,on ,lib]ty4 ,by ,john ,/u>t ,mill4 ,) an ,introduction by ,w4 ,l4 ,c\rtney1 ,,ll4,d4 ,! ,walt] ,scott ,publi%+ ,co41 ,ltd4 ,london & ,fell+-on-,tyne ,new ,york & ,melb\rne ,to ! belov$ & deplor$ memory ( h] :o 0 ! inspir]1 & 9 "p ! au?or1 ( all t is be/ 9 my writ+s--! fri5d & wife ^: exalt$ s5se ( tru? & "r 0 my /ronge/ incitem5t1 & ^: approbation 0 my *ief rew>d--,i d$icate ?is volume4 ,l all t ,i h writt5 = _m ye>s1 x belongs z mu* to h] z to me2 b ! "w z x /&s has _h1 9 a v insuffici5t degree1 ! ine/imable advantage ( h] revision2 "s ( ! mo/ important portions hav+ be5 res]v$ = a m c>eful re-exam9ation1 :i* !y are n[ nev] de/9$ to receive4 ,7 ,i b capable ( int]pret+ to ! _w "o-half ! great ?\ghts & noble feel+s :i* are buri$ 9 h] grave1 ,i %\ld be ! m$ium ( a great] b5efit to x ?an is ev] likely to arise f any?+ t ,i c write1 unprompt$ & unassi/$ by h] all b unrivall$ wisdom4 ,,introduction4 ,i4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill 0 born on #bj? ,may #ahjf4 ,he 0 a delicate *ild1 & ! extraord9>y education design$ by 8 fa!r 0 n calculat$ to develop & improve 8 physical p[]s4 ,i nev] 0 a boy1 he says2 nev] play$ cricket4 ,8 ex]cise 0 tak5 9 ! =m ( walks ) 8 fa!r1 dur+ :i* ! eld] ,mill lectur$ 8 son & exam9$ him on 8 "w4 ,x is idle to speculate on ! possible results ( a diff]5t treatm5t4 ,mill rema9$ delicate ?r\gh\t 8 life1 b 0 end[$ ) t int5se m5tal en]gy :i* is s (t5 comb9$ ) physical weakness4 ,8 y\? 0 sacrific$ to an idea2 he 0 design$ by 8 fa!r to c>ry on 8 "w2 ! individuality ( ! boy 0 unimportant4 ,a visit to ! s\? ( ,france at ! age ( f\rte51 9 company ) ! family ( ,g5]al ,sir ,samuel ,b5?am1 0 n )\t its influ5ce4 ,x 0 a glimpse ( ano!r atmosph]e1 ?\gh ! /udi\s habits ( 8 home life 7 ma9ta9$4 ,moreov]1 he d]iv$ f x 8 int]e/ 9 =eign politics1 :i* rema9$ "o ( 8 *>act]i/ics to ! end ( 8 life4 ,9 #ahbc he 0 appo9t$ junior cl]k 9 ! ,exam9]s' ,(fice at ! ,india ,h\se4 ,mill's fir/ essays 7 writt5 9 ! ,travell] ab\t a ye> be=e he ent]$ ! ,india ,h\se4 ,f t "t =w>d 8 lit]>y "w 0 un9t]rupt$ save by attacks ( illness4 ,8 indu/ry 0 /up5d\s4 ,he wrote articles on an inf9ite v>iety ( subjects1 political1 metaphysical1 philosophic1 religi\s1 poetical4 ,he discov]$ ,t5nyson = 8 g5]ation1 he influ5c$ ! writ+ ( ,c>lyle's ,fr5* ,revolution z well z its success4 ,& all ! :ile he 0 engag$ 9 /udy+ & prep>+ = 8 m ambiti\s works1 :ile he rose /ep by /ep at ! ,india ,(fice4 ,8 ,essays on ,unsettl$ ,que/ions 9 ,political ,economy 7 writt5 9 #ahca1 al?\gh !y did n appe> until ?irte5 ye>s lat]4 ,8 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 ! design ( :i* 0 ev5 !n fa%ion+ itself 9 8 bra91 took ?irte5 ye>s to complete1 & 0 actually publi%$ be=e ! ,political ,economy4 ,9 #ahdd appe>$ ! article on ,mi*elet1 :i* its au?or anticipat$ w\ld cause "s discussion1 b :i* did n create ! s5sation he expect$4 ,next ye> !re 7 ! ,claims ( ,lab\r & ,guizot1 & 9 #ahdg 8 articles on ,iri% affairs 9 ! ,morn+ ,*ronicle4 ,^! ye>s 7 v mu* influ5c$ by 8 fri5d%ip & correspond5ce ) ,comte1 a curi\s comrade%ip betwe5 m5 ( su* diff]5t temp]am5t4 ,9 #ahdh ,mill publi%$ 8 ,political ,economy1 to :i* he _h giv5 8 s]i\s /udy s9ce ! completion ( 8 ,logic4 ,8 articles & reviews1 ?\gh !y involv$ a good deal ( "w--z1 = in/ance1 ! re-p]usal ( ! ,iliad & ! ,odyssey 9 ! orig9al be=e review+ ,grote's ,greece--7 recreation to ! /ud5t4 ,! ye> #ahef saw him head ( ! ,exam9]s' ,(fice 9 ! ,india ,h\se1 & ano!r two ye>s br\ght ! end ( 8 (ficial "w1 ow+ to ! transf] ( ,india to ! ,cr[n4 ,9 ! same ye> 8 wife di$4 ,lib]ty 0 publi%$ %ortly aft]1 z well z ! ,?\ghts on ,p>liam5t>y ,re=m1 & no ye> pass$ )\t ,mill mak+ important contributions on ! political1 philosophical1 & e?ical que/ions ( ! day4 ,sev5 ye>s aft] ! dea? ( 8 wife1 ,mill 0 invit$ to conte/ ,we/m9/]4 ,8 feel+ on ! conduct ( elections made him refuse to take any p]sonal action 9 ! matt]1 & he gave ! franke/ expression to 8 political views1 b nev]!less he 0 elect$ by a l>ge majority4 ,he 0 n a conv5tional success 9 ! ,h\se2 z a speak] he lack$ magnetism4 ,b 8 influ5ce 0 widely felt4 ,= ! sake ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons at l>ge1 said ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ,i rejoic$ 9 8 adv5t & deplor$ 8 disappe>ance4 ,he did u all good4 ,aft] only ?ree ye>s 9 ,p>liam5t1 he 0 defeat$ at ! next ,g5]al ,election by ,mr4 ,w4 ,h4 ,smi?4 ,he retir$ to ,avignon1 to ! pleasant little h\se :]e ! happie/ ye>s ( 8 life _h be5 sp5t 9 ! companion%ip ( 8 wife1 & cont9u$ 8 dis9t]e/$ lab\rs4 ,he complet$ 8 edition ( 8 fa!r's ,analysis ( ! ,m9d1 & also produc$1 9 addition to less important "w1 ,! ,subjection ( ,wom51 9 :i* he _h ! active co-op]ation ( 8 /ep-daught]4 ,a book on ,socialism 0 "u consid]ation1 b1 l an e>li] /udy ( ,sociology1 x nev] 0 writt54 ,he di$ 9 #ahgc1 8 la/ ye>s be+ sp5t peacefully 9 ! pleasant society ( 8 /ep-daught]1 f ^: t5d] c>e & e>ne/ intellectual sympa?y he caught maybe a f>-(f reflection ( ! light :i* _h irradiat$ 8 spiritual life4 ,,ii4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* ,john ,/u>t ,mill wrote 8 ,lib]ty are l>gely connect$ ) ! influ5ce :i* ,mrs4 ,taylor wield$ ov] 8 c>e]4 ,! d$ication is well kn[n4 ,x conta9s ! mo/ extraord9>y panegyric on a woman t any philosoph] has ev] p5n$4 ,7 ,i b capable ( int]pret+ to ! _w "o-half ! great ?\ghts & noble feel+s :i* are buri$ 9 h] grave1 ,i %\ld be ! m$ium ( a great] b5efit to x ?an is ev] likely to arise f any?+ t ,i c write1 unprompt$ & unassi/$ by h] all b unrivall$ wisdom4 ,x is easy = ! ord9>y worldly cynicism to curl a sceptical lip ov] s5t5ces l ^!4 ,!re may be exagg]ation ( s5tim5t1 ! necess>y & inevitable reaction ( a man :o 0 tra9$ accord+ to ! dry light ( s unimpressionable a man z ,james ,mill1 ! fa!r2 b ! passage quot$ is n ! only "o 9 :i* ,john ,/u>t ,mill proclaims 8 unhesitat+ belief 9 ! intellectual influ5ce ( 8 wife4 ,! treatise on ,lib]ty 0 writt5 especially "u h] au?ority & enc\ragem5t1 b !re are _m e>li] ref]5ces to ! p[] :i* %e ex]cis$ ov] 8 m9d4 ,mill 0 introduc$ to h] z e>ly z #ahca1 at a d9n]-p>ty at ,mr4 ,taylor's h\se1 :]e 7 pres5t1 among/ o!rs1 ,roebuck1 ,w4 ,j4 ,fox1 & ,miss ,h>riet ,m>t9eau4 ,! acqua9tance rapidly rip5$ into intimacy & ! intimacy into fri5d%ip1 & ,mill 0 nev] we>y ( expatiat+ on all ! advantages ( s s+ul> a relation%ip4 ,9 "s ( ! pres5tation copies ( 8 "w on ,political ,economy1 he wrote ! foll[+ d$ication3--,to ,mrs4 ,john ,taylor1 :o1 ( all p]sons kn[n to ! au?or1 is ! mo/ highly qualifi$ ei!r to orig9ate or to appreciate speculation on social advancem5t1 ?is "w is ) ! highe/ respect & e/eem d$icat$4 ,an article on ! enfran*isem5t ( wom5 0 made ! occasion = ano!r encomium4 ,we %all h>dly be wrong 9 attribut+ a mu* lat] book1 ,! ,subjection ( ,wom51 publi%$ 9 #ahfi1 to ! influ5ce wield$ by ,mrs4 ,taylor4 ,f9ally1 ! pages ( ! ,autobiography r+ ) ! di?yrambic praise ( 8 almo/ infallible c\nsellor4 ,! facts ( ?is rem>kable intimacy c easily be /at$4 ,! d$uctions are m difficult4 ,!re is no "q t ,mill's infatuation 0 ! cause ( consid]able tr\ble to 8 acqua9tances & fri5ds4 ,8 fa!r op5ly tax$ him ) be+ 9 love ) ano!r man's wife4 ,roebuck1 ,mrs4 ,grote1 ,mrs4 ,au/91 ,miss ,h>riet ,m>t9eau 7 among/ ^? :o suff]$ because !y made "s allusion to a =bidd5 subject4 ,mrs4 ,taylor liv$ ) h] daught] 9 a lodg+ 9 ! c\ntry2 b 9 #ahea h] husb& di$1 & !n ,mill made h] 8 wife4 ,op9ions 7 widely div]g5t z to h] m]its2 b e "o agre$ t up to ! "t ( h] dea?1 9 #aheh1 ,mill 0 :olly lo/ to 8 fri5ds4 ,george ,mill1 "o ( ,mill's y\ng] bro!rs1 gave x z 8 op9ion t %e 0 a clev] & rem>kable woman1 b no?+ l :at ,john took h] to be4 ,c>lyle1 9 8 rem9isc5ces1 describ$ h] ) ambigu\s epi!ts4 ,%e 0 vivid1 iridesc5t1 pale & passionate & sad-look+1 a liv+-romance h]o9e ( ! royali/ volition & que/ionable de/9y4 ,x is n possible to make mu* ( a judgm5t l ?is1 b we get on m c]ta9 gr\nd :5 we discov] t ,mrs4 ,c>lyle said on "o occasion t %e is ?\ght to be dang]\s1 & t ,c>lyle add$ t %e 0 worse ?an dang]\s1 %e 0 patronis+4 ,! occasion :5 ,mill & 8 wife 7 br\ght into close contact ) ! ,c>lyles is well kn[n4 ,! manuscript ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution _h be5 l5t to ,mill1 & 0 accid5tally burnt by ,mrs4 ,mill's s]vant4 ,mill & 8 wife drove up to ,c>lyle's door1 ! wife spee*less1 ! husb& s full ( conv]sation t he deta9$ ,c>lyle ) desp]ate attempts at loquacity = two h\rs4 ,b ,dr4 ,g>nett tells u1 9 8 ,life ( ,c>lyle1 t ,mill made a sub/antial rep>ation = ! calamity = :i* he 0 responsible by induc+ ! aggriev$ au?or to accept half ( ! #bjj :i* he (f]$4 ,mrs4 ,mill1 z ,i h said1 di$ 9 #aheh1 aft] sev5 ye>s ( happy companion%ip ) h] husb&1 & 0 buri$ at ,avignon4 ,! inscription :i* ,mill wrote = h] grave is too *>act]i/ic to be omitt$3--,h] great & lov+ he>t1 h] noble s\l1 h] cle>1 p[]ful1 orig9al1 & compreh5sive intellect1 made h] ! guide & support1 ! in/ructor 9 wisdom & ! example 9 goodness1 z %e 0 ! sole e>?ly delight ( ^? :o _h ! happ9ess to belong to h]4 ,z e>ne/ = all public good z %e 0 g5]\s & devot$ to all :o surr\nd$ h]1 h] influ5ce has be5 felt 9 _m ( ! greate/ improvem5ts ( ! age1 & w be 9 ^? /ill to come4 ,7 !re ev5 a few he>ts & intellects l h]s1 ?is e>? w\ld already become ! hop$-= ,heav54 ,^! l9es prove ! int5sity ( ,mill's feel+1 :i* is n afraid ( abundant v]biage2 b !y also prove t he c\ld n imag9e :at ! effect w\ld be on o!rs1 &1 z ,grote said1 only ,mill's reputation c\ld survive ^! & simil> displays4 ,e "o w judge = himself ( ?is romantic episode 9 ,mill's c>e]1 accord+ to su* exp]i5ce z he may possess ( ! philosophic m9d & ( ! value ( ^! curi\s b n infrequ5t relation%ips4 ,x may h be5 a piece ( infatuation1 or1 if we pref] to say s1 x may h be5 ! mo/ graci\s & ! mo/ human page 9 ,mill's c>e]4 ,mrs4 ,mill may h flatt]$ h] husb&'s vanity by e*o+ 8 op9ions1 or %e may h inde$ be5 an ,eg]ia1 full ( inspiration & intellectual helpfulness4 ,:at usually happ5s 9 ^! cases1--al?\gh ! philosoph] himself1 ?r\gh 8 belief 9 ! equality ( ! sexes1 0 deb>r$ f ?9k+ s1--is ! extremely valuable action & reaction ( two diff]5t classes & ord]s ( m9d4 ,to any "o ^: ?\ghts h be5 occupi$ ) ! sph]e ( ab/ract speculation1 ! lively & vivid pres5tm5t ( concrete fact comes z a delightful & agreeable %ock4 ,! in/9ct ( ! woman (t5 enables h] n only to appreh5d b to illu/rate a tru? = :i* %e w\ld be totally unable to give ! adequate philosophic reason+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! man1 ) ! m c>eful logical me?ods & ! sl[ processes ( =mal reason+1 is apt to suppose t ! happy intuition :i* leaps to ! conclusion is really bas$ on ! intellectual processes ( :i* he is consci\s 9 8 own case4 ,?us bo? p>ties to ! happy contract are equally pleas$4 ,! ab/ract tru? gets ! concrete illu/ration2 ! concrete illu/ration f9ds its prop] f\ndation 9 a s]ies ( ab/ract inquiries4 ,p]haps ,c>lyle's epi!ts ( iridesc5t & vivid ref] incid5tally to ,mrs4 ,mill's quick p]ceptiv5ess1 & ?us ?r[ a useful light on ! mutual advantages ( ! common "w ( husb& & wife4 ,b x sav\rs almo/ ( imp]t95ce ev5 to attempt to lift ! veil on a my/]y l ?is4 ,x is en\gh to say1 p]haps1 t h[ev] mu* we may deplore ! exagg]ation ( ,mill's ref]5ces to 8 wife1 we recognise t1 = :atev] reason1 ! pair liv$ an ideally happy life4 ,x /ill1 h[ev]1 rema9s to e/imate ! ext5t to :i* ,mrs4 ,taylor1 bo? be=e & aft] h] m>riage ) ,mill1 made actual contributions to 8 ?\ghts & 8 public "w4 ,"h ,i may be p]haps p]mitt$ to avail myself ( :at ,i h already writt5 9 a previ\s "w4#a ,mill gives u abundant help 9 ?is matt] 9 ! ,autobiography4 ,:5 fir/ he knew h]1 8 ?\ghts 7 turn+ to ! subject ( ,logic4 ,b 8 publi%$ "w on ! subject ow$ no?+ to h]1 he tells u1 9 its doctr9es4 ,x 0 ,mill's cu/om to write ! :ole ( a book s z to get 8 g5]al s*eme complete1 & !n labori\sly to re-write x 9 ord] to p]fect ! phrases & ! composition4 ,d\btless ,mrs4 ,taylor 0 ( consid]able help to him z a critic ( /yle4 ,b to be a critic ( doctr9e %e 0 h>dly qualifi$4 ,mill has made "s cle> admissions on ?is po9t4 ,! only actual revolution :i* has ev] tak5 place 9 my modes ( ?9k+ 0 already complete1#b he says1 be=e h] influ5ce became p>am\nt4 ,!re is a curi\sly humble e/imate ( 8 own p[]s 7to :i* ,dr4 ,ba9 has call$ att5tion71 :i* reads at fir/ sight z if x contradict$ ?is4 ,dur+ ! great] "p ( my lit]>y life ,i h p]=m$ ! (fice 9 relation to h]1 :i*1 f a r e>ly p]iod1 ,i _h consid]$ z ! mo/ useful "p t ,i 0 qualifi$ to take 9 ! doma9 ( ?\ght1 t ( an int]pret] ( orig9al ?9k]s1 & m$iator betwe5 !m & ! public4 ,s f> x w\ld seem t ,mill _h sat at ! feet ( 8 oracle2 b obs]ve ! highly rem>kable exception :i* is made 9 ! foll[+ s5t5ce3--,= ,i _h always a humble op9ion ( my own p[]s z an orig9al ?9k]1 except 9 ab/ract sci5ce 7logic1 metaphysics1 & ! !oretic pr9ciples ( political economy & politics47#c ,if ,mill !n 0 an orig9al ?9k] 9 logic1 metaphysics1 & ! sci5ce ( economy & politics1 x is cle> t he _h n le>nt ^! f h] lips4 ,& to mo/ m5 logic & metaphysics may be safely tak5 z =m+ a doma9 9 :i* orig9ality ( ?\ght1 if x c be hone/ly pr(ess$1 is a suffici5t title ( di/9ction4 ,mrs4 ,taylor's assi/ance 9 ! ,political ,economy is conf9$ to c]ta9 def9ite po9ts4 ,! purely sci5tific "p 01 we are assur$1 n le>nt f h]4 ,b x 0 *iefly h] influ5ce :i* gave to ! book t g5]al tone by :i* x is di/+ui%$ f all previ\s expositions ( political economy t _h any pret5sions to be sci5tific1 & :i* has made x s useful 9 conciliat+ m9ds :i* ^? previ\s expositions _h repell$4 ,?is tone consi/$ *iefly 9 mak+ ! prop] di/9ction betwe5 ! laws ( ! production ( weal?1 :i* are real laws ( ,nature1 dep5d5t on ! prop]ties ( objects1 & ! modes ( its di/ribution1 :i*1 subject to c]ta9 conditions1 dep5d on human w4444 ,i _h inde$ p>tially le>nt ?is view ( ?+s f ! ?\ghts awak5$ 9 me by ! speculations ( ,/4 ,simonians2 b x 0 made a liv+ pr9ciple1 p]vad+ & animat+ ! book1 by my wife's prompt+s4#d ,! "p :i* is italicis$ is noticeable4 ,"h1 z else:]e1 ,mill ?9ks out ! matt] by himself2 ! concrete =m ( ! ?\ghts is sugge/$ or prompt$ by ! wife4 ,ap>t f ?is g5]al tone1 ,mill tells u t !re 0 a specific contribution4 ,! *apt] :i* has _h a great] influ5ce on op9ion ?an all ! re/1 t on ! ,probable ,future ( ! ,lab\r+ ,classes1 is entirely due to h]4 ,9 ! fir/ draft ( ! book t *apt] did n exi/4 ,%e po9t$ out ! ne$ ( su* a *apt]1 & ! extreme imp]fection ( ! book )\t x2 %e 0 ! cause ( my writ+ x4 ,f ?is x w\ld appe> t %e gave ,mill t t5d5cy to ,socialism :i*1 :ile x l5ds a progressive _s to 8 speculations on politics1 at ! same "t does n manife/ly accord ) 8 e>li] advocacy ( peasant proprietor%ips4 ,nor1 aga91 is x1 on ! face ( x1 consi/5t ) ^? doctr9es ( individual lib]ty :i*1 aid$ by ! intellectual companion%ip ( 8 wife1 he prop\nd$ 9 a lat] "w4 ,! ideal ( individual fre$om is n ! ideal ( ,socialism1 j z t invocation ( gov]nm5tal aid to :i* ! ,sociali/ resorts is n consi/5t ) ! !ory ( laiss]-faire4 ,yet ,lib]ty 0 plann$ by ,mill & 8 wife 9 conc]t4 ,p]haps a slight vision>9ess ( speculation 0 no less ! attribute ( ,mrs4 ,mill ?an an abs5ce ( rigid logical pr9ciples4 ,be ?is z x may1 %e und\bt$ly *eck$ ! half-recognis$ lean+s ( h] husb& 9 ! direction ( ,col]idge & ,c>lyle4 ,:e!r ?is 0 an in/ance ( h] /eady+ influ5ce1#e or :e!r x add$ "o m unassimilat$ elem5t to ,mill's div]se intellectual su/5ance1 may be wisely left an op5 "q4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 be wrong 9 attribut+ to h] ! p>5tage ( "o book ( ,mill1 ,! ,subjection ( ,wom54 ,x is true t ,mill _h be=e le>nt t m5 & wom5 ought to be equal 9 legal1 political1 social1 & dome/ic relations4 ,?is 0 a po9t on :i* he _h already fall5 f\l ( 8 fa!r's essay on ,gov]nm5t4 ,b ,mrs4 ,taylor _h actually writt5 on ?is v po9t1 & ! w>m? & f]v\r ( ,mill's d5unciations ( wom5's s]vitude 7 unmi/akably caught f 8 wife's view ( ! practical disabilities entail$ by ! fem99e position4 ,,iii4 ,lib]ty 0 publi%$ 9 #ahei1 :5 ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 half ov]1 b 9 its g5]al _s & 9 "s ( its special t5d5cies ! little tract belongs r to ! /&po9t ( ! eighte5? c5tury ?an to t :i* saw its bir?4 ,9 _m ( 8 speculations ,john ,/u>t ,mill =ms a sort ( connect+ l9k betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ! e>li] ,engli% empirical s*ool & ^? :i* we associate ) ! "n ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,9 8 ,logic1 = in/ance1 he repres5ts an advance on ! !ories ( ,hume1 & yet does n see h[ pr(\ndly ! victories ( ,sci5ce modify ! conclusions ( ! e>li] ?9k]4 ,simil>ly1 9 8 ,political ,economy1 he desires to improve & to enl>ge ^u ,ric>do1 & yet does n advance s f> z ! modifications ( political economy by ,sociology1 indicat$ by "s lat]--& especially ,g]man--speculations on ! subject4 ,9 ! tract on ,lib]ty1 ,mill is advocat+ ! rights ( ! individual z aga9/ ,society at ! v op5+ ( an era t 0 rapidly com+ to ! conclusion t ! individual _h no absolute rights aga9/ ,society4 ,! eighte5? c5tury view is t individuals exi/$ fir/1 ea* ) _! own special claims & responsibilities2 t !y delib]ately =m$ a ,social ,/ate1 ei!r by a contract or o!rwise2 & t !n f9ally !y limit$ _! own action out ( reg>d = ! int]e/s ( ! social organism ?us arbitr>ily produc$4 ,?is is h>dly ! view ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,x is possible t logically ! individual is prior to ! ,/ate2 hi/orically & 9 ! ord] ( ,nature1 ! ,/ate is prior to ! individual4 ,9 o!r words1 su* rights z e s+le p]sonality possesses 9 a mod]n _w d n belong to him by an orig9al ord9ance ( ,nature1 b are sl[ly acquir$ 9 ! gr[? & developm5t ( ! social /ate4 ,x is n ! tru? t individual lib]ties 7 =feit$ by "s delib]ate act :5 m5 made !mselves into a ,commonweal?4 ,x is m true to say1 z ,ari/otle said long ago1 t man is naturally a political animal1 t he liv$ "u /rict social laws z a m]e item1 almo/ a non5tity1 z comp>$ ) ! ,ord]1 ,society1 or ,community to :i* he belong$1 & t su* privileges z he subsequ5tly acquir$ h be5 obta9$ 9 virtue ( 8 gr[+ importance z a memb] ( a gr[+ organisation4 ,b if ?is is ev5 approximately true1 x s]i\sly re/ricts t lib]ty ( ! individual = :i* ,mill pleads4 ,! individual has no *ance1 because he has no rights1 aga9/ ! social organism4 ,society c puni% him = acts or ev5 op9ions :i* are anti-social 9 "*4 ,8 virtue lies 9 recognis+ ! intimate communion ) 8 fell[s4 ,8 sph]e ( activity is b\nd$ by ! common int]e/4 ,j z x is an absurd & explod$ !ory t all m5 are orig9ally equal1 s x is an anci5t & false doctr9e to prote/ t a man has an individual lib]ty to live & ?9k z he *ooses 9 any _s ( antagonism to t l>g] body ( :i* he =ms an insignificant "p4 ,n[adays ?is view ( ,society & ( its developm5t1 :i* we l>gely owe to ! ,philosophie ,positive ( ,m4 ,augu/e ,comte1 is s famili> & possibly s damag+ to ! individual initiative1 t x becomes necess>y to advance & proclaim ! tru? :i* resides 9 an opposite !ory4 ,all progress1 z we are aw>e1 dep5ds on ! jo9t process ( integration & diff]5tiation2 syn!sis1 analysis1 & !n a l>g] syn!sis seem to =m ! law ( developm5t4 ,if x ev] comes to pass t ,society is tyrannical 9 its re/rictions ( ! individual1 if1 z = in/ance 9 "s =ms ( ,socialism1 bas$ on deceptive analogies ( ,nature's deal+s1 ! type is ev]y?+ & ! individual no?+1 x mu/ be confid5tly urg$ 9 answ] t ! full] life ( ! future dep5ds on ! manifold activities1 ev5 ?\gh !y may be antagoni/ic1 ( ! individual4 ,9 ,engl&1 at all ev5ts1 we "k t gov]nm5t 9 all its diff]5t =ms1 :e!r z ,k+1 or z a ca/e ( nobles1 or z an olig>*ical plutocracy1 or ev5 z trades unions1 is s dw>f+ 9 its action t1 = ! sake ( ! future1 ! individual mu/ revolt4 ,j z our =m] po9t ( view limit$ ! value ( ,mill's treatise on ,lib]ty1 s ^! consid]ations t5d to %[ its et]nal importance4 ,! omnipot5ce ( ,society means a dead level ( uni=mity4 ,! claim ( ! individual to be he>d1 to say :at he likes1 to d :at he likes1 to live z he likes1 is absolutely necess>y1 n only = ! v>iety ( elem5ts )\t :i* life is poor1 b also = ! hope ( a future age4 ,s long z individual initiative & ef=t are recognis$ z a vital elem5t 9 ,engli% hi/ory1 s long w ,mill's ,lib]ty1 :i* he confesses 0 bas$ on a sugge/ion d]iv$ f ,von ,humboldt1 rema9 z an indisp5sable contribution to ! speculations1 & also to ! heal? & sanity1 ( ! _w4 ,:at 8 wife really 0 to ,mill1 we %all1 p]haps1 nev] "k4 ,b t %e 0 an actual & vivid =ce1 :i* r\s$ ! lat5t en?usiasm ( 8 nature1 we h abundant evid5ce4 ,& :5 %e di$ at ,avignon1 ?\gh 8 fri5ds may h rega9$ an almo/ e/rang$ companion%ip1 ,mill 01 p]sonally1 ! poor]4 ,into ! sorr[ ( t b]eavem5t we _c ent]3 we h no "r or p[] to draw ! veil4 ,x is en\gh to quote ! simple words1 s eloqu5t ( an unspok5 grief--,i c say no?+ :i* c\ld describe1 ev5 9 ! fa9te/ mann]1 :at t loss 0 & is4 ,b because ,i "k t %e w\ld h wi%$ x1 ,i endeav\r to make ! be/ ( :at life ,i h left1 & to "w = h] purposes ) su* dim9i%$ /r5g? z c be d]iv$ f ?\ghts ( h]1 & communion ) h] memory4 ,w4 ,l4 ,,c\rtney4 ,,london1 ,july #e?1 #aija4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,life ( ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 *apt] vi4 7,walt] ,scott47 #b ,autobiography1 p4 #aij4 #c ,ibid41 p4 #bdb4 #d ,autobiography1 pp4 #bdf1 #bdg4 #e ,cf4 an in/ructive page 9 ! ,autobiography1 p4 #beb4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,introductory #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,discussion #bh ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,individuality1 ,,z ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,well-,,be+ #ajc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,limits ,,to ,,! ,,au?ority ,,( ,,society ,,ov] ,,! ,,individual #adj ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,applications #agg ,! gr&1 lead+ pr9ciple1 t[>ds :i* e argum5t unfold$ 9 ^! pages directly conv]ges1 is ! absolute & ess5tial importance ( human developm5t 9 its ri*e/ div]sity4--,,wilhelm ,,von ,,humboldt3 ,sph]e & ,duties ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,,on ,,lib]ty4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,introductory4 ,! subject ( ?is ,essay is n ! s-call$ ,lib]ty ( ! ,w1 s un=tunately oppos$ to ! misnam$ doctr9e ( ,philosophical ,necessity2 b ,civil1 or ,social ,lib]ty3 ! nature & limits ( ! p[] :i* c be legitimately ex]cis$ by society ov] ! individual4 ,a "q seldom /at$1 & h>dly ev] discuss$1 9 g5]al t]ms1 b :i* pr(\ndly influ5ces ! practical controv]sies ( ! age by its lat5t pres5ce1 & is likely soon to make itself recognis$ z ! vital "q ( ! future4 ,x is s f> f be+ new1 t 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 x has divid$ mank9d1 almo/ f ! remote/ ages2 b 9 ! /age ( progress into :i* ! m civilis$ portions ( ! species h n[ ent]$1 x pres5ts itself "u new conditions1 & requires a diff]5t & m fundam5tal treatm5t4 ,! /ruggle betwe5 ,lib]ty & ,au?ority is ! mo/ conspicu\s feature 9 ! portions ( hi/ory ) :i* we are e>lie/ famili>1 p>ticul>ly 9 t ( ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,engl&4 ,b 9 old times ?is conte/ 0 betwe5 subjects1 or "s classes ( subjects1 & ! gov]nm5t4 ,by lib]ty1 0 meant protection aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! political rul]s4 ,! rul]s 7 conceiv$ 7except 9 "s ( ! popul> gov]nm5ts ( ,greece7 z 9 a necess>ily antagoni/ic position to ! p :om !y rul$4 ,!y consi/$ ( a gov]n+ ,"o1 or a gov]n+ tribe or ca/e1 :o d]iv$ _! au?ority f inh]itance or conque/1 :o1 at all ev5ts1 did n hold x at ! pleasure ( ! gov]n$1 & ^: supremacy m5 did n v5ture1 p]haps did n desire1 to conte/1 :atev] precautions might be tak5 aga9/ its oppressive ex]cise4 ,_! p[] 0 reg>d$ z necess>y1 b also z highly dang]\s2 z a weapon :i* !y w\ld attempt to use aga9/ _! subjects1 no less ?an aga9/ ext]nal enemies4 ,to prev5t ! weak] memb]s ( ! community f be+ prey$ ^u by innum]able vultures1 x 0 ne$ful t !re %\ld be an animal ( prey /rong] ?an ! re/1 commission$ to keep !m d[n4 ,b z ! k+ ( ! vultures w\ld be no less b5t ^u prey+ on ! flock ?an any ( ! m9or h>pies1 x 0 indisp5sable to be 9 a p]petual attitude ( def5ce aga9/ 8 beak & claws4 ,! aim1 !re=e1 ( patriots1 0 to set limits to ! p[] :i* ! rul] %\ld be suff]$ to ex]cise ov] ! community2 & ?is limitation 0 :at !y meant by lib]ty4 ,x 0 attempt$ 9 two ways4 ,fir/1 by obta9+ a recognition ( c]ta9 immunities1 call$ political lib]ties or rights1 :i* x 0 to be reg>d$ z a brea* ( duty 9 ! rul] to infr+e1 & :i* if he did infr+e1 specific resi/ance1 or g5]al rebellion1 0 held to be ju/ifiable4 ,a second1 & g5]ally a lat] exp$i5t1 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( con/itutional *ecks2 by :i* ! cons5t ( ! community1 or ( a body ( "s sort1 suppos$ to repres5t its int]e/s1 0 made a necess>y condition to "s ( ! m important acts ( ! gov]n+ p[]4 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! modes ( limitation1 ! rul+ p[]1 9 mo/ ,european c\ntries1 0 compell$1 m or less1 to submit4 ,x 0 n s ) ! second2 & to atta9 ?is1 or :5 already 9 "s degree possess$1 to atta9 x m completely1 became ev]y:]e ! pr9cipal object ( ! lov]s ( lib]ty4 ,& s long z mank9d 7 cont5t to combat "o enemy by ano!r1 & to be rul$ by a ma/]1 on condition ( be+ gu>ante$ m or less efficaci\sly aga9/ 8 tyranny1 !y did n c>ry _! aspirations beyond ?is po9t4 ,a "t1 h[ev]1 came1 9 ! progress ( human affairs1 :5 m5 ceas$ to ?9k x a necessity ( nature t _! gov]nors %\ld be an indep5d5t p[]1 oppos$ 9 int]e/ to !mselves4 ,x appe>$ to !m mu* bett] t ! v>i\s magi/rates ( ! ,/ate %\ld be _! t5ants or delegates1 revocable at _! pleasure4 ,9 t way alone1 x seem$1 c\ld !y h complete security t ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t w\ld nev] be abus$ to _! disadvantage4 ,by degrees1 ?is new dem& = elective & tempor>y rul]s became ! prom95t object ( ! ex]tions ( ! popul> p>ty1 :]ev] any su* p>ty exi/$2 & sup]s$$1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ! previ\s ef=ts to limit ! p[] ( rul]s4 ,z ! /ruggle proce$$ = mak+ ! rul+ p[] emanate f ! p]iodical *oice ( ! rul$1 "s p]sons began to ?9k t too mu* importance _h be5 atta*$ to ! limitation ( ! p[] itself4 ,t 7x might seem7 0 a res\rce aga9/ rul]s ^: int]e/s 7 habitually oppos$ to ^? ( ! p4 ,:at 0 n[ want$ 01 t ! rul]s %\ld be id5tifi$ ) ! p2 t _! int]e/ & w %\ld be ! int]e/ & w ( ! nation4 ,! nation did n ne$ to be protect$ aga9/ its own w4 ,!re 0 no fe> ( its tyrannis+ ov] itself4 ,let ! rul]s be effectually responsible to x1 promptly removable by x1 & x c\ld af=d to tru/ !m ) p[] ( :i* x c\ld itself dictate ! use to be made4 ,_! p[] 0 b ! nation's own p[]1 conc5trat$1 & 9 a =m conv5i5t = ex]cise4 ,?is mode ( ?\ght1 or r p]haps ( feel+1 0 common among ! la/ g5]ation ( ,european lib]alism1 9 ! ,cont95tal section ( :i* x /ill app>5tly pr$om9ates4 ,^? :o admit any limit to :at a gov]nm5t may d1 except 9 ! case ( su* gov]nm5ts z !y ?9k ought n to exi/1 /& out z brilliant exceptions among ! political ?9k]s ( ! ,cont95t4 ,a simil> tone ( s5tim5t might by ?is "t h be5 preval5t 9 our own c\ntry1 if ! circum/ances :i* = a "t enc\rag$ x1 _h cont9u$ unalt]$4 ,b1 9 political & philosophical !ories1 z well z 9 p]sons1 success discloses faults & infirmities :i* failure might h conceal$ f obs]vation4 ,! notion1 t ! p h no ne$ to limit _! p[] ov] !mselves1 might seem axiomatic1 :5 popul> gov]nm5t 0 a ?+ only dream$ ab\t1 or read ( z hav+ exi/$ at "s di/ant p]iod ( ! pa/4 ,nei!r 0 t notion necess>ily di/urb$ by su* tempor>y ab]rations z ^? ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! wor/ ( :i* 7 ! "w ( a usurp+ few1 & :i*1 9 any case1 belong$1 n to ! p]man5t work+ ( popul> in/itutions1 b to a sudd5 & convulsive outbreak aga9/ mon>*ical & ari/ocratic despotism4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 a democratic republic came to occupy a l>ge portion ( ! e>?'s surface1 & made itself felt z "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful memb]s ( ! community ( nations2 & elective & responsible gov]nm5t became subject to ! obs]vations & criticisms :i* wait ^u a great exi/+ fact4 ,x 0 n[ p]ceiv$ t su* phrases z self-gov]nm5t1 & ! p[] ( ! p ov] !mselves1 d n express ! true /ate ( ! case4 ,! p :o ex]cise ! p[] are n always ! same p ) ^? ov] :om x is ex]cis$2 & ! self-gov]nm5t spok5 ( is n ! gov]nm5t ( ea* by himself1 b ( ea* by all ! re/4 ,! w ( ! p1 moreov]1 practically means1 ! w ( ! mo/ num]\s or ! mo/ active "p ( ! p2 ! majority1 or ^? :o succe$ 9 mak+ !mselves accept$ z ! majority3 ! p1 consequ5tly1 may desire to oppress a "p ( _! numb]2 & precautions are z mu* ne$$ aga9/ ?is1 z aga9/ any o!r abuse ( p[]4 ,! limitation1 !re=e1 ( ! p[] ( gov]nm5t ov] individuals1 loses none ( its importance :5 ! hold]s ( p[] are regul>ly acc\ntable to ! community1 t is1 to ! /ronge/ p>ty !re94 ,?is view ( ?+s1 recomm5d+ itself equally to ! intellig5ce ( ?9k]s & to ! incl9ation ( ^? important classes 9 ,european society to ^: real or suppos$ int]e/s democracy is adv]se1 has _h no difficulty 9 e/abli%+ itself2 & 9 political speculations ! tyranny ( ! majority is n[ g5]ally includ$ among ! evils aga9/ :i* society requires to be on its gu>d4 ,l o!r tyrannies1 ! tyranny ( ! majority 0 at fir/1 & is /ill vulg>ly1 held 9 dread1 *iefly z op]at+ ?r\gh ! acts ( ! public au?orities4 ,b reflect+ p]sons p]ceiv$ t :5 society is itself ! tyrant--society collectively1 ov] ! sep>ate individuals :o compose x--its means ( tyrannis+ are n re/rict$ to ! acts :i* x may d by ! h&s ( its political function>ies4 ,society c & does execute its own m&ates3 & if x issues wrong m&ates in/ead ( "r1 or any m&ates at all 9 ?+s ) :i* x ought n to m$dle1 x practises a social tyranny m =midable ?an _m k9ds ( political oppression1 s9ce1 ?\gh n usually upheld by su* extreme p5alties1 x leaves few] means ( escape1 p5etrat+ mu* m deeply into ! details ( life1 & enslav+ ! s\l itself4 ,protection1 !re=e1 aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! magi/rate is n en\gh3 !re ne$s protection also aga9/ ! tyranny ( ! prevail+ op9ion & feel+2 aga9/ ! t5d5cy ( society to impose1 by o!r means ?an civil p5alties1 its own ideas & practices z rules ( conduct on ^? :o diss5t f !m2 to fett] ! developm5t1 &1 if possible1 prev5t ! =mation1 ( any individuality n 9 h>mony ) its ways1 & compel all *>act]s to fa%ion !mselves ^u ! model ( its own4 ,!re is a limit to ! legitimate int]f]5ce ( collective op9ion ) individual indep5d5ce3 & to f9d t limit1 & ma9ta9 x aga9/ encroa*m5t1 is z indisp5sable to a good condition ( human affairs1 z protection aga9/ political despotism4 ,b ?\gh ?is proposition is n likely to be conte/$ 9 g5]al t]ms1 ! practical "q1 :]e to place ! limit--h[ to make ! fitt+ adju/m5t betwe5 individual indep5d5ce & social control--is a subject on :i* ne>ly ev]y?+ rema9s to be done4 ,all t makes exi/5ce valuable to any "o1 dep5ds on ! en=cem5t ( re/ra9ts ^u ! actions ( o!r p4 ,"s rules ( conduct1 !re=e1 mu/ be impos$1 by law 9 ! fir/ place1 & by op9ion on _m ?