotics1 dis9fectants1 deodorants1 p>asiticides1 antidotes & antagoni/s4 ,sc>cely less int]e/+ ?an ! v>iety ( rem$ies 7 _! me?ods ( adm9i/ration3 ,m$ic9es are direct$ to be adm9i/]$ int]nally 9 ! =m ( decoctions1 infusions1 injections1 pills1 tablets1 tro*es1 capsules1 p[d]s1 potions & inhalations2 & ext]nally1 z lotions1 o9tm5ts1 pla/]s1 etc4 ,!y are to be eat51 drunk1 ma/icat$ or swall[$1 to be tak5 (t5 once only--(t5 = _m days--& ! "t #cfd is occasionally designat$--to be tak5 morn+s1 ev5+s or at b$time4 ,=mulas to disguise bad ta/+ m$icam5ts are also giv54 ,we h no advantage ov] ! e>ly ,egyptians ev5 9 elegant prescrib+4 ,) all ?is activity 9 ,egypt1 x is easy to und]/& t ! o!r great nations ( antiquity also h important *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e4 ,! e>lie/ acc\nts w\ld seem to indicate t ! ,*aldeans1 ! ,assyrians & ! ,babylonians all made significant advances 9 m$ic9e4 ,x seems cle> t a "w on anatomy 0 writt5 9 ,*9a ab\t ! ye> #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,"s ( ! o!r ,ea/]n nations made great progress4 ,! ,h9doos 9 p>ticul> h 9 rec5t ye>s be5 %[n to h accompli%$ v good "w 9 m$ic9e itself4 ,*>aka1 a ,h9du surgeon1 :o liv$ n lat] ?an #cjj ,b4,c41 made "s f9e contributions to ! m$ical lit]ature 9 ,h9do/ani4 ,!re 7 hospitals 9 all ^! c\ntries1 & ^! provid$ opportunities = ! practice ( surg]y4 ,lap>otomy 0 v commonly done by ,h9du surgeons1 & "o ( ! rules enjo9$ by ,h9du /ud5ts 0 ! con/ant habit ( visit+ ! sick & see+ !m treat$ by exp]i5c$ physicians4 ,cl9ical tea*+ is (t5 spok5 ( z a mod]n inv5tion1 b x is z old z hospital sy/ems1 & !y g back to ! dawn ( hi/ory4 ,x is among ! ,greeks1 h[ev]1 t ! mo/ #cfe important advances 9 m$ic9e1 s f> z we are conc]n$1 7 made4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 n s mu* because ( :at !y did z f ! fact t !y 7 m giv5 to writ+1 & !n _! writ+s h be5 bett] pres]v$ = u ?an ^? ( o!r nations4 ,! fir/ great physician among ! ,greeks 0 ,a,esculapius1 ( :om1 h[ev]1 we h only traditions4 ,he is fabl$ to h be5 ! son ( ,apollo1 ! god ( music & ! arts1 & !re=e to h be5 a ne> relative ( ! ,muses4 ,! connection is r int]e/+1 because sometimes p try to remove m$ic9e f among ! arts t m9i/] to ! happ9ess ( man1 & place x among ! sci5ces ^: application is = 8 pr(it4 ,m$ic9e /ill rema9s an art1 h[ev]4 ,! temples ( ,a,esculapius 7 ! fir/ hospitals1 ?\gh ! prie/s 7 n ! only ones :o practis$ m$ic9e1 = !re 7 laym5 :o1 aft] hav+ s]v$ = "s "t 9 ! hospitals1 w&]$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry "u ! "n ( ,asclepiads1 treat+ p :o 7 n able to g to ! hospitals or %r9es4 ,^! evid5tly1 !n1 7 ! fir/ m$ical s*ools 9 ,greece z well z ! fir/ hospitals4 ,six hundr$ ye>s aft] ,a,esculapius came ,hippocrates1 ( ,cos1 ! ,fa!r ( ,m$ic9e4 ,he und\bt$ly _h ! advantage ( _m ,egyptian m$ical traditions & o!r ,ori5tal m$ical s\rces1 z well z ! obs]vations made 9 ! hospitals & %r9es ( ,a,esculapius4 ,he #cff wrote "s great works 9 m$ic9e t h nev] gr[n old1 ,"y m5 d n read !m1 old m5 :o are ov]-p]suad$ ( h[ mu* progress is be+ made by _! own g5]ation 9 m$ic9e neglect !m4 ,! busy practition] has no "t = !m4 ,! great tea*]s ( m$ic9e :om all ! pr(essors look up to & :o ?9k = u 9 ea* g5]ation turn fondly back to ,hippocrates1 & m>vel at 8 acum5 ( obs]vation & 8 wond]ful k ( m5 & disease4 ,syd5ham ?\ght t no "o _h ev] writt5 l him1 & 9 our turn we honor ,syd5ham by call+ him ! ,engli% ,hippocrates4 ,bo]haave1 ,van ,swiet51 ,liancisi1 ! great fa!rs ( mod]n cl9ical m$ic9e1 turn$ ) z mu* rev]5ce to ,hippocrates z does ,osl]1 ! ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,ox=d1 9 our tw5tie? c5tury4 ,hippocrates wrote #b1ejj ye>s ago1 b 8 writ+ is et]nal 9 int]e/ & value4 ,! fam\s oa? ( ,hippocrates1 :i* us$ to be read to all ! graduates ( m$ic9e1 well des]v$ t honor1 = x repres5ts ! highe/ expression ( pr(essional dignity & obligation4 ,!re is a l(ty s5se ( pr(essional honor express$ 9 x t _c be excell$ at any p]iod 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,among o!r ?+s t ,hippocrates requir$ 8 adepts 9 m$ic9e1 8 m$ical /ud5ts :5 !y graduat$ into physicians1 to swe> to 0 ! foll[+3 ,i w foll[ ! sy/em ( regim5 :i* #cfg accord+ to my ability & judgm5t ,i consid] = ! b5efit ( my pati5ts1 & ab/a9 f :atev] is delet]i\s & mis*iev\s4 ,i w give no deadly m$ic9e to man1 woman1 or *ild born or unborn4 ,) purity & ) hol9ess ,i w pass my life & practise my art1 ,:atev] 9 connection ) my pr(essional practice1 or n 9 connection ) x1 ,i see or he> 9 ! life ( m5 :i* ought n to be spok5 ( abroad1 ,i %all n divulge1 z reckon+ t all su* %\ld be kept secret4 ,:ile ,i cont9ue to keep ?is oa? inviolate may x be grant$ to me to enjoy life & ! practice ( my art respect$ by all m5 9 all times2 b %\ld ,i trespass & violate ?is oa? may ! rev]se be my lot4 ,x is sometimes ?\ght t aft] ! ,roman m$ic9e1 :i* 0 an imitation ( ! ,greek 7?\gh ,gal5 well des]ves a place by himself1 & ,gal5 is usually ?\ght ( z a ,roman ?\gh he wrote 9 ,greek & _h obta9$ 8 education at ,p]gamos 9 ,asia ,m9or71 !re 0 an int]regnum 9 m$ic9e until our own "t4 ,?is is1 h[ev]1 q z mu* ( an assumption z to suppose t ! ,egyptians _h no m$ic9e--z we us$ to until we knew m ab\t !m--or t old-"t m$ic9e is q negligible because we 7 ignorant ( its value1 ,! ,middle ,ages _h mu* m ( m$ic9e ?an we are likely to ?9k1 & j z soon z ! great univ]sities arose at ! end ( ! #cfh twelf? & ! beg9n+ ( ! ?irte5? c5turies1 m$ic9e ga9$ a new impetus & fl\ri%$ m>vell\sly4 ,^! univ]sity m$ical s*ools ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages are models 9 _! way1 & put u to %ame 9 _m ?+s4 ,accord+ to a law ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii issu$ = ! ,two ,sicilies 9 #abda1 ,footnote #bc ?ree ye>s ( prelim9>y /udy 7 requir$ at ! univ]sity be=e a /ud5t might take up ! m$ical c\rse1 & !n he _h to sp5d f\r ye>s at m$ic9e1 & practise = a ye> "u ! sup]vision ( a physician ( exp]i5ce be=e he 0 all[$ to practise = himself4 ,! /ory ( ! m$ic9e ( ?is "t is all ! m wond]ful because subsequ5t g5]ations =got ab\t x until rec5t ye>s1 & suppos$ t all ( ?is p]iod 0 %r\d$ 9 d>kness4 ,x 0 probably "o ( ! mo/ brilliant p]iods 9 m$ical hi/ory4 ,"s ( ! m5 :o work$ & taught 9 m$ic9e at ?is "t w nev] be =gott54 ,footnote #bc3 ,= ! complete text ( ?is law1 ! fir/ regulat+ ! practice ( m$ic9e 9 mod]n times1 also ! fir/ pure drug law1 see ,wal%'s ,! ,popes & ,sci5ce1 ,new ,york1 ,=dham ,univ]sity ,press1 #aijh4 ,probably ! greate/ ( !m 0 ,guy de ,*auliac1 a ,papal *amb]la91 :om succe$+ g5]ations h honor$ ) ! title ( ,fa!r ( ,surg]y4 ,8 great text-book1 ! ,*irurgia ,magna1 0 9 common use = sev]al c5turies aft] 8 dea?1 & is full ( surgical tea*+ t we are prone to ?9k mu* #cfi m mod]n4 ,he treph9$ ! skull1 op5$ ! ?orax1 op]at$ )9 ! abdom51 decl>$ t pati5ts suff]+ f w\nds ( ! inte/9es w\ld die unless ^! 7 sew$ up1 op]at$ (t5 = h]nia 9 an exagg]at$ ,tr5del5b]g position1 ) ! pati5t's head d[n on a bo>d1 b said t _m m pati5ts 7 op]at$ ^u = h]nia = ! b5efit ( ! surgeon's purse ?an = ! good ( ! pati5t4 ,8 directions = ! treatm5t ( fractures & = taxis 9 h]nia 7 foll[$ = full f\r c5turies aft] 8 "t4 ,no wond] t ,pagel1 ! great ,g]man hi/orian1 decl>$ t ,*auliac laid ! f\ndation ( t primacy 9 surg]y :i* ! ,fr5* ma9ta9$ d[n to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,portal1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,surg]y1 decl>es t ,guy de ,*auliac said ne>ly ev]y?+ :i* mod]n surgeons say1 & 8 "w is ( inf9ite price1 b un=tunately too little read1 too little pond]$4 ,malgaigne decl>$ ! ',*irurgia ,magna' a ma/]piece ( le>n$ & lum9\s writ+4 ,*auliac's ,footnote #bd p]sonal "*1 h[ev]1 is ev5 m admirable ?an 8 surgical k4 ,he 0 at ,avignon :5 ! black dea? occurr$ & c>ri$ away "o-half ! population4 ,he 0 "o ( ! few physicians :o _h ! #cgj c\rage to /ay4 ,he tells u v simply t he did /ay n because he _h no fe>1 = he 0 dreadfully afraid1 b he ?\ght x 8 duty to /ay4 ,t[>d ! end ( ! epidemic1 he caught ! fev] b surviv$ x & has writt5 a f9e description ( x4 ,he 0 look$ ^u z ! lead] ( surg]y 9 8 "t1 & ?is is 8 advice z to :at ! surgeon %\ld be z giv5 9 ! introductory *apt] ( 8 ,*irurgia ,magna3 ,! surgeon %\ld be le>n$1 skill$1 +5i\s & ( good morals2 be bold 9 ?+s t are sure1 cauti\s 9 dang]s2 avoid evil cures & practices2 be graci\s to ! sick1 oblig+ to 8 colleagues1 wise 9 8 pr$ictions2 be *a/e1 sob]1 pitiful & m]ciful2 n covet\s nor extortionate ( money2 b let ! recomp5se be mod]ate1 accord+ to ! "w1 ! means ( ! sick1 ! "* ( ! issue or ev5t & its dignity4 ,no wond] t ,malgaigne says ( him3 ,nev] s9ce ,hippocrates has m$ic9e he>d su* language fill$ ) s mu* nobility & s full ( matt] 9 s few words4 ,footnote #bd3 ,= sket* ( ,*auliac see ,johns ,hopk9s ,hospital ,bullet91 #aiji1 or ,ca?olic ,*ur*m5 9 ,sci5ce1 second s]ies4 ,dolph9 ,press1 ,philadelphia1 #aiji4 ,! old-"t m$ical traditions ( education :i* 9 ! m$iaeval univ]sities produc$ su* m5 z ,william ( ,salicet & ,lanfranc & ,mondeville & ,guy de ,*auliac1 p]si/$ dur+ ! next two c5turies 9 ! s\!rn c\ntries ( ,europe1 & !n 7 transf]r$ to ,am]ica ?r\gh ,spa94 ,! fir/ ,am]ican m$ical s*ool 0 n1 z has s (t5 be5 said1 at my own ,alma ,mat]1 ! ,univ]sity ( #cga ,p5nsylvania1 :i* _h its fir/ lectures 9 #agfg1 :ile ! ,physicians & ,surgeons ( ,new ,york did n come = "s t5 ye>s lat] & ,h>v>d only 9 ! foll[+ decade1 b 9 ! m$ical s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico1 :]e ! fir/ lectures 7 held 9 #aegh1 & :]e a full m$ical s*ool 0 organiz$ be=e ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,9 ?is m$ical s*ool1 :i* dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury came to h sev]al hundr$ /ud5ts1 ! univ]sity tradition ( ! old5 "t 0 well pres]v$4 ,?ree ye>s ( prelim9>y /udy at ! univ]sity 7 requir$ be=e a /ud5t c\ld take up ! c\rse 9 m$ic9e1 & f\r ye>s ( m$ical /udy 7 requir$ be=e graduation4 ,we h "s ( ! text-books1 & "k mu* ab\t ! curriculum ( ?is old m$ical s*ool1 & 9 e way x is wor?y ( ! old univ]sity traditions4 ,un=tunately our univ]sities 9 :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates develop$ v sl[ly4 ,k+'s ,college 7,columbia7 did n become a univ]sity 9 ! s5se ( hav+ law & m$ical s*ools z well z an und]graduate dep>tm5t until ! n9ete5? c5tury _h almo/ begun4 ,h>v>d did n h a law s*ool affiliat$ ) x until ! fir/ qu>t] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury _h almo/ run its c\rse4 ,! affiliations betwe5 ! m$ical s*ools & ! univ]sities 9 ^! cases 0 only v slight1 & ! m$ical s*ools 7 entirely 9 ! h&s ( ! #cgb m$ical faculty1 ^: ma9 purpose dur+ a great "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 to make m$ical /udies z %ort z possible & z inexp5sive z !y c\ld possibly be made = ! faculty1 because t left s mu* m ( ! fees to be absorb$ by ! hi/oric sept5nate ( pr(essors :o rul$ & manag$ ! univ]sity4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t dur+ mo/ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury two t]ms ( f\r mon?s ea* 7 all t 0 requir$ = ! diploma 9 m$ic9e 9 mo/ ,am]ican m$ical s*ools4 ,?ree s*ools ma9ta9$ a v high /&>d by requir+ tw5ty weeks 9 ea* ( two cal5d> ye>s4 ,! m$ical s*ool t 0 consid]$ "o ( ! be/ 9 ! c\ntry1 & ^: graduates obta9$ ! highe/ m>ks 9 ! army & navy exam9ations1 t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 requir$ b two t]ms ( f\r & "o-half mon?s ea* :i* might be tak5 9 ! same cal5d> ye>1 & !n gave ! doctor's degree4 ,x may be z well to say t ! doctor's degree or diploma 0 a lic5se to practise4 ,!re 7 no ,/ate regulations = ! practice ( m$ic9e1 & no matt] h[ obta9$1 a diploma all[$ practise4 ,z "s "o has well said ! diploma1 !n1 0 a lic5se to practise1 n m$ic9e1 ! ,"l kn[s6 b to practise on "o's pati5ts until "o _h le>n$ "s m$ic9e4 ,x is out ( ?is sl\gh ( despond 9 m$ical education t we h climb$ 9 ! la/ ?irty-five ye>s4 ,we are gett+ back to ! #cgc old-"t univ]sity traditions4 ,let u hope t we %all n all[ ourselves to get away f !m aga94 ,!re are ups & d[ns 9 m$ical practice & m$ical fa%ions & m$ical education1 & all dep5ds on ! m5 :o compose ! pr(ession at any "o "t & n on any my?ical progress t holds !m up & compels !m to d bett] ?an ^? :o w5t be=e !m4 ,! highe/ complim5t t c be paid to ,am]ican m$ic9e & m$ical m5 is t1 9 spite ( ?is h&icap ( education !y did n utt]ly deg5]ate1 b1 on ! contr>y1 someh[ manag$ to ma9ta9 ! dignity ( ! pr(ession & d mu* good "w4 ,x is to y to-day1 ent]+ on ?is pr(ession1 t we look to d y\r %>e 9 keep+ up ! dignity ( ! m$ical pr(ession & 9 ma9ta9+ /&>ds 9 m$ical education4 ,we h a glori\s tradition ( #f1jjj ye>s beh9d u ) ! great m5 ( ! pr(ession wor%ipp$ z gods at ! beg9n+1 because m5 ?\ght s mu* ( !m1 & rememb]$ fondly z great ma/]s :5 !y came 9 ! aft]-"t4 ,f ,i-em-,hetep ?r\gh ,a,esculapius & ,hippocrates & ,gal5 & ,guy de ,*auliac & ,syd5ham & ,bo]haave d[n to our own "t1 ! m5 :om we delight to honor are ! ones :o did n "w ) an eye s+le to _! own success1 b :o tri$1 above all1 to d ?