,illustration3 ,book ,cover ,,garden ,,ornaments ,illustration3 ,,tall ,,poplars ,,lend ,,dignity ,,to ,a ,,garden ,,setting ,,garden ,,ornaments ,,by ,,mary ,h4 ,,northend ,,illustrated ,illustration ,,new ,,york ,,duffield ,,company #aiaf ,copyright1 #aiaf1 by ,,duffield ,,co4 ,i ,dedicate ,this ,garden ,book to ,my ,friend ,,ekin ,,wallick ,,contents ,,chapter ,,page ,,foreword ,i4 ,,the ,,garden ,,path ,,and ,,border #c ,,ii4 ,,the ,,pergola ,,and ,,arch #ba ,,iii4 ,,the ,,tea ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,garden #cg ,,iv4 ,,the ,,garden ,,steps #ec ,v4 ,,entrances #ga ,,vi4 ,,bird ,,baths #hi ,,vii4 ,,garden ,,seats #ajg ,,viii4 ,,garden ,,pools #abe ,,ix4 ,,the ,,sun-,,dial ,,in ,,the ,,garden #adc ,x4 ,,the ,,fountain #afc ,,illustrations ,,tall ,,poplars ,,lend ,,dignity ,,to ,a ,,garden ,,setting ,frontispiece ,,let ,,gutters ,,of ,,cobblestones ,,line ,,your ,,path ,facing p4 #c ,a ,,successful ,,grass ,,path #f ,a ,,brick-,,paved ,,path ,,flanked ,,by ,,many-,,hued ,,iris #ab ,,the ,,sunlight ,,sifts ,,through ,,the ,,sheltering ,,vines ,,of ,,the ,,pergola #ba ,,build ,,your ,,pergola ,,with ,,cobblestone ,,supports ,,and ,,rustic ,,top #bd ,,the ,,moss ,,grows ,,between ,,the ,,stone ,,walk #bh ,a ,,tea-,,house #cg ,,stepping-,,stones ,,in ,a ,,grass ,,path #db ,,lily ,,ponds ,,in ,a ,,formal ,,garden #df ,,stone ,,steps ,,attractively ,,planned #ec ,a ,,fountain ,,that ,,serves ,,as ,a ,,background ,,for ,a ,,lily ,,pond #eh ,,marble ,,steps ,,leading ,,to ,,the ,,water ,,in ,a ,,formal ,,garden #fd ,,an ,,old-,,fashioned ,,garden ,,is ,,often ,,entered ,,under ,,an ,,arch ,,of ,,latticework #ga ,a ,,fine ,,decorative ,,iron ,,gateway #gf ,a ,,successful ,,entrance ,,to ,a ,,formal ,,garden #hb ,,the ,,central ,,feature ,,of ,,the ,,garden ,,may ,,be ,a ,,bird-,,bath #hi ,a ,,well-,,placed ,,bird-,,bath #id ,,an ,,ornament ,,delightfully ,,used ,,to ,,mark ,,the ,,opening ,,of ,,paths ,,through ,,woods #ih ,a ,,formal ,,garden ,,seat #ajg ,a ,,simple ,,and ,,attractive ,,garden ,,seat #aab ,,stately ,,lilies ,,add ,,charm ,,and ,,dignity ,,to ,a ,,gravelled ,,walk #aah ,a ,,pond-,,lily ,,pool ,,of ,a ,,very ,,attractive ,,shape #abe ,a ,,lily ,,pond ,,that ,,fills ,,charmingly ,a ,,corner ,,of ,a ,,garden #acj ,,there ,,is ,,an ,,ever-,,changing ,,beauty ,,to ,a ,,garden ,,whose ,,paths ,,are ,,broken ,,here ,,and ,,there ,,by ,,pools #acf ,,grassy ,,paths ,,lead ,,pleasantly ,,to ,,the ,,sun-,,dial #adc ,,the ,,sun-,,dial ,,is ,a ,,feature ,,in ,,itself #adh ,,an ,,old ,,well ,,used ,,effectively ,,as ,a ,,decorative ,,feature #aed ,,narcissus ,,stands ,,in ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,the ,,fountain #afc ,a ,,roman ,,fountain ,,placed ,,against ,a ,,very ,,appropriate ,,background #aff ,,an ,,artistic ,,fountain ,,particularly ,,well ,,placed #agj ,,this ,,wall ,,fountain ,,with ,,its ,,shell ,,background ,,and ,,basin ,,is ,,most ,,fittingly ,,placed #agd ,,foreword ,doubtless we have all realized the allurement of the garden1 as we walk between the beds1 drinking in the sweet perfume of the many flowers1 or as we watch the birds perched on the branches or lazily swinging on the flowers1 twittering to their mates as they sip the nectar or prune their plumage1 after bathing in the sparkling water of the pool4 ,there is more than enjoyment that comes to the garden lover through his life among the plants4 ,he grows broader and becomes forgetful of the trivial cares and prejudices of every-day life as he watches their development4 ,he comes to the garden for inspiration and finds it among the flowers4 ,we are by nature garden lovers1 and though with some the feeling has not as yet been developed1 yet deep in the depths of their soul is a yearning for intercourse with ,nature and her lessons--taught through the cultivation of flowers4 ,it spells ,contentment1 ,happiness and ,love4 ,it is a delight to visit gardens1 and study the character of the designer4 ,it is no hard matter to read through varied planting likes and dislikes in the owner4 ,it brings us closer together1 this mutual love of floriculture1 and it is in discussion of this theme that we forget the sordid phases of life4 ,visit the gardens with me1 listen to the anthem of the birds sung at morn and eventide4 ,learn their habits1 and make them friends1 so that they will nestle into your often lonely life1 bringing with them a gladness that is not only delightful but alluring4 ,many a love story has been told among the flowers1 many a real story has been developed as one sat gazing at some flower-laden field4 ,joy and sadness has been our varied lot since we began our garden work1 but as the years go on1 gladness predominates4 ,we grow to look forward with a tender longing for the coming spring4 ,we hang lovingly over the opening buds of the early flowers4 ,we are glad that we1 too1 have grown to know the flowers1 that we have learned through their poetic language solace for the wounded soul1 and how to live better lives1 through intercourse with them4 ,to my many friends who have made it possible for me to visit their gardens1 and to reproduce their carefully thought out schemes in pictures1 ,i extend my hearty thanks4 ,it has done much to make not only my life but other lives happier4 ,it is with the hope that others may find the same enjoyment in this work that ,i have that ,i send it forth to perform its mission and with the hope that it may encourage others to start gardens of their own and to give to them a happiness they have never known before4 ,if ,i have accomplished this ,i have met the desire of my heart4 ,,the ,,garden ,,path ,,and ,,border ,illustration3 ,,let ,,gutters ,,of ,,cobblestones ,,line ,,your ,,path ,,chapter ,i ,,the ,,garden ,,path ,,and ,,border ,all the world's a garden and we are garden lovers in it4 ,this is not a new theme1 for it has been in existence ever since the planting of the early flower plots1 those that were in evidence in our grand-dames' time4 ,there is a distinct atmosphere connected with those simple one-path gardens that is most delightful4 ,it lies not only in the gravel paths and the stiff box-borders1 but in the fragrant old-fashioned flowers that were grown promiscuously inside the trim line of box4 ,perchance some dainty line of cinnamon pinks whose delicate blossoms when we find them in the twentieth-century gardens1 carry us back vividly to the ,colonial days when they so often formed a part of the garden scheme4 ,great changes have taken place in the evolution of the posy beds1 for1 with the passage of time1 they have developed into wide expanses of floral landscape1 subtly moulded into charming pictures and fascinating vistas4 ,in the planting and the planning of the flower beds of the present day many of the general motives of the older gardens have been retained4 ,they have1 however1 been enlarged upon and developed until they are perfected in every detail4 ,the landscape architect of to-day realizes that the achievements of yesterday can be interwoven with the possibilities of to-morrow4 ,as we saunter leisurely through the twentieth-century garden1 we come occasionally upon a simple box-border1 much more scientifically treated than those of long ago4 ,this special feature of garden culture should be planted in the early spring that it may obtain deep rooting1 so as to resist the ravages of the winter season4 ,the plants should not overcrowd but be set three inches apart in narrow1 shallow trenches1 with plenty of mulching to insure the best results4 ,unlike those found in the gardens of ,colonial days1 they should be carefully clipped1 sometimes for topiary effects4 ,here and there1 we come unexpectedly upon old-time flower plots1 showing a box-border1 not like those of the present day1 carefully trimmed1 but scraggly and unkempt1 preserved for sentiment's sake4 ,they still line the central walk1 much as they did long years ago4 ,in those days there was no laying-out of gardens or creating odd designs1 but1 instead1 there was a simple1 narrow1 dividing line1 worked out by the removal of turf and filling in with earth4 ,few realize that garden culture can be divided into periods1 each one of which is well defined1 so that it is possible to determine where the old-fashioned ideas left off and the new-fashioned ones began4 ,the earliest period has a straight1 simple path1 about six feet in width4 ,these gardens came into existence when our shipping was greater on the sea and the merchant princes demanded large and more elegant houses with gardens laid out in the rear4 ,many of these were planned by the mistresses of the stately homes1 while some were designed by ,english or ,german gardeners1 who in their planting reproduced the gardens across the seas4 ,there are a few only that deviate from the general plan of the single walk dividing the beds and ending in a summer house1 vine-clad1 where the ,colonial dames during the summer months held afternoon teas4 ,these garden houses were the nucleus of the garden furniture that has come into fashion with the passing of time4 ,one of the distinctive features connected with these gardens is the border4 ,this varies in width with the size of the plot and the flowers enclosed4 ,it must be borne in mind that the gardeners of those days knew little of the theory of color schemes1 yet the results were pleasing to the eye1 so much so that to-day the old-fashioned garden stands in a class by itself4 ,with the evolution of gardens1 new ideas sprang into existence4 ,all landscape architects realize the importance of giving particular attention to the laying-out of the path4 ,here the bit of garden demands a straight path1 yonder to bring gardens into unity a grass path should be laid1 while level stretches demand charming floral treatment1 wrought out through proper use of flowers in the borders4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,successful ,,grass ,,path ,every ambitious gardener realizes that during the summer months1 his particular garden will be on dress parade1 and must be always at its best4 ,therefore1 he gives special attention to the trimming of the borders1 the smoothing of the path and the right coloring in beds1 so that no discordant note be found4 ,every part must be kept in good condition1 for there are no closed doors for untidiness to skulk behind4 ,this he knows means constant and unremitting care and that he may avoid sameness1 he changes the flower scheme every year1 to give a fresh note to the planting of his own particular plot4 ,the greatest care must be taken that borders are properly balanced1 for any deviation from this rule results in lop-sided effects that spell failure4 ,no walk in any part of the garden but should be planned to serve a definite purpose1 either to connect other paths or at its end to bring out some carefully laid plan that will lend a picturesque effect to the finished design4 ,let us take as an instance a curved path4 ,first of all1 we must realize that it is not following any haphazard plan but has a definite aim4 ,perchance it has been most carefully laid out to avoid the felling of a tree that is needed for picturesque effect1 but whatever the object may be1 it is fulfilled by the design of this particular path4 ,there are to be found1 quite frequently on large1 extensive grounds1 grass paths that cut the lawn1 connecting separated gardens4 ,in any case like this1 how much better to introduce ,english stepping stones4 ,there is a picturesque coloring in their soft1 gray hue1 contrasting pleasingly with a line of grass between4 ,they also break the monotony given by a solid mass of green and lend to this particular part of the ground an old-world aspect4 ,have you ever stopped to think when planning for your next year's garden that designs can be easily varied to bring out some new thought and make a change that is alluring8 ,it is the careful introduction of these novel ideas that gives zest to garden culture4 ,every person has a different idea of what is right in garden culture and unconsciously treats the old plan in an individual manner4 ,a little touch here and there goes a great way in producing odd effects4 ,among the many materials that can be used for this feature of the garden is brick1 and of this there are many kinds4 ,for the old-fashioned garden the second-hand brick gives a ,colonial atmosphere4 ,for the gardens of to-day it is generally better to use the hard1 burned brick--these can be laid in straight lines or herring-bone fashion as fancy dictates1 and should show a line of straight brick or headers as they approach the border4 ,this feature should be used generally in formal types of garden landscape4 ,great care should be taken1 however1 that the brick be laid perfectly dry and cemented in mortar4 ,if you are looking for novelty1 why not try cobblestones8 ,they are very inexpensive1 particularly if you live in a seaport town where the beaches are strewn with them4 ,be sure to pick out those that are nearest the same size and shape1 for this gives a better effect4 ,there is nothing that gives a better backing for earth beds1 especially as they are easily kept weeded4 ,if the cobblestones prove too conspicuous for the scheme of the garden1 it is a comparatively easy matter to plant as a background a flowering plant that will in time fall over them and hide them from view4 ,a turf walk is1 properly speaking1 the most effective path4 ,it also has many advantages1 chief among them the fact that it is not hard to keep up and can be replaced with very little trouble1 save the cutting of new sod4 ,be very careful not to make the mistake of laying old sods that have been piled for a considerable length of time and have thus lost much of their vigor4 ,in order to have them at their best they should be freshly cut and laid carefully in a rich foundation1 the pieces joined as closely as possible together and the crevices filled in with either grass seed or dirt4 ,plenty of watering means success2 still one should not be impatient1 for it is not until a second season that grass comes to its own4 ,one difficulty in a border like this1 which can1 however1 be easily remedied1 is that it needs constant cutting to keep the grass from overrunning the beds4 ,if you are planning a garden of the ,english type1 it is well to carry out the idea of introducing irregular stones for the walk4 ,it is desirable that the stones should not all be of the same size1 otherwise there will be no chance for grass and moss to grow between them and give them the old-world aspect4 ,in gardens of this type such a path is really imperative1 for the flowers crowd against the dividing line and would be much less interesting if stones were not introduced4 ,bear in mind1 in dealing with this particular subject that the width of the walk depends in a great measure on the size of the garden4 ,here a narrow path is all that is necessary to carry out the scheme2 there1 a wide one seems to fit appropriately into the plan4 ,it is not always possible to have gardens large enough to allow a wide path1 yet the effect of one can be produced by a little contriving2 for instance1 if you use grass for the central feature with an earth border on either side4 ,if you desire a successful garden you should seek for variety1 not only in the cutting of the walk1 but in the planting of the borders4 ,to-day everybody is striving for originality and to work out odd ideas that still are practical4 ,one should remember1 too1 that no two gardens are exactly alike1 any more than two faces bear an exact resemblance4 ,in describing the border1 one might liken it to the setting of a gem4 ,doubtless1 it might be said to be artificial but so is the planting of the flower plot4 ,it is not nature's work1 but designed by the hand of man and in it harmony should be developed in the highest degree4 ,let us take as an example the damp garden4 ,this is usually laid out in one corner of the estate4 ,if we should treat it with a gravel walk1 what would be the result--dampness and disappointment4 ,now1 let us change the whole plan and place stringers on which boards are laid1 so nailed that they can be lifted during the winter season and stored away in a friendly barn or cellar4 ,watch the result and you will find it is always dry and practical for usage4 ,better still1 if wearing properties do not have to be taken into consideration1 use cedar boughs that resemble in contour miniature logs4 ,they fit into place as if put there by nature1 all the more if they are bordered by ferns4 ,if you build at the further end a rustic summer house1 it gives a refreshing touch4 ,many garden lovers delight in collecting wild flowers1 digging them up in the neighboring woods to blossom in their cultivated garden4 ,why not give them a home by themselves in a rough rockery8 ,this can easily be built from stones found on the estate4 ,here we deviate from the stilted idea of paths and introduce stone steps4 ,these should be large and rough enough to fit in with our plan4 ,hardy ferns should be planted on either side and rock plants between the steps4 ,you will then see the wisdom of creating a path like this which is in sympathy with the general idea of the garden4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,brick-,,paved ,,path ,,flanked ,,by ,,many-,,hued ,,iris ,landscape gardeners are at the present day endeavoring to work out results that are in harmony with any period that they are called upon to reproduce4 ,occasionally they come upon a subject that is very difficult to treat1 such as the concrete walk4 ,this is an absolute necessity in some locations4 ,yet1 when finished1 it presents a bare appearance and demands special treatment4 ,very successful results are produced by bright borders of flowering plants1 and if in addition to this an arch of wire or rustic boughs is made for the entrance and covered with rambler roses1 of which to-day there are many varieties1 a happy solution will be found to the perplexing problem of a colorless path4 ,during the time of blossoming1 the touch of brightness adds to the effect while later on the bright green of the leaves relieves the cold gray of the concrete4 ,the late ,joseph ,jefferson1 in speaking of gardens and their borders1 once said1 ,they are all expectation4 ,and so they are from the early spring when the first bulbs come into bloom until the falling of the late chrysanthemum4 ,as we con the seedman's list to prepare for the spring gardening1 we go through the procession of the seasons noting the colors and finding a joy in anticipation that is exhilarating4 ,in order to give correct handling to your paths1 the color scheme of the borders should be taken into consideration4 ,different kinds of gardens demand varied treatment1 and for this1 the situation on the grounds and the type of the walk1 should be carefully thought out4 ,for earliest bloom1 one should use bulbs4 ,to have them at their best they should be planted in the fall1 about six weeks before the hard frost sets in4 ,trenches are first dug1 from twelve to eighteen inches deep1 enriched and topped with a layer of sand1 to insure the bulbs touching nothing else4 ,each bulb should be planted six inches deep and the same number of inches apart4 ,they should be covered with from four to six inches of straw1 dead leaves--hardwood ones being best for this purpose--or pine branches4 ,great care should be taken that these are not removed too early in the spring4 ,years of careful experiment have developed better colors and more strength in bulbs and have succeeded in producing a greater variety1 both single to double4 ,this evolution in bulbs makes it possible to choose suitable varieties for any border work4 ,snow drops are the first to poke their tiny heads up through the cold1 hard earth4 ,they rise above the snow1 bringing gladness in their train4 ,then comes a procession of dainty bulbs including the hyacinth with its many hues1 and the tulips1 that stay by us until late in ,may1 clothed in ,dolly ,varden gowns1 or simple ,quaker garb4 ,it is a good plan to plant pansies among the bulbs1 so that they will show their painted faces before the last bloom has disappeared4 ,many people in such borders use sweet alyssum for the outer row1 but this1 while it is decorative1 is not always satisfactory for it grows so high that it is apt to shadow the major scheme4 ,bulbs can be left in the ground for a second year's blossoming or if new varieties are desired they can be carefully lifted and replaced by potted plants1 such as the scarlet geranium or the dusty miller1 whose soft gray sheen makes an interesting note of color as a foreground for the bed that stretches down to touch it1 a solid mass of one-toned flowers4 ,within the last few years iris has become a popular accessory for border use4 ,one reason for this is that it stays in bloom from the time of its first opening until the hot blast of the ,august sun touches its closed head4 ,well may this be termed the fairy's favorite flower1 it is so dainty in its hues4 ,the rose moss or portulaca is a valuable border plant4 ,it grows luxuriantly in sandy soil1 where no moisture is retained1 and seems to draw sufficient sustenance from the dews that fall at night1 rather than from the unkindly sand which touches its tiny roots4 ,one advantage in its use is that it grows quickly from seed1 that is1 if it is planted in a dry spot4 ,the needle-shaped foliage is inconspicuous1 while the blossoms are as brilliant as poppies and are produced in large numbers4 ,a serious fault1 however1 is that it closes during the afternoon4 ,if one decides to use portulaca1 choose solid colors rather than to mix a mass of varied ones4 ,for a shady bit of garden1 why not try out delphiniums8 ,they are not expensive1 the roots costing about a dollar and a quarter a dozen1 but they are so graceful that they are effective for use of this sort4 ,the plants chosen must be in harmonious contrast to those that fill the beds1 otherwise one shudders as they view the completed scheme and wonders how it is that the gardener is so color-blind4 ,hardy borders or annuals are used very often4 ,each of them having a distinctive charm1 some gardens demanding one1 and others another1 so that one cannot dictate to the owner of a garden which kind is best for his use1 it lies with his own whims and fancies1 to develop beautiful combinations1 and to work out variations of the last year's scheme1 so that the gardens of yesterday may differ essentially from those of to-day4 ,it may be that long borders of bright-eyed verbenas greet our eyes as we gaze upon the vari-colored beds1 or perchance gorgeous ,sweet ,williams1 vieing in hue are shown4 ,tall rosy spikes of lythrum lift their heads1 while stately hollyhocks uncurl their silky petals1 shaking out