,note3 ,images ( ! orig9al pages are available ?r\gh ,int]net ,ar*ive_/,am]ican ,libr>ies4 ,see http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/woman9 sci5cewi#jjmozaiala ,,woman ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,) an ,introductory ,*apt] on ,woman's ,long ,/ruggle = ,?+s ( ! ,m9d by ,h4 ,j4 ,,mozans1 ,a4,m41 ,,ph4,d4 ,au?or ( ,up ! ,or9oco & ,d[n ! ,magdal5a1 ,along ! ,&es & ,d[n ! ,amazon1 etc4 ,illu/ration ,que e piu bella 9 donna que sav]e8 ,,dante1 ,,convito4 ,new ,york & ,london ,d4 ,appleton & ,company #aiac ,copyright1 #aiac1 by ,d4 ,appleton & ,company ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,,to ,,mrs4 ,,*>les ,m4 ,,s*wab ,,z ,a ,,slight ,,tribute ,,to ,,h] ,,*>m+ ,,p]sonality ,,goodness ,,( ,,he>t ,,& ,,nobility ,,( ,,s\l ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,respectfully ,,d$icat$ ,,) ,,! ,,be/ ,,wi%es ,,( ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,preface ,! foll[+ pages are ! outcome ( /udies begun _m ye>s ago 9 ,greece & ,italy4 ,:ile w&]+ ?r\gh ! fam$ & picturesque l& ( ! ,hell5es1 rejoic+ 9 ! c\ntless beauties ( ! isl&s ( ! ,ionian & ,aegean seas or scal+ ! heights ( ,helicon & ,p>nassus1 all s r$ol5t ( ! /ori$ pa/1 ,i saw on e side tangible evid5ce ( t m>vel\s race ( m5 & wom5 ^: mat*less a*ievem5ts h be5 ! delight & inspiration ( ! _w = ne>ly ?ree ?\s& ye>s4 ,b x 0 especially :ile contemplat+1 f ! portico ( ! ,p>!non1 ! magnific5t vi/a :i* !re meets ! *>m$ vision1 t ,i fir/ fully exp]i5c$ ! spell ( ! favor$ l& ( ,hellas1 s long ! home ( beauty & ( intellect4 ,! sc5e be=e me 0 inde$ en*ant+ beyond expression2 =1 e ru91 e m>ble column1 e rock _h its hi/ory1 & evok$ ! mo/ preci\s memories ( m5 ( godlike ?\ghts & ( ,a ?\s& glori\s actions t may claim ,triumphal laurels & immortal fame4 ,x 0 a tranquil & balmy night 9 midsumm]4 ,! sun1 leav+ a gorge\s aft]gl[1 _h ab\t an h\r be=e disappe>$ beh9d ! azure-veil$ m\nta9s ( ,i?aca1 :]e1 9 ! long ago1 liv$ & lov$ ! h]o & ! h]o9e ( ! incomp>able ,odyssey4 ,! full moon1 j ris+ above ! pla9 ( ,m>a?on1 int5sifi$ ! wit*]y ( t memorable spot consecrat$ by ! valor ( patriots battl+ victori\sly aga9/ ! invad+ hordes ( ,asia4 ,h>d by 0 ! ,areopagus1 :]e ,/4 ,paul prea*$ to ! sup]/iti\s ,a!nians on ,! ,unkn[n ,god4 ,almo/ adjo9+ x 0 ! ,agora1 :]e ,socrates 0 wont to hold conv]se ) noble & simple on ! sublime/ que/ions :i* c engage ! human m9d4 ,n di/ant 0 ! site ( ! celebrat$ ,pa9t$ ,por*1 :]e ,z5o develop$ 8 fam\s sy/em ( e?ics4 ,9 ano!r qu>t] 7 ! %ady walks ( ! ,lyceum1 :]e ,ari/otle1 ! ma/] ( ^? :o "k1 lectur$ be=e an admir+ conc\rse ( /ud5ts f all p>ts ( ,hellas4 ,f>!r afield1 on ! banks ( ! ,cephissus1 0 ! grove ( ,academus1 :]e ! div9e ,plato exp\nd$ t admirable idealism :i*1 ) ,ari/otelianism1 has controll$ ! progress ( speculative ?\ght = m ?an tw5ty c5turies1 & enunciat$ ^? admirable doctr9es :i* h become ! common h]itage ( humanity4 ,b :]e1 9 ?is v5]able city--! eye ( ,greece1 "m ( arts & eloqu5ce--0 ! abode ( ,aspasia1 ! wife ( ,p]icles & ! inspir] ( ! noble/ m9ds ( ! ,gold5 ,age ( ,grecian civilization8 ,:]e 0 t salon1 r5[n$ ^! f\r & tw5ty c5turies z ! mo/ brilliant c\rt ( culture ! _w has ev] kn[n1 :]e9 ?is gift$ & accompli%$ daught] ( ,miletus ga!r$ ab\t h] ! mo/ le>n$ m5 & wom5 ( h] "t8 ,:atev] ! location1 !re x 0 t ! wit & tal5t ( ,attica f\nd a cong5ial try/+-place1 & human g5ius bur/ into faire/ blossom4 ,!re x 0 t poets1 sculptors1 pa9t]s1 orators1 philosoph]s1 /atesm5 7 all equally at home4 ,!re ,socrates disc\rs$ on philosophy2 !re ,euripides & ,sophocles read _! plays2 !re ,anaxagoras dilat$ ^u ! nature & con/itution ( ! univ]se2 !re ,phidias1 ! greate/ sculptor ( all "t1 & ,ict9us & ,callicrates unfold$ _! plans = t supreme creation ( ar*itecture1 ! temple ( ,a!na ,p>!nos on ! ,acropolis4 ,l ,mi*aelangelo1 long c5turies aft]w>ds1 :o saw ) ! eyes & act$ by ! inspiration ( ,vittoria ,colonna1 ^! ma/]s ( ,greek ar*itecture & sculpture saw ) ! eyes & act$ by ! sublime prompt+s ( ,aspasia1 :o 0 ! greate/ patron & inspir] ( m5 ( g5ius ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,i felt !n1 z ,i feel n[1 t ?is sup]b monum5t to ! virg9 goddess ( wisdom & art & sci5ce 0 9 great measure a monum5t to ! "o :o by h] quick intellig5ce1 h] pr(\nd k1 h] inspiration1 h] patronage1 h] influ5ce1 _h s mu* to d ) its erection--! wise1 ! cultur$1 ! ri*ly d[]$ ,aspasia4 ,?is ?\ght x 0 t />t$ ! tra9 ( reflections on ! intellectual a*ievem5ts ( wom5 :i* ev5tually gave rise to ! idea ( writ+ a book on woman's "w 9 ?+s ( ! m9d4 ,! foll[+ day1 z ,i 0 ent]+ ! ,univ]sity ( ,a!ns1 ,i notic$ above ! /ately portal a l>ge & beautiful pa9t+ :i*1 on inspection1 prov$1 to my great delight1 to be no?+ less ?an a pictorial repres5tation ( my mus+s ! night be=e on ! portico ( ! ,p>!non4 ,= !re 0 ,aspasia1 j z ,i _h fanci$ h] 9 h] salon1 seat$ beside ,p]icles1 & surr\nd$ by ! greate/ & ! wise/ m5 ( ,greece4 ,?is1 ,i exclaim$1 %all be ! frontispiece ( my book2 x w tell m ?an _m pages ( text4 ,nor did ,i re/ till ,i _h procur$ a copy ( ?is excell5t "w ( art4 ,%ortly aft] my j\rney ?r\gh ,greece ,i visit$ ! *ief cities & t[ns ( ,italy4 ,i trav]s$ ! :ole ( ,magna ,graecia &1 to enjoy ! local color ( ?+s ,grecian & brea!1 z f> z might be1 ! atmosph]e :i* once envelop$ ! _w's greate/ ?9k]s1 ,i /ood on ! spot 9 ,syracuse :]e ,plato disc\rs$ on ! true1 ! beautiful & ! good1 be=e en?usia/ic audi5ces ( m5 & wom51 & w&]$ ?r\gh ! l& inhabit$ by ! anci5t ,bruttii1 :]e ,py?agoras has 8 fam\s s*ool ( sci5ce & philosophy--a s*ool :i* 0 cont9u$ aft] ! f\nd]'s dea? by 8 celebrat$ wife1 ,!ano4 ,= 9 ,crotona1 z well z 9 ,a!ns1 & 9 ,alex&ria 9 ! "t ( ,hypatia1 wom5 7 tea*]s z well z s*ol>s1 & atta9$ to m>k$ di/9ction 9 e bran* ( intellectual activity4 ,z ,i visit$1 "o aft] ! o!r1 :at 7 once ! great c5t]s ( le>n+ & culture 9 ,magna ,graecia1 ! idea ( writ+ ! book a=em5tion$ appeal$ to me m /rongly f day to day1 b x did n assume def9ite =m until aft] ,i _h t>ri$ = "s weeks or mon?s 9 ea* ( ! great univ]sity t[ns ( ,italy4 ,& z ,i w5d$ my way ?r\gh ! almo/ des]t$ /reets ( ,sal]no1 :i* 0 = c5turies "o ( ! noble/ seats ( le>n+ 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & recall$ ! a*ievem5ts ( its gift$ daught]s--^? wond]ful muli]es ,sal]nitanae1 ^: praises 7 once s\nd$ ?r\gh\t ,europe1 b ^: names h be5 almo/ =gott5--,i began to realize1 z nev] be=e1 t wom5 ( intellectual em95ce h receiv$ too little cr$it = _! contributions to ! progress ( k1 & %\ld h a sympa!tic hi/orian ( :at !y h a*iev$ 9 ! doma9 ( le>n+4 ,b x 0 n until aft] ,i _h visit$ ! great univ]sity t[ns ( ,bologna1 ,padua & ,pavia1 _h become m famili> ) _! fasc9at+ hi/ories & traditions1 & survey$ !re ! sc5es ( ! great s*ola/ic triumphs ( wom5 z /ud5ts & pr(essors1 t ,i fully realiz$ ! importance1 if n ! necessity1 ( su* a "w z ,i _h 9 contemplation4 ,= !n1 z :5 /&+ 9 sil5t m$itation on ! pronaos ( ! ,p>!non1 ! pa/ seem$ to become pres5t1 & ! graceful figures ( ^? illu/ri\s daught]s ( ,italia la ,bella1 :o h conf]r$ su* honor on bo? _! c\ntry & on womank9d ?r\gh\t ! _w1 seem$ to flit be=e me z !y return$ to & f _! lecture halls & laboratories1 :]e _! disc\rses1 9 fl[+ ,lat9 p]iods1 _h comm&$ ! admiration & ! applause ( /ud5ts f e ,european c\ntry1 f ! ,rock ( ,ca%el to ! ,a!nian ,acropolis4 ,only !n did ! magnitude & ! difficulty ( my self-impos$ task beg9 to dawn ^u me4 ,i saw t x w\ld be impossible1 if ,i 7 to d ju/ice to ! subject1 to compass 9 a s+le volume any?+ l an adequate acc\nt ( ! contributions ( wom5 to ! advancem5t ( g5]al k4 ,i accord+ly resolv$ to re/rict my !me & conf9e myself to an attempt to %[ :at an important role wom5 h play$ 9 ! developm5t ( ^? bran*es ( k 9 :i* !y are usually ?\ght to h _h b little "p4 ,! subject ( my book ?us1 by a process ( elim9ation1 n>r[$ its scope to woman's a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce4 ,_m works 9 v>i\s languages _h be5 writt5 on :at wom5 _h accompli%$ 9 art1 lit]ature1 & /ate-craft1 & !re 01 !re=e1 no special call = a new volume on any ( ^! topics4 ,b1 ) ! exception ( a few brief monographs 9 ,g]man1 ,fr5* & ,italian1 & an occasional magaz9e article "h & !re1 practically no?+ _h be5 writt5 ab\t woman 9 sci5ce4 ,! "t1 !n1 seem$ opportune = ent]+ ^u a field t _h ?us f> be5 almo/ completely neglect$2 &1 al?\gh ,i soon discov]$ t ! labor involv$ w\ld be f> great] ?an ,i _h anticipat$1 ,i nev] lo/ sight ( ! "w :i* _h its virtual inception 9 ! pe]less sanctu>y ( ,pallas ,a!na 9 ! ,city ( ! ,violet ,cr[n4 ,duties & occupations innum]able h ret>d$ ! progress ( ! "w4 ,b n ! lea/ cause ( delay has be5 ! difficulty ( locat+ ! mat]ial ess5tial to ! production ( a volume t w\ld d ev5 p>tial ju/ice to ! num]\s topics requir+ treatm5t4 ,my exp]i5ce1 p>va compon]e magnis1 0 n unlike t ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 :o tells u 9 ! preface to 8 ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language1 ,i saw t "o inquiry only gave occasion to ano!r1 t book ref]r$ to book1 t to se>* 0 n always to f9d1 & t ?us to pursue p]fection 01 l ! fir/ inhabitants ( ,arcadia1 to *ase ! sun1 :i*1 :5 !y rea*$ ! hill :]e he seem$ to re/1 0 /ill beheld at ! same di/ance f !m4 ,al?\gh ,i h endeavor$ to give a place 9 ?is "w to all wom5 :o h a*iev$ special di/9ction 9 sci5ce1 x is n unlikely t ,i may h inadv]t5tly ov]look$ "s1 p>ticul>ly among ^? ( rec5t ye>s1 :o 7 des]v+ ( m5tion4 ,%\ld ?is be ! case1 ,i %all be grateful = in=mation :i* w enable me to correct su* ov]sights & r5d] ! volume1 %\ld !re be a dem& = m ?an "o edition1 m complete & s]viceable4 ,&1 al?\gh ,i h /riv5 to be z accurate z possible 9 all my /atem5ts1 ,i c sc>cely hope1 9 trav]s+ s broad a field1 to h be5 :olly successful4 ,= all %ortcom+s1 :e!r ?r\gh omission or commission1 ,quas aut incuria fudit1 ,aut humana p>um cavit natura1 ,i crave ! read]'s indulg5ce1 & tru/ t ! pres5t volume w h at lea/ ! m]it ( /imulat+ "s ambiti\s "y ,:ewell to explore m ?or\ghly ! int]e/+ field t ,i h b p>tially reconnoitr$1 & give u ere long an adequate & compreh5sive hi/ory ( ! a*ievem5ts ( woman1 n only 9 ! inductive b 9 all ! sci5ces4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,woman',s ,,long ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,?+s ,,( ,,! ,,m9d #a ,,ii4 ,,woman',s ,,capacity ,,= ,,sci5tific ,,pursuits #ajf ,,iii4 ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,ma!matics #acf ,,iv4 ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,a/ronomy #afg ,v4 ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,physics #aig ,,vi4 ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,*emi/ry #bad ,,vii4 ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,! ,,natural ,,sci5ces #bcc ,,viii4 ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,surg]y #bff ,,ix4 ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,ar*aeology #cji ,x4 ,,wom5 ,,z ,,inv5tors #ccd ,,xi4 ,,wom5 ,,z ,,inspir]s ,,& ,,collaborators ,,9 ,,sci5ce #cef ,,xii4 ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,sci5ce3 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,epilogue #cij ,,bibliography #dai ,,index #dbg ,le donne son v5ute 9 excell5za ,di ciascun'arte1 ove hanno po/a cura2 ,e qualunque all'i/orie abbia avv]t5za1 ,ne s5te ancor la fama non oscura4 ,:at art s deep1 :at sci5ce s high1 ,b wor?y wom5 h !reto atta9$8 ,:o li/ 9 /ories old to look may try1 ,& f9d my spee* h]e9 n false nor fa9'd4 ,,ario/o1 ,,orl&o ,,furioso1 ,,canto ,,xx1 ,,/rophe #b4 ,ad omnem igitur doctr9am 444 muliebres animos natura comp>avit4 ,,m>ia ,,gaetana ,,agnesi4 ,,woman ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,,*apt] ,i ,,woman',s ,,long ,,/ruggle ,,= ,,?+s ,,( ,,! ,,m9d ,,woman ,,& ,,education ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,greece ,i purpose to review ! progress & a*ievem5ts ( woman 9 sci5ce f h] e>lie/ ef=ts 9 anci5t ,greece d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,i %all relate h[1 9 e dep>tm5t ( natural k1 :5 n inhibit$ by h] environm5t1 %e has be5 ! colleague & ! emulatress1 if n ! pe]1 ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s m5 :o h contribut$ to ! increase & diffusion ( human le>n+4 ,b a prop] und]/&+ ( ?is subject seems to require "s prelim9>y survey ( ! _m & div]se ob/acles :i*1 9 e age ( ! _w's hi/ory1 h oppos$ woman's advancem5t 9 g5]al k4 ,)\t su* prelim9>y survey x is impossible to realize ! int5sity ( h] age-long /ruggle = fre$om & ju/ice 9 ?+s ( ! m9d or fully to appreciate ! comp>ative lib]ty & advantages %e n[ enjoys 9 almo/ e dep>tm5t ( intellectual activity4 ,nei!r c\ld "o und]/& :y woman's a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce1 comp>$ ) ^? ( m51 h be5 s few & ( s small import1 especially 9 times pa/1 or :y x is t1 z a /ud5t ( nature or z an inve/igator 9 ! v>i\s realms ( pure & appli$ sci5ce1 we he> s little ( h] be=e ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,to exhibit ! nature ( ! difficulties woman has _h to cont5d ) 9 e age & 9 e l&1 9 ord] to secure :at we n[ consid] h] inali5able rights to ?+s ( ! m9d1 x is n necess>y to review ! hi/ory ( female education1 or to ent] into ! details ( h] gradual progress =w>d & upw>d 9 ! ,new & ,old ,worlds4 ,b x is necess>y t we %\ld "k :at 0 ! attitude ( mank9d t[>d woman's education dur+ ! lead+ epo*s ( ! _w's hi/ory & :at 71 until almo/ our own day1 ! op9ions ( m5--s*ol>s & rul]s includ$--respect+ ! nature & ! duties ( woman & :at 0 consid]$1 almo/ by all1 h] prop] sph]e ( action4 ,und]/&+ ! num]\s & cruel h&icaps :i* %e _h s long to endure1 ! opposition to h] aspirations :i* %e _h to enc\nt]1 ev5 dur+ ! mo/ enlight5$ p]iods ( ! _w's hi/ory1 & t1 too1 f ^? :o %\ld h be5 ! fir/ to ext5d to h] a help+ h&1 we c ! bett] appreciate ! ext5t ( h] rec5t intellectual enfran*isem5t & ( ! value ( ! "w %e has accompli%$ s9ce %e has be5 free to ex]cise ^? ,god-giv5 faculties :i* 7 s long held 9 re/ra9t4 ,! fir/ great b> to ! m5tal developm5t ( woman 0 ! assum$ sup]iority ( ! male sex1 ! op9ion1 s g5]ally accept$1 t1 9 ! s*eme ( creation1 woman 0 b an accid5t1 an imp]fection1 an error ( nature2 t %e 0 ei!r a slave conduc+ to man's com=t1 or1 at be/1 a companion m9i/]+ to 8 amusem5t & pleasure4 ,f ! e>lie/ times %e 0 reg>d$ z man's inf]ior & relegat$ to a subord9ate position 9 society4 ,%e 01 s x 0 av]r$1 b a dim9utive man--a k9d ( mean betwe5 ! "l ( creation & ! re/ ( ! animal k+dom4 ,by "s %e 0 consid]$ a k9d ( half man2 by o!rs1 z 0 cynically ass]t$1 %e 0 look$ ^u z a mas occasionatus--a man m>r$ 9 ! mak+4 ,%e 01 bo? m5tally & physically1 :at ,sp5c] w\ld call a man ^: evolution _h be5 arre/$1 :ile man1 z 9 ! mod]n language ( ,d>w91 0 a woman1 ^: evolution _h be5 complet$4 ,:5 su* views prevail$1 x 0 inevitable t1 s long z physical =ce 0 ! =ce majeure1 a woman %\ld be relegat$ to ! position ( a slave or to t ( a m]e glorifi$ toy4 ,e man !n said1 9 effect1 if n 9 words1 ( ! woman :o happ5$ to be 9 8 p[] :at ,petru*io said ( ,ka!r9e3 ,i w be ma/] ( :at is m9e own1 ,%e is my goods1 my *attels2 %e is my h\se1 ,my h\sehold /uff1 my field1 my b>n1 ,my horse1 my ox1 my ass1 my ev]y?+4 ,ev5 aft] civilization _h sup]s$$ savag]y & b>b>ism1 x 0 /ill inevitable1 s long z su* views f\nd acceptance1 t woman %\ld cont9ue to be held 9 vassalage & ignorance & to suff] all ! disabilities & privations ( ! less] man4 ,%e 0 /udi\sly exclud$ f civic & social functions & compell$ to pass h] life 9 ! re/rict$ qu>t]s ( ! h>em or gyneceum4 ,?is 0 ! case among ! ,a!nians1 z well z among o!r peoples2 =1 dur+ ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 wom51 :5 n slaves or heta]ae1 7 consid]$ simply *ild-be>]s or h\sekeep]s4#a ,a girl's education1 :5 %e receiv$ any at all1 0 limit$ to read+1 writ+ & music1 & = a k ( ^! subjects %e 0 dep5d5t on h] "m4 ,f h] e>lie/ ye>s ! ,a!nian maid5 0 made to realize t ! great f\nta9s ( k1 :i* 7 always available = h] bro!rs1 7 clos$ to h]4 ,h] duty 0 to become pr(ici5t 9 ! use ( ! ne$le & ! di/aff1 &1 lat] on1 to le>n h[ to embroid]1 to ply ! loom & make g>m5ts = h]self & = ! o!r memb]s ( h] family4 ,until %e 0 sev5 ye>s old1 %e 0 br\ght up ) h] bro!rs "u ! eye ( h] "m4 ,dur+ ?is p]iod ( *ildhood %e _h a c]ta9 am\nt ( fre$om1 b1 aft] h] sev5? ye>1 %e 0 kept 9 ! gyneconitis--wom5's qu>t]s--"u ! /ricte/ re/ra9t1 9 ord]1 z ,x5ophon in=ms u 9 8 ,oeconomicus1 t %e might see z little1 he> z little & ask z few que/ions z possible4 ,on r>e occasions %e 0 p]mitt$ to be a spectator at a religi\s procession1 or to take "p 9 c]ta9 ( ! *oral dances t con/itut$ s important a "p 9 ! religi\s c]emonies ( anci5t ,greece4 ,:e!r 9 public or 9 private1 sil5ce 0 always consid]$ an imp]ative duty = a woman4 ,b m ?an ?is4 ,n only 0 %e expect$ to obs]ve sil5ce h]self1 b %e 0 also expect$ s to conduct h]self t no "o w\ld h occasion to speak ab\t h]4 ,p]icles1 9 a celebrat$ disc\rse1 gave expression to ! prevail+ op9ion reg>d+ ?is phase ( female excell5ce :51 on a notable occasion1 he address$ to a c]ta9 numb] ( wom5 ! foll[+ words3 ,great w be y\r glory 9 n fall+ %ort ( y\r natural "*2 & greate/ w be h]s :o is lea/ talk$ ( among m5 :e!r = good or = evil4#b ,f ! =ego+ obs]vations x w be se5 t ! g5]al attitude ( ! ,a!nians t[>d woman 0 any?+ b favorable to h] intellectual developm5t1 or to h] ex]t+ any influ5ce beyond ! limits ( h] own h\sehold4 ,& :at is said ( ! ,greeks c be affirm$1 ) /ill great] emphasis1 ( ! o!r nations ( antiquity4 ,inde$1 x c be safely ass]t$ t1 _h !y all ent]$ into a solemn compact sy/ematically to discr$it woman's m5tal capacity & to repress all h] noble/ aspirations1 !y c\ld n h succe$$ m effectually ?an by ! me?ods !y sev]ally adopt$4 ,9 anci5t ,greece ! condition ( woman 0 little bett] ?an x is 9 ,india to-day "u ! law ( ,manu1 :]e ! husb&1 no matt] h[ unwor?y he may be1 mu/ be reg>d$ by ! wife z a god4 ,& yet1 not)/&+ ! dom9ant =ce ( public op9ion & ! /range traditional prejudices t possess$ = ! majority ( p all ! semblance & comm&+ p[] ( tru?1 woman 0 "h & !re able to break ?r\gh ! b>ri]s t imp$$ h] progress 9 h] que/ ( k & to defy ! social conv5tions t preclud$ h] f be+ se5 or he>d 9 ! intellectual ar5a4 ,"o ( ! fir/ & mo/ notable ( ,greek wom5 to ass]t h] indep5d5ce & to em]ge f ! intellectual eclipse :i* _h s long kept h] sex 9 obscurity1 0 ! ,lesbian ,sappho1 :o1 z a lyric poet1 /&s1 ev5 to-day1 )\t a sup]ior4 ,s great 0 h] r5[n among ! anci5ts t %e 0 call$ ,! ,poetess1 z ,hom] 0 call$ ,! ,poet4 ,solon1 on he>+ "o ( h] songs sung at a banquet1 begg$ ! s+] to tea* x to him at once t he might le>n x & die4 ,ari/otle did n hesitate to endorse a judgm5t t rank$ h] ) ,hom] & ,ar*ilo*us1 :ile ,plato1 9 8 ,pha$rus1 exalts h] /ill high] by proclaim+ h] ! t5? ,muse4 ,horace & ,ovid & ,catullus /rove to reproduce h] passionate /ra9s & rhy?mic beauty2 b _! ef=ts 7 little bett] ?an p>aphrase & feeble imitation4 ,h] features 7 /amp$ on co9s1 ?\gh %e 0 b a woman1 &1 aft] h] dea?1 alt>s 7 rais$ & temples erect$ 9 honor ( ?is fl[] ( ! ,graces1 ( ,t mighty song/ress1 ^: unrival$ p[]s ,weave = ! ,muse a cr[n ( dea?less fl[]s4 ,second only to ! violet-cr[n$1 pure1 sweetly-smil+ ,sappho1 z h] rival1 ,alcaeus1 calls h]1 7 ,gorgo1 ,&rom$a & ,cor9na4 ,! la/ ( ^! 0 ! tea*] ( ,p9d>1 ! celebrat$ lyric poet1 :om %e defeat$ five times 9 poetic conte/s 9 ,!bes4#c ,%e 0 "o ( ! n9e lyrical muses1 correspond+ to ! cele/ial n9e1 :o dwelt on ! sacr$ slopes ( ,helicon4#d ,telesilla & ,praxilla 7 two o!rs4 ,! la/ nam$ 0 by h] c\ntrym5 rank$ ) ,anacreon4 ,sc>cely inf]ior to ,cor9na 7 ^? ard5t pupils ( ,sappho1 :o _h flock$ f ! sunny isles ( ! ,aegean & ! laurel-cr[n$ hills ( ,greece ar\nd ! fair-hair$ ,lesbian 9 h] isl& home1 :i* 01 at ! same "t1 a s*ool ( poetry & music4 ,! mo/ gift$ ( ^! 7 ,danophila1 ! ,pamphylian1 & ,er9na1 ^: hexamet]s 7 said by ! anci5ts to reveal a g5ius equal to t ( ,hom]4 ,%e di$ at ! e>ly age ( n9ete5 & has always excit$ a pa!tic int]e/ because1 l s _m o!rs ( h] sex s9ce h] "t--wom5 & maid5s ( ! l(tie/ spiritual aspirations1--%e 0 condemn$ to ! sp9dle & ! di/aff :5 %e wi%$ to devote h] life to ! s]vice ( ! ,muses4 ,! foll[+ is h] own epitaph3 ,^! are ,er9na's songs1 h[ sweet1 ?\gh slight6 ,= %e 0 b a girl ( n9ete5 ye>s4 ,yet /rong] f> ?an :at mo/ m5 c write2 ,_h dea? delay$1 ^: fame _h equal$ h]s8 ,nev] be=e nor s9ce did su* a wave ( fem99e g5ius pass ov] ! fragrant valleys & v9e-clad pla9s ( ,greece4 ,nev] 9 any o!r place or "t %one s brilliant a galaxy ( wom5 ( tal5t & imag9ation2 nev] 0 !re a m p]fect fl[]+ ( female intellig5ce ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,accord+ to tradition1 !re appe>$ 9 ! favor$ l& ( ,hellas1 :5 ! entire population ( ! c\ntry 0 n equal to t ( a fair-siz$ mod]n city1 )9 ! brief space ( a c5tury1 no few] ?an sev5ty-six wom5 poets4 ,:5 we rememb] t ! ,r5aissance produc$ only ab\t sixty female poets1 ?\gh 9 a m ext5d$ t]ritory & ) a mu* l>g] population1 & t none ( !m c\ld approa* ! incomp>able ,sappho1 or ev5 _m ( h] pupils1 9 ! p]fection ( _! "w1 we c realize ! spl5dor ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ! female intellect 9 ! ,hell5ic _w dur+ ! gold5 age ( fem99e poetic art4#e ,"o w\ld ?9k t ?is ph5om5al outbur/ ( m5tal vigor1 & especially ! m>vel\s a*ievem5ts ( ,sappho1 ,cor9na & ^? ( _! pupils & foll[]s1 w\ld h compell$ ! _w = all subsequ5t "t to recognize ! innate p[] ( ! female m9d1 & p]ceive ! wisdom--n to say ju/ice--( accord+ to wom5 ! same advantages = ! developm5t ( _! inborn gifts z 7 af=d$ to m54 ,!y _h prov$ t1 "u favorable conditions1 !re 0 ess5tially no diff]5ce betwe5 ! male & ! female intellect1 & t g5ius kn[s no sex4 ,& ?is !y demon/rat$ n only 9 poetry1 b also 9 philosophy & 9 o!r bran*es ( human k z well4 ,among ^? :o _h especially di/+ui%$ !mselves 7 ,hipp>*ia1 ! wife ( ! philosoph] ,crates2 ,!mi/a1 ! wife ( ,leon & a correspond5t ( ,epicurus1 :o 0 pron\nc$ a sort ( female ,solon2 ,p]ictione1 a disciple ( ,py?agoras1 :o di/+ui%$ h]self by h] writ+s on ,wisdom & ,! ,h>mony ( ,woman1 & ,leontium1 a disciple & companion ( ,epicurus1 :o wrote a "w aga9/ ,!ophra/us1 :i* 0 pron\nc$ by ,cic]o a model ( /yle4 ,& 0 n ! s*ool ( ,py?agoras at ,crotona cont9u$ aft] 8 dea? by 8 daught] & 8 wife1 ,!ano8 ,& did n ?is fact alone manife/ woman's capacity = ab/ract ?\ght1 z effectively z ! ,lesbian s*ool _h demon/rat$ h] tal5t = consummate v]se8#f ,b x 0 all to no purpose4 ,! comp>ative fre$om & advantages :i* ,sappho1 ,cor9na & _! fri5ds _h enjoy$ 0 soon--= "s reason sc>cely compreh5sible by u--tak5 f all ! wom5 ( ,greece except ! peculi> class kn[n 9 hi/ory z heta]ae--companions4 ,^! we %\ld n[ rank among ! demimonde1 b ! ,greek po9t ( view 0 diff]5t f ours4 ,! heta]ae 7 ! fri5ds & companions ( ! m5 :o sp5t mo/ ( _! "t 9 public resorts1 & !y accompani$ !m to ! gymnasium1 to banquets1 ! games1 to ! !at] & o!r simil> assemblies f :i* ! wives & daught]s ( ! ,a!nians1 dur+ ! gold5 age ( ,greece1 7 rigor\sly exclud$4 ,= s great 0 ! seclusion 9 :i* ! wives ( ! ,greeks !n liv$ t !y nev] att5d$ public spectacles & nev] left ! h\se1 unless accompani$ by a female slave4 ,!y 7 n p]mitt$ to see m5 except 9 ! pres5ce ( _! husb&s1 nor c\ld !y h a seat ev5 at _! own tables1 if _! husb&s happ5$ to h male gue/s4 ,x 0 by reason ( ?is /rict seclusion & ! en=c$ ignorance to :i* !y 7 subject$ t we he> v little ( ! virtu\s wom5 ( ?is p]iod ( ,greek hi/ory4 ,we h records ( a few in/ances ( filial & conjugal affection1 b1 outside ( ?is1 ! names ( ! wives & daught]s ( ev5 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ citiz5s h long s9ce pass$ into oblivion4 ,only ! heta]ae attract$ public notice1 & only among !m1 dur+ ! p]iod to :i* ref]5ce is n[ made1 d we f9d any wom5 :o a*iev$ di/9ction by _! intellectual atta9m5ts1 or by ! influ5ce :i* !y ex]t$ ov] ^? ) :om !y 7 associat$4 ,b /range z x may appe>1 ^! extra-matrimonial connections1 f> f incurr+ ! c5sure :i* !y w\ld n[ provoke1 receiv$ ! cordial recognition ( bo? legislators & morali/s1 & ev5 ^? :o 7 consid]$ ! mo/ virtu\s among m5 op5ly ent]$ into ^! relations )\t expos+ !mselves to ! slighte/ /igma or reproa*4 ,_m ( ! heta]ae1 contr>y to :at is sometimes ?\ght1 7 ( highly moral "*1 temp]ate1 ?\ghtful & e>ne/1 & 7 ei!r unatta*$ or atta*$ to "o man1 & to all int5ts & purposes m>ri$4 ,ev5 if !y _h two or ?ree atta*m5ts b behav$ 9 o!r respects ) temp]ance & sobriety1 su* 0 ! ,greek feel+ 9 reg>d to _! peculi> position t !y did n br+ d[n ^u !mselves any c5sure f ev5 ! /]ne/ ( ! ,greek morali/s4#g ,! mo/ fam\s m5 ( ,greece1 m>ri$ z well z unm>ri$1 _h _! companions1 _m ( :om 7 z di/+ui%$ = _! accompli%m5ts z = _! wit & beauty4 ,?us ,epicurus _h ,leontium1 ,m5&] ,glyc]a1 ,isocrates ,metaneira1 ,ari/otle ,h]pyllis1 & ,plato ,ar*lanassa1 :ile ,ari/ippus1 ! philosoph]1 ,diog5es1 ! cynic1 & ,demo/h5es1 ! great orator1 ea* _h a companion be>+ ! "n ( ,lais4#h ,m ?an ?is4 ,s /rongly _h _m ( ! heta]ae impress$ !mselves on ! e/hetic s5se ( ! beauty-lov+ ,greeks t n a few ( !m _h /atues erect$ 9 _! honor1 especially 9 ,a!ns & ,cor9?1 & ?us %>$ 9 ! honor t hi!rto _h be5 res]v$ exclusively = ! goddess ( beauty & love1 fair ,aphrodite4 ,! heta]ae f ,ionia & ,aetolia 7 p>ticul>ly conspicu\s = _! intellig5ce & culture4 ,& all ( !m1 :5cesoev] !y came1 enjoy$ unre/rict$ lib]ty &1 unlike ! wives ( ! citiz5s ( ,a!ns1 _h free access to ! ,portico & ! ,academy & ! ,lyceum1 & 7 p]mitt$ to att5d ! lectures ( ! philosoph]s on ! same foot+ z ! m54 ,?us1 to m5tion only a few1 ,?ais 0 a pupil ( ,alciphron1 ,nic>ete ( ,/ilpo1 & ,la/h5ia ( ,plato4 ,& s ke5 7 _! intellects & s m>k$ 0 _! progress 9 ! mo/ ab/ract /udies1 t _m ( !m 7 recogniz$ z ! mo/ di/+ui%$ pupils ( _! ma/]s4 ,?is acc\nts1 9 "p1 = ! popul>ity ( _! salons1 at :i* 7 ga!r$ ! mo/ em95t /atesm51 poets1 arti/s1 philosoph]s & orators ( ! day4 ,! ne>e/ approa* 9 mod]n times to su* try/+-places1 :]e beauty1 wit & tal5t f\nd a cong5ial atmosph]e1 7 ! celebrat$ salons ( ,n9on de ,l5clos1 ,mlle4 de l',esp9asse & ,mme4 du ,deff&4 ,at ^! reunions 7 discuss$1 n only ! news ( ! day1 b also1 & especially1 art1 sci5ce1 lit]ature & politics1 & always to ! advantage ( bo? gue/s & ho/esses4 ,possess+ su* fre$om & enjoy+ su* spl5did opportunities = culture & intellectual advancem5t1 x is n surpris+ t ! heta]ae play$ s rem>kable a role 9 ! social & civic life ( ,greece1 & t !y 7 able to wield su* influ5ce ov] _! associates1 & t !y (t5 atta9$ ev5 ! highe/ royal honors4 ,nor is x surpris+ to read 9 ,plato's ,symposium ! spl5did tribute :i* ,socrates r5d]s to ,diotima ( ,mant9ea1 :51 9 discuss+ ! true nature ( div9e & et]nal beauty1 he speaks ( h] z 8 tea*]4 ,_m ( ! heta]ae 7 n only ! models b also ! inspir]s ( ! mo/ fam\s pa9t]s & sculptors ( antiquity4 ,?us1 ,lais 0 ! companion & inspir] ( ,apelles1 ! mo/ not$ pa9t] ( ,greece1 :ile ,phryne1 said to h be5 ! mo/ beautiful woman :o ev] liv$1 0 ! inspir] ( ! pe]less ,praxitiles1 :o1 9 reproduc+ h] =m1 succe$$ 9 bequea?+ to ! _w :at 0 und\bt$ly ! mo/ lovely repres5tation ( ! human =m div9e t ev] came f a sculptor's *isel4#i ,on acc\nt ( ! relations ( ! heta]ae1 especially ^? ( ! f\r? & fif? c5turies ,b4,c41 ) ! greate/ m5 ( _! "t1 ! writ]s ( antiquity ?\ght !m ( suffici5t importance to pres]ve _! hi/ory4 ,"o au?or has left u an acc\nt ( no few] ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty-five ( !m4 ,b1 ( all ^? ^: names h come d[n to u1 by f> ! mo/ not$1 accompli%$ & influ5tial 0 ! fam\s ,aspasia ( ,miletus4 ,9 _m respects %e 0 ! mo/ rem>kable woman ,greece ev] produc$4 ,( r>e tal5t & culture1 ( extraord9>y tact & f9esse1 ( a fasc9at+ p]sonality comb9$ ) ! grace & s5sibility ( h] sex1 toge!r ) a mascul9e p[] ( intellect1 ?is graci\s ,ionian1 z has well be5 said1 /&s ) ,sappho on ! p9nacle ( ,hell5ic culture1 ea* 9 h] own field ! highe/ fem99e repres5tative ( an e/hetic race4 ,at an e>ly age %e won ! passionate love ( ! great /atesman ,p]icles1 aft] :i* %e ent]$ ^u t m>vel\s c>e] :i* secur$ = h] a place 9 ! front rank ( ! mo/ em95t wom5 ( all "t4 ,h] h\se became ! resort ( all ! great m5 ( ,a!ns4 ,socrates 0 (t5 !re4 ,phidias & ,anaxagoras 7 intimate acqua9tances1 & probably ,sophocles & ,euripides 7 9 con/ant att5dance4 ,inde$1 nev] _h any woman su* a salon 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( man4 ,! greate/ sculptor t ev] liv$1 ! gr&e/ man ( all antiquity1 philosoph]s & poets1 sculptors & pa9t]s1 /atesm5 & hi/orians1 met ea* o!r & discuss$ cong5ial subjects 9 h] rooms4 ,& probably h5ce has aris5 ! tradition t %e 0 ! tea*] ( ,socrates 9 philosophy & politics1 & ,p]icles 9 rhetoric4 ,h] influ5ce 0 su* z to /imulate m5 to _! be/1 & !y attribut$ to h] all t 0 be/ 9 !mselves4 ,aspasia seems especially to h ?\ght e>ne/ly on ! duties & de/9y ( wom54 ,! cultivat$ m5 :o ?rong$ h] assemblies _h no hesitation 9 break+ ?r\gh ! conv5tionalities ( ,a!nian society1 & br\ght _! wives to ! p>ties ( ,aspasia2 & %e discuss$ ) !m ! duties ( wives4 ,%e ?\ght !y %\ld be some?+ m ?an m]e mo!rs & h\sewives4 ,%e urg$ !m to cultivate _! m9ds1 & be 9 all respects fit companions = _! husb&s4#aj ,%e is said to h writt5 "s ( ! be/ spee*es ( ,p]icles--among !m 8 not$ fun]al oration ov] ^? :o _h di$ 9 battle be=e ! walls ( ,potidaea4 ,z to ,socrates1 he himself explicitly ref]s to h]1 9 ! ,memorabilia1 z 8 tea*]4 ,%e is a notable "* 9 ! ,socratic dialogues & appe>s sev]al times 9 ^? ( ,aes*9es1 :ile !re is e reason to believe t %e /rongly influ5c$ ! views ( ,plato1 z express$ by him 9 ! ,republic respect+ ! equality ( woman ) man4 ,%e 0 cont9ually consult$ reg>d+ affairs ( /ate1 & h] influ5ce 9 social & political matt]s 0 pr(\nd & f>-rea*+4 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! abuse heap$ ^u h] by ! comic dramati/s ( ! "t4 ,ref]r+ to ! asc5dancy :i* %e _h ov] ,p]icles1 %e 0 call$ ,dejanira1 ! wife ( ,h]cules2 ,h]a1 ! que5 ( ! gods & wife ( ! ,olympian ,jove4 ,x 0 ass]t$ by h] enemies t ! ,samian w> _h be5 br\ght ab\t at h] in/igation & t ! ,peloponnesian w> _h be5 und]tak5 to av5ge an insult :i* _h be5 (f]$ h]4 ,^! & simil> /atem5ts :i*1 :5 n absurd1 7 greatly exagg]at$1 %[ ! b\ndless influ5ce %e wield$ ov] ,p]icles1 & :at an important "p %e took 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ,greece 9 ! z5i? ( its glory4 ,b1 h[ev] great h] influ5ce1 we are w>rant$ 9 ass]t+ t x 0 nev] ex]cis$ 9 an illegitimate mann]4 ,%e 0 ev]1 z hi/ory in=ms u1 ! good1 ! wise1 ! le>n$1 ! eloqu5t ,aspasia4 ,x 0 h] goodness1 h] wisdom1 h] r>e & v>i$ accompli%m5ts1 h] cle> insight & noble purposes t gave h] ! wond]ful p[] %e possess$ & :i* enabl$ h]1 probably m ?an any "o p]son1 to make ! age ( ,p]icles n only ! mo/ brilliant age ( ,greek hi/ory1 b also ! mo/ brilliant age ( all "t4#aa ,b1 not)/&+ ! b5efic5t influ5ce :i* ,aspasia ev] ex]t$ on ^? ab\t h]1 not)/&+ ! h]oic ef=ts %e _h made to lib]ate h] own sex f ! re/rictions t _h s long h>ass$ & degrad$ x1 ! wives & daught]s ( ! citiz5s ( ,a!ns 7 /ill kept 9 almo/ absolute seclusion & d5i$ ! opportunities ( m5tal culture :i* 7 s g5]\sly accord$ ! free-born heta]ae f ,asia ,m9or & ! isl&s ( ! ,aegean4 ,socrates1 z we le>n f ,x5ophon1 ass]t$ woman's equality ) man1 :ile ,plato taught t m5tally !re 0 no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 man & woman4 ,he conclud$1 accord+ly1 t wom5 ( tal5t %\ld h ! same educational advantages z m54 ,9 ,! ,republic z well z 9 ! ,laws1 :5 he ref]s to education--:i* he w\ld make compulsory = all & sundry1 z f> z possible--8 views are f> 9 advance ( ^? :i* h be5 ent]ta9$ until ! la/ half c5tury4 ,he w\ld h girls z well z boys ?or\ghly in/ruct$ 9 music & gymna/ic--music = ! m9d & gymna/ic = ! body4#ab ,9 ! ,laws he cont5ds t wom5 ought to %>e1 z f> z possible1 9 education & 9 o!r ways ) m54 ,= consid]3--if wom5 d n %>e 9 _! :ole life ) m51 !n !y mu/ h "s o!r ord] ( life4 ,aga9 he ass]ts ,no?+ c be m absurd ?an ! practice :i* prevails 9 our own c\ntry ( m5 & wom5 n foll[+ ! same pursuits ) all _! /r5g? & ) "o m9d1 = ?us ! /ate1 in/ead ( be+ a :ole1 is r$uc$ to a half4#ac ,9 ,! ,republic he expresses ! same idea :5 he affirms t ! gifts ( nature are alike diffus$ 9 bo?--m5 & wom5--all ! pursuits ( m5 are ! pursuits ( wom54#ad ,^! op9ions ( ,socrates & ,plato are s at v>iance ) ^? ( _! contempor>ies1 & s contr>y to ! cu/om t !n obta9$ ( exclud+ all b free-born heta]ae f ! advantages ( education & culture1 t we _c b ?9k t !y 7 due to ! pr(\nd influ5ce :i* _h be5 ex]cis$ directly or indirectly by ,aspasia on bo? ( ^! great philosoph]s4 ,be ?is z x may1 nei!r ! ef=ts ( ,aspasia nor ! tea*+s ( ,socrates & ,plato 7 able to remove ! b>s to intellectual developm5t f :i* ! wom5 ( ,greece _h s long suff]$4 ,a *ange 9 cu/oms & laws conc]n+ ! rigid1 ori5tal seclusion ( wom5 did n come until mu* lat]1 & !n x 0 "u a new regime--t ( ! ,caes>s--:ile complete equality ( m5 & wom5 9 s*ool & college 0 n recogniz$ until long c5turies aft]w>d4 ,x is int]e/+ to speculate reg>d+ :at ,greece w\ld h become _h %e develop$ h] wom5 z %e develop$ h] m54 ,nev] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 7 !re 9 any "o city s _m em95t m5--poets1 orators1 /atesm51 pa9t]s1 sculptors1 ar*itects1 philosoph]s--z 9 ,a!ns1 & yet n a s+le native-born ,a!nian woman ev] atta9$ ! lea/ di/9ction 9 any dep>tm5t ( art or sci5ce or lit]ature4 ,we _c conceive = a mom5t t ,greece's f]tility 9 great m5 & b>r5ness 9 great wom5 0 due to ! fact t ! mo!rs ( su* illu/ri\s m5 7 ord9>y h\sewives & entirely devoid ( ! tal5t & g5ius :i* gave immortality to _! di/+ui%$ sons4 ,! c>e]s ( ,aspasia & ! a*ievem5ts ( ,sappho1 ,cor9na1 ,myrtides1 ,er9na1 ,praxilla1 ,telesilla1 ,myrus1 ,anytae & ,nossidis1 ,!ano & h] daught]1 to m5tion no o!rs1 absolutely preclude su* an assumption4 ,! wom5 9 ,greece1 !re c be no d\bt ab\t x1 7 z ri*ly end[$ by nature z 7 ! m51 & only lack$ ! opportunities t m5 enjoy$ to a*ieve1 9 e sph]e ( intellectual activity1 a correspond+ measure ( success4 ,!y 7 extraord9>y types1 ^! wom5 ( anci5t ,greece2 = among !m we f9d ! dignifi$ ,roman matron1 ! *atela9e ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ! brilliant woman ( ! ,r5aissance & ! cultur$ mi/ress ( ! ,fr5* salon4 ,b all _! tal5t1 p[] & g5ius c\nt$ = naught4 ,_h ! civilization ( ,greece be5 a woman's civilization1 z well z a man's civilization1 _h !re be5 a f$]ation ( all ! ,greek /ates1 z ,aspasia seems to h /riv5 =1 in/ead ( a numb] ( small & indep5d5t city-/ates2 _h ! wom5 ( ,hellas be5 all[$ ! same lib]ty ( action 9 intellectual "w z 0 grant$ to ! ,italian wom5 dur+ & aft] ! revival ( lett]s1 & _h !y be5 enc\rag$ to develop all _! lat5t p[]s t 7 s sy/ematically suppress$1 & to "w 9 unison ) ! m5 = ! welf>e & advancem5t ( a unit$ nation1 x is difficult to imag9e :at a dazzl+ intellectual z5i? a supremely gift$ p1 full summ'd 9 all _! p[]s1 w\ld h atta9$4 ,_! capacity = "w & = a*iev+ great ?+s w\ld h be5 d\bl$ & _! p[] z a political organization w\ld h be5 practically irresi/ible4 ,we are ! only wom5 t br+ =? m51 said ,gorgo1 ! wife ( ,leonidas4 ,! ,sp>tan mo!rs1 :o _h m ( lib]ty ?an _! ,a!nian si/]s1 did1 inde$1 br+ =? w>riors ( undy+ r5[n2 b x 0 ! mo!rs ( ,a!ns :o1 not)/&+ all _! griev\s disabilities1 gave to ! _w all ! greate/ ma/]s 9 art1 lit]ature1 & philosophy--! m5 :o ?r\gh ! ages h be5 ! lead]s & ! tea*]s ( humanity1 & :o seem de/9$ to hold _! exalt$ position until ! end ( "t4 ,! failure ( ! m5 ( ,greece to avail !mselves ( ! imm5se pot5tial p[]1 :i* !y always kept lat5t 9 _! wom51 0 ! occasion ( a t]rible nemesis 9 ! end4 ,= ?is failure1 c\pl$ ) ! frightful lic5se introduc$ by a class ( educat$ wom51 l ! heta]ae1 )\t legal /atus or dome/ic ties1 & ! wave ( corruption t subsequ5tly foll[$ ! adv5t ( ! c\ntless dissolute wom5 :o flock$ to ! ,hell5ic cities f e "p ( ! ,ea/1 pav$ ! way = ! nation's d[nfall & = its ultimate conque/ by ! resi/less ,roman legions t swept ! once glori\s b ill-fat$ c\ntry ( ,p]icles & ,aspasia4 ,,woman ,,& ,,education ,,9 ,,anci5t ,,rome ,! condition ( wom5 9 ,rome1 especially f #aej ,b4,c4 to #aej ,a4,d41 0 q diff]5t f :at x 0 9 ,a!ns1 ev5 dur+ h] palmie/ days4 ,ow+ to ! lack ( au!ntic docum5ts we "k b little ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,roman p dur+ ! fir/ five hundr$ ye>s ( _! exi/5ce1 b we d "k t dur+ ?is p]iod _m & important *anges 7 effect$ reg>d+ ! social & civil /atus ( wom54 ,9 ! fir/ place ! ,roman matron _h mu* m fre$om ?an 0 accord$ ! ,greek wife dur+ ! age ( ,p]icles4 ,f> f be+ kept 9 ori5tal seclusion1 l h] ,a!nian si/]1 %e 0 at lib]ty to receive & d9e ) ! fri5ds ( h] husb&1 & to appe> 9 public :5ev] %e desir$4 ,%e w5t to ! !at] & ! ,=um2 %e took "p 9 all reputable ent]ta9m5t1 :e!r public or private4 ,besides ?is1 %e _h m & great] legal rights ?an ,greek wom5 _h ev] kn[n1 & 0 treat$ r z ! pe] & companion ( man ?an z 8 toy or 8 slave4 ,besides ?is1 =eign wom5 7 nev] s conspicu\s 9 ,rome z 9 ,a!ns4 ,ev5 aft] ,greece _h become a ,roman prov9ce1 & aft] ,graecia capta ,romam cepit--:5 ,greek ideas & ,greek cu/oms 7 introduc$ into ! capital ( ! ,roman _w--x 0 /ill ! ,roman matron t 0 supreme4 ,&1 al?\gh _m ,greek wom51 "s ( !m ( r>e beauty & culture1 f\nd _! way to ,rome1 especially "u ! empire1 !y 7 always kept 9 ! backgr\nd & nev] succe$$ 9 a*iev+ any?+ approa*+ ! asc5dancy :i* di/+ui%$ !m dur+ ! "t ( ,aspasia4 ,_! influ5ce 9 lit]ature & politics 0 almo/ nil4 ,9 ! case ( ! wom5 ( ,rome1 on ! contr>y1 x may well be que/ion$ :e!r woman has ev] wield$ a great] influ5ce ?an %e did dur+ ! ?ree c5turies t foll[$ ! reign ( ,augu/us4 ,b %e did n atta9 to ?is position ( preem95ce )\t a long & bitt] /ruggle4 ,e advance t[>d ! goal ( social & intellectual equality 0 /r5u\sly conte/$ by ! m51 :o wi%$ to limit ! activities ( _! wives to ! sp9dle1 ! di/aff & ! loom & ! o!r occupations ( ! h\sehold4 ,=1 z 9 ,greece1 ! g5]ally accept$ view 0 t woman1 9 ! language ( ,gibbon1 0 creat$ to please & obey4 ,%e 0 nev] suppos$ to h rea*$ ! age ( reason or exp]i5ce4 ,& h] noble/ epitaph1 x 0 av]r$1 0 c\*$ 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,%e 0 g5tle1 pi\s1 lov$ h] husb&1 0 skillful at ! loom & a good h\sekeep]4#ae ,z to h] m5tal "w1 f> f be+ consid]$ on its own m]its or z a factor 9 ! _w's gr[?1 x 0 fl\t$ z ,m]e woman's "w ,express+ ! comp>ative respect ,:i* means ! absolute scorn4 ,z e>ly z #dej ,b4,c41 :5 ! laws ( ! ,twelve ,tables 7 promulgat$1 ! girls ( ,rome receiv$ in/ruction 9 read+1 writ+ & ari?metic4 ,up be=e dawn1 ) a lamp to light ! way1 & an att5dant to c>ry h] sat*el1 ! little ,roman maid5 ( sev5 ye>s1 or ov]1 w\ld trudge (f to ! portico :]e ! s*oolma/] wield$ 8 rod4#af ,= "s ye>s ?is life cont9u$1 ) b few holidays1 & ^? f> betwe51 until %e atta9$ "s pr(ici5cy 9 ! rudim5ts4 ,!n1 mo/ probably1 h] education 9 ! s*ola/ic s5se came to an end4 ,h] bro!rs & boy s*oolmates1 if _! p>5ts wi%$ x1 c\ld proce$ f ! prim>y s*ool to ! second>y1 :]e geography1 hi/ory & e?ics 7 taught2 :]e ! art ( elocution 0 assidu\sly practic$ & ! works ( ! great ,greek & ,roman poets 7 c>efully read & exp\nd$2 b x 0 en\gh = ! girl to h le>n$ h[ to read1 write & ciph]2 %e _h !n to le>n h] dome/ic duties4#ag ,) ! ext5sion ( ! empire & ! consequ5t enorm\s increase 9 weal? & ! rapid progress 9 social & intellectual fre$om1 !re 0 a notable *ange 9 ! "* ( ! education giv5 to wom51 at lea/ to ^? ( ! weal?i] & patrician families4 ,?is 01 9 great measure1 due to ! wave ( ,hell5ism :i*1 %ortly aft] ! conque/ ( ,greece1 broke ^u ! ,roman capital ) su* irresi/ible =ce4 ,to ! l>ge & rapidly increas+ numb] ( wom5 ( ke5 intellect & l(ty aspirations1 ^: m9ds _h hi!rto be5 conf9$ to ! comp>atively b>r5 field ( ,roman lett]s1 ! spl5did creations ( ,greek g5ius came z a revelation4 ,to become ?or\ghly v]s$ 9 ,greek poetry & pr(ici5t 9 ! tea*+s ( ,greek philosophy 0 ! ambition ( scores ( ,roman wom51 :o soon became not$ = ! ext5t & v>iety ( _! atta9m5ts1 z well z = _! r>e culture & *>m+ p]sonality4 ,among ! pione]s ( ! intellectual movem5t 9 ,rome1 & "o ( ! mo/ beautiful types ( ! le>n$ wom5 ( h] "t1 0 ! celebrat$ daught] ( ! eld] ,scipio ,africanus--,cornelia1 "m ( ! ,grac*i4 ,%e is fam\s on acc\nt ( h] devotion to h] two sons1 ,tib]ius & ,caius4 ,%e 0 _! tea*]2 & x 0 h] educat$ & ref9$ m9d t1 m ?an any?+ else1 contribut$ to ! =mation ( ^? spl5did *>act]s = :i* !y 7 s highly e/eem$ by _! c\ntrym54 ,plut>* in=ms u t ^! noble sons ( a noble "m 7 br\ght up by h] s c>efully t !y became beyond dispute ! mo/ accompli%$ ( ,roman y\?2 &1 ?us1 !y ow$ p]haps m to _! excell5t upbr++ ?an to _! natural p>ts4#ah ,"o is n surpris$ to le>n t ?is noble lady 0 almo/ idoliz$ by ! ,romans1 & t !y erect$ a /atue to h] ) ! inscription1 ,cornelia1 ,"m ( ! ,grac*i4 ,sc>cely less di/+ui%$ & accompli%$ 0 ano!r ,cornelia1 ! wife ( ,pompey1 ! ,great4 ,besides h] y\?ful beauty1 writes ,plut>*1 9 8 ,life ( ,pompey1 %e possess$ o!r *>ms1 = %e 0 well v]s$ 9 lit]ature1 9 play+ on ! lyre1 & 9 geometry1 & %e _h be5 us$ to li/5 to philosophical disc\rses ) pr(it4 ,besides ?is1 %e _h a disposition free f all affectation & display ( p$antry--blemi%es :i* su* acquirem5ts usually bre$ 9 wom54#ai ,!n !re 0 ! cultur$ & devot$ ,aurelia1 ! "m ( ,julius ,caes>4 ,x is safe to say t ?is em95t man 0 z mu* indebt$ to 8 "m = 8 success & greatness z 7 ,tib]ius & ,caius ,grac*us to ! b5ign influ5ce & c>eful tea*+s ( ! g5tle & virtu\s ,cornelia4 ,highly educat$ & ( comm&+ p]sonalities1 bo? ^! wom51 l _m o!rs ( _! "t1 contribut$ mu* to ! mak+ ( ,roman hi/ory by ! success !y a*iev$ 9 mold+ ! *>act]s ( "s ( ! greate/ m5 ( _! own or ( any age4 ,x is a spl5did tribute t ,cic]o1 9 8 ,orator1 pays to ,laelia :5 he tells ( ! purity ( h] language & ! *>m ( h] conv]sation4 ,:5 ,i li/51 he decl>es1 to my "m-9-law1 ,laelia--= wom5 pres]ve ! traditional purity ( acc5t ! be/ because1 be+ limit$ 9 _! int]c\rse ) ! multitude1 !y reta9 _! e>ly impressions--,i c\ld imag9e t ,i he> ,plautus or ,naevius speak+1 ! pronunciation is s pla9 & simple1 s p]fectly free f all affectation & display2 f :i* ,i inf] t su* 0 ! acc5t ( h] fa!r & 8 ance/ors--n h>% l ! pronunciation to :i* ,i h j ref]r$1 n broad nor ru/ic nor rugg$1 b t]se1 smoo? & fl[+4#bj ,^! are a few ( ! cultur$ & le>n$ wom5 :o %$ glory on _! c\ntry by ! ref9+ influ5ce :i* !y ex]t$ 9 ! quiet & uno/5tati\s prec9cts ( ! family circle4 ,b !re 7 o!rs :o *ose a wid] field = _! activities1 & :o1 by reason ( _! un]r+ judgm5t1 well-pois$ & highly cultivat$ m9ds1 _h s won ! confid5ce ( ! nation's greate/ lead]s t !y 7 frequ5tly consult$ on important affairs ( /ate4 ,?us1 ,cic]o tells u ( an int]view :i* he _h at ,antium ) ,brutus & ,cassius4 ,besides ! m51 !re 7 pres5t on ?is occasion ?ree wom51 :o took an active "p 9 ! discussion4 ,^! 7 ,s]vilia1 ! "m ( ,brutus1 ,porcia1 ! wife ( ,brutus & ! daught] ( ,cato1 & ,t]tulla1 ! wife ( ,cassius & si/] ( ,brutus4 ,! views ( ! wom5 7 n )\t effect1 & s confid5t 0 ,s]vilia ( h] p[] t %e engag$ to h a c]ta9 clause 9 "o ( ! decrees ( ! ,s5ate expung$4 ,?is is b "o ( _m simil> in/ances :i* might be adduc$ f ! lives ( ! wom5 ( ,rome :o took an active "p 9 politics4 ,z we le>n f ,tacitus1 _! c\nsels & assi/ance 7 consid]$ ( peculi> value by ! ,commonweal?4 ,=1 :5 "s ( ! /]n] old morali/s wi%$ to exclude wom5 f all p>ticipation 9 public affairs1 ! ,s5ate1 aft] a heat$ debate1 decid$ by a l>ge majority t ! coop]ation ( wom5 9 que/ions ( adm9i/ration1 f> f be+ a m5ace1 z "s cont5d$1 0 s b5eficial to ! /ate t x %\ld be cont9u$4 ,among o!r notewor?y mak]s ( ,roman hi/ory1 besides ^? j m5tion$1 is ,livia1 ! wife ( ,augu/us & ! "m ( ,tib]ius4 ,s great 0 h] influ5ce & s p]si/5t 0 h] activity 9 gov]nm5t affairs1 t x is sometimes ass]t$ t %e 0 ! prime mov] ( mo/ ( ! public acts ( bo? ^! rul]s4 ,?is woman1 :om ,ovid describes z hav+ ! features ( ,v5us & ! mann] ( ,juno1 & :o1 he decl>es1 held h] head above all vices1 0 cr$it$ ) hav+ ! b5evol5ce ( ,c]es1 ! purity ( ,diana & ! wisdom & craft ( ,m9]va--a woman1 z 0 said by "o ( h] contempor>ies1 9 all ?+s m comp>able to ! gods ?an to m51 :o knew h[ to use h] p[] s z to turn away p]il & advance ! mo/ des]v+4 ,!n !re 0 ! graci\s1 ! virtu\s1 ! self-sacrific+ ,octavia1 si/] ( ! ,emp]or ,augu/us1 :o 0 s successful 9 compos+ grave diff]5ces betwe5 h] bro!r & h] husb&1 & :o s ex]t$ h] influ5ce = peace dur+ ! tr\bl\s times 9 :i* %e liv$ t %e lives 9 hi/ory z a peacemak]4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ to ?is g5tle & sympa!tic woman 0 ! en]getic & h]oic ,agripp9a1 ! wife ( ,g]manicus4 ,9 _m respects %e 0 ! mo/ comm&+ p]sonality ( h] age1 & exhibit$ 9 an em95t degree ^? /]l+ qualities :i* we are wont to associate ) ! /rong1 dignifi$1 c\rage\s wom5 ( anci5t ,rome1 :o gave to ! _w s _m & s great m5 9 e sph]e ( human endeavor4 ,%e 01 z ,tacitus in=ms u1 a great] p[] 9 ! army ?an legates & comm&]s1 & %e1 a woman1 _h quell$ a mut9y :i* ! emp]or's au?ority c\ld n *eck4#ba ,%e 01 inde$1 z has well be5 said1 a woman to :om "o might address an epic b nev] a sonnet4 ,i h ref]r$ to ^! di/+ui%$ wom5 because !y are embodim5ts ( ! be/ types ( ! noble1 patrician families :o made ! great ,roman empire ! admiration ( all "t1 & because !y exhibit ! wond]ful advance t _h be5 made 9 ! g5]al /atus ( wom5 s9ce ! days ( ,p]icles & ,aspasia4 ,i h ref]r$ to !m1 also1 to %[ :at wom5 are capable ( a*iev+ 9 ! difficult & complicat$ affairs ( public life1 :5 !y are accord$ ! necess>y fre$om ( action & :5 !y are prop]ly equipp$ = "w by education & by association ) m5 ( le>n+ & exp]i5ce4 ,comp>+ ! seclud$ & illit]ate ,greek wife ) ! free & highly accompli%$ ,roman matron1 we f9d almo/ z mu* diff]5ce betwe5 ! two z !re is betwe5 a *ild & a fully develop$ woman--all ! diff]5ce !re 0 betwe5 ! unsophi/icat$ "y wife1 n q fifte51 ( :om ,x5ophon gives u su* a *>m+ picture1#bb & ! highly educat$ & compet5t "m ( ! ,grac*i4 ,( ! ,greek maid5 we are told t1 be=e h] m>riage %e _h be5 mo/ c>efully br\ght up to see & he> z little z possible & to ask ! fewe/ que/ions2 t h] :ole exp]i5ce be=e h] m>riage consi/$ 9 kn[+ h[ to take ! wool & make a dress1 & 9 see+ h[ h] "m's h&maid5s _h _! daily sp9n+ tasks assign$ to !m4 ,cornelia1 on ! contr>y1 0 n only1 z we h se51 highly accompli%$1 b also "o :o1 aft] h] husb&'s dea?1 0 q prep>$1 z ,plut>* assures u1 to und]take ! managem5t ( ! ext5sive prop]ty :i* he left 8 family1 & :o1 we may well believe1 w\ld also h be5 qualifi$1 _h ! occasion dem&$ x1 to p]=m ) di/9ction ! same duties t fell to ! lot ( ! gift$ wives ( ,g]manicus & ,augu/us4 ,no?+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek & ,roman womanhood m /rik+ly illu/rates ?an ! two in/ances giv5 ! va/ diff]5ce 9 ! /atus ( ! wives ( ,greece & ,rome1 or exhibits m cle>ly ! advantages accru+ to e>ly tra9+ & ?or\gh m5tal developm5t4 ,if !re 0 any diff]5ce 9 tal5t or intellect betwe5 ! ,greek & ! ,roman woman x 01 s f> z we c det]m9e1 9 favor ( ! ,greek4 ,! sole reason1 !n1 = su* a m>k$ diff]5ce 9 _! capacity = "w & = a*iev+ di/9ction 9 intellectual & adm9i/rative fields ( action arose f ! lack ( education 9 ! ,a!nian wife & ! fulle/ measure ( educational fre$om enjoy$ by ! ,roman4 ,t ,aspasia1 9 spite ( all ! odds aga9/ h]1 0 able to rise to su* a p9nacle ( glory does n prove t %e 0 ! sup]ior ( h] c\ntrywom5--! mo!rs ( ! greate/ poets1 arti/s & philosoph]s ( all "t--b x exhibits r h] good =tune 9 be+ able to effect a p>tn]%ip ) ! greate/ /atesman ( ,greece1 & "o :o 0 at ! same "t fully able to appreciate all h] r>e m5tal atta9m5ts & give h] m>vel\s g5ius free scope = developm5t by coop]at+ ) him 9 mak+ ! p]iod dur+ :i* he held ! reign ( p[] ! mo/ brilliant "o 9 ! annals ( human progress4 ,plato1 ref]r+ to ! ori5tal seclusion to :i* ,a!nian wives 7 condemn$1 speaks ( !m z a race us$ to liv+ out ( ! sun%9e1 & t1 too1 among a p t habitually liv$ out ( doors4 ,we h already se5 h[ mu* great] fre$om ,roman wom5 enjoy$ & h[ mu* m important 0 ! role !y play$ 9 public z well z private life2 b we h n told all4 ,!y n only w5t to1 b presid$ ov]1 public games & religi\s c]emonies4 ,!y 7 admitt$ to ari/ocratic clubs & _h1 "u ! empire1 a regul> assembly or s5ate ( _! own1 kn[n z ! ,conv5tus ,matron>um4 ,hort5sia1 ! daught] ( ! great orator ,hort5sius1 plead$ ! cause ( h] sex be=e ! tribunal ( ! triumvirs1 & s eloqu5t & effective 0 h] spee* t %e n only won h] case1 b also won ! praise ( ! critic1 ,qu9tilian1 = h] spl5did oratorical ef=t4 ,yet m4 ,a c]ta9 woman 9 ! ,roman possessions 9 ,africa _h s impress$ h] fell[ citiz5s by h] intellectual capacity & adm9i/rative ability t %e 0 *os5 z "o ( ! two *ief magi/rates ( ! place4 ,%e is kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,messia ,ca/ula1 duumvira4 ,x is true t ! m5 ( ! old] s*ool1 :o w\ld limit woman's activities to ! di/aff & ! loom1 /rongly object$ to ! increas+ fre$om & p[] ( wom51 & endeavor$ to c\nt]act _! influ5ce2 b all to no purpose4 ,& x 0 ! crabb$ old ,cato1 ! ,c5sor1 :o gr[l$ 9 undisguis$ disgu/3--,we ,romans rule ov] all m5 & our wives rule ov] u4 ,b great z 7 ! fre$om & educational advantages ( ! ,roman wom51 ! />tl+ fact rema9s t1 ) ! exception ( a few fragm5t>y v]ses ( slight m]it & ( que/ionable au!nticity1 we h absolutely no tangible evid5ce ( ! ,roman woman's lit]>y ability :ile "u pagan influ5ce4 ,we h se51 9 consid]+ h] intellectual atta9m5ts--especially aft] ! introduction ( ,greek art & lett]s into ! ,city ( ! ,sev5 ,hills--t e woman :o pret5d$ to culture 0 oblig$ to be famili> ) ! ,greek z well z ) ! ,lat9 au?ors1 t h] education 0 deem$ incomplete )\t a k ( ,greek poetry1 oratory1 hi/ory & philosophy1 b ! fact is indisputable t ,roman wom5 7 n produc]s l _! ,greek si/]s1 & t 9 no in/ance did _! productions rea* any?+ l ! supreme excell5ce ( ! creations ( a ,cor9na or a ,sappho4 ,!re 01 x is true1 ,sulpicia1 ( :om ,m>tial writes3 ,let e girl1 ^: wi% x is to please a s+le man1 read ,sulpicia2 let e man1 ^: wi% x is to please a s+le maid1 read ,sulpicia2 b1 if ! few amatory v]ses t are cr$it$ to h] repres5t ! highe/ flights ( ! ,roman wom5 9 ! doma9 ( poetry1 !n1 inde$1 7 !y f> beh9d n only ,sappho & ,cor9na1 b also f> beh9d scores ( _! pupils4 ,m>tial does inde$ speak ( a "y maid5 9 :om 7 comb9$ ! eloqu5ce ( ,plato ) ! au/]e philosophy ( ! ,por*1 & :o wrote v]ses wor?y ( a *a/e ,sappho2 b ?is 0 evid5tly a great exagg]ation1 = we h no o!r evid5ce ( h] exi/5ce4 ,! creative "w ( ,roman wom5 01 s f> z we are able to judge1 q z limit$ 9 prose z x 0 9 poetry4 ,agripp9a1 ! "m ( ,n]o1 0 "o ( ! few prose writ]s ^: "n has come d[n to u4 ,f h] memoirs x 0 t ,tacitus receiv$ mu* ( ! mat]ial incorporat$ 9 8 ,annals4 ,t "s ( ! wom5 _h lit]>y ability ( a high ord] is indicat$ by a lett] ( ,pl9y to "o ( 8 correspond5ts1 9 :i* occurs ! foll[+ passage3 ,pomponius ,saturn9us rec5tly read me "s lett]s :i* he av]r$ _h be5 writt5 by 8 wife4 ,i believ$ t ,plautus or ,t]5ce 0 be+ read 9 prose4 ,:e!r !y 7 really 8 wife's1 z he ma9ta9s1 or 8 own1 :i* he d5ies1 he des]ves equal honor1 ei!r because he composes !m or because he has made 8 wife1 :om he m>ri$ :5 a m]e girl1 s le>n$ & s poli%$4#bc ,sc>cely less di/+ui%$ = h] ta/e 9 lit]ature1 & = h] tal5t z a lett] writ]1 0 ,pl9y's wife1 ,calphurnia1 :o1 at 8 reque/1 wrote to him 9 8 abs5ce e day & sometimes ev5 twice a day4 ,accord+ to ,cic]o1 8 daught] ,tulia 0 ! be/ & mo/ le>n$ ( wom52 b h] lit]>y "w1 x is probable1 did n ext5d mu* beyond h] lett]s to h] illu/ri\s fa!r4 ,nev]!less1 :at w\ld we n give to possess ^! lett]s--to h z complete a collection ( !m z we h ( ^? ( ! great orator & philosoph]4 ,!y w\ld be ( ine/imable value & w\ld be absolutely beyond comp>e1 except1 possibly1 ) ! lett]s ( ,mme4 du ,deff& or ( ,elizabe? ,b>rett ,br[n+ ( a mu* lat] age4 ,consid]+ ! numb] ( educat$ wom5 t liv$ 9 ! latt] days ( ! ,republic & dur+ ! e>li] "p ( ! ,empire1 & _! well kn[n culture & love ( lett]s1 x is reasonable to suppose t !y may h writt5 mu* 9 bo? prose & v]se ( :i* we h no record4 ,lit]>y productions mu/ h m ?an ord9>y value to survive two ?\s& ye>s1 & especially two ?\s& ye>s ( su* revolutions & upheavals z h convuls$ ! _w s9ce ! "t ( ! ,pax ,romana1 :5 all ! _w 0 at peace "u ,augu/us4 ,h[ mu* ( ! lit]>y "w ( ! wom5 ( to-day w receive recognition tw5ty c5turies h5ce8 ,"s ( x may1 x is true1 f9d a place 9 ! firepro( libr>ies ( ! "t2 b :o1 outside ( a few antiqu>ians1 w take ! tr\ble to read x or e/imate its value8 ,a few an?ologies conta9+ our gems ( prose & poetry w probably be all t our =tie? c5tury read]s w deem wor?y ( notice4 ,9 view ( ! *aotic condition ( ,europe = s _m c5turies1 ! wond] is n t we h s little ( ! lit]>y rema9s ( ,greece & ,rome1 b r t we h any?+ at all4 ,z "o might expect1 ! lit]>y wom5 ( ,rome1 z well z ^? :o v5tur$ to take "p 9 public affairs1 _h _! critics4 ,! satiri/s ( ! "t 7 z unsp>+ ( _! ridicule z !y 7 long aft]w>d :5 ,moli]e wrote 8 ,femmes ,savantes & 8 ,precieuses ,ridicules4 ,& z = m5 ( ! old cons]vative type1 a le>n$ woman 0 z mu* an object ( horror z is a militant suffragette 9 cons]vative ,engl& to-day4 ,no le>n$ wife = me1 exclaims ,m>tial1 b r a well-f$ slave4#bd ,& ,juv5al _h no m love = educat$ wom5 ?an h "s ( our contempor>ies = a blue-/ock+ h\sekeep]4 ,he gives 8 op9ion ( !m 9 ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic fa%ion3 ,t woman is a worse nuisance ?an usual :o1 z soon z %e recl9es on h] c\*1 praises ,virgil2 makes excuses = doom$ ,dido2 pits b>ds aga9/ "o ano!r & comp>es !m1 & weighs ,hom] & ,m>s 9 ! balance4 ,tea*]s ( lit]ature give way1 pr(essors are vanqui%$1 ! :ole mob is hu%$1 & s great is ! torr5t ( words t no lawy] or auctione] may speak1 nor any o!r woman4#be ,b if le>n$ wom5 _h _! enemies & detractors !y also _h fri5ds & def5d]s4 ,among ^! 0 ! ,/oic philosoph]1 ,c4 ,musonius ,rufus1 :o liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,n]o4 ,l ,plato1 he cont5d$ t wom5 %\ld h ! same tra9+ z m5 & t ! faculties ( bo? %\ld be equally develop$4 ,! gi/ ( 8 tea*+ is conta9$ 9 ! /atem5t t3 ,if ! same virtues mu/ p]ta9 to m5 & wom51 x foll[s1 necess>ily1 t ! same tra9+ & education mu/ be suitable = bo?4#bf ,our brief sket* ( wom5's "w 9 anci5t ,rome w\ld be incomplete )\t "s ref]5ce to ! fam\s ,ecclesia ,dome/ica--,*ur* ( ! ,h\sehold--on ! ,av5t9e1 & ! di/+ui%$ wom5 :o 7 its *ief ornam5ts4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ,pope ,damasus1 & n long be=e ! sack+ ( ,rome by ,al>ic1 ! ,ecclesia ,dome/ica 0 a k9d ( conv5tual home to :i* _h retir$1 or 9 :i* 7 frequ5tly ga!r$1 "s ( ! mo/ noble & le>n$ wom5 ( ! city4 ,among ! mo/ notable ( ^! 7 ,m>cella & h] fri5ds1 ,paula & ,eu/o*ium4 ,= beauty ( "* & nobility ( purpose & r>e m5tal end[m5ts !y recall ! be/ traditions ( a ,cornelia or a ,calphurnia1 :ile s great 0 _! purity ( life & s unb\nd$ 0 _! *>ity to ! poor & suff]+ t !y 7 honor$ by be+ numb]$ among ! sa9ts ( ! e>ly *ur*4 ,b :at specially di/+ui%$ !m among all ! great wom5 ( ! ,roman _w 0 _! great & v>i$ le>n+4 ,9 ?is respect !y probably 7 f> 9 advance ( all _! pr$ecessors4 ,=1 9 addition to a ?or\gh k ( ,lat9 & ,greek lit]ature1 hi/ory & philosophy1 !y _h1 "u ! great !ologian & ori5tali/1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 become pr(ici5t 9 ,hebrew & deeply v]s$ 9 ,scripture4 ,special m5tion %\ld be made ( ,paula & h] daught] ,eu/o*ium2 = x is probable t1 _h x n be5 = _! influ5ce on ,j]ome1 & _! active coop]ation 9 8 great life "w1 we %\ld n h ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ! ,scriptures t is to-day kn[n z ! ,vulgate4 ,?is is ev9c$ f ! lett]s ( ! sa9t himself & f :at we "k ( ! lives ( ^! two rem>kable wom51 :o1 z ,/4 ,j]ome in=ms u 9 ! epitaph :i* he _h engrav$ on ,paula's tomb 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,nativity 9 ,be?lehem1 7 desc5d$ f ! ,scipios1 ! ,grac*i & ! ,pauli on ! "m's side1 & on ! fa!r's side f ! half-my?ical k+s ( ,sp>ta & ,myc5ae4#bg ,!y aid$ him n only by _! sympa?y & by pur*as+ = him1 (t5 at a great price1 ! manuscripts he ne$$ = 8 colossal und]tak+1 b also assi/$ him by _! ?or\gh k ( ,lat91 ,greek & ,hebrew 9 translat+ ! ,sacr$ ,books f ! orig9al ,hebrew into ,lat94 ,s great 0 ,j]ome's confid5ce 9 _! s*ol>%ip & s high 0 8 appreciation ( _! ability & judgm5t t he did n hesitate to submit 8 translations to !m = _! criticism & approval4 ,aft] he _h complet$ 8 v]sion ( ! fir/ ,book ( ,k+s1 he turn$ x ov] to !m1 say+3 ,read my ,book ( ,k+s--read also ! ,lat9 & ,greek translations & comp>e !m ) my v]sion4 ,& !y did read & comp>e & criticise4 ,& m ?an ?is1 !y frequ5tly sugge/$ modifications & corrections :i* ! great man accept$ ) t\*+ humility & incorporat$ 9 a revis$ copy4 ,m wond]ful /ill1 ! ,lat9 ,psalt]1 z x has come d[n to u1 is n1 z is g5]ally suppos$1 ! translation f ! ,hebrew ( ,j]ome1 b r a correct$ v]sion made f ! ,septuag9t by 8 illu/ri\s collaborators--,paula & ,eu/o*ium4 ,x is safe to say t no two wom5 7 ev] engag$ 9 a m important or m difficult lit]>y und]tak+--"o requir+ ke5] critical s5se or m pr(\nd le>n+--?an 7 ,paula & ,eu/o*ium1 or "o 9 :i* _! ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) m brilliant success ?an 7 ^? ( ^! two supreme exempl>s ( ! grace1 ! k1 ! culture1 ! ref9em5t ( ,roman womanhood--! cr[n+ glories ( womanhood ?r\gh\t ! ages4 ,/4 ,j]ome %[$ 8 grateful recognition ( ! invaluable assi/ance receiv$ f 8 devot$ & tal5t$ co-work]s by d$icat+ to !m a great numb] ( 8 mo/ important books4 ,?is sc&aliz$ ! ph>isaical m5 ( ! "t1 :o look$ askance at all le>n$ wom5 & res5t$ p>ticul>ly ! preem95ce giv5 to ,paula & h] accompli%$ daught]4 ,b _! reproa*es provok$ a reply f ! sa9t t 0 wor?y ( ! mo/ *ivalr\s *ampion ( woman1 & reveal$1 at ! same "t1 all ! nobility ( s\l ( ! r\s$ ,lion ( ,be?lehem4 ,x is n only a def5ce ( 8 c\rse1 b also a spl5did tribute to 8 two illu/ri\s fri5ds1 & a tribute also to ! great & good wom5 ( all "t4 ,!re are p1 ,o ,paula & ,eu/o*ium1 exclaims ! ,*ri/ian ,cic]o1 vibrant ) emotion & 9 a bur/ ( eloqu5ce t recalls "o ( ! burn+ philippics ( ,m>cus ,tullius1 :o take (f5ce at see+ y\r names at ! beg9n+ ( my works4 ,^! p d n "k t ,olda prophesi$ :5 ! m5 7 mute2 t :ile ,b>a* 0 atremble1 ,deborah sav$ ,israel2 t ,judi? & ,e/h] deliv]$ f supreme p]il ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,i pass ov] 9 sil5ce ,anna & ,elizabe? & ! o!r holy wom5 ( ! ,gospel1 b humble />s :5 comp>$ ) ! great lum9>y1 ,m>y4 ,%all ,i speak n[ ( ! illu/ri\s wom5 among ! hea!n8 ,does n ,plato h ,aspasia speak 9 8 dialogues8 ,does n ,sappho hold ! lyre at ! same "t z ,alcaeus & ,p9d>8 ,did n ,!mi/a philosophize ) ! sages ( ,greece8 ,& ! "m ( ! ,grac*i1 y\r ,cornelia1 & ! daught] ( ,cato1 wife ( ,brutus1 be=e :om pale ! au/]e virtue ( ! fa!r & ! c\rage ( ! husb&--are !y n ! pride ( ! :ole ( ,rome8 ,i %all add b "o ^w m4 ,0 n x wom5 to :om our ,"l fir/ appe>$ aft] ,8 resurrection8 ,yes1 m5 c\ld !n blu% = n hav+ s\ght :at ! wom5 _h f\nd4#bh ,"t has sp>$ a jo9t lett] ( ,paula & ,eu/o*ium to _! fri5d ,m>cella--a lett] :i* exhibits s well ! r>e culture & lit]>y ability ( ! writ]s t we _c b lam5t t we h n m ( ! correspond5ce :i* 0 c>ri$ on betwe5 ! le>n$ inmates ( ! ,*ur* ( ! ,h\sehold on ! ,av5t9e & ,paula's conv5t home ne> ! ,*ur* ( ! ,nativity 9 ,be?lehem4 ,su* a collection w\ld be beyond price1 z x w\ld complete ! picture ( ! age s well sket*$ by ,/4 ,j]ome2 &1 z a contribution to ! lit]>y _w1 x w\ld h a value n inf]ior to t ( ^? exquisite classics ( a lat] age--! lett]s ( ,madame ,sevigne to h] daught]4#bi ,,woman ,,& ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,middle ,,ages ,! p]iod ( ne>ly a ?\s& ye>s int]v5+ betwe5 ! d[nfall ( ,rome 9 ,a4,d4 #dgf & ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks 9 #adec is usually kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,middle ,ages4 ,by "s x is consid]$ z synonym\s ) ! ,d>k ,ages1 because ( ! decl9e ( le>n+ & civilization dur+ ?is long int]val ( "t4 ,! =m] designation seems pref]able1 =1 z we %all see1 ! latt] is m or less mislead+4 ,dur+ ! w&]+ ( ! nations 9 ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 & ! long & fi]ce /ruggles betwe5 ! b>b>ian hordes f ! nor? ) ! decad5t peoples ( ! once great ,roman empire1 !re 01 no d\bt1 a p>tial eclipse ( ! sun ( civilization2 b ! consequ5t d>kness 0 n s d5se nor s g5]al & long-cont9u$ z is sometimes imag9$4 ,! progress ( intellectual culture 01 inde$1 greatly ret>d$1 b !re 0 no "t :5 ! light ( le>n+ 0 entirely ext+ui%$4 ,= ev5 dur+ ! mo/ tr\bl\s times !re 7 c5t]s ( culture 9 "o "p ( ,europe or ano!r4 ,at "o "t ! c5t] 0 9 ,italy1 at ano!r 9 ,gaul1 &1 at /ill ano!r1 x 0 9 ,brita9 or ,irel& or ,g]many4 ,b :e!r x 0 9 ! s\?1 or ! we/ or ! nor? ( ,europe t lett]s fl\ri%$1 x 0 always ! conv5t or ! mona/]y t 0 ! home ( le>n+ & culture4 ,)9 ^! holy prec9cts ! lit]>y treasures ( antiquity 7 pres]v$ & multipli$4 ,"h monks & nuns labor$ & /udi$1 always keep+ light$ ! sacr$ tor* ( k--,et quasi cursores vitai lampada tradunt--& pass+ x on to ! g5]ations t succe$$ !m4 ,t any ( ! great lit]>y ma/]pieces ( ,greece & ,rome h come to u1 9 spite ( ! de/ructive ag5cies ( "t & ! wreck ( empires1 is due :olly to ! unremitt+ toil ?r\gh long ages ( ! zeal\s & intellig5t inmates ( ! cloi/]4 ,( ! mona/ic in/itutions = m5 !re is no occasion to speak1 except 9 s f> z !y contribut$ to ! intellectual advancem5t ( woman4 ,9 "s cases ! wom5 ( ! cloi/] ow$ mu* to ecclesia/ics = _! lit]>y tra9+2 b !re are n want+ in/ances 9 :i* ! nuns took ! lead 9 education & _h ! direction ( s*ools :i* gave to ! *ur* prie/s & bi%ops ( recogniz$ s*ol>%ip4 ,practically ! only s*ools = girls dur+ ! ,middle ,ages 7 ! conv5ts4 ,"h 7 educat$ ri* & poor1 g5tle & simple4 ,& 9 ^! homes ( piety & le>n+ ! inmates enjoy$ a peace & a security t x 0 impossible to f9d else:]e4 ,!y 7 free f ! dang]s & annoyances t s (t5 m5ac$ !m 9 _! own homes & 7 able to pursue _! /udies "u ! mo/ favorable auspices4 ,among ! fir/ conv5t s*ools to a*ieve di/9ction 7 ^? ( ,arles & ,poiti]s 9 ,gaul1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! six? c5tury4 ,! ,abbess ( ,poiti]s is kn[n to u z ,/4 ,radegund4 ,%e n only _h a k ( lett]s r>e = h] age1 b wrote poems ( su* m]it t !y 7 until rec5tly accept$ z ! productions ( h] ma/]1 ! poet ,=tunatus1#cj :o subsequ5tly became bi%op ( ,poiti]s4 ,f> m notable1 h[ev]1 ?an ! conv5ts ( ,arles & ,poiti]s 0 ! celebrat$ conv5t ( ,/4 ,hilda at ,:itby4 ,hilda1 ! f\ndress & fir/ abbess ( ,:itby1 0 a pr9cess ( ! blood-royal & a gr&-niece ( ,edw91 ! fir/ ,*ri/ian k+ ( ,nor?umbria4 ,h] conv5t & adjo9+ mona/]y = monks soon became ! mo/ not$ c5t] ( le>n+ & culture 9 ,brita94 ,& s great 0 h] reputation = k & wisdom t n only prie/s & bi%ops1 b also pr9ces & k+s s\ght h] c\nsel 9 important matt]s ( *ur* & /ate4 ,z to ! monks subject to h] au?ority1 %e inspir$ !m ) s great a love ( k1 & urg$ !m to s ?or\gh a /udy ( ! ,scriptures1 t h] mona/]y became1 z ,v5]able ,b$e in=ms u1 a s*ool n only = mission>ies b = bi%ops z well4 ,he speaks 9 p>ticul> ( six ecclesia/ical dignit>ies :o 7 s5t =? f ?is noble in/itution--all ( :om 7 bi%ops4 ,five ( !m he describes z m5 ( s+ul> m]it & sanctity--s+ul>is m]iti et sanctitatis viros1 :ile ! six?1 he decl>$1 0 a man ( r>e ability & le>n+--doctissimus et excell5tis +5ii4 ,( ?is numb] 0 ,/4 ,john ( ,bev]ly1 :o1 we are told1 atta9$ a degree ( popul>ity r>e ev5 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! sa9ts ( old 7 s univ]sally & s readily popul>4#ca ,hilda gov]n$ h] d\ble mona/]y ) s+ul> wisdom & success2 &1 s great 0 ! love & v5]ation %e inspir$ among all classes t %e m]it$ ! epi!t ( ,"m ( h] ,c\ntry4 ,celebrat$1 h[ev]1 z ,hilda 0 = h] great educational "w at ,:itby1 %e is probably bett] kn[n to ! _w z ! "o :o fir/ recogniz$ & fo/]$ ! r>e gifts ( ! poet ,ca$mon4 ,x is on ! lips ( ?is c[h]d1 z ,montalemb]t beautifully expresses x1 t ! ,anglo-,saxon spee* fir/ bur/s into poetry4 ,inde$1 no?+ 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ,european lit]ature is m orig9al or m religi\s ?an ?is fir/ utt]ance ( ! ,engli% muse4#cb ,z soon z ,hilda discov]$ ! extraord9>y poetic faculty ( ,ca$mon1 %e did n hesitate to reg>d x z a special gift ( ,god1 wor?y ( all respect & ( ! mo/ t5d] c>e4 ,&1 9 ord] t %e might ! m readily develop ! spl5did tal5ts ( ?is lit]>y prodigy1 ! ke5 disc]n+ abbess receiv$ ,ca$mon into ! mona/]y ( monks1 & _h him translate ! entire ,bible into ,anglo-,saxon4 ,z soon z ! ,sacr$ ,text 0 read = him he =?)1 z ,b$e decl>es1 rum9at$ x z a clean animal rum9ates its food1 & trans=m$ x into songs s beautiful t all :o he>d 7 delight$4 ,z 8 poetical faculty became m develop$1 8 pr(\ndly orig9al g5ius became m m>k$1 & 8 inspiration m e>ne/ & impassion$4 ,x 0 ?is ,nor?umbrian c[h]d1 trans=m$ into a monk ( ,:itby1 :o sang be=e ! abbess ,hilda ! revolt ( ,satan & ,p>adise ,lo/1 a ?\s& ye>s e>li] ?an ,milton1 9 v]ses :i* may /ill be admir$ ev5 beside ! immortal poem ( ! ,briti% ,hom]4 ,s rem>kable1 inde$1 9 "s in/ances is ! simil>ity 9 ! productions ( ! two poets t ,f4 ,palgrave1 "o ( ! mo/ compet5t ( ,engli% critics1 does n hesitate to decl>e t c]ta9 ( ,ca$mon's v]ses resembl$ s closely c]ta9 passages ( ! ,p>adise ,lo/ t "s ( ,milton's l9es seem almo/ l a translation f ! "w ( 8 di/+ui%$ pr$ecessor4 ,& ,m4 ,ta9e1 9 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature1 ref]r+ to ! /r+ ( %ort1 accumulat$1 passionate images1 l a succession ( lightn+ fla%es1 ( ! old ,anglo-,saxon poet1 ass]ts t ,milton's ,satan exi/s 9 ,ca$mon's z ! picture exi/s 9 ! sket*4#cc ,well c\ld ,ca$mon's fir/ biograph]1 ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 say ( him1 ,_m ,engli%m5 aft] him h tri$ to compose religi\s poems1 b no "o has ev] equal$ ! man :o _h only ,god = a ma/]4 ,& n )\t w>rant does ! eloqu5t ,montalemb]t1 9 ! ma/]ly "w j quot$1 p5 ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,ap>t f ! int]e/ :i* atta*es to ,ca$mon f a hi/orical & lit]>y po9t ( view1 8 life discloses to u ess5tial peculi>ities 9 ! outw>d organization & intellectual life ( ^? great communities :i* 9 ! sev5? c5tury /udd$ ! coa/ ( ,nor?umbria1 & :i*1 ) all _! num]\s dep5d5ts1 f\nd (t5 a m complete developm5t "u ! crozi] ( su* a woman z ,hilda ?an "u ! sup]iors ( ! o!r sex4#cd ,space precludes my tell+ ( o!r conv5ts :i* 7 c5t]s ( lit]>y activity1 & ( nuns :o di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! le>n+ & by ! b5ign influ5ce :i* !y ex]t$ f> beyond ! walls ( ! cloi/]4 ,i _c1 h[ev]1 refra9 f ref]r+ to t gr\p ( le>n$ ,engli% nuns :o are *iefly kn[n by _! ,lat9 correspond5ce ) ,/4 ,boniface1 ! ,apo/le ( ,g]many1 & by ! assi/ance :i* !y gave him 9 8 ardu\s labors4 ,conspicu\s among ^! 0 ,/4 ,lioba1 :o1 at ! reque/ ( ,boniface1 left h] home 9 ,engl& to f\nd a conv5t at ,bis*op%eim 9 ,g]many1 :i*1 "u ! direction ( its le>n$ & zeal\s abbess1 soon became ! mo/ important educational c5t] 9 t "p ( ,europe4 ,tea*]s 7 =m$ "h = o!r s*ools 9 ,g]many & ,lioba's biograph] tells u t !re 7 few mona/]ia fem9>um--mona/]ies ( wom5--)9 ! sph]e ( ,boniface's mission>y activities = :i* ,lioba's pupils 7 n s\ght z in/ructresses4 ,l h] illu/ri\s c\ntrywoman1 ,/4 ,hilda1 ! abbess ( ,bis*op%eim 0 ! fri5d & c\nselor ( spiritual & temporal rul]s4 ,*>lemagne1 t em95t patron ( s*ol>s1 _h a great admiration = h] & gave h] _m sub/antial pro(s ( 8 e/eem & v5]ation4 ,pr9ces1 writes h] biograph]1 lov$ h]1 noblem5 receiv$ h]1 & bi%ops gladly ent]ta9$ h] & conv]s$ ) h] on ! ,scriptures & on ! in/itutions ( religion1 = %e 0 famili> ) _m writ+s & c>eful 9 giv+ advice4 ,%e 0 s b5t on read+ t %e nev] laid aside h] book except to pray or to /r5g!n h] slight frame ) food or sleep4#ce ,%e 0 ?or\ghly conv]sant ) ! books ( ! ,old & ! ,new ,te/am5ts & 01 at ! same "t1 famili> ) ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,x is n surpris+1 !n1 t %e 0 reg>d$ z an oracle1 & t all classes flock$ to h] z !y did to ! abbess ( ,:itby = guidance & assi/ance4 ,f :at has be5 said ( ! accompli%m5ts & a*ievem5ts ( ! ,anglo-,saxon nuns j m5tion$1 x is evid5t t !y 71 ( a tru?1 wom5 ( exceptional wor? & ( /]l+ "*4 ,& x is equally cle> t _! pupils mu/ h %>$ 9 ! education & culture ( _! di/+ui%$ tea*]s4#cf ,_m ( !m1 9 addition to hav+ a wide acqua9tance ) lit]ature1 sacr$ & pr(ane1 7 also mi/resses ( sev]al languages4 ,a woman's education1 at ?is "t1 0 n complete unless %e c\ld write ,lat9 & speak x flu5tly4 ,! au?or ( t mo/ int]e/+ e>ly ,engli% "w1 ,ancr5 ,riwle--,rule ( ,an*oresses--presupposes 9 8 auditors1 = ^: b5efit 8 in/ructions 7 giv51 a k ( ,lat9 & ,fr5*1 z well z ( ,engli%4 ,9 c]ta9 conv5ts ,lat9 0 almo/ ! sole m$ium ( communication1--to su* an ext5t1 inde$1 t a special rule 0 made prohibit+ ! use ( ! ,lat9 tongue except "u special circum/ances4 ,z long z ! conv5tual sy/em la/$ ! only s*ools = girls 9 ,engl& 7 ! conv5t s*ools :]e1 says ,rob]t ,aske1 '! daught]s ( g5tlem5 7 br\ght up 9 virtue4' ,f an educational po9t ( view1 ! suppression ( ! conv5ts 0 decid$ly a blund]4 ,?us writes ,georgiana ,hill 9 h] in/ructive "w on ,wom5 9 ,engli% ,life1 & !re are1 we fancy1 b few read]s ( h] in/ructive pages :o w n be incl9$ to agree ) h] conclusions4#cg ,lecky speaks ( ! dissolution ( conv5ts at ! "t ( ! ,re=mation z f> f a b5efit to wom5 or ! _w4#ch ,& ,dom ,gasquet decl>es t de/ruction by ,h5ry ,,viii ( ! conv5tual s*ools :]e ! female population1 ! ri* z well z ! poor1 f\nd _! only tea*]s1 0 ! absolute ext9ction ( any sy/ematic education ( wom5 = a long p]iod4#ci ,b ?is is n all4 ,! /range/ & sadde/ result1 consequ5t on ! suppression ( ! conv5ts1 0 t m5 7 made to pr(it by ! loss :i* wom5 _h su/a9$4 ,! rev5ues ( ! h\ses t 7 suppress$ _h be5 int5d$ = ! sole use & beho( ( wom51 & _h be5 adm9i/]$ by !m 9 ?is s5se = c5turies4 ,:5 !y 7 appropriat$ by ,h5ry ,,viii1 x nev] occurr$ to him or 8 m9i/]s to make any provision = ! education ( wom5 9 lieu ( t :i* _h s ru?lessly be5 wre/$ f !m4 ,?us ! nunn]y ( ,/4 ,radegund1 toge!r ) its rev5ues & possessions1 0 trans=m$ into ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge1 :ile f ! suppress$ conv5ts ( ,bromhall 9 ,b]k%ire & ,lille*ur* 9 ,k5t funds 7 secur$ = ! f\ndation & end[m5t ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 also at ,cambridge4 ,simil>ly1 ! prop]ties ( o!r nunn]ies1 l>ge & small1 7 appropriat$ = ! f\ndation ( collegiate in/itutions at ,ox=d1 all ( :i* 7 = ! b5efit ( m54 ,& s x 0 t1 9 a few %ort ye>s1 ! great "w ( c5turies 0 undone & wom5 7 left little bett] educational facilities ?an :5 ! ,anglo-,saxon nuns began _! noble "w 9 a l& t 0 envelop$ 9 "o d>k night ( unillum9$ b>b>ism4 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght t ,elizabe?1 :o 0 s highly educat$1 & :o did s mu* = ! supremacy ( h] c\ntry on l& & sea1 w\ld h be?\ght h]self ( ! necessity ( do+ some?+ = ! education ( h] female subjects4 ,b no4 ,%e did no?+ = !m1 & ! f\nd]s ( ! end[$ gramm> s*ools1 dur+ h] reign1 gave nev] a ?\ght to ! educational necessities ( ! girls4 ,!y made provision only = ! boys4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 ! ,virg9 ,que5 0 b foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ! male sov]eigns & legislators :o _h prec$$ h]1 & :o1 al?\gh affect+ an int]e/ 9 hav+ wom5 s5sible & virtu\s1 seem by _! conduct t[>d ! sex to h ent]$ into a g5]al conspiracy to ord] x o!rwise4 ,! tru? is1 :5 any?+ 0 a*iev$ = ! intellectual advancem5t ( wom5 x 0 due ei!r to private in/ruction or to ! result ( a protract$ /ruggle on ! "p ( wom5 !mselves = :at !y deem$ _! indefeasible rights4 ,_h !y reli$ on ! spontane\s action ( m5 & on legislation 9 favor ( female education to :i* m5 _h giv5 ! initiative1 !y w\ld to-day be 9 ! same condition ( ignorance & seclusion & s]vitude z 0 ! ,a!nian woman tw5ty-five c5turies ago1 & w\ld occupy a /atus b little above t ( ! inmates ( ori5tal h>ems & z5anas4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon nuns 71 z we h se51 specially di/+ui%$ = _! le>n+ & = ! spl5did "w !y p]=m$ = ! education ( _! sex dur+ ! long p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,b h[ev] great _! preem95ce 9 ^! respects1 !y 7 n )\t rivals4 ,!re 71 besides ! s*ools1 already nam$1 conduct$ by ,/4 ,lioba & h] companions1 also fl\ri%+ s*ools 9 ,g]many "u ! direction ( native nuns1 ^: success z educators 0 z m>k$ z t ( ,lioba or ,hilda1 & :o1 9 addition to _! labors 9 ! class-room1 a*iev$ di/9ction by _! productive "w4 ,! ,anglo-,saxon conv5ts develop$ few writ]s1 :]eas ^? ( ,g]many produc$ sev]al :o n only %$ lu/] on _! sex b :o also %[$ :at woman is capable ( accompli%+ :5 accord$ "s measure ( enc\ragem5t & full lib]ty ( action4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ writ]s ( h] age 0 ! fam\s nun ( ,g&]%eim1 ,hros)a1 :o 0 born 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,%e 0 ! pupil ( ! abbess ,g]b]g1 :o 0 ( royal l9eage1 & "o ( ! mo/ zeal\s promot]s ( le>n+ & culture 9 ,saxony dur+ ! =ty-two ye>s ( h] rule 9 ! conv5t to :i* %e & h] favorite pupil gave undy+ r5[n4 ,hros)a's lit]>y "w consi/s ( leg5ds & contempor>y hi/ory 9 metrical =m & ( h] dramas writt5 9 ! /yle ( ,t]5ce4 ,z a writ] ( hi/ory & leg5ds %e ranks ) ! be/ au?ors ( h] "t1 :ile z a writ] ( dramas %e /&s absolutely alone4 ,h]s1 inde$1 7 ! fir/ dramatic compositions giv5 to ! _w dur+ ! long int]val t elaps$ betwe5 ! la/ com$ies ( classic antiquity & ! fir/ ( ! miracle plays :i* _h su* a vogue betwe5 ! twelf? & ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,h] dramas1 :i*1 ( all h] works1 h attract$ ! mo/ att5tion1 are sev5 9 numb]4 ,!y deal ) ! moral & m5tal conflicts :i* *>act]iz$ ! p]iod ( transition f hea!ndom to ,*ri/ianity4 ,"s ( !m exhibit poetic tal5t ( a high ord] z well z ! inspiration & c\rage ( g5ius4 ,!y reveal also a wide acqua9tance ) ! classic au?ors ( ,rome & ,greece1 besides a k ( _m ( ! ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,!y are1 likewise1 di/+ui%$ by orig9ality ( treatm5t1 complete ma/]y ( ! mat]ial us$1 z well z by g5u9e beauty ( rhyme & rhy?m4 ,9 =m1 all ! plays pres]ve ! simple directness ( _! model1 ,t]5ce1 :ile1 9 conception1 !y embody ! noble/ ideals ( ,*ri/ian tea*+4 ,9 m>k$ contra/ to h] model1 :o inv>iably exhibits ! frailties & lapses ( woman1 ,hros)a's plays turn on ! resi/ance ( h] sex to temptation1 & on _! /eadfa/ adh]5ce to duty & to v[s volunt>ily assum$4 ,a rec5t ,engli% writ]1 ,w4 ,h4 ,hudson1 9 an appreciative e/imate ( ! "w ( ?is le>n$ ,b5$ict9e nun expresses himself z foll[s3 ,x is on ! lit]>y side alone t ,hros)a belongs to ! classic s*ool4 ,! _s & ess5ce ( h] "w belong entirely to ! ,middle ,ages2 = b5ea? ! rigid g>b ( a dead language--%e wrote 9 ,lat9--beats ! w>m he>t ( a new era4 ,ev]y?+ 9 h] plays t is n =mal b ess5tial1 ev]y?+ t is orig9al & individual1 belongs :olly to ! ,*ri/ianiz$ ,g]many ( ! t5? c5tury4 ,ev]y:]e we c trace ! influ5ce ( ! atmosph]e 9 :i* %e liv$2 e ?\ght & e motive is color$ by ! spiritual conditions ( h] "t4 ,! keynote ( all h] works is ! conflict ( ,*ri/ianity ) paganism2 & x is wor?y ( rem>k t 9 ,hros)a's h&s ,*ri/ianity is ?r\gh\t repres5t$ by ! purity & g5tl5ess ( woman1 :ile paganism is embodi$ 9 :at %e describes z ! vigor ( m5--virile robur4#dj ,among h] leg5ds ! "o entitl$ ,! ,lapse & ,conv]sion ( ,!ophilus has a special int]e/ z be+ ! precursor ( ! well-kn[n leg5d ( ,fau/4 ,9 ,hros)a's "t1 z 9 our own1 !re 7 p :o 7 /rongly oppos$ to ! high] education ( wom54 ,!re 7 o!rs :o w\ld d5y !m ev5 ! elem5ts ( an education--:o decl>$ t !y %\ld be taught any?+ r ?an read+ & writ+1 :i* 7 a cause ( temptation & s9--t _! k %\ld be conf9$ solely to ! duties ( an ord9>y h\sewife1 t _! books %\ld consi/ solely ( ?imble1 ?read & ne$les--,et leurs livres1 un de1 du fil et des aguilles4 ,"s1 x is true1 7 will+ to make an exception 9 favor ( nuns2 b1 z to all o!rs1 ! less !y knew ! bett] x 0 = _! spiritual1 if n = _! temporal1 welf>e also4#da ,to ^? :o 7 ?us m9d$1 ,hros)a pi?ily repli$ t x 0 n k itself b ! bad use ( x t 0 dang]\s--,nec sci5tia scibilis ,deum (f5dit1 s$ inju/itia sci5tis4 ,among o!r wom5 :o 7 ,hros)a's equals 9 k1 if n 9 lit]>y atta9m5ts1 7 sev]al o!r nuns :o illum9$ ! clos+ c5turies ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,*ief among ^! 7 ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 ! sybil ( ! ,rh9e2 ,h]rad1 ! not$ au?or ( ! ,hortus ,delici>um--,g>d5 ( ,delights--& ,matilda & ,g]trude1 ^? rem>kable my/ical writ]s1 ^: descriptions ( heav5 & hell s closely resemble ^? 9 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia t _m writ]s are ( ! op9ion t ! great ,flor5t9e poet mu/ h be5 famili> ) ! acc\nts :i* !y gave ( _! visions4 ,/4 ,hildeg>d 0 = a ?ird ( a c5tury ! abbess ( ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,rup]t at ,b+54 ,s great 0 h] reputation = sanctity & = ! ext5t & v>iety ( h] atta9m5ts t %e 0 call$ ! m>vel ( ,g]many4 ,%e is )\t d\bt "o ( ! mo/ beautiful & impos+ z well z "o ( ! greate/ figures ( ! ,middle ,ages--great beside su* em95t contempor>ies z ,abel>d1 ,m>t9 ( ,t\rs & ,b]n>d ( ,clairvaux4 ,p f all p>ts ( ! ,*ri/ian _w s\ght h] c\nsel2 & h] conv5t at ,b+5 became a ,mecca = all classes & conditions ( m5 & wom54 ,b no?+ %[s bett] ! imm5se influ5ce :i* %e wield$ ?an h] lett]s ( :i* ne>ly ?ree hundr$ h be5 pres]v$4 ,among h] correspond5ts 7 p ( ! humble walks ( life z well z ! highe/ repres5tatives ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,!re 7 simple monks & noble abbots2 dukes1 k+s & que5s2 ar*bi%ops & c>d9als & no few] ?an f\r ,popes4 ,lett]s came to h] f ! ori5t & ! occid5t1 f ! patri>* ( ,j]usalem1 f ,que5 ,b]?a ( ,greece1 f ,fr$]ick ,b>b>ossa1 ,philip ! ,c\nt ( ,fl&]s1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 ! pr(essors ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is2 f ,h5ry ,,ii ( ,engl&1 & f 8 gr&-daught] ,eleonora1 ,! ,damsel ( ,brittany4 ,x is safe to say t no woman dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ex]cis$ a wid] or m b5efic5t influ5ce ?an did ?is humble ,b5$ict9e abbess ( ,b+5 on ! ,rh9e & _h uns\ght s l>ge a numb] ( di/+ui%$ correspond5ts4 ,&1 if we accept ! crit]ion t influ5ce is measur$ by ! numb] & nature ( "o's relations1 x w\ld be difficult to f9d 9 any age relations t 7 m select or m cosmopolitan4 ,b h] a/oni%+ collection ( lett]s is ! slighte/ product ( h] intellectual activity4 ,%e is )\t d\bt ! mo/ volum9\s woman writ] ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,h] works on !ology1 ,scripture & sci5ce make no less ?an six or eight l>ge octavo volumes4 ,! ,boll&i/s1 ?an :om !re is no m compet5t au?ority1 express _! amazem5t at ! am\nt & quality ( ,hildeg>d's "w4 ,witness ! foll[+ language ( "o ( _! numb]3 ,al?\gh we may n be surpris$ t our sa9t 0 int]rogat$ reg>d+ secret ?+s by s _m m5 em95t bo? by reason ( _! dignity & _! le>n+1 ,i am nev]!less =c$ to recognize ) /upefaction t a woman )\t in/ruction1 & :o _h n acquir$ k by /udy1 0 consult$ conc]n+ ! mo/ difficult que/ions ( !ology & ! mo/ subtle ( ,holy ,scriptures1 & t %e gave1 )\t hesitation1 ! answ]s t 7 dem&$ by !ology & ,scripture4#db ,is x1 !n1 surpris+ t ! fam\s ,william ( ,aux]re1 aft] a critical exam9ation ( h] works1 %\ld comp>e h] ) ,pet] ,lomb>d1 ! celebrat$ ,ma/] ( ! ,s5t5ces1#dc & "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ ( ! ,s*oolm51 & write t ,hildeg>d is ,s5t5ti>um ,magi/ra--,mi/ress ( ! ,s5t5ces--& t 9 h] works ! words are n human b div9e8 ,has any woman writ] ev] receiv$ high] praise1 & f "o s compet5t to express an op9ion z ! s*ol>ly div9e ( ,aux]re8 ,h]rad1 ! gift$ abbess ( ,hoh5burg 9 ,alsace1 0 a contempor>y ( ,hildeg>d1 &1 l h]1 0 not$ = h] culture & wide range ( k4 ,%e is *iefly kn[n = h] ,hortus ,delici>um1 a rem>kable "w1 encyclopa$ic 9 "*1 :i* %e wrote = ! nuns ( h] conv5t & :i* 0 design$ to embody 9 words & 9 pictures ! k ( h] age4 ,no?+ t "t has bequea!d to u gives u a cle>] conception ( ! manifold activities ( a m$iaeval nunn]y1 ( ! indu/ry1 tal5ts & en?usia/ic love ( le>n+ ( its inmates1 ?an ,h]rad's wond]ful ,g>d5 ( ,delights4 ,nor is !re any o!r "w t gives u a bett] k ( ! mann]s1 cu/oms & ideals ( ! twelf? c5tury1 or "o t1 9 its p>ticul> sph]e1 is ( m value to ! /ud5t ( art1 philology & ar*aeology4 ,x exhibits ,h]rad's int5se int]e/ 9 ! intellectual advancem5t ( h] nuns & pupils z well z h] sup]ior tal5t & acquirem5ts4 ,un=tunately ! manuscript copy ( ?is "w 0 de/roy$ at ! "t ( ! bomb>dm5t ( ,/rasburg by ! ,g]mans 9 #ahgj1 & our k ( x is limit$ to portions ( x :i* _h previ\sly be5 transcrib$ or to acc\nts left ( x by ^? :o _h exam9$ x be=e its de/ruction4 ,( su* exceptional value 0 ?is unique "w t ! editor ( ! great collection ( pictures1 :i* illu/rates ?is rem>kable book1 does n hesitate to decl>e t ,few illum9at$ manuscripts _h acquir$ a fame s well des]v$ z ! ,hortus ,delici>um ( ,h]rad4#dd ,no sket*1 h[ev] brief1 ( ! lit]>y nuns ( m$iaeval ,g]many w\ld be complete )\t "s ref]5ce to ! le>n$ religi\s ( ! conv5t ( ,helfta1 ne> ,eisleb5 9 ,saxony4 ,( ! abbess ,g]trude we read t h] en?usiasm = k 0 s great t %e n only inspir$ o!rs ) ! same en?usiasm1 b t %e 0 an incessant collector ( books1 :i* %e _h h] nuns transcribe4 ,among h] mo/ di/+ui%$ subjects 7 two religi\s by ! "n ( ,matilda1 "o ( :om 0 h] si/]1 & a ?ird1 :o1 to di/+ui% h] f ! abbess1 is kn[n z ,g]trude ! ,great4 ,! writ+s ( ^! nuns 7 inspir$ by t great my/ic movem5t :i* !n prevail$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe & are among ! mo/ impassion$ productions ( ! age4 ,= ?is reason !y /ill h a special claim on ! att5tion ( /ud5ts ( art & lit]ature1 z well z ^? ( !ology & my/icism4 ,impress$ by ! simil>ity ( _! ideas & descriptions z comp>$ ) ^? f\nd 9 ,dante's great ma/]piece1 !re are n want+ s*ol>s :o cont5d t ! prototype ( ! ,matelda 9 ! e>?ly p>adise ( ! ,purgatorio 0 none o!r ?an "o ( ! ,matildas ( ! fam\s conv5t ( ,helfta4#de ,! writ+s ( ,hros)a1 ,hildeg>d1 ,h]rad1 ,g]trude & ! ,matildas1 to speak ( no o!rs1 are ! be/ evid5ce ( ! /udi\s "* ( ! nuns ( m$iaeval times1 & ( _! devotion to ! cause ( education4 ,!y comm&1 likewise1 our admiration = ! sy/em ( tra9+ :i* made su* developm5t possible1 & %[ t1 9 c]ta9 dep>tm5ts1 ! s*ools z !n conduct$ 7 on z high a plane z any we h to-day4#df ,!y %[ u1 too1 t nuns & conv5t-br$ wom5 ( ! age 9 "q 7 ( q diff]5t m5tal calibre f t ( ! g5tle lady ( *ivalry liv+ 9 h] b[]1 play+ ^u h] lute & wait+ pati5tly = ! return ( h] triumphant knight1 & q diff]5t1 too1 f t ( ! ca/le lady-loves--^: sole attractions 7 (t5 no m ?an y\? & beauty--:o inspir$ ! impassion$ lyrics ( tr\bad\r & m9nes+]4 ,a rec5t writ] sums up 9 a few words ! /atus & ! accompli%m5ts ( ! lady ( ! abbey 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,no in/itution ( ,europe has ev] won = ! lady ! fre$om & developm5t t %e enjoy$ 9 ! conv5t 9 e>ly days4 ,! mod]n college = wom5 only feebly reproduces x1 s9ce ! college = wom5 has aris5 at a "t :5 colleges 9 g5]al are "u a cl\d4 ,! lady-abbess1 on ! o!r h&1 0 "p ( ! two great social =ces ( h] "t1 feudalism & ! ,*ur*4 ,great spiritual rew>ds & great worldly prizes 7 alike )9 h] grasp4 ,%e 0 treat$ z an equal by ! m5 ( h] class1 z is witness$ by lett]s we /ill h f popes & emp]ors to abbesses4 ,%e _h ! /imulus ( competition ) m5 9 executive capacity1 9 s*ol>%ip1 & 9 arti/ic production1 s9ce h] "w 0 freely set be=e ! g5]al public2 b %e 0 reliev$ by ! circum/ances ( h] environm5t f ! ceaseless competition 9 common life ( woman ) woman = ! favor ( ! individual man4 ,9 ! cloi/] ( ! great days1 z on a small scale 9 ! college = wom5 to-day1 wom5 7 judg$ by ea* o!r z m5 are ev]y:]e judg$ by ea* o!r1 = /]l+ qualities ( head & he>t & "*4#dg ,nor is ?is all4 ,nev] 0 woman m highly honor$1 nev] 0 h] p[] & influ5ce great] ?an dur+ ! p]iod ( conv5tual life ext5d+ f ,hilda ( ,:itby to ,g]trude & ! ,matildas ( ,helfta1 & especially dur+ t gold5 p]iod ( mona/icism & *ivalry :5 cloi/] & c\rt 7 ! radiant c5t]s ( le>n+ & culture4 ,abbesses took "p 9 ecclesia/ical synods & c\ncils & assi/$ 9 ! delib]ations ( national assemblies4 ,9 ,engl&1 !y rank$ ) lords temporal & spiritual1 & _h ! "r to att5d ! k+'s c\ncil or to s5d proxies to repres5t !m1 :ile 9 ,g]many1 :]e !y held prop]ty directly f ! k+ or emp]or1 !y enjoy$ ! rights & privileges ( b>ons &1 z su*1 took "p 9 ! proce$+s ( ! imp]ial diet ei!r 9 p]son or ?r\gh _! accr$it$ repres5tatives4 ,9 ,saxony1 ! abbesses _h ! "r to /rike co9s be>+ _! own portraits1 notably ! abbesses ( ,g&]%eim & ,qu$l9burg4 ,9 ,engl& !y 7 inve/$ ) extraord9>y p[]s1 & 9 c]ta9 cases ow$ ob$i5ce to none save ! ,pope4 ,9 ,k5t abbesses1 z repres5tatives ( religion1 came imm$iately aft] bi%ops4 ,possess+ su* p[] & pre/ige1 x is n surpris+ to le>n t abbesses wield$ great influ5ce 9 temporal z well z spiritual matt]s2 t x p]vad$ politics & ext5d$ to ! c\rts ( k+s & emp]ors4 ,?us1 ,matilda1 ! abbess ( ,qu$l9burg1 toge!r ) ,adelheid1 ! "m ( ,otto ,,iii :o 0 b ?ree ye>s old at ! "t ( 8 fa!r's dea?1 practically rul$ ! empire4 ,at a lat] p]iod dur+ ! prolong$ abs5ce 9 ,italy ( ,otto ,,iii1 ! control ( affairs 0 entru/$ to ! abbess alone2 & s successful 0 h] adm9i/ration1 & s vigor\s 7 ! measures :i* %e adopt$ aga9/ ! invad+ ,w5ds1 t %e comm&$ ! admiration ( all4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 ! le>n$ au?oress ( ,woman ,"u ,mona/icism is fully w>rant$ 9 decl>+ z %e does ,! c>e] op5 to ! inmates ( conv5ts 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t 0 great] ?an any o!r ev] ?r[n op5 to wom5 9 ! c\rse ( mod]n ,european hi/ory4#dh ,! educational influ5ce ( conv5ts dur+ c5turies1 cont9ues ! same writ]1 _c be rat$ too highly4 ,n only did _! inmates atta9 consid]able k b education 9 a nunn]y1 z we see f ,*auc] & o!rs1 secur$ an improv$ /&+ = ^? :o 7 n pr(ess$4#di ,x prep>$ ! way =1 if x did n tra91 ^? highly educat$ wom5 :o appe>$ dur+ ! "t ( ! transition betwe5 ! ,middle ,ages & :at is n[ designat$ z ! ,mod]n ,p]iod4 ,among ^! 7 ,*ri/9e de ,pisan1 :o 0 a prolific writ] on _m subjects 9 bo? prose & v]se1 & :o1 x is said1 0 ! fir/ woman to e>n a livelihood by h] p54#ej ,!re 7 also "s ( ^? rem>kable wom5 :o lectur$ on law 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 among :om 7 ,bett9a ,gozzad9i1#ea :o1 "s writ]s w h x1 occupi$ ! *airs ( law 9 h] alma mat] z e>ly z #abcf1 & ! celebrat$ ,novella d',&rea1 ( ! foll[+ c5tury1 :o frequ5tly act$ z a sub/itute = h] fa!r1 a pr(essor ( canon law 9 ! univ]sity1 & :o1 by reason ( h] v>i$ & pr(\nd k1 held a prom95t place among ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( h] "t4 ,bo? ( ^! not$ wom5 7 wor?y prototypes ( t long li/ ( le>n$ ,italian wom5 :o1 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 won su* honor = !mselves & su* undy+ glory = _! c\ntry4 ,n less rem>kable 7 sev]al wom5 ( ! s*ool ( ,sal]no1 :o1 dur+ its palmie/ days1 di/+ui%$ !mselves z tea*]s1 writ]s & m$ical practition]s1#eb & ! /ill m rem>kable daught]s ( "o ,mangord1 a pr(essor ( ,p>is1 ^: daught]s taught ,sacr$ ,scripture4#ec ,!re 7 few 9 numb]1 x is true1 b !y 7 ! wor?y prototypes ( ^? le>n$ & brilliant wom5 :o a*iev$ su* di/9ction & glory = _! sex dur+ t mo/ int]e/+ p]iod ( hi/ory kn[n z ! ,r5aissance4 ,,woman ,,& ,,education ,,dur+ ,,! ,,r5aissance ,by ! ,r5aissance we und]/& n only a phase 9 ! developm5t ( ! nations ( ,europe b also t p]iod ( transition betwe5 ! m$iaeval & ! mod]n _w dur+ :i* ! lat5t spiritual en]gies ( ! ,middle ,ages develop$ into ! intellectual =ces & moral habits ( ?\ght :i* n[ p]vade ! civiliz$ _w4 ,v>i\s dates are assign$ = its />t+ po9t4 ,among !m is ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #adec1 :5 !re 0 a great influx ( s*ol>s f ! fam$ metropolis on ! ,bosphorus to ! ,italian p59sula1 :o br\ght ) !m ^? =gott5 treasures ( sci5ce & lit]ature :i* 7 s in/rum5tal 9 produc+ t int]e/+ ph5om5on kn[n 9 hi/ory z ! ,revival ( ,le>n+4 ,b :atev] date be assign$ = ! beg9n+ ( ! ,r5aissance1 :e!r x be ! ye> :5 ,con/ant9ople fell into ! h&s ( ! ,turk or ! fateful mill5nial ye> :i* 0 to witness ! t]m9ation ( all ?+s1 !re c]ta9ly 0 nev] at any p]iod a di/9ct brea* ( hi/orical cont9uity betwe5 ! old ord] & ! new4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ,italy :]e ! ,r5aissance _h its orig94 ,= "h1 dur+ ! entire m$iaeval p]iod1 !re nev] 0 a "t :5 ! /udy ( antiquity 0 completely neglect$2 :5 ! traditions ( ! old ,roman culture _h di$ out1 or :5 ! art & ! lit]ature ( ! classical ages ( ! pa/ _h ceas$ to ex]t an influ5ce on arti/s & s*ol>s4 ,ozanam 01 !n1 "r :5 he decl>$ t ! night ( ! ,d>k ,age1 :i* 9 ,italy int]v5$ betwe5 ! intellectual daylight ( antiquity & ! dawn ( ! ,r5aissance1 01 9 reality1 l "o ( ^? lum9\s nights 9 :i* ! fad+ brightness ( ev5+ is prolong$ into ! fir/ beam+ ( ! morn+4#ed ,s mu*1 inde$1 0 ?is ! case t ^? :o h made ! mo/ pr(\nd /udy ( ! ,middle ,ages recognize a fir/ ,r5aissance 9 ! twelf? c5tury1 :i* 0 n less real ?an ! ,r5aissance p> excell5ce ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 a r5aissance :i* c\nts su* ma/]s ( ,lat9ity z ,abel>d1 ,john ( ,salisbury & ,hildeb]t ( ,t\rs1 & su* s*ools z t ( ,*>tres1 :]e classical ,lat9 0 taught ) z mu* ?or\ghness z 9 ! great univ]sities ( ,europe dur+ ! brilliant age ( ! humani/s4 ,x 0 !n1 z ,ra%dall truly obs]ves1 t a revival ( ar*itecture h]ald$1 z x usually does1 a wid] revival ( ,art4 ,! s*ools ( ,*ri/5dom became ?rong$ z !y 7 nev] ?rong$ be=e4 ,a passion = enquiry took ! place ( ! old r\t9e4 ,! ,crusades br\ght diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe into contact ) "o ano!r & into contact ) ! new _w ( ! ,ea/--) a new religion & a new philosophy1 ) ! ,arabic ,ari/otle1 ) ! ,arabic comm5tators on ,ari/otle1 & ev5tually ev5 ) ,ari/otle 9 ! orig9al ,greek4#ee ,r\ghly speak+1 ! ,r5aissance atta9$ its culm9ation dur+ ! second half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t gunp[d] & pr9t+ ) movable types 7 inv5t$--! fir/ completely revolutioniz+ ! me?ods ( w>f>e & ! second m>vel\sly facilitat+ ! diffusion ( k4 ,& x 0 dur+ ! same p]iod also t ,vasco da ,gama d\bl$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 t ,columbus cross$ ! ,sea ( ,d>kness & t ,cop]nicus laid ! f\ndation ( mod]n a/ronomy4 ,b ?is wond]ful half-c5tury con/itut$ only a small portion ( ! p]iod embrac$ by ! ,r5aissance4 ,f ! fall ( ,con/ant9ople until x atta9$ ! highe/ phase ( developm5t 9 ,engl&1 ! ,r5aissance cov]s a p]iod ( ne>ly two c5turies4 ,! progress ( ! intellectual & moral movem5t :i* x repres5t$1 f ! l& ( its bir?1 to ! nor!rn & we/]n p>ts ( ,europe1 0 comp>atively sl[4 ,?us1 :ile ,italy 0 exhibit+ ! full effulg5ce ( ! re-bir?1 ,engl& 0 /ill 9 ! feudal condition ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,a /rik+ illu/ration ( ?is tru? is se5 9 ! fact t a bro!r ( ! ,black ,pr9ce banquet$ ) ,petr>* 9 ! palace ( ,galeazzo ,visconti--t is to say1 ! f\nd] ( ,italian humanism1 ! repres5tative ( ,italian despotic /ate-craft1 & ! companion ( ,froiss>t's h]oes met toge!r at a m>riage fea/4 ,9 ,italy1 z ,symonds has %[n1 ! keynote 0 /ruck by ! ,novella1 z 9 ,engl& by ! drama4#ef ,! supreme expon5ts ( ! ,r5aissance z manife/$ 9 lit]ature 71 )\t d\bt1 ,ario/o 9 ,italy1 ,rabelais 9 ,france1 ,c]vantes 9 ,spa91 ,camo5s 9 ,portugal1 ,erasmus 9 ! ,ne!rl&s & ,%akespe>e 9 ,engl&4 ,consid]+ ! spl5did a*ievem5ts ( m5 dur+ ! ,r5aissance 9 e dep>tm5t ( intellectual activity1 "o w\ld imag9e t wom5 also w\ld h atta9$ to a some:at proportionate di/9ction1 at lea/ 9 lit]ature & ! arts4 ,b1 outside ( ,italy1 ?is 0 f> f be+ ! case4 ,9 ,france1 ,spa91 ,portugal & ,engl& !re 71 x is true1 a c]ta9 numb] ( wom5 :o won di/9ction by _! tal5ts & le>n+1 b ^! 7 ! exceptions :i* b s]v$ to ?r[ into great] relief ! prevail+ ignorance ( ! great mass ( _! sex1 :i* _h few1 if any1 ( ! advantages ( in/ruction1 ev5 9 ! mo/ elem5t>y bran*es ( k4 ,! ,italian wom51 z we h already se51 _h comm&$ m>k$ recognition = _! tal5ts & le>n+ ev5 be=e ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! mo/ fam\s ( ^! 7 among ^? :o1 hav+ obta9$ ! doctorate1 became lectur]s & pr(essors 9 ! great univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,! exi/5ce & accompli%m5ts ( "s ( ^! may1 p]haps1 be m or less leg5d>y1 b !re c be no d\bt t _m ( !m1 "s be=e ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 _h ga9$ a ,european reputation = ! bread? & v>iety ( _! atta9m5ts4 ,b x 0 dur+ ! ,r5aissance t ! rem>kable fl[]+ ( ! intellect ( ! ,italian woman 0 se5 at its be/4 ,:ile ! wom5 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 especially 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 7 suff]+ ! ill effects consequ5t on ! suppression ( ! conv5ts1 :i*1 = c5turies1 _h be5 almo/ ! only s*ools available = girls1 ! wom5 ( ,italy 7 tak+ an active "p 9 ! great educational movem5t inaugurat$ by ! revival ( le>n+1 & w9n+ ! highe/ honors = _! sex 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 art & lit]ature4 ,n s9ce ! days ( ,sappho & ,aspasia _h woman atta9$ su* prom95ce1 & nev] 7 !y1 irrespective ( class-condition1 accord$ great] lib]ty1 privileges or honor4 ,! univ]sities1 :i* _h be5 op5$ to !m at ! close ( ! ,middle ,ages1 gladly conf]r$ ^u !m ! doctorate1 & eag]ly welcom$ !m to ! *airs ( "s ( _! mo/ important faculties4 ,! ,r5aissance 01 inde$1 ! heydey ( ! intellectual woman ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! ,italian p59sula--a "t :5 woman enjoy$ ! same s*ola/ic fre$om z m51 & :5 ,mme4 de ,/ael's dictum1 ,le g5ie n'a pas de sexe1 express$ a doctr9e admitt$ 9 practice & n an academic !ory4 ,x w\ld require a l>ge volume1 or r _m volumes1 to d ju/ice to ! le>n$ wom5 ( ,italy :o conf]r$ su* honor ^u _! sex dur+ ! p]iod we are consid]+4 ,suffice x to m5tion a few ( ^? :o a*iev$ special di/9ction & ^: memories are /ill gre5 9 ! l& :i* _h be5 made s illu/ri\s by _! tal5t & g5ius4 ,t :i* ! mod]n read] f9ds ! mo/ surpris+ 9 ! ,italian wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance is _! en?usiasm = ! lit]ae humaniores--! ,lat9 & ,greek classics--& ! pr(ici5cy :i* s _m ( !m1 ev5 at an e>ly age1 atta9$ 9 ! lit]ature & philosophy ( antiquity4 ,x 0 no uncommon ?+ = a girl 9 h] te5s to write & speak ,lat91 :ile _m ( !m 7 almo/ equally famili> ) ,greek4#eg ,?us ,laura ,br5zoni1 ( ,v]ona1 _h su* a ma/]y ( ^! two languages t %e wrote & spoke !m ) ease1 :ile ,aless&ra ,scala 0 s famili> ) !m t %e employ$ !m 9 writ+ poetry4 ,lor5za ,/rozzi1 :o 0 educat$ 9 a conv5t & ev5tually became a nun1 0 di/+ui%$ = h] great v]satility1 = h] pr(\nd k ( sci5ce & art1 z well z = h] pr(ici5cy 9 ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,h] ,lat9 poems 7 s highly valu$ t !y 7 translat$ into =eign languages4 ,livia ,*iavello1 ( ,fabriano1 0 celebrat$ z "o ( ! mo/ brilliant repres5tatives ( ! ,petr>*an s*ool4 ,h] /yle 0 s pure & noble t1 _h ,petr>* n liv$1 %e alone w\ld h upheld ! honor ( ! vulg> tongue4 ,s successful 0 ,isotta ( ,rim9i 9 ! cultivation ( ! ,muses t %e 0 hail$ z ano!r ,sappho4 ,cass&ra ,f$ele1 ( ,v5ice1 des]v$1 accord+ to ,polizian1 ! not$ ,flor5t9e humani/1 to be rank$ ) t fam\s univ]sal g5ius1 ,pico de la ,mir&ola4 ,s ext5sive 7 h] atta9m5ts t 9 addition to be+ a ?or\gh mi/ress ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 %e 0 likewise di/+ui%$ 9 music1 eloqu5ce1 philosophy & ev5 !ology4 ,leo ,x1 ,l\is ,,xii ( ,france1 & ,isabella ( ,spa9 7 eag] to h h] z an ornam5t = _! c\rts1 b ! ,v5etian s5ate 0 s pr\d ( its treasure t x 0 unwill+ to h h] dep>t4 ,cat>9a ,cibo1 ( ,g5oa1 0 ano!r prodigy ( le>n+2 =1 besides a k ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 philosophy & !ology1 %e 0 well acqua9t$ ) ,hebrew4 ,donna ,felice ,rasponi1 ( ,rav5na1 devot$ h]self to ! /udy ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 ( ,scripture & ! ,fa!rs4 ,b1 = ! ext5t & v>iety ( h] atta9m5ts1 ,t>qu9ia ,molza seems to h eclips$ all h] contempor>ies4 ,%e _h z tea*]s ! able/ s*ol>s ( an age ( di/+ui%$ s*ol>s4 ,n only did %e excel 9 poetry & ! f9e arts1 b %e also _h a r>e k ( a/ronomy & ma!matics1 ,lat91 ,greek & ,hebrew4 ,& s great 0 ! e/eem 9 :i* %e 0 held t ! s5ate ( ,rome conf]r$ on h] ! s+ul> honor ( ,roman citiz5%ip1 transmissible 9 p]petuity to h] desc5dants4 ,! ,sov]eign ,pontiff & ! fl[] ( ! ,roman prelacy begg$ h] to take up h] resid5ce 9 ! ,et]nal ,city1 b %e c\ld n be prevail$ ^u to leave ! l& ( h] bir?4 ,9 ! arts ( sculpture & pa9t+ ! wom5 ( ,italy1 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 7 no less illu/ri\s ?an !y 7 9 sci5ce1 lit]ature & philosophy4 ,inde$1 _m ( ! treasures 9 ! ,italian *ur*es & art gall]ies t /ill delight all lov]s ( ! beautiful are f ! *isel & ! bru% ( wom5 :o a*iev$ di/9ction betwe5 ?ree & f\r c5turies ago4#eh ,probably ! mo/ fam\s sculptress 0 ,prop]zia de ,rossi1 ^: ability 0 s rem>kable t %e excit$ ! envy ( ! m5 :o 7 h] competitors4#ei ,among pa9t]s !re 0 ,suor ,plantilla ,nelli1 :o 0 a nun & prioress 9 ! conv5t ( ,santa ,cat>9a 9 ,flor5ce4 ,bo? ,lanzi & ,vas>i be/[ high praise on h] "w & decl>e "s ( h] productions to be ( r>e excell5ce4 ,!re 7 also ,m>ia ,angela ,crisculo1 ( ^: spl5did "w _m examples are /ill pres]v$ 9 ! *ur*es ( ,naples1 & ,lav9ia ,fontana ( ,bologna1 :o exhibit$ su* extraord9>y ability z an arti/ t "s ( h] pictures pass$ = ! "w ( h] great contempor>y1 ,guido ,r5i4#fj ,/ill m rem>kable 7 ! a*ievem5ts ( f\r si/]s ( ! not$ family ,anguisciola ( ,cremona4 ,s admirable 0 ! "w ( ! elde/ si/]1 ,s(onisba1 t ,philip ,,ii invit$ h] to 8 c\rt 9 ,spa91 :]e %e excit$ ! amazem5t ( e "o by ! spl5did canvases :i* %e execut$ = h] illu/ri\s patron & = ! memb]s ( ! royal family4 ,( ! fifty female poets :o fl\ri%$ 9 ,italy dur+ ! ,r5aissance ! mo/ em95t 7 ,gasp>a ,/ampa1 ,v]onica ,gamb>a1 & ,vittoria ,colonna4 ,( su* m]it & exquisite f9i% 7 ! productions ( _! ,muse t !y are /ill read ) nev] fail+ pleasure4 ,s highly did ,c>d9al ,bembo1--! fam\s dictator ( lett]s--value ! s*ol>%ip & critical acum5 ( ,v]onica ,gamb>a t he nev] publi%$ any?