,,breaking ,,with ,,the ,,past    ,,or  
,,catholic ,,principles ,,abandoned ,,at
 ,,the ,,reformation    ,four ,sermons  
,delivered at ,st4 ,patrick's ,cathedral
   ,new ,york1 on the ,sundays of       
,advent1 #aiac    ,,by    ,,francis     
,,aidan ,,gasquet    ,,abbot-,,president
 ,,of ,,the ,,english ,,benedictines    
,,with ,a ,,preface ,,by    ,,his       
,,eminence ,,cardinal ,,farley      ,p4 
,j4 ,,kenedy  ,,sons   ,,printers ,,to  
,,the ,,holy ,,apostolic ,,see   ,,new  
,,york    ,,nihil ,,obstat              
,,remigius ,,lafort      ,censor        
,deputatus  ,,imprimatur      ,,john    
,,cardinal ,,farley      ,archbishop of 
,new ,york  ,january #c1 #aiad          
,,copyright1 #aiad ,p4 ,j4 ,,kenedy     
,,sons    ,,to ,,his ,,eminence         
,,cardinal ,,farley ,,archbishop ,,of   
,,new ,,york ,,these ,,sermons          
,,delivered ,,at ,,his ,,request ,,in   
,,his ,,cathedral ,,church ,,are        
,,dedicated ,,as ,a ,,small ,,token ,,of
 ,,sincere ,,respect ,,and ,,affection  

,,preface  ,,the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,francis    
,aidan ,gasquet1 ,abbot-,general of the 
,english ,benedictines and ,chairman of 
the ,commission appointed for the       
revision of the ,vulgate or ,latin      
,bible1 gave a course of sermons at the 
,high ,mass in ,st4 ,patrick's          
,cathedral on the ,sundays of ,advent1  
#aiac1 on ,catholic ,principles         
abandoned at the ,reformation4  ,these  
sermons attracted very wide attention4  
,the subject chosen1 while seemingly a  
familiar one1 proved most interesting to
 the vast congregations1 drawn by the   
fame of the preacher as a historian of  
the ,reformation period4 ,his manner of 
treatment had much to do with the       
profound interest manifested by his     
listeners4 ,all attempt at pulpit       
oratory was cast aside1 and the preacher
 confined himself to a clear unvarnished
 tale of the causes that led up to the  
so-called ,reformation4 ,he showed      
himself a complete master of the        
question4 ,as announced in his opening  

sermon1 the ,rt4 ,rev4 ,abbot did not   
seek to be controversial1 but purely    
historical1 and this purpose he followed
 to the end1 basing all his statements  
on documents whose authenticity could   
not be called in question4 ,he made     
clear what ,cardinal ,manning has so    
often repeated1 that ,england did not   
give up the ,catholic faith of          
centuries1 but was simply robbed of it4 
,it was my pleasure to be present at all
 the sermons1 and to be held under the  
spell of his simple eloquence1 and to   
experience the appeal his strong        
arguments must have made4 ,the main     
thesis which the learned ,abbot sought  
to establish was that the doctrines of  
the ,church in ,england had been        
reconstructed under ,lutheran and       
,calvinistic influence1 and the cultural
 beliefs held by the ,church from the   
time of ,christ had been rejected4 ,this
 was especially true of the priesthood4 
,by ,act of ,parliament a new form of   
ordination1 carefully and systematically

 excluding every word that could be     
interpreted to mean that the candidate  
was to be a sacrificing priest1 was     
introduced4  ,in these days when there  
is a strong movement on foot without the
 fold1 to restore the unity of the      
,christian faith1 we can indulge the    
hope that the four lectures of the      
distinguished ,abbot will prove         
fruitful4 ,they are on subjects so vital
 to unity2 i4 e4 the ,supremacy of the  
,pope1 the ,sacrifice of the ,mass1 the 
,eternal ,priesthood1 the ,universal    
,church4 ,we pray that these sermons    
will attract the attention of many      
outside the ,church1 and make them      
meditate on the bitterness of breaking  
from their ,father's ,house4 ,may ,god's
 holy grace prove stronger than         
prejudice1 as it has so often in the    
past1 and may it soften the hearts which
 have been hardened by cruel legislation
 rather than by wilful disobedience4    
,,john ,,cardinal ,,farley1             
,archbishop of ,new ,york4  ,,new       

,,york1 ,the ,feast of ,st4 ,thomas the 
,apostle1 #aiac    ,,contents    ,i     
,,the ,,pope',s ,,authority   ,,ii      
,,the ,,holy ,,mass   ,,iii ,,the       
,,priesthood   ,,iv  ,,the ,,church ,,by
 ,,law ,,established       ,,books      
,,suggested ,,for ,,reading    ,i    ,i 
,,the ,,pope',s ,,authority  ,,to-,,day 
we begin the work of ,advent4 ,during   
these weeks of preparation for the great
 feast of ,christmas it is usual and    
useful to turn our thoughts to some of  
the great principles upon which our     
faith as ,catholics is grounded1 in     
order that we may realise more fully all
 that our ,blessed ,lord's coming into  
this world has done for mankind in      
general and for our individual souls in 
particular4 ,it will not therefore be   
altogether foreign to this purpose if   
during these ,sundays of ,advent ,i ask 
your consideration of certain ,catholic 
principles which appear to me to have   
been deliberately abandoned in the great
 religious revolution of the sixteenth  

century1 known as the ,reformation1 but 
to which our ,catholic forefathers in   
,england and in ,ireland clung with     
heroic constancy and for which they     
suffered loss of worldly goods and even 
laid down their lives4  ,and first1 ,i  
should at the outset like to disclaim   
any desire to enter into mere matters of
 controversy4 ,in these days1 when so   
many aspirations and prayers for a      
return to ,christian ,unity are being   
uttered and which in the face of the    
common enemy find an echo in the heart  
of every ,catholic1 the bitterness      
engendered by the controversial spirit  
is1 to say the least1 wholly foreign to 
the work of ,union4 ,but as a first step
 to that ,christian ,unity we all pray  
for1 it is surely necessary to recognise
 the points of departure1 out of which  
our differences have grown4 ,we cannot  
proceed far along the path towards      
agreement unless we understand how we   
first began to differ1 and therefore1   
not in any spirit of bitterness or      

controversy4 ,i desire to speak of facts
 as they seem to me1 and to point out   
what was really done at the time of the 
,reformation in ,england1 which still   
has obvious consequences in all         
,english-speaking countries4 ,as far as 
,i am concerned at present those who    
hold that what was done in regard to    
religion in the sixteenth century was   
well done may continue to hold this     
belief4 ,all ,i desire at this time is  
to ascertain what was done4  ,now the   
first point of attack made on the       
traditional teachings of the ,catholic  
,church was upon the spiritual          
jurisdiction of the ,pope4 ,we          
,catholics hold and believe that our    
,lord came down on earth and became man 
to redeem us1 not as a mere historical  
fact1 which was once done and completed 
by ,his death upon the ,cross1 but that 
the work of this redemption was to be   
applied to the individual soul1 through 
the work of the ,church ,he established 
on earth4 ,this ,church was to minister 

to souls through the ,sacraments ,he    
instituted1 the grace ,he had purchased 
for them by ,his ,passion and ,death1   
and it was to be the fount of all truth 
and teaching4 ,we ,catholics further    
believe and hold that our ,lord         
established this ,his church upon the   
authority of ,st4 ,peter and his        
successors1 as the necessary basis of   
unity of faith and discipline4 ,to us   
this seems so certain that it is        
inconceivable that our ,lord1 who was   
,god and had all knowledge of the       
working of the human heart and mind1    
should not have provided some such an   
authority as that of the ,pope1 as the  
necessary bond of unity of the ,faith4  
,mind1 ,i am not proving this in any    
way3 ,i am but stating it as the firm   
and unchanging belief of ,catholics4    
,up to the time of ,king ,henry ,,viii41
 and indeed till the end of the first   
half of his reign1 this1 which is our   
belief1 was that of ,england and        
,ireland in common with all other parts 

of ,christendom before the revolt of    
,luther a few years before in ,germany4 
,of this ,i do not think there can be   
much doubt1 except perhaps in the minds 
of professional controversialists4 ,let 
me give a few examples of ,english      
teaching on the subject4 ,in the        
,university of ,oxford1 up to the       
,reformation1 there was no more honoured
 theological authority in the schools1  
than the celebrated ,duns ,scotus4 ,this
 is what he taught as to papal          
authority3 ,it is of faith that the ever
 ,holy ,roman ,church1 which is the     
pillar and ground of all truth and      
against which the gates of hell cannot  
prevail1 admits of no error and teaches 
the truth4 ,hence they are              
excommunicated as heretics who teach or 
hold anything different from what ,she  
teaches and practises4 ,this is clear   
enough teaching3 and no less clear is   
the declaration made by the             
representatives of ,england and ,ireland
 in the ,council of ,florence1 which was

 held in ,a4 ,d4 #adag1 a century and   
more before the breach with ,rome4 ,at  
that ,council there were present more   
than a hundred ,british ,bishops and    
,prelates4 ,peculiar circumstances      
called for a declaration of their       
loyalty to the ,universal ,church1 and  
this is one clause in that declaration3 
,moreover the ,kingdom of ,england1     
thanks be to ,god6 has never swerved    
from its obedience to the ,roman        
,church3 it has never tried to rend the 
seamless coat of ,our ,lord3 it has     
never endeavoured to shake off its      
loyalty to the ,roman ,pontiffs4  ,ten  
years later again1 in #adbf1 ,pope      
,martin ,v4 in a letter to the          
,archbishop of ,canterbury1 states as a 
recognised fact1 that not only had the  
,roman ,pontiffs supreme authority as a 
fact1 but that this authority was       
derived as of divine institution from   
our ,lord ,himself and he tells the     
archbishop that he is bound to protect  
the rights and privileges of the ,roman 