+s :i* are n fit subjects = ! op]ation ( law4 ,:at ^! rules %\ld be1 is ! pr9cipal "q 9 human affairs2 b if we except a few ( ! mo/ obvi\s cases1 x is "o ( ^? :i* lea/ progress has be5 made 9 resolv+4 ,no two ages1 & sc>cely any two c\ntries1 h decid$ x alike2 & ! decision ( "o age or c\ntry is a wond] to ano!r4 ,yet ! p ( any giv5 age & c\ntry no m suspect any difficulty 9 x1 ?an if x 7 a subject on :i* mank9d _h always be5 agre$4 ,! rules :i* obta9 among !mselves appe> to !m self-evid5t & self-ju/ify+4 ,?is all b univ]sal illusion is "o ( ! examples ( ! magical influ5ce ( cu/om1 :i* is n only1 z ! prov]b says1 a second nature1 b is cont9ually mi/ak5 = ! fir/4 ,! effect ( cu/om1 9 prev5t+ any misgiv+ respect+ ! rules ( conduct :i* mank9d impose on "o ano!r1 is all ! m complete because ! subject is "o on :i* x is n g5]ally consid]$ necess>y t reasons %\ld be giv51 ei!r by "o p]son to o!rs1 or by ea* to himself4 ,p are accu/om$ to believe1 & h be5 enc\rag$ 9 ! belief by "s :o aspire to ! "* ( philosoph]s1 t _! feel+s1 on subjects ( ?is nature1 are bett] ?an reasons1 & r5d] reasons unnecess>y4 ,! practical pr9ciple :i* guides !m to _! op9ions on ! regulation ( human conduct1 is ! feel+ 9 ea* p]son's m9d t ev]ybody %\ld be requir$ to act z he1 & ^? ) :om he sympa?ises1 w\ld l !m to act4 ,no "o1 inde$1 ackn[l$ges to himself t 8 /&>d ( judgm5t is 8 own lik+2 b an op9ion on a po9t ( conduct1 n support$ by reasons1 c only c\nt z "o p]son's pref]5ce2 & if ! reasons1 :5 giv51 are a m]e appeal to a simil> pref]5ce felt by o!r p1 x is /ill only _m p's lik+ in/ead ( "o4 ,to an ord9>y man1 h[ev]1 8 own pref]5ce1 ?us support$1 is n only a p]fectly satisfactory reason1 b ! only "o he g5]ally has = any ( 8 notions ( morality1 ta/e1 or propriety1 :i* are n expressly writt5 9 8 religi\s cre$2 & 8 *ief guide 9 ! int]pretation ev5 ( t4 ,m5's op9ions1 accord+ly1 on :at is laudable or blamable1 are affect$ by all ! multif>i\s causes :i* influ5ce _! wi%es 9 reg>d to ! conduct ( o!rs1 & :i* are z num]\s z ^? :i* det]m9e _! wi%es on any o!r subject4 ,sometimes _! reason--at o!r times _! prejudices or sup]/itions3 (t5 _! social affections1 n seldom _! anti-social ones1 _! envy or jeal\sy1 _! arrogance or contemptu\sness3 b mo/ commonly1 _! desires or fe>s = !mselves--_! legitimate or illegitimate self-int]e/4 ,:]ev] !re is an asc5dant class1 a l>ge portion ( ! morality ( ! c\ntry emanates f its class int]e/s1 & its feel+s ( class sup]iority4 ,! morality betwe5 ,sp>tans & ,helots1 betwe5 plant]s & negroes1 betwe5 pr9ces & subjects1 betwe5 nobles & roturi]s1 betwe5 m5 & wom51 has be5 = ! mo/ "p ! creation ( ^! class int]e/s & feel+s3 & ! s5tim5ts ?us g5]at$1 react 9 turn ^u ! moral feel+s ( ! memb]s ( ! asc5dant class1 9 _! relations among !mselves4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 a class1 =m]ly asc5dant1 has lo/ its asc5dancy1 or :]e its asc5dancy is unpopul>1 ! prevail+ moral s5tim5ts frequ5tly be> ! impress ( an impati5t dislike ( sup]iority4 ,ano!r gr& det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! rules ( conduct1 bo? 9 act & =be>ance1 :i* h be5 en=c$ by law or op9ion1 has be5 ! s]vility ( mank9d t[>ds ! suppos$ pref]5ces or av]sions ( _! temporal ma/]s1 or ( _! gods4 ,?is s]vility1 ?\gh ess5tially selfi%1 is n hypocrisy2 x gives rise to p]fectly g5u9e s5tim5ts ( abhorr5ce2 x made m5 burn magicians & h]etics4 ,among s _m bas] influ5ces1 ! g5]al & obvi\s int]e/s ( society h ( c\rse _h a %>e1 & a l>ge "o1 9 ! direction ( ! moral s5tim5ts3 less1 h[ev]1 z a matt] ( reason1 & on _! own acc\nt1 ?an z a consequ5ce ( ! sympa?ies & antipa?ies :i* grew out ( !m3 & sympa?ies & antipa?ies :i* _h little or no?+ to d ) ! int]e/s ( society1 h made !mselves felt 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( moralities ) q z great =ce4 ,! lik+s & dislik+s ( society1 or ( "s p[]ful portion ( x1 are ?us ! ma9 ?+ :i* has practically det]m9$ ! rules laid d[n = g5]al obs]vance1 "u ! p5alties ( law or op9ion4 ,& 9 g5]al1 ^? :o h be5 9 advance ( society 9 ?\ght & feel+ h left ?is condition ( ?+s unassail$ 9 pr9ciple1 h[ev] !y may h come into conflict ) x 9 "s ( its details4 ,!y h occupi$ !mselves r 9 inquir+ :at ?+s society ought to l or dislike1 ?an 9 que/ion+ :e!r its lik+s or dislik+s %\ld be a law to individuals4 ,!y pref]r$ endeav\r+ to alt] ! feel+s ( mank9d on ! p>ticul> po9ts on :i* !y 7 !mselves h]etical1 r ?an make common cause 9 def5ce ( fre$om1 ) h]etics g5]ally4 ,! only case 9 :i* ! high] gr\nd has be5 tak5 on pr9ciple & ma9ta9$ ) consi/5cy1 by any b an individual "h & !re1 is t ( religi\s belief3 a case in/ructive 9 _m ways1 & n lea/ s z =m+ a mo/ /rik+ in/ance ( ! fallibility ( :at is call$ ! moral s5se3 = ! odium !ologicum1 9 a s9c]e bigot1 is "o ( ! mo/ unequivocal cases ( moral feel+4 ,^? :o fir/ broke ! yoke ( :at call$ itself ! ,univ]sal ,*ur*1 7 9 g5]al z little will+ to p]mit diff]5ce ( religi\s op9ion z t *ur* itself4 ,b :5 ! heat ( ! conflict 0 ov]1 )\t giv+ a complete victory to any p>ty1 & ea* *ur* or sect 0 r$uc$ to limit its hopes to reta9+ possession ( ! gr\nd x already occupi$2 m9orities1 see+ t !y _h no *ance ( becom+ majorities1 7 "u ! necessity ( plead+ to ^? :om !y c\ld n conv]t1 = p]mission to diff]4 ,x is accord+ly on ?is battle-field1 almo/ solely1 t ! rights ( ! individual aga9/ society h be5 ass]t$ on broad gr\nds ( pr9ciple1 & ! claim ( society to ex]cise au?ority ov] diss5ti5ts1 op5ly controv]t$4 ,! great writ]s to :om ! _w owes :at religi\s lib]ty x possesses1 h mo/ly ass]t$ fre$om ( consci5ce z an indefeasible "r1 & d5i$ absolutely t a human be+ is acc\ntable to o!rs = 8 religi\s belief4 ,yet s natural to mank9d is intol]ance 9 :atev] !y really c>e ab\t1 t religi\s fre$om has h>dly any:]e be5 practically realis$1 except :]e religi\s indiff]5ce1 :i* dislikes to h its peace di/urb$ by !ological qu>rels1 has add$ its weight to ! scale4 ,9 ! m9ds ( almo/ all religi\s p]sons1 ev5 9 ! mo/ tol]ant c\ntries1 ! duty ( tol]ation is admitt$ ) tacit res]ves4 ,"o p]son w be> ) diss5t 9 matt]s ( *ur* gov]nm5t1 b n ( dogma2 ano!r c tol]ate ev]ybody1 %ort ( a ,papi/ or a ,unit>ian2 ano!r1 e "o :o believes 9 reveal$ religion2 a few ext5d _! *>ity a little fur!r1 b /op at ! belief 9 a ,god & 9 a future /ate4 ,:]ev] ! s5tim5t ( ! majority is /ill g5u9e & int5se1 x is f\nd to h abat$ little ( its claim to be obey$4 ,9 ,engl&1 f ! peculi> circum/ances ( our political hi/ory1 ?\gh ! yoke ( op9ion is p]haps heavi]1 t ( law is light]1 ?an 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries ( ,europe2 & !re is consid]able jeal\sy ( direct int]f]5ce1 by ! legislative or ! executive p[]1 ) private conduct2 n s mu* f any j reg>d = ! indep5d5ce ( ! individual1 z f ! /ill subsi/+ habit ( look+ on ! gov]nm5t z repres5t+ an opposite int]e/ to ! public4 ,! majority h n yet le>nt to feel ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t _! p[]1 or its op9ions _! op9ions4 ,:5 !y d s1 individual lib]ty w probably be z mu* expos$ to invasion f ! gov]nm5t1 z x already is f public op9ion4 ,b1 z yet1 !re is a consid]able am\nt ( feel+ ready to be call$ =? aga9/ any attempt ( ! law to control individuals 9 ?+s 9 :i* !y h n hi!rto be5 accu/om$ to be controll$ by x2 & ?is ) v little discrim9ation z to :e!r ! matt] is1 or is n1 )9 ! legitimate sph]e ( legal control2 insomu* t ! feel+1 highly salut>y on ! :ole1 is p]haps q z (t5 misplac$ z well gr\nd$ 9 ! p>ticul> in/ances ( its application4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no recognis$ pr9ciple by :i* ! propriety or impropriety ( gov]nm5t int]f]5ce is cu/om>ily te/$4 ,p decide accord+ to _! p]sonal pref]5ces4 ,"s1 :5ev] !y see any good to be done1 or evil to be rem$i$1 w\ld will+ly in/igate ! gov]nm5t to und]take ! bus9ess2 :ile o!rs pref] to be> almo/ any am\nt ( social evil1 r ?an add "o to ! dep>tm5ts ( human int]e/s am5able to gov]nm5tal control4 ,& m5 range !mselves on "o or ! o!r side 9 any p>ticul> case1 accord+ to ?is g5]al direction ( _! s5tim5ts2 or accord+ to ! degree ( int]e/ :i* !y feel 9 ! p>ticul> ?+ :i* x is propos$ t ! gov]nm5t %\ld d1 or accord+ to ! belief !y ent]ta9 t ! gov]nm5t w\ld1 or w\ld n1 d x 9 ! mann] !y pref]2 b v r>ely on acc\nt ( any op9ion to :i* !y consi/5tly adh]e1 z to :at ?+s are fit to be done by a gov]nm5t4 ,& x seems to me t 9 consequ5ce ( ?is abs5ce ( rule or pr9ciple1 "o side is at pres5t z (t5 wrong z ! o!r2 ! int]f]5ce ( gov]nm5t is1 ) ab\t equal frequ5cy1 improp]ly invok$ & improp]ly condemn$4 ,! object ( ?is ,essay is to ass]t "o v simple pr9ciple1 z entitl$ to gov]n absolutely ! deal+s ( society ) ! individual 9 ! way ( compulsion & control1 :e!r ! means us$ be physical =ce 9 ! =m ( legal p5alties1 or ! moral co]cion ( public op9ion4 ,t pr9ciple is1 t ! sole end = :i* mank9d are w>rant$1 individually or collectively1 9 int]f]+ ) ! lib]ty ( action ( any ( _! numb]1 is self-protection4 ,t ! only purpose = :i* p[] c be rightfully ex]cis$ ov] any memb] ( a civilis$ community1 aga9/ 8 w1 is to prev5t h>m to o!rs4 ,8 own good1 ei!r physical or moral1 is n a suffici5t w>rant4 ,he _c rightfully be compell$ to d or =be> because x w be bett] = him to d s1 because x w make him happi]1 because1 9 ! op9ions ( o!rs1 to d s w\ld be wise1 or ev5 "r4 ,^! are good reasons = remon/rat+ ) him1 or reason+ ) him1 or p]suad+ him1 or entreat+ him1 b n = compell+ him1 or visit+ him ) any evil 9 case he d o!rwise4 ,to ju/ify t1 ! conduct f :i* x is desir$ to det] him mu/ be calculat$ to produce evil to "s "o else4 ,! only "p ( ! conduct ( any "o1 = :i* he is am5able to society1 is t :i* conc]ns o!rs4 ,9 ! "p :i* m]ely conc]ns himself1 8 indep5d5ce is1 ( "r1 absolute4 ,ov] himself1 ov] 8 own body & m9d1 ! individual is sov]eign4 ,x is1 p]haps1 h>dly necess>y to say t ?is doctr9e is meant to apply only to human be+s 9 ! maturity ( _! faculties4 ,we are n speak+ ( *ildr51 or ( "y p]sons bel[ ! age :i* ! law may fix z t ( manhood or womanhood4 ,^? :o are /ill 9 a /ate to require be+ tak5 c>e ( by o!rs1 mu/ be protect$ aga9/ _! own actions z well z aga9/ ext]nal injury4 ,= ! same reason1 we may leave out ( consid]ation ^? backw>d /ates ( society 9 :i* ! race itself may be consid]$ z 9 its nonage4 ,! e>ly difficulties 9 ! way ( spontane\s progress are s great1 t !re is seldom any *oice ( means = ov]com+ !m2 & a rul] full ( ! _s ( improvem5t is w>rant$ 9 ! use ( any exp$i5ts t w atta9 an end1 p]haps o!rwise unatta9able4 ,despotism is a legitimate mode ( gov]nm5t 9 deal+ ) b>b>ians1 provid$ ! end be _! improvem5t1 & ! means ju/ifi$ by actually effect+ t end4 ,lib]ty1 z a pr9ciple1 has no application to any /ate ( ?+s ant]ior to ! "t :5 mank9d h become capable ( be+ improv$ by free & equal discussion4 ,until !n1 !re is no?+ = !m b implicit ob$i5ce to an ,akb> or a ,*>lemagne1 if !y are s =tunate z to f9d "o4 ,b z soon z mank9d h atta9$ ! capacity ( be+ guid$ to _! own improvem5t by conviction or p]suasion 7a p]iod long s9ce rea*$ 9 all nations ) :om we ne$ "h conc]n ourselves71 compulsion1 ei!r 9 ! direct =m or 9 t ( pa9s & p5alties = non-compliance1 is no long] admissible z a means to _! own good1 & ju/ifiable only = ! security ( o!rs4 ,x is prop] to /ate t ,i =ego any advantage :i* c\ld be d]iv$ to my argum5t f ! idea ( ab/ract "r1 z a ?+ indep5d5t ( utility4 ,i reg>d utility z ! ultimate appeal on all e?ical que/ions2 b x mu/ be utility 9 ! l>ge/ s5se1 gr\nd$ on ! p]man5t int]e/s ( man z a progressive be+4 ,^? int]e/s1 ,i cont5d1 au?orise ! subjection ( individual spontaneity to ext]nal control1 only 9 respect to ^? actions ( ea*1 :i* conc]n ! int]e/ ( o!r p4 ,if any "o does an act hurtful to o!rs1 !re is a prim facie case = puni%+ him1 by law1 or1 :]e legal p5alties are n safely applicable1 by g5]al disapprobation4 ,!re are also _m positive acts = ! b5efit ( o!rs1 :i* he may rightfully be compell$ to p]=m2 su* z1 to give evid5ce 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice2 to be> 8 fair %>e 9 ! common def5ce1 or 9 any o!r jo9t "w necess>y to ! int]e/ ( ! society ( :i* he enjoys ! protection2 & to p]=m c]ta9 acts ( individual b5efic5ce1 su* z sav+ a fell[-creature's life1 or int]pos+ to protect ! def5celess aga9/ ill-usage1 ?+s :i* :5ev] x is obvi\sly a man's duty to d1 he may rightfully be made responsible to society = n do+4 ,a p]son may cause evil to o!rs n only by 8 actions b by 8 inaction1 & 9 ei!r case he is ju/ly acc\ntable to !m = ! injury4 ,! latt] case1 x is true1 requires a mu* m cauti\s ex]cise ( compulsion ?an ! =m]4 ,to make any "o answ]able = do+ evil to o!rs1 is ! rule2 to make him answ]able = n prev5t+ evil1 is1 comp>atively speak+1 ! exception4 ,yet !re are _m cases cle> en\gh & grave en\gh to ju/ify t exception4 ,9 all ?+s :i* reg>d ! ext]nal relations ( ! individual1 he is de jure am5able to ^? ^: int]e/s are conc]n$1 & if ne$ be1 to society z _! protector4 ,!re are (t5 good reasons = n hold+ him to ! responsibility2 b ^! reasons mu/ arise f ! special exp$i5cies ( ! case3 ei!r because x is a k9d ( case 9 :i* he is on ! :ole likely to act bett]1 :5 left to 8 own discretion1 ?an :5 controll$ 9 any way 9 :i* society h x 9 _! p[] to control him2 or because ! attempt to ex]cise control w\ld produce o!r evils1 great] ?an ^? :i* x w\ld prev5t4 ,:5 su* reasons z ^! preclude ! en=cem5t ( responsibility1 ! consci5ce ( ! ag5t himself %\ld /ep into ! vacant judgm5t seat1 & protect ^? int]e/s ( o!rs :i* h no ext]nal protection2 judg+ himself all ! m rigidly1 because ! case does n admit ( 8 be+ made acc\ntable to ! judgm5t ( 8 fell[-creatures4 ,b !re is a sph]e ( action 9 :i* society1 z di/+ui%$ f ! individual1 has1 if any1 only an indirect int]e/2 compreh5d+ all t portion ( a p]son's life & conduct :i* affects only himself1 or if x also affects o!rs1 only ) _! free1 volunt>y1 & undeceiv$ cons5t & p>ticipation4 ,:5 ,i say only himself1 ,i mean directly1 & 9 ! fir/ in/ance3 = :atev] affects himself1 may affect o!rs ?r\gh himself2 & ! objection :i* may be gr\nd$ on ?is cont+5cy1 w receive consid]ation 9 ! sequel4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! appropriate region ( human lib]ty4 ,x comprises1 fir/1 ! inw>d doma9 ( consci\sness2 dem&+ lib]ty ( consci5ce1 9 ! mo/ compreh5sive s5se2 lib]ty ( ?\ght & feel+2 absolute fre$om ( op9ion & s5tim5t on all subjects1 practical or speculative1 sci5tific1 moral1 or !ological4 ,! lib]ty ( express+ & publi%+ op9ions may seem to fall "u a diff]5t pr9ciple1 s9ce x belongs to t "p ( ! conduct ( an individual :i* conc]ns o!r p2 b1 be+ almo/ ( z mu* importance z ! lib]ty ( ?\ght itself1 & re/+ 9 great "p on ! same reasons1 is practically insep>able f x4 ,secondly1 ! pr9ciple requires lib]ty ( ta/es & pursuits2 ( fram+ ! plan ( our life to suit our own "*2 ( do+ z we l1 subject to su* consequ5ces z may foll[3 )\t imp$im5t f our fell[-creatures1 s long z :at we d does n h>m !m1 ev5 ?\gh !y %\ld ?9k our conduct fooli%1 p]v]se1 or wrong4 ,?irdly1 f ?is lib]ty ( ea* individual1 foll[s ! lib]ty1 )9 ! same limits1 ( comb9ation among individuals2 fre$om to unite1 = any purpose n involv+ h>m to o!rs3 ! p]sons comb9+ be+ suppos$ to be ( full age1 & n =c$ or deceiv$4 ,no society 9 :i* ^! lib]ties are n1 on ! :ole1 respect$1 is free1 :atev] may be its =m ( gov]nm5t2 & none is completely free 9 :i* !y d n exi/ absolute & unqualifi$4 ,! only fre$om :i* des]ves ! "n1 is t ( pursu+ our own good 9 our own way1 s long z we d n attempt to deprive o!rs ( !irs1 or imp$e _! ef=ts to obta9 x4 ,ea* is ! prop] gu>dian ( 8 own heal?1 :e!r bodily1 or m5tal & spiritual4 ,mank9d are great] ga9]s by suff]+ ea* o!r to live z seems good to !mselves1 ?an by compell+ ea* to live z seems good to ! re/4 ,?\gh ?is doctr9e is any?+ b new1 &1 to "s p]sons1 may h ! air ( a truism1 !re is no doctr9e :i* /&s m directly oppos$ to ! g5]al t5d5cy ( exi/+ op9ion & practice4 ,society has exp5d$ fully z mu* ef=t 9 ! attempt 7accord+ to its lights7 to compel p to con=m to its notions ( p]sonal1 z ( social excell5ce4 ,! anci5t commonweal?s ?\ght !mselves entitl$ to practise1 & ! anci5t philosoph]s c\nt5anc$1 ! regulation ( e "p ( private conduct by public au?ority1 on ! gr\nd t ! ,/ate _h a deep int]e/ 9 ! :ole bodily & m5tal discipl9e ( e "o ( its citiz5s2 a mode ( ?9k+ :i* may h be5 admissible 9 small republics surr\nd$ by p[]ful enemies1 9 con/ant p]il ( be+ subv]t$ by =eign attack or int]nal commotion1 & to :i* ev5 a %ort int]val ( relax$ en]gy & self-comm& might s easily be fatal1 t !y c\ld n af=d to wait = ! salut>y p]man5t effects ( fre$om4 ,9 ! mod]n _w1 ! great] size ( political communities1 & above all1 ! sep>ation betwe5 spiritual & temporal au?ority 7:i* plac$ ! direction ( m5's consci5ces 9 o!r h&s ?an ^? :i* controll$ _! worldly affairs71 prev5t$ s great an int]f]5ce by law 9 ! details ( private life2 b ! eng9es ( moral repression h be5 wield$ m /r5u\sly aga9/ div]g5ce f ! reign+ op9ion 9 self-reg>d+1 ?an ev5 9 social matt]s2 religion1 ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! elem5ts :i* h ent]$ into ! =mation ( moral feel+1 hav+ almo/ always be5 gov]n$ ei!r by ! ambition ( a hi]>*y1 seek+ control ov] e dep>tm5t ( human conduct1 or by ! _s ( ,puritanism4 ,& "s ( ^? mod]n re=m]s :o h plac$ !mselves 9 /ronge/ opposition to ! religions ( ! pa/1 h be5 n[ay beh9d ei!r *ur*es or sects 9 _! ass]tion ( ! "r ( spiritual dom9ation3 ,m4 ,comte1 9 p>ticul>1 ^: social sy/em1 z unfold$ 9 8 ,trait de ,politique ,positive1 aims at e/abli%+ 7?\gh by moral m ?an by legal appliances7 a despotism ( society ov] ! individual1 surpass+ any?+ contemplat$ 9 ! political ideal ( ! mo/ rigid discipl9>ian among ! anci5t philosoph]s4 ,ap>t f ! peculi> t5ets ( individual ?9k]s1 !re is also 9 ! _w at l>ge an increas+ incl9ation to /ret* unduly ! p[]s ( society ov] ! individual1 bo? by ! =ce ( op9ion & ev5 by t ( legislation3 & z ! t5d5cy ( all ! *anges tak+ place 9 ! _w is to /r5g!n society1 & dim9i% ! p[] ( ! individual1 ?is encroa*m5t is n "o ( ! evils :i* t5d spontane\sly to disappe>1 b1 on ! contr>y1 to gr[ m & m =midable4 ,! disposition ( mank9d1 :e!r z rul]s or z fell[-citiz5s to impose _! own op9ions & incl9ations z a rule ( conduct on o!rs1 is s en]getically support$ by "s ( ! be/ & by "s ( ! wor/ feel+s incid5t to human nature1 t x is h>dly ev] kept "u re/ra9t by any?+ b want ( p[]2 & z ! p[] is n decl9+1 b gr[+1 unless a /rong b>ri] ( moral conviction c be rais$ aga9/ ! mis*ief1 we mu/ expect1 9 ! pres5t circum/ances ( ! _w1 to see x increase4 ,x w be conv5i5t = ! argum5t1 if1 in/ead ( at once ent]+ ^u ! g5]al !sis1 we conf9e ourselves 9 ! fir/ in/ance to a s+le bran* ( x1 on :i* ! pr9ciple "h /at$ is1 if n fully1 yet to a c]ta9 po9t1 recognis$ by ! curr5t op9ions4 ,?is "o bran* is ! ,lib]ty ( ,?\ght3 f :i* x is impossible to sep>ate ! cognate lib]ty ( speak+ & ( writ+4 ,al?\gh ^! lib]ties1 to "s consid]able am\nt1 =m "p ( ! political morality ( all c\ntries :i* pr(ess religi\s tol]ation & free in/itutions1 ! gr\nds1 bo? philosophical & practical1 on :i* !y re/1 are p]haps n s famili> to ! g5]al m9d1 nor s ?or\ghly appreciat$ by _m ev5 ( ! lead]s ( op9ion1 z might h be5 expect$4 ,^? gr\nds1 :5 rightly und]/ood1 are ( mu* wid] application ?an to only "o division ( ! subject1 & a ?or\gh consid]ation ( ?is "p ( ! "q w be f\nd ! be/ introduction to ! rema9d]4 ,^? to :om no?+ :i* ,i am ab\t to say w be new1 may !re=e1 ,i hope1 excuse me1 if on a subject :i* = n[ ?ree c5turies has be5 s (t5 discuss$1 ,i v5ture on "o discussion m4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,( ,,! ,,lib]ty ,,( ,,?\ght ,,& ,,discussion4 ,! "t1 x is to be hop$1 is gone by1 :5 any def5ce w\ld be necess>y ( ! lib]ty ( ! press z "o ( ! securities aga9/ corrupt or tyrannical gov]nm5t4 ,no argum5t1 we may suppose1 c n[ be ne$$1 aga9/ p]mitt+ a legislature or an executive1 n id5tifi$ 9 int]e/ ) ! p1 to prescribe op9ions to !m1 & det]m9e :at doctr9es or :at argum5ts !y %all be all[$ to he>4 ,?is aspect ( ! "q1 besides1 has be5 s (t5 & s triumphantly en=c$ by prec$+ writ]s1 t x ne$ n be specially insi/$ on 9 ?is place4 ,?\gh ! law ( ,engl&1 on ! subject ( ! press1 is z s]vile to ?is day z x 0 9 ! "t ( ! ,tudors1 !re is little dang] ( its be+ actually put 9 =ce aga9/ political discussion1 except dur+ "s tempor>y panic1 :5 fe> ( insurrection drives m9i/]s & judges f _! propriety2#f &1 speak+ g5]ally1 x is n1 9 con/itutional c\ntries1 to be appreh5d$ t ! gov]nm5t1 :e!r completely responsible to ! p or n1 w (t5 attempt to control ! expression ( op9ion1 except :5 9 do+ s x makes itself ! organ ( ! g5]al intol]ance ( ! public4 ,let u suppose1 !re=e1 t ! gov]nm5t is entirely at "o ) ! p1 & nev] ?9ks ( ex]t+ any p[] ( co]cion unless 9 agreem5t ) :at x conceives to be _! voice4 ,b ,i d5y ! "r ( ! p to ex]cise su* co]cion1 ei!r by !mselves or by _! gov]nm5t4 ,! p[] itself is illegitimate4 ,! be/ gov]nm5t has no m title to x ?an ! wor/4 ,x is z noxi\s1 or m noxi\s1 :5 ex]t$ 9 accordance ) public op9ion1 ?an :5 9 or opposition to x4 ,if all mank9d m9us "o1 7 ( "o op9ion1 & only "o p]son 7 ( ! contr>y op9ion1 mank9d w\ld be no m ju/ifi$ 9 sil5c+ t "o p]son1 ?an he1 if he _h ! p[]1 w\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 sil5c+ mank9d4 ,7 an op9ion a p]sonal possession ( no value except to ! own]2 if to be ob/ruct$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( x 7 simply a private injury1 x w\ld make "s diff]5ce :e!r ! injury 0 inflict$ only on a few p]sons or on _m4 ,b ! peculi> evil ( sil5c+ ! expression ( an op9ion is1 t x is robb+ ! human race2 po/]ity z well z ! exi/+ g5]ation2 ^? :o diss5t f ! op9ion1 /ill m ?an ^? :o hold x4 ,if ! op9ion is "r1 !y are depriv$ ( ! opportunity ( ex*ang+ error = tru?3 if wrong1 !y lose1 :at is almo/ z great a b5efit1 ! cle>] p]ception & liveli] impression ( tru?1 produc$ by its collision ) error4 ,x is necess>y to consid] sep>ately ^! two hypo!ses1 ea* ( :i* has a di/9ct bran* ( ! argum5t correspond+ to x4 ,we c nev] be sure t ! op9ion we are endeav\r+ to /ifle is a false op9ion2 & if we 7 sure1 /ifl+ x w\ld be an evil /ill4 ,fir/3 ! op9ion :i* x is attempt$ to suppress by au?ority may possibly be true4 ,^? :o desire to suppress x1 ( c\rse d5y its tru?2 b !y are n infallible4 ,!y h no au?ority to decide ! "q = all mank9d1 & exclude e o!r p]son f ! means ( judg+4 ,to refuse a he>+ to an op9ion1 because !y are sure t x is false1 is to assume t _! c]ta9ty is ! same ?+ z absolute c]ta9ty4 ,all sil5c+ ( discussion is an assumption ( infallibility4 ,its condemnation may be all[$ to re/ on ?is common argum5t1 n ! worse = be+ common4 ,un=tunately = ! good s5se ( mank9d1 ! fact ( _! fallibility is f> f c>ry+ ! weight 9 _! practical judgm5t1 :i* is always all[$ to x 9 !ory2 = :ile e "o well kn[s himself to be fallible1 few ?9k x necess>y to take any precautions aga9/ _! own fallibility1 or admit ! supposition t any op9ion1 ( :i* !y feel v c]ta91 may be "o ( ! examples ( ! error to :i* !y ackn[l$ge !mselves to be liable4 ,absolute pr9ces1 or o!rs :o are accu/om$ to unlimit$ def]5ce1 usually feel ?is complete confid5ce 9 _! own op9ions on ne>ly all subjects4 ,p m happily situat$1 :o sometimes he> _! op9ions disput$1 & are n :olly unus$ to be set "r :5 !y are wrong1 place ! same unb\nd$ reliance only on su* ( _! op9ions z are %>$ by all :o surr\nd !m1 or to :om !y habitually def]3 = 9 proportion to a man's want ( confid5ce 9 8 own solit>y judgm5t1 does he usually repose1 ) implicit tru/1 on ! infallibility ( ! _w 9 g5]al4 ,& ! _w1 to ea* individual1 means ! "p ( x ) :i* he comes 9 contact2 8 p>ty1 8 sect1 8 *ur*1 8 class ( society3 ! man may be call$1 by comp>ison1 almo/ lib]al & l>ge-m9d$ to :om x means any?+ s compreh5sive z 8 own c\ntry or 8 own age4 ,nor is 8 fai? 9 ?is collective au?ority at all %ak5 by 8 be+ aw>e t o!r ages1 c\ntries1 sects1 *ur*es1 classes1 & p>ties h ?\ght1 & ev5 n[ ?9k1 ! exact rev]se4 ,he devolves ^u 8 own _w ! responsibility ( be+ 9 ! "r aga9/ ! diss5ti5t worlds ( o!r p2 & x nev] tr\bles him t m]e accid5t has decid$ :i* ( ^! num]\s worlds is ! object ( 8 reliance1 & t ! same causes :i* make him a ,*ur*man 9 ,london1 w\ld h made him a ,buddhi/ or a ,confucian 9 ,pek94 ,yet x is z evid5t 9 itself z any am\nt ( argum5t c make x1 t ages are no m infallible ?an individuals2 e age hav+ held _m op9ions :i* subsequ5t ages h deem$ n only false b absurd2 & x is z c]ta9 t _m op9ions1 n[ g5]al1 w be reject$ by future ages1 z x is t _m1 once g5]al1 are reject$ by ! pres5t4 ,! objection likely to be made to ?is argum5t1 w\ld probably take "s su* =m z ! foll[+4 ,!re is no great] assumption ( infallibility 9 =bidd+ ! propagation ( error1 ?an 9 any o!r ?+ :i* is done by public au?ority on its own judgm5t & responsibility4 ,judgm5t is giv5 to m5 t !y may use x4 ,because x may be us$ errone\sly1 are m5 to be told t !y ought n to use x at all8 ,to prohibit :at !y ?9k p]nici\s1 is n claim+ exemption f error1 b fulfill+ ! duty incumb5t on !m1 al?\gh fallible1 ( act+ on _! consci5ti\s conviction4 ,if we 7 nev] to act on our op9ions1 because ^? op9ions may be wrong1 we %\ld leave all our int]e/s unc>$ =1 & all our duties unp]=m$4 ,an objection :i* applies to all conduct1 c be no valid objection to any conduct 9 p>ticul>4 ,x is ! duty ( gov]nm5ts1 & ( individuals1 to =m ! true/ op9ions !y c2 to =m !m c>efully1 & nev] impose !m ^u o!rs unless !y are q sure ( be+ "r4 ,b :5 !y are sure 7su* reason]s may say71 x is n consci5ti\sness b c[>dice to %r9k f act+ on _! op9ions1 & all[ doctr9es :i* !y hone/ly ?9k dang]\s to ! welf>e ( mank9d1 ei!r 9 ?is life or 9 ano!r1 to be scatt]$ abroad )\t re/ra9t1 because o!r p1 9 less enlight5$ times1 h p]secut$ op9ions n[ believ$ to be true4 ,let u take c>e1 x may be said1 n to make ! same mi/ake3 b gov]nm5ts & nations h made mi/akes 9 o!r ?+s1 :i* are n d5i$ to be fit subjects = ! ex]cise ( au?ority3 !y h laid on bad taxes1 made unju/ w>s4 ,ought we !re=e to lay on no taxes1 &1 "u :atev] provocation1 make no w>s8 ,m51 & gov]nm5ts1 mu/ act to ! be/ ( _! ability4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z absolute c]ta9ty1 b !re is assurance suffici5t = ! purposes ( human life4 ,we may1 & mu/1 assume our op9ion to be true = ! guidance ( our own conduct3 & x is assum+ no m :5 we =bid bad m5 to p]v]t society by ! propagation ( op9ions :i* we reg>d z false & p]nici\s4 ,i answ] t x is assum+ v mu* m4 ,!re is ! greate/ diff]5ce betwe5 presum+ an op9ion to be true1 because1 ) e opportunity = conte/+ x1 x has n be5 refut$1 & assum+ its tru? = ! purpose ( n p]mitt+ its refutation4 ,complete lib]ty ( contradict+ & disprov+ our op9ion1 is ! v condition :i* ju/ifies u 9 assum+ its tru? = purposes ( action2 & on no o!r t]ms c a be+ ) human faculties h any rational assurance ( be+ "r4 ,:5 we consid] ei!r ! hi/ory ( op9ion1 or ! ord9>y conduct ( human life1 to :at is x to be ascrib$ t ! "o & ! o!r are no worse ?an !y are8 ,n c]ta9ly to ! inh]5t =ce ( ! human und]/&+2 =1 on any matt] n self-evid5t1 !re are n9ety-n9e p]sons totally incapable ( judg+ ( x1 = "o :o is capable2 & ! capacity ( ! hundr$? p]son is only comp>ative2 = ! majority ( ! em95t m5 ( e pa/ g5]ation held _m op9ions n[ kn[n to be errone\s1 & did or approv$ num]\s ?+s :i* no "o w n[ ju/ify4 ,:y is x1 !n1 t !re is on ! :ole a prepond]ance among mank9d ( rational op9ions & rational conduct8 ,if !re really is ?is prepond]ance--:i* !re mu/ be1 unless human affairs are1 & h always be51 9 an almo/ desp]ate /ate--x is ow+ to a quality ( ! human m9d1 ! s\rce ( ev]y?+ respectable 9 man ei!r z an intellectual or z a moral be+1 namely1 t 8 errors are corrigible4 ,he is capable ( rectify+ 8 mi/akes1 by discussion & exp]i5ce4 ,n by exp]i5ce alone4 ,!re mu/ be discussion1 to %[ h[ exp]i5ce is to be int]pret$4 ,wrong op9ions & practices gradually yield to fact & argum5t3 b facts & argum5ts1 to produce any effect on ! m9d1 mu/ be br\ght be=e x4 ,v few facts are able to tell _! own /ory1 )\t comm5ts to br+ out _! mean+4 ,! :ole /r5g? & value1 !n1 ( human judgm5t1 dep5d+ on ! "o prop]ty1 t x c be set "r :5 x is wrong1 reliance c be plac$ on x only :5 ! means ( sett+ x "r are kept con/antly at h&4 ,9 ! case ( any p]son ^: judgm5t is really des]v+ ( confid5ce1 h[ has x become s8 ,because he has kept 8 m9d op5 to criticism ( 8 op9ions & conduct4 ,because x has be5 8 practice to li/5 to all t c\ld be said aga9/ him2 to pr(it by z mu* ( x z 0 j1 & exp\nd to himself1 & ^u occasion to o!rs1 ! fallacy ( :at 0 fallaci\s4 ,because he has felt1 t ! only way 9 :i* a human be+ c make "s approa* to kn[+ ! :ole ( a subject1 is by he>+ :at c be said ab\t x by p]sons ( e v>iety ( op9ion1 & /udy+ all modes 9 :i* x c be look$ at by e "* ( m9d4 ,no wise man ev] acquir$ 8 wisdom 9 any mode b ?is2 nor is x 9 ! nature ( human intellect to become wise 9 any o!r mann]4 ,! /eady habit ( correct+ & complet+ 8 own op9ion by collat+ x ) ^? ( o!rs1 s f> f caus+ d\bt & hesitation 9 c>ry+ x into practice1 is ! only /able f\ndation = a j reliance on x3 =1 be+ cognisant ( all t c1 at lea/ obvi\sly1 be said aga9/ him1 & hav+ tak5 up 8 position aga9/ all ga9say]s--kn[+ t he has s\ght = objections & difficulties1 in/ead ( avoid+ !m1 & has %ut out no light :i* c be ?r[n ^u ! subject f any qu>t]--he has a "r to ?9k 8 judgm5t bett] ?an t ( any p]son1 or any multitude1 :o h n gone ?r\gh a simil> process4 ,x is n too mu* to require t :at ! wise/ ( mank9d1 ^? :o are be/ entitl$ to tru/ _! own judgm5t1 f9d necess>y to w>rant _! rely+ on x1 %\ld be submitt$ to by t miscellane\s collection ( a few wise & _m fooli% individuals1 call$ ! public4 ,! mo/ intol]ant ( *ur*es1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ev5 at ! canonisation ( a sa9t1 admits1 & li/5s pati5tly to1 a devil's advocate4 ,! holie/ ( m51 x appe>s1 _c be admitt$ to po/hum\s hon\rs1 until all t ! devil c\ld say aga9/ him is kn[n & weigh$4 ,if ev5 ! ,newtonian philosophy 7 n p]mitt$ to be que/ion$1 mank9d c\ld n feel z complete assurance ( its tru? z !y n[ d4 ,! beliefs :i* we h mo/ w>rant =1 h no safegu>d to re/ on1 b a /&+ invitation to ! :ole _w to prove !m unf\nd$4 ,if ! *all5ge is n accept$1 or is accept$ & ! attempt fails1 we are f> en\gh f c]ta9ty /ill2 b we h done ! be/ t ! exi/+ /ate ( human reason admits (2 we h neglect$ no?+ t c\ld give ! tru? a *ance ( rea*+ u3 if ! li/s are kept op51 we may hope t if !re be a bett] tru?1 x w be f\nd :5 ! human m9d is capable ( receiv+ x2 & 9 ! meantime we may rely on hav+ atta9$ su* approa* to tru?1 z is possible 9 our own day4 ,?is is ! am\nt ( c]ta9ty atta9able by a fallible be+1 & ?is ! sole way ( atta9+ x4 ,/range x is1 t m5 %\ld admit ! validity ( ! argum5ts = free discussion1 b object to _! be+ pu%$ to an extreme2 n see+ t unless ! reasons are good = an extreme case1 !y are n good = any case4 ,/range t !y %\ld imag9e t !y are n assum+ infallibility1 :5 !y ackn[l$ge t !re %\ld be free discussion on all subjects :i* c possibly be d\btful1 b ?9k t "s p>ticul> pr9ciple or doctr9e %\ld be =bidd5 to be que/ion$ because x is s c]ta91 t is1 because !y are c]ta9 t x is c]ta94 ,to call any proposition c]ta91 :ile !re is any "o :o w\ld d5y its c]ta9ty if p]mitt$1 b :o is n p]mitt$1 is to assume t we ourselves1 & ^? :o agree ) u1 are ! judges ( c]ta9ty1 & judges )\t he>+ ! o!r side4 ,9 ! pres5t age--:i* has be5 describ$ z de/itute ( fai?1 b t]rifi$ at scepticism--9 :i* p feel sure1 n s mu* t _! op9ions are true1 z t !y %\ld n "k :at to d )\t !m--! claims ( an op9ion to be protect$ f public attack are re/$ n s mu* on its tru?1 z on its importance to society4 ,!re are1 x is alleg$1 c]ta9 beliefs1 s useful1 n to say indisp5sable to well-be+1 t x is z mu* ! duty ( gov]nm5ts to uphold ^? beliefs1 z to protect any o!r ( ! int]e/s ( society4 ,9 a case ( su* necessity1 & s directly 9 ! l9e ( _! duty1 some?+ less ?an infallibility may1 x is ma9ta9$1 w>rant1 & ev5 b9d1 gov]nm5ts1 to act on _! own op9ion1 confirm$ by ! g5]al op9ion ( mank9d4 ,x is also (t5 argu$1 & /ill (t5] ?\ght1 t none b bad m5 w\ld desire to weak5 ^! salut>y beliefs2 & !re c be no?+ wrong1 x is ?\ght1 9 re/ra9+ bad m51 & prohibit+ :at only su* m5 w\ld wi% to practise4 ,?is mode ( ?9k+ makes ! ju/ification ( re/ra9ts on discussion n a "q ( ! tru? ( doctr9es1 b ( _! usefulness2 & flatt]s itself by t means to escape ! responsibility ( claim+ to be an infallible judge ( op9ions4 ,b ^? :o ?us satisfy !mselves1 d n p]ceive t ! assumption ( infallibility is m]ely %ift$ f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,! usefulness ( an op9ion is itself matt] ( op9ion3 z disputable1 z op5 to discussion1 & requir+ discussion z mu*1 z ! op9ion itself4 ,!re is ! same ne$ ( an infallible judge ( op9ions to decide an op9ion to be noxi\s1 z to decide x to be false1 unless ! op9ion condemn$ has full opportunity ( def5d+ itself4 ,& x w n d to say t ! h]etic may be all[$ to ma9ta9 ! utility or h>mlessness ( 8 op9ion1 ?