the tucks and wrinkles of the bud like newly awakened butterflies stretching their wings4 ,there is a busy hum of bees as we saunter down the garden path1 stopping now and again to watch their flight as they light on flowers to sip their nectar1 furry with golden pollen dust4 ,so we stand wondering what our grand-dames would say could they view1 with us to-day1 the transformation of the old-fashioned garden1 into a magnificent show of rare plants in a well-developed design4 ,,the ,,pergola ,,and ,,arch ,illustration3 ,,the ,,sunlight ,,sifts ,,through ,,the ,,sheltering ,,vines ,,of ,,the ,,pergola ,,chapter ,,ii ,,the ,,pergola ,,and ,,arch ,i have made me a garden and orchard1 and have planted trees and all kinds of fruit4 ,thus spake the wise ,solomon who in all his glory found time to enjoy his flowers4 ,nowadays1 blossoming plants are intermixed with marble fragments1 and the garden contains many interesting features that were then unknown4 ,sir ,william ,temple1 on his return from a visit to ,holland1 where he went for garden study1 tells us that he found that four things were absolutely necessary in order to complete a perfect garden4 ,flowers1 ,fruit1 ,shade1 and ,water4 ,originality is to-day the key-note in every garden design4 ,gardens have been developed with the passing of time so that instead of one type we find an infinite variety of styles1 each one of them so distinctive that one need have little fear of repetition in results4 ,here we find the formal1 the ,italian garden while over yonder is the wild1 and the rambling one4 ,they are carefully designed to bring out some individual scheme4 ,unlike the little posy plots of long ago with their unobtrusive green arbors1 now we come upon a large space which has been laid out for picture effects4 ,this is the work of the landscape architect1 who takes as much pride in his garden structures1 as does the architect in the design of his house4 ,he vies with his rivals in producing odd effects with marble fragments and artistic combinations in his color scheme4 ,each one of the many types1 that are shown at the present day1 shows distinctive features4 ,these appear and disappear in endless variety1 and among them are the pergola and the arch1 the latter a grandchild of the green arbor that was in evidence in our grand-dames' time4 ,unlike those seen in the old-fashioned gardens1 it is not always built of wood4 ,sometimes it is so placed as to define the terraces1 leading with its shadowy treatment to delightful glimpses of vistas beyond1 well laid out for this very purpose4 ,again we find it shadowing the garden at one side1 where it makes a covered walk1 under which one can pass1 and view the garden pleasantly4 ,simple and unostentatious were the early gardens1 for not until #agej1 was there found any trace of garden architecture in the ,north4 ,it was about that year that one ,theodore ,hardingbrook1 came to this country bringing with him a fund of information to strengthen and enlarge this line of work4 ,he gathered around him a faithful1 interested little band of students1 and taught them new ideas1 and awakened an ambition for new designs in ,colonial flower plots4 ,then was evolved the little summer house with its cap of green1 which stood generally at the foot of the garden path ending the central walk and it was then that the green arbor came into existence1 spanning the centre of the little plot4 ,covered with vines it made a pleasant break in the otherwise straight lines of the old-fashioned garden1 and it also gave a touch of old-world gardens to the new-world plan4 ,this was not the commencement of pergola construction1 which had its origin in the vineyards of sunny ,italy4 ,they were not like those of to-day1 wonderfully beautiful in design but rude and rustic1 roughly put together as a support for the vines4 ,through the intersecting crevices fell glorious clusters of pale green and royal purple grapes1 to ripen in the glimmering shade4 ,these rough arbors1 shadowed by hardy vines1 graced the ,italian hillsides1 when ,columbus as a wool comber's son frolicked the summer days away long years before he discovered the new country that lay across the sea4 ,the birth of this feature was not romantic but plebeian1 for it was built for practical use only4 ,the hardy ,italian grape growers had come to a realizing sense that their fruit throve better if held aloft1 and so they conceived the idea of a supporting arbor4 ,as the bright sun filtered through the vines1 the picturesqueness caught the attention of gardeners on large estates and from this was evolved the long pillared pathways over which cultivated vines were twined1 casting their long shadows far over the path beyond in ,roman gardens4 ,when larger and better gardens were demanded to meet the architecture of the large1 square1 ,colonial homes1 green arbors were popular4 ,they were crudely put together1 often the work of the village carpenter1 simple and unconventional in their treatment yet prettily draped with vines4 ,during the summer months they were especially picturesque and inviting1 with their little wooden seats placed on either side4 ,to the garden came the gallant1 dressed in knee breeches and wearing powdered wig1 there to meet his lady love1 bending low he plucked from the branches of the trailing vine a flower to deck his fair beloved's hair4 ,illustration3 ,,build ,,your ,,pergola ,,with ,,cobblestone ,,supports ,,and ,,rustic ,,top ,these green arbors gave a distinct individuality to the old-time garden4 ,over them were carefully twined the ,dutchman's pipe4 ,it showed nestled away beneath its leaves1 tiny1 almost invisible little green pipes that were coveted by the little ones for ,let's pretend smoke4 ,invariably1 the yellow and white ,baltimore ,belle rose sometimes known as the ,seven ,sisters1 lent their charm1 boldly peering out from under the vine to watch the lovers seated on the simple seats4 ,they gave them a welcoming nod as they swayed to and fro in the passing breeze1 mingling their blossoms1 with a dainty ,scotch rose and the pink moss1 that seemingly grew on the same stem4 ,it is the former rose that was the greatest favorite1 for it lasted longer1 giving dashes of yellow like sunshine to light the dark1 autumnal days4 ,now and again1 we come unexpectedly upon a garden such as this4 ,it lies in the heart of a ,colonial city1 hidden away from passers-by behind a high paling fence4 ,the twentieth century pergola in the modern garden lends itself to a great variety of treatment4 ,it is an important feature and should be properly treated in order to bring out the right effect4 ,often the amateur1 when dabbling with garden culture1 neglects this feature on his grounds and gives it a wrong setting4 ,it must be remembered that the mere setting out of a garden does not always bring about the best results4 ,it should be done with some definite aim in view1 such as color or suitability to situation4 ,in this way only can one obtain perfection4 ,there should be taken into consideration the formation of the different beds1 especially those that are in close proximity4 ,it cannot be a successful experiment unless carefully planned4 ,if you have never tried to form combinations that will intensify the loveliness of the grounds by a happy gathering of right colors1 you have missed a delightful experience4 ,this idea does not come quickly to the amateur floriculturist1 but once he fully grasps it1 he turns as if by instinct to the structural part of the garden plan4 ,it is then that he realizes that while he has not seemed to have progressed during his first year's work1 yet he has laid a solid foundation that will stand him in good stead4 ,in the midst of his garden he rears a house of flowers1 placing it in a situation where he can watch the growth and maturing of the plants4 ,each corner of the garden is given separate treatment4 ,in some gardens1 where the space is small1 it would be impossible to carry out the pergola scheme4 ,then it can be simplified and condensed into the child of the pergola1 the arch1 excellent for decorative effects4 ,this means for flower showing can be made of wire1 simply fastened to posts1 bent into shape1 or of wood and painted white2 either of these methods is satisfactory and can1 if properly used1 be most successful4 ,the arch1 to fit in with the garden plan1 should span the entrance4 ,over it should be trained either a blossoming vine or many1 to work out a succession of bloom4 ,sometimes it will be the wisteria with its drooping clusters of lavender1 or the rambler rose found in such a variety of colors to-day4 ,these two with the clematis1 are especially adapted for this purpose1 if one is willing to use proper fertilizer and depth of planting4 ,in order to insure better and more prolific growth1 the vines should be cut back to about six or eight inches in height when first set out4 ,it must be remembered in dealing with them that they are like little children1 each one requiring individual care4 ,we must also be sure that the soil is frequently stirred to avoid caking4 ,properly placed1 the curved trellis is a joy4 ,it gives a decorative setting to the garden proper4 ,as the eye travels down the path1 it greets a charming bit of color in the bed of solid green that tops the roof4 ,the arch would not be a proper note of setting for every garden4 ,there are only certain kinds with which it blends4 ,the narrow path demands it1 for it needs a break to show it at its best4 ,a judicious fashioning of a series of arches1 extending here and there along the entire depth of the walk is sometimes attractive4 ,they serve to break the monotony and add a flower note that is delightful4 ,in the planning of these1 great care should be taken that they are set at proper intervals4 ,they should be on the same level and correspond in width1 otherwise the result would be a wavy line that is most distressing4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,moss ,,grows ,,between ,,the ,,stone ,,walk ,the color scheme depends on garden planting4 ,if lavender is chosen it should be reproduced all through the line4 ,do not be so foolish as to choose one vine only but plant them in order to make a succession of bloom4 ,one does not wish to view a spot of color now and a mass of green later on4 ,there are so many different kinds of vines that can be planted for this use1 each one of which is admirable1 that it is hard to choose4 ,commencing with the earliest why not take the ,american or the loose-cluster wisteria4 ,it has many advantages over other vines1 in that it is a strong grower and bears an abundant cluster of flowers resembling the sweet pea in formation4 ,one can reasonably assert1 that the wisteria is the leading flower for the pergola or arbor4 ,it dons a rich and graceful foliage and unlike other vines1 has two distinct seasons of bloom4 ,it is especially good if one wishes to carry out a one-tone color scheme1 making lavender the key-note1 and using this particular vine for the early bloom in ,may1 at which time the luxuriant clusters of drooping flowers show their wonderful shading as they peer through the arches dropping down below the leafy growth and making a note of exquisite beauty4 ,in ,august1 when they show their second season of bloom1 the flowers are less abundant4 ,they should be followed by the ,clematis ,jackman4 ,this vine1 if it reaches maturity1 is most effective1 but it has the distinct disadvantage that though it starts right1 and sends out shoots1 they are apt to blight early and disappoint the gardener by dying before putting forth its wonderfully beautiful flowers4 ,june1 the month of roses1 is a suitable time for one to watch for the blossoming of this vine4 ,many people avoid the ,coboea ,scandens on account of the large1 conspicuous flowers it produces4 ,they make a decided mistake when they shun this particular vine1 for it has good qualifications for pergola covering4 ,no vine grows more rapidly1 as it reaches often from twenty-five to thirty feet in a single season4 ,it bursts into blossom in ,july1 in rich1 purple1 trumpet-shaped flowers4 ,for the successful growth of vines many things have to be considered but principally the soil4 ,the amateur makes a mistake in starving the ground1 and thus losing half the quality it would otherwise have had4 ,in order to obtain the best results1 put plenty of barn-yard manure1 or bone meal1 at the foot of the trellis1 and this should be plentifully renewed at the commencement of each year4 ,rambler roses are one of the most effective treatments for arbor or pergola growth1 and the most popular of these are the white1 yellow1 crimson and pink4 ,each year new varieties are put upon the market and if one wishes to follow the new ideas they will be forced to constantly change the plants4 ,in some cases1 the pergola is used to form a trellised pavilion or summer house to shelter a marble statue and again with carved setting to outline a bed1 as the central feature around which the flowers are arranged4 ,thus the simple vineyard trellis has been transformed into a gem of graceful construction1 and we find it to-day1 with its slender marble columns1 supporting a delicately carved marble roof of slabs1 over and through which the green of the vine1 and the glint of the flower hover1 dipping down between the intervening sections1 in festoons of green and color4 ,it can well be called a distinctive summer structure1 for with the sun streaming through its mass of vines1 it shadows the walks from ,may until late ,october4 ,in the long winter months boxed in it stands like a sentinel guarding the long1 bare paths1 and showing a leafless network of interlacing vines4 ,the pergola of to-day is not like that of yesterday4 ,when first introduced into our gardens it was taken up on many small estates1 and so badly designed that it combined badly with the garden4 ,it was then it fell into disfavor and was pronounced a failure for use in our garden plan4 ,but landscape gardeners1 with an eye to the unique1 felt that it was a necessary rounding-out of the garden design1 and rescued from ignominy1 it took its place in right surroundings1 in the heart of the garden with a border of elaborate flower designs4 ,garden seats were placed inside and when it fronted on an ,italian garden1 a fountain was often introduced1 the musical tinkle of the spouting water giving a special charm4 ,among the many designs the simplest is a simple rustic frame structure1 appropriate for small or wild gardens4 ,it is formed of cedar posts driven four feet into the ground1 and reaching to the height of eight feet4 ,this is covered with a beam or a slab roof structure over which is trained the morning glory1 the ,california creeper1 or the grape4 ,this latter is much used1 the picturesqueness of the ripening fruit adding to its attractiveness4 ,these pergolas are generally eight feet wide and have for a flooring irregular flags through which peer grass or moss4 ,this type of garden furniture is perfectly well adapted to ,italian1 ,english1 or ,colonial types of architecture1 and is constructed often of marble4 ,it is not merely an ornament but a useful adjunct to a garden1 and can be made of concrete1 or cobblestone1 if one does not wish to go to the expense of using marble4 ,there is a modern form of this feature that is a development from century-old customs1 the porch-pergola which is fast supplanting the old covered porches of yesterday4 ,this is designed with an open1 vine-covered roof4 ,it gives an added charm to the exterior of the house and furnishes a shady nook for sunny days1 without the drawback of the old porch whose roof darkened the house in winter by withholding the sun4 ,no one1 no matter how small their grounds1 need deny themselves a pergola4 ,it is such an important feature and so decorative that it is almost a necessity4 ,for the little backyard it may be simply a rustic porch planted in the middle of the garden4 ,properly laid out1 it can be used as an out-of-doors living room4 ,across the end a hammock can be swung1 while table and chairs can be fitted in at one side4 ,,the ,,tea ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,garden ,illustration3 ,a ,,tea-,,house ,,chapter ,,iii ,,the ,,tea ,,house ,,in ,,the ,,garden ,there is a delightful imaginary intimacy that seemingly exists between we garden lovers who live in the twentieth century and those of early days4 ,so closely are we connected by a common band of sympathy that we eagerly scan their books to glean here and there some important bit of garden lore that can be introduced into our work of to-day4 ,it is this pleasant mingling of old and new-world gardens that gives to present-day designs such a delightful atmosphere4 ,one of the old-time floriculturists1 ,john ,lyle1 tells us in his old-fashioned way1 about the flowers that bloomed ages before our grand-dames were born4 ,gentlemen1 he says1 what floure like you best in all this border8 ,here be fine roses1 sweete violets1 fragrant primroses1 gille floures1 carnations1 sops of wine1 sweete ,john1 and what may please you at sight4 ,surely we see in retrospect1 the gardens of that early day1 and we come more and more to realize that all through the ages1 the hand of ,man has fashioned nothing more beautiful than a garden of flowers4 ,the most famous poets have not found any more ideal trysting spot in which to place their lovers4 ,each individual part of the flower garden has its own distinctive charm4 ,it lies not solely with the flowers that bloom so profusely in the beds nor with the marble fragments1 for the romance of it all is centered in the little summer house1 as it was quaintly named by our ancestors in the long ago4 ,in these little tea houses1 built in a retired part of the garden1 the mistress loved to spend a pleasant summer afternoon1 seated inside knitting flower thoughts into a shapely bag or reading some delightful book1 which dropped from her hand1 as she sat dreamily watching the unfolding of some favorite flower4 ,let us enter one of these gardens1 rich in its summer garb1 walk slowly down the path1 stopping now and again to view some bud slowly unfold its petals one by one1 disclosing a new specimen to be added to the ever-increasing number that are comprised in the floral scheme1 and waving a welcome as it is tossed to and fro by every passing breeze4 ,over there against the white paling fence stands the stiff hollyhock nodding his satiny head to greet the dainty heliotrope who glances coquettishly up to meet his eye4 ,nearby is a dialetrea or bleeding heart1 the pet of the little ones1 who pluck them to form tiny boats with snow white sails to float down the lily pond4 ,bursting into bloom behind the stiff box border is the old-time piny1 sending bits of color into the sober green4 ,none of the old ,colonial gardens were considered complete without an ever varying assortment of bloom4 ,there were the ,sweet ,williams1 ,bouncing ,bet1 and perky little ,johnny-jump-up1 sending greetings to his comrades nearby4 ,flowers are everywhere1 they peer out at us from hidden corners1 swing their heads in very ecstasy of enjoyment of their being4 ,simplicity was the key-note in the construction of those summer houses that came into existence during the latter part of the seventeenth century4 ,they stand for the first type of garden furniture made in our country1 coming into vogue after the close of the grim struggle for existence made by our ,puritan forbears4 ,then when the tide turned1 and money flowed into the colonies1 houseowners had more time to devote to garden culture4 ,behind the large ,colonial houses sprang into existence gardens devoted to flowers1 the owners doing the best they could with the material at hand4 ,these delightful little plots secluded from the world outside by high paling fences were the homes of the old-fashioned flowers1 many of them descendants of the originals1 brought over in the ships that first touched our shores4 ,they were not like the twentieth-century ones constructed of marble or concrete clothed with vines and standing in a wealth of up-to-date blooms1 showing slender marble columns and carved capitals supporting the marble roof4 ,rather are they covered with plain1 every-day vines1 such as the ,dutchman's ,pipe with its heavy leaving1 clambering roses and the ,bitter ,sweet or ,roxbury ,waxwork1 whose drooping bunches of yellow and red poke their heads through the lattice work1 making a bit of bright color all through the winter months4 ,this when the ground is covered with snow livens up the surroundings4 ,on either side are planted a wealth of timely flowers1 these include the ,sweet ,william1 the ,hooded ,larkspur1 and the many-colored ,phlox4 ,many of these little garden houses show such a variety of form that they are interesting1 fitting into their surroundings as if they had always been there4 ,some are square1 formed like a large box1 depending for their picturesqueness on their coverings of vines4 ,others are round1 and still again we find oblong summer houses1 each one fitted up with seats and sometimes a rustic table4 ,occasionally1 we come upon a more pretentious one that is two stories in height4 ,they were planned in the early nineteenth century1 some of these are still standing and among them we find that of ,elias ,haskett ,derby1 designed by ,samuel ,mc,intyre1 ,salem's noted architect and wood-carver4 ,for years it stood on the grounds of the summer home of ,mr4 ,derby and to-day is so well preserved that it seems as if it had been recently built4 ,exquisite carving is a feature of this particular tea house1 where rural images top the roof4 ,it is only in the gardens of the rich1 that elaborate tea houses are found1 simple designs grace the little gardens and are in harmony with their surroundings4 ,the rustic summer house has its own mission to fulfill4 ,its cost can be determined by conditions4 ,some are finished in elaborately decorative designs while others show plain treatment4 ,the best kind of wood to be used for this purpose is the red cedar which has wonderful lasting qualities4 ,it is more expensive than the locust but out-wears any wood on the market4 ,great care should be taken that the supports be placed deep enough to avoid throwing by the heavy winter frost4 ,holes should be dug at least four feet deep1 and squares of stone or cement pounded into the bottom to prevent its coming in contact with the earth and rotting4 ,this makes a solid foundation1 and durable4 ,do not have the roof made flat1 so that water can stand upon it and rot it1 but raise it slightly and either shingle or thatch it4 ,this last is an old-time handicraft that has recently been revived4 ,following the old ,english rule1 reeds are more endurable1 while straw is admissible4 ,an advantage