,illu/ration3 ,f ,photograph by ! ,au?or ,,! ,,my/ic ,,c5tre ,,( ,,! ,,celtic ,,_w ,,c>nac ,,9 ,a4 ,d4 #aiji ,,look+ ,,t[>d ,,! ,,sunrise1 ,,f ,,)9 ,,! ,,cromle*1 ,,les ,,alignem5ts ,,du ,m,,nec ,,! ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,9 ,,celtic ,,c\ntries ,,by ,w4 ,y4 ,,evans ,,w5tz ,m4,a4 ,,/an=d ,,univ]sity ,,cali=nia ,u4,s4,a4 ,,docteur-,s-,,lettres ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,r5nes ,,brittany ,b4,,sc4 ,,jesus ,,college ,,oxon4 ,,h5ry ,,fr[de ,,ox=d ,,univ]sity ,,press ,,london1 ,,new ,,york1 ,,toronto ,,& ,,melb\rne #aiaa ,,ox=d3 ,,horace ,,h>t ,,pr9t] ,,to ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,?is ,,book ,,dep5ds ,,*iefly ,,^u ,,! ,,oral ,,& ,,writt5 ,,te/imony ,,s ,,freely ,,contribut$ ,,by ,,its ,,_m ,,celtic ,,au?ors1-- ,,! ,,peasant ,,& ,,! ,,s*ol>1 ,,! ,,prie/ ,,& ,,! ,,sci5ti/1 ,,! ,,poet ,,& ,,! ,,bus9ess ,,man1 ,,! ,,se] ,,& ,,! ,,non-,,se]1-- ,,& ,,9 ,,hon\r ,,( ,,!m ,i ,,d$icate ,,x ,,to ,,two ,,( ,,_! ,,bre?r5 ,,9 ,,irel&3 ,a4 ,e41 ,,^: ,,unwav]+ ,,loyalty ,,to ,,! ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,has ,,inspir$ ,,mu* ,,t ,i ,,h ,,h]e9 ,,writt51 ,,^: ,,fri5dly ,,guidance ,,9 ,,my ,,/udy ,,( ,,iri% ,,my/icism ,i ,,mo/ ,,gratefully ,,ackn[l$ge2 ,,& ,,william ,,butl] ,,yeats1 ,,:o ,,br\ght ,,to ,,me ,,at ,,my ,,own ,,alma ,,mat] ,,9 ,,cali=nia ,,! ,,fir/ ,,message ,,f ,,fairyl&1 ,,& ,,:o ,,aft]w>ds ,,9 ,,8 ,,own ,,c\ntry ,,l$ ,,me ,,?r\gh ,,! ,,haunts ,,( ,,fairy ,,k+s ,,& ,,que5s4 ,,ox=d ,novemb] #aiaa4 ',x rema9s = ev] true t ! prop] /udy ( mank9d is man2 & ev5 e>ly man is n b5ea? contempt1 especially :5 he proves to h _h )9 him ! mak+s ( a great race1 ) its highe/ notions ( duty & "r1 & all else t is noble/ 9 ! human s\l4' ,! ,"r ,hon4 ,,sir ,,john ,,rhys4 ,,cont5ts ,,pages ,,preface xi-xiii ,,introduction xv-xxviii ,,section ,i ,,! ,,liv+ ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,*apt] ,i ,,environm5t #a-af ,psy*ical ,int]pretation--,! ,my/icism ( ,er9 & ,armorica--,9 ,irel&--,9 ,scotl&--,9 ! ,isle ( ,man--,9 ,wales--,9 ,cornwall--,9 ,brittany4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,tak+ ,,( ,,evid5ce #ag-bbe ,me?od ( ,pres5tation--,! ,logical ,v]dict--,tru/wor?9ess ( ,leg5ds--,! ,fairy-,fai? held by ! highly educat$ ,celt z well z by ! ,celtic ,peasant--,! ,evid5ce is complete & adequate--,its ,analysis--,! ,fairy ,tribes dealt )-- ,witnesses & _! ,te/imony3 f ,irel&1 ) ,introduction by ,dr4 ,d\glas ,hyde2 f ,scotl&1 ) ,introduction by ,dr4 ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael2 f ! ,isle ( ,man1 ) ,introduction by ,miss ,sophia ,morrison2 f ,wales1 ) ,introduction by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,john ,rhys2 f ,cornwall1 ) ,introduction by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,j5n]2 & f ,brittany1 ) ,introduction by ,pr(essor ,anatole ,le ,braz4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,an ,,an?ropological ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,evid5ce #bbf-hb ,! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai? z ,"p ( a ,_w-wide ,animism-- ,%ap+ ,influ5ce ( ,social ,psy*ology--,smallness ( ,elvi% ,spirits & ,fairies1 accord+ to ,e?nology1 ,animism1 & ,occult ,sci5ces--,! ,*angel+1 ,belief & its ,explanation accord+ to ! ,kidnap1 ,human-,sacrifice1 ,s\l-,w&]+1 & ,demon-,possession ,!ory--,anci5t & ,mod]n ,magic & ,wit*craft %[n to be bas$ on def9ite psy*ological laws--,exorcisms--,taboos1 ( ,"n1 ,food1 ,iron1 ,place--,taboos among ,anci5t ,celts--,food-,sacrifice--,leg5d ( ! ,dead-- ,conclusion3 ! ,backgr\nd ( ! ,mod]n ,belief 9 ,fairies is ,animi/ic4 ,,section ,,ii ,,! ,,record$ ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,p ,,( ,,! ,,goddess ,,dana ,,or ,,! ,,sidhe #bhc-cjg ,! ,goddess ,dana & ! ,mod]n ,cult ( ,/4 ,brigit--,! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or ,sidhe conqu]$ by ! ,sons ( ,mil-- ,b ,iri% ,se]s /ill see ! ,sidhe--,old ,iri% ,manuscripts fai?fully repres5t ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann--,! ,sidhe z a ,_s ,race--,sidhe ,palaces--,! ',tak+' ( ,mortals--,hill ,visions ( ,sidhe ,wom5--,sidhe ,m9/rels & ,musicians-- ,social ,organization & ,w>f>e among ! ,sidhe--,! ,sidhe ,w>-,goddesses1 ! ,badb--,! ,sidhe at ! ,battle ( ,clont>f1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajad--;,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,bry?onic ,,div9ities ,,& ,,! ,,bry?onic ,,fairy-,,fai? #cjh-ca ,! ,god ,ar?ur & ! ,h]o ,ar?ur--,sev5fold ,evid5ce to %[ ,ar?ur z an ,inc>nate ,fairy ,k+--,lancelot ! ,fo/]-son ( a ,fairy ,woman--,galahad1 ! ,(fspr+ ( ,lancelot & ! ,fairy ,woman ,elayne--,ar?ur z a ,fairy ,k+ 9 ,kulhw* & ,olw5--,gwynn ab ,nudd--,ar?ur l ,dagda1 & l ,osiris--,bry?onic ,fairy ,romances3 _! ,evolution & ,antiquity--,ar?ur 9 ,n5nius1 ,ge(frey1 ,wace1 & 9 ,layamon--,cambr5sis' ,o!rworld ,tale--,norman-,fr5* writ]s ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies--,romans d',av5ture & ,romans ,bretons--,orig9s ( ! ',matt] ( ,brita9'-- ,fairy ,romance ,episodes 9 ,wel% ,lit]ature--,bry?onic ,orig9s4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,celtic ,,o!rworld #ccb-eg ,g5]al ,ideas ( ! ,o!rworld2 its ,location2 its ,subjectivity2 its ,names2 its ,ext5t2 ,te?ra "o ( its k+s--,! ,silv] ,bran* & ! ,gold5 ,b\gh2 & ,initiations--,! ,o!rworld ! ,heav5-,_w ( all ,religions--,voyage ( ,bran--,cormac 9 ! ,l& ( ,promise-- ,magic ,w&s--,cu*ula9n's ,sick-,b$--,ossian's ,return f ,fairyl&--,lanval's go+ to ,avalon--,voyage ( ,mael-,du9-- ,voyage ( ,teigue--,adv5tures ( ,art--,cu*ula9n's & ,ar?ur's ,o!rworld ,que/s--,lit]>y ,evolution ( idea ( ,happy ,o!rworld4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,celtic ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,re-,,bir? #ceh-if ,re-bir? & ,o!rworld--,z a ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e--,g5]al ,hi/orical ,survey--,accord+ to ! ,b>ddas ,,mss42 accord+ to ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,au?orities--,re-inc>nation ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann--,k+ ,mongan's ,re-bir?--,eta9's ,bir?-- ,d]mot's ,pre-exi/5ce--,tuan's ,re-bir?--,re-bir? among ,bry?ons--,ar?ur z a ,re-inc>nate ,h]o--,non-,celtic ,p>allels--,re-bir? among ,mod]n ,celts3 9 ,irel&2 9 ,scotl&2 9 ! ,isle ( ,man2 9 ,wales2 9 ,cornwall2 9 ,brittany--,orig9 & ,evolution ( ,celtic ,re-bir? ,doctr9e4 ,,section ,,iii ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,gods1 ,,spirits1 ,,fairies1 ,,& ,,! ,,dead ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,ar*aeology #cig-dbf ,inadequacy ( ,pygmy ,!ory--,accord+ to ! ,!ories conc]n+ ,div9e ,images & ,feti%es1 ,gods1 ,daemons1 & ,ance/ral ,spirits haunt ,megali?s--,megali?s are religi\s & fun]eal1 z %[n *iefly by ,c5n ,cruai*1 ,/oneh5ge1 ,gu]nsey m5hirs1 ,monum5ts 9 ,brittany1 by ! ,circul> ,fairy-,dance z an ,anci5t ,initiatory ,sun-,dance1 by ,breton ,e>?works1 ,ar*aeological ,excavations g5]ally1 & by pres5t-day ,wor%ip at ,indian ,dolm5s--,new ,grange & ,celtic ,my/]ies3 ,evid5ce ( manuscripts2 ,evid5ce ( ,tradition--,! ,a5gus ,cult--,new ,grange comp>$ ) ,great ,pyramid3 bo? h ,a/ronomical ,arrangem5t & same ,int]nal ,plan--,:y !y op5 to ! ,sunrise--,initiations 9 bo?--,great ,pyramid z ,model = ,celtic ,tumuli--,gavr9is & ,new ,grange z ,_s ,temples4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,paganism #dbg-da ,edicts aga9/ ,pagan ,cults--,cult ( ,sacr$ ,wat]s & its ,absorption by ,*ri/ianity--,celtic ,wat] ,div9ities--,druidic ,influ5ce on ,fairy-,fai?--,cult ( ,sacr$ ,trees--,cult ( ,fairies1 ,spirits1 & ! ,dead--,fea/s ( ! ,dead-- ,conclusion4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,*ri/ianity #ddb-ee ,l\gh ,d]g a ,sacr$ ,lake orig9ally--,purgatorial ,rites z ,*ri/ianiz$ ,survivals ( ,anci5t ,celtic ,rites--,purgatory z ,fairyl&--,purgatorial ,rites p>allel to ,pagan ,initiation ,c]emonies--,! ,dea? & ,resurrection ,rite--,breton ,p>dons comp>$--,relation to ,a5gus ,cult & ,celtic ,cave-,temples-- ,orig9 ( ,purgatorial ,doctr9e pre-,*ri/ian--,celtic & ,roman ,fea/s ( dead %ap$ ,*ri/ian ones--,fundam5tal ,unity ( ,my?ologies1 ,religions1 & ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,,section ,,iv ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,fairy-,,fai?2 ,,& ,,conclusions ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,fairies #def-ia ,me?od ( ,exam9ation3 ,exot]ic & ,esot]ic aspects--,! ,x-quantity--,sci5tific attitudes t[>d ! ,animi/ic ,hypo!sis3 ,mat]iali/ic ,!ory2 ,pa?ological ,!ory2 ,delusion & ,impo/ure ,!ory2 ,problems ( ,consci\sness3 ,dreams2 ,sup]normal ,lapse ( ,"t--,psy*ical ,rese>* & ,fairies3 ,my]s's rese>*es--,pres5t ,position ( ,psy*ical ,rese>*--,psy*ical ,rese>* & ,an?ropology 9 ,relation to ! ,fairy-,fai?1 accord+ to a special contribution f ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang--,f9al ,te/+ ( ! ,x-quantity--,conclusion3 ! ,celtic ,belief 9 ,fairies & 9 ,fairyl& is sci5tific4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,celtic ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,re-,,bir? ,,& ,,o!rworld ,,sci5tifically ,,exam9$ #dib-eae ,! ,ext5sion ( ! ,t]ms ,fairy & ,fairyl&--,! ,real ,man z an ,invisible ,=ce act+ ?r\gh a ,body-,conductor-- ,a ,psy*ical ,organ ess5tial = ,memory--,pre-exi/5ce a ,sci5tific ,necessity--,! ,vitali/ic ,view ( ,evolution--,old ,!ory ( ,h]$ity disprov$--,embryology supports ,re-bir? ,doctr9e--,psy*o-physical ,evolution--,memory ( previ\s ,exi/5ces 9 ,subconsci\sness--,examples--,dream ,psy*ology furni%es cle>e/ ,illu/rations--,no ,po/-exi/5ce )\t ,pre-exi/5ce--,resurrection z ,re-bir?--,! ,circle ( ,life--,! ,my/ical ,coroll>y--,conclusion3 ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? & ,o!rworld is ess5tially sci5tific4 ,,index #eaf-bd ,,preface ,dur+ ! ye>s #aijg-i ?is /udy fir/ took %ape1 be+ !n bas$ ma9ly on lit]>y s\rces2 & dur+ ! latt] ye> x 0 successfully pres5t$ to ! ,faculty ( ,lett]s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,r5nes1 ,brittany1 = ! ,degree ( ,docteur-s-,lettres4 ,s9ce !n ,i h re-inve/igat$ ! :ole problem ( ! ,celtic belief 9 ,fairies1 & h collect$ v mu* fre% mat]ial4 ,two ye>s ago ! scope ( my orig9al rese>* 0 limit$ to ! f\r *ief ,celtic c\ntries1 b n[ x includes all ( ! ,celtic c\ntries4 ,9 ! pres5t /udy1 :i* has pr(it$ greatly by criticisms ( ! fir/ pass$ by s*ol>s 9 ,brita9 & 9 ,france1 ! orig9al lit]>y po9t ( view is comb9$ ) ! broad] po9t ( view ( an?ropology4 ,?is /udy1 ! f9al & m compreh5sive =m ( my views ab\t ! ',fairy-,fai?'1 w\ld nev] h be5 possible _h ,i n enjoy$ dur+ _m mon?s ! k9dly advice & con/ant enc\ragem5t ( ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett1 ,read] 9 ,social ,an?ropology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 & ,fell[ ( ,exet] ,college4 ,dur+ ,may #aiaj ! sub/ance ( ?is essay 9 its pan-,celtic =m 0 submitt$ to ! ,bo>d ( ! ,faculty ( ,natural ,sci5ce ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity = ! ,rese>* ,degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,sci5ce1 :i* 0 duly grant$4 ,b ! pres5t "w conta9s consid]able mat]ial n conta9$ 9 ! essay pres5t$ to ! ,ox=d exam9]s1 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,john ,rhys & ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang2 &1 !re=e1 ,i alone assume entire responsibility = all its possible %ortcom+s1 & 9 p>ticul> = "s ( its m speculative !ories1 :i* to "s m9ds may appe> to be 9 conflict ) or?odox views1 :e!r ( ! !ologian or ( ! man ( sci5ce4 ,^! !ories1 h[ev] v5turesome !y may appe>1 are put =? 9 almo/ e case ) ! full approval ( "s reliable1 s*ol>ly ,celt2 & z su* !y are *iefly int5d$ to make ! exposition ( ! belief 9 fairies z completely & z truly ,celtic z possible1 )\t mu* reg>d = non-,celtic op9ion1 :e!r ?is be 9 h>mony ) ,celtic op9ion or n4 ,z ! new manuscript ( ! ',fairy-,fai?' lies be=e me revis$ & f9i%$1 ,i realize ev5 m fully ?an ,i did two ye>s ago ) respect to ! orig9al /udy1 h[ little "r ,i h to call x m9e4 ,^? to :om ! cr$it = x really belongs are my _m k9d fri5ds & help]s 9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ,isle ( ,man1 ,wales1 ,cornwall1 & ,brittany1 & _m o!rs :o are n ,celts1 9 ! ?ree great nations--happily s intimately unit$ n[ by unbreakable bonds ( goodwill & int]national bro!rhood--,brita91 ,france1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica2 = )\t ! aid ( all ^! ,celtic & non-,celtic fri5ds ! "w c\ld nev] h be5 accompli%$4 ,!y h giv5 me _! be/ & r>e/ ?\ghts z s _m gold5 ?reads2 ,i h only furni%$ ! m5tal loom1 & wov5 ^! gold5 ?reads toge!r 9 my own way accord+ to :at ,i take to be ! psy*ological patt]n ( ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,i am "u a special obligation to ! foll[+ six di/+ui%$ ,celtic s*ol>s :o h contribut$1 = my second *apt]1 ! six introductions to ! fairy-lore collect$ by me 9 _! respective c\ntries3--,dr4 ,d\glas ,hyde 7,irel&72 ,dr4 ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael 7,scotl&72 ,miss ,sophia ,morrison 7,isle ( ,man72 ! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,john ,rhys 7,wales72 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,j5n] 7,cornwall72 ,pr(essor ,anatole ,le ,braz 7,brittany74 ,i am also greatly indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,e/l9 ,c>p5t]1 ,pr9cipal ( ,man*e/] ,college1 = hav+ aid$ me ) ! p>ts ( ?is book t\*+ ,*ri/ian !ology2 to ,mr4 ,r4 ,i4 ,be/1 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ,assi/ant ,libr>ian1 ,national ,libr>y1 ,dubl91 = hav+ aid$ me ) ! p>ts devot$ to ,iri% my?ology & lit]ature2 & to ,mr4 ,william ,mc,dougall1 ,wilde ,read] 9 ,m5tal ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 = a simil> s]vice ) respect to ,section ,,iv1 entitl$ ',sci5ce & ,fairies'4 ,& to ^! & to all ! o!r s*ol>s ^: names appe> 9 ?is preface1 my he>tie/ ?anks are due = ! assi/ance :i* !y h s k9dly r5d]$ 9 read+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,fairy-,fai? :5 9 pro(4 ,) ! deep _s ( rev]5ce :i* a /ud5t feels t[>ds 8 preceptors1 ,i ackn[l$ge a /ill great] debt to ^? among my fri5ds & help]s :o h be5 my ,celtic guides & tea*]s4 ,"h 9 ,ox=d ,univ]sity ,i h run up a long acc\nt ) ! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,john ,rhys1 ! ,pr(essor ( ,celtic1 :o has introduc$ me to ! /udy ( ,mod]n ,iri%1 & ( ,ar?urian romance & my?ology1 & has guid$ me bo? dur+ ! ye> #aijg-h & ev] s9ce 9 ,celtic folk-lore g5]ally4 ,to ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 ,i am likewise a debtor1 m especially 9 view ( ! important sugge/ions :i* he has giv5 me dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s ) respect to an?ropology & to psy*ical rese>*4 ,9 my relation to ! ,faculty ( ,lett]s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,r5nes1 ,i %all always rememb] ! fri5dly individual assi/ance (f]$ to me !re dur+ ! ye> #aijh-i by ,pr(essor ,joseph ,lo?1 !n ,dean 9 t ,univ]sity1 b n[ ( ! ,college ( ,france1 9 ,p>is1 p>ticul>ly ) respect to ,bry?onic my?ology1 philology1 & ar*aeology2 by ,pr(essor ,georges ,dott91 p>ticul>ly ) respect to ,gaelic matt]s2 & by ,pr(essor ,anatole ,le ,braz1 ^: cont9ual good wi%es t[>ds my "w h be5 a con/ant s\rce ( inspiration s9ce our fir/ meet+ dur+ ,m>* #aijh1 especially 9 my inve/igation ( ,la ,lg5de de la ,mort1 & ( ! relat$ traditions & liv+ folk-beliefs 9 ,brittany--,brittany ) its haunt$ gr\nd ( ,c>nac1 home ( ! anci5t ,bry?onic ,my/]ies4 ,w4 ,y4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,jesus ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ,all ,sa9ts' ,day1 #aiaa4 ',!re1 nei!r turmoil nor sil5ce4444 ',?\gh fair ! sight ( ,er9's pla9s1 h>dly w !y seem s aft] y h kn[n ! ,great ,pla94444 ',a wond] ( a l& ! l& ( :i* ,i speak2 no y\? !re gr[s to old age4444 ',we behold & are n beheld4'--,! ,god ,midir1 9 ,to*m>c ,eta9e4 ,,introduction ',i h told :at ,i h se51 :at ,i h ?\ght1 & :at ,i h le>n$ by inquiry4'--,,h]odotus4 ,i4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,fairy-,,fai? ,!re is probably no o!r place 9 ,celtic l&s m cong5ial1 or m inspir+ = ! writ+ d[n ( "o's deep] intuitions ab\t ! ,fairy-,fai?1 ?an ,c>nac1 "u ! %ad[ ( ! pagan tumulus & m\nt ( ! sacr$ fire1 n[ d$icat$ by triumphant ,*ri/ianity to ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael4 ,! v "n ( ,c>nac is significant2#a & 9 two cont95ts1 ,africa & ,europe--to foll[ ! c]ta9 evid5ce ( ar*aeology alone#b--!re seem to h be5 no great] c5tres = anci5t religion ?an ,k>nak 9 ,egypt & ,c>nac 9 ,brittany4 ,on ! banks ( ! ,nile ! ,*ildr5 ( ,isis & ,osiris erect$ temples z p]fect z human art c make !m2 on ! %ores ( ! ,morbihan ! mighty m5 :o 71 z x seems1 ! tea*]s ( our own ,celtic =efa!rs1 erect$ temples ( unhewn /one4 ,! wond]ful temples 9 ,yucatan1 ! temple-caves ( prehi/oric ,india1 ,/oneh5ge 9 ,engl&1 ! ,p>!non1 ! ,acropolis1 ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 or ,notre-,dame1 & ! ,pyramids & temples ( ,egypt1 equally ) ! ,alignem5ts ( ,c>nac1 ea* 9 _! own way record m or less p]fectly man's attempt to express mat]ially :at he feels spiritually4 ,p]fect$ art c beautify & make m attractive to ! eye & m9d1 b x _c enhance 9 any degree ! innate spiritual ideals :i* m5 9 all ages h held2 & ?us x is t we read amid ! r\gh /one m5hirs & dolm5s 9 ,brittany1 z amid ! poli%$ granite monoli?s & magnific5t temples 9 ,egypt1 ! same sil5t message f ! pa/ to ! pres5t1 f ! dead to ! liv+4 ,?is message1 we ?9k1 is fundam5tally important 9 und]/&+ ! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai?2 = 9 our op9ion ! belief 9 fairies has ! same orig9 z all religions & my?ologies4 ,& !re seems nev] to h be5 an unciviliz$ tribe1 a race1 or nation ( civiliz$ m5 :o h n _h "s =m ( belief 9 an unse5 _w1 peopl$ by unse5 be+s4 ,9 religions1 my?ologies1 & ! ,fairy-,fai?1 too1 we behold ! attempts :i* h be5 made by diff]5t peoples 9 diff]5t ages to expla9 9 t]ms ( human exp]i5ce ?is unse5 _w1 its inhabitants1 its laws1 & man's relation to x4 ,! ,anci5ts call$ its inhabitants gods1 g5ii1 daemons1 & %ades2 ,*ri/ianity kn[s !m z angels1 sa9ts1 demons1 & s\ls ( ! dead2 to unciviliz$ tribes !y are gods1 demons1 & spirits ( ance/ors2 & ! ,celts ?9k ( !m z gods1 & z fairies ( _m k9ds4 ,,ii4 ,,! ,,int]pretation ,,( ,,! ,,fairy-,,fai? ,by ! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai? we mean t specializ$ =m ( belief 9 a spiritual realm inhabit$ by spiritual be+s :i* has exi/$ f prehi/oric times until n[ 9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ,isle ( ,man1 ,wales1 ,cornwall1 ,brittany1 or o!r p>ts ( ! anci5t empire ( ! ,celts4 ,9 /udy+ ?is belief1 we are conc]n$ directly ) liv+ ,celtic folk-traditions1 & ) pa/ ,celtic folk-traditions z record$ 9 lit]ature4 ,& if fairies actually exi/ z invisible be+s or intellig5ces1 & our inve/igations lead u to ! t5tative hypo!sis t !y d1 !y are natural & n sup]natural1 = no?+ :i* exi/s c be sup]natural2 &1 !re=e1 x is our duty to exam9e ! ,celtic ,fairy ,races j z we exam9e any fact 9 ! visible realm :]e9 we n[ live1 :e!r x be a fact ( *emi/ry1 ( physics1 or ( biology4 ,h[ev]1 z we proce$ to make su* an exam9ation1 we %all h to rememb] con/antly t !re is a new set ( ideas to "w )1 entirely diff]5t f :at we f9d 9 natural sci5ces1 & (t5 no adequate vocabul>y bas$ on common human exp]i5ces4 ,an ,am]ican :o has travell$ 9 ,asia & an ,engli%man :o has travell$ 9 ,au/ralia may meet 9 ,p>is & ex*ange travell+ exp]i5ces ) mutual und]/&+1 because bo? ( !m h exp]i5c$ travel2 & !y w h an adequate vocabul>y to describe ea* exp]i5ce1 because mo/ m5 h also exp]i5c$ travel4 ,b a sa9t :o has kn[n ! spiritual condition call$ ec/asy _c expla9 ec/asy to a man :o has nev] kn[n x1 & if he %\ld try to d s w\ld discov] at once t no mod]n language is suitable = ! purpose4 ,8 exp]i5ce is r>e & n univ]sal1 & m5 h develop$ no complete vocabul>y to describe exp]i5ces n common to ! majority ( mank9d1 & ?is is especially true ( psy*ical exp]i5ces4 ,x is ! same 9 deal+ ) fairies1 z ^! are hypo!tically conceiv$1 = only a few m5 & wom5 c ass]t t !y h se5 fairies1 & h5ce !re is no adequate vocabul>y to describe fairies4 ,among ! ,anci5ts1 :o dealt s l>gely ) psy*ical sci5ces1 !re seems to h be5 a common language :i* c\ld be us$ to expla9 ! invisible _w & its inhabitants2 b we ( ?is age h n yet develop$ su* a language4 ,consequ5tly1 m5 :o d5y human immortality1 z well z m5 ) religi\s fai? :o h n ?r\gh p]sonal psy*ical exp]i5ces trans=m$ t fai? into a fact1 n[adays :5 !y happ5 to read :at ,plato1 ,iambli*us1 or any ( ! ,neo-,platoni/s h writt51 or ev5 :at mod]ns h writt5 9 attempt+ to expla9 psy*ic facts1 call x all my/icism4 ,& to ! great majority ( ,europeans & ,am]icans1 my/icism is a mo/ conv5i5t n\n1 applicable to any?+ :i* may seem reasonable yet :olly untranslatable 9 t]ms ( _! own individual exp]i5ce2 & my/icism usually means some?+ q ! rev]se ( sci5tific simply because we h by usage unwisely limit$ ! mean+ ( ! ^w sci5ce to a k ( ?+s mat]ial & visible1 :]eas x really means a kn[+ or a k ( ev]y?+ :i* exi/s4 ,we h tri$ to deal ) ! r>e psy*ical exp]i5ces ( ,iri%1 ,scot*1 ,manx1 ,wel%1 or ,breton se]s1 & psy*ics g5]ally1 9 ! cle>e/ language possible2 b if n[ & !n we are *>g$ ) be+ my/ical1 ?is is our def5ce4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,me?od ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,! ,,fairy-,,fai? ,9 ?is /udy1 :i* is fir/ ( all a folk-lore /udy1 we pursue pr9cipally an an?ropo-psy*ological me?od ( int]pret+ ! ,celtic belief 9 fairies1 ?\gh we d n hesitate n[ & !n to call 9 ! aid ( philology2 & we make good use ( ! evid5ce (f]$ by my?ologies1 religions1 metaphysics1 & physical sci5ces4 ,folk-lore1 a c5tury ago 0 consid]$ b5ea? ! s]i\s consid]ation ( s*ol>s2 b !re has come ab\t a complete rev]sal ( s*ol>ly op9ion1 = n[ x is se5 t ! beliefs ( ! p1 _! leg5ds1 & _! songs are ! s\rce ( ne>ly all lit]atures1 & t _! in/itutions & cu/oms are ! orig9 ( ^? ( mod]n times4 ,&1 to-day1 to ! new sci5ce ( folk-lore1--:i*1 z ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang says1 mu/ be tak5 to include psy*ical rese>* or psy*ical sci5ces1--ar*aeology1 an?ropology1 & comp>ative my?ology & religion are indisp5sable4 ,?us folk-lore (f]s ! sci5tific means ( /udy+ man 9 ! s5se meant by ! poet :o decl>$ t ! prop] /udy ( mank9d is man4 ,,iv4 ,,divisions ,,( ,,! ,,/udy ,?is /udy is divid$ into f\r sections or p>ts4 ,! fir/ "o deals ) ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai? among ! ,celts !mselves2 ! second1 ) ! record$ & anci5t ,fairy-,fai? z we f9d x 9 ,celtic lit]ature & my?ology2 ! ?ird1 ) ! ,fairy-,fai? 9 its religi\s aspects2 & 9 ! f\r? section an attempt has be5 made to sugge/ h[ ! !ories ( our newe/ sci5ce1 psy*ical rese>*1 expla9 ! belief 9 fairies4 ,i h set =? 9 ! fir/ section 9 detail & z cle>ly z possible ! te/imony communicat$ to me by liv+ ,celts :o ei!r believe 9 fairies1 or else say t !y h se5 fairies2 & ?r\gh\t o!r sections ,i h pref]r$ to draw z mu* z possible ( ! mat]ial f m5 & wom5 r ?an f books4 ,books too (t5 are writt5 out ( o!r books1 & too seldom f ! life ( man2 & 9 a sci5tific /udy ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 su* z we h und]tak51 ! ,celt himself is by f> ! be/1 9 fact ! only au?ority4 ,= u x is mu* less important to "k :at s*ol>s ?9k ( fairies ?an to "k :at ! ,celtic p ?9k ( fairies4 ,?is is especially true 9 consid]+ ! ,fairy-,fai? z x exi/s n[4 ,v4 ,,! ,,collect+ ,,( ,,mat]ial ,9 ,june1 #aijh1 aft] a ye>'s prep>atory "w 9 ?+s ,celtic "u ! direction ( ! ,ox=d ,pr(essor ( ,celtic1 ,sir ,john ,rhys1 ,i began to travel 9 ,wales1 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & ,brittany1 & to collect mat]ial !re at fir/ h& f ! p :o h %ap$ & :o /ill keep alive ! ,fairy-,fai?2 & dur+ ! ye> #aiji-aj fre% folk-lore exp$itions 7 made into ,brittany1 ,irel&1 & ,wales1 & !n1 f9ally1 ! /udy ( ! ,fairy-,fai? 0 made pan-,celtic by simil> exp$itions ?r\gh\t ! ,isle ( ,man1 & into ,cornwall4 ,_m ( ! mo/ remote p>ts ( ^! l&s 7 visit$2 & (t5 !re 0 no o!r plan to adopt1 or any me?od bett]1 or m natural1 ?an to walk day aft] day f "o /raw-?at*$ cottage to ano!r1 liv+ on ! simple :olesome food ( ! peasants4 ,sometimes !re 0 ! picturesque m\nta9-road to climb1 sometimes ! r\te lay ?r\gh m>%y peat-l&s1 or across a roll+ grass-cov]$ c\ntry2 & ) ea* *ange ( l&scape came "s new ?\ght & "s new impression ( ! ,celtic life1 or p]haps "s new description ( a fairy4 ,?is imm]sion 9 ! mo/ /rik+ natural & social environm5t ( ! ,celtic race1 gave me an insight into ! m9d1 ! religion1 ! my/icism1 & ! v he>t ( ! ,celt himself1 su* z no m]e /udy 9 libr>ies ev] c\ld d4 ,i tri$ to see ! _w z he does2 ,i p>ticipat$ 9 8 inn]mo/ ?\ghts ab\t ! great problem ( life & dea?1 ) :i* he ( all peoples is mo/ deeply conc]n$2 & ?us he reveal$ to me ! s\rce ( 8 highe/ ideals & inspirations4 ,i daily felt ! deep & innate s]i\sness ( 8 ance/ral nature2 &1 liv+ z he lives1 ,i tri$ 9 all ways to be l him4 ,i 0 p>ticul>ly qualifi$ = su* an und]tak+3 p>tly ,celtic myself by blood & p]haps l>gely s by temp]am5t1 ,i f\nd x easy to sympa?ize ) ! ,celt & ) 8 environm5ts4 ,fur!r1 be+ by bir? an ,am]ican1 ,i 0 9 _m places privileg$ to ent] :]e an ,engli%man1 or a non-,celt ( ,europe w\ld n be2 & my education "u ! free ideals ( a new-_w democracy always made x possible = me to view economic1 political1 religi\s1 & racial que/ions 9 ,celtic l&s ap>t f ! ,european po9t ( view1 & )\t ! ,european prejudices :i* are s num]\s & s greatly to be regrett$4 ,b )\t any d\bt1 dur+ my soj\rn1 ext5d+ ov] ?ree ye>s1 among ! ,celts1 ^! v>i\s environm5ts %ap$ my ?\ghts ab\t fairies & ,fairyl&--z !y ought to h done if tru? is ev] to be rea*$ by rese>*4 ,^! exp]i5ces ( m9e lead me to believe t ! natural aspects ( ,celtic c\ntries1 mu* m ?an ^? ( mo/ non-,celtic c\ntries1 impress man & awak5 9 him "s unfamili> "p ( himself--call x ! ,subconsci\s ,self1 ! ,sublim9al ,self1 ! ,ego1 or :at y w--:i* gives him an unusual p[] to "k & to feel invisible1 or psy*ical1 influ5ces4 ,:at is !re1 = example1 9 ,london1 or ,p>is1 or ,b]l91 or ,new ,york to awak5 ! intuitive p[] ( man1 t subconsci\sness deep-hidd5 9 him1 equal to ! solitude ( ^? magical environm5ts ( ,nature :i* ! ,celts enjoy & love8 ,9 my travels1 :5 ! wea!r 0 too wild to v5ture out by day1 or :5 ! m fav\rable h\rs ( ! night _h arriv$1 ) fires & c&les lit1 or ev5 dur+ a road-side *at amid ! day's j\rney1 !re 0 ga!r$ toge!r little by little1 f "o c\ntry & ano!r1 ! mass ( te/imony :i* *apt] ii conta9s4 ,& ) all ?is my op9ions began to take %ape2 = :5 ,i set out f ,ox=d 9 ,june1 ,i _h no c]ta9 or cle> ideas z to :at fairies are1 nor :y !re %\ld be belief 9 !m4 ,9 less ?an a ye> aft]w>ds ,i f\nd myself committ$ to ! ,psy*ological ,!ory1 :i* ,i am h]e9 sett+ =?4 ,,vi4 ,,!ories ,,( ,,! ,,fairy-,,fai? ,we make cont9ual ref]5ce ?r\gh\t our /udy to ?is ,psy*ological ,!ory ( ! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai?1 & x is "o ( our purposes to demon/rate t ?is is ! root !ory :i* includes or absorbs ! f\r !ories already advanc$ to acc\nt = ! belief 9 fairies4 ,to guide ! read] 9 8 own conclusions1 we %all "h briefly outl9e ^! f\r !ories4 ,! fir/ ( !m may be call$ ! ,naturali/ic ,!ory1 :i* is1 t 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times man's belief 9 gods1 spirits1 or fairies has be5 ! direct result ( 8 attempts to expla9 or to rationalize natural ph5om5a4 ,( ?is !ory we accept z true t ! belief 9 fairies (t5 an?ropomorphically reflects ! natural environm5t z well z ! social condition ( ! p :o hold ! belief4 ,= example1 amid ! beautiful l[-ly+ gre5 hills & g5tle dells ( ,connem>a 7,irel&71 ! 'good p' are j z beautiful1 j z g5tle1 & j z happy z _! environm5t2 :ile amid ! d>k-ris+ m\nta9s & 9 ! my/]i\s cl\d-%ad[$ lakes ( ! ,scot* ,highl&s !re are fi]c] k9ds ( fairies & t]rible wat]-kelpies1 & 9 ! ,we/]n ,hebrides !re is ! mu*-dread$ '_s-ho/' mov+ ?r\gh ! air at night4 ,! ,naturali/ic ,!ory %[s accurately en\gh t natural ph5om5a & environm5t h giv5 direction to ! an?ropomorphos+ ( gods1 spirits1 or fairies1 b aft] expla9+ ?is ext]nal aspect ( ! ,fairy-,fai? x _c logically g any fur!r4 ,or if illogically x does attempt to expla9 ! belief 9 gods1 spirits1 or fairies z due entirely to mat]ial causes1 x becomes1 9 our op9ion1 l ! psy*ology ( fifty ye>s ago1 obsolete2 = n[ ! new psy*ology or psy*ical rese>* has be5 =c$ to admit--if only z a work+ hypo!sis--! possibility ( invisible intellig5ces or entities able to influ5ce man & nature4 ,we seem ev5 to be approa*+ a sci5tific pro( ( ! doctr9es ( su* anci5t philosophical sci5ti/s z ,py?agoras & ,plato1--t all ext]nal nature1 animat$ ?r\gh\t & controll$ 9 its ph5om5a by daemons act+ by ! w ( gods1 is to m5 no?+ m ?an ! visible effects ( an unse5 _w ( causes4 ,9 ! int]nal aspects ( ! ,fairy-,fai? ! fundam5tal fact seems cle>ly to be t !re mu/ h be5 9 ! m9ds ( prehi/oric m51 z !re is n[ 9 ! m9ds ( mod]n m51 a g]m idea ( a fairy = environm5t to act ^u & %ape4 ,)\t an object to act ^u1 environm5t c accompli% no?+4 ,?is is evid5t4 ,! ,naturali/ic ,!ory exam9es only ! environm5t & its effects1 & =gets altoge!r ! g]m idea ( a fairy to be act$ ^u2 b ! ,psy*ological ,!ory rememb]s & attempts to expla9 ! g]m idea ( a fairy & ! effect ( nature ^u x4 ,! second !ory may be call$ ! ,pygmy ,!ory1 :i* ,mr4 ,david ,mac,ritchie1 :o is def9itely committ$ to x1 has s cle>ly set =? 9 8 well-kn[n "w1 entitl$ ,! ,te/imony ( ,tradition4 ,?is !ory is t ! :ole fairy-belief has gr[n up out ( a folk-memory ( an actual ,pygmy race4 ,?is race is suppos$ to h be5 a v e>ly1 prehi/oric1 probably ,mongolian race1 :i* inhabit$ ! ,briti% ,isl&s & _m p>ts ( ,cont95tal ,europe4 ,:5 ! ,celtic nations appe>$1 ^! pygmies 7 driv5 into m\nta9 fa/nesses & into ! mo/ inaccessible places1 :]e a few ( !m may h surviv$ until comp>atively hi/orical times4 ,ov] aga9/ ! *ampions ( ! ,pygmy ,!ory may be set two ( its oppon5ts1 ,dr4 ,b]tram ,c4 ,a4 ,w9dle & ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang4#c ,dr4 ,w9dle1 9 8 ,introduction to ,tyson's ,philological ,essay conc]n+ ! ,pygmies ( ! ,anci5ts1 makes ^! six mo/ de/ructive criticisms or po9ts aga9/ ! !ory3 7#a7 ,s f> z our pres5t k tea*es u1 !re nev] 0 a really ,pygmy race inhabit+ ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,scotl&2 7#b7 ! m\nds ) :i* ! tales ( little p are associat$ h n1 9 _m cases1 be5 habitations1 b 7 natural or sepul*ral 9 _! nature2 7#c7 little p are n by any means associat$ entirely ) m\nds2 7#d7 ! association ( giants & dw>fs 9 traditions confuses ! !ory2 7#e7 !re are fairies :]e no pygmies ev] 71 z1 = example1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica2 7#f7 ev5 ,eskimos & ,lapps h fairy beliefs1 & c\ld n h be5 ! orig9al fairies ( m mod]n fairy-lore4 ,altoge!r1 z we ?9k our /udy w %[1 ! evid5ce ( ! ,fairy-,fai? itself gives only a sl5d] & sup]ficial support to ! ,pygmy ,!ory4 ,we ma9ta9 t ! !ory1 s f> z x is provable1 & ?is is evid5tly n v f>1 is only "o /r&1 contribut$ by e?nology & social psy*ology1 9 ! complex fabric ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 & is1 z su*1 wov5 r\nd a psy*ical c5tral patt]n--! fundam5tal patt]n ( ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,!re=e1 f our po9t ( view1 ! ,pygmy ,!ory is altoge!r inadequate1 because x ov]looks or mis9t]prets ! mo/ ess5tial & prom95t elem5ts 9 ! belief :i* ! ,celtic peoples hold conc]n+ fairies & ,fairyl&4 ,! ,druid ,!ory to acc\nt = fairies is less widespread4 ,x is t ! folk-memory ( ! ,druids & _! magical practices is alone responsible = ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,! fir/ sugge/ion ( ?is !ory seems to h be5 made by ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,cririe1 9 8 ,scotti% ,sc5]y1 publi%$ 9 #ahjc4d ,?ree ye>s lat]1 ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,graham publi%$ an id5tical hypo!sis 9 8 ,sket*es ,descriptive ( ,picturesque ,sc5]y on ! ,s\!rn ,conf9es ( ,p]?%ire4 ,mr4 ,mac,ritchie sugge/s1 ) all reason1 t ! two writ]s probably _h discuss$ toge!r ! !ory1 & h5ce bo? put x =?4 ,alfr$ ,maury1 9 ,les ,fes du ,moy5-,age1 publi%$ 9 #ahdc at ,p>is1 appe>s to h made lib]al use ( ,patrick ,graham's sugge/ions 9 prop\nd+ 8 !ory t ! fes or fairy wom5 ( ! ,middle ,ages are due to a folk-memory ( ,druidesses4 ,maury seems to h =gott5 t ?r\gh\t pagan ,brita9 & ,irel&1 bo? mu* m important = ! /udy ( fairies ?an ,celtic ,europe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 ,druids r ?an ,druidesses _h ! *ief influ5ce on ! p1 & t yet1 despite ?is fact1 ,iri% & ,wel% my?ology is full ( /ories ab\t fairy wom5 com+ f ! ,o!rworld2 nor is !re any pro(1 or ev5 good gr\nd = argum5t1 t ! ,iri% fairy wom5 are a folk-memory ( ,druidesses1 = if !re ev] 7 ,druidesses 9 ,irel& !y play$ a subord9ate & v insignificant rle4 ,z 9 ! case ( ! ,pygmy ,!ory1 we ma9ta9 t ! ,druid ,!ory1 also1 is inadequate4 ,x discov]s a real an?ropomorphic influ5ce at "w on ! outw>d aspects ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 & illogically takes t to be ! orig9 ( ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,! f\r? !ory1 ! ,my?ological ,!ory1 is ( v great importance4 ,x is t fairies are ! dim9i%$ figures ( ! old pagan div9ities ( ! e>ly ,celts2 & _m mod]n au?orities on ,celtic my?ology & folk-lore hold x4 ,to u ! !ory is acceptable s f> z x goes4 ,b x is n adequate 9 itself nor is x ! root !ory1 because a belief 9 gods & goddesses mu/ 9 turn be expla9$2 & 9 mak+ ?is explanation we arrive at ! ,psy*ological ,!ory1 :i* ?is /udy--p]haps ! fir/ "o ( its k9d--attempts to set =?4 ,,vii4 ,,! ,,importance ,,( ,,/udy+ ,,! ,,fairy-,,fai? ,i h made a v c>eful p]sonal inve/igation ( ! surviv+ ,celtic ,fairy-,fai? by liv+ = _m mon?s ) & among ! p :o pres]ve x2 ,i h comp>$ fairy ph5om5a & ! ph5om5a said to be caus$ by gods1 g5ii1 daemons1 or spirits ( diff]5t k9ds & record$ 9 ! writ+s ( anci5t1 m$iaeval1 & mod]n metaphysical philosoph]s1 ,*ri/ian & pagan sa9ts1 my/ics1 & se]s1 & n[ m or less cle>ly sub/antiat$ by f ?irty to =ty ye>s ( exp]im5tation 9 psy*ical sci5ces by em95t sci5ti/s ( our own times1 su* z ,sir ,william ,crookes & ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge 9 ,engl&1 & ,m4 ,camille ,flamm>ion 9 ,france4 ,z a result1 ,i am conv9c$ ( ! v great value ( a s]i\s /udy ( ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,! ,fairy-,fai? z ! folk-religion ( ! ,celts ought1 l all religions1 to be /udi$ sympa!tically z well z sci5tifically4 ,to ^? :o take a mat]iali/ic view ( life1 & consequ5tly d5y ! exi/5ce ( spirits or invisible intellig5ces su* z fairies are said to be1 we %\ld say z my hon\r$ ,am]ican tea*] 9 psy*ology1 ! late ,dr4 ,william ,james1 ( ,h>v>d1 us$ to say 9 8 lectures at ,/an=d ,univ]sity1 ',mat]ialism consid]$ z a sy/em ( philosophy nev] tries to expla9 ! ,:y ( ?+s4' ,b 9 our /udy ( ! ,fairy-,fai? we %all attempt to deal ) ?is ,:y ( ?+s2 &1 !n1 p]haps ! value ( /udy+ fairies & ,fairyl& w be m app>5t1 ev5 to mat]iali/s4 ,! great majority ( m5 9 cities are apt to pride !mselves on _! own exemption f 'sup]/ition'1 & to smile pity+ly at ! poor c\ntrym5 & c\ntrywom5 :o believe 9 fairies4 ,b :5 !y d s !y =get t1 ) all _! own admirable progress 9 mat]ial inv5tion1 ) all ! f>-rea*+ data ( _! acquir$ sci5ce1 ) all ! va/ ext5t ( _! comm]cial & economic conque/s1 !y !mselves h ceas$ to be natural4 ,:]ev] "u mod]n conditions great multitudes ( m5 & wom5 are h]d$ toge!r !re is b\nd to be an unheal?y psy*ical atmosph]e nev] f\nd 9 ! c\ntry--an atmosph]e :i* inevitably t5ds to develop 9 ! av]age man :o is n psy*ically /rong en\gh to resi/ x1 l[] at ! exp5se ( high] =ces or qualities1 & ?us to inhibit any normal attempts ( ! ,sublim9al ,self 7a well-accr$it$ psy*ological entity7 to manife/ itself 9 consci\sness4 ,9 ?is connexion x is highly significant to note t1 z f> z c be det]m9$1 almo/ all pr(ess$ mat]iali/s ( ! uncritical type1 & ev5 mo/ ( ^? :o are ?9k+ & philosophiz+ sceptics ab\t ! exi/5ce ( a sup]s5su\s realm or /ate ( consci\s be+1 are or h be5 city-dwell]s--usually s by bir? & bre$+4 ,& ev5 :]e we f9d mat]iali/s ( ei!r type dwell+ 9 ! c\ntry1 we g5]ally f9d !m s completely "u ! hypnotic sway ( city influ5ces & m\ld ( ?\ght 9 matt]s ( education & culture1 & 9 matt]s t\*+ religion1 t !y h lo/ all sympa!tic & responsive contact ) ,nature1 because unconsci\sly !y h ?us p]mitt$ conv5tionality & unnaturalness to insulate !m f x4 ,! ,celtic peasant1 :o may be _! t5ant or neighb\r1 is--if /ill uncorrupt$ by !m--9 direct contra/ unconv5tional & natural4 ,he is normally always responsive to psy*ical influ5ces--z mu* s z an ,au/ralian ,arunta or an ,am]ican ,r$ ,man1 :o also1 l him1 are =tunate en\gh to h escap$ be+ corrupt$ by :at we egoti/ically1 to di/+ui% ourselves f !m1 call 'civilization'4 ,if our ,celtic peasant has psy*ical exp]i5ces1 or if he sees an app>ition :i* he calls "o ( ! 'good p'1 t is to say a fairy1 x is useless to try to p]suade him t he is "u a delusion3 unlike 8 mat]iali/ically-m9d$ "l1 he w\ld n attempt nor ev5 desire to make himself believe t :at he has se5 he has n se54 ,n only has he ! w to believe1 b he has ! "r to believe2 because 8 belief is n a matt] ( be+ educat$ & reason+ logically1 nor a matt] ( fai? & !ology--x is a fact ( 8 own individual exp]i5ces1 z he w tell y4 ,su* peasant se]s h frequ5tly argu$ ) me to ! effect t ',"o does n h to be educat$ 9 ord] to see fairies'4 ,unlike ! natural m9d ( ! uncorrupt$ ,celt1 ,arunta1 or ,am]ican ,r$ ,man1 :i* is ev] op5 to unusual psy*ical impressions1 ! m9d ( ! bus9ess man 9 our great cities t5ds to be obsess$ ) bus9ess affairs bo? dur+ 8 wak+ & dur+ 8 dream /ates1 ! politician's ) politics simil>ly1 ! society-lead]'s ) society2 & ! un:olesome excitem5t felt by day 9 ! city is apt to be height5$ at night ?r\gh a satisfy+ ( ! feel+ :i* x morbidly creates = relaxation & *ange ( /imuli4 ,9 ! slums1 humanity is divorc$ f ,nature "u ev5 worse conditions1 & becomes :olly decad5t4 ,b 9 slum & 9 palace alike !re is cont9ually a fev]i% n]ve-t5sion induc$ by unre/ & worry2 !re is impure & smoke-impregnat$ air1 a lack ( sun%9e1 a sub/itution ( artificial objects = natural objects1 & 9 place ( solitude ! et]nal d9 ( traffic4 ,in/ead ( ,nature1 m5 9 cities 7& p>adoxically "s conv5tionaliz$ m5 9 ! c\ntry7 h 'civilization'--& 'culture'4 ,are city-dwell]s l ^!1 ,nature's unnatural *ildr51 :o gr9d out _! lives 9 an unceas+ /ruggle = weal? & p[]1 social position1 & ev5 = bread1 fit to judge ,nature's natural *ildr5 :o believe 9 fairies8 ,are !y "r 9 n believ+ 9 an invisible _w :i* !y _c conceive1 :i*1 if x exi/s1 !y--ev5 ?\gh !y be sci5ti/s--are ?r\gh environm5t & temp]am5t alike incapable ( kn[+8 ,or is ! c\ntry-dwell+1 ! sometimes 'unpractical' & 'unsuccessful'1 ! dream+1 & 'unciviliz$' peasant "r8 ,^! que/ions ought to ar\se 9 ! m9ds ( an?ropologi/s v s]i\s reflection1 _w-wide 9 its scope4 ,at all ev5ts1 & equally = ! unbeliev] & = ! believ]1 ! /udy ( ! ,fairy-,fai? is ( va/ importance hi/orically1 philosophically1 religi\sly1 & sci5tifically4 ,9 x lie ! g]ms ( mu* ( our ,european religions & philosophies1 cu/oms1 & in/itutions4 ,& x is "o ( ! *ief keys to unlock ! my/]ies ( ,celtic my?ology4 ,we believe t a great] age is com+ soon1 :5 all ! anci5t my?ologies w be c>efully /udi$ & int]pret$1 & :5 ! my?ology ( ! ,celts w be held 9 v high e/eem4 ,b already an age has come :5 ?+s purely ,celtic h begun to be /udi$2 & ! close obs]v] c see ! awak5+ g5ius ( ! mod]n ,celt manife/+ itself 9 ! realm ( s*ol>%ip1 ( lit]ature1 & ev5 ( art--?r\gh\t ,cont95tal ,europe1 especially ,france & ,g]many1 ?r\gh\t ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 & ?r\gh\t ! new ,celtic _w ( ,am]ica1 z f> we/ z ,san ,francisco on ! great calm ocean ( ! future fac+ ,japan & ,*9a4 ,9 tru? ! ,celtic empire is great] ?an x ev] 0 be=e ,caes> de/roy$ its political unity2 & its citiz5s h n =gott5 ! anci5t fai? ( _! ance/ors 9 a _w invisible4 ,w4 ,y4 ,e4 ,w4 ,,section ,i ,,! ,,liv+ ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,*apt] ,i ,,environm5t ',9 ! ,beauty ( ! ,_w lies ! ultimate r$emption ( our mortality4 ,:5 we %all become at "o ) nature 9 a s5se pr(\nd] ev5 ?an ! poetic imag9+s ( mo/ ( u1 we %all und]/& :at n[ we fail to disc]n4'--,,fiona ,,macleod4 ,psy*ical int]pretation--,! my/icism ( ,er9 & ,armorica--,9 ,irel&--,9 ,scotl&--,9 ! ,isle ( ,man--,9 ,wales--,9 ,cornwall--,9 ,brittany4 ,z a prelim9>y to our /udy x is important1 z we %all see lat]1 to give "s att5tion to ! influ5ces & purely natural environm5t "u :i* ! ,fairy-,fai? has gr[n up4 ,& 9 do+ s x w be app>5t to :at ext5t !re is tru? 9 ! ,naturali/ic ,!ory2 ?\gh f ! fir/ our int]pretation ( ,environm5t is fundam5tally psy*ical4 ,9 ?is fir/ *apt]1 !n1 9 s f> z !y c be record$1 we %all record a few impressions1 :i* w1 9 a way1 s]ve z introductory to ! m def9ite & detail$ consid]ation ( ! ,fairy-,fai? itself4 ,irel& & ,brittany1 ! two extremes ( ! mod]n ,celtic _w1 are = u ! mo/ important po9ts f :i* to take our initial be>+s4 ,bo? wa%$ by ! wat]s ( ! ,ocean ( ,atlantis1 ! "o an isl&1 ! o!r a p59sula1 !y h be/ pres]v$ _! old racial life 9 its simplicity & beauty1 ) its high ideals1 its my/ical traditions1 & its /rong spirituality4 ,&1 curi\s ?\gh ! /atem5t may appe> to "s1 ?is pres]vation ( old] mann]s & traditions does n seem to be due s mu* to geographical isolation z to subtle =ces s /range & my/]i\s t to "k !m !y mu/ be felt2 & _! nature c only be sugge/$1 = x _c be describ$4 ,ov] ,er9 & ,armorica1 z ov] ,egypt1 !re hov]s a halo ( romance1 ( /rang5ess1 ( my/icism real & positive2 &1 if we mi/ake n ! language ( o!rs1 ^! phrases ( ours b e*o op9ions common to _m ,celts native ( ! two c\ntries--!y :o h ! fir/ "r to te/ify2 & n only are !re poets & se]s among !m1 b m5 ( ! practical _w z well1 & m5 ( high rank 9 s*ol>%ip1 9 lit]ature1 9 art1 & ev5 9 sci5ce4 ,,9 ,,irel& ,if anyone w\ld "k ,irel& & te/ ^! influ5ces--influ5ces :i* h be5 s fundam5tal 9 giv+ to ! ,fairy-,fai? ( ! pa/ some?+ m ?an m]e beauty ( romance & attractive =m1 & some?+ :i* ev5 to-day1 z 9 ! h]oic ages1 is ev]-liv+ & ev]-pres5t 9 ! c5tres :]e m5 ( ! second-sight say t !y see fairies 9 t /range /ate ( subjectivity :i* ! peasant calls ,fairyl&--let him /& on ! ,hill ( ,t>a sil5tly & alone at sunset1 9 ! noonday1 9 ! mi/ ( a d>k day4 ,let him likewise sil5tly & alone foll[ ! c\rse ( ! ,boyne4 ,let him ent] ! sil5ce ( ,new ,grange & ( ,d[?4 ,let him muse ov] ! hi]oglyphics ( ,l\gh ,crew4 ,let him feel ! my/ic beauty ( ,kill>ney1 ! peacefulness ( ,gl5dal\gh1 ( ,mona/]boise1 ( ,clonmacnois1 & ! isolation ( ,aranmore4 ,let him d>e to ent] ! r+s ( fairies1 to tempt ! 'good folk' at _! ra?s & =ts4 ,let him re/ on ! anci5t cairn above ! m\nta9-palace ( ,f9v>a & look out across ! battlefields ( ,moytura4 ,let him w&] amid ! fairy dells ( g5tle ,connem>a4 ,let him behold ! ,iri% ,sea f ! ,heights ( ,h[?1 z ,fionn ,mac ,cumhail us$ to d4 ,let him li/5 to ! ocean-w9ds amid ,dun ,a5gus4 ,let him view ! /ronghold ( ,cu*ula9n & ! ,r$ ,bran* ,knights4 ,let him l+] beside t my/]i\s lake :i* lies embosom$ betwe5 two prehi/oric cairns on ! summit ( en*ant$ ,slieve ,gullion1 :]e yet dwells invisible ! m\nta9's ,gu>dian1 a fairy woman4 ,let him !n try to int]pret ! my/icism ( an anci5t ,iri% my?1 9 ord] to und]/& :y m5 h be5 told t 9 ! pla9 b5ea? ?is magic m\nta9 ( ,irel& mighty w>f>e 0 once wag$ on acc\nt ( a ,bull1 by ! ho/s ( ,que5 ,meave aga9/ ^? ( ,cu*ula9n ! h]o ( ,ul/]4 ,let him be lo/ 9 ! mi/s on ! top ( ,b5 ,bulb94 ,let him "k ! haunts ( fairy k+s & que5s 9 ,roscommon4 ,let him foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,patrick & ,bridgit & ,columba4 ,:5 !re are d>k days & /ormy nights1 let him sit beside a blaz+ fire ( fragrant peat 9 a peasant's /raw-?at*$ cottage li/5+ to tales ( ,irel&'s gold5 age--tales ( gods1 ( h]oes1 ( gho/s1 & ( fairy-folk4 ,if he w d ^! ?+s1 he w "k ,irel&1 & :y its p believe 9 fairies4 ,z yet1 little has be5 said conc]n+ ! effects ( cl\ds1 ( natural sc5]y1 ( weird & sudd5 trans=mations 9 e>? & sky & air1 :i* play _! "p 9 %ap+ ! complete ,fairy-,fai? ( ! ,iri%2 b :at we are ab\t to say conc]n+ ,scotl& w sugge/ ! same ?+s = ,irel&1 because ! nature ( ! l&scape & ! atmosph]ic *anges are mu* ! same 9 ! two c\ntries1 bo? inl& & on _! rock-b\nd & /orm-swept %ores4 ,,9 ,,scotl& ,9 ! moorl&s betwe5 ,trossa*s & ,ab]foyle1 a region made fam\s by ,scott's ,rob ,roy1 ,i h se5 atmosph]ic *anges s sudd5 & s contra/$ z to appe> m>vell\s4 ,:at %ift+ ( vap\rs & cl\ds1 :at fla%es ( bright sun-gleams1 !n twilight at midday6 ,across ! l&scape1 %ad[s ( black d5se fog-banks ru% l %ad[s ( flocks ( great birds :i* d>k5 all ! e>?4 ,palpitat+ fog-banks wrap !mselves ar\nd ! m\nta9-tops & !n come d[n l liv+ ?+s to move across ! valleys1 sometimes only a few y>ds above ! travell]'s head4 ,& 9 t c\ntry live t]rible wat]-kelpies4 ,:5 black cl\ds dis*>ge _! wat]y burd5 x is 9 w9d-driv5 v]tical wat]-%eets ?r\gh :i* ! _w appe>s z ?r\gh an ice-film$ w9d[-pane4 ,p]haps 9 a s+le day !re may be ! blue/ ( heav5s & ! cle>e/ air1 ! d5se/ cl\ds & ! d>ke/ %ad[s1 ! calm ( ! morn+ & ! w9d ( ! tempe/4 ,at night 9 ,ab]foyle aft] su* a day1 ,i witness$ a cle> sunset & a fair ev5+ sky2 9 ! morn+ :5 ,i arose1 ! l[l&s along ! riv] 7 inundat$ & a ?\s& cascades1 l>ge & small1 7 leap+ d[n ! m\nta9-highl&s1 & ra9 0 fall+ 9 heavy masses4 ,)9 an h\r aft]w>ds1 z ,i travell$ on t[>ds ,/irl+1 ! ra9 & w9d ceas$1 & !re settl$ d[n ov] all ! l& cl\d-masses s inky-black t !y seem$ l ! fancies ( "s horrible dream4 ,!n l mass$ armies !y began to move to _! m\nta9-/rongholds1 & /ood !re2 :ile f ! ea/ came p]fect wea!r & a flood ( brilliant sun%9e4 ,& 9 ! ,highl&s f ,/irl+ to ,inv]ness :at magic1 :at *ang+ col\rs & %ad[s !re 7 on ! age-worn treeless hills1 & 9 ! valleys ) _! cle>1 pure /reams receiv+ tribute f unnumb]$ little rills & spr+s1 "s dropp+ wat] drop by drop z ?\gh x 7 fairy-di/ill$2 & ev]y:]e ! hea!r giv+ to ! m\nta9-l&scape a hue ( ri* purpli%-br[n1 & to ! air an od\r ( aromatic fragrance4 ,on to ! nor?-we/ beyond ,inv]ness !re is ! same k9d ( a treeless highl& c\ntry2 & !n aft] a few h\rs ( travel "o looks out across ! wat] f ,kyle & beholds ,skye1 :]e ,cu*ula9n is by "s believ$ to h pass$ 8 "y manhood le>n+ feats ( arms f fairy wom51--,skye1 d>k1 m\nta9\s1 maje/ic1 ) its wat]falls turn+ to :ite spray z !y tumble f cliff to cliff into ! s\nd1 f out ! cl\ds t hide _! m\nta9-summit s\rces4 ,9 ! ,out] ,hebrides1 z 9 ! ,aranmore ,isl&s (f ,we/ ,irel&1 influ5ces are at "w on ! ,celtic imag9ation q diff]5t f ^? 9 ,skye & its neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,m\nta9\s bill[s :i* h travell$ f af> out ( ! my/]i\s wat]y wa/e f9d _! fir/ imp$im5t on ! we/ ( ^! isolat$ ,hebridean isles1 & !y fl+ !mselves l mad ?+s 9 full fury aga9/ ! wild rocky islets fr++ ! coa/4 ,:ite spray fla%es 9 une>?ly =ms ov] ! highe/ cliff1 & ! unre/ra9$ hurricane :irls x f> inl&4 ,ocean's et]nally murmur+ s\nds set up a responsive vibration 9 ! s\l ( ! peasant1 z he 9 solitude drives home 8 flocks amid ! weird gloam+ at ! end ( a ,decemb] day2 &1 lat]1 :5 he sits brood+ 9 8 humble cottage at night1 9 ! fitful flick]+ ( a peat fire1 he has a my/ic consci\sness t deep d[n 9 8 be+ !re is a m div9e music comp>$ ) :i* t ( ext]nal nature is b a symbol & an e*o2 &1 z he /irs ! gl[+ peat-emb]s1 phantoms f an irretrievable pa/ seem to be sitt+ ) him on ! edge ( ! half-circle ( dy+ light4 ,maybe !re are sk9-clad huntsm5 ( ! sea & l&1 ) spe>s & knives ( bone & fl9t & %aggy sleep+ dogs1 or fe>less sea-rov]s re/+ we>ily on %ields ( brilliant bronze1 or maybe ,celtic w>riors fi]ce & bold2 & !n he und]/&s t 8 pa/ & 8 pres5t are "o4 ,commonly !re is ! ?icke/ day-d>kness :5 ! driv+ /orms come 9 f ! ,atlantic1 or :5 d5se fog cov]s sea & l&2 &1 aga91 !re are melan*oly sea-w9ds moan+ across f %ore to %ore1 b5d+ ! bu%es ( ! purple hea!r4 ,at o!r times !re is a sp>kle ( ! brighte/ sun%9e on ! ocean waves1 a fi]c5ess =eign to ! m peaceful ,highl&s2 & !n aga9 a dead sil5ce prevails at sunrise & at sunset if "o be on ! m\nta9s1 or1 if on ! %ore1 no s\nd is he>d save ! rhy?mical beat ( ! waves1 & n[ & !n ! ho>se cry ( a sea-bird4 ,all ^! contra/$ conditions may be se5 9 "o day1 or ea* may endure = a day2 & ! d>k days la/ ne>ly all ! w9t]4 ,& !n x is1 dur+ ! long w9t]1 t ! cr(t]s & fi%]-folk congregate night aft] night 9 a diff]5t neighb\r's h\se to tell ab\t fairies & gho/s1 & to repeat all ^? old leg5ds s de> to ! he>t ( ! ,celt4 ,p]haps e "o pres5t has he>d ! same /ory or leg5d a hundr$ times1 yet x is always li/5$ to & told z ?\gh x 7 ! late/ bullet9 ( "s great _w-/irr+ ev5t4 ,ov] ^? little isl&s1 s f> away to ! nor?1 out on ! edge ( ! _w1 9 w9t]-"t d>kness settles d[n at f\r o'clock or ev5 e>li]2 & ! isl&]s hurry ?r\gh ) _! d9n] ( fi% & oat-bread s z n to miss he>+ ! fir/ /ory4 ,:5 ! company has ga!r$ f f> & ne>1 pipes are re-fill$ & lit & ! peat is heap$ up1 = ! /ory-tell+ is n likely to end be=e midnight4 ',! h\se is roomy & clean1 if homely1 ) its bright peat fire 9 ! middle ( ! floor4 ,!re are _m pres5t--m5 & wom51 boys & girls4 ,all ! wom5 are seat$1 & mo/ ( ! m54 ,girls are cr\*$ betwe5 ! knees ( fa!rs or bro!rs or fri5ds1 :ile boys are p]*$ :]ev]--boy-l--!y c climb4 ,! h\seman is twi/+ twigs ( hea!r into ropes to hold d[n ?at*1 a neighb\r cr(t] is tw9+ quick5 root into cords to tie c[s1 :ile ano!r is plait+ b5t grass into baskets to hold meal4 ,! h\sewife is sp9n+1 a daught] is c>d+1 ano!r daught] is teaz+1 :ile a ?ird daught]1 suppos$ to be work+1 is away 9 ! backgr\nd conv]s+ 9 l[ :isp]s ) ! son ( a neighb\r+ cr(t]4 ,neighb\r wives & neighb\r daught]s are knitt+1 sew+1 or embroid]+4'#e ,!n :5 ! bad wea!r = fi%+ has be5 fully discuss$ by ! m51 & ! late/ gossip by ! wom51 & ! fooli% talk ( ! y\?s & maid5s 9 ! corn]s is f9i%$1 ! "o :o occupies ! *air ( hon\r 9 ! mid/ ( ! ceilidh#f looks ar\nd to be sure t ev]ybody is com=table & ready2 &1 z 8 fir/ /ory beg9s1 ev5 ! babes by in/9ct cease _! noise & cry+1 & "y & old b5d =w>d eag]ly to he> e ^w4 ,x does n matt] if "s ( ! boys & girls d topple ov] asleep1 or ev5 "s ( ! old] folk z ! h\r gets late2 ! tales meet no int]ruption 9 _! ev51 unbrok5 fl[4 ,& "h we h ! mo/ ,celtic & ! mo/ natural environm5ts :i* ! ,fairy-,fai? enjoys 9 ,scotl&4 ,!re are /ill ! ,s\!rn ,highl&s 9 ! c\ntry ar\nd ,oban1 & ! isl&s ne> !m2 & ( all ^! isles none is s picturesque 9 hi/ory z ! "o ,columba lov$ s well4 ,?\gh ,iona enjoys less ( ! wildness ( ! ,hebrides fur!/ we/1 x has _! /orm-w9ds & fogs & d>k days1 & _! /rang5ess ( isolation4 ,on x1 z ,adamnan tells u1 ! holy man f\ght ) black demons :o came to invade 8 mona/]y1 & saw angelic ho/s2 & :5 ! angels took 8 s\l at midnight 9 t little *apel by ! sea-%ore !re 0 a my/ic light :i* illum9at$ all ! alt> l ! brighte/ sun%9e4 ,b n[adays1 :]e ! sa9t saw demons & angels ! ,isl&]s see gho/s & 'good p'1 & :5 "o ( ^! isl&]s is tak5 9 dea? x is n by angels--x is by fairies4 ,,9 ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,man ,9 ! mid/ ( ! ,iri% ,sea1 almo/ equidi/ant f ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales1 & conc5trat+ 9 itself ! psy*ical & magnetic influ5ces f ^! ?ree ,celtic l&s1 & f ,celto-,saxon ,engl& too1 lies ! beautiful k+dom ( ! great ,tua?a ,de ,danann god1 ,manannan ,mac ,lir1 or1 z 8 loyal ,manx subjects pref] to call him1 ,mannanan-,beg-,mac-y-,leir4 ,9 no o!r l& ( ! ,celt does ,nature %[ s _m moods & contra/s1 su* p]fect repose at "o "t & at ano!r "t ! might9ess ( its unloos$ p[]s1 :5 ! baffl$ sea ?r[s itself angrily aga9/ a high rock-b\nd coa/1 z wild & almo/ z wea!r-worn z ! we/]n coa/s ( ,irel& & ! ,hebrides4 ,b x is ,nature's calm] moods :i* h great] effect ^u ! ,manx p3 on ! summit ( 8 anci5t /ronghold1 ,s\? ,b>rule ,m\nta91 ! god ,manannan yet dwells invisible to mortal eyes1 & :5ev] on a w>m day he ?r[s (f 8 magic mi/-blanket ) :i* he is wont to cov] ! :ole isl&1 ! gold5 gorse or purple hea!r blossoms become musical ) ! hum ( bees1 & sway g5tly on breezes made balmy by ! tropical w>m? ( an ocean /ream fl[+ f ! f> di/ant ,mexican %ores ( a ,new ,_w4 ,!n 9 _m a moi/ & sweet-smell+ gl51 pure & v]dant1 l&-birds 9 rejoic+ b&s add to ! h>mony ( s\nd1 z !y ga!r on ! newly-pl\gh$ field or dip !mselves 9 ! cle> wat] ( ! t9kl+ brook2 & f ! cliffs & rocky islets on ! coa/ comes ! e*o ( ! multitud9\s *orus ( sea-birds4 ,at sunset1 on su* a day1 z ev5+ calmness settles d[n1 weird m\nta9 %ad[s beg9 to move across ! dimly-light$ gl5s2 & :5 d>kness has fall51 !re is a my/ic /illness1 brok5 only by ! ceaseless ?robb+ ( ! sea-waves1 ! fl[ ( brooks1 & ! voices ( ! night4 ,9 ! moorl& solitudes1 ev5 by day1 !re sometimes broods a deep] sil5ce1 :i* is yet m pot5t & full ( mean+ = ! peasant1 z "u its spell he beholds ! peaceful vision1 happy & sunlit1 ( sea & l&1 ( g5tle m\nta9s fall+ away 9 l&-waves into well-till$ pla9s & f]tile valleys2 & he comes to feel in/9ctively ! old ,druidic ,fires relit )9 8 he>t1 & p]haps unconsci\sly he wor%ips !re 9 ,nature's ,temple4 ,! natural beauty )\t awak5s ! div9e beauty )91 & = a second ( "t he1 out ( 8 subconsci\sness1 is consci\s t 9 ,nature !re are be+s & inaudible voices :i* h no exi/5ce = ! flippant pleasure-seek+ cr[ds :o come & g4 ,to ! multitude1 8 ance/ral beliefs are fooli%ness1 8 fairies b ! creatures ( a f]vid ,celtic imag9ation :i* readily responds to unusual ph5om5a & environm5ts4 ,!y w n believe ) him t all beauty & h>mony 9 ! _w are b symbolic1 & t beh9d ^! /& unse5 su/a9+ =ces & p[]s :i* are consci\s & et]nal2 & ?\gh by in/9ct !y will+ly p]sonify ,nature !y d n "k ! secret ( :y !y d s3 = !m ! out] is reality1 ! inn] non-exi/5t4 ,f ! ,age ( ,/one to ! civiliz$ era ( to-day1 ! ,isle ( ,man has be51 9 succession1 ! home ( e kn[n race & p :o h fl\ri%$ 9 ,we/]n ,europe2 & ?\gh subject1 9 turn1 to ! ,iri% ,gael & to ! ,wel% ,bry?on1 to ,nor?m5 & to ,danes1 to ,scots & to ,engli%1 & ! sc5e ( sweep+ trans=mations 9 religion1 z pagan cults succe$$ "o ano!r1 to give way to ! tea*+ ( ,/4 ,patrick & 8 disciples ,/4 ,g]man & ,/4 ,maughold1 & ?is f9ally to ! ,prote/ant =m ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! isl& alone ( ,celtic l&s has be5 /rangely emp[]$ to ma9ta9 9 almo/ primitive purity its anci5t con/itution & fre$om1 & ?\gh geographically at ! v c5tre ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 is n a "p ( x4 ,! ar*aeologi/ may /ill read 9 my/]i\s symbols ( /one & e>?1 z !y lie /rewn ov] ! isl&'s surface1 ! hi/ory ( ?is age-long panoramic procession ( human evolution2 :ile ?r\gh ^! same symbols ! ,manx se] reads a deep] mean+2 & sometimes 9 ! sup]human realm ( radiant light1 to :i* s9ce long ago !y h (t come & (t return$1 he meets face to face ! gods & h]oes ^: e>ly tombs /& solit>y on ! w9d-swept m\nta9-top & moorl&1 or hidd5 away 9 ! embrace ( wild fl[]s & v]dure amid valleys2 & 9 ! d>k] mid-_w he sees innum]able gho/s ( _m ( ^! races :i* h p]i%$4 ,,9 ,,wales ,less c be said ( ,wales ?an ( ,irel&1 or ( ,scotl& z a :ole4 ,x has1 x is true1 its own peculi> psy*ic atmosph]e1 diff]5t1 no d\bt1 because its p are ,bry?onic ,celts r ?an ,gaelic ,celts4 ,b ,wales1 ) conditions m mod]niz$ ?an is ! case 9 ,irel& or 9 ! ,we/]n ,hebrides ( ,scotl&1 does n n[ exhibit 9 a vigor\s or fl\ri%+ /ate ^? ,celtic influ5ces :i*1 :5 !y 7 active1 did s mu* to create ! preci\s ,romances ( ,ar?ur & 8 ,bro!rhood1 & to lay ! f\ndations = ! ,wel% belief 9 ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 a fairy race /ill surviv+ 9 a few fav\r$ localities4 ,wales1 l all ,celtic c\ntries1 is a l& ( long sea-coa/s1 ?\gh !re seems to be1 save 9 ! m\nta9s ( ! nor?1 less ( mi/ & d>kness & cl\d effects ?an 9 ,irel& & ,scotl&4 ,9 ! s\?1 p]haps ! mo/ curi\s influ5ces are to be felt at ,/4 ,david's ,head1 & 9 ,/4 ,david's itself--once ! goal = ?\s&s ( pilgrims f _m c\ntries ( m$iaeval ,europe1 &1 probably1 9 pagan times ! seat ( an oracle4 ,& a place ( l "* is ! p59sula ( ,g[]1 s\? ( ,swansea4 ,ca]philly ,ca/le1 :]e ! ,gre5 ,lady reigns n[ amid its ru9$ acres1 is a /range place2 & s is ! hill ne> ,c>m>!n1 :]e ,m]l9 is asleep 9 a cave ) ! fairy-woman ,vivian4 ,b 9 none ( ^! places to-day is !re a /rong liv+ fai? 9 fairies z !re is1 = example1 9 ,we/ ,irel&4 ,! "o region :]e ,i f\nd a real ,celtic atmosph]e--& x is a region :]e ev]ybody speaks ,wel%--is a m\nta9\s c\ntry r>ely visit$ by travell]s1 save ar*aeologi/s1 a few miles f ,newport2 & its c5tre is ! ,p5tre ,evan ,cromle*1 ! f9e/ cromle* 9 ,wales if n 9 ,brita94 ,by ?is prehi/oric monum5t & 9 ! c\ntry r\nd ! old ,nev]n ,*ur*1 ?ree miles away1 !re is an active belief 9 ! 'fair-folk'1 9 gho/s1 9 dea?-w>n+s1 9 dea?-c&les & phantom-fun]als1 & 9 wit*craft & black magic4 ,!nce on to ,newca/le-,emlyn & its valley1 :]e _m ( ! ,mab9ogion /ories took =m1 or at lea/ f :]e !y drew ri* mat]ial 9 ! way ( folk-lore1#g are environm5ts purely ,wel% & z yet little di/urb$ by ! comm]cial mat]ialism ( ! age4 ,!re rema9 n[ to be m5tion$ ?ree o!r places 9 ,wales to me v impressive psy*ically4 ,^! are3 anci5t ,h>le*1 s fam\s 9 record$ ,wel% fairy-romance--,h>le* ) its /range /one-circles1 & old ca/le f :i* ! ,sn[don ,range is se5 to loom maje/ically & cle>1 & ) its sun-kiss$ bay2 ,m\nt ,sn[don1 ) its memories ( ,ar?ur & ,wel% h]oes2 & sacr$ ,anglesey or ,mona1 /rewn ) tumuli1 & dolm5s1 & pill>-/ones--,mona1 :]e ! ,druids made _! la/ /& aga9/ ! ,roman eagles--& its little isl& call$ ,holyhead1 fac+ ,irel&4 ,h[ev]1 :5 all is said1 mod]n ,wales is poor] 9 its fairy atmosph]e ?an mod]n ,irel& or mod]n ,brittany4 ,c]ta9ly !re is a good deal ( ?is fairy atmosph]e yet1 ?\gh x has become less vital ?an ! simil> fairy atmosph]e 9 ! great c5tres ( ,er9 & ,armorica4 ,b ! purely social environm5t "u :i* ! ,fairy-,fai? ( ,wales survives is a pot5t =ce :i* promises to pres]ve und]nea? ! surface ( ,wel% national life1 :]e ! comm]cialism ( ! age has compell$ x to retire 9 a /ate ( tempor>y lat5cy1 ! ance/ral idealism ( ! anci5t ,bry?onic race4 ,9 ,wales1 z 9 ,l[] ,brittany & 9 p>ts ( ,irel& & ! ,hebrides1 "o may /ill he> 9 common daily use a language :i* has be5 cont9u\sly spok5 s9ce unkn[n c5turies be=e ! rise ( ! ,roman empire4 ,& ! /rong hold :i* ! ,druidic ,ei/$dfod 7an annual national congress ( b>ds & lit]ati7 cont9ues to h ^u ! ,wel% p1 9 spite ( _! comm]cialism1 is1 aga91 a sign t _! he>ts rema9 uncorrupt$1 t :5 ! m fav\rable h\r /rikes !y w sweep aside ! dead5+ influ5ces :i* n[ hold !m 9 spiritual bondage1 & become1 z !y 7 9 ! pa/1 true *ildr5 ( ,ar?ur4 ,,9 ,,cornwall ,/rik+ly l ,brittany 9 physical aspects1 ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,cornwall is a l& ( ! sea1 ( roll+ pla9s & moorl&s r ?an ( high hills & m\nta9s1 a l& ( gold5-yell[ furze-bloom1 :]e noisy cr[ds ( black cr[s & :ite sea-gulls m+le toge!r ov] ! fre%ly-turn$ or new-s[n fields1 & :]e 9 ! spr+-"t ! call ( ! cuckoo is he>d ) ! song ( ! skyl>k4 ,l ! ,isle ( ,man1 f ! e>lie/ ages ,cornwall has be5 a meet+-place & a battle-gr\nd = cont5d+ races4 ,! primitive d>k ,ib]ian peoples gave way be=e ,aryan-,celtic invad]s1 & ^! to ,roman & !n to ,g]manic invad]s4 ,nature has be5 k9d to ! :ole ( ,cornwall1 b *iefly ^u ! p59sula ^: anci5t capital is ,p5zance 7:i* possibly means '! ,holy ,headl&'71 & ^u ! l& imm$iately ea/w>d & nor?w>d ( x1 %e has be/[$ h] r>e/ gifts4 ,hold+ ?is t]ritory embosom$ 9 ! pure wat]s ( ,ocean1 & brea?+ ov] x ! pure air ( ! ,atlantic 9 spr+ & 9 summ] calm1 :5 ! w>m vap\rs f ! ,gulf ,/ream sweep ov] x freely1 & make x a l& ( fl[]s & ( s++-birds1 ,nature pres]ves et]nally its beauty & its sanctity4 ,!re are !re ru9$ ,briti% villages ^: build]s are long =gott51 /range prehi/oric circul> sun-temples l =tresses cr[n+ ! hill-tops1 my/]i\s und]gr\nd passage-ways1 & crosses probably pre-,*ri/ian4 ,ev]y:]e are ! records ( ! mighty pa/ ( ?is ?rice-holy ,druid l& ( sunset4 ,!re are weird leg5ds ( ! lo/ k+dom ( ,fair ,lyonesse1 :i* se]s sometimes see b5ea? ! cle> salt waves1 ) all its anci5t t[ns & fl[]y fields2 leg5ds ( ,pho5icians & ,ori5tal m]*ants :o came = t92 leg5ds ( gods & ( giants1 ( pixies & ( fairies1 ( ,k+ ,ar?ur 9 8 ca/le at ,t9tagel1 ( angels & ( sa9ts1 ( wit*es & ( wiz>ds4 ,on ,d9sul1 ',hill d$icat$ to ! ,sun1' pagan prie/s & prie/esses kept k9dl$ ! ,et]nal ,fire1 & daily wat*$ ea/w>d = ! ris+ ( ! ,god ( ,light & ,life1 to greet 8 com+ ) paeans ( ?anksgiv+ & praise4 ,!n aft] ! six? c5tury ! new religion _h come proclaim+ a m my/ic ,light ( ! ,_w 9 ! ,son ( ,god1 & to ! pi\s half-pagan monks :o succe$$ ! ,druids ! ,ar*angel ,/4 ,mi*ael appe>$ 9 vision on ! ,sacr$ ,m\nt4#h ,& be=e ,/4 ,augu/9e came to ,brita9 ! ,celts ( ,cornwall _h already comb9$ 9 _! own my/ical way ! spiritual message ( primitive ,*ri/ianity ) ! pure nature-wor%ip ( _! ance/ors2 & _! l& 0 !n1 z x mo/ likely _h be5 9 pagan days1 a c5tre ( pilgrimages = _! ,celtic k9sm5 f ,irel&1 f ,wales1 f ,engl&1 & f ,brittany4 ,:5 9 lat] times new !ological doctr9es 7 sup]impos$ on ?is my/icism ( ,celtic ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,sacr$ ,fires 7 buri$ 9 a%es1 & ! ,light & ,beauty ( ! pagan _w obscur$ ) sackclo?4 ,b !re 9 t mo/ s\!rn & we/]n corn] ( ! ,isle ( ,brita91 ! ,sacr$ ,fires !mselves /ill burn on ! div9e hill-tops1 ?\gh smo!r$ 9 ! he>ts ( its *ildr54 ,! ,corni%man's vision is no long] cle>4 ,he looks ^u cromle* & dolm51 ^u anci5t caves ( initiation1 & ^u ! graves ( 8 prehi/oric ance/ors1 & vaguely feels1 b does n "k1 :y 8 l& is s holy1 is s p]meat$ by an indef9able magic2 = he has lo/ 8 ance/ral my/ic t\* ) ! unse5--he is 'educat$' & 'civiliz$'4 ,! h& ( ! conqu]or has fall5 m heavily ^u ! p ( ,cornwall ?an ^u any o!r ,celtic p1 & n[ = a "t1 b let u hope happily only = ?is d>k p]iod ( transition1 !y sleep--until ,ar?ur comes to break ! spell & set !m free4 ,,9 ,,brittany ,z 0 po9t$ out at ! beg9n+ ( ?is *apt]1 ,irel& & ,brittany are to be reg>d$ z ! two poles ( ! mod]n ,celtic _w1 b x is believ$ by ,celtic my/ics t !y are mu* m ?an ?is1 t !y are two ( its psy*ic c5tres1 ) ,t>a & ,c>nac z two respective po9ts ( focus f :i* ! ,celtic influ5ce ( ea* c\ntry radiates4#i ,) su* a psy*ical po9t ( view1 x makes no diff]5ce at all :e!r "o s*ol> argues ,c>nac to be ,celtic & ano!r pre-,celtic1 = if pre-,celtic1 z x mo/ likely is1 x has c]ta9ly be5 bequea!d to ! p :o 7 & are ,celtic1 & its influ5ce has be5 an unbrok5 ?+ f times altoge!r beyond ! horizon ( hi/ory4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory 7& 9 foll[+ x we are m]ely try+ to put on record unique mat]ial transmitt$ to u by ! mo/ le>n$ ( contempor>y ,celtic my/ics & se]s7 !re seem to be c]ta9 fav\r$ places on ! e>? :]e its magnetic & ev5 m subtle =ces are mo/ p[]ful & mo/ easily felt by p]sons susceptible to su* ?+s2 & ,c>nac appe>s to be "o ( ! greate/ ( su* places 9 ,europe1 & = ?is reason1 z has be5 ?\ght1 0 probably select$ by its anci5t prie/-build]s z ! great c5tre = religi\s practices1 = ! celebration ( pagan my/]ies1 = tribal assemblies1 = a/ronomical obs]vations1 & v likely = e/abli%+ s*ools 9 :i* to educate neophytes = ! prie/hood4 ,t>a1 ) its tribut>y ,boyne valley1 is a simil> place 9 ,irel&1 s select$ & s us$1 z1 9 our /udy ( ! cult ( fairies & ! cult ( ! dead1 manuscript evid5ce w lat] indicate4 ,& ?us to su* psy*ical & magnetic1 or1 accord+ p]haps to o!rs1 religi\s or traditional influ5ces z focus !mselves at ,t>a & ,c>nac1 ?\gh 9 o!r p>ts ( ! two c\ntries z well1 may be due 9 a great1 ev5 9 an ess5tial measure1 ! vigor\s & ev]-liv+ ,fairy-,fai? ( ,irel&1 & ! innate & ev]-consci\s belief ( ! ,breton p 9 ! ,leg5d ( ! ,dead & 9 a _w invisible4 ,= fairies & s\ls ( ! dead1 ?\gh1 /rictly speak+1 n confus$1 are believ$ to be be+s ( ! subjective _w exi/+ to-day1 & influ5c+ mortals1 z !y h always exi/$ & influ5c$ !m accord+ to anci5t & mod]n traditions1 & z !y appe> n[ 9 ! eyes ev5 ( sci5ce ?r\gh ! "w ( a few pione] sci5ti/s 9 psy*ical rese>*4 ,& x seems probable t subjective be+s ( ?is k9d1 grant+ _! exi/5ce1 7 made use ( by ! anci5t ,druids1 & ev5 by ,patrick :5 ! old & new religions met to d battle on ! ,hill ( ,t>a4 ,! control ( ,t>a1 z a psy*ical c5tre1 meant ! psy*ical control ( all ,irel&4 ,to-day on ! ,hill ( ,t>a ! /atue ( ,/4 ,patrick dw>fs ! ,lia? ,/one beside x2 at ,c>nac ! ,*ri/ian ,cross ov]%ad[s dolm5s & m5hirs4 ,a le>n$ prie/ ( ! ,roman ,*ur* told me1 :5 ,i met him 9 ,galway1 t 9 8 op9ion ^? places 9 ,irel& :]e anci5t sacrifices 7 p]=m$ to pagan or ,druid gods are /ill1 unless !y h be5 regul>ly exorciz$1 "u ! control ( demons 7daemons74 ,& :at ! ,druids 7 at ,t>a & ?r\gh\t ,er9 & mo/ probably at ,c>nac z well1 ! prie/s 7 9 ,egypt1 & ! py?onesses 9 ,greece4 ,t is to say1 ,druids1 ,egyptian prie/s1 prie/esses 9 *>ge ( ,greek oracles1 are said to h =etold ! future1 int]pret$ om5s1 work$ all miracles & wond]s ( magic by ! aid ( daemons1 :o 7 reg>d$ z an ord] ( invisible be+s1 int]m$i>y betwe5 gods & m51 & z sometimes includ+ ! %ades f ,hades4 ,i %\ld say z be=e1 if he :o kn[+ ,irel&1 ! ,l& ( ,fa]ie1 w\ld "k 9 ! same mann] ,brittany1 ! ,l& ( ! ,dead1 let him sil5tly & alone walk _m times--9 sun1 9 w9d1 9 /orm1 9 ?ick mi/--?r\gh ! long1 broad av5ues ( /one ( ! ,alignem5ts at ,c>nac4 ,let him wat* f among !m ! c\rse ( ! sun f ea/ to we/4 ,let him /& on ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt on ! day ( ! w9t] sol/ice1 or on ! day ( ! summ] sol/ice4 ,let him ent] ! sil5ce ( its anci5t und]gr\nd *amb]1 s d>k & s my/]i\s4 ,let him sit = h\rs mus+ amid cromle*s & dolm5s1 & beside m5hirs1 & at holy wells4 ,let him m>vel at ! mightie/ ( m5hirs n[ brok5 & pro/rate at ,locm>iaqu]1 & !n let him pond] ov] ! subt]ranean places ne> x4 ,let him try to read ! symbolic inscriptions on ! rocks 9 ,gavr9is4 ,let him /& on ! le de ,se9 at sunrise & at sunset4 ,let him p5etrate ! solitudes ( ! ,=e/ ( ,brocli&e1 & walk ?r\gh ! ,val-,sans-,ret\r 7,vale-,)\t-,return74 ,& !n let him w&] 9 footpa?s ) ! ,breton peasant ?r\gh fields :]e good dames sit on ! sunny side ( a bu% or wall1 knitt+ /ock+s1 :]e !re are long h$ges ( furze1 gold5-yell[ ) bloom--ev5 9 ,janu>y--& li/5 to /ories ab\t corrigans1 & ab\t ! dead :o m+le "h ) ! liv+4 ,let him ent] ! peasant's cottage :5 !re is fog ov] ! l& & ! sea-w9ds are bl[+ across ! %ift+ s&-dunes1 & he> :at he c tell him4 ,let him1 ev5 z he enjoys ! picturesque cu/oms & dress ( ! ,breton folk & looks on at _! joy\s ronde 7p]haps ! relic ( a long-=gott5 sun-dance71 obs]ve ! dep? ( _! nature1 _! almo/ ev]-pres5t s5se ( ! s]i\sness ( human life & ef=t1 _! beautiful *>act]s z _! my/ic l& has %ap$ !m )\t ! artificiality ( books & s*ools1 _! dream9ess z !y look out across ! ocean1 _! (t5 p]fect physique & f9e pr(iles & rosy *eeks1 & yet )al _! brood+ innate melan*oly4 ,& let him "k t !re is ) !m always an ov]%ad[+ consci\sness ( an invisible _w1 n 9 "s di/ant realm ( space1 b "h & n[1 bl5d+ itself ) ?is _w2 its inhabitants1 _! dead ance/ors & fri5ds1 m+l+ ) !m daily1 & await+ ! h\r :5 ! ,ank\ 7a ,k+ ( ! ,dead7 %all call ea* to jo9 _! invisible company4 ,,section ,i ,,! ,,liv+ ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,tak+ ,,( ,,evid5ce ',dur+ all ^! c5turies ! ,celt has kept 9 8 he>t "s aff9ity ) ! mighty be+s rul+ 9 ! ,unse51 once s evid5t to ! h]oic races :o prec$$ him4 ,8 leg5ds & fa]y tales h connect$ 8 s\l ) ! inn] lives ( air & wat] & e>?1 & !y 9 turn h kept 8 he>t sweet ) hidd5 influ5ce4'--,a4 ,e4 ,me?od ( pres5tation--,! logical v]dict--,tru/wor?9ess ( leg5ds--,! ,fairy-,fai? held by ! highly educat$ ,celt z well z by ! ,celtic peasant--,! evid5ce is complete & adequate--,its analysis--,! ,fairy-,tribes dealt )--,witnesses & _! te/imony3 f ,irel&1 ) introduction by ,dr4 ,d\glas ,hyde2 f ,scotl&1 ) introduction by ,dr4 ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael2 f ! ,isle ( ,man1 ) introduction by ,miss ,sophia ,morrison2 f ,wales1 ) introduction by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,john ,rhys2 f ,cornwall1 ) introduction by ,mr4 ,h5ry ,j5n]2 & f ,brittany1 ) introduction by ,pr(essor ,anatole ,le ,braz4 ,i4 ,,g5]al ,,introduction ,v>i\s possible plans h pres5t$ !mselves = sett+ =? ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai? z ,i h f\nd x dur+ my travels 9 ! six ,celtic c\ntries among ! p :o hold x4 ,to take a bit "h & a bit !re f a miscellane\s gr\p ( psy*ological exp]i5ces1 fairy leg5ds & /ories :i* are l9k$ toge!r almo/ insep>ably 9 ! m9d ( ! "o :o tells !m1 does n seem at all satisfactory1 nor ev5 j1 9 try+ to arrive at a correct result4 ,classification "u v>i\s head+s1 su*1 = example1 z ,fairy ,abductions1 ,*angel+s1 or ,appe>ances ( ,fairies1 seems equally unsatisfactory2 = z soon z ! details ( folk-lore su* z ,i am pres5t+ are isolat$ f "o ano!r--ev5 ?\gh br\ght toge!r 9 relat$ gr\ps--!y mu/ be rudely torn out ( _! true & natural environm5t1 & divorc$ f ! psy*ological atmosph]e amid/ :i* !y 7 fir/ pres5t$ by ! n>rator4 ,! same objection applies to any plan ( divid+ ! evid5ce into 7#a7 t :i* is purely leg5d>y2 7#b7 t :i* is second-h& or ?ird-h& evid5ce f p :o claim to h se5 fairies1 or to h be5 9 ,fairyl& or "u fairy influ5ces2 & 7#c7 t :i* is fir/-h& evid5ce f actual p]cipi5ts3 ^! ?ree classes ( evid5ce are s self-evid5t t e read] w be able to di/+ui% ea* class = himself z x occurs1 & a me*anical classification by u is unnecess>y4 ,s no plan seems s good z ! plan ,i h adopt$ ( p]mitt+ all witnesses to give _! own te/imony 9 _! own way & 9 its native sett+1 & !n ( classify+ & weigh+ su* te/imony accord+ to ! me?ods ( comp>ative religion & ! an?ropological sci5ces4 ,9 mo/ cases1 z exam9ation w %[1 ! evid5ce is s cle> t little or no comm5t is necess>y4 ,mo/ ( ! evid5ce also po9ts s mu* 9 "o direction t ! only v]dict :i* seems reasonable is t ! ,fairy-,fai? belongs to a doctr9e ( s\ls2 t is to say1 t ,fairyl& is a /ate or condition1 realm or place1 v mu* l1 if n ! same z1 t :]e9 civiliz$ & unciviliz$ m5 alike place ! s\ls ( ! dead1 9 company ) o!r invisible be+s su* z gods1 daemons1 & all sorts ( good & bad spirits4 ,n only d bo? educat$ & un$ucat$ ,celtic se]s s conceive ,fairyl&1 b !y g mu* fur!r1 & say t ,fairyl& actually exi/s z an invisible _w )9 :i* ! visible _w is imm]s$ l an isl& 9 an unexplor$ ocean1 & t x is peopl$ by m species ( liv+ be+s ?an ?is _w1 because incomp>ably m va/ & v>i$ 9 its possibilities4 ,we %\ld be prep>$ 9 he>+ ! evid5ce to meet ) "s contradictions & a good deal ( confusion1 = _m ( ! p :o believe 9 su* a /range _w z we h j describ$1 & :o ?9k !y sometimes h ent]$ x or h se5 "s ( its inhabitants1 h (t5 _h no tra9+ at all 9 s*ools or colleges4 ,b :5 we he> leg5d>y tales :i* h nev] be5 record$ save 9 ! m9ds ( unnumb]$ g5]ations ( m51 we ought n on t acc\nt to und]value !m2 = (t5 !y are bett] au?orities & m tru/wor?y ?an _m an anci5t & c>efully inscrib$ manuscript 9 ! ,briti% ,museum2 & !y are probably f> old] ?an ! olde/ book 9 ! _w4 ,let u1 !n1 = a "t1 =get t !re are su* ?+s z libr>ies & univ]sities1 & betake ourselves to ! ,celtic peasant = in/ruction1 liv+ close to nature z he lives1 & ?9k+ ! ?+s :i* he ?9ks4 ,b ! peasant w n be our only tea*]1 = we %all also he> mu* ( fir/ importance f city folk ( ! highe/ intellectual tra9+4 ,x has become1 p]haps always has be5 9 mod]n times1 a widespread op9ion1 ev5 among "s s*ol>s1 t ! belief 9 fairies is ! prop]ty solely ( simple1 un$ucat$ c\ntry-folk1 & t p :o h _h 'a t\* ( education & a little common s5se knock$ into _! heads'1 to use ! ord9>y language1 'w\ldn't be caught believ+ 9 su* nons5se4' ,?is same class ( critics us$ to make simil> rem>ks ab\t p :o said !re 7 gho/s1 until ! tru? ( ano!r '/upid sup]/ition' 0 discov]$ by psy*ical rese>*4 ,s 9 ?is *apt] we hope to correct ?is errone\s op9ion ab\t ! ,fairy-,fai?1 an op9ion *iefly ent]ta9$ by s*ol>s & o!rs :o "k n ! fir/ real fact ab\t fairies1 because !y h nev] liv$ among/ ! p :o believe 9 fairies1 b d]ive all _! in=mation f books & he>say4 ,9 due ord] ! prop] sort ( witnesses w sub/antiate ?is position1 b be=e com+ to _! te/imony we may n[ say t !re are m5 & wom5 9 ,dubl91 9 o!r p>ts ( ,irel&1 9 ,scotl&1 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 & 9 ,bry?onic l&s too1 :om all ! _w kn[s z educat$ lead]s 9 _! respective fields ( activity1 :o n only decl>e _! belief t fairies 71 b t fairies are2 & "s ( ^! m5 & wom5 say t !y h ! p[] to see fairies z real spiritual be+s4 ,9 ! evid5ce ab\t to be pres5t$ !re has be5 no select+ 9 fav\r ( any "o !ory2 x is pres5t$ z discov]$4 ,! only lib]ty tak5 ) "s ( ! evid5ce has be5 to put x into bett] grammatical =m1 & sometimes to reca/ an ambigu\s /atem5t :5 ,i1 z collector1 _h 9 my own m9d no d\bt z to its mean+4 ,translations h be5 made z lit]al z possible2 ?\gh sometimes x has be5 f\nd bett] to (f] ! mean+ r ?an :at 9 ,engli% w\ld be an obscure colloquialism or idiomatic expression4 ,! me?od pursu$ 9 seek+ ! evid5ce has be5 to p5etrate z deeply & 9 z natural a way z possible ! ?\ghts ( ! p :o believe 9 fairies & l be+s1 by liv+ among !m & obs]v+ _! cu/oms & ways ( ?\ght1 & record+ :at seem$ relevant to ! subject "u inve/igation--*ance expressions1 & leg5ds told "u v>i\s ord9>y conditions--r ?an to collect long leg5ds or lit]>y fairy-/ories4 ,= ^! la/ ! read] is ref]r$ to ! _m excell5t works on ,celtic folk-lore4 ,we h s\ght to br+ toge!r1 z p]haps has n be5 done be=e1 ! philosophy ( ! belief 9 fairies1 r ?an ! m]e fairy-lore itself1 ?\gh ! two _c be sep>at$4 ,9 giv+ ! evid5ce conc]n+ fairies1 we sometimes give evid5ce :i*1 ?\gh ak9 to x & ?us wor?y ( record1 is n /rictly fairy-lore4 ,all t we h omitt$ f ! mat]ials 9 ! =m fir/ tak5 d[n are /ories & acc\nts ( ?+s n suffici5tly relat$ to ! _w ( ,fa]ie to be ( value "h4 ,9 no case has te/imony be5 admitt$ f a p]son :o 0 kn[n to be unreliable1 nor ev5 f a p]son :o 0 ?\ght to be unreliable4 ,accord+ly1 ! evid5ce we are to exam9e ought to be consid]$ good evid5ce s f> z x goes2 & s9ce x repres5ts almo/ all kn[n elem5ts ( ! ,fairy-,fai? & conta9s almo/ all ! ess5tial elem5ts ^u :i* ! advocates ( ! ,naturali/ic ,!ory1 ( ! ,pygmy ,!ory1 ( ! ,druid ,!ory1 ( ! ,my?ological ,!ory1 z well z ( our own ,psy*ological ,!ory1 mu/ base _! argum5ts1 we consid] x v adequate evid5ce4 ,ne>ly e witness is a ,celt :o has be5 made acqua9t$ ) ! belief 9 fairies ?r\gh direct contact ) p :o believe 9 !m1 or ?r\gh hav+ he>d fairy-traditions among 8 own k9dr$1 or ?r\gh p]sonal psy*ological exp]i5ces4 ,& x is exce$+ly =tunate = u t an unusually l>ge proportion ( ^! ,celtic witnesses are actual p]cipi5ts & natural se]s1 because ! elim9ations f ! ,fairy-,fai? to be br\ght ab\t 9 *apt] iii by means ( an an?ropological analysis ( evid5ce w be s ext5sive t1 sci5tifically & /rictly speak+1 !re w rema9 z a residual or unkn[n quantity1 ^u :i* our f9al conclusion mu/ dep5d1 solely ! te/imony ( reliable se]-witnesses4 ,t is to say1 no me?od ( an?ropological dissection ( ! evid5ce c =ce aside consid]ation ( ! ultimate tru? :i* may or may n reside 9 ! te/imony ( sane & ?or\ghly reliable se]-witnesses4 ,old & "y1 educat$ & un$ucat$1 peasant & city-br$1 te/ify to ! actual exi/5ce ( ! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai?2 & ! evid5ce f ,roman ,ca?olics /&s beside t f ,prote/ants1 ! evid5ce ( prie/s supports t ( s*ol>s & sci5ti/s1 peasant se]s h te/ifi$ to ! same k9d ( visions z highly educat$ se]s2 & :at poets h said agrees ) :at is told by bus9ess m51 eng9e]s1 & lawy]s4 ,b ! be/ ( witnesses1 l ourselves1 are only human1 & subject to ! %ortcom+s ( ! ord9>y man1 & !re=e no claim c be made 9 any case to infallibility ( evid5ce3 all ! _w ov] m5 int]pret visions pragmatically & sociologically1 or hold beliefs 9 accord ) _! own p]sonal exp]i5ces2 & are = ev] unconsci\sly imm]s$ 9 a sea ( psy*ological influ5ces :i* sometimes may be expla9able ?r\gh ! me?ods ( sociological inquiry1 sometimes may be sup]normal 9 orig9 & nature1 & h5ce to be expla9$ mo/ adequately1 if at all1 ?r\gh psy*ical rese>*4 ,our /udy is a /udy ( human nature itself1 &1 moreov]1 (t5 ( human nature 9 its mo/ subtle aspects1 :i* are call$ psy*ical2 & ! mo/ difficult problem ( all is = human nature to int]pret & und]/& its own ultimate ess5ce & psy*ological in/9cts4 ,our :ole aim is to discov] :at reasonabl5ess may or may n /& beh9d a belief s va/1 s anci5t1 s common 7contr>y to popul> non-,celtic op9ion7 to all classes ( ,celts1 & s fundam5tal a %ap+ =ce 9 ,european hi/ory1 religion1 & social in/itutions4 ,:5 we /ate our conviction t ! ,fairy-,fai? is common to all classes ( ,celts1 we d n /ate t x is common to all ,celts4 ,! mat]ialization ( ! age has affect$ ! ,fairy-,fai? z x has affect$ all religi\s beliefs ! _w ov]4 ,?is has be5 po9t$ out by ,dr4 ,hyde1 by ,dr4 ,c>mi*ael1 & by ,mr4 ,j5n] 9 _! respective introductions = ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & ,cornwall4 ,nev]!less1 ! ,fairy-,fai? z ! folk-religion ( ! ,celtic peoples is /ill able to c\nt its adh]5ts by hundr$s ( ?\s&s4 ,ev5 9 _m cases :]e ,*ri/ian !ology has be5 p>tially or :olly disc>d$ by educat$ ,celts1 9 ! c\ntry or 9 ! city1 z be+ to !m 9 too _m details out ( h>mony ) accept$ sci5tific tru?s1 ! belief 9 fairies has be5 jeal\sly reta9$1 & w1 s x w\ld seem1 be reta9$ 9 ! future4 ,we are n[ prep>$ to he> ab\t ! ,dao9e ,mai!1 ! ',good ,p'1 z ! ,iri% call _! ,sidhe race2 ab\t ! ',p ( ,peace'1 ! ',/ill-,folk' or ! ',sil5t ,mov+ ,folk'1 z ! ,scot* call _! ,s? :o live 9 gre5 knolls & 9 ! m\nta9 fa/nesses ( ! ,highl&s2 ab\t v>i\s ,manx fairies2 ab\t ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 ! ',fair-,family' or ',fair-,folk'1 z ! ,wel% p call _! fairies2 ab\t ,corni% ,pixies2 & ab\t ,fes 7fairies71 ,corrigans1 & ! ,phantoms ( ! ,dead 9 ,brittany4 ,& along ) ^!1 = !y are v mu* ak91 let u he> ab\t gho/s--sometimes ab\t gho/s :o discov] hidd5 treasure1 z 9 our /ory ( ! ,gold5 ,image--ab\t gobl9s1 ab\t v>i\s sorts ( dea?-w>n+s g5]ally com+ f app>itions ( ! dead1 or f ban%ees1 ab\t dea?-c&les & phantom-fun]als1 ab\t lepre*auns1 ab\t ho/s ( ! air1 & all k9ds ( elem5tals & spirits--9 %ort1 ab\t all ! ord]s ( be+s :o m+le toge!r 9 t invisible realm call$ ,fairyl&4 ,,ii4 ,,9 ,,irel& ,introduction by ,,d\glas ,,hyde1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4 ,litt41 ,m4,r4,i4,a4 7,an ,craoibhn ,aoibh9n71 ,presid5t ( ! ,gaelic ,league2 au?or ( ,a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1 c4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( ! conclusions drawn by ,mr4 ,w5tz f 8 explorations into ! ,iri% _s-_w1 !re c be no d\bt z to ! accuracy ( ! data f :i* he draws !m4 ,i h myself be5 = ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury collect+1 (f & on1 ! folk-lore ( ,we/]n ,irel&1 n inde$ 9 ! %ape 9 :i* ,mr4 ,w5tz has collect$ x1 b r ) an eye 7p>tly = l+ui/ic & lit]>y purposes7 to its songs1 say+s1 ballads1 prov]bs1 & sgalta1 :i* la/ are g5]ally ! equival5t ( ! ,g]man ,mr*51 b sometimes h a t\* ( ! saga nature ab\t !m4 ,9 mak+ a collection ( ^! ?+s ,i h naturally come across a v l>ge am\nt ( folk-belief conv]sationally express$1 ) reg>d to ! 'good p' & o!r sup]natural manife/ations1 s t ,i c be> witness to ! fidelity ) :i* ,mr4 ,w5tz has done 8 "w on ,iri% soil1 = to a great numb] ( ! beliefs :i* he records ,i h myself he>d p>allels1 sometimes ,i h he>d ne> v>iants ( ! /ories1 sometimes ! id5tical /ories4 ,s we may1 ,i ?9k1 unhesitat+ly accept 8 subject-matt]1 :atev]1 z ,i said1 be ! conclusions we may d$uce f !m4 ,! folk-tale 7sean-sgal7 or ,mr*51 :i* ,i h sp5t s mu* "t 9 collect+1 mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) ! folk-belief :i* =ms ! basis ( ,mr4 ,w5tz's /udies4 ,! sgal or /ory is some?+ mu* m intricate1 complicat$1 & ?\ght-out ?an ! belief4 ,"o c q easily di/+ui% betwe5 ! two4 ,"o 7! belief7 is %ort1 conv]sational1 *iefly relat+ to real p1 & conta9s no great sequ5ce ( incid5ts1 :ile ! o!r 7! folk-tale7 is long1 complicat$1 m or less conv5tional1 & above all has its int]e/ gr\p$ ar\nd a s+le c5tral figure1 t ( ! h]o or h]o9e4 ,i may make ?is pla9] by an example4 ,let u g into a cottage on ! m\nta9-side1 z ,mr4 ,w5tz & ,i h done s (t51 & ask ! old man ( ! h\se if he ev] he>d ( su* ?+s z fairies1 & he w tell y t '!re is fairies 9 x surely4 ,didn't 8 own fa!r see ! =?#aj beyond full ( !m1 & he pass+ by ( a moonlight night & a little pip] among !m1 & he play+ music t mortal man nev] he>d ! l8' or he'll tell y t 'he himself w\ldn't say ag9 fairies = x's (t5 he he>d _! music at ! old bu% beh9d ! h\se'4 ,ask :at ! fairies are l1 & he w tell y--well1 pretty mu* :at ,mr4 ,w5tz tells u4 ,f ?is & ! l acc\nts we =m our ideas ( fairies & fairy music1 ( gho/s1 m]maids1 pcas1 & s on1 b !re is no sequ5ce ( incid5ts1 no h]o1 no h]o9e1 no /ory4 ,aga91 ask ! old man if he kn[s e'er a sean-sgal 7/ory or ,mr*571 & he w ask y at once1 ',did y ev] he> ! ,speckl$ ,bull2 did y ev] he> ! ,well at ! end ( ! _w2 did y ev] he> ! ,tailor & ! ,?ree ,bea/s2 did y ev] he> ! ,hornless ,c[8' ,ask him to relate "o ( ^!1 & if y get him 9 ! "r ve91 :i* may be p]haps "o "t 9 t51 or if y induce ! "r ve91 :i* y may d p]haps n9e times out ( t51 y w f9d him beg9 ) a c]ta9 gravity & solemnity at ! v beg9n+1 ?us1 ',!re 0 once1 9 old times & 9 old times x 01 a k+ 9 ,irel&'2 or p]haps 'a man :o m>ri$ a second wife'2 or p]haps 'a wid[ woman ) only "o son'3 & ! tale proce$s to rec\nt ! life & adv5tures ( ! h]oes or h]o9es1 ^: biographies told 9 ,iri% 9 a sort ( /]eotyp$ =m may take f t5 m9utes to half an h\r to get ?r\gh4 ,"s /ories w\ld burn out a dip c&le 9 ! tell+1 or ev5 la/ ! :ole night4 ,b ^! /ories h little or no?+ to say to ! que/ions rais$ 9 ?is book4 ,! problem we h to deal ) is a />tl+ "o1 z ?us put be=e u by ,mr4 ,w5tz4 ,are ^! be+s ( ! _s _w real be+s1 hav+ a v]itable exi/5ce ( _! own1 9 a _w ( _! own1 or are !y only ! creation ( ! imag9ation ( 8 in=mants1 & ! tradition ( bygone c5turies8 ,! newspap]1 ! ',national' ,s*ool1 & ! ,zeitgei/ h answ]$ to _! own entire satisfaction t ^! ?+s are imag9ation pure & simple4 ,yet ?is (f-h& condemnation does n always c>ry ) x a p]fect conviction4 ,we d n d\bt ! exi/5ce ( tree-m>t9s or k+fi%]s1 al?\gh n9e hundr$ & n9ety-n9e p out ( e ?\s& pass _! entire lives )\t be+ v\*saf$ a glimpse ( !m 9 _! live /ate2 & may x n be ! same ) ! creatures ( ! _s _w1 may n !y also exi/1 ?\gh to only "o 9 a ?\s& x be v\*saf$ to behold !m8 ,! _s creatures _c be /uff$ & put into museums1 l r>e animals & birds1 ^: exi/5ce we might d\bt ( if we _h n se5 !m !re2 yet !y may exi/ j z su* animals & birds d1 ?\gh we _c see !m4 ,i1 at lea/1 h (t5 be5 tempt$ to ?9k s4 ,b ! foll[+ consid]ations1 p>tly drawn f comp>ative folk-lore1 h made me hesitate ab\t def9itely accept+ any !ory4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 view+ ! ,iri% _s-_w z a :ole1 we f9d t x conta9s1 ev5 on ,mr4 ,w5tz's %[+1 q a numb] ( diff]5t ord]s ( be+s1 ( v>y+ %apes1 appe>ances1 size1 & functions4 ,are we to believe t all ^? be+s equally exi/1 &1 on ! pr9ciple t !re c be no smoke )\t a fire1 are we to hold t !re w\ld be no popul> conception ( ! ban%ee1 ! lepre*aun1 or ! ,maighdean-mh>a 7sea-maid51 m]maid71 & consequ5tly no tales told ab\t !m1 if su* be+s did n exi/1 & f "t to "t all[ !mselves to be se5 l ! wood-m>t9 & ! k+fi%]8 ,?is "q is1 moreov]1 fur!r complicat$ by ! belief 9 ! appe>ance ( ?+s t are or appe> to be inanimate objects1 n liv+ be+s1 su* z ! deaf coa* or ! phantom %ip 9 full sail1 ! appe>ance ( :i* ,mr4 ,yeats has immortaliz$ 9 "o ( 8 e>lie/ & f9e/ poems4 ,aga91 al?\gh ! bean-sidhe 7ban%ee71 lepre*aun1 pca1 & ! l are ! mo/ commonly kn[n & usually se5 creatures ( ! _s _w1 yet great quantities ( o!r appe>ances are believ$ to h be5 also sporadically met )4 ,i v well rememb] sitt+ "o night "s f\r or five ye>s ago 9 an hotel 9 ,indianapolis1 ,u4,s4,a41 & talk+ to f\r ,iri%m51 "o or two ( !m v weal?y1 & all prosp]\s citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! talk happ5$ to turn ^u spirits--! only "t dur+ my entire ,am]ican exp]i5ces 9 :i* su* a ?+ happ5$--& ea* man ( ! f\r _h a /ory ( 8 own to tell1 9 :i* he 0 a conv9c$ believ]1 ( gho/ly manife/ations se5 by him 9 ,irel&4 ,two ( ^! manife/ations 7 ( be+s t w\ld fall into no kn[n category2 a mon/r\s rabbit z big z an ass1 :i* plung$ into ! sea 7rabbits c swim71 & a :ite heif] :i* asc5d$ to heav51 7 two ( !m4 ,i myself1 :5 a boy ( t5 or elev51 0 p]fectly conv9c$ t on a f9e e>ly dewy morn+ 9 summ] :5 p 7 /ill 9 b$1 ,i saw a /range horse run r\nd a sev5-acre field ( ours & *ange into a woman1 :o ran ev5 swift] ?an ! horse1 & aft] a c\ple ( c\rses r\nd ! field disappe>$ into our hagg>d4 ,i am sure1 :atev] ,i may believe to-day1 no e>?ly p]suasion w\ld1 at ! "t1 h conv9c$ me t ,i did n see ?is4 ,yet ,i nev] saw x aga91 & nev] he>d ( any "o else see+ ! same4 ,my object 9 m5tion+ ^! ?+s is to %[ t if we conc$e ! real objective exi/5ce (1 let u say1 ! app>5tly well-au!nticat$ ban%ee 7,bean-sidhe1 'woman-fairy'71 :]e are we to /op8 = any numb] ( be+s1 m or less well au!nticat$1 come cr[d+ on h] heels1 s _m inde$ t !y w\ld po9t to a f> m ext5sive _w ( diff]5t %apes ?an is usually suspect$1 n to speak ( inanimate objects l ! coa* & ! %ip4 ,( c\rse !re is no?