+ )\t previ\sly submitt+ x to h] judgm5t4 ,b f> m em95t z a poet 0 ! noble & accompli%$ ,m>*esa ( ,pesc>a1 ,vittoria ,colonna1 :o1 on acc\nt ( h] tal5ts & virtues1 0 nam$ ,la ,div9a4 ,! fri5d & advis] ( s*ol>s & ! confidante ( pr9ces1 %e repres5t$1 z has truly be5 said1 ! be/ phases ( ! ,r5aissance1 its le>n+1 its intellig5ce1 its en?usiasm1 its subtle ,platonism1 comb9$ ) a pr(\nd religi\s fai? & ! trace ( ! my/icism ( a simpl] age4 ,! *orus ( univ]sal praise :i* 0 sung by h] contempor>ies is well e*o$ by ,ario/o :5 he writes ( h]3 ,%e has n only made h]self immortal by h] beautiful /yle1 ( :i* ,i h he>d n bett]1 b %e c raise f ! tomb ^? ( :om %e speaks or writes & make !m live =ev]4 ,b x 0 z ! fri5d & inspir] ( ,mi*aelangelo t %e is be/ kn[n to u to-day4 ,)\t w+s1 he writes to h]1 ,i fly ) y\r w+s2 by y\r g5ius ,i am rais$ to ! skies2 9 y\r s\l my ?\ght is born4 ,among ^? :o specially di/+ui%$ !mselves = _! pr(\nd s*ol>%ip1 z exhibit$ 9 ! halls ( univ]sities1 7 ,dorotea ,bucca1 :o occupi$ a *air ( m$ic9e 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 :]e1 by reason ( h] r>e eloqu5ce & le>n+1 %e _h /ud5ts f all p>ts ( ,europe2 ,laura ,c]etta1 ( ,brescia1 :o1 dur+ sev5 ye>s1 gave public lectures on philosophy2 ,batti/a ,malate/a1 ( ,urb9o1 :o taught philosophy ) su* m>k$ success t ! mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(essors ( ! day 7 =c$ to recognize !mselves z h] inf]iors2 & ,fulvia ,olympia ,morati1 :o at ! age ( f\rte5 wrote ,lat9 lett]s & dialogues 9 ,greek & ,lat9 9 ! /yle ( ,plato & ,cic]o1 & :o1 :5 %e 0 sc>cely sixte51 0 invit$ to give lectures 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,f]r>a on ! philosophical problems ( ! ,p>adoxes ( ,cic]o4 ,s great1 inde$1 0 h] k ( ! anci5t languages t %e 0 (f]$ ! pr(essor%ip ( ,greek 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g2 b dea? cut %ort h] brilliant c>e] be=e %e c\ld ent] ^u h] duties 9 ?is fam$ in/itution ( le>n+4 ,x 0 female pr(essors ( ?is type--ma/]s ( ,greek & ,lat9 lett]s1 :o 9 ! words ( a rec5t writ]1 s5t =? f ,italy su* /ud5ts z ,moritz von ,spiegelb]g & ,rudolph ,agricola1 to re=m ! in/ruction ( ,dev5t] & ,zwoll & prep>e ! way = ,erasmus & ,reu*l94 ,9 ! prec$+ li/ ( le>n$ wom5--& b a few only h be5 nam$ ( ! _m :o 9 e city ( importance conf]r$ undy+ glory on _! sex--x is cle> t ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy 01 inde$1 ! gold5 age ( wom54 ,nev] 9 hi/ory _h !y great] fre$om ( action 9 ?+s ( ! m9d2 nev] 7 !y1 except probably 9 ! case ( ! ,engli% & ,g]man abbesses ( ! ,middle ,ages1 treat$ ) m m>k$ def]5ce & consid]ation or fairness2 nev] 7 _! ef=ts m highly appreciat$ or m g5]\sly rew>d$1 & nev] 0 _! success m highly & en?usia/ically applaud$4 ,temporal & spiritual rul]s1 pr9ces & c>d9als1 ,popes & emp]ors vi$ ) "o ano!r 9 pay+ j tribute to woman's g5ius z well z to woman's virtue4 ,! nun 9 ! cloi/] z well z ! lady 9 ! palace %>$ 9 ! g5]al en?usiasm = le>n+1 & !y enjoy$ ?r\gh\t ! p59sula ! same opportunities z m5 & receiv$ ! same recognition = _! "w4 ,ev]y:]e ! intellectual ar5a 0 op5 to !m on ! same t]ms z to m54 ,incapacity & n sex 0 ! only b> to entrance4 ,b ! m5 ( ^? days1 especially s*ol>s ( ! type ( ,bembo1 ,politian & ,ario/o1 7 lib]al & broad-m9d$ m51 :o nev] = a mom5t imag9$ t a woman 0 out ( h] sph]e or unsex$ because %e wore a doctor's cap or occupi$ a univ]sity *air4 ,& f> f /igmatiz+ h] z a s+ul> or /rong-m9d$ woman1 !y recogniz$ h] z "o :o _h b enhanc$ ! graces & virtues ( h] sex by ! add$ attractions ( a cultivat$ m9d & a develop$ intellect4 ,n only did %e escape ! %afts ( satire & ridicule1 :i* are s frequ5tly aim$ at ! educat$ woman ( to-day1 b %e 0 call$ into ! c\ncils ( temporal & spiritual rul]s z well4 ,woe betide ! ill-advis$ misogyni/ :o %\ld v5ture to declaim aga9/ ! inf]iority ( ! female sex1 or to prote/ aga9/ ! honors :i* an appreciative & a *ivalr\s age be/[$ ^u x ) s lavi% a h&4 ,! wom5 ( ,italy1 unlike ^? ( o!r nations1 knew h[ to def5d !mselves1 & 7 n afraid to take1 :5 occasion dem&$1 ! p5 9 self-def5se4 ,?is is evid5c$ by num]\s works :i* 7 writt5 9 response to c]ta9 n>r[-m9d$ pamphlete]s--mis]i p$anti1 pitiful p$ants1--:o w\ld h ! activities ( wom5 limit$ to ! nurs]y or ! kit*54#fa ,a /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ^! le>n$ wom5 0 ! entire abs5ce ( all priggism or p$antry4 ,:e!r lectur+ on law or philosophy1 or disc\rs+ 9 ,lat9 be=e ,popes & c>d9als1 or tak+ "p 9 discussions on art & lit]ature ) ! em95t humani/s ( ! day1 !y ev] reta9$ t beautiful simplicity :i* gives su* a *>m to true greatness ( m9d & is ! be/ index ( true s*ol>%ip & noble1 symmetrical womanhood4 ,nor did ! r>e intellectual atta9m5ts ( ^! daught]s ( ,italy de/roy t h>mony ( creation :i*1 "s w h x1 is sure to be jeop>diz$ by giv+ wom5 ! same educational advantages z m54 ,s f> 0 ?is f be+ ! case t !re 7 nev] m loyal & helpful wives nor m devot$ & /imulat+ mo!rs ?an !re 7 among ^? wom5 :o wrote v]ses 9 ! language ( ,sappho1 or deliv]$ public addresses 9 ! tongue ( ,cic]o4 ,/ill less did _! s]i\s & long-protract$ /udies entail any ( ! dang]s we he> s mu* ( n[adays4 ,! l>ge & heal?y families ( _m ( !m prove t intellectual "w1 ev5 ( ! highe/ ord]1 is n incompatible ) mo!rhood2 & /ill less t x1 p] se1 conduces1 z is s (t5 ass]t$1 to race-suicide4 ,^! facts are comm5d$ to ! consid]ation ( our mod]n oppon5ts ( ! high] education ( wom5 & to ^? militant cons]vatives & old-"t reaction>ies :o are /ill av]se to op5+ ! doors ( "s ( our old] univ]sities to wom5--ev5 su* univ]sities z ,ox=d1 sev]al ( ^: colleges 7 f\nd$ on ! rev5ues d]iv$ f suppress$ educational in/itutions :i* _h be5 built & us$ = g5]ations = ! sole beho( ( wom54 ,b di/+ui%$ z 7 ! wom5 ( ,italy = _! culture & s*ol>%ip1 !y 7 yet m di/+ui%$ z patrons ( le>n+1 z lead]s & inspir]s ( ! em95t m5 :o 7 ! *ief repres5tatives ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! influ5ce ( ,vittoria ,colonna on ,mi*aelangelo--:o saw ) h] eyes1 act$ by h] inspiration1 0 lift$ by h] beyond ! />s--b ?is is only "o ( _m simil> in/ances t might be adduc$4 ,inde$1 to ! /ud5t ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ( x 01 n its wom5 doctors & pr(essors1 b ^? noble & accompli%$ ladies :o made ! c\rts ( ,f]r>a1 ,mantua1 ,milan & ,urb9o ! mo/ not$ intellectual c5t]s ( ,europe4 ,! mo/ beautiful ornam5ts ( ! fir/ ?ree c\rts 7 ,r5ee1 du*ess ( ,f]r>a2 ,isabella d',e/e1 m>*ioness ( ,mantua1 & ,beatrice d',e/e1 du*ess ( ,milan4 ,!y 7 all wom5 ( exceptional le>n+ & culture1 & ea* 0 ! c5t] ( a galaxy ( tal5t su* z is r>ely witness$ 9 any "o place4 ,among ! m5 attract$ to _! c\rts 7 ! mo/ illu/ri\s s*ol>s1 arti/s1 poets & musicians ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,"h !y f\nd cong5ial homes & brea!d an atmosph]e made fragrant by ! appreciation %[n by _! *>m+ ho/esses = _! p[] & g5ius4 ,"h !y f\nd inspiration & a /imulus t spurr$ !m on to _! greate/ a*ievem5ts4 ,9 ,f]r>a1 :]e x 0 said t !re 7 z _m poets z !re 7 frogs 9 ! c\ntry r\nd ab\t1 7 ga!r$ ! mo/ gift$ poets ( ! ,r5aissance :o _h be5 attract$ !re to recite _! late/ ma/]pieces4 ,among !m 7 ,clem5t ,m>ot1 ! fir/ poet ( mod]n ,france1 & ,ario/o1 ! immortal au?or ( ,orl&o ,furioso4 ,!re 7 ! great pa9t]s1 ,titian & ,bell9i1 & ! illu/ri\s poet1 ,torquato ,tasso1 ^: love subsequ5tly immortaliz$ ,r5ee's y\nge/ daught] ,leonora4 ,a simil> arti/ic & intellectual supremacy 0 held by ,isabelle d',e/e4 ,= portrait pa9t]s %e _h ,titian & ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 :ile1 z decorators ( h] home1 %e _h ,bell9i & ,p]ug9o1 ^: compositions %e h]self arrang$1 ev5 9 ! m9ute/ details4 ,s x 0 likewise 9 ! gay & brilliant c\rt ( ,beatrice d',e/e1 9 ,milan1--a place :]e arti/s & s*ol>s ( all nationalities 7 always sure ( a cordial welcome4 ,b ! ideal c5t] ( intellectual culture 0 ! c\rt ( ,urb9o1 ! c5tral figure ( :i* 0 ! le>n$ & accompli%$ ,elizabetta ,gonzaga4 ,?is picturesque city ( ! ea/]n slope ( ! ,ap5n9es 0 !n to ,italy :at ,a!ns _h be5 to ,greece 9 ! days ( ,p]icles2 & ,elizabetta 0 to its c\rt :at ,aspasia 0 9 h] own mat*less salon--! magnet :i* attract$ all ! arti/s & m5 ( lett]s ( ! age4 ,ca/iglione1 ^: great "w1 ,! ,c\rti]1 0 p>tly writt5 z a memorial ( ! pe]less woman :o inspir$ x1 gives u a vivid picture ( ! fair ladies1 ) _! quick intellig5ce & ready sympa?y1 discuss+ que/ions ( art1 lit]ature1 philosophy & ,platonism1 ) ! mo/ em95t s*ol>s & arti/s ( ,europe4 ,b ,ca/iglione confesses t he is unable to give u m ?an ! m]e outl9e ( ! picture4 ,to pa9t ! poli%$ society ( ,urb9o1 z has be5 well said1 we %\ld ne$ colors no palette conta9s--transp>5cies ( ! ,grecian sky1 ! indigo ( c]ta9 seas1 ! liquid azure ( c]ta9 eyes4 ,= m ?an a c5tury ! c\rt ( ,urb9o 0 reg>d$ z ! supreme exempl>4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! ,hotel de ,ramb\illet 0 /ill /riv+ to make itself a copy ( x2 unluckily su* ?+s z ^! are n easily copi$4#fb ,we are n surpris$1 !n1 at be+ told t m5 m\ld$ by ,italian ladies--su* ladies z grac$ ! c\rt ( ,urb9o--c\ld be di/+ui%$ among a ?\s&4 ,/ill less are we surpris$ to note ! imm5se diff]5ce betwe5 ! ref9$ & brilliant discussions ( ,! ,c\rti] z comp>$ ) ! co>se tales ( ! ,decam]on & ,heptam]on4 ,& we c und]/& ! m>vel\s influ5ce :i* ,ca/iglione's mat*less "w--inspir$ by ! belov$ ,du*ess ,elizabetta--_h ^u ! ma/]s ( ,engli% lit]ature--on ,%akespe>e1 ,b5 ,jonson1 ,sp5s]1 ,m>l[1 ,%elley4 ,c>d9al ,bembo1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ assidu\s frequ5t]s ( ?is fam\s c\rt1 9 writ+ ( ,elizabetta1 does n hesitate to decl>e3 ,i h se5 _m excell5t & noble wom51 & h he>d ( "s :o 7 z illu/ri\s = c]ta9 qualities1 b 9 h] alone among wom51 all virtues 7 unit$ & br\ght toge!r4 ,i h nev] se5 nor he>d ( any "o :o 0 h] equal1 & "k v few :o h ev5 come ne> h]4 ,x 0 ,ca/iglione's exp]i5ce at ! c\rt ( ,urb9o1 :]e he 0 a daily witness ( ! irresi/ible influ5ce ( ,elizabetta1 t made him give expression to ! s5tim5t1 ,man has = 8 portion physical /r5g? & ext]nal activities2 all do+ mu/ be 81 all inspiration mu/ come f woman4 ,x 0 also ?is ke5 /ud5t ( ! my/]i\s work+s ( woman's g5ius & ( h] secret1 all-p]vad+ influ5ce1 at times & 9 places lea/ suspect$1 :o p5n$ ! notable /atem5t--wor?y ( ! ,r5aissance--,)\t wom5 no?+ is possible1 ei!r 9 milit>y c\rage1 or art1 or poetry1 or music1 or philosophy1 or ev5 religion4 ,god is truly se5 only ?r\gh !m4 ,only a few words are necess>y to tell ( ! le>n$ wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance outside ( ,italy4 ,on acc\nt ( its intimate connection ) ! ,italian p59sula1 ,spa9 0 ! second c\ntry 9 ,europe to exp]i5ce ! effects ( ! new intellectual movem5t4 ,among ! educat$ ,italians :om ,isabella1 ! ,ca?olic1 _h attract$ to h] c\rt 7 ! bro!rs ,g]ald9i1 :om %e appo9t$ z tea*]s ( h] *ildr54 ,( h] daught]1 ,juana1 ,juan ,vives1 ! em95t ,spani% s*ol>1 says %e 0 able to make impromptu spee*es 9 ,lat91 :ile ,ca!r9e1 :o became ! wife ( ,h5ry ,,viii1 excit$ ! admiration ( ,erasmus by ! ext5t & accuracy ( h] k4 ,x 0 f ,salamanca t ,isabella summon$ h] own tea*] ( ,lat91 ! le>n$ ,beatrix ,gal9do1#fc :o 0 a pr(essor ( rhetoric 9 ! univ]sity long be=e ,elizabe? ( ,engl& _h /udi$ ! language ( ,virgil "u ,as*am4 ,!n !re 0 ,francisca de ,lebrixa :o (t5 fill$ ! *air ( h] fa!r1 :o 0 pr(essor ( hi/ory & rhetoric 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,alcala1 & ,isabella ,losa1 ( ,cordova1 :o1 among h] o!r acquirem5ts1 c\nt$ a k ( ,greek & ,hebrew4 ,to 8 le>n$ daught]s1 ,gregoria & ,luisa1 ,antonio ,p]ez1 m9i/] ( ,philip ,,ii1 wrote say+3 ,d n imag9e1 :5 y are writ+ to me1 t y are address+ ,cic]o or "s ,greek au?or2 l[] y\r /yle to my level4 ,!re 7 also ,isabella de ,joya1 :o comm5t$ on ,scotus ,erig5a2 ,ca!r9e ,rib]a1 ! b>d ( love & fai?2 ,dona ,m>ia ,pa*eco de ,m5doza2 ,b]n>da ,f]reyra1 to :om1 on acc\nt ( h] r>e s*ol>%ip1 ,lopez de ,vega d$icat$ 8 beautiful elegy ,phillis2 ,juana ,morella1 :o1 besides hav+ a pr(\nd k ( music1 philosophy1 div9ity & jurisprud5ce1 0 ! mi/ress ( f\rte5 languages2 ,juana de la ,cruz1 ! fam\s ,mexican nun ^: poetry ( sup]ior m]it1 z well z h] exceptional atta9m5ts 9 _m bran*es ( k1 won = h] ! epi!t ( ! ,t5? ,muse2 ,luisa ,sigea1 :o besides be+ a poet 0 a mi/ress ( ! classical & sev]al ori5tal languages1 includ+ ,hebrew & ,syro-,*aldaic1 & o!r le>n$ wom5 :om no "o 0 a/oni%$ to see tak+ by ma9 =ce ! fir/ rank 9 ! sph]es ( lit]ature1 philosophy & !ology4 ,s pr(\ndly _h ! ,r5aissance affect$ ! wom5 ( a limit$ circle 9 ,engl&1 t ,erasmus c\ld decl>e )\t exagg]ation3 ,x is *>m+ to see ! female sex dem& classical in/ruction4 ,! que5 is rem>kably le>n$ & h] daught] writes good ,lat94 ,! home ( ,m is truly ! abode ( ! ,muses4 ,! que5 ( :om ,erasmus speaks is ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon1 :o 0 educat$ 9 ,spa91 :o 0 a pupil ( ,vives1 & :o1 besides hav+ a ?or\gh k ( ,lat9 & ,greek1 0 well acqua9t$ ) sev]al mod]n languages4 ,! daught]s ( ,sir ,?omas ,m 7 among ! mo/ le>n$ wom5 ( _! "t & 71 inde$1 wor?y ( dwell+ 9 ! home ( ! ,muses4 ,lady ,jane ,grey read ,plato 9 ! orig9al at ! age ( ?irte54#fd ,anne1 ,m>g>et & ,jane ,seym\r 7 likewise celebrat$ = _! k ( ! classics1 z 7 ,anne ,boleyn & ,m>y ,/u>t1 :o bo? receiv$ _! education 9 ,france1 & especially ,que5 ,elizabe?1 :o 0 n only "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ wom5 ( h] "t b 0 probably also ! mo/ le>n$ que5 ,engl& has ev] produc$4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 no univ]sity pr(essors or poets ( em95ce among ! ,engli% wom51 z !re 7 9 ,italy & ,spa91 & _! creative "w 0 practically no?+4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,hros)a1 ,g]trude1 ! ,matildas & ,hildeg>d1 ! le>n$ woman has nev] be5 ! ideal woman 9 ,g]many4 ,:5 ,olympia ,morati 0 on h] way f ,f]r>a to ,heidelb]g to take ! *air ( ,greek1 %e f\nd ! daught]s ( pr(essors & humani/s devot+ !mselves to sew+ & embroid]y in/ead ( art & lit]ature4 ,anna1 ! elde/ daught] ( ,melan*?on1 0 almo/ alone among ! ,g]man wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance :o _h a k ( ,lat94 ,9 ,france ! mo/ le>n$ woman ( h] "t 0 und\bt$ly ,m>g>et ( ,ang\leme1 que5 ( ,nav>re4 ,s great 0 h] k & s en?usia/ic 0 %e 9 promot+ ! /udy ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek classics t ,mi*elet1 ) some?+ ( exagg]ation1 p]haps1 calls h] ! amiable "m ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,france4#fe ,%e 0 not$ = h] devotion to ! /udy ( ,scripture & !ology z well z ,greek & ,hebrew4 ,%e always _h ar\nd h]1 or 0 9 correspond5ce )1 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s1 poets1 arti/s1 philosoph]s & !ologians ( ! age1 & und\bt$ly did mu*1 z a patroness ( m5 ( lett]s1 t[>d fur!r+ ! lit]>y movem5t 9 ,france4 ,%e is1 h[ev]1 *iefly kn[n to mod]n read]s by h] ,heptam]on--a "w :i* reveals too cle>ly ! ta/es ( h] associates & ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! "t4 ,) ! exception ( ,m>g>et ( ,nav>re1 !re 7 b few lit]>y wom5 ( m ?an ephem]al reputation dur+ ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance4 ,among ^! ,l\ise ,labe des]ves m5tion1 z %e 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ poetess 9 ,france dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury4#ff ,%e1 l ,m>g>et1 0 ! c5t] ( a cot]ie ( m5 ( lett]s2 b ! reunions ov] :i* %e presid$1 z well z ^? ( ! au?or ( ! ,heptam]on1 7 entirely lack+ 9 ! dignity & ref9em5t ( ^? ( ! poli%$ c\rt ( ,urb9o 9 ! days ( ! pe]less ,elizabetta ,gonzaga4 ,f :at has be5 said respect+ ! r>e le>n+ ( ! wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 "o might inf] t wom5 9 g5]al enjoy$ special educational facilities dur+ ?is p]iod ( intellectual activity4 ,p>adoxical z x may seem1 ! v contr>y 0 ! case4 ,=1 z hi/ory tells u1 ! education ( ! ,r5aissance 0 ess5tially ari/ocratic4 ,x 0 only = ! wom5 ( ! nobility & = ! wives & daught]s ( s*ol>s1 :ile ! great majority ( ! sex rema9$ 9 a /ate ( complete illit]acy4 ,! environm5t ( ! daught]s ( s*ol>s 0 peculi>ly favorable to _! intellectual developm5t1 & le>n+ 0 9 a c]ta9 measure _! natural h]itage4 ,!y did n receive _! education 9 s*ools1 = !re 7 !n few or no s*ools = girls1 b f _! fa!rs or f ! m5 ( lett]s :o frequ5t$ _! homes4 ,a typical home ( ?is k9d 0 t ( ! not$ savant1 ,rob]t ,e/i5ne ( ,p>is1 pr9t] to ,francis ,i4 ,"h ! language ( conv]sation 0 ,lat91 n only = ! memb]s ( ! family b also = ! s]vants z well4#fg ,"u su* conditions we are n surpris$ to be in=m$ t ! girls1 z well z ! boys1 le>n$ to speak ,lat9 z well z _! "m tongue4 ,& li/5+1 z !y did1 to ! daily discussions on art & lit]ature by ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( a mo/ le>n$ age1 x 0 inevitable t !y %\ld acquire ^? va/ /ores ( k on all subjects t s excite ! a/oni%m5t ( our less /udi\s wom5 ( to-day4 ,) ! daught]s ( ! nobility x 0 ! same4 ,9 _! y\? !y _h1 "u ! pat]nal ro(1 ! b5efit ( ! in/ruction ( ! mo/ em95t ma/]s ( ! "t4 ,& z !y grew up _! con/ant int]c\rse ) le>n$ m5 & ! "p !y took 9 all lit]>y & social assemblies1 :i* 7 s prom95t a feature ( ! p]iod1 enabl$ !m to complete _! education "u ! mo/ favorable auspices1 & to h1 be=e !y 7 out ( _! te5s1 a fund ( in=mation on all subjects t c\ld n be obta9$ s well1 ev5 9 ! be/ ( our mod]n in/itutions ( le>n+4 ,x 0 to ^! daught]s ( ! elite--+5uae puellae--t ,erasmus & ,vives address$ _! treatises on education4 ,!y 7 ! privileg$ class at ^: disposition 7 plac$ all ! treasures ( ,greek & ,lat9 lett]s4 ,x 01 !n1 an easy matt] = !m to write poetry & diss]tations 9 ! languages ( ,horace & ,plato4 ,& x 0 (t5 a necessity = !m to speak ,lat91 = x 0 !n ! univ]sal language ( ! le>n$--! language t 0 und]/ood ev]y:]e--9 ,engl& z 9 ,italy1 9 ,g]many z 9 ,france1 9 ,fl&]s z well z 9 ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,x 0 !n t ,! ,republic ( ,lett]s 0 a reality z nev] be=e2 t ! man ( lett]s 01 ( a tru?1 a citiz5 ( ! _w2 t 8 c\ntry 0 :]ev] ! cult ( lett]s _h prie/s or devotees4 ,he 0 :at ! ballad s+] 0 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 b ) m dignity & s]i\sness4 ,he 0 ! ag5t & repres5tative ( intellectual life1 ! liv+ symbol ( ! unity & solid>ity ( ! human m9d4 ,& z 9 "t he l9k$ ! pa/ to ! pres5t s likewise 9 space he b\nd all peoples toge!r & belong$ equally to all4 ,su* 0 ,erasmus ( ,holl&1 :o 0 equally at home 9 ,france & ,switz]l&1 9 ,italy & ,engl&--ev]y:]e receiv$ ) ! honor accord$ to pr9ces ( ! blood royal4 ,su* 0 ,vives1 ( ,spa91 ! tea*] ( ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon1 ( ,m>y1 ! daught] ( ,h5ry ,,viii--at "o "t pr(essor 9 ,l\va91 at ano!r 9 ,ox=d--always & ev]y:]e an ard5t expon5t ( humanism = wom5 z well z = m54 ,su* 0 ,politian & su* 7 scores ( 8 contempor>ies1 :o c>ri$ ! tor* ( k f ca/le to ca/le & f c\rt to c\rt1 :]e maid5s equally ) y\?s enjoy$ all ! advantages d]ivable f ! lessons ( su* di/+ui%$ tea*]s & su* em95t lead]s ( culture4 ,= x 0 a peculi>ity ( ! s*ol> ( ! ,r5aissance t he 0 a great travel]--seek+ k :]ev] x 0 to be f\nd--& c>ry+ x ) him :i!rsoev] he w5t4 ,he j\rney$ f univ]sity to univ]sity1 ev]y:]e ex*ang+ views ) 8 intellectual compe]s1 & ev]y:]e diffus+ ! k he _h s labori\sly acquir$4 ,! consequ5ce 0 a wond]ful uni=mity ( education among ! high] classes--among wom5 z well z among m5--some?+ t 0 nev] kn[n be=e4 ,?r\gh ! g5]ally diffus$ k ( ,lat91 ! common lit]>y m$ium ( communication1 all ! nations ( ,europe1 ev5 ^? at w> ) "o ano!r1 7 br\ght toge!r 9 an intellectual bro!rhood & 9 a way :i* gave s*ol>%ip a p[] & a pre/ige t accru$ to ! b5efit ( wom5 & m5 alike4 ,b ! educational advantages enjoy$ by ! wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance 7 n = ! b\rgeoisie--n = ! daught]s ( peasants1 tradesm5 & artisans4 ,!y 7 solely1 z has be5 /at$1 = ! b5efit ( ! *ildr5 ( pr9ces or ( s*ol>s--( ^? only :o c\ld claim ei!r nobility ( bir? or nobility ( g5ius4#fh ,ev5 ! mo/ zeal\s ( ! humani/s w\ld h be5 surpris$ if !y _h be5 ask$ to diffuse a portion ( _! light among ! wom5 ( ! masses4 ,= education1 z !y view$ x1 0 some?+ solely = ! elect--= ladies ( ! c\rt & n = wom5 ( a l[] condition4 ,s f> z ! re/ ( womank9d 0 conc]n$1 _! occupation 0 limit$1 accord+ to a ,breton say+1 to look+ aft] alt>1 he>?1 & *ildr5--,la femme se doit g>d] l'autel1 le feu1 les enfants4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t1 too1 t m5 began1 especially 9 ,france & ,g]many1 to revive ! anti-fem9i/ crusade :i* _h s ret>d$ ! lit]>y movem5t among ! wom5 ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,!y refus$ to he> wom5 & intellect spok5 ( toge!r4 ,! ,g]mans recogniz$ no intellig5ce 9 !m ap>t f dome/ic duties1 & seem$ to belong to t /range race1 t has n yet di$ out1 :i* believes woman to be afflict$ ) ! radical incapacity to acquire an individual idea4 ,:at ! ,italians call$ intellig5ce a ,g]man w\ld call tittle-tattle1 trick]y1 ! _s ( opposition4 ,!y reject$ su* gratifications & _h no int5tion ( all[+ ,delilah to %e> !m4#fi ,9 ! e/imation ( ,lu!r1 ! intellectual aspirations ( wom5 7 n only an absurdity1 b 7 also a positive p]il4 ,take !m1 he says1 f _! h\sewif]y & !y are good = no?+4 ,he treat$ ! humani/ ,vives1 preceptor ( ,m>y ,tudor1 z a dang]\s _s1 because ! le>n$ ,spani>d 0 an ard5t advocate ( ! high] education ( wom54 ,z to ab/ract & sev]e /udies !y 7 = girls1 accord+ to "o ( ,lu!r's contempor>ies1 b va9 & futile quack]ies4 ,= an accompli%$ woman to quote ! ,fa!rs or ! anci5t classical writ]s 0 to provoke ridicule1 because to d s 0 consid]$ an indication ( p$antry or affectation4 ,montaigne gave expression to ! age-old prejudice aga9/ woman by refus+ to reg>d h] z any?+ b a pretty animal1 :ile ,rabelais1 ! coryphaeus ( ! ,fr5* ,r5aissance1 decl>$ t ,nature 9 creat+ woman lo/ ! good s5se :i* %e _h display$ 9 ! creation ( all o!r ?+s4 ,su* be+ ! views ( ! great lead]s ( ?\ght & =m]s ( public op9ion respect+ ! m5tal inf]iority ( woman--views :i*1 outside ( ,italy1 _h1 ) few exceptions1 ! cordial approval ( ! sup]cili\s1 cockahoop male--is x necess>y to add t ! ,r5aissance did no?+ = popul> education8 ,! masses ( wom51 especially aft] ! suppression ( ! conv5t s*ools 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 71 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 & notably 9 ! two c\ntries m5tion$1 9 a worse condition ?an !y 7 dur+ ! ,d>k ,ages4#gj ,,woman ,,& ,,education ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,& ,,! ,,tw5tie? ,,c5tury ,! p]iod foll[+ ! ,r5aissance 0 n a brilliant "o = woman1 especially outside ( ,italy4 ,= 9 ?is favor$ l&1 ev5 aft] ! decad5ce 9 lit]ature t foll[$ ! glori\s c9quec5to1 intellectual life oppos$ s effective a b>ri] to ! =ces ( ext9ction :i* 7 at "w 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 notably ,g]many & ,engl&1 t !re 7 /ill 9 e "p ( ! p59sula f ! f]tile pla9s ( ,lomb>dy to ! sunny ,ionian sea1 le>n$ & cultur$ wom5 :o 7 eag] to emulate ! a*ievem5ts ( _! illu/ri\s si/]s ( ,italy's gold5 age ( art1 & lett]s4 ,we d n1 x is true1 f9d among !m a ,prop]zia de ,rossi1 a ,v]onica ,gamb>a1 or a ,vittoria ,colonna2 b we f9d _m e>ne/ & en?usia/ic /ud5ts 9 e dep>tm5t ( k4 ,t :i* mo/ impresses ! /ud5t ( education dur+ ?is p]iod ( ,italian hi/ory is n ! spl5dor ( art & lett]s 9 c\rt & ca/le1 :i* s dazzl$ ,europe dur+ ! "t ( ,r5ee ( ,f]r>a & ,elizabetta ,gonzaga ( ,urb9o4 ,we f9d1 x is true1 a goodly numb] ( wom5 :o won di/9ction z poets & arti/s2 b x is r ^? :o 7 devot$ to m s]i\s /udies t arre/ our att5tion--wom5 :o atta9$ em95ce 9 physical & natural sci5ce1 9 ma!matics1 9 ! classical & ori5tal languages1 9 philosophy1 law & !ology4 ,space precludes ! m5tion ( m ?an a few ( ^!1 b ^! few may be accept$ z typical ( _m o!rs almo/ equally di/+ui%$4 ,*ief among ^? ( :om _! c\ntrym5 are specially pr\d are ,rosanna ,somaglia ,l&i1 ( ,milan1 l+ui/ & translator ( ,anacreon2 ,m>ia ,selvaggia ,borgh9i1 ( ,pisa1 translator ( ! works ( ,t]tullian2 ,eleonora ,b>bapiccola1 ( ,sal]no1 :o translat$ into ,italian ! ,pr9cipa ,philosophiae ( ,desc>tes2 ,m>ia ,angela ,arg+helli1 ( ,naples1 :o 0 fam$ = h] pr(\nd k ( physics & ! high] ma!matics & :o gave an ,italian v]sion ( ,/eph5 ,hales' ,vegetable ,/atics4 ,!n !re 0 ,clelia ,grillo ,borromeo1 ( ,g5oa1 :o 0 s di/+ui%$ 9 sci5ce1 ma!matics1 me*anics & languages t a m$al 0 /ruck 9 h] honor be>+ ! inscription1 ,gloria ,g5u5sium--glory ( ! ,g5oese2 & ! /ill m fam\s ,el5a ,corn>o ,piscopia1 ( ,v5ice1 :o 0 truly a prodigy ( le>n+ z well z a p>agon ( virtue4 ,9 addition to a k ( _m mod]n1 classical & ori5tal tongues1 %e exhibit$ rem>kable pr(ici5cy 9 a/ronomy1 ma!matics1 music1 philosophy & !ology4 ,aft] a c\rse ( /udy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,padua & aft] ! usual exam9ation & disc\rse 9 classic ,lat9 on "s ( ! que/ions ( ,ari/otelian philosophy1 %e _h ! doctorate ( philosophy conf]r$ on h] 9 ! ca!dral ( ,padua1 9 ! pres5ce ( ?\s&s ( le>n$ m5 & applaud+ /ud5ts f all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,b n cont5t ) conf]r+ on ?is extraord9>y woman ! r+1 wrea? ( laurel & ! erm9e mozetta--! usual insignia ( ! doctorate--! ,univ]sity1 z a special m>k ( di/9ction1 _h a m$al co9$ 9 honor ( ! illu/ri\s graduate be>+ h] effigy1 ) ! words1 z ! decree ( ! ,univ]sity express$ x1 ad p]petuam rei memoriam4 ,t !re 0 no?+ sup]ficial ab\t ?is "y woman's k ( languages1 x suffices to /ate t %e 0 able to speak ,lat9 & ,greek z flu5tly z h] own ,italian1 & t s pr(\nd 0 h] k ( div9ity t !re 7 _m di/+ui%$ ecclesia/ics 9 bo? ,italy & ,france :o favor$ conf]r+ on h] ! doctorate 9 !ology4 ,among o!r "y wom5 :o obta9$ ! doctorate 9 v>i\s univ]sities 7 ,maddal5a ,can$i-,noe & ,m>ia ,vittoria ,dosi :o1 aft] ! usual c\rse ( /udy 9 ! univ]sity ( ,bologna1 obta9$ ! degree ( doctor ( civil law1 & ,m>ia ,pellegr9a ,amoretti1 :o receiv$ ! degree ( doctor 9 bo? canon & civil law 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,pavia & ) x ! doctor's cap--b]reto dottorale4 ,b m rem>kable = le>n+ ?an any ( ^! univ]sity graduates 0 ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y wom5 s*ol>s ( all "t4 ,on acc\nt ( h] wond]ful k ( languages %e 0 call$ ,! ,oracle ( ,sev5 ,tongues4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n h] *ief title to fame4 ,x is r h] m>vel\s a*ievem5ts 9 ! doma9 ( ! high] ma!matics4 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( h] mo/ not$ "w1 ,in/ituzioni ,analyti*e1 %e w\ld at once h be5 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces _h n ! laws ( ?is le>n$ body preclud$ ! admission ( wom54#ga ,t great ,maec5as ( le>n+1 ,b5$ict ,,xiv1 %[$ 8 appreciation ( ,m>ia ,gaetana's exceptional atta9m5ts by appo9t+ h]--motu proprio--to ! *air ( high] ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,a simil> honor _h1 9 ! prec$+ c5tury1 be5 conf]r$ on ,m>ta ,m>*9a1 ( ,naples1 :51 on acc\nt ( h] r>e k ( lett]s1 philosophy & !ology1 %e 0 (f]$ a *air 9 ! ,sapi5za1 9 ,rome1 an honor :i* h] mode/y & love ( retirem5t caus$ h] to decl9e4 ,we h se5 t wom5 pr(essors a*iev$ di/9ction 9 ! ,italian univ]sities ev5 z e>ly z ! clos+ c5turies ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! same 0 true dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 & x has be5 equally true dur+ ! p]iod t has elaps$ s9ce ! c9quec5to4 ,among ! mo/ em95t ( ^? :o taught 9 ! univ]sities 7 ,laura ,bassi1 :o _h ! *air ( physics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 & ,clotilde ,tambroni1 pr(essor ( ! ,greek language & lit]ature 9 ! same in/itution ( le>n+4 ,s ?or\gh 0 h] k ( ! language ( ,plato t x 0 ! op9ion ( h] contempor>ies t !re 7 !n only ?ree p]sons 9 ,europe :o equal$ h] 9 h] ma/]y ( ?is classic tongue4 ,x 0 ?is di/+ui%$ ,hell5i/ :o graci\sly deliv]$ ! address :5 "o ( h] c\ntrywom51 ,m>ia dalle ,donne1 receiv$ h] doctorate 9 m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,aft] h] graduation ,dr4 dalle ,donne 0 giv5 *>ge ( a s*ool = midwives 9 :i* %e r5d]$ ! greate/ s]vice to h] sex4 ,ev5 ! *air ( anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna 0 held by a woman1 ,anna ,mor&i-,m5zol9i1 & h] "w 0 ( ! highe/ ord]4 ,! same position 0 held by ano!r woman1 ,m>ia ,petracc9i-,t]retti1 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,f]r>a4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 ! attitude ( ! univ]sities ( ,italy & ^? ( o!r p>ts ( ! _w t[>d wom5 z /ud5ts & pr(essors6 ,= a ?\s& ye>s ! doors ( ! ,italian univ]sities h be5 op5 to wom51 z well z to m52 & = a ?\s& ye>s wom51 z well z m51 h receiv$ _! degrees f ^! noble & lib]al in/itutions1 & occupi$ ! mo/ important positions 9 _! gift1 & t1 too1 ) ! approval & enc\ragem5t ( bo? spiritual & temporal rul]s4 ,= ^! wise & broad-m9d$ m5 did n reg>d x unwomanly = ,laura ,bassi to tea* physics1 = ,clotilde ,tambroni to tea* ,greek1 = ,dorotea ,bucca to tea* m$ic9e1 = ,m>ia ,gaetana to tea* diff]5tial & integral calculus1 = ,anna ,mor&i to tea* anatomy1 = ,novella d',&rea to tea* canon law1 or ev51 if we may believe ,d5ifle1 "o ( ! be/ ( au?orities1 = ! daught]s ( a ,p>is pr(essor to tea* !ology4#gb ,yes1 :at a contra/1 inde$1 betwe5 ! ,univ]sities ( ,bologna & ,padua1 ) _! long & honor$ li/ ( wom5 graduates & pr(essors1 & ! ,univ]sities ( ,cambridge & ,ox=d f :i* wom5 h always be5 & are /ill exclud$1 bo? z /ud5ts & pr(essors4 ,contra/1 also1 ! honors %[n to wom5 z /ud5ts & pr(essors ( m$ic9e 9 ,sal]no1 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ) ! riots excit$ among ! *ivalr\s male /ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 :51 less ?an a half c5tury ago1 sev5 "y wom5 appli$ = ! privilege ( att5d+ ! c\rses ( lectures on m$ic9e & surg]y 9 t in/itution4 ,& contra/ ! sympa?y & enc\ragem5t ( ,italy ) ! almo/ brutal opposition :i* wom5 9 our own c\ntry enc\nt]$ :51 b a few decades ago1 !y appli$ = admittance to ! m$ical s*ools ( ,new ,york & ,philadelphia4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,italian & ! ,anglo-,saxon attitude t[>d wom5 9 ! all-important matt]s 9 "q requires no comm5t4#gc ,"o reason = ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! wom5 ( ,italy & ^? ( o!r p>ts ( ,europe 9 ! matt] ( high] education dur+ ! p]iod we h be5 consid]+ 0 ! old ,roman _s ( indep5d5ce ( ! =m] & _! always insi/+ on :at !y reg>d$ z _! natural & indefeasible rights4 ,foll[+ ! example ( ! matrons ( anci5t ,rome1 !y insi/$ on be+ treat$ z ! equals ( m51 &1 z a consequ5ce1 !y dem&$ 9 ! intellectual ord] all ! advantages t 7 accord$ to m54 ,!y w\ld nev] admit _! m5tal inf]iority to man1 & woe betide ! luckless wight :o ev5 ins9uat$ su* inf]iority4 ,! %afts ( satire & ridicule 7 at once direct$ aga9/ him by a score ( wom5 :o 7 able to use ! p5 z well z1 if n bett] ?an1 himself4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 su* an "o 0 tak5 s]i\sly1 & !n ! result 0 a book by "s clev] woman to prove t !re 0 no diff]5ce 9 ! intellectual p[] ( ! two sexes--t1 if !re 0 a diff]5ce1 x 0 9 favor ( ! g5tl] sex4 ,!re is q a l>ge numb] ( su* works 9 ,italian2 & x mu/ be said t ! wom5 always met ! argum5ts ( _! adv]s>ies 9 a mann] t does !m ! greate/ cr$it4 ,x 0 probably because ( _! insi/5ce on ! equality ( ! sexes1 z well z because ( _! a*ievem5ts 9 e dep>tm5t ( m5tal activity1 t ! educat$ wom5 ( ,italy enjoy$ s _m privileges d5i$ _! si/]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,?us1 9 addition to be+ treat$ z ! equals ( m5 9 ! univ]sities1 !y met !m on an equal foot+ 9 ! art1 lit]>y & sci5tific societies & academies1 9 ! proce$+s ( :i* !y always exhibit$ an active & en?usia/ic int]e/4 ,9 ^! reunions ! wom5 ga9$ /r5g? ( m9d & indep5d5ce ( "* f ! m51 :ile ! m5 imbib$ ref9em5t & g5tl5ess f ! wom54 ,comp>e ?is condition ) ! sy/ematic exclusion ( wom5 f simil> societies 9 o!r c\ntries--ev5 9 ?is tw5tie? c5tury ( ours--& "o ( ! n lea/ pot5t reasons = ! intellectual supremacy ( ! wom5 ( ,italy w be app>5t4 ,next aft] ,italy1 ,france 0 ! c\ntry 9 :i*1 dur+ ! po/-,r5aissance p]iod1 wom5 enjoy$ ! greate/ advantages ( m5tal developm5t4 ,b we look 9 va91 ev5 dur+ ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 = t fl[]+ ( ! female intellect t1 at ! same p]iod1 r5d]$ ! daught]s ( ,italy s fam\s4 ,x is true t !re 0 a c]ta9 numb] ( le>n$ wom5 9 ,france dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & notably dur+ ! gold5 age ( ,l\is ,,xiv1 = dur+ ?is p]iod ! traditions ( ! ,r5aissance 7 p]petuat$ & !re 0 /ill a l+]+ love ( lett]s1 at lea/ among c]ta9 classes ( ! ari/ocracy4 ,prom95t among ^? :o attract$ att5tion = _! le>n+ 7 ,gilb]te & ,jaquel9e ,pascal1 ( ! celebrat$ conv5t ( ,port ,royal2 ,m>ie-,eleanore de ,rohan & ,gabrielle de ,ro*e*\>t1 bo?1 l ! ,pascal si/]s1 inmates ( ! cloi/]2 ,m>ie ,cramoisy1 wife ( ! fir/ director ( ! royal pr9t+ (fice1 & ,mlle4 de ,luynes1 a fri5d ( ,pascal4 ,all ^! c\nt$ among _! atta9m5ts a writ+ k ( ,lat91 b 7 f> f be+ able1 l ! ,italian wom5 above m5tion$1 to speak x ) ! same flu5cy z !y did _! "m tongue4 ,9 addition to ! le>n$ ,fr5* wom5 j nam$1 !re 0 ,elisabe? de ,ro*e*\>t1 a niece ( ,mme4 de ,montespan1 :o 0 able to read ,plato 9 ,greek1 & ,anne de ,rohan1 ,pr9cess ( ,guem5e1 :o surpris$ h] c\ntrym5 by /udy+ ,hebrew4 ,!n !re 7 ,mme4 de ,grignan1 ,m>ie ,dupre1 ,l\ise ,s]m5t1 ,anne de ,la ,vigne1 :o1 l ! ,pr9cess ,palat9e1 ,elisabe?1 & ,*ri/9e ( ,sw$51 7 ard5t disciples ( ,desc>tes1 & took ! lead among ! femmes philosophes ( _! "t4 ,b = pr(\nd & v>i$ s*ol>%ip ,mme4 ,daci]1 ! daught] ( ! erudite ,tanquil ,le ,fevre1 0 ! mo/ fam\s ( all ! wom5 ( h] "t 9 ,france4 ,possess$ ( r>e p[] ( eloqu5ce & beauty ( /yle1 toge!r ) an extraord9>y capacity = criticism1 !re 0 n a man 9 ,europe :o did n respect h] judgm5t 9 matt]s ( lit]ature & culture4 ,b t = :i* %e 0 specially celebrat$ 0 h] exceptional k ( ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,%e n only translat$ ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey b also sev]al o!r ( ! anci5t classics4 ,none ( h] contempor>ies _h a m ?or\gh ma/]y ( ! tongues ( ,hom] & ,virgil1 nor did any ( h] c\ntrym5 contribute m ?an %e t[>d ! advancem5t ( ! k ( ! lit]ature ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,s highly priz$ 0 h] v]sion ( ! ,iliad t x 0 translat$ by ,ozell into ,engli%4 ,h] v]sion ( ,plato's ,pha$o 0 also translat$ into ,engli% & publi%$ by a ,new ,york booksell] m ?an a c5tury aft] h] dea?4 ,! s*ol>ly ,m5agius1 9 8 ,hi/oria ,muli]um ,philosoph>um1 did n hesitate to pron\nce h] ! mo/ le>n$ woman ( all "t--,fem9>um quot sunt1 quot fu]e doctissima4#gd ,to ,mme4 de ,ma9t5on1 ! morganatic wife ( ! ,great ,mon>*1 is due ! ,in/itut de ,sa9t-,cyr1 ! fir/ /ate s*ool = girls f\nd$ 9 ,france4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 solely = ! daught]s ( ! nobility4 ,&1 al?\gh x 0 f ! fir/ "u ! direction ( ! f\ndress1 a woman :o 0 be=e all else a tea*] z well z "o ( ! mo/ enlight5$ wom5 ( ! mo/ lit]>y & philosophic age ,france ev] knew--! age :5 ! ,fr5* language 0 p]fect$1 ! age ( ! ,academy1 ( ,boileau1 ,moli]e1 ,rac9e1 ,bossuet1 ,desc>tes--! /udies prescrib$ 9 ?is in/itution1 :i* 0 "u ! special patronage ( ! k+1 7 ( ! mo/ elem5t>y "*4 ,!y compris$ read+1 writ+1 ari?metic1 gramm>1 music1 draw+1 danc+1 & ! elem5ts ( hi/ory1 my?ology & geography4 ,z to hi/ory1 ,mme4 de ,ma9t5on 0 satisfi$ if ! pupils ( ,sa9t-,cyr knew en\gh n to conf\nd ! k+s ( ,france ) ^? ( o!r nations1 & 7 able to avoid mi/ak+ a ,roman emp]or = ! ,emp]or ( ,*9a or ,japan2 or ! ,k+ ( ,spa9 or ,engl& = ! ,k+ ( ,p]sia or ,siam4 ,& yet1 re/rict$ z x 01 h] programme ( /udies 0 m complete ?an t ( any o!r girls' s*ool 9 ! k+dom4 ,"o ( h] reasons = n insi/+ on a m ?or\gh c\rse 0 t wom5 nev] "k b by halves1 & ! little t !y d "k usually makes !m pr\d1 haughty & talkative & disgu/$ ) solid ?+s4#ge ,9 ,sa9t-,cyr1 ! be/ girls' s*ool 9 ! k+dom1 !re 0 n a ^w ab\t ! fir/ pr9ciples ( philosophy1 nor ab\t ! physical & natural sci5ces recomm5d$ by ,f5elon4 ,! elem5ts j ref]r$ to1 comb9$ ) a goodly am\nt ( esprit--bi5 de l'esprit--7 consid]$ q suffici5t to prep>e ! future wives ( ! nobility = all ! duties !y w\ld be call$ ^u to p]=m4 ,mme4 de ,ma9t5on _h probably be5 unconsci\sly influ5c$ by :at %e _h se5 at ! c\rt ( h] liege "l1 :]e ! great] "p ( ! wom5 7 extremely ignorant4 ,ev5 ,mme4 de ,montespan1 ! k+'s favorite1 & = ye>s ! lead+ figure at ! c\rt1 0 no exception4 ,s ignorant 0 %e t %e 0 n ev5 able to spell ! simple/ & mo/ common words4#gf ,& s x 0 ) ! mo/ illu/ri\s ladies ( ,france4 ,_m ( !m 7 s devoid ( in/ruction t !y 7 unable ei!r to read or to write4 ,ev5 ! tea*]s 9 ,sa9t-,cyr 7 s defici5t 9 ! simple/ rudim5ts ( an education t ,mme4 de ,ma9t5on f\nd x necess>y to correct _! lett]s1 9 ord] to tea* !m ! mo/ ess5tial rules ( epi/ol>y correspond5ce4 ,9 reality1 ! wom5 ( ! age ( ,l\is ,,xiv did n tr\ble !mselves ab\t an education z we und]/& x4 ,end[$ ) esprit1 ) a natural & acquir$ ta/e = ?+s intellectual1 !y 7 satisfi$ ) su* k z !y c\ld glean f read+ or conv]sation1 & ) comp>atively few exceptions1 %[$ no disposition to devote long ye>s to /udy 9 s*ool1 mu* less 9 a univ]sity1 z did _! si/]s to ! s\? ( ! ,alps4 ,! f\ndress ( ,sa9t-,cyr _h likewise be5 influ5c$ by h] environm5t z well z by ! c\rt--an environm5t :i* 0 becom+ daily m & m unfavorable to ! education1 especially any?+ approa*+ ! high] education1 ( wom54 ,a "y woman's education 0 consid]$ complete :5 %e 0 able to read1 write1 dance & play "s musical in/rum5t4 ,any?+ m 0 deem$ sup]flu\s & des]v+ ( c5sure & ridicule r ?an praise4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,moli]e's two celebrat$ plays1 ,les ,femmes ,savantes & ,les ,precieuses ,ridicules1 7 giv5 to ! _w4 ,^! well-kn[n productions1 replete ) ! au?or's brighte/ fla%es ( wit1 & ab\nd+ 9 8 mo/ effective %afts ( satire1 produc$ at once an imm5se s5sation4 ,z soon z publi%$1 !y 7 9 ! h&s ( ev]ybody4 ,^? :o 7 oppos$ to ! education ( wom5--& ! numb] 0 daily increas+--_h rec\rse to !m z to ars5als :i* suppli$ !m ) j ! arms !y _h s long ne$$ to decide 9 _! favor ! long w>f>e :i* !y _h be5 conduct+ aga9/ ! g5tl] sex4 ,! views ( ! b\rgeois ,*rysale z express$ to 8 si/]1 ,belise1 7 s 9 h>mony ) _! own t !y lov$ on e occasion to repeat ) him3 ,no1 ,x isn't dec5t1 & = _m reasons1 ,t womank9d %\ld /udy & "k too mu*4 ,to tea* h] *ildr5 :at is "r & wrong1 ,manage h] h\sehold1 ov]see h] s]vants1 ,& keep exp5ses )9 b\nds1 %\ld be ,h] only /udy & philosophy4 ,our fa!rs1 on ?is po9t1 %[$ great good s5se2 ,!y said a woman always kn[s en\gh ,if b h] und]/&+ rea*es ,to tell+1 "o f t'o!r1 coat & bree*es4 ,_! wives1 :o c\ldn't read1 l$ hone/ lives1 ,_! h\seholds 7 _! only le>n$ !me1 ,& all _! books 7 ?imble1 ?read & ne$les4 ,) :i* !y made _! daught]s' w$d+ outfits4 ,b n[ our wom5 scorn to live l t2 ,!y want to write & all be au?oresses4 ,!y ?9k no k is too deep = !m4#gg ,moli]e's int5tion 9 writ+ ^! ju/ly fam\s com$ies 0 n1 z is s (t5 ass]t$1 to ridicule wom5 ( le>n+1 b only ^? sup]ficial p$ants :o affect$ k or lov$ to make a display ( ! little k !y happ5$ to possess4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 0 q diff]5t f :at _h be5 int5d$1 = ! poet's pleasantries 7 tak5 s s]i\sly1 t ev5 wom5 ( real le>n+1 9 ord] to avoid ridicule1 7 condemn$ to absolute sil5ce4 ,! comic dramati/1 ,de/\*es1 express$ ! prevail+ op9ion :5 he wrote3 ,une femme savante ,doit ca*] son savoir1 ou c'e/ une imprud5te4#gh ,few ,fr5* wom5 !reaft] _h ! c\rage to def5d _! sex1 z did _! si/]s 9 ,italy1 & ! result 0 t1 ) a few exceptions1 l ,mme4 du ,*atelet1 ,sophie ,g]ma91 & ,mme4 ,lepaute1 !re 7 no m le>n$ wom5 9 ,france = fully two c5turies4 ,nev] did satire & ridicule accompli% m1 except probably 9 ! case ( ,don ,quixote--t ma/]ly creation ( ,c]vantes :i* dealt ! dea?-bl[ to knight-errantry--?an did ,les ,femmes ,savantes & ,les ,precieuses ,ridicules4 ,! le>n$ woman became z mu* an object ( d]ision 9 ,france z 0 ! knight-errant 9 ,spa94 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 9 ! nature ( ! ,fr5* woman1 ) all h] vivacity & en]gy1 to be suppress$ entirely or to be relegat$ = long to ! backgr\nd 9 ?+s ( ! m9d4 ,b1 n !n d>+ to face ! ridicule :i* 0 inevitable1 if %e devot$ h]self to sci5ce or philosophy1 %e s\ght a sub/itute = h] intellectual activity 9 ! salon4 ,! fir/ salon 0 e/abli%$ by an ,italian woman1 ! ,m>quise de ,ramb\illet1 9 #afag1 & 0 model$ aft] ! fam\s reunions held at ! c\rt ( ,urb9o "u ,elizabetta ,gonzaga1 a c5tury be=e4 ,al?\gh x nev] exhibit$ ! spl5dor ( its ,italian prototype1 ! ,hotel de ,ramb\illet 0 = m ?an fifty ye>s ! mo/ important lit]>y c5t] ( ! k9d 9 ,france4 ,"h1 ow+ to ! tact1 esprit1 & magnetic p]sonality ( ,mme4 de ,ramb\illet1 7 ga!r$ ! mo/ di/+ui%$ m5 & wom5 ( ! "t4 ,among !m 7 poets1 philosoph]s1 /atesm51 ecclesia/ics & ladies ( rank1 ^: names /ill dazzle u by _! brilliancy4 ,bossuet1 ,moli]e1 ,la ,fonta9e1 ,corneille & ! great ,conde 7 !re2 s 7 ,fle*i]1 ,balzac1 ,voiture1 ,sa9t-,evremont1 ,desc>tes & ,la ,ro*ef\cauld2 & s1 too1 7 ,mme4 de ,sevigne1 ! ,du*ess ( ,montp5si]1 ,madele9e de ,scud]y1 ,la ,comtesse de ,la ,fayette1 ,*>lotte de ,montmor5cy1 & ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu :o got f ?is not$ salon ! idea :i* l$ to 8 greate/ f\ndation--! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,x 0 ,mme4 de ,ramb\illet :o1 ?r\gh h] reunions 9 h] exquisite ,*ambre ,bleue1 = ! fir/ "t br\ght toge!r elem5ts t 7 previ\sly consid]$ z belong+ to diff]5t ca/es4 ,x 0 %e1 also1 :o creat$ mod]n society ) its purely intellectual hi]>*y1 by hav+ ! repres5tatives ( ! nobility meet m5 ( sci5ce & lett]s on an equal foot+4 ,x seems to u n[ ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w = a great savant1 a great poet1 or a great philosoph]1 to be receiv$ 9 ! same salon ) ! ,du*ess ( ,montp5si]--,la ,gr&e ,mademoiselle--b x 0 f> f be+ s :5 ! brilliant "y ,italian matron--= %e 0 a daught] ( ! noble ,roman family ( ! ,savelli--began h] epo*-mak+ "w 9 ! ,hotel de ,ramb\illet1 :]e1 aft] ov]com+ c\ntless difficulties & prejudices1 %e ev5tually succe$$ 9 br++ toge!r1 & 9 enli/+ 9 a common cause1 ! nobility ( bir? & ! nobility ( intellect1 & introduc+ into ! exclusive set ( ,p>is ! same k9d ( social cot]ies t _h s long be5 popul> 9 ,urb9o & ,f]r>a4 ,! ,hotel de ,ramb\illet 0 ! exempl> ( t long s]ies ( salons :i*1 = two c5turies1 7 ! favorite try/+-places ( ! tal5t1 ! wit1 ! beauty ( ,europe1 & :i* ex]t$ su* a pot5t influ5ce on society & on ! progress ( sci5ce & lit]ature4 ,! mi/ress ( ! salon 0 supreme1 & %e ma9ta9$ h] supremacy by h] tact1 sympa?y1 intellig5ce & m5tal al]tness1 r ?an by le>n+ & sup]ior m5tal p[]4 ,inde$1 x is a s+ul> fact t v few ( ! saloni]es 7 le>n$ wom54 ,! mo/ gift$ & ! mo/ le>n$ ( !m 7 ,mlle4 ,lesp9asse1 ,mme4 de ,/ael1 & ,mme4 ,swet*9e4 ,mme4 ,ge(fr91 :o 0 ( b\rgeois orig91 0 s devoid ( education t ,voltaire said %e 0 unable to write two l9es correctly4 ,& yet1 despite h] educational limitations1 %e became1 by h] own unaid$ ef=ts1 ! que5 ( intellectual ,europe4 ,&1 if we may judge by _! portraits1 mo/ ( ! great lead]s ( salons 7 homely1 if n positively ugly1 & _m ( !m 7 advanc$ 9 ye>s4 ,?us1 ,mme4 du ,deff&--! female ,voltaire--0 sixty-eight ye>s old & bl9d :5 h] fri5d%ip ) ,horace ,walpole1 "o ( ! wittie/ ,engli%m5 :o ev] liv$1 began--a fri5d%ip t endur$ until h] dea? at ! age ( eighty-?ree4 ,! face ( ,mlle4 de ,lesp9asse 0 disfigur$ by small-pox & h] eyesight 0 impair$2 & yet1 )\t rank1 weal? or beauty1 %e 0 ! pivot ar\nd :i* circl$ ! tal5t & fa%ion ( ,p>is1 & ^: p]sonal magnetism 0 s great t ! /ate1 ! *ur*1 ! c\rt1 z well z =eign c\ntries1 _h _! mo/ di/+ui%$ repres5tatives 9 h] salon4 ,"h %e receiv$ & ent]ta9$ h] fri5ds e ev5+ f five until n9e o'clock4 ,x 01 writes ,la ,h>pe1 almo/ a title to consid]ation to be receiv$ into ?is society4 ,s great 0 ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ,mlle4 de ,lesp9asse t %e b5t savants to h] w by ! %e] =ce ( g5ius4 ,h] salon became kn[n z ! ante-*amb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy2 = x 0 ass]t$ t half ! academicians ( h] "t ow$ _! fauteuils to h] active canvass 9 _! behalf4 ,& s successful 0 %e 9 op5+ ! lips & m9ds ( h] habitues1 :e!r an hi/orian l ,hume1 a philosoph] l ,condillac1 a /atesman l ,turgot1 a ma!matician l d',alemb]t1 a litt]ateur l ,m>montel or an encyclop$i/ l ,condorcet1 t x 0 said ( h] t %e made m>ble feel & matt] ?9k4 ,%e 0 a v]itable en*antress ( ! great & ! le>n$ ( h] "t4 ,%e did n1 h[ev]1 wield h] magic w& ?r\gh h] le>n+1 or ! accid5t ( bir?1 or ! physical attractions ( p]son1 b solely by reason ( h] wond]ful vivacity1 *>m ( m9d1 & exquisite tact1 :i* consi/$1 z ^? :o knew h] well tell u1 9 ! art ( say+ to ea* t :i* suits him1 & 9 mak+ ! be/ ( ! m9ds ( o!rs1 ( int]e/+ !m1 & ( br++ !m into play )\t any appe>ance ( con/ra9t or ef=t4 ,?is r>e faculty x 0 :i* secur$ = h] a supremacy 9 ! _w ( ?\ght & action t has be5 accord$ to b few wom5 9 ! _w's hi/ory4 ,vibrant ) emotion & passion1 %e rem9ds "o ( ! gift$ b hapless ,heloise4 ,m>montel1 :o _h su* a high op9ion ( h] judgm5t t he submitt$ 8 works = h] criticism1 z ,moli]e _h submitt$ 8 to ,n9on de ,l5clos1 describes h] z ! ke5e/ intellig5ce1 ! mo/ ard5t s\l1 ! mo/ inflammable imag9ation t has exi/$ s9ce ,sappho4 ,b aside f :at %e a*iev$ indirectly ?r\gh ! habitues ( h] salon1 :at has ?is supremely clev] woman left to ! _w8 ,only a few love lett]s to a he>tless coxcomb4 ,& :at h ! o!r not$ saloni]es f ! "t ( ! ,m>quise de ,ramb\illet to t ( ,mme4 ,swet*9e--full two c5turies--bequea!d to u t is wor? pres]v+8 ,) ! exception ( ! works ( ,mme4 de ,/ael1 :om ,"l ,jeffrey decl>$ to be ! greate/ female writ] 9 any age or c\ntry1 we h little m ?an c]ta9 ,memoires & ,correspondances ^: *ief claims to fame re/ on ! vivid pictures :i* !y pres5t ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! "t & ( ! celebrities :o 7 reg>d$ z ! *ief ornam5ts ( ! salons :i* !y sev]ally frequ5t$4 ,mo/ ( ^! works 7 po/hum\s2 = few wom51 aft] ,moli]e's m]ciless scor+ ( le>n$ wom51 _h ! c\rage to appe> 9 pr9t4 ,ev5 ,mme4 de ,scud]y1 "o ( ! mo/ gift$ & prolific writ]s ( ! p]iod1 gave h] fir/ novel to ! _w "u h] bro!r's "n4 ,& s taboo$ 0 female au?or%ip t ,mme4 de ,la ,fayette1 "o ( ! mo/ brilliant ( ! precieuses1 disclaim$ all k ( h] ,pr9cesse de ,cleves1 :ile h] ma/]piece1 ,hi/oire d',h5riette d',anglet]re1 0 n publi%$ until aft] h] dea?4 ,! tru? is t ! p]iod ( ! salon 0 = ! mo/ "p a p]iod ( contra/s & contradictions4 ,at fir/ ! bett] educat$ saloni]es 7 *iefly int]e/$ 9 belles-lettres4 ,!n !y devot$ !mselves m to sci5ce & philosophy1 & f9ally1 dur+ ! ye>s imm$iately prec$+ ! ,revolution1 !y f\nd _! greate/ pleasure 9 politics4 ,z = ! m51 :ile pr(ess+ to adore wom51 !y _h little e/eem = !m1 & /ill less respect4 ,(t51 x is true1 ! wom5 :o frequ5t$ ! salons 7 des]v+ nei!r ( respect nor ( e/eem4 ,sydney ,smi? spoke ( ^? "u ! old regime z wom5 ( brilliant tal5ts :o violat$ all ! common duties ( life & gave v pleasant little supp]s4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly true ( _m ( !m--ev5 ( "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$--su*1 = in/ance1 z ,mme4 d',ep9ay1 ,mme4 du ,deff&1 ,n9on de ,l5clos & ,mme4 ,t5c91 ! "m ( ,d',alemb]t4 ,!re 0 little 9 _! mann] ( life to di/+ui% !m f ! heta]ae ( anci5t ,a!ns1 & x 0 probably ow+ to ?is fact1 z well z _! wit & brilliancy1 t _m ( !m atta9$ su* preem95ce z social lead]s4 ,! /atesm51 philosoph]s1 m5 ( sci5ce & lett]s ( ,france1 l ^? ( ,greece m ?an two ?\s& ye>s be=e1 want$ di/raction & amusem5t4 ,t ! mi/resses ( ! salons %\ld be wom5 ( le>n+ 0 ( little mom5t4 ,! all important ?+ = _! habitues 0 t !y %\ld be good ent]ta9]s--t !y %\ld be witty1 tactful & sympa!tic--&1 if ignorant1 t !y %\ld be brilliantly ignorant1 &1 at ! same "t1 en*ant+ly frank & naive4 ,/range z x may appe> !re 0 z mu* ho/ility to le>n$ wom5 at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury z !re 0 9 ! "t ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 ,& ! rem>kable fact is t ! /ronge/ oppon5ts ( wom5's education 7 f\nd among ! mo/ prom95t writ]s & s*ol>s ( ! day--m5 :o1 l _! pr$ecessors ( old1 bas$ _! opposition on ! assum$ m5tal inf]iority ( woman4 ,?us1 to ,r\sseau1 woman 0 at be/ b an imp]fect man1 &1 9 _m respects1 little m ?an a gr[n-up *ild4 ,se>* aft] ab/ract & speculative tru?s1 pr9ciples & axioms 9 sci5ce1 ev]y?+ t t5ds to g5]alize ideas is outside ( h] compet5ce4 ,t means t wom5 are to be exclud$ f ! /udy ( ma!matics & ! physical sci5ces1 because !y are incapable ( g5]alization1 ab/raction1 & ! m5tal conc5tration t ^! subjects dem&4 ,ev5 ! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature1 accord+ to him1 are beyond _! compreh5sion4 ,9 a ^w1 fem99e /udies1 ,r\sseau w h x1 %\ld relate exclusively to practical & dome/ic matt]s & he endorses ! words ( ,moli]e t ,x is n seemly1 & = _m reasons1 ,t a woman %\ld /udy & "k s _m ?+s4 ,did]ot1 ,montesquieu1 ,voltaire & ! ,encyclop$i/s %>e ! views ( ,r\sseau4 ,did]ot decl>es t s]i\s /udies d n comport ) woman's sex1 :ile ,montesquieu w\ld limit female education to m]e accompli%m5ts4 ,b ?is is n all4 ,antagoni/ic z ^! m5 7 to ! education ( ! daught]s ( ! nobility & ! well-to-d1 !y 7 entirely oppos$ to ! education ( ! *ildr5 ( ! poor4 ,! good ( society1 x 0 av]r$1 dem&s t ! in/ruction ( ! p ext5d n beyond _! occupations4 ,! poor1 decl>es ,r\sseau1 h no ne$ ( in/ruction1 & ,voltaire & ! ,encyclop$i/s say1 ,am54#gi ,v little ne$ be said ab\t ! education ( wom5 9 ,g]many dur+ ! p]iod we h be5 consid]+4 ,:5 !re 0 any at all1 x 0 ( ! mo/ rudim5t>y "*1 :ile z to books1 !y 7 limit$ to ! k9d recomm5d$ by ,byron = ! wom5 ( mod]n ,greece--books ( piety & cook]y4 ,! attitude ( ! ,g]mans g5]ally t[>d female education1 = c5turies pa/1 0 cle>ly def9$ by ! ,kais] ,wilhelm ,,ii1 :51 a few ye>s ago1 he publicly /at$3 ,i agree ) my wife4 ,%e says wom5 h no bus9ess to int]f]e ) any?+ outside ( ! f\r ,k's1 t is1 ,k9d]1 ,kir*e1 ,kue*e1 ,kleid]--*ildr51 *ur*1 kit*51 clo!s4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 dur+ ! p]iod we are n[ consid]+1 "o rem>kable example ( a le>n$ woman ( ,teutonic orig94 ,?is 0 ! fam\s ,anna ,m>ia van ,s*urman1 :o 0 "o ( ! mo/ gift$ wom5 t ev] liv$4 ,%e 01 probably1 z ne> to be+ a univ]sal g5ius z any "o ( h] sex ( :om we h k4 ,arti/1 musician1 poet1 philosoph]1 !ologian1 l+ui/1 %e 0 ! admiration ( ! s*ol>s ( ! _w & ! pride ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries--! l& ( h] bir?4 ,%e liv$ :5 ,holl& 0 9 ! van ( human progress & amid/ ( ! spl5dors ( ! ,dut* ,r5aissance4 ,%e 0 ! fri5d & correspond5t ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s & mo/ not$ celebrities ( h] "t4 ,among ^! 7 ,voet1 ,spanheim1 ,desc>tes1 ,gass5di1 ,con/ant9e ,huygh5s1 ,pr9cess ,elizabe? ( ,bohemia1 ,que5 ,*ri/9a ( ,sw$51 & ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu4 ,to g to ! ,ne!rl&s1 x 0 !n said1 )\t see+ ,anna van ,s*urman1 0 l go+ to ,p>is )\t see+ ! k+4 ,%e 0 hail$ z ,! ,t5? ,muse1 ,! ,sappho ( ,holl&1 ,! ,oracle ( ,art1 ,! ,/> ( ,utre*t4 ,t1 h[ev]1 :i* gave ! greate/ r5[n to ! ,le>n$ ,maid1 z ,anna 0 call$1 0 h] extraord9>y k ( languages4 ,=1 besides be+ pr(ici5t 9 ! *ief mod]n tongues ( ,europe1 %e 0 well acqua9t$ ) ,lat91 ,greek1 ,hebrew1 ,syro-,*aldaic & ,e?iopic4 ,! ori5tal languages %e /udi$ z an aid to ! bett] und]/&+ ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,%e 0 ! au?or ( sev]al works1 among :i* 0 an ,e?iopic gramm> :i* 0 acclaim$ by ! pr(essors ( ! ,dut* univ]sities z a m>vel\s a*ievem5t4 ,h] be/ kn[n volume is designat$ ,opuscula4 ,x 0 br\ght out by ! ,elzevirs 9 ,leyd5 & w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,x is compos$ ( lett]s & %ort treatises 9 ,fr5*1 ,lat91 ,greek & ,hebrew--9 v]se z well z prose4 ,( m value1 if less /rik+1 ?an ! productions nam$ 7 ! ,le>n$ ,maid's writ+s 9 favor ( ! intellectual enfran*isem5t ( h] own sex4 ,9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,rivet1 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ,leyd51 %e decl>es3 ,my deep reg>d = le>n+1 my conviction t equal ju/ice is ! "r ( all1 impel me to prote/ aga9/ ! !ory :i* w\ld all[ only a m9ority ( my sex to atta9 to :at is 9 ! op9ion ( all m5 mo/ wor? hav+4 ,=1 s9ce wisdom is admitt$ to be ! cr[n ( human a*ievem5t1 & is )9 e man's "r to aim at 9 proportion to 8 opportunities1 ,i _c see :y a "y girl1 9 :om we admit a desire ( self-improvem5t1 %\ld n be enc\rag$ to acquire ! be/ t life af=ds4 ,to ^? :o object$ t ! di/aff & ! ne$le 7 suffici5t to occupy wom5's m9ds1 ,anna ,m>ia made answ] t ! words ( ,plut>*--,x becomes a p]fect man to "k :at is to be kn[n & to d :at is to be done--appli$ ) equal tru? to a p]fect woman4#hj ,9 ,engl&1 until ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! educational /atus ( wom5 0 b little bett] ?an 9 ,g]many4 ,dur+ ! ,/u>t p]iod s*ools = girls 7 s sc>ce t mo/ ( ^? :o receiv$ any education at all obta9$ x at home "u private tutors4 ,ev5 !n x r>ely embrac$ m ?an read+1 writ+1 ne$lework1 s++1 danc+ & play+ on ! lute or virg9al4#ha ,z to ! high] /udies = wom51 ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu writes z foll[s3 ,my sex is usually =bid /udies ( ?is nature & folly reckon$ s mu* our prop] sph]e t we are soon] p>don$ any excesses ( t ?an ! lea/ pret5sions to read+ or good s5se4 ,we are p]mitt$ no books b su* z t5d to ! weak5+ or effem9at+ ( ! m9d4 ,our natural defects are 9 e way indulg$1 & x is look$ ^u z 9 a degree crim9al to improve our reason or fancy we h any4444 ,!re is h>dly a creature 9 ! _w m despicable or m liable to univ]sal ridicule ?an t ( a le>n$ woman3 ^! words imply1 accord+ to ! receiv$ s5se1 a tattl+1 imp]t95t1 va9 & conceit$ creature4#hb ,high] /udies = _! daught]s 7 reg>d$ by ! g5]ality ( m51 ! same writ] tells u1 z great a pr(anation z ! cl]gy w\ld d if ! laity w\ld presume to ex]cise ! functions ( ! prie/hood4 ,ref]r+ to ! h&icaps suff]$ by ! wom5 ( ,engl& 9 ! pursuit ( k1 ! same writ] decl>es3 ,we are educat$ 9 ! grosse/ ignorance1 & no art is omitt$ to /ifle our natural reason2 if "s few get above _! nurses' in/ructions1 our k mu/ be conceal$ & be z useless to ! _w z gold 9 ! m9e4 ,"l ,*e/]field1 9 ,8 ,lett]s to ,8 ,son1 expresses ! op9ion ( 8 contempor>ies :5 he writes on ! same subject z foll[s3 ,wom5 are only *ildr5 ( a l>g] gr[?2 !y h an ent]ta9+ tattle1 sometimes wit2 b1 = solid reason+1 good s5se1 ,i nev] 9 my life knew "o :o _h x1 or :o reason$ or act$ consequ5tially = tw5ty-f\r h\rs toge!r4444 ,a man ( s5se only trifles ) !m1 plays ) !m1 humors & flatt]s !m z he does a sprightly =w>d *ild2 b he nei!r consults !m ab\t nor tru/s !m ) s]i\s matt]s1 ?\gh he (t5 makes !m believe he does bo?1 :i* is ! ?+ 9 ! _w :i* !y are pr\d (2 = !y love mightily to be dabbl+ 9 bus9ess1 :i*1 by ! way1 !y always spoil1 &1 be+ di/ru/ful t m5 9 g5]al look ^u !m 9 a trifl+ light1 !y almo/ adore t man :o talks to !m s]i\sly & seems to consult & tru/ !m4#hc ,& ?is 0 writt5 by t mirror ( polit5ess & *ivalry ^: "n has = two c5turies be5 synonym\s ) t ( a p]fect g5tleman6 ,& ,lady ,montagu 0 compell$ to p5 h] cau/ic & pa!tic pla9ts dur+ ! age ( ,pope1 ,/eele1 ,addison1 ,swift1#hd ,johnson1 ,dryd5 & ,goldsmi?--! mo/ brilliant pleiad ( lit]>y m5 t ,engl& _h kn[n s9ce ! days ( ,%akespe>e4 ,s unnatural = wom5 7 lit]>y & sci5tific pursuits reg>d$ by all classes t ! few :o atta9$ any em95ce 9 !m 7 class$ z abnormal creatures :o des]v$ no m consid]ation ?an did ! ,precieuses across ! ,*annel4 ,& s great 0 ! p[] ( public s5tim5t aga9/ wom5 writ]s t ,fanny ,burney 0 afraid to ackn[l$ge ! au?or%ip ( ,evel9a4 ,ev5 9 ,jane ,au/5's days1 ! feel+ t a woman1 9 writ+ a book1 0 ov]/epp+ ! limitations ( h] sex 0 s pron\nc$ t %e nev] actually av[$ ! au?or%ip ( ^? *>m+ works :i* h be5 ! delight ( ?ree g5]ations ( read]s4 ,x 0 ?is same s5tim5t t caus$ ! ,bronte si/]s & ,george ,eliot1 z well z _m o!r notable wom51 to write "u pseudonyms4 ,!y fe>$ to disclose _! sex le/ _! works1 if kn[n z ! productions ( wom51 %\ld be ipso facto br&$ z ( inf]ior m]it4 ,dur+ ! p]iod 9 "q wom5 f>$ no bett] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,!y 7 subject to ! same educational deb>m5t & 7 ! victims ( ! same snobb]y & intol]ance4 ,! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs & _! desc5dants = _m g5]ations made no secret ( _! belief 9 ! m5tal inf]iority ( woman1 & appli$ to h] ! gospel ( lib]ty conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ words ( ,eve to ,adam z giv5 9 ,p>adise ,lo/3 ,my au?or & disp5s]1 :at ?\ bid/ ,un>gu$ ,i obey2 s ,god orda9s2 ,god is ?y law1 ?\ m9e3 to "k no m ,is woman's happie/ k & h] praise4 ,to ! ,puritan ( ,new ,engl&1 z to ! ,puritan ,milton1 ! relative atta9m5ts ( woman & man 7 t]sely express$ 9 ,t5nyson's c\plet3 ,%e kn[s b matt]s ( ! h\se1 ,& he1 he kn[s a ?\s& ?+s4 ,to u "o ( ! mo/ a/\nd+ facts 9 ! educational hi/ory ( ,new ,engl& is ! long "t dur+ :i* girls 7 )\t free s*ool opportunities4 ,?us1 al?\gh s*ools _h be5 e/abli%$ )9 tw5ty ye>s aft] ! ,pilgrims l&$ at ,plym\? ,rock1 x 0 n until a c5tury & a half lat] t _! doors 7 op5$ to girls4 ,! public s*ools ( ,bo/on 7 e/abli%$ 9 #afdb1 b 7 n op5$ = girls until #aghi2 & !n only = in/ruction 9 spell+1 read+ & composition1 & t b "o half ( ! ye>4 ,!re 0 no high s*ool 9 ,bo/on1 ! vaunt$ ,a!ns ( ,am]ica1 until #aheb4 ,h>v>d ,college 0 f\nd$ 9 #afcf = ! education ( ye ,engli% & ,indian y\? ( ?is c\ntry 9 k & godlyness1 b 9 ?is in/itution no provision 0 made = wom5 & its doors are /ill clos$ to !m4 ,! prevail+ notion ( ! purpose ( education1 decl>es ,*>les ,francis ,adams1 9 speak+ ( ,h>v>d ,college1 0 att5d$ ) "o rem>kable consequ5ce--! cultivation ( ! female m9d 0 reg>d$ ) utt] indiff]5ce2 z ,mrs4 ,abigail ,adams says 9 "o ( h] lett]s1 'x 0 fa%ionable to ridicule le>n+4'#he ,x 0 n until #ahfe t ,mat!w ,vass>1 recogniz+ 9 wom5 ! same intellectual con/itution z 9 man1 f\nd$ ! fir/ woman's college 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is 0 soon foll[$ by simil> in/itutions 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,9 less ?an t5 ye>s !reaft] ,girton & ,newnham colleges 7 f\nd$ at ,cambridge1 ,engl&1 9 ord] t wom5 might be enabl$ to ent] ^u a regul> univ]sity c>e]4 ,9 all ! univ]sities ( ,engl&1 ,scotl& & ,irel&1 except ,ox=d1 ,cambridge#hf & ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 wom5 are n[ admitt$ to all dep>tm5ts1 pass ! same exam9ations z ! m5 & receive ! same academic degrees4 ,g]many1 ^: in/itutions = ! high] education ( m5 h s long be5 ju/ly fam\s1 0 exce$+ly sl[ to op5 its univ]sities to wom51 & !n only aft] ! mo/ /ubborn opposition ( ^? :o /ill ma9ta9$ t ! /udies ( wom5 %\ld be limit$ to ! ?ree ,r's & _! occupations conf9$ to ! f\r ,k's4 ,b ev5 9 ?is cons]vative c\ntry ! cause ( woman has at l5g? triumph$1 & %e n[ enjoys educational advantages t a few decades ago 7 deem$ =ev] impossible4 ,& s x is 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry4 ,woman's long /ruggle = complete intellectual fre$om is almo/ end$1 & c]ta9 victory is already 9 sight4 ,9 spite ( ! s>casm & ridicule ( satiri/s & comic poets1 9 spite ( ! antipa?y ( philosoph]s & ! antagonism ( legislators :o p]si/$ 9 treat+ wom5 z inf]ior be+s1 !y are f9ally 9 view ( ! goal t[>d :i* !y h ?r\gh s _m long ages be5 b5d+ _! be/ ef=ts4 ,moreov]1 s effective & s conc5trat$ has be5 _! "w dur+ rec5t ye>s t !y h accompli%$ m t[>d secur+ complete intellectual enfran*isem5t ?an dur+ ! previ\s ?irty c5turies4 ,f ! =m] home ( ! ,vik+s to ! romantic l& ( ! ,cid1 f ! capital ( ,holy ,russia to ! fair metropolis ( ! ,gold5 ,gate1 wom5 are n[ welcom$ to ! v in/itutions f :i* b a few ye>s ago !y 7 s sy/ematically exclud$4 ,!y att5d ! same c\rses z m51 pass ! same exam9ations & receive ! same degrees & honors4 ,_! sex is no long] a b> to positions & employm5t t only a g5]ation ago 7 consid]$ prop] only = ! pr\d & imp]i\s male4 ,!y h prov$ beyond cavil t g5ius kn[s n sex1 & t1 giv5 a fair opportunity1 !y are compet5t to a*ieve success 9 e dep>tm5t ( human ef=t4 ,?us1 to speak only ( ,europe1 !re are to-day wom5 pr(essors 9 ! univ]sities ( ,norway1 ,sw$51 ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ,greece & ,russia1 z !re h be5 9 ,italy s9ce ! clos+ ye>s ( ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,!y lecture on sci5ce1 lit]ature1 law & m$ic9e1 & 9 a mann] to extort ! admiration ( _! er/:ile antagoni/s4 ,9 ,g]many & ,hung>y !re are wom5 *emi/s & ar*itects1 :ile x is a matt] ( record t ! be/ con/ruction "w done on ! trans-,sib]ian railroad 0 t 9 *>ge ( a woman eng9e]4 ,z an illu/ration ( ! m>vel\s *ange :i* has be5 br\ght ab\t dur+ ! la/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury 9 ! educational /atus ( woman1 ,i c d no bett] ?an transcribe a few passages f a "w by ,sir ,walt] ,besant describ+ ! trans=mation ( woman dur+ ! reign ( ,que5 ,victoria2 = x applies to all civiliz$ c\ntries z well z to ,engl&4 ,! "y lady ( #ahcg has be5 to a fa%ionable s*ool2 %e has le>n$ accompli%m5ts1 deportm5t & dress4 ,%e is full ( s5tim5t2 !re 0 an amaz+ am\nt ( s5tim5t 9 ! air ab\t t "t2 %e loves to talk & read ab\t gallant knights1 crusad]s & tr\badors2 %e g5tly t\*es ! guit>2 h] s5tim5t1 or h] little affectation1 has t\*$ h] ) a graceful melan*oly1 a becom+ /oop1 a sweet p5siv5ess4 ,%e loves ! ari/ocracy1 ev5 al?\gh h] home is 9 t "p ( ,london call$ ,bloomsbury1 :i!r ! belt$ e>l come? n1 ev5 ?\gh h] papa goes into ! ,city2 %e reads a deal ( poetry1 especially ^? poems :i* deal ) ! affections1 ( :i* !re are _m at ?is "t4 ,on ,sunday %e goes to *ur* religi\sly & p5sively1 foll[$ by a footman c>ry+ h] pray]book & a long /ick2 %e c play on ! guit> & ! piano a few easy pieces :i* %e has le>n$4 ,%e kn[s a few words ( ,fr5*1 :i* %e produces at frequ5t int]vals2 z to hi/ory1 geography1 sci5ce1 ! condition ( ! p1 h] m9d is an entire blank2 %e kn[s no?+ ( ^! ?+s4 ,h] conv]sation is commonplace1 z h] ideas are limit$2 %e c n reason on any subject :atev] because ( h] ignorance2 or1 z %e h]self w\ld say1 because %e is a woman4 ,9 h] pres5ce1 & inde$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ladies g5]ally1 m5 talk trivialities4 ,!re 0 inde$ a g5]al belief t wom5 7 creatures incapable ( argum5t1 or ( reason1 or ( connect$ ?\ght4 ,x 0 no use argu+ ab\t ! matt]4 ,! ,"l _h made !m s4 ,wom51 said ! philosoph]s1 c n und]/& logic2 !y see ?+s1 if !y d see !m at all1 by in/9ctive p]ception4 ,?is !ory acc\nt$ = ev]y?+1 = ^? cases :5 wom5 und\bt$ly did 'see ?+s4' ,also x fully ju/ifi$ p 9 )hold+ f wom5 any k9d ( education wor?y ! "n4 ,a q ne$less exp5se1 y und]/&4 ,h] amusem5ts1 we are told1 7 ^? ( an amateur--a few pieces on ! guit> & ! piano & "s slight p[] ( sket*+ or fl[] pa9t+ 9 wat]-colors4 ,! lit]ature %e read endeavor$ to mold woman on ! !ory ( recogniz$ intellectual inf]iority to man4 ,%e 0 consid]$ b5ea? him 9 intellect z 9 physical /r5g?2 %e 0 exhort$ to def] to man2 to ackn[l$ge 8 sup]iority2 n to %[ h]self anxi\s to combat 8 op9ions4444 ,?is sy/em ( artificial re/ra9ts c]ta9ly produc$ fai?ful wives1 g5tle mo!rs1 lov+ si/]s1 able h\sewives4 ,god =bid t we %\ld say o!rwise1 b x is c]ta9 t ! intellectual atta9m5ts ( wom5 7 !n :at we %\ld call contemptible1 & ! range ( subjects ( :i* !y knew no?+ 0 absurdly n>r[ & limit$4 ,i detect ! woman ( #ahdj 9 ! "* ( ,mrs4 ,clive ,newcome1 &1 inde$1 9 ,mrs4 ,george ,osborne1 & 9 o!r famili> *>act]s ( ,?ack]ay4 ,!n ,sir ,walt]1 turn+ to ! "y ,engli%woman ( #ahig1 ?us describes h]3 ,%e is educat$4 ,:atsoev] ?+s are taught to ! "y man are taught to ! "y woman2 ! keys ( k are giv5 to h]2 %e ga!rs ( ! fam\s tree2 if %e wants to explore ! wick$ness ( ! _w %e c d s1 = x is all 9 ! books4 ,! secrets ( nature are n clos$ to h]2 %e c le>n ! /ructure ( ! body if %e wi%es4 ,! secrets ( sci5ce are all op5 to h] if %e c>es to /udy !m4 ,at s*ool1 at college1 %e /udies j z ! "y man /udies1 b h>d] & ) great] conc5tration4 ,%e has prov$ h] ability 9 ! ,honors ,tripos ( e bran*2 %e has beat5 ! s5ior wrangl] 9 ma!matics2 %e has tak5 a 'fir/-class' 9 classics1 9 hi/ory1 9 sci5ce1 9 languages4 ,%e has prov$1 n t %e is a man's equal 9 intellect1 ?\gh %e claims s mu*1 because %e has n yet advanc$ any bran* ( le>n+1 ( sci5ce1 "o s+le /ep1 b %e has prov$ h] capacity to take h] place beside ! "y m5 :o are ! fl[] ( _! g5]ation--! "y m5 :o /& 9 ! fir/ class ( honors :5 !y take _! degree4444 ,p]sonal indep5d5ce--t is ! keynote ( ! situation4 ,mo!rs no long] attempt ! old control ov] _! daught]s2 !y w\ld f9d x impossible4 ,! girls g (f by !mselves on _! bicycles2 !y g ab\t z !y please2 !y nei!r compromise !mselves nor get talk$ ab\t2 = ! fir/ "t 9 man's hi/ory x is reg>d$ z a "r & prop] ?+ to tru/ a girl z a boy insi/s ^u be+ tru/$4 ,out ( ?is p]sonal fre$om w come1 ,i d>e say1 a *ange 9 ! old feel+s ( "y man to maid54 ,he w n see 9 h] a frail1 t5d] plant :i* mu/ be protect$ f cold w9ds2 %e c protect h]self p]fectly well4 ,he w n see 9 h] any long] a creature ( sweet emotions & pure aspirations1 c\pl$ ) a complete ignorance ( ! _w1 because %e already kn[s all t %e wants to "k4444 ,p]haps ! greate/ *ange is t woman n[ does ?or\ghly :at be=e %e only did z an amateur4#hg ,yes1 ! _w is beg9n+ at la/ to realize ! tru? ( ! proposition :i* ! le>n$ ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi s eloqu5tly def5d$ ne>ly two c5turies ago--to wit1 t nature has end[$ ! female m9d ) a capacity = all k1 & t1 9 depriv+ wom5 ( an opportunity ( acquir+ k1 m5 "w aga9/ ! be/ int]e/s ( ! public weal4#hh ,we are at ! long la/ ne> t mill5nium :i* ,em]son _h 9 m9d :51 9 #ahbb1 he pr$ict$ a "t :5 high] in/itutions = ! education ( "y wom5 w\ld be z ne$ful z colleges = "y m5--t mill5nium = :i* wom5 h hop$ & /riv5 ev] s9ce ,sappho sang & ,aspasia inspir$ ! brighte/1 ! noble/ m9ds ( ,greece4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,demo/h5es ,9 ,nea]am1 #abb4 ,greek3 ,tas m5 g> hetairas h$ones h5ek' e*om51 tas de pallakas tes ka?' hem]an !rapeias t\ somatos1 tas de gynaikas t\ paidopoiei/hai gnesios kai ton endon zylaka pi/5 e*e94 ,z indicative ( ! comp>ative value ( m5 & wom51 z memb]s ( society1 9 ! e/imation ( ! ,greeks1 ,euripides makes ,iphig5ia give utt]ance to ! foll[+ s5tim5t3 ,m ?an a ?\s& wom5 is "o man ,wor?y to see ! light ( life4 #b ,greek3 ,tes te g>1 hyp>*\ses zuseos me *eirosi g5e/hai hym9 megale e doxa' kai hes an ep' ela*i/on aretes p]i e psog\ en arsesi kleos e4 ,?ucidides1 ,hi/ory ( ! ,peloponnesian ,w>1 ,,ii1 #de4 ,phidias1 ,plut>* tells u 9 8 ,conjugal ,precepts1 made ! /atue ( ,v5us at ,elis ) "o foot on ! %ell ( a tortoise1 to signify two great duties ( a virtu\s woman1 :i* are to keep at home & be sil5t4 ,= %e is only to speak to h] husb& or by h] husb&4 #c ,ario/o1 ref]r+ to ! undy+ fame ( ,sappho & ,cor9na1 expresses himself 9 words z beautiful z !y are true1 z witness ! foll[+ c\plet3 ,saffo e ,cor9na1 p]*e furon dotte1 ,spl5dono illu/ri1 e mai non veggon notte4 --,,orl&o ,,furioso1 ,canto ,,xx1 /rophe ,i4 #d ,! n9e ,t]re/rial ,muses 7 ,sappho1 ,er9na1 ,myrus1 ,myrtis1 ,cor9na1 ,telesilla1 ,praxilla1 ,nossis & ,anyta4 ,! ,greek poet ,antipat] embodies ! names ( ! ,t]re/rial ,n9e 9 an epigram :i* is well r5d]$ 9 ! app5d$ ,lat9 translation3 ,has div9is l+uis ,helicon nutrivit muli]es ,hymnis1 et ,mac$on ,pi]ias scopulus1 ,prexillam1 ,myro1 ,anytae os1 foem9am ,hom]um1 ,lesbidum ,sappho ornam5tum capillat>um4 ,er9nam1 ,telesillam nobilem1 teque ,cor9na1 ,/r5uum ,palladis scutum quae cec9it4 ,nossidem muliebri l+ua1 et dulsisonam ,myrt91 ,omnes immortalium op]atrices librorum4 ,novem quidem ,musas magnum coelum1 novem v]o illas ,t]ra g5uit hom9ibus1 immortalem laetitiam4 #e ,cf4 ,poetri>um octo1 ,er9nae1 ,myrus1 ,mytidis1 ,cor9nae1 ,telesillae1 ,praxillae1 ,nossidis1 ,anytae fragm5ta et elogia1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,wolf ,hamburg1 #agcd4 ,see also ! *>m+ memoir ,sappho by ,h4 ,t4 ,:>ton1 ,london1 #ahih1 & ,grie*is*e ,dict]9n51 by ,j4 ,c4 ,poe/ion1 ,vi5na1 #ahgf4 #f ,see ,muli]um ,graec>um quae oratione prosa usae sunt fragm5ta et elogia ,graece et ,lat9e1 by ,j4 ,c4 ,wolf1 ,london1 #agci1 ,hi/oria ,muli]um ,philosoph>um1 scriptore ,aegidio ,m5agio1 ,lugduni1 #afij1 ,grie*is*e ,philosoph9n51 by ,j4 ,c4 ,poe/ion1 ,nord51 #ahhe1 & ,le ,donne alle ,scuole dei ,filos(i ,greci 9 ,saggi e ,note ,criti*e1 by ,a4 ,*iappelli1 ,bologna1 #ahie4 #g ,woman3 ,h] ,position & ,influ5ce 9 ,anci5t ,greece & ,rome & ,among ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians1 pp4 #eh & #ei1 by ,james ,donaldson1 ,london1 #aijg4 #h ,!re 7 sev]al heta]ae nam$ ,lais4 ,"o ( !m1 app>5tly a native ( ,cor9?1 0 celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,greece z ! mo/ beautiful woman ( h] age4 #i ,= in=mation respect+ ! heta]ae ! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,lett]s ( ,alciphron1 to ,lucian's ,dialogues on c\rtesans1 & m p>ticul>ly to ! ,deipnosophi/s ( ,a!naeus1 ,*ap4 ,,xiii4 ,see also ,! ,lives & ,op9ions ( ! ,anci5t ,philosoph]s1 by ,diog5es ,la]tius1 ,bohn ,edition1 ,london4 #aj ,donaldson1 op4 cit41 pp4 #fa & #fb4 ,adolph ,s*midt1 "o ( ! late biograph]s ( ,aspasia1 accepts ^! /atem5ts z true & cr$its to ,aspasia ! mak+ ( bo? ,p]icles & ,socrates4 ,8 views are also %>$ by o!r mod]n writ]s :o h made a special /udy ( ! subject4 ,accord+ to "s writ]s an indirect allusion to ,aspasia's intellectual sup]iority is f\nd 9 ! ,m$ea ( ,eurip$es 9 ! foll[+ v]ses ( ! wom5's *orus3 ,9 subtle que/ions ,i full _m a "t ,h h]et(ore engag$1 & ?is great po9t ,debat$1 :e!r woman %\ld ext5d ,h] se>* into ab/ruse & hidd5 tru?s4 ,b we too h a ,muse1 :o ) our sex ,associates to exp\nd ! my/ic lore ,( wisdom1 ?\gh %e dwell n ) u all4 #aa ,x is prop] to add t c]ta9 mod]n writ]s w n admit t ,aspasia 0 ev] an heta]a 9 ! s5se ( be+ a c\rtesan4 ,aft] ,p]icles _h divorc$ 8 fir/ wife1 he liv$ ) ,aspasia z 8 second wife1 to :om he 0 devot$ & fai?ful until dea?4 ,accord+ to ,greek law1 :i* =bade ,a!nian citiz5s to m>ry =eign wom51 he c\ld n be h] legal husb&2 b1 !re c be no d\bt t he always treat$ h] ) all ! respect & affection due to a wife4 ,8 dy+ words3 ,a!ns entru/$ h] greatness & ,aspasia h] happ9ess to me1 cle>ly ev9ce h] nobility ( "* & ! place %e mu/ ev] h occupi$ 9 ! great /atesman's he>t4 ,! mo/ important notices 9 anci5t writ+s1 respect+ ,aspasia1 are f\nd 9 ,plut>*'s ,p]icles1 ,x5ophon's ,memorabilia ( ,socrates & ,plato's ,m5ex5us4 ,among ! mo/ valuable ( mod]n works on ! same subject is ,aspasie de ,milet1 by ,l4 ,becq de ,f\qui]es1 ,p>is1 #ahgb4 ,cf4 also ,aspasie et le ,siecle de ,p]icles1 ,p>is1 #ahfb2 ,hi/oire des ,deux ,aspasies1 by ,le ,comte de ,bievre1 ,p>is1 #agcf1 & ,a4 ,s*midt's ,sur l',age de ,p]icles1 #ahgg-gi4 #ab ,"u ! t]m music1 ,plato1 l 8 contempor>ies1 includ$ read+1 writ+1 lit]ature1 ma!matics1 a/ronomy & h>mony4 ,x 0 oppos$ to gymna/ic z m5tal to bodily tra9+4 ,bo? music & gymna/ic1 h[ev]1 7 int5d$ = ! b5efit ( ! s\l4 #ac ,! ,dialogues ( ,plato1 ,laws1 ,,vii1 #hje1 ,j[ett's translation1 ,new ,york1 #ahib4 #ad ,op4 cit41 ,! ,republic1 ,v1 #dea et seq4 & #dff4 #ae ,x 0 ! boa/ ( ! ,emp]or ,augu/us t all 8 clo!s 7 wov5 by 8 wife1 si/] or daught]4 ,suetonius1 9 8 ,lives ( ! ,twelve ,caes>s1 in=ms u t ?is great ma/] ( ! _w filiam et neptes ita in/ituit ut etiam lanificio assuefac]et4 #af ,?is type ( ! old ,roman s*oolma/] is allud$ to 9 ! foll[+ well kn[n v]ses ( ,m>tial3 ,quid tibi nobiscum e/1 ludi scel]ate magi/]1 ,invisum pu]is virg9ibusque caput8 ,nondum cri/ati rup]e sil5tia ,galli ,murmure jam saevo v]b]ibusque tonas4 --,lib4 ,,ix1 #gi4 :i* h be5 r5d]$ z foll[s3 ,despiteful p$ant1 :y do/ me pursue1 ,?\ head dete/$ by ! y\ng] crew8 ,be=e ! cock proclaims ! day is ne> ,?y direful ?reats & la%es /un my e>4 ,m>tial else:]e ref]s to ,f]ulaeque tri/es1 sceptra p$agogorum--melan*oly rods1 sceptres ( p$agogues--& x appe>s f "o ( ,juv5al's satires t to )draw ! h& f ! rod 0 a phrase mean+ to leave s*ool4 #ag ,woman ,?r\gh ! ,ages1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #aaj1 #aaa1 by ,emil ,rei*1 ,london1 #aijh4 ,s*oolh\ses among ! ,romans1 z well z among ! ,greeks1 7 q diff]5t f our mod]n1 well-equipp$ build+s4 ,usually1 at lea/1 9 e>li] times1 in/ruction 0 giv5 9 ! op5 air1 9 "s quiet /reet corn] or 9 tab]nae--%$s or lean-tos--z 9 c]ta9 ,mohametan c\ntries to-day4 ,horace ref]s to ?is 9 ,epi/ola ,,xx1 ,lib4 ,i1 :5 he writes3 ,ut pu]os elem5ta doc5tem ,occupet extremis 9 vicis balba s5ectus4 ,9 su* s*ools ! pupils sat on ! floor or ! b>e gr\nd1 or1 if ! lessons 7 giv5 on ! /reet1 !y sat on ! /ones4 ,!re 7 no desks1 or1 if !re 7 any b5*es1 !y _h no backs4 ,! pupils 71 !re=e1 p]=ce oblig$ to write on _! knees4 ,cf4 ,hi/orical ,survey ( ,pre-,*ri/ian ,education1 pp4 #bgh & #cdf1 by ,s4 ,s4 ,laurie1 ,london1 #aijj4 #ah ,cf4 8 ,tib]ius ,grac*us4 ,cic]o says ( !m1 ,non tam 9 gremio educatos quam s]mone matris4 #ai ,ibidem1 ,life ( ,pompey4 #bj ,de ,oratore1 ,lib4 ,,iii1 ,cap4 ,,xii4 #ba ,potiorem iam apud ex]citus ,agripp9am quam legatos1 quam duces2 compressam a muli]e s$itionem1 cui nom5 pr9cipis obsi/]e non quiv]it4 ,annales1 ,lib4 ,i1 ,cap4 #fi4 #bb ,oeconomicus1 ,,vii1 #e1 #f4 #bc ,epi/olae1 ,lib4 ,i1 #af4 #bd ,sit mihi v]na satur1 sit non doctissima conjux4 ,epigrammata1 ,lib4 ,,ii1 #ij4 ,m>tial's ta/e 9 ?is respect 0 ! same z t ( ,he9e1 :o said ( ! woman he lov$3 ,%e has nev] read a l9e ( my writ+s & does n ev5 "k :at a poet is1 & ! same z t ( ,r\sseau1 :o decl>$ t 8 la/ flame1 ,!rese ,lavasseur1 c\ld n tell ! "t ( day4 #be ,satire ,,vi1 #dcd-ddj4 #bf ,joannis ,/obaei ,florilegium1 ,vol4 ,,iv1 p4 #bab1 ,teubn]'s edition1 #aheg4 #bg ,! foll[+ is ! epitaph z writt5 by ,/4 ,j]ome1 ! ,*ri/ian ,cic]o3 ,scipio quam g5uit1 ,pauli fud]e p>5tes1 ,grac*orum soboles1 ,agamemnonis inclyta proles1 ,hoc jacet 9 tumulo1 ,paulam dix]e priores1 ,euxto*ii g5etrix1 ,romani prima s5atus1 ,paup]iem ,*ri/i et ,be?lehemitica rura secuta e/4 #bh ,9 8 preface to ! ,comm5t>y on ,sophonius4 #bi ,= an exhau/ive acc\nt ( ! lives & a*ievem5ts ( ,/4 ,j]ome & 8 noble fri5ds1 ,paula & ,eu/o*ium1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,l',hi/oire de ,sa9te ,paule1 by ,f4 ,lagrange1 ,p>is1 #ahgj1 & ,sa9t ,j]ome1 ,la ,societe ,*reti5ne a ,rome et l',emigration ,roma9e en ,t]re ,sa9te1 by ,a4 ,?i]ry1 ,p>is1 #ahfg4 ,cf4 also ,woman's ,"w 9 ,bible ,/udy & ,translation1 by ,a4 ,h4 ,johns 9 ,! ,ca?olic ,_w1 ,new ,york1 ,june1 #aiab4 #cj ,see ,hi/oire de ,sa9te ,radegonde1 ,re9e de ,france1 9 ,*ap4 ,,xx1 p> ,em4 ,bri&1 ,p>is1 #ahig4 #ca ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica ,g5tis ,anglorum1 ,lib4 ,,iv1 ,cap4 #bc4 #cb ,! ,monks ( ! ,we/1 ,book ,,xi1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #cc ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #df & #di1 ,new ,york1 #ahga4 #cd ,op4 cit41 ,book ,,xi1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,x w int]e/ ! read] to "k t ,ca$mon has a place among ! sa9ts 9 ! ,acta ,sanctorum ( ! ,boll&i/s4 ,see ! special article on him 9 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eeb1 "u ! caption ( ,de ,s4 ,c$mono1 cantore !odidacto4 #ce ,woman ,"u ,mona/icism4 ,*apt] ,,iv1 ,sec4 #b1 by ,l9a ,eck5/e91 ,cambridge1 #ahif4 ,9 ?is *apt] is an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! ,anglo-,saxon nuns :o 7 among ! correspond5ts ( ,boniface4 #cf ,! read] w recall ,*auc]'s acc\nt 9 ! ,cant]bury ,tales ( ! wife ( ! well-to-d mill] ( ,trumpyngton3 ,a wyf he hadde y-com5 ( noble kyn2 ,%e 0 y-fo/r$ 9 a nonn]ye4 ,!re dor/e no wight clep5 hir b ',dame2' ,:at = hire kynnr$e & hir nortelrie1 ,t %e _h l]n$ 9 ! nonn]ie4 --,reeve's ,tale4 #cg ,pp4 #gh1 #gi1 ,london1 #ahig4 #ch ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cfi1 ,new ,york1 #aije4 #ci ,h5ry ,,viii & ! ,engli% ,mona/]ies1 ,london1 #ahie4 #dj ,! ,engli% ,hi/orical ,review1 ,july1 #ahhh4 ,ano!r rec5t writ] affirms )\t hesitation t ,hros)a has e>n$ a place ap>t 9 ! ,pan!on ( wom5 poets & writ]s4 ,%e alone 9 ^? tr\bl\s times ( ! t5? c5tury recalls to our m9ds ! exi/5ce ( dramatic art2 h] "n1 inde$1 des]ves to be rescu$ f oblivion & to become a h\sehold ^w4 ,=tnightly ,review1 p4 #dej1 ,m>*1 #ahif4 #da ,hi/oire de l',education de ,femmes en ,france1 ,tom4 ,i1 p4 #gb et seq4 p> ,paul ,r\sselot1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,a c]ta9 jurisconsult ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 "o ,pi]re de ,nav>re1 express$ ! s5tim5t ( _m ( 8 contempor>ies :5 he wrote ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,t\tes fames doiv5t savoir fil] et c\dre2 c> la pauvre en aura me/i] et la ri*e conoi/ra mieux l'oeuvre des autres4 ,a fame ne doit-on appr5dre lettre ni escrire1 si ce n'e/ especiaum5t p\r e/re nona91 c> p> lire et escrire1 de fame sont ma9t mal av5u4 #db ,op]a ,omnia ,s4 ,hildeg>dis1 ,tom4 #aig1 ,col4 #dh ( ,migne's ,patrologiae ,cursus ,completus4 ,cf4 also ,nova ,s4 ,hildeg>dis ,op]a1 edidit ,c>d9alis ,pitra1 ,p>is1 #ahhb1 & ,das ,leb5 und ,wirk5 d] ,heilig5 ,hildeg>dis1 von ,j4 ,p4 ,s*melzeis1 ,freiburg im ,breisgau1 #ahgh4 #dc ,x 0 ,pet] ,lomb>d1 ^: ,s5t5ces became ! v canon ( or?odoxy = all succe$+ ages1 :o1 9 m>k$ contra/ ) ^? ( anci5t & mod]n times t reg>d$ woman z ! inf]ior or slave ( man1 ass]t$ h] equality ) him 9 a s5t5ce t %\ld be writt5 9 lett]s ( gold4 ,woman1 he decl>es1 ,s5t5ti>um1 ,lib4 ,,ii1 ,disp4 #ah1 0 n tak5 f ! head ( man1 = %e 0 n int5d$ to be 8 rul]1 nor f 8 foot1 = %e 0 n int5d$ to be 8 slave1 b f 8 side1 = %e 0 int5d$ to be 8 companion & com=t4 ,9 ?is view ! great ,s*oolman b foll[s ! tea*+s ( ,/4 ,augu/9e4 ,= 9 8 comm5t>y1 ,de ,g5esi ad ,litt]am1 ,lib4 #i1 ,cap4 #ac1 ! le>n$ bi%op ( ,hippo writes3 ,quia igitur viro nec dom9a nec ancilla p>abatur1 s$ socia1 nec de capite1 nec de p$ibus1 s$ de lat]e fu]at produc5da1 ut juxta se produc5dam cognosc]et1 quam de suo lat]e sumptam didecisset4 ,aga9 ! same illu/ri\s doctor decl>es t woman 0 =m$ f man's side 9 ord] t x might be manife/ t %e 0 creat$ to be unit$ ) him 9 love--9 consortium creabatur dilectionis4 #dd ,cf4 ,hortus ,delici>um1 by ,h]rad de ,lansb]g1 folio ) "o hundr$ & t5 plates1 ,/rasburg1 #aija1 & ,h]rade de ,l&sb]g1 by ,*>les ,s*midt1 ,/rasburg4 ,! erudite academician1 ,*>les ,j\rda91 says ( ,h]rad's great "w ,l'encyclop$ie qu'on lui doit1 l',hortus ,delici>um1 embrasse t\tes les p>ties des connaissances huma9es1 depuis la sci5ce div9e jusqu'a l'agriculture et la metrologie1 et on s'etonne a bon droit qu'un tel ouvrage1 qui supposait une erudition si v>iee et si me?odique1 soit sorti d'une plume fem99e4 ,quelle impression produirait auj\rd'hui l'annonce d'une encyclop$ie qui aurait p\r auteur une simple1 religieuse8 ,p>l]ons-n\s des femmes du monde8 ,il n'exi/e d'elles1 au ,x,xe siecle1 non plus que dans les siecles prec$5ts aucun ouvrage comp>able a l',hortus ,delici>um4 ,excursions ,hi/oriques et ,philosophiques1 p4 #dhj1 ,p>is1 #ahhh4 #de ,see ,revelationes ,me*tildianae ac ,g]trudianae1 edit1 ,oud91 = ! ,b5$ict9es at ,solesmes1 #ahge4 #df ,9 h] s*ol>ly "w on ,woman ,"u ,mona/icism1 p4 #dgi1 ,l9a ,eck5/e9 writes z foll[s reg>d+ ! /udies pursu$ 9 ! conv5ts ( ! ,middle ,ages3 ,! contributions ( nuns to lit]ature1 z well z incid5tal rem>ks1 %[ t ! curriculum ( /udy 9 ! nunn]y 0 z lib]al z t accept$ by ! monks1 & embrac$ all available writ+ :e!r by ,*ri/ian or pr(ane au?ors4 ,:ile ,scripture & ! writ+ ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* at all times =m$ ! gr\ndwork ( mona/ic /udies1 ,cic]o at ?is p]iod 0 read by ! side ( ,boe?us1 ,virgil by ! side ( ,m>tianus ,capella1 ,t]5ce by ! side ( ,isidore ( ,seville4 ,f rem>ks made by ,hros)a we see t ! co>s5ess ( ! ,lat9 dramati/s made no reason = _! be+ =bidd5 to nuns1 ?\gh %e w\ld h se5 x o!rwise2 &1 ,h]rad 0 s f> impress$ by ! wisdom ( ! hea!n philosoph]s ( antiquity t %e pron\nc$ ?is wisdom to be ! 'product ( ! ,holy ,_s also4' ,?r\gh\t ! lit]>y _w1 z repres5t$ by conv5ts1 ! use ( ,lat9 0 g5]al1 & made possible ! ev5 spread ( culture 9 di/ricts t 7 widely remote f ea* o!r & practically )\t int]c\rse4 #dg ,! ,lady1 p4 #ga1 by ,emily ,james ,putnam1 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4 #dh ,eck5/e91 op4 cit41 p4 #dgh4 #di ,ut4 ,sup41 #dgi-dhj4 #ej ,see ,womank9d 9 ,we/]n ,europe1 p4 #bhh et seq41 by ,?omas ,wright1 ,london1 #ahfi4 #ea ,p]t9]e videtur ad haec tempora ,betisia ,gozzad9i non m9us g5]is cl>itate quam eloqu5tia ac legum pr(essione illu/ris4444 ,betisiam ,ghir>daccius et no/ri ab eo de9ceps scriptores eximiis laudibus c]tatim extul]unt4 ,de ,cl>is ,ar*igymnasii ,bononi5sis ,pr(essoribus a ,saeculo ,,xi usque ad ,saeculum ,,xiv1 ,tom4 ,i1 p4 #aga1 ,bologna1 #ahhh-ahif4 #eb ,l',ecole de ,sal]ne1 p4 #ah1 p> ,c4 ,meaux1 ,p>is1 #ahhj4 ,among ! mo/ not$ ( ^! wom5 0 ,trotula1 :o1 ab\t ! middle ( ! elev5? c5tury1 wrote on ! diseases ( wom5 z well z on o!r m$ical subjects4 ,comp>e ! attitude ( ! s*ool ( ,sal]no t[>ds wom5 ) t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 eight hundr$ ye>s lat]4 ,:51 9 ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 wom5 appli$ to ?is univ]sity = degrees 9 m$ic9e1 !y 7 in=m$1 z ,h4 ,ra%dall writes 9 ,! ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #gab1 ,ox=d1 #ahie1 t ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 al?\gh x _h be5 emp[]$ by ,royal ,*>t] to d all ?+s t c\ld be done by any ,univ]sity1 0 legally advis$ t x c\ld n grant degrees to wom5 )\t a fre% ,*>t]1 because no ,univ]sity _h ev] grant$ su* degrees4 ,cf4 also ,haes]'s ,lehrbu* d] ,ges*i*te d] ,m$ic91 ,b& ,i1 p4 #fde1 et seq41 ,j5a1 #ahge4 ,v]ily1 ! s-call$ d>k ages h ris5 up to condemn our vaunt$ age ( enlight5m5t6 #ec ,die ,ent/ehung d] ,univ]sitaet5 des ,mittelalt]s bis #adjj1 ,b& ,i1 p4 #bcc1 ,b]l91 #ahhe1 von ,p4 ,he9rick ,d5ifle1 assi/ant ar*ivi/ ( ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 & ,hi/oire ,lit]aire de la ,france1 ,comm5ce p> des ,religieux ,b5$ict9s de ,s4 ,maur et ,cont9ue p> des ,membres de l',in/itut1 ,tom4 ,,ix1 #bha1 ,p>is1 #agcc-aijf4 #ed ,une de ces nuits lum9euses ou les d]ni]es cl>tes du soir se prolong5t jusqu'aux premi]es blan*eurs du mat94 ,docum5ts ,in$its1 p4 #gh1 ,p>is1 #ahej4 #ee ,! ,univ]sities ( ,europe 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ca1 ,ox=d1 #ahie4 #ef ,a ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 p4 #bgg1 ,london1 #ahic4 #eg ,cecelia ,gonzaga1 a pupil ( ! celebrat$ humani/1 ,vittor9o da ,feltre1 read ! ,gospels 9 ,greek :5 %e 0 only sev5 ye>s old4 ,isotta & ,g9evra ,nogorola1 pupils ( ! humani/1 ,gu>9o ,v]ronese1 likewise di/+ui%$ !mselves at an e>ly age by _! r>e k ( ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,9 lat] ye>s all ?ree enjoy$ great celebrity = _! le>n+1 & 71 l ,batti/a di ,montefeltro1 wom5 ( g5u9e humani/ sympa?ies4 ,cecelia ,gonzaga's s*ol>%ip 0 9 no wise inf]ior to t ( h] le>n$ bro!rs1 :o 7 among ! mo/ not$ /ud5ts ( ! fam\s ,casa ,zoyosa 9 ,mantua1 :]e ,vittor9o da ,feltre a*iev$ su* di/9ction z an educator 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,! le>n$ ,italian writ]1 ,sabbad9i1 beautifully express$ ! relation ( wom5 to ,humanism1 :5 he decl>es1 9 8 ,vida di ,gu>9o1 ,l',humanismo si sposa alla g5tilezza fem9ile1--humanism w$s fem99e g5tility4 #eh ,among !m are ! pictures ( ,cat]9a ,vigri1 :i* are pres]v$ 9 ! ,p9acoteca ( ,bologna & 9 ! ,academia ( ,v5ice4 #ei ,no less an au?ority ?an ! illu/ri\s sculptor1 ,canova1 decl>$ t h] e>ly dea? 0 "o ( ! greate/ losses ev] suff]$ by ,italian art4 #fj ,x 0 also said ( ! ,v5etian arti/1 ,ir5e di ,spilimb]go1 t h] pictures 7 ( su* excell5ce t !y 7 frequ5tly mi/ak5 = ^? ( h] illu/ri\s ma/]1 ,titian4 #fa ,among ^! works may be m5tion$ ,il ,m]ito delle ,donne1 by ,mode/a ,pozzo di ,zorgi1 ,v5ice1 #afjj2 ,la ,nobilita e l',excell5za delle ,donne1 by ,lucrezia ,m>9elli1 ,v5ice1 #afja2 ,de ,+5ii ,muliebris ad ,doctr9am et ,meliores ,litt]as ,aptitud9e1 by ,anna van ,s*urman1 ,leyd51 #afda2 ,les ,dames ,illu/res1 by ,jaquette ,guillame1 ,p>is1 #affe1 & ,l',egalite des ,hommes et des ,femmes1 by ,m>ie le ,j>s de ,g\rnay1 ,p>is1 #afbb4 ,! la/ nam$ "w 0 by ! celebrat$ fille d'alliance--adopt$ daught]--( ,montaigne4 ,x is to h] t we owe ! textus receptus ( ! ,essais ( ! illu/ri\s litt]ateur4 #fb ,! ,wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 p4 #bij1 by ,r4 de ,maulde la ,clavi]e1 ,new ,york1 #aija4 #fc ,call$ ,la ,lat9a1 because ( h] ?or\gh k ( ! ,lat9 language4 #fd ,! fam\s ,hell5i/1 ,rog] ,as*am1 tells ( 8 a/oni%m5t on f9d+ ,lady ,jane ,grey1 :5 %e 0 only f\rte5 ye>s ( age1 read+ ,plato's ,pha$o 9 ,greek1 :5 all ! o!r memb]s ( ! family 7 amus+ !mselves 9 ! p>k4 ,on 8 inquiry :y %e did n jo9 ! o!rs 9 _! pa/ime1 %e smil+ly repli$3 ,i wit all _! sport 9 ! p>k is b a %ad[ to t pleasure ,i f9d 9 ,plato4 ,alas1 good folk1 !y nev] knew :at true pleasure meant4 #fe ,to ! poet ,rons>d1 %e 0 a woman beyond comp>e1 z is ev9c$ by ! foll[+ l9es ( a pa/oral ode address$ to h]3 ,la ,royne ,m>gu]ite1 ,la plus belle fleur d'elite ,qu'onques la t]re enfanta4 #ff ,cf4 ,oeuvres de ,lovize ,labe1 n\velle edition emprimee en c>act]es dits de civilite1 ,p>is1 #ahga4 #fg ,! ,fr5* poet1 ,jean ,dorat1 :o 0 !n pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 ! ,college de ,france1 expresses ?is fact 9 ! foll[+ /rophe3 ,nempe uxor1 ancillae1 cli5tes1 lib]i1 ,non segnis exam5 domus1 ,quo ,plautus ore1 quo ,t]5tius1 sol5t ,quotidiane loqui4 #fh ,a prom95t writ] ( ! "t1 ,jean ,b\*et1 express$ ! prevail+ op9ion reg>d+ ! education ( ! wom5 ( ! masses 9 ! foll[+ qua9t s5t5ce3 ,je suis bi5 d'op9ion que les femmes de bas e/at1 et qui sont contra9ctes vaqu] aux *oses famili]es et dome/iques1 ne doiv5t vaqu] aux lettres1 p>ce que c'e/ *ose repugnante a ru/icite2 mais1 les roynes1 pr9cesses et aultres dames qui ne se doib v5t p\r rev]5ce de leur e/at1 appliqu] a mesnage4 ,cf4 ,r\sellot's ,hi/oire de l',education des ,femmes en ,france1 ,tom4 ,i1 p4 #aji1 ,p>is1 #ahhc4 ,8 ideal ( a woman ( ! peasant type 0 app>5tly ,joan ( ,arc1 :o1 accord+ to h] own decl>ation1 did n "k a f b--elle decl>ait ne savoir ni a ni b4 #fi ,clavi]e1 op4 cit41 p4 #dae4 #gj ,! not$ ,engli% div9e1 ,?omas ,full]1 *apla9 to ,*>les ,,ii1 recogniz$ ! irrep>able loss to wom5 occasion$ by ! de/ruction ( ! nunn]ies by ! ,re=m]s4 ,!re 71 he tells u 9 8 qua9t language1 good %e s*ools :]e9 ! girls & maids ( ! neyghborhood 7 taught to read & "w4444 ,yea1 give me leave to say1 if su* fem99e f\ndations _h /ill cont9u$1 444 haply ! weak] sex1 besides ! avoid+ mod]n inconv5i5ces1 might be heyght5$ to a high] p]fection ?an hi!rto ha? be5 atta9$4 ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ccf1 #ahde4 #ga ,m4 ,?ureau ,dang91 ! p]petual secret>y ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 wrote1 ,la tradition ne veut pas d'academici5nes4 #gb ,c>lyle1 9 a lecture on ,dante1 & ! ,div9a ,comm$ia1 decl>es t ,italy has produc$ a great] numb] ( great m5 ?an any o!r nation1 m5 di/+ui%$ 9 art1 ?9k+1 conduct1 & ev]y:]e 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( intellect4 ,he c\ld ) equal tru? h said t ,italy has produc$ m great wom5 ?an any o!r nation4 #gc ,m$ical ,wom51 p4 #fc1 et seq41 by ,sophia ,jex-,blake1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf1 & ,pione] ,"w 9 ,op5+ ! ,m$ical ,pr(ession to ,wom51 ,*ap4 ,,iii1 by ,elizabe? ,blackwell1 ,london1 #ahie4 #gd ,mme4 ,daci] 0 a rem>kable exception *iefly because %e 0 ! daught] & pupil ( "o ,hell5i/ be=e becom+ ! wife ( ano!r4 #ge ,lettres et ,entreti5s sur l',education de ,filles1 ,tom4 ,i1 pp4 #bbe-bca4 ,comp>e ?is sup]ficial c\rse ( /udy at ,sa9t-,cyr ) ! elaborate c\rse mapp$ out by ,lion>do d',arezzo 9 a lett] address$ to ! illu/ri\s lady1 ,bapti/a ,malate/a4 ,9 ! broad programme ( education = wom5 recomm5d$ by ?is em95t man ( lett]s1 poet1 orator1 hi/orian1 & ! re/1 all mu/ be /udi$1 ea* mu/ contribute a %>e4 ,our le>n+ ?us becomes full1 ready1 v>i$1 elegant1 available = action or = disc\rse on all subjects4 ,lion>do's curriculum ( /udies = wom5 0 q z compreh5sive z t requir$ = m51 ) p]haps a little less /ress ^u rhetoric & m ^u religion4 ,!re 0 no assumption t a l[] /&>d ( atta9m5t is inevitably a consequ5ce ( small] capacity4 ,nor 0 ?is ?or\gh /udy ( lett]s by ! wom5 ( ,italy unfavorably reg>d$ by social op9ion2 nei!r did x introduce a new /&>d ( womanly activity4 ,wom51 inde$1 at ?is epo*1 seem to h pres]v$ _! moral & intellectual balance "u ! /ress ( ! new en?usiasm bett] ?an m54 ,! le>n$ ladies 71 9 actual life1 good wives & mo!rs1 dome/ic & virtu\s wom5 ( /rong judgm5t & n seldom ( m>k$ capacity 9 affairs4 ,cf4 ,vittor9o da ,feltre & ,o!r ,humani/ ,educators1 pp4 #abb1 #acb1 #aig1 by ,w4 ,h4 ,woodw>d1 ,cambridge1 #aije4 #gf ,?us1 9 a lett] ( h]s to ,mme4 de ,lauzun occurs a s5t5ce l ! foll[+3 ,il lia sy lontant que je n'ay ant&u p>l] de v\s4 ,! du*ess ( ,monp5si]1 daught] ( ,ga/on d',orleans1 9 a lett] to h] fa!r exhibits a simil> ignorance ( h] own language1 :5 %e writes3 ,j'ai cru que ,votre ,altesse s]et bi5 ese de savoir sete i/oire4 ,quot$ by ,r\sselot 9 8 ,hi/oire de l',education des ,femmes en ,france1 ,tom4 ,i1 p4 #bhg4 #gg ,les ,femmes ,savantes1 ,act ,,ii1 ,sc5e #g4 #gh ,de/\*es1 9 8 ,l',homme s+uli]1 makes "o ( 8 female *>act]s1 :o loves /udy1 speak 9 ! foll[+ pa!tic fa%ion3 ,a le>n$ woman ought--s ,i surmise-- ,conceal h] k1 or %e'll be unwise4 ,if p$antry a m5tal blemi% be ,at all times outlaw$ by society1 ,if 'ga9/ a p$ant all ! _w inveighs1 ,%all pass un*eck$ 9 woman p$ant's ways8 ,i hold x sure1 condemn$ my sex is q ,to trifl+ no?+s z its sole bir?right2 ,ridicul\s 'tis ?\ght outside its 'sph]e'2 ,! le>n$ woman d>e n su* appe>2 ,nay1 %e mu/ ev5 cloak h] brilliancy ,s envy leave 9 peace /upidity2 ,mu/ keep ! level ( ! common k9d1 ,to subjects commonplace devote h] m9d1 ,& treat+ ^! %e mu/ be l ! re/4 ,lo1 9 su* g>b ref9em5t mu/ be dress$3 ,t k %all n make h] seem unwise1 ,%e mu/ h]self 9 fooli%ness disguise4 --,act ,,iii1 ,sc5e #g4 #gi ,no "o1 h[ev]1 w5t s f> 9 8 opposition to ! education ( wom5 z ! notori\s ,silva9 ,m>e*al1 ! au?or ( ,projet d'une ,loi portant ,def5se d',appr5dre a ,lire aux ,femmes1 :o w\ld h a law pass$ =bidd+ wom5 to le>n to read4 ,he ma9ta9$ t a k ( sci5ce & lett]s int]f]$ ) _! be+ good h\sekeep]s4 ,reason1 he av]s1 does n approve ( wom5 /udy+ *emi/ry4 ,wom5 :o are unable to read make ! be/ s\p4 ,i w\ld r1 he decl>es 9 ! words ( ,balzac1 h a wife ) a be>d ?an a wife :o is educat$4 ,see pp4 #dj1 #ej & #ea1 ( ! edition ( ?is /range "w1 publi%$ at ,brussels1 #ahdg4 #hj ,9 h] ,problema ,practicum1 address$ to ,dr4 ,rivet1 ,anna van ,s*urman /ates & develops 9 true syllogi/ic =m a s]ies ( propositions 9 def5se ( h] !sis 9 favor ( ! high] education ( wom54 ,two ( ^! propositions are "h giv5 z illu/rative ( h] po9ts ( view3 ,i4 ,cui natura ine/ sci5ti>um artiumque desid]ium1 ei conv5iunt sci5tiae et artes4 ,atque fem9ae natura ine/ sci5ti>um artiumque desid]ium4 ,ergo4 ,,ii ,quidquid intellectum hom9is p]ficit et exornat1 id femmae ,*ri/ianae conv5it4 ,atqui sci5tiae et artes intellectum hom9is p]ficiunt et exornant4 ,ergo4 ,see ,nobiliss4 ,virg9is ,annae ,s*urman ,opuscula1 pp4 #ce & #da1 ,leyd51 #afef1 & h] ,de ,+5ii ,muliebris ad ,doctr9am et ,meliores ,lit]as ,aptitud9e1 ,leyd51 #afda4 ,cf4 also ,anna van ,s*urman1 ,*ap4 ,,iv1 by ,una ,bir*1 ,london1 #aiji4 #ha ,a writ] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury gives ! foll[+ z ! popul> programme ( female /udy3 ,to le>n alle po9tes ( good h\sewif]y1 sp9n+ ( l951 ! ord]+ ( dairies1 to see to ! salt+ ( meate1 brew+1 bak]y1 & to und]/& ! common prices ( all h\%old provisions4 ,to keepe acc\nt ( all ?+s1 to "k ! condition ( ! p\ltry--= x misbecomes no woman to be a h5-wife4 ,to "k h[ to ord] y\r clo!s & ) frugality to m5d !m & to buy b :at is necess>y ) ready money4 ,to love to keep at home4 ,h[ l ! ,g]man f\r ,k's & ! words on ! s>cophagus ( a ,roman matron--lanifica1 frugi1 domis$a--a dilig5t ply] ( ! di/aff1 ?rifty & a /ay-at-home4 #hb ,! ,lett]s & ,works ( ,lady ,m>y ,wortley ,montagu1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #e1 ,bohn ,edition1 #ahhg4 #hc ,lett] ,,xlix1 ,london1 ,sept4 #e1 ,o4 ,s41 #agdh4 ,walpole1 writ+ 9 #aggc1 makes ! foll[+ curi\s decl>ation3 ,i made a discov]y--,lady ,nuneham is a poetess1 & writes ) great ease & s5se "s poetry1 b is z afraid ( ! "*1 z if x 0 a s9 to make v]ses4 ,& ,"l ,granville tells u ( an em95t /atesman & man ( lett]s :o1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 0 s tr\bl$ on discov]+ 9 8 daught] a tal5t = poetry t he appeal$ to h] affection = him1 & made a reque/ to h] nev] to write v]ses aga94 ,he 0 n afraid ( h] becom+ a good poetess1 b he 0 afraid ( ! disadvantages :i* 7 likely to be suff]$ by h]1 if %e 7 suppos$ to be a lady ( lit]>y atta9m5ts4 #hd ,x 0 ,swift :o _h su* a l[ op9ion ( woman's intellect t 9 writ+ to "o ( 8 fair correspond5ts he told h] t %e c\ld nev] arrive 9 po9t ( le>n+ to ! p]fection ( a s*oolboy4 ,lady ,p5n+ton1 /range to say1 seems to h %>$ 8 views1 = 9 a manual ( advice to "y ladies1 %e decl>es3 ,a s5sible woman w soon be conv9c$ t all ! le>n+ ! utmo/ application c make h] ma/] ( w be 9 _m po9ts inf]ior to t ( ! s*oolboy4 ,at ! "t ! ,tatl] fir/ appe>$ 9 ! female _w any acqua9tance ) books 0 di/+ui%$ only to be c5sur$1 & x 0 !n consid]$ m important = a woman to dance a m9uet well ?an to "k a =eign language4 #he ,! wife ( ,presid5t ,john ,adams1 desc5d$ f ! mo/ illu/ri\s colonial families1 writ+ 9 #ahag1 reg>d+ ! educational opportunities ( ! girls ( h] "t & rank1 express$ h]self z foll[s3 ,female education 9 ! be/ families w5t no f>!r ?an writ+ & ari?metic1 &1 9 "s few & r>e in/ances1 music & danc+4 ,accord+ to h] gr&son1 ,*>les ,francis ,adams1 ,! only *ance = mu* intellectual improvem5t 9 ! female sex 0 to be f\nd 9 ! families ( ! educat$ class1 & 9 occasional int]c\rse ) ! le>n$ ( ! day4 ,:atev] ( useful in/ruction 0 secur$ 9 ! practical conduct ( life came f mat]nal lips2 &1 :at ( f>!r m5tal developm5t dep5d$ m ^u ! eag]ness ) :i* ! casual tea*+s ( daily conv]sation 7 treasur$ up ?an ^u any labor exp5d$ purposely to promote x4 ,famili> ,lett]s ( ,john ,adams & ,8 ,wife1 ,abigail ,adams1 ,dur+ ! ,revolution1 ,) a ,memoir ( ,mrs4 ,adams1 by ,*>les ,francis ,adams1 pp4 ,x & ,,xi1 ,new ,york1 #ahgf4 #hf ,:5 ! /ud5ts ( ,girton & ,newnham 9 #ahig1 aft] pass+ ! ,cambridge exam9ations--_m ( !m ) ! highe/ honors--appli$ = degrees1 ! und]graduate _w 0 /irr$ to a f9e fr5zy ( wra? aga9/ all womank9d1 & an a/oni%$ _w saw re-enact$ sc5es sc>cely less disgraceful ?an ^? :i* *>act]iz$ ! riot\s demon/rations :i*1 sev5te5 ye>s be=e1 _h greet$ sev5 "y wom5 at ! portals ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 #hg ,! ,que5's ,reign1 ,*ap4 ,v1 ,london1 #ahig4 #hh ,proposition ?ird1 ( h] ,propositiones ,philosophicae1 ,milan1 #agch1 reads z foll[s3 ,optime etiam de univ]sa ,philosophia infirmiorem sexum m]uisse nullus infirmabitur2 nam praet] septuag9ta f]e eruditissimas1 ,muli]es1 quas rec5set ,m5agius1 complures alias quovis tempore floruisse novimus1 quae 9 philosophicis discipl9is maximam +5ii laudem sunt assecutae4 ,ad omnem igitur doctr9am1 eruditionemque etiam muliebres animos ,natura comp>avit3 qu>e paulo injuriosius cum fem9is agunt qui eis bon>um artium cultu omn9o int]dicunt1 eo vel maxime1 quod haec ill>um /udia privatis1 publicisque rebus non modo haud noxia futura s9t v]um etiam p]utilia4 ,?is admirable "w1 ) its "o hundr$ & n9ety-"o propositions1 is comm5d$ to ^? :o may h any d\bt reg>d+ ! le>n+ or capacity ( ! ,italian wom5 :o h be5 ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ pages4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,woman',s ,,capacity ,,= ,,sci5tific ,,pursuits ,9 a curi\s old black-lett] volume entitl$ ,! ,boke ( ! ,cyte ( ,ladyes1 publi%$ 9 ,engl& 9 #aeba by ,h5ry ,pepwell1 occurs ! foll[+ passage3 ,i m]vayle gretely ( ! opynyon ( "s m5 t say !y wolde 9 no wyse t !yr daught]s or wyves or kynnes-wom5 %olde l]ne scy5ces1 & t x %olde apayre !yr condycyons4 ,?is ?