of its use is that it grows handsomer with age4 ,in its second year it has collected moss1 weeds and plants1 and these1 matted down and weather-beaten1 give it the hue of a gray lichen4 ,if properly treated it will last for years4 ,illustration3 ,,stepping-,,stones ,,in ,a ,,grass ,,path ,one should1 if possible1 when planning the garden1 include a summer house4 ,there is no more enjoyable feature that can be constructed on the grounds4 ,its design1 size1 situation and type1 must correspond with the period of the garden4 ,a formal lay-out should1 in order to be correct1 receive entirely different treatment in its setting from the ,italian1 while the rambling depends upon simpler characteristics to produce correct results4 ,rustic tea houses fit into this project appropriately4 ,they would be entirely incongruous if placed in ,italian gardens elaborate in their plan and full of wonderful bits of marble fragments transplanted from foreign lands4 ,fortunately for us1 there are so many different types of gardens that one is not continually finding a repetition4 ,garden houses1 covered with bark1 fit into simple plans1 such as the rambling and the wild gardens1 their rustic effect being in harmony with the flowers and beds4 ,it is one thing to plan a summer house but quite another to pick out a suitable situation4 ,it should not be placed in the heart of the flowers more especially where there are tall blossoms4 ,let the beds in the foreground be low and show quiet colors1 shading the height and brightness as they go farther afield1 the most conspicuous being used for the extreme edge4 ,here1 like a beautiful picture1 they fit into the landscape and produce correct effects4 ,level stretches do not always bring about right results4 ,if your ground slopes to the garden edge why not design a rustic tea house to fit into the hillside8 ,should you visit it of a clear afternoon1 seat yourself on the wooden settle and glance around you1 you will be delighted with the view obtained4 ,below is the garden rolled out like a carpet brightly patterned at your feet1 smooth stretches of lawn between rest the eyes as they gaze off to the horizon when the blue of the sky seems to melt into the masses of waving bloom4 ,do not start this feature of the garden unless you have first planned situation1 size and cost1 otherwise you will be disappointed1 and may feel it is more expensive than you wished4 ,if you do not care to bed it underneath1 you will be sorry4 ,every house of this sort should have a hard ashes or cement foundation in order to keep out the dampness4 ,this is a serious fault which if not carefully watched results in quick rotting of the wood and constant expense4 ,it is better to start right and in the end it will cost less4 ,posts used for supports should be made of cedar or locust1 driven four feet into the ground and resting on stone supports1 used as preservatives4 ,they can be elaborately designed or simple in finish and if plenty of air and light are wished for1 trellis supports can be used1 but if it demands shade1 shingles or canvas painted1 are advisable1 the former better for rounded effects and the latter when a flat surface is used4 ,marble is used prominently in ,italian gardens1 whose elaborate setting demands striking effects4 ,give the tea house a cover of soft green vines1 dotted here and there with a bit of color and it will be a joy forever1 taking on a dignity that is in keeping with its surroundings4 ,cement1 no matter where it is used1 is always effective4 ,in coloring and lines it seemingly fits into the elaborate landscape scheme and it improves with age4 ,there is an advantage in the use of cement1 in that it costs nothing for repairs1 is fireproof1 does not collect vermin1 and is never shabby4 ,with its clinging vine cover1 it is a desirable material for use in the construction of tea houses when wood and marble are not suitable4 ,there is a romantic charm in vine-clad tea houses4 ,the clinging vine lends a picturesqueness to the slender columns and the slanting roof emphasizes the beauty of it all4 ,there are so many decorative vines that are suitable for its use that it would be impossible to name them all4 ,for marble1 delicate1 tender climbers are the best4 ,for concrete a larger leaf can be used to give more stable effects1 while for rustic tea houses1 the large1 hardy vines and stronger climbers are more suitable4 ,each one has its own use1 and appears at its best in congenial environment4 ,the tiny canary-bird vine would make little show if allowed to clamber over rustic supports1 while the ,boston or ,japanese ivy are especially adapted for this treatment4 ,this is on account of the small1 flat leaf that clings to the side1 helping out the design without a deep massing of leaves4 ,illustration3 ,,lily ,,ponds ,,in ,a ,,formal ,,garden ,some summer houses depend upon hardy vines for their cover and others on tender climbers whose delicate tendrils wind in and out clouding but not hiding the exterior coloring4 ,it is the wise man who is able to provide a suitable over-spread for houses of this description4 ,it must be remembered that it is not the cover alone but the planting that surrounds it that aids in the picturesque effect4 ,there is as much need of careful thought here as there would be in any part of the scheme4 ,for right coloring1 height1 and time of blossoming help or mar the plan4 ,there is as much difference in the growth of vines as there is in children4 ,some to be at their best require a very rich soil1 while others will do equally well if it is poorer4 ,the important thing1 if you wish successful results1 is to give them plenty of food1 plenty of water and look out for a proper insecticide1 in order not to retard their growth4 ,a general rule that is permissible for almost any grounds is to dig a ditch from three to four feet deep and put in the bottom a foot of rotted manure4 ,this can better be attended to in the fall1 leaving time for it to get well soaked into the ground and ripen before planting4 ,fill in alternate layers of soil and manure until the trench is even with the ground4 ,in clay soil1 it is better in order to lighten it to mix in a little sand4 ,for a rustic summer house1 where heavy planting is needed1 a honeysuckle is effective4 ,the scarlet or ,sempervirens is a very decorative variety and this differs greatly from the ,japanese one1 bearing tubular scarlet flowers that continue in blossom all summer4 ,of the many varieties this is the freest and the best4 ,its leaves are a blueish green which make a pleasing contrast with the coral color of the flower4 ,the ,clematis is always effective and is the best vine of medium growth in existence4 ,its small1 white1 star-shaped flowers1 deliciously fragrant1 cover the vine completely in ,august4 ,the ,japanese ,clematis or ,paniculata is most attractive4 ,it prefers a sunny position1 the foliage is handsome and at the end of ,august it bursts into a wonderful mass of fragrant1 pure white1 star-like flowers that last nearly a month4 ,for shady places1 the ,helix or ,english ivy is advisable4 ,this well-known1 small-leafed ivy is perfectly hardy in this section and is much used for covering the ground in shady places where grass refuses to grow4 ,young growth sometimes gets winter killed1 but this is due to sunburn rather than frost4 ,for tea houses painted white and for concrete1 wisteria takes a prominent place4 ,it grows equally well in city and country1 being able to withstand the smoke of cities4 ,of these the ,multijuga loose cluster is advisable4 ,it is not so strong a grower as the ,chinese varieties but distinguished from them by long1 loose clusters of purple flowers sometimes obtaining a length of two feet4 ,the ,crimson ,glory ,grape ,vine1 ,coignetiae1 is a strong grower1 showing large1 heart-shaped leaves1 ten inches long1 deep rich green on top and bright yellow beneath1 which assume a brilliant scarlet in autumn4 ,the grapes are black and form a pleasing contrast to the bright colors of the leaves4 ,the ,canary ,bird ,vine is suitable for either this kind of a tea house or a marble one4 ,it is a beautiful1 rapid1 annual grower and when in blossom1 the charming little canary-colored blooms bear a fancied resemblance to a bird with wings half expanded4 ,do not forget the ,cardinal ,climber which is a cross between the ,cyprus ,vine and the ,star ,glory4 ,it attains a height of thirty feet or more with a beautiful form like laciniated foliage and is literally covered with a blaze of circular fiery cardinal red flowers from midsummer until frost4 ,the flowers are about one and one-half inch in diameter and are borne in clusters from five to seven blossoms each4 ,wherever it has been grown it has attracted favorable comments4 ,it delights in a warm sunshiny situation and good soil4 ,the ,kudzu ,vine or ,peuraria ,thunbergiana is very popular4 ,it came from ,japan and is still rare4 ,its flowers are large clusters similar to a white ,hydrangea and when in flower during ,july and ,august make a wonderful display4 ,it is one of the best of the flowering vines to plant against a wall as it clings naturally to any rough surface4 ,the plants selected for either side of the tea house need as much care in choosing right colors as do the vines4 ,,the ,,garden ,,steps ,illustration3 ,,stone ,,steps ,,attractively ,,planned ,,chapter ,,iv ,,the ,,garden ,,steps ,the air was laden with the sweet fragrance of flowers4 ,they wafted a delightful welcome to the hardy explorers1 who1 worn with the long voyage1 viewed for the first time the rocky shores of ,new ,england4 ,their soothing influence brought heart to the wearied men1 as they revelled in the spicy odors that brought in their train pleasant thoughts of the wonderful gardens they had left behind them4 ,from the sandy coast of ,florida to the bleak ,new ,england shores they felt its enticing power4 ,so pungent was the perfume1 that it touched the heart of ,barlow1 one of the commanders of ,raleigh's expedition who wrote on landing on the newly discovered shore1 ,we smelt so sweet and strong a smell1 as if we had been in the midst of some delicate garden4 ,the woods were not such as we find in ,europe1 barren and fruitless1 but the highest and reddest cedars1 pines1 cypresses1 and many others of excellent quality4 ,of grapes we found a plenty climbing over every shrub and tree down to the waters very edge4 ,i think in all the world there is not the like in abundance4 ,among the earliest settlers1 came a colony of ,spaniards choosing for their home the sunny shores of ,florida4 ,here in the heart of the woodland they made clearings1 laying out extensive grounds that followed no set plan1 but with semblance of the old-world garden4 ,here they planted for coolness and shade1 vines and trees1 laid out their grounds with walks1 paved like mosaic with vari-colored stones4 ,in these gardens no semi-tropical plants1 such as abounded on every side1 were planted4 ,it has always been man's way when warring with the wilderness that lay beyond his door1 to gather into the enclosure flowers and plants that had been dear to his heart in his far-away native land1 to re-establish the atmosphere of his old home in new surroundings4 ,the colonists who settled on the southern shores of ,virginia1 were men of rank1 wealthy men1 who had left stately homes to settle in this unknown land4 ,in the lay-out of their gardens they introduced the ,elizabethean style of floriculture1 following the fashion of the ,english gardens of that day4 ,these old gardens showed terraces1 steps1 leading from walk to walk1 paths laid at right angles1 through which one walked to view the spaces intricately designed with knotted beds and mazes1 each one of which conformed to details in the buildings of their stately homes4 ,there were the first steps laid out in gardens in ,america1 a novel feature that has been evolved into elaborate designs with the passing of the years4 ,to-day no garden is complete that does not show some form of steps or terrace4 ,rockeries have come into vogue not only in large1 elaborate garden plots but in simple little home grounds4 ,they are approached by steps of stone that correspond with the rough1 rural aspect of this feature of garden culture4 ,shy wild flowers peep timidly out from their homes between the crevices of the rock4 ,here in the early spring we find the cup-shaped crocus with its yellow tongue nestled contentedly in among the brown furred fern fronds1 that soon will unfurl in dainty loveliness4 ,leading from the steps are grass banks and low walks1 surrounding the rockery and affording pleasant promenades1 from which to view the garden in its entirety4 ,like every other plan contrived by man1 the garden step should be fashioned to fit into its proper place1 adding and not detracting from the general picturesqueness4 ,it depends upon the personality of the creator as to its success1 for steps while seemingly a minor detail1 can add or detract from a garden's beauty materially4 ,one should never swerve from the thought that practicability should be the motive in planning stepping stones to connect different levels of your garden4 ,they should not be added just for appearance sake1 any more than one should wear a showy gown to attract attention4 ,they should carry out some well-thought-out plan4 ,it would be bad taste to introduce rustic steps into a formal garden1 as much so as it would to place delicately wrought slabs of marble in the heart of a thicket4 ,one should1 that is if they wish to excel other creators in the introduction of original ideas1 think out each individual part of the ground assigned for garden purposes and determine where each feature can make the best showing4 ,it is then and then only that we come to a realizing sense not only of the kind of material that should be used but the shape and the setting4 ,there should be a definite purpose in the use of this particular feature and the most important one is that it should be so arranged that one can reach different levels easily4 ,there should be no precipitous pitch that makes one feel while ascending that they are performing tiresome gymnastic feats4 ,this necessitates that they should be constructed on a gradual incline1 thus making the ascent so easy that one is hardly conscious they are walking always upward until they have reached the top1 and stand on level ground4 ,this is often not enough considered and yet is most important4 ,in laying the stepping stones1 there should be definite proportions thought out between the risers1 breadth of the treads and the height between4 ,any variation would produce awkward results4 ,great care should be taken in choosing slabs either of stone or marble that are of the same size4 ,if the steps connect different parts of the garden scheme or lead to a rock garden1 they should be cunningly introduced into the side of the ascent1 placed so that they will add to the picturesqueness of the effect4 ,they should break the hillside pleasingly1 so that when completed they will form a pleasant picture1 delightful for the eye to gaze upon4 ,more than this1 there should be planting1 not only between the risers but on either side1 and this requires careful thought1 for a stately hollyhock rearing its gorgeous stock of rich coloring would be entirely out of place while delicate ferns or humble rock plants emphasize the desired effect4 ,if the height of your step should be low1 then risers1 six inches in height would be in good form1 and the treads in order to correspond must be twelve and a half inches in width4 ,should1 however1 five inches be the height needed1 then an additional inch and a half should be added to the treads4 ,this point is such an important one that garden owners and landscape architects should see that it is properly carried out1 if they wish to get the right results4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,fountain ,,that ,,serves ,,as ,a ,,background ,,for ,a ,,lily ,,pond ,ramping steps1 if successfully developed1 brings about an additional ease in mounting4 ,this can be accomplished by placing the tread so that it shall imperceptibly slope downward4 ,this is not an easy matter to accomplish successfully4 ,it requires much care1 so that the steps shall not slope too noticeably and yet enough to add to the comfort of the garden lover who walks from path to path using the steps to aid him in reaching the upper level of the ground4 ,this idea of ramping is not original1 for it has been carried out in the old ,italian gardens for centuries1 but it is only within recent years that it has been successfully developed by landscape gardeners in our country4 ,two important things connected with these stairways are ease and comfort4 ,there is no doubt but within the last few years1 marvels have been accomplished by introducing them into steep hillsides4 ,in this way they connect the lower level and the terrace1 making it practical to develop unused land for flower purposes4 ,the placing of steps cannot be determined by cast-iron rules1 rather should good taste predominate4 ,nothing can give such an awkward look to your garden or terrace as a series of narrow1 cramped stairs4 ,if1 however1 you should in the same place introduce a flight ample in proportion1 then even if it is a small space there will be imparted to it an agreeable air of breadth4 ,be sure that each step should extend farther to the side than the one above it4 ,they should be rectangular so that the outline of the stair mass is pyramidal or circular in formation4 ,if stone is used1 a very good result is brought about through the use of carefully selected field stone or cobble4 ,there are sheltering crevices in which to plant tiny roots which when grown add much to the general appearance of the whole4 ,if the garden is a formal one1 a design in which architectural features play an important part1 one should take great care in the arrangement of this flight4 ,there is nothing that gives such a delightful atmosphere as a well-planned stairway4 ,it conveys a much better picture than does a vista of successive flights of steps that ascend to higher grounds4 ,the principal use for a feature such as this1 is found to be in informal or unpretentious lay-outs1 yet1 fashioned in marble it is shown in the most elaborate ,italian gardens found in this country4 ,it takes on such a variety of forms and is available for so many purposes that it is fascinating to study where it will give best effects4 ,sometimes it helps out in the making of a garden pool4 ,here it is specially alluring1 forming as it does1 a step from one little world into another4 ,if you wish originality in your work1 do not attempt to copy from the plans of others4 ,surely there is no lack of material from which to draw and there is no reason why steps cannot be placed in any sort of a garden nook4 ,the material depends on the style of garden1 but wooden steps are not generally advisable on account of their rotting1 which makes them need constant repair4 ,it is far better to use stone1 slabs of granite1 concrete or marble1 for each one of these has the lasting qualities that make them durable4 ,measure the space carefully before the work is commenced4 ,you should make allowances for crevices between each step so that suitable planting may be carried out4 ,it is a very good idea to have the wide spreading plants placed near the bottom1 graduating to those of more moderate growth at the top4 ,careful consideration should also be given to the right planting on either side4 ,low plants should border the step with a background of taller ones4 ,they may1 if you like1 be used to express the idea of balusters on either side and are much more picturesque than real ones4 ,do not forget that rich soil should be employed1 for the plants need it to grow successfully4 ,they require sustenance just as we need meat to feed our bodies4 ,in many cases it can be rich loam taken from the woods1 in other instances rotted manure can be used for a foundation with a heavy soil covering4 ,great care should be taken to make proper planting1 for delicate growth near hardy is disastrous1 the stronger plants absorbing the strength of the weaker ones and doing permanent harm4 ,do not flatter yourself that once planted nature will do the rest4 ,this part of the ground demands continual care1 for weeds--plants' enemies--will intrude and must be carefully removed lest they feed upon the soil1 taking away the richness and starving the plants4 ,water is a necessity1 for plants like human beings grow thirsty all the more when exposed to the dry heat of the summer season4 ,for best effects a sprinkler should be used and it should be borne in mind that the plants should be thoroughly soaked and not given merely a surface treatment4 ,the importance of this cannot be over-estimated1 or through lack of proper drink the plants will be in no condition to put out their full strength during their season of blossoming4 ,better results will be obtained if each fall before the winter sets in1 they should be given a heavy top dressing of grit4 ,there is nothing that plants enjoy as much as this and it provides them with strength during the next year's growth4 ,concrete may not find favor with many garden lovers4 ,it covers the surface so thoroughly that there is no place to introduce growth1 but a little ingenuity and common sense removes this difficulty4 ,holes can be bored through the cement1 and these should be large enough to allow the plants full scope to grow4 ,many people for step planting prefer a succession of blossoming plants while others care for growth only4 ,if the former plan is worked out1 a charming early bloomer is the ,alpine ,anemone4 ,of these the ,pulsatilla1 or ,pasque ,flower1 is effective4 ,it shows rich purple blossoms1 which rising above the green leaves with their downy1 feathery collarette of green1 develop into handsome seed heads1 which are decorative4 ,they nestle into the crevices of the rocks1 sending forth their exquisite blossoms nine inches in diameter during the months of ,april and ,may4 ,variety is always delightful4 ,for this decorative purpose why not use crocuses1 ,the ,heralds of ,spring4 ,they thrive in any soil or situation1 but in order to obtain the best growth1 they should be planted in rich1 deep1 sandy loam4 ,one of the choicest kinds is the ,baron von ,brunow4 ,it is free flowering1 putting forth large blossoms1 dark blue in coloring4 ,these can be mingled with a stripe variety such as ,la ,majestueuse1 which shows large1 violet markings1 exquisite in shading4 ,the ,giants1 of which the ,mont ,blanc is a favorite1 put out large1 snow-white blossoms1 forming an effective foil for the dark blue flowers of the other assortments4 ,in planting your steps do not forget to