+ inh]5tly impossible 9 all ^! %apes exi/+ any m ?an 9 "o ( !m exi/+1 b !y all seem to me to re/ ^u ! same k9d ( te/imony1 /rong] 9 ! case ( "s1 less /rong 9 ! case ( o!rs1 & x is z well to po9t out ?is cle>ly4 ,my own exp]i5ce is t beliefs 9 ! ,sidhe 7pron\nc$ ,%ee7 folk1 & 9 o!r d5iz5s ( ! invisible _w is1 9 _m places1 rapidly dy+4 ,9 read+ folk-lore collections l ^? ( ,mr4 ,w5tz & o!rs1 "o is naturally incl9$ to exagg]ate ! ext5t & dep? ( ^! traditions4 ,!y c]ta9ly /ill exi/1 & c be f\nd if y g to se>* = !m2 b !y (t5 exi/ almo/ z x 7 by suff]ance1 only 9 spots1 & are ceas+ to be any long] a p[]4 ,ne> my home 9 a we/]n c\nty 7,c\nty ,roscommon7 rises g5tly a slope1 :i*1 ow+ to ! flatness ( ! surr\nd+ regions1 almo/ becomes a hill1 & is a conspicu\s object = _m miles ^u e side4 ,! old p call$ x 9 ,iri% ,mulla* na ,sidhe4 ,?is "n is n[ practically lo/1 & x is call$ ,fairym\nt4 ,s ext9ct h ! traditions ( ! ,sidhe-folk1 :o liv$ )9 ! hill1 become1 t a high ecclesia/ic rec5tly driv+ by ask$ 8 driv] 0 !re an ,iri% "n = ! hill1 & :at 0 x1 & 8 driv] did n "k4 ,!re took place a few ye>s ago a mu* talk$ ( bog-slide 9 ! neighb\r+ t[nl& ( ,cloon-,%eev] 7,sidhbhair or ,siabhra71 '! ,mead[ ( ! ,fairies1' & _m newspap] correspond5ts came to view x4 ,"o ( ! natives told a sympa!tic newspap] report]1 ',sure we always knew x 0 go+ to move1 t's :y ! place is nam$ ,cloon-,%eev]1 ! bog 0 always 9 a %iv]6' ,i h nev] be5 able to he> ( any leg5ds atta*$ to :at mu/ h at "o "t be5 held to be ! head-qu>t]s ( ! ,sidhe = a score ( miles r\nd x4 ,( all ! be+s 9 ! ,iri% my?ological _w ! ,sidhe are1 h[ev]1 app>5tly ! olde/ & ! mo/ di/9ctive4 ,beside !m 9 lit]ature & g5]al r5[n all o!r be+s s9k into insignificance4 ,a belief 9 !m =m]ly dom9at$ ! :ole ( ,iri% life4 ,! ,sidhe or ,tua?a ,de ,danann 7 a p l ourselves :o inhabit$ ! hills--n z a rule ! highe/ & mo/ sali5t em95ces1 b ,i ?9k m usually ! pleasant undulat+ slopes or g5tle hill-sides--& :o liv$ !re a life ( _! own1 m>ry+ or giv+ 9 m>riage1 banquet+ or mak+ w>1 & lead+ !re j z real a life z is our own4 ,all ,iri% lit]ature1 p>ticul>ly p]haps ! ',colloquy ( ! ,anci5ts' 7,agallamh na ,s5ra*7 ab\nds ) ref]5ce to !m4 ,to inquire h[ ! ,iri% orig9ally came by _! belief 9 ^! be+s1 ! ,sidhe or ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 is to raise a "q :i* _c be answ]$1 any m ?an "o c answ] ! "q1 ,:]e did ! ,romans obta9 _! belief 9 ,bac*us & ! fauns1 or ! ,greeks _! own belief 9 ! be+s ( ,olympus8 ,b grant+ su* belief to h be5 indig5\s to ! ,iri%1 z x c]ta9ly seems to h be51 !n ! tall1 h&some fairies ( ,b5 ,bulb9 & ! ,sligo di/rict1 ab\t :om ,mr4 ,w5tz tells u s mu* int]e/+ matt]1 might be acc\nt$ = z be+ a cont9uation ( ! tradition ( ! anci5t ,gaels1 or a piece ( h]$ity inh]5t 9 ! folk-imag9ation4 ,i mean1 9 o!r words1 t ! tradition ab\t ^! h&some dwell]s )9 ! hill-sides hav+ be5 h&$ d[n = ages1 & hav+ be5 p]haps exceptionally well pres]v$ 9 ^? di/ricts1 p saw j :at !y _h always be5 told exi/$1 or1 if ,i may s put x1 !y saw :at !y expect$ to see4 ,f9 ,bhe>a1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,conna*t ,fairies 9 ,cnoc ,meadha 7or ,ca/lehacket7 9 ! ,c\nty ,galway1 8 ,que5 ,nuala1 & all ! beautiful =ms se5 by ,mr4 ,w5tz's se]-witness 7pp4 #fj ff471 all ! ban%ees & all ! human figures1 :ite wom51 & s =?1 :o are se5 9 ra?s & moats & on hill-sides1 are ! direct desc5dants1 s to speak1 ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or ! ,sidhe4 ,( ?is1 ,i ?9k1 !re c be no d\bt :atev]4 ,b !n h[ are we to acc\nt = ! little r$-dress$ m5 & wom5 & ! lepre*auns8 ,yet1 are !y any m wond]ful ?an ! pygmies ( classic tradition8 ,is n ! ,m]maid to be f\nd 9 ,greece1 & is n ! ,lorelei z ,g]manic z ! ,kelpy is ,cal$onian4 ,if we grant t all ^! are creatures ( primitive folk-belief1 !n h[ !y come to be s ceases to be a ,celtic problem1 x becomes a _w problem4 ,b grant$1 z ,i say1 t !y 7 all creatures ( primitive folk-belief1 !n _! occasional appe>ances1 or ! belief 9 su*1 may be acc\nt$ = 9 exactly ! same way z ,i h sugge/$ to be possible 9 ! case ( ! ,b5 ,bulb9 fairies4 ,z = ! belief 9 gho/s or rev5ants 79 ,iri% tais or taidhbhse71 x seems to me t ?is may possibly re/ to "s ext5t ^u a diff]5t foot+ altoge!r4 ,"h we are n confront$ by a diff]5t ord] ( be+s ( diff]5t %apes & attributes f our own1 b only ) ! appe>ances1 among/ ! liv+1 ( m5 :o 7 believ$ or kn[n to be dead or f> away f ! sc5e ( _! appe>ances4 ,ev5 ^? :o may be mo/ sceptical ab\t ! ,sidhe-folk & ! lepre*auns are likely to be conv9c$ 7on ! m]e evid5ce7 t ! exi/5ce ( 'a/ral bodies' or 'd\bles'1 or :atev] we may call !m1 & ! appe>ances ( p1 especially 9 ! h\r ( _! dea?1 to o!r p :o 7 p]haps hundr$s ( miles away at ! "t1 is amply prov54 ,yet :atev] may h be5 ! case orig9ally :5 man 0 "y1 ,i d n ?9k t ?is _h 9 lat] times any m direct be>+ ^u ! belief 9 ! ,sidhe1 ! lepre*auns1 ! m]maid1 & simil> be+s ?an ^u ! belief 9 ! ,greek ,pan!on1 ! naiads1 ! dryads1 or ! fauns2 all ( :i* beliefs1 probably aris+ orig9ally f an animi/ic s\rce1 mu/ h diff]5tiat$ !mselves at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,( c\rse e real app>ition1 e 'gho/' app>ition1 t5ds n[1 & mu/ h t5d$ at all times1 to /r5g!n e _s belief4 ,= d n gho/ app>itions belong1 9 a way1 to ! same realm z all ! o!rs we h spok5 (1 t is1 to a realm equally outside our normal exp]i5ce8 ,ano!r v int]e/+ po9t1 & "o hi!rto g5]ally ov]look$1 is ?is1 t diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,iri% soil *]i% diff]5t bodies ( sup]natural be+s4 ,! ,nor? ( ,irel& believes 9 be+s unkn[n 9 ! ,s\?1 & ,nor?-,ea/ ,le9/] has spirits unkn[n to ! ,we/4 ,"s places seem to be almo/ giv5 up to special beliefs4 ,any outsid]1 = in/ance1 :o may h read t p[]ful & grisly book1 ,la ,lg5de de la ,mort1 by ,m4 ,anatole ,le ,braz1 9 two l>ge volumes1 all ab\t ! awful appe>ances ( ,ank\ 7,dea?71 :o simply dom9ates ! folk-lore ( ,brittany1 w probably be v mu* a/oni%$ to "k t1 ?\gh ,i h be5 collect+ ,iri% folk-lore all my life1 ,i h nev] met ,dea? figur+ z a p]sonality 9 m ?an two or ?ree tales1 & ^! mo/ly ( a trivial or humor\s description1 ?\gh ! ,deaf ,coa* 7,ci/e ,bodh>71 ! belief 9 :i* is pretty g5]al1 does seem a k9d ( p>allel to ! creak+ c>t 9 :i* ,ank\ rides4 ,i w\ld sugge/1 !n1 t ! re/riction ( c]ta9 =ms ( spirits1 if ,i may s call !m1 to c]ta9 localities1 may be due to race int]mixture4 ,i w\ld imag9e t :]e ! p ( a primitive tribe settl$ d[n mo/ /rongly1 !y also mo/ /rongly pres]v$ ! memory ( ^? sup]natural be+s :o 7 peculi>ly _! own4 ,! ,sidhe-folk appe> to be pre-em95tly & di/9ctively ,milesian1 b ! geancana* 7"n ( "s little _s 9 ,mea? & portion ( ,ul/]7 may h be5 believ$ 9 by a race entirely diff]5t f t :i* believ$ 9 ! clracaun 7a ,mun/] sprite74 ,"s ( ^! beliefs may be ,aryan1 b _m are probably pre-,celtic4 ,is x n /range t :ile ! names & exploits ( ! great semi-my?ological h]oes ( ! v>i\s ,saga cycles ( ,irel&1 ,cu*ula9n1 ,conor mac ,nessa1 ,f9n1 ,osg>1 ,ois91 & ! re/1 are at pres5t ! inh]itance ( all ,irel&1 & are kn[n 9 e "p ( x1 !re %\ld /ill be1 z ,i h said1 sup]natural be+s believ$ 9 :i* are unkn[n outside ( _! own di/ricts1 & ( :i* ! re/ ( ,irel& has nev] he>d8 ,if ! inhabitants ( ! limit$ di/ricts 9 :i* ^! are se5 /ill ?9k !y see !m1 my sugge/ion is t ! e>li] race h&$ d[n an acc\nt ( ! primitive be+s believ$ 9 by _! own tribe1 & lat] g5]ations1 if !y saw any?+1 saw j :at !y 7 told exi/$4 ,:il/ f> f que/ion+ ! actual exi/5ce ( c]ta9 spiritual =ms & app>itions1 ,i v5ture to ?r[ out ^! consid]ations = :at !y may be wor?1 & ,i desire aga9 to ?ank ,mr4 ,w5tz = all ! valuable data he has collect$ = ?r[+ light ^u s int]e/+ a "q4 ,,ratra1 ,,fr5*p>k1 ,,c\nty ,,roscommon1 ,,irel&1 ,septemb] #aiaj4 ,,! ,,fairy ,,folk ,,( ,,t>a ,on ! anci5t ,hill ( ,t>a1 f ^: heights ! ,high ,k+s once rul$ all ,irel&1 f :]e ! sacr$ fires 9 pagan days ann\nc$ ! annual resurrection ( ! sun1 ! ,ea/] ,tide1 :]e ! magic ( ,patrick prevail$ ov] ! magic ( ! ,druids1 & :]e ! ho/s ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 7 wont to appe> at ! great ,fea/ ( ,sama91 to-day ! fairy-folk ( mod]n times hold undisput$ sov]eignty4 ,& f no po9t bett] ?an ,t>a1 :i* ?us 0 once ! magical & political c5tre ( ! ,sacr$ ,isl&1 c\ld we beg9 our /udy ( ! ,iri% ,fairy-,fai?4 ,?\gh ! ,hill has la9 unpl\gh$ & des]t$ s9ce ! curses ( ,*ri/ian prie/s fell ^u x1 on ! calm air ( summ] ev5+s1 at ! twilight h\r1 wondr\s music /ill s\nds ov] its slopes1 & at night long1 weird processions ( sil5t spirits m>* r\nd its grass-gr[n ra?s & =ts4#aa ,x is only m5 :o fe> ! curse ( ! ,*ri/ians2 ! fairy-folk reg>d x n4 ,! ,rev4 ,fa!r ,pet] ,k5ney1 ( ,kilmessan1 _h direct$ me to ,john ,graham1 an old man ov] sev5ty ye>s ( age1 :o has liv$ ne> ,t>a mo/ ( 8 life2 & aft] ,i _h f\nd ,john1 & he _h l$ me f ra? to ra? & !n "r ?r\gh ! l5g? ( ! site :]e once /ood ! banquet hall ( k+s & h]oes & ,druids1 z he e>ne/ly describ$ ! pa/ glories ( ,t>a to :i* ^! anci5t monum5ts be> sil5t te/imony1 we sat d[n 9 ! ?ick sweet grass on ! ,sacr$ ,hill & began talk+ ( ! old5 times 9 ,irel&1 & !n ( ! 'good p'3-- ,! ',good ,p's' ,music4--',z sure z y are sitt+ d[n ,i he>d ! pipes !re 9 t wood 7po9t+ to a wood on ! nor?-we/ slope ( ! ,hill1 & we/ ( ! banquet hall74 ,i he>d ! music ano!r "t on a hot summ] ev5+ at ! ,ra? ( ,r+le/[n1 9 a field :]e all ! grass _h be5 burn$ (f2 & ,i (t5 he>d x 9 ! wood ( ,t>a4 ,:5ev] ! good p play1 y he> _! music all ?r\gh ! field z pla9 z c be2 & x is ! gr&e/ k9d ( music4 ,x may la/ half ! night1 b once day comes1 x ends4' ,:o ! ',good ,p' are4--,i n[ ask$ ,john :at sort ( a race ! 'good p' are1 & :]e !y came f1 & ?is is 8 reply3--',p kill$ & murd]$ 9 w> /ay on e>? till _! "t is up1 & !y are among ! good p4 ,! s\ls on ?is e>? are z ?ick z ! grass 7runn+ 8 walk+-/ick ?r\gh a ?ick clump71 & y c't see !m2 & evil spirits are j z ?ick1 too1 & p don't "k x4 ,because !re are s _m spirits knock+ 7go+7 ab\t !y mu/ appe> to "s p4 ,! old folk saw ! good p "h on ! ,hill a hundr$ times1 & !y'd always be talk+ ab\t !m4 ,! good p c see ev]y?+1 & y d>e n m$dle ) !m4 ,!y live 9 ra?s1 & _! h\ses are 9 !m4 ,! op9ion always 0 t !y are a race ( spirits1 = !y c g into diff]5t =ms1 & c appe> big z well z little4' ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,kilmessan1 ,,ne> ,,t>a ,john ,boyl91 born 9 ,c\nty ,mea? ab\t sixty ye>s ago1 w be our witness f ,kilmessan1 a village ab\t two miles f ,t>a2 & he1 be+ "o ( ! m5 ( ! vic9ity be/ in=m$ ab\t its folk-lore1 is able to (f] te/imony ( v great value3-- ,! ,fairy ,tribes4--',!re is said to be a :ole tribe ( little r$ m5 liv+ 9 ,gl5 ,odd]1 betwe5 ,r+le/[n & ,t>a2 & on long ev5+s 9 ,june !y h be5 he>d4 ,!re are o!r bre$s or ca/es ( fairies2 & x seems to me1 :5 ,i recall our anci5t traditions1 t "s ( ^! fairies are ( ! ,fir ,bolgs1 "s ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 & "s ( ! ,milesians4 ,all ( !m h be5 se5 s]5ad+ r\nd ! we/]n slope ( ,t>a1 dress$ 9 anci5t ,iri% co/umes4 ,unlike ! little r$ m51 ^! fairy races are w>like & giv5 to mak+ invasions4 ,long processions ( !m h be5 se5 go+ r\nd ! ,k+'s ,*air 7an e>?work on :i* ! ,k+s ( ,t>a are said to h be5 cr[n$72 & !y !n w\ld appe> l soldi]s ( anci5t ,irel& 9 review4' ,! ,fairy ,procession4--',we 7 told z *ildr51 t1 z soon z night fell1 ! fairies f ,ra? ,r+le/[n w\ld =m 9 a procession1 across ,t>a road1 pass r\nd c]ta9 bu%es :i* h n be5 di/urb$ = ages1 & jo9 ! gangk5a 787 or ho/ ( indu/ri\s folk1 ! r$ fairies4 ,we 7 afraid1 & our nurses always br\ght u home be=e ! adv5t ( ! fairy procession4 ,"o ( ! passes us$ by ?is procession happ5$ to be betwe5 two mud-wall h\ses2 & x is said t a man w5t out ( "o ( ^! h\ses at ! wrong "t1 = :5 f\nd he 0 dead3 ! fairies _h tak5 him because he int]f]$ ) _! procession4'#ab ,dea? ?r\gh ,cutt+ ,fairy-,bu%es4--',a man nam$ ,caffney cut z fuel to boil 8 pot ( potatoes "s ( ^! undi/urb$ bu%es r\nd :i* ! fairies pass4 ,:5 he put ! wood "u ! pot1 ?\gh x spat fire1 & fire-sp>kles w\ld come out ( x1 x w\ld n burn4 ,! man p9$ away gradually4 ,9 six mon?s aft] cutt+ ! fairy-bu%es1 he 0 dead4 ,j be=e he di$1 he told 8 exp]i5ces ) ! wood to 8 bro!r1 & 8 bro!r told me4' ,! ,fairies are ! ,dead4--',accord+ to ! local belief1 fairies are ! spirits ( ! dep>t$4 ,tradition says t ,hugh ,o',neil 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 aft] 8 m>* to ! s\?1 encamp$ 8 army on ! ,ra? or ,=t ( ,r+le/[n1 to be assi/$ by ! spirits ( ! mighty dead :o dwelt )9 ?is ra?4 ,& x is believ$ t ,g]ald ,fitzg]ald has be5 se5 com+ out ( ! ,hill ( ,mollyell51 d[n 9 ,c\nty ,l\?1 lead+ 8 horse & dress$ 9 ! old ,iri% co/ume1 ) brea/plate1 spe>1 & w> outfit4' ,fairy ,possession4--',rose ,c>roll 0 possess$ by a fairy-_s4 ,x is kn[n t h] fa!r held communion ) evil spirits1 & x appe>s t !y (t5 assi/$ him4 ,! ,c>rolls' h\se 0 built at ! end ( a fairy =t1 & "p ( x 0 scoop$ out ( ?is =t4 ,rose grew s peculi> t h] folks lock$ h] up4 ,aft] two ye>s %e 0 able to %ake (f ! fairy possession by be+ tak5 to ,fa!r ,rob9son's si/]s1 & !n to an old wit*-woman 9 ,drogh$a4' ,,9 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,! ,,boyne ,9 walk+ along ! ,riv] ,boyne1 f ,slane to ,kn[? & ,new ,grange1 ,i /opp$ at ! cottage ( ,ow5 ,morgan1 at ,ross-na-,righ1 or '! ,wood ( ! ,k+s'1 ?\gh ! anci5t wood has long s9ce disappe>$2 & z we sat look+ out ov] ! sunlit beauty ( ,irel&'s classic riv]1 & 9 full view ( ! fir/ ( ! fam\s moats1 ?is is :at ,ow5 ,morgan told me3-- ,h[ ! ,%oemak]'s ,daught] became ! ,que5 ( ,t>a4--',9 old5 times !re liv$ a %oemak] & 8 wife up !re ne> ,moat ,kn[?1 & _! fir/ *ild 0 tak5 by ! que5 ( ! fairies :o liv$ inside ! moat1 & a little lepre*aun left 9 its place4 ,! same ex*ange 0 made :5 ! second *ild 0 born4 ,at ! bir? ( ! ?ird *ild ! fairy que5 came aga9 & ord]$ "o ( h] ?ree s]vants to take ! *ild2 b ! *ild c\ld n be mov$ because ( a great beam ( iron1 too heavy to lift1 :i* lay across ! baby's brea/4 ,! second s]vant & !n ! ?ird fail$ l ! fir/1 & ! que5 h]self c\ld n move ! *ild4 ,! "m be+ %ort ( p9s _h us$ a ne$le to fa/5 ! *ild's clo!s1 & t 0 :at appe>$ to ! fairies z a beam ( iron1 = !re 0 virtue 9 /eel 9 ^? days4 ',s ! fairy que5 decid$ to be/[ gifts ^u ! *ild2 & advis$ ea* ( ! ?ree s]vants to give1 9 turn1 a diff]5t gift4 ,! fir/ "o said1 ,may %e be ! gr&e/ lady 9 ! _w2 ! second "o said1 ,may %e be ! greate/ s+] 9 ! _w2 & ! ?ird "o said1 ,may %e be ! be/ mantle-mak] 9 ! _w4 ,!n ! fairy que5 said1 ,y\r gifts are all v good1 b ,i w give a gift ( my own bett] ?an any ( !m3 ! fir/ "t %e happ5s to g out ( ! h\se let h] come back into x "u ! =m ( a rat4 ,! "m he>d all t ! fairy wom5 said1 & s %e nev] p]mitt$ h] daught] to leave ! h\se4 ',:5 ! girl rea*$ ! age ( eighte51 x happ5$ t ! "y pr9ce ( ,t>a1 9 rid+ by on a hunt1 he>d h] s++1 & s entranc$ 0 he ) ! music t he /opp$ to li/52 &1 ! song end$1 he ent]$ ! h\se1 & ^u see+ ! wond]ful beauty ( ! s+] ask$ h] to m>ry him4 ,! "m said t c\ld n be1 & tak+ ! daught] out ( ! h\se = ! fir/ "t br\ght h] back into x 9 an apron "u ! =m ( a rat1 t ! pr9ce might und]/& ! refusal4 ',?is en*antm5t1 h[ev]1 did n *ange ! pr9ce's love = ! beautiful s+]2 & he expla9$ h[ !re 0 a day m5tion$ ) 8 fa!r1 ! k+1 = all ! great ladies ( ,irel& to assemble 9 ! ,halls ( ,t>a1 & t ! gr&e/ lady & ! greate/ s+] & ! be/ mantle-mak] w\ld be *os5 z 8 wife4 ,:5 he add$ t ea* lady mu/ come 9 a *>iot1 ! rat spoke to him & said t he mu/ s5d to h] home1 on ! day nam$1 f\r piebald cats & a pack ( c>ds1 & t %e w\ld make h] appe>ance1 provid$ t at ! "t h] *>iot came to ! ,halls ( ,t>a no "o save ! pr9ce %\ld be all[$ ne> x2 &1 %e f9ally said to ! pr9ce1 ,until ! day m5tion$ ) y\r fa!r1 y mu/ c>ry me z a rat 9 y\r pocket4 ',b be=e ! great day arriv$1 ! rat _h made ev]y?+ kn[n to "o ( ! fairy wom51 & s :5 ! f\r piebald cats & ! pack ( c>ds rea*$ ! girl's home1 ! fairies at once turn$ ! cats into ! f\r mo/ spl5did horses 9 ! _w1 & ! pack ( c>ds into ! mo/ wond]ful *>iot 9 ! _w2 &1 z ! *>iot 0 sett+ out f ! ,moat = ,t>a1 ! fairy que5 clapp$ h] h&s & laugh$1 & ! en*antm5t ov] ! girl 0 brok51 s t %e became1 z be=e1 ! prettie/ lady 9 ! _w1 & %e sitt+ 9 ! *>iot4 ',:5 ! pr9ce saw ! wond]ful *>iot com+1 he knew ^: x 01 & w5t out alone to meet x2 b he c\ld n believe 8 eyes on see+ ! lady inside4 ,& !n %e told him ab\t ! wit*es & fairies1 & expla9$ ev]y?+4 ',hundr$s ( ladies _h come to ! ,halls ( ,t>a f all ,irel&1 & e "o z gr& z c\ld be4 ,! conte/ began ) ! s++1 & end$ ) ! mantle-mak+1 & ! "y girl 0 ! la/ to appe>2 b to ! amazem5t ( all ! company ! k+ _h to give 9 7admit7 t ! /range woman 0 ! gr&e/ lady1 ! greate/ s+]1 & ! be/ mantle-mak] 9 ,irel&2 & :5 ! old k+ di$ %e became ! ,que5 ( ,t>a4' ,aft] ?is anci5t leg5d1 :i* ,ow5 ,morgan he>d f ! old folks :5 he 0 a boy1 he told me _m anecdotes ab\t ! 'good p' ( ! ,boyne1 :o are little m5 usually dress$ 9 r$4 ,! ',good ,p' at ,new ,grange4--,betwe5 ,kn[? & ,new ,grange ,i met ,maggie ,timmons c>ry+ a pail ( butt]-milk to h] calves2 & :5 we /opp$ on ! road to talk1 ,i ask$ h]1 9 due "t1 if any ( ! 'good p' ev] appe>$ 9 ! region1 or ab\t ,new ,grange1 :i* we c\ld see 9 ! field1 & %e repli$1 9 ref]5ce to ,new ,grange3--',i am sure ! neighb\rs us$ to see ! good p come out ( x at night & 9 ! morn+4 ,! good p inh]it$ ! =t4' ,!n ,i ask$ h] :at ! 'good p' are1 & %e said3--',:5 !y disappe> !y g l fog2 !y mu/ be some?+ l spirits1 or h[ c\ld !y disappe> 9 t way8 ,i knew ( p1' %e add$1 ':o w\ld milk 9 ! fields ab\t "h & spill milk on ! gr\nd = ! good p2 & pots ( potatoes w\ld be put out = ! good p at night4' 7,see *ap4 viii = additional ,new ,grange folk-lore47 ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,an ,,iri% ,,prie/ ,we n[ pass directly to ,we/ ,irel&1 9 _m ways our mo/ important field1 & :]e ( all places 9 ! ,celtic _w ! ,fairy-,fai? is vigor\sly alive2 & x seems v fitt+ to (f] ! fir/ opportunity to te/ify 9 behalf ( t di/rict to a s*ol>ly prie/ ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 = :at he tells u is almo/ :olly ! result ( 8 own memories & exp]i5ces z an ,iri% boy 9 ,connem>a1 supplem5t$ 9 a valuable way by 8 wid] & m mature k ( ! fairy-belief z he sees x n[ among 8 own p>i%ion]s3-- ,knock ,ma ,fairies4--',knock ,ma1 :i* y see ov] !re1 is said to conta9 excavat$ passages & a palace :]e ! fairies live1 & ) !m ! p !y h tak54 ,& f ! inside ( ! hill !re is believ$ to be an entrance to an und]gr\nd _w4 ,x is a common op9ion t aft] consumptives die !y are !re ) ! fairies 9 good heal?4 ,! wa/$ body is n tak5 into ! hill1 = x is usually reg>d$ z n ! body ( ! deceas$ b r z t ( a *angel+1 ! g5]al belief be+ t ! real body & ! s\l are c>ri$ (f toge!r1 & ^? ( an old p]son f ,fairyl& sub/itut$4 ,! old p]son left soon decl9es & dies4' ,safegu>ds aga9/ ,fairies4--',x 0 prop] :5 hav+ f9i%$ milk+ a c[ to put "o's ?umb 9 ! pail ( milk1 & ) ! wet ?umb to make ! sign ( ! cross on ! ?igh ( ! c[ on ! side milk$1 to be safe aga9/ fairies4 ,& ,i h se5 !m :5 *urn+ put a live coal ab\t an in* squ>e "u ! *urn1 because x 0 an old cu/om connect$ ) fairies4' ,milk & ,butt] = ,fairies4--',:atev] milk falls on ! gr\nd 9 milk+ a c[ is tak5 by ! fairies1 = fairies ne$ a little milk4 ,also1 aft] *urn+1 ! knife :i* is run ?r\gh ! butt] 9 dry+ x mu/ n be scrap$ clean1 = :at /icks to x belongs to ! fairies4 ,out ( ?ree p\nds ( butt]1 = example1 an ounce or two w\ld be left = ! fairies4 ,i h se5 ?is sev]al times4' ,cross+ a ,/ream1 & ,fairies4--',:5 out on a d>k night1 if pursu$ by fairies or gho/s "o is consid]$ q safe if "o c get ov] "s /ream4 ,i rememb] com+ home on a d>k night ) a boy companion & he>+ a noise1 & !n aft] we _h run to a /ream & cross$ x feel+ q safe4' ,fairy ,pres]ves4--',a heap ( /ones 9 a field %\ld n be di/urb$1 ?\gh ne$$ = build+--especially if !y are "p ( an anci5t tumulus4 ,! fairies are said to live inside ! pile1 & to move ! /ones w\ld be mo/ un=tunate4 ,if a h\se happ5s to be built on a fairy pres]ve1 or 9 a fairy track1 ! occupants w h no luck4 ,ev]y?+ w g wrong4 ,_! animals w die1 _! *ildr5 fall sick1 & no end ( tr\ble w come on !m4 ,:5 ! h\se happ5s to h be5 built 9 a fairy track1 ! doors on ! front & back1 or ! w9d[s if !y are 9 ! l9e ( ! track1 _c be kept clos$ at night1 = ! fairies mu/ m>* ?r\gh4 ,ne> ,ball9robe !re is an old =t :i* is /ill ! pres]ve ( ! fairies1 & ! l& r\nd x4 ,! soil is v f9e1 & yet no "o w\ld d>e to till x4 ,"s "t ago 9 lay+ out a new road ! eng9e]s det]m9$ to run x ?r\gh ! =t1 b ! p rose almo/ 9 rebellion1 & ! c\rse _h to be *ang$4 ,! f>m]s w\ldn't cut d[n a tree or bu% gr[+ on ! hill or pres]ve = any?+4' ,fairy ,control ov] ,crops4--',fairies are believ$ to control crops & _! rip5+4 ,a field ( turnips may promise well1 & its own] w c\nt on s _m tons to ! acre1 b if :5 ! crop is ga!r$ x is f\nd to be f> %ort ( ! e/imate1 ! explanation is t ! fairies h extract$ s mu* sub/ance f x4 ,! same ?+ is ! case ) corn4' ,novemb] ,eve & ,fairies4--',on ,novemb] ,eve x is n "r to ga!r or eat blackb]ries or sloes1 nor aft] t "t z long z !y la/4 ,on ,novemb] ,eve ! fairies pass ov] all su* ?+s & make !m unfit to eat4 ,if "o d>es to eat !m aft]w>ds "o w h s]i\s illness4 ,we firmly believ$ ?is z boys1 & ,i laugh n[ :5 ,i ?9k h[ we us$ to gorge ourselves ) b]ries on ! la/ day ( ,octob]1 & !n = weeks aft] pass by bu%es full ( ! mo/ lusci\s fruit1 & ) m\?s wat]+ = x c\ldn't eat x4' ,fairies z ,flies4--',!re is an old abbey on ! riv]1 9 ,c\nty ,mayo1 & p say ! fairies _h a great battle ne> x1 & t ! slaught] 0 trem5d\s4 ,at ! "t1 ! fairies appe>$ z sw>ms ( flies com+ f e direction to t spot4 ,"s came f ,knock ,ma1 & "s f ,s\? ,irel&1 ! op9ion be+ t fairies c assume any =m !y l4 ,! battle la/$ a day & a night1 & :5 x 0 ov] "o c\ld h fill$ baskets ) ! dead flies :i* float$ d[n ! riv]4' ,^? :o ,return f ,fa]ie4--',p]sons 9 a %ort trance-/ate ( two or ?ree days' duration are said to be away ) ! fairies enjoy+ a fe/ival4 ,! fe/ival may be v mat]ial 9 its nature1 or x may be purely spiritual4 ,sometimes "o may ?us g to ,fa]ie = an h\r or two2 or "o may rema9 !re = sev51 f\rte51 or tw5ty-"o ye>s4 ,! m9d ( a p]son com+ out ( ,fairyl& is usually a blank z to :at has be5 se5 & done !re4 ,ano!r idea is t ! p]son kn[s well en\gh all ab\t ,fairyl&1 b is prev5t$ f communicat+ ! k4 ,a c]ta9 woman ( :om ,i knew said %e _h =gott5 all ab\t h] exp]i5ces 9 ,fa]ie1 b a fri5d :o he>d h] object$1 & said %e did rememb]1 & w\ldn't tell4 ,a man may rema9 awake at night to wat* "o :o has be5 to ,fairyl& to see if t "o holds communication ) ! fairies4 ,o!rs say 9 su* a case t ! fairies "k y are on ! al]t1 & w n be discov]$4' ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,a ,,galway ,,pip] ,fairies,sidhega4--,accord+ to our next witness1 ,/ev5 ,ruan1 a pip] ( ,galway1 ) :om ,i h (t5 talk$1 !re is "o class ( fairies ':o are nobody else ?an ! spirits ( m5 & wom5 :o once liv$ on e>?'2 & ! ban%ee is a dead fri5d1 relative1 or ance/or :o appe>s to give a w>n+4 ',! fairies'1 he says1 'nev] c>e ab\t old folks4 ,!y only take babies1 & "y m5 & "y wom54 ,if a "y wife dies1 %e is said to h be5 tak5 by !m1 & ev] aft]w>ds to live 9 ,fairyl&4 ,! same ?+s are said ab\t a "y man or a *ild :o dies4 ,fairyl& is a place ( delights1 :]e music1 & s++1 & danc+1 & fea/+ are cont9ually enjoy$2 & its inhabitants are all ab\t u1 z num]\s z ! blades ( grass4' ,a ,fairy ,dog4--,9 ! c\rse ( ano!r conv]sation1 ,/ev5 po9t$ to a rocky knoll 9 a field n f> f 8 home1 & said3--',i saw a dog ) a :ite r+ ar\nd 8 neck by t hill !re1 & ! olde/ m5 r\nd ,galway h se5 him1 too1 = he has be5 "h = "o hundr$ ye>s or m4 ,he is a dog ( ! good p1 & only appe>s at c]ta9 h\rs ( ! night4' ,an ,old ,pip] 9 ,fairyl&4--,& be=e we _h done talk+1 ! subject ( fairy-music came up1 & ! foll[+ little /ory com+ f "o ( ! la/ ( ! old ,iri% pip]s himself1 ab\t a bro!r pip]1 is ( m ?an ord9>y value3--',!re us$ to be an old pip] call$ ,flann]y :o liv$ 9 ,oranmore1 ,c\nty ,galway4 ,i imag9e he 0 "o ( ! old g5]ation4 ,& "o "t ! good p took him to ,fairyl& to le>n 8 pr(ession4 ,he /udi$ music ) !m = a long "t1 & :5 he return$ he 0 z great a pip] z any 9 ,irel&4 ,b he di$ "y1 = ! good p want$ him to play = !m4' ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ',,old ,,patsy' ,,( ,,aranmore ,our next witness is an old man1 famili>ly call$ ',old ,patsy'1 :o is a native ( ! ,isl& ( ,aranmore1 (f ! coa/ f ,galway1 & he lives on ! isl& amid a little gr\p ( /raw-?at*$ fi%]m5's homes call$ ,oak ,qu>t]4 ,z ',old ,patsy' /ood beside a rude /one cross ne> ,oak ,qu>t]1 9 "o ( ^? curi\s places on ,aranmore1 :]e ea* pass+ fun]al /ops long en\gh to erect a little memorial pile ( /ones on ! smoo? rocky surface ( ! roadside enclosure1 he told me _m anecdotes ab\t ! my/]ies ( 8 native isl&4 ,aranmore ,fairies4--,tw5ty ye>s or s ago r\nd ! ,b$d ( ,d]mot & ,grania1 j above u on ! hill1 !re 7 se5 _m fairies1 'cr[ds ( !m1' said ',old ,patsy'1 & a s+le de]4 ,!y began to *ase ! de]1 & foll[$ x "r ov] ! isl&4 ,at ano!r "t simil> little p *as$ a horse4 ',! rocks 7 full ( !m1 & !y 7 small fell[s4' ,a ,fairy ,beat+--9 a ,dream4--',9 ! ,s\? ,isl&1' he cont9u$1 'z night 0 com+ on1 a man 0 giv+ 8 c[ wat] at a well1 &1 z he look$ on ! o!r side ( a wall1 he saw _m /range p play+ hurley4 ,:5 !y notic$ him look+ at !m1 "o came up & /ruck ! c[ a h>d bl[1 & turn+ on ! man cut 8 face & body v badly4 ,! man might n h be5 s badly (f1 b he return$ to ! well aft] ! fir/ enc\nt] & got five times z bad a beat+2 & :5 he rea*$ home he c\ldn't speak at all1 until ! cock crew4 ,!n he told ab\t 8 adv5tures1 & slept a little4 ,:5 he woke up 9 ! daylight he 0 none ! worse = 8 beat+1 = ! fairies _h rubb$ some?+ on 8 face4' ,patsy says he knew ! man1 :o if /ill alive is n[ 9 ,am]ica1 :]e he w5t sev]al ye>s ago4 ,:]e ,fairies ,live4--,:5 ,i ask$ ,patsy :]e ! fairies live1 he turn$ half ar\nd1 & po9t+ 9 ! direction ( ,dun ,a5gus1 :i* 0 9 full view on ! %>p sky-l9e ( ,aranmore1 said t !re1 9 a l>ge tumulus on ! hill-side bel[ x1 !y _h "o ( _! fav\rite abodes4 ,b1 he add$1 ',! rocks are full ( !m1 & !y are small fell[s4' ,j across ! road f :]e we 7 /&+1 9 a spot ne> ,oak ,qu>t]1 ano!r place 0 po9t$ out :]e ! fairies are (t5 se5 danc+4 ,! "n ( x is ,mone5 an ,damhsa1 '! ,little ,bog ( ! ,dance4' ,o!r sorts ( fairies live 9 ! sea2 & "s ( !m :o live on ,aranmore 7probably 9 conjunction ) ^? 9 ! sea7 g out ov] ! wat] & cause /orms & w9d4 ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,a ,,roman ,,ca?olic ,,!ologian ,! foll[+ evid5ce1 by ! ,rev4 ,fa!r ----1 came out dur+ a discussion conc]n+ spirits & fairies z reg>d$ by ,roman ,ca?olic !ology1 :i* he & ,i enjoy$ :5 we met z fell[ travell]s 9 ,galway ,t[n3-- ,( ,magic & ,place-spirits4--',magic1 accord+ to ,ca?olic !ology1 is no?+ else ?an ! solicitation ( spiritual p[]s to help u4 ,if evil spirits are evok$ by c]ta9 irrational practices x is unholy magic1 & ?is is altoge!r =bidd5 by our ,*ur*4 ,all *>ms1 spells1 div9ation1 necromancy1 or geomancy are unholy magic4 ,holy magic is practis$ by c>ry+ ! ,cross 9 ,*ri/4 ,n[ evil magic has be5 practis$ "h 9 ,irel&3 butt] has be5 tak5 s t none came f ! *urn+2 c[s h be5 made to die ( maladies2 & fields made unproductive4 ,a c[ 0 b\ght f an old woman 9 ,connem>a1 & no butt] 0 ev] _h f ! c[ until exorcism ) holy wat] 0 p]=m$4 ,?is is report$ to me z a fact4' ,& 9 ano!r relation ! ,rev4 ,fa!r ---- said :at = u is highly significant3--',my private op9ion is t 9 c]ta9 places "h 9 ,irel& :]e pagan sacrifices 7 practis$1 evil spirits ?r\gh receiv+ homage ga9$ control1 & /ill hold control1 unless driv5 out by exorcisms4' ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,! ,,t[n ,,cl]k ,,( ,,tuam ,to ! t[n cl]k ( ,tuam1 ,mr4 ,john ,glynn1 :o s9ce 8 boyhood has tak5 a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! traditions ( 8 native c\nty1 ,i am indebt$ = ! foll[+ valuable summ>y ( ! fairy cre$ 9 t "p ( ,nor? ,galway :]e ,f9v>a rules3-- ,fairies ( ! ,tuam ,c\ntry4--',! :ole ( ,knock ,ma 7,cnoc ,meadha#ac71 :i* probably means ,hill ( ! ,pla91 is said to be ! palace ( ,f9v>a1 k+ ( ! ,connaught fairies4 ,!re are a good _m leg5ds ab\t ,f9v>a1 b v few ab\t ,que5 ,meave 9 ?is region4' ,fam9e ( #ahdf-g caus$ by ,fairies4--',dur+ #ahdf-g ! potato crop 9 ,irel& 0 a failure1 & v mu* suff]+ result$4 ,at ! "t1 ! c\ntry p 9 ^! p>ts attribut$ ! fam9e to di/urb$ conditions 9 ! fairy _w4 ,old ,?ady ,/e$ once told me ab\t ! conditions !n prevail+1 ,sure1 we c\ldn't be any o!r way2 & ,i saw ! good p & hundr$s besides me saw !m fight+ 9 ! sky ov] ,knock ,ma & on t[>ds ,galway4 ,& ,i he>d o!rs say !y saw ! fight+ also4' ,fairyl&2 & ! ,se]ess4--',fairies are said to be immortal1 & ! fairy _w is always describ$ z an immat]ial place1 ?\gh ,i d n ?9k x is ! same z ! _w ( ! dead4 ,sick p]sons1 h[ev]1 are (t5 said to be ) ! fairies1 & :5 cur$1 to h come back4 ,a woman :o di$ "h ab\t ?irty ye>s ago 0 commonly believ$ to h be5 ) ! fairies dur+ h] sev5 ye>s' sickness :5 %e 0 a maid54 ,%e m>ri$ aft] com+ back1 & _h *ildr52 & %e 0 always able to see ! good p & to talk ) !m1 = %e _h ! second-sight4 ,& x is said t %e us$ to travel ) ! fairies at night4 ,aft] h] m>riage %e liv$ 9 ,tuam1 & ?\gh h] p 7 six or sev5 miles out f ,tuam 9 ! c\ntry1 %e c\ld always tell all t 0 tak+ place ) !m !re1 & %e at h] own home at ! "t4' ,fairies on ,may ,day4--',on ,may ,day ! good p c /eal butt] if ! *ance is giv5 !m4 ,if a p]son ent]s a h\se !n1 & *urn+ is go+ on1 he mu/ take a h& 9 x1 or else !re w be no butt]4 ,& if fire is giv5 away on ,may ,day no?+ w g "r = ! :ole ye>4' ,! ,?ree ,fairy ,drops4--',ev5 yet c]ta9 ?+s are due ! fairies2 = example1 two ye>s ago1 9 ! ,c\rt ,room "h 9 ,tuam1 a woman 0 on trial = wat]+ milk1 & to ! surprise ( u all :o 7 conduct+ ! proce$+s1 &1 x c be add$1 to ! great amusem5t ( ! onlook]s1 %e swore t %e _h only add$ ! ?ree fairy drops4' ,food ( ,fairies4--',food1 aft] x has be5 put out at night = ! fairies1 is n all[$ to be eat5 aft]w>ds by man or bea/1 n ev5 by pigs4 ,su* food is said to h no real sub/ance left 9 x1 & to let any?+ eat x w\ldn't be ?\ght (4 ,! und]ly+ idea seems to be t ! fairies extract ! spiritual ess5ce f food (f]$ to !m1 leav+ beh9d ! gross] elem5ts4' ,fairy ,w>f>e4--',:5 ! fairy tribes "u ! v>i\s k+s & que5s h a battle1 "o side manages to h a liv+ man among !m1 & he by knock+ ! fairies ab\t turns ! battle 9 case ! side he is on is los+4 ,x is always usual = ! ,mun/] fairy k+ to *all5ge ,f9v>a1 ! ,connaught fairy k+4' ,,c\nty ,,sligo1 ,,& ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,a ,,peasant ,,se]#ad ,! ,b5 ,bulb9 c\ntry 9 ,c\nty ,sligo is "o ( ^? r>e places 9 ,irel& :]e fairies are ?\ght to be visible1 & our fir/ witness f !re claims to be able to see ! fairies or 'g5try' & to talk ) !m4 ,?is mortal s fav\r$ lives 9 ! same t[nl& :]e 8 fa!rs h liv$ dur+ f\r hundr$ ye>s1 directly b5ea? ! %ad[s ( ,b5 ,bulb91 on ^: sides ,d]mot is said to h be5 kill$ :ile hunt+ ! wild-bo>4 ,& ?is fam\s old m\nta91 honeycomb$ ) curi\s grottoes ages ago :5 ! sea beat aga9/ its p]p5dicul> flanks1 is ! v place :]e ! 'g5try' h _! *ief abode4 ,ev5 on its broad level summit1 = x is a high squ>e tablel& l a mighty cube ( rock set d[n ^u ! e>? by "s ant$iluvian god1 !re are trea*]\s holes1 :]e9 m ?an "o hunt] may h be5 lo/ = ev]1 p5etrat+ to unkn[n dep?s2 & by li/5+ "o c he> ! tides f ! ocean ?ree or f\r miles away surg+ 9 & out ?r\gh anci5t subt]ranean *annels1 connect$ ) ^! holes4 ,9 ! neighb\r+ m\nta9s !re are long cav]ns :i* no man has d>$ to p5etrate to ! end1 & ev5 dogs1 x is said1 h be5 put 9 !m nev] to em]ge1 or else to come out miles away4 ,"o day :5 ! heavy :ite fog-banks hung ov] ,b5 ,bulb9 & its neighb\rs1 & !re 0 a weird almo/-twilight at midday ov] ! purple hea!r bog-l&s at _! base1 & ! ra9 0 fall+1 ,i sat ) my fri5d be=e a com=table fire ( fragrant turf 9 8 cottage & he>d ab\t ! 'g5try'3-- ,enc\nt]s ) ! ',g5try'4--',:5 ,i 0 a "y man ,i (t5 us$ to g out 9 ! m\nta9s ov] !re 7po9t+ out ( ! w9d[ 9 _! direction7 to fi% = tr\t1 or to hunt2 & x 0 9 ,janu>y on a cold1 dry day :ile c>ry+ my gun t ,i & a fri5d ) me1 z we 7 walk+ ar\nd ,b5 ,bulb91 saw "o ( ! g5try = ! fir/ "t4 ,i knew :o x 01 = ,i _h he>d ! g5try describ$ ev] s9ce ,i c\ld rememb]2 & ?is "o 0 dress$ 9 blue ) a head-dress adorn$ ) :at seem$ to be frills4#ae ,:5 he came up to u1 he said to me 9 a sweet & silv]y voice1 ,! seldom] y come to ?is m\nta9 ! bett]4 ,a "y lady "h wants to take y away4 ,!n he told u n to fire (f our guns1 because ! g5try dislike be+ di/urb$ by ! noise4 ,& he seem$ to be l a soldi] ( ! g5try on gu>d4 ,z we 7 leav+ ! m\nta9s1 he told u n to look back1 & we didn't4 ,ano!r "t ,i 0 alone tr\t-fi%+ 9 ne>ly ! same region :5 ,i he>d a voice say1 ,x is ---- b>efoot$ & fi%+4 ,!n !re came a :i/le l music & a noise l ! beat+ ( a drum1 & soon "o ( ! g5try came & talk$ ) me = half an h\r4 ,he said1 ,y\r "m w die 9 elev5 mon?s1 & d n let h] die unano9t$4 ,& %e did die )9 elev5 mon?s4 ,z he 0 go+ away he w>n$ me1 ,y mu/ be 9 ! h\se be=e sunset4 ,d n delay6 ,d n delay6 ,!y c d no?+ to y until ,i get back 9 ! ca/le4 ,z ,i f\nd out aft]w>ds1 he 0 go+ to take me1 b hesitat$ because he did n want to leave my "m alone4 ,aft] ^! w>n+s ,i 0 always afraid to g to ! m\nta9s1 b lately ,i h be5 told ,i c\ld g if ,i took a fri5d ) me4' ',g5try' ,protection4--',! g5try h always befri5d$ & protect$ me4 ,i 0 dr[n$ twice b = !m4 ,once ,i 0 go+ to ,durni% ,isl&1 a mile (f ! coa/4 ,! *annel is v deep1 & at ! "t !re 0 a r\gh sea1 ) ! tide runn+ out1 & ,i 0 almo/ lo/4 ,i %riek$ & %\t$1 & f9ally got safe to ! ma9l&4 ,! day ,i talk$ ) "o ( ! g5try at ! foot ( ! m\nta9 :5 he 0 = tak+ me1 he m5tion$ ?is1 & said !y 7 ! ones :o sav$ me f dr[n+ !n4' ',g5try' ,/ations4--',especially 9 ,irel&1 ! g5try live inside ! m\nta9s 9 beautiful ca/les2 & !re are a good _m bran*es ( !m 9 o!r c\ntries4 ,l armies1 !y h v>i\s /ations & move f "o to ano!r4 ,"s live 9 ! ,wickl[ ,m\nta9s ne> ,dubl94' ',g5try' ,control ,ov] ,human ,affairs4--',! g5try take a great int]e/ 9 ! affairs ( m51 & !y always /& = ju/ice & "r4 ,any side !y fav\r 9 our w>s1 t side w9s4 ,!y fav\r$ ! ,bo]s1 & ! ,bo]s did get _! rights4 ,!y told me !y fav\r$ ! ,japanese & n ! ,russians1 because ! ,russians are tyrants4 ,sometimes !y fight among !mselves4 ,"o ( !m once said1 ,i'd fight = a fri5d1 or ,i'd fight = ,irel&4' ,! ',g5try' ,describ$4--,9 response to my wi%1 ?is description ( ! 'g5try' 0 giv53--',! folk are ! gr&e/ ,i h ev] se54 ,!y are f> sup]ior to u1 & t is :y !y are call$ ! g5try4 ,!y are n a work+ class1 b a milit>y-ari/ocratic class1 tall & noble-appe>+4 ,!y are a di/9ct race betwe5 our own & t ( spirits1 z !y h told me4 ,_! qualifications are trem5d\s4 ,we c\ld cut (f half ! human race1 b w\ld n1 !y said1 = we are expect+ salvation4 ,& ,i knew a man ?ree or f\r ye>s ago :om !y /ruck d[n ) p>alysis4 ,_! sight is s p5etrat+ t ,i ?9k !y c\ld see ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,!y h a silv]y voice1 quick & sweet4 ,! music !y play is mo/ beautiful4 ,!y take ! :ole body & s\l ( "y & intellectual p :o are int]e/+1 transmut+ ! body to a body l _! own4 ,i ask$ !m once if !y ev] di$1 & !y said1 ,no2 we are always kept "y4 ,once !y take y & y ta/e food 9 _! palace y _c come back4 ,y are *ang$ to "o ( !m1 & live ) !m = ev]4 ,!y are able to appe> 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,"o once appe>$ to me1 & seem$ only f\r feet high1 & /\tly built4 ,he said1 ,i am bigg] ?an ,i appe> to y n[4 ,we c make ! old "y1 ! big small1 ! small big4 ,"o ( _! wom5 told all ! secrets ( my family4 ,%e said t my bro!r 9 ,au/ralia w\ld travel mu* & suff] h>d%ips1 all ( :i* came true2 & =etold t my nephew1 !n ab\t two ye>s old1 w\ld become a great cl]gyman 9 ,am]ica1 & t is :at he is n[4 ,besides ! g5try1 :o are a di/9ct class1 !re are bad spirits & gho/s1 :i* are no?+ l !m4 ,my "m once saw a lepre*aun beside a bu% hamm]+4 ,he disappe>$ be=e %e c\ld get to him1 b he also 0 unlike "o ( ! g5try4'#af ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,grange ,our next witness1 :o lives ab\t ?ree miles f our la/ witness1 is ,hugh ,currid1 ! olde/ man 9 ,grange2 & s old is he t n[ he does little m ?an sit 9 ! *imney-corn] smok+1 &1 z he looks at ! r$ gl[ ( ! peat1 dream+ ( ! old5 times4 ,hugh kn[s ,engli% v imp]fectly1 & s :at he n>rat$ 0 9 ! anci5t ,gaelic :i* 8 fa!rs spoke4 ,:5 ,fa!r ,h9es took me to ,hugh's cottage1 ,hugh 0 9 8 usual sil5t pose be=e ! fire4 ,at fir/ he r res5t$ hav+ 8 ?\ghts di/urb$1 b 9 a few m9utes he 0 z talkative z c\ld be1 = !re is no?+ l ! m5tion ( ,irel& to get him />t$4 ,! ,fa!r left u !n2 & ) ! help ( ,hugh's si/] z an int]pret] ,i took d[n :at he said3-- ,! ,flax-,sell]'s ,return f ,fa]ie4--',an old woman ne> ,l\gh ,m1 :]e ,fa!r ,patrick 0 dr[n$1#ag :o us$ to make h] liv+ by sell+ flax at ! m>ket1 0 tak5 by ! g5try1 & (t5 came back aft]w>ds to h] ?ree *ildr5 to comb _! hair4 ,"o "t %e told a neighb\r t ! money %e sav$ f h] deal+s 9 flax w\ld be f\nd ne> a big rock on ! lake-%ore1 :i* %e indicat$1 & t %e want$ ! ?ree *ildr5 to h x4' ,a ,wife ,recov]$ f ! ',g5try'4--',a man's "y wife di$ 9 conf9em5t :ile he 0 abs5t on "s bus9ess at ,ball+%aun1 & "o ( ! g5try came to him & said %e _h be5 tak54 ,! husb& hurri$ home1 & t night he sat ) ! body ( 8 wife all alone4 ,he left ! door op5 a little1 & x wasn't long be=e 8 wife's _s came 9 & w5t to ! cradle :]e h] *ild 0 sleep+4 ,z %e did s1 ! husb& ?rew at h] a *>m ( h5's dung :i* he _h ready1 & ?is held h] until he c\ld call ! neighb\rs4 ,& :ile !y 7 com+1 %e w5t back into h] body1 & liv$ a long "t aft]w>ds4 ,! body 0 /iff & cold :5 ! husb& arriv$ home1 ?\gh x hadn't be5 wa%$ or dress$4' ,a ,,tailor',s ,,te/imony ,our next witness is ,patrick ,wat]s1 by trade a tailor1 liv+ 9 ,cloontipruckili%1 a cross-road hamlet less ?an two miles f ,hugh ,currid's home4 ,8 fir/ /ory is a p>allel to "o told ab\t ! m9i/] ( ,ab]foyle :o 0 tak5 by ! 'good p' 7pp4 #hi ff473-- ,! ,lo/ ,bride4--',a girl 9 ?is region di$ on h] w$d+-night :ile danc+4 ,soon aft] h] dea? %e appe>$ to h] husb&1 & said to him1 ,i'm n dead at all1 b ,i am put f y n[ = a "t4 ,x may be a long "t1 or a %ort "t1 ,i _c tell4 ,i am n badly (f4 ,if y want to get me back y mu/ /& at ! gap ne> ! h\se & cat* me z ,i g by1 = ,i live ne> !re1 & see y1 & y d n see me4 ,he 0 anxi\s en\gh to get h] back1 & didn't wa/e any "t 9 gett+ to ! gap4 ,:5 he came to ! place1 a p>ty ( /rang]s 7 j com+ out1 & 8 wife soon appe>$ z pla9 z c\ld be1 b he c\ldn't /ir a h& or foot to save h]4 ,!n !re 0 a scream & %e 0 gone4 ,! man firmly believ$ ?is1 & w\ld n m>ry aga94' ,! ,invisible ,isl&4--',!re is an en*ant$ isl& :i* is an invisible isl& betwe5 ,inni%murray & ! ma9l& opposite4 ,x is only se5 once 9 sev5 ye>s4 ,i saw x myself1 & s did f\r or five o!rs ) me4 ,a boatman f ,sligo nam$ ,c>r took two /range m5 ) him t[>ds ,inni%murray1 & !y disappe>$ at ! spot :]e ! isl& is1 & he ?\ght !y _h fall5 ov]bo>d & be5 dr[n$4 ,c>r saw "o ( ! same m5 9 ,connelly 7,c\nty ,donegal71 "s six mon?s or s aft]1 & ) great surprise said to him1 ,w y tell me ! wond]s ( ! _w8 ,is x y ,i saw dr[n$ ne> ,inni%murray8 ,yes1 he said2 & !n ask$1 ,d y see me8 ,yes1 answ]$ ,c>r4 ,b1 said ! man aga91 y d n see me ) bo? eyes8 ,!n ,c>r clos$ "o eye to be sure1 & f\nd t he saw him ) "o eye only4 ,& he told ! man :i* "o x 04 ,at ?is in=mation ! fairy man blew on ,c>r's face1 & ,c>r nev] saw him aga94' ,a ,dream4--',my fa!r dreamt he saw two armies com+ 9 f ! sea1 walk+ on ! wat]4 ,rea*+ ! /r&1 !y l9$ up & comm5c$ a battle1 & my fa!r 0 9 great t]ror4 ,! fight+ 0 long & bloody1 & :5 x 0 ov] e fight] vani%$1 ! w\nd$ & dead z well z ! survivors4 ,! next morn+ an old woman :o _h ! reputation ( talk+ ) ! fairies came 9 ! h\se to my fa!r1 :o1 ?\gh greatly di/urb$ ov] ! dream1 _h told u no?+ ( x1 & ask$ him1 ,h y any?+ to tell8 ,i c\ldn't b laugh at y1 %e add$1 & be=e my fa!r c\ld reply1 cont9u$1 ,well1 ,jimmy1 y won't tell ! news1 s ,i w4 ,& !n %e began to tell ab\t ! battle4 ,ketty6 exclaim$ my fa!r at ?is1 c x be true8 ,& :o 7 ! m5 beside me8 ,:5 ,ketty told him1 !y turn$ out to be "s ( 8 dead fri5ds4 ,%e receiv$ h] in=mation f a dr[n$ man :om %e met on ! spot :]e ! g5try armies _h come a%ore2 &1 9 ! place :]e !y f\ght1 ! s& 0 all burnt r$1 z f fire4' ,z ! n>rator reflect$ on ?is dream /ory1 he rem>k$ ab\t dreams g5]ally3--',! reason our dreams appe> diff]5t f :at !y are is because :ile 9 !m we c't t\* ! body & trans=m x4 ,p believe !mselves to be ) ! dead 9 dreams4' ,dur+ ,septemb] #aiji1 :5 ,i _h sev]al fre% int]views ) ,patrick ,wat]s1 ,i v]ifi$ all ( 8 #aijh te/imony su* z x appe>s above2 & among unimportant anecdotes ,i h omitt$ f ! matt] tak5 d[n 9 #aijh "o anecdote ab\t our se]-witness f ,c\nty ,sligo1 because x prov$ to be capable ( opposite int]pretations4 ,patrick ,wat]s1 h[ev]1 l _m ( 8 neighb\rs1 ?or\ghly supports ,hugh ,currid's op9ion t our se]-witness 'surely sees some?+1 & x mu/ be ! g5try'2 & ( ,hugh ,currid himself1 ,patrick ,wat]s said1 ',hugh ,currid did surely see ! g5try2 he saw !m pass+ ?is way l a bla/ ( w9d4' ,patrick's fre% te/imony n[ foll[s1 ! /ory ab\t ,fa!r ,patrick & ,fa!r ,dom9ick com+ fir/3-- ,fa!r ,patrick & ,fa!r ,dom9ick4--',fa!r ,patrick ,noan :ile ba?+ 9 ! h>b\r at ,c>ns 7ab\t ?ree miles nor?-we/ ( ,grange7 0 dr[n$4 ,8 body 0 soon br\ght a%ore1 & 8 bro!r1 ,fa!r ,dom9ick ,noan1 0 s5t =4 ,:5 ,fa!r ,dom9ick arriv$1 "o ( ! m5 :o _h collect$ ar\nd ! body said to him1 ,:y don't y d some?+ = y\r bro!r ,patrick8 ,:y don't somebody ask me8 he repli$1 = ,i mu/ be ask$ 9 ! "n ( ,god4 ,s ,jimmy ,mc,gowan w5t on 8 knees & ask$ = ! hon\r ( ,god t ,fa!r ,dom9ick %\ld br+ ,fa!r ,patrick back to life2 &1 at ?is1 ,fa!r ,dom9ick took out 8 brevi>y & began to read4 ,aft] a "t he :i/l$1 & began to read aga94 ,he :i/l$ a second "t1 & return$ to ! read+4 ,^u 8 :i/l+ ! ?ird "t1 ,fa!r ,patrick's _s appe>$ 9 ! doorway4 ',:]e 7 y :5 ,i :i/l$ ! fir/ "t8 ,fa!r ,dom9ick ask$4 ,i 0 at a hurl+ mat* ) ! g5try on ,mull\ghmore /r&4 ,& :]e 7 y at ! second :i/le8 ,i 0 com+ ov] ,corrick ,fadda2 & :5 y :i/l$ ! ?ird "t ,i 0 "h at ! door4 ,fa!r ,patrick's _s _h gone back into ! body1 & ,fa!r ,patrick liv$ r\nd "h z a prie/ = a long "t aft]w>ds4 ',!re 0 no su* ?+ z artificial respiration kn[n h]eab\ts :5 ?is happ5$ "s fifty or sixty ye>s ago4 ,i he>d ?is /ory1 :i* ,i "k is true1 f _m p]sons :o saw ,fa!r ,dom9ick re/ore 8 bro!r to life4' ,a ,druid ,en*antm5t4--,aft] ?is /range psy*ical n>rative1 !re foll[$ ! mo/ weird leg5d ,i h he>d 9 ,celtic l&s ab\t ,druids & magic4 ,"o aft]noon ,patrick ,wat]s po9t$ out to me ! field1 ne> ! sea-coa/ opposite ,inni%murray1 9 :i* ! anci5t m5hir conta9+ ! 'en*antm5t' us$ to /&2 &1 at ano!r "t1 he said t a bronze w& cov]$ ) curi\s m>ks 7or else int]lac$ designs7 0 f\nd n f> f ! ru9$ dolm5 & alle c\v]te on ! f>m ( ,patrick ,bruan1 ab\t two miles s\?w>d4 ,?is la/ /atem5t1 l ! /ory itself1 ,i h be5 unable to v]ify 9 any way4 ',9 times be=e ,*ri/ !re 7 ,druids "h :o en*ant$ "o ano!r ) ,druid rods made ( brass1 & metamorphos$ "o ano!r into /one & lumps ( oak4 ,! "q is1 ,:]e are ! spirits ( ^! ,druids n[8 ,_! spirits are waft$ ?r\gh ! air1 & ! man or bea/ !y meet is smitt51 :ile _! own bodies are /ill "u en*antm5t4 ,i _h su* a ,druid en*antm5t 9 my h&2 x wasn't /one1 nor m>ble1 nor fl9t1 & _h human %ape4 ,x 0 f\nd 9 ! c5tre ( a big rock on ,innis-na-,gore2 & r\nd ?is rock light us$ to appe> at night4 ,! man :o own$ ! /one decid$ to bla/ x up1 & he f\nd at its c5tre ! en*antm5t--j l a man1 ) head & legs & arms4#ah ,fa!r ,healy took ! en*antm5t away1 :5 he 0 "h on a visit1 & said t x 0 a ,druid en*ant$1 & t to get out ( ! rock 0 "o "p ( ! releasem5t1 & t !re w\ld be a second & complete releasem5t ( ! ,druid4' ,! ,fairy ,tribes ,classifi$4--,f9ally ,i ask$ ,patrick to classify1 z f> z he c\ld1 all ! fairy tribes he _h ev] he>d ab\t1 & he said3--',! lepre*aun is a r$-capp$ fell[ :o /ays r\nd pure spr+s1 g5]ally %oemak+ = ! re/ ( ! fairy tribes4 ,! lunanti%ees are ! tribes t gu>d ! black?orn trees or sloes2 !y let y cut no /ick on ! elev5? ( ,novemb] 7! orig9al ,novemb] ,day71 or on ! elev5? ( ,may 7! orig9al ,may ,day74 ,if at su* a "t y cut a black?orn1 "s mis=tune w come to y4 ,pookas are black-featur$ fell[s m\nt$ on good horses2 & are horse-deal]s4 ,!y visit racec\rses1 b usually are invisible4 ,! g5try are ! mo/ noble tribe ( all2 & !y are a big race :o came f ! planets--accord+ to my idea2 !y usually appe> :ite4 ,! ,dao9e ,mai! 7?\gh !re is "s d\bt1 ! same or almo/ ! same z ! g5try7 7 next to ,heav5 at ! ,fall1 b did n fall2 !y are a p expect+ salvation4' ,,bridget ,o',,conn]',s ,,te/imony ,our next witness is ,bridget ,o',conn]1 a ne> neighb\r to ,patrick ,wat]s1 9 ,cloontipruckili%4 ,:5 ,i approa*$ h] neat little cottage %e 0 cutt+ sweet-pea blossoms ) a pair ( scissors1 & z ,i /opp$ to tell h] h[ pretty a g>d5 %e _h1 %e se>*$ out ! f9e/ :ite bloom %e c\ld f9d & gave x to me4 ,aft] we _h talk$ a little :ile ab\t ,am]ica & ,irel&1 %e said ,i mu/ come 9 & re/ a few m9utes1 & s ,i did2 & x 0 n long be=e we 7 talk+ ab\t fairies3-- ,! ,iri% ,leg5d ( ! ,dead4--',old ,peggy ,gill91 dead ^! ?irty ye>s1 :o liv$ a mile beyond ,grange1 us$ to cure p ) a secret h]b %[n to h] by h] bro!r1 dead ( a fairy-/roke4 ,he 0 dr[n$ & tak5 by ! fairies1 9 ! big dr[n+ "h dur+ ! h]r+ season4 ,%e w\ld pull ! h]b h]self & prep>e x by mix+ spr+ wat] ) x4 ,peggy c\ld always talk ) h] dead relatives & fri5ds1 & cont9ually ) h] bro!r1 & %e w\ld tell ev]ybody t !y 7 ) ! fairies4 ,h] daught]1 ,m>y ,%ort1 :o inh]it$ "s ( h] "m's p[]1 di$ "h ab\t ?ree or f\r ye>s ago4 ',i rememb]1 too1 ab\t ,m>y ,leon>d & h] daught]1 ,nancy ,wat]s4 ,bo? ( !m are dead n[4 ,! daught] 0 ! fir/ to die1 z x happ5$1 & 9 *ild-bir?4 ,:5 %e 0 gone1 h] "m us$ to wail & cry 9 an awful mann]2 & "o day ! daught] appe>$ to h] 9 ! g>d51 & said1 ,! m y wail = me1 ! m ,i am 9 torm5t4 ,pray = me1 b d n wail4' ,a ,midwife ,/ory4--',a c\ntry nurse 0 reque/$ by a /range man on horseback to g ) him to ex]cise h] pr(ession2 & %e w5t ) him to a ca/le %e didn't "k4 ,:5 ! baby 0 born1 e woman 9 ! place :]e ! ev5t happ5$ put h] f+] 9 a bas9 ( wat] & rubb$ h] eyes1 & s ! nurse put h] f+] 9 & rubb$ x on "o ( h] eyes4 ,%e w5t home & ?\ght no m ab\t x4 ,b "o day %e 0 at ! fair 9 ,grange & saw "s ( ! same wom5 :o 7 9 ! ca/le :5 ! baby 0 born2 ?\gh1 z %e notic$1 %e only c\ld see !m ) ! "o eye %e _h wet ) ! wat] f ! bas94 ,! nurse spoke to ! wom51 & !y want$ to "k h[ %e recogniz$ !m2 & %e1 9 reply1 said x 0 ) ! "o eye1 & ask$1 ,h[ is ! baby8 ,well1 said "o ( ! fairy wom52 & :at eye d y see u )8 ,) ! left eye1 answ]$ ! nurse4 ,!n ! fairy woman blew h] brea? aga9/ ! nurse's left eye1 & said1 ,y'll nev] see me aga94 ,& ! nurse 0 always bl9d 9 ! left eye aft] t4' ,,! ,,_s ,,_w ,,at ,,c>ns ,! ,c>ns or ,m\nt ,temple c\ntry1 ab\t ?ree miles f ,grange1 ,c\nty ,sligo1 has already be5 m5tion$ by witnesses z a 'g5try' haunt1 & s n[ we %all he> :at "o ( its olde/ & mo/ intellig5t native inhabitants says ( x4 ,john ,mc,cann _h be5 ref]r$ to1 by ,patrick ,wat]s1 z "o :o kn[s mu* ab\t ! 'g5try' at fir/ h&1 & we c be sure t :at he (f]s u is ?or\ghly reliable evid5ce4 ,= _m ye>s1 ,john ,mc,cann1 born 9 #ahcj1 by pr(ession a c>p5t] & boat-build]1 has be5 (ficial mail-c>ri] to ,inni%murray2 & he kn[s q z mu* ab\t ! /range little isl& & ! ma9l& opposite x z any man liv+4 ,8 neat little cottage is on ! %ore ( ! bay opposite ! beautiful fairy-haunt$ ,d>ni% ,isl&2 &1 z we sat )9 x beside a brilliant peat fire1 & surr\nd$ by all ! family1 ?is is :at 0 told me3-- ,a ',g5try' ,m$ium4--',ketty ,r\rk 7or ,que5an7 c\ld tell all t w\ld happ5--fun]als1 w$d+s1 & s =?4 ,sure "s spirits 7 com+ to h]4 ,%e said !y 7 ! g5try2 t ! g5try are ev]y:]e2 & t my dr[n$ uncles & gr&fa!r & o!r dead are among !m4 ,a dr[n$ man nam$ ,pat ,ni*olson 0 h] advis]4 ,he us$ to live j a mile f "h2 & %e knew him be=e he 0 dr[n$4' ,"h we h1 cle>ly en\gh1 a case ( 'm$ium%ip'1 or ( communication ) ! dead1 z 9 mod]n ,spiritualism4 ,& ! foll[+ /ory1 :i* l ?is la/ has num]\s ,iri% p>allels1 illu/rates an anci5t & _w-wide animi/ic belief1 t 9 sickness--z 9 dreams--! s\l goes out ( ! body z at dea?1 & meets ! dead 9 _! own fairy _w4 ,! ,clairvoyance ( ,mike ,f>rell4--',mike ,f>rell1 too1 c\ld tell all ab\t ! g5try1 z he lay sick a long "t4 ,& he told ab\t ,fa!r ,brannan's y\?1 & ev5 ! h\se 9 ,roscommon 9 :i* ! ,fa!r 0 born2 & ,fa!r ,brannan nev] said any?+ m aga9/ ,mike aft] t4 ,mike surely saw ! g5try2 & he 0 ) !m dur+ 8 illness = twelve mon?s4 ,he said !y live 9 =ts & at ,alt ,d>by 7! ,big ,rock74 ,aft] he got well1 he w5t to ,am]ica1 at ! "t ( ! fam9e4' ,! ',g5try' ,army4--',! g5try 7 believ$ to live up on ?is hill 7,hill ( ! ,brocket ,/ones1 ,clua*-a-brac71 & f x !y w\ld come out l an army & m>* along ! road to ! /r&4 ,v few p]sons c\ld see !m4 ,!y 7 ?\ght to be l liv+ p1 b 9 diff]5t dress4 ,!y seem$ l soldi]s1 yet x 0 kn[n !y 7 n liv+ be+s su* z we are4' ,! ,se]%ip ( ,dan ,qu9n4--',on ,connor's ,isl& 7ab\t two miles s\?w>d f ,c>ns by ! ma9l&7 my uncle1 ,dan ,qu9n1 (t5 us$ to see big cr[ds ( ! g5try come into 8 h\se & play music & dance4 ,! h\se w\ld be full ( !m1 b !y caus$ him no fe>4 ,once on su* an occasion1 "o ( !m came up to him z he lay 9 b$1 & giv+ him a gre5 leaf told him to put x 9 8 m\?4 ,:5 he did ?is1 in/antly he c\ld n see ! g5try1 b c\ld /ill he> _! music4 ,uncle ,dan always believ$ he recogniz$ 9 "s ( ! g5try 8 dr[n$ fri5ds4 ,only :5 he 0 alone w\ld ! g5try visit him4 ,he 0 a sil5t old man1 & s nev] talk$ mu*2 b ,i "k t ?is /ory is z true z c be1 & t ! g5try always took an int]e/ 9 him4' ,,"u ,,! ,,%ad[ ,,( ,,b5 ,,bulb9 ,,& ,,b5 ,,wask9 ,i 0 driv+ along ! ,b5 ,bulb9 road1 on ! ocean side1 ) ,mi*ael ,oates1 :o 0 on 8 way f 8 m\nta9-side home to ! l[l&s to cut hay2 & z we look$ up at ! anci5t m\nta91 s my/]i\s & sil5t 9 ! %ad[s & fog ( a calm e>ly morn+ ( summ]1 he told me ab\t its invisible inhabitants3-- ,! ',g5try' ,huntsm54--',i knew a man :o saw ! g5try hunt+ on ! o!r side ( ! m\nta94 ,he saw h\nds & horsem5 cross ! road & jump ! h$ge 9 front ( him1 & x 0 "o o'clock at night4 ,! next day he pass$ ! place aga91 & look$ = ! tracks ( ! huntsm51 b saw n a trace ( tracks at all4' ,! ',tak+' ( ! ,turf-,cutt]4--,aft] ,i _h he>d ab\t two boys :o 7 dr[n$ opposite ,inni%murray1 & :o aft]w>ds appe>$ z app>itions1 = ! g5try _h !m1 ?is curi\s /ory 0 relat$3--',a man 0 cutt+ turf out on ! side ( ,b5 ,bulb9 :5 a /range man came to him & said1 ,y h cut en\gh turf = to-day4 ,y _h bett] /op & g home4 ,! turf-cutt] look$ ar\nd 9 surprise1 & 9 two seconds ! /range man _h disappe>$2 b he decid$ to g home4 ,& z soon z he 0 home1 su* a feel+ came ov] him t he c\ld n tell :e!r he 0 alive or dead4 ,!n he took to 8 b$ & nev] rose aga94' ,he>+ ! ',g5try' ,music4--,at ?is ,mi*ael said to 8 companion 9 ! c>t ) u1 ,william ,b>b]1 ',y tell h[ y he>d ! music'2 & ?is foll[$3--',"o d>k night1 ab\t "o o'clock1 myself & ano!r "y man 7 pass+ along ! road up !re r\nd ,b5 ,bulb91 :5 we he>d ! f9e/ k9d ( music4 ,all sorts ( music seem$ to be play+4 ,we c\ld see no?+ at all1 ?\gh we ?\ght we he>d voices l *ildr5's4 ,x 0 ! music ( ! g5try we he>d4' ,my next fri5d to te/ify is ,pat ,ruddy1 eighty ye>s old1 "o ( ! mo/ intellig5t & prosp]\s f>m]s liv+ beside ,b5 ,bulb94 ,he greet$ me 9 ! true ,iri% way1 b be=e we c\ld come to talk ab\t fairies 8 good wife induc$ me to ent] ano!r room :]e %e _h secretly prep>$ a great fea/ spread out on a fre% :ite clo?1 :ile ,pat & myself _h be5 ex*ang+ op9ions ab\t ,am]ica & ,irel&4 ,:5 ,i return$ to ! kit*5 ! :ole family 7 assembl$ r\nd ! blaz+ turf fire1 & ,pat 0 soon talk+ ab\t ! 'g5try'3-- ,see+ ! ',g5try' ,army4--',old p us$ to say ! g5try 7 9 ! m\nta9s2 t is c]ta91 b ,i nev] c\ld be q sure ( x myself4 ,"o night1 h[ev]1 ne> midnight1 ,i did h a sight3 ,i set out f ,bantrillick to come home1 & ne> ,b5 ,bulb9 !re 0 ! greate/ army y ev] saw1 five or six ?\s& ( !m 9 arm\r %9+ 9 ! moonlight4 ,a /range man rose out ( ! h$ge & /opp$ me1 = a m9ute1 9 ! middle ( ! road4 ,he look$ into my face1 & !n let me g4' ,an ,ossianic ,fragm5t4--',a man w5t away ) ! good p 7or g5try71 & return$ to f9d ! t[nl& all 9 ru9s4 ,z he came back rid+ on a horse ( ! good p1 he saw "s m5 9 a qu>ry try+ to move a big /one4 ,he help$ !m ) x1 b 8 saddle-gir? broke1 & he fell to ! gr\nd4 ,! horse ran away1 & he 0 left !re1 an old man'#ai 7cf4 pp4 #cdf-g74 ,a ,,s*oolma/]',s ,,te/imony ,a s*oolma/]1 :o is a native ( ! ,b5 ,bulb9 c\ntry1 (f]s ?is te/imony3--',!re is implicit belief "h 9 ! g5try1 especially among ! old p4 ,!y consid] !m ! spirits ( _! dep>t$ relations & fri5ds1 :o visit !m 9 joy & 9 sorr[4 ,on ! dea? ( a memb] ( a family1 !y believe ! spirits ( _! ne> relatives are pres5t2 !y d n see !m1 b feel _! pres5ce4 ,!y ev5 h a /rong belief t ! spirits %[ !m ! future 9 dreams2 & say t cases ( affliction are always =e%[n 9 a dream4 ',! belief 9 *angel+s is n n[ g5]ally preval5t2 b 9 old5 times a "m us$ to place a pair ( iron tongs ov] ! cradle be=e leav+ ! *ild alone1 9 ord] t ! fairies %\ld n *ange ! *ild = a weakly "o ( _! own4 ,x 0 ano!r cu/om to take a wisp ( /raw1 &1 light+ "o end ( x1 make a fi]y sign ( ! cross ov] a cradle be=e a babe c\ld be plac$ 9 x4' ,,) ,,! ,,iri% ,,my/ics ,,9 ,,! ,,sidhe ,,_w ,let u n[ turn to ! ,rosses ,po9t c\ntry1 :i*1 z we h already said1 is "o ( ! v fam\s places = see+ ! 'g5try'1 or1 z educat$ ,iri% se]s :o make pilgrimages ?i!r call !m1 ! ,sidhe4 ,i h be5 told by m ?an "o su* se] t !re on ! hills & ,gre5l&s 7a great /ret* ( op5 c\ntry1 treeless & grass-gr[n71 & on ! /r& at ,l[] ,rosses ,po9t--call$ ,wr5 ,po9t by ! c\ntry-folk--^! be+s c be se5 & _! wond]ful music he>d2 & a well-kn[n ,iri% arti/ has %[n me _m draw+s1 & pa9t+s 9 oil1 ( ^! ,sidhe p z he has (t5 beheld !m at ^? places & else:]e 9 ,irel&4 ,!y are describ$ z a race ( maje/ic appe>ance & m>vell\s beauty1 9 =m human1 yet 9 nature div9e4 ,! highe/ ord] ( !m seems to be a race ( be+s evolv$ to a sup]human plane ( exi/5ce1 su* z ! anci5ts call$ gods2 & ) ?is op9ion1 /range z x may seem 9 ?is age1 all ! educat$ ,iri% se]s ) :om ,i h be5 privileg$ to talk agree1 ?\gh !y g fur!r1 & say t ^! highe/ ,sidhe races /ill inhabit+ ,irel& are ! ev]-"y1 immortal div9e race kn[n to ! anci5t m5 ( ,er9 z ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann4 ,( all ,european l&s ,i v5ture to say t ,irel& is ! mo/ my/ical1 &1 9 ! eyes ( true ,iri%m51 z mu* ! ,magic ,isl& ( ,gods & ,initiates n[ z x 0 :5 ! ,sacr$ ,fires fla%$ f its purple1 hea!r-cov]$ m\nta9-tops & my/]i\s r\nd t[]s1 & ! ,great] ,my/]ies drew to its hall[$ %r9es neophytes f ! ,we/ z well z f ! ,ea/1 f ,india & ,egypt z well z f ,atlantis2#bj & ,er9's my/ic-see+ sons /ill wat* & wait = ! relight+ ( ! ,fires & ! re/oration ( ! old ,druidic ,my/]ies4 ,h]e9 ,i b imp]fectly e*o ! my/ic message ,irel&'s se]s gave me1 a pilgrim to _! ,sacr$ ,isle4 ,& until ?is my/ic message is int]pret$1 m5 _c discov] ! secret ( ,gaelic my? & song 9 old5 or 9 mod]n times1 !y _c dr9k at ! ev]-fl[+ f\nta9 ( ,gaelic g5ius1 ! p]5nial s\rce ( inspiration :i* lies beh9d ! new revival ( lit]ature & art 9 ,irel&1 nor und]/& ! seem+ reality ( ! fairy races4 ,,an ,,iri% ,,my/ic',s ,,te/imony ,?r\gh ! k9dness ( an ,iri% my/ic1 :o is a se]1 ,i am enabl$ to pres5t "h1 9 ! =m ( a dialogue1 v r>e & v important evid5ce1 :i* w s]ve to illu/rate & to confirm :at has j be5 said above ab\t ! my/icism ( ,irel&4 ,to an?ropologi/s ?is evid5ce may be ( m ?an ord9>y value :5 !y "k t x comes f "o :o is n only a cultur$ se] b :o is also a man conspicu\sly successful 9 ! practical life ( a great city3-- ,visions4-- ,q4--,are all visions :i* y h _h ( ! same "*8 ,a4--',i h always made a di/9ction betwe5 pictures se5 9 ! memory ( nature & visions ( actual be+s n[ exi/+ 9 ! inn] _w4 ,we c make ! same di/9ction 9 our _w3 ,i may close my eyes & see y z a vivid picture 9 memory1 or ,i may look at y ) my physical eyes & see y\r actual image4 ,9 see+ ^! be+s ( :i* ,i speak1 ! physical eyes may be op5 or clos$3 my/ical be+s 9 _! own _w & nature are nev] se5 ) ! physical eyes4' ,o!rworlds4-- ,q4--,by ! inn] _w d y mean ! ,celtic ,o!rworld8 ,a4--',yes2 ?\gh !re are _m ,o!rworlds4 ,! ,tr-na-nog ( ! anci5t ,iri%1 9 :i* ! races ( ! ,sidhe exi/1 may be describ$ z a radiant ar*etype ( ?is _w1 ?\gh ?is def9ition does n at all express its psy*ic nature4 ,9 ,tr-na-nog "o sees no?+ save h>mony & beautiful =ms4 ,!re are o!r worlds 9 :i* we c see horrible %apes4' ,classification ( ! ',sidhe'4-- ,q4--,d y 9 any way classify ! ,sidhe races to :i* y ref]8 ,a4--',! be+s :om ,i call ! ,sidhe1 ,i divide1 z ,i h se5 !m1 into two great classes3 ^? :i* are %9+1 & ^? :i* are opalesc5t & seem lit up by a light )9 !mselves4 ,! %9+ be+s appe> to be l[] 9 ! hi]>*ies2 ! opalesc5t be+s are m r>ely se51 & appe> to hold ! positions ( great *iefs or pr9ces among ! tribes ( ,dana4' ,conditions ( ,se]%ip4-- ,q4--,"u :at /ate or condition & :]e h y se5 su* be+s8 ,a4--',i h se5 !m mo/ frequ5tly aft] be+ away f a city or t[n = a few days4 ,! :ole we/ coa/ ( ,irel& f ,donegal to ,k]ry seems *>g$ ) a magical p[]1 & ,i f9d x easie/ to see :ile ,i am !re4 ,i h always f\nd x comp>atively easy to see visions :ile at anci5t monum5ts l ,new ,grange & ,d[?1 because ,i ?9k su* places are naturally *>g$ ) psy*ical =ces1 & 7 = t reason made use ( long ago z sacr$ places4 ,i usually f9d x possible to ?r[ myself into ! mood ( see+2 b sometimes visions h =c$ !mselves ^u me4' ,! ,%9+ ,be+s4-- ,q4--,c y describe ! %9+ be+s8 ,a4--',x is v difficult to give any intelligible description ( !m4 ,! fir/ "t ,i saw !m ) great vividness ,i 0 ly+ on a hill-side alone 9 ! we/ ( ,irel&1 9 ,c\nty ,sligo3 ,i _h be5 li/5+ to music 9 ! air1 & to :at seem$ to be ! s\nd ( bells1 & 0 try+ to und]/& ^! a]ial cla%+s 9 :i* w9d seem$ to break ^u w9d 9 an ev]-*ang+ musical silv]y s\nd4 ,!n ! space be=e me grew lum9\s1 & ,i began to see "o beautiful be+ aft] ano!r4' ,! ,opalesc5t ,be+s4-- ,q4--,c y describe "o ( ! opalesc5t be+s8 ,a4--',! fir/ ( ^! ,i saw ,i rememb] v cle>ly1 & ! mann] ( its appe>ance3 !re 0 at fir/ a dazzle ( light1 & !n ,i saw t ?is came f ! he>t ( a tall figure ) a body app>5tly %ap$ out ( half-transp>5t or opalesc5t air1 & ?r\gh\t ! body ran a radiant1 electrical fire1 to :i* ! he>t seem$ ! c5tre4 ,ar\nd ! head ( ?is be+ & ?r\gh its wav+ lum9\s hair1 :i* 0 bl[n all ab\t ! body l liv+ /r&s ( gold1 !re appe>$ flam+ w+-l auras4 ,f ! be+ itself light seem$ to /ream outw>ds 9 e direction2 & ! effect left on me aft] ! vision 0 "o ( extraord9>y lightness1 joy\sness1 or ec/asy4 ',at ab\t ?is same p]iod ( my life ,i saw _m ( ^! great be+s1 & ,i !n ?\ght t ,i _h visions ( ,a5gus1 ,manannan1 ,lug1 & o!r fam\s k+s or pr9ces among ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann2 b s9ce !n ,i h se5 s _m be+s ( a simil> "* t ,i n[ no long] w\ld attribute to any "o ( !m p]sonal id5tity ) p>ticul> be+s ( leg5d2 ?\gh ,i believe t !y correspond 9 a g5]al way to ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or anci5t ,iri% gods4' ,/ature ( ! ',sidhe'4-- ,q4--,y speak ( ! opalesc5t be+s z great be+s2 :at /ature d y assign to !m1 & to ! %9+ be+s8 ,a4--',! opalesc5t be+s seem to be ab\t f\rte5 feet 9 /ature1 ?\gh ,i d n "k :y ,i attribute to !m su* def9ite height1 s9ce ,i _h no?+ to comp>e !m )2 b ,i h always consid]$ !m z mu* tall] ?an our race4 ,! %9+ be+s seem to be ab\t our own /ature or j a little tall]4 ,peasant & o!r ,iri% se]s d n usually speak ( ! ,sidhe z be+ little1 b z be+ tall3 an old s*oolma/] 9 ! ,we/ ( ,irel& describ$ !m to me f 8 own visions z tall beautiful p1 & he us$ "s ,gaelic words1 :i* ,i took z mean+ t !y 7 %9+ ) e col\r4' ,! worlds ( ! ',sidhe4'-- ,q4--,d ! two ord]s ( ,sidhe be+s inhabit ! same _w8 ,a4--',! %9+ be+s belong to ! mid-_w2 :ile ! opalesc5t be+s belong to ! heav5-_w4 ,!re are ?ree great worlds :i* we c see :ile we are /ill 9 ! body3 ! e>?-_w1 mid-_w1 & heav5-_w4' ,nature ( ! ',sidhe4'-- ,q4--,d y consid] ! life & /ate ( ^! ,sidhe be+s sup]ior to ! life & /ate ( m58 ,a4--',i c\ld nev] decide4 ,"o c say t !y !mselves are c]ta9ly m beautiful ?an m5 are1 & t _! worlds seem m beautiful ?an our _w4 ',among ! %9+ ord]s !re does n seem to be any individualiz$ life3 ?us if "o ( !m raises 8 h&s all raise _! h&s1 & if "o dr9ks f a fire-f\nta9 all d2 !y seem to move & to h _! real exi/5ce 9 a be+ high] ?an !mselves1 to :i* !y are a k9d ( body4 ,!irs is1 ,i ?9k1 a collective life1 s un9dividualiz$ & s calm t ,i might h m v>i$ ?\ghts 9 five h\rs ?an !y w\ld h 9 five ye>s2 & yet "o feels an extraord9>y purity & exaltation ab\t _! life4 ,beauty ( =m ) !m has nev] be5 brok5 up by ! passions :i* arise 9 ! develop$ egotism ( human be+s4 ,a hive ( bees has be5 describ$ z a s+le organism ) disconnect$ cells2 & "s ( ^! tribes ( %9+ be+s seem to be little m ?an "o be+ manife/+ itself 9 _m beautiful =ms4 ,i speak ?is ) ref]5ce to ! %9+ be+s only3 ,i ?9k t among ! opalesc5t or ,sidhe be+s1 9 ! heav5-_w1 !re is an ev5 clos] spiritual unity1 b also a great] individuality4' ,influ5ce ( ! ',sidhe' on ,m54-- ,q4--,d y consid] any ( ^! ,sidhe be+s inimical to humanity8 ,a4--',c]ta9 k9ds ( ! %9+ be+s1 :om ,i call wood be+s1 h nev] affect$ me ) any evil influ5ces ,i c\ld recognize4 ,b ! wat] be+s1 also ( ! %9+ tribes1 ,i always dread1 because ,i felt :5ev] ,i came into contact ) !m a great dr[s9ess ( m9d &1 ,i (t5 ?\ght1 an actual draw+ away ( vitality4' ,wat] ,be+s ,describ$4-- ,q4--,c y describe "o ( ^! wat] be+s8 ,a4--',9 ! _w "u ! wat]s--"u a lake 9 ! ,we/ ( ,irel& 9 ?is case--,i saw a blue & orange col\r$ k+ seat$ on a ?rone2 & !re seem$ to be "s f\nta9 ( my/ical fire ris+ f "u 8 ?rone1 & he brea!d ?is fire into himself z ?\gh x 7 8 life4 ,z ,i look$1 ,i saw gr\ps ( pale be+s1 almo/ grey 9 col\r1 com+ d[n "o side ( ! ?rone by ! fire-f\nta94 ,!y plac$ _! head & lips ne> ! he>t ( ! elem5tal k+1 &1 !n1 z !y t\*$ him1 !y %ot upw>ds1 plum$ & radiant1 & pass$ on ! o!r side1 z ?\gh !y _h receiv$ a new life f ?is *ief ( _! _w4' ,wood ,be+s ,describ$4-- ,q4--,c y describe "o ( ! wood be+s8 ,a4--',! wood be+s ,i h se5 mo/ (t5 are ( a %9+ silv]y col\r ) a t+e ( blue or pale violet1 & ) d>k purple-col\r$ hair4' ,reproduction & ,immortality ( ! ',sidhe'4-- ,q4--,d y consid] ! races ( ! ,sidhe able to reproduce _! k9d2 & are !y immortal8 ,a4--',! high] k9ds seem capable ( brea?+ =? be+s out ( !mselves1 b ,i d n und]/& h[ !y d s4 ,i h se5 "s ( !m :o conta9 elem5tal be+s )9 !mselves1 & ^! !y c\ld s5d out & receive back )9 !mselves aga94 ',! immortality ascrib$ to !m by ! anci5t ,iri% is only a relative immortality1 _! space ( life be+ mu* great] ?an ours4 ,9 "t1 h[ev]1 ,i believe t !y gr[ old & !n pass into new bodies j z m5 d1 b :e!r by bir? or by ! gr[? ( a new body ,i _c say1 s9ce ,i h no c]ta9 k ab\t ?is4' ,sex among ! ',sidhe'4-- ,q4--,does sexual diff]5tiation seem to prevail among ! ,sidhe races8 ,a4--',i h se5 =ms bo? male & female1 & =ms :i* did n sugge/ sex at all4' ',sidhe' & ,human ,life4-- ,q4--7#a7 ,is x possible1 z ! anci5t ,iri% ?\ght1 t c]ta9 ( ! high] ,sidhe be+s h ent]$ or c\ld ent] our plane ( life by submitt+ to human bir?8 7#b7 ,on ! o!r h&1 d y consid] x possible = m5 9 trance or at dea? to ent] ! ,sidhe _w8 ,a4--7#a7 ',i _c say4' 7#b7 ',yes2 bo? 9 trance & aft] dea?4 ,i ?9k any "o :o ?\ght mu* ( ! ,sidhe dur+ 8 life & :o saw !m frequ5tly & brood$ on !m w\ld likely g to _! _w aft] dea?4' ,social ,organization ( ! ',sidhe'4-- ,q4--,y ref] to *iefta9-l or pr9ce-l be+s1 & to a k+ among wat] be+s2 is !re !re=e def9ite social organization among ! v>i\s ,sidhe ord]s & races1 & if s1 :at is its nature8 ,a4--',i _c say ab\t a def9ite social organization4 ,i h se5 be+s :o seem$ to comm& o!rs1 & :o 7 held 9 rev]5ce4 ,?is implies an organization1 b :e!r x is in/9ctive l t ( a hive ( bees1 or consci\sly organiz$ l human society1 ,i _c say4' ,l[] ',sidhe' z ,nature ,elem5tals4-- ,q4--,y speak ( ! wat]-be+ k+ z an elem5tal k+2 d y sugge/ !reby a resemblance betwe5 l[] ,sidhe ord]s & :at m$iaeval my/ics call$ elem5tals8 ,a4--',! l[] ord]s ( ! ,sidhe are1 ,i ?9k1 ! nature elem5tals ( ! m$iaeval my/ics4' ,n\ri%m5t ( ! ,high] ',sidhe'4-- ,q4--,! wat] be+s z y h describ$ !m seem to be n\ri%$ & kept alive by some?+ ak9 to electrical fluids2 d ! high] ord]s ( ! ,sidhe seem to be simil>ly n\ri%$8 ,a4--',!y seem$ to me to draw _! life out ( ! ,s\l ( ! ,_w4' ,collective ,visions ( ',sidhe' ,be+s4-- ,q4--,h y _h visions ( ! v>i\s ,sidhe be+s 9 company ) o!r p]sons8 ,a4--',i h _h su* visions on sev]al occasions4' ,& ?is /atem5t has be5 confirm$ to me by ?ree p>ticipants 9 su* collective visions1 :o sep>ately at diff]5t times h se5 9 company ) our witness ! same vision at ! same mom5t4 ,on ano!r occasion1 on ! ,gre5l&s at ,rosses ,po9t1 ,c\nty ,sligo1 ! same ,sidhe be+ 0 se5 by our pres5t witness & a fri5d ) him1 also possess+ ! faculty ( se]%ip1 at a "t :5 ! two p]cipi5ts 7 "s little di/ance ap>t1 & !y hurri$ to ea* o!r to describe ! be+1 n kn[+ t ! explanation 0 mutually unnecess>y4 ,i h talk$ ) bo? p]cipi5ts s mu*1 & "k !m s intimately t ,i am fully able to /ate t z p]cipi5ts !y fulfil all necess>y pa?ological conditions requir$ by psy*ologi/s 9 ord] to make _! evid5ce acceptable4 ,,p>allel ,,evid5ce ,,z ,,to ,,! ,,sidhe ,,races ,9 g5]al1 ! r>e evid5ce above record$ f ! ,iri% se] c\ld be p>allel$ by simil> evid5ce f at lea/ two o!r reliable ,iri% p1 ) :om also ,i h be5 privileg$ to discuss ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,"o is a memb] ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 ! o!r is ! wife ( a well-kn[n ,iri% hi/orian2 & bo? ( !m te/ify to hav+ likewise _h collective visions ( ,sidhe be+s 9 ,irel&4 ,?is is :at ,mr4 ,william ,b4 ,yeats wrote to me1 :ile ?is /udy 0 9 progress1 conc]n+ ! ,celtic ,fairy ,k+dom3--',i am c]ta9 t x exi/s1 & w "s day be /udi$ z x 0 /udi$ by ,kirk4'#ba ,,indep5d5t ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,! ,,sidhe ,,_w ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable discov]ies ( our ,celtic rese>*es has be5 t ! native population ( ! ,rosses ,po9t c\ntry1 or1 z we h call$ x1 ! ,sidhe _w1 9 mo/ ess5tials1 &1 :at is mo/ important1 by indep5d5t folk-te/imony1 sub/antiate ! op9ions & /atem5ts ( ! educat$ ,iri% my/ics to :om we h j ref]r$1 z foll[s3-- ,john ,conway's ,vision ( ! ',g5try'4--,9 ,upp] ,rosses ,po9t1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,conway told me ?is ab\t ! 'g5try'3--',john ,conway1 my husb&1 :o 0 a pilot by pr(ession1 9 wat*+ = 9-com+ %ips us$ to g up on ! high hill among ! ,fairy ,hills2 & !re he (t5 saw ! g5try go+ d[n ! hill to ! /r&4 ,"o night 9 p>ticul> he recogniz$ !m z m5 & wom5 ( ! g5try2 & !y 7 z big z any liv+ p4 ,x 0 late at night ab\t =ty ye>s ago4' ,gho/s & ,fairies4--,:5 fir/ ,i introduc$ myself to ,ow5 ,conway1 9 8 ba*elor qu>t]s1 a cosy cottage at ,upp] ,rosses ,po9t1 he said t ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats & o!r m5 fam\s 9 ,iri% lit]ature _h visit$ him to he> ab\t ! fairies1 & t ?\gh he knew v little ab\t ! fairies he nev]!less always likes to talk ( !m4 ,!n ,ow5 began to tell me ab\t a man's gho/ :i* bo? he & ,bran ,reggan _h se5 at diff]5t times on ! road to ,sligo1 !n ab\t a woman's gho/ :i* he & o!r p _h (t5 se5 ne> :]e we 71 & !n ab\t ! exorciz+ ( a haunt$ h\se 9 ,sligo "s sixty ye>s ago by ,fa!r ,mc,gowan1 :o z a result di$ soon aft]w>ds1 app>5tly hav+ be5 kill$ by ! exorciz$ spirits4 ,f9ally1 ,i he>d f him ! foll[+ anecdotes ab\t ! fairies3-- ,a ,/one ,wall ov]?r[n by ',fairy' ,ag5cy4--',no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t !re are fairies4 ,! old folks always ?\ght !m ! fall5 angels4 ,at ! back ( ?is h\se ! fairies _h _! pass4 ,my neighb\r />t$ to build a c[-%$1 & "o wall abutt+ on ! pass 0 ?r[n d[n twice1 & no?+ b ! fairies ev] did x4 ,! ?ird "t ! wall 0 built x /ood4' ,fairies pass+ ?r\gh ,/one ,walls4--',:]e ,mac,ewen's h\se /&s 0 a not$ fairy place4 ,m5 9 build+ ! h\se saw fairies on horses com+ across ! spot1 & ! /one walls did n /op !m at all4' ,see+ ! ',g5try'4--',a c\s9 ( m9e1 :o 0 a pilot1 once w5t to ! wat*-h\se up !re on ! ,po9t to take 8 bro!r's place2 & he saw ladies com+ t[>ds him z he cross$ ! ,gre5l&s4 ,at fir/ he ?\ght !y 7 com+ f a dance1 b !re 0 no dance go+ !n1 &1 if !re _h be51 no human be+s dress$ l !m & mov+ z !y 7 c\ld h come f any "p ( ! globe1 & 9 s great a p>ty1 at t h\r ( ! night4 ,!n :5 !y pass$ him & he saw h[ beautiful !y 71 he knew !m = ! g5try wom54' ',mi*ael ,r$dy 7our next witness7 saw ! g5try d[n on ! ,gre5l&s 9 regim5tals l an army1 & 9 daylight4 ,he 0 a "y man at ! "t1 & _h be5 s5t out to see if any cattle 7 a/ray4' ,& ?is is :at ,mi*ael ,r$dy1 ( ,rosses ,po9t1 n[ a sailor on ! %ip ,t>t>1 sail+ f ,sligo to neighb\r+ ports on ! ,iri% coa/1 ass]ts 9 confirmation ( ,ow5 ,conway's /atem5t ab\t him3--',i saw ! g5try on ! /r& 7at ,l[] ,rosses ,po9t7 ab\t =ty ye>s ago4 ,x 0 aft]noon4 ,i fir/ saw "o ( !m l an (fic] po9t+ at me :at seem$ a sword2 & :5 ,i got on ! ,gre5l&s ,i saw a great company ( g5try1 l soldi]s1 9 r$1 laugh+ & %\t+4 ,_! lead] 0 a big man1 & !y 7 ord9>y human size4 ,z a result ( ?is vision ,i took to my b$ & lay !re = weeks4 ,^u ano!r occasion1 late at night1 ,i 0 ) my "m milk+ c[s1 & we he>d ! g5try all r\nd u talk+1 b c\ld n see !m4' ,go+ to ! ',g5try' ?r\gh ,dea?1 ,dreams1 or ,trance4--,john ,o',conway1 "o ( ! mo/ reliable citiz5s ( ,upp] ,rosses ,po9t1 (f]s ! foll[+ te/imony conc]n+ ! 'g5try'3--',9 old5 times ! g5try 7 v num]\s ab\t =ts & "h on ! ,gre5l&s1 b r>ely se54 ,!y appe>$ to be ! same z any liv+ m54 ,:5 p di$ x 0 said ! g5try took !m1 = !y w\ld aft]w>ds appe> among ! g5try4' ',we _h a pl\ghman ( good habits :o came 9 "o day too late = 8 morn+'s "w1 & he 9 excuse v s]i\sly said1 ,may be if y _h travell$ all night z mu* z ,i h y w\ldn't talk4 ,i 0 away ) ! g5try1 & save = a lady ,i c\ldn't h be5 back n[4 ,i saw a long hall full ( _m p4 ,"s ( !m ,i knew & "s ,i did n "k4 ,! lady sav$ me by tell+ me to eat no food !re1 h[ev] entic+ x might be4' ',a "y man at ,drumcliffe 0 tak5 9 a trance /ate1 & 0 ) ! ,dao9e ,mai! "s "t1 & !n got back4 ,ano!r man1 :om ,i knew well1 0 haunt$ by ! g5try = a long "t1 & he (t5 w5t (f ) !m' 7app>5tly 9 a dream or trance /ate74 ',sidhe' ,music4--,! /ory :i* n[ foll[s sub/antiates ! te/imony ( cultur$ ,iri% se]s t at ,l[] ,rosses ,po9t ! music ( ! ,sidhe c be he>d3--',?ree wom5 7 ga!r+ %ell-fi%1 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 on ! l[e/ po9t ( ! /r& 7,l[] ,rosses or ,wr5 ,po9t7 :5 !y he>d ! mo/ beautiful music4 ,!y set to "w to dance ) x1 & danc$ !mselves sick4 ,!y !n ?ank$ ! invisible musician & w5t home4' ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,a ,,college ,,pr(essor ,our next witness is ! ,rev4 ,fa!r ----1 a pr(essor 9 a ,ca?olic college 9 ,we/ ,irel&1 & mo/ ( 8 /atem5ts are bas$ on ev5ts :i* happ5$ among 8 own acqua9tances & relatives1 & 8 d$uctions are ! result ( c>eful inve/igation3-- ,app>itions f ,fairyl&4--',"s tw5ty to ?irty ye>s ago1 on ! bord]s ( ,c\nty ,roscommon ne> ,c\nty ,sligo1 accord+ to ! firm belief ( "o ( my own relatives1 a si/] ( 8 0 tak5 by ! fairies on h] w$d+-night1 & %e appe>$ to h] "m aft]w>ds z an app>ition4 ,%e seem$ to want to speak1 b h] "m1 :o 0 9 b$ at ! "t1 0 ?or\ghly fright5$1 & turn$ h] face to ! wall4 ,! "m is conv9c$ t %e saw ?is app>ition ( h] daught]1 & my relative ?9ks %e might h sav$ h]4 ',?is same relative :o gives x z 8 op9ion t 8 si/] 0 tak5 by ! fairies1 at a diff]5t "t saw ! app>ition ( ano!r relative ( m9e :o also1 accord+ to simil> belief1 _h be5 tak5 by ! fairies :5 only five ye>s old4 ,! *ild-app>ition appe>$ beside its liv+ si/] "o day :ile ! si/] 0 go+ f ! y>d into ! h\se1 & x foll[$ h] 94 ,x is said ! *ild 0 tak5 because %e 0 su* a good girl4' ,nature ( ! ,belief 9 ,fairies4--',z *ildr5 we 7 always afraid ( fairies1 & 7 taught to say ,god bless !m6 ,god bless !m6 :5ev] we he>d !m m5tion$4 ',9 our family we always made x a po9t to h clean wat] 9 ! h\se at night = ! fairies4 ',if any?+ l dirty wat] 0 ?r[n out ( doors aft] d>k x 0 necess>y to say ,hugga1 hugga sala*6 z a w>n+ to ! fairies n to get _! clo!s wet4 ',unta/$ food1 l milk1 us$ to be left on ! table at night = ! fairies4 ,if y 7 eat+ & food fell f y1 x 0 n "r to take x back1 = ! fairies want$ x4 ,_m families are v s]i\s ab\t ?is ev5 n[4 ,! luckie/ ?+ to d 9 su* cases is to pick up ! food & eat j a speck ( x & !n ?r[ ! re/ away to ! fairies4 ',gho/s & app>itions are commonly said to live 9 isolat$ ?orn-bu%es1 or ?orn-trees4 ,_m lonely bu%es ( ?is k9d h _! gho/s4 ,= example1 !re is ,fanny's ,bu%1 ,sally's ,bu%1 & ano!r ,i "k ( 9 ,c\nty ,sligo ne> ,boyle4' ,p]sonal ,op9ions4--',! fairies ( any "o race are ! p ( ! prec$+ race--! ,fomors = ! ,fir ,bolgs1 ! ,fir ,bolgs = ! ,dananns1 & ! ,dananns = u4 ,! old races di$4 ,:]e did !y g8 ,!y became spirits--& fairies4 ,second-sight gave our race p[] to see ! inn] _w4 ,:5 ,*ri/ianity came to ,irel& ! p _h no def9ite heav54 ,be=e1 _! ideas ab\t ! o!r _w 7 vague4 ,b ! old] ideas ( a _s _w rema9$ side by side ) ! ,*ri/ian ones1 & be+ pres]v$ 9 a subconsci\s way gave rise to ! fairy _w4' ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,c\nty ,,roscommon ,our next place = inve/igation w be ! anci5t prov9ce ( ! great fairy-que5 ,meave1 :o made h]self fam\s by lead+ aga9/ ,cu*ula9n ! unit$ armies ( f\r ( ! five prov9ces ( ,irel&1 & all on acc\nt ( a bull :i* %e covet$4 ,& !re c\ld be no bett] "p ( x to visit ?an ,roscommon1 :i* ,dr4 ,d\glas ,hyde has made popul> 9 ,iri% folk-lore4 ,dr4 ,hyde & ! ,lepre*aun4--,"o day :ile ,i 0 privileg$ to be at ,ratra1 ,dr4 ,hyde invit$ me to walk ) him 9 ! c\ntry4 ,aft] we _h visit$ an old =t :i* belongs to ! 'good p'1 & _h notic$ "s o!r ( _! haunts 9 t "p ( ,que5 ,meave's realm1 we ent]$ a /raw-?at*$ cottage on ! roadside & f\nd ! good h\se-wife & h] f9e-look+ daught] bo? at home4 ,9 response to ,dr4 ,hyde's inquiries1 ! "m /at$ t "o day1 9 h] girlhood1 ne> a h$ge f :i* %e 0 ga!r+ wild b]ries1 %e saw a lepre*aun 9 a hole "u a /one3--',he wasn't mu* l>g] ?an a doll1 & he 0 mo/ p]fectly =m$1 ) a little m\? & eyes4' ,no?+ 0 told ab\t ! little fell[ hav+ a money-bag1 al?\gh ! woman said p told h] aft]w>ds t %e w\ld h be5 ri* if %e _h only _h s5se en\gh to cat* him :5 %e _h s good a *ance4#bb ,! ,dea? ,coa*4--,! next tale ! "m told 0 ab\t ! dea? coa* :i* us$ to pass by ! v h\se we 7 94 ,e night until aft] h] daught] 0 born %e us$ to rise up on h] elb[ 9 b$ to li/5 to ! dea? coa* pass+ by4 ,x pass$ ab\t midnight1 & %e c\ld he> ! ru%+1 ! tramp+ ( ! horses1 & mo/ beautiful s++1 j l fairy music1 b %e c\ld n und]/& ! words4 ,once or twice %e 0 brave en\gh to op5 ! door & look out z ! coa* pass$1 b %e c\ld nev] see a ?+1 ?\gh !re 0 ! noise & s++4 ,"o "t a man _h to wait on ! roadside to let ! fairy horses g by1 & he c\ld he> _! pass+ v cle>ly1 & c\ldn't see "o ( !m4 ,:5 we got home1 ,dr4 ,hyde told me t ! fairies ( ! region are r>ely se54 ,! p usually say t !y he> or feel !m only4 ,! ',good ,p' & ,mr4 ,gill]an4--,aft] ! "m _h te/ifi$1 ! daught]1 :o is q ( ! y\ng] g5]ation1 gave h] own op9ion4 ,%e said t ! 'good p' live 9 ! =ts & (t5 take m5 & wom5 or y\?s :o pass by ! =ts aft] sunset2 t ,mr4 ,gill]an1 :o di$ n long ago1 once saw c]ta9 dead fri5ds & recogniz$ among !m ^? :o 7 believ$ to h be5 tak5 & ^? :o di$ naturally1 & t he saw !m aga9 :5 he 0 on 8 dea?-b$4 ,we h "h1 z 9 s _m o!r acc\nts1 a cle> connexion betwe5 ! realm ( ! dead & ,fairyl&4 ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,a ,,l\gh ,,d]g ,,se] ,neil ,colton1 sev5ty-?ree ye>s old1 :o lives 9 ,tamla* ,t[nl&1 on ! %ores ( ,l\gh ,d]g1 ,c\nty ,donegal1 has a local reputation = hav+ se5 ! 'g5tle folk'1 & s ,i call$ ^u him4 ,z we sat r\nd 8 blaz+ turf fire1 & 9 ! mid/ ( 8 family ( ?ree /urdy boys--= he m>ri$ late 9 life--?is is :at he relat$3-- ,a ,girl ,recov]$ f ,fa]ie4--',"o day1 j be=e sunset 9 midsumm]1 & ,i a boy !n1 my bro!r & c\s9 & myself 7 ga!r+ bilb]ries 7:ortleb]ries7 up by ! rocks at ! back ( "h1 :5 all at once we he>d music4 ,we hurri$ r\nd ! rocks1 & !re we 7 )9 a few hundr$ feet ( six or eight ( ! g5tle folk1 & !y danc+4 ,:5 !y saw u1 a little woman dress$ all 9 r$ came runn+ out f !m t[>ds u1 & %e /ruck my c\s9 across ! face ) :at seem$ to be a gre5 ru%4 ,we ran = home z h>d z we c\ld1 & :5 my c\s9 rea*$ ! h\se %e fell dead4 ,fa!r saddl$ a horse & w5t = ,fa!r ,ryan4 ,:5 ,fa!r ,ryan arriv$1 he put a /ole ab\t 8 neck & began pray+ ov] my c\s9 & read+ psalms & /rik+ h] ) ! /ole2 & 9 t way br\ght h] back4 ,he said if %e _h n caught hold ( my bro!r1 %e w\ld h be5 tak5 = ev]4' ,! ',g5tle ,folk'4--',! g5tle folk are n e>?ly p2 !y are a p ) a nature ( _! own4 ,ev5 9 ! wat] !re are m5 & wom5 ( ! same "*4 ,o!rs h caves 9 ! rocks1 & 9 !m rooms & ap>tm5ts4 ,^! races 7 t]ribly pl5tiful a hundr$ ye>s ago1 & !y'll come back aga94 ,my fa!r liv$ two miles f "h1 :]e !re 7 pl5ty ( ! g5tle folk4 ,9 old5 times !y us$ to take "y folks & keep !m & draw all ! life out ( _! bodies4 ,nobody c\ld ev] tell _! nature exactly4' ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,c\nty ,,f]managh ,f ,james ,summ]ville1 eighty-eight ye>s old1 :o lives 9 ! c\ntry ne> ,irv9e/[n1 ,i he>d mu* ab\t ! 'wee p' & ab\t ban%ees1 & !n ! foll[+ rem>kable /ory conc]n+ ! 'good p'3-- ,travell+ ,clairvoyance ?r\gh ',fairy' ,ag5cy4--',f ne> ,ed]ney1 ,c\nty ,f]managh1 ab\t sev5ty ye>s ago1 a man :om ,i knew well 0 tak5 to ,am]ica on ,hall[ ,eve ,night2 & !y 7! good p7 made him look d[n a *imney to see 8 own daught] cook+ at a kit*5 fire4 ,!n !y took him to ano!r place 9 ,am]ica1 :]e he saw a fri5d he knew4 ,! next morn+ he 0 at 8 own home "h 9 ,irel&4 ',?is man wrote a lett] to 8 daught] to "k if %e 0 at ! place & at ! "w on ,hall[ ,eve ,night1 & %e wrote back t %e 04 ,he 0 sure t x 0 ! good p :o _h tak5 him to ,am]ica & back 9 "o night4' ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,c\nty ,,antrim ,at ! reque/ ( ,major ,r4 ,g4 ,b]ry1 ,m4,r4,i4,a41 ( ,ri*ill ,ca/le1 ,armagh1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,higg9son1 ( ,gl5avy1 ,c\nty ,antrim1 collect$ all ! mat]ial he c\ld f9d conc]n+ ! fairy-tradition 9 8 "p ( ,c\nty ,antrim1 & s5t to me ! results1 f :i* ,i h select$ ! v int]e/+1 &1 9 "s respects1 unique tales :i* foll[3-- ,! ,fairies & ! ,weav]4--',n$ ,judge1 ( ,sophys ,bridge1 0 a weav]4 ,e night aft] he w5t to b$ ! weav+ />t$ ( itself1 & :5 he arose 9 ! morn+ he w\ld f9d ! dress+ :i* _h be5 made ready = weav+ s brok5 & entangl$ t x took him h\rs to put x "r4 ,yet ) all ?is drawback he got no poor]1 because ! fairies left him pl5ty ( h\sehold necess>ies1 & :5ev] he sold a web ( clo? he always receiv$ treble ! am\nt b>ga9$ =4' ,meet+ ,two ,regim5ts ( ',!m'4--',william ,meg>ry1 ( ,ball9d]ry1 z 8 daught] :o is m>ri$ to ,james ,meg>ry1 ,j4,p41 told me1 0 "o night go+ to ,cruml9 on horseback = a doctor1 :5 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ,gl5avy he met j opposite ! ,vic>age two regim5ts ( !m 7! fairies7 com+ along ! road t[>ds ,gl5avy4 ,"o regim5t 0 dress$ 9 r$ & "o 9 blue or gre5 uni=m4 ,!y 7 play+ music1 b :5 !y op5$ out to let him pass ?r\gh ! middle ( !m ! music ceas$ until he _h pass$ by4' ,,9 ,,cu*ula9n',s ,,c\ntry3 ,a ,,civil ,,eng9e]',s ,,te/imony ,9 ! h]oic days ( pagan ,irel&1 z tradition tells1 ! anci5t e>?works1 n[ call$ ! ,navan ,r+s1 j outside ,armagh1 7 ! /ronghold ( ,cu*ula9n & ! ,r$ ,bran* ,knights2 &1 lat]1 "u ,patrick1 ,armagh itself1 "o ( ! old my/ic c5tres ( ,er91 became ! ecclesia/ical capital ( ! ,gaels4 ,& f ?is romantic c\ntry1 "o ( its be/ in=m$ native sons1 a graduate civil eng9e] ( ,dubl9 ,univ]sity1 (f]s ! foll[+ important evid5ce3-- ,! ,fairies are ! ,dead4--',:5 ,i 0 a y\ng/] ne> ,armagh1 ,i 0 kept good by be+ told t ! fairies c\ld take bad boys away4 ,! sane belief ab\t ! fairies1 h[ev]1 is diff]5t1 z ,i discov]$ :5 ,i grew up4 ,! old p 9 ,c\nty ,armagh s]i\sly believe t ! fairies are ! spirits ( ! dead2 & !y say t if y h _m fri5ds deceas$ y h _m fri5dly fairies1 or if y h _m enemies deceas$ y h _m fairies look+ out to d y h>m4' ,food-,(f]+s to ,place-,fairies4--',x 0 v usual =m]ly1 & ! practice is n yet giv5 up1 to place a b$1 "s o!r furniture1 & pl5ty ( food 9 a newly-con/ruct$ dwell+ ! night be=e ! "t fix$ = mov+ into x2 & if ! food is n consum$1 & ! crumbs swept up by ! door 9 ! morn+1 ! h\se _c safely be occupi$4 ,i "k ( two h\ses n[ t h nev] be5 occupi$1 because ! fairies did n %[ _! will+ness & goodwill by tak+ food s (f]$ to !m4' ,,on ,,! ,,slopes ,,( ,,slieve ,,gullion ,9 climb+ to ! summit ( ,cu*ula9n's m\nta91 :i* ov]looks p>ts ( ! t]ritory made fam\s by ! ',cattle ,raid ( ,cooley'1 ,i met ,john ,o',h>e1 sixty-eight ye>s old1 ( ,longfield ,t[nl&1 lead+ 8 horse to pa/ure1 & ,i /opp$ to talk ) him ab\t ! 'good p'4 ',! good p 9 ?is m\nta91' he said1 'are ! p :o h di$ & be5 tak52 ! m\nta9 is en*ant$4' ,! ',fairy' ,ov]fl[+ ( ! ,meal-,*e/4--',an old woman came to ! wife ( ,/ev5 ,callaghan & told h] n to let ,/ev5 cut a c]ta9 h$ge4 ,x is :]e we %elt] at night1 ! old woman add$2 & ,mrs4 ,callaghan recogniz$ ! old woman z "o :o _h be5 tak5 9 conf9em5t4 ,a few nights lat] ! same old woman appe>$ to ,mrs4 ,callaghan & ask$ = *>ity2 & %e 0 (f]$ "s meal1 :i* %e did n take4 ,!n %e ask$ = lodg+s1 b did n /op4 ,:5 ,mrs4 ,callaghan saw ! meal-*e/ next morn+ x 0 ov]fl[+ ) meal3 x 0 ! old woman's gift = ! h$ge4' ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,two ,,drom9tee ,,p]cipi5ts ,aft] my fri5d1 ! ,rev4 ,fa!r ,l4 ,donnellan1 ,c4,c41 ( ,drom9tee1 ,c\nty ,armagh1 _h introduc$ me to ,alice ,cunn+ham1 ( 8 p>i%1 & %e _h told mu* ab\t ! 'g5tle folk'1 %e emphatically decl>$ t !y d exi/--& ?is 9 ! pres5ce ( ,fa!r ,donnellan--because %e has (t5 se5 !m on ,c>rickbroad ,m\nta91 ne> :]e %e lives4 ,& %e !n report$ z foll[s conc]n+ en*ant$ ,slieve ,gullion3-- ,! ',sidhe' ,gu>dian ( ,slieve ,gullion4--',! top ( ,slieve ,gullion is a v g5tle place4 ,a fairy has h] h\se !re by ! lake1 b %e is invisible4 ,%e int]f]es ) nobody4 ,i he> ( no g5tl] places ab\t "h ?an ,c>rickbroad & ,slieve ,gullion4' ,fa!r ,donnellan & ,i call$ next ^u ,?omas ,mc,crink & 8 wife at ,c>rifamayan1 because ,mrs4 ,mc,crink claims to h se5 "s ( ! 'good p'1 & ?is is h] te/imony3-- ,nature ( ! ',good ,p'4--',i've he>d & felt ! good p com+ on ! w9d2 & ,i once saw !m d[n 9 ! middle field on my fa!r's place play+ football4 ,!y are /ill on e>?4 ,among !m are ! spirits ( our ance/ors2 & ^! rejoice :5ev] good =tune comes our way1 = ,i saw !m be=e my "m won h] l& aft] a long legal conte/ 9 ! field rejoic+4 ',"s ( ! good p ,i h ?\ght 7 fall5 angels1 ?\gh ^! may be dead p ^: "t is n up4 ,we are only l %ad[s 9 ?is _w3 my "m di$ 9 ,engl&1 & %e came to me 9 ! _s4 ,i saw h] pla9ly4 ,i ran to cat* h]1 b my h&s ran ?r\gh h] =m z if x 7 m]e mi/4 ,!n !re 0 a crack1 & %e 0 gone4' ,&1 f9ally1 aft] a mom5t1 our p]cipi5t said3--',! fairies once pass$ d[n ?is lane "h on a ,*ri/mas morn+2 & ,i took !m to be suff]+ s\ls out ( ,purgatory1 go+ to mass4' ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,a ,,drom9tee ,,se]ess ,fa!r ,donnellan1 ! foll[+ day1 took me to talk ) almo/ ! olde/ woman 9 8 p>i%1 ,mrs4 ,biddy ,grant1 eighty-six ye>s old1 ( ,upp] ,t\ghal1 beside ,slieve ,gullion4 ,mrs4 ,grant is a f9e specim5 ( an ,iri%woman1 ) :ite hair1 cle> complexion1 & an expression ( great natural intellig5ce1 ?\gh n[ some:at feeble f age4 ,h] m9d is yet cle>1 h[ev]2 & h] te/imony is sub/antiat$ by ?is /atem5t f h] own daught]1 :o lives ) h]3--',my "m has ! p[] ( see+ ?+s4 ,x is a fact ) h] t spirits exi/4 ,%e has se5 mu*1 ev5 9 h] old age2 & :at %e is always tell+ me sc>es me half to dea?4' ,! foll[+ is ,mrs4 ,grant's direct te/imony giv5 at h] own home1 on ,septemb] #bj1 #aiji1 9 answ] to our "q if %e knew any?+ ab\t ! 'good p'3-- ,see+ ! ',good ,p' z ! ,dead4--',i saw !m once z pla9 z c be--big1 little1 old1 & "y4 ,i 0 9 b$ at ! "t1 & a boy :om ,i _h re>$ s9ce he 0 born 0 ly+ ill beside me4 ,two ( !m came & look$ at him2 !n came 9 ?ree ( !m4 ,"o ( !m seem$ to h some?+ l a book1 & he put 8 h& to ! boy's m\?2 !n he w5t away1 :ile o!rs appe>$1 op5+ ! back w9d[ to make an av5ue ?r\gh ! h\se2 & ?r\gh ?is av5ue came great cr[ds4 ,at ?is ,i %ook ! boy1 & said to him1 ,d y see any?+8 ,no1 he said2 b z ,i made him look a second "t he said1 ,i d4 ,aft] t he got well4 ',^! good p 7 ! spirits ( our dead fri5ds1 b ,i c\ld n recognize !m4 ,i h (t5 se5 !m t way :ile 9 my b$4 ,_m wom5 are among !m4 ,i once t\*$ a boy ( !irs1 & he 0 j l fea!rs 9 my h&2 !re 0 no sub/ance 9 him1 & ,i knew he wasn't a liv+ be+4 ,i don't "k :]e !y live2 ,i've he>d !y live 9 ! ,c>rige 7rocks74 ,_m a "t ,i've he>d ( _! tak+ p or lead+ !m a/ray4 ,!y c't live f> away :5 !y come to me 9 su* a ru%4 ,!y are z big z we are4 ,i ?9k ^! fairy p are all ?r\gh ?is c\ntry & 9 ! m\nta9s4' ,an ,app>ition ( a ',sidhe' ,woman8--',at a wake ,i w5t out ( doors at midnight & saw a woman runn+ up & d[n ! field ) a /range light 9 h] h&4 ,i call$ out my daught]1 b %e saw no?+1 ?\gh all ! "t ! woman dress$ 9 :ite 0 9 ! field1 %ak+ ! light & runn+ back & =? z fa/ z y c\ld w9k4 ,i ?\ght ! woman might be ! _s ( ,nancy ,fr9k1 b ,i 0 n sure4' 7,cf4 pp4 #fj ff41 #hc1 #aee1 #bae47 ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,l\gh ,,gur1 ,,c\nty ,,lim]ick ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ p>ts ( ,irel& = ! ar*aeologi/ & = ! folk-lori/ alike is ! t]ritory imm$iately surr\nd+ ,l\gh ,gur1 ,c\nty ,lim]ick4 ,%ut 9 = ! mo/ "p f ! out] _w by a circle ( l[-ly+ hills on ^: summits fairy goddesses yet dwell invisibly1 ?is region1 fam\s = its num]\s & well-pres]v$ cromle*s1 dolm5s1 m5hirs1 & tumuli1 & = ! r>e folk-traditions curr5t among its peasantry1 has long be5 popul>ly reg>d$ z a sort ( ,o!rworld pres]ve haunt$ by fairy be+s1 :o dwell bo? 9 its wat]s & on its l&4 ,!re seems to be no reasonable d\bt t 9 pre-,*ri/ian times ! ,l\gh ,gur c\ntry 0 a v sacr$ spot1 a my/ic c5tre = pilgrimages & = ! celebration ( ,celtic religi\s rites1 includ+ ^? ( initiation4 ,! ,l\gh is /ill en*ant$1 b once 9 sev5 ye>s ! spell passes (f x1 & x !n appe>s l dry l& to any "o t is =tunate en\gh to behold x4 ,at su* a "t ( dis5*antm5t a ,tree is se5 gr[+ up ?r\gh ! lake-bottom--a ,tree l ! /range ,_w-,tree ( ,sc&9avian my?4 ,! ,tree is cov]$ ) a ,gre5 ,clo?1 & "u x sits ! lake's gu>dian1 a woman knitt+4#bc ,! peasantry ab\t ,l\gh ,gur /ill believe t b5ea? its wat]s !re is "o ( ! *ief entrances 9 ,irel& to ,tr-na-nog1 ! ',l& ( ,y\?'1 ! ,fairy ,realm4 ,& :5 a *ild is /ol5 by ! ,mun/] fairies1 ',l\gh ,gur is conjectur$ to be ! place ( its une>?ly transmutation f ! human to ! fairy /ate4'#bc ,to my fri5d1 ,c\nt ,john de ,salis1 ( ,balliol ,college1 ,i am indebt$ = ! foll[+ leg5d>y mat]ial1 collect$ by him on ! fairy-haunt$ ,l\gh ,gur e/ate1 8 ance/ral home1 & annotat$ by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,f4 ,lyn*1 "o ( ! be/-in=m$ antiqu>ians liv+ 9 t "p ( ,s\? ,irel&3-- ,! ,fairy ,goddesses1 ,a9e & ,f5nel 7or ,f9n574--',!re are two hills ne> ,l\gh ,gur ^u ^: summits sacrifices & sacr$ rites us$ to be celebrat$ accord+ to liv+ tradition4 ,"o1 ab\t ?ree miles s\?-we/ ( ! lake1 is call$ ,knock ,a9e1 ,a9e or ,ane be+ ! "n ( an anci5t ,iri% goddess1 d]iv$ f an1 bright4 ,! o!r1 ! highe/ hill on ! lake-%ores1 is call$ ,knock ,f5nel or ,hill ( ! ,goddess ,f5nel1 f ,f9n5 or ,f9n9e or ,f99ne1 a =m ( f91 :ite4 ,! peasantry ( ! region call ,a9e "o ( ! ,good ,p2#bd & !y say t ,f5nel 7app>5tly h] si/] goddess or a v>iant ( h]self7 liv$ on ! top ( ,knock ,f5nel' 7t]m$ ,f9n5 9 a ,/ate ,pap] dat$ #abjj74 ,! ,fairy ,boat-,race4--',diff]5t old peasants h told me t on cle> calm moonlight nights 9 summ]1 fairy boats appe> rac+ across ,l\gh ,gur4 ,! boats come f ! ea/]n side ( ! lake1 & :5 !y h arriv$ at ,g>rod ,isl&1 :]e ! ,desmond ,ca/le lies 9 ru9s1 !y vani% beh9d ,knock ,adoon4 ,!re are f\r ( ^! phantom boats1 & 9 ea* !re are two m5 r[+ & a woman /e]+4 ,no s\nd is he>d1 ?\gh ! se] c see ! weird silv]y spla% ( ! o>s & ! *urn+ ( ! wat] at ! b[s ( ! boats z !y %oot along4 ,x is evid5t t !y are rac+1 because "o boat gets ahead ( ! o!rs1 & all ! r[]s c be se5 /ra9+ at ! o>s4 ,boats & occupants seem to be transp>5t1 & y _c see exactly :at _! nature is4 ,"o old peasant told me t x is ! %9+ brightness ( ! clo!s on ! phantom r[]s & on ! wom5 :o /e] :i* makes !m visible4 ',ano!r man1 :o is ab\t =ty ye>s ( age1 & z f> z ,i "k ( good habits1 assures me t he also has se5 ?is fairy boat-race1 & t x c /ill be se5 at ! prop] season4' ,! ,bean-,tighe4#be--',! ,bean-tighe1 ! fairy h\sekeep] ( ! en*ant$ subm]g$ ca/le ( ! ,e>l ( ,desmond1 is suppos$ to appe> sitt+ on an anci5t e>!n monum5t %ap$ l a great *air & h5ce call$ ,suidhea*an1 ! ,h\sekeep]'s ,little ,seat1 on ,knock ,adoon 7,hill ( ! ,=t71 :i* juts out into ! ,l\gh4 ,! ,bean-tighe1 z ,i h he>d an old peasant tell ! tale1 0 once asleep on h] ,seat1 :5 ! ,bua*aille5#bf or ,little ,h]d ,boy /ole h] gold5 comb4 ,:5 ! ,bean-tighe awoke & saw :at _h happ5$1 %e ca/ a curse ^u ! cattle ( ! ,bua*aille51 & soon all ( !m 7 dead1 & !n ! ,little ,h]d ,boy himself di$1 b be=e 8 dea? he ord]$ ! gold5 comb to be ca/ into ! ,l\gh4'#bg ,l\gh ,gur ,fairies 9 ,g5]al4--',! peasantry 9 ! ,l\gh ,gur region commonly speak ( ! ,good ,p or ( ! ,k9d ,p or ( ! ,little ,p1 _! names = ! fairies4 ,! lepre*aun indicates ! place :]e hidd5 treasure is to be f\nd4 ,if ! p]son to :om he reveals su* a secret makes x kn[n to a second p]son1 ! fir/ p]son dies1 or else no money is f\nd3 9 "s cases ! money is *ang$ into ivy leaves or into furze blossoms4 ',i am conv9c$ t "s ( ! old] peasants /ill believe 9 fairies4 ,i us$ to g out on ! lake occasionally on moonlight nights1 & an old woman suppos$ to be a wise woman 7a se]ess71 he>+ ab\t my do+ ?is1 told me t "u no circum/ances %\ld ,i cont9ue ! practice1 = fe> ( ,!m ,p 7! fairies74 ,"o ev5+ 9 p>ticul> ,i 0 w>n$ by h] n to v5ture on ! lake4 ,%e solemnly ass]t$ t ! ,p[]s ( ,d>kness 7 !n abroad1 & t x w\ld be mis=tune = me to be 9 _! pa?4#bh ',"u ord9>y circum/ances1 z a v close obs]v] ( ! ,l\gh ,gur peasantry in=ms me1 ! old p w pray to ! ,sa9ts1 b if by any *ance su* pray]s rema9 unansw]$ !y !n invoke o!r p[]s1 ! fairies1 ! goddesses ,a9e & ,f5nel1 or o!r pagan deities1 :om !y seem to rememb] 9 a vague subconsci\s mann] ?r\gh tradition4' ,,te/imony ,,f ,a ,,c\nty ,,k]ry ,,se] ,to ano!r ( my fell[ /ud5ts 9 ,ox=d1 a native ,iri%man ( ,c\nty ,k]ry1 ,i am indebt$ = ! foll[+ evid5ce3-- ,a ,collective ,vision ( ,spiritual ,be+s4--',"s few weeks be=e ,*ri/mas1 #aiaj1 at midnight on a v d>k night1 ,i & ano!r "y man 7:o l myself 0 !n ab\t tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age7 7 on horseback on our way home f ,lim]ick4 ,:5 ne> ,li/[el1 we notic$ a light ab\t half a mile ahead4 ,at fir/ x seem$ to be no m ?an a light 9 "s h\se2 b z we came ne>] to x & x 0 pass+ out ( our direct l9e ( vision we saw t x 0 mov+ up & d[n1 to & fro1 dim9i%+ to a sp>k1 !n exp&+ into a yell[ lum9\s flame4 ,be=e we came to ,li/[el we notic$ two lights1 ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds to our "r1 resembl+ ! light se5 fir/4 ,sudd5ly ea* ( ^! lights exp&$ into ! same sort ( yell[ lum9\s flame1 ab\t six feet high by f\r feet broad4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ea* flame we saw a radiant be+ hav+ human =m4 ,pres5tly ! lights mov$ t[>d "o ano!r & made contact1 :]eupon ! two be+s 9 !m 7 se5 to be walk+ side by side4 ,! be+s' bodies 7 =m$ ( a pure dazzl+ radiance1 :ite l ! radiance ( ! sun1 & mu* bright] ?an ! yell[ light or aura surr\nd+ !m4 ,s dazzl+ 0 ! radiance1 l a halo1 r\nd _! heads t we c\ld n di/+ui% ! c\nt5ances ( ! be+s2 we c\ld only di/+ui% ! g5]al %ape ( _! bodies2 ?