+s = humanity & = ! pr(ession to :i* !y belong$4 ,! man :o is successful z a #cgd money-mak] 9 8 pr(ession is only do+ half 8 duty4 ,he mu/ make m$ic9e z well z money1 t is1 he mu/ by 8 obs]vations help o!rs to recognize & treat disease bett] ?an !y did be=e2 he mu/ labor = ! b5efit ( humanity1 &1 above all1 he mu/ see t !re are no decad5ce ( pr(essional _s & no det]ioration ( m$ical education z f> z 8 influ5ce c g4 ,x is m5 ( ?is k9d t we hope to s5d =? f ,=dham1 & y /& 9 ! van ( !m all1 & ,i wi% y ,god-spe$4 #cge ,,univ]sity ,,m$ical ,,s*ools #cgf ,k comes b wisdom l+]s4 --,t5nyson1 ,locksley ,hall4 ,! f\ndation /ones ( ! :ole mod]n /ructure ( human wisdom h all be5 laid by ! ar*itects ( ye/]day4 ,?rice wise is he :o kn[s ! qu>ries & build]s ( by-gone ages & is able to diff]5tiate ! /ones :i* h be5 reject$ f ^? :i* h be5 utiliz$4 --,anon4 ,ideo ,m$ico id 9 primis cur&um1 ut ab aegro circum/antias omnes accurate intelligat1 intellectas consid]et1 ut int] cur&um m$ia illa adhibeat1 quae toll5do morbo apta sunt1 ne ex m$ic9a nocum5tum prov5iat4 --,basil ,val5t9e1 ,triumphal ,*>iot ( ,antimony4 ,! physician mu/ !re=e especially take c>e t he und]/& all ! circum/ances ( 8 pati5t v cle>ly1 & aft] und]/&+ !m weigh !m well1 s t dur+ 8 treatm5t he may use ^? means :i* are especially suit$ to control ! disease1 le/ any h>m %\ld come f 8 m$ic9e4 #cgg ,,univ]sity ,,m$ical ,,s*ools ,footnote #be ,footnote #be3 ,address to ! graduates ( ,/4 ,l\is ,univ]sity ,m$ical & ,d5tal ,s*ools1 ,may #ca1 #aiaj1 at ! ,odeon1 ,/4 ,l\is4 ,x af=ds me great pleasure to accept ! invitation ( y\r ,faculty to address ! graduates ( a univ]sity m$ical s*ool "h 9 ! ,middle ,we/4 ,i wond]$1 ( c\rse1 :at ,i %\ld talk to y ab\t1 & h come to ! conclusion t z an hi/orian ( m$ic9e any message ,i may h = y is likely to come f my own subject4 ,x s happ5s t we are j beg9n+ to realize t ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e may h mu* great] significance = u ?an we h usually be5 accu/om$ to ?9k1 &1 above all1 t x may mean mu* 9 furni%+ inc5tive = ! ma9ta9+ & rais+ ( /&>ds 9 m$ical education4 ,9 rec5t ye>s !re has come a v decid$ improvem5t 9 m$ical education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x is n h>d to und]/& t ! =eign] lifts 8 eyebr[s 9 surprise :5 he is told t mo/ ( our m$ical s*ools a g5]ation ago requir$ b two t]ms ( f\r mon?s ea*1 & t !re 0 !n j beg9n+ to be a dem& = a little m complete c\rse & bett] facilities4 ,!re 0 a l>ge numb] ( m$ical s*ools1 turn+ out graduates e ye> ) ! degree #cgh ( doctor ( m$ic9e1 :i* 0 a lic5se to practise 9 e /ate 9 ! ,union1 = !re 7 no /ate or f$]al laws regulat+ ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,z = prelim9>y requirem5ts ! less said ! bett]4 ,if a man c\ld write 8 "n &1 inde$1 he did n h to write x v pla9ly1 he f\nd x easy to matriculate 9 a m$ical s*ool & to be graduat$ at ! end ( two scant t]ms ( f\r mon?s ea*4 ,he might come f ! m9es1 or f ! f>m1 or f be=e ! ma/1 or f ! smi?y1 or ! c>p5t] %op2 he ne$ "k no?+ ( *emi/ry1 nor physics1 nor ( botany1 nor ( ,engli% &1 above all1 ( ,engli% gramm>1 & he 0 at once admitt$ to :at 0 call$ a pr(essional s*ool & graduat$ :5 he _h s]v$ 8 "t4 ,practically no "o 0 pluck$4 ,! desire ( ! faculty = numb]s ( /ud5ts =bade t 9 mo/ cases4 ,! two t]ms 9 m$ic9e 7 n ev5 successive c\rses4 ,! second-ye> /ud5t li/5$1 z a rule1 to ! same lectures t he might h he>d ! prec$+ ye>4 ,we all "k ! reason n[ = ?is extremely l[ /&>d ( m$ical education4 ,propriet>y m$ical s*ools made x _! "o bus9ess 9 life to make j z mu* out ( m$ical education z possible & ! hi/oric sept5nate ( pr(essors1 or sometimes ! ,dean1 pocket$ ! fees 7,i came ne> say+ spoils7 e ye>1 & robb$ m$ical ,am]ican education ( #cgi :atev] possibilities x might h = ! real tra9+ ( "y m5 9 ! sci5ce & art & practice ( m$ic9e4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( ?is ma9t5ance ( extremely l[ /&>ds 9 m$ical education1 h[ev]1 is ! fact t 9 spite ( x1 m51 or at lea/ "s ( !m1 succe$$ 9 obta9+ a good f\ndation 9 m$ic9e & !n by p]sonal "w aft]w>ds came to be excell5t practition]s ( m$ic9e4 ,pr(essor ,wel* said n long s9ce3 ,"o c decry ! sy/em ( ^? days1 ! inadequate prelim9>y requirem5ts1 ! %ort c\rses1 ! dom9ance ( ! didactic lecture1 ! meagre appliances = demon/rative & practical in/ruction1 b ! results 7 bett] ?an ! sy/em4 ,our tea*]s 7 m5 ( f9e "* devot$ to _! duties2 !y inspir$ u ) en?usiasm1 int]e/ 9 our /udies & h>d "w1 & !y imp>t$ to u s\nd traditions ( our pr(ession4 ,no?+ t ,i "k is a bett] complim5t to ,am]ican ent]prise & p[] ( ov]com+ ! difficulties ( ! situation ?an ! life /ories ( "s ( ! m5 :o came f ^! completely inadequate s*ools4 ,if ) ! maim$ tra9+ & incomplete education giv5 a g5]ation ago ,am]ican m$ic9e n only succe$$ 9 ma9ta9+ ! dignity ( ! pr(ession to a notewor?y degree1 b also develop$ _m m5 :o made di/9ct contributions to _w m$ic9e1 :at w we n d n[ t #chj our m$ical education is gradually be+ lift$ up out ( ! sl\gh ( despond 9 :i* x 0 & ! prelim9>y education = m$ical /udies set at a /&>d :]e real "w ( ?or\ghly sci5tific "* c be look$ =1 f ! v beg9n+ ( ! m$ical c\rse8 ,is x any wond]1 !n1 t ^? ( u :o h ! be/ int]e/s ( ,am]ican m$ic9e at he>t are wat*+ ) c>eful solicitude ! movem5t t is n[ re=m+ m$ical education 9 ?is c\ntry8 ,! "o hope ( m$ical education is1 & always has be51 organic connection ) a univ]sity4 ,real ,univ]sity ,m$ical ,s*ools1 t is m$ical s*ools z ! g5u9e ,po/-,graduate ,dep>tm5ts ( ,univ]sities ) ! f9e tra9+ t !y give1 h op5$ our eyes to :at is ne$$ 9 m$ical education 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,"s ( ! old-"t m$ical s*ools "h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h be5 connect$ by "n ) univ]sities b ?is 0 m app>5t ?an real1 & ! m$ical faculty rul$ absolutely 9 its own dep>tm5t & ?rottl$ m$ical education & divid$ ! income ( ! college among !mselves1 devot+ z little z possible to equipm5t1 to laboratories1 to all t 0 ne$$ = m$ical education4 ,n[ has come ! epo* ( univ]sity m$ical s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,i came ne> say+ ,am]ica1 b we mu/ n =get t ! ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries1 hav+ adopt$ _! educational sy/ems f ! "m ,lat9 c\ntry1 #cha h always ma9ta9$ ! organic connection ( ! m$ical s*ool ) _! univ]sities1 & z a consequ5ce a good prelim9>y education1 ! equival5t ( ?ree ye>s ( college "w ) u1 is requir$ & has always be51 & !n "s f\r ye>s 9 ! m$ical s*ool &1 inde$1 9 mo/ ( ! c\ntries five or six ye>s & 9 "o at lea/ sev5 ye>s ( m$ical /udy requir$4 ,i h ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ?is /ory ( m$ical education 9 connection ) univ]sities & real univ]sity "w w be especially int]e/+ to ! graduates ( ?is ?or\gh ,we/]n univ]sity1 ^: "w 9 m$ic9e is ackn[l$g$ z up to "s ( ! be/ /&>ds ( pr(essional atta9m5t & ^: organic connection ) a great univ]sity assures n only ! cont9uance1 b ! future developm5t ( m$ical education "h along l9es t %all place ?is among ! s]i\s progressive m$ical s*ools ( ! _w4 ,! fir/ univ]sity m$ical s*ool t well des]ves t "n is ! "o t came into exi/5ce 9 connection ) ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria4 ,i h be5 at "s pa9s1 because x is s delightfully amus+1 to po9t out h[ closely ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria resembles our mod]n univ]sities 9 mo/ p>ticul>s4 ,x 0 f\nd$ by a great conqu]or1 :o _h gone =? to conqu] ! _w1 & hav+ atta9$ almo/ univ]sal dom9ion sigh$ = m worlds to conqu]4 ,!n he set ab\t ! f\ndation ( #chb a great city t 0 to be ! capital ( 8 empire1 & end[$ a great in/itution ( le>n+ 9 t capital t 0 to attract /ud5ts f all ov] ! _w4 ,:5 he di$ prematurely ! ,ptolemys1 :o inh]it$ ! ,african portion ( 8 va/ dom9ions1 c>ri$ out 8 wi%es4 ,money 0 no object at ,alex&ria3 !y put up magnific5t build+s1 f\nd$ a great libr>y1 b\ght a lot ( fir/ editions ( books 9 ! %ape ( au?or's orig9al manuscripts1 /ole ! ar*ives at ,a!ns1 us$ ,alex&]'s collection 7made = ,ari/otle7 z ! f\ndation ( :at we w\ld call a museum1 paid pr(essors bett] sal>ies ?an !y receiv$ at t "t any:]e else & h\s$ !m 9 palaces4 ,:at a /rangely famili> s\nd all ?is has6 ,!n ,alex&ria proce$$ to d sci5tific "w4 ,euclid wrote 8 geometry1 &1 un*ang$1 x has come d[n to u & we /ill use x z a text-book 9 our colleges4 ,ar*im$es1 foll[+ up ,euclid's "w1 laid ! f\ndation1 ( me*anics 9 8 /udy ( ! lev] & ! screw1 & ( hydro/atics & ( optics 9 8 /udies ( specific gravity & burn+ mirrors & l5ses4 ,he made a s]ies ( m>vell\s inv5tions %[+ t he 0 a practical z well z a !oretic g5ius1 :o w\ld be gladly welcom$1 nay1 eag]ly s\ght =1 z a memb] ( ! faculty ev5 ( a univ]sity ( ! highe/ rank or l>ge/ income 9 our mod]n times4 ,ptolemy elaborat$ ! sy/em ( a/ronomy t _h be5 s ably #chc develop$ by tea*]s at ,alex&ria be=e 8 "t1 & ,h]on inv5t$ 8 eng9es1 :i* we h _h z toys 9 our laboratories = c5turies4 ,we realiz$ ! true significance ( "o ( !m only :5 ! turb9e eng9e 0 inv5t$ & we f\nd t ! pr9ciple ( x 0 9 ! toy eng9e ( ?is old natural philosoph] ( ,alex&ria4 ,!y ev5 did _! lit]ature sci5tifically at ! ,univ]sity ( ,alex&ria4 ,we h no great orig9al works f !m 9 lit]ature1 b !y inv5t$ comp>ative lit]ature2 = ?is mak+ ! ,septuag9t translation ( ! ,holy ,scriptures & do+ ! same = _m o!r religi\s docum5ts ( ! surr\nd+ nations = comp>ative /udy4 ,x is r easy to und]/&1 !n1 t a m$ical s*ool arose 9 connection ) ?is sci5tific univ]sity1 & t x did excell5t "w4 ,! collections ( ,ari/otle conta9$ _m illu/rations :i* s]v$ z ! basis = zoology1 botany1 comp>ative anatomy & probably ev5 comp>ative physiology4 ,! ,ptolemys 7 v lib]al & all[$ dissection ( ! human body1 s t human anatomy develop$ f a def9ite sci5tific /&po9t bett] !n ev] be=e4 ,! numb] ( /rang]s 9 ! t[n & ! r unheal?y climate ( ,egypt left _m unclaim$ bodies4 ,x has always be5 ! difficulty ( obta9+ bodies mu* m ?an prejudice aga9/ ! violation ( ! human body on any g5]al pr9ciple1 t has be5 ! reason #chd = ! abs5ce ( human dissection 9 _m p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,we object to hav+ ! bodies ( fri5ds cut up1 b we d n m9d mu* if ! bodies ( ^? :o are unkn[n to u are treat$ 9 t way4 ,s long z m5 did n travel mu* !re 7 few unclaim$ bodies4 ,) ! adv5t ( travel came abundant mat]ial = dissection & ! ,ptolemys all[$ ! m$ical s*ool to use x4 ,two great anatomi/s built up ! /ructure ( sci5tific human anatomy on ! r good f\ndation t _h be5 laid on animal anatomy 9 ! =etime4 ,aft] all1 ! anatomy ( ! animal resembles t ( man s mu* t v preci\s k _h be5 ga9$ f zootomies 9 ! previ\s ages4 ,^! two anatomi/s 7 ,erasi/ratos & ,h]ophilos4 ,bo? ( !m /udi$ ! bra9 especially1 z might h be5 expect$4 ,= j z soon z ! opportunity = dissect+ man 0 provid$1 ?is1 8 mo/ complex /ructure1 attract$ in/ant att5tion4 ,h]ophilos has nam$ aft] him ! torcul> h]ophili1 & ! "n he gave ! curi\s appe>ance 9 ! floor ( ! f\r? v5tricle--! calamus scriptorius--is /ill reta9$4 ,he describes ! membranes ( ! bra91 ! v>i\s s9uses1 ! *oroid plexuses1 ! c]bral v5tricles & trac$ ! orig9 ( ! n]ves f ! bra9 & ! sp9al cord1 recogniz+1 accord+ to well-gr\nd$ tradition1 ! di/9ction betwe5 n]ves ( s5sation & motion4 #che ,he describ$ ! eye & especially ! vitre\s body1 ! *oroid & ! ret9a4 ,he did n neglect o!r portions ( anatomy1 h[ev]1 & 8 p[] ( exact obs]vation1 z well z 8 detail$ /udy1 may be judg$ f 8 rem>k t ! left sp]matic ve9 9 c]ta9 cases jo9s ! r5al4 ,erasi/ratos1 8 colleague1 0 p]haps ev5 a m successful inve/igator ?an ,h]ophilos4 ,he repres5t$ ! be/ tradition ( ,greek m$ic9e ( ! "t4 ,he _h two di/+ui%$ tea*]s1 "o ( !m ,metrodoros1 ! son-9-law ( ,ari/otle4 ,x 0 probably ?r\gh ?is influ5ce t ,erasi/ratos receiv$ 8 invitation f ! fir/ ,ptolemy to come to ,alex&ria4 ,! sci5tific "w ( ,alex&ria 0 f\nd$ on ,ari/otle's collections1 on 8 books1 = 8 libr>y 0 br\ght to ,alex&ria z ! f\ndation ( ! great ,univ]sity ,libr>y1 & !n be/ ( all on ! direct tradition ( 8 sci5tific tea*+ ?r\gh ?is pupil ( 8 son-9-law4 ,erasi/ratos' o!r great tea*] 0 ! well-kn[n ,*rysippos ( ,cnidos4 ,cnidos 0 ! great rival m$ical s*ool to t ( ,cos4 ,ow+ to ! reputation ( ,hippocrates we "k ( ,cos1 b we mu/ n ignore ,cnidos4 ,erasi/ratos' discov]ies 7 m 9 connection ) ! he>t ?an any?+ else4 ,he came v ne> discov]+ ! circulation4 ,8 description ( ! valves & ( _! function is v cle>4 ,he look$ = l>ge-siz$ #chf ana/omoses betwe5 ve9s & art]ies &1 ( c\rse1 did n discov] ! m9ute capill>ies :i* requir$ ,malpighi's microscope to reveal !m ne>ly #b1jjj ye>s aft]4 ,l ,h]ophilos1 ,erasi/ratos also /udi$ ! bra9 v fai?fully4 ,"o /ory t we h ( ,erasi/ratos des]ves to be 9 ! m9ds ( "y graduates 9 m$ic9e1 because x illu/rates ! practical "* ( ! man & also h[ mu* m important at times x may be 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e to "k m5 well r ?an to "k m$ical sci5ce alone4 ,erasi/ratos 0 summon$ on a consultation to ,antio* to see ! son ( ,k+ ,seleucus4 ,seleucus 0 "o ( ! f\r ( ,alex&]'s g5]als :o1 l ,ptolemy1 _h divid$ ! _w among !m aft] ! "y conqu]or's dea?4 ,8 portion ( ! ,ea/]n _w1 ) its capital at ,antio*1 0 probably ! ri*e/ region ( t "t4 ,!re _h be5 no happ9ess1 h[ev]1 9 ! royal h\sehold = mon?s because ! scion ( ! ,seleucidae1 ! heir to ! ?rone1 0 ill & no physician _h be5 able to tell :at 0 ! matt] ) him1 &1 above all1 no "o _h be5 able to d any?+ to awak5 him f a le?>gy t 0 /eal+ ov] him1 mak+ him q incapable ( ! ord9>y occupations ( m51 or to dispel an apa?y :i* 0 caus+ him to lose all int]e/ 9 affairs ar\nd him4 ,he 0 los+ 9 weight1 he look$ mis]able1 he seem$ really to h be5 /rick5 by "o ( #chg ! s]i\s diseases z yet undiff]5tiat$ at t "t :i* 7 express$ by ! ^w ph?isis1 :i* ref]r$ to any wa/+ disease4 ,z a la/ hope !n almo/1 ,erasi/ratos 0 summon$ f di/ant ,alex&ria z a consultant 9 ! case ( "y ,seleucus4 ,! proce$+1 aft] all1 is v simil> to :at happ5s 9 our own "t4 ,! head ( an important dep>tm5t 9 m$ic9e at a univ]sity is ask$ to g a long di/ance to see ! son ( a reign+ mon>*1 or ( a millionaire pr9ce 9 indu/ry1 or p]haps a coal b>on1 or a railroad k+1 & a special tra9 is suppli$ = him & e conv5i5ce consult$4 ,a c>avan 0 s5t to br+ ,erasi/ratos ov] ! des]t to ,antio*4 ,x is su* consultations t c\nt 9 a physician's life4 ,i hope s9c]ely t y %all h _m ( !m & t y %all conduct !m z successfully z ,erasi/ratos ?is "o4 ,! "y pr9ce's case prov$ z puzzl+ to ,erasi/ratos = a "t z x _h to s _m o!r physicians be=e him4 ,l ! exp]i5c$ practition] he 01 he did n make 8 diagnosis at once1 h[ev]4 ,w y rememb] t :5 y1 too1 h a puzzl+ case8 ,x is :5 we d n take "t to make our diagnosis t x (t5 proves errone\s4 ,n ignorance1 b failure to inve/igate prop]ly1 is responsible = mo/ ( our errors4 ,he ask$ to see ! pati5t a numb] ( times1 & saw him "u v>y+ conditions4 ,f9ally1 "o day1 :ile he 0 #chh exam9+ ! "y man's pulse--& ,i may tell y t ,erasi/ratos made a special /udy ( ! pulse & knew _m ?+s ab\t x t x is un=tunate t ! mod]ns neglect--8 pati5t's pulse gave a sudd5 leap & !n cont9u$ to g mu* fa/] ?an x _h gone be=e4 ,at ! same "t !re came a ris+ color to ! "y man's *eek4 ,erasi/ratos look$ up to see :at 0 ! cause ( ?is /rik+ *ange1 & f\nd t ! "y wife ( ! ,k+ ,seleucus1 ! pr9ce's /epmo!r1 _h j come into ! room4 ,seleucus1 z an old man1 _h m>ri$ a v h&some "y woman1 & x 0 evid5t t ! "y man's he>t 0 t\*$ 9 h] reg>d1 & t "h 0 ! cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,erasi/ratos did n proclaim 8 discov]y at once4 ,he did ann\nce t n[ he knew ! cause ( ! tr\ble1 t x 0 an affection ( ! he>t t w\ld be cur$ by travel1 & he propos$ to take "y ,seleucus back ) him to ,alex&ria4 ,9 private1 v probably1 he told 8 "y pati5t t he _h discov]$ 8 secret1 & !n p]suad$ him t abs5ce w\ld be ! ?