have plenty of bulbs introduced among the other plants4 ,the graceful dwarf anemone seemingly fit into this early scheme1 their delicate blossoms giving a touch of daintiness4 ,for the best results these should be planted in the fall six inches apart and three inches in depth4 ,few bulbs exceed in loveliness the ,blanda-,blue1 ,winter ,wind ,flower4 ,this is matchless in coloring1 originating in the hills of ,greece1 and has been naturalized in this country1 where it takes kindly to the soil and produces flowers of charming hue4 ,a feature of this special plant is that it blossoms during the winter months as well as the early spring4 ,you make no mistake if you place it in every development of steps in your garden4 ,it naturalizes best in grassy places in warm soil1 and it can be distinguished by its round1 bulb-like roots4 ,should you1 however1 wish to have more than one variety1 why not try the ,bride1 that puts forth a single white flower1 or the single ,fugens1 ,irish ,anemone1 which is semi-double1 found in shades of scarlet1 blue and purple4 ,illustration3 ,,marble ,,steps ,,leading ,,to ,,the ,,water ,,in ,a ,,formal ,,garden ,anyone can carry out their own idea as there are so many plants to draw from1 each one of which is permissible for decorative effects4 ,in our choosing let us not forget the ,lily of the ,valley4 ,it is surely one of the most useful of our many spring flowers1 pure white in coloring and delicately scented4 ,for best development it should be planted in open ground1 where it quickly spreads so that unless you wish masses of it1 it will have to be separated almost every year4 ,the ,dutch ,valley is an excellent kind to choose1 as it sends forth so many flowering pits4 ,this dainty little plant is a general favorite with everyone4 ,its sprays of drooping1 white1 wax-like1 fragrant bells give a bit of color that is picturesque4 ,if you are looking for evening bloom there is the ,a,enothera or evening ,primrose2 this has the advantage of blooming all through the summer months4 ,there are so many kinds1 each one so beautiful that it is a difficult matter to pick out the most decorative4 ,of these the ,arendsii is very popular1 showing1 as it does1 a profusion of lovely rose-colored flowers1 and it is to be preferred to the ,speciosa4 ,then there is the ,pilgrimi with its glorious golden clusters that seem to light the garden during the twilight hour4 ,in your planting do not forget the ,acre1 or golden moss4 ,this is a creeping variety and especially suitable for rock work4 ,its delicate growth makes it particularly appropriate for this use4 ,the ,vinca ,minor can be mixed with this4 ,this is evergreen1 and excellent for covering or rockery1 and can be combined with the ,moss ,pink1 sometimes known as creeping phlox4 ,this latter is in bloom in ,may or ,june4 ,it shows broad sheets of rosy pink1 white or lavender flowers1 and an evergreen foliage4 ,as it grows either in sun or shade1 it is a very decorative plant to be used for step treatment4 ,for the border can be used as a setting low1 old-fashioned1 hardy perennials1 which are particularly adapted for grouping4 ,in their planting use good soil1 let them be placed where there is a reasonable amount of sunshine1 keep them free from weeds and give them an occasional surface cultivation4 ,it is better to set these out in the fall1 so that some of them will blossom during ,april and ,may4 ,the late blossomers1 however1 can be saved until early spring1 like ,asters1 and ,heleniums4 ,in making the selection1 consideration should be given to those that grow in certain settings1 as while some will flourish luxuriantly in ordinary garden loam1 others are not dependable unless very rich soil is given to them4 ,for the outer border why not use hardy ,candytuft 7,iberis ,sempervirens71 which sends forth a profusion of white flowers in ,april or ,may1 showing a spreading foliage that is evergreen and very attractive4 ,with this can be grown the ,rock ,cress or ,arabis ,albida1 which from ,april to ,june sends out sheets of pure white1 fragrant flowers4 ,back of this one can plant the ,fleur-de-lis4 ,they should be given a sunny position in any kind of soil4 ,as they come in all sorts of colors1 there is no trouble in getting them to carry out the scheme that you have in hand4 ,the ,silver ,king1 which is a silvery white with lavender shading1 can be placed with the ,florantina1 which is light lavender1 and the ,pallida ,dalmatica1 which is lavender bloom4 ,if you wish to carry out this color scheme further1 why not try the ,purpurea1 which with its rich1 royal purple1 will make during the season one of the handsomest displays possible for a setting to the low growth decoratively used in steps4 ,,entrances ,illustration3 ,,an ,,old-,,fashioned ,,garden ,,is ,,often ,,entered ,,under ,,an ,,arch ,,of ,,latticework ,,chapter ,v ,,entrances ,we view our flower-plots at their best1 gazing at them through the vine-clad entrance1 as we glance down the gravel walk bordered on either side by masses of brilliant flowers4 ,involuntarily1 our eyes wander along farther afield till we meet the background of trees clad in verdant foliage1 a fitting setting for the picture laid out in patches of color1 fitting into the canvas with a well-defined plan4 ,we can but feel as we stand looking down on this paradise of flowers that we are thankful for the thought that first created gardens4 ,when they came into existence it is hard to determine1 for mention is found of flowers and the traditions of wonderful gardens1 laid out long before man had chiseled the hieroglyphics depicted on ,egyptian tombs4 ,the love of flowers is a heritage handed down from generation to generation4 ,homer1 when speaking of ,laertes1 trying in vain to find consolation in his flowers1 while mourning the departure of ,telemachus1 goes on to show us that great men turn to gardens to heal sorrow4 ,philosophy was taught by ,epicurus surrounded by his beloved pupils among the flowers4 ,from the early ,greeks the ,romans took their first lesson in floriculture4 ,it was after their invasion of ,brittany that they introduced certain flowers and fruits1 like grapes1 roses and violets1 into ,english gardens4 ,the art of gardening advanced steadily1 reaching its zenith in good ,queen ,elizabeth's time1 when there were in ,england many pleasing gardens1 formal and stiff1 to be sure1 but a fit setting for the architecture of that day4 ,while the garden designs abounded in beautiful walks and flowers1 yet the entrance to the grounds formed as it were the key-note to it all4 ,has it ever occurred to you1 as you stood hesitating at the portals of the gardens1 that these were suggestive of some well-thought-out plan1 as like grim sentinels they stand guarding the flower treasures8 ,there is as much contrast in this part of the plan as there is in the design itself4 ,here we find a narrow1 forbidding entrance1 giving no glimpse of the flowers within2 again we come to a wide1 welcoming one1 beckoning1 as it were1 for us to pass through the portals and gaze with delight on the beauties hinted at beforehand and now disclosed to the eye4 ,for ,colonial treatment there is nothing more dignified or stately than the square wooden posts1 inclosing a locust inner one4 ,they are built of white pine1 one of the most lasting woods to be found in our country1 and are ,colonial or ,georgian in design4 ,many of them are ornamental1 topped with balls1 urns1 or torch devices and with elaborate hand-carving1 so wonderful in its design that architects copy them in their modified ,colonial houses of to-day4 ,this was the work of one of the most noted wood-carvers in our country1 ,samuel ,mc,intyre1 whose name is a household word to architects and landscape designers all over the country4 ,there are two ways of treating the entrance4 ,one of them is by adding an ornamental gate1 corresponding in type with that of the posts4 ,the other is to leave the posts gateless2 while both are correct1 yet the former way is more often used as it lends an air of privacy to the ground4 ,it also helps out the effect planned by giving a touch of picturesqueness that would be otherwise lacking4 ,a much too common mistake is the introduction of ,southern architecture into ,northern gateways2 the lines and details do not always conform with the type of the house4 ,most of these gates are hung by iron or brass hinges1 but the earliest ones use the strap hinge1 which carries out the ,colonial idea4 ,the difficulty with the strap hinge is that it is not always strong enough to hold the gates without sagging1 and the wider the entrance the heavier the strain4 ,while the design varies1 yet rarely do we find one constructed in the seventeenth century that is not simple and with picket effects4 ,the pickets have pointed tops and are sometimes irregularly spaced1 while the brace often shows an artistic curve4 ,occasionally1 we find the posts yoked1 through a connecting arch4 ,this is often latticed and if rightly designed adds to the ornamental effect4 ,an old lantern is sometimes an attractive feature4 ,the arch should be painted to match the color of the posts1 a very good combination for this use is pure white lead1 or zinc1 combined with linseed oil4 ,if you do not care to mix it yourself it can be bought ready for use4 ,for the best effects1 a thin coat should be used at first and it depends upon how easily it is covered as to how many coats to apply4 ,if you wish to give a better finish1 have an excess of turpentine over linseed oil in the last coat4 ,there is more economy in covering it properly at first1 as otherwise it will have to be re-painted each year4 ,with the evolution of garden culture has come a similar change in the design and material used to form our entrances4 ,on the large estates of to-day1 rarely if ever1 do we find the ornamental ,colonial4 ,it would be as much out of place as if the mistress of the house affected silken brocades with wig and patches4 ,the white paling fence1 unless for simple cottages1 has entirely gone out of style and in its place we find cement walls4 ,often these are topped with a coping of limestone4 ,the gate-posts1 being formed over strong locust posts that have been driven firmly into the ground1 are supported by brick or cement foundation4 ,where the mansion shows in exterior brick1 often with trimmings of limestone1 the same idea is worked out in the wall4 ,in cases like this an ornamental iron gate1 hung on staples1 supercedes the simple ,colonial ones of former days4 ,occasionally1 the name of the estate is interwoven in the ornamentation1 or sometimes it is carved on the stone entrance posts4 ,natural material is coming more and more to be used and we find a rubble wall1 constructed from stone and boulders picked up on the grounds1 left often rough1 and again filled in with red cement to make it more stable4 ,the rubble wall is generally topped with cement laid perfectly flat4 ,the entrance posts follow this same line of treatment and while they are often left hollow for several inches down1 these are packed solidly inside with small rocks to keep them in place4 ,the excavation is filled in with rich soil and bright blossoming plants introduced4 ,this gives a bit of color scheme that is very effective as a foil for the cold gray of the stone4 ,vines are often planted at the foot of the posts1 the turf being dug away for several inches1 and rich loam introduced to better insure their growth4 ,it depends entirely upon how heavy one wishes the covering to be as to the kind of vine planted4 ,if it is the idea to hide it effectively from sight and produce massing of green1 an entirely different planting should be made than if it was intended to have a delicate coloring of green that would only enhance the color of the background4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,fine ,,decorative ,,iron ,,gateway ,right combinations are very important in this line of work4 ,it would be foolish to use woodwork combined with heavy stone or iron4 ,it is sometimes in better form to have wide slabs of granite or cement defining several layers of brick4 ,the height and width naturally depend upon what it intends to imply4 ,low piers of masonry capped with a pointed effect should stand by themselves without any planting1 as the latter often disfigures architectural effects4 ,it is not always necessary that this feature of the exterior should be conspicuous1 more particularly if the posts are constructed of wood4 ,treat them to a light creosote stain1 thus giving a picturesque background for the overlapping vines4 ,sometimes combinations work out well in producing artistic results4 ,with a rough stone pillar1 it is sometimes in good taste to introduce gateways of oak1 which while effective under certain conditions1 are very bad under others4 ,these are much more attractive the second year1 when they have weathered to a picturesque pearly gray4 ,this color harmonizes delightfully1 not only with the walls but with the flowers and their foliage4 ,an important thing that should not be forgotten is the use of wooden pegs and copper nails1 neither of which are injured by rain4 ,if you choose to use a wire fence1 let the gate-post and gates correspond for it is far better than to combine materials inharmoniously4 ,they are not only practical but light and in their construction there is a chance to work into the scheme ornamental designs4 ,do not finish this with a square box top1 rather give it a bit of ornamentation such as a ball or a lantern4 ,there can be had to-day so many ornamental lanterns1 constructed of wrought iron1 that they can be purchased in almost any type desired4 ,it is far better not to cover the posts with vines and thus conceal the beauty of the work4 ,the most effective way would be to build up wire arches and plant rambler roses back of the posts for them to run on4 ,the ,sweet ,briar1 if one is looking for perfume1 is desirable4 ,they can be purchased in single and semi-double flowers1 created through the developing and crossing of the old-fashioned variety4 ,rambler roses are always in good taste4 ,it is better to plant three or four kinds that show harmonious coloring4 ,there is the ,lord ,penzance1 a soft fawn1 turning to lemon yellow in the center4 ,this is particularly adaptable for covering arches as it is a strong grower and abundant blossomer4 ,the ,meg ,merrilies fits into this color scheme1 putting forth gorgeous crimson flowers during the six weeks of its flowering4 ,combine with these the ,brenda1 and you will find that this mixture lends a brightness that is very effective4 ,many people object to roses on account of their many enemies4 ,one of the most common is the powdery mildew4 ,this is easily distinguished by a powdery growth of white that is found on both leaves and shoots4 ,use sulphur very freely1 and you will find it disappear4 ,the stem cancer is a serious disease1 and it is found on both the cane and the branches4 ,in dealing with this the grower must not be afraid to use the pruning knife vigorously1 so that the diseased parts can be thoroughly removed1 in this way preventing spreading and the ruin of the vine4 ,from the time of its planting the rambler needs constant attention1 but it brings its own reward1 in that there is no vine that can equal it in beauty4 ,the advantage of having a variety of colors instead of one is readily seen1 for it prevents a large mass of one individual color4 ,there is a pleasure indescribable felt by lovers of plants when designing any feature of their grounds4 ,this is particularly true with the gate and the planting4 ,they must bear in mind1 however1 the true purpose of gates and their proper use on country estates4 ,it is designed as a means of ingress1 and as such1 should be suited to the type of mansion4 ,therefore1 into its plan should be worked the atmosphere of the residence as well as the characteristics of the surrounding country4 ,for instance1 a wooden fence and gate-post would be entirely inappropriate if one were dealing with a beautiful summer estate where the house was to be built of brick4 ,compositions should not be carelessly used and it should be remembered that there is great danger in our zeal for producing something unique1 of going to the other extreme and giving an over-ornamental creation4 ,one cannot be too particular in making the entrance and the adjoining fence accord with the idea one is trying to bring out in the whole plan4 ,the driveway is of fully as much importance as the entrance4 ,it should be kept scrupulously neat and free from weeds4 ,to have it at its best it should be thoroughly under-drained1 and for this the open-joint drain tile is advisable4 ,it should be laid under ground and connected1 if possible1 with the sewer4 ,properly attended to1 this keeps the road-bed dry and in good condition4 ,the bed itself should be dug down for several feet1 a foundation of earth from six to ten inches should be laid1 over which can be thrown a layer six inches thick of either broken limestone or chopped trap rock4 ,cover the whole with a screening of limestone and finish it with gravel4 ,have it rolled hard and you realize the advantage as the season ends4 ,the drive should be sufficiently wide for carriages to pass through without besmearing your gate-posts with mud and dust4 ,one should realize that the driveway is in reality a foot-path enlarged1 and should always be kept immaculate4 ,the gate1 if you wish to prevent its sagging1 should open in the center4 ,a two-part gate gives often a better effect than one long one4 ,nothing equals iron1 which can be treated in so many different ways that there is little danger of repetition in design4 ,the capping is as important as the post itself4 ,simple square box treatment is advisable in some cases4 ,balls fit into the scheme on some estates1 while ,colonial urns are in keeping with wooden posts and lantern effects belong to iron gateways4 ,the latter1 of course1 are effective for lighting at night4 ,gas pipes can be laid under the roadway1 connected with the ornamentation in such a way that they can be turned on from the house4 ,in many entrances1 side gates1 similar to the main ones have been inserted1 which relieve the main entrance from use by pedestrians4 ,they can be so laid out as not to interfere with the use of the motor cars4 ,they should be separated from the main driveway by a turf border and covered with gravel4 ,planting is very effective for this feature of the ground1 and trees1 that is if the right sort are chosen1 are admirable1 used in this connection4 ,white birches lend a picturesqueness that cannot be equaled1 but they are short-lived4 ,the elm with its graceful branches seems to fit into every landscape scheme4 ,do not plant them too near the posts4 ,if you do1 their roots will reach out often causing upheaval and creating havoc4 ,for best effects the trees should be used outside rather than inside the entrance4 ,in the latter case they are too apt to cut off the view4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,successful ,,entrance ,,to ,a ,,formal ,,garden ,many people prefer a hedge and this can be planted either with or without a fence4 ,arbor-vitae is practical for such use as is the ,buckthorn and the ,berberis ,thunbergii 7,thunberg's ,japanese ,barberry74 ,this is a ,japanese hedge with round1 drooping habit4 ,it leaves out in a fine brilliant green during the summer months and from autumn until ,december takes on a wonderful showing of color4 ,during the winter months the branches1 loaded with scarlet crimson berries1 make an effective contrast with the white of the snow4 ,its value as a hedge is because it is impenetrable and thickly set with spines1 never growing bare4 ,the most popular shrub for hedge treatment is ,privet-,ligustrum4 ,it is very ornamental with a rich dark green foliage that is nearly evergreen and remains on the plant until late winter4 ,it is a good grower under the most adverse circumstances4 ,in order to form the most effective hedge it should be planted from ten to twelve inches apart and pruned back during the first two seasons4 ,the ,ampelopsis ,arborea woodbine is useful for entrances4 ,it is a distinct variation from the other forms1 making a spreading bush rather than a strong climber4 ,its leaves are dark green and comparatively coarse1 and its autumn coloring is superb4 ,the ,boston ,ivy clings even to wood1 its fine shoots cover walls and while it requires some covering during the first two or three winters of its life1 yet it pays4 ,in the fall1 nothing can be so gorgeous as the varied colored tints of its foliage4 ,the ,clematis ,paniculata should never be forgotten4 ,it is a rapid and vigorous climber and can be depended upon to clothe large spaces quickly4 ,originally1 it was introduced from ,japan and is allied to our native ,virgin's ,bower4 ,the flowers are effective1 borne in long panicles which are white and their fragrance is perceptible a long distance away4 ,they open the latter part of ,august1 staying in bloom for nearly a month4 ,combined with this should be the ,clematis ,coccinea 7,scarlet ,clematis71 whose showy bell-shape1 brilliant scarlet flowers are produced in great profusion4 ,the ,wisteria is adapted to almost any purpose and can be used picturesquely on many types of entrances4 ,the ,wisteria ,magnifica is admirable and resembles ,frutescens1 but it varies from it in that the clusters are larger and denser while the yellow lilac colored flowers have yellow spots4 ,among the other vines it is well to plant some that will give a touch of color during the dark1 cold days of winter when the vines lie barren and bare1 their leafless branches swaying in the wind4 ,why not use for that the ,celastrus ,scandens 7,bitter ,sweet or ,wax ,work74 ,it is one of our native climbing plants and can be found in almost any part of the ,new ,england woods1 a rapid grower1 with attractive1 light green foliage and yellow flowers1 followed by bright orange red berries that are cheering in the fall and lead us to forget the shedding of the foliage by the other vines4 ,in order to hide the base of the vine1 ferns can be planted4 ,it is better to use the hardy varieties rather than the more tender ones1 although a combination of the two is always attractive4 ,take1 for instance1 the ,adiantum ,croweanum1 which is one of the hardiest of the maiden hair species4 ,this1 like every other of its kind1 should be well watered and fertilized1 grown in a rich1 open soil1 with plenty of leaf mould4 ,there is nothing difficult in their culture and they need absolutely no attention after planting4 ,the ,polypodium ,vulgare1 which is evergreen1 showing smooth1 shiny fronds resembling the ,boston fern1 is another that is adapted for this purpose4 ,with