,church and the ,apostolic ,see1 which  
,christ ,himself gave by ,his divine    
,word1 and not men4 ,this is the        
distinct claim put forth by the ,pope1  
and ,archbishop ,chicheley in his reply1
 made on behalf of the ,english ,church1
 fully and frankly admits this claim1   
and makes it quite clear that the       
traditional teaching of the ,english    
,church in regard to the ,papacy was    
that it was of divine institution and   
not that its authority was of           
ecclesiastical institution1 and still   
less that ,england or ,ireland had ever 
given its obedience to the ,pope on     
grounds of national policy or expediency
 and not on a dogmatic basis4 ,the      
matter is put clearly enough to remove  
all doubt in the letter addressed to the
 ,pope by the ,university of ,oxford at 
the same time as that of ,archbishop    
,chicheley in behalf of the ,english    
,bishops4 ,we recognise in your beloved 
person 7that of4 ,pope ,martin ,v47 the 
true ,head4 ,we profess without doubt   

and from our hearts 7that you are7 the  
one ,supreme ,pontiff1 the ,vicar of    
,christ on earth and the true successor 
of ,st4 ,peter4  ,that this remained the
 firm and unshaken faith of the ,church 
and people of ,england and ,ireland     
right up to the final breaking away from
 ,rome we have ample and positive       
proofs4 ,out of many ,i will cite one   
testimony4 ,when the teachings of the   
reformer1 ,luther1 began to find        
adherents in other lands1 ,king ,henry  
,,viii41 with the help of ,bishop       
,fisher1 himself composed a book in     
defence of the ,sacramental teaching of 
the ,church4 ,this volume was taken to  
,rome by one of the ,english ,bishops   
and presented to the ,pope in full      
,consistory on ,october #b1 #aeba4 ,on  
behalf of ,henry1 the envoy in the      
presence of all the ,cardinals and      
,ambassadors made public declaration of 
the entire loyalty of the ,english      
nation to the ,holy ,roman ,church and  
its ,supreme ,pontiff4 ,of other        

nationalities1 he says1 let others      
speak4 ,but assuredly my ,britain--my   
,england1 as in later times she has been
 called--has never yielded to ,spain1   
never to ,france1 never to ,germany1    
never to ,italy1 never to any nearer    
nation1 no1 not even to ,rome itself1 in
 the service of ,god and in the         
,christian faith and in the obedience   
due to the ,most ,holy ,roman ,church2  
even as there is no nation which more   
opposes1 more condemns1 more loathes    
this monster 7i4 e4 the ,lutheran       
apostasy7 and the heresies which spring 
from it4 ,it was for the volume then    
presented and for the declaration then  
made that ,henry received the title of  
,defender of the ,faith from the ,pope4 
,suddenly and almost as a bolt from the 
blue1 difficulties between the ,king of 
,england and the ,pope began to show    
themselves4 ,grave events often spring  
from slight causes1 and1 whatever may be
 said by professional controversalists1 
there can be no doubt that it was a mere

 love affair of ,henry ,,viii41 which   
initiated the royal policy and finally  
dragged ,england into schism and heresy4
 #a ,to some1 people1 indeed1 in these  
days the action of the ,pope in refusing
 to allow ,henry to have his own wilful 
way in putting aside his wedded wife1   
,katherine1 and to marry another woman1 
with whom he had had illicit relations1 
may appear to have been the height of   
unwisdom4 ,certainly as a result it has 
had the most disastrous consequences to 
the ,english ,church4 ,but this at least
 all must confess3 that the ,pope's     
courageous action is a manifest proof of
 the impossibility of ecclesiastical    
authority interfering without right     
reason with the indissoluble sanctity of
 a true ,christian marriage4   #a ,this 
statement was challenged in the press4  
,it is difficult to see how it can be   
questioned by anyone who has read the   
history of this period4 ,those who are  
interested may be referred to an        
excellent article in ,america for ,dec4 

#bj1 #aiac1 ,what to say and how to say 
it4   ,to obtain the support of         
,parliament the ,king suggested that the
 nation had incurred the extreme        
penalties of praemunire by admitting the
 legatine powers of ,cardinal ,wolsey1  
even though this had been done with his 
royal knowledge and authority4 ,his lay 
subjects were at once pardoned for a    
mere technical offence against the      
statute laws1 but the clergy were       
excluded1 in order to hold the penalties
 in terrorem over them4 ,with his royal 
hand on the throats of his              
ecclesiastical subjects he demanded a   
recognition of his ,headship over the   
,church in ,england1 and finally        
,convocation1 after a debate which      
extended over two and thirty sessions1  
gave an unwilling assent to a clause    
admitting the ,king as the ,protector   
and ,supreme ,head of the ,english      
,church4 ,this was the thin edge of the 
wedge by which the cleavage from ,rome  
and the ,pope was subsequently effected4

 ,at the time1 there can be no doubt    
that the inward meaning of the          
acknowledgment was not understood4 ,dean
 ,hook says that the statement was not  
regarded as inconsistent with the       
legitimate claims of the papacy1 and as 
,froude admits1 it is certain that the  
title was not intended to imply what it 
implied when1 four years later1 it was  
conferred by ,act of ,parliament1 and   
when ,england virtually was severed by  
it from the ,roman ,communion4  ,in     
#aecb by an ,act entitled ,the          
,submission of the clergy the king      
received their pledge not to legislate  
in ecclesiastical matters in            
,convocation without his royal leave4   
,by this ,submission the ,english       
,church deprived itself of all corporate
 action2 and in the same year the aged  
,archbishop ,warham died4 ,we cannot    
doubt1 writes the late ,dr4 ,james      
,gairdner1 the most competent judge of  
the events of this reign and himself not
 a ,catholic1 ,we cannot doubt that the 

event 7i4 e4 the death of the           
,archbishop of ,canterbury7 at once     
suggested to the ,king a new method of  
achieving his end and divorcing ,queen  
,katherine4 ,he obtained from the ,pope 
the appointment of ,thomas ,cranmer1 a  
priest who in defiance of the canons had
 secretly married in ,germany the niece 
of ,osiander1 the ,german ,reformer1 as 
a second wife4  ,having secured this    
appointment from the ,holy ,see1 the    
,king directed ,cranmer to consider the 
divorce question1 and the decree having 
been pronounced by the subservient      
archbishop1 ,henry made ,anne ,boleyn   
his ,queen on ,june #a1 #aecc4 ,six     
months later the ,convocations of       
,canterbury and ,york1 under strong     
royal pressure formally accepted the    
declaration that the ,bishop of ,rome   
has not in ,scripture any greater       
jurisdiction in the ,kingdom of ,england
 than any foreign bishop4 ,finally in   
,march1 #aecd1 the severance of ,england
 from ,rome ecclesiastically was        

effected by the ,supreme ,head act which
 styled the ,king the only ,supreme     
,head in earth of the ,church of        
,england and granted him the most ample 
powers of ecclesiastical ,visitation4   
,then the final touch was given to the  
work by the ,act of ,verbal ,treasons1  
by which it was declared to be high     
treason to imagine any bodily harm to   
either the ,king or ,queen or to deprive
 them of their dignity1 title1 style1   
etc4  ,the change had now been effected3
 ,england was cut off from the          
jurisdiction of ,rome4 ,some men1 like  
the ,venerable ,bishop ,fisher1 ,blessed
 ,sir ,thomas ,more1 the heroic         
,carthusians and others1 refused to     
burden their consciences by taking the  
required oath and preferred imprisonment
 and death4 ,for the most part the      
clergy and monastic houses gave way and 
did what was required of them4 ,but     
there can be little doubt that the      
nation at large disliked the ,king's    
proceedings4 ,in spite of the act for   

,verbal ,treasons1 which was wide enough
 to catch anyone guilty of a mere       
expression of opinion1 on no other      
subject during the entire reign have we 
such overt and repeated expressions of  
dissatisfaction with the ,king and his  
proceedings1 as ,dr4 ,gairdner with the 
fullest knowledge of this period        
declares4 ,for1 as he says1 the         
ecclesiastical headship was without     
precedent and at variance with all      
tradition3 4 4 4 ,it was a totally new  
order in the ,church4  ,my purpose does 
not lead me to speak of the exercise of 
ecclesiastical jurisdiction by the      
,king1 in virtue of this new ,headship  
over the ,church4 ,as1 by virtue of his 
authority1 he had bidden ,archbishop    
,cranmer to pronounce the sentence of   
divorce1 which the ,pope had refused1 so
 in the dissolution of the religious    
houses1 he pronounced the monks and nuns
 in his kingdom freed from the vows they
 had made to ,god4 ,in the exercise of  
the royal supremacy in matters          

ecclesiastical he appointed ,thomas     
,crumwell1 a layman1 his ,vicar         
,general1 and in this capacity1         
,crumwell presided at all meetings of   
,bishops and regulated all discussions  
upon spiritual affairs4  ,there were    
various other religious changes         
initiated during the remainder of this  
reign1 like the destruction of shrines  
and the prohibition of devotion to the  
saints1 but it is one of the perplexing 
problems of this time why there was not 
a more radical reconstruction of        
religion in ,england upon the lines of  
the ,lutheran principles of the         
,reformation4 ,the fact is that1 though 
for his own purposes ,henry was willing 
enough to get rid of the ,pope1 he was  
never a ,lutheran at heart4 ,he had     
defended ,catholic principles against   
the ,german ,reformed doctrines in his  
work on the ,seven ,sacraments4 ,he     
never wholly lost his ,catholic         
instinct1 and to the last he maintained 
with a strong hand the ancient ,catholic