+ = him4 ,v probably ! "y man consid]$ t cure 0 impossible1 & ) _m misgiv+s he cons5t$ to g to ,alex&ria1 & z has happ5$ _m times be=e & s9ce1 9 spite ( ! pati5t's assurance to ! contr>y1 ! travel cure prov$ effective ev5 = ! he>t affection4 #chi ,i hope s9c]ely t y %all h z mu* tact1 z mu* k ( m5 & wom5 & z mu* success z ?is great tea*] at ! fir/ ( our mod]n univ]sity m$ical s*ools1 :5 ! great consultations d come y\r way1 = x is easy to und]/& t :5 ! "y man recov]$ "u ! k9dly m9i/rations ( ,erasi/ratos & ! good effect ( abs5ce f ! di/urb+ he>t factor1 ,erasi/ratos 0 load$ ) ! weal? ( ! ,ea/ & acquir$ a reputation t made him kn[n ?r\gh\t all ! _w ( t "t4 ,!re is a curi\s comm5t>y on ?is /ory t ,i ?9k y %\ld also "k4 ,x is ,gal5 :o has pres]v$ ! incid5t = u4 ,he does s 9 ! book on ! pulse1 ma9ly 9 ord] to %[1 z he ?9ks1 ! fatuity ( su* obs]vations4 ,aft] giv+ ! details he says1 ,( c\rse1 !re is no special pulse ( love4 ,poor ,gal51 h[ 8 wits mu/ h be5 wool-ga!r+1 or h[ =getful he mu/ h be5 ( 8 own y\? writ+ 9 ! s]5ity ( age1 or h[ lack+ 9 ord9>y human exp]i5ce if t is 8 s]i\s mean+4 ,! old] man 0 by f> ! bett] obs]v]1 & ,i hope t y %all n =get 9 ! "t to come t !re are _m ?+s t affect m5 & wom5 besides bact]ia & auto-intoxications ( v>i\s k9ds & metabolic di/urbances & nutritional *anges4 ,erasi/ratos seems to h kn[n v well h[ mu* ! m9d1 or z !y call$ x 9 ! old] t]m9ology1 & we #cij /ill cl+ to ! phrase1 ! he>t1 meant = _m a ph5om5on ( exi/5ce suppos$ to be physically pa?ologic & yet really only repres5t+ psy*ologic influ5ces ap>t f ! physical side ( ! be+4 ,i may say to y t ! m y "k ab\t ^! old tea*]s ( m$ic9e ! m y w appreciate & value _! l>g5ess ( view1 _! bread? ( k ( humanity & _! practical ways4 ,x is no wond] t /ud5ts f all ov] ! _w 7 attract$ to ,alex&ria = ! next ?ree c5turies because ( ! opportunities1 = ! /udy ( m$ic9e af=d$ !m !re4 ,aft] ! fir/ c5tury ( its exi/5ce n z mu* 0 accompli%$ z at ! beg9n+1 because :at always happ5s 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e aft] a p]iod ( successful inve/igation1 happ5$ also !re4 ,m5 conclud$ t ne>ly ev]y?+ t c\ld be1 _h be5 discov]$ & began to !orize4 ,!y 7 sure t _! !ories expla9$ ?+s4 ,m5 h p]si/$ 9 sp9n+ !ories 9 m$ic9e4 ,!ories h almo/ nev] help$ u & !y always h wa/$ our "t4 ,obs]vation6 ,obs]vation is ! "o ?+ t c\nts1 ,alex&ria cont9u$ to h h] reputation1 h[ev]1 & 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era 0 ! c5tre ( m$ical int]e/4 ,x 0 probably "h t ,/4 ,luke 0 educat$1 & z we "k n[ f ! c>eful exam9ation ( ! #cia ,?ird ,gospel & ( ! ,acts1 he knew 8 ,greek m$ical t]ms v well4 ,h>nack has %[n u rec5tly once m h[ ?or\ghly ,luke conv]t$ ! ord9>y popul> t]ms ( ! o!r ,evangeli/s into ! ,greek m$ical t]ms ( 8 "t4 ,luke mu/ h kn[n m$ic9e v well4 ,8 te/imony to ! miracles ( ,*ri/ is !re=e all ! m valuable1 & s ! ,alex&rian m$ical s*ool has its special place 9 ! ord] ( ,provid5ce4 ,we are prone to ?9k because ( ! curi\s way 9 :i* n only ! hi/ories ( m$ical education1 b ( all education1 h be5 writt51 t :ile !re 7 "s m$ical s*ools 9 ! int]val f ! days ( ,alex&ria & ,rome d[n to ! mod]n "t1 ^! 7 s hamp]$ by un=tunate conditions t m5 practically did no?+ 9 education &1 above all1 sci5tific & m$ical education until comp>atively rec5t times4 ,no?+ c\ld well be m absurd ?an su* an op9ion4 ,! great univ]sities f\nd$ dur+ ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies attract$ m /ud5ts to ! population ( ! c\ntries ( ! "t ?an g to our univ]sities to ! numb] ( our population 9 ! pres5t "t4 ,^! univ]sities are ! model ( our univ]sities ( ! pres5t "t &1 inde$1 ! hi/ory ( _m ( ! old ,european univ]sities is cont9u\s = sev5 c5turies4 ,!y _h an und]graduate dep>tm5t 9 :i* /ud5ts 7 tra9$ 9 gramm>1 rhetoric1 logic1 #cib ari?metic1 a/ronomy1 music & gymna/ics1 & graduate dep>tm5ts ( law1 !ology & m$ic9e4 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 review+ m$iaeval education1 once said t ! und]graduate education ( ! m$iaeval univ]sities 0 bett] ?an our own4 ,he d\bt$ t ! curriculum ( any mod]n univ]sity %[s s cle> & g5]\s a compreh5sion ( :at is meant by culture z ?is old trivium & quadrivium did4 ,_! po/-graduate "w 0 j z f9e z _! und]graduate "w4 ,!y made ! law ( ! _w 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 & laid ! f\ndations on :i* ! philosophy & !ology ( ! aft]-"t h be5 built up4 ,/range z x may seem to _m accu/om$ to give cr$5ce to f> diff]5t traditions1 !y did ! same ?+ 9 m$ic9e4 ,take z a s+le example :at !y did = ! regulation ( m$ical education & practice4 ,a law ( ! ,emp]or ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 issu$ 9 #abda = ! ,two ,sicilies 7,s\!rn ,italy & ,sicily prop]71 requir$ ?ree ye>s ( prelim9>y tra9+ 9 ! ord9>y und]graduate c\rse at ! univ]sity be=e a man 0 all[$ to take up m$ic9e1 & f\r ye>s at m$ic9e be=e he got 8 degree4 ,b ev5 ?is 0 n all2 aft] graduation1 a ye> ( practice ) a physician 0 requir$ be=e he 0 all[$ to practise = himself4 ,if he 7 go+ to practise surg]y an extra ye> ( ! /udy ( anatomy 0 requir$4 ,b x may #cic be said by ^? :o _c p]suade !mselves t ! ,middle ,ages s f> anticipat$ u3 s9ce !y knew almo/ no?+ ( m$ic9e & surg]y1 :at did !y sp5d _! "t at dur+ ^! f\r ye>s8 ,! m we "k ab\t ! details ( t e>ly tea*+1 ! m we respect !m & ! m we admire ! magnific5t "w ( ! old-"t pr(essors & _! s*ools4 ,probably ! mo/ surpris+ feature ( _! tea*+ 0 surg]y4 ,we are r likely to ?9k t ! developm5t ( surg]y 0 res]v$ = our day4 ,no?+ c\ld be m untrue4 ,! greate/ p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( surg]y1 ) ! possible exception ( our own "t1 is ! c5tury & a half f #abej to #adjj4 ,:at !y taught 9 surg]y we "k n f tradition1 b f ! text-books ( ! great tea*]s :i* h be5 pres]v$ = u1 & :i* h be5 rec5tly republi%$4 ,?ree m5 /& out pre-em95t3 ,william ( ,salicet2 ,lanfranc1 :o taught at ,p>is1 hav+ be5 invit$ !re f ,italy1 :]e he _h be5 a pupil ( ,william ( ,salicet1 & ,guy de ,*auliac1 to :om has be5 giv5 by univ]sal accord ! title ( ,fa!r ( ,mod]n ,surg]y4 ,!re is practically no?+ 9 mod]n surg]y t ^! m5 did n t\* 9 _! text-books4 ,p]haps ! mo/ surpris+ ?+ is to f9d t ,william ( ,salicet1 9 discuss+ 8 #cid cases1 sugge/$ t sometimes he succe$$ 9 obta9+ union by fir/ int5tion by keep+ 8 w\nds clean4 ,alas = ! surg]y ( succe$+ c5turies1 ,guy de ,*auliac1 a great] me*anical g5ius ?an ,william1 insi/$ t union by fir/ int5tion 0 an illusion & t x c\ld only come ?r\gh pus =mation4 ,laudable pus became ! %ibbole? ( surg]y = c5turies1 impos$ ^u x by ! g5ius ( a great man4 ,mo/ m5 ?9k t !y ?9k1 !y really foll[ lead]s1 & s we foll[$ bl9dly aft] ,guy until ,li/] came & %[$ u our mi/ake4 ,guy 0 ! pr(essor ( surg]y d[n at ,montpelli]1 & also ! physician to ! ,popes1 :o = ! "t 7 at ,avignon4 ,8 text-book ( surg]y is full ( expressions t reveal ! man & ! tea*]4 ,he said ! surgeon :o cuts ! human body )\t a k ( anatomy is l a bl9d c>p5t] c>v+ wood4 ,he insi/$ t m5 %\ld make obs]vations = !mselves & n bl9dly foll[ o!rs4 ,he discuss$ op]ations on ! head1 ! ?orax & ! abdom54 ,he said t w\nds ( ! inte/9es w\ld surely be fatal unless sew$ up1 & he describ$ ! te*nique ( suture = !m4 ,8 specialty 0 op]ation = h]nia4 ,!re are pictures /ill extant ( op]ations = h]nia done ab\t ?is "t 9 an exagg]at$ ,tr5del5b]g position4 ,! pati5t is fa/5$ to a bo>d by ! legs1 head d[n1 ! bo>d at an angle ( #cie =ty-five degrees aga9/ ! wall4 ,! inte/9es dropp$ back f ! site ( op]ation & all[$ ! surgeon to proce$ )\t dang]4 ,guy said t m pati5ts 7 op]at$ on = ! sake ( ! doctor's pocket 9 h]nia cases ?an = _! own b5efit4 ,8 in/ructions to 8 /ud5ts1 8 high /&>d ( pr(essional advice1 all %[ u "o ( ! great physicians ( all "t & hi/orians ( m$ic9e are unanim\s 9 _! praise ( him4 ,! next great developm5t 9 m$ic9e came at ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance ) ! reorganization ( ! univ]sities4 ,9 ! sixte5? c5tury ,italy p>ticul>ly did magnific5t "w 9 ! univ]sities1 /imulat$ by close t\* ) old ,greek m$ic9e4 ,at ,padua1 at ,bologna1 above all1 at ,rome1 ! great f\ndations ( ! mod]n m$ical sci5ces 7 laid4 ,i ne$ only m5tion ! names ( ,vesalius1 ,v>olius1 ,eu/a*ius1 ,fallopius1 ,columbus 7:o discov]$ ! circulation ( ! blood 9 ! lungs71 ,caesalp9us1 to :om & rightly ! ,italians attribute ! discov]y ( ! sy/emic circulation ne>ly half a c5tury be=e ,h>vey4 ,^! m5 all ( !m did f9e "w1 ev]y:]e 9 ,italy4 ,!y 7 do+ orig9al inve/igation ( ! greate/ value4 ,:5ev] anybody any:]e 9 ,europe at ?is "t want$ to d good "w 9 sci5ce ( any k9d1--a/ronomy1 ma!matics1 physics &1 above all1 9 any ( ! m$ical sci5ces1--he w5t d[n to ,italy2 ,italy 0 & cont9u$ = five #cif c5turies aft] ! ?irte5? to be :at ,france 0 = a scant half a c5tury 9 ! n9ete5?1 & ,g]many = a correspond+ p]iod j be=e our own "t4 ,h[ curi\sly ! hi/ory ( sci5ce & ( m$ic9e 0 writt5 :5 x seems to contradict ?is4 ,above all1 :at ridicul\s nons5se has be5 talk$ ab\t ,papal opposition to sci5ce4 ,! great univ]sities ( ,italy 9 ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies _h *>t]s f ! ,popes4 ,!y 7 imm$iately "u ecclesia/ical influ5ce1 yet !y did f9e "w 9 anatomy & surg]y4 ,! ,fa!r ( ,mod]n ,surg]y 0 a ,papal physician4 ,! ,papal physicians = sev5 c5turies h be5 ! greate/ contributors to m$ic9e4 ,! ,popes delib]ately select$ z _! physicians ! greate/ inve/igators ( ! "t4 ,besides ,guy de ,*auliac su* m5 z ,eu/a*ius1 ,v>olius1 ,columbus1 ,caesalp9us1 ,lancisi1 ,malpighi 7 ,papal physicians4 ,we h ev5 a m /rik+ te/imony to ! ,papal patronage & enc\ragem5t ( m$ic9e & to ! ,*ur*'s fo/]+ c>e ( m$ical education1 "h 9 ,am]ica4 ,! fir/ univ]sity m$ical s*ool 9 ,am]ica 0 n1 z has s (t5 be5 said1 ! m$ical s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania f\nd$ 9 #agfg1 b ! m$ical s*ool ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,mexico1 :]e m$ical lectures 7 fir/ deliv]$ 9 #aegh4 ,our m$ical s*ools 9 ?is c\ntry h only become g5u9e univ]sity m$ical s*ools 9 ! s5se #cig ( be+ organic portions ( ! univ]sity 9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,be=e t _! c\rses 7 brief & unwor?y & no prelim9>y education 0 requir$4 ,! univ]sities ( ,spani% ,am]ica f ! v beg9n+ requir$ ?ree ye>s ( prelim9>y tra9+ 9 ! univ]sity be=e m$ic9e c\ld be tak5 up1 & !n f\r ye>s ( m$ical /udies4 ,^! f\r ye>s became five & six ye>s 9 c]ta9 c\ntries1 & at no "t dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury did ! m$ical education ( ,spani% ,am]ica s9k to ! l[ level un=tunately rea*$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! lesson ( x is cle>4 ,:5 m$ical education is s]i\sly und]tak5 z a univ]sity dep>tm5t1 all is well4 ,:5 x is n1 ! results are disa/r\s4 ,9 our day & c\ntry ano!r great awak5+ ( univ]sity life has come & ) x a draw+ toge!r 9 intimate union ( univ]sities & _! graduate dep>tm5ts4 ,above all1 ! m$ical s*ools h pr(it$ by ?is clos] connection ) univ]sity "w1 & ! prospects = m$ical education 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & a new p]iod ( wond]ful progress 9 x are v bright4 ,y h my he>ty congratulations1 !n1 on y\r graduation f a great univ]sity m$ical s*ool "h 9 ! ,we/1 & ,i hope s9c]ely t y %all prove wor?y ( ,alma ,mat]4 ,y h _h ! privileges ( univ]sity education & ^! involve duties4 #cih ,?is is ev] true1 ?\gh un=tunately x is some:at seldom realiz$4 ,noblesse oblige4 ,we he> mu* 9 ^! days ( ! /ew>d%ip ( weal?1 & d n let u =get t !re is a /ew>d%ip ( tal5t & education4 ,mu* m w be dem&$ ( y because ( y\r opportunities1 & we look = an accompli%m5t on y\r "p f> above ! ord9>y 9 m$ical "w & ma9t5ance & uplift ( pr(essional dignity1 t %all mean mu* = y\r fell[s4 ,rememb] t y are do+ only half y\r duty if y b make y\r liv+ or ev5 make money4 ,y are b\nd besides to make m$ic9e4 ,= all t ! =efa!rs h done = u we 9 ?is g5]ation mu/ make return by a broad5+ ( _! m$ical views = ! b5efit ( po/]ity4 ,if y 7 graduates ( "s f\r?-rate propriet>y m$ical s*ool1 p]haps x w\ld be suffici5t if y succe$$ 9 mak+ y\r liv+ out ( y\r pr(ession4 ,p]haps ev5 y\r tea*]s w\ld !n be q satisfi$ ) y4 ,no su* meagre accompli%m5t c possibly satisfy ^? :o are s5d+ y out to-day4 ,above all1 y mu/ rememb] t y\r education is n = y\rself1 b = ! b5efit ( o!rs z well4 ,if1 someh[1 its influ5ce becomes n>r[$ s z only to affect y\rself & y\r intimate fri5ds !n x is ess5tially a failure4 ,y mu/ n only live y\r lives = y\rselves1 b s t at ! end ( !m ! community %all h be5 b5efit$ & m$ic9e #cii & its b5efic5t mission to mank9d %all be broad] & m significant because y h liv$4 ,) ?is message1 !n1 ,i welcome y z bro!r physicians & bid y ,god-spe$ 9 y\r pr(essional "w4 #djj #dja ,,! ,,college ,,man ,,9 ,,life #djb ,non s*olae s$ vitae discimus4 --,s5eca1 ,epi/41 #ajf4 ,we le>n = life n = s*ool4 ,nec si non ob/atur1 propt]ea etiam p]mittitur4 --,cic]o1 ,philip41 xiii1 #f4 ,& because a ?+ is n =bidd5 t does n make x p]missible4 ,ubicunque homo e/ ibi b5eficio locus e/4 --,s5eca1 ,de ,vita ,beata1 #bd4 ,:]ev] man is !re is room to d good4 ,!n let u n leave ! mean+ ( education ambigu\s or ill-def9$4 ,at pres5t1 :5 we speak 9 t]ms ( praise or blame ab\t ! br++ up ( ea* p]son1 we call "o man educat$ & ano!r un$ucat$1 al?\gh ! un$ucat$ man may sometimes be v well educat$ = ! call+ ( a retail trad]1 or ( a capta9 ( a %ip1 & ! l4 ,= we are n speak+ ( education 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w1 b ( t o!r education 9 virtue f y\? upw>ds1 :i* makes a man eag]ly pursue ! ideal p]fection ( citiz5%ip & tea*es him h[ rightly to rule & h[ to obey4 ,?is is ! only tra9+1 :i* ^u our view w\ld be *>act]iz$ z education2 t o!r sort ( tra9+1 :i* aims at ! acquisition ( weal? or bodily /r5g?1 or m]e clev]ness ap>t f intellig5ce & ju/ice1 is mean & illib]al1 & is n wor?y to be call$ education at all4 ,b let u n qu>rel ) "o ano!r ab\t ! "n1 provid$ t ! proposition :i* has j be5 grant$ hold good3 to wit1 t ^? :o are rightly educat$ g5]ally become good m54 ,nei!r mu/ we ca/ a slight ^u education1 :i* is ! fir/ & faire/ ?+ t ! be/ ( m5 c ev] h1 & :i*1 ?\gh liable to take a wrong direction1 is capable ( re=mation4 ,& ?is "w ( re=mation is ! great bus9ess ( e man :ile he lives4 --,plato1 ,laws 7,j[ett71 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #agd4 ,scribn]1 #aijb4 #djc ,,! ,,college ,,man ,,9 ,,life ,footnote #bf ,footnote #bf3 ,?is 0 ! address to ! graduates at ,bo/on ,college1 ,june #bi1 #aiaj ,g5tlem5 ( ! ,graduat+ ,class3 ,! cu/om is1 ,i fe>1 = ! orator :o addresses ! graduat+ class to talk ov] ! heads ( ^? :o h receiv$ _! degree to ! l>g] audi5ce :o are assembl$ = ! academic function4 ,n[1 t ,i d n propose to d4 ,:at ,i h to say is to y4 ,my message is meant entirely = y4 ,s9ce y\r fri5ds are pres5t ,i h to raise my voice s t !y %all he> :at ,i h to say1 b ,i consid] t !y are "h only on suff]ance & t ,i am "h to say :atev] ,i c t may mean some?