\gh =bidd5 to ma9ta9 its tru?4 ,! tru? ( an op9ion is "p ( its utility4 ,if we w\ld "k :e!r or n x is desirable t a proposition %\ld be believ$1 is x possible to exclude ! consid]ation ( :e!r or n x is true8 ,9 ! op9ion1 n ( bad m51 b ( ! be/ m51 no belief :i* is contr>y to tru? c be really useful3 & c y prev5t su* m5 f urg+ t plea1 :5 !y are *>g$ ) culpability = d5y+ "s doctr9e :i* !y are told is useful1 b :i* !y believe to be false8 ,^? :o are on ! side ( receiv$ op9ions1 nev] fail to take all possible advantage ( ?is plea2 y d n f9d !m h&l+ ! "q ( utility z if x c\ld be completely ab/ract$ f t ( tru?3 on ! contr>y1 x is1 above all1 because _! doctr9e is ! tru?1 t ! k or ! belief ( x is held to be s indisp5sable4 ,!re c be no fair discussion ( ! "q ( usefulness1 :5 an argum5t s vital may be employ$ on "o side1 b n on ! o!r4 ,& 9 po9t ( fact1 :5 law or public feel+ d n p]mit ! tru? ( an op9ion to be disput$1 !y are j z little tol]ant ( a d5ial ( its usefulness4 ,! utmo/ !y all[ is an ext5uation ( its absolute necessity1 or ( ! positive guilt ( reject+ x4 ,9 ord] m fully to illu/rate ! mis*ief ( d5y+ a he>+ to op9ions because we1 9 our own judgm5t1 h condemn$ !m1 x w be desirable to fix d[n ! discussion to a concrete case2 & ,i *oose1 by pref]5ce1 ! cases :i* are lea/ fav\rable to me--9 :i* ! argum5t aga9/ fre$om ( op9ion1 bo? on ! score ( tru? & on t ( utility1 is consid]$ ! /ronge/4 ,let ! op9ions impugn$ be ! belief 9 a ,god & 9 a future /ate1 or any ( ! commonly receiv$ doctr9es ( morality4 ,to fight ! battle on su* gr\nd1 gives a great advantage to an unfair antagoni/2 s9ce he w be sure to say 7& _m :o h no desire to be unfair w say x int]nally71 ,are ^! ! doctr9es :i* y d n deem suffici5tly c]ta9 to be tak5 "u ! protection ( law8 ,is ! belief 9 a ,god "o ( ! op9ions1 to feel sure ( :i*1 y hold to be assum+ infallibility8 ,b ,i mu/ be p]mitt$ to obs]ve1 t x is n ! feel+ sure ( a doctr9e 7be x :at x may7 :i* ,i call an assumption ( infallibility4 ,x is ! und]tak+ to decide t "q = o!rs1 )\t all[+ !m to he> :at c be said on ! contr>y side4 ,& ,i d5\nce & reprobate ?is pret5sion n ! less1 if put =? on ! side ( my mo/ solemn convictions4 ,h[ev] positive any "o's p]suasion may be1 n only ( ! falsity1 b ( ! p]nici\s consequ5ces--n only ( ! p]nici\s consequ5ces1 b 7to adopt expressions :i* ,i altoge!r condemn7 ! immorality & impiety ( an op9ion2 yet if1 9 pursuance ( t private judgm5t1 ?\gh back$ by ! public judgm5t ( 8 c\ntry or 8 contempor>ies1 he prev5ts ! op9ion f be+ he>d 9 its def5ce1 he assumes infallibility4 ,& s f> f ! assumption be+ less objectionable or less dang]\s because ! op9ion is call$ immoral or impi\s1 ?is is ! case ( all o!rs 9 :i* x is mo/ fatal4 ,^! are exactly ! occasions on :i* ! m5 ( "o g5]ation commit ^? dreadful mi/akes1 :i* excite ! a/oni%m5t & horror ( po/]ity4 ,x is among su* t we f9d ! in/ances memorable 9 hi/ory1 :5 ! arm ( ! law has be5 employ$ to root out ! be/ m5 & ! noble/ doctr9es2 ) deplorable success z to ! m51 ?\gh "s ( ! doctr9es h surviv$ to be 7z if 9 mock]y7 invok$1 9 def5ce ( simil> conduct t[>ds ^? :o diss5t f !m1 or f _! receiv$ int]pretation4 ,mank9d c h>dly be too (t5 rem9d$ t !re 0 once a man nam$ ,socrates1 betwe5 :om & ! legal au?orities & public op9ion ( 8 "t1 !re took place a memorable collision4 ,born 9 an age & c\ntry ab\nd+ 9 individual greatness1 ?is man has be5 h&$ d[n to u by ^? :o be/ knew bo? him & ! age1 z ! mo/ virtu\s man 9 x2 :ile we "k him z ! head & prototype ( all subsequ5t tea*]s ( virtue1 ! s\rce equally ( ! l(ty inspiration ( ,plato & ! judici\s utilit>ianism ( ,ari/otle1 i ma/ri di color *e sanno1 ! two headspr+s ( e?ical z ( all o!r philosophy4 ,?is ackn[l$g$ ma/] ( all ! em95t ?9k]s :o h s9ce liv$--^: fame1 /ill gr[+ aft] m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 all b outweighs ! :ole rema9d] ( ! names :i* make 8 native city illu/ri\s--0 put to dea? by 8 c\ntrym51 aft] a judicial conviction1 = impiety & immorality4 ,impiety1 9 d5y+ ! gods recognis$ by ! ,/ate2 inde$ 8 accus] ass]t$ 7see ! ,apologia7 t he believ$ 9 no gods at all4 ,immorality1 9 be+1 by 8 doctr9es & in/ructions1 a corruptor ( y\?4 ,( ^! *>ges ! tribunal1 !re is e gr\nd = believ+1 hone/ly f\nd him guilty1 & condemn$ ! man :o probably ( all !n born _h des]v$ be/ ( mank9d1 to be put to dea? z a crim9al4 ,to pass f ?is to ! only o!r in/ance ( judicial iniquity1 ! m5tion ( :i*1 aft] ! condemnation ( ,socrates1 w\ld n be an anticlimax3 ! ev5t :i* took place on ,calv>y r m ?an eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! man :o left on ! memory ( ^? :o witness$ 8 life & conv]sation1 su* an impression ( 8 moral gr&eur1 t eighte5 subsequ5t c5turies h done homage to him z ! ,almighty 9 p]son1 0 ignom9i\sly put to dea?1 z :at8 ,z a blasphem]4 ,m5 did n m]ely mi/ake _! b5efactor2 !y mi/ook him = ! exact contr>y ( :at he 01 & treat$ him z t prodigy ( impiety1 :i* !y !mselves are n[ held to be1 = _! treatm5t ( him4 ,! feel+s ) :i* mank9d n[ reg>d ^! lam5table transactions1 especially ! lat] ( ! two1 r5d] !m extremely unju/ 9 _! judgm5t ( ! unhappy actors4 ,^! 71 to all appe>ance1 n bad m5--n worse ?an m5 commonly are1 b r ! contr>y2 m5 :o possess$ 9 a full1 or some:at m ?an a full measure1 ! religi\s1 moral1 & patriotic feel+s ( _! "t & p3 ! v k9d ( m5 :o1 9 all times1 our own includ$1 h e *ance ( pass+ ?r\gh life blameless & respect$4 ,! high-prie/ :o r5t 8 g>m5ts :5 ! words 7 pron\nc$1 :i*1 accord+ to all ! ideas ( 8 c\ntry1 con/itut$ ! blacke/ guilt1 0 9 all probability q z s9c]e 9 8 horror & indignation1 z ! g5]ality ( respectable & pi\s m5 n[ are 9 ! religi\s & moral s5tim5ts !y pr(ess2 & mo/ ( ^? :o n[ %udd] at 8 conduct1 if !y _h liv$ 9 8 "t1 & be5 born ,jews1 w\ld h act$ precisely z he did4 ,or?odox ,*ri/ians :o are tempt$ to ?9k t ^? :o /on$ to dea? ! fir/ m>tyrs mu/ h be5 worse m5 ?an !y !mselves are1 ought to rememb] t "o ( ^? p]secutors 0 ,sa9t ,paul4 ,let u add "o m example1 ! mo/ /rik+ ( all1 if ! impressiv5ess ( an error is measur$ by ! wisdom & virtue ( him :o falls into x4 ,if ev] any "o1 possess$ ( p[]1 _h gr\nds = ?9k+ himself ! be/ & mo/ enlight5$ among 8 cotempor>ies1 x 0 ! ,emp]or ,m>cus ,aurelius4 ,absolute mon>* ( ! :ole civilis$ _w1 he pres]v$ ?r\gh life n only ! mo/ unblemi%$ ju/ice1 b :at 0 less to be expect$ f 8 ,/oical bre$+1 ! t5d]e/ he>t4 ,! few fail+s :i* are attribut$ to him1 7 all on ! side ( indulg5ce3 :ile 8 writ+s1 ! highe/ e?ical product ( ! anci5t m9d1 diff] sc>cely p]ceptibly1 if !y diff] at all1 f ! mo/ *>act]i/ic tea*+s ( ,*ri/4 ,?is man1 a bett] ,*ri/ian 9 all b ! dogmatic s5se ( ! ^w1 ?an almo/ any ( ! o/5sibly ,*ri/ian sov]eigns :o h s9ce reign$1 p]secut$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,plac$ at ! summit ( all ! previ\s atta9m5ts ( humanity1 ) an op51 unfett]$ intellect1 & a "* :i* l$ him ( himself to embody 9 8 moral writ+s ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 he yet fail$ to see t ,*ri/ianity 0 to be a good & n an evil to ! _w1 ) 8 duties to :i* he 0 s deeply p5etrat$4 ,exi/+ society he knew to be 9 a deplorable /ate4 ,b su* z x 01 he saw1 or ?\ght he saw1 t x 0 held toge!r1 & prev5t$ f be+ worse1 by belief & rev]5ce ( ! receiv$ div9ities4 ,z a rul] ( mank9d1 he deem$ x 8 duty n to suff] society to fall 9 pieces2 & saw n h[1 if its exi/+ ties 7 remov$1 any o!rs c\ld be =m$ :i* c\ld aga9 knit x toge!r4 ,! new religion op5ly aim$ at dissolv+ ^! ties3 unless1 !re=e1 x 0 8 duty to adopt t religion1 x seem$ to be 8 duty to put x d[n4 ,inasmu* !n z ! !ology ( ,*ri/ianity did n appe> to him true or ( div9e orig92 inasmu* z ?is /range hi/ory ( a crucifi$ ,god 0 n cr$ible to him1 & a sy/em :i* purport$ to re/ entirely ^u a f\ndation to him s :olly unbelievable1 c\ld n be =ese5 by him to be t r5ovat+ ag5cy :i*1 aft] all abatem5ts1 x has 9 fact prov$ to be2 ! g5tle/ & mo/ amiable ( philosoph]s & rul]s1 "u a solemn s5se ( duty1 au?oris$ ! p]secution ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,to my m9d ?is is "o ( ! mo/ tragical facts 9 all hi/ory4 ,x is a bitt] ?\ght1 h[ diff]5t a ?+ ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! _w might h be51 if ! ,*ri/ian fai? _h be5 adopt$ z ! religion ( ! empire "u ! auspices ( ,m>cus ,aurelius in/ead ( ^? ( ,con/ant9e4 ,b x w\ld be equally unju/ to him & false to tru?1 to d5y1 t no "o plea :i* c be urg$ = puni%+ anti-,*ri/ian tea*+1 0 want+ to ,m>cus ,aurelius = puni%+1 z he did1 ! propagation ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,no ,*ri/ian m firmly believes t ,a!ism is false1 & t5ds to ! dissolution ( society1 ?an ,m>cus ,aurelius believ$ ! same ?+s ( ,*ri/ianity2 he :o1 ( all m5 !n liv+1 might h be5 ?\ght ! mo/ capable ( appreciat+ x4 ,unless any "o :o approves ( puni%m5t = ! promulgation ( op9ions1 flatt]s himself t he is a wis] & bett] man ?an ,m>cus ,aurelius--m deeply v]s$ 9 ! wisdom ( 8 "t1 m elevat$ 9 8 intellect above x--m e>ne/ 9 8 se>* = tru?1 or m s+le-m9d$ 9 8 devotion to x :5 f\nd2--let him ab/a9 f t assumption ( ! jo9t infallibility ( himself & ! multitude1 :i* ! great ,anton9us made ) s un=tunate a result4 ,aw>e ( ! impossibility ( def5d+ ! use ( puni%m5t = re/ra9+ irreligi\s op9ions1 by any argum5t :i* w n ju/ify ,m>cus ,anton9us1 ! enemies ( religi\s fre$om1 :5 h>d press$1 occasionally accept ?is consequ5ce1 & say1 ) ,dr4 ,johnson1 t ! p]secutors ( ,*ri/ianity 7 9 ! "r2 t p]secution is an ordeal ?r\gh :i* tru? ought to pass1 & always passes successfully1 legal p5alties be+1 9 ! end1 p[]less aga9/ tru?1 ?\gh sometimes b5eficially effective aga9/ mis*iev\s errors4 ,?is is a =m ( ! argum5t = religi\s intol]ance1 suffici5tly rem>kable n to be pass$ )\t notice4 ,a !ory :i* ma9ta9s t tru? may ju/ifiably be p]secut$ because p]secution _c possibly d x any h>m1 _c be *>g$ ) be+ int5tionally ho/ile to ! reception ( new tru?s2 b we _c comm5d ! g5]osity ( its deal+ ) ! p]sons to :om mank9d are indebt$ = !m4 ,to discov] to ! _w some?+ :i* deeply conc]ns x1 & ( :i* x 0 previ\sly ignorant2 to prove to x t x _h be5 mi/ak5 on "s vital po9t ( temporal or spiritual int]e/1 is z important a s]vice z a human be+ c r5d] to 8 fell[-creatures1 & 9 c]ta9 cases1 z 9 ^? ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians & ( ! ,re=m]s1 ^? :o ?9k ) ,dr4 ,johnson believe x to h be5 ! mo/ preci\s gift :i* c\ld be be/[$ on mank9d4 ,t ! au?ors ( su* spl5did b5efits %\ld be requit$ by m>tyrdom2 t _! rew>d %\ld be to be dealt ) z ! vile/ ( crim9als1 is n1 ^u ?is !ory1 a deplorable error & mis=tune1 = :i* humanity %\ld m\rn 9 sackclo? & a%es1 b ! normal & ju/ifiable /ate ( ?+s4 ,! prop\nd] ( a new tru?1 accord+ to ?is doctr9e1 %\ld /&1 z /ood1 9 ! legislation ( ! ,locrians1 ! propos] ( a new law1 ) a halt] r\nd 8 neck1 to be in/antly tight5$ if ! public assembly did n1 on he>+ 8 reasons1 !n & !re adopt 8 proposition4 ,p :o def5d ?is mode ( treat+ b5efactors1 _c be suppos$ to set mu* value on ! b5efit2 & ,i believe ?is view ( ! subject is mo/ly conf9$ to ! sort ( p]sons :o ?9k t new tru?s may h be5 desirable once1 b t we h _h en\gh ( !m n[4 ,b1 inde$1 ! dictum t tru? always triumphs ov] p]secution1 is "o ( ^? pleasant falsehoods :i* m5 repeat aft] "o ano!r till !y pass into commonplaces1 b :i* all exp]i5ce refutes4 ,hi/ory teems ) in/ances ( tru? put d[n by p]secution4 ,if n suppress$ = ev]1 x may be ?r[n back = c5turies4 ,to speak only ( religi\s op9ions3 ! ,re=mation broke out at lea/ tw5ty times be=e ,lu!r1 & 0 put d[n4 ,arnold ( ,brescia 0 put d[n4 ,fra ,dolc9o 0 put d[n4 ,savon>ola 0 put d[n4 ,! ,albigeois 7 put d[n4 ,! ,vaudois 7 put d[n4 ,! ,loll>ds 7 put d[n4 ,! ,hussites 7 put d[n4 ,ev5 aft] ! era ( ,lu!r1 :]ev] p]secution 0 p]si/$ 91 x 0 successful4 ,9 ,spa91 ,italy1 ,fl&]s1 ! ,au/rian empire1 ,prote/antism 0 root$ out2 &1 mo/ likely1 w\ld h be5 s 9 ,engl&1 _h ,que5 ,m>y liv$1 or ,que5 ,elizabe? di$4 ,p]secution has always succe$$1 save :]e ! h]etics 7 too /rong a p>ty to be effectually p]secut$4 ,no reasonable p]son c d\bt t ,*ri/ianity might h be5 extirpat$ 9 ! ,roman ,empire4 ,x spread1 & became pr$om9ant1 because ! p]secutions 7 only occasional1 la/+ b a %ort "t1 & sep>at$ by long int]vals ( almo/ undi/urb$ propag&ism4 ,x is a piece ( idle s5tim5tality t tru?1 m]ely z tru?1 has any inh]5t p[] d5i$ to error1 ( prevail+ aga9/ ! dungeon & ! /ake4 ,m5 are n m zeal\s = tru? ?an !y (t5 are = error1 & a suffici5t application ( legal or ev5 ( social p5alties w g5]ally succe$ 9 /opp+ ! propagation ( ei!r4 ,! real advantage :i* tru? has1 consi/s 9 ?is1 t :5 an op9ion is true1 x may be ext+ui%$ once1 twice1 or _m times1 b 9 ! c\rse ( ages !re w g5]ally be f\nd p]sons to r$iscov] x1 until "s "o ( its reappe>ances falls on a "t :5 f fav\rable circum/ances x escapes p]secution until x has made su* head z to )/& all subsequ5t attempts to suppress x4 ,x w be said1 t we d n n[ put to dea? ! introduc]s ( new op9ions3 we are n l our fa!rs :o slew ! prophets1 we ev5 build sepul*res to !m4 ,x is true we no long] put h]etics to dea?2 & ! am\nt ( p5al infliction :i* mod]n feel+ w\ld probably tol]ate1 ev5 aga9/ ! mo/ obnoxi\s op9ions1 is n suffici5t to extirpate !m4 ,b let u n flatt] ourselves t we are yet free f ! /a9 ev5 ( legal p]secution4 ,p5alties = op9ion1 or at lea/ = its expression1 /ill exi/ by law2 & _! en=cem5t is n1 ev5 9 ^! times1 s unexampl$ z to make x at all incr$ible t !y may "s day be reviv$ 9 full =ce4 ,9 ! ye> #aheg1 at ! summ] assizes ( ! c\nty ( ,cornwall1 an un=tunate man1#g said to be ( unexceptionable conduct 9 all relations ( life1 0 s5t5c$ to tw5ty-"o mon?s' imprisonm5t1 = utt]+1 & writ+ on a gate1 "s (f5sive words conc]n+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,)9 a mon? ( ! same "t1 at ! ,old ,bailey1 two p]sons1 on two sep>ate occasions1#h 7 reject$ z jurym51 & "o ( !m grossly insult$ by ! judge & by "o ( ! c\nsel1 because !y hone/ly decl>$ t !y _h no !ological belief2 & a ?ird1 a =eign]1#i = ! same reason1 0 d5i$ ju/ice aga9/ a ?ief4 ,?is refusal ( r$ress took place 9 virtue ( ! legal doctr9e1 t no p]son c be all[$ to give evid5ce 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice1 :o does n pr(ess belief 9 a ,god 7any god is suffici5t7 & 9 a future /ate2 :i* is equival5t to decl>+ su* p]sons to be outlaws1 exclud$ f ! protection ( ! tribunals2 :o may n only be robb$ or assault$ ) impunity1 if no "o b !mselves1 or p]sons ( simil> op9ions1 be pres5t1 b any "o else may be robb$ or assault$ ) impunity1 if ! pro( ( ! fact dep5ds on _! evid5ce4 ,! assumption on :i* ?is is gr\nd$1 is t ! oa? is wor?less1 ( a p]son :o does n believe 9 a future /ate2 a proposition :i* betok5s mu* ignorance ( hi/ory 9 ^? :o ass5t to x 7s9ce x is hi/orically true t a l>ge proportion ( infidels 9 all ages h be5 p]sons ( di/+ui%$ integrity & hon\r72 & w\ld be ma9ta9$ by no "o :o _h ! smalle/ conception h[ _m ( ! p]sons 9 greate/ repute ) ! _w1 bo? = virtues & = atta9m5ts1 are well kn[n1 at lea/ to _! intimates1 to be unbeliev]s4 ,! rule1 besides1 is suicidal1 & cuts away its own f\ndation4 ,"u pret5ce t a!i/s mu/ be li>s1 x admits ! te/imony ( all a!i/s :o are will+ to lie1 & rejects only ^? :o brave ! obloquy ( publicly confess+ a dete/$ cre$ r ?an affirm a falsehood4 ,a rule ?us self-convict$ ( absurdity s f> z reg>ds its pr(ess$ purpose1 c be kept 9 =ce only z a badge ( hatr$1 a relic ( p]secution2 a p]secution1 too1 hav+ ! peculi>ity1 t ! qualification = und]go+ x1 is ! be+ cle>ly prov$ n to des]ve x4 ,! rule1 & ! !ory x implies1 are h>dly less insult+ to believ]s ?an to infidels4 ,= if he :o does n believe 9 a future /ate1 necess>ily lies1 x foll[s t !y :o d believe are only prev5t$ f ly+1 if prev5t$ !y are1 by ! fe> ( hell4 ,we w n d ! au?ors & abettors ( ! rule ! injury ( suppos+1 t ! conception :i* !y h =m$ ( ,*ri/ian virtue is drawn f _! own consci\sness4 ,^!1 inde$1 are b rags & remnants ( p]secution1 & may be ?\ght to be n s mu* an indication ( ! wi% to p]secute1 z an example ( t v frequ5t infirmity ( ,engli% m9ds1 :i* makes !m take a prepo/]\s pleasure 9 ! ass]tion ( a bad pr9ciple1 :5 !y are no long] bad en\gh to desire to c>ry x really into practice4 ,b unhappily !re is no security 9 ! /ate ( ! public m9d1 t ! susp5sion ( worse =ms ( legal p]secution1 :i* has la/$ = ab\t ! space ( a g5]ation1 w cont9ue4 ,9 ?is age ! quiet surface ( r\t9e is z (t5 ruffl$ by attempts to resuscitate pa/ evils1 z to introduce new b5efits4 ,:at is boa/$ ( at ! pres5t "t z ! revival ( religion1 is always1 9 n>r[ & uncultivat$ m9ds1 at lea/ z mu* ! revival ( bigotry2 & :]e !re is ! /rong p]man5t leav5 ( intol]ance 9 ! feel+s ( a p1 :i* at all times abides 9 ! middle classes ( ?is c\ntry1 x ne$s b little to provoke !m into actively p]secut+ ^? :om !y h nev] ceas$ to ?9k prop] objects ( p]secution4#aj ,= x is ?is--x is ! op9ions m5 ent]ta91 & ! feel+s !y *]i%1 respect+ ^? :o dis[n ! beliefs !y deem important1 :i* makes ?is c\ntry n a place ( m5tal fre$om4 ,= a long "t pa/1 ! *ief mis*ief ( ! legal p5alties is t !y /r5g!n ! social /igma4 ,x is t /igma :i* is really effective1 & s effective is x t ! pr(ession ( op9ions :i* are "u ! ban ( society is mu* less common 9 ,engl&1 ?an is1 9 _m o!r c\ntries1 ! av[al ( ^? :i* incur risk ( judicial puni%m5t4 ,9 respect to all p]sons b ^? ^: pecuni>y circum/ances make !m indep5d5t ( ! good w ( o!r p1 op9ion1 on ?is subject1 is z efficaci\s z law2 m5 might z well be imprison$1 z exclud$ f ! means ( e>n+ _! bread4 ,^? ^: bread is already secur$1 & :o desire no fav\rs f m5 9 p[]1 or f bodies ( m51 or f ! public1 h no?+ to fe> f ! op5 av[al ( any op9ions1 b to be ill-?\ght ( & ill-spok5 (1 & ?is x ought n to require a v h]oic m\ld to enable !m to be>4 ,!re is no room = any appeal ad mis]icordiam 9 behalf ( su* p]sons4 ,b ?\gh we d n n[ inflict s mu* evil on ^? :o ?9k diff]5tly f u1 z x 0 =m]ly our cu/om to d1 x may be t we d ourselves z mu* evil z ev] by our treatm5t ( !m4 ,socrates 0 put to dea?1 b ! ,socratic philosophy rose l ! sun 9 heav51 & spread its illum9ation ov] ! :ole intellectual firmam5t4 ,*ri/ians 7 ca/ to ! lions1 b ! ,*ri/ian *ur* grew up a /ately & spread+ tree1 ov]topp+ ! old] & less vigor\s gr[?s1 & /ifl+ !m by its %ade4 ,our m]ely social intol]ance kills no "o1 roots out no op9ions1 b induces m5 to disguise !m1 or to ab/a9 f any active ef=t = _! diffusion4 ,) u1 h]etical op9ions d n p]ceptibly ga91 or ev5 lose1 gr\nd 9 ea* decade or g5]ation2 !y nev] blaze out f> & wide1 b cont9ue to sm\ld] 9 ! n>r[ circles ( ?9k+ & /udi\s p]sons among :om !y orig9ate1 )\t ev] light+ up ! g5]al affairs ( mank9d ) ei!r a true or a deceptive light4 ,& ?us is kept up a /ate ( ?+s v satisfactory to "s m9ds1 because1 )\t ! unpleasant process ( f9+ or imprison+ anybody1 x ma9ta9s all prevail+ op9ions outw>dly undi/urb$1 :ile x does n absolutely int]dict ! ex]cise ( reason by diss5ti5ts afflict$ ) ! malady ( ?\ght4 ,a conv5i5t plan = hav+ peace 9 ! intellectual _w1 & keep+ all ?+s go+ on !re9 v mu* z !y d already4 ,b ! price paid = ?is sort ( intellectual pacification1 is ! sacrifice ( ! entire moral c\rage ( ! human m9d4 ,a /ate ( ?+s 9 :i* a l>ge portion ( ! mo/ active & inquir+ intellects f9d x advisable to keep ! g5u9e pr9ciples & gr\nds ( _! convictions )9 _! own brea/s1 & attempt1 9 :at !y address to ! public1 to fit z mu* z !y c ( _! own conclusions to premises :i* !y h int]nally r5\nc$1 _c s5d =? ! op51 fe>less *>act]s1 & logical1 consi/5t intellects :o once adorn$ ! ?9k+ _w4 ,! sort ( m5 :o c be look$ = "u x1 are ei!r m]e con=m]s to commonplace1 or "t-s]v]s = tru?1 ^: argum5ts on all great subjects are meant = _! he>]s1 & are n ^? :i* h conv9c$ !mselves4 ,^? :o avoid ?is alt]native1 d s by n>r[+ _! ?\ghts & int]e/ to ?+s :i* c be spok5 ( )\t v5tur+ )9 ! region ( pr9ciples1 t is1 to small practical matt]s1 :i* w\ld come "r ( !mselves1 if b ! m9ds ( mank9d 7 /r5g!n$ & enl>g$1 & :i* w nev] be made effectually "r until !n3 :ile t :i* w\ld /r5g!n & enl>ge m5's m9ds1 free & d>+ speculation on ! highe/ subjects1 is ab&on$4 ,^? 9 ^: eyes ?is retic5ce on ! "p ( h]etics is no evil1 %\ld consid] 9 ! fir/ place1 t 9 consequ5ce ( x !re is nev] any fair & ?or\gh discussion ( h]etical op9ions2 & t su* ( !m z c\ld n /& su* a discussion1 ?\gh !y may be prev5t$ f spread+1 d n disappe>4 ,b x is n ! m9ds ( h]etics t are det]iorat$ mo/1 by ! ban plac$ on all inquiry :i* does n end 9 ! or?odox conclusions4 ,! greate/ h>m done is to ^? :o are n h]etics1 & ^: :ole m5tal developm5t is cramp$1 & _! reason c[$1 by ! fe> ( h]esy4 ,:o c compute :at ! _w loses 9 ! multitude ( promis+ intellects comb9$ ) timid *>act]s1 :o d>e n foll[ out any bold1 vigor\s1 indep5d5t tra9 ( ?\ght1 le/ x %\ld l& !m 9 some?+ :i* w\ld admit ( be+ consid]$ irreligi\s or immoral8 ,among !m we may occasionally see "s man ( deep consci5ti\sness1 & subtle & ref9$ und]/&+1 :o sp5ds a life 9 sophi/icat+ ) an intellect :i* he _c sil5ce1 & exhau/s ! res\rces ( +5uity 9 attempt+ to reconcile ! prompt+s ( 8 consci5ce & reason ) or?odoxy1 :i* yet he does n1 p]haps1 to ! end succe$ 9 do+4 ,no "o c be a great ?9k] :o does n recognise1 t z a ?9k] x is 8 fir/ duty to foll[ 8 intellect to :atev] conclusions x may lead4 ,tru? ga9s m ev5 by ! errors ( "o :o1 ) due /udy & prep>ation1 ?9ks = himself1 ?an by ! true op9ions ( ^? :o only hold !m because !y d n suff] !mselves to ?9k4 ,n t x is solely1 or *iefly1 to =m great ?9k]s1 t fre$om ( ?9k+ is requir$4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is z mu*1 & ev5 m indisp5sable1 to enable av]age human be+s to atta9 ! m5tal /ature :i* !y are capable (4 ,!re h be51 & may aga9 be1 great individual ?9k]s1 9 a g5]al atmosph]e ( m5tal slav]y4 ,b !re nev] has be51 nor ev] w be1 9 t atmosph]e1 an intellectually active p4 ,:]e any p has made a tempor>y approa* to su* a "*1 x has be5 because ! dread ( het]odox speculation 0 = a "t susp5d$4 ,:]e !re is a tacit conv5tion t pr9ciples are n to be disput$2 :]e ! discussion ( ! greate/ que/ions :i* c occupy humanity is consid]$ to be clos$1 we _c hope to f9d t g5]ally high scale ( m5tal activity :i* has made "s p]iods ( hi/ory s rem>kable4 ,nev] :5 controv]sy avoid$ ! subjects :i* are l>ge & important en\gh to k9dle en?usiasm1 0 ! m9d ( a p /irr$ up f its f\ndations1 & ! impulse giv5 :i* rais$ ev5 p]sons ( ! mo/ ord9>y intellect to some?+ ( ! dignity ( ?9k+ be+s4 ,( su* we h _h an example 9 ! condition ( ,europe dur+ ! times imm$iately foll[+ ! ,re=mation2 ano!r1 ?\gh limit$ to ! ,cont95t & to a m cultivat$ class1 9 ! speculative movem5t ( ! latt] half ( ! eighte5? c5tury2 & a ?ird1 ( /ill brief] duration1 9 ! intellectual f]m5tation ( ,g]many dur+ ! ,goe?ian & ,fi*tean p]iod4 ,^! p]iods diff]$ widely 9 ! p>ticul> op9ions :i* !y develop$2 b 7 alike 9 ?is1 t dur+ all ?ree ! yoke ( au?ority 0 brok54 ,9 ea*1 an old m5tal despotism _h be5 ?r[n (f1 & no new "o _h yet tak5 its place4 ,! impulse giv5 at ^! ?ree p]iods has made ,europe :at x n[ is4 ,e s+le improvem5t :i* has tak5 place ei!r 9 ! human m9d or 9 in/itutions1 may be trac$ di/9ctly to "o or o!r ( !m4 ,appe>ances h = "s "t indicat$ t all ?ree impulses are well-nigh sp5t2 & we c expect no fre% />t1 until we aga9 ass]t our m5tal fre$om4 ,let u n[ pass to ! second division ( ! argum5t1 & dismiss+ ! supposition t any ( ! receiv$ op9ions may be false1 let u assume !m to be true1 & exam9e into ! wor? ( ! mann] 9 :i* !y are likely to be held1 :5 _! tru? is n freely & op5ly canvass$4 ,h[ev] unwill+ly a p]son :o has a /rong op9ion may admit ! possibility t 8 op9ion may be false1 he ought to be mov$ by ! consid]ation t h[ev] true x may be1 if x is n fully1 frequ5tly1 & fe>lessly discuss$1 x w be held z a dead dogma1 n a liv+ tru?4 ,!re is a class ( p]sons 7happily n q s num]\s z =m]ly7 :o ?9k x en\gh if a p]son ass5ts und\bt+ly to :at !y ?9k true1 ?\gh he has no k :atev] ( ! gr\nds ( ! op9ion1 & c\ld n make a t5able def5ce ( x aga9/ ! mo/ sup]ficial objections4 ,su* p]sons1 if !y c once get _! cre$ taught f au?ority1 naturally ?9k t no good1 & "s h>m1 comes ( its be+ all[$ to be que/ion$4 ,:]e _! influ5ce prevails1 !y make x ne>ly impossible = ! receiv$ op9ion to be reject$ wisely & consid]ately1 ?\gh x may /ill be reject$ ra%ly & ignorantly2 = to %ut out discussion entirely is seldom possible1 & :5 x once gets 91 beliefs n gr\nd$ on conviction are apt to give way be=e ! slighte/ semblance ( an argum5t4 ,waiv+1 h[ev]1 ?is possibility--assum+ t ! true op9ion abides 9 ! m9d1 b abides z a prejudice1 a belief indep5d5t (1 & pro( aga9/1 argum5t--?is is n ! way 9 :i* tru? ought to be held by a rational be+4 ,?is is n kn[+ ! tru?4 ,tru?1 ?us held1 is b "o sup]/ition ! m1 accid5tally cl++ to ! words :i* enunciate a tru?4 ,if ! intellect & judgm5t ( mank9d ought to be cultivat$1 a ?+ :i* ,prote/ants at lea/ d n d5y1 on :at c ^! faculties be m appropriately ex]cis$ by any "o1 ?an on ! ?+s :i* conc]n him s mu* t x is consid]$ necess>y = him to hold op9ions on !m8 ,if ! cultivation ( ! und]/&+ consi/s 9 "o ?+ m ?an 9 ano!r1 x is surely 9 le>n+ ! gr\nds ( "o's own op9ions4 ,:atev] p believe1 on subjects on :i* x is ( ! fir/ importance to believe rightly1 !y ought to be able to def5d aga9/ at lea/ ! common objections4 ,b1 "s "o may say1 ,let !m be taught ! gr\nds ( _! op9ions4 ,x does n foll[ t op9ions mu/ be m]ely p>rot$ because !y are nev] he>d controv]t$4 ,p]sons :o le>n geometry d n simply commit ! !orems to memory1 b und]/& & le>n likewise ! demon/rations2 & x w\ld be absurd to say t !y rema9 ignorant ( ! gr\nds ( geometrical tru?s1 because !y nev] he> any "o d5y1 & attempt to disprove !m4 ,und\bt$ly3 & su* tea*+ suffices on a subject l ma!matics1 :]e !re is no?+ at all to be said on ! wrong side ( ! "q4 ,! peculi>ity ( ! evid5ce ( ma!matical tru?s is1 t all ! argum5t is on "o side4 ,!re are no objections1 & no answ]s to objections4 ,b on e subject on :i* diff]5ce ( op9ion is possible1 ! tru? dep5ds on a balance to be /ruck betwe5 two sets ( conflict+ reasons4 ,ev5 9 natural philosophy1 !re is always "s o!r explanation possible ( ! same facts2 "s geoc5tric !ory in/ead ( helioc5tric1 "s phlogi/on in/ead ( oxyg52 & x has to be %[n :y t o!r !ory _c be ! true "o3 & until ?is is %[n1 & until we "k h[ x is %[n1 we d n und]/& ! gr\nds ( our op9ion4 ,b :5 we turn to subjects inf9itely m complicat$1 to morals1 religion1 politics1 social relations1 & ! bus9ess ( life1 ?ree-f\r?s ( ! argum5ts = e disput$ op9ion consi/ 9 dispell+ ! appe>ances :i* fav\r "s op9ion diff]5t f x4 ,! greate/ orator1 save "o1 ( antiquity1 has left x on record t he always /udi$ 8 adv]s>y's case ) z great1 if n ) /ill great]1 int5sity ?an ev5 8 own4 ,:at ,cic]o practis$ z ! means ( =5sic success1 requires to be imitat$ by all :o /udy any subject 9 ord] to arrive at ! tru?4 ,he :o kn[s only 8 own side ( ! case1 kn[s little ( t4 ,8 reasons may be good1 & no "o may h be5 able to refute !m4 ,b if he is equally unable to refute ! reasons on ! opposite side2 if he does n s mu* z "k :at !y are1 he has no gr\nd = pref]r+ ei!r op9ion4 ,! rational position = him w\ld be susp5sion ( judgm5t1 & unless he cont5ts himself ) t1 he is ei!r l$ by au?ority1 or adopts1 l ! g5]ality ( ! _w1 ! side to :i* he feels mo/ incl9ation4 ,nor is x en\gh t he %\ld he> ! argum5ts ( adv]s>ies f 8 own tea*]s1 pres5t$ z !y /ate !m1 & accompani$ by :at !y (f] z refutations4 ,t is n ! way to d ju/ice to ! argum5ts1 or br+ !m into real contact ) 8 own m9d4 ,he mu/ be able to he> !m f p]sons :o actually believe !m2 :o def5d !m 9 e>ne/1 & d _! v utmo/ = !m4 ,he mu/ "k !m 9 _! mo/ plausible & p]suasive =m2 he mu/ feel ! :ole =ce ( ! difficulty :i* ! true view ( ! subject has to enc\nt] & dispose (2 else he w nev] really possess himself ( ! portion ( tru? :i* meets & removes t difficulty4 ,n9ety-n9e 9 a hundr$ ( :at are call$ educat$ m5 are 9 ?is condition2 ev5 ( ^? :o c argue flu5tly = _! op9ions4 ,_! conclusion may be true1 b x might be false = any?+ !y "k3 !y h nev] ?r[n !mselves into ! m5tal position ( ^? :o ?9k diff]5tly f !m1 & consid]$ :at su* p]sons may h to say2 & consequ5tly !y d n1 9 any prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 "k ! doctr9e :i* !y !mselves pr(ess4 ,!y d n "k ^? p>ts ( x :i* expla9 & ju/ify ! rema9d]2 ! consid]ations :i* %[ t a fact :i* seem+ly conflicts ) ano!r is reconcilable ) x1 or t1 ( two app>5tly /rong reasons1 "o & n ! o!r ought to be pref]r$4 ,all t "p ( ! tru? :i* turns ! scale1 & decides ! judgm5t ( a completely in=m$ m9d1 !y are /rang]s to2 nor is x ev] really kn[n1 b to ^? :o h att5d$ equally & imp>tially to bo? sides1 & endeav\r$ to see ! reasons ( bo? 9 ! /ronge/ light4 ,s ess5tial is ?is discipl9e to a real und]/&+ ( moral & human subjects1 t if oppon5ts ( all important tru?s d n exi/1 x is indisp5sable to imag9e !m1 & supply !m ) ! /ronge/ argum5ts :i* ! mo/ skilful devil's advocate c conjure up4 ,to abate ! =ce ( ^! consid]ations1 an enemy ( free discussion may be suppos$ to say1 t !re is no necessity = mank9d 9 g5]al to "k & und]/& all t c be said aga9/ or = _! op9ions by philosoph]s & !ologians4 ,t x is n ne$ful = common m5 to be able to expose all ! mis/atem5ts or fallacies ( an +5i\s oppon5t4 ,t x is en\gh if !re is always somebody capable ( answ]+ !m1 s t no?+ likely to mislead un9/ruct$ p]sons rema9s unrefut$4 ,t simple m9ds1 hav+ be5 taught ! obvi\s gr\nds ( ! tru?s inculcat$ on !m1 may tru/ to au?ority = ! re/1 & be+ aw>e t !y h nei!r k nor tal5t to resolve e difficulty :i* c be rais$1 may repose 9 ! assurance t all ^? :i* h be5 rais$ h be5 or c be answ]$1 by ^? :o are specially tra9$ to ! task4 ,conc$+ to ?is view ( ! subject ! utmo/ t c be claim$ = x by ^? mo/ easily satisfi$ ) ! am\nt ( und]/&+ ( tru? :i* ought to accompany ! belief ( x2 ev5 s1 ! argum5t = free discussion is no way weak5$4 ,= ev5 ?is doctr9e ackn[l$ges t mank9d ought to h a rational assurance t all objections h be5 satisfactorily answ]$2 & h[ are !y to be answ]$ if t :i* requires to be answ]$ is n spok58 or h[ c ! answ] be kn[n to be satisfactory1 if ! objectors h no opportunity ( %[+ t x is unsatisfactory8 ,if n ! public1 at lea/ ! philosoph]s & !ologians :o are to resolve ! difficulties1 mu/ make !mselves famili> ) ^? difficulties 9 _! mo/ puzzl+ =m2 & ?is _c be accompli%$ unless !y are freely /at$1 & plac$ 9 ! mo/ advantage\s light :i* !y admit (4 ,! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has its own way ( deal+ ) ?is emb>rass+ problem4 ,x makes a broad sep>ation betwe5 ^? :o c be p]mitt$ to receive its doctr9es on conviction1 & ^? :o mu/ accept !m on tru/4 ,nei!r1 inde$1 are all[$ any *oice z to :at !y w accept2 b ! cl]gy1 su* at lea/ z c be fully confid$ 91 may admissibly & m]itori\sly make !mselves acqua9t$ ) ! argum5ts ( oppon5ts1 9 ord] to answ] !m1 & may1 !re=e1 read h]etical books2 ! laity1 n unless by special p]mission1 h>d to be obta9$4 ,?is discipl9e recognises a k ( ! enemy's case z b5eficial to ! tea*]s1 b f9ds means1 consi/5t ) ?is1 ( d5y+ x to ! re/ ( ! _w3 ?us giv+ to ! lite m m5tal culture1 ?\gh n m m5tal fre$om1 ?an x all[s to ! mass4 ,by ?is device x succe$s 9 obta9+ ! k9d ( m5tal sup]iority :i* its purposes require2 = ?\gh culture )\t fre$om nev] made a l>ge & lib]al m9d1 x c make a clev] nisi prius advocate ( a cause4 ,b 9 c\ntries pr(ess+ ,prote/antism1 ?is res\rce is d5i$2 s9ce ,prote/ants hold1 at lea/ 9 !ory1 t ! responsibility = ! *oice ( a religion mu/ be borne by ea* = himself1 & _c be ?r[n (f ^u tea*]s4 ,besides1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ! _w1 x is practically impossible t writ+s :i* are read by ! in/ruct$ c be kept f ! un9/ruct$4 ,if ! tea*]s ( mank9d are to be cognisant ( all t !y ought to "k1 ev]y?+ mu/ be free to be writt5 & publi%$ )\t re/ra9t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! mis*iev\s op]ation ( ! abs5ce ( free discussion1 :5 ! receiv$ op9ions are true1 7 conf9$ to leav+ m5 ignorant ( ! gr\nds ( ^? op9ions1 x might be ?\ght t ?is1 if an intellectual1 is no moral evil1 & does n affect ! wor? ( ! op9ions1 reg>d$ 9 _! influ5ce on ! "*4 ,! fact1 h[ev]1 is1 t n only ! gr\nds ( ! op9ion are =gott5 9 ! abs5ce ( discussion1 b too (t5 ! mean+ ( ! op9ion itself4 ,! words :i* convey x1 cease to sugge/ ideas1 or sugge/ only a small portion ( ^? !y 7 orig9ally employ$ to communicate4 ,in/ead ( a vivid conception & a liv+ belief1 !re rema9 only a few phrases reta9$ by rote2 or1 if any "p1 ! %ell & husk only ( ! mean+ is reta9$1 ! f9] ess5ce be+ lo/4 ,! great *apt] 9 human hi/ory :i* ?is fact occupies & fills1 _c be too e>ne/ly /udi$ & m$itat$ on4 ,x is illu/rat$ 9 ! exp]i5ce ( almo/ all e?ical doctr9es & religi\s cre$s4 ,!y are all full ( mean+ & vitality to ^? :o orig9ate !m1 & to ! direct disciples ( ! orig9ators4 ,_! mean+ cont9ues to be felt 9 undim9i%$ /r5g?1 & is p]haps br\ght out into ev5 full] consci\sness1 s long z ! /ruggle la/s to give ! doctr9e or cre$ an asc5d5cy ov] o!r cre$s4 ,at la/ x ei!r prevails1 & becomes ! g5]al op9ion1 or its progress /ops2 x keeps possession ( ! gr\nd x has ga9$1 b ceases to spread fur!r4 ,:5 ei!r ( ^! results has become app>5t1 controv]sy on ! subject flags1 & gradually dies away4 ,! doctr9e has tak5 its place1 if n z a receiv$ op9ion1 z "o ( ! admitt$ sects or divisions ( op9ion3 ^? :o hold x h g5]ally inh]it$1 n adopt$ x2 & conv]sion f "o ( ^! doctr9es to ano!r1 be+ n[ an exceptional fact1 occupies little place 9 ! ?