 ,sacramental teaching1 and in          
particular in regard to the most ,holy  
,eucharist and the doctrine of          
,transubstantiation4 ,in this regard the
 reforming party1 as long as he lived1  
was kept in check and had to wait for   
the ,king's death to secure further     
changes4  ,to us ,catholics1 by the act 
of cutting ,england from ,rome1 the     
principle of ,christian ,unity was      
rejected and sacrificed4 ,the branch cut
 from the tree no longer feeds upon the 
sap of the parent stock1 and            
disintegration is merely a matter of    
time4 ,we who look back over the        
centuries1 which have passed since the  
severance of the ,english ,church from  
,union with ,rome was effected1 can see 
how the disintegration as to doctrine1  
has gone on ever since4 ,few can deny   
that it is still proceeding at a rate1  
which is rightly alarming those who     
still cling even to the shreds of the   
religious formularies evolved in the    
,reformation settlement4 ,hundreds of   

religious bodies1 all claiming to be    
,christian and all differing on vital   
and essential matters of belief1 can be 
seen round about us to-day4 ,the process
 of division is still going on and it   
must continue where there is no         
authority to speak with a divine        
commission4 ,we ,catholics1 as we review
 this chaos1 may well thank ,god that   
our ,english and ,irish forefathers have
 fought and suffered to maintain for us 
the ,christian principle of a ,supreme  
authority in religion4    ,,ii  ,,ii    
,,the ,,holy ,,mass  ,,to-,,day ,i      
propose to speak about the ,most ,holy  
,eucharist4 ,the ,sacrifice of the ,mass
 is the central doctrine of our         
religion4 ,in it1 as we ,catholics      
firmly believe1 there is renewed on the 
,christian altar the sacrifice of       
,calvary1 and by ,god's power1 at the   
words spoken by the priest1 the bread   
and wine is changed into the very ,body 
and ,blood of our ,lord4 ,the word used 
by the ,church to express this change of

 substance is ,transubstantiation2 and  
in the mystery of our ,faith we hold    
that we have1 under the outward         
appearances of bread and wine1 the true 
and real presence of our ,blessed ,lord4
 ,as truly and as really as our         
,saviour1 ,god and man1 walked this     
earth in the days of ,his pilgrimage1   
blessing the sick1 curing diseases at   
,his touch1 and teaching the way of life
 to the multitudes1 so do we firmly     
believe and hold1 that ,he is amongst us
 to-day under the ,eucharistic forms1   
ready to help and encourage the weary1  
to console the afflicted1 to bring the  
assurance of ,his pardon to the         
penitent4  ,i am not proving this4 ,i am
 only stating it1 as the firm faith we  
hold as ,catholics4 ,moreover1 not only 
is the ,mass our ,christian ,sacrifice2 
but in the ,holy ,eucharist we have the 
food of our souls and the proper        
sustenance of our spiritual life in this
 world4 ,we hold and truly believe that 
in ,holy ,communion we receive really   

and in fact1 and not in any mere        
figurative sense1 our ,blessed ,lord    
,himself--,body1 ,soul and ,divinity4   
,this is our faith to-day as it was the 
unbroken belief of the ,catholic ,church
 from the earliest tunes4 ,all round    
about us now we see other religious     
bodies1 claiming to be ,christian which 
do not share our teaching1 and it is    
good to try and understand how this has 
come about4 ,the key to the explanation 
lies in the teaching of ,reformation    
principles in the sixteenth century4    
,when ,henry ,,viii4 died1 on ,january  
#be1 #aedg1 for the first time in       
history the king had made himself       
supreme not only in affairs of ,state   
but in religion4 ,many minor changes1   
besides the destruction of the religious
 life and the suppression of the        
monasteries1 naturally marked and       
followed upon the rejection of the      
,catholic principle of papal authority  
and the assumption by the king of       
,supreme ,headship over the ,church in  

,england4 ,the hopes1 entertained by the
 ,german ,reformers of being able to    
obtain the adherence of the king and    
people of ,england to their reformed    
doctrines1 were disappointed during     
,henry's life4 ,on his death their hopes
 revived4 ,edward ,,vi41 a boy1 only    
nine years of age1 succeeded to the     
throne1 and the supreme power in the    
,state was seized by those whose        
sympathies were known to be on the side 
of the ,german ,reformation4 ,the ,lord 
,protector1 ,somerset1 became the       
highest authority in the ,state1 and    
,archbishop ,cranmer1 for years a       
,lutheran at heart1 was the chief       
ecclesiastic in the realm4  ,as one of  
the first acts of the reign1 all the    
bishops were compelled to take out fresh
 ,commissions from the ,crown for the   
exercise of their episcopal offices4 ,in
 this ,cranmer set a willing example of 
obedience2 and in the preamble of the   
new ,letters ,patent the royal power was
 set forth as the source of all         

jurisdiction1 civil and ecclesiastical4 
,within a month of ,edward's accession1 
the images of saints in the ,london     
churches were dishonoured and mutilated1
 and sermons were preached1 without     
punishment or rebuke1 against the       
observance of ,lent and other ,catholic 
practices4 ,other changes in the line of
 the ,reformation followed quickly one  
upon another4 ,images1 shrines and      
pictures of ,our ,lady and the ,saints  
were ordered to be destroyed1 and the   
,litany of the ,saints1 hitherto said in
 procession1 was made into a prayer to  
be said kneeling4 ,all this was a       
sufficient indication of the trend of   
mind in the men now in power towards the
 ,reformation doctrines of ,luther and  
the other continental heretics4  ,for   
objecting to these changes some of the  
bishops were lodged in prison1 and in   
the course of a general ,visitation of  
churches in the diocese of ,london1     
whilst the ,bishop was in prison1 the   
images in ,st4 ,paul's and other city   

churches were pulled down and broken up2
 the painted pictures and frescoes upon 
the walls--the books of the poor and    
unlearned as they were called--were     
covered with whitewash1 and in their    
place the ,ten ,commandments were       
written upon the plaster4  ,the first   
,parliament of this reign met in        
,november1 #aedg1 and the important     
matter--from a religious                
standpoint--discussed and settled was   
the introduction of ,communion under    
both kinds--or as some modern writers   
put it the restoration of the cup to the
 laity4 ,this change1 significant as it 
was1 might mean little more than the    
rejection of a disciplinary law of the  
,church1 which had been introduced many 
ages before for wise and obvious        
reasons4 ,but to those who will study   
the history of the controversies of the 
sixteenth century1 the reintroduction of
 ,communion under both kinds was an     
outward manifestation of the rejection  
of the ,catholic ,eucharistic doctrine1 

which taught that our ,blessed ,lord was
 present1 whole and entire1 ,body1 ,soul
 and ,divinity in each and every portion
 of the ,most ,holy ,sacrament4 ,and1 as
 ,st4 ,thomas teaches in his dogmatic   
hymn of the ,holy ,eucharist1 in every  
part and portion1 integer accipitur--is 
received whole and entire in ,holy      
,communion4 ,the history of the passage 
of this measure through ,parliament     
makes it clear that many of the ,bishops
 and other prominent ecclesiastics were 
opposed to this departure from existing 
,catholic usage and that it was in      
reality imposed by the authority of     
,parliament upon the ,church under the  
plea that it was conformable to         
primitive practice4 ,the ,bill was but  
the beginning of other and more         
important changes4 ,the replies made at 
this time by ,cranmer and other         
innovating prelates to certain questions
 upon the nature of the ,mass leave no  
doubt as to the lengths they were       
prepared to go ha the direction of      

,lutheran ,eucharistic doctrine4 ,the   
archbishop declared that oblation and   
sacrifice were terms improperly used    
about the ,mass1 and that it was only a 
memory and representation of the        
sacrifice of the ,cross4 ,in other      
words1 ,cranmer and the four other      
,english bishops who agreed with him1   
rejected the ,sacrifice of the ,mass as 
it had hitherto been received in        
,england as in every other part of the  
,catholic world4  ,to carry out the new 
order of ,communion a form1 founded upon
 the celebrated work of ,herman the     
,archbishop of ,cologne1 which had just 
appeared in an ,english translation1 was
 issued and ordered to be inserted in   
the ,latin ,mass4 ,the process of       
spoliation of the ,church begun in the  
reign of ,henry ,,viii4 was continued4  
,a bill1 strongly opposed by churchmen1 
was passed in the ,house of ,lords1     
giving to the ,crown all colleges1 free 
chapels and chantries as well as the    
property of all guilds and fraternities4

 ,by this measure the gravest injustice 
was done to the members of the guilds1  
which were the charitable associations1 
insurance societies1 burial and sick    
clubs of ,catholic ,england4 ,the funds 
thus confiscated for the most part      
represented the savings of the poor4    
,moreover1 religion suffered the gravest
 injury by the confiscation of the      
chantry funds and the revenues for      
anniversary prayers for the dead4 ,these
 were in many cases at least intended to
 supply the services of additional      
curates for the work of larger parishes 
and for annual gifts to the poor4  ,in  
the second year of the ,king's reign    
,cranmer intimated that the ,council had
 ordered the discontinuance of the old  
,catholic practices of blessed candles1 
blessed ashes and blessed palms1 as well
 as the ,good ,friday ceremony of       
honouring the crucifix1 known as        
creeping to the cross4  ,all these      
changes were1 however1 only indications 
of the more serious attack on the       