these can be combined the ,comptonia1 or ,sweet ,fern1 a native plant with fern-like1 dark green scented foliage1 very useful for foliage massing on rocky1 barren places1 and thriving best in dry1 sterile soil4 ,there are many more varieties and it would be impossible to mention them all4 ,they are1 each and every one1 suitable for adding to the beauty of private gardens and estates4 ,,bird ,,baths ,illustration3 ,,the ,,central ,,feature ,,of ,,the ,,garden ,,may ,,be ,a ,,bird-,,bath ,,chapter ,,vi ,,bird ,,baths ,john ,burroughs1 in his description of a garden1 has told us that ,to love the birds1 to appreciate their place in the landscape1 is one of the most important things4 ,it does much to bring happiness into our lives4 ,in the forming of a perfect garden1 many things are requisite and among them are birds1 flowers1 bees1 and the flashing butterfly who darts joyously from flower to flower1 a thing of beauty and perishable as the day4 ,should anyone doubt the truth of these assertions1 let him seat himself in some retired spot during a beautiful day in the month of roses4 ,he can then listen to the song of the birds1 caroling as they sway on the branches of the trees above our heads1 nestling at our feet1 or hidden away deep down in the heart of the flower beds4 ,birds are everywhere1 they flit in and out of the garden1 sipping sweet nectar from the blossoming plants1 and flaunting their bright colors when catching the sunshine as they swing by4 ,god made nothing more interesting than birds and man should care for them1 giving them a distinctive place in his garden1 realizing that through their industry they free the plants from harmful insects and slugs4 ,the birds can be coaxed into anyone's garden1 that is1 if care is taken in proper planting1 giving to the plots trees and plants that they love4 ,under the rose bushes place a bath1 where they can come and preen their plumage1 but if possible have it placed beyond the reach of intruding cats4 ,when the custom of providing drinking cups to quench the thirst of our native birds first came into fashion1 it is hard to determine4 ,perchance1 it was in the early days when in #afba1 the colonists built rail fences1 to enclose their separate lots4 ,over these they trained the wild morning glory and sweet-scented honeysuckle1 the perfume of which doubtless carried them back to the beautiful ,english gardens that still existed in their native land4 ,doubtless1 during the life of ,william ,penn1 when he encouraged the laying out of old ,english gardens1 he included in the design a planting to attract bird life4 ,this was still further encouraged when the first botanical garden came into existence in #agbh through the thought of ,bertram ,bartran1 of ,philadelphia4 ,he was a man who had traveled much and was thoroughly versed in the art of floriculture4 ,in his garden he planted rare and practical seeds partly for the mere joy of carrying out his own whims4 ,this garden1 like many others1 was individual in its planting1 a quality that lent to it an additional charm4 ,during the early seventeenth century there were imported into seaport towns principally at ,salem1 ,massachusetts1 unique bird baths4 ,they came packed in among the cargo that was stowed away in the holds of the slow sailing ships that plied continuously between ,singapore and the ,new ,england shores4 ,many of these were the result of orders given by the ship owners who wanted to set them in their posy beds1 laid out at the rear of their stately homes4 ,rare were these shells with their fluted framework1 and hard to find1 yet so spacious that a whole colony of feathered songsters could hold concourse within their pearly depths4 ,underneath the shade of the drooping lilac1 they peered out at us from the time the melting of the snow released the snow drops from their icy cover1 thus allowing them to lift up their pure white heads as if in rejoicing to be free1 to be followed later on by the gay little crocuses1 clad in their gowns of many hues4 ,few of these baths are still in existence4 ,we come across them occasionally1 however1 in old-fashioned gardens where they are treasured for sentiment's sake4 ,just as the rustic bird houses1 constructed of weathered boards1 and with floor covering of powdered sawdust or ground cork1 have become a necessity in the twentieth-century garden1 tempting the summer sojourners to rest their weary wings2 so we must strive to create a homelike atmosphere so attractive to the little songsters that they will delight in revelling among the many flowers that are planted here4 ,a barren waste of land has no pleasure for them1 neither has a garden shorn of their favorite plants4 ,there is no need of being deterred from using a feature such as this4 ,a bird bath need not be expensive1 just a simple box1 zinc-lined and painted to correspond with the surroundings4 ,the birds are not fussy as to the exterior of their outdoor bathroom2 all they wish is comfort and a cooling drink during the hot summer days1 when the dew has faded from the grass1 and the sun hangs high in the heavens4 ,it is then that all nature is panting from excessive heat4 ,a simple zinc pan1 large and wide enough1 filled with fresh water daily1 is as satisfactory to them1 as a marble pool standing in the heart of the garden and surrounded by a bed of brilliant flowers4 ,place this pan in the heart of a grassy knoll1 at the edge of the garden proper and watch results4 ,you will not have long to wait before softly tripping through the grass or dropping from their leafy covert1 one by one1 they show their gratitude by revelling in the bath thus placed for their use4 ,the most common type1 if you wish to buy a bird bath1 is the cement one4 ,it can be modeled in any shape and to follow any line of treatment that you prefer4 ,the simple1 plain1 low-lying ones are suitable for placing under the shadowy bush or tree4 ,hand carving would be as much out of place on a bath such as this1 as if one used an expensive silver bowl for their benefit4 ,to be sure a little ornamentation1 simply worked out1 makes them more artistic4 ,this can be accomplished through proper planting4 ,a delicate fern unfolding its fronds and drooping until it almost touches the water is appropriate1 as is a low-lying pine that adds a bit of shade which is truly appreciated by your little visitors who perch on the curb1 after shaking off the dust from their wings in the water below1 and pour out their gratitude in a melody of song4 ,for ornament why not use a cement bath that is shaped like a large vase4 ,it makes an interesting feature in your twentieth-century garden1 and gives a chance to depict a favorite flower from which the garden takes its name4 ,rising stately and dignified from their floral bed1 showing wonderful and delicate carving1 are marble baths exquisitely shaped and resting on a shaft of the same material4 ,these are fitting for an ,italian or a formal garden4 ,they seem to blend in with an elaborate architectural scheme such as we find in the planning for the decoration of a large area4 ,there is no particular place where they seemingly do not fit in4 ,they are effective used as a central figure and surrounded with a circle of well-chosen blossoming plants and they harmonize in the landscape scheme even if used apart from the main gardens or designed to occupy a niche in the wall4 ,here they are just as enjoyable as if they stood prominently forth1 the main axis around which the rest of the garden revolves4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,well-,,placed ,,bird-,,bath ,they can be made much more picturesque if one trains over their side a delicate vine whose tendrils cling to the foundation and bring out the color effectively4 ,plant for the birds' enjoyment and combine with this feature decorative beds1 using not the strong colors1 but the delicate1 dainty1 pink1 blue1 white and lavender1 of the many varieties that are suitable for this purpose4 ,do not let the base of your expensive bird bath rest on the earth1 rather place under it a pedestal of marble1 granite1 or cement4 ,it need not be conspicuous1 a growth of turf1 the planting of an ivy or some other vine1 will add much to its attractiveness1 making an artistic foundation for it4 ,whoever lays out his garden plot with a thought of thorough enjoyment1 he who looks forward to sitting under the vine1 will take special thought of the birds4 ,he will endeavor even if he is an amateur not to make an ugly muddle in his planting1 but aim for picturesque garden vistas1 and have his flowers properly balanced so they will show harmonious massing of colors4 ,one should be as careful not to give sun-loving plants a shady place1 as to put the shy little flowers in the glaring sunlight4 ,it is a necessity if you are a bird lover1 or if you wish to rid your plants of insects and your grounds of worms1 to attract the birds4 ,this can be accomplished by giving them not only proper planting but the right place where they may enjoy their daily bath4 ,if you wish the best results1 seek shade rather than sunshine4 ,our little friends prefer shelter to warmth1 so cater to their taste in the placing of their drinking pool4 ,it is rather important that you seek a spot1 just near enough to the grounds to be companionable1 there to place a mulberry tree4 ,there is no fruit that is more to their mind than this and it will be a source of delight to watch the shyest birds reward you by flaunting their colors before you as they flit in and out1 feeding off the berries so temptingly displayed for their exclusive use4 ,it is a mistake to look upon the robin as common and a pest4 ,this fact has been firmly fixed in our minds through his thieving qualities4 ,when you consider that he has been known to devour as many as seventy worms a day1 and multiply that by the voracity of his mate and his children1 you will then commence to realize what a benefit he is to your garden4 ,try and cajole him into being a friend1 and entice him to nest in the heart of your flower patch4 ,listen to his song2 there is a mellow quality to his voice and he can put more expression into his music than any other bird4 ,there is a flash of color and a burst of sweet melody1 listen--there is a scarlet tanager1 singing love songs to his mate4 ,he is a veritable bird of ,paradise and once sported fearlessly among our trees1 but has now grown shy through being used as a target for the sportsman's gun4 ,cultivate him by all means4 ,toll him into your garden4 ,darting in and out of the garden one finds the humming bird1 so tiny that he measures only from three and a half to three and three-quarters inches1 the smallest bird in our country4 ,there is a glint of color as he dashes fearlessly from flower to flower1 his brilliant metallic throat and breast sparkling in the sunlight like a precious gem4 ,the trumpet flowers with their deep cup-shape blossoms are his special delight1 although he never scorns the sweet-scented flowers that he finds on every side4 ,for a moment he poises in the air motionless1 sighting his flower1 then winging his flight1 he drains the nectar1 uttering a shrill little squeak of delight1 as he spies some especially fat aphides on the garden foliage4 ,these he shoots off like a streak of lightning rapidly searching for more food4 ,how to attract the birds is a question that all bird lovers are seeking to answer4 ,it is such a simple matter that you do not have to look far afield to obtain what you wish4 ,there are many fruit-growing shrubs each one of which is suitable for his majesty's needs4 ,these should be planted somewhere in the garden4 ,if you prefer them surrounding the bird bath1 you will have more chance for bird study1 but they will come without that if you give them a chance and plenty of edible berries all the year round4 ,the red berried elder is one of their favorites1 as is the ,canadensis or common elder1 which flowers in ,june1 and shows reddish purple berries during the autumn2 then there is the ,arbutifolia or red chokeberry4 ,this is a native dwarf shrub1 which is particularly tempting to the feathered tribe4 ,when planning for this feature1 one should remember that these bird-attracting shrubs should not be planted with only one idea in view4 ,they should be made to form a part of the decorative plan1 and the situation chosen should be among flowers that would bring out its artistic value1 far more than if they were grouped in a mass4 ,one is apt1 in their enthusiasm in arranging their garden for the birds' benefit1 to forget that attractive color schemes must be worked out1 otherwise it will be a heterogeneous mass that will be an eye-sore rather than a pleasure4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,ornament ,,delightfully ,,used ,,to ,,mark ,,the ,,opening ,,of ,,paths ,,through ,,woods ,there is very little choice as to what kind of flowers to mix with the shrubs4 ,take it all in all1 the perennials stand first4 ,the reason for this is that they are more suitable for this purpose than annuals1 which have to be re-planted every year4 ,like the shrubs the perennials die down in the fall and re-appear when the breath of spring sweeps over the land1 in greater profusion and showing added vigor through having conserved their strength by resting during the winter months4 ,you are very foolish if you have taken no thought for the future life of your shrub or perennial4 ,once planted they do not take care of themselves and if neglected it only means the survival of the fittest4 ,different species require different treatment1 and a great many kinds need to be subdivided every two or three years4 ,the scarlet and crimson ,phlox1 ,spirea1 and many other varieties should never be left longer than two years1 they should then be carefully gone over and an experienced hand should determine how much should be left and what removed4 ,if you have planting of ,iris1 ,shaster daisies1 and ,veronicas1 they can readily wait until the third year4 ,the ground is of just as much importance as the planting4 ,just because you wish to grow flowers and shrubs1 you must remember that they must have food to live on1 that this food must be properly prepared and contain plenty of nourishment1 otherwise you will have spent money and time for naught4 ,first of all comes fertilizing4 ,doubtless1 in some part of the ground you can find a corner that will be the proper place for the compost heap4 ,in its selection1 it is better that it should be concealed by shrubs or trellis1 vine covered4 ,it would be a blot in the landscape if you treated it otherwise4 ,every time you rake over the lawn or weed the garden1 throw into a large basket the refuse and let it form part of the compost heap4 ,the foundation for this should be plenty of manure and this1 to be at its best1 must be well rotted and mixed in with other material to lighten and bring about better results4 ,you will be surprised1 that is if you have never tried it1 to see how quickly it grows4 ,almost before you know it you have enough to use in the garden next year4 ,no matter how rich it is1 a liberal amount of coarse bone meal added will pay in the end4 ,your fertilizer ready1 as early as possible in the spring dig your ground to the depth of eighteen or more inches4 ,it is better if the earth is pulverized2 some people go so far as to sift it4 ,next put in your fertilizer1 mixing it with the earth previously removed4 ,give it time to settle before planting and you will never be dissatisfied with results4 ,opinions vary as to proper time for planting perennials4 ,many people feel that the spring is the safest4 ,it is foolish to follow this plan unless it can be accomplished as soon as the frost is well out of the ground4 ,many of them are likely to die4 ,therefore1 if you pot them in the fall1 and winter them under glass1 the result will be much more satisfactory4 ,it is simply the working out of the garden lover's idea as to what is correct and what incorrect as to the time of planting4 ,many kinds are better massed4 ,this applies to the ,sweet ,william1 the ,hollyhock1 ,delphinium1 and other varieties1 that seemingly belong to the same family4 ,the hardy ,asters1 which are late flowering1 are invaluable for massing4 ,they burst into blossom at a period when the early frosts have lolled the more tender plants1 making their bright hues a dominant feature in the garden4 ,it is better to shade colors than to plant one variety4 ,for ,september and ,october blossoming why not use the ,abendrote or ,evening ,glow8 ,it has a bright rosy red flower and is a very free bloomer4 ,mix with that the ,glory of ,colwall1 which is ageratum blue1 showing double flowers1 grown on stout1 erect stems4 ,the pink of the blossom contrasts admirably with the rosy red4 ,the ,white ,queen will mix with these two colors very effectively4 ,this is a pure1 splendid white and comes into blossom at the same season of the year4 ,a very interesting way of treating the defining line of the garden proper is by a low hedge4 ,many of these are berry bearing1 thus working into the bird scheme4 ,the ,hawthorn ,oxyacantha is well suited for this purpose4 ,it is used in ,england for hedges and during the time of its blossoming shows a pure white1 sweet-scented flower followed by a scarlet fruit4 ,the ,berberis is excellent for hedging4 ,it blooms in the summer and is succeeded by a bright colored fruit that lasts into the winter4 ,once interested in this feature of garden culture1 by careful study one will realize what an inexhaustible theme it becomes4 ,color shades in berries often help out landscape effects in winter1 therefore it is best not to plant promiscuously4 ,,garden ,,seats ,illustration3 ,a ,,formal ,,garden ,,seat ,,chapter ,,vii ,,garden ,,seats ,the ever-changing tide of fashion brings in its wake a constant development of new and original ideas in the furnishing of our garden plots4 ,flowers have been with us ever since the first settlement of our country and so has a love for life in the open4 ,this is an inheritance that has deepened with the passing years4 ,so rapidly has this developed that to-day it demands our gardens as living rooms4 ,it is this aspect of garden life that develops new and unusual features in equipment4 ,while we may flatter ourselves that we as garden lovers have originated this idea1 yet it is of ancient origin4 ,history relates that in the gardens of the early ,romans and ,greeks1 garden seats were found4 ,with the changing of styles in floral-culture the ornate came into existence1 much used during the ,italian ,renaissance4 ,reproductions of their ideas are found in replica in many of the formal gardens of the twentieth century4 ,logs1 carelessly thrown on the ground1 may have been the first seats used by our garden ancestors4 ,later on with the development of the one-path posy bed1 seats were hollowed out of old trees4 ,they formed a picturesque bit1 clothed during the summer months in their garments of green1 for trailing vines were encouraged to run rampant over their sides4 ,these with the green arbor or pergola and the vine-clad summer house were the three styles of seats favored by the ,colonial dames4 ,styles and usage of furniture in this special way are as clearly defined as in interior decoration4 ,the modern garden equipped with ,english1 ,american or ,italian furniture1 gives a pleasing variety4 ,the principal materials necessary for manufacture are stone1 marble1 terra cotta or wood4 ,of these1 the latter suggests less expense1 while the former can be purchased at any sum you wish4 ,stone or marble are absolutely necessary in formal or ,italian gardens1 as they provide a proper medium for expression that nothing else would satisfy4 ,look at the gleam of the white marble shown up by its background of green trees and see what a charm it has in the furnishing of your garden plot4 ,take it all in all1 it is the only right setting for an elaborate garden1 partly on account of its being a descendant of the ,italian ,renaissance period which makes it desirable in designs that follow out the character of that period4 ,rarely1 if ever1 do we find this simple in form1 but rather elaborately carved with representations of animals or figures4 ,as an ornamental feature1 it cannot be excelled1 but as a garden seat it is not practical1 being cold and hard to sit upon4 ,properly speaking1 it should be placed at the head of a walk or topping the garden steps4 ,this is on account of its decorative character and the necessity of making it fit into the floral scheme4 ,the price is prohibitive except to the rich1 although it varies with the elaboration of the carving4 ,terra cotta1 while not as often used1 has its advantages4 ,it can be moulded readily into any form desired4 ,while it is not always suitable1 yet its warmth of color1 which is either buff or red1 makes it admirable when one desires to bring out certain effects in the planting of beds4 ,it is1 perhaps1 the least used of any of the materials4 ,a seat four feet in length can be purchased for from forty dollars upwards4 ,concrete seats are the kind that are most commonly used for formal and informal gardens4 ,we should remember1 however1 that we must not mix formal and informal furniture promiscuously1 otherwise the result will be disastrous4 ,one should bear in mind in treating this subject that formal pieces resemble well-bred people4 ,they fit suitably into any place in their surroundings4 ,it is far different1 however1 with informal pieces which are entirely wrong and out of place in formal settings4 ,this fact applies to concrete which is suitable for almost any occasion for it possesses almost endless possibilities as far as form is concerned4 ,rightly mixed1 it can be moulded into almost any shape that you desire1 which accounts for the fact that in its designs many of the elaborate garden seats are copied4 ,this makes it popular and constantly in demand1 on account of its less cost4 ,to all intents and purposes1 it is quite as durable as stone or marble4 ,it has still another advantage1 in that its neutral gray tint harmonizes picturesquely with almost any setting of shrubbery or flowers4 ,the least expensive of any of the materials that is used for this purpose is wood4 ,it has this advantage1 that it can be formed in such a great variety of shapes that there is always found some piece that is suitable for every taste and occasion4 ,if you contrast it with marble or stone1 you will realize that it has the advantage of being lighter in weight1 and capable of being carried around from place to place with little or no trouble4 ,take it all in all1 the best place for it to be at home in is the informal garden4 ,the kind of garden that most of us live in and enjoy intimately is the plot where wooden settles and chairs are