+ = y 9 ! c>e]s t are op5+ up to y4 ,n[1 ,i am n ( ^? :o ?9k t ! ma9 purpose ( ! eld is to give advice to ! "y4 ,man is s fa%ion$ t he wants to get 8 own exp]i5ce = himself4 ,x is true t only fools le>n by _! own exp]i5ce1 wise m5 le>n by t ( o!rs4 ,b !n we h div9e w>rant = say+ t !re us$ to be a goodly proportion ( fools 9 ! _w & human exp]i5ce agrees 9 our own "t t n all ! fools are dead yet4 ,our advice may n be tak5 9 all its lit]alness2 t w\ld be too mu* to #djd expect1 b x has become an academic cu/om to give x1 9 ! hope t x w be a l&m>k1 p]haps an inc5tive1 x may be a w>n+1 surely "s "t a preci\s memory 9 ! "t to come4 ,few m5 :o ev] liv$ 7 less likely to ?9k t _! advice might mean v mu* ?an de> old ,bobbie ,burns1 to :om "o ( y\r numb] ref]r$1 & yet "s "t ,i hope t 9 "s s]i\s mood y'll read & ?9k well on ! poetic epi/le ( advice to 8 y\?ful fri5d4 ,!re are "s l9es at ! beg9n+ ( x t h haunt$ me at times ^! _m ye>s :5 ,i h be5 ask$ to address /udi\s y\? at ! comm5cem5t1 z our t]m = ! occasion s well decl>es1 ( _! real education 9 ! po/-graduate c\rses ( t ,univ]sity ( ,h>d ,knocks :i* val$ictorians at ?is season ( ! ye> are s prone to call ! cold1 cold _w4 ,! ,scotti% pl\ghman b>d said 9 ! *oice ,engli% he c\ld s well assume on occasion3 ,i long hae ?o't1 my y\?ful fri5d1 ,a some?+ to hae s5t y4 ,?\gh x may s]ve no i!r end ,?an z a k9d mem5to2 ,b h[ ! subject !me may gang4 ,let "t & *ance det]m9e2 ,p]haps x may turn out a sang ,p]haps turn out a s]mon4 ,"o ?+ is sure1 :atev] ,i %all say to y %all n be a song1 ?\gh1 alas6 addresses #dje ( advice are prone to s\nd l s]mons4 ,yet ! s]mon1 aft] all1 9 ! old ,lat9 ^w s]mo is only a disc\rse1 & ,i am go+ to make m9e z brief z possible4 ,x %all1 ,i hope1 s]ve to r\nd out "s ( ! ?+s t y y\rselves h be5 say+ ) reg>d to ,ca?olics & social works &1 above all4 ,ca?olic college m5 9 social works4 ,we are rightly gett+ to e/imate ! value ( a man 9 our "t 9 t]ms ( :at he accompli%es = o!rs mu* m ?an = himself4 ,almo/ any "o :o devotes himself ) suffici5t exclusiv5ess to ! bus9ess ( help+ himself w make a success ( x1 ?\gh "s may d\bt ( ! value ( t success4 ,:at is difficult above all 9 our "t1 :5 ! _s ( individualism is s rampant1 is to make a success ( helpfulness = o!rs :ile mak+ life fl[ on ) reasonable smoo?ness = "o's self4 ,i d n hope to be able to imp>t to y ! preci\s secret ( h[ surely to d ?is1 b some?+ t ,i may say may be helpful to y 9 lead+ a l>g] ?an a m]e selfi% life1 s t :5 ! end %all come1 z come x mu/1 ?\gh "o w\ld nev] suspect x f ! ways ( m51 ! _w w be a little bett] at lea/ because y h liv$4 ,education has become ! feti% ( ! day & ! %ibbole? by :i* ! ,phili/9e is recogniz$ f ! *os5 p ( culture & ref9em5t4 ,popul> education has become ! #djf wat*word ( ! "t1 & all ?+s are fondly hop$ = & confid5tly promis$ 9 its "n4 ,we are some:at 9 d\bt z to ! mode ( education t w be surely effective = all good & we are n q c]ta9 z to h[ ! results are exactly to be obta9$1 b education is to make ! _w bett]2 to get rid gradually1 yet inevitably1 ( ! evil t is 9 x2 to lift m5 up to ! high] plane ( k :]e selfi%ness is at lea/ n suppos$ to exi/1 or surely to be greatly m9imiz$1 :]e crime1 ( c\rse1 %all disappe>1 & :]e ev5 ! m9or evils s hide _! dim9i%$ heads t ! mill5nium c n be f> di/ant4 ,x is true t "s ( ^! glori\s promises seem long 9 fulfilm5t to ^? :o are a little sceptical ( ! influ5ce ( p>ticul> =ms ( education t are n[ popul>1 b1 ( c\rse1 ! response to t is1 t s f> we h n _h ! "t to h ! full b5efit ( education ex]t itself4 ,at ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! ,encyclop$i/s 9 ,france1 9 _! great campaign = ! diffusion ( in=mation among ! p & ! spread ( :at !y 7 pleas$ to call education1 ?\gh "s ( u are prone to ?9k t !y hopelessly confus$ ! di/9ction betwe5 education = p[] & education = in=mation1 confid5tly promis$ t :5 m5 knew en\gh1 pov]ty1 ( c\rse1 w\ld disappe> & 9 its tra9 w\ld g all ! att5dant evils1 #djg vice & crime & immorality1 & ) !m1 ( c\rse1 unhapp9ess w\ld disappe> f ! _w4 ,t is consid]ably ov] a c5tury n[1 b we h n f\nd x advisable z yet to d away ) c\rts ( law1 nor jails1 nor policem51 nor any ( ! me*anism ( ! law = ! suppression ( crime & immorality4 ,inde$1 !re are ^? :o are unk9d en\gh to say1 t we n[ h to make use ( m means ?an ev] 9 proportion to ! population = ! suppression ( vice & crime1 & t !y are m emphatically dem&$ ev5 ?an at ! "t ( ! ,encyclop$i/s4 ,z = unhapp9ess & pov]ty1 rec5t inve/igations 9 our l>ge cities %[ s l>ge a proportion ( p will+ yet unable to obta9 a dec5t liv+ wage1 t x is q />tl+4 ,our insane asylums are gr[+ mu* m rapidly ?an ! population1 & n a few ( ! inmates are !re because ( immorality4 ,suicide is on ! increase fa/] ?an ! population & un=tunately ! greate/ increase is not$ 9 ! y\ng] ye>s4 ,x is betwe5 fifte5 & tw5ty-five t suicides are multiply+4 ,( c\rse ! answ] to ?is is1 t education is n z yet c>ri$ to t ext5t among ! great mass ( p :i* w\ld enable x to h its full b5eficial effects4 ,our common s*ool education is n en\gh to br+ p "u ! b5efic5t influ5ce ( ?is great civiliz+ factor = ! developm5t ( mank9d4 #djh ,educators w\ld urge t x is ! high] education :i* s]ves to oblit]ate ! ills t human fle% is heir to1 moral z well z physical1 z f>1 ( c\rse1 z t is possible 9 s imp]fect a _w z ?is4 ,if we c\ld b ext5d ! advantages ( ! high] education1 ( college & univ]sity tra9+ to ! majority ( ! p1 !n say ! advocates ( education z a panacea = human ills1 we w\ld surely h t approa* to ! mill5nium :i* intellectual developm5t by ! diffusion ( in=mation c & mu/ give4 ,x is wor? :ile analyz+ t proposition a little & apply+ x to pres5t-day conditions z we "k !m4 ,aft] all we h be5 turn+ out a l>ge numb] ( ^? :o h _h ! b5efit ( ! high] education f our colleges & univ]sities dur+ ! la/ g5]ation or s4 ,!y h gone out by ! ?\s& to influ5ce _! fell[s & presumably to be %9+ lights = pr(\nd improvem5t ( life1 /rik+ examples t surely w prove an inc5tive & a s\rce ( emulation to o!rs to d ! "r1 avoid ! wrong1 be helpful in/ead ( selfi% &1 9 g5]al1 %[ ! _w h[ mu* education means = ! happ9ess ( all4 ,!re is a slang expression famili> 9 ,new ,york j n[ t y 9 ,new ,engl& may n "k1 = ,i und]/& t ev5 ! owls ne> ,bo/on d n say to-:it-to-:oo b to-:it-to-:oom1 t may be quot$ "h3 ,"s m5 are born good1 #dji "s make good & "s are caught ) ! goods on !m4 ,n all ( ! graduates ( colleges & univ]sities 7 born good1 ( c\rse4 ,i wond] :at we %all f9d ) reg>d to ! o!r two phases ( exi/5ce4 ,!re are n a few :o are critically p]v]se en\gh to say t1 :ile _m h made good1 too _m h be5 caught ) ! goods on !m4 ,let u take ! subject t is s /rik+ly br\ght be=e u 9 our ev]yday life 9 rec5t ye>s1 ! "q ( political corruption4 ,( c\rse x is to be presum$ t x is ! non-college m5 :o are bo? corruptors & corrupt$4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 j z confid5tly to be presum$1 on ! o!r h&1 t x is ! college m5 :o are ! =]unn]s 9 all ! exposures ( rec5t ye>s4 ,alas6 = human nature1 x is j ! contr>y4 ,! lead]s 9 big corruption1 ! ma9/ays ( :at has come to be call$ big political bus9ess1 h ne>ly all be5 college m54 ,?is has be5 true 9 ,cali=nia1 9 ,miss\ri1 9 ,p5nsylvania1 9 ,new ,york1 9 ,ill9ois4 ,x w\ld be easy to add o!r /ates1 b ,i am only m5tion+ ^? :]e inve/igations are n yet =gott51 ?\gh we ,am]ican p h cultivat$ a really m>vell\s p[] ( =gett+4 ,! /ates are suffici5tly f> ap>t f "o ano!r to make x v cle> t ! condition is n limit$ to a p>ticul> locality b is practically univ]sal4 ,9 rec5t ye>s we h be5 gett+ clos] to ! #daj man high] up4 ,9 a great _m ( ! cases1 ,i %\ld say 9 a majority ( !m1 he has prov$ to be a univ]sity man1 & if n1 !n univ]sity m5 h be5 8 "r h&s 9 ! accompli%m5t ( evil4 ,! bo>ds ( directors ( corporations1 life insurance1 fire insurance1 railroads1 great indu/ries & manufactures1 ev5 banks1 :o h kn[n t laws 7 be+ violat$ & :o h n c>$ because x 0 money 9 _! pockets1 h 9 _m cases1 p]haps ev5 9 ! majority ( cases1 be5 college m54 ,c]ta9ly college graduates h n prov$ to be ! little leav5 t w\ld leav5 ! :ole mass = righte\sness4 ,9 ! ev5 m dang]\s evils ( our "t t h risk$ ! v exi/5ce ( democratic gov]nm5t1 9 ! imposition on ! p by ! privileg$ classes ( indirect taxes & t>iffs t make life h>d = ! poor1 b add l>gely to ! weal? ( ! ri*1 college m5 h only too (t5 be5 ! active ag5ts4 ,)\t _! active co-op]ation c]ta9ly ^! cry+ inju/ices to ! poor w\ld nev] h be5 accompli%$4 ,!y h (t5 be5 add+ useless millions to useless millions simply = ! game2 n c>+ h[ mu* ! poor _h to suff]4 ,!y h be5 accumulat+ at ! exp5se ( ! work+ classes :at ,gov]nor ,hughes ( ,new ,york s well call$1 n long s9ce1 a corruption fund = _! *ildr54 ,!y h be5 ! prime factors 9 _m ag5cies #daa = evil & !y h n be5 ! gu>dians ( ! rights ( o!rs1 ! weak] ones1 t we h a "r to expect ( !m4 ,9 ! awful evils t h be5 expos$ z a consequ5ce ( ! fell[-s]vant doctr9e & ! contributory neglig5ce pr9ciple at law1 :i* h be5 ! root ( s mu* suff]+ 9 ! _w1 college m5 h n help$ to po9t out evils & organiz$ = ! solution ( !m1 ?\gh !y h be5 closely 9 contact ) all ! problems ( !m z judges1 lawy]s1 directors ( railroad companies1 & indu/rial conc]ns4 ,9 g5]al1 :ile !y h be5 9 a position to "k & alleviate "s ( ! wor/ ills ( our social sy/em1 !y h done v little4 ,!y help$ to b9d fett]s4 ,x is m5 ( mu* l[] social /ation & education :o h awak5$ u4 ,! inve/igations ( rec5t ye>s z to ! condition ( wage-e>n]s h %[n u _m un=tunate evils4 ,x 0 kn[n t "o 9 f\r ( ! population 9 ,london 0 liv+ 9 dire pov]ty & ?is 0 ?\ght to be due to ! special circum/ances 9 ,london4 ,an inve/igation ( ,york 9 ,engl& %[$1 h[ev]1 t small] t[ns1 ev5 ca!dral t[ns1 t 7 suppos$ to be almo/ )\t pov]ty1 7 hot-b$s ( x & 7 ne>ly z bad z ,london4 ,!n1 we took ! flatt]+ unction to our s\ls t ^! 7 altoge!r =eign conditions4 ,su* inve/igations z we c\ld make 9 ,new ,york1 h[ev]1 %[$ t we 7 little if any #dab bett] ?an ! reports f ,engl& & ,g]many reveal$ abroad4 ,!n x 0 said t ! l>ge city1 t brood-ov5 ( vice & mis]y1 0 responsible4 ,pittsburg1 = in/ance1 set up ! claim t :ile great =tunes 7 made !re ! workm5 7 paid bett] wages ?an any place else 9 ! _w4 ,alas = ! fallibility ( human judgm5t 9 social affairs6 ,! ,pittsburg ,survey 0 made & x 0 f\nd t :ile a few ( ! bett]-class workm5 7 paid v well1 ! great mass ( ! workm5 7 awfully und]paid1 & x 0 impossible = ! majority ( !m to live dec5tly on :at !y receiv$4 ,fur!r inve/igations into indu/rial conditions h only emphasiz$ ! conclusions obta9$ f ! ,survey4 ,human life has become v *eap 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,a prom95t cl]gyman said n v long ago t x 0 saf] to be a murd]] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an a brakeman4 ,! expression is true if ! proportion ( brakem5 :o lose _! lives to murd]]s :o lose !irs 9 ?is c\ntry is tak54 ,we are c>eless ( ! lives ( ! hone/ workman1 & s5tim5tally ov]-c>eful ( ! lives & com=t ( ! crim9al4 ,e n[ & !n !re are inevitable reactions aga9/ ?is laxity ( ! law1 & z a consequ5ce1 :ile ,canada has no lyn*+s & !re are none 9 ,engl&1 :ile peoples ( our /ock h no ne$ to appeal to =ce1 we lyn* _m m ?an we execute 9 ?is #dac c\ntry4 ,! lead]s ( _m ( ! mobs1 z ! directors ( ! indu/rial companies :o kn[+ly all[ ! wa/e ( life to g on1 h _h ! b5efit ( our ,am]ican education1 su* z x is4 ,educat$ p are responsible = ?+s t are & unless !y meet _! responsibilities !re w be no improvem5t4 ,"s ( ^! abuses h ris5 to a climax4 ,n long ago a /ory 0 told t illu/rates1 z x seems to me1 "s pres5t-day feel+s v well4 ,a great /eel company hav+ a contract = a bridge 9 ! ,f> ,ea/1 0 ru%+ ! la/ /eel beams = ! completion ( ! contract4 ,am]ica is not$ = its m>vell\s p[] to d "w rapidly t o!r c\ntries take "t =4 ,!re 0 a heavy p5alty atta*$ if !y did n complete ! contract on "t4 ,a fa/ /eam] 0 wait+ 9 ,new ,york h>bor all ready to take ?is la/ consignm5t out ) x4 ,a special tra9 0 /&+ 9 ! y>ds ( ! /eel plant1 to be ru%$ to ,new ,york j z soon z ! beams 7 complet$4 ,9 ! mid/ ( all ! hurry & bu/le a workman got 8 foot caught 9 ! huge crane :i* transports ! imm5se beams f "o portion ( ! plant to ! o!r4 ,an exam9ation ( ! mann] 9 :i* he 0 caught %[$ cle>ly t he c\ld n be releas$ )\t tak+ ! crane ap>t4 ,t w\ld mean t ?irty-six h\rs w\ld h to be sp5t 9 ! me*anical h&l+ ( t crane4 ,if t 7 done x w\ld be #dad q impossible to make ! %ipm5t on "t1 s closely 0 ! p]iod ( completion calculat$4 ,n only 0 !re a heavy money p5alty1 b !re w\ld be a decid$ loss ( ,am]ican pre/ige4 ,! workman :o 0 caught 0 only a =eign]4 ,he 0 only gett+ #a4be a day4 ,j "o ?+ 0 to be done evid5tly1 because t /eam] _h to sail on "t & t freight tra9 _h to get out ! next morn+4 ,! o!r =eign workm5 7 put out ( ! %ops1 only ! confid5tial m5 7 left1 an ambulance 0 summon$2 z x appe>$ 9 sight ! crane 0 run ov] ! portion ( ! foot t 0 caught1 ! man 0 remov$ to ! c>e ( ! surgeon1 8 w\nd 0 dress$ at ! hospital1 ! contract 0 complet$ on "t & ,am]ican ent]prise & p[] to d ?+s fa/] ?an all ! _w 0 v9dicat$4 ,we are mak+ money4 ,9 ! meantime ! directors ( companies "u :om su* ?+s are done are ma9ly college m54 ,:e!r !y feel x or n !y are p]sonally responsible = ev]y?+ t happ5s 9 _! bus9ess1 = x is _! bus9ess by :i* human life is sacrific$ or human suff]+ increas$1 or human morality det]iorat$4 ,probably ! majority ( ! /ockhold]s 9 ! companies are college m54 ,"s ( !m are college wom54 ,!y are d]iv+ incomes f =ms ( inju/ice1 f conditions t cause human suff]+ t #dae might be avoid$4 ,!y are1 :e!r !y "k x or n1 committ+ "o ( ! crimes t calls to heav5 = v5geance--defraud+ labor]s ( _! wages2 because to pay a man less ?an a dec5t liv+ wage is to defraud t labor] ( 8 wages4 ,no man has a "r to g into ! labor m>ket & buy labor z *eaply z he c4 ,m5 mu/ live1 !y mu/ support _! families1 & to compel !m to take less ?an a dec5t liv+ wage is to hold !m 9 slav]y4 ,e man :o d]ives an income f su* s\rces mu/ "k :e!r !re is inju/ice at "w or n 9 :atev] he b5efits by4 ,x is easy to plead ignorance1 b ! ignorance is no ju/ification4 ,:5 we take money f some?+ we mu/ "k t t money has no ta9t ( inju/ice ab\t x4 ,!re is a />tl+ passage 9 ! ,scriptures t ,i h (t5 ?\ght %\ld be repeat$ m frequ5tly 9 our "t4 ,x is1 ,f ! s9s we "k n (1 ,o ,"l deliv] u4 ,!re are _m ?