,catholic doctrine of the ,holy         
,eucharist1 which was being engineered  
by the now almost openly avowed ,english
 ,reforming party1 headed by ,cranmer4  
,on ,december #ad1 #aedh1 a draft of a  
new ,prayer ,book in ,english to        
supersede the ancient ,missal and       
,breviary was introduced into the ,house
 of ,lords and there followed a long    
debate upon the doctrine of the ,blessed
 ,sacrament1 contained in the service1  
which was intended to take the place of 
the ancient ,mass4 ,this part of the new
 ,book of ,common ,prayer has a special 
interest and significance4  ,in the     
course of this debate it appeared       
clearly that ,archbishop ,cranmer had   
given up all belief in the ,catholic    
doctrine of ,transubstantiation and in  
the sacrificial character of the        
,eucharist4 ,in the account of this     
discussion it also appears that the word
 oblation1 which had been left in the   
proposed new ,canon when the draft was  
shown to the ,bishops1 had been struck  

out of the document presented to        
,parliament for its approval1 without   
their knowledge or consent4 ,on ,january
 #ae1 #aedi1 ,parliament by statute     
approved the new form of service to take
 the place of the ,mass2 its authority  
being simply a schedule of an act of    
,parliament2 the ,church in synod or    
convocation almost certainly having had 
nothing to say in this vital matter of  
doctrine and practice4  ,it is not      
infrequently asserted that after all1   
except that the new ,communion service  
was in ,english1 there was little or no 
change made in form or substance4 ,in   
other words1 that the office of         
,communion1 in the ,first ,prayer ,book 
of ,edward ,,vi4--the ,book of          
#aedi--was the ,latin ,mass translated  
into ,english4 ,whatever else it was1   
whether a return to primitive           
observances or an adaptation of ancient 
foreign liturgies1 or any other thing of
 the same nature1 it was most certainly 
not a translation2 not even a free      

rendering of the ,latin ,mass into the  
vernacular4  ,those who are familiar    
with the ,latin ,missal1 or those who   
will take the trouble to examine it1    
will see at once that the ,mass consists
 mainly of two parts1--the first a      
preparation for and leading up to the   
second4 ,in the former we have the      
prayers and supplications with passages 
of ,holy ,scripture from the ,epistles  
and ,gospels1 selected by the ,church as
 appropriate to the feast or ,sunday    
upon which they are read4 ,in this part 
also we have the ceremonial offices     
arranged for the offering of the bread  
and wine prepared for the ,christian    
,sacrifice1 accompanied by prayers      
expressing the idea of sacrifice and    
oblation4  ,thus1 for example1 at the   
offering of the bread the priest says   
these words3 ,receive1 ,o ,holy ,father1
 ,almighty and ,everlasting ,god1 this  
spotless ,host1 etc4 ,when he offers the
 chalice with the wine and water in it  
he says3 ,we offer up to ,thee1 ,o      

,lord1 the chalice of ,salvation1       
beseeching ,thee of ,thy mercy that our 
sacrifice may ascend with an odour of   
sweetness in the sight of ,thy ,divine  
,majesty1 etc42 and he adds3 ,may the   
,sacrifice we this day offer up be      
well-pleasing to ,thee4 ,finally1 bowing
 down before the altar1 the priest says3
 ,receive1 ,o ,holy ,trinity1 this      
oblation offered up by us to ,thee1     
etc41 and1 turning to those who are     
assisting1 he says3 ,brethren1 pray that
 this sacrifice1 which is both mine and 
yours1 may be well-pleasing to ,god the 
,father ,almighty4 ,to this the people  
through the server reply3 ,may the ,lord
 receive this sacrifice at your hands1  
etc4 ,everyone who will carefully       
examine these prayers must see that the 
main idea contained in all is that of   
sacrifice and oblation4 ,in the same way
 the prayer called the ,secret1 which   
follows upon the offering of the bread  
and wine for the ,sacrifice1 though it  
varies with the feast celebrated1       

practically always contains some mention
 of the oblation or victim to be        
offered4 ,thus on this1 the second      
,sunday of ,advent1 the ,secret prayer  
contains these words3 ,be appeased1 we  
beseech ,thee1 ,o ,lord1 by our prayers 
and by the sacred ,victim we humbly     
offer1 etc4  ,in the second part of the 
,holy ,mass we shall find1 if we use our
 ,missals1 or ,mass books1 that there is
 one unchanging ritual formula called   
the ,canon1 during which the words of   
,consecration are pronounced by the     
priest over the bread and wine4 ,by the 
efficacy of these words1 as we          
,catholics believe1 the substance of the
 bread and wine are changed by ,god's   
power into the ,body and ,blood of      
,christ2 and in this ,sacred ,canon the 
,christian sacrifice is perfected4      
,naturally we should expect to find in  
this solemn part of the ,mass the same  
idea of sacrifice and oblation clearly  
expressed4 ,and so it is4 ,the priest   
begs ,almighty ,god to receive and to   

bless these gifts1 these oblations1     
these holy and spotless hosts1 which we 
offer up to ,thee2 and to be appeased by
 this oblation which we offer4 ,again he
 prays3 ,vouchsafe to bless this same   
oblation1 to take it for ,thy very own 4
 4 4 so that on our behalf it may be    
made into the ,body and ,blood of ,jesus
 ,christ1 etc4 ,to this he adds3        
,wherefore we offer up to thine         
excellent ,majesty 4 4 4 a ,victim which
 is pure1 a ,victim which is holy1 a    
,victim which is stainless1 the holy    
,bread of life everlasting and the ,cup 
of eternal salvation4 ,then after the   
words of ,consecration1 bowing down     
before the sacred species on the altar1 
the celebrant says3 ,humbly we beseech  
,thee1 ,almighty ,god1 to command that  
by the hands of ,thy holy ,angel1 this  
our ,sacrifice be uplifted to thine     
altar on high4  ,now let us understand  
what was done by the ,english ,reformers
 in the new service drawn up in #aedi to
 take the place of the ancient ,mass4   

,in a general way it may be said that up
 to the ,gospel the first ,communion    
service followed outwardly at least the 
old ,missals4 ,the ritual offering of   
the bread and wine1 however1 with the   
prayers expressing oblation and         
sacrifice--a part which was known as the
 ,offertory--was swept away altogether  
in the new service4 ,in its place was   
substituted a few sentences appropriate 
to almsgiving and a new meaning was     
given to the word ,offertory1 which has 
since come to signify a collection4     
,this change is significant of the      
,eucharistic doctrines of the ,german   
,reformers and is fully in accord with  
,cranmer's known opinions in regard to  
oblation and sacrifice1 every expression
 or idea of which was ruthlessly removed
 from the new ,book4 ,the old prayer1   
called the ,secret1 which almost        
invariably contained a mention of the   
,sacrifice about to be offered1 was left
 out4  ,following upon the ,offertory   
and ,secret comes the ,preface1 or      

immediate preparation for the sacred    
,canon4 ,this1 with certain unimportant 
changes1 was allowed to stand in the new
 composition as it was in the ,missal4  
,but the last words of the ,sanctus1    
with which the ,preface invariably      
concludes3 ,blessed is ,he that cometh  
in the name of the ,lord1 although      
allowed to stand in the first ,book of  
,common ,prayer of #aedi1 was removed in
 the subsequent ,book of #aeeb1 and does
 not find a place in the present        
,communion ,service4 ,the reason for    
this later change is obvious4 ,with the 
new ,canon we come to understand the    
full significance of the changes made in
 the new liturgy4 ,our present detailed 
knowledge of the ,canon of the ,mass    
goes back for thirteen hundred years1   
and1 with the exception of one short    
clause inserted by ,st4 ,gregory the    
,great1 it has remained unchanged to the
 present day4 ,this alone is a          
sufficient testimony to the veneration  
in which the prayer was regarded4 ,it   

was a sacred heritage1 coming to the    
,catholic ,church from unknown          
antiquity1 and it was substantially the 
same in every ,western liturgy4  ,the   
,canon of the ,first ,communion service 
was1 so far as ideas go1 an absolutely  
new ,canon4 ,outwardly1 even1 it was so 
different to the ,canon of the ,mass    
that it was characterised by the common 
people as a ,christmas game4 ,it offers 
prayers to ,god in place of these gifts1
 these offerings1 these holy undefiled  
sacrifices of the ,catholic ,canon2 and 
in a word1 every idea or expression of  
the ancient doctrine of sacrifice was   
studiously omitted by the composers of  
the new ,prayer ,book4 ,in fact1 the    
words of ,consecration1 or as they are  
now frequently called1 ,institution1    
which it might have been supposed even  
,cranmer would have respected as too    
sacred to touch or tamper with1 are     
changed for a formula taken from the new
 ,lutheran use of ,nuremberg1 which had 
been drawn up by ,osiander1 ,cranmer's  

relative by marriage4  ,in brief1 then1 
it is impossible for any unbiased mind  
to compare the ancient ,canon of the    
,holy ,mass--the ,canon which still     
exists unchanged in our ,missals        
to-day--with the relative part of the   
new ,communion service without seeing   
that both in spirit and substance the   
,first ,prayer ,book of ,edward ,,vi was
 conceived with the design of getting   
rid of the ,catholic ,mass altogether4  
#a ,it was as little a translation of   
the ,latin ,missal as the similar       
,lutheran productions of ,germany1 which
 were ostensibly based upon the design  
of getting rid of the sacrificial       
character of the ,mass altogether4 ,the 
,first ,prayer ,book of #aedi merely    
represented one stage of the downgrade  
of ,eucharistic doctrine in departure   
from the old ,catholic beliefs towards  
the more advanced ,protestant schools of
 thought represented by ,calvin and     
others4 ,so another--the second liturgy 
of ,edward ,,vi--was soon in preparation

 and was issued in #aeeb4   #a ,for the 
convenience of those interested this    
comparison may be found at the end of   
this lecture4   ,in one thing only did  
it differ4 ,in the ,first ,prayer ,book 
the ,communion service contained some   
shreds of a ,canon1--a new ,canon1 it is
 true1 but a ,canon1--whereas ,luther's 
declared intention was to get rid of    
what he called the abominable ,canon    
altogether1 leaving only the words of   
,institution4 ,this too was effected in 
the ,second ,prayer ,book of #aeeb4 ,in 
this also there is one significant      
omission amongst a number of other      
changes4 ,from the ,sanctus after the   
,preface and immediately leading up to  
the ,canon the words ,blessed is ,he who
 cometh in the name of the ,lord are    
omitted as if to emphasise the rejection
 of the doctrine of ,transubstantiation 
in the new formulae4  ,it is unnecessary
 to do more than point out that the     
rejection of authority in religious     
matters had already the consequences    

which any reasonable man would have     
prophesied for a system of religion     
founded upon the royal power1 or1 as in 
this case of the young ,king ,edward1   
upon the personal opinions of his       
ministers4 ,it is in some quarters the  
fashion nowadays to assume that there   
were no substantial changes in the      
,liturgy of the ,church at this period1 
and that the ,catholic ,mass and the    
,anglican ,communion service to-day are 
essentially and substantially the same4 
,to any one1 who will put the one by the
 side of the other and note the changes 
and omissions1 it must appear as clear  
as the noonday sun that there is a      
difference1 essential and substantial1  
depending upon doctrinal teaching1 on   
which there should be no                
misunderstanding4 ,i am not here        
concerned to determine whether these    
changes were good or bad4 ,what ,i wish 
to make clear is that these changes were
 made1 and that they are significant of 
a change in doctrine4    ,,note         