+ is n to say ne to su/ayne4 ,t ! woman apayre? by conynge x is n well to beleve4 ,z ! prov]b say!1 't nature gyve? may n be tak5 away4' ,! book f :i* ?is rem>kable quotation is tak5 is a translation ( ,*ri/9e de ,pisan's ,la ,cite des ,dames1 :i* 0 writt5 e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,x is a capital def5ce aga9/ ! sl&]]s ( ! g5tl] sex & an armory ( argum5ts = all "t aga9/ ^? m5 :o decl>e t wom5 are fit = no?+ b to be> *ildr5 & sp94 ,x %[s conclusively t conynge--k--f> f t5d+ to injure wom5's "*--apayre !yr condycyons--z 0 ass]t$ by ,*ri/9e's antagoni/s1 contributes1 on ! contr>y1 to elevate & ennoble !m & to r5d] !m bett] mo!rs & m useful memb]s ( society4 ,not)/&+ t x 0 writt5 five hundr$ ye>s ago1 & not)/&+ its antiquat$ allegorical dress & its qua9t pre-,r5aissance notions ( hi/ory1 x is 9 _m ( its aspects a surpris+ly mod]n production4 ,! l9e ( argum5t adopt$ by ! writ] is virtually ! same z t :i* is adopt$ to-day 9 ! discussion ( ! same que/ions :i* are s ably treat$ 9 ?is long-=gott5 book#hi & %[ t ,*ri/9e de ,pisan 0 9 e way a wor?y *ampion ( h] sex4 ,no woman ( h] "t 0 m compet5t to discuss ! capacity ( h] sex = sci5ce z well z = o!r intellectual pursuits ?an 0 ?is le>n$ daught] ( ,italy4 ,%e 0 n only a woman ( pr(\nd & v>i$ k1 b 0 also1 z /at$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 ! fir/ woman to e>n h] liv+ by h] p54 ,besides writ+ ,! ,city ( ,ladies & m v]ses--mo/ly ballads & virelays--?an are conta9$ 9 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia1 %e 0 also ! au?or ( _m o!r works on ! mo/ div]se subjects4 ,%e is be/ kn[n to hi/orians z ! au?or ( ,livre des ,fais et ,bonnes ,meurs du sage ,roy ,*>les ,v1 :i* is a graphic acc\nt ( ! c\rt & policy ( ?is mon>*1 & ( ! ,livre des ,faits d',armes et de ,*eval]ie4 ,! latt] "w is n1 z might be imag9$ f its title1 a collection ( tales ( *ivalry1 b1 incr$ible z x may seem1 a pr(\nd & sy/ematic treatise on milit>y tactics & int]national law4 ,x deals ) _m topics ( ! highe/ policy1 f ! mann]s ( a good g5]al & ! m9utiae ( siege op]ations to ! wag] ( battle1 safe-conducts & lett]s ( m>que1 & 0 deem$ s important by ,h5ry ,,vii t at 8 express$ desire x 0 translat$ into ,engli% & publi%$ by ,caxton "u ! title ( ,! ,boke ( ,fayettes ( ,armes & ,*yvalrye4 ,ev5 s late z ! "t ( ,h5ry ,,viii x 0 reg>d$ z an au?oritative manual on ! topics treat$4 ,s great1 inde$1 0 ! ext5t & v>iety ( ,*ri/9e's atta9m5ts1 s ?or\ghly _h %e /udi$ ! ,lat9 & ,greek au?ors1 sacr$ & pr(ane1 & s pr(\nd 0 h] k ( all ! subjects :i* %e dealt ) 9 h] num]\s books t "o _c b feel a c]ta9 a/oni%m5t :5 "o f9ds 9 a woman 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury an erudition su* z is h>dly possess$ by ! mo/ labori\s ( m54 ,:5 we read ! eloqu5t plea :i* ?is le>n$ woman ( five c5turies ago makes 9 behalf ( h] sex1 :5 we note ! examples %e quotes ( wom5 illum9$ ( great sci5ces1 & consid] ! argum5ts by :i* %e demon/rat$ ! capacity ( wom5 = all sci5tific pursuits1 we c easily fancy t we are read+ ! brief ( "s mod]n expon5t ( ! woman's rights movem5t & are almo/ dispos$ to believe t ,la ,bruyi]e 0 "r :5 he decl>$1 ,les anci5s ont t\t dit4 ,= s cog5t is ,*ri/9e's reason+ & s ?or\ghly does %e trav]se h] subject f e po9t ( view t %e has left lat] writ]s little to add to ! controv]sy except matt]s ( detail :i* 7 n available 9 h] "t4 ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( ,*ri/9e's ,cyte ( ,ladyes1 9 :i*1 accord+ to our m$iaeval p>agon1 wom51 hi!rto scatt]$ & def5celess1 7 =ev] to f9d refuge aga9/ all _! sl&]]s1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! f\ndations ( ?is city 7 laid by ,reason1 t its walls & cloi/]s 7 built on ,righte\sness1 & its battlem5ts & high t[]s on ,ju/ice1 9 spite ( ! fact t ! mat]ial ent]+ into its con/ruction 0 /rong] & m durable ?an any m>ble1 & t x 01 z our au?or decl>es1 a city "r fair1 )\t fe> & ( p]petual dur+ to ! _w--a city t %\ld nev] be br\ght to n\ght1 ,*ri/9e's "w 0 soon lo/ sight (1 & ! "r ( wom5 to ! same intellectual advantages z m5 0 z /rongly d5i$ z x _h be5 be=e %e _h s valiantly *ampion$ _! cause1 & d5i$1 too1 on ! assum$ gr\nd ( _! innate incapacity4 ,x matt]$ n t dur+ ! succe$+ c5turies o!r wom5 took up ! cause = :i* ! au?or ( ,la ,cite des ,dames _h s nobly battl$2 x matt]$ n t c\ntless wom5 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry ( ! globe di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! a*ievem5ts 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce & gave evid5ce ( tal5t & g5ius ( ! highe/ ord]2 x matt]$ n t *ivalr\s repres5tatives ( ! /]n] sex1 l ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 came =w>d to plead ! case ( t half ( humanity :i* _h s long be5 held 9 cruel subjection4 ,! attitude ( ! _w t[>d ! intellectually disfran*is$ sex rema9$ un*ang$ almo/ until our own "t4 ,b1 al?\gh wom5 n[ enjoy advantages 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce :i* 7 undream$ ( only a g5]ation ago1 ! age-old prejudices respect+ woman's m5tal p[]s & h] capacity = ! m ab/ract bran*es ( sci5ce /ill prevail4 ,x is useless to cite in/ances ( wom5 :o h atta9$ em95ce 9 a/ronomy1 ma!matics1 ar*aeology1 or 9 any o!r sci5ce :atev]4 ,su* in/ances1 we are assur$1 are only exceptions & prove no?+4 ,m5 l ,lombroso are will+ to admit ! exi/5ce ( an occasional woman ( tal5t1 b !y d5y ! exi/5ce ( g5ius 9 "o :o is truly a womanly woman4#ij ,=1 ) ,gonc\rt1 !y flippantly ass]t1 ,il n'y a pas de femmes de g5ie3 lorsqu'elles sont des g5ies1 elles sont des hommes--!re are no wom5 ( g5ius2 :5 !y h g5ius !y are m54 ,! reasons t n[ influ5ce m5 = affirm+ ! intellectual disp>ity ( ! sexes are1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 q diff]5t f :at !y 7 9 ! "t ( ,*ri/9e de ,pisan--q diff]5t f :at !y 7 half a c5tury ago4 ,our =ebe>s1 9 _! endless disputations reg>d+ woman's m5tal inf]iority1 bas$ _! argum5ts on a priori d$uctions1 or on metaphysical consid]ations :i* prov$ no?+ & :i* 7 (t5 irrelevant1 if n absurd4 ,?us ! ,ari/otelians1 accept+ z true ! doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5ts z well z ! sup]impos$ doctr9e ( ! f\r elem5tal qualities1 s\ght to expla9 ! prop]ties ( all comp\nd bodies by ^! primal qualities4 ,9 ?is way !y expla9$ ! v>i\s virtues ( drugs & m$ic9es4 ,& by ! same process ( reason+ !y expla9$ ! assum$ diff]5ce betwe5 male & female bra9s4 ,!y assum$1 to beg9 )1 t !re 0 a diff]5ce betwe5 ! intellectual capacities ( m5 & wom54 ,!y !n assum$ t ?is diff]5ce 9 capacity 0 due to ! diff]5ce 9 "* & texture ( ! female z comp>$ ) ^? ( ! male bra94 ,!y next fur!r assum$ t ! doctr9es ( ! f\r elem5ts & ( ! f\r elem5tal qualities 7 e/abli%$ beyond "q1 & !n assum$ aga9 t ! reason ( woman's inf]ior capacity 0 due to ! fact t h] bra9 0 moi/] & s(t]1 &1 !re=e1 m impressionable ?an t ( man4 ,no wond] t ! old ,spani% ,b5$ict9e1 ,b5ito ,j]onimo ,feijoo1 9 8 *ivalr\s ,def5sa de la ,muj]1 lo/ all pati5ce ) su* fanta/ic !oriz]s & wrote3 ,did ,i write 444 to display my wit1 ,i c\ld easily1 by d$uct+ a *a9 ( consequ5ces f receiv$ pr9ciples1 %ew t man's und]/&+1 weigh$ 9 ! balance ) female capacity1 w\ld be f\nd s light z to kick ! beam4#ia ,ab&on+ ! ,ari/otelian me?od ( envisag+ ! "q "u discussion1 our mod]n philosoph]s h rec\rse to ! rec5t sci5ces ( biology & psy*o-physiology to prove :at !y1 too1 assume to be true--viz41 woman's incurable m5tal weakness4 ,l _! pr$ecessors1 !y are dom9at$ by passion1 prejudice1 ! errors ( c\ntless c5turies1 &1 l !m1 !y approa* ! subject on :i* !y are to pron\nce judgm5t1 ) m9ds w>p$ by long ages ( imp]i\s in/9cts1 ignorant preconceptions & social bias4 ,!y w quote ! op9ions ( ,pr\dhon & ,s*op5hau]--z if !y _h ! value ( ma!matical demon/rations--on ! m5tal inf]iority ( wom51 & w decl>e ) unblu%+ assurance t no woman has ev] produc$ a s+le "w ( any k9d ( endur+ wor?4 ,) ! ,g]man pessimi/1 !y w blatantly decl>e1 tak5 z a :ole1 wom5 are & rema9 ?or\ghgo+ ,phili/9es & q incurable4#ib ,) ! ,fr5* sociali/ !y w ass]t1 z if x 7 an axiomatic tru?1 t ?\ght 9 e liv+ be+ is proportional to =ce--t physical =ce is n less necess>y = ?\ght ?an = muscul> labor4 ,!y h app>5tly no m d\bt respect+ ! tru? ( ^! assumptions ?an _h _! pr$ecessors1 ! ,ari/otelians1 respect+ _! assumptions ( ! f\r elem5ts & _! fir/ qualities4 ,_! process ( reason+ is some:at z foll[s3 ,woman is small] & weak] ?an man4 ,?is is a matt] ( simple obs]vation1 confirm$ by ! tea*+s ( physiology4 ,!re=e1 woman is physically & intellectually inf]ior to man4 ,!re=e %e is incapable ( any ( ^? great conceptions & a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce or philosophy :i* h s di/+ui%$ ! male sex 9 e age ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,t %e is ?us weak] & inf]ior physically & intellectually & =ev] incapacitat$ f successfully compet+ ) man 9 ! intellectual ar5a is a fatality = :i*1 we are gravely told1 !re is no rem$y1 & to :i* wom51 consequ5tly1 mu/ resign !mselves z to "o ( ! inexorable laws ( nature4 ,x w\ld be difficult to cite a m prepo/]\s example ( ratioc9ation4 ,if x 7 true t !re is a necess>y relation betwe5 vigor ( body & vigor ( m9d2 t m5tal p[] is proportional to physical p[]2 t ?\ght is b a special =m ( en]gy & capable ( trans=mation1 l heat1 light & electricity2 t x1 l ! v>i\s physical =ces1 has its *emical & me*anical equival5ts2 t psy*ic "w corresponds to a c]ta9 am\nt ( *emical or !rmic action2 t intellectual capacity 9 man is proportional to muscul> /r5g?2 x w\ld foll[ t ! great lead]s ( ?\ght & action ?r\gh ! ages h be5 ,golia?s 9 /ature & ,h]culeses 9 /r5g?4 ,b s f> is ?is conclusion f be+ w>rant$ t x is almo/ ! rev]se ( ! tru?4 ,= _m1 if n ! majority1 ( ! great g5iuses ( ! _w 9 e age h be5 ei!r m5 ( small frame or m5 ( delicate & prec>i\s heal?4 ,among ! m5 ( g5ius :o 7 not$ = _! dim9utive /ature 7 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,alex&] ! ,great1 ,ar*im$es1 ,epicurus1 ,horace1 ,alb]tus ,magnus1 ,montaigne1 ,lipsius1 ,sp9oza1 ,erasmus1 ,lal&e1 ,*>les ,lamb1 ,keats1 ,balzac & ,?i]s4 ,_m o!rs 7 rem>kable = _! sp>e =m4 ,among ^! 9 ! prime ( life 7 ,ari/otle1 ,demo/h5es1 ,cic]o1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,kepl]1 ,pascal1 ,boileau1 ,f5elon1 ,d',alemb]t1 ,napoleon1 ,l9coln & ,leo ,,xiii4 ,o!rs1 l ,aesop1 ,brunelles*i1 ,leop>di1 ,magliabec*i1 ,p>9i1 ,sc>ron1 ,talleyr&1 ,pope1 ,goldsmi?1 ,byron1 ,sir ,walt] ,scott1 to m5tion only a few ( ! mo/ em95t1 7 ei!r hun*back$1 lame1 ra*itic or clubfoot$4 ,o!rs1 /ill1 7 ! victims ( *ronic ill heal?1 or ( n]v\s disord]s ( ! mo/ s]i\s "*4 ,virgil 0 ( a delicate & frail con/itution4 ,he essay$ ! b>1 b %rank f x & turn$ to ! contemplation ( div9] ?+s4 ,nor 0 ,horace1 ?\gh less completely a recluse & m ( a bon vivant1 a /rong man4 ,bo? ( !m1 z s*ol>s w rememb]1 s\ght ! c\*1 :ile ,maec5as w5t (f to ! t5nis c\rt4 ,pope's life1 says ,johnson1 0 a long disease4 ,johnson himself1 ?\gh l>ge & muscul>1 _h que] heal? & a torm5t+ con/itution4 ,s*ill] wrote mo/ ( 8 be/ "w :ile /ruggl+ aga9/ a pa9ful malady1 & ,he9e's mattress grave is prov]bial4 ,france furni%es an excell5t example 9 ,pascal4#ic ,"s ( ! mo/ not$ lead]s ( ?\ght 9 our own era 7 likewise *ronic invalids4 ,among ^! 7 ! s*ol>ly !ologian1 ,e4 ,b4 ,pusey1 & ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds1 ! hi/orian ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,!re 0 also ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o 0 frequ5tly =c$ by n]v\s breakd[ns to take long p]iods ( absolute re/4 ,m rem>kable /ill 0 ! case ( ! fam\s naturali/1 ,*>les ,d>w94 ,x is1 writes 8 son1 a pr9cipal feature ( 8 life t = ne>ly =ty ye>s he nev] knew "o day ( ! heal? ( ord9>y m51 & t ?us 8 life 0 "o long /ruggle aga9/ ! we>9ess & ! /ra9 ( sickness4#id ,b1 not)/&+ 8 cont9u$ ill heal? & ! sp9al anemia f :i* he suff]$1 he 0 able to conduct ^? epo*-mak+ rese>*es :i* put him 9 ! =efront ( m5 ( sci5ce1 & to write ^? fam\s books :i* h completely revolutioniz$ our views ( nature & nature's laws4 ,b a /ill m rem>kable illu/ration ( ! fact t !re is no necess>y relation betwe5 muscul> & m5tal p[]1 betwe5 physical well-be+ & intellectual en]gy1 is af=d$ by ! illu/ri\s discov]] ( ! _w ( ! inf9itely little1 ,l\is ,pa/eur4 ,/rick5 by hemiplegia %ortly aft] he _h begun ^? brilliant inve/igations :i* h r5d]$ him immortal1 he rema9$ affect$ by p>tial p>alysis until ! end ( 8 life4 ,8 fri5ds _h reason to fe> t ?is attack1 ev5 if he %\ld survive x1 w\ld weak5 or ext+ui% 8 _s ( initiative1 if x did n make fur!r "w entirely impossible4 ,b ?is 0 f> f ! case4 ,= a qu>t] ( a c5tury he cont9u$ ) unabat$ activity ^? m>vel\s labors :i* are =ev] associat$ ) 8 "n4 ,& x 0 aft]1 n be=e1 8 mis=tune t he made 8 mo/ fam\s discov]ies 9 ! doma9 ( microbian life1 & plac$ 9 ! h&s ( physicians & surgeons ^? infallible means ( combatt+ disease :i* h made him "o ( ! greate/ b5efactors ( suff]+ humanity4 ,! complete sep>ation ( ! intellectual f ! motor faculties 0 nev] m cle>ly exhibit$ ?an 9 ?is case1 nor 0 x ev] m completely demon/rat$ by an exp]im5t1 ^: validity no "o c\ld "q1 t p[] ( m9d does n necess>ily dep5d on /r5g? or heal? ( body4 ,x prov$1 also1 9 ! mo/ tell+ mann] t x is n muscul> b psy*ic =ce :i* avails mo/1 :e!r to ! individual or to society4 ,& x %[$1 at ! same "t1 ! utt] absurdity ( ^? !ories :i* w\ld fatally connect intellectual ) physical debility 9 woman1 & w\ld =ev] adjudge ! physically weak] sex to be ( hopeless inf]iority 9 all ?+s ( ! m9d4 ,:at has be5 said ( m5 a*iev+ r5[n1 not)/&+ ill heal?1 may likewise be affirm$ ( wom54 ,! case ( ,elizabe? ,b>rett ,br[n+ is sc>cely less rem>kable ?an t ( ,d>w94 ,9 spite ( be+ a *ronic invalid ! great] "p ( h] life1 %e atta9$ a position 9 lett]s rea*$ by b few ( h] contempor>ies4 ,! same almo/ may be said ( ! ?ree ,bronte si/]s4 ,! deadly se$s ( consumption 7 s[n 9 _! sy/ems 9 e>ly y\?1 b1 al?\gh fully aw>e t life _h pass$ !m by ) av]t$ head1 !y 71 ?r\gh _! indomitable wills1 able to s5d =? f _! bleak home 9 ! wild ,york%ire moors works ( g5ius t /ill in/ruct & delight ! _w4 ,f ! =ego+ x is cle> t valetud9>ianism1 if x prove any?+1 proves n t x r5d]s intellectual ef=t impossible1 b t x s]ves z a discipl9e = ! s\l4 ,x =ces ! m9d to husb& its /r5g?1 & ?us enables x to accompli% by economy & conc5tration ( ef=t t :i* ! same m9d 9 a heal?y body1 ) ! di/ractions ( society & ! allurem5ts ( life1 w\ld be unable to accompli%4 ,x exemplifies 9 ! mo/ /rik+ mann] ! tru? ( :at ,socrates says 9 ,plato's ,republic ab\t ! b5efic5t action ( ! bridle ( ,!ages1 prev5t+ an infirm fri5d ( 8 f embrac+ politics & keep+ him true to 8 fir/ love--philosophy4 ,fail+ to %[ any necess>y connection betwe5 sup]ior physique & intellectual capacity1 betwe5 heal? ( body & m5tal activity1 betwe5 ! am\nt ( food consum$ & ! degree ( intellig5ce1 ! class ( ?9k]s ^: !ories are n[ "u consid]ation f\nd !mselves =c$ to ab&on ! argum5t bas$ on robu/ heal? & physical /r5g? & seek else:]e = support ( _! views4 ,?is1 !y soon ann\nc$1 0 f\nd 9 ! great] cranial capacity & great] bra9 weight ( ! male z comp>$ ) t ( ! female4 ,foll[+ up ?is fanci$ clew1 an?ropologi/s ! _w ov] began measur+ skulls & weigh+ bra9s 9 ord] to det]m9e ! suppos$ ratio ( sex-diff]5ce4 ,! results ( ^! inve/igations 7 f> f corroborat+ ! preconceiv$ notions ( ^? :o _h fanci$ a necess>y correlation betwe5 m5tal capacity & size ( cranium1 betwe5 ! weight ( encephalon & degree ( intellig5ce4 ,= x 0 soon discov]$ t cranial capacity dep5d$ on _m causes--_m ( !m unkn[n--& t p hav+ ! l>ge/ skulls 7 (t5 f> f be+ ! ones d[]$ ) ! greate/ intellectual p[]4 ,x 0 f\nd1 = in/ance1 t climate 0 a det]m9+ factor--t ! inhabitants ( nor!rn regions h l>g] heads ?an ^? :o live f>!r s\?4 ,?us ! ,lapps1 9 proportion to _! /ature1 h ! l>ge/ heads 9 ,europe4 ,aft] ^! come 9 ord] ! ,sc&9avians1 ! ,g]mans1 ! ,fr5*1 ! ,italians1 ! ,arabs4 ,x 0 f\nd also t ! lea/ cranial capacity ( ! anci5t ,egyptians co9cides ) ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( _! civilization--t ( ! eighte5? dyna/y4 ,measurem5ts ( skulls une>!d at ,pompeii %[$ t ! heads ( ! ,romans :o liv$ two ?\s& ye>s ago 7 l>g] ?an ! heads ( ! ,romans ( to-day4 ,simil>ly1 ! skulls ( ! lake-dwell]s ( ,switz]l& 7 l>g] ?an ^? ( ! ,swiss p ( ! pres5t "t1 :ile ! av]age circumf]5ce ( ! skulls measur$ 9 ! catacombs ( ,p>is is m ?an an in* great] ?an t ( ! ,p>isians :o h di$ dur+ ! la/ half c5tury4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! skulls ( a l>ge numb] ( m\nd-build]s1 excavat$ "s ye>s ago ne> ,c>rollton1 ,ill9ois1 exce$$ t ( ! av]age head ( :ite m5 9 ,new ,york ( our day by ne>ly ?ree in*es4 ,?is %[s t ! culture ( ! :ite race dur+ long c5turies has n develop$ its cranial capacity to equal t ( ! uncultur$ ,indians :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! ,mississippi valley untold g5]ations ago4 ,! skulls ( ,quat]n>y m5 7 likewise v volum9\s1 al?\gh !y belong$ to a race ^: m5tal manife/ations 7 infantile 9 ! extreme4 ,ev5 ! celebrat$ ,engis skull1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t 9 exi/5ce1 has be5 describ$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,huxley z well =m$ & consid]ably l>g] ?an ! av]age ( ! ,european skulls ( to-day1 n only 9 ! wid? & height ( ! =ehead1 b also 9 ! cubic capacity ( ! :ole4 ,fur!rmore1 ! em95t craniologi/1 ,broca1 has prov$ t ! illit]ate peasants ( ,auv]gne h a mu* great] cranial capacity ?an t ( ! le>n$ & cultur$ d5iz5s ( ,p>is4 ,&1 z if to %[ conclusively t !re is no necess>y connection betwe5 intellectual capacity & size ( cranium1 au!ntic measurem5ts disclose ! fact t "s ( ! mo/ gift$ m5 ! _w has kn[n _h small heads4 ,among ^! 7 ,dante & ,voltaire4 ,! skull ( ! latt] is "o ( ! smalle/ :i* has ?us f> be5 obs]v$4 ,:at has be5 said reg>d+ ! relation ( cranial volume to intellectual capacity1 z reveal$ by ! measurem5ts ( ! skulls ( anci5t & mod]n1 savage & civiliz$ peoples may likewise be pr$icat$ ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! sizes ( ! crania ( m5 & wom54 ,no argum5t z to ! great] or less intellig5ce ( ei!r sex c be bas$ on m]e craniometric det]m9ations4 ,at ! be/1 cranial capacity is b a r\gh indication ( bra9 size2 & to measure bra9 size by ! ext]nal size ( ! skull furni%es /ill r\gh] & m fallaci\s approximations1 s9ce ! male skull is m massive ?an ! female4 ,ev5 ! slight morphological diff]5ces betwe5 male & female skulls--"s an?ropologi/s d5y t !re are any at all--af=d no m gr\nd = conclusions 9 favor ( ! sup]iority ( "o or ! o!r sex ?an ! relative diff]5ces 9 size4 ,su* trifl+ diff]5ces z d exi/ exhibit1 z ,vir*[ has po9t$ out1 an approximation ( m5 to ! savage1 simian & s5ile type1 & an approa* ( wom5 to ! infantile type4 ,havelock ,ellis1 comm5t+ on ?is diff]5ce1 p]t95tly rem>ks1 ,x is op5 to a man 9 a ,ph>isaic mood to ?ank ,god t 8 cranial type is f> remov$ f ! infantile4 ,x is equally op5 to woman 9 su* a mood to be ?ankful t h] cranial type does n approa* ! s5ile4#ie ,b mu* /ress z has be5 laid on physical p[]1 heal? & cranial capacity1 z det]m9+ factors ( intellectual capacity & sexual diff]5ces1 f> great] /ress has be5 laid on conclusions d$ucible f ! relative bra9 weights ( diff]5t classes ( p z well z ( diff]5t sexes4 ,x 0 assum$ t by a critical /udy ( ! bra91 by c>eful weigh+s ( _m bra9s ( bo? sexes & ( _m races1 x w\ld be easy to secure conclusive evid5ce t ! size & weight ( ! bra9 increase ) ! am\nt ( intellig5ce ( ! individual4 ,x 0 also assum$ t function n only makes ! organ1 b also develops x4 ,bra9 became synonym\s ) m9d4 ,a l>ge bra9 impli$ vigor ( ?\ght2 a small bra9 0 evid5ce ( m5tal inf]iority4 ,physiology _h demon/rat$ unque/ionably t ! muscles ( ! body are enl>g$ by ex]cise4 ,x 0 assum$ by ^? :o are wont to measure m9d 9 t]ms ( matt] t ! bra91 be+ ! organ ( ?\ght1 0 also develop$ by ex]cise4 ,x 0 also assum$ t ! developm5t ( ! bra9 0 9 a direct ratio to its activity4 ,! great] its activity ! great] its mass1 & ! great] ! mass ! great] ! degree ( intellig5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 x 0 assum$ t !re 0 an exact & inv>iable proportion betwe5 weight ( bra9 & am\nt ( bra9 p[]4 ,none ( ! !ories :i* h already be5 adv]t$ to h be5 s full ( assumptions & prejudices or vitiat$ by s _m fallacies & ov]-ha/y g5]alizations z ?is4 ,no subject has possess$ a great] fasc9ation = an?ropologi/s1 & no subject has be5 prolific 9 m div]se & conflict+ conclusions4 ,_m m5 ( sci5ce :o1 9 o!r matt]s1 7 not$ = _! c>e 9 weigh+ evid5ce1 be=e =mulat+ !ories1 completely lo/ ! sci5tific _s :5 !y began to weigh bra9s & to draw conclusions respect+ ! relations ( bra9 weight & m5tal p[]1 & to e/abli% ratios betwe5 ! "* ( ! convolutions ( ! organ ( ?\ght & ! degree ( intellig5ce ( its possessor4 ,contr>y to :at is g5]ally believ$1 a l>ge bra9 is n always an indication ( sup]ior capacity or intellig5ce4 ,!re h be51 x is true1 a numb] ( m5 ( g5ius :o 7 ! possessors ( l>ge bra9s1 b !re h also be5 o!rs ^: bra9s 7 ( b m$ium weight4 ,! l>ge/ kn[n bra9s ( intellectual work]s 7 ^? ( ,cuvi]1 ! not$ zoologi/1 & ,turg5ieff1 ! di/+ui%$ noveli/4 ,! bra9 ( ! ,fr5*man weigh$ #ahcj grams1 :ile t ( ! ,russian total$ #bjab grams4 ,among o!r l>ge bra9s--ev5 l>g] ?an ,cuvi]'s--7 ^? ( a bricklay]1 :i* weigh$ #aijj grams1 & ( an ord9>y labor]1 :i* rea*$ #aibd grams4 ,! l>ge/ bra9s on record 7 t ( an ignorant labor] nam$ ,ru/an1 :i* weigh$ #bbbb grams2 t ( a weak-m9d$ ,london newsboy1 :i* weigh$ #bbfh grams1 & t ( a tw5ty-"o-ye>-old epileptic idiot1 :i* _h ! unhe>d ( weight ( #bhej grams4#if ,! sev5 l>ge/ record$ female bra9s 7 ?ree weigh+ #aehj grams ea*1 "o ( :i* belong$ to a m$ical /ud5t ( m>k$ ability1 :ile ! o!r two belong$ to q undi/+ui%$ wom54 ,!re 7 two o!rs weigh+ #aehg ea*1 "o ( :i* belong$ to an insane woman4 ,/ill heavi] ?an ^! by f> 7 ! bra9s ( an insane woman :o di$ ( consumption1 & ( a dw>f$ ,indian squaw4 ,! bra9 ( ! fir/ weigh$ #agdb grams2 :ile t ( ! second 0 no less ?an #bjhd grams4 ,f ! =ego+ examples x is evid5t t a l>ge bra9 is f> f be+ a c]ta9 index ( m5tal capacity or ( sup]ior intellig5ce4 ,x is frequ5tly ! v rev]se4 ,if1 = in/ance1 x fail to receive ! necess>y supply ( blood1 x w be in]t or disord]$ & w prove to be a dang]\s possession r ?an a preci\s end[m5t4 ,epileptics usually h bra9s t are l>ge relatively to ! size ( ! body4 ,&1 :ile x is probably true t ! great ?9k]s & m5 ( action ( ! _w h1 9 mo/ in/ances1 _h comp>atively l>ge bra9s1 x is also true t ! bra9 weights ( b few ( !m exce$$ #aejj grams1 :ile ^? ( _m fall bel[ #abjj grams4 ,?us ! bra9 ( ,gambetta1 ! =emo/ ,fr5*man ( 8 "t1 weigh$ only #aaei grams1 :ile ! weight ( ! bra9 ( ,napoleon ,i 0 #aejb grams--b>ely equal to t ( a negro describ$ by ! an?ropologi/ ,broca1 & b little sup]ior to t ( a ,hott5tot m5tion$ by ,dr4 ,jeffries ,wyman4#ig ,! late ,dr4 ,joseph ,simms f\nd ! av]age bra9 weight ( sixty p]sons :o 7 ei!r imbeciles1 idiots1 crim9als or m5 ( ord9>y m9d to be #agib grams1 :ile t ( sixty fam\s m5 0 #aded grams1 a diff]5ce 9 favor ( m5 n not$ = intellectual greatness ( #cch grams4 ,^! figures are f> f %[+ t l>ge bra9s are a necess>y concomitant ( m5tal capacity4 ,9 view ( ^! & _m simil> facts1 we are n surpris$ t ! em95t ,g]man anatomi/ & an?ropologi/1 ,rudolph ,wagn]1 %\ld decl>e t v intellig5t m5 d n diff] /rik+ly 9 bra9 weight f less gift$ m51 & t ! not$ ,fr5* physician1 ,esquirol1 %\ld ass]t t no size or =m ( head or bra9 is incid5t to idiocy or sup]ior tal5t4 ,s f> z civiliz$ races are conc]n$1 !re c be no d\bt t ! absolute weight ( ! male is great] ?an t ( ! female bra94 ,accord+ to ! inve/igations ( sev5 ( ! mo/ notable an?ropologi/s1 :o h giv5 special att5tion to ! subject "u consid]ation1 & :o1 collectively1 h c>efully weigh$ _m ?\s&s ( bra9s1 ! av]age bra9 weight ( m5 9 ,europe is #acha grams1 :ile t ( wom5 is #abcg grams4 ,?is %[s a diff]5ce betwe5 ! av]age weight ( ! bra9 9 man & woman ( #add grams4 ,b1 if x mu/ be conc$$ t ! absolute weight ( man's bra9 is great] ?an woman's1 is x likewise true t ! relative weight is great]8 ,?is is a "q :i* dem&s an answ]1 z x is impossible to come to any j conclusion respect+ ! intellectual capacity ( woman express$ 9 t]ms ( bra9 weight1 unless we c affirm ) c]ta9ty t m5's bra9s are relatively1 z well z absolutely1 l>g] ?an ^? ( wom54 ,speak+ ( ! relative weight ( bra9 9 man implies a t]m ( comp>ison4 ,sev]al me?ods ( e/imat+ ! sexual proportions ( bra9 mass h be5 sugge/$1 b only two ( !m h met ) any favor4 ,^! are det]m9+ ! ratio ( bra9 weight to body weight or body height4 ,accord+ to ! inve/igations ( an?ropologi/s ( ackn[l$g$ au?ority1 ! av]age bra9 weight ( woman is to t ( man 9 ,engl& & ,france z #ij is to #ajj4 ,! av]age /ature ( m5 & wom5 9 ! same c\ntries is z #ic to #ajj4 ,?is gives man an excess ( bra9 weight ov] t ( woman ( some?+ m ?an an ounce4 ,b ?is slight diff]5ce 9 weight has be5 consid]$ suffici5t to con/itute x a fundam5tal sexual di/9ction4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x is consid]$ t m5 are n only tall] b also l>g] ?an wom51 ?is app>5t advantage ( an ounce 9 favor ( ! male entirely disappe>s1 & ! result is t ! relative am\nt ( bra9 mass 9 ! two sexes is practically equal4 ,because ( ! manife/ inaccuracy ( ! /ature crit]ion1 _m em95t an?ropologi/s h prep>$ to e/imate sexual diff]5ces 9 bra9 weight by adopt+ ! me?od bas$ on ! ratio ( bra9 mass to body weight4 ,accord+ to ?is me?od1 wom5 are f\nd to possess bra9s :i* are equal to or ev5 some:at l>g] ?an ^? ( m54 ,if ! comp>ative excess ( non-vital tissue 9 ! =m ( fat 9 woman be elim9at$ & e/imates be bas$ only on ! active organic mass ( h] body1 z comp>$ ) ! same mass 9 man1 ! excess ( bra9 weight 9 woman ov] t 9 man w be /ill m m>k$4 ,a c>eful /udy1 !n1 ( ! bra9 z a :ole1 f> f prov+ woman's inf]iority to man1 r proves h] sup]iority4 ,! same may be said reg>d+ sexual di/9ctions bas$ on c]ta9 p>ts ( ! bra94 ,"s ye>s ago x 0 positively ass]t$ t ! developm5t ( ! frontal lobe exhibit$ a pron\nc$ diff]5ce 9 ! two sexes4 ,x 0 said to be mu* great] 9 man ?an 9 woman & 0 reg>d$ z a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! male sex4 ,?is 0 9 keep+ ) ! g5]ally accept$ assumption t ?is portion ( ! bra9 is ! seat ( ! high] intellectual processes4 ,fur!r inve/igation1 h[ev]1 %[$ t !re 0 practically no sexual diff]5ce 9 ! frontal lobe ( ! bra91 or1 if !re 0 a diff]5ce1 x 0 probably 9 favor ( woman4 ,x has also become recogniz$ t !re is no valid reason = consid]+ ! ant]ior portion ( ! bra9 z ! seat ( ! high] m5tal functions4 ,x is possible1 b 9 ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce x c nei!r be affirm$ nor d5i$4 ,s f> z our pres5t k goes1 x seems m likely t ! :ole ( ! bra91 especially ! s5sori-motor regions ( its middle "p1 h a "p 9 m5tal op]ations4 ,at all ev5ts1 x c c]ta9ly be affirm$ t ,hus*ke's di/9ction ( man & woman into homo frontalis et homo p>ietalis is utt]ly devoid ( f\ndation 9 fact4 ,_m an?ropologi/s h fanci$ t a c]ta9 index ( ! degree ( intellig5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! convolutions ( ! bra94 ,! tortu\s fold+s ( ! female bra91 x is ass]t$1 are less ample1 less pron\nc$ & less beautiful4 ,behold1 !y exclaim1 a mo/ positive evid5ce ( inf]iority4 ,^! m5 ov]look ! fact t c]ta9 animals1 notably ! elephant & div]s species ( cetaceans1 h c]ebral convolutions t are m complex ?an ^? ( man4 ,if1 !n1 bra9 convolutions 71 z claim$1 a c]ta9 index ( ! degree ( intellig5ce1 ! :ale or ! elephant1 & n man--pace ,%akespe>e--w\ld be ! p>agon ( animals4 ,b m5 ( sci5ce are by no means at "o on ?is alleg$ sexual diff]5ce 9 bra9 convolutions4 ,on ! contr>y1 !re are _m em95t physiologi/s & anatomi/s :o cont5d t ! sup]ficies ( bra9 convolutions 9 wom5 is relatively great] ?an 9 m54 ,= ^? :o believe--& !y are probably ! majority at pres5t--t ! seat ( m5tal activity is 9 ! gray matt] ( ! bra91 ?is great] bra9 surface1 due to its convolutions1 w\ld be a decid$ comp5sation = woman's relatively small] bra9 volume4#ih ,9 :atev] way1 !n1 we consid] ! bra9s ( m5 & wom51 :e!r we comp>e ! ratio ( bra9 weight to height ( body or to weight ( body1 or comp>e ! relative am\nts ( gray matt] 9 ! two sexes1 ! advantage1 9 spite ( h] small] body1 is di/9ctly 9 favor ( woman4 ,f ! prec$+ consid]ations x seems cle> t !re is no gr\nd f ! po9t ( view ( bra9 anatomy = consid]+ "o sex z sup]ior to ! o!r4 ,!y ev9ce1 too1 t quality z well z quantity ( bra9 tissue mu/ be consid]$ 9 all our discussions on ! relations betwe5 ! volume ( bra9 & ! intellig5ce ( its possessor4 ,:ales & elephants h mu* l>g] bra9s ?an m51 b !y nev]!less /& f> bel[ him 9 intellig5ce4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$1 also1 t ! bra9 is n only an organ ( m5tal function4 ,x is likewise ! c5t] ( ! entire n]v\s sy/em1 & its volume1 !re=e1 mu/ correspond ) ! size & numb] ( n]ve trunks "u its control4 ,9 man1 z 9 animals1 ! bra9 elem5ts are to a great ext5t b s5sori-motor delegates ^: function is ! regulation & gov]nm5t ( e "p ( ! body4 ,! sup]ior size ( ! :ale's bra91 z comp>$ ) t ( man1 c readily be und]/ood :5 we reflect on ! mu* great] am\nt ( t]ritory :i* ^! s5sori-motor delegates repres5t4 ,:5 ?is fact is borne 9 m9d x w be f\nd t ! :ale's bra91 relatively to t ( man1 is extremely small4 ,= :ile ! ratio ( man's bra9 weight to t ( 8 body is z #a to #cf1 ! ratio ( ! :ale's bra9 weight to its imm5se body is b #a to #c1jjj4 ,z an evid5ce t quality (t5 c\nts = m ?an quantity1 bra9 anatomi/s w\ld d well to reflect on ! m>vel\s intellig5ce display$ by ants & t]mites1 ^? mites ( animat$ nature :i* s excit$ ! admiration ( ! naturali/ ,pl9y & caus$ ,d>w9 to decl>e1 ,! bra9 ( an ant is "o ( ! mo/ m>vel\s atoms ( matt] 9 ! _w1 p]haps m s ?an ! bra9 ( man4#ii ,moreov]1 :5 discuss+ ! relative bra9 weights ( ! two sexes1 we mu/ n lose sight ( ! fact t we h1 ) ! solit>y exception ( ! em95t ,russian ma!matician1 ,sonya ,kovalevsky1#ajj no record ( ! bra9 weights ( any em95tly intellectual woman4 ,! bra9s ( scores ( m5 ( g5ius & exceptional m5tality h be5 weigh$1 b we are utt]ly ignorant ( ! weight ( bra9 ( su* wom5 z ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 ,madame de ,/ael1 ,m>ia ,!resa1 ,sophie ,g]ma91 ,george ,s&1 ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 ,george ,eliot1 ,eleanor ,orm]od1 ,m>y ,som]ville1 & o!rs ( ! same calib]4 ,! only data s f> available1 reg>d+ ! av]age bra9 weight ( wom51 are su* z h be5 obta9$ f ! inmates ( hospitals1 prisons & paup] in/itutions4 ,& yet we are ask$ to accept ! av]age bas$ on su* data z a fair t]m ( comp>ison ) ! av]age male bra9 weight z increas$ by ! sup]ior weight ( bra9 ( su* m5 z ,cuvi] & ,turg5ieff4 ,& ?is is call$ sci5ce6#aja ,! attempt1 !n1 to prove by weigh+ & measur+ & /udy+ bra9s t man is ! intellectual sup]ior ( woman has be5 an ignom9i\s failure4 ,! old belief t woman is by nature & c]ebral organization less intellig5t ?an man is n borne out by ! inve/igations ( ^? be/ qualifi$ to pron\nce an op9ion on ! subject4 ,to ass]t1 z s _m d1 t woman 0 creat$ man's intellectual inf]ior is begg+ ! "q4 ,sci5ce c adduce no pro( ( su* a gratuit\s /atem5t4 ,broca1 ! mo/ em95t ( ,fr5* an?ropologi/s1 reg>d$ z an absurdity ! attempt to e/abli% a necess>y relation betwe5 ! developm5t ( intellig5ce & ! volume & weight ( ! encephalon4 ,) ! ripe k ( 8 mature ye>s he 0 incl9$ to believe t ! app>5t diff]5ce 9 intellig5ce 9 ! two sexes 0 ow+1 n to a diff]5ce ( bra9 organization1 b r to a diff]5ce ( education1 physical z well z m5tal1 & t1 ) equal opportunities = intellectual & physical developm5t1 ! pres5t sexual diff]5ces t we h be5 consid]+--diff]5ces :i* are due n to nature b to ! long ages ( re/ra9t & subjection "u :i* wom5 h liv$--w\ld gradually be less5$1 & t m5 & wom5 w\ld ev5tually approa* t equality :i* *>act]izes !m 9 ! /ate ( nature4#ajb ,realiz+ ! impossibility ( arriv+1 by ! /udy ( bra9 sizes & /ructure1 at any satisfactory conclusion respect+ ! relative intellectual capacities ( m5 & wom51 seek]s aft] tru? ca/ ab\t = o!r me?ods t 7 free f ! errors & fallacies ( ^? :i* _h prov$ s unreliable4 ,! attempt to base ! alleg$ m5tal inf]iority ( woman ^u ! facial angle ( ,camp]1 ! metafacial angle ( ,s]res1 ! crani(acial angle ( ,huxley1 ! sph5oidal angle ( ,welck]1 or ! nasobasal angle ( ,vir*[ _h issu$ 9 utt] failure1 & _h prov$ = ! ?\s&? "t t x is easi] to =mulate !ories ?an to e/abli% _! validity4 ,x 0 evid5t1 not)/&+ ! ass]tions ( c]ta9 mat]iali/ic !ori/s1 t ! bra9 did n secrete ?\ght z ! liv] secretes bile2 x 0 evid5t1 too1 t intellig5ce c\ld n be e/imat$ 9 t]ms ( any k9d ( me*anical units4 ,psy*o-physiologi/s _h no sort ( dynamomet] = measur+ bra9 p[] z !y w\ld measure muscul> en]gy4 ,by means ( ! ple?ysmograph !y might det]m9e ! am\nt ( blood s5t to ! bra9 9 a giv5 "t1 b !y _h no psy*omet] ( any description :i* w\ld enable !m to e/imate ! quantity1 mu* less ! quality1 ( psy*ic =ce su* a blood supply 0 compet5t to produce4 ,_m1 ( c\rse1 /ill rema9$ adh]5ts ( ! old view t woman mu/ ev] rema9 ! m5tal inf]ior ( man because %e is by nature physically weak]4 ,^! p]sons1 h[ev]1 seem$ to lose sight ( ! fact t wom5 :o lead a rational life--:o are n ! slaves ( fa%ion or ! victims ( luxury--h little to compla9 ( on ! score ( physical weakness4 ,?is is evid5c$ by ! life & habits ( ! wom5 ( ! p1 z well z by ! tasks p]=m$ by wom5 among savage tribes1 :o 9 heal? & /r5g? are little1 if at all1 inf]ior to _! male companions4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 ref]r+ to ?is subject1 exhibit$ 8 usual acum5 & sanity 9 su* matt]s :5 he indit$ ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,we h he>d a great deal lately ab\t ! physical disabilities ( wom54 ,"s ( ^! alleg$ imp$im5ts1 no d\bt1 are really inh]5t 9 _! organization1 b n9e-t5?s ( !m are artificial--! products ( _! mode ( life4 ,i believe t no?+ w\ld t5d s effectually to get rid ( ^! creations ( idl5ess1 we>9ess & t 'ov]-/imulation ( ! emotions' :i* 9 pla9] spok5 days us$ to be call$ wantonness1 ?an a fair %>e ( heal?y "w1 direct$ t[>d a def9ite object1 comb9$ ) an equally fair %>e ( heal?y play1 dur+ ! ye>s ( adolesc5ce2 & ^? :o are be/ acqua9t$ ) ! acquirem5ts ( an av]age m$ical practition] w f9d x h>de/ to believe t ! attempt to rea* t /&>d is l to prove exhau/+ to an ord9>ily intellig5t & well-educat$ woman4#ajc ,sub/antially ! same views are held by ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,fawcett & ,dr4 ,m>y ,putnam ,jacobi1 ^: r>e exp]i5ce & k give _! op9ions on ! subject "u consid]ation special weight & value4 ,aft] m5 ( sci5ce _h tri$ ! v>i\s !ories above enum]at$ & f\nd !m want+1 !y f9ally be?\ght !mselves ( inve/igat+ ! relative intellectual /&+ ( male & female /ud5ts 9 co$ucational in/itutions1 & inquir+ into _! comp>ative capacity = diff]5t bran*es ( k1 z made kn[n by _! pr(essors & by ! results ( oral & writt5 exam9ations4 ,consid]+ ! simplicity ( ?is me?od & ! fact t x is ! m rational way to rea* reliable conclusions1 ! wond] is t x 0 n ?\ght ( soon]4 ,x excludes ! bias ( prepossessions & preconceiv$ !ories & l5ds itself to ! discussion ( results bas$ on inconte/able facts4 ,! fir/ co$ucational in/itution 9 :i* ! intellectual capacity ( wom51 9 competition ) m51 0 fairly te/$ 01 /range to say1 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce = ,irel&4 ,?is 0 some:at m ?an half a c5tury ago4 ,:5 ! "t ( exam9ations came1 bo? ! m5 & wom5 /ud5ts 7 h&$ ! same exam9ation pap]s4 ,at ! public di/ribution ( prizes1 at ! close ( ! session1 ! ladies1 9 ! words ( a ,dubl9 pap]1 v9dicat$ ! g5ius ( _! sex by c>ry+ (f ! highe/ prizes4 ,9 zoology1 botany1 physics1 *emi/ry & ma!matics !y prov$ !mselves ! pe]s1 & frequ5tly ! sup]iors1 ( _! male competitors4 ,! success ( ! female /ud5ts di/urb$1 ( c\rse1 v mu* ! preconceiv$ notions ( "s p1 :o _h always tak5 = grant$ t ! female intellect 0 inf]ior to ! male2 &1 n be+ able to combat ! /ubborn facts t appe>$ f "t to "t 9 ! newspap]s1 :5 ! results ( ! exam9ations 7 publi%$1 !y tri$ to acc\nt = !m4#ajd ,^! cavill]s1 h[ev]1 soon discov]$ t !re 0 no way ( acc\nt+ = ! disconc]t+ fact :i* confront$ !m1 except by confess+ t _! !ory reg>d+ ! m5tal inf]iority ( wom5 0 n sub/antiat$ by fact4 ,?is unexpect$ dem& = ! unconditional surr5d] ( _! long-*]i%$ !ory ( male sup]iority 0 a cru%+ & humiliat+ bl[ to _! pride ( intellect1 b !re 0 no rem$y = x1 nor 0 x accompani$ by any balm ( consolation t !y1 at ! "t1 felt dispos$ to reg>d z adequate comp5sation = _! lo/ pre/ige--a pre/ige :i* _! ov]we5+ sex _h claim$ f "t immemorial4 ,simil> exp]im5ts "u ev5 m try+ conditions 7 subsequ5tly made 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 & ev]y:]e ) ! same results4 ,9 ! univ]sities ( ,switz]l&1 ,france1 ,engl&1 ,g]many & ,russia wom51 :5 giv5 a fair opportunity1 7 able to demon/rate to ! satisfaction ( all unprejudic$ judges t ! long-vaunt$ sup]iority ( ! male intellect 0 a my?2 t intellig5ce1 l g5ius1 has no sex4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ & compreh5sive inve/igations ev] und]tak5 reg>d+ ?is long-debat$ "q 0 made "s ye>s ago by ,ar?ur ,kir*h(f1 an ent]pris+ ,g]man j\rnali/4#aje ,x consi/$ 9 collect+ & collaborat+ ! op9ions ( m ?an a hundr$ ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(essors ( ! ,fa!rl&1 besides ! op9ions ( a numb] ( em95t writ]s & tea*]s 9 girls' high s*ools4 ,^! con/itute a volume ( ne>ly f\r hundr$ pages1 & embody ! views on ! capacity ( woman = sci5ce ( pr(essors ( !ology1 jurisprud5ce1 anatomy1 physiology1 surg]y1 psy*ology1 hi/ory1 gynecology1 psy*iatry1 philology1 philosophy1 art1 ma!matics1 physics1 a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 zoology1 botany1 geology1 paleontology & te*nology4 ,! inve/igation1 inde$1 cov]$ e bran* ( k & evok$ ! delib]ate views ( ^? :o 7 look$ ^u z ! lead+ repres5tatives ( ,g]man ?\ght & culture4 ,?is book possesses a special value f ! fact t1 ( all peoples 9 ,europe1 ! ,g]mans h be5 ! mo/ refractory to ! claims ( wom5 to be receiv$ at ! univ]sities on ! same foot+ z m54 ,! ,g]man pr(essors1 naturally1 %>e ! cons]vatism ( _! c\ntrym51 &1 l !m1 are w$d$ to r\t9e :5 !re is "q ( introduc+ innovations into _! social1 political or educational sy/ems4 ,"o w\ld anticipate1 !n1 t1 :5 call$ ^u to give _! hone/ op9ions respect+ ! intellectual capacity ( wom51 z comp>$ ) t ( m51 _! answ] w\ld be decid$ly 9 favor ( ! /]n] sex4 ,=1 !y w ask1 h n all ! a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce :i* h giv5 ! ,fa!rl& su* pre/ige 9 ! eyes ( ! _w be5 due entirely to m58 ,h ! wom5 ( ,g]many ev] und]tak5 ! solution ( any great sci5tific problem1 or h !y ev] made any notable contribution to sci5tific advancem5t8 ,!y h n4 ,yet1 not)/&+ all ^! facts1 not)/&+ all traditions & prejudices & social bias1 ! unexpect$ has happ5$1 ev5 9 cons]vative1 old-fa%ion$ ,g]many4 ,! ,g]man pr(essor may be t5aci\s ( preconceiv$ views2 he may be a /ickl] = anci5t cu/oms & usages2 nev]!less1 :5 he is call$ ^u to give a "q a categorical answ] :i* c be arriv$ at by obs]vation or exp]im5t1 he may g5]ally1 9 spite ( 8 likes or dislikes1 be c\nt$ on to give a decision 9 accord ) ! pr9ciples ( legitimate induction4 ,he may h 8 prejudices--& :o has n8--b1 :5 "o appeals to him 9 ! "n ( sci5ce & ju/ice1 he w r>ely be f\nd want+4 ,reg>dless ( all p]sonal consid]ation1 he w feel t loyalty to sci5ce1 ( :i* he is ! av[$ devotee1 requires him to consid] a "q propos$ to him z he w\ld a sci5tific problem--some?+ to be decid$ solely by su* evid5ce z may be available4 ,to ! exce$+ gratification ( ! believ]s 9 ! intellectual equality ( ! sexes1 ?is prov$ to be ! case 9 ,h]r ,kir*h(f's inve/igation4 ,! answ]s ( ! ,g]man pr(essors1 contr>y to :at mo/ p w\ld h anticipat$1 71 by a surpris+ majority1 9 favor ( wom54 ,b _! answ]s 7 9 keep+ ) ! *ang$ educational conditions 9 ,g]many1 z well z 9 o!r p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,_h ,h]r ,kir*h(f und]tak5 8 inve/igation a few decades e>li]1 ! result w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 diff]5t1 = wom5 7 !n exclud$ f ! univ]sities & ! pr(essors _h n _h an opportunity ( accurately te/+ _! intellectual capacities4 ,b hav+1 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 _h !m z /ud5ts 9 _! lecture halls & laboratories1 :]e !y 7 able to /udy _! m5tal p[]s & det]m9e ! value ( _! "w by /rict sci5tific me?ods1 !y 7 9 a bett] position to express an op9ion on ! "q at issue ?an w\ld1 a few ye>s previ\sly1 h be5 possible4 ,accord+ly1 ev5 ! decl>$ enemies ( ! woman's movem5t among ! ,g]man pr(essorate 7 =c$ to admit ! intellectual equality ( ! two sexes4 ,= !y1 too1 z well z m5 ( sci5ce 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 _h be5 measur+ skulls & weigh+ bra9s2 !y1 too1 _h be5 /udy+ woman's m5tal calib] 9 ! light ( ! new psy*ology2 !y1 too1 _h be5 wat*+ h] "w 9 ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( ! univ]sity2 &1 not)/&+ all _! obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 !y 7 unable to detect any diff]5ce betwe5 m5 & wom5 9 bra9 organization or 9 intellectual capacity4 ,&1 z might h be5 =ese51 results h>moniz$ p]fectly ) ^? arriv$ at by inve/igators 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w--namely1 t 9 ?+s ( ! m9d !re is p]fect sexual equality4 ,among ! hundr$ & m pr(essors ^: op9ions are giv5 9 ,h]r ,kir*h(f's book !re 71 ( c\rse1 a few :o 7 n prep>$ to subscribe to ! f9d+s ( ! great majority ( _! colleagues4 ,b ! reasons !y assign = diss5t 71 at lea/ 9 "s in/ances1 little bett] f\nd$ ?an t ( a c]ta9 pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,g5eva1 :o1 a few ye>s ago1 gravely decl>$ t wom5 h no aptitude = sci5ce because1 =soo?1 9 *emical manipulations !y break m te/-tubes ?an m54 ,v]ily1 a ,daniel come to judgm5t4 ,:at probably m deeply impress$ ! ,g]man pr(essors ?an any?+ else 0 ! m>k$ tal5t & ta/e ( _m ( ! wom5 /ud5ts = ! ab/ract sci5ces1 especially = ! high] ma!matics4 ,= x _h always be5 ass]t$ t ^! bran*es ( k 7 beyond woman's capacity & t %e _h an in/9ctive antipa?y = ab/ruse reason+ & = ab/ractions ( all k9ds4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y discov]$ wom5 ^: delight 0 to discuss ! !ory ( elliptic functions or curves def9$ by diff]5tial equations2 :5 !y f\nd a ma!matical g5ius l ,sonya ,kovalevsky speculat+ on ! f\r? dim5sion1 & c>ry+ away f ! ma!maticians ( ! _w ! mo/ covet$ prize ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 !y 7 =c$ to confess t ano!r ( _! illusions 0 dissipat$1 & to ackn[l$ge t !y _h no long] any?+ on :i* to base _! long & fondly *]i%$ op9ion ( ! m5tal inequality ( ! sexes4 ,z an evid5ce ( ! extraord9>y *ange t _h be5 effect$ among ! cons]vative ,g]mans 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s respect+ _! attitude t[>d ! admission ( ! ,academic ,woman to ! univ]sities1 &1 consequ5tly1 t[>d h] intellectual capacity1 x w suffice to reproduce a s5t5ce f ! elaborately express$ op9ion ( ,dr4 ,julius ,b]n/e91 pr(essor ( physiology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,halle4 ,aft] reflection on ! subject1 he decl>es1 ,i am conv9c$ t nei!r ,god nor religion1 nei!r cu/om nor law1 & /ill less sci5ce1 w>rants "o 9 ma9ta9+ any ess5tial diff]5ce 9 ?is respect betwe5 ! male & ! female sex4#ajf ,! controv]sy ( c5turies reg>d+ woman's intellectual capacity 0 n[ virtually settl$ beyond all p]adv5ture4 ,woman _h conqu]$1 & h] f9al victory _h be5 won 9 ! he>t ( ! enemy's c\ntry1 yea1 ev5 9 :at 0 ?\ght to be ! impregnable =tress ( h] rel5tless foes4 ,x 0 a*iev$ :]e ! pr\d ,teuton male _h imag9$ t he 0 unapproa*able & beyond comp>e--9 ! laboratories & lecture rooms ( 8 great univ]sities--m irresi/ible1 9 8 e/imation1 ?an ! ,kais]'s tra9$ legions 9 battle array4 ,x f9ally dawn$ ^u ! lead]s ( ?\ght 9 ! ,fa!rl&1 z x _h b %ortly be=e dawn$ ^u philosoph]s & m5 ( sci5ce 9 o!r l&s1 t ! reput$ sexual diff]5ce 9 intellig5ce 0 n due to diff]5ce 9 bra9 size or bra9 /ructure1 or innate p[] ( intellect1 b r to "s o!r factors :i* _h be5 neglect$1 or ov]look$1 z be+ uness5tial or ( m9or importance4 ,^! factors1 on fur!r inve/igation1 prov$ to be education & opportunity4 ,z f> back z #ahfi t ke5 obs]v] & philosoph]1 ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 _h express$ himself on ! subject 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,l ! ,fr5* comp>$ ) ! ,engli%1 ! ,iri% ) ! ,swiss1 ! ,greeks or ,italians comp>$ ) ! ,g]man races1 s wom5 comp>$ ) m5 may be f\nd1 on ! av]age1 to d ! same ?+s ) "s v>iety 9 ! p>ticul> k9d ( excell5ce4 ,b t !y w\ld d !m fully z well1 on ! :ole1 if _! education & cultivation 7 adapt$ to correct+ in/ead ( aggravat+ ! infirmities incid5t to _! temp]am5t1 ,i see n ! smalle/ reason to d\bt4#ajg ,x w\ld be difficult to f9d a bett] illu/ration ( ! sluggi%ness ( ! male z comp>$ ) ! female m9d ?an ! t>d9ess ( m5 ( sci5ce 9 arriv+ at a sane conclusion respect+ ! subject ( ?is *apt]4 ,= five hundr$ ye>s ago ,*ri/9e de ,pisan arriv$ at ! same conclusion :i* ! le>n$ pr(essors ( ,g]many rea*$ only 9 ! la/ decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,discuss+ 9 ,la ,cite des ,dames ! "q at issue %e writes z foll[s3 ,i say to !e aga91 & d\bt nev] ! contr>y1 t if x 7 ! cu/om to put ! little maid5s to ! s*ool1 & !y 7 made to le>n ! sci5ces z !y d to ! m5-*ildr51 t !y %\ld le>n z p]fectly1 & !y %\ld be z well ent]$ into ! subtleties ( all ! arts & sci5ces z m5 be4 ,& p]adv5ture1 !re %\ld be m ( !m1 = ,i h tea*$ h]et(ore t by h[ mu* wom5 h ! body m s(t ?an ! m5 h1 & less able to d div]s ?+s1 by s mu* !y h ! und]/&+ m %>p !re z !y apply x4 ,*ri/9e de ,pisan's /atem5t is virtually a *all5ge dem&+ ! same educational opportunities = wom5 z 7 accord$ to m54 ,b x 0 a *all5ge t m5 did n see fit to accept until full five c5turies _h elaps$1 & until x 0 no long] possible to d5y giv+ satisfaction to ! long-aggriev$ half ( humanity4 ,x 0 also an appeal to exp]im5t & an appeal1 likewise1 to ! tea*+s ( hi/ory 9 l&s :]e wom5 h enjoy$ ! same educational advantages z m54 ,hav+ review$ ! _m disabilities :i* s long ret>d$ woman's intellectual advancem5t1 & consid]$ "s ( ! objections :i* 7 urg$ aga9/ h] capacity = sci5tific pursuits1 we are n[ prep>$ to consid] ! appeal ( ,*ri/9e de ,pisan & deal ) x on its m]its4 ,?is we %all d by a brief survey ( woman's a*ievem5ts 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce 9 :i* %e has be5 accord$ ! same intellectual opportunities t 7 s long ! exclusive privilege ( h] male compe]4 ,,footnotes3 #hi ,an edition ( ?is "w1 bas$ on an old manuscript 9 ,la ,biblio!que ,nationale ( ,p>is1 9 ,fr5*1 is ann\nc$ to appe> 9 ,france at an e>ly date4 ,an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ?is preci\s volume has rec5tly be5 publi%$ by ,mlle4 ,ma?ilde ,laigle1 ,ph4 ,d41 "u ! title ( ,le ,livre de ,trois ,v]tus de ,*ri/9e de ,pisan et son ,milieu ,hi/orique et ,litt]aire4 ,x is to be hop$ t "s ent]pris+ ,engli% publi%] w soon favor u ) a repr9t ( ! qua9t old1 b none ! less valuable1 volume1 ,! ,boke ( ! ,cyte ( ,ladyes4 #ij ,qu&o la g5ialita comp>e nella donna e sempre associata a gr&i anomalie3 e la piu gr&e e la somiglianza coi mas*i--la virilita4 ,l',uomo di ,g5io1 se/a edizione1 p4 #bfa1 ,tor9o1 #ahid4 #ia ,an ,essay on ! ,le>n+1 ,g5ius & ,abilities ( ! ,fair ,sex1 ,prov+ ,!m ,n ,inf]ior to ,man1 p4 #adb1 ,london1 #aggd4 #ib ,s*op5hau]1 ,/udies 9 ,pessimism1 p4 #aae1 ,london1 #ahia4 #ic ,! ,lit]>y ,advantages ( ,weak ,heal?1 9 ! ,spectator = ,octob]1 #ahid4 #id ,! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,*>les ,d>w91 edit$ by 8 son1 ,francis ,d>w91 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #acf1 ,new ,york1 #ahhh4 #ie ,man & ,woman1 p4 #id1 ,london1 #ahih4 #if ,cf4 ,das ,hirngewi*t des ,m5s*51 pp4 #ba & #acg1 by ,!odor ,l4 ,w4 von ,bis*(f1 ,bonn1 #ahhj1 & ,dr4 ,g4 van ,walsem 9 ,neurologis*es ,c5tralblatt1 pp4 #egh-ehj1 ,leipsic1 ,july #a1 #ahii4 #ig ,l',an?ropologie1 pp4 #ccf-ccg1 by ,paul ,top9>d1 ,p>is1 #ahgf4 #ih ,! importance ( gray matt] 9 m5tal processes has evid5tly be5 greatly ov]e/imat$1 = x has be5 f\nd to be ?ick] 9 ! bra9s ( negroes1 murd]]s & ignorant p]sons ?an x 0 9 ! encephalon ( ,daniel ,web/]4 ,x is also mu* ?ick] 9 ! bra9s ( dolph9s1 porpoises & o!r cetaceans ?an x is 9 ! mo/ intellectual ( m54 #ii ,! ,desc5t ( ,man1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ade1 ,london1 #ahga4 #ajj ,! bra9 ( ,sonya ,kovalevsky 0 n weigh$ until x _h be5 f\r ye>s 9 alcohol4 ,pr(4 ,gu/af ,retzius !n wrote an elaborate acc\nt ( x & e/imat$ t its weight1 at ! "t ( ,sonya's dea?1 0 #ache grams4 ,! bra9-weight ( h] illu/ri\s contempor>y1 ,h]mann von ,helmholtz1 0 #addj grams4 ,b :5 ! body-weights ( ^! two em95t ma!maticians are borne 9 m9d--,sonya 0 %ort & sl5d]--x w be se5 t ! relative am\nt ( bra9 tissue 0 great] 9 ! woman ?an 9 ! man4 ,cf4 ,das ,gehirn des ,ma!matik]s ,sonja ,kovalewski 9 ,biologis*e ,unt]su*ung51 von ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,gu/af ,retzius1 pp4 #a-ag1 ,/ockholm1 #aijj4 #aja ,! read] :o desires m detail$ in=mation respect+ ! bra9-weights ( m5 & wom5 ( v>i\s races & ! relation ( bra9-weight to intellig5ce may consult ) pr(it ! foll[+ works & articles3 ,memoires d',an?ropologie de ,paul ,broca1 #e ,vols41 ,p>is1 #ahga-ahhh2 ,alte und ,neue ,gehirn ,probleme neb/ e9] #ajgh ,falle umfass5d5 ,gehirngewi*/ati/ik aus d5 ,kgl4 pa?ologis*-anatomis*5 ,in/itut zu ,mu5*51 von ,w4 ,w4 ,w5dt1 ,mu5*51 #aiji2 ,gehirngewi*t und ,intellig5z1 by ,dr4 ,f4 ,k4 ,walt]1 ,ro/ok1 #aiaa2 ,gehirngewi*t und ,intellig5z1 by ,dr4 ,j4 ,draeseke1 ,hamburg1 9 ,ar*iv fu] ,rass5 und ,gesells*afts ,biologe1 pp4 #dii-ebb1 #aijf2 ,bra9 ,weights & ,intellectual ,capacity1 by ,joseph ,simms1 ,m4 ,d41 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,decemb]1 #ahih1 & ,! ,gr[? ( ! ,bra91 by ,h4 ,h4 ,donaldson1 ,london1 #ahie4 #ajb ,qu& on songe a la diff]5ce qui sep>e de notre temps l'education intellectuelle de l'homme de celle de la femme1 on se dem&e si ce n'e/ pas cette influ5ce qui retrecit le c]vaux et le crane fem99s1 et si1 les deux sexes etant livres a leur spontaneite1 leur c]vaux ne t5drai5t pas a se ressembl]1 aussi qu'il arrive *ez les sauvages4 ,bullet9 de la ,societe d',an?ropologie1 p4 #ejc1 ,p>is1 ,july #c1 #ahgi4 #ajc ,times1 ,london1 ,july #h1 #ahgd4 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,,xvii1 on ,adolesc5t ,girls & ,_! ,education1 9 ,adolesc5ce1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 by ,g4 ,/anley ,hall1 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 #ajd ,! ,/udy ( ,sci5ce by ,wom5 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review = ,m>*1 #ahfi4 #aje ,die ,akademis*e ,frau4 ,guta*t5 h]vorrag5d] ,univ]sitaet5-pr(essor51 ,frau5lehr] und ,s*rift/ell] ueb] die ,befaehigung d] ,frau zum wiss5s*aftli*5 ,/udium & ,b]ufe h]ausgegeb5 von ,ar?ur ,kir*h(f1 ,b]l91 #ahig4 #ajf ,i* komme beim ,na*d5k5 hi]ub] zu d] ,ueb]zeigung1 dass ke9 ,gott und ke9e ,religion1 ke9 ,h]komm5 und ke9 ,gesetz1 ab] eb5s[5ig die ,wiss5s*aft uns das ,re*t erteil51 9 dies] ,beziehung zwis*5 dem mann]li*5 und weibli*5 ,ges*lect e95 pr9cipiell5 ,unt]s*i$ zu /atuir54 ,die ,akademis*e ,frau1 p4 #da4 #ajg ,! ,subjection ( ,wom51 p4 #ia1 ,london1 #aiji4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,ma!matics ,all ab/ract speculations1 all k :i* is dry1 h[ev] useful x may be1 mu/ be ab&on$ to ! labori\s & solid m9d ( man4444 ,= ?is reason wom5 w nev] le>n geometry4 ,9 ^! words ,immanuel ,kant1 m ?an a c5tury ago1 gave expression to an op9ion t _h obta9$ s9ce ! e>lie/ times respect+ ! incapacity ( ! female m9d = ab/ract sci5ce1 & notably = ma!matics4 ,wom51 x 0 av]r$1 c\ld readily assimilate :at is concrete1 b1 l *ildr51 !y h a natural repugnance = ev]y?+ :i* is ab/ract4 ,!y are compet5t to discuss details & to deal ) p>ticul>s1 b become hopelessly lo/ :5 !y attempt to g5]alize or deal ) univ]sals4 ,de ,lam5nais %>es ,kant's op9ion conc]n+ woman's intellectual inf]iority & does n hesitate to express himself on ! subject 9 ! mo/ unequivocal mann]4 ,i h nev]1 he writes1 met a woman :o 0 compet5t to foll[ a c\rse ( reason+ ! half ( a qu>t] ( an h\r--un demi qu>t d'heure4 ,%e has qualities :i* are want+ 9 u1 qualities ( a p>ticul>1 inexpressible *>m2 b1 9 ! matt] ( reason1 logic1 ! p[] to connect ideas1 to en*a9 pr9ciples ( k & p]ceive _! relation%ips1 woman1 ev5 ! mo/ highly gift$1 r>ely atta9s to ! height ( a man ( m$iocre capacity4 ,b x is n only 9 ! pa/ t su* views f\nd acceptance4 ,!y prevail ev5 to-day to almo/ ! same ext5t z dur+ ! ages ( long ago4 ,h[ f> !y h any f\ndation 9 fact c be/ be det]m9$ by a brief survey ( :at woman has a*iev$ 9 ! doma9 ( ma!matics4 ,a!naeus1 a ,greek writ] :o fl\ri%$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #bjj1 tells u 9 8 ,deipnosophi/ae ( sev]al ,greek wom5 :o excell$ 9 ma!matics1 z well z philosophy1 b details are want+ z to _! atta9m5ts 9 ?is bran* ( k4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we may judge f ! numb] ( wom5--p>ticul>ly among ! heta]ae--:o became em95t 9 ! v>i\s s*ools ( philosophy1 especially dur+ ! pre-,*ri/ian era1 we mu/ conclude t _m ( !m 7 well v]s$ 9 geometry & a/ronomy z well z 9 ! g5]al sci5ce ( numb]s4 ,m5agius decl>es t he f\nd no few] ?an sixty-five wom5 philosoph]s m5tion$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! anci5ts#ajh2 &1 judg+ f :at we "k ( ! "* ( ! /udies pursu$ 9 c]ta9 ( ! philosophical s*ools1 especially ^? ( ,plato#aji & ,py?agoras1 & ! en?usiasm :i* wom5 manife/$ 9 e dep>tm5t ( k1 !re c be no d\bt t !y a*iev$ ! same measure ( success 9 ma!matics z 9 philosophy & lit]ature4#aaj ,! fir/ woman ma!matician1 reg>d+ ^: atta9m5ts we h any positive k1 is ! celebrat$ ,hypatia1 a ,neo-platonic philosoph]1 ^: unhappy fate at ! h&s ( an ,alex&rian mob 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! fif? c5tury has giv5 rise to _m leg5ds & romances :i* h contribut$ n a little t[>d obscur+ ! real facts ( h] extraord9>y c>e]4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,!on1 :o 0 di/+ui%$ z a ma!matician & a/ronom] & z a pr(essor 9 ! s*ool ( ,alex&ria1 :i* 0 !n probably ! greate/ seat ( le>n+ 9 ! _w4 ,born ab\t ! ye> #cge ,a4 ,d41 %e at an e>ly age ev9c$ ! possession ( ^? tal5ts t 7 subsequ5tly to r5d] h] s illu/ri\s4 ,s great inde$ 0 h] g5ius & s rapid 0 h] progress 9 ?is bran* ( k "u ! tuition ( h] fa!r t %e soon completely eclips$ h] ma/] 9 8 *os5 specialty4 ,!re is reason to believe--al?\gh ! fact is n def9itely e/abli%$--t %e /udi$ = a :ile 9 ,a!ns 9 ! s*ool ( philosophy conduct$ by ,plut>* ! ,y\ng] & 8 daught] ,asclepig5ia4 ,aft] h] return f ,a!ns1 ,hypatia 0 invit$ by ! magi/rates ( ,alex&ria to tea* ma!matics & philosophy4 ,"h 9 brief "t h] lecture room 0 fill$ by eag] & en?usia/ic /ud5ts f all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w4 ,%e 0 also gift$ ) a high ord] ( eloqu5ce & ) a voice s m>vel\s t x 0 decl>$ to be div9e4 ,reg>d+ h] mu* vaunt$ beauty1 no?+ c]ta9 is kn[n1 z antiquity has bequea!d to u no m$al or /atue by :i* we c\ld =m an e/imate ( h] physical grace4 ,b1 be ?is z x may1 x is c]ta9 t %e comm&$ ! admiration & respect ( all = h] great le>n+1 & t %e bore ! mantle ( sci5ce & philosophy ) s great mode/y & self-confid5ce t %e won all he>ts4 ,a lett] address$ to ,! ,muse1 or to ,! ,philosoph]--,greek3 ,te ,philosopho--0 sure to be deliv]$ to h] at once4 ,small wond]1 !n1 to f9d a ,greek poet indit+ to h] an epigram conta9+ ! foll[+ s5tim5t3 ,:5 ,i see !e & he> ?y ^w ,i !e adore2 x is ! e!real con/ellation ( ! ,virg91 :i* ,i contemplate1 = to ! heav5s ?y :ole life is devot$1 ,o augu/ ,hypatia1 ideal ( eloqu5ce & wisdom's immaculate />4#aaa ,b x 0 z a ma!matician t ,hypatia mo/ excell$4 ,%e taught n only geometry & a/ronomy1 b also ! new sci5ce ( algebra1 :i* _h b a %ort "t be=e be5 introduc$ by ,diophantus4 ,&1 s+ul> to relate1 no fur!r progress 0 made 9 ! ma!matical sci5ces1 z taught by ,hypatia1 until ! "t ( ,newton1 ,leibnitz & ,desc>tes1--m ?an twelve c5turies lat]4 ,hypatia 0 ! au?or ( ?ree works on ma!matics1 all ( :i* h be5 lo/1 or de/roy$ by ! ravages ( "t4 ,"o ( ^! 0 a comm5t>y on ! ,ari?metica ( ,diophantus4 ,! orig9al treatise--or r ! "p :i* has come d[n to u--0 f\nd ab\t ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y1 :i!r x _h probably be5 br\ght aft] ,con/ant9ople _h fall5 into ! possession ( ! ,turks4 ,?is valuable "w1 z annotat$ by ! great ,fr5* ma!maticians ,ba*et & ,f]mat1 gives u a good idea ( ! ext5t ( ,hypatia's atta9m5ts z a ma!matician4 ,ano!r ( ,hypatia's works 0 a treatise on ! ,conic ,sections by ,apollonius ( ,p]ga--surnam$ ,! ,great ,geomet]4 ,next to ,ar*im$es1 he 0 ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ! ,greek geometricians2 & ! la/ f\r books ( 8 conics con/itute ! *ief portions ( ! high] geometry ( ! anci5ts4 ,moreov]1 !y (f] "s elegant geometrical solutions ( problems :i*1 ) all ! res\rces ( our mod]n analytical me?od1 are n )\t difficulty4 ,! great] "p ( ?is preci\s "w has be5 pres]v$ & has engag$ ! att5tion ( sev]al ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( mod]n ma!maticians--among !m ,borelli1 ,viviani1 ,f]mat1 ,b>r[ & o!rs4 ,! fam\s ,engli% a/ronom]1 ,halley1 reg>d$ ?is production ( ,apollonius ( su* importance t he le>n$ ,arabic = ! express purpose ( translat+ x f ! v]sion t _h be5 made into ?is language4 ,a woman :o c\ld a*ieve di/9ction by h] comm5t>ies on su* works z ! ,ari?metica ( ,diophantus1 ( ! ,conic ,sections ( ,apollonius1 & occupy an honor$ place among su* ma!maticians z ,f]mat1 ,borelli1 & ,halley1 mu/ h _h a g5ius = ma!matics1 & we c well believe t ! gl[+ tributes paid by h] contempor>ies to h] extraord9>y p[]s ( intellect 7 fully des]v$4 ,if1 ) ,pascal1 we see 9 ma!matics ! highe/ ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce1 & agree ) him 9 plac+ geomet]s 9 ! fir/ rank ( intellectual pr9ces--pr9ces de l'esprit--we mu/ admit t ,hypatia 0 inde$ exceptionally d[]$ by ,him :om ,plato calls ,! ,great ,geomet]4 ,!re is /ill a ?ird "w ( ?is ill-fat$ woman t des]ves notice--namely1 h] ,a/ronomical ,canon1 :i* dealt ) ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,x is ! g5]al op9ion t ?is 0 b a comm5t>y on ! tables ( ,ptolemy1 9 :i* ev5t x is /ill possible t x may be f\nd incorporat$ 9 ! "w ( h] fa!r1 ,!on1 on ! same subject4 ,9 addition to h] works on a/ronomy & ma!matics1 ,hypatia is cr$it$ ) sev]al inv5tions ( importance1 "s ( :i* are /ill 9 daily use4 ,among ^! are an app>atus = di/ill+ wat]1 ano!r = measur+ ! level ( wat]1 & a ?ird an in/rum5t = det]m9+ ! specific gravity ( liquids--:at we %\ld n[ call an areomet]4 ,besides ^! app>atus1 %e 0 likewise ! inv5tor ( an a/rolabe & a planisph]e4 ,"o ( h] mo/ di/+ui%$ pupils 0 ! em95t ,neo-platoni/ philosoph]1 ,synesius1 :o became ! ,bi%op ( ,ptolemais 9 ! ,p5tapolis ( ,libya4 ,8 lett]s con/itute our *ief s\rce ( in=mation respect+ ?is rem>kable woman4 ,sev5 ( !m are address$ to h]1 & 9 f\r o!rs he makes m5tion ( h]4 ,9 "o ( !m he writes3 ,we h se5 & we h he>d h] :o presides at ! sacr$ my/]ies ( philosophy4 ,9 ano!r he apo/rophizes h] z ,my b5efactress1 my tea*]1--magi/ra--my si/]1 my "m4 ,9 sci5ce ,hypatia 0 among ! wom5 ( antiquity :at ,sappho 0 9 poetry & :at ,aspasia 0 9 philosophy & eloqu5ce--! *iefe/ glory ( h] sex4 ,9 pr(undity ( k & v>iety ( atta9m5ts %e _h few pe]s among h] contempor>ies1 & %e is entitl$ to a conspicu\s place among su* lum9>ies ( sci5ce z ,ptolemy1 ,euclid1 ,apollonius1 ,diophantus & ,hipp>*us4#aab ,x is a matt] ( regret to ! admir]s ( ?is favor$ daught] ( ! ,muses t %e is abs5t f ,raphael's ,s*ool ( ,a!ns2 b1 _h h] a*ievem5ts be5 z well kn[n & appreciat$ 9 8 day z !y are n[1 we c readily believe t ! incomp>able arti/ w\ld h f\nd a place = h] 9 ?is ma/]piece ) ! mat*less =m & features ( 8 belov$ ,=n>9a4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,hypatia ! sci5ce ( ma!matics rema9$ /ation>y = _m long c5turies4 ,outside ( c]ta9 ,moors 9 ,spa91 ! only ma!maticians ( note 9 ,europe1 until ! ,r5aissance1 7 ,g]b]t1 aft]w>d ,pope ,silve/] ,,ii1 & ,leon>do da ,pisa4 ,! fir/ woman to attract special att5tion = h] k ( ma!matics 0 ,heloise1 ! not$ pupil ( ,abel>d4 ,accord+ to ,franciscus ,ambrosius1 :o edit$ ! works ( ,abel>d & ,heloise 9 #afaf1 ! fam\s prioress ( ,! ,p>aclete 0 a prodigy ( le>n+1 = besides hav+ a k ( ,lat91 ,greek & ,hebrew1 :i* 0 some?+ extremely r>e 9 h] "t1 %e 0 also well v]s$ 9 philosophy1 !ology & ma!matics1 & inf]ior 9 ^! bran*es only to ,abel>d himself1 :o 0 probably ! mo/ em95t s*ol> ( 8 age4#aac ,_m ,italian wom51 z we h se5 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 7 not$ = _! pr(ici5cy 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ma!matics4 ,"s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( !m fl\ri%$ dur+ ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies4 ,among ^! 7 ,el5a ,corn>o ,piscopia1 celebrat$ z a l+ui/ z well z a ma!matician2 ,m>ia ,angela ,ard+helli1 translator ( ! ,vegetable ,/atics ( ,/eph5 ,hales2 ,cri/9a ,roccati1 :o taught physics = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s 9 ! ,sci5tific ,in/itute ( ,rovigo1 & ,clelia ,borromeo1 fondly call$ by h] c\ntrym5 gloria ,g5u5sium--! glory ( ! ,g5oese4 ,9 addition to a special tal5t = languages1 %e possess$ s great a capacity = ma!matics & me*anics t no problem 9 ^! sci5ces seem$ to be beyond h] compreh5sion4#aad ,!n !re 0 also ,diamante ,m$aglia1 a ma!matician ( note1 :o wrote a special diss]tation on ! importance ( ma!matics 9 ! curriculum ( /udies = wom51 ,alle matemati*e1 alle matemati*e pre/9o l'op]a loro le donne1 onde non cadano 9 crassi p>alogismi--,to ma!matics1 to ma!matics1 %e cries1 let wom5 devote att5tion = m5tal discipl9e4#aae ,! mo/ illu/ri\s1 by f>1 ( ! wom5 ma!maticians ( ,italy 0 ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 :o 0 born 9 ,milan 9 #agah & di$ !re at ! age ( eighty-"o4 ,at an e>ly age %e exhibit$ r>e intellig5ce & soon di/+ui%$ h]self by h] extraord9>y tal5t = languages4 ,at ! age ( five %e spoke ,fr5* ) ease & correctness1 :ile only six ye>s lat] %e 0 able to translate ,greek into ,lat9 at sight & to speak ! =m] z flu5tly z h] own ,italian4 ,at ! e>ly age ( n9e %e />tl$ ! le>n$ m5 & wom5 ( h] native city by disc\rs+ = an h\r 9 ,lat9 on ! rights ( wom5 to ! /udy ( sci5ce4 ,?is disc\rse--,oratio--0 n1 z usually /at$1 h] own composition1 b a translation f ! ,italian ( a disc\rse writt5 by h] tea*] ( ,lat94 ,t a *ild ( n9e ye>s %\ld speak 9 ! language ( ,cic]o = a full h\r be=e a le>n$ assembly & )\t once los+ ! ?read ( h] disc\rse 01 inde$1 a wond]ful p]=mance1 & we are n surpris$ to le>n t %e 0 reg>d$ by h] c\ntrym5 z an infant prodigy4#aaf ,9 addition to ,italian1 ,fr5*1 ,lat9 & ,greek1 %e 0 acqua9t$ ) ,g]man1 ,spani% & ,hebrew4 ,= ?is reason %e 01 l ,el5a ,corn>o ,piscopia1 ! fam\s ,v5etian ,m9]va1 call$ ,oracolo ,settil+ue--,oracle ( ,sev5 ,languages4#aag ,b x 0 9 ! high] ma!matics t ,m>ia ,gaetana 0 to w9 h] *ief title to fame 9 ! _w ( le>n+4 ,s successful _h %e be5 9 h] prosecution ( ?is bran* ( sci5ce t %e 01 at ! e>ly age ( tw5ty1 able to ent] ^u h] monum5tal "w--,le ,in/ituzioni ,analiti*e--a treatise 9 two l>ge qu>to volumes on ! diff]5tial & integral calculus4 ,to ?is difficult task %e devot$ t5 ye>s ( ardu\s & un9t]rupt$ labor4 ,& if we may cr$it h] biograph]1 %e consecrat$ ! nights z well z ! days to h] h]culean und]tak+4 ,= frequ5tly1 aft] work+ 9 va9 on a difficult problem dur+ ! day1 %e 0 kn[n to b\nd f h] b$ dur+ ! night :ile s\nd asleep &1 l a somnambuli/1 make h] way ?r\gh a long suite ( rooms to h] /udy1 :]e %e wrote out ! solution ( ! problem & !n return$ to h] b$4 ,! foll[+ morn+1 on return+ to h] desk1 %e f\nd1 to h] great surprise1 t :ile asleep %e _h fully solv$ ! problem :i* _h be5 ! subject ( h] m$itations dur+ ! day & ( h] dreams dur+ ! night4 ,c\ld ! psy*iatri/ :o s loves to deal ) obscure m5tal ph5om5a f9d a m int]e/+ case to engage 8 att5tion or "o m wor?y ( ! mo/ c>eful inve/igation8 ,f9ally ,m>ia ,gaetana's opus majus 0 complet$ & giv5 to ! public4 ,x w\ld be impossible to describe ! s5sation x produc$ 9 ! le>n$ _w4 ,ev]ybody talk$ ab\t x2 ev]ybody admir$ ! pr(\nd le>n+ ( ! au?or1 & acclaim$ h]3 ,il port5to del sesso1 unico al ,mondo--! port5t ( h] sex1 unique 9 ! _w4 ,by a s+le ef=t ( h] g5ius %e _h completely demoli%$ t fabric ( false reason+ :i* _h s long be5 appeal$ to z pro( positive ( woman's intellectual inf]iority1 especially 9 ! doma9 ( ab/ract sci5ce4 ,m>ia ,gaetana's victory 0 complete1 & h] victory 0 likewise a victory = h] sex4 ,%e _h demon/rat$ once = all1 & beyond a quirk or quibble1 t wom5 c\ld atta9 to ! highe/ em95ce 9 ma!matics z well z 9 lit]ature1 t supreme excell5ce 9 any dep>tm5t ( k 0 n a "q ( sex b a "q ( education & opportunity1 & t 9 ?+s ( ! m9d !re 0 ess5tially no diff]5ce betwe5 ! male & ! female intellect4 ,! _w saw 9 ,agnesi a wor?y accession to t noble b& ( gift$ wom5 :o c\nt among _! numb] a ,sappho1 a ,cor9na1 an ,aspasia1 a ,hypatia1 a ,paula1 a ,hros)a1 a ,daci]1 an ,isabella ,rosales :o1 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 successfully def5d$ ! mo/ difficult !ological !ses 9 ! pres5ce ( ,paul ,,iii & ! entire college ( c>d9als4 ,& s delight$ 7 ! wom5--especially ^? 9 ,italy--) ! signal triumph ( _! em95t si/] t !y defi$ ! traduc]s ( _! sex--muliebris sapi5tiae inf5sissimis ho/ibus--to cont9ue any long] _! unreasonable campaign aga9/ ! rights ( wom5 :i* 7 bas$ on ! intellectual equality ( ! two sexes4 ,s highly did ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ce value ,agnesi's a*ievem5t t %e w\ld at once h be5 made a memb] ( ?is le>n$ body _h x n be5 aga9/ ! con/itutions to admit a woman to memb]%ip4 ,m4 ,motigny1 "o ( ! committee appo9t$ by ! ,academy to report on ! "w1 9 8 lett] to ! au?or1 among o!r ?+s1 writes3 ,p]mit me1 ,mademoiselle1 to unite my p]sonal homage to ! plaudits ( ! entire ,academy4 ,i h ! pleasure ( mak+ kn[n to my c\ntry an extremely useful "w :i* has long be5 desir$1 & :i* has hi!rto--bo? 9 ,france & 9 ,engl&--exi/$ only 9 outl9e4 ,i d n "k any "w ( ?is k9d :i* is cle>]1 m me?odic or m compreh5sive ?an y\r ,analytical ,in/itutions4 ,!re is none 9 any language :i* c guide m surely1 lead m quickly1 & conduct fur!r ^? :o wi% to advance 9 ! ma!matical sci5ces4 ,i admire p>ticul>ly ! art ) :i* y br+ "u uni=m me?ods ! div]s conclusions scatt]$ among ! works ( geomet]s & rea*$ by me?ods entirely diff]5t4 ,z an indication ( ! exceptional m]it ( ,agnesi's "w1 ev5 long aft] its publication 9 #agdh1 x suffices to /ate t ! second volume ( ! ,in/ituzioni ,analiti*e 0 translat$ into ,fr5* 9 #agge by ,antelmy & annotat$ by ! ,abbe ,bossuet1 a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy & a collaborator ( ,d',alemb]t on ! ma!matical "p ( ! fam\s ,encyclop$ie4 ,a /ill great] pro( ( ! e/imation 9 :i* ,agnesi's "w 0 held by m5 ( sci5ce is ! fact t x 0 translat$ 9 its entirety into ,engli% by ! ,rev4 ,john ,colton1 ,lucasian ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge1 & publi%$ 9 #ahja1 fifty-two ye>s aft] x _h appe>$ 9 ,italian4 ,8 impression ( ! me?ods foll[$ by ! ,milanese savante 0 s favorable t1 9 ! words ( a contempor>y writ]1 x gave rise to 8 v spirit$ resolution ( le>n+ a new language at an advanc$ p]iod ( life1 t he might make himself p]fect ma/] ( !m4#aah ,gratify+1 h[ev]1 z 7 ! tributes ( admiration & appreciation :i* came to ,agnesi f all qu>t]s1 f le>n$ societies1 f em95t ma!maticians1 f sov]eigns--! ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa s5t h] a spl5did diamond r+ & a preci\s cry/al casket bejewel$ ) diamonds--t :i* t\*$ h] mo/ deeply 01 und\bt$ly1 ! recognition :i* %e receiv$ f ! great ,maec5as ( 8 age1 ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 ,z ,c>d9al ,lamb]t9i & ,ar*bi%op ( ,bologna1 he _h tak5 a conspicu\s "p 9 ! honors %[]$ on ,laura ,bassi :5 %e receiv$ h] doctorate1 & 0 specially delight$ :5 %e 0 made pr(essor ( physics 9 8 favor$ univ]sity4 ,be+ himself famili> ) ! high] ma!matics1 he recogniz$ at once ! exceptional m]it ( ,m>ia ,gaetana's "w & %[$ 8 appreciation ( x n only by lett]s & pres5ts1 b also by hav+ h]1 motu proprio1 appo9t$ by ! ,bolognese s5ate z pr(essor ( high] ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,9 advis+ h] ( ?is appo9tm5t1 he writes h] t he _h 9 view ! honor ( ! ,univ]sity 9 :i* he _h always tak5 a special int]e/1 & t ! appo9tm5t c>ri$ ) x no obligation ( ?anks on h] "p b r on 8--*e porta seco *'ella non deve r+razi> ,noi1 ma *e ,noi dobbiamo r+razi> lei4 ,! int]e/ t ?is wise & broad-m9d$ pontiff exhibit$ 9 ! advancem5t ( le>n$ wom5 & ! rew>ds he 0 ev] ready to accord to _! a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce & lit]ature--especially 9 ! cases ( ,laura ,bassi & ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi--is 9 keep+ ) ! policy pursu$ by 8 pr$ecessors1 & acc\nts 9 great measure = t l>ge numb] ( le>n$ wom5 9 ,italy :o1 s9ce ! op5+ ( ! fir/ univ]sities1 h be5 ! glory ( _! sex & c\ntry4 ,b ard5t z 0 ! desire ( ! ,supreme ,pontiff to h ,agnesi occupy ! *air ( ma!matics1 & num]\s z 7 ! appeals ( h] fri5ds & ! memb]s ( ! univ]sity faculty to h h] accept ! appo9tm5t t c>ri$ ) x su* signal honor1 %e c\ld nev] be induc$ to leave h] belov$ ,milan4 ,=1 aft] complet+ h] ma/]piece1 %e resolv$ to retire f ! _w & devote ! re/ ( h] life to ! c>e ( ! poor1 ! sick & ! helpless 9 h] native city4 ,%e did n1 h[ev]1 z is s frequ5tly ass]t$1 ent] ! conv5t & become a nun4#aai ,dur+ _m ye>s aft] h] retirem5t f ! _w1 %e liv$ 9 h] own home1 a "p ( :i* %e _h conv]t$ into a hospital4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifte5 ye>s ( h] life %e _h *>ge ( ! ,pio ,alb]go ,trivulzio--a l>ge in/itution f\nd$ by ,pr9ce ,trivulzio = ! ag$ poor :o 7 )\t home or assi/ance4 ,%e _h devot$ t5 ye>s ( ! fl[] ( h] life to ! writ+ ( h] ,in/ituzioni ,analiti*e--prep>$ prim>ily = ! b5efit ( "o ( h] bro!rs :o _h a ta/e = ma!matics--&1 aft] x 0 f9i%$1 %e ent]$ ^u t long c>e] ( h]oic *>ity :i* 0 t]m9at$ only at h] dea? at ! advanc$ age ( eighty-"o4 ,"o loves to speculate reg>d+ ,m>ia ,gaetana's possible a*ievem5ts if %e _h cont9u$ dur+ ! re/ ( h] life t sci5ce 9 :i*1 dur+ a few %ort ye>s1 %e _h won su* di/9ction4 ,%e _h made h] own ! discov]ies ( ,newton1 ,leibnitz1 ,rob]val1 ,f]mat1 ,desc>tes1 ,riccati1 ,eul]1 ! bro!rs ,b]n\illi1 & _h ma/]$ ! entire sci5ce ( ma!matics !n kn[n4 ,h] p9ions 7 trimm$ = essay+ l(ti] flights ?an any hi!rto attempt$1 & h] intellect 0 prep>$1 z "o ( h] sci5tific fri5ds express$ x1 = fix+ ! limits ( ! inf9ite4 ,b :ile ! _w ( sci5ce 0 /ill s\nd+ h] praises & pr$ict+ = h] /ill great] triumphs 9 ! field ( analysis1 x le>n$ ) surprise & sorr[ t %e _h bid adieu to ^? /udies 9 :i* %e _h a*iev$ su* extraord9>y success1 & _h consecrat$ h] life to ! s]vice ( ! poor & ! afflict$4 ,%e disappe>$ completely f ^? lit]>y & sci5tific reunions :]e %e _h s long be5 ! mo/ conspicu\s figure1 & 0 !nce=? kn[n only z ! m9i/]+ angel ( ! suff]+ & ! ab&on$4 ,= half a c5tury h]s 0 a life ( ! mo/ h]oic *>ity & self-abnegation4 ,v readily1 !re=e1 we c und]/& :y a rec5t repres5tative ( ! sci5tific _w %\ld desire to see h] "n plac$ on ! cal5d> ( sa9ts4#abj ,_h ,agnesi devot$ h] entire life to sci5ce in/ead ( ab&on+ x j :5 %e 0 prep>$ to d h] be/ "w1 %e might to-day be rank$ among su* supreme ma!maticians z ,lagrange1 ,monge1 ,laplace & ! ,b]n\illis1 all ( :om 7 h] contempor>ies4 ,ev5 z x 01 %e has be5 plac$ beside ,c>dan1 ,leibnitz & ,eul] = h] rem>kable p[]s ( analysis ( inf9itesimals1 :ile ! be/ pro( ( ! lit]>y value ( h] ,in/ituzioni ,analiti*e is ! fact t x has be5 select$ by ! fam\s society ,della ,crusca z a te/o di l+ua--a "w consid]$ z a classic ( its k9d & us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! great au?oritative diction>y ( ! ,italian language4 ,b by consecrat+ h]self to *>ity %e probably accompli%$ f> m = humanity & = ! well-be+ ( h] sex ?an if %e _h elect$ to cont9ue h] "w 9 ! high] ma!matics4 ,!re _h be5 _m le>n$ wom5 9 ,italy be=e h] "t & _m s9ce2 _m :o 7 di/+ui%$ z ,hell5i/s1 z ,lat9i/s1 z polyglots1 z ma!maticians--wom5 l ! ,roccati1 ! ,borgh9i1 ! ,brassi1 ! ,ard+helli1 ! ,b>bapiccola1 ! ,cam9] ,turra1 ! ,tambroni2 b ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi surpasses !m all1 n only 9 k1 b z a pot5t influ5ce = ! diffusion ( culture & ! _s ( bro!rhood1 = ! expansion ( b5evol5ce & *>ity1 &1 above all1 = ! elevation ( woman4 ,%e 0 also1 z h] late/ & be/ biograph] beautifully expresses x1 an inspir$ condotti]a :o1 9 ! field ( civility1 anticipat$ ! conque/s ( ^! latt] days4 ,%e 01 inde$1 z h] epitaph in=ms u1 pietate1 doctr9a1 b5efic5tia insignis1 & z su* %e w live 9 ! memory ( our race z long z m5 %all admire g5ius & love virtue4 ,9 ! ye> foll[+ ! publication ( ,agnesi's ,in/ituzioni ,analiti*e 0 record$ ! premature & tragic dea? ( ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* ma!matician1 ! ,m>quise ,emilie du ,*atelet4 ,%e has be5 describ$ z a ?9k] & sci5ti/1 precieuse & p$ant1 b n ! less a coquette--9 %ort1 a woman ( contradictions4#aba ,to mo/ read]s %e is bett] kn[n by reason ( h] liaison ) ,voltaire1 ( :om %e is reg>d$ z a m]e satellite1 ?an = h] "w 9 sci5ce4 ,b %e 0 f> m ?an a satellite t %one by ! light receiv$ f ! sage ( ,f]ney4 ,= !re c be no d\bt t %e 0 a highly gift$ woman :o1 besides hav+ a ?or\gh k ( sev]al languages1 includ+ ,lat91 possess$ a special tal5t = ma!matics4 ,x 0 said ( h] t %e read ,virgil1 ,pope & algebra z o!rs read novels1 & t %e 0 able to multiply n9e figures by n9e o!rs 9 h] head4 ,no less an au?ority ?an ! illu/ri\s ,amp]e decl>$ h] to be a g5ius 9 geometry4 ,among h] tea*]s 9 ma!matics 7 ,clairaut1 ,ko5ig1 ,maup]tuis1 ,p]e ,jaqui] & ,jean ,b]n\illi1 ! imm$iate pr$ecessors ( su* di/+ui%$ ma!maticians z ,monge1 ,lagrange1 d',alemb]t & ,laplace4 ,at h] ,*ateau ( ,cirey1 :]e %e & ,voltaire sp5t _m ye>s toge!r1 %e 0 visit$ by le>n$ m5 f v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,among ^! 0 ! ,italian s*ol>1 ,francisco ,alg>otti1 :o 0 ! au?or ( a "w entitl$ ,newtonism = ,wom54 ,& z ,mme4 du ,*atelet 0 an ard5t admir] ( ,newton1 ! au?or ( ! ,pr9cipia soon became a /rong bond ( union betwe5 h] & ! brilliant ,italian4 ,%e call$ ! savants :o frequ5t$ h] *ateau at ,cirey ! ,emili5s & purpos$ writ+ memoirs to be entitl$ ,emiliana--a design1 h[ev]1 :i* %e 0 nev] able to execute4 ,! fir/ "w ( importance f ! p5 ( ! ,m>quise 0 entitl$ ,in/itutions de ,physique4 ,9 x %e gave an exposition ( ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz & diss]tations on space1 "t & =ce4 ,9 ! discussion ( ! la/ topic %e seems to h anticipat$ "s ( ! lat] conclusions ( sci5ce respect+ ! nature ( en]gy4 ,h] mo/ not$ a*ievem5t1 h[ev]1 0 h] translation ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 ! fir/ translation into ,fr5* ( ?is epo*-mak+ "w4 ,to translate ?is ma/]piece f its orig9al ,lat91 x 0 necess>y t ! ,m>quise1 9 ord] to make x intelligible to o!rs1 %\ld h a ?or\gh und]/&+ ( x h]self4 ,to ! translation %e add$ a comm5t>y1 :i* %[s t ,mme4 du ,*atelet _h a ma!matical m9d ( und\bt$ p[]4 ,%e labor$ assidu\sly on ?is great und]tak+ = _m ye>s & complet$ x only %ortly be=e h] dea?2 b x 0 n publi%$ until t5 ye>s aft] h] demise4 ,9 8 ,elogie ,hi/orique on ! ,m>quise's translation ( ! ,pr9cipia1 ,voltaire1 9 8 usual flamboyant /yle1 decl>es ,two wond]s h be5 p]=m$3 "o t ,newton 0 able to write ?is "w1 ! o!r t a woman c\ld translate & expla9 x4 ,9 an ef=t to express 9 a s+le s5t5ce all 8 admiration = 8 tal5t$ fri5d he does n hesitate to /ate3 ,nev] 0 woman s le>n$ z %e1 & nev] did anyone less des]ve t p %\ld say ( h]1 ',%e is a le>n$ woman4' ,aga9 he ref]s to h] ) *>act]i/ic ,fr5*9ess z a woman :o has translat$ & expla9$ ,newton1 9 "o ^w a v great man--en un mot un tres gr& homme4#abb ,b1 al?\gh ! ext5t ( h] atta9m5ts & h] ability z a ma!matician 7 unque/ionable1 %e fell f> %ort ( h] great contempor>y1 ,gaetana ,agnesi1 bo? 9 ! dep? & bread? ( h] s*ol>%ip & 9 h] p[] ( inf9itesimal analysis4 ,z to h] moral "*1 %e 0 inf9itely inf]ior to ! sa9tly savante ( ,milan4 ,%e 0 by incl9ation & pr(ession an ,epicurean & an av[$ s5suali/4 ,9 h] little treatise1 ,reflexions sur le ,bonheur--,reflections on ,happ9ess--%e unblu%+ly ass]ts t we h no?+ to d 9 ?is _w except procure = ourselves agreeable s5sations4 ,consid]+ h] pr(ligate life1 bord]+ at times on utt] ab&on1 we are n surpris$ t "o ( h] c\ntrym5 has *>act]iz$ h] z ,femme sans foi1 sans moeurs1 sans pudeur1--a woman )\t fai?1 )\t morals1 )\t %ame4#abc ,anna ,b>b>a ,re9h>dt ( ,w9t]?ur 9 ,switz]l& 0 ano!r woman ( exceptional ma!matical tal5t4 ,%e is rem>kable = hav+ ext5d$ & improv$ ! solution ( a difficult problem t specially engag$ ! att5tion ( ,maup]tuis4 ,accord+ to s compet5t an au?ority z ,jean ,b]n\illi1 %e 0 ! sup]ior1 z a ma!matician1 ( ! ,m>quise de ,*atelet4 ,( a m orig9al & pr(\nd ma!matical m9d 0 ,sophie ,g]ma91 a c\ntrywoman ( ! ,m>quise du ,*atelet4 ,h]s 0 ! glory ( be+ "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ma!matical physics4 ,a pupil ( ,lagrange & a co-work] ) ,biot1 ,leg5dre1 ,poisson & ,lagrange1 %e has ju/ly be5 call$ by ,de ,prony ! ,hypatia ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,h] success1 h[ev]1 0 n a*iev$ )\t ov]com+ _m & great difficulties4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 %e _h to ov]come ! opposition ( h] family1 :o 7 decid$ly av]se to h] /udy+ ma!matics4 ,( :at use1 !y ask$1 0 geometry to a girl8 ,b 9 try+ to ext+ui% h] ardor = ma!matics !y b augm5t$ x4 ,alone & unaid$ %e read e "w on ma!matics %e c\ld f9d4 ,! /udy ( ?is sci5ce _h su* a fasc9ation = h] t x became a passion4 ,x occupi$ h] m9d day & night4 ,f9ally h] p>5ts1 becom+ al>m$ ab\t h] heal? & resolv$ to =ce h] to take ! necess>y repose1 left h] b$room )\t fire or light1 & ev5 remov$ f x h] clo?+ aft] %e _h gone to b$4 ,%e feign$ to be resign$2 b :5 all 7 asleep1 %e arose &1 wrapp+ h]self 9 quilts & blankets1 %e devot$ h]self to h] favorite /udies1 ev5 :5 ! cold 0 s int5se t ! ink 0 froz5 9 h] ink-horn4 ,n infrequ5tly %e 0 f\nd 9 ! morn+ *ill$ ?r\gh1 hav+ be5 s engross$ 9 h] /udies t %e 0 n aw>e ( h] condition4 ,be=e su* a det]m9$ w1 s extraord9>y = "o ( h] age1 ! family ( ! "y ,sophie _h ! wisdom to p]mit h] to dispose ( h] "t & g5ius accord+ to h] own pleasure4 ,& !y did well4 ,l ! great geomet] ( ,syracuse1 ,ar*im$es1 :o _h ev] be5 h] inspiration 9 ! /udy ( ma!matics1 %e w\ld h di$ r ?an ab&on a problem :i*1 = ! "t be+1 engag$ h] att5tion4 ,%e fir/ attract$ ! att5tion ( savants by h] ma!matical !ory ( ,*ladni's figures4 ,by ! ord] ( ,napoleon1 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce _h (f]$ a prize = ! "o :o w\ld ,give ! ma!matical !ory ( ! vibration ( ela/ic surfaces & comp>e x ) ! results ( exp]im5t4 ,lagrange decl>$ ! problem insoluble )\t a new sy/em ( analysis1 :i* 0 yet to be inv5t$4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t no "o attempt$ its solution except "o :o1 until !n1 0 almo/ unkn[n 9 ! ma!matical _w2 & ?is "o 0 ,sophie ,g]ma94 ,great 0 ! surprise ( ! savants ( ,europe :5 !y le>n$ t ! w9n] ( ! gr& prix ( ! ,academy 0 a woman4 ,%e became at once ! recipi5t ( congratulations f ! mo/ not$ ma!maticians ( ! _w4 ,?is ev5tually br\ght h] into sci5tific relations ) su* em95t m5 z ,delambre1 ,f\ri]1 ,cau*y1 ,amp]e1 ,navi]1 ,gauss#abd & o!rs already m5tion$4 ,x 0 9 #ahaf1 aft] eight ye>s ( "w on ! problem1 t h] la/ memoir on vibrat+ surfaces 0 cr[n$ 9 a public seance ( ! ,in/itut de ,france4 ,aft] ?is ev5t ,mlle4 ,g]ma9 0 treat$ z an equal by ! great ma!maticians ( ,france4 ,%e %>$ _! labors & 0 invit$ to att5d ! sessions ( ! ,in/itut1 :i* 0 ! highe/ honor t ?is fam\s body _h ev] conf]r$ on a woman4 ,! not$ ma!matician1 ,m4 ,navi]1 0 s impress$ ) ! extraord9>y p[]s ( analysis ev9c$ by "o ( ,mlle4 ,g]ma9's memoirs on vibrat+ surfaces t he did n hesitate to decl>e t x is a "w :i* few m5 are able to read & :i* only "o woman 0 able to write4 ,biot1 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,savants1 ,m>*1 #ahag1 writes t ,mlle4 ,g]ma9 is probably ! "o ( h] sex :o has mo/ deeply p5etrat$ ! sci5ce ( ma!matics1 n except+ ,mme4 du ,*atelet1 = "h !re 0 no ,clairaut4#abe ,l ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 ,mlle4 ,g]ma9 0 end[$ ) a pr(\ndly philosophical m9d z well z ) a rem>kable tal5t = ma!matics4 ,?is is atte/$ by h] int]e/+ "w entitl$ ,consid]ations ,g5]ales sur l',etat des ,sci5ces et des ,lettres aux ,diff]5tes ,epoques de ,leur ,culture4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 %e 0 probably ! mo/ pr(\ndly intellectual woman t ,france has yet produc$4 ,& yet1 /range z x may seem1 :5 ! /ate (ficial came to make out ! dea? c]tificate ( ?is em95t associate & co-work] ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces he designat$ h] z a r5ti]e--annuitant--n z a ma!matici5ne4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,:5 ! ,eiffel t[] 0 erect$1 9 :i* ! eng9e]s 7 oblig$ to give special att5tion to ! ela/icity ( ! mat]ials us$1 !re 7 inscrib$ on ?is l(ty /ructure ! names ( sev5ty-two savants4 ,b "o w n f9d 9 ?is li/ ! "n ( t daught] ( g5ius1 ^: rese>*es contribut$ s mu* t[>d e/abli%+ ! !ory ( ! ela/icity ( metals1--,sophie ,g]ma94 ,0 %e exclud$ f ?is li/ = ! same reason t ,agnesi 0 ineligible to memb]%ip 9 ! ,fr5* ,academy--because %e 0 a woman8 ,x w\ld seem s4 ,if su*1 inde$1 0 ! case1 m is ! %ame = ^? :o 7 responsible = su* +ratitude t[>d "o :o _h des]v$ s well ( sci5ce1 & :o by h] a*ievem5ts _h won an enviable place 9 ! hall ( fame4#abf ,f\r ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,sophie ,g]ma9 0 born 9 ,j$burgh1 ,scotl&1 "o :om an ,engli% writ] has decl>$ 0 ! mo/ rem>kable sci5tific woman our c\ntry has produc$4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( a naval (fic]1 ,sir ,william ,fairfax2 b is be/ kn[n z ,m>y ,som]ville4 ,h] life has be5 well describ$ z an unobtrusive record ( :at c be done by ! /eady culture ( good natural p[]s & ! pursuit ( a high /&>d ( excell5ce 9 ord] to w9 = a woman a di/+ui%$ place 9 ! sph]e naturally res]v$ = m51 )\t p>t+ ) any ( ^? *>act]i/ics ( m9d1 or "*1 or demeanor :i* h ev] be5 tak5 to =m ! grace & ! glory ( womanhood4#abg ,! surr\nd+s ( h] y\? 7 n conducive to sci5tific pursuits4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y 7 entirely unfavorable to h] manife/ incl9ations 9 t direction4 ,hav+ sc>cely any ( ! advantages ( a s*ool education1 %e 0 oblig$ to dep5d almo/ entirely on h] own unaid$ ef=ts = ! k %e actually acquir$4 ,%e1 l ,sophie ,g]ma91 0 ess5tially a self-made woman2 & h] success 0 a*iev$ only aft] long labor & suff]+ & 9 spite ( ! p]si/5t opposition ( family & fri5ds4 ,:5 %e 0 ab\t fifte5 ye>s old1 ! future ,mrs4 ,som]ville receiv$ h] fir/ introduction to ma!matics2 & !n1 /range to say1 x 0 ?r\gh a fa%ion magaz9e4 ,at ! end ( a page ( ?is magaz9e1 ,i read1 writes ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 :at appe>$ to me to be simply an ari?metical "q2 b 9 turn+ ! page ,i 0 surpris$ to see /range-look+ l9es mix$ ) lett]s1 *iefly ,x's & ,y's1 & ask$ ',:at is t8' ,%e 0 told x 0 a k9d ( ari?metic1 call$ algebra4 ,h] int]e/ 0 at once ar\s$2 & %e resolv$ =?) to seek in=mation reg>d+ ! curi\s l9es & lett]s :i* _h s excit$ h] curiosity4 ,un=tunately1 %e tells u1 none ( our acqua9tances or relatives knew any?+ ( sci5ce or natural hi/ory2 nor1 _h !y done s1 %\ld ,i h _h c\rage to ask ( !m a "q1 = ,i %\ld h be5 laugh$ at4 ,f9ally %e 0 able to secure a copy ( a "w on algebra & a ,euclid4 ,al?\gh )\t a tea*] %e imm$iately appli$ h]self to ma/] ! cont5ts ( ^! two works1 b %e _h to d s by /eal? 9 b$ aft] %e _h retir$ = ! night4 ,:5 h] fa!r le>n$ ( :at 0 go+ on1 he said to ! girl's "m1 ,peg1 we mu/ put a /op to ?is1 or we %all h ,m>y 9 a /raightjacket "o ( ^! days4 ,! "m1 :o _h no m sympa?y ) h] daught]'s sci5tific pursuits ?an _h ! fa!r1 &1 fully conv9c$1 l ! great majority ( h] sex1 t woman's duties %\ld be conf9$ to ! affairs ( ! h\sehold1 /rove to div]t h] daught]'s m9d f h] unladylike pursuits4 ,b h] ef=ts 7 ineffectual4 ,! "y woman1 9 spite ( all ob/acles & opposition1 contriv$ to cont9ue h] *]i%$ /udies2 &1 ?r\gh h] uncle1 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,som]ville1 aft]w>d h] fa!r-9-law1 %e 0 able to become pr(ici5t 9 bo? ,lat9 & ,greek4 ,:5 %e 0 ?irty-?ree ye>s ( age %e became ! happy possessor ( a small libr>y ( ma!matical works4 ,i _h n[1 %e writes1 ! means1 & pursu$ my /udies ) increas$ assiduity2 concealm5t 0 no long] necess>y1 nor 0 x attempt$4 ,i 0 consid]$ ecc5tric & fooli%1 & my conduct 0 highly disapprov$ ( by _m1 especially by "s memb]s ( my own family4#abh ,9 ,m>*1 #ahbg1 ,mrs4 ,som]ville receiv$ a lett] f ,"l ,br\gham1 :o _h he>d ( h] rem>kable acquirem5ts1 begg+ h] to prep>e = ,engli% read]s a popul> exposition ( ,laplace's great "w--,mecanique ,cele/e4 ,%e 0 ov]:elm$ ) a/oni%m5t at ?is reque/1 = h] mode/y made h] diffid5t ( h] p[]s2 & %e felt t h] self-acquir$ k ( sci5ce 0 s f> inf]ior to t ( univ]sity m5 t x w\ld be %e] presumption = h] to und]take ! task propos$ to h]4 ,%e 01 h[ev]1 f9ally p]suad$ to make ! attempt1 ) ! proviso t h] manuscript %\ld be consign$ to ! flames unless x fulfill$ ! expectations ( ^? :o urg$ its production4 ,9 less ?an a ye> h] "w1 to :i* %e gave ! "n ( ,! ,me*anism ( ! ,heav5s1 0 ready = ! press4 ,b x 0 f> m ?an a translation & epitome1 z orig9ally int5d$ by its projector1 ,"l ,br\gham2 =1 9 addition to ! views ( ,laplace1 x conta9$ ! indep5d5t op9ions ( ! translator respect+ ! propositions ( ! illu/ri\s ,fr5* savant4 ,no soon] 0 ! "w publi%$ ?an ,mrs4 ,som]ville f\nd h]self fam\s4 ,%e _h1 z ,sir ,john ,h]s*el express$ x1 writt5 = po/]ity1 & h] book plac$ h] at once among ! lead+ sci5tific writ]s & ?9k]s ( ! day4 ,%e 0 elect$ an honor>y memb] ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society at ! same "t z ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 !y be+ ! fir/ two wom5 ?us honor$4 ,h] bu/1 by ,*antry1 0 plac$ 9 ! great hall ( ! ,royal ,society1 & %e 0 made a memb] ( _m o!r sci5tific societies 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,9 recognition ( h] s]vices to sci5ce %e 0 grant$ by ! gov]nm5t a p5sion ( ,l#bjj a ye>--a sum :i* 0 %ortly aft]w>d increas$ to ,l#cjj4 ,9 addition to all ?is1 ,mrs4 ,som]ville _h ! satisfaction ( le>n+ t h] "w 0 s highly e/eem$ by ,dr4 ,:ewell1 ! great ma/] ( ,tr9ity1 t x 01 *iefly on 8 recomm5dation1 introduc$ z a textbook 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge & prescrib$ z an ess5tial "w to ^? /ud5ts :o aspire to ! highe/ places 9 ! exam9ations4 ,:at ,mme4 du ,*atelet _h done = ,newton1 ,mrs4 ,som]ville did = ,laplace4 ,among o!r books f ! p5 ( ?is highly gift$ woman is h] ,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces & a "w entitl$ ,physical ,geography1 :i*1 toge!r ) ! ,me*anism ( ! ,heav5s1 0 ! object ( ! pr(\nd admiration ( ,humboldt4 ,!n !re is a numb] ( v ab/ruse monographs on ma!matical subjects1 "o ( :i* is a treatise ( two hundr$ & =ty-six pages ,on ,curves & ,surfaces ( ,high] ,ord]s1 :i*1 %e tells u1 %e wrote con amore to fill up h] morn+ h\rs :ile sp5d+ ! w9t] 9 ,s\!rn ,italy4 ,h] la/ "w 0 a treatise ,on ,molecul> & ,microscopic ,sci5ce embody+ ! mo/ recondite inve/igations on ! subject4 ,?is book1 begun aft] %e _h pass$ h] eightie? bir?day1 occupi$ h] = _m ye>s & 0 n ready = publication until %e 0 close ^u h] n9etie? ye>4 ,h] la/ occupations1 cont9u$ until ! day ( h] dea? at ! advanc$ age ( n9ety-two1 7 ! read+ ( a book on ,quat]nions & ! review & completion ( a volume ,on ! ,!ory ( ,diff]5ces4 ,l h] illu/ri\s fri5d1 ! great ,humboldt1 ,m>y ,som]ville 0 possess$ ( extraord9>y physical vigor1 &1 l him1 %e reta9$ h] m5tal p[]s unimpair$ until ! la/4 ,& l h] great rival 9 ma!matics1 ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 %e 0 always beautifully womanly4 ,h] sci5tific & lit]>y occupations did n cause h] to neglect ! duties ( h] h\sehold or to disreg>d ! graceful & arti/ic accompli%m5ts ( an elegant woman ( ! _w4 ,h] daught] ,m>?a writes ( h]3 ,x w\ld be almo/ incr$ible 7 ,i to describe h[ mu* my "m contriv$ to d 9 ! c\rse ( ! day4 ,:5 my si/] & ,i 7 small *ildr51 al?\gh busily engag$ 9 writ+ = ! press1 %e us$ to tea* u = ?ree h\rs 9 ! morn+1 besides manag+ h] h\se c>efully1 read+ ! newspap]s--= %e 0 always a ke5 &1 ,i mu/ add1 a lib]al politician--& ! mo/ important new books on all subjects1 grave & gay4 ,9 addition to ?is1 %e freely visit$ & receiv$ h] fri5ds4444 ,gay & *e]ful company 0 a pleasant relaxation aft] a h>d day's "w4#abi ,! life ( ,m>y ,som]ville1 l t ( ,gaetana ,agnesi1 proves t ! pursuit ( sci5ce is n1 z s (t5 ass]t$1 incompatible ) dome/ic & social duties4 ,x also disposes ( ! fallacy1 s g5]ally ent]ta9$1 t intellectual labor is detrim5tal to ! heal? ( wom5 & antagoni/ic to longevity4 ,! tru? is t x is yet to be demon/rat$ t intellectual "w1 ev5 ( ! sev]e/ k9d1 is1 p] se1 m delet]i\s to wom5 ?an to ^? ( ! /rong] sex4 ,sc>cely less rem>kable z a ma!matician 0 ,mrs4 ,som]ville's di/+ui%$ contempor>y1 ,janet ,taylor1 :o 0 kn[n z ! ,mrs4 ,som]ville ( ! ,m>9e ,_w4 ,%e 0 ! au?or ( num]\s works on navigation & nautical a/ronomy :i* 9 _! day 7 highly priz$ by seaf>+ m54 ,9 recognition ( h] valuable s]vices to ! m>9e _w %e 0 plac$ on ! civil li/ ( ! ,briti% gov]nm5t4 ,z an em95t ma!matician z well z a repres5tative ( ! highe/ intellectual accompli%m5ts to :i* wom5 h atta9$1 ,sonya ,kovalevsky w ev] occupy an honor$ place among ! vot>ies ( sci5ce4 ,9 _m respects ?is ri*ly end[$ daught] ( ,holy ,russia 0 p> excell5ce ! woman ( g5ius ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,%e 0 born 9 ,mosc[ 9 #ahej1 b al?\gh h] c>e] 0 brief x 0 "o ( meteoric spl5dor4 ,at an e>ly age %e exhibit$ an unusual tal5t = ma!matics & an unqu5*able ?ir/ = k4 ,n be+ able to obta9 9 h] own c\ntry ! educational advantages %e desir$1 %e resolv$ at ! age ( eighte5 to g to ,g]many ) a view ( pursu+ h] /udies !re "u m favorable auspices4 ,%e fir/ matriculat$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g1 :]e %e sp5t two ye>s 9 /udy+ ma!matics "u ! mo/ em95t pr(essors ( t fam\s old in/itution4 ,!nce %e w5t to ,b]l94 ,%e c\ld n ent] ! ,univ]sity !re1 z its doors 7 clos$ to female /ud5ts2 b %e 0 =tunate en\gh to prevail on ! illu/ri\s ,pr(essor ,wei]/rass1 reg>d$ by _m z ! fa!r ( ma!matical analysis1 to give h] private lessons4 ,he soon discov]$ to 8 a/oni%m5t t ?is *ild-woman _h ! gift ( intuitive g5ius to a degree he _h seldom f\nd among ev5 8 old] & m develop$ /ud5ts4 ,"u ?is em95t ma!matician ,sonya sp5t ab\t ?ree ye>s1 at ! end ( :i* p]iod %e 0 able to pres5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,goett+5 ?ree !ses :i* %e _h writt5 "u ! direction ( h] pr(essor4 ,! m]it ( h] "w & ! te/imonials :i* %e 0 able to pres5t f ,wei]/rass1 ,kir*h(f & o!rs 7 ( su* supreme excell5ce t %e 0 exempt$ f an oral exam9ation & 0 enabl$1 by a v special privilege1 to receive h] doctorate )\t appe>+ 9 p]son4 ,n long aft] receiv+ h] doctor's degree--"o ( ! fir/ to be grant$ to a woman by a ,g]man univ]sity--%e 0 (f]$ ! *air ( high] ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/ockholm4 ,%e 0 ! fir/ woman 9 ,europe1 outside ( ,italy1 to be ?us honor$4 ,b h] appo9tm5t _h to be made 9 ! face ( great opposition4 ,no o!r univ]sity1 x 0 urg$ by ! cons]vatives1 _h yet (f]$ a pr(essor's *air to a woman4 ,/r9db]g1 "o ( ! lead]s ( mod]n ,sw$i% lit]ature1 wrote an article 9 :i* he prov$1 z decid$ly z t two & two make f\r1 :at a mon/rosity is a woman :o is a pr(essor ( ma!matics1 & h[ unnecess>y1 injuri\s & out ( place %e is4#acj ,! fame t came to ,sonya ?r\gh h] a*ievem5ts 9 ! ,g]man & ,sw$i% univ]sities 0 imm5sely enhanc$ :51 on ,*ri/mas eve1 #ahhh1 at a solemn session ( ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 %e receiv$ 9 p]son ! ,prix ,bord9--! greate/ sci5tific honor :i* any woman _h ev] ga9$2 "o ( ! greate/ honors1 inde$1 to :i* any "o c aspire4 ,%e became at once ! h]o9e ( ! h\r & 0 !nce=? a ,european celebrity ) a place 9 hi/ory4 ,%e 0 fet$ by m5 ( sci5ce :i!rsoev] %e w5t & hail$ by ! wom5 ( ! _w z ! glory ( h] sex & z ! mo/ brilliant type ( intellectual womanhood4 ,mme4 ,kovalevsky's pr9t$ ma!matical works embrace only a few memoirs includ+ ^? :i* %e pres5t$ = h] doctorate & = ! ,prix ,bord94 ,b brief z !y are1 all ( ^! memoirs are reg>d$ by ma!maticians z be+ ( special value4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ! memoirs1 :i* secur$ = h] ! ,prix ,bord92 = x conta9s ! solution ( a problem t long _h baffl$ ! g5ius ( ! greate/ ma!maticians4 ,! prize _h be5 op5$ to ! competition ( ! ma!maticians ( ! _w1 & ! a/oni%m5t ( ! committee ( ! ,fr5* ,academy 0 beyond expression :5 x 0 f\nd t ! successful conte/ant 0 a woman4#aca ,ev]yone admir$ h] v>i$ & pr(\nd k1 b1 above all1 h] amaz+ p[]s ( analysis4 ,a ,g]man ma!matician1 ,kroneck]1 did n hesitate to decl>e t ! hi/ory ( ma!matics w speak ( h] z "o ( ! r>e/ inve/igators4#acb ,%ortly be=e h] premature dea?1 %e _h plann$ a great "w on ma!matics4 ,all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! intellectual capacities & a*ievem5ts ( woman mu/ regret t %e 0 unable to complete :at w\ld und\bt$ly h be5 ! noble/ monum5t ( woman's sci5tific g5ius4 ,%e 0 !n 9 ! prime ( life & p]fectly equipp$ = ! "w %e _h 9 m9d4 ,consid]+ ! extraord9>y receptive & productive p[] ( ?is ri*ly d[]$ woman1 !re c be little d\bt1 _h %e liv$ a few ye>s long]1 t %e w\ld h produc$ a "w t w\ld h caus$ h] to be rank$ among ! greate/ ma!maticians ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is pleasant to record t ?is woman ( mascul9e m9d1 mascul9e en]gy & mascul9e g5ius1 f> f be+ manni% or unwomanly1 01 on ! contr>y1 a woman ( a truly fem99e he>t2 & t1 al?\gh a giantess 9 intellectual atta9m5ts1 %e 0 9 grace & *>m & delicacy ( s5tim5t "o ( ! noble/ types ( beautiful womanhood4 ,%e c\ld ) ! greate/ ease turn f a lecture on ,abel's ,functions or a rese>* on ,saturn's r+s to ! writ+ ( v]se 9 ,fr5* or ( a novel 9 ,russian or to collaborat+ ) h] fri5d1 ! ,du*ess ( ,cajanello1 on a drama 9 ,sw$i%1 or to mak+ a lace coll> = h] little daught]1 ,f\zi1 to :om %e 0 mo/ t5d]ly atta*$4#acc ,little m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury has elaps$ s9ce ,/r9db]g1 express+ ! s5tim5t ( ! great majority ( ! m5 ( 8 "t1 decl>$ t a woman pr(essor ( ma!matics is a mon/rosity4 ,b dur+ ?is %ort p]iod :at a *ange has be5 effect$ 9 ! attitude ( ! _w t[>d wom5 :o devote !mselves to ! /udy & ! tea*+ ( sci5ce6 ,wom5 ma!maticians are f\nd to-day 9 all civiliz$ c\ntries1 & no sane p]son n[ consid]s x any m unwomanly or m mon/r\s = !m to /udy or tea* ma!matics ?an = !m to tea* music or ne$lework4 ,yet m4 ,!y are n[ frequ5t contributors to ma!matical magaz9es & to ! (ficial bullet9s ( le>n$ societies1 & n infrequ5tly !y are on ! editorial /affs ( publications devot$ exclusively to ma!matics4 ,!y are also f\nd z comput]s 9 "s ( ! l>ge/ a/ronomical obs]vatories1 :]e ! spe$ & accuracy ( _! "w h evok$ ! mo/ favorable comm5t4 ,( wom5 9 ,am]ica1 :o h di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! "w 9 ! high] ma!matics1 x suffices to m5tion ! "n ( ,miss ,*>lotte ,angas ,scott1 rec5tly deceas$1 :o 0 = ye>s pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! ,college ( ,bryn ,mawr4 ,h] writ+s on v>i\s problems ( ! high] ma!matics %[ t %e fai?fully foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( h] illu/ri\s pr$ecessors1--,hypatia1 ,agnesi1 du ,*atelet1 ,g]ma91 ,som]ville & ,kovalevsky4 ,,footnotes3 #ajh ,ipse muli]es ,philosophas 9 libris ,vet]um sexag9ta qu9que rep]i1 ,hi/oria ,muli]um ,philosoph>um1 p4 #c1 ,am/elodami1 #afib4 #aji ,plato _h inscrib$ above ! entrance ( 8 s*ool1 ,greek3 ,oudeis ageometretos eisito4 ,let no "o ent] "h :o is n a geomet]4 #aaj ,m5agius 9 ref]r+ to ?is matt]1 op4 cit41 p4 #cg1 writes z foll[s3 ,m]itrices ,graecas pl]asque humanioribus lit]is et ma!maticis discipl9is op]am d$isse notat ,a!naeus4 #aaa ,! s5tim5t ( ! ,greek epigram is well express$ 9 ! foll[+ ,lat9 v]ses3 ,qu&o intueor te1 adoro1 et s]mones1 ,virg9is domum sid]eam intu5s4 ,e coelis enim tua sunt op]a1 ,hypatia ca/a1 s]monum v5u/as1 ,impollutum a/rum sapi5tis doctr9ae4 #aab ,among mod]n works on ,hypatia may be m5tion$ ,hypatia1 die ,philosoph9 von ,alex&ria1 by ,/4 ,wolt1 ,vi5na1 #ahgi2 ,hypatia von ,alex&ria1 by ,w4 ,a4 ,mey]1 ,heidelb]g1 #ahhf2 ,ipazia ,aless&r9a1 by ,d4 ,guido ,bigoni1 ,v5ize1 #ahhg1 & ,de ,hypatia1 by ,b4 ,ligi]1 ,dijon1 #ahgi4 #aac ,ambrosius 9 8 preface to ! works ( ,abel>d & ,heloise ref]s to ! latt] z ,cl>um sui sexus sidus et ornam5tum1 & decl>es necnon ma!s91 philosophiam et !ologiam a viro suo edocta1 illo solo m9or fuit4 #aad ,mazzu*elli says ( h] 9 8 ,museo1 ,sembra non av]vi nella ,natura cosa la piu intralciata ed oscura nelle /orie1 ne f9alem5te la piu a/rusa nelle matemati*e e nelle mec*ani*e1 *e a lei conta non sia e palese1 e *e sfugga la capacita del suo spirito4 ,dizion>io ,biografico1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abb1 by ,ambrogio ,levati1 ,milano1 #ahba4 #aae ,delle ,donne ,illu/ri ,italiane del ,,xiii al ,,xix ,secolo1 p4 #bfh1 ,roma4 #aaf ,! full title ( ?is celebrat$ disc\rse is ,oratio qua o/5ditur ,artium lib]alium /udia a ,faem9eo sexu neutiquam abhor]e1 habita a ,m>ia de ,agnesis ,rhetoricae ,op]am ,dante1 ,anno aetatis suae nono nondum exacto1 die #ah1 ,augu/i1 #agbg4 ,x is f\nd at ! end ( a "w entitl$ ,discorsi ,academici di v>j autori ,viv5ti intorno agli ,/uj delle ,donne 9 ,padova1 #agbi4 ,?is subject1 x may be rem>k$1 frequ5tly engag$ ! att5tion ( ,m>ia ,gaetana z %e advanc$ 9 ye>s1 = we f9d x among ! que/ions discuss$ 9 h] ,propositiones ,philosophicae1 pp4 #b & #c1 ,m$iolani1 #agch4 #aag ,m4 ,*>les de ,brosses1 9 8 ,lettres ,famili]es ecrites de l',italie en #agci et #agdj1 speaks ( ,agnesi 9 t]ms t recall ! m>vel\s /ories :i* are relat$ ( ,admirable ,cri*ton & ,pico della ,mir&ola4 ,%e appe>$ to me1 he tells u1 some?