\gh _! heads 7 v cle>ly outl9$ because ?is halo-l radiance1 :i* 0 ! brighte/ light ab\t !m1 seem$ to radiate f or re/ ^u ! head ( ea* be+4 ,z we travell$ on1 a h\se int]v5$ betwe5 u & ! lights1 & we saw no m ( !m4 ,x 0 ! fir/ "t we _h ev] se5 su* ph5om5a1 & 9 our hurry to get home we 7 n wise en\gh to /op & make fur!r exam9ation4 ,b ev] s9ce t night ,i h frequ5tly se51 bo? 9 ,irel& & 9 ,engl&1 simil> lights ) spiritual be+s 9 !m4' 7,cf4 pp4 #fj ff41 #gg1 #acc1 #aee1 #bae1 #dhc47 ,reality ( ! ,spiritual ,_w4--',l my companion1 :o saw all t ,i saw ( ! fir/ ?ree lights1 ,i =m]ly _h always be5 a sceptic z to ! exi/5ce ( spirits2 n[ ,i "k t !re is a spiritual _w4 ,my bro!r1 a physician1 _h be5 equally sceptical until he saw1 ne> our home at ,li/[el1 simil> lights conta9+ spiritual be+s & 0 oblig$ to admit ! g5u95ess ( ! ph5om5a4 ',9 :atev] c\ntry we may be1 ,i believe t we are = ev] imm]s$ 9 ! spiritual _w2 b mo/ ( u _c p]ceive x on acc\nt ( ! unref9$ nature ( our physical bodies4 ,?r\gh m$itation & psy*ical tra9+ "o c come to see ! spiritual _w & its be+s4 ,we pass into ! _s realm at dea? & come back into ! human _w at bir?2 & we cont9ue to re9c>nate until we h ov]come all e>?ly desires & mortal appetites4 ,!n ! high] life is op5 to our consci\sness & we cease to be human2 we become div9e be+s4' 7,record$ 9 ,ox=d1 ,engl&1 ,augu/ #ab1 #aiaa47 ,,iii4 ,,9 ,,scotl& ,introduction by ,,alex&] ,,c>mi*ael1 ,hon4 ,,ll4,d4 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh2 au?or ( ,c>m9a ,gadelica4 ,! belief 9 fairies 0 once common ?r\gh\t ,scotl&--,highl& & ,l[l&4 ,x is n[ mu* less preval5t ev5 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s1 :]e su* beliefs l+] long] ?an !y d 9 ! ,l[l&s4 ,b x /ill lives among ! old p1 & is privately ent]ta9$ "h & !re ev5 among y\ng] p2 & "s :o hold ! belief decl>e t !y !mselves h se5 fairies4 ,v>i\s !ories h be5 advanc$ z to ! orig9 ( fairies & z to ! belief 9 !m4 ,! mo/ concrete =m 9 :i* ! belief has be5 urg$ has be5 by ! ,rev4 ,rob]t ,kirk1 m9i/] ( ,ab]foyle1 9 ,p]?%ire4#bi ,ano!r !ory ( ! orig9 ( fairies ,i took d[n 9 ! isl& ( ,miunghlaidh 7,m+lay72 &1 ?\gh ,i h giv5 x 9 ,c>m9a ,gadelica1 x is suffici5tly int]e/+ to be quot$ "h4 ,dur+ ,octob] #ahga1 ,rod]ick ,macneill1 kn[n z ',ru>aidh mac ,dhomhuil1' !n n9ety-two ye>s ( age1 told x 9 ,gaelic to ! late ,j4 ,f4 ,campbell ( ,islay & ! writ]1 :5 !y 7 /orm-/ay$ 9 ! precipit\s isl& ( ,miunghlaidh1 ,b>ra3-- ',! ,pr\d ,angel fom5t$ a rebellion among ! angels ( heav51 :]e he _h be5 a lead+ light4 ,he decl>$ t he w\ld g & f\nd a k+dom = himself4 ,:5 go+ out at ! door ( heav5 ! ,pr\d ,angel br\ght prickly lightn+ & bit+ lightn+ out ( ! door/ep ) 8 heels4 ,_m angels foll[$ him--s _m t at la/ ! ,son call$ out1 ,fa!r6 ,fa!r6 ! city is be+ empti$6 :]eupon ! ,fa!r ord]$ t ! gates ( heav5 & ! gates ( hell %\ld be clos$4 ,?is 0 in/antly done4 ,& ^? :o 7 9 7 91 & ^? :o 7 out 7 out2 :ile ! ho/s :o _h left heav5 & _h n rea*$ hell flew into ! holes ( ! e>?1 l ! /ormy petrels4 ,^! are ! ,fairy ,folk--ev] s9ce doom$ to live "u ! gr\nd1 & only all[$ to em]ge :]e & :5 ! ,k+ p]mits4 ,!y are nev] all[$ abroad on ,?ursday1 t be+ ,columba's ,day2 nor on ,friday1 t be+ ! ,son's ,day2 nor on ,saturday1 t be+ ,m>y's ,day2 nor on ,sunday1 t be+ ! ,"l's ,day4 ,god be betwe5 me & e fairy1 ,e ill wi% & e druidry2 ,to-day is ,?ursday on sea & l&1 ,i tru/ 9 ! ,k+ t !y d n he> me4 ,on c]ta9 nights :5 _! bru?a9 7b[]s7 are op5 & _! lamps are lit1 & ! song & ! dance are mov+ m]rily1 ! fairies may be he>d s++ ligh!>t$ly3-- ,n ( ! se$ ( ,adam are we1 ,nor is ,abraham our fa!r2 ,b ( ! se$ ( ! ,pr\d ,angel1 ,driv5 =? f ,heav54' ,! fairies ent]$ l>gely into ! lives & into ! folk-lore ( ! ,highl& p1 & ! foll[+ examples ( ?+s nam$ aft] ! fairies indicate ! mann] 9 :i* ! fairies dom9at$ ! m9ds ( ! p ( ,gaeldom3--te9e si?1 'fairy fire' 7ignis fatuus72 breaca si?1 'fairy m>ks1' livid spots appe>+ on ! faces ( ! dead or dy+2 m>ca*d %i?1 'fairy rid+1' p>alysis ( ! sp9e 9 animals1 alleg$ to be br\ght on by ! fairy m\se rid+ across ! backs ( animals :ile !y are ly+ d[n2 piob %i?1 'fairy pipe' or 'elf9 pipe'1 g5]ally f\nd 9 anci5t und]gr\nd h\ses2 mi>an na mna si!1 '! ?imble ( ! fairy woman1' ! fox-glove2 lion na mna si!1 'l9t ( ! fairy woman1' fairy flax1 said to be b5eficial 9 c]ta9 illnesses2 & cura*an na mna si!1 'coracle ( ! fairy woman1' ! %ell ( ! blue valilla4 ,9 place-names si?1 'fairy1' is common4 ,gl5%ee1 9 ,p]?%ire1 is said to h be5 full ( fairies1 b ! scree* ( ! /eam-:i/le fright5$ !m und]gr\nd4 ,!re is sc>cely a di/rict ( ! ,highl&s )\t its fairy knoll1 g5]ally ! gre5e/ hillock 9 ! place4 ',! black *ant] ( ,clan ,*attan' is said to h be5 giv5 to a fam\s ,macph]son pip] by a fairy woman :o lov$ him2 & ! ,mackays h a flag said to h be5 giv5 to a ,mackay by a fairy swee!>t4 ,! well-kn[n fairy flag ( ,dunvegan is said to h be5 giv5 to a ,macleod ( ,macleod by a fairy woman2 & ! ,macrimmons ( ,bororaig1 pip]s to ! ,macleods ( ,macleod1 _h a *ant] call$ ',sionnsair airgid na mna si!'1 '! silv] *ant] ( ! fairy woman4' ,a family 9 ,nor? ,ui/ is kn[n z ,dubh-si?1 ',black fairy1' f a tradition t ! family _h be5 famili> ) ! fairies 9 _! secret flights & nightly migrations4 ,donald ,macala/air1 sev5ty-n9e ye>s ( age1 cr(t]1 ,druim-a-gh9nir1 ,arran1 told me1 9 ! ye> #ahie1 ! foll[+ /ory 9 ,gaelic3--',! fairies 7 dwell+ 9 ! knoll1 & !y _h a ne> neighb\r :o us$ to visit !m 9 _! home4 ,! man us$ to obs]ve ! ways ( ! fairies & to d z !y did4 ,! fairies took a j\rney ^u !m to g to ,irel&1 & ! man took ^u him to g ) !m4 ,e s+le fairy ( !m caught a ragwort & w5t a/ride x1 & !y 7 pell-mell1 e knee ( !m across ! ,iri% ,ocean 9 an in/ant1 & across ! ,iri% ,ocean 0 ! man aft] !m1 a/ride a ragwort l "o ( !mselves4 ,a little wee t9y fairy %\t$ & ask$ 7 !y all ready1 & all ! o!rs repli$ t !y 71 & ! little fairy call$ out3-- ,my k+ at my head1 ,go+ across 9 my ha/e1 ,on ! cre/s ( ! waves1 ,to ,irel&4 ,foll[ me1 said ! k+ ( ! fairies1 & away !y w5t across ! ,iri% ,ocean1 e "m's son ( !m a/ride 8 ragwort4 ,macuga 7,cook7 did n "k on e>? h[ he w\ld return to 8 native l&1 b he leapt ^u ! ragwort z he saw ! fairies d1 & he call$ z he he>d !m call1 & 9 an in/ant he 0 back 9 ,arran4 ,b he _h got en\gh ( ! fairies on ?is trip itself1 & he nev] w5t ) !m aga94' ,! fairies 7 wont to take away infants & _! mo!rs1 & _m precautions 7 tak5 to safegu>d !m till purification & baptism took place1 :5 ! fairy p[] became ineffective4 ,plac+ iron ab\t ! b$1 burn+ lea!r 9 ! room1 giv+ "m & *ild ! milk ( a c[ :i* _h eat5 ( ! mo?an1 pe>l-wort 7,p+uicula vulg>is71 a plant ( virtue1 & simil> means 7 tak5 to ensure _! safety4 ,if ! wat*+-wom5 neglect$ ^! precautions1 ! "m or *ild or bo? 7 spirit$ away to ! fairy b[]4 ,_m /ories are curr5t on ?is subject4 ,sometimes ! fairies help$ human be+s ) _! "w1 com+ 9 at night to f9i% ! sp9n+ or ! h\se-"w1 or to ?re% ! f>m]'s corn or fan 8 gra94 ,on su* occasions !y mu/ n be mole/$ nor int]f]$ )1 ev5 9 gratitude4 ,if pres5t$ ) a g>m5t !y w g away & "w no m4 ,?is me?od ( gett+ rid ( !m is (t5 resort$ to1 z x is n easy always to f9d "w = !m to d4 ,bean *aol a *ot ua9e 's na gruaige buidhe1 '! sl5d] woman ( ! gre5 kirtle & ( ! yell[ hair1' is wise ( head & deft ( h&4 ,%e c conv]t ! :ite wat] ( ! rill into ri* r$ w9e & ! ?reads ( ! spid]s into a t>tan plaid4 ,f ! /alk ( ! fairy re$ %e c br+ ! music ( ! lull ( ! peace & ( ! repose1 h[ev] active ! bra9 & li! ! limb2 & %e c r\se to mir? & m]rim5t1 & to ! dance1 m5 & wom51 h[ev] dolor\s _! condition4 ,f ! b[] c\ld be he>d ! pipe & ! song & ! voice ( laught] z ! fairies 'sett' & reel$ 9 ! mazes ( ! dance4 ,sometimes a man he>+ ! m]ry music & see+ ! wond]ful light )9 w\ld be tempt$ to g 9 & jo9 !m1 b woe to him if he omitt$ to leave a piece ( iron at ! door ( ! b[] on ent]+1 = ! cunn+ fairies w\ld close ! door & ! man w\ld f9d no egress4 ,!re he w\ld dance = ye>s--b to him ! ye>s 7 z "o day--:ile 8 wife & family m\rn$ him z dead4 ,! fl9t arr[-heads s mu* priz$ by antiqu>ians are call$ 9 ! ,highl&s ,saighead si?1 fairy arr[s4 ,!y are said to h be5 ?r[n by ! fairies at ! sons & daught]s ( m54 ,! writ] possesses "o :i* 0 ?r[n at 8 own maid-s]vant "o night :5 %e w5t to ! peat/ack = peats4 ,%e 0 aw>e ( some?+ :izz+ ?r\gh ! sil5t air1 pass+ ?r\gh h] hair1 graz+ h] e> & fall+ at h] feet4 ,/oop+ 9 ! bright moonlight ! girl pick$ up a fairy arr[6 ',b fai? is dead--su* ?+s d n happ5 n[1' said a c\rte\s in=mant4 ,if n q dead x is almo/ dead1 ha/5$ by ! %ift+ ( population1 ! e/abli%m5t ( means ( communication1 ! influx ( t\ri/s1 & ! scorn ( ! m mat]iali/ic ( ! incom]s & ( ! p !mselves4 ,,ed9burgh1 ,octob] #aiaj4 ,,ab]foyle1 ,,! ,,c\ntry ,,( ,,rob]t ,,kirk ,my fir/ hunt = fairies 9 ,scotl& began at ,ab]foyle1 :]e ! ,highl&s & ! ,l[l&s meet1 & 9 ! v place :]e ,rob]t ,kirk1 ! m9i/] ( ,ab]foyle1 0 tak5 by !m1 9 ! ye> #afib4 ,! m9i/] sp5t a l>ge "p ( 8 "t /udy+ ! ways ( ! 'good p'1 & he mu/ h be5 able to see !m1 = he 0 a sev5? son4 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,mac,gregor1 :o keeps ! key to ! old *ur*y>d :]e !re is a tomb to ,kirk1 ?\gh _m say !re is no?+ 9 x b a c(f9 fill$ ) /ones1 told me t ,kirk 0 tak5 into ! ,fairy ,knoll1 :i* %e po9t$ to j across a little valley 9 front ( u1 & is !re yet1 = ! hill is full ( cav]ns1 & 9 !m ! 'good p' h _! homes4 ,& %e add$ t ,kirk appe>$ to a relative ( 8 aft] he 0 tak51 & said t he 0 9 ! p[] ( ! 'good p'1 & c\ldn't get away4 ',b1' says he1 ',i c be set free if y w h my c\s9 d :at ,i tell him :5 ,i appe> aga9 at ! *ri/5+ ( my *ild 9 ! p>sonage4' ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 :o reports ! same tradition 9 m detail 9 8 admirable ,introduction to ,! ,secret ,commonweal?1 ! c\s9 0 ,grahame ( ,du*ray1 & ! ?+ he 0 to d 0 to ?r[ a dagg] ov] ,kirk's head4 ,grahame 0 at h& at ! *ri/5+ ( ! po/hum\s *ild1 b 0 s a/oni%$ to see ,kirk appe> z ,kirk said he w\ld1 t he did n ?r[ ! dagg]1 & s ,kirk became a p]petual prison] ( ! 'good p'4 ,aft] hav+ visit$ ,kirk's tomb1 ,i call$ on ! ,rev4 ,william ,m4 ,taylor1 ! pres5t successor ( ,kirk1 &1 z we sat toge!r 9 ! v room :]e ,kirk mu/ h writt5 8 ,secret ,commonweal?1 he told me t tradition reports ,kirk z hav+ be5 tak5 by ! fairies :ile he 0 walk+ on _! hill1 :i* is b a %ort way f ! p>sonage4 ',at ! "t ( 8 disappe>ance1 p said he 0 tak5 because ! fairies 7 displeas$ ) him = pry+ into _! secrets4 ,at all ev5ts1 x seems likely t ,kirk 0 tak5 ill v sudd5ly ) some?+ l apoplexy :ile on ! ,fairy ,knoll1 & di$ !re4 ,i h se>*$ ! presbyt]y books1 & f9d no record ( h[ ,kirk's dea? really took place2 b ( c\rse !re is n ! lea/ d\bt ( 8 body be+ 9 ! grave4' ,s ?us1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,taylor1 we are to conclude t if ! fairies c>ri$ (f any?+1 x mu/ h be5 ! _s or s\l ( ,kirk4 ,i talk$ ) o!rs r\nd ,ab]foyle ab\t ,kirk1 & "s w\ld h x t 8 body & s\l 7 bo? tak51 & t :at 0 buri$ 0 no corpse at all4 ,mrs4 ,m>g>et ,mac,gregor1 "o ( ! few ,gaelic speak]s ( ! old s*ool left 9 ,ab]foyle1 holds ano!r op9ion1 = %e said to me1 ',no?+ c\ld be sur] ?an t ! good p took ,kirk's _s only4' ,9 ! ,ab]foyle c\ntry1 ! ,fairy-,fai?1 save = ! /ories ab\t ,kirk1 :i* w probably p]si/ = a long "t yet1 is rapidly pass+4 ,9 fact x is almo/ =gott5 n[4 ,up to ?irty ye>s ago1 z ,mr4 ,taylor expla9$1 be=e ! railway rea*$ ,ab]foyle1 belief 9 fairies 0 mu* m common4 ,n[adays1 he says1 !re is no real fairy-lore among ! peasants2 fifty to sixty ye>s ago !re 04 ,& 9 8 op9ion1 '! fairy p ( ?ree hundr$ ye>s ago 9 ,scotl& 7 a di/9ct race by !mselves4 ,!y _h nev] be5 human be+s4 ,! belief 9 !m 0 a survival ( paganism1 & n at all an outgr[? ( ,*ri/ian belief 9 angelic ho/s4' ,a ,,scot* ,,m9i/]',s ,,te/imony ,a ,prote/ant m9i/] ( ,scotl& w be our next witness4 ,he is a native ( ,ross-%ire1 ?\gh he draws _m ( 8 /ories f ! ,we/]n ,hebrides1 :]e 8 call+ has plac$ him4 ,because he speaks f p]sonal k ( ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai? z x 0 9 8 boyhood & is n[1 & *iefly because he has _h ! r>e privilege ( consci\s contact ) ! fairy _w1 8 te/imony is ( ! highe/ value4 ,reality ( ,fairies4--',:5 ,i 0 a boy ,i 0 a firm believ] 9 fairies2 & n[ z a ,*ri/ian m9i/] ,i believe 9 ! possibility & also ! reality ( ^! spiritual ord]s1 b ,i wi% only to "k ^? ord]s :i* belong to ! realm ( grace4 ,x is v c]ta9 t !y exi/4 ,i h be5 9 a /ate ( ec/asy1 & h se5 spiritual be+s :i* =m ^! ord]s4#cj ',i believe 9 ! actuality ( evil spirits2 b p 9 ! ,highl&s hav+ put aside paganism1 evil spirits are n se5 n[4' ,?is explanation 0 (f]$ ( h[ fairies may exi/ & yet be invisible3--',our ,savi\r became invisible ?\gh 9 ! body2 &1 z ! ,scriptures sugge/1 ,i suppose we are oblig$ to conc$e a simil> p[] ( invisibility to spirits z well1 good & evil ones alike4' ,precautions aga9/ ,fairies4--',i rememb] h[ an old woman pull$ me out ( a fairy r+ to save me f be+ tak54 ',if a "m takes "s b9dwe$ & places x burnt at ! ends ov] h] babe's cradle1 ! fairies h no p[] ov] ! *ild4 ,! b9dwe$ is a common roadside convolvulus4 ',z a boy1 ,i saw two old wom5 pass+ a babe ov] r$-hot coals1 & !n drop "s ( ! c9d]s 9 a cup ( wat] & give ! wat] to ! babe to dr9k1 9 ord] to cure x ( a fairy /roke4' ,fairy ,fights on ,hall[e54--',x is a common belief n[ t on ,hall[e5 ! fairies1 or ! fairy ho/s1 h fights4 ,li*5s on rocks aft] !re has be5 a fro/ get yell[i%-r$1 & !n :5 !y ?aw & ! moi/ure spreads out f !m ! rocks are a bright r$2 & ?is bright r$ is said to be ! blood ( ! fairies aft] "o ( _! battles4' ,fairies & ! ,hump-back4--,! foll[+ /ory by ! pres5t witness is curi\s1 = x is ! same /ory ( a hump-back :i* is s widespread4 ,! fact t 9 ,scotl& ! hump is remov$ or add$ by fairies z x is 9 ,irel&1 9 ,cornwall by pixies1 & 9 ,brittany by corrigans1 goes f> to prove ! ess5tial id5tity ( ^! ?ree ord]s ( be+s4 ,! /ory comes f "o ( ! remote ,we/]n ,hebrides1 ,b5becula3--',a man :o 0 a hump-back once met ! fairies danc+1 & danc$ ) _! que52 & he sang ) !m1 ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,w$nesday1 s well t !y took (f 8 hump1 & he return$ home a /raight-bodi$ man4 ,!n a tailor w5t pa/ ! same place1 & 0 also admitt$ by ! fairies to _! dance4 ,he caught ! fairy que5 by ! wai/1 & %e res5t$ 8 famili>ity4 ,& 9 s++ he add$ ,?ursday to _! song & spoilt x4 ,to pay ! tailor = 8 rud5ess & ill mann]s1 ! danc]s took up ! hump !y _h j remov$ f ! fir/ man & clapp$ x on 8 back1 & ! conceit$ fell[ w5t home a hump-back4' ,libations to ,fairies4--',an eld] 9 my *ur* knew a woman :o 0 accu/om$1 9 milk+ h] c[s1 to (f] libations to ! fairies4#ca ,! woman 0 lat] conv]t$ to ,*ri/ & gave up ! practice1 & z a result "o ( h] c[s 0 tak5 by ! fairies4 ,!n %e reviv$ ! practice4 ',! fairy que5 :o wat*es ov] c[s is call$ ,gruaga* 9 ! ,isl&s1 & %e is (t5 se54 ,9 p\r+ libations to h] & h] fairies v>i\s k9ds ( /ones1 usually ) holl[s 9 !m1 are us$4#cb ',9 ,lewis libations are p\r$ to ! goddess or god ( ! sea1 call$ ,%oney1#cc 9 ord] to br+ 9 seawe$4 ,until mod]n times 9 ,iona simil> libations 7 p\r$ to a god correspond+ to ,neptune4' ,,9 ,,! ,,highl&s ,i _h ! pleasure z well z ! great privilege ( sett+ out f ,inv]ness on a bright crisp ,septemb] morn+ 9 company ) ,dr4 ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael1 ! well-kn[n folk-lori/ ( ,scotl&1 to /udy ! ,fairy-,fai? z x exi/s n[ 9 ! ,highl&s r\nd ,tomat91 a small c\ntry village ab\t tw5ty miles di/ant4 ,we dep>t$ by an e>ly tra92 & soon rea*+ ! ,tomat9 c\ntry began our se>*--,dr4 ,c>mi*ael = evid5ce reg>d+ r>e & curi\s ,scot* beliefs connect$ ) folk-magic1 su* z blood-/opp+ at a di/ance & remov+ motes 9 ! eye at a di/ance1 & ,i = ,highl& gho/s & fairies4 ,our fir/ exp]i5ce 0 ) an old man :om we met on ! road betwe5 ! railway /ation & ! po/ (fice1 :o c\ld speak only ,gaelic4 ,dr4 ,c>mi*ael talk$ ) him a:ile1 & !n ask$ him ab\t fairies1 & he said !re 7 "s liv+ 9 a cave "s way (f1 b z ! di/ance 0 r too f> we decid$ n to call on !m4 ,!n we w5t on to see ! po/ma/]1 ,mr4 ,john ,mac,dougall1 & he told u t 9 8 boyhood ! c\ntry-folk r\nd ,tomat9 believ$ ?or\ghly 9 fairies4 ,he said !y ?\ght ( !m z a race ( spirits capable ( mak+ !mselves visible to mortals1 z liv+ 9 und]gr\nd places1 z tak+ f9e heal?y babes & leav+ *angel+s 9 _! place4 ,^! *angel+s w\ld wa/e away & die 9 a %ort "t aft] be+ left4 ,s firmly did ! old p believe 9 fairies !n t !y w\ld ridicule a p]son = n believ+4 ,& n[ q ! rev]se /ate has come ab\t4#cd ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,john ,,dunb> ,,( ,,inv]e5 ,we talk$ ) o!r ,highl&]s 9 ! c\ntry r\nd ,tomat91 & he>d only e*oes1 mo/ly fragm5t>y1 ( :at _! =efa!rs us$ to believe ab\t fairies4 ,b at ,inv]e5 we discov]$ ,john ,dunb>1 a ,highl&]1 :o really kn[s ! ,fairy-,fai? & is n a%am$ to expla9 x4 ,speak+ p>tly f exp]i5ce & p>tly f :at he has he>d 8 p>5ts relate conc]n+ ! 'good p'1 he said3-- ,! ,%eep & ! ,fairy-,hunt+4--',i believe p saw fairies1 b ,i ?9k "o reason no "o sees !m n[ is because e place 9 ?is p>i% :]e !y us$ to appe> has be5 put into %eep1 & de]1 & gr\se1 & %oot+4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ,coig na ,fe>n is ! place :]e ! la/ fairy 0 se5 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,be=e ! big %eep came1 ! fairies are suppos$ to h _h a premonition t _! doma9s 7 to be violat$ by !m4 ,a /ory is told ( a fight betwe5 ! %eep & fairies1 or else ( ! fairies hunt+ ! %eep3--,james ,mac,queen1 :o c\ld traffic ) ! fairies1 :om he reg>d$ z gho/s or spirits1 "o night on 8 old place1 :i* n[ is 9 %eep1 0 ly+ d[n all alone & he>d a small & big b>k+ ( dogs1 & a small & big bleat+ ( %eep1 ?\gh no %eep 7 !re !n4 ,x 0 ! fairy-hunt+ he he>d4 ,i put an axe "u my head & ,i _h no fe> !re=e1 he always repeat$ :5 tell+ ! /ory4 ,i believe ! man saw & he>d some?+4 ,& ,mac,queen us$ to aid ! fairies1 & on t acc\nt1 z he 0 9 ! habit ( say+1 he always f\nd m meal 9 8 *e/ ?an he ?\ght he _h4' ,fairies4--',my gr&mo!r believ$ firmly 9 fairies1 & ,i h he>d h] tell a good _m /ories ab\t !m4 ,!y 7 a small p dress$ 9 gre51 & _h dwell+s und]gr\nd 9 dry spots4 ,fairies 7 (t5 he>d 9 ! hills ov] !re 7po9t+71 & ,i believe some?+ 0 !re4 ,!y 7 awful = music1 & us$ to be he>d v (t5 play+ ! bagpipes4 ,a woman w\ldn't g out 9 ! d>k aft] giv+ bir? to a *ild be=e ! *ild 0 *ri/5$1 s z n to give ! fairies p[] ov] h] or ! *ild4 ,& ,i h he>d p say t if fairies 7 refus$ milk & meat !y w\ld take a horse or a c[2 & t if well treat$ !y w\ld repay all gifts4' ,"t 9 ,fairyl&4--',p w\ld be tw5ty ye>s 9 ,fairyl& & x w\ldn't seem m ?an a night4 ,a bridegroom :o 0 tak5 on 8 w$d+-day 0 9 ,fairyl& = _m g5]ations1 &1 com+ back1 ?\ght x 0 next morn+4 ,he ask$ :]e all ! w$d+-gue/s 71 & f\nd only "o old woman :o rememb]$ ! w$d+4' ,highl& ,leg5d ( ! ,dead4--,z ,i h f\nd to be ! case 9 all ,celtic c\ntries equally1 fairy /ories ne>ly always1 9 accordance ) ! law ( psy*ology kn[n z '! association ( ideas'1 give place to or are bl5d$ ) leg5ds ( ! dead4 ,?is is an important factor = ! ,psy*ological ,!ory4 ,& :at foll[s proves ! same ideas to be pres5t to ! m9d ( ,mr4 ,dunb>3--',"s p aft] dea? are se5 9 _! old haunts2 no mi/ake ab\t x4 ,a bailiff _h false corn & meal measures1 & s aft] he di$ he came back to 8 daught] & told h] he c\ld h no peace until ! measures 7 burn$4 ,%e compli$ ) h] fa!r's wi%1 & 8 _s 0 nev] se5 aga94 ,i h kn[n also ( phantom fun]als ( p :o di$ soon aft]w>ds be+ se5 on ! road at night4' ,,to ,,! ,,we/]n ,,hebrides ,f ,inv]ness ,i began my j\rney to ! ,we/]n ,hebrides4 ,:ile ,i wait$ = ! /eam] to take me f ,kyle to ! ,isle ( ,skye1 an old man ) :om ,i talk$ on ! docks said ?is ab\t ,neill ,mack9to%1 ( ,black ,isl&3--',y c't argue ) ! old man t he hasn't se5 fairies4 ,he c tell y all ab\t !m4' ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,skye ,miss ,frances ,tolmie1 :o 0 born at ,uigni%1 ,isle ( ,skye1 & has liv$ _m ye>s 9 ! isle 9 close t\* ) "s ( its olde/ folk1 contributes1 f ,ed9burgh1 ! evid5ce :i* foll[s4 ,! fir/ two tales 7 told 9 ! p>i% ( ,m+9i% a numb] ( ye>s ago by ,m>y ,macdonald1 a goat-h]d1 & h _! sett+ 9 ! region ( ! ,koolian#ce range ( m\nta9s on ! we/ side ( ,skye4 ,! ,fatal ,peat ,emb]4--',an ag$ nurse :o _h fall5 fa/ asleep z %e sat by ! fire1 0 hold+ on h] knees a newly-born babe4 ,! "m1 :o lay 9 b$ gaz+ dreamily1 0 a/oni%$ to see ?ree /range little wom5 ent] ! dwell+4 ,!y approa*$ ! unconsci\s *ild1 & %e :o seem$ to be _! lead] 0 on ! po9t ( lift+ x (f ! nurse's lap1 :5 ! ?ird exclaim$3--,oh6 let u leave ?is "o ) h] z we h already tak5 s _m6 ,s be x1 repli$ ! s5ior ( ! p>ty 9 a tone ( displeasure1 b :5 t peat n[ burn+ on ! he>? %all be consum$1 h] life w surely come to an end4 ,!n ! ?ree little figures pass$ out4 ,! good wife1 recogniz+ !m to be fairies1 sprang f h] b$ & p\r$ ov] ! fire all ! wat] %e c\ld f9d1 & ext+ui%$ ! half-burnt emb]4 ,?is %e wrapp$ c>efully 9 a piece ( clo? & deposit$ at ! v bottom ( a l>ge *e/1 :i* aft]w>ds %e always kept lock$4 ',ye>s pass$1 & ! babe grew into a beautiful "y woman4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t %e 0 betro!d2 &1 accord+ to cu/om1 n appe>+ 9 public at *ur* on ! ,sunday prec$+ ! day appo9t$ = h] m>riage1 rema9$ at home alone4 ,to amuse h]self1 %e began to se>* ! cont5ts ( all ! keep+-places 9 ! h\se1 & came at la/ to ! *e/ conta9+ ! peat emb]4 ,9 h] ha/e1 ! good "m _h t day =gott5 ! key ( ! *e/1 :i* 0 n[ 9 ! lock4 ,at ! bottom ( ! *e/ ! girl f\nd a curi\s packet conta9+ no?+ b a morsel ( peat1 & ?is app>5tly useless ?+ %e toss$ away into ! fire4 ,:5 ! peat 0 well k9dl$ ! "y girl began to feel v ill1 & :5 h] "m return$ 0 dy+4 ,! op5 *e/ & ! blaz+ peat expla9$ ! cause ( ! calamity4 ,! fairy's pr$iction 0 fulfill$4' ,results ( ,refus+ ,fairy ,hospitality4--',two wom5 7 walk+ t[>d ! ,po9t :5 "o ( !m1 he>+ *urn+ go+ on "u a hillock1 express$ al\d a wi% = "s butt]-milk4 ,no soon] _h %e spok5 ?an a v small figure ( a woman came out ) a b[lful & (f]$ x to h]1 b ! ?ir/y woman1 ignorant ( fairy cu/oms & ! p5alty att5d+ _! infr+em5t1 decl9$ ! k9d (f] ( refre%m5t1 & imm$iately f\nd h]self a prison] 9 ! hillock4 ,%e 0 l$ to an ap>tm5t conta9+ a *e/ full ( meal & a great bag ( wool1 & 0 told by ! fairy t :5 %e _h eat5 all ! meal & spun all ! wool %e w\ld be free to return to h] home4 ,! prison] at once set h]self to eat+ & sp9n+ assidu\sly1 b )\t app>5t result1 & despair+ ( complet+ ! task consult$ an old man ( v sad c\nt5ance :o _h long be5 a captive 9 ! hillock4 ,he will+ly gave h] 8 advice1 :i* 0 to wet h] left eye ) saliva ea* morn+ be=e %e settl$ d[n to h] task4 ,%e foll[$ ?is advice1 & gradually ! wool & ! meal 7 exhau/$4 ,!n ! fairy grant$ h] fre$om1 b 9 do+ s curs$ ! old man1 & said t %e _h x 9 h] p[] to keep him 9 ! hillock = ev]4' ,! ,fairies' ',waulk+' 7,full+74--',at ,ebo/1 9 ,bracadale1 an old woman 0 liv+ 9 a little hut1 ) no companion save a wise cat4 ,z we talk$1 %e express$ h] wond] t no fairies are ev] se5 or he>d n[adays4 ,%e c\ld rememb] he>+ h] fa!r tell h[ he1 :5 a h]d-boy1 _h he>d ! fairies s++ a waulk+ song 9 ,dun-,osdale1 an anci5t & ru9$ r\nd t[] 9 ! p>i% ( ,dir9i%1 & n f> f ,helval mhor 7great7 & ,helval bheag 7less7--two hills occasionally allud$ to z ,macleod's ,tables4 ,! y\? 0 ly+ on ! grass-gr[n summit ( ! ru91 & he>d !m di/9ctly4 ,z if ) exultation1 "o voice took ! v]se & !n ! :ole company jo9$ 9 ! foll[+ *orus3 ,ho6 fir-e6 fair-e1 foirm6 ,ho6 ,fair-eag-an an cl6 7,ho6 well done6 ,gr&6 ,ho6 bravo ! web ( homespun67' ,crodh ,*ailean4--',?is tale 0 relat$ by ,mr4 ,neil ,macleod1 ! b>d ( ,skye3--,col9 0 a g5tleman ( ,clan ,campbell 9 ,p]?%ire1 :o 0 m>ri$ to a beautiful maid5 :om ! fairies c>ri$ (f on h] m>riage-day1 & on :om !y ca/ a spell :i* r5d]$ h] invisible = a day & a ye>4 ,%e came regul>ly e day to milk ! c[s ( h] sorr[+ husb&1 & sang sweetly to !m :ile %e milk$1 b he nev] once _h ! pleasure ( behold+ h]1 ?\gh he c\ld he> p]fectly :at %e sang4 ,at ! expiry ( ! ye> %e 01 to 8 great joy1 re/or$ to him4'#cf ,fairy ,leg5d ( ! ,macleod ,family4--',!re is a leg5d told ( ! ,macleod family3--,soon aft] ! heir ( ! ,macleods 0 born1 a beautiful woman 9 wond]ful raim5t1 :o 0 a fairy woman or ban%ee 7!re 7 joy\s z well z m\rn+ ban%ees7 appe>$ at ! ca/le1 & w5t directly to ! babe's cradle4 ,%e took up ! babe & *ant$ ov] x a s]ies ( v]ses1 & ea* v]se _h its own melody4 ,! v]ses =etold ! future manhood ( ! "y *ild1 & act$ z a protective *>m ov] its life4 ,!n %e put ! babe back into its cradle1 &1 go+ out1 disappe>$ across ! moorl&s4 ',= _m g5]ations x 0 a cu/om 9 ! ,macleod family t :oev] 0 ! nurse ( ! heir mu/ s+ ^? v]ses z ! fairy woman _h sung !m4 ,aft] a "t ! song 0 =gott51 b at a lat] p]iod x 0 p>tially recov]$1 & to-day x is "o ( ! pr\d folk-lore h]itages ( ! ,macleod family4'#cg ,orig9 & ,nature ( ! ,fairy-,fai?4--,f9ally1 ) respect to ! orig9 & nature ( ! ,scot* ,fairy-,fai?1 ,miss ,tolmie /ates3--',z a *ild ,i 0 n p]mitt$ to he> ab\t fairies4 ,at tw5ty ,i 0 seek+ & try+ to und]/& ! beliefs ( my fa!rs 9 ! light ( mod]n ideas4 ,i 0 v det]m9$ n to lose ! pa/4 ',! fairy-lore orig9at$ 9 a cultur$ class 9 v anci5t times4 ,! peasants inh]it$ x2 !y did n inv5t x4 ,) ! loss ( ,gaelic 9 our times came ! loss ( folk-ideals4 ,! classical & ,engli% influ5ces comb9$ _h a kill+ effect2 s t ! in/9ctive religi\s feel+ :i* us$ to be among our p :5 !y kept alive ! fairy-traditions is dead4 ,we h intellectually-con/ruct$ cre$s & doctr9es :i* take its place4 ',we always ?\ght ( fairies z my/]i\s little be+s liv+ 9 hills4 ,!y 7 caprici\s & irritable1 b n wick$4 ,!y c\ld d a good turn z well z a bad "o4 ,!y 7 n a]ial1 b _h bodies :i* !y c\ld make invisible2 & !y c\ld make human bodies invisible 9 ! same way4 ,besides _! holl[ knolls & m\nds !re seem$ to be a subt]ranean _w 9 :i* !y also liv$1 :]e ?+s are l :at !y are 9 ?is _w4' ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,b>ra1#ch ,,we/]n ,,hebrides ,we pass f ,cu*ula9n's beautiful isl& to :at is n[ ! mo/ ,celtic "p ( ,scotl&--! ,we/]n ,hebrides1 :]e ! anci5t life is liv$ yet1 & :]e ! p h m ?an a fai? 9 spirits & fairies4 ,& no "o ( ! ,we/]n ,hebrides1 p]haps except+ ! t9y isl& ( ,erisgey1 has *ang$ less dur+ ! la/ five hundr$ ye>s ?an ,b>ra4 ,our ,b>ra guide & int]pret]1 ,mi*ael ,bu*anan1 a native & a life-long resid5t ( ,b>ra1 is sev5ty ye>s old1 yet z /rong & active z a city man at fifty4 ,he kn[s intimately e old man on ! isl&1 & z he 0 able to draw !m out on ! subject ( ! 'good p' z no /rang] c\ld d1 ,i 0 q will+1 z well z oblig$ on acc\nt ( ! ,scot* ,gaelic1 to let him act on my behalf 9 all my collect+ on ,b>ra4 ,mr4 ,bu*anan is ! au?or ( a little book call$ ,! ,mac,neils ( ,b>ra ,g5ealogy1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aijb4 ,he 0 ! (ficial int]pret] be=e ! ,commission ( ,inquiry :i* 0 appo9t$ by ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t 9 #ahhc to se>* into ! oppression ( l&lordism 9 ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s1 & he act$ 9 ! same capacity be=e ! ,cr(t]s' ,commission & ! ,de]-,=e/ ,commission4 ,we !re=e feel p]fectly safe 9 all[+ him to pres5t1 be=e our jury try+ ! ,fairy-,fai?1 ! evid5ce ( ! ,gaelic-speak+ witnesses f ,b>ra4 ,,john ,,macneil',s ,,te/imony ,we met ! fir/ ( ! ,b>ra witnesses on ! top ( a rocky hill1 :]e ! road f ,ca/lebay passes4 ,he 0 c>ry+ on 8 back a sack ( s& heavy en\gh = a college a?lete1 & he an old man betwe5 sev5ty & eighty ye>s ( age4 ,mi*ael ,bu*anan has kn[n ,john ,mac,neil all 8 life1 = !y 7 boys toge!r on ! isl&2 & !re is n mu* diff]5ce betwe5 !m 9 age1 our int]pret] be+ ! y\ng]4 ,!n ! ?ree ( u sat d[n on a grassy knoll1 all ! _w l a fairy knoll1 ?\gh x 0 n2 & :5 pipes 7 lit & ! wea!r _h be5 discuss$1 !re 0 introduc$ ! subject ( ! 'good p'--all 9 ,gaelic1 = our witness n[ ab\t to te/ify kn[s no ,engli%--& :at ,john ,mac,neil said is ?us int]pret$ by ,mi*ael ,bu*anan3-- ,a ,fairy's ,visit4--',yes1 ,i h' 79 answ] to a "q if he _h he>d ( p be+ tak5 by ! 'good p' or fairies74 ',a fairy woman visit$ ! h\se ( a "y wife "h 9 ,b>ra1 & ! "y wife _h h] baby on h] brea/ at ! "t4 ,! fir/ words utt]$ by ! fairy woman 71 ,heavy is y\r *ild2 & ! wife answ]$1 ,light is ev]ybody :o lives ! longe/4 ,7 x n t y h answ]$ my "q1 said ! fairy woman1 & und]/ood my mean+1 y %\ld h be5 less y\r *ild4 ,& !n ! fairy woman dep>t$4' ,fairy-,s++4--',my "m1 & two o!r wom5 well kn[n "h 9 ,b>ra1 w5t to a hill "o day to look aft] _! %eep1 &1 a ?ick fog com+ on1 !y _h to re/ a:ile4 ,!y !n sat d[n ^u a knoll & began to s+ a walk+ 7clo?-work+7 song1 z foll[s3--,x is e>ly to-day t ,i h ris52 &1 z !y sang1 a fairy woman 9 ! rocks respond$ to _! song ) "o ( h] own4' ,nature ( ,fairies4--,!n ! "q 0 ask$ if fairies 7 m5 or spirits1 & ?is is ! reply3--',i nev] saw any myself1 & s _c tell1 b !y mu/ be spirits f all t ! old p tell ab\t !m1 or else h[ c\ld !y appe> & disappe> s sudd5ly8 ,! old p said !y didn't "k if fairies 7 fle% & blood1 or spirits4 ,!y saw !m z m5 ( m dim9utive /ature ?an our race4 ,i he>d my fa!r say t fairies us$ to come & speak to natural p1 & !n vani% :ile "o 0 look+ at !m4 ,fairy wom5 us$ to g into h\ses & talk & !n vani%4 ,! g5]al belief 0 t ! fairies 7 spirits :o c\ld make !mselves se5 or n se5 at w4 ,& :5 !y took p !y took body & s\l toge!r4' ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,john ,,campbell1 ,,n9ety-,,f\r ,,ye>s ,,old ,our next witness f ,b>ra is ,john ,campbell1 :o is n9ety-f\r ye>s old1 yet cle>-head$4 ,he 0 born on ,b>ra at ,sgal>y1 & lives ne> !re n[ at ,breuvaig4 ,we 7 on our way to call at 8 home1 :5 we met him com+ on ! road1 ) a cane 9 ea* h& & a small sack hang+ f "o ( !m4 ,mi*ael salut$ him z an old acqua9tance1 & !n we all sat d[n on a big b\ld] 9 ! w>m sun%9e beside ! road to talk4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,john want$ 0 tobacco1 & :5 ?is 0 suppli$ we gradually l$ f "o subject to ano!r until he 0 talk+ ab\t fairies4 ,& ?is is :at he said ab\t !m3-- ,! ,fairy & ! ,f\nta94--',i _h a companion by ! "n ( ,james ,galbrai?1 :o 0 dr[n$ ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 & "o "t he 0 cross+ f ! we/ side ( ! isl& to ! ea/ side1 to ! t[n%ip call$ ,sgal>y1 & feel+ ?ir/y took a dr9k out ( a spr+ well on ! m\nta9-side4 ,aft] he _h tak5 a dr9k1 he look$ ab\t him & saw a woman clad 9 gre51 & imag9$ t no woman w\ld be clad 9 su* a col\r except a fairy woman4 ,he w5t on 8 way1 & :5 he hadn't gone f>1 look$ back1 &1 z he look$1 saw ! woman vani% out ( 8 sight4 ,he aft]w>ds report$ ! incid5t at 8 fa!r's h\se 9 ,sgal>y1 & 8 fa!r said he also _h se5 a woman clad 9 clo!s ( gre5 at ! same place "s nights be=e4' ,a ,/ep-son ,piti$ by ! ,fairies4--',i he>d my fa!r say t a neighb\r ( 8 fa!r1 t is ( my gr&fa!r1 0 m>ri$ twice1 & _h ?ree *ildr5 f ! fir/ m>riage1 & :5 m>ri$ = ! second "t1 a son & daught]4 ,8 second wife did n seem to be k9d en\gh to ! *ildr5 ( ! fir/ wife1 neglect+ _! food & clo?+ & keep+ !m con/antly at h>d "w 9 ! fields & at h]d+4 ',"o morn+ :5 ! man & 8 second wife 7 return+ f mass !y pass$ ! pa/ure :]e _! c[s 7 graz+ & he>d ! enjoyable skirrels ( ! bagpipes4 ,! fa!r said1 ,:at may ?is be8 & go+ (f ! road f\nd ! elde/ son ( ! fir/ wife play+ ! bagpipes to 8 he>t's pleasure2 & ask$ him e>ne/ly1 ,h[ did y come to play ! bagpipes s sudd5ly1 or :]e did y get ?is spl5did pair ( bagpipes8 ,! boy repli$1 ,an old man came to me :ile ,i 0 9 ! action ( roa/+ pots 9 a pit-fire & said1 ',y\r /ep-"m is bad to y & 9 ill-w t[>ds y4' ,i told ! old man ,i 0 s5sible t t 0 ! case1 & !n he said to me1 ',if ,i give y a trade w y be incl9$ to foll[ x8' ,i said yes1 & ! old man !n cont9u$1 ',h[ w\ld y l to be a pip] by trade8' ',i w\ld gladly become a pip]1' says ,i1 'b :at am ,i to d )\t ! bagpipes & ! tunes to play8' ',i'll supply ! bagpipes1' he said1 '& z long z y h !m y'll nev] want = ! mo/ delightful tunes4' ,! male desc5dants ( ! boy 9 "q 7 all fam\s pip]s !reaft]1 & ! la/ ( !m 0 a pip] to ! late ,cluny ,mac,pherson ( ,cluny4' ,nature ( ,fairies4--,at ?is po9t1 ,mi*ael turn$ ! tr5d ( ,john's ?\ghts to ! nature ( fairies1 ) ! foll[+ result3--',! g5]al belief ( ! p "h dur+ my fa!r's lifetime 0 t ! fairies 7 m ( ! nature ( spirits ?an ( m5 made ( fle% & blood1 b t !y s appe>$ to ! nak$ eye t no diff]5ce c\ld be m>k$ 9 _! =ms f t ( any human be+1 except t !y 7 m dim9utive4 ,i h he>d my fa!r say x 0 ! case t fairy wom5 us$ to take away *ildr5 f _! cradles & leave diff]5t *ildr5 9 _! places1 & t ^! *ildr5 :o 7 left w\ld turn out to be old m54 ',at ,b>ra ,head1 a fairy woman us$ to come to a man's w9d[ almo/ e night z ?\gh look+ to see if ! family 0 home4 ,! man grew suspici\s1 & decid$ ! fairy woman 0 wat*+ h] *ance to /eal 8 wife1 s he propos$ a plan4 ,x 0 !n & /ill is ! cu/om aft] ?at*+ a h\se to rope x across ) hea!r-spun ropes1 &1 at ! "t1 ! man 0 busy sp9n+ "s ( !m2 & he told 8 wife to take 8 place t night to sp9 ! hea!r-rope1 & said he w\ld take h] sp9n+-:eel4 ,!y 7 ?us plac$ :5 ! fairy woman made ! usual look 9 at ! w9d[1 & %e see+ t h] int5tion 0 und]/ood1 said to ! man1 ,y are y\rself at ! sp9n+-:eel & y\r wife is sp9n+ ! hea!r-rope4 ',i h he>d x said t ! fairies live 9 knolls on a high] level ?an t ( ! gr\nd 9 g5]al1 & t fairy songs are he>d f ! faces ( high rocks4 ,! fairies ( ! air 7! fairy or _s ho/s7 are diff]5t f ^? 9 ! rocks4 ,a man :om ,i've se51 ,rod]ick ,mac,neil1 0 lift$ by ! ho/s & left ?ree miles f :]e he 0 tak5 up4 ,! ho/s w5t at ab\t midnight4 ,a man awake at midnight is 9 dang]4 ,c[s & horses are sometimes %ot 9 place ( m5' 7& :y1 w be expla9$ by lat] witnesses74 ,fa!r ,mac,donald's ,op9ions4--,we !n ask$ ab\t ! late ,rev4 ,donald ,mac,donald1 :o _h ! reputation ( kn[+ all ab\t fairies & spirits :5 he liv$ "h 9 ^! isl&s1 & ,john said3--',i h he>d my wife say t %e que/ion$ ,fa!r ,mac,donald1 :o 0 !n a p>i% prie/ "h 9 ,b>ra1 & = :om %e 0 a h\sekeep]1 if x 0 possible t su* be+s or spirits z fairies 7 9 exi/5ce4 ,he said ,yes1 & t !y 7 ^? :o left ,heav5 aft] ! fall5 angels2 & t ^? go+ out aft] ! fall5 angels _h gone out 7 s num]\s & kept go+ s long t ,/4 ,mi*ael notifi$ ,*ri/ t ! ?rone 0 fa/ empty+1 & :5 ,*ri/ saw ! /ate ( affairs he ord]$ ! doors ( ,heav5 to be clos$ at once1 say+ z he gave ! ord]1 ,:o is out is out & :o is 9 is 94 ,& ! fairies are z num]\s n[ z ev] !y 7 be=e ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4' 7,cf4 pp4 #dg1 #ec1 #fg1 #gf1 #he1 #aji1 #aac1 #aaf1 #abi1 #aed1 #bje1 #bab47 ,"h we left ,john1 & he1 cont9u+ on 8 way up ! m\nta9 road 9 an opposite direction f u & r\nd a turn1 disappe>$ almo/ z a fairy might4 ,,an ,,ag$ ,,pip]',s ,,te/imony ,we introduce n[ z a witness ,donald ,mc,kinnon1 n9ety-six ye>s old1 a pip] by pr(ession2 & n only is he ! olde/ man on ,b>ra1 b also ! olde/ man among all our witnesses4 ,he 0 born on ! ,isl& ( ,s\? ,ui/1 "o ( ! ,we/]n ,hebrides nor? ( ,b>ra1 & came to ,b>ra 9 #ahcf1 :]e he has liv$ ev] s9ce4 ,9 spite ( be+ f\r ye>s less ?an a hundr$ 9 age1 he greet$ u v he>tily1 & z he did n wi% u to sit inside1 = 8 *imney happ5$ n to be draw+ v well1 & 0 fill+ ! /raw-?at*$ cottage ) peat smoke1 we sat d[n outside on ! grass & began talk+2 & z we came to fairies ?is is :at he said3-- ,nature ( ,fairies4--',i believe t fairies exi/ z a tribe ( spirits1 & appe> to u 9 ! =m ( m5 & wom54 ,p :o saw fairies c yet describe !m z !y appe>$ dress$ 9 gre54 ,no d\bt !re are fairies 9 o!r c\ntries z well z "h4 ',9 my exp]i5ce !re 0 always a good deal ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! fairies & ! ho/s4 ,! fairies 7 suppos$ to be liv+ )\t mat]ial food1 :]eas ! ho/s 7 suppos$ to be liv+ ^u _! own booty4 ,g5]ally1 ! ho/s 7 evil & ! fairies good1 ?\gh ,i h he>d t ! fairies us$ to take cattle & leave _! old m5 roll$ up 9 ! hides4 ,"o night an old wit* 0 he>d to say to ! fairies outside ! fold1 ,we _c get any?+ to-night4 ,! old m5 :o 7 left beh9d 9 ! hides ( ! animals tak51 usually disappe>$ v sudd5ly4 ,i saw two m5 :o us$ to be lift$ by ! ho/s4 ,!y w\ld be c>ri$ f ,s\? ,ui/ z f> s\? z ,b>ra ,head1 & z f> nor? z ,h>ris4 ,sometimes :5 ^! m5 7 ord]$ by ! ho/s to kill m5 on ! road !y w\ld kill in/ead ei!r a horse or a c[2 = 9 t way1 s long z an animal 0 kill$1 ! injunction ( ! ho/s 0 fulfill$4' ,to illu/rate at ?is po9t ! idea ( fairies1 ,donald repeat$ ! same leg5d told by our =m] witness1 ,john ,campbell1 ab\t ! empty+ ( ,heav5 & ! doors be+ clos$ to keep ! rema9d] ( its population 94 ,!n he told ! foll[+ /ory ab\t fairies3-- ,! ,fairy-,belt4--',i he>d ( an appr5tice to c>p5try :o 0 work+ ) 8 ma/] at ! build+ ( a boat1 a little di/ance f 8 h\se1 & ne> ! sea4 ,he w5t to "w "o morn+ & =got a c]ta9 tool :i* he ne$$ 9 ! boat-build+4 ,he return$ to 8 c>p5t]-%$ to get x1 & f\nd ! %$ fill$ ) fairy m5 & wom54 ,on see+ him !y ran away s greatly confus$ t "o ( ! wom5 =got h] gird 7belt71 & he pick$ x up4 ,9 a little :ile %e came back = ! gird1 & ask$ him to give x h]1 b he refus$ to d s4 ,!reupon %e promis$ him t he %\ld be made ma/] ( 8 trade :]ev] 8 lot %\ld fall )\t s]v+ fur!r appr5tice%ip4 ,on t condition he gave h] ! gird2 & ris+ e>ly next morn+ he w5t to ! y>d :]e ! boat 0 a-build+ & put 9 two planks s p]fectly t :5 ! ma/] arriv$ & saw !m1 he said to him1 ,are y aw>e ( anybody be+ 9 ! build+-y>d la/ night1 = ,i see by ! "w done t ,i am m likely to be an appr5tice ?an ! p]son :o put 9 ^? two planks1 :oev] he is4 ,0 x y t did x8 ,! reply 0 9 ! affirmative1 & ! appr5tice told 8 ma/] ! circum/ances "u :i* he ga9$ ! rapid ma/]%ip ( 8 trade4' ,,across ,,! ,,m\nta9s ,x 0 ne>+ sunset n[1 & a long m\nta9-climb 0 ahead ( u1 & "o m visit t ev5+1 be=e we %\ld beg9 our return to ,ca/lebay1 & s aft] ?is /ory we said a he>ty good-bye to ,donald1 ) regret at leav+ him4 ,:5 we rea*$ ! m\nta9-side1 "o ( ! r>e/ ( ,b>ra's sights greet$ u4 ,to ! nor? & s\? 9 ! gold5 gl[ ( a ,septemb] twilight we saw ! long l9e ( ! ,out] ,hebrides l ! rocky backbone ( "s subm]g$ cont95t4 ,! sc5e & col\rs on ! l& & ocean & 9 ! sky seem$ m l "s magic vision1 reflect$ f ,fa]ie by ! 'good p' = our delight1 ?an a ?+ ( our own _w4 ,nev] 0 air cle>] or sea calm]1 nor c\ld !re be air sweet] ?an t 9 ! my/ic m\nta9-/illness hold+ ! p]fume ( millions ( t9y blossoms ( purple & :ite hea!r2 & z ! la/ honey-bees 7 leav+ ! beautiful blossoms _! humm+ came to our e>s l l[1 /range music f ,fairyl&4 ,,m>ian ,,maclean ,,( ,,b>ra1 ,,& ,,h] ,,te/imony ,our next witness to te/ify is a direct desc5dant ( ! anci5t ,mac,neils ( ,b>ra4 ,h] "n n[ is ,m>ian ,mac,lean2 & %e lives 9 ! m\nta9\s c5tre ( ,b>ra at ,upp] ,borve4 ,%e is _m ye>s y\ng] ?an ! m5 :o h te/ifi$1 & "o ( ! mo/ indu/ri\s wom5 on ! isl&4 ,x 0 already d>k & pa/ d9n]-"t :5 we ent]$ h] cottage1 & s1 z we sat d[n be=e a blaz+ peat-fire1 %e at once (f]$ u "s hot milk & biscuits1 :i* we 7 only too glad to accept4 ,&1 z we ate1 we talk$ fir/ ab\t our h>d climb 9 ! d>kness across ! m\nta9s1 & ?r\gh ! ?ick hea!r-bu%es1 & !n ab\t ! big rock :i* has a key-hole 9 x1 = x conta9s a secret entrance to a fairy palace4 ,we _h exam9$ x 9 ! twilight z we came ?r\gh ! m\nta9 pass :i* x gu>ds1 & my guide ,mi*ael _h assur$ me t m ?an "o isl&]1 cross+ at ! h\r we 71 _h se5 "s ( ! fairies ne> x4 ,we wait$ 9 front ( ! big rock 9 hopes "o might appe> = our b5efit1 b1 9 spite ( our /rong belief t !re are fairies !re1 n a s+le "o w\ld come out4 ,p]haps !y came & we c\ldn't see !m2 :o kn[s8 ,fairies & ,fairy ,ho/s 7',sluagh'74#ci--',o yes1' ,m>ian said1 z %e he>d ,mi*ael & myself talk+ ov] our hot milk1 '!re are fairies !re1 = ,i 0 told t ! ,pass 0 a notable fairy haunt4' ,!n ,i said ?r\gh ,mi*ael1 ',c y tell u some?+ ab\t :at ^! fairies are8' ,& f t "t1 save = a few int]ruptions natural 9 conv]sation1 we li/5$ & ,m>ian talk$1 & told /ories z foll[s3-- ',g5]ally1 ! fairies are to be se5 aft] or ab\t sunset1 & walk on ! gr\nd z we d1 :]eas ! ho/s travel 9 ! air above places inhabit$ by p4 ,! ho/s us$ to g aft] ! fall ( night1 & m p>ticul>ly ab\t midnight4 ,y'd he> !m go+ 9 f9e wea!r aga9/ a w9d l a covey ( birds4 ,& !y 7 9 ! habit ( lift+ m5 9 ,s\? ,ui/1 = ! ho/s ne$ m5 to help 9 %oot+ _! javel9s f _! b[s aga9/ wom5 9 ! action ( milk+ c[s1 or aga9/ any p]son work+ at night 9 a h\se ov] :i* !y pass4 ,& ,i h he>d ( good s5sible m5 :om ! ho/s took1 %oot+ a horse or c[ 9 place ( ! p]son ord]$ to be %ot4 ',!re 0 a man :o _h only "o c[ & "o daught]4 ,! daught] 0 milk+ ! c[ at night :5 ! ho/s 7 pass+1 & t human be+ :om ! ho/s _h lift$ ) !m 0 h] fa!r's neighb\r4 ,& ?is neighb\r 0 ord]$ by ! ho/s to %oot ! daught] z %e 0 milk+1 b1 kn[+ ! fa!r & daught]1 he %ot ! c[ in/ead4 ,! next morn+ he w5t :]e ! fa!r 0 & said to him1 ,y are miss+ ! c[4 ,yes1 said ! fa!r1 ,i am4 ,& ! man :o _h %ot ! c[ said1 ,are y n glad y\r c[ & n y\r daught] 0 tak58 ,= ,i 0 ord]$ to %oot y\r daught] & ,i %ot y\r c[1 9 ord] to %[ blood on my arr[4 ,i am v glad ( :at y h done if t 0 ! case1 ! fa!r repli$4 ,x 0 ! case1 ! neighb\r said4 ',my fa!r & gr&fa!r knew a man :o 0 c>ri$ by ! ho/s f ,s\? ,ui/ "h to ,b>ra4 ,i und]/& :5 ! ho/s take away e>?ly m5 !y require ano!r man to help !m4 ,b ! ho/s mu/ be spirits4 ,my op9ion is t !y are bo? spirits ( ! dead & o!r spirits n ! dead4 ,a *ild 0 tak5 by ! ho/s & return$ aft] "o night & "o day1 & f\nd at ! back ( ! h\se ) ! palms ( its h&s 9 ! holes 9 ! wall1 & ) no life 9 its body4 ,x 0 dead 9 ! _s4 ,x is believ$ t :5 p are dropp$ f a great height by ! ho/s !y are kill$ by ! fall4 ,z to fairies1 my firm op9ion is t !y are spirits :o appe> 9 ! %ape ( human be+s4' ,! "q 0 n[ ask$ :e!r ! fairies 7 any?+ l ! dead1 & ,m>ian hesitat$ ab\t answ]+4 ,%e ?\ght !y 7 l ! dead1 b n to be id5tifi$ ) !m4 ,! fall5-angel idea conc]n+ fairies 0 an ob/acle %e c\ld n pass1 = %e said1 ',:5 ! fall5 angels 7 ca/ out ( ,heav5 ,god comm&$ !m ?us3--,y w g to take up y\r abodes 9 crevices1 "u ! e>?1 9 m\nds1 or soil1 or rocks4 ,& accord+ to ?is comm& !y h be5 condemn$ to inhabit ! places nam$ = a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t1 & :5 x is expir$ be=e ! consummation ( ! _w1 !y w be se5 z num]\s z ev]4' ,n[ we he>d two good /ories1 ! fir/ ab\t fairy wom5 sp9n+ = a mortal1 ! second ab\t a wond]ful *angel+ :o 0 a magic musician3-- ,fairy-,wom5 ,sp9n]s4--',i h he>d my fa!r1 ,alex&] ,mac,neil1 :o 0 well kn[n to ,mr4 ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael & to ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,campbell ( ,islay1 say t 8 fa!r knew a woman 9 ! neighb\rhood :o 0 9 a hurry to h h] /ock ( wool spun & made into clo?1 & "o night ?is woman secretly wi%$ to h "s wom5 to help h]4 ,s ! foll[+ morn+ !re appe>$ at h] h\se six or sev5 fairy wom5 9 long gre5 robes1 all alike *ant+1 ,a wool-c>d1 & a sp9n+-:eel4 ,& :5 !y 7 suppli$ ) ! in/rum5ts !y 7 s v desir\s to get1 !y all set to "w1 & by midday ( t morn+ ! clo? 0 go+ ?r\gh ! process ( ! h&-loom4 ,b !y 7 n satisfi$ ) f9i%+ ! "w ! woman _h set be=e !m1 b ask$ = new employm5t4 ,! woman _h no m sp9n+ or weav+ to be done1 & began to wond] h[ %e 0 to get ! wom5 out ( ! h\se4 ,s %e w5t into h] neighb\r's h\se & in=m$ him ( h] position 9 reg>d to ! fairy wom54 ,! old man ask$ :at !y 7 say+4 ,!y are e>ne/ly petition+ = "s "w to d1 & ,i h no m to give !m1 ! woman repli$4 ,g y 91 he said to h]1 & tell !m to sp9 ! s&1 & if !n !y d n move f y\r h\se1 g out aga9 & yell 9 at ! door t ,dun ,borve is 9 fire6 ,! fir/ plan _h no effect1 b imm$iately on he>+ ! cry1 ,dun ,borve is 9 fire6 ! fairy wom5 disappe>$ invisibly4 ,& z !y w5t1 ! woman he>d ! melan*oly wail1 ,dun ,borve is 9 fire6 ,dun ,borve is 9 fire6 ,& :at w become ( our hamm]s & anvil8--= !re 0 a smi?y 9 ! fairy-dwell+4' ,! ,tailor & ! ,*angel+4--',!re 0 a "y wife ( a "y man :o liv$ 9 ! t[n%ip ( ,allasdale1 & ! pair _h j _h _! fir/ *ild4 ,"o day ! "m left h] baby 9 its cradle to g out & d "s %e>+1 & :5 %e return$ ! *ild 0 cry+ 9 a mo/ unusual fa%ion4 ,%e f$ him z usual on porridge & milk1 b he wasn't satisfi$ ) :at seem$ to h] en\gh = any "o ( 8 age1 yet e suspicion escap$ h] att5tion4 ,z x happ5$1 at ! "t !re 0 a web ( home-made clo? 9 ! h\se wait+ = ! tailor4 ,! tailor came & began to "w up ! clo?4 ,z ! woman 0 go+ out to h] cu/om>y %e>+ op]ation1 %e w>n$ ! tailor if he he>d ! *ild cont9ually cry+ n to pay mu* att5tion to x1 add+ %e w\ld att5d to x :5 %e came home1 = %e fe>$ ! *ild w\ld delay him 9 8 "w4 ',all w5t well till ab\t noon1 :5 ! tailor obs]v$ ! *ild ris+ up on its elb[ & /ret*+ its h& to a sort ( %elf above ! cradle & tak+ d[n f x a yell[ *ant] ( a bagpipe4 ,& !n ! *ild began to play4 ,imm$iately aft] ! *ild began to play ! *ant]1 ! h\se fill$ ) "y fairy wom5 all clad 9 long gre5 robes1 :o began to dance1 & ! tailor _h to dance ) !m4 ,ab\t two o'clock t same aft]noon ! wom5 disappe>$ unkn[n to ! tailor1 & ! *ant] disappe>$ f ! h&s ( ! *ild also unkn[n to ! tailor2 & ! *ild 0 9 ! cradle cry+ z usual4 ',! wife came home to make ! d9n]1 & obs]v$ t ! tailor 0 n s f> advanc$ ) 8 "w z he ought to be 9 t space ( "t4 ,h[ev]1 :5 ! fairy wom5 disappe>$1 ! *ild _h enjo9$ ^u ! tailor nev] to tell :at he _h se54 ,! tailor promis$ to be fai?ful to ! *ild's injunctions1 & s he said no?+ to ! "m4 ',! second day ! wife left = h] occupation z usual1 & told ! tailor to be m att5tive to 8 "w ?an ! day be=e4 ,a second "t at ! same h\r ( ! day ! *ild 9 ! cradle1 appe>+ m l an old man ?an a *ild1 took ! *ant] & began to play4 ,! same fairy wom5 fill$ ! h\se aga91 & repeat$ _! dance1 & ! tailor _h to jo9 !m4 ',naturally ! tailor 0 z f> beh9d ) 8 "w ! second day z ! fir/ day1 & x 0 v noticeable to ! woman ( ! h\se :5 %e return$4 ,%e !reupon reque/$ him to tell h] :at ! matt] might be4 ,!n he said to h]1 ,i urge ^u y aft] go+ to b$ to-night n to fondle t *ild1 because he is n y\r *ild1 nor is he a *ild3 he is an old fairy man4 ,& to-morr[1 at dead tide1 g d[n to ! %ore & wrap him 9 y\r plaid & put him ^u a rock & beg9 to pick t %ell-fi% :i* is call$ limpet1 & = y\r life d n leave ! %ore until su* a "t z ! tide w fl[ s high t y w sc>cely be able to wade 9 to ! ma9 %ore4 ,! woman compli$ ) ! tailor's advice1 & :5 %e _h wad$ to ! ma9 %ore & /ood !re look+ at ! *ild on ! rock1 x cri$ to h]1 ,y _h a great ne$ to d :at y h done4 ,o!rwise y'd h se5 ano!r end+ ( y\r turn2 b bless+ be to y & curses on y\r advis]4 ,:5 ! wife arriv$ home h] own natural *ild 0 9 ! cradle4' ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,murdo* ,,maclean ,! husb& ( ,m>ian ,mac,lean _h ent]$ :ile ! la/ /ories 7 be+ told1 & :5 !y 7 end$ ! _s 0 on him1 & wi%+ to give 8 te/imony he began3-- ,la*lann's ,fairy ,mi/ress4--',my gr&mo!r1 ,ca!r9e ,mac,innis1 us$ to tell ab\t a man nam$ ,la*lann1 :om %e knew1 be+ 9 love ) a fairy woman4 ,! fairy woman made x a po9t to see ,la*lann e night1 & he be+ worn out ) h] began to fe> h]4 ,?+s got s bad at la/ t he decid$ to g to ,am]ica to escape ! fairy woman4 ,z soon z ! plan 0 fix$1 & he 0 ab\t to emigrate1 wom5 :o 7 milk+ at sunset out 9 ! mead[s he>d v audibly ! fairy woman s++ ?is song3-- ,:at w ! br[n-hair$ woman d ,:5 ,la*lann is on ! bill[s8 ',la*lann emigrat$ to ,cape ,breton1 l&+ 9 ,nova ,scotia2 & 9 8 fir/ lett] home to 8 fri5ds he /at$ t ! same fairy woman 0 haunt+ him !re 9 ,am]ica4'#dj ,abduction ( a ,bridegroom4--',i h he>d x f old p t a c\ple1 newly m>ri$1 7 on _! way to ! home ( ! bride's fa!r1 & = "s unkn[n reason ! groom fell beh9d ! procession1 & see+ a fairy-dwell+ op5 along ! road 0 tak5 into x4 ,no "o c\ld ev] f9d ! lea/ trace ( :]e he w5t1 & all hope ( see+ him aga9 0 giv5 up4 ,! man rema9$ ) ! fairies s long t :5 he return$ two g5]ations _h disappe>$ dur+ ! lapse ( "t4 ,! t[n%ip 9 :i* 8 bride's h\se us$ to be 0 depopulat$ & 9 ru9s = upw>ds ( tw5ty ye>s1 b to him ! "t _h seem$ only a few h\rs2 & he 0 j z fre% & y\?ful z :5 he w5t 9 ! fairy-dwell+4' ,nature ( ,fairies4--,previ\s to 8 /ory-tell+ ,murdo* _h he>d u discuss+ ! nature & p[]s ( fairies1 & at ! end ( ?is acc\nt he volunte]$1 )\t our ask+ = x1 an op9ion ( 8 own3--',?is 7! /ory j told by him7 leads me to believe t ! _s & body ( a mortal are someh[ my/ically comb9$ by fairy en*antm5t1 = ! fairies _h a mighty p[] ( en*ant+ natural p1 & c\ld trans=m ! physical body 9 "s way4 ,x _c be b t ! fairies are spirits4 ,accord+ to my ?9k+ & belief !y _c be any?+ b spirits4 ,my firm belief1 h[ev]1 is t !y are n ! spirits ( dead m51 b are ! fall5 angels4' ,!n 8 wife ,m>ian _h "o m /ory to add1 & %e at once1 :5 %e c\ld1 began3-- ,! ,mess5g] & ! ,fairies4--',yes1 ,i h he>d ! foll[+ incid5t took place "h on ! ,isl& ( ,b>ra ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s ago3--,a "y woman tak5 ill sudd5ly s5t a mess5g] 9 all ha/e to ! doctor = m$ic9e4 ,on 8 return1 ! day be+ hot & !re be+ five miles to walk1 he sat d[n at ! foot ( a knoll & fell asleep2 & 0 awak5$ by he>+ a song to ! foll[+ air3 ,ho1 ho1 ho1 hi1 ho1 ho4 ,ill x becomes a mess5g] on an important message to sleep on ! gr\nd 9 ! op5 air4' ,& ) ?is1 = ! h\r 0 late & d>k1 & we 7 sev]al miles f ,ca/lebay1 we bade our good fri5ds adieu1 & began to hunt = a road out ( ! little m\nta9 valley :]e ,murdo* & ,m>ian gu>d _! c[s & %eep4 ,& all ! way to ! hotel ,mi*ael & ,i discuss$ ! nature ( fairies4 ,j be=e midnight we saw ! welcome lights 9 ,ca/lebay across ! hea!r-cov]$ hills1 & we bo? ent]$ ! hotel to talk4 ,!re 0 a blaz+ fire ready = u & some?+ to eat4 ,be=e ,i took my f9al leave ( my fri5d & guide1 ,i ask$ him to dictate = me 8 private op9ions ab\t fairies1 :at !y are & h[ !y appe> to m51 & he 0 glad to meet my reque/4 ,"h is :at he said ab\t ! fam\s folk-lori/1 ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,campbell1 ) :om he (t5 work$ 9 ,b>ra1 & = himself3-- ,,mi*ael ,,bu*anan',s ,,deposition ,,conc]n+ ,,fairies ',i 0 ) ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,campbell dur+ 8 fir/ & second t\r ( ! ,isl& ( ,b>ra 9 se>* ( leg5d>y lore /rictly connect$ ) fairies1 & ,i "k f daily conv]s+ ) him ab\t fairies t he held !m to be spirits appe>+ to ! nak$ eye ( ! spectator z any ( ! pres5t or =m] g5]ations ( m5 & wom51 except t !y 7 small] 9 /ature4 ,& ,i "k equally t he1 hold+ !m to be spirits1 ?\ght !y c\ld appe> or disappe> at w4 ,my own firm belief is t ! fairies 7 or are only spirits :i* 7 or are se5 9 ! %ape ( human be+s1 b small] z reg>ds /ature4 ,i also firmly believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( fairies z su*2 & accept ! mod]n & anci5t traditions respect+ ! ways & cu/oms ( v>i\s fairy tribes1 su* z ,john ,mack9non1 ! old pip]1 & ,john ,campbell1 & ! ,mac,leans told u4 ,& ,i !re=e h no hesitation 9 agree+ ) ! views held by ! late ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,campbell reg>d+ fairies4' ,,! ,,recit]s' ,,lam5t1 ,,& ,,_! ,,/ory ,! foll[+ mat]ial1 s truly ,celtic 9 its ^w-col\r & 9 ! pr(\nd note ( sadness & lam5tation dom9at+ x1 may v appropriately conclude our exam9ation ( ! ,fairy-,fai? ( ,scotl&1 by giv+ u "s insight into ! m9d ( ! ,scot* peasants ( two g5]ations ago1 & into ! !n prevail+ happy social environm5t "u :i* _! belief 9 fairies fl\ri%$4 ,= our special use ,dr4 ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael has r5d]$ x out ( ! orig9al ,gaelic1 z ?is 0 tak5 d[n by him 9 v>i\s v]sions 9 ! ,we/]n ,hebrides4 ,"o v]sion 0 recit$ by ,ann ,macneill1 ( ,b>ra1 9 ! ye> #ahfe1 ano!r by ,angus ,macleod1 ( ,h>ris1 9 #ahgg4 ,9 relation to _! belief 9 fairies ! anti-cl]ical bias ( ! recit]s is wor? not+ z a curi\s ph5om5on3-- ',t is z ,i he>d :5 a hairy little fell[ ^u ! knee ( my "m4 ,my "m 0 full ( /ories & songs ( music & *ant+4 ,my two e>s nev] he>d musical f+]s m pref]able = me to he> ?an ! *ant+ ( my "m4 ,if !re 7 qu>rels among *ildr51 z !re 71 & z !re w be1 my belov$ "m w\ld set u to dance !re & !n4 ,%e h]self or "o ( ! o!r cr(t] wom5 ( ! t[nl& w\ld s+ to u ! m\?-music4 ,we w\ld dance !re till we 7 sev5 times tir$4 ,a /ream ( sweat w\ld be fall+ f u be=e we /opp$--hairful little lassies & /umpy little fell[s4 ,^! are scatt]$ to-day6 scatt]$ to-day ov] ! wide _w6 ,! p ( ^? times 7 full ( music & danc+ /ories & traditions4 ,! cl]ics h ext+ui%$ ^!4 ,may ill befall !m6 ,& :at h ! cl]ics put 9 _! place8 ,beliefs ab\t cre$s1 & disputations ab\t d5om9ations & *ur*es6 ,may lat5ess be _! lot6 ,x is !y :o h put ! cross r\nd ! heads & ! entanglem5ts r\nd ! feet ( ! p4 ,! p ( ! ,gaeldom ( to-day are ane> p]i%+ = lack ( ! fam\s feats ( _! fa!rs4 ,! black cl]ics h suppress$ e noble cu/om among ! p ( ! ,gaeldom--preci\s cu/oms t w nev] return1 no nev] aga9 return4' 7,n[ foll[s :at ! ,recit]s he>d ^u ! knee ( _! "m73-- ',i h nev] se5 a man fairy nor a woman fairy1 b my "m saw a troop ( !m4 ,%e h]self & ! o!r maid5s ( ! t[nl& 7 once out ^u ! summ] %eil+ 7graz+74 ,!y 7 milk+ ! c[s1 9 ! ev5+ gloam+1 :5 !y obs]v$ a flock ( fairies reel+ & sett+ ^u ! gre5 pla9 9 front ( ! knoll4 ,&1 oh ,k+6 b x 0 !y ! fairies !mselves t _h ! "r to ! danc+1 & n ! *ildr5 ( m56 ,bell-helmets ( blue silk cov]$ _! heads1 & g>m5ts ( gre5 sat9 cov]$ _! bodies1 & s&als ( yell[ membrane cov]$ _! feet4 ,_! heavy br[n hair 0 /ream+ d[n _! wai/1 & its lu/re 0 ( ! fair gold5 sun ( summ]4 ,_! sk9 0 z :ite z ! swan ( ! wave1 & _! voice 0 z melodi\s z ! mavis ( ! wood1 & !y !mselves 7 z beaute\s ( feature & z li! ( =m z a picture1 :ile _! /ep 0 z light & /ately & _! m9ds z sportive z ! little r$ h9d ( ! hill4 ,! damsel *ildr5 ( ! %eil+-fold nev] saw sight b !m1 no nev] sight b !m1 nev] aught s beautiful4 ',!re is n a wave ( prosp]ity ^u ! fairies ( ! knoll1 no1 n a wave4 ,!re is no gr[? nor increase1 no dea? nor )]+ ^u ! fairies4 ,se$ un=tunate !y6 ,!y w5t away f ! ,p>adise ) ! ,"o ( ! ,great ,pride4 ,:5 ! ,fa!r comm&$ ! doors clos$ d[n & up1 ! int]m$iate fairies _h no alt]native b to leap into ! holes ( ! e>?1 :]e !y are1 & :]e !y w be4 ',?is is :at ,i he>d ^u ! knee ( my belov$ "m4 ,bless+s be ) h] ev] ev]more6' ,,iv4 ,,9 ,,! ,,isle ,,( ,,man ,introduction by ,,sophia ,,morrison1 ,hon4 ,secret>y ( ! ,manx ,language ,society4 ,! ,manx hi]>*y ( fairy be+s p hills & gl5s1 caves & riv]s1 m\nds & roads2 & _! "n is legion4 ,app>5tly !re is n a place 9 ! isl& b has its fairy leg5d4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott said t ! ',isle ( ,man1 beyond all o!r places 9 ,brita91 0 a peculi> depository ( ! fairy-traditions1 :i*1 on ! ,isl& be+ conqu]$ by ! ,norse1 became 9 all probability *equ]$ ) ^? ( ,sc&9avia1 f a s\rce peculi> & m direct ?an t by :i* !y rea*$ ,scotl& & ,irel&'4 ,a good ,manxman1 h[ev]1 does n speak ( fairies--! ^w f]i%1 a corruption ( ! ,engli%1 did n exi/ 9 ! isl& "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago4 ,he talks ( ',! ,little ,p' 7,moo9j] veggey71 or1 9 a m famili> mood1 ( ',!mselves'1 & ( ',little ,boys' 7,guillyn veggey71 or ',little ,fellas'4 ,9 contradi/9ction to mortals he calls !m ',middle ,_w ,m5'1 = !y are believ$ to dwell 9 a _w ( _! own1 be+ nei!r good en\gh = ,heav5 nor bad en\gh = ,hell4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t almo/ all ! old] ,manx peasants hold to ?is belief 9 fairies q firmly1 b ) a c]ta9 dread ( !m2 &1 to my k1 two old ladies ( ! bett] class yet leave out cakes & wat] = ! fairies e night4 ,! foll[+ /ory1 illu/rative ( ! belief1 0 told to me by ,bill ,cl>ke3-- ',once :ile ,i 0 fi%+ f a l$ge ( rocks t runs out into ! sea at ,lag-ny-,keilley1 a d5se grey mi/ began to approa* ! l&1 & ,i ?\ght ,i _h be/ make = home :ile ! footpa? above ! rocks 0 visible4 ,:5 gett+ my ?+s toge!r ,i he>d :at s\nd$ l a lot ( *ildr5 com+ out ( s*ool4 ,i lift$ my head1 & behold ye1 !re 0 a fleet ( fairy boats ea* side ( ! rock4 ,_! rid+-lights 7 %9+ l little />s1 & ,i he>d "o ( ! ,little ,fellas %\t1 ,hraaghyn boght z e>i% broigh1 sk$dan dy lioo> ec yn moo9j] seihll %oh1 *a nel veg a9 7,poor times & dirty wea!r1 & h]r+ en\gh at ! p ( ?is _w1 no?+ at u74 ,!n !y dropp$ (f & w5t agate o' ! flitt]s4' ',willy-!-,fairy1' z he is call$1 :o lives at ,rh5ass1 says he (t5 he>s ! fairies s++ & play+ up ! ,gl5 o' nights4 ,i h he>d him s+ airs :i* he said he _h ?us le>n$ f ! ,little ,p4#da ,aga91 !re is a belief t at ,keeill ,moirrey 7,m>y's ,*ur*71 ne> ,gl5 ,meay1 a little old woman 9 a r$ cloak is sometimes se5 com+ ov] ! m\nta9 t[>ds ! keeill1 r++ a bell1 j ab\t ! h\r :5 *ur* s]vice beg9s4 ,keeill ,moirrey is "o ( ! e>ly little ,celtic cells1 probably ( ! six? c5tury1 ( :i* no?+ rema9s b ! f\ndations4 ,& ! foll[+ pray]1 surviv+ to our own epo*1 is mo/ int]e/+4 ,x %[s1 9 fact1 pure paganism2 & we may judge f x t ! anci5t ,manx p reg>d$ ,manannan1 ! great ,tua?a ,de ,danann god1 9 8 true nature1 z a spiritual be+1 a ,"l ( ! ,sea1 & z belong+ to ! complex fairy hi]>*y4 ,?is pray] 0 giv5 to me by a ,manxwoman ne>ly "o hundr$ ye>s old1 :o is /ill liv+4 ,%e said x _h be5 us$ by h] gr&fa!r1 & t h] fa!r pray$ ! same pray]--sub/itut+ ,/4 ,patrick's "n = ,manannan's3-- ,manannan beg mac y ,leirr1 f] vannee yn ,ellan1 ,bannee %9 z nyn maatey1 mie goll magh ,z *eet /iagh ny %>e le% bio z m>roo sy vaatey4 7,little ,manannan son ( ,leirr1 :o ble/ our ,isl&1 ,bless u & our boat1 well go+ out ,& bett] com+ 9 ) liv+ & dead fi% 9 ! boat74 99 99 99 99 99 ,x seems to me t no "o ( ! v>i\s !ories s f> advanc$ acc\nts 9 itself = ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,!re is always a miss+ factor1 an unkn[n quantity :i* has yet to be discov]$4 ,no d\bt ! ,pygmy ,!ory expla9s a good deal4 ,9 "s c\ntries a tradition has be5 h&$ d[n ( ! times :5 !re 7 races ( dim9utive m5 9 exi/5ce--be+s s small t _! t9y h&s c\ld h us$ ! fl9t arr[-heads & scrap]s :i* are l toys to u4 ,no su* tradition exi/s at ! pres5t day 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 b "o might h filt]$ d[n f ! f>-(f ages & become innate 9 ! folk-memory1 & n[1 unkn[n to ! ,manx peasant1 may possibly sugge/ to 8 m9d ! troops ( ,little ,p 9 ! %ad[y gl5 or on ! lonely m\nta9-side4 ,aga91 ! ru/l+ ( ! leaves or ! s\gh ( ! w9d may be he>d by ! peasant z /range & my/]i\s voices1 or ! trembl+ %ad[ ( a bu% may appe> to him z an une>?ly be+4 ,natural facts1 expla9able by mod]n sci5ce1 may easily rema9 d>k my/]ies to ^? :o live quiet lives close to ,nature1 f> f sophi/icat$ t[ns1 & ^: few ye>s ( s*ool+ h left ! dep?s ( _! be+ undi/urb$1 only1 z x 71 ruffl+ ! %all[s4 ,b ?is is n en\gh4 ,ev5 let x be grant$ t n9e out ( e t5 cases ( exp]i5ces ) fairies c be analys$ & expla9$ away--!re rema9s ! t5?4 ,9 ?is t5? case "o is oblig$ to admit t !re is some?+ at "w :i* we d n und]/&1 "s =ce 9 play :i*1 z yet1 we "k n4 ,9 spite ( ourselves we feel ',!re's ,p[]s t's 9'4 ,^! ,p[]s are n necess>ily :at ! sup]/iti\s call 'sup]natural'4 ,we realize n[ t !re is no?+ sup]natural--t :at us$ to be s call$ is simply some?+ t we d n und]/& at pres5t4 ,our =efa!rs w\ld h ?\ght ! telephone1 ! ,x-rays1 & wireless telegraphy ?+s 'sup]natural'4 ,x is m ?an possible t our desc5dants may make discov]ies equally m>vell\s 9 ! realms bo? ( m9d & matt]1 & t _m ?+s1 :i* n[adays seem to ! mat]iali/ically-m9d$ ! creations ( cr$ul\s fancy1 may 9 ! future be und]/ood & recogniz$ z "p ( ! "o great s*eme ( ?+s4 ,"s p]sons are c]ta9ly m susceptible ?an o!rs to ^! unkn[n =ces4 ,mo/ p "k reliable in/ances ( telepa?y & pres5tim5t among/ _! acqua9tances4 ,x seems n at all contr>y to reason t bo? matt] & m9d1 9 k ( :i* we h n gone s v f> aft] all1 may exi/ 9 =ms z yet entirely unkn[n to u4 ,aft] all1 be+s ) bodies & p]sonalities diff]5t f our own may well inhabit ! unse5 _w ar\nd u3 ! ,fairy ,h\nd1 :ite z driv5 sn[1 may %[ himself at times among 8 mundane companions2 ,f5odyree may d ! f>m-"w = ^? :om he fav\rs2 ! ,little ,p may s+ & dance o' nights 9 ,colby ,gl54 ,let u n say x is 'impossible'4 ,,peel1 ,,isle ,,( ,,man1 ,septemb] #aiaj4 ,,on ,,! ,,slopes ,,( ,,s\? ,,b>rule ,i 0 introduc$ to ! ways & nature ( ,manx fairies 9 :at is probably ! mo/ fairy-haunt$ "p ( ! isle--! s\!rn slopes ( ,s\? ,b>rule1 ! m\nta9 on ^: summit ,manannan is said to h _h 8 /ronghold1 & :5ce he work$ 8 magic1 hid+ ! k+dom 9 d5se fog :5ev] he beheld 9 ! di/ance ! com+ ( an enemy's %ip or fleet4 ,& f a repres5tative ( ! old] g5]ation1 ,mrs4 ,samuel ,leece1 :o lives at ,ballamodda1 a pleasant village "u ! %ad[ ( ,s\? ,b>rule1 ,i he>d ! fir/ /ory3-- ,baby & ,table ,mov$ by ,fairies4--',i h be5 told ( _! 7! fairies'7 tak+ babies1 ?\gh ,i c't be sure x is true4 ,b ?is did happ5 to my own "m 9 ?is p>i% ( ,kirk ,patrick ab\t eighty ye>s s9ce3 ,%e 0 9 b$ ) h] baby1 b wide awake1 :5 %e felt ! baby pull$ (f h] arm & he>d ! ru% ( !m4 ,!n %e m5tion$ ! ,almighty's "n1 &1 z !y 7 hurry+ away1 a little table alongside ! b$ w5t r\nd ab\t ! floor tw5ty times4 ,nobody 0 9 ! room ) my "m1 & %e always all[$ x 0 ! little fell[s4' ,,manx ,,tales ,,9 ,a ,,sn[-,,b\nd ,,f>m-,,h\se ,:5 our int]e/+ conv]sation 0 ov]1 ,mrs4 ,leece direct$ me to h] son's f>m-h\se1 :]e h] husb&1 ,mr4 ,samuel ,leece1 !n happ5$ to be2 & go+ !re ?r\gh ! sn[-drifts1 ,i f\nd him ) 8 son & ! family )94 ,! day 0 j ! "r sort to /ir ,manx memories1 & x 0 n long be=e ! be/ ( /ories ab\t ! 'little p' 7 be+ told 9 ! mo/ natural way1 & to ! great delight ( ! *ildr54 ,! gr&fa!r1 :o is eighty-six ye>s ( age1 sat by ! op5 fire smok+2 & he prep>$ ! way = ! /ories 7?ree ( :i* we record7 by tell+ ab\t a gho/ se5 by himself & 8 fa!r1 & by ! ann\ncem5t t '! fairies are ?\ght to be spirits'4 ,"u ',fairy' ,control4--',ab\t fifty ye>s ago1' said ,mr4 ,t4 ,leece1 ! son1 ',paul ,tagg>t1 my wife's uncle1 a tailor by trade1 _h = an appr5tice1 ,humphrey ,keggan1 a "y man eighte5 or n9ete5 ye>s ( age2 & x (t5 happ5$ t :ile ! two ( !m w\ld be return+ home at nightfall1 ! appr5tice w\ld sudd5ly disappe> f ! side ( ! tailor1 & ev5 9 ! mid/ ( a conv]sation1 z soon z !y _h cross$ ! burn 9 ! field d[n !re 7indicat+ an adjo9+ field74 ,& ,tagg>t c\ld n see nor he> ,humphrey g4 ,! next morn+ ,humphrey w\ld come back1 b s worn out t he c\ld n "w1 & he always decl>$ t little m5 _h come to him 9 cr[ds1 & us$ him z a horse1 & t ) !m he _h travell$ all night across fields & ov] h$ges4' ,! wife ( ! n>rator sub/antiat$ ?is /range psy*ological /ory by add+3--',?is is true1 because ,i "k my ,uncle ,paul too well to d\bt :at he says4' ,& %e !n relat$ ! two foll[+ /ories3-- ,heif] ,kill$ by ,fairy ,woman's ,t\*4--',aunt ,jane 0 com+ d[n ! road on ! o!r side ( ,s\? ,b>rule :5 %e saw a /range woman' 7:o ,mr4 ,t4 ,leece sugge/$ 0 a wit*7 'appe> 9 ! middle ( ! gorse & walk "r ov] ! gorse & hea!r 9 a place :]e no p]son c\ld walk4 ,!n %e obs]v$ ! woman g up to a heif] & put h] h& on x2 & )9 a few days t heif] 0 dead4' ,! ,fairy ,dog4--',?is us$ to happ5 ab\t "o hundr$ ye>s ago1 z my "m has told me3--,:]e my gr&fa!r ,john ,watt]son 0 re>$1 j ov] ne> ,k]roo ,kiel 7,n>r[ ,qu>t]71 all ! family 7 sometimes sitt+ 9 ! h\se ( a cold w9t] night1 & my great gr&mo!r & h] daught]s at _! :eels sp9n+1 :5 a little :ite dog w\ld sudd5ly appe> 9 ! room4 ,!n e "o !re w\ld h to drop _! "w & prep>e = ! company to come 93 !y w\ld put d[n a fire & leave fre% wat] = !m1 & hurry (f up/airs to b$4 ,!y c\ld he> !m come1 b c\ld nev] see !m1 only ! dog4 ,! dog 0 a fairy dog1 & a sure sign ( _! com+4' ,,te/imony ,,( ,a ,,h]b-,,doctor ,,& ,,se] ,at ,ballasalla ,i 0 =tunate en\gh to meet "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( its old] inhabitants1 ,john ,davies1 a ,celtic m$ic9e-man1 :o c cure mo/ ob/9ate maladies 9 m5 or animals ) secret h]bs1 & :o kn[s v mu* ab\t wit*craft & ! *>ms aga9/ x4 ',wit*es are z common z ducks walk+ b>efoot$1' he said1 us+ ! duck simile1 :i* is a popul> ,manx "o2 & he cit$ two p>ticul> in/ances f 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,b = u x is m important to "k t ,john ,davies is also an able se]4 ,! son ( a weav]1 he 0 born 9 ,c\nty ,d[n1 ,irel&1 sev5ty-eight ye>s ago2 b 9 e>lie/ boyhood he came ) 8 p to ! ,isle ( ,man1 & grew up 9 ! c\ntry ne> ,ramsay1 & s ?or\ghly has he id5tifi$ himself ) ! isl& & its lore1 & ev5 ) its anci5t language1 t = our purposes he may well be consid]$ a ,manxman4 ,8 te/imony ab\t ,manx fairies is z foll[s3-- ,actual ,fairies ,describ$4--',i am only a poor ignorant man2 :5 ,i 0 m>ri$ ,i c\ldn't say ! ^w matrimony 9 ! "r way4 ,b "o does n h to be educat$ to see fairies1 & ,i h se5 !m _m a "t4 ,i h se5 !m ) ! nak$ eye z num]\s z ,i h se5 s*ol>s com+ out ( ,ballasalla s*ool2 & ,i h be5 see+ !m s9ce ,i 0 eighte5 to tw5ty ye>s ( age4 ,! la/ "o ,i saw 0 9 ,kirk ,mi*ael4 ,be=e education came into ! isl& m p c\ld see ! fairies2 n[ v few p c see !m4 ,b !y 7! fairies7 are z ?ick on ! ,isle ( ,man z ev] !y 74 ,!y ?rong ! air1 & d>k5 ,heav51 & rule ?is l[] _w4 ,x is only tw5ty-"o miles f ?is _w up to ! fir/ heav54#db ,!re are z _m k9ds ( fairies z populations 9 our _w4 ,i h se5 "s :o 7 ab\t two & a half feet high2 & "s :o 7 z big z we are4 ,i ?9k v _m su* fairies z ^! la/ are ! lo/ s\ls ( ! p :o di$ be=e ! ,flood4 ,at ! ,flood all ! _w 0 dr[n$2 b ! ,_s :i* ,god brea!d into ,adam w nev] be dr[n$1 or burn$1 & x is z mu* 9 ! sea z on ! l&4 ,o!rs ( ! fairies are evil spirits3 our ,savi\r drove a legion ( devils into a h]d ( sw9e2 ! sw9e 7 *ok$1 b n ! devils4 ,y c't dr[n devils2 x is spirits !y are1 & j l a %ad[ on ! wall4' ,i "h ask$ ab\t ! p]sonal aspects ( mo/ fairies ( human size1 & my fri5d said3--',!y appe> to me 9 ! same dress z 9 ! days :5 !y liv$ "h on e>?2 ! _s itself is only :at ,god blew into ,adam z ! brea? ( life4' ,x seems to me t1 on ! :ole1 ,john ,davies has _h g5u9e visions1 b t :atev] he may h se5 has be5 v mu* col\r$ 9 int]pretation by 8 dev\t k ( ! ,*ri/ian ,bible1 & by 8 social environm5t1 z is self-evid5t4 ,,te/imony ,,( ,a ,,ballasalla ,,manxwoman ,a well-in=m$ ,manxwoman1 ( ,ballasalla1 :o lives 9 ! anci5t /one h\se :]e9 %e 0 born1 & 9 :i* be=e h] liv$ h] gr&p>5ts1 (f]s ?is te/imony3-- ,conc]n+ ,fairies4--',i've he>d a good deal ( talk ab\t fairies1 b nev] believ$ 9 !m myself2 ! old p ?\ght !m ! gho/s ( ! dead or "s su* ?+s4 ,!y 7 l p :o _h gone be=e 7t is1 dead74 ,if !re came a /range sudd5 knock or noises1 or if a tree took a sudd5 %ak+ :5 !re 0 no w9d1 p us$ to make out x 0 caus$ by ! fairies4 ,on ! #aa? ( ,may#dc we us$ to ga!r m\nta9-a% 7,cuirn7 ) r$ b]ries on x1 & make crosses out ( its sprigs1 & put !m ov] ! doors1 s t ! fairies w\ld n come 94 ,my fa!r always saw t ?is 0 done2 he said we c\ld h no luck dur+ ! ye> if we =got to d x4' ,,te/imony ,,giv5 ,,9 ,a ,,jo9]',s ,,%op ,george ,gell+1 ( ,ballasalla1 a jo9]1 has a local reputation = kn[+ mu* ab\t ! fairies1 & s ,i call$ on him at 8 work%op4 ,?is is :at he told me3-- ,see+ ! ,fairies4--',i 0 mak+ a c(f9 "h 9 ! %op1 &1 aft] tea1 my appr5tice 0 late return+2 he 0 out by ! h$ge j ov] !re look+ at a cr[d ( little p kick+ & danc+4 ,"o ( !m came up & ask$ him :at he 0 look+ at2 & ?is made him run back to ! %op4 ,:5 he describ$ :at he _h se51 ,i told him !y 7 no?+ b fairies4' ,he>+ ,fairy ,music4--',up by ! abbey on two diff]5t occasions ,i h he>d ! fairies4 ,!y 7 play+ tunes n ( ?is _w1 & on ea* occasion ,i li/5$ = ne>ly an h\r4' ,mickleby & ! ,fairy ,woman4--',a man nam$ ,mickleby 0 com+ f ,d]byhav5 at night1 :5 by a c]ta9 /ream he met two ladies4 ,he salut$ !m1 & !n walk$ along ) !m to ,ballahick ,f>m4 ,!re he saw a h\se lit up1 & !y took him into x to a dance4 ,z he danc$1 he happ5$ to wipe away 8 sweat ) a "p ( ! dress ( "o ( ! two /range wom5 :o 0 8 p>tn]4 ,aft] ?is adv5ture1 :5ev] ,mickleby 0 ly+ ab$ at night1 ! woman ) :om he danc$ w\ld appe> /&+ beside 8 b$4 ,& ! only way to drive h] away 0 to ?r[ ov] h] head & ,mickleby a l95 %eet :i* _h nev] be5 blea*$4' ,nature ( ,fairies4--',! fairies are spirits4 ,i ?9k !y are 9 ?is c\ntry yet3 ,a man bel[ "h =got 8 c[1 & at a late h\r w5t to look = h]1 & saw t cr[ds ( fairies l little boys 7 ) him4 ,/4 ,paul said t spirits are ?ick 9 ! air1 if only we c\ld see !m2 & we call spirits fairies4 ,i ?9k ! old p "h 9 ! isl& ?\ght ( fairies 9 ! same way4' ,! ,fairies' ,rev5ge4--,william ,oates n[ happ5$ to come into ! work%op1 & be+ z mu* int]e/$ 9 ! subject "u discussion z ourselves1 (f]$ v>i\s /ories1 ( :i* ! foll[+ is a type3--',a man nam$ ,watt]son1 :o us$ (t5 to see ! fairies 9 8 h\se at ,colby play+ 9 ! moonlight1 on "o occasion he>d !m com+ j z he 0 go+ to b$4 ,s he w5t out to ! spr+ to get fre% wat] = !m2 & com+ into ! h\se put ! c d[n on ! floor1 say+1 ,n[1 little begg>s1 dr9k away4 ,& at t 7an insult to ! fairies7 ! wat] 0 sudd5ly ?r[n ^u him4' ,a ,,vic>',s ,,te/imony ,:5 ,i call$ on ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,spic]1 vic> ( ,malew p>i%1 at 8 home ne> ,ca/let[n1 he told me ?is v curi\s /ory3-- ,! ,tak+ ( ,mrs4 ,k----4--',! belief 9 fairies is q a liv+ ?+ "h yet4 ,= example1 old ,mrs4 ,k----1 ab\t a ye> ago1 told me t on "o occasion1 :5 h] daught] _h be5 9 ,ca/let[n dur+ ! day1 %e w5t out to ! road at nightfall to see if h] daught] 0 yet 9 sight1 :]eupon a :ole cr[d ( fairies sudd5ly surr\nd$ h]1 & began tak+ h] (f t[>d ,s\? ,b>rule ,m\nta92 &1 %e add$1 ,i c\ldn't get away f !m until ,i _h call$ my son4' ,a ,,canon',s ,,te/imony ,i am greatly indebt$ to ! ,rev4 ,canon ,kewley1 ( ,arbory1 = ! valuable te/imony :i* foll[s1 & especially = 8 k9dness 9 all[+ me to record :at is "o ( ! cle>e/ examples ( a collective halluc9ation ,i h he>d ab\t z occurr+ 9 ! fairy-haunt$ regions ( ,celtic c\ntries3-- ,a ,collective ,halluc9ation4--',a good _m ?+s c be expla9$ z natural ph5om5a1 b !re are "s ?+s :i* ,i ?9k _c be4 ,= example1 my si/] & myself & our coa*man1 & app>5tly ! horse1 saw ! same ph5om5on at ! same mom5t3 "o ev5+ we 7 driv+ along an av5ue 9 ?is p>i% :5 ! av5ue seem$ to be block$ by a great cr[d ( p1 l a fun]al procession2 & ! cr[d 0 s d5se t we c\ld n see ?r\gh x4 ,! ?rong 0 ab\t ?irty to =ty y>ds away4 ,:5 we approa*$1 x melt$ away1 & no p]son 0 any:]e 9 sight4' ,! ,manx ,fairy-,fai?4--',among ! old p ( ?is p>i% !re is /ill a belief 9 fairies4 ,ab\t eighte5 ye>s ago1 ,i buri$ a man1 a /aun* ,me?odi/1 :o said he once saw ! road full ( fairies 9 ! =m ( little black pigs1 & t :5 he address$ !m1 ,9 ! "n ( ,god :at are ye8 !y imm$iately vani%$4 ,he 0 c]ta9 !y 7 ! fairies4 ,o!r old p speak ( ! fairies z ! little folk4 ,! tradition is t ! fairies once inhabit$ ?is isl&1 b 7 bani%$ = evil-do+4 ,! eld]-tree1 9 ,manx tramman1 is suppos$ to be inhabit$ by fairies4 ,?r\gh accid5t1 "o night a woman ran into su* a tree1 & 0 imm$iately /rick5 ) a t]rible swell+ :i* h] neighb\rs decl>$ came f di/urb+ ! fairies 9 ! tree4 ,?is 0 on ! bord]s ( ,arbory p>i%4' ,! ,canon fav\rs ! hypo!sis t 9 mu* ( ! folk-belief conc]n+ fairies & ,fairyl& !re is pres5t an in/9ct1 z se5 among all peoples1 = communion ) ! o!r _w1 & t ?is in/9ct %[s itself 9 ano!r =m 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,communion ( ,sa9ts4 ,,fairy ,,tales ,,on ,,*ri/mas ,,day ,! next morn+1 ,*ri/mas morn+1 ,i call$ at ! picturesque roadside home ( ,mrs4 ,d9ah ,moore a ,manxwoman liv+ ne> ,gl5 ,meay2 & %e contribut$ ! be/ s+le collection ( ,manx folk-leg5ds ,i discov]$ on ! isl&4 ,! day 0 bright & fro/y1 & mu* sn[ /ill rema9$ 9 ! %ad$ nooks & holl[s1 s t a seat be=e ! *e]ful fire 9 ,mrs4 ,moore's cottage 0 v com=table2 & ) mo/ "w susp5d$ = ! anci5t day ( fe/ivities 9 hon\r ( ! ,sun1 re-born aft] its dea? at ! h&s ( ! ,p[]s ( ,d>kness1 all conditions 7 fav\rable = he>+ ab\t fairies1 & ?is may expla9 :y su* important results 7 obta9$4 ,fairy ,deceit4--',i he>d ( a man & wife :o _h no *ildr54 ,"o night ! man 0 out on horseback & he>d a little baby cry+ beside ! road4 ,he got (f 8 horse to get ! baby1 &1 tak+ x home1 w5t to give x to 8 wife1 & x 0 only a block ( wood4 ,& !n ! old fairies 7 outside yell+ at ! man3 ,ea% un oie1 s'*eap t'ou mollit6 7,age "o night1 h[ easily ?\ art deceiv$674' ,a ,midwife's ,/range ,exp]i5ce4--',a /range man took a nurse to a place :]e a baby boy 0 born4 ,aft] ! bir?1 ! man set out on a table two cakes1 "o ( !m brok5 & ! o!r "o :ole1 & said to ! nurse3 ,eat1 eat2 b don't eat ( ! cake :i* is brok5 nor ( ! cake :i* is :ole4 ,& ! nurse said3 ,:at 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l am ,i go+ to eat8 ,at t all ! fairies 9 ! h\se disappe>$2 & ! nurse 0 left out on a m\nta9-side alone4' ,a ,fairy-,bak+4--',at night ! fairies came into a h\se 9 ,gl5 ,ru%5 to bake4 ,! family _h put no wat] out = !m2 & a begg>-man :o _h be5 left lodg+ on ! s(a d[n/airs he>d ! fairies say1 ,we h no wat]1 s we'll take blood out ( ! toe ( ! s]vant :o =got our wat]4 ,& f ! girl's blood !y mix$ _! d\gh4 ,!n !y bak$ _! cakes1 ate mo/ ( !m1 & pok$ pieces up "u ! ?at*$ ro(4 ,! next day ! s]vant-girl fell ill1 & 0 ill until ! old begg>-man return$ to ! h\se & cur$ h] ) a bit ( ! cake :i* he took f "u ! ?at*4' ,a ,*angel+ ,musician4--',a family at ,dalby _h a poor idiot baby1 & :5 x 0 tw5ty ye>s old x /ill sat by ! fire j l a *ild4 ,a tailor came to ! h\se to "w on a day :5 all ! folks 7 out cutt+ corn1 & ! idiot 0 left ) him4 ,! tailor began to :i/le z he sat on ! table sew+1 & ! little idiot sitt+ by ! fire said to him3 ,if y'll n tell anybody :5 !y come 91 ,i'll dance t tune = y4 ,s ! little fell[ began to dance1 & he c\ld /ep x out spl5didly4 ,!n he said to ! tailor3 ,if y'll n tell anybody :5 !y come 91 ,i'll play ! fiddle = y4 ,& ! tailor & ! idiot sp5t a v enjoyable aft]noon toge!r4 ,b be=e ! family came 9 f ! fields1 ! poor idiot1 z usual1 0 sitt+ 9 a *air by ! fire1 a big baby :o c\ldn't h>dly talk4 ,:5 ! "m came 9 %e happ5$ to say to ! tailor1 ,y've a f9e *ap "h1 ref]r+ to ! idiot4 ,yes1 inde$1 said ! tailor1 we've _h a v f9e aft]noon toge!r2 b ,i ?9k we _h bett] make a good fire & put him on x4 ,oh6 cri$ ! "m1 ! poor *ild c\ld nev] ev5 walk4 ,ah1 b he c dance & play ! fiddle1 too1 repli$ ! tailor4 ,& ! fire 0 made2 b :5 ! idiot saw t !y 7 = putt+ him on x he pull$ f 8 pocket a ball1 & ?is ball w5t roll+ on ahead ( him1 & he1 go+ aft] x1 0 nev] se5 aga94' ,aft] ?is /range /ory 0 f9i%$ ,i ask$ ,mrs4 ,moore :]e %e _h he>d x1 & %e said3--',i h he>d ?is /ory ev] s9ce ,i 0 a girl4 ,i knew ! h\se & family1 & s did my "m4 ,! family's "n 0 ,cubbon4' ,! ,f5odyree's 7or ',phynnodd]ee's'7 ,disgu/4--',dur+ sn[y wea!r1 l ?is1 ! ,f5odyree w\ld ga!r 9 ! %eep at night2 & dur+ ! h>ve/ season w\ld d ! ?re%+ :5 all ! family 7 ab$4 ,"o "t1 h[ev]1 j ov] "h at ,gordon ,f>m1 ! f>m] saw him1 & he 0 nak$2 & s ! f>m] put out a new suit ( clo!s = him4 ,! ,f5odyree came at night1 & look+ at ! clo!s ) great disgu/ at ! idea ( we>+ su* ?+s1 said3-- ,bayrn da'n *ione1 doogh da'n *ione1 ,cooat da'n dreeym1 doogh da'n dreeym1 ,bree*yn da'n to91 doogh da'n to91 ,agh my %e lhiat ,gordon moo>1 ,*a nee lhiat ,glion reagh ,ru%54 7,cap = ! head1 alas6 poor head1 ,coat = ! back1 alas6 poor back1 ,bree*es = ! bree*1 alas6 poor bree*1 ,b if big ,gordon f>m is ?9e1 ,?9e is n ! m]ry ,gl5 ( ,ru%547#dd ,& (f he w5t to ,gl5 ,ru%5 = good4' ,,te/imony ,,f ,,! ,,keep] ,,( ,,peel ,,ca/le ,f ,mrs4 ,moore's h\se ,i walk$ on to ,peel1 :]e ,i 0 =tunate 9 meet+1 9 8 own home1 ,mr4 ,william ,ca%51 ! well-kn[n keep] ( ! fam\s old ,peel ,ca/le1 )9 ^: yet solid battlem5ts /&s ! "o true r\nd t[] outside ( ,irel&4 ,i he>d fir/ ( all ab\t ! fairy dog--! ,moddey ,doo 7,manx = ,black ,dog7--:i* haunts ! ca/le2 & !n ,mr4 ,ca%5 relat$ to me ! foll[+ anecdotes & tales ab\t ,manx fairies3-- ,pray] aga9/ ! ,fairies4--',my fa!r's & gr&fa!r's idea 0 t ! fairies tumbl$ out ( ! battlem5ts ( ,heav51 fall+ e>?w>d = ?ree days & ?ree nights z ?ick z hail2 & t "o ?ird ( !m fell into ! sea1 "o ?ird on ! l&1 & "o ?ird rema9$ 9 ! air1 9 :i* places !y w rema9 till ! ,day ( ,judgem5t4 ,! old ,manx p always believ$ t ?is fall ( ! fairies 0 due to ! fir/ s91 pride2 & "h is _! pray] aga9/ ! fairies3--,jee saue mee voi% cloan ny moyrn 7,god pres]ve me f ! *ildr5 ( pride or ambition74' ,a ,man's ,two ,wives4--',a ,ballaleece woman 0 captur$ by ! fairies2 &1 soon aft]w>ds1 h] husb& took a new wife1 ?9k+ ! fir/ "o gone = ev]4 ,b n long aft] ! m>riage1 "o night ! fir/ wife appe>$ to h] =m] husb& & said to him1 & ! second wife ov]he>d h]3 ,y'll sweep ! b>n clean1 & m9d !re is n "o /raw left on ! floor4 ,!n /& by ! door1 & at a c]ta9 h\r a company ( p on horseback w ride 91 & y lay hold ( t bridle ( ! horse ,i am on1 & don't let x g4 ,he foll[$ ! directions c>efully1 b 0 unable to hold ! horse3 ! second wife _h put "s /raw on ! b>n floor "u a bu%el4' ,s\nds ( ,inf9ity4--',on ,dalby ,m\nta91 ?is side ( ,cronk-yn-,irree-,laa ! old ,manx p us$ to put _! e>s to ! e>? to he> ! ,s\nds ( ,inf9ity 7,%eean-ny-,feaynid71 :i* 7 s\nds l murmurs4 ,!y ?\ght ^! s\nds came f be+s 9 space2 = 9 _! belief all space is fill$ ) invisible be+s4'#de ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,a ,,manx ,,s*ol> ,s9ce ! foll[+ te/imony 0 writt5 d[n1 its au?or1 ! late ,mr4 ,john ,nelson1 ( ,ramsey1 has pass$ out ( our realm ( life into ! realm invisible4 ,he 0 "o ( ! few ,manxm5 :o knew ! ,manx language really well1 & ! anci5t traditions :i* x has pres]v$ bo? orally & 9 books4 ,9 8 k9dly mann] & ) f]v5t loyalty t[>d all ?+s ,celtic1 he gave me leave1 dur+ ,decemb] #aiji1 to publi% = ! fir/ "t ! int]e/+ matt] :i* foll[s2 &1 ) rev]5ce1 we "h place x on record to 8 memory3-- ,a ,bl9d+ by ,fairies4--',my gr&fa!r1 ,william ,nelson1 0 com+ home f ! h]r+ fi%+ late at night1 on ! road ne> ,jurby1 :5 he saw 9 a pea-field1 across a h$ge1 a great cr[d ( little fell[s 9 r$ coats danc+ & mak+ music4 ,& z he look$1 an old woman f among !m came up to him & spat 9 8 eyes1 say+3 ,y'll nev] see u aga92 & ,i am told t he 0 bl9d aft]w>ds till ! day ( 8 dea?4 ,he 0 c]ta9ly bl9d = f\rte5 ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 = ,i (t5 _h to lead him ar\nd2 b1 ( c\rse1 ,i am unable to say ( my own k t he became bl9d imm$iately aft] 8 /range exp]i5ce1 or if n until lat] 9 life2 b z a "y man he c]ta9ly _h good sight1 & x 0 believ$ t ! fairies de/roy$ x4' ,! ,fairy ,tune4--',william ,ca91 ( ,gl5 ,hel5 7=m]ly ,rh5ass71 0 go+ home 9 ! ev5+ across ! m\nta9s ne> ,brook's ,p>k1 :5 he he>d music d[n bel[ 9 a gl51 & saw !re a great glass h\se l a palace1 all lit up4 ,he /opp$ to li/51 & :5 he _h ! new tune he w5t home to practise x on 8 fiddle2 & rec5tly he play$ ! same fairy tune at ,miss ,sophia ,morrison's ,manx ent]ta9m5t 9 ,peel4' ,manannan ! ,magician4--,mr4 ,nelson told a /ory ab\t a ,buggane or ,f5odyree1 su* z we already h1 & expla9$ ! ,gla%t9 z a wat]-bull1 suppos$ to be a gobl9 half c[ & half horse1 & !n (f]$ ?is tradition ab\t ,manannan3--',x is said t ,manannan 0 a great magician1 & t he us$ to place on ! sea pea-%ells1 held op5 ) /icks & ) /icks = ma/s /&+ up 9 !m1 & !n s magnify !m t enemies beheld !m z a /rong fleet1 & w\ld n approa* ! isl&4 ,ano!r tradition is t ,manannan on 8 ?ree legs 7! ,manx coat ( arms7 c\ld travel f "o end to ! o!r ( 8 isle ) wond]ful swiftness1 mov+ l a :eel4'#df ,,te/imony ,,( ,a ,,f>m] ,,& ,,fi%]man ,f ! nor? ( ! isl& ,i return$ to ,peel1 :]e ,i _h arrang$ to meet new witnesses1 & ! fir/ "o ( ^! is ,james ,caugh]ty1 a f>m] & fi%]man1 born 9 ,kirk ,patrick fifty-eight ye>s ago1 :o te/ifi$ 79 "p7 z foll[s3-- ,*urn ,work$ by ,fairies4--',close by ,gl5 ,cam 7,w9d+ ,gl571 :5 ,i 0 a boy1 our family (t5 us$ to he> ! empty *urn work+ 9 ! *urn-h\se1 :5 no p]son 0 ne> x1 & !y w\ld say1 ,oh1 x's ! little fell[s4' ,a ,rem>kable ,*angel+ ,/ory4--',=ty to fifty ye>s ago1 betwe5 ,/4 ,john's & ,foxdale1 a boy1 ) :om ,i (t5 play$1 came to our h\se at nightfall to borr[ "s c&les1 & :ile he 0 on 8 way home across ! hills he sudd5ly saw a little boy & a little woman com+ aft] him4 ,if he ran1 !y ran1 & all ! "t !y ga9$ on him4 ,^u rea*+ home he 0 spee*less1 8 h&s 7 alt]$ 7turn$ awry71 & 8 feet also1 & 8 f+]nails _h gr[n long 9 a m9ute4 ,he rema9$ t way a week4 ,my fa!r w5t to ! boy's "m & told h] x wasn't ,robby at all t %e saw2 & :5 my fa!r 0 = tak+ ! tongs & burn+ ! boy ) a piece ( gl[+ turf z a *angel+ te/1 ! boy scream$ awfully4 ,!n my fa!r p]suad$ ! "m to s5d a mess5g] to a doctor 9 ! nor? ne> ,ramsey do+ *>ms1 to see if %e c\ldn't get ,robby back4 ,z ! mess5g] 0 return+1 ! "m /epp$ out ( ! h\se to relieve him1 & :5 %e w5t into ! h\se aga9 h] own ,robby 0 !re4 ,z soon z ,robby came to himself all "r1 he said a little woman & a little boy _h foll[$ him1 & t j z he got home he 0 consci\s ( be+ tak5 away by !m1 b he didn't "k :]e !y came f nor :]e !y took him4 ,he 0 unable to tell m ?an ?is4 ,robby is alive yet1 s f> z ,i "k2 he is ,rob]t ,*ri/ian1 ( ,d\glas4' ,,evid5ce ,,f ,a ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,,( ,,keys ,mr4 ,t4 ,c4 ,k]mode1 ( ,peel1 memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,keys1 ! ,l[] ,h\se ( ! ,manx ,p>liam5t1 v k9dly dictat$ = my use ! foll[+ /atem5t conc]n+ fairies :i* he himself has se53-- ,reality ( ,fairies4--',!re is mu* belief "h 9 ! isl& t !re actually are fairies2 & ,i consid] su* belief bas$ on an actual fact 9 nature1 because ( my own /range exp]i5ce4 ,ab\t =ty ye>s ago1 "o ,octob] night1 ,i & ano!r "y man 7 go+ to a k9d ( ,manx h>ve/-home at ,cronk-a-,voddy4 ,on ! ,gl5 ,hel5 road1 j at ! ,be>y ,f>m1 z we walk$ along talk+1 my fri5d happ5$ to look across ! riv] 7a small brook71 & said3 ,oh look1 !re are ! fairies4 ,did y ev] see !m8 ,i look$ across ! riv] & saw a circle ( sup]natural light1 :i* ,i h n[ come to reg>d z ! a/ral light or ! light ( ,nature1 z x is call$ by my/ics1 & 9 :i* spirits become visible4 ,! spot :]e ! light appe>$ 0 a flat space surr\nd$ on ! sides away f ! riv] by banks =m$ by l[ hills2 & into ?is space & ! circle ( light1 f ! surr\nd+ sides app>5tly1 ,i saw come 9 twos & ?rees a great cr[d ( little be+s small] ?an ,tom ,?umb & 8 wife4 ,all ( !m1 :o appe>$ l soldi]s1 7 dress$ 9 r$4 ,!y mov$ back & =? amid ! circle ( light1 z !y =m$ into ord] l troops drill+4 ,i advis$ gett+ ne>] to !m1 b my fri5d said1 ,no1 ,i'm go+ to ! p>ty4 ,!n aft] we _h look$ at !m a few m9utes my fri5d /ruck ! roadside wall ) a /ick & %\t$1 & we lo/ ! vision & ! light vani%$4' ,! ,manx ,fairy-,fai?4--',i h mu* evid5ce f old ,manx p1 :o are entirely reliable & ,god-fe>+1 t !y h se5 ! fairies hunt+ ) h\nds & horses1 & on ! sea 9 %ips1 & "u o!r conditions1 & t !y h he>d _! music4 ,!y consid] ! fairies a complete nation or _w 9 !mselves1 di/9ct f our _w1 b hav+ habits & in/9cts l ours4 ,social organization among !m is said to be simil> to t among m51 & !y h _! soldi]s & comm&]s4 ,:]e ! fairies actually exi/ ! old p _c tell1 b !y c]ta9ly believe t !y c be se5 "h on e>?4' ,,te/imony ,,f ,a ,,pa/ ,,prov9cial ,,gr& ,,ma/] ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kelly1 ,pa/ ,prov9cial ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,isle ( ,man ,di/rict ( ,oddfell[s1 a resid5t ( ,d\glas1 (f]s ! foll[+ acc\nt ( a curi\s psy*ical exp]i5ce ( 8 own1 & attributes x to fairies3-- ,a ,/range ,exp]i5ce ) ,fairies4--',twelve to ?irte5 ye>s ago1 on a cle> moonlight night1 ab\t twelve o'clock1 ,i left ,laxey2 & :5 ab\t five miles f ,d\glas1 at ,ballagawne ,s*ool1 ,i he>d talk+1 & 0 sudd5ly consci\s ( be+ 9 ! mid/ ( an invisible ?rong4 ,z ?is /range feel+ came ov] me1 ,i saw com+ up ! road f\r figures z real to look ^u z human be+s1 & ( m$ium size1 ?\gh ,i am c]ta9 !y 7 n human4 ,:5 ^! f\r1 :o seem$ to be connect$ ) ! invisible ?rong1 came out ( ! ,g>wick road into ! ma9 road1 ,i pass$ into a by-road lead+ d[n to a v peaceful gl5 call$ ,g>wick ,gl52 & ,i /ill _h ! same feel+ t invisible be+s 7 ) me1 & ?is cont9u$ = a mile4 ,!re 0 no fe> or emotion or excitem5t1 b p]fect calm on my "p4 ,i foll[$ ! by-road2 & :5 ,i began to m\nt a hill !re 0 a sudd5 & /range quietness1 & a s5se ( isolation came ov] me1 z ?\gh ! joy & peace ( my life _h dep>t$ ) ! invisible ?rong4 ,f diff]5t p]sonal exp]i5ces l ?is "o1 ,i am firmly ( ! op9ion & belief t ! fairies exi/4 ,"o _c say t !y are :olly physical or :olly spiritual1 b ! impression left ^u my m9d is t !y are an absolutely real ord] ( be+s n human4' ,invok+ ,little ,manannan1 son ( ,leirr1 to give u safe passage across 8 wat]y doma91 we n[ g s\?w>d to ! ne>e/ ,bry?onic c\ntry1 ! ,l& ( ,ar?ur1 ,,wales4 ,v4 ,,9 ,,wales ,introduction by ,! ,"r ,hon4 ,,sir ,,john ,,rhys1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,litt41 ,f4,b4,a41 ,hon4 ,,ll4,d4 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh2 ,pr(essor ( ,celtic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d2 ,pr9cipal ( ,jesus ,college2 au?or ( ,celtic ,folklore1 ,wel% & ,manx1 c4 ,! folk-lore ( ,wales 9 z f> z x conc]ns ! ,fairies consi/s ( a v few typical tales1 su* z3-- 7#a7 ,! ,fairy ,dance & ! usual entrapp+ ( a y\?1 :o dances ) ! ,little ,p = a long "t1 :ile he supposes x only a few m9utes1 & :o if n rescu$ is tak5 by !m4 7#b7 ,!re are o!r ways 9 :i* recruits may be l$ into ,fairyl& & induc$ to m>ry fairy maid5s1 & any "o s l$ away is practically lo/ to 8 ki? & k91 = ev5 if he be all[$ to visit !m1 ! visit is mo/ly cut %ort 9 "o way or ano!r4 7#c7 ,a man cat*es a fairy woman & m>ries h]4 ,%e proves to be an excell5t h\sewife1 b usually %e has _h put into ! m>riage-contract c]ta9 conditions :i*1 if brok51 inevitably release h] f ! union1 & :5 s releas$ %e hurries away in/antly1 nev] to return1 unless x be n[ & !n to visit h] *ildr54 ,"o ( ! conditions1 especially 9 ,nor? ,wales1 is t ! husb& %\ld nev] t\* h] ) iron4 ,b 9 ! /ory ( ! ,lady ( ,llyn y ,fan ,fa*1 9 ,c>m>!n%ire1 ! condition is t he mu/ n /rike ! wife )\t a cause ?ree times1 ! /rik+ be+ int]pret$ to include any slight tapp+1 say1 on ! %\ld]4 ,?is /ory is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable on record 9 ,wales1 & x recalls ! fam\s tale ( ,und9e1 publi%$ 9 ,g]man _m ye>s ago by ,de ,la ,motte ,f\qu4 ,x is n kn[n :]e he f\nd x1 or :e!r ! p among :om x 0 curr5t 7 pure ,g]mans or ( ,celtic extraction4 7#d7 ,! ,fairies 7 fond ( /eal+ nice heal?y babies & ( leav+ 9 _! place _! own sall[ (fspr+4 ,! /ories ( h[ ! "r *ild might be recov]$ take num]\s =ms2 & "s ( ^! /ories sugge/ h[ weak & sickly *ildr5 became ! objects ( sy/ematic cruelty at ! h&s ( ev5 _! own p>5ts4 ,! *angel+ 0 usually an old man1 & _m 7 ! ef=ts made to get him to betray 8 id5tity4 7#e7 ,!re is a widespread /ory ( ! fairy husb& procur+ = 8 wife ! att5dance ( a human midwife4 ,! latt] 0 giv5 a c]ta9 o9tm5t to apply to ! baby's eyes :5 %e dress$ x4 ,%e 0 n to t\* ei!r ( h] own eyes ) x1 b ow+ to an unfail+ accid5t %e does1 & ) ! eye s t\*$ %e is enabl$ to see ! fairies 9 _! prop] %ape & =m4 ,?is has consequ5ces3 ,! fairy husb& pays ! midwife well1 & dis*>ges h]4 ,%e goes to a fair or m>ket "o day & obs]ves h] old ma/] /eal+ goods f a /all1 & makes h]self kn[n to him4 ,he asks h] ) :i* eye %e sees him4 ,%e tells him1 & ! eye to :i* he objects he in/antly bl9ds4 7#f7 ,_m are ! /ories ab\t ! fairies com+ into h\ses at night to wa% & dress _! *ildr5 aft] ev]ybody is gone to b$4 ,a s]vant-maid :o kn[s h] bus9ess leaves a vessel full ( wat] = !m1 & takes c>e t ! h\se is neat & tidy1 & %e !n probably f9ds 9 ! morn+ "s fairy gift left h]1 :]eas if ! h\se be untidy & ! wat] dirty1 !y w p9* h] 9 h] sleep1 & leave h] black & blue4 7#g7 ,! fairies 7 n /rong 9 _! h\sehold arrangem5ts1 s x 0 n at all unusual = !m to come to ! f>m-h\ses to borr[ :at 0 want+ to !m4 ,9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sn[don ! fairies 7 believ$ to live b5ea? ! lakes1 f :i* !y sometimes came =?1 especially on mi/y days1 & *ildr5 us$ to be w>n$ n to /ray away f _! homes 9 t sort ( wea!r1 le/ !y %\ld be kidnapp$ by !m4 ,^! fairies 7 n ,*ri/ians1 & !y 7 great ?ieves4 ,!y 7 fond ( bright col\rs4 ,!y 7 %>p ( he>+1 & no ^w t rea*$ ! w9d w\ld escape !m4 ,if a fairy's prop] "n 0 discov]$1 ! fairy to :om x belong$ felt baffl$4#dg ,"s *>act]i/ics ( ! fairies seem to argue an anci5t race1 :ile o!r *>act]i/ics betray _! orig9 9 ! work%op ( ! imag9ation2 b g5]ally speak+1 ! fairies are het]og5e\s1 consi/+ p>tly ( ! div9ities ( gl5s & =e/s & m\nta9s1 & p>tly ( an e>ly race ( m5 m or less c>icatur$ & equipp$ by fable ) impossible attributes4#dh ,,jesus ,,college1 ,,ox=d1 ,octob] #aiaj4 ,our field ( rese>* 9 ! ,l& ( ,ar?ur includes all ! coa/ c\nties save ,c>digan%ire1 f ,anglesey on ! nor? to ,glamorgan%ire on ! s\?4 ,at ! v beg9n+ ( our inve/igation ( ! belief 9 ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 or ',fair ,folk' 9 ! ,isle ( ,anglesey or ,mona1 ! anci5t /ronghold ( ! ,druids1 we %all see cle>ly t ! te/imony (f]$ by ?or\ghly reliable & prom95t native witnesses is surpris+ly uni=m1 & ess5tially animi/ic 9 its nature2 & 9 pass+ s\?w>d to ! end ( ,wales we %all f9d ! ,wel% ,fairy-,fai? ) ?is same uni=mity & exhibit+ ! same animi/ic backgr\nd ev]y:]e we g4 ,,te/imony ,,( ,,an ,,anglesey ,,b>d ,mr4 ,john ,l\is ,jones1 ( ,ga]w51 ,anglesey1 a native b>d :o has tak5 prizes 9 v>i\s ,ei/$dfods1 te/ifies z foll[s3-- ,tylwy? ,teg's ,visits4--',:5 ,i 0 a boy "h on ! isl&1 ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 describ$ z a race ( little be+s no l>g] ?an *ildr5 six or sev5 ye>s old1 :o visit$ f>m-h\ses at night aft] all ! family 7 ab$4 ,no matt] h[ securely clos$ a h\se might be1 ! ,tylwy? ,teg _h no tr\ble to get 94 ,i rememb] h[ ! old folk us$ to make ! h\se com=table & put fre% coals on ! fire1 say+1 ,p]haps ! ,tylwy? ,teg w come to-night4 ,!n ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 :5 !y did come1 w\ld look r\nd ! room & say1 ,:at a clean beautiful place ?is is6 ,& all ! :ile ! old folk 9 b$ 7 li/5+4 ,be=e dep>t+ f su* a clean h\se ! ,tylwy? ,teg always left a valuable pres5t = ! family4' ,fairy ,wife & ,iron ,taboo4--',a "y man once caught "o ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg wom51 & %e agre$ to live ) him on condition t he %\ld nev] t\* h] ) iron4 ,"o day %e w5t to a field ) him to cat* a horse1 b 9 cat*+ ! horse he ?rew ! bridle 9 su* a way t ! bit t\*$ ! ,tylwy? ,teg woman1 & all at once %e 0 gone4 ,z ?is /ory indicates1 ! ,tylwy? ,teg c\ld make !mselves invisible4 ,i ?9k !y c\ld be se5 by "s p & n by o!r p4 ,! old folk ?