,,comparison ,,of ,,the ,,mass ,,and    
,,the ,,communion ,,service   ,missal   
,sanctus   ,holy1 ,holy1 ,holy ,lord    
,god of ,hosts   ,the ,heavens and earth
 are full of ,thy glory   ,hosanna in   
the highest   ,blessed is he that       
,cometh in the ,name of the ,lord4#a    
,hosanna1 etc4  --to receive and to     
bless these gifts1 these oblations1     
these holy and spotless hosts which we  
offer up to ,thee--  ,wherefore1 we     
beseech ,thee ,o ,lord to be appeased by
 this oblation which we 4 4 4 offer     
,vouchsafe to bless this same ,oblation 
to take it for ,thy very-own 4 4 4 so   
that on our behalf it may be made into  
the ,body and ,blood of ,j4 ,c41 etc4   
,wherefore 4 4 4 we 4 4 4 offer up to   
thine ,excellent4 ,majesty 444 a ,victim
 which is pure1 a ,victim which is holy1
 a ,victim which is stainless1 the holy 
,bread of life everlasting and the ,cup 
of eternal salvation 4 4 4  ,humbly we  
beseech ,thee1 ,almighty ,god to command
 that by the hands of ,thy ,holy ,angel1

 this our ,sacrifice be uplifted to     
thine ,altar on high   #aedi  ,our ,lord
 who made there upon the ,cross by his  
one oblation once offered1 a full       
perfect and sufficient sacrifice1       
oblation and satisfaction 4 4 4 and did 
institute and in his holy ,gospel       
command us to celebrate a perpetual     
memory of that his precious death4 #b   
--to receive these our prayers and      
supplications #c-- which we offer unto  
#c thy ,divine ,majesty4  ,vouchsafe to 
bless and #c sanctify these thy gifts   
and creatures of bread and wine1 that   
they may be unto us the ,body and       
,blood--  ,wherefore444 we do celebrate 
and make here before ,thy ,divine       
,majesty1 with these ,thy holy gifts the
 memorial which ,thy ,son hath willed us
 to make 4 4 4 desiring thee to accept  
this our ,sacrifice of praise and       
thanksgiving 4 4 4  and we offer and    
present unto ,thee ourselves1 our souls 
and bodies to be a reasonable1 holy and 
lively sacrifice to ,thee  accept this  

our bounden duty and service and command
 these our prayers and supplications by 
the ministry of ,thy ,holy ,angels to be
 brought up into ,thy holy ,tabernacle  
#d   #a ,blessed is he who cometh1 etc41
 left out in #aeeb and subsequent       
recensions4  #b ,this is still found in 
the ,communion ,service4  #c ,omitted in
 #aeeb  #d ,omitted in #aeeb4 ,the      
,american ,service has accept this our  
bounden duty and ,service as above1 but 
,,leaves out and command these1 etc4    
,,iii  ,,iii  ,,the ,,priesthood  ,,last
 ,sunday ,i spoke of the ,catholic      
doctrine of the ,mass and the ,holy     
,eucharist2 ,i pointed out what our     
faith taught us about the ,blessed      
,sacrament and how the ,mass was to our 
,catholic forefathers and to us to-day1 
the central act of worship of ,god2 and 
that the ,holy ,communion in a very true
 sense is the food of our spiritual     
life1 as it binds us to ,god and brings 
,him into our lives in truth and in     
reality1 which is the end and object of 

every act of religion4 ,i pointed out to
 you that by the principles of the      
,reformation1 adopted by the followers  
of the ,lutheran theology in ,england1  
the ,mass1 as a ,sacrifice and          
,oblation1 was not merely attacked      
doctrinally1 and spoken of by the men of
 the ,new ,learning with scurrilous     
profanity1 but destroyed altogether1 as 
far as it was possible for them to do4  
,the service of ,communion in the ,new  
,book of ,common ,prayer1 designed to   
take the place of the ancient missals1  
was drawn up in such a way as to get rid
 of every expression of the ,catholic   
doctrine as to the ,sacrifice of the    
,mass1 absolutely4 ,if the old dictum   
lex orandi est lex credendi--prayer     
follows belief--has any application at  
all1 it must be obvious in this case    
that the authors of the new ,english    
,prayer ,book had completely rejected   
the ,catholic belief as to the ,most    
,holy ,sacrament4 ,the proof lies not in
 the new forms only when compared with  

the old1 but in the clear and definite  
statements of those who had the main    
share in drawing up the ,communion      
,service of the ,book of ,common ,prayer
 and the chief part in imposing its     
acceptance upon the people of ,england4 
,i know well that in comparatively late 
times one school of thought in the      
,english ,church have endeavoured to get
 back to the old ,catholic doctrine of  
the ,sacrifice of the ,mass4 ,some have 
been so dissatisfied with the formula of
 the ,communion in the ,book of ,common 
,prayer that they have added to it and  
have even in some cases made use of our 
ancient ,canon from the ,latin missal4  
,in other instances1 as in the          
,communion ,service in the ,american    
,church1 a longer ,canon had been       
adopted1 taken from the ,first ,prayer  
,book of #aedi and arranged differently 
from that of the ,second ,book now in   
use in ,england4 ,but the doctrine in   
this is in no sense our ,catholic       
doctrine4 ,for1 although the words      

sacrifice and oblation may be found in  
it1 as indeed in the ,anglican          
prototype1 the word signifies not the   
,catholic sacrifice1 the offering up of 
the ,body and ,blood of our ,lord as a  
living victim upon the altar1 but as the
 words in the ,communion office define  
it1 our sacrifice of praise and         
thanksgiving1 in which we offer and     
present ourselves1 our souls and bodies1
 to be a reasonable1 holy and living    
sacrifice unto thee4 ,mind1 for my      
present purpose1 ,i am not here         
contending that the work of the         
,reformers in the #afth century in thus 
composing a new formula was wrong4 ,all 
,i would insist upon is that this was in
 fact done2 that certain ancient        
,catholic principles were abandoned in  
the ,new ,communion ,service1 and that  
this new ,book by the authority of the  
,state was imposed upon the consciences 
of all4  ,that the change thus forcibly 
effected was disliked very generally    
cannot be doubted4 ,the new ,service was

 ordered to come into general use in the
 ,churches on ,whitsunday1 #aedi1 and   
the very next day the people of         
,stamford ,courtenay in ,devon compelled
 their parish priest to return to the   
old missal4 ,this was but an indication 
of the spirit of the people and a       
beginning of those numerous disturbances
 in various parts of the country which  
for a time seriously alarmed the men in 
power4 ,in ,oxfordshire the rising was  
put down with a firm hand and many      
priests were hanged from the towers of  
their parish churches1 as the obvious   
leaders of their people to resist these 
innovations4 ,in ,devonshire the rising 
took a more serious aspect and the      
people assembled in their thousands     
demanding the restoration of the ,latin 
,mass and the abolition of the new      
service in ,english1 which they         
described as a ,christmas game4 ,we will
 have1 they said1 the ,mass as of old   
and the ,blessed ,sacrament hanging in  
our churches2 and to show the religious 

character of their revolt against the   
,state-imposition of the new form of    
religion1 the insurgents carried the    
,most ,holy ,sacrament in a pyx in their
 midst1 and marched with processional   
crosses and banners4 ,by the aid of     
foreign mercenaries--,german and        
,italian--they were defeated1 and       
thousands1 some say twenty thousand of  
the men who rose in defence of the      
,catholic doctrine of the ,mass were    
slaughtered4  ,we have now to go a step 
farther in our contrast of our ,catholic
 belief with the ,reformation           
principles4 ,this morning ,i propose to 
speak of the sacred priesthood4 ,the    
,catholic doctrine of the ,sacrifice of 
the ,mass imples a sacrificing          
priesthood4 ,to us a priest in the first
 place is a man chosen1 set aside and   
consecrated for the service of the      
altar4 ,he is a man and1 alas6          
sometimes1 in spite of the dignity of   
his calling1 he shows himself to be very
 human2 but by the vocation of ,god that

 is given to him and by his ordination  
at the hands of the bishop he receives a
 character which nothing can take away  
and which enables him to stand before   
the altar and offer the ,christian      
,sacrifice4 ,at his word1 spoken by the 
power ,god has given him1 he changes the
 elements of bread and wine into the    
true and real ,body and ,blood of       
,christ1 and offers them to ,god a      
sacrifice for the living and the dead4  
,this is the ,catholic belief as to the 
priesthood1 and it has been the belief  
of ,catholics from the earliest ages4 ,i
 am not concerned to prove this1 but    
merely state it as a part of our belief4
  ,as might be expected1 the doctrine is
 set forth clearly in the form of       
,ordination1 to be found in the ancient 
,pontificals1 or ,books containing those
 forms1 which to-day are practically the
 same as those used in ,england in the  
sixteenth century4 ,if we take the rite 
of ,ordination to the priesthood we     
shall immediately note in the address of