+s t are done = ! educat$ ri* 9 our "t1 ?+s t are full ( inju/ice1 yet f :i* ! ri* d]ive great b5efits = :i* !y w be held responsible4 ,i _c see x else4 ,we he> mu* 9 our "t ( ! /ew>d%ip ( weal?1 ( ! fact t if a man has mu* m money ?an o!rs he is b\nd !reby to d m good ) x1 j inasmu* z he has sup]flu\s means mu/ he accompli% n only actually m b #daf proportionately m ?an ^? :o are less weal?y ar\nd him4 ,:at is true ?us ( mat]ial weal? is ev5 tru] ( intellectual weal?4 ,! man :o has m education ?an 8 neighbors is b\nd !reby to be helpful to 8 neighbors1 to uplift !m--h[ mu* "o hesitates to use t mu*-abus$ ^w1--to help solve _! problems1 to make life happi] = !m2 he is b\nd to use 8 faculties1 ,god-giv5 z !y are & develop$ by intellectual opportunities1 n = himself alone1 b = all ^? ar\nd him4 ,un=tunately rec5t g5]ations ( college m5 h n tak5 ?is responsibility s]i\sly1 or h n se5 ! duty t lay be=e !m & ! burd5 impos$ on !m by ! v necessity ( conditions4 ,z a consequ5ce !y h (t5 be5 lead]s 9 evil4 ,!y h almo/ inv>iably be5 protagoni/s ( selfi%ness & ( individualism4 ,s long z !y h gott5 mu* out ( life !y h n c>$ :e!r o!rs h _h ! pa?s = ev5 reasonable happ9ess & "s opportunities 9 life made smoo?4 ,only too (t5 !y h be5 a /umbl+ block 9 ! road = o!rs less educat$ ?an !y4 ,!y h be5 ! m5 high] up1 ! brib]s :o are ev] s mu* worse ?an ! brib$1 ! company directors :o h turn$ aside & se5 evil & inju/ice & pret5d$ 9 smug propriety t x 0 no affair ( !irs1 or p]haps h said 9 self-ju/ification--& su* self-ju/ification6--t if !y did n d x #dag o!rs w\ld2 ! weal?y m5 :o h us$ e means to get ar\nd ! law to oppress ! poor1 to add useless weal? to useless weal? at ! co/ ( o!rs1 ev5 at ! risk ( subv]t+ lib]ty1 ov]turn+ gov]nm5t & ru9+ ?is late/ exp]im5t 9 democracy4 ,i am n a muckrak]1 b we _c hide f ourselves & we mu/ n miss ! real mean+ ( ! ev5ts 9 ! life ar\nd u z x really is4 ,:5 ,i ?9k ( ! situation ,i am prone to comp>e ) x o!r g5]ations ( college m5 & :at !y accompli%$4 ,hi/ory is n wor? :ile if x tells u only ( ! pa/4 ,x is ( no m value ?an any o!r /ory1 real or fictiti\s4 ,hi/ory is significant only :5 ! lessons ( ! pa/ are valuable to ! pres5t4 ,we are prone to ?9k ( education z influ5c+ deeply only rec5t g5]ations4 ,let me try & tell y briefly ! /ory ( "s g5]ations ( college m5 :o accompli%$ ?+s t x w be wor? :ile = u to consid] to-day4 ,:5 ! univ]sities came into exi/5ce 9 ! e>ly ?irte5? c5tury social conditions 7 ab\t z bad z c well be imag9$4 ,! incursions ( ! ,go?s _h rubb$ out all ! old ,roman law & ! cu/oms ( ! v>i\s nations _h be5 oblit]at$ 9 ! disord] ( ! migration ( ! nations1 :5 might absolutely made "r4 ,gradually out ( ! inevitable lawlessness ( ! ,d>k ,ages ! ,*ur*1 by h] b5efic5t influ5ce1 br\ght ! beg9n+s ( #dah law & ord] s f> z b>b>\s peoples c\ld be lift$ up4 ,9 ! six? c5tury !re 0 ne>ly ev]y:]e 9 ,europe social *aos4 ,dur+ ! next c5turies came ! gradual uplift4 ,*ri/ianity 9 ,irel& did mu* ev5 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 & !n help$ 9 ! reg5]ation ( ,europe 9 ! succe$+ c5turies4 ,*>lemagne help$ greatly1 z 8 "n *ronicles1 & ,alfr$1 well des]v+ ( ! "n ! ,great1 c>ri$ on 8 "w4 ,9 ! t5? c5tury ev]y:]e ! dawn ( bett] ?+s 0 to be se54 ,9 ! elev5? c5tury organization ( civil rights beg9s to make itself felt2 9 ! twelf? c5tury ! univ]sities 7 com+ into exi/5ce2 & !n ) ! ?irte5? c5tury !re 0 a great rejuv5esc5ce ( humanity 9 e dep>tm5t1 b1 above all1 9 ! social ord]4 ,"u feudalism m5 _h no rights ( !mselves except su* z 7 conf]r$ on !m by "s ext]nal ag5cy4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury ! ess5tial rights ( man beg9 to make !mselves felt & f9d confid5t ass]tion4 ,x is n h>d to trace ! /eps ( ! developm5t4 ,magna ,*>ta 0 sign$ 9 #abae4 ,! ,fir/ ,engli% ,p>liam5t met 9 #abeg4 ,! repres5tative nature ( t p>liam5t became complete 9 ! next tw5ty ye>s4 ,! ,engli% ,common ,law 0 put into =m ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ qu>t] ( ! c5tury & 9 #abhb ,bracton publi%$ 8 great dige/ ( x4 ,! pr9ciple !re %all be no taxation )\t #dai repres5tation1 our own basis = ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce five c5turies lat]1 0 proclaim$ z e>ly z #abfj & 0 emphasiz$ by ! great ,pope ,boniface ,,viii at ! end ( ! c5tury4 ,e>ly 9 ! c5tury1 ! great ,lat]an ,c\ncil decre$ t e diocese 9 ! _w %\ld h a college & t ! ,metropolitan ,sees at lea/ %\ld h su* opportunities = po/-graduate /udy z we n[ call univ]sities4 ,! fir/ great ,pope ( ! c5tury1 ,innoc5t ,,iii1 laid ! f\ndation ( a great ,city ,hospital 9 ,rome & requir$ t e bi%op ?r\gh\t ! _w %\ld h "o 9 8 ,see & t ! model ( x %\ld be t ( ! ,santo ,spirito ,hospital 9 ,rome4 ,leprosy 0 an epidemic disease among ! p1 some:at z tub]culosis is n[2 measures 7 tak5 = ! segregation ( lep]s1 lep] hospitals 7 built = !m outside ( ! t[n1 & ^! great g5]ations solv$ a problem 9 hygi5e z difficult z is ours ) reg>d to tub]culosis4 ,above all1 ! rights ( ! p 7 assur$ to !m4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury probably ! mo/ /rik+ ?+ among ! population ( ! v>i\s t[ns1 if a mod]n _h a *ance to visit !m1 w\ld be ! numb] ( ! maim$ & ! halt & ! bl9d4 ,we w\ld be apt to wond] :]e 7 ! indu/rial & manufactur+ plants responsible = all ?is maim+ ( ! p1 & look 9 va9 = ! bel*+ *imneys ( factories or tra9s4 ,x 0 #dbj ano!r =m ( selfi%ness t produc$ cripples 9 ! twelf? c5tury4 ,puni%m5t 0 by maim+4 ,= (f5ces aga9/ prop]ty a man lo/ an eye1 or a h&1 or a leg4 ,v (t5 ! (f5ces 7 ( a k9d t we w\ld res5t puni%m5t = 9 ! mod]n "t4 ,if a man 7 caught poa*+ on a nobleman's pres]ves ( game1 & sometimes x 0 ! hung] ( 8 *ildr5 t drove him to x1 he lo/ a h&4 ,= a second (f5ce1 he lo/ an eye4 ,= failures to pay v>i\s taxes1 if ! (f5ce 7 repeat$1 maim+ 0 likely to be ! consequ5ce4 ,all ?is 0 9 z p]fect accordance ) law z our fell[-s]vant or contributory-neglig5ce doctr9es4 ,s t ! sight ( ! maim$ p]son might det] o!rs f foll[+ ?is example ( recalcitrancy1 x 0 hop$ t ^! cripples w\ld n die1 ?\gh 9 ! imp]fect surg]y ( ! "t !y (t5 did4 ,always ! selfi% pleasures ( ! upp] classes s-call$1 :5 !y are ?\ghtless1 mean ! loss ( all possibilities ( happ9ess = ! l[] classes4 ,! ways ( x all may be diff]5t f age to age1 ! results & ! responsibility are always ! same4 ,9 ! ?irte5? c5tury all ?is 0 *ang$4 ,/4 ,l\is ( ,france s5t "o ( 8 greate/ noblem5 :o _h unreasonably puni%$ /ud5t poa*]s on a p5it5tial pilgrimage to ! ,holy ,l& & inflict$ a heavy f9e1 & all not)/&+ ! prote/ ( ! mo/ p[]ful nobles #dba ( 8 k+dom ^: rights 7 invad$4 ,h[ we d always he> ab\t ! invasion ( ! rights ( ! entr5*$ classes4 ,9 ,engl& m51 ev5 m5 )\t any pat5t ( nobility or cl]ical privilege1 began to h rights & o!rs _h duties t[>ds !m4 ,above all1 m5 7 giv5 opportunities to br+ out :at 0 be/ 9 !m4 ,! great ca!drals 7 built1 ! great mona/]ies1 "s ( ! greate/ ca/les1 "s ( ! f9e colleges at ! univ]sities4 ,_m ( ! municipal build+s 7 erect$ 9 ! glori\s ar*itecture ( ! times4 ,at ^! m5 7 employ$ 9 :at is probably ! happie/ "w t a man c d4 ,!y _h ! *ance to express !mselves 9 ! beautiful a*ievem5ts ( _! h&s4 ,! village blacksmi? made gates1 & locks1 & bolts1 & h+es = ca!drals t are s beautiful t all ! _w has wond]$ at !m ev] s9ce4 ,! /a9$ glass is ! f9e/ ev] made4 ,! illum9at$ books are beautiful beyond description1 ! h&some/ ( all times4 ,! ne$lework ( ! ve/m5ts /&s out z ! mo/ beautiful 9 hi/ory4 ,! m5 & wom5 :o did ^! ?+s 7 happy 9 ! execution ( beautiful works ( art1 & z ! population 0 only scanty a l>ge proportion ( !m 7 clos] to beautiful ?+s ?an ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,bless$ is ! man :o has f\nd 8 "w4 ,^! m5 _h f\nd _! "w & 7 happy4 ,in/ead ( go+ out to ! deadly r\t9e ( #dbb "w !y did n l1 b t !y _h to d1 because !y mu/ e>n en\gh s z to get bread en\gh to eat = !mselves & family1 s t !y might live & g out & "w once m to-morr[ & to-morr[1 & s on to ! end ( record$ "t1 ! workman dreamt ( ! beauty t he might express2 w5t out hop+ to a*ieve x2 fail$ (t5 b /ill hop$1 & hope is life's be/ consolation2 came away reluctantly1 ?9k+ t surely he w\ld accompli% some?+ on ! morr[4 ,x is ! diff]5ce betwe5 m]e r\t9e "w & ! h&icraftsman%ip t satisfies because x occupies ! :ole man4 ,is x any wond] t our workman is discont5t$2 is x any wond] t ! ,engl& ( t "t %\ld be call$ m]ry ,engl& & ! ,france & ,italy gay ,france & ,italy8 ,all ?is organization ( ! workm5 0 accompli%$ by ! univ]sity m5 ( ! "t4 ,!y 7 ma9ly cl]gym51 b !y _h 9 !m n only ! wi%1 b ! faculty to help ^? ar\nd !m1 & s !re arose ! beautiful creations ( t "t 9 art1 ar*itecture1 lit]ature & political fre$om :i* did s mu* = ! masses ( ! p4 ,!re 7 m /ud5ts at ! univ]sities at ! end ( ! ?irte5? c5tury to ! population ( ! v>i\s c\ntries ( ,europe ?an !re are at ! pres5t "t4 ,t seems impossible1 b s d all ! o!r a*ievem5ts ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1--_! ca!drals1 _! arts & crafts1 _! #dbc univ]sities1 _! lit]ature1--until y g back to /udy !m4 ,!re is absolutely no d\bt ab\t ^! /ati/ics4 ,^! univ]sity m5 7 tra9$ to self-gov]nm5t & to ! gov]nm5t ( o!rs 9 ! univ]sity life ( ! "t4 ,!y took t tra9+ out ) !m1 n = selfi% purposes alone1 b = ! help ( o!rs4 ,:at !y accompli%$ is to be f\nd 9 ! social uplift t foll[$4 ,!re is sc>cely a "r or a developm5t ( lib]ty t we h n[ t _c be f\nd1 9 g]m at lea/1 (t5 9 complete evolution1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,! ,supreme ,c\rts ( mo/ ( our /ates /ill make _! decisions foll[+ ! old ,engli% common law :i* 0 laid d[n 9 t c5tury4 ,b x w be said1 :ile s mu* 0 done = ! workman1 h we n he>d t 8 wages 7 a few c5ts1 almo/ no?+1 & t 8 h\rs 7 long & he 0 little bett] ?an a slave8 ,only ! fir/ portion ( ?is has any tru? 9 x4 ,he did get :at seems to u a m]e pittance = 8 day's wages4 ,z po9t$ out by ,m4 ,urba9 ,gohi]1 ! ,fr5* sociali/1 :5 he visit$ ?is c\ntry to lecture a few ye>s ago1 ! workm5 ( ?is "t _h already obta9$ ! eight-h\r day1 ! ?ree eights z !y are call$1 eight h\rs ( "w1 eight h\rs = sleep & eight h\rs = !mselves4 ,besides !y _h ! ,saturday half-holiday1 or at lea/1 aft] ! ,vesp] h\r1 "w c\ld n be requir$ ( !m1 & !re 0 m ?an "o holy-day ( #dbd obligation e two weeks1 on :i* !y did n "w1 & on ! ,vigil ( :i* "w ceas$ at f\r o'clock4 ,z = _! wages1 by ,act ( ,p>liam5t !y got f\rp5ce a day at ! end ( ! c5tury & ?is does n seem mu*1 b ! same ,act ( ,p>liam5t set ! m9imum wage & ! maximum price t c\ld be *>g$ = ! necessities ( life4 ,a pair ( h&-made %oes c\ld be b\ght = f\rp5ce1 & no workman c d any?+ l t = a day's wage at ! pres5t or usually = m ?an d\ble 8 daily wages4 ,a fat goose co/ b twop5ce halfp5ny1 & :5 ! fa!r ( a family c buy two fat geese = 8 daily wages1 !re is no dang] ( ! family />v+4 ,our wages are high]1 b ! necessities ( life h gone up s high t ! wages c sc>cely t\* !m4 ,9 ! p>liam5t t pass$ ^! laws ! great] proportion 7 college m54 ,i suppose probably ?ree-f\r?s ( ! memb]s ( bo? h\ses _h be5 at ! univ]sity4 ,n[ t ! "q ( ! abolition ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords is occupy+ mu* att5tion1 we sometimes he> ( x z a m$iaeval in/itution4 ,x is spok5 ( z an inh]itance f an e>li] & rud] "t4 ,i wond] h[ mu* ! p :o talk ?us "k ab\t ! realities4 ,!y mu/ be d5sely ignorant ( :at ! ,h\se ( ,lords us$ to be4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t !re are 9 ! ,engli% ,h\se ( ,lords #fbg memb]s1 only #dbe #ge ( :om d n owe _! position directly or solely to ! accid5t ( bir?4 ,ev5 ab\t half ( ?is sev5ty-five c only be select$ f ! h]$it>y nobility ( ,scotl& & ( ,irel&4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages x 0 q diff]5t4 ,until ! re=mation s-call$ ! ,lords ,spiritual =m$ a majority ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,!y consi/$ n only ( ! bi%ops b ( ! abbots & priors ( mona/]ies & ! ma/]s ( ! v>i\s religi\s & knightly ord]s4 ,?is upp] *amb] ( ! old5 "t 0 elect$ 9 ! be/ possible s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!y 7 usually m5 :o _h ris5 f ! ranks ( ! p & :o _h be5 *os5 because ( _! unselfi%ness to be heads ( religi\s h\ses & religi\s ord]s4 ,!re 7 abuses by :i* "s ( ^! ,lords ,spiritual obta9$ _! places by :at we n[ call pull1 b ! great majority ( !m 7 select$ = _! virtues1 & because !y _h %[n _! p[] to rule ov] !mselves _h be5 *os5 to rule ov] o!rs4 ,!y 7 m5 :o c\ld own no?+ = !mselves & families1 & 9 :om e motive1 human & div9e1 appeal$ to make life z happy z possible = o!rs4 ,!y 7 all ( !m univ]sity m54 ,comp>e = a mom5t ! pres5t ,h\se ( ,lords ) t ,h\se ( ,lords & y w see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! old "t & ! pres5t4 ,no wond] ,engl& 0 m]ry ,engl&1 no wond] hi/orian #dbf aft] hi/orian has decl>$ t ! p 7 happi] at ?is "t ?an !y h ev] be5 be=e or s9ce1 no wond] m5 _h leisure to make great monum5ts ( g5ius 9 ar*itecture1 9 ! arts & 9 lit]ature4 ,no wond] ! univ]sities1 9 ! =m 9 :i* !y h be5 useful to mank9d ev] s9ce1 7 organiz$ 9 ?is c5tury2 no wond] all our rights & lib]ties come to u4 ,great g5]ations ( ! univ]sity m5 nobly did _! "w4 ,"y m51 y are graduat+ f a college t is lit]ally a l9eal desc5dant ( ^? old-"t univ]sities4 ,y h _h ! tra9+ ( he>t & ( w z well z ( m9d t 0 giv5 to ^! /ud5ts ( ! old5 times4 ,y h be5 taught t ! end ( life is n self1 b t life %all mean some?+ = o!rs z well z y\rself1 t e action %all be look$ at f ! /&po9t ( :at x means = o!rs z well z = y\rselves1 & t y %all nev] d any?+ t w ev5 remotely injure o!rs4 ,y are n only go+ to lead hone/ b honorable lives4 ,y are go+ to be true to y\rselves fir/1 b absolutely fai?ful to o!rs4 ,!y are tell+ a /ory 9 ,new ,york n[ t1 p]haps1 "s ( y h he>d4 ,x is ( ! "y man :o _h graduat$ at ! head ( 8 class at ! high s*ool & delight$ 8 old fa!r's he>t4 ,he kept up ! good "w1 & came out fir/ 9 8 class at college4 ,!n1 :5 #dbg he l$ a l>ge class at ! law s*ool1 y c und]/& h[ pr\d ! old g5tleman 04 ,tom came home to practise law 9 a long-e/abli%$ firm :]e !re 0 an op5+ = him4 ,"s six mon?s lat] he said1 "o day1 to 8 fa!r1 ,well1 ,i made #aj1jjj to-day1 & ! old g5tleman said1 ,well1 ,tom1 t is a good deal ( money to make4 ,i hope y made x hone/ly4 ,! "y man lift$ 8 head & said1 ,y c be sure t ,i w\ld n make x di%one/ly4 ,t is "r1 ! old man said4 ,tell u h[ x came ab\t4 ,!n ,tom told h[ he knew t a trolley l9e 0 go+ to run out f> f t[n & t he _h secur$ an option on "s prop]ty ?r\gh :i* x 0 go+ to pass4 ,y "k old ,f>m] ,simpson out on ! ,plank ,road8 he said4 ,8 boys h left him & gone to ! city2 he _c "w 8 f>m any long] himself1 & he _c hire m5 = x1 & he wants to get rid ( x4 ,i got positive in=mation ye/]day ?r\gh "o ( our cli5ts t a trolley l9e is go+ out ?r\gh t f>m4 ,:5 ,i w5t out to see ! old man he knew me at once1 spoke ab\t y1 & :5 ,i (f]$ to try to sell ! f>m = him & sugge/$ ! advisability ( sign+ an option on x to me at a def9ite figure1 s t ,i may be able to close ! price ) any "o :o want$ x1 he sign$ at once at a ridicul\sly l[ figure because1 ?