\ght !m a k9d ( _s race f a _s _w4' ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,c5tral ,,anglesey ,ow+ to ! v k9dly assi/ance ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,h4 ,?omas1 ( ,llangefni1 :o introduc$ me to ! olde/ inhabitants ( 8 t[n1 9 _! own homes & else:]e1 & !n act$ z int]pret] :5ev] ,wel% alone 0 spok51 ,i glean$ v cle> evid5ce f t "p ( ,c5tral ,anglesey4 ,sev5 witnesses1 two ( :om 7 wom51 rang+ 9 age f sev5ty-two to eighty-n9e ye>s1 7 ?us int]view$1 & ea* ( !m /at$ t 9 _! *ildhood ! belief 9 ! ,tylwy? ,teg z a non-human race ( good little p--by "o witness comp>$ to s++ angels--0 g5]al4 ,mr4 ,john ,jones1 ! olde/ ( ! sev51 among mu* else1 said 9 ,wel%3--',i believe p]sonally t ! ,tylwy? ,teg are /ill exi/+2 b p c't see !m4 ,i h he>d ( two or ?ree p]sons be+ toge!r & "o only hav+ be5 able to see ! ,tylwy? ,teg4' ,,te/imony ,,f ,,two ,,anglesey ,,c5t5>ians ,p]haps n[h]e else 9 ,celtic l&s c\ld !re be f\nd z witnesses two si/]s equal 9 age to ,miss ,m>y ,ow5 & ,mrs4 ,betsy ,?omas1 9 _! hundr$ & ?ird & hundr$? ye> respectively 79 #aiji74 ,!y live a quiet life on _! m\nta9-side f>m ov]look+ ! sea1 9 ! beautiful c\ntry ne> ,p5trae?1 q away f ! ru% & noise ( ! great _w ( comm]cial activity2 & !y speak only ! tongue :i* _! prehi/oric ,kimric ance/ors spoke be=e ,roman1 or ,saxon1 or ,norman came to ,brita94 ,mr4 ,w4 ,jones1 ( ,plas ,t9on1 _! neighb\r1 :o kn[s ,engli% & ,wel% well1 act$ z int]pret]4 ,! eld] si/] te/ifi$ fir/3-- ',tylwy? ,teg's' ,nature4--',!re 7 _m ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg on ! ,llwydi>? ,m\nta9 above "h1 & r\nd ! ,llwydi>? ,lake :]e !y us$ to dance2 & :5ev] ! prices at ! ,llangefni m>ket 7 to be high !y w\ld *att] v mu* at night4 ,!y appe>$ only aft] d>k2 & all ! good !y ev] did 0 s++ & danc+4 ,ann ,jones1 :om ,i knew v well1 us$ (t5 to see ! ,tylwy? ,teg danc+ & s++1 b if %e !n w5t up to !m !y w\ld disappe>4 ,%e told me !y are an invisible p1 & v small4 ,_m o!rs besides ,ann ,jones h se5 ! ,tylwy? ,teg 9 ^! m\nta9s1 & h he>d _! music & song4 ,! ord9>y op9ion 0 t ! ,tylwy? ,teg are a race ( spirits4 ,i believe 9 !m z an invisible race ( good little p4' ,fairy ,midwife & ,magic ,oil4--',! ,tylwy? ,teg _h a k9d ( magic oil1 & ,i rememb] ?is /ory ab\t x3--,a f>m] w5t to ,llangefni to fet* a woman to nurse 8 wife ab\t to become a "m1 & he f\nd "o ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 :o came ) him on ! back ( 8 horse4 ,arriv$ at ! f>m-h\se1 ! fairy woman look$ at ! wife1 & giv+ ! f>m] "s oil told him to wa% ! baby 9 x z soon z x 0 born4 ,!n ! fairy woman disappe>$4 ,! f>m] foll[$ ! advice1 & :at did he d 9 wa%+ ! baby b get "s oil on "o ( 8 own eyes4 ,sudd5ly he c\ld see ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 = ! oil _h giv5 him ! second-sight4 ,"s "t lat] ! f>m] 0 9 ,llangefni aga91 & saw ! same fairy woman :o _h giv5 him ! oil4 ,h[ is y\r wife gett+ on8 %e ask$ him4 ,%e is gett+ on v well1 he repli$4 ,!n ! fairy woman add$1 ,tell me ) :i* eye y see me be/4 ,) ?is "o1 he said1 po9t+ to ! eye he _h rubb$ ) ! oil4 ,& ! fairy woman put h] /ick 9 t eye1 & ! f>m] nev] saw ) x aga94'#di ,see+ ',tylwy? ,teg'4--,! y\ng] si/]'s te/imony is z foll[s3--',i saw "o ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg ab\t sixty ye>s ago1 ne> ! ,tynymyndd ,f>m1 z ,i 0 pass+ by at night4 ,he 0 l a little man4 ,:5 ,i approa*$ him he disappe>$ sudd5ly4 ,i h he>d ab\t ! danc+ & s++ ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 b nev] h he>d ! music myself4 ,! old p said ! ,tylwy? ,teg c\ld appe> & disappe> :5 !y lik$2 & ,i ?9k z ! old p did1 t !y are "s sort ( spirits4' ,,te/imony ,,f ,,an ,,anglesey ,,se]ess ,at ,p5trae?1 ,mr4 ,gwilyn ,jones said to me3--',x always 0 & /ill is ! op9ion t ! ,tylwy? ,teg are a race ( spirits4 ,"s p ?9k !m small 9 size1 b ! "o my "m saw 0 ord9>y human size4' ,at ?is1 ,i imm$iately ask$ ,mr4 ,jones if 8 "m 0 /ill liv+1 & he reply+ t %e 01 gave me h] address 9 ,llanfair4 ,s ,i w5t directly to int]view ,mr4 ,jones's "m1 ,mrs4 ,ca!r9e ,jones1 & ?is is ! /ory ab\t ! "o ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg %e saw3-- ',tylwy? ,teg' ,app>ition4--',i 0 com+ home at ab\t half-pa/ t5 at night f ,cemaes1 on ! pa? to ,simdda ,w51 :]e ,i 0 9 s]vice1 :5 !re appe>$ j be=e me a v pretty "y lady ( ord9>y size4 ,i _h no fe>1 & :5 ,i came up to h] put out my h& to t\* h]1 b my h& & arm w5t "r ?r\gh h] =m4 ,i c\ld n und]/& ?is1 & s tri$ to t\* h] repeat$ly ) ! same result2 !re 0 no solid sub/ance 9 ! body1 yet x rema9$ beside me1 & 0 z beautiful a "y lady z ,i ev] saw4 ,:5 ,i rea*$ ! door ( ! h\se :]e ,i 0 to /op1 %e 0 /ill ) me4 ,!n ,i said ,good night to h]4 ,no response be+ made1 ,i ask$1 ,:y d y n speak8 ,& at ?is %e disappe>$4 ,no?+ happ5$ aft]w>ds1 & ,i always put ?is beautiful "y lady d[n z "o ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg4 ,!re 0 mu* talk ab\t my exp]i5ce :5 ,i report$ x1 & ! neighb\rs1 l myself1 ?\ght ,i _h se5 "o ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg4 ,i 0 ab\t tw5ty-f\r ye>s old at ! "t ( ?is incid5t4'#ej ,,te/imony ,,f ,a ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,wel% ,j be=e cross+ ! ,m5ai ,/raits ,i _h ! good =tune to meet1 at 8 home 9 ,llanfair1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,morris ,jones1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon471 ,pr(essor ( ,wel% 9 ! ,univ]sity ,college at ,bangor1 & he1 speak+ ( ! fairy-belief 9 ,anglesey z he rememb]s x f boyhood days1 said3-- ',tylwy? ,teg4'--',9 mo/ ( ! tales ,i he>d repeat$ :5 ,i 0 a boy1 ,i am q c]ta9 ! implication 0 t ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 a k9d ( _s race hav+ human *>act]i/ics1 :o c\ld at w sudd5ly appe> & sudd5ly disappe>4 ,!y 7 g5]ally suppos$ to live und]gr\nd1 & to come =? on moonlight nights1 dress$ 9 gaudy col\rs 7*iefly 9 r$71 to dance 9 circles 9 grassy fields4 ,i _c rememb] hav+ he>d *angel+ /ories "h 9 ! ,isl&3 ,i ?9k ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 g5]ally look$ ^u z k9d & good-natur$1 ?\gh rev5geful if n well treat$4 ,& !y 7 believ$ to h pl5ty ( money at _! comm&1 :i* !y c\ld be/[ on p :om !y lik$4' ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,nor? ,,c>n>von%ire ,^u leav+ ,anglesey ,i und]took "s inve/igation ( ! ,wel% fairy-belief 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,bangor & ,c>n>von4 ,f ! olde/ ,wel% p ( ,trebor? ,i he>d ! same sort ( folk-lore z we h record$ f ,anglesey1 except t prom95ce 0 giv5 to a fl\ri%+ belief 9 ,bwganod1 gobl9s or bogies4 ,b f ,mr4 ,t4 ,t4 ,davis ,evans1 ( ,port ,d9orwic1 ,i he>d ! foll[+ v unusual /ory bas$ on facts1 z he recall$ x fir/ h&3-- ,jones's ,vision4--',william ,jones1 :o "s sixty ye>s ago decl>$ he _h se5 ! ,tylwy? ,teg 9 ! ,ab]glaslyn ,pass ne> ,b$dgel]t1 0 publicly que/ion$ ab\t !m 9 ,be!l ,*apel by ,mr4 ,griffi?s1 ! m9i/]2 & he expla9$ be=e ! congregation t ! ,"l _h giv5 him a special vision :i* enabl$ him to see ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 & t1 !re=e1 he _h se5 !m "t aft] "t z little m5 play+ along ! riv] 9 ! ,pass4 ,! m9i/] induc$ ,jones to repeat ! /ory _m times1 because x seem$ to please ! congregation v mu*2 & ! folks pres5t look$ ^u ,jones's vision z a mo/ wond]ful ?+4' ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,s\? ,,c>n>von%ire ,to ,mr4 ,e4 ,d4 ,r[l&s1 head ma/] ( ! s*ools at ,afonw51 ,i am indebt$ = a summ>y ( ! fairy-belief 9 ,s\? ,c>n>von%ire3-- ',tylwy? ,teg4'--',accord+ to ! belief 9 ,s\? ,c>n>von%ire1 ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 a small1 v pretty p always dress$ 9 :ite1 & mu* giv5 to danc+ & s++ 9 r+s :]e grass grew4 ,z a rule1 !y 7 visible only at night2 ?\gh 9 ! day-"t1 if a "m :ile hay-mak+ 0 s unwise z to leave h] babe alone 9 ! field1 ! ,tylwy? ,teg might take x & leave 9 its place a hun*back1 or "s de=m$ object l a *ild4 ,at night1 ! ,tylwy? ,teg w\ld entice travell]s to jo9 _! dance & !n play all sorts ( tricks on !m4'#ea ,fairy ,c[s & ,fairy ,lake-,wom54--',"s ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg liv$ 9 caves2 o!rs ( !m liv$ 9 lake-bottoms4 ,!re is a lake call$ ,llyn y ,morwynion1 or ,lake ( ! ,maid5s1 ne> ,fe/9iog1 :]e1 z ! /ory goes1 a f>m] "o morn+ f\nd 9 8 field a numb] ( v f9e c[s su* z he _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,n kn[+ :]e !y came f1 he kept !m a long "t1 :51 z x happ5$1 he committ$ "s di%one/ act &1 z a result1 wom5 ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg made _! appe>ance 9 ! pa/ure &1 call+ ! c[s by "n1 l$ ! :ole h]d into ! lake1 & ) !m disappe>$ b5ea? its wat]s4 ,! old p nev] c\ld expla9 ! nature ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 b !y always reg>d$ !m z a v my/]i\s race1 &1 accord+ to ?is /ory ( ! cattle1 z a sup]natural race4' ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,m]ione?%ire ,mr4 ,l\is ,fo/] ,edw>ds1 ( ,h>le*1 recall+ ! memories ( _m ye>s ago1 (f]s ! foll[+ evid5ce3-- ,scy!-,blades & ,fairies4--',9 an old inn on ! o!r side ( ,h>le* !re 0 to be an ent]ta9m5t1 &1 z usual on su* occasions1 ! danc+ w\ld n cease until morn+4 ,i notic$1 be=e ! gue/s _h all arriv$1 t ! l&lady 0 putt+ scy!-blades edge upw>ds up into ! l>ge *imney1 &1 wond]+ :y x 01 ask$ h]4 ,%e told me t ! fairies might come be=e ! ent]ta9m5t 0 ov]1 & t if ! blades 7 turn$ edge upw>ds x w\ld prev5t ! fairies f tr\bl+ ! p>ty1 = !y w\ld be unable to pass ! blades )\t be+ cut4' ',tylwy? ,teg' & _! ,_w4--',!re 0 an idea t ! ,tylwy? ,teg liv$ by plund]+ at night4 ,x 0 ?\ght1 too1 t if any?+ w5t wrong ) c[s or horses ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 to blame4 ,z a race1 ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 describ$ z hav+ ! p[] ( invisibility2 & x 0 believ$ !y c\ld disappe> l a _s :ile "o happ5$ to be obs]v+ !m4 ,! _w 9 :i* !y liv$ 0 a _w q unlike ours1 & mortals tak5 to x by !m 7 *ang$ 9 nature4 ,! way a mortal might be tak5 by ! ,tylwy? ,teg 0 by be+ attract$ into _! dance4 ,if !y ?us took y away1 x w\ld be accord+ to our "t = twelve mon?s1 ?\gh to y ! "t w\ld seem no m ?an a night4' ,,fairy ,,tribes ,,9 ,,montgom]y%ire ,f ,mr4 ,d4 ,davies-,williams1 :o outl9$ = me ! ,montgom]y%ire belief 9 ! ,tylwy? ,teg z he has kn[n x intimately1 ,i le>n$ t ?is is ess5tially ! same z else:]e 9 ,nor? & ,c5tral ,wales4 ,he summ$ up ! matt] by say+3-- ,belief 9 ,tylwy? ,teg4--',x 0 ! op9ion t ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 a real race ( invisible or spiritual be+s liv+ 9 an invisible _w ( _! own4 ,! belief 9 ! ,tylwy? ,teg 0 q g5]al fifty or sixty ye>s ago1 & z s9c]e z any religi\s belief is n[4' ,our next witness is ! ,rev4 ,josiah ,jones1 m9i/] ( ! ,congregational ,*ur* ( ,ma*ynlle?2 &1 aft] a lifetime's exp]i5ce 9 ,montgom]y%ire1 he gives ?is te/imony3-- ,a ,deacon's ,vision4--',a deacon 9 my *ur*1 ,john ,evans1 decl>$ t he _h se5 ! ,tylwy? ,teg danc+ 9 ! day-"t1 )9 two miles f "h1 & he po9t$ out ! v spot :]e !y appe>$4 ,?is 0 "s tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,i ?9k1 h[ev]1 t he saw only c]ta9 reflections & %ad[s1 because x 0 a hot & brilliant day4' ,folk-,beliefs 9 ,g5]al4--',z ,i recall ! belief1 ! old p consid]$ ! ,tylwy? ,teg z liv+ be+s halfway betwe5 some?+ mat]ial & spiritual1 :o 7 r>ely se54 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy !re 0 v mu* said1 too1 ab\t corpse-c&les & phantom fun]als1 & especially ab\t ! ,bwganod1 plural ( ,bwgan1 mean+ a sprite1 gho/1 hobgobl91 or spectre4 ,! ,bwganod 7 suppos$ to appe> at dusk1 9 v>i\s =ms1 animal & human2 & gr[n-up p z well z *ildr5 _h great fe> ( !m4' ,a ,m9i/]'s ,op9ion4--',ultimately !re is a sub/ance ( tru? 9 ! fairy-belief1 b x is wrongly acc\nt$ = 9 ! folk-lore3 ,i once ask$ ,samuel ,rob]ts1 ( ,llanbrynmair1 :o 0 q a not$ ,wel% s*ol>1 :at he ?\ght ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 ( hobgobl9s1 spirits1 & s =?2 & he said t he believ$ su* ?+s exi/$1 & t ,god all[$ !m to appe> 9 times ( great ignorance to conv9ce p ( ! exi/5ce ( an invisible _w4' ,,9 ,,c>digan%ire2 ,,& ,a ,,folk-,,lori/',s ,,te/imony ,no "o ( our witnesses f ,c5tral ,wales is m intimately acqua9t$ ) ! liv+ folk-beliefs ?an ,mr4 ,j4 ,c]$ig ,davies1 ( ,llanil>1 a village ab\t six miles f ,ab]y/wy?2 = ,mr4 ,davies has sp5t _m ye>s 9 collect+ folk-lore 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,wales4 ,he has int]view$ ! olde/ & mo/ intellig5t ( ! old p1 & :ile ,i write ?is he has 9 ! press a "w entitl$ ,! ,folk-,lore ( ,mid & ,we/ ,wales4 ,mr4 ,davies v k9dly gave me ! foll[+ outl9e ( ! mo/ prom95t traits 9 ! ,wel% fairy-belief accord+ to 8 own inve/igations3-- ',tylwy? ,teg4'--',! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 consid]$ a v small p1 fond ( danc+1 especially on moonlight nights4 ,!y (t5 came to h\ses aft] ! family 7 ab$2 & if milk 0 left = !m1 !y w\ld leave money 9 return2 b if n treat$ k9dly !y 7 rev5geful4 ,! *angel+ idea 0 common3 ! "m com+ home w\ld f9d an ugly *angel+ 9 ! cradle4 ,sometimes ! "m w\ld consult ! ,dynion ,hysbys1 or ,wise ,m5 z to h[ to get h] babe back4 ,z a rule1 treat+ ! fairy babe r\ghly & !n ?r[+ x into a riv] w\ld cause ! fairy :o made ! *ange to appe> & re/ore ! real *ild 9 return = ! *angel+4' ',tylwy? ,teg' ,m>riage ,contracts4--',occasionally a "y man w\ld see ! ,tylwy? ,teg danc+1 &1 be+ drawn into ! dance1 w\ld be tak5 by !m & m>ri$ to "o ( _! wom54 ,!re is usually "s condition 9 ! m>riage contract :i* becomes brok51 &1 z a result1 ! fairy wife disappe>s--usually into a lake4 ,! m>riage contract specifies ei!r t ! husb& mu/ nev] t\* 8 fairy wife ) iron1 or else nev] beat or /rike h] ?ree times4 ,sometimes :5 fairy wives ?us disappe>1 !y take ) !m into ! lake _! fairy cattle & all _! h\sehold prop]ty4' ',tylwy? ,teg' ,habitations4--',! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 g5]ally look$ ^u z an immortal race4 ,9 ,c>digan%ire !y liv$ und]gr\nd2 9 ,c>m>!n%ire 9 lakes2 & 9 ,pembroke%ire along ! sea-coa/ on en*ant$ isl&s amid ! ,iri% ,sea4 ,i h he>d ( sailors ^u see+ su* isl&s try+ to rea* !m2 b :5 approa*$1 ! isl&s always disappe>$4 ,f a c]ta9 spot 9 ,pembroke%ire1 x is said t by /&+ on a turf tak5 f ! y>d ( ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral1 "o may see ! en*ant$ isl&s4'#eb ',tylwy? ,teg' z ,spirits ( ,druids4--',by _m ( ! old p ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 class$ ) spirits4 ,!y 7 n look$ ^u z mortal at all4 ,_m ( ! ,wel% look$ ^u ! ,tylwy? ,teg or fairies z ! spirits ( ,druids dead be=e ! "t ( ,*ri/1 :o be+ too good to be ca/ into ,hell 7 all[$ to w&] freely ab\t on e>?4' ,,te/imony ,,f ,a ,,wel%man ,,n9ety-,,f\r ,,ye>s ,,old ,at ,pontrhydf5digaid1 a village ab\t two miles f ! railway-/ation call$ ,/rata ,florida1 ,i _h ! good =tune to meet ,mr4 ,john ,jones1 n9ety-f\r ye>s old1 yet ( /rong physique1 & able to write 8 "n )\t eye-glasses4 ,bo? ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,davies1 ,regi/r> ( ! ,univ]sity ,college ( ,ab]y/wy?1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,c]$ig ,davies1 ! em95t folk-lori/ ( ,llanil>1 ref]r$ me to ,mr4 ,john ,jones z "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( liv+ ,wel%m5 :o c\ld tell ab\t ! old5 times f fir/-h& k4 ,mr4 ,john ,jones speaks v little ,engli%1 & ,mr4 ,john ,rees1 ( ! ,c\ncil ,s*ool1 act$ z our int]pret]4 ,?is is ! te/imony3-- ,pygmy-siz$ ',tylwy? ,teg'4--',i 0 born & br$ :]e !re 0 tradition t ! ,tylwy? ,teg liv$ 9 holes 9 ! hills1 & t none ( ^! ,tylwy? ,teg 0 tall] ?an ?ree to f\r feet4 ,x 0 a common idea t _m ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 =m+ 9 a r+1 w\ld dance & s+ out on ! m\nta9-sides1 or on ! pla91 & t if *ildr5 %\ld meet ) !m at su* a "t !y w\ld lose _! way & nev] get out ( ! r+4 ,if ! ,tylwy? ,teg fanci$ any p>ticul> *ild !y w\ld always keep t *ild1 tak+ (f its clo!s & putt+ !m on "o ( _! own *ildr51 :i* 0 !n left 9 its place4 ,!y took only boys1 nev] girls4' ,human-siz$ ',tylwy? ,teg'4--',a special sort ( ,tylwy? ,teg us$ to come out ( lakes & dance1 & _! f9e looks entic$ "y m5 to foll[ !m back into ! lakes1 & !re m>ry "o ( !m4 ,if ! husb& wi%$ to leave ! lake he _h to g )\t 8 fairy wife4 ,?is sort ( ,tylwy? ,teg 7 z big z ord9>y p2 & !y 7 (t5 se5 rid+ out ( ! lakes & back aga9 on horses4' ',tylwy? ,teg' z ,spirits ( ,prehi/oric ,race4--',my gr&fa!r told me t he 0 once 9 a c]ta9 field & he>d s++ 9 ! air1 & ?\ght x spirits s++4 ,soon aft]w>ds he & 8 bro!r 9 digg+ dikes 9 t field dug into a big hole1 :i* !y ent]$ & foll[$ to ! end4 ,!re !y f\nd a place full ( human bones & urns1 & naturally decid$ on acc\nt ( ! s++ t ! bones & urns 7 ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg4'#ec ,a ,boy's ,visit to ! ',tylwy? ,teg's' ,k+4--',ab\t eighty ye>s ago1 at ,tynylone1 my gr&fa!r told me ?is /ory3 ,a boy t5 ye>s old 0 (t5 :ipp$ & cruelly treat$ by 8 s*oolma/] because he c\ld n say 8 lessons v well4 ,s "o day he ran away f s*ool & w5t to a riv]-side1 :]e "s little folk came to him & ask$ :y he 0 cry+4 ,he told !m ! ma/] _h puni%$ him2 & on he>+ ?is !y said1 ',oh6 if y w /ay ) u x w n be necess>y = y to g to s*ool4 ,we w keep y z long z y l4' ,!n !y took him "u ! wat] & ov] ! wat] into a cave und]gr\nd1 :i* op5$ into a great palace :]e ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 play+ games ) gold5 balls1 9 r+s l ^? 9 :i* !y dance & s+4 ,! boy _h be5 tak5 to ! k+'s family1 & he began to play ) ! k+'s sons4 ,aft] he _h be5 !re 9 ! palace 9 ! full enjoym5t ( all its pleasures he wi%$ v mu* to return to 8 "m & %[ h] ! gold5 ball :i* ! ,tylwy? ,teg gave him4 ,& s he took ! ball 9 8 pocket & hurri$ ?r\gh ! cave ! way he _h come2 b at ! end ( x & by ! riv] two ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg met him1 & tak+ ! ball away f him !y pu%$ him into ! wat]1 & ?r\gh ! wat] he f\nd 8 way home4 ,he told 8 "m h[ he _h be5 away = a =tnight1 z he ?\ght1 b %e told him x _h be5 = two ye>s4 ,?\gh ! boy (t5 tri$ to f9d ! way back to ! ,tylwy? ,teg he nev] c\ld4 ,f9ally1 he w5t back to s*ool1 & became a mo/ wond]ful s*ol> & p>son4'#ed ,,9 ,,m]l9',s ,,c\ntry2 ,,& ,a ,,vic>',s ,,te/imony ,! ,rev4 ,t4 ,m4 ,morgan1 vic> ( ,new*ur* p>i%1 two miles f ,c>m>!n1 has made a v c>eful /udy ( ! folk-traditions 9 8 own p>i% & 9 o!r regions ( ,c>m>!n%ire1 & is able to (f] u evid5ce ( ! highe/ value1 z foll[s3--#ee ',tylwy? ,teg' ,p[] ov] ,*ildr54--',! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 ?\ght to be able to take *ildr54 ,y m9d1 or ! ,tylwy? ,teg w take y away1 p>5ts w\ld say to keep _! *ildr5 9 ! h\se aft] d>k4 ,x 0 an op9ion1 too1 t ! ,tylwy? ,teg c\ld trans=m good *ildr5 into k+s & que5s1 & bad *ildr5 into wick$ spirits1 aft] su* *ildr5 _h be5 tak5--p]haps 9 dea?4 ,! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 believ$ to live 9 "s invisible _w to :i* *ildr5 on dy+ might g to be rew>d$ or puni%$1 accord+ to _! behavi\r on ?is e>?4 ,ev5 9 ?is life ! ,tylwy? ,teg _h p[] ov] *ildr5 = good or evil4 ,! belief1 z ^! ideas %[1 0 t ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 spirits4' ',tylwy? ,teg' z ,evil ,spirits4--,a few days aft] my return to ,ox=d1 ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,m4 ,morgan1 ?r\gh 8 son1 ,mr4 ,basil ,i4 ,morgan1 ( ,jesus ,college1 plac$ 9 my h&s additional folk-lore evid5ce f 8 own p>i%1 z foll[s3--',aft] ,mr4 ,w5tz visit$ me on ,?ursday1 ,septemb] #cj1 #aiji1 ,i w5t to see ,mr4 ,%em ,morgan1 ! occupi] ( ,cwmca/ellfa* f>m1 an old man ab\t sev5ty ye>s old4 ,he told me t 9 8 *ildhood days a great dread ( ! fairies occupi$ ! he>t ( e *ild4 ,!y 7 consid]$ to be evil spirits :o visit$ our _w at night1 & dang]\s to come 9 contact )2 !re 7 no good spirits among !m4 ,he relat$ to me ?ree n>ratives t\*+ ! fairies'3-- ',tylwy? ,teg's' ,pa?4--,! fir/ n>rative illu/rates t ! ,tylwy? ,teg h pa?s 7precisely l ^? res]v$ = ! ,iri% good p or = ! ,breton dead71 & t x is dea? to a mortal :ile walk+ 9 "o ( ^! pa?s to meet ! ,tylwy? ,teg4 ',tylwy? ,teg' ,div9ation4--,! second n>rative ,i quote3--',a f>m] ( ?is neighb\rhood hav+ lo/ 8 cattle1 w5t to consult y dyn hysbys 7a div9]71 9 ,c>digan%ire1 :o 0 fri5dly ) ! fairies4 ,:5ev] ! fairies visit$ ! div9] !y =etold future ev5ts1 secrets1 & ! :]eab\ts ( lo/ prop]ty4 ,aft] ! f>m] rea*$ ! div9]'s h\se ! div9] %[$ him ! fairies1 & !n :5 ! div9] _h consult$ !m he told ! f>m] to g home z soon z he c\ld & t he w\ld f9d ! cattle 9 su* & su* a place4 ,! f>m] did z he 0 direct$1 & f\nd ! cattle 9 ! v place :]e ! dyn hysbys told him !y w\ld be4' ,& ! ?ird n>rative ass]ts t a man 9 ! p>i% ( ,trele* :o 0 fraudul5tly exclud$ by means ( a false w f inh]it+ ! e/ate ( 8 deceas$ fa!r1 discov]$ ! defraud] & recov]$ ! e/ate1 solely ?r\gh hav+ foll[$ ! advice giv5 by ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 :5 7aga9 z 9 ! above acc\nt7 !y 7 call$ up z spirits by a dyn hysbys1 a ,mr4 ,h>ries1 ( ,cwrt y ,cadno1 a place ne> ,ab]y/wy?4#ef ,,te/imony ,,f ,a ,,ju/ice ,,( ,,! ,,peace ,mr4 ,david ,williams1 ,j4,p41 :o is a memb] ( ! ,cymmrodorion ,society ( ,c>m>!n1 & :o has sat on ! judicial b5* = t5 ye>s1 (f]s u ! v valuable evid5ce :i* foll[s3-- ',tylwy? ,teg' & _! ,k+ & ,que54--',! g5]al idea1 z ,i rememb] x1 0 t ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 only visitors to ?is _w1 & _h no t]re/rial habitations4 ,!y 7 z small 9 /ature z dw>fs1 & always appe>$ 9 :ite4 ,(t5 at night !y danc$ 9 r+s amid gre5 fields4 ,mo/ ( !m 7 females1 ?\gh !y _h a k+2 &1 z _! "n sugge/s1 !y 7 v beautiful 9 appe>ance4 ,! k+ ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg 0 call$ ,gwydion ab ,don1 ,gwyd ref]r+ to a temp]am5t 9 man's nature4 ,8 resid5ce 0 among ! />s1 & call$ ,ca] ,gwydion4 ,8 que5 0 ,gw5hidw4 ,i h he>d my "m call ! small fleece-l cl\ds :i* appe> 9 f9e wea!r ! ,%eep ( ,gw5hidw4'#eg ',tylwy? ,teg' z ,a]ial ,be+s4--,mr4 ,williams's te/imony cont9ues1 & leads u directly to ! ,psy*ological or ,psy*ical ,!ory3--',z a]ial be+s ! ,tylwy? ,teg c\ld fly & move ab\t 9 ! air at w4 ,!y 7 a special ord] ( creation4 ,i nev] he>d t !y grew old2 & :e!r !y multipli$ or n ,i _c tell4 ,9 "* !y 7 almo/ always good4' ,gho/s & ,app>itions4--,our conv]sation f9ally drift$ t[>ds gho/s & app>itions1 z usual1 & to ,druids4 ,9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ,re-bir? 7pp4 #cij-a7 we %all record :at ,mr4 ,williams said ab\t ,druids1 & "h :at he said ab\t gho/s & app>itions3--',sixty ye>s ago !re 0 h>dly an individual :o did n believe 9 app>itions2 & 9 old5 times ,wel% families w\ld collect r\nd ! fire at night & ea* 9 turn give a /ory ab\t ! ,tylwy? ,teg & gho/s4' ,conf]r+ ,vision ( a ,phantom ,fun]al4--',!re us$ to be an old man at ,new*ur* nam$ ,david ,davis 7:o liv$ ab\t #aghj-ahdj71 ( ,ab]nant1 not$ = see+ phantom fun]als4 ,"o appe>$ to him once :5 he 0 ) a fri5d4 ,d y see x8 ,d y see x8 ! old man excit$ly ask$4 ,no1 said 8 fri5d4 ,!n ! old man plac$ 8 foot on 8 fri5d's foot1 & said1 ,d y see x n[8 ,& ! fri5d repli$ t he did4'#eh ,magic & ,wit*craft4--,f9ally1 we %all he> f ,mr4 ,williams ab\t ,wel% magic & wit*craft1 :i* _c sci5tifically be divorc$ f ! belief 9 fairies & app>itions3--',!re us$ to be mu* wit*craft 9 ?is c\ntry2 & x 0 fully believ$ t "s m51 if advanc$ s*ol>s1 _h ! p[] to injure or to bewit* _! neighb\rs by magic4 ,! m advanc$ ! s*ol> ! bett] he c\ld c>ry on 8 craft4' ,,additional ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,c>m>!n%ire ,my fri5d1 & fell[ /ud5t at ,jesus ,college1 ,mr4 ,p]cival ,v4 ,davies1 ( ,c>m>!n1 contributes1 z supplem5t>y to :at has be5 record$ above1 ! foll[+ evid5ce1 f 8 great-aunt1 ,mrs4 ,spurrell1 also ( ,c>m>!n1 a native ,wel%woman :o has se5 a canwyll gorff 7corpse-c&le73-- ,b5di? y ,mamau4--',9 ! ,c>m>!n%ire c\ntry1 fairies 7,tylwy? ,teg7 are (t5 call$ ,b5di? y ,mamau1 ! ,mo!rs' ,bless+4' ,h[ ,t5 ,*ildr5 ,became ,fairies4--',our ,"l1 9 ! days :5 ,he walk$ ! e>?1 *anc$ "o day to approa* a cottage 9 :i* liv$ a woman ) tw5ty *ildr54 ,feel+ a%am$ ( ! size ( h] family1 %e hid half ( !m f ! sight ( h] div9e visitor4 ,on ,8 dep>ture %e s\ght = ! hidd5 *ildr5 9 va92 !y _h become fairies & _h disappe>$4' ,,9 ,,pembroke%ire2 ,,at ,,! ,,p5tre ,,evan ,,cromle* ,our ,pembroke%ire witness is a maid5 ,wel%woman1 sixty ye>s old1 :o speaks no ,engli%1 b a univ]sity graduate1 h] nephew1 w act z our int]pret]4 ,%e 0 born & has liv$ all h] life )9 sight ( ! fam\s ,p5tre ,evan ,cromle*1 9 ! home ( h] ance/ors1 :i* is s anci5t t aft] six c5turies ( its kn[n exi/5ce fur!r record ( x is lo/4 ,9 spite ( h] sixty ye>s1 our witness is z active z _m a city woman ( =ty or =ty-five4 ,s9ce h] girlhood %e has he>d curi\s leg5ds & /ories1 &1 ) a m ?an ord9>y int]e/ 9 ! lore ( h] native c\ntry1 has treasur$ !m all 9 h] cle> & well-tra9$ memory4 ,! fir/ night1 :ile ?is well-/or$ memory ( h]s gave =? "s ( its treasures1 we sat 9 h] own home1 ,i & my fri5d1 h] nephew1 on "o side 9 a *imney-seat1 & %e & h] niece on ! o!r side 9 ano!r1 expos$ to ! *e]ful gl[ & w>m? ( ! fire4 ,:5 we _h f9i%$ t fir/ night x 0 two o'clock1 & !re _h be5 no int]ruption to ! ev5 fl[ ( m>vels & pretty leg5ds4 ,a second night we sp5t likewise4 ,:at foll[s n[ is ! result1 s f> z we are conc]n$ ) x3-- ,fairies & ,spirits4--',spirits & fairies exi/ all r\nd u1 invisible4 ,fairies h no solid bodily sub/ance4 ,_! =ms are ( matt] l gho/ly bodies1 & on ?is acc\nt !y _c be caught4 ,9 ! twilight !y are (t5 se51 & on moonlight nights 9 summ]4 ,only c]ta9 p c see fairies1 & su* p hold communication ) !m & h deal+s ) !m1 b x is difficult to get !m to talk ab\t fairies4 ,i ?9k ! spirits ab\t u are ! fall5 angels1 = :5 old ,doctor ,h>ris di$ 8 books on wit*craft _h to be burn$ 9 ord] to free ! place :]e he liv$ f evil spirits4 ,! fairies1 too1 are sometimes call$ ! fall5 angels4 ,!y w d good to ^? :o befri5d !m1 & h>m to o!rs4 ,i ?9k !re mu/ be an int]m$iate /ate betwe5 life on e>? & heav5ly life1 & x may be 9 ?is t spirits & fairies live4 ,!re are two di/9ct types ( spirits3 "o is good & ! o!r is bad4 ,i h he>d ( p go+ to ! fairies & f9d+ t ye>s pass$ z days1 b ,i d n believe 9 *angel+s1 ?\gh !re are /ories en\gh ab\t !m4 ,t !re are fairies & o!r spirits l !m1 bo? good & bad1 ,i firmly believe4 ,my "m us$ to tell ab\t see+ ! fair-folk danc+ 9 ! fields ne> ,c>digan2 & o!r p h se5 !m r\nd ! cromle* up !re on ! hill 7! ,p5tre ,evan ,cromle*74 ,!y appe>$ z little *ildr5 9 clo!s l soldi]s' clo!s1 & ) r$ caps1 accord+ to "s acc\nts4' ,dea?-,c&les ,describ$4--',i h se5 m ?an "o dea?-c&le4 ,i saw "o dea?-c&le "r "h 9 ?is room :]e we are sitt+ & talk+4' ,i 0 told by ! nephew & niece ( our pres5t witness t ?is p>ticul> dea?-c&le took an untrodd5 c\rse f ! h\se across ! fields to ! grave-y>d1 & t :5 ! dea? ( "o ( ! family occurr$ soon aft]w>ds1 _! aunt insi/$ t ! corpse %\ld be c>ri$ by exactly ! same r\te2 s ! road 0 ab&on$ & ! fun]al w5t ?r\gh ! pl\gh$ fields4 ,"h is ! description ( ! dea?-c&le z ! aunt gave x 9 response to our reque/3--',! dea?-c&le appe>s l a pat* ( bright light2 & no matt] h[ d>k ! room or place is1 ev]y?+ 9 x is z cle> z day4 ,! c&le is n a flame1 b a lum9\s mass1 lighti% blue 9 col\r1 :i* dances z ?\gh borne by an invisible ag5cy1 & sometimes x rolls ov] & ov]4 ,if y g up to ! light x is no?+1 = x is a _s4 ,ne> "h a light z big z a pot 0 se51 & rays %ot out f x 9 all directions4 ,! man y saw "h 9 ! h\se to-day1 "o night z he 0 go+ along ! road ne> ,nev]n1 saw ! dea?-light ( old ,dr4 ,h>ris1 & says x 0 lighti% gre54' ,gors ,go* ,fairies4--,n[ we began to he> m ab\t fairies3--',"o night !re came a /range rapp+ at ! door ( ! anci5t manor on ! ,gors ,go* f>m ov] 9 ,c>digan%ire1 & ! fa!r ( ! family ask$ :at 0 want$4 ,?91 silv]y voices said !y want$ a w>m place 9 :i* to dress _! *ildr5 & to tidy !m up4 ,! door op5$ !n1 & 9 came a doz5 or m little be+s1 :o at once set !mselves to hunt+ = a bas9 & wat]1 & to clean+ !mselves4 ,at daybreak !y dep>t$1 leav+ a pretty gift 9 return = ! k9dness4 ,9 ?is same h\se at ano!r "t1 :e!r by ! same p>ty ( little be+s or by ano!r c\ld n be told1 a heal?y *ild ( ! family 0 *ang$ because he 0 unbaptiz$1 & a frightful-look+ *ild left 9 8 place4 ,! "m f9ally di$ ( grief1 & ! o!r *ildr5 di$ because ( ! loss ( _! "m1 & ! fa!r 0 left alone4 ,!n "s "t aft] ?is1 ! same little folks :o came ! fir/ "t return$ to clean up1 & :5 !y dep>t$1 9 place ( _! =m] gifts ( silv]1 left a gift ( gold4 ,x 0 n long be=e ! fa!r became heir to a ri* f>m 9 ,nor? ,wales1 & go+ to live on x became a magician1 = ! little p1 /ill befri5d+ him1 reveal$ !mselves 9 _! true nature & taught him all _! secrets4' ,levi ,salmon's ,control ( ,spirits4--',levi ,salmon1 :o liv$ ab\t ?irty ye>s ago1 betwe5 "h & ,newport1 0 a magician1 & c\ld call up good & bad spirits2 b 0 afraid to call up ! bad ones unless ano!r p]son 0 ) him1 = x 0 a dang]\s & t]rible ordeal4 ,aft] consult+ c]ta9 books :i* he _h1 he w\ld draw a circle on ! floor1 & 9 a little :ile spirits l bulls & s]p5ts & o!r animals w\ld appe> 9 x1 & all sorts ( spirits w\ld speak4 ,x 0 n safe to g ne> !m2 & to control !m ,levi held a :ip 9 8 h&4 ,he w\ld nev] let !m cross ! circle4 ,& :5 he want$ !m to g away he always _h to ?r[ some?+ to ! *ief _s4' ,! ,haunt$ ,manor & ! ,gold5 ,image4--,i (f] n[1 9 my own language1 ! foll[+ rem>kable /ory3--,! anci5t manor-h\se on ! ,trew]n ,f>m 7less ?an a mile f ! ,p5tre ,evan ,cromle*7 _h be5 haunt$ z long z anybody c\ld rememb]4 ,/range noises 7 (t5 he>d 9 x1 di%es w\ld dance ab\t ( _! own accord1 & sometimes a lady dress$ 9 silk appe>$4 ,_m attempts 7 made to lay ! gho/s1 b none succe$$4 ,f9ally ?+s got s bad t nobody want$ to live !re4 ,ab\t eighty ye>s ago ! sole occupants ( ! haunt$ h\se 7 ,mr4 ---- & 8 two s]vants4 ,at ! "t1 x 0 well kn[n 9 ! neighb\rhood t all at once ,mr4 ---- became v weal?y1 & 8 s]vants seem$ able to buy :atev] !y want$4 ,ev]ybody wond]$1 b no "o c\ld tell :]e ! money came f2 = at fir/ he 0 a poor man1 & he c\ldn't h made mu* (f ! f>m4 ,! secret only leak$ out ?r\gh "o ( ! s]vants aft] ,mr4 ---- 0 dead4 ,! s]vant decl>$ to c]ta9 fri5ds t "o ( ! gho/s1 or1 z he ?\ght1 ! ,devil1 appe>$ to ,mr4 ---- & told him !re 0 an image ( great value wall$ up 9 ! room ov] ! ma9 entrance to ! manor4 ,a se>* 0 made1 &1 sure en\gh1 a l>ge image ( solid gold 0 f\nd 9 ! v place indicat$1 built into a recess 9 ! wall4 ,mr4 ---- b\nd ! s]vants to secrecy1 & began to turn ! image into money4 ,he w\ld cut (f small pieces ( ! image1 "o at a "t1 & take !m to ,london & sell !m4 ,9 ?is way he sold ! :ole image1 & nobody 0 ! wis]4 ,aft] ! image 0 f\nd & dispos$ (1 gho/s 7 no long] se5 9 ! h\se1 nor 7 unusual noises he>d 9 x at night4 ,! "o ?+ :i* beyond all d\bt is true is t :5 ,mr4 ---- di$ he left 8 son an e/ate wor? ab\t #ej1jjj 7an am\nt probably greatly 9 excess ( ! true "o72 & p h always wond]$ ev] s9ce :]e x came f1 if n 9 "p f ! gold5 image4#ei ,hundr$s ( p>allel /ories 9 :i*1 in/ead ( gho/s1 fairies & demons are said to h reveal$ hidd5 treasure c\ld be cit$4 ,,9 ,,! ,,g[] ,,p59sula1 ,,glamorgan%ire ,our inve/igations 9 ,glamorgan%ire cov] ! mo/ int]e/+ "p1 ! p59sula ( ,g[]1 :]e !re are peculi> folk-lore conditions1 due to its pres5t population be+ by ance/ry ,engli% & ,flemi% z well z ,corni% & ,wel%4 ,despite ?is race admixture1 ,bry?onic beliefs h g5]ally surviv$ 9 ,g[] ev5 among ! non-,celts2 & because ( ! ,corni% elem5t !re are pixies1 z %[n by ! foll[+ /ory relat$ to me 9 ,swansea by ,mr4 ----1 a well-kn[n m9+ eng9e]3-- ,pixies4--',at ,newton1 ne> ! ,mumbles 79 ,g[]71 an old woman1 "s tw5ty ye>s ago1 assur$ me t %e _h se5 ! pixies4 ,h] fa!r's grey m>e 0 /&+ 9 ! trap be=e ! h\se ready to take "s produce to ! ,swansea m>ket1 & :5 ! "t = dep>ture arriv$ ! pixies _h come1 b no "o save ! old woman c\ld see !m4 ,%e describ$ !m to me z l t9y m5 danc+ on ! m>e's back & climb+ up along ! m>e's mane4 ,%e ?\ght ! pixies "s k9d ( spirits :o made _! appe>ance 9 e>ly morn+2 & all mi%aps to c[s %e attribut$ to !m4' ,,te/imony ,,f ,,an ,,ar*aeologi/ ,! ,rev4 ,john ,david ,davis1 rector ( ,llanmadoc & ,*]iton p>i%es1 & a memb] ( ! ,cambrian ,ar*aeological ,society1 has pass$ _m ye>s 9 /udy+ ! antiquities & folk-lore ( ,g[]1 be+ ! au?or ( v>i\s antiqu>ian works2 & he is )\t d\bt ! olde/ & be/ liv+ au?ority to aid u4 ,! ,rector v will+ly (f]s ?is te/imony3-- ,pixies & ',v]ry ,volk'4--',9 ?is "p ( ,g[]1 ! "n ,tylwy? ,teg is nev] us$ to describe fairies2 ,v]ry ,volk is us$ in/ead4 ,"s sixty ye>s ago1 z ,i c rememb]1 !re 0 belief 9 su* fairies "h 9 ,g[]1 b n[ !re is almo/ none4 ,belief 9 app>itions /ill exi/s to "s ext5t4 ,"o may also he> ( a p]son be+ pixy-l$2 ! pixies may cause a travell] to lose 8 way at night if he crosses a field :]e !y happ5 to be4 ,to take y\r coat (f & turn x inside out w break ! pixy spell4#fj ,! ,v]ry ,volk 7 always little p dress$ 9 sc>let & gre52 & !y g5]ally %[$ !mselves danc+ on moonlight nights4 ,i nev] he>d ( _! mak+ *angel+s1 ?\gh !y _h ! p[] ( do+ good or evil acts1 & x 0 a v risky ?+ to (f5d !m4 ,by nature !y 7 b5evol5t4' ,a ',v]ry ,volk' ,fea/4--',i he>d ! foll[+ /ory _m ye>s ago3--,! t5ant on ! ,eynons=d ,f>m "h 9 ,g[] _h a dream "o night1 & 9 x ?\ght he he>d s(t sweet music & ! patt] ( danc+ feet4 ,wak+ up1 he beheld 8 c[-%$1 :i* op5$ (f 8 b$room1 fill$ ) a multitude ( little be+s1 ab\t "o foot high1 sw>m+ all ov] 8 fat ox1 & !y 7 prep>+ to slaught] ! ox4 ,he 0 s surpris$ t he c\ld n move4 ,9 a %ort "t ! ,v]ry ,volk _h kill$1 dress$1 & eat5 ! animal4 ,! fea/ be+ ov]1 !y collect$ ! hide & bones1 except "o v small leg-bone :i* !y c\ld n f9d1 plac$ !m 9 position1 !n /ret*$ ! hide ov] !m2 &1 z ! f>m] look$1 ! ox appe>$ z s\nd & fat z ev]1 b :5 he let x out to pa/ure 9 ! morn+ he obs]v$ t x _h a slight lam5ess 9 ! leg lack+ ! miss+ bone4'#fa ,,fairies ,,among ,,g[] ,,engli% ,,folk ,! population ( ! ,llanmadoc region ( ,g[] are g5]ally ,engli% by ance/ry & spee*2 & n until rea*+ ,llanmorlais1 beyond ,llanridian1 did ,i f9d any?+ l an orig9al ,celtic & ,wel%-speak+ p1 & ^! may h come into t "p )9 comp>atively rec5t times2 & yet1 z ! above place-names t5d to prove1 9 e>ly days all ^! regions mu/ h be5 ,wel%4 ,x may be argu$1 h[ev]1 t ?is ,engli%-speak+ population may be m ,celtic ?an ,saxon1 ev5 ?\gh emigrants f ,engl&4 ,9 any case1 we c see ) int]e/ h[ ?is s-call$ ,engli% population n[ e*o ,bry?onic beliefs :i* !y appe> to h adopt$ 9 ,g[]1 possibly sympa!tically ?r\gh race k9%ip2 & ! foll[+ te/imony (f]$ by ,miss ,s>ah ,j5k9s1 po/mi/ress ( ,llanmadoc1 w enable u to d s3-- ,danc+ ) ,fairies4--',a man1 ^: ,*ri/ian "n 0 ,william1 0 entic$ by ! fairy folk to ent] _! dance1 z he 0 on 8 way to ! ,swansea m>ket 9 ! e>ly morn+4 ,!y kept him danc+ "s "t1 & !n said to him be=e !y let him g1 ,w dance well2 ! la/ go+ to m>ket & ! fir/ t %all sell4 ,& ?\gh he arriv$ at ! m>ket v late1 he 0 ! fir/ to sell any?+4' ,fairy ,money4--',an old woman1 :om ,i knew1 us$ to f9d money left by ! fairies e "t !y visit$ h] h\se4 ,= a long "t %e obs]v$ _! reque/1 & told no "o ab\t ! money2 b at la/ %e told1 & s nev] f\nd money aft]w>ds4' ,nature ( ,fairies4--',! fairies 7v]ry volk7 7 believ$ to h pl5ty ( music & danc+4 ,sometimes !y appe>$ dress$ 9 bright r$4 ,!y c\ld appe> & disappe> sudd5ly1 & no "o c\ld tell h[ or :]e4' ,,conclusion ,mu* m might easily be said ab\t ,wel% gobl9s1 ab\t ,wel% fairies :o live 9 caves1 or ab\t ,wel% fairy wom5 :o come out ( lakes & riv]s1 or :o are ! presid+ spirits ( sacr$ wells & f\nta9s1#fb b ^! w h "s consid]ation lat]1 9 ,section ,,iii4 ,= ! purposes ( ! pres5t inquiry en\gh evid5ce has be5 (f]$ to %[ ! fundam5tal "* ( ,bry?onic fairy-folk z we h f\nd !m4 ,& we c v appropriately close ?is inquiry by all[+ our ,wel%-speak+ witness f ! ,p5tre ,evan c\ntry1 ,pembroke%ire1 to tell u "o ( ! prettie/ & mo/ int]e/+ fairy-tales 9 all ,wales4 ,! "n ( ,taliess9 appe>+ 9 x leads u to suspect t x may be ! remnant ( an anci5t b>dic tale :i* has be5 h&$ d[n orally = c5turies4 ,x w s]ve to illu/rate ! m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! %ort conv]sational /ories ( ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai? & ! long]1 m poli%$ ones ( ! traditional ,fairy-,fai?2 & we %all see 9 x h[ a lit]>y effect is ga9$ at ! exp5se ( ! real "* ( ! fairies !mselves1 = x trans=ms !m into mortals3-- ,e9ion & ,olw54--',my "m told ! /ory z %e us$ to sit by ! fire 9 ! twilight knitt+ /ock+s3--,"o day :5 x 0 cl\dy & mi/y1 a %eph]d boy go+ to ! m\nta9s lo/ 8 way & walk$ ab\t = h\rs4 ,at la/ he came to a holl[ place surr\nd$ by ru%es :]e he saw a numb] ( r\nd r+s4 ,he recogniz$ ! place z "o he _h (t5 he>d ( z dang]\s = %eph]ds1 because ( ! r+s4 ,he tri$ to get away f !re1 b he c\ld n4 ,!n an old1 m]ry1 blue-ey$ man appe>$4 ,! boy1 ?9k+ to f9d 8 way home1 foll[$ ! old man1 & ! old man said to him1 ',d n speak a ^w till ,i tell y4' ,9 a little :ile !y came to a m5hir 7long /one74 ,! old man tapp$ x ?ree times1 & !n lift$ x up4 ,a n>r[ pa? ) /eps desc5d+ 0 reveal$1 & f x em]g$ a blui%-:ite light4 ',foll[ me1' said ! old man1 'no h>m w come to y4' ,! boy did s1 & x 0 n long be=e he saw a f9e1 wood$1 f]tile c\ntry ) a beautiful palace1 & riv]s & m\nta9s4 ,he rea*$ ! palace & 0 en*ant$ by ! s++ ( birds4 ,music ( all sorts 0 9 ! palace1 b he saw no p4 ,at meals di%es came & disappe>$ ( _! own accord4 ,he c\ld he> voices all ab\t him1 b saw no p]son except ! old man--:o said t n[ he c\ld speak4 ,:5 he tri$ to speak he f\nd t he c\ld n move 8 tongue4 ,soon an old lady ) smiles came to him lead+ ?ree beautiful maid5s1 & :5 ! maid5s saw ! %eph]d boy !y smil$ & spoke1 b he c\ld n reply4 ,!n "o ( ! girls kiss$ him2 & all at once he began to conv]se freely & mo/ wittily4 ,9 ! full enjoym5t ( ! m>vell\s c\ntry he liv$ ) ! maid5s 9 ! palace a day & a ye>1 n ?9k+ x m ?an a day1 = !re 0 no reckon+ ( "t 9 t l&4 ,:5 ! day & ! ye> 7 up1 a long+ to see 8 old acqua9tances came on him2 & ?ank+ ! old man = 8 k9dness1 he ask$ if he c\ld return home4 ,! old man said to him1 ',wait a little :ile'2 & s he wait$4 ,! maid5 :o _h kiss$ him 0 unwill+ to h him g2 b :5 he promis$ h] to return1 %e s5t him (f load$ ) ri*es4 ',at home n "o ( 8 p or old fri5ds knew him4 ,ev]ybody believ$ t he _h be5 kill$ by ano!r %eph]d4 ,& ?is %eph]d _h be5 accus$ ( ! murd] & _h fl$ to ,am]ica4 ',on ! fir/ day ( ! new moon ! boy rememb]$ 8 promise1 & return$ to ! o!r c\ntry2 & !re 0 great rejoic+ 9 ! beautiful palace :5 he arriv$4 ,e9ion1 = t 0 ! boy's "n1 & ,olw51 = t 0 ! girl's "n1 n[ want$ to m>ry2 b !y _h to g ab\t x quietly & half secretly1 = ! fair-folk dislike c]emony & noise4 ,:5 ! m>riage 0 ov]1 ,e9ion wi%$ to g back ) ,olw5 to ! upp] _w4 ,s two sn[-:ite ponies 7 giv5 !m1 & !y 7 all[$ to dep>t4 ',!y rea*$ ! upp] _w safely2 &1 be+ possess$ ( unlimit$ weal?1 liv$ mo/ h&somely on a great e/ate :i* came into _! possession4 ,a son 0 born to !m1 & he 0 call$ ,taliess94 ,p soon began to ask = ,olw5's p$igree1 & z none 0 giv5 x 0 tak5 = grant$ t %e 0 "o ( ! fair-folk4 ',yes1 inde$1' said ,e9ion1 '!re is no d\bt t %e is "o ( ! fair-folk1 !re is no d\bt t %e is "o ( ! v fair-folk1 = %e has two si/]s z pretty z %e is1 & if y saw !m all toge!r y w\ld admit t ! "n is a suitable "o4' ,& ?is is ! orig9 ( ! t]m fair-folk 7,tylwy? ,teg74' ,f ,wales we g to ! ne>e/ ,bry?onic c\ntry1 ,cornwall1 to /udy ! fairy-folk !re4 ,,vi4 ,,9 ,,cornwall ,introduction by ,,h5ry ,,j5n]1 ,memb] ( ! ,gors$d ( ! ,b>ds ( ,brittany2 ,fell[ & ,local ,secret>y = ,cornwall ( ! ,society ( ,antiqu>ies2 au?or ( ,a ,h&book ( ! ,corni% ,language1 c4 ,9 ,cornwall ! leg5ds ( giants1 ( sa9ts1 or ( ,ar?ur & 8 knights1 ! obs]vances & sup]/itions connect$ ) ! prehi/oric /one monum5ts1 holy wells1 m9es1 & ! l1 ! /ories ( subm]g$ or buri$ cities1 & ! fragm5ts ( :at w\ld seem to be pre-,*ri/ian fai?s1 h no d\bt occasional po9ts ( contact ) ,corni% fairy leg5ds1 b !y d n help to expla9 ! fairies v mu*4 ,yet c]ta9 x is t n only 9 ,cornwall & o!r ,celtic l&s1 b ?r\gh\t mo/ ( ! _w1 a belief 9 fairies exi/s or has exi/$1 & s widespread a belief mu/ h a reason = x1 ?\gh n necess>ily a good "o4 ,t :i* ) unconsci\s hum\r m5 g5]ally call 'education' has 9 ^! days caus$ ^? l[] classes1 to :om ! deposit ( ?is fai? 0 entru/$1 to be a%am$ ( x1 & to despise & endeav\r to =get x4 ,& s n[ 9 ,cornwall1 z else:]e at t e>li] outbreak ( ,phili/9ism1 ! ,re=mation1 ,f haunt$ spr+ & grassy r+ ,troop gobl91 elf & fairy1 ,& ! kelpie mu/ flit f ! black bog-pit1 ,& ! br[nie mu/ n t>ry4 ,b1 9 spite ( ,prote/antism1 s*ool-bo>ds1 & education committees1 'pisky-p[s' are /ill plac$ on ! ridge-tiles ( ,we/ ,corni% cottages1 to propitiate ! piskies & give !m a danc+-place1 le/ !y %\ld turn ! milk s\r1 & ,/4 ,j & ,morvah folk are /ill 'pisky-l$' on ! ,gump 7an n ,gumpas1 ! ,level ,d[n1 betwe5 ,*n ,ca/le & ,c>n ,k5idjack71 & m r>ely ,/4 ,columb & ,ro*e folk on ,goss ,moor4 ,x w n d to say t x is only ano!r =m ( ':isky-l$'4 ,t is an evid5tly mod]n explanation1 inv5t$ s9ce ! sub/itution ( /range ,scotti% & ,iri% dr9ks = ! good ',nantes' & :olesome ',plym\?' ( old "t1 & x does n fit 9 ) ! ph5om5a4 ,x 0 only la/ w9t]1 9 a cottage n a hundr$ y>ds f :]e ,i am writ+1 t milk 0 set at night = piskies1 :o _h be5 knock+ on walls & g5]ally mak+ nuisances ( !mselves4 ,app>5tly ! piskies only drank ! 'a/ral' "p ( ! milk 7:atev] t may be7 & !n ! neighb\r+ cats drank :at 0 left1 & x disagre$ ) !m4 ,i _c v\* = ! tru? ( ! "p ab\t ! piskies & ! 'a/ral' milk--,i give x z x 0 told to me by ! occupant ( ! cottage1 :o 0 n unacqua9t$ ) 'occult' t]m9ology--b ,i d "k t ! milk 0 consum$1 & t ! cats1 "o ( :i* 0 my own1 7 ) "o accord unwell all ov] ! place4 ,b = ! pres5t purpose x does n matt] :e!r ^! ?+s really happ5$ or n4 ,! po9t is t p ?\ght !y happ5$4 ,rob]t ,hunt1 9 8 ,popul> ,romances ( ! ,we/ ( ,engl&1 divid$ ! fairies ( ,corni% folk-lore into five classes3 7#a7 ! ,small ,p2 7#b7 ! ,spriggans2 7#c7 ! ,piskies2 7#d7 ! ,buccas1 ,bockles1 or ,knock]s2 7#e7 ! ,br[nies4 ,?is is an incorrect classification4 ,! ,pobel ,vean or ,small ,p1 ! ,spriggans1 & ! ,piskies are n really di/+ui%able f "o ano!r4 ,bucca1 :o prop]ly is b "o1 is a deity n a fairy1 & x is said t at ,newlyn1 ! great seat ( 8 wor%ip1 (f]+s ( fi% are /ill left on ! bea* = him4 ,8 "n is ! ,wel% pwca1 :i* is probably ',puck'1 ?\gh ,%akespe>e's ,puck 0 j a pisky1 & x may be connect$ ) ! g5]al ,slavonic ^w ,bog1 ,god2 s t if1 z "s say1 buccaboo is really meant = ,bucca-du1 ,black ,bucca1 ?is may be an equival5t ( ,cz]nobog1 ! ,black ,god1 :o 0 ! ,ahriman ( ,slavonic dualism1 & ,bucca-widn 7,:ite ,bucca71 :i* is r>]1 ?\gh ! expression does come into a ,/4 ,levan /ory1 may be ! correspond+ ,bielobog4 ,bockle1 :i* p]sonally ,i h nev] he>d us$1 sugge/s ! ,scotti% bogle1 & bo? may be dim9utives ( bucca1 bog1 bogie1 or bug1 ! la/ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* "o ,engli% v]sion translates ! timor nocturnus ( ,psalm ,,xc4 #e1 n 9 t ( cimex lectul>ius4 ,b bockle & br[nie are probably bo? =eign importations borr[$ f books1 ?\gh a 'br[nie' eo nom9e has be5 report$ f ,s5n5 )9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s4 ,! ,knock]s or ,knack]s are m9e-spirits1 q unconnect$ ) ,bucca or bogles4 ,! /ory1 z ,i h always he>d x1 is t !y are ! spirits ( ,jews :o 7 s5t by ! ,romans to "w 9 ! t9 m9es1 "s say = be+ conc]n$ 9 ! ,crucifixion ( our ,"l1 :i* s\nds improbable4 ,!y are b5evol5t spirits1 & w>n m9]s ( dang]4 ,b ! only true ,corni% fairy is ! ,pisky1 ( ! race :i* is ! ,pobel ,vean or ,little ,p1 & ! ,spriggan is only "o ( 8 aspects4 ,! ,pisky w\ld seem to be ! ',br[nie' ( ! ,l[l& ,scot1 ! ,du9e ,si? ( ! ,highl&]1 &1 if we may judge f an int]e/+ note 9 ,scott's ,! ,pirate1 ! ',peght' ( ! ,orkneys4 ,if ,dao9e ,si? really means ',! ,folk ( ! ,m\nds' 7b>r[s71 n ',! ,p ( ,peace'1 x is possible t !re is some?+ 9 ! !ory t ,br[nie1 ,du9e ,si?1 & ',peght'1 :i* is ,pict1 are only 9 _! orig9 ways ( express+ ! little d>k-complexion$ aborig9al folk :o 7 suppos$ to inhabit ! b>r[s1 cromle*s1 & alles c\v]tes1 & ^: cunn+1 _! only effective weapon aga9/ ! m]e /r5g? ( ! ,aryan invad]1 e>n$ !m a reputation = magical p[]s4 ,n[ ,pisky or ,pisgy is really ,pixy4 ,?\gh z a patriotic ,corni%man ,i ought n to admit x1 ,i _c d5y1 especially z x suits my argum5t bett]1 t ! ,devon =m is ! correct "o4 ,b aft] all !re has be5 always a /rong ,corni% elem5t 9 ,devon1 ev5 s9ce ! "t :5 ,a!l/an drove ! ,britons out ( ,exet] & set ! ,tam> = _! b\nd>y1 & ,i ?9k ! orig9al ^w is really ,corni%4 ,! transposition ( consonants1 especially :5 s is "o ( !m1 is n uncommon 9 mod]n ,corni% ,engli%4 ,hosg$ = hog%ead1 & haps = hasp are well-kn[n in/ances4 ,if we take ! root ( ,pixy1 ,pix1 & divide ! d\ble lett] x into its compon5t p>ts1 we get ,piks or ,pics1 & if we rememb] t a f9al s or z 9 ,corni% almo/ always repres5ts a t or d ( ,wel% & ,breton 7cf4 tas = tad1 nans = nant1 bos = bod71 we may n unreasonably1 ?\gh )\t absolute c]ta9ty1 conjecture t ,pixy is ,picty 9 a ,corni% =m4#fc ,)\t begg+ any "q conc]n+ ! orig91 e?nology1 or homog5eity ( ^? :o are call$ ',picts' 9 hi/ory1 f ! times ( ,ammianus ,m>cell9us & ,claudian until ,k5ne? ,mac,alpine unit$ ! ,picti% k+dom ) ! ,scotti%1 we c nev]!less accept ! fact t ! "n ',pict' has be5 popul>ly appli$ to "s pre-,celtic race or races1 to :om c]ta9 anci5t /ructures1 su* z 'vitrifi$ =ts' & ',picts' h\ses' h be5 attribut$4 ,9 ,cornwall !re are in/ances ( prehi/oric /ructures be+ call$ ',piskies' ,halls' 7!re is an alle c\v]te s call$ at ,bosahan 9 ,con/ant9e71 & ',piskies' ,cr[s' 7,cr[ or ,craw1 ,breton ,krao1 is a %$ or hovel2 'pegs' craw' is /ill us$ = 'pig-/y'72 & !re are ?ree g5u9e examples ( :at w\ld 9 ,scotl& be call$ ',picts' ,h\ses' j outside ,/4 ,ives 9 ! direction ( ,z5nor1 ?\gh only mod]n antiqu>ies h appli$ t "n to !m4 ,9 ! di/rict 9 :i* !y are1 ! fr+e ( coa/ f ,/4 ,ives r\nd by ,z5nor1 ,morvah1 ,p5de51 & ,/4 ,j ne>ly to ,s5n51 are f\nd to ?is day a /range & sep>ate p ( ,mongol type1 l ! ,bigaud5s ( ,pont l',abb & ,p5m>c'h 9 ! ,breton ,corn\ailles1 "o ( ^? 'fragm5ts ( =gott5 peoples' ( ! 'sunset b\nd ( ,lyonesse' ( :om ,t5nyson tells4 ,!y are a little '/uggy' d>k folk1 & until comp>atively mod]n times 7 recogniz$ z diff]5t f _! ,celtic neighb\rs1 & 7 commonly believ$ to be l>gely wiz>ds & wit*es4 ,"o ( ,mr4 ,w5tz's in=mants seems to attribute to ,z5nor a p>ticul>ly virul5t br& ( pisky1 & ,z5nor is ! mo/ primitive "p ( t di/rict4 ,possibly ! m completely unmix$ ance/ors ( ?is race 7 'm s' ?an ! pres5t repres5tatives2 b1 be ?is z x may1 if ,pixy is really ,picty1 x w\ld seem t1 l ! inhabitants ( ! extreme nor? ( ! ,briti% ,isles1 ! s\?-we/]n ,britons ev5tually appli$ ! fairly g5]al popul> "n ( ! my/]i\s1 half dread$1 half despis$ aborig9al to a race ( pret]natural be+s 9 ^: exi/5ce !y believ$1 &1 ) ! "n1 transf]r$ "s ( ! qualities1 attributes1 & leg5ds1 ?us produc+ a mix$ m5tal conception n[ kn[n z 'pisky' or 'pixy'4 ,!re seems to h be5 always & ev]y:]e 7or ne>ly s7 a belief 9 a race1 nei!r div9e nor human1 b v l to human be+s1 :o exi/$ on a 'plane' diff]5t f t ( humans1 ?\gh occupy+ ! same space4 ,?is has be5 call$ ! 'a/ral' or ! 'f\r?-dim5sional' plane4 ,:y 'a/ral'8 :y 'f\r?-dim5sional'8 :y 'plane'8 are que/ions ! answ]s to :i* d n matt]1 & ,i d n attempt to def5d ! t]ms1 b y mu/ call x some?+4 ,?is is ! belief to :i* ,scott ref]s 9 ! introduction to ,! ,mona/]y1 z ! 'beautiful b almo/ =gott5 !ory ( a/ral spirits or creatures ( ! elem5ts1 surpass+ human be+s 9 k & p[]1 b inf]ior to !m z be+ subject1 aft] a c]ta9 space ( ye>s1 to a dea? :i* is to !m annihilation'4 ,! subdivisions & elaborations ( ! subject by ,p>acelsus1 ! ,rosicrucians1 & ! mod]n !osophi/s are no d\bt amplifications ( t popul> belief1 :i*1 ?\gh r undef9$1 resembles ! !ory ( ^! my/ics 9 its ma9 outl9es1 & 0 probably :at sugge/$ x to !m4 ,^! be+s are held to be normally imp]ceptible to human s5ses1 b conditions may arise 9 :i* ! 'a/ral plane' ( ! elem5tals & t "p ( ! 'physical plane' 9 :i*1 if "o may s express x1 "s human be+ happ5s to be1 may be 9 su* a relation to "o ano!r t ^! & o!r spirits may be se5 & he>d4 ,"s su* condition is p]haps describ$ 9 ! /ory ( ,balaam ! soo?say]1 9 t incid5t :5 '! ,"l op5$ ! eyes ( ! "y man & he saw1 & behold1 ! m\nta9 0 full ( horses & *>iots ( fire r\nd ab\t ,eli%a'1 & possibly also 9 ! my/]i\s 's\nd ( a go+ 9 ! tops ( ! mulb]ry trees' :i* ,david he>d2 b no d\bt 9 ^! cases x 0 angels & n elem5tals4 ,x may also be all[able to sugge/1 )\t irrev]5ce1 t ! ,gospel /ories ( ! ,transfiguration & ,asc5sion are connect$ ) ! same idea1 ?\gh ! latt] is express$ 9 ! =m ( ! geoc5tric !ory ( ! univ]se4 ,! ,corni% pisky /ories are l>gely made up ( in/ances ( contact betwe5 ! two 'planes'1 sometimes accid5tal1 sometimes delib]ately induc$ by incantations or magic eye-salve1 yet ) ^! /ories are (t5 m+l$ incid5ts t are n pret]natural at all4 ,h[1 :51 & :y ?is belief arose1 ,i d n pret5d ev5 to conjecture2 b !re x is1 & ?\gh ( c\rse ! hold]s ( x d n talk ab\t 'planes'1 t is v mu* ! notion :i* !y appe> to h4 ,i d n ?9k t ! piskies 7 ev] def9itely held to be ! spirits ( ! dead1 & :ile a c]ta9 confusion has aris51 z "s ( ,mr4 ,w5tz's in=mants %[1 ,i ?9k x belongs to ! confus$ es*atology ( mod]n ,prote/ants4 ,to a pre-,re=mation ,corni%man1 or inde$ to any o!r ,ca?olic1 ! idea 0 un?9kable4 ',ju/orum animae 9 manu ,dei sunt1 et non tanget illos torm5tum malitiae3 visi sunt oculis insipi5tium mori3 illi autem sunt 9 pace1' & ! transmigration ( ! s\ls ( ! fai?ful dep>t$ into ano!r ord] ( be+s1 n disembodi$ because nev] embodi$1 0 to !m impossible4 ,su* a notion is on a p> ) ! qua9t b v usual hope ( ! mod]n ',evangelical' ,*ri/ian1 s beautifully express$ 9 "o ( ,hans ,&]s5's /ories1 t 8 dep>t$ fri5ds are promot$ to be 'angels'4 ,!re may be1 p]haps1 an idea1 z !re c]ta9ly is 9 ! ,breton ,dea?-,fai?1 t ! spirits ( ! fai?ful dead are all r\nd u1 & are n rapt away into a di/ant ,p>adise or ,purgatory4 ,?is may be ( pre-,*ri/ian orig91 b does n contradict any article ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! w>n+s1 app>itions1 & haunt+s1 ! 'call+ ( ! dead' at sea1 & o!r details ( ,corni% ,dea?-,leg5ds1 seem to po9t to a conception ( a 'plane' ( ! dead1 simil> to b n necess>ily id5tical ) t ( ! elem5tals4 ,"u "s q undef9$ conditions contact may occur ) ! 'physical plane'1 :5ce ! alleg$ incid5ts2 b ?is ,corni% ,dea?-,fai?1 ?\gh sometimes1 z commonly 9 ,brittany1 pres5t+ simil> ph5om5a1 has 9 itself no?+ to d ) piskies1 & z = ! unfai?ful dep>t$1 _! de/9ation 0 also well und]/ood1 & x 0 n ,fairyl&4 ,!re are possible connect+ l9ks 9 ! n v common idea t piskies are ! s\ls ( unbaptiz$ *ildr51 & 9 ! m common notion t ! ,pobel ,vean are1 n ! disembodi$ spirits1 b ! liv+ s\ls & bodies ( ! old ,pagans1 :o1 refus+ ,*ri/ianity1 are miracul\sly pres]v$ alive1 b are condemn$ to decrease 9 size until !y vani% altoge!r4 ,"s au?orities hold t x is ! race & n ! individual :i* dw9dles f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,?is la/ idea1 z well z ! "n 'pixy'1 gives "s probability to ! conclusion t1 z appli$ to ,cornwall1 ,mr4 ,mac,ritchie's !ory repres5ts a "p ( ! tru?1 & t on to an already exi/+ belief 9 elem5tals h be5 graft$ exagg]at$ traditions ( a d>k pre-,celtic p4 ,^! 7 n necess>ily pygmies1 b small] ?an ,celts1 & may h surviv$ = a long "t 9 =e/s & hill c\ntries1 sometimes fri5dly to ! tall] race1 :5ce come ! /ories ( piskies work+ = f>m]s1 sometimes ho/ile1 :i* may acc\nt = ! leg5ds ( *angel+s & o!r mis*iev\s tricks4 ,?is is h[ x appe>s to "o :o kn[s 8 ,cornwall 9 all its aspects fairly well1 b does n pr(ess to be an exp]t 9 folk-lore4 ,,bosp[es1 ,,hayle1 ,,cornwall1 ,july #aiaj4 ,our inve/igation ( ! ,fairy-,fai? 9 ,cornwall cov]s ! region betwe5 ,falm\? & ! ,l&'s ,end1 :i* is n[ ! mo/ ,celtic2 & ! ,t9tagel c\ntry on ! nor? coa/4 ,x is g5]ally believ$ t anci5t ,corni% leg5ds1 l ! ,corni% language1 are ?+s ( ! pa/ only1 b ,i am n[ no long] ( t op9ion4 ,und\bt$ly ,cornwall is ! mo/ angliciz$ ( all ,celtic l&s we are /udy+1 & its folk-lore is !re=e f> f be+ z virile z ! ,iri% folk-lore2 nev]!less1 ?r\gh its p1 racially mix$ ?\gh !y are1 !re /ill fl[s ! blood & ! inspiration ( a prehi/oric native ance/ry1 & among ! olde/ ,corni% m5 & wom5 ( _m an isolat$ village1 or f>m1 !re yet rema9s "s belief 9 fairies & pixies4 ,moreov]1 ?r\gh\t all ( ,old ,cornwall !re is a v liv+ fai? 9 ! ,leg5d ( ! ,dead2 & t ?is ,corni% ,leg5d ( ! ,dead1 ) its peculi> ,bry?onic "*1 %\ld be p>allel z x is to ! ,breton ,leg5d ( ! ,dead1 has h]et(ore1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 n be5 po9t$ out4 ,i am giv+1 h[ev]1 only a v few ( ! ,corni% dea?-leg5ds collect$1 because 9 ess5ce mo/ ( !m are alike4 ,a ,,corni% ,,hi/orian',s ,,te/imony ,i 0 privileg$ to make my fir/ call 9 rural ,cornwall at ! pretty c\ntry home ( ,miss ,susan ,e4 ,gay1 ( ,crill1 ab\t ?ree miles f ,falm\?2 & ,miss ,gay1 :o has writt5 a well-kn[n hi/ory ( ,falm\? 7,old ,falm\?1 ,london1 #aijc71 v will+ly accord$ me an int]view on ! subject ( my inquiry1 & f9ally dictat$ = my use ! foll[+ matt]3-- ,pixies z ',a/ral ,plane' ,be+s4--',! pixies & fairies are little be+s 9 ! human =m exi/+ on ! 'a/ral plane'1 :o may be 9 ! process ( evolution2 &1 z su*1 ,i believe p h se5 !m4 ,! 'a/ral plane' is n kn[n to u n[ because our psy*ic faculty ( p]ception has fad$ out by non-use1 & ?is condition has be5 br\ght ab\t by an almo/ exclusive developm5t ( ! physical bra92 b x is likely t ! psy*ic faculty w develop aga9 9 its turn4' ,psy*ical ,int]pretation ( ,folk-,lore4--',x is my po9t ( view t !re is a basis ( tru? 9 ! folk-lore4 ,) its remnants ( occult le>n+1 magic1 *>ms1 & ! l1 folk-lore seems to be ! rema9s ( =gott5 psy*ical facts1 r ?an hi/ory1 z x is (t5 call$4' ,,peasant ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,! ,,crill ,,c\ntry ,miss ,gay k9dly gave me ! names ( c]ta9 peasants 9 ! ,crill region1 & f "o ( !m1 ,mrs4 ,h>riett ,*ri/oph]1 ,i glean$ ! foll[+ mat]ial3-- ,a ,pisky ,*angel+4--',a woman :o liv$ ne> ,breage ,*ur* _h a f9e girl baby1 & %e ?\ght ! piskies came & took x & put a )]$ *ild 9 its place4 ,! )]$ *ild liv$ to be tw5ty ye>s old1 & 0 no l>g] :5 x di$ ?an :5 ! piskies br\ght x4 ,x 0 fretful & peevi% & frightfully %rivell$4 ,! p>5ts believ$ t ! piskies (t5 us$ to come & look ov] a c]ta9 wall by ! h\se to see ! *ild4 ,& ,i he>d my gr&mo!r say t ! family once put ! *ild out ( doors at night to see if ! piskies w\ld take x back aga94' ,nature ( ,piskies4--',! piskies are said to be v small4 ,y c\ld nev] see !m by day4 ,i us$ to he> my gr&mo!r1 :o has be5 dead fifty ye>s1 say t ! piskies us$ to hold a fair 9 ! fields ne> ,breage1 & t p saw !m !re danc+4 ,i also rememb] h] say+ t x 0 cu/om>y to set out food = ! piskies at night4 ,my gr&mo!r's great belief 0 9 piskies & 9 spirits2 & %e consid]$ piskies spirits4 ,%e us$ to tell s _m /ories ab\t spirits ( ! dead com+ back & su* ?+s t ,i w\ld be afraid to g to b$4' ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,con/ant9e ,our witnesses f ! anci5t & picturesque village ( ,con/ant9e are ,john ,wilmet1 sev5ty-eight ye>s old1 & 8 good wife1 two mo/ excell5t & well-pres]v$ types ( ! pass+ g5]ation ( true ,corni% /ock4 ,john began by tell+ me ! foll[+ tale ab\t an alle c\v]te--a tale :i* 9 "o v]sion or ano!r is apt to be told ( mo/ ,corni% megali?s3-- ,a ,pisky-,h\se4--',william ,murphy1 :o m>ri$ my si/]1 once w5t to ! pisky-h\se at ,bosahan ) a surveyor1 & ! two ( !m he>d su* une>?ly noises 9 x t !y came runn+ home 9 great excitem5t1 say+ !y _h he>d ! piskies4' ,! ,pisky ,?ra%]4--',on a f>m ne> "h1 a pisky us$ to come at night to ?ra% ! f>m]'s corn4 ,! f>m] 9 paym5t once put d[n a new suit = him4 ,:5 ! pisky came & saw x1 he put x on1 & said3-- ,pisky f9e & pisky gay1 ,pisky n[ w fly away4 ,& !y say he nev] return$4' ,nature ( ,piskies4--',i always und]/ood ! piskies to be little p4 ,a great deal 0 said ab\t gho/s 9 ?is place4 ,:e!r or n piskies are ! same z gho/s ,i _c tell1 b ,i fancy ! old folks ?\ght !y 74' ,exorcism4--',a f>m] :o liv$ two miles f "h1 ne> ! ,gweek ,riv]1 call$ ,p>son ,jago to 8 h\se to h him quiet ! gho/s or spirits regul>ly haunt+ x1 = ,p>son ,jago c\ld always put su* ?+s to re/4 ,! cl]gyman w5t to ! f>m]'s h\se1 & ) 8 :ip =m$ a circle on ! floor & !n comm&$ ! _s1 :i* made its appe>ance on ! table1 to come d[n into ! circle4 ,:ile on ! table ! _s _h be5 visible to all ! family1 b z soon z x got into ! r+ x disappe>$2 & ! h\se 0 nev] haunt$ aft]w>ds4' ,,at ,,/4 ,,mi*ael',s ,,m\nt1 ,,m>azion ,our next place = an inve/igation ( ! surviv+ ,corni% ,fairy-,fai? is ,m>azion1 ! v anci5t ,briti% t[n opposite ! isle call$ ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt4 7,f ,con/ant9e ,i walk$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry to ?is po9t1 talk+ ) z _m old p z possible1 b none ( !m knew v mu* ab\t anci5t ,corni% beliefs47 ,x is believ$1 ?\gh ! matt] is v d\btful1 t ,m>azion 0 ! *ief m>t = ! t9 trade ( ,celtic ,brita91 & t ! ,m\nt--sacr$ to ! ,sun & to ! ,pagan ,my/]ies long be=e ,caes> cross$ ! ,*annel f ,gaul--%elt]$ ! brilliantly-col\r$ sail+-%ips ( ! ,pho5icians4#fd ,9 su* a romantic t[n1 :]e ,ori5tal m]*ants & ,celtic pilgrims probably once m+l$ toge!r1 "o might expect "s survival ( old5 beliefs & cu/oms4 ,piskies4--,to ,mr4 ,?omas ,g4 ,jago1 ( ,m>azion1 ) a memory ext5d+ backw>ds m ?an sev5ty ye>s1 he be+ eighty ye>s old1 ,i am indebt$ = ?is /atem5t ab\t ! pisky cre$ 9 t locality3--',i imag9e t "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago ! belief 9 piskies & spirits 0 g5]al4 ,9 my boyhood days1 piskies 7 (t5 call$ ! mites 7little p73 !y 7 reg>d$ z little spirits4 ,! ^w piskies is ! old ,corni% brogue = pixies4 ,9 c]ta9 grass fields1 mu%rooms gr[+ 9 a circle might be se5 ( a morn+1 & ! old folks po9t+ to ! mu%rooms w\ld say to ! *ildr51 ,oh1 ! piskies h be5 danc+ !re la/ night4' ,two m ( ! olde/ natives ( ,m>azion1 among o!rs ) :om ,i talk$1 are ,william ,r[e1 eighty-two ye>s old1 & 8 m>ri$ si/] sev5ty-eight ye>s old4 ,ab\t ! piskies ,mr4 ,r[e said ?is3--',p w\ld g out at night & lose _! way & !n decl>e t !y _h be5 pisky-l$4 ,i ?9k !y meant by ?is t !y fell "u "s spiritual influ5ce--t "s _s l$ !m a/ray4 ,! piskies 7 said to be small1 & !y 7 ?\ght ( z spirits4'#fe ,mr4 ,r[e's si/] add$3--',if we z *ildr5 did any?+ wrong1 ! old folks w\ld say to u1 ,! piskies w c>ry y away if y d t aga94' ,wit*-,doctors4--,i he>d ! foll[+ wit*-/ory f a lawy]1 a native ( ! di/rict1 :o lives 9 ! c\ntry j beyond ,m>azion3--',jimmy ,?omas1 ( ,w5dron p>i%1 :o di$ )9 ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 0 ! la/ wit*-doctor ,i "k ab\t 9 ,we/ ,cornwall4 ,he 0 suppos$ to h great p[] ov] evil spirits4 ,8 imm$iate pr$ecessor 0 a woman1 call$ ! ,wit* ( ,w5dron1 & %e did a big bus9ess4 ,my fa!r once visit$ h] 9 company ) a fri5d ^: fa!r _h lo/ "s horses4 ,?is 0 ab\t sev5ty to eighty ye>s ago4 ,! wit* :5 consult$ on ?is occasion turn$ h] back to my fa!r's companion1 & began talk+ to h]self 9 ,corni%4 ,!n %e gave him "s h]bs4 ,8 fa!r us$ ! h]bs1 & no m horses di$3 ! h]bs 7 suppos$ to h driv5 all evil spirits out ( ! /able4' ,,9 ,,p5zance3 ,,an ,,ar*itect',s ,,te/imony ,p5zance f e>lie/ times has und\bt$ly be51 z x is n[1 ! capital ( ! ,l&'s ,end di/rict1 ! ,sacr$ ,l& ( ,brita94 ,& 9 ,p5zance ,i _h ! good =tune to meet ^? among its lead+ citiz5s :o /ill *]i% & keep alive ! poetry & ! my/ic lore ( ,old ,cornwall2 & to no "o ( !m am ,i m indebt$ ?an to ,mr4 ,h5ry ,madd]n1 ,f4,i4,a4,s4 ,mr4 ,madd]n tells me t he 0 initiat$ into ! my/]ies ( ! ,corni% folk-lore ( ?is region :5 a boy 9 ,newlyn1 :]e he 0 born1 by 8 old nurse ,betty ,grancan1 a native ,z5nor woman1 ( /ock probably ! mo/ primitive & pure 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,at 8 home 9 ,p5zance1 ,mr4 ,madd]n dictat$ to me ! v valuable evid5ce :i* foll[s3-- ,two ,k9ds ( ,pixies4--',9 ?is region !re are two k9ds ( pixies1 "o purely a l&-dwell+ pixy & ! o!r a pixy :i* dwells on ! sea-/r& betwe5 high & l[ wat] m>k4#ff ,! l&-dwell+ pixy 0 usually ?\ght to be full ( mis*iev\s fun1 b x did no h>m4 ,!re 0 a v preval5t belief1 :5 ,i 0 a boy1 t ?is sea-/r& pixy1 call$ ,bucca1#fg _h to be propitiat$ by a ca/ 7?ree7 ( fi%1 to ensure ! fi%]m5 hav+ a good %ot 7cat*7 ( fi%4 ,! l& pixy 0 suppos$ to be able to r5d] its devotees invisible1 if !y only ano9t$ _! eyes ) a c]ta9 gre5 salve made ( secret h]bs ga!r$ f ,k]ris-moor4#fh ,9 ! invisible condition ?us induc$1 p 7 able to jo9 ! pixy revels1 dur+ :i*1 accord+ to ! old tradition1 "t slipp$ away v1 v rapidly1 ?\gh p return$ f ! pixies no old] ?an :5 !y w5t ) !m4' ,! ,nurse & ! ,o9tm5t4--',i us$ to he> ab\t a ,z5nor girl :o came to ,newlyn z nurse to ! *ild ( a g5tleman liv+ at ,zimm]man-,cot4 ,! g5tleman w>n$ h] nev] to t\* a box ( o9tm5t :i* he gu>d$ 9 a special room1 nor ev5 to ent] t room2 b "o day 9 8 abs5ce %e ent]$ ! room & took "s ( ! o9tm5t4 ,suspect+ ! qualities ( ! o9tm5t1 %e put x on h] eyes ) ! wi% t %e might see :]e h] ma/] 04 ,%e imm$iately f\nd h]self 9 ! high] "p ( ! or*>d among/ ! pixies1 :]e !y 7 hav+ mu* junket+ 7fe/ivity & danc+72 & !re saw ! g5tleman ^: *ild %e _h nurs$4 ,= a "t %e manag$ to evade him1 b be=e ! junket+ 0 at an end he discov]$ h] & reque/$ h] to g home2 & !n1 to h] int5se a/oni%m5t1 %e le>n$ t %e _h be5 away tw5ty ye>s1 ?\gh %e 0 un*ang$4 ,! g5tleman scold$ h] = hav+ t\*$ ! o9tm5t1 paid h] wages 9 full1 & s5t h] back to h] p4 ,%e always _h ! "o regret1 t %e _h n gone into ! =bidd5 room at fir/4' ,! ,tolc>ne ,troll4--',! fairy ( ! ,newlyn ,tolc>ne#fi 0 9 "s ways l ! ,puck ( ! ,engli% ,midl&s4 ,b ?is fairy1 or troll1 0 suppos$ to date back to ! "t ( ! ,pho5icians4 ,he 0 describ$ z a little old pleasant-fac$ man dress$ 9 a tight-fitt+ lea!rn j]k91 ) a hood on 8 head1 :o liv$ invisible 9 ! rock4 ,:5ev] he *ose to d s he c\ld make himself visible4 ,:5 ,i 0 a boy x 0 said t he sp5t 8 "t voyag+ f "h to ,tyre on ! galleys :i* c>ri$ ! t92 &1 also1 t he assi/$ 9 ! build+ ( ,solomon's ,temple4 ,sometimes he 0 call$ ! ,w&]+ ,"o1 or ,od9 ! ,w&]]4 ,my old nurse1 ,betty ,grancan1 us$ to say t y c\ld call up ! troll at ! ,tolc>ne if :ile !re y held 9 y\r h& ?ree dri$ leaves1 "o ( ! a%1 "o ( ! oak1 & "o ( ! ?orn1 & pron\nc$ an incantation or *>m4 ,betty w\ld nev] tell me ! words ( ! *>m1 because %e said ,i 0 too mu* ( a sceptic4 ,! words ( su* a ,corni% *>m _h to pass f "o believ] to ano!r1 ?r\gh a woman to a man1 & f a man to a woman1 & ?us alt]nately4'#gj ,nature ( ,pixies4--',pixies 7 (t5 suppos$ to be ! s\ls ( ! prehi/oric dwell]s ( ?is c\ntry4 ,z su*1 pixies 7 suppos$ to be gett+ small] & small]1 until f9ally !y are to vani% entirely4 ,! c\ntry pixies inhabit+ ! highl&s f above ,newlyn on to ,/4 ,j 7 consid]$ a wick$ sort4 ,_! great ambition 0 to *ange _! own (fspr+ = human *ildr52 & ! true *ild c\ld only be got back by lay+ a f\r-leaf clov] on ! *angel+4 ,a w9ickey *ild--"o :i* 0 weak1 frail1 & peevi%--0 ( ! nature ( a *angel+4 ,m9] pixies1 call$ knock]s1 w\ld accept a portion ( a m9]'s cr\/ 7lun*7 on good fai?1 & by knock+ lead him to a ri* "m-lode1 or w>n him by knock+ if !re 0 dang] ahead or a cav]n full ( wat]2 b if ! m9] begrudg$ !m ! cr\/1 he w\ld be left to 8 own res\rces to f9d ! lode1 &1 moreov]1 ! knock]s w\ld d all !y c\ld to lead him away f a good lode4 ,^! m9e pixies1 too1 7 suppos$ to be spirits1 sometimes spirits ( ! m9]s ( anci5t times4'#ga ,fairies & ,pixies4--',9 g5]al appe>ance ! fairies 7 mu* ! same z pixies4 ,!y 7 small m5 & wom51 mu* small] ?an dw>fs4 ,! m5 7 sw>?y 9 complexion1 & ! wom5 _h a cle> complexion ( a pea*-l bloom4 ,none ev] appe>$ to be m ?an five-&-tw5ty to ?irty ye>s old4 ,i h he>d my nurse say t %e c\ld see scores ( !m :5ev] %e pick$ a f\r-leaf clov] & put x 9 ! wisp ( /raw :i* %e c>ri$ on h] head z a cu%ion = ! bucket ( milk4 ,h] !ory 0 t ! ri*ness ( ! milk 0 :at attract$ !m4 ,pixies1 l fairies1 v mu* enjoy$ milk1 & p ( mis]ly nature us$ to put salt ar\nd a c[ to keep ! pixies away2 & !n ! pixies w\ld lead su* mean p a/ray ! v fir/ opportunity t came4 ,accord+ to "s c\ntry-p1 ! pixies h be5 se5 9 ! day-"t1 b usually !y are only se5 at night4' ,a ,,corni% ,,editor',s ,,op9ion ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,?omas1 editor ( f\r ,corni% pap]s1 ,! ,corni%man1 ,! ,corni% ,telegraph1 ,po/1 & ,ev5+ ,times1 & a true ,celt himself1 has be5 deeply int]e/$ 9 ! folk-lore ( ,cornwall1 & has made excell5t use ( x 9 8 poetry & o!r lit]>y productions2 s t 8 p]sonal op9ions1 :i* foll[1 z to ! probable orig9 ( ! fairy-belief1 are = our /udy a v important contribution3-- ,animi/ic ,orig9 ( ,belief 9 ,pixies4--',i %\ld say t ! mod]n belief 9 pixies1 or 9 fairies1 arose f a v anci5t ,celtic or pre-,celtic belief 9 spirits4 ,j z among "s savage tribes !re is belief 9 gods & totems1 "h !re 0 belief 9 little spirits good & bad1 :o 7 able to help or to h9d] man4 ,belief 9 ! sup]natural1 9 my op9ion1 is ! root ( x all4' ,a ,,corni% ,,folk-,,lori/',s ,,te/imony ,9 ,p5zance ,i _h ! privilege ( also meet+ ,miss ,m4 ,a4 ,c\rtney1 ! well-kn[n folk-lori/1 :o q agrees ) me 9 believ+ t !re is 9 ,cornwall a widespread ,leg5d ( ! ,dead2 & %e cit$ a few special in/ances 9 illu/ration1 z foll[s3-- ,corni% ,leg5d ( ! ,dead4--',"h among/ ! fi%]m5 & sailors !re is a belief t ! dead 9 ! sea w be he>d call+ if a dr[n+ is ab\t to occur4 ,i "k ( a woman :o w5t to a cl]gyman to h him exorcize h] ( ! _s ( h] dead si/]1 :i* %e said appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a bee4 ,& ,i h he>d ( m9]s believ+ t :ite mo?s are spirits4'#gb ,,evid5ce ,,f ,,newlyn ,9 ,newlyn1 ,mrs4 ,jane ,tregur?a gave ! foll[+ important te/imony3-- ,! ',little ,folk'4--',! old p ?or\ghly believ$ 9 ! little folk1 & t !y gamboll$ all ov] ! moors on moonlight nights4 ,"s pixies w\ld ra9 d[n bless+s & o!rs curses2 & to remove ! curses p w\ld g to ! wells bless$ by ! sa9ts4 ,:5ev] any?+ w5t wrong 9 ! kit*5 at night ! pixies 7 blam$4 ,aft] ! #ca/ ( ,octob] or aft] ,hall[e5 ! blackb]ries are n fit to eat1 = ! pixies h !n be5 ov] !m' 7cf4 ! p>allel ,iri% belief1 p4 #ch74 ,fairy ,gu>dian ( ! ,m5-an-,tol4#gc--';,at ! ,m5-an-,tol !re is suppos$ to be a gu>dian fairy or pixy :o c make miracul\s cures4 ,& my "m knew ( an actual case 9 :i* a *angel+ 0 put ?r\gh ! /one 9 ord] to get ! real *ild back4 ,x seems t evil pixies *ang$ *ildr51 & t ! pixy at ! ,m5-an-,tol be+ good1 c\ld1 9 opposition1 undo _! "w4' ,exorcism4--',a _s 0 put to re/ on ! ,gre5 "h 9 ,newlyn4 ,! p>son pray$ & fa/$1 & !n comm&$ ! _s to teeme 7dip dry7 ! sea ) a limpet %ell conta9+ no bottom2 & ! _s is suppos$ to be /ill busy at ?is task4' ,piskies z ,app>itions4--,:5 ,i talk$ ) h] 9 h] neat cottage at ,newlyn1 ,miss ,m>y ,ann ,*irgw9 7:o 0 born on ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt 9 #ahbe7 told me ?is3--',! old p us$ to say ! piskies 7 app>itions ( ! dead come back 9 ! =m ( little p1 b ,i c't rememb] any?+ m ?an ?is ab\t !m4' ,,an ,,arti/',s ,,te/imony ,"o ( ! memb]s ( ! ,newlyn ,art ,s*ool 0 able to (f] a few ( 8 own impressions conc]n+ ! pixies ( ,devon%ire1 :]e he has frequ5tly made sket*es ( pixies f descriptions giv5 to him by peasants3-- ,devon%ire ,pixies4--',?r\gh\t all ! we/ ( ,devon%ire1 any:]e ne> ! moorl&s1 ! c\ntry p are mu* giv5 to belief 9 pixies & gho/s4 ,i ?9k !y expect to see !m ab\t ! twilight h\r2 ?\gh ,i h n f\nd anybody :o has actually se5 a pixy--! belief n[ is l>gely bas$ on he>say4' ,,te/imony ,,f ,,! ,,hi/orian ,,( ,,m\sehole ,to ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,h>ry1 ! hi/orian ( ,m\sehole1 ,i am indebt$ = ^! rem>ks ab\t ! nature & pres5t /ate ( ! belief 9 pixies z he obs]ves x 9 t region3-- ,! ,pixy ,belief4--',! piskies1 ?\ght ( z little p :o appe> on moonlight nights1 are /ill some:at believ$ 9 "h4 ,if int]f]$ ) too mu* !y are said to exhibit almo/ fi5di% p[]s4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se !y are consid]$ spiritual1 b 9 ano!r s5se !y are mu* mat]ializ$ 9 ! conceptions ( ! p4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! belief 9 !m has almo/ di$ out )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s4' ,a ,,seaman',s ,,te/imony ',uncle ,billy ,p5d]1' z our pres5t witness is famili>ly call$1 is "o ( ! olde/ natives ( ,m\sehole1 be+ eighty-five ye>s old2 & mo/ ( 8 life has be5 pass$ on ! ocean1 z a fi%]man1 seaman1 & pilot4 ,aft] hav+ told me ! usual ?+s ab\t piskies1 fairies1 spirits1 gho/s1 & ! devil1 ,uncle ,billy ,p5d] 0 v soon talk+ ab\t ! dead3-- ,corni% ,leg5d ( ! ,dead4--',i 0 up 9 b$1 & ,i suppose asleep1 & ,i dreamt t ! boy ,james came to my b$side & woke me up by say+1 ,h[ _m lights does ,dea? put up8 ,& 9 ! dream !re appe>$ su* light z ,i nev] saw 9 my life2 & :5 ,i woke up ano!r light l x 0 9 ! room4 ,)9 ?ree mon?s aft]w>ds we buri$ two gr&-daught]s out ( ?is h\se4 ,?is 0 f\r ye>s ago4' ,:5 ?is /range tale 0 f9i%$1 ,uncle ,billy ,p5d]'s daught]1 :o _h be5 li/5+1 add$3--',= ?ree morn+s1 "o aft] ano!r1 !re 0 a rob9 at our cell> door be=e ! dea?s1 & my husb& said he didn't l t4' ,!n ,uncle ,billy told ?is weird ,breton-l tale3--',granny told ab\t a boat nam$ ,bl*]1 go+ f ,newlyn to ,bri/ol ) six ?\s& mack]el1 :i* put 9 at ,arbor ,cove1 close to ,pad/[1 on acc\nt ( bad wea!r4 ,! boat dragg$ h] an*ors & 0 lo/4 ,granny aft]w>ds decl>$ t he saw ! crew go+ up ov] ! ,newlyn ,slip2 & ! :ole ( ,newlyn & ,m\sehole believ$ him4' ,,te/imony ,,by ,,two ,,l&',s ,,end ,,f>m]s ,9 ! ,s5n5 c\ntry1 )9 a mile ( ! end ( ,brita91 ,i talk$ ) two f>m]s :o knew some?+ ab\t piskies4 ,! fir/ "o1 ,*>les ,hut*51 ( ,trevescan1 told me ?is leg5d3-- ,a ,/4 ,j ,pisky4--',ne> ,/4 ,j1 on ,*ri/mas ,day1 a pisky c>ri$ away 9 8 cloak a boy1 b ! boy got home4 ,!n ! pisky took him a second "t1 & aga9 ! boy got home4 ,ea* "t ! boy 0 away = only an h\r' 7probably 9 a dream or trance /ate74 ,see+ ! ,pisky-,dance4--,frank ,ellis1 sev5ty-eight ye>s old1 ( ! same village ( ,trevescan1 !n gave ! foll[+ evid5ce3--',up on ,sea-,view ,gre5 !re are two r+s :]e ! piskies us$ to dance & play music on a moonlight night4 ,i've he>d t !y w\ld come !re f ! moors4 ,little p !y are call$4 ,if y keep quiet :5 !y are danc+ y'll see !m1 b if y make any noise !y'll disappe>4' ,frank ,ellis's wife1 :o is a v ag$ woman1 0 9 ! h\se li/5+ to ! conv]sation1 & add$ at ?is po9t3--',my gr&mo!r1 ,nancy ,madd]n1 0 d[n on ,sea-,view ,gre5 by moonlight & saw ! piskies danc+1 & pass$ ne> !m4 ,%e said !y 7 l little *ildr51 & _h r$ cloaks4' ,,te/imony ,,f ,a ,,s5n5 ,,cove ,,fi%]man ,john ,gilb]t ,guy1 sev5ty-eight ye>s old1 a retir$ fi%]man ( ,s5n5 ,cove1 (f]s v valuable te/imony1 z foll[s3-- ',small ,p'4--',_m say !y h se5 ! small p "h by ! hundr$s4 ,9 ,irel& !y call ! small p ! fairies4 ,my "m believes !re 7 su* ?+s1 & s did ! old folks 9 ^! p>ts4 ,my gr&mo!r us$ to put d[n a good furze fire = !m on /ormy nights1 because1 z %e said1 ,!y are a sort ( p w&]+ ab\t ! _w ) no home or habitation1 & ought to be giv5 a little com=t4 ,! mo/ fe> ( !m 0 t !y might come at night & *ange a baby = "o t 0 no good4 ,my "m said t ,joan ,ni*olas believ$ ! fairies _h *ang$ h] baby1 because x 0 v small & cross-temp]$4 ,up on ! hill y'll see a r\nd r+ ) grass gre5] ?an any:]e else1 & t is :]e ! small p us$ to dance4' ,dang] ( ,see+ ! ',little ,p'4--',i he>d t a woman set out wat] to wa% h] baby 91 & t be=e %e _h us$ ! wat] ! small p came & wa%$ _! babies 9 x4 ,%e didn't "k ab\t ?is1 & s 9 wa%+ h] baby got "s ( ! wat] 9 h] eyes1 & !n all at once %e c\ld see cr[ds ( little p ab\t h]4 ,"o ( !m came to h] & ask$ if %e 0 able to see _! cr[d1 & :5 %e said ,yes1 ! little p want$ to take h] eyes out1 & %e _h to cle> away f !m z fa/ z %e c\ld4' ,,te/imony ,,f ,a ,,corni% ,,m9] ,william ,%eph]d1 a retir$ m9] ( ,p5de51 ne> ,/4 ,j1 :]e he has pass$ all 8 life1 (f]s u f 8 own exp]i5ces "u ! e>? ! evid5ce :i* foll[s3-- ,m9e ,piskies4--',!re are m9e-piskies :i* are n ! knock]s4 ,i've he>d old m5 9 ! m9es say t !y h se5 !m1 & !y call !m ! small p4 ,x appe>s t !y don't l company1 = !y are always se5 s+ly4 ,! knock]s are spirits1 too1 z "o might say4 ,!y are said to br+ bad luck1 :ile ! small p may br+ good luck4' ,,te/imony ,,f ,,k+ ,,ar?ur',s ,,c\ntry ,leav+ ! ,l&'s ,end di/rict & ,s\? ,cornwall1 we n[ pass nor?w>d to ,k+ ,ar?ur's c\ntry4 ,our *ief rese>*es !re are to be made outside ! beat5 track ( t\ri/s z f> z possible1 9 ! c\ntry betwe5 ,camel=d & ,t9tagel4 ,at ,delabole1 ! c5tre ( ?is di/rict1 we f9d our fir/ witness1 ,h5ry ,spragg1 a retir$ slate-qu>ryman1 sev5ty ye>s old4 ,mr4 ,spragg has _h excell5t opportunities ( he>+ any folk-lore t might h be5 liv+ dur+ 8 lifetime2 & :at he (f]s fir/ is ab\t ,k+ ,ar?ur3-- ,k+ ,ar?ur4--',we always ?\ght ( ,k+ ,ar?ur z a great w>rior4 ,& _m a "t ,i've he>d old p say t he us$ to appe> 9 ?is c\ntry 9 ! =m ( a na?4'#gd ,?is 0 all t c\ld be told ( ,k+ ,ar?ur2 & ! conv]sation f9ally 0 direct$ t[>d piskies1 ) ! foll[+ results3-- ,piskies4--',a man nam$ ,bottrell1 :o liv$ ne> ,/4 ,tea?1 0 pisky-l$ at ,we/ ,d[n1 & :5 he turn$ 8 pockets inside out he he>d ! piskies go+ away laugh+4#ge ,(t5 my gr&mo!r us$ to say :5 ,i got home aft] d>k1 ,y _h bett] m9d1 or ! piskies w c>ry y away4 ,& ,i c rememb] he>+ ! old p say t ! piskies are ! spirits ( dead-born *ildr54' ,f pixies ! conv]sation drift$ to ! _s-h\nds '(t5 he>d at night ne> c]ta9 haunt$ d[ns 9 ,/4 ,tea? p>i%'1 & !n1 f9ally1 to ord9>y ,corni% leg5ds ab\t ! dead4 ,our next witnesses f ,delabole are ,john ,male1 eighty-two ye>s old1 "o ( ! v olde/ m5 9 ,k+ ,ar?ur's c\ntry1 & 8 wife2 & all ( ,mr4 ,male's ance/ors z f> back z he c trace !m h liv$ 9 ! same p>i%4 ,piskies 9 ,g5]al4--,mr4 ,male rem>k$3--',i h he>d a good deal ab\t ! piskies1 b ,i c't rememb] any ( ! old wom5's tales4 ,i h he>d1 too1 ( p say+ t !y _h se5 ! piskies4 ,x 0 ?\ght t :5 ! piskies h misl$ y !y %[ !mselves jump+ ab\t 9 front ( y2 !y are a race ( little p :o live out 9 ! fields4' ,mrs4 ,male _h n[ jo9$ u at ! op5 fire1 & add$3--',piskies always come at night1 & 9 m>%y gr\nd !re are r\nd places call$ pisky b$s :]e !y play4 ,:5 ,i 0 little1 my "m & gr&mo!r w\ld be sitt+ r\nd ! fire ( an ev5+ tell+ fireside /ories1 & ,i c rememb] he>+ ab\t a pisky ( ?is "p :o /ole a new coat1 & h[ ! family he>d him talk+ to himself ab\t x1 & !n f9ally say3-- ,pisky f9e & pisky gay1 ,pisky's got a bright new coat1 ,pisky n[ w run away4 ,& ,i c j rememb] "o bit ( ano!r /ory3 ,a pisky look$ into a h\se & said3-- ,all alone1 fair maid8 ,no1 "h am ,i ) a dog & cat1 ,& apples to eat & nuts to crack4' ,t9tagel ,folk-,beliefs4--,a retir$ rural policeman ( ! ,t9tagel c\ntry1 :]e he 0 born & re>$1 & n[ keep] ( ! ,passmore ,edw>ds ,art ,gall]y at ,newlyn1 (f]$ ?is te/imony f ,t9tagel3--',9 ,t9tagel ,i us$ to sit r\nd ! fire at night & he> old wom5 tell s mu* ab\t piskies & gho/s t ,i 0 !n afraid to g out ( doors aft] d>kness _h fall54 ,!y religi\sly believ$ 9 su* ?+s1 & :5 ,i express$ my d\bts ,i 0 driv5 away z a rude boy4 ,!y ?\ght if y w5t to a c]ta9 place at a c]ta9 h\r ( ! night t y c\ld !re see ! piskies z little spirits4 ,x 0 held t ! piskies c\ld lead y a/ray & play tricks on y1 b t !y nev] did y any s]i\s injury4' ,( ! ,ar?urian folk-leg5d at ,t9tagel he said3--',! _s ( ,k+ ,ar?ur is suppos$ to be 9 ! ,corni% *\gh--a beautiful black bird ) r$ legs & r$ beak4' ,we n[ leave ,great ,brita9 & cross ! ,engli% ,*annel to ,little ,brita91 ! ?ird ( ! ,bry?onic c\ntries4 ,,vii4 ,,9 ,,brittany ,introduction by ,,anatole ,,le ,,braz1 ,pr(essor ( ,fr5* ,lit]ature1 ,univ]sity ( ,r5nes1 ,brittany2 au?or ( ,la ,lg5de de la ,mort1 ,au ,pays des ,p>dons1 c4 ,,mon ,,*] ,,monsieur ,,w5tz1 ,il me s\vi5t que1 lors de votre s\t5ance de ?se devant la ,facult des ,lettres de l',univ]sit de ,r5nes1 un de mes collgues1 mon ami1 le pr(esseur ,dott91 v\s dem&a3 ',v\s croyez1 dites-v\s1 l'exi/5ce des fes8 ,en avez-v\s vu8' ,v\s rpondtes1 avec autant de phlegme que de s9crit3 ',non4 ,j'ai t\t fait p\r en voir1 et je n'en ai jamais vu4 ,mais il y a beauc\p de *oses que v\s n'avez pas vues1 monsieur le pr(esseur1 et dont v\s ne song]iez cep5dant pas ni] l'exi/5ce4 ,a9si fais-je l'g>d des fes4' ,je suis comme v\s1 mon *] monsieur ,w5tz3 je n'ai jamais vu de fes4 ,j'ai bi5 une amie trs *re que n\s avons baptise de ce nom1 mais1 malgr t\s ses beaux dons magiques1 elle n'e/ qu'une humble mortelle4 ,en revan*e1 j'ai vcu1 t\t enfant1 p>mi des p]sonnes qui avai5t avec les fes vritables un comm]ce quasi j\rnali]4 ,c'tait dans une petite b\rgade de ,basse-,bretagne1 peuple de paysans moiti m>9s1 et de m>9s moiti paysans4 ,il y avait1 non lo9 du village1 une anci5ne g5tilhommire que ses propritaires avai5t depuis longtemps ab&onne p\r on ne savait au ju/e quel motif4 ,on cont9uait de l'appel] le '*teau' de ,lanascol1 quoiqu'elle ne ft plus gure qu'une ru9e4 ,il e/ vrai que les av5ues p> lesquelles on y accdait avai5t cons]v leur aspect seigneurial1 avec leurs quadruples ranges de vieux htres dont les va/es frondaisons se mirai5t dans de magnifiques tangs4 ,les g5s d'al5t\r se risquai5t peu1 le soir1 dans ces av5ues4 ,elles passai5t p\r tre1 p>tir du c\*] du soleil1 le lieu de prom5ade favori d'une 'dame' que l'on dsignait s\s le nom de ,groac'h ,lanascol1--la ',fe de ,lanascol'4 ,beauc\p disai5t l'avoir r5contre1 et la dpeignai5t s\s les c\leurs1 du re/e1 les plus div]ses4 ,ceux-ci faisai5t d'elle une vieille femme1 m>*ant t\te c\rbe1 les deux ma9s appuyes sur un tronon de bquille avec lequel1 de temps en temps1 elle remuait1 l'automne1 les feuilles mortes4 ,les feuilles mortes qu'elle ret\rnait a9si dev5ai5t s\da9 brillantes comme de l'or et s'entre*oquai5t avec un bruit clair de mtal4 ,selon d'autres1 c'tait une jeune pr9cesse1 m]veilleusem5t p>e1 sur les pas de qui s'empressai5t d'tranges petits hommes noirs et sil5cieux4 ,elle s'avanait d'une maje/ueuse allure de re9e4 ,p>fois elle s'arrtait devant un arbre1 et l'arbre aussitt s'incl9ait comme p\r recevoir ses ordres4 ,ou bi51 elle jetait un reg>d sur l'eau d'un tang1 et l'tang frissonnait jusqu'en ses pr(ondeurs1 comme agit d'un m\vem5t de cra9te s\s la puissance de son reg>d4 ,on racontait sur elle cette curieuse hi/oire3-- ,les propritaires de ,lanascol ayant v\lu se dfaire d'un doma9e qu'ils n'habitai5t plus1 le manoir et les t]res qui en dp5dai5t fur5t mis en adjudication *ez un notaire de ,pl\>et4 ,au j\r fix p\r les en*res nombre d'a*eteurs acc\rur5t4 ,les prix tai5t dj monts trs haut1 et le doma9e allait tre adjug1 qu&1 un d]ni] appel du crieur1 une voix fm99e1 trs d\ce et trs imprieuse t\t ensemble1 s'leva et dit3 ',mille francs de plus6' ,il y eut gr&e rumeur dans la salle4 ,t\t le monde *]*a des yeux la p]sonne qui avait lanc cette sur5*re1 et qui ne p\vait tre qu'une femme4 ,mais il ne se tr\va pas une seule femme dans l'assi/ance4 ,le notaire dem&a3 ',qui a p>l8' ,de n\veau1 la mme voix se fit ent5dre4 ',groac'h ,lanascol6' rpondit-elle4 ,ce fut une db&ade gnrale4 ,depuis lors1 il ne s'tait jamais prs5t d'acqureur1 et voil p\rquoi1 rptait-on c\ramm5t1 ,lanascol tait t\j\rs v5dre4 ,si je v\s ai entret5u plaisir de la ,fe de ,lanascol1 mon *] monsieur ,w5tz1 c'e/ qu'elle e/ la premire qui ait fait impression sur moi1 dans mon enfance4 ,combi5 d'autres n'en ai-je pas connu1 p> la suite1 trav]s les rcits de mes compatriotes des grves1 des *amps ou des bois6 ,la ,bretagne e/ re/e un royaume de ferie4 ,on n'y peut voyag] l'espace d'une lieue sans ctoy] la demeure de quelque fe mle ou femelle4 ,ces j\rs d]ni]s1 comme j'accomplissais un pl]9age d'automne l'halluc9ante =t de ,paimpont1 t\te hante encore des gr&s s\v5irs de la lg5de celtique1 je croisai1 s\s les opul5ts ombrages du ,pas-du-,h\x1 une ramasseuse de bois mort1 avec qui je ne manquai pas1 v\s p5sez bi51 de li] conv]sation4 ,un des premi]s noms que je prononai fut naturellem5t celui de ,viviane4 ',viviane6' se rcria la vieille pauvresse4 ',ah6 bnie soit-elle1 la bonne ,dame6 c> elle e/ aussi bonne que belle4444 ,sans sa protection1 mon homme1 qui travaille dans les c\pes1 s]ait tomb1 comme un l\p1 s\s les fusils des g>des4444' ,et elle se mit me cont] comme quoi son m>i1 un tant9et braconni] comme t\s les b*]ons de ces p>ages1 s'tant port1 une nuit1 l'afft du *evreuil1 dans les environs de la ,butte-aux-,pla9tes1 avait t surpris en flagrant dlit p> une t\rne de g>des4 ,il v\lut fuir3 les g>des tirr5t4 ,une balle l'atteignit la cuisse3 il tomba1 et il s'apprtait se faire tu] sur place1 plutt que de se r5dre1 lorsque1 entre ses agresseurs et lui1 s'int]posa subitem5t une espce de br\ill>d trs d5se qui voila t\t1--le sol1 les arbres1 les g>des et le bless lui-mme4 ,et il ent5dit une voix sortie du br\ill>d1 une voix lgre comme un bruit de feuilles1 murmur] son oreille3 ',sauve-toi1 mon fils3 l'esprit de ,viviane veill]a sur toi jusqu' ce que tu aies ramp hors de la =t4' ',telles fur5t les propres p>oles de la fe1' conclut la ramasseuse de bois mort4 ,et1 dvotem5t1 elle se signa1 c> la religieuse ,bretagne--v\s le savez--vnre les fes l'gal des sa9tes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j'ignore s'il faut ratta*] les lut9s au monde des fes1 mais1 ce qui e/ sr1 c'e/ que cette *>mante et malicieuse engeance a t\j\rs pullul dans notre pays4 ,je me suis laiss dire qu'autrefois *aque maison avait le si54 ,c'tait quelque *ose comme le petit dieu pnate4 ,tantt visible1 tantt invisible1 il prsidait t\s les actes de la vie dome/ique4 ,mieux encore3 il y p>ticipait1 et de la faon la plus efficace4 ,a l'intrieur du logis1 il aidait les s]vantes1 s\fflait le feu dans l'tre1 surveillait la cuisson de la n\rriture p\r les hommes ou p\r les btes1 apaisait les cris de l'enfant c\* dans le bas de l'armoire1 emp*ait les v]s de se mettre dans les pices de l>d susp5dues aux solives4 ,il avait p>eillem5t dans son lot le g\v]nem5t des tables et des curies3 grce lui1 les va*es donnai5t un lait abondant en beurre1 et les *evaux avai5t la cr\pe ronde1 le poil luisant4 ,il tait1 en un mot1 le bon gnie de la famille1 mais c'tait la condition que *acun et p\r lui les g>ds auxquels il avait droit4 ,si peu qu'on lui manqut1 sa bont se *angeait en malice et il n'tait po9t de mauvais t\rs dont il ne ft capable env]s les g5s qui l'avai5t (f5s1 comme de r5v]s] le cont5u des m>mites sur le foy]1 d'embr\ill] la la9e aut\r des qu5\illes1 de r5dre infumable le tabac des pipes1 d'emml] inextricablem5t les cr9s des *evaux1 de dess*] le pis des va*es ou de faire pel] le dos des brebis4 ,aussi s'ef=ait-on de ne le po9t mcont5t]4 ,on respectait soigneusem5t t\tes ses habitudes1 t\tes ses manies4 ,c'e/ a9si que1 *ez mes p>5ts1 notre vieille bonne ,filie n'enlevait jamais le trpi$ du feu sans avoir la prcaution de l'asp]g] d'eau p\r le refroidir1 avant de le rang] au co9 de l'tre4 ,si v\s lui dem&iez p\rquoi ce rite1 elle v\s rpondait3 ',p\r que le lut9 ne s'y brle pas1 si1 t\t l'heure1 il s'asseyait dessus4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,il app>ti5t encore1 je suppose1 la catgorie des hommes-fes1 ce ,bugul-,noz1 ce my/rieux ',b]g] de la nuit' dont les ,bretons des campagnes voi5t se dress]1 au crpuscule1 la haute et tr\blante silh\ette1 si1 d'av5ture1 il leur arrive de r5tr] t>d du lab\r4 ,on n'a jamais pu me r5seign] exactem5t sur le g5re de tr\peau qu'il faisait patre1 ni sur ce que prsageait sa r5contre4 ,le plus s\v5t1 on la r$\te4 ,mais1 comme l'obs]vait avec raison une de mes conteuses1 ,lise ,bellec1 s'il e/ prfrable d'vit] le ,bugul-,noz1 il ne s'ensuit pas1 p\r cela1 que ce soit un m*ant ,esprit4 ,d'aprs elle1 il remplirait plutt une fonction salutaire1 en signifiant aux huma9s1 p> sa v5ue1 que la nuit n'e/ pas faite p\r s'att>d] aux *amps ou sur les *em9s1 mais p\r s'enf]m] d]rire les portes closes et p\r dormir4 ,ce b]g] des ombres s]ait donc1 somme t\te1 une manire de bon pa/eur4 ,c'e/ p\r assur] notre repos et notre scurit1 c'e/ p\r n\s s\/raire aux excs du travail et aux emb*es de la nuit qu'il n\s =ce1 brebis imprud5tes1 regagn] promptem5t le b]cail4 ,sans d\te e/-ce un rle tutlaire peu prs semblable qui1 dans la croyance populaire1 e/ dvolu un autre homme-fe1 plus spcialem5t affect au rivage de la m]1 comme l'indique son nom de ,yann-,an-d4 ,il n'y a pas1 sur t\t le littoral m>itime de la ,bretagne ou1 comme on dit1 dans t\t l'armor1 une seule rgion ou l'exi/5ce de ce ',jean des ,grves' ne soit t5ue p\r un fait c]ta91 dm5t con/at1 indniable4 ,on lui prte des =mes v>iables et des aspects diffr5ts4 ,c'e/ tantt un gant1 tantt un na94 ,il porte tantt un 'suroit' de toile huile1 tantt un l>ge *apeau de feutre noir4 ,p>fois1 il s'appuie sur une rame et fait p5s] au p]sonnage nigmatique1 arm du mme attribut1 qu',ulysse doit suivre1 dans l',odysse4 ,mais1 t\j\rs1 c'e/ un hros m>9 dont la mission e/ de p>c\rir les plages1 en p\ssant p> int]valles de longs cris /rid5ts1 propres effray] les p*eurs qui se s]ai5t laiss surpr5dre dehors p> les tnbres de la nuit4 ,il ne fait de mal qu' ceux qui rcalcitr5t2 encore ne les frappe-t-il que dans leur intrt1 p\r les contra9dre se mettre l'abri4 ,il e/1 avant t\t1 un 'av]tisseur'4 ,ses cris ne rappell5t pas seulem5t au logis les g5s att>ds sur les grves2 ils signal5t aussi le dang]eux vois9age de la cte aux m>9s qui sont en m] et1 p> l1 supplent l'insuffisance du mugissem5t des sirnes ou de la lumire des ph>es4 ,rem>quons1 ce propos1 qu'on relve un trait analogue dans la lg5de des vieux sa9ts armorica9s1 p\r la plup>t migrs d',irl&e4 ,un de leurs ex]cices c\tumi]s consi/ait dambul] de nuit le long des ctes o ils avai5t tabli leurs oratoires1 en agitant des clo*ettes de f] battu dont les t9tem5ts tai5t de/9s1 comme les cris de ,yann-,an-d1 prv5ir les navigateurs que la t]re tait pro*e4 ,je suis p]suad que le culte des sa9ts1 qui e/ la premire et la plus f]v5te des dvotions bretonnes1 cons]ve bi5 des traits d'une religion plus anci5ne o la croyance aux fes j\ait le pr9cipal rle4 ,et il en va de mme1 j'en suis conva9cu1 p\r ces my!s funraires que j'ai recueillis s\s le titre de ,la ,lg5de de la ,mort *ez les ,bretons armorica9s4 ,a vrai dire1 dans la conception bretonne1 les morts ne sont pas morts2 ils viv5t d'une vie my/rieuse en m>ge de la vie relle1 mais leur monde re/e1 en df9itive1 t\t ml au ntre et1 sitt que la nuit tombe1 sitt que les vivants proprem5t dits s'ab&onn5t la mort mom5tane du sommeil1 les soi-disant morts r$evi5n5t les habitants de la t]re qu'ils n'ont jamais quitte4 ,ils repr5n5t leur place leur foy] d'autrefois1 ils vaqu5t leurs anci5s travaux1 ils s'intress5t au logis1 aux *amps1 la b>que2 ils se comport5t1 en un mot1 comme ce peuple des hommes et des femmes-fes qui =mait jadis une espce d'humanit plus f9e et plus dlicate au milieu de la vritable humanit4 99 99 99 99 99 ,j'aurais encore1 mon *] monsieur ,w5tz1 bi5 d'autres types voqu]1 dans cet int]monde de la ferie bretonne qui1 *ez mes compatriotes1 ne se confond ni avec ce monde-ci1 ni avec l'autre1 mais p>ticipe la fois de t\s les deux1 p> un s+uli] mlange de naturel et de surnaturel4 ,je n'ai v\lu1 en ces lignes rapides1 que montr] la ri*esse de la matire laquelle v\s avez1 avec tant de consci5ce et de f]veur1 appliqu votre ef=t4 ,et ma9t5ant1 que les fes v\s soi5t d\ces1 mon *] ami6 ,elles ne s]ont que ju/es en favorisant de t\te leur t5dresse le jeune et brillant criva9 qui vi5t de re/aur] leur culte en rnovant leur gloire4 ,,r5nes1 ce #a;er novembre #aiaj4 ,my de> ,mr4 ,w5tz1 ,i recollect t1 at ! "t ( y\r exam9ation on y\r !sis be=e ! ,faculty ( ,lett]s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,r5nes1 "o ( my colleagues1 my fri5d ,pr(essor ,dott91 put to y ?is "q3-- ',y believe1 y ass]t1 9 ! exi/5ce ( fairies8 ,h y se5 any8' ,y answ]$1 ) equal coolness & c&\r3 ',no4 ,i h made e ef=t to d s1 & ,i h nev] se5 any4 ,b !re are _m ?