 admonition to the candidates that the  
,bishop speaks of the purity of life    
necessary for those who celebrate ,mass 
and consecrate the ,body and ,blood of  
,christ2 whose hands are anointed that  
they may know that they receive the     
grace of ,consecrating2 and who receive 
the chalice and paten to show they      
receive the power of offering sacrifices
 pleasing to ,god1 since it belongs to  
them to consecrate the sacrament of the 
,body and ,blood of the ,lord on ,god's 
altar4 ,the candidate is likewise       
reminded of the excellence of the       
priestly office by virtue of which the  
,passion of ,christ is daily celebrated 
on the altar4  ,in the course of the    
rite1 the priest's hands are blessed1   
since he is to consecrate the sacrifice 
offered for the sins and offences of the
 people2 and he is given the chalice1   
etc41 to show forth and emphasise the   
power to offer sacrifice and celebrate  
the ,mass2 and in the final blessing    
,god is asked to bless the newly        

ordained in the priestly order who is to
 offer ,sacrifices pleasing to ,him4 ,in
 a word the whole ,ordination service in
 the ,catholic ,pontifical reiterates   
and most emphatically states the fact   
that the priest is ordained to offer up 
the ,sacrifice of the ,body and ,blood  
of ,christ upon the altar4 ,this is the 
dominant note running through the entire
 rite3 the ordained is made a           
sacrificing priest4 ,towards the close  
of the ceremony1 and after the new      
priest has acted as such by             
co-consecrating with the ,bishop at     
,mass1 the ,bishop gives him the power  
of jurisdiction by placing his hands    
upon his head saying3 ,receive the ,holy
 ,ghost3 whose sins ye shall forgive    
they are forgiven1 etc4  ,this was the  
rite of ,ordination to the priesthood   
which was in existence in ,england at   
the time when the ,first ,prayer ,book  
of ,edward ,,vi was imposed on the      
,english clergy and people4 ,on the face
 of it there could be no possibility of 

allowing this old ,ordination service to
 stand as it was4 ,the ,mass had been   
changed into a ,communion service1--a   
memorial of ,christ's ,passion1--and the
 doctrinal teaching of the former had   
been made1 rightly or wrongly1 to give  
place to the ,reformed principles       
clearly expressed in the latter4 ,the   
notion of oblation and sacrifice was now
 wholly foreign to the ,eucharistic     
teaching1 as understood by the followers
 of the ,lutheran ,german reformed      
religion1 who had presided over the     
composition of the new ,prayer ,book4   
,it became therefore necessary to draw  
up another form for the ,ordination of  
ministers1 conceived on the same        
doctrinal basis as that of the ,book of 
,common ,prayer4  ,this new ,ordinal was
 in fact already prepared when the      
,prayer ,book was issued1 and on        
,january #e1 #aeej1 a ,bill to sanction 
it was introduced into the ,house of    
,peers4 ,it gave rise to much           
discussion1 and for refusing to assent  

to it one of the bishops was lodged in  
the prison where others of the          
,catholic-minded prelates were already  
confined4 ,the ,new form and manner of  
making and consecrating archbishops1    
bishops1 priests1 and deacons was1      
however1 approved of by ,parliament in  
anticipation and ordered to be ready for
 ,april #a4  ,the new ,ordinal did in   
regard to the ancient ,catholic         
,pontifical what the ,communion service 
had done for the ,missal4 ,having first 
swept away all the minor ,orders and the
 ,subdiaconate1 the new form carefully  
and systematically excluded every word  
that could be interpreted to mean that  
the candidate was ordained to be a      
sacrificing priest4 ,for the most part  
the new rite was a new composition1     
drawn up to meet the doctrinal views as 
to the ,holy ,eucharist of the ,english 
,reformers of advanced ,lutheran        
principles4 ,one of the few passages of 
the ,pontifical preserved in the        
,ordinal were the words1 ,receive the   

,holy ,ghost3 whose sins ye shall       
forgive1 etc1 which accompanied the     
,imposition of ,hands after the         
ordination in the ancient rite and      
conferred the power of the ,keys4 ,in   
the new rite this subordinate form      
became the substantial form of the new  
,ordination service1 although in it     
there was for a hundred years1 until    
#affb1 no mention of the ,order         
conferred4 ,there can be hardly any     
doubt that this omission came about by  
the adoption of the old form by the     
compilers of the new ,ordinal4 ,in the  
case of the ,catholic ,pontifical no    
such specific mention was called for1 as
 when used in that to convey            
jurisdiction1 the priest was already    
ordained and had co-celebrated with the 
,bishop4  ,once more ,i repeat that ,i  
am not here concerned with any          
discussion as to whether the new        
,ordinal was better or worse than the   
ancient ,pontifical4 ,i desire merely to
 bring out the facts and to make it     

clear that the service of ,holy         
,communion in the ,book of ,common      
,prayer and the ,ordination service in a
 doctrinal point of view go together4   
,they are the expression of a change1 of
 a serious organic change from the      
ancient teachings of the ,faith1 as     
expressed in the ,missal and            
,pontifical4 ,the ,prayer ,book and the 
,ordinal of ,edward ,,vi were the       
serious expression of the deliberate    
alteration in the ,eucharistic teachings
 of the official heads of the ,church in
 ,england at this time4 ,they           
constituted a break1 clear1 sharp and   
decisive with the past4 ,there can be no
 doubt of this in view of the facts4    
,the change may have been for good or   
for ill1 but it can hardly be denied    
that it was made1 and made not by       
accident but of set purpose4 ,it was a  
deliberate breach in the continuity of  
teaching as to the ,holy ,eucharist and 
the ,sacrifice of the ,mass1 which had  
existed in the ,church in ,england from 

the earliest days of ,christianity2 and 
the new teaching found its expression in
 the new formularies4 #a   #a ,the      
subsequent history of the ,anglican     
,church shows that even the need of     
,episcopal ordination was not considered
 absolutely necessary for the           
administration of the ,sacraments in    
that ,communion4 ,it was not1 indeed1   
until #affb that it was legally         
necessary for a beneficed clergyman to  
have been so ordained4 ,bishop ,hooker  
himself admitted the ministration and   
received the ,communion from the hands  
of ,saravia who was a ,calvinistic      
minister4 ,the truth of this position is
 upheld by the present ,anglican ,bishop
 of ,durham in a letter to the ,london  
,times of ,dec4 #ac1 #aiac4 ,he cites as
 witnesses3 ,bancroft1 who carried his  
colleagues1 including ,andrews1 with him
 in consecrating ,presbyterian ministers
 ,bishops for ,scotland in #afji2       
,andrews1 who claims 'our government to 
be by ,divine right1 yet it follows not 

that a ,church cannot stand without it'3
 ,ussher1 who says 7to ,du ,moulin71    
after a solemn assertion of the         
greatness of ,episcopacy1 that he is    
prepared1 to receive the ,blessed       
,sacrament at the hand of the ,french   
ministers if he were at ,charenton' 4 4 
4 and ,cosin1 asserting in his ,will his
 'union of soul with all the orthodox1' 
'which ,i desire chiefly to be          
understood of ,protestants and the best 
,reformed ,churches4'   ,there can be no
 doubt as to what the ardent ,reformers1
 who had the matter in hand1 intended to
 do4 ,the press teemed with books of    
ribald denunciation of the ,sacrifice of
 the ,mass and the ,orders of the       
ancient ,catholic rite were derided in  
such terms as greasy and stinking       
,orders4 ,moreover1 the destruction of  
the altars obviously emphasised the     
change which had taken place4 ,the      
abolition of the ,sacrifice and the     
,sacrificing priesthood made them       
obsolete and unnecessary4 ,bishop       

,ridley1 a reforming prelate of the most
 uncompromising type1 directed the      
,churchwardens of ,london to pull down  
the popish altars and to procure in     
their place the form of a table in order
 more and more to turn the simple from  
the old superstitious opinions of the   
popish ,mass4 ,the substitute for the   
,catholic altars was to be after the    
form of an honest table decently        
covered1 and was to be placed anywhere  
in the chancel or choir1 as was found   
most convenient4 ,at ,st4 ,paul's1      
,london1 for example1 various           
experiments were made both as to the    
best position of the table and as to how
 best the minister could stand at it4   
,four years later ,bishop ,white of     
,winchester taunted ,ridley about this4 
,when your table was constituted1 he    
said1 you could never be content in     
placing the same1 now east1 now north1  
now one way1 now another1 until it      
pleased ,god of ,his goodness to place  
it clean out of the ,church4  ,beyond   

this the altar-stones1 which by solemn  
rites and the unction of ,holy ,oil had 
been consecrated to ,god for the        
,sacrifice of the ,mass1 and upon which 
the ,body and ,blood of ,christ had been
 offered daily for the living and the   
dead1 were not only pulled down1 cast   
out of the church and defaced1 but were 
out of derision and contempt set in the 
floor or the doorway that the passer-by 
might tread them under foot2 or were    
turned to other still more debased uses4
 ,to us ,catholics the consecrated      
altar1 with its relics of the saints and
 the memories of its hallowed           
consecration1 is the most sacred thing1 
set apart to ,god's service1 together   
with the chalice and the paten in which 
and upon which the mystery of the       
sacramental renewal of ,christ's        
,passion is effected by the words of the
 priest4 ,it was this hallowed stone    
which was treated with disdain and      
dishonour4 ,to those who would have us  
think that the whole of the changes made

 at the time of the ,reformation were   
mere protests1 against what they please 
to call the abuse of the ,mass1 in the  
multiplication of ,masses for the living
 and the dead1 the fact of the          
contemptuous and wholesale destruction  
of the ancient altars and the           
substitution of a moveable table1 should
 be sufficient to show that it was no   
abuse that was thought of1 or aimed at1 
but the abolition of the ,sacrifice     
altogether4  ,but there were other      
indications that this abolition of the  
,mass and priesthood was the set policy 
of the men in power at this time4 ,a    
more advanced ,calvinist than even      
,ridley urged the party forward on the  
down grade of ,catholic doctrine4 ,in   
#aeej ,john ,hooper was offered the     
bishopric of ,gloucester1 but refused   
it1 partly because of the mention of    
,saints in the ,new ,ordinal1 but mainly
 because of the vestments1 which he     
would be called upon to wear and which  
he regarded as aaronic abominations4    