\gh1 z he said1 he did n c>e to sign ! pap]s = lawy] folk1 #dbh he knew ,i 0 diff]5t4 ,i h got ! f>m at s l[ a price t #aj1jjj is ! smalle/ pr(it ,i c look =4 ,i ?9k ,i w get t pr(it out ( ! company = ! "r ( way1 & !n ,i w h ! re/ ( ! f>m = myself4 ,x w make a mighty nice c\ntry place4 ,!n !re 0 a pause4 ,! old g5tleman did n light5 up any ov] ! /ory1 z ,tom seem$ to ?9k he w\ld4 ,aft] a m9ute's sil5ce ! old man said1 ,well1 ,tom1 t 0 n :at ,i s5t y to college & law s*ool =1 to come out "h & take advantage ( my old neighbors4 ,i ?\ght t y w\ld be helpful to u all1 & t !re w\ld be m ( happ9ess 9 ! _w because ( y\r education4 ,y may call t transaction hone/1 & p]haps x is legal1 b ,i "k t x is di%onorable4 ,tom1 if y don't give ,f>m] ,simpson back 8 option ,i d n ?9k ,i want y to live "h ) me any m4 ,someh[ ,i c\ldn't feel z if ,i c\ld hold up my head if ev] ,i pass$ ,f>m] ,simpson & 8 wife1 if y did4 ,y may act z 8 attorney if y w & take a good fair fee = x1 b y mu/ n absorb all ! pr(its j because ! old man is 9 tr\ble & is glad to tru/ an old neighbor's son4 ,( c\rse ,tom's fa!r 0 dreadfully old-fa%ion$ & out ( date4 ,( c\rse !re are "s p :o w say t ?is sort ( ?+ is quixotic4 ,n[1 ?is sort ( ?+ is :at high] education %\ld mean1 & does mean1 9 a #dbi ,ca?olic college4 ,y\r pr9ciples are n taught y = ! sake ( ex]cises ( piety1 nor att5dance at religi\s duties4 ,^! y h got to d anyh[1 b !y are meant to infl[ into e action ( y\r life & to make ! basic pr9ciple ( !m all1 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,y are graduat+ f a ,ca?olic college ) high aims1 y h _h _m advantages1 m ?an are accord$ usually 9 our "t to m5 ( y\r ye>s 9 ! tra9+ ( he>t & w z well z intellect1 & mu* is expect$ ( y4 ,y are ri* 9 real education & a /ew>d%ip ( great intellectual & moral weal? is giv5 ov] to y1 & y mu/ be bett] ?an o!rs & be1 above all1 ev] helpful to o!rs4 ,y\r education 0 n giv5 = y\r b5efit1 b = t ( ! community4 ,y\r neighbors are all r\nd y4 ,see t at ! end ( y\r life !y %all all be happi] because y h liv$4 ,if y d n d s y %all sadly disappo9t ! hopes ( y\r tea*]s &1 above all1 y %all be false to ! tru/ t has be5 confid$ to y4 ,pass on ! tor* ( *>ity4 ,let all ! _w be de> to y 9 ! old-fa%ion$ s5se ( t de> old ^w *>ity1 n m]ely di/antly fri5dly 9 ! new-fangl$ s5se ( ! long ,greek t]m philan?ropy4 ,be j :ile y are liv+ y\r lives & y w n h ! burd5 ( philan?ropy t s _m ri* m5 are n[ compla9+ ( 9 y\r old] ye>s1 &1 above all1 #dcj y w n h ! contempt & av]sion ( ^? :o may accept y\r b\nty1 b :o "k h[ que/ionably y acquir$ ! means ( giv+ x & are n really ?ankful4 ,i h done b = j "o ^w4 ,be j & fe> n4 ,if y w be j 9 y\r deal+ ) m51 y w h no ne$ = fur!r advice & no ne$ = rep5tance4 ,i ?ank y4 #dca ,,new ,,engl&ism #dcb ,x isn't s mu* ! ignorance ( mank9d t makes !m ridicul\s z ! kn[+ s _m ?+s t a9't s4 --,jo% ,bill+s1 writ+ z ,uncle ,esek 9 ! ,c5tury4 #dcc ,,new ,,engl&ism ,footnote #bg ,footnote #bg3 ,! mat]ial = ?is 0 collect$ = a banquet address 9 ,bo/on on ,evacuation ,day1 #aiji1 be=e ! ,knights ( ,columbus4 ,x 0 develop$ = v>i\s lectures on ! hi/ory ( education1 9 ord] to illu/rate h[ easy x is to produce a tradition :i* is n support$ by hi/orical docum5ts4 ,9 its pres5t =m x appe>$ z an article 9 ! ,we/ ,coa/ ,magaz9e = ,july1 #aiaj1 at ! reque/ ( ! editor1 ,mr4 ,john ,s4 ,mc,groarty1 ) :om1 m ye>s ago ?an ei!r ( u c>e to recall n[1 ,i _h le>n$ ! ,new ,engl& br& ( ,unit$ ,/ates hi/ory at a c\ntry s*ool4 ,!re is a little /ory told ( a suppos$ rec5t cele/ial exp]i5ce1 t seems1 to "s p1 at lea/--p]haps x may be said )\t exagg]ation1 to mo/ ( ^? alas6 n born 9 ,new ,engl&--to illu/rate v well ! attitude ( ,new ,engl&]s1 & especially ( ! ,bo/onese portion ( ! ,new ,engl& population1 t[>ds all ! re/ ( ! _w & ! heav5s besides4 ,/4 ,pet]1 ! cele/ial gate-keep]1 is suppos$ to be di/urb$ f ! slumb]s t h be5 possible s mu* (t5] ( late ye>s because ( ! infrequ5t admissions s9ce ! _w has lo/ int]e/ 9 o!r-worldl9ess1 by an imp]i\s knock+ at ! gate4 ,:o's !re8 he asks 9 a v mild voice1 = he kn[s by long exp]i5ce t t k9d ( knock+ usually comes f "s gr& dame f ! t]re/rial regions4 ,! reply1 9 r imp]ative #dcd tone1 is1 ,i am ,mrs4 ,beacon f ,bo/on1 ) emphasis on ! ,bo/on1 ,well1 madam1 ,pet] says 9 reply1 y may come 91 b1 he adds ) a wisdom le>n$ d\btless f _m previ\s incid5ts ( ! same k9d1 y won't l x4 ,( c\rse1 ! ?or\ghgo+ admiration ( ,new ,engl& p1 & especially ( ,bo/onians1 = all t is ,new ,engl&1 &1 above all1 all t is ,bo/on1 has be5 well recogniz$ = a long :ile & has n fail$ ( prop] appreciation1 to "s degree at lea/1 ev5 9 ,new ,engl& itself4 ,to ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes we owe t delightful *>act]ization ( x 9 ! ,autocrat ( ! ,breakfa/ ,table1 ,bo/on ,/ate ,h\se is ! hub ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,y c\ld n pry t out ( a ,bo/on man 7& a =tiori ,i ?9k x may be said out ( a ,bo/on woman7 if y _h ! tire ( all creation /raight5$ out = a cr[b>4 ,james ,russell ,l[ell express$ ! same idea v =cibly 9 o!r words 9 "s expressions ( 8 essay on ,a ,c]ta9 ,condesc5sion 9 ,=eign]s1 t h be5 p]haps (t5e/ quot$ & are de> to e true ,new ,engl&]'s he>t4 ,( c\rse1 he meant x a great deal m ?an half 9 je/1 b :o ( u :o "k our ,d[n ,ea/]n]s d\bt t mo/ ( !m take x consid]ably m ?an half 9 e>ne/8 ,_! attitude %[s u v well h[ mu* ! daught] ,new ,engl& 0 ready to take aft] "m ,engl& 9 #dce ! matt] ( ?9k+ s mu* ( h]self t %e mu/ p]=ce be condesc5d+ to o!rs4 ,l[ell's expression is wor?y to be plac$ beside t ( ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes = ! guidance ( ,am]ican m9ds4 ,!y are keys to ! situation4 ,i "k "o p]son1 said ,l[ell1 :o is s+ul> en\gh to ?9k ,cambridge 7,mass47 ! v be/ spot on ! habitable globe4 ',d\btless ,god c\ld h made a bett]1 b d\btless he nev] did4' ,x only ne$$ 8 next s5t5ce fully to complete ! significance ( ,bo/on & its academic suburb 9 ! eyes ( e good ,bo/onian4 ,! full tide ( human exi/5ce may be felt "h z ke5ly z ,johnson felt x at ,*>+ ,cross & 9 a l>g] s5se4 ,( c\rse !re is no insup]able objection to all[+ ,new ,engl&]s to add to ! gayety ( nations 9 ?is supreme occupation ) !mselves1 & we w\ld gladly suff] !m if only !y w\ld n intrude _! ,new ,engl&ism on "s ( ! mo/ important conc]ns ( ! nation4 ,b t is impossible1 = ,new ,engl&ism is mo/ obtrusive4 ,x is ,new ,engl& t has writt5 mo/ ( ! hi/ory ( ?is c\ntry & its influ5ce has be5 p>am\nt on mo/ ( our education4 ,x has suppli$ mo/ ( ! writ]s ( hi/ory & m\ld$ mo/ ( ! s*ool-tea*]s ( ! c\ntry4 ,! consequ5ce has be5 a /amp+ ( ,new ,engl&ism all ov] our hi/ory & on ! m9ds ( ris+ g5]ations = ! bett] "p ( a c5tury1 ) a #dcf p]v]sion ( ! realities ( hi/ory 9 favor ( ,new ,engl& t is q />tl+ :5 att5tion is p>ticul>ly direct$ to x4 ,! editors ( ! ,cambridge mod]n ,hi/ory1 9 _! preface1 call$ att5tion to ! imm5se diff]5ces betwe5 :at may be call$ docum5t>y & traditional hi/ory4 ,!y decl>e t x has become impossible = hi/orical writ]s ( ! pres5t age to tru/ )\t res]ve ev5 to ! mo/ respect$ second>y au?orities4 ,! hone/ /ud5t f9ds himself cont9ually des]t$1 ret>d$1 misl$1 by ! classics ( hi/orical lit]ature1 & has to hew 8 own way ?r\gh multitud9\s transactions1 p]iodicals1 & (ficial publications 9 ord] to rea* ! tru?4 ,mo/ p read+ ?is w\ld be prone to ?9k t any su* arraignm5t ( ,am]ican hi/ory1 z is ?us made by ! di/+ui%$ ,cambridge editors ( hi/ory 9 g5]al1 w\ld be q out ( ! "q4 ,aft] all1 our hi/ory1 prop]ly speak+1 ext5ds only ov] a c\ple ( c5turies & we w\ld presumably be too close to ! ev5ts = any s]i\s di/ortion ( !m to h be5 made4 ,= t reason x is int]e/+ to realize :at an un=tunate influ5ce ! fact t our writ]s h come ma9ly f ,new ,engl& & h be5 full ( ! ,new ,engl& _s has _h on our ,am]ican hi/ory4 ,e ,am]ican s*oolboy is likely to be possess$ ( ! idea t ! fir/ blood %$ 9 ! ,revolution 0 9 ! s-call$ ,bo/on ,massacre4 #dcg ,x is well kn[n t t ev5t ?us describ$ 0 no?+ m ?an a /reet brawl 9 :i* five totally un>m$ pass]s-by 7 %ot d[n )\t _! mak+ ! slighte/ resi/ance1 z an act ( retaliation on ! "p ( drunk5 soldi]s annoy$ by boys ?r[+ sn[balls at !m4 ,?is has be5 magnifi$ into an important hi/orical ev5t4 ,two mon?s be=e x1 h[ev]1 !re 0 an enc\nt] 9 ,new ,york ) ! citiz5s "u arms z well z ! soldi]s1 & x 0 at ,gold5 ,hill on ,manhattan ,isl& & n 9 ,bo/on t ! fir/ blood ( ! ,revolution 0 %$4 ,miss ,m>y ,l4 ,boo?1 9 h] ,hi/ory ( ! ,city ( ,new ,york1 says3 ,?us end$ ! ,battle ( ,gold5 ,hill1 a conflict ( two days' duration1 :i*1 orig9at+ z x did 9 ! def5se ( a pr9ciple1 0 an affair ( :i* ,new ,york]s h j reason to be pr\d1 & :i* is wor?y ( f> m prom95ce ?an has usually be5 giv5 x by /&>d hi/orians4 ,x 0 n until ne>ly two mon?s aft] t ! ,bo/on ,massacre occurr$1 a conte/ :i* has be5 glorifi$ & p]petuat$ 9 hi/ory1 yet ?is 0 second bo? 9 date & 9 significance to ! ,new ,york ,battle ( ,gold5 ,hill4 ,practically e o!r incid5t ( ^! times has be5 treat$ 9 j ?is way1 9 our s*ool hi/ories at lea/4 ,e ,am]ican s*oolboy kn[s ( ! ,bo/on tea p>ty1 & usually c & does tell ! /ory ) great gu/o because #dch x delights 8 y\?ful dramatic s5se4 ,n only ! *ildr51 b e "o else seems to ?9k t ! organization ( ! tea p>ty 0 entirely due to ! ,new ,engl& _s ( resi/ance to taxation )\t repres5tation4 ,h[ few ( !m are taught t ?is de/ruction ( ! tea _h be5 def9itely agre$ ^u by all ! colonies & t x 0 only by *ance t ,massa*usetts happ5$ to be fir/ 9 ! execution ( ! project4 ,my fri5d1 ,dr4 ,?omas ,addis ,emmet1 9 8 article on ,"s ,popul> ,my?s ( ,am]ican ,hi/ory1 9 ! ,magaz9e ( ,hi/ory 7,febru>y1 #aije71 has /at$ ?is aspect ( ! "q v =cibly4 ,previ\s to ! arrival ( ! %ips 9 ,bo/on1 conc]t$ action _h be5 agre$ ^u1 z has be5 already %[n1 9 reg>d to ! de/ruction ( ! tea1 f ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c41 to ,portsm\?1 ,n4 ,h4 ,! p ( ,philadelphia _h be5 f> m active & outspok5 at ! outset ?an !y ( ,bo/on1 & x 0 ?is decisiv5ess :i* caus$ ! p ( ,bo/on to act1 aft] !y _h freely s\ght be=eh& ! advice & moral support ( ! o!r colonies4 ,x w\ld be utt]ly unju/ to limit ! movem5t :i* culm9at$ 9 ! ,bo/on ,tea ,p>ty to any "o or ev5 sev]al ( ! colonies2 to make s mu* ( ! ,bo/on incid5t is to falsify hi/ory 9 fact1 b1 above all1 9 ! impression produc$ ^u ! ris+ g5]ation t ,bo/on 0 a lead] 9 ?is movem5t4 ,! fir/ #dci tea-%ip arriv$ 9 ,bo/on ,novemb] #bh1 #aggc1 & two o!rs %ortly aft]1 b x 0 n until ! ev5+ ( ,decemb] #af? t _! cont5ts 7 ?r[n ov]bo>d4 ,ov] six weeks be=e ?is a precisely simil> occurr5ce _h tak5 place 9 ,new ,york )\t any su* delay1 & ?\gh ! movem5t prov$ futile because x 0 und]tak5 on a false al>m1 x is easy to und]/& t due cr$it %\ld be giv5 to ^? :o took "p 9 x = _! ?or\ghgo+ _s ( opposition to ,briti% measures4 ,on ?is subject once m ,dr4 ,emmet1 ^: great collection ( ,am]icana made him probably m famili> ) he s\rces ( ,am]ican hi/ory ?an any "o ( our g5]ation1 has be51 9 ! article already quot$1 especially emphatic4 ,on ,novemb] #e1 #aggc1 an al>m 0 rais$ 9 ! ,city ( ,new ,york to ! effect t a tea-%ip _h ent]$ ! h>bor4 ,a l>ge assembly ( p at once occurr$1 among :om ^? 9 *>ge ( ! movem5t 7 disguis$ z ,mohawk ,indians4 ,?is al>m prov$ a false "o1 b at a meet+ !n organiz$ a s]ies ( resolutions 0 adopt$ :i* 0 receiv$ by ! o!r colonies z ! initiative 9 ! plan ( resi/ance already det]m9$ ^u ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,our s*oolbooks are *iefly responsible = ! almo/ univ]sal impression t ! de/ruction ( tea1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,bo/on ,h>bor1 0 an episode conf9$ to t city1 :ile ! fact is t ! tea s5t to ?is c\ntry 0 ei!r #ddj de/roy$ or s5t back to ,engl& f e seaport 9 ! colonies4 ,! fir/ tea-%ip happ5$ to arrive 9 ,bo/on & ! fir/ tea 0 de/roy$ !re2 = ?is circum/ance due cr$it %\ld be giv5 ! ,bo/onians4 ,b ! fact t ! actors 9 ?is affair 7 disguis$ z ,mohawk ,indians %[s t !y 7 b foll[+ ! lead ( ,new ,york1 :]e ?is p>ticul> disguise _h be5 adopt$ =ty-"o days be=e1 = ! same purpose4 ,j z ! ,bo/on ,massacre has be5 insi/5tly po9t$ out z ! fir/ blood %$ = ,am]ican lib]ty1 s ! ,battle ( ,lex+ton has be5 drill$ into our s*ool *ildr5's m9ds z ! fir/ organiz$ arm$ resi/ance to ! ,briti%4 ,)\t wi%+ at all to detract f ! glory ( ^? :o f\ght at ,lex+ton1 !re is e reason n to let ! y\? ( ?is c\ntry gr[ up ) ! notion t ,massa*usetts 0 ! fir/ to put itself =mally "u arms aga9/ ! "m c\ntry4 ,lex+ton 0 n f\ght until ,april #ai1 #agge4 ,! battle ( ,alamance1 ,n4 ,c41 :i* occurr$ on ,may #af1 #agga1 des]ves mu* m to be consid]$ z ! fir/ organiz$ resi/ance to ,briti% oppression4 ,! ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,regulators r ?an ! ,new ,engl& ,m9ute ,m5 %\ld h ! honor ( priority z ! fir/ arm$ def5d]s ( _! rights aga9/ encroa*m5t4 ,! subject is all ! m int]e/+ because ! ,briti% lead] :o tri$ to ride r\gh-%od ov] /\t ,am]icans 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a & met #dda ) op5 opposition 0 ! infam\s ,g5]al ,tryon ( subsequ5t ,connecticut fame4 ,e "o kn[s ( 8 p]nici\s activity 9 ,connecticut1 v few t he _h be5 previ\sly active 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,t is ! diff]5ce betwe5 hi/ory z x has be5 writt5 = ,new ,engl& & ! ,s\?4 ,t ! ,battle ( ,alamance 0 no m]e *ance engagem5t1 & t ! ,nor? ,c>ol9ians 7 aflame ) ! real _s t f9ally gave fre$om to ! colonies1 c be be/ realiz$ f ! fact t ! fir/ ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 made at ,meckl5b]g 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & t "s ( its s5tim5ts1 & ev5 p]haps its phrases1 7 adopt$ 9 ! subsequ5t =mal ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ( all ! colonies4 ,= ^? :o may be surpris$ t ,nor? ,c>ol9a %\ld h be5 s prom95t 9 ^! fir/ /eps 9 ,revolution>y hi/ory & ^! prim>y developm5ts ( ! great movem5t t l$ to ! fre$om ( ! ,colonies1 = we are accu/om$ to ?9k ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a z "o ( ! backw>d1 unimportant portions ( ! c\ntry1 x may be well to say t at ! "t ( ! ,revolution %e 0 ! ?ird ,/ate 9 ! ,union 9 population1 foll[+ ,virg9ia & ,p5nsylvania 9 ! numb] ( inhabitants1 exce$+ ,new ,york 9 population by ! total c5sus ( ,new ,york ,city & ,long ,isl&1 & ahead ( ,massa*usetts1 :i* imm$iately foll[$ x 9 ! li/ by almo/ z _m4 ,! /urdy #ddb inhabitants ( ! nor!rn ( ! ,c>ol9as _h be5 = a decade be=e ! ,revolution con/antly a ?orn 9 ! side ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t & _h be5 recogniz$ z lead]s 9 ! great movem5t t 0 gradually be+ organiz$ to br+ all ! colonies toge!r = mutual help aga9/ ! encroa*m5ts ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t on _! rights4 ,our s*ool *ildr5 fail almo/ entirely to "k ?is because !y h be5 absorb$ by ,massa*usetts hi/ory--b !n ,nor? ,c>ol9a did n h ! good =tune to h writ]s ( hi/ory4 ,new ,engl& _h !m & to sp>e1 & ) a patriotic zeal = _! native hea? beyond ev5 _! numb]s4 ,( c\rse x may be said t ^! are old-"t hi/orical traditions :i* h f\nd _! way into hi/ory & are difficult to get out1 ?