+s :i* y1 sir1 h n se51 & ( :i*1 nev]!less1 y w\ld n ?9k ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce4 ,t is my attitude t[>d fairies4' ,i am l y1 my de> ,mr4 ,w5tz3 ,i h nev] se5 fairies4 ,x is true t ,i h a v de> lady fri5d :om we h *ri/5$ by t "n fairy1 b1 9 spite ( all h] fair sup]natural gifts1 %e is only a humble mortal4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i liv$1 :5 a m]e *ild1 among p :o _h almo/ daily int]c\rse ) real fairies4 ,t 0 9 a little t[n%ip 9 ,l[] ,brittany1 inhabit$ by peasants :o 7 half sailors1 & by sailors :o 7 half peasants4 ,!re 01 n f> f ! village1 an anci5t manor-h\se long ab&on$ by its own]s1 = :at reason 0 n kn[n exactly4 ,x cont9u$ to be call$ ! ',*teau' ( ,lanascol1 ?\gh x 0 h>dly m ?an a ru94 ,x is true t ! av5ues by :i* "o approa*$ x _h reta9$ _! feudal aspect1 ) _! f\rfold r[s ( anci5t bee*es ^: huge masses ( foliage 7 reflect$ 9 spl5did pools4 ,! p ( ! neighb\rhood seldom v5tur$ into ^! av5ues 9 ! ev5+4 ,!y 7 suppos$ to be1 f sunset onw>ds1 ! fav\rite walk+-gr\nd ( a 'lady' :o w5t by ! "n ( ,groac'h ,lanascol1 ! ',fairy ( ,lanascol'4 ,_m claim$ to h met h]1 & describ$ h] 9 col\rs :i* 71 h[ev]1 ! mo/ v>i$4 ,"s repres5t$ h] z an old woman :o walk$ all b5t1 h] two h&s lean+ on a /ump ( a crut* ) :i*1 9 autumn1 f "t to "t %e /irr$ ! dead leaves4 ,! dead leaves :i* %e ?us /irr$ became sudd5ly %9+ l gold1 & cl9k$ aga9/ "o ano!r ) ! cle> s\nd ( metal4 ,accord+ to o!rs1 x 0 a "y pr9cess1 m>vell\sly adorn$1 aft] :om !re hurri$ curi\s little black sil5t m54 ,%e advanc$ ) a maje/ic & que5ly be>+4 ,sometimes %e /opp$ 9 front ( a tree1 & ! tree at once b5t d[n z if to receive h] comm&s4 ,or aga91 %e w\ld ca/ a look on ! wat] ( a pool1 & ! pool trembl$ to its v dep?s1 z ?\gh /irr$ by an access ( fe> b5ea? ! pot5cy ( h] look4 ,! foll[+ /range /ory 0 told ab\t h]3-- ,! own]s ( ,lanascol hav+ desir$ to get rid ( an e/ate :i* !y no long] occupi$1 ! manor & l&s atta*$ to x 7 put up to auction by a not>y ( ,pl\>et4 ,on ! day fix$ = ! bidd+ a numb] ( pur*as]s pres5t$ !mselves4 ,! price _h already rea*$ a l>ge sum1 & ! e/ate 0 on ! po9t ( be+ knock$ d[n1 :51 on a la/ appeal f ! auctione]1 a female voice1 v g5tle & at ! same "t v imp]i\s1 0 rais$ & said3 ',a ?\s& francs m6' ,a great commotion arose 9 ! hall4 ,e "o's eyes s\ght = ! p]son :o _h made ?is advance1 & :o c\ld only be a woman4 ,b !re 0 n a s+le woman among ^? pres5t4 ,! not>y ask$3 ',:o spoke8' ,aga9 ! same voice made itself he>d4 ',! ,fairy ( ,lanascol6' x repli$4 ,a g5]al break-up foll[$4 ,f t "t =w>d no pur*as] has ev] appe>$1 &1 z ! curr5t report ran1 t 0 ! reason :y ,lanascol cont9u$ to be = sale4 ,i h design$ly quot$ to y ! /ory ( ! ,fairy ( ,lanascol1 my de> ,mr4 ,w5tz1 because %e 0 ! fir/ to make an impression on me 9 my *ildhood4 ,h[ _m o!rs h ,i come to "k lat] on 9 ! c\rse ( n>ratives f ^? :o liv$ ) me on ! s&y bea*es1 9 ! fields or ! woods6 ,brittany has always be5 a k+dom ( ,fa]ie4 ,"o _c !re travel ev5 a league )\t bru%+ pa/ ! dwell+ ( "s male or female fairy4 ,q lately1 9 ! c\rse ( an autumn pilgrimage to ! halluc9atory =e/ ( ,paimpont 7or ,brocli&e71 /ill haunt$ ?r\gh\t by ! great memories ( ,celtic leg5d1 ,i enc\nt]$ b5ea? ! ?ick foliage ( ! ,pas-du-,h\x1 a woman ga!r+ faggots1 ) :om ,i did n fail1 z y may well imag9e1 to ent] into conv]sation4 ,"o ( ! fir/ names ,i utt]$ 0 naturally t ( ,vivian4 ',vivian6' cri$ out ! poor old woman4 ',ah6 a bless+ on h]1 ! good ,lady6 = %e is z good z %e is beautiful4444 ,)\t h] protection my good man1 :o works at woodcutt+1 w\ld h fall51 l a wolf1 b5ea? ! keep]s' guns4444' ,& %e began to n>rate to me 'z h[' h] husb&1 some?+ ( a poa*] l all ! woodcutt]s ( ^! di/ricts1 _h "o night gone to wat* = a roebuck 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,butte-aux-,pla9tes1 & _h be5 caught r$-h&$ by a p>ty ( keep]s4 ,he s\ght to fly3 ! keep]s fir$4 ,a bullet hit him 9 ! ?igh3 he fell1 & 0 mak+ ready to let himself be kill$ on ! spot1 r ?an surr5d]1 :5 !re sudd5ly int]pos$ betwe5 him & 8 assailants a k9d ( v ?ick mi/ :i* cov]$ ev]y?+--! gr\nd1 ! trees1 ! keep]s1 & ! w\nd$ man himself4 ,& he he>d a voice com+ out ( ! mi/1 a voice g5tle l ! ru/l+ ( leaves1 & murmur+ 9 8 e>3 ',save ?yself1 my son3 ! _s ( ,vivian w wat* ov] !e till ?\ ha/ crawl$ out ( ! =e/4' ',su* 7 ! actual words ( ! fairy1' conclud$ ! faggot-ga!r]4 ,& %e cross$ h]self dev\tly1 = pi\s ,brittany1 z y "k1 rev]es fairies z mu* z sa9ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i d n "k if lut9s 7mis*iev\s spirits7 %\ld be includ$ 9 ! fairy _w1 b :at is c]ta9 is t ?is *>m+ & rogui% tribe has always ab\nd$ 9 our c\ntry4 ,i h be5 told t =m]ly e h\se _h its own4 ,x 7! lut97 0 some?+ l ! little ,roman h\sehold god4 ,n[ visible1 n[ invisible1 x presid$ ov] all ! acts ( dome/ic life4 ,nay m2 x %>$ 9 !m1 & 9 ! mo/ effective mann]4 ,inside ! h\se x help$ ! s]vants1 blew up ! fire on ! he>?1 sup]vis$ ! cook+ ( ! food = m5 or bea/s1 quiet$ ! cry+ ( ! babe ly+ 9 ! bottom ( ! cupbo>d1 & prev5t$ worms f settl+ 9 ! pieces ( bacon hang+ f ! beams4 ,simil>ly !re fell )9 its sph]e ! managem5t ( ! byres & /ables3 ?anks to x ! c[s gave milk ab\nd+ 9 butt]1 & ! horses _h r\nd cr\ps & %9+ coats4 ,x 01 9 a ^w1 ! good g5ius ( ! h\se1 b conditionally on e "o pay+ to x ! respect to :i* x _h ! "r4 ,if neglect$1 ev] s little1 its k9dness *ang$ into spite1 & !re 0 no unk9d trick ( :i* x 0 n capable t[>ds p :o _h (f5d$ x1 su* z upsett+ ! cont5ts ( ! pots on ! he>?1 entangl+ wool r\nd di/affs1 mak+ tobacco unsmokeable1 mix+ a horse's mane 9 inextricable confusion1 dry+ up ! udd]s ( c[s1 or /ripp+ ! backs ( %eep4 ,!re=e c>e 0 tak5 n to annoy x4 ,c>eful att5tion 0 paid to all its habits & hum\rs4 ,?us1 9 my p>5ts' h\se1 our old maid ,filie nev] lift$ ! trivet f ! fire )\t tak+ ! precaution ( spr9kl+ x ) wat] to cool x1 be=e putt+ x away at ! corn] ( ! he>?4 ,if y ask$ h] ! reason = ?is c]emony1 %e w\ld reply to y3 ',to prev5t ! lut9 burn+ himself !re1 if1 pres5tly1 he sat on x4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,fur!r1 ,i suppose !re %\ld be includ$ 9 ! class ( male fairies t ,bugul-,noz1 t my/]i\s ,night ,%eph]d1 ^: tall & al>m+ outl9e ! rural ,bretons see ris+ 9 ! twilight1 if1 by *ance1 !y happ5 to return late f field-"w4 ,i h nev] be5 able to obta9 exact in=mation ab\t ! k9d ( h]d :i* he f$1 nor ab\t :at 0 =ebod$ by ! meet+ ) him4 ,mo/ (t5 su* a meet+ is dread$4 ,yet1 z "o ( my female in=mants1 ,lise ,bellec1 reasonably po9t$ out1 if x is pref]able to avoid ! ,bugul-,noz x does n f t foll[ t he is a h>mful _s4 ,accord+ to h]1 he w\ld r fulfil a b5eficial (fice1 9 w>n+ human be+s1 by 8 com+1 t night is n made = l+]+ 9 ! fields or on ! roads1 b = %utt+ oneself 9 beh9d clos$ doors & go+ to sleep4 ,?is %eph]d ( ! %ades w\ld !n be1 take x altoge!r1 a k9d ( good %eph]d4 ,x is to ensure our re/ & safety1 to )draw u f excesses ( toil & ! sn>es ( night1 t he compels u1 ?\ghtless %eep1 to return quickly to ! fold4 ,no d\bt x is an almo/ simil> protect+ (fice :i*1 9 popul> belief1 has fall5 to ano!r male fairy1 m p>ticul>ly atta*$ to ! sea%ore1 z 8 "n1 ,yann-,an-d1 indicates4 ,!re is n1 along all ! coa/ ( ,brittany or1 z x is call$1 9 all ! ,armor1 a s+le di/rict :]e ! exi/5ce ( ?is ',john ( ! ,dunes' is n look$ on z a real fact1 fully prov$ & und5iable4 ,*ang+ =ms & diff]5t aspects are attribut$ to him4 ,sometimes he is a giant1 sometimes a dw>f4 ,sometimes he we>s a seaman's hat ( oil$ clo?1 sometimes a broad black felt hat4 ,at times he leans on an o> & recalls ! enigmatic p]sonage1 possess$ ( ! same attribute1 :om ,ulysses has to foll[1 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,b he is always a m>9e h]o ^: (fice x is to trav]se ! %ores1 utt]+ at int]vals long pi]c+ cries1 calculat$ to fright5 away fi%]m5 :o may h all[$ !mselves to be surpris$ outside by ! d>kness ( night4 ,he only hurts ^? :o resi/2 & ev5 !n w\ld only /rike !m 9 _! own int]e/1 to =ce !m to seek %elt]4 ,he is1 be=e all1 "o :o w>ns4 ,8 cries n only call back home p out late on ! s&s2 !y also in=m sailors at sea ( ! dang]\s proximity ( ! %ore1 &1 !reby1 make up = ! insuffici5cy ( ! hoot+ ( sir5s or ( ! light ( ligh?\ses4 ,we may rem>k1 9 ?is connexion1 t a p>allel feature is obs]v$ 9 ! leg5d ( ! old ,armorican sa9ts1 :o 7 mo/ly emigrants f ,irel&4 ,"o ( _! usual ex]cises consi/$ 9 p>ad+ ?r\gh\t ! night ! coa/s :]e !y _h set up _! oratories1 %ak+ little bells ( wr\ght iron1 ! r++ ( :i*1 l ! cries ( ,yann-,an-d1 0 int5d$ to w>n voyag]s t l& 0 ne>4 ,i am p]suad$ t ! wor%ip ( sa9ts1 :i* is ! fir/ & mo/ f]v5t ( ,breton religi\s obs]vances1 pres]ves _m ( ! features ( a m anci5t religion 9 :i* a belief 9 fairies held ! *ief place4 ,! same1 ,i feel sure1 applies to ^? dea?-my?s :i* ,i h collect$ "u ! "n ( ! ,leg5d ( ! ,dead among ! ,armorican ,bretons4 ,9 tru?1 9 ! ,breton m9d1 ! dead are n dead2 !y live a my/]i\s life on ! edge ( real life1 b _! _w rema9s fully m+l$ ) ours1 & z soon z night falls1 z soon z ! liv+1 prop]ly s call$1 give !mselves up to ! tempor>y sleep ( dea?1 ! s-call$ dead aga9 become ! inhabitants ( ! e>? :i* !y h nev] left4 ,!y resume _! place at _! =m] he>?1 devote !mselves to _! old "w1 take an int]e/ 9 ! home1 ! fields1 ! boat2 !y behave1 9 a ^w1 l ! race ( male & female fairies :i* once =m$ a m ref9$ & delicate species ( humanity 9 ! mid/ ( ord9>y humanity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i might1 my de> ,mr4 ,w5tz1 evoke _m o!r types f ?is int]m$iate _w ( ,breton ,fa]ie1 :i*1 9 my c\ntrym5's m9d1 is n id5tical ) ?is _w nor ) ! o!r1 b %>es at once 9 bo?1 ?r\gh a curi\s mixture ( ! natural & sup]natural4 ,i h only int5d$ 9 ^! ha/y l9es to %[ ! weal? ( mat]ial to :i* y h ) s mu* consci5ti\sness & ard\r devot$ y\r ef=ts4 ,& n[ may ! fairies be propiti\s to y1 my de> fri5d6 ,!y w d no?+ b ju/ice 9 fav\r+ ) all _! goodwill ! "y & brilliant writ] :o has b n[ reviv$ _! cult by r5ew+ _! glory4 ,,r5nes1 ,novemb] #a1 #aiaj4 ,,breton ,,fairies ,,or ,f,,es ,9 ,l[] ,brittany1 :i* is ! g5u9ely ,celtic "p ( ,armorica1 in/ead ( f9d+ a widespread folk-belief 9 fairies ( ! k9d exi/+ 9 ,wales1 ,irel&1 & ,scotl&1 we f9d a widespread folk-belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! dead1 & to a less ext5t 9 t ( ! corrigan tribes4 ,= our ,psy*ological ,!ory ?is is v significant4 ,x seems to indicate t among ! ,bretons--:o are "o ( ! mo/ cons]vative ,celtic peoples--! ,fairy-,fai? f9ds its *ief expression 9 a belief t m5 live aft] dea? 9 an invisible _w1 j z 9 ,irel& ! dead & fairies live 9 ,fairyl&4 ,?is op9ion 0 fir/ sugge/$ to me by ,pr(essor ,anatole ,le ,braz1 au?or ( ,la ,lg5de de la ,mort1 & by ,pr(essor ,georges ,dott91 bo? ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,r5nes4 ,b be=e evid5ce to su/a9 & to illu/rate ?is op9ion is (f]$1 x w be well to consid] ! less important ,breton fes or be+s l !m1 & !n corrigans & na9s 7dw>fs74 ,! ',grac'h$ ,coz'4--,f4 ,m4 ,luzel1 :o collect$ s _m ( ! popul> /ories 9 ,brittany1 f\nd t :at few fes or fairies !re are almo/ always appe> 9 folk-lore z little old wom51 or z ! ,breton /ory-tell] usually calls !m1 ,grac'h$ coz4 ,i h select$ & abridg$ ! foll[+ leg5d>y tale f 8 works to illu/rate ! nature ( ^! ,breton fairy-folk3-- ,9 anci5t times1 z we read 9 ,la ,pr9cesse ,blond9e1 a ri* nobleman _h ?ree sons2 ! olde/ 0 call$ ,cado1 ! second1 ,mliau1 & ! y\nge/1 ,yvon4 ,"o day1 z !y 7 toge!r 9 a =e/ ) _! b[s & arr[s1 !y met a little old woman :om !y _h nev] se5 be=e1 & %e 0 c>ry+ on h] head a j> ( wat]4 ',are y able1 lads1' ,cado ask$ 8 two bro!rs1 'to break ) an arr[ ! j> ( ! little old woman )\t t\*+ h]8' ',we d n wi% to try x1' !y said1 fe>+ to injure ! good woman4 ',all "r1 ,i'll d x !n1 wat* me4' ,& ,cado took 8 b[ & let fly an arr[4 ,! arr[ w5t /raight to its m>k & split ! j> )\t t\*+ ! little old woman2 b ! wat] wet h] to ! sk91 &1 9 ang]1 %e said to ! skilful ar*]3 ',y h fail$1 ,cado1 & ,i w be rev5g$ on y = ?is4 ,f n[ until y h f\nd ! ,pr9cess ,blond9e all ! memb]s ( y\r body w tremble z leaves on a tree tremble :5 ! nor? w9d bl[s4' ,& in/antly ,cado 0 seiz$ by a trembl+ malady 9 all 8 body4 ,! ?ree bro!rs return$ home & told _! fa!r :at _h happ5$2 & ! fa!r1 turn+ to ,cado1 said3 ',alas1 my un=tunate son1 y h fail$4 ,x is n[ necess>y = y to travel until y f9d ! ,pr9cess ,blond9e1 z ! fe said1 = t little old woman 0 a fe1 & no doctor 9 ! _w c cure ! malady %e has put ^u y4'#gf ',fes' ( ,l[] ,brittany4--,?r\gh\t ! ,morbihan & ,f9i/re1 ,i f\nd t /ories ab\t fes are mu* less common ?an ab\t corrigans1 & 9 "s localities extremely r>e2 b ! ones ,i h be5 =tunate en\gh to collect are mu* ! same 9 "* z ^? ga!r$ 9 ! ,ctes-du-,nord by ,luzel1 & else:]e by o!r collectors4 ,^? ,i "h record 7 told to me at ,c>nac dur+ ! summ] ( #aiji2 ! fir/ "o by ,m4 ,yvonne ,daniel1 a native ( ! le de ,croix 7(f ! coa/ nor?-we/ ( ,c>nac72 & ! o!rs by ,m4 ,g\lv5 ,le ,sc\r4#gg ',! little le de ,croix 0 especially fam\s = its old fes2 & ! foll[+ leg5d is /ill believ$ by its olde/ inhabitants3--,an ag$ man :o _h suff]$ long f leprosy 0 c]ta9 to die )9 a %ort "t1 :5 a woman b5t d\ble ) age ent]$ 8 h\se4 ,%e ask$ f :at malady he suff]$1 & on be+ in=m$ began to say pray]s4 ,!n %e brea!d ^u ! sores ( ! lep]1 & almo/ sudd5ly disappe>$3 ! fe _h cur$ him4' ',x is c]ta9 t ab\t fifty ye>s ago ! p 9 ,f9i/re /ill believ$ 9 fes4 ,x 0 ?\ght t ! fes 7 spirits :o came to pr$ict "s unexpect$ ev5t 9 ! family4 ,!y came especially to console orphans :o _h v unk9d /ep-mo!rs4 ,9 _! y\?1 ,tanguy du ,*atel & 8 si/] ,eudes 7 protect$ by a fe aga9/ ! mis=tune :i* pursu$ !m2 ! hi/ory ( ,brittany says s4 ,9 ,lon x is said t ! fes s]v$ to guide un=tunate p1 consol+ !m ) ! promise ( a happy & victori\s future4 ,9 ! ,corn\ailles1 on ! contr>y1 x is said t ! fes 7 v evilly dispos$1 t !y 7 demons4 ',my gr&mo!r1 ,m>ie ,le ,bras1 _h relat$ to me t "o ev5+ an old fe arriv$ 9 my village1 ,k]\l$ic 7,f9i/re71 & ask$ = hospitality4 ,x 0 ab\t ! ye> #ahcj4 ,! fe 0 receiv$2 & be=e go+ to b$ %e pr$ict$ t ! little daught] :om ! "m 0 dress+ 9 night-clo!s w\ld be f\nd dead 9 ! cradle ! next day4 ,?is pr$iction 0 only laugh$ at2 b 9 ! morn+ ! little "o 0 dead 9 h] cradle1 h] eyes rais$ t[>d ,heav54 ,! fe1 :o _h slept 9 ! /able1 0 gone4' ,9 ^! la/ ?ree acc\nts1 by ,m4 ,le ,sc\r1 we obs]ve ?ree q diff]5t ideas conc]n+ ! ,breton fairies or fes3 9 ,f9i/re & 9 ,lon ! fes are reg>d$ z good protect+ spirits1 almo/ l ance/ral spirits1 :i* orig9ally !y may h be52 9 ! ,corn\ailles !y are evil spirits2 :ile 9 ! ?ird acc\nt1 ab\t ! old fe--& 9 ! leg5d ( ! lep] cur$ by a fe--! fes are rationaliz$1 z 9 ,luzel's tale quot$ above1 into sorc]esses or ,grac'h$ ,coz4 ,*ildr5 ,*ang$ by ',fes'4--,m4 ,g\lv5 ,le ,sc\r1 at my reque/1 wrote d[n 9 ,fr5* ! foll[+ acc\nt ( actual *angel+s 9 ,f9i/re3--',i rememb] v well t !re 0 a woman ( ! village ( ,k]g(f1 9 ,pl\nev5t]1 :o 0 call$ ----1#gh ! "m ( a family4 ,:5 %e _h h] fir/ *ild1 a v /rong & v pretty boy1 %e notic$ "o morn+ t he _h be5 *ang$ dur+ ! night2 !re 0 no long] ! f9e baby %e _h put to b$ 9 ! ev5+2 !re 01 in/ead1 an infant hide\s to look at1 greatly de=m$1 hun*back$1 & crook$1 & ( a black col\r4 ,! poor woman knew t a fe _h ent]$ ! h\se dur+ ! night & _h *ang$ h] *ild4 ',?is *ang$ infant /ill lives1 & to-day he is ab\t sev5ty ye>s old4 ,he has all ! possible vices2 & he has tri$ _m times to kill 8 "m4 ,he is a v]itable demon2 he (t5 pr$icts ! future1 & has a habit ( runn+ abroad dur+ ! night4 ,!y call him ! ,little ,corrigan1 & ev]ybody flees f him4 ,be+ poor & infirm n[1 he has be5 oblig$ to beg1 & p give him alms because !y h great fe> ( him4 ,8 nick-"n is ,oli]4 ',?is woman _h a second1 !n a ?ird *ild1 bo? ( :om 7 se5 by ev]ybody to h be5 born ) no infirmity2 &1 9 turn1 ea* ( ^! two 0 /ol5 by a fe & replac$ by a little hun*back4 ,! second *ild 0 a mo/ beautiful daught]4 ,%e 0 tak5 dur+ ! night & replac$ by a little girl babe1 s de=m$ t x resembl$ a ball4 ,if h] bro!r ,oli] 0 bad1 %e 0 ev5 worse2 %e 0 ! t]ror ( ! village1 & !y call$ h] ,anniac4 ,! ?ird *ild met ! same luck1 b 0 n s bad z ! fir/ & second4 ',! poor "m1 greatly worri$ at see+ :at _h happ5$1 relat$ h] tr\bles to ano!r woman4 ,?is woman said to h]1 ,if y h ano!r *ild1 place ) x 9 ! cradle a little sprig ( box-wood :i* has be5 bless$ 7by a prie/71 & ! fe w no long] h ! p[] ( /eal+ y\r *ildr54 ,& :5 a f\r? *ild 0 born to ! un=tunate woman x 0 n /ol51 = %e plac$ 9 ! cradle a sprig ( box-wood :i* _h be5 bless$ on ,palm ,sunday 7,diman*e des ,rameaux74#gi ',! fir/ ?ree *ildr5 ,i knew v well1 & !y 7 c]ta9ly hun*back$3 x is pret5d$ 9 ! c\ntry t ! fes :o come at night to make *angel+s always leave 9 ex*ange hun*back$ infants4 ,x is equally pret5d$ t a "m :o has _h h] *ild s *ang$ ne$ d no?+ m ?an leave ! little hun*back out ( doors cry+ dur+ entire h\rs1 & t ! fe he>+ x w come & put ! true *ild 9 its place4 ,un=tunately1 ,yvonna ---- did n "k :at %e %\ld h done 9 ord] to h h] own *ildr5 aga94' ,trans=mation ,p[] ( ',fes'4--,at ,k]allan1 ne> ,c>nac1 ?is is :at ,madame ,l\ise ,le ,r\zic said ab\t ! trans=mation p[] ( fes3--',x is said t ! fes ( ! region :5 insult$ sometimes *ang$ m5 into bea/s or into /ones4'#hj ,o!r ,breton ,fairies4--,besides ! v>i\s types ( fes already describ$1 we f9d 9 ,luzel's collect$ /ories a few o!r types ( fairy-l be+s3 9 ,les ,compagnons 7,! ,companions71#ha ! fe is a magpie 9 a =e/ ne> ,r5nes--j z 9 o!r ,celtic l&s1 fairies likewise (t5 appe> z birds 7see our /udy1 pp4 #cjb ff472 9 ,la ,pr9cesse de l'toile ,brillante 7,! ,pr9cess ( ! ,brilliant ,/>71#ha a pr9cess "u ! =m ( a duck plays ! "p ( a fairy 7cf4 h[ fairy wom5 took ! =m ( wat]-f[ls 9 ! tale entitl$ ! ,sick ,b$ ( ,cu*ula9n 7see our /udy1 p4 #cde72 9 ,pipi ,m5\ et les ,femmes ,volantes 7,pipi ,m5\ & ! ,fly+ ,wom571#ha !re are fairy wom5 z swan-maid5s2 & !n !re are yet to be m5tion$ ,les ,morgans de l'le d',ouessant 7,! ,morgans ( ! ,isle ( ,u%ant71 :o live "u ! sea 9 r>e palaces :]e mortals :om !y love & m>ry are able to exi/ ) !m4 ,9 "s leg5ds ( ! ,morgans1 l "o record$ by ,luzel1 ! m5 & wom5 ( ?is wat]-fairy race1 or ! ,morgans & ,morganez$1 seem l an?ropomorphos$ survivals ( anci5t sea-div9ities1 su*1 = example1 z ! sea-god call$ ,%ony1 to :om ! p ( ,lewis1 ,we/]n ,hebrides1 /ill p\r libations t he may s5d 9 sea-we$1 & ! sea-god to :om anci5tly ! p ( ,iona p\r$ libations4#hb ,! ',morgan'4--,to ,m4 ,j4 ,cuill&re 7,glanmor71 ,presid5t ( ! ,fdration des tudiants ,bretons1 ,i am indebt$ = ! foll[+ weird leg5d ( ! ,morgan1 z x is told among ! ,breton fi%]-folk on ! le ,molne1 ,f9i/re3--',foll[+ a leg5d :i* ,i h collect$ on ! le ,molne1 ! ,morgan is a fairy et]nally "y1 a virg9 s$uctress ^: passion1 nev] satisfi$1 drives h] to despair4 ,h] place ( abode is b5ea? ! sea2 !re %e possesses m>vell\s palaces :]e gold & diamonds glimm]4 ,accompani$ by o!r fairies1 ( :om %e is 9 "s respects ! que51 %e rises to ! surface ( ! wat]s 9 ! spl5d\r ( h] unveil$ beauty4 ,by day %e slumb]s amid ! coolness ( grottoes1 & woe to him :o tr\bles h] sleep4 ,by night %e lets h]self be lull$ by ! waves 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! rocks4 ,! sea-foam cry/allizes at h] t\* into preci\s /ones1 ( :it5ess z dazzl+ z t ( h] body4 ,by moonlight %e moans z %e combs h] fair hair ) a comb ( f9e gold1 & %e s+s 9 a h>moni\s voice a pla9tive melody ^: *>m is irresi/ible4 ,! sailor :o li/5s to x feels himself drawn t[>d h]1 )\t p[] to break ! *>m :i* drags him onw>d to 8 de/ruction2 ! b>k is brok5 ^u ! reefs3 ! man is 9 ! sea1 & ! ,morgan utt]s a cry ( joy4 ,b ! arms ( ! fairy clasp only a corpse2 = at h] t\* m5 die1 & x is ?is :i* causes ! despair ( ! amor\s & inviolate ,morgan4 ,%e be+ pagan1 x suffices to h be5 t\*$ by h] 9 ord] to suff] ! sadde/ fate :i* c be res]v$ to a ,*ri/ian4 ,! un=tunate "o :om %e _h clasp$ is condemn$ to w&] = ev] 9 ! tr\gh ( ! wat]s1 8 eyes wide op51 ! m>k ( baptism effac$ f 8 =ehead4 ,nev] w 8 poor rema9s "k ! sweetness ( repos+ 9 holy gr\nd1 nev] w he h a tomb :]e 8 k9dr$ might come to pray & to weep4' ,orig9 ( ! ',morgan'4--,! foll[+ leg5d>y orig9 is attribut$ to ! ,morgan by ,m4 ,g\lv5 ,le ,sc\r1 our ,c>nac witness3--',foll[+ ! old p & ! ,breton leg5ds1 ! ,morgan 7,m>i ,morgan 9 ,breton7 0 ,dahut1 ! daught] ( ,k+ ,gradlon1 :o 0 rul] ( ! city ( ,is4 ,leg5d records t :5 ,dahut _h ent]$ at night ! b$*amb] ( h] fa!r & _h cut f ar\nd 8 neck ! cord :i* held ! key ( ! sea-dike flood-gates1 & _h giv5 ?is key to ! ,black ,pr9ce1 "u ^: evil love %e _h fall51 & :o1 accord+ to belief1 0 no o!r ?an ! ,devil1 ,/4 ,gu5ol soon aft]w>ds began to cry al\d1 ,great ,k+1 arise6 ,! flood-gates are op51 & ! sea is no long] re/ra9$6#hc ,sudd5ly ! old ,k+ ,gradlon arose1 &1 leap+ on 8 horse1 0 flee+ f ! city ) ,/4 ,gu5ol1 :5 he enc\nt]$ 8 own daught] amid ! waves4 ,%e pite\sly begg$ aid ( h] fa!r1 & he took h] up beh9d him on ! horse2 b ,/4 ,gu5ol1 see+ t ! wat]s 7 ga9+ on !m1 said to ! k+1 ,?r[ into ! sea ! demon y h beh9d y1 & we %all be sav$6 ,!reupon ,gradlon flung 8 daught] into ! abyss1 & he & ,/4 ,gu5ol 7 sav$4 ,s9ce t "t1 ! fi%]m5 decl>e t !y h se51 9 times ( r\gh sea & cle> moonlight1 ,dahut1 daught] ( ,k+ ,gradlon1 sitt+ on ! rocks comb+ h] fair hair & s++1 9 ! place :]e h] fa!r flung h]4 ,& to-day !re is recogniz$ "u ! ,breton "n ,m>ie ,morgan1 ! daught] :o s+s amid ! sea4' ,breton ,fairyl& ,leg5ds4--,9 a leg5d conc]n+ ,mona & ! k+ ( ! ,morgans1 mu* l ! ,*ri/abel /ory ( ,engli% poets1 we h a picture ( a fairyl& n "u gr\nd1 b "u sea2 & ?is leg5d ( ,mona & h] ,morgan lov] is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! fairy-tales ( ,brittany4#hd ,ano!r "o ( ,luzel's leg5ds1 conc]n+ a maid5 :o m>ri$ a dead man1 %[s u ,fairyl& z a _w ( ! dead4 ,x is a v /range leg5d1 & "o directly be>+ on ! ,psy*ological ,!ory2 = ?is dead man1 :o is a dead prie/1 has a palace 9 a realm ( en*antm5t1 & to ent] 8 c\ntry "o mu/ h a :ite fairy-w& ) :i* to /rike '9 ! =m ( a cross' two bl[s ^u ! rock conceal+ ! entrance4#hd ,m4 ,paul ,sbillot records f ,upp] ,brittany a tradition t b5ea? ! sea-waves !re "o c see a subt]ranean _w conta9+ fields & villages & beautiful ca/les2 & x is s pleasant a _w t mortals go+ !re f9d ye>s no long] ?an days4#he ,fairies ( ,upp] ,brittany4#hf--,pr9cipally 9 ,upp] ,brittany1 ,m4 ,sbillot f\nd ri* folk-lore conc]n+ fes1 ?\gh "s ( 8 mat]ial is drawn f peasants & fi%]m5 :o are n s purely ,celtic z ^? 9 ,l[] ,brittany2 & he v concisely summ>izes ! v>i\s names !re giv5 to ! fairy-folk z foll[s3--',!y are g5]ally call$ ,fes 7,fairies71 sometimes ,ftes 7,fates71 a "n ne>] ?an fes to ! ,lat9 ,fata2 ,fte 7fem47 & ,fte 7mas47 are bo? us$1 & f ,fte is probably d]iv$ ,faito or ,faitaud1 :i* is ! "n borne by ! fa!rs1 ! husb&s1 or ! *ildr5 ( ! fes 7,sa9t-,ca/74 ,ne> ,sa9t-,briac 7,ille-et-,vila9e7 !y are sometimes call$ ,fions2 ?is t]m1 :i* is appli$ to bo? sexes1 seems also to designate ! mis*iev\s lut9s 7sprites74 ,r\nd ! ,m51 9 ! cantons ( ,coll9e & ( ,moncont\r1 !y are call$ ,m>got la ,fe1 or ma ,commre 7my ,godmo!r7 ,m>got1 or ev5 ! ,bonne ,femme 7,good ,woman7 ,m>got4 ,on ! coa/ !y are (t5 en\gh call$ by ! "n ( ,bonnes ,dames 7,good ,ladies71 or ( nos ,bonnes ,mres les ,fes 7our ,good ,mo!rs ! ,fairies72 usually !y are spok5 ( ) a c]ta9 respect4'#hg ,z ! same au?ority sugge/s1 probably ! mo/ *>act]i/ic ,fes 9 ,upp] ,brittany are ! ,fes des ,h\les 7,fairies ( ! ,bill[s72 & traditions say t !y liv$ 9 natural cav]ns or grottoes 9 ! sea-cliffs4 ,!y =m a di/9ct class ( sea-fairies unkn[n else:]e 9 ,france or ,europe4#hh ,m4 ,sbillot reg>ds !m z sea-div9ities greatly rationaliz$4 ,associat$ ) !m are ! fions1 a race ( dw>fs hav+ swords no bigg] ?an p9s4#hh ,a pretty leg5d ab\t magic buck:eat cakes1 :i* 9 diff]5t =ms is widespread ?r\gh\t all ,brittany1 is told ( ^! little cave-dwell+ fairies3-- ,l ! l>g] fes ! fions kept cattle2 & "o day a black c[ belong+ to ! fions ( ,pont-aux-,hommes-,nes ate ! buck:eat 9 ! field ( a woman ( t neighb\rhood4 ,! woman w5t to ! fions to compla91 & 9 reply to h] a voice said3 ',hold y\r tongue2 y w be paid = y\r buck:eat6' ,!reupon ! fions gave ! woman a cupful ( buck:eat1 & promis$ h] t x w\ld nev] dim9i% s long z none %\ld be giv5 away4 ,t ye> buck:eat 0 v sc>ce1 b no matt] h[ _m buck:eat cakes ! woman & h] family ate !re 0 nev] dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( ! fairy buck:eat4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! un=tunate h\r came4 ,a rag-ga!r] arriv$ & ask$ = food4 ,?\ghtlessly ! woman gave him "o ( h] buck:eat cakes1 & sudd5ly1 z ?\gh by magic1 all ! re/ ( ! buck:eat disappe>$ = ev]4 ,along ! ,rance ! inhabitants tell ab\t fes :o appe> dur+ /orms4 ,^! /orm-fairies are dress$ 9 ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 & pass along foll[+ a mo/ beautiful fe :o is m\nt$ 9 a boat made f a nautilus ( ! s\!rn seas4 ,& ! boat is drawn by two sea-crabs4 ,9 no o!r place 9 ,brittany are simil> fes said to exi/4#hi ,9 ,upp] ,brittany1 z 9 ,l[] ,brittany1 ! fes g5]ally _h _! abodes 9 tumuli1 9 dolm5s1 9 =e/s1 9 wa/e l&s :]e !re are great rocks1 or ab\t m5hirs2 & _m o!r k9ds ( spirits liv$ 9 ! sea & tr\bl$ sailors & fi%]-folk4 ,l all fairy-folk ( ,celtic c\ntries1 ^? ( ,upp] ,brittany 7 giv5 to /eal+ *ildr54 ,?us at ,d9>d n long ago !re 0 a woman m ?an ?irty ye>s old :o 0 no bigg] ?an a girl ( t51 & x 0 said %e 0 a fairy *angel+4#ij ,9 ,l[] ,brittany ! tak+ ( *ildr5 0 (t5 attribut$ to dw>fs r ?an to fes1 ?\gh ! me?od ( mak+ ! *angel+ speak is ! same z 9 ,upp] ,brittany1 namely1 to place 9 su* a mann] be=e an op5 fire a numb] ( egg%ells fill$ ) wat] t !y appe> to ! *angel+--:o is plac$ :]e he c well obs]ve all ! proce$+s--l s _m small pots ( cook+ food2 :]eupon1 be+ greatly a/oni%$ at ! unusual sight1 he =gets himself & speaks = ! fir/ "t1 ?us betray+ 8 demon nature4 ,! foll[+ midwife /ory1 z told by ,j4 ,m4 ,comault1 ( ,g\ray1 9 #ahha1 is q a p>allel to ! "o we h record$ 7on p4 #ed7 z com+ f ,grange1 ,irel&3--,a midwife :o deliv]$ a ,m>got la fe c>elessly all[$ "s ( ! fairy o9tm5t to get on "o ( h] own eyes4 ,! eye at once became clairvoyant1 s t %e beheld ! fes 9 _! true nature4 ,&1 q l a midwife 9 a simil> /ory ab\t ! fes des h\les1 ?is midwife happ5$ to see a fe 9 ! act ( /eal+1 & spoke to h]4 ,!reupon ! fe ask$ ! midwife ) :i* eye %e beheld h]1 & :5 ! midwife indicat$ :i* "o x 01 ! fe pull$ x out4#ia ,g5]ally1 l _! relatives 9 insul> ,celtdom1 ! fairies ( ,upp] ,brittany c\ld assume v>i\s =ms1 & c\ld ev5 trans=m ! human body2 & !y 7 giv5 to play+ tricks on mortals1 & always to tak+ rev5ge on !m if ill-treat$4 ,9 mo/ ways !y 7 l o!r races ( fairies1 ,celtic & non-,celtic1 ?\gh v mu* an?ropomorphos$ 9 _! nature by ! peasant & m>9]4 ,z a rule1 ! fes ( ,upp] ,brittany are describ$ 9 leg5d z "y & v beautiful4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 appe> to be c5turies old1 ) tee? z long z a human h&1 & ) backs cov]$ ) seawe$s1 & mussels1 or o!r m>9e gr[?s1 z an indication ( _! great age4#ib ,at ,sa9t-,ca/ !y are said to be dress$ 7l ! corrigans at ,c>nac1 see p4 #bjh7 9 toile1 a k9d ( heavy l95 clo?4#ib ,on ! sea-coa/ ( ,upp] ,brittany ! popul> op9ion is t ! fes are a fall5 race condemn$ to an e>?ly exile = a c]ta9 p]iod4 ,9 ! region ( ! ,m51 canton ( ,coll9e1 ! old folk say t1 aft] ! angels revolt$1 ^? left 9 p>adise 7 divid$ into two p>ts3 ^? :o f\ght on ! side ( ,god & ^? :o rema9$ neutral4 ,^! la/1 already half-fall51 7 s5t to ! e>? = a "t1 & became ! fes4#ib ,! g5]al belief 9 ! int]ior ( ,brittany is t ! fes once exi/$1 b t !y disappe>$ z _! c\ntry 0 *ang$ by mod]n conditions4 ,9 ! region ( ! ,m5 & ( ,erc 7,ille-et-,vila9e7 x is said t = m ?an a c5tury !re h be5 no fes2 & on ! sea-coa/1 :]e x is /ill firmly believ$ t ! fes us$ to live 9 ! bill[s or amid c]ta9 grottoes 9 ! cliffs aga9/ :i* ! bill[s broke1 ! op9ion is t !y disappe>$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! olde/ ,bretons say t _! p>5ts or gr&p>5ts (t5 spoke ab\t hav+ se5 fes1 b v r>ely d !y say t !y !mselves h se5 fes4 ,m4 ,sbillot f\nd only two :o _h4 ,"o 0 an old ne$le-woman ( ,sa9t-,ca/1 :o _h su* fe> ( fes t if %e 0 on h] way to d "s sew+ 9 ! c\ntry1 & x 0 night1 %e always took a long circuit\s r\te to avoid pass+ ne> a field kn[n z ! ,c\v5t des ,fes4 ,! o!r 0 ,m>ie ,*hu1 a woman eighty-eight ye>s old4#ic ,,! ,,corrigan ,,race#id ,x is ! corrigan race1 h[ev]1 :i*1 m ?an fes or fairies1 =ms a l>ge "p ( ! invisible inhabitants ( ,brittany2 & ?is race ( corrigans & na9s 7dw>fs7 may be made to include _m k9ds ( lut9s1 or z !y are (t5 call$ by ! peasant1 follets or esprits follets 7playful elves74 ,?\gh ! peasants bo? 9 ,upp] & 9 ,l[] ,brittany may h no /rong fai? 9 fes1 mo/ ( !m say t corrigans1 or na9s1 & mis*iev\s h\se-haunt+ spirits /ill exi/4 ,b 9 a few localities1 z ,m4 ,sbillot discov]$1 !re is an op9ion t ! lut9s dep>t$ ) ! fes1 & ) !m w return 9 ?is c5tury1 because dur+ ea* c5tury ) an odd numb] l #aijj1 ! fairy tribes ( all k9ds are said to be visible or to reappe> among m51 & to become invisible or to disappe> dur+ ea* c5tury ) an ev5 numb] l #ahjj4 ,s ?is is ! visible c5tury4 ,corrigans & follets only %[ !mselves at night1 or 9 ! twilight4 ,no "o kn[s :]e !y pass ! day-"t4 ,"s lut9s or follets1 aft] ! mann] ( ,scot* kelpies1 live solit>y lives 9 lakes or ponds 7:]eas corrigans are socially unit$ 9 gr\ps or families71 & amuse !mselves by play+ tricks on travell]s pass+ by aft] d>k4 ,s\ve/re records a /ory %[+ h[ ! lut9s c assume any animal =m1 b t _! natural =m is t ( a little man dress$ 9 gre52 & t ! corrigans h decl>$ w> on !m = be+ too fri5dly to m54#ie ,f :at foll[s ab\t lut9s1 by ,m4 ,g\lv5 ,le ,sc\r1 !y %[ aff9ity ) ,pucks & su* %ape-%ift+ hobgobl9s z are f\nd 9 ,wales3--',! lut9s 7 little dw>fs :o g5]ally appe>$ at cross-roads to attack belat$ travell]s4 ,& x is relat$ 9 ,breton leg5ds t ^! lut9s sometimes trans=m$ !mselves into black horses or into goats2 & :oev] !n _h ! mis=tune to enc\nt] !m sometimes f\nd 8 life 9 dang]1 & 0 always seiz$ ) great t]ror4' ,b g5]ally1 :at ! ,breton peasant tells ab\t corrigans he is apt to tell at ano!r "t ab\t lut9s4 ,& bo? tribes ( be+s1 s f> z !y c be di/+ui%$1 are ! same z ! elfi% peoples--pixies 9 ,cornwall1 ,rob9 ,good-fell[s 9 ,engl&1 gobl9s 9 ,wales1 or br[nies 9 ,scotl&4 ,bo? corrigans & lut9s are suppos$ to gu>d hidd5 treasure2 "s tr\ble horses at night2 "s1 l _! ,engli% c\s9s1 may help 9 ! h\se-"w aft] all ! family are asleep2 "s cause nightm>e2 "s c>ry a tor* l a ,wel% dea?-c&le2 "s tr\ble m5 & wom5 l obsess+ spirits2 & ne>ly all ( !m are mis*iev\s4 ,9 an article 9 ! ,revue des ,traditions ,populaires 7v4 #aja71 ,m4 ,sbillot has classifi$ m ?an fifty names giv5 to lut9s & corrigans 9 ,l[] ,brittany1 accord+ to ! =m "u :i* ^! spirits appe>1 _! peculi> traits1 dwell+-places1 & ! c\ntry !y inhabit4 ,l ! fairies 9 ,brita9 & ,irel&1 ! corrigans & ! ,corni% pixies f9d _! fav\rite amusem5t 9 ! circul> dance4 ,:5 ! moon is cle> & bright !y ga!r = _! frolic ne> m5hirs1 & dolm5s1 & tumuli1 & at cross-roads1 or ev5 9 ! op5 c\ntry2 & !y nev] miss an opportunity ( entic+ a mortal pass+ by to jo9 !m4 ,if he happ5s to be a good-natur$ man & ent]s _! sport he>tily1 !y treat him q z a companion1 & may ev5 d him "s good turn2 b if he is n agreeable !y w make him dance until he falls d[n exhau/$1 & %\ld he commit "s act ?or\ghly displeas+ to !m he w meet _! c]ta9 rev5ge4 ,accord+ to a /ory report$ f ,lori5t 7,morbihan7#if x is taboo = ! corrigans to make a complete enum]ation ( ! days ( ! week3-- ,! ',corrigan' ,taboo4--',at night1 ! corrigans dance1 s++1 ,monday1 ,tuesday1 ,w$nesday1 ,?ursday1 ,friday2 !y are prohibit$ f complet+ ! enum]ation ( ! days ( ! week4 ,a corrigan hav+ _h ! mis=tune to p]mit himself to be tempt$ to add ,saturday1 imm$iately became hun*back$4 ,8 comrades1 /upefi$ & di/ress$1 attempt$ 9 va9 to knock 9 8 hump ) bl[s ( _! fi/s4' ',corrigans' at ,c>nac4--,h[ ! tradition ( ! danc+ corrigans & _! weekday song /ill lives1 appe>s f ! foll[+ acc\nts :i* ,i f\nd at & ne> ,c>nac1 ! fir/ acc\nt hav+ be5 giv5 dur+ ,janu>y #aiji by ,madame ,m>ie ,ezanno1 ( ,c>nac1 !n sixty-six ye>s old3--',! corrigans are little dw>fs :o =m]ly1 by moonlight1 us$ to dance 9 a circle on ! prairies4 ,!y sang a song ! c\plet ( :i* 0 n und]/ood1 b only ! refra91 translat$ 9 ,breton3 ,di ,lun 7,monday71 ,di ,m]h 7,tuesday71 ,di ,m]hi] 7,w$nesday74 ',!y :i/l$ 9 ord] to assemble4 ,:]e !y danc$ mu%rooms grew2 & x 0 necess>y to ma9ta9 sil5ce s z n to int]rupt !m 9 _! dance4 ,!y 7 (t5 v brutal t[>ds a man :o fell "u _! p[]1 & if !y _h a grudge aga9/ him !y w\ld make him submit to ! greate/ tortures4 ,! peasants believ$ /rongly 9 ! corrigans1 because !y ?us saw !m & he>d !m4 ,! corrigans dress$ 9 v co>se :ite l95 clo?4 ,!y 7 mis*iev\s spirits 7esprits follets71 :o liv$ "u dolm5s4' ,"o morn+1 ,m4 ,lemort & myself call$ ^u ,madame ,l\ise ,le ,r\zic 9 h] neat home at ,k]allan1 a little gr\p ( ?at*$ cottages ab\t a mile f ,c>nac4 ,z we ent]$1 ,madame ,le ,r\zic h]self 0 sitt+ on a long wood5 b5* by ! w9d[ knitt+1 & h] daught] 0 wat*+ ! sav\ry-smell+ d9n] z x boil$ 9 great iron pots hang+ f *a9s ov] a brilliant fire on ! he>?4 ,l>ge gleam+ brass bas9s 7 rang$ on a %elf above ! broad op5 *imney-place :]e9 ! fire burn$1 & massive b$/eads c>v$ aft] ! ,breton /yle /ood on ! /one floor4 ,:5 _m ?+s _h be5 talk$ ab\t1 our conv]sation turn$ to corrigans1 & !n ! good woman ( ! h\se told u ^! tales3-- ',corrigans' at ,*ur*4--',9 =m] times a "y girl hav+ tak5 ! keys ( ! *ur* 7presumably at ,c>nac7 & hav+ ent]$ x1 f\nd ! corrigans ab\t to dance2 & ! corrigans 7 s++1 ,lundi1 ,m>di 7,monday1 ,tuesday74 ,on see+ ! "y girl1 !y /opp$1 surr\nd$ h]1 & invit$ h] to dance ) !m4 ,%e accept$1 &1 9 s++1 add$ to _! song ,m]cr$i 7,w$nesday74 ,9 amazem5t1 ! corrigans cri$ joyfully1 ,%e has add$ some?+ to our song2 :at %all we give h] z recomp5se8 ,& !y gave h] a bracelet4 ,a fri5d ( h]s meet+ h]1 ask$ :]e ! f9e bracelet came f2 & ! "y girl told :at _h happ5$4 ,! second girl hurri$ to ! *ur*1 & f\nd ! corrigans /ill danc+ ! rond4 ,%e jo9$ _! dance1 &1 9 s++1 add$ ,jeudi 7,?ursday7 to _! song2 b t broke ! cad5ce2 & ! corrigans 9 fury1 in/ead ( recomp5s+ h] wi%$ to puni% h]4 ,:at %all we d to h]8 "o ( !m cri$4 ,let ! day be z night to h]6 ! o!rs repli$4 ,& by day1 :]ev] %e w5t1 %e saw only ! night4' ,! ',corrigans'' ,sabba?4--',:]e my gr&fa!r liv$1' cont9u$ ,madame ,le ,r\zic1 '!re 0 a "y girl :o w5t to ! sabba? ( ! corrigans2 & :5 %e return$ & 0 ask$ :]e %e _h be51 said1 ,i h travell$ ov] wat]1 wood1 & h$ges4 ,& %e relat$ all %e _h se5 & he>d4 ,!n "o night1 aft]w>ds1 ! corrigans came into ! h\se1 beat h]1 & dragg$ h] f b$4 ,^u he>+ ! upro>1 my gr&fa!r arose & f\nd ! girl ly+ flat on ! /one floor4 ,nev] "q me aga91 %e said to him1 or !y w kill me4'#ig ',corrigans' z ,fairies4--,"s ,breton leg5ds give corrigans ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( fairies 9 ,celtic ,brita9 & ,irel&2 & ,villem>qu 9 8 ,b>zaz ,breiz 7pp4 #be-cj7 makes ! ,breton ^w corrigan synonym\s ) fe or fairy1 ?us3--',le ,seigneur ,nann et la ,fe 7,aotr\ ,nann hag ar ,corrigan74' ,9 ?is leg5d ! corrigan seems cle>ly en\gh to be a wat]-fairy3 ',! ,korrigan 0 seat$ at ! edge ( h] f\nta91 & %e 0 comb+ h] long fair hair4' ,b unlike mo/ wat]-fairies1 ! ,fe lives 9 a grotto1 :i*1 accord+ to ,villem>qu1 is "o ( ^? anci5t monum5ts call$ 9 ,breton dolm51 or ti ar corrigan2 9 ,fr5*1 ,table de pi]res1 or ,grotte aux ,fes--l ! fam\s "o ne> ,r5nes4 ,! f\nta9 :]e ! ,fe 0 seat$ seems to be "o ( ^? sacr$ f\nta9s1 :i*1 z ,villem>qu says1 are (t5 f\nd ne> a ,grotte aux ,fes1 & call$ ,fonta9e de la ,fe1 or 9 ,breton1 ,feunteun ar corrigan4 ,9 ano!r ( ,villem>qu's leg5ds1 ,l',enfant ,suppos1 aft] ! egg-%ell te/ has be5 us$ & ! little corrigan-*angel+ is replac$ by ! real *ild1 ! latt] z ?\gh all ! :ile x _h be5 9 an unconsci\s trance-/ate--:i* has a curi\s be>+ on our ,psy*ological ,!ory--/ret*es =? its arms & awak5+ exclaims1 ',ah6 "m1 :at a long "t ,i h be5 asleep4'#ih ,& 9 ,les ,na9s we see ! little ,duz or dw>fs inhabit+ a cave & gu>d+ treasures4#ih ,9 8 introduction to ! ,b>zaz ,breiz1 ,villem>qu describes les korrigan1 :om he equates ) les fes1 z v simil> to ord9>y fairies4 ,!y c =etell ! future1 !y "k ! art ( w>--q l ! ,iri% 'g5try' or ,tua?a ,de ,danann--!y c assume any animal =m1 & are able to travel f "o end ( ! _w to ano!r 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye4 ,!y love fea/+ & music--l all ,celtic fairy-folk2 & dance 9 a circle hold+ h&s1 b at ! lea/ noise disappe>4 ,_! fav\rite haunts are ne> f\nta9s & dolm5s4 ,!y are little be+s n m ?an two feet high1 & beautifully proportion$1 ) bodies z a]ial & transp>5t z ^? ( wasps4 ,& l all fairy1 or elvi% races1 & l ! ,breton ,morgans or wat]-spirits1 !y are giv5 to /eal+ ! *ildr5 ( mortals4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lo? has call$ my att5tion to an unpubli%$ ,breton leg5d ( 8 collection1 9 :i* !re are fairy-l be+s comp>able to ^! describ$ by ,villem>qu2 & he tells me1 too1 t ?r\gh\t ,brittany "o f9ds to-day ! c\nt]p>t ( ! ,wel% ,tylwy? ,teg or ',fair ,family'1 & t bo? 9 ,wales & ,brittany ! ,tylwy? ,teg are popul>ly describ$ z little wom51 or maid5s1 l fairies no l>g] ?an *ildr54 ,fairies & ,dw>fs4--,:]e ,villem>qu draws a cle> di/9ction is betwe5 ^! korrigan & fes on ! "o h&1 & ! na9s or dw>fs on ! o!r4 ,^! la/ are :at we h f\nd associat$ or id5tifi$ ) corrigans 9 ! ,morbihan4 ,villem>qu describes ! na9s z a hide\s race ( be+s ) d>k or ev5 black hairy bodies1 ) voices l old m51 & ) little sp>kl+ black eyes4 ,!y are fond ( play+ tricks on mortals :o fall into _! p[]2 & are giv5 to s++ 9 a circul> dance ! weekday song4 ,v (t5 corrigans reg>d$ z na9s1 equally ) all k9ds ( lut9s1 are believ$ to be evil spirits or demons condemn$ to live "h on e>? 9 a p5it5tial /ate = an indef9ite "t2 & sometimes !y seem n mu* diff]5t f :at ,iri% ,celts1 :5 talk+ ( fairies1 call fall5 angels4 ,le ,na9 de ,k]huiton1 translat$ f ,breton by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lo?1 9 "p illu/rates ?is3--,^u see+ wat] boil+ 9 a numb] ( egg-%ells rang$ be=e an op5 fire1 a polpegan-*angel+ is s greatly a/oni%$ t he unwitt+ly speaks = ! fir/ "t1 & says1 ',"h ,i am almo/ "o hundr$ ye>s old1 & nev] su* a ?+ h ,i yet se56' ',ah6 son ( ,satan6' !n cries out ! "m1 z %e comes f h] place ( hid+ & beats ! polpegan--:o ?us by means ( ! egg-%ell te/ has be5 trick$ into reveal+ 8 demon nature4#ii ,9 a p>allel /ory1 report$ by ,villem>qu 9 8 ,b>zaz ,breiz 7p4 #cc n471 a na9-*angel+ is equally a/oni%$ to see a simil> r[ ( egg-%ells boil+ be=e an op5 fire l s _m pots ( food1 & gives himself away ?r\gh ! foll[+ rem>k3--',i h se5 ! acorn be=e ! oak2 ,i h se5 ! egg be=e ! :ite *ick53 ,i h nev] se5 ! equal to ?is4' ,nature ( ! ',corrigans'4--,z to ! g5]al ideas ab\t ! corrigans1 ,m4 ,le ,sc\r says3--',=m]ly ! corrigans 7 ! t]ror ( ! c\ntry-folk1 especially 9 ,f9i/re1 9 ! ,morbihan1 & ?r\gh\t ! ,ctes-du-,nord4 ,!y 7 believ$ to be s\ls 9 pa9 condemn$ to w&] at night 9 wa/e l&s & m>%es4 ,sometimes !y 7 se5 z dw>fs2 & (t5 !y 7 n se5 at all1 b 7 he>d 9 h\ses mak+ an inf]nal noise4 ,unlike ! lav&ires de nuits 7phantom wa%]wom5 ( ! night71 !y 7 he>d only 9 summ]1 nev] 9 w9t]4' ,,! ,,breton ,,leg5d ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,we come n[ to ! ,breton ,leg5d ( ! ,dead1 common g5]ally to all p>ts ( ,armorica1 ?\gh probably ev5 m widespread 9 ,l[] ,brittany ?an 9 ,upp] ,brittany2 & ?is we call ! ,armorican ,fairy-,fai?4 ,ev5 :]e ! peasants h no fai? 9 fes or fairies1 & :]e _! fai? 9 corrigans is weak or almo/ gone1 !re is a /rong conviction among !m t ! s\ls ( ! dead c %[ !mselves to ! liv+1 a vigor\s belief 9 app>itions1 phantom-fun]als1 & v>i\s dea?-w>n+s4 ,z ,pr(essor ,anatole ,le ,braz has s well said 9 8 introduction to ,la ,lg5de de la ,mort1 '! :ole consci5ce ( ^! p is fundam5tally direct$ t[>d t :i* conc]ns dea?4 ,& ! ideas :i* !y =m ( x1 9 spite ( ! /rong ,*ri/ian impr9t :i* !y h receiv$1 d n seem mu* diff]5t f ^? :i* we h po9t$ out among _! pagan ance/ors4 ,= !m1 z = ! primitive ,celts1 dea? is less a *ange ( condition ?an a j\rney1 a dep>ture = ano!r _w4' ,& ?us x seems t ?is mo/ popul> ( ! ,breton folk-beliefs is g5u9ely ,celtic & extremely anci5t4 ,z ,r5an has said1 ! ,celtic p are 'a race my/]i\s1 hav+ k ( ! future & ! secret ( dea?'4#ajj ,& :]eas 9 ,irel& unusual happ5+s or /range accid5ts & dea? are attribut$ to fairy int]f]5ce1 9 ,brittany !y are attribut$ to ! influ5ce ( ! dead4 ,! ,breton ,celt makes no di/9ction betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead4 ,all alike inhabit ?is _w1 ! "o be+ visible1 ! o!r invisible4 ,?\gh se]s c at all times behold ! dead1 on ,novemb] ,eve 7,la ,t\ssa9t7 & on ,*ri/mas ,eve !y are mo/ num]\s & mo/ easily se52 & no peasant w\ld ?9k ( que/ion+ _! exi/5ce4 ,9 ,irel& & ,scotl& ! c\ntry-folk fe> to speak ( fairies save ?r\gh an euphemism1 & ! ,bretons speak ( ! dead indirectly1 & ev5 !n ) fe> & trembl+4 ,! foll[+ leg5d1 :i* ,i f\nd at ,c>nac1 w s]ve to illu/rate bo? ! pr(undity ( ! belief 9 ! p[] ( ! dead ov] ! liv+ 9 ,l[] ,brittany1 & h[ deeply ! p c be /irr$ by ! pr$ictions ( "o :o c see ! dead2 & ! leg5d is q typical ( ^? s common 9 ,armorica3-- ,=etell+ ,dea?s4--',=m]ly !re 0 a woman :om spirits impell$ to rise f h] b$1 x made no diff]5ce at :at h\r ( ! night1 9 ord] to behold fun]als 9 ! future4 ,%e pr$ict$ :o %\ld die1 :o %\ld c>ry ! corpse1 :o ! cross1 & :o %\ld foll[ ! cortge4 ,h] pr$ictions fright5$ e "o1 & made h] su* a t]ror to ! c\ntry t ! mayor _h ?reat5$ to take legal proce$+s aga9/ h] if %e cont9u$ h] practice2 b %e 0 compell$ to tell ! ?+s :i* ! spirits %[$ h]4 ,x is ab\t t5 ye>s s9ce ?is woman di$ 9 ! hospital at ,auray4' ,te/imony ( a ,breton ,se]ess4--,!re lives 9 ! little hamlet ( ,k]lois1 less ?an a mile f ,c>nac1 a ,breton se]ess1 a woman :o s9ce eight ye>s ( age has be5 privileg$ to behold ! _w invisible & its inhabitants1 q l ! woman :o di$ at ,auray4 ,%e is ,madame ,eugnie ,le ,port1 n[ =ty-two ye>s old1 & :at %e tells ( ?+s se5 9 ?is invisible _w :i* surr\nds h]1 might easily be tak5 = ,iri% leg5ds ab\t fairies4 ,kn[+ v little ,fr5*1 because %e is ?or\ghly ,breton1 ,madame ,le ,port describ$ h] visions 9 h] own native tongue1 & h] elde/ daught] act$ z int]pret]4 ,i _h kn[n ! good woman s9ce ! previ\s w9t]1 & s we 7 able to conv]se famili>ly2 & z ,i sat 9 h] own little cottage1 9 company ) h] husb& & daught]s1 & ) ,m4 ,lemort1 :o act$ z record+ secret>y1 ?is is :at %e said 9 h] cle> e>ne/ mann] 9 answ] to my que/ions3-- ',we believe t ! spirits ( our ance/ors surr\nd u & live ) u4 ,"o day on a road f ,c>nac ,i enc\nt]$ a woman ( ,k]goellec :o _h be5 dead eight days4 ,i ask$ h] to move to "o side s t ,i c\ld pass1 & %e vani%$4 ,?is 0 elev5 o'clock 9 ! morn+4 ,i saw h] at ano!r "t 9 ! ,m>% ( ,br5o2 ,i spoke1 b %e did n reply4 ,on ! r\te f ,pl\h>nel 7ne> ,c>nac7 ,i saw 9 ! day-"t ! fun]al ( a woman :o did n die until fifte5 days aft]w>ds4 ,i recogniz$ p]fectly all ! p :o took "p 9 x2 b ! p]son ) me saw no?+4 ,ano!r "t1 ne> ?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 & eight days be=e h] dea?1 ,i saw ^u ! same r\te ! fun]al ( a woman :o 0 dr[n$4 ,& ,i h se5 a phantom horse go+ to ! sabba?1 & z if =c$ along aga9/ its w1 = x re>$ & paw$ ! e>?4 ,:5 ,pi]re ,r\zic ( ,k]lois di$1 ,i saw a light ( all col\rs betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 ! v night ( 8 dea?4 ,i h se5 a woman asleep ^: _s mu/ h be5 free1 = ,i saw x hov]+ outside h] body4 ,%e 0 n awak5$ at ! "t = fe> t ! _s w\ld n f9d its body aga94' ,9 answ] to my "q z to h[ long ^! v>i\s visions usually la/$1 ,madame ,le ,port said3--',!y la/$ ab\t a qu>t] ( an h\r1 or less1 & all ( !m disappe>$ in/antane\sly4' ,z ,madame ,le ,port n[ seem$ unable to recall m ( h] visions1 ,i f9ally ask$ h] :at %e ?\ght ab\t corrigans1 & %e repli$3--',i believe !y exi/ z "s special k9d ( spirits1 ?\gh ,i h nev] se5 any4' ,pro( t ! ,dead ,exi/4--,?is is :at ,m4 ,jean ,c\ton1 an old ,breton1 told me at ,c>nac3--',i am only an old peasant1 )\t in/ruction1 )\t any education1 b let me tell y :at ,i ?9k conc]n+ ! dead4 ,foll[+ my own idea1 ,i believe t aft] dea? ! s\l always exi/s & travels among u4 ,i repeat to y t ,i h belief t ! dead are se52 ,i am n[ go+ to prove ?is to y 9 ! foll[+ /ory3-- ',"o w9t] ev5+ ,i 0 return+ home f a fun]al4 ,i _h z companion a k9swoman ( ! man j buri$4 ,we took ! tra9 & soon alight$ 9 ! /ation ( ,pl\h>nel4 ,we /ill _h ?ree kilometres to g be=e rea*+ home1 & z x 0 w9t]1 & at t epo* !re 0 no /age-coa*1 we 7 oblig$ to travel afoot4 ,z we 7 go+ along1 sudd5ly !re appe>$ to my companion h] dead relative :om we _h buri$ t day4 ,%e ask$ me if ,i saw any?+1 & s9ce ,i repli$ to h] negatively %e said to me1 ,t\* me1 & y w see )\t d\bt4 ,i t\*$ h]1 & ,i saw ! same z %e did1 ! p]son j dead1 :om ,i cle>ly recogniz$4'#aja ,phantom ,wa%]wom54--,conc]n+ a v popul> ,breton belief 9 phantom wa%]wom5 7les lav&ires de nuits2 or 9 ,breton1 cann]$ noz71 ,m4 ,g\lv5 ,le ,sc\r (f]s ! foll[+ summ>y3--',! lav&ires de nuits 7 he>d less (t5 ?an ! corrigans1 b 7 mu* m fe>$4 ,x 0 usually t[>ds midnight t !y 7 he>d beat+ _! l95 9 front ( diff]5t wa%+-places1 always "s way f ! villages4 ,accord+ to ! old folk ( ! pa/ g5]ation1 :5 ! phantom wa%]wom5 w\ld ask a c]ta9 pass]-by to help !m to wr+ %eets1 he c\ld n refuse1 "u pa9 ( be+ /opp$ & wrung l a %eet himself4 ,& x 0 necess>y = ^? :o aid$ 9 wr++ ! %eets to turn 9 ! same direction z ! wa%]wom52 = if by mis=tune ! assi/ant turn$ 9 an opposite direction1 he _h 8 arms wrung 9 an in/ant4 ,x is believ$ t ^! phantom wa%]wom5 are wom5 condemn$ to wa% _! mortu>y %eets dur+ :ole c5turies2 b t :5 !y f9d "s mortal to wr+ 9 an opposite direction1 !y are deliv]$4'#ajb ,breton ,animi/ic ,beliefs4--,m4 ,z4 ,le ,r\zic1 a ,breton ,celt :o has sp5t mo/ ( 8 life /udy+ ! ar*aeology & folk-lore ( ! ,morbihan1 & :o is at pres5t ,keep] ( ! ,miln ,museum at ,c>nac1 summ>izes = u ! /ate ( popul> beliefs z he f9ds !m exi/+ 9 ! ,c>nac c\ntry n[3--',!re are few traditions conc]n+ ! fes 9 ! region ( ,c>nac2 b ! belief 9 spirits1 good & bad--:i* seems to me to be ! same z ! belief 9 fes--is g5]al & pr(\nd1 z well z ! belief 9 ! inc>nation ( spirits4 ,& ,i am conv9c$ t ^! beliefs are ! rem9isc5ces ( anci5t ,celtic beliefs held by ! ,druids & cons]v$ by ,*ri/ianity4' ,9 ,f9i/re1 z purely ,breton z ! ,morbihan1 ,i f\nd ! ,leg5d ( ! ,dead j z widespread1 & ! belief 9 spirits & ! app>itional return ( ! dead q z pr(\nd2 b no?+ wor? record+ conc]n+ fairies4 ,! /ories :i* foll[ 7 told to me by ,m4 ,pi]re ,vi*on1 a pure ,breton ,celt1 born at ,lesc(f1 ne> ! ,po9te du ,raz1 ,f9i/re1 9 #ahdb4 ,pet] is a g5u9e old 'sea-dog'1 hav+ made ! t\r ( ! globe1 & yet he has n lo/ ! innate fai? ( 8 anci5t ance/ors 9 a _w invisible2 = ?\gh he says he _c believe all t ! p 9 8 "p ( ,f9i/re tell ab\t spirits & gho/s1 he mu/ h a belief t ! dead z spirits exi/ & influ5ce ! liv+1 because ( 8 own p]sonal exp]i5ce--"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable ( its k9d4 ,pet] speaks ,breton1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli% flu5tly1 & s9ce he _h an opportunity = ! fir/ "t 9 sev5te5 mon?s ( us+ ,engli%1 he told me ! /ories 9 my own native language3-- ,pi]re ,vi*on's ,/range ,exp]i5ce4--',"s =ty ye>s ago a /range ?+ happ5$ 9 my life4 ,a relative ( m9e _h tak5 s]vice 9 ! ,au/rian army1 = by pr(ession he 0 a soldi]1 ?\gh at fir/ he _h begun to /udy = ! prie/hood4 ,dur+ ! progress ( ! w> ,i _h no news f him2 &1 !n "o day :ile ,i 0 on ! deck ( a ,norwegian %ip j (f ,dov] 7,engl&71 my fell[ sailors he>d a noise z ?\gh ( a gun be+ dis*>g$1 & ! :irr ( a %ot4 ,at ! same mom5t ,i fell d[n on ! deck z ?\gh mortally w\nd$1 & lay 9 an unconsci\s /ate = two h\rs4 ,:5 ! news came1 x 0 asc]ta9$ t at ! v mom5t ,i fell & ! gun-report 0 he>d1 my relative 9 ,au/ria _h be5 %ot 9 ! head & fell d[n dead4 ,& he _h be5 se5 to ?r[ 8 h&s up to 8 head to grasp x j z ,i did4' ,an ,app>ition ( ! ,dead4--',i _h ano!r relative :o di$ 9 a hospital ne> ,*ri/iania1 ,norway2 & on ! day he di$ a si/] ( m9e1 !n a little girl1 saw 8 _s appe> "h 9 ,lesc(f1 & %e easily recogniz$ x2 b none ( h] girl companions ) h] at ! "t saw ! _s4 ,aft] a few days we _h ! news ( ! dea?1 & ! "t ( x & ! "t ( my si/]'s see+ ! _s co9cid$ exactly4' ,9 all ! p59sula ( :i* ! fam\s & dang]\s ,po9te du ,raz is ! t]m9us1 simil> /ories are curr5t4 ,& among ! fi%]-folk ) :om ,i liv$ on ! /range & hi/oric le de ,se91 ! ,leg5d ( ! ,dead is ev5 m common4 ,! ,dead & ,fairies ,comp>$4--,)\t sett+ d[n "h 9 detail num]\s o!r dea?-leg5ds :i* we h collect$1 we may n[ note h[ mu* ! same are ! p[]s & nature ( ! dead & spirits 9 ,brittany1 & ! p[] & nature ( ! fairy races 9 ,celtic ,brita9 & ,irel&4 ,?us ! ,breton dead /rike d[n ! liv+ j z fairies are said to d2 ! ,ank\1#ajc :o is a k+ ( ! dead1 & 8 subjects1 l a fairy k+ & fairies1 h _! own p>ticul> pa?s or roads ov] :i* !y travel 9 great sacr$ processions2#ajd & exactly z fairies1 ! ho/s ( ! dead are 9 possession ( ! e>? on ,novemb] ,eve1 & ! liv+ are expect$ to prep>e a fea/ & ent]ta9m5t = !m ( curd$-milk1 hot pancakes1 & cid]1 s]v$ on ! family table cov]$ ) a fre% :ite table-clo?1 & to supply music4 ,! ,breton dead come to enjoy ?is hospitality ( _! fri5ds2 & z !y take _! places at ! table ! /ools are he>d to move1 & sometimes ! plates2 & ! musicians :o help to ent]ta9 !m ?9k t at times !y feel ! cold brea? ( ! invisible visitors4 ,conc]n+ ?is same fea/ ( ! dead 7,la ,t\ssa9t7 ,villem>qu 9 8 ,b>zaz ,breiz 7p4 #ejg7 records t 9 _m p>ts ( ,brittany libations ( milk are p\r$ ov] or ne> ance/ral tombs--j z 9 ,irel& & ,scotl& libations ( milk are p\r$ to fairies4 ,& ! p ( ,armorica at o!r times ?an ,novemb] ,eve rememb] ! dead v appropriately1 z 9 ,irel& ! ,iri% rememb] fairies4 ,! ,breton peasant ?9ks ( ! dead z frequ5tly z ! ,iri%man ?9ks ( fairies4 ,"o day :ile ,i 0 walk+ t[>d ,c>nac !re 0 told to me 9 ! mo/ ord9>y mann] a /ory ab\t a dead man :o us$ to be se5 go+ along ! v road ,i 0 on4 ,he q (t5 w5t to ! *ur* 9 ,c>nac seek+ pray]s = 8 s\l4 ,& almo/ e man or woman "o meets 9 rural ,l[] ,brittany c tell _m simil> /ories4 ,if a mortal %\ld happ5 to meet "o ( ! dead 9 ,brittany & be induc$ to eat food :i* ! dead sometimes (f]1 he w nev] be able to return among ! liv+1#aje = ! effect w\ld be ! same z eat+ fairy-food4 ,l gho/s & fairies 9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & ,wales1 9 ,brittany ! dead gu>d hidd5 treasure4 ,x is aft] sunset t ! dead h mo/ p[] to /rike d[n ! liv+1#aje & to take !m j z fairies d4 ,a natural ph5om5on1 a malady1 a dea?1 or a tempe/ may be ! "w ( a _s 9 ,brittany1#aje & 9 ,irel& ! "w ( a fairy4 ,! ,breton dead1 l ! ,scot* fairies describ$ 9 ,kirk's ,secret ,commonweal?1 are capable ( mak+ !mselves visible or invisible to mortals1 at w4#aje ,_! bodies--= !y h bodies--are mat]ial1#aje be+ compos$ ( matt] 9 a /ate unkn[n to u2 & ! bodies ( daemons z describ$ by ! ,anci5ts are made ( congeal$ air4 ,! dead 9 ,brittany h =ms m sl5d] & small] 9 /ature ?an ^? ( ! liv+2#aje & h]e9 we f9d "o ( ! factors :i* support]s ( ! ,pygmy ,!ory w\ld emphasize1 b x is ?or\ghly psy*ical4 ,old ,breton f>m]s aft] dea? return to _! f>ms1 z ?\gh come f ,fairyl&2 & sometimes !y ev5 take a turn at ! pl\gh+4#aje ,z 9 ,irel&1 s 9 ,brittany1 ! day belongs to ! liv+1 & ! night1 :5 a mortal is saf] indoors ?an out1 to spirits & ! dead4#aje ,! ,bretons take great c>e n to c\nt]feit ! dead nor to speak slight+ly ( !m1#ajf =1 l fairies1 !y "k all t is done by mortals1 & c he> all t is said ab\t !m1 & c take rev5ge4 ,j z 9 ! case ( all fairies & gobl9s1 ! dead disappe> at fir/ cock-cr[4#ajg ,! _w ( ! dead1 l ! l& ( ,fa]ie or ! ,o!rworld1 may be und]gr\nd1 9 ! air1 9 a hill or m\nta9 l a fairy palace1 "u a riv] or sea1 & ev5 on an isl& out amid ! ocean4#ajg ,z o!r ,celts d aga9/ evil spirits & fairies1 ! ,breton peasants use magic aga9/ evil s\ls ( ! dead1#ajh & ! prie/s use exorcisms4 ,! ,breton realm ( ! dead equally ) ! ,iri% ,fairyl& is an invisible _w peopl$ by o!r k9ds ( spirits besides disembodi$ mortals & fairies4#aji ,! dead haunt h\ses j z ,rob9 ,good-fell[s & br[nies1 or pixies & gobl9s1 g5]ally d4 ,! dead are fond ( frequ5t+ cross-roads1 & s are all sorts ( fairies4 ,9 ,brittany "o mu/ always gu>d aga9/ ! evil dead1 9 ,cornwall aga9/ pixies1 9 o!r ,celtic l&s aga9/ diff]5t k9ds ( fairies4 ,9 ,irel& & ,scotl& !re is ! ban%ee1 9 ,wales ! dea?-c&le1 9 ,brittany ! ,ank\ or k+ ( ! dead1 to =etell a dea?4 ,& z ! ban%ee wails be=e ! ance/ral mansion1 s ! ,ank\ s\nds its doleful cry be=e ! door ( ! "o x calls4#aji ,!re seems n to be a family 9 ! ,c>nac region ( ! ,morbihan )\t "s tradition ( a w>n+ com+ be=e ! dea? ( "o ( its memb]s4 ,9 ,irel& only c]ta9 families h a ban%ee1 b 9 ,brittany all families4 ,pr(essor ,le ,braz has devot$ a l>ge "p ( 8 "w on ,la ,lg5de de la ,mort to ^! ,breton dea?-w>n+s or int]signes4 ,!y may be %ades ( ! dead "u _m aspects--gho/ly h&s1 or gho/s ( inanimate objects4 ,!y may come by ! fall ( objects )\t kn[n cause2 by a magpie re/+ on a ro(--j z 9 ,irel&2 by ! cr[+ ( cocks1 & ! h[l+ ( dogs at night4 ,!y may be dea?-c&les or tor*es1 dreams1 peculi> bodily s5sations1 images 9 wat]1 phantom fun]als1 & dea?-*>iots or dea?-coa*es z 9 ,wales4 ,! ,bretons may be said to h a ,dea?-,fai?1 :]eas ! o!r ,celts h a ,fairy-,fai?1 & bo? are a real folk-religion innate 9 ! ,celtic nature1 & ?us q z influ5tial z ,*ri/ianity4 ,%\ld ,*ri/ianity 9 "s way sudd5ly be swept away f ! ,celt he w\ld /ill be religi\s1 = x is 8 nature to be s4 ,& z ,pr(essor ,le ,braz has sugge/$ to me1 ,c>nac ) its /range monum5ts ( an unkn[n p & "t1 & wrapp$ 9 its air ( my/]y & sil5ce1 is a v]itable ,l& ( ! ,dead4 ,i1 too1 h felt t !re are /range1 vague1 indef9able influ5ces at "w at ,c>nac at all times ( ! day & night1 v simil> to ^? :i* ,i h felt 9 ! mo/ fairy-haunt$ regions ( ,irel&4 ,we might say t all ( ,brittany is a ,l& ( ! ,dead1 & anci5t ,c>nac its ,c5tre1 j z ,irel& is ,fairyl&1 ) its ,c5tre at anci5t ,t>a4 ,,conclusion ,we c v appropriately conclude our inquiry ab\t ,brittany ) a v beautiful description ( a ,veille 9 ,l[] ,brittany1 writt5 d[n 9 ,fr5* = our special use by ! ,breton poet1 ,m4 ,le ,sc\r1 ( ,c>nac1 & "h translat$4 ,m4 ,le ,sc\r draws ! :ole picture f life1 & f 8 own intimate exp]i5ce4 ,x w s]ve to give u "s insight into ! natural lit]>y ability ( ! ,breton ,celts1 to illu/rate _! love ( tales deal+ ) ! m>vell\s & ! sup]normal1 & is especially valuable = %[+ ! social environm5t amid/ :i* ! ,fairy-,fai? ( ,l[] ,brittany lives & fl\ri%es1 isolat$ f =eign int]f]5ce3-- ,a ',veille'#aaj 9 ,l[] ,brittany4--',! w9d 0 bl[+ f ! ea/1 & 9 ! int]mitt5t moonlight ! ro( ( ! ?at*$ cottage already gleam$ ) a ?9 cov]+ ( sn[ :i* _h fall5 s9ce sunset4 ,ea* com] rea*$ on ! run ! com=table bakeh\se1 :]e9 ,ala9 ,corre 0 at "w knead+ 8 bat* ( b>ley bread2 & ! fa!r ,le ,sc\r 0 nev] ! la/ to arrive1 because he lik$ to get ! be/ seat 9 front ( ! bake-ov54 ',victor _h promis$ u = t night a pretty /ory :i* no p]son _h ev] he>d be=e4 ,i 0 n m ?an f\rte5 ye>s old !n1 b l all ! neighb\rs ,i hurri$ to get a place 9 ord] to he> ,victor4 ,my "m 0 already !re1 mak+ h] di/aff :irr betwe5 h] two f+]s z %e sat 9 ! light ( a ros9 c&le1 & my bro!r ,yvon 0 f9i%+ a wood5 butt]-spoon4 ,e few m9utes ,i & my little c\s9 w5t out to see if x 0 /ill sn[+1 & if ,victor _h arriv$4 ',at la/ ,victor ent]$1 & ev]ybody applaud$1 ! "y girls l5g!n+ out _! di/affs to d him rev]5ce4 ,!n :5 sil5ce 0 re/or$1 aft] "s ( ! old] m5 _h sev]al times %\t$ out1 ,let u comm5ce2 hold y\r tongues1 ,victor began 8 /ory z foll[s3-- ',=m]ly1 9 ! village ( ,ka/el-,la]1 ,pl\nev5t] 7,f9i/re71 !re 7 two neighb\rs2 ! "o 0 ,paol al ,ludu & ! o!r ,yon ,ru/ik4 ,paol al ,ludu 0 a good-=-no?+ sort ( fell[2 he ga9$ 8 liv+ easily1 by *eat+ ev]ybody & by robb+ 8 neighb\rs2 & be+ always well dress$ he 0 mu* envi$ by 8 poor] acqua9tances4 ,yon ,ru/ik1 on ! contr>y1 0 a poor1 infirm1 & hone/ man1 always seek+ to d good1 b n be+ able to "w1 _h to beg4 ',"o ev5+ our two m5 7 disput+4 ,paol al ,ludu treat$ ,yon %amefully1 tell+ him t x w\ld be absurd to ?9k an old lame man su* z he 0 c\ld ev] get to ,p>is2 ',b ,i1' add$ ,paol1 'am go+ to see ! capital & amuse myself l a ri* b\rgeois4' ,at ?is1 ,yon (f]$ to bet ) ,paol t 9 spite ( infirmities he w\ld also g to ,p>is2 & be+ an hone/ man he plac$ 8 tru/ 9 ,god4 ,! wag] 0 mutually agre$ to1 & our two m5 set out = ,p>is by diff]5t r\tes4 ',paol al ,ludu1 :o _h no infirmities1 arriv$ at ,p>is )9 ?ree weeks4 ,he foll[$ ! c>e] ( a ?ief1 & deceiv$ ev]ybody2 & z he 0 well dress$1 p _h confid5ce 9 him4 ,! poor ,yon ,ru/ik1 on ! contr>y1 did n travel rapidly4 ,he 0 oblig$ to beg 8 way1 & be+ meanly dress$ 0 compell$ to sleep outdoors :5 he c\ld n f9d a /able4 ,at ! end ( a mon? he arriv$ 9 a big =e/ 9 ! region ( ,v]sailles1 & hav+ no o!r %elt] = ! night *ose a great oak tree :i* 0 holl[$ by ! c5turies & l9$ ) fungi )94 ,9 front ( ?is anci5t oak !re 0 a f\nta9 :i* mu/ h be5 miracul\s1 = x fl[$ f ea/ to we/1 & ,yon _h closely obs]v$ x4 ',t[>ds midnight ,yon 0 awak5$ by a t]rible upro>2 !re 7 a hundr$ corrigans danc+ r\nd ! f\nta94 ,he ov]he>d "o ( !m say to ! o!rs3 ',i h news to report to y2 ,i h ca/ an evil spell ^u ! daught] ( ! ,k+1 & no mortal w ev] be able to cure h]1 & yet 9 ord] to cure h] no?+ m w\ld be ne$$ ?an a drop ( wat] f ?is f\nta94' ,! corrigan :o ?us spoke 0 ^u two /icks#aaa 7crippl$71 & comm&$ all ! o!rs4 ,! begg> hav+ und]/ood ! conv]sation1 await$ impati5tly ! dep>ture ( ! corrigans4 ,:5 !y 7 gone1 he took a little wat] f ! f\nta9 9 a bottle1 & hurri$ on to ,p>is1 :]e he arriv$ "o f9e morn+4 ',9 ! h\se :]e ,yon /opp$ to eat 8 cru/ ( dry bread he he>d x report$ t ! daught] ( ! ,k+ 0 v ill1 & t ! wise/ doctors 9 ,france _h be5 s5t =4 ,?ree days lat]1 ,yon ,ru/ik pres5t$ himself at ! palace1 & ask$ audi5ce ) ! ,k+1 b z he 0 s %abbily dress$ ! att5dants did n wi% to let him ent]4 ,:5 he /rongly insi/$1 !y f9ally prevail$ ^u ! ,k+ to receive him2 & !n ,yon told ! ,k+ t he _h come to cure ! pr9cess4 ,!reupon ! ,k+ caus$ ,yon to be fitt+ly dress$ & pres5t$ be=e ! sick-b$2 & ,yon drew =? 8 bottle ( wat]1 &1 at 8 reque/1 ! pr9cess drank x to ! la/ drop4 ,sudd5ly %e began to laugh ) joy1 & ?r[+ h] arms ab\t ! neck ( ! begg> ?ank$ him3 %e 0 radically cur$4 ,at once ! ,k+ gave ord]s t 8 gold5 coa* ( /ate be made ready2 & plac+ ! pr9cess & ! begg> on "o seat1 made a t\r ?r\gh\t all ! mo/ beautiful /reets ( ,p>is4 ,nev] be=e 7 su* cr[ds se5 9 ,p>is1 = ! proclamation _h gone =? t ! "o :o _h made ! miracul\s cure 0 a begg>4 ',paol al ,ludu1 :o 0 /ill 9 ,p>is1 press$ =w>d to see ! royal coa* pass1 & :5 he saw :o sat next to ! pr9cess he 0 beside himself ) rage4 ,b be=e ! day 0 ov] he discov]$ ,yon 9 ! great hotel ( ! city1 & ask$ him h[ x 0 t he _h be5 able to effect ! cure2 & ,yon repli$ to 8 old rival t x 0 ) ! wat] ( a miracul\s f\nta91 & relat+ ev]y?+ :i* _h pass$1 expla9$ to him 9 :at place ! holl[ oak & ! f\nta9 7 to be f\nd4 ',paol did n wait ev5 t night1 b set (f at once to f9d ! miracul\s f\nta94 ,:5 he f9ally f\nd x ! h\r 0 almo/ midnight1 & s he hid himself 9 ! holl[ ( ! oak1 hop+ to ov]he> "s my/]i\s revelation4 ,midnight _h h>dly come :5 a frightful upro> comm5c$3 ?is "t ! crippl$ corrigan *ief 0 swe>+ l a demon1 & he cri$ to ! o!rs1 ',! daught] ( ! ,k+ has be5 cur$ by a begg>6 ,he mu/ h ov]he>d u by hid+ 9 ! holl[ ( t d----d old oak4 ,quick6 let fire be put 9 x1 = x has br\ght u mis=tune4' ',9 less ?an a m9ute1 ! trunk ( ! oak 0 9 flames2 & !re 7 he>d ! cries ( angui% ( ,paol al ,ludu & ! gna%+ ( 8 tee?1 z he f\ght aga9/ dea?4 ,?us ! evil & di%one/ man end$ 8 life1 :ile ,yon ,ru/ik receiv$ a p5sion ( tw5ty ?\s& francs1 & 0 able to live happy = _m ye>s1 & to give alms to ! poor4' ,"h ,m4 ,le ,sc\r ends 8 n>rative1 leav+ ! read] to imag9e ! en?usia/ic applause & fond embraces be/[$ ^u ,victor = ?is mo/ m>vell\s /ory1 by ! happy ga!r+ ( c\ntry-folk 9 t cosy w>m bakeh\se 9 ,l[] ,brittany1 :ile )\t ! cold ea/ w9d ( w9t] 0 :irl+ into e nook & corn] ! fall+ flakes ( sn[4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! evid5ce f ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ,isle ( ,man1 ,wales1 ,cornwall1 & ,brittany1 :i* ! liv+ ,celtic ,fairy-,fai? (f]s1 has n[ be5 he>d2 &1 z 0 /at$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! inquiry1 app>5tly mo/ ( x c only be int]pret$ z belong+ to a _w-wide doctr9e ( s\ls4 ,b be=e ?is decision c be arriv$ at safely1 all ! evid5ce %\ld be c>efully e/imat$ accord+ to an?ropological & psy*ological me?ods2 & ?is we %all proce$ to d 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 be=e pass+ to ,section ,,ii ( our /udy4 ,,section ,i ,,! ,,liv+ ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,an ,,an?ropological ,,exam9ation ,,( ,,! ,,evid5ce ,an?ropology is conc]n$ ) man & :at is 9 man--humani nihil a se ali5um putat4--,,&rew ,,lang4 ,! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai? z "p ( a ,_w-wide ,animism--,%ap+ ,influ5ce ( ,social ,psy*ology--,smallness ( ,elvi% ,spirits & ,fairies1 accord+ to ,e?nology1 ,animism1 & ,occult ,sci5ces--,! ,*angel+ ,belief & its explanation accord+ to ! ,kidnap1 ,human-,sacrifice1 ,s\l-,w&]+1 & ,demon-,possession ,!ory--,anci5t & ,mod]n ,magic & ,wit*craft %[n to be bas$ on def9ite psy*ological laws--,exorcisms--,taboos1 ( ,"n1 ,food1 ,iron1 ,place--,taboos among ,anci5t ,celts--,food-,sacrifice--,leg5d ( ! ,dead--,conclusion3 ,! backgr\nd ( ! mod]n belief 9 ,fairies is animi/ic4 ,,! ,,celtic ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,z ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,_w-,,wide ,,animism ,! mod]n belief 9 fairies1 ) :i* until n[ we h be5 specifically conc]n$1 is ,celtic only 9 s f> z x reflects ,celtic traditions & cu/oms1 ,celtic my? & religion1 & ,celtic social & environm5tal conditions4 ,o!rwise1 z w be %[n ?r\gh\t ?is & succe$+ *apt]s1 x is 9 ess5ce a "p ( a _w-wide animism1 :i* =ms ! backgr\nd ( all religions 9 :atev] /age ( culture religions exi/ or to :i* !y h atta9$ by evolution1 f ! b>b>ism ( ! ,congo black man to ! civilization ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury2 & z f> back z we c g into human orig9s !re is "s correspond+ belief 9 a fairy or _s realm1 z !re is to-day among contempor>y civiliz$ & unciviliz$ races ( all c\ntries4 ,we may !re=e v pr(itably beg9 our exam9ation ( ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai? ( ! ,celts by comp>+ x ) a few examples1 tak5 almo/ at r&om1 f ! animi/ic beliefs curr5t among non-,celtic peoples4 ,to ! ,arunta tribes ( ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 fur!/ remov$ 9 space f ! ,celts & h5ce lea/ likely to h be5 influ5c$ by !m1 let u g fir/1 9 ord] to exam9e _! doctr9e ( ance/ral ,al*]+a be+s & ( ! ,irunt>9ia1 :i* (f]s an almo/ complete p>allel to ! ,celtic belief 9 fairies4 ,^! ,al*]+a be+s & ,irunt>9ia--to ignore ! second>y diff]5ces betwe5 ! two--are a _s race inhabit+ an invisible or fairy _w4 ,only c]ta9 p]sons1 m$ic9e-m5 & se]s1 c see !m2 & ^! describe !m z ?9 & %ad[y1 &1 l ! ,iri% ,sidhe1 z always y\?ful 9 appe>ance4 ,precisely l _! ,celtic c\nt]p>ts 9 g5]al1 ^! ,au/ralian spirits are believ$ to haunt inanimate objects su* z /ones & trees2 or to frequ5t totem c5tres1 z 9 ,irel& demons 7daemons7 are believ$ to frequ5t c]ta9 places kn[n to h be5 anci5tly d$icat$ to ! religi\s rites ( ! pre-,*ri/ian ,celts2 &1 q aft] ! mann] ( ! ,breton dead & ( mo/ fairies1 !y are said to control human affairs & natural ph5om5a4 ,all ! ,arunta inv>iably reg>d !mselves z inc>nations or re9c>nations ( ^! ance/ral _s-be+s2 &1 9 accordance ) evid5ce to be set =? 9 our sev5? *apt]1 anci5t & mod]n ,celts h likewise reg>d$ !mselves z inc>nations or re9c>nations ( ance/ors & ( fairy be+s4 ,also ! ,arunta ?9k ( ! ,al*]+a be+s exactly z ,celts ?9k ( fairies3 z real invisible entities :o mu/ be propitiat$ if m5 wi% to secure _! goodwill2 & z b5efic5t & protect+ be+s :5 n (f5d$1 :o may atta* !mselves to individuals z gu>dian spirits4#aab ,among ! ,melanesian peoples !re is an equally firm fai? 9 spiritual be+s1 :i* !y call ,vui & ,wui1 & ^! be+s h v _m ( ! *ief attributes ( ! ,al*]+a be+s4#aac ,9 ,africa1 ! ,amatongo1 or ,abapansi ( ,amazulu belief1 h ess5tially ! same motives = action t[>d m5 & wom51 & exhibit ! same p[]s1 z ! ,scot* & ,iri% peasants assign to ! 'good p'4 ,!y take ! liv+ ?r\gh dea?2 & p s tak5 appe> aft]w>ds z app>itions1 hav+ become ,amatongo4#aad ,9 ! ,new ,_w1 we f9d 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,r$ ,m5 a race z mu* giv5 z ! ,celts are to a belief 9 v>i\s spirits l fairies4 ,!y believe t !re are spirits 9 lakes1 9 riv]s & 9 wat]falls1 9 rocks & trees1 9 ! e>? & 9 ! air2 & t ^! be+s produce /orms1 dr\ghts1 good & bad h>ve/s1 abundance & sc>city ( game1 disease1 & ! v>y+ =tunes ( m54 ,mr4 ,lel&1 :o has c>efully /udi$ ^! ,am]ican beliefs1 says t ! ,un games-suk1 or little spirits inhabit+ rocks & /reams1 play a mu* m influ5tial "p 9 ! social & religi\s life ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,r$ ,m5 ?an elves or fairies ev] did among ! ,aryans4#aae ,9 ,asia !re is ! well-kn[n & elaborate animi/ic cre$ ( ! ,*9ese & ( ! ,japanese1 to be 9 "p illu/rat$ 9 subsequ5t sections4 ,9 popul> ,indian belief1 z f\nd 9 ! ,panjab1 !re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 v>i\s ord]s ( be+s end[$ ) immortality1 su* z gho/s & spirits on ! "o h&1 & gods1 demi-gods1 & w>riors on ! o!r2 = :e!r 9 bodies 9 ?is _w or out ( bodies 9 ! invisible _w1 !y equally live & act--q z fairies d4#aaf ,?r\gh\t ! ,malay ,p59sula1 belief 9 _m ord]s ( good & bad spirits1 9 demon-possession1 9 exorcism1 & 9 ! p[] ( black magicians is v common4#aag ,b 9 ! ,phi races ( ,siam we discov] :at is probably ! mo/ important & complete p>allel to ! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai? exi/+ 9 ,asia4 ,accord+ to ! ,siamese folk-belief1 all ! />s & v>i\s planets1 z well z ! e!real spaces1 are ! dwell+-places ( ! ,?vadas1 gods & goddesses ( ! old pre-,buddhi/ my?ology1 :o correspond pretty closely to ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann ( ,iri% my?ology2 & ?is _w itself is peopl$ by legions ( m9or deities call$ ,phi1 :o include all ! v>i\s ord]s ( good & bad spirits cont9ually influ5c+ mank9d4 ,"s ( ^! ,phi live 9 =e/s1 9 trees1 9 op5 spaces2 & wat]c\rses are full ( !m4 ,o!rs inhabit m\nta9s & high places4 ,a p>ticul> ord] :o haunt ! sacr$ trees surr\nd+ ! ,buddhi/ temples are kn[n z ,phi nang mai2 & s9ce nang is ! ^w = female1 & mai = tree1 !y are comp>able to tree-dwell+ fairies1 or ,greek wood-nymphs4 ,/ill ano!r ord] call$ ,*ao phum phi 7gods ( ! e>?7 are l h\se-frequ5t+ br[nies1 fairies1 & pixies1 or l c]ta9 ord]s ( corrigans :o haunt b>ns1 /ables1 & dwell+s2 & 9 _m curi\s details ^! ,*ao phum phi correspond to ! ,p5ates ( anci5t ,rome4 ,n only is ! wor%ip ( ?is ord] ( ,phi widespread 9 ,siam1 b to e o!r ord] ( ,phi alt>s are erect$ & propitiatory (f]+s made by all classes ( ! ,siamese p4#aah ,be=e pass+ we/w>ds to ,europe1 9 completion ( our rapid folk-lore t\r ( ! _w1 we may obs]ve t ! ,p]sians1 ev5 ^? :o are well educat$1 h a firm belief 9 j9ns & afreets1 diff]5t ord]s ( good & bad spirits ) all ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( fairies4#aai ,& mod]n ,arabs & ,egyptians & ,egyptian ,turks hold simil> animi/ic beliefs4#abj ,9 ,europe1 ! ,greek peasant z firmly believes 9 nymphs or n]eids z ! ,celtic peasant believes 9 fairies2 & nymphs1 n]eids1 & fairies alike are (t5 ! survivals ( an anci5t my?ology4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,lawson1 :o has v c>efully inve/igat$ ! folk-lore ( mod]n ,greece1 says3 ',! n]eids are conceiv$ z wom5 half-div9e yet n immortal1 always "y1 always beautiful1 caprici\s at be/1 & at _! wor/ cruel4 ,_! pres5ce is suspect$ ev]y:]e4 ,i myself _h a n]eid po9t$ out to me by my guide1 & !re c]ta9ly 0 ! semblance ( a female figure drap$ 9 :ite1 & tall beyond human /ature1 flitt+ 9 ! dusk betwe5 ! gn>l$ & twi/$ boles ( an old olive-y>d4 ,:at ! app>ition 01 ,i _h no leisure to inve/igate2 = my guide ) _m signs ( ! cross & mutt]$ invocations ( ! ,virg9 urg$ my mule to p]il\s ha/e along ! r\gh m\nta9 pa?4' ,l ,celtic fairies1 ^! ,greek n]eids h _! que5s2 !y dance all night1 disappe>+ at cock-cr[2 !y c ca/ spells on animals or maladies on m5 & wom52 !y c %ift _! %ape2 !y take *ildr5 9 dea? & make *angel+s2 & !y fall 9 love ) "y m54#aba ,among ! ,r\ma9 peoples ! widespread belief 9 ! ,iele %[s 9 o!r ways equally m>k$ p>allels ) ! ,fairy-,fai? ( ! ,celts4 ,^! ,iele wait at cross-roads & ne> dwell+s1 or at village f\nta9s or 9 fields & woods1 :]e !y c be/ ca/ on m5 & wom5 v>i\s maladies4 ,sometimes !y fall 9 love ) beautiful "y m5 & wom51 & h on su* occasions ev5 be5 controll$ by _! mortal lov]s4 ,!y are extremely fond ( music & danc+1 & _m a %eph]d ) 8 pipes has be5 fav\r$ by !m1 ?\gh !y h _! own music & songs too4 ,! ,albanian peoples h evil fairies1 no tall] ?an *ildr5 twelve ye>s old1 call$ 9 ,mod]n ,greek ,greek3 ta extika1 '^? )\t1' :o correspond to ! ,iele4 ,"y p :o h be5 entic$ to ent] _! r\nd dance aft]w>ds wa/e away & die1 app>5tly becom+ "o ( '^? )\t'4 ,^! ,albanian spirits1 l ! 'good p' & ! ,breton dead1 h _! own p>ticul> pa?s & retreats1 & :oev] violates ^! is /ruck & falls ill4#abb ,^! p>allels f ,r\ma9 l&s are probably due to ! close ,aryan relation%ip betwe5 ! ,r\ma9s1 ! ,greeks1 & ! ,celts4 ,! ,iele seem no?+ m ?an ! nymphs & n]eids ( classical antiquity trans=m$ "u ,*ri/ian influ5ce into be+s :o contradict _! orig9al good "*1 z 9 ,celtic l&s ! fairy-folk h likewise come to be fall5 angels & evil spirits4 ,!re is an ev5 clos] relation%ip betwe5 ! ,italian & ,celtic fairies4 ,= example1 among ! ,etruscan-,roman p !re are n[ fl\ri%+ animi/ic beliefs almo/ id5tical 9 all details ) ! ,fairy-,fai? ( ! ,celts4#abc ,9 a v valuable /udy on ! ,neo-,lat9 ,fay1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,coote writes3--',:o 7 ! ,fays--! fate ( lat] ,italy1 ! fes ( m$iaeval ,france8 ,= x is p]fectly cle> t ! fatua1 fata1 & fe are all "o & ! same ^w4' ,& he proce$s to %[ t ! race ( immortal damsels :om ! old natives ( ,italy call$ ,fatuae gave orig9 to all ! family ( fes z ^! appe> 9 ,lat9 c\ntries1 & t ! ,italians recogniz$ 9 ! ,greek nymphs _! own ,fatuae4#abd ,x is q evid5t t we h "h discov]$ 9 ,italy1 z we discov]$ 9 ,greece & ,r\ma9 l&s1 fairies v ,celtic 9 "*2 & %\ld fur!r exam9ation be made ( mod]n ,european folk-lore yet o!r simil> fairies w\ld be f\nd1 su*1 = example1 z ! elves ( ,g]many & ( ,sc&9avia1 or z ! s]vans ( ! ,swiss peasant4 ,& 9 all cases1 :e!r ! beliefs exam9$ be ,celtic or non-,celtic1 ,aryan or non-,aryan1 f ,au/ralia1 ,polynesia1 ,africa1 ,am]ica1 ,asia1 or ,europe1 !y are 9 ess5ce animi/ically ! same1 z lat] sections 9 ?is *apt] w make cle>4 ,b :ile ! p>allelism ( ^! beliefs is indicat$ x is1 ( c\rse1 n meant = a mom5t t 9 all ( ! cases or 9 any "o ( ! cases ! specific diff]5ces are n consid]able4 ,! gr\nd ( comp>ison consi/s simply 9 ^? g5]ic *>act]i/ics :i* ^! fairy-fai?s1 z !y may be call$1 inv>iably display--*>act]i/ics :i* we h good prec$5t = summ+ up 9 ! s+le adjective animi/ic4 ,,%ap+ ,,influ5ce ,,( ,,social ,,psy*ology ,= ! t]m animism we h to ?ank ,dr4 ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ^: ,primitive ,culture1 9 :i* ! animi/ic !ory is develop$1 may almo/ be said to m>k ! beg9n+ ( sci5tific an?ropology4 ,9 ?is "w1 h[ev]1 !re is a decid$ t5d5cy 7:i* inde$ displays itself 9 mo/ ( ! lead+ an?ropological works1 z1 = example1 9 ^? by ,dr4 ,fraz]7 to reg>d m51 or at any rate primitive m51 z hav+ a m9d absolutely homog5e\s1 & !re=e z ?9k+1 feel+1 & act+ 9 ! same way "u all conditions alike4 ,b a decid$ *ange is beg9n+ to manife/ itself 9 ! int]pretation ( ! cu/oms & beliefs ( ! rud] races4 ,x is assum$ z a work+ pr9ciple t ea* e?nic gr\p has or t5ds to h an individuality ( its own1 &1 moreov]1 t ! memb]s ( su* a gr\p ?9k1 feel1 & act prim>ily z ! repres5tatives1 s to speak1 ( t e?nic individuality 9 :i* !y live1 move1 & h _! be+4 ,t is to say1 a social z contra/$ ) an individual psy*ology mu/1 x is held1 pron\nce bo? ! fir/ & la/ ^w reg>d+ all matt]s ( my?ology1 religion1 & art 9 its num]\s =ms4 ,! reason is t ^! are social products1 & z su* are to be und]/ood only 9 ! light ( ! laws gov]n+ ! work+s ( ! collective m9d ( any p>ticul> e?nic gr\p4 ,su* a me?od is1 = in/ance1 employ$ 9 ,mr4 ,william ,mc,dougall's ,social ,psy*ology1 9 ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett's ,?re%old ( ,religion1 & 9 _m an?ropological articles to be f\nd 9 ,l',anne ,sociologique4 ,if1 !re=e1 we hold by ?is new & fruitful me?od ( social psy*ology we mu/ be prep>$ to treat ! ,fairy-,fai? ( ! ,celtic peoples also 9 & = itself1 z expressive ( an individuality m or less unique4 ,x might1 inde$1 be object$ t ^! peoples are n a s+le social gr\p1 b r a numb] ( su* gr\ps1 & ?is is1 9 a way1 true4 ,nev]!less _! folk-lore displays su* rem>kable homog5eity1 f :atev] qu>t] ( ! ,celtic _w x be d]iv$1 t x seems ! s\nde/ me?od to treat !m z "o p = all ! purposes ( ! /ud5t ( sociology1 my?ology1 & religion4 ,grant+1 !n1 su* a unity 9 ! beliefs ( ! pan-,celtic race1 we are f9ally oblig$ to di/+ui% z x 7 two aspects !re(4 ,on ! "o h& !re is %[n1 ev5 9 ! m]e h&ful ( non-,celtic p>allels1 :i* = reasons ( space we h be5 cont5t to cite1 z well z 9 _! ,celtic equival5ts1 a g5]ic elem5t common to all peoples liv+ "u primitive conditions ( society4 ,x is emphatically a social elem5t1 b at ! same "t "o :i* any primitive society is b\nd to display4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a second aspect1 ! ,celtic beliefs %[ ( !mselves a "* :i* is :olly ,celtic3 9 ! ,fairy-,fai?1 :i* is g5]ically animi/ic1 we f9d reflect$ all sorts ( specific *>act]i/ics ( ! ,celtic peoples--_! patriotism1 _! peculi> type ( imag9ation1 _! co/umes1 amusem5ts1 h\sehold life1 & social & religi\s cu/oms g5]ally4 ,) ?is fact 9 m9d1 we may proce$ to exam9e c]ta9 ( ! m specializ$ aspects ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 z manife/$ bo? among ,celts & else:]e4 ,,! ,,smallness ,,( ,,elvi% ,,spirits ,,& ,,fairies ,e?nological or ,pygmy ,!ory ,9 any an?ropological e/imate ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 ! pygmy /ature s commonly attribut$ to v>i\s ord]s ( ,celtic & ( non-,celtic fairies %\ld be consid]$4 ,v>i\s s*ol>ly *ampions ( ! ,pygmy ,!ory h attempt$ to expla9 ?is smallness ( fairies by means ( ! hypo!sis t ! belief 9 su* fairies is due :olly to a folk-memory ( small-/atur$ pre-,celtic races2#abe & !y add t ^! races1 hav+ dwelt 9 cav]ns l ! prehi/oric ,cave ,m51 & 9 und]gr\nd h\ses l ^? ( ,lapps or ,eskimos1 gave rise to ! belief 9 a fairy _w exi/+ 9 cav]ns & "u hills or m\nta9s4 ,:5 analys$1 our evid5ce %[s t 9 ! majority ( cases witnesses h reg>d$ fairies ei!r z non-human nature-spirits or else z spirits ( ! dead2 t 9 a comp>atively limit$ numb] ( cases !y h reg>d$ !m z ! s\ls ( prehi/oric races2 & t occasionally !y h reg>d$ ! belief 9 !m z due to a folk-memory ( su* races4 ,x foll[s1 !n1 f su* an analysis ( evid5ce1 t ! ,pygmy ,!ory probably does expla9 "s e?nological elem5ts :i* h come to be almo/ insep>ably int]wov5 ) ! ess5tially animi/ic fabric ( ! primitive ,fairy-,fai?4 ,b ?\gh ! !ory may s acc\nt = su* e?nological elem5ts1 x disreg>ds ! animism t has made su* int]weav+ possible2 &1 on ! :ole1 we are incl9$ to accept ,mr4 ,j5n]'s view ( ! !ory 7see p4 #afi74 ,s9ce ! ,pygmy ,!ory ?us fails entirely to provide a basis = :at is by f> ! mo/ important "p ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 a m adequate !ory is requir$4 ,animi/ic ,!ory ,! te/imony ( ,celtic lit]ature goes to %[ t lepre*auns & simil> dw>fi% be+s are n due to a folk-memory ( a real pygmy race1 t !y are spirits l elves1 & t ! folk-memory ( a ,lappi%-l p 7:o may h be5 ,picts7 evid5tly 0 confus$ ) !m1 s z to result 9 _! be+ an?ropomorphos$4 ,?us1 9 ,fionn's ,ransom1 !re is ref]5ce to an "u-siz$ app>5tly ,lappi%-l man1 :o may be a ,pict2 & z ,campbell1 :o records ! anci5t tale1 has obs]v$1 !re are _m simil> traditional ,highl& tales ab\t little m5 or ev5 ab\t true dw>fs :o are good b[m52#abf b x is v c]ta9 t su* tales h (t5 bl5d$ ) o!r tales1 9 :i* sup]natural figures l fairies play a rle2 &1 app>5tly1 ! =m] k9d ( tales are mu* m hi/orical & mod]n 9 _! orig91 :ile ! latt] are m my?ological & extremely ar*aic4 ,?is bl5d+ ( ! natural or e?nological & ! sup]natural--9 q ! same mann] z 9 ! mod]n ,fairy-,fai?--is cle>ly se5 9 ano!r ( ,campbell's collect$ tales1 ,! ,lad ) ! ,sk9 ,cov]+s1#abg :i* 9 ess5ce is an o!rworld tale3 'a little ?ickset man 9 a russet coat1' :o is a magician1 b :o o!rwise seems to be a g5u9e ,lapp dress$ 9 furs1 is introduc$ into a /ory :]e real fairy-l be+s play ! *ief p>ts4 ,aga91 9 ,iri% lit]ature1 we read ( a lo* lu*ra or 'lake ( ! pygmies'4#abh ,light is ?r[n ^u ?is ref]5ce by :at is record$ ab\t ! lepre*auns & ,f]gus3--,:ile asleep on ! sea%ore "o day1 ,f]gus 0 ab\t to be c>ri$ (f by ! lu*orp92 ':]eat he awoke & caught ?ree ( !m1 to wit1 "o 9 ea* ( 8 two h&s1 & "o on 8 brea/4 ,life = life 7i4 e4 protection71 say !y4 ,let my ?ree wi%es 7i4 e4 *oices7 be giv51 says ,f]gus4 ,?\ %alt h1 says ! dw>f1 save t :i* is impossible = u4 ,f]gus reque/$ ( him k ( pass+ "u l\ghs & l9ns & seas4 ,?\ %alt h1 says ! dw>f1 save "o :i* ,i =bid to !e3 ?\ %alt n g "u ,l\gh ,rudraide :i* is 9 ?9e own c\ntry4 ,!reaft] ! lu*uirp 7little bodies7 put h]bs into 8 e>s1 & he us$ to g ) !m "u seas4 ,o!rs say ! dw>f gave 8 cloak to him1 & t ,f]gus us$ to put x on 8 head & ?us g "u seas4'#abi ,9 an etymological comm5t on ?is passage1 ,sir ,john ,rhys says3--',! words lu*uirp & lu*orp9 ,anglo-,iri% lepre*aun appe> to mean lit]ally small bodies1 & ! ^w "h r5d]$ dw>f is 9 ! ,iri% abac1 ! etymological equival5t ( ! ,wel% avanc1 ! "n by :i* c]ta9 wat] inhabitants ( a my?ic nature w5t 9 ,wel%4444'#acj ,besides :at we f9d 9 ! record$ ,fairy-,fai?1 !re are v _m p>allel traditions1 bo? ,celtic & non-,celtic1 ab\t v>i\s classes ( spirits1 l lepre*auns or o!r small elvi% be+s1 :i* ,dr4 ,tylor has call$ nature-spirits2#aca & app>5tly all ( ^! c be/ be acc\nt$ = by means ( ! animi/ic hypo!sis4 ,= example1 9 ,nor? ,am]ica 7z 9 ,celtic l&s7 !re is no pro( ( !re ev] hav+ be5 an actual dw>f race1 b ,lewis & ,cl>k1 9 _! ,travels to ! ,s\rce ( ! ,miss\ri ,riv]1 f\nd among ! ,si\x a tradition t a hill ne> ! ,:ite/one ,riv]1 :i* ! ,r$ ,m5 call$ ! ',m\nta9 ( ,little ,p' or ',little ,spirits'1 0 inhabit$ by pygmy demons 9 human =m1 ab\t eighte5 in*es tall1 arm$ ) %>p arr[s1 & ev] on ! al]t to kill mortals :o %\ld d>e to invade _! doma94 ,s afraid 7 all ! tribes ( ,r$ ,m5 :o liv$ ne> ! m\nta9 ( ^! little spirits t no "o ( !m c\ld be induc$ to visit x4#acb ,& we may comp>e ?is ,am]ican _s-haunt$ hill ) simil> natural hills 9 ,scotl& said to be fairy knolls3 "o ne> ! turn+ ( a road f ,reay ,wick to ,safe/]1 ,isle ( ,un/2#acc "o ! well-kn[n fairy-haunt$ ,tomnahuri*1 ne> ,inv]ness2#acc & a ?ird1 ! hill at ,ab]foyle on :i* ! 'p ( peace' took ! ,rev4 ,rob]t ,kirk :5 he pr(an$ x by walk+ on x2 or we may equate ! ,am]ican hill ) ! fairy-haunt$ ,slieve ,gullion & ,b5 ,bulb9 9 ,irel&4 ,! ,iroquois _h a belief t !y c\ld summon dw>fs1 :o 7 simil> nature-spirits1 by knock+ on a c]ta9 l>ge /one4#acd ,likewise ! ,polong1 a ,malay famili> _s1 is 'an exce$+ly dim9utive female figure or mannik9'4#ace ,ea/ ,indian nature-spirits1 too1 are pygmies 9 /ature4#acf ,9 ,polynesia1 entirely indep5d5t ( ! common leg5ds ab\t wild races ( pygmy /ature1 are my?s ab\t ! spirits call$ wui or vui1 :o correspond to ,european dw>fs & trolls4 ,^! little spirits seem to occupy ! same position t[>d ! ,melanesian gods or culture h]oes1 ,qat ( ! ,banks ,isl&s & ,tag>o ( ! ,new ,hebrides1 z daemons t[>d ,greek gods1 or z good angels t[>d ! ,*ri/ian ,tr9ity1 or z fairy tribes t[>d ! ,bry?onic ,ar?ur & t[>d ! ,gaelic h]o ,cu*ula9n4#acg ,simil>ly 9 ,h9du my?ology pygmies hold an important place1 be+ sculptur$ on mo/ temples 9 company ) ! gods2 e4 g4 ,siva is accompani$ by a bodygu>d ( dw>fs1 & "o ( !m1 ! ?ree-legg$ ,bhr+i1 is a good danc]#ach--l all corrigans1 pixies1 & mo/ fairies4 ,beyond ! bord]s ( ,celtic l&s--9 ,s\!rn ,asia ) its isl&s1 9 ,melanesia ) ,new ,gu9ea1 & 9 ,c5tral ,africa--pygmy races1 g5]ally call$ ,negritos1 exi/ at ! pres5t day2 b !y !mselves h a fairy-fai?1 j z _! normal-siz$ primitive neighb\rs h1 & x w\ld h>dly be reasonable to argue t ei!r ( ! two fairy-fai?s is due to a folk-memory ( small-/atur$ peoples4 ,anci5t & ?or\ghly reliable manuscript records te/ify to ! exi/5ce ( pygmies 9 ,*9a dur+ ! tw5ty-?ird c5tury ,b4 ,c42#aci yet no "o has ev] tri$ to expla9 ! well-kn[n animi/ic beliefs ( mod]n ,*9am5 9 gho/s1 demons1 & 9 little nature-spirits l fairies1 by say+ t ^! are a folk-memory ( ?is anci5t pygmy race4 ,9 ,yezo & ! ,kurile ,isl&s ( ,japan /ill survive a few ( ! hairy ,a9u1 a ,caucasian-l1 "u-siz$ race2 & _! imm$iate pr$ecessors1 :om !y ext]m9at$1 7 a ,negrito race1 :o1 accord+ to "s traditions1 7 two to ?ree feet 9 /ature1 &1 accord+ to o!r traditions1 only "o in* 9 /ature4#adj ,bo? pygmy races1 ! surviv+ & ! ext]m9at$ race1 seem indep5d5tly to h evolv$ a belief 9 gho/s & spirits1 s t "h aga9 x ne$ n be argu$ t ! pres5t pre-,buddhi/ animism ( ! ,japanese is due to a folk-memory ( ei!r ,a9us or ,negritos4 ,fur!r exam9ation ( ! animi/ic hypo!sis design$ to expla9 ! smallness ( elvi% spirits leads away f m]e my?ology into psy*ology1 & sets u ! task ( f9d+ out if1 aft] all1 primitive ideas ab\t ! disembodi$ human s\l may n h orig9at$ or at lea/ h help$ to %ape ! ,celtic folk conception ( fairies z small-/atur$ be+s4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,e4 ,crawley1 9 8 ,idea ( ! ,s\l 7pp4 #bjj-a1 #bjf71 %[s by c>efully select$ evid5ce f anci5t & mod]n psy*ologies t 'fir/ among ! attributes ( ! s\l 9 its prim>y =m may be plac$ its size'1 & t '9 ! majority ( cases x is a m9iature replica ( ! p]son1 describ$ (t5 z a mannik91 or homunculus1 ( a few in*es 9 height'4 ,sometimes ! s\l is describ$ z only ab\t ?ree in*es 9 /ature4 ,dr4 ,fraz] %[s1 likewise1 t by practically all contempor>y primitive peoples ! s\l is commonly reg>d$ z a dw>f4#ada ,! same op9ions reg>d+ ! human s\l prevail$ among anci5t peoples highly civiliz$1 i4 e4 ! ,egyptians & ,greeks1 & may h !nce directly influ5c$ ,celtic tradition4 ,?us1 9 bas-relief on ! ,egyptian temple ( ,dr el ,bahri1 ,que5 ,hat%eps ,ramaka is mak+ (f]+s ( p]fume to ! gods1 :ile j beh9d h] /&s h] ,ka 7s\l7 z a pygmy s little t ! cr[n ( its head is j on a level ) h] wai/4#adb ,! ,ka is usually repres5t$ z ab\t half ! size ( an ord9>y man4 ,9 ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 ! ,ba1 :i* l ! ,ka is "o ( ! _m sep>able p>ts ( ! s\l1 is repres5t$ z a v little man ) w+s & bird-l body4 ,on ,greek vases ! human s\l is depict$ z a pygmy issu+ f ! body ?r\gh ! m\?2 & ?is conception exi/$ among ,romans & ,teutons4#adc ,l _! pr$ecessors ! ,egyptians1 ! ,greeks also (t5 repres5t$ ! s\l z a small w+$ human figure1 & ,romans1 9 turn1 imag9$ ! s\l z a pygmy ) butt]fly w+s4 ,^! ideas reappe> 9 m$iaeval reliefs & pictures :]e9 ! s\l is %[n z a *ild or little nak$ man go+ out ( ! dy+ p]son's m\?2#add &1 accord+ to ,cdmon1 :o 0 educat$ by ,celtic tea*]s1 angels are small & beautiful#ade--q l good fairies4 ,al*emical & ,my/ical ,!ory ,9 ! positive doctr9es ( m$iaeval al*emi/s & my/ics1 e4 g4 ,p>acelsus & ! ,rosicrucians1 z well z _! mod]n foll[]s1 ! anci5t metaphysical ideas ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome f9d a new expression2 & ^! doctr9es raise ! f9al problem--if !re are any sci5tific gr\nds = believ+ 9 su* pygmy nature-spirits z ^! rem>kable ?9k]s ( ! ,middle ,ages claim to h /udi$ z be+s actually exi/+ 9 nature4 ,to "s ext5t ?is int]e/+ problem w be exam9$ 9 our *apt] entitl$ ,sci5ce & ,fairies2 "h we %all simply outl9e ! metaphysical !ory1 add+ ! te/imony ( "s ( its liv+ advocates to expla9 ! smallness ( elvi% spirits & fairies4 ,^! m$iaeval metaphysicians1 inh]itors ( pre-,platonic1 ,platonic1 & neo-,platonic tea*+s1 purposely obscur$ _! doctr9es "u a cov]+ ( al*emical t]ms1 s z to safegu>d !mselves aga9/ p]secution1 op5 discussion ( occultism n be+ safe dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 z x 0 among ! anci5ts & happily is n[ aga9 9 our own g5]ation4 ,b !y 7 q sci5tific 9 _! me?ods1 = !y divid$ all invisible be+s into f\r di/9ct classes3 ! ,angels1 :o 9 "* & function are p>allel to ! gods ( ! anci5ts1 & equal to ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann ( ! ,iri%1 are ! highe/2 bel[ !m are ! ,devils or ,demons1 :o correspond to ! fall5 angels ( ,*ri/ianity2 ! ?ird class includes all ,elem5tals1 sub-human ,nature-,spirits1 :o are g5]ally reg>d$ z hav+ pygmy /ature1 l ! ,greek daemons2 & ! f\r? division comprises ! ,s\ls ( ! ,dead1 & ! %ades or gho/s ( ! dead4 ,= u1 ! ?ird class1 :i* includes spirits ( pygmy-l =m1 is ! mo/ important 9 ?is pres5t discussion4 ,all its memb]s are ( f\r k9ds1 accord+ z !y inhabit "o ( ! f\r *ief elem5ts ( nature4#adf ,^? inhabit+ ! e>? are call$ ,gnomes4 ,!y are def9itely ( pygmy /ature1 & fri5dly to man1 & 9 fairy-lore ord9>ily correspond to m9e-haunt+ fairies or gobl9s1 to pixies1 corrigans1 lepre*auns1 & to su* elves z live 9 rocks1 cav]ns1 or e>?