+ m /up5d\s--una cosa piu /up5da--?an ! ,duomo ( ,milan4 ,hav+ be5 invit$ to a conv]sazione = ! purpose ( meet+ ?is wond]ful woman1 ! le>n$ ,fr5*man f\nd h] to be a "y lady ( ab\t eighte5 or tw5ty4 ,%e 0 surr\nd$ by ab\t ?irty p 444 _m ( !m f diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe4 ,! discussion turn$ on v>i\s que/ions ( ma!matics & natural philosophy4 ,%e spoke1 writes de ,brosses1 wond]fully well on ^! subjects1 ?\gh %e c\ld n h be5 prep>$ be=eh& any m ?an we 74 ,%e is mu* atta*$ to ! philosophy ( ,newton2 &1 x is m>vel\s to see a p]son ( h] age s conv]sant ) su* ab/ruse subjects4 ,yet1 h[ev] mu* ,i 0 surpris$ at ! ext5t & dep? ( h] k1 ,i 0 /ill m amaz$ to he> h] speak ,lat9 444 ) su* purity1 ease & accuracy1 t ,i d n recollect any book 9 mod]n ,lat9 writt5 9 s classical a /yle z t 9 :i* %e pron\nc$ ^! disc\rses4444 ,! conv]sation aft]w>ds became g5]al1 ev]yone speak+ 9 ! language ( 8 own c\ntry1 & %e answ]+ 9 ! same language2 =1 h] k ( languages is prodigi\s4 #aah ,at ! conclusion ( an elaborate review ( ,colton's translation ( ,agnesi's ,in/ituzioni ,analiti*e 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review = ,janu>y1 #ahjd1 ! writ] expresses himself z foll[s3 ,we _c take leave ( a "w t does s mu* honor to female g5ius1 )\t e>ne/ly recomm5d+ ! p]usal ( x to ^? :o believe t great tal5ts are be/[$ by nature exclusively on man1 & :o allege t wom51 ev5 9 _! highe/ atta9m5ts1 are to be comp>$ only to gr[n *ildr51 & h1 9 no in/ance1 giv5 pro(s ( orig9al & inv5tive p[]s1 ( a capacity = pati5t rese>*1 or = pr(\nd inve/igation4 ,let ^? :o hold ^! op9ions endeavor to foll[ ! au?or ( ! ,analytical ,in/itutions ?r\gh ! long s]ies ( demon/rations1 :i* %e has contriv$ ) s mu* skill & expla9$ ) su* elegance & p]spicuity4 ,if !y are able to d s1 & to comp>e h] "w ) o!rs ( ! same k9d1 !y w probably retract _! =m] op9ions1 & ackn[l$ge t1 9 "o in/ance at lea/1 intellectual p[]s ( ! highe/ ord] h be5 lodg$ 9 ! bra9 ( a woman4 ,at si gelidus ob/it]it circum praecordia sanguis2 & if !y are unable to att5d ?is illu/ri\s female 9 h] sci5tific excursions1 ( c\rse1 !y w n see ! reasons = admir+ h] g5ius t o!rs d2 b !y may at lea/ le>n to ?9k mode/ly ( _! own4 #aai ,x is surpris+ h[ _m leg5ds h obta9$ respect+ ! life ( ,agnesi aft] ! publication ( h] ,in/ituzioni ,analiti*e4 ,?us1 ! writ] ( ! article 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,review1 above quot$1 decl>es t %e retir$ to a conv5t ( blue nuns1--a /atem5t t has frequ5tly be5 repeat$ 9 _m ( our mo/ not$ encyclop$ias4 ,9 a ,prospetto ,biografico delle ,donne ,italiane1 writt5 by ,g4 ,c4 ,fac*9i & publi%$ 9 ,v5ice 9 #ahbd1 x is /at$ t ,m>ia ,gaetana 0 select$ by ! ,pope to occupy ! *air ( ma!matics :i* _h be5 left vacant by ! dea? ( h] fa!r1 :ile ,cavazza 9 8 "w ,le ,scuole dell1 ,antico ,/udio ,bolognese1 pp4 #bhi-bij1 publi%$ 9 ,milan 9 #ahif1 assures u t ,gaetana ,agnesi taught analytical geometry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna = full =ty-eight ye>s4 ,! facts are t nei!r ! fa!r nor ! daught] ev] taught ev5 a s+le h\r ei!r 9 ?is or 9 any o!r univ]sity4 ,cf4 ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 p4 #bgc et seq41 by ,luisa ,anzoletti1 ,milano1 #aijj4 ,?is is f> ! be/ life ( ,milan's illu/ri\s daught] t has yet appe>$4 ,! read] may also consult ) pr(it ! ,elogio ,/orico di ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 by ,antonio ,frisi1 ,milano1 #agii1 & ,gli ,scrittori d',italia1 ( ,g4 ,mazzu*elli1 ,tom4 ,i1 ,p>4 ,i1 p4 #aih et seq41 ,brescia1 #agie4 #abj ,m4 ,rebi]e1 9 8 ,les ,femmes dans la ,sci5ce1 p4 #ac1 ,p>is1 #ahig1 writes1 ,ne p\rrait-on all] plus lo9 et canoniz] notre ,agnesi8 ,j'e/ime1 moi pr(ane1 que ce s]ait une sa9te qui en vaudrait bi5 d'autres4 #aba ,an ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,m>quise1 a ,/udy ( ,emilie du ,*atelet1 p4 #e1 by ,f4 ,hamel1 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 #abb ,preface to ,mme4 du ,*atelet's translation ( ! ,pr9cipia ( ,newton1 ,p>is1 #agdj4 #abc ,voltaire's la/ tribute1 ,! ,div9e ,emilie1 or1 z ,fr$]ick ,,ii 0 wont to call h]1 ,v5us-,newton1 conclud$ ) ! foll[+ v]ses3 ,l',univ]s a p]du la sublime ,emilie2 ,elle aimait les plaisirs1 les arts1 la v]ite2 ,les dieux1 en lui donnant leur ame et g5ie1 ,n'avai5t g>de p\r eux que l'immortalite4 ,! univ]se has lo/ ! sublime ,emilie2 %e lov$ pleasure1 ! arts1 tru?2 ! gods1 9 giv+ h] _! s\l & g5ius1 reta9$ = !mselves only immortality4 ,= fur!r in=mation ( ?is extraord9>y woman1 see ,lettres de la ,mme4 du ,*atelet1 ,reunies p\r la premi]e fois1 p> ,eug5e ,asse1 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 #abd ,at ! beg9n+ ( h] correspond5ce ) ,gauss1 ,leg5dre & ,lagrange ,mlle4 ,g]ma9 conceal$ h] sex "u a pseudonym1 9 ord]1 z %e decl>$1 to escape ! ridicule atta*$ to a woman devot$ to sci5ce--craignant le ridicule atta*e au titre de femme savante4 ,%e1 too1 suff]$ f ! widespread effects ( ,moli]e's ,les ,femmes ,savantes1 z _h _m a gift$ woman be=e h] "t & z h _m o!rs ( a mu* lat] date4 #abe ,?is celebrat$ ma!matician1 z is well-kn[n1 0 a collaborator ) ,mme4 du ,*atelet 9 h] translation ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia4 #abf ,= fur!r in=mation respect+ ?is rem>kable woman ! read] is ref]r$ to ,oeuvres ,philosophiques de ,sophie ,g]ma9 ,suivies de ,p5sees et de ,lettres ,in$ites et ,prec$ees d'une ,etude sur sa ,vie et ses ,oeuvres1 p>4 ,h4 ,/upy1 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,"o may also consult ,todhunt]'s ,hi/ory ( ! ,!ory ( ,ela/icity & ( ! ,/r5g? ( ,mat]ials1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #adg-afj1 ,cambridge1 #ahhf1 9 :i* is giv5 a c>eful resume ( ,mlle4 ,g]ma9's ma!matical memoirs on ela/ic surfaces4 #abg ,saturday ,review1 ,janu>y #aj1 #ahgd4 #abh ,p]sonal ,recollections1 ,f ,e>ly ,life to ,old ,age1 ( ,m>y ,som]ville1 p4 #hj1 ,bo/on1 #ahgd4 #abi ,p]sonal ,recollections1 ut sup41 p4 #e4 #acj ,sonya ,kovalevsky1 ,h] ,recollections ( ,*ildhood1 ,) a ,biography1 by ,anna ,c>lotta ,leffl]1 p4 #bai1 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 #aca ,! prize 0 d\bl$ to five ?\s& francs1 on acc\nt ( ! 'q extraord9>y s]vice r5d]$ to ma!matical physics by ?is "w1' :i* ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces pron\nc$ 'a rem>kable "w4' ,! compet+ diss]tations 7 sign$ ) mottoes1 n ) names1 & ! jury ( ! ,academy made ! aw>d 9 utt] ignorance t ! w9n] 0 a woman4 ,h] diss]tation 0 pr9t$1 by ord] ( ! ,academy1 9 ! ,memoires des ,savants ,etrang]s4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> ,mme4 ,kovalevsky receiv$ a prize ( fifte5 hundr$ kron] f ! ,/ockholm ,academy = two works connect$ ) ! =ego+4 #acb ,m5 ( sci5ce w realize ! capacity ( ?is gift$ ,russian woman z a ma!matician :5 !y le>n t %e gave 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,/ockholm c\rses ( lectures on su* subjects z ! foll[+3 ,!ory ( d]iv$ p>tial equations2 !ory ( pot5tial functions2 applications ( ! !ory ( elliptic functions2 !ory ( ,abelian functions1 accord+ to ,wei]/rass2 curves def9$ by diff]5tial equations1 accord+ to ,po9c>e2 application ( analysis to ! !ory ( :ole numb]s4 ,h[ _m m5 are !re :o give m advanc$ ma!matical c\rses ?an ^!8 #acc ,to a fri5d1 :o express$ surprise at h] flutt]+ to & fro betwe5 ma!matics & lit]ature1 %e made a reply :i* des]ves a place "h1 z x gives a bett] idea ?an any?+ else ( ! wond]ful v]satility ( ?is gift$ daught] ( ,russia4 ,i und]/&1 %e writes1 y\r surprise at my be+ able to busy myself simultane\sly ) lit]ature & ma!matics4 ,_m :o h nev] _h an opportunity ( kn[+ any m ab\t ma!matics conf\nd x ) ari?metic1 & consid] x an arid sci5ce4 ,9 reality1 h[ev]1 x is a sci5ce :i* requires a great am\nt ( imag9ation1 & "o ( ! lead+ ma!maticians ( our c5tury /ates ! case q correctly :5 he says t x is impossible to be a ma!matician )\t be+ a poet 9 s\l4 ,only1 ( c\rse1 9 ord] to compreh5d ! accuracy ( ?is def9ition1 "o mu/ r5\nce ! anci5t prejudice t a poet mu/ inv5t some?+ :i* does n exi/1 t imag9ation & inv5tion are id5tical4 ,x seems to me t ! poet has only to p]ceive t :i* o!rs d n p]ceive1 to look deep] ?an o!rs look4 ,& ! ma!matician mu/ d ! same ?+4 ,z = myself1 all my life ,i h be5 unable to decide = :i* ,i _h ! great] incl9ation1 ma!matics or lit]ature4 ,z soon z my bra9 gr[s we>i$ ( purely ab/ract speculations x imm$iately beg9s to incl9e to obs]vations on life1 to n>rative1 & vice v]sa1 ev]y?+ 9 life beg9s to appe> insignificant & un9t]e/+1 & only ! et]nal1 immutable laws ( sci5ce attract me4 ,x is v possible t ,i %\ld h accompli%$ m 9 ei!r ( ^! l9es1 if ,i _h devot$ myself exclusively to x2 nev]!less1 ,i _c give up ei!r ( !m completely4 ,f ,ell5 ,key's ,biography ( ! ,du*ess ( ,cajanello1 quot$ 9 ,anna ,leffl]'s biography ( ,sonya ,kovalevsky1 ut sup1 pp4 #cag-cah4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,a/ronomy ,urania1 ! muse ( a/ronomy1 0 a woman2 &1 al?\gh mo/ ( h] devotees h be5 m51 ! numb] ( ! g5tl] sex :o h a*iev$ success 9 ! cultivation ( ! sci5ce ( ! />s has be5 mu* l>g] ?an is usually suppos$4 ,!re is reason to believe t woman's int]e/ 9 a/ronomy dates back to e>ly ,egyptian & ,babylonian times :5 ! />-gaz]s 9 ! f]tile valley ( ! ,nile & on ! broad pla9s ( ,*aldea 7 s active1 & :5 !y made s _m important discov]ies respect+ ! laws & movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,accord+ to ,plut>*1 ,aganice1 ! daught] ( ,seso/ris1 ,k+ ( ,egypt1 tri$ to pr$ict future ev5ts by ! aid ( cele/ial globes & by ! /udy ( ! con/ellations4 ,h] obs]vations1 h[ev]1 7 9 ! int]e/s ( a/rology r ?an ( a/ronomy1 z we n[ und]/& ! sci5ce4 ,! fir/ woman ^: "n has come d[n to u1 :o des]v$ to be reg>d$ z an a/ronom]1 0 mo/ probably ,aglaonice1 ! daught] ( ,hegetoris ( ,!ssaly4 ,by means ( ! lun> cycle kn[n z ! ,s>os1 a p]iod discov]$ by ! ,*aldean a/ronom]s & embrac+ a little m ?an eighte5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* ! eclipses ( ! moon & sun recur 9 ne>ly ! same ord] z dur+ ! prec$+ p]iod1 ?is ,greek woman 0 able to pr$ict eclipses4 ,! p among :om %e liv$ reg>d$ h] z a sorc]ess2 b %e fl\t$ !m all1 & decl>$ t %e 0 able to make ! sun & moon disappe> at w4 ,! fir/ woman1 h[ev]1 to atta9 em95ce z an a/ronom] 0 und\bt$ly ,hypatia1 t univ]sal g5ius ( ! anci5t _w1 :o seem$ equally at home 9 lit]ature1 philosophy & ma!matics1 & :o may ju/ly be reg>d$ z "o ( ! mo/ highly gift$ wom5 t has ev] liv$4 ,9 ,alex&ria1 :]e %e 0 born & liv$1 ?is accompli%$ daught] ( ,!on taught n only philosophy1 b also algebra1 geometry & a/ronomy4 ,"o ( h] pupils1 ,synesius1 :o became ,bi%op ( ,ptolemais1 in=ms u t %e 0 ! inv5tor ( two important a/ronomical in/rum5ts3 an a/rolabe & a planisph]e4 ,9 addition to two ma!matical works1 a ,treatise on ! ,conics ( ,apollonius & a ,comm5t>y on ! ,ari?metic ( ,diophantus1 :i* 0 9 reality a treatise on algebra1 %e 0 ! au?or ( an ,a/ronomical ,canon1 :i* conta9$ tables reg>d+ ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,x is g5]ally suppos$ t ?is 0 an orig9al "w2 b !re are "s :o ?9k x 0 b a comm5t>y on ! tables ( ,ptolemy4 ,9 ?is latt] case ,hypatia's "w may /ill exi/ 9 connection ) t ( h] fa!r1 ,!on1 on ! same subject4#acd ,if ! works ( ,hypatia _h n be5 de/roy$ by ! ravages ( "t1 !y w\ld und\bt$ly prove t %e fully m]it$ all ! encomiums be/[$ on h] by antiquity = h] g5ius2 & !y w\ld also prove1 we may well believe1 t %e des]v$ to be rank$ n only ) ! em95t ma!maticians ^u ^: works %e comm5t$1 b also ) su* ma/]s ( a/ronomic sci5ce z ,ptolemy1 ,erato/h5es & ,ari/>*us4 ,aft] ! tragic dea? ( ,hypatia _m c5turies elaps$ be=e any o!r woman attract$ att5tion = h] "w 9 a/ronomy4 ,inde$1 s neglect$ 0 ! /udy ( ! heav5s betwe5 ! "t ( ,hypatia & ! ,arab pr9ce & a/ronom]1 ,albategni1 :o fl\ri%$ dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! n9? c5tury & ! e>ly "p ( ! t5?1 t only eight obs]vations1 x is ass]t$1 7 record$ dur+ ?is long p]iod4 ,! works & obs]vations ( ,albategni1 x may be rem>k$1 h a p>ticul> int]e/ f ! fact t !y =m a connect+ l9k betwe5 ^? ( ! ,alex&r9e a/ronom]s & ^? ( mod]n ,europe4 ,anto9e ,hamilton1 9 8 ,gaufrey--a p>ody on ,! ,?\s& & ,"o ,nights--tells ( a ,s>ac5 pr9cess1 ,fleur d',ep9e1 :o1 be=e %e 0 fifte5 ye>s ( age1 0 able n only to speak ,lat9 & ,romance1 b :o 0 also bett] acqua9t$ ?an any woman 9 ! _w ) ! movem5ts ( ! />s & ! moon4 ,et du c\rs des etoiles et de la lune luisant ,savoit m\lt plus que fame de *e/ siecle vivant4 ,if any woman betwe5 ! "t ( ,hypatia & ,galileo des]v$ su* high praise = h] a/ronomical k x 0 c]ta9ly ,sa9t ,hildeg>d1 ! fam\s ,b5$ict9e abbess ( ,b+5 on ! ,rh9e4 ,%e has well be5 call$ ! m>vel ( ! twelf? c5tury1 n only on acc\nt ( h] sanctity1 b also on acc\nt ( h] extraord9>y atta9m5ts 9 e bran* ( k !n cultivat$4 ,:5 treat+ ( ! sun1 ,hildeg>d tells u t x is 9 ! c5t] ( ! firmam5t & holds 9 place ! />s t gravitate ar\nd x1 z ! e>? attracts ! creatures :i* inhabit x4 ,?is view ( a twelf? c5tury nun is inde$ rem>kable4 ,=1 9 h] "t1 ! e>? 0 by ev]yone consid]$ z ! c5t] ( ! firmam5t1 :ile univ]sal gravitation--! sublime discov]y ( ,newton--_h n z yet ent]$ into ! sci5tific !ories ( t epo*4 ,hildeg>d likewise anticipates subsequ5t discov]ies reg>d+ ! alt]nation ( ! seasons4 ,if1 %e writes1 x is cold 9 ! w9t] "t on ! "p ( ! e>? :i* we inhabit1 ! o!r "p mu/ be w>m1 9 ord] t ! temp]ature ( ! e>? may always be 9 equilibrium4 ,t %e %\ld h arriv$ at ?is conclusion be=e navigators _h visit$ ! s\!rn hemisph]e is truly a/oni%+4#ace ,! />s1 %e cont9ues1 h nei!r ! same brightness nor ! same size4 ,!y are kept 9 _! c\rse by a sup]ior body4 ,"h aga9 is h] idea ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,^! />s1 %e fur!r decl>es1 are n immovable1 b !y trav]se ! firmam5t 9 its entirety4 ,& to make cle>] h] conception ( ! motion ( ! />s1 %e comp>es ?is motion to t ( ! blood 9 ! ve9s4 ,to he> "o ( ?is e>ly p]iod speak+ ( blood c\rs+ ?r\gh ! ve9s & ?us trav]s+ ! :ole body ( man seems to presage1 9 a rem>kable mann]1 ! beautiful discov]ies ( ,cesalp9o & ,h>vey reg>d+ ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ a/ronom] ( ! e>ly ,r5aissance 0 ,john ,muell]1 ( ,ko5igsburg1 bett] kn[n z ,regiomontanus4 ,9 8 obs]vatory 9 ,nuremb]g he 0 ably assi/$ by 8 wife :o exhibit$ a special int]e/ 9 a/ronomy4 ,at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ,sophia ,brahe1 ! y\nge/ si/] ( ,ty*o ,brahe1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( h] illu/ri\s bro!r1 atta9$ great celebrity z an a/ronom]4 ,m di/+ui%$ = h] a/ronomical "w ?an ei!r ( ^! two wom5 0 ,m>ia ,cunitz1 a ,silesian1 :o1 f h] t5d]e/ ye>s1 display$ extraord9>y zeal = /udy & :o ev5tually became mi/ress ( sev5 languages1 among :i* 7 ,lat91 ,greek & ,hebrew4 ,%e also cultivat$ poetry1 music & pa9t+2 b h] favorite /udies 7 ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,at ! solicitation ( h] husb&1 %e und]took ! prep>ation ( an abridgm5t ( ! ,rudolph9e ,tables4 ,h] "w1 "u ! "n ( ,urania ,propitia1 0 publi%$ aft] h] dea? by h] husb&1 & ga9$ = ! tal5t$ au?oress ! "n ( ,! second ,hypatia4#acf ,%ortly aft] ! completion ( ,urania ,propitia1 a ,fr5* woman1 ,jeanne ,dumee1 di/+ui%$ h]self by writ+ a "w on ! !ory ( ,cop]nicus entitl$ ,entreti5s sur l',op9ion de ,cop]nic ,t\*ant la ,mobilite de la ,t]re4 ,s f> z kn[n1 ?is "w 0 nev] publi%$1 b ! orig9al manuscript is /ill pres]v$ 9 ! ,national ,libr>y ( ,p>is4 ,! au?oress deems x necess>y x apologize = writ+ on a subject t is usually consid]$ =eign to h] sex & to expla9 :y %e 0 ambiti\s to discuss que/ions to :i* ! wom5 ( h] "t nev] gave any ?\ght4 ,x 0 t %e might prove to !m t !y are n incapable ( /udy1 if !y wi% to make ! ef=t1 because betwe5 ! bra9 ( a woman & t ( a man !re is no diff]5ce4#acg ,h[ (t5 be=e _h n wom5 endeavor$ to prove ! equality ( bra9 p[] ( ! two sexes1 & h[ (t5 s9ce h !y b5t _! ef=ts 9 ?is direction6 ,& yet ! majority ( m5 /ill rema9 skeptical ab\t su* equality4 ,among ! contempor>ies ( ,jeanne ,dumee 7 two o!r wom5 :o ga9$ m ?an ord9>y di/9ction by _! atta9m5ts 9 a/ronomy4 ,^! 7 ,mme4 de la ,sabli]e1 9 ,france1 & ,m>ia ,m>g>et ,kir*1 ( ,g]many4 ,mme4 de la ,sabli]e ev9c$ f an e>ly age a special aptitude = sci5ce1 especially = physics & a/ronomy4 ,%e /udi$ ma!matics "u ! em95t ma!matician1 ,rob]val1 & at ! age ( ?irty 0 fam\s4 ,h] home became ! resort ( le>n$ & em95t m51 includ+ "s ( ! mo/ not$ *>act]s ( ! age4 ,among ^! 0 ,sobieski1 ,k+ ( ,pol&4 ,b x is z ! fri5d & protectress ( ,la ,fonta9e & z ! object ( ,boileau's satire t %e is be/ kn[n4 ,= a woman to devote h]self to ! /udy ( sci5ce s soon aft] ! appe>ance ( ,moli]e's ,les ,femmes ,savantes argu$ m ?an ord9>y c\rage4 ,b = h] to become di/+ui%$ = h] sci5tific acquirem5ts 0 almo/ tantam\nt to defy+ public op9ion4 ,! great majority ( m5 _h come to reg>d le>n$ wom5 9 ! same light z ^? :o 7 s m]cilessly d]id$ 9 ! ,precieuses ,ridicules2 & !y _h1 accord+ly1 no hesitation 9 treat+ !m z unbe>able p$ants4 ,no "o c\ld h made less p>ade ( h] le>n+ ?an ,mme4 de la ,sabli]e1 or /riv5 m successfully to conceal h] admirable gifts4 ,b ?is 0 n suffici5t4 ,%e 0 kn[n to h devot$ special /udy to sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly to a/ronomy1 & ?is 0 suffici5t to make h] ! t>get ( ! satiri/s ( h] "t4 ,by an act t w\nd$ ! self-love ( ,boileau ?is ,v5us ,urania1 z %e has be5 call$1 soon f\nd h]self ! victim ( ! satiri/'s well-direct$ %afts4 ,! poet does n "n h]1 b ref]s to h] z ,cette savante ,qu'e/ime ,rob]val et que ,sauveur frequ5te---- ?is le>n$ woman :om ,rob]val e/eems & :om ,sauveur frequ5ts4 ,& ) ! view ( prick+ ! object ( 8 sple5 9 h] mo/ s5sitive "p1 he tells1 9 8 ,satire contre les ,femmes1 h[ %e1 ) a/rolabe 9 h&1 sp5ds h] nights 9 mak+ obs]vations ( ! planet ,jupit] & h[ ?is occupation has _h ! effect ( weak5+ h] sight & ru9+ h] complexion4#ach ,mme4 de la ,sabli]e does n1 h[ev]1 seem to h be5 greatly p]turb$ by ! ungraci\s effusions ( ! satiri/1 = %e cont9u$ h] cultivation ( a/ronomy z be=e ! poet's ill-natur$ outbur/4 ,%e probably f\nd ample comp5sation 9 ! writ+s ( ,la ,fonta9e1 :o address$ h] z 8 muse & proclaim$ h] z "o 9 :om 7 comb9$ manly beauty & fem99e grace--beaute d'homme avec grace de femme4 ,m>ia ,kir*1 born at ,panit*1 ne> ,leipsic1 9 #afgj1 0 ! wife ( a ,b]l9 a/ronom]1 ,gottfri$ ,kir*4 ,aft] h] m>riage %e1 l h] ?ree si/]s-9-law1 became h] husb&'s pupil 9 a/ronomy4 ,9 #agjb1 z 8 assi/ant 9 obs]vations & calculations1 %e 0 =tunate en\gh to discov] a comet4 ,%e 0 ! fri5d ( ,leibnitz1 & 0 by him pres5t$ to ! c\rt ( ,prussia4 ,x is a matt] ( regret to ^? ( h] own sex t ?is comet 0 n1 z x %\ld h be51 nam$ aft] its discov]]4 ,! dea? ( ,h]r ,kir*1 :i* took place 9 #agaj1 caus$ no int]ruption 9 ,frau ,kir*'s a/ronomical occupations4 ,among ! evid5ces ( h] activity is a "w :i* %e wrote 9 #agac on ! conjunction ( ,jupit] & ,saturn 9 ! ye> foll[+4 ,9 our day ! conjunction ( planets is = ! laity a m]e matt] ( curiosity1 :ile = pr(essional a/ronom]s x is q devoid ( p>ticul> int]e/4 ,b x 0 n s 9 ! "t ( ,m>ia ,kir*1 = !n a/ronomy 0 s intimately associat$ ) a/rology t mank9d attribut$ to su* special positions ( ! planets a c]ta9 occult & caprici\s influ5ce on ! de/9y ( ! e>? & its inhabitants4 ,z !oretical a/ronomy progress$1 su* errone\s notions 7 ab&on$1 because x 0 !n recogniz$ t ! conjunction ( ! sup]ior planets 0 n some?+ =tuit\s1 b some?+ t 0 reproduc$ at fix$ p]iods by ! kn[n movem5ts ( ^! bodies4 ,writ]s on ! subject made x a po9t to w>n ! public t !y _h no?+ 9 common ) a/rolog]s4 ,among ^! 0 ,*ri/oph] ,?urm1 :o publi%$ a "w on ! conjunction ( ,jupit] & ,saturn 9 #afha4 ,simil>ly1 ! book ( ,m>ia ,kir* conta9s only a/ronomical calculations & no?+ m--a fact t r$\nds to ! honor ( ! au?or & to ! age 9 :i* %e liv$4 ,! daught]s ( ,m>ia ,kir*1 ev5 long aft] _! "m's dea?1 cont9u$ to occupy !mselves ) a/ronomy4 ,!y calculat$ = ! ,b]l9 ,academy ( ,sci5ces its ,almanac & ,ephem]is1 :i* 7 among ! s\rces ( rev5ue ( ?is le>n$ body4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod a numb] ( ,fr5* & ,italian a/ronom]s _h female collaborators 9 _! own families4 ,celsus1 ! celebrat$ pr(essor ( ,upsala1 & a pupil ( ! son ( ,gottfri$ ,kir*1 _h be5 accord$ a mo/ cordial reception1 :ile pass+ ?r\gh ,p>is on 8 way to ,bologna1 by ,de ,l',isle :o _h a si/] :o 0 devot$ to a/ronomy4 ,on 8 arrival 9 ,italy he f\nd t 8 new ma/]1 ! director ( ! obs]vatory at ,bologna1 _h two si/]s1 ,t]esa & ,maddal5a1 bo? ( great le>n+1 :o1 l _! bro!r1 7 engag$ 9 ! /udy ( ! heav5s & collaborat$ ) him 9 ! prep>ation ( ! ,ephem]is ( ,bologna4 ,?is caus$ ,celsus1 9 a lett] to ,kir*1 to decl>e ,i beg9 to believe t x is ! de/9y ( all ! a/ronom]s :om ,i h _h ! honor ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) dur+ my j\rney to h le>n$ si/]s4 ,i h also a si/]1 al?\gh n a v le>n$ "o4 ,to pres]ve ! h>mony1 we mu/ make an a/ronom] ( h]4#aci ,! ,poli% a/ronom]1 ,hevilius1 :o _h an obs]vatory at ,dantzig1 is not$ = hav+ made ! mo/ accurate obs]vations t _h be5 kn[n be=e ! adaptation ( ! telescope to a/ronomical in/rum5ts4 ,he is also not$ = 8 ,prodromus ,a/ronomiae1 a catalogue ( #a1hhh />s2 = 8 ,sel5ographia1 conta9+ accurate descriptions & draw+s ( ! moon 9 h] diff]5t phases & librations1 & = 8 ,ma*9a ,coele/is1 :i* conta9$ ! results ( =ty ye>s ( obs]vations & labor4 ,mu* ( 8 success & em95ce1 h[ev]1 0 due to 8 intellig5t & devot$ wife1 ,elizabe?1 :o1 dur+ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 0 a zeal\s collaborator & %\ld %>e ! cr$it usually giv5 to h] husb&4 ,x 0 %e :o1 aft] 8 dea?1 edit$ & publi%$ _! jo9t "w1 ! ,prodromus ,a/ronomiae4 ,among ! wom5 mo/ di/+ui%$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury = a/ronomical pursuits 0 ! ,m>quise du ,*atelet1 :o 0 likewise fam\s = h] k ( ma!matics4 ,x 0 %e :o accompli%$ ! difficult task ( translat+ ,newton's ,pr9cipia into ,fr5*4 ,?is translation1 writes ,voltaire1 :i* ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( ,france %\ld h made & :i* ! o!rs %\ld /udy1 0 und]tak5 by a woman & complet$ to ! a/oni%m5t & glory ( h] c\ntry4#adj ,france 0 at ?is "t devot$ to ! doctr9es ( ,desc>tes & to 8 !ory ( elem5t>y vortices2 & ,voltaire1 :o _h be5 deeply impress$ by ! admirable simplicity ( ,newton's !ory ( univ]sal attraction z a means ( expla9+ ! seem+ly complex motions ( ! heav5ly bodies1 resolv$ to make 8 c\ntrym5 acqua9t$ ) ! tea*+s ( ! great ,engli% geomet] &1 at ! same "t1 de?rone ,desc>tes 9 ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,x 01 inde$1 a huge und]tak+2 b1 ?anks to ! ability :i* ,mme4 du ,*atelet display$ 9 translat+ & elucidat+ ,newton's immortal ma/]piece1 he liv$ to see 8 dream realiz$4 ,h[ pr\d ,mme4 du ,*atelet's c\ntrywom5 mu/ h be5 ( h]6 ,h[ !y mu/ h rejoic$ 9 h] success & acclaim$ h] z ! intellectual glory ( h] sex6 ,h[ !y mu/ h po9t$ to h] "w z a triumphant refutation ( ! age-old belief 9 woman's incapacity = ma!matics & all ab/ract sci5ce6 ,h[ !y mu/ h be5 elat$ to f9d "o ( _! numb] successfully execut+ a task :i* w\ld h tax$ ! p[]s ( ! mo/ em95t ma!maticians ( ,france6 ,h[ !y mu/ h associat$ h] truly notable p]=mance ) simil> a*ievem5ts ( ,hypatia & ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi & disc]n$ 9 x concrete evid5ce ( ! falsity ( all ^? imputations ( m5tal inf]iority :i* _h be5 fo/]$ by man's huge egotism & woman's c>efully coddl$ sup]/ition4 ,h[ !y mu/ h be5 enc\rag$ by h] a*ievem5t & spurr$ on to emulate h] by simil> contributions to ! advancem5t ( sci5ce6 ,t is :at we ?9k n[2 b ! light & frivol\s wom5 :o con/itut$ ! lead]s ( society 9 ,mme4 du ,*atelet's day1 & :o 7 dev\r$ by envy & jeal\sy ( "o :o 0 s mu* _! sup]ior 9 intellect 7 n s m9d$4 ,f> f sympa?iz+ ) h] "w1 !y prov$ to be h] mo/ virul5t critics & mo/ pron\nc$ enemies4 ,nei!r ,moli]e nor ,boileau c\ld h heap$ m ridicule on ! p$antic wom5 ( _! "t ?an 0 met$ out to ! translator ( ! ,pr9cipia by c]ta9 noble dames ( prov9cial *ateaux or by di/+ui%$ habituees ( prom95t ,p>isian salons4 ,?us ! petulant ennuyee1 ,mme4 de ,/ael1 9 a lett] to h] fri5d1 ,mme4 du ,deff&1 writ+ ( ,mme4 du ,*atelet1 :o 0 !n h] gue/ at ,sceaux1 tells u t %e is n[ pass+ 9 review h] pr9ciples4 ,?is is a task %e p]=ms e ye>1 else !y might1 p]haps1 make _! escape & run to su* a di/ance t %e w\ld nev] be able to recov] any ( !m4 ,i v]ily believe t !y are 9 durance vile :ile 9 h] possession1 z !y 7 c]ta9ly n born ) h]4 ,%e does well to keep a /rict wat* ov] !m4#ada ,&1 9 h] turn1 ,mme4 du ,deff&1 :o 0 wont to pose z ! intimate fri5d ( ,mme4 du ,*atelet1 did n hesitate to write & circulate a p5 portrait ( ?is fri5d--& t aft] ! unhappy woman 0 9 h] grave--:i* = bitt] revil+ & brutal villification has probably nev] be5 equall$4 ,a witty ,fr5*man obs]v$ ( ?is portrait t x rem9d$ him ( an obs]vation once made by a m$ical acqua9tance ( 8 conc]n+ "o ( 8 pati5ts3 ',my fri5d fell ill2 ,i att5d$ him4 ,he di$2 ,i dissect$ him4'#adb ,among o!r wom5 a/ronom]s ( ! eighte5? c5tury :o des]ve m5tion are ,mme4 du ,pi]ry1 ! ,du*esse ,l\ise ( ,saxe-,go?a1 & ,mme4 ,hort5se ,lepaute4 ,accord+ to ,lal&e1 ,mme4 du ,pi]ry 0 ! fir/ woman pr(essor ( a/ronomy 9 ,p>is4 ,he d$icat$ to h] 8 ,a/ronomie des ,dames1 & incorporat$ 9 8 own works _m ( h] memoirs on a/ronomical subjects4 ,%e devot$ mu* "t to calculat+ eclipses ) a view to accurately det]m9+ ! motion ( ! moon1 & 01 besides1 ! au?or ( num]\s a/ronomical tables :i* exhibit pati5t rese>* & unque/ion$ skill4 ,! ,du*esse ,l\ise _h a great reputation z a rapid & accurate comput]1 & 0 celebrat$ = ! numb] & v>iety ( h] computations4 ,h] mode/y1 h[ev]1 prev5t$ h] f publi%+ any?+ or ev5 hav+ h] "w quot$4 ,consid]+1 h[ev]1 ! am\nt & "* ( h] "w1 ! mo/ em95t woman a/ronom] t ,france has yet produc$ 01 )\t d\bt1 ,mme4 ,hort5se ,lepaute1 ! wife ( ! royal clockmak] ( ,france4 ,%e fir/ di/+ui%$ h]self by h] inve/igations on ! oscillations ( p5dulums ( diff]5t l5g?s1 an acc\nt ( :i* is to be f\nd 9 h] husb&'s valuable "w1 ,traite d',horlog]ie1 publi%$ 9 #agee4 ,9 #agei ,lal&e1 :o 0 !n ! ,director ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 engag$ ,mme4 ,lepaute & ! celebrat$ ma!matician1 ,clairaut1 to det]m9e ! am\nt ( ! attraction ( ,jupit] & ,saturn on ,halley's comet1 ^: return 0 expect$ 9 t ye>4 ,s difficult 0 ?is problem1 & s num]\s 7 ! complications involv$1 t ,lal&e frankly confesses t he w\ld n h d>$ to und]take its solution )\t ,mme4 ,lepaute's assi/ance4 ,= x necessitat$ calculat+ = e degree1 & = "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ! di/ances & =ces ( ea* ( ! planets ) ref]5ce to ! comet4 ,x w\ld be difficult1 decl>es ,lal&e1 to realize ! c\rage :i* ?is ent]prise requir$1 if "o did n "k t = m ?an six mon?s we calculat$ f morn+ until night1 sometimes ev5 at meals1 & t at ! end ( ?is en=c$ labor ,i 0 /rick5 by a malady :i* affect$ me dur+ ! re/ ( my life4 ,clairaut 0 s impress$ by ,mme4 ,lepaute's en]gy & skill dur+ ?is "t t he decl>$ h] ardor 0 surpris+1 & he did n hesitate to call h] ,la savante calculatrice--! le>n$ comput]4#adc ,! eclipse ( #agfb also engag$ ,mme4 ,lepaute's att5tion1 z did also ! annul> eclipse ( #agfd4 ,! latt] 0 a curi\s ph5om5on = ,france1 z x _h nev] be=e be5 obs]v$4 ,mme4 ,lepaute calculat$ x = ! :ole ( ,europe & publi%$ a *>t %[+ its pa? = e qu>t] ( an h\r4 ,%e also publi%$ ano!r *>t = ,p>is1 9 :i* 7 exhibit$ ! diff]5t phases ( ! eclipse4 ,on ! occasion ( ! diff]5t eclipses :i* %e _h calculat$1 ,mme4 ,lepaute recogniz$ ! advantage ( hav+ a table ( p>allactic angles4 ,%e accord+ly prep>$ a v ext5d$ table ( ?is k9d :i* 0 publi%$ by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,besides ?is table1 %e 0 ! au?or ( num]\s memoirs on a/ronomical subjects4 ,among !m 0 "o embrac+ calculations bas$ on all ! obs]vations :i* _h be5 made on ! transit ( ,v5us 9 #agfa4 ,9 #agei1 aga9 writes ,lal&e1 ,i 0 giv5 *>ge ( ! ,connaissance des ,temps1 a "w :i* ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces publi%$ e ye> = ! use ( a/ronom]s & navigators1 ! calculations = :i* gave occupation to sev]al p]sons4 ,i _h ! good =tune to f9d 9 ,mme4 ,lepaute a co-work] )\t :om ,i %\ld n h be5 able to und]take ! labor requir$4 ,%e cont9u$ 9 ?is occupation until #aggd1 :5 ano!r ,academician assum$ ?is labori\s task4 ,b %e !reupon began "w on ! ,ephem]is1 ( :i* ! sev5? volume 9 qu>to1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aggd1 goes to #aghd1 & ( :i* ! eigh?1 publi%$ 9 #aghc1 ext5ds to ! ye> #agib4 ,9 ?is latt] volume %e made1 unaid$1 all ! computations = ! sun1 ! moon & all ! planets4 ,?is long s]ies ( calculations f9ally enfeebl$ h] eyesight1 :i* _h be5 excell5t1 & %e 0 9 ! la/ ye>s ( h] life oblig$ to discont9ue !m4#add ,9 view ( h] extraord9>y & long-cont9u$ "w 9 h] *os5 specialty1 ,m4 ,lal&e 0 q w>rant$ 9 /at+ t ,mme4 ,lepaute is ! only woman 9 ,france :o has acquir$ v]itable k 9 a/ronomy2 & %e is n[ replac$ only by ,mme4 du ,pi]ry1 :o has publi%$ div]s a/ronomical calculations1 & :o has des]v$ to h d$icat$ to h] ,l',a/ronomie des ,dames1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aghf4 ,x is gratify+ to "k t ! beautiful ,japan ,rose--orig9ally call$ ,pautia1 b *ang$ to ,hort5sia by ,jussieu--0 nam$ aft] ?is di/+ui%$ woman4 ,x is also gratify+ to be assur$ t h] engross+ "w 9 a/ronomy 9 no wise caus$ h] to neglect h] home duties or to lose t sweetness ( "* & delicacy ( ref9em5t = :i* %e 0 not$ be=e %e ent]$ ^u ! absorb+ & tax+ c>e] ( a/ronomical comput]4 ,! wife ( ,lal&e's nephew1 ,mme4 ,lefrancais de ,lal&e1 prov$ h]self 9 _m respects a wor?y successor ( ,mme4 ,lepaute4 ,my niece1 writes h] uncle1 ,j]ome ,lal&e1 aids h] husb& 9 8 obs]vations & draws conclusions f !m by calculation4 ,%e has r$uc$ ! obs]vations ( t5 ?\s& />s1 & prep>$ a "w ( ?ree hundr$ pages ( hor>y tables--an imm5se "w = h] age & sex4 ,!y are incorporat$ 9 my ,abrege de ,navigation4 ,%e is "o ( ! r>e wom5 :o h writt5 sci5tific books4 ,%e has publi%$ tables = f9d+ ! "t at sea by ! altitude ( ! sun & />s4 ,^! tables 7 pr9t$ 9 #agia by ! ord] ( ! ,national ,assembly4444 ,9 #agii %e publi%$ a catalogue ( t5 ?\s& />s1 r$uc$ & calculat$4 ,?is di/+ui%$ obs]v] & comput] _h a daught] 9 :om h] gr&-uncle 0 p>ticul>ly int]e/$4 ,?is daught] ( a/ronomy1 he tells u1 0 born ! tw5tie? ( ,janu>y1 #agij1 ! day on :i* we at ,p>is saw = ! fir/ "t ! comet :i* ,miss ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el _h j discov]$4 ,! *ild 0 accord+ly nam$ ,c>ol9e2 h] godfa!r 0 ,delambre4 ,! discov]] ( ! comet ref]r$ to 01 9 _m ways1 a mo/ rem>kable woman4 ,%e 0 ! si/] ( ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 ! illu/ri\s pione] ( mod]n physical a/ronomy & ! virtual f\nd] ( sid]eal sci5ce1 z we "k x to-day4 ,%e 0 also ! aunt ( ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 :o 0 ! only rival ( 8 uncle1 ,sir ,william1 z an explor] ( ! heav5s4 ,b %e 0 f> m ?an a m]e relative ( ^! immortal lead]s 9 a/ronomic sci5ce4 ,%e h]self 0 an a/ronom] ( di/9ction1 & is kn[n1 9 ! annals ( a/ronomy1 z ! discov]] ( no few] ?an eight comets4 ,great1 h[ev]1 z 0 h] skill z an obs]v] & comput]1 x 0 z h] bro!r's assi/ant t %e is entitl$ to ! mo/ di/9ction4 ,h] affection = him 0 z unb\nd$ z h] devotion to 8 life "w 0 abid+ & productive ( great results4 ,= fifty ye>s1 aft] jo9+ him 9 ,engl&--!y bo? _h be5 born & br$ 9 ,hanov]--%e 0 ev] at 8 side1 to assi/ him 9 8 labors & to *e] him by h] words ( c\nsel & enc\ragem5t4 ,%e help$ him to gr9d & poli% ! mirrors t 7 us$ 9 8 epo*-mak+ reflectors4 ,?is 0 a mo/ ardu\s task2 =1 at t "t1 !re 0 no ma*9]y suffici5tly exact = gr9d+ specula1 &1 z a consequ5ce1 ! "w _h all to be done by h&4 ,s int]e/$ 0 ! great a/ronom] 9 8 "w1 :5 poli%+ 8 l>g] specula1 t he =got all ab\t ! passage ( "t1 & on ^! occasions 8 si/] 0 con/antly oblig$1 z %e h]self in=ms u1 to fe$ him by putt+ ! victuals by bits into 8 m\? by way ( keep+ him alive4 ,:5 f9i%+ 8 sev5-foot reflector he 0 on "o occasion f\nd s int5t on 8 "w t he _h n tak5 8 h&s f x = sixte5 h\rs toge!r4 ,9 our day1 :5 all k9ds ( a/ronomical app>atus are made by ma*9]y1 x is difficult = u to realize :at /up5d\s labor 0 requir$ to produce ^? giant telescopes ) :i* ! ,h]s*els made _! great discov]ies & by :i* !y1 at ! same "t1 revolutioniz$ ! sci5ce ( ! />s4 ,= !y _h n only to design & make ! specula1 b also ! m\nt+s ( ! mirrors z well4 ,&1 9 ord] to obta9 ! money requir$ = mat]ial & workm51 !y 7 oblig$ to make telescopes = sale4 ,?is meant an imm5se loss ( preci\s "t t w\ld o!rwise h be5 devot$ to ! /udy ( ! heav5s4 ,aft] long ye>s ( /ruggle1 dur+ :i* ! devot$ bro!r & si/] ov]came c\ntless difficulties ( e k9d1 _! condition 0 some:at ameliorat$ by f9ancial aid f ! gov]nm5t & by ,william's appo9tm5t to ! position ( a/ronom] royal ) a sal>y ( ,l#bjj a ye>4 ,:5 ,sir ,william ,watson he>d t ?is limit$ sum _h be5 grant$ by ,george ,,iii to ! discov]] ( ,georgium ,sidus--! planet n[ kn[n z ,uranus--he exclaim$1 ,nev] b\ght mon>* honor s *eap4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds ,c>ol9e 0 appo9t$ z assi/ant to h] bro!r at a sal>y ( ,l#ej a ye>4 ,?is we %\ld n[ consid] b a nom9al sum1 b %e manag$ to live on x4 ,:5 %e receiv$ ! fir/ qu>t]ly paym5t ( twelve p\nds %e wrote 9 h] memoirs1 ,x 0 ! fir/ money ,i ev] 9 all my lifetime ?\ght myself to be at lib]ty to sp5d to my lik+4 ,h] appo9tm5t z assi/ant to h] bro!r is notable f ! fact t %e 0 ! fir/ woman 9 ,engl&1 if n 9 ! _w1 to hold su* a position 9 ! gov]nm5t s]vice4 ,miss ,h]s*el held ?is (ficial appo9tm5t until ,sir ,william's dea? 9 #ahbb4 ,:5 n act+ z h] bro!r's assi/ant or secret>y1 %e devot$ h] "t to :at %e qua9tly call$ m9d+ ! heav5s4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t %e made h] mo/ important discov]ies4 ,z assi/ant1 h[ev]1 to s indefatigable an obs]v] z ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 %e _h b little "t = sweep+ ! heav5s1 =1 :5 at home1 ,sir ,william 0 inv>iably accu/om$ to c>ry on 8 obs]vations until day-break1 circum/ances p]mitt+1 )\t reg>d to seasons2 x 0 ! bus9ess ( 8 assi/ant to note ! clocks & to write d[n ! obs]vations f 8 dictations z !y 7 made4 ,subsequ5tly %e assi/$ 9 ! labori\s num]ical calculations & r$uctions1 s t x 0 only dur+ 8 abs5ce f home or :5 any o!r int]ruption ( 8 regul> c\rse ( obs]vation occurr$ t %e 0 able to devote h]self to ! ,newtonian sweep]1 :i* %e us$ to su* good purpose4 ,besides ! eight comets by h] discov]$1 %e detect$ sev]al rem>kable nebulae & clu/]s ( />s1 previ\sly unnotic$1 especially ! sup]b nebulae kn[n z ,no4 #a1 ,class ,v1 9 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el's catalogue4 ,long practice taught h] to make light ( h] "w4 ',an obs]v] at y\r tw5ty-foot :5 sweep+1' %e wrote _m ye>s aft]1 'wants no?+ b a be+ :o c & w execute 8 comm&s ) ! quickness ( lightn+2 = y w h se5 t 9 _m sweeps six or twice six objects h be5 secur$ & describ$ 9 "o m9ute ( "t4'#ade ,x 0 h] quick1 intellig5t action1 comb9$ ) a pati5ce1 en?usiasm & p[]s ( endurance t 7 mo/ extraord9>y1 t made ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el s valuable z an assi/ant to h] bro!r1 & enabl$ him to a*ieve ! unique position :i* is 8 among ! _w's greate/ a/ronom]s4 ,_h %e be5 able to devote all h] "t to m9d+ ! heav5s1 x is c]ta9 t %e w\ld h made _m m discov]ies ?an are n[ cr$it$ to h]2 b h] s]vice to a/ronomy w\ld h be5 less ?an x 0 z ! auxili>y ( h] illu/ri\s bro!r4 ,no two ev] did bett] teamwork2 no two 7 ev] m devot$ to ea* o!r or exhibit$ great] en?usiasm 9 ! task to :i* !y s h]oically devot$ _! lives4#adf ,9 addition to h] ardu\s & engross+ duties z secret>y & assi/ant to h] bro!r1 ,c>ol9e f\nd "t to prep>e a numb] ( works = ! press4 ,among ^! 7 a ,catalogue ( ,eight ,hundr$ & ,sixty ,/>s ,obs]v$ by ,flam/e$ b n ,includ$ 9 ! ,briti% ,catalogue & ,a ,g5]al ,index ( ,ref]5ce to ,e ,obs]vation ( ,e ,/> 9 ! ,above-m5tion$ ,briti% ,catalogue4 ,%e _h ! honor ( hav+ ^! two works publi%$ by ! ,royal ,society4 ,ano!r1 & a m valuable "w1 0 ,! ,r$uction & ,arrangem5t 9 ! ,=m ( ,catalogue1 9 ,zones1 ( ,all ! ,/>-,clu/]s & ,nebulae ,obs]v$ by ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el 9 ,8 ,sweeps4 ,x 0 = ?is catalogue t a gold m$al 0 vot$ to h] by ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society 9 #ahbh--;a production t 0 *>act]iz$ z a "w ( imm5se labor & an extraord9>y monum5t to ! unext+ui%$ ardor ( a lady ( sev5ty-five 9 ! cause ( ab/ract sci5ce4 ,to h] nephew1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 x prov$ invaluable1 z x suppli$ ! ne$ful data :5 he und]took ! review ( ! nebulae ( ! nor!rn hemisph]e4 ,x 0 also a fitt+ prelude to ,sir ,john's ,cape ,obs]vations1 a copy ( :i* great "w %e receiv$ f h] nephew ne>ly tw5ty ye>s subsequ5tly1 aft] he _h complet$ 8 fam\s obs]vations ( ! s\!rn heav5s 9 8 obs]vatory at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,by a mo/ /rik+ & happy co9cid5ce1 writes ,mrs4 ,john ,h]s*el1 %e1 ^: unflagg+ toil _h s greatly contribut$ to its successful prosecution 9 ! h&s ( h] belov$ bro!r1 liv$ to witness its triumphant t]m9ation ?r\gh ! no less p]si/5t indu/ry & /r5u\s labor ( 8 son2 & h] la/ days 7 cr[n$ by ! possession ( ! "w :i* br\ght to its glori\s conclusion ,sir ,william ,h]s*el's va/ und]tak+--,! ,survey ( ! ,heav5s4 ,t ,miss ,h]s*el's labors 9 ! cause ( a/ronomy 7 appreciat$ by h] contempor>ies is evid5c$ by ! honors ( :i* %e 0 ! recipi5t4 ,! fir/ ( ^! honors came 9 ! =m ( a gold m$al1 unanim\sly aw>d$ by ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society = h] r$uction ( tw5ty-five hundr$ nebulae discov]$ by h] illu/ri\s bro!r1 :i* may be consid]$ z ! completion ( a s]ies ( ex]tions probably unp>allel$ ei!r 9 magnitude or importance 9 ! annals ( a/ronomical labor4 ,x 0 on ?is occasion1 :5 ref]r+ to ! imm5sity ( ! task :i* ,sir ,william ,h]s*el _h und]tak51 t ! vice-presid5t ( ! society paid a des]v+ tribute to ! great a/ronom]'s devot$ si/]1 9 :i* is f\nd ! foll[+ /atem5t3 ,miss ,h]s*el x 0 :o by "r act$ z 8 amanu5sis2 %e x 0 ^: p5 convey$ to pap] 8 obs]vations z !y issu$ f 8 lips2 %e x 0 :o not$ ! "r asc5sions & pol> di/ances ( ! objects obs]v$2 %e x 0 :o1 hav+ pass$ ! night ne> ! in/rum5t1 took ! r\gh manuscripts to h] cottage at ! dawn ( day & produc$ a fair copy ( ! night's "w on ! foll[+ morn+2 %e x 0 :o plann$ ! labor ( ea* succe$+ night2 %e x 0 :o r$uc$ e obs]vation1 made e calculation2 %e x 0 :o arrang$ ev]y?+ 9 sy/ematic ord]2 & %e x 0 :o help$ him to obta9 8 imp]i%able "n4#adg ,besides ?is gold m$al f ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 ,miss ,h]s*el also receiv$ two o!rs1 "o f ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k & ! o!r f ! ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,! latt] 0 accompani$ by a mo/ eulogi/ic lett] f ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 :o in=m$ h] t ! m$al 0 aw>d$ h] 9 recognition ( ! valuable s]vices r5d]$ by h] z ! fell[ work] ( h] immortal bro!r1 ,sir ,william ,h]s*el1 by discov]ies1 obs]vations & labori\s calculations4 ,9 #ahce1 :5 %e 0 eighty-five ye>s ( age1 ,miss ,h]s*el _h ! signal honor ( be+ elect$1 along ) ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 an honor>y memb] ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society4 ,z !y 7 ! fir/ two wom5 9 ,engl& to receive su* recognition = _! contributions to sci5ce1 x seems desirable to reproduce "h an extract f ! report ( ! c\ncil ( ! society reg>d+ ! be/[al ( an honor :i* m>k$ s di/9ct a *ange 9 ,engl& ( ! attitude t %\ld be tak5 t[>d wom5 :o excell$ 9 intellectual a*ievem5ts4 ,! extract reads z foll[s3 ,y\r c\ncil has no small pleasure 9 recomm5d+ t ! names ( two ladies di/+ui%$ 9 diff]5t walks ( a/ronomy be plac$ on ! li/ ( honor>y memb]s4 ,on ! propriety ( su* a /ep1 9 an a/ronomical po9t ( view1 !re c be b "o voice2 & y\r c\ncil is ( ! op9ion t ! "t is gone by :5 ei!r feel+ or prejudice1 by :i*ev] "n x may be prop] to call x1 %\ld be all[$ to int]f]e ) ! paym5t ( a well-e>n$ tribute ( respect4 ,y\r c\ncil has hi!rto felt t1 :atev] might be its own s5tim5t on ! subject1 or h[ev] able & will+ x might be to def5d su* a measure1 x _h no "r to place ! "n ( a lady 9 a position ! propriety ( :i* might be conte/$1 ?\gh ^u :at x might consid] n>r[ gr\nds & false pr9ciples4 ,b y\r c\ncil has no fe> t su* a diff]5ce c\ld n[ take place betwe5 any m5 ^: op9ion c\ld avail to guide ! society at l>ge2 &1 ab&on+ complim5t on ! "o h& & false delicacy on ! o!r1 submits t1 :ile ! te/s ( a/ronomical m]it %\ld 9 no case be appli$ to ! works ( a woman less sev]ely ?an to ^? ( a man1 ! sex ( ! =m] %\ld no long] be an ob/acle to h] receiv+ any ackn[l$gm5t :i* might be held due to ! latt]4 ,& y\r c\ncil1 !re=e1 recomm5ds ?is meet+ to add to ! li/ ( honor>y memb]s ! names ( ,miss ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el & ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 ( ^: a/ronomical k1 & ( ! utility ( ! ends to :i* x has be5 appli$1 x is n necess>y to rec\nt ! pro(s4#adh ,?ree ye>s aft] ?is spl5did recognition ( ,miss ,h]s*el's a/ronomical labors %e 0 elect$ an honor>y memb] ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy4 ,b exceptional z 7 ! honors conf]r$ on h] by sov]eigns & le>n$ societies1 none ( !m af=d$ h] ! extreme satisfaction t %e exp]i5c$ on ! receipt ( a copy1 %ortly be=e h] dea?1 ( h] nephew's epo*al ,cape ,obs]vations2 =1 z has well be5 said1 no?+ 9 ! p[] ( man to be/[ c\ld h giv5 su* pleasure on h] dea?-b$ z ?is la/ cr[n+ completion ( h] bro!r's "w4 ,we are told t a copy1 j f ! press1 ( 8 immortal "w1 ,de ,orbium ,cele/ium ,revolutionibus1 9 :i* he _h e/abli%$ ! helioc5tric !ory ( ! planet>y sy/em1 0 plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ,cop]nicus on ! day ( 8 dea?1 j a few h\rs be=e he expir$4 ,he seem$ consci\s ( :at x 02 b1 aft] t\*+ x & contemplat+ x = a mom5t1 he laps$ into a /ate ( ins5sibility :i* soon t]m9at$ 9 dea?4 ,) ,miss ,h]s*el ! case 0 diff]5t4 ,al?\gh 9 h] n9ety-sev5? ye>1 %e /ill reta9$ possession ( all h] faculties & 0 fully able to appreciate ! volume :i* told ( ! cr[n+ ( h] bro!r's life "w--a volume :i* mu/ h giv5 h] additional satisfaction :5 %e recall$ h] fifty ye>s ( loyal s]vice at h] bro!r's side z 8 associate & m9i/]+ angel 9 ! greate/ "w ev] und]tak5 by a s+le man 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy4 ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el di$ at ! advanc$ age ( n9ety-sev5 ye>s & t5 mon?s1 reta9+ to ! la/ h] int]e/ 9 a/ronomy :i* _h occupi$ h] m9d = m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury4 ,h] epitaph1 compos$ by h]self1 is engrav$ on a heavy /one slab :i* cov]s h] grave & conta9s ! foll[+ words3 ,! eyes ( h] :o is glorifi$ 7 "h bel[ turn$ to ! />ry heav5s4 ,h] own discov]ies ( comets & h] p>ticipation 9 ! immortal labors ( h] bro!r1 ,william ,h]s*el1 be> witness ( ?is to future ages4 ,space precludes any ext5d$ ref]5ce to ,miss ,h]s*el's di/+ui%$ associate 9 ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 ^: ma/]ly translation & exposition ( ,laplace's ,mecanique ,cele/e secur$ = h] s enviable a place among ! ma!maticians ( h] "t1 & plac$ all ,engli% /ud5ts ( ma!matical a/ronomy "u su* deep obligations4 ,x is true t %e ev] manife/$ a lively int]e/ 9 cele/ial ph5om5a2 b x is r z a ma!matician ?an z an a/ronom] t %e w be rememb]$ by ! devotees ( sci5ce4 ,! fir/ ,am]ican woman to w9 di/9ction 9 a/ronomy 0 ,miss ,m>ia ,mit*ell4 ,born 9 ! isl& ( ,nantucket 9 #ahah1 %e1 at an e>ly age1 display$ rem>kable tal5t = a/ronomy & ma!matics4 ,h] fir/ in/ructor 0 h] fa!r1 :o1 besides be+ a s*ool tea*]1 _h f 8 y\? be5 an en?usia/ic /ud5t ( a/ronomy1 & t1 too1 at a "t :5 v little att5tion 0 giv5 to its /udy 9 ?is c\ntry1 & :5 ! obs]vatory ( ,h>v>d ,college consi/$ ( only a little projection to an old mansion 9 ,cambridge1 9 :i* !re 0 a small telescope4 ,at ! age ( ?irte5 little ,m>ia c\nt$ seconds by ! *ronomet] = h] fa!r :ile he obs]v$ ! annul> eclipse ( ! sun 9 #ahca2 & f t "t on %e 0 8 assidu\s co-work] 9 ! /udy ( ! heav5s4 ,aft] tea*+ s*ool = "s ye>s1 %e became ! libr>ian ( ! ,nantucket ,a!neum1 a position :i* %e held = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s4 ,"h %e cont9u$ ! /udy ( h] favorite sci5ce1 & read all ! books on a/ronomy :i* %e c\ld obta94 ,x 0 dur+ ?is p]iod t %e read ,b[dit*'s translation ( ,laplace's ,mecanique ,cele/e & ,gauss's ,!oria ,motus ,corporum ,caele/ium 9 ! orig9al4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ,octob] #a1 #ahdg1 %e 0 ! discov]] ( a comet t attract$ great att5tion because x secur$ = h] a m$al (f]$ by ! ,k+ ( ,d5m>k 9 #ahca = ! fir/ "o :o %\ld discov] a telescopic comet4 ,! same comet 0 obs]v$ by ,fa!r de ,vico 9 ,rome two days subsequ5tly1 by ,dawes 9 ,engl& on ,octob] sev5?1 & by ,madame ,ruemk]1 wife ( ! director ( ! obs]vatory ( ,hamburg1 on ! elev5? ( ! same mon?4 ,z !re 0 no ,atlantic cable 9 ^? days1 x 0 n kn[n :o 0 ! =tunate w9n] ( ! prize until ne>ly a ye> aft]w>d1 :5 ^w 0 receiv$ f ,d5m>k ann\nc+ t ! priority ( ,miss ,mit*ell's discov]y _h be5 recogniz$ & t %e w\ld be ! recipi5t ( ! prize1 :i*1 = a :ile1 x 0 ?\ght w\ld g to ,de ,vico or ,madame ,ruemk]4#adi ,9 #ahdi ,miss ,mit*ell 0 appo9t$ a compil] = ! ,nautical ,almanac1 a position %e held = n9ete5 ye>s4 ,dur+ ! same p]iod %e 0 employ$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,coa/ ,survey4 ,:5 ,vass> ,college 0 op5$ 9 #ahfe = ! high] education ( wom51 ,miss ,mit*ell 0 call$ to fill ! *air ( a/ronomy & to be ! fir/ director ( ! obs]vatory4 ,9 ?is position %e soon succe$$ 9 giv+ a/ronomy a prom95ce t x nev] _h _h be=e 9 any o!r college = wom51 & 9 b few = m54 ,miss ,mit*ell 0 a memb] ( sev]al le>n$ societies & ! au?or ( a numb] ( pap]s conta9+ ! results ( h] obs]vations on ,jupit] & ,saturn & _! satellites4 ,b %e is notable *iefly = be+ ! fir/ woman a/ronom] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & = tra9+ up a numb] ( "y wom5 :o h foll[$ 9 h] foot/eps z en?usia/ic a/ronom]s4 ,%e held h] position at ,vass> until #ahhi1 :5 %e di$1 a few mon?s be=e h] sev5ty-fir/ bir?day4 ,s9ce ! pione] days ( ,miss ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 ! numb] ( wom5 ?r\gh\t ! _w :o h a*iev$ di/9ction 9 a/ronomy has rapidly augm5t$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ ( ^! 0 ,cat]9a ,sc>pell9i1 niece ( ,feliciano ,sc>pell9i1 pr(essor ( a/ronomy 9 ,rome1 re/or] ( ! ,academy ( ! ,lyncei1 & f\nd] ( ! ,capitol9e ,obs]vatory4 ,born 9 #ahjh1 %e manife/$ at an e>ly age a decid$ ta/e = a/ronomy1 :i* 0 c>efully develop$ by h] uncle4 ,%e x 0 :o organiz$ ! ,meteorologico ,ozonometric /ation 9 ,rome & edit$ its mon?ly bullet94 ,%e exhibit$ a special int]e/ 9 %oot+ />s & prep>$ ! fir/ catalogue ( ^! meteors obs]v$ 9 ,italy4 ,9 #ahed %e discov]$ a comet4 ,%e has also left valuable /udies on ! probable influ5ce ( ! moon on e>?quakes--/udies :i* br\ght h] di/9ction f sev]al ( ! le>n$ societies ( ,europe4 ,9 #ahgb ! ,italian gov]nm5t decre$ h] a gold m$al = h] /ati/ical labors 9 sci5ce4 ,s9ce h] dea? h] c\ntrym5 h recogniz$ ! value ( h] contributions to sci5ce by erect+ a /atue to h] memory4 ,ano!r woman :o has won endur+ fame 9 ! annals ( a/ronomy is ,miss ,doro!a ,klumpke1 ( ,san ,francisco4 ,:ile yet q "y1 %e & h] si/]s 7 tak5 to ,europe to be educat$4 ,!re %e soon became pr(ici5t 9 a numb] ( languages1 & !n devot$ h]self to ! /udy ( ma!matics & a/ronomy4 ,aft] secur+ h] baccalaureate & lic5tiate 9 ,p>is1 %e appli$ = admission z a /ud5t to ! ,p>is obs]vatory4 ,! directors ( ! obs]vatory consult$ ! /atutes4 ,no woman _h hi!rto propos$ h]self z a colleague1 b !re 0 no rule oppos+ x4 ,!y !mselves approv$1 & gave h] a telescope to make h] own obs]vations4 ,aft] a "t %e complet$ ! "w begun by ,mme4 ,kovalevsky on ! r+s ( ,saturn1 :i* %e made ! subject ( h] !sis1 &1 :5 %e _h become ,doctor ( ,sci5ce1 %e 0 giv5 a decoration by ! ,in/itute & made an ,(fici] de l',academie4 ,aft] ,miss ,klumpke _h brilliantly def5d$ h] !sis 9 ! ,sorbonne1 ,m4 ,d>b\x1 ! presid5t ( ! jury1 complim5t$ ! "y ,am]ican doctor on h] spl5did "w & conclud$ a notable address 9 h] honor 9 ! foll[+ laudatory words3 ,! great names ( ,galileo1 ( ,huygh5s1 ( ,cass9i1 ( ,laplace1 )\t speak+ ( ^? ( my illu/ri\s colleagues & fri5ds1 are atta*$ to ! hi/ory ( e s]i\s /ep =w>d made 9 ?is attractive & difficult !ory ( ,saturn's r+s4 ,y\r "w con/itutes ano!r valuable contribution to ! same subject & places y 9 an honorable rank beside ^? wom5 :o h consecrat$ !mselves to ! /udy ( ma!matics4 ,9 ! la/ c5tury ,m>ia ,agnesi gave u a treatise on ! diff]5tial & integral calculus4 ,s9ce !n ,sophie ,g]ma91 z rem>kable = h] lit]>y & philosophical tal5t z = h] faculty = ma!matics1 won ! e/eem ( ! great geometricians :o honor$ our c\ntry at ! comm5cem5t ( ?is c5tury4 ,x is b a few ye>s s9ce ! ,academy aw>d$ "o ( its mo/ beautiful prizes :i* w place ! "n ( ,mme4 ,kovalevsky beside ^? ( ,eul] & ,lagrange 9 ! hi/ory ( discov]ies relative to ! !ory ( ! movem5t ( a solid body ab\t a fix$ po9t4444 ,& y1 mademoiselle1 y\r !sis is ! fir/ :i* a woman has pres5t$ & successfully def5d$ be=e our faculty = ! degree ( doctor 9 ma!matics4 ,y wor?ily op5 ! way1 & ! faculty unanim\sly makes ha/e to decl>e y wor?y ( obta9+ ! degree ( doctor4 ,besides h] !sis j ref]r$ to1 ,miss ,klumpke is ! au?or ( num]\s communications to sci5tific j\rnals & le>n$ societies reg>d+ h] rese>*es on ! spectra ( />s & meteorites & o!r alli$ subjects4 ,= _m ye>s %e 0 at ! head ( ! bureau 9 ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory = measur+ ! photographic plates t are to be us$ 9 ! l>ge catalogue ( />s & map ( ! heav5s :i* are to con/itute ! cr[n+ a*ievem5ts ( ! ,int]national ,a/ronomical ,congress4 ,%e 0 ! fir/ woman to be elect$ a memb] ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society ( ,france1 & ! "* ( h] "w z an obs]v] z well z a comput] has giv5 h] an enviable position among ! a/ronom]s ( ! _w4#aej ,9 ,am]ica ano!r woman has won r5[n among a/ronom]s by successfully execut+ ! same k9d ( "w z 0 entru/$ to ,miss ,doro!a ,klumpke 9 ,p>is4 ,= _m ye>s ,mrs4 ,w4 ,flem+1 ) h] l>ge corps ( wom5 assi/ants1 _h *>ge ( ! imm5se collection ( a/ronomical photographs 9 ! ,obs]vatory ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,to h] & h] /aff 7 assign$ ! r$uctions & measurem5ts ( ! photographic & photometric "w done 9 ,cambridge & ,arequipa1 ,p]u4 ,%e 0 s+ul>ly successful 9 h] /udies ( photographic plates & made _m discov]ies :i* a/ronom]s reg>d ( ! greate/ importance4 ,by su* /udies %e & h] assi/ants detect$ _m new nebulae1 d\ble & v>iable />s1 besides spectra ( diff]5t types & ( r>e int]e/4 ,9 addition to ?is !y exam9$ & classifi$ t5s ( ?\s&s ( photographs ( /ell> spectra1 a labor :i* involv$ c\ntless details ( r$uction & measurem5ts ( exce$+ delicacy & skill4 ,a complete li/ ( ! wom5 :o1 dur+ ! pa/ half c5tury1 h devot$ !mselves to ! /udy ( a/ronomy & :o h contribut$ to its advancem5t by _! obs]vations & writ+s w\ld be a v long "o4 ,among ^?1 h[ev]1 ^: labors h attract$ special notice1 m5tion mu/ be made ( ! ,misses ,antonia ,c4 ,maury1 ,flor5ce ,cu%man1 ,l\isa ,d4 ,wells1 ,mabel ,c4 ,/eph5s1 ,eva ,f4 ,lel&1 ,anna ,w9lock1 ,annie ,j4 ,cannon & ,h5rietta ,s4 ,leavitt1 all ( :om are on ! /aff ( ! ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory4 ,!n1 too1 !re are _m wom5 :o occupy important positions z pr(essors or assi/ant pr(essors 9 our colleges & univ]sities4 ,*ief among ^! 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ,s>ah ,f4 ,:it+1 ( ,wellesley2 ,m>y ,w4 ,:itney1 ( ,vass>2 ,m>y ,e4 ,boyd1 ( ,smi?2 ,susan ,cunn+ham1 ( ,sw>?more1 & ,annie ,s4 ,"y1 ( ,mt4 ,holyoke4 ,nor mu/ we =get su* able comput]s z ,mrs4 ,m>g>etta ,palm]1 ( ,yale1 & ,miss ,hanna ,mace1 ! clev] assi/ant ( ! late ,simon ,newcomb 9 ! ,naval ,obs]vatory 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,9 ! ,old ,_w among ! wom5 :o1 dur+ ! la/ few decades1 h mat]ially contribut$ to ! progress ( a/ronomy1 ei!r z obs]v]s & comput]s or z writ]s1 are ,miss ,alice ,ev]ett1 :o has done spl5did "w 9 ! obs]vatories ( ,gre5wi* & ,potsdam1 ,misses ,m4 ,a4 ,orr1 ,m>y ,a%ley1 ,alice ,br[n1 ,m>y ,proctor--daught] ( ! late a/ronom]1 ,r4 ,a4 ,proctor--,agnes ,m4 & ,ell5 ,m4 ,cl]ke1 & ,lady ,hugg9s1 ( ,engl&2 ,mmes4 ,jans51 ,faye1 & ,flamm>ion1 9 ,france2 ! ,c\ntess ,bob9ski1 9 ,russia2 & ,miss ,pogson1 9 ! ,obs]vatory ( ,madras1 ,india4 ,9 conclusion1 x is b j to obs]ve t wom5's "w 9 a/ronomy has by no means be5 conf9$ to _! contributions z obs]v]s1 writ]s & comput]s4 ,ref]5ce mu/ also be made to ! f9ancial aid :i* !y h giv5 to v>i\s obs]vatories & le>n$ societies = ! fur!rance ( a/ronomical rese>* bo? 9 ! ,new & ! ,old ,_w4 ,x mu/ suffice "h to recall ! end[m5t at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ( ! ,h5ry ,drap] ,memorial1 by ,mrs4 ,h5ry ,drap]1 9 ord] t ! "w ( photograph+ /ell> spectra1 :i* occupi$ h] husb&'s lat] ye>s1 might be cont9u$ "u ! mo/ favorable auspices1 & ! munific5t sum ( fifty ?\s& doll>s giv5 by ,miss ,c4 ,bruce1 ( ,new ,york1 = ! con/ruction ( a l>ge telescope especially design$ = photograph+ fa9t />s & nebulae4 ,! photographs tak5 ) ?is in/rum5t w be us$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ! great *>t ( ! heav5s :i* is to be ! jo9t production ( ! *ief obs]vatories ( ! _w4 ,,footnotes3 #acd ,cf4 ! prec$+ *apt]1 p4 #adj4 ,see also ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie ,anci5ne1 ,tom4 ,i1 p4 #cag1 p>4 ,m4 ,delambre1 ,p>is1 #ahag4 #ace ,calor etiam solis 9 hieme maior e/ sub t]ra quam sup] t]ram1 quod si tunc frigus tantum esset sub t]ra quam sup] t]ram1 vel si 9 ae/ate calor tantus esset sub t]ra quantus e/ sup] t]ram1 de immod]atione i/a t]ra tota sc9d]etur4 ,hildeg>dis ,causae et ,curae1 p4 #g1 ,lipsiae1 #aijc4 #acf ,comm5taire de ,!on d',alex&rie1 p4 ,x1 translat$ by ! ,abbe ,halma1 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 #acg ,enf9 de leur faire connoi/re qu'elles ne sont pas incapable de l'e/ude1 si elles s'en v\loi5t donn] la pe9e puisqu'entre le c]veau d'une femme et celui d'un homme il n'y a aucune diff]5ce4 ,cf4 ,j\rnal de ,savans1 ,tom4 ,,iii1 p4 #cjd1 a ,am/]dam1 #afhg4 #ach ,d'ou vi5t qu'elle a l'oeil tr\ble et le te9t si t]ni8 ,c'e/ que sur le calcul1 dit-on1 de ,cass9i1 ,un a/rolabe a la ma91 elle a1 dans la g\tti]e1 ,a suivre ,jupit] passe la nuit enti]e4 #aci ,celebre int] obs]vatores hujus aevi nom5 adeptus e/ ,godfr$us ,kir*ius1 a/ronomus nup] regius 9 ,societate ,sci5ci>um ,b]l95si2 m5se ,julio ,a1 #agaj mortuus4 ,ejus vidua1 ,m>ia ,magdal5a ,w9ckelmannia1 non m9ore 9 obs]v&o et calculo a/ronomico dext]itate pollet1 ac 9 utroque labore m>itum1 cum viv]et1 fidelit] juvit 444 quod laudi ducitur foem9ae ea animo compreh5disse1 quae s9e +5ii vi /udiique assiduitate non compreh5duntur1 ,acta ,eruditorum1 pp4 #gh1 #gi1 ,lipsiae1 #agab4 #adj ,preface ,hi/orique to ,pr9cipes ,ma!matiques de la ,philosophie ,naturelle p> feue ,madame la ,m>quise du ,*a/ellet1 ,tom4 ,i1 p4 ,v1 ,p>is1 #agei4 #ada ,! ,unpubli%$ ,correspond5ce ( ,madame du ,deff&1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bjb-bjc1 ,london1 #ahaj4 #adb ,mme4 du ,deff&'s v5om\s lett]1 some:at abridg$1 reads z foll[s3 ,imag9e a tall1 h>d & )]$ woman1 n>r[-*e/$1 ) l>ge limbs1 enorm\s feet1 a v small head1 a ?9 face1 a po9t$ nose1 two small sea-gre5 eyes1 h] color d>k1 h] complexion florid1 h] m\? flat1 h] tee? set f> ap>t & v mu* decay$2 !re is ! figure ( ! beautiful ,emilie1 a figure ) :i* %e is s well pleas$ t %e sp>es no?+ = ! sake ( sett+ x (f4 ,h] mann] ( dress+ h] hair1 h] adornm5ts1 h] top-knots1 h] jewelry1 all are 9 pr(usion2 b1 z %e wi%es to be lovely 9 spite ( nature1 & z %e wi%es to appe> magnific5t 9 spite ( =tune1 %e is oblig$1 9 ord] to obta9 sup]fluities1 to g )\t necess>ies su* z "u-g>m5ts & o!r trifles4 ,%e 0 born ) suffici5t intellect1 & ! desire to appe> z ?\gh %e _h a great deal made h] pref] to /udy ! mo/ ab/ract sci5ces r ?an m g5]al & pleasant bran*es ( k4 ,%e ?\ght %e w\ld ga9 a great] reputation by ?is peculi>ity & a m decid$ sup]iority ov] o!r wom54 ,%e did n limit h]self to ?is ambition4 ,%e wi%$ to be a pr9cess z well1 & %e became s1 n by ! grace ( ,god nor by t ( ! ,k+1 b by h] own act4 ,?is absurdity w5t on l ! o!rs4 ,"o became accu/om$ to reg>d h] z a pr9cess ( ! !atre1 & "o almo/ =got t %e 0 a woman ( rank4 ,madame work$ s h>d to appe> :at %e 0 n t no "o knew :at %e really 04 ,ev5 h] faults 7 p]haps n natural4 ,!y may h _h some?+ to d ) h] pret5sions1 h] want ( respect ) reg>d to ! /ate ( pr9cess1 h] dullness 9 t ( savante1 & h] /upidity 9 t ( a jolie femme4 ,h[ev] mu* ( a celebrity ,mme4 du ,*atelet may be1 %e w\ld n be satisfi$ if %e 7 n celebrat$1 & t is :at %e desir$ 9 becom+ ! fri5d ( ,m4 de ,voltaire4 ,to him %e owes ! eclat ( h] life1 & x is to him t %e w owe immortality4 ,see ,lettres de la ,m>quise du ,deff& a ,horace ,walpole1 ,tom4 ,i1 pp4 #bjj-bja1 ,p>is1 #ahbd4 ,z a contra/ to ?is atroci\s c>icature1 x is b due to ! memory ( ,mme4 du ,*atelet to give h] portrait by ,voltaire1 to :om %e 0 ev] ! beautiful1 ! *>m+ ,urania1 ! ,va/e et puissante g5ie1 ,m9]ve de la ,france1 immortelle ,emilie4 ,x is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ v]ses3 ,l'esprit sublime et la delicatesse1 ,l'oubli *>mante de sa propre beaute ,l'amitie t5dre et l'am\r emporte ,sont les attraits de ma belle maitresse4 ,if ! :ole tru? 7 kn[n1 x w\ld1 d\btless1 be f\nd some:]e betwe5 ! above extreme & contradictory views1 & ! cause ( ! cau/ic /atem5ts ( ,mesdames de ,/ael & du ,deff& w\ld probably be f\nd to be q accurately express$ 9 ! fir/ "p ( ,voltaire's ,epi/le on ,calumny1 :i* 0 writt5 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( 8 p>ticul> relation%ip ) ! div9e ,emilie4 ,! fir/ l9es ( ?is epi/le1 z translat$ by ,smollett1 are3 ,s9ce beautiful1 'twill be y\r fate1 ,emelia1 to incur mu* hate2 ,almo/ "o-half ( human race ,w ev5 curse y to y\r face2 ,posses/ ( g5ius1 noble/ fire1 ,) fe> y w ea* brea/ inspire2 ,z y too easily confide1 ,y'll (t5 be betray$1 beli$2 ,y ne'er ( virtue made p>ade1 ,to hypocrites no c\rt y've paid1 ,!re=e1 ( ,calumny bew>e1 ,foe to ! virtu\s & ! fair4 #adc ,9 8 "w on ,comets1 ,clairaut at fir/ gave ,mme4 ,lepaute full cr$it = h] "w :i* _h be5 ( su* ine/imable s]vice to himself2 b1 9 ord] to gratify a woman :o1 hav+ pret5sions )\t k1 0 v jeal\s ( ! sup]ior atta9m5ts ( ,mme4 ,lepaute1 he _h ! weakness subsequ5tly to suppress 8 g5]\s tribute to m]it4 ,comm5t+ on ?is /range conduct ( 8 assi/ant1 ,lal&e expresses himself z foll[s3 ,we "k t x is n r>e to see ord9>y wom5 depreciate ^? :o h k1 tax !m ) p$antry & conte/ _! m]it 9 ord] to av5ge !mselves ^u !m = _! sup]iority4 ,! latt] are s few 9 numb] t ! o!rs h almo/ succe$$ 9 mak+ !m conceal _! acquirem5ts4 #add ,bibliographie ,a/ronomique1 pp4 #fgf-fhg1 p> ,j]ome de la ,l&e1 ,p>is1 #ahjc4 #ade ,memoirs & ,correspond5ce ( ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 p4 #add1 by ,mrs4 ,john ,h]s*el1 ,london1 #ahgi4 #adf ,s s5sitive 0 ,miss ,h]s*el 9 h] old age reg>d+ ! reputation ( h] bro!r1 ,william1 :o _h always be5 h] idol & ! "o 9 :om %e _h conc5trat$ all h] affection1 t %e came to look askance at e p]son & ?+ t seem$ calculat$ to dull ! glory ( 8 a*ievem5ts4 ,?us h] niece1 9 writ+ to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 aft] h] dea?1 decl>es3 ,%e look$ ^u progress 9 sci5ce z s mu* detraction f h] bro!r's fame2 &1 ev5 y\r inve/igations w\ld h become a s\rce ( e/rangem5t _h %e be5 ) y4 ,9 a lett] to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 writt5 f\r ye>s be=e h] dea?1 %e exhibits1 9 an amus+ fa%ion1 h] jeal\s _s an5t ! great telescope ( ,"l ,rosse4 ,!y talk ( no?+ "h at ! clubs1 %e writes1 b ( ! great mirror & ! great man :o made x4 ,i h b "o answ] = all--,d] ,k]l i/ e9 ,n>r--! fell[ is a fool4 ,ev5 ,e ^w said 9 h] own praise seem$ to be s mu* tak5 away f ! hon\r due to h] bro!r4 ,%e _h liv$ s _m ye>s 9 companion%ip ) a truly great man1 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! unfa?omable dep?s ( ! />ry heav5s1 t praise ( h]self seem$ *ildi% exagg]ation4 ,& not)/&+ ! honor & recognition :i* %e receiv$ f le>n$ m5 & le>n$ societies = h] truly rem>kable a/ronomical labors1 h] dom9ant idea 0 always ! same--,i am no?+4 ,i h done no?+4 ,all ,i am1 all ,i "k1 ,i owe to my bro!r4 ,i am only a tool :i* he %ap$ to 8 use--a well-tra9$ puppy-dog w\ld h done z mu*4 ,op4 cit41 pp4 ,,ix1 #cce & #cdf4 #adg ,op4 cit41 p4 #bbd4 #adh ,memoirs & ,correspond5ce ( ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 ut4 sup41 pp4 #bbf-bbg4 #adi ,m>ia ,mit*ell1 ,life1 ,lett]s & ,j\rnals1 compil$ by ,phebe ,mit*ell ,k5dall1 p4 #bfg et seq41 ,bo/on1 #ahif4 #aej ,miss ,klumpke1 ! read] may be int]e/$ 9 kn[+1 belongs to a s+ul>ly gift$ family4 ,h] si/]1 ,augu/a1 is a di/+ui%$ physician & an au?ority on n]v\s diseases4 ,h]s is ! glory to be ! fir/ woman p]mitt$1 aft] an exceptionally sev]e exam9ation1 to s]ve z int]ne 9 ! ,p>is hospitals4 ,julia1 h] y\nge/ si/]1 :o a*iev$ di/9ction z a viol9i/ ) ,ysaye1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to pass ! exam9ation requir$ ( wom5 ent]+ ! ,p>is ,lycees1 :ile ,anna1 ! elde/1 has won fame z an arti/1 & z ! fri5d1 heiress & executrix ( ,france's fam\s daught]1 ,rosa ,bonheur4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,physics ,physics1 be+ "o ( ! inductive sci5ces1 receiv$ little att5tion until mod]n times4 ,true1 ! ,greeks 7 famili> ) "s ( ! fundam5tal facts ( ! me*anics ( solids & fluids1 & _h "s notions respect+ ! v>i\s physical =ces2 b _! k ( :at until rec5tly 0 kn[n z natural philosophy 0 extremely limit$4 ,ari/otle1 ,py?agoras & ,ar*im$es 7 among ! mo/ successful inve/igators ( _! "t respect+ ! laws & prop]ties ( matt]1 & contribut$ mat]ially to ! advancem5t ( k reg>d+ ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial univ]se2 b ! sum total ( _! in=mation ( :at we n[ "k z physics c\ld be embodi$ 9 a few pages4 ,9 view ( ! =ego+ facts1 we %\ld n expect to f9d wom5 engag$ 9 ! /udy1 mu* less 9 ! tea*+1 ( physical sci5ce dur+ anci5t times4 ,& yet1 if we are to cr$it ,boccaccio1 :o bases 8 /atem5ts on ^? ( e>ly ,greek writ]s1 !re 0 at lea/ "o woman t won di/9ction by h] k ( natural philosophy z e>ly z ! days ( ,socrates4 ,9 8 "w1 ,de ,laudibus ,muli]um1 :i* treats ( ! a*ievem5ts ( "s ( ! illu/ri\s repres5tatives ( ! g5tl] sex1 ! g5ial au?or ( ! ,decam]on gives special praise to "o ,arete ( ,cyr5e = ! bread? & v>iety ( h] atta9m5ts4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( ,ari/ippus1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,cyr5aic s*ool ( philosophy1 & is repres5t$ z be+ a v]itable prodigy ( le>n+4 ,= among h] _m claims to di/9ction %e is said to h publicly taught natural & moral philosophy 9 ! s*ools & academies ( ,attica = ?irty-five ye>s1 to h writt5 =ty books1 & to h c\nt$ among h] pupils "o hundr$ & t5 philosoph]s4 ,%e 0 s highly e/eem$ by h] c\ntrym5 t !y inscrib$ on h] tomb an epitaph :i* decl>$ t %e 0 ! spl5dor ( ,greece & possess$ ! beauty ( ,hel51 ! virtue ( ,?irma1 ! p5 ( ,ari/ippus1 ! s\l ( ,socrates1 & ! tongue ( ,hom]4#aea ,?is is high praise1 inde$1 b1 :5 we recollect t ,arete liv$ dur+ ! gold5 age ( ,greek le>n+ & culture1 t %e _h exceptional opportunities ( acquir+ k 9 e dep>tm5t ( intellectual ef=t2 :5 we recall ! l>ge numb] ( wom5 :o1 9 _! "t1 di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! le>n+ & accompli%m5t1 & reflect on ! advantages !y enjoy$ z pupils ( ! able/ tea*]s ( ! ,lyceum1 ! ,portico1 & ! ,academy2 :5 we rememb] fur!r t !y liv$ 9 an atmosph]e ( intellig5ce su* z has s9ce be5 unkn[n2 :5 we call to m9d ! signal success t rew>d$ ! pursuit ( k by ! scores ( wom5 m5tion$ by ,a!naeus & o!r ,greek writ]s2 :5 we p]use ! fragm5t>y notices ( _! a*ievem5ts z record$ 9 ! pages ( m rec5t inve/igators reg>d+ ! educational facilities ( a c]ta9 class ( wom5 liv+ 9 ,a!ns & ! em95ce :i* !y atta9$ 9 sci5ce1 philosophy & lit]ature1 we c realize t ! "* & am\nt ( ,arete's "w z an au?or & z a tea*] h n be5 ov]e/imat$4 ,liv+ 9 an age ( prodigi\s m5tal activity1 :5 wom51 z well z m51 7 actuat$ by an abid+ love ( k = its own sake1 !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 f9d+ a woman l ,arete comm&+ ! admiration ( h] c\ntrym5 by h] le>n+ & eloqu5ce4 ,= 0 n ! le>n$ & eloqu5t ,aspasia h] contempor>y8 ,& did n ,!ano1 ! wife ( ,py?agoras1 take *>ge ( h] husb&'s s*ool aft] 8 dea?2 & does n antiquity cr$it h] ) be+ n only a successful tea*] ( philosophy1 b also a writ] ( books ( recogniz$ value8 ,su* be+ ! case1 :at is !re incr$ible 9 ! /atem5ts made by anci5t writ]s reg>d+ ! lit]>y activity ( ,arete1 & ab\t h] em95ce z a tea*] ( sci5ce & philosophy8 ,%e 0 b "o ( _m ( ! ,greek wom5 ( h] age t won r5[n by _! gifts ( intellect & by _! contributions to ! educational "w ( _! "t & c\ntry4 ,bett] kn[n ?an ,arete1 b probably n sup]ior to h] z a tea*] or writ]1 0 ! illu/ri\s ,hypatia ( ,alex&ria4 ,%e1 too1 l h] di/+ui%$ pr$ecessor 9 ,a!ns1 0 an in/ructor 9 natural philosophy1 z well z o!r bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,( h] we "k m ?an we d ( ! daught] ( ,ari/ippus1 b ev5 our k ( ! acquisitions & a*ievem5ts ( ,hypatia is1 un=tunately1 extremely meag]4 ,we d1 h[ev]1 "k f ! hi/orian1 ,socrates1 & f ,synesius1 bi%op ( ,ptolemais1 :o 0 h] pupil1 t %e 0 "o ( ! mo/ ri*ly d[]$ wom5 ( all "t4 ,born & educat$ 9 ,alex&ria :5 its s*ools & s*ol>s 7 ! mo/ celebrat$ 9 ! _w1 %e 0 ev5 at an e>ly age reg>d$ z a m>vel ( le>n+4 ,=1 n satisfi$ ) excell+ h] fa!r1 ,!on1 9 ma!matics1 ( :i* he 0 a di/+ui%$ pr(essor1 %e1 z ,suidas in=ms u1 devot$ h]self to ! /udy ( philosophy ) su* success t %e 0 soon reg>d$ z ! able/ liv+ expon5t ( ! doctr9es ( ,plato & ,ari/otle4 ,h] k1 writes ! hi/orian1 ,socrates1 0 s great t %e f> surpass$ all ! philosoph]s ( h] "t4 ,& succe$+ ,plot9us1 9 ! ,platonic s*ool :i* he _h f\nd$ 9 ! city ( ,alex&ria1 %e taught all ! bran*es ( philosophy ) su* signal success t /ud5ts flock$ to h] 9 cr[ds f all p>ts4#aeb ,h] home1 z well z h] lecture room1 0 ! resort ( ! mo/ not$ s*ol>s ( ! day1 & 01 ) ! exception ( ! ,libr>y & ! ,museum1 ! mo/ frequ5t$ intellectual c5t] ( ! great city ( le>n+ & culture4 ,small wond]1 !n1 t h] contempor>ies laud$ h] z an oracle & z ! mo/ brilliant lum9>y 9 ,alex&ria's spl5did galaxy ( ?9k]s & s*ol>s--sapi5tis artis sidus integ]rimum4 ,among ! _m inv5tions attribut$ to ,hypatia1 besides ! planisph]e & a/rolabe :i* %e design$ = ! use ( a/ronom]s1 are sev]al employ$ 9 ! /udy ( natural philosophy4 ,probably ! mo/ useful ( ^! is an areomet] m5tion$ by h] pupil ,synesius4 ,he calls x a hydroscope & describes x z hav+ ! =m & size ( a flute1 & graduat$ 9 su* wise t x c be us$ = det]m9+ ! d5sity ( liquids4 ,t ,hypatia 0 ?or\ghly famili> ) ! sci5ce ( natural philosophy1 z !n kn[n1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,t %e also contribut$ mat]ially to its advancem5t1 z well z to t ( a/ronomy1 9 :i* %e always exhibit$ a special int]e/1 !re is e reason to believe4#aec ,aft] ! dea? ( ,hypatia1 ! /udy ( natural philosophy 0 almo/ entirely neglect$ = m ?an a ?\s& ye>s4 ,! fir/ woman 9 mod]n times to attract att5tion by h] discussion ( physical problems 0 ! fam\s ,m>quise du ,*atelet1 al?\gh %e 0 bett] kn[n z a ma!matician & z ! translator into ! ,fr5* ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia4 ,9 h] *ateau at ,cirey %e _h a well-equipp$ physical cab9et 9 :i* %e took special delight4 ,b 9 h] "t1 z 9 t ( ,hypatia1 natural philosophy 0 f> f be+ ! broad exp]im5tal sci5ce :i* x has become ?r\gh ! m>vel\s discov]ies made 9 heat1 light1 electricity & magnetism dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s1 z well z ?r\gh ^? c\ntless brilliant inve/igations :i* h l$ up to our pres5t doctr9e ( ! correlation & cons]vation ( ! v>i\s physical =ces4 ,!re 0 !n no occasion = ^? delicate in/rum5ts ( precision :i* are n[ f\nd 9 e physical laboratory by means ( :i* ! man ( sci5ce is able to inve/igate ph5om5a & det]m9e laws t 7 q unkn[n until a few ye>s ago4 ,9 ! "t ( ,mme4 du ,*atelet1 z dur+ ! c5tury foll[+1 natural philosophy consi/$ r 9 ! me*anical & ma!matical ?an 9 ! physical /udy ( nature4 ,?is is illu/rat$ by ! title ( ! great "w on ! translation ( :i* %e sp5t ! be/ ye>s ( h] life--,newton's immortal ,philosophiae ,naturalis ,pr9cipia ,ma!matica4 ,! ,m>quise's fir/ sci5tific "w 0 an inve/igation reg>d+ ! nature ( fire4 ,! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces _h (f]$ a prize = ! be/ memoir on ! subject4 ,among ! conte/ants = ! covet$ honor 7 ! *atela9e ( ,cirey & ! celebrat$ ,swiss ma!matician1 ,leon>d ,eul]4 ,! ,m>quise 0 unsuccessful 9 ! conte/1 b h] pap] 0 ( su* value t ! em95t physici/ & a/ronom]1 ,arago1 0 able to *>act]ize x z an elegant piece ( "w1 embrac+ all ! facts relat+ to ! subject !n kn[n to sci5ce & conta9+ among ! exp]im5ts sugge/$ "o :i* prov$ s fecund 9 ! h&s ( ,h]s*el4 ,9 ?is rem>kable ,memoire sur le ,feu1 :i* is pr9t$ 9 ! ,collections ( ! ,academy1 ! ,m>quise anticipates ! results ( subsequ5t rese>*es ( o!rs by ma9ta9+ t bo? heat & light h ! same cause1 or1 z we %\ld n[ say1 are bo? modes ( motion4 ,! second book writt5 by ?is rem>kable woman is entitl$ ,in/itutions de ,physique1 & 0 d$icat$ to h] son1 = ^: b5efit x 0 prim>ily writt54 ,x deals specially ) ! philosophy ( ,leibnitz & discusses su* que/ions z =ce1 "t & space4 ,h] views respect+ ! nature ( ! =ce call$ vis viva1 :i* 0 mu* discuss$ 9 h] "t1 are ( p>ticul> int]e/1 z !y are n only oppos$ to ^? :i* 7 held by ,desc>tes & ,newton1 b also because !y are 9 ess5tial accord ) ^? n[ accept$ 9 ! _w ( sci5ce4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 ! ,m>quise du ,*atelet des]v$ly takes high rank 9 ! hi/ory ( ma!matical physics4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce %e has _h few1 if any1 sup]iors among h] own sex4 ,&1 :5 we recollect t %e labor$ :ile ! f\ndations ( dynamics 7 /ill be+ laid1 we %all m readily appreciate ! difficulties %e _h to cont5d ) & ! di/9ct s]vice :i* h] rese>*es & writ+s r5d]$ to ! cause ( natural philosophy among h] contempor>ies4 ,! fir/ woman to occupy a *air ( physics 9 a univ]sity 0 ! fam\s daught] ( ,italy1 ,laura ,m>ia ,cat>9a ,bassi4 ,%e 0 born 9 ,bologna 9 #agaa--;b five ye>s aft] ! bir? ( ,madame du ,*atelet--& f h] mo/ t5d] ye>s %e exhibit$ an exceptional facility = ! acquisition ( k4 ,aft] %e _h1 ?r\gh ! assi/ance ( excell5t ma/]s1 become pr(ici5t 9 ,fr5* & ,lat91 %e took up ! /udy ( logic1 metaphysics & natural philosophy4 ,9 all ^! bran*es ( le>n+ h] progress 0 s rapid t x f> exce$$ ! fonde/ expectations ( h] p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,?anks to a wond]ful memory & a highly develop$ reason+ faculty1 %e 0 able1 :ile /ill a "y maid51 to prove h]self ! possessor ( k t is ord9>ily obta9$ only 9 ! maturity ( age & aft] long ye>s ( sy/ematic /udy4 ,:5 %e _h atta9$ ! tw5ty-fir/ ye> ( h] age %e 0 induc$ by h] family & fri5ds--mu* aga9/ h] own incl9ation1 h[ev]--to take "p 9 a public disputation on philosophy4 ,h] ent]+ ! li/s aga9/ "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s ( ! "t 0 made ! occasion = an unusual demon/ration 9 h] honor4 ,! hall ( ! univ]sity 9 :i* su* intellectual j\/s 7 g5]ally held 0 too small = ! multitude t 0 eag] to witness ! "y girl's =mal appe>ance among ! s*ol>s & ! notables ( ! old univ]sity city4 ,x 01 accord+ly1 arrang$ t ! disputation %\ld be held 9 ! great hall ( ! public ,palace ( ! ,s5ators4 ,among ! va/ assemblage pres5t at ! disputation 7 ,c>d9al ,grimaldi1 ! papal legate2 ,c>d9al ,ar*bi%op ,lamb]t9i1 aft]w>ds ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv2 ! gonfaloni]1 s5ators1 lit]ati f f> & ne>1 lead+ memb]s ( ! nobility & repres5tatives ( all ! religi\s ord]s4 ,:5 ! argum5tation began ! "y girl f\nd h]self pitt$ aga9/ five ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s ( ,bologna4 ,b %e 0 fully equal to ! occasion & pass$ ! ordeal to :i* %e 0 subject$ 9 a mann] t excit$ ! admiration & won ! plaudits ( all pres5t4 ,c>d9al ,lamb]t9i 0 s impress$ ) ! brilliant def5ce :i* %e _h made aga9/ ! five tra9$ dialecticians & ! evid5ce %e gave ( v>i$ & pr(\nd le>n+ t he paid h] a special visit ! next day 9 h] own home to r5ew 8 congratulations on h] signal triumph & to enc\rage h] to cont9ue ! prosecution ( h] /udies4 ,9 less ?an a mon? aft] ?is int]e/+ ev5t ,laura ,bassi1 9 response to ! express$ desire ( ! :ole ( ,bologna1 pres5t$ h]self z a c&idate = ! doctorate 9 philosophy4 ,?is 0 ! occasion = a /ill m brilliant & impos+ c]emony4 ,x 0 held 9 ! spaci\s ,hall ( ,h]cules 9 ! ,communal ,palace1 :i* 0 magnific5tly decorat$ = ! spl5did function4 ,9 addition to ! di/+ui%$ p]sonages :o _h be5 spectators ( ! fair /ud5t's triumph a few weeks be=e1 !re 0 pres5t 9 ! va/ audi5ce ! not$ ,fr5* ecclesia/ic1 ,c>d9al ,polignac1 :o 0 on 8 way f ,rome to ,france4 ,! h]o9e ( ! h\r1 dress$ 9 a black g[n1 0 u%]$ into ! great hall1 prec$$ by two college beadles & accompani$ by two ( ! mo/ prom95t ladies ( ! ,bolognese nobility4 ,%e 0 giv5 a seat betwe5 ! *ancellor & ! prior ( ! univ]sity1 :o1 9 turn1 7 flank$ by ! pr(essors & (ficials ( ! in/itution4 ,aft] ! usual prelim9>ies ( ! function 7 ov] ! prior ( ! univ]sity1 ,doctor ,bazzani1 rose & pron\nc$ an eloqu5t disc\rse 9 ,lat9 to :i* ,laura made a suitable response 9 ! same language4 ,%e 0 !n cr[n$ ) a laurel wrea? exquisitely wr\ght 9 silv]1 & _h ?r[n r\nd h] ! vajo1 or univ]sity g[n1 bo? symbols ( ! doctorate4 ,aft] ?is ! "y doctor proce$$ to :]e ! ?ree c>d9als 7 seat$1 & 9 delicately *os5 words1 also 9 ,lat91 express$ to !m h] ?anks = ! honor ( _! pres5ce4 ,all !n )drew to ! ap>tm5ts ( ! gonfaloni]1 :]e refre%m5ts 7 s]v$ 9 sumptu\s /yle1 aft] :i* ! "y ,laureata1 accompani$ by a num]\s cortege & applaud$ by ! entire city1 0 escort$ to h] home4 ,s pr(\nd 0 ! impression made on ! univ]sity s5ate by ! deep erudition ( ,laura ,bassi t x 0 eag] to secure h] s]vices 9 its tea*+ body4 ,b1 be=e %e c\ld be (f]$ a *air 9 ! in/itution1 long-e/abli%$ cu/om requir$ t %e %\ld pass a public exam9ation on ! subject matt] :i* %e 0 to tea*4 ,five exam9]s 7 *os5 by lot1 & all ( !m prov$ to be m5 ^: names1 says ,fantuzzi1 w always be held by our univ]sity 9 glori\s remembrance4 ,!y _h all to promise "u oa? t ! c&idate = ! *air %\ld h no k be=e ! exam9ation ( ! que/ions :i* 7 to be ask$1 & t ! te/ ( ! aspirant's qualifications to fill ! position s\ght %\ld be absolutely free f any suspicion ( favoritism or p>tiality4 ,not)/&+ ! difficulties %e _h to confront1 ,laura acquitt$ h]self ) ev5 great] cr$it ?an on =m] occasions ( a simil> "*4 ,!re 0 no "q 9 ! m9d ( any "o pres5t at ! exam9ation ( ! c&idate's ability to fill ! *air ( physics1 & x 01 accord+ly1 (f]$ to h] by acclamation4 ,! fir/ public lecture ( ! gift$ "y dottoressa 0 made ! occasion ( a demon/ration su* z ! old walls ( ! univ]sity _h r>ely witness$4 ,h] lecture room 0 ?rong$ by ! elite ( ! city1 z well z by a l>ge class ( en?usia/ic /ud5ts4 ,all 7 *>m$ by h] eloqu5ce & amaz$ at ! complete ma/]y %e ev9c$ ( ! subject %e _h select$ = discussion4 ,f t day =? h] reputation z a s*ol> & a tea*] 0 e/abli%$1 & h] lectures 7 att5d$ by appreciative /ud5ts f all p>ts ( ,europe4 ,%e 0 especially popul> ) ! /ud5ts f ,greece1 ,g]many & ,pol&1 & h] popul>ity1 f> f wan+1 wax$ great] ) ! pass+ ye>s4 ,at ! "t ( ,laura's ent]+ ^u h] pr(essional c>e] ! s5ate ( ,bologna _h a m$al co9$ 9 h] honor1 on ! obv]se ( :i* 0 h] "n & effigy1 :ile on ! rev]se !re 0 an image ( ,m9]va1 ) ! inscription1 ,soli cui fas vidisse ,m9]vam4 ,f> f int]rupt+ h] /udies1 :i* _h hi!rto be5 ! joy ( h] life1 ,laura's univ]sity "w gave new ze/ to ! lit]>y & sci5tific pursuits :i* _h always su* a fasc9ation = h]4 ,among ! subjects t specially engag$ h] att5tion 7 /udies s div]se z ,greek & ! high] ma!matics4 ,%e 0 p>ticul>ly int]e/$ 9 ! great physico-ma!matical "w ( ,newton1 & did n re/ until %e _h ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! cont5ts ( 8 epo*-mak+ ,pr9cipia4 ,a few ye>s aft] %e _h become a memb] ( ! univ]sity faculty ,laura 0 a ,european celebrity1 & no "o em95t by le>n+ or bir? pass$ ?r\gh ,bologna )\t avail+ himself ( ! opportunity ( mak+ ! acqua9tance ( s extraord9>y a woman4 ,m5 ( sci5ce & lett]s vi$ ) pr9ces & emp]ors 9 do+ honor to "o :o 0 look$ ^u by _m z be+1 l ,arete ( old1 end[$ ) a s\l & a g5ius f> above t ( ord9>y mortals1 & z be+ ! possessor ( a tal5t t indicat$ some?+ sup]human4 ,laura ,bassi 0 9 con/ant correspond5ce ) ! mo/ celebrat$ s*ol>s ( ,europe1 & m especially ) ^? :o _h atta9$ em95ce 9 h] special l9e ( "w4 ,among ! lett]s receiv$ f h] illu/ri\s correspond5ts 7 two f ,voltaire4 ,!y 7 writt5 %ortly aft] ! au?or _h be5 refus$ admittance into ! ,fr5* academy4 ,he !n be?\ght himself ( secur+ memb]%ip 9 ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,bologna4 ,?is1 he reason$1 w\ld be a spl5did tribute to ! v]satility ( 8 g5ius & w\ld1 at ! same "t1 be a bit+ satire on ! demigods ( ,fr5* lit]ature :o _h d>$ to exclude him f _! society4 ,t he might n meet ! same refusal on ! "p ( ! ,academy ( ,bologna z he _h exp]i5c$ 9 ,p>is1 ,voltaire det]m9$ n to rely entirely on ! good w ( ! male memb]s ( ! ,bolognese academy4 ,he accord+ly resolv$ to enli/ ! s]vices ( ,laura ,bassi1 :o 0 "o ( ! lead+ memb]s ( ?is di/+ui%$ body1 & tru/ to h] influ5ce 9 8 behalf on ! he>ts ( h] colleagues4 ,! fir/ lett]1 writt5 9 ,italian1 is s *>act]i/ic ( ! writ] t x w be> reproduction4 ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,lady1 he writes f ,p>is1 ! #bc;d ( ,novemb]1 #agdd1 ,i h be5 wi%+ to j\rney to ,bologna 9 ord] to be able "o day to tell my c\ntrym5 ,i h se5 ,signora ,bassi2 b1 be+ depriv$ ( ?is honor1 let x at lea/ be p]mitt$ me to place at y\r feet ?is philosophic homage & to salute ! honor ( h] age & ( wom54 ,!re is n a ,bassi 9 ,london1 & ,i %\ld be m happy to be a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,bologna ?an ( t ( ! ,engli%1 al?\gh x has produc$ a ,newton4 ,if y\r protection %\ld obta9 = me ?is title1 ( :i* ,i am s ambiti\s1 ! gratitude ( my he>t w be equal to my admiration = y\rself4 ,i beg y to excuse ! /yle ( a =eign] :o presumes to write y 9 ,italian1 b :o is z great an admir] ( y\rs z if he 7 born 9 ,bologna4 ,! second lett] ( ,voltaire is 9 response to "o receiv$ f ,laura ,bassi ann\nc+ t he _h be5 elect$ to memb]%ip 9 ! ,bologna ,academy4 ,! fir/ s5t5ce ( x suffices to indicate its t5or4 ,no?+1 he writes1 0 ev] m grateful to me ?an to receive f y\r h& ! fir/ advice t ,i _h ! honor1 by means ( y\r favor1 ( be+ unit$ by ?is new l9k to "o :o _h already b\nd me to h] c> by all ! *a9s ( e/eem & admiration4#aed ,l s _m ( h] gift$ si/]s ( sunny ,italy1 ,laura 0 9 e way a p]fect woman nobly plann$4 ,( a deeply religi\s nature1 %e 0 z pi\s z %e 0 intellig5t1 & 0 ?r\gh\t h] life ! devot$ fri5d ( ! poor & ! afflict$4 ,! "m ( twelve *ildr51 %e nev] p]mitt$ h] sci5tific & lit]>y "w to conflict ) h] dome/ic duties or to detract 9 ! lea/ f ! s+ul> affection :i* s closely unit$ h] to h] husb& & *ildr54 ,%e 0 z mu* at home ) ! ne$le & ! sp9dle z %e 0 ) h] books & ! app>atus ( h] laboratory4 ,& %e 0 equally admirable :e!r sup]9t5d+ h] h\sehold1 look+ aft] h] *ildr51 ent]ta9+ ! great & ! le>n$ ( ! _w1 or 9 hold+ ! rapt att5tion ( h] /ud5ts 9 ! lecture room4 ,%e 01 inde$1 a liv+ pro( t high] education is n incompatible ) woman's natural avocations2 & t c]ebral developm5t does n lead to race suicide & all ! o!r dire results attribut$ to x by a c]ta9 class ( our mod]n sociologi/s & anti-fem9i/s4 ,consid]+ h] manifold duties z a pr(essor 9 ! univ]sity & ! "m ( a l>ge family1 x 0 sc>cely to be expect$ t ,laura ,bassi w\ld h mu* "t = writ+ = ! press4 ,%e 01 h[ev]1 able to devote "s ( h] leisure mom5ts to ! cultivation ( ! ,muses1 ( :om1 ,fantuzzi in=ms u1 %e 0 a favorite4 ,h] v]ses1 z well z h] contributions to ! sci5ce ( physics1 are scatt]$ ?r\gh v>i\s publications1 b !y suffice to %[ t ! acc\nts ( h] transmitt$ to u by h] contempor>ies 7 n exagg]at$4#aee ,a le>n$ ,fr5* travel] :o visit$ ,laura 9 ,bologna describes h] z hav+ a face t 0 sweet1 s]i\s & mode/4 ,h] eyes 7 d>k & sp>kl+1 & %e 0 bless$ ) a p[]ful memory1 a solid judgm5t1 & a ready imag9ation4 ,%e conv]s$ flu5tly ) me 9 ,lat9 = an h\r ) grace & precision4 ,%e is v pr(ici5t 9 metaphysics2 b %e pref]s mod]n physics1 p>ticul>ly t ( ,newton4 ,h[ _m ( our college wom5 ( to-day c\ld readily c>ry on a conv]sation 9 ,lat91 if ?is 7 ! sole m$ium ( communication1 or discuss ! philosophy ( ,plato & ,ari/otle 9 ! tongue ( ,cic]o1 or give public lectures on ! physico-ma!matical discov]ies ( ,desc>tes & ,newton 9 :at 0 ! univ]sal language ( ! le>n$ _w1 ev5 less ?an a c5tury ago8 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be inf]r$ f ! =ego+ /atem5ts reg>d+ ! great intellectual capacity ( ,laura ,bassi or ! en?usia/ic demon/rations t 7 s frequ5tly made 9 h] honor t %e 0 unique 9 ?is respect among h] c\ntrywom54 ,special att5tion has be5 call$ to h] z a type ( ! l>ge numb] ( h] sex :o1 by _! le>n+ & culture1 grac$ ! c\rts & honor$ ! univ]sities ( h] c\ntry = full t5 c5turies4 ,sc>cely _h dea? remov$ ,laura ,bassi f a c>e] 9 :i* = tw5ty-eight ye>s %e _h won ! plaudits ( ! :ole ( ,europe1 :5 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna welcom$ to its le>n$ halls two o!r wom5 :o1 9 _! respective l9es ( rese>*1 7 fully z em95t z _! dep>t$ c\ntrywoman4 ,^! 7 ,m>ia dalle ,donne1 = :om ,napoleon e/abli%$ a *air ( ob/etrics1 & ,clotilda ,tambroni1 ! fam\s pr(essor ( ,greek1 ( :om a not$ ,hell5i/ decl>$1 ,only ?ree p]sons 9 ,europe are able to write ,greek z well z %e does1 & n m ?an fifte5 are able to und]/& h]4 ,burckh>dt1 9 8 ?\ghtful "w on ! culture ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance1 has a p>agraph :i* expresses1 9 a few words1 :at 0 always ! attitude ( ! ,italian fa!r t[>d ! education ( 8 daught]4 ,! education ( ! woman ( ! upp] class 0 absolutely ! same z t ( ! man4 ,! ,italian ( ! ,r5aissance did n = a mom5t hesitate to give 8 son & daught] ! same lit]>y & philosophical tra9+4 ,he consid]$ ! k ( ! works ( antiquity life's greate/ good1 & he c\ld n1 !re=e1 d5y to woman p>ticipation 9 su* k4 ,h5ce ! p]fection atta9$ by ! daught]s ( noble families 9 writ+ & speak+ ,lat94#aef ,?is attitude ( ! memb]s ( ! nobility t[>d ! education ( _! daught]s 0 ess5tially ! same z t ( ! univ]sities ( ,italy t[>d wom5 :o _h a ?ir/ = k4 ,= f ! dawn ( le>n+ 9 ,sal]no to ! pres5t !re nev] 0 a "t :5 wom5 7 n z cordially welcom$ to ! univ]sities z /ud5ts & pr(essors z 7 ! m52 & nev] a "t :5 ! m]it ( intellectual "w 0 n det]m9$ )\t reg>d to sex4 ,9 ,bologna1 :]e 7 pass$ ! sixty-sev5 ye>s ( h] mortal life1 ! "n ( ,laura ,bassi1 l t ( h] illu/ri\s colleague1 ,luigi ,galvani1 is "o to conjure )1 & a "n t is /ill pron\nc$ ) respect & rev]5ce4 ,h] la/ re/+ place is 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,corpus ,dom9i1 ! same sacr$ %r9e 9 :i* 7 deposit$ all t 0 mortal ( ! r5[n$ discov]] ( galvanic electricity4#aeg ,two ye>s aft] ,signora ,bassi 0 ga!r$ to h] fa!rs !re 0 born ne> ,ed9burgh to a ,scot* admiral1 ,sir ,william ,george ,fairfax1 an infant daught] :o 0 de/9$ to %$ z mu* lu/] on h] sex 9 ! ,briti% ,isles z ! incomp>able ,laura ,bassi _h diffus$ on womank9d 9 ,italy dur+ h] brilliant c>e] 9 ,bologna1 ! le>n$4 ,%e is kn[n 9 ! annals ( sci5ce z ,m>y ,som]ville1 & 0 9 e way a wor?y successor ( h] fam\s si/] 9 ,italy1 bo? z a woman & z a vot>y ( sci5ce4 ,al?\gh h] *ief title to fame is h] notable "w 9 ma!matical a/ronomy1 especially h] translation ( ,laplace's ,me*anique ,cele/e1 %e is likewise to be accord$ a prom95t place among sci5tific inve/igators = h] contributions to physics & cognate bran*es ( k4 ,*ief among ^! are h] works on ! ,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces & ,physical ,geography4 ,z to ! la/ production1 no less an au?ority ?an ,alex&] von ,humboldt pron\nc$ x an exact & admirable treatise1 & wrote ( x z t excell5t "w :i* has *>m$ & in/ruct$ me s9ce its fir/ appe>ance4 ,9 a lett] f ! illu/ri\s ,g]man savant to ! gift$ au?oress ( ! two la/-nam$ volumes occurs ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,to ! great sup]iority y possess & :i* has s nobly illu/rat$ y\r "n on ! high regions ( ma!matical analysis1 y add1 ,madam1 a v>iety ( in=mation 9 all p>ts ( physics & descriptive natural hi/ory4 ,aft] ! ,me*anism ( ! ,heav5s1 ! philosophical ,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces has be5 ! object ( my pr(\nd admiration4444 ,! au?or ( ! va/ ,cosmos %\ld m ?an any "o else salute ! ,physical ,geography ( ,m>y ,som]ville4444 ,i "k ( no "w on physical geography 9 any language t c comp>e ) y\rs4 ,among ! o!r works by ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 treat+ ( physical subjects or ( subjects intimately relat$ to physics are ,! ,=m & ,rotation ( ! ,e>?1 ,! ,tides ( ! ,ocean & ,atmosph]e1 & an ab/ruse inve/igation ,on ,molecul> & ,microscopic ,sci5ce4 ,! la/ volume 0 publi%$ 9 #ahfi1 :5 its au?or 0 ne> h] n9etie? ye>1 & bore z its motto ,/4 ,augu/9e's sublime words3 ,deus magnus 9 magnis1 maximus 9 m9imis--,god is great 9 great ?+s1 greate/ 9 ! lea/4 ,aft] ,mrs4 ,som]ville's dea?1 9 #ahgb1 at ! advanc$ age ( n9ety-two1 ! numb] ( wom5 :o devot$ !mselves to ! /udy & tea*+ ( physics 0 greatly augm5t$4 ,! brilliant success ( ,laura ,bassi & ,m>y ,som]ville _h n be5 )\t results1 & _! notable a*ievem5ts z au?ors & tea*]s _h ! effect ( /imulat+ wom5 ev]y:]e to emulate _! example1 & enc\rag+ !m to devote m att5tion to a bran* ( sci5ce :i*1 until !n1 _h be5 reg>d$ by ! g5]al public z beyond ! sph]e & capacity ( :at 0 assum$ to be ! intellectually weak] sex4 ,"o ( ! mo/ em95t sci5tific wom5 ( ! pres5t day 9 ,engl& is ,mrs4 ,ayrton1 ! wife ( ! late ,pr(essor ,w4 ,e4 ,ayrton1 ! well-kn[n electrician4 ,h] *os5 field ( rese>*1 l t ( h] husb&1 has be5 electricity1 9 :i* %e has a*iev$ m>k$ di/9ction4 ,h] inve/igations on ! electric arc & on ! s& ripples ( ! sea%ore won = h] ! fir/ m$al ev] aw>d$ to a woman by ! ,royal ,society4 ,:51 h[ev]1 9 #aijb1 %e 0 =mally nom9at$ = fell[%ip 9 ?is same society1 %e fail$ ( election because ! c\ncil ( ! society discov]$ t x _h no legal p[] to elect a m>ri$ woman to ?is di/9ction4 ,h[ diff]5t x 0 9 ! case ( ,laura ,bassi1 :o 0 an active memb] ( all ! lead+ sci5tific & lit]>y societies ( ,italy1 :]e f "t immemorial wom5 h be5 z cordially welcom$ to memb]%ip 9 its le>n$ societies z to ! *airs ( its great univ]sities4 ,! li/ ( ! wom5 :o 9 ,europe & ,am]ica are n[ engag$ 9 physical rese>* & 9 tea*+ physics 9 s*ools & colleges is a long "o1 & ! "w accompli%$ by !m is1 9 _m cases1 ( a high ord] ( m]it4 ,x is only1 inde$1 dur+ ! pres5t g5]ation t su* "w has be5 made g5]ally accessible to !m2 &1 consid]+ ! success :i* has already att5d$ _! ef=ts 9 ?is bran* ( sci5ce1 we h e reason to believe t ! future w br+ =? _m o!rs ( _! sex :o w take rank ) su* intellectual lum9>ies z ,hypatia1 ,mme4 du ,*atelet1 ,laura ,bassi & ,m>y ,som]ville4 ,,footnotes3 #aea ,publice philosophiam naturalem et moralem 9 s*olis ,academiisque ,atticis docuit haec foem9a annis ,,xxxv1 libros composuit ,,xl1 discipulos habuit philosophos ,,cx1 obiit anno aetatis ,,lxxvii1 cui tale ,a!ni5ses /atu]e epitaphium3 ,nobilis hic ,arete dormit1 lux ,helladis1 ore ,tynd>is at tibi p>1 ,ic>ioti1 fide4 ,patris ,ari/ippi calamumque animamque d$]unt1 ,socratis huic l+uam ,maeonidaeque ,dii4 --,boccaccio1 ,de ,laudibus ,muli]um1 ,lib4 ,,ii4 ,cf4 ,wolf's ,muli]um ,graec>um quae ,oratione ,prosa ,usae ,sunt ,fragm5ta et ,elogia1 pp4 #bhc et seq41 ,london1 #agci4 #aeb ,muli] qua$am fuit ,alex&riae1 nom9e ,hypatia1 ,!onis filia4 ,haec ad tantam eruditionem p]v5]at ut omnes sui temporis philosophos longo int]vallo sup]>et1 et 9 ,platonicam s*olam a ,plot9o d$uctam succ$]et1 cunctasque philosophiae discipl9as auditoribus expon]et4 ,quocirca omnes philosophiae /udiosi ad illam undique confluebant4 ,socrates1 ,hi/oriae ,ecclesia/icae1 ,lib4 ,,vii1 ,cap4 #ae4 #aec ,= extracts f ! anci5t au?ors reg>d+ ,hypatia1 z well z = ! extant lett]s to h] f h] fri5d & pupil1 ,synesius1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,wolf's erudite ,muli]um ,graec>um quae ,oratione ,prosa ,usae sunt ,fragm5ta et ,elogia1 pp4 #gb-ia1 ut sup4 #aed ,erne/o ,masi1 ,/udi e ,ritratti1 p4 #aff et seq41 ,bologna1 #ahha4 #aee ,two ( h] ,lat9 diss]tations on c]ta9 physical problems 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,comm5t>ies ( ! ,bologna ,in/itute4 ,"o ( !m is entitl$ ,de ,problemate quodam ,me*anico2 ! o!r ,de ,problemate quodam ,hydrometrico4 ,_m ( h] lectures on physics /ill exi/ 9 manuscript1 & x is to be hop$ t at lea/ ! titles ( !m may be giv5 9 a biography ( ! le>n$ au?or :i* has be5 long desir$ & long promis$4 #aef ,die ,cultur d] ,r5aissance 9 ,itali51 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cfc1 #ahfi4 #aeg ,z no satisfactory biography ( ,laura ,bassi has yet be5 writt51 mo/ ( our k respect+ h] is limit$ to t f\nd 9 ,fantuzzi's ,notizie degli ,scrittori ,bolognesi1 ,tom4 ,i1 pp4 #chd-cia1 & ,mazzu*elli's ,gli ,scrittori d',italia1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,i1 pp4 #ebg-ebi1 ,brescia1 #ageh4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,*emi/ry ,! fir/ woman des]v+ special m5tion 9 ! hi/ory ( *emi/ry is ! wife ( ! immortal ,lavoisi]1 ! mo/ fam\s ( ! f\nd]s ( mod]n *emical sci5ce4 ,:ile yet 9 h] te5s1 ?is rem>kable woman gave evid5ce ( exceptional intellig5ce & w p[]4 ,%e 0 ?or\ghly devot$ to h] husb&1 & _h ! greate/ admiration = 8 g5ius4 ,h] highe/ ambition 0 to prove h]self wor?y ( him & to r5d] h]self compet5t to assi/ him 9 ^? inve/igations t h giv5 him su* imp]i%able r5[n4 ,) ?is end 9 view1 %e le>n$ ,lat9 & ,engli%1 & %e ?us became an accompli%$ translator f ^! languages ( any *emical works :i* might aid h] sp\se 9 8 epo*-mak+ rese>*es4 ,x 0 %e :o translat$ = him ! *emical memoirs ( ,cav5di%1 ,h5ry1 ,kirwan1 ,prie/ly & o!r not$ ,engli% sci5tific inve/igators4 ,ar?ur ,"y1 well kn[n 9 8 day z a travel] & au?or1 :o 9 #aghg made ! acqua9tance ( ,madame ,lavoisi]1 describes h] z a woman full ( animation1 good s5se & k4 ,9 ref]r+ to a breakfa/ %e _h giv5 him1 he decl>es t unque/ionably ! be/ "p ( ! repa/ 0 h] conv]sation on ,kirwan's ,essay on ,phlogi/on1 :i* %e 0 !n translat+1 & on o!r subjects :i* a woman ( s5se1 work+ 9 ! laboratory ( h] husb&1 kn[s s well h[ to make int]e/+4 ,%e 0 an ard5t co-work] ) h] husb& 9 8 laboratory & mat]ially aid$ him 9 8 labors4 ,"u 8 direction %e wrote ! results ( ! exp]im5ts t 7 made1 z is evid5c$ by ! records ( 8 "w4 ,z a pupil ( ! illu/ri\s pa9t]1 ,david1 %e 0 naturally skillful 9 draw+4 ,besides ?is1 %e 0 a good engrav]1 & x is to h] t are due ! illu/rations 9 ,lavoisi]'s great ,traite de ,*imie1 :i* contribut$ s mu* t[>d revolutioniz+ ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,x 01 inde$1 ! fir/ "w t des]v$ to be reg>d$ z a textbook ( mod]n *emi/ry4 ,among h] draw+s are two ( special int]e/4 ,!y repres5t h] z seat$ at a table 9 ! laboratory1 tak+ notes1 :ile h] husb& & 8 assi/ant1 ,segu91 are mak+ an exp]im5t on ! ph5om5a ( respiration4#aeh ,all ,mme4 ,lavoisi]'s writ+s te/ify to h] great admiration ( ! g5ius ( h] husb&4 ,intimately associat$ ) him 9 8 "w1 %e combatt$ = ! triumph ( 8 ideas & s\ght to make conv]ts to !m4 ,"o ( h] mo/ notable conv]ts 0 ! ,swiss *emi/1 de ,saussure4 ,y h1 ,madame1 he writes h]1 triumph$ ov] my d\bts1 at lea/ 9 ! matt] ( phlogi/on1 :i* is ! pr9cipal object ( ! int]e/+ "w ( :i* y h done me ! honor ( s5d+ me a copy4 ,aft] ,lavoisi]'s tragic dea? on ! guillot9e1 x 0 8 devot$ wife :o edit$ 8 ,memoirs on ,*emi/ry1 ( :i* ,lavoisi] _h himself project$ ! publication4 ,! two volumes con/itut+ ?is "w 7 n = sale1 b 7 gratuit\sly di/ribut$ by ! b]eav$ wid[ among ! mo/ em95t sci5tific m5 ( ! epo*4 ,cuvi]1 9 ackn[l$g+ ! receipt ( ^! preci\s memoirs1 decl>es3 ,all ! fri5ds ( sci5ce are "u obligations to y = y\r sorr[ful det]m9ation to publi% ?is collection ( pap]s & to publi% !m z !y 7 writt5--a melan*oly monum5t ( y\r loss & !irs--a loss :i* humanity w feel = c5turies4 ,to realize ! importance ( ! "w 9 :i* ,mme4 ,lavoisi] p>ticipat$1 x suffices to recall ! fact t h] husb&1 z "o ( ! creators ( mod]n *emi/ry1 0 ! fir/ to demon/rate ! exi/5ce ( ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt]1 :i* decl>es t 9 all *emical *anges no?+ is lo/ & no?+ is creat$4 ,! co-discov]] ) ,s*eele & ,prie/ly ( oxyg51 he 0 ! fir/ "o to exhibit ! role ( ?is important elem5t 9 ! ph5om5a ( combu/ion & respiration & ! fir/1 also1 to lay ! f\ndations ( a *emical nom5clature4 ,we are n1 !n1 surpris$ to le>n t ,mme4 ,lavoisi]'s salon1 ev5 long aft] h] lam5t$ husb&'s dea?1 0 frequ5t$ by ! mo/ em95t savants ( ! "t4 ,= "h 7 ga!r$ su* sci5tific lum9>ies z ,cuvi]1 ,laplace1 ,arago1 ,lagrange1 ,prony1 ,b]?ollet1 ,delambre1 ,biot1 ,humboldt1 & o!rs sc>cely less brilliant4 ,aft] ! conclusion ( ,mme4 ,lavoisi]'s "w 9 ! laboratory ( h] husb&1 little 0 accompli%$ by wom5 9 *emi/ry = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,! reason 0 simple4 ,*emi/ry 0 n a "p ( ! curriculum ( /udies = girls ei!r 9 ,europe or ,am]ica4 ,ev5 dur+ ! sixties1 writes a tea*] ( "o ( ! prom95t female sem9>ies ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! /udy ( *emi/ry 0 mo/ly conf9$ to ! textbook1 supplem5t$ once a ye> by a c\rse ( lectures f an it9]ant exp]t1 :o ) 8 tanks ( v>i\s gases produc$ highly spectacul> effects4 ,:5 "o recollects t ! fir/ in/itution 9 ,am]ica--,vass>--= ! high] education ( wom5 0 n op5$ until #ahfe1 "o w und]/& t !re 7 previ\sly to ?is date few opportunities = wom5 to /udy ei!r *emi/ry or any ( ! o!r sci5ces4 ,! fir/ sci5tific in/itution to op5 its doors to wom5 0 ! ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology4 ,?is 0 on ,may #aa1 #ahgf1 :5 ! gov]n+ bo>d ( ! in/itute decid$ t h]eaft] special /ud5ts 9 *emi/ry %all be admitt$ )\t reg>d to sex4 ,9 less ?an a ye> aft] ?is ev5t e dep>tm5t ( ?is in/itution 0 op5 to wom51 & any "o :o c\ld pass ! requisite exam9ation 0 admitt$ z a /ud5t4 ,five ye>s1 h[ev]1 be=e wom5 7 =mally admitt$ to ! c\rses ( *emi/ry an en]getic "y graduate f ,vass>1 eag] to devote h] life to ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 _h1 z an exceptional favor1 be5 all[$ to ent] ! ,in/itute z a special /ud5t 9 *emi/ry4 ,z %e 0 ! fir/ woman 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to ent] a /rictly pr(essional sci5tific s*ool1 h] entrance m>ks ! beg9n+ ( a new epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( female education4 ,! "n ( ?is ard5t vot>y ( sci5ce 0 ,miss ,ell5 ,swall[1 bett] kn[n to ! _w z ,mrs4 ,ell5 ,h4 ,ri*>ds4 ,mrs4 ,ri*>ds _h n devot$ h]self long to ! /udy ( h] favorite sci5ce be=e %e resolv$ to apply ! k ?us ga9$ to ! problems ( daily life4 ,%e saw1 among o!r ?