\gh mo/ ( ^? :o "k any hi/ory realize _! absurdity1 & ! mod]n hi/orian1 ev5 ?\gh he may be f ,new ,engl&1 holds ! balance mu* m equitably betwe5 ! diff]5t portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,app>5tly ?is is j :at is n true1 = ,new ,engl& pr(essors ( hi/ory & writ]s ( hi/ory /ill cont9ue to write 9 ! same old /ra9 ( su* surpass+ admiration = ,new ,engl&]s t e o!r portion ( ! c\ntry is ca/ into %ad[4 ,x 0 a di/+ui%$ pr(essor ( hi/ory at ,h>v>d :o1 )9 five ye>s1 9 an important hi/orical "w1 ,footnote #bh said3 ,:atev] ! social mixture #ddc ( ! future1 "o ?+ is c]ta92 ! /&>ds1 aspirations & moral & political ideas ( ! orig9al ,engli% settl]s n only dom9ate _! own desc5dants1 b p]meate ! body ( immigrants ( o!r races--! ,puritans h furni%$ ! little leav5 t leav5s ! :ole lump4 ,footnote #bh3 ,! ,am]ican ,nation1 #bg vols4 ,"o wond]s j :at su* a s5t5ce means &1 ( c\rse1 f9ds x 9 _m ways amaz+ly amus+4 ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! only ,engli% settl]s 7 ! ,puritans1 & t !y _h _h great influ5ce 9 ! orig9 ( our gov]nm5t4 ,app>5tly1 = ! mom5t at lea/1 ?is ,h>v>d pr(essor =got 9 8 en?usiasm = ! =efa!rs 9 ,massa*usetts t ! o!r bran* ( ,engli% settl]s1 ^? ( ,virg9ia1 7 ev] s mu* m important 9 ! colonial times & = long aft]w>ds1 ?an ! ,puritans4 ,( ! fir/ five ,presid5ts f\r 7 f ,virg9ia4 ,x is possible !y =get n[1 9 ,massa*usetts1 t only "o 0 f ,massa*usetts1 & t t "o did m to di/urb gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 & = ! p ?an any o!r1 s t aft] f\r %ort ye>s ! c\ntry w\ld h no m ( him & no m ( ^! ,massa*usetts ,puritans = m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,?is de>1 good pr(essor ( ,h>v>d has delib]ately call$ all ! non-,engli% elem5ts 9 our population =eign]s because ( 8 absorption 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,he said3 ,if ! li/ ( ,am]ican #ddd great m5 be scann$ ! contribution ( ! =eign] /&s out cle>ly4 ,! two greate/ f9anci]s ( ,am]ica h be5 ! ,engli% ,we/ ,indian ,alex&] ,hamilton & ! ,g5evan ,alb]t ,gallat94 ,two ,presid5ts1 ,van ,bur5 & ,roosevelt1 are ( ,dut* /ock2 five o!rs1 ,jackson1 ,bu*anan1 ,grant1 ,ar?ur & ,mc,kinley ( ,scot* & ,scot*-,iri% desc5t4 ,all =eign]s except ! ,new ,engl&]s6 ,save ! m>k6 ,x is r int]e/+ to f9d t _! contempor>ies ( ! ,revolution>y p]iod did n %>e t high e/imation ( ! ,new ,engl&]s :i* !y !mselves clung to s t5aci\sly & h writ s l>ge 9 our hi/ory t ! tradition ( ,new ,engl&'s unselfi% wond]-work+ 9 t old5 "t has nev] p]i%$4 ,mo/ ( u are likely to "k some?+ ab\t ! r l[ e/imation1 at mo/ tol]ation1 9 :i* dur+ ! ,revolution>y p]iod _m ( ! memb]s ( ,congress f ,new ,engl& 7 held by fell[-memb]s ( ,congress f o!r portions ( ! c\ntry4 ,!y 7 ! mo/ difficult to br+ into h>mony ) o!rs1 ! sl[e/ to see any?+ t did n directly enhance ! int]e/s ( ,new ,engl&2 !y 7 m con/antly 9 opposition to great movem5ts t meant mu* = ! future ( ! colonies !mselves & ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates aft]w>d ?an any o!rs4 ,we are prone to excuse ?is1 h[ev]1 on ! score #dde ( _! intol]ant ,puritanism1 & taught by our ,new ,engl& s*oolma/]s1 mo/ ( u1 at lea/1 fondly *]i% ! notion t all ! ,new ,engl&]s made supreme sacrifices = ! c\ntry & did x ) a :ole-he>t$ _s ( self-=getfulness t made e man1 above all 9 ,massa*usetts1 an out-&-out patriot4 ,x is curi\s to f9d h[ diff]5t 7 ! op9ions ( ^? f o!r portions ( ! c\ntry :o came 9 contact ) ,new ,engl&]s at ?is "t1 f t :i* is to be f\nd 9 _! hi/ories4 ,wa%+ton1 = in/ance1 _h by no means ! same high op9ion ( ! ,new ,engl&]s1 &1 above all1 ( ! ,new ,engl& troops1 t !y _h ( !mselves & t _! hi/orians h s c>efully pres5t$ ( !m4 ,x is said t ,sp>ks edit$ _m ( ,wa%+ton's criticisms ( ,new ,engl&]s out ( 8 edition ( ! ,life & ,lett]s4 ,c]ta9 x is t "s ( ! lett]s :i* ,sp>ks did n consid] x prop] to quote f1 conta9 mat]ial t is v int]e/+ = ! mod]n hi/orian :o wants to get at contempor>y docum5ts1 & = :om contempor>y op9ions su* z t ( ,wa%+ton _c b seem especially valuable4 ,9 a lett] f ! camp at ,cambridge1 ,augu/ #bj1 #agge1 to ,lund ,wa%+ton at ,mt4 ,v]non1 ,wa%+ton said3 ,! p ( ?is ,gov]nm5t ,massa*usetts h obta9$ a "* :i* !y by no means des]ve2 _! (fic]s1 g5]ally #ddf speak+1 are ! mo/ indiff]5t k9d ( p ,i ev] saw4 ,i h already broke "o colonel & five capta9s = c[>dice1 & = draw+ m pay & provisions ?an !y _h m5 9 _! companies4 ,!re are two m colonels n[ "u arre/ & to be tri$ = ! same (f5ses2 9 %ort1 !y are by no means su* troops1 9 any respect1 z y are l$ to believe ( !m f ! acc\nts :i* are publi%$2 b ,i ne$ n make myself enemies among !m by ?is decl>ation1 al?\gh x is consi/5t ) tru?4 ,i d>e say ! m5 w\ld fight v well 7if prop]ly (fic]$71 al?\gh !y are an exce$+ly dirty & na/y p4 ,_h !y be5 prop]ly conduct$ at ,bunk]'s ,hill 7on ! #ag? ( ,june7 or ^? t 7 !re prop]ly support$1 ! regul>s w\ld h met ) a %ameful defeat1 & a mu* m consid]able loss ?an !y did1 :i* is n[ kn[n to be exactly #a1jeg1 kill$ & w\nd$4 ,x 0 = _! behavior on t occasion t ! above (fic]s 7 broke1 = ,i nev] sp>$ "o t 0 accus$ ( c[>dice1 b br\ght !m to imm$iate trial4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p]v]sions ( ! hi/ory writt5 by ,new ,engl&]s is t 9 _! emphasis ( ,new ,engl&ism !y h sometimes signally fail$ to write ev5 _! own hi/ory z ! docum5ts %[ x4 ,!re has be5 mu* insi/5ce1 = in/ance1 on ! suppos$ absolute purity ( ! ,engli% orig9 ( #ddg ! settl]s 9 ,new ,engl& & especially 9 ,massa*usetts until long aft] ! ,revolution4 ,palfrey1 9 ! introduction to 8 ,hi/ory ( ,new ,engl&1 says3 ,! p ( ,new ,engl& are a s+ul>ly unmix$ race4 ,!re is probably n a c\nty 9 ,engl& occupi$ by a population ( pur] ,engli% blood ?an !y are4 ,s5ator ,lodge1 =ty ye>s lat]1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,revolution1 re-e*oes ,mr4 ,palfrey's words1 & says t ! p 7 ( almo/ pure ,engli% blood1 ) a small infusion ( ,hugu5ots & a slight m+l+ 9 ,new ,hamp%ire ( ,scot*-,iri% f ,londond]ry4 ,dur+ ! pa/ t5 ye>s ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts1 by ord] ( ! ,legislature1 has be5 compil+ f ! /ate ar*ives ! mu/] roll ( ! ,massa*usetts soldi]s & sailors ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,?is does n be> out at all :at ,mr4 ,palfrey & ,mr4 ,lodge h ass]t$ s emphatically z to ! exclusively ,engli% orig9 ( ! population ( ,new ,engl& &1 above all1 ( ,massa*usetts at ?is critical "t4 ,!re is n a famili> ,iri% "n t does n occur _m times4 ,! fight+ race 0 well repres5t$4 ,!re 7 #afg ,kellys & #gi ,burkes1 ?\gh by "s unacc\ntable circum/ance only #bd ,%eas4 ,!re 7 #chh ,o',bri5s & o!r ,o's & ,macs galore4 ,!re are ,ah]ns & ,brannigans & ,bannons & ,c>eys & ,c>rolls & ,connellys1 ,connors & ,corcorans & ,co/ellos & ,cosgroves & #ddh ,co/igans1 & s on "r ?r\gh ! alphabet4 ,curi\sly en\gh !re are no ,lodges on ! mu/] roll1 b !re is n an ,iri% "n beg9n+ ) ,l t is n repres5t$4 ,!re are no less ?an #fi ,l>k9s & "s #bj ,le>ys & ,lon]gans & ,lanigans & all ! o!r ,celtic patronymics 9 ,l4 ,dr4 ,emmet1 :o has inve/igat$ v c>efully ! "q ( ! deportation ( ! ,iri% to ?is c\ntry "u ,cromwell1 says t _m %iploads ( !m 7 s5t to ,massa*usetts 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,he decl>es t en\gh ,iri% girls 7 s5t ov] to ,massa*usetts at ?is "t to furni% wives = all ! imm$iate desc5dants ( ! ,puritans4 ,!re are c]ta9ly _m m ,iri% names ?an are dreamt ( 9 ! v e>ly times4 ,priscilla ,ald5's "n be=e %e tempt$ ,john to give h] 8 r pretty "n1 has nev] f\nd its way into poetry because no poetry w\ld /& x--x 0 ,mull5 or ,mull9s4 ,ev5 aft] ! ,revolution ! place ( ,new ,engl&1 b especially ,massa*usetts1 9 ! ,republic has be5 sadly misrepres5t$ 9 our ,am]ican hi/ory z a rule1 because our s*ool hi/orians at lea/ h usually be5 ,bo/onians4 ,:5 ,wa%+ton1 9 #aghi1 made 8 fir/ visit z ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ,new ,engl&1 he 0 receiv$ v en?usia/ically 9 ,connecticut1 ?\gh ?is /ate _h n be5 :olly favorable to ! new gov]nm5t1 b 9 #ddi ,massa*usetts 8 reception 0 di/9ctly cold1 & inde$1 almo/ insult+4 ,john ,hancock 0 ,gov]nor ( ?is ,/ate & he absolutely refus$ to meet ! ,presid5t at ! ,/ate l9e1 ?\gh mo/ o!r ,gov]nors _h done ?is1 & :ile ,presid5t ,wa%+ton 0 9 ,bo/on he decl9$ ev5 to call on him4 ,! reason = ?is 0 ! assumption ( a *>act]i/ic ,massa*usetts attitude4 ,!re seems no d\bt n[ t ,john ,hancock1 n because he 0 pomp\s ,john ,hancock1 n because he 0 ! ,gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts--& ?is idea _h be5 fo/]$ among 8 p--hone/ly believ$ t ! ,gov]nor ( ,massa*usetts 0 a great] man 9 e way ?an ! ,presid5t ( ! nation4 ,!re are _m :o might say t ?is /ate ( m9d has endur$ ev5 to ! pres5t "t4 ,c]ta9ly ,massa*usetts' repres5tative m5 h con/antly set ! int]e/s ( _! commonweal? above ^? ( ! ,union4 ,new ,engl& has always _h a t5d5cy t way4 ,dur+ ! newspap] agitation ov] ! rec5t t>iff bill "o ( ! c>tooni/s repres5t$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a puppy dog ) ,new ,engl& z ! tail1 ) ! caption1 ,h[ long is ! tail go+ to wag ! dog8 ,dur+ ! second w> ) ,great ,brita9 9 #ahab ,new ,engl& 0 ! mo/ recalcitrant portion ( ! ,union1 & ano!r conceit$ ,gov]nor ( ! ,/ate hamp]$ ! nation 9 e way4 ,our hi/ories = #dej s*ools1 at lea/1 h be5 s writt5 z to produce ! impression t only ! ,s\? ev] 0 dissatisfi$ ) ! ,union1 incl9$ to be rebelli\s & ready to talk ab\t ! nullification ( ! compact :i* b\nd ! /ates toge!r4 ,! ,h>t=d conv5tion is m5tion$1 b n giv5 ne> ! place t x des]ves1 s9ce x repres5ts ! feel+1 v rife at t "t1 t su* a proc$ure z nullification 0 q ju/ifiable4 ,twelve delegates f ,massa*usetts 7 pres5t 9 ?is conv5tion & !re 0 a decid$ _s ( rebellion aga9/ ! g5]al gov]nm5t because1 =soo?1 ! w> _h injur$ ,bo/on's bus9ess4 ,x is n alone 9 hi/ory1 h[ev]1 t ,new ,engl&'s ?or\ghgo+ admiration = h]self has s]v$ to di/urb ! atta9m5t ( tru? by ! ris+ g5]ation ( ,am]icans4 ,besides exagg]at+ ! comp>ative influ5ce ( ,new ,engl& 9 ! affairs ( ! c\ntry1 !y h exagg]at$ ! place ( favorite ,new ,engl& au?ors 9 ! lit]ature ( ! _w to su* a degree t gr[+ "y ,am]ica _c help b h a numb] ( false notions ( comp>ative lit]>y values1 :i* he has to rid himself ( be=e he is able to atta9 any prop] appreciation ( _w lit]ature or ev5 ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,a little gr\p ( ,new ,engl& lit]>y folk came into prom95ce ab\t ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,because !y 7 ! be/ t ,new ,engl& c\ld produce1 #dea app>5tly !y 7 consid]$ by ,new ,engl&]s z ! be/ 9 ! _w4 ,engli% critics1 ( c\rse1 laugh$ at _! self-complac5cy1 b our ,new ,engl& s*oolma/]s took ,new ,engl&'s writ]s s s]i\sly & proce$$ to write s mu* ab\t !m & make !m s mu* ! subject ( tea*+ n alone 9 ,new ,engl& b 9 e "p ( ! c\ntry1 t n[ x is almo/ impossible to get our p to accept any true /&>ds1 s9ce admiration = ^! q unimportant ,new ,engl& writ]s has ru9$ any prop] critical lit]>y appreciation4 ,z a consequ5ce our ris+ g5]ations = "s "t h be5 incl9$ to take ,em]son s]i\sly z a great philosoph]1 writ] & ?9k]4 ,!y h be5 v prone to accept de> old ,oliv] ,w5dell ,holmes1 k9dlie/ ( m51 *>m+e/ ( writ]s1 z a great lit]>y man4 ,!re h lit]ally be5 hundr$s ( ,engli% writ]s su* z ^! 9 ! pa/ ?ree c5turies ( ,engli% lit]>y hi/ory1 :o n[ take up at mo/ b a few l9es 9 ev5 l>ge hi/ories ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,tak+ ,em]son s]i\sly is =tunately go+ out ( fa%ion4 ,if "o want$ a crit]ion ( ! dep? ( ?\ght ( ! g5]ation t accept$ him orig9ally & pass$ him along z a significant philosophic prophet1 !n surely "o ne$ g no f>!r4 ,our optimi/ic ,c>lyle1 writ+ 9 a m9or key1 looms up s mu* small] n[ ?an a g5]ation ago t we c readily realize h[ #deb ,new ,engl&ism infect$ lit]>y & philosophic /&>ds4 ,:at is ?us said ( ,em]son may be repeat$1 ) p]haps a little less emphasis1 ( ! o!r writ]s :om ,new ,engl& has insi/$ on proclaim+ to ! _w z repres5tative ( all t 0 be/ & highe/ 9 lit]ature--because = a mom5t !y comm&$ att5tion 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,!re 0 a "t1 n s long ago1 :5 x 0 consid]$ ! prop] ?+ 9 ?is c\ntry to talk ( ,longfell[ z a great poet4 ,( c\rse1 no "o does s any m4 ,! devotion to him ( s mu* "t 9 our s*ools1 :ile s _m mu* m important contributions to our ,engli% poetry h b scanty att5tion paid !m1 is /ill produc+ n only a false impression on *ildr5's m9ds z to 8 prop] place 9 lit]ature1 b is play+ sad havoc ) lit]>y /&>ds g5]ally1 s f> z !y may be ! subject ( tea*+4 ,longfell[ 01 ( c\rse1 no?+ m ?an a pleasant balladi/ & a writ] ( conv5tional ?\ghts on r commonplace !mes 9 reasonably smoo? v]se4 ,= really pr(\nd ?\ght ,longfell['s poetry has nev] a place4 ,8 l(tie/ flights ( imag9ation d n br+ him any:]e ne> ! great my/]ies ( human life or ! deep ?\ghts t run ?r\gh m5's m9ds :5 !y are t\*$ to ! quick4 ,( ! /]n] passions ( m5 he _h sc>cely an inkl+4 ,:itti]1 ( c\rse1 has mu* m real poetry #dec 9 8 little /ore ( v]se ?an ,longfell[1 b ,:itti]'s voice is only a v l[ treble & 8 religi\s tra9+ 0 too n>r[ to p]mit him any bread? ( poetic feel+4 ,no "o ?9ks n[ t any?+ t ,:itti] wrote w live to be read by any b curi\s /ud5ts ( c]ta9 anti-slav]y movem5ts 9 connection ) ! hi/ory ( our civil w>4 ,he w h an int]e/ = antiqu>ian litt]ateurs1 sc>cely m ?an t4 ,( ,james ,russell ,l[ell's r *>m+ academic v]se "o w\ld pref] to say no?