--an important consid]ation entirely ov]look$ by *ampions ( ! ,pygmy ,!ory4 ,^? inhabit+ ! air are call$ ,sylphs4 ,^! ,sylphs1 commonly describ$ z little spirits l pygmies 9 =m1 correspond to mo/ ( ! fairies :o are n ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or 'g5try' type1 & :o z a race are beautiful & graceful4 ,!y are q l ! fairies 9 ,%akespe>e's ,midsumm]-,night's ,dream2 & especially l ! a]ials 9 ,! ,tempe/1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,morton ,luce1 a comm5tator on ! drama1 seem to h be5 %ap$ by ,%akespe>e f 8 k ( ,rosicrucian occultism1 9 :i* su* spirits hold an important place4 ,^? inhabit+ ! wat] are call$ ,und9es1 & correspond exactly to ! fairies :o live 9 sacr$ f\nta9s1 lakes1 or riv]s4 ,& ! f\r? k9d1 ^? inhabit+ ! fire1 are call$ ,salam&]s1 & seldom appe> 9 ! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai?3 !y are supreme 9 ! elem5t>y hi]>*ies4 ,all ^! ,elem5tals1 :o procreate aft] ! mann] ( m51 are said to h bodies ( an ela/ic half-mat]ial ess5ce1 :i* is suffici5tly e!real n to be visible to ! physical sight1 & probably comp>able to matt] 9 ! =m ( invisible gases4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats has giv5 ?is explanation3--',_m poets1 & all my/ic & occult writ]s1 9 all ages & c\ntries1 h decl>$ t beh9d ! visible are *a9s on *a9s ( consci\s be+s1 :o are n ( heav5 b ( ! e>?1 :o h no inh]5t =m1 b *ange accord+ to _! :im1 or ! m9d t sees !m4 ,y _c lift y\r h& )\t influ5c+ & be+ influ5c$ by hordes4 ,! visible _w is m]ely _! sk94 ,9 dreams we g among/ !m1 & play ) !m1 & combat ) !m4 ,!y are1 p]haps1 human s\ls 9 ! crucible--^! creatures ( :im4'#adg ,& br++ ?is into relation ) ord9>y fairies1 he says3--',d n ?9k ! fairies are always little4 ,ev]y?+ is caprici\s ab\t !m1 ev5 _! size4 ,!y seem to take :at size or %ape pleases !m4'#adg ,9 ,! ,celtic ,twilight ,mr4 ,yeats makes ! /atem5t t ! 'fairies 9 ,irel& are sometimes z big z we are1 sometimes bigg]1 & sometimes1 z ,i h be5 told1 ab\t ?ree feet high4'#adh ,mrs4 ,x1 a cultur$ ,iri%woman n[ liv+ 9 ,c\nty ,dubl91 :o z a p]cipi5t fulfils all ! exact+ requirem5ts :i* psy*ologi/s & pa?ologi/s w\ld dem&1 tells me t v frequ5tly %e has _h visions ( fairy be+s 9 ,irel&1 & h] own classification & description ( ^! fairy be+s1 *iefly accord+ to _! /ature1 are z foll[s3--',among ! usually invisible races :i* ,i h se5 9 ,irel&1 ,i di/+ui% five classes4 7#a7 ,!re are ! ,gnomes1 :o are e>?-spirits1 & :o seem to be a sorr[ful race4 ,i once saw "s ( !m di/9ctly on ! side ( ,b5 ,bulb94 ,!y _h r r\nd heads & d>k ?ick-set bodies1 & 9 /ature 7 ab\t two & "o-half feet4 7#b7 ,! ,lepre*auns are diff]5t1 be+ full ( mis*ief1 ?\gh !y1 too1 are small4 ,i foll[$ a lepre*aun f ! t[n ( ,wickl[ out to ! ,c>raig ,sidhe1 ,rock ( ! ,fairies1 a di/ance ( half a mile or m1 :]e he disappe>$4 ,he _h a v m]ry face1 & beckon$ to me ) 8 f+]4 7#c7 ,a ?ird class are ! ,little ,p1 :o1 unlike ! ,gnomes & ,lepre*auns1 are q good-look+2 & !y are v small4 7#d7 ,! ,good ,p are tall beautiful be+s1 z tall z ourselves1 to judge by ^? ,i saw at ! ra? 9 ,rosses ,po9t4 ,!y direct ! magnetic curr5ts ( ! e>?4 7#e7 ,! ,gods are really ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 & !y are mu* tall] ?an our race4 ,!re may be _m o!r classes ( invisible be+s :i* ,i d n "k4' 7,record$ on ,octob] #af1 #aiaj47 ,& indep5d5tly ( ! ,celtic peoples !re is available v mu* te/imony ( ! mo/ reliable "* f mod]n disciples ( ! m$iaeval occulti/s1 e4 g4 ! ,rosicrucians1 & ! ,!osophi/s1 t !re exi/ 9 nature invisible spiritual be+s ( pygmy /ature & ( v>i\s =ms & *>act]s1 comp>able 9 all respects to ! little p ( ,celtic folk-lore4 ,h[ all ?is is p>allel to ! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai? is p]fectly evid5t1 & no comm5t ( ours is necess>y4#adi ,?is po9t ( view1 pres5t$ by m$iaeval & mod]n occult sci5ces & confirm$ by ,celtic & non-,celtic p]cipi5ts1 :5 consid]$ 9 relation to its non-,celtic s\rces & !n at once contra/$ ) anci5t & mod]n ,celtic beliefs ( ! same "* :i* con/itute x--to be se5 9 ! above ,gaelic & ,bry?onic manuscript & o!r evid5ce1 & 9 ,cdmon's !ory t angels are small be+s--plunges u into ! v complex & extremely difficult problem h[ f> fairies z pygmy spirits may be purely ,celtic1 & h[ f> !y may reflect beliefs n ,celtic4 ,! problem1 h[ev]1 is f> too complicat$ to be discuss$ "h2 & "o may briefly say t !re seems to h be5 a "t 9 ! evolution ( animism :5 ! anci5t ,celts ( ,brita91 ( ,irel&1 & ( ,cont95tal ,europe too1 held1 9 common ) ! anci5t ,greeks1 ,romans1 & ,teutons1 an orig9al ,aryan doctr9e4 ,?is doctr9e1 aft] ^! f\r /ocks sep>at$ 9 possession ( x1 began to evolve its f\r specializ$ aspects :i* we n[ c /udy2 & 9 ! ,iri% ,univ]sities ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ian c5turies1 :5 ,irel& 0 ! c5tre ( ,european le>n+1 ! classical & ,celtic aspects ( x met = ! fir/ "t s9ce _! prehi/oric divorcem5t4 ,!re1 z is cle>ly se5 lat] among ! m$iaeval al*emi/s & occulti/s1 a new influ5ce--f ,*ri/ian !ology--0 sup]add$ to ! anci5t animi/ic beliefs ( ,europe z !y _h evolv$ up to t "t4 ,conclusion ,! e?nological argum5t1 aft] all[+ = all its %ortcom+s1 sugge/s t small-/atur$ races l ,lapps & ,eskimos 7?\gh n necess>ily true pygmy races1 ( ^: exi/5ce 9 ,europe !re is no pro( available7 did once inhabit l&s :]e !re are ,celts1 & t a ,celtic folk-memory ( ^! c\ld conceivably h orig9at$ a belief 9 c]ta9 k9ds ( fairies1 & ?us h be5 a %ap+ influ5ce 9 ! animi/ic traditions ab\t o!r fairies4 ,! animi/ic argum5t %[s t pygmies describ$ 9 ,celtic lit]ature & 9 ,celtic & non-,celtic my?ologies are ne>ly always to be ?\ght ( z non-human spirits2 & t !re is n[ & 0 9 pa/ ages a _w-wide belief t ! human s\l is 9 /ature a pygmy4 ,! philosophical argum5t ( al*emi/s & my/ics1 9 a way1 draws to itself ! animi/ic argum5t1 & sets up ! hypo!sis t ! smallness ( elves & fairies is due to _! own nature1 because !y actually exi/ z invisible tribes ( non-human be+s ( pygmy size & =m4 ,,! ,,*angel+ ,,belief ,! smallness ( fairies1 :i* has j be5 consid]$1 & ! belief 9 *angel+s are ! two mo/ prom95t *>act]i/ics ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 accord+ to our evid5ce 9 *apt] ii2 & we are n[ to consid] ! second4 ,! preval5t & app>5tly ! only important !ories :i* are curr5t to expla9 ?is belief 9 *angel+s may be designat$ z ! ,kidnap ,!ory & ! ,human-,sacrifice ,!ory4 ,^! we %all proce$ to e/imate1 aft] :i* !re w be introduc$ new] & seem+ly m adequate !ories4 ,kidnap ,!ory ,"s writ]s h argu$ t ! *angel+ belief m]ely reflects a "t :5 ! aborig9al pre-,celtic peoples held 9 subjection by ! ,celts1 & =c$ to live 9 m\nta9 cav]ns & 9 secret retreats und]gr\nd1 occasionally kidnapp$ ! *ildr5 ( _! conqu]ors1 & t su* kidnapp$ *ildr5 sometimes escap$ & told to _! ,celtic k9sm5 highly romantic tales ab\t hav+ be5 9 an und]gr\nd fairy-_w ) fairies4 ,frequ5tly ?is argum5t has tak5 a slightly diff]5t =m3 t in/ead ( unfri5dly pre-,celtic peoples x 0 magic-work+ ,druids :o--ei!r ?r\gh _! own *oice or else1 hav+ be5 driv5 to bay by ! spread ( ,*ri/ianity1 ?r\gh =ce ( circum/ances--dwelt 9 secret 9 *amb]$ m\nds or s\t]ra9s1 or 9 d5se =e/s1 & !n /ole "y p = recruits1 sometimes p]mitt+ !m1 ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 too old to be ( fur!r use1 to return home "u an inviolable v[ ( secrecy4#aej ,& ,mr4 ,david ,mac,ritchie 9 support+ 8 own ,pygmy ,!ory has made int]e/+ mod]n elaborations ( ^! two slightly diff]5t !ories conc]n+ *angel+s4#aea ,z already po9t$ out1 !re are def9ite e?nological elem5ts bl5d$ 9 ! o!r p>ts ( ! complex ,fairy-,fai?2 & s 9 ?is "p ( x1 ! *angel+ belief1 !re are conceivably m ( su* elem5ts :i* l5d "s support to ! ,kidnap ,!ory4 ,9 itself1 h[ev]1 z we hope to %[ conclusively1 ! ,!ory1 fail+ to grasp ! ess5tial & und]ly+ "* ( ?is belief1 does n adequately expla9 x4 ,human-,sacrifice ,!ory ,alfr$ ,nutt advanc$ a !ory1 :i* anticipat$ "o "p ( our own1 t '! *angel+ /ory is f\nd to be connect$ ) ! antique conception ( life & sacrifice'4 ,& he wrote3--',x is at lea/ possible t ! sickly & ail+ w\ld be reject$ :5 ! "t came = ea* family to supply its quota ( victims1 & ?is might easily translate itself 9 ! folk-memory into ! /atem5t t ! fairies _h c>ri$ (f ! heal?y' 7alone acceptable z sacrifice7 '& left 9 ex*ange ! sickly4'#aeb ,?\gh our evid5ce w n p]mit u to accept ! !ory 7:y x w n w be cle> z we proce$7 t "s su* sacrificial cu/oms among ! anci5t ,celts entirely acc\nt = ! *angel+ /ory1 yet we consid] x highly probable t ! !ory helps to expla9 p>ticul> aspects ( ! complex tradition1 & t ! und]ly+ philosophy ( sacrifice ext5d$ 9 an animi/ic way1 z we %all try to ext5d x1 probably (f]s m complete explanation4 ,?us1 ! ,mexicans believ$ t ! s\ls ( all sacrific$ *ildr5 w5t to live ) ! god ,tlaloc 9 8 heav5-_w4#aec ,among ! ,greeks1 a sacrific$ victim appe>s to h be5 s5t z a mess5g]1 be>+ a message repeat$ to him be=e dea? to "s god4#aed ,on ! fun]al pile ( ,patroclus 7 laid ,trojan captives1 toge!r ) horses & h\nds1 a practice correspond+ to t ( ,am]ican ,r$ ,m52 ! idea be+ t ! sacrific$ ,trojans & ! horses & h\nds z well1 7 ?us s5t to s]ve ! sla9 w>riors 9 ! o!rworld4 ,among ourselves 9 ,europe & 9 ,am]ica x is n uncommon to read 9 ! daily newspap] ab\t a suicide z result+ f ! belief t dea? alone c br+ union ) a deceas$ swee!>t or lov$ "o4 ,^! examples1 & v _m p>allel ones to be f\nd ! _w ov]1 seem to furni% ! key to ! !ory ( sacrifice3 namely1 t by ext+ui%+ life 9 ?is _w x is transmitt$ to ! _w ( ! gods1 spirits1 & ! dead4 ,bo? ,sir ,john ,rhys & ,d',arbois de ,juba9ville h %[n t ! ,iri% 7 wont to sacrifice ! fir/-born ( *ildr5 & ( flocks4#aee ,o',curry po9ts out a cle> case ( human sacrifice at an anci5t ,iri% fun]al#aef3--';,fia*ra !n br\ght fifty ho/ages ) him f ,mun/]'2 &1 :5 he di$1 '! ho/ages :i* he br\ght f ! s\? 7 buri$ alive ar\nd ! ,f]t 7burial m\nd7 ( ,fia*ra4' ,m commonly ! anci5t ,celts seem to h made sacrifices to appease place-spirits be=e ! erection ( a new build+1 by s5d+ to !m ?r\gh dea? ! s\l ( a y\? 7see p4 #dcf74 ,x is 9 su* animi/ic beliefs z ^!1 :i* und]lie sacrifice1 t we f9d a p>tial solution ( ! problem ( *angel+ belief4 ,b ! sacrifice !ory is also inadequate2 =1 ?\gh *angel+s may 9 "s cases 9 anci5t times h conceivably be5 ! sickly *ildr5 disc>d$ by prie/s z unfit = s5d+ to ! gods or fairies1 h[ c we expla9 actual *angel+s to be met ) to-day 9 all ,celtic l&s8 ,"s o!r hypo!sis is evid5tly necess>y4 ,s\l-,w&]+ ,!ory ,comp>ative /udy %[s t non-,celtic *angel+ beliefs p>allel to ^? ( ! ,celts exi/ almo/ ev]y:]e1 t !y c5tre r\nd ! primitive idea t ! human s\l c be ab/ract$ f ! body by disembodi$ spirits & by magicians1 & t !y d n dep5d ^u ! sacrifice !ory1 ?\gh animi/ically closely relat$ to x4 ,= example1 accord+ to ! ,lep]s' ,isl&]s1 gho/s /eal m5--z fairies d--'to add !m to _! company2 & if a man has left *ildr5 :5 he di$1 "o ( :om sick5s aft]w>ds1 x is said t ! dead fa!r takes x4'#aeg ,9 ,banks ,isl&1 ,polynesia1 ! gho/ ( a woman :o has di$ 9 *ildbir? is greatly dread$3 z long z h] *ild is on e>? %e _c proce$ to ,panoi1 ! o!rworld2 & ! relatives take h] *ild to ano!r h\se1 'because !y "k t ! "m w come back to take its s\l4'#aeh ,:5 a ,motlav *ild sneezes1 ! "m w cry1 ',let him come back into ! _w6 let him rema94' ,"u simil> circum/ances 9 ,mota1 ! cry is1 ',live2 roll back to u6' ',! notion is t a gho/ is draw+ a *ild's s\l away4' ,if ! *ild falls ill ! attempt has succe$$1 & a wiz>d ?r[s himself into a trance & goes to ! gho/-_w to br+ ! *ild's s\l back4#aei ,9 ! isl&s ( ,kei & ,kis> a belief prevails t ! spirits ( ! dead c take to !mselves ! s\ls ( ! liv+ :o g ne> ! graves4#afj ,sometimes a ,polynesian "m insi/s on be+ buri$ ) h] dead *ild2 or a surviv+ wife ) h] dead husb&1 s t !re w be no sep>ation4#afa ,^! la/ practices help to illu/rate ! ,celtic !ory beh9d ! belief t fairies c abduct adults4 ,?r\gh\t ,melanesia sickness is g5]ally attribut$ to ! s\l's abs5ce f ! body1 & ?is /ate ( disembodim5t is believ$ to be due to "s gho/'s or _s's int]f]5ce1#afb j z among ,celts sickness is (t5 ?\ght to be due to fairies hav+ tak5 ! s\l to ,fairyl&4 ,an old ,iri% pip] :o came up to ,lady ,gregory's home at ,coole ,p>k told u t a c]ta9 relative ( 81 a woman1 _h la9 9 a semi-consci\s /ate ( illness = mon?s1 & t :5 %e recov]$ full consci\sness %e decl>$ %e _h be5 ) ! 'good p'4 ,folk-beliefs l all ! above1 :i* m adequately expla9 ! *angel+ idea ?an ! ,human-,sacrifice ,!ory1 are _w-wide1 be+ at once ,celtic & non-,celtic4#afc ,demon-,possession ,!ory ,!re has be5 among _m peoples1 primitive & civiliz$1 a complem5t>y belief to ! "o t evil spirits or gho/s may /eal a s\l & s cause 9 ! vacat$ body illness if ! abduction is tempor>y1 & dea? if x is p]man5t3 namely1 a belief t demons1 :o sometimes may be s\ls ( ! dead1 c possess a human body :ile ! s\l is out ( x dur+ sleep1 or else c expel ! s\l & occupy its place4#afd ,:5 complete possession ( ?is "* takes place !re is--z 9 'm$ium%ip'--a *ange ( p]sonality1 & ! mann]1 ?\ghts1 actions1 language1 & ! :ole nature ( ! possess$ p]son are radically *ang$4 ,sometimes a =eign tongue1 ( :i* ! subject is ignorant1 is flu5tly spok54 ,:5 ! possession is an evil "o1 z ,dr4 ,nevius has obs]v$ 9 ,*9a1 :]e ! ph5om5a are common1 ! *ange ( "* is 9 ! direction ( immorality1 frequ5tly 9 /rong contra/ ) ! "* ( ! subject "u normal conditions1 & is (t5 accompani$ by p>oxysms & contortions ( ! body1 z ,i h (t5 be5 solemnly assur$ by ,celts is ! case 9 a *angel+4 7,see ,m4 ,le ,sc\r's acc\nt on page #aih1 ( ?ree *angel+s t he saw 9 "o family 9 ,f9i/re2 & comp>e :at is said ab\t fairy *angel+s 9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ,isle ( ,man1 ,wales1 & ,cornwall47 ,a conception l t among ! ,*9ese1 ( h[ an evil _s may dispossess ! s\l inhabit+ a *ild's or adult's body1 seems to be ! basis & orig9al conception beh9d ! fairy-*angel+ belief 9 all ,celtic & o!r c\ntries4 ,:5 a *ild has be5 *ang$ by fairies1 & an old fairy left 9 its place1 ! *ild has be51 accord+ to ?is !ory1 dispossess$ ( its body by an evil fairy1 :i* a ,*9aman calls a demon1 :ile ! leav+ beh9d ( ! old fairy acc\nts = ! *ang$ p]sonality & *ang$ facial expression ( ! demon-possess$ infant4 ,! ,*9ese demon ent]s into & takes complete possession ( ! *ild's body :ile ! *ild's s\l is out ( x dur+ sleep--& all fairies make *angel+s :5 a babe is asleep 9 its cradle at night1 or dur+ ! day :5 x is left alone = a %ort "t4 ,! ,*9ese *ild-s\l is !n unable to return into its body until "s k9d ( magical c]emony or exorcism expels ! possess+ demon2 & ?r\gh precisely simil> me?ods1 (t5 aid$ by ,*ri/ian prie/s1 ,celts cure *angel+s made by fairies1 pixies1 & corrigans4 ,9 ! foll[+ acc\nt1 !re=e1 app>5tly lies ! root explanation ( ! puzzl+ beliefs conc]n+ fairy *angel+s s commonly met ) 9 ! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai?3--',to av]t ! calamity ( nurs+ a demon1 dri$ banana-sk9 is burnt to a%es1 :i* are !n mix$ ) wat]4 ,into ?is ! "m dips h] f+] & pa9ts a cross ^u ! sleep+ babe's =ehead4 ,9 a %ort "t ! demon s\l returns--= ! s\l w&]s f ! body dur+ sleep & is free--b1 fail+ to recognize ! body ?us disguis$1 flies (f4 ,! true s\l1 :i* has be5 wait+ = an opportunity1 n[ approa*es ! dormant body1 &1 if ! m>k has be5 wa%$ (f 9 "t1 takes possession ( x2 b if n1 x1 l ! demon1 fail+ to recognize ! body1 dep>ts1 & ! *ild dies 9 its sleep4'#afe ,9 relation to ?is ,demon-,possession ,!ory1 ! writ] has _h ! opportunity ( obs]v+ c>efully "s liv+ *angel+s among ! ,celts1 & is conv9c$ t 9 _m su* cases !re is an und\bt$ belief express$ by ! p>5ts & fri5ds t fairy-possession has tak5 place4 ,?is belief (t5 translates itself naturally into ! folk-!ory t ! body ( ! *ild has also be5 *ang$1 :5 exam9ation proves only a *ange ( p]sonality z recogniz$ by psy*ologi/s2 or1 9 a di/9ct type ( *angel+s1 ^? :o exhibit great precocity 9 *ildhood comb9$ ) an old & wiz5$ c\nt5ance1 !re is nei!r a *ang$ p]sonality nor demon-possession1 b simply "s abnormal physical or m5tal condition1 9 ! nature ( cret9ism1 atrophy1 m>asmus1 or arre/$ developm5t4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ examples ( a *angel+ exi/s at ,pl\h>nel-,c>nac1 ,brittany1 :]e !re is n[ liv+ a dw>f ,breton :om ,i h photograph$ & talk$ )1 & :o may possibly comb9e 9 himself bo? ! abnormal psy*ical & ! abnormal pa?ological conditions4 ,he is no tall] ?an a normal *ild t5 ye>s old1 b be+ ov] ?irty ye>s old he is ?ick-set1 ?\gh n de=m$4 ,all ! peasants :o "k him call him '! ,little ,corrigan'1 & 8 own "m decl>es t he is n ! *ild %e gave bir? to4 ,he once said to me ) a k9d ( pa!tic prote/1 ',did ,m4 ---- tell y t ,i am a demon8' ,conclusion ,! ,kidnap ,!ory1 re/+ entirely ^u ! e?nological & social or psy*ological elem5ts :i* we h else:]e po9t$ out z exi/+ 9 ! sup]ficial aspects ( ! ess5tially animi/ic ,fairy-,fai? z a :ole1 is accord+ly limit$ 9 its explanation ( ?is specializ$ "p ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 ! *angel+ belief1 to ^! same elem5ts :i* may exi/ 9 ! *angel+ belief4 ,&1 on ! %[+ ( an?ropology1 ! o!r !ories und\bt$ly (f] a m adequate explanation4 ,by means ( sacrifice1 accord+ to its und]ly+ philosophy1 man is able to transmit s\ls f ?is _w to ! _w :]e dwell ! gods & fairy-folk bo? good & evil4 ,?us1 _h ,abraham sacrific$ ,isaac1 ! s\l ( ,isaac w\ld h be5 tak5 to heav5 by ,jehovah z fairies take s\ls to ,fairyl& ?r\gh dea?4 ,b ! diff]5ce is t 9 human sacrifice m5 d volunt>ily & = specific religi\s ends :at v>i\s k9ds ( fairies or spirits w\ld d )\t human int]v5tion & (t5 malici\sly1 z our review ( anci5t & mod]n !ories ( sacrifice has %[n4 ,gods & fairies are spiritual be+s2 h5ce only ! spiritual "p ( man c be deliv]$ ov] to !m4 ,melanesians & o!r peoples ^: *angel+ beliefs h n[ be5 exam9$1 reg>d all illness & dea? z ! result ( _s int]f]5ce2 :ile ,celts reg>d /range maladies 9 *ildr5 & 9 adults z ! result ( fairy int]f]5ce4 ,& to no ,celt is dea? 9 e>ly life a natural ?+3 if x comes to a *ild or to a beautiful y\? 9 any way :atsoev]1 ! fairies h tak5 :at !y covet$4 ,9 all my?ologies gods h always enjoy$ ! companion%ip ( beautiful maid5s1 & goddesses ! love ( h]oic y\?s2 & !y h (t5 tak5 !m to _! _w z ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann took ! great h]oes ( ! anci5t ,celts to ! ,o!rworld or ,avalon1 & z !y /ill 9 ! "* ( mod]n fairies abduct brides & "y mo!rs1 & bridegrooms or o!r attractive "y m5 :om !y wi% to h ) !m 9 ,fairyl& 7see our *apt]s iv-vi74 ,:]e sacrifice or dea? has n br\ght ab\t su* complete transf] or abduction ( ! s\l to ! fairy _w1 !re is only a tempor>y abs5ce f human society2 &1 mean:ile1 ! vacat$ body is "u a fairy spell & lies ill1 or unconsci\s if !re is a trance /ate4 ,if ! body is an infant's1 a fairy may possess x1 z 9 ! ,*9ese !ory ( demon-possession4 ,9 su* cases ! ,celts (t5 ?9k t ! liv+ body is t ( ano!r *ild once tak5 b s9ce gr[n too old = ,fairyl&2 ?\gh ! rational explanation frequ5tly is purely pa?ological4 ,look$ at philosophically1 a fairy ex*ange ( ?is k9d is fair & ev5ly balanc$1 & !re has be5 no true robb]y4 ,& 9 ?is aspect ( ! *angel+ cre$--an aspect ( x purely ,celtic--!re seems to be /ill ano!r influ5ce ap>t f human sacrifice1 s\l-abductions1 demon or fairy-possession1 & disease2 namely1 a greatly corrupt$ folk-memory ( an anci5t re-bir? doctr9e3 ! liv+ are tak5 to ! dead or ! fairies & !n s5t back aga91 aft] ! mann] ( ,socrates' argum5t t ! liv+ come f ! dead & ! dead f ! liv+ 7cf4 our *apt] vii74 ,9 all su* ex*anges1 ! economy ( ,nature dem&s t ! balance betwe5 ! two worlds be ma9ta9$3 h5ce !re arose ! !ories ( human sacrifice1 ( s\l abduction1 ( demon or fairy-possession2 & 9 all ^! collectively is to be f\nd ! complete psy*ological explanation ( ! fairy-*angel+ & fairy-abduction beliefs among anci5t & mod]n ,celts z ^! %[ !mselves 9 ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,all rema9+ classes ( *angel+s1 :i* fall outside ! scope ( ?is cle>ly def9$ psy*ological !ory1 are to be expla9$ pa?ologically4 ,,magic ,,& ,,wit*craft ,! evid5ce f ea* ,celtic c\ntry %[s v cle>ly t magic & wit*craft are insep>ably bl5d$ 9 ! ,fairy-,fai?1 & t human be+s1 i4 e4 '*>m]s1' dynion hysbys1 & o!r magicians1 & sorc]esses1 are (t5 enabl$ ?r\gh ! aid ( fairies to p]=m ! same magical acts z fairies2 or1 aga91 l ,*ri/ian prie/s :o use exorcisms1 !y are able1 act+ indep5d5tly1 to c\nt]act fairy p[]1 !reby prev5t+ *angel+s or cur+ !m1 sav+ *urn+s1 heal+ man or bea/ ( 'fairy-/rokes'1 &1 9 %ort1 nullify+ all undesirable influ5ces emanat+ f ! fairy _w4 ,a correct int]pretation ( ^! magical elem5ts s prom95t 9 ! ,fairy-,fai? is ( fundam5tal importance1 because if made x w set u on "o ( ! ma9 psy*ical highways :i* trav]se ! va/ t]ritory ( our an?ropological inquiry4 ,let u1 !n1 und]take su* an int]pretation1 fir/ sett+ up1 z we mu/1 "s sort ( work+ hypo!sis z to :at magic is1 wit*craft be+ assum$ to be a "p ( magic4 ,!ories ( ,mod]n ,an?ropologi/s ,we may def9e magic1 z und]/ood by anci5ts & mod]ns1 civiliz$ or non-civiliz$1 ap>t f conjur+1 :i* is m]e juggl]y & deception ( ! s5ses1 z ! art ( controll+ = p>ticul> ends v>i\s k9ds ( invisible =ces1 (t51 &1 z we hold1 g5]ally ?\ght ( z intellig5t spirits4 ,?is is some:at oppos$ to ,mr4 ,m>ett's po9t ( view1 :i* emphasizes 'pre-animi/ic influ5ces'1 i4 e4 'p[]s to :i* ! animi/ic =m is v vaguely attribut$ if at all4' ,&1 9 deal+ ) ! an?ropological aspects ( spell-ca/+ 9 magical op]ations1 ,mr4 ,m>ett conceives su* a magical act to be 9 relation to ! magician 'g5]ically1 a projection ( imp]ative w1 & specifically "o t moves on a sup]normal plane'1 & ! victim's position t[>ds ?is invisible project$ =ce to be 'a position compatible ) rapport'4#aff ,he also ?9ks x probable t ! ess5ce ( ! magician's sup]normal p[] lies 9 :at ,melanesians call mana4#aff ,9 our op9ion mana may be equat$ ) :at ,william ,james1 writ+ ( 8 attitude t[>d psy*ical ph5om5a1 call$ a univ]sally diffus$ 's\l-/uff' leak+ ?r\gh1 s to speak1 & express+ itself 9 ! human individual4#afg ,on ?is view1 ,mr4 ,m>ett's !ory w\ld am\nt to say+ t magicians are able to produce magical effects because !y are able to control ?is 's\l-/uff'2 & our evid5ce w\ld reg>d all spirits & fairies z portions ( su* univ]sally diffus$ mana1 's\l-/uff'1 or1 z ,fe*n] might call x1 ! ',s\l ( ! ,_w'4 ,moreov]1 9 ess5ce1 su* an idea ( magic co9cides1 :5 c>efully exam9$1 ) :at anci5t ?9k]s l ,plato1 ,iambli*us1 ! ,neo-,platoni/s g5]ally1 & m$iaeval magicians l ,p>acelsus & ,eliphas ,levi1 call$ magic2 & agrees ) anci5t ,celtic magic--judg+ f :at ,roman hi/orians h record$ conc]n+ x1 & f ,celtic manuscripts !mselves4 ,o!r mod]n an?ropologi/s h set up f> less satisfactory def9itions ( magic4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,fraz]1 = example1 magic assumes1 z natural sci5ce does1 t '"o ev5t foll[s ano!r necess>ily & inv>iably )\t ! int]v5tion ( any spiritual or p]sonal ag5cy'4#afh ,su* a !ory is n support$ by ! facts ( an?ropology2 & does n ev5 apply to ^? specializ$ & (t5 sup]ficial k9ds ( magic class$ "u x by ,dr4 ,fraz] z 'sympa!tic & imitative magic'1 i4 e4 t ?r\gh :i* l produces l1 or "p produces :ole4 ,to our m9d1 sympa!tic & imitative magic 7to leave out ( acc\nt _m fallaci\s & irrational rituali/ic practices1 :i* ,dr4 ,fraz] includes "u ^! loose t]ms71 :5 g5u9e1 9 _! v>i$ aspects are directly dep5d5t ^u hypnotic /ates1 ^u telepa?y1 m9d-read+1 m5tal sugge/ion1 association ( ideas1 & simil> processes2 9 %ort1 are due to ! op]ation ( m9d on m9d & w on w1 &1 moreov]1 are recogniz$ by primitive races to h ?is fundam5tal "*4 ,or1 accord+ to ! ,fairy-,fai?1 !y are caus$ by a fairy or disembodi$ _s act+ ^u an embodi$ "o1 a man or woman2 & n1 z ,dr4 ,fraz] holds1 ?r\gh 'mi/ak5 applications ( "o or o!r ( two great fundam5tal laws ( ?\ght1 namely1 ! association ( ideas by simil>ity & ! association ( ideas by contiguity 9 space or "t'4#afi ,! me*anical causation !ory ( magic1 z ?us set =? 9 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1 does n imply mana or w-p[]1 z ,mr4 ,m>ett's m adequate !ory does 9 "p3 ,dr4 ,fraz] wi%es u to reg>d animi/ic religi\s practices z di/9ct f magic4#agj ,nev]!less1 9 direct opposition to ,dr4 ,fraz]'s view1 ! weight ( ! evid5ce f ! pa/ & f ! pres5t1 :i* we are ab\t to (f]1 is decid$ly fav\rable to our reg>d+ magic & religion z complem5t>y to "o ano!r &1 = all ord9>y purposes ( ! an?ropologi/1 z 9 pr9ciple ! same4 ,! te/imony t\*+ magicians 9 all ages1 ,celtic magic & wit*craft z well1 besides t result+ f mod]n psy*ical rese>*1 t5ds to e/abli% an almo/ exclusively animi/ic hypo!sis to acc\nt = fairy magical ph5om5a & l ph5om5a among human be+s2 & ) ^! ph5om5a we are solely conc]n$4 ,among ! ,anci5ts#aga ,among ! m cultur$ ,greeks & ,romans--& ! same c be said ( mo/ great nations ( antiquity--x 0 an unque/ion$ belief t innum]able gods1 plac$ 9 hi]>*ies1 =m "p ( an unbrok5 spiritual *a9 at ! l[e/ end ( :i* /&s man1 & at ! highe/ ! incompreh5sible ,supreme ,deity4 ,^! gods1 hav+ _! abodes ?r\gh\t ! ,univ]se1 act z ! ag5ts ( ! ,unkn[n ,god1 direct+ ! op]ation ( ,8 cosmic laws & animat+ e /> & planet4 ,inf]ior to ^! gods1 & to man also1 ! anci5ts believ$ !re to be innum]able ho/s ( invisible be+s1 call$ by !m daemons1 :o1 act+ z ! s]vants ( ! gods1 control1 & ?us 9 a second>y s5se create1 all ! m9or ph5om5a ( inanimate & animate nature1 su* z tempe/s1 atmosph]ic di/urbances g5]ally1 ! failure ( crops or _! abundance1 maladies & _! cure1 good & evil passions 9 m51 w>s & peace1 & all ! bless+s & curses :i* affect ! purely human life4 ,man1 be+ ( ! god-race & ?us sup]ior to ^! l[]1 s]vile entities1 c\ld1 l ! gods1 control !m if adept 9 ! magical sci5ces2 = anci5t ,magic1 ab\t :i* s mu* has be5 writt5 & ab\t :i* s little has be5 und]/ood by mo/ p 9 anci5t1 m$iaeval1 & mod]n times1 is accord+ to ! wise/ anci5ts no?+ m ?an ! controll+ ( daemons1 %ades1 & all sorts ( second>y spirits or elem5tals by m5 specially tra9$ = t purpose4 ,suffici5t records are extant to make x evid5t t ! fundam5tal tra9+ ( ,egyptian1 ,indian1 ,assyrian1 ,greek1 ,roman1 & ,druid prie/s 0 9 ! magical or occult sci5ces4 ,pl9y1 9 8 ,natural ,hi/ory1 says3--',& to-day ,brita9 practises ! art ( magic ) religi\s awe & ) s _m c]emonies t x might seem to h made ! art kn[n to ! ,p]sians4'#agb ,h]e91 !n1 is direct evid5ce t ! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai?1 consid]$ 9 its true psy*ic nature1 has be5 imm$iately %ap$ by ! anci5t ,celtic religion2 &1 z our witness f ! ,isle ( ,skye s cle>ly set =?1 t x orig9at$ among a cultur$ class ( ! ,celts m ?an among ! peasants4 ,&1 9 accordance ) ?is evid5ce1 ,pr(essor ,georges ,dott91 :o has made a special /udy ( ! hi/orical records conc]n+ ,druidism1 writes3--',! ,druids ( ,irel& appe> to u above all z magicians & prophets4 ,!y =etell ! future1 !y int]pret ! secret w ( ! fes 7fairies71 !y ca/ lots4'#agc ,?us1 9 spite ( ! popul> & ,*ri/ian re%ap+ :i* ! belief 9 fairies has _h to endure1 its orig9 is easily en\gh disc]n$ ev5 9 its mod]n =m1 cov]$ ov] ?\gh ?is is ) accretions =eign to its primal "*4 ,magic 0 ! supreme sci5ce because x rais$ its adepts out ( ! ord9>y levels ( humanity to a close relation%ip ) ! gods & creative p[]s4 ,nor 0 x a sci5ce to be _h = ! ask+1 '= _m 7 ! w&-be>]s & few ! *os54' ,roman writ]s tell u t neophytes = ! druidic prie/hood (t5 sp5t tw5ty ye>s 9 sev]e /udy & tra9+ be=e be+ deem$ fit to be call$ ,druids4 ,we ne$ n1 h[ev]1 9 ?is /udy ent] into an exposition ( ! ordeals & trials ( c&idates seek+ magical tra9+1 or else initiation into ! ,my/]ies4 ,!re 7 always two s*ools to :i* !y c\ld apply1 directly oppos$ 9 _! gov]nm5t & policy--! s*ool ( :ite magic & ! s*ool ( black magic2 ! =m] be+ a s*ool 9 :i* magical p[]s 7 us$ 9 religi\s rites & always = good ends1 ! latt] a s*ool 9 :i* all magical p[]s 7 us$ = :olly selfi% & evil ends4 ,9 bo? s*ools ! prelim9>y tra9+ 0 ! same2 t is to say1 ! fir/ ?+ taught to ! neophyte 0 self-control4 ,:5 he prov$ himself absolutely 8 own ma/]1 :5 8 tea*]s 7 c]ta9 t he c\ld n be dom9at$ by ano!r w or by any outside or psy*ic influ5ce1 !n = ! fir/ "t he 0 p]mitt$ to ex]cise 8 own iron w 9 controll+ daemons1 gho/s1 & all ! elem5tal ho/s ( ! air--ei!r z a :ite magician or z a black magician4#agd ,! magical sci5ces taught 7an idea :i* /ill holds its gr\nd1 z "o c discov] 9 mod]n ,india7 t by =mulas ( invocation1 by *ants1 by magic s\nds1 by music1 ^! invisible be+s c be made to obey ! w ( ! magician ev5 z !y obey ! w ( ! gods4 ,! call+ up ( ! dead & talk+ ) !m is call$ necromancy2 ! =etell+ ?r\gh spiritual ag5cy & o!rwise ( com+ ev5ts or ?+s hidd51 l ! outcome ( a battle1 is call$ div9ation2 ! employm5t ( *>ms aga9/ *ildr5 s z to prev5t _! gr[+ is kn[n z fasc9ation2 to cause any ill =tune or dea? to fall ^u ano!r p]son by magic is sorc]y2 to excite ! sexual passions ( man or woman1 magical mixtures call$ philtres are us$4 ,almo/ all ^! def9itions apply to ! practices ( black magic4 ,b ! great s*ools kn[n z ! ,my/]ies 7 ( :ite magic1 9 s f> z !y practis$ ! art2 & su* m5 z ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 & ,aes*ylus1 :o are suppos$ to h be5 initiat$ into !m1 always held !m 9 ! highe/ rev]5ce1 ?\gh prohibit$ f directly communicat+ any?+ ( _! esot]ic tea*+s conc]n+ ! orig9 & de/9y ( man1 ! nature ( ! gods1 & ! con/itution ( ! univ]se & its laws4 ,9 ,plato's ,banquet ! p[] or function ( ! daemonic elem5t 9 nature is expla9$4 ,socrates asks ( ! prophetess ,diotima :at is ! p[] ( ! daemonic elem5t 7p]sonifi$ z ,love = ! purposes ( ! argum5t71 & %e replies3--',he int]prets betwe5 gods & m51 convey+ & tak+ across to ! gods ! pray]s & sacrifices ( m51 & to m5 ! comm&s & replies ( ! gods2 he is ! m$iator :o spans ! *asm :i* divides !m1 & !re=e 9 him all is b\nd toge!r1 & ?r\gh him ! arts ( ! prophets & prie/s1 _! sacrifices & my/]ies & *>ms1 & all prophecy & incantation f9d _! way4 ,= ,god m+les n ) man2 b ?r\gh ! daemonic elem5t 7or ,love7 all ! int]c\rse & conv]se ( ,god ) man1 :e!r awake or asleep1 is c>ri$ on4 ,! wisdom :i* und]/&s ?is is spiritual4'#age ,among ! ,anci5t ,celts ,if we turn n[ directly to ,celtic magic 9 anci5t times1 we discov] t ! te/imony ( ,pl9y is curi\sly confirm$ by ,celtic manuscripts1 *iefly ,iri% ones1 & t !n1 z n[1 wit*craft & fairy p[]s ov] m5 & wom5 are indi/+ui%able 9 _! g5]al "*4 ,?us1 9 ! ,e*tra ,condla1 '! ,adv5tures ( ,connla1' ! fairy woman says ( ,druidism & magic3--',druidism is n lov$1 little has x progress$ to hon\r on ! ,great ,/r&4 ,:5 8 law %all come x w scatt] ! *>ms ( ,druids f j\rney+ on ! lips ( black1 ly+ demons'--s *>act]iz$ by ! ,*ri/ian transcrib]s4#agf ,9 ,h[ ,fionn ,f\nd 8 ,miss+ ,m51 an anci5t tale pres]v$ by oral tradition until record$ by ,campbell1 x is said t ',fionn !n w5t out ) ,bran 78 fairy dog74 ,!re 7 millions ( p 7app>itions7 out be=e him1 call$ up by "s sleight ( h&'4#agg ,9 ! ,leabh> na h-,uidre1 or ',book ( ! ,dun ,c[' 7p4 #dc a71 compil$ f old] manuscripts ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #aajj1 !re is a cle> example ( ,iri% feti%ism bas$ on belief 9 ! p[] ( demons3--'444 = _! swords us$ to turn aga9/ !m 7! ,ul/]m57 :5 !y made a false trophy4 ,reasonable 0 ?is2 = demons us$ to speak to !m f _! arms1 s t h5ce _! arms 7 safegu>ds4'#agh ,%ape-%ift+ q aft] ! fairy fa%ion is v frequ5tly met ) 9 old ,celtic lit]ature4 ,?us1 9 ! ,r5nes ,d9n%5*as !re is ?is passage %[+ t spirits or fairies 7 reg>d$ z necess>y = ! employm5t ( magic3--',folks 7 envi\s ( !m 7,faifne ! poet & 8 si/] ,aige73 s !y loos$ elves at !m :o trans=m$ ,aige into a fawn' 7! =m assum$ by ! fairy "m ( ,ois91 see p4 #bii n471 '& s5t h] on a circuit all r\nd ,irel&1 & ! fians ( ,meilge son ( ,cob?a*1 k+ ( ,irel&1 kill$ h]4'#agi ,a fact :i* ought to be not$ 9 ?is connexion is t k+s or great h]oes1 r ?an ord9>y m5 & wom51 are v commonly describ$ z be+ able to %ift _! own %ape1 or t ( o!r p2 e4 g4 ',mongan took on himself ! %ape ( ,tibraide1 & gave ,mac an ,daimh ! %ape ( ! cl]ic1 ) a l>ge tonsure on 8 head4'#ahj ,& :5 ?is fact is c\pl$ ) ano!r1 namely ! anci5t belief t su* k+s & great h]oes 7 inc>nations & re9c>nations ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 :o =m ! supreme fairy hi]>*y1 we realize t1 hav+ su* an orig91 !y 7 simply ex]cis+ 9 human bodies p[]s :i* _! div9e race ex]cise ov] m5 f ! fairy _w 7see our *apt] iv74 ,9 ,bry?onic lit]ature & my?ology1 magic & wit*craft ) ! same animi/ic "* play z great or ev5 a great] rle ?an 9 ,gaelic lit]ature & my?ology4 ,?is is especially true ) respect to ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d1 & to ! ,mab9ogion1 "s ( :i* tales are reg>d$ by s*ol>s z v]sions ( ,iri% ones4 ,sir ,john ,rhys & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lo?1 :o h be5 ! *ief translators ( ! ,mab9ogion1 consid] _! *ief lit]>y ma*9]y to be magic 7see our *apt] v74 ,s f> x ought to be cle> t ,celtic magic conta9s mu* animism 9 its composition1 & t ^! few illu/rations ( x1 select$ f num]\s illu/rations 9 ! anci5t ,fairy-,fai?1 confirm ,pl9y's indep5d5t te/imony t 9 8 age ! ,britons seem$ capable ( in/ruct+ ev5 ! ,p]sians !mselves 9 ! magical arts4 ,european & ,am]ican ,wit*craft ,9 a g5]al way1 ! hi/ory ( wit*craft 9 ,europe & 9 ! ,am]ican colonies is supplem5t>y to :at has already be5 said1 see+ t x is an (f%oot ( m$iaeval magic1 :i* 9 turn is an (f%oot ( anci5t magic4 ,wit*craft 9 ! ,we/1 9 probably a majority ( cases1 is a m]e fabric ( absurd sup]/itions & practices--z x is %[n to be by ! evid5ce br\ght out 9 s _m ( ! horrible legal & ecclesia/ical processes conduct$ aga9/ helpless & ecc5tric old p1 & o!r m5 & wom51 includ+ ! "y1 (t5 = ! sake ( private rev5ge1 & g5]ally on no bett] f\ndation ?an he>say & false accusations4 ,9 ! rema9+ in/ances x und\bt$ly arose1 z anci5t wit*craft 7black magic7 seems to h aris51 ?r\gh ! infiltration ( occult k into un$ucat$ & (t5 crim9ally incl9$ m9ds1 s t :at _h =m]ly be5 secretly gu>d$ among ! le>n$1 & g5]ally us$ = legitimate ends1 deg5]at$ 9 ! h&s ( ! unfit into black magic4 ,9 our own age1 a p>allel developm5t1 :i* adequately illu/rates our subject ( inquiry1 has tak5 place 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 fragm5ts ( magical lore bequea!d by ,mesm] & 8 imm$iate pr$ecessors1 ! al*emi/s1 7 practically & hone/ly appli$ to ! practice ( magnetic heal+ & heal+ ?r\gh m5tal sugge/ion by a small gr\p ( practition]s 9 ,massa*usetts1 & !n ) mu* +5uity & real g5ius 7 appli$ by ,m>y ,bak] ,eddy to ! int]pretation ( miracul\s heal+ by ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,h5ce arose a new religion call$ ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce4 ,b ?is religi\s movem5t did n /op at m5tal heal+3 accord+ to publi%$ reports1 dur+ ! ye>s #aijh-i ! lead] ( ! ,new ,york ,fir/ ,*ur* ( ,*ri/1 ,sci5ti/1 0 depos$1 &1 ) c]ta9 ( h] close associates1 0 *>g$ ) hav+ project$ daily aga9/ ! late ,mrs4 ,eddy's adjutant a curr5t ( 'malici\s animal magnetism' f ,new ,york to ,bo/on1 9 ord] to br+ ab\t 8 dea?4 ,! process is said to h be5 = ! depos$ lead] & h] fri5ds to sit toge!r 9 a d>k5$ room ) _! eyes clos$4 ',!n "o ( !m w\ld say3 ,y all "k ,mr4 ----4 ,y all "k t 8 place is 9 ! d>kness :5ce he came4 ,if 8 place is six feet "u gr\nd1 t is :]e he %\ld be4 ,!n all pres5t w\ld conc5trate _! m9ds on ! "o ?\ght--,mr4 ---- & six feet "u gr\nd4' ,& ?is practice is suppos$ to h be5 kept up = days4 ,mrs4 ----1 :o gives ?is te/imony1 is a fri5d ( ! victim1 & %e ass]ts t ^! evil ?\ght-waves sl[ly b surely began 8 effacem5t1 & t _h ! black magicians d[n 9 ,new ,york n be5 discov]$ 9 "t1 ,mr4 ---- c\ld n h )/ood ! =ces4#aha ,p]haps s enlight5$ a c\ntry z ! ,unit$ ,/ates may 9 "t see hi/ory repeat itself1 & add a new *apt] to wit*craft2 = ! true wit*es 7 n ! k9d :o are popul>ly suppos$ to ride on broom/icks & to keep a h\se full ( black cats1 & ! soon] ?is is recogniz$ ! bett]4 ,accord+ to ?is aspect ( ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce1 'malici\s animal magnetism' 7or black magic71 an embodi$ _s1 i4 e4 a man or woman1 possesses & c employ ! same magical p[]s z a disembodi$ _s--or1 z ! ,celts w\ld say1 ! same magical p[]s z a fairy--ca/+ spells1 & produc+ disease & dea? 9 ! victim4 ,& ?is view co9cides ) ord9>y wit*craft !ories2 = wit*es h be5 v>i\sly def9$ z embodi$ spirits :o h ability to act 9 conjunction ) disembodi$ spirits ?r\gh ! employm5t ( v>i\s occult =ces1 e4 g4 =ces comp>able to ,mesm]'s odic =ces1 to ! ,melanesian mana1 or to ! 's\l-/uff' po/ulat$ by ,william ,james1 or1 z ,celts ?9k1 to =ces focus$ 9 fairies !mselves4 ,s1 also1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,m>ett's view1 !re is a /ate ( rapport betwe5 ! victim & ! magician or wit*2 & :]e su* a /ate ( rapport exi/s !re is "s mana-l =ce pass+ betwe5 ! two poles ( ! magical circuit1 :e!r x be only unconsci\s m5tal or electrical =ce emanat+ f ! op]ator1 or an extrane\s =ce br\ght "u control & conc5trat$ 9 "s su* consci\s unit z we designate by ! t]m '_s'1 'devil'1 or 'fairy'4 ,9 con=mity ) ?is psy*ical or animi/ic view ( wit*craft1 9 ! ,capital ,code ( ,connecticut 7,a4 ,d4 #afdb7 a wit* is def9$ z "o :o 'ha? or consorte? ) a famili> _s'4#ahb ,european codes1 z illu/rat$ by ! six? *apt] ( ,"l ,coke's ,?ird ,in/itute1 h p>allels to ?is def9ition3--',a wit* is a p]son :i* ha? conf]5ce ) ! devil2 to consult ) him to d "s act4'#ahb ,& ^u ^! !ories1 n ^u ! broom/ick & black-cat conception1 7 bas$ ! trials = wit*craft dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! ,bible1 !n s frequ5tly ! la/ c\rt ( appeal 9 su* matt]s1 0 f\nd to su/a9 su* !ories ab\t wit*es 9 ! classical example ( ! ,wit* ( ,endor & ,saul2 & ! idea ( wit*craft 9 ,europe & ,am]ica came to be bas$--z x probably always _h be5 9 pagan times--on ! !ory t liv+ p]sons c\ld control or be controll$ by disembodi$ spirits = evil ends4 ,h5ce all black magicians1 & :at are n[ kn[n z '_s m$iums'1 7 made liable by law to ! dea? p5alty4#ahc ,9 m$iaeval ,europe ! great difficulty always 01 z is %[n 9 ! trials ( ,jeanne d',arc1 to decide :e!r ! invisible ag5t 9 magical processes1 su* z 0 imput$ to ! accus$1 0 an angel or a demon4 ,if an angel1 !n ! accus$ 0 a sa9t1 & might become a c&idate = canonization2 b if a demon1 ! accus$ 0 a wit*1 & liable to a dea?-s5t5ce4 ,! wise/ old doctors ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1 :o sat 9 judgem5t 7or 7 consult$7 9 "o ( ,jeanne's trials1 c\ld n fully decide ?is knotty problem1 nor1 app>5tly1 ! le>n$ *ur*m5 :o also tri$ h]2 b evid5tly !y all agre$ t x 0 bett] to waive ! "q4 ,&1 f9ally1 an innoc5t peasant girl :o _h he>d ,div9e ,voices1 & :o _h !reby miracul\sly sav$ h] k+ & h] c\ntry1 0 burn$ at ! /ake1 "u ! jo9t direction ( ,engli% civil & ecclesia/ical au?orities1 &1 if n te*nically1 at lea/ practically1 ) ! full approval ( ! correspond+ ,fr5* au?orities1 at ,r\51 ,france1 ,may #cj1 ,a4 ,d4 #adca4ahd ,9 ,april1 ,a4 ,d4 #aiji1 almo/ five c5turies aft]w>ds1 x has be5 decid$ ) t>dy ju/ice t ,jeanne's ,voices 7 ^? ( angels & n ( demons1 & %e has be5 made a sa9t4 ,h[ ! case ( ,jeanne d',arc be>s directly ^u ! ,fairy-,fai? is self-evid5t3 ,"o ( ! fir/ que/ions ask$ by ,jeanne's inquisitors 0 'if %e _h any k ( ^? :o w5t to ! ,sabba? ) ! fairies8 or if %e _h n assi/$ at ! assemblies held at ! f\nta9 ( ! fairies1 ne> ,domremy1 ar\nd :i* dance malignant spirits8' ,& ano!r "q exactly z record$ 0 ?is3--',int]rogue s'elle croiet po9t au devant de auj\rduy1 que les fes feuss5t maulvais esp]is3 respond qu'elle n'en savoit ri54'#ahe ,conclusion ,f9ally1 we may say t :at m$ic9e-m5 are to ,am]ican ,indians1 to ,polynesians1 ,au/ralians1 ,africans1 ,eskimos1 & _m o!r contempor>y races1 or :at ! mighti] magicians ( mod]n ,india are to _! p1 ! 'fairy-doctors' & '*>m]s' ( ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & ,man are to ! ,gaels1 & ! ',dynion ,hysbys' or ',wise ,m5' ( ,wales1 ! wit*es ( ,cornwall1 & ! se]s1 sorc]esses1 & exorci/s ( ,brittany are to ! ,bry?ons4 ,^! ,gaelic & ,bry?onic magicians & wit*es1 & 'fairy m$iums'1 almo/ inv>iably claim to d]ive _! p[] f _! ability to see & to communicate ) fairies1 spirits1 & ! dead2 & !y g5]ally say t !y are enabl$ ?r\gh su* spiritual ag5cies to reveal ! pa/1 to =etell ! future1 to locate lo/ prop]ty1 to ca/ spells ^u human be+s & ^u animals1 to remove su* spells1 to cure fairy /rokes & *angel+s1 to p]=m exorcisms1 & to br+ p back f ,fairyl&4 ,we arrive at ! foll[+ conclusion3--,if1 z em95t psy*ical rese>*]s n[ po/ulate 7& z _m ( !m believe71 !re are active & intellig5t disembodi$ be+s able to act psy*ically ^u embodi$ m5 9 mu* ! same way t embodi$ m5 are kn[n ord9>ily to act psy*ically ^u "o ano!r1 !n !re is e logical & common-s5se reason = ext5d+ ?is psy*ical hypo!sis s z to include ! anci5t1 m$iaeval1 & mod]n !ory ( magic & wit*craft1 namely1 t :at embodi$ m5 & wom5 c d 9 magical ways1 z = example 9 hypnotism1 disembodi$ m5 & wom5 c d4 ,fur!r1 if fairies1 9 accord ) reliable te/imony f educat$ & critical p]cipi5ts1 hypo!tically exi/ 7:atev] _! nature may be71 !y may be possess$ ( magical p[]s ( ! same sort1 & s c ca/ spells ^u or possess liv+ human be+s z ,celts believe & ass]t4 ,& ?is hypo!sis co9cides 9 mo/ ess5tials ) ! "o we us$ z a basis = ?is discussion1 t1 9 accordance ) ! ,melanesian doctr9e ( control ( gho/s & spirits ) _! inh]5t mana1 magical acts are possible4#ahf ,?is 9 turn appli$ to ! ,celts am\nts to a hypo!tical confirmation ( ! anci5t druidical doctr9e t ?r\gh control ( fairies or demons 7daemons7 ,druids or magicians c\ld control ! wea!r & natural ph5om5a connect$ ) vegetable & animal processes1 c\ld ca/ spells1 c\ld div9e ! future1 c\ld execute all magical acts4 ,,exorcisms ,accord+ to ! te/imony ( an?ropology1 exorcism z a religi\s practice has always fl\ri%$ :]ev] animi/ic beliefs h furni%$ x ) ! necess>y environm5t2 & n only has exorcism be5 a fundam5tal "p ( religi\s practices 9 pa/ ages1 b x is s at ! pres5t day4 ,among ,*ri/ians1 ,celtic & non-,celtic1 among foll[]s ( all ! great hi/orical religions1 & especially among ,ea/ ,indians1 ,*9ese1 ,am]ican ,r$ ,m51 ,polynesians1 & mo/ ,africans1 ! expell+ ( demons f m5 & wom51 f animals1 f inanimate objects1 & f places1 is sanction$ by well-e/abli%$ rituals4 ,exorcism z appli$ to ! human race is ?us def9$ 9 ! ,dictionnaire de ,?ologie 7,roman ,ca?olic7 by ,l',abb ,b]gi]3--',exorcism--conjuration1 pray] to ,god1 & comm& giv5 to ! demon to dep>t f ! body ( p]sons possess$4' ,! same au?ority ?us logically def5ds its practice by ! ,*ur*3--',f> f condemn+ ! op9ion ( ! ,jews1 :o attribut$ to ! demon c]ta9 maladies1 t div9e ,ma/] confirm$ x4'#ahg ,& :5ev] exorcism ( ?is "* has be5 or is n[ g5]ally practis$1 ! pr(essional exorci/ appe>s z a p]sonage j z necess>y to society z ! mod]n doctor1 s9ce ne>ly all diseases 7 & to "s ext5t are /ill1 bo? among ,*ri/ians & non-,*ri/ians1 v (t5 ?\ght to be ! result ( demon-possession4 ,:5 we come to ! dawn ( ! ,*ri/ian p]iod 9 ,irel& & 9 ,scotl&1 we see ,patrick & ,columba1 ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! ,gaelic mission>ies1 v ext5sively practis+ exorcism2 & !re is e reason to believe 7?\gh ! data available on ?is po9t are some:at unsatisfactory7 t _! wide practice ( exorcism 0 q z mu* a ,*ri/ian adaptation ( pre-,*ri/ian ,celtic exorcism1 su* z ! ,druids practis$1 z x 0 a cont9uation ( ,new ,te/am5t tradition4 ,we may n[ pres5t c]ta9 ( ! data :i* t5d to v]ify ?is supposition1 & by means ( !m we %all be l$ to realize h[ fundam5tally su* an animi/ic practice z exorcism mu/ h %ap$ ! ,fairy-,fai? ( ! ,celts1 bo? be=e & aft] ! com+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ',once ^u a "t1' s ! tale runs ab\t ,patrick1 '8 fo/]-"m w5t to milk ! c[4 ,he also w5t ) h] to dr9k a draught ( new milk4 ,!n ! c[ goes mad 9 ! byre & kill$ five o!r k9e3 a demon1 namely1 ent]$ h]4 ,!re 0 great sadness on 8 fo/]-"m1 & %e told him to br+ ! k9e back to life4 ,!n he br\ght ! k9e to life1 s t !y 7 :ole1 & he cur$ ! mad "o4 ,s ,god's "n & ,patrick's 7 magnifi$ !reby4'#ahh ,on ano!r occasion1 :5 demons came to ,irel& 9 ! =m ( black birds1 q aft] ! mann] ( ! ,iri% belief t fairies assume ! =m ( cr[s 7see pp4 #cjb-e71 ! ,celtic ire ( ,patrick 0 s ar\s$ 9 try+ to exorcize !m out ( ! c\ntry t he ?rew 8 bell at !m ) su* viol5ce t x 0 crack$1 & !n he wept3--',n[ at ! end ( ^? =ty days & =ty nights' ( ,patrick's long fa/ on ! summit ( ,crua*an ,aigle or ,croagh ,patrick1 ,irel&'s ,holy ,m\nta9 '! m\nta9 0 fill$ ) black birds1 s t he knew n heav5 or e>?4 ,he sang mal$ictive psalms at !m4 ,!y left him n because ( ?is4 ,!n 8 ang] grew aga9/ !m4 ,he /rikes 8 bell at !m1 s t ! m5 ( ,irel& he>d its voice1 & he flung x at !m1 s t a gap broke out ( x1 & t bell is ,brigit's ,gapl+4 ,!n ,patrick weeps till 8 face & 8 *asuble 9 front ( him 7 wet4 ,no demon came to ! l& ( ,er9 aft] t till ! end ( sev5 ye>s & sev5 mon?s & sev5 days & sev5 nights4 ,!n ! angel w5t to console ,patrick & cleans$ ! *asuble1 & br\ght :ite birds r\nd ! ,rick1 & !y us$ to s+ sweet melodies = him4'#ahh ,9 ,adamnan's ,life ( ,s4 ,columba x is said t 'accord+ to cu/om'1 :i* 9 all probability 0 e/abli%$ 9 pagan times by ! ,druids & !n ma9ta9$ by _! ,*ri/ian desc5dants1 x 0 usual to exorcize ev5 a milk vessel be=e milk+1 & ! milk 9 x aft]w>ds4#ahi ,?us ,adamnan tells u t "o day a y\?1 ,columban by "n1 :5 he _h f9i%$ milk+1 w5t to ! door ( ,/4 ,columba's cell c>ry+ ! pail full ( new milk t1 accord+ to cu/om1 ! sa9t might exorcize x4 ,:5 ! holy man _h made ! sign ( ! cross 9 ! air1 ! air '0 greatly agitat$1 & ! b> ( ! lid1 driv5 ?r\gh its two holes1 0 %ot away to "s di/ance2 ! lid fell to ! gr\nd1 & mo/ ( ! milk 0 spill$ on ! soil4' ,!n ! sa9t *id$ ! y\?1 say+3--',?\ ha/ done c>elessly 9 ?y "w to-day2 = ?\ ha/ n ca/ out ! demon t 0 lurk+ 9 ! bottom ( ! empty pail1 by trac+ on x1 be=e p\r+ 9 ! milk1 ! sign ( ! ,"l's cross2 & n[ n endur+1 ?\ see/1 ! virtue ( ! sign1 he has quickly fl$ away 9 t]ror1 :ile at ! same "t ! :ole ( ! vessel has be5 viol5tly %ak51 & ! milk spill$4 ,br+ !n ! pail ne>] to me1 t ,i may bless x4' ,:5 ! half-empty pail 0 bless$1 9 ! same mom5t x 0 refill$ ) milk4 ,at ano!r "t1 ! sa9t1 to de/roy ! practice ( sorc]y1 comm&$ ,silnan1 a peasant sorc]]1 to draw a vessel full ( milk f a bull2 & by 8 diabolical art ,silnan drew ! milk4 ,!n ,columba took x & said3--',n[ x %all be prov$ t ?is1 :i* is suppos$ to be true milk1 is n s1 b is blood depriv$ ( its col\r by ! fraud ( demons to deceive m52 & /raightway ! milky col\r 0 turn$ into its own prop] quality1 t is1 into blood4' ,& x is add$ t ',! bull also1 :i* = ! space ( "o h\r 0 at dea?'s door1 wa/+ & worn by a horrible emaciation1 9 be+ spr9kl$ ) wat] bless$ by ! ,sa9t1 0 cur$ ) wond]ful rapidity4'#aij ,& to-day1 z 9 ! times ( ,patrick & ,columba1 exorcism is practis$ 9 ,irel& & 9 ! ,we/]n ,hebrides ( ,scotl& by ! cl]gy ( ! ,roman ,*ur* aga9/ fairies1 demons1 or evil spirits1 :5 a p]son is possess$ by !m--t is to say1 'fairy-/ruck1' or :5 !y h ent]$ into "s h\se or place2 & on ! ,scot* ma9l& individual ,prote/ants h be5 kn[n to practise x4 ,a haunt$ h\se at ,bale*an1 ,p]?%ire1 9 :i* c]ta9 memb]s ( ! ,psy*ical ,rese>* ,society _h tak5 up summ] qu>t]s to 'inve/igate'1 0 exorciz$ by ! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,ed9burgh1 assi/$ by a prie/ f ! ,out] ,isles4#aia ,among ! n9e ord]s ( ! ,iri% ecclesia/ical organization ( ,patrick's "t1 "o 0 compos$ ( exorci/s4#aib ,! (ficial c]emony = ! ord9ation ( an exorci/ 9 ! ,lat9 ,*ur* 0 e/abli%$ by ! ,f\r? ,c\ncil ( ,c>?age1 & is indicat$ 9 ne>ly all ! anci5t rituals4 ,x consi/s 9 ! bi%op giv+ to ! c&idate ! book ( exorcisms & say+ z he does s3--',receive & und]/& ?is book1 & h ! p[] ( lay+ h&s ^u demoniacs1 :e!r !y be baptiz$1 or :e!r !y be cate*um5s4'#aic ,by a decree ( ! ,*ur* ,c\ncil ( ,orange1 mak+ m5 possess$ ( a demon ineligible to ent] ! prie/hood1 x w\ld seem t ! numb] ( demoniacs mu/ h be5 v great4#aic ,z to ! efficacy ( exorcisms1 ! *ur* ,fa!rs dur+ ! fir/ f\r c5turies1 :5 ! ,platonic philosophy 0 mo/ influ5tial 9 ,*ri/ianity1 are agre$4#aic ,9 e/imat+ ! %ap+ influ5ces1 designat$ by u z fundam5tal1 :i* und\bt$ly 7 ex]t$ ^u ! ,fairy-,fai? ?r\gh ! practice ( exorcism1 x is necess>y to realize t ?is animi/ic practice holds a v important position 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion :i* = c5turies ! ,celtic peoples h pr(ess$4 ,"o ( ! two *ief sacram5ts ( ,*ri/ianity1 t ( ,baptism1 is prec$$ by a def9itely recogniz$ exorcism1 z %[n 9 ! ,roman ,ritual1 :]e we c be/ /udy x4 ,9 ! ,exhortation prec$+ ! rite ! infant is call$ a slave ( ! demon1 & by baptism is to be set free4 ,! salt :i* is plac$ 9 ! m\? ( ! infant by ! prie/ dur+ ! c]emony has fir/ be5 exorciz$ by special rites4 ,!n !re foll[s be=e ! entrance to ! baptismal font a regul> exorcism pron\nc$ ov] ! *ild3 ! prie/ tak+ "s ( 8 own saliva on ! ?umb ( 8 "r h&1 t\*es ! *ild's e>s & no/rils1 & comm&s ! demon to dep>t out ( ! *ild4 ,aft] ?is "p ( ! c]emony is f9i%$1 ! prie/ makes on ! *ild's =ehead a sign ( ! cross ) holy oil4 ,f9ally1 9 due ord]1 comes ! actual baptism4#aid ,& ev5 aft] baptismal rites h expell$ all possess+ demons1 precautions are necess>y aga9/ a repossession3 ,/4 ,augu/9e has said t exorcisms ( precaution ought to be p]=m$ ov] e ,*ri/ian daily2 & x appe>s t fai?ful ,roman ,ca?olics :o ea* day employ holy wat] 9 mak+ ! sign ( ! cross1 & all ,prote/ants :o pray 'lead u n into temptation1 b deliv] u f evil'1 are employ+ su* exorcisms3#aie ,/4 ,gregory ( ,nazianzus writes1 ',arm y\rself ) ! sign ( ! cross :i* ! demons fe>1 & be=e :i* !y take _! flight'#aif2 & by ! same sign1 said ,/4 ,a?anasius1 ',all ! illusions ( ! demon are dissipat$ & all 8 sn>es de/roy$4'#aig ,an em95t ,ca?olic !ologian ass]ts t sa9ts :o1 s9ce ! "t ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 h be5 end[$ ) ! p[] ( work+ miracles1 h always made use ( ! sign ( ! cross 9 driv+ out demons1 9 cur+ maladies1 & 9 rais+ ! dead4 ,9 ! ,in/ruction sur le ,rituel1#aih x is said t wat] :i* has be5 bless$ is p>ticul>ly design$ to be us$ aga9/ demons2 9 ! ,apo/olic ,con/itutions1 =mulat$ ne> ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury1 holy wat] is designat$ z a means ( purification f s9 & ( putt+ ! demon to flight4#aii ,& n[adays :5 ! prie/ passes ?r\gh 8 congregation ca/+ ov] !m holy wat]1 x is z an exorcism ( precaution2 or :5 z 9 ,france ea* m\rn] at a grave ca/s holy wat] ov] ! corpse1 x is und\bt$ly--:e!r done consci\sly z su* or n--to protect ! s\l ( ! deceas$ f demons :o are held to h z great p[] ov] ! dead z ov] ! liv+4 ,o!r =ms ( exorcism1 too1 are employ$4 ,= example1 9 ! ,leb> ,brecc1 x is said ( ! ,holy ,scripture t ',by x ! sn>es ( devils & vices are expell$ f e fai?ful "o 9 ! ,*ur*'4#bjj ,& f all ?is direct te/imony x seems to be cle> t _m ( ! *ief practices ( ,*ri/ians are exorcisms1 s t1 l ! religion ( ,zoroa/]1 ! religion f\nd$ by ,jesus has come to re/1 at lea/ 9 "p1 ^u ! basic recognition ( an et]nal w>f>e betwe5 good & bad spirits = ! control ( ,man4 ,! cur+ ( diseases ?r\gh ,*ri/ian exorcism is by no means r>e n[1 & x 0 common a few c5turies ago4 ,?us 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 beg9n+ ) #ageb & till 8 dea?1 ,gassn]1 a ,roman prie/ ( ,clo/]le1 diocese ( ,coire1 ,switz]l&1 devot$ 8 life to cur+ p ( possessions1 decl>+ t "o ?ird ( all maladies are s caus$1 & fix$ 8 head-qu>t]s at ,elwang51 & lat] at ,ratisbon4 ,8 fame spread ov] _m c\ntries ( ,europe1 & he is said to h made t5 ?\s& cures solely by exorcism4#bja ,& n only are human ills ov]come by exorcism1 b also ! maladies ( bea/s3 at ,c>nac1 on ,septemb] #ac1 !re cont9ues to be celebrat$ an annual fte 9 hon\r ( ,/4 ,cornely1 ! patron sa9t ( ! c\ntry & ! sa9t :o 7z 8 "n seems to sugge/7 presides ov] dome/ic horn$ animals2 & if !re is a c[1 or ev5 a %eep suff]+ f "s ailm5t :i* w n yield to m$ic9e1 its own] leads x to ! *ur* door b5ea? ! sa9t's /atue1 & ! prie/ blesses x1 &1 z he does s1 ca/s ov] x ! exorciz+ holy wat]4 ,! ,*ur* ,ritual designates two =ms ( ,b5$iction = su* animals1 "o =m = ^? :o are ord9>ily diseas$1 & ano!r = ^? suff]+ f "s contagi\s malady4 ,9 ea* c]emony !re comes fir/ ! spr9kl+ ( ! animal ) holy wat] z x /&s be=e ! prie/ at ! *ur* door2 & !n !re foll[s 9 ,lat9 a direct invocation to ,god to bless ! animal1 'to ext+ui% 9 x all diabolical p[]s1' to def5d its life1 & to re/ore x to heal?4#bjb ,9 #ahfh1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,evans1 an old c[-h\se 9 ,nor? ,wales 0 torn d[n1 & 9 its walls 0 f\nd a t9 box conta9+ an exorci/'s =mula4 ,! box & its enclos$ manuscript _h be5 hidd5 !re "s ye>s previ\sly to w>d (f all evil spirits & wit*craft1 = evid5tly ! cattle _h be5 dy+ ( "s /range malady :i* no doctors c\ld cure4 ,because ( its unique nature1 & z an illu/ration ( :at ,wel% exorcisms mu/ h be5 l1 we quote ! cont5ts ( ! manuscripts bo? z to spell+ & punctuation z *eck$ by ,sir ,john ,rhys ) ! orig9al1 except ! undeciph]able symbols :i* come aft] ! ar*angels' names3-- ',c ,lignum sanctae crusis def5dat me a malis pres5tibus preat]itus futuris2 int]ioribus ext]ioribus ,c ,c ,daniel ,evans ,c ,c ,omnes spiritus laudet ,dom9um3 ,mos5 hab5t prophetas4 ,ex]gat ,deus disip5ture inimiciessus ,c ,c ,o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ ,i besee* !e to pres]ve me ,daniel ,evans2 & all t ,i possess f ! p[] ( all evil m51 wom52 spirits1 or wiz>ds1 or h>dness ( he>t1 & ?is ,i w tru/ ?\ w d by ! same p[] z ?\ did/ cause ! bl9d to see ! lame to walk & !y t 7 posses$ ) unclean spirits to be 9 _! own m9ds ,am5 ,am5 ,c ,c ,c ,c pat] pat] pat] ,no/] ,no/] ,no/] aia aia aia ,jesus ,c ,*ri/us ,c ,messyas ,c ,emmanuel ,c ,sot] ,c ,sabao? ,c ,elohim ,c on ,c ,adonay ,c ,tetragrammaton ,c ,ag 3 3 ,c ,pan?on ,c 444 reaton ,c ,agios ,c ,jasp] ,c ,mel*or ,c ,bal?as> ,am5 ,c,c,c 99,j99,v99,m,t,s,t,j,t,mo4,o99,j99,mo,c, c ,& by ! p[] ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,8 ,hev5ly ,angels be+ our ,r$eem] & ,savi\r f ,gabriel symbols all wit*craft & f assaults ( ! ,mi*ail symbols ,devil ,am5 ,c ,o ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ ,i besee* !e to pres]ve me & all t ,i possess f ! p[] ( all evil m52 wom52 spirits2 or wiz>ds pa/1 pres5t1 or to come inw>d & outw>d ,am5 ,c ,c4'#bjc ,f ,india ,mr4 ,w4 ,crooke reports simil> exorcisms & *>ms to cure & to protect cattle4#bjd ,?us !re is employ$ 9 ,nor!rn ,india ! ,ajaypl jantra1 i4 e4 '! *>m ( ! ,inv9cible ,protector1' "o ( ,vi%nu's titles1 9 8 "* z ! e>?-god ,bhmiya--9 ,scotl& x w\ld be ! *>m ( ! ,inv9cible ,fairy :o presides ov] ! flocks & to :om libations are p\r$--9 ord] to exorcize diseas$ cattle or else to prev5t cattle f becom+ diseas$4 ,?is ,ajaypl jantra is a rope ( twi/$ /raw1 9 :i* *ips ( wood are ins]t$4 ',9 ! c5tre ( ! rope is susp5d$ an e>!n platt]1 inside :i* an incantation is inscrib$ ) *>coal1 & beside x is hung a bag conta9+ sev5 k9ds ( gra94' ,! rope is /ret*$ betwe5 two poles at ! entrance ( a village1 & "u x ! cattle pass to & fro f pa/ure4 ,! foll[+ is ! incantation f\nd on "o ( ! e>!n sauc]s3--',o ,"l ( ! ,e>? on :i* ?is cattle-p5 /&s1 protect ! cattle f dea? & disease6 ,i "k ( none1 save !e1 :o c deliv] !m4' ,9 ! ,morbihan1 ,l[] ,brittany1 we seem to see ! same folk-cu/om1 some:at *ang$ to be sure2 = on ,/4 ,john's ,day1 ! *ri/ianiz$ pagan sun-fe/ival 9 hon\r ( ! summ] sol/ice1 9 :i* fairies & spirits play s prom95t a "p 9 all ,celtic c\ntries1 j outside a c\ntry village a great fire is lit 9 ! c5tre ( ! ma9 road & cov]$ ov] ) gre5 bran*es1 9 ord] to produce pl5ty ( smoke1 & !n on ei!r side ( ?is fire & ?r\gh ! exorciz+ smoke are made to pass all ! dome/ic animals 9 ! di/rict z a protection aga9/ disease & evil spirits1 to secure _! fruitful increase1 &1 9 ! case ( c[s1 abundant milk supply4 ,mr4 ,milne1 :ile mak+ excavations 9 ! ,c>nac c\ntry1 discov]$ ! image ( a small bronze c[1 n[ 9 ! ,c>nac ,museum1 & ?is w\ld seem to indicate t be=e ,*ri/ian times !re 0 9 ! ,morbihan a cult ( cattle1 pres]v$ ev5 until n[1 no d\bt1 9 ! ,*ri/ian fte ( ,/4 ,cornely1 j z 9 ,/4 ,cornely's ,f\nta9 !re is pres]v$ a pagan holy well4 ,x ought n[ to be cle> t bo? pre-,*ri/ian & ,*ri/ian exorcisms among ,celts h %ap$ ! ,fairy-,fai? 9 a v fundam5tal mann]4 ,& an?ropologically ! :ole subject ( exorcism falls 9 l9e ) ! ,psy*ological ,!ory ( ! nature & orig9 ( ! belief 9 fairies 9 ,celtic c\ntries4 ,,taboos ,we f9d t taboos1 or prohibitions ( a religi\s & social "*1 are z common 9 ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai? z exorcisms4 ,! *ief "o is ! taboo aga9/ nam+ ! fairies1 :i* inevitably results 9 ! use ( euphemisms1 su* z 'good p'1 'g5try'1 'p ( peace'1 ,tylwy? ,teg 7',fair ,folk'71 or bonnes dames 7'good ladies'74 ,a l sort ( taboo1 ) its accompany+ use ( euphemisms1 exi/$ among ! ,anci5ts1 e4 g4 among ! ,egyptians & ,babylonians1 & e>ly ,celts z well1 9 a highly develop$ =m2 & x exi/s n[ among ! native peoples ( ,au/ralia1 ,polynesia1 ,c5tral ,africa1 ,am]ica1 9 ,indian sy/ems ( ,yoga1 among mod]n ,greeks1 &1 9 fact1 almo/ ev]y:]e :]e !re are ve/iges ( a primitive culture4#bje ,& almo/ always su* a taboo is b\nd up ) animi/ic & magical elem5ts1 :i* seem to =m its backgr\nd1 j z x is 9 our own evid5ce4 ,to discuss "n taboo 9 all its aspects w\ld lead u m deeply into magic & comp>ative folk-lore ?an we h yet gone1 & su* discussion is unnecess>y "h4 ,we may !re=e briefly /ate t ! root ( ! matt] w\ld seem to be t ! "n & ! dread p[] nam$ are s closely associat$ 9 ! v concrete ?\ght ( ! primitive culture t ! "o virtually is ! o!r3 j z "o inevitably calls up ! o!r = ! mod]n ?9k]1 s x is t1 9 ! _w ( objective fact1 = ! primitive philosoph] ! "o is equival5t to ! o!r4 ,! primitive man1 9 %ort1 has project$ 8 subjective associations into reality4 ,z reg>ds euphemisms1 ! process ( developm5t possibly is t fir/ y employ any sub/itute "n1 & t secondly y g on to employ su* a sub/itute "n z w at ! same "t be conciliatory4 ,9 ! latt] case1 a c]ta9 an?ropomorphos+ ( ! p[] beh9d ! taboo w\ld seem to be involv$4#bjf ,next 9 prom95ce comes ! food taboo2 & to ?is1 also1 !re are non-,celtic p>allels all ! _w ov]1 n[ & 9 anci5t times4 ,we may take notice ( ?ree v /rik+ mod]n p>allels3--,a woman visit$ h] dead bro!r 9 ,panoi1 ! ,polynesian ,o!rworld1 & 'he caution$ h] to eat no?+ !re1 & %e return$'4#bjg ,a ,r$ ,man1 ,ahak-tah1 aft] an app>5t dea? ( two days' duration1 reviv$1 & decl>$ t he _h be5 to a beautiful l& ( tall trees & s++-birds1 :]e he met ! spirits ( 8 =efa!rs & uncle4 ,:ile !re1 he felt hung]1 & see+ 9 a b>k di% "s wild rice1 wi%$ to eat ( x1 b 8 uncle w\ld all[ him none4 ,9 tell+ ab\t ?is psy*ical adv5ture1 ,ahak-tah said3--',_h ,i eat5 ( ! food ( spirits1 ,i nev] %\ld h return$ to e>?4'#bjh ,also a ,new ,zeal& woman visit$ ! ,o!rworld 9 a trance1 & h] dead fa!r :om %e met !re ord]$ h] to eat no food 9 t l&1 s t %e c\ld return to ?is _w to take c>e ( h] *ild4#bji ,all su* p>allels1 l _! equival5ts 9 ,celtic belief1 seem to re/ on ?is psy*ological & physiological conception 9 ! folk-m9d4 ,human food is :at keeps life go+ 9 a human body2 fairy food is :at keeps life go+ 9 a fairy body2 & s9ce :at a man eats makes him :at he is physically1 s eat+ ! food ( ,fairyl& or ( ! l& ( ! dead w make ! eat] p>take ( ! bodily nature ( ! be+s x n\ri%es4 ,h5ce :5 a man or woman has once ent]$ into su* relation or communion ) ! ,o!rworld ( ! dead1 or ( fairies1 by eat+ _! food1 8 or h] physical body#baj by a subtle trans=mation adju/s itself to ! new k9d ( n\ri%m5t1 & becomes spiritual l a _s's or fairy's body1 s t ! eat] _c re-ent] ! _w ( ! liv+4 ,a /udy ( food taboos confirms ?is conclusion4#baa ,a ?ird prom95t taboo1 ! iron taboo1 has be5 expla9$ by expon5ts ( ! ,pygmy ,!ory z po9t+ to a prehi/oric race 9 ,celtic l&s :o did n "k iron famili>ly1 & h5ce v5]at$ x s t 9 "t x came to be religi\sly reg>d$ z v efficaci\s aga9/ spirits & fairies4 ,und\bt$ly !re may be mu* reason 9 ?is explanation1 :i* gives "s e?nological support to ! ,pygmy ,!ory4 ,app>5tly1 h[ev]1 x is only a p>tial explanation ( iron taboo 9 g5]al1 because1 9 _m cases1 iron 9 anci5t religi\s rites c]ta9ly _h magical prop]ties attribut$ to x1 :i* to u are q unexpla9able f ?is e?nological po9t ( view2#bab & 9 ,melanesia & 9 ,africa1 :]e iron is v5]at$ n[1 ! same explanation ?r\gh e?nology seems f>-fet*$4 ,b at pres5t !re seem to be no available data to expla9 adequately ?is iron taboo1 ?\gh we h /rong reasons = ?9k+ t ! philosophy und]ly+ x is bas$ on my/ical conceptions ( virtues attribut$--reasonably or unreasonably--to v>i\s metals & preci\s /ones1 & t a c>eful exam9ation ( al*emical sci5ces w\ld probably arrive at an explanation :olly psy*ological4 ,besides _m o!r miscellane\s taboos noticeable 9 ! evid5ce1 !re is a place taboo :i* is prom95t4 ,?us1 if an ,iri%man cuts a ?orn tree gr[+ on a spot sacr$ to ! fairies1 or if he violates a fairy pres]ve ( any sort1 su* z a fairy pa?1 or by accid5t int]f]es ) a fairy procession1 illness & possibly dea? w come to 8 cattle or ev5 to himself4 ,9 ! same way1 9 ,melanesia1 violations ( sacr$ spots br+ l p5alties3 ',a man plant$ 9 ! bu% ne> ,olevuga "s coco-nut & almond trees1 & n long aft] di$1' ! place be+ a _s pres]ve2#bac & a man 9 ! ,lep]s' ,isl& lo/ 8 s5ses1 because1 z ! natives believ$1 he _h unwitt+ly trodd5 on gr\nd sacr$ to ,tag>o1 & '! gho/ ( ! man :o lately sacrific$ !re 0 angry ) him'4#bac ,9 ?is case ! wiz>ds 7 call$ 9 & cur$ ! man by exorcisms1#bac z ,iri%m51 or _! c[s1 are cur$ by ! exorcisms ( 'fairy-doctors' :5 'fairy-/ruck' = "s simil> violation4 ,! animi/ic backgr\nd ( place taboos 9 ! ,fairy-,fai? is 9 ^! cases app>5t4 ,among ,anci5t ,celts ,9 ! evid5ce soon to be exam9$ f ! record$ ,fairy-,fai?1 we %all f9d taboos ( v>i\s k9ds (t5 m prom95t ?an 9 ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai?4#bad ,s ess5tial are !y to ! "* ( mu* ( ! lit]>y & my?ological matt] ) :i* we %all h to deal 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s1 t at ?is po9t "s sugge/ions ought to be made conc]n+ _! correct an?ropological int]pretation4 ,almo/ e anci5t ,iri% taboo is connect$ ) a k+ or ) a great h]o l ,cu*ula9n2 &1 9 ,irel& especially1 all su* k+s & h]oes 7 consid]$ ( div9e orig91 & z direct inc>nations1 or re9c>nations ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 ! true ,fairies1 orig9ally inhabitants ( ! ,o!rworld4 7,see our *apt] vii47 ,z ,dr4 ,fraz] po9ts out to h be5 ! case among non-,celts1 ) :om ! same !ory ( inc>nat$ div9ities has prevail$1 royal taboos are to isolate ! k+ f all s\rces ( dang]1 especially f all magic & wit*craft1 & !y act 9 _m cases 's to say1 z electrical insulators' to pres]ve him or h]oes :o are equally div9e4#bae ,! e>ly ,celts recogniz$ an intimate relation%ip betwe5 man & nature3 unp]ceiv$ by man1 unse5 =ces--n dissimil> to :at ,melanesians call ,mana--7look$ on z animate & intellig5t & frequ5tly individual entities7 guid$ e act ( human life4 ,x 0 ! special duty ( ,druids to act z int]m$i>ies betwe5 ! _w ( m5 & ! _w ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann2 &1 z old ,iri% lit]ature indicates cle>ly1 x 0 ?r\gh ! ex]cise ( p[]s ( div9ation on ! "p ( ,druids t ^! decl>$ :at 0 taboo or :at 0 unfav\rable1 & also :at x 0 fav\rable = ! div9e k+ or h]o to p]=m4 ,z long z man kept himself 9 h>mony ) ?is unse5 fairy-_w 9 ! backgr\nd ( nature1 all 0 well2 b z soon z a taboo 0 brok51 di%>mony 9 ! relation%ip--:i* 0 focus$ 9 a k+ or h]o--0 set up2 & :51 z 9 ! case ( ,cu*ula9n1 _m taboos 7 violat$1 dea? 0 inevitable & n ev5 ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann c\ld int]c$e4 ,break+ ( a royal or h]o taboo n only affects ! violator1 b 8 subjects or foll[]s z well3 9 "s cases ! k+ seems to suff] vic>i\sly = 8 p4 ,almo/ e great ,gaelic h]o--a god or ,great ,fairy ,be+ inc>nate--is ov]%ad[$ ) an imp5d+ fate1 :i* only ! /ricte/ obs]vance ( taboo c avoid4#baf ,iri% taboo1 & inf]5tially all ,celtic taboo1 dates back to an unkn[n pagan antiquity4 ,x is impos$ at or be=e bir?1 or aga9 dur+ life1 usually at "s critical p]iod1 & :5 brok5 br+s disa/] & dea? to ! break]4 ,its :ole backgr\nd appe>s to re/ on a sup]natural relation%ip betwe5 div9e m5 & ! ,o!rworld ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann2 & x is v c]ta9 t ?is anci5t relation%ip survives 9 ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai? z "o betwe5 ord9>y m5 & ! fairy-_w4 ,!re=e1 almo/ all taboos surviv+ among ,celts ought to be int]pret$ psy*ologically or ev5 psy*ically1 & n z ord9>y social regulations4 ,,food-,,sacrifice ,food-sacrifice plays a v important rle 9 ! mod]n ,fairy-,fai?1 be+ /ill practis$1 z our evid5ce %[s1 9 ea* "o ( ! ,celtic c\ntries4 ,)\t any d\bt x is a survival f pagan times1 :51 z we %all obs]ve lat] 79 *apt] iv4 #bia1 & else:]e71 propitiatory (f]+s 7 regul>ly made to ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann z gods ( ! e>?1 &1 app>5tly1 to o!r ord]s ( spiritual be+s4 ,! an?ropological significance ( su* food-sacrifice is unmi/akable4 ,) ! same propitiatory ends 9 view z mod]n ,celts n[ h 9 (f]+ food to fairies1 anci5t peoples1 e4 g4 ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ma9ta9$ a /ate ritual ( sacrifices to ! gods1 g5ii1 daemons1 & to ! dead4 ,& su* sacrifices1 s ess5tial a "p ( mo/ anci5t religions1 7 bas$ on ! belief1 z /at$ by ,porphyry 9 8 ,treatise ,conc]n+ ,ab/95ce1 t all ! v>i\s ord]s ( gods1 g5ii or daemons1 enjoy z n\ri%m5t ! od\r ( burnt (f]+s4 ,& l ! ,fairy-,folk1 ! daemons ( ! air live n on ! gross sub/ance ( food1 b on its f9] invisible ess5ces1 convey$ to !m mo/ easily on ! alt>-fire4#bag ,socrates1 ,plato1 ,x5ophon1 & o!r lead+ ,greeks1 z well z ! ,romans ( a l metaphysical s*ool1 unite 9 decl>+ ! fundam5tal importance to ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate ( regul> sacrifices to ! gods & to ! daemons :o control all natural ph5om5a1 s9ce !y caus$1 if n neglect$1 abundant h>ve/s & national prosp]ity4 ,= unto ! gods is due by "r a "p ( all ?+s :i* !y give to man = 8 happ9ess4 ,! relation :i* ! wor%ip ( ance/ors held to t ( ! gods above1 :o are ! ,olympian ,gods1 ! great ,gods1 & to ! ,gods bel[1 :o are ! ,gods ( ! ,dead1 & also to ! daemons1 & h]oes or div9e ance/ors1 is ?us set =? by ,plato 9 8 ,laws3--',9 ! fir/ place1 we affirm t next aft] ! ,olympian ,gods1 & ! ,gods ( ! ,/ate1 hon\r %\ld be giv5 to ! ,gods bel[4444 ,next to ^! ,gods1 a wise man w d s]vice to ! daemons or spirits1 & !n to ! h]oes1 & aft] !m w foll[ ! sacr$ places ( private & ance/ral ,gods1 hav+ _! ritual accord+ to law4 ,next comes ! hon\r ( liv+ p>5ts4'#bah ,x is evid5t f ?is direct te/imony t ! same sort ( philosophy und]lies food-sacrifice among ! ,celts & o!r peoples z we discov]$ und]ly+ human-sacrifice1 9 our /udy ( ! ,*angel+ ,belief2 & t ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 9 _! true my?ological nature1 & fairies1 _! mod]n c\nt]p>t1 correspond 9 all ess5tials to ,greek & ,roman gods1 g5ii1 & daemons1 & are (t5 confus$ ) ! dead4 ,,! ,,celtic ,,leg5d ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,! animi/ic "* ( ! ,celtic ,leg5d ( ! ,dead is app>5t2 & ! /rik+ lik5esses con/antly appe>+ 9 our evid5ce betwe5 ! ord9>y app>itional fairies & ! gho/s ( ! dead %[ t !re is (t5 no ess5tial & sometimes no di/+ui%able diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two ord]s ( be+s1 nor betwe5 ! _w ( ! dead & fairyl&4 ,we res]ve = our *apt] on ,sci5ce & ,fairies ! sci5tific consid]ation ( ! psy*ology ( ?is relation%ip1 & ( ! probability t fairies z s\ls ( ! dead & z gho/s ( ! dead actually exi/ & influ5ce ! liv+4 ,,g5]al ,,conclusion ,! *ief an?ropological problems connect$ ) ! mod]n ,fairy-,fai?1 z our evid5ce pres5ts x1 h n[ be5 exam9$1 at suffici5t l5g?1 we tru/1 to expla9 _! ess5tial significance2 & problems1 to "s ext5t p>allel1 connect$ ) ! anci5t ,fairy-,fai? h likewise be5 exam9$4 ,!re rema91 h[ev]1 v _m m9or an?ropological problems n yet t\*$ ^u2 b sev]al ( ! mo/ important ( ^!1 e4 g4 v>i\s cults ( gods1 spirits1 fairies1 & ! dead1 & folk-fe/ivals !reto relat$ 7see ,section ,,iii72 ! circul> fairy-dance 7see pp4 #dje-f72 or ! fairy _w z ! ,o!rworld 7see *ap4 vi71 or z ,purgatory 7see *ap4 x71 w receive consid]ation 9 foll[+ *apt]s1 & s w c]ta9 v def9ite psy*ological problems connect$ ) dreams1 & trance-l /ates1 ) sup]normal lapse ( "t1 & ) se]%ip4 ,we may n[ sum up ! results s f> atta9$4 ,:e!r we exam9e ! ,fairy-,fai? z a :ole or :e!r we exam9e specializ$ p>ts ( x l ^? relat+ to ! smallness ( fairies1 to *angel+s1 to wit*craft & magic1 to exorcisms1 to taboos1 & to food-sacrifice1 9 all cases comp>ative folk-lore %[s t ! beliefs compos+ x f9d _! p>allels ! _w ov]1 & t fairy-l be+s are objects ( belief n[ n only 9 ,celtic c\ntries1 b 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 ?r\gh\t ,polynesia1 9 ,africa1 among ,am]ican ,r$ ,m51 9 ,asia g5]ally1 9 ,s\!rn1 ,we/]n1 & ,nor!rn ,europe1 &1 9 fact1 :]ev] civiliz$ & primitive m5 hold religi\s beliefs4 ,f a rationali/ po9t ( view an?ropologi/s w\ld be incl9$ to reg>d ! bulk ( ?is widespread belief 9 spiritual be+s z be+ purely my?ical1 b = u to d s & /op !re w\ld lead to no satisfactory solution3 ! orig9 ( my? itself ne$s to be expla9$1 & "o ( ! *ief objects ( our /udy ?r\gh\t ! rema9d] ( ?is book is to make an attempt at su* an explanation1 especially ( ,celtic my?4 ,aga91 if we exam9e all fairy-l be+s f a c]ta9 sup]ficial po9t ( view1 or ev5 f ! my?ological po9t ( view1 x is easy to disc]n t !y are univ]sally cr$it$ ) precisely ! same *>act]s1 attributes1 actions1 or p[]s z ! p>ticul> peoples possess :o h fai? 9 !m2 & !n ! fur!r fact em]ges t ?is an?ropomorphos+ is due directly to ! m imm$iate social environm5t3 we see m]ely an an?ropomorphically col\r$ picture ( ! :ole ( an age-long social evolution ( ! tribe1 race1 or nation :o h fo/]$ ! p>ticul> aspect ( ?is "o _w-wide folk-religion4 ,b if we look /ill deep]1 we discov] z backgr\nd to ! my?s & ! social psy*ology a pr(\nd animism4 ,?is animism appe>s 9 its own environm5t 9 ! %ad+ away ( ! diff]5t fairy-l be+s into spirits & gho/s ( ! dep>t$4 ,go+ deep] yet1 we f9d t su* animi/ic beliefs z conc]n !mselves exclusively ) ! realm ( ! dead are 9 _m cases app>5tly s well f\nd$ on def9ite provable psy*ical exp]i5ces on ! "p ( liv+ m5 & wom5 t ! aid ( sci5ce itself mu/ be call$ 9 to expla9 !m1 & ?is w be done 9 our *apt] entitl$ ,sci5ce & ,fairies4 ,s f> x ought to be cle> t already our evid5ce po9ts to a v respectable residue 9 ! exp]i5ces ( p]cipi5ts1 :i* _c be expla9$ away--z c ! l>g] mass ( ! evid5ce--z due to e?nological1 an?ropomorphic1 naturali/ic1 or sociological influ5ces on ! ,celtic m9d2 & = ! pres5t ?is mu/ be designat$ z ! x or unkn[n quantity 9 ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,9 *apt] xi ?is x quantity1 augm5t$ by :atev] else is to be elicit$ f fur!r evid5ce1 w be specifically discuss$4 ,^! po9ts ( view d]iv$ f our an?ropological exam9ation ( ! *ief p>ts ( ! evid5ce pres5t$ by ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai? w be kept con/antly be=e u z we proce$ fur!r2 & :at has be5 demon/rat$ an?ropologically 9 ?is *apt] w s]ve to int]pret :at is to foll[ until *apt] xi is rea*$4 ,) ?is t5tative position we pass to ,section ,,ii ( ?is /udy1 & %all !re beg9 to exam9e1 z we h j done ) _! mod]n ,fairy-,fai?1 ! anci5t ,fairy-,fai? ( ! ,celts4 ,,section ,,ii ,,! ,,record$ ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,p ,,( ,,! ,,goddess ,,dana 7,,tua?a ,d ,,danann7 ,,or ,,! ,,sidhe 7,,pron\nc$ ,,%ee7#bai ',s firm 0 ! hold :i* ! e?nic gods ( ,irel& _h tak5 ^u ! imag9ation & spiritual s5sibilities ( our ance/ors t ev5 ! monks & *ri/ianiz$ b>ds nev] ?\ght ( d5y+ !m4 ,!y d\btless =bade ! p to wor%ip !m1 b to root out ! belief 9 _! exi/5ce 0 s impossible t !y c\ld n ev5 dispossess _! own m9ds ( ! conviction t ! gods 7 real sup]natural be+s4'--,,/&i% ,o',,grady4 ,! ,goddess ,dana & ! mod]n cult ( ,/4 ,brigit--,! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or ,sidhe conqu]$ by ! ,sons ( ,mil--,b ,iri% se]s /ill see ! ,sidhe--,old ,iri% ,,mss4 fai?fully repres5t ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann--,! ,sidhe z a _s race--,sidhe palaces--,! ',tak+' ( mortals--,hill visions ( ,sidhe wom5--,sidhe m9/rels & musicians--,social organization & w>f>e among ! ,sidhe--,! ,sidhe w>-goddesses1 ! ,badb--,! ,sidhe at ! ,battle ( ,clont>f1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajad--;,conclusion4 ,! ,p ( ! ,goddess ,dana1 or1 accord+ to ,d',arbois de ,juba9ville1 ! ,p ( ! god ^: "m 0 call$ ,dana1#bbj are ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann ( ! anci5t my?ology ( ,irel&4 ,! ,goddess ,dana1 call$ 9 ! g5itive ,dan&1 9 middle ,iri% times 0 nam$ ,brigit4#bbj ,& ?is goddess ,brigit ( ! pagan ,celts has be5 supplant$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,/4 ,brigit#bbj2 &1 9 exactly ! same way z ! pagan cult once be/[$ on ! spirits 9 wells & f\nta9s has be5 transf]r$ to ,*ri/ian sa9ts1 to :om ! wells & f\nta9s h be5 re-d$icat$1 s to ,/4 ,brigit z a national sa9t has be5 transf]r$ ! pagan cult r5d]$ to h] pr$ecessor4 ,?us ev5 yet1 z 9 ! case ( ! m9or div9ities ( _! sacr$ f\nta9s1 ! ,iri% p ?r\gh _! v5]ation = ! good ,/4 ,brigit1 r5d] homage to ! div9e "m ( ! ,p :o be> h] "n ,dana1--:o are ! ev]-liv+ invisible ,fairy-,p ( mod]n ,irel&4 ,= :5 ! ,sons ( ,mil1 ! ance/ors ( ! ,iri% p1 came to ,irel& !y f\nd ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 9 full possession ( ! c\ntry4 ,! ,tua?a ,de ,danann !n retir$ be=e ! invad]s1 )\t1 h[ev]1 giv+ up _! sacr$ ,isl&4 ,assum+ invisibility1 ) ! p[] ( at any "t reappe>+ 9 a human-l =m be=e ! *ildr5 ( ! ,sons ( ,mil1 ! ,p ( ! ,goddess ,dana became & are ! ,fairy-,folk1 ! ,sidhe ( ,iri% my?ology & romance4#bba ,!re=e x is t to-day ,irel& conta9s two races1--a race visible :i* we call ,celts1 & a race invisible :i* we call ,fairies4 ,betwe5 ^! two races !re is con/ant int]c\rse ev5 n[2 = ,iri% se]s say t !y c behold ! maje/ic1 beautiful ,sidhe1 & accord+ to !m ! ,sidhe are a race q di/9ct f our own1 j z liv+ & possibly m p[]ful4 ,^! ,sidhe 7:o are ! 'g5try' ( ! ,b5 ,bulb9 c\ntry & h k9dr$ else:]e 9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 & probably 9 mo/ o!r c\ntries z well1 su* z ! invisible races ( ! ,yosemite ,valley7 h be5 describ$ m or less accurately by our peasant se]-witnesses f ,c\nty ,sligo & f ,nor? & ,ea/ ,irel&4 ,b !re are o!r & probably m reliable se]s 9 ,irel&1 m5 ( great] education & great] psy*ical exp]i5ce1 :o "k & describe ! ,sidhe races z !y really are1 & :o ev5 sket* _! lik5esses4 ,& to su* se] ,celts z ^!1 ,dea? is a passport to ! _w ( ! ,sidhe1 a _w :]e !re is et]nal y\? & nev]-end+ joy1 z we %all le>n :5 we /udy x z ! ,celtic ,o!rworld4 ,! record$ my?ology & lit]ature ( anci5t ,irel& h1 v fai?fully = ! mo/ "p1 pres]v$ to u cle> pictures ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann2 s t disreg>d+ "s ,*ri/ian influ5ce 9 ! texts ( c]ta9 manuscripts1 mu* rationalization1 & a good deal ( poetical col\r+ & romantic imag9ation 9 ! pictures1 we c easily describe ! ,p ( ! ,goddess ,dana z !y appe>$ 9 pagan days1 :5 !y 7 m frequ5tly se5 by mortals ?an n[4 ,p]haps ! ,iri% folk ( ! old5 times 7 ev5 m clairvoyant & spiritual-m9d$ ?an ! ,iri% folk ( to-day4 ,s by draw+ ^u ^! writt5 records let u try to und]/& :at sort ( be+s ! ,sidhe 7 & are4 ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,sidhe ,9 ! ,book ( ,le9/]#bbb ! poem ( ,eo*aid records t ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 ! conqu]ors ( ! ,fir-,bolgs1 7 ho/s ( siabra2 & siabra is an ,old ,iri% ^w mean+ fairies1 sprites1 or gho/s4 ,! ^w fairies is appropriate if re/rict$ to mean fairies l ! mod]n 'g5try'2 b ! ^w gho/s is inappropriate1 because our evid5ce %[s t ! only relation ! ,sidhe or real ,fairies hold to gho/s is a sup]ficial "o1 ! ,sidhe & gho/s be+ alike only 9 respect to invisibility4 ,9 ! two *ief ,iri% ,,mss41 ! ,book ( ! ,dun ,c[ & ! ,book ( ,le9/]1 ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann are describ$ z 'gods & n-gods'2 & ,sir ,john ,rhys consid]s ?is an anci5t =mula comp>able ) ! ,sanskrit deva & adeva1 b n ) 'poets 7de7 & husb&m5 7an de7' z ! au?or ( ,cir ,anmann le>n$ly guess$4#bbc ,x is also said1 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dun ,c[1 t wise m5 d n "k ! orig9 ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 b t 'x seems likely to !m t !y came f heav51 on acc\nt ( _! intellig5ce & = ! excell5ce ( _! k'4#bbd ,! hold ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann on ! ,iri% m9d & _s 0 s /rong t ev5 ,*ri/ian transcrib]s ( texts c\ld n d5y _! exi/5ce z a non-human race ( intellig5t be+s inhabit+ ,irel&1 ev5 ?\gh !y frequ5tly misrepres5t$ !m by plac+ !m on ! level ( evil demons1#bbe z ! end+ ( ! /ory ( ! ,sick-,b$ ( ,cu*ula9n illu/rates3--',s t ?is 0 a vision to ,cu*ula9n ( be+ /rick5 by ! p ( ! ,sid3 = ! demoniac p[] 0 great be=e ! fai?2 & su* 0 its greatness t ! demons us$ to fight bodily aga9/ mortals1 & !y us$ to %[ !m delights & secrets ( h[ !y w\ld be 9 immortality4 ,x 0 ?us !y us$ to be believ$ 94 ,s x is to su* phantoms ! ignorant apply ! names ( ,side & ,aes ,side4'#bbf ,a passage 9 ! ,silva ,gadelica 7ii4 #bjb-c7 n only t5ds to confirm ?is la/ /atem5t1 b x also %[s t ! ,iri% p made a cle> di/9ction betwe5 ! god-race & our own3--,9 ,! ,colloquy ) ! ,anci5ts1 z ,/4 ,patrick & ,caeilte are talk+ ) "o ano!r1 'a lone woman rob$ 9 mantle ( gre51 a smock ( s(t silk be+ next h] sk91 & on h] =ehead a glitt]+ plate ( yell[ gold1' came to !m2 & :5 ,patrick ask$ f :5ce %e came1 %e repli$3 ',out ( uaimh ,*rua*na1 or ! cave ( ,crua*an4' ,caeilte !n ask$3 ',woman1 my s\l1 :o art ?\8' ',i am ,sco?niamh or ,fl[]-lu/re1 daught] ( ! ,daghda's son ,bodhb d]g4' ,caeilte proce$$3 ',& :at />t$ !e hi!r8' ',to require ( !e my m>riage-gift1 because once ^u a "t ?\ promis$/ me su*4' ,& z !y p>ley$ ,patrick broke 9 )3 ',x is a wond] to u h[ we see y two3 ! girl "y & inve/$ ) all comel9ess2 b ?\ ,caeilte1 a )]$ anci5t1 b5t 9 ! back & d+ily gr[n grey4' ',:i* is no wond] at all1' said ,caeilte1 '= no p ( "o g5]ation or ( "o "t are we3 %e is ( ! ,tua?a ,d ,danann1 :o are unfad+ & ^: duration is p]5nial2 ,i am ( ! sons ( ,milesius1 t are p]i%able & fade away4' ,! exact di/9ction is betwe5 ,caeilte1 a )]$ old anci5t--9 mo/ ways to be reg>d$ z a gho/ call$ up t ,patrick may "q him ab\t ! pa/ hi/ory ( ,irel&--& a fairy-woman :o is "o ( ! ,sidhe or ,tua?a ,de ,danann4#bbg ,9 two ( ! m anci5t ,iri% texts1 ! ,e*tra ,n]ai#bbh or ',exp$ition ( ,n]a'1 a prelim9>y tale 9 ! introduction to ! ,t9 b ,cuailnge or ',!ft ( ! ,cattle ( ,cuailnge'2 & a passage f ! ,togail ,bruidne d ,d]ga1 or ',de/ruction ( ,da ,d]ga's ,ho/el'1#bbi !re seems no reasonable d\bt :atev] ab\t ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or ,sidhe be+ a race l :at we call spirits4 ,! fir/ text describes h[ ,ailill & ,m$b 9 _! palace ( ,crua*an celebrat$ ! fea/ ( ,sama9 7,novemb] ,eve1 a fea/ ( ! dead ev5 9 pre-,*ri/ian times74 ,two culprits _h be5 execut$ on ! day be=e1 & _! bodies1 accord+ to ! anci5t ,iri% cu/om1 7 left hang+ f a tree until ! night ( ,sama9 %\ld h pass$2 = on t night x 0 dang]\s to t\* ! bodies ( ! dead :ile demons & ! p ( ! ,sidhe 7 at l>ge ?r\gh\t all ,irel&1 & mortals f\nd ne> dead bodies at su* a "t 7 9 great dang] ( be+ tak5 by ^! _s ho/s ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann4 ,& s on ?is v night1 :5 ?ick d>kness _h settl$ d[n1 ,ailill desir$ to te/ ! c\rage ( 8 w>riors1 & (f]$ 8 own gold-hilt$ sword to any "y man :o w\ld g out & tie a coil ( twi/$ twigs ar\nd ! leg ( "o ( ! bodies susp5d$ f ! tree4 ,aft] _m _h made ! attempt & fail$1 because unable to brave ! legions ( demons & fairies1 ,n]a alone succe$$2 b 8 success co/ him de>1 = he f9ally fell "u ! p[] bo? ( ! dead man1 r\nd ^: legs he _h ti$ ! coil1 & ( an elf9 ho/3 ) ! dead man's body on 8 back1 ,n]a 0 oblig$ to g to a /range h\se t ! ?ir/ ( ! dead man might be assuag$ !re92 & ! dead man 9 dr9k+ scatt]$ '! la/ sip f 8 lips at ! faces ( ! p t 7 9 ! h\se1 s t !y all di$'4 ,n]a c>ri$ back ! body2 & on return+ to ,crua*an he saw ! fairy ho/s go+ into ! cave1 '= ! fairy-m\nds ( ,er9n are always op5$ ab\t ,hall[e54' ,n]a foll[$ aft] !m until he came to _! k+ 9 a palace ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 seem+ly 9 ! cav]n or else:]e und]gr\nd2 :]e he rema9$ & 0 m>ri$ to "o ( ! fairy wom54 ,%e x 0 :o reveal$ to ,n]a ! secret hid+-place1 9 a my/]i\s well1 ( ! k+'s gold5 cr[n1 & !n betray$ h] :ole p by report+ to ,n]a ! plan !y _h = attack+ ,ailill's c\rt on ! ,hall[e5 to come4 ,moreov]1 ,n]a 0 p]mitt$ by 8 fairy wife to dep>t f ! sd2 & he 9 tak+ leave ( h] ask$3 ',h[ w x be believ$ ( me t ,i h gone into ! sd8' ',take fruits ( summ] ) !e1' said ! woman4 ',!n he took wild g>lic ) him & primrose & gold5 f]n4' ,& on ! foll[+ ,novemb] ,eve :5 ! sd ( ,crua*an 0 aga9 op51 '! m5 ( ,connaught & ! black ho/s ( exile' "u ,ailill & ,m$b plund]$ x1 tak+ away f x ! cr[n ( ,briun out ( ! well4 ,b ',n]a 0 left ) 8 p 9 ! sd1 & has n come out until n[1 nor w he come till ,doom4' ,all ( ?is matt] is def9itely en\gh 9 l9e ) ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai?3 !re is ! same belief express$ z n[ ab\t ,novemb] ,eve be+ ! "t ( all times :5 gho/s1 demons1 spirits1 & fairies are free1 & :5 fairies take mortals & m>ry !m to fairy wom52 also ! beliefs t fairies are liv+ 9 secret places 9 hills1 9 cav]ns1 or "u gr\nd--palaces full ( treasure & op5 only on ,novemb] ,eve4 ,9 s f> z ! real fairies1 ! ,sidhe1 are conc]n$1 !y appe> z ! rul]s ( ! ,fea/ ( ! ,dead or ,sama91 z ! controll]s ( all spirits :o are !n at l>ge2 &1 all[+ = "s poetical imag9ation & mu* social psy*ology & an?ropomorphism1 elem5ts z common 9 ?is z 9 mo/ lit]>y descriptions conc]n+ ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 !y are fai?fully en\gh pres5t$4 ,! second text describes h[ ,k+ ,conaire1 9 rid+ along a road t[>d ,t>a1 saw 9 front ( him ?ree /range horsem51 ?ree m5 ( ! ,sidhe3--',?ree r$ frocks _h !y1 & ?ree r$ mantles3 ?ree r$ /e$s !y be/rode1 & ?ree r$ heads ( hair 7 on !m4 ,r$ 7 !y all1 bo? body & hair & raim5t1 bo? /e$s & m54' ',:o is x t f>es be=e u8' ask$ ,conaire4 ',x 0 a taboo ( m9e = ^? ,?ree to g be=e me--! ?ree ,r$s to ! h\se ( ,r$4 ,:o w foll[ !m & tell !m to come t[>ds me 9 my track8' ',i w foll[ !m1' says ,l fri flai?1 ,conaire's son4 ',he goes aft] !m1 la%+ 8 horse1 & ov]took !m n4 ,!re 0 ! l5g? ( a spe>ca/ betwe5 !m3 b !y did n ga9 ^u him & he did n ga9 ^u !m4' ,all attempts to come up ) ! r$ horsem5 fail$4 ,b at la/1 be=e !y disappe>$1 "o ( ! ,?ree said to ! k+'s son rid+ s furi\sly beh9d !m1 ',lo1 my son1 great ! news4 ,we>y are ! /e$s we ride4 ,we ride ! /e$s ( ,donn ,tetscora* 787 f ! elfm\nds4 ,?\gh we are alive we are dead4 ,great are ! signs3 de/ruction ( life3 sat+ ( rav5s3 fe$+ ( cr[s1 /rife ( slaught]3 wett+ ( sword-edge1 %ields ) brok5 bosses 9 h\rs aft] sund[n4 ,lo1 my son6' ,!n !y disappe>4 ,:5 ,conaire & 8 foll[]s he>d ! message1 fe> fell ^u !m1 & ! k+ said3 ',all my taboos h seiz$ me to-night1 s9ce ^? ,?ree ,r$s are ! bani%$ folks 7874' ,9 ?is passage we behold ?ree horsem5 ( ! ,sidhe bani%$ f _! elfm\nd because guilty ( falsehood4 ,visible = a "t1 !y prec$e ! k+ & s violate "o ( 8 taboos2 & !n deliv]+ _! fe>ful prophecy !y vani%4 ,^! ?ree ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 maje/ic & p[]ful & weird 9 _! my/ic r$1 are l ! w>riors ( ! 'g5try' se5 by contempor>y se]s 9 ,we/ ,irel&4 ,?\gh dead1 t is 9 an invisible _w l ! dead1 yet !y are liv+4 ,x seems t 9 all ?ree ( ! textual examples already cit$1 ! scribe has emphasiz$ a diff]5t elem5t 9 ! unique nature ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann4 ,9 ! ,colloquy x is _! et]nal y\? & beauty1 9 ! ,e*tra ,n]ai x is _! supremacy ov] gho/s & demons on ,sama9 & _! p[] to /eal mortals away at su* a "t1 & 9 ?is la/ _! respect = hone/y4 ,& 9 ea* case _! portrayal corresponds to t ( ! 'g5try' & ,sidhe by mod]n ,iri%m52 s t ! old ,fairy-,fai? & ! new comb9e to prove ! ,p ( ! ,god ^: "m 0 ,dana to h be5 & to be a race ( be+s :o are l mortals1 b n mortals1 :o to ! objective _w are z ?\gh dead1 yet to ! subjective _w are fully liv+ & consci\s4 ,o',curry says3--',! t]m 7sdh1 pron4 %ee71 z f> z we "k x1 is always appli$ 9 old writ+s to ! palaces1 c\rts1 halls1 or resid5ces ( ^? be+s :i* 9 anci5t ,ga$helic my?ology held ! place :i* gho/s1 phantoms1 & fairies hold 9 ! sup]/itions ( ! pres5t day4'#bcj ,9 mod]n ,iri% tradition1 '! ,p ( ! ,sidhe1' or simply ! ,sidhe1 ref] to ! be+s !mselves r ?an to _! places ( habitation4 ,p>tly p]haps on acc\nt ( ?is popul> op9ion t ! ,sidhe are a subt]ranean race1 !y are sometimes describ$ z gods ( ! e>? or dei t]r5i1 z 9 ! ,book ( ,armagh2 & s9ce x 0 believ$ t !y1 l ! mod]n fairies1 control ! rip5+ ( crops & ! milk-giv+ ( c[s1 ! anci5t ,iri% r5d]$ to !m regul> wor%ip & sacrifice1 j z ! ,iri% ( to-day d by sett+ out food at night = ! fairy-folk to eat4 ,?us aft] _! conque/1 ^! ,sidhe or ,tua?a ,de ,danann 9 retaliation1 & p]haps to %[ _! p[] z agricultural gods1 de/roy$ ! :eat & milk ( _! conqu]ors1 ! ,sons ( ,mil1 z fairies to-day c d2 & ! ,sons ( ,mil 7 con/ra9$ to make a treaty ) _! supreme k+1 ,dagda1 :o1 9 ,cir ,anmann 7 #aej71 is himself call$ an e>?-god4 ,!n :5 ! treaty 0 made ! ,sons ( ,mil 7 once m able to ga!r :eat 9 _! fields & to dr9k ! milk ( _! c[s2#bca & we c suppose t ev] s9ce t "t _! desc5dants1 :o are ! p ( ,irel&1 rememb]+ t treaty1 h cont9u$ to rev]5ce ! ,p ( ! ,goddess ,dana by p\r+ libations ( milk to !m & by mak+ !m (f]+s ( ! fruits ( ! e>?4 ,,! ,,palaces ,,( ,,! ,,sidhe ,! m>vell\s palaces to :i* ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann retir$ :5 conqu]$ by ! race ( ,mil 7 hidd5 9 ! dep?s ( ! e>?1 9 hills1 or "u ridges m or less elevat$4#bcb ,at ! "t ( _! conque/1 ,dagda _! high k+ made a di/ribution ( all su* palaces 9 8 k+dom4 ,he gave "o sd to ,lug1 son ( ,e?ne1 ano!r to ,ogme2 & = himself reta9$ two--"o call$ ,brug na ,bo9ne1 or ,ca/le ( ! ,boyne1 because x 0 situat$ on or ne> ! ,riv] ,boyne ne> ,t>a1 & ! o!r call$ ,sd or ,brug ,maic ind ,oc1 :i* means ,en*ant$ ,palace or ,ca/le ( ! ,son ( ! ,"y4 ,& ?is ,mac ind ,oc 0 ,dagda's own son by ! que5 ,boann1 accord+ to "s acc\nts1 s t z ! "n 7,son ( ! ,"y7 signifies1 ,dagda & ,boann1 bo? immortals1 bo? ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 7 necess>ily always "y1 nev] kn[+ ! t\* ( disease1 or decay1 or old age4 ,n until ,*ri/ianity ga9$ its psy*ic triumph at ,t>a1 ?r\gh ! magic ( ,patrick prevail+ aga9/ ! magic ( ! ,druids--:o seem to h /ood at t "t z m$iators betwe5 ! ,p ( ! ,goddess ,dana & ! pagan ,iri%--did ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann lose _! immortal y\?fulness 9 ! eyes ( mortals & become subject to dea?4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t manuscripts ( ,irel& ! pre-,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! div9e race 'p]si/$ intact & )\t re/ra9t'2#bcc b 9 ! ,s5*us na relec or ',hi/ory ( ! ,cemet]ies'1 f ! ,leabh> na h-,uidhre1 & 9 ! ,leb> gabala or ',book ( ! ,conque/s'1 f ! ,book ( ,le9/]1 x 0 completely *ang$ by ! ,*ri/ian scribes4#bcc ,:5 ,dagda ?us di/ribut$ ! und]gr\nd palaces1 ,mac ind ,oc1 or z he 0 o!rwise call$ ,o5gus1 0 abs5t & h5ce =gott54 ,s :5 he return$1 naturally he compla9$ to 8 fa!r1 & ! ,brug na ,bo9ne1 ! k+'s own resid5ce1 0 c$$ to him = a night & a day1 b ,o5gus ma9ta9$ t x 0 = ev]4 ,?is palace 0 a mo/ m>vell\s "o3 x conta9$ ?ree trees :i* always bore fruit1 a vessel full ( excell5t dr9k1 & two pigs--"o alive & ! o!r nicely cook$ ready to eat at any "t2 & 9 ?is palace no "o ev] di$4#bcd ,9 ! ,colloquy1 ,caeilte tells ( a m\nta9 conta9+ a fairy palace :i* no man save ,f9n & six companions1 ,caeilte be+ "o ( ^!1 ev] ent]$4 ,! ,f5ians1 :ile hunt+1 7 l$ ?i!r by a fairy woman :o _h *ang$ h] %ape to t ( a fawn 9 ord] to allure !m2 & ! night be+ wild & sn[y !y 7 glad to take %elt] !re94 ,beautiful damsels & _! lov]s 7 ! inhabitants ( ! palace2 9 x !re 0 music & abundance ( food & dr9k2 & on its floor /ood a *air ( cry/al4#bce ,9 ano!r fairy palace1 ! en*ant$ cave ( ,ke%corran1 ,con>an1 son ( ,imidel1 a *ief ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 _h sway2 '& s soon z he p]ceiv$ t ! h\nds' cry n[ s\nd$ devi\sly1 he bade 8 ?ree daught]s 7t 7 full ( sorc]y7 to g & take v5geance on ,f9n = 8 hunt+'#bcf--;j z n[adays ! 'good p' take v5geance on "o ( our race if a fairy doma9 is violat$4 ,frequ5tly ! fairy palace is "u a lake1 z 9 ! *ri/ianiz$ /ory ( ! ,disappe>ance ( ,ca5*omrac3--,once :5 '! cl]ic *ant$ 8 psalms1 he saw come t[>ds him a tall man t em]g$ out ( ! lo*3 f ! bottom ( ! wat] t is to say4' ,?is tall man in=m$ ! cl]ic t he came f an "u-wat] mona/]y1 & expla9$ 't !re %\ld be subaque\s inhabit+ by m5 is ) ,god no h>d] ?an t !y %\ld dwell 9 any o!r place'4#bcg ,9 all ^! anci5t lit]>y acc\nts ( ! ,sidhe-palaces we easily recognize ! same sort ( palaces z ^? describ$ to-day by ,gaelic peasants z ! habitations ( ! 'g5try'1 or 'good p'1 or 'p ( peace4' ,su* habitations are 9 m\nta9 cav]ns l ^? ( ,b5 ,bulb9 or ,knock ,ma1 or 9 fairy hills or knolls l ! ,fairy-,hill at ,ab]foyle on :i* ,rob]t ,kirk is believ$ to h be5 tak51 or b5ea? lakes4 ,?is br+s u directly to ! way 9 :i* ! ,sidhe or ,tua?a ,de ,danann ( ! old5 times took f9e-look+ "y m5 & maid5s4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,sidhe ',,took' ,,mortals ,p]haps "o ( ! e>lie/ & mo/ fam\s lit]>y acc\nts ( su* a tak+ is t conc]n+ ,a$h1 son ( ,eo*aid ,le?d]g son ( ! ,k+ ( ,le9/]1 :o is repres5t$ z contempor>y ) ,patrick4#bch ,:ile ,a$h 0 enjoy+ a game ( hurley ) 8 boy companions ne> ! sdh ( ,liamha9 ,s(tsmock1 two ( ! sdh-wom51 :o lov$ ! "y pr9ce1 v sudd5ly appe>$1 & z sudd5ly took him away ) !m into a fairy palace & kept him !re ?ree ye>s4 ,x happ5$1 h[ev]1 t he escap$ at ! end ( t "t1 &1 kn[+ ! magical p[]s ( ,patrick1 w5t to :]e ! holy man 01 & ?us expla9$ himself3--',aga9/ ! y\?s my oppon5ts ,i 7i4 e4 my side7 took sev5 goals2 b at ! la/ "o t ,i took1 "h come up to me two wom5 clad 9 gre5 mantles3 two daught]s ( ,bodhb d]g mac an ,daghda1 & _! names ,slad & ,muma94 ,ei!r ( !m took me by a h&1 & !y l$ me (f to a g>i% brugh2 :]eby = n[ ?ree ye>s my p m\rn aft] me1 ! sdh-folk c>+ = me ev] s9ce1 & until la/ night ,i got a *ance op5+ to escape f ! brugh1 :5 to ! numb] ( fifty lads we em]g$ out ( ! sdh & =? ^u ! gre54 ,!n x 0 t ,i consid]$ ! magnitude ( t /rait 9 :i* !y ( ! sdh _h _h me1 & away f ! brugh ,i came runn+ to seek !e1 holy ,patrick4' ',t1' said ! sa9t1 '%all be to !e a safegu>d1 s t nei!r _! p[] nor _! dom9ion %all any m prevail aga9/ !e4' ,& s :5 ,patrick _h ?us made ,a$h pro( aga9/ ! p[] ( ! fairy-folk1 he kept him ) him "u ! disguise ( a travell+ m9/rel until1 arriv+ 9 ,le9/]1 he re/or$ him to 8 fa!r ! k+ & to 8 inh]itance3 ,a$h ent]s ! palace 9 8 m9/rel disguise2 & 9 ! pres5ce ( ! royal assembly ,patrick comm&s him3 ',d(f n[ once = all ?y d>k capaci\s hood1 & well maye/ ?\ we> ?y fa!r's spe>6' ,:5 ! lad remov$ 8 hood1 & none !re b recogniz$ him1 great 0 ! surprise4 ,he seem$ l "o come back f ! dead1 = long _h 8 heirless fa!r & p m\rn$ = him4 ',by our ^w1' exclaim$ ! assembly 9 _! joy\s excitem5t1 'x is a good cl]ic's gift6' ,& ! k+ said3 ',holy ,patrick1 see+ t till ?is day ?\ ha/ n\ri%$ him & nurtur$1 let n ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann's p[] any m prevail aga9/ ! lad4' ,& ,patrick answ]$3 ',t dea? :i* ! ,k+ ( ,heav5 & ,e>? ha? orda9$ is ! "o t he w h4' ,?is anci5t leg5d %[s cle>ly t ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 or ,sidhe1 9 ! "t :5 ! scribe wrote ! ,colloquy 7 ?\ght ( 9 ! same way z n[1 z able to take beautiful mortals :om !y lov$1 & able to conf] ^u !m fairy immortality :i* prev5t$ 't dea? :i* ! ,k+ ( ,heav5 & ,e>? ha? orda9$'4 ,mortals1 did !y w x1 c\ld live 9 ! _w ( ! ,sidhe = ev]1 & we %all see ?is m fully 9 our /udy ( ! ,o!rworld4 ,b "h x w be int]e/+ to le>n t1 unlike ,a$h1 :om "s p]haps w\ld call a fooli% y\?1 ,laeghaire1 also a pr9ce1 = he 0 ! son ( ! k+ ( ,connaught1 ent]$ a dn ( ! ,sidhe1 tak+ fifty o!r w>riors ) him2 & he & 8 foll[]s f\nd life 9 ,fairyl& s pleasant t !y all decid$ to enjoy x et]nally4 ,accord+ly1 :5 !y _h be5 !re a ye>1 !y plann$ to return to ,connaught 9 ord] to bid ! k+ & 8 p a f9al f>ewell4 ,!y ann\nc$ _! plan1 & ,fia*na ( ! ,sidhe told !m h[ to accompli% x safely3--',if ye w\ld come back take ) y horses1 b by no means dism\nt f (f !m'2 ',s x 0 done3 !y w5t _! way & came ^u a g5]al assembly 9 :i* ,connaught1 z at ! ye> expir$1 m\rn$ = ! a=esaid w>rior-b&1 :om n[ all at once !y p]ceiv$ above !m 7i4 e4 on high] gr\nd74 ,connaught sprang to meet !m1 b ,laeghaire cri$3 ,approa* u n to t\* u3 'tis to bid y f>ewell t we are "h6 ,leave me n6 ,crim?ann1 8 fa!r1 said3 ,connaught's royal p[] be ?9e2 _! silv] & _! gold1 _! horses ) _! bridles1 & _! noble wom5 be at ?y discretion1 only leave me n6 ,b ,laeghaire turn$ f !m & s ent]$ aga9 into ! sdh1 :]e ) ,fia*na he ex]cises jo9t k+ly rule2 nor is he z yet come out ( x4'#bci ,,hill ,,visions ,,( ,,sidhe ,,wom5 ,!re are _m record$ traditions :i* repres5t c]ta9 hills z my/ical places :]eon m5 are fav\r$ ) visions ( fairy wom54 ,?us1 "o day ,k+ ,muir*]ta* came =? to hunt on ! bord] ( ! ,brugh 7ne> ,/ackallan ,bridge1 ,c\nty ,mea?71 & 8 companions left him alone on 8 hunt+-m\nd4 ',he _h n be5 !re long :5 he saw a solit>y damsel beautifully =m$1 fair-hair$1 bright-sk9n$1 ) a gre5 mantle ab\t h] sitt+ ne> him on ! turf5 m\nd2 & x seem$ to him t ( womank9d he _h nev] beheld h] equal 9 beauty & ref9em5t4'#bdj ,9 ! ,mab9ogion ( ,pwyll1 ,pr9ce ( ,dyvet1 :i* seems to be only a ,bry?onic treatm5t ( an orig9al ,gaelic tale1 ,pwyll seat+ himself on a m\nd :]e any mortal sitt+ might see a prodigy1 saw a fairy woman ride pa/ on a :ite horse1 & %e clad 9 a g>m5t ( %9+ gold4 ,?\gh he tri$ to h 8 s]vitor on ! swifte/ horse capture h]1 ',!re 0 "s magic ab\t ! lady t kept h] always ! same di/ance ahead1 ?\gh %e appe>$ to be rid+ sl[ly4' ,:5 on ! second day ,pwyll return$ to ! m\nd ! fairy woman came rid+ by z be=e1 & ! s]vitor aga9 gave unsuccessful *ase4 ,pwyll saw h] 9 ! same mann] on ! ?ird day4 ,he !reupon gave *ase himself1 & :5 he exclaim$ to h]1 ',= ! sake ( ! man :om y love1 wait = me6' %e /opp$2 & by mutual arrangem5t ! two agre$ to meet & to m>ry at ! end ( a ye>4#bda ,,! ,,m9/rels ,,or ,,musicians ,,( ,,! ,,sidhe ,n only did ! fairy-folk ( m anci5t times enjoy wond]ful palaces full ( beauty & ri*es1 & a life ( et]nal y\?1 b !y also _h1 ev5 z n[1 m9/relsy & r>e music--music to :i* t ( our own _w c\ld n be comp>$ at all2 = ev5 ,patrick himself said t x w\ld equal ! v music ( heav5 if x 7 n = 'a twang ( ! fairy spell t infe/s x'4#bdb ,& ?is is h[ x 0 t ,patrick he>d ! fairy music3--,z he 0 travell+ ?r\gh ,irel& he once sat d[n on a grassy knoll1 z he (t5 did 9 ! good old ,iri% way1 ) ,ulidia's k+ & nobles & ,caeilte also3 ',nor 7 !y long !re be=e !y saw draw ne> !m a scolg or non-w>rior t wore a fair gre5 mantle hav+ 9 x a fibula ( silv]2 a %irt ( yell[ silk next 8 sk91 ov] & outside t aga9 a tunic ( s(t sat91 & ) a timpn 7a sort ( h>p7 ( ! be/ slung on 8 back4 ,:5ce come/ ?\1 scolg8 ask$ ! k+4 ,out ( ! sdh ( ! ,daghda's son ,bodhb ,d]g1 out ( ,irel&'s s\!rn "p4 ,:at mov$ !e out ( ! s\?1 & :o art ?\ ?yself8 ,i am ,cascora*1 son ( ,ca9*9n t is ollave to ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 & am myself ! mak+s ( an ollave 7i4 e4 an aspirant to ! grade74 ,:at />t$ me 0 ! design to acquire k1 & in=mation1 & lore = recital1 & ! ,fianna's mighty de$s ( val\r1 f ,caeilte son ( ,ronan4 ,!n he took 8 timpn & made = !m music & m9/relsy1 s t he s5t !m slumb]+ (f to sleep4' ,& ,cascora*'s music 0 pleas+ to ,patrick1 :o said ( x3 ',good inde$ x 71 b = a twang ( ! fairy spell t infe/s x2 b>r+ :i* no?+ c\ld m ne>ly ?an x resemble ,heav5's h>mony4'#bdc ,& t v night :i* foll[$ ! day on :i* ! ollave to ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann came to !m 0 ! ,eve ( ,sama94 ,!re 0 also ano!r ( ^! fairy timpn-play]s call$ '! wondr\s elf9 man'1 ',ailln mac ,midhna ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 t out ( sdh ,f9na*aidh to ! nor?w>d us$ to come to ,t>a3 ! mann] ( 8 com+ be+ ) a musical timpn 9 8 h&1 ! :i* :5ev] any he>d he w\ld at once sleep4 ,!n1 all be+ lull$ ?us1 out ( 8 m\? ,ailln w\ld emit a bla/ ( fire4 ,x 0 on ! solemn ,sama9-,day 7,novemb] ,day7 he came 9 e ye>1 play$ 8 timpn1 & to ! fairy music t he made all h&s w\ld fall asleep4 ,) 8 brea? he us$ to bl[ up ! flame & s1 dur+ a ?ree-&-tw5ty ye>s' spell1 ye>ly burnt up ,t>a ) all h] ge>4' ,& x is said t ,f9n1 f9ally ov]com+ ! magic ( ,ailln1 slew him4#bdc ,p]haps 9 ! fir/ musician1 ,cascora*1 ?\gh he is describ$ z ! son ( a ,tua?a ,de ,danann m9/rel1 we behold a mortal l "o ( ! _m ,iri% pip]s & musicians :o us$ to g1 or ev5 g yet1 to ! fairy-folk to be educat$ 9 ! musical pr(ession1 & !n come back z ! mo/ m>vell\s play]s t ev] 7 9 ,irel&2 ?\gh if ,cascora* 7 once a mortal x seems t he has be5 q trans=m$ 9 bodily nature s z to be really "o ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann himself4 ,b ,ailln mac ,midhna is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mighty 'g5try' :o c\ld--z we he>d f ,c\nty ,sligo--de/roy half ! human race if !y wi%$4 ,ailln visits ,t>a1 ! old psy*ic c5tre bo? = ,irel&'s high-k+s & its ,druids4 ,he comes z x 7 aga9/ ! conqu]ors ( 8 race1 :o 9 _! neglectfulness no long] r5d] due wor%ip & sacrifice on ! ,fea/ ( ,sama9 to ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 ! gods ( ! dead1 at t "t supreme2 & !n x is t he works 8 magic aga9/ ! royal palaces ( ! k+s & ,druids on ! anci5t ,hill4 ,& to ov]come ! magic ( ,ailln & slay him1 t is1 make x impossible = him to repeat 8 annual visits to ,t>a1 x requir$ ! might ( ! great h]o ,f9n1 :o himself 0 relat$ to ! same ,sidhe race1 = by a woman ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann he _h 8 fam\s son ,ossian 7,ois974#bdd ,9 ,gilla d1 :o is ,manannan mac ,lir1 ! greate/ magician ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 disguis$ z a be+ :o c disappe> 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye :5ev] he wi%es1 & reappe> unexpect$ly z a 'k]n t wore g>b ( yell[ /ripes'1 we meet ) ano!r fairy musician4 ,& to him ,o',donnell says3--',by ,heav5's grace aga91 s9ce fir/ ,i he>d ! fame ( !m t )9 ! hills & "u ! e>? b5ea? u make ! fairy music1 444 music sweet] ?an ?y /ra9s ,i h nev] he>d2 ?\ art 9 soo? a mo/ melodi\s rogue6'#bde ,& aga9 x is said ( him3--',!n ! gilla decair tak+ a h>p play$ music s sweet 444 & ! k+ aft] a mom5t>y glance at 8 own musicians nev] knew :i* way he w5t f him4'#bdf ,,social ,,organization ,,& ,,w>f>e ,,among ,,! ,,sidhe ,s f>1 we h se5 only ! happy side ( ! life ( ! ,sidhe-folk--_! palaces & pleasures & music2 b !re 0 a m human 7or an?ropomorphic7 side to _! nature 9 :i* !y wage w> on "o ano!r1 & h _! matrimonial tr\bles ev5 z we mod]ns4 ,& we turn n[ to exam9e ?is o!r side ( _! life1 to behold ! ,sidhe z a w>like race2 & z we d s let u rememb] t ! 'g5try' 9 ! ,b5 ,bulb9 c\ntry & 9 all ,irel&1 & ! p ( ,f9v>a 9 ,knock ,ma1 & also ! invisible races ( ,cali=nia1 are likewise describ$ z giv5 to w> & mighty feats ( arms4 ,! invisible ,iri% races h always _h a v di/9ct social organization1 s di/9ct 9 fact t ,irel& c be divid$ accord+ to its fairy k+s & fairy que5s & _! t]ritories ev5 n[2#bdg & no d\bt we see 9 ?is h[ ! anci5t ,iri% an?ropomorphically project$ into an animi/ic belief _! own social conditions & racial *>act]i/ics4 ,& ?is social organization & t]ritorial division ought to be und]/ood be=e we discuss ! social tr\bles & consequ5t w>s ( ! ,sidhe-folk4 ,= example 9 ,mun/] ,bodb 0 k+ & 8 en*ant$ palace 0 call$ ! ,sd ( ! ,m5 ( ,fem52#bdh & we already "k ab\t ! ov]-k+ ,dagda & 8 ,boyne palace ne> ,t>a4 ,9 m mod]n times1 especially 9 popul> fairy-traditions1 ,eevil or ,eev9n 7,aoibhill or ,aoibh9n7 ( ! ,craig ,lia? or ,grey ,rock is a que5 ( ! ,mun/] fairies2#bdi & ,f9v>a is k+ ( ! ,connaught fairies 7see p4 #db74 ,!re are also ! ,iri% fairy-que5s ,cleeona 7,cliodhna1 or 9 an e>li] =m ,clidna cf4 p4 #cef7 & ,a9e 7see p4 #gi above74 ,we are n[ prep>$ to see ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 9 _! dome/ic tr\bles & w>s2 & ! foll[+ /ory is z int]e/+ z any1 = 9 x ,dagda himself is ! *ief actor4 ,once :5 8 own son ,o5gus fell sick ( a love malady1 ,k+ ,dagda1 :o rul$ all ! ,sidhe-folk 9 ,irel&1 jo9$ =ces ) ,ailill & ,m$b 9 ord] to compel ,e?al ,anbual to deliv] up 8 beautiful daught] ,ca] :om ,o5gus lov$4 ,:5 ,e?al ,anbual's palace _h be5 /orm$ & ,e?al ,anbual r$uc$ to submission1 he decl>$ he _h no p[] ov] 8 daught] ,ca]1 = on ! fir/ ( ,novemb] ea* ye>1 he said1 %e *ang$ to a swan1 or f a swan to a maid5 aga94 ',! fir/ ( ,novemb] next1' he add$1 'my daught] w be "u ! =m ( a swan1 ne> ! ,lo* bel ,draccon4 ,m>vell\s birds w be se5 !re3 my daught] w be surr\nd$ by a hundr$ & fifty o!r swans4' ,:5 ! ,novemb] ,day arriv$1 ,o5gus w5t to ! lake1 &1 see+ ! swans & recogniz+ ,ca]1 plung$ into ! wat] & in/antly became a swan ) h]4 ,:ile "u ! =m ( swans1 ,o5gus & ,ca] w5t toge!r to ! ,boyne palace ( ! k+ ,dagda1 8 fa!r1 & rema9$ !re2 & _! s++ 0 s sweet t all :o he>d x slept ?ree days & ?ree nights4#bej ,9 ?is /ory1 new elem5ts 9 ! nature ( ! ,sidhe appe>1 ?\gh l mod]n ones3 ! ,sidhe are able to assume o!r =ms ?an _! own1 are subject to en*antm5ts l mortals2 & :5 "u ! =m ( swans are 9 "s p]haps sup]ficial aspects l ! swan-maid5s 9 /ories :i* are _w-wide1 & _! swan-song has ! same sweetness & magical effect z 9 o!r c\ntries4#bea ,9 ! ,r5nes ,d9n%5*as !re is a tale ab\t a w> among ! 'm5 ( ! ,elfm\nds' ov] 'two lovable maid5s :o dwelt 9 ! elfm\nd'1 & :5 !y deliv]$ ! battle '!y all %ap$ !mselves into ! %apes ( de]'4#beb ,midir's sons "u ,donn mac ,midir1 9 rebellion aga9/ ! ,daghda's son ,bodh ,d]g1 fl$ away to an obscure sdh1 :]e 9 ye>ly battle !y met ! ho/s ( ! o!r ,tua?a ,de ,danann "u ,bodh ,d]g2 & x 0 into ?is sdh or fairy palace on ! v eve be=e ! annual conte/ t ,f9n & 8 six companions 7 entic$ by ! fairy woman 9 ! =m ( a fawn1 to secure _! aid4#bec ,& 9 ano!r tale1 ,laeghaire1 son ( ! k+ ( ,connaught1 ) fifty w>riors1 plung$ into a lake to ! fairy _w b5ea? x1 9 ord] to assi/ ! fairy man1 :o came !nce to !m1 to recov] 8 wife /ol5 by a rival4#bec ,,! ,,sidhe ,,z ,,w>-,,goddesses ,,or ,,! ,,badb ,x is 9 ! =m ( birds t c]ta9 ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann appe> z w>-goddesses & directors ( battle1#bed--;& we le>n f "o ( our witnesses 7p4 #df7 t ! 'g5try' or mod]n ,sidhe-folk take sides ev5 n[ 9 a great w>1 l t betwe5 ,japan & ,russia4 ,x is 9 _! relation to ! h]o ,cu*ula9n t "o c be/ /udy ! ,p ( ! ,goddess ,dana 9 _! rle z controll]s ( human w>4 ,9 ! greate/ ( ! ,iri% epics1 ! ,tan ,b ,cuailnge1 :]e ,cu*ula9n is "u _! influ5ce1 ^! w>-goddesses are call$ ,badb#bee 7or ,bodb7 :i* "h seems to be a collective t]m = ,neman1 ,ma*a1 & ,morrigu 7or ,morrigan7#bef--;ea* ( :om ex]cises a p>ticul> sup]natural p[]4 ,neman appe>s z ! conf\nd] ( armies1 s t fri5dly b&s1 b]eft ( _! s5ses by h]1 slaught] "o ano!r2 ,ma*a is a fury t riots & revels among ! sla92 :ile ,morrigu1 ! greate/ ( ! ?ree1 by h] pres5ce infuses sup]human val\r into ,cu*ula9n1 n]ves him = ! ca/1 & guides ! c\rse ( 8 un]r+ spe>4 ,& ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 9 infus+ ?is val\r into ! great h]o %[ !mselves--z we already "k !m to be on ,sama9 ,eve--! rul]s ( all sorts ( demons ( ! air & awful spirits3--,9 ! ,book ( ,le9/] 7fol4 #eg1 ,b #b7 x is record$ t '! satyrs1 & sprites1 & maniacs ( ! valleys1 & demons ( ! air1 %\t$ ab\t him1 = ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 7 wont to imp>t _! val\r to him1 9 ord] t he might be m fe>$1 m dread$1 m t]rible1 9 e battle & battle-field1 9 e combat & conflict1 into :i* he w5t4' ,! ,battles ( ,moytura seem 9 mo/ ways to be no?+ m ?an ! traditional record ( a long w>f>e to det]m9e ! future spiritual control ( ,irel&1 c>ri$ on betwe5 two diametrically oppos$ ord]s ( invisible be+s1 ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann repres5t+ ! gods ( light & good & ! ,fomorians repres5t+ ! gods ( d>kness & evil4 ,x is said t aft] ! second ( ^! battles ',! ,morrigu1 daught] ( ,ernmas 7! ,iri% w>-goddess71 proce$$ to proclaim t battle & ! mighty victory :i* _h tak5 place1 to ! royal heights ( ,irel& & to its fairy ho/ & its *ief wat]s & its riv]-m\?s'4#beg ,= good _h prevail$ ov] evil1 & x 0 settl$ t all ,irel& %\ld = ev] aft]w>ds be a sacr$ c\ntry rul$ ov] by ! ,p ( ! ,goddess ,dana & ! ,sons ( ,mil jo9tly4 ,s t "h we see ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann ) _! w>-goddess fight+ _! own battles 9 :i* human be+s play no "p4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ?is ,iri% w>-goddess1 ! bodb or badb1 consid]$ ( old to be "o ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 has surviv$ to our own day 9 ! fairy-lore ( ! *ief ,celtic c\ntries4 ,9 ,irel& ! survival is be/ se5 9 ! popul> & /ill almo/ g5]al belief among ! peasantry t ! fairies (t5 ex]cise _! magical p[]s "u ! =m ( roy/on-cr[s2 & = ?is reason ^! birds are always greatly dread$ & avoid$4 ,! re/+ ( "o ( !m on a peasant's cottage may signify _m ?+s1 b (t5 x means ! dea? ( "o ( ! family or "s great mis=tune1 ! bird 9 su* a case play+ ! "p ( a bean-sidhe 7ban%ee74 ,& ?is folk-belief f9ds its e*o 9 ! record$ tales ( ,wales1 ,scotl&1 & ,brittany4 ,9 ! ,mab9ogi1 ',dream ( ,rhonabwy1' ,owa91 pr9ce ( ,rheg$ & a contempor>y ( ,ar?ur1 has a wond]ful cr[ :i* always secures him victory 9 battle by ! aid ( ?ree hundr$ o!r cr[s "u its lead]%ip4 ,9 ,campbell's ,popul> ,tales ( ! ,we/ ,highl&s ! fairies v (t5 ex]cise _! p[] 9 ! =m ( ! common hoody cr[2 & 9 ,brittany !re is a folk-tale entitl$ ',les ,compagnons'#beh 9 :i* ! *ief actor is a fairy "u ! =m ( a magpie :o lives 9 a royal =e/ j outside ,r5nes4#bei ,w4 ,m4 ,h5nessy has %[n t ! ^w bodb or badb1 aspirat$ bodhbh or badhbh 7pron\nc$ bov or bav71 orig9ally signifi$ rage1 fury1 or viol5ce1 & ultimately impli$ a wit*1 fairy1 or goddess2 & t z ! memory ( ?is ,iri% goddess ( w> survives 9 folk-lore1 h] emblem is ! well-kn[n scald-cr[1 or roy/on-cr[4#bfj ,by ref]r+ to ,pet] ,o',connell's ,iri% ,diction>y we are able to confirm ?is popul> belief :i* id5tifies ! battle-fairies ) ! roy/on-cr[1 & to discov] t !re is a def9ite relation%ip or ev5 id5tification betwe5 ! ,badb & ! ,bean-sidhe or ban%ee1 z !re is 9 mod]n ,iri% folk-lore betwe5 ! roy/on-cr[ & ! fairy :o ann\nces a dea?4 ,badb-ca?a is made to equal ',fionog1 a roy/on-cr[1 a squall cr['2 ,badb is def9$ z a 'bean-sidhe1 a female fairy1 phantom1 or spectre1 suppos$ to be atta*$ to c]ta9 families1 & to appe> sometimes 9 ! =m ( squall-cr[s1 or roy/on-cr[s'2 & ! ,badb 9 ! ?ree-fold aspect is ?us expla9$3 ',ma*a1 i4 e4 a roy/on-cr[2 ,morrigha91 i4 e4 ! great fairy2 ,neamhan1 i4 e4 ,badb ca?a n feanng2 a badb ca?a1 or roy/on-cr[4' ,simil> explanations are giv5 by o!r gloss>i/s1 & ?us ! evid5ce ( etymological s*ol>%ip z well z t ( folk-lore support ! ,psy*ological ,!ory4 ,,! ,,sidhe ,,9 ,,! ,,battle ,,( ,,clont>f1 ,a4 ,d4 #ajad ,! ,p ( ! ,goddess ,dana play$ an important "p 9 human w>f>e ev5 s late z ! ,battle ( ,clont>f1 f\ght ne> ,dubl91 ,april #bc1 #ajad2 & at t "t fairy wom5 & phantom-ho/s 7 to ! ,iri% unque/ionable exi/5ces1 z real z ord9>y m5 & wom54 ,x is record$ 9 ! manuscript /ory ( ! battle1 ( :i* num]\s copies exi/1 t ! fairy woman ,aoibheall#bfa came to ,dunlang ,o',h>tigan be=e ! battle & begg$ him n to fight1 promis+ him life & happ9ess = two hundr$ ye>s if he w\ld put (f fight+ = a s+le day2 b ! patriotic ,iri%man express$ 8 decision to fight = ,irel&1 & !n ! fairy woman =etold h[ he & 8 fri5d ,murr\gh1 & ,brian & ,cona+ & all ! nobles ( ,er9 & ev5 8 own son ,turl\gh1 7 fat$ to fall 9 ! conflict4 ,on ! eve ( ! battle1 ,dunlang comes to 8 fri5d ,murr\gh directly f ! fairy woman2 & ,murr\gh ^u see+ him reproa*es him = 8 abs5ce 9 ^! words3--',great mu/ be ! love & atta*m5t ( "s woman = !e :i* has induc$ !e to ab&on me4' ',alas ,o ,k+1' answ]$ ,dunlang1 '! delight :i* ,i h ab&on$ = !e is great]1 if ?\ did/ b "k x1 namely1 life )\t dea?1 )\t cold1 )\t ?ir/1 )\t hung]1 )\t decay1 beyond any delight ( ! delights ( ! e>? to me1 until ! judgem5t1 & heav5 aft] ! judgem5t2 & if ,i _h n pl$g$ my ^w to !e ,i w\ld n h come "h2 &1 moreov]1 x is fat$ = me to die on ! day t ?\ %alt die4' ,:5 ,murr\gh has he>d ?is t]rible message1 ! prophecy ( 8 own dea? 9 ! battle1 despond5cy seizes him2 & !n x is t he decl>es t he = ,irel& l ,dunlang = hon\r has also sacrific$ ! opportunity ( ent]+ & liv+ 9 t wond]ful ,l& ( ,et]nal ,y\?3--',(t5 0 ,i (f]$ 9 hills1 & 9 fairy mansions1 ?is _w 7! fairy _w7 & ^! gifts1 b ,i nev] ab&on$ = "o night my c\ntry nor m9e inh]itance = !m4'#bfb ,& ?us is describ$ ! meet+ ( ! two armies at ,clont>f1 & ! demons ( ! air & ! phantoms1 & all ! ho/s ( ! invisible _w :o 7 assembl$ to scatt] confusion & to revel 9 ! blood%$1 & h[ above !m 9 supremacy rose ! ,badb3--',x w be "o ( ! wond]s ( ! day ( judgem5t to relate ! description ( ?is trem5d\s onset4 ,!re arose a wild1 impetu\s1 precipitate1 mad1 inexorable1 furi\s1 d>k1 lac]at+1 m]ciless1 combative1 cont5ti\s badb1 :i* 0 %riek+ & flutt]+ ov] _! heads4 ,& !re arose also ! satyrs1 & sprites1 & ! maniacs ( ! valleys1 & ! wit*es1 & gobl9s1 & owls1 & de/roy+ demons ( ! air & firmam5t1 & ! demoniac phantom ho/2 & !y 7 incit+ & su/a9+ val\r & battle ) !m4'#bfc ,x is said ( ,murr\gh 7,mur*adh7 z he ent]$ ! ?ick ( ! fight & prep>$ to assail ! =eign invad]s1 ! ,danes1 :5 !y _h repuls$ ! ,dal-,cais1 t 'he 0 seiz$ ) a boil+ t]rible ang]1 an excessive elevation & greatness ( _s & m9d4 ,a bird ( val\r & *ampion%ip rose 9 him1 & flutt]$ ov] 8 head & on 8 brea?'4#bfd ,,conclusion ,! record$ or manuscript ,fairy-,fai? ( ! ,gaels corresponds 9 all ess5tials ) ! liv+ ,gaelic ,fairy-,fai?3 ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or ,sidhe1 ! ',g5try'1 ! ',good ,p'1 & ! ',p ( ,peace' are describ$ z a race ( invisible div9e be+s et]nally "y & unfad+4 ,!y inhabit fairy palaces1 enjoy r>e fea/s & love-mak+1 & h _! own music & m9/relsy4 ,!y are ess5tially maje/ic 9 _! nature2 !y wage w> 9 _! own invisible realm aga9/ o!r ( its inhabitants l ! anci5t ,fomorians2 !y frequ5tly direct human w>f>e or n]ve ! arm ( a great h]o l ,cu*ula9n2 & demons ( ! air1 _s ho/s1 & awful unse5 creatures obey !m4 ,my?ologically !y are gods ( light & good1 able to control natural ph5om5a s z to make h>ve/s come =? abundantly or n at all4 ,b !y are n su* my?ological be+s z we read ab\t 9 s*ol>ly diss]tations on my?ology1 diss]tations s le>n$ 9 _! curi\s & unreasonable & (t5 un9telligible hypo!ses ab\t ! work+s ( ! m9d among primitive m54 ,! way 9 :i* social psy*ology has deeply affect$ all su* animi/ic beliefs 0 po9t$ out above 9 *apt] iii4 ,9 *apt] xi1 entitl$ ,sci5ce & ,fairies1 our position ) respect to ! ess5tial nature ( ! fairy races w be made cle>4 ,,section ,,ii ,,! ,,record$ ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,*apt] ,v ,,bry?onic ,,div9ities ,,& ,,! ,,bry?onic ,,fairy-,,fai?#bfe ',on ! "o h& we h ! man ,ar?ur1 ^: position we h tri$ to def9e1 & on ! o!r a great] ,ar?ur1 a m colossal figure1 ( :i* we h1 s to speak1 b a torso rescu$ f ! wreck ( ! ,celtic pan!on4'--,! ,"r ,hon4 ,sir ,,john ,,rhys4 ,! god ,ar?ur & ! h]o ,ar?ur--,sev5fold evid5ce to %[ ,ar?ur z an inc>nate fairy k+--,lancelot ! fo/]-son ( a fairy woman--,galahad ! (fspr+ ( ,lancelot & ! fairy woman ,elayne--,ar?ur z a fairy k+ 9 ,kulhw* & ,olw5--,gwynn ab ,nudd--,ar?ur l ,dagda1 & l ,osiris--,bry?onic fairy-romances3 _! evolution & antiquity--,ar?ur 9 ,n5nius1 ,ge(frey1 ,wace1 & 9 ,layamon--,cambr5sis' ,o!rworld tale--,norman-,fr5* writ]s ( twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies--,romans d',av5ture & ,romans ,bretons--,orig9s ( ! ',matt] ( ,brita9'--,fairy-romance episodes 9 ,wel% lit]ature--,bry?onic orig9s4 ,,ar?ur ,,& ,,ar?urian ,,my?ology ,z we h j consid]$ ! ,gaelic ,div9ities 9 _! "* z ! ,fairy-,folk ( popul> ,gaelic tradition1 s n[ we proce$ to consid] ! ,bry?onic ,div9ities 9 ! same way1 beg9n+ ) ! greate/ ( !m all1 ,ar?ur4 ,ev5 a sup]ficial acqua9tance ) ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d %[s h[ impossible x is to place ^u x any "o int]pretation to ! exclusion ( o!r int]pretations1 = 9 "o aspect ,ar?ur is a ,bry?onic div9ity & 9 ano!r a six?-c5tury ,bry?onic *iefta94 ,b ! explanation ( ?is d\ble aspect seems easy en\gh :5 we reg>d ! hi/orical ,ar?ur z a great h]o1 :o1 exactly z 9 s _m p>allel cases ( national h]o-wor%ip1 came--)9 a comp>atively %ort "t--to be en%r9$ 9 ! imag9ation ( ! patriotic ,bry?ons ) all ! attributes anci5tly belong+ to a great ,celtic god call$ ,ar?ur4#bff ,! h]o & ! god 7 fir/ confus$1 & !n id5tifi$1#bfg & h5ce arose t wond]ful body ( romance :i* we call ,ar?urian1 & :i* has become ! glory ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,ar?ur 9 ! "* ( a culture h]o1#bfh ) god-l p[]s to in/ruct mortals 9 wisdom1 &1 also1 z a be+ 9 "s way relat$ to ! sun--z a sun-god p]haps--c well be consid]$ ! human-div9e in/itutor ( ! my/ic bro!rhood kn[n z ! ,r\nd ,table4 ,we ought1 probably1 to consid] ,ar?ur1 l ,cu*ula9n1 z a god inc>nate 9 a human body = ! purpose ( educat+ ! race ( m52 & ?us1 :ile liv+ z a man1 relat$ def9itely &1 app>5tly1 consci\sly to ! invisible gods or fairy-folk4 ,among ! ,aztecs & ,p]uvians 9 ! ,new ,_w1 !re 0 a widespread belief t great h]oes :o _h once be5 m5 h n[ _! cele/ial abode 9 ! sun1 & f "t to "t re9c>nate to become tea*]s ( _! less develop$ bre?r5 ( our own race2 & a belief ( ! same "* exi/$ among ! ,egyptians & o!r peoples ( ! ,old ,_w1 includ+ ! ,celts4 ,x w be fur!r %[n1 9 our /udy ( ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?1 t anci5tly among ! ,gaels & ,bry?ons su* h]oes z ,cu*ula9n & ,ar?ur 7 also consid]$ re9c>nate sun-div9ities4 ,z a be+ relat$ to ! sun1 z a sun-god1 ,ar?ur is l ,osiris1 ! ,great ,be+1 :o ) 8 bro!rhood ( great h]oes & god-companions ent]s daily ! und]world or ,hades to battle aga9/ ! demons & =ces ( evil1#bfi ev5 z ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann battl$ aga9/ ! ,fomors4 ,& ! mo/ important ?+s 9 ! traditions ( ! great ,bry?onic h]o connect him directly ) ?is /range _w ( subjectivity4 ,fir/ ( all1 8 own fa!r1 ,u?r ,b5dragon1#bgj 0 a k+ ( ,hades1 s t ,ar?ur himself1 be+ 8 *ild1 is a direct desc5dant ( ?is ,o!rworld4 ,second1 ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d traces ! orig9 ( ! ,r\nd ,table back to ,ar?ur's fa!r1 ,hades be+ '! realm :5ce all culture 0 fabl$ to h be5 d]iv$'4#bga ,?ird1 ! "n ( ,ar?ur's wife1 ,gw5hwyv>1 resolves itself into ,:ite ,phantom or ,:ite ,app>ition1 9 h>mony ) ,ar?ur's l9e ( desc5t f ! region ( phantoms & app>itions & fairy-folk4 ,?us3--,gw5hwyv> or ,gw5hwyf> equals ,gw5 or ,gw5n1 a ,bry?onic ^w mean+ :ite1 & hwyv>1 a ^w n f\nd 9 ! ,bry?onic dialects1 b und\bt$ly cognate ) ! ,iri% ^w siabhradh1 a fairy1 equal to siabhra1 siabrae1 siabur1 a fairy1 or gho/1 ! ,wel% & ! ,iri% ^w go+ back to ! =m 99seib>o4#bgb ,h5ce ! "n ( ,ar?ur's wife means ! :ite gho/ or :ite phantom1 q 9 keep+ ) ! nature ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann & t ( ! fairy-folk ( ,wales or ,tylwy? ,teg--! ',fair ,family'4 ,f\r?1 z a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce connect+ ,ar?ur ) ! invisible _w :]e ! ,fairy-,p live1 8 own si/] is call$ ,morgan le ,fay 9 ! romances1#bgc & is ?us def9itely "o ( ! fairy wom5 :o1 accord+ to tradition1 are inhabitants ( ! ,celtic ,o!rworld sometimes kn[n z ,avalon4 ,fif?1 9 ! ,wel% ,triads1#bgd ,lla*eu1 ! son ( ,ar?ur & ,gw5hwyv>1 is cr$it$ ) clairvoyant vision1 l ! fairy-folk1 s t he und]/&s ! secret nature ( all solid & mat]ial ?+s2 & '! /ory ( 8 dea? z giv5 9 ! second "p ( ! ,wel% v]sion ( ! ,grail1 makes him h>dly human at all4'#bge ,six?1 ! "n ( ,melwas1 ! abductor ( ,ar?ur's wife1 is %[n by ,sir ,john ,rhys to mean a pr9ce-y\? or a pr9cely y\?1 & ! same au?ority consid]s x probable t1 z su*1 ,melwas or ,maelwas 0 a be+ end[$ ) et]nal y\?1--ev5 z ,midir1 ! ,k+ ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 :o ?\gh a ?\s& ye>s old appe>$ h&some & y\?ful4 ,s x seems t ! abduction ( ,gw5hwyf> 0 really a fairy abduction1 su* z we read ab\t 9 ! dome/ic tr\bles ( ! ,iri% fairy-folk1 on a level ) ! abduction ( ,eta9 by h] ,o!rworld husb& ,midir4#bgf ,& 9 keep+ ) ?is sup]human "* ( ! abductor ( ! ,:ite ,phantom or ,fairy1 ,*rti5 de ,troyes1 9 8 metrical romance ,le ,conte de la ,*>rette1 describes ! realm ( :i* ,melwas 0 "l z a place :5ce no travell] returns4#bgg ,z fur!r pro( t ! realm ( ,melwas 0 meant by ,*rti5 to be ! subjective _w1 :]e ! god-l ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 & ! %ades ( ! dead equally exi/1 x is said t access to x 0 by two n>r[ bridges2 '"o call$ li ,ponz ,evages or ! ,wat] ,bridge1 because x 0 a n>r[ passage a foot & a half wide & z mu* 9 height1 ) wat] above & bel[ x z well z on bo? sides'2 ! o!r li ,ponz de l',espe or ! ,sword ,bridge1 because x consi/$ ( ! edge ( a sword two lances 9 l5g?4#bgh ,! fir/ bridge1 consid]$ less p]il\s ?an ! o!r1 0 *os5 by ,gauva9 7,gwal*mei71 :5 ) ,lancelot he 0 seek+ to rescue ,gw5hwyf>2 b he fail$ to cross x4 ,lancelot ) great tr\ble cross$ ! second4 ,9 _m my?ologies & 9 _w-wide folk-tales !re is a n>r[ bridge or bridges lead+ to ! realm ( ! dead4 ,ev5 ,mohamm$ 9 ! ,koran decl>es x necess>y to cross a bridge z ?9 z a hair1 if "o w\ld ent] ,p>adise4 ,& 9 liv+ folk-lore 9 ,celtic c\ntries1 z we f\nd among ! ,iri% peasantry1 ! cross+ ( a bridge or /ream ( wat] :5 pursu$ by fairies or phantoms is a gu>antee ( protection4 ,!re is always ! my/ic wat] betwe5 ! realm ( ! liv+ & ! realm ( subjectivity4#bgi ,9 anci5t ,egypt !re 0 always ! la/ voyage begun on ! sacr$ ,nile2 & 9 all classical lit]ature ,pluto's realm is ent]$ by cross+ a d>k1 deep riv]1--! riv] ( =getfulness betwe5 physical consci\sness & spiritual consci\sness4 ,burns has express$ ?is belief 9 its popul> =m 9 8 ,tam ,o',%ant]4 ,& 9 our ,ar?urian p>allel !re is a cle> en\gh relation betwe5 ! be+s inhabit+ ! invisible realm & ! ,bry?onic h]oes & gods4 ,h[ /rik+1 too1 z ,ga/on ,p>is has po9t$ out1 is ! simil>ity betwe5 ,melwas' captur+ ,gw5hwyv> z %e 0 9 ! woods a-may+1 & ! rape ( ,pros]p9e by ,pluto1 ! god ( ,hades1 :ile %e 0 collect+ fl[]s 9 ! fields4#bhj ,a curi\s matt] 9 connexion ) ?is episode ( ,gw5hwyv>'s abduction %\ld claim our att5tion4 ,malory relates#bha t :5 ,que5 ,gu5ev] advis$ h] knights ( ! ,table ,r\nd t on ! morr[ 7,may ,day1 :5 fairies h special p[]s7 %e w\ld g on may+1 %e w>n$ !m all to be well-hors$ & dress$ 9 gre54 ,?is 0 ! col\r t ne>ly all ! fairy-folk ( ,brita9 & ,irel& we>4 ,x symbolizes1 z _m anci5t my/ical writ+s decl>e1 et]nal y\?1 & resurrection or re-bir?1 z 9 nature dur+ ! spr+time1 :5 all vegetation aft] its dea?-sleep ( w9t] spr+s into new life4#bhb ,9 ! ,myvyrian ,ar*aiology1#bhc ,ar?ur :5 he has rea*$ ! realm ( ,melwas speaks ) ,gw5hwyv>1#bhd he be+ on a black horse & %e on a gre5 "o3--',gre5 is my /e$ ( ! t9t ( ! leaves4' ,ar?ur's black horse--black p]haps signify+ ! dead to ^: realm he has gone--be+ pro( aga9/ all wat]1 may h be51 !re=e1 pro( aga9/ ! inhabitants ( ! _w ( %ades & aga9/ fairies3-- ,black is my /e$ & brave b5ea? me1 ,no wat] w make him fe>1 ,& no man w make him sw]ve4 ,! fairy col\r1 9 diff]5t works & among diff]5t au?ors diff]+ bo? 9 "t & c\ntry1 cont9ues to atta* itself to ! abduction episode4 ,?us1 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ! poet ,d4 ab ,gwilym alludes to ,melwas himself z hav+ a cloak ( gre53--',! sleep ( ,melwas b5ea? 7or 97 ! gre5 cloak4' ,sir ,john ,rhys1 :o makes ?is translation1 obs]ves t ano!r read+ /ill ( y glas glog resolves x into a gre5 b[] to :i* ,melwas took ,gw5hwyv>4#bhe ,9 any case1 ! ref]5ce is significant1 & goes f>1 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r ref]5ces1 to repres5t ! ,:ite ,phantom or ,fairy & h] lov] ,melwas z be+s ( a race l ! ,iri% ,sidhe or ,p ( ! ,goddess ,dana4 ,& ?\gh by no means exhau/+ all examples t5d+ to prove ?is po9t1 we pass on to ! sev5? & mo/ important ( our l9ks 9 ! sequ5ce ( evid5ce1 ! c>ry+ ( ,ar?ur to ,avalon 9 a fairy %ip by fairy wom54 ,f ! fir/1 ,ar?ur 0 "u sup]human guidance & protection4 ,m]l9 ! magician1 born ( a _s or daemon1 claim$ ,ar?ur be=e bir? & became 8 tea*] aft]w>ds4 ,f ! my/]i\s ,lady ( ! ,lake1 ,ar?ur receiv$ 8 magic sword ,excalibur1#bhf & to h] return$ x1 ?r\gh ,sir ,b$iv]e4 ,dur+ all 8 "t on e>? ! 'lady ( ! lake t 0 always fri5dly to ,k+ ,ar?ur'#bhg wat*$ ov] him2 & once :5 %e saw him 9 great dang]1 l ! ,iri% ,morrigu :o presid$ ov] ! c>e] ( ,cu*ula9n1 %e s\ght to save him1 & ) ! help ( ,sir ,tri/ram succe$$4#bhg ,! pass+ ( ,ar?ur to ,avalon or ,fa]ie seems to be a return to 8 own native realm ( subjectivity4 ,8 own si/] 0 ) him 9 ! %ip1 = %e 0 ( ! invisible c\ntry too4#bhh ,& ano!r ( 8 companions on 8 voyage f ! visible to ! invisible 0 8 life-gu>dian ,nimue1 ! lady ( ! lake4 ,m]l9 c\ld n be ( ! company1 = he 0 already 9 ,fa]ie ) ! ,fay ,vivian4 ,behold ! pass+ ( ,ar?ur z ,malory describes x3--'444 ?us 0 he l$ away 9 a %ip :]e9 7 ?ree que5s2 t "o 0 ,k+ ,ar?ur's si/]1 ,que5 ,morgan le ,fay2 ! o!r 0 ! ,que5 ( ,nor?galis2 ! ?ird 0 ! ,que5 ( ! ,wa/e ,l&s4 ,also !re 0 ,nimue1 ! *ief lady ( ! lake1 t _h w$d$ ,pelleas ! good knight2 & ?is lady _h done mu* = ,k+ ,ar?ur1 = %e w\ld nev] suff] ,sir ,pelleas to be 9 no place :]e he %\ld be 9 dang] ( 8 life4'#bhi ,conc]n+ ! great ,ar?ur's return f ,avalon we %all speak 9 ! *apt] deal+ ) ,re-bir?4 ,& we pass n[ f ,ar?ur & 8 ,bro!rhood ( gods & fairy-folk to ,lancelot & 8 son ,galahad--! two *ief knights 9 ! ,ar?urian ,romance4 ,accord+ to "o ( ! e>lie/ acc\nts we h ( ,lancelot1 ! ,g]man poem by ,ulri* von ,zatzikhov51 z analys$ by ,ga/on ,p>is1 he 0 ! son ( ,k+ ,pant & ,que5 ,cl>9e ( ,g5ewis4#bij ,9 consequ5ce ( ! hatr$ ( _! subjects ! royal pair 7 =c$ to flee :5 ,lancelot 0 only a ye> old4 ,dur+ ! flight1 ! k+1 mortally w\nd$1 di$2 & j z ! que5 0 ab\t to be tak5 captive1 a fairy ris+ 9 a cl\d ( mi/ c>ri$ away ! infant ,lancelot f :]e 8 p>5ts _h plac$ him "u a tree4 ,! fairy took him to h] abode on an isl& 9 ! mid/ ( ! sea1 f :5ce %e d]iv$ h] title ( ,lady ( ! ,lake1 & he1 z h] adopt$ son1 ! "n ( ,lancelot du ,lac2 & h] isl&-_w 0 call$ ! ,l& ( ,maid5s4 ,hav+ liv$ 9 t _w ( ,fa]ie s long1 x 0 only natural t ,lancelot %\ld h gr[n up m l "o ( its fair-folk ?an l a mortal4 ,no d\bt x 0 on acc\nt ( 8 half-sup]natural nature t he fell 9 love ) ! ,:ite ,phantom1 ,gw5hwyv>1 ! wife ( ! k+ :o _h p[] to ent] ,hades & return aga9 to ! l& ( ! liv+4 ,:o bett] ?an ,lancelot c\ld h rescu$ ,ar?ur's que58 ,no "o else 9 ! c\rt 0 s well fitt$ = ! task4 ,& x 0 he :o 0 able to cross "o ( ! magic bridges into ! realm ( ,melwas1 ! ,o!rworld1 :ile ,gauva9 79 ! ,engli% =m1 ,gawayne7 fail$4 ,malory's n>rative records h[ ,lancelot1 :ile suff]+ f ! malady ( madness caus$ by ,gw5hwyv>'s jeal\s expulsion ( ,elayne 8 fairy-swee!>t1--q a p>allel case to t ( ,cu*ula9n :5 8 wife ,em] expell$ 8 fairy-mi/ress ,f&1--f\ght aga9/ a wild bo> & 0 t]ribly w\nd$1 & h[ aft]w>ds he 0 nurs$ by 8 own ,elayne 9 ,fairyl&1 & heal$ & re/or$ to 8 "r m9d by ! ,sangreal4 ,!n ,sir ,ector & ,sir ,p]ceval f\nd him !re 9 ! ,joy\s ,isle enjoy+ ! companion%ip ( ,elayne1 :]e he _h be5 _m ye>s1 & f t _w ( ,fa]ie induc$ him to return to ,ar?ur's c\rt4 ,&1 f9ally1 comes ! mo/ important elem5t ( all to %[ h[ closely relat$ ,lancelot is ) ! fairy _w & its p1 & h[ insep>able f t invisible realm ano!r ( ! fundam5tal elem5ts 9 ! life ( ,ar?ur is--! ,que/ ( ! ,holy ,grail1 & ! /ory ( ,galahad1 :o ( all ! knights 0 pure & good en\gh to behold ! ,sacr$ ,vessel1 & :o 0 ! (fspr+ ( ! fo/]-son ( ! ,lady ( ! ,lake & ! fairy woman ,elayne4#bia ,9 ! /range old ,wel% tale ( ,kulhw* & ,olw5 we f9d ,ar?ur & 8 knights ev5 m closely id5tifi$ ) ! fairy realm ?an 9 ,malory & ! ,norman-,fr5* writ]s2 & ?is is important1 because ! anci5t tale is1 z s*ol>s ?9k1 probably mu* fre] f =eign influ5ces & re-work+ ?an ! bett]-kn[n romances ( ,ar?ur1 & !re=e m 9 accord ) g5u9e ,celtic beliefs & folk-lore1 z we %all quickly see4 ,! c\rt ( ,k+ ,ar?ur to :i* ! y\? ,kulhw* goes seek+ aid 9 8 ent]prise seems 9 "s ways--?\gh ! p>allel is n complete en\gh to be emphasiz$--to be a m arti/ic1 because lit]>y1 picture ( t fairy c\rt :i* ! ,celtic peasant locates "u m\nta9s1 9 cav]ns1 9 hills1 & 9 knolls1 a c\rt q comp>able to t ( ! ,iri% ,sidhe-folk or ,tua?a ,de ,danann4 ,ar?ur is repres5t$ 9 ! mid/ ( a brilliant life :]e1 z 9 ! fairy palaces1 !re is mu* fea/+2 & ,kulhw* be+ invit$ to ! fea/+ says1 ',i came n "h to consume meat & dr9k4' ,& behold :at sort ( p]sonages f t c\rt ,kulhw* has pl$g$ to him1 s t by _! sup]natural assi/ance he may obta9 ,olw51 h]self p]haps a fairy held "u fairy en*antm5t#bib3 ! sons ( ,gwawrddur ,kyrva*1 :om ,ar?ur _h p[] to call f ! conf9es ( hell2 ,morvran ! son ( ,tegid1 :o1 because ( 8 ugl9ess1 0 ?\ght to be a demon2 ,s&de ,bryd ,angel1 :o 0 s beautiful t mortals ?\ght him a m9i/]+ angel2 ,h5b$e/yr1 ) :om no "o c\ld keep pace 'ei!r on horseback1 or on foot'1 & :o !re=e seems to be a _s ( ! air2 ,h5was ,ade9awg1 ) :om 'no f\r-foot$ bea/ c\ld run ! di/ance ( an acre1 mu* less g beyond x'2 ,sgilti ,yscawndro$1 :o mu/ h be5 ano!r _s or fairy1 = ':5 he int5d$ to g on a message = 8 ,"l 7,ar?ur1 :o is l a ,tua?a ,de ,danann k+71 he nev] s\ght to f9d a pa?1 b kn[+ :i!r he 0 to g1 if 8 way lay ?r\gh a wood he w5t along ! tops ( ! trees'1 & 'dur+ 8 :ole life1 a blade ( re$-grass b5t n b5ea? 8 feet1 mu* less did "o ev] break1 s lightly did he tread'2 ,gwallgoyc1 :o ':5 he came to a t[n1 ?\gh !re 7 ?ree hundr$ h\ses 9 x1 if he want$ any?+1 he w\ld n let sleep come to ! eyes ( any :il/ he rema9$ !re'2 ,osla ,gyllellvawr1 :o bore a %ort broad dagg]1 & ':5 ,ar?ur & 8 ho/s came be=e a torr5t1 !y w\ld seek = a n>r[ place :]e !y might pass ! wat]1 & w\ld lay ! %ea!d dagg] across ! torr5t1 & x w\ld =m a bridge suffici5t = ! armies ( ! ?ree ,isl&s ( ,brita91 & ( ! ?ree isl&s adjac5t1 ) _! spoil4' ,x seems v evid5t t ?is is ! magic bridge1 s (t5 typifi$ by a sword or dagg]1 :i* connects ! _w invisible ) our own1 & ov] :i* all %ades & spirits pass freely to & fro4 ,9 ?is case we ?9k ,ar?ur is v cle>ly a rul] ( ! _s realm1 =1 l ! great ,tua?a ,de ,danann k+ ,dagda1 he c comm& its fairy-l inhabitants1 & 8 army is an army ( spirits or fairies4 ,! unkn[n au?or ( ,kulhw*1 l ,sp5s] 9 mod]n times 9 8 ,fa]ie ,que5e1 seems to h made ! ,isl& ( ,brita9 ! realm ( ,fa]ie--! ,celtic ,o!rworld--& ,ar?ur its k+4 ,b let u take a look at m ( ! m5 pl$g$ to ,kulhw* f among ,ar?ur's foll[]s3 ,clu/ ! son ( ,clu/ve9ad1 :o possess$ clairaudi5t faculties ( s extraord9>y a k9d t '?\gh he 7 buri$ sev5 cubits b5ea? ! e>?1 he w\ld he> ! ant fifty miles (f rise f h] ne/ 9 ! morn+'2 & ! wond]ful ,kai1 :o c\ld live n9e days & n9e nights "u wat]1 = 8 brea? la/$ ?is long1 & he c\ld exi/ ! same l5g? ( "t )\t sleep4 ',a w\nd f ,kai's sword no physician c\ld heal4' ,& at w he 0 z tall z ! highe/ tree 9 ! =e/4 ',& he _h ano!r peculi>ity3 s great 0 ! heat ( 8 nature1 t1 :5 x ra9$ h>de/1 :atev] he c>ri$ rema9$ dry = a h&bread? above & a h&bread? bel[ 8 h&2 & :5 8 companions 7 colde/1 x 0 to !m z fuel ) :i* to light _! fire4' ,yet besides all ^! /range knights1 ,ar?ur comm&$ a be+ :o is )\t any reasonable d\bt a god or rul] ( ! subjective realm--',gwynn ab ,nudd1 :om ,god has plac$ ov] ! brood ( devils 9 ,annwn1 le/ !y %\ld de/roy ! pres5t race4 ,he w nev] be sp>$ !nce4' ,:atev] ea* "o ( u may ?9k ( ?is wond]ful assembly ( w>riors & h]oes :o recogniz$ 9 ,ar?ur _! *ief1 !y are c]ta9ly n be+s ( ! ord9>y type1--9 fact !y seem n ( ?is _w1 b ( t hidd5 l& to :i* we all %all "o day j\rney4#bic ,b to avoid too mu* conjecture & to speak ) a degree ( sci5tific exactness z to h[ ,ar?ur & ^! companions ( 8 are to be consid]$1 let u und]take a brief inve/igation into ! my?ological "* & nature ( ! *ief "o ( !m next to ! great h]o--,gwynn ab ,nudd4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lo? has said t 'no?+ %[s bett] ! evolution ( my?ological p]sonages ?an ! hi/ory ( ,gwynn'2#bid & 9 ,iri% we h ! equival5t =m ( ,nudd 9 ! "n ,nuada--fam\s = hav+ _h a h& ( silv]2 & ,nuada ( ! ,silv] ,h& 0 a k+ ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann4 ,! same au?ority ?us describes ,gwynn1 ! son ( ,nudd3--',gwynn1 l 8 fa!r ,nudd1 is an anci5t god ( ! ,britons & ( ! ,gaels4 ,*ri/ian prie/s h made ( him a demon4 ,! p p]si/$ 9 reg>d+ him z a p[]ful & ri* k+1 ! sov]eign ( sup]natural be+s4'#bie ,& ref]r+ to ,gwynn1 ,pr(essor ,lo? 9 8 e>ly edition ( ,kulhw* says3--',our au?or has _h an orig9al idea3 he has left him 9 hell1 to :i* place ,*ri/ianity _h made him desc5d1 b = a motive :i* does him ! greate/ hon\r3 ,god has giv5 him ! /r5g? ( demons to control !m & to prev5t !m f de/roy+ ! pres5t race ( m53 he is indisp5sable d[n !re4'#bie ,lady ,gue/ calls ,gwynn ! ,k+ ( ,fa]ie1#bif ! rul] ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg or ',family ( ,beauty'1 :o are always joyful & well-dispos$ t[>d mortals2 & also ! rul] ( ! ,elves 7,wel% ,ellyllon71 a gobl9 race :o take special delight 9 mislead+ travell]s & 9 play+ mis*iev\s tricks on m54 ,x is ev5 said t ,gwynn himself is giv5 to indulg+ 9 ! same mis*iev\s amusem5ts z 8 elvi% subjects4 ,! evid5ce n[ set =? seems to sugge/ cle>ly & ev5 def9itely t ,ar?ur 9 8 true nature is a god ( ! subjective _w1 a rul] ( gho/s1 demons1 & demon rul]s1 & fairies2 t ! p ( 8 c\rt are m l ! ,iri% ,sidhe-folk ?an l mortals2 & t z a great k+ he is comp>able to ,dagda ! ov]-k+ ( all ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann4 ,ar?ur & ,osiris1 two culture h]oes & sun-gods1 z we sugge/$ at fir/1 are /rik+ly p>allel4 ,osiris came f ! ,o!rworld to ?is "o1 became ! fir/ ,div9e ,rul] & ,culture ,h]o ( ,egypt1 & !n return$ to ! ,o!rworld1 :]e he is n[ a k+4 ,ar?ur's fa!r 0 a rul] 9 ! ,o!rworld1 & ,ar?ur evid5tly came f !re to be ! ,supreme ,*ampion ( ! ,bry?ons1 & !n return$ to t realm :5ce he took 8 orig91 a realm :i* poets call$ ,avalon4 ,! pass+ ( ,ar?ur seems my/ically to repres5t ! sunset ov] ! ,we/]n ,ocean3 ,ar?ur disappe>s b5ea? ! horizon into ! ,l[] ,_w :i* is also ! ,halls ( ,osiris1 :]e9 ,osiris j\rneys betwe5 sunset & sunrise1 betwe5 dea? & re-bir?4 ,m]l9 f\nd ! infant ,ar?ur float+ on ! waves3 ! sun ris+ across ! wat]s is ?is bir? ( ,ar?ur1 ! bir? ( ,osiris4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,re-bir?1 evid5ce w be (f]$ to %[ t z a culture h]o ,ar?ur is to be reg>d$ z a sun-god inc>nate 9 a human body to tea* ! ,bry?ons arts & sci5ces & hidd5 ?+s--ev5 z ,prome!us & ,zeus are said to h come to e>? to tea* ! ,greeks2 & t z a six?-c5tury w>rior1 ,ar?ur1 9 accordance ) ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?1 is an anci5t ,bry?onic h]o re9c>nate4 ,,! ,,lit]>y ,,evolution ,,& ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,! ,,bry?onic ,,fairy-,,romances ,aft] ! ,norman ,conque/ ( ,engl& 9 #ajff1 ! anci5t fairy-romances ( ! ,bry?ons began to ex]cise _! rem>kable lit]>y influ5ce z we see x n[ 9 ! evolution ( ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d4 ,& 9 ?is evolution ( ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d we f9d ! pro( ( ! antiquity ( ! ,bry?onic ,fairy-,fai?1 j z we f9d 9 ! old ,iri% manuscripts ! pro( ( ! antiquity ( ! ,gaelic ,fairy-,fai?4 ,long be=e #ajff1 ,gildas gives ! fir/ record$ g]ms ( ! ,ar?urian /ory 9 8 ,de ,excidio et ,conque/u ,britanniae1 ?\gh !y are h>dly di/+ui%able z su*4 ,8 failure to m5tion ! "n ( ,ar?ur1 ?\gh treat+ ( ! :ole p]iod :5 ,ar?ur is suppos$ to h liv$1 he himself be+ contempor>y ) ! p]iod1 raises ! v difficult "q :i* we h already m5tion$1 ,did ! mighty ,bry?onic h]o ev] h an actual hi/orical exi/5ce8 ,almo/ ?ree hundr$ ye>s lat]--a p]iod suffici5tly remov$ f ,gildas to h made ,ar?ur ! supreme *ampion ( ! fall+ ,bry?ons1 grant+ t he did exi/ dur+ ! six? c5tury z a ,bry?onic *iefta9--9 ! ,hi/oria ,britonum1 complet$ ab\t ! ye> #hjj1 & attribut$ to ,n5nius1 ,ar?ur1 = ! fir/ "t 9 a kn[n manuscript1 is m5tion$ z a "* ( ,briti% hi/ory4#big ,all t c be def9itely said ( ! n>rative ( ,n5nius 'is t x repres5ts m or less inconsi/5t ,briti% traditions ( unc]ta9 age'4#big ,t x is n always hi/orical1 _m s*ol>s are agre$4 ,dr4 ,r4 ,h4 ,flet*] says1 ',!re is always ! possibility t ,ar?ur nev] exi/$ at all1 & t ev5 ,n5nius's comp>atively mode/ eulogy has no firm] f\ndation ?an ! p]si/5t /ories ( anci5t ,celtic my? or ! patriotic figm5ts ( ! ard5t ,celtic imag9ation4'#bih ,sir ,john ,rhys also prop\nds a simil> view4#bii ,?us1 = example1 ,n5nius /ates t ,ar?ur 9 "o battle slew s+le h&$ m ?an n9e hundr$ m52 &1 aga91 t ! numb] ( ,ar?ur's always-successful battles 0 twelve1 z ?\gh ,ar?ur 7 ! sun or a sun-god1 & 8 battles ! twelve mon?s ( ! sol> ye>4#bih ,betwe5 ,n5nius & ,ge(frey ( ,monm\? !re is an int]m$iate /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d1 dur+ :i* ! "* ( ,ar?ur t5ds to become m romantic2 b = our purpose ?is p]iod is ( slight importance4 ,!reaft]1 by means ( ,ge(frey's fam\s ,hi/oria ,regum ,britanniae1 writt5 ab\t #aacf1 ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d ga9$ popul>ity ?r\gh\t ,we/]n ,europe4 ,9 ?is "w ,ar?ur ceases to be purely hi/orical1 & appe>s z a great k+ envelop$ 9 ! my?ical atmosph]e ( a ,celtic h]o1 & ) him ,m]l9 & ,le> are = ! fir/ "t def9itely en%r9$ 9 ! lit]ature ( ,brita94#cjj ,ar?ur's c>e] is completely sket*$ 9 ! ,hi/oria1 f bir? to 8 my/]i\s dep>ture = ! ,isle ( ,avalon aft] ! la/ fight ) ,modr$1 :5 fairy wom5 take him to cure him ( 8 w\nds 7,book ,,xi1 #a-b74 ,ge(frey1 ?us ! fa!r ( ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d 9 ,engli% & ,european lit]ature1 0 und\bt$ly a ,wel%man :o probably _h natural opportunities ( kn[+ ! true "* ( ,ar?ur f g5u9e ,bry?onic s\rces1 ?\gh we "k little ab\t 8 life4 ,8 ,hi/oria1 z ! rese>*es ( s*ol>s h %[n1 0 ! sum total 9 8 "t ( all ,ar?urian hi/ory & my?1 :e!r writt5 or orally transmitt$1 :i* he c\ld collect2 j z ,malory's ,le ,morte d',ar?ur 0 a comp5dium ( ,ar?urian mat]ial 9 ! "t ( ,edw>d ,,iv4 ,!re foll[$ _m imitations & translations ( ! ,hi/oria4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! appe>$ 9 #aaee1 ,le ,roman de ,brut or ',! ,/ory ( ,brutus'1 by ! ,norman poet ,wace4 ,! ,brut1 ?\gh fundam5tally a rim$ v]sion ( ! ,hi/oria1 is mu* m ?an a m]e translation3 ,wace has improv$ on x2 & he gives a conv9c+ impression t he _h access to ,celtic ,ar?urian /ories n drawn ^u by ,ge(frey1 = he gives new t\*es ab\t ,gawa91 m5tions ! ,britons' expectation ( ,ar?ur's return f ,fa]ie1 & ! in/itution ( ! ,r\nd ,table4#cja ,some:]e ab\t ! ye> #abjj1 ,layamon1 a simple-he>t$ ,saxon prie/1 wrote ano!r ,brut1 bas$ ^u ! metrical "o by ,wace2 & 9 ! lit]ature ( ,engl&1 ,layamon's "w is ! mo/ valuable s+le production betwe5 ! ,conque/ & ,*auc]4 ,! life ( ,layamon is v obscure1 b x seems reasonably c]ta9 t = a long "t he liv$ on ! ,wel% m>*es 9 ,nor? ,worce/]%ire1 9 ! mid/ ( liv+ ,bry?onic traditions1 :i* he us$ at fir/ h&2 &1 z a result1 we f9d 9 8 ,brut leg5ds n record$ 9 ,ge(frey1 or ,wace1 or 9 any e>li] or contempor>y lit]ature4 ,= our purposes ! mo/ int]e/+ ( _m int]e/+ additions made by ,layamon are ! curi\s passages ab\t ! fairy elves at ,ar?ur's bir?1 & ab\t ! way 9 :i* ,ar?ur 0 tak5 by !m to _! que5 ,argante 9 ,avalon to be cur$ ( 8 w\nds3--',! "t came t 0 *os51 !n 0 ,ar?ur born4 ,s soon z he came on e>? elves took him2 !y en*ant$ ! *ild into magic mo/ /rong2 !y gave him might to be ! be/ ( all knights2 !y gave him ano!r ?+1 t he %\ld be a ri* k+2 !y gave him ! ?ird1 t he %\ld live long2 !y gave to him ! pr9ce virtues mo/ good1 s t he 0 mo/ g5]\s ( all m5 alive4 ,?is ! elves gave him1 & ?us ! *ild ?riv$4'#cjb ,9 ! la/ fatal battle ,modr$ is sla9 & ,ar?ur is griev\sly w\nd$4 ,z ,ar?ur lies w\nd$1 ,con/ant9e1 ,cador's son1 ! e>l ( ,cornwall1 & a relative ( ,ar?ur1 comes to him4 ,ar?ur greets him ) ^! words3--',con/ant9e1 ?\ art welcome2 ?\ w]t ,cador's son4 ,i give !e "h my k+dom4444 ,& ,i w f>e to ,avalun1 to ! faire/ ( all maid5s1 to ,argante ! que51 & elf mo/ fair1 & %e %all make my w\nds all s\nd2 make me all :ole ) heal+ draughts4 ,& aft]w>ds ,i w come aga9 to my k+dom1 & dwell ) ! ,britons ) mickle joy4 ,ev5 ) ! words1 !re approa*$ f ! sea t 01 a %ort boat1 float+ ) ! waves2 & two wom5 !re91 wondr\sly =m$2 & !y took ,ar?ur anon1 & b>e him quickly1 & laid him s(tly d[n1 & =? gan dep>t4 ,!n x 0 accompli%$ t ,m]l9 :ilom said1 t mickle c>e 7sorr[7 %\ld be ( ,ar?ur's dep>ture4 ,! ,britons believe t he is alive1 & dwelle? 9 ,avalun ) ! faire/ ( all elves2 & ! ,britons ev5 yet expect :5 ,ar?ur %all return4'#cjc ,dur+ ?is same p]iod1 ,giraldus ,cambr5sis 7#aadg-abbc7 9 8 ,it9]>ium ,cambriae 7,book ,i1 c4 #h7 collect$ a popul> ,o!rworld tale4 ,x is ab\t a prie/ nam$ ,elidorus1 :o :5 a boy 9 ,g[]1 ! we/]n di/rict ( ,glamorgan%ire1 _h free passage betwe5 ?is _w ( ours & an und]gr\nd c\ntry inhabit$ by a race ( little p :o spoke a language l ,greek4 ,?is t5ds to prove t ! ,fairy-,fai? 0 !n fl\ri%+ among ! p ( ,wales4 ,x 0 *iefly dur+ ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies t ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d z a ?+ ( lit]ature began to take def9ite %ape4 ,! old romances ( ! ,bry?ons 7 cultivat$ & revis$1 & writt5 d[n by m5 & wom5 ( lit]>y g5ius4 ,*rti5 de ,troyes1 :o record$ a l>ge numb] ( leg5d>y /ories 9 v]se1 ,m>ie de ,france1 fam\s = h] ,lais1 ,?omas1 ! au?or ( ! *ief v]sion ( ! ,tri/an leg5d1#cjd ,br\l1 :o record$ a less important v]sion ( ?is leg5d1#cje & ,rob]t de ,boron1 :o did mu* to develop ! leg5d ( ! ,holy ,grail1 7 among ! greate/ work]s 9 ! ,fr5* ,celtic ,revival ( ?is "t4 ,pr(essor ,br[n has %[n t 'almo/ e incid5t 9 ,*rti5's ,iwa9 0 sugge/$ by an anci5t ,celtic tale1 deal+ ) ! famili> !me ( a j\rney to w9 a fairy mi/ress 9 ! ,o!rworld4'#cjf ,! fay :om ,iwa9 m>ries is call$ ,laud9e2 &1 l "o ( ! fairies :o live 9 sacr$ wat]s1 %e has h] fav\rite f\nta9 :i* ! knight gu>ds1 z ?\gh he 7 ! ,black ,knight 9 ! old ,wel% tale ( ,! ,lady ( ! ,f\nta94 ,bo? ,ga/on ,p>is & ,alfr$ ,nutt h also recogniz$ ! tale ( ,iwa9 z a fairy romance4#cjg ,pr(essor ,lo? obs]ves t1 ',x is n impossible t ,*rti5 _h kn[n1 among fairy leg5ds1 ,armorican leg5ds1 conc]n+ ! fairies ( wat]s1 ^: rle is id5tical ) t ( ! ,wel% ,tylwy? ,teg4'#cjh ,9 ,lanval1 "o ( ! ,lais#cji by ,m>ie de ,france1 writt5 dur+ ! twelf? c5tury1 probably :ile its au?or 0 liv+ 9 ,engl&1 we h direct pro( t !re 0 !n fl\ri%+ 9 ,brittany--well kn[n to ,m>ie de ,france1 :o 0 ,fr5* by bir? & tra9+--a popul> belief 9 fairy wom5 :o liv$ 9 ! ,o!rworld1 & :o c\ld take mortals on :om _! love fell4 ,x is probable t ! old] lay1 to :i* ,m>ie de ,france ref]s 9 ! beg9n+ ( h] ,lanval1 may h be5 ! anonym\s "o ( ,grael5t1 sometimes improp]ly attribut$ to h]4 ,zimm] & ,fo]/] place ! orig9 ( ,grael5t 9 ,brittany#caj2 & ! simil>ity ( ! h]oes 9 ! two poems seems to be due to a v anci5t ,bry?onic ,fairy-,fai?4 ,dr4 ,s*(ield sees 9 ,grael5t an old] =m ( ! m poli%$ ,lanval2 & rem>ks t ! *ief diff]5ce 9 ! two lais is f\nd 9 ! way ! h]o meets ! fairy wom54 ,9 ! case ( ,lanval1 :5 he leaves ! c\rt1 he goes to re/ beside a riv] :]e two beautiful maid5s come to him2 ,grael5t is alone 9 ! woods :5 he sees a h9d :it] ?an sn[1 & foll[+ x comes to a place :]e fairy damsels are ba?+ 9 a f\nta94 ,!re seems to be no d\bt t 9 bo? poems ! maid5s & damsels are fairies q l ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 ) p[] to ca/ _! spell ov] beautiful "y m5 :om !y wi% to h = husb&s4 ,9 ,gu+emor1 ano!r ( ! old ,breton lays1 ascrib$ by ,ga/on ,p>is to ,m>ie de ,france1 we f9d aga9 fairy-romance episodes simil> to ^? 9 ,lanval & ,grael5t4#caa ,! ,lais ( ,m>ie de ,france _h _m imitators 9 ,engl&4 ,*auc]1 too1 has made x cle> t he knew a good deal ab\t ! old ,breton lais & _! subjects or 'matt]'1 = 9 ! ,prologue to ! ,frankeleyn's ,tale he writes3-- ,?ise olde g5til ,britons 9 hir dayes ,( div]se av5tures mad5 layes1 ,rymey$ 9 hir fir/e ,briton tonge4 ,we may n[ briefly exam9e1 9 a g5]al way1 "s ( ! mo/ notewor?y ( ! m obscure1 b = u important ,old ,fr5* fairy-romances ( a k9dr$ ,bry?onic or ,ar?urian "*1 call$ ,romans d',av5ture & ,romans ,bretons1 :]e9 fes appe> or are m5tion$3 i4 e4 ,le ,bel ,inconnu1 ,blancad91 ,brun de la ,montaigne1 ,cl>is et ,l>is1 ,dolopa?os1 ,escanor1 ,floriant et ,florete1 ,p>tonopeus1 ,la ,v5geance ,raguidel1 ,j\frois1 & ,amada et ,ydo9e4#cab ,9 ^! romances1 fairies commonly appe> z mo/ beautiful sup]normal wom5 :o love mortal h]oes4 ,!y are se5 *iefly at night1 frequ5t+ =e/s & f\nta9s1 & l all fairies disappe> at or be=e cock-cr[4 ,!y are skill$ 9 magic & a/rology2 l ! ,greek ,fates1 "s ( !m sp9 & weave & h great influ5ce ov] ! lives ( mank9d4 ,!y are repres5t$ z relatively immortal1 s long is _! span ( life comp>$ to ours2 b1 ultimately1 !y seem to be subject to a *ange su* z we call dea?4 ,?is inde$ is nev] specifically m5tion$1 only impli$ by ! /atem5ts t !y enjoy *ildhood & !n womanhood1 be+ ?us creat$ & n et]nal be+s4 ,"s are v prom95t figures1 l ,morga9 la ,fe1 ,ar?ur's si/]4 ,9 mo/ cases !y are b5efic5t1 & frequ5tly act z gu>dian spirits = _! special h]o1 j z ! ,lake ,lady = ,ar?ur & ! ,morrigu = ,cu*ula9n4 ,s /rong is ! fai? 9 ^! fes t a man meet+ unusual success is (t5 describ$ z fed--t is end[$ ) fairy p[] or "u fairy protection1 z ,p]ceval's adv]s>y1 ! ,knight ( ! ,dragon1 /ates4#cac ,9 ,j\frois1 too1 ! p[] ( ! fairies1 or else ! special protection ( ,god1 is consid]$ ! cause ( success 9 arms4#cad ,9 ,brun de la ,montaigne1 ,morga9 la ,fe is repres5t$ z ! c\s9 ( ,ar?ur2 & ,butor1 ! fa!r ( ,brun1 m5tions sev]al localities 9 diff]5t l&s1 :i*1 l ! ,=e/ ( ,brocli&e 9 ,brittany1 ! *ief !atre ( ?is romance1 are fairy haunts2 & he names !m z be+ "u ! dom9ion ( ,ar?ur1 :o is describ$ z a great fairy k+4#cae ,su* fairy romances z ! above 7& !y are b a few examples select$ f among a va/ numb]7 (t5 localiz$ 9 ,brittany1 raise ! p]plex+ & f>-rea*+ problem conc]n+ ! orig9 ( ! ',matt] ( ,brita9'4 ,! mo/ reasonable position to take ) respect to ?is problem w\ld seem to be t ,celtic traditions fl\ri%$ :]ev] !re 7 ,gaels & ,bry?ons1 t !re 0 mu* int]*ange ( ^! traditions betwe5 "o ,celtic c\ntry & ano!r--especially betwe5 ,wales & ,irel& & across ! *annel betwe5 ,brittany & ,s\? ,engl&1 includ+ ,cornwall & ,wales1 bo? be=e & aft] ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,fur!r1 ! ,ar?urian fairy-romances1 bas$ ^u su* int]*ang$ ,celtic traditions1 grew up ) a ,bry?onic backgr\nd1 *iefly aft] ! ,norman ,conque/1 bo? 9 ,armorica & 9 ,brita91 & became 9 ! lat] ,middle ,ages "o ( ! *ief glories ( ,engli% & ( ,european lit]ature4 ,9 conclud+ ?is slight exam9ation ( ,bry?onic fairy-romances1 we may v briefly sugge/ by means ( a few select$ examples :at fairies are l 9 ! ,mab9ogion /ories & 9 ! ,f\r ,anci5t ,books ( ,wales4 ,kulhw* & ,olw51 ! *ief lit]>y treasure-h\se ( anci5t magical & my/ical ,o!rworld & fairy traditions ( ! ,bry?ons1 :i* we h already consid]$ 9 relation to ,ar?ur1 'appe>s to be built ^u ,ar?urian & o!r leg5ds ( native gr[?4'#caf ,unmi/akable ,wel% p>allels to ! ,iri% fairy-belief appe> 9 ! ,mab9ogi ( ,pwyll1 ,pr9ce ( ,dyf$1 :]e ! two *ief incid5ts are ,pwyll's j\rney to ! ,o!rworld aft] he & ,arawn its rul] h ex*ang$ %apes & k+doms = a ye>1 & ! m>riage ( ,pwyll to a fairy damsel2 9 ! ,mab9ogi ( ,manawyddan1 :i* conta9s mu* magic & %ape-%ift+1 & ! description ( a fairy ca/le belong+ to ,llwyd2 & 9 ! ,mab9ogi ( ,branw51 ! ,daught] ( ,llyr1 :]e !re is ! episode ( ! sev5-ye> fea/ at ,h>le* ov] ! ,head ( ,bran1 dur+ :i* ! ,birds ( ,rhiannon's realm s+ s sweetly t "t passes abnormally fa/4 ,! subject-matt] ( ! f\r true ,mab9ogion 7compos$ be=e ! elev5? c5tury7 is1 z ,sir ,john ,rhys has po9t$ out1 ! =tunes ( ?ree clans ( sup]human be+s comp>able to ! ,iri% ,tua?a ,de ,danann3 7#a7 ! ,*ildr5 ( ,llyr1 7#b7 ! ,*ildr5 ( ,don1 7#c7 & ! ,family ( ,pwyll4#cag ,h]e91 !n1 ! anci5t ,gaelic & ,bry?onic ,fairy-,fai?s co9cide1 & %[ ! unity ( ! ,celtic race :i* evolv$ !m4 ,9 ! ,f\r ,anci5t ,books ( ,wales1 :i* are poetical compositions1 :]eas ! ,mab9ogion tales are prose ) extremely little v]se1 !re are c]ta9 int]e/+ passages to illu/rate ! anci5t ,fairy-,fai? ( ! ,bry?ons f "s ( its pure/ s\rces4 ,! fir/ select$ example comes f ! ,black ,book ( ,ca]m>!n4 ,x is a poem1 sometimes call$ ! ,avall5au1 f among ! poems relat+ to ! ,battle ( ,ard]ydd2 & x repres5ts ,myrdd9 or ,m]l91 ! fam\s magician ( ,ar?ur1 q at ! m]cy ( sprites4 ,! passage is an int]e/+ "o z %[+ t 9 ! region :]e ,m]l9 is suppos$ to be "u ! en*antm5t ( ! fairy woman ,vivian he 0 reg>d$ z no long] able to ex]cise 8 wont$ control ov] spirits l fairies4 ,z 9 anci5t non-,celtic belief1 :]e ! loss ( *a/ity 9 a magician1 t is to say 9 "o able to comm& c]ta9 ord]s ( invisible be+s1 always leads to 8 fall+ "u _! lawless p[]1 s 0 x ) ,m]l9 :5 ov]come by ,vivian4 ,& ?is is ,m]l9's lam5tation3-- ,t5 ye>s & =ty1 z ! toy ( lawless ones1 ,h ,i be5 w&]+ 9 gloom among sprites4 ,aft] weal? 9 abundance & ent]ta9+ m9/rels1 ,i h be5 "h s long t x is useless = gloom & sprites to lead me a/ray4#cah ,9 a dialogue betwe5 ,myrdd9 & 8 si/] ,gw5ddydd1 conta9$ 9 ! ,r$ ,book ( ,h]ge/ ,i1#cai !re is a curi\s ref]5ce to gho/s ( ! m\nta9 :o1 j l fairies t live 9 ! m\nta9s1 /eal away m5's reason :5 !y /rike !m1--9 dea? :i* may appe> natural1 9 sickness1 or 9 accid5t4 ,& aft] 8 dea?--aft] he has be5 tak5 by ^! gho/s ( ! m\nta9--,myrdd9 returns z a gho/ & speaks f ! grave a prophecy :i* '! gho/ ( ! m\nta9 9 ,ab] ,c>av'#cbj told him4 ,n only d ^! passages prove ! ,celtic belief 9 gho/s l fairies to h exi/$ anci5tly 9 ,wales2 b !y %[ also t ! record$ ,fairy-,fai? ( ! ,bry?ons1 l t ( ! ,gaels ( ,irel& & ,scotl&1 directly atte/s & confirms our ,psy*ological ,!ory4 ,l a record f ! (ficial proce$+s ( ! ,psy*ical ,rese>* ,society itself1 !y =m "o ( ! /ronge/ pro(s t fairies1 gho/s1 & %ades 7 confus$1 all alike1 9 ! m9d ( ! ,wel% poet1 m+l+ toge!r 9 t realm :]e mortals see ) a new vision1 & exi/ ) a body invisible to u4 ,our /udy ( ! lit]>y evolution ( ! ,bry?onic fairy-romances %[s t z e>ly z ab\t ! ye> #hjj ,ar?urian traditions 7 kn[n1 ?\gh possibly ,ar?ur himself nev] _h hi/orical exi/5ce4 ,by ab\t #aacf1 :5 ,ge(frey's fam\s ,hi/oria appe>$1 ^! traditions 7 already highly develop$ 9 ,brita91 & ,ar?ur _h become a great ,bry?onic h]o envelop$ 9 a halo ( romance & my?1 &1 z an ,o!rworld be+1 0 def9itely relat$ to ,avalon & its fairy inhabitants4 ,?is new lit]>y mat]ial ( ,celtic orig9 op5$ up to ,europe by ,ge(frey rapidly began to influ5ce pr(\ndly ! =m ( cont95tal z well z ,engli% poetry & prose1 *iefly ?r\gh ! writ]s ( ! ,norman-,fr5* p]iod ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies4 ,9 itself x 0 9 no wise ess5tially diff]5t f :at we f9d z fairy romances 9 ! old ,iri% manuscripts writt5 dur+ ! same & e>li] p]iods4 ,wel% lit]ature1 h[ev] x may be relat$ to ,iri%1 %[s a common orig9 ) x4 ,! f\r true ,mab9ogion z /ories are e>li] ?an #aajj2 ,kulhw* & ,olw5 9 its pres5t =m mo/ probably dates f ! latt] half ( ! twelf? c5tury2 ! ,f\r ,anci5t ,books ( ,wales date f ! twelf? to ! fifte5? c5turies z manuscripts4 ,9 bo? anci5t & mod]n times !re 0 mu* int]*ange ( mat]ial betwe5 ,iri% ,gaels & ,bry?ons2 & ,brittany z well z ,brita9 & ,irel& und\bt$ly contribut$ to ! evolution ( ! complex fairy romances :i* =m$ ! g]m ( ! ,ar?urian ,leg5d4 ,:5 we /op to consid] h[ long x may h tak5 ! ,bry?onic ,fairy-,fai?1 z well z t ( ! ,gaels1 to become s widespread & popul> among ! ,celtic peoples t x c\ld take su* def9ite %ape z x n[ %[s 9 all ! olde/ manuscripts 9 diff]5t languages1 we c easily w&] backw>d into p]iods ( enlight5m5t & civilization beyond ! horizon ( our little fragm5ts ( record$ hi/ory4 ,:o c tell h[ _m ages ago ! ,fairy-,fai? began its fir/ evolution1 or :o c say t !re 0 ev] a ,celt :o did n believe 91 or "k ab\t fairies8 ,,section ,,ii ,,! ,,record$ ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,celtic ,,o!rworld#cba ',9 ,irel& ?is _w & ! _w we g to aft] dea? are n f> ap>t4'--,w4 ,b4 ,,yeats4 ',_m g to ! ,tir-na-nog 9 sleep1 & "s are said to h rema9$ !re1 & only a vacant =m is left beh9d )\t ! light 9 ! eyes :i* m>ks ! pres5ce ( a s\l4'--,a4 ,e4 ,g5]al ideas ( ! ,o!rworld3 its location2 its subjectivity2 its names2 its ext5t2 ,te?ra "o ( its k+s--,! ,silv] ,bran* & ! ,gold5 ,b\gh2 & ,initiations--,! ,o!rworld ! ,heav5-,_w ( all religions--,voyage ( ,bran--,cormac 9 ! ,l& ( ,promise--,magic ,w&s--,cu*ula9n's ,sick-,b$--,ossian's return f ,fairyl&--,lanval's go+ to ,avalon--,voyage ( ,mael-,du9--,voyage ( ,teigue--,adv5tures ( ,art--,cu*ula9n's & ,ar?ur's ,o!rworld ,que/s--,lit]>y ,evolution ( idea ( ,happy ,o!rworld4 ,,g5]al ,,description ,! ,heav5-,_w ( ! anci5t ,celts1 unlike t ( ! ,*ri/ians1 0 n situat$ 9 "s di/ant1 unkn[n region ( planet>y space1 b "h on our own e>?4 ,z x 0 necess>ily a subjective _w1 poets c\ld only describe x 9 t]ms m or less vague2 & its exact geographical location1 accord+ly1 diff]$ widely 9 ! m9ds ( scribes f c5tury to c5tury4 ,sometimes1 z is usual to-day 9 fairy-lore1 x 0 a subt]ranean _w ent]$ ?r\gh cav]ns1 or hills1 or m\nta9s1 & inhabit$ by _m races & ord]s ( invisible be+s1 su* z demons1 %ades1 fairies1 or ev5 gods4 ,& ! und]gr\nd _w ( ! ,sidhe-folk1 :i* _c be sep>at$ f x1 0 divid$ into di/ricts or k+doms "u diff]5t fairy k+s & que5s1 j z ! upp] _w ( mortals4 ,we already "k h[ ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or ,sidhe-folk1 aft] _! defeat by ! ,sons ( ,mil at ! ,battle ( ,tailte1 retir$ to ?is und]gr\nd _w & took possession ( its palaces b5ea? ! gre5 hills & vales ( ,irel&2 & h[ f !re1 z gods ( ! h>ve/1 !y /ill cont9u$ to ex]cise au?ority ov] _! conqu]ors1 or m>%all$ _! own invisible _s-ho/s 9 fairy w>f>e1 & sometimes int]f]$ 9 ! w>s ( m54 ,m frequ5tly1 9 ! old ,iri% manuscripts1 ! ,celtic ,o!rworld 0 locat$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,we/]n ,ocean1 z ?\gh x 7 ! 'd\ble' ( ! lo/ ,atlantis2#cbb & ,manannan ,mac ,lir1 ! ,son ( ! ,sea--p]haps himself ! 'd\ble' ( an anci5t ,atlantean k+--0 "o ( ! div9e rul]s ( its fairy inhabitants1 & 8 palace1 = he 0 "o ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 0 !re r ?an 9 ,irel&2 & :5 he travell$ betwe5 ! two c\ntries x 0 9 a magic *>iot drawn by horses :o mov$ ov] ! sea-waves z on l&4 ,& fairy wom5 came f t mid-,atlantic _w 9 magic boats l _s boats1 to *>m away su* mortal m5 z 9 _! love !y *ose1 or else to take great ,ar?ur w\nd$ unto dea?4 ,& 9 t isl& _w !re 0 nei!r dea? nor pa9 nor sc&al1 n\ght save immortal & unfad+ y\?1 & endless joy & fea/+4 ,ev5 yet at r>e int]vals1 l a phantom1 ,hy ,brasil appe>s f> out on ! ,atlantic4 ,no lat] ?an ! summ] ( #aijh x is said to h be5 se5 f ,we/ ,irel&1 j z t /range invisible isl& ne> ,inni%murray1 inhabit$ by ! invisible 'g5try'1 is se5--once 9 sev5 ye>s4 ,& too _m m5 ( intellig5ce te/ify to hav+ se5 ,hy ,brasil at ! same mom5t1 :5 !y h be5 toge!r1 or sep>at$1 z dur+ ! summ] ( #aijh1 = x to be expla9$ away z an ord9>y illusion ( ! s5ses4 ,nor c x be due to a mirage su* z we "k1 because nei!r its %ape nor position seems to con=m to any kn[n isl& or l& mass4 ,! ,celtic ,o!rworld is l t hidd5 realm ( subjectivity ly+ j beyond ! horizon ( mortal exi/5ce1 :i* we _c behold :5 we w\ld1 save ) ! my/ic vision ( ! ,iri% se]4 ,?us 9 ! leg5d ( ,bran's fri5ds1 :o sat ov] d9n] at ,h>le* ) ! ,head ( ,bran = sev5 ye>s1 ?ree curi\s birds act$ z musicians1 ! ,?ree ,birds ( ,rhiannon1 :i* 7 said to s+ ! dead back to life & ! liv+ into dea?2--b ! birds 7 n 9 ,h>le*1 !y 7 out ov] ! sea 9 ! atmosph]e ( ,rhiannon's realm 9 ! bosom ( ,c>digan ,bay4#cbc ,& ?\gh we might say ( t ,o!rworld1 z we le>n f ^! ,?ree ,birds ( ,rhiannon1 & z ,socrates w\ld say1 t its inhabitants are come f ! liv+ & ! liv+ 9 our _w f ! dead !re1 yet1 z has already be5 set =? 9 *apt] iv1 we ought n to ?9k ( ! ,sidhe-folk1 nor ( su* great h]oes & gods z ,ar?ur & ,cu*ula9n & ,f9n1 :o are also ( its invisible company1 z 9 any s5se half-consci\s %ades2 = !y are always repres5t$ z be+ 9 ! full enjoym5t ( an exi/5ce & consci\sness great] ?an our own4 ,9 ,iri% manuscripts1 ! ,o!rworld beyond ! ,ocean be>s _m names4 ,x is ,tr-na-nog1 ',! ,l& ( ,y\?'2 ,tr-,innambo1 ',! ,l& ( ! ,liv+'2 ,tr ,tairngire1 ',! ,l& ( ,promise'2 ,tr ,n-aill1 ',! ,o!r ,l& 7or ,_w7'2 ,mag ,mr1 ',! ,great ,pla9'2 & also ,mag ,mell1 ',! ,pla9 ,agreeable 7or ,happy74' ,b ?is we/]n ,o!rworld1 if x is :at we believe x to be--a poetical picture ( ! great subjective _w--_c be ! realm ( any "o race ( invisible be+s to ! exclusion ( ano!r4 ,9 x all alike--gods1 ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 fairies1 demons1 %ades1 & e sort ( disembodi$ spirits--f9d _! appropriate abode2 = ?\gh x seems to surr\nd & int]p5etrate ?is planet ev5 z ! ,x-rays int]p5etrate matt]1 x c h no o!r limits ?an ^? ( ! ,univ]se itself4 ,& t x is n an exclusive realm is c]ta9 f :at our old ,iri% manuscripts record conc]n+ ! ,fomorian races4#cbd ,^!1 :5 !y met defeat on ! battle-field ( ,moytura at ! h&s ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 retir$ altoge!r f ,irel&1 _! ov]?r[ be+ f9al1 & return$ to _! own invisible c\ntry--a my/]i\s l& beyond ! ,ocean1 :]e ! dead f9d a new exi/5ce1 & :]e _! god-k+ ,te?ra rul$1 z he =m]ly rul$ 9 ?is _w4 ,& ! fairy wom5 ( ,te?ra's k+dom1 ev5 l ^? :o came f ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann ( ,er91 or ^? ( ,manannan's ocean-_w1 entic$ mortals to g ) !m to be h]oes "u _! k+1 & to behold !re ! assemblies ( ance/ors4 ,x 0 "o ( !m :o came to ,connla1 son ( ,conn1 supreme k+ ( ,irel&2 & ?is 0 h] message to him3--',! immortals invite y4 ,y are go+ to be "o ( ! h]oes ( ! p ( ,te?ra4 ,y w always be se5 !re1 9 ! assemblies ( y\r ance/ors1 9 ! mid/ ( ^? :o "k & love y4' ,& ) ! fairy spell ^u him ! "y pr9ce ent]$ ! glass boat ( ! fairy woman1 & 8 fa!r ! k+1 9 great tribulation & wond]1 beheld !m disappe> across ! wat]s nev] to return4#cbd ,,! ,,silv] ,,bran*#cbe ,,& ,,! ,,gold5 ,,b\gh ,to ent] ! ,o!rworld be=e ! appo9t$ h\r m>k$ by dea?1 a passport 0 (t5 necess>y1 & ?is 0 usually a silv] bran* ( ! sacr$ apple-tree be>+ blossoms1 or fruit1 :i* ! que5 ( ! ,l& ( ! ,ev]-,liv+ & ,ev]-,"y gives to ^? mortals :om %e wi%es = z companions2 ?\gh sometimes1 z we %all see1 x 0 a s+le apple )\t its bran*4 ,! que5's gifts s]ve n only z passports1 b also z food & dr9k = mortals :o g ) h]4 ,(t5 ! apple-bran* produces music s soo?+ t mortals :o he> x =get all tr\bles & ev5 cease to grieve = ^? :om ! fairy wom5 take4 ,= u !re are no episodes m important ?an ^? 9 ! anci5t epics conc]n+ ^! apple-tree talismans1 because 9 !m we f9d a c]ta9 key :i* unlocks ! secret ( t _w f :i* su* talismans are br\ght1 & proves x to be ! same sort ( a place z ! ,o!rworld ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,let u !n use ! key & make a few comp>isons betwe5 ! ,silv] ,bran* ( ! ,celts & ! ,gold5 ,b\gh ( ! ,anci5ts1 expect+ ! two symbols naturally to diff] 9 _! functions1 ?\gh n fundam5tally4 ,x is evid5t at ! outset t ! ,gold5 ,b\gh 0 z mu* ! prop]ty ( ! que5 ( t und]world call$ ,hades z ! ,silv] ,bran* 0 ! gift ( ! ,celtic fairy que51 & l ! ,silv] ,b\gh x seems to h be5 ! symbolic bond betwe5 t _w & ?is1 (f]$ z a tribute to ,pros]p9e by all initiates1 :o made ! my/ic voyage 9 full human consci\sness4 ,&1 z we suspect1 !re may be ev5 9 ! anci5t ,celtic leg5ds ( mortals :o make t /range voyage to ! ,we/]n ,o!rworld & return to ?is _w aga91 an e*o ( initiatory rites--p]haps druidic--simil> to ^? ( ,pros]p9e z %[n 9 ! j\rney ( ,a5eas1 :i*1 z ,virgil records x1 is und\bt$ly a poetical r5d]+ ( an actual psy*ic exp]i5ce ( a great initiate4 ,9 ,virgil's classic poem ! ,sibyl comm&$ ! pluck+ ( ! sacr$ b\gh to be c>ri$ by ,a5eas :5 he ent]$ ! und]world2 = )\t su* a b\gh pluck$ ne> ! entrance to ,av]nus f ! wondr\s tree sacr$ to ,inf]nal ,juno 7i4 e4 ,pros]p9e7 none c\ld ent] ,pluto's realm4#cbf ,& :5 ,*>on refus$ to f]ry ,a5eas across ! ,/ygian lake until ! ,sibyl-woman drew =? ! ,gold5 ,b\gh f h] bosom1 :]e %e _h hidd5 x1 x becomes cle>ly en\gh a passport to ,hades1 j z ! ,silv] ,bran* borne by ! fairy woman is a passport to ,tr ,n-aill2 & ! ,sibyl-woman :o guid$ ,a5eas to ! ,greek & ,roman ,o!rworld takes ! place ( ! fairy woman :o leads mortals l ,bran to ! ,celtic ,o!rworld4#cbg ,,! ,,o!rworld ,,idea ,,lit]ally ,,int]pret$ ,) ?is p>allel betwe5 ! ,o!rworld ( ! ,celts & t ( ! ,anci5ts seem+ly e/abli%$1 we may leave poetical images & seek a lit]al int]pretation = ! animi/ic idea ab\t ^? realms4 ,! ,rites ( ,pros]p9e z conduct$ 9 ! ,my/]ies ( ,antiquity furni% u ) ! means2 & 9 :at ,s]vius has writt5 we h ! mat]ial ready4#cbh ,tak+ ! lett] ,y1 :i* ,py?agoras said is l life ) its divid+ ways ( good & evil1 z ! my/ic symbol ( ! bran* :i* all initiates l ,a5eas (f]$ to ,pros]p9e 9 ! subjective _w :ile !re out ( ! physical body1 he says ( ! initiatory rites3--',he 7! poet7 c\ld n jo9 ! ,rites ( ,pros]p9e )\t hav+ ! bran* to hold up4 ,& by go+ to ! %ades he 7! poet7 means celebrat+ ! ,rites ( ,pros]p9e4'#cbh ,?is passage is c]ta9ly capable ( b "o mean+2 & we may p]haps assume t ! invisible realm ( ! ,anci5ts1 :i* is call$ ,hades1 is l ! ,celtic ,o!rworld locat$ 9 ! ,we/]n ,ocean1 & is also l1 or has its my?ological c\nt]p>t 91 ! ,elysian ,fields to ! ,we/1 res]v$ by ! ,greeks & ,romans = _! gods & h]oes1 & 9 ! ,happy ,o!rworld ( ,sc&9avian1 ,iranian1 & ,indian my?ologies4 ,x mu/ !n foll[ t all ^! realms--?\gh plac$ 9 diff]5t localities by v>i\s nations1 epo*s1 traditions1 scribes1 & poets 7ev5 z ! "u-gr\nd _w ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 9 ,irel& diff]s f t rul$ ov] by "o ( _! own race1 ,manannan ! ,son ( ! ,sea7--are simply v>i\s ways :i* diff]5t ,aryan peoples h _h ( look+ at t "o great invisible realm ( :i* we h j spok51 & :i* =ms ! ,heav5world ( e religion1 ,aryan & non-,aryan1 kn[n to man4 ,& if ?is conclusion is accept$1 & x seems t x mu/ be1 m]ely on ! evid5ce ( ! lit]>y or record$ ,celtic ,fairy-,fai?1 our ,psy*ological ,!ory /&s prov54 ,! ,rites ( ,pros]p9e _h _m c\nt]p>ts4 ,?us1 to pass on to ano!r p>allel1 9 ! ,my/]ies ( ,eleusis ! disappe>ance ( ! ,maid5 into ! "u-_w1 into ,hades1 ! l& ( ! dead1 0 cont9ually re-enact$ 9 a sacr$ drama1 & x no d\bt 0 "o ( ! pr9cipal rites att5d+ initiation4 ,9 our /udy ( ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?1 we %all return to ?is subject ( ,celtic ,initiation4 ,,! ,,voyage ,,( ,,bran1 ,,son ,,( ,,febal ,we are well prep>$ n[ to enjoy ! be/ kn[n voyages :i* m51 h]oes1 & god-m51 are said to h made to ,avalon1 or ! ,l& ( ! ,liv+1 ?r\gh ! invitation ( a fairy woman or else ( ! god ,manannan himself2 & probably ! mo/ fam\s is t ( ! ,voyage ( ,bran1 ,son ( ,febal1 z s admirably translat$ f ! orig9al old ,iri% saga by ,dr4 ,kuno ,mey]4#cbi ,p]haps 9 all ,celtic lit]ature no poem surpasses ?is 9 natural & simple beauty4 ,"o day ,bran he>d /range music beh9d him z he 0 alone 9 ! neighb\rhood ( 8 /ronghold2 & z he li/5$1 s sweet 0 ! s\nd t x lull$ him to sleep4 ,:5 he awoke1 !re lay beside him a bran* ( silv] s :ite ) blossoms t x 0 n easy to di/+ui% ! blossoms f ! bran*4 ,bran took up ! bran* & c>ri$ x to ! royal h\se1 &1 :5 ! ho/s 7 assembl$ !re91 !y saw a woman 9 /range raim5t /&+ on ! floor4 ,:5ce %e came & h[1 no "o c\ld tell4 ,& z !y all beheld h]1 %e sang fifty quatra9s to ,bran3-- ,a bran* ( ! apple-tree f ,ema9 ,i br+1 l ^? "o kn[s2 ,twigs ( :ite silv] are on x1 ,cry/al br[s ) blossoms4 ,!re is a di/ant isle1 ,ar\nd :i* sea-horses gli/53 ,a fair c\rse aga9/ ! :ite-swell+ surge1-- ,f\r feet uphold x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! song 0 f9i%$1 '! woman w5t f !m :ile !y knew n :i!r %e w5t4 ,& %e took h] bran* ) h]4 ,! bran* sprang f ,bran's h& into ! h& ( ! woman1 nor 0 !re /r5g? 9 ,bran's h& to hold ! bran*4' ,! next day1 ) ! fairy spell ^u him1 ,bran beg9s ! voyage t[>ds ! sett+ sun4 ,on ! ocean he meets ,manannan rid+ 9 8 magic *>iot ov] ! sea-waves2 & ! k+ tells ,bran t he is return+ to ,irel& aft] long ages4 ,p>t+ f ! ,son ( ! ,sea1 ,bran goes on1 & ! fir/ isl& he & 8 companions rea* is ! ',isl& ( ,joy'1 :]e "o ( ! p>ty is set a%ore2 ! second isle is ! ',l& ( ,wom5'1 :]e ! que5 draws ,bran & 8 foll[]s to h] realm ) a magic clew1 & !n ent]ta9s !m = :at seems no m ?an a ye>1 ?\gh 'x *anc$ to be _m ye>s'4 ,aft] a :ile1 home-sickness seizes ! adv5tur]s & !y come to a unanim\s decision to return to ,irel&2 b !y dep>t "u a taboo n to set foot on e>?1 or at lea/ n till holy wat] has be5 spr9kl$ on !m4 ,9 _! coracle !y arrive be=e a ga!r+ at ,srub ,bra91 probably 9 ,we/ ,k]ry1 & ,bran 7:o may n[ possibly be reg>d$ z an app>ition tempor>ily return$ f ! ,o!rworld to bid 8 p f>ewell7 ann\nces himself1 & ?is reply is made to him3--',we d n "k su* a "o1 ?\gh ! ,voyage ( ,bran is 9 our anci5t /ories4' ,!n "o ( ,bran's p>ty1 9 8 eag]ness to l&1 broke ! taboo2 he 'leaps f !m out ( ! coracle4 ,z soon z he t\*$ ! e>? ( ,irel&1 =?) he 0 a heap ( a%es1 z ?\gh he _h be5 9 ! e>? = _m hundr$ ye>s4444 ,!reupon1 to ! p ( ! ga!r+1 ,bran told all 8 w&]+s f ! beg9n+ until t "t4 ,& he wrote ^! quatra9s 9 ,ogam1 & !n bade !m f>ewell4 ,& f t h\r 8 w&]+s are n kn[n4' ,,cormac',s ,,adv5ture ,,9 ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,promise#ccj ,9 ,cormac's ,adv5ture 9 ! ,l& ( ,promise1 !re is aga9 a magic silv] bran* ) ?ree gold5 apples on x3--',"o day1 at dawn 9 ,may-"t1 ,cormac1 gr&son ( ,conn1 0 alone on ,mr ,tea 9 ,t>a4 ,he saw com+ t[>ds him a s$ate7871 grey-head$ w>rior4444 ,a bran* ( silv] ) ?ree gold5 apples on 8 %\ld]4 ,delight & amusem5t to ! full 0 x to li/5 to ! music ( t bran*1 = m5 sore w\nd$1 or wom5 9 *ild-b$1 or folk 9 sickness1 w\ld fall asleep at ! melody :5 t bran* 0 %ak54' ,& ! w>rior tells ,cormac t he has come f a l& :]e only tru? is kn[n1 :]e !re is 'nei!r age nor decay nor gloom nor sadness nor envy nor jeal\sy nor hatr$ nor haught9ess'4 ,on 8 promis+ ! unkn[n w>rior any ?ree boons t he %all ask1 ,cormac is giv5 ! magic bran*4 ,! grey-head$ w>rior disappe>s sudd5ly2 '& ,cormac knew n :i!r he _h gone4' ',cormac turn$ into ! palace4 ,! h\sehold m>vell$ at ! bran*4 ,cormac %ook x at !m1 & ca/ !m into slumb] f t h\r to ! same "t on ! foll[+ day4 ,at ! end ( a ye> ! w>rior comes into 8 meet+ & ask$ ( ,cormac ! consid]ation = 8 bran*4 ,x %all be giv51 says ,cormac4 ,i w take ?y daught] ,ailbe to-day1 says ! w>rior4 ,s he took ! girl ) him4 ,! wom5 ( ,t>a utt] ?ree l\d cries aft] ! daught] ( ! k+ ( ,er94 ,b ,cormac %ook ! bran* at !m1 s t he bani%$ grief f !m all & ca/ !m into sleep4 ,t day mon? comes ! w>rior & takes ) him ,c>pre ,life*air 7! son ( ,cormac74 ,weep+ & sorr[ ceas$ n 9 ,t>a aft] ! boy1 & on t night no "o !re9 ate or slept1 & !y 7 9 grief & 9 exce$+ gloom4 ,b ,cormac %ook ! bran* at !m1 & !y p>t$ f _! sorr[4 ,! same w>rior comes aga94 ,:at aske/ ?\ to-day8 says ,cormac4 ,?y wife1 sai? he1 ev5 ,e?ne ! ,longsid$1 daught] ( ,dunlang k+ ( ,le9/]4 ,!n he takes away ! woman ) him4' ,!reupon ,cormac foll[s ! mess5g]1 & all 8 p g ) him4 ,b 'a great mi/ 0 br\ght ^u !m 9 ! mid/ ( ! pla9 ( ! wall4 ,cormac f\nd himself on a great pla9 alone'4 ,x is ! ',l& ( ,promise'4 ,palaces ( bronze1 & h\ses ( :ite silv] ?at*$ ) :ite birds' w+s are !re4 ',!n he sees 9 ! g>? a %9+ f\nta91 ) five /reams fl[+ out ( x1 & ! ho/s 9 turn a-dr9k+ its wat]4 ,n9e hazels ( ,buan gr[ ov] ! well4 ,! purple hazels drop _! nuts into ! f\nta91 & ! five salmon :i* are 9 ! f\nta9 sev] !m1 & s5d _! husks float+ d[n ! /reams4 ,n[ ! s\nd ( ! fall+ ( ^? /reams is m melodi\s ?an any music t m5 s+4'#cca ,cormac hav+ ent]$ ! fairy palace at ! f\nta9 beholds '! lovelie/ ( ! _w's wom5'4 ,aft] %e has be5 magically ba!d1 he ba!s1 & ?is1 app>5tly1 is symbolical ( 8 purification 9 ! ,o!rworld4 ,f9ally1 at a fea/1 ! w>rior-mess5g] s+s ,cormac to sleep2 & :5 ,cormac awakes he sees beside him 8 wife & *ildr51 :o _h prec$$ him ?i!r to ! ,l& ( ,promise4 ,! w>rior-mess5g] :o took !m all is none o!r ?an ! great god ,manannan ,mac ,lir ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann4 ,!re 9 ! ,o!rworld1 ,cormac ga9s a magic cup ( gold ri*ly & wondr\sly wr\ght1 :i* w\ld break into ?ree pieces if '?ree words ( falsehood be spok5 "u x'1 & ! magic silv] bran*2 & ,manannan1 z ! god-initiator1 says to ,irel&'s high k+3--',take ?y family !n1 & take ! ,cup t ?\ maye/ h x = disc]n+ betwe5 tru? & falsehood4 ,& ?\ %alt h ! ,bran* = music & delight4 ,& on ! day t ?\ %alt die !y all w be tak5 f !e4 ,i am ,manannan1 son ( ,l]1 k+ ( ! ,l& ( ,promise2 & to see ! ,l& ( ,promise 0 ! reason ,i br\ght !e hi!r4444 ,! f\nta9 :i* ?\ sawe/1 ) ! five /reams out ( x1 is ! ,f\nta9 ( ,k1 & ! /reams are ! five s5ses ?r\gh :i* k is obta9$ 7874 ,& no "o w h k :o dr9ke? n a draught out ( ! f\nta9 itself & out ( ! /reams4 ,! folk ( _m arts are ^? :o dr9k ( !m bo?4' ',n[ on ! morr[ morn+1 :5 ,cormac arose1 he f\nd himself on ! gre5 ( ,t>a1 ) 8 wife & 8 son & daught]1 & hav+ 8 ,bran* & 8 ,cup4 ,n[ t 0 aft]w>ds call$ ,cormac's ,cup1 & x us$ to di/+ui% betwe5 tru? & falsehood ) ! ,gael4 ,h[beit1 z _h be5 promis$ him by ,manannan1 x rema9$ n aft] ,cormac's dea?4'#ccb ,?is beautiful tale evid5tly e*oes 9 an extremely poetical & symbolical mann] a v anci5t ,celtic initiation ( a k+ & 8 family into ! my/ic cult ( ! mighty god ,manannan1 ,son ( ! ,sea4 ,!y ent] ! ,o!rworld 9 a trance /ate1 & on wak+ are 9 ,er9 aga91 spiritually enri*$4 ,! ,cup ( ,tru? is probably ! symbol ( hav+ ga9$ k ( ! ,my/]y ( ,life & ,dea?1 & ! ,bran*1 t ( ! ,peace & ,joy :i* comes to all :o are truly ,initiat$2 = to h pass$ f ! realm ( mortal exi/5ce to ! ,realm ( ! ,dead1 ( ! ,fairy-,folk1 ( ! ,gods1 & back aga91 ) full human consci\sness all ! :ile1 0 equival5t to hav+ ga9$ ! ,philosoph]'s ,/one1 ! ,elixir ( ,life1 ! ,cup ( ,tru?1 & to hav+ ba!d 9 ! ,f\nta9 ( ,et]nal ,y\? :i* conf]s triumph ov] ,dea? & un5d+ happ9ess4 ,?us we may h "h a ,celtic poetical p>allel to ! initiatory j\rney ( ,a5eas to ! ,l& ( ! ,dead or ,hades4 ,,! ,,magic ,,w& ,,( ,,gods1 ,,fairies1 ,,& ,,druids ,manannan ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 z a god-mess5g] f ! invisible realm be>+ ! apple-bran* ( silv]1 is 9 ext]nals1 ?\gh n 9 o!r ways1 l ,h]mes1 ! god-mess5g] f ! realm ( ! gods be>+ 8 w& ( two int]tw9$ s]p5ts4#ccc ,9 mod]n fairy-lore ?is div9e bran* or w& is ! magic w& ( fairies2 or :]e mess5g]s l old m5 guide mortals to an und]world x is a /aff or cane ) :i* !y /rike ! rock hid+ ! secret entrance4 ,! ,iri% ,druids made _! w&s ( div9ation f ! yew-tree2 &1 l ! anci5t prie/s ( ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome1 are believ$ to h controll$ spirits1 fairies1 daemons1 elem5tals1 & gho/s :ile mak+ su* div9ations4 ,x w help u to und]/& h[ closely ! anci5t symbols h affect$ our own life & age--?\gh we h =gott5 _! relation ) ! ,o!rworld--by (f]+ a few examples1 beg9n+ ) ! anci5t ,iri% b>ds :o 7 associat$ ) ! ,druids4 ,a w& 9 ! =m ( a symbolic bran*1 l a little spike or cresc5t ) g5tly t9kl+ bells ^u x1 0 borne by !m2 & 9 ! piece call$ ,mesca ,ulad or ',inebriety ( ! ,ultonians'#ccd x is said ( ! *ief b>d ( ,ul/]1 ,s5*a1 t 9 ! mid/ ( a bloody fray he 'wav$ ! peaceful bran* ( ,s5*a1 & all ! m5 ( ,ul/] 7 sil5t1 quiet'4 ,9 ,agallamh an d ,%uadh or ! ',dialogue ( ! two ,sages'1#cce ! my/ic symbol us$ by gods1 fairies1 magicians1 & by all initiates :o "k ! my/]y ( life & dea?1 is ?us describ$ z a ,druid symbol3--',neidhe' 7a "y b>d :o aspir$ to succe$ 8 fa!r z *ief poet ( ,ul/]71 'made 8 j\rney ) a silv] bran* ov] him4 ,! ,anradhs1 or poets ( ! second ord]1 c>ri$ a silv] bran*1 b ! ,ollamhs1 or *ief poets1 c>ri$ a bran* ( gold2 all o!r poets bore a bran* ( bronze4'#ccf ,mod]n & anci5t p>allels are _w-wide1 among ! mo/ civiliz$ z among ! lea/ civiliz$ peoples1 & 9 civil or religi\s life among ourselves4 ,?us1 x 0 ) a magic rod t ,moses /ruck ! rock & pure wat] gu%$ =?1 & he rais$ ! same rod & ! ,r$ ,sea op5$2 k+s hold _! sceptres no less ?an ,neptune 8 trid5t2 popes & bi%ops h _! crozi]s2 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* !re are little w&-l objects us$ to p]=m b5$ictions2 high civil (ficials h _! mace ( (fice2 & all ! _w ov] !re are ! w&s ( magicians & ( m$ic9e-m54 ,,! ,,sick-,,b$ ,,( ,,cu*ula9n ,we turn n[ to ! /ory ( ! ,sick-,b$ ( ,cu*ula9n4#ccg ,& ?is is h[ ! great h]o ( ,ul/] 0 fairy-/ruck4 ,manannan ,mac ,lir1 tir+ ( 8 wife ,f&1 _h des]t$ h]1 & s %e1 wi%+ to m>ry ,cu*ula9n1 w5t to ,irel& ) h] si/] ,liban4 ,tak+ ! =m ( two birds b\nd toge!r by a *a9 ( r$ gold1 ,f& & ,liban re/$ on a lake 9 ,ul/] :]e ,cu*ula9n %\ld see !m z he 0 hunt+4 ,to capture ! two birds1 ,cu*ula9n ca/ a javel9 at !m1 b !y escap$1 ?\gh injur$4 ,disappo9t$ at a failure l ?is1 :i* = him 0 mo/ unusual1 ,cu*ula9n w5t away to a m5hir :]e he sat d[n & fell asleep4 ,!n he saw two wom51 "o 9 a gre5 & "o 9 a crimson cloak2 & ! woman 9 gre5 com+ up to him laugh$ & /ruck him ) a :ip-l object4 ,! woman 9 crimson did likewise1 & alt]nately ! two wom5 kept /rik+ him till !y left him almo/ dead4 ,& /raightway ! mighty h]o ( ! ,r$ ,bran* ,knights took to 8 b$ ) a /range malady1 :i* no ,druid or doctor 9 all ,irel& c\ld cure4 ,till ! end ( a ye> ,cu*ula9n lay on 8 sick-b$ at ,ema9-,ma*a )\t speak+ to any "o4 ,!n--! day be=e ,sama9 7,novemb] ,eve7--!re came to him an unkn[n mess5g] :o sang to him a wond]ful song1 promis+ to cure him ( 8 malady if he w\ld only accept ! invitation ( ! daught]s ( ,a$ ,abrat to visit !m 9 ! ,o!rworld4 ,:5 ! song 0 end$1 ! mess5g] dep>t$1 '& !y knew n :5ce he came nor :i!r he w5t4' ,!reupon ,cu*ula9n w5t to ! place :]e ! malady _h be5 put on him1 & !re appe>$ to him aga9 ! woman 9 ! gre5 cloak4 ,%e let x be kn[n to ,cu*ula9n t %e 0 ,liban1 & t %e 0 long+ = him to g ) h] to ! ,pla9 ( ,delight to fight aga9/ ,labraid's enemies4 ,& %e promis$ ,cu*ula9n z a rew>d t he w\ld get ,f& to wife4 ,b ,cu*ula9n w\ld n accept ! invitation )\t kn[+ to :at c\ntry he 0 call$4 ,s he s5t 8 *>iote] ,laeg to br+ back f !re a report4 ,laeg w5t ) ! fairy woman 9 a boat ( bronze1 & return$2 & :5 ,cu*ula9n he>d f him ! wond]ful glories ( t ,o!rworld ( ! ,sidhe he will+ly set out = x4 ,aft] ,cu*ula9n _h ov]?r[n ,labraid's enemies & _h be5 9 ! ,o!rworld a mon? ) ! fairy woman ,f&1 he return$ to ,irel& alone2 ?\gh aft]w>ds 9 a place agre$ ^u1 ,f& jo9$ him4 ,em]1 ! wife ( ,cu*ula9n1 0 ov]come ) jeal\sy & s*em$ to kill ,f&1 s t ,f& return$ to h] husb& ! god ,manannan & he receiv$ h] back aga94 ,:5 %e 0 gone ,cu*ula9n c\ld n be consol$2 b ,em] obta9$ f ! ,druids a magic dr9k = ,cu*ula9n1 :i* made him =get all ab\t ! ,o!rworld & ! fairy woman ,f&4 ,& ano!r dr9k ! ,druids gave to ,em] s t %e =got all h] jeal\sy2 & !n ,manannan ,mac ,lir himself came & %ook 8 mantle betwe5 ,cu*ula9n & ,f& to prev5t ! two ev] meet+ aga94 ,& ?us x 0 t ! ,sidhe-wom5 fail$ to /eal away ! great ,cu*ula9n4 ,! magic ( ! ,druids & ! p[] ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann k+ triumph$2 & ! ,*ampion ( ,ul/] did n g to ! ,o!rworld until he met a natural dea? 9 t la/ great fight4#cch ,,ossian',s ,,return ,,f ,,fairyl&#cci ,ossian too1 l ,cu*ula9n1 0 entic$ into ,fairyl& by a fairy woman3--,%e c>ries him away on a :ite horse1 across ! ,we/]n ,ocean2 & z !y are mov+ ov] ! sea-waves !y behold a fair maid on a br[n horse1 & %e hold+ 9 h] "r h& a gold5 apple4 ,aft] ! h]o _h m>ri$ 8 fairy abductress & liv$ 9 ! ,o!rworld = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 an ov]p[]+ desire to return to ,irel& & jo9 aga9 9 ! c\ncils ( 8 de>ly belov$ ,f5ian ,bro!rhood took possession ( him1 & he set out on ! same :ite horse on :i* he travell$ !nce ) ! fairy pr9cess1 = su* 0 8 wife4 ,& %e1 z he w5t1 ?rice w>n$ him n to lay 8 'foot on level gr\nd'1 & he he>d f h] ! />tl+ ann\ncem5t t ! ,f5ians 7 all gone & ,irel& q *ang$4 ,safe 9 ,irel&1 ,ossian seeks ! ,bro!rhood1 & ?\gh he goes f "o place to ano!r :]e 8 old companions 7 wont to meet1 n "o ( !m c he f9d4 ,& h[ *ang$ is all ! l&6 ,he realizes at la/ h[ long he mu/ h be5 away4 ,! words ( 8 fairy wife are too sadly true4 ,:ile ,ossian w&]s disconsolately ov] ,irel&1 he comes to a multitude ( m5 try+ to move an enorm\s slab ( m>ble1 "u :i* "s o!r m5 are ly+4 ',ossian's assi/ance is ask$1 & he g5]\sly gives x4 ,b 9 lean+ ov] 8 horse1 to take up ! /one ) "o h&1 ! gir? breaks1 & he falls4 ,/raightway ! :ite horse fl$ away on 8 way home1 & ,ossian became ag$1 decrepit1 & bl9d4'#cdj ,,! ,,go+ ,,( ,,lanval ,,to ,,avalon ,! fairy romances :i* 7 record$ dur+ ! m$iaeval p]iod 9 cont95tal ,europe report a surpris+ly l>ge numb] ( h]oes :o1 l ,cu*ula9n & ,ossian1 fell "u ! p[] ( fairy wom5 or fes1 & foll[$ "o ( !m to ! ,apple-,l& or ,avalon4 ,besides ,ar?ur1 !y include ,sir ,lancelot1 ,sir ,gawayne1 ,ogi]1 ,gu+emor & ,lanval 7see pp4 #cbe-f74 ,! /ory ( ,lanval is told by ,m>ie de ,france 9 "o ( h] ,lais1 & is s fam\s a "o t we %all briefly outl9e x3-- ,lanval 0 a m$iaeval knight :o liv$ dur+ ! "t ( ,k+ ,ar?ur 9 ,brittany4 ,he 0 "y & v beautiful1 s t "o ( ! fairy damsels fell 9 love ) him2 & 9 ! true ,iri% fa%ion--himself & 8 fairy swee!>t m\nt$ on ! same fairy horse--! two w5t rid+ (f to ,fairyl&3-- ,on ! horse beh9d h] ,) full ru% ,lanval jump$4 ,) h] he goes away into ,avalon1 ,accord+ to :at ! ,briton tells u1 ,into an isle1 :i* is v beautiful4#cda ,,! ,,voyage ,,( ,,teigue1 ,,son ,,( ,,cian ,!re is ano!r type ( imram 9 :i* ?r\gh adv5ture r ?an ?r\gh invitation f "o ( ! fairy be+s1 m5 ent] ! ,o!rworld2 z illu/rat$ by ! ,voyage ( ,mael-,du91#cdb & by ! /ill m beautiful ,voyage ( ,teigue1 ,son ( ,cian4 ,?is la/ old ,iri% /ory summ>izes _m ( ! ,o!rworld elem5ts we h s f> consid]$1 & 7?