\ghts ( _! pr(essors4 ,in/ead ( be+1 z at fir/1 con/antly on ! al]t ei!r to def5d !mselves aga9/ ! _w1 or to br+ ! _w ov] to !m1 !y h subsid$ into acquiesc5ce1 & nei!r li/51 :5 !y c help x1 to argum5ts aga9/ _! cre$1 nor tr\ble diss5ti5ts 7if !re be su*7 ) argum5ts 9 its fav\r4 ,f ?is "t may usually be dat$ ! decl9e 9 ! liv+ p[] ( ! doctr9e4 ,we (t5 he> ! tea*]s ( all cre$s lam5t+ ! difficulty ( keep+ up 9 ! m9ds ( believ]s a lively appreh5sion ( ! tru? :i* !y nom9ally recognise1 s t x may p5etrate ! feel+s1 & acquire a real ma/]y ov] ! conduct4 ,no su* difficulty is compla9$ ( :ile ! cre$ is /ill fight+ = its exi/5ce3 ev5 ! weak] combatants !n "k & feel :at !y are fight+ =1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 x & o!r doctr9es2 & 9 t p]iod ( e cre$'s exi/5ce1 n a few p]sons may be f\nd1 :o h realis$ its fundam5tal pr9ciples 9 all ! =ms ( ?\ght1 h weigh$ & consid]$ !m 9 all _! important be>+s1 & h exp]i5c$ ! full effect on ! "*1 :i* belief 9 t cre$ ought to produce 9 a m9d ?or\ghly imbu$ ) x4 ,b :5 x has come to be a h]$it>y cre$1 & to be receiv$ passively1 n actively--:5 ! m9d is no long] compell$1 9 ! same degree z at fir/1 to ex]cise its vital p[]s on ! que/ions :i* its belief pres5ts to x1 !re is a progressive t5d5cy to =get all ( ! belief except ! =mul>ies1 or to give x a dull & torpid ass5t1 z if accept+ x on tru/ disp5s$ ) ! necessity ( realis+ x 9 consci\sness1 or te/+ x by p]sonal exp]i5ce2 until x almo/ ceases to connect itself at all ) ! inn] life ( ! human be+4 ,!n are se5 ! cases1 s frequ5t 9 ?is age ( ! _w z almo/ to =m ! majority1 9 :i* ! cre$ rema9s z x 7 outside ! m9d1 encru/+ & petrify+ x aga9/ all o!r influ5ces address$ to ! high] p>ts ( our nature2 manife/+ its p[] by n suff]+ any fre% & liv+ conviction to get 91 b itself do+ no?+ = ! m9d or he>t1 except /&+ s5t9el ov] !m to keep !m vacant4 ,to :at an ext5t doctr9es intr9sically fitt$ to make ! deepe/ impression ^u ! m9d may rema9 9 x z dead beliefs1 )\t be+ ev] realis$ 9 ! imag9ation1 ! feel+s1 or ! und]/&+1 is exemplifi$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! majority ( believ]s hold ! doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,by ,*ri/ianity ,i "h mean :at is acc\nt$ su* by all *ur*es & sects--! maxims & precepts conta9$ 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,^! are consid]$ sacr$1 & accept$ z laws1 by all pr(ess+ ,*ri/ians4 ,yet x is sc>cely too mu* to say t n "o ,*ri/ian 9 a ?\s& guides or te/s 8 individual conduct by ref]5ce to ^? laws4 ,! /&>d to :i* he does ref] x1 is ! cu/om ( 8 nation1 8 class1 or 8 religi\s pr(ession4 ,he has ?us1 on ! "o h&1 a collection ( e?ical maxims1 :i* he believes to h be5 v\*saf$ to him by infallible wisdom z rules = 8 gov]nm5t2 & on ! o!r1 a set ( e-day judgm5ts & practices1 :i* g a c]ta9 l5g? ) "s ( ^? maxims1 n s great a l5g? ) o!rs1 /& 9 direct opposition to "s1 & are1 on ! :ole1 a compromise betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian cre$ & ! int]e/s & sugge/ions ( worldly life4 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! /&>ds he gives 8 homage2 to ! o!r 8 real allegiance4 ,all ,*ri/ians believe t ! bless$ are ! poor & humble1 & ^? :o are ill-us$ by ! _w2 t x is easi] = a camel to pass ?r\gh ! eye ( a ne$le ?an = a ri* man to ent] ! k+dom ( heav52 t !y %\ld judge n1 le/ !y be judg$2 t !y %\ld swe> n at all2 t !y %\ld love _! neighb\r z !mselves2 t if "o take _! cloak1 !y %\ld give him _! coat also2 t !y %\ld take no ?\ght = ! morr[2 t if !y w\ld be p]fect1 !y %\ld sell all t !y h & give x to ! poor4 ,!y are n ins9c]e :5 !y say t !y believe ^! ?+s4 ,!y d believe !m1 z p believe :at !y h always he>d laud$ & nev] discuss$4 ,b 9 ! s5se ( t liv+ belief :i* regulates conduct1 !y believe ^! doctr9es j up to ! po9t to :i* x is usual to act ^u !m4 ,! doctr9es 9 _! integrity are s]viceable to pelt adv]s>ies )2 & x is und]/ood t !y are to be put =w>d 7:5 possible7 z ! reasons = :atev] p d t !y ?9k laudable4 ,b any "o :o rem9d$ !m t ! maxims require an inf9ity ( ?+s :i* !y nev] ev5 ?9k ( do+1 w\ld ga9 no?+ b to be class$ among ^? v unpopul> *>act]s :o affect to be bett] ?an o!r p4 ,! doctr9es h no hold on ord9>y believ]s--are n a p[] 9 _! m9ds4 ,!y h a habitual respect = ! s\nd ( !m1 b no feel+ :i* spreads f ! words to ! ?+s signifi$1 & =ces ! m9d to take !m 91 & make !m con=m to ! =mula4 ,:5ev] conduct is conc]n$1 !y look r\nd = ,mr4 ,a & ,b to direct !m h[ f> to g 9 obey+ ,*ri/4 ,n[ we may be well assur$ t ! case 0 n ?us1 b f> o!rwise1 ) ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,_h x be5 ?us1 ,*ri/ianity nev] w\ld h exp&$ f an obscure sect ( ! despis$ ,hebrews into ! religion ( ! ,roman empire4 ,:5 _! enemies said1 ,see h[ ^! ,*ri/ians love "o ano!r 7a rem>k n likely to be made by anybody n[71 !y assur$ly _h a mu* liveli] feel+ ( ! mean+ ( _! cre$ ?an !y h ev] _h s9ce4 ,& to ?is cause1 probably1 x is *iefly ow+ t ,*ri/ianity n[ makes s little progress 9 ext5d+ its doma91 & aft] eighte5 c5turies1 is /ill ne>ly conf9$ to ,europeans & ! desc5dants ( ,europeans4 ,ev5 ) ! /rictly religi\s1 :o are mu* 9 e>ne/ ab\t _! doctr9es1 & atta* a great] am\nt ( mean+ to _m ( !m ?an p 9 g5]al1 x commonly happ5s t ! "p :i* is ?us comp>atively active 9 _! m9ds is t :i* 0 made by ,calv91 or ,knox1 or "s su* p]son mu* ne>] 9 "* to !mselves4 ,! say+s ( ,*ri/ coexi/ passively 9 _! m9ds1 produc+ h>dly any effect beyond :at is caus$ by m]e li/5+ to words s amiable & bl&4 ,!re are _m reasons1 d\btless1 :y doctr9es :i* are ! badge ( a sect reta9 m ( _! vitality ?an ^? common to all recognis$ sects1 & :y m pa9s are tak5 by tea*]s to keep _! mean+ alive2 b "o reason c]ta9ly is1 t ! peculi> doctr9es are m que/ion$1 & h to be (t5] def5d$ aga9/ op5 ga9say]s4 ,bo? tea*]s & le>n]s g to sleep at _! po/1 z soon z !re is no enemy 9 ! field4 ,! same ?+ holds true1 g5]ally speak+1 ( all traditional doctr9es--^? ( prud5ce & k ( life1 z well z ( morals or religion4 ,all languages & lit]atures are full ( g5]al obs]vations on life1 bo? z to :at x is1 & h[ to conduct oneself 9 x2 obs]vations :i* ev]ybody kn[s1 :i* ev]ybody repeats1 or he>s ) acquiesc5ce1 :i* are receiv$ z truisms1 yet ( :i* mo/ p fir/ truly le>n ! mean+1 :5 exp]i5ce1 g5]ally ( a pa9ful k9d1 has made x a reality to !m4 ,h[ (t51 :5 sm>t+ "u "s un=ese5 mis=tune or disappo9tm5t1 does a p]son call to m9d "s prov]b or common say+1 famili> to him all 8 life1 ! mean+ ( :i*1 if he _h ev] be=e felt x z he does n[1 w\ld h sav$ him f ! calamity4 ,!re are inde$ reasons = ?is1 o!r ?an ! abs5ce ( discussion3 !re are _m tru?s ( :i* ! full mean+ _c be realis$1 until p]sonal exp]i5ce has br\ght x home4 ,b mu* m ( ! mean+ ev5 ( ^! w\ld h be5 und]/ood1 & :at 0 und]/ood w\ld h be5 f> m deeply impress$ on ! m9d1 if ! man _h be5 accu/om$ to he> x argu$ pro & con by p :o did und]/& x4 ,! fatal t5d5cy ( mank9d to leave (f ?9k+ ab\t a ?+ :5 x is no long] d\btful1 is ! cause ( half _! errors4 ,a contempor>y au?or has well spok5 ( ! deep slumb] ( a decid$ op9ion4 ,b :at6 7x may be ask$7 ,is ! abs5ce ( unanimity an indisp5sable condition ( true k8 ,is x necess>y t "s "p ( mank9d %\ld p]si/ 9 error1 to enable any to realise ! tru?8 ,does a belief cease to be real & vital z soon z x is g5]ally receiv$--& is a proposition nev] ?or\ghly und]/ood & felt unless "s d\bt ( x rema9s8 ,z soon z mank9d h unanim\sly accept$ a tru?1 does ! tru? p]i% )9 !m8 ,! highe/ aim & be/ result ( improv$ intellig5ce1 x has hi!rto be5 ?\ght1 is to unite mank9d m & m 9 ! ackn[l$gm5t ( all important tru?s3 & does ! intellig5ce only la/ z long z x has n a*iev$ its object8 ,d ! fruits ( conque/ p]i% by ! v complet5ess ( ! victory8 ,i affirm no su* ?+4 ,z mank9d improve1 ! numb] ( doctr9es :i* are no long] disput$ or d\bt$ w be con/antly on ! increase3 & ! well-be+ ( mank9d may almo/ be measur$ by ! numb] & gravity ( ! tru?s :i* h rea*$ ! po9t ( be+ unconte/$4 ,! cessation1 on "o "q aft] ano!r1 ( s]i\s controv]sy1 is "o ( ! necess>y incid5ts ( ! consolidation ( op9ion2 a consolidation z salut>y 9 ! case ( true op9ions1 z x is dang]\s & noxi\s :5 ! op9ions are errone\s4 ,b ?\gh ?is gradual n>r[+ ( ! b\nds ( div]sity ( op9ion is necess>y 9 bo? s5ses ( ! t]m1 be+ at once inevitable & indisp5sable1 we are n !re=e oblig$ to conclude t all its consequ5ces mu/ be b5eficial4 ,! loss ( s important an aid to ! intellig5t & liv+ appreh5sion ( a tru?1 z is af=d$ by ! necessity ( expla9+ x to1 or def5d+ x aga9/1 oppon5ts1 ?\gh n suffici5t to outweigh1 is no trifl+ drawback f1 ! b5efit ( its univ]sal recognition4 ,:]e ?is advantage c no long] be _h1 ,i confess ,i %\ld l to see ! tea*]s ( mank9d endeav\r+ to provide a sub/itute = x2 "s contrivance = mak+ ! difficulties ( ! "q z pres5t to ! le>n]'s consci\sness1 z if !y 7 press$ ^u him by a diss5ti5t *ampion1 eag] = 8 conv]sion4 ,b in/ead ( seek+ contrivances = ?is purpose1 !y h lo/ ^? !y =m]ly _h4 ,! ,socratic dialectics1 s magnific5tly exemplifi$ 9 ! dialogues ( ,plato1 7 a contrivance ( ?is description4 ,!y 7 ess5tially a negative discussion ( ! great que/ions ( philosophy & life1 direct$ ) consummate skill to ! purpose ( conv9c+ any "o :o _h m]ely adopt$ ! commonplaces ( receiv$ op9ion1 t he did n und]/& ! subject--t he z yet atta*$ no def9ite mean+ to ! doctr9es he pr(ess$2 9 ord] t1 becom+ aw>e ( 8 ignorance1 he might be put 9 ! way to atta9 a /able belief1 re/+ on a cle> appreh5sion bo? ( ! mean+ ( doctr9es & ( _! evid5ce4 ,! s*ool disputations ( ! middle ages _h a some:at simil> object4 ,!y 7 int5d$ to make sure t ! pupil und]/ood 8 own op9ion1 & 7by necess>y correlation7 ! op9ion oppos$ to x1 & c\ld en=ce ! gr\nds ( ! "o & confute ^? ( ! o!r4 ,^! la/-m5tion$ conte/s _h inde$ ! incurable defect1 t ! premises appeal$ to 7 tak5 f au?ority1 n f reason2 &1 z a discipl9e to ! m9d1 !y 7 9 e respect inf]ior to ! p[]ful dialectics :i* =m$ ! intellects ( ! ,socratici viri3 b ! mod]n m9d owes f> m to bo? ?an x is g5]ally will+ to admit1 & ! pres5t modes ( education conta9 no?+ :i* 9 ! smalle/ degree supplies ! place ei!r ( ! "o or ( ! o!r4 ,a p]son :o d]ives all 8 in/ruction f tea*]s or books1 ev5 if he escape ! besett+ temptation ( cont5t+ himself ) cram1 is "u no compulsion to he> bo? sides2 accord+ly x is f> f a frequ5t accompli%m5t1 ev5 among ?9k]s1 to "k bo? sides2 & ! weake/ "p ( :at ev]ybody says 9 def5ce ( 8 op9ion1 is :at he int5ds z a reply to antagoni/s4 ,x is ! fa%ion ( ! pres5t "t to disp>age negative logic--t :i* po9ts out weaknesses 9 !ory or errors 9 practice1 )\t e/abli%+ positive tru?s4 ,su* negative criticism w\ld inde$ be poor en\gh z an ultimate result2 b z a means to atta9+ any positive k or conviction wor?y ! "n1 x _c be valu$ too highly2 & until p are aga9 sy/ematically tra9$ to x1 !re w be few great ?9k]s1 & a l[ g5]al av]age ( intellect1 9 any b ! ma!matical & physical dep>tm5ts ( speculation4 ,on any o!r subject no "o's op9ions des]ve ! "n ( k1 except s f> z he has ei!r _h =c$ ^u him by o!rs1 or gone ?r\gh ( himself1 ! same m5tal process :i* w\ld h be5 requir$ ( him 9 c>ry+ on an active controv]sy ) oppon5ts4 ,t1 !re=e1 :i* :5 abs5t1 x is s indisp5sable1 b s difficult1 to create1 h[ worse ?an absurd is x to =ego1 :5 spontane\sly (f]+ itself6 ,if !re are any p]sons :o conte/ a receiv$ op9ion1 or :o w d s if law or op9ion w let !m1 let u ?ank !m = x1 op5 our m9ds to li/5 to !m1 & rejoice t !re is "s "o to d = u :at we o!rwise ought1 if we h any reg>d = ei!r ! c]ta9ty or ! vitality ( our convictions1 to d ) mu* great] lab\r = ourselves4 ,x /ill rema9s to speak ( "o ( ! pr9cipal causes :i* make div]sity ( op9ion advantage\s1 & w cont9ue to d s until mank9d %all h ent]$ a /age ( intellectual advancem5t :i* at pres5t seems at an incalculable di/ance4 ,we h hi!rto consid]$ only two possibilities3 t ! receiv$ op9ion may be false1 & "s o!r op9ion1 consequ5tly1 true2 or t1 ! receiv$ op9ion be+ true1 a conflict ) ! opposite error is ess5tial to a cle> appreh5sion & deep feel+ ( its tru?4 ,b !re is a common] case ?an ei!r ( ^!2 :5 ! conflict+ doctr9es1 in/ead ( be+ "o true & ! o!r false1 %>e ! tru? betwe5 !m2 & ! noncon=m+ op9ion is ne$$ to supply ! rema9d] ( ! tru?1 ( :i* ! receiv$ doctr9e embodies only a "p4 ,popul> op9ions1 on subjects n palpable to s5se1 are (t5 true1 b seldom or nev] ! :ole tru?4 ,!y are a "p ( ! tru?2 sometimes a great]1 sometimes a small] "p1 b exagg]at$1 di/ort$1 & disjo9$ f ! tru?s by :i* !y ought to be accompani$ & limit$4 ,h]etical op9ions1 on ! o!r h&1 are g5]ally "s ( ^! suppress$ & neglect$ tru?s1 bur/+ ! bonds :i* kept !m d[n1 & ei!r seek+ reconciliation ) ! tru? conta9$ 9 ! common op9ion1 or front+ x z enemies1 & sett+ !mselves up1 ) simil> exclusiv5ess1 z ! :ole tru?4 ,! latt] case is hi!rto ! mo/ frequ5t1 z1 9 ! human m9d1 "o-sid$ness has always be5 ! rule1 & _m-sid$ness ! exception4 ,h5ce1 ev5 9 revolutions ( op9ion1 "o "p ( ! tru? usually sets :ile ano!r rises4 ,ev5 progress1 :i* ought to sup]add1 = ! mo/ "p only sub/itutes "o p>tial & incomplete tru? = ano!r2 improvem5t consi/+ *iefly 9 ?is1 t ! new fragm5t ( tru? is m want$1 m adapt$ to ! ne$s ( ! "t1 ?an t :i* x displaces4 ,su* be+ ! p>tial "* ( prevail+ op9ions1 ev5 :5 re/+ on a true f\ndation2 e op9ion :i* embodies some:at ( ! portion ( tru? :i* ! common op9ion omits1 ought to be consid]$ preci\s1 ) :atev] am\nt ( error & confusion t tru? may be bl5d$4 ,no sob] judge ( human affairs w feel b\nd to be indignant because ^? :o =ce on our notice tru?s :i* we %\ld o!rwise h ov]look$1 ov]look "s ( ^? :i* we see4 ,r1 he w ?9k t s long z popul> tru? is "o-sid$1 x is m desirable ?an o!rwise t unpopul> tru? %\ld h "o-sid$ ass]t]s too2 su* be+ usually ! mo/ en]getic1 & ! mo/ likely to compel reluctant att5tion to ! fragm5t ( wisdom :i* !y proclaim z if x 7 ! :ole4 ,?us1 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 :5 ne>ly all ! in/ruct$1 & all ^? ( ! un9/ruct$ :o 7 l$ by !m1 7 lo/ 9 admiration ( :at is call$ civilisation1 & ( ! m>vels ( mod]n sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & philosophy1 & :ile greatly ov]rat+ ! am\nt ( unlik5ess betwe5 ! m5 ( mod]n & ^? ( anci5t times1 indulg$ ! belief t ! :ole ( ! diff]5ce 0 9 _! own fav\r2 ) :at a salut>y %ock did ! p>adoxes ( ,r\sseau explode l bomb%ells 9 ! mid/1 dislocat+ ! compact mass ( "o-sid$ op9ion1 & =c+ its elem5ts to recomb9e 9 a bett] =m & ) additional +r$i5ts4 ,n t ! curr5t op9ions 7 on ! :ole f>!r f ! tru? ?an ,r\sseau's 72 on ! contr>y1 !y 7 ne>] to x2 !y conta9$ m ( positive tru?1 & v mu* less ( error4 ,nev]!less !re lay 9 ,r\sseau's doctr9e1 & has float$ d[n ! /ream ( op9ion along ) x1 a consid]able am\nt ( exactly ^? tru?s :i* ! popul> op9ion want$2 & ^! are ! deposit :i* 0 left beh9d :5 ! flood subsid$4 ,! sup]ior wor? ( simplicity ( life1 ! en]vat+ & demoralis+ effect ( ! trammels & hypocrisies ( artificial society1 are ideas :i* h nev] be5 entirely abs5t f cultivat$ m9ds s9ce ,r\sseau wrote2 & !y w 9 "t produce _! due effect1 ?\gh at pres5t ne$+ to be ass]t$ z mu* z ev]1 & to be ass]t$ by de$s1 = words1 on ?is subject1 h ne>ly exhau/$ _! p[]4 ,9 politics1 aga91 x is almo/ a commonplace1 t a p>ty ( ord] or /ability1 & a p>ty ( progress or re=m1 are bo? necess>y elem5ts ( a heal?y /ate ( political life2 until ! "o or ! o!r %all h s enl>g$ its m5tal grasp z to be a p>ty equally ( ord] & ( progress1 kn[+ & di/+ui%+ :at is fit to be pres]v$ f :at ought to be swept away4 ,ea* ( ^! modes ( ?9k+ d]ives its utility f ! defici5cies ( ! o!r2 b x is 9 a great measure ! opposition ( ! o!r t keeps ea* )9 ! limits ( reason & sanity4 ,unless op9ions fav\rable to democracy & to ari/ocracy1 to prop]ty & to equality1 to co-op]ation & to competition1 to luxury & to ab/95ce1 to sociality & individuality1 to lib]ty & discipl9e1 & all ! o!r /&+ antagonisms ( practical life1 are express$ ) equal fre$om1 & en=c$ & def5d$ ) equal tal5t & en]gy1 !re is no *ance ( bo? elem5ts obta9+ _! due2 "o scale is sure to g up & ! o!r d[n4 ,tru?1 9 ! great practical conc]ns ( life1 is s mu* a "q ( ! reconcil+ & comb9+ ( opposites1 t v few h m9ds suffici5tly capaci\s & imp>tial to make ! adju/m5t ) an approa* to correctness1 & x has to be made by ! r\gh process ( a /ruggle betwe5 combatants fight+ "u ho/ile bann]s4 ,on any ( ! great op5 que/ions j enum]at$1 if ei!r ( ! two op9ions has a bett] claim ?an ! o!r1 n m]ely to be tol]at$1 b to be enc\rag$ & c\nt5anc$1 x is ! "o :i* happ5s at ! p>ticul> "t & place to be 9 a m9ority4 ,t is ! op9ion :i*1 = ! "t be+1 repres5ts ! neglect$ int]e/s1 ! side ( human well-be+ :i* is 9 dang] ( obta9+ less ?an its %>e4 ,i am aw>e t !re is n1 9 ?is c\ntry1 any intol]ance ( diff]5ces ( op9ion on mo/ ( ^! topics4 ,!y are adduc$ to %[1 by admitt$ & multipli$ examples1 ! univ]sality ( ! fact1 t only ?r\gh div]sity ( op9ion is !re1 9 ! exi/+ /ate ( human intellect1 a *ance ( fair-play to all sides ( ! tru?4 ,:5 !re are p]sons to be f\nd1 :o =m an exception to ! app>5t unanimity ( ! _w on any subject1 ev5 if ! _w is 9 ! "r1 x is always probable t diss5ti5ts h some?+ wor? he>+ to say = !mselves1 & t tru? w\ld lose some?+ by _! sil5ce4 ,x may be object$1 ,b "s receiv$ pr9ciples1 especially on ! highe/ & mo/ vital subjects1 are m ?an half-tru?s4 ,! ,*ri/ian morality1 = in/ance1 is ! :ole tru? on t subject1 & if any "o tea*es a morality :i* v>ies f x1 he is :olly 9 error4 ,z ?is is ( all cases ! mo/ important 9 practice1 none c be fitt] to te/ ! g5]al maxim4 ,b be=e pron\nc+ :at ,*ri/ian morality is or is n1 x w\ld be desirable to decide :at is meant by ,*ri/ian morality4 ,if x means ! morality ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ,i wond] t any "o :o d]ives 8 k ( ?is f ! book itself1 c suppose t x 0 ann\nc$1 or int5d$1 z a complete doctr9e ( morals4 ,! ,gospel always ref]s to a pre-exi/+ morality1 & conf9es its precepts to ! p>ticul>s 9 :i* t morality 0 to be correct$1 or sup]s$$ by a wid] & high]2 express+ itself1 moreov]1 9 t]ms mo/ g5]al1 (t5 impossible to be int]pret$ lit]ally1 & possess+ r ! impressiv5ess ( poetry or eloqu5ce ?an ! precision ( legislation4 ,to extract f x a body ( e?ical doctr9e1 has ev] be5 possible )\t ek+ x out f ! ,old ,te/am5t1 t is1 f a sy/em elaborate inde$1 b 9 _m respects b>b>\s1 & int5d$ only = a b>b>\s p4 ,/4 ,paul1 a decl>$ enemy to ?is ,judaical mode ( int]pret+ ! doctr9e & fill+ up ! s*eme ( 8 ,ma/]1 equally assumes a pre-exi/+ morality1 namely1 t ( ! ,greeks & ,romans2 & 8 advice to ,*ri/ians is 9 a great measure a sy/em ( accommodation to t2 ev5 to ! ext5t ( giv+ an app>5t sanction to slav]y4 ,:at is call$ ,*ri/ian1 b %\ld r be t]m$ !ological1 morality1 0 n ! "w ( ,*ri/ or ! ,apo/les1 b is ( mu* lat] orig91 hav+ be5 gradually built up by ! ,ca?olic *ur* ( ! fir/ five c5turies1 & ?\gh n implicitly adopt$ by mod]ns & ,prote/ants1 has be5 mu* less modifi$ by !m ?an might h be5 expect$4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 inde$1 !y h cont5t$ !mselves ) cutt+ (f ! additions :i* _h be5 made to x 9 ! middle ages1 ea* sect supply+ ! place by fre% additions1 adapt$ to its own "* & t5d5cies4 ,t mank9d owe a great debt to ?is morality1 & to its e>ly tea*]s1 ,i %\ld be ! la/ p]son to d5y2 b ,i d n scruple to say ( x1 t x is1 9 _m important po9ts1 incomplete & "o-sid$1 & t unless ideas & feel+s1 n sanction$ by x1 _h contribut$ to ! =mation ( ,european life & "*1 human affairs w\ld h be5 9 a worse condition ?an !y n[ are4 ,*ri/ian morality 7s call$7 has all ! *>act]s ( a reaction2 x is1 9 great "p1 a prote/ aga9/ ,paganism4 ,its ideal is negative r ?an positive2 passive r ?an active2 ,innoc5ce r ?an ,nobl5ess2 ,ab/95ce f ,evil1 r ?an en]getic ,pursuit ( ,good3 9 its precepts 7z has be5 well said7 ?\ %alt n pr$om9ates unduly ov] ?\ %alt4 ,9 its horror ( s5suality1 x made an idol ( asceticism1 :i* has be5 gradually compromis$ away into "o ( legality4 ,x holds out ! hope ( heav5 & ! ?reat ( hell1 z ! appo9t$ & appropriate motives to a virtu\s life3 9 ?is fall+ f> bel[ ! be/ ( ! anci5ts1 & do+ :at lies 9 x to give to human morality an ess5tially selfi% "*1 by disconnect+ ea* man's feel+s ( duty f ! int]e/s ( 8 fell[-creatures1 except s f> z a self-int]e/$ inducem5t is (f]$ to him = consult+ !m4 ,x is ess5tially a doctr9e ( passive ob$i5ce2 x inculcates submission to all au?orities f\nd e/abli%$2 :o inde$ are n to be actively obey$ :5 !y comm& :at religion =bids1 b :o are n to be resi/$1 f> less rebell$ aga9/1 = any am\nt ( wrong to ourselves4 ,& :ile1 9 ! morality ( ! be/ ,pagan nations1 duty to ! ,/ate holds ev5 a disproportionate place1 infr++ on ! j lib]ty ( ! individual2 9 purely ,*ri/ian e?ics1 t gr& dep>tm5t ( duty is sc>cely notic$ or ackn[l$g$4 ,x is 9 ! ,koran1 n ! ,new ,te/am5t1 t we read ! maxim--,a rul] :o appo9ts any man to an (fice1 :5 !re is 9 8 dom9ions ano!r man bett] qualifi$ = x1 s9s aga9/ ,god & aga9/ ! ,/ate4 ,:at little recognition ! idea ( obligation to ! public obta9s 9 mod]n morality1 is d]iv$ f ,greek & ,roman s\rces1 n f ,*ri/ian2 z1 ev5 9 ! morality ( private life1 :atev] exi/s ( magnanimity1 high-m9d$ness1 p]sonal dignity1 ev5 ! s5se ( hon\r1 is d]iv$ f ! purely human1 n ! religi\s "p ( our education1 & nev] c\ld h gr[n out ( a /&>d ( e?ics 9 :i* ! only wor?1 pr(ess$ly recognis$1 is t ( ob$i5ce4 ,i am z f> z any "o f pret5d+ t ^! defects are necess>ily inh]5t 9 ! ,*ri/ian e?ics1 9 e mann] 9 :i* x c be conceiv$1 or t ! _m requisites ( a complete moral doctr9e :i* x does n conta91 d n admit ( be+ reconcil$ ) x4 ,f> less w\ld ,i ins9uate ?is ( ! doctr9es & precepts ( ,*ri/ himself4 ,i believe t ! say+s ( ,*ri/ are all1 t ,i c see any evid5ce ( _! hav+ be5 int5d$ to be2 t !y are irreconcilable ) no?+ :i* a compreh5sive morality requires2 t ev]y?+ :i* is excell5t 9 e?ics may be br\ght )9 !m1 ) no great] viol5ce to _! language ?an has be5 done to x by all :o h attempt$ to d$uce f !m any practical sy/em ( conduct :atev]4 ,b x is q consi/5t ) ?is1 to believe t !y conta91 & 7 meant to conta91 only a "p ( ! tru?2 t _m ess5tial elem5ts ( ! highe/ morality are among ! ?+s :i* are n provid$ =1 nor int5d$ to be provid$ =1 9 ! record$ deliv]ances ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity1 & :i* h be5 entirely ?r[n aside 9 ! sy/em ( e?ics erect$ on ! basis ( ^? deliv]ances by ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,& ?is be+ s1 ,i ?9k x a great error to p]si/ 9 attempt+ to f9d 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e t complete rule = our guidance1 :i* its au?or int5d$ x to sanction & en=ce1 b only p>tially to provide4 ,i believe1 too1 t ?is n>r[ !ory is becom+ a grave practical evil1 detract+ greatly f ! value ( ! moral tra9+ & in/ruction1 :i* s _m well-mean+ p]sons are n[ at l5g? ex]t+ !mselves to promote4 ,i mu* fe> t by attempt+ to =m ! m9d & feel+s on an exclusively religi\s type1 & disc>d+ ^? secul> /&>ds 7z = want ( a bett] "n !y may be call$7 :i* h]et(ore co-exi/$ ) & supplem5t$ ! ,*ri/ian e?ics1 receiv+ "s ( its _s1 & infus+ into x "s ( !irs1 !re w result1 & is ev5 n[ result+1 a l[1 abject1 s]vile type ( "*1 :i*1 submit itself z x may to :at x deems ! ,supreme ,w1 is incapable ( ris+ to or sympa?is+ 9 ! conception ( ,supreme ,goodness4 ,i believe t o!r e?ics ?an any :i* c be evolv$ f exclusively ,*ri/ian s\rces1 mu/ exi/ side by side ) ,*ri/ian e?ics to produce ! moral reg5]ation ( mank9d2 & t ! ,*ri/ian sy/em is no exception to ! rule1 t 9 an imp]fect /ate ( ! human m9d1 ! int]e/s ( tru? require a div]sity ( op9ions4 ,x is n necess>y t 9 ceas+ to ignore ! moral tru?s n conta9$ 9 ,*ri/ianity1 m5 %\ld ignore any ( ^? :i* x does conta94 ,su* prejudice1 or ov]sight1 :5 x occurs1 is altoge!r an evil2 b x is "o f :i* we _c hope to be always exempt1 & mu/ be reg>d$ z ! price paid = an ine/imable good4 ,! exclusive pret5sion made by a "p ( ! tru? to be ! :ole1 mu/ & ought to be prote/$ aga9/1 & if a reaction>y impulse %\ld make ! prote/ors unju/ 9 _! turn1 ?is "o-sid$ness1 l ! o!r1 may be lam5t$1 b mu/ be tol]at$4 ,if ,*ri/ians w\ld tea* infidels to be j to ,*ri/ianity1 !y %\ld !mselves be j to infidelity4 ,x c d tru? no s]vice to bl9k ! fact1 kn[n to all :o h ! mo/ ord9>y acqua9tance ) lit]>y hi/ory1 t a l>ge portion ( ! noble/ & mo/ valuable moral tea*+ has be5 ! "w1 n only ( m5 :o did n "k1 b ( m5 :o knew & reject$1 ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,i d n pret5d t ! mo/ unlimit$ use ( ! fre$om ( enunciat+ all possible op9ions w\ld put an end to ! evils ( religi\s or philosophical sect>ianism4 ,e tru? :i* m5 ( n>r[ capacity are 9 e>ne/ ab\t1 is sure to be ass]t$1 inculcat$1 & 9 _m ways ev5 act$ on1 z if no o!r tru? exi/$ 9 ! _w1 or at all ev5ts none t c\ld limit or qualify ! fir/4 ,i ackn[l$ge t ! t5d5cy ( all op9ions to become sect>ian is n cur$ by ! free/ discussion1 b is (t5 height5$ & exac]bat$ !reby2 ! tru? :i* ought to h be51 b 0 n1 se51 be+ reject$ all ! m viol5tly because proclaim$ by p]sons reg>d$ z oppon5ts4 ,b x is n on ! impassion$ p>tisan1 x is on ! calm] & m dis9t]e/$ by/&]1 t ?is collision ( op9ions works its salut>y effect4 ,n ! viol5t conflict betwe5 p>ts ( ! tru?1 b ! quiet suppression ( half ( x1 is ! =midable evil3 !re is always hope :5 p are =c$ to li/5 to bo? sides2 x is :5 !y att5d only to "o t errors h>d5 into prejudices1 & tru? itself ceases to h ! effect ( tru?1 by be+ exagg]at$ into falsehood4 ,& s9ce !re are few m5tal attributes m r>e ?an t judicial faculty :i* c sit 9 intellig5t judgm5t betwe5 two sides ( a "q1 ( :i* only "o is repres5t$ by an advocate be=e x1 tru? has no *ance b 9 proportion z e side ( x1 e op9ion :i* embodies any fraction ( ! tru?1 n only f9ds advocates1 b is s advocat$ z to be li/5$ to4 ,we h n[ recognis$ ! necessity to ! m5tal well-be+ ( mank9d 7on :i* all _! o!r well-be+ dep5ds7 ( fre$om ( op9ion1 & fre$om ( ! expression ( op9ion1 on f\r di/9ct gr\nds2 :i* we w n[ briefly recapitulate4 ,fir/1 if any op9ion is compell$ to sil5ce1 t op9ion may1 = aught we c c]ta9ly "k1 be true4 ,to d5y ?is is to assume our own infallibility4 ,secondly1 ?\gh ! sil5c$ op9ion be an error1 x may1 & v commonly does1 conta9 a portion ( tru?2 & s9ce ! g5]al or prevail+ op9ion on any subject is r>ely or nev] ! :ole tru?1 x is only by ! collision ( adv]se op9ions1 t ! rema9d] ( ! tru? has any *ance ( be+ suppli$4 ,?irdly1 ev5 if ! receiv$ op9ion be n only true1 b ! :ole tru?2 unless x is suff]$ to be1 & actually is1 vigor\sly & e>ne/ly conte/$1 x w1 by mo/ ( ^? :o receive x1 be held 9 ! mann] ( a prejudice1 ) little compreh5sion or feel+ ( its rational gr\nds4 ,& n only ?is1 b1 f\r?ly1 ! mean+ ( ! doctr9e itself w be 9 dang] ( be+ lo/1 or enfeebl$1 & depriv$ ( its vital effect on ! "* & conduct3 ! dogma becom+ a m]e =mal pr(ession1 inefficaci\s = good1 b cumb]+ ! gr\nd1 & prev5t+ ! gr[? ( any real & he>tfelt conviction1 f reason or p]sonal exp]i5ce4 ,be=e quitt+ ! subject ( fre$om ( op9ion1 x is fit to take "s notice ( ^? :o say1 t ! free expression ( all op9ions %\ld be p]mitt$1 on condition t ! mann] be temp]ate1 & d n pass ! b\nds ( fair discussion4 ,mu* might be said on ! impossibility ( fix+ :]e ^! suppos$ b\nds are to be plac$2 = if ! te/ be (f5ce to ^? ^: op9ion is attack$1 ,i ?9k exp]i5ce te/ifies t ?is (f5ce is giv5 :5ev] ! attack is tell+ & p[]ful1 & t e oppon5t :o pu%es !m h>d1 & :om !y f9d x difficult to answ]1 appe>s to !m1 if he %[s any /rong feel+ on ! subject1 an intemp]ate oppon5t4 ,b ?is1 ?\gh an important consid]ation 9 a practical po9t ( view1 m]ges 9 a m fundam5tal objection4 ,und\bt$ly ! mann] ( ass]t+ an op9ion1 ev5 ?\gh x be a true "o1 may be v objectionable1 & may ju/ly incur sev]e c5sure4 ,b ! pr9cipal (f5ces ( ! k9d are su* z x is mo/ly impossible1 unless by accid5tal self-betrayal1 to br+ home to conviction4 ,! grave/ ( !m is1 to argue sophi/ically1 to suppress facts or argum5ts1 to mis/ate ! elem5ts ( ! case1 or misrepres5t ! opposite op9ion4 ,b all ?is1 ev5 to ! mo/ aggravat$ degree1 is s cont9ually done 9 p]fect good fai?1 by p]sons :o are n consid]$1 & 9 _m o!r respects may n des]ve to be consid]$1 ignorant or incompet5t1 t x is r>ely possible on adequate gr\nds consci5ti\sly to /amp ! misrepres5tation z morally culpable2 & /ill less c\ld law presume to int]f]e ) ?is k9d ( controv]sial misconduct4 ,) reg>d to :at is commonly meant by intemp]ate discussion1 namely invective1 s>casm1 p]sonality1 & ! l1 ! d5unciation ( ^! weapons w\ld des]ve m sympa?y if x 7 ev] propos$ to int]dict !m equally to bo? sides2 b x is only desir$ to re/ra9 ! employm5t ( !m aga9/ ! prevail+ op9ion3 aga9/ ! unprevail+ !y may n only be us$ )\t g5]al disapproval1 b w be likely to obta9 = him :o uses !m ! praise ( hone/ zeal & righte\s indignation4 ,yet :atev] mis*ief arises f _! use1 is greate/ :5 !y are employ$ aga9/ ! comp>atively def5celess2 & :atev] unfair advantage c be d]iv$ by any op9ion f ?is mode ( ass]t+ x1 accrues almo/ exclusively to receiv$ op9ions4 ,! wor/ (f5ce ( ?is k9d :i* c be committ$ by a polemic1 is to /igmatise ^? :o hold ! contr>y op9ion z bad & immoral m54 ,to calumny ( ?is sort1 ^? :o hold any unpopul> op9ion are peculi>ly expos$1 because !y are 9 g5]al few & un9flu5tial1 & nobody b !mselves feel mu* int]e/ 9 see+ ju/ice done !m2 b ?is weapon is1 f ! nature ( ! case1 d5i$ to ^? :o attack a prevail+ op9ion3 !y c nei!r use x ) safety to !mselves1 nor1 if !y c\ld1 w\ld x d any?+ b recoil on _! own cause4 ,9 g5]al1 op9ions contr>y to ^? commonly receiv$ c only obta9 a he>+ by /udi$ mod]ation ( language1 & ! mo/ cauti\s avoidance ( unnecess>y (f5ce1 f :i* !y h>dly ev] deviate ev5 9 a slight degree )\t los+ gr\nd3 :ile unmeasur$ vitup]ation employ$ on ! side ( ! prevail+ op9ion1 really does det] p f pr(ess+ contr>y op9ions1 & f li/5+ to ^? :o pr(ess !m4 ,= ! int]e/1 !re=e1 ( tru? & ju/ice1 x is f> m important to re/ra9 ?is employm5t ( vitup]ative language ?an ! o!r2 &1 = example1 if x 7 necess>y to *oose1 !re w\ld be mu* m ne$ to disc\rage (f5sive attacks on infidelity1 ?an on religion4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 obvi\s t law & au?ority h no bus9ess ) re/ra9+ ei!r1 :ile op9ion ought1 9 e in/ance1 to det]m9e its v]dict by ! circum/ances ( ! individual case2 condemn+ e "o1 on :i*ev] side ( ! argum5t he places himself1 9 ^: mode ( advocacy ei!r want ( c&\r1 or malignity1 bigotry1 or intol]ance ( feel+ manife/ !mselves2 b n inf]r+ ^! vices f ! side :i* a p]son takes1 ?\gh x be ! contr>y side ( ! "q to our own3 & giv+ m]it$ hon\r to e "o1 :atev] op9ion he may hold1 :o has calmness to see & hone/y to /ate :at 8 oppon5ts & _! op9ions really are1 exagg]at+ no?+ to _! discr$it1 keep+ no?