+s1 ! necessity ( a complete re=m 9 dome/ic economy1 & resolutely set to "w to h h] views adopt$ & put 9 practice4 ,%e 01 9 consequ5ce1 "o ( ! fir/ lead]s ( ! crusade 9 behalf ( pure food1 & h] lectures & books on ?is all-important subject contribut$ greatly t[>d ! diffusion ( exact k respect+ ! dang]s lurk+ 9 un:olesome food4 ,%e 0 likewise "o ( ! fir/ to apply ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry to an exhau/ive /udy ( ! sci5ce ( nutrition--to ! /udy ( food & ! prop] prep>ation ( food mat]ials4 ,9 ?is %e 0 em95tly successful1 & 0 able to a*ieve = home economics :at ! illu/ri\s ,liebig _h _m ye>s be=e accompli%$ = agricultural *emi/ry--put x on a firm & la/+ basis4 ,to h] ! kit*5 0 ! c5t] & s\rce ( political economy4 ,! facts ( sci5ce1 inde$1 7 to ,mrs4 ,ri*>ds m ?an m]e uncorrelat$ facts4 ,!y are pot5tial ag5cies ( s]vice1 & _! *ief value consi/s 9 _! enabl+ u to control our environm5t 9 su* wise z to secure ! maximum ( physical well be+4 ,h5ce h] con/ant insi/5ce on p]sonal cleanl9ess1 on ! cleanl9ess ( food1 ( ! h\se we live 91 &1 above all1 ( ! kit*54 ,h5ce1 also1 h] prea*+1 9 season & out ( season1 on ! necessity ( pure air1 pure wat] & abundance ( vitaliz+ sun%9e4 ,we _c1 !n1 wond] t sanit>y *emi/ry ev5tually became ! life "w ( ,mrs4 ,ri*>ds1 & t1 :5 ! c\rse ( sanit>y eng9e]+ 0 inaugurat$ 9 ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology--! fir/ c\rse ( its k9d 9 ! _w--%e became an important ag5t 9 its developm5t & contribut$ imm5sely to its popul>ity & pre/ige4 ,%e held ! position ( in/ructor ( sanit>y *emi/ry 9 ! in/itute = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t %e tra9$ a l>ge numb] ( "y m5 9 h] *os5 specialty1 & ^!1 aft] graduat+1 engag$ 9 simil> "w 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,new & ! ,old ,_w4 ,! bran* ( sanit>y *emi/ry to :i* ,mrs4 ,ri*>ds devot$ mo/ att5tion 0 air1 wat] & sewage analysis4 ,9 ?is %e 0 a recogniz$ exp]t1 & h] advice & s]vices 7 s\ght 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,dur+ ! la/ ?ree ye>s ( h] life %e act$1 accord+ to h] own te/imony1 z g5]al sanit>y advis] to no few] ?an two score corporations & s*ools4 ,9 addition to ?is %e 0 also dur+ ?is brief p]iod consult$ on ! subject ( foods by ne>ly two hundr$ educational & o!r in/itutions4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 con/itut$ ! greate/ contribution ( ,mrs4 ,ri*>ds to ! public heal? 0 ! "p %e took 9 ! great sanit>y survey ( ! wat]s ( ! ,/ate ( ,massa*usetts4 ,dur+ ?is long & labori\s inve/igation %e analyz$ m ?an =ty ?\s& samples ( wat]4 ,^! analyses exhibit$ ! condition ( ! wat] f all p>ts ( ! /ate dur+ all seasons ( ! ye> & 7 ( ! greate/ value 9 solv+ a numb] ( important problems 9 /ate sanitation4 ,b not)/&+ ! drafts made on h] "t & en]gy by h] classwork 9 ! laboratory & h] occupation z sanit>y eng9e] = scores ( public & private in/itutions1 %e /ill f\nd leisure to engage 9 _m important movem5ts :i* _h 9 view ! public heal? & ! bett]m5t ( sanit>y conditions 9 city & c\ntry4 ,x is safe to say t no "o ev] put h] k ( *emical sci5ce to m practical use or made x m p]fectly subs]ve ! public weal ?an did ,mrs4 ,ri*>ds4 ,to spread among ! masses a k ( ! pr9ciples ( sanitation1 to make !m realize h[ indisp5sable to heal? are pure food1 pure wat]1 pure air & life-giv+ sun%9e 0 h] great mission 9 life1 & 9 ?is %e display$ an en]gy & a tireless zeal :i* 7 an inspiration to all ) :om %e came into contact4 ,?is indefatigable woman1 x is prop] to record "h1 might h di/+ui%$ h]self z a discov]] 9 *emical sci5ce _h %e elect$ to devote h] life to orig9al rese>* r ?an to utiliz+ ! k already available = ! welf>e ( h] fell[s4 ,?us1 aft] a c>eful analysis ( ! r>e m9]al sam>skite1 %e f\nd an insoluble residue :i* l$ h] to believe might conta9 unkn[n elem5ts4 ,?is view %e repeat$ly express$ to h] co-work]s 9 ! laboratory4 ,b %e 0 unwill+ to take f :at %e reg>d$ m important "w ! "t necess>y = mak+ inve/igations :i* might h giv5 h] undy+ fame z a discov]]4 ,= n long aft]w>d ?is insoluble residue1 9 ! h&s ( two ,fr5* *emi/s1 yield$ ! exce$+ly r>e elem5ts1 sam>ium & gadol9ium4 ,ano!r *emi/ ( a less altrui/ic nature ?an ,mrs4 ,ri*>ds w\ld n h resi/$ ! temptation to a*ieve di/9ction 9 ! doma9 ( orig9al rese>*4 ,b :]e !re 0 s mu* suff]+ to be reliev$ & s mu* ignorance to be remov$ reg>d+ ! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciples ( sanitation1 ?is philan?ropic woman pref]r$ to put to practical use :at %e call$ ! consid]able body ( useful k n[ ly+ on our %elves4 ,h] duty1 z %e conceiv$ x1 is well indicat$ 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph1 tak5 f a ?\ghtful discussion by h] ( ! subject ( home economics a %ort "t be=e h] dea? 9 #aiaa4 ,! sanit>y rese>* work] 9 laboratory & field1 %e decl>es1 has gone ne>ly to ! limit ( 8 value4 ,he w soon be smo!r$ 9 8 own "w1 if no "o takes x4 ,mean:ile *ildr5 die by ! ?\s&s2 contagi\s diseases take toll ( hundr$s2 back alleys rema9 f\l & ! /reets are unswept2 s*ool-h\ses are unwa%$ & dang] lurks 9 ! dr9k+ cups & ab\t ! t[els4 ,du/ is /irr$ up ea* morn+ ) ! fea!r du/] to greet ! w>m1 moi/ noses & ?roats ( ! *ildr54 ,to ! wat*ful exp]t x seems l ! old cities danc+ & mak+ m]ry on ! eve ( a volcanic outbreak4#aei ,f ! day 9 #ahgc :5 ,mrs4 ,ri*>ds receiv$ f ! ,in/itute ( ,te*nology ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,sci5ce--a degree :i* made h] n only ! fir/ woman graduate ( ?is in/itution1 b also ! fir/ graduate 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( a /rictly sci5tific seat ( le>n+--! numb] ( wom5 :o h devot$ !mselves to *emical pursuits is legion4 ,!y are n[ f\nd 9 e civiliz$ c\ntry 9 bo? hemisph]es & _! numb] is daily increas+4 ,!y are ev]y:]e do+ excell5t "w z tea*]s 9 classrooms & laboratories & hold+ _! own ) m5 z *emical exp]ts 9 manufactur+ e/abli%m5ts & gov]nm5t in/itutions4 ,_m ( !m h done orig9al "w ( a high ord]1 & di/+ui%$ !mselves by _! valuable contributions to contempor>y *emical lit]ature4 ,space1 h[ev]1 precludes m ?an a g5]al ref]5ce to _! a*ievem5ts1 = ! names only ( ^? :o h done m]itori\s "w 9 *emi/ry w\ld make a v long li/4 ,pass+ ov]1 !n1 all ! less] fem99e lights 9 *emi/ry :o1 9 v>i\s fields ( activity1 h r5d]$ su* di/9ct s]vice dur+ ! pa/ g5]ation1 we come to "o :o = ne>ly two decades has /ood 9 ! =efront ( ! great *emi/s ( ! _w4 ,?is is t r5[n$ daught] ( ,pol&1 ,mme4 ,m>ie ,klod[ska ,curie1 ^: "n w always be id5tifi$ ) "s ( ! mo/ rem>kable discov]ies :i* h ev] be5 made 9 ! long-cont9u$ /udy ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,m>ie ,klod[ska 0 born 9 ,w>saw1 9 #ahfh4 ,h] fa!r 0 a pr(essor ( *emi/ry 9 ! univ]sity ( ! =m] ,poli% capital2 & x is und\bt$ly f him t 8 brilliantly d[]$ daught] has inh]it$ h] love ( *emi/ry & h] extraord9>y g5ius = sci5tific rese>*4 ,ow+ to ! paltry sal>y he receiv$1 ,pr(essor ,klod[ska 0 oblig$ to make little ,m>ie 8 laboratory assi/ant :ile %e 0 q a "y girl4 ,in/ead1 !n1 ( play+ ) tops & dolls1 h] "t 0 occupi$ 9 clean+ evaporat+ di%es & te/ tubes & 9 assi/+ h] fa!r to prep>e = 8 lectures & exp]im5ts4 ,& x 0 ?us t1 at an e>ly age1 %e acquir$ a ta/e = t sci5ce 9 :i* %e 0 subsequ5tly to a*ieve su* _w-wide fame4 ,:ile /ill a "y woman1 h] love ( sci5ce drew h] to ,p>is1 :]e %e arriv$ ) only fifty francs 9 h] purse4 ,b1 possess$ ( dauntless c\rage & unfalt]+ p]sev]ance1 %e 0 prep>$ to make any sacrifice 9 ! pursuit ( k4 ,h] fir/ home 9 ! gay ,fr5* metropolis 0 a poorly furni%$ g>ret 9 an obscure "p ( ! city1 & h] diet 0 = s long a "t re/rict$ to black bread & skimm$ milk t %e aft]w>d av[$ t %e _h to cultivate a ta/e = w9e & meat4 ,& s int5sely cold 0 h] *e]less room 9 w9t] t ! little bottle ( milk :i* 0 daily left at h] door 0 spe$ily congeal$4 ,at ?is "t ! poor girl 0 liv+ on less ?an t5 c5ts a day1 b /ill *]i%+ all ! :ile ! fond hope t %e might ev5tually secure a position z a /ud5t assi/ant 9 "s good *emical laboratory4 ,aft] a long /ruggle ) pov]ty & aft] c\ntless disappo9tm5ts 9 que/ ( a position :]e %e c\ld gratify h] ambition z a /ud5t ( *emi/ry1 %e f9ally f\nd occupation z a poorly paid assi/ant 9 ! laboratory conduct$ by ,pr(essor ,lipmann4 ,%e 0 n1 h[ev]1 at "w a week be=e ?is di/+ui%$ inve/igator recogniz$ 9 ! "y woman "o ^: k ( *emi/ry & faculty = orig9al rese>* 7 f> above ! av]age4 ,%e 0 accord+ly transf]r$ )\t delay f ! m5ial employm5t 9 :i* %e _h be5 engag$ & giv5 e possible facility = prosecut+ "w z an orig9al inve/igator4 ,x 0 %ortly aft] ?is ev5t t ,m>ie ,klod[ska met ! not$ savant1 ,pi]re ,curie4 ,he 0 n long 9 discov]+ 9 h] a k9dr$ _s--"o :o1 besides hav+ exceptional tal5t 9 exp]im5tal *emi/ry1 0 actuat$ by an ard5t love ( sci5ce4 ,x 0 !n t he det]m9$ to make h] 8 wife4 ,a s+le s5t5ce 9 a lett] he wrote at ?is "t to ! object ( 8 admiration & affection reveals1 bett] ?an any?+ else1 ! devotion ( ?is mat*less pair 9 ! cause ( sci5ce4 ,:at a great ?+ x w\ld be1 he exclaims1 to unite our lives & "w toge!r = ! sake ( sci5ce & humanity4 ,^! simple words 7 ! keynote to ! ideal life l$ by ?is incomp>able c\ple dur+ ! elev5 ye>s !y work$ toge!r 9 p]fect unity ( ?\ght & aspiration be=e ! sudd5 & premature ext9ction ( ! husb&'s life gave su* a %ock to ! entire sci5tific _w4 ,aft] h] m>riage ! gift$ "y ,poli% woman _h rea*$ ! goal ( h] ambition4 ,%e 0 able to devote h]self exclusively to :at 0 h5ce=? to con/itute h] life "w 9 "o ( ! be/ laboratories ( ,p>is1 t ( ! ,ecole de ,physique et de ,*imie1 & t1 too1 9 collaboration ) h] husb&1 f :om %e 0 nev] sep>at$ dur+ ! entire p]iod ( _! m>ri$ life = ev5 a s+le day4 ,x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ,mme4 ,curie _h h] int]e/ ar\s$ by ! brilliant discov]ies ( ,ro5tg5 & ,becqu]el reg>d+ radiant matt]4 ,aft] a long s]ies ( c>efully conduct$ exp]im5ts on ! comp\nds ( uranium & ?orium1 %e1 ) ! intuition ( g5ius1 op5$ up to ! _w ( sci5ce an entirely new field ( rese>*4 ,b %e soon realiz$ t ! labor involv$ 9 ! inve/igations :i* %e _h plann$ 0 entirely beyond ! capacity ( any "o p]son4 ,x 0 !n t %e succe$$ 9 enli/+ h] husb&'s int]e/ 9 ! und]tak+ :i* 0 to lead to su* m>vel\s results4 ,conf9+ _! "w to a c>eful analytical /udy ( ! residue ( ! fam\s ,bohemian pit*bl5d--an extremely complex m9]al1 l>gely compos$ ( oxide ( uranium--!y soon f\nd !mselves confront$ by mo/ extraord9>y radio-active ph5om5a4 ,cont9u+ _! rese>*es1 _! labor 0 rew>d$ by ! discov]y ( a new elem5t :i* ,mme4 ,curie1 9 h] en?usiasm1 nam$ 9 honor ( ! l& ( h] bir?1 polonium4 ,z _! inve/igations progress$1 !y became correspond+ly difficult4 ,!y 7 deal+ ) sub/ances :i* exi/ 9 pit*bl5d residue only 9 inf9itesimal quantities--n m ?an ?ree troy grams to ! ton4 ,! difficulties !y _h to cont5d ) 7 en\gh to disc\rage ! /\te/ he>t4 ,few believ$ 9 _! !ories1 :ile ! majority ( ^? :o _h "s intimation ( ! "* ( _! "w 7 p]suad$ t !y 7 pursu+ a phantom4 ,b ! indefatigable pair toil$ on day & night & cont9u$ _! exp]im5ts ?r\gh long ye>s ( pov]ty & def]r$ hopes4 ,consid]+ ! h]culean task 9 :i* !y 7 engag$ = s _m ye>s1 we sc>cely "k :i* to admire mo/1 _! cle>ness ( vision1 :i* made !m div9e success2 _! pr(\nd k1 :i* guid$ !m 9 ! *oice ( reag5ts2 or ! indomitable p]sev]ance :i* *>act]iz$ !m 9 _! labori\s task & 9 ! c\ntless sacrifices :i* !y 7 oblig$ to make be=e _! ef=ts 7 cr[n$ ) success4 ,dur+ ?is long se>* into ! inn] he>t ( nature1 ,pi]re ,curie 0 (t5 s disc\rag$ & depress$ t1 _h he n be5 su/a9$ by 8 m sangu9e wife1 he w\ld "t & aga9 h giv5 up 8 inve/igations 9 despair4 ,b ,m>ie ,curie nev] falt]$4 ,%e nev] lo/ fai? 9 _! !ories or confid5ce 9 ! outcome ( _! great und]tak+4 ,be=e h] deft h&s & f]tile bra9 difficulties vani%$ z if "u ! magic w& ( ,prosp]o4 ,at l5g?1 aft] c\ntless exp]im5ts ( ! mo/ delicate "*1 aft] br++ to be> on ! solution ( ! problem be=e !m ! mo/ ref9$ me?ods ( *emical analysis1 !y 7 rew>d$ by "o ( ! mo/ extraord9>y discov]ies record$ 9 ! annals ( sci5ce4 ,) ! ann\ncem5t ( ! discov]y ( radium1 ! ,curies sprang into _w-wide fame1 & ! "n ( ! wond]ful woman :o _h be5 ! prime mov] 9 ! supreme a*ievem5t 0 on e lip4 ,pi]re ,curie himself decl>$ t m ?an half ( ! epo*al discov]y belong$ to 8 wife4 ,x 0 %e :o began ! "w4 ,x 0 %e :o1 aft] h] m>riage1 enli/$ 9 x ! coop]ation ( h] husb&4 ,x 0 %e ^: inv9cible pati5ce & p]si/5ce--typical ( ! noble/ repres5tatives ( h] race--support$ him dur+ p]iods ( d\bt & despond5cy & fann$ 8 flagg+ spirits to new endeavor4 ,x c inde$ be tru?fully ass]t$ t _h x n be5 = h] p5etrat+ intellig5ce1 h] t5acity ( purpose & h] ke5ness ( vision1 :i* 7 nev] at fault1 ! great victory :i* cr[n$ _! ef=ts w\ld nev] h be5 a*iev$4#afj ,comp>e _! "w ) t :i* 0 accompli%$ by _! illu/ri\s pr$ecessors1 ,anto9e ,laur5t ,lavoisi]1 & 8 wife1 a c5tury e>li]4 ,! latt]1 by _! discov]y ( & exp]im5ts ) oxyg51 7 able to expla9 ! until !n my/]i\s ph5om5a ( combu/ion & respiration & to coord9ate numb]less facts :i* _h be=e /ood isolat$ & enigmatic4 ,b ! rev]se 0 ! case 9 ! discov]y ( t extraord9>y & uncanny elem5t1 radium4 ,x completely subv]t$ _m long-e/abli%$ !ories & necessitat$ an entirely new view ( ! nature ( en]gy & ( ! con/itution ( matt]4 ,a sub/ance t seem$ capable ( emitt+ light & heat indef9itely1 ) little or no appreciable *ange or trans=mation1 appe>$ to sap ! v f\ndations ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,subsequ5t inve/igations seem$ only to r5d] confusion worse conf\nd$4 ,!y appe>$ to ju/ify ! dreams ( ! al*emi/s ( old1 n only reg>d+ ! transmutation ( metals b also respect+ ! elixir ( life4 ,= 0 n ?is app>5tly absurd idea v9dicat$ by ! obs]v$ curative prop]ties--bord]+ almo/ on ! miracul\s--?is m>vel\s elem5t 0 reput$ to possess6 ,its virtues1 x 0 av]r$1 transc5d$ ! fabl$ prop]ties ( ! fam\s r$ t9cture & ! philosoph]'s /one comb9$1 & _m 7 prep>$ to f9d 9 x a panacea = ! mo/ di/ress+ ( human ailm5ts1 f lupus & rod5t ulc] to canc] & o!r frightful =ms ( morbid deg5]ation4#afa ,& ! end is n yet4 ,cont9u$ inve/igations1 made 9 all p>ts ( ! _w s9ce ! discov]y ( radium by ! ,curies1 h b emphasiz$ its my/]i\s prop]ties1 & compell$ a revision ( _m ( our mo/ *]i%$ !ories 9 *emi/ry1 physics & a/ronomy4 ,no "o s+le discov]y1 n ev5 ,pa/eur's f>-rea*+ discov]y ( microbic life1 x may safely be ass]t$1 has ev] be5 m subv]sive ( long-accept$ views 9 c]ta9 doma9s ( sci5ce1 or giv5 rise to m p]plex+ problems reg>d+ matt]s :i* 7 previ\sly ?\ght to be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,nev] 9 ! entire hi/ory ( sci5ce h ! results ( a woman's sci5tific rese>*es be5 s /up5d\s or s revolution>y4 ,& nev] has any "o a*ievem5t 9 sci5ce reflect$ m glory on womank9d ?an t :i* is s l>gely due to ! g5ius & ! p]sev]ance ( ,mme4 ,curie4 ,aft] _! />tl+ discov]y1 honors & tributes to _! g5ius came 9 rapid succession to ! gift$ c\ple4 ,on ! recomm5dation ( ! v5]able ,briti% savant1 ,"l ,kelv91 !y 7 aw>d$ ! ,davy gold m$al by ! ,royal ,society4 ,%ortly aft] ?is !y %>$ ) ,m4 ,h4 ,becqu]el 9 ! ,nobel prize = physics be/[$ on !m by ,sw$54 ,!n came lagg>d ,france ) its decoration ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,b x 0 (f]$ only to ! man4 ,!re 0 no?+ = ! woman4 ,pi]re ,curie %[$ 8 _s & *ivalry by decl9+ to accept ! pr(f]$ honor unless 8 wife c\ld %>e x ) him4 ,8 answ] 0 simple1 b its mean+ c\ld n be mi/ak54 ,?is decoration1 he said1 has no be>+ on my "w4#afb ,%ortly aft] h] husb&'s dea? ,mme4 ,curie 0 appo9t$ z 8 successor z special lectur] 9 ! ,sorbonne4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ "t t ?is cons]vative old univ]sity ev] invit$ a woman to a full pr(essor%ip4 ,b %e soon %[$ t %e 0 ?or\ghly compet5t to fill ! position ) honor & eclat4 ,%e has ! elite ( society & ! _w's mo/ not$ m5 ( sci5ce among h] auditors4 ,! cr[n$ heads ( ! ,old ,_w eag]ly seek an opportunity to witness h] exp]im5ts & he> h] disc\rse on :at is by all odds ! mo/ m>vel\s elem5t 9 nature4 ,mme4 ,curie has n all[$ h] lectures 9 ! ,sorbonne to int]f]e ) ! cont9uation ( ! rese>*es :i* h won = h] su* _w-wide r5[n4 ,s9ce ! sudd5 tak+ (f ( h] husb& by a pass+ truck on a ,p>is bridge1 %e has succe$$ 9 isolat+ bo? radium & polonium--only ! *lorides & bromides ( ^! elem5ts 7 previ\sly kn[n--besides do+ o!r "w sc>cely less rem>kable4 ,& besides all ?is1 %e has also f\nd "t to write a connect$ acc\nt ( h] inve/igations "u ! title ( ,traite de ,radio-,activite--a "w t reflects z mu* honor on h] sex z did ,le ,in/ituzioni ,analiti*e ( ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 :i* won = h]1 ?r\gh t celebrat$ patron ( le>n+1 ,b5$ict ,,xiv1 ! *air ( high] ma!matics 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,! li/ ( le>n$ societies to :i* ,mme4 ,curie belongs is an ext5d$ "o4 ,to m5tion only a few1 %e is an honor>y or =eign memb] ( ! ,london ,*emical ,society1 ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 ! ,royal ,sw$i% ,academy1 ! ,am]ican ,*emical ,society1 ! ,am]ican ,philosophical ,society1 & ! ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,f ! univ]sities ( ,g5eva & ,ed9burgh %e has receiv$ ! honor>y degree ( doctor4 ,9 #ahih %e receiv$ ! ,gegn] prize f ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces = h] elaborate rese>*es on ! magnetic prop]ties ( iron & /eel1 z also = h] inve/igations relat+ to radio-activity4 ,! same prize 0 aga9 aw>d$ to h] 9 #aijj1 & /ill aga9 9 #aijc4 ,) h] husb& %e receiv$ 9 #aija ! ,la ,caze prize ( t5 ?\s& francs2 & 9 #aijc %e receiv$ a "p ( ! ,osiris prize ( sixty ?\s& francs4 ,s9ce h] husb&'s dea? 9 #aijf ,mme4 ,curie has be5 aw>d$ ! covet$ ,nobel prize 9 *emi/ry1 :i* 0 plac$ 9 h] h& by ! ,k+ ( ,sw$5 on ,decemb] #aa1 #aiaa--;a prize :i* increas$ ! ex*equ] ( ! fair recipi5t by ne>ly two hundr$ ?\s& francs4 ,hav+ be=e be5 ! b5efici>y ( ! ,nobel prize = physics1 9 conjunction ) h] husb& & ,m4 ,h4 ,becqu]el1 ,mme4 ,curie is ?us ! fir/ p]son to be twice s+l$ out = ! _w 's highe/ f9ancial recognition ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,x w\ld take too long to enum]ate all ! m$als & prizes & honors :i* h come to ?is rem>kable woman f =eign c\ntries4 ,b %e has d\btless be5 ! recipi5t ( m trophies ( undy+ fame dur+ ! la/ decade & a half ?an any o!r "o p]son dur+ ! same brief p]iod ( intellectual activity4 ,& all ^! tok5s ( recognition ( g5ius 7 %[]$ ^u h] n because %e 0 a woman1 b 9 spite ( ?is fact4 ,_h %e be5 a man1 %e w\ld h be5 honor$ ) ! o!r di/9ctions :i* tradition & prejudice /ill p]si/ 9 d5y+ to "o ( ! proscrib$ sex1 no matt] h[ great h] m]it or h[ signal h] a*ievem5ts4 ,at a rec5t sci5tific congress1 held 9 ,brussels1 x 0 decid$ to prep>e a /&>d ( measurem5t ( radium emanations4 ,x 0 ! unanim\s op9ion ( ! congress t ,mme4 ,curie 0 bett] equipp$ ?an any o!r p]son = e/abli%+ su* a /&>d2 & %e 0 accord+ly reque/$ to und]take ! delicate & difficult task--a commission :i* %e execut$ to ! satisfaction ( all conc]n$4 ,?is unit ( measurem5t1 x is gratify+ to le>n1 w be kn[n z ! curie--a ^w :i* w ent] ! same category z ! volt1 ! ohm1 ! amp]e1 ! f>ad1 & a few o!rs :i* w p]petuate ! names ( ! _w's greate/ g5iuses 9 ! doma9 ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,:51 n long s9ce1 !re 0 a vacancy among ! immortals ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 !re 0 a g5]ally express$ desire t x %\ld be fill$ by "o :o 0 univ]sally recogniz$ z among ! =emo/ ( liv+ sci5ti/s4 ,! "n ( ,mme4 ,curie trembl$ on e lip2 & ! hope 0 ent]ta9$ t ! ,academy w\ld honor itself by admitt+ ! _w-fam$ savante among its memb]s4 ,consid]+ h] a*ievem5ts1 %e _h no competitor1 & 01 9 ! e/imation ( all outside ( ! ,academy1 ! "o p]son 9 ,france :o 0 mo/ des]v+ ( ! covet$ honor4 ,b no4 ,%e 0 a woman2 & = t reason alone %e 0 exclud$ f an in/itution ! sole object ( ^: e/abli%m5t 0 ! rew>d ( m]it & ! advancem5t ( le>n+4 ,! age-old prejudice aga9/ wom5 :o devote !mselves to ! /udy ( sci5ce1 or :o contribute to ! progress ( k1 0 /ill z dom9ant z x 0 9 ! days ( ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 a c5tury & a half be=e4 ,mme4 ,curie1 l h] fam\s si/] 9 ,italy1 might w9 ! plaudits ( ! _w = h] a*ievem5ts2 b %e c\ld h no recognition f ! "o in/itution1 above all o!rs1 t 0 specially f\nd$ to fo/] ! developm5t ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 & to cr[n ! ef=ts ( ^? :o _h prov5 !mselves wor?y ( ! ,academy's highe/ honor4 ,! attitude ( ! ,fr5* in/itution t[>d ,mme4 ,curie 0 exactly l t ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,great ,brita9 :5 ,mrs4 ,ayrton's "n 0 up = memb]%ip4 ,! answ] to bo? applicants 0 9 effect1 if n 9 words1 ,no woman ne$ apply4 ,:5 "o reads ( ! sad exp]i5ces ( ,mme4 ,curie & ,mrs4 ,ayrton ) ! le>n$ societies ( ,p>is & ,london1 "o in/9ctively asks1 ,:5 w ! day come :5 wom51 9 e "p ( ! civiliz$ _w1 %all enjoy all ! rights & privileges 9 e field ( intellectual ef=t :i* h s long be5 !irs 9 ! favor$ l& ( ,dante & ,beatrice--! mo!rl& ( le>n$ societies & univ]sities8 ,= n until ! adv5t ( ! day :5 su* exclusive organizations z ! ,royal ,society & ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 su* ultra-cons]vative univ]sities z ,ox=d & ,cambridge %all admit wom5 on ! same foot+ z m51 w ^! in/itutions be m ?an half s]v+ ! be/ int]e/s ( humanity4#afc ,wom51 x is true1 are n[ eligible to _m lit]>y & sci5tific associations f :i* !y 7 =m]ly deb>r$1 & are1 9 mo/ c\ntries1 admitt$ to colleges & univ]sities ^: portals 7 clos$ to !m until only a few ye>s ago2 b until !y %all be welcom$ to all univ]sities & all societies ^: objects are ! advancem5t ( k1 until !y %all p>ticipate 9 ! advantages & pre/ige accru+ f connection ) ^! organizations1 !y w h reason to feel t !y are n yet 9 ! full possession ( ! intellectual advantages = :i* !y h s long ye>n$--t !y h be5 b p>tially lib]at$ f t educational disqualification 9 :i* !y h be5 held dur+ s _m long c5turies ( def]r$ hopes & fruitless /ruggles4 ,,footnotes3 #aeh ,lavoisi] #agdc-agid1 d'apres sa ,correspond5ce1 ,ses ,manuscrits1 ,ses ,papi]s de ,famille et d',autres ,docum5ts ,in$its1 p4 #db et seq41 p> ,e4 ,grimaux1 ,p>is1 #ahif4 #aei ,! ,life ( ,ell5 ,h4 ,ri*>ds1 p4 #bgc et seq41 by ,c>ol9e ,l4 ,hunt1 ,bo/on1 #aiab4 #afj ,mme4 ,curie1 9 an article :i* %e wrote %ortly aft] h] discov]y ( radium1 %[s t %e possesses a g5ius = inductive sci5ce ( ! highe/ type4 ,x 0 at ! close ( ! ye> #ahig1 %e writes1 t ,i began to /udy ! comp\nds ( uranium1 ! prop]ties ( :i* _h greatly attract$ my int]e/4 ,"h 0 a sub/ance emitt+ spontane\sly & cont9ually radiations simil> to ,ro5tg5 rays1 :]eas ord9>ily1 ,ro5tg5 rays c be produc$ only 9 a vacuum tube ) ! exp5diture ( electrical en]gy4 ,by :at process c uranium furni% ! same rays )\t exp5diture ( en]gy & )\t und]go+ app>5t modification8 ,is uranium ! only body ^: comp\nds emit simil> rays8 ,su* 7 ! que/ions ,i ask$ myself2 & x 0 :ile seek+ to answ] !m t ,i ent]$ into ! rese>*es :i* h l$ to ! discov]y ( radium4 ,radium & ,radio-,activity 9 ,! ,c5tury ,magaz9e1 = ,janu>y1 #aijd4 #afa ,notice sur ,pi]re ,curie1 p4 #bj et seq41 by ,m4 ,d4 ,g]nez1 ,p>is1 #aijg1 & ,le ,radium1 ,son ,orig9e et ses ,trans=mations1 by ,m4 ,l4 ,h\ll]igue1 9 ,la ,revue de ,p>is1 ,may #a1 #aiaa4 #afb ,! day foll[+ ,pi]re ,curie's refusal ( ! decoration (f]$ by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! eld] ( 8 two daught]s1 little ,ir5e1 climb$ ^u h] fa!r's knee & put a r$ g]anium 9 ! lapel ( 8 coat4 ,n[1 papa1 %e gravely rem>k$1 y are decorat$ ) ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,9 ?is case1 ! fond fa!r repli$1 ,i make no objection4 #afc ,a few days be=e ,mme4 ,curie's "n 0 to come be=e ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces z a c&idate = memb]%ip1 ! ,fr5* ,in/itute 9 its qu>t]ly pl5>y meet+ ( ! five academies1 ( :i* ! ,in/itute is compos$1 decid$ by a vote ( n9ety to fifty-two aga9/ ! eligibility ( wom5 to memb]%ip1 & put itself on record 9 favor ( ! immutable tradition aga9/ ! election ( wom51 :i* x seem$ em95tly wise to respect4 ,comm5t+ on ?is decision ( ,! ,immortals1 a writ] 9 ! well-kn[n ,engli% magaz9e1 ,nature1 "u date ( ,janu>y #ab1 #aiaa1 p5n$ ! foll[+ p]t95t p>agraph3 ,x rema9s to be se5 :at ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces w d 9 ! face ( su* an expression ( op9ion4 ,mme4 ,curie is des]v$ly popul> 9 ,fr5* sci5tific circles4 ,x is ev]y:]e recogniz$ t h] "w is ( transc5d5t m]it1 & t x has contribut$ enorm\sly to ! pre/ige ( ,france z a home ( exp]im5tal inquiry4 ,inde$1 x is n too mu* to say t ! discov]y & isolation ( ! radio-active elem5ts are among ! mo/ /rik+ & fruitful results ( a field ( inve/igation preem95tly ,fr5*4 ,if any prophet is to h hon\r 9 8 own c\ntry--ev5 if ! c\ntry be only ! l& ( 8 adoption--surely1 t hon\r ought to belong to ,mme4 ,curie4 ,at ?is mom5t1 ,mme4 ,curie is )\t d\bt1 9 ! eyes ( ! _w1 ! dom9ant figure 9 ,fr5* *emi/ry4 ,!re is no "q t any man :o _h contribut$ to ! sum ( human k :at %e has made kn[n1 w\ld ye>s ago h ga9$ t recognition at ! h&s ( 8 colleagues1 :i* ,mme4 ,curie's fri5ds are n[ desir\s ( secur+ = h]4 ,x is incompreh5sible1 !re=e1 on any e?ical pr9ciples ( "r & ju/ice t1 because %e happ5s to be a woman1 %e %\ld be d5i$ ! laurels :i* h] preem95t sci5tific a*ievem5t has e>n$ = h]4 ,comp>e ?is frank & hone/ /atem5t ) t ( a contributor1 ab\t ! same date1 to ,la ,revue du ,monde1 ( ,p>is4 ,guid$ by 8 myopic vision & diseas$ imag9ation1 ?is writ] disc]ns 9 ! admittance ( wom5 into ! gr& old in/itution ( ,ri*elieu & ,napoleon ! imm95t triumph ( :at ,prudhon call$ pornocracy & ! ev5tual op5+ ( ! portals ( ! ,palais ,maz>9 to repres5tatives ( ! type ( ,lais & ,phryne1 on ! ,hell5ic pretext t ,beauty is ! supreme m]it4 ,x is gratify+1 h[ev]1 to ! fri5ds ( woman's cause to le>n t ,mme4 ,curie's c&idacy 0 defeat$ by only two votes4 ,h] competitor1 ,m4 ,branly1 receiv$ ?irty votes aga9/ ! ,poli% woman's tw5ty-eight4 ,%e ?us f>$ f> bett] ?an did ,mme4 ,paul9e ,sav>i1 :o aspir$ to ! fauteuil made vacant by ! dea? ( ,r5an1 reg>d+ ^: c&idature ! ,academy curtly decl>$1 ,consid]+ t its traditions d n p]mit x to exam9e ?is "q1 ! ,academy passes to ! ord] ( ! day4 ,?us1 x w be se5 t1 9 spite ( ! long-cont9u$ opposition to wom5 memb]s1 ! ,fr5* ,academy is m ?an likely to (f] its next vacant *air to ! pride & glory ( ,pol&1--! immortal discov]] ( radium & polonium4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,! ,,natural ,,sci5ces ,x is reasonable to suppose t wom51 :o are su* lov]s ( nature1 h always _h a great] or less int]e/ 9 ! natural sci5ces1 especially 9 botany & zoology2 b ! fact rema9s t ! fir/ "o ( _! sex to write at any l5g? on ! v>i\s k+doms ( nature 0 t extraord9>y nun ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 ! le>n$ abbess ( ! ,b5$ict9e conv5t ( ,/4 ,rup]t1 at ,b+5 on ! ,rh9e4 ,( an exceptionally v]satile & inquir+ m9d1 h] range ( /udy & acquirem5t 0 truly encyclopa$ic4 ,9 ?is respect %e 0 ! wor?y =]unn] ( ,alb]t ! ,great1 ! fam\s ,doctor ,univ]salis ( ,s*ola/icism4 ,al?\gh ,/4 ,hildeg>d has mu* to say ab\t nature 9 sev]al ( h] works1 ! "o ( *iefe/ int]e/ to u z an exposition ( ! natural hi/ory ( h] "t is h] treatise entitl$ ,lib] ,subtilitatum ,div]s>um ,natur>um ,creatur>um4 ,x is usually kn[n by its m abbreviat$ "n1 ,physica1 &1 consid]+ ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 writt51 is1 9 _m ways1 a mo/ rem>kable production4 ,x consi/s ( n9e books treat+ ( m9]als1 plants1 fi%es1 birds1 insects & quadrup$s4 ,! book on plants is compos$ ( no few] ?an two hundr$ & ?irty *apt]s1 :ile t on birds conta9s sev5ty-two *apt]s4 ,9 read+ ,hildeg>d's descriptions ( animat$ nature we are (t5 rem9d$ ( ,pl9y's great "w on natural hi/ory2 b1 s f> z kn[n1 !re is no positive evid5ce t ! le>n$ religieuse _h any acqua9tance :atev] ) ! writ+s ( ! old ,roman naturali/4 ,_h %e _h1 ! g5]al t5or ( h] "w w\ld h be5 q diff]5t f :at x actually is4 ,! my/]y1 !n1 is1 :at 7 ! s\rces ( ,physica8 ,"s h fanci$ t ,hildeg>d 9 prep>+ ?is made use ( ! writ+s n only ( ,pl9y & ,virgil1 b also ( ^? ( ,mac]1 ,con/ant9us ,africanus1 ,walafrid ,/rabo1 ,isodore ( ,seville1 & o!r writ]s :o 7 9 great vogue dur+ ! ,middle ,ages4 ,! g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion1 h[ev]1 ( ^? :o h c>efully /udi$ ?is int]e/+ problem is t ! g5tle nun 0 n acqua9t$ ) any ( ! au?ors nam$1 except1 possibly1 ,isodore ( ,seville1 ^: works 7 all held 9 high e/eem1 especially dur+ ! p]iod ( ,hildeg>d's greate/ lit]>y activity4 ,hildeg>d's ,physica has a special value = philologi/s1 z well z = /ud5ts ( natural hi/ory1 = x conta9s ! ,g]man names ( plants /ill us$ by ! p ( ! ,fa!rl& sev5 hundr$ ye>s aft] !y 7 p5n$ by ! pa9/ak+ abbess ( ,/4 ,rup]t's4#afd ,ref]r+ to ! ,sa9t's "w entitl$ ,de ,natura ,hom9is1 ,elem5torum1 ,div]s>umque ,creatur>um--a treatise on ! nature ( man1 ! elem5ts & div]s creat$ ?+s--no less an au?ority ?an ,dr4 ,*>les ,d>emb]g decl>es t x w always hold an important place 9 ! hi/ory ( m$ical art & ( inanimate & animate nature--insignis semp] locus debetitur 9 artis m$icae r]umque naturalium hi/oria4#afe ,he ev5 goes fur!r & affirms t ,hildeg>d 0 famili> ) num]\s facts ( sci5ce reg>d+ :i* o!r m$iaeval writ]s 7 entirely ignorant4 ,m ?an ?is4 ,%e 0 acqua9t$ ) _m ( nature's secrets :i* 7 unkn[n to m5 ( sci5ce until rec5t times1 & :i*1 on be+ disclos$ by mod]n rese>*es1 h be5 proclaim$ to ! _w z new discov]ies4#aff ,"o reason :y ,/4 ,hildeg>d's writ+s on botany1 zoology & m9]alogy are n bett] kn[n is t few /ud5ts c>e to make ! ef=t to ma/] h] volum9\s works4 ,!y require long & assidu\s /udy & a k ( h] peculi>ities ( /yle & expression :i* is acquir$ only aft] pati5t & p]si/5t labor4 ,b ! labor is n 9 va91 z is evid5c$ by ! num]\s monographs :i* h appe>$ 9 rec5t ye>s1 especially 9 ,g]many1 on ! sci5tific works ( ?is m>vel\s nun ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,all ?+s consid]$1 ! ,abbess ( ,b+5 may be said to hold ! same position 9 ! natural sci5ces ( h] "t z 0 held 9 ! physical & ma!matical sci5ces sev5 hundr$ ye>s e>li] by ! illu/ri\s ,hypatia ( ,alex&ria4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 full six c5turies elaps$ be=e any "o ( h] sex aga9 a*iev$ di/9ction 9 ! doma9 ( natural sci5ce4 ,& !n1 /range to relate1 ! fir/ woman :o won fame by h] k ( sci5ce & by h] contributions to x1 did s 9 ! field :]e a woman w\ld1 "o w\ld ?9k1 be lea/ dispos$ to ex]cise h] tal5t & lea/ likely to f9d cong5ial "w4 ,x 0 9 ! !n comp>atively new sci5ce ( human anatomy--a sci5ce :i* _h be5 inaugurat$ 9 ! fam\s m$ical s*ools ( ,sal]no & :i* 0 subsequ5tly s highly develop$ 9 ! great ,univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,! "n ( ?is rem>kable woman 0 ,anna ,mor&i ,manzol9i4 ,%e 0 born 9 #agaf 9 ,bologna1 :]e1 aft] a brilliant c>e] 9 h] favorite bran* ( sci5ce1 %e di$ at ! age ( fifty-eight4 ,%e held ! *air ( anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna = _m ye>s1 & is not$ = a numb] ( important discov]ies made z ! result ( h] dissections ( cadav]s4 ,b %e won a /ill great] title to fame by ! m>vel\s skill :i* %e exhibit$ 9 mak+ anatomical models out ( indurat$ wax4 ,!y 7 s c>efully fa%ion$ t "s ( !m c\ld sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f ! p>ts ( ! body f :i* !y 7 model$4 ,z aids 9 ! /udy ( anatomy !y 7 mo/ highly valu$ & eag]ly s\ght = on all sides4 ,! collection :i* %e made = h] own use 01 aft] h] dea?1 acquir$ by ! ,m$ical ,in/itute ( ,bologna & priz$ z "o ( its mo/ preci\s possessions4 ,?ree ye>s aft] h] demise1 ,luigi ,galvani1 pr(essor ( anatomy 9 ! same univ]sity 9 :i* ,anna _h a*iev$ su* fame1 made use ( ^! wax models = a c\rse ( lectures on ! organs & /ructure ( ! human body4 ,^! fam\s models1 fir/ p]fect$ by ,anna ,manzol9i1 7 ! ar*etypes ( ! exquisite wax models ( ,vass\rie z well z ( ! unrival$ papi]-ma*e creations ( ,dr4 ,auz\x & ( all simil> productions n[ s ext5sively us$ 9 our s*ools & colleges4 ,ev5 dur+ ! lifetime ( ! gift$ model] !re 7 dem&s = specim5s ( h] "w f all p>ts ( ,italy4 ,f _m cities 9 ,europe1 ev5 f ,london & ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 %e receiv$ ! mo/ flatt]+ (f]s = h] s]vices4 ,s eag] 0 ,milan to h h] accept a position :i* _h be5 (f]$ h] t ! city au?orities s5t h] a blank contract & begg$ h] to "n h] own conditions4 ,b %e c\ld nev] be induc$ to leave ! home ( h] *ildhood & ! city :i* _h witness$ & applaud$ h] triumphs ( matur] ye>s4 ,m5 ( le>n+ & em95ce1 on pass+ ?r\gh ,bologna1 inv>iably made x a po9t to call on ! le>n$ pr(essora 9 ord] to make h] acqua9tance & to see h] wond]ful anatomical collection1 :i* 0 celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ,europe z ,supellex ,manzol9iana4 ,among ^! visitors 0 ,joseph ,,ii ( ,au/ria4 ,s greatly 0 ,8 ,maje/y impress$ by ,anna's r>e intellectual atta9m5ts & by h] m>vel\s skill 9 reproduc+ ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! human =m div9e t he c\ld n take leave ( h] )\t %[+ 8 appreciation ( !m by load+ h] ) gifts wor?y ( a sov]eign4#afg ,a contempor>y ( ,anna ,manzol9i1 :o also di/+ui%$ h]self 9 ! prep>ation ( anatomical models1 0 ! ,fr5* woman1 ,mlle4 ,bih]on4 ,h] facsimiles ( p>ts ( ! human body 71 accord+ to ,mme4 de ,g5lis1 s true to nature t !y c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f ! orig9als4 ,?is l$ ! faceti\s ,*evali] ,r+le1 aft] exam9+ a specim5 ( h] h&iwork1 to decl>e1 ,v]ily1 x is s p]fect t x lacks only ! odor ( ! natural object4 ,:ile yet pr9ce royal1 ,gu/avus ( ,sw$5 visit$ ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 ,p>is4 ,"h he 0 ent]ta9$ by a numb] ( exp]im5ts 9 anatomy4 ,! demon/rator 0 ,mlle4 ,bih]on1 :o is said to h _h a v]itable passion = bo? anatomy & surg]y4 ,s impress$ 0 ,gu/avus ) ! extraord9>y skill & k ( ?is gift$ daught] ( ,france t he (f]$ h] ! position ( demon/rator ( anatomy 9 ! royal ,univ]sity ( ,sw$54 ,o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 app>5tly q z ali5 z anatomy to wom5's ta/e & tal5t1 are m9]alogy & metallurgy4 ,yet z e>ly z ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! ,b>oness de ,beausoleil _h a*iev$ a great reputation by h] inve/igations into ! m9]al treasures ( ,france4 ,inde$1 %e may1 /range z x may appe>1 be reg>d$ z ! fir/ m9+ eng9e] ( h] native l&4 ,%e details ! qualifications ( a m9+ eng9e] & tells u he mu/1 among o!r ?+s1 be well v]s$ 9 *emi/ry1 m9]alogy1 geometry1 me*anics & hydraulics4 ,z = h]self1 %e assures u t %e devot$ ?irty ye>s ( unremitt+ /udy to ^! div]s bran*es4 ,to ,mme4 de ,beausoleil is also attribut$ ! glory ( awak5+ h] c\ntrym5's int]e/ 9 ! m9]al res\rces ( ,france1 & ( %[+ !m h[ _! prop] exploitation w\ld inure n only to ! cr$it ( ! nation abroad b also to its prosp]ity at home4 ,%e 0 ! au?or ( two works :i* prove t %e 0 a woman ( r>e atta9m5ts comb9$ ) exceptional bread? ( view & political acum54 ,%e 0 deeply conc]n$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! m9]al res\rces ( h] c\ntry & =esaw h[ greatly !y c\ld be made to contribute to ! augm5tation ( ! nation's f9ances4 ,h] "w entitl$ ,la ,re/itution de ,pluton is a report on ! m9es & ore deposits ( ,france1 & is a docum5t z preci\s z x is curi\s4 ,x 0 address$ to ,c>d9al ,ri*elieu1 & %[s h[ ! ,fr5* mon>* c\ld1 if ! subt]ranean treasures ( ! c\ntry 7 prop]ly develop$1 become ! greate/ rul] 9 ,*ri/5dom & 8 subjects ! happie/ ( all peoples4 ,ano!r report by ?is en]getic & en?usia/ic woman is 9 ! same /ra94 ,9 x %e proves h[ ! ,k+ ( ,france1 by utiliz+ ! und]gr\nd ri*es ( 8 c\ntry1 c\ld make himself & 8 p indep5d5t ( all o!r nations4#afh ,9 ^! two productions ,mme4 de ,beausoleil treats ( ! sci5ce ( m9+1 ! diff]5t k9ds ( m9es1 ! assay+ ( ores & ! div]s me?ods ( smelt+ !m1 z well z ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( metallurgy1 z !n und]/ood4 ,b1 unlike ! majority ( h] contempor>ies1 ?is enlight5$ woman _h no pati5ce ) ^? :o believ$ t ! e>?'s hidd5 treasures c\ld n be discov]$ )\t rec\rse to magic or to ! aid ( demons4 ,%e 0 unsp>+ 9 h] ridicule ( ^? :o _h fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( gnomes & kobolds1 or ?\ght t ore deposits c\ld be locat$ only by div9+-rods or simil> fooli% contrivances :i* 7 relics ( an ignorant & sup]/iti\s age4 ,! same c5tury t witness$ ! explor+ activity ( ! ,b>oness de ,beausoleil saw ! beg9n+s ( ! notable a*ievem5ts ( a daught] ( ,g]many1 well kn[n 9 ! annals ( sci5ce z ,m>ia ,sibylla ,m]ian4 ,born 9 ,frank=t 9 #afdg1 %e di$ 9 ,am/]dam 9 #agag1 aft] a some:at *eck]$ c>e]1 mo/ ( :i* 0 devot$ to ! pursuit ( natural hi/ory4 ,s fond 0 %e ( fl[]s & insects t x is said !y told h] all _! secrets4 ,aft] hav+ famili>iz$ h]self ) ! fauna & flora ( h] native l&1 %e proce$$ to inve/igate ! collections ( ! pr9cipal ,european cab9ets ( natural hi/ory4 ,?is only fir$ h] ambition to see m ( ! _w & /udy ,nature :]e %e is se5 9 h] greate/ spl5dor & luxuriance4 ,%e accord+ly resolv$ to und]take a j\rney to ! equatorial regions ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,su* a voyage c n[ be made ) comp>ative ease1 b 9 h] days x 0 fraught ) discom=ts & dang]s ( all k9ds1 & "o t no woman ?\ght to v5ture on unless oblig$ to d s by /]n necessity4 ,b %e 0 set on inve/igat+ animals & plants 9 _! own habitats 9 ! glori\s & exub]ant flora ( ! tropics &1 accompani$ by h] two daught]s1 ,hel5a & ,doro!a1 %e emb>k$ = ,sur9am4 ,"h1 assi/$ by h] daught]s1 :o1 l _! "m1 7 bo? skillful arti/s1 ! intrepid naturali/ sp5t two ye>s 9 /udy+ ! wond]s ( plant & animal life t ev]y:]e greet$ h] delight$ vision4 ,all ! "t n occupi$ 9 rese>* "w 0 devot$ to sket*+ & pa9t+ ^? sup]b insects t are s abundant 9 tropical fields & =e/s4#afi ,return+ to ,holl& ) h] preci\s sci5tific treasures1 %e began ! prep>ation ( a "w t w long endure z a monum5t to h] k & indu/ry4 ,x 0 a magnific5t volume 9 folio on ! insects ( ,sur9am4 ,x appe>$ simultane\sly 9 ,dut* & ,lat91 & 0 subsequ5tly translat$ into ,fr5*4 ,9 illu/rat+ ?is sumptu\s "w1 ,frau ,m]ian 0 greatly assi/$ by h] y\ng] daught]1 ,doro!a4 ,! et*+s & h&-color$ reproductions ( ! gorge\s butt]flies & fl[]s ( ,sur9am comm&$ univ]sal admiration1 & m>k$ a new epo* 9 book-mak+4 ,ev5 to-day ?is noble volume is eag]ly s\ght by bo? book-lov]s & m5 ( sci5ce1 = x is n only a "w ( r>e conception & beauty b also "o ( exceptional accuracy 9 illu/ration & /atem5t ( fact4#agj ,besides et*+s ( multi=m insects1 liz>ds & batra*ians indig5\s to ,dut* ,guiana1 !re 7 9 ?is unique volume c>efully execut$ illu/rations ( plants & trees peculi> to tropical ,am]ica1 su* z vanilla1 cacao1 & ! species ( manihot :i* con/itutes ! /aff ( life ( s l>ge a portion ( ! population 9 ! bas9s ( ! ,amazon & ! ,or9oco4 ,a new & enl>g$ edition ( ?is "w 0 publi%$ aft] ,frau ,m]ian's dea? by h] daught] ,doro!a4 ,! same gift$ daught] %[$ h] int]e/ 9 h] p>5t's "w & h] devotion to h] memory by br++ out a beautifully illu/rat$ edition ( h] "m's e>lie/ "w :i* treat$ ( ! wond]ful life-hi/ory ( silkworms4#aga ,! c5tury foll[+ t :i* _h celebrat$ ! sci5tific triumphs ( ,m>ia ,m]ian f\nd 9 ,joseph9e ,kablick1 born 9 #aghg 9 ,hoh5elbe1 ,bohemia1 a woman :o 0 de/9$ to prove a wor?y successor1 z a nature-/ud5t1 ( ! not$ daught] ( ,frank=t-on-!-,ma94 ,f h] t5d]e/ ye>s %e exhibit$ a passionate love = e =m ( plant life4 ,9 addition to ?is1 %e _h1 :ile yet "y1 ! good =tune ( /udy+ "u ! be/ botani/s ( h] "t4 ,soon %e became an en?usia/ic collector & 0 9 a %ort "t ! happy possessor ( a h]b>ium :i* conta9$ _m new species ( plants :i* %e _h discov]$ dur+ h] frequ5t botanical excursions4 ,f mak+ collections = h] private h]b>ium1 %e 0 gradually l$ to make collections = ! s*ools & colleges ( h] native c\ntry1 z well z = ! museums & le>n$ societies ( v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe4 ,_m public in/itutions ow$ to h] cordial coop]ation "s ( ! *oice/ treasures 9 _! h]b>ia1 & n a few botanical writ]s ( h] day f\nd 9 h] an intellig5t & sympa!tic collaborator4 ,b ,frau ,kablick's int]e/ 9 nature 0 n conf9$ to plants4 ,%e 0 an assidu\s /ud5t ( paleontology z well z ( botany1 & ! _m fossil animals & plants nam$ 9 h] honor te/ify to h] success 9 ! pursuit ( h] favorite bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,!re 0 no?+ ( ! conv5tional blue-/ock+ ab\t ?is ard5t vot>y ( nature4 ,/rong & heal?y1 nei!r w9d nor ra9 int]f]$ ) h] fieldwork 9 botany or paleontology4 ,x 0 h] greate/ pleasure to roam ?r\gh d>k =e/s & scale high m\nta9s 9 se>* ( new species ( plants & fossils4 ,& ! success :i* rew>d$ h] ef=ts 0 su* t ! old & tra9$ naturali/s among h] male fri5ds _h reason to envy h] good =tune z an explor]4 ,b ,frau ,kablick nev] p]mitt$ h] frequ5t excursions1 or h] devotion to sci5ce1 to cause h] to neglect ! duties ( h] h\sehold4 ,=tunately1 h] husb& 0 also an ard5t /ud5t ( nature1 & :ile 8 wife 0 devot+ h] att5tion to botany & paleontology1 he 0 mak+ inve/igations 9 zoology & m9]alogy4 ,!y sp5t fifty happy ye>s toge!r 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce & _! jo9t ef=ts contribut$ n a little t[>d ! advancem5t ( ! bran*es ( sci5ce to :i* !y _h devot$ _! lives ) su* well-direct$ ef=t & en?usiasm4 ,z ! fruitful life ( ,joseph9e ,kablick :o _h %$ su* lu/] on h] sex 9 ,bohemia 0 draw+ to a close1 a "y woman 9 ,g]many1 ,amalie ,dietri* by "n1 0 prep>+ h]self to fill ! void :i* w\ld be occasion$ by h] pr$ecessor's dea?4 ,h] fir/ love1 z a "y girl1 0 plant life1 & ?is 0 subsequ5tly acc5tuat$ by h] husb&1 :o 0 n only a botani/ himself b also "o :o belong$ to a di/+ui%$ family ( botani/s4 ,a ke5 obs]v] & an indefatigable collector1 ,frau ,dietri* soon became kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe z a botani/ ( m>k$ ability & d>+4 ,%e 0 wont1 unaccompani$1 to climb ! highe/ peaks ( ! ,salzburg ,alps1 & sp5d entire weeks !re seek+ new species ( ,alp9e flora4 ,dur+ ! day %e explor$ ! deep rav9es & clamb]$ along ! brambly l$ges ( beetl+ precipices1 & dur+ ! night %e s\ght %elt] & repose 9 ! humble hut ( "s hospitable h]dsman4 ,valuable1 h[ev]1 z 0 ,amalie ,dietri*'s "w 9 ! ,au/rian ,alps1 x 0 b a prep>ation = t :i* "s ye>s lat] %e 0 to ent] ^u 9 f>-(f ,au/ralia4 ,"h %e devot$ twelve ( ! be/ ye>s ( h] life to ! cultivation ( botany 9 ! virg9 soil ( ,que5sl&4 ,"h1 too1 %e surpris$ ev]yone by h] v5turesome _s no less ?an by h] irrepressible zeal 9 mak+ collections4 ,he$less ( dang]1 %e plung$ q alone into ! wild]ness & sp5t days & weeks at a "t ) ! wild aborig9es4 ,b %e secur$ :at %e w5t 9 que/ (1--a l>ge & valuable collection ( plants1 conta9+ _m new & int]e/+ species4 ,besides ^!1 %e 0 able to br+ back ) h] to ,europe a l>ge mass ( zoological specim5s z well z c\ntless dome/ic ut5sils & implem5ts ( w>f>e & husb&ry employ$ by ! savages among :om %e s frequ5tly j\rney$ & ) ^: mann]s & cu/oms %e ev5tually became s famili>4 ,mode/ & tru/wor?y1 ,frau ,dietri* _h a ho/ ( fri5ds 9 ! sci5tific _w1 & ! numb] ( plants :i* be> h] "n are n only a tribute to h] wor?1 b a /rik+ evid5ce ( ! ext5t ( h] activity 9 ! pursuit ( ! sci5ce :i* became ! absorb+ passion ( h] life4#agb ,( ,russian wom5 :o h become specially not$ = _! contributions to natural sci5ce1 a v prom95t place mu/ be assign$ to ,sophia ,p]eyaslawzewa4 ,aft] receiv+ ! doctorate ( sci5ce 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,zuri*1 %e became director ( ! biological /ation at ,seba/opol1 a position %e held ) great eclat dur+ twelve ye>s4 ,"h %e made num]\s important rese>*es on manifold =ms ( m>9e life & prep>$ _m works = ! press 9 ,g]man & ,fr5*1 z well z 9 h] native ,russian4 ,h] ,monographie de ,turbell>ies de la ,m] ,noire1 a l>ge & beautifully illu/rat$ volume publi%$ at ,odessa 9 #ahib1 plac$ h] at once among biologi/s ( ! fir/ rank4 ,inde$1 s m]itori\s 0 ?is production ( ! tal5t$ daught] ( ,holy ,russia t ! ,congress ( ,naturali/s 9 #ahic did n hesitate to recognize its exceptional value by conf]r+ on ! fair au?oress a special prize4 ,?is gift$ biologi/ has s9ce r5d]$ di/9ct s]vice 9 ! cause ( sci5ce by h] explorations ( ! ,gulf ( ,naples & ! coa/s ( ,france4 ,h] activity is prodigi\s1 & ! long li/ ( books & monographs :i* %e has publi%$ on ! l[] =ms ( m>9e life 9 ! ,black & ,m$it]ranean seas %[s t %e has a capacity = "w t is truly extraord9>y4 ,"h is1 probably1 ! place to make m5tion ( a woman ( encyclopa$ic m9d1 ,clem5ce ,augu/9e ,roy]1 :o 0 born 9 #ahcj 9 ,nantes1 ,france4 ,%e wrote on su* a v>iety ( subjects t x is difficult to classify h]4 ,%e 0 9 no s5se ( ! ^w a speciali/1 & %e seems by temp]am5t to h be5 av]se to conf9+ h]self to any "o bran* ( k4 ,h] fir/ "w to attract p>ticul> att5tion 0 "o on a topic connect$ ) political economy4 ,a prize _h be5 (f]$ = ! discussion ( ?is subject1 & ! little ,fr5* woman acquitt$ h]self s well t %e _h ! honor ( %>+ ! prize ) ! not$ ,pr\dhon4 ,%e has also writt5 _m works on philosophy & physics4 ,among ^! are two :i* attract$ consid]able notice at ! "t ( _! publication4 ,9 "o ( !m %e attacks ! positivism ( ,comte2 9 ! o!r %e assails ,laplace's hypo!sis reg>d+ ! orig9 ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,b ! "w :i* made h] fam\s1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,france1 0 h] translation into ,fr5* 9 #ahfb ( ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,x is safe to say t ?is v]sion creat$ z mu* ( a s5sation 9 ,france z ! orig9al _h caus$ 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica4 ,h] preface to ! "w ( ! ,engli% naturali/1 9 :i* %e indicates ! results :i* fl[ f an acceptance ( ! trans=mi/ !ory1 creat$ a v]itable /orm 9 bo? religi\s & sci5tific circles4 ,s gratifi$ 0 ,madame ,roy] by ! impression made by ?is preface & s pleas$ 0 %e ) ! controv]sy :i* %e _h />t$1 t %e exp&$ h] summ>y ( ! !ory ( evolution z !re9 giv5 & publi%$ x 9 #ahgj "u ! title ( ,orig9e de l',homme et de ,societes4 ,?is production 0 s revolution>y 9 "* & s subv]sive ( tea*+s long held sacr$ t x provok$ an indignant prote/ f all qu>t]s1 & ! au?or 0 at once rank$ ) su* radical expon5ts ( ! new sci5ce z ,voght1 ,bue*n] & ,haeckel4 ,aft] ! appe>ance ( ?is production1 %e wrote num]\s o!r works1 sev]al ( !m on subjects relat+ to natural sci5ce1 especially 9 its connection ) an?ropology & prehi/oric ar*aeology4 ,& s great 0 h] bread? ( view & s exceptional 0 h] grasp ( all subjects discuss$ by h] t ,r5an decl>$ ( h]1 ,elle e/ presque un homme de g5ie--,%e is almo/ a man ( g5ius4 ,mme4 ,roy] 0 frequ5tly spok5 ( z a c&idate = ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 b %e 0 s well aw>e ( ! prejudices aga9/ ! admission ( wom5 to memb]%ip 9 ?is le>n$ body t %e nev] all[$ h]self to consid] ! proposal s]i\sly4 ,%e 0 c]ta9ly a bra9y woman1 & 9 h] own dep>tm5t ( intellectual ef=t %e exhibit$ z mu* tal5t z did ,george ,s& & ,mme4 de ,/ael 9 lit]ature & hi/ory4 ,an entirely diff]5t type ( woman f ! radical & disputati\s ,mme4 ,roy] 0 ! *>m+ & cultur$ lady1 ,miss ,eleanor ,orm]od1 h] contempor>y1 :o1 9 h] *os5 dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 won bo? fame & ! la/+ gratitude ( h] fell[m54 ,miss ,orm]od1 unlike ,mme4 ,roy]1 0 preem95tly a speciali/1 & ! bran* ( sci5ce 9 :i* %e a*iev$ di/9ction 0 entomology1 or r t bran* ( x kn[n z economic entomology4 ,f h] *ildhood %e manife/$ an unusual int]e/ 9 all =ms ( insects1 b p>ticul>ly 9 ^? :i* are s]viceable to mank9d or are de/ructive to f>ms & g>d5s1 or*>ds & =e/s4 ,=tunately = ! gratification ( h] peculi> b5t ( m9d1 ne>ly half ( ,miss ,orm]od's life 0 sp5t 9 a locality :i* 0 specially favorable to ! /udy ( insects :i* are obnoxi\s to ! g>d5]1 ! f>m] & ! =e/]4 ,?is 0 at ! conflu5ce ( ! ,wye & ! ,sev]n1 :]e h] fa!r own$ a l>ge l&$ e/ate1 "p ( :i* 0 "u cultivation & "p wood & p>k l&4 ,"h ! "y girl made h] fir/ collection ( insects1 & "h %e began h] /udies on ! cause & nature ( ! p>asitic attacks ^u crops4 ,"h %e fir/ realiz$ ! frightful ravages t 7 occasion$ by ! manifold insect pe/s t infe/ n only trees1 %rubs1 c]eals & vegetables1 b also flocks & h]ds z well4 ,& "h1 too1 %e resolv$ to devote h] life to devis+ prev5tive & rem$ial treatm5t = ! evils :i* 7 robb+ ! husb&man ( s great a "p ( ! fruits ( 8 toil4 ,aft] tak+ ?is g5]\s resolution1 ! life ( our "y h]o9e 01 l t ( ,liebig & ,pa/eur1 devot$ to ! welf>e ( h] fell[m54 ,& l ^! noble b5efactors ( _! race1 h] ?\ght 0 always h[ %e might prev5t ! losses & increase ! products ( ! till]s ( ! soil4 ,entomology ) h] 0 n m]e nom5clature--a k ( /range & fanta/ic names1 :i*1 ) ! ignorant1 con/itutes a di/9ction--b "o ( ! mo/ practical & useful ( ! sci5ces4 ,miss ,orm]od might1 _h %e s elect$1 h won fame z a sy/ematic entomologi/ & z a di/+ui%$ contributor to ! already long li/ ( g5]a & species ( insects4 ,%e might h devot$ h]self to !oretical "w1 or b5t h] en]gies t[>ds ! g5]al advancem5t ( ! sci5ce1 l ,fabricius1 ,swamm]dam1 ,we/wood & ,burnmei/]2 b %e pref]r$ to =ego all ! glory t might accrue f pursu+ su* a c\rse1 & to direct h] ef=ts 9 su* wise z to be ( mo/ s]vice to humanity4 ,l ! great ,pa/eur1 aft] 8 long & labori\s exp]im5tal rese>*es on silkworm diseases1 ,miss ,orm]od c\ld1 at ! end ( h] illu/ri\s c>e]1 decl>e ) tru?3 ,! results :i* ,i h obta9$ are1 p]haps1 less brilliant ?an ^? :i* ,i might h anticipat$ f rese>*es pursu$ 9 ! field ( pure sci5ce1 b ,i h ! satisfaction ( hav+ s]v$ my c\ntry 9 endeavor+1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 to discov] ! rem$y = great mis]y4 ,x is to ! honor ( a sci5tific man t he values discov]ies :i* at _! bir? c only obta9 ! e/eem ( 8 equals1 f> above ^? :i* at once conqu] ! favor ( ! cr[d by ! imm$iate utility ( _! application2 b1 9 ! pres5ce ( mis=tune1 x is equally an honor to sacrifice ev]y?+ 9 ! endeavor to relieve x4#agc ,miss ,orm]od's labors 7 n1 x is true1 in/rum5tal 9 rescu+ f de/ruction a nation's *ief indu/ries1 z 7 ,pa/eur's 9 ! case ( 8 fam\s rese>*es on ! phylox]a ( ! grape v9e or ! pebr9e ( ! silkworm4 ,nor _h !y to d ) su* frightful indu/rial di/urbances z h frequ5tly be5 occasion$ by r9d]pe/ or by ! potato blight 9 ,irel& 9 #ahde4 ,?is is true 9 s f> z any "o pe/ is conc]n$4 ,b :5 "o reflects on ! scope ( ,miss ,orm]od's inve/igations & consid]s h[ f>-rea*+ 7 h] rese>*es & h[ _m & div]se indu/ries 7 embrac$ by ! rem$ial & prophylactic measures :i* %e propos$1 "o _c b realize ! imm5se importance ( h] life-"w4 ,! fact t h] activities 7 conf9$ *iefly to old & well-kn[n pe/s--insects f :i* ! f>m] & ! g>d5] & ! =e/] _h suff]$ = c5turies1 & :i* !y _h come to reg>d z necess>y & inevitable evils--does n detract f ! m]it & ! value ( h] labors4 ,t %e %\ld h tak5 up a "w :i* affect$ s _m p & h be5 s successful 9 abat+1 or 9 entirely remov+ evils :i* _h s long afflict$ agriculturi/s & /ock-gr[]s1 %[s t %e 0 a woman ( r>e c\rage & det]m9ation z well z "o ( inv9cible p]si/5ce & ( intellectual res\rces ( a v high ord]4 ,dur+ m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ,miss ,orm]od devot$ practically ! :ole ( h] "t to ! /udy ( economic entomology & to spread+ a k ( x among h] c\ntrym54 ,f #ahgg to #ahih %e publi%$ annual reports on injuri\s insects & s5t !m broadca/ ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 & h] colonies4 ,9 addition to ?is %e wrote a numb] ( manuals & textbooks on insects injuri\s to food crops1 =e/ trees1 or*>ds & bu% fruits4 ,nor 0 ?is all4 ,%e also prep>$ = gratuit\s di/ribution a l>ge numb] ( f\r-page leaflets on ! mo/ common f>m pe/s4 ,( ! leaflet1 = in/ance1 on ! w>ble-fly1 its life-hi/ory1 me?ods ( prev5tion & rem$y1 no less ?an a hundr$ & sev5ty ?\s& copies 7 pr9t$4 ,& s great 0 ! dem& = h] leaflet on ! gooseb]ry r$ spid] t a s+le mail br\ght h] an ord] = ?ree ?\s& copies4 ,miss ,orm]od1 x is prop] to /ate "h1 receiv$ no remun]ation :atev] = h] great s]vices to ! public4 ,on ! contr>y1 %e gave n only all h] "t gratuit\sly1 b bore a great "p ( ! exp5se ( pr9t+ & di/ribut+ h] publications4 ,! am\nt ( good %e ?us did unaid$ & alone _c be e/imat$4 ,9 h] leaflet on ! w>ble-fly1 also kn[n z bot-fly1 %e e/imates ! annual damage to ! /ock-gr[]s ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom f ?is pe/ at f ,l#c1jjj1jjj to ,l#d1jjj1jjj4 ,! losses due to fruit1 gra9 & vegetable insects ( v>i\s k9ds1 be=e %e began h] insect crusade1 7 mu* great]4 ,9 ,great ,brita9 & h] colonies !y am\nt$ to v _m millions ( p\nds /]l+ e ye>4#agd ,& mo/ ( ^! losses1 z %e demon/rat$1 7 prev5table by simple precautions :i* %e ev5tually succe$$ 9 induc+ ! p to adopt4 ,h[ mu* %e 0 in/rum5tal 9 sav+ annually to ! f>m]s & g>d5]s ( ,engl& by h] writ+s & lectures c only be imag9$1 b ! sum mu/ h be5 imm5se4 ,:5 we recollect t ,miss ,orm]od accompli%$ all h] "w be=e x occurr$ to ! ,engli% ,bo>d ( ,agriculture to appo9t a gov]nm5t entomologi/1 we %all realize :at a pione] %e 0 9 ! c>e] 9 :i* %e a*iev$ su* di/9ction & ?r\gh :i* %e conf]r$ su* ine/imable b5efits ^u h] fell[s4 ,miss ,orm]od's entomological publications1 especially h] annual reports1 br\ght h] into relations ) p ( all classes ?r\gh\t ! :ole _w4 ,h] correspond5ce1 9 consequ5ce1 0 enorm\s1 & n infrequ5tly am\nt$ to f fifty to a hundr$ lett]s a day4 ,! great entomologi/s ( ,europe & ,am]ica held h] 9 ! highe/ e/eem1 & _h implicit fai? 9 h] judgm5t 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to h] specialty4 ,"o day %e w\ld receive a lett] f an ,engli% g>d5] begg+ = a rem$y aga9/ ! /rawb]ry beetle4 ,! next day %e w\ld h a simil> lett] reg>d+ mite-galls on black currants1 or pea-weevil l>vae or clov]-eel worms4 ,aga9 !re w\ld be a communication f ,norway reque/+ advice ab\t ! ,hessian fly1 or f ,arg5t9a ask+ in=mation conc]n+ a c]ta9 k9d ( de/ructive grass beetle1 or f ,india appeal+ = help aga9/ a p]nici\s species ( =e/ fly1 or f ,s\? ,africa seek+ a relief f ! boot-beetle4 ,& /ill aga91 %e 0 consult$ by h] =eign correspond5ts ab\t t]mites1 :i* 7 caus+ havoc among ! "y cocoa trees ( ,ceylon1 or ab\t c]ta9 peculi> species ( ,au/ralian l>vae1 or ab\t ! deva/at+ action ( ! p9e beetle 9 ! ,scot* =e/s1 or ab\t ! :eat midge & antl] mo? 9 ,f9l&4 ,"o day %e _h a communication f ! ,au/rian ,embassy reg>d+ a beetle t 0 eat+ ! oats ab\t ,con/ant9ople1 & n long aft]w>ds %e receiv$ a lett] f ! ,*9ese ,m9i/] 9 ,london begg+ = in=mation z to h[ to prev5t ! ravages ( c]ta9 noxi\s bugs 9 ! lee-*ee or*>ds ( ,*9a4 ,9 view ( all ^! facts x is n surpris+ t ,miss ,orm]od became an active & valu$ colleague ( "s ( ,engl&'s mo/ not$ sci5tific m54 ,pr(essor ,huxley said ( h] 9 connection ) c]ta9 "w p]=m$ by h] z a memb] ( "o ( ! committees to :i* he belong$ t %e knew m ab\t ! bus9ess ?an all ! re/ put toge!r4 ,miss ,orm]od's s]vices & atta9m5ts1 x is gratify+ to note1 7 n )\t recognition 9 high qu>t]s4 ,besides be+ 9 con/ant correspond5ce ) ! mo/ em95t entomologi/s ( ! _w1 consult+ entomologi/ to ! ,royal ,agricultural ,society ( ,engl& & exam9] 9 agricultural entomology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 %e 0 a memb] ( _m le>n$ societies 9 bo? ! ,old & ! ,new ,_w4 ,%e 0 also ! recipi5t ( _m m$als1 two ( :i* came f ,russia4 ,! honor1 h[ev]1 :i* gave h] ! mo/ pleasure 0 ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,laws1 :i* 0 conf]r$ on h] by ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t ?is old & cons]vative in/itution ?us honor$ a woman1 b 9 honor+ ,miss ,orm]od x honor$ itself z well4#age ,b :5 "o consid]s ! magnitude ( ,miss ,orm]od's s]vices to h] c\ntry & to ! _w1 :5 "o reflects on ! t5s ( millions ( p\nds /]l+ :i* %e sav$ to ! ,briti% ,empire by h] rese>*es & writ+s1 ^! honors seem trivial & unwor?y ( ! great nation :i* %e s signally b5efit$4 ,if any ( h] c\ntrym5 _h labor$ s long & s successfully & made s _m sacrifices = ! welf>e ( ! nation z %e _h1 he w\ld h be5 knight$ or ennobl$4 ,b age-long prejudices & traditions w n yet p]mit ,engl& to be/[ ! same honors on wom5 z on m51 no matt] h[ brilliant _! atta9m5ts or h[ di/+ui%$ _! s]vices to ! cr[n & to humanity4 ,recognition ( ?is k9d may possibly come z "o ( ! desirable innovations ( ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,no lov] ( fair play c d5y 'tis a consummation dev\tly to be wi%$4#agf ,! names ( ! wom5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates :o h become prom95t by _! rese>*es & writ+s 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! natural sci5ces w\ld make a long li/4 ,& :5 "o recalls ! fact t x 0 only 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t ,am]ican wom5 7 af=d$ an opportunity to /udy sci5ce1 x is a matt] ( surprise t ! li/ is s ext5d$4 ,= practically no provision 0 made = ! s]i\s pursuit by !m ( ! natural sci5ces until ! op5+ ( ,vass> ,college 9 #ahfe1 & x 0 n until ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury t ! portals ( _m m5's colleges 7 unlock$ & ?r[n op5 to ! hi!rto proscrib$ sex4 ,consid]+ all ! ob/acles !y _h to ov]come1 ! ignorance1 ! prejudice1 ! opposition ( all k9ds !y _h to combat 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 wom5 h already accompli%$ wond]s & bid fair to a*ieve mu* m 9 ! ne> future4 ,n[ almo/ e educational in/itution 9 ! l&1 private or /ate1 has "o or m wom5 pr(essors or associate pr(essors4 ,!y tea* all ! bran*es ( ! natural sci5ces t are taught by _! male colleagues1--botany1 geology1 m9]alogy1 zoology1 anatomy1 bact]iology & all ! num]\s subdivisions ( ^! sci5ces1--& !y tea* !m ) success & eclat4 ,!y also occupy responsible sci5tific positions 9 v>i\s /ate & f$]al in/itutions4 ,?us "o woman has be5 ! pr9cipal ( ! ,d5v] ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 :ile ano!r has be5 ! /ate entomologi/ = ,miss\ri4 ,wom5 are also f\nd do+ important "w 9 ! ,national ,museum1 9 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution1 & 9 ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t 9 ,wa%+ton1 z well z 9 ! v>i\s museums1 botanical g>d5s & public laboratories ( ! c\ntry f ! ,atlantic to ! ,pacific4 ,among ^? :o h des]v$ well ( sci5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates by _! inve/igations & writ+s are ,olive ,?orne ,mill] & ,flor5ce ,m]riam 9 orni?ology2 ,susanna ,phelps ,gage1 ,dr4 ,ida ,h4 ,hyde1 ,m>y ,h4 ,h9ckley1 ,cornelia ,m4 ,clapp1 ,edi? ,j4 & ,agnes ,m4 ,claypole 9 biology2 ,rose ,s4 ,eig5man 9 ic?yology2 ,edi? ,m4 ,pat*1 ,elizabe? ,w4 ,peckham1 ,emily ,a4 ,smi?1 ,cora ,h4 ,cl>ke1 ,j4 ,m4 ,arms ,%eldon1 ,m>y ,treat1 ,m>y ,e4 ,murfeldt1 ,annie ,t4 ,slosson 9 entomology2 ,elizabe? ,g4 ,britton & ,cl>a ,e4 ,cumm+s 9 cryptogamic botany2 ,s>ah ,a4 ,plumm] ,lemmon1 ,ka!r9e ,e4 ,gold51 ,alice ,ea/man & ,almira ,l9coln ,phelps 9 g5]al botany2 ,ada ,d4 ,davidson1 ,ella ,f4 ,boyd & ,flor5ce ,bascom 9 geology4 ,besides ^!1 special m5tion %\ld also be made ( ,dr4 ,julia ,w4 ,sn[ = h] "w on ! microscopical =ms ( fre%-wat] algae2 ,anna ,bots=d ,com/ock = h] contributions to our k ( microscopic insects2 ,ka!r9e ,j4 ,bu% = h] monographs on %all[ & deep-wat] molusca2 ,h>riet ,r&olph & ,fannie ,e4 ,langdon = _! /udies on worms1 & ,ka!r9e ,foot = h] pap]s on cellul> morphology4 ,p>ticul>ly notable1 too1 is ! "w t has be5 done on m>9e inv]tebrates by ,m>y ,j4 ,ra?bun 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,national ,museum & by ,flor5ce ,wambaugh ,patt]son 9 vegetable physiology & pa?ology 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,b mu* z ! wom5 j nam$ des]ve recognition = _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce to :i* !y h sev]ally devot$ !mselves1 ! "o :o w always be specially rememb]$1 n only = h] valuable contributions to div]s bran*es ( natural sci5ce1 b also = h] labors 9 behalf ( high] female education--p>ticul>ly z presid5t ( ,radcliffe ,college--is ,mrs4 ,elizabe? ,c>y ,agassiz1 ! wife ( ! celebrat$ ,swiss-,am]ican naturali/1 :o gave su* an impetus to ! /udy ( natural sci5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ^: influ5ce on ! g5]al advancem5t ( sci5ce 9 all its dep>tm5ts has prov$ s endur+ & s f>-rea*+4 ,z an inspir] ( & collaborator ) h] gift$ husb&1 ,mrs4 ,agassiz des]ves a l>ge page 9 ! annals ( sci5ce1 :ile z an en?usia/ic /ud5t ( nature & z "o :o communicat$ h] en?usiasm to h] /ud5ts1 & at ! same "t held up be=e !m ! highe/ ideals ( womanhood1 %e is sure ( a portion ( t immortality :i* has be5 decre$ to h] illu/ri\s life-p>tn]1 ,jean ,l\is ,agassiz4 ,?is *apt] w\ld n be complete )\t "s ref]5ce to t l>ge class ( wom5 travel]s :o1 directly or indirectly1 h contribut$ s mu* to ! advancem5t ( ! natural sci5ces4 ,! gift$ ,r\manian writ] & travel]1 ,pr9cess ,hel5a ,kolz(f ,massalsky1--bett] kn[n "u h] pseudonym1 ,doria d',i/ria1--some:]e expresses ! op9ion t a woman travel] admirably supplem5ts ! sci5tific "w ( ! male explor] by br++ to x aptitudes t ! latt] does n possess4 ,= %e notes _m ?+s 9 nature1 z well z 9 ! national life & popul> cu/oms ( ! c\ntries :i* %e trav]ses1 :i* escape ! m hebetud9\s p]ceptions ( m51 & ?us a va/ field1 t w\ld o!rwise rema9 unkn[n1 is op5$ to obs]vation & critical /udy4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ travel]s ( h] sex 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! fam\s ,ida ,pfeiff]1 ( ,au/ria4 ,dur+ ! ye>s int]v5+ betwe5 #ahdb & #aheh1 ! date ( h] dea?1 %e travel$ ne>ly two hundr$ ?\s& miles &1 9 s do+1 visit$ ne>ly e qu>t] ( ! globe4 ,:5 "o recalls ! difficulties & discom=ts ( transportation 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 z comp>$ ) our pres5t facilities & conv5i5ces1 & be>s 9 m9d ! fact t h] travel+ exp5ses = an entire ye> 7 less ?an ^? ( a ,lam>t9e or a ,*ateaubri& = a s+le week1 we mu/ admit t h] a*ievem5ts 71 inde$1 extraord9>y4 ,besides be+ ! au?or ( num]\s books :i* _h = _m ye>s a great vogue--books :i*1 by reason ( ! ke5 obs]vations & ! absolutely tru?ful n>ratives ( _! au?or1 are /ill ( special value to ! /ud5t ( geography & e?nology--%e made collections illu/rative ( botany1 m9]alogy & entomology :i* 7 subsequ5tly secur$ = ! ,briti% ,museum & o!r simil> in/itutions 9 ,europe4 ,no "o m highly appreciat$ ,frau ,pfeiff]'s ef=ts 9 behalf ( sci5ce ?an did ! illu/ri\s ,alex&] von ,humboldt1 ^: fri5d%ip 0 "o ( ! greate/ joys ( ?is rem>kable woman's life4 ,?r\gh 8 recomm5dation & t ( ! not$ geograph]1 ,k>l ,ritt]1 %e 0 made an honor>y memb] ( ! ,geographical ,society ( ,b]l94 ,besides ?is1 ! ,k+ ( ,prussia conf]r$ on h] ! gold m$al = arts & sci5ces4 ,?ree o!r wom51 all repres5tatives ( ,great ,brita91 likewise des]ve notice = _! ext5sive travels & ! int]e/+ & in/ructive acc\nts :i* !y publi%$ ( !m4 ,^! are ,con/ance ,gordon ,cumm+1 ,isabella ,bird ,bi%op & ,amelia ,b4 ,edw>ds4 ,m notable 9 _m respects ?an ^! ?ree di/+ui%$ wom5 7 ,miss ,m>y ,h4 ,k+sley & ,madame ,octavie ,c\dreau4 ,= _! contributions to sci5ce & = _! d>+ adv5tures 9 savage l&s1 !y h won = !mselves an unique position among wom5 explor]s4 ,miss ,k+sley--! niece ( ! well-kn[n writ] & naturali/1 ,*>les ,k+sley--exhibit$ mu* ( h] uncle's lit]>y ability & love ( nature4 ,s complete 0 h] intellectual grasp ( ! mo/ difficult problems1 & s r>e 0 h] ov]fl[+ sympa?y = all ( ,god's creatures1 t %e 0 well describ$ z possess+ ! bra9 ( a man & ! he>t ( a woman4 ,9 ord] to get at fir/-h& in=mation t 0 necess>y to complete a "w :i* h] fa!r1 ,george ,k+sley1 _h1 ow+ to 8 premature dea?1 left unf9i%$1 %e det]m9$ to visit t "p ( ,we/ ,africa :]e all au?orities agre$ t ! ,africans 7 at _! wilde/ & wor/4 ,accompani$ only by ! natives1 %e travell$ among cannibals1 pu%$ h] way ?r\gh mangrove swamps & pe/il5tial morasses4 ,%e sp5t mon?s 9 a canoe explor+ ! t]ritory wat]$ by ! ,calab> & ,og[e riv]s1 (t5 9 imm95t p]il ( dea? f wild animals or wild] m54 ,:5 n /udy+ ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! native tribes1 %e 0 hunt+ fi%es & reptiles 9 /reams & quagmires & collect+ insects 9 ! weird1 grim twilight ( ! equatorial =e/ ) its inextricable tangle ( creep]s1 its great hang+ tape/ries ( v9es & fl[]s1 its myriads ( bu%-ropes1 susp5d$ f ! summits ( tall buttress$ trees1 "s z /raight z plumb l9es1 o!rs coil$ r\nd & int]tw9$ among ea* o!r until "o c\ld fancy "o 0 look+ on "s mighty battle betwe5 armies ( gigantic s]p5ts t _h be5 arre/$ at its height by "s mighty spell4 ,! results ( ,miss ,k+sley's w&]+s 9 ?is d>k & uncanny wild]ness & among ! savage tribes visit$ by h] 7 h] two in/ructive volumes entitl$ ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa & ,we/ ,african ,/udies4 ,9 addition to ^! two works f h] p5 !re are deposit$ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum an int]e/+ collection ( insects1 fi%es & reptiles--_m ( !m new species & "s ( !m nam$ 9 h] honor--:i* te/ifies to h] activity z a collector & h] en?usiasm z a naturali/4 ,h] brilliant & useful c>e] 0 cut %ort 9 ,cape ,colony1 :i!r %e _h gone z an army nurse dur+ ! ,bo] w>4 ,9 view ( h] a*ievem5ts "o is n surpris$ to le>n t h] c\ntrym5 reg>d$ h] premature tak+-(f z a national mis=tune4 ,! noble/ monum5t to h] memory is ,! ,m>y ,k+sley ,society ( ,we/ ,africa1 ^: object is to c>ry on1 z f> z may be1 ! b5efic5t "w %e began on ! ,we/ ,african coa/ & to accompli% = ,engli% rule 9 ?is "p ( ! _w :at ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society has a*iev$ = ,briti% adm9i/ration 9 ,india4 ,madame ,c\dreau is designat$ 9 ,qui ,etes-,v\s--! ,fr5* ,:o's ,:o--z an exploratrice4 ,?is well *>act]izes h]2 =1 if n ! fir/ woman explor] by pr(ession1 %e is c]ta9ly ! mo/ en]getic & successful4 ,h] fir/ "w 0 9 ,fr5* ,guiana1 "u in/ructions f ! colonial m9i/] ( ,france4 ,?is 0 9 #ahid4 ,! foll[+ ye> %e began ! sci5tific exploration ( ! prov9ce ( ,p>a 9 nor!rn ,brazil1 9 collaboration ) h] husb&1 ,h5ri ,c\dreau1 :o _h previ\sly di/+ui%$ himself by 8 a*ievem5ts z a writ] & z an explor] 9 ,fr5* ,guiana4 ,! fruit ( _! jo9t "w f #ahie to #ahii 0 six qu>to volumes pr(usely illu/rat$ by photographs :i* !y _h tak5 & by c>efully execut$ *>ts ( ! v>i\s riv]s :i* !y _h explor$4 ,:ile engag$ 9 ! exploration ( ! ,trombetas1 a tribut>y ( ! ,amazon1 ,h5ri ,c\dreau 0 tak5 s]i\sly ill1 &1 aft] a few days' /ruggle aga9/ ! disease ) :i* he 0 /rick51 he expir$ 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/ primeval1 :]e he 0 buri$ by 8 desolate & disconsolate wid[4 ,aft] su* a calamity any o!r woman w\ld h left ! tropics at once & return$ to h] home & fri5ds4 ,n s ,mme4 ,c\dreau4 ,) mat*less c\rage & det]m9ation %e buri$ h] grief 9 ! "w 9 :i* h] husb& _h be5 s int]e/$1 &1 aft] complet+ ! unf9i%$ survey1 publi%$ ! results ( ?is exp$ition "u ! title ,voyage au ,trombetas4 ,hav+ complet$ ?is "w1 %e 0 engag$ by ! /ates ( ,p>a & ,amazonas to explore a numb] ( o!r riv]s 9 ! va/ t]ritory kn[n z ,amazonia4 ,?is commission involv$ ! mo/ ardu\s & dang]\s k9d ( labor & 0 a task :i* few m5 w\ld h be5 will+ to und]take4 ,x is d\btful if any o!r woman w\ld h v5tur$ on su* an exp$ition1 & x is q c]ta9 t no o!r "o c\ld h be5 f\nd t 0 s well equipp$ = ?is h]culean und]tak+ or :o w\ld h c>ri$ x to a m successful issue4 ,mme4 ,c\dreau 0 9 ! s]vice ( ,amazonia1 9 ! capacity ( (ficial explor]1 f #ahii to #aijf4 ,mo/ ( ?is "t %e sp5t 9 a canoe on ! afflu5ts ( ! ,amazon1 or 9 h] t5t 9 ! d5se =e/s "u ! equator4 ,h] only companions 7 negroes1 or ,indians1 or ,brazilian halfbre$s :o s]v$ h] z port]s1 cooks & boatm54 ,frequ5tly !y 7 9 ! =e/ wilds = _m mon?s at a "t & f> away f e ve/ige ( civiliz$ life4 ,z x 0 impossible to take suffici5t provisions ) !m to la/ !m dur+ ! :ole ( _! j\rney1 !y _h to dep5d on wild fruits & su* fi% & game z !y 7 able to secure4 ,(t5 !y 7 =c$ to live = weeks at a "t on an un*ang+ diet ( manioc & tapir meat4 ,b _! suff]+s 7 n conf9$ to hung] & disagreeable--(t5 indige/ible--food4 ,!re 7 ! heavy /eam+ atmosph]e & ! broil+ rays ( a sup]heat$ sun1 especially :5 reflect$ f ! mirror-l surface ( lake or riv]1 :i* 7 s debilitat+ & exhau/+ t physical ex]tion ( any k9d 0 at times almo/ impossible4 ,!re 7 also ! torr5tial & incessant ra9s--mak+ x impossible = !m to cook _! food or dry _! clo?+--:i* add$ to _! mis]ies :e!r 9 camp or 9 _! canoe4 ,great1 h[ev]1 z 7 _! trials on ! riv]1 !y 7 trifl+ 9 comp>ison ) ^? 9 ! woods4 ,"h locomotion 0 imp$$ by tangl$ und]gr[? :i* 0 b\nd toge!r by /r&s ( lianas & ?orny v9es :i* con/itut$ an imp5etrable b>ri] until a passage 0 hewn ?r\gh x ) a ma*ete4 ,"u foot 0 a yield+ morass :i* ?reat5$ to absorb !m4 ,ov]head 7 c\ntless *igoes1 g>apatas & fire-ants :i* infe/$ ! body or buri$ !mselves 9 ! fle%4 ,or !re 7 cl\ds ( mosquitoes :i* gave no re/ day or night4 ,& wor/ ( all 0 ! ev]-pres5t dang] ( fev] & dys5t]y1 n to speak ( ! dread diseases s common 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! equatorial regions4 ,x 0 !n t ,mme4 ,c\dreau _h to act ! "p ( a physician1 z well z ( a lead]1 ev5 ?\gh %e 0 at ! "t su* a suff]] h]self t %e 0 b>ely able to /&4 ,to make matt]s /ill m difficult = ,mme4 ,c\dreau1 h] employees at times1 especially :5 "u ! influ5ce ( liquor :i* !y contriv$ to obta9 "s way or o!r1 became mut9\s & refus$ to accompany h] to ! end ( h] j\rney4 ,at o!r times ! exp$ition 0 halt$ by _! fe> ( wild bea/s or savage ,indians1 or by imag9>y evils ( _m k9ds1 sugge/$ to !m by _! sup]/iti\s m9ds4 ,on su* occasions ,mme4 ,c\dreau nev] fail$ to %[ h]self a born lead] ( m51 = %e inv>iably--alone z %e 0 ) a crew :o 7 (t5 half savages--0 successful 9 suppress+ incipi5t rebellion & 9 re/or+ ob$i5ce & ord]4#agg ,cont9ually confront$1 z %e 01 by su* trials & difficulties1 privations & dang]s1 "o w\ld imag9e t ! delicately re>$ ,fr5*woman w\ld h s\ght imm$iate release f an engagem5t t necessitat$ s mu* exposure & suff]+ & s\ght surcease ( sorr[ 9 ! di/ractions & gaieties ( pleasure-lov+ ,p>is4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 0 f>!r f h] ?\ghts4 ,intrepid & res\rceful1 %e fe>$ no dang] & hesitat$ be=e no difficulty1 h[ev] great4 ,z an explor] %e 0 z v5turesome z ,crevaux & z consci5ti\s z ,la ,condam9e4 ,l !m1 :o 7 bo? h] c\ntrym51 %e sp5t _m ye>s ( h] life 9 ! equ9octial regions1 &1 l !m1 %e contribut$ imm5sely to our k ( ! ,l& ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,nev] did ! tropics h a great] fasc9ation = anyone ?an = ,mme4 ,c\dreau4 ,dur+ ! twelve ye>s %e sp5t !re1 explor+ its riv]s & trav]s+ its int]m9able =e/s1 ! spell ( ,amazonia 0 ev] ^u h] & 0 nev] brok51 ev5 = a mom5t4 ,i h1 %e writes1 lov$ ev]y?+ 9 ,amazonia1 ! great maje/ic woodl& & ! my/]i\s virg9 =e/1 ! beautiful riv]s ) _! traitor\s wat]s & ?und]+ cat>acts1 ! suffocat+ air & ! p]fum$ breeze1 ! burn+ sun & ! sweet fre%ness ( night1 ! impressive voice ( ! w9d among ! trees & ! torr5tial ra94 ,&1 contr>y to ! usual cu/om ( man ( br++ ev]y?+ "u 8 dom9ation1 x is ,i :o h become a captive ( ?is savage life :i* ,i love1 & h p]mitt$ x to take possession ( all my s\l & all my w4#agh ,else:]e %e decl>es3 ,9 ! solitude ( ! virg9 =e/ ,i am calm1 tranquil1 exp]i5ce no ennui & am almo/ m]ry4 ,:5 ,i am oblig$ to leave ! great woodl& ! p[] to /ruggle gr[s less 9 me4 ,i become ( an excessive s5sibility4 ,i feel m ke5ly life's bl[s4 ,i am n arm$ = elb[+ my way & mak+ a place = myself 9 ! sun%9e4 ,i nei!r love nor und]/& any?+ except my virg9 =e/4 ,!re1 inde$1 ,i suff] f ! inclem5cy ( ! wea!r1 f hung]1 f sickness2 b ^! are only physical suff]+s & are soon =gott51 :ile moral & int]ior pa9s1 on ! contr>y1 are in]adicable4#agi ,& /ill aga9 %e tells u3 ,! solitude ( ! virg9 =e/ has become a necessity = me2 x attracts me by its my/]i\s sil5ce1 & only 9 ! great woods h ,i ! impression ( be+ at home4#ahj ,c we wond] t su* an ard5t lov] ( ,nature & su* a /r5u\s vot>y ( sci5ce 0 able to =get h]self 9 h] "w & 0 able1 not)/&+ h] toils & h] suff]+s1 to produce six qu>to volumes ( reports1 9 z _m ye>s1 on ! unexplor$ regions :i* %e _h s c>efully survey$ & *>t$8 ,c we be surpris$ t h] labors receiv$ due recognition f le>n$ societies 9 bo? ! ,new & ! ,old ,_w1 & t %e 0 acclaim$ z an explor] :o _h r5d]$ di/9ct s]vice to ! cause ( natural sci5ce1 z well z to geography8#aha ,:5 we recall ! labors ( ?is lone daught] ( ,france 9 ! wilds ( ! tropics1 ) no "o to communicate ) except h] half-civiliz$ s]vants & boatm51 we in/9ctively h>k back to days n long pa/ & e/imate ! enorm\s progress wom5 h made 9 social & intellectual fre$om )9 b a few decades4 ,ow+ to ! policy ( repression :i* s long prevail$ reg>d+ ! intellectual ef=ts ( wom51 & ! social ob/acles :i* prev5t$ !m f publicly ackn[l$g+ ! (fspr+ ( _! g5ius1 wom5 l ! ,bronte si/]s1 ,george ,s& & ,george ,eliot 7 compell$ to conceal _! id5tity "u male designations4 ,because x 0 consid]$ immode/ = a woman to appe> be=e ! public z an au?or1 ,lady ,nairne1 aft] ,burns1 ! mo/ popul> song writ] 9 ,scotl&1 felt oblig$ to keep secret ! au?or%ip ( h] beautiful poems4 ,simil>ly1 family honor made x incumb5t on ,fanny ,m5delssohn to refra9 f publi%+ h] musical compositions "u h] own "n4 ,accord+ly1 !y appe>$ along ) ^? ( h] bro!r ,felix1 & s simil> are !y 9 color & s5tim5t to 8 own productions t !y are indi/+ui%able f !m1 unless ! au?or's signature be atta*$4 ,to satisfy an inane public op9ion1 !y long contribut$ to swell ! volume ( h] bro!r's fame1 & !re is reason to believe t "s ( !m /ill appe> "u 8 "n at ! pres5t day4 ,yes1 truly1 :5 "o recalls ^! & simil> facts1 "o _c help exclaim+3 ,:at a m>vel\s *ange 9 ! attitude ( ! _w t[>d wom5 )9 ! memories ( ^? /ill liv+6 ,wom5 l ,miss ,orm]od1 ,miss ,k+sley & ,mme4 ,c\dreau w\ld h be5 o/raciz$ if !y _h d>$ to attempt1 9 ! days ( ,lady ,nairne1 ! ,bronte si/]s & ,fanny ,m5delssohn1 :at !y may n[ d n only )\t c5sure b )\t excit+ m ?an pass+ comm5t4 ,! ban has be5 lift$ f :at 0 = ages tabu = wom51 & ! sph]e ( _! intellectual activities is n[ almo/ coext5sive ) t ( ! /]n] sex4 ,n only does society no long] po9t ! f+] ( scorn at ! woman naturali/ or ! woman explor]1 b x %[]s honors on h] :ile liv+ & erects monum5ts to h] memory :5 dead4 ,a great *ange1 inde$1 & "o long & ard5tly desir$4 ,v]ily1 tempora mutantur1 nos et mutamur 9 illis4 ,,footnotes3 #afd ,9 8 erudite "w1 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanik1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #eag1 ,ko5igsb]g1 #ahef1 ,erne/ ,h4 ,f4 ,mey] gives 9 a few words 8 e/imate ( ! excell5ce ( ,hildeg>d's ,physica3 ,ab] als ehrwu]diges ,d5kmal des ,alt]?ums und e9] zu j5] ,zeit ni*t geme95 ,naturk5tniss empfehl5 si* zumal deuts*5 ,natur=s*]n ihre vi] ,bue*] d] ,physica4444 ,d5n ni*t nur d] deuts*e ,botanik] und ,zoologe f9d5 9 ihr] ,physik fa/ die er/5 roh5 ,anfa5ge vat]la5dis*e ,natur=%ung1 au* dem ,artzt bietet sic fu] j5e ,zeit ueb]ras*5de ,ers*e9ung d>1 e9e ni*t von ,dioskorides abgeleitete1 sond]n unv]k5nb> aus d] ,volksueb]lief]ung ges*oepfte ,heilmittellehre2 und d] ,spra*=s*] /oes/ im late9is*5 ,text be9ahe ,zeile um ,zeile auf deuts*e ,ausdruecke selt5] ,spra*=m54 #afe ,hildeg>dis ,op]a ,omnia1 p4 #aabb1 ,migne's ,edition1 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 #aff ,con/at p]multa ,s4 ,hildeg>di nota jam fuisse1 quae caet]i m$ii aevi scriptores nesci]unt1 quaeque sagaces demum rec5tiorum temporum indagatores rep]i]unt ac tamquam nova v5tit>unt4 ,ibid4 ,dr4 ,k>l ,jess51 9 8 ?\ghtful ,botanik d] ,geg5w>t und ,vorzeit 9 ,culturhi/oris*] ,entwickelung1 p4 #abc1 ,leipzig1 #ahfd1 expresses himself on ! extraord9>y m$ical k ( ! abbess ( ,b+5 z foll[s3 ,w] deuts*e ,volk>znei /udi]5 w1 d] /udi]e ,hildeg>d und er wird ,respect davor bekomm54 #afg ,comp5dio ,/orico della ,scuola ,anatomica di ,bologna1 p4 #ceh1 by ,mi*ele ,m$ici1 ,bologna1 #aheg1 & ,notizie degli ,scrittori ,bolognesi1 ,tom4 ,,vi1 p4 #aac1 by ,giovanni ,fantuzzi1 ,bologna1 #aghh4 ,c]ta9 writ]s tell u ( ano!r woman :o di/+ui%$ h]self 9 anatomy 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,h] "n 0 ,aless&ra ,giliani1 :o is said to h be5 a pupil & an assi/ant ( ! celebrat$ ,mond9o1 fa!r ( mod]n anatomy4 ,9 addition to possess+ great skill 9 dissection1 %e is reput$ to h devis$ a means ( draw+ ! blood f ! ve9s & art]ies--ev5 ! mo/ m9ute--& !n fill+ !m ) v>i\sly color$ liquids :i* quickly solidifi$4 ,by ?is means1 we are told1 %e 0 able to exhibit ! circulatory sy/em 9 all its details & complexity1 & to h always on h&1 = purposes ( in/ruction1 a model t 0 absolutely true to nature4 ,h[ mu* tru? !re may be 9 ^! /atem5ts reg>d+ a "y girl1 :o 0 only n9ete5 :5 %e di$1 is difficult to det]m9e4 ,m$ici1 9 conclud+ 8 acc\nt ( h] & ref]r+ to ! inscription on h] tomb1 :i* seems to au!nticate all ! claims made = h]1 expresses himself z foll[s3 ,9 quot+ ?is docum5t1 ,i d n int5d t my read]s %all accord to x a cr$5ce t ,i myself ab/a9 f giv+ x1 b only t !y may "k ( x1 if = no o!r reason ?an to satisfy _! curiosity4 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cj & #cfb1 note ,i4 ,%\ld ! traditions reg>d+ ?is precoci\s girl be v]ifi$1 x w\ld be mo/ gratify+ to ! p ( ,bologna1 = x w\ld add "o m to ! long li/ ( h] illu/ri\s wom54 #afh ,! titles ( ! two works ( ?is rem>kable woman are ( suffici5t int]e/ to be giv5 9 full4 ,!y are z foll[s3 #a4 ,v]itable ,decl>ation de la ,dec\v]te des ,m9es et ,m9i]es p> le ,moy5 desquelles ,sa ,maje/e et ,sujets se peuv5t pass] des ,pays ,etrang]s1 ,p>is1 #afcb4 #b4 ,la ,re/itution de ,pluton a ,mgr4 l',em95t ,c>d4 de ,ri*elieu1 des ,m9es et ,m9i]es de ,france1 ca*ees jusqu'a pres5t au ,v5tre de la ,t]re1 p> la ,moy5 desquelles les ,f9ances de sa ,maje/e s]ont beauc\p plus ,gr&es que celles de t\s les ,pr9ces ,*re/i5s et ses ,sujets plus ,heureux de t\s les ,peuples4 ,p>is1 #afdj4 #afi ,die ,v]di5/e d] ,frau5 um ,naturwiss5s*aft & ,heilkunde1 p4 #afi1 von ,dr4 ,c4 ,f4 ,h>less1 ,goett+51 #ahcj4 #agj ,! ,lat9 title ( ?is int]e/+ "w is ,de ,g5]atione et ,metamorphose ,insectorum ,sur9am5sium1 ,am/]dam1 #agje4 #aga ,! ,lat9 edition ( ?is "w is entitl$ ,eruc>um ,ortus1 ,alim5ta et ,p>adoxa ,metamorphosis1 ,am/]dam1 #agah4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds translat$ into ,fr5* & publi%$ "u ! title ,hi/oire des ,insectes de l',europe4 #agb ,die ,lei/ung5 d] deuts*5 ,frau 9 d5 letz5 vi]hund]t ,jahr5 auf wiss5s*aftli*em ,gebiebte1 p4 #he1 von ,elise ,oelsn]1 ,guhrau1 #ahid4 #agc ,9 8 preface to ,les ,maladies des ,v]s a ,soie4 #agd ,x is e/imat$ t ! loss to ! ,unit$ ,/ates f cattle ticks alone is #ajj1jjj1jjj a ye>4 ,accord+ to ! ye>-book ( ! ,agricultural ,dep>tm5t = #aijd1 ! annual losses to agriculture f de/ructive insects rea* ! enorm\s sum ( #dbj1jjj1jjj4 #age ,! dean ( ! law faculty 9 pres5t+ ,miss ,orm]od to ! vice-*ancellor on ?is occasion & speak+ be=e an audi5ce ( ?ree ?\s& p said1 among o!r ?+s3 ,! preem95t position :i* ,miss ,orm]od holds 9 ! _w ( sci5ce is ! rew>d ( pati5t /udy & unwe>y+ obs]vation4 ,h] inve/igations h be5 *iefly direct$ t[>ds ! discov]y ( me?ods = ! prev5tion ( ! ravages ( ^? insects :i* are injuri\s to or*>d1 field & =e/4 ,h] labors h be5 cr[n$ ) su* success1 t %e is entitl$ to be hail$ z ! protectress ( agriculture & ! fruits ( ! e>?--a b5efic5t ,demet] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,eleanor ,orm]od1 ,economic ,entomologi/1 ,autobiography & ,correspond5ce1 ,edit$ by ,rob]t ,wallace1 p4 #if1 ,london1 #aijd4 #agf ,! ,canadian ,entomologi/1 ,septemb]1 #aija1 9 an obitu>y notice ( ,miss ,orm]od1 well voic$ ! high appreciation 9 :i* %e 0 held ?r\gh\t ! civiliz$ _w 9 ! foll[+ p>agraph3 ,miss ,orm]od 0 "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable wom5 ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & did m ?an any "o else 9 ! ,briti% ,isles to fur!r ! int]e/s ( f>m]s1 fruit-gr[]s & g>d5]s by mak+ kn[n to !m me?ods = controll+ & subdu+ _! multi=m insect pe/s4 ,h] labors 7 unwe>i$ & unselfi%2 %e receiv$ no remun]ation = h] s]vices1 b *e]fully exp5d$ h] private means 9 c>ry+ out h] inve/igations & publi%+ _! results4 ,we "k n n[ by :om 9 ,engl& ?is "w c be cont9u$2 x is n likely t anyone c foll[ 9 ! unique pa? laid out by ,miss ,orm]od2 we may1 !re=e1 *]i% ! hope t ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! day w hold out a help+ h& & e/abli% an entomological bureau = ! la/+ b5efit ( ! great agricultural int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,ritzema ,bos1 ! di/+ui%$ entomologi/ ( ,holl&1 _h no hesitation 9 proclaim+ ,miss ,orm]od ! fir/ economic entomologi/ 9 ,engl& & "o ( ! mo/ fam\s economic entomologi/s 9 ! _w4 #agg ,! foll[+ dialogue betwe5 ,mme4 ,c\dreau & "o ( h] boatm51 ,joas-,felix1 :o 0 ! spokesman ( 8 companions1 illu/rates n only ! brav]y ( ! d>+ explor]1 b also ! pusillanimity ( h] half-bre$ p]sonnel :5 9 ! dep?s ( ! =e/ at night3 ',madam has no fe>8' ',fe> ( :at8' ',( tig]s4' ',no1 x is n ( tig]s t ,i h fe>4' ',( ,indians8' ',nei!r h ,i fe> ( ,indians4' ',!n1 madam1 x is some?+ :i* is 9 ! woods1 :i* we d n "k1 t c h>m u4' ',y "k v well :at fright5s me4 ,i am afraid t ! bats w attack my *ick5s dur+ ! night4 ,if y he> !m mak+ a noise y mu/ get up4' ,i laugh he>tily 9 obs]v+ _! a/oni%$ look & ask myself h[ m5 ^: consci5ces are /a9$ ) _m bloody crimes c h fe> "h4 ,joas-,felix gives me ! explanation3 ',madam makes game ( u4 ,none ! less1 madam1 ,i am a man 9 ! city & 9 ! savanna4 ,) my poign>d & ma*ete ,i fe> no?+1 nei!r man nor bea/4 ,b "h1 madam1 :]e ev]y?+ is d>k1 ev5 9 ! daytime2 :]e an enemy may be ly+ 9 wait = u beh9d e tree2 x is n ! same ?+4 ,x w\ld be impossible = me to live 9 ! =e/4 ,"o _c see f> en\gh 9 x4' ,n[ ,i und]/& bett] _! t]ror4 ,! my/]i\s dep? ( ! virg9 =e/ impresses !m4 ,! opaque obscurity ( ! night 9 ! und]wood contra/s too /rongly ) ! moonlit savanna :]e !y h be5 re>$4 ,! l[ & sombre vault ( ! woods oppresses !m & !y imag9e !y are go+ to be cru%$4 ,!y lose _! heads & see 9 e tree a phantom enemy4 ,to reason ) !m is useless1 = :5 fe> takes possession ( !m1 !re is no?+ to be done4 ,voyage au ,maycuru1 p4 #abg4 #agh ,voyage au ,maycuru1 p4 #a1 ,p>is1 #aijc4 #agi ,voyage au ,rio ,curua1 p4 #he1 ,p>is1 #aijc4 #ahj ,ibid41 p4 #a4 #aha ,9 ord] t ! read] may realize ! imm5se ext5t ( t]ritory t 0 cov]$ by ?is /r5u\s woman's explorations1 dur+ ! twelve ye>s %e sp5t 9 ,amazonia1 x suffices to give ! titles ( h] books1 all ( :i* are pr(usely illu/rat$ by photographs tak5 by h]self & by accurate *>ts ( riv]s1 ^: c\rses 7 previ\sly almo/ unkn[n4 ,! books writt5 9 collaboration ) h] husb& are ,voyage au ,tapajos1 ,voyage au ,x+u1 ,voyage au ,tocant9s-,araguaya1 ,voyage au ,itaboca et a l',etacayuna1 ,voyage entre ,tocant9s et ,x+u1 et ,voyage au ,yamunda4 ,! books writt5 by ,mme4 ,c\dreau aft] h] husb&'s dea? are ,voyage au ,trombetas1 ,voyage au ,cum9a1 ,voyage au ,rio ,curua1 ,voyage a la ,mapu]a & ,voyage au ,maycuru4 ,:5 "o rememb]s t _m ( ! wat]c\rses "h nam$ w\ld be consid]$ l>ge riv]s outside ( ,s\? ,am]ica2 t1 not)/&+ _! c\ntless rapids & wat]falls1 necessitat+ numb]less portages1 ,mme4 ,c\dreau explor$ all ^! riv]s f _! emb\*ures to z ne> _! s\rces z ! wat] w\ld c>ry h] rude dug\ts1 we c =m "s idea ( ! miles %e travel$ & ( ! /up5d\s labor t 0 involv$ 9 mak+ ^! long j\rneys 9 ! swelt]+ & debilitat+ & insect-lad5 atmosph]e ( ! ,amazon bas94 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,m$ic9e ,,& ,,surg]y ,z woman 0 ! fir/ nurse1 s 0 %e also ! fir/ practition] ( ! heal+ art4 ,among savages ! _w ov] x is ! wom51 9 ! great majority ( cases1 :o h ! c>e ( ! sick & w\nd$1 & :o1 by reason ( _! sup]ior k ( simples = ! cure ( diseases1 occupy ! position ( doctors4 ,9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! unciviliz$ _w !re are1 x is true1 %amans or m$ic9e m52 b ^! are conjur]s or exorci/s1 :o pr(ess to expel disease1 or r ! evil spirits caus+ ! disease1 by sorc]y or incantation1 r ?an physicians :o essay to cure ailm5ts or relieve suff]+ by ! use ( sub/ances :i* exp]i5ce has %[$ to possess rem$ial prop]ties4 ,9 a ^w1 ! %aman is a k9d ( a religi\s function>y :o imposes on ! ignorance ( 8 tribe & :o holds 8 position by ! fe> he excites1 & n by any k he possesses ( ! heal+ art4 ,x 0 ! same1 we may believe1 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( our race--wom51 & n m51 7 ! fir/ physicians2 & !y 7 also mo/ probably ! fir/ surgeons4 ,accord+ to ,greek my?ology1 ! god ( ! m$ical art 0 ,aesculapius1 a male2 b 8 six daught]s1 z antiquity beautifully express$ x1 7 n only goddesses b 7 also m$ical mi/resses--artifices m$ici--( suff]+ humanity4 ,( ^! ,hygiea 0 specially di/+ui%$ z ! goddess ( heal?1 or1 r1 z ! cons]v] ( good heal?1 :ile ,panacea 0 invok$ z ! re/or] ( heal? aft] x _h be5 impair$ or lo/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful pictures 9 ! ,iliad is t repres5t+ ! daught] ( ,augea1 ,k+ ( ! ,epei1 c>+ = ! w\nd$ & suff]+ ,greeks on ! pla9 be=e ,troy4 ,%e 03 ,8 elde/ born1 hight ,agam$e1 ) gold5 hair1 ,a lee* 0 %e1 & well %e knew all h]bs on gr\nd t grew4 ,no?+ det]r$ by ! d9 ( battle ar\nd h]1 %e provid$ cordial potions = ! disabl$ w>rior & prep>$ ,! g5tle ba? & wa%$ _! gory w\nds4 ,:at a beautiful prototype ( ano!r m9i/]+ angel 9 ! same l& ne>ly ?irty c5turies lat]1 amid simil> sc5es ( suff]+--( "o :o1 ?\gh unsung by immortal b>d1 ! _w w nev] let die--! c\rage\s1 ! self-sacrific+ ,flor5ce ,night+ale4 ,t !re 7 9 ,greece f ! e>lie/ times num]\s wom5 possess$ ( a high degree ( m$ical skill is evid5c$ by _m ( ! anci5t writ]s4 ,!y 7 :at we w\ld call m$ical h]bali/s1 & n a few ( !m exhibit$ a natural g5ius = det]m9+ ! curative virtues ( r>e plants & a rem>kable sagacity 9 prep>+ f !m juices1 infusions & soo?+ anodynes4 ,o!rs !re 7 :o1 9 addition to ev9c+ ! cunn+ ( lee*craft 9 ! !rapeutic art1 7 di/+ui%$ = nimble h&s 9 treat+ pa9ful lesions & fe/]+ sores1 & :o1 :5 occasion requir$1 7 exp]ts 9 quickly draw+ ! b>b f ! fle% & heal+ ! w\nd ( ! soldi]4 ,9 ! ,odyssey special m5tion is made ( ! surpass+ exp]tness ( ! ,egyptian female lee*1 ,polydamna1 ^: "n signifies ! subdu] ( _m diseases4 ,! l& ( ! ,nile1 ! poet tells u1 teems ) drugs1 & ,!re ev'ry man 9 skill m$ic9al ,excels1 = ^! are sons ( ,paeon all4 ,9 ?is favor$ cradle ( civilization1 to :i* ,greece ow$ s mu* ( its k & culture1 !re 7 _m wom5 :o1 l ,polydamna1 a*iev$ di/9ction 9 ! heal+ art1 & _m1 too1 we h reason to ?9k1 :o communicat$ _! k to _! si/]s 9 ! fair l& ( ,hellas4 ,b n only 7 !re 9 ,greece wom5 physicians l ,agam$e1 :o 7 not$ = _! g5]al m$ic9al k & practice1 b !re 7 also o!rs :o made a specialty ( treat+ ailm5ts peculi> to _! own sex4 ,?is we le>n f a passage 9 ! ,hippolytus ( ,euripides1 :]e9 ! nurse ( ,pha$ra address$ ! suff]+ que5 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,if "u pa9s ,?\ labor1 su* z may n be reveal$1 ,to succor !e ?y female fri5ds are "h4 ,b if ! o!r sex may "k ?y suff]+s ,let ! physician try 8 heal+ art4 ,m positive in=mation1 h[ev]1 is af=d$ u by ! anci5t ,roman au?or ,hyg9us1 :o1 9 writ+ ( ! ,greek maid51 ,agnodice1 tells u h[ ! m$ical pr(ession 0 legaliz$ = all ! free-born wom5 ( ,a!ns4 ,in/ead ( a lit]al translation ( ,hyg9us1 ! v]sion ( 8 /ory is giv5 9 ! qua9t language ( "o ,mrs4 ,celleor1 a not$ midwife 9 ! reign ( ,james ,,ii4 ,among ! subtile ,a!nians1 writes ,mrs4 ,celleor1 a law at "o "t =bade wom5 to /udy or practice m$ic9e or physick on pa9 ( dea?1 :i* law cont9u$ "s "t1 dur+ :i* _m wom5 p]i%$1 bo? 9 *ild-be>+ & by private diseases1 _! mode/y n p]mitt+ !m to admit ( m5 ei!r to deliv] or cure !m4 ,b ,god f9ally /irr$ up ! _s ( ,agnodice1 a noble maid1 to pity ! mis]able condition ( h] own sex1 & haz>d h] life to help !m2 :i*1 to enable h]self to d1 %e app>ell$ h] l a man & became ! s*ol> ( ,hi]ophilos1 ! mo/ le>n$ physician ( ! "t2 &1 hav+ le>nt ! art1 %e f\nd out a woman t _h long langui%$ "u private diseases1 & made pr(f] ( h] s]vice to cure h]1 :i* ! sick p]son refus$1 ?9k+ h] to be a man2 b1 :5 ,agnodice discov]$ t %e 0 a maid1 ! woman committ$ h]self into h] h&s1 :o cur$ h] p]fectly2 & aft] h] _m o!rs1 ) ! l skill & indu/ry1 s t 9 a %ort "t %e became ! successful & belov$ physician ( ! :ole sex4 ,:5 x became kn[n t ,agnodice 0 a woman %e 0 l to be condemn$ to dea? = transgress+ ! law--:i*1 com+ to ! e>s ( ! noble wom51 !y ran be=e ! ,areopagites1 &1 ! h\se be+ encompass$ by mo/ wom5 ( ! city1 ! ladies ent]$ be=e ! judges & told !m !y w\ld no long] acc\nt !m = husb&s & fri5ds1 b = cruel enemies1 t condemn$ h] to dea? :o re/or$ to !m _! heal?1 prote/+ !y w\ld all die ) h] if %e 7 put to dea?4 ,?is caus$ ! magi/rates to disannul ! law & make ano!r1 :i* gave g5tlewom5 leave to /udy & practice all p>ts ( physick to _! own sex1 giv+ l>ge /ip5ds to ^? t did x well & c>efully4 ,& !re 7 _m noble wom5 :o /udi$ t practice & taught x publicly 9 _! s*ools z long z ,a!ns fl\ri%$ 9 le>n+4#ahb ,aft] ! "t ( ,agnodice _m ,greek wom5 won di/9ction 9 m$ic9e1 "s z practition]s 9 ! heal+ art1 o!rs z writ]s on m$ical subjects4 ,nor 7 _! activities conf9$ to ! l& ( ,hellas4 ,!y 7 also f\nd succor+ ! infirm & in/ruct+ ! poor & ignorant 9 ,italy1 ,egypt & ,asia ,m9or4 ,among ^! 0 ,!ano1 ! wife ( ,py?agoras1 :o1 aft] h] husb&'s dea?1 assum$ *>ge ( 8 s*ool ( philosophy1 & :o1 l h] husb& & tea*]1 0 di/+ui%$ = h] atta9m5ts 9 m$ic9e4 ,! names ( _m o!rs occur 9 ! pages ( ,hippocrates1 ,gal5 & ,pl9y2 & frequ5t ref]5ces are made to ! works & prescriptions ( wom5 doctors :o enjoy$ m ?an ord9>y celebrity dur+ _! "t4 ,( ^! female practition]s _m conf9$ _! practice to ! diseases ( wom5 & *ildr51 :ile o!rs excell$ 9 surg]y & ph>macy1 z well z 9 g5]al m$ical practice4 ,among ! m$ical wom5 :om antiquity especially honor$1 p>ticul>ly dur+ ! ,greco-,roman p]iod1 7 ,orig5ia1 ,aspasia--n ! fam\s wife ( ,p]icles--& ,cleopatra1 :o 0 n1 h[ev]1 z is (t5 ass]t$1 ! ill-fat$ que5 ( ,egypt4 ,likewise des]v+ ( special m5tion 0 ,metradora1 ( :om !re is /ill pres]v$ 9 ,flor5ce a manuscript "w on ! diseases ( wom51#ahc & ,antio*is1 to :om h] admir+ c\ntrym5 erect$ a /atue be>+ ! foll[+ inscription3 ,antio*is1 daught] ( ,diodotos ( ,tlos2 ! c\ncil & ! commune ( ! city ( ,tlos1 9 appreciation ( h] m$ical ability1 erect$ at _! own exp5se ?is /atue 9 h] honor4 ,pl9y1 ! naturali/1 felicitates ! ,romans on hav+ be5 = ne>ly six hundr$ ye>s free f ! brood ( doctors4 ,^! he does n hesitate to b]ate r\ndly4 ,8 /atem5t reg>d+ ! non-exi/5ce ( physicians1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 is some:at exagg]at$4 ,x is true t dur+ ! fir/ five c5turies !re 7 no pr(essional doctors :o liv$ entirely on _! practice4 ,!re 71 h[ev]1 _m m5 :o _h by long exp]i5ce ga9$ an ext5sive k ( drugs & simples1 & :o 7 able to dress w\nds & treat diseases ) consid]able success4 ,! fir/ ,greek freeman to practice m$ic9e 9 ,rome 0 "o ,ar*agatos1 ab\t two c5turies ,b4,c4 ,he 0 soon foll[$ by "o ( 8 c\ntrym5 nam$ ,asclepiades4 ,^! two soon built up a great reputation z successful practition]s1 & 7 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem by ! p ( ,rome4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is & ( ! favorable conditions (f]$ =eign]s = ! practice ( ! heal+ art1 !re 0 soon a l>ge influx ( physicians & surgeons f ,greece1 n only into ,rome b also into o!r p>ts ( ,italy4 ,n long aft] ! arrival ( ,greek doctors 9 ! capital ( ! ,roman _w we le>n ( c]ta9 wom5 physicians 9 ,rome :o 7 held 9 high repute4 ,among ^! 7 ,victoria & ,leop>da1 bo? m5tion$ by ! m$ical writ]1 ,!odorus ,priscianus4 ,to ,victoria1 ,priscianus d$icates ! ?ird book ( 8 ,r]um ,m$ic>um1 & 9 ! preface to ?is book he ref]s to h] z "o :o has n only an accurate k ( m$ic9e1 b also z "o :o is a ke5 obs]v] & exp]i5c$ practition]4 ,! ^w m$ica1 :i* occurs 9 ,lat9 au?ors ( ! classical p]iod1 te/ifies to ! exi/5ce ( ! woman doctor z e>ly z ! age ( ,augu/us4 ,b ! mo/ important docum5ts be>+ on wom5 physicians1 n only 9 ! city ( ,rome b also 9 ,italy1 ,gaul & ! ,ib]ian p59sula1 are ! l>ge body ( epigraphic monum5ts :i* h rec5tly be5 br\ght to light1 & :i* prove beyond all d\bt t wom5 7 n only ob/etricians1 b t !y 7 successful practition]s 9 ! entire field ( m$ical art4 ,?us a fun]al tablet f\nd 9 ,portugal tells ( a woman :o 0 a mo/ excell5t physician--m$ica optima--:ile ano!r describes ! deceas$ n only z a woman incomp>able = h] virtues1 b also z a mi/ress ( m$ical sci5ce1 anti/es discipl9ae 9 m$ic9a fuit4 ,! ,greek ^w = m$ica--iatromaia--occasionally f\nd 9 "s ( ! inscriptions1 seems to ref] specially to wom5 ( ,greek orig9 or bir?4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( a monum5t erect$ to "o ,valiae1 :o is designat$ z ,kali/a iatromaia--! be/ doctor4#ahd ,among ! _m wom5 :o became conv]ts to ,*ri/ianity dur+ ! e>ly ages ( ! *ur* a goodly numb] 7 physicians4 ,un=tunately1 our in=mation respect+ ^! vot>ies ( ! heal+ art is n z complete z we c\ld wi%4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ ( !m is ,/4 ,!odosia1 ^: "n is giv5 9 ! ,roman m>tyrology = ! tw5ty-n9? ( ,may4 ,%e 0 ! "m ( ! m>tyr1 ,/4 ,procopius1 & 0 di/+ui%$ = h] k ( m$ic9e & surg]y1 bo? ( :i* %e practic$ 9 ,rome ) ! mo/ signal success4 ,%e di$ a h]oic dea? by ! sword dur+ ! p]secution ( ,diocletian4 ,ano!r woman :o 0 z em95t = h] k ( m$ic9e z = h] hol9ess ( life 0 ,/4 ,nic]ata1 :o liv$ 9 ,con/ant9ople dur+ ! reign ( ! emp]or ,arcadius4 ,%e is said to h cur$ ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om ( an affection ( ! /oma* f :i* he 0 a suff]]4 ,to ! ,roman lady ,fabiola1 rem>kable z ! daught] ( "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s patrician families ( ,rome1 b m rem>kable = h] sanctity & h] b\ndless *>ity t[>d ! poor1 0 due ! erection ( ! fir/ hospital--a noble /ructure :i* %e f\nd$ 9 ,o/ia1 at ! m\? ( ! ,tib]1 :i* 0 !n ! port ( entry to ! capital ( ! ,roman empire4 ,"h ! noble matron receiv$ ! poor & suff]+ f all p>ts1 & did ev]y?+ 9 h] p[] to af=d !m succor 9 _! wants & infirmities4 ,x is difficult = u n[1 :5 hospitals & *>itable in/itutions ( all k9ds are s common1 to und]/& :at an innovation ,fabiola's unhe>d-( in/itution 0 consid]$ by h] contempor>ies4 ,= h] me?od ( treat+ ! ne$y & ! suff]+ 0 z diff]5t f t :i* _h hi!rto obta9$ z 7 ! debas+ lessons ( hea!ndom f ! elevat+ precepts ( ! ,gospels4 ,no wond] t ! news ( ?is godlike "w 0 soon waft$ to ! utt]mo/ b\nds ( ! e>?2 t1 9 ! words ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 summ] %\ld ann\nce 9 ,brita9 :at ,egypt & ,p>?ia _h le>n$ 9 ! spr+4 ,no wond] t ! same eloqu5t h]mit ( ,be?lehem %\ld proclaim ! f\ndress ( ?is home ( ! indig5t & ! afflict$ to be ! glory ( ! *ur*1 ! a/oni%m5t ( ! ,g5tiles1 ! "m ( ! poor & ! consolation ( ! sa9ts4 ,no wond] t1 9 contemplat+ h] c\ntless acts ( *>ity1 he %\ld ignore ! fact t ,fabiola 0 a daught] ( ! ,fabii & a desc5dant ( ! r5[n$ ,qu9tus ,maximus1 :o1 by 8 sage c\nsel1 _h sav$ 8 c\ntry f h] enemies1 & t1 recall+ ! words ( ,virgil1 he %\ld decl>e3 ,if ,i _h a hundr$ tongues & a hundr$ m\?s & iron lungs1 ,i %\ld n be able to enum]ate all ! maladies to :i* ,fabiola gave ! mo/ prodigal c>e & t5d]ness--to ! ext5t ev5 ( mak+ ! poor :o 7 9 heal? envy ! good =tune ( ^? :o 7 sick4#ahe ,no wond] t ,fabiola's fun]al1 :i* br\ght toge!r ! :ole ( ,rome1 0 m l an apo!osis ?an ! transf] ( ! rema9s ( ! deceas$ to _! la/ re/+-place1 & t ,j]ome %\ld decl>e1 ! glory ( ,furius & ,papirius & ,scipio & ,pompey1 :5 !y triumph$ ov] ! ,gauls1 ! ,sammites1 ,numantia & ,pontus 0 less ?an t :i* 0 spontane\sly accord$ to ,fabiola1 ! solace ( ! sick & ! com=t] ( ! di/ress$4 ,= %e _h 9 h] hospital at ,o/ia e/abli%$ a type ( in/itution t 0 to effect m = ameliorat+ ! condition ( suff]+ humanity ?an any?+ t _h be=e be5 dream$ (2 some?+ t 0 to contribute imm5sely to ! ef=ts ( physicians & surgeons 9 m9imiz+ ! sad ravages ( w\nds & disease2 some?+ ^: b5efic5t effects 7 to be felt ?r\gh ! c5turies & 9 e "p ( ! _w d[n to ! w>ds ( ! milit>y hospital at ,scut>i1 gu>d$ by ! wat*ful eyes ( ,flor5ce ,night+ale1 & to ! lep]-t5ant$ laz>ettos1 bless$ by ! m9i/rations ( ,fa!r ,dami5 & ! ,si/]s ( ,*>ity1 on ! desolate %ores ( plague-/rick5 ,molokai4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,roman empire & ?r\gh ! long p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :5 ! mona/]ies & conv5ts 7 almo/ ! only c5t]s ( le>n+ & culture = ! great] "p ( ,europe1 ! practice ( m$ic9e 0 to a great ext5t 9 ! h&s ( monks & nuns4 ,= e religi\s h\se 0 !n a hospital z well z a s*ool1 a place :]e drugs & o9tm5ts 7 comp\nd$ & di/ribut$1 z well z a place :]e manuscripts 7 transcrib$ & illum9at$4 ,at a "t :5 !re 7 b few pr(essional physicians & :5 ^! few 7 widely sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 ! only places :]e ! poor c\ld always be sure to f9d free m$ical treatm5t z well z abundant alms 7 ^? sanctu>ies ( k & *>ity :]e ! love ( "o's neighbor 0 nev] lo/ sight ( 9 ! love ( sci5ce & lit]ature4 ,& dur+ ?is "t1 too1 ! c>e ( ! sick 0 reg>d$ z a duty incumb5t on ev]yone1 b p>ticul>ly on ^? devot$ to ! s]vice ( ,god 9 religion4 ,x 0 consid]$1 above all1 z a duty devolv+ on wom51 especially on ! lady 9 ! ca/le & on ! nun 9 ! conv5t4 ,! old romance ( ,sir ,isumbras gives u a *>m+ picture ( ! nuns ( long ago receiv+ ! w\nd$ knight & m9i/]+ unto him until he 0 made :ole & /rong1 z witness ! foll[+ v]ses3 ,! nonnes ( him !y 7 full fayne1 ,= t he _h ! ,s>ac5es slayne ,& ^? hay!ne h\ndes4 ,& ( 8 paynnes s>e ganne !m rewe4 ,ilke a day !y made salves new ,& laid !m till 8 w\ndes2 ,!y gave him metis & drynkis ly!1 ,& hel$ ! knyghte wund] swy!4 ,s univ]sally dur+ m$iaeval times 0 ! heal+ art consid]$ z p]ta9+ to woman's call+ t x became a "p ( ! curriculum 9 conv5t s*ools2 & no girl's education 0 consid]$ complete unless %e _h an elem5t>y k ( m$ic9e & ( t "p ( surg]y :i* deals ) ! treatm5t ( w\nds4 ,= dur+ ^? tr\bl\s times a woman 0 liable to be call$ ^u at any "t to nurse ! sick wayf>] or dress ! w\nds ( ^? :o _h be5 maim$ 9 battle or 9 ! t\rney4 ,illu/rations ( ^! facts are f\nd 9 _m ( ! romances & fabliaux ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,?us1 :5 a sick or w\nd$ man 0 giv5 hospitality 9 a *ateau or ca/le x 0 n ! seigneur1 b 8 wife & daught]s1 z be+ bett] v]s$ 9 m$ic9e & surg]y1 :o act$ z nurses & doctors & took entire *>ge ( ! pati5t until 8 recov]y4 ,9 ! exquisite little /ory ( ,aucass9 et ,nicolette1 ! h]o9e is pictur$ z sett+ ! dislocat$ %\ld] ( h] lov] 9 ! foll[+ simple b t\*+ language3 ,nicolette se>*$ 8 hurt1 & p]ceiv$ t 8 %\ld] 0 out ( jo9t4 ,%e h&l$ x s deftly ) h] :ite h&s1 & us$ su* skillful surg]y t1 by ! grace ( ,god1 :o love? all true lov]s1 ! %\ld] came back to its place4 ,!n %e pluck$ fl[]s & fre% grasses & gre5 leafage1 & b\nd !m tightly ab\t ! sett+ ) ! hem torn f h] %ift1 & he 0 altoge!r heal$4 ,& 9 ! m$iaeval ,lat9 poem1 ,wal?