used4 ,care should be taken1 however1 in the selection of material in order that it may have lasting qualities4 ,one reason for its use is that unlike marble and stone it is not cold to sit upon1 and is really comfortable4 ,the best kind of wood1 if you can afford it1 is teakwood1 which lasts for centuries4 ,it is the most expensive1 particularly the antique pieces4 ,those of to-day are shoddily put together and cannot resist weathering as do the century-old ones4 ,many people prefer pine on account of less cost4 ,this is all right1 provided great care is taken to keep it well covered with paint of the glossy kind4 ,the advantage of this over the other is that it can be readily wiped clean before using4 ,anyone who is a garden lover will appreciate this fact1 for no matter how carefully placed1 the seats will accumulate a reasonable amount of leaves and dirt4 ,plain settles and benches which belong to the informal type can be placed anywhere1 according to inclination4 ,these need not1 of necessity1 be made of plain wooden strips1 but can be varied by making them rustic in design4 ,use for this purpose limbs of the same size without removing the bark4 ,they require so little work in putting them together that a village carpenter can accomplish this task1 or if you are a genius you can do it yourself4 ,an objection which many people offer is that they need repairing often1 or replacing4 ,considering the cost1 this is not a serious objection4 ,for a simple ,colonial cottage1 such pieces as these would be appropriate for use in your garden and you can add a tea table and a few chairs suggestive of afternoon tea1 the position being determined by views1 for the placing is of as much importance as the piece itself4 ,if possible1 have low-growing trees droop over it to give the required shade4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,simple ,,and ,,attractive ,,garden ,,seat ,for the elegant mansion1 the home of the wealthy1 more elaborate pieces are a necessity4 ,one thing should not be forgotten in their choice and that is they should be heavy enough to stay on the ground and resist the strong northeast winds that during a heavy rain sweep over your flower-plot4 ,flagstone sometimes gives a variety as well as limestone1 but there are several other materials that give a pleasing color and texture1 such as the pink granite and the red1 black and green slates4 ,of these1 the red is most effective when streaked with another color4 ,do not choose the ,quincy granite2 the texture is cold in appearance and the weather never softens the color4 ,a fault that must not be overlooked is to build your seats too high1 thirteen inches being the proper height4 ,the back should always be taken into consideration and made tall enough to support the head so that you will be comfortable when you come to view your garden plot4 ,it is not always possible to have this piece of furniture placed under the shade of a tree or shrubbery4 ,this necessitates the planning of a summer house1 arbor or pergola4 ,over these1 vines can be trained1 so that in reality it is much more picturesque than if you had used simply the green shade4 ,chairs can be used for this same purpose1 in fact1 they are very good as they provide a variation of the general theme4 ,they are particularly advisable if it is a backyard garden where a settle might prove too overpowering4 ,like the garden seat1 they can be made of wood4 ,cedar and locust are preferable if you wish pretty rustic effects4 ,cypress also is lasting1 and if you prefer to give it a coat of paint1 it will do service for many years4 ,for rustic chairs or seats1 there is another idea for shelter that is practical4 ,it is to roof it over and shingle the board4 ,it has advantages over anything else in that it affords protection from the summer sun and acts as a windbreak on cold days1 besides doing away with the dropping of insects from the leafy tangle of an arbor4 ,no matter how charming a garden may be in its floral arrangement1 it requires additions and accessories to display to the best advantage its worth4 ,just as a house is cozy or barren according to the style of furniture employed1 so a garden is beautiful in proportion to the type of ornaments used4 ,probably the coming into style of the formal ,italian type of garden has done much to develop this feature4 ,until late years1 scant heed was paid to fitness1 and in consequence much of the old-time charm found in the ,colonial garden was lost4 ,when planning for your garden seat or chair1 take into consideration the planting4 ,in your choice of colors you should vary the scheme to fit in with the particular seat4 ,a white requires different surroundings from a gray or a rustic type4 ,wrong coloring brings about inharmonious effects and they should be carefully considered in the making a perfect whole4 ,another thing should be thought out and that is as to whether there is a shade provided by the over-hanging limbs of a tree or by the trailing of vines4 ,vines are always interesting4 ,you can use them in a mass1 showing one general effect1 or you can combine them4 ,nothing is so pretty in the early spring as the ,wisterias1 on account of their being not only hardy1 but tall growers4 ,many people claim the best varieties are those grafted on to specially selected stock1 thus making them sure bloomers4 ,the soil should also be taken into consideration1 for while they thrive in light1 sandy conditions1 yet deep1 rich earth promotes stronger growth4 ,the ,magnifica is1 perhaps1 as vigorous as any4 ,it is such a rapid grower that it shoots up from thirty to forty feet in a season4 ,it blossoms rather later than some varieties which show soft1 lavender blue blooms4 ,why not mix this with the ,chinese white1 whose pure white flowers show long1 drooping clusters4 ,if you are looking for foliage in the early fall1 the ,vitis ,henryana can be used4 ,its leaves are decorative in effect1 being a velvety green with veins of silvery white4 ,it is of ,chinese origin and in the fall the foliage turns to a beautiful red4 ,for ,july and ,august blossoming1 there is the ,bignonia ,grandiflora or ,mammoth-flowered ,trumpet creeper4 ,this is a splendid climbing vine1 perfectly hardy1 giving a growth of from eight to ten feet in a season4 ,its flowers1 which are shown during ,july and ,august1 are orange red and trumpet-shaped1 following as they do after the ,wisteria has faded1 they bring about an entirely different color scheme4 ,this makes it practical for one to plant a succession of bloom1 making each set of flowers correspond with the coloring of the vines4 ,a very pleasing contrast can be brought out by combining the magnolia-scented ,white ,moon ,flower1 with a beautiful ,blue ,dawn4 ,the former is a summer climber1 growing from fifteen to twenty feet in height4 ,it makes a beautiful shade for trellises and bears in the season a profusion of large trumpet-shape snow-white flowers that are richly scented and very beautiful4 ,there is also a heavenly blue that combines artistically with the white4 ,one feature of this vine is its thick1 overlapping1 glossy foliage1 and its nightly scores of immense silky blooms which are of rare fragrance4 ,by actual count a strong vine will bear from one to three thousand blossoms in a season4 ,there has within the last few years been discovered a new variety that opens early in the morning and remains so nearly all day4 ,the beautiful blue of the ,paradise ,flower is used when one wishes for this color in decorations4 ,the clusters are large1 showing from twenty to thirty at a time and it blossoms continually from the time it becomes established until frost4 ,for a rustic seat1 why not try the wild grape or ,crimson ,glory vine8 ,it is so strong and hardy1 notable for its heavy foliage which makes a splendid shade and in the fall is a mass of rich crimson4 ,we have grown to think of morning glories as a pretty1 small flower that grew in our grandmother's garden4 ,many of us have not realized that they have been developed until now they show gigantic bloom as large as the moon flowers4 ,they have wonderful coloring1 marking and variations of indescribable beauty4 ,as a flowering vine they cannot be surpassed1 the flowers being borne by the hundreds and of enormous size1 measuring often five and six inches across4 ,many show a rich combination of shading blended together in an enchanting way1 being spotted1 penciled1 mottled1 and variegated in every conceivable manner4 ,illustration3 ,,stately ,,lilies ,,add ,,charm ,,and ,,dignity ,,to ,a ,,gravelled ,,walk ,if your garden seat is low1 let your planting follow the same line1 but if it is high and conspicuous1 it can be accentuated by tall plants4 ,hollyhocks1 with their stately stalks1 are charming for this particular use4 ,there is the hardy perennial with the foliage dwarf and compact4 ,this is found in the ,heuchera1 which is easily grown from seed and reaches a height of eighteen inches4 ,of this variety1 the ,sanguinea is admirable1 being the finest of all the red varieties1 the flowers taking on the shade of coral red4 ,if you wish1 instead of a solid color1 to make a combination1 why not use the ,sanguinea1 ,sutton's ,hybrid1 which is found in pretty shades of pink1 as well as creamy white1 rose and crimson4 ,these blossom in ,july and ,august1 their stately1 well-filled cups1 giving a distinction to the seat that could not well be missed4 ,fleur-de-lis1 sometimes spoken of as the ,fairy ,queen's home1 is always satisfactory and never fails to bloom4 ,no flower can surpass this in delicacy of texture and coloring1 and it rivals even the orchids of the tropics in its beauty4 ,they thrive in almost every soil1 being one of the easiest plants to cultivate1 although a fairly rich earth will materially increase the number and size of the bloom4 ,in planting them1 nearly cover the rhizomes4 ,the earliest flowering ones are the ,germans1 which come into bloom the latter part of ,may or early in ,june4 ,these are followed by the ,japan variety which follow closely on the former and stay in blossom for a month4 ,of the ,german1 the ,lohengrin is the most vigorous1 deep violet mauve in coloring1 and the flowers are nearly five inches deep1 showing petals two inches across4 ,in direct contrast is the ,princess ,victoria ,louise1 light sulphur yellow or rich violet red1 edged with crimson1 both of which varieties are very handsome4 ,the double ,iris is particularly beautiful for some situations4 ,there is the ,antelope with white ground flaked with purple2 the ,diana1 reddish purple flaked with white2 the ,mount ,fell1 grayish white1 veined with blue and showing yellow center2 and the ,victor1 white veined1 violet blue with purple center4 ,each one of these is well worthy of cultivation4 ,nothing is so beautiful as roses1 be they climbing or dwarf4 ,for the former1 why not use the ,climbing ,jules ,graveraux1 which is one of the most valuable1 ever-blooming climbers ever introduced4 ,the value of this is that the blooms are immense in size1 being as large or larger than any other rose4 ,it even exceeds the ,j4 ,b4 ,clark4 ,these roses are perfectly double1 white1 tinged with blush pink1 with a yellow base4 ,in freedom of bloom1 it is superior to either ,mrs4 ,peary or ,climbing ,meteor4 ,then there is the ,empress of ,china or ,appleblossom rose1 a strong rampant grower1 and a very free bloomer4 ,the buds are pointed1 being soft red1 turning to lighter4 ,it blooms from ,may to ,december in the open ground4 ,tea ,roses1 distinguished by the delicate tea fragrance1 are absolutely ever-blooming4 ,they are carried through the winter even in the northern states with careful protection4 ,the most satisfactory method is the banking up with soil4 ,of these1 the yellow ,souvenir de ,pierre ,notting is the most beautiful4 ,it has been introduced by one of the foremost firms of ,france and is not exceeded by any rose sent out from that country4 ,the blossoms are large1 well filled1 and open easily4 ,the buds are beautiful and elongated4 ,when fully bloomed1 they show an apricot yellow1 tinged with golden and mixed with orange yellow4 ,one charm of these flowers is that the edge of the petal shades to a beautiful carmine rose4 ,the open flower is full and double1 it being an extremely free blossomer4 ,one of the latest introductions is the ,lady ,hillingdon1 the color being beyond description4 ,apricot yellow1 shaded to orange on the outer edge of the petal1 and becoming deeper and more intense as it reaches the center of the bloom4 ,the buds are produced on long1 strong1 wiry stems1 which are placed well above the foliage1 thus giving it a slender and graceful effect4 ,it is valuable in both the amateur and professional growers' gardens4 ,it would be impossible to enumerate the different kinds that are used for this purpose4 ,,garden ,,pools ,illustration3 ,a ,,pond-,,lily ,,pool ,,of ,a ,,very ,,attractive ,,shape ,,chapter ,,viii ,,garden ,,pools ,with the revival of old-time garden features that has been brought about through interest in floriculture1 fascinating specialties have been evolved4 ,this is particularly true of the garden pool which lends itself to almost every kind of setting4 ,it is no new idea1 this introduction of pools into even small gardens4 ,the ancient ,egyptians had great reverence for pools and we read of their interest in bringing into life the sacred ,lotus1 giving it a prominent place in their gardens4 ,this may be better known to moderns as the rose lily4 ,in the early days it was used for religious purposes and was a prominent feature in their festivals4 ,it was also used ornamentally for feasts where the walls were decorated with the beautiful blossoms that were repeated in the centerpiece for the elaborately-spread table4 ,not content with this use for decorative purposes1 it was made in forms of garlands that were thrown over the shoulders of the assembled guests while wreaths of the same flower crowned their brows1 great care being taken that a bud or cluster of blossoms was placed in the center of the forehead4 ,ever since that period1 we read of the constant introduction of water into gardens of every clime4 ,while pools were not commonly used during the ,colonial period1 they have to-day1 with the coming in of the formal and ,italian gardens1 grown to be one of the most interesting features4 ,the form and the immediate surroundings have been carefully thought out and depend upon the type and the shape of the whole plan4 ,when the mercury registers at ninety and the whirling dust rises in clouds1 parching one's throat as it settles like a dingy pall on sun-burned grass and drooping foliage1 it is a pleasure to come suddenly upon a pond where over-hanging plants cast lengthened shadows far over the surface4 ,they shelter the waxen lily cups that gleam like pearls against a background of dark green pods--a perpetual joy and delight to the eye4 ,there is no doubt but water1 be it large or small in area1 holds a charm for us all4 ,how much more if it is inhabited and made beautiful through the use of aquatic plants and fish4 ,these scattered apparently carelessly over the surface of the water add much to its picturesqueness4 ,this is particularly true during the season of bloom when we find varied colored cups1 resting on saucers of green1 lifting their heads above the surface as if in delight with their surroundings4 ,surely when you view a pond such as this you will find a double delight in watching a flutter of wings1 a hopping about on the plants and glad dipping of little bills and uplifting of heads4 ,these are the birds that form a part of garden life and who are attracted here by the flowers and the chance of a bath4 ,splashing and sparkling in the sunlight1 they dive into the water below1 drying themselves on the large pads that float artistically on the surface4 ,over yonder is a large gray cat bird calling to its mate4 ,we can but note the fine proportion1 the poise of the black head and the beauty of the satin gray coat which is pruned by the hour4 ,there is the ,indigo ,bird1 a delightful symphony of blue and cinnamon red4 ,he sits swinging on a lily while his musical note comes to our listening ears4 ,the ,ruby ,throated ,humming ,bird swings noiselessly over the pond1 dipping his long beak here and there to gather honey from the wide-open flowers4 ,it depends upon the size of the pool1 the shape and the finish as to the planting4 ,it is a great mistake to have it so thickly over-spread with leaves that no water is visible4 ,a good rule to be observed is two-thirds water and one-third lilies4 ,this gives a chance to watch the gold fish darting in and out for food4 ,for a small beginning of a water garden1 why not try a pocket in the rock8 ,it is a very easy matter to arrange for lilies in a case like this4 ,all you have to do is to cement the hollow1 put in your loam and plant one or two roots4 ,it is these diminutive water gardens that attract the birds more than the large pools1 and they form a charming vista in the garden scheme4 ,little pockets of earth can be made to surround them1 and here we can plant rock-loving plants that will give a touch of picturesqueness to this cunning little scheme4 ,the shape of the garden determines that of the pool4 ,a square garden demands square treatment in the lay-out of your design4 ,a round garden1 to be correct1 should have a circular formation for the planting of your lilies4 ,then1 too1 the treatment of the planting should be determined by the formality or informality of the plan4 ,great care should be taken that they are not aimlessly placed but form a part of the design4 ,any attempt to digress from this rule is fatal for correct composition4 ,great attention should be paid to the margin4 ,it should not be stiff and formal2 it should rather be broken here and there1 so that there will be open spaces showing between4 ,copy nature in this treatment and you will not go far astray4 ,in order to make this pool successful1 one thing should never be forgotten and that is that you are dealing with sun-loving plants to whom shadow is objectionable4 ,there is another reason why the sunshine should fall unobstructed on the pond and that is that it shows reflections that are effective1 and bring cheer to your garden plot4 ,many people consider that stagnant pools should not exist1 as they are mosquito breeders4 ,they do not realize that the stocking of pools with both fish and plants1 carefully carried out so that they are properly balanced1 results in the water never being putrid but remaining fresh and sweet1 making a delightful water garden that is healthful and not malaria breeding4 ,there are two essentials if you wish your idea to be successful2 first1 that the bottom be water-tight and second1 that it be proof against frost4 ,while these two things are easy to accomplish1 yet many people fail in them4 ,cement is the only proper material to be used for foundation4 ,some people have an idea that puddled clay is cheaper4 ,it may be if properly handled1 but great care has to be taken that it is thoroughly puddled or it melts away and your work has been for naught4 ,cement is the most reliable material if correctly applied4 ,before putting it on1 the pool should be dug out to the proper depth and size4 ,it should then be well packed for several inches with broken stone4 ,over this should be put ,portland cement1 using one part of the former to three of sand4 ,some people cement it for six inches while others prefer to use two coats1 each three inches thick4 ,it should never be so high that it will come above the frost line which is two and a half feet in depth4 ,water lilies1 as well as all kinds of aquatics1 will grow in any kind of good garden soil2 that is1 if one-fifth well-rotted manure is added to it4 ,possibly this is not to be obtained and if so1 a quart of ground bone allowed to each bushel of soil will bring about the right results4 ,it should be remembered that the plants should be set out so they will get the greatest exposure to the sunlight4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,lily ,,pond ,,that ,,fills ,,charmingly ,a ,,corner ,,of ,a ,,garden ,we have supposed that you have chosen a spot for your water garden that obtains the greatest amount of sun1 also that it is sufficiently sheltered from the winds4 ,it has been dug down from fifteen to twenty-four inches and then carefully cemented4 ,now you are ready to plant your pool1 the soil being taken into consideration4 ,if1 by some chance1 you are not able to secure the kind recommended1 it can be made of three parts rotted sod and one part cow manure4 ,remember that it should be thoroughly rotted if you do not wish ferment in the water4 ,too many people take little care on this subject and then wonder at the disappointing results4 ,possibly there is no place for your garden pool4 ,in that case why not use half barrels or tubs8 ,they have the advantage of taking up very little room1 can easily be sunk in the ground and are really well worth the trial4 ,nothing should be used that has a diameter of less than two feet and the greater the surface space the better will be the result4 ,tub culture requires two-thirds filling of soil and covering with sand to have it the right depth4 ,if more than one tub is used1 why not make a rockery between8 ,it has the advantage of making another feature for your garden1 besides adding picturesqueness4 ,there are two ways of planting as well as two kinds of tubers4 ,they can be put directly in the soil1 or they can be planted in tubs or boxes that can be sunk1 but the latter recommends itself as more practical4 ,the reason for this is that they are easily removed in winter and the water is kept much cleaner when the earth is free from tubers4 ,it must be remembered that each plant requires from eight to nine square feet of surface room so that it would be bad taste to allow too many for an individual pool4 ,if you wish1 you can make the boxes yourself1 using pieces of board for that purpose4 ,next come the gold fish4 ,for a tub1 only two are necessary1 but for a pond one hundred feet in diameter1 twenty-five should be used4 ,these fish spawn in ,june and have been known to breed enough to stock a large pond4 ,there is an old theory1--doubted by many1 that the old fish turn cannibals and devour their progeny4 ,these people advise the putting of roots and stock into a tub1 this is so the egg may be attached1 removed1 and hatched separately4 ,in cases like this the small fish are allowed to grow considerably before being returned to the tub4 ,there are two kinds of tubers1 the tender and the hardy4 ,the latter require practically no care during the winter months1 that is1 always provided the water is deep enough to allow no freezing of the crown