+ back :i* tells1 or c be suppos$ to tell1 9 _! fav\r4 ,?is is ! real morality ( public discussion2 & if (t5 violat$1 ,i am happy to ?9k t !re are _m controv]siali/s :o to a great ext5t obs]ve x1 & a /ill great] numb] :o consci5ti\sly /rive t[>ds x4 ,,footnotes3 #f ,^! words _h sc>cely be5 writt51 :51 z if to give !m an emphatic contradiction1 occurr$ ! ,gov]nm5t ,press ,prosecutions ( #aheh4 ,t ill-judg$ int]f]5ce ) ! lib]ty ( public discussion has n1 h[ev]1 induc$ me to alt] a s+le ^w 9 ! text1 nor has x at all weak5$ my conviction t1 mom5ts ( panic except$1 ! era ( pa9s & p5alties = political discussion has1 9 our own c\ntry1 pass$ away4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! prosecutions 7 n p]si/$ 92 &1 9 ! second1 !y 7 nev]1 prop]ly speak+1 political prosecutions4 ,! (f5ce *>g$ 0 n t ( criticis+ in/itutions1 or ! acts or p]sons ( rul]s1 b ( circulat+ :at 0 deem$ an immoral doctr9e1 ! lawfulness ( ,tyrannicide4 ,if ! argum5ts ( ! pres5t *apt] are ( any validity1 !re ought to exi/ ! fulle/ lib]ty ( pr(ess+ & discuss+1 z a matt] ( e?ical conviction1 any doctr9e1 h[ev] immoral x may be consid]$4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be irrelevant & out ( place to exam9e "h1 :e!r ! doctr9e ( ,tyrannicide des]ves t title4 ,i %all cont5t myself ) say+1 t ! subject has be5 at all times "o ( ! op5 que/ions ( morals2 t ! act ( a private citiz5 9 /rik+ d[n a crim9al1 :o1 by rais+ himself above ! law1 has plac$ himself beyond ! rea* ( legal puni%m5t or control1 has be5 acc\nt$ by :ole nations1 & by "s ( ! be/ & wise/ ( m51 n a crime1 b an act ( exalt$ virtue2 & t1 "r or wrong1 x is n ( ! nature ( assass9ation1 b ( civil w>4 ,z su*1 ,i hold t ! in/igation to x1 9 a specific case1 may be a prop] subject ( puni%m5t1 b only if an ov]t act has foll[$1 & at lea/ a probable connection c be e/abli%$ betwe5 ! act & ! in/igation4 ,ev5 !n1 x is n a =eign gov]nm5t1 b ! v gov]nm5t assail$1 :i* alone1 9 ! ex]cise ( self-def5ce1 c legitimately puni% attacks direct$ aga9/ its own exi/5ce4 #g ,?omas ,pooley1 ,bodm9 ,assizes1 ,july #ca1 #aheg4 ,9 ,decemb] foll[+1 he receiv$ a free p>don f ! ,cr[n4 #h ,george ,jacob ,holyoake1 ,augu/ #ag1 #aheg2 ,edw>d ,truelove1 ,july1 #aheg4 #i ,b>on de ,glei*51 ,m>lbor\gh-,/reet ,police ,c\rt1 ,augu/ #d1 #aheg4 #aj ,ample w>n+ may be drawn f ! l>ge infusion ( ! passions ( a p]secutor1 :i* m+l$ ) ! g5]al display ( ! wor/ p>ts ( our national "* on ! occasion ( ! ,sepoy insurrection4 ,! rav+s ( fanatics or *>latans f ! pulpit may be unwor?y ( notice2 b ! heads ( ! ,evangelical p>ty h ann\nc$ z _! pr9ciple1 = ! gov]nm5t ( ,h9doos & ,mahom$ans1 t no s*ools be support$ by public money 9 :i* ! ,bible is n taught1 & by necess>y consequ5ce t no public employm5t be giv5 to any b real or pret5d$ ,*ri/ians4 ,an ,"u-,secret>y ( ,/ate1 9 a spee* deliv]$ to 8 con/itu5ts on ! #ab? ( ,novemb]1 #aheg1 is report$ to h said3 ,tol]ation ( _! fai? 7! fai? ( a hundr$ millions ( ,briti% subjects71 ! sup]/ition :i* !y call$ religion1 by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t1 _h _h ! effect ( ret>d+ ! asc5d5cy ( ! ,briti% "n1 & prev5t+ ! salut>y gr[? ( ,*ri/ianity4444 ,tol]ation 0 ! great corn]-/one ( ! religi\s lib]ties ( ?is c\ntry2 b d n let !m abuse t preci\s ^w tol]ation4 ,z he und]/ood x1 x meant ! complete lib]ty to all1 fre$om ( wor%ip1 among ,*ri/ians1 :o wor%ipp$ ^u ! same f\ndation4 ,x meant tol]ation ( all sects & d5om9ations ( ,*ri/ians :o believ$ 9 ! "o m$iation4 ,i desire to call att5tion to ! fact1 t a man :o has be5 deem$ fit to fill a high (fice 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ?is c\ntry1 "u a lib]al ,m9i/ry1 ma9ta9s ! doctr9e t all :o d n believe 9 ! div9ity ( ,*ri/ are beyond ! pale ( tol]ation4 ,:o1 aft] ?is imbecile display1 c indulge ! illusion t religi\s p]secution has pass$ away1 nev] to return8 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,( ,,individuality1 ,,z ,,"o ,,( ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,well-,,be+4 ,su* be+ ! reasons :i* make x imp]ative t human be+s %\ld be free to =m op9ions1 & to express _! op9ions )\t res]ve2 & su* ! baneful consequ5ces to ! intellectual1 & ?r\gh t to ! moral nature ( man1 unless ?is lib]ty is ei!r conc$$1 or ass]t$ 9 spite ( prohibition2 let u next exam9e :e!r ! same reasons d n require t m5 %\ld be free to act ^u _! op9ions--to c>ry ^! out 9 _! lives1 )\t h9drance1 ei!r physical or moral1 f _! fell[-m51 s long z x is at _! own risk & p]il4 ,?is la/ proviso is ( c\rse indisp5sable4 ,no "o pret5ds t actions %\ld be z free z op9ions4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev5 op9ions lose _! immunity1 :5 ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are express$ are su* z to con/itute _! expression a positive in/igation to "s mis*iev\s act4 ,an op9ion t corn-deal]s are />v]s ( ! poor1 or t private prop]ty is robb]y1 ought to be unmole/$ :5 simply circulat$ ?r\gh ! press1 b may ju/ly incur puni%m5t :5 deliv]$ orally to an excit$ mob assembl$ be=e ! h\se ( a corn-deal]1 or :5 h&$ ab\t among ! same mob 9 ! =m ( a plac>d4 ,acts1 ( :atev] k9d1 :i*1 )\t ju/ifiable cause1 d h>m to o!rs1 may be1 & 9 ! m important cases absolutely require to be1 controll$ by ! unfav\rable s5tim5ts1 &1 :5 ne$ful1 by ! active int]f]5ce ( mank9d4 ,! lib]ty ( ! individual mu/ be ?us f> limit$2 he mu/ n make himself a nuisance to o!r p4 ,b if he refra9s f mole/+ o!rs 9 :at conc]ns !m1 & m]ely acts accord+ to 8 own incl9ation & judgm5t 9 ?+s :i* conc]n himself1 ! same reasons :i* %[ t op9ion %\ld be free1 prove also t he %\ld be all[$1 )\t mole/ation1 to c>ry 8 op9ions into practice at 8 own co/4 ,t mank9d are n infallible2 t _! tru?s1 = ! mo/ "p1 are only half-tru?s2 t unity ( op9ion1 unless result+ f ! fulle/ & free/ comp>ison ( opposite op9ions1 is n desirable1 & div]sity n an evil1 b a good1 until mank9d are mu* m capable ?an at pres5t ( recognis+ all sides ( ! tru?1 are pr9ciples applicable to m5's modes ( action1 n less ?an to _! op9ions4 ,z x is useful t :ile mank9d are imp]fect !re %\ld be diff]5t op9ions1 s is x t !re %\ld be diff]5t exp]im5ts ( liv+2 t free scope %\ld be giv5 to v>ieties ( "*1 %ort ( injury to o!rs2 & t ! wor? ( diff]5t modes ( life %\ld be prov$ practically1 :5 any "o ?9ks fit to try !m4 ,x is desirable1 9 %ort1 t 9 ?+s :i* d n prim>ily conc]n o!rs1 individuality %\ld ass]t itself4 ,:]e1 n ! p]son's own "*1 b ! traditions or cu/oms ( o!r p are ! rule ( conduct1 !re is want+ "o ( ! pr9cipal +r$i5ts ( human happ9ess1 & q ! *ief +r$i5t ( individual & social progress4 ,9 ma9ta9+ ?is pr9ciple1 ! greate/ difficulty to be enc\nt]$ does n lie 9 ! appreciation ( means t[>ds an ackn[l$g$ end1 b 9 ! indiff]5ce ( p]sons 9 g5]al to ! end itself4 ,if x 7 felt t ! free developm5t ( individuality is "o ( ! lead+ ess5tials ( well-be+2 t x is n only a co-ord9ate elem5t ) all t is designat$ by ! t]ms civilisation1 in/ruction1 education1 culture1 b is itself a necess>y "p & condition ( all ^? ?+s2 !re w\ld be no dang] t lib]ty %\ld be "u-valu$1 & ! adju/m5t ( ! b\nd>ies betwe5 x & social control w\ld pres5t no extraord9>y difficulty4 ,b ! evil is1 t individual spontaneity is h>dly recognis$ by ! common modes ( ?9k+1 z hav+ any intr9sic wor?1 or des]v+ any reg>d on its own acc\nt4 ,! majority1 be+ satisfi$ ) ! ways ( mank9d z !y n[ are 7= x is !y :o make !m :at !y are71 _c compreh5d :y ^? ways %\ld n be good en\gh = ev]ybody2 & :at is m1 spontaneity =ms no "p ( ! ideal ( ! majority ( moral & social re=m]s1 b is r look$ on ) jeal\sy1 z a tr\blesome & p]haps rebelli\s ob/ruction to ! g5]al acceptance ( :at ^! re=m]s1 9 _! own judgm5t1 ?9k w\ld be be/ = mank9d4 ,few p]sons1 out ( ,g]many1 ev5 compreh5d ! mean+ ( ! doctr9e :i* ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 s em95t bo? z a savant & z a politician1 made ! text ( a treatise--t ! end ( man1 or t :i* is prescrib$ by ! et]nal or immutable dictates ( reason1 & n sugge/$ by vague & transi5t desires1 is ! highe/ & mo/ h>moni\s developm5t ( 8 p[]s to a complete & consi/5t :ole2 t1 !re=e1 ! object t[>ds :i* e human be+ mu/ ceaselessly direct 8 ef=ts1 & on :i* especially ^? :o design to influ5ce _! fell[-m5 mu/ ev] keep _! eyes1 is ! individuality ( p[] & developm5t2 t = ?is !re are two requisites1 fre$om1 & a v>iety ( situations2 & t f ! union ( ^! arise individual vig\r & manifold div]sity1 :i* comb9e !mselves 9 orig9ality4#aa ,little1 h[ev]1 z p are accu/om$ to a doctr9e l t ( ,von ,humboldt1 & surpris+ z x may be to !m to f9d s high a value atta*$ to individuality1 ! "q1 "o mu/ nev]!less ?9k1 c only be "o ( degree4 ,no "o's idea ( excell5ce 9 conduct is t p %\ld d absolutely no?+ b copy "o ano!r4 ,no "o w\ld ass]t t p ought n to put into _! mode ( life1 & into ! conduct ( _! conc]ns1 any impress :atev] ( _! own judgm5t1 or ( _! own individual "*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld be absurd to pret5d t p ought to live z if no?+ :atev] _h be5 kn[n 9 ! _w be=e !y came into x2 z if exp]i5ce _h z yet done no?+ t[>ds %[+ t "o mode ( exi/5ce1 or ( conduct1 is pref]able to ano!r4 ,nobody d5ies t p %\ld be s taught & tra9$ 9 y\?1 z to "k & b5efit by ! asc]ta9$ results ( human exp]i5ce4 ,b x is ! privilege & prop] condition ( a human be+1 arriv$ at ! maturity ( 8 faculties1 to use & int]pret exp]i5ce 9 8 own way4 ,x is = him to f9d out :at "p ( record$ exp]i5ce is prop]ly applicable to 8 own circum/ances & "*4 ,! traditions & cu/oms ( o!r p are1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 evid5ce ( :at _! exp]i5ce has taught !m2 presumptive evid5ce1 & z su*1 h a claim to 8 def]5ce3 b1 9 ! fir/ place1 _! exp]i5ce may be too n>r[2 or !y may n h int]pret$ x rightly4 ,secondly1 _! int]pretation ( exp]i5ce may be correct1 b unsuitable to him4 ,cu/oms are made = cu/om>y circum/ances1 & cu/om>y *>act]s3 & 8 circum/ances or 8 "* may be uncu/om>y4 ,?irdly1 ?\gh ! cu/oms be bo? good z cu/oms1 & suitable to him1 yet to con=m to cu/om1 m]ely z cu/om1 does n educate or develop 9 him any ( ! qualities :i* are ! di/9ctive end[m5t ( a human be+4 ,! human faculties ( p]ception1 judgm5t1 discrim9ative feel+1 m5tal activity1 & ev5 moral pref]5ce1 are ex]cis$ only 9 mak+ a *oice4 ,he :o does any?+ because x is ! cu/om1 makes no *oice4 ,he ga9s no practice ei!r 9 disc]n+ or 9 desir+ :at is be/4 ,! m5tal & moral1 l ! muscul> p[]s1 are improv$ only by be+ us$4 ,! faculties are call$ into no ex]cise by do+ a ?+ m]ely because o!rs d x1 no m ?an by believ+ a ?+ only because o!rs believe x4 ,if ! gr\nds ( an op9ion are n conclusive to ! p]son's own reason1 8 reason _c be /r5g!n$1 b is likely to be weak5$ by 8 adopt+ x3 & if ! inducem5ts to an act are n su* z are cons5tane\s to 8 own feel+s & "* 7:]e affection1 or ! rights ( o!rs1 are n conc]n$71 x is s mu* done t[>ds r5d]+ 8 feel+s & "* in]t & torpid1 in/ead ( active & en]getic4 ,he :o lets ! _w1 or 8 own portion ( x1 *oose 8 plan ( life = him1 has no ne$ ( any o!r faculty ?an ! ape-l "o ( imitation4 ,he :o *ooses 8 plan = himself1 employs all 8 faculties4 ,he mu/ use obs]vation to see1 reason+ & judgm5t to =esee1 activity to ga!r mat]ials = decision1 discrim9ation to decide1 & :5 he has decid$1 firmness & self-control to hold to 8 delib]ate decision4 ,& ^! qualities he requires & ex]cises exactly 9 proportion z ! "p ( 8 conduct :i* he det]m9es accord+ to 8 own judgm5t & feel+s is a l>ge "o4 ,x is possible t he might be guid$ 9 "s good pa?1 & kept out ( h>m's way1 )\t any ( ^! ?+s4 ,b :at w be 8 comp>ative wor? z a human be+8 ,x really is ( importance1 n only :at m5 d1 b also :at mann] ( m5 !y are t d x4 ,among ! works ( man1 :i* human life is rightly employ$ 9 p]fect+ & beautify+1 ! fir/ 9 importance surely is man himself4 ,suppos+ x 7 possible to get h\ses built1 corn gr[n1 battles f\ght1 causes tri$1 & ev5 *ur*es erect$ & pray]s said1 by ma*9]y--by automatons 9 human =m--x w\ld be a consid]able loss to ex*ange = ^! automatons ev5 ! m5 & wom5 :o at pres5t inhabit ! m civilis$ p>ts ( ! _w1 & :o assur$ly are b />v$ specim5s ( :at nature c & w produce4 ,human nature is n a ma*9e to be built aft] a model1 & set to d exactly ! "w prescrib$ = x1 b a tree1 :i* requires to gr[ & develop itself on all sides1 accord+ to ! t5d5cy ( ! inw>d =ces :i* make x a liv+ ?+4 ,x w probably be conc$$ t x is desirable p %\ld ex]cise _! und]/&+s1 & t an intellig5t foll[+ ( cu/om1 or ev5 occasionally an intellig5t deviation f cu/om1 is bett] ?an a bl9d & simply me*anical adhesion to x4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t x is admitt$1 t our und]/&+ %\ld be our own3 b !re is n ! same will+ness to admit t our desires & impulses %\ld be our own likewise2 or t to possess impulses ( our own1 & ( any /r5g?1 is any?+ b a p]il & a sn>e4 ,yet desires & impulses are z mu* a "p ( a p]fect human be+1 z beliefs & re/ra9ts3 & /rong impulses are only p]il\s :5 n prop]ly balanc$2 :5 "o set ( aims & incl9ations is develop$ into /r5g?1 :ile o!rs1 :i* ought to co-exi/ ) !m1 rema9 weak & inactive4 ,x is n because m5's desires are /rong t !y act ill2 x is because _! consci5ces are weak4 ,!re is no natural connection betwe5 /rong impulses & a weak consci5ce4 ,! natural connection is ! o!r way4 ,to say t "o p]son's desires & feel+s are /rong] & m v>i\s ?an ^? ( ano!r1 is m]ely to say t he has m ( ! raw mat]ial ( human nature1 & is !re=e capable1 p]haps ( m evil1 b c]ta9ly ( m good4 ,/rong impulses are b ano!r "n = en]gy4 ,en]gy may be turn$ to bad uses2 b m good may always be made ( an en]getic nature1 ?an ( an indol5t & impassive "o4 ,^? :o h mo/ natural feel+1 are always ^? ^: cultivat$ feel+s may be made ! /ronge/4 ,! same /rong susceptibilities :i* make ! p]sonal impulses vivid & p[]ful1 are also ! s\rce f :5ce are g5]at$ ! mo/ passionate love ( virtue1 & ! /]ne/ self-control4 ,x is ?r\gh ! cultivation ( ^!1 t society bo? does its duty & protects its int]e/s3 n by reject+ ! /uff ( :i* h]oes are made1 because x kn[s n h[ to make !m4 ,a p]son ^: desires & impulses are 8 own--are ! expression ( 8 own nature1 z x has be5 develop$ & modifi$ by 8 own culture--is said to h a "*4 ,"o ^: desires & impulses are n 8 own1 has no "*1 no m ?an a /eam-eng9e has a "*4 ,if1 9 addition to be+ 8 own1 8 impulses are /rong1 & are "u ! gov]nm5t ( a /rong w1 he has an en]getic "*4 ,:oev] ?9ks t individuality ( desires & impulses %\ld n be enc\rag$ to unfold itself1 mu/ ma9ta9 t society has no ne$ ( /rong natures--is n ! bett] = conta9+ _m p]sons :o h mu* "*--& t a high g5]al av]age ( en]gy is n desirable4 ,9 "s e>ly /ates ( society1 ^! =ces might be1 & 71 too mu* ahead ( ! p[] :i* society !n possess$ ( discipl9+ & controll+ !m4 ,!re has be5 a "t :5 ! elem5t ( spontaneity & individuality 0 9 excess1 & ! social pr9ciple _h a h>d /ruggle ) x4 ,! difficulty !n 01 to induce m5 ( /rong bodies or m9ds to pay ob$i5ce to any rules :i* requir$ !m to control _! impulses4 ,to ov]come ?is difficulty1 law & discipl9e1 l ! ,popes /ruggl+ aga9/ ! ,emp]ors1 ass]t$ a p[] ov] ! :ole man1 claim+ to control all 8 life 9 ord] to control 8 "*--:i* society _h n f\nd any o!r suffici5t means ( b9d+4 ,b society has n[ fairly got ! bett] ( individuality2 & ! dang] :i* ?reat5s human nature is n ! excess1 b ! defici5cy1 ( p]sonal impulses & pref]5ces4 ,?+s are va/ly *ang$1 s9ce ! passions ( ^? :o 7 /rong by /ation or by p]sonal end[m5t 7 9 a /ate ( habitual rebellion aga9/ laws & ord9ances1 & requir$ to be rigor\sly *a9$ up to enable ! p]sons )9 _! rea* to enjoy any p>ticle ( security4 ,9 our times1 f ! highe/ class ( society d[n to ! l[e/1 e "o lives z "u ! eye ( a ho/ile & dread$ c5sor%ip4 ,n only 9 :at conc]ns o!rs1 b 9 :at conc]ns only !mselves1 ! individual1 or ! family1 d n ask !mselves--:at d ,i pref]8 or1 :at w\ld suit my "* & disposition8 or1 :at w\ld all[ ! be/ & highe/ 9 me to h fair-play1 & enable x to gr[ & ?rive8 ,!y ask !mselves1 :at is suitable to my position8 :at is usually done by p]sons ( my /ation & pecuni>y circum/ances8 or 7worse /ill7 :at is usually done by p]sons ( a /ation & circum/ances sup]ior to m9e8 ,i d n mean t !y *oose :at is cu/om>y1 9 pref]5ce to :at suits _! own incl9ation4 ,x does n occur to !m to h any incl9ation1 except = :at is cu/om>y4 ,?us ! m9d itself is b[$ to ! yoke3 ev5 9 :at p d = pleasure1 con=mity is ! fir/ ?+ ?\ght (2 !y live 9 cr[ds2 !y ex]cise *oice only among ?+s commonly done3 peculi>ity ( ta/e1 ecc5tricity ( conduct1 are %unn$ equally ) crimes3 until by d9t ( n foll[+ _! own nature1 !y h no nature to foll[3 _! human capacities are )]$ & />v$3 !y become incapable ( any /rong wi%es or native pleasures1 & are g5]ally )\t ei!r op9ions or feel+s ( home gr[?1 or prop]ly _! own4 ,n[ is ?is1 or is x n1 ! desirable condition ( human nature8 ,x is s1 on ! ,calv9i/ic !ory4 ,accord+ to t1 ! "o great (f5ce ( man is ,self-w4 ,all ! good ( :i* humanity is capable1 is compris$ 9 ,ob$i5ce4 ,y h no *oice2 ?us y mu/ d1 & no o!rwise3 :atev] is n a duty1 is a s94 ,human nature be+ radically corrupt1 !re is no r$emption = any "o until human nature is kill$ )9 him4 ,to "o hold+ ?is !ory ( life1 cru%+ out any ( ! human faculties1 capacities1 & susceptibilities1 is no evil3 man ne$s no capacity1 b t ( surr5d]+ himself to ! w ( ,god3 & if he uses any ( 8 faculties = any o!r purpose b to d t suppos$ w m effectually1 he is bett] )\t !m4 ,t is ! !ory ( ,calv9ism2 & x is held1 9 a mitigat$ =m1 by _m :o d n consid] !mselves ,calv9i/s2 ! mitigation consi/+ 9 giv+ a less ascetic int]pretation to ! alleg$ w ( ,god2 ass]t+ x to be 8 w t mank9d %\ld gratify "s ( _! incl9ations2 ( c\rse n 9 ! mann] !y !mselves pref]1 b 9 ! way ( ob$i5ce1 t is1 9 a way prescrib$ to !m by au?ority2 &1 !re=e1 by ! necess>y conditions ( ! case1 ! same = all4 ,9 "s su* insidi\s =m !re is at pres5t a /rong t5d5cy to ?is n>r[ !ory ( life1 & to ! p9*$ & hideb\nd type ( human "* :i* x patronises4 ,_m p]sons1 no d\bt1 s9c]ely ?9k t human be+s ?us cramp$ & dw>f$1 are z _! ,mak] design$ !m to be2 j z _m h ?\ght t trees are a mu* f9] ?+ :5 clipp$ into poll>ds1 or cut out into figures ( animals1 ?an z nature made !m4 ,b if x be any "p ( religion to believe t man 0 made by a good be+1 x is m consi/5t ) t fai? to believe1 t ?is ,be+ gave all human faculties t !y might be cultivat$ & unfold$1 n root$ out & consum$1 & t he takes delight 9 e ne>] approa* made by 8 creatures to ! ideal conception embodi$ 9 !m1 e increase 9 any ( _! capabilities ( compreh5sion1 ( action1 or ( enjoym5t4 ,!re is a diff]5t type ( human excell5ce f ! ,calv9i/ic2 a conception ( humanity z hav+ its nature be/[$ on x = o!r purposes ?an m]ely to be abnegat$4 ,pagan self-ass]tion is "o ( ! elem5ts ( human wor?1 z well z ,*ri/ian self-d5ial4#ab ,!re is a ,greek ideal ( self-developm5t1 :i* ! ,platonic & ,*ri/ian ideal ( self-gov]nm5t bl5ds )1 b does n sup]s$e4 ,x may be bett] to be a ,john ,knox ?an an ,alcibiades1 b x is bett] to be a ,p]icles ?an ei!r2 nor w\ld a ,p]icles1 if we _h "o 9 ^! days1 be )\t any?+ good :i* belong$ to ,john ,knox4 ,x is n by we>+ d[n into uni=mity all t is individual 9 !mselves1 b by cultivat+ x & call+ x =?1 )9 ! limits impos$ by ! rights & int]e/s ( o!rs1 t human be+s become a noble & beautiful object ( contemplation2 & z ! works p>take ! "* ( ^? :o d !m1 by ! same process human life also becomes ri*1 div]sifi$1 & animat+1 furni%+ m abundant alim5t to high ?\ghts & elevat+ feel+s1 & /r5g!n+ ! tie :i* b9ds e individual to ! race1 by mak+ ! race inf9itely bett] wor? belong+ to4 ,9 proportion to ! developm5t ( 8 individuality1 ea* p]son becomes m valuable to himself1 & is !re=e capable ( be+ m valuable to o!rs4 ,!re is a great] fulness ( life ab\t 8 own exi/5ce1 & :5 !re is m life 9 ! units !re is m 9 ! mass :i* is compos$ ( !m4 ,z mu* compression z is necess>y to prev5t ! /rong] specim5s ( human nature f encroa*+ on ! rights ( o!rs1 _c be disp5s$ )2 b = ?is !re is ample comp5sation ev5 9 ! po9t ( view ( human developm5t4 ,! means ( developm5t :i* ! individual loses by be+ prev5t$ f gratify+ 8 incl9ations to ! injury ( o!rs1 are *iefly obta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! developm5t ( o!r p4 ,& ev5 to himself !re is a full equival5t 9 ! bett] developm5t ( ! social "p ( 8 nature1 r5d]$ possible by ! re/ra9t put ^u ! selfi% "p4 ,to be held to rigid rules ( ju/ice = ! sake ( o!rs1 develops ! feel+s & capacities :i* h ! good ( o!rs = _! object4 ,b to be re/ra9$ 9 ?+s n affect+ _! good1 by _! m]e displeasure1 develops no?+ valuable1 except su* =ce ( "* z may unfold itself 9 resi/+ ! re/ra9t4 ,if acquiesc$ 91 x dulls & blunts ! :ole nature4 ,to give any fair-play to ! nature ( ea*1 x is ess5tial t diff]5t p]sons %\ld be all[$ to lead diff]5t lives4 ,9 proportion z ?is latitude has be5 ex]cis$ 9 any age1 has t age be5 notewor?y to po/]ity4 ,ev5 despotism does n produce its wor/ effects1 s long z ,individuality exi/s "u x2 & :atev] cru%es individuality is despotism1 by :atev] "n x may be call$1 & :e!r x pr(esses to be en=c+ ! w ( ,god or ! injunctions ( m54 ,hav+ said t ,individuality is ! same ?+ ) developm5t1 & t x is only ! cultivation ( individuality :i* produces1 or c produce1 well-develop$ human be+s1 ,i might "h close ! argum5t3 = :at m or bett] c be said ( any condition ( human affairs1 ?an t x br+s human be+s !mselves ne>] to ! be/ ?+ !y c be8 or :at worse c be said ( any ob/ruction to good1 ?an t x prev5ts ?is8 ,d\btless1 h[ev]1 ^! consid]ations w n suffice to conv9ce ^? :o mo/ ne$ conv9c+2 & x is necess>y fur!r to %[1 t ^! develop$ human be+s are ( "s use to ! undevelop$--to po9t out to ^? :o d n desire lib]ty1 & w\ld n avail !mselves ( x1 t !y may be 9 "s intelligible mann] rew>d$ = all[+ o!r p to make use ( x )\t h9drance4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t !y might possibly le>n some?+ f !m4 ,x w n be d5i$ by anybody1 t orig9ality is a valuable elem5t 9 human affairs4 ,!re is always ne$ ( p]sons n only to discov] new tru?s1 & po9t out :5 :at 7 once tru?s are true no long]1 b also to comm5ce new practices1 & set ! example ( m enlight5$ conduct1 & bett] ta/e & s5se 9 human life4 ,?is _c well be ga9said by anybody :o does n believe t ! _w has already atta9$ p]fection 9 all its ways & practices4 ,x is true t ?is b5efit is n capable ( be+ r5d]$ by ev]ybody alike3 !re are b few p]sons1 9 comp>ison ) ! :ole ( mank9d1 ^: exp]im5ts1 if adopt$ by o!rs1 w\ld be likely to be any improvem5t on e/abli%$ practice4 ,b ^! few are ! salt ( ! e>?2 )\t !m1 human life w\ld become a /agnant pool4 ,n only is x !y :o introduce good ?+s :i* did n be=e exi/2 x is !y :o keep ! life 9 ^? :i* already exi/$4 ,if !re 7 no?+ new to be done1 w\ld human intellect cease to be necess>y8 ,w\ld x be a reason :y ^? :o d ! old ?+s %\ld =get :y !y are done1 & d !m l cattle1 n l human be+s8 ,!re is only too great a t5d5cy 9 ! be/ beliefs & practices to deg5]ate into ! me*anical2 & unless !re 7 a succession ( p]sons ^: ev]-recurr+ orig9ality prev5ts ! gr\nds ( ^? beliefs & practices f becom+ m]ely traditional1 su* dead matt] w\ld n resi/ ! smalle/ %ock f any?+ really alive1 & !re w\ld be no reason :y civilisation %\ld n die out1 z 9 ! ,byzant9e ,empire4 ,p]sons ( g5ius1 x is true1 are1 & are always likely to be1 a small m9ority2 b 9 ord] to h !m1 x is necess>y to pres]ve ! soil 9 :i* !y gr[4 ,g5ius c only brea! freely 9 an atmosph]e ( fre$om4 ,p]sons ( g5ius are1 ex vi t]m9i1 m individual ?an any o!r p--less capable1 consequ5tly1 ( fitt+ !mselves1 )\t hurtful compression1 into any ( ! small numb] ( m\lds :i* society provides 9 ord] to save its memb]s ! tr\ble ( =m+ _! own "*4 ,if f timidity !y cons5t to be =c$ into "o ( ^! m\lds1 & to let all t "p ( !mselves :i* _c exp& "u ! pressure rema9 unexp&$1 society w be little ! bett] = _! g5ius4 ,if !y are ( a /rong "*1 & break _! fett]s1 !y become a m>k = ! society :i* has n succe$$ 9 r$uc+ !m to commonplace1 to po9t at ) solemn w>n+ z wild1 erratic1 & ! l2 mu* z if "o %\ld compla9 ( ! ,niag>a riv] = n fl[+ smoo?ly betwe5 its banks l a ,dut* canal4 ,i insi/ ?us emphatically on ! importance ( g5ius1 & ! necessity ( all[+ x to unfold itself freely bo? 9 ?\ght & 9 practice1 be+ well aw>e t no "o w d5y ! position 9 !ory1 b kn[+ also t almo/ e "o1 9 reality1 is totally indiff]5t to x4 ,p ?9k g5ius a f9e ?+ if x enables a man to write an excit+ poem1 or pa9t a picture4 ,b 9 its true s5se1 t ( orig9ality 9 ?\ght & action1 ?\gh no "o says t x is n a ?+ to be admir$1 ne>ly all1 at he>t1 ?9k t !y c d v well )\t x4 ,unhappily ?is is too natural to be wond]$ at4 ,orig9ality is ! "o ?+ :i* unorig9al m9ds _c feel ! use (4 ,!y _c see :at x is to d = !m3 h[ %\ld !y8 ,if !y c\ld see :at x w\ld d = !m1 x w\ld n be orig9ality4 ,! fir/ s]vice :i* orig9ality has to r5d] !m1 is t ( op5+ _! eyes3 :i* be+ once fully done1 !y w\ld h a *ance ( be+ !mselves orig9al4 ,mean:ile1 recollect+ t no?+ 0 ev] yet done :i* "s "o 0 n ! fir/ to d1 & t all good ?+s :i* exi/ are ! fruits ( orig9ality1 let !m be mode/ en\gh to believe t !re is some?+ /ill left = x to accompli%1 & assure !mselves t !y are m 9 ne$ ( orig9ality1 ! less !y are consci\s ( ! want4 ,9 sob] tru?1 :atev] homage may be pr(ess$1 or ev5 paid1 to real or suppos$ m5tal sup]iority1 ! g5]al t5d5cy ( ?+s ?r\gh\t ! _w is to r5d] m$iocrity ! asc5dant p[] among mank9d4 ,9 anci5t hi/ory1 9 ! middle ages1 & 9 a dim9i%+ degree ?r\gh ! long transition f feudality to ! pres5t "t1 ! individual 0 a p[] 9 himself2 & if he _h ei!r great tal5ts or a high social position1 he 0 a consid]able p[]4 ,at pres5t individuals are lo/ 9 ! cr[d4 ,9 politics x is almo/ a triviality to say t public op9ion n[ rules ! _w4 ,! only p[] des]v+ ! "n is t ( masses1 & ( gov]nm5ts :ile !y make !mselves ! organ ( ! t5d5cies & in/9cts ( masses4 ,?is is z true 9 ! moral & social relations ( private life z 9 public transactions4 ,^? ^: op9ions g by ! "n ( public op9ion1 are n always ! same sort ( public3 9 ,am]ica !y are ! :ole :ite population2 9 ,engl&1 *iefly ! middle class4 ,b !y are always a mass1 t is to say1 collective m$iocrity4 ,& :at is a /ill great] novelty1 ! mass d n n[ take _! op9ions f dignit>ies 9 ,*ur* or ,/ate1 f o/5sible lead]s1 or f books4 ,_! ?9k+ is done = !m by m5 mu* l !mselves1 address+ !m or speak+ 9 _! "n1 on ! spur ( ! mom5t1 ?r\gh ! newspap]s4 ,i am n compla9+ ( all ?is4 ,i d n ass]t t any?+ bett] is compatible1 z a g5]al rule1 ) ! pres5t l[ /ate ( ! human m9d4 ,b t does n h9d] ! gov]nm5t ( m$iocrity f be+ m$iocre gov]nm5t4 ,no gov]nm5t by a democracy or a num]\s ari/ocracy1 ei!r 9 its political acts or 9 ! op9ions1 qualities1 & tone ( m9d :i* x fo/]s1 ev] did or c\ld rise above m$iocrity1 except 9 s f> z ! sov]eign ,_m h let !mselves be guid$ 7:i* 9 _! be/ times !y always h done7 by ! c\nsels & influ5ce ( a m highly gift$ & in/ruct$ ,"o or ,few4 ,! initiation ( all wise or noble ?+s1 comes & mu/ come f individuals2 g5]ally at fir/ f "s "o individual4 ,! hon\r & glory ( ! av]age man is t he is capable ( foll[+ t initiative2 t he c respond int]nally to wise & noble ?+s1 & be l$ to !m ) 8 eyes op54 ,i am n c\nt5anc+ ! sort ( h]o-wor%ip :i* applauds ! /rong man ( g5ius = =cibly seiz+ on ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w & mak+ x d 8 bidd+ 9 spite ( itself4 ,all he c claim is1 fre$om to po9t out ! way4 ,! p[] ( compell+ o!rs into x1 is n only inconsi/5t ) ! fre$om & developm5t ( all ! re/1 b corrupt+ to ! /rong man himself4 ,x does seem1 h[ev]1 t :5 ! op9ions ( masses ( m]ely av]age m5 are ev]y:]e become or becom+ ! dom9ant p[]1 ! c\nt]poise & corrective to t t5d5cy w\ld be1 ! m & m pron\nc$ individuality ( ^? :o /& on ! high] em95ces ( ?\ght4 ,x is 9 ^! circum/ances mo/ especially1 t exceptional individuals1 in/ead ( be+ det]r$1 %\ld be enc\rag$ 9 act+ diff]5tly f ! mass4 ,9 o!r times !re 0 no advantage 9 _! do+ s1 unless !y act$ n only diff]5tly1 b bett]4 ,9 ?is age ! m]e example ( noncon=mity1 ! m]e refusal to b5d ! knee to cu/om1 is itself a s]vice4 ,precisely because ! tyranny ( op9ion is su* z to make ecc5tricity a reproa*1 x is desirable1 9 ord] to break ?r\gh t tyranny1 t p %\ld be ecc5tric4 ,ecc5tricity has always ab\nd$ :5 & :]e /r5g? ( "* has ab\nd$2 & ! am\nt ( ecc5tricity 9 a society has g5]ally be5 proportional to ! am\nt ( g5ius1 m5tal vig\r1 & moral c\rage :i* x conta9$4 ,t s few n[ d>e to be ecc5tric1 m>ks ! *ief dang] ( ! "t4 ,i h said t x is important to give ! free/ scope possible to uncu/om>y ?+s1 9 ord] t x may 9 "t appe> :i* ( ^! are fit to be conv]t$ into cu/oms4 ,b indep5d5ce ( action1 & disreg>d ( cu/om are n solely des]v+ ( enc\ragem5t = ! *ance !y af=d t bett] modes ( action1 & cu/oms m wor?y ( g5]al adoption1 may be /ruck out2 nor is x only p]sons ( decid$ m5tal sup]iority :o h a j claim to c>ry on _! lives 9 _! own way4 ,!re is no reason t all human exi/5ces %\ld be con/ruct$ on "s "o1 or "s small numb] ( patt]ns4 ,if a p]son possesses any tol]able am\nt ( common-s5se & exp]i5ce1 8 own mode ( lay+ out 8 exi/5ce is ! be/1 n because x is ! be/ 9 itself1 b because x is 8 own mode4 ,human be+s are n l %eep2 & ev5 %eep are n undi/+ui%ably alike4 ,a man _c get a coat or a pair ( boots to fit him1 unless !y are ei!r made to 8 measure1 or he has a :ole w>eh\seful to *oose f3 & is x easi] to fit him ) a life ?an ) a coat1 or are human be+s m l "o ano!r 9 _! :ole physical & spiritual con=mation ?an 9 ! %ape ( _! feet8 ,if x 7 only t p h div]sities ( ta/e1 t is reason en\gh = n attempt+ to %ape !m all aft] "o model4 ,b diff]5t p]sons also require diff]5t conditions = _! spiritual developm5t2 & c no m exi/ heal?ily 9 ! same moral1 ?an all ! v>iety ( plants c 9 ! same physical1 atmosph]e & climate4 ,! same ?+s :i* are helps to "o p]son t[>ds ! cultivation ( 8 high] nature1 are h9drances to ano!r4 ,! same mode ( life is a heal?y excitem5t to "o1 keep+ all 8 faculties ( action & enjoym5t 9 _! be/ ord]1 :ile to ano!r x is a di/ract+ bur!n1 :i* susp5ds or cru%es all int]nal life4 ,su* are ! diff]5ces among human be+s 9 _! s\rces ( pleasure1 _! susceptibilities ( pa91 & ! op]ation on !m ( diff]5t physical & moral ag5cies1 t unless !re is a correspond+ div]sity 9 _! modes ( life1 !y nei!r obta9 _! fair %>e ( happ9ess1 nor gr[ up to ! m5tal1 moral1 & ae/hetic /ature ( :i* _! nature is capable4 ,:y !n %\ld tol]ance1 z f> z ! public s5tim5t is conc]n$1 ext5d only to ta/es & modes ( life :i* extort acquiesc5ce by ! multitude ( _! adh]5ts8 ,n[h]e 7except 9 "s mona/ic in/itutions7 is div]sity ( ta/e entirely unrecognis$2 a p]son may1 )\t blame1 ei!r l or dislike r[+1 or smok+1 or music1 or a?letic ex]cises1 or *ess1 or c>ds1 or /udy1 because bo? ^? :o l ea* ( ^! ?+s1 & ^? :o dislike !m1 are too num]\s to be put d[n4 ,b ! man1 & /ill m ! woman1 :o c be accus$ ei!r ( do+ :at nobody does1 or ( n do+ :at ev]ybody does1 is ! subject ( z mu* depreciatory rem>k z if he or %e _h committ$ "s grave moral del9qu5cy4 ,p]sons require to possess a title1 or "s o!r badge ( rank1 or ( ! consid]ation ( p ( rank1 to be able to indulge some:at 9 ! luxury ( do+ z !y l )\t detrim5t to _! e/imation4 ,to indulge some:at1 ,i repeat3 = :oev] all[ !mselves mu* ( t indulg5ce1 incur ! risk ( some?+ worse ?an disp>ag+ spee*es--!y are 9 p]il ( a commission de lunatico1 & ( hav+ _! prop]ty tak5 f !m & giv5 to _! relations4#ac ,!re is "o *>act]i/ic ( ! pres5t direction ( public op9ion1 peculi>ly calculat$ to make x intol]ant ( any m>k$ demon/ration ( individuality4 ,! g5]al av]age ( mank9d are n only mod]ate 9 intellect1 b also mod]ate 9 incl9ations3 !y h no ta/es or wi%es /rong en\gh to incl9e !m to d any?+ unusual1 & !y consequ5tly d n und]/& ^? :o h1 & class all su* ) ! wild & intemp]ate :om !y are accu/om$ to look d[n ^u4 ,n[1 9 addition to ?is fact :i* is g5]al1 we h only to suppose t a /rong movem5t has set 9 t[>ds ! improvem5t ( morals1 & x is evid5t :at we h to expect4 ,9 ^! days su* a movem5t has set 92 mu* has actually be5 effect$ 9 ! way ( increas$ regul>ity ( conduct1 & disc\ragem5t ( excesses2 & !re is a philan?ropic _s abroad1 = ! ex]cise ( :i* !re is no m invit+ field ?an ! moral & prud5tial improvem5t ( our fell[-creatures4 ,^! t5d5cies ( ! times cause ! public to be m dispos$ ?an at mo/ =m] p]iods to prescribe g5]al rules ( conduct1 & endeav\r to make e "o con=m to ! approv$ /&>d4 ,& t /&>d1 express or tacit1 is to desire no?+ /rongly4 ,its ideal ( "* is to be )\t any m>k$ "*2 to maim by compression1 l a ,*9ese lady's foot1 e "p ( human nature :i* /&s out prom95tly1 & t5ds to make ! p]son m>k$ly dissimil> 9 outl9e to commonplace humanity4 ,z is usually ! case ) ideals :i* exclude "o-half ( :at is desirable1 ! pres5t /&>d ( approbation produces only an inf]ior imitation ( ! o!r half4 ,in/ead ( great en]gies guid$ by vigor\s reason1 & /rong feel+s /rongly controll$ by a consci5ti\s w1 its result is weak feel+s & weak en]gies1 :i* !re=e c be kept 9 outw>d con=mity to rule )\t any /r5g? ei!r ( w or ( reason4 ,already en]getic *>act]s on any l>ge scale are becom+ m]ely traditional4 ,!re is n[ sc>cely any outlet = en]gy 9 ?is c\ntry except bus9ess4 ,! en]gy exp5d$ 9 t may /ill be reg>d$ z consid]able4 ,:at little is left f t employm5t1 is exp5d$ on "s hobby2 :i* may be a useful1 ev5 a philan?ropic hobby1 b is always "s "o ?+1 & g5]ally a ?+ ( small dim5sions4 ,! greatness ( ,engl& is n[ all collective3 individually small1 we only appe> capable ( any?