>ius1 writt5 by a ,g]man monk1 ,ekkeh>d1 ref]5ce is made to a sangu9>y conte/ 9 :i* "o ( ! combatants falls to ! e>? s]i\sly w\nd$4 ,see+ ?is1 ,alph>ides1 9 a l\d voice1 summons a "y girl1 :o timidly comes =w>d & dresses ! un=tunate man's w\nd4#ahf ,/ill m to our purpose is a passage f ! fam\s epic poem1 ,tri/an & ,isolde1 writt5 by ,godfrey ( ,/rasburg1 9 :i* ,isolde1 accompani$ by h] "m & c\s91 is repres5t$ z adm9i/]+ re/oratives to ,tri/an1 :o _h fall5 exhau/$ aft] 8 combat ) ! dragon4 ,x %[s t wom51 9 accompany+ an army to ! field ( battle1 always w5t provid$ ) b&ages & m$icam5ts = dress+ w\nds & fractur$ limbs4 ,simil>ly ,angelica1 9 ,orl&o ,furioso1 & ,erm9a1 9 ,j]usalem ,deliv]$1 are portray$ z surgeons ) deftness ( h& & lee*es ) r>e k & skill4 ,! frequ5t introduction ( wom5 doctors into ! poems & romances ( ! ,middle ,ages w\ld ( itself1 if o!r evid5ce 7 want+1 suffice to %[ :at an important role wom5 play$ 9 m$ic9e & surg]y at a "t :51 9 _m p>ts ( ,europe1 wom5 7 f> bett] educat$ & f> m cultur$ ?an m5--:5 ! knights & b>ons ( ,france & ,g]many 7 incl9$ to look ^u read+ & writ+ z unmanly & almo/ degrad+ accompli%m5ts1 fit only = prie/s or monks1 & especially = prie/s or monks n too well born4#ahg ,9 ! in/ances j quot$1 z well z ^? m5tion$ by ,hom] & ,euripides1 ! writ]s d no m ?an fai?fully reflect conditions :i* !n obta9$1 & tru?fully report :at 7 ! occupations ( wom5 :5 _! /atus 0 s diff]5t f :at x is to-day4 ,b1 =tunately1 we d n h to rely on works ( ! imag9ation = our k respect+ ! wom5 practition]s ( ! heal+ art1 ei!r dur+ ! ,hom]ic p]iod or dur+ t :i* int]v5$ betwe5 ! d[nfall ( ,rome & ! dawn ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,= ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e dur+ m$iaeval times af=ds too _m examples ( wom5 :o became fam\s = _! k ( m$ic9e1 z well z = _! success 9 surgical & m$ical practice1 to leave any d\bt ab\t ! matt]4 ,besides ?is1 we h /ill ! writ+s ( _m ( ^! wom51 & are ?us able to judge ( _! compet5cy 9 ^? bran*es ( k on :i* !y %$ s great lu/]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ ( !m 0 ! ,b5$ict9e abbess1 ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 ( ,b+5 on ! ,rh9e1 :o 0 em95t n only z a !ologian b also z a writ] ^: treatises on v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce are ju/ly reg>d$ z ! mo/ important productions ( ! k9d dur+ ! ,middle ,ages prior to ! "t ( ,alb]tus ,magnus4 ,besides ?is1 %e n only wrote _m books on mat]ia m$ica1 on pa?ology1 physiology & !rapeutics1 b1 z a practition]1 %e glori\sly su/a9$ ! be/ traditions ( h] sex 9 bo? !oretical & practical m$ic9e4 ,h] "w entitl$ ,lib] ,simplicis ,m$ic9ae1 :i* deals ) :at 9 ! ,sa9t's "t 0 call$ simples--= ! belief 0 !n curr5t t ea* plant or h]b 0 or provid$ a specific = "s disease--conta9s acc\nts ( _m plants us$ 9 mat]ia m$ica1 z well z /atem5ts ( _! importance 9 !rapeutics4 ,h] descriptions (t5 indicate an obs]v] ( exceptionally ke5 p]ception & "o ^: k ( sci5ce 0 f> 9 advance ( h] epo*4 ,! same obs]vations may be made respect+ ,hildeg>d 's "w1 ,lib] ,compositae ,m$ic9ae1 9 :i* %e treats ( ! causes1 signs & treatm5t ( diseases4#ahh ,/ill m rem>kable1 9 _m respects1 is a treatise 9 n9e books1 entitl$ ,physica or ,lib] ,subtilitatum ,div]s>um ,natur>um ,creatur>um1 :i*1 among o!r ?+s1 treats ( ! v>i\s elem5ts1 ( plants1 trees1 m9]als1 fi%1 birds1 quadrup$s1 & ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y may be ( s]vice to man4 ,( s great importance 0 ?is book consid]$ t sev]al editions ( x 7 pr9t$ z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,no less an au?ority ?an ! late ,rudolph ,vir*[1 ! f\nd] ( cellul> pa?ology1 *>act]izes x z an e>ly mat]ia m$ica1 curi\sly complete1 consid]+ ! age to :i* x belongs4#ahi ,& ,haes]1 9 8 hi/ory ( m$ic9e1 directs att5tion to ! hi/orical value ( ! book1 decl>+ x to be an indep5d5t ,g]man treatise1 bas$ *iefly on popul> exp]i5ce4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,a4 ,reuss1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,wu]tzburg1 at ! conclusion ( 8 ,prolegom5a to ! ,physica publi%$ 9 ,migne's ,patrologia1 expresses himself z foll[s reg>d+ ! writ+s & m$ical k ( ! illu/ri\s abbess ( ,b+53 ,among all ! sa9tly religieuses :o1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 practic$ m$ic9e or wrote treatises on x1 ! fir/1 )\t contradiction1 is ,hildeg>d4 ,accord+ to ! monk ,!odoric1 :o 0 an eye witness1 %e _h to s high a degree ! gift ( heal+ t no sick p]son _h rec\rse to h] )\t be+ re/or$ to heal?4 ,!re is among ! books ( ?is prophetic virg9 a "w :i* treats ( physics & m$ic9e4 ,its title is ,de ,natura ,nom9is ,elem5torum ,div]s>umque ,creatur>um1 & x embodies1 z ! same ,!odoric fully expla9s1 ! secrets ( nature :i* 7 reveal$ to ! sa9t by ! prophetic _s4 ,all :o wi% to write ! hi/ory ( ! m$ical & natural sci5ces %\ld read ?is book1 9 :i* ! holy virg91 initiat$ into all ! secrets ( nature :i* 7 !n kn[n1 & hav+ receiv$ special assi/ance f above1 ?or\ghly exam9es & scrut9izes all t :i* 01 until !n1 buri$ 9 d>kness & conceal$ f ! eyes ( mortals4 ,x is c]ta9 t ,hildeg>d 0 acqua9t$ ) _m ?+s ( :i* ! doctors ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 ignorant1 & :i* ! inve/igators ( our own age1 aft] r$iscov]+ !m1 h ann\nc$ z some?+ entirely new4#aij ,! life & works ( ,/4 ,hildeg>d ?r[ a flood ( light on _m subjects t h long be5 veil$ 9 my/]y4 ,x expla9s :y ! conv5ts ( ! lat] ,middle ,ages 7 s fam$ z curative c5t]s & :y ! sick flock$ to !m = relief f f> & ne>4 ,x reveals ! real ag5cies employ$ 9 effect+ ! extraord9>y cures t 7 report$ 9 s _m religi\s h\ses--cures s extraord9>y t !y 7 usually reg>d$ by ! multitude z miracul\s--& discloses ! secret ( ! success ( s _m nuns 9 ! alleviation ( physical & m5tal suff]+s4 ,x 0 n because !y 7 ?aumaturges1 b because !y 7 good nurses1 & because ( _! ?or\gh k ( ! heal+ art1 t !y 7 able to diagnose & prescribe = diseases ( all k9ds ) a success :i*1 9 ! e/imation ( ! multitude1 savor$ ( ! sup]natural4 ,!re 0 also ano!r reason = ! fame ( conv5ts z sanctu>ies ( heal?4 ,!y 7 usually situat$ 9 heal?y locations :]e !re 0 an abundance ( pure wat]1 fre% air & *e]ful sun%9e4 ,!n !re 7 likewise a :olesome diet1 good sanit>y conditions1 &1 above all1 regul>ity ( life4 ,! same c be said ( ! hospitals connect$ ) ! conv5ts4 ,!y 7 n l "s ( ! public hospitals ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies 9 _m ( ! l>ge cities ( ,europe--repulsive1 prison-l /ructures1 ) n>r[ w9d[s & devoid ( light & air & ! mo/ necess>y hygi5ic appliances--in/itutions t 7 hospitals 9 "n1 b :i* 7 9 reality too frequ5tly bre$+ places ( disease & dea?4#aia ,unlike ^!1 ! hospitals presid$ ov] by nuns ( ! type ( ,hildeg>d 7 spl5did roomy /ructures ) l>ge w9d[s & abundance ( light1 pure air1 ) special provisions = ! privacy ( ! pati5ts1 & ) sanit>y arrangem5ts t n only preclud$ ! dissem9ation ( disease b :i* contribut$ mat]ially to ^? m>vel\s cures :i* ! good p ( ! "t attribut$ to sup]natural ag5cies r ?an to ! m$ical k & skill ( ! devot$ nuns1#aib :o 7 ! real conqu]ors ( disease & dea?4 ,b ! inmates ( ! cloi/] 7 n ! only wom5 :o1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 a*iev$ di/9ction by _! writ+s on m$ical subjects & by _! signal success 9 ! practice ( ! heal+ art4 ,9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 b especially 9 ,italy & ,france1 !re 7 at ?is "t among wom51 outside z well z inside conv5t walls1 _m daught]s ( ,aesculapius & si/]s ( ,hygeia :o /ood 9 su* high repute among _! contempor>ies t !y receiv$ ! same honors & emolum5ts z 7 accord$ to _! mascul9e colleagues4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly ! case 9 ,sal]no1 :i* 0 ! v5]at$ "m ( all ,*ri/ian m$ical s*ools1 & :i*1 = n9e c5turies1 0 univ]sally reg>d$ z ! unque/ion$ f\nta9 & ar*etype ( or?odox m$ic9e4 ,situat$ on ! ,gulf ( ,sal]no1 & lav$ by ! c]ulean wat]s ( ! ,tyrrh5ian sea1 ! ,civitas ,hippocratica1 z x 0 call$ on its m$als1 rejoic$ 9 a salubri\s climate1 & 0 celebrat$ ?r\gh\t ! _w z ! ,city sacr$ to ,phoebus1 ! s$ul\s nurse ( ,m9]va1 ! f\nta9 ( physic1 ! vot>y ( m$ic9e1 ! h&maid ( ,nature1 ! de/roy] ( disease & ! /rong adv]s>y ( dea?4#aic ,= to ?is favor$ city flock$ f all qu>t]s ! lame & ! halt & ^? afflict$ ) ! tortures ( disease & ! disabilities ( advanc+ ye>s4 ,! noble & ! simple1 cr[n$ heads z well z ! poore/ ( ! poor1 7 f\nd !re1 all ( !m 9 que/ ( life's mo/ preci\s boon--heal? & /r5g?4 ,nev] did ! f>-fam$ sanctu>y ( ! god ( m$ic9e 9 ,epidaurus witness su* an influx ( invalids z ga!r$ 9 ! hospitals ( ,sal]no & press$ ?r\gh ! /reets ( ! ,hippocratic city1 seek+ ! aid ( ^? doctors ^: m>vel\s cures _h giv5 !m a _w-wide reputation4 ,small wond]1 !n1 t ! ,regim5 ,santatis ,sal]nitanum--t fam\s code ( heal? ( ! s*ool ( ,sal]no--has be5 translat$ into almo/ all ! languages ( mod]n ,europe1 & t s9ce #adhj no few] ?an two hundr$ & fifty editions ( x h be5 publi%$4 ,n to h be5 famili> ) x f beg9n+ to end1 n to h be5 able to quote x orally z occasion might require1 w\ld1 dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 h ca/ s]i\s suspicion ^u ! pr(essional culture ( any physician4#aid ,b ! noble/ claims ( ! ,hippocratic city to ! gratitude ( humanity yet rema9 to be told4 ,a ,g]man travel] 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury wrote3 ,laudibus aet]num nullum negat esse ,sal]num ,illuc pro morbis totus circumfluit orbis4#aie ,?is 0 because ,sal]no 0 univ]sally recogniz$ z ! day /> & morn+ glory ( ! be/ culture 9 ! heal+ art1 &1 /ill m1 because ( ! ?or\gh in/ruction %e gave 9 h] s*ools ( m$ic9e & ! preem95ce %e s long held 9 e dep>tm5t ( m$ical lore4 ,! c\rse ( /udy 9 m$ic9e 0 long & ?or\gh1 & ! c&idate apply+ = a degree _h to pass a rigid exam9ation & give pro( n only ( 8 pr(ici5cy 9 e bran* ( ! heal+ art1 b also ( p]fect acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce & lett]s z well4 ,at ! "t ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 :o organiz$ all ! diff]5t s*ools ( ,sal]no into a s+le univ]sity1 a ?ree ye>s' c\rse 9 philosophy & lit]ature 0 requir$ be=e "o c\ld pres5t himself = entrance into ! s*ool ( m$ic9e4 ,! c\rses 9 m$ic9e la/$ five ye>s1 at lea/1 aft] :i* a ye> ( practice ) an old physician 0 requir$4 ,9 addition to ?is1 if ! c&idate wi%$ to practice surg]y he 0 oblig$ to devote "o ye> to ! /udy ( human anatomy & to ! dissection ( human bodies4 ,consid]+ ! progress ( k s9ce ! "t ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! legal requirem5ts en=c$ by ! faculty ( ,sal]no comp>e favorably ) ^? ( ! be/ ( our m$ical s*ools ( to-day4 ,/ill m to ! cr$it ( ,sal]no1 long kn[n z ! ,a!ns ( ! two ,sicilies1 0 h] b\ndless lib]ality t[>d s*ol>%ip & culture reg>dless ( sex4 ,=1 ) a *ivalr\s admiration = intellect1 :]ev] f\nd1 & ) a s5se ( intellectual ju/ice t has put to %ame all m$ical s*ools outside ( ,italy1 until less ?an fifty ye>s ago1 ! s*ool ( ,sal]no 0 ! fir/ to ?r[ op5 its portals to wom5 z well z m51 & give to an admir+ _w a numb] ( wom5--^? celebrat$ muli]es ,sal]nitanae--:o 7 em95t n only z physicians1 b also z pr(essors ( ! !ory & practice ( m$ic9e4 ,= ?is reason1 if = no o!r1 x c be truly affirm$ t ,no s*ool ( m$ic9e 9 any age or c\ntry1 if only = ?is1 c ev] ov]-pe] h] 9 r5[n2 &1 ev5 z =m]ly 9 ! univ]sities ( ,europe1 at ! b>e m5tion ( ! "n ( ! le>n$ ,cujacius1 e s*ol> in/9ctively uncov]$ himself1 s at ! v "n ( ,sal]num1 ! f\nt & nurse ( rational m$ic9e1 e physician %\ld recall h] memory ') mute ?anks & secret ec/asy' z among ! mo/ spotless & v5]at$ *apt]s 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 art4#aif ,! mo/ not$ pr(essor & successful practition] among ! wom5 ( ,sal]no 0 ,trotula1 wife ( ! di/+ui%$ physician1 ,john ,plate>ius1 & a memb] ( ! old noble family ( ! ,ruggi]o4 ,%e fl\ri%$ dur+ ! elev5? c5tury & enjoy$ a reputation z a physician t 0 n inf]ior to t ( ! mo/ not$ doctors ( h] "t4 ,besides occupy+ a *air 9 ! s*ool ( m$ic9e & hav+ an ext5sive practice1 %e 0 ! au?or ( _m works on m$ic9e :i* _h a great vogue among h] contempor>ies4 ,"s ( !m1 especially ^? relat+ to diseases ( h] own sex1#aig 7 publi%$ sev]al times aft] ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 & _m manuscript copies ( h] works are /ill f\nd 9 v>i\s libr>ies ( ,europe4 ,b %e did n conf9e h] practice to ! diseases ( wom54 ,%e 0 also well v]s$ 9 g5]al m$ic9e & exhibit$1 besides1 z h] works te/ify1 m>k$ skill z a surgeon 9 _m cases t w\ld ev5 n[ be consid]$ z peculi>ly difficult ( treatm5t4 ,"o ( h] books 0 entitl$ ,de ,compositione ,m$icam5torum--! ,comp\nd+ ( ,m$icam5ts--& x 0 ?is "w1 d\btless1 t gave h] mu* ( ! fame %e enjoy$ beyond ! conf9es ( ,italy4 ,ruteboeuf1 a not$ ,fr5* tr\v]e ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 gives u a qua9t picture ( a sc5e frequ5tly witness$ 9 8 day4 ,cr[ds 7 frequ5tly attract$ by h]bali/s--v5d]s ( simples--:o1 /ation$ at /reet corn]s or 9 o!r public places1 ne> tables cov]$ ) a clo? ( fl>+ colors1 7 wont to descant1 some:at aft] ! /yle ( c]ta9 ( our pat5t-m$ic9e hawk]s & quack-salv]s1 ^u ! extraord9>y curative prop]ties ( ! v>i\s drugs & panaceas :i* !y _h = sale4 ,good p1 "o ( ^! travel+ h]b doctors w\ld beg91 ,i am n "o ( ^? poor prea*]s1 nor "o ( ^? poor h]bali/s :o c>ry boxes & sa*ets & spread !m out on a c>pet4 ,no1 ,i am a disciple ( a great lady nam$ ,madame ,trotte ( ,sal]no1 :o p]=ms su* m>vels ( e k9d4 ,& "k ye t %e is ! wise/ woman 9 ! f\r qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,ord]icus ,vitalis1 an ,engli% ,b5$ict9e monk1 9 8 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica1 tells u ( ! impression made by ,trotula on ,rudolfo ,malacorona1 "o ( ^? fam\s it9]ant s*ol>s ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :o sp5t _! lives 9 w&]+ f "o univ]sity to ano!r 9 pursuit ( k4 ,he _h be5 a /ud5t f 8 y\? & 0 a man ( rem>kable atta9m5ts 9 e dep>tm5t ( le>n+4 ,aft] visit+ & conf]r+ ) ! le>n$ m5 ( ! mo/ celebrat$ univ]sities ( ,france & ,italy1 he f9ally arriv$ at ,sal]no1 :]e1 he in=ms u1 he f\nd no "o :o c\ld cope ) him 9 disputation except qu&am sapi5tem matronam--a c]ta9 v le>n$ woman4#aih ,?is 0 ,trotula1 :o1 by reason ( ! extraord9>y cures %e effect$1 0 kn[n among h] contempor>ies z magi/ra op]is--a consummate practition]4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we consid] ! ?or\gh c\rse ( /udy t e "o aspir+ to a degree 9 m$ic9e 0 oblig$ to complete1 wom5 z well z m51 x is n s surpris+ t ,trotula %\ld be reg>d$ bo? z a le>n$ woman & z a successful physician4 ,among o!r wom5 doctors :o did honor to ,sal]no & ^: names h come d[n to u 7 ?ree :o are kn[n 9 hi/ory z ,abella1 ,rebeca de ,gu>na & ,m]curiade4 ,all ( !m a*iev$ a great reputation by _! writ+s on m$ical subjects1 especially ,m]curiade1 :o di/+ui%$ h]self 9 surg]y z well z 9 m$ic9e4 ,/ill ano!r woman des]v+ special m5tion is ,francesca1 wife ( ,matteo de ,romana1 ( ,sal]no4 ,aft] pass+ a v sev]e exam9ation be=e a bo>d compos$ ( physicians & surgeons1 %e 0 accord$ ! doctorate 9 surg]y4 ,an (ficial docum5t ( ! "t ref]r+ to ?is ev5t reads z foll[s3 ,:]eas ! laws p]mit wom5 to practice m$ic9e1 & :]eas1 f ! viewpo9t ( good morals1 wom5 are be/ adapt$ to ! treatm5t ( _! own sex1 we1 aft] hav+ receiv$ ! oa? ( fidelity1 p]mit ! said ,francesca to practice ! said art ( heal+1 etc4#aii ,9 view ( ! facts above m5tion$ reg>d+ ! ,univ]sity ( ,sal]no--! excell5ce ( its "w1 its lib]ality & bread? ( view1 its attitude t[>d ! high] education ( wom51 & its preem95ce = s _m c5turies z a s*ool ( m$ic9e--is x surpris+ t x 01 until comp>atively rec5t times1 consid]$ ! mat] et caput ( m$ical au?ority 9 e?ical matt]s1 & t1 s late z #agdh1 ! ,m$ical ,faculty ( ,p>is %\ld address an (ficial lett] to ! faculty ( ,sal]no reque/+ its judgm5t reg>d+ ! rights ( prec$5ce z betwe5 physicians & surgeons8 ,b :at is surpris+1 & :at1 too1 passes all und]/&+1 is t ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 aft] be+ emp[]$ by royal *>t] to d all ?+s t c\ld be done by any univ]sity1 0 legally advis$ t x c\ld n grant degrees to wom5 )\t a fre% *>t]1 because no univ]sity _h ev] grant$ su* degrees4#bjj ,:ile wom5 7 w9n+ su* laurels 9 ,sal]no 9 e dep>tm5t ( ! heal+ art1 _! si/]s nor? ( ! ,alps 7 n idle4 ,z e>ly z #abib !re 7 9 ,p>is no less ?an eight wom5 doctors--call$ miresses or m$ici5nes--^: names h come d[n to u1 n to speak ( ^? :o practic$ 9 o!r p>ts ( ,france4 ,!re 0 also a c]ta9 numb] ( wom5 :o devot$ !mselves to surg]y & call$ by ! old ,lat9 au?ors ( ! "t cyrurgiae4 ,9 ,p>is1 h[ev]1 conditions = /udy+ & practic+ m$ic9e & surg]y 7 f> f be+ z favorable to wom5 z !y 7 9 ,sal]no4 ,z !re 7 no s*ools op5 to !m = ! /udy ( ^! bran*es1 !y _h to dep5d entirely = su* k z !y 7 able to acquire on ! aid !y c\ld get f practic+ doctors1 ! read+ ( m$ical books & _! own exp]i5ce4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t !y 7 n at all s well equipp$ = _! "w z 7 ! wom5 :o enjoy$ all ! exceptional advantages (f]$ ! /ud5ts at ,sal]no4 ,none ( !m 0 not$ = s*ol>%ip1 none ( !m 0 a writ] ( books1 & only "o ( !m--,jacobe ,felicie1 ab\t :om m pres5tly--rose above m$iocrity4 ,! reason = ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! conditions ( ! wom5 doctors ( ,p>is & ^? ( ,sal]no is n f> to seek4 ,! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,p>is 01 f ! beg9n+ ( its exi/5ce1 unalt]ably oppos$ to female m$ical practition]s4 ,z e>ly z #abbj x promulgat$ an edict prohibit+ ! practice ( m$ic9e by any "o :o did n belong to ! faculty1 &1 accord+ to its con/itutions & by-laws1 only unm>ri$ m5 7 eligible to memb]%ip4 ,= a long "t ! edict rema9$ a dead lett]4 ,b ev5tually1 z ! faculty grew 9 p[] & influ5ce1 x 0 able to en=ce ! obs]vance ( its decrees4 ,"o ( its fir/ victims 0 ,jacobe ,felicie1 j m5tion$1 :o 0 hail$ be=e c\rt = practic+ m$ic9e 9 contrav5tion ( its edict issu$ _m ye>s be=e4 ,jacobe ,felicie 0 a woman ( noble bir?1 & _h won di/9ction by h] success 9 ! heal+ art4 ,z ! te/imony at h] trial reveal$1 %e nev] treat$ ! sick = ! sake ( ga94 ,9 ne>ly all cases ! sick :o _h address$ !mselves to h] _h be5 ab&on$ by _! own physicians4 ,all ! witnesses :o _h be5 call$ te/ifi$ t !y _h be5 cur$ by ,jacobe ,felicie1 & all express$ _! deepe/ gratitude to h] = h] c>e & devotion4 ,b1 9 spite ( all ^! facts1 & 9 spite ( ! brilliant def5ce t ?is wor?y woman made1 %e 0 condemn$ to pay a heavy f9e--condemn$ because1 z ! indictm5t read1 %e _h presum$ to put h] sickle into ! h>ve/ ( o!rs-falcem 9 messem mitt]e ali5am--& ?is 0 a crime4#bja ,! faculty 0 a close corporation & insi/$ t its memb]s %\ld h a monopoly ( all ! honors & emolum5ts t 7 to accrue f ! treatm5t ( ! sick & suff]+4 ,:at a curi\s adumbration ( simil> proce$+s )9 ! memory ( _m /ill liv+6 ,! prosecution ( ,jacobe ,felicie recalls t ( ,agnodice 9 ,greece long ages be=e4 ,& ! plea urg$ = ! necessity ( a female physician--t _m a woman w\ld r die ?an reveal ! secrets ( h] infirmity to a man#bjb--0 ! same z t (f]$ by ! wom5 ( ,a!ns be=e ! c\ncil ( ! ,areopagus4 ,x 0 ! same agoniz+ cry t _h be5 he>d ?\s&s ( times be=e & :i* has be5 he>d ?\s&s ( times s9ce4 ,isabella ( ,ca/ile 0 n ! fir/ ( ! long li/ ( victims :o1 = lack ( a doctor ( _! own sex1 h be5 sacrific$ ?r\gh womanly mode/y1 &1 m's ! pity1 %e w n be ! la/4 ,un=tunately = ! wom5 ( ,france1 ! result ( ! prosecution ( ,mme4 ,felicie 0 ! v rev]se ( t in/itut$ aga9/ ,agnodice2 = ! latt] came (f victori\s1 :ile ! =m] 0 condemn$ & puni%$4 ,s cru%+ 0 ! bl[ dealt to wom5 practition]s1 outside ( ob/etrics1 t !y did n recov] f its effects = m ?an five hundr$ ye>s4 ,= x 0 n until #ahfh t ! ,ecole de ,m$ic9e ( ,p>is op5$ its doors to wom51 & x 0 n until ne>ly tw5ty ye>s lat] t female physicians 7 able to ent] ! hospitals ( ! ,fr5* capital z int]nes4#bjc ,until q rec5t ye>s !re is v little to be said ( wom5 physicians 9 ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,_! practice1 outside ( t ( c]ta9 h]b doctors1 0 conf9$ *iefly to midwif]y4 ,!re 0 no provision made 9 ei!r ( ^! c\ntries = ! education ( wom5 9 m$ic9e & surg]y1 & su* a ?+ z a college :]e !y c\ld receive in/ruction 9 ! heal+ art 0 unkn[n4 ,x is true t an ecclesia/ical law ( ,edg>1 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 p]mitt$ wom5 z well z m5 to practice m$ic9e1 b ?is law 0 subsequ5tly aboli%$ by ,h5ry ,v4#bjd ,dur+ ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,viii a law 0 aga9 enact$ 9 favor ( wom5 physicians2 = at t "t an act 0 pass$ = ! relief & protection ( ,div]s hone/ psones1 z well m5 z wom51 :om ,god ha! endu$ ) ! k ( ! nature1 k9d & op]acon ( c]teyne h]bes1 rotes & wat]s1 & ! us+ & m9i/]+ !m to su*e z be payn$ ) cu/omable diseases1 = neighb\rhode & ,goddes sake & ( pitie & *>itie1 because t ',! ,companie & ,fell[%ip ( ,surgeons ( ,london1 mynd+ only _! owne lucres & no?+ ! pr(it or case ( ! diseas$ or pati5t1 h su$1 vex$ & tr\bl$' ! a=esaid 'hone/ psones1' :o 7 h5ce=? to be all[$ 'to practyse1 use & myni/re 9 & to any outw>de sore1 swell+ or disease1 any h]bes1 oyntm5ts1 ba!s1 pultes or empla/]s1 accord+ to _! coon+1 exp]i5ce & k--)\t sute1 vexation1 p5altie or loss ( _! goods4'#bje ,! italiciz$ words 9 ?is quotation prove t ! wom5 doctors ( ,engl& _h ! same difficulties z _! si/]s 9 ,france1 & t ! real reason ( ! opposition ( ! male practition]s 0 t !y wi%$ to monopolize ! practice ( m$ic9e4 ,!y1 l ! m$ical faculty ( ,p>is1 /r5u\sly object$ to wom5 putt+ ! sickle into _! h>ve/1 & !y1 accord+ly1 left no?+ undone to circumv5t ! intrusion ( ^? :om !y always reg>d$ z undesirable competitors4 ,x 0 argu$ by ! m5 t wom51 to beg9 )1 lack$ ! /r5g? & capacity necess>y = m$ical practice4 ,x 0 also urg$ t x 0 indelicate & unwomanly = ! g5tl] sex to engage 9 ! heal+ art1 & t1 = _! own good1 !y %\ld be exclud$ f x at all co/s4 ,^? :o 7 will+ to waive ^! objections cont5d$ t wom5 _h n ! k necess>y = ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e & %\ld be exclud$ on ! score ( ignorance4 ,:5 wom5 s\ght to qualify !mselves = m$ical practice by seek+ in/ruction "u lic5c$ practition]s or 9 m$ical s*ools1 !y f\nd a deaf e> turn$ to _! reque/s4 ,! doctors decl9$ to tea* !m & ! m$ical s*ools1 "o & all1 clos$ _! doors aga9/ !m4 ,?us x 0 t 9 ,engl&1 ,france & ,g]many ! practice ( m$ic9e & surg]y 0 always practically 9 ! h&s ( m5 until only a g5]ation ago4 ,ev5 ! ,engli% midwives gradually fell f _! high e/ate1 & 7 left f> beh9d ! female ob/etricians ( ,g]many & ,france4 ,= ^! two c\ntries c po9t to a numb] ( midwives :o1 by _! k1 successful practice1 & ! books !y wrote1 a*iev$ a celebrity t /ill endures4 ,*ief among ^! 9 ,g]many 7 ,reg9a ,joseph von ,siebold1 h] daught] ,c>lotta1 & ,frau ,t]esa ,frei1 all ( :om1 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 enjoy$ an enviable reputation 9 ! ,fa!rl&4 ,! fir/ nam$1 aft] foll[+ a c\rse ( lectures on physiology & ! diseases ( wom5 & *ildr51 & pass+ a brilliant exam9ation 9 ! m$ical college ( ,d>m/adt1 devot$ h]self to ! practice ( ob/etrics1 & ) s great success t ! ,univ]sity ( ,giess5 9 #ahai conf]r$ on h] ! degree ( doctor ( ob/etrics4 ,h] daught]1 ,c>lotta1 aft] /udy+ ob/etrics "u h] "m1 w5t to ! ,univ]sity ( ,goett+51 :]e %e devot$ h]self to physiology1 anatomy & pa?ology4 ,aft] pass+ an exam9ation & successfully def5d+ a numb] ( !ses 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,giess51 %e 0 also proclaim$ a doctor ( ob/etrics4 ,at a lat] date ,frau ,frei receiv$ a simil> degree4#bjf ,m not$ z acc\*euses & gynecologi/s ?an ! ?ree di/+ui%$ wom5 j m5tion$ 7 ,mme4 ,m>ie ,l\ise ,la ,*apelle & ,mme4 ,m>ie ,bov91 :o1 %ortly aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ent]$ ^u ^? wond]ful c>e]s 9 _! *os5 specialties :i* h giv5 !m s unique a place 9 ! annals ( m$ic9e4 ,mme4 ,la ,*apelle 0 p>ticul>ly celebrat$ = ! num]\s improvem5ts %e effect$ 9 ly+-9 hospitals1 = ! l>ge numb] ( skill$ midwives :om %e furni%$1 n only to ,france1 b also to ! :ole ( ,europe1 &1 above all1 = ! excell5t treatises :i* %e wrote on ob/etrics1 :i* gave h] a reputation second to none among h] contempor>ies1 m5 or wom54 ,h] ,pratique des ,acc\*em5ts1 9 ?ree volumes1 bas$ on ! imm5se numb] ( fifty ?\s& cases at :i* %e presid$1 reveals an op]ator ( r>e/ skill & g5ius4 ,?is production 0 long reg>d$ z a /&>d "w on ! topics discuss$1 & = ye>s ex]t$ an imm5se influ5ce 9 ! m$ical _w4 ,less skillful z an op]ator1 b ( great] ability z a doctor ?an ,mme4 ,la ,*apelle1 0 h] illu/ri\s contempor>y1 ,mme4 ,bov94 ,possess+ extraord9>y insight z an inve/igator & m>vel\s sagacity z a diagno/ician1 ,mme4 ,bov9 a*iev$ ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ really great woman doctor ( mod]n times4 ,h] m>vel\s success z a practition]--,dupuytr5 said %e _h an eye at ! tip ( h] f+]--h] ext5d$ k ( ! entire range ( gynecology1 b above all h] num]\s treatises on ! subject matt] ( h] life "w1 gave h] a pre/ige t none ( h] sex _h ev] be=e enjoy$1 & comm&$ ! admiration ( ! doctors ( ! _w4 ,h] ,memorial de l',art des ,acc\*em5ts pass$ ?r\gh _m editions & 0 translat$ into sev]al ,european languages4 ,& s highly 7 h] sci5tific atta9m5ts valu$ 9 ,g]many t ! ,univ]sity ( ,m>burg recogniz$ !m by conf]r+ on h]--honoris causa--! degree ( doctor ( m$ic9e &1 _h its rules p]mitt$ ! admission ( wom51 ! ,royal ,academy ( ,m$ic9e w\ld h honor$ h] ) a place among its memb]s4 ,%e 0 also ! recipi5t ( _m o!r honors1 besides be+ a memb] ( sev]al le>n$ societies4 ,b ! greate/ monum5t to h] g5ius is a l>ge illu/rat$ treatise 9 two volumes1 9 :i* %e exhibits a wond]ful k ( anatomy1 physiology1 surg]y1 pa?ology & !rapeutics4 ,x gave h] a l>ge foll[+ 9 ,g]many z well z 9 ,france1 & !re 7 n want+ di/+ui%$ ,g]man acc\*eurs :o foll[$ ,mme4 ,bov9's tea*+s to ! lett]4 ,! rem>kable ,g]man & ,fr5* wom5 j nam$ 7 all practically self-made wom54 ,!y won fame z !y _h acquir$ k--*iefly by c\rage1 9 spite ( ! c\ntless ob/acles t beset _! pa?s4 ,!y ow$ no?+ to s*ools or univ]sities1 no?+ to gov]nm5t patronage or assi/ance1 no?+ to ! m$ical frat]nity z a :ole4 ,univ]sities w\ld n admit !m to _! lecture rooms or laboratories1 & ! v>i\s m$ical faculties oppos$ !m z intrud]s into _! jeal\sly gu>d$ doma91 & z competitors ^: aspirations 7 to be fru/rat$1 :atev] ! means employ$4 ,x is true t1 :5 "s ( ! wom5 m5tion$ _h won _w-wide r5[n by _! a*ievem5ts1 !y 7 made ! recipi5ts ( belat$ honors by c]ta9 univ]sities & le>n$ societies2 b ^! societies & univ]sities 7 !n honor+ !mselves z mu* z ! wom5 :o receiv$ _! degrees & diplomas ( memb]%ip4 ,h[ diff]5t x 0 9 ,italy1 :i*1 s9ce ! fall ( ! ,roman ,empire1 has ev] be5 9 ! van ( civilization1 & :i* has always cont9u$ ! be/ traditions ( ,graeco-,roman le>n+ & culture--,italy1 :i* has be5 ! home ( su* supreme ma/]s ( lit]ature1 sci5ce1 art z ,dante1 ,petr>*1 ,galileo1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 ,raphael1 ,mi*aelangelo1 ,brunelles*i--,italy1 ! "m ( univ]sities1 ! bir?place ( ! ,r5aissance1 & ! recogniz$ lead] ( intellectual progress among ! nations ( ! _w4 ,"h 9 ! favor$ l& ( ! ,muses & ! ,graces1 wom5 enjoy$ all ! rights & privileges accord$ to m52 "h ! doors ( s*ools & univ]sities 7 op5 to all reg>dless ( sex2 & art1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 law1 m$ic9e1 jurisprud5ce c\nt$ its vot>ies among wom5 z well z among m52 "h1 f> f enc\nt]+ jeal\sy & opposition 9 ! pursuit ( k or 9 ! practice ( ! pr(essions1 wom5 nev] f\nd aught b g5]\s emulation & sympa!tic coop]ation4 ,= a ?\s& ye>s wom5 7 welcom$ into ! ar5a ( le>n+ & culture on ! same foot+ z m54 ,9 ,sal]no1 ,bologna1 ,padua1 ,pavia1 !y compet$ = ! same honors & 7 conte/ants = ! same prizes t /imulat$ ! ex]tions ( ! /]n] sex4 ,position & emolum5t 7 ! gu]dons ( m]it & ability1 & ! victor1 :e!r man or woman1 0 equally acclaim$ & %[]$ ) equal honor4 ,wom5 ask$ = no favors 9 ! intellectual ar5a & expect$ none4 ,all !y desir$ 7 ! same opportunities & ! same privileges z 7 grant$ ! m51 & ^! 7 nev] d5i$ !m4 ,f ! "t :5 ,trotula taught 9 ,sal]no to ! pres5t1 :5 ,giusepp9a ,catani is pr(essor ( g5]al pa?ology 9 ! m$ical faculty ( ,bologna1 ! wom5 ( ,italy always _h access to ! univ]sities & 7 at lib]ty to foll[ any c\rse ( /udy !y might elect4 ,we ?us f9d !m a*iev+ di/9ction 9 civil & canon law1 9 m$ic9e1 9 !ology ev51 z well z 9 art1 sci5ce1 lit]ature1 philosophy & l+ui/ics4 ,no dep>tm5t ( k _h any t]rors = !m1 & !re 0 none 9 :i* "s ( !m did n w9 undy+ fame4 ,!y held *airs ( language1 jurisprud5ce1 philosophy1 physics1 ma!matics1 m$ic9e & anatomy1 & fill$ ^! positions ) su* m>k$ ability t !y comm&$ ! admiration & applause ( all :o he>d !m4 ,?is is n ! place to tell ( ! triumphs ( ! wom5 pr(essors 9 ! ,italian univ]sities1 or to rec\nt ! a*ievem5ts ( ^? :o 7 honor$ ) degrees )9 _! classic walls4 ,let x suffice to recall ! names ( a few ( ^? :o won r5[n 9 m$ic9e & surg]y & ^: names are /ill 9 _! own l& pron\nc$ ) respect & v5]ation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ practition]s 9 ,s\!rn ,italy1 aft] ! dea? ( ,trotula & h] compe]s1 0 "o ,m>g>ita1 :o _h /udi$ m$ic9e 9 ,sal]no4 ,"o ( h] pati5ts 0 no less a p]sonage ?an ,ladislaus1 ,k+ ( ,naples4 ,among ^? t _h diplomas = ! practice ( surg]y 7 ,m>ia ,inc>nata1 ( ,naples1 & ,?omasia de ,matteo1 ( ,ca/ro ,isiae4 ,t wom5 enjoy$ 9 ,rome ! same privileges 9 ! practice ( m$ic9e & surg]y z _! si/]s 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! p59sula is manife/ f an edict issu$ by ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv 9 confirmation ( a law promulgat$ by ! ,m$ical ,faculty ( ,rome1 :i* reads z foll[s3 ,no man or woman1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or ,jew1 unless he be a ma/] or a lic5tiate 9 m$ic9e1 %all presume to treat ! human body ei!r z a physician or z a surgeon4#bjg ,9 c5tral & nor!rn ,italy--9 ,flor5ce1 ,tur91 ,padua1 ,v5ice--z well z 9 ! s\!rn "p1 we f9d con/antly recurr+ in/ances ( wom5 practic+ m$ic9e & surg]y & w9n+ = !mselves an enviable reputation z successful practition]s4 ,b aft] ! decl9e ( ,sal]no1 consequ5t on ! e/abli%m5t by ,fr$]ick ,,ii ( a s*ool ( m$ic9e 9 ,naples1 ! great c5t] ( m$ic9e & surg]y1 z ( civil & canon law1 0 ,bologna4#bjh ,s r5[n$ did x become z a tea*+ & intellectual c5t] t x 01 z ,s>ti in=ms u1 kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe z ,civitas ,docta--! le>n$ city--& ,mat] ,/udiorum--! "m ( /udies4 ,on its co9s 7 /amp$ ! words ,bononia ,docet--,bologna tea*es--& on ! city seal1 :i* is /ill us$ = c]ta9 public docum5ts1 7 ! words ,legum ,bononia ,mat]--,bologna1 ! ,"m ( ,laws4 ,"h1 m ?an 9 ,sal]no1 m ?an 9 any o!r city 9 ! _w1 01 = long c5turies1 witness$ a bloom+ ( female g5ius t has1 s9ce ! "t ( ,gratian & ,irn]ius1 giv5 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna preem95ce 9 ! e/imation ( all fri5ds ( woman's education & woman's culture4 ,= "h1 )9 ! walls ( :at 0 = c5turies ! mo/ celebrat$ univ]sity 9 ,*ri/5dom1 wom5 _h1 = ! fir/ "t1 an opportunity ( devot+ !mselves at w to ! /udy ( any & all bran*es ( k4 ,& x c be tru?fully affirm$ t no seat ( le>n+ c po9t to su* a long li/ ( em95t s*ol>s & tea*]s among ! g5tl] sex z is to be f\nd on ! regi/] ( ,bologna's fam\s univ]sity4 ,= "h1 to "n only a few1 a*iev$ di/9ction1 ei!r z /ud5ts or z pr(essors1 su* not$ wom5 z ,bitisia ,gozzad9a1 ,bett9a & ,novella ,cal5dr9i1 ,dorotea ,boc*i1 ,giovanna & ,maddal5a ,bian*etti1 ,virg9ia ,malvezzi1 ,m>ia ,vittoria ,dosi1 ,elisabetta ,sirani1 ,ippolita ,grassi1 ,prop]zia de ,rossi1 ,m>ia ,ma/ellagri1 ,laura ,bassi1 ,maddel5a ,noe-,c&$i1 ,clotilda ,tambroni & ,anna ,manzol9i4 ,9 ?is honor li/ we h a gr\p ( savantes t 7 fam$ ?r\gh\t ,europe = _! atta9m5ts 9 law1 philosophy1 sci5ce1 anci5t & mod]n languages1 m$ic9e1 & surg]y--! rivals1 & sometimes ! sup]iors1 9 s*ol>%ip ( ! able/ m5 among _! di/+ui%$ colleagues4 ,x w\ld be a pleasure to rec\nt ! a*ievem5ts ( ^! ju/ly celebrat$ daught]s ( ,italy2 b lack ( space precludes ! m5tion ( m ?an "o ( !m4 ,?is 0 ,m>ia dalle ,donne1 :o 0 born ( poor peasants ne> ,bologna1 & :o at an e>ly age exhibit$ intellig5ce ( a sup]ior ord]4 ,aft] pursu+ h] /udies "u ! able/ ma/]s1 %e obta9$ f ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 maxima cum laude1 ! degree ( doctor 9 philosophy & m$ic9e4 ,on acc\nt ( h] k ( surg]y1 z well z ( m$ic9e1 %e 0 soon aft]w>d put 9 *>ge ( ! city's s*ool = midwives4 ,:5 ,napoleon1 9 #ahjb1 pass$ ?r\gh ,bologna he 0 s /ruck by ! exceptional ability ( ! "y dottoressa t1 on ! recomm5dation ( ! savant ,cat]zani1 he _h in/itut$ = h] 9 ! univ]sity a *air ( ob/etrics--a position :i* %e held until ! "t ( h] dea?1 9 #ahdb1 ) ! greate/ cr$it to h]self & to ! in/itution ) :i* %e 0 id5tifi$4 ,m>ia dalle ,donne is a wor?y l9k betwe5 t long l9e ( wom5 doctors1 beg9n+ ) ,trotula1 :o h s honor$ _! sex 9 ,italy1 & ^? /ill m num]\s practition]s 9 ! heal+ art :o1 %ortly aft] h] dea?1 began to spr+ up 9 all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w4#bji ,= x 0 ab\t ?is "t t ! movem5t :i* _h long be5 agitat$ 9 behalf ( ! high] education ( wom5 began sudd5ly to assume extraord9>y vitality1 n only ?r\gh\t ,europe b 9 ,am]ica z well4 ,& to no wom5 did ?is movem5t appeal s /rongly z to ^? :o _h long be5 look+ =w>d to an opportunity to qualify !mselves = ! le>n$ pr(essions1 especially m$ic9e4 ,no soon] did !y descry ! fir/ flu% ( dawn on _! long-def]r$ hopes ?an !y began to consid] ways & means = putt+ _! fondly nurtur$ projects into execution4 ,sev5 ye>s1 almo/ to ! day1 aft] ! dea? ( ,m>ia dalle ,donne1 ,miss ,elizabe? ,blackwell1 a "y woman 9 ,am]ica1 ( ,engli% bir?1 decid$ to ent] college ) a view ( /udy+ m$ic9e & surg]y4 ,b1 at ! v outset1 %e enc\nt]$ all k9ds ( un=ese5 difficulties--difficulties t w\ld h caus$ a less c\rage\s & det]m9$ woman to give up h] plans 9 despair4 ,%e 0 told1 9 ! fir/ place1 t x 0 highly improp] = a woman to /udy m$ic9e & t no dec5t woman w\ld ?9k ( becom+ a m$ical practition]4 ,z to a lady /udy+ or practic+ surg]y t1 ( c\rse1 0 out ( ! "q4 ,b a m s]i\s ob/acle ?an ! conv5tionalities 9 ! case 0 ! difficulty ( f9d+ a m$ical college t 0 will+ to admit a woman to its lecture rooms & laboratories4 ,miss ,blackwell appli$ to m ?an a doz5 ( ! lead+ in/itutions ( ,am]ica1 & receiv$ a positive refusal to h] reque/4 ,f9ally1 :5 hope _h almo/ vani%$1 %e receiv$ ^w f a small college 9 ,g5eva1 ,new ,york1 ann\nc+ t h] application _h be5 favorably consid]$ & t %e w\ld be admitt$ z a /ud5t :5ev] %e pres5t$ h]self4 ,! tru? is t ! faculty ( ! college 0 oppos$ to ! "y woman's admission1 b wi%$ to escape ! odium incid5t to a direct refusal by ref]r+ ! "q to ! class ) a proviso :i*1 x 0 believ$1 w\ld necess>ily exclude h]4 ,b 9 ?is x 0 greatly surpris$ & disappo9t$4 ,= ! entire m$ical class1 to ! numb] ( ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty1 decid$ unanim\sly 9 favor ( ! fair applicant's admission4 ,& !y did m ?an ?is4 ,!y put !mselves on record reg>d+ ! equality ( educational opportunities = wom5 & m5 9 a way t mu/ h put _! timid pr(essors to %ame4 ,_! resolution1 accompany+ an invitation to ! "y woman to become a memb] ( ! /ud5t body1 0 word$ z foll[s3 ',resolv$1 ,t "o ( ! radical pr9ciples ( a republican gov]nm5t is ! univ]sal education ( bo? sexes2 t to e bran* ( sci5tific education ! door %\ld be equally op5 to all2 t ! application ( ,elizabe? ,blackwell to become a memb] ( our class meets our entire approbation1 &1 9 ext5d+ our unanim\s invitation1 we pl$ge ourselves t no conduct ( ours %all cause h] to regret h] att5dance at ?is in/itution4' ,! /ud5ts 7 z good z _! ^w4 ,_! conduct1 z ,miss ,blackwell wrote ye>s aft]w>d1 0 always admirable & t ( true ,*ri/ian g5tlem54 ,b ! wom5 ( ,g5eva 7 %ock$ at ! female m$ical /ud5t4 ,!y />$ at h] z a curi\s animal2 & ! !ory 0 fully e/abli%$ t %e 0 ei!r a bad woman1 ^: designs w\ld gradually become evid5t1 or t1 be+ insane1 an outbreak ( insanity w\ld soon be app>5t4#baj ,9 due "t ,miss ,blackwell f9i%$ h] c\rse 9 m$ic9e & surg]y1 & graduat$ at ! head ( h] class4 ,! orator ( ! day1 :o 0 a memb] ( ! faculty1 naturally ref]r$ to ! new dep>ture t _h be5 made--! admission ( a woman = ! fir/ "t to a complete m$ical education--& among o!r ?+s decl>$ t ! exp]im5t1 ( :i* e memb] ( ! faculty 0 pr\d1 _h prov$ t ! /ronge/ intellect & n]ve & ! mo/ untir+ p]sev]ance 7 compatible ) ! s(te/ attributes ( fem99e delicacy & grace4#baa ,! aw>d+ ( ! degree ( ,m4,d4 = ! fir/ "t to a woman 9 ,am]ica excit$ g5]al comm5t & widespread int]e/1 n only 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 ,europe z well4 ,! public press 0 n unfavorable 9 its op9ion ( ! new dep>ture1 & ev5 ,pun* c\ld n resi/ writ+ "s v]ses1 sympa!tic1 albeit humor\s1 9 honor ( ! fair ,m4,d4#bab ,aft] sp5d+ "s "t abroad /udy+ 9 ! great hospitals ( ,europe1 ,miss ,blackwell />t$ ! practice ( m$ic9e 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,at fir/1 z %e decl>es 9 h] autobiographical sket*es1 x 0 v difficult1 ?\gh /eady1 uphill "w4 ,i _h1 %e tells u1 no m$ical companion%ip1 ! pr(ession /ood alo(1 & society 0 di/ru/ful ( ! innovation4 ,! alo(ness ( ! pr(ession arose f a dread ( successful rivalry1 & ! m5 did n wi% to enc\rage ! invasion by wom5 ( _! own pres]ves4 ,y _c expect u1 "o ( !m frankly admitt$ to h]1 to furni% y ) a /ick to break our heads )4 ,b1 undet]r$ by opposition1 ,miss ,blackwell cont9u$ h] "w1 daily mak+ conv]ts to ! new movem5t & receiv+ sub/antial aid1 z well z sympa!tic coop]ation1 f _m p1 bo? m5 & wom51 prom95t 9 society & public life4 ,9 #ahed %e />t$ a free disp5s>y = poor wom54 ,?ree ye>s lat] %e f\nd$ a hospital = wom5 & *ildr51 :]e "y wom5 physicians z well z pati5ts c\ld be receiv$4 ,^! 7 ! humble beg9n+s ( ! pres5t fl\ri%+ in/itutions kn[n z ! ,new ,york ,infirm>y & ! ,college = ,wom54 ,& 9 less ?an t5 ye>s aft] h] graduation1 ,miss ,blackwell saw ! new dep>ture 9 m$ical practice successfully e/abli%$1 n only 9 ,new ,york1 b also 9 o!r l>ge cities ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,9 #ahfi ! e>ly pione] m$ical "w by wom5 9 ,am]ica 0 complet$4 ,dur+ ! tw5ty ye>s :i* foll[$ ! graduation ( ! fir/ woman physician1 ! public recognition ( ! ju/ice & advantage ( su* a measure _h /eadily gr[n4 ,?r\gh\t ! nor!rn /ates ! free & equal entrance ( wom5 into ! pr(ession ( m$ic9e 0 secur$4 ,9 ,bo/on1 ,new ,york & ,philadelphia special m$ical s*ools = wom5 7 sanction$ by ! legislatures1 & 9 "s long-e/abli%$ colleges wom5 7 receiv$ z /ud5ts 9 ! ord9>y classes4#bac ,mean:ile1 ! wom5 9 ,europe 7 n idle nor he$less ( ! example set by _! brave si/]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,zuri* ?rew op5 its portals to wom51 & 0 soon foll[$ by ^? ( ,b]n & ,g5eva4 ,! fir/ woman to obta9 a degree 9 m$ic9e 9 ,zuri*--x 0 9 #ahfg--0 ,nadejda ,susl[a1 a ,russian4 ,%e 0 soon foll[$ by scores ( o!rs f ,europe & ,am]ica1 :o f\nd great] advantages & m sympa?y 9 ,swiss univ]sities ?an else:]e4 ,9 #ahfi ! ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,academy ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg conf]r$ ! degree ( ,m4,d4 ^u ,madame ,kas*ew>[1 ! fir/ female c&idate = ?is honor4 ,:5 h] "n 0 m5tion$ by ! dean x 0 receiv$ ) an imm5se /orm ( applause :i* la/$ sev]al m9utes4 ,! c]emony ( inve/+ h] ) ! insignia ( h] dignity be+ ov]1 h] fell[ /ud5ts & colleagues lift$ h] on a *air & c>ri$ h] ) triumphant %\ts ?r\gh\t ! halls4 ,! fir/ woman graduate f ! ,univ]sity ( ,france 0 ,miss ,elizabe? ,g>rett1 ( ,engl&4 ,%e receiv$ h] degree 9 m$ic9e 9 #ahgj1 & ! foll[+ ye> ! same in/itution conf]r$ ! doctor's degree on ,miss ,m>y ,c4 ,putnam1 ( ,new ,york4 ,aft] ^! prec$5ts _h be5 e/abli%$1 ! univ]sities ( ! v>i\s c\ntries on ! cont95t1 foll[+ ! examples set by ^? 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ,switz]l&1 op5$ "o aft] ! o!r _! doors to wom51 & 9 mo/ ( !m accord$ !m all ! privileges ( cives academici enjoy$ by ! m54 ,great ,brita9 held out aga9/ ! new movem5t long aft] mo/ ( ! cont95tal c\ntries _h fall5 into l9e1 nor did %e surr5d] until aft] a protract$ & bitt] fight1 dur+ :i* ! m5 lead+ ! opposition exhibit$ evid5ces ( selfi%ness & obscurantism t n[ seem incr$ible4 ,! lead] 9 ,great ,brita9 ( pione] m$ical "w = wom5 0 ,miss ,sophia ,jex-,blake1 ^: academic pa?way 0 beset ) difficulties f> /]n] ?an _h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates confront$ h] fri5d & colleague1 ,miss ,blackwell4 ,he>+ mu* ( ! tol]ance & lib]ality ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 %e appli$ to x = admission z a /ud5t1 b 0 in=m$ at once t ! *>t] ( ! in/itution _h purposely be5 s word$ z to exclude ! possibility ( exam9+ wom5 = m$ical degrees4 ,aft] ?is rebuff %e made application to ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 :i*1 l ! o!r ,scot* univ]sities1 _h always boa/$ ( its broad-m9d$ness & fre$om f educational trammels4 ,%e 0 receiv$ provisionally1 & 01 aft] a :ile1 jo9$ by six o!r wom5 :o _h 9 view ! same object z h]self4 ,= a "t1 not)/&+ opposition f c]ta9 qu>t]s1 ev]y?+ 0 quiet & app>5tly satisfactory4 ,b ! ga!r+ /orm soon broke1 & ! sev5 "y wom51 z !y 7 "o day ent]+ ! univ]sity gates1 7 actually mobb$ by a ruffianly b& ( /ud5ts :o _h all along be5 oppos$ to ! pres5ce ( wom5 9 ! class & lecture rooms4 ,!y pelt$ ! helpless females ) /reet mud & hurl$ at !m all ! vile epi!ts & heap$ ^u !m all ! abuse t _! f\l tongues c\ld comm&4 ,^! outrage\s proce$+s on ! "p ( ! rabble ( r[dies 7 all[$ to cont9ue = sev]al days1 &1 _h x n be5 = a brave b& ( *ivalr\s "y ,iri%m5 among ! /ud5ts1 :o =m$ !mselves into a bodygu>d = ! protection ( _! fair classmates1 & 71 9 consequ5ce1 kn[n z ,! ,iri% ,brigade1 ! hapless wom5 /ud5ts w\ld n h escap$ bodily h>m4 ,:at a m>k$ contra/ betwe5 ! conduct t[>d ,miss ,blackwell ( ! gallant /ud5ts ( ! mode/ little ,am]ican t[n & t ( ! c[>dly ruffians ( ! vaunt$ ,a!ns ( ! ,nor?6 ,b ?is 0 n all4 ,! sev5 "y wom5 9 "q _h matriculat$ z /ud5ts ( ! univ]sity ) ! und]/&+ t !y 7 to h all ! rights & privileges ( ! male /ud5ts4 ,b aft] ! disgraceful conduct ( ! mob j ref]r$ to1 !y discov]$ t ! au?orities ( ! univ]sity 7 prep>$ to break fai? ) !m1 & prev5t !m f gett+ _! covet$ degrees1 & ?us deb> !m f all *ance ( m$ical practice4 ,! reason :y ! univ]sity 0 induc$ to annul its contract1 aft] ! wom5 on _! "p _h fully compli$ ) all its /ipulations1 soon became app>5t4 ,x 0 purely & simply to make x impossible = wom5 to secure a lic5se z m$ical practition]s4 ,bo? 9 & outside ( ,ed9burgh ! conviction daily grew /rong] t wom5 doctors 7 a m5ace to ! monopoly s long enjoy$ by ! m$ical frat]nity1 & t ! movem5t 9 _! favor %\ld be cru%$ by fair means or f\l be=e x got beyond control4 ,! ,spectator made ?is cle> by /at+ at ! "t ( ! controv]sy t e pr(ession 9 ?is c\ntry--,engl&--is m or less ( a trades union1 & yet ! memb]s ( ^! pr(essions w\ld %ake _! heads & prate ab\t ! necessity ( /amp+ out trades unionism among workm54 ,wom51 :9$ "o ( ! doctors1 w\ld snat* ! bread f ! m\?s ( poor practition]s4 ,ano!r doctor :o _h *ampion$ ! cause ( wom5 physicians1 :5 comm5t+ on ! hypocritical objection t x 0 unbecom+ = wom5 to practice m$ic9e or surg]y1 express$ ! same idea 9 o!r words4 ,x appe>s1 he decl>$1 t x is mo/ becom+ & prop] = a woman to dis*>ge all ! duties :i* are incid5tal to our pr(ession = ?irty %ill+s a week2 b1 if %e is to h ?ree or f\r gu9eas a day = dis*>g+ ! same duties1 !n !y are immoral & immode/ & unsuit$ to ! s(t nature t %\ld *>act]ize a lady4 ,aft] ,miss ,jex-,blake & h] companions le>n$ t ! univ]sity 0 det]m9$ to refuse !m ! degrees to :i* !y 7 entitl$1 !y br\ght suit aga9/ x = brea* ( contract4 ,b1 aft] a long & exp5sive trial1 ! judge r5d]$ a decision aga9/ !m4 ,!y !n appeal$ to ,p>liam5t1 &1 aft] a protract$ & /r5u\s campaign on ! "p ( fri5ds :om !y _h enli/$ 9 _! cause1 !y saw _! oppon5ts n only dragg$ at ! *>iot :eels ( progress b =c$ to help to turn !m2 =1 9 #ahgh1 aft] ne>ly t5 ye>s ( a p]si/5t1 cont9u\s /ruggle su* z _h r>ely be5 witness$ 9 woman's long battle = ?+s ( ! m9d--a /ruggle 9 :i* ! intrepid1 dauntless ,miss ,jex-,blake made ! greate/ ( all ! contributions to ! end atta9$--! wom5 ( ,great ,brita9 _h ! supreme satisfaction ( w9n+ :at 0 probably ! mo/ glori\s victory :i* _! sex _h ev] won4#bad ,! w> 0 ov] & h5ce=w>d !y 7 free--z 7 _! si/]s 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w--z ! wom5 9 ,italy _h be5 = a ?\s& ye>s--to devote !mselves at w to ! /udy & practice ( ! heal+ art )\t let or h9drance4 ,:at a wond]ful *ange has tak5 place 9 ! m$ical _w almo/ )9 ! space ( a s+le g5]ation6 ,! t9y gra9 ( mu/>d t 0 s[n by two lone wom51 ! ,misses ,blackwell & ,jex-,blake1 9 _! *os5 field ( ef=t has gr[n & wax$ a great tree4 ,wom5 doctors are n[ f\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! civiliz$ _w & are numb]$ by ?\s&s4 ,& s great has be5 _! pr(essional success1 s widespread is ! desire to secure _! s]vices1 especially 9 c\ntries l ,am]ica & ,engl&1 :]e opposition 0 9 ! beg9n+ especially bitt]1 t ! proportion ( wom5 practition]s 9 m$ic9e & surg]y is n[ reg>d$ z ! be/ index ( a nation's enlight5m5t4 ,! heal+ art ( ,greece & ,rome has broad5$ out into ! noble sci5ces ( m$ic9e & surg]y ( to-day4 ,=1 bas$ z !y n[ are on ! sci5ces ( *emi/ry1 botany1 biology1 hygi5e1 physiology1 anatomy & bact]iology1 :i* h all witness$ su* extraord9>y developm5ts dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 !y bo? des]ve a preem95t place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ces4 ,& ! success :i* has cr[n$ woman's ef=ts 9 surg]y & m$ic9e is n only a conclusive indication ( h] capacity1 s long d5i$ by h] self-int]e/$ oppon5ts1 b also ! mo/ conv9c+ indication t %e is at la/ prop]ly occupi$ 9 a field ( activity f :i* %e 0 too long exclud$4 ,h] contributions z writ] & inve/igator t[>d ! progress ( bo? sci5ces1 ev5 dur+ ! %ort "t 9 :i* %e has be5 able to give pro( ( h] ability1 h be5 notable & augur well = ! %>e %e w h 9 _! future advancem5t4 ,b m important /ill is ! ref9+ influ5ce %e has already ex]t$ on bo? pr(essions1 & ! relief %e has be5 able to af=d to c\ntless ?\s&s ( h] own sex :o w\ld o!rwise h be5 ! volunt>y victims ( untold mis]y4 ,wom5 doctors are1 inde$1 n only wor?y repres5tatives ( ,aesculapia ,victrix & ( ! two sci5ces :i* !y h s elevat$ & s ennobl$1 b are also m9i/]+ angels to poor1 suff]+ humanity comp>able only ) ! h]oic ,si/]s ( ,*>ity & ! devot$ nurses ( ! ,r$ ,cross4 ,,footnotes3 #ahb ,quot$ 9 ,m$ical ,wom51 p4 #aa1 by ,sophia ,jex-,blake1 ,m4 ,d41 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf4 ,cf4 ,hyg9us1 ,fabul>um ,lib]1 ,no4 #bgd4 #ahc ,*>les ,d>emb]g1 :o1 at ! "t ( 8 dea? 9 #ahgb1 0 pr(essor ( ! hi/ory ( m$ic9e 9 ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,p>is1 _h ! int5tion ( publi%+ ?is "w ,greek3 ,p]i ton gynai*aion tazon4--,on ! ,diseases ( ,wom5--b 8 premature dea? prev5t$ him f execut+ 8 project4 ,x is to be hop$ t "s "o else1 int]e/$ 9 woman's m$ical "w1 may at an e>ly date give ?is production to ! public ) an appropriate comm5t>y4 #ahd ,cf4 ,h]tz5 et ,rossi ,inscriptiones ,urbis ,romae ,lat9ae1 p4 #abde1 ,no4 #idgh1 ,b]l91 #ahhb4 #ahe ,non mihi si l+uae c5tum1 oraque c5tum1 f]rea vox 444 omnia morborum p]curr]e nom9a possim quae ,fabiola 9 tanta mis]orum refreg]ia commutavit ut multi paup]um sani langu5tibus invid]5t4 ,epi/ola ad ,oceanum4 #ahf ,haec int] timidam revocat clamore puellam ,alph>ides1 v5i5s quae saucia quaeque ligavit4 --,ekkeh>di ,primi ,wal?>ius1 ,b]l91 #ahgc4 #ahg ,t ! ,g]mans1 at ! "t "u discussion1 reg>d$ le>n+ z hav+ an effem9at+ effect on m5 is well illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ *>act]i/ic anecdote3 :5 ,amasv9?a1 a v le>n$ woman :o 0 a daught] ( ! ,o/rogo? ,k+1 ,!odoric1 select$ ?ree ma/]s = ! in/ruction ( h] son1 ! p became indignant4 ',!odoric1' !y exclaim$1 'nev] s5t ! *ildr5 ( ! ,go?s to s*ool1 le>n+ mak+ a woman ( a man & r5d]+ him timor\s4 ,! sab] & ! lance are suffici5t = him4' ,procopius1 ,de ,bello ,go?ico1 ,i1 #b1 ,leipsic1 #aije4 ,if we may judge by a lett] f ,pace to ,dean ,colet1 ! not$ classical s*ol> & f\nd] ( ,/4 ,paul's s*ool 9 ,london1 su* views f\nd acceptance 9 ,engl& z late z ! "t ( ,m & ,erasmus4 ,= we are told ( a ,briti% p>5t :o express$ 8 op9ion on ! education ( m5 9 ^! words3 ,i swe> by ,god's body ,i'd r t my son %\ld hang ?an /udy lett]s4 ,! /udy ( lett]s %\ld be left to ru/ics4 #ahh ,?is "w 0 = a long "t reg>d$ z lo/1 b a manuscript copy 0 rec5tly f\nd 9 ,cop5hag51 & x has s9ce be5 publi%$ by ,teubn] ( ,leipsic1 "u ! title ( ,hildeg>d's ,causae et ,curae4 #ahi ,ar*iv fu] ,pa?ologis*e ,anatomie und ,physiologie und fu] ,kl9is*e ,m$ic91 ,b& #ah1 p4 #bhf1 ,b]l94 #aij ,s4 ,hildeg>dis ,op]a ,omnia1 ,ed4 ,migne1 p4 #aabb1 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 #aia ,9 ! municipal & /ate in/itutions ( ?is p]iod ! beautiful g>d5s1 roomy halls & spr+s ( wat] ( ! old cloi/ral hospital ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 n he>d (1 /ill less ! com=ts ( _! fri5dly int]iors4 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,nurs+1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ejj1 ,m4 ,adelaide ,nutt+ & ,lav9ia ,l4 ,dock1 ,new ,york1 #aijg4 ,! mortality 9 "s ( ! /ate hospitals f ! latt] "p ( ! sev5te5? to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 appall+1 (t5 z high z fifty & sixty p] c5t4 ,?is 0 due n only to %ock+ly unsanit>y conditions1 b also to inord9ate ov]cr[d+4 ,a l>ge proportion ( ! b$s1 incr$ible z x may seem1 7 purposely made = f\r pati5ts1 & six 7 frequ5tly cr[d$ into !m4 ,! extraord9>y spectacle 0 !n to be se5 ( two or ?ree small-pox cases1 or sev]al surgical cases1 ly+ on "o b$4 ,john ,h[>d1 9 8 ,prisons & ,hospitals1 pp4 #agf-agg4 ,w>r+ton1 #ahgd1 tells u ( two hospitals t 7 s cr[d$ t he _h (t5 se5 five or six pati5ts 9 "o b$1 & "s ( !m dy+4 ,x is gratify+ to le>n t ! *ief ag5ts 9 *ang+ ?is revolt+ condition1 due to faulty con/ruction & managem5t ( hospitals1 7 wom54 ,prom95t among ^! b5efactors ( humanity 7 ,mme4 ,neck]1 ,flor5ce ,night+ale1 & ! wise & al]t sup]iors ( ! v>i\s nurs+ si/]hoods4 #aib ,h[ l ,*auc]'s prioress :o ,0 s *>itable & s pite\s1 ,& al 0 consci5ce & t5d] h]te4 #aic ,cf4 ,lib4 de ,virtutibus et ,laudibus1 by ,aegidius1 head physician to ,philip ,augu/us ( ,france1 9 :i* occur ! foll[+ v]ses3 ,urbs ,phoebo sacrata1 ,m9]vae s$ula nutrix1 ,fons physicae1 pugil eucrasiae1 cultrix m$ic9ae1 ,assecla ,naturae1 vitae p>anympha1 salutis ,promula fida2 magis ,la*esis soror1 ,atropos ho/is4 ,morbi p]nicies1 gravis adv]s>ia mortis4 quot$ 9 ! app5dix1 p4 xxxii1 to ,s4 de ,r5zi's1 ,/oria ,docum5tata della ,scuola ,m$ica di ,sal]no1 ,naples1 #aheg4 #aid ,cf4 ,! introduction to ! ,engli% translation ( ! ,regim5 ,sanitatis ,sal]nitanum1 p4 #bh1 by ,j4 ,ordronaux1 ,philadelphia1 #ahgj4 #aie ,immortal praise adorns ,sal]no's "n ,to seek ^: %r9e ! _w once came4 #aif ,see ,/oria ,docum5tata della ,scuola ,m$ica di ,sal]no1 ut4 sup41 p4 #dgd et seq41 & p4 lxxvi et seq4 ( ,app5dix2 also ,ordronaux1 ut sup41 p4 #af4 #aig ,probably h] mo/ not$ "w is ! "o :i* be>s ! title ,de ,morbis ,muli]um et ,eorum ,cura--,! ,diseases ( ,wom5 & ,_! ,cure4 #aih ,physicae quoque sci5tiam tam copiose habuit ut 9 urbe ,psal]itana1 ubi maxime m$icorum s*olae ab antiquo tempore hab5tur1 nem9em 9 m$ic9ali arte1 praet] qu&am sapi5tem matronam1 sibi p>em inv5iret4 ,migne1 ,patrologiae ,lat9ae1 ,tom4 #ahh1 ,col4 #bfj4 #aii ,z ?is decree is ( s+ul> int]e/ & importance1 a copy ( ! orig9al is "h giv5 9 full3 ,k>olus1 etc41 ,univ]sis p] ,ju/iti]atum ,pr9cipatus citra ,s]ras ,montorii con/itutis pres5tes litt]as inspecturis fidelibus pat]nis et suis salutem1 etc4 ,9 actionibus no/ris utilitati puplice lib5t] oportune p]spicimus et hone/atem morum 9 quantum suadet mode/ia cons]vamus4 ,sane ,francisca uxor ,ma!i de ,romana de ,sal]no 9 ,regia ,curia pres5s exposuit quod ipsa circa pr9cipale ex]citium cirurgie suffici5s circumspecto 9 talibus judicio reputatur4 ,propt] quod excell5tie no/re supplicavit att5tius ut lic5tiam sibi dign>emus conc$]e 9 arte hujusmodi practic&i4 ,quia igitur p] scriptum puplicum univ]sitatis t]re ,sal]ni pres5tatum eidem ,regie ,curie1 inv5tum e/ lucide quod ,francisca prefata fidelis e/ et g5]e orta fidelium ac exam9ata p] m$icos ,regios pat]nos no/rosque cirurgicos1 9 eadem arte cirurgie tamquam ydiota suffici5s e/ inv5ta1 licet ali5um sit fem9is conv5tibus int]rese virorum1 ne 9 matronalis pudoris contumelia irruant et primum culpam vetite transgressionis incurrant4 ,quia tam5 de juris indicto m$ic9e (ficium muli]ibus e/ concessum exp$i5t] att5to quod ad muli]es cur&as egrotas de hone/ate morum viris sunt fem9e aptiores1 n recepto prius ab eadem ,francisca solito fidelitatis et quod iuxta tradiciones ipsius artis curabit fidelit] corporalit] ,juram5to1 lic5tiam cur&i et practic&i sibi 9 eadem arte p] ,ju/iti]atum jam dictum auctoritate pres5tium imp>timus4 ,qu>e fidelitati ve/re precipimus quat5us e&em ,franciscam cur>e et practic>i 9 prefata arte p] ,ju/iti]atum pr$ictum ad honorem et fidelitatem pat]nam et no/ram ac utilitatem fidelium pres5tium e>umdam lib]e p]mittatis1 nullum sibi 9 hoc imp$im5tum vel ob/aculum int]5tes4 ,datum ,neapoli p] dom9um ,b>?olomeum de ,capua1 etc41 ,anno dom9i mcccxxi1 die x ,septembris v1 indictionis ,regnorum dicti dom9i patris no/ri anno xiii4 ,collectio ,sal]nitana1 ,tom4 ,,iii1 p4 #cch1 by ,g4 ,h5s*el1 ,c4 ,d>emb]g1 & ,s4 de ,r5zi1 ,naples1 #aheb-ei4 #bjj ,univ]sities 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,"p ,,ii1 p4 #gab1 by ,h4 ,ra%dall1 ,ox=d1 #ahie4 ,! mo/ exhau/ive "w on ! ,univ]sity ( ,sal]no & its fam\s doctors1 m5 & wom51 is a jo9t "w 9 five volumes entitl$ ,collectio ,sal]nitana2 ossia ,docum5ti ,in$iti e ,trattati di ,m$ic9a app>t55ti alla scuola ,sal]nitana1 raccolti e illu/rati1 by ,g4 ,h5s*el1 ,c4 ,d>emb]g e ,s4 ,r5zi1 ,naples1 #aheb-ei4 ,cf4 also1 ,/oria ,docum5tata della ,scuola ,m$ica di ,sal]no1 by ,s4 de ,r5zi1 ,naples1 #aheg2 ,l',ecole de ,sal]ne1 by ,c4 ,meaux1 ) introduction by ,c4 ,d>emb]g1 ,p>is1 #ahhj1 & ,pi]o ,giacosa's ,magi/ri ,sal]nitani ,nondum ,editi1 ,tur91 #ahia4 #bja ,*>tul>ium ,univ]sitatis ,p>isi5sis1 ,tom4 ,,ii1 p4 #aej1 & pp4 #bee & #bfg1 by ,d5ifle & ,*atela91 ,p>is1 #ahhi-ahia4 #bjb ,muli] antea p]mitt]et se mori1 quam secreta infirmitatis sui hom9i revel>e propt] hone/atem sexus muliebris et propt] v]ecundiam quam revel&o pat]etur4 ,*>tul>ium ,univ]sitatis ,p>isi5sis1 ,tom4 ,,ii1 p4 #bfd1 ,p>is1 #ahia4 #bjc ,x may int]e/ ! read] to "k t ! fir/ two wom5 to get ! doctorate 9 ! ,p>is ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e 7 ,miss ,elizabe? ,g>ret1 an ,engli% woman1 & ,miss ,m>y ,putnam1 an ,am]ican4 ,! fir/ woman p]mitt$ to practice 9 ! ,p>is hospitals 0 likewise an ,am]ican1 ,miss ,augu/a ,klumpke1 ( ,san ,francisco4 #bjd ,possunt et vir et foem9a m$ici esse4 ,cf4 ,*iappelli1 ,m$ic9a negli ,ultimi ,tre ,secoli del ,m$io ,evo1 ,milan1 #ahhe4 #bje ,quot$ 9 ,woman's ,"w & ,woman's ,culture1 p4 #hg1 ,joseph9e ,e4 ,butl]1 ,london1 #ahfi4 ,dom ,gasquet 9 8 ,engli% ,mona/ic ,life1 p4 #age1 tells u t 9 ! ,wilt%ire conv5ts ! "y maids le>n$ ne$lework1 ! art ( confection]y1 surg]y--= anci5tly !re 7 no apo!c>ies or surgeons2 ! g5tlewom5 did cure _! poor neighbors--physic1 draw+1 etc4 #bjf ,! fir/ woman to receive ! doctorate ( m$ic9e 9 ,g]many 0 ,frau ,doro!a ,*ri/9 ,erxleb54 ,h]s1 h[ev]1 0 a :olly exceptional case1 & requir$ ! int]v5tion ( no less a p]sonage ?an ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,9 #aged1 ,frau ,erxleb51 :o _h made a ?or\gh c\rse ( humanities "u h] fa!r1 pres5t$ h]self be=e ! faculty ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,halle1 :]e %e pass$ an oral exam9ation 9 ,lat9 :i* la/$ two h\rs4 ,s impress$ 7 ! exam9]s by h] k & eloqu5ce t !y did n hesitate to adjudge h] wor?y ( ! covet$ degree1 :i* 0 accord$ h] by virtue ( a royal edict4 ,h] reception ( ! doctorate 0 made ! occasion ( a mo/ en?usia/ic demon/ration 9 h] honor4 ,felicitations p\r$ 9 ^u h] f all qu>t]s 9 bo? prose & v]se4 ,"o ( !m1 9 lapid>y /yle1 runs z foll[s3 ,/upete nova litt]>ia1 ,9 ,italia nonnumquam1 ,9 ,g]mania nunquam ,visa vel audita ,at quo r>ius eo c>ius4 ,?is1 freely translat$1 adv]ts to ! fact t an ev5t1 :i* be=e _h be5 witness$ only 9 ,italy1 0 !n be+ celebrat$ 9 ,g]many = ! fir/ "t1 & 01 = t v reason1 specially des]v+ ( commemoration4 #bjg ,nemo masculus aut foem9a1 seu ,*ri/ianus vel ,judaeus1 nisi ,magi/] vel ,lic5tiatus 9 ,m$ic9a =et1 aud]et humano corpori m$]i 9 physica vel 9 *yrurgia4 ,m>9i1 ,ar*iatri ,pontifici1 ,tom4 ,i1 p4 #aii1 ,roma1 #aghd4 #bjh ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ! ,angel ( ! ,s*ools1 :o _h taught 9 ,sal]no1 & 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! lead+ univ]sities ( ,europe1 0 wont to say ,quattuor sunt urbes caet]is praeem95tes1 ,p>isius 9 ,sci5tiis1 ,sal]num 9 ,m$ic9is1 ,bononia 9 legibus1 ,aurelianis 9 actoribus-- !re are f\r preem95t cities3 ,p>is1 9 ! sci5ces2 ,sal]no1 9 m$ic9e2 ,bologna1 9 law2 ,orleans1 9 actors4 ,op4 #ag4 ,de ,virtutibus et ,vitiis1 ,cap4 ult4 ,! m$iaeval poet1 ,galfrido1 express$ ! same idea 9 v]se :5 he wrote3 ,9 morbis sanat m$ici virtute ,sal]num ,aegros3 9 causis ,bononia legibus armat ,nudos3 ,p>isius disp5sat 9 artibus illos ,panes1 unde cibat robu/os3 ,aurelianis ,educat 9 cunis actorum lacte t5ellos4 #bji ,x may be rem>k$ t x 0 a woman1 ,lady ,m>y ,montagu1 :o introduc$ inoculation ) small-pox virus into ,we/]n ,europe1 & t x 0 also a woman--a simple ,engli% milkmaid--:o communicat$ to ,j5n] ! in=mation :i* l$ to 8 discov]y ( a prophylactic aga9/ small-pox4 ,b ( f> great] importance 0 ! introduction into ,europe ( t priceless febrifuge & antip]iodic--*9*ona b>k4 ,?is 0 due to ! ,c\ntess ( ,*9*on1 vic]e9e ( ,p]u4 ,hav+ be5 cur$ by its virtues ( an aggravat$ case ( t]tian fev] 9 #afch1 :ile liv+ 9 ,lima1 %e lo/ no "t1 on h] return to ,spa91 9 mak+ kn[n to ! _w ! m>vel\s curative prop]ties ( ! preci\s qu99e-produc+ b>k4 ,! p[d] made f ! b>k 0 mo/ appropriately call$ ,pulvis ,comitessae--! c\ntess's p[d]--& by ?is "n x 0 long kn[n to druggi/s & 9 comm]ce4 ,?anks to ,l9naeus1 ! memory ( ! graci\s lady w always be kept gre51 because h] "n is n[ borne by ne>ly eight score species ( ! beautiful trees :i* con/itute ! great & incomp>able g5us ,*9*ona4 ,see ,a ,memoir ( ! ,lady ,ana de ,osorio1 ,c\ntess ( ,*9*on1 & ,vice-,que5 ( ,p]u1 by ,clem5ts ,r4 ,m>kham1 ,london1 #ahgd4 #baj ,pione] ,"w 9 ,op5+ ! ,m$ical ,pr(ession to ,wom51 p4 #gj1 by ,dr4 ,elizabe? ,blackwell1 ,london1 #ahie4 #baa ,ibid41 p4 #ia4 #bab ,"y ladies all1 ( e clime1 ,especially ( ,brita9 ,:o :olly occupy y\r "t ,9 novels or 9 knitt+1 ,^: highe/ skill is b to play1 ,s+1 dance or ,fr5* to clack well1 ,reflect on ! example1 pray1 ,( excell5t ,miss ,blackwell4 44499444994449944499 ,= ,doctrix ,blackwell1 t's ! way ,to dub 9 rightful g5d]-- ,9 h] pr(ession1 ev] may ,prosp]ity att5d h]4 ,pun* a gold-head$ p>asol ,sugge/s = pres5tation ,to "o s well des]v+ all ,e/eem & ,admiration4 #bac ,op4 cit41 p4 #bda4 #bad ,= an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! long campaign = ! admission ( wom5 to m$ical s*ools & practice1 see ,m$ical ,wom5--,a ,!sis & a ,hi/ory1 by ,dr4 ,sophia ,jex-,blake1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf4 ,= a m elaborate "w on wom5 9 m$ic9e1 ! read] may consult ) pr(it1 ,hi/oire des ,femmes ,m$ec9s1 by ,mlle4 ,melanie ,lep9ska1 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,ar*aeology ,ar*aeology1 9 its broade/ s5se1 is "o ( ! mo/ rec5t ( ! sci5ces1 & may be said to be a creation ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,9 its re/rict$ s5se1 h[ev]1 x dates back to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,italian ,r5aissance4 ,= x 0 at ?is p]iod t ! collector's zeal began to manife/ itself1 & t 7 br\ght toge!r ^? priceless treasures ( anci5t art :i* are to-day ! pride ( ! museums ( ,rome & ,flor5ce4 ,x 0 !n t ,pope ,sixtus ,,iv & ,julius ,,ii1 8 nephew1 laid ! f\ndations ( ! great museums ( ! ,capitol & ! ,vatican1 & enri*$ !m ) su* fam\s ma/]pieces z ! ,ariadne1 ! ,nile1 ! ,tib]1 ! ,laocoon & ! ,apollo ,belvid]e4 ,_! example 0 quickly foll[$ by su* c>d9als z ,ippolito d',e/e1 ,f]n&o de' ,m$ici1 & by repres5tatives ( ! lead+ pr9cely h\ses ( ! ,italian p59sula4 ,9 rapid succession ! palaces ( ! ,borghese1 ,*igi1 ,pamphili1 ,ludovisi1 ,b>b>9i & ,aldobr&9i became fill$ ) ! *oice/ ,greek & ,roman antiques4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t _m ( ^! treasures f\nd _! way to ! museums ( ,v5ice1 ,madrid1 ,p>is1 ,muni* & ,dresd51 :ile /ill o!rs 7 pur*as$ by weal?y art connoisseurs 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe & ,great ,brita94 ,9 ! beg9n+ ^! antiques 9 m>ble & bronze 7 us$ *iefly = decorative purposes4 ,c\rts1 /airs1 f\nta9s1 gall]ies & palaces 7 adorn$ ) /atues1 bu/s1 reliefs & s>cophagi appli$ 9 su* a mann] z to become incorporat$ 9 contempor>y art & !reby to ga9 fre% life4#bae ,^! treasures ( antiquity1 /atues1 bas-reliefs1 mosaics1 co9s1 m$als1 bu/s1 s>cophagi1 & productions ( c]amic art1 al?\gh at fir/ us$ almo/ exclusively = decorat+ palaces & villas & enri*+ museums1 7 ev5tually to become ( ine/imable value 9 ! /udy ( ! hi/ory ( art & ! civilization ( ,greece & ,rome1 z well z ( ! v>i\s nations ( antiquity ) :i* !y _h come into contact4 ,besides ?is1 !y suppli$ ! necess>y raw mat]ial n only = classical ar*aeology1 b also = t m compreh5sive sci5ce ( ar*aeology :i* deals ) ! art1 ! ar*itecture1 ! language1 ! lit]ature1 ! inscriptions1 ! mann]s1 cu/oms & developm5t ( our race f prehi/oric times until ! pres5t day4 ,among ! wom5 :o took a prom95t "p 9 collect+ mat]ial t[>d ! advancem5t ( ar*aeologic sci5ce 7 ^? illu/ri\s ladies--z celebrat$ = _! k & culture z = _! noble l9eage & _! patronage ( m5 ( lett]s--:o presid$ ov] ! brilliant c\rts ( ,urb9o1 ,mantua1 ,milan & ,f]r>a4 ,preem95t among ^! 7 ,elizabetta ,gonzaga1 ,du*ess ( ,urb9o1 & ,isabella d',e/e1 ,m>*ioness ( ,mantua4 ,! palace ( ! =m]--t pe]less lady :o excell$ all o!rs 9 excell5ce--0 fam\s = its preci\s antiques 9 bronze & m>ble1 b above all = its sup]b collection ( r>e old books & manuscripts 9 ,greek1 ,lat9 & ,hebrew4 ,isabella d',e/e1 :o 0 ?r\gh life ! mo/ intimate fri5d ( ,elizabetta ,gonzaga1 0 acclaim$ by h] contempor>ies z ! fir/ lady 9 ! _w4 ,%e 0 a true daught] ( ! ,r5aissance1 9 ! he>t ( :i* %e 0 br\ght up2 & ! small1 pass+ incid5ts ( h] ev]yday life are to u memorials ( ! classic age :5 ! gods ( ,p>nassus walk$ ) m54#baf ,%e 0 an ev5 m en?usia/ic collector ?an ! ,du*ess ( ,urb9o1 & h] magnific5t palace 9 ,mantua 0 fill$ ) ! *oice/ works ( ,greek & ,roman art t 7 !n procurable4 ,%e has be5 describ$ z "o :o secur$ ev]y?+ to :i* %e took a fancy4 ,%e _h b to he> ( ! discov]y ( a beautiful antique1 a r>e "w 9 bronze or m>ble uncov]$ by ! spade ( ! excavator1 :5 %e =?) made an ef=t to procure x = h] priceless collection4 ,if t 0 n possible1 %e w\ld n re/ until %e c\ld secure some?+ else ev5 m preci\s4 ,%e aim$ at supremacy 9 ev]y?+ arti/ic & intellectual1 & w\ld be cont5t ) no?+ %ort ( p]fection4 ,h5ce x is t h] collection ( antiques1 l ^? ( h] fri5d1 ! ,du*ess ( ,urb9o1 is rightly reg>d$ z hav+ be5 ( s+ul> value 9 prep>+ ! way = ! f\ndation ( sci5tific ar*aeology--a f\ndation t 0 laid by ! em95t ,g]man s*ol>1 ,w9ckelmann1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by ! publication ( 8 ma/]ly "w--,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,antiquity4 ,! fir/ woman ( em95ce to take an active "p 9 ar*aeologic excavation 0 ! y\nge/ si/] ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te1 ! beautiful1 clev] & ambiti\s ,c>ol9e4 ,:5 ,joa*im ,murat became k+ ( ,naples1 aft] 8 bro!r-9-law1 ,joseph ,bonap>te1 _h 9 #ahjh be5 transf]r$ to ! ?rone ( ,spa91 8 wife1 ,que5 ,c>ol9e1 gave at once a new impetus to ! "w ( ! excavation ( ,pompeii along ! l9es plann$ a few ye>s be=e by ! em95t ,neapolitan s*ol>1 ,mi*ele ,arditi4 ,%e exhibit$ ! ke5e/ int]e/ 9 ! "w1 & ! notable discov]ies :i* 7 made "u h] inspir+ sup]vision ( ?is important und]tak+ %[ h[ mu* classical ar*aeology owes to h] intellig5t & munific5t patronage4 ,que5 ,c>ol9e prov$ h] int]e/ 9 ! excavations t 7 to contribute s mu* to our k ( antiquity by appe>+ frequ5tly at ,pompeii & /imulat+ ! workm5 to great] ef=ts4 ,%e frequ5tly sp5t entire days1 dur+ ! great heat ( summ]1 at ! excavations1 to enc\rage ! lazy workm5 & to rew>d !m 9 ! ev5t ( success4 ,! funds 7 increas$ s z to make ! employm5t ( six hundr$ m5 possible4 ,! ,/reet ( ,tombs 0 next uncov]$1 =m+ a complete & solemn picture1 greatly impress+ ! behold] ev5 to-day4 ,= ! fir/ "t a complete outl9e ( an anci5t m>ketplace & its surr\nd+s c\ld be obta9$4 ,! m>ket1 clos$ & inaccessible to :eel$ traffic1 0 surr\nd$ by a colonnade fill$ ) monum5ts1 ) ! great temple 9 ! backgr\nd1 & beyond ! arcades 7 o!r temples or public build+s1 among ! pr9cipal be+ ! /ately ,basilica4 ,con/ant & increas$ ef=ts 7 ?us cr[n$ by important results4 ,! ,que5 did n )hold g5]\s assi/ance4 ,! ,fr5* ar*itect1 ,fr4 ,mazois1 receiv$ f h] fifte5 hundr$ francs :ile prep>+ 8 monum5tal "w at ,pompeii4#bag ,x is n too mu* to say t ,que5 ,c>ol9e's ar*aeological "w at ,pompeii 0 z f>-rea*+ 9 its results z 0 t ( h] illu/ri\s bro!r 9 ! l& ( ! ,ph>aohs4 ,x drew 9 ! mo/ impressive mann] ! att5tion ( ! _w to ! va/ treasures ( art :i* lay conceal$ "u ! e>?-cov]$ ru9s ( ! once not$ cities ( ! anci5t _w1 & /imulat$ s*ol>s & le>n$ societies to und]take simil> rese>*es 9 ,sicily1 ,greece1 ,mesopotamia1 ,asia ,m9or1 & ! almo/ =gott5 isl&s ( ! ,aegean ,seas4 ,:ile ?is en]getic si/] ( ! great ,napoleon 0 occupi$ 9 br++ to light ^? priceless treasures ( art :i* _h = sev5te5 c5turies la9 b5ea? ! a%es ( ,vesuvius1 a bright1 ref9$1 spirituelle "y girl1 born 9 ,dubl9 & br$ 9 ,engl&1 0 unconsci\sly prep>+ h]self = a brilliant c>e] 9 ! bran* ( ar*aeology kn[n z ,*ri/ian iconography4 ,h] "n 0 ,anna ,murphy1 bett] kn[n to ! _w z ,mrs4 ,jameson4 ,at an e>ly age %e gave evid5ce ( unusual intellig5ce1 & %e _h h>dly atta9$ to womanhood :5 %e 0 not$ = h] k ( languages & = h] rem>kable atta9m5ts 9 art & lit]ature4 ,num]\s j\rneys to ,france1 ,italy & ,g]many & a sy/ematic /udy 9 ! great museums & art gall]ies ( ^! c\ntries1 b1 above all1 h] association ) ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s ( ,europe1 complet$ h] education & prep>$ h] = ^? spl5did works on ,*ri/ian art :i* h made h] "n a h\sehold ^w ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,mrs4 ,jameson 0 a prolific writ]1 b ^? ( h] works on :i* h] fame *iefly re/s are ! ones :i* are class$ "u ! g5]al title1 ,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art4 ,!y treat ( ,god ! ,fa!r & ,son1 ( ! ,madonna & ! ,sa9ts1 z illu/rat$ 9 art f ! e>lie/ ages to mod]n times4 ,s ma/]ly & exhau/ive 0 h] treatm5t ( ! difficult subjects discuss$ 9 ?is *ef d'oeuvre ( h]s t no less an au?ority ?an ! em95t ,g]man ar*aeologi/1 ,f4 ,x4 ,kraus1 writes ( ?is elaborate production z foll[s3 ,nei!r be=e nor s9ce has ! subject matt] ( ?is "w be5 h&l$ ) su* skill & ?or\ghness4 ,! old] iconographic works 7 m]e dilettanteism4 ,= ! fir/ "t s9ce classical ar*aeology _h appli$ ! pr9ciples ( mod]n criticism to ,greek & ,roman iconography1 & _h pres5t$ an example ( sci5tific treatm5t free f su* reproa*1 0 a s]i\s iconography ( our e>ly ,*ri/ian monum5ts possible4 ,mrs4 ,jameson 0 ! fir/ to attempt ?is on a l>ge scale4 ,x 0 cle> to h]--& "h lay ! advance :i* h] "w reveals--t 9 ord] to accompli% h] colossal task two ?+s mu/ be realiz$4 ,%e mu/ n build on a f\ndation ( mat]ial t is imp]fect or br\ght toge!r 9 a haphaz>d way4 ,%e mu/ n only see & te/ ev]y?+ available 9 ! way ( monum5ts1 b %e mu/ likewise place ! productions ( lit]ature & poetry beside ^? ( ! pla/ic arts4 ,x 0 cle> to h]1 also1 t1 9 ?is case1 "o w\ld ?r[ light on ! o!r1 & t ! inve/igator :o w\ld lay claim to ! "n ( ar*aeologi/ mu/1 moreov]1 /udy ! _s ( a p 9 all its monum5tal & lit]>y manife/ations4 ,mrs4 ,jameson /rove to le>n ! m9d & ! mode ( e>ly ,*ri/ian times f ! works ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,%e saw 9 ! hymns ( ! ,middle ,ages & 9 ! writ+s ( ! my/ics ! s\rces ( ! art ideas :i* disclose !mselves 9 ! wall & glass pa9t+s ( our ca!drals & 9 ! entranc+ creation ( a ,fiesole4 ,%e _h also ! special advantage ( be+ ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ,dante's ideas ( ! pla/ic arts ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,& all ?is is evid5c$ 9 a =m :i* exhibits nei!r dry diss]tation nor we>isome nom5clature4 ,ea* ( h] articles is a little essay4 ,x tea*es u :at place ! ,madonna1 or ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 or "s o!r sa9t has held 9 ! memory & 9 ! imag9ation ( pa/ c5turies4 ,we behold ! sa9t$ =ms flitt+ be=e our eyes 9 all ! *>m ( poetic p]fection :i* 0 giv5 !m by ! *ildlike phantasy ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & 9 all ! p[] :i* !y ex]cis$ ov] m5's m9ds1 & :i*1 h[ev] we may view ! religi\s side ( ! "q1 c]ta9ly _h ! effect ( creat+ =ms ( inf9ite beauty & pictures ( unspeakable reality4#bah ,:5 we recollect t ,mrs4 ,jameson a*iev$ s mu* be=e ! f\ndations ( ,*ri/ian ar*aeology _h be5 fully laid2 be=e de ,rossi's monum5tal publications _h suppli$ ! means ( int]pret+ e>ly ,*ri/ian sculpture2 be=e critics & ar*aeologi/s 7 at "o reg>d+ ! significance ( e>ly ,*ri/ian & ,middle ,age symbolism1 or agre$ on ! pr9ciples t 7 to guide to a correct und]/&+ ( ! pictures ( ,roman & ,go?ic art1 & :ile /ud5ts 7 yet 9 ignorance z to ! real influ5ce ( ,byzant9e art on t ( we/]n ,europe1 we _c b wond] at ! c\rage & ! en]gy ( ?is gift$ woman 9 und]tak+ & 9 br++ to a happy issue a "w :i*1 ev5 to-day1 ) all our increas$ facilities & great] array ( facts1 w\ld be consid]$ a h]culean task4 ,z we read h] admirable volumes on ,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art we c1 z did a close fri5d ( h]s1 see ! enraptur$ au?or k9dle into en?usiasm amid/ ! gorge\s natural beauty1 ! antique memorials & ! sacr$ ,*ri/ian relics ( ,italy1 & we are prep>$ to believe1 ) ! same fri5d1 t !re 0 n a cypress on ! ,roman hills1 or a sunny v9e ov]hang+ ! s\!rn g>d5s1 or a picture 9 ^? va/ somb] gall]ies ( =eign palaces1 or a catacomb spread out1 va/ & d>k1 "u ! m>tyr *ur*es ( ! ,city ( ! ,sev5 ,hills1 :i* 0 n associat$ ) "s vivid fla%es ( h] intellect & imag9ation4 ,& we c also und]/& h[ ! /range1 my/ic symbolism ( ! e>ly mosaics 0 a famili> language to h]1 & :y %e %\ld exp]i5ce special delight :5 %e f\nd h]self on ! poli%$ m>ble ( ! ,lat]an floor or "u ! gorge\sly somb] tribune ( ! ,basilica ( ,santa ,m>ia ,maggiore1 read+ (f ! qua9t emblems or exp\nd+ ! pi\s ?\ghts ( m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago4#bai ,x is gratify+ to "k t ,que5 ,victoria recogniz$ ! surpass+ m]its ( ?is noble woman by plac+ h] on ! civil li/1 & t our own ,longfell[ 0 able to say ( h] ma/]piece1 ,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art1 ,x mo/ amply supplies ! crav+s ( ! religi\s s5tim5t ( ! spiritual nature )94 ,a c\ntrywoman ( ,mrs4 ,jameson & h] contempor>y1 :o also des]ves an honorable place 9 ! lit]ature ( ar*aeology1 is ,l\ise ,tw9+4 ,al?\gh inf]ior 9 intellectual atta9m5ts & lit]>y activity to ! accompli%$ au?or ( ,sacr$ & ,leg5d>y ,art1 h] two works on ,types & ,figures ( ! ,bible ,illu/rat$ by ,art & ,symbols & ,emblems ( ,e>ly ,m$iaeval ,*ri/ian ,art h giv5 h] a well-des]v$ reputation on ! ,cont95t z well z 9 ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,! latt] volume ,mrs4 ,jameson h]self decl>es 9 h] ,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna to be c]ta9ly ! mo/ complete & useful book ( ! k9d :i* ,i "k (4 ,a ?ird woman :o has won fame = h] sex 9 ! isl& k+dom 9 ! doma9 ( ar*eology is ,miss ,m>g>et ,/otes4 ,h] activities1 h[ev]1 h be5 *iefly conf9$ to ! antiquities ( ,irel&1 on :i* %e is a recogniz$ au?ority4 ,! notable "p %e took 9 edit+ ,"l ,dunrav5's great "w1 ,notes on ,iri% ,ar*itecture1 e/abli%$ h] reputation on a firm basis4 ,among h] o!r important works are ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art 9 ,irel& & ,*ri/ian ,inscriptions 9 ! ,iri% ,language1 *iefly collect$ & drawn by ,george ,petrie1 "o ( ! annual volumes ( ! ,royal ,hi/orical & ,ar*aeological ,association ( ,irel&4 ,?is "w has ju/ly be5 describ$ z an epo*-mak+ contribution to ,*ri/ian epigraphy & to our rapidly develop+ k ( ,keltic language & lit]ature4 ,! le>n$ ,dr4 ,krauss1 ?an :om !re is no m compet5t judge1 9 ref]r+ to ?is spl5did p]=mance1 does n hesitate to affirm1 ,no man c\ld h done bett] ?an ?is brave college girl1 :om ,i w\ld wi% to greet across ! ,*annel ) a cordial ,macte virtute4 ,! wom5 ar*aeologi/s s f> m5tion$1 ) ! exception ( ,que5 ,c>ol9e ,murat1 7 conspicu\s z writ]s r ?an active inve/igators 9 ! field4 ,!re h be51 h[ev]1 q a numb] :o h won di/9ction z ar*aeologi/s ( ! spade--wom5 :o1 ei!r alone or ) _! husb&s1 h sup]9t5d$ excavations 9 diff]5t l&s1 :i* h yield$ results ( untold sci5tific value4 ,among ! mo/ conspicu\s ( ^! are ,mme4 ,sophia ,s*liemann1 ,mme4 ,dieulafoy & ! ent]pris+ ,yankee girl1 ,miss ,h>riet ,a4 ,boyd4 ,( ^! ! fir/ nam$ is ! wife ( ! late ,dr4 ,h5ry ,s*liemann1 :o immortaliz$ himself by 8 fam\s excavations at ,troy1 ,tiryns & ,myc5ae--ent]prises :i* solv$ = u ! great problem ( ne>ly ?irty c5turies & demon/rat$ 9 ! mo/ />tl+ mann] ! tru? ( ! f\ndations on :i* 0 fram$ ! poetical conception t has = ?\s&s ( ye>s call$ =? ! en*ant$ delight ( ! educat$ _w4 ,dur+ 8 meteoric c>e] z an ar*aeologi/1 ,s*liemann 0 able to realize ! dreams ( 8 y\?1 & succe$$ 9 unveil+ ! my/]y t _h s long hung ov] ,sacr$ ,ilios1 & to give ! h]oes ( ! ,iliad a local habitation on ! r$iscov]$ ,pla9 ( ,troy4 ,& 8 glori\s a*ievem5ts we mu/ cr$it l>gely to t brave & devot$ woman--8 wife--:o 0 ev] at 8 side to %>e 9 8 trials & labors & to raise 8 droop+ spirits 9 h\rs ( depression1 or :5 ho/ile criticism treat$ him z a vision>y 9 ! pursuit ( a *im]a4 ,mrs4 ,s*liemann is a ,greek lady :o 0 born & br$ "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,acropolis & a wor?y desc5dant ( ^? pr\d ,a!nian wom5 :o wore ! gold5 gras%opp] 9 _! hair z a sign t !y 7 natives ( ! ,city ( ! ,violet ,cr[n4 ,%e 0 n only d[]$ ) intellectual gifts ( a high ord]1 b %e 0 also h] husb&'s mo/ cong5ial companion & sympa!tic fri5d 9 all 8 lit]>y "w1 :ile %e 0 8 v "r h& 9 ^? glori\s ent]prises at ,hiss>lik & ,myc5ae1 :i* secur$ = bo? ( !m undy+ fame4 ,dr4 ,s*liemann 0 ! fir/ to atte/ ! nev]-fail+ assi/ance :i* he receiv$ f ?is noble woman :o1 z he in=ms u1 0 a w>m admir] ( ,hom] & ) glad en?usiasm jo9$ h] husb& 9 execut+ ! great "w :i* he _h conceiv$ 9 8 e>ly boyhood4 ,usually !y work$ toge!r1 b at times ,mrs4 ,s*liemann sup]9t5d$ a gang ( labor]s at "o spot :ile ! ,doctor 0 occupi$ at ano!r 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,?us x 0 %e :o excavat$ ! h]oic tumulus ( ,batieia 9 ! ,troad--t ,batieia :o1 accord+ to ,hom]1 0 a que5 ( ! ,amazons & und]took a campaign aga9/ ,troy4#bbj ,mme4 ,jane ,dieulafoy is not$ z ! collaborator ( h] husb&1 ,m>cel ,dieulafoy1 9 ! important ar*aeological mission to ,p]sia t 0 entru/$ to him by ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t4 ,! results ( ?is mission1 9 :i* ,mme4 ,dieulafoy _h a conspicu\s "p1 7 publi%$ 9 ,p>is 9 #ahhd 9 five octavo volumes4 ,x 0 dur+ ?is exp$ition to ! anci5t empire ( ,cyrus & ,artax]xes t ?is indefatigable c\ple became int]e/$ 9 ! ru9s ( ,susa1 ! anci5t capital ( ! ,p]sian k+s4 ,on _! return to ,france !y succe$$ 9 secur+ money & supplies = conduct+ excavations among ^! ru9s :i*1 9 ! end1 yield$ results :i* 71 9 "s respects1 z important z ^? :i* rew>d$ ! labors ( ! ,s*liemanns 9 ,greece & ,asia ,m9or4 ,s completely _h ,susa--! ,city ( ! ,lilies--be5 buri$ & =gott5 = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s t ev5 its site 0 almo/ z mu* a matt] ( dispute z 0 t ( anci5t ,troy4 ,& yet x 0 "o ( ! greate/ & ri*e/ cities ( antiquity--! city ( ,e/h] & ,daniel1 ! city ( ! mighty ,assu]us :o reign$ f ,india ev5 unto ,e?iopia1 ov] a hundr$ & tw5ty-sev5 prov9ces--! city :]e ! great ,alex&] celebrat$ 8 nuptials ) ,/atira1 ! daught] ( ,d>ius1 ) a magnific5t fe/ival at :i*1 accord+ to ,plut>*1 !re 7 no few] ?an n9e ?\s& gue/s1 to ea* ( :i* he gave a gold5 cup = ! libations4 ,9 ,decemb]1 #ahhd1 ! two brave & v5turesome explor]s 7 on _! way to ,susa ) high hopes1 b n )\t a full k ( ! difficulties & dang]s t !y w\ld h to confront among ! fanatical nomads ( ,arabi/an1 :]e ! v "n ( ,*ri/ian inspires rage & horror4 ,x meant1 z ,mme4 ,dieulafoy h]self tells u1 to cross ! ,m$it]ranean1 ! ,r$ ,sea1 ! ,indian ,ocean1 ! ,p]sian ,gulf & ! des]ts ( ,elam ?ree times 9 less ?an a ye>2 to pass :ole weeks )\t undress+2 to sleep on ! b>e gr\nd2 to /ruggle nights & days aga9/ robb]s & ?ieves2 to cross riv]s )\t a bridge2 to suff] heat1 ra91 cold1 mi/s1 fev]1 fatigue1 hung]1 ?ir/1 ! /+s ( div]s insects2 to lead ?is h>d & p]il\s exi/5ce )\t be+ guid$ by any int]e/ o!r ?an ! glory ( "o's c\ntry4#bba ,9 spite1 h[ev]1 ( all ! opposition :i* !y enc\nt]$ among ! fanatical ,mussulmans ( ,arabi/an & ( ! dreadful suff]+s incid5t to liv+ 9 a des]t :]e x 0 at times impossible to secure ! necess>ies ( life1 _! mission 0 successful1 & _! acc\nt ( _! f9ds 9 ! anci5t capital ( ,elam 0 z ?rill+ 9 its way z any?+ report$ ( ! excavations at ,troy or ,pompeii4 ,_! spl5did collection ( specim5s ( anci5t ,p]sian art & ar*itecture1 n[ on exhibition 9 ! ,museum ( ! ,l\vre1 te/ifies to ! successful issue ( _! exp$ition & to _! indomitable en]gy 9 conduct+ rese>*es "u ! mo/ unt[>d conditions4#bbb ,s highly did ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t value ! "p ,mme4 ,dieulafoy _h tak5 9 ?is ardu\s ent]prise t x conf]r$ on h] a di/9ction r>ely aw>d$ to a woman = sci5tific "w--t ( ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,z an ar*aeologi/1 ! gift$ & en]getic ,am]ican woman1 ,miss ,h>riet ,boyd--n[ ,mrs4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hawes--has a*iev$ an int]national reputation = h] rem>kable excavations 9 ! isl& ( ,crete4 ,%e is a frequ5t contributor to ar*aeological j\rnals2 b x is ^u h] spl5did "w 9 ! field t h] fame w ultimately re/4 ,h] fir/ "w ( importance 0 und]tak5 z ,fell[ ( ! ,am]ican ,s*ool ( ,classical ,/udies at ,a!ns4 ,?is 0 9 #aijj1 & ! field ( h] inve/igations 0 ! ,i/hmus ( ,hi]apetra 9 ,crete4 ,"h %e excavat$ num]\s tombs & h\ses ( ! e>ly ,geometric ,p]iod1 circa #ijj ,b4,c41 & pav$ ! way = ^? brilliant discov]ies :i* rew>d$ h] labors dur+ ! foll[+ ?ree ye>s4 ,! inve/igations conduct$ dur+ ^! ?ree ye>s "u ,miss ,boyd's directions yield$ results ( transc5d5t value4 ,assi/$ by ?ree "y ,am]ican wom5--! ,misses ,b4 ,e4 ,:eel]1 ,blan*e ,e4 ,williams1 & ,edi? ,h4 ,hall--%e sup]9t5d$ ! "w ( m ?an a hundr$ native employees :om %e _h on h] payroll4 ,by good =tune 9 ! *oice ( a site = excavation & by well-direct$ ef=ts %e 0 soon able to une>? "o ( ! olde/ ( ,cretan cities & to expose to view ! ru9s ( :at 0 probably "o ( ! n9ety cities :i* ,hom] tells u 9 8 ,odyssey grac$ ! l& ( ,crete--a fair l& & a ri*1 9 ! mid/ ( a w9e-d>k sea4 ,s rem>kable 7 ! f9ds 9 ?is long-buri$ ,m9oan t[n & s well pres]v$ are its g5]al features t x has ju/ly be5 call$ ! ,cretan ,pompeii4 ,x ant$ates by long c5turies ! olde/ cities ( ,greece & 0 a fl\ri%+ c5t] ( comm]ce ages be=e ! h]oes ( ! ,iliad battl$ on ! pla9s ( ,troy4 ,x is n too mu* to say t ! extraord9>y discov]ies made by ?is ent]pris+ ,yankee girl at ,g\rnia1 no less ?an ^? made by ,briti% & ,italian ar*aeologi/s at ,knossos & ,phae/os1 h completely revolutioniz$ our ideas respect+ ! /ate ( culture ( ! inhabitants ( ,crete dur+ ! second & ?ird mill5ia be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,!y h ?r[n a flood ( light on ! orig9s ( ,m$it]ranean culture1 & h1 at ! same "t1 suppli$ mat]ial = a /udy ( ,european civilization t 0 be=e entirely want+4 ,an endur+ monum5t to ,miss ,boyd's ability z an ar*aeologi/ is h] notable volume conta9+ an acc\nt ( h] excavations at ,g\rnia1 ,vasilike & o!r prehi/oric sites on ! ,i/hmus ( ,hi]apetra4 ,x w be> comp>ison ) any simil> productions by ! ,s*liemanns or ! ,dieulafoys4 ,a lat] "w on ,crete1 ! ,=]unn] ( ,greece1 :i* %e wrote 9 collaboration ) h] husb&1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,hawes1 is also a production ( recogniz$ m]it4 ,z a /udy on ! orig9 ( ,greek civilization x op5s up _m new vi/as 9 pre-hi/ory & illum9es _m que/ions t 7 be=e involv$ 9 my/]y4 ,besides ,mrs4 ,hawes1 ?ree o!r ,am]ican wom5 h a*iev$ m>k$ di/9ction by _! ar*aeological rese>*es4 ,^! are ,mrs4 ,s>ah ,yorke ,/ev5son1 ,miss ,alice ,c4 ,flet*] & ,mrs4 ,zelia ,nuttall4 ,mrs4 ,/ev5son has long be5 id5tifi$ ) ! progress ( ar*aeological rese>*1 especially ) t 9 ,egypt & ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,a prom95t memb] ( _m le>n$ societies1 %e is likewise a writ] & lectur] ( note4 ,%e enjoys ! di/9ction ( be+ ! fir/ woman ^: "n appe>s z a lectur] on ! cal5d> ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,h>v>d4 ,9 ackn[l$gm5t ( h] s*ol>ly ability & em95t s]vices 9 ! developm5t ( its ,dep>tm5t ( ,ar*aeology1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania has conf]r$ ^u h] ! honor>y degree ( ,doctor ( ,sci5ce4 ,t ,am]ican wom5 h n be5 beh9d _! si/]s 9 ,europe 9 _! en?usiasm = ar*aeological inve/igation is ev9c$ by ! rese>*es & writ+s ( ,miss ,alice ,c4 ,flet*] & ,mrs4 ,zelia ,nuttall1 bo? ( :om enjoy an int]national reputation 9 ! le>n$ _w4 ,miss ,flet*]'s *os5 field ( labor has be5 9 e?nology & an?ropology4 ,h] /udies ( ! folk lore & ! mann]s & cu/oms ( v>i\s tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians h a di/9ct & p]man5t value1 :ile ^? ( h] contributions :i* h be5 publi%$ by ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution & ! ,bureau ( ,e?nology--contributions bas$ on p]sonal k ( a long resid5ce among ! tribes %e writes ab\t--%[ t %e has exceptional tal5t = ! bran*es ( ar*aeology to :i* %e has devot$ _m ye>s ( e>ne/ & successful /udy4 ,mrs4 ,nuttall is ! daught] ( an ,am]ican "m & an ,engli% fa!r4 ,?anks to ! c>e t 0 be/[$ on h] education by h] p>5ts & to h] long resid5ce 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries ( ,europe1 %e is pr(ici5t 9 sev5 languages4 ,?is k ( tongues has be5 ( ine/imable advantage to h] 9 h] rese>*es 9 ,european libr>ies & 9 ^? hi/orical & ar*aeological inve/igations :i* h r5d]$ h] fam\s4 ,%e has devot$ special att5tion to ! e>ly hi/ory1 languages1 religions & cal5d> sy/ems ( ! primitive inhabitants ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 9 all ( :i* %e is a recogniz$ au?ority4 ,:51 "s ye>s ago1 ! my/]i\s ru9s ( ,mexico began to attract ! special att5tion ( ar*aeologi/s1 ,mrs4 ,nuttall 0 select$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,cali=nia z ! field director ( ! commission :i* x s5t to pursue ar*aeological rese>*es 9 ?is ,egypt ( ! ,new ,_w4 ,a m compet5t or a m en?usia/ic director c\ld n h be5 *os54 ,h] f9ds 9 ! ,pyramids ( ! ,sun & ,moon at ,teotihuacan & else:]e 9 our si/] republic 7 especially important4 ,9 recognition ( h] a*ievem5ts ,presid5t ,porfirio ,diaz nom9at$ ,mrs4 ,nuttall honor>y pr(essor 9 ! ,mexican ,national ,museum4 ,%e 0 also (f]$ ! position ( curator ( ! ar*aeological ,museum ( ,mexico2 b ?is (fice %e decl9$4 ,%e holds memb]%ip 9 a l>ge numb] ( le>n$ societies 9 ,am]ica & ,europe & is a frequ5t contributor to num]\s magaz9es on hi/orical & ar*aeological subjects4 ,%e has _h ! good =tune to discov] a numb] ( important manuscripts illu/rat+ ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,mexico4 ,*ief among ^! are a ,hispano-,am]ican manuscript :i* %e dug out ( "o ( ! libr>ies ( ,madrid & ano!r :i* 0 f\nd 9 a private collection 9 ,engl& & reproduc$ 9 facsimile 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,9 honor ( its fair discov]] x is n[ kn[n z ! ,codex ,nuttall1 & is reg>d$ by exp]ts z "o ( ! mo/ preci\s records ( anci5t ,mexico4 ,:at is probably ,mrs4 ,nuttall's mo/ valuable contribution to ar*aeological sci5ce is h] erudite "w entitl$ ,! ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,old & ,new ,_w ,civilizations4 ,x is a comp>ative rese>* bas$ on a /udy ( ! anci5t ,mexican1 religi\s1 sociological & cal5d> sy/ems1 & repres5ts ?irte5 ye>s ( assidu\s labor4 ,x is a wor?y monum5t to ! sci5tific ability ( ?is gift$ ,am]icani/1 & "o :i* brilliantly illum9es "s ( ! mo/ controv]t$ po9ts ( comp>ative ar*aeology4 ,! ,ne/or ( wom5 ar*aeologi/s is ,donna ,ersilia ,caetani-,bovatelli--! daught] ( ! fam\s ,dante s*ol>1 ! late ,duke ,don ,mi*el ,angelo ,caetani-,s]monetta4 ,s9ce ! days ( ,boniface ,,viii1 :om ,dante scornfully d5\nc$ z lo pr9cipe de' ,ph>isei1 ! family ( ! ,caetani has be5 "o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! ,roman nobility1 & is to-day rank$ ) ^? ( ! ,colonna & ,ors9i4 ,besides 8 ?or\gh k ( ,dante1 ^: ,div9a ,comm$ia he reg>d$ z ! great arti/ic production ( ! human m9d--a "w :i* he knew by he>t--! ,duke ( ,s]monetta 0 deeply v]s$ 9 philology & ar*aeology4 ,no "o 0 m famili> ) ! hi/ory & antiquities ( ,rome ?an he 01 nor a great] fri5d & patron ( s*ol>s ( e nationality4 ,! ,palazzo ,caetani 0 ! resort ( n only ! savants ( ,rome1 b also & especially ( ^? :o ga!r$ f all qu>t]s ( ! _w to /udy ! ri* collections ( antiquities = :i* ! ,et]nal ,city is s fam\s4 ,"h ! able/ au?orities 9 hi/ory & ar*aeology discuss$ ! late/ discov]ies among ! ru9s ( ,greece & ,asia ,m9or1 & ! mo/ rec5t f9ds 9 ! ,=um or amid/ ! crumbl+ ru9s ( ! palaces ( ! ,caes>s4 ,hav+ su* a fa!r & br\ght up 9 su* an environm5t x is n surpris+ t ,donna ,ersilia acquir$ at an e>ly age t ta/e = ar*aeology :i* 01 z ev5ts prov$1 to con/itute ! *ief occupation ( h] long & busy life4 ,hav+ enjoy$ & /udi$ lit]ature & ! languages "u ! be/ ma/]s 9 ,rome1 %e 0 ?or\ghly prep>$ = ! "w ( deciph]+ ,greek & ,lat9 inscriptions & = an intellig5t /udy ( ! anci5t monum5ts ( ,italy & ,hellas4 ,h] le>n$ c\ntryman1 ,a4 de ,gub]natis1 assures u t %e has su* a ?or\gh k ( ,lat9 & ,greek t %e writes bo? ) ease & elegance1 & t %e is end[$ ) an admirable memory = philology & ar*aeology4 ,besides be+ a mi/ress ( sev]al mod]n languages1 %e is also famili> ) ,sanscrit4 ,s9ce ! dea? ( h] husb&1 9 #ahgi1 %e has devot$ all h] "t1 outside ( t giv5 to ! c>e & education ( h] *ildr51 to ! pursuit ( classical ar*aeology1 9 :i* %e has long be5 reg>d$ z an au?ority ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,h] salon1 unlike ^? ( ! frivol\s lead]s ( high life1 has = _m ye>s be5 ! favorite r5dezv\s 9 ,rome ( le>n$ m5 & wom5 f e clime4 ,"h 7 se5 ! not$ hi/orians ,gregorovius1 ,!odore ,momms51 & ,giovanni ,batti/a de ,rossi1 ! illu/ri\s f\nd] ( ,*ri/ian ar*aeology4 ,"h ! repres5tatives ( ! ,fr5*1 ,g]man & ,am]ican s*ools ( ar*aeology meet to ex*ange views on _! favorite sci5ce & to f9d inspiration 9 ! k & en?usiasm ( _! gift$ ho/ess1 :o always takes an active "p 9 _! recondite discussions1 & nev] fails to contribute h] %>e to ^! meet+s1 :i* h contribut$ s mu* t[>d ! advancem5t ( sci5ce & ! hi/ory ( antiquity4 ,:e!r ! discussion turn on ! deciph]+ ( an anci5t text1 ! inscription ( a monum5t or a rec5tly excavat$ s>cophagus1 ,donna ,ersilia's op9ion is eag]ly s\ght1 & h] judgm5t is g5]ally un]r+4 ,?is cultur$ & erudite daught] ( sunny ,italy has be5 a prolific writ] on h] favorite bran* ( rese>*4 ,besides contribut+ to su* publications z ! ,nuova ,antologia & ! bullet9s ( ! ar*aeological commissions 9 ,rome1 %e has f\nd "t to prep>e = ! press a numb] ( volumes ( ! highe/ value on div]s que/ions ( ,roman & ,greek ar*aeology4 ,x is int]e/+1 9 ?is connection1 to note ! fact t1 aft] ,mme4 ,curie _h be5 refus$ admittance into ! ,fr5* ,academy1 "o ( ! memb]s ( ?is in/itution1 :o _h vot$ aga9/ h] on ! gr\nd t %e 0 a woman1 _h occasion to att5d a meet+ ( ! ,academy ( ! ,l9cei 9 ,rome1 an association :i* plays ! same role 9 ,italy z does ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 ,france1 & f\nd1 to 8 a/oni%m5t1 t ! dean ( ! dep>tm5t ( ar*aeology1 z well z ! presid+ (fic] ( "s ( ! mo/ important meet+s ( ! academy1 0 a woman4 ,%e 0 no o!r ?an ,donna ,ersilia ,caetani-,bovatelli1 ! le>n$ & graci\s scion ( an honor$ race4 ,s tak5 aback 0 ! ,gallic oppon5t ( fem9isme t he c\ld b exclaim3 ,diable6 !y ord] ?+s diff]5tly 9 ,italy f :at we d 9 la belle ,france4 ,consid]+ _! atta9m5ts & a*ievem5ts1 ! two wom5 :o occupy ! highe/ place z ar*aeologi/s 9 ! ,engli%-speak+ _w are ,mrs4 ,agnes ,smi? ,lewis & ,m>g>et ,dunlop ,gibson4 ,!y are ! tw9 daught]s ( ! ,rev4 ,john ,smi?1 an ,engli% cl]gyman1 & h long enjoy$ an enviable reputation among ,scriptural s*ol>s & ,ori5tali/s4 ,dur+ _! y\? !y _h ! advantage ( in/ruction "u ! be/ ma/]s1 &1 among o!r ?+s1 acquir$ a wide k ( ! mod]n & classical languages4 ,subsequ5t /udy & frequ5t visits to ,greece & ! ,ori5t made !m pr(ici5t 9 mod]n ,greek1 ,arabic1 ,hebrew & ,syriac4 ,becom+ int]e/$ 9 ! se>* = anci5t manuscripts1 !y resolv$ to make ! long & ardu\s j\rney to ! ,greek conv5t ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e on ,mt4 ,s9ai4 ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,janu>y1 #ahib1 ^! two brave & ent]pris+ wom5 left ,suez = _! de/9ation 9 ! he>t ( ! ,arabian des]t4 ,!y 7 accompani$ only by _! dragoman & ,b$\9 s]vants4 ,elev5 camels c>ri$ ! two travel]s1 _! baggage1 t5ts & provisions = fifty days4 ,!y _h laid 9 supplies n only = ! two or ?ree weeks !y 7 to sp5d on ! way to & f ,s9ai1 b also = ! mon? !y expect$ to rema9 at ! ,conv5t ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e4 ,arriv+ at ! end ( _! j\rney1 !y 7 mo/ cordially receiv$ by ! monks1 :o af=d$ !m e facility = exam9+ ! treasures ( _! unique & v5]able libr>y4 ,!y imm$iately set to "w1 & be=e !y left ! room 9 :i* ! manuscripts 7 pres]v$ !y _h made "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable f9ds ( ! c5tury4 ,=1 9 closely inspect+ a dirty1 =bidd+ old manuscript ^: leaves _h probably n be5 turn$ = c5turies1 !y discov]$ a palimpse/1 ( :i* ! upp] writ+ conta9$ ! biographies ( wom5 sa9ts1 :ile t b5ea? prov$ to be "o ( ! e>lie/ copies ( ! ,syriac ,gospels1 if n ! v e>lie/ 9 exi/5ce4 ,no f9d s9ce ! celebrat$ discov]y by ,tis*5dorf ( ! ,s9aitic ,codex1 9 ! same conv5t ne>ly fifty ye>s be=e1 ev] excit$ su* int]e/ among ,scriptural s*ol>s or 0 hail$ ) great] rejoic+s4 ,x 0 by all ,biblical /ud5ts reg>d$ z an invaluable contribution to ,scriptural lit]ature1 & z a f9d :i* has d\bl$ our s\rces ( k ( ! d>ke/ corn] ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism4 ,to di/+ui% x f ! ,codex ,s9aiticus1 ! preci\s manuscript br\ght to light by ,mrs4 ,lewis has be5 v appropriately nam$ aft] ! =tunate discov]]1 & w h]eaft] be kn[n z ! ,codex ,ludovicus4#bbc ,ano!r f9d ( r>e importance made by ! gift$ tw9 si/]s 0 a ,pale/9ian ,syriac lection>y simil> to ! hi!rto unique copy 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,vatican4 ,a special int]e/ atta*es to ?is lection>y f ! fact t x is writt5 9 ! language t 0 mo/ probably spok5 by our ,"l4 ,among o!r notable discov]ies ( ,mrs4 ,lewis & h] si/] dur+ ! f\r visits#bbd :i* !y made to ,mt4 ,s9ai & ,pale/9e betwe5 ! ye>s #ahib & #ahig 7 a numb] ( manuscripts 9 ,arabic & a portion ( ! orig9al ,hebrew manuscript ( ,ecclesia/es :i* 0 writt5 ab\t #bjj ,b4,c4 ,previ\sly ! olde/ copies ( ?is book ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 ! ,greek & ,syriac v]sions4 ,:at is specially rem>kable ab\t ! discov]ies made by ,mrs4 ,lewis & ,mrs4 ,gibson is t !y 7 able to make s _m valuable f9ds aft] ! conv5t libr>y at ,mt4 ,s9ai _h be5 s frequ5tly exam9$ by previ\s s*ol>s4 ,! indefatigable ,tis*5dorf made ?ree visits to ?is libr>y & _h b "o ph5om5al success4 ,b nei!r he nor any ( ! o!r w&]+ s*ol>s :o h visit$ ! conv5t atta9$1 z has be5 well said1 to a ti! ( ! acqua9tance ) its treasures :i* ^! en]getic ladies possess4 ,b m rem>kable ?an ! m]e discov]y ( s _m invaluable manuscripts1 :i* 01 ( c\rse1 an extraord9>y a*ievem5t1 is ! fact t ^! manuscripts1 :e!r 9 ,syriac1 ,arabic or ,hebrew1 h be5 translat$1 annotat$ & edit$ by ^! same s*ol>ly wom54 ,already m ?an a score ( volumes h come f _! prolific p5s1 all ev9c+ ! ke5e/ critical acum5 & ! highe/ ord] ( ,biblical & ar*aeological s*ol>%ip4 ,! read] :o desires a popul> acc\nt ( _! fam\s discov]ies %\ld by all means read ,mrs4 ,gibson's ent]ta9+ volume1 ,h[ ! ,codex ,0 ,f\nd1 & ,mrs4 ,lewis' *>m+ little "w entitl$1 ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ,s9ai4 ,z to ^? m5--& ! species is yet f> f ext9ct--:o /ill d\bt ! capacity ( wom5 = ! high] k9ds ( intellectual ef=t1 let !m glance at ! pages ( ! num]\s volumes giv5 to ! press by ^! ri*ly d[]$ wom5 "u ! captions ( ,/udia ,s9aitica & ,horae ,semiticae2 &1 if !y are able to compreh5d ! evid5ce be=e !m1 !y w be =c$ to admit t ! long-imag9$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! intellectual p[]s ( m5 & wom5 is "o ( fancy & n "o ( reality4#bbe ,& yet1 /range to relate1 :ile ,mrs4 ,lewis & ,mrs4 ,gibson 7 electrify+ ! le>n$ _w by _! a*ievem5ts 9 ! highe/ =m ( s*ol>%ip1 ! sl[-mov+ ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge 0 gravely debat+ :e!r x 0 a prop] ?+ to conf] degrees ^u wom51 & prep>+ to answ] ! "q 9 ! negative4 ,! fact t !re 7 repres5tatives ( ! un5fran*is$ sex at _! gates :o _h ga!r$ m laurels 9 ! field ( s*ol>%ip ?an mo/ ( ^? :o belong to ! privileg$ sex did n appeal to ! univ]sity dons or prev5t !m f putt+ !mselves on record z favor+ a condition ( ?+s :i*1 at ?is late age ( ! _w1 %\ld be expect$ only among ! wom5-enslav+ foll[]s ( ,mohamm$4 ,! say+ t a prophet ha? no honor 9 8 own c\ntry 0 fulfill$ to ! lett] 9 ! case ( ! two wom5 :o _h %$ su* lu/] on ! l& ( _! bir?4 ,:ile =eign in/itutions 7 vy+ ) "o ano!r 9 %[]+ honors on ! two brilliant ,engli%wom51 ) ^: praises ! :ole _w 0 res\nd+1 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge 0 sil5t4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,&rews conf]r$ on !m ! degree ( ,,ll4,d41 :ile cons]vative old ,heidelb]g1 ca/+ aside its age-old traditions1 made ha/e to honor !m ) ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,div9ity4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ,halle made ,mrs4 ,lewis a ,doctor ( ,philosophy4 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght t %e] %ame1 if n patriotic _s1 w\ld h compell$ ! univ]sity 9 ^: %ad[s ! two wom5 _h _! home1 & 9 :i* ,mrs4 ,lewis' husb& _h held = ye>s an (ficial appo9tm5t1 to %[ itself equally appreciative ( sup]lative m]it & equally ready to rew>d r>e s*ol>%ip1 reg>dless ( ! sex ( ! b5efici>ies4 ,b no4 ,! illu/ri\s ar*aeologi/s & ,biblical s*ol>s 7 wom51 & ?is fact alone 0 9 ! e/imation ( ! ,cambridge au?orities en\gh to )hold f !m t recognition :i* 0 s spontane\sly accord$ !m by ! great univ]sities ( ! ,cont95t4 ,nor 0 ?is ! only in/ance ( ! k9d4 ,:ile ! celebrat$ tw9 si/]s j ref]r$ to 7 s mat]ially contribut+ to our k ( ,biblical lore1 ano!r ,engli%woman1 ,jane ,e4 ,h>rison1 :o liv$ )9 he>+ ( ! *ur* bells ( ,cambridge1 0 lectur+ to delight$ audi5ces 9 ,newnham ,college on ! hi/ory1 my?ology & monum5ts ( anci5t ,a!ns1 & writ+ ^? le>n$ works on ! religion & antiquities ( ,greece :i* h giv5 h] s conspicu\s a place among mod]n ar*aeologi/s4#bbf ,b1 z 9 ! case ( h] di/+ui%$ neighbors1 ! discov]]s ( ! ,codex ,ludovicus1 ! degrees %e 0 honor$ ) came n f ,cambridge1 ) :i*1 ?r\gh h] fell[%ip 9 ,newnham1 %e 0 s closely connect$4 ,& :ile ?is gift$ lady 0 des]v+ s well ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 ! und]graduate /ud5ts ( ,cambridge1 foll[+ ! cue giv5 by ! tw5ty-f\r hundr$ graduates :o _h j reject$ ! proposal to give honor>y degrees to wom5 :o c\ld pass ! requir$ exam9ations1 7 giv+ an exhibition ( r[dyism :i* f> surpass$ t :i*1 a few ye>s be=e1 _h s disgrac$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 :5 ! same "q ( degrees = wom5 0 "u consid]ation4 ,accord+ to ! report ( an eye witness ( ! turbul5t sc5e at ,cambridge1 ,! und]graduate /ud5ts appe>$ to be1 z a body1 vici\sly oppos$ to ! proposal to give degrees to wom51 & became fairly riot\s4 ,!y hoot$ ^? :o support$ ! re=m & fir$ crack]s ev5 9 ! ,s5ate ,h\se & made ! night lurid ) bonfires & p[d]4 ,!y put up insult+ effigies ( girl /ud5ts1 & su* mottoes z ',get y to ,girton1 ,beatrice4 ,get y to ,newnham4 ,"h is no place = maids6' ,v]ily1 :5 su* sc5es are possible 9 "o ( ! _w's great intellectual c5t]s--a place :]e1 above all o!rs1 wom5 %\ld receive due recognition = _! contributions t[>d ! progress ( k--"o is con/ra9$ to decl>e t :at we call civilization is /ill f> f ! ideal4 ,&1 :5 "o witnesses ! total indiff]5ce ( in/itutions l ,cambridge & ! ,fr5* ,academy to ! spl5did a*ievem5ts ( wom5 l ,mrs4 ,lewis1 ,mrs4 ,gibson & ,mme4 ,curie1 "o _c b exclaim 9 words ,apocalyptic3 ,h[ long1 ,o ,"l1 holy & true1 is ?is iniquit\s discrim9ation aga9/ "o-half ( our race to endure8 ,o ,"l1 h[ long8 ,,footnotes3 #bae ,a4 ,mi*aelis1 ,a ,c5tury ( ,ar*aeological ,discov]ies1 p4 #f1 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 #baf ,! ,mo/ ,illu/ri\s ,ladies ( ! ,r5aissance1 p4 #aeb1 by ,*ri/oph] ,h>e1 ,london1 #aijd4 #bag ,mi*aelis1 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bj1 ,cf4 also ,fiorelli's ,pompe9>um ,antiquitatum ,hi/oria1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,p>s4 ,,iii1 ,naples1 #ahfj4 ,arditi *>act]iz$ ,que5 ,c>ol9e's int]e/ 9 ! excavations z entusiasmo v]am5te ammirabile4 #bah ,frau5>beit 9 d] ,ar*aeologie 9 ,deuts*e ,runds*au1 ,m>*1 #ahij1 page #cif4 #bai ,memoirs ( ! ,life ( ,anna ,jameson1 pp4 #bif-big1 by h] niece1 ,g]ald9e ,macph]son1 ,london1 #ahgh4 #bbj ,ilios1 ! ,city & ,c\ntry ( ! ,trojans1 pp4 #feg-feh1 by ,dr4 ,h5ry ,s*liemann1 ,new ,york1 #ahha4 ,z an illu/ration ( ,mrs4 ,s*liemann's devotion to ! "w :i* has r5d]$ h]1 z well z h] husb&1 immortal1 a s+le passage f ! volume j quot$1 p4 #bfa1 is p]t95t4 ,ref]r+ to ! suff]+s & privations :i* !y endur$ dur+ _! ?ird ye>'s "w at ,hiss>lik1 ,dr4 ,s*liemann writes z foll[s3 ,my poor wife & myself1 !re=e1 suff]$ v mu* s9ce ! icy nor? w9d1 :i* recalls ,hom]'s frequ5t m5tion ( ! bla/s ( ,boreas1 blew ) su* viol5ce ?r\gh ! *9ks ( our h\se-walls1 :i* 7 made ( planks1 t we 7 n ev5 able to light our lamps 9 ! ev5+1 :ile ! wat] :i* /ood ne> ! he>? froze into solid masses4 ,dur+ ! day we c\ld1 to "s degree1 be> ! cold by work+ 9 ! excavations2 b1 9 ! ev5+s1 we _h no?