of the plant4 ,they should be planted about the first of ,may and both varieties can be given the same treatment1 with the exception that the hardy variety do best when planted in soil two feet deep and covered with six inches of water4 ,all pools should have planting in addition to the tubers of submerged plants4 ,this is to aerate the water and keep it pure and sweet4 ,the best kinds to be used for this purpose are ,anacharis ,canadensis ,gigantea1 and ,canbomba ,viridifolia1 ten of them being enough for a large pool4 ,the former is a giant water weed with dark green ovate leaves and light stems4 ,it is a quick grower and considered by authorities to be one of the best oxygenators in existence4 ,the latter1 sometimes known as ,washington grass1 is also popular4 ,it has brilliant glossy green leaves1 fan-shaped and more beautiful than a delicate fern4 ,in addition to this why not use the ,ludwigia ,munlerti1 which is one of the prettiest submerged plants4 ,it shows small ovate leaves that are green on the upper side and pink on the under4 ,this makes it distinct from any other aquarium plant4 ,a great help in the way of nourishment for these water lilies is the application when first planted or in the early spring of dried blood manure4 ,the proper way of using this is to broad cast it on the surface of the water1 using one pound to every ten square feet of surface4 ,too many people make the mistake of keeping the water too cold4 ,this necessitates the filling of the pool and the leaving it to grow warm through exposure to the sun for several days before planting4 ,when additional water has to be added1 it should be some that has stood in the sun for several days1 as cold water injures the growth4 ,the condition for growth is the same for both the tender and the hardy ,nymphaeas with the exception that the former should not be planted until after warm weather sets in4 ,it is well1 however1 to grow them in pots so that they will be of fair size by ,june first when the weather has become suitable for their outdoor existence4 ,if the pond is to be large1 why not use groups1 but if small1 single ones will do4 ,for their planting1 the hardy variety can be sown in either fall or spring1 as one fancies4 ,they should have a small hole cut through the shell of each seed with a sharp knife that they may do better4 ,for the tender kind1 do not put them out until they are well started4 ,they should be sown in pots or pans1 covering the seeds with one-fourth of an inch of sand1 giving them a thorough watering and allowing them to drain for an hour4 ,then submerge them under two inches of soil at a temperature of seventy degrees4 ,these can be removed into separate pots when they have shown two leaves4 ,this kind is very desirable for cutting1 the best for this purpose being the night-blooming varieties4 ,the ,pygmaea hybrid type and the ,laydekri1 as well1 are desirable for hardy variety4 ,the former is the smallest water lily in cultivation1 a free bloomer showing white flowers1 one and a half inches in diameter1 while the ,pygmaea ,helvola1 yellow in coloring1 is very dainty4 ,a combination of these two colors is always interesting1 while if you wish the latter kind1 why not try the ,laydekria ,rosea1 which is a ,french hybrid and one of the earliest in introduction4 ,only a few specimen plants are found cultivated at the present time4 ,the flowers are of delicate pink with a deep golden center that deepens into a dark shade of rose1 presenting a novel feature in that it seemingly is one plant showing different colors4 ,another variety of this same order is the ,laydekri ,lilacea1 three to five inches across1 shading from rosy lilac to bright carmine and sending forth a fragrance like a tea rose4 ,the ,sultan is also very valuable on account of its free flowering1 the plants showing never less than six flowers open daily4 ,these are of good size ,solferina red with white shading and yellow stamens4 ,this is very rare and therefore brings a high price4 ,illustration3 ,,there ,,is ,,an ,,ever-,,changing ,,beauty ,,to ,a ,,garden ,,whose ,,paths ,,are ,,broken ,,here ,,and ,,there ,,by ,,pools ,of the day-blooming varieties1 we find the ,capensis with flowers of rich sky blue4 ,this planted in contrast with the ,ovalifolia1 a new variety from ,east ,africa1 produces flowers eight to ten inches across of deep creamy white1 faintly tinged with blue that deepen until the tips are a light corn flower blue with sulphur yellow stamens4 ,the charm of this flower is its petals which are long and narrow1 giving it a pretty star shape4 ,for the night blooming ,nymphaeas1 why not use the ,dedoniensis1 which throws out large1 pure red flowers often showing from twelve to eighteen blooms at a single time1 also the ,dentata whose white flowers measure from eight to twelve inches in diameter and open out horizontally4 ,do not forget in your collection to include the ,royal ,water ,lily4 ,of these1 the ,victoria ,regia is a well-known species4 ,while the plants are expensive1 the seeds can be bought for a much more reasonable price and are more interesting as one can watch them from their start until blossoming4 ,the ,victoria ,trickeri is also desirable4 ,in good condition its leaves are from four and a half to five and a half feet across1 a single plant having from twelve to fifteen leaves and producing three or four flowers in a single week4 ,these flowers are picturesque1 being white at the time of opening and changing to deep rose pink1 admitting a strong fragrance not unlike that of a ripe pineapple4 ,in addition to water lilies one should plant different aquatics1 to make a variety4 ,there is the ,sagittaria ,montevidensis1 which attains gigantic proportions1 growing four or five feet high with leaves fifteen inches long1 the flower towering above1 the foliage white with dark blotches at the base of each petal4 ,then there is the ,butterfly ,lily1 a tender sub-aquatic plant that forms a dense clump three to six feet high bearing masses of pure white fragrant flowers that look like large white butterflies borne in large terminal clusters4 ,the ,water ,poppy must not be forgotten4 ,it is a very pretty aquatic plant with floating leaves and large yellow poppy-like flowers1 and a continual bloomer4 ,the border of the lily pond is of almost as much importance as the flowers themselves4 ,iris makes a good setting4 ,of these1 the ,iris ,hexagona1 or ,blue ,flag1 is interesting from the fact that it is a hardy ,southern kind1 showing rich purple and blue with yellow markings three to four inches across and resembling the costliest and rarest orchid flowers4 ,the ,dalmatica is one of the finest of the ,german type4 ,it grows four feet high with exceptionally large flowers of fine lavender1 the falls shaded blue4 ,the ,japanese ,iris is the grandest of all the hardy ones and the best are the double varieties with six petals4 ,kokinoiro1 a rich royal purple with white veining is very satisfactory in growth4 ,combine it with the ,sano-,watashi1 which is white with canary yellow center1 and the ,tokyo1 a magnificent large1 white flower1 and you will find one of the best combinations possible4 ,ornamental grasses are very effective for this use4 ,of these1 there are so many varieties it would be impossible to name them all4 ,one of the most ornamental kinds is the ,zebra grass1 which has long1 narrow green leaves1 striped white and feathery plumed4 ,mix it with the ,pampas grass and you will note the artistic result4 ,this grows very rapidly from seed planted in the spring and is useful for decorative purposes4 ,the ,feather grass1 growing two feet in height1 fits into this scheme as does the ,tricholaena ,rosea1 which is rose tinted1 making a color scheme when massed with the other ornamental grasses that is most fascinating4 ,the form and surroundings of the pool1 carefully thought out1 make it a most desirable feature for both small and large gardens1 and everyone1 no matter how limited their means1 can indulge in one if they wish4 ,,the ,,sun-,,dial ,,in ,,the ,,garden ,illustration3 ,,grassy ,,paths ,,lead ,,pleasantly ,,to ,,the ,,sun-,,dial ,,chapter ,,ix ,,the ,,sun-,,dial ,,in ,,the ,,garden ,the life story of the sundial reads like a fascinating page from some old romance of an early century4 ,the first record of its use was in the eighth century before ,christ1 when it was employed by the ,babylonians for the purpose of marking time4 ,later on1 it came into use in ,england1 attached to public buildings4 ,one of the most interesting was shown late in the sixteenth century on the ,belton ,house1 ,lincolnshire1 ,england4 ,it was a representation of old ,father ,time and ,cupid cutting stone4 ,a passing fad at one time was diminutive sundials1 so small that they folded and could be used much as watches are to-day4 ,they soon became very popular and attracted the attention of royalty1 when ,charles ,i was seated on the throne4 ,his collection was the largest in existence and represented all sorts of odd shapes and forms4 ,the ,stuarts were all interested in sundials1 and ,charles ,,ii had a large one designed and placed in the garden at ,holyrood4 ,while the first invented were crude1 yet1 as time went on1 they became more popular1 and different materials were used1 such as wood1 bronze and metal4 ,the hour spaces were computed to comply with the locality in which they were placed4 ,this required a great deal of thought and it was necessary to employ an expert workman4 ,flowers and hedge plants were occasionally used to represent this idea4 ,one of these stood between the ,shakespeare garden and the garden of friendship at ,lady ,warwick's summer home4 ,the gnomon being of yew while the dial was worked out by the use of box1 the lettering was outside and spelled the following motto--,les ,heures ,heureuses ne se comptent pas4 ,this1 as far as we know1 was the first attempt at the use of floriculture in time pieces4 ,sundials might be divided into two kinds1 the perpendicular and the horizontal4 ,each one of these has its own special place1 the former being used on buildings while the latter was for garden purposes solely4 ,in ,new ,york1 one of the old perpendicular dials may still be seen on the ,dutch ,reformed ,church4 ,the horizontal was extremely popular in both ,england and ,scotland1 so much so that no garden of any pretention was considered complete without one or more of these ornamental time-keepers4 ,the high favor in which the simple altar-like structure1 with its silent heart language1 was held in ,england was well expressed by ,charles ,lamb1 who said of the sundial1 ,it stood as the ,garden god of ,christian gardens4 ,it is the revival of this old-time custom that has given a delightful touch of sentiment to the gardens of to-day1 where sundials have become1 more especially of late years1 a permanent fixture4 ,many of these have interesting mottoes1 some repeating the legends of other days1 while later designs bear on their face a modern inscription4 ,let others tell of storm and showers1 ,i'll only count your sunny hours4 ,time goes you say--ah1 no6 ,time stays1 we go4 ,i mark the time1 dost thou8 ,tyme passeth and speaketh not1 ,deth cometh and warneth not1 ,amend to-day and slack not1 ,to-morrow thyself cannot4 ,by the time the ,american colonists had leisure to devote to the laying out of beautiful gardens1 the day of the sundial was drawing to a close4 ,the introduction of clocks had done away with the necessity of depending upon such fair-weather time pieces1 and furthermore1 they were no longer popular in other lands4 ,so1 despite its charm and value as an ornament1 it was not widely adopted in this country4 ,of late years1 however1 in the general revival of old-time customs1 this interesting feature for gardens has come into favor4 ,the making of one of these time pieces can be carried out by a village carpenter1 but the purchasing of an old one had better be done by an expert as there are so many reproductions placed to-day on the market4 ,all that is essential in order to work out proper results is that the dial should have a firm and absolutely level base to rest on1 and that the gnomon should point directly towards the ,north ,star1 so that time may be accurately computed4 ,a stone pedestal is correct1 although concrete is often used4 ,the design depends largely upon the type of garden and the owner's taste4 ,the beautiful1 carved pedestals imported from ,italy are suitable only for the formal garden1 and for our simple1 less pretentious ones1 wood or stone can be used1 although cement has become very fashionable4 ,to soften the lines of a severely simple column1 ,ivy and other clinging vines can be placed around the base4 ,the location is a matter that requires some thought1 as the sundial's charm depends upon harmonious setting4 ,it should be exposed to the sun continuously and placed far enough away from trees or buildings to preclude the possibility of its being shaded4 ,there is no set rule that can be laid down for its placing4 ,one is usually safe1 however1 in locating it at the intersection of two paths near a vine-clad pergola or within sight of a summer house or garden seat4 ,formal gardens use it frequently as a central feature4 ,if1 however1 a water garden takes this central place1 the sundial should be at the end of some alluring path surrounded by masses of bright bloom4 ,the chief fault that we find in contrasting the sundials of a century ago with those of the twentieth century is that there is now too much sameness4 ,they seem to follow the same lines1 more perhaps1 than any other form of garden furniture4 ,this can be overcome by designing them yourself1 working out new ideas in the decoration and its motto4 ,here the gnomons offer a chance for variation for instead of a plain1 simple shaft1 it can be changed into an ornamental design that helps out in changing it from monotony to originality4 ,for the simple garden1 why not make one yourself8 ,it is not a hard matter1 that is if you have any ingenuity4 ,the only thing we must consider is to have it set perfectly even1 to be sure the pedestal is carefully laid so that it will not tip and spoil the marking of the hours4 ,there are so many materials that you can construct one from1 there is no need of sameness4 ,the most inexpensive is the rustic sundial4 ,this is made from a small tree trunk4 ,it should be about six to eight inches in diameter1 tapering at the top1 and show branches irregularly cut within three or four inches of the main trunk4 ,there is a reason for this2 it adds picturesqueness to the effect and gives pegs for the vines to climb over4 ,do not top it with a wooden dial4 ,they are never satisfactory1 for they are apt to warp and thus ruin the entire scheme4 ,you need not go to great expense to procure a satisfactory one1 for there are many materials to draw from1 iron1 brass and slate being the most desirable4 ,the latter are not expensive as they cost simply the price of the material and engraving4 ,it takes a piece that ranges from an inch to an inch and a half in thickness and should not be more than a foot square4 ,for this1 one should not pay more than seventy-five cents1 although if it is cut round it will be a little more expensive4 ,if you prefer to use brass it costs more and needs a machinist who is used to handling this material to put it together for you and burnish the surface4 ,you must remember that this applies to the dial only1 the pedestal being a separate proposition4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,sun-,,dial ,,is ,a ,,feature ,,in ,,itself ,for a little inexpensive time piece for your garden you can make one of wood1 coloring it any shade that you like but so that it will contrast prettily with the flowers4 ,the only thing that you must bear in mind is that care should be taken in its setting4 ,if it is out of plumb it will not keep good time4 ,should you1 by chance1 be able to procure an old mill stone1 it serves two purposes1 first it is a practical foundation and second it lends an old-time setting that is appropriate4 ,for a simple1 every-day foundation1 stones can be laid about six inches deep and filled in with mortar4 ,cement is also appropriate and oftentimes bricks can be used to good advantage4 ,for a pedestal1 a rather good idea is to use second-hand bricks4 ,these can be cemented together with mortar1 the red giving a touch of color to the drapery of the sundial that is picturesque4 ,sometimes a boulder is used for this purpose or a slab of stone4 ,if you purchase a sundial1 you should bear in mind that if it is a genuine antique1 it may not be suitable for our latitude4 ,in cases like that it is best to have it looked after by an expert and so placed that it will be a correct timekeeper4 ,we tire of the same idea continuously reproduced so why not work out a design of your own8 ,this is hard to do1 however1 unless cement is used1 when some floral design or ornamentation that is appropriate for the garden can be introduced4 ,for the dial the gnomon is made much more interesting if it shows a unique formation rather than a straight shaft1 as in the sundial at ,didsbury1 ,england1 where a harp is introduced1 and in another case where a dragon holds the uplifted shaft4 ,the situation of this feature has much to do with its practicability4 ,as it is a sun-loving formation1 its proper place is necessarily in the open1 but whether surrounded by lawn or flowers1 is something that everyone must decide for themselves4 ,one reason against the flower setting is that it serves to hide the dial's meaning until you approach it closely4 ,the eye is attracted to the bright blooming flowers rather than to the dial itself4 ,this is not so if it has only a sward setting4 ,it then becomes a prominent piece of garden furniture1 its pure white surface standing out vividly from its surrounding of soft green grass4 ,occasionally1 all attempt at floriculture or gardening is abandoned4 ,this is when it stands in the heart of a garden at the intersection of two paths4 ,then care should be taken that in immediate proximity there should be pure white pebbles picked up on the beach4 ,this may re-act on the shaft1 giving it an air of sameness1 and in that case different colored stones can be introduced4 ,one can even go so far as to work out mottos in this way1 forming the letters out of highly colored pebbles4 ,to give it a rural appearance1 some people set it in the heart of a bed of ferns4 ,these can be chosen from a single variety such as the ,boston fern1 which is one of the most popular on account of its graceful fronds and the durability which causes it to keep green for a long time4 ,should1 however1 a lower growth be necessary1 there is the ,dreyii1 which is a dwarf variety of the same species4 ,a much better effect1 however1 is obtained by planting the dwarf fern as a border to the circle and placing inside the ,elegantissima1 which belongs to the crested variety and is especially adapted for massing4 ,for a delicate1 dainty setting1 there is nothing more beautiful than the ,adiantum ,ruhm von ,mordrecht1 which is the most beautiful of all the maiden hair ferns and easily cultivated4 ,it is so graceful that it seems to add an almost poetic touch to the foundation on which the sundial stands4 ,have you ever considered placing your sundial in the heart of a rose garden8 ,unconsciously1 the sweet perfume of the rose does much to increase the sentiment of this particular feature of garden culture4 ,it depends in part on the pedestal as to whether low roses or delicate climbing ones should be used4 ,if it is a plain1 simple shaft1 it can be delicately draped to within a few inches of the dial1 but great care should be taken to obtain delicate coloring that will bring out the whiteness of the marble4 ,one should be very careful not to have the roses grow so high that only the dial is visible4 ,this would spoil the idea which it represents--a sundial in a garden4 ,one of the most artistic ways is to plant low1 dwarf roses1 near the pedestal just far enough away so there will be several inches of space between4 ,the roses themselves should be planted in heavy clay loam1 although light and sandy soil can be used for this purpose4 ,many people make a mistake in having their rose beds too rich4 ,the fertilizer can be replaced1 if exhausted1 by fine-ground bone1 which can be used only once a year4 ,the dwarf ,polyanthas are a charming class of ever-blooming roses with bushy habits4 ,the flowers are double1 delightfully fragrant and borne in large clusters1 being covered with a large mass of bloom4 ,for a combination planting1 the ,baby ,dorothy is very effective2 it is carnation pink1 with the habit and growth similar to that of the ,baby ,rambler4 ,the latter is very effective1 rosy crimson in coloring1 very free flowering1 and useful in massing effects4 ,add to that ,catherine ,zeimet1 which is a great acquisition1 to the ,baby ,ramblers1 and produces an abundance of double white flowers4 ,directly around the base of the pedestal1 you can plant your climbing roses1 taking great care to nip them back so that they will only show a tracery of leaves and flowers and allow the white of the sundial to peer through4 ,for these1 use the ,lady ,gay whose delicate cerise pink blossoms fade to soft white1 making a most pleasing combination of white flowers1 crimson buds and green foliage4 ,in connection with that1 why not plant the ,source d',or1 which is deep yellow1 gradually paling4 ,this bears large clusters of double flowers1 and shows fine foliage4 ,for red1 the ,wall ,flower is the best1 as it shows a distinct coloring and has vigorous habits4 ,mix with that the ,shower of ,gold1 a fine coppery gold color with glossy foliage4 ,for the outer edge of the rose bed1 do not forget those used in our grandmother's time4 ,they have lasted long and on account of their sterling qualities are still popular4 ,they have a range of coloring and are so absolutely hardy1 easy to grow and fragrant that they are advisable for this use4 ,the ,clothilde ,soupert is a good color to choose4 ,it is a strong1 vigorous grower1 putting forth large1 double flowers like a ball of snow4 ,the color blends from soft shell pink to pure satiny white4 ,mix with these the ,souvenir de ,malmaison1 which blooms well in hot weather1 its rich colored flowers being of large size1 doubled to the center and produced in abundance4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,old ,,well ,,used ,,effectively ,,as ,a ,,decorative ,,feature ,for a ,hybrid1 there is nothing more effective than the ,killarney1 whose color is a sparkling brilliant pink1 the buds long and pointed1 the petals very large and of great substance1 being just as handsome in the bud form as in the full-blown flower4 ,for a soft1 