+ great by our habit ( comb9+2 & ) ?is our moral & religi\s philan?ropi/s are p]fectly cont5t$4 ,b x 0 m5 ( ano!r /amp ?an ?is t made ,engl& :at x has be52 & m5 ( ano!r /amp w be ne$$ to prev5t its decl9e4 ,! despotism ( cu/om is ev]y:]e ! /&+ h9drance to human advancem5t1 be+ 9 unceas+ antagonism to t disposition to aim at some?+ bett] ?an cu/om>y1 :i* is call$1 accord+ to circum/ances1 ! _s ( lib]ty1 or t ( progress or improvem5t4 ,! _s ( improvem5t is n always a _s ( lib]ty1 = x may aim at =c+ improvem5ts on an unwill+ p2 & ! _s ( lib]ty1 9 s f> z x resi/s su* attempts1 may ally itself locally & tempor>ily ) ! oppon5ts ( improvem5t2 b ! only unfail+ & p]man5t s\rce ( improvem5t is lib]ty1 s9ce by x !re are z _m possible indep5d5t c5tres ( improvem5t z !re are individuals4 ,! progressive pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 9 ei!r %ape1 :e!r z ! love ( lib]ty or ( improvem5t1 is antagoni/ic to ! sway ( ,cu/om1 involv+ at lea/ emancipation f t yoke2 & ! conte/ betwe5 ! two con/itutes ! *ief int]e/ ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d4 ,! great] "p ( ! _w has1 prop]ly speak+1 no hi/ory1 because ! despotism ( ,cu/om is complete4 ,?is is ! case ov] ! :ole ,ea/4 ,cu/om is !re1 9 all ?+s1 ! f9al appeal2 ju/ice & "r mean con=mity to cu/om2 ! argum5t ( cu/om no "o1 unless "s tyrant intoxicat$ ) p[]1 ?9ks ( resi/+4 ,& we see ! result4 ,^? nations mu/ once h _h orig9ality2 !y did n />t out ( ! gr\nd popul\s1 lett]$1 & v]s$ 9 _m ( ! arts ( life2 !y made !mselves all ?is1 & 7 !n ! greate/ & mo/ p[]ful nations 9 ! _w4 ,:at are !y n[8 ,! subjects or dep5dants ( tribes ^: =efa!rs w&]$ 9 ! =e/s :5 !irs _h magnific5t palaces & gorge\s temples1 b ov] :om cu/om ex]cis$ only a divid$ rule ) lib]ty & progress4 ,a p1 x appe>s1 may be progressive = a c]ta9 l5g? ( "t1 & !n /op3 :5 does x /op8 ,:5 x ceases to possess individuality4 ,if a simil> *ange %\ld befall ! nations ( ,europe1 x w n be 9 exactly ! same %ape3 ! despotism ( cu/om ) :i* ^! nations are ?reat5$ is n precisely /ation>9ess4 ,x proscribes s+ul>ity1 b x does n preclude *ange1 provid$ all *ange toge!r4 ,we h disc>d$ ! fix$ co/umes ( our =efa!rs2 e "o mu/ /ill dress l o!r p1 b ! fa%ion may *ange once or twice a ye>4 ,we ?us take c>e t :5 !re is *ange1 x %all be = *ange's sake1 & n f any idea ( beauty or conv5i5ce2 = ! same idea ( beauty or conv5i5ce w\ld n /rike all ! _w at ! same mom5t1 & be simultane\sly ?r[n aside by all at ano!r mom5t4 ,b we are progressive z well z *angeable3 we cont9ually make new inv5tions 9 me*anical ?+s1 & keep !m until !y are aga9 sup]s$$ by bett]2 we are eag] = improvem5t 9 politics1 9 education1 ev5 9 morals1 ?\gh 9 ?is la/ our idea ( improvem5t *iefly consi/s 9 p]suad+ or =c+ o!r p to be z good z ourselves4 ,x is n progress t we object to2 on ! contr>y1 we flatt] ourselves t we are ! mo/ progressive p :o ev] liv$4 ,x is individuality t we w> aga9/3 we %\ld ?9k we _h done wond]s if we _h made ourselves all alike2 =gett+ t ! unlik5ess ( "o p]son to ano!r is g5]ally ! fir/ ?+ :i* draws ! att5tion ( ei!r to ! imp]fection ( 8 own type1 & ! sup]iority ( ano!r1 or ! possibility1 by comb9+ ! advantages ( bo?1 ( produc+ some?+ bett] ?an ei!r4 ,we h a w>n+ example 9 ,*9a--a nation ( mu* tal5t1 &1 9 "s respects1 ev5 wisdom1 ow+ to ! r>e good =tune ( hav+ be5 provid$ at an e>ly p]iod ) a p>ticul>ly good set ( cu/oms1 ! "w1 9 "s measure1 ( m5 to :om ev5 ! mo/ enlight5$ ,european mu/ accord1 "u c]ta9 limitations1 ! title ( sages & philosoph]s4 ,!y are rem>kable1 too1 9 ! excell5ce ( _! app>atus = impress+1 z f> z possible1 ! be/ wisdom !y possess ^u e m9d 9 ! community1 & secur+ t ^? :o h appropriat$ mo/ ( x %all occupy ! po/s ( hon\r & p[]4 ,surely ! p :o did ?is h discov]$ ! secret ( human progressiv5ess1 & mu/ h kept !mselves /eadily at ! head ( ! movem5t ( ! _w4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y h become /ation>y--h rema9$ s = ?\s&s ( ye>s2 & if !y are ev] to be f>!r improv$1 x mu/ be by =eign]s4 ,!y h succe$$ beyond all hope 9 :at ,engli% philan?ropi/s are s indu/ri\sly work+ at--9 mak+ a p all alike1 all gov]n+ _! ?\ghts & conduct by ! same maxims & rules2 & ^! are ! fruits4 ,! mod]n rgime ( public op9ion is1 9 an unorganis$ =m1 :at ! ,*9ese educational & political sy/ems are 9 an organis$2 & unless individuality %all be able successfully to ass]t itself aga9/ ?is yoke1 ,europe1 not)/&+ its noble antec$5ts & its pr(ess$ ,*ri/ianity1 w t5d to become ano!r ,*9a4 ,:at is x t has hi!rto pres]v$ ,europe f ?is lot8 ,:at has made ! ,european family ( nations an improv+1 in/ead ( a /ation>y portion ( mank9d8 ,n any sup]ior excell5ce 9 !m1 :i*1 :5 x exi/s1 exi/s z ! effect1 n z ! cause2 b _! rem>kable div]sity ( "* & culture4 ,individuals1 classes1 nations1 h be5 extremely unlike "o ano!r3 !y h /ruck out a great v>iety ( pa?s1 ea* lead+ to some?+ valuable2 & al?\gh at e p]iod ^? :o travell$ 9 diff]5t pa?s h be5 intol]ant ( "o ano!r1 & ea* w\ld h ?\ght x an excell5t ?+ if all ! re/ c\ld h be5 compell$ to travel 8 road1 _! attempts to ?w>t ea* o!r's developm5t h r>ely _h any p]man5t success1 & ea* has 9 "t endur$ to receive ! good :i* ! o!rs h (f]$4 ,europe is1 9 my judgm5t1 :olly indebt$ to ?is plurality ( pa?s = its progressive & _m-sid$ developm5t4 ,b x already beg9s to possess ?is b5efit 9 a consid]ably less degree4 ,x is decid$ly advanc+ t[>ds ! ,*9ese ideal ( mak+ all p alike4 ,m4 de ,tocqueville1 9 8 la/ important "w1 rem>ks h[ mu* m ! ,fr5*m5 ( ! pres5t day resemble "o ano!r1 ?an did ^? ev5 ( ! la/ g5]ation4 ,! same rem>k might be made ( ,engli%m5 9 a f> great] degree4 ,9 a passage already quot$ f ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 he po9ts out two ?+s z necess>y conditions ( human developm5t1 because necess>y to r5d] p unlike "o ano!r2 namely1 fre$om1 & v>iety ( situations4 ,! second ( ^! two conditions is 9 ?is c\ntry e day dim9i%+4 ,! circum/ances :i* surr\nd diff]5t classes & individuals1 & %ape _! *>act]s1 are daily becom+ m assimilat$4 ,=m]ly1 diff]5t ranks1 diff]5t neighb\rhoods1 diff]5t trades & pr(essions1 liv$ 9 :at might be call$ diff]5t worlds2 at pres5t1 to a great degree 9 ! same4 ,comp>atively speak+1 !y n[ read ! same ?+s1 li/5 to ! same ?+s1 see ! same ?+s1 g to ! same places1 h _! hopes & fe>s direct$ to ! same objects1 h ! same rights & lib]ties1 & ! same means ( ass]t+ !m4 ,great z are ! diff]5ces ( position :i* rema91 !y are no?+ to ^? :i* h ceas$4 ,& ! assimilation is /ill proce$+4 ,all ! political *anges ( ! age promote x1 s9ce !y all t5d to raise ! l[ & to l[] ! high4 ,e ext5sion ( education promotes x1 because education br+s p "u common influ5ces1 & gives !m access to ! g5]al /ock ( facts & s5tim5ts4 ,improvem5ts 9 ! means ( communication promote x1 by br++ ! inhabitants ( di/ant places into p]sonal contact1 & keep+ up a rapid fl[ ( *anges ( resid5ce betwe5 "o place & ano!r4 ,! increase ( comm]ce & manufactures promotes x1 by diffus+ m widely ! advantages ( easy circum/ances1 & op5+ all objects ( ambition1 ev5 ! highe/1 to g5]al competition1 :]eby ! desire ( ris+ becomes no long] ! "* ( a p>ticul> class1 b ( all classes4 ,a m p[]ful ag5cy ?an ev5 all ^!1 9 br++ ab\t a g5]al simil>ity among mank9d1 is ! complete e/abli%m5t1 9 ?is & o!r free c\ntries1 ( ! asc5d5cy ( public op9ion 9 ! ,/ate4 ,z ! v>i\s social em95ces :i* enabl$ p]sons entr5*$ on !m to disreg>d ! op9ion ( ! multitude1 gradually become levell$2 z ! v idea ( resi/+ ! w ( ! public1 :5 x is positively kn[n t !y h a w1 disappe>s m & m f ! m9ds ( practical politicians2 !re ceases to be any social support = non-con=mity--any sub/antive p[] 9 society1 :i*1 itself oppos$ to ! asc5d5cy ( numb]s1 is int]e/$ 9 tak+ "u its protection op9ions & t5d5cies at v>iance ) ^? ( ! public4 ,! comb9ation ( all ^! causes =ms s great a mass ( influ5ces ho/ile to ,individuality1 t x is n easy to see h[ x c /& its gr\nd4 ,x w d s ) increas+ difficulty1 unless ! intellig5t "p ( ! public c be made to feel its value--to see t x is good !re %\ld be diff]5ces1 ev5 ?\gh n = ! bett]1 ev5 ?\gh1 z x may appe> to !m1 "s %\ld be = ! worse4 ,if ! claims ( ,individuality are ev] to be ass]t$1 ! "t is n[1 :ile mu* is /ill want+ to complete ! en=c$ assimilation4 ,x is only 9 ! e>li] /ages t any /& c be successfully made aga9/ ! encroa*m5t4 ,! dem& t all o!r p %all resemble ourselves1 gr[s by :at x fe$s on4 ,if resi/ance waits till life is r$uc$ ne>ly to "o uni=m type1 all deviations f t type w come to be consid]$ impi\s1 immoral1 ev5 mon/r\s & contr>y to nature4 ,mank9d spe$ily become unable to conceive div]sity1 :5 !y h be5 = "s "t unaccu/om$ to see x4 ,,footnotes3 #aa ,! ,sph]e & ,duties ( ,gov]nm5t1 f ! ,g]man ( ,b>on ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 pp4 #aa-ac4 #ab ,/]l+'s ,essays4 #ac ,!re is some?+ bo? contemptible & frightful 9 ! sort ( evid5ce on :i*1 ( late ye>s1 any p]son c be judicially decl>$ unfit = ! managem5t ( 8 affairs2 & aft] 8 dea?1 8 disposal ( 8 prop]ty c be set aside1 if !re is en\gh ( x to pay ! exp5ses ( litigation--:i* are *>g$ on ! prop]ty itself4 ,all ! m9ute details ( 8 daily life are pri$ into1 & :atev] is f\nd :i*1 se5 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! p]ceiv+ & describ+ faculties ( ! l[e/ ( ! l[1 be>s an appe>ance unlike absolute commonplace1 is laid be=e ! jury z evid5ce ( insanity1 & (t5 ) success2 ! jurors be+ little1 if at all1 less vulg> & ignorant ?an ! witnesses2 :ile ! judges1 ) t extraord9>y want ( k ( human nature & life :i* cont9ually a/oni%es u 9 ,engli% lawy]s1 (t5 help to mislead !m4 ,^! trials speak volumes z to ! /ate ( feel+ & op9ion among ! vulg> ) reg>d to human lib]ty4 ,s f> f sett+ any value on individuality--s f> f respect+ ! rights ( ea* individual to act1 9 ?+s indiff]5t1 z seems good to 8 own judgm5t & incl9ations1 judges & juries _c ev5 conceive t a p]son 9 a /ate ( sanity c desire su* fre$om4 ,9 =m] days1 :5 x 0 propos$ to burn a!i/s1 *>itable p us$ to sugge/ putt+ !m 9 a madh\se in/ead3 x w\ld be no?+ surpris+ n[adays 7 we to see ?is done1 & ! do]s applaud+ !mselves1 because1 in/ead ( p]secut+ = religion1 !y _h adopt$ s humane & ,*ri/ian a mode ( treat+ ^! un=tunates1 n )\t a sil5t satisfaction at _! hav+ !reby obta9$ _! des]ts4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,( ,,! ,,limits ,,to ,,! ,,au?ority ,,( ,,society ,,ov] ,,! ,,individual4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! rightful limit to ! sov]eignty ( ! individual ov] himself8 ,:]e does ! au?ority ( society beg98 ,h[ mu* ( human life %\ld be assign$ to individuality1 & h[ mu* to society8 ,ea* w receive its prop] %>e1 if ea* has t :i* m p>ticul>ly conc]ns x4 ,to individuality %\ld belong ! "p ( life 9 :i* x is *iefly ! individual t is int]e/$2 to society1 ! "p :i* *iefly int]e/s society4 ,?\gh society is n f\nd$ on a contract1 & ?\gh no good purpose is answ]$ by inv5t+ a contract 9 ord] to d$uce social obligations f x1 e "o :o receives ! protection ( society owes a return = ! b5efit1 & ! fact ( liv+ 9 society r5d]s x indisp5sable t ea* %\ld be b\nd to obs]ve a c]ta9 l9e ( conduct t[>ds ! re/4 ,?is conduct consi/s1 fir/1 9 n injur+ ! int]e/s ( "o ano!r2 or r c]ta9 int]e/s :i*1 ei!r by express legal provision or by tacit und]/&+1 ought to be consid]$ z rights2 & secondly1 9 ea* p]son's be>+ 8 %>e 7to be fix$ on "s equitable pr9ciple7 ( ! lab\rs & sacrifices incurr$ = def5d+ ! society or its memb]s f injury & mole/ation4 ,^! conditions society is ju/ifi$ 9 en=c+1 at all co/s to ^? :o endeav\r to )hold fulfilm5t4 ,nor is ?is all t society may d4 ,! acts ( an individual may be hurtful to o!rs1 or want+ 9 due consid]ation = _! welf>e1 )\t go+ ! l5g? ( violat+ any ( _! con/itut$ rights4 ,! (f5d] may !n be ju/ly puni%$ by op9ion ?\gh n by law4 ,z soon z any "p ( a p]son's conduct affects prejudicially ! int]e/s ( o!rs1 society has jurisdiction ov] x1 & ! "q :e!r ! g5]al welf>e w or w n be promot$ by int]f]+ ) x1 becomes op5 to discussion4 ,b !re is no room = ent]ta9+ any su* "q :5 a p]son's conduct affects ! int]e/s ( no p]sons besides himself1 or ne$s n affect !m unless !y l 7all ! p]sons conc]n$ be+ ( full age1 & ! ord9>y am\nt ( und]/&+74 ,9 all su* cases !re %\ld be p]fect fre$om1 legal & social1 to d ! action & /& ! consequ5ces4 ,x w\ld be a great misund]/&+ ( ?is doctr9e1 to suppose t x is "o ( selfi% indiff]5ce1 :i* pret5ds t human be+s h no bus9ess ) ea* o!r's conduct 9 life1 & t !y %\ld n conc]n !mselves ab\t ! well-do+ or well-be+ ( "o ano!r1 unless _! own int]e/ is involv$4 ,in/ead ( any dim9ution1 !re is ne$ ( a great increase ( dis9t]e/$ ex]tion to promote ! good ( o!rs4 ,b dis9t]e/$ b5evol5ce c f9d o!r in/rum5ts to p]suade p to _! good1 ?an :ips & sc\rges1 ei!r ( ! lit]al or ! metaphorical sort4 ,i am ! la/ p]son to und]value ! self-reg>d+ virtues2 !y are only second 9 importance1 if ev5 second1 to ! social4 ,x is equally ! bus9ess ( education to cultivate bo?4 ,b ev5 education works by conviction & p]suasion z well z by compulsion1 & x is by ! =m] only t1 :5 ! p]iod ( education is pa/1 ! self-reg>d+ virtues %\ld be inculcat$4 ,human be+s owe to ea* o!r help to di/+ui% ! bett] f ! worse1 & enc\ragem5t to *oose ! =m] & avoid ! latt]4 ,!y %\ld be = ev] /imulat+ ea* o!r to increas$ ex]cise ( _! high] faculties1 & increas$ direction ( _! feel+s & aims t[>ds wise in/ead ( fooli%1 elevat+ in/ead ( degrad+1 objects & contemplations4 ,b nei!r "o p]son1 nor any numb] ( p]sons1 is w>rant$ 9 say+ to ano!r human creature ( ripe ye>s1 t he %all n d ) 8 life = 8 own b5efit :at he *ooses to d ) x4 ,he is ! p]son mo/ int]e/$ 9 8 own well-be+3 ! int]e/ :i* any o!r p]son1 except 9 cases ( /rong p]sonal atta*m5t1 c h 9 x1 is trifl+1 comp>$ ) t :i* he himself has2 ! int]e/ :i* society has 9 him individually 7except z to 8 conduct to o!rs7 is fractional1 & altoge!r indirect3 :ile1 ) respect to 8 own feel+s & circum/ances1 ! mo/ ord9>y man or woman has means ( k immeasurably surpass+ ^? t c be possess$ by any "o else4 ,! int]f]5ce ( society to ov]rule 8 judgm5t & purposes 9 :at only reg>ds himself1 mu/ be gr\nd$ on g5]al presumptions2 :i* may be altoge!r wrong1 & ev5 if "r1 are z likely z n to be misappli$ to individual cases1 by p]sons no bett] acqua9t$ ) ! circum/ances ( su* cases ?an ^? are :o look at !m m]ely f )\t4 ,9 ?is dep>tm5t1 !re=e1 ( human affairs1 ,individuality has its prop] field ( action4 ,9 ! conduct ( human be+s t[>ds "o ano!r1 x is necess>y t g5]al rules %\ld = ! mo/ "p be obs]v$1 9 ord] t p may "k :at !y h to expect2 b 9 ea* p]son's own conc]ns1 8 individual spontaneity is entitl$ to free ex]cise4 ,consid]ations to aid 8 judgm5t1 exhortations to /r5g!n 8 w1 may be (f]$ to him1 ev5 obtrud$ on him1 by o!rs2 b he himself is ! f9al judge4 ,all errors :i* he is likely to commit aga9/ advice & w>n+1 are f> outweigh$ by ! evil ( all[+ o!rs to con/ra9 him to :at !y deem 8 good4 ,i d n mean t ! feel+s ) :i* a p]son is reg>d$ by o!rs1 ought n to be 9 any way affect$ by 8 self-reg>d+ qualities or defici5cies4 ,?is is nei!r possible nor desirable4 ,if he is em95t 9 any ( ! qualities :i* conduce to 8 own good1 he is1 s f>1 a prop] object ( admiration4 ,he is s mu* ! ne>] to ! ideal p]fection ( human nature4 ,if he is grossly defici5t 9 ^? qualities1 a s5tim5t ! opposite ( admiration w foll[4 ,!re is a degree ( folly1 & a degree ( :at may be call$ 7?\gh ! phrase is n unobjectionable7 l[ness or depravation ( ta/e1 :i*1 ?\gh x _c ju/ify do+ h>m to ! p]son :o manife/s x1 r5d]s him necess>ily & prop]ly a subject ( di/a/e1 or1 9 extreme cases1 ev5 ( contempt3 a p]son c\ld n h ! opposite qualities 9 due /r5g? )\t ent]ta9+ ^! feel+s4 ,?\gh do+ no wrong to any "o1 a p]son may s act z to compel u to judge him1 & feel to him1 z a fool1 or z a be+ ( an inf]ior ord]3 & s9ce ?is judgm5t & feel+ are a fact :i* he w\ld pref] to avoid1 x is do+ him a s]vice to w>n him ( x be=eh&1 z ( any o!r disagreeable consequ5ce to :i* he exposes himself4 ,x w\ld be well1 inde$1 if ?is good (fice 7 mu* m freely r5d]$ ?an ! common notions ( polit5ess at pres5t p]mit1 & if "o p]son c\ld hone/ly po9t out to ano!r t he ?9ks him 9 fault1 )\t be+ consid]$ unmann]ly or presum+4 ,we h a "r1 also1 9 v>i\s ways1 to act ^u our unfav\rable op9ion ( any "o1 n to ! oppression ( 8 individuality1 b 9 ! ex]cise ( ours4 ,we are n b\nd1 = example1 to seek 8 society2 we h a "r to avoid x 7?\gh n to p>ade ! avoidance71 = we h a "r to *oose ! society mo/ acceptable to u4 ,we h a "r1 & x may be our duty1 to caution o!rs aga9/ him1 if we ?9k 8 example or conv]sation likely to h a p]nici\s effect on ^? ) :om he associates4 ,we may give o!rs a pref]5ce ov] him 9 optional good (fices1 except ^? :i* t5d to 8 improvem5t4 ,9 ^! v>i\s modes a p]son may suff] v sev]e p5alties at ! h&s ( o!rs1 = faults :i* directly conc]n only himself2 b he suff]s ^! p5alties only 9 s f> z !y are ! natural1 &1 z x 71 ! spontane\s consequ5ces ( ! faults !mselves1 n because !y are purposely inflict$ on him = ! sake ( puni%m5t4 ,a p]son :o %[s ra%ness1 ob/9acy1 self-conceit--:o _c live )9 mod]ate means--:o _c re/ra9 himself f hurtful indulg5ces--:o pursues animal pleasures at ! exp5se ( ^? ( feel+ & intellect--mu/ expect to be l[]$ 9 ! op9ion ( o!rs1 & to h a less %>e ( _! fav\rable s5tim5ts2 b ( ?is he has no "r to compla91 unless he has m]it$ _! fav\r by special excell5ce 9 8 social relations1 & has ?us e/abli%$ a title to _! good (fices1 :i* is n affect$ by 8 dem]its t[>ds himself4 ,:at ,i cont5d = is1 t ! inconv5i5ces :i* are /rictly insep>able f ! unfav\rable judgm5t ( o!rs1 are ! only ones to :i* a p]son %\ld ev] be subject$ = t portion ( 8 conduct & "* :i* conc]ns 8 own good1 b :i* does n affect ! int]e/s ( o!rs 9 _! relations ) him4 ,acts injuri\s to o!rs require a totally diff]5t treatm5t4 ,encroa*m5t on _! rights2 infliction on !m ( any loss or damage n ju/ifi$ by 8 own rights2 falsehood or duplicity 9 deal+ ) !m2 unfair or ung5]\s use ( advantages ov] !m2 ev5 selfi% ab/95ce f def5d+ !m aga9/ injury--^! are fit objects ( moral reprobation1 &1 9 grave cases1 ( moral retribution & puni%m5t4 ,& n only ^! acts1 b ! dispositions :i* lead to !m1 are prop]ly immoral1 & fit subjects ( disapprobation :i* may rise to abhorr5ce4 ,cruelty ( disposition2 malice & ill-nature2 t mo/ anti-social & odi\s ( all passions1 envy2 dissimulation & ins9c]ity2 irascibility on insuffici5t cause1 & res5tm5t disproportion$ to ! provocation2 ! love ( dom9e]+ ov] o!rs2 ! desire to engross m ?an "o's %>e ( advantages 7! ,greek3 pleonexia ( ! ,greeks72 ! pride :i* d]ives gratification f ! abasem5t ( o!rs2 ! egotism :i* ?9ks self & its conc]ns m important ?an ev]y?+ else1 & decides all d\btful que/ions 9 its own fav\r2--^! are moral vices1 & con/itute a bad & odi\s moral "*3 unlike ! self-reg>d+ faults previ\sly m5tion$1 :i* are n prop]ly immoralities1 & to :atev] pit* !y may be c>ri$1 d n con/itute wick$ness4 ,!y may be pro(s ( any am\nt ( folly1 or want ( p]sonal dignity & self-respect2 b !y are only a subject ( moral reprobation :5 !y involve a brea* ( duty to o!rs1 = ^: sake ! individual is b\nd to h c>e = himself4 ,:at are call$ duties to ourselves are n socially obligatory1 unless circum/ances r5d] !m at ! same "t duties to o!rs4 ,! t]m duty to oneself1 :5 x means any?+ m ?an prud5ce1 means self-respect or self-developm5t2 & = none ( ^! is any "o acc\ntable to 8 fell[-creatures1 because = none ( !m is x = ! good ( mank9d t he be held acc\ntable to !m4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 ! loss ( consid]ation :i* a p]son may rightly incur by defect ( prud5ce or ( p]sonal dignity1 & ! reprobation :i* is due to him = an (f5ce aga9/ ! rights ( o!rs1 is n a m]ely nom9al di/9ction4 ,x makes a va/ diff]5ce bo? 9 our feel+s & 9 our conduct t[>ds him1 :e!r he displeases u 9 ?+s 9 :i* we ?9k we h a "r to control him1 or 9 ?+s 9 :i* we "k t we h n4 ,if he displeases u1 we may express our di/a/e1 & we may /& alo( f a p]son z well z f a ?+ t displeases u2 b we %all n !re=e feel call$ on to make 8 life uncom=table4 ,we %all reflect t he already be>s1 or w be>1 ! :ole p5alty ( 8 error2 if he spoils 8 life by mismanagem5t1 we %all n1 = t reason1 desire to spoil x /ill fur!r3 in/ead ( wi%+ to puni% him1 we %all r endeav\r to alleviate 8 puni%m5t1 by %[+ him h[ he may avoid or cure ! evils 8 conduct t5ds to br+ ^u him4 ,he may be to u an object ( pity1 p]haps ( dislike1 b n ( ang] or res5tm5t2 we %all n treat him l an enemy ( society3 ! wor/ we %all ?9k ourselves ju/ifi$ 9 do+ is leav+ him to himself1 if we d n int]f]e b5evol5tly by %[+ int]e/ or conc]n = him4 ,x is f> o!rwise if he has infr+$ ! rules necess>y = ! protection ( 8 fell[-creatures1 individually or collectively4 ,! evil consequ5ces ( 8 acts d n !n fall on himself1 b on o!rs2 & society1 z ! protector ( all its memb]s1 mu/ retaliate on him2 mu/ inflict pa9 on him = ! express purpose ( puni%m5t1 & mu/ take c>e t x be suffici5tly sev]e4 ,9 ! "o case1 he is an (f5d] at our b>1 & we are call$ on n only to sit 9 judgm5t on him1 b1 9 "o %ape or ano!r1 to execute our own s5t5ce3 9 ! o!r case1 x is n our "p to inflict any suff]+ on him1 except :at may incid5tally foll[ f our us+ ! same lib]ty 9 ! regulation ( our own affairs1 :i* we all[ to him 9 84 ,! di/9ction "h po9t$ out betwe5 ! "p ( a p]son's life :i* conc]ns only himself1 & t :i* conc]ns o!rs1 _m p]sons w refuse to admit4 ,h[ 7x may be ask$7 c any "p ( ! conduct ( a memb] ( society be a matt] ( indiff]5ce to ! o!r memb]s8 ,no p]son is an entirely isolat$ be+2 x is impossible = a p]son to d any?+ s]i\sly or p]man5tly hurtful to himself1 )\t mis*ief rea*+ at lea/ to 8 ne> connections1 & (t5 f> beyond !m4 ,if he injures 8 prop]ty1 he does h>m to ^? :o directly or indirectly d]iv$ support f x1 & usually dim9i%es1 by a great] or less am\nt1 ! g5]al res\rces ( ! community4 ,if he det]iorates 8 bodily or m5tal faculties1 he n only br+s evil ^u all :o dep5d$ on him = any portion ( _! happ9ess1 b disqualifies himself = r5d]+ ! s]vices :i* he owes to 8 fell[-creatures g5]ally2 p]haps becomes a bur!n on _! affection or b5evol5ce2 & if su* conduct 7 v frequ5t1 h>dly any (f5ce t is committ$ w\ld detract m f ! g5]al sum ( good4 ,f9ally1 if by 8 vices or follies a p]son does no direct h>m to o!rs1 he is nev]!less 7x may be said7 injuri\s by 8 example2 & ought to be compell$ to control himself1 = ! sake ( ^? :om ! sight or k ( 8 conduct might corrupt or mislead4 ,& ev5 7x w be add$7 if ! consequ5ces ( misconduct c\ld be conf9$ to ! vici\s or ?\ghtless individual1 ought society to ab&on to _! own guidance ^? :o are manife/ly unfit = x8 ,if protection aga9/ !mselves is confess$ly due to *ildr5 & p]sons "u age1 is n society equally b\nd to af=d x to p]sons ( mature ye>s :o are equally incapable ( self-gov]nm5t8 ,if gambl+1 or drunk5ness1 or incont95ce1 or idl5ess1 or uncleanl9ess1 are z injuri\s to happ9ess1 & z great a h9drance to improvem5t1 z _m or mo/ ( ! acts prohibit$ by law1 :y 7x may be ask$7 %\ld n law1 s f> z is consi/5t ) practicability & social conv5i5ce1 endeav\r to repress ^! also8 ,& z a supplem5t to ! unavoidable imp]fections ( law1 ought n op9ion at lea/ to organise a p[]ful police aga9/ ^! vices1 & visit rigidly ) social p5alties ^? :o are kn[n to practise !m8 ,!re is no "q "h 7x may be said7 ab\t re/rict+ individuality1 or imp$+ ! trial ( new & orig9al exp]im5ts 9 liv+4 ,! only ?+s x is s\ght to prev5t are ?+s :i* h be5 tri$ & condemn$ f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w until n[2 ?+s :i* exp]i5ce has %[n n to be useful or suitable to any p]son's individuality4 ,!re mu/ be "s l5g? ( "t & am\nt ( exp]i5ce1 aft] :i* a moral or prud5tial tru? may be reg>d$ z e/abli%$3 & x is m]ely desir$ to prev5t g5]ation aft] g5]ation f fall+ ov] ! same precipice :i* has be5 fatal to _! pr$ecessors4 ,i fully admit t ! mis*ief :i* a p]son does to himself1 may s]i\sly affect1 bo? ?r\gh _! sympa?ies & _! int]e/s1 ^? ne>ly connect$ ) him1 & 9 a m9or degree1 society at l>ge4 ,:51 by conduct ( ?is sort1 a p]son is l$ to violate a di/9ct & assignable obligation to any o!r p]son or p]sons1 ! case is tak5 out ( ! self-reg>d+ class1 & becomes am5able to moral disapprobation 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! t]m4 ,if1 = example1 a man1 ?r\gh intemp]ance or extravagance1 becomes unable to pay 8 debts1 or1 hav+ und]tak5 ! moral responsibility ( a family1 becomes f ! same cause incapable ( support+ or educat+ !m1 he is des]v$ly reprobat$1 & might be ju/ly puni%$2 b x is = ! brea* ( duty to 8 family or cr$itors1 n = ! extravagance4 ,if ! res\rces :i* ought to h be5 devot$ to !m1 _h be5 div]t$ f !m = ! mo/ prud5t inve/m5t1 ! moral culpability w\ld h be5 ! same4 ,george ,b>nwell murd]$ 8 uncle to get money = 8 mi/ress1 b if he _h done x to set himself up 9 bus9ess1 he w\ld equally h be5 hang$4 ,aga91 9 ! frequ5t case ( a man :o causes grief to 8 family by addiction to bad habits1 he des]ves reproa* = 8 unk9dness or +ratitude2 b s he may = cultivat+ habits n 9 !mselves vici\s1 if !y are pa9ful to ^? ) :om he passes 8 life1 or :o f p]sonal ties are dep5d5t on him = _! com=t4 ,:oev] fails 9 ! consid]ation g5]ally due to ! int]e/s & feel+s ( o!rs1 n be+ compell$ by "s m imp]ative duty1 or ju/ifi$ by all[able self-pref]5ce1 is a subject ( moral disapprobation = t failure1 b n = ! cause ( x1 nor = ! errors1 m]ely p]sonal to himself1 :i* may h remotely l$ to x4 ,9 l mann]1 :5 a p]son disables himself1 by conduct purely self-reg>d+1 f ! p]=mance ( "s def9ite duty incumb5t on him to ! public1 he is guilty ( a social (f5ce4 ,no p]son ought to be puni%$ simply = be+ drunk2 b a soldi] or a policeman %\ld be puni%$ = be+ drunk on duty4 ,:5ev]1 9 %ort1 !re is a def9ite damage1 or a def9ite risk ( damage1 ei!r to an individual or to ! public1 ! case is tak5 out ( ! prov9ce ( lib]ty1 & plac$ 9 t ( morality or law4 ,b ) reg>d to ! m]ely cont+5t1 or1 z x may be call$1 con/ructive injury :i* a p]son causes to society1 by conduct :i* nei!r violates any specific duty to ! public1 nor occasions p]ceptible hurt to any assignable individual except himself2 ! inconv5i5ce is "o :i* society c af=d to be>1 = ! sake ( ! great] good ( human fre$om4 ,if gr[n p]sons are to be puni%$ = n tak+ prop] c>e ( !mselves1 ,i w\ld r x 7 = _! own sake1 ?an "u pret5ce ( prev5t+ !m f impair+ _! capacity ( r5d]+ to society b5efits :i* society does n pret5d x has a "r to exact4 ,b ,i _c cons5t to argue ! po9t z if society _h no means ( br++ its weak] memb]s up to its ord9>y /&>d ( rational conduct1 except wait+ till !y d some?+ irrational1 & !n puni%+ !m1 legally or morally1 = x4 ,society has _h absolute p[] ov] !m dur+ all ! e>ly portion ( _! exi/5ce3 x has _h ! :ole p]iod ( *ildhood & nonage 9 :i* to try :e!r x c\ld make !m capable ( rational conduct 9 life4 ,! exi/+ g5]ation is ma/] bo? ( ! tra9+ & ! entire circum/ances ( ! g5]ation to come2 x _c inde$ make !m p]fectly wise & good1 because x is itself s lam5tably defici5t 9 goodness & wisdom2 & its be/ ef=ts are n always1 9 individual cases1 its mo/ successful ones2 b x is p]fectly well able to make ! ris+ g5]ation1 z a :ole1 z good z1 & a little bett] ?an1 itself4 ,if society lets any consid]able numb] ( its memb]s gr[ up m]e *ildr51 incapable ( be+ act$ on by rational consid]ation ( di/ant motives1 society has itself to blame = ! consequ5ces4 ,arm$ n only ) all ! p[]s ( education1 b ) ! asc5d5cy :i* ! au?ority ( a receiv$ op9ion always ex]cises ov] ! m9ds :o are lea/ fitt$ to judge = !mselves2 & aid$ by ! natural p5alties :i* _c be prev5t$ f fall+ on ^? :o incur ! di/a/e or ! contempt ( ^? :o "k !m2 let n society pret5d t x ne$s1 besides all ?is1 ! p[] to issue comm&s & en=ce ob$i5ce 9 ! p]sonal conc]ns ( individuals1 9 :i*1 on all pr9ciples ( ju/ice & policy1 ! decision ought to re/ ) ^? :o are to abide ! consequ5ces4 ,nor is !re any?+ :i* t5ds m to discr$it & fru/rate ! bett] means ( influ5c+ conduct1 ?an a resort to ! worse4 ,if !re be among ^? :om x is attempt$ to co]ce into prud5ce or temp]ance1 any ( ! mat]ial ( :i* vigor\s & indep5d5t *>act]s are made1 !y w infallibly rebel aga9/ ! yoke4 ,no su* p]son w ev] feel t o!rs h a "r to control him 9 8 conc]ns1 su* z !y h to prev5t him f injur+ !m 9 !irs2 & x easily comes to be consid]$ a m>k ( _s & c\rage to fly 9 ! face ( su* usurp$ au?ority1 & d ) o/5tation ! exact opposite ( :at x enjo9s2 z 9 ! fa%ion ( grossness :i* succe$$1 9 ! "t ( ,*>les ,,ii41 to ! fanatical moral intol]ance ( ! ,puritans4 ,) respect to :at is said ( ! necessity ( protect+ society f ! bad example set to o!rs by ! vici\s or ! self-indulg5t2 x is true t bad example may h a p]nici\s effect1 especially ! example ( do+ wrong to o!rs ) impunity to ! wrong-do]4 ,b we are n[ speak+ ( conduct :i*1 :ile x does no wrong to o!rs1 is suppos$ to d great h>m to ! ag5t himself3 & ,i d n see h[ ^? :o believe ?is1 c ?9k o!rwise ?an t ! example1 on ! :ole1 mu/ be m salut>y ?an hurtful1 s9ce1 if x displays ! misconduct1 x displays also ! pa9ful or degrad+ consequ5ces :i*1 if ! conduct is ju/ly c5sur$1 mu/ be suppos$ to be 9 all or mo/ cases att5dant on x4 ,b ! /ronge/ ( all ! argum5ts aga9/ ! int]f]5ce ( ! public ) purely p]sonal conduct1 is t :5 x does int]f]e1 ! odds are t x int]f]es wrongly1 & 9 ! wrong place4 ,on que/ions ( social morality1 ( duty to o!rs1 ! op9ion ( ! public1 t is1 ( an ov]rul+ majority1 ?\gh (t5 wrong1 is likely to be /ill (t5] "r2 because on su* que/ions !y are only requir$ to judge ( _! own int]e/s2 ( ! mann] 9 :i* "s mode ( conduct1 if all[$ to be practis$1 w\ld affect !mselves4 ,b ! op9ion ( a simil> majority1 impos$ z a law on ! m9ority1 on que/ions ( self-reg>d+ conduct1 is q z likely to be wrong z "r2 = 9 ^! cases public op9ion means1 at ! be/1 "s p's op9ion ( :at is good or bad = o!r p2 :ile v (t5 x does n ev5 mean t2 ! public1 ) ! mo/ p]fect indiff]5ce1 pass+ ov] ! pleasure or conv5i5ce ( ^? ^: conduct !y c5sure1 & consid]+ only _! own pref]5ce4 ,!re are _m :o consid] z an injury to !mselves any conduct :i* !y h a di/a/e =1 & res5t x z an outrage to _! feel+s2 z a religi\s bigot1 :5 *>g$ ) disreg>d+ ! religi\s feel+s ( o!rs1 has be5 kn[n to retort t !y disreg>d 8 feel+s1 by p]si/+ 9 _! abom9able wor%ip or cre$4 ,b !re is no p>ity betwe5 ! feel+ ( a p]son = 8 own op9ion1 & ! feel+ ( ano!r :o is (f5d$ at 8 hold+ x2 no m ?an betwe5 ! desire ( a ?ief to take a purse1 & ! desire ( ! "r own] to keep x4 ,& a p]son's ta/e is z mu* 8 own peculi> conc]n z 8 op9ion or 8 purse4 ,x is easy = any "o to imag9e an ideal public1 :i* leaves ! fre$om & *oice ( individuals 9 all unc]ta9 matt]s undi/urb$1 & only requires !m to ab/a9 f modes ( conduct :i* univ]sal exp]i5ce has condemn$4 ,b :]e has !re be5 se5 a public :i* set any su* limit to its c5sor%ip8 or :5 does ! public tr\ble itself ab\t univ]sal exp]i5ce8 ,9 its int]f]5ces ) p]sonal conduct x is seldom ?9k+ ( any?+ b ! enormity ( act+ or feel+ diff]5tly f itself2 & ?is /&>d ( judgm5t1 ?9ly disguis$1 is held up to mank9d z ! dictate ( religion & philosophy1 by n9e-t5?s ( all morali/s & speculative writ]s4 ,^! tea* t ?+s are "r because !y are "r2 because we feel !m to be s4 ,!y tell u to se>* 9 our own m9ds & he>ts = laws ( conduct b9d+ on ourselves & on all o!rs4 ,:at c ! poor public d b apply ^! in/ructions1 & make _! own p]sonal feel+s ( good & evil1 if !y are tol]ably unanim\s 9 !m1 obligatory on all ! _w8 ,! evil "h po9t$ out is n "o :i* exi/s only 9 !ory2 & x may p]haps be expect$ t ,i %\ld specify ! in/ances 9 :i* ! public ( ?is age & c\ntry improp]ly inve/s its own pref]5ces ) ! "* ( moral laws4 ,i am n writ+ an essay on ! ab]rations ( exi/+ moral feel+4 ,t is too weighty a subject to be discuss$ p>5!tically1 & by way ( illu/ration4 ,yet examples are necess>y1 to %[ t ! pr9ciple ,i ma9ta9 is ( s]i\s & practical mom5t1 & t ,i am n endeav\r+ to erect a b>ri] aga9/ imag9>y evils4 ,& x is n difficult to %[1 by abundant in/ances1 t to ext5d ! b\nds ( :at may be call$ moral police1 until x encroa*es on ! mo/ unque/ionably legitimate lib]ty ( ! individual1 is "o ( ! mo/ univ]sal ( all human prop5sities4 ,z a fir/ in/ance1 consid] ! antipa?ies :i* m5 *]i% on no bett] gr\nds ?an t p]sons ^: religi\s op9ions are diff]5t f !irs1 d n practise _! religi\s obs]vances1 especially _! religi\s ab/95ces4 ,to cite a r trivial example1 no?