+ to keep u w>m except our en?usiasm = ! great "w ( discov]+ ,troy4 ,s high 0 ,dr4 ,s*liemann's op9ion ( 8 wife's ability z an ar*aeologi/ t he entru/$ to h]--z well z to _! daught]1 ,&roma*e1 & son1 ,agamemnon--! cont9uation ( ! "w :i* dea? prev5t$ him f complet+4 #bba ,see ,mme4 ,dieulafoy's graphic acc\nt ( ! exp$ition 9 a "w :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli% "u ! title1 ,at ,susa1 ! ,anci5t ,capital ( ! ,k+s ( ,p]sia1 ,n>rative ( ,travel ,?r\gh ,we/]n ,p]sia & ,excavations ,made at ! ,site ( ! ,lo/ ,city ( ! ,lilies1 #ahhd-ahhf1 ,philadelphia1 #ahij4 ,see also h] o!r relat$ "w--cr[n$ by ! ,fr5* ,academy--entitl$1 ,la ,p]se1 ,la ,*aldee et la ,susiane1 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 #bbb ,among ! specim5s secur$ 7 two ( extraord9>y beauty & int]e/4 ,"o ( !m is a beautiful enamel$ frieze ( a lion & ! o!r1 likewise a "w 9 enamel1 repres5ts a numb] ( poly*rome figures ( ! ,immortals--! "n giv5 to ! gu>ds ( ! ,great ,k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,bo? are truly magnific5t specim5s ( c]amic art1 & comp>e favorably ) any?+ ( ! k9d :i* antiquity has bequea!d to u4 ,comm5t+ on ! pictures ( ! ,p]sian gu>ds1 ,mme4 ,dieulafoy writes3 ,:atev] _! race may be1 our ,immortals appe> f9e 9 l9e1 f9e 9 =m1 f9e 9 color & con/itute a c]amic "w inf9itely sup]ior to ! bas-reliefs1 s ju/ly celebrat$1 ( ,lucca della ,robbia4 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bbb4 #bbc ,"o passage 9 ?is codex be>s s /rongly on a lead+ argum5t ( ?is "w t ,i _c resi/ ! temptation to give x ) ,mrs4 ,lewis' own comm5t3 ,! piece ( my "w1 %e writes1 ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ,s9ai1 p4 #ih et seq41 :i* has giv5 me ! greate/ satisfaction1 consi/s 9 ! deciph]m5t ( two words 9 ,john ,,iv1 #bg4 ,!y 7 well wor? all our visits to ,s9ai1 = !y illu/rate an action ( our ,"l :i* seems to be record$ n[h]e else1 & :i* has "s degree ( inh]5t probability f :at we "k ( ,8 "*4 ,! passage is ',8 disciples came & wond]$ t ) ! wom5 he 0 /&+ & talk+'4444 ,:y 0 our ,"l /&+8 ,he _h be5 sitt+ on ! wall :5 ! disciples left ,him2 &1 we "k t ,he 0 tir$4 ,moreov]1 sitt+ is ! prop] attitude = an ,ea/]n] :5 engag$ 9 tea*+4 ,& an ord9>y ,ori5tal w\ld nev] rise ( 8 own natural free w out ( polit5ess to a woman4 ,x may be t ,he rose 9 ,8 en?usiasm = ! great tru?s ,he 0 utt]+2 b1 ,i l to ?9k t ,8 great he>t1 :i* embrac$ ! l[e/ ( humanity1 lift$ ,him above ! re/rictions ( ,8 race & age1 & made ,him %[ t c\rtesy to our sex1 ev5 9 ! p]son ( a degrad$ specim51 :i* is consid]$ among all really progressive peoples to be a m>k ( true & noble manhood4 ,to %$ ev5 a fa9t light ^u t wondr\s /ory ( ,8 tab]nacl+ among/ u is an ine/imable privilege & wor?y ( all ! tr\ble we c possibly take4 #bbd ,mrs4 ,gibson1 unaccompani$ by h] si/]1 has s9ce made two m visits to ,mt4 ,s9ai 9 ord] to complete ! "w s auspici\sly begun4 #bbe ,! foll[+ p>tial li/ ( ! works ( ^! erudite tw9s on subjects connect$ ) ,scripture & ,ori5tal lit]ature gives "s idea ( _! extraord9>y atta9m5ts & ( _! prodigi\s activity 9 rese>*es t are usually consid]$ entirely =eign to ! ta/es & aptitudes ( wom54 ,"s ,pages ( ! ,f\r ,gospels ,retranscrib$ ,f ! ,s9aitic ,palimpse/1 ) a translation ( ! :ole text by ,agnes ,smi? ,lewis4 ,an ,arabic ,v]sion ( ,/4 ,paul's ,epi/les to ! ,romans1 ,cor9?ians1 ,galatians & "p ( ,ephesians4 ,edit$ f a n9? c5tury ,,ms4 by ,m>g>et ,dunlop ,gibson4 ,apocrypha ,s9aitica4 ,conta9+ ! ,anaphora ,pilati 9 ,syriac & ,arabic3 ! ,syriac transcrib$ by ,j4 ,r5del ,h>ris1 & ! ,arabic by ,m>g>et ,dunlop ,gibson2 also two rec5sions ( ! ,recognitions ( ,clem5t1 9 ,arabic1 transcrib$ & translat$ by ,m>g>et ,dunlop ,gibson4 ,an ,arabic ,v]sion ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les & ! ,sev5 ,ca?olic ,epi/les1 f an eigh? or n9? c5tury ,,ms41 ) a treatise on ! ,triune ,nature ( ,god & translation4 ,edit$ by ,m>g>et ,dunlop ,gibson4 ,apocrypha ,arabica1 ,edit$ by ,m>g>et ,d4 ,gibson1 conta9+ #a1 ,kitab al ,magall or ! ,book ( ! ,rolls2 #b1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,aphikia ,wife ( ,jesus ,b5 ,sira 7,c>%uni72 #c1 ,cyprian & ,ju/a1 9 ,arabic & ,greek4 ,select ,n>ratives ( ,holy ,wom51 f ! ,syro-,antio*5e or ,s9ai ,palimpse/1 z writt5 above ! ,old ,syriac ,gospels 9 ,a4 ,d4 #ggh4 ,translation by ,agnes ,smi? ,lewis4 ,apocrypha ,syriaca ,s9aitica1 be+ ! ,protevangelium ,jacobi & ,transitus ,m>iae1 f a ,palimpse/ ( ! fif? or six? c5tury4 ,edit$ by ,agnes ,smi? ,lewis4 ,=ty-,"o ,facsimiles ( ,dat$ ,*ri/ian ,arabic ,manuscripts1 ) ,text & ,engli% ,translation1 arrang$ by ,agnes ,smi? ,lewis & ,m>g>et ,dunlop ,gibson1 ) introductory obs]vations 9 ,arabic calligraphy by ! ,rev4 ,david ,s4 ,m>goli\?4 ,! ,didascalia ,apo/olorum 9 ,syriac1 edit$ f a ,mesopotamian ,,ms1 ) v>i\s read+s & collations ( o!r ,,ms1 by ,m>g>et ,dunlop ,gibson4 ,! ,arabic ,v]sion ( ! ,acta ,apocrypha ,apo/olorum1 edit$ & translat$ by ,agnes ,smi? ,lewis1 ) fif? c5tury fragm5ts ( ! ,acta ,?omae1 9 ,syriac4 ,! ,gospel ( ,isbodad 9 ,syriac & ,engli%1 by ,m>g>et ,d4 ,gibson4 ,acta ,my?ologica ,apo/olorum 9 ,arabic1 ) translation by ,agnes ,smi? ,lewis4 ,= an elaborate & sympa!tic acc\nt ( ! labors & discov]ies ( ,mrs4 ,lewis & h] si/]1 ! read] is ref]r$ to an article f ! p5 ( ! le>n$ ,pr(essor ,v4 ,ryssel1 9 ! ,s*weiz]is*e ,!ologis*e ,zeits*rift1 ,,xvi1 ,jahrgang1 #ahii4 #bbf ,= an evid5ce ( ?is le>n$ lady's compet5cy to deal ) ! mo/ recondite /ores ( hi/ory & ar*aeology1 ! read] is ref]r$ to two ( h] lat] works1 viz41 ,primitive ,a!ns z ,describ$ by ,?ucydides1 ,cambridge1 #aijf1 & ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion1 ,cambridge ,univ]sity ,press1 #aijc4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,wom5 ,,z ,,inv5tors ,!re h be5 v le>n$ wom5 z !re h be5 wom5 w>riors1 b !re h nev] be5 wom5 inv5tors4#bbg ,?us wrote ,voltaire ) t flippancy & cocksur5ess :i* 0 s *>act]i/ic ( ! au?or ( ! ,dictionnaire ,philosophique--a man :o 0 ev] ready to give1 (fh&1 a categorical answ] to any "q t came be=e him = discussion4 ,8 c\ntryman1 ,pr\dhon1 express$ ! same op9ion 9 o!r words :5 he wrote1 ,les femmes n'ont ri5 inv5te1 pas meme leur qu5\ille--wom5 h inv5t$ no?+1 n ev5 _! di/aff4 ,_h ^! two writ]s ?or\ghly sift$ ! evid5ce available1 ev5 9 _! day1 = a prop] consid]ation ( ?is int]e/+ subject1 !y w\ld1 bo? ( !m1 h rea*$ a v diff]5t conclusion f t :i* is express$ 9 ! s5t5ces j quot$4 ,_h !y consult$ ! records ( antiquity1 !y w\ld h le>n$ t mo/ ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ important inv5tions 7 attribut$ to wom52 &1 _h !y /udi$ ! reports ( explor]s among ! savage tribes ( ! mod]n _w1 !y w\ld h f\nd t ^! e>ly leg5ds & traditions reg>d+ ! inv5tions ( wom5 7 fully confirm$ by :at 0 be+ done 9 _! own "t4 ,man's fir/ ne$s 7 food1 %elt] & clo?+2 & tradition 9 all p>ts ( ! _w is unanim\s 9 ascrib+ to woman ! inv5tion1 9 ess5tially _! pres5t =ms1 ( all ! arts mo/ conducive to ! pres]vation & well-be+ ( our race4 ,9 ,egypt1 z ,diodorus ,siculus in=ms u1 ! inv5tors ( specially useful ?+s 71 z a rew>d ( _! des]ts1 enroll$ among ! gods1 z 7 c]ta9 h]oes among ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans4 ,=emo/ among ^! 0 ,isis1 :o laid ! f\ndation ( agriculture by ! introduction ( ! culture ( :eat & o!r c]eals4 ,be=e h] "t ! ,egyptians liv$ on roots & h]bs4 ,9 lieu ( ^! crude articles ( food1 ,isis gave !m bread & o!r m :olesome alim5ts4 ,%e inv5t$ ! process ( mak+ l95 & 0 ! fir/ to apply a sail to ! propulsion ( a boat4 ,to h] also 0 attribut$ ! art ( embalm+1 ! discov]y ( _m m$ic9es & ! beg9n+s ( ,egyptian lit]ature4 ,ev5 m prom95t 0 ,pallas ,a!ne1 "o ( ! greate/ div9ities ( ! ,greeks4 ,virgil1 9 8 ,georgics1 invokes h] z ,inv5tor1 ,pallas1 ( ! fatt'n+ oil1 ,?\ f\nd] ( ! pl[ & ! pl[man's toil4 ,b n only 0 %e reg>d$ z ! oleae inv5trix-inv5tress ( ! olive--z ,virgil phrases x1 b also z ! inv5tor ( all h&icrafts1 :e!r ( wom5 or m54 ,l ,isis1 %e 0 deem$ ! orig9ator ( agriculture & _m ( ! me*anic arts4 ,b1 above all1 %e 0 ! inv5tor ( musical in/rum5ts & ^? pla/ic & graphic arts :i* h = ages plac$ ,greece 9 ! =efront ( civilization & culture4 ,f ! beg9n+ x 0 woman :o fir/ made use ( wool & flax = textile fabrics2 & ( ?is prehi/oric woman "o c affirm :at ,solomon1 9 8 ,book ( ,prov]bs1 said ( ! virtu\s woman ( 8 day3 ,%e seeke? wool & flax & worke? dilig5tly ) h] h&s2 ,%e laye? h] h&s to ! sp9dle & h] h&s hold ! di/aff4 ,%e 0 also ! fir/ "o to weave cotton & silk4 ,x 0 ,mama ,oclo1 ! wife ( ,manco ,capac1 z ! ,inca hi/orian1 ,g>cilasso de la ,vega1 tells u1 :o taught ! wom5 ( anci5t ,p]u to sew & weave cotton & wool & to make clo!s = !mselves1 _! husb&s & *ildr54 ,& x 0 a woman1 ,se-l+-%e1 ! wife ( ! emp]or1 ,hwang-te1 :o liv$ ne>ly ?ree ?\s& ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 to :om ! mo/ anci5t ,*9ese writ]s assign ! discov]y ( silk4 ,h] "n is p]petuat$ 9 ! "n ,*9a1 ! goddess ( silkworms1 & "u ?is appellation %e /ill receives div9e honors4 ,! prep>ation & weav+ ( silk 7 introduc$ into ,japan by f\r ,*9ese girls1 & ! new indu/ry soon became !re1 z 9 ,*9a1 "o ( ! *ief s\rces1 z x is to-day1 ( ! c\ntry's weal?4 ,to p]petuate ! memory ( ^! f\r pione] silk weav]s ! grateful ,japanese erect$ a temple 9 _! honor 9 ! prov9ce ( ,setsu4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ! eggs ( ! silk mo? & ! se$ ( ! mulb]ry tree 7 convey$ to ,india1 conceal$ 9 ! l9+ ( h] headdress1 by a ,*9ese pr9cess4 ,%e 0 ?us in/rum5tal 9 e/abli%+ 9 ! region wat]$ by ! ,indus & ! ,ganges ! same indu/ry :i* h] c\ntrywom5 _h introduc$ into ! ,l& ( ! ,ris+ ,sun4 ,ca%m]e %awls & att> ( roses1 ! co/lie/ ( p]fumes1 are attribut$ to an ,indian empress1 ,nur ,mahal1 :om h] husb&1 9 view ( h] a*ievem5ts1 z well z on acc\nt ( 8 passionate love = h]1 call$ ,! ,light ( ! ,_w4#bbh ,& :at %all we say ( ^? exquisite creations ( woman's bra9 & h&--ne$le-po9t & pill[ lace8 ,^! two inv5tions1 l ! manufacture ( silk1 h giv5 employm5t to t5s ( ?\s&s ( wom5 ?r\gh\t ! _w2 &1 9 su* c\ntries z ,italy1 ,belgium & ,france1 :]e lace-mak+ has receiv$ special att5tion1 !y h = c5turies be5 mo/ prolific s\rces ( rev5ue4 ,silk fabrics 9 anci5t ,rome 7 wor? _! weight 9 gold4 ,! f9e/ specim5s ( po9t lace are1 ev5 to-day1 z highly priz$ z preci\s /ones1 &1 l ! great ma/]pieces ( pla/ic art1 are h&$ d[n z heirlooms f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,9 no o!r in/ance1 except possibly 9 ! hairspr+ ( a wat*1 is !re su* an extraord9>y diff]5ce 9 value betwe5 ! raw mat]ial & ! f9i%$ product z !re is 9 ! case ( ! f9e/ ?read lace4 ,a great s5sation 0 caus$ 9 ,italy a few decades ago :5 a humble workwoman1 ,signora ,bassani1 succe$$ 9 r$iscov]+ ! peculi> /it* ( ! celebrat$ ,v5etian po9t1 :i* _h be5 lo/ = c5turies4 ,%e 0 at once grant$ a pat5t = h] inv5tion1 :i* 0 by h] c\ntrym5 reg>d$ z an ev5t ( national importance4 ,aft] pa9t+ & sculpture1 probably no art has contribut$ m to ! developm5t ( ! e/hetic s5se among ! nations ( ! _w ?an has ! art ^: *ief tools are ! ne$le & ! bobb9 9 ! deft h&s ( a beauty-lov+ woman4 ,if ! "n ( ! fir/ lace-mak] _h n be5 lo/ 9 ! mi/s ( antiquity1 x is reasonable to suppose t %e1 too1 w\ld long s9ce h _h a monum5t erect$ to h] memory1 z well z ! weav]s ( silk & mak]s ( att> ( roses & ca%m]e %awls4 ,%e 0 surely z des]v+ ( su* an honor4 ,m conclusive in=mation respect+ woman z an inv5tor is1 /range z x may appe>1 af=d$ by a sy/ematic /udy ( ! v>i\s races ( mank9d :i* are /ill 9 a /ate ( savag]y4 ,su* a /udy discloses ! int]e/+ fact t woman1 contr>y to ! decl>ation ( ,pr\dhon1 has n only be5 ! inv5tor ( ! di/aff1 b t %e has fur!rmore--pace ,voltaire--be5 ! inv5tor ( all ! peaceful arts ( life1 & ! inv5tor1 too1 ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( ne>ly all ! me*anical devices n[ 9 use 9 ! _w ( indu/ry4 ,ar*itecture1 z well z _m o!r ?+s1 0 cr$it$ by ! anci5t ,greeks to ,m9]va4 ,?is 0 a poetical way ( /at+ ! fact--n[ g5]ally accept$ by m5 ( sci5ce--t wom5 7 ! fir/ homemak]s4 ,b ! fir/ home 0 a v simple & a v humble /ructure4 ,:5 n a cave1 x 0 a simple %elt] made ( b>k or sk9s1 suffici5t to af=d protection to ! "m & h] *ild4 ,subsequ5tly x 0 a lodge made ( e>?1 ( /one or wattle "w or adobe4 ,wom5 71 9 ! light ( an?ropology1 z well z 9 t ( my?ology & tradition1 ! fir/ to discov] ! nutritive & m$ic9al values ( fruits1 se$s1 nuts1 roots & vegetables4 ,!y 7 consequ5tly ! fir/ g>d5]s & agriculturi/s & ! fir/ to build up a mat]ia m$ica4 ,:ile m5 7 engag$ 9 ! *ase or 9 w>f>e1 wom5 7 gradually p]fect+ ^? div]s dome/ic arts :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 became _! recogniz$ specialties4 ,!y soon f\nd t x 0 bett] to cultivate c]ta9 food plants & trees ?an to dep5d on !m = n\ri%m5t 9 ! wild /ate4 ,?is 0 p>ticul>ly true 9 ! case ( su* useful & widely di/ribut$ species z :eat1 rice1 maize1 ! yam1 potato1 banana & cassava4 ,at fir/ mo/ ( ^! food products 7 us$ 9 ! raw /ate1 b woman's quick inv5tive g5ius 0 n long 9 mak+ "o ( ! mo/ important & f>-rea*+ discov]ies--a me?od = produc+ fire4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se ?is 0 ! greate/ discov]y ev] made1 & ! ,greeks %[$ _! appreciation ( ! value ( x by ass]t+ t fire 0 /ol5 f heav54 ,consid]+ its multif>i\s uses 9 heat+ & cook+1 !reby imm5sely add+ to ! com=t & well-be+ ( primitive man1 we are n surpris$ t 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! _w fire has always be5 consid]$ some?+ sacr$1 & t ! old ,romans in/itut$ ,ve/al ,virg9s1 & ! anci5t ,p]uvians ,virg9s ( ! ,sun1 to pres]ve ?is preci\s elem5t & h x ev] ready :5 requir$ = sacrifice or = any ( _! v>i\s liturgical functions4 ,if any "o ev] des]v$ a monum5t m durable ?an bronze1 x 0 ! woman :o1 on ! edge ( "t1 fir/ drew ! ,prome!an sp>k f a piece ( pyrites by /rik+ x ) fl9t or produc$ x by ! friction ( two pieces ( wood4 ,aft] build+ a home & e/abli%+ 9 x a fireplace = ! prep>ation ( food1 woman's next conc]n 0 to secure m raim5t ?an 0 af=d$ by ! traditional fig leaf4 ,?is %e f\nd 9 ! b>k ( c]ta9 trees1 9 ! fib] ( hemp & cotton & 9 ! wool ( %eep & goats4 ,) ^! & h] di/aff %e spun ?read1 & f ! ?read ?us obta9$ %e 0 by means ( h] primitive loom--likewise h] inv5tion--able to provide all k9ds ( textile fabrics = clo?+ = h]self & family4 ,b !re 0 mu* m to inv5t be=e ! home ( primitive man1 or r primitive woman1 c\ld be consid]$ z fairly equipp$4 ,furniture & cul9>y ut5sils 7 requir$1 & ^!1 too1 7 provid$ by ! deft & cunn+ f+]s ( woman4 ,%e 0 ! fir/ pott] & ! fir/ basketmak]2 & anyone :o has liv$ among ! savages ( any l&1 especially among ! aborig9es 9 ! int]ior ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 kn[s :at an important "p is play$ 9 dome/ic economy by native basketry & c]amic w>e4 ,bo? ( ^! articles 7 at fir/ ( ! simple/ "*1 b woman's innate e/hetic s5se soon enabl$ h] to produce ^? highly ornate specim5s ( pott]y & basketry t are s highly priz$ 9 ! public & private collections ( ?is c\ntry & ,europe4 ,! fir/ device = conv]t+ gra9 into fl\r 01 l ! _m o!r articles already nam$1 ! inv5tion ( woman4 ,:e!r ! simple mort> & pe/le ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indian1 or ! ,mexican metate & mull]1 or ! ,iri% qu]n1 x 01 9 e case1 ! product ( woman's bra9 & h&iwork1 z x 0 also ! basal prototype ( our mo/ improv$ types ( fl\r+ mills4 ,& s 0 ! soap/one pot--! pr$ecessor ( ! iron or brass kettle--a woman's inv5tion1 z well z _m simil> contrivances = prep>+ food4 ,b :at is probably ! mo/ rem>kable cul9>y inv5tion ( woman 9 ! /ate ( savag]y is h] unique contrivance = conv]t+ ! poison\s root ( ! manihot utilissima--! /aple food ( tropical ,am]ica--into a :olesome & nutriti\s alim5t4 ,x is a bag1 call$ matapi1 :i* s]ves bo? z a press & z a sieve4 ,= ! inhabitants ( ! va/ bas9s ( ! ,amazon & ! ,or9oco1 :]e ! *ief articles ( diet are d]iv$ f ! manihot & ! planta91 ?is inv5tion ( woman is ! mo/ important ev] made & ranks 9 importance ) ! discov]y by ! same skill$ food purveyor ( ! dietetic value ( manihot itself4 ,! fir/ knife 0 a woman's inv5tion1 z ! arr[-head & ! spe> po9t 7 ! inv5tions ( h] hunt] husb&4 ,x 0 9 ! beg9n+ a mo/ primitive implem5t2 b1 :e!r 9 ! =m ( a simple flake ( fl9t ( obsidian1 or 9 t ( an ,eskimo ulu--! woman's knife--x 0 ! ar*etype ( all ! =ms ( cutl]y n[ 9 use4 ,) ?is rude knife ! primitive h\sewife sk9n$ & c>v$ ! game br\ght to h] by h] male companion4 ,) x %e scrap$ ! int]ior ( ! hide & cut x up into articles ( clo?+4 ,%e 0 ?us ! fir/ furri] & tailor4 ,) x %e made ! fir/ s&als & moccas9s1 &1 9 do+ s1 became ! fir/ %oemak] & ! orig9al ,/4 ,crisp94 ,to woman1 ! orig9ator ( ! fir/ home1 is due also ! inv5tion ( ! ov5 & ! *imney4 ,%e 0 also ! fir/ mak] ( salt--t all-important condim5t & sanit>y ag5t--& ! fir/ to obta9 nitre f wood a%es4 ,%e 0 ! fir/ eng9e]1 z is ev9c$ 9 h] inv5tion ( ! p>buckle & 9 ! bamboo conduit1 :i* 0 ! pr$ecessor ( ! great canals ( ,babylonia#bbi & ! impos+ aqu$ucts ( anci5t ,rome4 ,important1 h[ev]1 z are all ! =ego+ inv5tions1 we mu/ n =get :at 0 an equally important contribution by woman to ! welf>e & progress ( our race--! dome/ication ( animals4 ,no discov]y aft] t ( artificially produc+ fire has contribut$ m t[>d ! developm5t ( our race ?an ! tam+ ( milk- & fleece-be>+ animals1 l ! c[1 ! %eep1 ! goat & ! llama1 or ( burd5-be>+ animals1 l ! horse1 ! ass1 ! camel & ! re9de]1 or ( hunt+ & wat*+ animals l ! fai?ful1 ubiquit\s dog4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! dome/ication ( ^! supremely useful animals dim9i%$ man's labor z burd5 be>]s4 ,x likewise supplem5t$ ! fecundity ( wom5 & facilitat$ ! multiplication ( ! race1 because x suppli$ to ! *ild a n\ri%m5t t previ\sly c\ld be obta9$ only f ! "m1 :o _h be5 oblig$ to suckle h] "y sev]al ye>s long] ?an 0 necess>y aft] ! fri5dly goat & c[ came to h] aid4 ,/ill ano!r consequ5ce ( ! dome/ication ( animals 0 t x imm5sely dim9i%$ ! am\nt ( woman's c>e & labor1 af=d$ h] ! necess>y leisure to develop ! arts ( ref9em5t1 & /imulat$ intellectual gr[? 9 a way t o!rwise w\ld h be5 impossible4 ,x is (t5 /at$ by c]ta9 writ]s :o love to indulge 9 fanciful speculations t wom5 inv5tors got _! ideas z home build]s & weav]s & pott]s f ne/-build+ birds1 f web-weav+ spid]s1 & f clay work]s l t]mites & mud wasps4 ,be ?is z x may1 ! fact rema9s 9 all its inspir+ tru? t1 9 ! matt] ( indu/rialism1 z oppos$ to ! militancy ( man1 we c unhesitat+ly decl>e1 ) ,virgil1 ,dux fem9a facti--woman 0 ! lead] 9 all ! arts ( peace--arts :i* h be5 sl[ly p]fect$ ?r\gh ! ages until !y pres5t ! extraord9>y developm5t :i* we n[ witness4 ,:5 we contemplate ! spl5did porcela9 w>es ( ,meiss5 & ,sevres1 or ! c\ntless v>ieties ( cutl]y produc$ 9 ! factories ( ,%effield1 or ! beautiful textile fabrics f ! looms ( ,l[ell & ,man*e/]1 or ! delicate silks wov5 9 ! fam\s e/abli%m5ts ( ,lomb>dy & ,s\!rn ,france1 or ! c\ntless =ms ( footwe> made 9 ,lynn & ,*icago1 or ! exquisite furs br\ght f ,sib]ia & ! ,pribyl(f ,isl&s1 & dy$ 9 ,leipsic & ,london1 or ! a/oni%+ output ( food products f ! factories ( ,pittsburgh & ! imm5se roll] mills ( ,m9neapolis1 we little ?9k t ! colossal :eels ( ^! va/ & v>i$ indu/ries 7 set 9 motion by ! inv5tive g5ius ( woman 9 ! dim & di/ant prehi/oric pa/4 ,& yet su* is ! case4 ,h] h&iwork f ! e>lie/ pott]y may be trac$ ?r\gh its manifold /ages f its fir/ rude beg9n+s to ! mo/ gorge\s creations ( c]amic art4 ,! primeval knife ( fl9t or obsidian has become ! ke5 tool ( temp]$ /eel2 ! simple di/aff has issu$ 9 ! intricate ,jacqu>d loom2 ! metate & pe/le actuat$ by a woman's arm h1 by a long process ( evolution1 develop$ into our mammo? roll] mills impell$ by wat] p[]1 /eam or electricity4#bcj ,b ^! extraord9>y *anges f ! rude implem5ts ( prehi/oric "t to ! complicat$ ma*9]y ( ! pres5t is b a *ange ( k9d1 n "o ( pr9ciple4 ,x is a *ange due to specialization ( "w :i* became possible only :5 m51 lib]at$ f ! avocations ( hunt+ & w>f>e1 7 able to take up ! occupations ( wom51 & develop !m 9 ! mann] ) :i* we are n[ famili>4 ,:y m51 r ?an wom51 %\ld h a*iev$ ?is "w ( specialization2 :e!r x 0 due to social causes or to woman's physical & m5tal organization1 or to ^! v>i\s factors comb9$1 we ne$ n inquire2 b su* is ! fact4 ,:]eas 9 primitive times e woman hav+ a home 0 a cook1 a but*]1 a bak]1 a pott]1 a weav]1 a cutl]1 a mill]1 a tann]1 a furri]1 an eng9e]1 man1 9 assum+ ! "w :i* 0 orig9ally exclusively fem99e & p]=m$ by "o & ! same p]son1 has subdivid$ & specializ$ by improv$ =ms ( ma*9]y & o!rwise1 s t :at is n[ done is accompli%$ m rapidly & to bett] purpose1 & ) correspond+ly great] results 9 ! developm5t ( indu/ry & 9 ! progress ( civilization4 ,& ! rem>kable fact is t _m ( ! mo/ important ( ^! improvem5ts due to specialization h be5 made )9 ! memory ( ^? yet liv+1 :ile /ill o!rs h be5 orig9at$ 9 q rec5t ye>s4 ,nev]!less1 great z has be5 ! "w ( specialization & coord9ation 9 e dep>tm5t ( human indu/ry dur+ ! la/ few decades1 x is1 to judge by ! reports ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice1 z yet 9 little m ?an its initial /age4 ,we are n[ prep>$ = ! consid]ation ( ! "p woman has tak5 9 ?is specializ+ movem5t & = a discussion ( h] %>e 9 mod]n inv5tions & 9 ! improvem5ts ( ^? manifold inv5tions :i* 7 due to h] g5ius & indu/ry untold ages ago4 ,consid]+ ! %ort "t dur+ :i* h] inv5tive m9d has be5 specially active1 & ! _m h&icaps :i* h be5 impos$ on h]1 ! wond] is n t %e has a*iev$ s little 9 comp>ison ) man1 b r t %e has accompli%$ s mu*4 ,! fir/ woman to receive a pat5t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ,m>y ,kies4 ,x 0 issu$ ,may #e1 #ahji1 = a process ( /raw-weav+ ) silk or ?read4 ,six ye>s lat] ,m>y ,bru% 0 grant$ a pat5t = a corset4 ,x seems to h be5 q satisfactory1 = no o!r pat5t = ?is article ( fem99e attire 0 issu$ to a woman until #ahda1 :5 "o 0 grant$ to ,elizabe? ,adams4 ,dur+ ! ?irty-two ye>s :i* elaps$ betwe5 ! issu+ ( a pat5t to ,m>y ,kies & ,elizabe? ,adams1 b tw5ty o!r pat5ts 7 grant$ to wom54 ,! *ief ( ^! 7 = weav+ hats f grass1 manufactur+ moccas9s1 :it5+ leghorn /raw1 = a %eet-iron %ovel1 a cook /ove & a ma*9e = cutt+ /raw & fodd]4 ,dur+ ! decade foll[+ #ahda1 f\rte5 pat5ts 7 issu$ to z _m diff]5t wom54 ,among ! articles pat5t$ by !m 7 an ice-cream freez]1 a weigh+ scale & a fan atta*m5t = a rock+ *air4 ,x 0 n record$1 h[ev]1 t ?is la/ inv5tion1 valuable z x 0 app>5tly1 ev] became p>ticul>ly popul>4 ,b by f> ! mo/ rem>kable ( woman's inv5tions dur+ ?is p]iod 0 a subm>9e telescope & lamp1 = :i* a pat5t 0 aw>d$ 9 #ahde to ,s>ah ,ma!r4 ,f #ahea to #ahfa1 tw5ty-eight pat5ts 7 issu$ to wom5--j twice ! numb] aw>d$ !m dur+ ! prec$+ decade4 ,mo/ ( ^! pat5ts 7 = articles ( dome/ic use or fem99e app>el4 ,f\r ( !m1 h[ev]1 compris$ a scale = in/rum5tal music1 = m\nt+ fluid l5ses1 a f\nta9 p5 & an improvem5t 9 reap+ & m[+ ma*9es4 ,! foll[+ decade is rem>kable = ! wond]ful increase 9 ! numb] ( inv5tions due to wom51 = !re 0 a sudd5 jump f tw5ty-eight to f\r hundr$ & =ty-"o pat5ts aw>d$ !m betwe5 ! ye>s #ahfa & #ahga4 ,wom5 n[ began to h confid5ce 9 _! inv5tive faculties1 &1 no long] cont5t ) ex]cis+ _! g5ius on articles ( clo?+ & cul9>y ut5sils1 sew+1 wa%+ & *urn+ ma*9es1 !y began to devote _! att5tion to objects t 7 entirely =eign to _! ord9>y home activities4 ,?is is cle>ly ev9c$ by ! pat5ts !y obta9$ = su* inv5tions z improvem5ts 9 locomotive :eels1 devices = r$uc+ /raw & o!r fibr\s sub/ances = ! manufacture ( pap] pulp1 improvem5ts 9 corn husk]s1 l[-wat] indicators1 /eam & o!r :i/les1 corn pl[s1 a me?od ( con/ruct+ screw propell]s1 improvem5ts 9 mat]ials = pack+ j\rnals & be>+s1 9 fire al>ms1 !rmomet]s1 railroad c> heat]s1 improvem5ts 9 lubricat+ railway j\rnals1 9 conveyors ( smoke & c9d]s = locomotives1 9 pyrote*nic night signals1 burgl> al>ms1 railway c> safety app>atus1 9 app>atus = pun*+ corrugat$ metals1 desulphuriz+ ores & o!r simil> inv5tions 9 ! doma9 ( me*anical eng9e]+1 inv5tions t1 at fir/ blu%1 w\ld seem to be q ali5 to ! g5ius & capacity ( woman4 ,f n[ on wom5's inv5tions 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates increas$ at an extraord9>y rate1 = f #ahga until ,july #a1 #ahhh1 :5 ! fir/ gov]nm5t report 0 made on ! pat5ts issu$ to wom5 inv5tors1 %e _h to h] cr$it ne>ly two ?\s& inv5tions1 _m ( :i* 7 ( prime importance4#bca ,dur+ ! sev5 ye>s foll[+ #ahhh %e 0 aw>d$ tw5ty-five hundr$ & tw5ty-six pat5ts--m ?an ! total numb] t _h be5 grant$ h] dur+ ! prec$+ sev5ty-n9e ye>s4 ,betwe5 #ahie & #aiaj1 ?ree ?\s& six hundr$ & fifte5 m pat5ts 7 plac$ to h] cr$it1 mak+ a gr& total = h] fir/ c5tury ( inv5tive a*ievem5t ( eight ?\s& five hundr$ & n9ety-six pat5ts4 ,no ,pat5t ,(fice reports are available s9ce #aiaj1 b ! numb] ( inv5tions = :i* wom5 h receiv$ pat5ts s9ce ,m>y ,kies 0 aw>d$ h]s on ,may #e1 #ahji1 = /raw-weav+ ) silk or ?read1 _c be f> f t5 ?\s&4 ,?is fact w1 d\btless1 be a revelation to t l>ge class ( m5 :o /ill seem to %>e ! views ( ,voltaire & ,pr\dhon t wom5 are incapable ( inv5t+ ev5 ! simple/ article ( dome/ic use4 ,! foll[+ /ory well illu/rates ! prevail+ ignorance reg>d+ ! "p wom5 h tak5 9 ! inv5tion ( c]ta9 articles t are s common t mo/ p ?9k !y 7 nev] pat5t$4 ,i 0 out driv+ once ) an old f>m] 9 ,v]mont1 writes ,mrs4 ,ada ,c4 ,b[les1 & he told me1 ',y wom5 may talk ab\t y\r rights1 b :y don't y inv5t some?+8' ,i answ]$1 ',y\r horse's fe$ bag & ! %ade ov] 8 head 7 bo? ( !m inv5t$ by wom54' ,! old fell[ 0 s tak5 aback t he 0 b>ely able to gasp1 ',d tell6' ,_h he inve/igat$ fur!r he w\ld h f\nd t ! flynet on 8 horse's back1 ! tugs & o!r h>ness trimm+s1 ! %oes on 8 horse's feet#bcb & ! buggy seat he !n occupi$ 7 all ! inv5tions ( wom54 ,he w\ld1 d\btless1 also h discov]$ t ! currycomb he _h us$ be=e />t+ out on 8 drive1 z well z ! snap hook ( ! halt] & ! *eckre9 & ! /all unhit*+ device 7 likewise ! inv5tions ( memb]s ( t sex ^: capacity he 0 s dispos$ to depreciate2 = wom5 h be5 aw>d$ pat5ts--9 "s in/ances sev]al ( !m--= all ! articles t h be5 m5tion$4 ,he might fur!rmore h le>n$ t ! fellies 9 8 buggy :eels & 8 daught]'s side saddle _h be5 made "u wom5's pat5ts2 & t1 to complete 8 surprise & confusion1 ! lea!r us$ 9 8 h>ness _h be5 sewn by a ma*9e pat5t$ by a woman :o 0 n only an inv5tor b :o 0 also = _m ye>s ! manag] & proprietor ( a l>ge h>ness factory 9 ,new ,york ,city4 ,:at p>ticul>ly arre/s "o's att5tion 9 read+ ! ,pat5t ,(fice reports is n only ! l>ge numb] ( inv5tions by wom51 b also ! v wide range ( ! devices :i* !y embrace4 ,x is n surpris+ to f9d !m inv5t+ & improv+ cul9>y ut5sils1 h\se furniture & furni%+s1 toilet articles1 we>+ app>el & /ation]y1 trunks & bags1 toys & games1 designs = pr9t$ & textile fabrics1 = boxes & baskets1 scre5s1 awn+s1 baby c>ri]s1 musical in/rum5ts1 appliances = wa%+ & clean+1 atta*m5ts = bicycles & type-writ+ ma*9es1 art1 educational & m$ical appliances2 = ^! ?+s are 9 keep+ ) _! prop] meti]2 b x is surpris+ = ^? :o are n famili> ) ! hi/ory ( mod]n inv5tions to le>n ( ! %>e wom5 h _h 9 inv5t+ & improv+ agricultural implem5ts1 build+ appurt5ances1 motors ( v>i\s k9ds1 plumb+ app>atus1 !atrical /age me*anisms1 &1 above all1 c\ntless railway appliances f a c\pl+ or f5d] to an app>atus = s&+ railroad tracks1 or a device = unload+ boxc>s4 ,^? :o are /ill ( ! op9ion ( ,voltaire & ,pr\dhon--& _! "n is legion--respect+ woman's inv5tive p[]s1 might be will+ to accord to h] ! capacity to design a new =m ( clo!s p91 or hair crimp]1 or r\ge pad1 or complexion mask1 or p[d] puff1 or baby jump]2 b !y w\ld limit h] ability to contrivances ( ?is "*4 ,b :at w\ld ^! same p say if !y 7 told t ov] & above ! ?+s j m5tion$ = :i* _m wom5 h actually receiv$ pat5ts1 ! mu* depreciat$ female sex _h be5 grant$ pat5ts = locomotive :eels1 /uff+ boxes1 railway c> safety app>atus1 life rafts1 cut-(fs = hydraulic & o!r eng9es1 /reet c>s1 m9+ ma*9es1 furnaces = smelt+ ores1 s\nd-dead5+ atta*m5ts = railway c>s1 fe$ pumps & transf] app>atus = traction c>s1 ma*9es = driv+ hoops on to b>rels1 app>atus = de/roy+ vegetation on & remov+ sn[ f railroads1 coke cru%]s1 artificial /one compositions1 elevat$ railways1 new =ms ( cattle c>s1 dams & res]voirs1 weld+ seams ( pipes & h>d5+ iron1 alloys = bell metal & alloys to resemble silv]1 me?ods ( ref9+ & h>d5+ copp]1 processes = conc5trat+ ores1 improvem5t 9 elevators & designs = rais+ sunk5 vessels8 ,& yet1 incr$ible z x may appe> to ^! sc(f]s at woman's g5ius1 pat5ts = all ^! inv5tions1 me?ods & processes--_m ( !m ( exce$+ value--& = hundr$s ( o!rs ( a simil> nature1 h be5 issu$ to wom5 dur+ rec5t ye>s4 ,& ! activity ( ! fair inv5tors1 f> f abat+1 is becom+ daily m pron\nc$1 & promises to rew>d _! ef=ts ) f> great] triumphs4 ,inde$1 wom5 are becom+ s active 9 ! num]\s fields ( inv5tion--ev5 9 su* unlikely ones z metallurgy & civil1 me*anical & electrical eng9e]+--t !y bid fair to rival m5 9 :at !y h long reg>d$ z _! peculi> specialty4 ,9 #ahib a woman 9 ,new ,york 0 grant$ two pat5ts1 "o = a process ( malt+ be] & ! o!r = hoop+ malt liquors4 ,^! inv5tions1 h[ev]1 are n s =eign to ! avocation ( woman z !y at fir/ appe>4 ,=1 if we may believe ! tea*+s ( e?nology & prehi/oric ar*aeology 9 ?is matt]1 wom5 7 ! fir/ brew]s4 ,! "o1 !re=e1 :o two decades ago secur$ ! two pat5ts j m5tion$ 0 b tak+ up anew an occupation 9 :i* h] sex furni%$ ! fir/ inv5tion _m ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,an in/ructive fact t\*+ woman's inv5tive a*ievem5ts is t h] fulle/ success is co9cid5t ) h] enl>g$ opportunities = education1 & began ) ! break+ d[n ( ! prejudices :i* s long exi/$ aga9/ h] hav+ any?+ to d ) ! developm5t ( ! me*anical or indu/rial arts4 ,:5 "o recollects t ! public s*ools ( ,bo/on1 e/abli%$ 9 #afdb1 7 n op5 to girls until a c5tury & a half lat]1 & !n only = ! mo/ elem5t>y bran*es & = b "o-half ! ye>2 & t girls did n h ! b5efit ( a high s*ool education 9 ! c5t] ( ,new ,engl& culture until #aheb2 & :5 "o fur!rmore recalls ! attitude ( ! g5]al public t[>d wom5 & girls ext5d+ _! activities beyond ! nurs]y & ! kit*51 x is easy to und]/& t !re 0 n mu* enc\ragem5t = !m to ex]cise _! inv5tive tal5t1 ev5 if !y _h felt an incl9ation to d s4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ,miss ,m>g>et ,knight1 ( ,bo/on1 :o 9 #ahga 0 aw>d$ a valuable pat5t = mak+ a pap]-bag ma*9e is a case 9 po9t & well illu/rates "s ( ! difficulties t wom5 inv5tors _h to cont5d ) only a few decades ago4 ,z a *ild1 %e writes to a fri5d1 ,i nev] c>$ = ! ?+s t girls usually d2 dolls nev] _h any *>ms = me4 ,i c\ldn't see ! s5se ( coddl+ bits ( porcela9 ) s5seless faces2 ! only ?+s ,i want$ 7 a jackknife1 a gimlet & pieces ( wood4 ,my fri5ds 7 horrifi$4 ,i 0 call$ a tomboy1 b t made v little impression on me4 ,i sigh$ sometimes because ,i 0 n l o!r girls1 b wisely conclud$ t ,i c\ldn't help x1 & s\ght fur!r consolation f my tools4 ,i 0 always mak+ ?+s = my bro!rs4 ,did !y want any?+ 9 ! l9e ( play?+s1 !y always said1 ',mattie w make !m = u4' ,i 0 fam\s = my kites1 & my sl$s 7 ! envy & admiration ( all ! boys 9 t[n4 ,i'm n surpris$ at :at ,i've done2 ,i'm only sorry ,i c\ldn't h _h z good a *ance z a boy1 & h be5 put to my trade regul>ly4 ,ev5 aft] %e _h demon/rat$ h] skill z an inv5tor1 ,miss ,knight _h to enc\nt] ! skepticism ( ! workm5 to :om %e entru/$ ! manufacture ( h] ma*9es4 ,!y que/ion$ h] ability to sup]9t5d h] own "w1 & x 0 only h] p]si/5cy & rem>kable compet5cy t ultimately conv]t$ _! incr$ulity into respect & admiration4 ,s9ce wom5 h come into ! possession ( great] fre$om ?an !y =m]ly enjoy$1 & h be5 af=d$ bett] opportunities ( develop+ _! inv5tive faculties1 _m ( !m h tak5 to inv5tion z an occupation1 & ) m>k$ success4 ,!y f9d x ! easie/ & mo/ cong5ial way ( e>n+ a livelihood1 & n a few ( !m h be5 able !reby to accumulate com=table =tunes1 besides develop+ indu/ries t h giv5 employm5t to ?\s&s ( bo? sexes4 ,?us ! /raw indu/ry 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is due to ,miss ,betsy ,metcalf1 :o1 m ?an a c5tury ago1 produc$ ! fir/ /raw bonnet ev] manufactur$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,s9ce !n ! indu/ry :i* ?is woman orig9at$ has assum$ imm5se proportions4 ,! numb] ( /raw hats n[ made 9 ,massa*usetts alone1 n to speak ( ^? annually manufactur$ else:]e1 runs into ! millions4 ,sc>cely less wond]ful is ! indu/ry develop$ by ,miss ,knight1 already m5tion$1 ?r\gh h] m>vel\s inv5tion = manufactur+ sat*el-bottom pap] bags4 ,_m m5 _h previ\sly essay$ to solve ! problem :i* %e attack$ ) su* signal success1 b all to no purpose4 ,s valuable 0 h] inv5tion consid]$ by exp]ts t %e refus$ fifty ?\s& doll>s = x %ortly aft] tak+ out h] pat5t4 ,(t5 :at are app>5tly ! mo/ trivial inv5tions prove ! mo/ lucrative4 ,?us1 a ,*icago woman receives a h&some income = h] inv5tion ( a pap] pail4 ,a woman 9 ,san ,francisco inv5t$ a baby c>riage1 & receiv$ f\rte5 ?\s& doll>s = h] pat5t4 ,! gimlet-po9t$ screw1 :i* 0 ! idea ( a little girl1 has realiz$ to its pat5tee an indep5d5t =tune4 ,/ill m rem>kable is ! ,burd5 horse%oe ma*9e1 ! inv5tion ( a woman1 :i* turns out a complete horse%oe e ?ree seconds & :i* is said to h effect$ a sav+ to ! public ( t5s ( millions ( doll>s4 ,! cotton g91 "o ( ! mo/ useful & important ( ,am]ican inv5tions--a ma*9e t effect$ a complete revolution 9 ! cotton indu/ry ?r\gh\t ! _w--is due to a woman1 ,ca!r9e ,l4 ,gre5e1 ! wife ( ,g5]al ,na?aniel ,gre5e1 ( ,revolution>y fame4 ,aft] %e _h fully develop$ 9 h] own m9d a me?od = sep>at+ ! cotton f its se$1 :i* 0 aft] h] husb&'s dea?1 %e intru/$ ! mak+ ( ! ma*9e to ,eli ,:itney1 :o 0 !n bo>d+ ) h]1 & :o _h a ,yankee's skill 9 ! use ( tools4 ,:itney 0 sev]al times on ! po9t ( ab&on+ z impossible ! task :i* _h be5 assign$ to him1 b ,mrs4 ,gre5e's fai? 9 ultimate success nev] wav]$1 &1 ?anks to h] p]si/5ce 9 ! "w & ! putt+ into execution ( h] ideas1 h] great und]tak+ 0 f9ally cr[n$ ) success4 ,%e did n apply = a pat5t = h] inv5tion 9 h] own "n1 because s oppos$ 0 public op9ion to woman's hav+ "p 9 me*anical occupation t %e w\ld h expos$ h]self to g5]al ridicule & to a loss ( position 9 society4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t ,:itney--h] employee--got cr$it = an inv5tion :i*1 9 reality1 belong$ to h]4 ,%e 01 h[ev]1 subsequ5tly able to reta9 a subord9ate int]e/ 9 x ?r\gh h] second husb&1 ,mr4 ,mill]4 ,?is is only "o ( _m in/ances 9 :i* pat5ts1 tak5 out 9 ! "n ( "s man1 are really due to wom54 ,! e>lie/ developm5t ( ! m[] & reap]1 z well z ! clov] clean]1 belongs to ,mrs4 ,a4 ,h4 ,mann+1 ( ,pla9field1 ,new ,j]sey4 ,! pat5t on ! clov] clean] 0 issu$ 9 ! "n ( h] husb&2 b1 z he fail$ to apply = a pat5t = ! m[] & reap]1 8 wife 01 aft] 8 dea?1 robb$ ( ! fruit ( h] bra9 by a neighbor1 ^: "n appe>s on ! li/ ( pat5tees ( an inv5tion :i* orig9at$ ) ,mrs4 ,mann+4 ,a few ye>s ago m5 ( sci5ce awoke to ! />tl+ fact t ! e>?'s supply ( nitrates 0 be+ rapidly exhau/$4 ,x 0 !n realiz$ t1 unless "s new /ore ( ?is ess5tial f]tiliz] c\ld be f\nd1 x w\ld soon be impossible to provide ! food requisite = ! _w's teem+ millions4 ,:at 0 to be done8 ,nev] 0 a m important problem pres5t$ to sci5ce = solution1 & nev] did sci5ce m quickly & efficaci\sly respond4 ,x 0 soon recogniz$ t ! e>?'s atmosph]e 0 ! only available /oreh\se = ! mu*-ne$$ nitrog54 ,=?) sci5ti/s & inv5tors ! _w ov] proce$$ to tap ?is s\rce ( supply & to conv]t its va/ /ores ( nitrog5 into ! nitrates :i* are s indisp5sable to vegetable life4 ,to =m "s idea ( ! importance ( ! problem & ! urg5cy ( its solution1 x may be /at$ t ! am\nt ( f]tiliz] requir$ = ! cotton crop alone 9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates 9 #aiaa 0 no less ?an ?ree million tons4 ,:at1 !n1 mu/ h be5 ! total am\nt us$ ?r\gh ! _w = c]eals & o!r crops t ne$ con/ant f]tiliz+8 ,! fam\s nitrate deposits ( ,*ili c\ld supply only a small fraction ( ! /up5d\s am\nt requir$1 & !y1 accord+ to rec5t calculations1 _c cont9ue to meet ! pres5t dem&s on !m = m ?an a hundr$ ye>s long]1 at mo/4 ,! process involv$1 :5 once conceiv$1 0 simple en\gh1 = x m]ely requir$ ! conv]sion ( ! nitrog5 ( ! air into nitric acid1 :i* 9 turn 0 employ$ 9 ! production ( nitrate ( lime4 ,b1 simple z x 01 mank9d _h to wait a long "t = its orig9ation1 & action 0 tak5 only :5 necessity compell$4 ,at pres5t !re are num]\s nitrate factories 9 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,au/ria1 ,sw$51 ,norway & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ! output is already enorm\s & con/antly increas+4 ,electricity1 t my/]i\s =ce :i* has s frequ5tly come to man's assi/ance dur+ ! la/ few decades1 is ! ag5t employ$4 ,b :o 0 ! orig9ator ( ! idea ( utiliz+ ! atmosph]e = ! production ( nitrates8 ,:o took out ! fir/ pat5t = a process = mak+ nitrates by us+ ! nitrog5 ( ! air8 ,x 0 a ,fr5*woman--,mme4 ,lefebre1 ( ,p>is--long s9ce =gott54 ,z e>ly z #ahei %e obta9$ a pat5t 9 ,engl& = h] inv5tion1 b1 z ! ne$ ( f]tiliz]s 0 n s urg5t !n z x is n[1 x 0 all[$ to drop into oblivion1 & ! matt] 0 n aga9 tak5 up until a half-c5tury lat]1 :5 o!rs secur$ ! cr$it = an idea :i* 0 fir/ conceiv$ by a woman :o happ5$ to h ! mis=tune to live fifty ye>s 9 advance ( h] "t4 ,x 7 easy to ext5d ! li/ ( important inv5tions due to wom5 & ( pat5ts :i* 7 issu$ 9 ! "n ( _! husb&s or o!r m52 to tell ( inv5tions1 too1 ( ^: fruits1 because !y happ5$ to be helpless or inexp]i5c$ wom51 ! real pat5tees 7 (t5 robb$2 b ! =ego+ in/ances are q suffici5t to %[ :at woman's ke5 inv5tive g5ius is capable ( a*iev+ 9 spite ( all ! re/rictions put on h] sex1 & 9 spite ( h] lack ( tra9+ 9 ! me*anic arts4 ,_h wom51 s9ce ! organization ( our ,pat5t ,(fice1 enjoy$ all ! educational opportunities possess$ by m52 _h !y receiv$ ! same enc\ragem5t z ! lordly sex to develop _! inv5tive faculties2 _h ! laws ( ! c\ntry accord$ !m ! rew>ds to :i* _! labor & g5ius entitl$ !m1 !y w\ld n[ h f> m inv5tions to _! cr$it ?an ^? indicat$ 9 our gov]nm5t reports2 & !y w\ld1 fur!rmore1 be able to po9t to f> m brilliant a*ievem5ts ?an h h]et(ore1 "u ! unfavorable conditions "u :i* !y 7 oblig$ to "w1 be5 possible4 ,b :5 we recall all ! ob/acles !y h _h to ov]come & rememb] also ! fact t mo/ ( ! pat5ts ref]r$ to 9 ! prec$+ pages h be5 secur$ by wom5 liv+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates--little be+ said ( ! mod]n inv5tions ( wom5 9 =eign c\ntries--we c see t _! record is inde$ a spl5did "o1 t _! a*ievem5ts are n only wor?y ( all praise1 b also a happy augury = ! future4 ,:5 !y %all h ! same fre$om ( action z m5 9 all dep>tm5ts ( activity 9 :i* !y exhibit special aptitude1 :5 !y %all h ! same advantages ( tra9+ & equipm5t & ! prospect ( ! same emolum5ts z ! /]n] sex = ! products ( _! bra9work & craftsman%ip1 !n may we expect !m to a*ieve ! same di/9ction 9 ! me*anic arts z has rew>d$ _! ef=ts 9 sci5ce & lit]ature2 & !n1 too1 may we hope to see !m once m rega9 some?+ ( t supremacy 9 inv5tion :i* 0 !irs 9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( our race4 ,,footnotes3 #bbg ,on a vu des femmes tres savantes1 comme en fut des gu]ri]es1 mais il n'y en eut jamais d'inv5trices4 ,dictionnaire ,philosophique1 sub voce ,femmes4 ,condorcet1 9 comm5t+ on ?is /atem5t1 rem>ks t if m5 capable ( inv5tion 7 alone to h a place 9 ! _w1 !re w\ld be _m a vacant "o1 ev5 9 ! academies4 #bbh ,t m>vel\s /ructure kn[n z ! ,taj ,mahal--,india's noble/ tribute to ! grace & goodness ( ,indian womanhood--is sometimes said to be a monum5t to ! memory ( ,nur ,mahal4 ,?is is n ! case4 ,?is mat*less gem ( ar*itecture-- 444 ,! pr\d passion ( an emp]or's love ,wr\ght into liv+ /one1 :i* gleams & so>s ,) body ( beauty %r9+ s\l & ?\ght4 is a monum5t to ,nur ,mahal's niece & successor z empress1 ,mumtaz-,mahal--,! ,cr[n ( ! ,palace--:o1 l h] aunt1 0 a woman ( r>e beauty & tal5t & ende>$ h]self to h] p by h] spl5did qualities ( m9d & he>t4 #bbi ,! inv5tor ( canals z well z ( bridges ov] riv]s & causeways ov] morasses 01 accord+ to ,greek hi/orians1 ! fam\s ,assyrian que51 ,semiramis1 ! build] ( ,babylon ) its wond]ful hang+ g>d5s4 #bcj ,among ! works :i* treat ( ! subject-matt] ( ! =ego+ pages ! read] may consult ) pr(it1 ,woman's ,%>e 9 ,primitive ,culture1 by ,o4 ,t4 ,mason1 ,london1 #ahie2 ,man & ,woman1 ! introductory *apt]1 by ,havelock ,ellis1 ,london1 #ahih2 & ,hi/oire ,n\velle des ,arts et des ,sci5ces1 by ,a4 ,r5aud1 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 #bca ,cf4 ,wom5 ,inv5tors to :om pat5ts h be5 grant$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t1 ,compil$ "u ! ,direction ( ! ,commission] ( ,pat5ts1 ,wa%+ton1 #ahhh4 ,see also subsequ5t reports ( ! ,pat5t ,(fice4 #bcb ,to "o woman1 ,m>y ,e4 ,p\p>d1 ( ,london1 ,engl&1 7 grant$ 9 a s+le ye> no less ?an ?ree pat5ts = horse-%oes--two ( ! pat5ts be+ = sectional & segm5tal horse-%oes4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,wom5 ,,z ,,inspir]s ,,& ,,collaborators ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ lit]>y figures ( ! fif? c5tury 0 ,caius ,apoll9>is ,sidonius1 :o1 aft] hold+ a numb] ( important civil (fices1 became ! bi%op ( ,cl]mont4 ,! mo/ valuable ( 8 extant works are 8 n9e books ( lett]s :i* are a m9e ( in=mation respect+ ! hi/ory ( 8 age & ! mann]s1 cu/oms & ideals ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,9 "o ( ^! lett]s1 address$ to ,hesp]ius1 a "y fri5d ( 8 :o exhibit$ special tal5t 9 polite lit]ature1 he expresses a s5tim5t :i* applies z well to ! vot>y ( sci5ce z to ! man ( lett]s4 ,ref]r+ to ! assi/ance :i* wom5 _h giv5 to _! husb&s & fri5ds 9 _! /udies1 he conjures him to rememb] t 9 days ( old x 0 ! wont ( ,m>tia1 ,t]5tia1 ,calpurnia1 ,pud5tilla & ,ru/icana to hold ! lamp :ile _! husb&s1 ,hort5sius1 ,cic]o1 ,pl9y1 ,apuleius & ,symma*us1 7 read+ & m$itat+4#bcc ,?is picture ( wom5 z light-be>]s to ! great orators & philosoph]s j nam$ is symbolic ( !m z ! helpmates & inspir]s ( m5 9 e field ( human activity & 9 e age ( ! _w's hi/ory4 ,always & ev]y:]e1 :5 p]mitt$ to occupy ! same social plane z m51 wom5 h be5 n only z lamps unto ! feet & z lights unto ! pa?s ( _! male compe]s 9 ! ord9>y affairs ( life1 b h also be5 _! guid+ />s & m9i/]+ angels 9 ! highe/ sph]es ( intellectual ef=t4 ,= ne>ly fifte5 c5turies ,/4 ,j]ome has _h ! gratitude ( ! *ur* = 8 ma/]ly translation1 kn[n z ! ,vulgate1 ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures4 ,b1 _h x n be5 = 8 two noble fri5ds1 ,paula & ,eu/o*ium1 :o 7 z em95t = _! intellectual atta9m5ts z !y 7 = _! desc5t f ! mo/ di/+ui%$ families ( ,rome & ,greece1 !re w\ld h be5 no ,vulgate4 ,= !y 7 n only 8 inspir]s 9 ?is colossal und]tak+1 b !y 7 8 active & zeal\s collaborators z well4 ,dante & ,petr>* are acclaim$ z ! morn+ />s ( mod]n lit]ature1 b bo? ( !m ow$ _! immortality to ! inspiration ( two pure-m9d$ & noble-he>t$ wom54 ,9 ! conclud+ p>agraph ( 8 ,vita ,nuova--! mo/ beautiful love /ory ev] writt5--,dante records 8 purpose to say ( 8 inspir]1 ! g5tle1 graci\s ,beatrice ,port9>i1 :at 0 nev] said ( any woman4 ,! outcome ( ?is exalt$ purpose 0 ! ,div9a ,comm$ia1 ! _w's greate/ lit]>y ma/]piece4 ,petr>*1 ! fa!r ( humanism1 is ! fir/ to give ,laura de ,noves cr$it = 8 atta9m5ts z a poet4 ,9 "o ( 8 poems he s+s3 ,ble/ be ! ye>1 ! mon?1 ! h\r1 ! day1 ,! season & ! "t1 & po9t ( space1 ,& ble/ ! beaute\s c\ntry & ! place ,:]e fir/ ( two eyes ,i felt ! sway4 ,else:]e 9 "o ( 8 prose dialogues ) ,/4 ,augu/9e he decl>es1 ,:atev] y see 9 me1 be x little or mu*1 is due to h]2 nor w\ld ,i ev] h atta9$ to ?is measure ( "n & fame unless %e _h *]i%$ by ^? mo/ noble influ5ces t my feeble implant+ ( virtues :i* nature _h plac$ 9 ?is brea/4#bcd ,a no less rem>kable inspir]1 b 9 an entirely diff]5t sph]e ( activity1 0 ! dev\t & spotless ,italian maid51 ,*i>a ,s*iffi1 bett] kn[n z ,/4 ,cl>a4 ,%e 01 z is well kn[n1 ! ard5t coop]ator ( ,/4 ,francis ,assisi 9 8 great "w ( social & religi\s re=m :i* has contribut$ s mu* t[>d ! welf>e ( humanity4 ,b x is n g5]ally kn[n :at an important "p %e _h 9 ?is great und]tak+1 & h[ %e su/a9$ ! ,pov]ello dur+ long h\rs ( trial & h>d%ip4 ,x 0 dur+ ^! p]iods ( c>e & /ruggle t we see h[ c\rage\s & intrepid 0 ?is woman :o has always be5 repres5t$ z frail1 emaciat$1 blan*$ l a fl[] ( ! cloi/]4 ,%e def5d$ ,francis n only aga9/ o!rs b also aga9/ himself4 ,9 ^? h\rs ( d>k disc\ragem5t :i* s (t5 & s pr(\ndly di/urb ! noble/ s\ls & /]ilize ! gr&e/ ef=ts1 %e 0 beside him to %[ ! way4 ,:5 he d\bt$ 8 mission & ?\ght ( flee+ to ! heights ( repose & solit>y pray]1 x 0 %e :o %[$ him ! rip5+ h>ve/ ) no reap]s to ga!r x 91 m5 go+ a/ray ) no %eph]d to h]d !m1 & drew him once aga9 into ! tra9 ( ! ,galilean1 into ! numb] ( ^? :o give _! lives z a ransom = _m4#bce ,x is "u ! %ade ( ! olive trees ( ,/4 ,damian1 ) 8 si/]-fri5d ,cl>a c>+ = him1 t he composes 8 f9e/ "w1 t :i* ,erne/ ,r5an call$ ! mo/ p]fect utt]ance ( mod]n religions s5tim5t1 ,! ,canticle ( ! ,sun4#bcf ,?is canticle1 h[ev]1 beautiful z x is1 lacks1 z has well be5 rem>k$1 "o /rophe4 ,if x 0 n ^u ,francis' lips1 x 0 surely 9 8 he>t3 ,be prais$1 ,"l1 = ,si/] ,cl>a2 ,?\ ha/ made h] sil5t1 active1 & sagaci\s1 ,&1 by h]1 ?y light %9es 9 our he>ts4#bcg ,x 0 ?r\gh ! inspiration & influ5ce ( ,!odora t ! fam\s ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,sophia1 t mat*less poem 9 m>ble & gold1 t imp]i%able monum5t to ! glory ( ! true ,god1 came into exi/5ce4 ,x 0 ?r\gh h] t ,ju/9ian conceiv$ ! idea ( ^? ,p&ects & ,in/itutes :i* con/itute ! greate/ glory ( 8 reign1 & :i* are ! basis ( ! ,code ,napoleon & ( all mod]n jurisprud5ce4 ,x 0 to ,vittoria ,colonna t ,mi*aelangelo d$icat$ _m ( ! mo/ exquisite productions ( 8 pe]less g5ius4 ,he saw1 z has be5 said1 ) h] eyes & act$ by h] inspiration4 ,almo/ e "o ( ,*op9's compositions 0 inspir$ by wom51 & a l>ge proportion ( !m are d$icat$ to !m4 ,! same may be said ( ,moz>t1 ,m5delssohn1 ,s*ub]t1 ,bee?ov51 ,web]1 ,s*umann & o!r illu/ri\s compos]s4 ,all ^! sons ( g5ius believ$ ) ,ca/iglione t all inspiration mu/ come f woman2 t %e _h be5 expressly creat$ & s5t into ! _w to inspire !m ) intellig5ce & creative p[]4 ,m4 ,clavi]e decl>es t ,!re is h>dly a philosoph] or a poet ( ! sixte5? c5tury ^: pages are n illum9at$ or gladd5$ by ! smile ( "s high-born lady4#bch ,:at ! brilliant ,fr5*man says ( ! influ5ce ( woman on ! poets & philosoph]s ( a s+le c5tury c\ld ) equal tru? be said ( ! poets & philosoph]s ( e c5tury f ,anacreon & ,plato to ! pres5t day4 ,&1 /ill m1 x c be pr$icat$ ( woman's inspiration & influ5ce 9 e dep>tm5t ( intellectual ef=t1 9 art & ar*itecture1 9 music & lit]ature1 9 sci5ce 9 all its dep>tm5ts1 :e!r d$uctive or inductive4 ,x has be5 well said1 ,7 hi/ory to be rewritt51 ) due reg>d to wom5's %>e 9 x1 _m small causes1 h]et(ore disreg>d$1 w\ld be f\nd fully to expla9 great & unlook$-= results4444 ,= x is n 9 outw>d facts1 nor great names1 nor noisy de$s1 nor g5ealogies ( cr[n$ heads1 nor 9 tragic loves1 nor ambiti\s or /rik+ h]oism1 nor crime1 t we f9d pro(s ( ! con/ant & secret work+ :]eby woman mo/ effectually ass]ts h]self4 ,c]ta9ly %e has play$ h] "p 9 ! outw>d & visible hi/ory ( ! _w1 b 9 t hi/ory :i* is told & writt51 :i* is buri$ 9 ar*ives & revivifi$ 9 books1 woman's "p is always small :5 set beside t ( h] companion1 man4 ,%e contributes b little1 & at ?is %e may surely rejoice1 to ! tales ( battles & treaties ( successions & alliances1 ( viol5ce1 fraud1 suspicions & hatr$s4 ,b if ! inw>d hi/ory ( human affairs c\ld be describ$ z fully z ! outw>d facts2 if ! /ory ( ! family c\ld be told toge!r ) ! /ory ( ! nation2 if human ?\ghts c\ld ) c]ta9ty be div9$ f human de$s1 !n ! *ief figure 9 ?is hi/ory ( s5tim5t & morals w\ld c]ta9ly be t ( ,woman ! ,inspir]4#bci ,?is same /atem5t w\ld hold equally good if appli$ to ! "p tak5 by wom5 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce4 ,_! a*ievem5ts h1 9 mo/ cases1 be5 s ov]%ad[$ by ^? ( m5 t _! "w has be5 usually reg>d$ z a negligible quantity4 ,b :5 "o consid]s ! ma9spr+s ( actions1 & exam9es ! sil5t und]curr5ts :i* escape ! notice ( ! sup]ficial obs]v]1 "o f9ds1 z 9 social & political hi/ory1 t ! mo/ important sci5tific inve/igations are (t5 conduct$1 & ! mo/ mom5t\s discov]ies are made1 9 consequ5ce ( ! prompt+s ( "s devot$ woman fri5d1 or 9 virtue ( ! /ill1 small voice ( a *]i%$ wife1 or si/]1 :o pref]s to rema9 9 ! backgr\nd 9 ord] t all ! glory ( a*ievem5t may r$\nd to ! man4 ,!re h be51 x may safely be ass]t$1 few really em95t m5 9 sci5ce1 z !re h be5 few really em95t m5 9 art or lett]s1 or 9 ! great re=m & religi\s movem5ts ( ! _w1 :o h n be5 assi/$ by "s woman light-be>]1 z 7 ,hort5sius by ,m>tia1 ,tully by ,t]5tia & ,pl9y by ,calpurnia4 ,!re h be5 few t h n1 dur+ h\rs ( d\bt & disc\ragem5t1 be5 su/a9$ & /imulat$ z 0 ,francis by ,cl>a1 & ,j]ome by ,paula & ,eu/o*ium4 ,& !re h be5 /ill few] :o h n _h1 l ,petr>* & ,dante1 _! ,laura or _! ,beatrice ( :om ea* c\ld say3 ,?is is ! beacon guides to de$s ( wor?1 ,& urges me to see ! glori\s goal3 ,?is bids me leave beh9d ! vulg> ?rong4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h _h notable examples ( wom5 ^: b5efic5t influ5ce & coop]ation h enabl$ di/+ui%$ m5 ( sci5ce to a*ieve results t w\ld o!rwise h be5 impossible4 ,among ^!--to m5tion only a few--7 ,mme4 ,lavoisi] & ,mme4 ,curie 9 *emi/ry1 ,mme4 ,lapaute & ,miss ,h]s*el 9 a/ronomy1 ,mrs4 ,agassiz & ,mme4 ,c\dreau 9 natural sci5ce & exploration1 ,mme4 ,s*liemann & ,mme4 ,dieulafoy 9 ar*aeology4 ,"o ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s wom5 inspir]s ( ,france 0 ,ca!r9e de ,p>!nay1 :o1 aft] atta9+ womanhood1 became ! brilliant ,pr9cess de ,rohan1 & 0 recogniz$ z "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ & mo/ rem>kable wom5 ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,z a "y girl %e exhibit$ r>e intellig5ce & display$ special aptitude = ! exact sci5ces4 ,= ?is reason h] "m saw to x t h] *ild _h ! b5efit ( in/ruction "u ! able/ ma/]s t c\ld be secur$4 ,! mo/ not$ ( ^! 0 ,francois ,viete1 ! le>n$ ,fr5* ma!matician1 :o is ju/ly reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( mod]n algebra4 ,9 8 day1 especially 9 ! high] classes ( society1 ! education giv5 to wom5 0 (t5 m ?or\gh ?an t af=d$ to m54 ,= ?is reason1 too1 wom5 n infrequ5tly became di/+ui%$ 9 a/ronomy1 :i* 0 !n usually kn[n "u ! "n ( a/rology4 ,viete1 9 initiat+ 8 gift$ pupil into ! pr9ciples ( ?is sci5ce1 became himself s en?usia/ic a /ud5t ( a/ronomy t he det]m9$ to prep>e an elaborate "w on ! subject--some?+ on ! plan ( ! ,almage/ ( ,ptolemy--a "w :i* he designat$ ,h>monicum ,cele/e4 ,9 ord] t ! in/ruction giv5 8 pupil might n be lack+ 9 precision1 ,viete wrote out1 ) ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e1 ! lessons design$ = h] b5efit4 ,! manuscripts conta9+ ^! lessons 7 long pres]v$ among ! family ar*ives1 b ne>ly all ( !m 7 un=tunately consign$ to ! flames dur+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 #agic4 ,no "o 0 m int]e/$ 9 ,viete's ma!matical rese>*es--^? rese>*es :i* h r5d]$ him s fam\s 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce--?an 0 ! ,pr9cess de ,rohan4 ,! =m] pupil 0 ! fir/ to receive notice ( h] di/+ui%$ ma/]'s discov]ies & ! fir/ to congratulate him on 8 success4 ,x 0 to ?is *]i%$ pupil1 :o always rema9$ 8 fri5d & b5efactress1 t ,viete d$icat$ 8 important "w on ma!matical analysis entitl$ ,9 ,artem ,analyticam ,isagoge4 ,! words ( ! d$ication are a tribute to ! le>n+ & ! g5ius ( ! pupil z well z an expression ( ! gratitude ( ! tea*]4 ,x reads z foll[s3 ,x is to y especially1 augu/ daught] ( ,melus9e1 t ,i am indebt$ = my pr(ici5cy 9 ma!matics1 to atta9 :i* ,i 0 enc\rag$ by y\r love = ?is sci5ce1 z well z y\r great k ( x1 & by y\r ma/]y ( all o!r sci5ces1 :i* "o _c too mu* admire 9 a p]son ( y\r noble l9eage4#bdj ,m int]e/+1 & at ! same "t m pa!tic1 7 ! relations ( an ,italian nun1 ,si/] ,m>ia ,cele/e1 & ! man :om ,byron s happily designates z ,! />ry ,galileo1 ) 8 woes4 ,si/] ,cele/e1 :o 0 a ,franciscan nun 9 ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,mat!w1 9 ,arcetri1 0 ! great a/ronom]'s elde/ & favorite daught]4 ,!y 7 greatly atta*$ to ea* o!r1 & ! g5tle religieuse 0 n only h] fa!r's confidante & consol] 9 ! h\rs ( trial & affliction1 b 0 also 8 inspir] & ev]-vigilant gu>dian angel4 ,%e wat*$ ov] him1 n z a daught] ov] a fa!r1 b z a "m wat*es ov] an only son4#bda ,all ?is is beautifully exhibit$ 9 h] "o hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r lett]s :i* 7 publi%$ 9 #ahia = ! fir/ "t4 ,a few ( ^! lett]s1 x is true1 7 publi%$ z e>ly z #aheb by ,alb]i1 9 8 edition ( ! complete works ( ,galileo1 & o!rs 7 giv5 to ! press at subsequ5t dates2 b ! _w _h to wait m ?an two & a half c5turies = a complete collection ( all ! kn[n lett]s ( ?is rem>kable daught] ( an illu/ri\s sire4 ,^! docum5ts are preci\s = ! insight !y give into ! /]l+ "* ( a noble woman1 b !y are beyond price z s\rces ( in=mation respect+ ! t5d]ly affectionate relations :i* exi/$ betwe5 h] & "o ( ! =emo/ m5 ( sci5ce1 n only ( 8 own age1 b ( all "t4 ,!y %[ h[ he made h] 8 confidante 9 all 8 und]tak+s1 & h[ %e 0 8 amanu5sis1 8 c\nselor1 8 inspir]2 h[ h] love 0 an inc5tive to ! "w t won = him undy+ fame2 h[ %e 0 8 support & com=t :5 suff]+ f ! jeal\sy ( rivals or ! enmity ( ^? :o 7 oppos$ to 8 tea*+s4 ,^! lett]s cov] a p]iod ( ne>ly elev5 ye>s--! mo/ mom5t\s ye>s ( h] fa!r's busy & tr\bl$ life4 ,n[ playful1 qua9t1 elfi%1 !n s]i\s1 vivid1 confid5tial1 !y %[ t ! writ]'s intellig5ce 0 z r>e z h] nature 0 loyal & affectionate4 ,at times %e half-apologizes = ! l5g? ( a lett]1 b y mu/ rememb]1 %e adds 9 excuse1 t ,i mu/ put into ?is pap] ev]y?+ t ,i %\ld *att] to y 9 a week4 ,no daught] 0 ev] pr\d] ( h] fa!r or lov$ him ) a m ab\nd+ love4 ,i pride myself1 %e says1 t ,i love & rev]e my de>e/ fa!r m1 by f>1 ?an o!rs love _! fa!rs1 & ,i cle>ly p]ceive t1 9 return1 he f> surpasses ! great] "p ( o!r fa!rs 9 ! love :i* he has = me1 8 lov$ daught]4 ,:5 he 0 ill %e prep>$ di%es & confections t %e knew w\ld tempt 8 appetite4 ,b %e 0 n satisfi$ ) look+ aft] ! welf>e ( 8 body1 = %e took occasion to s5d ) ! cakes & pres]v$ fruits a s]monette = ! b5efit ( 8 s\l4 ,an extract f "o ( h] lett]s gives an insight into ! "* ( ?is devot$ daught]1 :o1 ,galileo says 9 a lett] to 8 fri5d1 ,elia ,diodati1 0 a woman ( exquisite m9d1 s+ul> goodness & mo/ t5d]ly atta*$ to me4 ,( ! pres]v$ citron y ord]$1 %e writes him on ! n9ete5? ( ,decemb]1 #afbe1 ,i h only be5 able to d a small quantity4 ,i fe>$ ! citrons 7 too %rivel$ = pres]v+1 & s !y prov$4 ,i s5d two bak$ pe>s = ^! days ( vigil4 ,b ! greate/ treat ( all ,i s5d y is a rose1 :i* ought to please y extremely1 see+ :at a r>ity x is at ?is season4 ,& ) ! rose y mu/ accept its ?orns1 :i* repres5t ! bitt] passion ( ,our ,"l1 :ile ! gre5 leaves repres5t ! hope we may ent]ta9 t1 ?r\gh ! same sacr$ passion1 we1 hav+ pass$ ?r\gh ! d>kness ( ?is %ort w9t] ( our mortal life1 may atta9 to ! brightness & felicity ( an et]nal spr+ 9 heav51 :i* may our graci\s ,god grant u ?r\gh ,8 m]cy4#bdb ,%e always insi/s ^u 8 keep+ h] fully in=m$ ab\t 8 /udies & discov]ies4 ,%e is p>ticul>1 also1 ab\t receiv+ )\t delay copies ( 8 late/ publications4 ,i beg y1 %e writes 9 "o ( h] lett]s1 to be s k9d z to s5d me t book ( y\rs :i* has j be5 publi%$1 ,il ,saggiatore1 s t ,i may read x2 = ,i h a great desire to see x4 ,on ano!r occasion1 aft] 8 difficulties ) ! ,holy ,(fice1 :5 %e fancies h] fa!r is n keep+ h] fully in=m$ ab\t ! subject matt] ( 8 writ+s1 %e implores him to tell h] on :at topic he is engag$1 if1 %e ar*ly adds1 x be some?+ ,i c und]/& & y are n afraid t ,i w blab4 ,& on /ill ano!r occasion ,si/] ,cele/e rem9ds h] fa!r ( a promise ( 8 to s5d h] a small telescope4 ,f ?is we %\ld inf] t %e desir$ to repeat ! obs]vations on ! heav5ly bodies t _h creat$ su* a s5sation 9 ! le>n$ _w1 & :i* _h giv5 occasion = su* acrimoni\s controv]sy4 ,9 "o ( h] e>li] lett]s ,si/] ,cele/e calls h] fa!r's att5tion to a promise ( 8 to sp5d an aft]noon ) h] & h] si/] ,arcangela1 also a nun 9 ! same conv5t4 ,&1 ref]r+ to "o ( ! regulations ( ! ,franciscan cloi/]1 %e playfully obs]ves3 ,y w be able to sup 9 ! p>lor1 s9ce ! excommunication is = ! table clo?--,o ,si/] ,cele/e6--& n = ! meats !reon4 ,:at w\ld "o n give = a /5ographic report ( ! conv]sations held t aft]noon 9 ! conv5t g>d5 ( ,arcetri1 z fa!r & daught]s leisurely /roll$ ?r\gh ! peaceful enclosure1 all q oblivi\s ( ! fleet+ h\rs8 ,h[ int]e/+ w\ld be a fai?ful record ( ! confid5ces ex*ang$ at ! frugal meal 9 ! ev5+ 9 ! humble p>lor ( ,s4 ,matteo6 ,we w\ld will+ly ex*ange _m ( ! fam\s ,dialoghi di ,galileo ,galilei = a v]batim report ( :at pass$ betwe5 ,si/] ,cele/e & ! fa!r :om %e s idoliz$4#bdc ,judg+ f h] lett]s1 %e _h _m que/ions to ask him ab\t 8 /udies1 8 exp]im5ts1 8 discov]ies1 8 books1 z well z ab\t m p]sonal & dome/ic matt]s4 ,al?\gh !re is no docum5t>y pro( ( ! fact1 yet !re is e reason to believe t ,galileo _h tak5 p]sonal *>ge ( ! education ( ?is1 8 favorite daught]4 ,%e %>$ 8 ta/e = sci5ce & inh]it$ n a little ( 8 g5ius4 ,su* be+ ! case1 we may well believe t a fai?ful acc\nt ( _! conv]sations ( t day w\ld be n only ( surpass+ int]e/1 b w\ld also ?r[ a flood ( light on _m que/ions n[ ill und]/ood4 ,!y w\ld c]ta9ly t5d to fill up ! num]\s lacunae caus$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! lett]s ( ,galileo1 :i* he wrote 9 answ] to ^? ( 8 ev]-*]i%$ daught]4#bdd ,!y w\ld also %[ m cle>ly ?an any facts n[ available :at an unb\nd$ influ5ce ! g5tle nun _h ov] ! greate/ intellect ( 8 "t1 & w\ld1 m cle>ly ?an any?+ 9 h] correspond5ce1 exhibit ,si/] ,cele/e z ! effici5t co-work] & ! abid+ inspir] ( ! fa!r ( mod]n physics & a/ronomy4 ,b1 al?\gh we h no record ( ?is s\l-communion betwe5 fa!r & daught] on ! occasion 9 "q2 al?\gh we are depriv$ ( ! invaluable lett]s :i* he wrote 9 reply to h]s1 we are1 nev]!less1 f ! evid5ce at h&1 ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ?is unique pair z be+ ev] "o 9 he>t1 aspirations & ideals1 & comp>able 9 _! mutual influ5ce on ea* o!r ) any ( ^? fam\s m5 & wom5 :o1 ?r\gh a*ievem5t on ! "o side & inspiration & collaboration on ! o!r1 h ev] be5 recogniz$ z ! greate/ b5efactors ( _! race4 ,"o ( ,galileo's c\ntrym51 ,g4 ,b4 ,clem5te de ,nelli1 0 "r :5 he decl>$ t1 _h x n be5 = ! assi/ance & consolation :i* he receiv$ f ,si/] ,cele/e1 ,galileo w\ld h succumb$ to ! bl[s t 7 %[]$ ^u him dur+ ! mo/ try+ "p ( 8 c>e]4 ,an indication ( ?is is giv5 9 "o ( ! lett]s writt5 by ,si/] ,cele/e 9 ! la/ ye> ( h] life4 ,:ile 9 a fit ( despond5cy & imag9+ 8 fri5ds _h =gott5 him1 ,galileo1 9 a mom5t ( bitt]ness1 wrote 9 a lett] to 8 daught]3 ,my "n is eras$ f ! book ( ! liv+4 ,nay1 came at once ,si/] ,cele/e's *e]+ reply1 say n t y\r "n is /ruck de libro viv5tium1 = x is n s2 nei!r 9 ! great] "p ( ! _w nor 9 y\r own c\ntry4 ,inde$1 x seems to me t1 if = a brief mom5t y\r "n & fame 7 cl\d$1 !y are n[ re/or$ to great] brightness1 at :i* ,i am mu* a/oni%$1 = ,i "k t g5]ally ,nemo propheta acceptus e/ 9 patria sua4 ,i am afraid1 h[ev]1 if ,i beg9 quot+ ,lat91 ,i %all fall into "s b>b>ism4 ,b1 ( a tru?1 y are lov$ & e/eem$ "h m ?an ev]4#bde ,h[ mu* ,si/] ,cele/e 0 to h] fa!r 9 e way 0 n kn[n until aft] h] premature dea? 9 h] ?irty-f\r? ye>4 ,he 0 nev] ! same man aft]w>d4 ,disconsolate & brok51 he fanci$ he he>d ! voice ( ! daught] he s fondly lov$ res\nd+ ?r\gh ! h\se4 ,brood+ ov] 8 great loss1 ! he>t-brok5 old man writes to a fri5d 9 words ( inf9ite pa?os1 ,mi s5to cont9uam5te *iam>e della mia diletta figli\la--,i cont9ually he> myself call$ by my de>ly belov$ daught]4 ,! eigh? ( ,janu>y1 #afdb1 he answ]$ h] call & w5t to jo9 h] 9 a bett] _w4 ,two o!r not$ inve/igators1 "o ( !m a contempor>y ( ,galileo1 ow$ mu* to ! inspiration & enc\ragem5t :i* !y receiv$ f wom54 ,^! 7 ,desc>tes & ,leibnitz4 ,& ! wom5 t _h ! mo/ influ5ce on !m 7 repres5tatives ( royal families1 :o 7 fam\s 9 _! day = _! love & k & ! ext5t ( _! intellectual atta9m5ts4 ,"o ( ! mo/ not$ ( ^! 0 ,elizabe? ( ,bohemia1 ,pr9cess ,palat9e4 ,%e 0 ! favorite pupil ( ,desc>tes1 & x 0 to h] t he d$icat$ 8 great "w1 ,pr9cipia ,philosophiae4 ,%e1 he decl>$1 und]/ood him bett] ?an any "o else he _h ev] met1 = 9 h] alone 7 unit$ ^? g5]ally sep>at$ tal5ts = metaphysics & = ma!matics :i* are s *>act]i/ically op]ative 9 ! ,c>tesian sy/em4#bdf ,to ?is e>ne/ /ud5t :o 0 always absorb$ 9 ! my/]ies ( metaphysics & ! problems ( geometry1 ,desc>tes c\ld refuse no?+4 ,:5 di/ance sep>at$ !m he cont9u$ 8 in/ructions by correspond5ce4 ,"o ( ! results ( ?is correspond5ce 0 8 treatise on ,passions de l',ame1 9 :i* he develops c]ta9 e?ical views sugge/$ by ! ,vita ,beata ( ,s5eca4 ,ano!r di/+ui%$ pupil ( ,desc>tes :o ex]cis$ a m>k$ influ5ce ov] him 0 ! celebrat$ daught] ( ,gu/avus ,adolphus1 ,que5 ,*ri/9e ( ,sw$54 ,a mi/ress ( _m languages & an ard5t vot>y ( sci5ce1 %e 0 a munific5t patron ( sci5tific m51 a great numb] ( :om %e _h attract$ to h] c\rt4 ,! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ^! 0 ,desc>tes1 to :om %e 0 deeply atta*$1 & ) :om %e _h plann$ great ?+s = sci5ce 9 ,sw$51 :5 8 c>e] 0 cut %ort by a premature dea?4 ,n ! lea/ influ5ce on ! intellectual life ( ,leibnitz 0 ,sophia ,*>lotte1 ,que5 ( ,prussia & "m ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,%e 0 ! niece ( ,desc>tes' illu/ri\s fri5d1 ,elizabe? ( ,bohemia1 &1 z ! pupil ( ,leibnitz1 q z glori\sly associat$ z _h be5 h] aunt ) ! fa!r ( ,c>tesianism4 ,leibnitz 0 z di/+ui%$ by g5ius z 8 royal pupil 0 by bir?4 ,besides be+ em95t z a philosoph] & a /atesman1 he %>$ ) ,newton ! honor ( discov]+ ! calculus4 ,huxley pron\nc$ him a man ( sci5ce1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 ( ! fir/ rank1 :ile ! ,k+ ( ,prussia decl>$ ( him1 ,he repres5ts 9 himself a :ole academy4 ,?r\gh ! coop]ation ( ,sophia ,*>lotte he f\nd$ ! ,b]l9 ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,= h] he wrote "o ( ! mo/ notable ( 8 productions--8 fam$ ,!odicy4 ,x w\ld be difficult to e/imate ! influ5ce ( ?is le>n$ que5 on ,leibnitz1 b x 0 und\bt$ly great] ?an any o!r s+le influ5ce :atev]4 ,h] dea? 0 ! greate/ loss he ev] suff]$1 & :5 %e 0 no m1 ! beautiful ,b]l9 suburb1 ,*>lott5burg--nam$ aft] h]--:]e he _h be5 s happy 9 read+ & philosophiz+ ) 8 illu/ri\s pupil1 lo/ all attraction = him4 ,a m /rik+ illu/ration ( woman's helpfulness is af=d$ 9 ! case ( ,francois ,hub]1 ! celebrat$ ,swiss naturali/4 ,al?\gh bl9d f 8 sev5te5? ye>1 he 0 able to c>ry on rese>*es requir+ ! ke5e/ eyesight & ! close/ obs]vation4 ,?is he 0 able to d ?r\gh ! affectionate coop]ation ( 8 devot$ wife1 ,m>ie ,aimee4 ,:5 h] fri5ds tri$ to dissuade h] f m>ry+ ,hub]1 to :om %e _h be5 engag$ = "s "t1 say+ he _h become bl9d1 h] reply 0 wor?y ( h] g5]\s & noble nature3 ,he !n ne$s me m ?an ev]4 ,dur+ ! =ty ye>s ( _! m>ri$ life h] t5d]ness & devotion to h] husb& 7 z unfail+ z !y 7 inspir+4 ,he work$ ?r\gh ! eyes & h&s ( 8 wife z if !y 7 8 own4 ,%e 0 8 read]1 8 obs]v]1 8 secret>y1 8 en?usia/ic collaborator 9 all ^? inve/igations t h r5d]$ him s fam\s4 ,! bl9d man devis$ ! exp]im5ts to be made1 & ! quick-witt$ wife execut$ !m & record$ ! obs]vations :i* suppli$ ! mat]ial = 8 epo*-mak+ "w on bees1 entitl$ ,n\velles ,obs]vations sur les ,abeilles4 ,s accurate are 8 descriptions ( ! habits ( ! w+$ creatures1 to ! /udy ( :i* he devot$ ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life1 t "o w\ld ?9k 8 great "w 0 ! production1 n ( a man :o _h be5 bl9d = a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 :5 he wrote x1 b ( "o :o 0 gift$ ) exceptional ke5ness ( vision & p[]s ( obs]vation4 ,z long z %e liv$1 exclaim$ ! great naturali/ aft] 8 tru/y ,aimee's dea?1 ,i 0 n s5sible ( ! mis=tune ( be+ bl9d4 ,nay1 m4 ,dur+ h] lifetime1 :51 ?\gh sightless1 he 0 always s happy 9 8 "w1 he w5t s f> z to av] t he w\ld be mis]able 7 he to recov] 8 eyesight4 ,i %\ld n "k1 he decl>$1 to :at an ext5t a p]son 9 my condition c\ld be belov$4 ,besides1 to me1 my wife is always "y1 fre% & pretty1 :i* is no light matt]4 ,he c\ld truly say ( h]1 z ,wordswor? said ( 8 si/] ,doro?y1 ,%e gave me eyes1 %e gave me e>s1 44499444994449944499 ,& love & ?\ght & joy4 ,we he> mu* ( ! a*ievem5ts ( ,galvani & ,f>aday 9 ! doma9 ( electricity & electromagnetism1 b little is said ( ! wom5 to :om !y 7 s greatly indebt$ = _! success & fame4 ,x 0 ,galvani's wife :o fir/ direct$ 8 att5tion to ! convulsions ( a frog's leg :5 plac$ ne> an electrical ma*9e4 ,?is induc$ him to make ^? celebrat$ inve/igations :i* l$ to ! f\ndation ( a new sci5ce :i* has ev] s9ce be5 id5tifi$ ) 8 "n4 ,x 0 ,mrs4 ,m>cet's works on sci5ce--especially h] ,conv]sations on ,*emi/ry--t inspir$ ,f>aday ) a love ( sci5ce & blaz$ = him t road 9 *emical & physical exp]im5tation :i* l$ to su* m>vel\s results4 ,he 0 always pr\d to call h] 8 fir/ tea*]1 & nev] hesitat$ to attribute to h] t ta/e = sci5tific rese>* = :i* he became s preem95t4 ,& x 0 8 devot$ wife :o 0 n only a helpmate b a s\lmate z well = ne>ly half a c5tury1 t _h v mu* to d ) ! spl5did developm5t ( ! g]m :i* _h be5 plac$ 9 8 y\?ful m9d by ,mrs4 ,m>cet4 ,! same may likewise be ass]t$ ( ! wives ( two di/+ui%$ geologi/s--,*>les ,lyell & ,xavi] ,hommaire de ,hell4 ,mrs4 ,lyell 0 intimately associat$ ) h] husb& 9 all 8 sci5tific und]tak+s1 & h] ready intellect contribut$ imm5sely t[>d secur+ = him t enviable position :i* he atta9$ ( be+ ! premi] geologi/ ( 8 c5tury4 ,mme4 ,hommaire de ,hell des]ves special m5tion 9 ! hi/ory ( geology = ! invaluable assi/ance :i* %e gave h] husb& 9 ! sci5tific exploration ( ! bas9 ( ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,n only did %e %>e 8 labors & p]ils 9 ?is !n wild "p ( ! _w1 & collaborate ) him 9 ! prep>ation ( ! report = :i* ! ,fr5* gov]nm5t conf]r$ on him ! ,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,honor1 b %e also wrote unaid$ ! two descriptive volumes ( _! great "w1 ,/eppes de la ,m] ,caspi5ne4 ,h] "p ( ?is great und]tak+ receiv$ ! special comm5dation ( ,m4 ,villema91 :o 0 ! m9i/] ( public in/ruction1 & _h %e n belong$ to ! dis5fran*iz$ sex1 %e1 too1 w\ld h be5 decorat$ ) ! ,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,all ! _w has he>d ( ! d>+ explorations ( ,bak] & ,liv+/one 9 ! ,d>k ,cont95t1 b h[ few are aw>e ( ! important "p tak5 9 _! great ent]prises by _! devot$ & h]oic wives8 ,sir ,samuel ,bak] immortaliz$ himself by discov]+ ,lake ,alb]t ,nyanza1 "o ( ! ma9 s\rces ( ! ,nile1 b 9 atta9+ ?is goal1 :i* o!r explor]s _h 9 va9 essay$ to rea*1 he 0 n alone4 ,! companion ( 8 triumph1 z ( 8 trials & h>d%ips1 0 ,lady ,bak]1 a woman :o1 al?\gh delicately re>$1 0 z brave 9 pres5ce ( dang] z %e 0 res\rceful 9 trials & difficulties4 ,m ?an once h] husb& ow$ 8 life to h] intrepidity & pres5ce ( m9d1 :5 confront$ by ! trea*]\s savages ( equatorial ,africa2 &1 if he a*iev$ success :]e o!rs fail$1 x 0 9 no slight measure due to h] tact1 h] en]gy & p]sev]ance 9 :at seem$ at times a =lorn hope4 ,%e _h le>n$ ,arabic ) him 9 a ye> ( necess>y b we>isome delay2 h] m9d travel$ ) 8 m9d z h] feet _h foll[$ 8 foot/eps4 ,&1 :5 aft] prelim9>y toils )\t numb]1 aft] brav+ dang]s f climate1 disease & ru?less savages1 !y f9ally /ood on ! %ore ( t unkn[n sea :i* 0 !n fir/ beheld by ,engli% eyes1 %e c\ld1 9 contemplat+ _! a*ievem5ts ( :i* ,alb]t ,nyanza 0 ! cr[n+ glory1 exclaim ) exaltation & tru?1 ,quorum p>s magna fui4 ,:5 ,liv+/one lo/1 9 ! unexplor$ valley ( ! ,zambesi1 ! fai?ful wife :o _h be5 8 inspir+ companion 9 8 w&]+s 9 d>ke/ ,africa1 he lo/ completely t en?usiasm = de$s ( high emprise t be=e _h be5 "o ( 8 lead+ *>act]i/ics4 ,writ+ to 8 di/+ui%$ fri5d1 ,sir ,rod]ick ,mur*ison1 he m\rnfully decl>es3 ,i mu/ confess ?is heavy /roke q takes ! he>t out ( me4 ,ev]y?+ t has happ5$ only made me m det]m9$ to ov]come all difficulties2 b aft] ?is sad /roke ,i feel cru%$ & void ( /r5g?4444 ,i %all d my duty /ill1 b x is ) a d>k5$ horizon t ,i aga9 set ab\t x4 ,! not$ ,engli% naturali/1 ,frank ,buckl&1 9 speak+ ( ! aid af=d$ by 8 gift$ "m to h] di/+ui%$ husb&1 ,dr4 ,buckl&1 writes z foll[s3 ,dur+ ! long p]iod t ,dr4 ,buckl& 0 engag$ 9 writ+ ! book :i* ,i n[ h ! honor ( edit+1 my "m sat up night aft] night1 = weeks & mon?s consecutively1 writ+ to my fa!r's dictation2 & ?is (t5 until ! sun's rays1 %9+ ?r\gh ! %utt]s at e>ly morn1 w>n$ ! husb& to cease f ?9k+ & ! wife to re/ h] we>y h&4 ,n only ) ! p5 did %e r5d] mat]ial assi/ance1 b h] natural tal5t 9 ! use ( h] p5cil enabl$ h] to give accurate illu/rations & f9i%$ draw+s1 _m ( :i* are p]petuat$ 9 ,dr4 ,buckl&'s works4 ,%e 0 also p>ticul>ly clev] & neat 9 m5d+ brok5 fossils4 ,!re are _m specim5s 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum1 n[ exhibit+ _! natural =ms & beauty1 :i* 7 re/or$ by h] p]sev]ance to %ape f a mass ( brok5 & almo/ comm9ut$ fragm5ts4 ,x 0 h] occupation also to label ! specim5s1 :i* %e did 9 a p>ticul>ly neat way2 & !re is h>dly a fossil or a bone 9 ! ,ox=d ,museum :i* has n h] h&writ+ ^u x4 ,not)/&+ h] devotion to h] husb&'s pursuits1 %e did n neglect ! education ( h] *ildr51 b occupi$ h] morn+s 9 sup]9t5d+ _! in/ruction 9 s\nd & useful k4 ,! /]l+ value ( h] labors !y n[1 9 aft] life1 fully appreciate1 & feel mo/ ?ankful t !y 7 bless$ ) s good a "m4#bdg ,:at has be5 said ( ! influ5ce & coop]ation ( ! wom5 already nam$ may1 ) equal tru?1 be affirm$ ( numb]less o!rs ( rec5t z well z ( e>li] date4 ,x is p>ticul>ly true ( ! wife ( ! naturali/ ,hell] & ( ! great a/ronom]1 ,kepl]4 ,x is true ( ! wife ( ! illu/ri\s ma!matician1 ! ,m>quis de l',hopital4 ,%e n only %>$ h] husb&'s tal5t = ma!matics1 b 0 ( special assi/ance to him 9 prep>+ = ! press 8 important ,analyse des ,inf9im5t ,petits4 ,x is true ( ! wife ( ,asaph ,hall1 ! illu/ri\s discov]] ( ! satellites ( ,m>s4 ,(t5 he 0 on ! po9t ( ab&on+ ! que/ ( ^! dim9utive moons--:i* no "o _h ev] se5 b :i* 8 calculations l$ him to believe really exi/$--b he 0 enc\rag$ by ,mrs4 ,hall to cont9ue 8 obs]vations1 ) ! result t 8 labors & vigils 7 at la/ rew>d$ by ! />tl+ discov]y ( ,deimos & ,phobos4 ,& !re is ,mme4 ,pa/eur1 :o1 9 h] way1 0 q z important a factor 9 ! sci5tific c>e] ( h] immortal husb& z 7 ! wom5 j m5tion$ 9 ! lives ( _! husb&s1 to ^: triumphs !y s mat]ially contribut$4 ,"o ( ! great ,fr5*man's biograph]s has truly decl>$ t x is impossible rightly to appreciate ,pa/eur's life )\t "s und]/&+ ( ! imm5se assi/ance :i* he receiv$ 9 8 home4 ,:e!r 9 discuss+ =ms ( cry/als1 wat*+ ov] exp]im5ts1 %ield+ h] husb& f all ! daily fret ( life1 or busy at ! cu/om>y ev5+ task ( writ+ to 8 dictation1 ,madame ,pa/eur 0 at once 8 mo/ devot$ assi/ant & incomp>able companion4 ,8 surr\nd+s at home 7 entirely subord9at$ to 8 sci5tific life1 & 8 family %>$ ) him bo? 8 trials & 8 triumphs4 ,at ! "t :5 ,pa/eur 0 engross$ ) ! /udy ( an?rax1 &1 aft] _m difficulties & disappo9tm5ts1 _h at l5g? succe$$ 9 prep>+ a vacc9e aga9/ x1 he at once hurri$ f ! laboratory to communicate 8 great discov]y fir/ to 8 wife & daught]4#bdh ,x 0 p>ticul>ly dur+ 8 long & ardu\s rese>*es on ! disease ( silkworms t ,pa/eur f\nd 8 wife's aid ( incalculable value4 ,= ,mme4 ,pa/eur & h] daught] !n con/itut$ !mselves v]itable silkworm re>]s4 ,!y collect$ mulb]ry leaves1 sort$ l>vae1 & 7 unremitt+ 9 _! labors dur+ ! cont9uance ( ?is memorable inve/igation4 ,& n only 9 ! silk-produc+ di/ricts ( ,s\!rn ,france 7 !y ?us occupi$1 b also 9 a special laboratory 9 ,ecole ,normale1 aft] _! return to ,p>is4 ,&1 :5 9 ! mid/ ( ^! rese>*es1 on ! successful outcome ( :i* h+$ "o ( ! greate/ s\rces ( national weal?1 ! indefatigable savant 0 /rick5 ) p>alysis & 8 life 0 = a :ile despair$ (1 x 0 aga9 8 devot$ helpmate t af=d$ him solace 9 suff]+ & ex]cis$ a sup]vision ov] ^? exp]im5ts :i* ! great man 0 /ill conduct+ almo/ 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?4 ,t ,pa/eur's life 0 prolong$ = a qu>t] ( a c5tury aft] ! t]rible attack ( hemiplegia 9 #ahfh1 t he 0 able to unravel ! deep my/]ies ( microbian life1 t he 0 able to make discov]ies ^: economical value to ,france 01 9 ! e/imation ( ,pr(essor ,huxley1 m ?an suffici5t to liquidate ! imm5se indemnity ( five billion francs exact$ f 8 c\ntry by ,g]many at ! t]m9ation ( ! ,franco-,prussian w>1 t he 0 able1 especially dur+ ^! fruitful tw5ty-five ye>s1 to r5d] 8 sci5tific life l a lum9\s trail 9 ! great night ( ! inf9itely little 9 ^? ultimate abysses ( be+ :]e life is born1 01 9 great measure1 due to ! unceas+ c>e1 ! untir+ vigilance & ! sympa!tic collaboration ( "o ( ! mo/ devot$ ( wives & mo/ noble & :ole-s\l$ ( wom54 ,:at has be5 said ( ! influ5ce & helpfulness ( ,mme4 ,pa/eur c be ass]t$ ) ev5 great] tru? ( ,elizabe? ,agassiz & ( ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el4 ,= ^! two wom51 ap>t f ! assi/ance !y gave to a lov$ husb& & an idoliz$ bro!r1 9 ! labors t made !m s fam\s1 bo? a*iev$ di/9ction = _! contributions to ! sci5ces :i* !y individually cultivat$ ) su* spl5did results4 ,& _h !y elect$ to devote all _! "t to sci5tific rese>*1 in/ead ( giv+ ! great] "p ( x to ^? to :om !y 7 s devot$ly atta*$1 :o c tell h[ mu* m brilliant w\ld h be5 _! a*ievem5ts & h[ mu* great] w\ld h be5 ! fame !y w\ld h won = !mselves4 ,bo? ( !m 7 d[]$ 9 an em95t degree ) ta/e & tal5t = sci5ce1 & _h !y *os5 to make x ! sole object ( _! life "w1 !re c be no d\bt t _! p]sonal contributions to natural hi/ory & a/ronomy w\ld h be5 f> great] ?an !y 74 ,z x 01 !y 7 s ov]%ad[$ by ^? = :om !y labor$ ) su* unselfi%ness & loyalty t ! real value ( _! "w is too (t5 =gott5 :5 !re is "q ( ! sci5tific triumphs ( ,l\is ,agassiz & ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,b !y will$ x s4 ,!y gladly effac$ !mselves t ^? :om !y lov$ ) su* a deep & abid+ love might %9e ! m brightly 9 ! firmam5t ( sci5ce4 ,!y pref]r$ to sp5d & be sp5t 9 /r5g!n+ ! great work]s & lead]s ) ^: lives _! own 7 s ?or\ghly id5tifi$--,inspir+ !m ) c\rage1 keep+ fai? 9 _! own ideas alive1 9 days ( d>kness ',:5 all ! _w seems adv]se to des]t4' ,bo? ( ^! noble wom5 _h ! same quality 9 common--absolute devotion & unsw]v+ fai? 9 ^? to ^: success & happ9ess !y _h d$icat$ _! lives4 ,!y s\ght no?+ = !mselves1 !y ?\ght no?+ ( !mselves4 ,!y bo? _h1 to borr[ ! idea ( ano!r1 an int5se p[] ( sympa?y1 a g5]\s love ( giv+ !mselves to ! s]vice ( o!rs1 :i* enabl$ !m to transfuse ! =ce ( _! own p]sonality into ! objects to :i* !y d$icat$ _! p[]s4 ,9 ! preface ( ! jo9t "w ( ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,agassiz entitl$ ,a ,j\rney 9 ,brazil1 t delightful volume :i* ?r[s su* a flood ( light on ! fauna & flora ( ! ,amazon valley1 occur ! foll[+ significant words reg>d+ ! %>e ea* _h 9 produc+ ! book3 ,our sep>ate contributions h become s closely int]wov5 t we %\ld h>dly "k h[ to disconnect !m4 ,s 0 x ) all _! und]tak+s4 ,!re 0 ! same common int]e/1 ! same unity ( purpose1 ! same unselfi% devotion to ! cause ( sci5ce dur+ ^? long ye>s ( toil :i* 7 s prolific 9 results ( supreme importance4 ,read+ betwe5 ! l9es 9 ,a ,j\rney 9 ,brazil1 & 9 ,l\is ,agassiz1 ,8 ,life & ,correspond5ce1 writt5 by ,mrs4 ,agassiz1 we c easily fancy t ! great naturali/ ow$ z mu*1 if n m1 to 8 wife's nev]-fail+ sympa?y & inspiration z to h] active coop]ation 9 8 "w1 & we are ready to apply to h] ! words ( ,longfell[ :5 he s+s3 ,& :5ev] ! way seem$ long1 ,or 8 he>t began to fail1 ,%e w\ld s+ a m wond]ful song ,or tell a m wond]ful tale4 ,z to ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el z a help] & su/a9] ( h] illu/ri\s bro!r1 too mu* _c be said4 ,9 ! days :5 he gave up a lucrative c>e] t he might devote himself to a/ronomy1 x 0 ow+ to h] ?rift & c>e t he 0 n h>ass$ by ! rankl+ vexations ( money matt]s4 ,%e _h be5 8 help] & assi/ant :5 he 0 a lead+ musician2 %e became 8 help] & assi/ant :5 he gave himself up to a/ronomy4 ,by %e] =ce ( w & devot$ affection %e le>n$ en\gh ( ma!matics & ( me?ods ( calculation1 :i* to ^? unle>n$ seem my/]ies1 to be able to commit to writ+ 8 rese>*es4 ,%e became 8 assi/ant 9 ! work%op2 %e help$ him to gr9d & poli% 8 mirrors2 %e /ood beside 8 telescope 9 ! nights ( midw9t]1 to write d[n 8 obs]vations :5 ! v ink 0 froz5 9 ! bottle4 ,%e kept him alive by h] c>e2 ?9k+ no?+ ( h]self1 %e liv$ = him4 ,%e lov$ him & believ$ 9 him1 & help$ him ) all h] he>t & ) all h] /r5g?4 ,%e might h become a di/+ui%$ woman on h] own acc\nt1 = ) ! sev5-foot ,newtonian sweep] giv5 h] by h] bro!r %e discov]$ eight comets fir/ & la/4 ,b ! pleasure ( seek+ & f9d+ = h]self 0 sc>cely te/$4 ,%e 'm9d$ ! heav5s' = h] bro!r2 %e work$ = him1 n = h]self1 & ! unconsci\s self-d5ial ) :i* %e gave up 'h] own pleasure 9 ! use ( h] sweep]' is n ! lea/ beautiful picture 9 h] life4#bdi ,:ile rec\nt+ ! a*ievem5ts ( wom5 :o directly or indirectly contribut$ to our k ( ! e>? & :at x conta9s we _c =get :at ! _w owes to ! graci\s & glori\s ,isabella ( ,ca/ile4 ,= x is to h] probably z mu* z to ,columbus t a new cont95t 0 discov]$ at ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,=1 :ile ! doctors ( ,salamanca--mo/ ( :om 7 :at ,galileo call$ pap] philosoph]s1 m5 :o fanci$ t a correct k ( ! physical univ]se 0 to be obta9$ by a collation ( anci5t texts--7 d5\nc+ ! great navigator z an idle dream]1 & quot+ ! ill-f\nd$ notions ( ,pl9y & ,ari/otle to prove ! impossibility ( 8 c>ry+ out 8 project1 ,isabella 0 quietly revolv+ 9 h] own m9d ! reasons :i* ,columbus _h adduc$ 9 favor ( 8 great ent]prise4 ,hav+ satisfi$ h]self t 8 views 7 suffici5tly probable to ju/ify action1 %e 0 prep>$ to make any sacrifices to h 8 plans execut$4 ,! result ( h] decision is b ano!r illu/ration ( ! value ( woman's quick intuition1 z aga9/ ! sl[ reason+ processes ( philosoph]s & m5 ( sci5ce4 ,aga91 :ile consid]+ :at wom5 h accompli%$ = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce by inspiration & collaboration1 we mu/ n lose sight ( :at !y h done by sugge/ion4 ,=1 z ,john ,/u>t ,mill well obs]ves3 ,x no d\bt (t5 happ5s t a p]son :o has n widely & accurately /udi$ ! ?\ghts ( o!rs on a subject has by natural sagacity a happy intuition :i* he c sugge/ b _c prove1 :i* yet1 :5 matur$1 may be an important addition to k3 b1 ev5 !n1 no ju/ice c be done to x until "s o!r p]son1 :o does possess ! previ\s acquirem5ts1 takes x 9 h&1 te/s x1 gives x a sci5tific or practical =m1 & fits x into its place among ! exi/+ tru?s ( philosophy or sci5ce4 ,is x suppos$ t su* felicit\s ?\ghts d n occur to wom58 ,!y occur by hundr$s to e woman ( intellect2 b !y are mo/ly lo/ = want ( a husb& or fri5d :o has ! o!r k :i* c enable him to e/imate !m prop]ly & br+ !m be=e ! _w2 &1 ev5 :5 !y are br\ght be=e x1 !y usually appe> z 8 ideas1 n _! real au?or's4 ,:o c tell h[ _m ( ! orig9al ?\ghts put =? by male writ]s belong to a woman by sugge/ion1 to !mselves only by v]ify+ & work+ out8 ,if ,i may judge by my own case1 a v l>ge proportion inde$4#bej ,nor %\ld we =get ^? active & en]getic wom5--& _! numb] is mu* great] ?an is ord9>ily suppos$--^: husb&s1 al?\gh (t5 end[$ ) g5ius ( ! highe/ ord]1 7 indol5t by temp]am5t & disord]ly & unme?odical by nature4 ,su* m5 w\ld1 9 ! majority ( cases1 h run to se$ _h n _! g5ius be5 giv5 special =ce & impulse by _! vigor\s & me?odical helpmates4 ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ! mo/ le>n$ philosoph] ( ! ,scotti% s*ool1 is a /rik+ in/ance 9 po9t2 = x 0 due almo/ entirely to ! /imulation he receiv$ f 8 ev] active wife t he 0 always kept key$ up to 8 fulle/ work+ capacity z a philosoph] & became recogniz$ ! _w ov] z "o ( ! comm&+ intellects ( 8 age4 ,lady ,hamilton1 writes ,pr(essor ,veit* 9 8 ,memoir ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 _h a p[] ( keep+ h] husb& up to :at he _h to d4 ,%e cont5d$ wisely aga9/ a sort ( en]getic indol5ce :i* *>act]iz$ him1 & :i*1 :ile he 0 always labor+1 made him apt to put aside ! task actually be=e him1 sometimes div]t$ by subjects ( inquiry sugge/$ 9 ! c\rse ( /udy on ! matt] 9 h&1 sometimes disc\rag$ by ! difficulty ( r$uc+ to ord] ! imm5se mass ( mat]ials he _h accumulat$ 9 connection ) x4 ,!n h] resolution & *e]ful disposition su/a9$ & refre%$ him1 & nev] m s ?an :51 dur+ ! la/ twelve ye>s ( 8 life1 8 bodily /r5g? 0 brok5 & 8 _s1 ?\gh languid1 yet ceas$ n f m5tal toil4 ,! tru? is t ,sir ,william's m>riage1 8 comp>atively limit$ circum/ances1 & ! "* ( 8 wife suppli$ to a nature t w\ld h be5 cont5t$ to sp5d its mighty en]gies 9 "w t br\ght no rew>d b 9 ! do+ ( x1 & t might nev] h be5 made publicly kn[n or available1 ! practical =ce & impulse :i* enabl$ him to accompli% :at he actually did 9 lit]ature & philosophy4 ,x 0 ?is influ5ce1 )\t d\bt1 :i* sav$ him f utt] absorption 9 8 _w ( r>e1 noble & elevat$ b ev]-increas+ly unatta9able ideas4 ,b = x ! s]5e sea ( ab/ract ?\ght might h held him becalm$ = life2 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( all utt]ance ( def9ite k ( 8 conclusions1 ! _w might h be5 left to an ignorant & my/]i\s wond] ab\t ! unpr(itable s*ol>4#bea ,:at has be5 s f> said1 important z x is1 does n tell ! :ole /ory ( woman's influ5ce on m5 ( sci5ce1 & consequ5tly on ! progress ( sci5ce4 ,we %\ld n h an adequate conception ( wom5 z inspir]s & collaborators if we did n adv]t to c]ta9 faculties :i* !y usually possess 9 a m em95t degree ?an ! mo/ ( m54 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t 9 _m ( ! affairs ( life wom5 are m practical1 h m tact1 & possess ke5] & quick] p]ceptions ?an m54 ,!y are1 too1 m ideal1 m romantic & m en?usia/ic4 ,m5 ( sci5ce 9 _! inve/igations usually proce$ by ! sl[ & labori\s process ( collect+ facts & collat+ ph5om5a1 ei!r by obs]vation or exp]im5t1 or bo?1 &1 f ! obs]v$ facts & ph5om5a1 !y =mulate a law :i* expla9s & correlates !m4 ,?is is kn[n z induction1 a me?od :i* proce$s f facts to ideas4 ,wom51 on ! contr>y1 are r dispos$ to proce$ f ideas to facts2 to expla9 ph5om5a f ideas :i* already exi/ 9 ! m9d1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! sl[ process ( induction4 ,?is is ! d$uctive me?od1 & is ! v rev]se ( t employ$ by ! av]age man ( sci5ce4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be a mi/ake to ma9ta9 t ! inductive me?od is always employ$1 = su* is n ! case4 ,m ?an a half a c5tury ago ! hi/orian1 ,buckle1 9 a notable lecture deliv]$ 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 direct$ att5tion to ! fact t "s ( ! greate/ sci5tific discov]ies _h be5 made by ! d$uctive me?od4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,newton's epo*-mak+ discov]y ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,:ile sitt+ 9 a g>d5 he saw an apple fall1 & ?is simple fact caus$ him to advance f idea to idea1 & to be c>ri$1 by :at ,tyndall lov$ to call ! sci5tific use ( ! imag9ation1 into ! di/ant realms ( space4 ,&1 he$less ( ! op]ations ( nature1 nei!r obs]v+ nor exp]im5t+1 ! great philosoph]1 by pure a priori reason+1 complet$ ! mo/ sublime & maje/ic speculation t x ev] ent]$ into ! he>t ( man to conceive4 ,x 01 z ,buckle well obs]ves1 ! triumph ( an idea4 ,x 0 ! audacity ( g5ius4 ,x 0 also ! triumph ( ! d$uctive me?od 9 ! solution ( a problem t "o n a g5ius c\ld h work$ out only by ! long & toilsome process ( induction4 ,simil>ly1 ! great law ( metamorphosis 9 plants1 accord+ to :i* ! /am5s1 pi/ils1 corollas1 bracts1 petals & s =?1 ( e plant1 are simply modifi$ leaves1 0 discov]$ n by an inductive inve/igator1 b by a poet4 ,guid$ by 8 brilliant imag9ation1 8 passion = beauty & 8 exquisite conception ( =m :i* suppli$ him ) ideas1 ,g]many's greate/ poet1 ,goe!1 by reason+ d$uctively1 0 able to g5]alize a law :i* less] m9ds c\ld nev] h arriv$ at except ?r\gh ! application ( ! inductive me?od4 ,s also 0 x 9 ! sci5ce ( cry/allography4 ,its f\ndations 7 laid1 n by a m9]alogi/ nor a ma!matician1 z "o w\ld suppose1 b by "o ( /rong imag9ation & m>k$ poetic temp]am5t4 ,l ,goe!1 ,hauey 0 l$ by 8 ideas ( beauty & symmetry to "w d$uctively on ! problem be=e him4 ,desc5d+ f ideas to facts1 he f9ally succe$$1 aft] a long s]ies ( subsequ5t labors1 9 read+ ! riddle :i* _h baffl$ 8 able b unimag9ative pr$ecessors4 ,x is ! possession ( ?is d$uctive faculty1 s *>act]i/ic ( m5 ( g5ius--_! ability to rea* conclusions directly1 z great ma!maticians p]ceive inf]5ces :i* ^? less gift$ rea* only aft] pages ( elaborate calculations--:i* enable wom51 n inde$ to make sci5tific discov]ies1 b to ex]cise ! mo/ mom5t\s & salut>y influ5ce ov] ! me?od by :i* sci5tific discov]ies are made4 ,=1 z ,buckle po9ts out1 m5 ( sci5ce are too incl9$ to employ ! inductive me?od to ! exclusion ( ! d$uctive4#beb ,!y h become slaves to ! tyranny ( facts1 &1 z su*1 are incompet5t to fur!r ! progress ( sci5ce z !y w\ld by us+ bo? me?ods in/ead ( "o4 ,& _! slav]y w\ld be /ill m complete & ignom9i\s 7 x n = ! great ?\gh unconsci\s s]vice to sci5ce r5d]$ by wom5 :o h kept alive ! d$uctive habit ( ?\ght4 ,_! turn ( ?\ght1 _! habits ( m9d1 _! conv]sation1 _! influ5ce1 ins5sibly ext5d+ ov] ! :ole surface ( society & frequ5tly p5etrat+ its intimate /ructure1 h1 m ?an all o!r ?+s put toge!r1 t5d$ to raise u up into an ideal _w1 lift u f ! du/ 9 :i* we are too prone to grovel1 & develop 9 u ^? g]ms ( imag9ation :i* ev5 ! mo/ sluggi% & apa!tic und]/&+s 9 "s degree possess4 ,f ! =ego+ obs]vations x is manife/ t ! be/ results to sci5ce are secur$ :5 m5 & wom5 "w toge!r--m5 supply+ ! sl[1 logical reason+ p[]1 wom5 ! vivid1 f>-rea*+ imag9ation2 m5 g5]aliz+ f facts1 wom5 f ideas2 m5 work+ *iefly by induction1 wom5 pr9cipally by d$uction4 ,= ?us collaborat+1 ea* ) 8 or h] pr$om9ant faculties1 ! two comb9$ possess 9 a measure ! elem5ts :i* g to make up a man or woman ( g5ius & :i* enable !m to a*ieve f> m = ! advancem5t ( sci5ce ?an w\ld o!rwise be possible4 ,no "o has ev] giv5 m eloqu5t expression to ?is tru? ?an ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 :o 0 z ke5 z an obs]v] z he 0 pr(\nd z a ?9k]4 ,writ+ on ! subject "u discussion1 he does n hesitate to say3 ,h>dly any?+ c be ( great] value to a man ( !ory & speculation :o employs himself1 n 9 collect+ mat]ials ( k by obs]vation1 b 9 work+ !m up by processes ( ?\ght into compreh5sive tru?s ( sci5ce & laws ( conduct1 ?an to c>ry on 8 speculations 9 ! companion%ip & "u ! criticism ( a really sup]ior woman4 ,!re is no?+ comp>able to x = keep+ 8 ?\ghts )9 ! limits ( real ?+s & ! actual facts ( nature4 ,a woman seldom runs wild aft] an ab/raction4444 ,wom5's ?\ghts are ?us z useful 9 giv+ reality to ^? ( ?9k+ m5 z m5's ?\ghts 9 giv+ wid? & l>g5ess to ^? ( wom54 ,9 dep?1 z di/+ui%$ f bread?1 ,i greatly d\bt if ev5 n[ wom51 comp>$ ) m51 are at any disadvantage4#bec ,we h already le>n$1 f 8 own av[al1 h[ mu* ,mill 0 behold5 to 8 wife = h] active coop]ation 9 ! production ( ^? works ( 8 :i* h ex]t$ s pr(\nd an influ5ce on _m phases ( mod]n ?\ght4 ,a m /rik+ illu/ration ( ! value ( woman's assi/ance1 b 9 ! doma9 ( biology1 is f\nd 9 ! biography ( ! late ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,by ^? :o "k ?is di/+ui%$ man ( sci5ce--s rem>kable = 8 intellectual vigor--only f 8 writ+s1 ! impression w\ld be glean$ t he 0 "o ( ! mo/ indep5d5t ( ?9k]s1 & t 8 utt]ances on all subjects 7 absolutely p]sonal & entirely unmodifi$ by sugge/ion or criticism f any qu>t]4 ,h[ f> ?is view is f be+ correct is f\nd 9 ! /atem5t by 8 son t 8 fa!r inv>iably submitt$ 8 writ+s to ! criticism ( 8 wife be=e !y 7 se5 by any o!r eye4 ,to h] judgm5t 0 due ! ton+ d[n ( _m a passage :i* err$ by excess ( vigor1 & ! cle>+ up ( phrases :i* w\ld be obscure to ! public4 ,9 fact1 if any essay met ) h] approval1 he felt sure x w\ld n fail ( its effect :5 publi%$4#bed ,%e 0 n only 8 help & /ay = =ty ye>s2 9 8 /ruggles ready to c\nsel1 9 adv]sity to com=t1 b1 ov] & above ?is1 %e 0 ! critic ^: judgm5t he valu$ above almo/ any1 & ^: praise he c>$ mo/ to w9--! o!r self :o made 8 life "w possible4#bee ,an intellig5t1 sympa!tic pair ( ?is k9d--& ?is1 z we h se51 is b "o ( a multitude :i* illum9ates & beautifies ! hi/ory ( sci5ce--are compet5t to a*ieve wond]s4 ,!y are l ! two-cell$ he>t beat+ ) "o full /roke-- ,two plummets dropt = "o to s\nd ! abyss ,( sci5ce1 & ! secrets ( ! m9d4 ,! woman is !n truly1 z ,de ,lam5nais 9 ,scriptural phrases has x1 ,man's companion1 man's assi/ant1 bone ( 8 bone & fle% ( 8 fle%1 &1 9 h] sublime & ende>+ "* s complete 9 e relation ( life1 %e fully answ]s to ! beautiful *>act]ization :i* ,adam1 9 ,p>adise ,lo/1 gives ( 8 belov$ ,eve3 ,s absolute %e seems1 ,& 9 h]self complete1 s well to "k ,h] own1 t :at %e wills to d or say ,seems wise/1 virtuose/1 discreete/1 be/4 44499444994449944499 ,au?ority & reason on h] wait1 44499444994449944499 99 99 99 &1 to consummate all1 ,greatness ( m9d & nobl5ess _! seat ,build 9 h] lovelie/1 & create an awe ,ab\t h]1 z a gu>d angelic plac'd4 ,,footnotes3 #bcc ,sis oppido mem95s quod olim ,m>tia ,hort5sio1 ,t]5tia ,tullio1 ,calpurnia ,pl9io1 ,pud5tilla ,apuleio1 ,ru/icana ,symma*o leg5tibus m$itantibusque c&elas & c&elabra t5u]unt4 ,lib4 ,,ii1 ,epi/4 #aj4 #bcd ,v]um hoc--seu gratitud9i seu ineptiae ascrib5dum--non sileo1 me quantulucunque conspicis1 p] illam esse1 nec unquam ad hoc1 si quid e/ nom9is aut gloriae fuisse v5turum1 nisi virtutum t5uissman sem5tem1 quasi pectore 9 hoc natura locav]at1 nobilissimis 8 affectibus coluisset4 ,francisci ,petr>*ae1 ,colloquiorum ,lib] quem ,secretum ,suum ,inscripsit1 pp4 #aje-ajf1 ,b]ne1 #afjc4 ,9 8 canzone beg9n+ ) ! words ,p]*e la vita e breve1 ,petr>* decl>es to 8 inspir]-- ,?us if 9 me is nur/ ,any good fruit1 f y ! se$ came fir/2 ,to y1 if su* appe>1 ! praise is due1 ,b>r5 myself till f]tiliz$ by y4 #bce ,! ,life ( ,/4 ,francis ( ,assisi1 by ,paul ,sabati]1 p4 #aff1 ,new ,york1 #ahid4 #bcf ,ibid41 p4 #afg4 #bcg ,ibid41 p4 #cjg4 #bch ,! ,wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 p4 #cid1 ,new ,york1 #aija4 #bci ,wom5 ( ,flor5ce1 by ,isodoro del ,lungo1 p4 xxvii1 ,london1 #aijg4 #bdj ,?is passage f ! d$ication is s important t ,i reproduce ! ,lat9 orig9al3 ,omn9o vitam1 aut1 si quid mihi c>ius e/1 vobis autem debeo1 tibi autem1 o diva ,melus9is1 omne pres]tim ,ma!maticis /udium1 ad quod me excitavit tum tuus 9 e>n amor1 tum summa artis illius1 quam t5es1 p]itia1 immo v]o nunquam satis admir&a 9 tuo tamque regii et nobilis g5]is sexu ,encyclopa$ia4 ,francois ,viete1 ,inv5teur de l',algebre ,mod]ne1 p4 #bj1 p> ,fr$]ic ,ritt]1 ,p>is1 #ahie4 #bda ,e nell' amore della figlia il gr&e a/ronomo trovo non soltanto un con=to a suoi affanni1 ma an*e una guida b5efica alla quale sembro egli ab&on>si con cieca t5]ezza figliale4 ,la ,/oria del ,fem9ismo1 p4 #eji1 by ,g4 ,l4 ,arrighi1 ,flor5ce1 #aiaa4 #bdb ,galileo ,galilei e ,suor ,cele/e1 by ,antonio ,fav>o1 p4 #bef et seq41 ,flor5ce1 #ahia4 #bdc ,an ,engli% writ]1 discuss+ ?is subject1 p]t95tly obs]ves3 ,=1 aft] all1 is x n ! p]sonal incid5ts & commonplaces ( life t ga!r int]e/ z ! c5turies roll on1 :ile its m pret5ti\s ev5ts (t5 drop into m]e lit]>y lumb]8 ,h[ mu* m int]e/+ ,dr4 ,johnson's incid5tal admission1 ',i h a /rong incl9ation1 ,sir1 to d no?+ to-day1' is to u n[ ?an _m ( 8 m =mal utt]ances4 ,&1 9 reality1 is x ! p]sonal elem5t alone t is 9 ! long run p]5nial8 ,! wise may prate z !y w ab\t ! importance ( ma9ta9+ ! cont9uity ( hi/ory & ( h&+ on ! tor* ( sci5ce4 ,! _w c>es = none ( ^! ?+s2 !y int]e/ only "s few political economi/s & labori\s m54 ,:at does ! cr[d & poor little ,tom ,jones & 8 ne/ful1 = in/ance1 c>e ab\t ! fact t ,*eops 0--at any rate by c\rte\s tradition--a mighty man ( valor ( su* an era & l&8 ,b little ,tom ,jones & ! re/ ( u w\ld become mightily int]e/$ 9 ?is mi/y mon/] ( _m traditions1 c\ld we le>n 9 "s magical way all he ?\ght1 hat$ & lov$ 9 8 inmo/ he>t ( he>ts4 ,! ,national ,review1 p4 #dfa1 ,june1 #ahhi4 #bdd ,! ,duke ( ,peiresc1 9 a lett] to ,gass5di1 reg>d+ ,galileo1 ref]s to c]ta9 lett]s--tres belles epi/res--( ! great philosoph]1 a une si5ne fille religieuse sur le sujet mesme des mati]es traictees en son d]ni] livre4 ,?is %[s t ,si/] ,cele/e 0 kept fully in=m$ by h] fa!r respect+ ! nature & cont5ts ( 8 v>i\s works :ile he 0 prep>+ !m = ! press4 ,x implies1 likewise1 t %e 0 n only int]e/$ 9 !m 9 a g5]al way1 b t %e 0 able to read !m intellig5tly & appreciate !m z well4 ,h[ fondly ,galileo treasur$ ! lett]s writt5 him by ?is daught] ( pr$ilection is made kn[n to u by ,si/] ,cele/e h]self1 :5 %e tells him 9 "o ( h] lett]s ,re/o confusa s5t5do *'ella cons]vi le mie lett]e1 e dubito *e il gr&e affeto que mi porta gliele dimon/ri piu compita di quello *e sono4 ,op4 cit41 p4 #cag4 #bde ,op4 cit41 p4 #djd4 #bdf ,9 ! d$ication ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy he addresses 8 "y fri5d & pupil 9 ! foll[+ words3 ,je puis dire avec v]ite que je ne jamais r5contre que le seul esprit de votre altesse auquel l'un et l'autre--metaphysics & ma!matics--fut egalem5t facile2 ce qui fait quo j'ai une tres ju/e raison de l'e/im] incomp>able4 #bdg ,geology & ,m9]alogy ,consid]$ ) ,ref]5ce to ,natural ,!ology1 by ,william ,buckl&1 p4 xxxvi1 ,london1 #aheh4 #bdh ,pa/eur1 by ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,p]cy ,frankl&1 p4 #bf et seq41 ,london1 #ahih4 ,a ,fr5* writ] ref]r+ to ?is happy discov]y expresses himself z foll[s3 ,qu& ,pa/eur tr\va le vacc9 de *>bon1 il remonta triomphant de son laboratoire et les l>mes lui v9r5t aux yeux en embrassant sa femme et sa fille auxquelles annoncait sa victoire4 ,revue ,encyclop$ique1 p4 #bj1 ,jan4 #ae1 #ahie4 #bdi ,memoir & ,correspond5ce ( ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 ,london1 #ahgi1 pp4 vi & vii1 by ,mrs4 ,john ,h]s*el4 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,,iv ( ?is ,vol4 #bej ,! ,subjection ( ,wom51 pp4 #ih1 #ii1 ,london1 #aiji4 ,! idea h]e9 express$ is beautifully acc5tuat$ 9 ! t\*+ d$ication to ! au?or's "w ,on ,lib]ty1 :i* reads z foll[s3 ,to ! belov$ & deplor$ memory ( h] :o 0 ! inspir]1 & 9 "p ! au?or1 ( all t is be/ 9 my writ+s--! fri5d & wife ^: exalt$ s5se ( tru? & "r 0 my /ronge/ incitem5t1 & ^: approbation 0 my *ief rew>d--,i d$icate ?is volume4 ,l all t ,i h writt5 = _m ye>s1 x belongs z mu* to h] z to me2 b ! "w z x /&s has _h1 9 a v insuffici5t degree1 ! ine/imable advantage ( h] revision1 "s ( ! mo/ important portions hav+ be5 res]v$ = a m c>eful re-exam9ation1 :i* !y are n[ nev] de/9$ to receive4 ,7 ,i b capable ( int]pret+ to ! _w "o-half ! great ?\ghts & noble feel+s :i* are buri$ 9 h] grave1 ,i %\ld be ! m$ium ( a great] b5efit to x ?an is ev] likely to arise f any?+ ,i c write1 unprompt$ & unassi/$ by h] all b unrivall$ wisdom4 ,! *ivalr\s s5tim5ts express$ 9 ?is g5]\s tribute by "o ( ! deepe/ ?9k]s ( 8 "t1 to ! memory ( 8 noble & gift$ life-companion1 extravagant z !y may seem1 are b e*oes ( simil> s5tim5ts (t5 voic$ be=e by ! _w's greate/ lead]s ( ?