+1 only t ! s]i\s /udy ( x 9 our s*ools leads ! pres5t g5]ation to ?9k t he1 too1 mu/ be consid]$ s]i\sly z a poet4 ,x is d\btful if ,russell ,l[ell ev] ?\ght ( himself z a poet at all4 ,appropriate ?\ghts *>m+ly express$ = occasions1 9 v]se reasonably tuneful1 he c\ld d bett] ?an mo/ m5 ( 8 "t 9 ,am]ica--t 0 all4 ,( real poetic quality !re is almo/ none4 ,l[ell's v]se w n be read at all except by ! pr(essional critic be=e ano!r g5]ation has pass$1 & ,i am sure t no "o realiz$ ?is bett] ?an ,l[ell himself4 ,:at ,longfell[ & ,l[ell w be rememb]$ = 9 ! hi/ory ( n9ete5? c5tury lit]ature1 mo/ ( ! ris+ g5]ation ( ,am]icans "k v little ab\t & ! great majority ( !m completely ignore4 ,x is = _! critical & expository "w 9 introduc+ great =eign au?ors--really great poets--to ! #ded k ( _! c\ntrym5 t bo? ,longfell[ & ,l[ell w des]ve ! gratitude ( all future g5]ations & "s ( _! "w 9 ?is reg>d w endure :5 _! v]se is =gott54 ,longfell['s edition ( ,dante 0 n only well wor? all ! "t he gave to x dur+ ?irty ye>s1 b repres5ts a monum5t 9 ,am]ican lit]ature t w be fondly look$ back to by _m a g5]ation ( ,engli%-speak+ p4 ,v probably ( 8 "w 9 v]se ! ,gold5 ,leg5d w mean m to a future g5]ation ?an almo/ any?+ else t ,longfell[ has done4 ,above all1 x 0 preci\s 9 mak+ ,am]icans realize h[ pr(\nd & h[ beautiful _h be5 ! "w ( ! poets ( ,europe sev5 c5turies ago4 ,9 ! light ( ?is gradual r$uction ( ! value ( ,new ,engl&'s lit]ature to its l[e/ t]ms x is extremely amus+ to f9d occasionally expressions ( ! value ( ! ,new ,engl& p]iod 9 ,engli% lit]ature z express$ by en?usia/ic ,new ,engl&]s &1 above all1 by ard5t--:at1 = want ( a bett] t]m we mu/ call--,new ,engl&]esses4 ,"o ( ^!1 ,miss ,hel5 ,w9sl[1 has rec5tly & q des]v$ly be5 made great fun ( by ,mr4 ,h4 ,w4 ,horw9 9 an article 9 ! ,national ,review 7,engl&71 head$1 ,are ,am]icans ,prov9cial8 :i* br+s home a few tru?s to u 9 :at conc]ns our complac5t self-satisfaction ) ourselves4 ,miss ,w9sl[ decl>es t ! #dee great ,bo/onian p]iod 0 a lit]>y epo*1 ! l ( :i* has sc>cely be5 kn[n s9ce ! ,elizabe?an p]iod4 ,%e proclaims t ,! ,papyrus ,club ( ,bo/on is kn[n to m5 ( lett]s & atta9m5ts ev]y:]e4 ,%e notes t ,scott1 ,balzac & ,?ack]ay receiv$ a legal tra9+1 j :5 %e is go+ to add t ,rob]t ,grant is also a lawy]4 ,%e adds t "y p ev]y:]e adore ! "n ( ,sophie ,sweet 7:oev] %e may be74 ,is x any wond] t ! ord9>y non-,new-,engl& ,am]ican gets hot "u ! coll> = 8 c\ntrym5 "u su* circum/ances8 ,two really great ma/]s ( lit]ature we _h 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,poe & ,haw?orne4 ,because ( our ,new ,engl& s*oolma/]s1 z x seems to mo/ ( u1 ,poe has nev] come into 8 own prop] appreciation 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! ,fr5* consid] him ! great ma/] ( ! %ort /ory1 & t has come to occupy su* a prom95t place 9 our s-call$ lit]ature 9 ,am]ica1 t "o might look = an apo!osis ( ,poe4 ,he is ! "o writ] ^: works 9 bo? prose & v]se h influ5c$ deeply ! lit]>y m5 ( o!r c\ntries besides our own4 ,no o!r ,am]ican writ] has be5 giv5 ! tribute ( m ?an a p]functory notice 9 ! non-,engli%-speak+ c\ntries4 ,9 spite ( ?is ,poe's "n 0 kept out ( ! ,hall ( ,fame at ,new ,york ,univ]sity1 #def :i* 0 meant to en%r9e ! memory ( our greate/ ?9k]s & lit]>y m51 ?\gh we _h g5]ally suppos$ t ! national selection ( ! jury to decide ^? ^: names %\ld be honor$1 w\ld preclude all possibility ( any n>r[ sectional influ5ce p]v]t+ ! true purpose ( ! in/itution4 ,poe has nev] be5 popul> 9 ,new ,engl&1 nor has he be5 appreciat$ at 8 true wor? by ! lit]>y circles ( ,new ,engl&4 ,_! s*oolma/]ly influ5ce has be5 p]vasive en\gh to keep f ,poe 8 true me$ ( praise among our p g5]ally1 ?\gh all our poets & lit]>y m5 look up to him z our greate/ poetic g5ius4 ,z = ,haw?orne1 !re is no d\bt t he is our greate/ ,am]ican writ] 9 prose4 ,he 0 ! "o man 9 ,new ,engl& ) a great message4 ,8 writ+s came f deep d[n 9 ! human he>t1 f ! v wellspr+s ( human passion1 & _h _! orig9 n f> f :]e s\l t\*es body 9 ?is human comp\nd4 ,! ,engli%1 usually suppos$ to be sl[ ( recognition = ?+s ,am]ican1 ackn[l$g$ 8 high wor? almo/ at once4 ,"s ( u "h 9 ,am]ica1 inde$1 h _h ! feel+ t to a great ext5t our p h _h to le>n ! lesson ( prop] appreciation = ,haw?orne f ! ,engli%-speak+ p across ! wat]4 ,to ,am]icans1 = ye>s1 he 0 little m ?an a /ory-writ]1 n s popul> z #deg _m ano!r writ] ( /ories1 & 8 really great qualities 7 to a great ext5t ignor$4 ,because ,puritan ,new ,engl& 0 out ( sympa?y ) ! my/ical _s ( 8 writ+s only a late & q inadequate appreciation ( ! value ( 8 "w 0 =m$ by 8 c\ntrym54 ,some?+ ( ?is un=tunate lack ( appreciation crept into ! s*oolma/]+ ( ! c\ntry1 & ,haw?orne is probably n z highly valu$ 9 8 native l& z he is 9 ,engl&1 ?\gh ,france & ,g]many h le>n$ to look up to him z our greate/ ( ,am]ican lit]>y m5--! "o ( our writ]s :o1 ) ,poe1 attracts a _w audi5ce4 ,:5 !re is "q ( any?+ else besides lit]ature1 ( c\rse1 ,new ,engl& has no claims at all to make1 & %e has /ood = _m un=tunate au/]e t5d5cies 9 ,am]ican life4 ,= any?+ l public _s = art or music or ae/hetics 9 any dep>tm5t ! ,puritan s\l _h no use4 ,consequ5tly our arti/ic developm5t 0 s]i\sly delay$ z a nation by ! influ5ce t ,new ,engl& _h z ! s*oolma/] ( ! c\ntry4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t our *ur*es 7 b>e & ugly1 our homes lack+ 9 ! _s ( beauty & our municipalities m]e places to live & make money 91 b ) no provision = ! enjoym5t ( life4 ,x is 9 ?is t ,new ,engl& has d\btless done u mo/ h>m & x is = ?is reason t _m p w re-e*o t expression ( a #deh desc5dant ( ! ,puritans :o decl>es t x w\ld h be5 an awfully good ?+ :5 ! ,puritans l&$ on ,plym\? ,rock if only ,plym\? ,rock _h l&$ on ! ,puritans4 ,x w\ld h sav$ u an imm5se deal ( inhibition ( all ! art impulses ( ?is c\ntry1 :i* 7 almo/ completely *ok$ (f = s long by ! n>r[ ,puritanism s rampant 9 ,new ,engl& & s diffusively pot5t 9 our educational sy/em4 ,9 conclusion "o feels l recall+ once m ,l[ell's ,essay on a ,c]ta9 ,condesc5sion 9 ,=eign]s4 ,surely ! daught] ,new ,engl&1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 has treat$ ! re/ ( ! c\ntry v mu* l ,"m ,engl& us$ to treat nasc5t ,engli% ,am]ica long ago4 ,!re are _m ( u :o 9 rec5t ye>s h come to "k ,new ,engl&ism & its pron5ess to be condesc5d+1 :o h felt v mu* l p>aphras+1 ) ! addition ( ! adjective new "h & !re1 c]ta9 ( ,l[ell's be/-kn[n s5t5ces4 ,! new v]sion w make q z satisfactory a bit ( satire on our ,d[n ,ea/ compatriots z ,l[ell's hits on ! "m c\ntry & our ,engli% c\s9s across ! wat]4 ,v probably !re are m p :o w appreciate ! satire 9 ?is new application ( ! great ,am]ican essayi/'s words ?an !y did 9 its orig9al =m3 ,x w take 7,new7 ,engl& a great :ile to get ov] h] airs ( patronage t[>d u1 or ev5 passably #dei to conceal !m4 ,%e has a conviction t :atev] good !re is 9 u is :olly 7,new7 ,engli%1 :5 ! tru? is t we are wor? no?+ except s f> z we h dis9fect$ ourselves ( 7,neo-7 ,anglicanism4 ,additional ,mat]ial ,,! ,,popes ,,& ,,sci5ce--,! /ory ( ! ,papal ,relations to ,sci5ce f ! ,middle ,ages d[n to ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,by ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 ,m4 ,d41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,,ll4 ,d4 #ddj pp4 ,price4 #b4jj net4 ,pr(4 ,pagel1 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l93 ,?is book repres5ts ! mo/ s]i\s contribution to ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e t has ev] come out ( ,am]ica4 ,sir ,clif=d ,allbutt1 ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,physic at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge 7,engl&73 ,! book z a :ole is a fair z well z a s*ol>ly argum5t4 ,! ,ev5+ ,po/ 7,new ,york7 says3 ,h[ev] /rong ! read]'s prejudice 99 99 99 99 he _c lay d[n ,pr(4 ,wal%'s volume )\t at lea/ conc$+ t ! au?or has driv5 8 p5 h>d & deep into ! 'academic sup]/ition' ab\t ,papal ,opposition to sci5ce4 ,9 a previ\s issue x _h said3 ,we v5ture to prophesy t all :o swe> by ,dr4 ,&rew ,d4 ,:ite's ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce ) ,!ology 9 ,*ri/5dom w f9d _! h&s full1 if !y attempt to answ] ,dr4 ,james ,j4 ,wal%'s ,! ,popes & ,sci5ce4 ,! ,lit]>y ,dige/ said3 ,! book is well wor? read+ = its ext5sive le>n+ & ! vigor ( its /yle4 ,! ,s\!rn ,mess5g] says3 ,books l ?is make x cle> t x is ignorance alone t makes p1 ev5 suppos$ly educat$ p1 /ill cl+ to ! old calumnies4 ,! ,nation 7,new ,york7 says3 ,! le>n$ ,=dham ,physician has at comm& an enorm\s mass ( facts1 & he ord]s !m ) logic1 =ce & lit]>y ease4 ,pr(4 ,wal% convicts 8 oppon5ts ( ha/y g5]aliz+ if n anti-cl]ical zeal4 ,! ,pittsburg ,po/ says3 ,) ! fair attitude ( m9d & influ5c$ only by ! /ud5t's desire to procure k1 ?is book becomes at once some?+ to fasc9ate4 ,on e page au?oritative facts confute ! /]eotyp$ /atem5t ( ! purely !ological publications4 ,pr(4 ,wel*1 ( ,johns ,hopk9s1 quot+ ,m>tial1 said3 ,x is pleasant inde$ to dr9k at ! liv+ f\nta9-heads ( k aft] previ\sly hav+ _h only ! /agnant pools ( second-h& au?ority4 ,pr(4 ,pi]sol1 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 said3 ,i h be5 read+ ! book ) ! ke5e/ int]e/1 = x inde$ pres5ts _m subjects 9 :at to me at lea/ is a new light4 ,e man ( sci5ce looks to ! beacon--tru?--z 8 guid+ m>k1 & e opportunity to replace ev5 "t-honor$ misconceptions by :at is really ! tru? mu/ be welcom$4 ,! ,indep5d5t 7,new ,york7 said3 ,dr4 ,wal%'s books %\ld be read 9 connection ) attacks ^u ! ,popes 9 ! matt] ( sci5ce by ^? :o want to get bo? sides4 ,,mak]s ,,( ,,electricity--,by ,bro!r ,potamian1 ,f4 ,c4 ,s41 ,sc4 ,d4 7,london71 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ,manhattan ,college1 & ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 ,m4 ,d44 ,ph4 ,d44 ,litt4 ,d44 ,dean & ,pr(essor ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e & ( ,n]v\s ,diseases at ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 ,new ,york4 ,=dham ,univ]sity ,press1 #aaj ,we/ #gd? ,/reet ,illu/rat$4 ,price1 #b4jj net4 ,po/age4 #ae c5ts extra4 ,! ,sci5tific ,am]ican3 ,"o w f9d 9 ?is book v good sket*es ( ! lives ( ! great pione]s 9 ,electricity1 ) a cle> pres5tation ( h[ x 0 t ^! m5 came to make _! fundam5tal exp]im5ts1 & h[ we n[ rea* conclusions 9 ,sci5ce t w\ld h be5 impossible until _! "w ( reveal+ 0 done4 ,! biographies are ^? ( ,p]egr9us1 ,columbus1 ,norman & ,gilb]t1 ,frankl9 & "s contempor>ies1 ,galv9i1 ,volta1 ,c\lomb1 ,o]/$1 ,amp]e1 ,ohm1 ,f>aday1 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & ,kelv94 ,! ,bo/on ,globe3 ,! book is ( surpass+ int]e/ ,! ,new ,york ,sun3 ,! rese>*es ( ,bro!r ,potamian among ! pione]s 9 antiquity & ! ,middle ,ages are p]haps m int]e/+ ?an ,dr4 ,wal%'s admirable summ>ies ( ! accompli%m5t ( ! h]oes ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,! book te/ifies to ! excell5ce ( ,ca?olic s*ol>%ip4 ,! ,ev5+ ,po/3 ,x is a matt] ( importance t ! "w & lives ( m5 l ,gilb]t1 ,frankl91 ,galv9i1 ,volta1 ,amp]e & o!rs %\ld be made kn[n to ! /ud5ts ( ,electricity1 & ?is (fice has be5 well fulfill$ by ! pres5t au?ors4 ,! book is no m]e compilation1 b br+s out _m int]e/+ & obscure facts1 especially ab\t ! e>li] m54 ,! ,philadelphia ,record3 ,x is a glance at ! :ole field ( ,electricity by m5 :o are not$ = ! ?or\ghness ( _! rese>*1 & x %\ld be made accessible to e read] capable ( tak+ a s]i\s int]e/ 9 ! wond]ful ph5om5a ( nature4 ,electrical ,_w3 ,aside f ! intr9sic int]e/ ( its matt]1 ! book is delightful to read ow+ to ! graceful lit]>y /yle common to bo? au?ors4 ,"o n hav+ ! slighte/ acqua9tance ) electrical sci5ce w f9d ! book ( absorb+ int]e/ z treat+ 9 a human way & ) lit]>y art ! life "w ( "s ( ! greate/ m5 ( mod]n times2 &1 moreov]1 9 ! c\rse ( 8 read+ he w incid5tally obta9 a s\nd k ( ! ma9 pr9ciples ^u :i* almo/ all pres5t-day electrical developm5t is bas$4 ,x is a %9+ example ( h[ sci5ce c be popul>iz$ )\t ! slighte/ twi/+ ( facts or di/ortion ( p]spective4 ,electrical read]s w f9d ! book also a s*ol>ly treatise on ! evolution ( electrical sci5ce1 & a mo/ refre%+ *ange f ! 'eng9e]+ ,engli%' ( ! typical te*nical writ]4 ,,ca?olic ,,summ] ,,s*ool ,,press ,,s]ies ,! highe/ value atta*es to hi/orical rese>* on ! l9es y s ably indicate1 especially at ! pres5t "t1 :5 ! enemies ( ,holy ,*ur* are mak+ r5ew$ ef=ts to %[ h] antagonism to sci5ce & human progress g5]ally4 ,i %all h mu* pleasure 9 p]us+ y\r "w entitl$ ,! ,?irte5? ,greate/ ( ,c5turies4 ,wi%+ y e bless+1 ,i am1 ,y\rs s9c]ely 9 ,xt41 ,r4 ,c>d4 ,m]ry ,del ,val4 ,rome1 ,janu>y #ah?1 #aijh4 ,jas4 ,j4 ,wal%1 ,esq41 ,new ,york4 ,,! ,,?irte5? ,,greate/ ,,( ,,c5turies --,by ,james ,j4 ,wal%4 ,m4 ,d41 ,ph4 ,d41 ,litt4 ,d44 ,dean & ,pr(essor ( ,n]v\s ,diseases & ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,m$ic9e at ,=dham ,univ]sity ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e2 ,pr(essor ( ,physiological ,psy*ology at ,ca!dral ,college1 ,new ,york4 ,ca?olic ,summ] ,s*ool ,press4 #aaj ,we/ #gd? ,/reet1 ,n4 ,t41 ,georget[n ,univ]sity ,edition4 ,ov] #ajj additional illu/rations & tw5ty-six *apt]s t might h be51 ne>ly #fjj pages4 ,price1 #c4ej1 po/ free4 ,pr(4 ,william ,osl]1 ( ,ox=d1 deliv]+ ! ,l9acre ,lecture be=e ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 said3 ,t good son ( ! ,*ur* & ( ! pr(ession1 ,dr4 ,james ,j4 ,wal%1 has rec5tly publi%$ a *>m+ book on ,! ,?irte5? z ! ,greate/ ( ,c5turies4 ,he makes a v good case = :at is call$ ! ,fir/ ,r5aissance4 ,! ,saturday ,review 7( ,london73 ,! volume conta9s a mass ( int]e/+ facts t w />t a tra9 ( pr(itable ?\ght 9 _m read]s' m9ds4 ,! ,educational ,review said3 ,! title ( ,dr4 ,wal%'s book1 ,! ,?irte5? ,greate/ ( ,c5turies1 w />tle _m read]s1 b we respectfully comm5d to ! op5-m9d$ 8 pres5tation ( t great epo*4 ,a c5tury t witness$ su* extraord9>y a*ievem5ts 9 ar*itecture1 9 arts & crafts1 9 education1 & 9 lit]ature & law1 z did ! ,?irte5?1 is n to be lightly dismiss$ or unfavorably comp>$ ) p]iods ne>] our own4 ,! ,pittsburg ,po/ said3 ,dr4 ,wal% writes infus$ ) all ! le>n+ ( ! pa/1 en?usia/ic 9 mod]n rese>*1 & sympa!tic1 9 true s*ol>ly /yle1 ) inve/igation 9 e l9e4 ,"o ne$ only run ov] a few ( ! topical head+s to feel h[ plausible ! !sis is4 ,! assemblage ( ! facts & ! elucidation ( _! mutual relations by ,dr4 ,wal% %[s ! ma/]'s skill4 ,! "w bri/les on e page ) facts t may be famili> to _m1 b :i* 7 nev] be=e s arrang$ 9 j p]spective ) _! conv9c+ =ce s cle>ly %[n4 ,c>d9al ,moran1 ( ,sydney1 ,au/ralia3 ,j ! sort ( lit]ature we want = ,engli% read]s at ! pres5t day4