pearly white1 the ,kaiserin ,augusta ,victoria is advisable1 tinting to a soft lemon1 its fragrance added to its beautifully formed flowers1 make it a joy in your garden4 ,a rustic sundial requires far different treatment1 and only vines that bring forth white blossoms or pale colors should be used4 ,if ,clematis is chosen1 the ,duchess of ,edinburgh is suitable as it shows double white flowers that are very fragrant4 ,mixed with this can be the ,jackmania ,alba1 which is white1 shaded with blue4 ,the ,fair ,rosamond1 if one wishes a combination1 fits in with the color scheme1 being tinted white with red stripes4 ,the advantage of these flowers is that the blossoms open in masses that bring out the dark of the wood and lend themselves to picturesque effects4 ,around the foot of the sundial1 why not plant ,poppies1 making a circle about five inches in width4 ,the ,perennial ,poppies are among the most brilliant in coloring1 the graceful bright-colored1 cup-shaped flowers being borne on long stems4 ,mix with them the ,oriental ,poppies1 which are the most showy plants possible for decorative effects4 ,to fill in the spaces put in a package of ,shirley1 the combination of the three varieties giving a most fascinating touch of color4 ,for the ,shirley1 why not use the finest mixed1 as it will bring out white1 delicate pink1 deep crimson1 and handsomely striped varieties4 ,the ,perennial is advantageous because it comes up every year while the ,oriental are magnificent in coloring1 more especially the ,grand ,mogul with bright crimson flower of immense size1 the ,princess ,ena1 bearing large1 bright1 orange-scarlet and the ,marie ,studholme1 which is a delicate shade of salmon with a silver sheen4 ,nothing can give better effects for this style of sundial than the clematis with a poppy in the foreground4 ,color makes a great difference in proper planting1 the white marble or concrete and possibly wood painted white1 demands a strong color to bring out effectively the white of the surface4 ,the gray stone is not picturesque unless blues1 yellows1 or reds are used4 ,these three colors can be blended so that they form a scheme that is most attractive4 ,when it comes to brick you will have to depend upon white1 or light blue for coloring4 ,more care should be taken with the planting around this kind of a pedestal than any other4 ,the red of the brick demands more covering than any other type4 ,the ,hop vine fits into the scheme1 but requires a great deal of trimming lest it overshadows the brick1 making a mass of green without any hint of the brick below4 ,the leaves are fine1 three-lobed1 and rough on both sides while the loose paper-like straw-yellow ,hop in the fall hang gracefully from the brick1 making a fluffy but attractive covering4 ,fragrance is necessary in the planting of a sundial1 then why not use the ,honeysuckle8 ,the ,brachypoda is particularly effective for this purpose4 ,it shows white flowers in pairs1 and sends forth a delicious perfume that attracts one even before the sundial is viewed4 ,the ,hall ,evergreen ,honeysuckle is also good for this purpose1 being a strong grower and constant bloomer4 ,the flowers open white1 change to buff1 and are very delicate in appearance4 ,this sundial should be set in a circle of green4 ,at the edge of the border plant ,iris4 ,this makes a more effective setting than if a whole bed of this should be used4 ,the well-known1 beautiful ,iris of ,japan displays a great variety of colors1 the chief of which is white1 maroon1 dark blue and violet4 ,most of them are veined1 mottled or flaked with different colors4 ,there are both single and double varieties4 ,the beauty of this plant is that it succeeds in any good soil1 that is if well drained and given plenty of water when dry4 ,they can be planted either in the late summer or spring1 as desirable1 and should be shown in masses1 growing from two to three feet in height and lasting in blossom for a month4 ,for double use the ,antelope1 which shows a white ground flaked with purple4 ,mix with it the ,beauty which is a pure white4 ,add to it the ,mount ,hood1 light blue1 shaded darker in the center4 ,these can be intermixed with the ,crested ,iris1 a dwarf1 showing handsome1 light-colored flowers1 and the ,snow ,queen1 whose large snow-white blossoms are free flowering4 ,the planting around the sundial rests with the whim of the owner1 though1 if out-of-the-way ideas can be evolved1 it will add much to the attractiveness of this feature of the garden4 ,,the ,,fountain ,illustration3 ,,narcissus ,,stands ,,in ,,the ,,heart ,,of ,,the ,,fountain ,,chapter ,x ,,the ,,fountain ,have you ever seated yourself in your garden1 more especially on a warm summer day1 and dreamily listened to the musical tinkle of the water that flowed from the mouth of the fountain1 dripping down from the over-flowing basin into the pool below8 ,it is then you realize what an attractive ornament it is for your garden for it appeals not only to the eye but to the ear4 ,lowell picturesquely describes his idea of this bit of garden furnishing when he speaks of it as leaping and flashing1 in the sunlight4 ,while the pergola1 the garden seat and the sundial each have their own appropriate use1 they serve one purpose only4 ,not so the fountain1 which never fails to convey a delightful impression of coolness1 as it gurgles and murmurs1 on its way4 ,surely there is nothing that gives to the garden a more picturesque charm than this1 standing like a spot of color in a vivid setting of bright flowering plants4 ,in the pool below one finds constantly changing pictures of the blue sky1 snowy clouds or summer blossoms1 each one worthy of its floral frame4 ,as the garden fountain is merely an accessory and the beauty of the constantly dripping water and the rising of the spray are what constitutes its real charm1 the conventional design can be simple or elaborate but it should follow the garden scheme4 ,it depends upon its environment as to whether we make it the central feature in the design or a setting in the wall4 ,lovely effects can easily be produced if one is careful in trying to work out a right treatment1 for the placing is fully as much of importance as the planting4 ,balance should be the main object4 ,to the amateur who has had no special training in floriculture1 the introduction of even a simple water spout is of interest4 ,he watches its workings with a newly awakened enthusiasm1 directing its course so that it falls artistically over the different levels of the rock garden into the home-made concrete pool below4 ,the introduction of this water feature gives a distinctive touch to even the simplest little flower plot4 ,for a larger garden1 what is more alluring than a fountain sending forth a high1 vapory stream1 bursting into a cloud of filmy spray8 ,this is especially true when it is viewed through a vista or at the ending of a vine-shaded pergola4 ,around it should be planted a carefully selected combination of flowers or shrubs1 great care being taken that they blend harmoniously4 ,the size of the fountain and the breadth of the pool lend themselves more or less effectively to producing alternating sunshine and shade on the surface of the water4 ,the basin is1 in a way1 of as much importance as the fountain design4 ,it is generally round1 although occasionally an oblong design fits better into the landscape effect4 ,it should be from two to three feet deep and so constructed that the sides slope outward much like the ordinary wooden water bucket4 ,there is a practical reason for this1 as it prevents cracking during the winter months4 ,the cost naturally varies1 the size materially affecting the price4 ,the background demands more than passing notice4 ,nearness of trees is a decided drawback1 as the falling leaves1 especially in the autumn1 mar the surface and clog the outlet and make it necessary to clean the basin frequently4 ,the best time to plan for any garden ornament is just before the early fall4 ,the flowers are in their prime and one can better determine placing than in the early spring when the garden lies bleak and desolate4 ,many garden lovers with a desire for originality feel confident that they can rely upon their imagination to work out color schemes even during the winter months4 ,fortunate is he who accomplishes this satisfactorily4 ,there is great danger1 however1 that his castles in the air may fall to the ground through taking too much for granted4 ,the grounds do not always meet requirements1 and the result is not only wrong placing but an ornament that is either too large or too small for its allotted space4 ,we are far too impatient to obtain results and it is this undue haste that often ruins the composition of gardens4 ,there is a great satisfaction in adding to and improving our grounds1 much more so than if the whole work were developed at once4 ,almost every garden into which careful thought has been placed grows with its years4 ,few1 if any garden lovers1 but have felt a keen sense of disappointment at the finished results of their garden schemes4 ,what was satisfying the first year1 has later brought about unhappy combinations4 ,it is this fact that should be impressed on everyone's mind1 if they wish a perfect lay-out4 ,illustration3 ,a ,,roman ,,fountain ,,placed ,,against ,a ,,very ,,appropriate ,,background ,probably everybody who has become interested in floriculture finds the same difficulty in obtaining exactly what they wish4 ,it is often hard to match ideas with reality4 ,this is another reason for curbing one's impatience4 ,the right things are sure to be found1 that is if one is willing to take time4 ,it is when comparing the gardens of the old world with those of to-day that we are impressed with the atmosphere of the twentieth-century garden1 where nature is encouraged to be genuine rather than artificial4 ,this is the height of success1 the bringing into harmony of paths1 ornaments1 and flowers1 omitting gaudy effects or over-crowding with marble fragments4 ,simplicity should be the key-note in arranging this part of our ground1 a simplicity that has been worked out by careful thought for it means hard study to obtain natural effects4 ,there are many materials from which our fountain can be manufactured4 ,the most expensive of these are marble1 terra cotta and manufactured stone1 the former leading the list1 while the latter is better suited to the moderate purse4 ,this last is1 in reality1 a composition of marble dust with cement1 and the result is most satisfactory1 the finished product showing a smooth surface resembling as nearly as possible that of unpolished marble4 ,in rare cases1 however1 chemicals have been used to produce an antique look4 ,many people are under the impression that manufactured stone is always white4 ,as a matter of fact1 in the finished product1 there are as many as half a dozen neutral tints shown4 ,these all incline to a soft1 delicate gray1 sometimes with a blueish cast4 ,terra cotta comes next in cost4 ,a detriment to its use is that1 particularly when it is shown in deep bronze coloring1 it does not lend itself artistically to landscape effect1 through lack of contrast with its surroundings4 ,we find this material with both glazed and unglazed surfaces1 the former being more expensive but not as practical as the latter4 ,the most strongly recommended coloring is limestone gray1 whose soft1 delicate finish brings out the tone of the vines1 and emphasizes the color of the surrounding flowers4 ,next comes the ,pompeian red1 only to be used under certain conditions on account of its color4 ,colonial yellow has also been introduced4 ,the two last colors are rarely1 if ever1 used for fountain designs1 the gray being considered much more advisable4 ,there are many reasons why cement is considered practical2 its cost1 its wearing qualities1 and its appropriate coloring4 ,all these qualities lend themselves to constructive purposes1 and making it decoratively most desirable4 ,the architect who suits the design of the garden to the type of the house will take advantage of this particular material4 ,he has his ideas concerning the effect that he wishes to bring out1 to emphasize the design of the house4 ,he realizes that there is something more than interest in botany to be shown if he wishes to make this part of his plan a success4 ,we have grown to a realizing sense that for the best results it is better to employ a skilled man4 ,no clever result can be brought out through an inexperienced person planning the grounds1 that is1 unless they have natural ability such as few people possess4 ,we have only to go back to our ,colonial ancestors and study effects4 ,it is then we realize the difference between home planting and architectural planting4 ,cost is not the only thing to be taken into consideration when creating garden effects4 ,character should be considered as well4 ,in order to obtain this satisfactorily1 the accessories should be planned by a connoisseur1 such as an architect becomes after many years' study of the subject4 ,the fountain is the most important detail and requires more careful thought than any other part of the garden setting4 ,it makes no difference what its construction is1 so that it fits in with the scheme4 ,great care should be taken not to introduce different periods or materials when placing garden ornaments on our grounds4 ,take1 as an instance1 a home-made fountain and place it in close proximity with an imported one and note the result4 ,you will see the lack of harmony4 ,the ,italian fountain belongs distinctively to the formal or ,italian lay-out1 and should never be used1 with the exception of making a central feature on a lawn1 in any other way4 ,if you place the ,greek fountain on a hillside where landscape effects have been worked out through the use of cascades that dash over terraces and under rustic bridges1 you will see it is entirely out of place and in the wrong surroundings4 ,illustration3 ,,an ,,artistic ,,fountain ,,particularly ,,well ,,placed ,occasionally1 we come across an iron fountain painted black or red4 ,this metal is cheap and stock designs can be purchased1 but the very best ones are private orders and can never be reproduced4 ,the price varies as with every other bit of garden furniture from a few dollars up to as many thousands4 ,the advantage of this metal is that it fits into places where marble should be avoided4 ,pottery fountains have been used within the last few years1 and many of them are very graceful1 being turned and finished by hand4 ,this type has a special mission in our garden1 its proper placing being in ,new ,england where the gray rocks1 hedges and evergreen predominate4 ,this material is shown in more colors than almost any other4 ,these include gray1 brown1 green1 blue1 and many shades of terra cotta4 ,this variation of color makes it adapted to almost any situation4 ,one advantage in their use is that1 strongly reinforced as they are by galvanized steel wires1 they are climate-proof and practically indestructible4 ,the location of this special garden ornament demands serious attention4 ,it is often placed where it will attract attention to some special feature that has been carefully worked out in detail4 ,more especially is this true when it has been inserted as a part of the retaining wall and is surrounded by some choice vine whose flowers accentuate the architecture4 ,there are so many forms and features connected with this special garden ornament that there need never be any sameness4 ,it is an ideal medium with which to recreate the fauns1 satyrs and nymphs of the garden4 ,animals1 too1 are often used and so are cupids4 ,the planting1 which is of as much importance as the ornamentation1 depends upon the size of the pool and its location4 ,shade requires far different treatment from sunny exposures1 while the heart of a grass plot lends itself to little or no floral embellishment4 ,the finish of the pool influences the arrangement of the flowers4 ,should it be very ornamental1 the planting should be far enough away not to shut off its picture effect in the landscape4 ,if it is simply a curbing1 it should have a setting of green or of low-growing plants4 ,often an effective treatment is worked out through a border of velvety turf outlined by plants4 ,peonies never fail to bring out the right coloring of the fountain1 that is if they are far enough away not to cut off the design4 ,they are called rightly the aristocrats of the flower garden4 ,for mass planting1 they are most effective1 their great gorgeous blossoms1 daintily dyed and ranging from white to the deepest red1 their wonderful fragrance and their decorative value are unsurpassed4 ,they can either be planted in solid color or in a combination that is artistic4 ,the ,couronne d',or1 beautiful white in coloring and showing blossoms of red in the center with a halo of yellow around1 makes a picturesque contrast to the deep green of the tree leaves4 ,the large1 double1 ball-shape bloom of the ,felix ,crousse intermixed with white1 gives one of the most fascinating combinations of red and white4 ,the beauty of peonies is that they grow anywhere although they do best in rich1 deep soil and with a sunny exposure4 ,they are perfectly hardy1 require no protection and unlike most other plants are not infested by either insects or disease4 ,all they ask for is plenty of water during their growing season4 ,grandmother's flowers1 which are so fashionable to-day1 are particularly desirable as a planting around a fountain4 ,the sweet moss rose trailing through the grass and mixing its blossoms with the yellow of the ,scotch rose is often used for low effects1 or where very little coloring is advisable4 ,the amount of planting and the height naturally depend upon the design of the individual fountain4 ,those that are ornamental are so effective that they need practically nothing to bring out right effects4 ,iris is always in good form4 ,we find it to-day so highly developed that in comparison to the little fleur-de-lis that grows unmolested in the neighboring swamp1 it seems scarcely a variety of the same flower4 ,as we are able to buy both double and single ,irises1 we should make a choice and not mingle the two4 ,the double with its flowers averaging from eight to ten inches across1 is an artistic foil for the white of the fountain4 ,commencing with the ,german1 which comes into bloom about the middle of ,may1 we can follow the time of blossoming through the introduction of the ,japanese ,iris which lasts through ,july4 ,in their planting1 better effects are produced if two colors only are used4 ,this can be supplemented by a third if the coloring is broken by the introduction of a thread of white4 ,for the ,german1 why not use the ,honorabilis1 which is a golden yellow with outside yellow petals shading to a mahogany brown1 or the ,king of ,iris1 which is a clear yellow4 ,the ,florentina ,alba gives the white coloring1 its flowers being very large and fragrant4 ,these two colors can be enhanced by the adding of the ,camillian which is a delicate blue with falls tipped a little darker shade4 ,these are more suited for a fountain with a low curbing or for an informal garden where cement is used4 ,they give a very pretty effect1 their flowers being pictured in the water below4 ,illustration3 ,,this ,,wall ,,fountain ,,with ,,its ,,shell ,,background ,,and ,,basin ,,is ,,most ,,fittingly ,,placed ,pansies are never out of place4 ,a very pretty idea is to have them massed for as many as eight inches around the curb4 ,choose for these1 bright-colored varieties rather than dark4 ,the tufted pansies1 which are one of the most important bedding plants in ,europe1 are rapidly growing in favor in our country4 ,one reason for this is that they flower continuously for nearly eight months in the year4 ,the flowers are not as large as those of the single pansy1 but their bright colors make them a welcome addition to our garden4 ,the rich1 golden yellow1 the violet with a dark eye and the white1 are all three admirable for this purpose4 ,pansies love coolness and give their largest and finest flowers in early spring and late fall4 ,they are so easy to grow1 rioting in the cool1 deep mellow beds they love1 that everybody should use them4 ,they will endure all winter long if protected by a few evergreen vines4 ,the size needed for bedding for your fountain depends entirely upon the width of the bed4 ,the most superb specimens are found among the orchid flowering ones4 ,they take their name mainly from their tints and variation of color resembling the gorgeous shades seen in orchids4 ,these are the most novel and distinctive strain that we have used for years4 ,have you ever considered the graceful effect of ornamental grasses8 ,they can be used with telling effects for the margin of the fountain1 although care must be taken not to plant those that grow to enormous height4 ,the ,euallia ,japonica is appropriate4 ,its long1 narrow1 graceful green foliage1 flowering into attractive plumes1 give it a distinctive place for this purpose4 ,mix with it the ,zebra grass1 whose long blades are marked with broad yellow bands across the leaf4 ,intermix with this the hardy fountain grass which grows only four feet in height and has narrow foliage1 bright green in coloring1 cylindrical flower-heads carried well above the foliage1 tinged with a bronze purple and is one of the most valuable of the hardy grasses4 ,in the planting of the grasses1 to make the best effect give the taller ones the outside row1 letting the low ones fall over the water1 mirroring in the surface below4 ,one of the advantages in using this is that it attracts birds and butterflies4 ,nothing can attract the songsters quicker to your fountain than this kind of surrounding4 ,occasionally1 we find that instead of planting1 beds are geometrically laid out to surround this1 the axis of the garden design4 ,in cases like this we have to depend upon the borders for effect4 ,these can be hedge-loving plants or they can be a solid1 low planting4 ,scotch heather is very pretty4 ,it should be grown in sunny places with moist surroundings4 ,its racimes of dark rose pink petals1 lasting from ,july to ,september1 make it very effective for this purpose4 ,the ,japanese ,barberry can also be included1 nothing equals it in artistic value4 ,it requires but little pruning to keep it in shape1 while its fruit or berries1 assuming rich brilliant colors in the fall1 are most effective when used for a setting like this4 ,if possible1 try for flowers that have fragrance4 ,it adds so much to the effect to breathe in the sweet odor as you sit watching the shading of the flowers1 the swaying of the birds1 and listening to the musical tinkle of the water as it drips into the basin below4