+ 9 ! cre$ or practice ( ,*ri/ians does m to env5om ! hatr$ ( ,mahom$ans aga9/ !m1 ?an ! fact ( _! eat+ pork4 ,!re are few acts :i* ,*ri/ians & ,europeans reg>d ) m unaffect$ disgu/1 ?an ,mussulmans reg>d ?is p>ticul> mode ( satisfy+ hung]4 ,x is1 9 ! fir/ place1 an (f5ce aga9/ _! religion2 b ?is circum/ance by no means expla9s ei!r ! degree or ! k9d ( _! repugnance2 = w9e also is =bidd5 by _! religion1 & to p>take ( x is by all ,mussulmans acc\nt$ wrong1 b n disgu/+4 ,_! av]sion to ! fle% ( ! unclean bea/ is1 on ! contr>y1 ( t peculi> "*1 resembl+ an in/9ctive antipa?y1 :i* ! idea ( uncleanness1 :5 once x ?or\ghly s9ks into ! feel+s1 seems always to excite ev5 9 ^? ^: p]sonal habits are any?+ b scrupul\sly cleanly1 & ( :i* ! s5tim5t ( religi\s impurity1 s int5se 9 ! ,h9doos1 is a rem>kable example4 ,suppose n[ t 9 a p1 ( :om ! majority 7 ,mussulmans1 t majority %\ld insi/ ^u n p]mitt+ pork to be eat5 )9 ! limits ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is w\ld be no?+ new 9 ,mahom$an c\ntries4#ad ,w\ld x be a legitimate ex]cise ( ! moral au?ority ( public op9ion8 & if n1 :y n8 ,! practice is really revolt+ to su* a public4 ,!y also s9c]ely ?9k t x is =bidd5 & abhorr$ by ! ,deity4 ,nei!r c\ld ! prohibition be c5sur$ z religi\s p]secution4 ,x might be religi\s 9 its orig91 b x w\ld n be p]secution = religion1 s9ce nobody's religion makes x a duty to eat pork4 ,! only t5able gr\nd ( condemnation w\ld be1 t ) ! p]sonal ta/es & self-reg>d+ conc]ns ( individuals ! public has no bus9ess to int]f]e4 ,to come some:at ne>] home3 ! majority ( ,spani>ds consid] x a gross impiety1 (f5sive 9 ! highe/ degree to ! ,supreme ,be+1 to wor%ip him 9 any o!r mann] ?an ! ,roman ,ca?olic2 & no o!r public wor%ip is lawful on ,spani% soil4 ,! p ( all ,s\!rn ,europe look ^u a m>ri$ cl]gy z n only irreligi\s1 b un*a/e1 indec5t1 gross1 disgu/+4 ,:at d ,prote/ants ?9k ( ^! p]fectly s9c]e feel+s1 & ( ! attempt to en=ce !m aga9/ non-,ca?olics8 ,yet1 if mank9d are ju/ifi$ 9 int]f]+ ) ea* o!r's lib]ty 9 ?+s :i* d n conc]n ! int]e/s ( o!rs1 on :at pr9ciple is x possible consi/5tly to exclude ^! cases8 or :o c blame p = desir+ to suppress :at !y reg>d z a sc&al 9 ! sight ( ,god & man8 ,no /rong] case c be %[n = prohibit+ any?+ :i* is reg>d$ z a p]sonal immorality1 ?an is made out = suppress+ ^! practices 9 ! eyes ( ^? :o reg>d !m z impieties2 & unless we are will+ to adopt ! logic ( p]secutors1 & to say t we may p]secute o!rs because we are "r1 & t !y mu/ n p]secute u because !y are wrong1 we mu/ bew>e ( admitt+ a pr9ciple ( :i* we %\ld res5t z a gross inju/ice ! application to ourselves4 ,! prec$+ in/ances may be object$ to1 al?\gh unreasonably1 z drawn f cont+5cies impossible among u3 op9ion1 9 ?is c\ntry1 n be+ likely to en=ce ab/95ce f meats1 or to int]f]e ) p = wor%ipp+1 & = ei!r m>ry+ or n m>ry+1 accord+ to _! cre$ or incl9ation4 ,! next example1 h[ev]1 %all be tak5 f an int]f]5ce ) lib]ty :i* we h by no means pass$ all dang] (4 ,:]ev] ! ,puritans h be5 suffici5tly p[]ful1 z 9 ,new ,engl&1 & 9 ,great ,brita9 at ! "t ( ! ,commonweal?1 !y h endeav\r$1 ) consid]able success1 to put d[n all public1 & ne>ly all private1 amusem5ts3 especially music1 danc+1 public games1 or o!r assemblages = purposes ( div]sion1 & ! !atre4 ,!re are /ill 9 ?is c\ntry l>ge bodies ( p]sons by ^: notions ( morality & religion ^! recreations are condemn$2 & ^? p]sons belong+ *iefly to ! middle class1 :o are ! asc5dant p[] 9 ! pres5t social & political condition ( ! k+dom1 x is by no means impossible t p]sons ( ^! s5tim5ts may at "s "t or o!r comm& a majority 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,h[ w ! rema9+ portion ( ! community l to h ! amusem5ts t %all be p]mitt$ to !m regulat$ by ! religi\s & moral s5tim5ts ( ! /rict] ,calv9i/s & ,me?odi/s8 ,w\ld !y n1 ) consid]able p]emptor9ess1 desire ^! intrusively pi\s memb]s ( society to m9d _! own bus9ess8 ,?is is precisely :at %\ld be said to e gov]nm5t & e public1 :o h ! pret5sion t no p]son %all enjoy any pleasure :i* !y ?9k wrong4 ,b if ! pr9ciple ( ! pret5sion be admitt$1 no "o c reasonably object to its be+ act$ on 9 ! s5se ( ! majority1 or o!r prepond]at+ p[] 9 ! c\ntry2 & all p]sons mu/ be ready to con=m to ! idea ( a ,*ri/ian commonweal?1 z und]/ood by ! e>ly settl]s 9 ,new ,engl&1 if a religi\s pr(ession simil> to !irs %\ld ev] succe$ 9 rega9+ its lo/ gr\nd1 z religions suppos$ to be decl9+ h s (t5 be5 kn[n to d4 ,to imag9e ano!r cont+5cy1 p]haps m likely to be realis$ ?an ! "o la/ m5tion$4 ,!re is confess$ly a /rong t5d5cy 9 ! mod]n _w t[>ds a democratic con/itution ( society1 accompani$ or n by popul> political in/itutions4 ,x is affirm$ t 9 ! c\ntry :]e ?is t5d5cy is mo/ completely realis$--:]e bo? society & ! gov]nm5t are mo/ democratic--! ,unit$ ,/ates--! feel+ ( ! majority1 to :om any appe>ance ( a m %[y or co/ly /yle ( liv+ ?an !y c hope to rival is disagreeable1 op]ates z a tol]ably effectual sumptu>y law1 & t 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,union x is really difficult = a p]son possess+ a v l>ge income1 to f9d any mode ( sp5d+ x1 :i* w n incur popul> disapprobation4 ,?\gh su* /atem5ts z ^! are d\btless mu* exagg]at$ z a repres5tation ( exi/+ facts1 ! /ate ( ?+s !y describe is n only a conceivable & possible1 b a probable result ( democratic feel+1 comb9$ ) ! notion t ! public has a "r to a veto on ! mann] 9 :i* individuals %all sp5d _! incomes4 ,we h only fur!r to suppose a consid]able diffusion ( ,sociali/ op9ions1 & x may become infam\s 9 ! eyes ( ! majority to possess m prop]ty ?an "s v small am\nt1 or any income n e>n$ by manual lab\r4 ,op9ions simil> 9 pr9ciple to ^!1 already prevail widely among ! artisan class1 & weigh oppressively on ^? :o are am5able to ! op9ion *iefly ( t class1 namely1 its own memb]s4 ,x is kn[n t ! bad workm5 :o =m ! majority ( ! op]atives 9 _m bran*es ( indu/ry1 are decid$ly ( op9ion t bad workm5 ought to receive ! same wages z good1 & t no "o ought to be all[$1 ?r\gh piecework or o!rwise1 to e>n by sup]ior skill or indu/ry m ?an o!rs c )\t x4 ,& !y employ a moral police1 :i* occasionally becomes a physical "o1 to det] skilful workm5 f receiv+1 & employ]s f giv+1 a l>g] remun]ation = a m useful s]vice4 ,if ! public h any jurisdiction ov] private conc]ns1 ,i _c see t ^! p are 9 fault1 or t any individual's p>ticul> public c be blam$ = ass]t+ ! same au?ority ov] 8 individual conduct1 :i* ! g5]al public ass]ts ov] p 9 g5]al4 ,b1 )\t dwell+ ^u supposititi\s cases1 !re are1 9 our own day1 gross usurpations ^u ! lib]ty ( private life actually practis$1 & /ill great] ones ?reat5$ ) "s expectation ( success1 & op9ions propos$ :i* ass]t an unlimit$ "r 9 ! public n only to prohibit by law ev]y?+ :i* x ?9ks wrong1 b 9 ord] to get at :at x ?9ks wrong1 to prohibit any numb] ( ?+s :i* x admits to be innoc5t4 ,"u ! "n ( prev5t+ intemp]ance1 ! p ( "o ,engli% colony1 & ( ne>ly half ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h be5 int]dict$ by law f mak+ any use :atev] ( f]m5t$ dr9ks1 except = m$ical purposes3 = prohibition ( _! sale is 9 fact1 z x is int5d$ to be1 prohibition ( _! use4 ,& ?\gh ! impracticability ( execut+ ! law has caus$ its repeal 9 sev]al ( ! ,/ates :i* _h adopt$ x1 includ+ ! "o f :i* x d]ives its "n1 an attempt has not)/&+ be5 comm5c$1 & is prosecut$ ) consid]able zeal by _m ( ! pr(ess$ philan?ropi/s1 to agitate = a simil> law 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! association1 or ,alliance z x t]ms itself1 :i* has be5 =m$ = ?is purpose1 has acquir$ "s notoriety ?r\gh ! publicity giv5 to a correspond5ce betwe5 its ,secret>y & "o ( ! v few ,engli% public m5 :o hold t a politician's op9ions ought to be f\nd$ on pr9ciples4 ,"l ,/anley's %>e 9 ?is correspond5ce is calculat$ to /r5g!n ! hopes already built on him1 by ^? :o "k h[ r>e su* qualities z are manife/$ 9 "s ( 8 public appe>ances1 unhappily are among ^? :o figure 9 political life4 ,! organ ( ! ,alliance1 :o w\ld deeply deplore ! recognition ( any pr9ciple :i* c\ld be wre/$ to ju/ify bigotry & p]secution1 und]takes to po9t out ! broad & impassable b>ri] :i* divides su* pr9ciples f ^? ( ! association4 ,all matt]s relat+ to ?\ght1 op9ion1 consci5ce1 appe> to me1 he says1 to be )\t ! sph]e ( legislation2 all p]ta9+ to social act1 habit1 relation1 subject only to a discretion>y p[] ve/$ 9 ! ,/ate itself1 & n 9 ! individual1 to be )9 x4 ,no m5tion is made ( a ?ird class1 diff]5t f ei!r ( ^!1 viz4 acts & habits :i* are n social1 b individual2 al?\gh x is to ?is class1 surely1 t ! act ( dr9k+ f]m5t$ liquors belongs4 ,sell+ f]m5t$ liquors1 h[ev]1 is trad+1 & trad+ is a social act4 ,b ! infr+em5t compla9$ ( is n on ! lib]ty ( ! sell]1 b on t ( ! buy] & consum]2 s9ce ! ,/ate might j z well =bid him to dr9k w9e1 z purposely make x impossible = him to obta9 x4 ,! ,secret>y1 h[ev]1 says1 ,i claim1 z a citiz51 a "r to legislate :5ev] my social rights are invad$ by ! social act ( ano!r4 ,& n[ = ! def9ition ( ^! social rights4 ,if any?+ invades my social rights1 c]ta9ly ! traffic 9 /rong dr9k does4 ,x de/roys my prim>y "r ( security1 by con/antly creat+ & /imulat+ social disord]4 ,x invades my "r ( equality1 by d]iv+ a pr(it f ! creation ( a mis]y1 ,i am tax$ to support4 ,x imp$es my "r to free moral & intellectual developm5t1 by surr\nd+ my pa? ) dang]s1 & by weak5+ & demoralis+ society1 f :i* ,i h a "r to claim mutual aid & int]c\rse4 ,a !ory ( social rights1 ! l ( :i* probably nev] be=e f\nd its way into di/9ct language--be+ no?+ %ort ( ?is--t x is ! absolute social "r ( e individual1 t e o!r individual %all act 9 e respect exactly z he ought2 t :osoev] fails !re( 9 ! smalle/ p>ticul>1 violates my social "r1 & entitles me to dem& f ! legislature ! removal ( ! grievance4 ,s mon/r\s a pr9ciple is f> m dang]\s ?an any s+le int]f]5ce ) lib]ty2 !re is no violation ( lib]ty :i* x w\ld n ju/ify2 x ackn[l$ges no "r to any fre$om :atev]1 except p]haps to t ( hold+ op9ions 9 secret1 )\t ev] disclos+ !m3 = ! mom5t an op9ion :i* ,i consid] noxi\s1 passes any "o's lips1 x invades all ! social rights attribut$ to me by ! ,alliance4 ,! doctr9e ascribes to all mank9d a ve/$ int]e/ 9 ea* o!r's moral1 intellectual1 & ev5 physical p]fection1 to be def9$ by ea* claimant accord+ to 8 own /&>d4 ,ano!r important example ( illegitimate int]f]5ce ) ! rightful lib]ty ( ! individual1 n simply ?reat5$1 b long s9ce c>ri$ into triumphant effect1 is ,sabbat>ian legislation4 ,)\t d\bt1 ab/95ce on "o day 9 ! week1 s f> z ! exig5cies ( life p]mit1 f ! usual daily occupation1 ?\gh 9 no respect religi\sly b9d+ on any except ,jews1 is a highly b5eficial cu/om4 ,& inasmu* z ?is cu/om _c be obs]v$ )\t a g5]al cons5t to t effect among ! indu/ri\s classes1 !re=e1 9 s f> z "s p]sons by work+ may impose ! same necessity on o!rs1 x may be all[able & "r t ! law %\ld gu>antee to ea*1 ! obs]vance by o!rs ( ! cu/om1 by susp5d+ ! great] op]ations ( indu/ry on a p>ticul> day4 ,b ?is ju/ification1 gr\nd$ on ! direct int]e/ :i* o!rs h 9 ea* individual's obs]vance ( ! practice1 does n apply to ! self-*os5 occupations 9 :i* a p]son may ?9k fit to employ 8 leisure2 nor does x hold good1 9 ! smalle/ degree1 = legal re/rictions on amusem5ts4 ,x is true t ! amusem5t ( "s is ! day's "w ( o!rs2 b ! pleasure1 n to say ! useful recreation1 ( _m1 is wor? ! lab\r ( a few1 provid$ ! occupation is freely *os51 & c be freely resign$4 ,! op]atives are p]fectly "r 9 ?9k+ t if all work$ on ,sunday1 sev5 days' "w w\ld h to be giv5 = six days' wages3 b s long z ! great mass ( employm5ts are susp5d$1 ! small numb] :o = ! enjoym5t ( o!rs mu/ /ill "w1 obta9 a proportional increase ( e>n+s2 & !y are n oblig$ to foll[ ^? occupations1 if !y pref] leisure to emolum5t4 ,if a fur!r rem$y is s\ght1 x might be f\nd 9 ! e/abli%m5t by cu/om ( a holiday on "s o!r day ( ! week = ^? p>ticul> classes ( p]sons4 ,! only gr\nd1 !re=e1 on :i* re/rictions on ,sunday amusem5ts c be def5d$1 mu/ be t !y are religi\sly wrong2 a motive ( legislation :i* nev] c be too e>ne/ly prote/$ aga9/4 ,deorum injuri ,diis cur4 ,x rema9s to be prov$ t society or any ( its (fic]s holds a commission f on high to av5ge any suppos$ (f5ce to ,omnipot5ce1 :i* is n also a wrong to our fell[-creatures4 ,! notion t x is "o man's duty t ano!r %\ld be religi\s1 0 ! f\ndation ( all ! religi\s p]secutions ev] p]petrat$1 & if admitt$1 w\ld fully ju/ify !m4 ,?\gh ! feel+ :i* breaks out 9 ! repeat$ attempts to /op railway travell+ on ,sunday1 9 ! resi/ance to ! op5+ ( ,museums1 & ! l1 has n ! cruelty ( ! old p]secutors1 ! /ate ( m9d indicat$ by x is fundam5tally ! same4 ,x is a det]m9ation n to tol]ate o!rs 9 do+ :at is p]mitt$ by _! religion1 because x is n p]mitt$ by ! p]secutor's religion4 ,x is a belief t ,god n only abom9ates ! act ( ! misbeliev]1 b w n hold u guiltless if we leave him unmole/$4 ,i _c refra9 f add+ to ^! examples ( ! little acc\nt commonly made ( human lib]ty1 ! language ( d[nright p]secution :i* breaks out f ! press ( ?is c\ntry1 :5ev] x feels call$ on to notice ! rem>kable ph5om5on ( ,mormonism4 ,mu* might be said on ! unexpect$ & in/ructive fact1 t an alleg$ new revelation1 & a religion f\nd$ on x1 ! product ( palpable impo/ure1 n ev5 support$ by ! pre/ige ( extraord9>y qualities 9 its f\nd]1 is believ$ by hundr$s ( ?\s&s1 & has be5 made ! f\ndation ( a society1 9 ! age ( newspap]s1 railways1 & ! electric telegraph4 ,:at "h conc]ns u is1 t ?is religion1 l o!r & bett] religions1 has its m>tyrs2 t its prophet & f\nd] 01 = 8 tea*+1 put to dea? by a mob2 t o!rs ( its adh]5ts lo/ _! lives by ! same lawless viol5ce2 t !y 7 =cibly expell$1 9 a body1 f ! c\ntry 9 :i* !y fir/ grew up2 :ile1 n[ t !y h be5 *as$ into a solit>y recess 9 ! mid/ ( a des]t1 _m 9 ?is c\ntry op5ly decl>e t x w\ld be "r 7only t x is n conv5i5t7 to s5d an exp$ition aga9/ !m1 & compel !m by =ce to con=m to ! op9ions ( o!r p4 ,! article ( ! ,mormonite doctr9e :i* is ! *ief provocative to ! antipa?y :i* ?us breaks ?r\gh ! ord9>y re/ra9ts ( religi\s tol]ance1 is its sanction ( polygamy2 :i*1 ?\gh p]mitt$ to ,mahom$ans1 & ,h9doos1 & ,*9ese1 seems to excite unqu5*able animosity :5 practis$ by p]sons :o speak ,engli%1 & pr(ess to be a k9d ( ,*ri/ians4 ,no "o has a deep] disapprobation ?an ,i h ( ?is ,mormon in/itution2 bo? = o!r reasons1 & because1 f> f be+ 9 any way c\nt5anc$ by ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty1 x is a direct infraction ( t pr9ciple1 be+ a m]e rivet+ ( ! *a9s ( "o half ( ! community1 & an emancipation ( ! o!r f reciprocity ( obligation t[>ds !m4 ,/ill1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ?is relation is z mu* volunt>y on ! "p ( ! wom5 conc]n$ 9 x1 & :o may be deem$ ! suff]]s by x1 z is ! case ) any o!r =m ( ! m>riage in/itution2 & h[ev] surpris+ ?is fact may appe>1 x has its explanation 9 ! common ideas & cu/oms ( ! _w1 :i* tea*+ wom5 to ?9k m>riage ! "o ?+ ne$ful1 make x intelligible t _m a woman %\ld pref] be+ "o ( sev]al wives1 to n be+ a wife at all4 ,o!r c\ntries are n ask$ to recognise su* unions1 or release any portion ( _! inhabitants f _! own laws on ! score ( ,mormonite op9ions4 ,b :5 ! diss5ti5ts h conc$$ to ! ho/ile s5tim5ts ( o!rs1 f> m ?an c\ld ju/ly be dem&$2 :5 !y h left ! c\ntries to :i* _! doctr9es 7 unacceptable1 & e/abli%$ !mselves 9 a remote corn] ( ! e>?1 :i* !y h be5 ! fir/ to r5d] habitable to human be+s2 x is difficult to see on :at pr9ciples b ^? ( tyranny !y c be prev5t$ f liv+ !re "u :at laws !y please1 provid$ !y commit no aggression on o!r nations1 & all[ p]fect fre$om ( dep>ture to ^? :o are dissatisfi$ ) _! ways4 ,a rec5t writ]1 9 "s respects ( consid]able m]it1 proposes 7to use 8 own words71 n a crusade1 b a civilizade1 aga9/ ?is polygam\s community1 to put an end to :at seems to him a retrograde /ep 9 civilisation4 ,x also appe>s s to me1 b ,i am n aw>e t any community has a "r to =ce ano!r to be civilis$4 ,s long z ! suff]]s by ! bad law d n invoke assi/ance f o!r communities1 ,i _c admit t p]sons entirely unconnect$ ) !m ought to /ep 9 & require t a condition ( ?+s ) :i* all :o are directly int]e/$ appe> to be satisfi$1 %\ld be put an end to because x is a sc&al to p]sons "s ?\s&s ( miles di/ant1 :o h no "p or conc]n 9 x4 ,let !m s5d mission>ies1 if !y please1 to prea* aga9/ x2 & let !m1 by any fair means 7( :i* sil5c+ ! tea*]s is n "o71 oppose ! progress ( simil> doctr9es among _! own p4 ,if civilisation has got ! bett] ( b>b>ism :5 b>b>ism _h ! _w to itself1 x is too mu* to pr(ess to be afraid le/ b>b>ism1 aft] hav+ be5 fairly got "u1 %\ld revive & conqu] civilisation4 ,a civilisation t c ?us succumb to its vanqui%$ enemy1 mu/ fir/ h become s deg5]ate1 t nei!r its appo9t$ prie/s & tea*]s1 nor anybody else1 has ! capacity1 or w take ! tr\ble1 to /& up = x4 ,if ?is be s1 ! soon] su* a civilisation receives notice to quit1 ! bett]4 ,x c only g on f bad to worse1 until de/roy$ & reg5]at$ 7l ! ,we/]n ,empire7 by en]getic b>b>ians4 ,,footnote3 #ad ,! case ( ! ,bombay ,p>sees is a curi\s in/ance 9 po9t4 ,:5 ?is indu/ri\s & ent]pris+ tribe1 ! desc5dants ( ! ,p]sian fire-wor%ipp]s1 fly+ f _! native c\ntry be=e ! ,caliphs1 arriv$ 9 ,we/]n ,india1 !y 7 admitt$ to tol]ation by ! ,h9doo sov]eigns1 on condition ( n eat+ beef4 ,:5 ^? regions aft]w>ds fell "u ! dom9ion ( ,mahom$an conqu]ors1 ! ,p>sees obta9$ f !m a cont9uance ( indulg5ce1 on condition ( refra9+ f pork4 ,:at 0 at fir/ ob$i5ce to au?ority became a second nature1 & ! ,p>sees to ?is day ab/a9 bo? f beef & pork4 ,?\gh n requir$ by _! religion1 ! d\ble ab/95ce has _h "t to gr[ into a cu/om ( _! tribe2 & cu/om1 9 ! ,ea/1 is a religion4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,applications4 ,! pr9ciples ass]t$ 9 ^! pages mu/ be m g5]ally admitt$ z ! basis = discussion ( details1 be=e a consi/5t application ( !m to all ! v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t & morals c be attempt$ ) any prospect ( advantage4 ,! few obs]vations ,i propose to make on que/ions ( detail1 are design$ to illu/rate ! pr9ciples1 r ?an to foll[ !m out to _! consequ5ces4 ,i (f]1 n s mu* applications1 z specim5s ( application2 :i* may s]ve to br+ into great] cle>ness ! mean+ & limits ( ! two maxims :i* toge!r =m ! entire doctr9e ( ?is ,essay1 & to assi/ ! judgm5t 9 hold+ ! balance betwe5 !m1 9 ! cases :]e x appe>s d\btful :i* ( !m is applicable to ! case4 ,! maxims are1 fir/1 t ! individual is n acc\ntable to society = 8 actions1 9 s f> z ^! conc]n ! int]e/s ( no p]son b himself4 ,advice1 in/ruction1 p]suasion1 & avoidance by o!r p if ?\ght necess>y by !m = _! own good1 are ! only measures by :i* society c ju/ifiably express its dislike or disapprobation ( 8 conduct4 ,secondly1 t = su* actions z are prejudicial to ! int]e/s ( o!rs1 ! individual is acc\ntable & may be subject$ ei!r to social or to legal puni%m5ts1 if society is ( op9ion t ! "o or ! o!r is requisite = its protection4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x mu/ by no means be suppos$1 because damage1 or probability ( damage1 to ! int]e/s ( o!rs1 c alone ju/ify ! int]f]5ce ( society1 t !re=e x always does ju/ify su* int]f]5ce4 ,9 _m cases1 an individual1 9 pursu+ a legitimate object1 necess>ily & !re=e legitimately causes pa9 or loss to o!rs1 or int]cepts a good :i* !y _h a reasonable hope ( obta9+4 ,su* oppositions ( int]e/ betwe5 individuals (t5 arise f bad social in/itutions1 b are unavoidable :ile ^? in/itutions la/2 & "s w\ld be unavoidable "u any in/itutions4 ,:oev] succe$s 9 an ov]cr[d$ pr(ession1 or 9 a competitive exam9ation2 :oev] is pref]r$ to ano!r 9 any conte/ = an object :i* bo? desire1 reaps b5efit f ! loss ( o!rs1 f _! wa/$ ex]tion & _! disappo9tm5t4 ,b x is1 by common admission1 bett] = ! g5]al int]e/ ( mank9d1 t p]sons %\ld pursue _! objects undet]r$ by ?is sort ( consequ5ces4 ,9 o!r words1 society admits no rights1 ei!r legal or moral1 9 ! disappo9t$ competitors1 to immunity f ?is k9d ( suff]+2 & feels call$ on to int]f]e1 only :5 means ( success h be5 employ$ :i* x is contr>y to ! g5]al int]e/ to p]mit--namely1 fraud or trea*]y1 & =ce4 ,aga91 trade is a social act4 ,:oev] und]takes to sell any description ( goods to ! public1 does :at affects ! int]e/ ( o!r p]sons1 & ( society 9 g5]al2 & ?us 8 conduct1 9 pr9ciple1 comes )9 ! jurisdiction ( society3 accord+ly1 x 0 once held to be ! duty ( gov]nm5ts1 9 all cases :i* 7 consid]$ ( importance1 to fix prices1 & regulate ! processes ( manufacture4 ,b x is n[ recognis$1 ?\gh n till aft] a long /ruggle1 t bo? ! *eapness & ! good quality ( commodities are mo/ effectually provid$ = by leav+ ! produc]s & sell]s p]fectly free1 "u ! sole *eck ( equal fre$om to ! buy]s = supply+ !mselves else:]e4 ,?is is ! s-call$ doctr9e ( ,free ,trade1 :i* re/s on gr\nds diff]5t f1 ?\gh equally solid )1 ! pr9ciple ( individual lib]ty ass]t$ 9 ?is ,essay4 ,re/rictions on trade1 or on production = purposes ( trade1 are inde$ re/ra9ts2 & all re/ra9t1 qu re/ra9t1 is an evil3 b ! re/ra9ts 9 "q affect only t "p ( conduct :i* society is compet5t to re/ra91 & are wrong solely because !y d n really produce ! results :i* x is desir$ to produce by !m4 ,z ! pr9ciple ( individual lib]ty is n involv$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,free ,trade1 s nei!r is x 9 mo/ ( ! que/ions :i* arise respect+ ! limits ( t doctr9e3 z = example1 :at am\nt ( public control is admissible = ! prev5tion ( fraud by adult]ation2 h[ f> sanit>y precautions1 or arrangem5ts to protect "w-p employ$ 9 dang]\s occupations1 %\ld be en=c$ on employ]s4 ,su* que/ions involve consid]ations ( lib]ty1 only 9 s f> z leav+ p to !mselves is always bett]1 ct]is p>ibus1 ?an controll+ !m3 b t !y may be legitimately controll$ = ^! ends1 is 9 pr9ciple und5iable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are que/ions relat+ to int]f]5ce ) trade1 :i* are ess5tially que/ions ( lib]ty2 su* z ! ,ma9e ,law1 already t\*$ ^u2 ! prohibition ( ! importation ( opium into ,*9a2 ! re/riction ( ! sale ( poisons2 all cases1 9 %ort1 :]e ! object ( ! int]f]5ce is to make x impossible or difficult to obta9 a p>ticul> commodity4 ,^! int]f]5ces are objectionable1 n z infr+em5ts on ! lib]ty ( ! produc] or sell]1 b on t ( ! buy]4 ,"o ( ^! examples1 t ( ! sale ( poisons1 op5s a new "q2 ! prop] limits ( :at may be call$ ! functions ( police2 h[ f> lib]ty may legitimately be invad$ = ! prev5tion ( crime1 or ( accid5t4 ,x is "o ( ! undisput$ functions ( gov]nm5t to take precautions aga9/ crime be=e x has be5 committ$1 z well z to detect & puni% x aft]w>ds4 ,! prev5tive function ( gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 is f> m liable to be abus$1 to ! prejudice ( lib]ty1 ?an ! punitory function2 = !re is h>dly any "p ( ! legitimate fre$om ( action ( a human be+ :i* w\ld n admit ( be+ repres5t$1 & fairly too1 z increas+ ! facilities = "s =m or o!r ( del9qu5cy4 ,nev]!less1 if a public au?ority1 or ev5 a private p]son1 sees any "o evid5tly prep>+ to commit a crime1 !y are n b\nd to look on inactive until ! crime is committ$1 b may int]f]e to prev5t x4 ,if poisons 7 nev] b\ght or us$ = any purpose except ! commission ( murd]1 x w\ld be "r to prohibit _! manufacture & sale4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 be want$ n only = innoc5t b = useful purposes1 & re/rictions _c be impos$ 9 ! "o case )\t op]at+ 9 ! o!r4 ,aga91 x is a prop] (fice ( public au?ority to gu>d aga9/ accid5ts4 ,if ei!r a public (fic] or any "o else saw a p]son attempt+ to cross a bridge :i* _h be5 asc]ta9$ to be unsafe1 & !re 7 no "t to w>n him ( 8 dang]1 !y might seize him & turn him back1 )\t any real infr+em5t ( 8 lib]ty2 = lib]ty consi/s 9 do+ :at "o desires1 & he does n desire to fall into ! riv]4 ,nev]!less1 :5 !re is n a c]ta9ty1 b only a dang] ( mis*ief1 no "o b ! p]son himself c judge ( ! suffici5cy ( ! motive :i* may prompt him to incur ! risk3 9 ?is case1 !re=e 7unless he is a *ild1 or deliri\s1 or 9 "s /ate ( excitem5t or absorption incompatible ) ! full use ( ! reflect+ faculty71 he ought1 ,i conceive1 to be only w>n$ ( ! dang]2 n =cibly prev5t$ f expos+ himself to x4 ,simil> consid]ations1 appli$ to su* a "q z ! sale ( poisons1 may enable u to decide :i* among ! possible modes ( regulation are or are n contr>y to pr9ciple4 ,su* a precaution1 = example1 z t ( labell+ ! drug ) "s ^w expressive ( its dang]\s "*1 may be en=c$ )\t violation ( lib]ty3 ! buy] _c wi% n to "k t ! ?+ he possesses has poison\s qualities4 ,b to require 9 all cases ! c]tificate ( a m$ical practition]1 w\ld make x sometimes impossible1 always exp5sive1 to obta9 ! article = legitimate uses4 ,! only mode app>5t to me1 9 :i* difficulties may be ?r[n 9 ! way ( crime committ$ ?r\gh ?is means1 )\t any infr+em5t1 wor? tak+ into acc\nt1 ^u ! lib]ty ( ^? :o desire ! poison\s sub/ance = o!r purposes1 consi/s 9 provid+ :at1 9 ! apt language ( ,b5?am1 is call$ preappo9t$ evid5ce4 ,?is provision is famili> to e "o 9 ! case ( contracts4 ,x is usual & "r t ! law1 :5 a contract is ent]$ into1 %\ld require z ! condition ( its en=c+ p]=mance1 t c]ta9 =malities %\ld be obs]v$1 su* z signatures1 atte/ation ( witnesses1 & ! l1 9 ord] t 9 case ( subsequ5t dispute1 !re may be evid5ce to prove t ! contract 0 really ent]$ into1 & t !re 0 no?+ 9 ! circum/ances to r5d] x legally invalid3 ! effect be+1 to ?r[ great ob/acles 9 ! way ( fictiti\s contracts1 or contracts made 9 circum/ances :i*1 if kn[n1 w\ld de/roy _! validity4 ,precautions ( a simil> nature might be en=c$ 9 ! sale ( articles adapt$ to be in/rum5ts ( crime4 ,! sell]1 = example1 might be requir$ to ent] into a regi/] ! exact "t ( ! transaction1 ! "n & address ( ! buy]1 ! precise quality & quantity sold2 to ask ! purpose = :i* x 0 want$1 & record ! answ] he receiv$4 ,:5 !re 0 no m$ical prescription1 ! pres5ce ( "s ?ird p]son might be requir$1 to br+ home ! fact to ! pur*as]1 9 case !re %\ld aft]w>ds be reason to believe t ! article _h be5 appli$ to crim9al purposes4 ,su* regulations w\ld 9 g5]al be no mat]ial imp$im5t to obta9+ ! article1 b a v consid]able "o to mak+ an improp] use ( x )\t detection4 ,! "r inh]5t 9 society1 to w>d (f crimes aga9/ itself by antec$5t precautions1 sugge/s ! obvi\s limitations to ! maxim1 t purely self-reg>d+ misconduct _c prop]ly be m$dl$ ) 9 ! way ( prev5tion or puni%m5t4 ,drunk5ness1 = example1 9 ord9>y cases1 is n a fit subject = legislative int]f]5ce2 b ,i %\ld deem x p]fectly legitimate t a p]son1 :o _h once be5 convict$ ( any act ( viol5ce to o!rs "u ! influ5ce ( dr9k1 %\ld be plac$ "u a special legal re/riction1 p]sonal to himself2 t if he 7 aft]w>ds f\nd drunk1 he %\ld be liable to a p5alty1 & t if :5 9 t /ate he committ$ ano!r (f5ce1 ! puni%m5t to :i* he w\ld be liable = t o!r (f5ce %\ld be increas$ 9 sev]ity4 ,! mak+ himself drunk1 9 a p]son :om drunk5ness excites to d h>m to o!rs1 is a crime aga9/ o!rs4 ,s1 aga91 idl5ess1 except 9 a p]son receiv+ support f ! public1 or except :5 x con/itutes a brea* ( contract1 _c )\t tyranny be made a subject ( legal puni%m5t2 b if ei!r f idl5ess or f any o!r avoidable cause1 a man fails to p]=m 8 legal duties to o!rs1 z = in/ance to support 8 *ildr51 x is no tyranny to =ce him to fulfil t obligation1 by compulsory lab\r1 if no o!r means are available4 ,aga91 !re are _m acts :i*1 be+ directly injuri\s only to ! ag5ts !mselves1 ought n to be legally int]dict$1 b :i*1 if done publicly1 are a violation ( good mann]s & com+ ?us )9 ! category ( (f5ces aga9/ o!rs may rightfully be prohibit$4 ,( ?is k9d are (f5ces aga9/ dec5cy2 on :i* x is unnecess>y to dwell1 ! r z !y are only connect$ indirectly ) our subject1 ! objection to publicity be+ equally /rong 9 ! case ( _m actions n 9 !mselves condemnable1 nor suppos$ to be s4 ,!re is ano!r "q to :i* an answ] mu/ be f\nd1 consi/5t ) ! pr9ciples :i* h be5 laid d[n4 ,9 cases ( p]sonal conduct suppos$ to be blamable1 b :i* respect = lib]ty precludes society f prev5t+ or puni%+1 because ! evil directly result+ falls :olly on ! ag5t2 :at ! ag5t is free to d1 ought o!r p]sons to be equally free to c\nsel or in/igate8 ,?is "q is n free f difficulty4 ,! case ( a p]son :o solicits ano!r to d an act1 is n /rictly a case ( self-reg>d+ conduct4 ,to give advice or (f] inducem5ts to any "o1 is a social act1 & may !re=e1 l actions 9 g5]al :i* affect o!rs1 be suppos$ am5able to social control4 ,b a little reflection corrects ! fir/ impression1 by %[+ t if ! case is n /rictly )9 ! def9ition ( individual lib]ty1 yet ! reasons on :i* ! pr9ciple ( individual lib]ty is gr\nd$1 are applicable to x4 ,if p mu/ be all[$1 9 :atev] conc]ns only !mselves1 to act z seems be/ to !mselves at _! own p]il1 !y mu/ equally be free to consult ) "o ano!r ab\t :at is fit to be s done2 to ex*ange op9ions1 & give & receive sugge/ions4 ,:atev] x is p]mitt$ to d1 x mu/ be p]mitt$ to advise to d4 ,! "q is d\btful1 only :5 ! in/igator d]ives a p]sonal b5efit f 8 advice2 :5 he makes x 8 occupation1 = subsi/5ce or pecuni>y ga91 to promote :at society & ! /ate consid] to be an evil4 ,!n1 inde$1 a new elem5t ( complication is introduc$2 namely1 ! exi/5ce ( classes ( p]sons ) an int]e/ oppos$ to :at is consid]$ z ! public weal1 & ^: mode ( liv+ is gr\nd$ on ! c\nt]action ( x4 ,ought ?is to be int]f]$ )1 or n8 ,=nication1 = example1 mu/ be tol]at$1 & s mu/ gambl+2 b %\ld a p]son be free to be a pimp1 or to keep a gambl+-h\se8 ,! case is "o ( ^? :i* lie on ! exact b\nd>y l9e betwe5 two pr9ciples1 & x is n at once app>5t to :i* ( ! two x prop]ly belongs4 ,!re are argum5ts on bo? sides4 ,on ! side ( tol]ation x may be said1 t ! fact ( foll[+ any?+ z an occupation1 & liv+ or pr(it+ by ! practice ( x1 _c make t crim9al :i* w\ld o!rwise be admissible2 t ! act %\ld ei!r be consi/5tly p]mitt$ or consi/5tly prohibit$2 t if ! pr9ciples :i* we h hi!rto def5d$ are true1 society has no bus9ess1 z society1 to decide any?+ to be wrong :i* conc]ns only ! individual2 t x _c g beyond dissuasion1 & t "o p]son %\ld be z free to p]suade1 z ano!r to dissuade4 ,9 opposition to ?is x may be cont5d$1 t al?\gh ! public1 or ! ,/ate1 are n w>rant$ 9 au?oritatively decid+1 = purposes ( repression or puni%m5t1 t su* or su* conduct affect+ only ! int]e/s ( ! individual is good or bad1 !y are fully ju/ifi$ 9 assum+1 if !y reg>d x z bad1 t its be+ s or n is at lea/ a disputable "q3 ,t1 ?is be+ suppos$1 !y _c be act+ wrongly 9 endeav\r+ to exclude ! influ5ce ( solicitations :i* are n dis9t]e/$1 ( in/igators :o _c possibly be imp>tial--:o h a direct p]sonal int]e/ on "o side1 & t side ! "o :i* ! ,/ate believes to be wrong1 & :o confess$ly promote x = p]sonal objects only4 ,!re c surely1 x may be urg$1 be no?+ lo/1 no sacrifice ( good1 by s ord]+ matt]s t p]sons %all make _! election1 ei!r wisely or fooli%ly1 on _! own prompt+1 z free z possible f ! arts ( p]sons :o /imulate _! incl9ations = int]e/$ purposes ( _! own4 ,?us 7x may be said7 ?\gh ! /atutes respect+ unlawful games are utt]ly indef5sible--?\gh all p]sons %\ld be free to gamble 9 _! own or ea* o!r's h\ses1 or 9 any place ( meet+ e/abli%$ by _! own subscriptions1 & op5 only to ! memb]s & _! visitors--yet public gambl+-h\ses %\ld n be p]mitt$4 ,x is true t ! prohibition is nev] effectual1 & t :atev] am\nt ( tyrannical p[] is giv5 to ! police1 gambl+-h\ses c always be ma9ta9$ "u o!r pret5ces2 b !y may be compell$ to conduct _! op]ations ) a c]ta9 degree ( secrecy & my/]y1 s t nobody kn[s any?+ ab\t !m b ^? :o seek !m2 & m ?an ?is1 society ought n to aim at4 ,!re is consid]able =ce 9 ^! argum5ts2 ,i w n v5ture to decide :e!r !y are suffici5t to ju/ify ! moral anomaly ( puni%+ ! access>y1 :5 ! pr9cipal is 7& mu/ be7 all[$ to g free2 or f9+ or imprison+ ! procur]1 b n ! =nicator1 ! gambl+-h\se keep]1 b n ! gambl]4 ,/ill less ought ! common op]ations ( buy+ & sell+ to be int]f]$ ) on analog\s gr\nds4 ,almo/ e article :i* is b\ght & sold may be us$ 9 excess1 & ! sell]s h a pecuni>y int]e/ 9 enc\rag+ t excess2 b no argum5t c be f\nd$ on ?is1 9 fav\r1 = in/ance1 ( ! ,ma9e ,law2 because ! class ( deal]s 9 /rong dr9ks1 ?