,you have got rid of the ,mass1 he said1
 then rid yourselves of the feathers of 
the ,mass also4 ,later1 however1 when in
 doctrinal principle ,cranmer and others
 had advanced further in the direction  
of ,calvin1 ,hooper was consecrated     
according to the new ,ordinal on his own
 terms4 ,the ,mass was gone2 the        
priesthood had passed away2 the altars  
were pulled down in the sanctuaries2 the
 consecrated stones were broken and     
dishonoured1 and why should not the     
,vestments--,aaronic                    
abominations--indicative of the         
sacrificial character of the priest be  
dispensed with also8  ,the time was     
propitious for ,cranmer to take measures
 for the final destruction of the old   
order4 ,since the imposition of the     
,first ,book of ,common ,prayer he had  
had time to grow out of his previous    
,lutheranism and had come under the     
spell of ,calvin and his adherents in   
,geneva4 ,the ,reformer had written to  
,cranmer a personal letter urging him to

 be more active and hasten on the       
movement of ,reform4 ,the ,archbishop of
 ,canterbury had replied begging ,calvin
 to ply ,king ,edward with letters      
urging him to eradicate the last        
vestiges of the old superstition4 ,this 
was the spirit which presided at the    
composition of the ,second ,book of     
,edward ,,vi4 ,it was issued in #aeeb1  
and before this commissions were        
dispatched throughout the country to    
seize in the ,king's name all church    
plate and vestments4  ,i have already   
spoken a word about this final recension
 of the ,liturgy of ,edward ,,vi4 ,it is
 here sufficient to say that it was     
,calvinistic in its conception and      
doctrine4 ,in the ,first ,prayer ,book  
there was some slight outward           
resemblance to the ,mass4 ,this was     
swept away1 and1 to use the expression  
of one who lived at the time1 this new  
liturgy had made a very hay of the      
,mass4 ,of the ancient ,canon1 which the
 ,apostolic ,see had possessed from the 

earliest ages and had kept inviolate1   
nothing was allowed to survive1 even as 
to form4 ,great ,popes like ,st4 ,leo   
and ,st4 ,gregory had inserted a few    
words into this inheritance of the      
,church with fear and reverence4 ,such  
men would have considered it            
sacrilegious and impious to alter or    
reject any part of it4 ,cranmer and his 
followers felt no such scruples4 ,they  
first mutilated it and altered it to    
their heart's content and finally got   
rid of nearly every word of it          
altogether4 ,the outcome of their work  
may be studied in the ,anglican ,book of
 ,common ,prayer to-day1 where the      
,communion ,service is substantially    
that of the ,book of #aeeb4    ,,iv     
,,iv  ,,the ,,church ,,by ,,law         
,,established  ,,bearing in mind what   
the ,catholic teaching was and is in    
regard to the ,supremacy of the ,pope1  
the ,holy ,mass and the sacrificial     
character of the priesthood1 we can     
understand how far away from these      

teachings the legislation of ,king      
,edward's reign had carried ,england4   
,to our ,catholic forefathers in the    
beginning of the #afth ,century1 as to  
us to-day1 the ,pope was the ,supreme   
,head of the ,christian ,church and the 
foundation of ,christian unity4 ,the    
,mass was the great ,christian          
,sacrifice in which the bread and wine  
were substantially changed into the very
 ,body and ,blood of our ,blessed ,lord4
 ,the priest at his ,ordination was     
given a sacrificial character1 expressed
 clearly in the rite1 empowering him to 
offer up the ,eucharistic ,sacrifice    
upon the ,christian altar4 ,in the      
second quarter of the #afth ,century all
 these points of belief were changed by 
a small but determined band of ,english 
,reformers4  ,for a few years1 on the   
death of ,edward ,,vi1 ,mary restored   
the old religion2 the papal supremacy   
and jurisdiction was again acknowledged2
 the altars were once more set up2 the  
ancient liturgy of the ,mass was read   

again from the old missals2 priests were
 again ordained according to the rite in
 the ,catholic ,pontifical1 and the     
ordinations of those who had received   
orders under the ,edwardine ,ordinal    
were rejected4 ,i pass over the reign of
 ,queen ,mary1 which came to an end with
 her death in ,november1 #aeeh4 ,i am   
dealing with ,catholic beliefs          
contrasted with the principles of the   
,reformation1 and in this brief reign of
 ,queen ,mary the country returned to   
union with ,rome1 and all that this     
implied4  ,of this reign1 however1 ,i   
may be allowed perhaps to add the       
verdict of the late ,dr4 ,james         
,gairdner1 a non-,catholic historian1   
than whom no one has a greater right to 
speak with authority4 ,history has been 
cruel to her 7,mary's7 memory4 ,the     
horrid epithet 'bloody1' bestowed so    
unscrupulously alike on her and on      
,bonner and ,gardiner and the bishops   
generally1 had at least a plausible     
justification in her case from the      

severities to which she gave her        
sanction4 4 4 4 ,among the victims1 no  
doubt1 there were many true heroes and  
really honest men1 but many of them also
 would have been persecutors if they had
 had their way4 ,most of them retained  
the belief in a ,catholic ,church but   
rejected the ,mass and held by the      
services authorised in ,edward ,,vi4's  
reign4 ,but of course this meant        
complete rejection of an older          
authority--higher according to the      
time-honoured theory than that of any   
king or ,parliament--which had never    
been openly set aside until that        
generation4  ,with ,queen ,mary's       
premature death religious difficulties  
revived4 ,at first it was not generally 
known whether her successor1 ,elizabeth1
 would remain staunch to the old        
religion or favour the new1 although    
there were suspicions that she was      
inclined to the latter4 ,she was        
welcomed as sovereign by all parties1   
,catholic as well as ,protestant1 and no

 one now ,i believe credits the silly   
story that she was forced into the arms 
of the ,reformers by the refusal of the 
,pope to recognise her as lawful ,queen4
  ,almost from the first it was easy to 
conjecture which way lay her            
inclination4 ,by the advice of ,cecil1  
her chief adviser1 she formed a secret  
cabinet within a cabinet1 which occupied
 itself with a project for the          
alteration of religion1 as it is called 
in the document still extant4 ,those now
 in the ,pope's religion were to be got 
rid of1 and by process of law all were  
to be made to abjure the ,pope of ,rome 
and conform themselves to the new       
alterations4 ,what these alterations in 
the form of religion signified is not   
doubtful4 ,they meant the reintroduction
 of the liturgical reforms of ,edward's 
reign1 including the abolition of the   
,catholic missal and ,ordinal4  ,one of 
the first measures proposed to          
,parliament at the beginning of the new 
reign was the ,act of ,royal ,supremacy4

 ,its object was of course to do away   
with the ,spiritual ,supremacy of the   
,pope and substitute that of the ,crown1
 and a stringent oath admitting this was
 to be required of all holding any      
office in the ,state4 ,by this1 every   
adherent of the old faith was           
deliberately excluded from any and every
 position in the ,church or ,state4  ,at
 this time ten of the ,english ,sees    
were vacant and the brunt of the battle 
for the preservation of the old religion
 fell upon the diminished number of     
,bishops in the ,house of ,lords4 ,their
 hands were1 however1 strengthened      
greatly by a solemn pronouncement made  
by the clergy in ,convocation1 wherein  
they declared their entire belief in the
 ,catholic1 as opposed to the ,reformed 
teaching of the existence of the natural
 body of ,christ under the species of   
bread and wine in the ,sacrament of the 
,altar1 by virtue of the word of        
,christ1 spoken by the priest4 ,they    
declared also their belief in the       

doctrine of ,transubstantiation and in  
the ,sacrifice of the ,mass1 and at the 
same time affirmed that to ,blessed     
,peter and to his lawful successors in  
the ,apostolic ,see1 as ,vicars of      
,christ1 has been given the supreme     
power of feeding and ruling the ,church 
of ,christ upon ,earth and of confirming
 their brethren4 ,the ,english          
universities at this time also made the 
same declaration4 ,thus1 when change of 
religion and the readoption of the      
principles of the ,reformed ,churches of
 ,germany which had ruled in the days of
 ,edward ,,vi4 was in the air1 the      
unfettered ,church in ,england1 the     
bishops1 clergy and the teaching bodies 
boldly declared for the old catholic    
faith of the ,holy ,eucharist1 the ,mass
 and the ,supremacy of the ,pope4  ,but1
 the power was again in the hands of    
those who desired the alteration of     
religion1 as it was called1 and this was
 effected mainly by three acts of       
,parliament4 ,by the first1 the tenths  

on ,ecclesiastical property were given  
over to the crown2 by the second1 the   
,supremacy of the sovereign in matters  
ecclesiastical was reaffirmed2 and the  
third1 the ,act of ,uniformity          
authorised and imposed under serious    
penalties the ,reformed ,prayer ,book of
 ,edward ,,vi4 in place of the ancient  
,catholic ,missal and ,pontifical4 ,the 
,bishops in the ,house of ,lords fought 
these measures step by step and         
unanimously voted against them4 ,with a 
few unimportant modifications the new   
,eucharist office was that of the second
 ,book of ,common ,prayer of #aeeb--the 
,book1 from which every vestige of the  
mass in its essential parts had been    
removed4 ,after a struggle1 in which by 
some means the defenders of the old     
religion delayed the passage of the     
measure1 it was passed by a majority of 
only three votes1 and without the       
support of one single spiritual peer4   
,to a man the ,bishops of the ,church   
opposed the ,bill4 ,the famous speeches 