\ght & sci5ce4 #bea ,memoir ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 by ,john ,veit*1 p4 #acf et seq41 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfi4 ,x is frequ5tly said t wom51 unlike m51 are indiff]5t to fame4 ,?is may be true s f> z !y are p]sonally conc]n$2 b x is c]ta9ly n true ( !m 9 reg>d to _! husb&s1 or ! m5 = :om !y h a g5u9e affection4 ,?is is abundantly prov$ by ! lives ( ,mme4 ,hub]1 ,mme4 ,pa/eur1 ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el & ,lady ,hamilton1 n to "n o!rs :o h be5 m5tion$ 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,aft] ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 at ! age ( fifty-six1 _h be5 /rick5 by hemiplegia on ! "r side1 z ! result ( ov]-"w1 8 fai?ful wife became = twelve ye>s eyes1 h&s & ev5 m9d = him4 ,%e read & consult$ books = him1 & help$ him to prep>e 8 lectures & ! works :i* h giv5 him su* celebrity4 ,ev]y?+ t 0 s5t to ! press & all ! c\rses ( lectures 7 writt5 by h]1 ei!r to dictation or f copy4 ,& :5 we rememb] t ! lectures & books 7 ( ! mo/ ab/ruse "* & t ,lady ,hamilton 0 associat$ ) h] husb& 9 8 recondite "w ?r\gh\t 8 long & brilliant c>e]1 we mu/ confess t h] conduct 0 n only h]oic to a degree1 b also t ! fame ( ! "o %e lov$ 0 to h] a matt] ( ! deepe/ conc]n4 #beb ,induction is1 inde$1 a mighty weapon laid up 9 ! armory ( ! human m9d1 & by its aid great de$s h be5 accompli%$ & noble conque/s h be5 won4 ,b 9 t armory !re is ano!r weapon1 ,i w n say ( /rong] make1 b c]ta9ly ( ke5] edge2 &1 if t weapon _h be5 (t5] us$ dur+ ! pres5t & prec$+ c5tury1 our k w\ld be f> m advanc$ ?an x actually is4 ,if ! imag9ation _h be5 m cultivat$1 if !re _h be5 a clos] union betwe5 ! _s ( poetry & ! _s ( sci5ce1 natural philosophy w\ld h made great] progress1 because natural philosoph]s w\ld h tak5 a high] & m successful aim1 & w\ld h enli/$ on _! side a wid] range ( human sympa?ies4 ,buckle3 ,! ,influ5ce ( ,wom5 on ! ,progress ( ,k4 #bec ,! ,subjection ( ,wom51 ut sup41 p4 #hg4 #bed ,life & ,lett]s ( ,?omas ,h5ry ,huxley1 by 8 son ,leon>d ,huxley1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cbd1 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 #bee ,ibid41 p4 #ci1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #deh4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,future ,,( ,,wom5 ,,9 ,,sci5ce3 ,,summ>y ,,& ,,epilogue ,sa9t-,evremond1 ! fir/ great ma/] ( ! g5teel /yle 9 ,fr5* lit]ature1 :o 0 equally not$ z a brilliant c\rti]1 a graceful wit1 a pr(ess$ ,epicurean1 & :o ex]t$ s m>k$ an influ5ce on ! writ+s ( ,voltaire & ! essayi/s ( ,que5 ,anne's "t1 gives u 9 "o ( 8 desultory productions an ent]ta9+ disquisition on ,la femme qui ne se tr\ve po9t et ne se tr\v]a jamais--! woman :o is n & nev] w be f\nd4 ,! caption ( ?is s+ul> essay admirably expresses ! idea t ! majority ( mank9d has1 ev5 until ! pres5t day1 held respect+ woman 9 sci5ce4 ,= !m %e 0 non-exi/5t4 ,nature1 9 _! view1 _h disqualifi$ h] = s]i\s &1 above all1 = ab/ract sci5ce4 ,nev]1 !re=e1 9 ! op9ion ( ^! solemn wiseacres1 _h be5 f\nd or c\ld be f\nd a woman :o _h a*iev$ di/9ction 9 sci5ce4 ,! =ego+ *apt]s %[ h[ ill-f\nd$ is su* a view reg>d+ woman 9 times pa/4 ,= t half ( humanity :i* has produc$ su* sci5tific lum9>ies z ,aspasia1 ,laura ,bassi1 ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 ,sophie ,g]ma91 ,m>y ,som]ville1 ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 ,sonya ,kovalevsky1 ,agnes ,s4 ,lewis1 ,m>g>et ,dunlop ,gibson1 ,eleanor ,orm]od & ,mme4 ,curie--to m5tion no o!rs--is f> f exhibit+ any evid5ce ( intellectual disqualification & /ill f>!r f w>rant+ any "o f decl>+ t ! successful pursuit ( sci5ce is entirely beyond ! m5tal p[]s ( womank9d4 ,! prec$+ pages1 likewise1 af=d an answ] to ^? :o insi/ on woman's incapacity = sci5tific pursuits1 & po9t to ! small numb] ( ^? t h atta9$ em95ce 9 any ( ! bran*es ( sci5ce2 :o cont9ue to ass]t t ! wom5 nam$ are b exceptions to ! rule ( ! hopeless inf]iority ( _! sex1 & t no conclusions c be d$uc$ f ! paucity ( wom5 :o h ris5 above ! intellectual level ( _! less =tunate or less highly d[]$ si/]s4 ,!y fur!r %[ t1 until ! la/ few decades1 woman's environm5t 0 r>ely if ev] favorable to h] pursuit ( sci5ce4 ,f ! days ( ,aspasia until ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury %e 0 discrim9at$ aga9/ by law1 cu/om & public op9ion4 ,save only 9 ,italy1 %e 0 exclud$ f ! univ]sities & f le>n$ societies 9 :i* %e might h _h an opportunity ( develop+ h] intellect4 ,9 o!r c\ntries h] social o/racism 9 all t p]ta9$ to m5tal developm5t 0 s complete & univ]sal t %e r>ely _h an opportunity ( mak+ a trial ( h] p[]s or exhibit+ h] innate capacity4 ,! consequ5ce 0 t h] m9d rema9$ 9 a condition ( comp>ative atrophy--a condition t gave rise to t long preval5t belief 9 woman's intellectual inf]iority to man & h] natural incapacity = ev]y?+ t is n light or frivol\s4 ,practically all t wom5 h a*iev$ 9 sci5ce1 until v rec5t ye>s1 has be5 accompli%$ 9 defiance ( t conv5tional code :i* compell$ !m to conf9e _! activities to ! ord9>y duties ( ! h\sehold4 ,! lives & a*ievem5ts ( ! em95t ma!maticians1 ,sophie ,g]ma9 & ,m>y ,som]ville1 are good illu/rations ( ! tru? ( ?is ass]tion4 ,x 0 only _! p]si/5ce 9 ! /udy ( _! favorite bran* ( sci5ce1 9 spite ( ! opposition ( _! family & fri5ds1 & 9 spite ( :at 0 consid]$ taboo = _! sex by ! usages & ord9ances ( society1 t !y 7 able to atta9 t em95ce 9 ! mo/ ab/ruse ( ! sci5ces :i* won = !m ! plaudits ( ! _w4 ,bo? 7 virtually self-made wom54 ,depriv$ ( ! advantages ( a college or univ]sity education1 & d5i$ ! /imulus af=d$ by memb]%ip 9 le>n$ sci5tific associations1 !y nev]!less succe$$ by _! own unaid$ ef=ts 9 w9n+ a place ( highe/ honor 9 ! ,walhalla ( m5 ( sci5ce4 ,m4 ,alphonse de ,c&olle1 9 8 great "w1 ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces et des ,savants depuis ,deux ,siecles1 devotes only two pages to ! consid]ation ( woman 9 sci5ce4 ,%e is1 to him1 a negligible quantity4 ,&1 al?\gh a pr(ess$ man ( sci5ce1 he repeats1 )\t any sci5tific w>rant :atev]1 all ! gratuit\s /atem5ts ( 8 pr$ecessors reg>d+ ! sup]ficial "* ( ! female m9d1 a m9d1 he w h x1 :i* takes pleasure 9 ideas t are readily seiz$ by a k9d ( intuition2 a m9d to :i* ! sl[ me?ods ( obs]vation & calculation by :i* tru? is surely arriv$ at are n pleas+4 ,tru?s !mselves1 ! ,swiss savant cont9ues1 indep5d5t ( _! nature & possible consequ5ces--especially g5]al tru?s :i* h no relation to a p>ticul> p]son--are ( small mom5t to mo/ wom54 ,add to ?is a feeble indep5d5ce ( op9ion1 a reason+ faculty less int5se ?an 9 man1 &1 f9ally1 ! horror ( d\bt1 t is1 a /ate ( m9d 9 :i* all rese>* 9 ! sci5ces ( obs]vation mu/ beg9 & (t5 end4 ,^! reasons are1 accord+ to de ,c&olle1 m ?an suffici5t to expla9 ! position ( wom5 9 sci5tific pursuits4#bef ,!y c]ta9ly are m ?an suffici5t to expla9 _! position if we *oose to accept ! au?or's me?od ( det]m9+ "o's atta9m5ts 9 ! realm ( sci5ce4 ,8 *ief te/ ( "o's em95ce 9 sci5ce is ! numb] ( le>n$ societies to :i* "o belongs4 ,= ,de ,c&olle1 memb]%ip 9 "o or m su* bodies is prima facie evid5ce ( special di/9ction 9 "s bran* ( sci5ce4 ,b ,we1 he decl>es1 d n see ! "n ( any woman on ! li/s ( le>n$ m5 connect$ ) ! pr9cipal academies4 ,?is is n due entirely to ! fact t ! cu/oms & regulations h made no provision = _! admission1 = x is easy to assure "o's self t no p]son ( ! fem99e sex has ev] produc$ an orig9al sci5tific "w :i* has made its m>k 9 any sci5ce & comm&$ ! att5tion ( speciali/s 9 sci5ce4 ,i d n ?9k x has ev] be5 consid]$ desirable to elect a woman a memb] ( any ( ! great sci5tific academies ) re/rict$ memb]%ip4#beg ,:5 ,de ,c&olle insi/$ on memb]%ip 9 le>n$ societies z a necess>y indication ( sci5tific em95ce1 he mu/ h kn[n1 :at ev]ybody knew1 t su* exclusive societies z ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces & ! ,royal ,society ( ,great ,brita9 h always be5 dead set aga9/ ! admission ( wom5 memb]s4 ,x is difficult to imag9e t ! le>n$ au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,sci5ce & ,sci5ti/s 0 entirely ignorant ( ! exclusion f ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi solely because %e 0 a woman4 ,& he mu/ h be5 aw>e t1 _h x n be5 = h] sex1 ,sophie ,g]ma9 w\ld h be5 accord$ a fauteuil 9 ! same society = h] rem>kable inve/igations 9 "o ( ! difficult dep>tm5ts ( ma!matical physics4 ,he mu/ likewise h be5 cognizant ( ! attitude ( su* organizations z ! ,royal ,society t[>d wom51 no matt] h[ m]itori\s _! a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce4 ,accord+ to ,de ,c&olle's crit]ion1 su* wom5 z ,mme4 ,curie1 ,sonya ,kovalevsky1 ,eleanor ,orm]od1 ,agnes ,s4 ,lewis1 ,m>g>et ,dunlop ,gibson h accompli%$ no?+ wor?y ( note because1 =soo?1 _! names are n f\nd on ! rolls ( memb]%ip ( ! ,royal ,society or ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces--associations ^: con/itutions h be5 purposely s fram$ z to exclude wom5 f memb]%ip4 ,x w\ld1 inde$1 be difficult to in/ance a m unfair or a m unsci5tific te/ ( woman's em95ce 9 sci5ce1 & t1 too1 propos$ by "o :o is suppos$ to be actuat$ 9 8 judgm5ts by rigor\sly sci5tific me?ods4 ,_h any ( ! wom5 nam$ belong$ to ! male sex1 !re nev] w\ld h be5 any "q ( _! fitness to become memb]s ( ! societies 9 "q4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly true ( ,mme4 ,curie1 :o1 9 ! e/imation ( ! _w1 has done m to enhance ! pre/ige ( ,fr5* sci5ce ?an any man ( ! pres5t g5]ation--a /atem5t t is suffici5tly ju/ifi$ by ! fact t %e is ! only "o s f> :o has twice1 9 competition ) ! greate/ ( ! _w's m5 ( sci5ce1 succe$$ 9 c>ry+ away ! great ,nobel prize4#beh ,n only h m51 f "t immemorial1 be5 wont to po9t to woman's incapacity = sci5ce z evid5c$ by ! small numb] ( ^? :o h a*iev$ di/9ction 9 any ( its bran*es1 b !y h also tak5 a special pleasure 9 direct+ att5tion to ! fact t no woman has ev] giv5 to ! _w any ( ! great creations ( g5ius1 or be5 ! prime-mov] 9 any ( ! f>-rea*+ discov]ies :i* h s greatly contribut$ to ! weal1 ! advancem5t & ! happ9ess ( our race4 ,no "o1 probably1 has express$ himself on ?is subject 9 a m positive or *>act]i/ic fa%ion ?an ! not$ litt]ateur & philosoph]1 ,c\nt ,joseph de ,mai/re4 ,writ+ f ,/4 ,pet]sburg to 8 daught]1 ,con/ance1 he says3 ,voltaire1 accord+ to :at y affirm--= z to me1 ,i "k no?+1 z ,i h n read all 8 works1 & h n read a l9e ( !m dur+ ! la/ ?irty ye>s--says t wom5 are capable ( do+ all t m5 d1 etc4 ,?is is m]ely a complim5t paid to "s pretty woman1 or1 r1 x is "o ( ! hundr$ ?\s& & ?\s& silly ?+s :i* he said dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,! v contr>y is ! tru?4 ,wom5 h produc$ no *ef d'oeuvre ( any k9d :atsoev]4 ,!y h be5 ! au?ors nei!r ( ! ,iliad1 nor ! ,a5eid1 nor ! ,j]usalem ,deliv]$1 nor ,ph$re1 nor ,a?alie nor ,rodogune1 nor ,! ,misan?rope1 nor ,t>tufe1 nor ,! ,j\eur1 nor ,! ,pan!on1 nor ,! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 nor ! ,v5us de' ,m$ici1 nor ! ,apollo ,belvid]e1 nor ! ,pr9cipia1 nor ! ,disc\rse on ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 nor ,telema*us4 ,!y h inv5t$ nei!r algebra nor ! telescope1 nor a*romatic glasses nor ! fire eng9e1 nor hose-ma*9es1 etc4#bei ,all ?is is true1 b :at does x prove8 ,x does n prove1 z is s frequ5tly assum$1 woman's less] bra9 p[] or inf]ior intellig5ce4 ,x does n prove--z ! le>n$ ,fr5*man & ^? :o are simil>ly m9d$ w\ld h u believe--h] incapacity = ! highe/ flights ( g5ius 9 e sph]e ( intellectual ef=t4 ,su* assumptions are entirely negativ$ by woman's pa/ a*ievem5ts 9 all dep>tm5ts ( art1 lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,f> f mak+ ! inf]5ce t ,de ,mai/re wi%$ 8 daught] to draw f 8 lett]1 we %\ld1 f :at we "k ( woman's ability z disclos$ 9 ! =ego+ *apt]s1 hesitate to set a limit to h] p[]s1 or to decl>e apodictically t %e c\ld n h be5 ! au?or ( works ( z great m]it z mo/ ( ^?--if n all ( !m--m5tion$ z among m5's supreme a*ievem5ts4 ,! simple fact t ,mme4 ,curie & ,sonya ,kovalevsky 7 able1 9 sci5ces usually consid]$ beyond female intellig5ce1 to wre/ f _! male competitors ! mo/ covet$ prizes )9 ! gift ( ! ,nobel ,prize ,commission & ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 demon/rates completely t woman's assum$ incapacity = ev5 ! mo/ recondite sci5tific pursuits is a m]e figm5t ( ! mascul9e imag9ation4 ,:at wom5 h done t at lea/1 if no?+ else1 z ,john ,/u>t ,mill aptly obs]ves1 x is prov$ !y c d4 ,:5 we consid] h[ s$ul\sly !y are all tra9$ away f1 in/ead ( be+ tra9$ t[>d1 any ( ! occupations or objects res]v$ = m51 x is evid5t t ,i am tak+ v humble gr\nd = !m1 :5 ,i re/ _! case on :at !y h actually a*iev$4 ,=1 9 ?is case1 negative evid5ce is wor? little1 :ile any positive evid5ce is conclusive4 ,x _c be inf]r$ to be impossible t a woman %\ld be a ,hom]1 or an ,ari/otle1 or a ,mi*aelangelo1 or a ,bee?ov51 because no woman has yet actually produc$ works comp>able to !irs 9 any ( ^? l9es ( excell5ce4 ,?is negative fact at mo/ leaves ! "q unc]ta9 & op5 to psy*ological discussion4 ,b x is q c]ta9 t a woman c be a ,que5 ,elizabe? or a ,deborah or a ,joan ( ,arc1 s9ce ?is is n inf]5ce b a fact4#bfj ,9 l mann] x is q c]ta9 t1 9 spite ( all k9ds ( disabilities & prejudices & adv]se legislation1 !re h be5 a l>ge numb] ( wom5 :o1 9 e dep>tm5t ( intellectual activity1 h a*iev$ m>k$ di/9ction & won imp]i%able r5[n = _! proscrib$ sex4 ,x is a fact1 :i* admits ( no "q1 t1 not)/&+ _! be+ deb>r$ f all ! educational advantages s g5]\sly lavi%$ ^u ! dom9ant sex1 wom5 h s9ce ! days ( ,sappho & ,hypatia %[n !mselves ! equals & (t5 ! sup]iors ( m5 9 ! highe/ & noble/ sph]es ( m5tal a*ievem5t4 ,su* be+ ! case1 :at1 we may ask1 w\ld h be5 ! result _h wom51 f t spl5did ,h]oic ,p]iod ( :i* ,hom] s+s until ! pres5t1 enjoy$ all ! opportunities ( m5tal developm5t ( :i* m5 h sy/ematically claim$ ! exclusive privilege8#bfa ,:at w\ld n[ be _! condition if1 f ! days ( ! ,muses--:o 7 b le>n$ wom5 apo!osiz$--wom5 _h nev] be5 depriv$ ( _! intellectual bir?right & _h be5 p]mitt$ to cont9ue 9 ! pa? s auspici\sly blaz$ by ,cor9na--! victor ov] ,p9d>--& ,arete1 ! spl5dor ( ,greece & ! possessor ( ! m9d ( ,socrates & ! tongue ( ,hom]8 ,:at w\ld n n[ be _! intellectual effloresc5ce1 if ,plato's dream ( tw5ty-?ree c5turies ago ( giv+ wom5 equal rights ) m5 9 all ?+s ( ! m9d c\ld h be5 realiz$2 if ^? ard5t female disciples ( 81 :o s lov+ly foll[$ him ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,a!ns--! home ( ! intellectual & ! beautiful--& hung on 8 lips dur+ 8 mat*less disc\rses 9 ! groves ( ! ,academy & on ! banks ( ! ,ilyssus1 c\ld h cont9u$ t race ( intellect & g5ius :i* 0 ! admiration & ! inspiration ( all ,hellas dur+ ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( its m>vel\s hi/ory8 ,speculat+ only on :at ! gift$ daught]s ( ,greece might h a*iev$1 we may easily believe t !y w\ld h kept pace ) _! mo/ highly gift$ c\ntrym51 & t1 foll[+ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,sappho & ! o!r ,muses ( ! ,t]re/rial ,n9e1 !y w\ld h be5 wor?y rivals ( ,hom]1 ,p9d> & ,aes*ylus1 & w\ld h occupi$ a prom95t place 9 t brilliant galaxy ( g5ius compos$ ( su* lum9>ies z ,anaxagoras1 ,sophocles1 ,euclid1 ,ar*im$es1 ,!ophra/us1 ,polygnotus1 ,diophantus1 ,pausanias & ,?ucydides4 ,to ^? :o base _! op9ions on :at s long has be5 ! absurdly anomal\s condition ( wom5 & :o1 9 =mulat+ _! !ories ( human progress1 completely ignore ! fundam5tal laws ( h]$ity1 su* conjectures w seem extravagant1 if n *im]ical4 ,b1 :5 "o be>s 9 m9d ! univ]sal fact t (fspr+1 :atev] ! sex1 inh]its its *>act]i/ics & its p[]s f bo? p>5ts alike2 t ! s\l1 unlike ! body1 has no sex1 & t1 s f> z legitimate indications f ! tea*+s ( biology & psy*ology c s]ve z a guide1 !re is no valid reason = ass]t+ ! m5tal sup]iority ( man ov] woman1 "o w be oblig$ to confess t ^! surmises are f> f be+ ei!r fanciful or prepo/]\s4 ,x is !n ! v]ie/ sophism to pr$icate woman's incapacity = sci5ce & = intellectual a*ievem5ts ( ! highe/ ord] on :at %e has n accompli%$ 9 ! pa/1 or on ! comp>atively limit$ numb] ( h] contributions to ! advancem5t ( k2 = up till ! pres5t %e has1 = ! mo/ "p1 be5 b a dw>f ( ! gynaeceum1 ,cramp'd "u worse ?an ,s\?-sea isle taboo4 ,_h m5 be5 compell$ to labor "u simil> conditions1 x is d\btful if !y w\ld h accompli%$ any m ?an wom5 h n[ to _! cr$it4 ,consid]+ woman's pa/ a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce1 z well z 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( k2 consid]+ h] pres5t opportunities = develop+ h] long-hamp]$ faculties1 & consid]+1 especially1 ! _m new social & economic adju/m5ts :i* h be5 made )9 ! la/ half c5tury1 9 consequ5ce ( ! greatly *ang$ conditions ( mod]n life1 x requires no prophetic vision to =eca/ :at %>e ! g5tl] sex w h 9 ! future advancem5t ( sci5ce4 ,t x w be f> great] ?an x has be5 hi!rto !re c be no reasonable d\bt4 ,t ! numb] ( savantes ( ! type ( ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 ,sonya ,kovalevsky & ,mme4 ,curie w be greatly enl>g$ !re is e reason to believe4 ,t among ^! com+ vot>ies ( sci5ce !re w be m ?an "o woman :o1 ev5 9 ! mo/ ab/ruse sci5ces1 w /& ,^u an ev5 p$e/al ) man1 seems to be assur$ by ! a*ievem5ts ( _m :o are n[ s mat]ially add+ to ! sum ( human k4 ,is x probable t ! future w br+ =? wom5 ^: a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce w rank ) ^? ( ,eul]1 ,f>aday1 ,liebig1 ,lev]ri]1 ,*ampollion & ,ge(fry ,sa9t-,hillaire8 ,x w\ld be a ra% man :o w\ld answ] 9 ! negative4 ,we _c1 z ,de ,mai/re seems to d1 reason f :at !y h n done--:5 ev]y?+ 0 aga9/ !m--to :at !y may d :5 conditions %all1 9 e way1 be z favorable to !m z !y always h be5 to ! dom9ant sex4 ,/ill ra%] w\ld be ! man :o w\ld attempt to prove ! negative ( ?is "q4 ,m]e a priori argum5ts1 bas$ on preconceiv$ bias or on ! vague & gr\ndless impression t woman is ess5tially & hopelessly ! intellectual inf]ior ( man1 h no m value ?an gratuit\s op9ions4 ,! unprejudic$ seek] aft] tru? w insi/ on a demon/ration bas$ on incontrov]tible facts4 ,he w appeal to hi/ory to le>n :at ! sex has already accompli%$1 & to sci5ce to inquire if !re be any?+ 9 ! female bra9 to diff]5tiate x f t ( ! male1 or to preclude woman f atta9+ ! highe/ rank 9 ! activities ( ! intellect4 ,! result ( su* an inve/igation w1 ,i ?9k1 cause ev5 ! mo/ bias$ p]son to susp5d judgm5t1 if x does n induce him to align himself ) ^? :o1 f9d+ no diff]5ces 9 ! m5tal end[m5ts ( ! sexes1 h rea*$ ! conclusion t ! day w come1 &1 mayhap1 9 ! ne> future1 :5 ! a*ievem5ts ( wom5 w be on a p> ) ^? ( man4 ,! facts /at$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s seem1 n unreasonably1 to po9t to su* a conclusion1 if1 inde$1 !y d n w>rant x z a necess>y inf]5ce4 ,a few consid]ations g]mane to ?is discussion w illu/rate ! dang] ( =m+ ha/y judgm5ts reg>d+ que/ions l ! "o "u discussion4 ,dur+ ! la/ hundr$ ye>s no c\ntry 9 ! _w has done m = ! education ( ! masses ?an ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,ev]y?+ t money c\ld pur*ase & +5uity sugge/ has be5 adopt$ to develop ! m9ds & /imulate ! lat5t tal5ts & g5ius ( our y\?4 ,f ! prim>y s*ools to ! highe/ & be/ equipp$ univ]sities1 a special premium has be5 put on success 9 /udy1 & ! highe/ rew>ds h await$ ^? :o %\ld make any notable contribution t[>ds ! advancem5t ( k4 ,b1 not)/&+ all ! educational advantages our p h enjoy$ & all ! enc\ragem5t !y h receiv$ to a*ieve some?+ ( supreme excell5ce1 our great c\ntry ) its teem+ millions attract$ f ! mo/ gift$ nations ( ! ,old ,_w has n yet produc$ a s+le man :o has atta9$ ! highe/ rank 9 ei!r lit]ature or art or sci5ce4 ,f> f hav+ a preem95t ma/] ( song l ,hom] or ,dante1 we h n ev5 a poet approa*+ ,goe! or ,tasso or ,camo5s4 ,we h no ,c]vantes1 no ,milton1 no ,rac9e1 no ,moli]e4 ,am]ica has produc$ no ,raphael or ,mi*aelangelo2 no ,moz>t or ,wagn] or ,ts*aikovsky4 ,nor has x giv5 u a ,desc>tes1 a ,leibnitz1 a ,newton or a ,d>w94 ,w\ld any "o1 f ?is complete abs5ce 9 ,am]ica ( repres5tatives ( ! highe/ ord] 9 lit]ature1 art & sci5ce1 ev] dream ( conclud+ t we %all nev] h su* favorite sons ( g5ius & su* giants ( intellect8 ,does our comp>ative intellectual /]ility 9 ! pa/1 & 9 a c\ntry :i* seem$ specially adapt$ to fo/] g5ius & atta9m5ts ( ! highe/ ord]1 ju/ify any "o 9 inf]r+ t ! days ( great g5iuses1 l ! days ( demigods1 are gone nev] to return8 ,& yet ! numb] ( m5 9 our broad commonweal? :o1 dur+ ! pa/ hundr$ ye>s1 h enjoy$ su* signal opportunities = atta9+ di/9ction 9 e doma9 ( intellectual ef=t is incomp>ably great] ?an t ( all ! wom5 s favor$ s9ce ! e>lie/ days ( human hi/ory4 ,if1 f ! fir/ fl[]+ ( ,greek culture to ! pres5t day1 z _m millions ( wom5 _h enjoy$ all ! transc5d5t advantages ( education z h be5 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s lavi%ly accord$ to ! same numb] ( millions ( m51 :o w say t v _m ( !m w\ld n h atta9$ a mu* high] rank 9 sci5ce1 z well z 9 art & lit]ature1 ?an has yet be5 rea*$ by any man t ,am]ica has yet produc$8 ,:o ev51 on ! evid5ce n[ available1 w\ld be w>rant$ 9 d5y+ t at lea/ "s ( ^! millions ( wom5 might h atta9$ ! v highe/ rank 9 e dep>tm5t ( intellectual a*ievem5t8 ,gray1 9 8 ,elegy ,writt5 9 a ,c\ntry ,*ur*y>d1 muses on ! pot5tial /atesm5 & ! mute1 +lori\s ,miltons ( ^? c\ntless multitudes :o1 = lack ( opportunity to develop _! inborn gifts1 7 condemn$ to pass _! lives 9 obscurity & die1 to ,=tune & to ,fame unkn[n4 ,b h[ mu* m tru?fully c\ld 8 words h be5 appli$ to t mu* l>g] numb] ( wom5 ( r>e m5tal p[]s to ^: eyes k ,h] ample page ,ri* ) ! spoils ( "t did ne'er unroll1 & ^: ,god-giv5 g5ius 0 ru?lessly suppress$ f ! cradle to ! grave8 ,we are /ill 9 ignorance z to _m ( ! conditions :i* are ess5tial to ! developm5t ( g5ius & :i* contribute to its l(tie/ flights4 ,we h yet to le>n h[ f> ! effloresc5ce ( ! human m9d is aid$ & modifi$ by h]$ity1 environm5t1 atmosph]e1 z well z by education1 enc\ragem5t & o!r /imuli equally pot5t4 ,b we d "k t ,g]many1 9 spite ( its fam$ univ]sities & its fev]i% intellectual activity 9 _m dep>tm5ts ( k1 _h to wait _m long dre>y c5turies be=e x c\ld po9t to a ,goe!1 a ,s*ill]1 a ,humboldt1 a ,ba*1 or a ,bee?ov54 ,we "k t ,france--s long ! reput$ c5t] ( culture--has s f> produc$ no great epic poet1 no ,c]vantes1 no ,murillo4 ,b %all we affirm t %e w nev] give to ! _w imp]i%able works l ,p>adise ,lo/1 ,don ,quixote or ! ,immaculate ,conception8 ,we "k t ,a!ns1 :i* dur+ ! mo/ brilliant p]iod ( its hi/ory c\nt$ only fifty-f\r hundr$ free-born citiz5s--less ?an ! population ( a small mod]n t[n--0 able to produce )9 a v brief epo* m m5 ( supreme di/9ction ?an all ! re/ ( ,europe f ! ,age ( ,p]icles until ! dawn ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,h]s is /ill ! art ( ! _w1 ! lit]ature ( ! _w1 ! philosophy ( ! _w1 ! culture ( ! _w4 ,= tw5ty-five c5turies h] canons ( ta/e & beauty h guid$ poets1 orators1 arti/s2 & h] mat*less productions h be5 ! inspiration1 z !y h be5 ! despair1 ( ! greate/ g5iuses ( our mod]n _w4 ,_h ! wom5 ( ,greece n be5 put "u con/ra9t j z !y 7 beg9n+ to exhibit ! spl5did results ( _! intellectual activities2 _h !y be5 enc\rag$ to develop to ! utmo/ _! ri*ly-d[]$ m9ds1 z 7 ! m51 a f> l>g] numb] ( !m1 no d\bt1 w\ld h be5 z successful 9 c>ry+ (f covet$ prizes 9 ! intellectual ar5a z 0 ,cor9na 9 h] conte/s ) ,p9d>4 ,& !y w\ld1 likewise1 z we may easily conceive1 h greatly add$ to ! numb] ( ma/]pieces ( ,greek intellect 9 sci5ce z well z 9 art & lett]s4 ,b ! opportunity = wom5 to te/ _! p[]s1 :i* 0 s wantonly snat*$ f _! si/]s 9 ! ,hell5ic _w1 seems aga9 to be (f]$ to _! sex4 ,?is opportunity1 z has be5 /at$1 is due *iefly to _! p]si/5ce 9 claim+ ! same "r z m5 to intellectual developm5t z well z to ! c\ntless pro(s !y h giv5 t _! dem&s are f\nd$ on reason & ju/ice4 ,:at %all be ! outcome ( ! new opportunity = woman to prove h] capacity z comp>$ ) man's 9 ?+s ( ! intellect rema9s to be se51 b1 f indications %e has dur+ rec5t ye>s giv5 ( h] p[]s 9 e bran* ( sci5tific inquiry1 !re c be little d\bt t x w be ( su* "* z to place woman on a high] intellectual plane ?an %e has yet occupi$4 ,9 physical /r5g? & 9 ! r\gh] conflicts ) ! _w %e w d\btless always rema9 ! less] man1 b1 once %e feels 9 full possession ( lib]ty ,to burgeon out ( all ,)9 h]1 %e w duly ju/ify h] advocates :o ?r\gh\t ! c5turies h be5 ,ma9ta9+ t ) equal husb&ry ,! woman 7 an equal to ! man4 ,n ! lea/ ( ! contribut+ factors to woman's intellectual gr[?1 & especially to h] future a*ievem5ts 9 sci5ce1 are ! rec5t adju/m5ts = wom5 9 social & economical conditions br\ght ab\t *iefly by f>-rea*+ *anges 9 ! indu/rial _w4 ,ev5 s late z ! la/ half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ! en]gies ( wom51 :5 !y 7 n engag$ 9 ! kit*5 or ! nurs]y1 7 sp5t on ! dome/ic loom1 sp9n+ :eel & ! knitt+ ne$le4 ,all ! v>i\s processes f c>d+ ! wool to mak+ x into clo?+ = all ! memb]s ( ! family 7 9 ! h&s ( ! h\sewife4 ,ready-made clo?+ 0 f> f be+ z common & inexp5sive z x is n[4 ,cann$ foods & c]eals1 :i* d away ) s mu* ( ! drudg]y ( ! kit*51 7 unkn[n4 ,electricity1 :i* has prov$ to be su* a rem>kable aid 9 e mod]n home1 0 little m ?an a my/]i\s =ce t 0 utiliz$ 9 ! electric telegraph4 ,mo/ ( ! dome/ic labor-sav+ ma*9es 7 /ill 9 _! infancy & possess$ by b few p4 ,l>ge =tunes 7 conf9$ to only a favor$ few 9 our great metropolises4 ,! mass ( ! p 0 preoccupi$ ) ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,b sci5ce1 ! _s ( inv5tion & ! adv5t ( ! age ( ma*9]y h completely *ang$ ! conditions ( life :i* obta9$ b a g5]ation ago4 ,!y h n only op5$ up = wom5 c\ntless occupations t 7 undream$ ( 9 _! "m's "t1 b h also giv5 to t5s ( ?\s&s ( !m ! necess>y means & leisure to indulge _! ta/es = /udy & rese>* & enabl$ an ev] increas+ numb] ( !m to realize _! aspirations = a*iev+ di/9ction 9 ! div]s dep>tm5ts ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,z an in/ance ( ?is m>k$ *ange 9 ! intellectual activity ( wom51 we ne$ only consid] :at an important "p !y n[ take 9 our pres5t prodigi\s lit]>y output1 z comp>$ ) _! %>e 9 simil> "w b a few decades ago4 ,z au?ors1 z writ]s & read]s 9 ! editorial rooms ( our lead+ p]iodicals1 z contributors to le>n$ j\rnals & reviews deal+ ) e bran* ( sci5ce1 ev5 ! mo/ ab/ruse1 !y n[ occupy a conspicu\s place & are do+ "w t is q z cr$itable z t ( m54 ,& x is no long] necess>y1 9 def]5ce to public s5tim5t1 = !m to write "u a pseudonym1 = x is no long] consid]$ unfem99e1 z x 0 9 ! "t ( ! ,bronte si/]s1 = wom5 to ackn[l$ge !mselves ! au?ors ( books or ( articles 9 magaz9es4 ,if !y elect to devote _! lives to lit]>y or sci5tific "w1 !y w n be det]r$ f s do+ by :at ,mrs4 ,grundy may say1 or by ! fe> t "s feeble imitator ( ,moli]e may dub !m z ,precieuses ,ridicules4 ,! value ( _! productions1 l ^? ( m51 is gaug$ solely by m]it & n by any n>r[-m9d$ consid]ations ( ! au?or's sex4 ,s also w x be 9 all o!r occupations :]e wom5 *oose to ga9 _! livelihood by devot+ !mselves to sci5tific pursuits r ?an to manual labor or to secret>ial "w 9 ! c\nt+-room4 ,!re are positions op5 = !m 9 colleges1 univ]sities & ! gov]nm5t s]vice :]e1 z pr(essors or exp]ts 9 e bran* ( sci5ce1 _! tal5ts h full lib]ty ( action & :]e !y h ! same opportunity ( a*iev+ di/9ction 9 _! *os5 life-"w z h _! male colleagues4 ,9 ,g]many !re are to-day a million m wom5 ?an m54 ,x is ! same 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,france ! numb] ( wom5 :o are wid[s or unm>ri$ or divorcees or mo!rs ) full-gr[n *ildr5 aggregates no less ?an f\r & a half millions4 ,a simil> condition obta9s 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe4 ,a l>ge p]c5tage ( ?is numb] is )\t home ties &1 z ! old fields ( labor are no long] op5 to wom51 !y are =c$ to f9d new ones4 ,!y naturally dem& ! privilege ( ex]cis+ _! tal5ts 9 occupations :i* are mo/ cong5ial to !m4 ,_m h no incl9ation = any ( ! avocations 9 ! indu/rial or comm]cial _w1 b h a v decid$ incl9ation z well z tal5t = sci5tific pursuits4 ,h5ce ! ev]-increas+ numb] ( wom5 :o seek employm5t 9 *emical & biological laboratories1 9 museums & a/ronomical obs]vatories1 z well z aspire to pr(essor%ips ( sci5ce 9 s*ools & colleges4 ,f ?is l>ge numb] ( vot>ies ( sci5ce "s are sure to a*ieve di/9ction 9 _! call+ & to contribute mat]ially to ! advancem5t ( k4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t ! numb] ( ^?1 l ,mme4 ,curie1 ,mme4 ,c\dreau1 ,m>y ,k+sley1 ,sonya ,kovalevsky1 ,eleanor ,orm]od1 ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 ,zelia ,nuttall1 ,h>riet ,boyd ,hawes1 ,donna ,e]silia ,bovatillo1 ,sophie ,p]eyaslawewa--to "n only a few--:o w become prom95t z *emi/s1 explor]s1 naturali/s1 ma!maticians1 entomologi/s1 a/ronom]s1 ar*aeologi/s1 biologi/s w be va/ly increas$1 = wom5 w f9d a great] /imulus = su* "w & m num]\s dem&s = _! s]vice 9 ! con/antly exp&+ sph]e ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,_m wom5 w1 d\btless1 become speciali/s 9 "s specific bran* ( sci5ce1 p>ticul>ly if !y h a g5u9e love = x1 or be fir$ by an ambition to a*ieve fame z discov]]s4 ,b x is n probable t !y w ev] specialize to ! same ext5t z m5 d4 ,= m5 sci5tific "w has to a l>ge ext5t become a meti]1 & success1 z 9 indu/ry1 dep5ds on a division ( labor4 ,h5ce x is t _! field ( inve/igation is daily becom+ m & m circumscrib$4 ,?is is obs]vable 9 all ! sci5ces1 b especially 9 su* all-embrac+ sci5ces z *emi/ry1 biology1 & ar*aeology4 ,a man n[ does well if he ma/] a s+le bran* ( any ( ^! sci5ces1 & is hail$ z exceptionally =tunate if he succe$ 9 mak+ "s notable discov]y 9 8 limit$ field ( rese>*4 ,s great1 inde$1 has be5 ! activity ( sci5tific m5 9 e dep>tm5t ( sci5ce dur+ ! la/ half c5tury1 & s ?or\ghly h !y explor$ ! mo/ hidd5 recesses ( nature1 t x1 at times1 seems z if !re 7 b little left to discov]4 ,a prom95t sci5ti/ rec5tly well express$ ! difficulty ( mak+ any /rik+ additions to our k ( nature by ass]t+ t all great discov]ies w\ld h]eaft] be made 9 ! six? place ( decimals4 ,?is /atem5t is well illu/rat$ by ! delicate exp]im5ts t 7 requir$ to isolate su* r>e elem5ts z radium1 polonium1 helium & neon1 :i* occur only 9 inf9itesimal quantities4 ,:ile m5 ( sci5ce w be =c$ to cont9ue z speciali/s z long z ! love ( fame1 to consid] no o!r motives ( rese>*1 cont9ues to be a pot5t influ5ce 9 _! inve/igations1 x is probable t wom5 w h less love = ! long & t$i\s processes involv$ 9 ! m difficult k9ds ( specialization4 ,!y w1 x seems likely1 be m incl9$ to acquire a g5]al k ( ! :ole circle ( ! sci5ces--a k t w enable !m to take a compreh5sive survey ( nature4 ,& x w be =tunate = !mselves1 z well z = ! m5 :o mu/ p]=ce rema9 speciali/s1 if !y elect to d s4 ,= no?+ gives fals] views ( nature z a :ole1 no?+ m unfits ! m9d = a prop] appreh5sion ( high] & m important tru?s1 no?+ m incapacitates "o = ! enjoym5t ( ! ma/]pieces ( lit]ature or ! sweet] am5ities ( life1 ?an ! n>r[ occupation ( a speciali/ :o sees no?+ 9 ! univ]se b electrons1 microbes & protozoa4 ,b j at ! critical mom5t1 :5 m5 ( sci5ce w\ld r discov] a process ?an a law1 :5 !y are s preoccupi$ ) ! inf9itely little t !y lose sight ( ! cosmos z a :ole2 :5 _! att5tion is s rivet$ on p>ticul> ph5om5a t !y w no long] h aptitude = ris+ f effects to causes2 :5 !y cease to h any int]e/ 9 g5]al ideas & /ray away f ! guidance ( ! true philosophic _s2 :51 l ,plato's cave m51 !y h s long grop$ 9 d>kness t _! p[]s ( vision are impair$1 !n x is t woman1 ,! h]ald ( a bright] race1 comes to ! rescue & holds up to _! a/oni%$ gaze ! picture ( an ideal _w ^: exi/5ce !y _h almo/ =gott54 ,= wom51 z a rule1 love sci5ce = its own sake1 &1 unlike ! speciali/s 9 "q1 !y are1 9 its pursuit1 r>ely actuat$ by any selfi% or m]c5>y int]e/s1 or by ! hope ( f9ancial rew>d4 ,precise & nev]-end+ obs]vations ) ! microscope & spectroscope1 :i* at be/ give !m b a sup]ficial k ( c]ta9 details ( sci5ce1 :ile x leaves !m 9 ignorance ( ! great] & bett] "p ( x1 d n appeal to !m4 ,!y pref] g5]al ideas to p>ticul> facts1 & love to roam ov] ! :ole realm ( sci5ce r ?an conf9e !mselves to "o ( its isolat$ corn]s4 ,wom51 writes ,m4 ,eti5ne ,lamy1 ! di/+ui%$ ,fr5* ,academician1 gr\p !mselves at ! c5t] ( human k1 :]eas m5 disp]se !mselves t[>ds its out] b\nd>ies4 ,:ile m5 are always pu%+ analysis to its utmo/ limits1 wom5 are seek+ a syn!sis4 ,:ile m5 are becom+ m te*nical1 wom5 are becom+ m intellectual4 ,!y are bett] plac$ to obs]ve ! correlations ( ! diff]5t sci5ces1 & to subord9ate !m to ! common & unique s\rce ( tru? f :i* !y all desc5d4 ,we seem1 inde$1 to be approa*+ a "t :5 wom5 w become ! cons]v]s ( g5]al ideas4#bfb ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] ref]5ce 0 made to ! fact t wom5 are naturally incl9$ to adopt ! d$uctive me?od 9 _! se>* = tru? :5 m5 w\ld employ only ! inductive me?od4 ,?is disposition ( !irs to arrive at conclusions by a k9d ( intuition1 c\pl$ ) _! m pron\nc$ idealism1 is sure to react favorably on m51 & prev5t !m f becom+ s involv$ 9 m]e facts & ph5om5a z to cause !m to =get t x is z important to reason well z to obs]ve well--t ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( a true philosophy are q z necess>y = ! em95t man ( sci5ce z !y are to ! tru/wor?y hi/orian or comm&+ /atesman4 ,f :at has be5 said1 x is cle> t man's ideal ( ! woman ( ! future w be q diff]5t f :at x 0 b a little m ?an a c5tury ago1 :5 ,dr4 ,johnson c\ld say t any acqua9tance ) books1 among wom51 0 di/+ui%$ only to be c5sur$4 ,x w be q diff]5t f ! ideal woman1 z portray$ by poets & noveli/s1 = c5turies pa/4 ,= among ! ?\s&s ( wom5 pa9t$ by our lead+ writ]s ( fiction1 poets & dramati/s !re are few1 if any1 outside ( ^? sket*$ by ,t5nyson 9 ,! ,pr9cess1 :o are di/+ui%$ = _! le>n+ or = _! love ( intellectual pursuits4 ,ev5 ,portia1 ,%akespe>e's mo/ le>n$ woman1 01 accord+ to h] own confession1 b ,an unlesson$ girl1 uns*ool$1 unpractic$4 ,& ! h]o9es ( ! noveli/1 f> f be+ wom5 :o _h a ?ir/ = k1 or 7 eag] ,to s\nd ! abyss ,( sci5ce & ! secrets ( ! m9d1 7 ^? only ^: *ief attractions 7 physical graces & *>ms1 affectionate natures1 brilliant wit toge!r ) sweet laughs = bird-notes & blue eyes = a heav54 ,n[1 h[ev]1 t wom5 aft] ages ( /ruggle are beg9n+ to exp]i5ce a s5se ( intellectual fre$om be=e unkn[n1 & to exult 9 ! fact t ,k is n[ no m a f\nta9 seal$2 n[ t !y are1 = ! fir/ "t1 beg9n+1 9 e civiliz$ nation1 to realize _! age-long aspirations = unimp$$ opportunity 9 all ! activities ( ! intellect2 n[ t !y are no long] ,dismiss'd 9 %ame to live ,no wis] ?an _! mo!rs1 h\sehold /uff1 ,live *attels1 999999 999999 laugh+-/ocks ( ,"t1 we may expect soon to see a m>k$ *ange 9 ! "* ( ! ideal woman z depict$ 9 lit]ature & z desir$ by ! intellig5t portion ( mank9d4 ,:at woman's lib]ation f intellectual bondage & h] fre$om to devote h]self to sci5tific pursuits mean = ! future ( humanity x is difficult at pres5t adequately to =eca/4 ,t x w contribute imm5sely to ! bett]m5t ( social conditions & to ! elevation ( ! masses ( humanity1 !re c be no d\bt4 ,sett+ free ! imprison$ en]gies ( "o half ( our race1 means m ?an d\bl+ mank9d's capacity = advancem5t4 ,= ! failure to utilize woman's va/ en]gies1 p9+ = an outlet1 act$ z a drag on man's own pot5tialities1 & ?us ret>d$ to an untold ext5t ! _w's advancem5t4 ,9 times pa/1 z has aptly be5 said1 an enorm\s "p ( ! bra9 p[] ( mank9d has be5 sp5t or wa/$ 9 smit+ ! ,phili/9es hip & ?igh1 & an enorm\s "p ( ! bra9 p[] ( womank9d has be5 sp5t 9 cajol+ ,sampson4 ,x w mean t ! wom5 ( ! future w be m suitable companions = ! rapidly increas+ numb] ( highly educat$ m5 ( sci5ce2 t hav+ _! intellects develop$ p>i passu ) ^? ( m51 !y w be able to sympa?ize ) ! noble/ aims ( _! husb&s & assi/ !m 9 _! mo/ important und]tak+s1 z did ! wives ( ,hub]1 ,lavoisi]1 ,pa/eur1 ,huxley1 ,l\is ,agassiz & o!rs sc>cely less r5[n$ 9 ! annals ( sci5ce4 ,x w mean t !y w n only %>e 9 ! joys & ! sorr[s ( _! life-companions1 b t !y w also h a "p 9 _! ?\ghts1 _! /udies1 _! labors1 _! a*ievem5ts4 ,= "o %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! fir/ ess5tial to a p]fect union ( he>ts is a p]fect h>mony ( m9ds4 ,:]e nei!r husb& nor wife is educat$1 ! virtues may suffice = companion%ip1 b :]e ! man is educat$ & ! woman ignorant1 !re are soon] or lat] e/rangem5ts & ! wife becomes little bett] ?an an old ,japanese conception ( h]1 a cook )\t pay1 or a pa%a's toy = an idle h\r4 ,*rysalde 9 ,moli]e's ,l',ecole des ,femmes1 decl>es3 ,qu'il e/ assez ennuyeux1 que je crois1 ,d'avoir t\te sa vie une bete avec soi4 ,a brief] & tru] /atem5t ( ! evils ( unequal intellectual mat+ 0 nev] p5n$4#bfc ,m5 ( intellig5ce are no long]1 l ,r\sseau1 satisfi$ ) an ignorant dome/ic = a wife1 & /ill less are !y dispos$ ) ,s*op5hau] to reg>d woman z an incurable ,phili/9e1 & z a m]e int]m$i>y betwe5 a *ild & a man4 ,!y h le>n$ by sad exp]i5ce t x is contr>y bo? to ju/ice & public policy to impose artificial re/rictions on ! acquisition ( k by wom51 or to close to ! vigor\s & capable repres5tatives ( _! sex c>e]s :i* are op5 to ! weake/ & mo/ incompet5t m54 ,hi/ory has taught !m t ! fall ( ,greece & ,rome 0 ow+ to ! failure ( ^! nations to make due provision = ! m5tal developm5t ( wom54 ,& wom5 "k t x 0 because ( ! inability ( ! wives ( ! ,a!nians to ent] into ! ?\ghts ( _! highly educat$ husb&s & to sympa?ize ) _! aims & appreciate _! a*ievem5ts t caus$ ! m5 to leave !m 9 _! solitude & seek 9 ! companion%ip ( ! heta]ae ! intellectual atmosph]e :i* 0 want+ 9 _! own homes4 ,!y "k1 too1 t ! lack ( k 9 ! wife & ! abs5ce ( virtue 9 ! heta]ae1 :i* br\ght su* disa/]s on ! mo/ le>n$ & mo/ cultur$ ( nations are /ill evils to be gu>d$ aga9/1 & t "o ( ! means ov] & above moral rule & reveal$ tru? ( safe-gu>d+ _! own int]e/s & pres]v+ ! sanctity ( ! home is to make !mselves by k & culture ! intellectual equals ( _! consorts4 ,!y realize also t if !y are to atta9 ! highe/ measure ( success z wives & mo!rs1 a broad & ?or\gh education--a k ( sci5ce1 z well z famili>ity ) art & lit]ature & ! tea*+s ( religion--is ess5tial to !m = _! *ildr5's sake4 ,x is said t ,! h& t rocks ! cradle rules ! _w1 b h[ mu* tru] is x t ,! dome/ic he>? is ! fir/ ( s*ools1 & ! be/ ( lecture-rooms2 = "h ! he>t w coop]ate ) ! m9d1 ! affections ) ! reason+ p[]4 ,x is only :5 ! mo!rs ( ?is1 ! woman's c5tury1 %all dispute ) m5 ! primacy ( erudition--:5 !y %all prove _! ma/]y ( ^? new] sci5ces by :i* our age sets su* great /ore--:5 !y %all possess ,s]aphic intellect & =ce ,to seize & ?r[ ! d\bts ( man2 t _! gr[n-up sons w h ! same confid5ce 9 _! intellig5ce z !y n[ h 9 _! he>ts4 ,!n only w mo!rs be prop]ly equipp$ = develop+ ! "* ( _! *ildr52 = inspir+ !m ) a love ( ! true1 ! beautiful & ! good2 = /imulat+ _! tal5ts & aid+ !m to atta9 to all ! sublimities ( k2 = assi/+ !m 9 d\bt & despond5cy & fir+ !m ) an ambition to /rive = supreme excell5ce 9 all t makes = ! nobility ( manhood & ! glory ( womanhood2 = mak+ !m1 z ,beatrice made ,dante aft] he 0 r5ew$ & purifi$ 9 ! wat]s ( ,eunoe1 fit to m\nt up to ! />s4 ,puro e dispo/o a salire alle /elle4 ,! romantic idea ( treat+ woman z a cl++ v9e1 & ?us elim9at+ half ! en]gies ( humanity1 is rapidly disappe>+ & giv+ place to ! idea t ! /rong are = ! /rong--! intellectually /rong2 t ! evolution ( ! race w be complete only :5 m5 & wom5 %all be associat$ 9 p]fect unity ( purpose1 & %all1 9 fulle/ sympa?y1 collaborate = ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ & ! be/4 ,!n1 inde$1 w man's helpmate become to him & to 8 *ildr5 ,m ri* ?an pe>ls ( ,ind or gold ( ,ophir1 ,& 9 h] sex m wond]ful & r>e4 ,!n w m5 & wom5 = ! fir/ "t fully supplem5t ea* o!r 9 _! aspirations & endeavors & realize some:at ( t on5ess ( he>t & m9d :i* 0 s beautifully adumbrat$ 9 ,plato's &rogyn4 ,!n w ! _w witness ! return ( ano!r ,gold5 ,age--! ,gold5 ,age ( ,sci5ce--! ,gold5 ,age ( cultur$1 noble1 p]fect womanhood4 ,!n to all :o really ?9k & love w be manife/ ! cle>ness & p[] ( vision ( ,engl&'s great poet laureate :5 9 mat*less numb]s he s+s3 ,! woman's cause is man's2 !y rise or s9k ,toge!r1 dw>f$ or godlike1 bond or free4 44499444994449944499 ,= woman is n undevelopt man ,b div]se3 c\ld we make h] z ! man1 ,sweet ,love 7 sla92 8 de>e/ bond is ?is1 ,n l to l1 b l 9 diff]5ce4 ,yet 9 ! long ye>s lik] mu/ !y gr[2 ,! man be m ( woman1 %e ( man2 ,he ga9 9 sweetness & 9 moral height1 ,nor lose ! wre/l+ !ws t ?r[ ! _w2 ,%e m5tal bread?1 nor fail 9 *ildw>d c>e1 ,nor lose ! *ildlike 9 ! l>g] m9d2 ,till at ! la/ %e set h]self to man1 ,l p]fect music unto noble words2 ,& z ^! twa91 ^u ! skirts ( ,"t1 ,sit side by side1 full-summ'd 9 all _! p[]s1 ,disp5s+ h>ve/1 s[+ ! ,to-be1 ,self-rev'r5t ea*1 & rev]5c+ ea*1 ,di/9ct 9 individualities1 ,b l ea* o!r ev'n z ^? :o love1 ,!n comes ! /ateli] ,ed5 back to m52 ,!n reign ! _w's great bridals *a/e & calm2 ,!n spr+s ! cr[n+ race ( human-k9d4 ,may ^! ?+s be6 ,,footnotes3 #bef ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces et des ,savants1 p4 #bga1 ,g5eve-,bale1 #ahhe4 #beg ,ibid41 p4 #bgj4 #beh ,a writ] 9 ! ,engli% magaz9e1 ,nature1 "u date ( ,janu>y #ab1 #aiaa1 :5 ! ,european press 0 discuss+ ,mme4 ,curie's claims to memb]%ip 9 ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 makes ! foll[+ sane obs]vations on ! admission ( wom5 to ! v>i\s academies ( ! ,fr5* ,in/itute3 ,!re may be room = diff]5ce ( op9ion z to ! wisdom or exp$i5cy ( p]mitt+ wom5 to emb>k on ! tr\bl$ sea ( politics1 or ( all[+ !m a det]m9ate voice 9 ! settlem5t ( que/ions :i* may affect ! exi/5ce or ! de/9y ( a nation2 b surely !re ought to be no "q t 9 ! peaceful walks ( art1 lit]ature & sci5ce1 !re %\ld be ! free/ possible scope ext5d$ to !m1 & t1 z human be+s1 e av5ue to di/9ction & success %\ld unres]v$ly be op5 to !m4 ,all academies t5d to be cons]vative & to move sl[ly2 !y are ! homes ( privilege & ( ve/$ int]e/4 ,"s ( !m incl9e to be reaction>y4 ,!y 7 creat$ by m5 = m5 & = ! mo/ "p at a "t :5 wom5 play$ little or no "p 9 ^? occupations :i* su* societies 7 int5d$ to fo/] & develop4 ,b ! times h *ang$4 ,wom5 h gradually won = !mselves _! rightful position z human be+s4 ,we h n[ to recognize t academies z seats ( le>n+ 7 made = humanity & t1 z memb]s ( ! human race1 wom5 h ! "r to look ^u _! h]itage & prop]ty no less ?an m54 ,?is consummation may n at once be rea*$1 b1 z x is bas$ ^u reason & ju/ice1 x is c]ta9 to be atta9$ ev5tually4 ,a =tnight lat] ! same magaz9e conta9$ a second article1 9 :i* ! matt] is treat$ 9 an equally manly fa%ion4 ,z sci5tific "w1 ! writ] p]t95tly obs]ves1 mu/ ultimately be judg$ by its m]its1 & n by ! nationality or sex ( its au?or1 we believe t ! opposition to ! election ( wom5 into sci5tific societies w soon be se5 to be unju/ & detrim5tal to ! progress ( natural k4 ,by no p$antic reason+ c ! rejection ( a c&idate = memb]%ip ( a sci5tific society be ju/ifi$1 if ! "w done places ! c&idate 9 ! lead+ position among o!r competitors4 ,sci5ce kn[s no nationality & %\ld recognize no di/9ction ( sex1 color or cre$ among ^? :o are contribut+ to its advancem5t4 ,believ+ t ?is is ! conclusion to :i* consid]ation ( ! "q mu/ inevitably lead1 we h confid5ce t ! doors ( all sci5tific societies w ev5tually be op5 to wom5 on equal t]ms ) m54 #bei ,lettres et ,opuscules ,in$its du ,comte ,joseph de ,mai/re1 ,tom4 ,i1 p4 #aid1 ,p>is1 #ahea4 ,x 0 ?is same brusque & orig9al writ] :o ass]t$ t sci5ce 0 a mo/ dang]\s ?+ = wom52 t no woman %\ld /udy sci5ce "u p5alty ( becom+ ridicul\s & unhappy2 t a coquette c m readily get m>ri$ ?an a savante4 ,& he x 0 :o decl>$ t wom5 :o attempt$ to emulate m5 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce are monkeys & donne b>bute--be>d$ wom5--& :o designat$ ,mme4 de ,/ael z la sci5ce en jupons1 une imp]t95te femelette--sci5ce 9 petticoats1 a silly1 imp]t95t female4 ,he1 h[ev]1 met an oppon5t wor?y ( 8 /eel 9 ! p]son ( ! eloqu5t bi%op ( ,orleans1 ,mgr4 ,dupanl\p4 ,9 a l5g?y & brilliant critique ( ,de ,mai/re's views he %[s !m to be unt5able1 if n ridicul\s4 ,i by no means1 he writes1 agree ) ,m4 de ,mai/re t 'la sci5ce en jupons1' z he calls x1 or tal5ts ( any k9d :atsoev]1 militates 9 ! slighte/ aga9/ a woman be+ a good wife or a good "m4 ,q ! contr>y4 ,& consid]+ woman z ! companion & aid ( man--socia et adjutorium--he expresses a view :i* is q ! opposite ( t *ampion$ by 8 di/+ui%$ adv]s>y =1 9 words precise & pregnant1 he ass]ts t ! education ( wom5 _c be too consi/5t1 too s]i\s1 & too solid--,l'education des femmes ne saurait etre trop suivie1 trop s]ieuse et trop =te4 ,la ,femme ,/udieuse1 p4 #afj1 ,p>is1 #ahie4 #bfj ,! ,subjection ( ,wom51 p4 #ha1 ,london1 #aiji4 #bfa ,! late ,mr4 ,glad/one ass]ts t ,x w\ld be h>d to discov] any p]iod ( hi/ory or c\ntry ( ! _w1 n be+ ,*ri/ian1 9 :i* !y--wom5--/ood s high z ) ! ,greeks ( ! ,h]oic ,age--:5 ! position ( ! ,greek woman 0 s rem>kable & s elevat$1 bo? absolutely & 9 comp>ison ) :at x became 9 ! ,hi/oric ,ages ( ,greece & ,rome amid/ _! elaborate civilization4 ,/udies on ,hom] & ! ,hom]ic ,age1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #dgi et seq41 ,ox=d1 #aheh4 ,cf4 also ! same au?or's ,juv5tus ,mundi1 p4 #dje et seq41 ,london1 #ahfi4 #bfb ,la ,femme de ,dema91 pp4 #de1 #df1 ,p>is1 #aiab4 #bfc ,dr4 ,johnson express$ ! same s5tim5t :5 he decl>$ t a man ( s5se %\ld meet a suitable companion 9 a wife4 ,x 0 a mis]able ?+1 he ass]t$ 9 *>act]i/ic fa%ion1 :5 ! conv]sation c\ld only be su* z :e!r ! mutton %\ld be boil$ or roa/$1 & a probable dispute ab\t t4 ,sidney ,smi?1 9 a =ceful & tr5*ant essay ,on ! ,education ( ,wom51 writt5 = ! ,ed9burgh ,review a c5tury ago1 gives x z 8 delib]ate op9ion t ,! in/ruction ( wom5 improves ! /ock ( natural tal5ts1 & employs m m9ds = ! in/ruction & amusem5t ( ! _w2 x increases ! pleasures ( society by multiply+ ! topics ^u :i* ! two sexes take a common int]e/2 & makes m>riage an int]c\rse ( und]/&+ z well z ( affection by giv+ dignity & importance to ! female "*4 ,! education ( wom5 favors public morals2 x provides = e season ( life z well z = ! brighte/ & ! be/2 & leaves a woman :5 %e is /rick5 by ! h& ( "t1 n z %e n[ is1 de/itute ( ev]y?+ & neglect$ by all1 b ) ! full p[] & ! spl5did attractions ( k1--diffus+ ! elegant pleasures ( polite lit]ature1 & receiv+ ! j homage ( le>n$ & accompli%$ m54 ,z to ! (t repeat$ commonplace ( noodl$om t high] education puts an end to dome/ic economy & det]iorates ! noble/ qualities ( womanhood1 ! same cle>-head$ writ] asks3 ,c any?+ 444 be m p]fectly absurd ?an to suppose t ! c>e & p]petual solicitude :i* a "m feels = h] *ildr51 dep5ds ^u h] ignorance ( ,greek or ma!matics2 & t %e w\ld des]t an infant = a quadratic equation--t ,cimm]ian ignorance c aid p>5tal affection1 or ! circle ( ! arts & sci5ces produce its de/ruction--t ! mom5t y suff] wom5 to eat ( ! tree ( k ! re/ ( ! family w v soon be r$uc$ to ! same k9d ( a]ial & unsatisfactory diet8 ,/ill m insi/5t on ! necessity ( ! broade/ & deepe/ education = woman--education 9 sci5ce z well z 9 art & lit]ature--is ! ,mo/ ,rev4 ,ar*bi%op1 ,j4 ,l4 ,spald+1 :o by 8 writ+ & lectures has done s mu* = ! cause ( ! high] education ( bo? m5 & wom54 ,9 an eloqu5t & pregnant disc\rse1 pron\nc$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,gesu 9 ,rome1 9 ,m>*1 #aijj1 he told 8 va/ audi5ce--compos$ ( ! elite ( ! ,et]nal ,city--t3 ,if we are to h a race ( enlight5$1 noble1 & brave m51 we mu/ give to woman ! be/ education x is possible = h] to receive4 ,%e has ! same "r z man to become all t %e may be1 to "k :atev] may be kn[n1 to d :atev] is fair & j & good4 ,9 s\ls !re is no sex4 ,if we leave half ! race 9 ignorance1 h[ %all we hope to lift ! o!r half into ! light ( tru? & love8 ,let woman's m5tal p[] increase1 let h] influ5ce gr[1 & m & m %e w /& by ! side ( man z a help] 9 all 8 /ruggles to make ! w ( ,god prevail4 ,f ! "t ! ,virg9 ,"m held ! ,infant ,savi\r 9 h] arms1 to ?is h\r1 woman has be5 ! great lov] ( ,*ri/ & ! unwe>y help] ( ,8 little ones2 & ! m we /r5g!n & illum9e h]1 ! m we add to h] sublime fai? & devotion ! p[] ( k & culture1 ! m efficaci\sly %all %e "w to purify life1 to make ju/ice1 temp]ance1 *a/ity1 & love prevail4 ,%e is m unselfi%1 m capable ( en?usiasm = spiritual ends1 %e has m sympa?y ) :at is beautiful1 noble1 & godlike ?an man2 & ! m h] k increases1 ! m %all %e become a heav5ly =ce to help spread ,god's k+dom on e>?4 ,,bibliography ,,p>tial ,,li/ ,,( ,,! ,,works ,,quot$ ,,or ,,ref]r$ ,,to ,,9 ,,! ,,text ,,agassiz1 ,,mrs4 ,l4 ,l\is ,agassiz1 ,8 ,life & ,correspond5ce4 ,bo/on1 #ahic4 ,,agnesi1 ,,m>ia ,,gaetana4 ,in/ituzioni ,analiti*e4 ,milan1 #agdh4 ----4 ,propositiones ,philosophicae4 ,milan1 #agch4 ,,anzoletti1 ,,luisa4 ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi4 ,milan1 #aijj4 ,,arrighi1 ,g4 ,l4 ,/oria del ,fem9ismo4 ,flor5ce1 #aiaa4 ,,asse1 ,,eug5e4 ,lettres de la ,m>quise du ,*atelet4 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 ,,a!naeus4 ,! ,deipnosophi/s2 or ! ,banquet ( ! ,le>n$1 ,bohn ,edition4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,,becq ,,de ,,f\qui]es1 ,l4 ,aspasie de ,milet4 ,p>is1 #ahgb4 ,,b$e1 ,,v5]able4 ,hi/oria ,ecclesia/ica ,g5tis ,anglorum4 ,london1 #ahdh4 ,,bievre1 ,,le ,,comte ,,de4 ,hi/oire des ,deux ,aspasies4 ,p>is1 #agcf4 ,,bigoni1 ,d4 ,,guido4 ,ipazia1 ,aless&r9a4 ,v5ice1 #ahhg4 ,,bir*1 ,,una4 ,anna van ,s*urman4 ,london1 #aiji4 ,,blackwell1 ,,elizabe?4 ,pione] ,"w 9 ,op5+ ! ,m$ical ,pr(ession to ,wom54 ,london1 #ahie4 ,,bonnet1 ,j4 ,vie d',olympie ,morata4 ,p>is1 #ahej4 ,,bremm]1 ,c4 ,s4 ,education ( ,girls & ,wom54 ,london1 #ahig4 ,,bri&1 ,e4 ,m4 ,hi/oire de ,sa9te ,radegonde1 ,re9e de ,france4 ,p>is1 #ahih4 ,,broca1 ,,paul4 ,memoires d',an?ropologie4 ,p>is1 #ahga-ahhh4 ,,burckh>dt1 ,j4 ,die ,cultur d] ,r5aissance 9 ,itali54 ,leipsic1 #ahii4 ,,c&olle1 ,,alphonse ,,de4 ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces et des ,savants depuis ,deux ,siecles4 ,g5eve1 #ahhe4 ,,ca/iglione1 ,,baldass>e4 ,libro del ,cortigiano4 ,milan1 #ahij4 ,,*abaud1 ,l4 ,mesdames de ,ma9t5on1 de ,g5lis et ,campan4 ,leur ,role dans l',education ,*reti5ne de la ,femme4 ,p>is1 #aija4 ,,*atelet1 ,,m>quise ,,du4 ,pr9cipes ,ma!matiques de la ,philosophie ,naturelle4 ,p>is1 #agei4 ,,*iappelli1 ,a4 ,saggi e ,note ,crit*e4 ,bologna1 #ahie4 ,,c\dreau1 ,,mme4 ,h4 ,voyage au ,maycuru4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 ----4 ,voyage au ,rio ,curua4 ,p>is1 #aijc4 ,,curie1 ,,pi]re1 ,,mme4 ,traite de ,radio-activite4 ,p>is1 #aiaj4 ,,delambre1 ,j4 ,b4 ,hi/oire de l',a/ronomie4 ,p>is1 #ahag4 ,,d5ifle1 ,h4 ,die ,ent/ehung d] ,univ]sitaet5 des ,mittelalt]s4 ,b]l91 #ahhe4 ,,d5ifle ,,et ,,*atela94 ,*>tul>ium ,univ]sitatis ,p>isi5sis4 ,p>is1 #ahhi-ahia4 ,,diog5es ,,la]tius4 ,lives & ,op9ions ( ! ,anci5t ,philosoph]s1 ,bohn ,edition4 ,london4 ,,dieulafoy1 ,,mme4 ,at ,susa ! ,anci5t ,capital ( ! ,k+s ( ,p]sia1 ,n>rative ( ,travel ?r\gh ,we/]n ,p]sia & ,excavations made on ! ,site ( ! ,lo/ ,city ( ! ,lilies1 #ahhd-ahhf4 ,philadelphia1 #ahij4 ----4 ,la ,p]se1 la ,*aldee et la ,susane4 ,p>is1 #ahhg4 ,d',,i/ria1 ,,dora4 ,des ,femmes p> une ,femme4 ,p>is1 #ahfe4 ,,donaldson1 ,,james4 ,woman3 ,h] ,position 9 ,anci5t ,greece & ,rome among ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,,drane1 ,,augu/a ,t4 ,*ri/ian ,s*ools & ,s*ol>s4 ,london1 #ahha4 ,,druon1 ,h4 ,oeuvres de ,synesius1 ,eveque de ,ptolemais1 ,traduites enti]em5t p\r la premi]e ,fois en ,francais et ,prec$ees d'une ,etude ,biographique et ,litt]aire4 ,p>is1 #ahgh4 ,,dupanl\p1 ,,mgr4 ,la ,femme ,/udieuse4 ,p>is1 #ahie4 ,,eck/e91 ,,l5a4 ,wom5 ,"u ,mona/icism4 ,cambridge1 #ahif4 ,,ellis1 ,,havelock4 ,man & ,woman4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,,fantuzzi1 ,,giovanni4 ,notizie degli ,scrittori ,bolognesi4 ,bologna1 #agha4 ,,fav>o1 ,,antonio4 ,galileo ,galilei e ,suor ,cele/e4 ,flor5ce1 #ahia4 ,,f5elon1 ,,francois ,,de ,,salignac ,,de ,,la ,,mo!4 de ,l'education ,des ,filles4 ,p>is1 #ahha4 ,,f9ot1 ,j4 ,problems ( ! ,sexes4 ,new ,york1 #aiac4 ,,fiorelli1 ,,jos4 ,pompe9>um ,antiquitatum ,hi/oria4 ,naples1 #ahfj-ahfd4 ,,frankl&1 ,,mr4 ,,& ,,mrs4 ,,p]cy4 ,pa/eur4 ,london1 #ahih4 ,,gasquet1 ,,aidan4 ,h5ry ,,viii & ! ,engli% ,mona/]ies4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,,gibson1 ,,m>g>et ,,dunlop4 ,h[ ! ,codex 0 ,f\nd4 ,cambridge1 #ahic4 ,,gicosa1 ,,pi]o4 ,magi/ri ,sal]nitani ,nondum ,editi4 ,tur91 #ahia4 ,,gir>d1 ,,paul4 ,l',education ,a!ni5ne an ,ve et ,i,ve ,siecle avant ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,,glad/one1 ,w4 ,e4 ,/udies on ,hom] & ! ,hom]ic ,age4 ,ox=d1 #aheh4 ,,grimaux1 ,e4 ,lavoisi]1 #agdc-agid1 d'apres sa ,correspond5ce1 ,ses ,manuscrits1 ,ses ,papi]s de ,famille et d',autres ,docum5ts ,in$its4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,,hall1 ,g4 ,,/anley4 ,adolesc5ce4 ,new ,york1 #aijd4 ,,hamel1 ,f4 ,an ,eighte5? ,c5tury ,m>quise4 ,a ,/udy ( ,emilie du ,*atelet & ,h] ,times4 ,new ,york1 #aiaa4 ,,h>less1 ,c4 ,f4 ,die ,v]di5/e d] ,frau5 um ,naturwiss5s*aft & ,heilkunde4 ,goett+51 #ahcj4 ,,h>rison1 ,,jane ,e4 ,prolegom5a to ! ,/udy ( ,greek ,religion4 ,cambridge1 #aijc4 ,,hawes1 ,,h>riet ,,boyd4 ,g\rnia1 ,vasilike & ,o!r ,prehi/oric ,sites on ! ,i/hmus ( ,hi]apetra1 ,crete4 ,philadelphia1 #aijh4 ,,h5s*el1 ,g4 ,e4 ,t4 ,d>emb]g1 ,c41 e ,r5zi de1 ,s4 ,collectio ,sal]nitana1 ,ossia ,docum5ti ,in$iti e ,trattati di ,m$ic9a ,app]t5ti alla la ,scuola ,m$ica ,sal]nitana4 ,naples1 #aheb-ahei4 ,,h]rade ,,de ,,lansb]g4 ,hortus ,delici>um4 ,/rasburg1 #aija4 ,,h]s*el1 ,,mrs4 ,,john4 ,memoirs & ,correspond5ce ( ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el4 ,london1 #ahgi4 ,,h]tz5 ,,et ,,rossi4 ,inscriptiones ,urbis ,romae ,lat9ae4 ,b]l91 #ahhb4 ,,hildeg>dis1 ,s4 ,causae et ,curae4 ,leipsic1 #aijc4 ----4 ,op]a ,omnia1 ,edition ,migne4 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 ----4 ,nova ,s4 ,hildeg>dis ,op]a4 ,ed4 ,j4 ,b4 ,c>d4 ,pitra4 ,p>is1 #ahhb4 ,,hill1 ,,georgiana4 ,wom5 9 ,engli% ,life4 ,london1 #ahif4 ,,hunt1 ,,c>ol9e ,l4 ,! ,life ( ,hel5 ,h4 ,ri*>ds4 ,bo/on1 #aiab4 ,,huxley1 ,l4 ,h4 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,?omas ,h4 ,huxley4 ,new ,york1 #aijj4 ,,j]ome1 ,,/4 ,epi/olae1 ,edition ,vall>si4 ,v]ona1 #agcd-db4 ,,jex-,,blake1 ,,sophia4 ,m$ical ,wom54 ,ed9burgh1 #ahhf4 ,,j\rda91 ,,*>les4 ,excursions ,hi/oriques et ,philosophiques a trav]s le ,moy5 ,age4 ,p>is1 #ahhh4 ,,k5dall1 ,,phebe ,m4 ,m>ia ,mit*ell1 ,life1 ,lett]s & ,j\rnals4 ,bo/on1 #ahif4 ,,k+sley1 ,,m>y ,h4 ,travels 9 ,we/ ,africa4 ,london1 #ahig4 ----4 ,we/ ,african ,/udies4 ,london1 #ahii4 ,,kir*h(f1 ,a4 ,die ,akademis*e ,frau4 ,b]l91 #ahig4 ,,labe1 ,,l\ize4 ,oeuvres de4 ,p>is1 #ahga4 ,,lagrange1 ,f4 ,hi/oire de ,sa9te ,paule4 ,p>is1 #ahgj4 ,,laigle1 ,,ma?ilde4 ,le ,livre de ,trois ,v]tus de ,*ri/9e de ,pisan et son ,milieu ,hi/orique et ,lit]aire4 ,p>is1 #aiab4 ,,lal&e1 ,,j]ome4 ,bibliographie ,a/ronomique4 ,p>is1 #ahjc4 ,,lamy1 ,e4 ,la ,femme de ,dema94 ,p>is1 #aiab4 ,,lange1 ,,hel5e4 ,high] ,education ( ,wom5 9 ,europe4 ,new ,york1 #ahij4 ,,laurie1 ,s4 ,c4 ,hi/orical ,survey ( ,pre-,*ri/ian ,education4 ,london1 #aijj4 ,,lecky1 ,w4 ,e4 ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals4 ,new ,york1 #aije4 ,,lefevre1 ,m4 ,la ,femme a trav]s l',hi/oire4 ,p>is1 #aijb4 ,,leffl]1 ,,anna ,,c>lotta4 ,sonya ,kovalevsky1 ,h] ,recollections ( ,*ildhood1 ) a ,biography4 ,new ,york1 #ahie4 ,,lep9ska1 ,,melanie1 ,,mlle4 ,hi/oire des ,femmes ,m$ec9s4 ,p>is1 #aijj4 ,,lewis1 ,,agnes ,,smi?4 ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ,s9ai4 ,cambridge1 #ahih4 ,,ligi]1 ,,h]mann4 ,de ,hypatia ,philosopha et ,eclectismi ,f9e4 ,dijon1 #ahgi4 ,,l\rbet1 ,j4 ,la ,femme devant la ,sci5ce4 ,p>is1 #ahif4 ,,lungo1 ,,isodoro ,,del4 ,wom5 ( ,flor5ce4 ,london1 #aijg4 ,,macph]son1 ,,g]ald9e4 ,memoirs ( ! ,life ( ,anna ,jameson4 ,london1 #ahgh4 ,,mai/re1 ,,comte ,,joseph ,,de4 ,lettres ,et ,opuscules ,in$its4 ,p>is1 #ahea4 ,,m>9i1 ,,gaetano4 ,ar*iatri ,pontifici4 ,rome1 #aghd4 ,,mason1 ,o4 ,t4 ,woman's ,%>e 9 ,primitive ,culture4 ,london1 #ahie4 ----4 ,orig9 ( ,inv5tions4 ,london1 #ahie4 ,,maulde ,,la ,,clavi]e1 ,r4 ,,de4 ,! ,wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,new ,york1 #aija4 ,,mazzu*elli1 ,,giamm>ia4 ,gli ,scrittori d',italia4 ,brescia1 #ageh4 ,,m$ici1 ,,mi*ele4 ,comp5dio ,/orico della ,scuola ,anatomica di ,bologna4 ,bologna1 #aheg4 ,,m5agius1 ,,aegidius4 ,hi/oria ,muli]um ,philosoph>um4 ,am/]dam1 #afib4 ,,mey]1 ,h4 ,f4 ,ges*i*te d] ,botanik4 ,ko5igsburg1 #ahef4 ,,mi*aelis1 ,a4 ,a ,c5tury ( ,ar*aeological ,discov]ies4 ,new ,york1 #aijh4 ,,mill1 ,,john ,,/u>t4 ,! 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,r5aissance1 #fj1 #fa4 ,as*am1 ,rog]1 #fi footnote4 ,asclepiades1 #bga4 ,a%ley1 ,m>y1 #aif4 ,aske1 ,rob]t1 quot$1 #da4 ,aspasia1 ( ,miletus1 #ab-ad1 #af1 #ag1 #bf4 ,aspasia1 physician1 #aii1 #bgj4 ,assisi1 ,/4 ,francis1 #ceh4 ,a/rolabe1 inv5tion (1 by ,hypatia1 #adj1 #bjj4 ,a/ronomical ,canon1 ,hypatia's1 #adj1 #afh4 ,a/ronomical ,society ( ,france1 ,doro!a ,klumpke fir/ woman memb] (1 #aid4 ,a/ronomie des ,dames1 ,lal&e's1 #agh1 #aha4 ,a/ronomy1 a*ievem5ts ( ,hypatia 91 #aci1 #bjj-bja2 wom5 91 #afg-aif4 ,at ,susa by ,mme4 ,dieulafoy1 #cbj footnote4 ,a!naeus1 #acg4 ,a!ns1 position ( wom5 91 #c-e1 #af1 #ah1 #ai1 #aii1 #dad1 #dae2 culture (1 #djd4 ,attica1 #aih4 ,aucass9 et ,nicolette1 #bge4 ,augu/us1 ,emp]or1 #ai1 #bd4 ,aurelia1 "m ( ,julius ,caes>1 #bb4 ,au/51 ,jane1 #ih4 ,auz\x1 ,dr41 #bcf4 ,ayrton1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,e41 a*ievem5ts (1 9 electricity1 #bab1 #bcj4 ,bak]1 ,lady1 wife ( ,sir ,samuel ,bak]1 #cgd4 ,balzac1 #hh4 ,b>bapiccola1 ,eleonora1 ( ,sal]no1 #gf4 ,bascom1 ,flor5ce1 #bed4 ,bassani1 ,signora1 lace-mak]1 #ccg4 ,bassi1 ,laura1 #gh1 #gi1 #adg1 #adh1 #bjc-bji1 #baj1 #baa1 #bab1 #bih2 bir? (1 at ,bologna1 #bjc2 ,doctorate ( ,physics be/[$ ^u1 #bjd2 lett]s ( ,voltaire to1 #bjg4 ,bazzani1 ,doctor1 #bjd4 ,beatrice1 #ceg1 #cfa4 ,beausoleil1 ,b>oness de1 #bch-bdj4 ,becqu]el1 ,m4 ,h41 #bbc1 #bbg1 #bbh4 ,bee?ov51 #cei4 ,bell9i1 #ff4 ,bembo1 ,c>d9al1 #fa1 #fc2 9 praise ( ,elizabetta ,gonzaga1 #fg4 ,b5$ict ,,xiv1 #gh1 #adg1 #adh1 #bjc1 #bjd1 #bbh4 ,b]l9 ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 #cga4 ,b]n1 ,univ]sity (1 #cjd4 ,b]n\illi1 ,jean1 #aeb4 ,b]n/e91 ,dr4 ,julius1 on intellectual capacity ( wom51 #acc4 ,b]?ollet1 #baf4 ,besant1 ,sir ,walt]1 quot$1 #ajb-aje4 ,bian*etti1 ,giovanna1 #bih4 ,bian*etti1 ,maddal5a1 #bih4 ,bih]on1 ,mlle41 #bch4 ,biology1 #bde1 #bed2 z a basis = woman's equality ) man1 #cii4 ,biot1 #aed1 #baf2 9 praise ( ,sophie ,g]ma91 #aef4 ,bi%op1 ,isabella ,bird1 #bef4 ,blackwell1 ,miss ,elizabe?1 physician1 #cjj-cjd1 #cje1 #cjg4 ,bob9ski1 ,c\ntess1 #aif4 ,boccaccio1 #aig4 ,boc*i1 ,dorotea1 #bih4 ,boileau's satire on ,mme4 de la ,sabli]e1 #agb4 ,boke ( ! ,cyte ( ,ladyes1 quot$ f1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh4 ,boleyn1 ,anne1 #fi4 ,boll&i/s1 on "w ( ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 #dg4 ,bologna1 ,academy ( ,sci5ces (1 #bjg4 ,bologna1 ,univ]sity (1 #bjc-baj1 #bcf1 #bif-bii2 9 ,middle ,ages1 #ec2 wom5 lectur]s & pr(essors 91 #eg1 #gh1 #gi2 ,dorotea ,bucca (1 #fb2 degrees conf]r$ ^u ,maddal5a ,can$i-,noe & ,m>ia ,vittoria ,dosi by1 #gg2 *air ( high] ma!matics 91 giv5 to ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 #gh1 #adh4 ,bonap>te1 ,c>ol9e1 ar*aeological excavations (1 #caa1 #cab1 #cag4 ,bonap>te1 ,joseph1 #caa4 ,borgh9i1 ,m>ia ,selvaggia ( ,pisa1 #gf4 ,borromeo1 ,clelia ,grillo1 ( ,g5oa1 #gg1 #adb4 ,bos1 ,j4 ,ritzema1 #bec footnote4 ,bossuet1 ,abbe1 #hh1 #adf4 ,bo/on1 public s*ools (1 #ii4 ,botany1 #bef2 ,frau ,kablick's /udies 91 #bdb1 #bdc2 ,amalie ,dietri*'s /udies 91 #bdc-bdd2 cryptoganic1 #bed4 ,b\*et1 ,jean1 quot$1 #gd footnote4 ,bov91 ,mme4 ,m>ie1 physician1 #bic-bie4 ,b[les1 ,ada ,c41 quot$1 #cdf1 #cdg4 ,boyd1 ,ella ,f41 #bed4 ,boyd1 ,h>riet1 #cag2 ar*aeological inve/igations (1 #cba1 #cbb4 ,boyd1 ,m>y ,e41 ( ,smi?1 #aie4 ,brahe1 ,sophia1 #agj4 ,brahe1 ,ty*o1 #agj4 ,bra91 convolutions (1 z an index to intellig5ce1 #abb1 #abc2 frontal lobe (1 9 man & 9 woman1 #abb2 gray matt] (1 & its relation to intellig5ce1 #abc4 ,bra9 weight1 relation (1 to m5tal p[]1 #aah-abb1 #abd-abf4 ,br5zoni1 ,laura1 #eh1 #ei4 ,brescia1 ,univ]sity (1 #fb4 ,briti% ,museum1 #bef1 #beh4 ,britton1 ,elizabe? ,g41 #bed4 ,broca1 #aaf1 #abf4 ,bronte si/]s1 #ih1 #aad1 #aae1 #bfd4 ,brosses1 ,m4 ,*>les de1 quot$1 #add4 ,br\gham1 ,"l1 #aei4 ,br[n1 ,alice1 #aif4 ,br[n+1 ,elizabe? ,b>rett1 #aad4 ,bruce1 ,miss ,c41 #aif4 ,bru%1 ,m>y1 #cdd4 ,brussels1 #bbi4 ,brutus1 #bc4 ,bryn ,mawr1 ,college (1 #aff4 ,bucca1 ,dorotea1 #fb1 #gi4 ,bue*n]1 #bdf4 ,buckl&1 ,mrs4 ,william1 #cgd1 #cge4 ,buckle1 #chd1 #che1 #chf4 ,burckh>dt1 #baj4 ,burney1 ,fanny1 #ih4 ,burnmei/]1 #bdh4 ,bu%1 ,ka!r9e ,j41 #bed4 ,butt]1 ,joseph9e ,e41 #bia footnote4 ,ca$mon1 influ5ce ( ,/4 ,hilda on1 #cg1 #ch4 ,caes>1 ,aurelia1 "m (1 #bb4 ,caetani-,bovatelli1 ,donna ,ersilia1 ar*aeologi/1 #cbd-cbg4 ,caetani-,s]monetta1 ,duke (1 #cbd1 #cbe4 ,caius ,musonius ,rufus1 on education ( wom51 #cj1 #ca4 ,cal5dr9i1 ,bett9a1 #bih4 ,cal5dr9i1 ,novella1 #bih4 ,cali=nia1 ,univ]sity (1 #cbc4 ,calphurnia1 lett]s (1 #bi4 ,calpurnia1 #cef1 #cfa4 ,cambridge1 ,univ]sity (1 funds f suppress$ conv5ts devot$ to1 #da1 #db2 exclusion ( wom5 f1 #hj1 #ajj1 #bcj1 #ccj-ccc4 ,camo5s1 #eg4 ,c&olle1 ,alphonse de1 #cib1 #cic4 ,can$i-,noe1 ,maddal5a1 #gg4 ,cannon1 ,annie ,j41 #aie4 ,canova1 9 praise ( ,suor ,plantilla ,nelli1 #fj footnote4 ,canticle ( ! ,sun1 ,!1 by ,/4 ,francis ,assisi1 quot$1 #cei4 ,cape ,obs]vations1 ,h]s*el's1 #ahf1 #ahi4 ,c>lyle1 quot$1 #gi footnote4 ,cassius1 wife (1 #bc4 ,ca/iglione1 #ff1 #fg2 9 praise ( wom51 #cei4 ,catalogue ( ,eight ,hundr$ & ,sixty ,/>s ,obs]v$ by ,flam/e$ b ,n ,includ$ 9 ! ,briti% ,catalogue1 by ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 #ahf4 ,catani1 ,giusepp9a1 pr(essor ( pa?ology at ,bologna1 #bif4 ,cat]zani1 #bii4 ,ca!r9e ( ,aragon1 #fh1 #fi4 ,cato1 quot$1 #bg4 ,catullus1 #e4 ,cele/e1 ,si/] ,m>ia1 daught] ( ,galileo1 #cfc-cfi4 ,celleor1 ,mrs41 quot$1 #bfh4 ,celsus1 #agd4 ,c]etta1 ,laura1 #fb4 ,c]vantes1 #eg4 ,*antry1 bu/ ( ,m>y ,som]ville by1 #aei4 ,*>ity1 ,si/]s (1 #cjh4 ,*>lemagne1 #ci4 ,*ateaubri&1 #bef4 ,*atela91 #bhi footnote4 ,*atelet1 ,emilie du1 #hg2 #aea-aec2 a*ievem5ts (1 9 a/ronomy1 #age-agg2 z ma!matical physici/1 #bja1 #bjb4 ,*auc]1 quot$1 #dj footnote4 ,*emi/ry1 wom5 91 #bad-bcb2 sanit>y1 #bah4 ,*e/]field1 ,"l1 quot$1 #ig4 ,*iavello1 ,livia1 ( ,fabriano1 #ei4 ,*9*on1 ,c\ntess (1 #bii footnote4 ,*9*ona b>k1 introduction (1 into ,europe1 #bii footnote4 ,*op91 #cei4 ,*ri/ian ,inscriptions 9 ! ,iri% ,language by ,miss ,/otes1 #caf4 ,*ri/9e ( ,sw$51 #hb1 #id1 #cgj4 ,*ur* ( ! ,h\sehold1 #ca-cd4 ,cibo1 ,cat>9a1 ( ,g5oa1 #ei1 #fj4 ,cic]o1 #h2 tribute (1 to ,laelia1 #bc2 ,tulia's lett]s to1 #bi4 ,cirey1 #bja4 ,cite des ,dames1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajh1 #aji1 #acd4 ,clairaut1 #aeb2 "w (1 ) ,mme4 ,lepaute1 #agi1 #ahj4 ,clapp1 ,cornelia ,m41 #bed4 ,cl>ke1 ,cora ,h41 #bed4 ,clavi]e1 9 praise ( wom51 #cfj4 ,claypole1 ,agnes ,m41 #bed4 ,claypole1 ,edi? ,j41 #bed4 ,cleopatra1 physician1 #bgj4 ,cl]ke1 ,agnes ,m4 & ,ell5 ,m41 #aif4 ,codex ,ludovicus1 discov]y (1 #cbh1 #ccc4 ,codex ,nuttall1 #cbd4 ,codex ,s9aiticus1 #cbh4 ,co$ucational in/itutions1 comp>ative /&+ ( m5 & wom5 91 #abh1abi4 ,colonna1 ,vittoria1 #fa1 #fb1 #fe1 #cei4 ,colton1 ,rev4 ,john1 ,agnesi's ,analytical ,in/itutions translat$ into ,fr5* by1 #adf1 #adg4 ,columbus1 #ef1 #chj4 ,com/ock1 ,anna ,bots=d1 #bed4 ,comte1 #bde4 ,conde1 #hh4 ,condorcet1 #ccd footnote4 ,conic ,sections1 ( ,apollonius1 ,hypatia's comm5t>y on1 #aci1 #adj1 #afh4 ,connection ( ! ,physical ,sci5ces by ,m>y ,som]ville1 #afj1 #baa4 ,consid]ations ,g5]ales sur l',etat des ,sci5ces et des ,lettres aux ,diff]5tes ,epoques de ,leur ,culture by ,sophie ,g]ma91 #aef4 ,conv5t ( ,arles1 #cf2 ( ,poiti]s1 #cf2 ( ,/4 ,hilda1 #cf2 ( ,bi%op%eim1 #ci2 ( ,/4 ,rup]t at ,b+51 #df2 ( ,helfta1 #di4 ,conv5t s*ools1 #cf1 #da4 ,conv5ts1 z c5t]s ( le>n+ 9 ,middle ,ages1 #ce-ec2 suppression (1 9 ,engl&1 #da1 #db2 advantages (1 #ea2 influ5ce (1 #ea-ec4 ,conv5tus ,matron>um1 #bg4 ,conv]sations on ,*emi/ry1 by ,mrs4 ,m>cet1 #cgb4 ,cop]nicus1 #ef1 #ahi4 ,cor9na1 #f1 #ag4 ,corneille1 #hh4 ,cornelia1 "m ( ! ,grac*i1 #bb1 #be1 #bf4 ,cornelia1 wife ( ,pompey1 #bb4 ,cotton g91 inv5tion (1 #cea1 #ceb4 ,c\dreau1 ,h5ri1 #beh4 ,c\dreau1 ,mme4 ,octavie1 #bef1 #beh-bfd2 books by1 #bfc footnote4 ,c\rti]1 ,ca/iglione's1 #ff1 #fg4 ,cramoisy1 ,m>ie1 #hb4 ,cranial capacity1 relation (1 to m5tal en]gy1 #aae-aag4 ,crete1 ! ,=]unn] ( ,greece1 by ,mrs4 ,hawes1 #cbb4 ,crevaux1 #bfb4 ,crisculo1 ,m>ia ,angela1 #fa4 ,cumm+1 ,con/ance ,gordon1 #bef4 ,cumm+s1 ,cl>a ,e41 #bed ,cunitz1 ,m>ia1 #agj1 #aga4 ,cunn+ham1 ,susan1 ( ,sw>?more1 #aie4 ,curie1 ,mme4 ,m>ie ,klod[ska1 #cbf1 #ccc1 #cfb1 #cid1 #cig1 #bba-bcb2 bir? & e>ly life (1 #bba-bbb2 m>riage (1 to ,pi]re ,curie1 #bbb2 sci5tific inve/igations & discov]ies (1 #bbc-bbf2 honors (1 #bbg-bcb4 ,curie1 ,pi]re1 #bbb1 #bbd4 ,cu%man1 ,flor5ce1 #aie4 ,cuvi]1 weight ( bra9 (1 #aai1 #bae1 #baf4 ,cyr5e1 s*ool ( philosophy at1 #aig4 ,daci]1 ,mme41 #hb1 #hc footnote4 ,dami51 ,fa!r1 #bgd4 ,danophila1 #g4 ,dante1 #aag1 #cbd1 #cbe1 #ceg4 ,d>b\x1 ,m41 9 praise ( ,doro!a ,klumpke1 #aic1 #aid4 ,d>emb]g1 ,dr4 ,*>les1 #bcd1 #bgj1 #bhg & #bhh footnote4 ,d>m/adt1 ,m$ical ,college (1 #bib4 ,d>w91 on man1 #c1 #aac2 quot$1 #abd4 ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 ! ,fr5* translation (1 by ,clem5ce ,roy]1 #bde4 ,davy gold m$al ( ! ,royal ,society aw>d$ to ! ,curies1 #bbg4 ,davidson1 ,ada ,b41 #bed4 ,da ,v9ci1 ,leon>do1 #ff4 ,dawes1 #aia4 ,decam]on1 ,!1 #aig4 ,de ,compositione ,m$icam5torum1 by ,trotula1 #bhe4 ,deff&1 ,mme4 du1 #aa1 #hi1 #ib2 ,m>quise du ,*atelet ridicul$ by1 #agg & footnote1 #agh footnote4 ,deipnosophi/oe1 ( ,a!naeus1 #acg4 ,delambre1 #baf4 ,de ,lam5nais1 on woman's intellectual inf]iority1 #acf4 ,de ,morbis ,muli]um et ,eorum ,cura1 by ,trotula1 #bhd footnote4 ,demo/h5es1 quot$1 #c footnote2 #aj4 ,d5ifle1 #gi1 #bhi footnote4 ,d5v] ,s*ool ( ,m9es1 woman pr9cipal (1 #bed4 ,de ,orbium ,cele/ium ,revolutionibus1 #ahi4 ,de ,problemate quodam ,hydrometrico by ,laura ,bassi1 #bji footnote4 ,de ,problemate quodam ,me*anico by ,laura ,bassi1 #bjh footnote4 ,de ,prony1 9 praise ( ,sophie ,g]ma9e1 #aed4 ,desc>tes1 #hh1 #id1 #bjb2 doctr9es (1 #age1 #agf2 female pupils (1 #cfi1 #cgj4 ,de/\*es1 #hf1 #hg4 ,diaz1 ,porfirio1 #cbd4 ,didascalia ,apo/olorum 9 ,syriac1 ,!1 edit$ by ,m>g>et ,gibson1 #cca footnote4 ,did]ot1 attitude (1 t[>d wom51 #ic4 ,dietri*1 ,amalie1 botani/1 #bdc-bdd4 ,dieulafoy1 ,mme41 ar*aeologi/1 #cag1 #cfb2 ar*aeological exp$itions (1 #cah-cba4 ,dieulafoy1 ,m>cel1 #cah4 ,diocletian1 #bgb4 ,diog5es1 #aj4 ,diophantus1 ,ari?metica (1 ,hypatia's comm5t>y on1 #aci1 #afh4 ,diotima ( ,mant9ea1 ,socrates' tribute to1 #aa4 ,div9a ,comm$ia by ,dante1 #ceg4 ,dock1 ,lav9ia ,l41 #bhj footnote4 ,doni ,gasquet on dissolution ( conv5ts1 #da4 ,donne1 ,m>ia dalle1 #gi2 z pr(essor ( ob/etrics1 #bji2 z surgeon1 #bii-cjj4 ,dorat1 ,jean1 quot$1 #ga footnote4 ,dosi1 ,m>ia ,vittoria1 #gg1 #bih4 ,dramas ( ,hros)a1 #dc1 #dd4 ,drap]1 ,mrs4 ,h5ry1 end[m5t ( ! ,h5ry ,drap] ,memorial at ,h>v>d by1 #aif4 ,dryd51 #ih4 ,dumee1 ,jeanne1 #aga4 ,dunrav5's ,notes on ,iri% ,ar*itecture1 edit$ by ,miss ,/otes1 #caf4 ,dupanl\p1 ,mgr41 quot$1 #cif footnote4 ,dupre1 ,m>ie1 #hb4 ,dupuytr51 #bid4 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art 9 ,irel&1 by ,miss ,/otes1 #caf4 ,ea/man1 ,alice1 #bed4 ,ecclesia ,dome/ica1 #ca-cd4 ,eck5/e91 ,l9a1 quot$1 #ej footnote2 on influ5ce ( conv5ts1 #eb1 #ec4 ,ecole de ,m$ec9e ( ,p>is1 admittance ( wom5 to1 #bij4 ,ecole de ,physique et de ,*imie 9 ,p>is1 #bbc4 ,ecole des ,femmes1 #dab4 ,ed9burgh1 ,univ]sity (1 #bbh1 #cje2 opposition (1 to wom51 #hj2 ,miss ,orm]od receives degree ( ,doctor ( ,laws at1 #beb4 ,education1 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 #ga-ge2 9 ,engl&1 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #cf-db2 9 ,france1 9 ! po/-,r5aissance p]iod1 #hc-he4 ,education ( wom5 9 anci5t ,greece1 #a-ah2 9 anci5t ,rome1 #ah-cd2 9 ,greece & ,rome comp>$1 #bf1 #bg2 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #cd-ed2 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 #ed-ge2 9 ,g]many1 9 po/-,r5aissance p]iod1 #ic1 #id2 9 ,engl&1 9 po/-,r5aissance p]iod1 #if-ih2 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ! po/-,r5aissance p]iod #ii1 #ajj2 *anges 91 9 la/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury1 #ajb-aje2 9 ,italy1 #baj4 ,edw>ds1 ,amelia ,b41 #bef4 ,eig5man1 ,rose ,s41 #bed4 ,electricity1 "w ( ,mrs4 ,ayrton 91 #bab4 ,eliot1 ,george1 #ih1 #bfd4 ,elizabe? ( ,bohemia1 #id1 #cfi1 #cgj1 #cga4 ,elizabe?1 ,que51 #fi1 #gj2 failure (1 to provide = education ( wom51 #db4 ,elizabe? ( ,sw$51 #hb4 ,elizabe?1 wife ( ,hevilius1 #age4 ,ellis1 ,havelock1 #aag1 #cdc footnote4 ,elogie ,hi/orique1 ,voltaire's1 #aeb1 #aec4 ,em]son1 quot$1 #aje4 ,encyclop$i/s1 attitude (1 t[>d wom51 #ic4 ,eng9e]+1 on trans-,sib]ian railroad 9 *>ge ( a woman1 #ajb4 ,engl&1 education 91 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 #cf-db2 pre/ige ( abbesses 91 #eb2 position ( woman 91 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 #eg1 #fi2 position ( wom5 91 dur+ po/-,r5aissance p]iod1 #ie-ii2 wom5 physicians 91 #cjd-cjg2 fem99e population (1 #djg4 ,entomology1 #bef2 a*ievem5ts ( ,miss\ri woman 91 #bed4 ,entomology1 economic1 ,eleanor ,orm]od's "w 91 #bdg-beb2 h] publications on1 #bdi-bej4 ,entreti5s sur l',op9ion de ,cop]nic ,t\*ant la ,mobilite de la ,t]re1 by ,jeanne ,dumee1 #aga4 ,ephem]is ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,mme4 ,lepaute's "w on1 #aha4 ,epicurus1 #h1 #aj4 ,ep9ay1 ,mme4 d'1 #ib4 ,erasmus1 #eg1 #fh1 #fi1 #gc4 ,er9na1 #g1 #ag4 ,eruc>um ,ortus1 ,alim5ta et ,p>adoxa ,metamorphosis1 by ,frau ,m]ian1 #bdb4 ,erxleb51 ,doro!a ,*ri/91 physician1 #bic footnote4 ,esp9asse1 ,mlle4 de l'1 #aa4 ,e/e1 ,beatri*e d'1 ,du*ess ( ,milan1 #fe1 #ff4 ,e/e1 ,isabella d'1 ,m>*ioness ( ,mantua1 ar*aeologi/1 #fe1 #ff1 #caj1 #caa4 ,e/i5ne1 ,rob]t1 #ga4 ,e?nology1 #cbc4 ,eul]1 ,leon>d1 #bjb4 ,euripides1 #ab2 quot$1 #c footnote2 #ab1 #ac footnote2 #bfh4 ,eu/o*ium1 #ca-cd1 #ceg1 #cfa4 ,ev]ett1 ,alice1 #aif4 ,evolution1 ,clem5ce ,roy]'s !ory (1 #bdf4 ,explorations c>ri$ on by wom51 #beg-bfc4 ,fabiola1 physician1 #bgb-bgd4 ,fabricius1 #bdh4 ,fairfax1 ,m>y4 ,see ,som]ville4 ,fairfax1 ,sir ,william1 #aeg1 #baa4 ,fantuzzi1 ,giovanni1 #bje1 #bjh1 #bcg footnote4 ,f>aday1 #cgb1 #cgc4 ,fawcett1 ,mrs4 ,h5ry1 #abh4 ,faye1 ,mme41 #aif4 ,f$ele1 ,cass&ra1 #ei4 ,feijoo1 ,b5ito ,j]onimo1 #aaj4 ,felicie1 ,jacobe1 physician1 #bhi-bij4 ,feltre1 ,vittor9o da1 #eh & #ei footnote4 ,femmes ,savantes ( ,moli]e1 #cj1 #he-hg1 #agb4 ,f]r>a1 c\rt (1 #fe1 #ff4 ,f]r>a1 ,univ]sity (1 #fb1 #gi4 ,f]reyra1 ,b]nada1 #fh4 ,fiorelli1 #cab footnote4 ,flamm>ion1 ,mme41 #aif4 ,fle*i]1 #hh4 ,flem+1 ,mrs4 ,w41 a*ievem5ts (1 9 a/ronomy1 #aie4 ,flet*]1 ,alice ,c41 ar*aeologi/1 #cbb1 #cbc4 ,fontana1 ,lav9ia1 #fa4 ,foot1 ,ka!r9e1 #bed4 ,=m & ,rotation ( ! ,e>?1 ,!1 by ,m>y ,som]ville1 #bab4 ,=tunatus1 #cf4 ,=ty-"o ,facsimiles ( ,dat$ ,*ri/ian ,arabic ,manuscripts by ,agnes ,lewis & ,m>g>et ,gibson1 #cca footnote4 ,france1 wom5 91 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 #gj1 #ga2 wom5 91 dur+ ! po/-,r5aissance p]iod1 #ha-ic2 m9]al res\rces (1 ,mme4 de ,beausoleil's int]e/ 91 #bci2 fem99e population (1 #djg4 ,france1 ,univ]sity (1 #cjd4 ,frankl&1 ,p]cy1 #cgf footnote4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 "m (1 #cgj4 ,frei1 ,frau ,t]esa1 physician1 #bib4 ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 #acc1 #adf1 #aee1 #bja1 #bbh1 #bcb footnote1 #bch1 #cbf2 exclusion ( wom5 f1 #gh1 #bbi1 #bcj1 #ccc1 #cic1 #cid4 ,fr5* ,in/itute1 #bdf2 ,sophie ,g]ma9 honor$ by1 #aee2 discrim9ation (1 aga9/ wom51 #bcj-bca footnote4 ,frontal lobe ( bra9 9 man & 9 woman1 #abb4 ,full]1 ,?omas1 quot$1 #ge footnote4 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ( ,old & ,new ,_w ,civilizations1 ,!1 by ,mrs4 ,nuttall1 #cbd4 ,gadol9ium1 discov]y (1 #bai4 ,gage1 ,susanna ,phelps1 #bed4 ,galfrido1 quot$1 #bih footnote4 ,galileo1 #cfd-cfi1 #chj4 ,gal9do1 ,beatrix1 #fh4 ,galvani1 ,luigi1 #baj1 #bcf1 #cgb4 ,galvanic electricity1 #baj4 ,gamb>a1 ,v]onica1 #fa4 ,gambetta1 weight ( bra9 (1 #abj4 ,g>d5 ( ,delights4 ,see ,hortus ,delici>um4 ,g>rett1 ,elizabe?1 physician1 #bij footnote1 #cjd4 ,gass5di1 #id4 ,gaufrey1 ,anto9e ,hamilton's1 #afi4 ,geb]t1 #ada4 ,gegn] prize f ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces aw>d$ to ,mme4 ,curie1 #bbh4 ,g5]al ,index ( ,ref]5ce to ,e ,obs]vation ( ,e ,/> 9 ! ,above-m5tion$ ,briti% ,catalogue1 by ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 #ahf4 ,g5eva1 ,univ]sity (1 #bbh1 #cjd4 ,g5eva1 ,new ,york1 ,college at1 #cja4 ,g5lis1 ,mme4 de1 #bch4 ,ge(fr91 ,mme41 #hi4 ,geographical ,society ( ,b]l91 #bef4 ,geology1 #bed4 ,geometry1 taught by ,hypatia1 #aci4 ,g]ald9i bro!rs1 #fh4 ,g]b]g1 ,abbess1 #dc4 ,g]ma91 ,sophia1 #hg1 #aed-aeg1 #cia1 #cib2 gr& prix ( ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ce won by1 #aee2 exclusion (1 f ,fr5* ,academy1 #cic4 ,g]manicus1 wife (1 #bd1 #be4 ,g]many1 education 91 dur+ ,middle ,ages1 #dc-eb2 privileges ( abbesses 91 #eb2 position ( woman 91 dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 #eg1 #gj1 #gd2 wom5 91 9 po/-,r5aissance p]iod1 #ic-ie2 univ]sities (1 op5 to wom51 #aja2 attitude (1 t[>d wom5 to-day1 #acj-acd2 fem99e population (1 #djg4 ,g]nez1 ,m4 ,d41 #bbf1 footnote4 ,g]trude ! ,great1 #df1 #di4 ,gibbon1 quot$1 #ai4 ,gibson1 ,m>g>et ,dunlop1 ar*aeologi/1 #cbg-ccb1 #ccc4 ,giess51 ,univ]sity (1 #bic4 ,giliani1 ,aless&ra1 #bcg1 footnote4 ,girton ,college1 #ajj4 ,glad/one1 quot$1 #cih1 footnote4 ,glyc]a1 #aj4 ,goe!1 #che4 ,gold51 ,ka!r9e ,e41 #bed4 ,goldsmi?1 #ih4 ,gonc\rt1 #aji4 ,gonzaga1 ,cecelia1 #eh & #ei1 footnote4 ,gonzaga1 ,elizabetta1 #ff1 #fg1 #caj4 ,gorgo1 #f2 quot$1 #ag4 ,gospel ( ,isbodad 9 ,syriac & ,engli%1 by ,m>g>et ,gibson1 #cca1 footnote4 ,goett+51 ,univ]sity (1 #bic4 ,gozzad9a1 ,bitisia1 #bih4 ,gozzad9i1 ,bett9a1 #ec4 ,grac*i1 ,cornelia1 "m ( !1 #bb4 ,granville1 ,"l1 quot$1 #ig & #ih footnote4 ,grassi1 ,ippolita1 #bih4 ,gravitation1 discov]y (1 #chd1 #che4 ,gray matt] 9 ! bra91 relation (1 to intellig5ce1 #abc4 ,gray's ,elegy1 quot$1 #djc4 ,greece1 anci5t1 woman & education 91 #a-ah1 #cih2 position ( woman 91 comp>$ ) ,rome1 #ah1 #ai1 #be-bg2 m$ical wom5 91 #bfg-bga4 ,gre5e1 ,ca!r9e ,l41 cotton g9 inv5t$ by1 #cea4 ,grey1 ,lady ,jane1 #fi4 ,grignan1 ,mme4 de1 #hb4 ,grimaldi1 ,c>d9al1 #bjc4 ,gu>na1 ,rebeca de1 physician1 #bhf4 ,gub]natis1 ,a4 de1 9 praise ( ,donna ,bovatelli1 #cbe4 ,gu/avus ( ,sw$51 #bch4 ,haeckel1 #bdf4 ,haes]1 #bgh4 ,hall1 ,mrs4 ,asaph1 #cgf4 ,hall1 ,edi? ,h41 ar*aeologi/1 #cba4 ,halle1 #ccb4 ,halley1 #adj4 ,hamilton1 ,anto9e1 #afi4 ,hamilton1 ,lady1 #chb1 #chc4 ,hamilton1 ,sir ,william1 #chb1 #chc4 ,h>e1 ,*ri/oph]1 #caa footnote4 ,h>mony ( ,wom51 by ,p]ictione1 #h4 ,h>rison1 ,jane ,e41 ar*aeologi/1 #ccb1 #ccc4 ,h>v>d ,obs]vatory1 wom5 on /aff (1 #aie4 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 #ii1 #ajj2 ,h5ry ,drap] ,memorial at1 #aif1 #cbb4 ,hauey1 #che4 ,hawes1 ,c4 ,h41 #cbb4 ,hawes1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,h4 ,see ,boyd1 ,h>riet4 ,heidelb]g1 ,univ]sity (1 #fb1 #ccb4 ,he9e1 quot$1 #cj footnote1 #aac4 ,hell1 ,mme4 ,hommaire de1 #cgc4 ,hell]1 #cge4 ,helmholtz1 ,h]mann von1 weight ( bra9 (1 #abe footnote4 ,heloise1 #ada1 #adb4 ,h5ry ,,vii1 #ajg4 ,h5ry ,,viii1 suppression ( conv5ts by1 #da2 law (1 9 favor ( wom5 physicians1 #bia4 ,h5s*el1 ,g41 #bhg & #bhh footnote4 ,heptam]on1 #gj4 ,h]$ity1 z a basis = woman's equality ) man1 #cii4 ,h]pyllis1 #aj4 ,h]rad1 #de1 #dh1 #di4 ,h]s*el1 ,c>ol9e1 #aei1 #ahb-aij1 #cfb1 #cgg1 #cgi1 #chc footnote2 discov]ies (1 #ahc1 #ahe2 a/ronomical writ+s (1 #ahf2 honors (1 #ahg-ahi4 ,h]s*el1 ,mrs4 ,john1 quot$1 #ahg1 #chj footnote4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,john1 #aei1 #ahb1 #ahf4 ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,william1 #ahb-ahe1 #ahe & #ahf footnote1 #cgh4 ,h]tz51 #bgb footnote4 ,heta]ae1 !1 #i-ab1 #ah1 #dad2 mi/resses ( ,fr5* salons comp>$ )1 #ib4 ,hevilius1 #age4 ,hi]ophilos1 #bfi4 ,hill1 ,georgiana1 ,wom5 9 ,engli% ,life1 #da4 ,h9ckley1 ,m>y ,h41 #bed4 ,hipp>*ia1 #h4 ,hi/oire d',h5riette d',anglet]re1 #ia4 ,hi/oire des ,insects de l',europe1 by ,frau ,m]ian1 #bdb4 ,hi/oire des ,sci5ces et des ,savants depuis ,deux ,siecles1 ,c&olle's1 #cib4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,art ( ,antiquity1 by ,w9ckelmann1 #caa4 ,hopital1 ,m>quis de l'1 #cge4 ,horace1 #e1 #ba footnote1 #aac4 ,horae ,semiticae1 #ccj4 ,hort5sia1 #bg4 ,hortus ,delici>um1 by ,h]rad1 #dh1 #di4 ,hospital1 fir/1 f\nd$ by ,fabiola1 #bgb4 ,hotel de ,ramb\illet1 #hh-hi4 ,h\ll]igue1 ,m4 ,l41 #bbf footnote4 ,h[ ! ,codex ,0 ,f\nd1 by ,mrs4 ,gibson1 #ccj4 ,h[>d1 ,john1 #bha footnote4 ,hros)a1 #dc-de4 ,hub]1 ,mme41 #cga1 #chc footnote4 ,hub]1 ,francois1 #cga4 ,hudson1 ,w4 ,h41 on ! dramas ( ,hros)a1 #dd4 ,hugg9s1 ,lady1 #aif4 ,humboldt1 ,alex&] von1 #afj1 #ahh1 #baa1 #baf1 #bef4 ,hus*ke1 #abb4 ,huxley1 #bea1 #cga1 #cgg1 #chg1 #chh2 on physical disability ( wom51 #abg1 #abh4 ,huxley1 ,leon>d1 #chh footnote4 ,hyde1 ,dr4 ,ida ,h41 #bed4 ,hygh5s1 ,con/ant9e1 #id4 ,hypatia1 #bce2 a*ievem5ts (1 9 ma!matics1 #acg-ada2 inv5tions (1 #adj2 lett]s ( ,synesius to1 #ada2 a*ievem5ts (1 9 a/ronomy1 #afh2 atta9m5ts (1 9 natural philosophy & a/ronomy1 #aii-bja4 ,ic?yology1 #bed4 ,iliad1 translat$ by ,mme4 ,daci]1 #hb2 quotation f1 #bfg4 ,imp]ial ,academy ( ,sci5ces ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #bbh4 ,9 ,artem ,analyticam ,isagoge1 by ,francois ,viete1 #cfc4 ,9 ! ,%ad[ ( ,s9ai1 by ,mrs4 ,lewis1 #cbg footnote1 #ccj4 ,inc>nata1 ,m>ia1 physician1 #big4 ,india1 position ( woman 91 #e4 ,insects1 de/ructive1 ,eleanor ,orm]od's /udy (1 #bdg2 h] fam\s leaflets on1 #bdi1 #bej4 ,insects1 microscopic1 ,anna ,com/ock's "w on1 #bed4 ,in/itut de ,sa9t ,cyr1 #hc1 #he4 ,in/itutions de ,physique1 by ,m>quise du ,*atelet1 #aeb1 #bjb4 ,in/ituzioni ,analiti*e1 by ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi1 #gh1 #add-aej1 #bbh4 ,inv5tions ( ,hypatia1 #adj4 ,inv5tors1 wom5 z1 #ccd-cee4 ,isabella ( ,ca/ile1 #bij1 #chj4 ,isabella ( ,spa91 #ei1 #fh4 ,isis1 inv5tions (1 #cce4 ,isocrates1 #aj4 ,isotta ( ,rim9i1 #ei4 ,italy1 wom5 ( ! ,r5aissance 91 #ee1 #eg-fh2 wom5 91 dur+ ! po/-,r5aissance p]iods1 #gf-ha2 wom5 ma!maticians 91 #adb-aea2 education ( wom5 91 #baj1 #bie1 #bif4 ,jacobi1 ,dr4 ,m>y ,putnam1 #abh4 ,jameson1 ,mrs41 "w (1 9 ,*ri/ian iconography1 #cac-caf4 ,jans51 ,mme41 #aif4 ,jaqui]1 ,p]e1 #aeb4 ,jeffrey1 ,"l1 #ia4 ,j5n]1 #bii footnote4 ,j]usalem ,deliv]$1 #bgf4 ,jesus ,college1 ,cambridge1 nunn]y ( ,/4 ,radegund trans=m$ into1 #da4 ,jex-,blake1 ,sophia1 physician1 #bfi footnote1 #cje-cjg4 ,johnson1 ,dr41 #ih1 #aac2 quot$1 #daj1 #dab & #dac footnote4 ,jonson1 ,b51 #fg4 ,joseph ,,ii ( ,au/ria1 #bcg4 ,j\rney 9 ,brazil1 by ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,agassiz1 #cgi4 ,joya1 ,isabella de1 #fh4 ,juana1 daught] ( ,isabella ! ,ca?olic1 #fh4 ,julius ,,ii1 #cji4 ,juv5al1 quot$1 #bj footnote1 #cj4 ,kablick1 ,joseph9e1 #bdb-bdc4 ,kant1 ,immanuel1 on woman's incapacity = ma!matics1 #acf4 ,kas*ew>[1 ,mme41 physician1 #cjd4 ,kelv91 ,"l1 #bbg4 ,kepl]1 #cge4 ,kies1 ,m>y1 #cdf2 fir/ ,unit$ ,/ates pat5t aw>d$ to1 #cdd4 ,k+sley1 ,*>les1 #beg4 ,k+sley1 ,george1 #beg4 ,k+sley1 ,m>y ,h41 ,african explor]1 #bef-beh1 #bfd4 ,kir*1 ,gottfri$1 #agc4 ,kir*1 ,m>ia1 #agc1 #agd4 ,kir*h(f1 ,ar?ur1 inve/igation (1 reg>d+ intellectual capacity ( wom51 #abi-acb4 ,kirwan's ,essay on ,phlogi/on1 #bad4 ,klumpke1 ,anna1 #aid4 ,klumpke1 ,augu/a1 #aid footnote1 #bij footnote4 ,klumpke1 ,doro!a1 #aic1 #aid4 ,klumpke1 ,julia1 #aid4 ,knight1 ,miss1 #cea4 ,ko5ig1 #aeb4 ,kovalevsky1 ,sonya1 #acc1 #afa-afe1 #cig2 weight ( bra9 (1 #abc & footnote2 /udies (1 9 ,g]many1 #afb2 appo9tm5t (1 to *air ( high] ma!matics1 9 ,univ]sity ( ,/ockholm1 #afb1 #afc2 ,prix ,bord9 won by1 #afc4 ,krauss1 ,dr41 #cac quot$1 #cag quot$4 ,kroneck]1 9 praise ( ,sonya ,kovalevsky1 #afd4 ,labe1 ,l\ise1 #ga4 ,la ,bruyi]e1 #ajh4 ,la ,caze prize aw>d$ to ! ,curies1 #bbh4 ,la ,*appelle1 ,mme4 ,m>ie ,l\ise1 physician1 #bic1 #bid4 ,la ,condam9e1 #bfb4 ,la ,cruz1 ,juana de1 #fi4 ,laelia1 ,cic]o's tribute to1 #bc4 ,la ,fayette1 ,la ,comtesse de1 #hh1 #ia4 ,la ,fonta9e1 #hh1 #agb1 #agc4 ,lagrange1 #aed1 #baf4 ,la ,h>pe1 quot$1 #ij4 ,lais1 #aj1 #aa4 ,lal&e1 #agh1 #agi2 9 praise ( ,mme4 ,lepaute1 #ahj1 #aha2 9 praise ( ,mme4 ,lefrancais1 #ahb4 ,lam>t9e1 #bef4 ,lam5nais1 de1 quot$1 #chh4 ,lamy1 ,m4 ,eti5ne1 quot$1 #dji1 #daj4 ,l&i1 ,rosanna ,somaglia1 ( ,milan1 #gf4 ,langdon1 ,fannie ,e41 #bed4 ,lanzi1 9 praise ( ,suor ,plantilla ,nelli1 #fj4 ,la ,p]se1 ,la ,*aldee et la ,susiane1 by ,mme4 ,dieulafoy1 #cbj footnote4 ,laplace1 #baf1 #bde4 ,laplace's ,me*anique ,cele/e1 ,m>y ,som]ville's translation (1 #aei1 #baa4 ,lapse & ,conv]sion ( ,!ophilus1 by ,hros)a1 #de4 ,la ,ro*ef\cauld1 #hh4 ,la/h5ia1 #aa4 ,la ,vigne1 ,anne de1 #hb4 ,lavoisi]1 ,mme4 ,anto9e ,laur5t1 #bad-baf1 #bbe1 #cfb4 ,laws ( ,plato1 #ae1 #af4 ,leavitt1 ,h5rietta ,s41 #aie4 ,lebrixa1 ,francisca de1 #fh4 ,lecky1 on dissolution ( conv5ts1 #da4 ,lefebre1 ,mme41 #cec4 ,le ,fevre1 ,tanquil1 #hb4 ,lefrancais1 ,mme41 #ahb4 ,leg5dre1 #aed4 ,leg5ds ( ! ,madonna1 by ,mrs4 ,jameson1 #caf4 ,legion ( ,honor1 decoration (1 refus$ by ,pi]re ,curie1 #bbg2 *evali] (1 conf]r$ on ,mme4 ,dieulafoy1 #cba4 ,legrange1 #aee4 ,leibnitz1 #agc1 #bjb1 #cfi1 #cgj4 ,lel&1 ,eva ,f41 #aie4 ,lemmon1 ,s>ah ,a4 ,plumm]1 #bed4 ,leo ,x1 #ei4 ,leontium1 #h1 #aj4 ,leop>da1 physician1 #bga4 ,lepaute1 ,mme4 ,hort5se1 #hg1 #cfb2 a*ievem5ts (1 9 a/ronomy1 #agh-ahb4 ,lep9ska1 ,melanie1 #cjg footnote4 ,lesp9asse1 ,mlle41 #hi1 #ij1 #ia4 ,lewis1 ,mrs4 ,agnes ,smi?1 ar*aeologi/1 #cbg-ccc4 ,lib] ,compositae ,m$ic9ae1 by ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 #bgh4 ,lib] ,simplicis ,m$ic9ae1 by ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 #bgh4 ,lib] ,subtilitatum ,div]s>um ,natur>um ,creatur>um1 #bcc4 ,liebig1 #bag1 #bdg4 ,l9naeus1 #cjj footnote4 ,lipmann1 ,pr(essor1 #bbb4 ,lit]ature1 wom5 91 9 anci5t ,greece1 #a-ah2 9 anci5t ,rome1 #bg-cj2 a*ievem5ts ( ,paula & ,eu/o*ium 91 #ca-cd2 a*ievem5ts ( wom5 91 9 ,italy dur+ ! ,r5aissance1 #eh-fb2 wom5 ( to-day 91 #djf4 ,livia1 #bd4 ,liv+/one1 ,david1 #cgc1 #cgd4 ,livre des ,fais et ,bonnes ,meurs du sage ,roy ,*>les ,v1 by ,*ri/9e de ,pisan1 #ajg4 ,livre des ,faits d',armes et de ,*eval]ie1 by ,*ri/9e de ,pisan1 #ajg4 ,lomb>d1 ,pet]1 on equality ( woman1 #dg footnote4 ,lombroso1 #aji4 ,london ,*emical ,society1 #bbh4 ,london1 ,univ]sity (1 attitude (1 t[>d wom51 #ed footnote1 #bjg1 #bhh1 #cje4 ,longfell[1 #caf2 quot$1 #cgi4 ,losa1 ,isabella1 #fh4 ,l\is ,,xii1 #ei4 ,l\is ,agassiz1 ,8 ,life & ,correspond5ce1 #cgi4 ,l\ise ( ,saxe-,go?a1 ,du*esse1 #agh1 #agi4 ,lungo1 ,isidoro del1 #cfa footnote4 ,lu!r1 attitude (1 t[>d wom51 #ge4 ,luynes1 ,mlle4 de1 #hb4 ,lyceum ( anci5t ,a!ns1 admission ( wom5 to1 #aj4 ,lyell1 ,mrs4 ,*>les1 #cgc4 ,mace1 ,hanna1 #aie4 ,ma*9a ,coele/is1 ( ,hevilius1 #age4 ,macph]son1 ,g]ald9e1 #caf footnote4 ,ma9t5on1 ,mme4 de1 #hc1 #hd1 #he4 ,mai/re1 ,c\nt ,joseph de1 quot$1 #cie1 #cif4 ,malacorona1 ,rudolfo1 #bhe1 #bhf4 ,malate/a1 ,batti/a1 #fb4 ,malvezzi1 ,virg9ia1 #bih4 ,mangord1 daught]s (1 #ed4 ,mann+1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,h41 #ceb4 ,mantua1 ,m>*ioness (1 #caj1 #caa4 ,manzol9i1 ,anna ,mor&i1 #bcf-bch1 #bih4 ,m>burg1 ,univ]sity (1 #bid4 ,m>cella1 #ca4 ,m>cet1 ,mrs41 #cgb1 #cgc4 ,m>*9a1 ,m>ta1 #gh4 ,m>g>et ( ,nav>re1 #gj4 ,m>g>ita1 physician1 #big4 ,m>ia ,!resa1 ,empress1 #adg4 ,m>9e inv]tebrates1 ,m>y ,ra?bun's "w on1 #bed4 ,m>9e life1 ,sophia ,p]eyaslawzewa's /udy (1 #bdd1 #bde4 ,m>kham1 ,clem5ts ,r41 #cjj footnote4 ,m>l[1 #fg4 ,m>montel1 #ij4 ,m>ot1 ,clem5t1 #ff4 ,m>riage1 intellectual developm5t ( wom5 &1 #dab1 #dae1 #daf4 ,m>tia1 #cef1 #cfa4 ,m>tial1 quot$1 #bj footnote1 #bh1 #cj4 ,m>y ,k+sley ,society ( ,we/ ,africa1 ,!1 #beh4 ,m>y ,/u>t1 #fi4 ,masi1 ,erne/o1 #bjh footnote4 ,mason1 ,o4 ,t41 #cdc footnote4 ,massa*usetts ,in/itute ( ,te*nology1 #bag1 #bbj4 ,massalsky1 ,pr9cess ,hel5a ,kolz(f 7,doria d',i/ria71 travel]1 #bee4 ,ma/ellagri1 ,m>ia1 #bih4 ,matapi1 !1 woman's inv5tion (1 #cdj4 ,mat]ia m$ica1 #bgh4 ,ma!matics1 wom5 91 #acf-aff4 ,ma!r1 ,s>ah1 #cde4 ,matilda1 ,abbess ( ,qu$l9burg1 #df1 #eb4 ,matildas ( ,helfta1 #di4 ,matteo1 ,?omasia de1 physician1 #big4 ,maup]tuis1 #aeb4 ,maury1 ,antonia ,c41 #aie4 ,mazois1 ,fr41 #cab4 ,mazzu*elli1 quot$1 #adb footnote4 ,meaux1 ,c41 #bhh footnote4 ,me*anique ,cele/e1 ,laplace's1 ,m>y ,som]ville's translation (1 #aei4 ,me*anism ( ! ,heav5s1 ,m>y ,som]ville's1 #aei4 ,m$aglia1 ,diamante1 #adb4 ,m$ical wom5 9 ,greece1 #bfg-bga2 9 ,rome1 #bga-bgd2 9 ,engl& & ,g]many1 #bij-bie4 ,m$ical ,wom5--,a ,!sis & a ,hi/ory1 by ,dr4 ,sophia ,jex-,blake1 #cjg footnote4 ,m$ici1 ,mi*ele1 #bcg footnote4 ,m$ic9e1 attitude ( ,italian & ,anglo-,saxon univ]sities t[>d wom5 /ud5ts (1 #hj2 wom5 91 #bff-cjh4 ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,academy ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #cjd4 ,melan*?on1 daught] (1 #gj4 ,memoire sur le ,feu1 by ,m>quise du ,*atelet1 #bjb4 ,memoirs on ,*emi/ry1 by ,lavoisi]1 #bae4 ,memorial de l',art des ,acc\*em5ts1 by ,mme4 ,bov91 #bid4 ,m5agius1 #acg4 ,m5&]1 #aj4 ,m5delssohn1 ,fanny1 #bfd4 ,m5delssohn1 ,felix1 #bfd1 #cei4 ,m5doza1 ,dona ,m>ia ,pa*eco de1 #fh4 ,m]curiade1 physician1 #bhf4 ,m]ian1 ,doro!a & ,hel5a1 #bda4 ,m]ian1 ,m>ia ,sibylla1 naturali/1 #bdj-bdb4 ,m]riam1 ,flor5ce1 #bed4 ,messia ,ca/ula1 duumvira1 #bg4 ,metallurgy1 #bch1 #bdj4 ,metaneira1 #aj4 ,metcalf1 ,betsy1 #cea4 ,meteorologico ,ozonometric /ation at ,rome organiz$ by ,cat]9a ,sc>pell9i1 #aib4 ,metradora1 physician1 #bgj4 ,mexican ,national ,museum1 #cbd4 ,mey]1 ,erne/ ,h4 ,f41 #bcd footnote4 ,mi*aelangelo1 #cei2 ,vittoria ,colonna &1 #fb1 #fe4 ,mi*aelis1 #cab footnote4 ,mi*elet1 quot$1 #gj4 ,middle ,ages1 ! education ( wom5 dur+1 #cd-ed4 ,mill1 ,john ,/u>t1 #aji2 on intellectual capacity ( wom51 #acd2 quot$1 #cha1 #chg1 #cig1 #cih4 ,mill]1 ,olive ,?orne1 #bed4 ,milton1 quot$1 #ii4 ,m9]alogy1 #bch1 #bef2 ,h]r ,kablick's /udy (1 #bdc4 ,m9]va1 #cch4 ,m9es1 ,d5v] ,s*ool (1 #bed4 ,m9+1 ,mme4 de ,beausoleil's treatm5t (1 #bdj4 ,mit*ell1 ,m>ia1 a*ievem5ts (1 9 a/ronomy1 #aia1 #aib4 ,moli]e1 #cj1 #ij2 plays (1 #he-hg2 ,femmes ,savantes1 & ,precieuses ,ridicules (1 #agb2 ,l',ecole des ,femmes (1 #dab4 ,molluoca1 #bed4 ,molza1 ,t>qu9ia1 #fj4 ,mona/]ies1 z c5t]s ( le>n+ 9 ,middle ,ages1 #ce4 ,mond9o1 #bcg footnote4 ,monographie de ,turbell>ies de la ,m] ,noire1 by ,sophia ,p]eyaslawzewa1 #bde4 ,montagu1 ,lady ,m>y ,wortley1 quot$1 #if1 #ig2 #bii footnote4 ,montaigne1 attitude (1 t[>d wom51 #ge4 ,montalemb]t1 quot$1 #cg1 #ch4 ,montespan1 ,mme4 de1 #hd4 ,montesquieu1 attitude (1 t[>d wom51 #ic4 ,montmor5cy1 ,*>lotte de1 #hh4 ,montp5si]1 ,du*ess (1 #hd1 #hg4 ,mor&i-,m5zol9i1 ,anna1 #gi4 ,morati1 ,fulvia ,olympia1 #fb1 #gj4 ,m1 ,sir ,?omas1 daught]s (1 #fi4 ,morella1 ,juana1 #fh1 #fi4 ,morphology1 cellul>1 #bed4 ,mo!rhood1 intellectual developm5t &1 #dae1 #daf4 ,moz>t1 #cei4 ,muell]1 ,john1 ( ,ko5igsburg1 #agj4 ,murat1 ,joa*im1 #caa4 ,murfeldt1 ,m>y ,e41 #bed4 ,murphy1 ,anna4 ,see ,jameson1 ,mrs4 ,myrtides1 #ag4 ,myrus1 #ag4 ,nairne1 ,lady1 #bfd4 ,naples1 s*ool ( m$ic9e at1 #big4 ,napoleon1 #aee1 #bji1 #bii1 #caa1 #cac2 weight ( bra9 (1 #abj4 ,natural sci5ces1 wom5 91 #bcc-bfd4 ,naturali/s1 ,congress (1 9 #ahic1 #bde4 ,nautical ,almanac1 ,miss ,mit*ell1 compil] =1 #aia1 #aib4 ,nav>re1 ,pi]re de1 quot$1 #de footnote4 ,navi]1 #aef4 ,navigation1 ,janet ,taylor's works on1 #afa4 ,neck]1 ,mme41 #bha footnote4 ,nelli1 ,suor ,plantilla1 #fj4 ,newnham ,college1 #ajj2 ,jane ,e4 ,h>rison's lectures at1 #ccb4 ,newton1 #bjb1 #bjg1 #bji1 #cga1 #chd4 ,newtonism = ,wom51 ,alg>otti's1 #aeb4 ,newton's ,pr9cipia1 #bjf2 ,mme4 du ,*atelet's translation (1 #aeb1 #age1 #agf1 #bja4 ,new ,york ,infirm>y1 #cjc4 ,nic>ete1 #aa4 ,night+ale1 ,flor5ce1 #bfg1 #bgd1 #bha footnote4 ,n9on de ,l5clos1 #aa1 #ij1 #ib4 ,nobel prize1 9 *emi/ry aw>d$ to ,mme4 ,curie by ,k+ ( ,sw$51 #bbh2 9 physics aw>d$ to ! ,curies & ,m4 ,h4 ,becqu]el1 #bbh2 won by ,madame ,curie1 #cid4 ,noe-,c&$i1 ,maddel5a1 #bih4 ,nogorola1 ,g9evra1 #eh footnote4 ,nogorola1 ,isotta1 #eh footnote4 ,nossidis1 #ag4 ,n\velles ,obs]vations sur les ,abeilles1 by ,francois ,hub]1 #cgb4 ,noves1 ,laura de1 #ceg1 #cfb4 ,nuns1 ,anglo-,saxon1 #cf-db2 ,g]man1 #dc-ej2 accompli%m5ts (1 #ea2 influ5ce (1 #ea-ec2 m$ical "w (1 #bgd-bha4 ,nur ,mahal1 #ccf4 ,nuttall1 ,zelia1 ar*aeologi/1 #cbb-cbd4 ,nutt+1 ,m4 ,adelaide1 #bhj footnote4 ,oclo1 ,mama1 inv5tions (1 #ccf4 ,octavia1 #bd4 ,odyssey1 #bfg2 translat$ by ,mme4 ,daci]1 #hb2 quotation f1 #bfg4 ,on ,curves & ,surfaces ( ,high] ,ord]1 by ,m>y ,som]ville1 #afj4 ,on ,molecul> & ,microscopic ,sci5ce1 by ,m>y ,som]ville1 #afj1 #bab4 ,on ! ,!ory ( ,diff]5ces1 by ,m>y ,som]ville1 #afj4 ,opuscula ( ,anna ,m>ia von ,s*urman1 #ie4 ,ordronaux1 ,j41 #bhc & #bhd footnote4 ,orig5ia1 physician1 #bgj4 ,orig9 de l',homme et de ,societes1 by ,clem5ce ,roy]1 #bdf4 ,orl&o ,furioso1 #bgf4 ,orm]od1 ,eleanor1 economic entomologi/1 #bdf-beb1 #bfd2 entomological publications (1 #bdi-bej2 important positions (1 #bea1 #beb4 ,orni?ology1 #bed4 ,orr1 ,m4 ,a41 #aif4 ,o/ia1 ,fabiola's hospital at1 #bgb4 ,otto ,,iii1 #eb4 ,ovid1 #e2 9 praise ( ,livia1 #bd4 ,ox=d1 ,h4 ,ra%dall1 #bhh footnote4 ,ox=d1 ,univ]sity (1 funds f suppress$ conv5ts devot$ to1 #da1 #db2 attitude (1 t[>d wom51 #fe1 #hj1 #ajj1 #bcj4 ,oxyg51 discov]ies (1 #baf2 discov]y (1 by ,lavoisi]1 #baf4 ,ozanam1 quot$1 #ee4 ,padua1 #bif4 ,padua1 ,univ]sity (1 ,el5a ,corn>o ,piscopia honor$ by1 #gg4 ,palat9e1 ,pr9cess1 #hb4 ,paleontology1 ,frau ,kablick's /udy (1 #bdb-bdc4 ,palgrave1 comp>ison ( ,milton & ,ca$mon by1 #ch4 ,pallas ,a!ne1 inv5tions (1 #cce4 ,palm]1 ,mrs4 ,m>g>etta1 ( ,yale1 #aie4 ,p>adise ,lo/1 quot$ f #chi4 ,p>is1 m$ical "w ( wom5 91 #bhh-bij1 #bib2 ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e 91 opposition by1 to ,jacobe ,felicie1 #bhi4 ,p>!nay1 ,ca!r9e de1 #cfb4 ,pascal1 #hb1 #aac1 #adj4 ,pascal1 ,gilb]te & ,jaquel9e1 #hb4 ,passions de l',ame ( ,desc>tes1 #cgj4 ,pa/eur1 ,l\is1 #aac1 #aad1 #bbf1 #bdg1 #bdh4 ,pa/eur1 ,mme41 #cgf1 #cgg1 #chc footnote4 ,pat*1 ,edi? ,m41 #bed4 ,pat5ts grant$ to wom5 inv5tors1 #cdd-cee4 ,patt]son1 ,flor5ce ,wambaugh1 "w 91 #bed4 ,patt]son1 ,flor5ce ,wambaugh1 #bed4 ,paula1 #ca-cd1 #ceg1 #cfa4 ,pavia1 #bif2 ,univ]sity (1 degree conf]r$ on ,m>ia ,pellegr9a ,amoretti by1 #gh4 ,peckham1 ,elizabe? ,w41 #bed4 ,p5n+ton1 ,lady1 quot$1 #ih footnote4 ,p5nsylvania1 ,univ]sity (1 #cbb4 ,p]eyaslawzewa1 ,sophia1 biologi/1 #bdd-bde4 ,p]ez1 ,antonio1 #fh4 ,p]ez1 ,gregoria1 #fh4 ,p]ez1 ,luisa1 #fh4 ,p]icles1 quot$1 #d2 influ5ce ( ,aspasia on1 #ab-ad4 ,p]ictione1 #h4 ,p]ug9o1 #ff4 ,petracc9i-,t]retti1 ,m>ia1 #gi4 ,petr>*1 #ceg1 #ceh footnote4 ,pfeiff]1 ,ida1 travel]1 #bee1 #bef4 ,phelps1 ,almira ,l9coln1 #bed4 ,phidias1 #ab4 ,philosophy1 a*ievem5ts ( wom5 91 9 anci5t ,greece1 #h2 ,clem5ce ,roy]'s books on1 #bde4 ,phryne1 #aa4 ,physica1 #bcc1 #bcd4 ,physica1 by ,/4 ,hildeg>d1 #bgh4 ,physical ,geography1 by ,m>y ,som]ville1 #afj1 #baa4 ,physical p[]1 relation (1 to m5tal en]gy1 argum5ts bas$ on1 #aaa-aae1 #abg4 ,physicians1 wom51 9 ,italy1 #bie-cjj2 ,am]ican attitude t[>d1 #cjj-cjd2 ,see also ,m$ical wom54 ,physics1 wom5 91 #aig-bac2 ,clem5ce ,roy]'s books on1 #bde4 ,physiology1 vegetable1 ,flor5ce ,patt]son's "w 91 #bed4 ,pi]ry1 ,mme4 du1 #agh1 #agi4 ,p9d>1 defeat$ by ,cor9na1 #f4 ,pio ,alb]go ,trivulzio1 ,m>ia ,gaetana ,agnesi 9 *>ge (1 #adi4 ,pione] ,"w 9 ,op5+ ! ,m$ical ,pr(ession to ,wom51 by ,elizabe? ,blackwell1 #cjb footnote4 ,pisa1 ,leon>do da1 #ada4 ,pisan1 ,*ri/9e de1 #ec1 #ajf-ajh2 on intellectual capacity ( wom51 #acd1 #ace4 ,piscopia1 ,el5a ,corn>o1 ( ,v5ice1 #gg1 #adb1 #adc4 ,planisph]e1 inv5tion (1 by ,hypatia1 #adj1 #bjj4 ,plate>ius1 ,john1 #bhd4 ,plato1 #aj1 #aa1 #acg2 9 praise ( ,sappho1 #e2 quot$1 #aa2 influ5ce ( ,aspasia on1 #ac1 #af2 on education ( wom51 #ae1 #af2 on ! seclusion ( ,a!nian wom51 #bf1 #bg2 ideal (1 ( equal rights = wom51 #cii4 ,pl9y1 #bgj2 quot$1 #bh1 #bi4 ,plot9us1 #bjj4 ,plut>*1 #bb1 #afg2 quot$1 #d footnote1 #ie2 9 praise ( ,cornelia1 #bf4 ,poetry1 a*ievem5ts ( wom5 91 9 anci5t ,greece1 #e-g2 9 anci5t ,rome1 #bh2 9 ! ,r5aissance1 #fa1 #fb4 ,pogson1 ,miss1 9 ! ,obs]vatory ( ,madras1 ,india1 #aif4 ,poisson1 #aed4 ,polignac1 ,c>d9al1 #bjd4 ,politian1 #fc1 #gc4 ,political economy1 ,clem5ce ,roy]'s "w 91 #bde4 ,polonium1 discov]y (1 by ,mme4 ,curie1 #bbc4 ,polydamna1 physician1 #bfg1 #bfh4 ,pompeii1 excavations ( ,que5 ,c>ol9e at1 #caa1 #cab4 ,pope1 #ih1 #aac4 ,porcia1 #bc4 ,portico1 ! 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he>t ( ! ,&es4--,ev5+ ,transcript1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,?is volume1 rem>kable alike = its in/ructive qualities & ! excell5t composition1 w op5 a vi/a ( delight to ! read] :o reli%es travel4--,! ,news1 ,*>le/on1 ,s4 ,c4 ,dr4 ,mozans sees ! c\ntry ) ! tra9$ & exp]i5c$ eye ( a _w travel] & ) ! well /ock$ m9d ( ! lov] ( lit]ature4 ,! pa/ is l9k$ ) ! pres5t1 ! unkn[n ) ! kn[n1 & poetically appreciat$ 9 a way t is mo/ delightful4--,! ,tribune1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,! au?or1 a travel] ( _m ye>s ( exp]i5ce1 :o has explor$ /range corn]s ( ! globe 9 e zone1 comb9es ) accurate obs]vation & a facile p[] ( description a k ( hi/ory t enables him to illum9ate 8 "w ) some?+ ( ! romance t atta*es to ! tales ( ! conqui/adores 9 ^: trail he foll[$ on ?is j\rney4 ,! result+ book is "o t gives ! read] a complete new set ( impressions & ideas conc]n+ ,v5ezuela & ,columbia & ! great riv]s t wat] ^! /ill unsettl$ l&s4--,! ,times ,/>1 ,c9c9nati1 ,ohio4 ,n s9ce ! appe>ance ( ,humboldt's ,p]sonal ,n>rative ( ,travels 9 ! ,equ9octial ,regions ( ,am]ica has ! f]tile & romantic region ( ,ti]ra ,firma--! sc5e ( ! exploits ( "s ( ?is mo/ illu/ri\s ( ! ,conqui/adores--be5 s fully & s vividly describ$ z by ,doctor ,mozans 9 8 in/ructive & fasc9at+ volume ,up ! ,or9oco & ,d[n ! ,magdal5a4--,bullet9 ( ! ,pan-,am]ican ,union4 ,along ! ,&es & ,d[n ! ,amazon ,by ,h4 ,j4 ,,mozans1 ,a4 ,m41 ,ph4 ,d4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,!odore ,,roosevelt4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo1 clo?1 gilt top1 uncut edges4 ,price #c4ej net4 ,by mail #c4gj ,x 0 a great project & a gr& j\rney1 b we d n recall any writ] :o c\ld describe x s delightfully z ,dr4 ,mozans4 ,he has n only an irresi/ible lit]>y *>m1 b he is s saturat$ ) k ( :at he writes ab\t t all he writes has an irresi/ible int]e/4--,! ,h]ald1 ,glasg[1 ,scotl&4 ,read]s ( ,dr4 ,mozans' book h be5 impress$ by ! rem>kable1 almo/ amaz+1 erudition %[n 9 x4 ,x has also a mod]nity t is unusual 9 s*ol>ly p]sons4 ,dr4 ,mozans seems to h be5 ev]y:]e & /udi$ ev]y?+4 ,8 especial int]e/ 9 life has be5 ?or\ghly to acqua9t himself ) ! hi/ory1 antiquities & p1 pa/ & pres5t1 ( nor!rn ,s\? ,am]ica4--,! ,lit]>y ,dige/1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,dr4 ,mozans writes ,engli% aft] our own /yle1 & has a po9t ( view half philosophical & half poetic4 ,he is highly s5sitive to ! my/]y ( ! dead civilizations ( ! ,&ean plateaux1 z well z to ! ab\nd+ life ( ! mod]n ,/ates1 & ! book g5]ally is ! pleasante/ acc\nt ( ,s\? ,am]ica we h enc\nt]$ = a consid]able "t4--,! ,/&>d1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,to read 8 book is n only to travel ) him to /range places b also to be /eep$ 9 good lit]ature4--,! ,record-,h]ald1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 ,great le>n+ is (t5 alli$ ) great simplicity4 ,x is s 9 ! case ( ,dr4 ,mozans4 ,he is bubbl+ ov] ) in=mation ab\t ! a*ievem5ts ( ! ,spani% conqui/adores & ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! l&s ov] :i* !y e/abli%$ _! sway4--,! ,field1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,:e!r ,dr4 ,mozans' volume is resort$ to = solid in=mation or m]e ent]ta9m5t x w well repay ! read+4--,! ,new ,york ,times4 ,a book :i* e travel] to ,s\? ,am]ica1 especially e travel] to ! we/ coa/ ( ! cont95t1 w wi% to h 9 8 h&bag4--,bullet9 ( ! ,pan-,am]ican ,union4 ,?is is a delightful book f e /&po9t4--,ex-,presid5t ,roosevelt1 9 ! ,introduction to ,dr4 ,mozans' book4 ,l ! well-kn[n works ( ,wat]ton & ,humboldt on ,s\? ,am]ica1 ! two books by ,dr4 ,mozans are sure to h a p]man5t value & to be recogniz$ z soon z kn[n1 z au?orities on ! c\ntless subjects discuss$ 9 _! illum9at+ pages ) su* fairness & s*ol>%ip4--,! ,freeman's ,j\rnal1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company1 ,,new ,,york