\gh int]e/$ 9 _! abuse1 are indisp5sably requir$ = ! sake ( _! legitimate use4 ,! int]e/1 h[ev]1 ( ^! deal]s 9 promot+ intemp]ance is a real evil1 & ju/ifies ! ,/ate 9 impos+ re/rictions & requir+ gu>antees1 :i* b = t ju/ification w\ld be infr+em5ts ( legitimate lib]ty4 ,a fur!r "q is1 :e!r ! ,/ate1 :ile x p]mits1 %\ld nev]!less indirectly disc\rage conduct :i* x deems contr>y to ! be/ int]e/s ( ! ag5t2 :e!r1 = example1 x %\ld take measures to r5d] ! means ( drunk5ness m co/ly1 or add to ! difficulty ( procur+ !m1 by limit+ ! numb] ( ! places ( sale4 ,on ?is z on mo/ o!r practical que/ions1 _m di/9ctions require to be made4 ,to tax /imulants = ! sole purpose ( mak+ !m m difficult to be obta9$1 is a measure diff]+ only 9 degree f _! entire prohibition2 & w\ld be ju/ifiable only if t 7 ju/ifiable4 ,e increase ( co/ is a prohibition1 to ^? ^: means d n come up to ! augm5t$ price2 & to ^? :o d1 x is a p5alty laid on !m = gratify+ a p>ticul> ta/e4 ,_! *oice ( pleasures1 & _! mode ( exp5d+ _! income1 aft] satisfy+ _! legal & moral obligations to ! ,/ate & to individuals1 are _! own conc]n1 & mu/ re/ ) _! own judgm5t4 ,^! consid]ations may seem at fir/ sight to condemn ! selection ( /imulants z special subjects ( taxation = purposes ( rev5ue4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t taxation = fiscal purposes is absolutely inevitable2 t 9 mo/ c\ntries x is necess>y t a consid]able "p ( t taxation %\ld be indirect2 t ! ,/ate1 !re=e1 _c help impos+ p5alties1 :i* to "s p]sons may be prohibitory1 on ! use ( "s articles ( consumption4 ,x is h5ce ! duty ( ! ,/ate to consid]1 9 ! imposition ( taxes1 :at commodities ! consum]s c be/ sp>e2 & =tiori1 to select 9 pref]5ce ^? ( :i* x deems ! use1 beyond a v mod]ate quantity1 to be positively injuri\s4 ,taxation1 !re=e1 ( /imulants1 up to ! po9t :i* produces ! l>ge/ am\nt ( rev5ue 7suppos+ t ! ,/ate ne$s all ! rev5ue :i* x yields7 is n only admissible1 b to be approv$ (4 ,! "q ( mak+ ! sale ( ^! commodities a m or less exclusive privilege1 mu/ be answ]$ diff]5tly1 accord+ to ! purposes to :i* ! re/riction is int5d$ to be subs]vi5t4 ,all places ( public resort require ! re/ra9t ( a police1 & places ( ?is k9d peculi>ly1 because (f5ces aga9/ society are especially apt to orig9ate !re4 ,x is1 !re=e1 fit to conf9e ! p[] ( sell+ ^! commodities 7at lea/ = consumption on ! spot7 to p]sons ( kn[n or v\*$-= respectability ( conduct2 to make su* regulations respect+ h\rs ( op5+ & clos+ z may be requisite = public surveillance1 & to )draw ! lic5ce if brea*es ( ! peace repeat$ly take place ?r\gh ! connivance or incapacity ( ! keep] ( ! h\se1 or if x becomes a r5dezv\s = concoct+ & prep>+ (f5ces aga9/ ! law4 ,any fur!r re/riction ,i d n conceive to be1 9 pr9ciple1 ju/ifiable4 ,! limitation 9 numb]1 = in/ance1 ( be] & _s-h\ses1 = ! express purpose ( r5d]+ !m m difficult ( access1 & dim9i%+ ! occasions ( temptation1 n only exposes all to an inconv5i5ce because !re are "s by :om ! facility w\ld be abus$1 b is suit$ only to a /ate ( society 9 :i* ! lab\r+ classes are av[$ly treat$ z *ildr5 or savages1 & plac$ "u an education ( re/ra9t1 to fit !m = future admission to ! privileges ( fre$om4 ,?is is n ! pr9ciple on :i* ! lab\r+ classes are pr(ess$ly gov]n$ 9 any free c\ntry2 & no p]son :o sets due value on fre$om w give 8 adhesion to _! be+ s gov]n$1 unless aft] all ef=ts h be5 exhau/$ to educate !m = fre$om & gov]n !m z freem51 & x has be5 def9itively prov$ t !y c only be gov]n$ z *ildr54 ,! b>e /atem5t ( ! alt]native %[s ! absurdity ( suppos+ t su* ef=ts h be5 made 9 any case :i* ne$s be consid]$ "h4 ,x is only because ! in/itutions ( ?is c\ntry are a mass ( inconsi/5cies1 t ?+s f9d admittance into our practice :i* belong to ! sy/em ( despotic1 or :at is call$ pat]nal1 gov]nm5t1 :ile ! g5]al fre$om ( our in/itutions precludes ! ex]cise ( ! am\nt ( control necess>y to r5d] ! re/ra9t ( any real efficacy z a moral education4 ,x 0 po9t$ out 9 an e>ly "p ( ?is ,essay1 t ! lib]ty ( ! individual1 9 ?+s :]e9 ! individual is alone conc]n$1 implies a correspond+ lib]ty 9 any numb] ( individuals to regulate by mutual agreem5t su* ?+s z reg>d !m jo9tly1 & reg>d no p]sons b !mselves4 ,?is "q pres5ts no difficulty1 s long z ! w ( all ! p]sons implicat$ rema9s unalt]$2 b s9ce t w may *ange1 x is (t5 necess>y1 ev5 9 ?+s 9 :i* !y alone are conc]n$1 t !y %\ld ent] into engagem5ts ) "o ano!r2 & :5 !y d1 x is fit1 z a g5]al rule1 t ^? engagem5ts %\ld be kept4 ,yet 9 ! laws1 probably1 ( e c\ntry1 ?is g5]al rule has "s exceptions4 ,n only p]sons are n held to engagem5ts :i* violate ! rights ( ?ird p>ties1 b x is sometimes consid]$ a suffici5t reason = releas+ !m f an engagem5t1 t x is injuri\s to !mselves4 ,9 ?is & mo/ o!r civilis$ c\ntries1 = example1 an engagem5t by :i* a p]son %\ld sell himself1 or all[ himself to be sold1 z a slave1 w\ld be null & void2 nei!r en=c$ by law nor by op9ion4 ,! gr\nd = ?us limit+ 8 p[] ( volunt>ily dispos+ ( 8 own lot 9 life1 is app>5t1 & is v cle>ly se5 9 ?is extreme case4 ,! reason = n int]f]+1 unless = ! sake ( o!rs1 ) a p]son's volunt>y acts1 is consid]ation = 8 lib]ty4 ,8 volunt>y *oice is evid5ce t :at he s *ooses is desirable1 or at ! lea/ endurable1 to him1 & 8 good is on ! :ole be/ provid$ = by all[+ him to take 8 own means ( pursu+ x4 ,b by sell+ himself = a slave1 he abdicates 8 lib]ty2 he =egoes any future use ( x1 beyond t s+le act4 ,he !re=e defeats1 9 8 own case1 ! v purpose :i* is ! ju/ification ( all[+ him to dispose ( himself4 ,he is no long] free2 b is !nce=? 9 a position :i* has no long] ! presumption 9 its fav\r1 t w\ld be af=d$ by 8 volunt>ily rema9+ 9 x4 ,! pr9ciple ( fre$om _c require t he %\ld be free n to be free4 ,x is n fre$om1 to be all[$ to ali5ate 8 fre$om4 ,^! reasons1 ! =ce ( :i* is s conspicu\s 9 ?is peculi> case1 are evid5tly ( f> wid] application2 yet a limit is ev]y:]e set to !m by ! necessities ( life1 :i* cont9ually require1 n inde$ t we %\ld resign our fre$om1 b t we %\ld cons5t to ?is & ! o!r limitation ( x4 ,! pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 :i* dem&s uncontroll$ fre$om ( action 9 all t conc]ns only ! ag5ts !mselves1 requires t ^? :o h become b\nd to "o ano!r1 9 ?+s :i* conc]n no ?ird p>ty1 %\ld be able to release "o ano!r f ! engagem5t3 & ev5 )\t su* volunt>y release1 !re are p]haps no contracts or engagem5ts1 except ^? t relate to money or money's wor?1 ( :i* "o c v5ture to say t !re ought to be no lib]ty :atev] ( retractation4 ,b>on ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 9 ! excell5t essay f :i* ,i h already quot$1 /ates x z 8 conviction1 t engagem5ts :i* involve p]sonal relations or s]vices1 %\ld nev] be legally b9d+ beyond a limit$ duration ( "t2 & t ! mo/ important ( ^! engagem5ts1 m>riage1 hav+ ! peculi>ity t its objects are fru/rat$ unless ! feel+s ( bo? ! p>ties are 9 h>mony ) x1 %\ld require no?+ m ?an ! decl>$ w ( ei!r p>ty to dissolve x4 ,?is subject is too important1 & too complicat$1 to be discuss$ 9 a p>5!sis1 & ,i t\* on x only s f> z is necess>y = purposes ( illu/ration4 ,if ! concis5ess & g5]ality ( ,b>on ,humboldt's diss]tation _h n oblig$ him 9 ?is in/ance to cont5t himself ) enunciat+ 8 conclusion )\t discuss+ ! premises1 he w\ld d\btless h recognis$ t ! "q _c be decid$ on gr\nds s simple z ^? to :i* he conf9es himself4 ,:5 a p]son1 ei!r by express promise or by conduct1 has enc\rag$ ano!r to rely ^u 8 cont9u+ to act 9 a c]ta9 way--to build expectations & calculations1 & /ake any "p ( 8 plan ( life ^u t supposition1 a new s]ies ( moral obligations arises on 8 "p t[>ds t p]son1 :i* may possibly be ov]rul$1 b _c be ignor$4 ,& aga91 if ! relation betwe5 two contract+ p>ties has be5 foll[$ by consequ5ces to o!rs2 if x has plac$ ?ird p>ties 9 any peculi> position1 or1 z 9 ! case ( m>riage1 has ev5 call$ ?ird p>ties into exi/5ce1 obligations arise on ! "p ( bo? ! contract+ p>ties t[>ds ^? ?ird p]sons1 ! fulfilm5t ( :i*1 or at all ev5ts ! mode ( fulfilm5t1 mu/ be greatly affect$ by ! cont9uance or disruption ( ! relation betwe5 ! orig9al p>ties to ! contract4 ,x does n foll[1 nor c ,i admit1 t ^! obligations ext5d to requir+ ! fulfilm5t ( ! contract at all co/s to ! happ9ess ( ! reluctant p>ty2 b !y are a necess>y elem5t 9 ! "q2 & ev5 if1 z ,von ,humboldt ma9ta9s1 !y ought to make no diff]5ce 9 ! legal fre$om ( ! p>ties to release !mselves f ! engagem5t 7& ,i also hold t !y ought n to make mu* diff]5ce71 !y necess>ily make a great diff]5ce 9 ! moral fre$om4 ,a p]son is b\nd to take all ^! circum/ances into acc\nt1 be=e resolv+ on a /ep :i* may affect su* important int]e/s ( o!rs2 & if he does n all[ prop] weight to ^? int]e/s1 he is morally responsible = ! wrong4 ,i h made ^! obvi\s rem>ks = ! bett] illu/ration ( ! g5]al pr9ciple ( lib]ty1 & n because !y are at all ne$$ on ! p>ticul> "q1 :i*1 on ! contr>y1 is usually discuss$ z if ! int]e/ ( *ildr5 0 ev]y?+1 & t ( gr[n p]sons no?+4 ,i h already obs]v$ t1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( any recognis$ g5]al pr9ciples1 lib]ty is (t5 grant$ :]e x %\ld be )held1 z well z )held :]e x %\ld be grant$2 & "o ( ! cases 9 :i*1 9 ! mod]n ,european _w1 ! s5tim5t ( lib]ty is ! /ronge/1 is a case :]e1 9 my view1 x is altoge!r misplac$4 ,a p]son %\ld be free to d z he likes 9 8 own conc]ns2 b he ought n to be free to d z he likes 9 act+ = ano!r1 "u ! pretext t ! affairs ( ano!r are 8 own affairs4 ,! ,/ate1 :ile x respects ! lib]ty ( ea* 9 :at specially reg>ds himself1 is b\nd to ma9ta9 a vigilant control ov] 8 ex]cise ( any p[] :i* x all[s him to possess ov] o!rs4 ,?is obligation is almo/ entirely disreg>d$ 9 ! case ( ! family relations1 a case1 9 its direct influ5ce on human happ9ess1 m important ?an all o!rs tak5 toge!r4 ,! almo/ despotic p[] ( husb&s ov] wives ne$ n be enl>g$ ^u "h because no?+ m is ne$$ = ! complete removal ( ! evil1 ?an t wives %\ld h ! same rights1 & %\ld receive ! protection ( law 9 ! same mann]1 z all o!r p]sons2 & because1 on ?is subject1 ! def5d]s ( e/abli%$ inju/ice d n avail !mselves ( ! plea ( lib]ty1 b /& =? op5ly z ! *ampions ( p[]4 ,x is 9 ! case ( *ildr51 t misappli$ notions ( lib]ty are a real ob/acle to ! fulfilm5t by ! ,/ate ( its duties4 ,"o w\ld almo/ ?9k t a man's *ildr5 7 suppos$ to be lit]ally1 & n metaphorically1 a "p ( himself1 s jeal\s is op9ion ( ! smalle/ int]f]5ce ( law ) 8 absolute & exclusive control ov] !m2 m jeal\s ?an ( almo/ any int]f]5ce ) 8 own fre$om ( action3 s mu* less d ! g5]ality ( mank9d value lib]ty ?an p[]4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! case ( education4 ,is x n almo/ a self-evid5t axiom1 t ! ,/ate %\ld require & compel ! education1 up to a c]ta9 /&>d1 ( e human be+ :o is born its citiz58 ,yet :o is !re t is n afraid to recognise & ass]t ?is tru?8 ,h>dly any "o inde$ w d5y t x is "o ( ! mo/ sacr$ duties ( ! p>5ts 7or1 z law & usage n[ /&1 ! fa!r71 aft] summon+ a human be+ into ! _w1 to give to t be+ an education fitt+ him to p]=m 8 "p well 9 life t[>ds o!rs & t[>ds himself4 ,b :ile ?is is unanim\sly decl>$ to be ! fa!r's duty1 sc>cely anybody1 9 ?is c\ntry1 w be> to he> ( oblig+ him to p]=m x4 ,in/ead ( 8 be+ requir$ to make any ex]tion or sacrifice = secur+ education to ! *ild1 x is left to 8 *oice to accept x or n :5 x is provid$ gratis6 ,x /ill rema9s unrecognis$1 t to br+ a *ild into exi/5ce )\t a fair prospect ( be+ able1 n only to provide food = its body1 b in/ruction & tra9+ = its m9d1 is a moral crime1 bo? aga9/ ! un=tunate (fspr+ & aga9/ society2 & t if ! p>5t does n fulfil ?is obligation1 ! ,/ate ought to see x fulfill$1 at ! *>ge1 z f> z possible1 ( ! p>5t4 ,7 ! duty ( en=c+ univ]sal education once admitt$1 !re w\ld be an end to ! difficulties ab\t :at ! ,/ate %\ld tea*1 & h[ x %\ld tea*1 :i* n[ conv]t ! subject into a m]e battle-field = sects & p>ties1 caus+ ! "t & lab\r :i* %\ld h be5 sp5t 9 educat+1 to be wa/$ 9 qu>rell+ ab\t education4 ,if ! gov]nm5t w\ld make up its m9d to require = e *ild a good education1 x might save itself ! tr\ble ( provid+ "o4 ,x might leave to p>5ts to obta9 ! education :]e & h[ !y pleas$1 & cont5t itself ) help+ to pay ! s*ool fees ( ! poor] class ( *ildr51 & defray+ ! entire s*ool exp5ses ( ^? :o h no "o else to pay = !m4 ,! objections :i* are urg$ ) reason aga9/ ,/ate education1 d n apply to ! en=cem5t ( education by ! ,/ate1 b to ! ,/ate's tak+ ^u itself to direct t education2 :i* is a totally diff]5t ?+4 ,t ! :ole or any l>ge "p ( ! education ( ! p %\ld be 9 ,/ate h&s1 ,i g z f> z any "o 9 deprecat+4 ,all t has be5 said ( ! importance ( individuality ( "*1 & div]sity 9 op9ions & modes ( conduct1 involves1 z ( ! same unspeakable importance1 div]sity ( education4 ,a g5]al ,/ate education is a m]e contrivance = m\ld+ p to be exactly l "o ano!r2 & z ! m\ld 9 :i* x ca/s !m is t :i* pleases ! pr$om9ant p[] 9 ! gov]nm5t1 :e!r ?is be a mon>*1 a prie/hood1 an ari/ocracy1 or ! majority ( ! exi/+ g5]ation1 9 proportion z x is effici5t & successful1 x e/abli%es a despotism ov] ! m9d1 lead+ by natural t5d5cy to "o ov] ! body4 ,an education e/abli%$ & controll$ by ! ,/ate1 %\ld only exi/1 if x exi/ at all1 z "o among _m compet+ exp]im5ts1 c>ri$ on = ! purpose ( example & /imulus1 to keep ! o!rs up to a c]ta9 /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,unless1 inde$1 :5 society 9 g5]al is 9 s backw>d a /ate t x c\ld n or w\ld n provide = itself any prop] in/itutions ( education1 unless ! gov]nm5t und]took ! task2 !n1 inde$1 ! gov]nm5t may1 z ! less ( two great evils1 take ^u itself ! bus9ess ( s*ools & univ]sities1 z x may t ( jo9t /ock companies1 :5 private ent]prise1 9 a %ape fitt$ = und]tak+ great works ( indu/ry1 does n exi/ 9 ! c\ntry4 ,b 9 g5]al1 if ! c\ntry conta9s a suffici5t numb] ( p]sons qualifi$ to provide education "u gov]nm5t auspices1 ! same p]sons w\ld be able & will+ to give an equally good education on ! volunt>y pr9ciple1 "u ! assurance ( remun]ation af=d$ by a law r5d]+ education compulsory1 comb9$ ) ,/ate aid to ^? unable to defray ! exp5se4 ,! in/rum5t = en=c+ ! law c\ld be no o!r ?an public exam9ations1 ext5d+ to all *ildr51 & beg9n+ at an e>ly age4 ,an age might be fix$ at :i* e *ild mu/ be exam9$1 to asc]ta9 if he 7or %e7 is able to read4 ,if a *ild proves unable1 ! fa!r1 unless he has "s suffici5t gr\nd ( excuse1 might be subject$ to a mod]ate f9e1 to be work$ out1 if necess>y1 by 8 lab\r1 & ! *ild might be put to s*ool at 8 exp5se4 ,once 9 e ye> ! exam9ation %\ld be r5ew$1 ) a gradually ext5d+ range ( subjects1 s z to make ! univ]sal acquisition1 & :at is m1 ret5tion1 ( a c]ta9 m9imum ( g5]al k1 virtually compulsory4 ,beyond t m9imum1 !re %\ld be volunt>y exam9ations on all subjects1 at :i* all :o come up to a c]ta9 /&>d ( pr(ici5cy might claim a c]tificate4 ,to prev5t ! ,/ate f ex]cis+1 ?r\gh ^! arrangem5ts1 an improp] influ5ce ov] op9ion1 ! k requir$ = pass+ an exam9ation 7beyond ! m]ely in/rum5tal p>ts ( k1 su* z languages & _! use7 %\ld1 ev5 9 ! high] class ( exam9ations1 be conf9$ to facts & positive sci5ce exclusively4 ,! exam9ations on religion1 politics1 or o!r disput$ topics1 %\ld n turn on ! tru? or falsehood ( op9ions1 b on ! matt] ( fact t su* & su* an op9ion is held1 on su* gr\nds1 by su* au?ors1 or s*ools1 or *ur*es4 ,"u ?is sy/em1 ! ris+ g5]ation w\ld be no worse (f 9 reg>d to all disput$ tru?s1 ?an !y are at pres5t2 !y w\ld be br\ght up ei!r *ur*m5 or diss5t]s z !y n[ are1 ! /ate m]ely tak+ c>e t !y %\ld be in/ruct$ *ur*m51 or in/ruct$ diss5t]s4 ,!re w\ld be no?+ to h9d] !m f be+ taught religion1 if _! p>5ts *ose1 at ! same s*ools :]e !y 7 taught o!r ?+s4 ,all attempts by ! /ate to bias ! conclusions ( its citiz5s on disput$ subjects1 are evil2 b x may v prop]ly (f] to asc]ta9 & c]tify t a p]son possesses ! k1 requisite to make 8 conclusions1 on any giv5 subject1 wor? att5d+ to4 ,a /ud5t ( philosophy w\ld be ! bett] = be+ able to /& an exam9ation bo? 9 ,locke & 9 ,kant1 :i*ev] ( ! two he takes up )1 or ev5 if ) nei!r3 & !re is no reasonable objection to exam9+ an a!i/ 9 ! evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 provid$ he is n requir$ to pr(ess a belief 9 !m4 ,! exam9ations1 h[ev]1 9 ! high] bran*es ( k %\ld1 ,i conceive1 be entirely volunt>y4 ,x w\ld be giv+ too dang]\s a p[] to gov]nm5ts1 7 !y all[$ to exclude any "o f pr(essions1 ev5 f ! pr(ession ( tea*]1 = alleg$ defici5cy ( qualifications3 & ,i ?9k1 ) ,wilhelm von ,humboldt1 t degrees1 or o!r public c]tificates ( sci5tific or pr(essional acquirem5ts1 %\ld be giv5 to all :o pres5t !mselves = exam9ation1 & /& ! te/2 b t su* c]tificates %\ld conf] no advantage ov] competitors1 o!r ?an ! weight :i* may be atta*$ to _! te/imony by public op9ion4 ,x is n 9 ! matt] ( education only1 t misplac$ notions ( lib]ty prev5t moral obligations on ! "p ( p>5ts f be+ recognis$1 & legal obligations f be+ impos$1 :]e !re are ! /ronge/ gr\nds = ! =m] always1 & 9 _m cases = ! latt] also4 ,! fact itself1 ( caus+ ! exi/5ce ( a human be+1 is "o ( ! mo/ responsible actions 9 ! range ( human life4 ,to und]take ?is responsibility--to be/[ a life :i* may be ei!r a curse or a bless+--unless ! be+ on :om x is to be be/[$ w h at lea/ ! ord9>y *ances ( a desirable exi/5ce1 is a crime aga9/ t be+4 ,& 9 a c\ntry ei!r ov]-peopl$1 or ?reat5$ ) be+ s1 to produce *ildr51 beyond a v small numb]1 ) ! effect ( r$uc+ ! rew>d ( lab\r by _! competition1 is a s]i\s (f5ce aga9/ all :o live by ! remun]ation ( _! lab\r4 ,! laws :i*1 9 _m c\ntries on ! ,cont95t1 =bid m>riage unless ! p>ties c %[ t !y h ! means ( support+ a family1 d n exce$ ! legitimate p[]s ( ! /ate3 & :e!r su* laws be exp$i5t or n 7a "q ma9ly dep5d5t on local circum/ances & feel+s71 !y are n objectionable z violations ( lib]ty4 ,su* laws are int]f]5ces ( ! /ate to prohibit a mis*iev\s act--an act injuri\s to o!rs1 :i* ought to be a subject ( reprobation1 & social /igma1 ev5 :5 x is n deem$ exp$i5t to sup]add legal puni%m5t4 ,yet ! curr5t ideas ( lib]ty1 :i* b5d s easily to real infr+em5ts ( ! fre$om ( ! individual1 9 ?+s :i* conc]n only himself1 w\ld repel ! attempt to put any re/ra9t ^u 8 incl9ations :5 ! consequ5ce ( _! indulg5ce is a life1 or lives1 ( wret*$ness & depravity to ! (fspr+1 ) manifold evils to ^? suffici5tly )9 rea* to be 9 any way affect$ by _! actions4 ,:5 we comp>e ! /range respect ( mank9d = lib]ty1 ) _! /range want ( respect = x1 we might imag9e t a man _h an indisp5sable "r to d h>m to o!rs1 & no "r at all to please himself )\t giv+ pa9 to any "o4 ,i h res]v$ = ! la/ place a l>ge class ( que/ions respect+ ! limits ( gov]nm5t int]f]5ce1 :i*1 ?\gh closely connect$ ) ! subject ( ?is ,essay1 d n1 9 /rictness1 belong to x4 ,^! are cases 9 :i* ! reasons aga9/ int]f]5ce d n turn ^u ! pr9ciple ( lib]ty3 ! "q is n ab\t re/ra9+ ! actions ( individuals1 b ab\t help+ !m3 x is ask$ :e!r ! gov]nm5t %\ld d1 or cause to be done1 some?+ = _! b5efit1 in/ead ( leav+ x to be done by !mselves1 individually1 or 9 volunt>y comb9ation4 ,! objections to gov]nm5t int]f]5ce1 :5 x is n su* z to involve infr+em5t ( lib]ty1 may be ( ?ree k9ds4 ,! fir/ is1 :5 ! ?+ to be done is likely to be bett] done by individuals ?an by ! gov]nm5t4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 !re is no "o s fit to conduct any bus9ess1 or to det]m9e h[ or by :om x %all be conduct$1 z ^? :o are p]sonally int]e/$ 9 x4 ,?is pr9ciple condemns ! int]f]5ces1 once s common1 ( ! legislature1 or ! (fic]s ( gov]nm5t1 ) ! ord9>y processes ( indu/ry4 ,b ?is "p ( ! subject has be5 suffici5tly enl>g$ ^u by political economi/s1 & is n p>ticul>ly relat$ to ! pr9ciples ( ?is ,essay4 ,! second objection is m ne>ly alli$ to our subject4 ,9 _m cases1 ?\gh individuals may n d ! p>ticul> ?+ s well1 on ! av]age1 z ! (fic]s ( gov]nm5t1 x is nev]!less desirable t x %\ld be done by !m1 r ?an by ! gov]nm5t1 z a means to _! own m5tal education--a mode ( /r5g!n+ _! active faculties1 ex]cis+ _! judgm5t1 & giv+ !m a famili> k ( ! subjects ) :i* !y are ?us left to deal4 ,?is is a pr9cipal1 ?\gh n ! sole1 recomm5dation ( jury trial 79 cases n political72 ( free & popul> local & municipal in/itutions2 ( ! conduct ( indu/rial & philan?ropic ent]prises by volunt>y associations4 ,^! are n que/ions ( lib]ty1 & are connect$ ) t subject only by remote t5d5cies2 b !y are que/ions ( developm5t4 ,x belongs to a diff]5t occasion f ! pres5t to dwell on ^! ?+s z p>ts ( national education2 z be+1 9 tru?1 ! peculi> tra9+ ( a citiz51 ! practical "p ( ! political education ( a free p1 tak+ !m out ( ! n>r[ circle ( p]sonal & family selfi%ness1 & accu/om+ !m to ! compreh5sion ( jo9t int]e/s1 ! managem5t ( jo9t conc]ns--habituat+ !m to act f public or semi-public motives1 & guide _! conduct by aims :i* unite in/ead ( isolat+ !m f "o ano!r4 ,)\t ^! habits & p[]s1 a free con/itution c nei!r be work$ nor pres]v$1 z is exemplifi$ by ! too-(t5 transitory nature ( political fre$om 9 c\ntries :]e x does n re/ ^u a suffici5t basis ( local lib]ties4 ,! managem5t ( purely local bus9ess by ! localities1 & ( ! great ent]prises ( indu/ry by ! union ( ^? :o volunt>ily supply ! pecuni>y means1 is fur!r recomm5d$ by all ! advantages :i* h be5 set =? 9 ?is ,essay z belong+ to individuality ( developm5t1 & div]sity ( modes ( action4 ,gov]nm5t op]ations t5d to be ev]y:]e alike4 ,) individuals & volunt>y associations1 on ! contr>y1 !re are v>i$ exp]im5ts1 & endless div]sity ( exp]i5ce4 ,:at ! ,/ate c usefully d1 is to make itself a c5tral depository1 & active circulator & diffus]1 ( ! exp]i5ce result+ f _m trials4 ,its bus9ess is to enable ea* exp]im5tali/ to b5efit by ! exp]im5ts ( o!rs1 in/ead ( tol]at+ no exp]im5ts b its own4 ,! ?ird1 & mo/ cog5t reason = re/rict+ ! int]f]5ce ( gov]nm5t1 is ! great evil ( add+ unnecess>ily to its p[]4 ,e function sup]add$ to ^? already ex]cis$ by ! gov]nm5t1 causes its influ5ce ov] hopes & fe>s to be m widely diffus$1 & conv]ts1 m & m1 ! active & ambiti\s "p ( ! public into hang]s-on ( ! gov]nm5t1 or ( "s p>ty :i* aims at becom+ ! gov]nm5t4 ,if ! roads1 ! railways1 ! banks1 ! insurance (fices1 ! great jo9t-/ock companies1 ! univ]sities1 & ! public *>ities1 7 all ( !m bran*es ( ! gov]nm5t2 if1 9 addition1 ! municipal corporations & local bo>ds1 ) all t n[ devolves on !m1 became dep>tm5ts ( ! c5tral adm9i/ration2 if ! employs ( all ^! diff]5t ent]prises 7 appo9t$ & paid by ! gov]nm5t1 & look$ to ! gov]nm5t = e rise 9 life2 n all ! fre$om ( ! press & popul> con/itution ( ! legislature w\ld make ?is or any o!r c\ntry free o!rwise ?an 9 "n4 ,& ! evil w\ld be great]1 ! m effici5tly & sci5tifically ! adm9i/rative ma*9]y 0 con/ruct$--! m skilful ! arrangem5ts = obta9+ ! be/ qualifi$ h&s & heads ) :i* to "w x4 ,9 ,engl& x has ( late be5 propos$ t all ! memb]s ( ! civil s]vice ( gov]nm5t %\ld be select$ by competitive exam9ation1 to obta9 = ^? employm5ts ! mo/ intellig5t & in/ruct$ p]sons procurable2 & mu* has be5 said & writt5 = & aga9/ ?is proposal4 ,"o ( ! argum5ts mo/ insi/$ on by its oppon5ts1 is t ! occupation ( a p]man5t (ficial s]vant ( ! ,/ate does n hold out suffici5t prospects ( emolum5t & importance to attract ! highe/ tal5ts1 :i* w always be able to f9d a m invit+ c>e] 9 ! pr(essions1 or 9 ! s]vice ( companies & o!r public bodies4 ,"o w\ld n h be5 surpris$ if ?is argum5t _h be5 us$ by ! fri5ds ( ! proposition1 z an answ] to its pr9cipal difficulty4 ,com+ f ! oppon5ts x is /range en\gh4 ,:at is urg$ z an objection is ! safety-valve ( ! propos$ sy/em4 ,if inde$ all ! high tal5t ( ! c\ntry c\ld be drawn into ! s]vice ( ! gov]nm5t1 a proposal t5d+ to br+ ab\t t result might well inspire uneas9ess4 ,if e "p ( ! bus9ess ( society :i* requir$ organis$ conc]t1 or l>ge & compreh5sive views1 7 9 ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t1 & if gov]nm5t (fices 7 univ]sally fill$ by ! able/ m51 all ! enl>g$ culture & practis$ intellig5ce 9 ! c\ntry1 except ! purely speculative1 w\ld be conc5trat$ 9 a num]\s bureaucracy1 to :om alone ! re/ ( ! community w\ld look = all ?+s3 ! multitude = direction & dictation 9 all !y _h to d2 ! able & aspir+ = p]sonal advancem5t4 ,to be admitt$ into ! ranks ( ?is bureaucracy1 & :5 admitt$1 to rise !re91 w\ld be ! sole objects ( ambition4 ,"u ?is rgime1 n only is ! outside public ill-qualifi$1 = want ( practical exp]i5ce1 to criticise or *eck ! mode ( op]ation ( ! bureaucracy1 b ev5 if ! accid5ts ( despotic or ! natural work+ ( popul> in/itutions occasionally raise to ! summit a rul] or rul]s ( re=m+ incl9ations1 no re=m c be effect$ :i* is contr>y to ! int]e/ ( ! bureaucracy4 ,su* is ! melan*oly condition ( ! ,russian empire1 z is %[n 9 ! acc\nts ( ^? :o h _h suffici5t opportunity ( obs]vation4 ,! ,cz> himself is p[]less aga9/ ! bureaucratic body2 he c s5d any "o ( !m to ,sib]ia1 b he _c gov]n )\t !m1 or aga9/ _! w4 ,on e decree ( 8 !y h a tacit veto1 by m]ely refra9+ f c>ry+ x into effect4 ,9 c\ntries ( m advanc$ civilisation & ( a m insurrection>y _s1 ! public1 accu/om$ to expect ev]y?+ to be done = !m by ! ,/ate1 or at lea/ to d no?+ = !mselves )\t ask+ f ! ,/ate n only leave to d x1 b ev5 h[ x is to be done1 naturally hold ! ,/ate responsible = all evil :i* befalls !m1 & :5 ! evil exce$s _! am\nt ( pati5ce1 !y rise aga9/ ! gov]nm5t & make :at is call$ a revolution2 :]eupon somebody else1 ) or )\t legitimate au?ority f ! nation1 vaults into ! seat1 issues 8 ord]s to ! bureaucracy1 & ev]y?+ goes on mu* z x did be=e2 ! bureaucracy be+ un*ang$1 & nobody else be+ capable ( tak+ _! place4 ,a v diff]5t spectacle is exhibit$ among a p accu/om$ to transact _! own bus9ess4 ,9 ,france1 a l>ge "p ( ! p hav+ be5 engag$ 9 milit>y s]vice1 _m ( :om h held at lea/ ! rank ( non-commission$ (fic]s1 !re are 9 e popul> insurrection sev]al p]sons compet5t to take ! lead1 & improvise "s tol]able plan ( action4 ,:at ! ,fr5* are 9 milit>y affairs1 ! ,am]icans are 9 e k9d ( civil bus9ess2 let !m be left )\t a gov]nm5t1 e body ( ,am]icans is able to improvise "o1 & to c>ry on t or any o!r public bus9ess ) a suffici5t am\nt ( intellig5ce1 ord]1 & decision4 ,?is is :at e free p ought to be3 & a p capable ( ?is is c]ta9 to be free2 x w nev] let itself be enslav$ by any man or body ( m5 because ^! are able to seize & pull ! re9s ( ! c5tral adm9i/ration4 ,no bureaucracy c hope to make su* a p z ?is d or und]go any?+ t !y d n l4 ,b :]e ev]y?+ is done ?r\gh ! bureaucracy1 no?+ to :i* ! bureaucracy is really adv]se c be done at all4 ,! con/itution ( su* c\ntries is an organisation ( ! exp]i5ce & practical ability ( ! nation1 into a discipl9$ body = ! purpose ( gov]n+ ! re/2 & ! m p]fect t organisation is 9 itself1 ! m successful 9 draw+ to itself & educat+ = itself ! p]sons ( greate/ capacity f all ranks ( ! community1 ! m complete is ! bondage ( all1 ! memb]s ( ! bureaucracy includ$4 ,= ! gov]nors are z mu* ! slaves ( _! organisation & discipl9e1 z ! gov]n$ are ( ! gov]nors4 ,a ,*9ese m&>9 is z mu* ! tool & creature ( a despotism z ! humble/ cultivator4 ,an individual ,jesuit is to ! utmo/ degree ( abasem5t ! slave ( 8 ord]1 ?\gh ! ord] itself exi/s = ! collective p[] & importance ( its memb]s4 ,x is n1 also1 to be =gott51 t ! absorption ( all ! pr9cipal ability ( ! c\ntry into ! gov]n+ body is fatal1 soon] or lat]1 to ! m5tal activity & progressiv5ess ( ! body itself4 ,b&$ toge!r z !y are--work+ a sy/em :i*1 l all sy/ems1 necess>ily proce$s 9 a great measure by fix$ rules--! (ficial body are "u ! con/ant temptation ( s9k+ into indol5t r\t9e1 or1 if !y n[ & !n des]t t mill-horse r\nd1 ( ru%+ into "s half-exam9$ crudity :i* has /ruck ! fancy ( "s lead+ memb] ( ! corps3 & ! sole *eck to ^! closely alli$1 ?\gh seem+ly opposite1 t5d5cies1 ! only /imulus :i* c keep ! ability ( ! body itself up to a high /&>d1 is liability to ! wat*ful criticism ( equal ability outside ! body4 ,x is indisp5sable1 !re=e1 t ! means %\ld exi/1 indep5d5tly ( ! gov]nm5t1 ( =m+ su* ability1 & furni%+ x ) ! opportunities & exp]i5ce necess>y = a correct judgm5t ( great practical affairs4 ,if we w\ld possess p]man5tly a skilful & effici5t body ( function>ies--above all1 a body able to orig9ate & will+ to adopt improvem5ts2 if we w\ld n h our bureaucracy deg5]ate into a p$antocracy1 ?is body mu/ n engross all ! occupations :i* =m & cultivate ! faculties requir$ = ! gov]nm5t ( mank9d4 ,to det]m9e ! po9t at :i* evils1 s =midable to human fre$om & advancem5t1 beg91 or r at :i* !y beg9 to pr$om9ate ov] ! b5efits att5d+ ! collective application ( ! =ce ( society1 "u its recognis$ *iefs1 = ! removal ( ! ob/acles :i* /& 9 ! way ( its well-be+2 to secure z mu* ( ! advantages ( c5tralis$ p[] & intellig5ce1 z c be _h )\t turn+ into gov]nm5tal *annels too great a proportion ( ! g5]al activity1 is "o ( ! mo/ difficult & complicat$ que/ions 9 ! art ( gov]nm5t4 ,x is1 9 a great measure1 a "q ( detail1 9 :i* _m & v>i\s consid]ations mu/ be kept 9 view1 & no absolute rule c be laid d[n4 ,b ,i believe t ! practical pr9ciple 9 :i* safety resides1 ! ideal to be kept 9 view1 ! /&>d by :i* to te/ all arrangem5ts int5d$ = ov]com+ ! difficulty1 may be convey$ 9 ^! words3 ! greate/ dissem9ation ( p[] consi/5t ) effici5cy2 b ! greate/ possible c5tralisation ( in=mation1 & diffusion ( x f ! c5tre4 ,?us1 9 municipal adm9i/ration1 !re w\ld be1 z 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 a v m9ute division among sep>ate (fic]s1 *os5 by ! localities1 ( all bus9ess :i* is n bett] left to ! p]sons directly int]e/$2 b besides ?is1 !re w\ld be1 9 ea* dep>tm5t ( local affairs1 a c5tral sup]9t5d5ce1 =m+ a bran* ( ! g5]al gov]nm5t4 ,! organ ( ?is sup]9t5d5ce w\ld conc5trate1 z 9 a focus1 ! v>iety ( in=mation & exp]i5ce d]iv$ f ! conduct ( t bran* ( public bus9ess 9 all ! localities1 f ev]y?+ analog\s :i* is done 9 =eign c\ntries1 & f ! g5]al pr9ciples ( political sci5ce4 ,?is c5tral organ %\ld h a "r to "k all t is done1 & its special duty %\ld be t ( mak+ ! k acquir$ 9 "o place available = o!rs4 ,emancipat$ f ! petty prejudices & n>r[ views ( a locality by its elevat$ position & compreh5sive sph]e ( obs]vation1 its advice w\ld naturally c>ry mu* au?ority2 b its actual p[]1 z a p]man5t in/itution1 %\ld1 ,i conceive1 be limit$ to compell+ ! local (fic]s to obey ! laws laid d[n = _! guidance4 ,9 all ?+s n provid$ = by g5]al rules1 ^? (fic]s %\ld be left to _! own judgm5t1 "u responsibility to _! con/itu5ts4 ,= ! violation ( rules1 !y %\ld be responsible to law1 & ! rules !mselves %\ld be laid d[n by ! legislature2 ! c5tral adm9i/rative au?ority only wat*+ ov] _! execution1 & if !y 7 n prop]ly c>ri$ into effect1 appeal+1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! case1 to ! tribunal to en=ce ! law1 or to ! con/itu5cies to dismiss ! function>ies :o _h n execut$ x accord+ to its _s4 ,su*1 9 its g5]al conception1 is ! c5tral sup]9t5d5ce :i* ! ,poor ,law ,bo>d is int5d$ to ex]cise ov] ! adm9i/rators ( ! ,poor ,rate ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,:atev] p[]s ! ,bo>d ex]cises beyond ?is limit1 7 "r & necess>y 9 t peculi> case1 = ! cure ( root$ habits ( maladm9i/ration 9 matt]s deeply affect+ n ! localities m]ely1 b ! :ole community2 s9ce no locality has a moral "r to make itself by mismanagem5t a ne/ ( paup]ism1 necess>ily ov]fl[+ into o!r localities1 & impair+ ! moral & physical condition ( ! :ole lab\r+ community4 ,! p[]s ( adm9i/rative co]cion & subord9ate legislation possess$ by ! ,poor ,law ,bo>d 7b :i*1 ow+ to ! /ate ( op9ion on ! subject1 are v scantily ex]cis$ by !m71 ?\gh p]fectly ju/ifiable 9 a case ( fir/-rate national int]e/1 w\ld be :olly out ( place 9 ! sup]9t5d5ce ( int]e/s purely local4 ,b a c5tral organ ( in=mation & in/ruction = all ! localities1 w\ld be equally valuable 9 all dep>tm5ts ( adm9i/ration4 ,a gov]nm5t _c h too mu* ( ! k9d ( activity :i* does n imp$e1 b aids & /imulates1 individual ex]tion & developm5t4 ,! mis*ief beg9s :51 in/ead ( call+ =? ! activity & p[]s ( individuals & bodies1 x sub/itutes its own activity = !irs2 :51 in/ead ( in=m+1 advis+1 &1 ^u occasion1 d5\nc+1 x makes !m "w 9 fett]s1 or bids !m /& aside & does _! "w in/ead ( !m4 ,! wor? ( a ,/ate1 9 ! long run1 is ! wor? ( ! individuals compos+ x2 & a ,/ate :i* po/pones ! int]e/s ( _! m5tal expansion & elevation1 to a little m ( adm9i/rative skill1 or ( t semblance ( x :i* practice gives1 9 ! details ( bus9ess2 a ,/ate :i* dw>fs its m51 9 ord] t !y may be m docile in/rum5ts 9 its h&s ev5 = b5eficial purposes1 w f9d t ) small m5 no great ?+ c really be accompli%$2 & t ! p]fection ( ma*9]y to :i* x has sacrific$ ev]y?+1 w 9 ! end avail x no?+1 = want ( ! vital p[] :i*1 9 ord] t ! ma*9e might "w m smoo?ly1 x has pref]r$ to bani%4