of ,bishop ,scot and of ,abbot          
,feckenham1 in which they challenged    
history to produce a single instance    
where the bishops of any church were not
 consulted and listened to in so        
momentous a change1 were the last       
constitutional efforts of the ,church of
 ,england to prevent the innovations in 
matters of religion being imposed by    
,parliament upon the consciences of     
those who regarded them as heretical4   
,the very narrow majority1 which carried
 this religious revolution1 makes it    
more than likely that their arguments   
had weight4 ,there can be no reasonable 
doubt that had ten episcopal sees not   
been vacant at this time the intentions 
of the ,government would have been      
defeated1 at least for a time1 and the  
new ,liturgy would not then have been   
imposed upon all by an act of           
,parliament4 ,as it was1 the            
,elizabethan settlement of religion--as 
it is called--rested obviously on the   
infallibility of the odd three votes of 

the majority4  ,it was now that the ,act
 of ,uniformity in ,religion came to be 
enforced4 ,by it the ,tudor maxim ,cujus
 regio ejus religio--that must be the   
religion of a kingdom1 which is the     
religion of the ruler--was carried out  
in practice4 ,the form of religion      
authorised by the ,queen and the        
,parliamentary majority was the only one
 allowed4 ,the consciences of           
individuals were disregarded1 and just  
as in the days of the persecuting pagan 
,emperors ,christians were compelled by 
force to throw incense on the altars of 
the pagan gods1 so now with equal       
disregard for freedom of conscience     
,catholics--those who refused to accept 
the ,elizabethan settlement of          
religion--were forced by fines1         
imprisonment and other penalties1 to    
attend the new services in their parish 
churches4 ,they became known as         
,recusants for refusing to be present at
 the ,communion ,service of the ,english
 ,prayer ,book1 which had again taken   

the place of the ,holy ,mass4  ,then1   
too1 began a systematic attempt to stamp
 out the old religion4 ,the priesthood  
was proscribed1 and priests were hunted 
down and exiled for offering up the     
,holy ,sacrifice of the ,mass2 and1     
during the centuries of persecution1    
which began with the reign of ,queen    
,elizabeth1 hundreds of priests and     
others were put to death for the sole   
crime of having said or having been     
present at the ,mass4 ,in the well-known
 phrase of one of the present ,english  
cabinet ministers3 ,it was the ,mass    
that mattered1 and the real struggle was
 for this all along the line4 ,to the   
,catholic1 who realised all that the    
,mass meant1--how it was the centre of  
his religion and the sublime ,christian 
,sacrifice1 it was a point of honour and
 conscience to imperil fortune and even 
life for so sacred a heritage4 ,to the  
,protestant in those days the ,mass was 
a fable and dangerous deceit1 and with  
,luther he desired above all things to  

root out this superstition from the     
land2 and so1 as there could be no ,mass
 without a ,mass-priest1 all the efforts
 of those in power were directed towards
 extirpating all those who continued in 
spite of the laws to exercise their     
ministry1 and to prevent others coming  
from abroad to continue their work1 when
 they either perished on the scaffold1  
or worn out by the long continued       
persecution and constant searches for   
them1 passed away in their hiding       
places4 ,in ,england and in ,ireland the
 record of this terrible time makes us  
wonder how it was possible that any     
remnant of the old religion could have  
survived4  ,cecil1 who was the master   
brain directing the policy of ,queen    
,elizabeth1 had counted upon the gradual
 extinction of the old ,marian          
priesthood and the consequent           
eradication of the old ,faith from the  
hearts of a people left without priest  
or teacher or ,sacraments4 ,from #aehj  
the coming of the ,jesuits and seminary 

priests from abroad1 to keep the light  
of the ,faith alive if possible1 in     
spite of fines and the rack and gallows1
 made it clear to the all-powerful      
minister that he had miscalculated the  
effect of his repressive policy4 ,from  
that time the persecution began in      
earnest4  ,what contributed no doubt to 
increase the trials of the ,english and 
,irish ,catholics was the embarrassing  
excommunication pronounced by ,pope     
,pius ,v against ,queen ,elizabeth4 ,it 
furnished the government with a weapon  
they were not slow to seize upon1 by    
making it appear to the popular mind as 
if a political offence1 if not a        
criminal treason1 was connected with the
 exercise of the ,catholic faith4       
,catholics for being ,catholics were    
henceforth treated as traitors4 ,for the
 last twenty years of this reign1 with  
one exception1 there were numerous      
executions for religion in ,england4    
,most of those who suffered thus were   
priests--,mass-priests as they were     

called in derision of their sacerdotal  
character4 ,thousands of men and women  
also were punished under the penal laws 
for the exercise of the old religion4   
,fines and imprisonment were the lot of 
those who refused at any price to accept
 the religious settlement of the        
sovereign--to accept the form of        
religion which their consciences        
refused4 ,the sad records of this period
 show that many a ,catholic family was  
impoverished and destroyed by the fines 
levied upon it4 ,gradually even great   
estates had to be sold to meet the      
demands of penal laws against           
recusancy--the refusal to attend the    
,protestant service4 ,then followed a   
long period of repression and ostracism4
 ,for two centuries the unfortunate     
papist was shut out of the life of the  
nation and subject to every insult and  
baseless accusation4 ,one writer who    
lived during this period says of this   
system3 ,the experience of ,elizabeth's 
reign had shown that the infliction of  

actual death roused a life-giving       
enthusiasm among ,catholics themselves  
and sympathy in the witnesses of their  
sufferings4 ,the penal system now       
introduced was the preference for       
gagging a man1 binding him hand and     
foot1 bandaging his eyes and imprisoning
 him for life1 rather than killing him  
outright4  ,everywhere throughout       
,england and ,ireland there was a stolid
 and heroic resistance to the imposition
 of the new form of ,state church on the
 part of those who remained true to the 
old religion4 ,looking back to those    
days of darkness and despair it seems   
impossible to believe that any remnant  
of those who would not bow their knees  
to ,baal could survive the system by    
which it was hoped to crush them4 ,and  
when liberty of conscience was at last  
accorded it was more in the spirit of   
compassion than in any expectation that 
they could revive and live again that it
 was given4 ,as well might the world    
think that the worship of ,pan or of    

,jupiter would spring again into life as
 that the poor1 despised1 dying         
,catholics could expand and grow once   
more into a position of respect and     
influence1 reasserting and publicly     
upholding the principles of the         
,catholic ,faith1 for which their       
forefathers in ,england and ,ireland had
 suffered persecution and even death4   
,these principles ,i have endeavoured to
 set out during the past four ,sundays4 
,mainly there were only three1 which    
were attacked by the upholders of the   
,reformation doctrines4 ,the ,papal     
,supremacy over the ,church1 the        
safeguard of unity of ,faith1 and a mark
 of the ,church1 ,christ established in 
this world2 the ,christian              
,sacrifice--the ,mass1 attacked and     
swept away by the ,reformers2 and the   
,priesthood in its sacrificial          
character1 which was the necessary      
consequence of the ,eucharistic doctrine
 upheld by the ,german and ,english     
,reformers4 ,there were of course many  

minor points of ,catholic belief and    
practice which were attacked and        
destroyed in these days2 such1 for      
example1 as devotion to the ,mother of  
,god and the ,saints1 and the long      
established custom of blessed ashes and 
candles and the creeping to the ,cross  
on ,good ,friday4 ,but the main lines of
 departure from the ,catholic ,faith    
along which the ,reformation moved were 
the three ,i have indicated4 ,a return  
can be contemplated only by frankly     
facing the issues4 ,to-day we find men  
of the highest intelligence and good    
faith claiming to have the same         
,christian sacrifice and the same       
sacrificing priests as the ,catholic    
,church1 and they are using a ,communion
 ,service from which of set purpose     
every notion of ,oblation and ,sacrifice
 has been ruthlessly removed1 and their 
ministers are ordained by an ,ordinal1  
which designedly was composed to express
 the rejection of the sacrificial       
character of the ,christian priest4 ,the

 prayer for ,christian ,unity must go up
 from every heart1 but if it is to be   
something more than sentiment1 the facts
 must be faced frankly and with courage4
    ,,books ,,suggested ,,for ,,reading 
,short ,history of the ,church in       
,england4 ,gasquet4   ,henry ,,iii and  
the ,church4 ,gasquet4   ,roman ,law and
 ,canon ,law4 ,maitland4   ,lollardy and
 the ,reformation1 #d vols4 ,gairdner4  
,history of the ,reformation4 ,blunt4   
,history of the ,english ,church in the 
#afth ,century4 ,gairdner4   ,the ,eve  
of the ,reformation4 ,gasquet4          
,england under the ,old ,religion and   
,other ,essays4 ,gasquet4   ,what then  
happened at the ,reformation 7in above74
   ,henry ,,viii and the ,english       
,monasteries4 ,gasquet4   ,henry ,,vi   
and the ,book of ,common ,prayer4       
,gasquet and ,bishop4   ,what ,edward   
,,vi did with the ,liturgy 7in ,england 
under the ,old ,religion74   ,anglican  
,ordinations 7in above74   ,anglican    
,ordinations4 ,canon ,estcourt4   ,the  

,pope and the ,ordinal4 ,s4 ,barnes4    
,the ,elizabethan ,religious            
,settlement4 ,h4 ,n4 ,birt4   ,hampshire
 ,recusants4 ,gasquet4   ,the ,line of  
,cleavage 7,c4 ,t4 ,soc474 ,h4 ,n4      
,birt4   ,parker ,society publications4 
,catholic ,truth ,society--various      
,historical ,papers4   ,the ,ecclesia   
,anglicana1 for what does it ,stand8 ,by
 the ,bishop of     ,tanzibar1 and      
subsequent correspondence in the ,london
 ,times1     ,december1 #aiac1 and      
,january1 #aiad4