\gh x %[s ,*ri/ian influ5ces7 gives u a v cle> picture ( ! ,l& ( ,y\? amid ! ,we/]n ,ocean--a l& su* z ,ponce ,de ,leon & s _m brave navigators s\ght 9 ,am]ica3-- ,teigue1 son ( ,cian1 & heir to ! k+%ip ( ,we/ ,mun/]1 ) 8 foll[]s set out f ,irel& to recov] 8 wife & bre?r5 :o _h be5 /ol5 by ,ca?mann & 8 b& ( sea-rov]s f ,fres51 a l& ne> ,spa94 ,x 0 ! "t ( ! spr+ tide1 :5 ! sea 0 r\gh1 & /orms com+ on ! voyag]s !y lo/ _! way4 ,aft] ab\t n9e weeks !y came to a l& fair] ?an any l& !y _h ev] beheld--x 0 ! ,happy ,o!rworld4 ,9 x 7 _m 'r$-lad5 apple-trees1 ) leafy oaks too 9 x1 & hazels yell[ ) nuts 9 _! clu/]s'2 & 'a wide smoo? pla9 clad 9 fl[]+ clov] all b$ew$ ) honey'4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is pla9 ,teigue & 8 companions descri$ ?ree hills1 & on ea* ( !m an impregnable place ( /r5g?4 ,at ! fir/ /ronghold1 :i* _h a ramp>t ( :ite m>ble1 ,teigue 0 welcom$ by 'a :ite-bodi$ lady1 faire/ ( ! :ole _w's wom5'2 & %e told him t ! /ronghold is ! abode '( ,irel&'s k+s3 f ,h]emon son ( ,milesius to ,conn ( ! ,hundr$ ,battles1 :o 0 ! la/ to pass into x'4 ,teigue ) 8 p mov$ on till !y ga9$ ! middle dn1 ! dn ) a ramp>t ( gold4 ,!re also '!y f\nd a que5 ( graci\s =m1 & %e drap$ 9 ve/ure ( a gold5 fabric'1 :o tells !m t !y are 9 ! ,e>?'s f\r? p>adise4 ,at ! ?ird dn1 ! dn ) a silv] ramp>t1 ,teigue & 8 p>ty met ,connla1 ! son ( ,conn ( ! ,hundr$ ,battles4 ',9 8 h& he held a fragrant apple hav+ ! hue ( gold2 a ?ird "p ( x he w\ld eat1 & /ill1 = all he consum$1 nev] a :it w\ld x be dim9i%$4' ,& at 8 side sat a "y woman ( _m *>ms1 :o spake ?us to ,teigue3--',i _h be/[$ on him 7i4 e4 felt = him7 true affection's love1 & !re=e wr\ght to h him come to me 9 ?is l&2 :]e our delight1 bo? ( u1 is to cont9ue 9 look+ at & 9 p]petual contemplation ( "o ano!r3 above & beyond :i* we pass n1 to commit impurity or fle%ly s9 :atsoev]4' ,bo? ,connla & 8 fri5d 7 clad 9 ve/m5ts ( gre5--l ! fairy-folk2 & _! /ep 0 s light t h>dly did ! beautiful clov]-heads b5d b5ea? x4 ,& ! apple 'x 0 t support$ ! pair ( !m &1 :5 once !y _h p>tak5 ( x1 nor age nor dimness c\ld affect !m'4 ,:5 ,teigue ask$ :o occupi$ ! dn ) ! silv] ramp>t ! maid5 ) ,connla made ?is reply3--',9 t "o !re is n any "o4 ,= beho( ( ! righte\s k+s t aft] acceptance ( ! ,fai? %all rule ,irel& x is t yond] dn /&s ready2 & we are !y :o1 until su* ^? virtu\s pr9ces %all ent] into x1 keep ! same3 9 ! :i*1 ,teigue my s\l1 ?\ too %alt h an appo9t$ place4' ',obliquely across ! mo/ capaci\s palace ,teigue look$ away' 7z he 0 obs]v+ ! beauty ( ! yet un9habit$ dn71 '& m>k$ a ?ickly furni%$ wide-spread+ apple-tree t b>e blossoms & ripe fruit bo?4 ,:at is t apple-tree beyond8 he ask$ ( ! maid51 & %e made answ]3--,t apple-tree's fruit x is t = meat %all s]ve ! congregation :i* is to be 9 ?is mansion1 & a s+le apple ( ! same x 0 t br\ght 7coax$ away7 ,connla to me4' ,!n ! p>ty re/$1 & !re came t[>ds !m a :ole array ( fem99e beauty1 among :i* 0 a lovely damsel ( ref9$ =m :o =etold to ,teigue ! mann] & "t ( 8 dea?1 & z a tok5 %e gave him 'a fair cup ( em]ald hue1 9 :i* are inh]5t _m virtues3 = among o!r ?+s ?\gh x 7 b wat] p\r$ into x1 incont95tly x w\ld be w9e'4 ,& ?is 0 h] f>ewell message to ,teigue3--',f t 7! cup71 let n ?9e h& "p2 b h x = a tok53 :5 x %all escape f !e1 !n 9 a %ort "t aft] %alt ?\ die2 & :]e ?\ %alt meet ?y dea? is 9 ! gl5 t is on ,boyne's side3 !re ! e>? %all gr[ into a great hill1 & ! "n t x %all be> w be croidhe eisse2 !re too 7:5 ?\ %alt fir/ h be5 w\nd$ by a rov+ wild h>t1 aft] :i* ,allm>a*s w slay !e7 ,i w bury ?y body2 b ?y s\l %all come ) me hi!r1 :]e till ! ,judgem5t's ,day ?\ %alt assume a body light & e!real4' ,z ! p>ty l$ by ,teigue 7 go+ d[n to ! sea%ore to dep>t1 ! girl :o _h be5 escort+ !m ask$ 'h[ long !y _h be5 9 ! c\ntry'4 ',9 our e/imation1' !y repli$1 'we are 9 x b "o s+le day4' ,%e1 h[ev]1 said3 ',= an entire twelvemon? ye are 9 x2 dur+ :i* "t ye h _h nei!r meat nor dr9k1 nor1 h[ long soev] ye %\ld be "h1 w\ld cold or ?ir/ or hung] assail y4' ,& :5 ,teigue & 8 p>ty _h ent]$ _! curra* !y look$ a/]n1 b '!y saw n ! l& f :i* !y came1 = incont95tly an obscur+ magic veil 0 drawn ov] x'4#cdc ,,! ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,art1 ,,son ,,( ,,conn ,?is int]e/+ imram comb9es1 9 a way1 ! type ( tale :]e9 a fairy woman comes f ! ,o!rworld to our _w--?\gh 9 ?is tale %e is bani%$ f !re--& ! type ( tale :]e9 ! ,o!rworld is f\nd ?r\gh adv5ture3-- ,bcuma ,cneisgel1 a woman ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 because ( a transgression %e _h committ$ 9 ! ,o!rworld ) ,gaidi>1 ,manannan's son1 0 bani%$ !nce4 ,%e came to ,conn1 high k+ ( ,irel&1 & %e b\nd him to d h] w2 & h] judgem5t 0 t ,art1 ! son ( ,conn1 %\ld n come to ,t>a until a ye> 0 pa/4 ,dur+ ! ye>1 ,conn & ,bcuma 7 toge!r 9 ,t>a1 '& !re 0 nei!r corn nor milk 9 ,irel& dur+ t "t4' ,! ,tua?a ,de ,danann s5t ?is dreadful fam9e2 = !y1 z agricultural gods1 ?us %[$ _! displeasure at ! unholy life ( ,irel&'s high k+ ) ! evil woman :om !y _h bani%$4 ,! ,druids ( all ,irel& be+ call$ toge!r1 decl>$ t to appease ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann '! son ( a s9less c\ple %\ld be br\ght to ,irel& & sla9 be=e ,t>a1 & 8 blood m+l$ ) ! soil ( ,t>a' 7cf4 p4 #dcf74 ,x 0 ,conn himself :o set out = ! ,o!rworld & f\nd !re ! s9less boy1 ! son ( ! que5 ( t _w1 & he br\ght him back to ,t>a4 ,a /range ev5t saves ! y\?3--',j !n !y 7! assembly ( p & ,druids1 ) ,conn1 ,art1 & ,f9n7 he>d ! l[+ ( a c[1 & a woman wail+ cont9ually beh9d x4 ,& !y saw ! c[ & ! woman mak+ = ! assembly4' ,! woman _h come f ! ,o!rworld to save ,segda2 & ! c[ 0 accept$ z a sacrifice 9 place ( ,segda1 ow+ to ! wond]s x disclos$2 = its two bags :5 op5$ conta9$ two birds--"o ) "o leg & "o ) twelve legs1 & '! "o-legg$ bird prevail$ ov] ! bird ) twelve legs'4 ,!n ris+ up & call+ ,conn aside1 ! woman decl>$ to him t until he put aside ! evil woman ,bcuma 'a ?ird ( its corn1 & its milk1 & its ma/' %\ld be lack+ to ,irel&4 ',& %e took leave ( !m !n & w5t (f ) h] son1 ev5 ,segda4 ,& jewels & treasures 7 (f]$ to !m1 b !y refus$ !m4' ,9 ! second "p ( ?is complex tale1 ,bcuma & ,art are toge!r play+ a game4 ,art f9ally loses1 because ! m5 ( ! sidh 7l invisible spirits7 began to /eal ! pieces ) :i* he & ! woman play2 &1 z a result1 ,bcuma put on him ?is taboo3--',?\ %alt n eat food 9 ,irel& until ?\ br+ ) !e ,delb*aem1 ! daught] ( ,morgan4' ',:]e is %e8' ask$ ,art4 ',9 an isle amid ! sea1 & t is all ! in=mation t ?\ wilt get4' ',& he put =? ! coracle1 & travell$ ! sea f "o isle to ano!r until he came to a fair1 /range isl&1' ! ,o!rworld4 ,! bloom+ wom5 ( t l& ent]ta9 ! pr9ce ( ,irel& dur+ six weeks1 & in/ruct him 9 all ! dang]s he mu/ face & ! conque/s he mu/ make4 ,hav+ successfully met all ! ordeals1 ,art secures ,delb*aem1 daught] ( ,morgan ! k+ ( ! ',l& ( ,wond]s'1 & returns to ,irel&4 ',%e _h a gre5 cloak ( "o hue ab\t h]1 ) a gold p9 9 x ov] h] brea/1 & long1 fair1 v gold5 hair4 ,%e _h d>k-black eye-br[s1 & fla%+ grey eyes 9 h] head1 & a sn[y-:ite body4' ,& ^u see+ ! *a/e & noble ,delb*aem ) ,art1 ,bcuma1 ! bani%$ woman ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 lam5t+1 dep>ts f ,t>a = ev]4#cdd ,,o!rworld ,,que/s ,,( ,,cu*ula9n ,,& ,,( ,,ar?ur ,!re is yet ! di/9ct class ( tales ab\t j\rneys to a fairy _w :i* is a ,hades _w b5ea? ! e>?1 or 9 "s l& ( dea?1 r ?an amid ! waves ( ! ,we/]n ,ocean4 ,?us !re is a curi\s poem 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dun ,c[ describ+ an exp$ition l$ by ,cu*ula9n to ! /ronghold ( ,sc? 9 ! l& ( ,sc?1 or1 z ! "n means1 l& ( ,%ades1 :]e ! h]o ga9s ! k+'s cauldron4#cde ,& ! poem sugge/s :y s few :o invad$ t ,hades _w ev] return$--p]haps :y1 my/ically speak+1 s few m5 c\ld escape ei!r ?r\gh initiation or re-bir? ! natural confusion & =getfulness aris+ out ( dea?4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,taliess9 a weird poem1 ,preiddeu ,annwfn1 or ! ',spoils ( ,annwn'1 describes1 9 language n always cle>1 h[ ! ,bry?onic ,ar?ur made a simil> j\rney to ! ,wel% ,hades _w nam$ ,annwn1 :]e he1 l ,cu*ula9n 9 ,sc?1 ga9$ possession ( a magic cauldron--a pagan ,celtic type ( ! ,holy ,grail--:i* furni%es inexhau/ible food ?\gh 'x w n boil ! food ( a c[>d'4 ,b 9 /anzas iii & iv ( ,preiddeu ,annwfn1 ,annwn1 or ,uff]n z x is o!rwise call$1 is n an und]gr\nd realm1 b "s _w to be rea*$ l ! ,gaelic ,l& ( ,promise by sea4 ,annwn is also call$ ,ca] ,sidi1 :i* 9 ano!r poem ( ! ,book ( ,taliess9 7,no4 ,,xiv7 is ?\ght ( z an isl& ( immortal y\? amid '! /reams ( ! ocean' :]e !re is a food-giv+ f\nta94#cdf ,,lit]>y ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,happy ,,o!rworld ,,idea ,we h n[ notic$ two *ief classes ( ,o!rworld leg5ds4 ,9 "o !re is ! beautiful & peaceful ,tr ,innambo or ',l& ( ! ,liv+' "u ,manannan's rule across ! seas1 & its fairy inhabitants are pr9cipally wom5 :o lure away noble m5 & y\?s ?r\gh love = !m2 9 ! o!r !re is a ,hades _w--(t5 confus$ ) ! =m]--9 :i* great h]oes g on "s my/]i\s que/4 ,sometimes ?is ,hades _w is insep>able f ! und]gr\nd palaces or _w ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann4 ,aga91 x may be an und]lake fairy-realm l t ent]$ by ,laeghaire & 8 fifty companions 7see p4 #cjb72 or1 z 9 ,gilla ,decair1#cdg ( late composition1 x is an "u-well l& :]e9 ,d]mot has adv5tures4 ,&1 9 a simil> tale1 ,mur\gh1 on ! invitation ( a my/]i\s /rang] :o comes out ( a lake & !n disappe>s 'l ! mi/ ( a w9t] fog or ! :iff ( a ,m>* w9d'1 dives b5ea? ! lake's wat]s1 & is escort$ to ! palace ( ,k+ ,"u-,wave1 :]e9 he sees ! /rang] z ! wat]-k+ himself sitt+ on a gold5 ?rone 7cf4 pp4 #fc-d74 ,9 cont9ual fea/+ !re ,mur\gh passes a day & a ye>1 ?9k+ ! "t only a few days4#cdh ,z a rule ! ,hades _w1 or und]gr\nd & "u-wave _w1 is unlike ,manannan's peaceful ocean realm1 be+ (t5 describ$ z a place ( mu* /rife2 & mortals are usually induc$ to ent] x to aid 9 settl+ ! tr\bles ( its fairy inhabitants4 ,all ! num]\s v>iations ( ,o!rworld tales n[ extant 9 ,celtic lit]ature %[ a common pre-,*ri/ian orig91 ?\gh almo/ all ( !m h be5 col\r$ by ,*ri/ian ideas ab\t heav51 hell1 & purgatory4 ,f ! e>lie/ tales ( ! ov]-sea ,o!rworld type1 l ^? ( ,bran1 ,maeldu91 & ,connla1 all ( :i* may g back to ! e>ly eigh? c5tury z compositions1 ! *ri/ianiz+ influ5ce is already cle>ly begun2 & 9 ! ,voyage ( ,sn$gus & ( ,mac ,riagla1 ( ! late n9? c5tury1 ?is influ5ce pr$om9ates4#cdi ,purely ,*ri/ian texts ( ab\t ! same p]iod or lat] describe ! ,*ri/ian heav5 z ?\gh x 7 ! pagan ,o!rworld4 ,"s ( ^!1 l ! ,lat9 v]sion ( ! tale ( ,/4 ,br&an's ,voyage1 greatly influ5c$ ,european lit]ature1 & probably contribut$ to ! discov]y ( ! ,new ,_w4#cdi ,! comb9ation ( ,*ri/ian & pagan ,celtic ideas is well %[n 9 ! ,voyage ( ! ,hi ,corra#cej3--',!reaft] a wondr\s isl& 0 %[n to !m4 ,a psalm-s++ v5]able old man1 ) fair1 build$ *ur*es & beautiful bright alt>s4 ,beautiful gre5 grass !re94 ,a dew ( honey on its grass4 ,little ev]-lovely bees & fair1 purple-head$ birds a-*ant+ music !re91 s t m]ely to li/5 to !m 0 en\gh ( delight4' ,b 9 ano!r passage ! ,*ri/ian scribe describes ,o!rworld birds z s\ls1 "s ( !m 9 hell3--',( ! l& ( ,er9 am ,i1 quo? ! bird1 & ,i am ! s\l ( a woman1 & ,i am a monkess unto !e1 %e sai? to ! eld]4444 ,come ye to ano!r place1 sai? ! bird1 to he>k5 to yon birds4 ,! birds t ye see are ! s\ls t come on ,sunday out ( hell4' ,/ill o!r isl&s are def9itely made into ,*ri/ian hells full ( fire1 :]e9 wail+ & %riek+ m5 are be+ mangl$ by ! beaks & talons ( birds4 ,b sometimes1 l ! leg5ds ab\t ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 ! leg5ds ab\t ! ,o!rworld 7 tak5 lit]ally & mo/ s]i\sly by "s e>ly ,iri%-,*ri/ian sa9ts4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lo? records a v int]e/+ episode1 h[ ,/4 ,malo & 8 tea*] ,br&an actually set out on an ocean voyage to f9d ! ,heav5-_w ( ! pagan ,celts3--',sa9t ,malo1 :5 a y\?1 emb>ks ) 8 tea*] ,br&an 9 a boat1 9 se>* ( t my/]i\s c\ntry2 aft] "s days1 ! waves drive him back rebuff$ & disc\rag$ ^u ! sea%ore4 ,an angel op5s 8 eyes3 ! l& ( et]nal peace & ( et]nal y\? is t :i* ,*ri/ianity promises to its elect4'#cea ,n only 0 ! ,celtic ,o!rworld gradually *ang$ into a ,*ri/ian ,heav51 or ,hell1 f ! eigh? c5tury onw>d1 b its div9e inhabitants soon came to suff] ! rationalization commonly appli$ to _! race2 & ! transcrib]s began to set !m d[n z actual p]sonages ( ,iri% hi/ory4 ,z we h already obs]v$1 ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 7 %orn ( _! immortality1 & 7 giv5 9 ex*ange all ! passions & %ortcom+s ( m51 & made subject to disease & dea?4 ,?is p]haps 0 a natural an?ropomorphic process su* z is met ) 9 all my?ologies4 ,celtic my? & my/icism1 :]e9 may yet be read ! deepe/ secrets ( life & dea?1 suppli$ names & leg5ds to fill out a *ri/ianiz$ s*eme ( ,iri% *ronology1 :i* 0 made to beg9 "s six ?\s& ye>s ago ) ,adam4 ,a few ( ! pagan leg5ds1 h[ev]1 met v fair treatm5t at ! h&s ( poetical & patriotic ,*ri/ian transcrib]s4 ,?us 9 ,adamnan's ,vision1#ceb ?\gh ! ,celtic ,o!rworld has become '! ,l& ( ! ,sa9ts'1 its primal "* is cle>ly disc]nible3 to rea* x a sea voyage is necess>y2 & x is a l& :]e !re is no pride1 falsehood1 envy1 disease or dea?1 ':]e9 is delight ( e goodness4' ,9 x !re are s++ birds1 & = su/5ance :ile !re ! voyag]s ne$ only to he> its music & 'sate !mselves ) ! od\r :i* is 9 ! ,l&'4 ,aga91 9 ! ,book ( ,le9/]1 & 9 lat] ,,mss41 !re is a d9n%5*as ( almo/ primal pagan purity4 ,x alludes to ,clidna's ,wave1 t ( ,tuag ,inbir3--,to ,tuag1 daught] ( ,conall1 ,manannan ! sea-god s5t a mess5g]1 a ,druid ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 9 ! %ape ( a woman4 ,! ,druid *ant$ a sleep spell ov] ! girl1 & :ile he left h] on ! sea%ore to look = a boat 9 :i* to emb>k = ! ',l& ( ,ev]liv+ ,wom5'1 a wave ( ! flood tide came & dr[n$ h]4 ,b ! ,ox=d v]sion ( ! same tale d\bts :e!r ! maid5 0 dr[n$1 = x sugge/s1 ',or maybe x 7! wave7 0 ,manannan himself t 0 c>ry+ h] (f4'#cec ,?us ! scribe und]/ood t to g to ,manannan's _w lit]ally meant ent]+ a sleep or trance /ate1 or1 :at is equival5t 9 ! case ( ! maid5 :om ,manannan summon$1 ! passage ?r\gh dea? f ! physical body4 ,& /ill1 to-day1 ! ,iri% peasant believes t ! 'good p' take to _! invisible _w all "y m5 or maid5s :o meet dea?2 or t "o "u a fairy spell may g to _! _w = a %ort "t1 & come back to our _w aga94 ,we h frequ5tly emphasiz$ h[ truly ! mod]n ,celtic peasant 9 c]ta9 non-comm]cializ$ localities has kept to ! fai? ( 8 pagan ance/ors1 :ile ! le>n$ ,*ri/ian scribes h (t5 dep>t$ widely f x4 ,! /ory ( ! voyage ( ,fionn to ! ,o!rworld1#ced :i* ,campbell f\nd liv+ among ,scot* peasants z late z ! la/ c5tury1 adds a /rik+ pro( ( ?is ass]tion4 ,s does ,mi*ael ,comyn's peasant v]sion ( ,ossian 9 ! ',l& ( ,y\?' 7z outl9$ above1 p4 #cdf71 :i*1 ?\gh dat+ f ab\t #agdi1 has all ! natural "* ( ! be/ anci5t tales1 l ^? ab\t ,bran & ,cormac4 ,we are incl9$1 !re=e1 to atta* a value ev5 high] ?an we h already done to ! te/imony ( ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai? :i* confirms 9 s _m p>allel ways1 z has be5 %[n1 ! ,fairy-,fai? ( ! remote pa/4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats1 ! ,iri% poet1 adequately sums up ?is matt] by say+1 ',b ! ,iri% peasant believes t ! utmo/ he c dream 0 once or /ill is a reality by 8 own door4 ,he w po9t to "s m\nta9 & tell y t "s fam\s h]o or beauty liv$ & sorr[$ !re1 or he w tell y t ,tir-na-nog1 ! ,c\ntry ( ! ,"y1 ! old ,celtic p>adise--! ,l& ( ! ,liv+ ,he>t1 z x us$ to be call$--is all ab\t him4'#cee ,at ! end ( 8 long & c>eful /udy ( ! ,celtic ,o!rworld1 ,alfr$ ,nutt arriv$ at ! t5tative conclusion :i* co9cides ) our own1 t ',! vision ( a ,happy ,o!rworld f\nd 9 ,iri% my?ic romances ( ! eigh? & foll[+ c5turies is sub/antially pre-,*ri/ian'1 t its close/ analogues are 9 ,hell5ic my?1 & t ) ^! 'x =ms ! mo/ ar*aic ,aryan pres5tation ( ! div9e & happy l& we possess'4#cef ,,section ,,ii ,,! ,,record$ ,,fairy-,,fai? ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,celtic ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,re-,,bir?#ceg ',x seems z if ,ossian's 0 a premature return4 ,to-day he might f9d comrades come back f ,tir-na-nog = ! uplift+ ( _! race4 ,p]haps to _m a "y _s /&+ up among u ,cailte might speak z to ,mongan1 say+3 ,i 0 ) !e1 ) ,f9n4'--,a4 ,e4 ,re-bir? & ,o!rworld--,z a ,*ri/ian doctr9e--,g5]al hi/orical survey--,accord+ to ! ,b>ddas ,,mss42 accord+ to anci5t & mod]n au?orities--,re9c>nation ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann--,k+ ,mongan's re-bir?--,eta9's bir?--,d]mot's pre-exi/5ce--,tuan's re-bir?--,re-bir? among ,bry?ons--,ar?ur z a re9c>nate h]o--,non-,celtic p>allels--,re-bir? among mod]n ,celts3 9 ,irel&2 9 ,scotl&2 9 ! ,isle ( ,man2 9 ,wales2 9 ,cornwall2 9 ,brittany--,orig9 & evolution ( ,celtic ,re-bir? ,doctr9e4 ,,relation ,,) ,,! ,,o!rworld ,h[ev] mu* ! conception ( ! ,o!rworld among ! anci5t ,greeks may h diff]$ f t among ! ,celts1 x 0 to bo? peoples alike insep>ably connect$ ) _! belief 9 re-bir?4 ,alfr$ ,nutt1 :o /udi$ ?is intimate relation m c>efully p]haps ?an any o!r ,celtic folk-lori/1 has said ( x3--',9 ,greek my?ology z 9 ,iri%1 ! conception ( re-bir? proves to be a dom9ant factor ( ! same religi\s sy/em 9 :i* ,elysium is likewise an ess5tial feature4' ,dea?1 z _m initiates h proclaim$ 9 _! my/ical writ+s1 is b a go+ to t ,o!rworld f ?is _w1 & ,bir? a com+ back aga92#ceh & ,buddha ann\nc$ x z 8 mission to tea* m5 ! way to be deliv]$ out ( ?is et]nal ,circle ( ,exi/5ce4 ,,hi/orical ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,re-,,bir? ,,doctr9e ,among ourselves ! doctr9e may seem a /range "o1 ?\gh among ! great nations ( antiquity--! ,egyptians1 ,indians1 ,greeks1 & ,celts--x 0 taught 9 ! ,my/]ies & ,prie/-,s*ools1 & =m$ ! corn]-/one ( ! mo/ important philosophical sy/ems l ^? ( ,buddha1 ,py?agoras1 ,plato1 ! ,neo-,platoni/s1 & ! ,druids4 ,! ,alex&rian ,jews1 also1 7 famili> ) ! doctr9e1 z impli$ 9 ! ,wisdom ( ,solomon 7viii4 #ai1 #bj71 & 9 ! writ+s ( ,philo4 ,x 0 "o ( ! tea*+s 9 ! ,s*ools ( ,alex&ria1 & ?us directly %ap$ ! ?\ghts ( "s ( ! e>ly ,*ur* ,fa!rs--= example1 ,t]tullian ( ,c>?age 7circa ,a4 ,d4 #afj-bdj71 & ,orig5 ( ,alex&ria 7circa ,a4 ,d4 #ahe-bed74 ,x is ( consid]able hi/orical importance = u at ?is po9t to consid] at "s l5g? if ,*ri/ians 9 ! fir/ c5turies held or 7 greatly influ5c$ by ! re-bir? doctr9e1 because1 z we %all pres5tly obs]ve1 ! probable influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian on pagan ,celtic beliefs may h be5 at a c]ta9 p]iod v deep & ev5 ! mo/ important re%ap+ influ5ce4 ,z an exam9ation ( ,orig5's ,de ,pr9cipiis proves1 ,orig5 himself believ$ 9 ! doctr9e4#cei ,b ! !ologians :o creat$ ! ,greek canons ( ! ,fif? ,c\ncil disagre$ ) ,orig5's views1 & condemn$ ,orig5 = believ+1 among o!r ?+s call$ by !m h]esies1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ w be re9c>nat$ & suff] on e>? a second "t to save ! daemons1#cfj an ord] ( spiritual be+s reg>d$ by "s anci5t philosoph]s z de/9$ to evolve into human s\ls4 ,t]tullian1 contempor>y ) ,orig51 9 8 ,de ,anima consid]s :e!r or n ! doctr9e ( re-bir? c be reg>d$ z ,*ri/ian 9 view ( ! decl>ation by ,jesus ,*ri/ t ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 ,elias 7or ,elijah71 ! old ,jewi% prophet1 come aga93--',& if ye are will+ to receive x 7or him71 ?is 7,john ! ,bapti/7 is ,elijah1 :i* is to come4 ,he t ha? e>s to he>1 let him he>4'#cfa ,t]tullian concludes1 & mod]n ,*ri/ian !ologians frequ5tly e*o him 7^u comp>+ ,mala*i iv4 #e71 t all ! ,new ,te/am5t writ]s mean to convey is t ,john ! ,bapti/ possess$ or act$ 9 '! _s & p[]' ( ,elias1 b 0 n actually a re9c>nation ( ,elias1 s9ce he did n possess '! s\l & body' ( ,elias4#cfb ,_h ,t]tullian be5 a my/ic & n m]ely a !ologian ) a p]sonal bias aga9/ ! my/]y tea*+s1 :i* bias he %[s ?r\gh\t 8 ,de ,anima1 x is q evid5t t he w\ld h be5 on ?is doctr9al matt] 9 agreem5t ) ,orig51 :o 0 bo? a my/ic & a !ologian1#cfc &1 !n1 probably ) su* an agreem5t ( ^! two em95t ,*ur* ,fa!rs on record be=e ! "t :5 ,*ri/ian c\ncils met to det]m9e canonical & or?odox beliefs1 ! doctr9e ( re-bir? w\ld nev] h be5 expurgat$ f ,*ri/ianity4#cfd ,9 ! ,pi/is ,sophia1#cfe an anci5t ,gno/ic-,*ri/ian "w1 :i* conta9s :at are alleg$ to be "s ( ,jesus ,*ri/'s esot]ic tea*+s to 8 disciples1 x is cle>ly /at$ 7contr>y to ,t]tullian's argum5t1 b 9 accord ) :at we may assume ,orig5's view w\ld h be57 t ,john ! ,bapti/ 0 ! re9c>nation ( ,elias4#cff ,! same "w fur!r exp\nds ! doctr9e ( re-bir? z a tea*+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/ :i* applies n to p>ticul> p]sonages only1 l ,elias1 b z a univ]sal law gov]n+ ! lives ( all mank9d4#cfg ,z our discussion has made evid5t1 dur+ ! fir/ c5turies ! re-bir? doctr9e 0 und\bt$ly well kn[n to ,alex&rian ,*ri/ians4 ,among o!r e>ly ,*ri/ian !ologians & philosoph]s :o held "s =m ( a re-bir? doctr9e1 7 ,synesius1 ,bi%op ( ,ptolemais 7circa #cge-dad71 ,boe?ius1 a ,roman 7circa #dge-ebe71 & ,psellus1 a native ( ,&ros 7second half ( n9? c5tury74 ,9 addition to ! _m ,gno/ic-,*ri/ian sects1 ! ,mani*aeans1 :o compris$ m ?an sev5ty sects connect$ ) ! primitive ,*ur*1 also promulgat$ ! re-bir? doctr9e4#cfh ,along ) ! condemnation ( ! ,gno/ics & ,mani*aeans z h]etical1 ! doctr9e ( re-bir? 0 likewise condemn$ by v>i\s ecclesia/ical bodies & c\ncils4 ,?is 0 ! decl>ation by ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #eec3--',:osoev] %all support ! my?ical doctr9e ( ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! ,s\l1 & ! consequ5t wond]ful op9ion ( its return1 let him be ana!ma4' ,& s1 aft] c5turies ( controv]sy1 ! anci5t doctr9e ceas$ to be reg>d$ z ,*ri/ian4#cfi ,x is v likely1 h[ev]1 z w be %[n 9 due ord]1 t a few ( ! e>ly ,celtic mission>ies1 always fam\s = _! ,celtic indep5d5ce ev5 9 que/ions t\*+ ,*ri/ian !ology & gov]nm5t1 did n feel !mselves b\nd by ! decisions ( cont95tal ,*ur* ,c\ncils ) respect to ?is p>ticul> doctr9e4 ,dur+ ! m$iaeval p]iod 9 ,europe1 ! re-bir? doctr9e cont9u$ to live on 9 secret among _m ( ! al*emi/s & my/ical philosoph]s1 & among su* ,druids z surviv$ religi\s p]secution2 & x has come d[n f t p]iod to ?is ?r\gh ,ord]s l ! ,rosicrucian ,ord]--an ,ord] :i* seems to h _h an unbrok5 exi/5ce f ! ,middle ,ages or e>li]--& likewise ?r\gh ! unbrok5 traditions ( mod]n ,druidism4 ,9 our own times !re is :at may be call$ a r5aissance ( ! anci5t doctr9e 9 ,europe & ,am]ica--especially 9 ,engl&1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates--?r\gh v>i\s philosophical or religi\s societies2 "s ( !m f\nd+ _! tea*+s & lit]ature on ! anci5t & m$iaeval my/ical philosoph]s1 :ile o!rs /& z ! repres5tatives 9 ! ,we/ ( ! my/ical s*ools ( mod]n ,india1 :i*1 l mod]n ,druidism1 claim to h exi/$ f :at we call prehi/oric times4#cgj ,to-day 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* em95t !ologians h call$ ! doctr9e ( ,purgatory ! ,*ri/ian c\nt]p>t ( ! philosophical doctr9e ( re-bir?2#cga & ! real significance ( ?is op9ion w appe> 9 our lat] /udy ( ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory :i*1 z we hold1 is connect$ m or less def9itely ) ! pagan-,iri% doctr9es ( ! und]world ( ! ,sidhe-folk & spirits1 z well z %ades ( ! dead1 & ) ! ,celtic-,druidic ,doctr9e ( ,re9c>nation4 ,sci5tifically speak+1 z %[n 9 ! ,wel% ,triads ( ,b>dism1 ! anci5t ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? repres5t$ = ! prie/ly & b>dic initiates an exposition ( ! complete cycle ( human evolution2 t is to say1 x includ$ :at we n[ call ,d>w9ism--:i* expla9s only ! purely physical evolution ( ! body :i* man inhabits z an inh]itance f ! brute k+dom--& also besides ,d>w9ism1 a compreh5sive !ory ( man's own evolution z a spiritual be+ bo? ap>t f & 9 a physical body1 on 8 road to ! p]fection :i* comes f kn[+ completely ! e>?-plane ( exi/5ce4 ,& 9 "t1 judg+ f ! rapid advance ( ! pres5t age1 our own sci5ce ?r\gh psy*ical rese>* may "w back to ! old my/]y tea*+s & decl>e !m sci5tific4 7,see *ap4 xii47 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,! ,,b>ddas ,,mss4 ,) ?is prelim9>y survey ( ! subject we may n[ proce$ to %[ h[ 9 ! ,celtic s*eme ( evolution ! ,o!rworld ) all its gods1 fairies1 & invisible be+s1 & ?is _w ) all its visible be+s1 =m ! two poles ( life or consci\s exi/5ce4 ,let u beg9 ) purely philosophical conceptions1 go+ fir/ to ! ,wel% ,b>ddas1#cgb :]e x is said ',!re are ?ree circles ( exi/5ce3 ! circle ( ,ceugant 7! circle ( ,inf9ity71 :]e !re is nei!r animate nor inanimate save ,god1 & ,god only c trav]se x2 ! circle ( ,abr$ 7! circle ( ,re-bir?71 :]e ! dead is /rong] ?an ! liv+1 & :]e e pr9cipal exi/5ce is d]iv$ f ! dead1 & man has trav]s$ x2 & ! circle ( ,gwynvyd 7! circle ( ! :ite1 i4 e4 ! circle ( ,p]fection71 :]e ! liv+ is /rong] ?an ! dead1 & :]e e pr9cipal exi/5ce is d]iv$ f ! liv+ & life1 t is1 f ,god1 & man %all trav]se x2 nor w man atta9 to p]fect k1 until he %all h fully trav]s$ ! circle ( ,gwynvyd1 = no absolute k c be obta9$ b by ! exp]i5ce ( ! s5ses1 f hav+ borne & suff]$ e condition & incid5t'4#cgc 444 ',! ?ree /abilities ( k3 to h trav]s$ e /ate ( life2 to rememb] e /ate & its incid5ts2 & to be able to trav]se e /ate1 z "o w\ld wi%1 = ! sake ( exp]i5ce & judgem5t2 & ?is w be obta9$ 9 ! circle ( ,gwynvyd4'#cgd ,?us ,b>ddas exp\nds ! complete ,b>dic s*eme ( evolution z "o 9 :i* ! monad or s\l1 z a k ( physical exi/5ce is gradually unfold$ to x1 passes ?r\gh e phase ( mat]ial embodim5t be=e x ent]s ! human k+dom1 :]e1 = ! fir/ "t ex]cis+ freewill 9 a physical body1 x becomes responsible = all its acts4 ,! ,b>dic doctr9e z o!rwise /at$ is 't ! s\l comm5c$ its c\rse 9 ! l[e/ wat]-animalcule1 & pass$ at dea? to o!r bodies ( a sup]ior ord]1 successively1 & 9 regul> gradation1 until x ent]$ t ( man4 ,humanity is a /ate ( lib]ty1 :]e man c atta* himself to ei!r good or evil1 z he pleases'4#cge ,once 9 ! human k+dom ! s\l beg9s a second p]iod ( gr[? altoge!r diff]5t f t prec$+--a p]iod ( gr[? t[>d div9ity2 & ) ?is1 9 our /udy1 we are *iefly conc]n$4 ,x seems cle> t ! circle ( ,gwynvyd f9ds its p>allel 9 ! ,nirvana ( ,buddhism1 be+1 l x1 a /ate ( absolute k & felicity 9 :i* man becomes a div9e be+1 a v]itable god4#cgf ,we see 9 all ?is ! intimate relation :i* !re 0 ?\ght to be betwe5 :at we call ! /ate ( life & ! /ate ( dea?1 betwe5 ! _w ( m5 & ! _w ( gods1 fairies1 demons1 spirits1 & %ades4 ,our next /ep mu/ be to %[1 fir/1 :at "s o!r au?orities h _h to say ab\t ?is relation1 & !n1 second1 & fundam5tally1 t gods or fairy-folk l ! ,sidhe or ,tua?a ,de ,danann c\ld come to ?is _w n only z we h be5 see+ !m come z fairy wom51 fairy m51 & gods1 at w visible or invisible to mortals1 b also ?r\gh submitt+ to human bir?4 ,,accord+ ,,to ,,anci5t ,,& ,,mod]n ,,au?orities ,fir/1 !re=e1 = op9ions2 & we may g to ! anci5ts & !n to ! mod]ns4 ,"h are a few f ,julius ,caes>3--',9 p>ticul> !y 7! ,druids7 wi% to inculcate ?is idea1 t s\ls d n die1 b pass f "o body to ano!r4'#cgg ',! ,gauls decl>e t !y h all sprung f _! fa!r ,dis 7or ,pluto71 & ?is !y say 0 deliv]$ to !m by ! ,druids4'#cgg ,& ! te/imony ( ,caes> is confirm$ by ,diodorus ,siculus1#cgh & by ,pomponius ,mela4#cgi ,lucan1 9 ! ,ph>salia1#chj address+ ! ,druids on _! doctr9e ( re-bir? says3--',if y "k :at y s+1 dea? is ! c5tre ( a long life4' ,& aga9 9 ! same passage he obs]ves3--',happy ! folk ^u :om ! ,be> looks d[n1 happy 9 ?is error1 :om ( fe>s ! greate/ moves n1 ! dread ( dea?4 ,h5ce _! w>rior's he>t hurls !m aga9/ ! /eel1 h5ce _! ready welcome ( dea?1 & ! ?\ght t x 7 a c[>d's "p to grudge a life sure ( its return4'#cha ,dr4 ,d\glas ,hyde1 9 8 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,irel& 7p4 #ie71 speak+ = ! ,iri% p1 says ( ! re-bir? doctr9e3--'444 ! idea ( re-bir? :i* =ms "p ( half a doz5 exi/+ ,iri% sagas1 0 p]fectly famili> to ! ,iri% ,gael4444' ,accord+ to ano!r mod]n ,celtic au?ority1 ,d',arbois de ,juba9ville1 two *ief ,celtic doctr9es or beliefs 7 ! return ( ! gho/s ( ! dead & ! re-bir? ( ! same individuality 9 a new human body "h on ?is planet4#chb ,,re9c>nation ,,( ,,! ,,tua?a ,,de ,,danann ,we proce$ n[ directly to %[ t !re 0 also a belief1 probably widespread1 among ! anci5t ,iri% t div9e p]sonages1 national h]oes :o are memb]s ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or ,sidhe race1 & great m51 c be re9c>nat$1 t is to say1 c desc5d to ?is plane ( exi/5ce & be z mortals m ?an once4 ,?is aspect ( ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? has be5 cle>ly set =? by ! publications ( su* em95t ,celtic folk-lori/s z ,alfr$ ,nutt & ,miss ,eleanor ,hull4 ,miss ,hull1 9 h] /udy ( ,old ,iri% ,tabus1 or ,gesa1#chc ref]r+ to ! ,cu*ula9n ,cycle ( ,iri% lit]ature & my?ology1 writes ?us3--',!re is no d\bt t all ! *ief p]sonages ( ?is cycle 7 reg>d$ z ! direct desc5dants1 or x w\ld be m correct to say1 z avat>s or re9c>nations ( ! e>ly gods4 ,n only are _! p$igrees trac$ up to ! ,tua?a ,d ,danann1 b !re are indications 9 ! bir?-/ories ( ne>ly all ! pr9cipal p]sonages t !y are look$ ^u simply z div9e be+s reborn on ! human plane ( life4 ,^! indications are my/]i\s1 & mo/ ( ! tales :i* deal ) !m %[ signs ( hav+ be5 alt]$1 p]haps int5tionally1 by ! ,*ri/ian transcrib]s4 ,! doctr9e ( re-bir? 0 naturally n "o acceptable to !m4444 ,! goddess ,eta9 becomes ! mortal wife ( a k+ ( ,irel&4444 ,con*obh>1 moreov]1 is spok5 ( z a t]re/rial god2#chd & ,de*tire1 8 si/]1 & ! "m ( ,c*ula9n1 is call$ a goddess4#che ,9 ! case ( ,c*ula9n himself1 x is di/9ctly not$ t he is ! avat> ( ,lugh lamhfada 7long-h&71 ! sun-deity#chf ( ! e>lie/ cycle4 ,lugh appe>s to ,de*tire1 ! "m ( ,c*ula9n1 & tells h] t he himself is h] little *ild1 i4 e4 t ! *ild is a re9c>nation ( himself2 & ,c*ula9n1 :5 inquir$ ( z to 8 bir?1 po9ts pr\dly to 8 desc5t f ,lugh4 ,:51 too1 x is propos$ to f9d a wife = ! h]o1 ! reason assign$ is1 t !y knew t 8 re-bir? w\ld be ( himself 7i4 e4 t only f himself c\ld ano!r su* z he h orig974'#chg ,we h 9 ?is la/ a clue to ! popul> ,iri% belief reg>d+ ! re-bir? ( be+s ( a god-l nature4 ,d',arbois de ,juba9ville has %[n1#chh also1 t ! gr&fa!r ( ,cu*ula9n1 son ( ,sualtaim1 0 f ! c\ntry ( ! ,sidhe1 & s 0 ,e?n ,+ub1 ! si/] ( ,sualtaim4 ,& ,de*tire1 ! "m ( ,cu*ula9n1 0 ! daught] ( ! ,druid ,ca?ba & ! bro!r ( ,k+ ,con*obh>4 ,?us ! ance/ry ( ! great h]o ( ! ,r$ ,bran* ,knights ( ,ul/] is bo? royal & div9e4 ,& ,conall ,c]na*1 ,cu*ula9n's comrade & av5g]1 app>5tly f a tale 9 ! ,cir ,anmann 7,fitness ( ,names71 compos$ probably dur+ ! twelf? c5tury1 0 also a re9c>nat$ ,tua?a ,de ,danann h]o4#chi ,practically all ! extant manuscripts deal+ ) ! anci5t lit]ature & my?ology ( ! ,gaels 7 writt5 by ,*ri/ian scribes or else copi$ by !m f old] manuscripts1 s t1 z ,miss ,hull po9ts out1 :at few ,iri% re-bir? /ories h come d[n to u--& !y are probably b remnants ( an ext5sive re-bir? lit]ature l t ( ,india--h be5 m or less alt]$4 ,yet to ^! s*ol>ly scribes ( ! e>ly mona/ic s*ools1 :o kept alive ! sacr$ fire ( le>n+ :ile _! own c\ntry 0 be+ plund]$ by =eign invad]s & ! re/ ( m$iaeval ,europe plung$ 9 w>f>e1 ! _w owes a debt ( gratitude2 = to _! ef=ts alone1 9 spite ( a re%ap+ ( matt] naturally to be expect$1 is due almo/ ev]y?+ record$ on p>*m5ts conc]n+ pagan ,irel&4 ,,! ,,re-,,bir? ,,/ory ,,conc]n+ ,,k+ ,,mongan ,we h pres]v$ to u a rem>kable re-bir? /ory 9 :i* ! *>act]s are kn[n to be hi/orical4#cij ,x conc]ns a qu>rel betwe5 ! k+ ( ,ul/]1 ,mongan1 son ( ,fia*na--:o1 accord+ to ! ,annals ( ,irel& by ! ,f\r ,ma/]s 7i4 #bde71 0 kill$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #fbj by ,ar?ur1 son ( ,bicor--& ,=goll1 ! poet ( ,mongan4#cia ,! dispute betwe5 !m 0 z to ! place ( ! dea? ( ,fo?ad ,airgde*1 a k+ ( ,irel& :o 0 kill$ by ,cailte1 "o ( ! w>riors ( ,f9d1 9 a battle ^: date is fix$ by ! ,f\r ,ma/]s 9 ,a4 ,d4 #bhe4cib ,=goll pret5d$ t ,fo?ad _h be5 kill$ at ,duffry1 9 ,le9/]1 & ,mongan ass]t$ t x 0 on ! riv] ,l>ne 7anci5tly ,oll>ba7 9 ,c\nty ,antrim4 ,enrag$ at be+ contradict$1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 by ! k+1 ,=goll ?reat5$ ,mongan ) t]rible incantations2 & x 0 agre$ t unless ,mongan prov$ 8 ass]tion )9 ?ree days1 8 que5 %\ld pass "u ! control ( ,=goll4 ,mongan1 h[ev]1 _h spok5 truly & ) c]ta9 secret k1 & felt sure ( w9n+4 ,:5 ! ?ird day 0 almo/ expir$ & ,=goll _h pres5t$ himself ready to claim ! wag]1 !re 0 he>d com+ 9 ! di/ance ! "o :om ,mongan await$4 ,x 0 ,cailte himself1 come f ! ,o!rworld to be> te/imony to ! tru?fulness ( ! k+ & to conf\nd ! audaci\s presumptions ( ! poet ,=goll4 ,x 0 ev5+ :5 he rea*$ ! palace4 ,! k+ ,mongan 0 seat$ on 8 ?rone1 & ! que5 at 8 "r full ( fe> ab\t ! outcome1 & 9 front /ood ! poet ,=goll claim+ ! wag]4 ,no "o knew ! /range w>rior z he ent]$ ! c\rt1 save ! k+4 ,cailte1 :5 fully in=m$ ( ! qu>rel & ! wag]1 quickly ann\nc$ s t all he>d him di/9ctly1 ',! poet has li$6' ',y w regret ^? words1' repli$ ! poet4 ',:at y say does n well become y1' respond$ ,cailte 9 turn1 '= ,i w prove :at ,i say4' ,& /raightway ,cailte reveal$ ?is /range secret3 t he _h be5 "o ( ! companions 9 arms "u ! great w>rior ,f9d1 :o 0 also 8 tea*]1 & t ,mongan1 ! k+ be=e :om he spoke1 0 ! re9c>nation ( ,f9d3-- ',we 7 ) !e1' said ,cailte1 address+ ! k+4 ',we 7 ) ,f9d4' ',"k1 h[ev]1' repli$ ,mongan1 't y d wrong 9 reveal+ a secret4' ,b ! w>rior cont9u$3 ',we 7 !re=e ) ,f9d4 ,we came f ,scotl&4 ,we enc\nt]$ ,fo?ad ,airgde* ne> "h1 on ! %ores ( ! ,oll>ba4 ,we gave him furi\s battle4 ,i ca/ my spe> at him 9 su* a mann] t x pass$ ?r\gh 8 body1 & ! iron po9t1 deta*+ itself f ! /aff1 became fix$ 9 ! e>? on ! o!r side ( ,fo?ad4 ,behold "h 9 my h& ! %aft ( t spe>4 ,!re w be f\nd ! b>e rock f ! top ( :i* ,i let fly my weapon4 ,!re w be f\nd a little fur!r to ! ea/ ! iron po9t sunk5 9 ! e>?4 ,!re w be f\nd aga9 a little fur!r1 always to ! ea/1 ! tomb ( ,fo?ad ,airgde*4 ,a c(f9 ( /one cov]s 8 body2 8 two bracelets ( silv]1 8 two arm-r+s1 & 8 neck-torque ( silv] are 9 ! c(f94 ,above ! tomb rises a pill>-/one1 & on ! upp] extremity ( t /one :i* is plant$ 9 ! e>? "o may read an inscription 9 ogam3 ,"h reposes ,fo?ad ,airgde*2 he 0 fight+ aga9/ ,f9d :5 ,cailte slew him4' ,& to ! con/]nation ( ,=goll1 :at ?is w>rior :o came f ! ,o!rworld decl>$ 0 true1 = !re 7 f\nd ! place indicat$ by him1 ! rock1 ! spe>-head1 ! pill>-/one1 ! inscription1 ! c(f9 ( /one1 ! body 9 x1 & ! jewell]y4 ,?us ,mongan ga9$ ! wag]2 & ! secret ( 8 life :i* he alone _h kn[n 0 reveal$--he 0 ,f9d re-born#cic2 & ,cailte1 8 old pupil & w>rior-companion1 _h come f ! l& ( ! dead to aid him#cic3--';,x 0 ,cailte1 ,f9d's fo/]-son1 t _h come to !m4 ,mongan1 h[ev]1 0 ,f9d1 ?\gh he w\ld n let x be told4'#cic ,b n only 0 ,mongan an ,iri% k+1 he 0 also a god1 ! son ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann ,manannan ,mac ,lir3 '?is ,mongan is a son ( ,manannan ,mac ,lir1 ?\gh he is call$ ,mongan1 son ( ,fia*na4'#cid ,& s x is t long aft] _! conque/ ! ,p ( ! ,goddess ,dana rul$ _! conqu]ors1 = !y took ^u !mselves human bodies1 be+ born z ! *ildr5 ( ! k+s ( ,mil's ,sons4 ,!re are o!r episodes :i* %[ v cle>ly ! relation%ip betwe5 ,mongan inc>nat$ 9 a human body & 8 div9e fa!r ,manannan4 ,?us1 ',:5 ,mongan 0 ?ree nights old1 ,manannan came = him & took him ) him to br+ up 9 ! ,l& ( ,promise1 & v[$ t he w\ld n let him back into ,irel& be=e he 7 twelve ye>s ( age4' ,& aft] ,mongan has become ,ul/]'s high k+1 ,manannan comes to him to r\se him out ( human slo?fulness to a consci\sness ( 8 div9e nature & mission1 & ( ! ne$ ( action3 ,mongan & 8 wife 7 fritt]+ away _! "t play+ a game1 :5 !y beheld a d>k black-tuft$ little cl]ic /&+ at ! door-po/1 :o said3--',?is inactivity 9 :i* ?\ art1 ,o ,mongan1 is n an inactivity becom+ a k+ ( ,ul/]1 n to g to av5ge ?y fa!r on ,fia*na ! ,black1 son ( ,deman1 ?\gh ,dubh-,la*a may ?9k x wrong to tell !e s4444 ,mongan seiz$ ! k+%ip ( ,ul/]1 & ! little cl]ic :o _h done ! reason 0 ,manannan ! great & mighty4'#cie ,9 ! anci5t tale ( ! ,voyage ( ,bran--probably compos$ 9 its pres5t =m dur+ ! eigh?1 possibly ! sev5?1 c5tury ,a4 ,d4--!re is ano!r v]sion ( ! ,mongan ,re-bir? ,/ory1 :i*1 be+ lat] 9 orig9 & composition ?an ! ,voyage itself1 0 und\bt$ly clumsily ins]t$ into ! manuscript1 z s*ol>s ?9k4#cif ,!re91 ,mongan z ! (fspr+ ( ,manannan by ! woman ( ,l9e-mag--q aft] ! !ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,inc>nation--is describ$ z 'a fair man 9 a body ( :ite clay'4 ,?is & :at foll[s 9 ! introductory quatra9 %[ h[ e>ly ,celtic doctr9es correspond to or else 7 orig9at$ by ^? ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,& ! transcrib] see+ ! p>allels1 gloss$ & alt]$ ! text :i* he copi$ by introduc+ ,*ri/ian phraseology s z to fit x 9 ) 8 own idea--altoge!r improbable--t ! ref]5ces are to ! com+ ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,! ref]5ces are to ,manannan & to ! woman ( ,l9e-mag1 :o by him 0 to be ! "m ( ,mongan--z ,m>y ! wife ( ,joseph 0 ! "m ( ,jesus ,*ri/ by ,god ! ,fa!r3-- ,a noble salvation w come ,f ! ,k+ :o has creat$ u1 ,a :ite law w come ov] seas1 ,besides be+ ,god1 ,he w be man4 ,?is %ape1 he on :om ?\ looke/1 ,w come to ?y p>ts2 ',tis m9e to j\rney to h] h\se1 ,to ! woman 9 ,l9e-mag4 ,= x is ,mon9nan1 ! son ( ,l]1 ,f ! *>iot 9 ! %ape ( a man1 99 99 99 99 99 ,he w delight ! company ( e fairy-knoll1 ,he w be ! d>l+ ( e goodly l&1 ,he w make kn[n secrets--a c\rse ( wisdom-- ,9 ! _w1 )\t be+ fe>$4 ,to him is attribut$ ! p[] ( %ape-%ift+1 :i* is n transmigration into animal =ms1 b a magical p[] ex]cis$ by him 9 a human body4 ,he w be ?r\gh\t long ages ,an hundr$ ye>s 9 fair k+%ip 99 99 99 99 ,mon9nan1 ! son ( ,l] ,w be 8 fa!r1 8 tutor4 ,at 8 dea? ,! :ite ho/ 7! angels or fairies7 w take him "u a :eel 7*>iot7 ( cl\ds ,to ! ga!r+ :]e !re is no sorr[4#cig ,,! ,,bir? ,,( ,,eta9 ,,( ,,! ,,tua?a ,,de ,,danann#cih ,ano!r cle> example ( "o ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann be+ born z a mortal is record$ 9 ! fam\s saga ( ! ,woo+ ( ,eta94 ,?ree fragm5ts ( ?is /ory exi/ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dun ,c[4 ,! fir/ tells h[ ,eta9 ,e*raide1 daught] ( ,ailill & wife ( ,midir 7a great k+ among ! ,sidhe p7 0 driv5 out ( ,fairyl& by ! jeal\sy ( h] husb&'s o!r wife1 & h[ aft] be+ waft$ ab\t on ! w9ds ( ?is _w %e fell invisibly into ! dr9k+-cup ( ! wife ( ,et> ( ,inb] ,ci*ma9e1 :o 0 an ,ul/] *iefta94 ,! *iefta9's wife swall[$ h]2 &1 9 due "t1 gave bir? to a girl3--',x 0 "o ?\s& & twelve ye>s f ! fir/ begett+ ( ,eta9 by ,ailill to ! la/ begett+ by ,et>4' ,eta91 reta9+ h] own "n1 grew up !nce z an ,iri% pr9cess4#cii ,"o day an unkn[n man ( v /ately aspect sudd5ly appe>$ to ,eta9 ! pr9cess2 & z sudd5ly disappe>$1 aft] he _h sung to h] a wond]ful song design$ to ar\se 9 h] ! subconsci\s memories ( h] pa/ exi/5ce among ! ,sidhe3-- ,s is ,eta9 "h to-day4444 ,among little *ildr5 is h] lot4444 ,x is %e 0 gulp$ 9 ! dr9k ,by ,et>'s wife 9 a heavy draught4 ,! scribe ends ?is "p ( ! /ory by lett+ x be kn[n t ,midir has /ruck (f ! head ( 8 o!r wife1 ,fuamna*1 ! cause ( all ,eta9's tr\ble4 ,! second section ( ! tale introduces ,eta9 z que5 ( ,eo*aid ,airem1 high k+ ( ,irel&1 & ! mo/ curi\s & important "p ( x %[s h[ %e 0 lov$ by ,ailill ,a5guba4 ,ailill1 s f> z blood k9%ip w5t1 0 ! bro!r ( ,eo*aid1 ?\gh app>5tly ei!r an inc>nation ( ,midir or else possess$ by him3 ,eta9 acc$$ to 8 love1 b he 0 "u a /range love-weakness2 & on two occasions :5 he attempt$ to advance 8 desires an ov]p[]+ sleep fell on him1 & ea* "t ,eta9 met a man 9 ,ailill's %ape--z ?\gh x 7 8 'd\ble'--bemoan+ 8 weakness4 ,on a ?ird occasion %e ask$ :o ! man 01 & he decl>$ himself to be ,midir1 & bes\ght h] to return ) him to ! ,o!rworld4 ,b h] worldly or human memory cl\d$ h] subconsci\s memory1 & %e did n recognize ,midir1 yet promis$ to g ) him on ga9+ ,eo*aid's p]mission4 ,aft] ?is ev5t1 curi\sly en\gh1 ,ailill 0 heal$ ( 8 /range love-malady4 ,9 ! ?ird "p ( ! /ory1 ,midir & ,eo*aid are play+ games4 ,midir loses ! fir/ two & ) !m great ri*es1 b w9n+ ! ?ird claims ! "r to place 8 arms ab\t ,eta9 & kiss h]4 ,eo*aid ask$ a mon?'s delay4 ,! la/ day ( ! mon? _h pass$4 ,x 0 night4 ,eo*aid 9 8 palace at ,t>a await$ ! com+ ( 8 rival1 ,midir2 & ?\gh all ! doors ( ! palace _h be5 firmly clos$ = ! occasion1 & arm$ soldi]s surr\nd$ ! que51 ,midir l a _s sudd5ly /ood 9 ! c5tre ( ! c\rt & claim$ ! wag]4 ,!n1 grasp+ & kiss+ ,eta91 he m\nt$ 9 ! air ) h] & v quickly pass$ out ?r\gh ! op5+ ( ! great *imney4 ,9 con/]nation1 ,k+ ,eo*aid & 8 w>riors hurri$ )\t ! palace2 & !re1 on look+ up1 !y saw two :ite swans fly+ ov] ,t>a1 b\nd toge!r by a gold5 *a94#djj ,,! ,,pre-,,exi/5ce ,,( ,,d]mot ,) a difficult task be=e him1 ,d]mot--z 0 ! case ) ,mongan--is rem9d$ ( 8 pre-exi/5ce z a h]o 9 ! ,o!rworld ) ,manannan ,mac ,lir & ,angus ,oge3--',n[ spoke ,f]gus ,truelips1 ,f9n's ollave1 & said3 ,c[>dly & punily ?\ %r9ke/1 ,d]mot2 = ) mo/ pot5t ,manannan1 son ( ,lir1 ?\ /udi$/ & wa/ br\ght up1 9 ! ,l& ( ,promise & 9 ! bay-ind5t$ coa/s2 ) ,angus ,oge1 too1 ! ,daghda's son1 wa/ mo/ accurately taught2 & x is n j t n[ ?\ lacke/ ev5 a mod]ate portion ( _! skill & d>+1 su* z might s]ve to convey ,f9n & 8 p>ty up ?is rock or ba/ion4 ,at ^! words ,d]mot's face grew r$2 he laid hold on ,manannan's magic /aves t he _h1 &1 z once aga9 he r$ly blu%$1 by d9t ( skill 9 m>tial feats he ) a leap rose on 8 javel9's %afts & s ga9$ 8 two soles' bread? ( ! solid glebe t ov]hung ! wat]'s edge4'#dja ,,re-,,bir? ,,( ,,tuan ,tuan1 z ! son ( ,/>n1 liv$ "o hundr$ ye>s z ! bro!r ( ,p>?olon1 ! fir/ man to rea* ,irel&2 & !n1 aft] two hundr$ & tw5ty ye>s1 0 re-born z ! son ( ,cairell4 ,?is /ory 9 its olde/ =m is pres]v$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,dun ,c[1 & seems to h be5 compos$ dur+ ! late n9? or e>ly t5? c5tury4#djb ,,re-,,bir? ,,among ,,! ,,bry?ons ,su* !n are ! re-bir? /ories ( ! ,gaels4 ,among ! ,bry?ons ! same anci5t doctr9e prevail$1 ?\gh we h few] cle> records ( x4 ,( ! ,bry?onic ,re-bir? ,doctr9e z philosophically exp\nd$ 9 ,b>ddas1 m5tion has already be5 made4 ,9 ! anci5t ,wel% /ory ab\t ,taliess91 ,gwion aft] _m trans=mations1 magical 9 _! nature1 is re-born z t great poet ( ,wales1 8 "m be+ a goddess1 ,c>idw51 :o dwells b5ea? ! wat]s ( ,lake ,tegid4 ,9 its pres5t my/ical =m ?is tale _c be trac$ fur!r ?an ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ?\gh ! trans=mation incid5ts are presuppos$ 9 ! ,book ( ,taliess91 a ?irte5?-c5tury manuscript4#djc ,besides be+ ! re-bir? ( ,gwion1 ,taliess9 may be reg>d$ z a b>dic initiate high 9 degree1 :o is possess$ ( all magical & druidical p[]s4#djc ,he made a voyage to ! ,o!rworld1 ,ca] ,sidi2 & ?is seems to indicate "s close connexion betwe5 anci5t rites ( initiation & 8 occult k ( all ?+s4#djd ,l ! ,iri% re-bir? & ,o!rworld tales1 x also sugge/s ! relation betwe5 ! _w ( dea? or ,fa]ie & ! _w ( human embodim5t4 ,f 8 h>ry+ ( ,hades1 ! ,bry?onic ,gwydion secur$ ! ,head ( ,hades' ,cauldron ( ,reg5]ation or ,re-bir?2 & :5 corpses ( sla9 w>riors are ?r[n into x !y arise next day z excell5t z ev]1 except t !y are unable to speak2 :i* circum/ance may be equal to say+ t ! ord9>y un9itiat$ man :5 re-born is unable to speak ( 8 previ\s inc>nation1 because he has no memory ( x4 ,?is ,cauldron ( ,re-bir?1 l s _m objects m5tion$ 9 ! anci5t b>dic lit]ature1 is evid5tly a my/ic symbol3 x sugge/s ! same correspond5ces1 z prop\nd$ 9 ! mod]n ,b>ddas1 betwe5 ! dead & ! liv+1 betwe5 dea? & re-bir?2 & ,gwydion hav+ be5 a great culture h]o ( ,wales probably promulgat$ a doctr9e ( re-bir?1 & h5ce is describ$ z be+ able to resuscitate ! dead4#dje ,,k+ ,,ar?ur ,,z ,a ,,re9c>nat$ ,,h]o ,judg+ f sub/antial evid5ce set =? above 9 *apt] ,v1 ! mo/ fam\s ( all ,wel% h]oes1 ,ar?ur1 equally ) ,cu*ula9n 8 ,iri% c\nt]p>t1 c safely be consid]$ bo? z a god ap>t f ! human plane ( exi/5ce1 & ?us l ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or ,fairy-,folk1 & also l a great national h]o & k+ 7su* z ,mongan 07 inc>nat$ 9 a physical body4 ,! tak+ ( ,ar?ur to ,avalon by 8 life-gu>dian1 ! ,lady ( ! ,lake1 & by 8 own si/]1 & by two o!r fairy wom5 :o live 9 t ,o!rworld ( ,sacr$ ,apple-,groves1 is suffici5t 9 itself1 we believe1 to prove him ( a desc5t m div9e ?an t ( ord9>y m54 ,& ! belief 9 8 return f t ,o!rworld--a return s confid5tly look$ = by ! ,bry?onic peoples--seems to be a belief 7:e!r recogniz$ z su* or n7 t ! ,great ,h]o w be re9c>nat$ z a ,messiah de/9$ to set !m free4 ,9 ,avalon1 ,ar?ur lives n[1 & ',x is f !re t ! ,britons ( ,engl& & ( ,france h = a long "t await$ 8 com+'4#djf ,& ,malory express+ ! s5tim5t 9 8 age writes#djg3--',yet "s m5 say 9 _m p>ts ( ,engl& t ,k+ ,ar?ur is n dead1 b _h by ! w ( our ,"l ,jesu into ano!r place2 & m5 say t he %all come aga91 & he %all w9 ! holy cross4 ,i w n say x %all be s1 b r ,i w say1 "h 9 ?is _w he *ang$ 8 life4' ,if we consid] ,ar?ur's pass+ & expect$ return1 z _m d1 9 a purely my?ological aspect1 we mu/ ?9k ( him = ! "t z a sun-god1 & yet ev5 !n _c escape altoge!r f ! re-bir? idea2 =1 z a /udy ( anci5t ,egyptian my?ology %[s1 !re is /ill ! same set ( relations4#djh ,!re are ! sun-symbols always made use ( to set =? ! doctr9e ( re-bir?1 be x ,egyptian1 ,indian1 ,mexican1 or ,celtic3--! dea? ( a mortal l ! pass+ ( ,ar?ur is repres5t$ by ! sun-set on ! horizon betwe5 ! visible _w "h & ! invisible _w beyond ! ,we/]n ,ocean1 & ! re-bir? is ! sunrise ( a new day4 ,,non-,,celtic ,,p>allels ,z a non-,celtic p>allel to :at has prec$$ conc]n+ ! ,o!rworld ( ! ,celts & _! ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?1 we (f] ! second ( ! ,/ories ( ! ,high-prie/s ( ,memphis1 z publi%$ by ,mr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,griffi? f anci5t manuscripts4#dji ,x is a hi/ory ( ,si-,osiri 7! son ( ,osiris71 ^: fa!r 0 ,setme ,khamuas4 ,?is wond]ful div9e son :5 /ill a *ild took 8 human fa!r on a j\rney to see ,am5ti1 ! ,o!rworld ( ! ,dead2 & :5 twelve ye>s ( age he 0 wis] ?an ! wise/ ( ! scribes & unequall$ 9 magic4 ,at ?is p]iod 9 8 life !re arriv$ 9 ,egypt an ,e?iopian magician :o came ) ! object ( humbl+ ! k+dom2 b ,si-,osiri read :at 0 9 ! unop5$ lett] ( ! /rang]1 & knew t its be>] 0 ! re9c>nation ( ',hor ! son ( ! ,negress'1 ! mo/ =midable ( ! ?ree ,e?iopian magicians :o fifte5 hundr$ ye>s be=e _h wag$ w> ) ! magicians ( ,egypt4 ,at t "t ! ,egyptian ,hor1 ! son ( ,pa-ne%e1 _h defeat$ ! great magician ( ,e?iopia 9 ! f9al /ruggle betwe5 ,:ite & ,black ,magic :i* took place 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,ph>aoh4#daj ,& ',hor ! son ( ! ,negress' _h agre$ n to return to ,egypt aga9 = fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,b n[ ! "t 0 elaps$1 &1 unmask+ ! "* ( ! mess5g]1 ,si-,osiri de/roy$ him ) magical fire4 ,aft] ?is1 ,si-,osiri reveal$ himself z ! re9c>nation ( ,hor ! son ( ,pa-ne%e1 & decl>$ t ,osiris _h p]mitt$ him to return to e>? to de/roy ! p[]ful h]$it>y enemy ( ,egypt4 ,:5 ! revelation 0 made1 ,si-,osiri 'pass$ away z a %ade'1 go+ back aga91 ev5 z ! ,celtic ,ar?ur1 into ! realm invisible f :i* he came4 ,z 9 anci5t ,irel&1 :]e _m k+s or great h]oes 7 reg>d$ z direct inc>nations or re9c>nations ( gods or div9e be+s f ! ,o!rworld1 s 9 ,egypt ! ,ph>aohs 7 ?\ght to be gods 9 human bodies1 s5t by ,osiris to rule ! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,sun4#daa ,9 ,mexico & ,p]u !re 0 a simil> belief4#dab ,9 ! ,indian ,mahbhrata1 ,rma & ,kri%na are at once gods & m54#dac ,! celebrat$ philosophical poem kn[n z ! ,bhagavadgt also ass]ts ,kri%na's desc5t f ! gods2 & ! same view is aga9 en=c$ & ext5d$ 9 ! ,h>i-vansa & especially 9 ! ,bhgavata ,purna4#dac ,! ,indian ,laws ( ,manu say t 'ev5 an infant k+ mu/ n be despis$ f an idea t he is a m]e mortal2 = he is a great deity 9 human =m'4#dad ,9 anci5t ,greece x 0 a common op9ion t ,zeus 0 re9c>nat$ f age to age 9 ! great national h]oes4 ',alex&] ! ,great 0 reg>d$ n m]ely z ! son ( ,zeus1 b z ,zeus himself4' ,& o!r great ,greeks 7 reg>d$ z gods :ile liv+ on e>?1 l ,lycurgus ! ,sp>tan law-giv]1 :o aft] 8 dea? 0 wor%ipp$ z "o ( ! div9e ones4#dae ,among ! great philosoph]s1 ! anci5t doctr9e ( re-bir? 0 a p]sonal conviction3 ,buddha relat$ v _m ( 8 previ\s re9c>nations1 accord+ to ! ,gtakaml2 ,py?agoras is said to h gone to ! temple ( ,"h & recogniz$ !re an anci5t %ield :i* he _h c>ri$ 9 a previ\s life :5 he 0 ,euphorbus1 a ,hom]ic h]o4#daf ,f :at ,plato1 9 8 ,m5o1 quot$ f an old poet1 x seems v probable t !re may be "s sort ( relation%ip betwe5 leg5ds m5tion+ ! ,rites ( ,pros]p9e1 l ! leg5d ( ,a5eas 9 ,virgil1 & c]ta9 ( ! ,iri% ,o!rworld & ,re-bir? leg5ds among ! ,gaels1 z we h already sugge/$3--',= f :omsoev] ,p]sephone ha? accept$ ! atonem5t ( anci5t woe1 _! s\ls %e s5de? up once m to ! upp] sun 9 ! n9? ye>4 ,f ^! gr[ up glori\s k+s & m5 ( swift /r5g?1 & m5 surpass+ 9 poetical skill2 & = all future "t !y are call$ holy h]oes among m54' ,among mod]n philosoph]s & poets 9 ,europe & ,am]ica ! same ideas f9d _! e*o3 ,wordswor? 9 8 ,ode to ,immortality def9itely inculcates pre-exi/5ce2 ,em]son 9 8 ,?r5ody1 & ,t5nyson 9 8 ,de ,pr(undis1 seem committ$ to ! re-bir? doctr9e1 & ,walt ,:itman 9 8 ,leaves ( ,grass )\t d\bt accept$ x z true4 ,c]ta9 ,g]man philosoph]s1 too1 appe> to hold views 9 h>mony ) :at is also ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?1 e4 g4 ,s*op5hau]1 9 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 ,j4 ,g4 ,fi*te1 9 ,! ,de/9y ( ,man1 & ,h]d]1 9 ,dialogues on ,metempsy*osis4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,japan is /ill ! ,div9e ,*ild ( ! ,sun1 ! head ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,ris+ ,sun1 & is always reg>d$ by 8 subjects z ! inc>nation ( a great be+4 ,! ,great ,lama ( ,?ibet is believ$ to re9c>nate imm$iately aft] dea?4#dag ,william ,,ii ( ,g]many seems to e*o1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 ! same doctr9e :5 he claims to be rul+ by div9e "r4#dah ,t ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? is a direct & complete confirmation ( ! ,psy*ological ,!ory ( ! nature & orig9 ( ! belief 9 fairies is self-evid5t4 ,c\ld x be %[n to be sci5tifically plausible 9 itself1 z well-educat$ ,celts consid] x to be--& mu* evid5ce to be d]iv$ f a /udy ( /ates ( consci\sness1 e4 g4 dreams1 somnambulism1 trance1 cry/al-gaz+1 *ang$ p]sonality1 subconsci\sness1 & s =?1 indicates t x might be %[n to be s--x w\ld effectively prove ! !ory4 ,fairies w\ld !n be be+s ( ! ,o!rworld :o c ent] ! human plane ( life by submitt+ to ! natural process ( bir? 9 a physical body1 & w\ld correspond to ! ,al*]+a ance/ors ( ! ,arunta4 ,9 *apt] xii foll[+1 su* a pro( ( ! !ory is attempt$4 ,,re-,,bir? ,,among ,,mod]n ,,celts ,"o ( ! *ief objects ( ?is *apt] is to %[ t ! ,re-bir? ,doctr9e ( ! ,celts1 l mo/ beliefs b\nd up ) ! ,fairy-,fai?1 /ill survives2 ?us fur!r prov+ t ,celtic tradition is an unbrok5 ?+ f times prehi/oric until to-day4 ,we %all !re=e proce$ to br+ =w>d ! foll[+ orig9al mat]ial1 collect$ by ourselves1 z evid5ce on ?is po9t3-- ,9 ,irel& ,9 ,irel& ,i f\nd two di/ricts :]e ! ,re-bir? ,doctr9e has n be5 :olly =gott54 ,! fir/ "o is 9 ! c\ntry r\nd ,knock ,ma1 ne> ,tuam4 ,aft] ,mrs4 ---- _h told me ab\t fairies1 ,i l$ up to ! subject ( re-bir?1 & ! mo/ valuable ( all my ,iri% f9ds conc]n+ ! belief 0 ! result4 ,= ?is woman ( ,belcl>e told me t x 0 believ$ by _m ( ! old p1 :5 %e 0 a girl liv+ a few miles we/ ( ,knock ,ma1 t !y _h liv$ on ?is e>? be=e z m5 & wom52 b1 %e add$1 ',y c\ld h>dly get !m to talk ab\t _! belief4 ,x 0 a sort ( secret :i* !y :o held x discuss$ freely only among !mselves4' ,!y believ$1 too1 t disease & mis=tune 9 old age come z a p5alty = s9s committ$ 9 a =m] life4#dai ,?is expiatory or purgatorial aspect ( ! ,re-bir? ,doctr9e seems to h be5 m widespread ?an ! doctr9e 9 its b>e outl9es2 = ! ,belcl>e woman 9 speak+ ( x 0 able to recall f memories ( =ty-five or fifty ye>s ago :at 0 !n a popul> /ory ab\t a disease-worn man & an eel-fi%]man3-- ,! diseas$ man z he wat*es ! eel-fi%]man tak+ up 8 baskets1 contra/s 8 own wret*$ physical condition ) ! vig\r & good heal? ( ! latt]1 & attributes ! mis=tune :i* is ^u himself to bad actions 9 a life prior to ! "o he is !n liv+4 ,& "h is ! unhappy man's lam5tation3-- ,fliu*1 fu> at mo leabaidh2 ,at fe>?inn agus geur-ghaoi?2 ,atim ag oc na h-uaille1 ,a's tusa ag faire d *liaibhn4 7,wet1 cold is my b$2 ,!re is ra9 & %>p w9d2 ,i am pay+ = pride1 ,& y wat*+ y\r eel-basket47 ,! tell] ( ! /ory insi/$ on giv+ me ^! v]ses 9 ,iri%1 = %e said !y h mu* less mean+ 9 ,engli%1 & ,i took !m d[n2 & to v]ify !m & ! /ory 9 :i* !y f9d a place1 ,i w5t to ! cottage a second "t4 ,!re is no d\bt1 !re=e1 t ! leg5d is a g5u9e e*o ( ! religion ( pre-,*ri/ian ,irel&1 9 :i* re9c>nation appe>s to h be5 cle>ly inculcat$ & 0 probably ! common belief4 ,i once ask$ ,/ev5 ,ruan1 ! ,galway pip]1 if he _h ev] he>d ( su* a ?+ z p be+ born m ?an once "h on ?is e>?1 see+ t ,i 0 seek+ = traces ( ! old ,iri% ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?4 ,! answ] he gave me 0 ?is3--',i h (t5 he>d x said t p born & dead come into ?is _w aga94 ,i h he>d ! old p say t we h liv$ on ?is e>? be=e2 & ,i h (t5 met old m5 & wom5 :o believ$ !y _h liv$ be=e4 ,! idea pass$ f "o old p]son to ano!r1 & 0 a common belief1 ?\gh y d n he> mu* ab\t x n[4' ,a highly educat$ ,iri%man n[ liv+ 9 ,cali=nia tells me ( 8 own k t !re 0 a popul> & s9c]e belief among _m ( ! ,iri% p ?r\gh\t ,irel& t ,*>les ,p>nell1 _! great *ampion 9 mod]n times1 0 ! re9c>nation ( "o ( ! old ,gaelic h]oes4 ,?is %[s h[ ! anci5t doctr9e is /ill practically appli$4 ,!re is also an op9ion held by c]ta9 v prom95t ,iri%m5 n[ liv+ 9 ,irel&1 ) :om ,i h be5 privileg$ to discuss ! re-bir? doctr9e1 t bo? ,patrick & ,columba are likewise to be reg>d$ z anci5t ,gaelic h]oes1 :o 7 re9c>nat$ to "w = ! uplift+ ( ! ,gael4#dbj ,a leg5d conc]n+ ,l\gh ,gur1 ,c\nty ,lim]ick1 indicates t ! sleep+-h]o type ( tale is a curi\s aspect ( an anci5t re-bir? doctr9e4 ,9 su* tales1 h]oes & _! w>rior companions are held "u en*antm5t1 await+ ! my/ic h\r to /rike = !m to issue =? & free _! native l& f ! rule ( ! ,saxon4 ,usually !y are s held )9 a my/]i\s cav]n1 z is ! case ( ,ar?ur & 8 m51 accord+ to diff]5tly localiz$ ,wel% /ories2 or !y are 9 ! dep?s ( magic hills & m\nta9s l mo/ ,iri% h]oes4 ,! h]oes "u en*antm5t ) _! companions are to be consid]$ z resid5t 9 ! ,o!rworld1 & _! return to human action z a return to ! human plane ( life4 ,! ,l\gh ,gur leg5d is ab\t ,g>ret ,fitzg]ald1 ! ,e>l ( ,desmond1 :o rebell$ aga9/ ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,mod]n folk-tradition reg>ds him z ! gu>dian deity ( ! ,l\gh1 & z dwell+ 9 an en*ant$ palace situat$ b5ea? its wat]s4 ,z ,c\nt ,john de ,salis1 ^: ance/ral home is ! ,l\gh ,gur e/ate1 assures me1 ! peasants ( ! region decl>e !mselves conv9c$ t ! e>l once 9 sev5 ye>s appe>s rid+ across ! lake surface on a phantom :ite horse %od ) %oes ( silv]2 & !y believe t :5 ! horse's silv] %oes are worn out ! en*antm5t w end4 ,!n1 l ,ar?ur :5 8 /ay 9 ,avalon ends1 ,g>ret ,fitzg]ald w return to ! _w ( human life aga9 to lead ! ,iri% ho/s to victory4#dba ,9 ,scotl& ,dr4 ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael1 au?or ( ,c>m9a ,gadelica1 :o z a folk-lori/ has exam9$ mod]n peasant beliefs ?r\gh\t ! ,highl&s & ,isl&s m ?or\ghly ?an any o!r liv+ ,scotsman1 in=ms me t app>5tly !re 0 at "o "t 9 ! ,highl&s a def9ite belief 9 ! anci5t ,celtic ,re-bir? ,doctr9e1 because he has f\nd traces ( x !re1 ?\gh ^! traces 7 only 9 ! vague/ & b>e/ outl9e4 ,9 ! ,isle ( ,man ,mr4 ,william ,ca%51 keep] ( ,peel ,ca/le1 report$ z foll[s ) respect to a re-bir? doctr9e 9 ! ,isle ( ,man3--',"h 9 ! ,isl& among old ,manx p ,i h he>d x said1 b only 9 a jok+ way1 t we w come back to ?is e>? aga9 aft] "s ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,! idea wasn't v popul> nor (t5 discuss$1 & !re is no belief 9 x n[ to my k4 ,x seems to h come d[n f ! ,druids4' ,?is is ,mr4 ,william ,oates' te/imony1 giv5 at ,ballasalla3--',"s held a belief 9 ! com+ back 7re-bir?7 ( spirits4 ,i c't expla9 x4 ,a c]ta9 ,manxman ,i knew us$ to talk ab\t ! transmigration ( spirits2 b ,i %all n give 8 "n1 s9ce _m ( 8 family /ill live "h on ! ,isl&4' ,mr4 ,?omas ,kelley1 ( ,gl5 ,meay1 _h no cle> idea ab\t ! anci5t ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?1 ?\gh he said3--',my gr&fa!r _h a notion t he w\ld be back "h aga9 at ! ,resurrection to claim 8 l&4' ,?is und\bt$ly %[s h[ ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ! ,resurrection & ! ,celtic "o ( ,re-bir? may h bl5d$1 bo? be+ bas$ on ! common idea ( a physical po/-exi/5ce4 ,9 ,wales ,9 ! ,p5tre ,evan c\ntry :]e ,i discov]$ su* ri* folk-lore1 ,i f\nd my *ief witness f !re n unfamili> ) ! anci5t ,celtic belief 9 ,re-bir?4 ,"o day ,i ask$ h] if %e _h ev] he>d ! old folk say t !y _h liv$ be=e on ?is e>? z m5 & wom54 ,some:at surpris$ at ! "q1 = to answ] x w\ld reveal half-secret ?\ghts ( :i*1 z x prov$1 n ev5 h] own nephew or niece _h k1 %e hesitat$ a mom5t1 &1 !n1 look+ at me int5tly1 said ) great e>ne/ness1 ',yes2 & ,i (t5 believe myself t ,i h liv$ be=e4' ,& because ( ! unusual "q1 :i* seem$ to reveal on my "p famili>ity ) ! belief1 %e add$1 ',& ,i ?9k y mu/ be ( ! same op9ion z to y\rself4' ,%e expla9$ !n t ! belief 0 a r>e "o n[1 & held by only a few ( ! olde/ ( h] old acqua9tances 9 t region1 & !y seldom talk ab\t x to _! *ildr5 = fe> ( be+ laugh$ at4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c]$ig ,davies1 ! well-kn[n folk-lori/ ( ,llanil>1 ne> ,ab]y/wy?1 speak+ ( ! ,wel% ,re-bir? ,doctr9e1 said he rememb]s1 :ile 9 ,patagonia1 hav+ discuss$ ,druidism ) a fri5d !re1 ! late ,john ,jones1 orig9ally ( ,bala1 ,nor? ,wales1 & he>+ him rem>k1 ',inde$1 ,i h a half-belief t ,i h be5 9 ?is _w be=e4' ,mr4 ,jones1 our witness f ,pontrhydf5digaid1 (f]s te/imony ( ! highe/ value conc]n+ ,druidism & ! doctr9e ( re-bir? 9 ,c5tral ,wales1 z foll[s3--',taliess9 believ$ 9 re-bir?1 & he 0 ! fir/ to int]pret ! ,druidic laws4 ,he believ$ t f age to age he _h be5 9 _m human bodies4 ,he believ$ t he possess$ ! same s\l z ,eno* & ,eli1 t he _h be5 a judge sitt+ on ! case ( ,jesus ,*ri/--,i 0 a judge at ! ,crucifixion1 he is report$ z say+--& t he _h be5 a prison] 9 bonds at ! ,c\rt ( ,cynfelyn1 n f> f ,ab]y/wy?1 = a ye> & a day4 ,two hundr$ ye>s ago1 belief 9 re-bir? 0 common4 ,_m /ill held x :5 ,i 0 a boy4 ,& ev5 yet "h 9 ?is region "s p are imbu$ ) ! anci5t fai? ( ! ,druids1 & firmly believe t ! _s migrates f "o body to ano!r4 ,x is said1 too1 t a pregnant woman is able to det]m9e :at k9d ( a *ild %e w give bir? to4'#dbb ,mr4 ,jones's use ( ! phrase 'migrate f "o body to ano!r' l$ u to suspect t x might ref] to transmigration1 i4 e4 re-bir? into animal bodies1 :i* ,dr4 ,tylor 9 ,primitive ,culture#d 7ii4 #f-aa1 #ag1 c47 %[s is a di/ort$ or corrupt$ int]pretation ( :at he calls ! reasonable & /raight=w>d doctr9e ( re-bir? into human bodies only4 ,b :5 we que/ion$ ,mr4 ,jones fur!r ab\t ! matt] he said3--',! belief ,i ref] to is re-bir? into human bodies4 ,i h he>d ( wit*es be+ able to *ange _! own body into ! body ( an animal or demon1 b ,i nev] he>d ( m5 transmigrat+ into ! bodies ( animals4 ,"s p h said t ! ,druids taught transmigration ( ?is sort1 b ,i d n ?9k !y did--?\gh ,wel% poets seem to h made use ( su* a doctr9e = ! sake ( poetry4' ,9 ord] to ga9 evid5ce conc]n+ ! ,re-bir? ,doctr9e z concrete z possible f s important a witness z ,mr4 ,jones1 we ask$ him fur!r if he c\ld recall ! names ( "o or two ( 8 old acqua9tances :o believ$ 9 x2 & he said3--',"o old "* nam$ ,?omas ,williams1 a dy] by trade1 ne>ly believ$ 9 x1 & ,%n ,evan ,rolant firmly believ$ 9 x4 ,rolant 0 ! own] ( ,old ,abbey ,f>m on ! ,cross-,wood ,e/ate1 & orig9ally 0 a well-to-d & respectable f>m]1 b 9 consequ5ce ( mortgages on ! e/ate he lo/ 8 prop]ty4 ,aft] be+ dispossess$ & badly treat$1 he us$ to recite ! "o hundr$ & n9? ,psalm1 to br+ curses ^u ^? :o work$ aga9/ him 9 ! dispossession process2 & x 0 ?\ght t he succe$$ 9 br++ curses ^u !m4' ,! ,rev4 ,t4 ,m4 ,morgan1 ,vic> ( ,new*ur* p>i%1 ne> ,c>m>!n1 :o has already (f]$ valuable evid5ce conc]n+ ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7see pp4 #adi-ea71 contributes additional mat]ial ab\t ! ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? 9 ,s\? ,wales3--',my fa!r said !re us$ to be express$ 9 ,c>digan%ire be=e 8 "t1 a belief 9 re-bir?4 ,?is 0 9 accord ) ,druidism1 namely1 t all human be+s =m]ly exi/$ on ! moon1 ! _w ( middle light1 & ! que5 ( heav52 t ^? :o !re liv$ a righte\s life 7 !nce born on ! sun1 & !nce onw>d to ! highe/ heav52 & t ^? ^: moon life _h be5 unrighte\s 7 born on ?is e>? ( suff]+ & s94 ,?r\gh "r-liv+ on e>? s\ls are able to return to ! moon1 & !n evolve to ! sun & highe/ heav52 or1 ?r\gh wrong liv+ on e>?1 s\ls are born 9 ! ?ird condition1 :i* is "o ( utt] d>kness & ( /ill great] suff]+ & s9 ?an our _w (f]s4 ,b ev5 f ?is l[e/ condition s\ls c "w upw>ds to ! highe/ glory if !y /rive successfully aga9/ evil4 ,! ,goddess ( ,heav5 or ,"m ( all human be+s 0 kn[n z ,br5h9es-y-nef4 ,i am unable to tell if %e is ! moon itself or liv$ 9 ! moon4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sun 0 consid]$ ! fa!r ( all human be+s4 ,accord+ to ! old belief1 e new moon br+s ! s\ls :o 7 unfit to be born on ! sun1 to deposit !m "h on our e>?4 ,sometimes !re are m s\ls seek+ embodim5t on e>? ?an !re are infant bodies to conta9 !m4 ,h5ce s\ls fight among !mselves to occupy a body4 ,occasionally "o s\l tries to drive out f a body ! s\l already 9 possession ( x1 9 ord] to possess x = itself4 ,9 consequ5ce ( su* /ruggl+ ( s\l aga9/ s\l1 m5 9 ?is _w manife/ madness & te> !mselves4 ,:5ev] su* a condition %[$ itself1 ! p]son exhibit+ x 0 call$ a ,llo]ig or "o :o is moon-torn--,llo] mean+ moon1 & rhigo to not* or te>2 & 9 ! ,engli% ^w lunatic1 mean+ moon-/ruck1 we h a simil> idea4'#dbc ,mr4 ,david ,williams1 ,j4,p41 ( ,c>m>!n1 :o has already told u mu* ab\t ,wel% fairies 7see pp4 #aea-c71 (f]s equally valuable in=mation ab\t ! ',?ree ,circles ( ,exi/5ce' & ! ,druidic s*eme ( s\l-evolution1 z foll[s3--',accord+ to ! ,druids1 !re are ?ree ,circles ?r\gh :i* s\ls mu/ pass4 ,! fir/ is ,cyl* y ,ceugant1 ! second ,cyl* ,abr$1 ! ?ird ,cyl* y ,gwynfyd4 ,! "n ( ea* circle ref]s to a special k9d ( spiritual tra9+1 & if 9 rea*+ ! second circle y d n ga9 its p]fection by complet+ all its provisions probably 9 due ord] & "t1 y mu/ beg9 aga9 9 ,circle ,"o2 b if y rea* ! p]fection ( ,circle ,two y g on to ,circle ,?ree4 ,9 ,circle ,"o1 :i* is unlocat$1 ! s\l has no condition ( bodily exi/5ce z 9 ,circle ,two4 ,! second ,circle appe>s to be a /ate some?+ l ! "o we are 9 n[--a mixture ( good & evil4 ,! ?ird ,circle is a /ate ( p]fection & bless$ness4 ,9 x ! s\l's environm5ts correspond to all its wi%es & desires1 & !re is contact ) ,god4' ,at ?is po9t ,i ask$ if !re 0 loss ( individuality 9 ,circle ,?ree1 & ,mr4 ,williams repli$3--',no1 !re is n loss ( individuality4' ,h5ce1 z we sugge/1 ,cyl* y ,gwynfyd is ! ,druidic p>allel to ! ,nirvana ( ,indian metaphysics--be+ l x1 a /ate ( p]fect & unlimit$ self-consci\sness :i* man nev] kn[s 9 e>?-life4 ,&1 f9ally1 ,mr4 ,williams said 9 relation to re-bir?3--',ab\t ! ye>s #aghj-ahbj !re liv$ an old b>d 9 ,glamorgan%ire :o 0 actually a ,druid1 ?\gh he pr(ess$ to be a ,*ri/ian z well1 & he believ$ fully 9 re-bir?4 ,8 common "n 0 ,edw>d ,williams 7,iolo ,morganwg72 & he ) ,ow5 ,jones & ,william ,o4 ,pughe edit$ ! fam\s ,ar*aiology ( ,wales4' ,9 ,cornwall ,mr4 ,h5ry ,madd]n1 ,f4,i4,a4,s41 our v important witness f ,p5zance1 te/ifies z foll[s conc]n+ a re-bir? doctr9e 9 ,cornwall3--',belief 9 re9c>nation 0 v common among ! old ,corni% peoples4 ,= example1 x 0 believ$ :5 an incantation _h be5 pron\nc$ 9 ! prop] way at ! ,newlyn ,tolc>ne1 t ! ,troll :o inhabit$ x c\ld embody ! p]son :o call$ him up 9 any /ate 9 :i* t p]son _h exi/$ dur+ a =m] age4 ,y _h only to "n ! age or p]iod1 & y c\ld live y\r pa/ life !re9 ov] aga94 ,my nurse1 ,betty ,grancan1 & an old m9] nam$ ,william ,edw>ds1 bo? believ$ 9 re-bir?1 & told me ab\t x4 ,i h he>d !m relate /ories to "o ano!r to ! effect t a p]son c g back into ! memory ( pa/ lives4 ,!y said t ! sex always rema9s ! same f life to life4 ,i h nev] he>d ( any belief 9 transmigration ( humans into animals1 b 9 human re-bir? only4'#dbd ,9 ,brittany ,9 *apt] ii1 p4 #baf1 ,m4 ,z4 ,le ,r\zic1 keep] ( ! ,miln ,museum at ,c>nac1 says t !re is n[ among 8 ,breton c\ntrym5 r\nd ,c>nac a g5]al & pr(\nd belief t spirits inc>nate z m5 & wom52 & he has told me t ?is belief exi/s also 9 o!r regions ( ! ,morbihan4 ,& ,i myself f\nd !re 9 ?is ,c>nac c\ntry ( :i* ,m4 ,le ,r\zic speaks1 t ! doctr9e ( ! re9c>nation ( ance/ors1 :i*1 z he agrees1 is ! same ?+ z ! inc>nation ( spirits1 is q common1 ?\gh z a rule only talk$ ab\t among ! ,bretons !mselves4 ,m4 ,le ,r\zic re/at$ ! belief z he kn[s x r\nd ,c>nac1 z foll[s3--',x is inconte/able t ! belief 9 ! re9c>nation ( spirits is g5]al 9 our c\ntry2 & x is believ$ t ! spirits embodi$ n[ are ! spirits ( ! p ( =m] times4' ,aft] ,l\is ,guzel1 ( ! village ( ,/4 ,columban1 a mile f ,c>nac1 _h relat$ to me c]ta9 leg5ds ( ! dead1 ,i ask$ him if he _h ev] he>d t ! dead may be born aga9 z m5 & wom5 "h on ?is e>?4 ,contr>y to my expectations1 ! "q caus$ no surprise :atev]2 & ,i 0 at once giv5 ! impression t ! anci5t ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? is a ?or\ghly famili> "o to him & to _m ,bretons ab\t ! ,c>nac di/rict4 ,z we conv]s$ ab\t ! doctr9e1 he said emphatically1 ',c'e/ la vrit' 7,x is ! tru?72 & 9 illu/ration told ! foll[+ anecdotes3--',a woman 9 a cemet]y "o ev5+ saw ! spirits ( _m dead *ildr5 begg+ ( h] life1 & re9c>nation4 ,a son ( my son resembles my gr&fa!r1 especially 9 8 m5tal traits & g5]al "*1 & ! family believe t ?is son is my gr&fa!r re9c>nat$4' 7,record$ at ,/4 ,columban1 ,brittany1 ,augu/ #aiji47 ,pr(essor ,anatole ,le ,braz1 9 a lett]-preface to ,c>nac1 ,lg5des1 ,traditions1 ,c\tumes et ,contes du ,pays 7,nantes1 #aiji71 by ,m4 ,z4 ,le ,r\zic1 makes ?is poetical ref]5ce to 8 fri5d1 its au?or1 & !reby admirably e*oes ! anci5t ,breton ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?3--',y1 y\r eyes1 y\r e>s are else:]e3 y are a se] & a he>] ( ! l[] regions2 y p]ceive ! float+ images & y disc]n ! holl[ s\nds ( ! p ( ! manes2 y live1 lit]ally1 among !m4 ,:at am ,i say+8 ,"u ! =m & appe>ance ( a man ( to-day1 y are 9 reality "o ( !m1 asc5d$ to ! day & re9c>nat$4' ,aga91 speak+ ( ! ,alignem5ts ( ,m5ec1 ,pr(essor ,le ,braz adds conc]n+ 8 fri5d3--',y h be5 "o ( ! prie/-build]s :o work$ at its erection2 y h (ficiat$ among its myriads ( columns1 presid$ amid ! pomp ( great fun]als 9 its cyclopean cav]ns1 spr9kl$ its sepul*ral m\nds1 %ap$ l t5ts1 ) ! blood ( ox5 & ( heif]s n[ de> to ,/4 ,cornely4 ,& ?is also y confess to me y\rself3 ^! unfa?omable epo*s rema9 = y actual & pres5t4' ,,orig9 ,,& ,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,celtic ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,re-,,bir? ,9 consid]+ briefly :at non-,celtic doctr9es c\ld conceivably h %ap$ ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?1 two *ief /reams ( influ5ce are op5 to exam9ation4 ,"o /ream has its s\rce 9 re-bir? doctr9es l ^? set =? by ,orphic1 ,py?agorean1 ,platonic1 & simil> ori5tally-d]iv$ philosophies2 :ile ! o!r arises out ( primitive ,*ri/ianity1 :]e91 z lit]>y & hi/orical evid5ce sugge/s1 re-bir? may h be5 an equally important doctr9e2 or1 at all ev5ts1 !re 0 a decid$ t5d5cy1 lat] condemn$ z h]etical1 to syn!size ! ,alex&rian philosophy & ! ,jewi% 7:i* to "s ext5t influ5c$ ! ,alex&rian7 ) e>ly ,*ur* doctr9es4 ,?is t5d5cy is cle>ly %[n by ,orig51 & by ,clem5s ,alex&r9us1 ano!r em95t ,fa!r4 ,we h a bett] *eck on ! second /ream ?an on ! fir/1 because ,*ri/ianity has a lat] & m def9ite orig9 ?an any ( ! ori5tally-d]iv$ philosophies4 ,"s ( ! ,druids1 *iefly ( ,scotl& & ,wales1 :o are kn[n to h held ! re-bir? doctr9e be=e conv]sion1 & probably aft] conv]sion1 z 0 ! case ) a mod]n ,druid1 an editor ( ! ,ar*aiology ( ,wales 7see p4 #cia1 above71 accept$ ! ,new ,fai? z a pur] =m ( ,druidism & ,jesus ,*ri/ z ! ,greate/ ( ,druids4 ,?is ready & full acceptance w\ld mo/ likely n h be5 possible _h _! c>d9al re-bir? doctr9e be5 !reby condemn$4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 t a primitive ,*ri/ian re-bir? doctr9e may h be5 op5ly held by c]ta9 ( ! e>ly ,celtic mission>ies4 ,^! latt]1 dur+ ! c5turies :5 ,irel& 0 ! univ]sity = all ,europe1 _h good opportunities = kn[+ mu* ab\t ! e>lie/ traditions ( ,*ri/ianity1 & !y1 ) _! own half-pagan in/9cts1 w\ld h giv5 approval to su* a doctr9e )\t consult+ ,rome1 j z ,*ur* ,fa!rs l ,t]tullian condemn$ x on _! own p]sonal au?ority & ,orig5 believ$ x4 ,fur!r1 if we hold 9 m9d t ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation ev5 n[ inculcates t ! ,son pre-exi/$ & unit$ ,himself ) a human s\l 9 ! act ( conception1 & t x may orig9ally & by "s ,iri% sa9ts h be5 ?\ght ( z apply+ to all mank9d 9 a m humble & less div9e way1 we seem to see 9 ! ,mongan re-bir? /ory1 :i* ,*ri/ian transcrib]s h gloss$1 evid5tly ) su* ideas 9 m9d1 a pro( t on ?is doctr9al po9t ,*ri/ian & ,celtic beliefs coalesc$4#dbe ,b ! ,*ri/ian beliefs did n orig9ate ! ,celtic1 = s*ol>s h %[n t ! g]m ( ! ,mongan re-bir? /ory1 z well z t ( ! ,cu*ula9n re-bir? episode1 is pre-,*ri/ian1 & t ! ,eta9 bir?-/ory dates f a "t :5 ,iri% my? & hi/ory 7 entirely free f ,*ri/ian influ5ce4#dbf ,! same orig9al pagan "* is %[n 9 ! re-bir? episodes exi/+ 9 ,bry?onic lit]ature4#dbg ,&1 f9ally1 f ! te/imony ( sev]al anci5t au?orities1 e4 g4 ,julius ,caes>1 ,diodorus ,siculus1 ,pomponius ,mela1 & ,lucan1 :o wrote1 respectively1 ab\t #ej ,b4 ,c41 #dj ,b4 ,c41 ,a4 ,d4 #dd1 & ,a4 ,d4 #fj to #fe1 t ! ,celts already held ! re-bir? doctr9e1 x is c]ta9 t any possible influ5ce f ! ,*ri/ian /ream in/ead ( orig9at+ ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? c\ld m]ely h modifi$ x4 ,! "q rema9+1 ,w\ld ! classical or ori5tal doctr9es ( re-bir? h orig9at$ or fundam5tally %ap$ ! ,celtic re-bir? doctr9e8 is a v difficult "o4 ,at pres5t x _c be answ]$ ) c]ta9ty ei!r negatively or positively4 ,we may suppose1 h[ev]1 z we did 9 ! case ( ! p>allel ,*ri/ian re-bir? doctr9e1 a possible contact & amalgamation1 br\ght ab\t 9 v>i\s ways1 e4 g4 ?r\gh ,ori5tal m]*ants l ! ,pho5icians1 & travell]s :o visit$ ,brita9 9 pre-,*ri/ian times1 b *iefly ?r\gh ! cont95tal ,celts1 :o _h direct k ( ,greek & ,roman culture1 meet+ _! insul> bre?r5 beyond ! ,*annel & ,iri% ,sea4 ,all su* anci5t contacts pu% ! problem fur!r & fur!r back 9 "t2 & our easie/ & safe/ c\rse is to /ate--z we may ( ! simil> problem ( ! orig9 ( ! ,celtic ,o!rworld belief--t available facts ( comp>ative religion1 philosophy1 & my?1 indicate cle>ly a prehi/oric epo* :5 !re 0 a common ance/ral /ock = ! ,m$it]ranean & pan-,celtic cultures4 ,?is may h _h its beg9n+s 9 ! ,danube c\ntry1 or 9 ,nor? ,europe1 z _m au?orities 9 e?nology n[ hold1 or1 z o!rs are beg9n+ to hold1 9 ! lo/ ,atlantis--! mo/ probable home ( ! d>k pre-,celtic peoples ( ,irel&1 ,isle ( ,man1 ,scotl&1 ,brita91 ,s\!rn & ,we/]n ,europe1 & ,nor? ,africa1 :o ) ! ,aryans are ! jo9t ance/ors ( ! mod]n ,celts4 ,bo? bran*es ( ?is common ,celtic ance/ral /ock held ! re-bir? doctr9e4 ,& at lea/ f _! ,aryan ance/ors x seems to h be5 inh]it$ by ! ,celts ( hi/ory4 ,to attempt a hypo!tical pro( t ?is race or t race1 ,egyptian1 ,pho5ician1 ,greek1 or ,celtic1 z ! case may be1 is alone ! orig9ator ( ?is or any o!r p>ticul> belief is z useless & z absurd z to attempt pro( t ! ,gael has no racial aff9ity ) ! ,bry?on4 ,"o ( ! greate/ s]vices n[ be+ p]=m$ by sci5tific inquiry into human problems is ! demon/ration ( ! unreasonabl5ess ( assum+ artificial social b>ri]s sep>at+ race f race1 religion f religion1 & in/itution f in/itution1 & ! decl>ation t ! unity & ! bro!rhood ( man is a fact inh]5t 9 man's own nature1 & n a s5tim5tal ideal4 ,b !re is specialization & diff]5tiation ev]y:]e 9 nature2 & :ile ,celtic traditions & beliefs are n fundam5tally unlike ^? f\nd 9 e age1 race1 & cultural /age1 ! treatm5t ( ?is common /ock ( prehi/oric lore & my/ical religion is 9 "s respects unique1 & h5ce ,celtic4 ,beyond ?is /atem5t we _c g4 ,,section ,,iii ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,gods1 ,,spirits1 ,,fairies1 ,,& ,,! ,,dead ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,ar*aeology#dbh ',z he spoke1 he paus$ be=e a great m\nd gr[n ov] ) trees1 & ar\nd x silv] cle> 9 ! moonlight 7 imm5se /ones pil$1 ! rema9s ( an orig9al circle1 & !re 0 a d>k1 l[1 n>r[ entrance lead+ !re94 ,?is 0 my palace4 ,9 days pa/ _m a "o pluck$ "h ! purple fl[] ( magic & ! fruit ( ! tree ( life4444 ,& ev5 z he spoke1 a light began to gl[ & to p]vade ! cave1 & to oblit]ate ! /one walls & ! antique hi]oglyphics engrav5 !reon1 & to melt ! e>!n floor into itself l a fi]y sun sudd5ly upris5 )9 ! _w1 & !re 0 ev]y:]e a w&]+ ec/asy ( s\nd3 light & s\nd 7 "o2 light _h a voice1 & ! music hung glitt]+ 9 ! air4444 ,i am ,a5gus2 m5 call me ! ,"y4 ,i am ! sunlight 9 ! he>t1 ! moonlight 9 ! m9d2 ,i am ! light at ! end ( e dream1 ! voice = ev] call+ to come away2 ,i am desire beyond joy or te>s4 ,come ) me1 come ) me3 ,i w make y immortal2 = my palace op5s into ! ,g>d5s ( ! ,sun1 & !re are ! fire-f\nta9s :i* qu5* ! he>t's desire 9 rapture4'--,a4 ,e4 ,inadequacy ( ,pygmy ,!ory--,accord+ to ! !ories conc]n+ div9e images & feti%es1 gods1 daemons1 & ance/ral spirits haunt megali?s--,megali?s are religi\s & fun]eal1 z %[n *iefly by ,c5n ,cruai*1 ,/oneh5ge1 ,gu]nsey m5hirs1 monum5ts 9 ,brittany1 by ! circul> fairy dance z an anci5t initiatory sun-dance1 by ,breton e>?works1 ar*aeological excavations g5]ally1 & by pres5t-day wor%ip at ,indian dolm5s--,new ,grange & ,celtic ,my/]ies3 evid5ce ( manuscripts2 evid5ce ( tradition--,! ,a5gus ,cult--,new ,grange comp>$ ) ,great ,pyramid3 bo? h a/ronomical arrangem5t & same int]nal plan--,:y !y op5 to ! sunrise--,initiations 9 bo?--,great ,pyramid z model = ,celtic tumuli--,gavr9is & ,new ,grange z _s-temples4 ,9 ?is *apt] we propose to deal ) ! popul> belief among ,celtic peoples t tumuli1 dolm5s1 m5hirs1 & 9 fact mo/ megali?ic monum5ts1 prehi/oric or hi/oric1 are ei!r ! abodes or else ! fav\rite haunts ( v>i\s ord]s ( fairies--( pixies 9 ,cornwall1 ( corrigans 9 ,brittany1 ( little spirits l pygmies1 ( spirits l mortals 9 /ature1 ( gobl9s1 ( demons1 & ( gho/s4 ,int]e/+ attempts h be5 made to expla9 ?is folk-belief by means ( ! ,pygmy ,!ory ( ,fairies2 & ?is folk-belief appe>s to be almo/ ! *ief "o ^u :i* ! !ory dep5ds4#dbi ,z 0 po9t$ out 9 ! ,introduction 7p4 xxiii71 possibly "o ( ! _m ?reads int]wov5 into ! complex fabric ( ! ,fairy-,fai? r\nd an orig9al psy*ical patt]n may h be5 bequea!d by a folk-memory ( "s unkn[n1 p]haps pygmy1 races1 :o may h inhabit$ und]gr\nd places l ^? 9 c]ta9 tumuli4 ,b ev5 ?\gh ! ,pygmy ,!ory 7 altoge!r accept$ by u ! problem we are to consid] w\ld /ill be an unsolv$ "o2 = h[ expla9 by ! ,pygmy ,!ory :y ! folk-memory %\ld always run 9 psy*ical *annels1 & n alone 9 ,celtic l&s1 b ?r\gh\t ,europe1 & ev5 9 ,au/ralia1 ,am]ica1 ,africa1 & ,india4 ,ar*aeological rese>*es h n[ made x cle> t _m ( ! great tumuli cov]+ dolm5s or subt]ranean *amb]s1 l t ( ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el 7at ,c>nac7 = example1 7 religi\s & fun]eal 9 _! purposes f ! fir/2 & !re=e ! ,pygmy ,!ory is f> f a satisfactory or adequate explanation4 ,to u ! inquiry is simil> to an inve/igation into ! reasons :y gho/s %\ld haunt a h\se1 :]eas ! support]s ( ! ,pygmy ,!ory =get ! gho/s & tell all ab\t ! p :o may or :o may nev] h liv$ 9 ! haunt$ h\se1 & :o built x4 ,! megali?s1 9 ! pla9 language ( ! folk-belief1 are haunt$ by fairies1 pixies1 corrigans1 gho/s1 & v>i\s sorts ( invisible be+s4 ,l ! ,psy*ical ,rese>* ,society1 we believe !re may be1 or actually are1 invisible be+s l gho/s1 & s propose to conduct our inve/igations f t po9t ( view4#dcj ,,m5hirs1 ,,dolm5s1 ,,cromle*s1 ,,& ,,tumuli ,to beg9 )1 we %all conc]n ourselves ) m5hirs1 dolm5s1 cromle*s1 & c]ta9 k9ds ( tumuli--su* z are f\nd at ,c>nac1 r\nd :i* corrigans hold _! nightly revels1 & :]e gho/-l =ms are sometimes se5 9 ! moonlight1 or ev5 :5 !re is no moon4 ,m4 ,paul ,sbillot 9 ,le ,folk-lore de ,france#dca has v adequately describ$ ! num]\s folk-traditions & cu/oms connect$ ) all su* monum5ts1 & x rema9s = u to deal especially ) ! psy*ical aspects ( ^! traditions & cu/oms4 ,! le>n$ ,canon ,mah 9 8 ,essai sur les antiquits du dp>tem5t du ,morbihan 7p4 #beh71 a "w ( r>e m]it1 publi%$ at ,vannes 9 #ahbe1 holds t n only 7 ! maje/ic ,alignem5ts ( ,c>nac us$ z temples = religi\s rites1 b t ! /ones !mselves ( :i* ! ,alignem5ts are =m$ 7 v5]at$ z ! abodes ( gods4#dcb ,& quot+ ,porphyry1 ,iambli*us1 ,proclus1 ,h]mes1 & o!rs1 he %[s t ! anci5ts believ$ t gods & daemons1 attract$ by sacrifice & wor%ip to /one images & o!r inanimate objects1 ov]%ad[$ !m or ev5 took up _! abode 9 !m4 ,?is position ( ,canon ,mah is confirm$ by a comp>ative /udy ( ,celtic & non-,celtic traditions respect+ ! !ory ( :at has be5 errone\sly call$ 'idol-wor%ip'4 ,all evid5ce goes to %[ t idols s call$1 are simply images us$ z m$ia = ! manife/ation ( gho/s1 spirits1 & gods3 ! anci5ts1 l contempor>y primitive races1 d n seem ev] to h actually wor%ipp$ su* images1 b simply to h supplicat$ by pray] & sacrifice ! indwell+ deity4#dcc ,! anci5t ,egyptians1 = example1 conceiv$ ! ,ka or p]sonality z a ?+ sep>able f ! p]son or body1 & h5ce '! /atue ( a human be+ repres5t$ & embodi$ a human ,ka'4 ,likewise a /atue ( a god 0 ! dwell+-place ( a div9e ,ka1 attract$ to x by c]ta9 my/ical =mulae at ! "t ( d$ication4#dcd ,?\gh !re might be _m /atues ( ! same god no two 7 alike2 ea* 0 animat$ by an indep5d5t 'd\ble' :i* ! rites ( consecration _h elicit$ f ! god4 ,^! /atues1 be+ ?us animat$ by a 'd\ble'1 manife/$ _! w--z ,greek & ,roman /atues are report$ to h done--ei!r by speak+1 or by rhy?mic movem5ts4 ,! div9e virtue resid+ 9 ! images ( ! gods 0 ?\ght to be a sort ( fluid1 analog\s to :at we call ! magnetic fluid1 ! aura1 c4 ,x c\ld be transmitt$ by ! imposition ( h&s & by magic passes1 on ! nape ( ! neck or along ! dorsal sp9e ( a pati5t2#dce & no d\bt extraord9>y curative prop]ties 7 attribut$ to x4 ,dr4 ,tylor has br\ght toge!r examples f all p>ts ( ! globe ( s-call$ feti%ism1 :i* is v5]ation paid to natural liv+ objects su* z trees1 fi%1 animals1 z well z to inanimate objects ( almo/ e conceivable description1 includ+ /ones1 because ( ! _s believ$ to be inh]5t or resid5t 9 ! p>ticul> object2 & he %[s t idols orig9ally 7 feti%es1 :i* 9 "t came to be %ap$ accord+ to ! =m ( ! _s or god suppos$ to possess !m4#dcf ,mr4 ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett1 ! orig9ator ( ! pre-animi/ic !ory1 believes t orig9ally feti%es 7 reg>d$ z gods !mselves1 & t gradually !y came to be reg>d$ z ! dwell+s ( gods4#dcg ,c]ta9 well-def9$ ,celtic traditions entirely fit 9 ) ?is !ory3--e4 g4 ,canon ,mah writes1 ',9 accordance ) ?is /range !ory !y 7! ,celts7 c\ld believe t rocks1 set 9 motion by spirits :i* animat$ !m1 sometimes w5t to dr9k at riv]s1 z is said ( ! ,peulvan at ,noyal-,pontivy' 7,morbihan72#dch & ,i h f\nd a p>allel belief at ,rollright1 ,ox=d%ire1 ,engl&1 :]e x is said ( ! ,k+ ,/one1 an anci5t m5hir1 &1 accord+ to "s folk-traditions1 a human be+ trans=m$1 t x goes d[n ! hill on ,*ri/mas ,eve to dr9k at ! riv]4 ,9 ! fam\s m5hir or pill>-/one on ,t>a to ?is day1 we h ano!r curi\s example l ! mov+ /atues 9 ,egypt & ! ,celtic /ones :i* move2 = 9 ! ,book ( ,lismore ! wond]ful prop]ties ( ! ,lia ,fil1 ! ',/one ( ,de/9y'1 are enum]at$1 & x is said t ev] :5 ,irel&'s mon>* /epp$ ^u x ! /one w\ld cry out "u him1 b t if any o!r p]son /epp$ ^u x1 !re 0 only sil5ce4#dci ,9 ! ,trip>tite ,life ( ,/4 ,patrick x is said t ,irel&'s *ief idol 0 at ,mag ,sle*t1 & by "n ',c5n ,cruai*1 cov]$ ) gold & silv]1 & twelve o!r idols#ddj 7 ab\t x1 cov]$ ) brass'4 ,:5 ,patrick tri$ to place 8 crosi] on ! top ( ,c5n ,cruai*1 ! idol 'b[$ we/w>d to turn on its "r side1 = its face 0 f ! ,s\?1 to wit1 ,t>a4444 ,& ! e>? swall[$ ! twelve o!r images z f> z _! heads1 & !y are ?us 9 sign ( ! miracle1 & he curs$ ! demon1 & bani%$ him to hell'4#dda ,sir ,john ,rhys po9ts out t ,c5n ,cruai* means ',head or ,*ief ( ! ,m\nd'1 & t ! /ory ( its incl9$ position sugge/s to u an anci5t & gradually fall+ m5hir plant$ on ! summit ( a tumulus or hill surr\nd$ by twelve less] pill> /ones1 all ?irte5--itself a sacr$ numb]--reg>d$ z ! abodes ( gods or else z gods !mselves2 & ^! gods are ref]r$ to z ! demon exorciz$ f ! place by ,patrick4 ,! c5tral m5hir or ,c5n ,cruai* probably repres5ts ! ,sol> ,god1 & ! twelve m5hirs surr\nd+ ?is probably repres5t ! twelve mon?s ( ! ye>4#ddb ,9 ! ,colloquy x is said t ,patrick w5t 8 way 'to s[ fai? & piety1 to bani% devils & wiz>ds out ( ,irel&2 to raise up sa9ts & righte\s1 to erect crosses1 /ation-/ones1 & alt>s2 also to ov]?r[ idols & gobl9 images1 & ! :ole art ( sorc]y'4#ddc ,wel% tradition says t ,/4 ,david split ! cap/one ( ! ,ma5 ,ketti ,cromle* 7dolm57#ddd 9 ,g[]1 9 ord] to prove to ! p t !re 0 no?+ div9e 9 x4#dde ,accord+ to ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 ,m]l9 con/ruct$ ,/oneh5ge by magically transport+ f ,irel& ! ',*oir ( ! ,giants'1 app>5tly an anci5t ,iri% circle ( /ones4#ddf ,! rational explanation ( ?is my? seems to be t ! /ones ( ,/oneh5ge1 n belong+ to ! native rocks ( ,s\? ,engl&1 z geologi/s well "k1 7 probably transport$ f "s di/ant "p ( ,brita9 & set up on ,salisbury ,pla91 because ( "s magical prop]ties suppos$ to h be5 possess$ by !m2 & mo/ likely '! /ones 7 reg>d$ z div9e or z seats ( div9e p[]'4#ddg ,& fur!r 7!reby admitt+ ! sacr$ purpose ( ! gr\p71 ,sir ,john ,rhys sees no objection to id5tify+ ,/oneh5ge ) ! fam\s temple ( ,apollo 9 ! isl& ( ! ,hyp]boreans1 ref]r$ to 9 ! j\rnal ( ,py!as' travels4#ddh ,accord+ to ,sir ,john ,rhys's int]pretation ( ?is j\rnal1 '! k+s ( ! city conta9+ ! temple & ! ov]se]s ( ! latt] 7 ! ,boreads1 :o took up ! gov]nm5t 9 succession1 accord+ to _! tribes4 ,! citiz5s gave !mselves up to music1 h>p+ & *ant+ 9 hon\r ( ! ,sun-god1 :o 0 e n9ete5? ye> wont himself to appe> ab\t ! "t ( ! v]nal equ9ox1 & to g on h>p+ & danc+ 9 ! sky until ! ris+ ( ! ,pleiades4'#ddh ,two m5hirs1 r\ghly hewn to simulate ! human =m1 are yet to be f\nd 9 ,gu]nsey1 ,*annel ,isl&s1 & =m]ly !re 0 a simil> m5hir 9 ! ,breton village ( ,baud1 ,morbihan4 ,"o ( ! ,gu]nsey figures 0 dug up 9 #ahgh "u ! *ancel ( ! ,ctel ,*ur*1 & !n plac$ 9 ! *ur*y>d1 s t 9 ?is in/ance x seems highly probable t ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 0 built on ! site ( a sacr$ pagan %r9e :]e a cult ( /ones once exi/$4 ,! second /one figure 7a female71 n[ /&+ z a gate-po/ 9 ! *ur*y>d ( ,/4 ,m>t9's p>i%1 seems also to m>k a spot :]e a pre-,*ri/ian sanctu>y 0 *ri/ianiz$4 ,! c\ntry-p ( ! di/rict1 up to ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury1 consid]$ x lucky to make floral & ev5 food (f]+s to ?is /one2 b 9 #ahfj ! *ur*w>d5 to de/roy its sanctity _h x brok5 9 two1 ?\gh n[ x has be5 re/or$4#ddi ,a l /one image 0 ! fam\s ',vnus de ,qu9ipilly'1 ne> ,baud1 ,morbihan4 ,at its base 0 a /one tr\gh1 :]e9 until late into ! sev5te5? c5tury ! sick 7 cur$ by contact ) ! image1 & "y m5 & maid5s 7 wont to ba! to secure love & long life4#ddi ,canon ,mah record$ 9 #ahbe t ! folk-belief locat$ gho/s & spirits ( ! dead r\nd megali?ic monum5ts1 m especially ^? kn[n to h be5 us$ = tombs1 because ! ,celts ?\ght !m haunt$ by ance/ral spirits2#dej & :at 0 true 9 #ahbe is true n[1 = !re is /ill 9 ,brittany ! association ( ance/ral spirits1 corrigans1 & o!r _s-l tribes ) tumuli1 dolm5s1 m5hirs1 & cromle*s1 &1 z we h %[n 9 *apt] ii1 a v liv+ fai? 9 ! ,lg5de de la ,mort4 ,9 describ+ "s curi\s dolm5s & cromle*s 7/one circles7 on ! summit ( a m\nta9 call$ ! ,cle* or ,man er klo*1 ',m\nta9 ( ! bell1' at ,m5don1 ,arrondissem5t de ,lori5t1 ,morbihan1 ! same au?or gives x z 8 op9ion1 bas$ on folk-traditions1 t ! cromle*s1 l o!rs 9 ,brittany1 7 places 9 :i* ! anci5t ,bretons practis$ necromancy & invok$ ! spirits ( _! ance/ors1 to :om !y attribut$ great p[]4 ,he !n records a v valuable & int]e/+ tradition conc]n+ ^! monum5ts1 :i* seems to indicate cle>ly a close relation%ip betwe5 ! ,p\lpiquets 7ano!r "n = corrigans71 ?\ght ( z spirits by ! peasants1 & ! magical rites conduct$ 9 ! circles to invoke spirits or daemons3--',! p call ! /ones :i* are f\nd !re ! rocks ( ! ,hosguannets or ,gu]rionets 7:o are ! same z ! ,p\lpiquets72 & !y decl>e t at fix$ seasons !y are 9 ! habit ( com+ !re to celebrate _! my/]ies1 :i* w\ld prove t ! race ( ^! dw>fs is n yet ext9ct1 z ,i believ$4'#dea ,:5 we he> h[ corrigans dance ! national ,breton ronde or ride1 at or 9 su* cromle*s 7!mselves1 l ! dance1 circul> 9 =m71 :i* ) o!r anci5t /one monum5ts & e>?works are /ill believ$ to be ! fav\rite haunts ( ^! & k9dr$ _s-tribes1 we seem to see1 9 ! light ( :at ,canon ,mah records1 a psy*ical folk-memory ab\t a gobl9 race :o are n[ ?\ght ( z frequ5t+ ! v places :]e anci5tly su* spirits are said to h be5 invok$ by pagan prie/s = ! purposes ( div9ation4 ,fur!r1 x appe>s t at ^! sacr$ c5tres1 z ! quot$ tradition indicates1 9 prehi/oric times ,bry?onic initiations took place1 l ^? /ill fl\ri%+ among a few surviv+ ,am]ican ,indian tribes 7:o also dance ! circul> initiation dance71 & among o!r primitive peoples1 z we %all m adequately %[ 9 ! *apt] on ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory4 ,! ,breton dance is1 !re=e1 mo/ likely ! memorial ( an anci5t initiation dance1 religi\s 9 "*1 &1 probably1 9 hon\r ( ! sun1 be+ circul> 9 ! same way t cromle*s d$icat$ to a sun-cult are circul>4 ,/oneh5ge1 ! mo/ highly develop$ type ( ! cromle*1 0 und\bt$ly a sun-temple2 & ! dance anci5tly held 9 x1 z describ$ by ,py!as1 9 hon\r ( ! god ,apollo1 0 no d\bt circul> l ! ,breton national dance1 &1 presumably1 initiatory4#deb ,?r\gh a natural an?ropomorphic process1 ?is circul> initiation dance has come to be attribut$ to corrigans 9 ,brittany1 to pixies 9 ,cornwall & 9 ,engl&1 & to fairies 9 ^! & o!r ,celtic c\ntries4 ,! idea ( fairy tribes 9 su* a special relation may result f a folk-memory ( ! actual initiators :o1 z mask$ m51 repres5t$ spirits2 &1 if ?is be a plausible view1 !n fairies may be comp>$ to ! initiators ( contempor>y initiation c]emonies among primitive peoples &1 foll[+ ,dr4 ,gilb]t ,murray's !ory1 to ! ,greek satyrs also4#dec ,a circul> dance l ! ,breton "o /ill survives among ! peasantry 9 ! ,*annel ,isl&s1 at lea/ 9 ,gu]nsey1 ,ald]ney1 & ,s>k1 be+ celebrat$ at w$d+s1 b ! revolution is n[ ar\nd a p]son in/ead ( a /one1 & to ?is p]son obeisance is paid4 ,?is t5ds to confirm our op9ion t ! dance is ! survival ( an anci5t sun-dance1 ! c5tral figure be+ typical ( ! sun deity himself1 or ,apollo2 & if we design ?is dance ?us ,symbol3 sun1 we h ! a/ronomical emblem /ill us$ 9 all our cal5d>s to repres5t ! sun1 "o :i* 9 itself pres]ves a va/ mass ( =gott5 lore4 ,=m]ly 9 ,gu]nsey1 ! sites ( pr9cipal dolm5s 7or cromle*s7 & pill>-/ones 7 visit$ 9 sacr$ procession1 & r\nd c]ta9 ( !m ! :ole body ( pilgrims 'solemnly revolv$ ?ree times f ea/ to we/'--z ! sun moves4#ded ,aga91 accord+ to ,canon ,mah1#dee ! bases & l[] p>ts ( ! sides ( f\r s+ul> b>r[s at ,cot-bihan bl5d 9 su* a way z to =m an enclos$ c\rt1 & "o ( ! b>r[s has be5 pi]c$ z ?\gh = a passage-way into ?is c\rt4 ,& he holds t x is m ?an probable t ^! anci5t e>?works :5 fir/ !y 7 rais$1 & o!rs l !m 9 v>i\s ,celtic l&s1 witness$ _m my/ic & religi\s rites & sacr$ tribal assemblies4 ,! supposition t ! ,cot-bihan e>?works 7 orig9ally d$icat$ to pagan religi\s usages is v mu* /r5g!n$ by ! fact t 9 v e>ly times a ,*ri/ian *apel 0 erect$ ne> !m4#def ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el at ,c>nac is ano!r example ( a pagan tumulus d$icat$ to a ,*ri/ian sa9t2 &1 z ,sir ,john ,rhys says1 ! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael appe>s 9 m places ?an "o 9 ,celtic l&s z ! supplant] ( ! d>k p[]s4#deg ,n only 7 tumuli ?us transf]r$ by re-d$ication f pagan gods to ,*ri/ian sa9ts1 b dolm5s & m5hirs z well4 ,?us1 = example1 at ,pl\h>nel-,c>nac 7,morbihan7 !re is a m5hir surm\nt$ by a ,*ri/ian cross1 j z at ,dol 7,ille-et-,vila9e7 a wood5 crucifix surm\nts ! great m5hir1 & at ,c>nac !re is a dolm5 likewise *ri/ianiz$ by a /one cross-m\nt$ on ! table-/one4 ,aga91 ,m4 ,j4 ,d*elette 9 8 ,manuel d',ar*ologie ,prhi/orique1 ,celtique et ,gallo-,roma9e 7p4 #chj7 describes a dolm5 at ,pl\>et 7,ctes-du-,nord7 conv]t$ into a *apel d$icat$ to ! ,sev5 ,sa9ts1 & ano!r dolm5 at ,sa9t-,g]ma9-de-,confol5s 7,*>5te7 likewise trans=m$ into a place ( wor%ip4 ,miss ,edi? ,f4 ,c>ey ?us expla9s ! dolm5s 9 ! ,*annel ,isl&s3--',all our old traditions prove our dolm5s to h be5 ! g5]al r5dezv\s ( our insul> sorc]]s4 ,9 sixte5? & sev5te5? c5tury manuscripts ,i h f\nd ^! dolm5s describ$ z alt>s ( ! gods ( ! sea4444 ,"o ( our anci5t dolm5s reta9s its anci5t "n ( ,de ,hus1 & a fifte5?-c5tury ,p]*age ( ,fief de ,lree tells u t a n[ de/roy$ dolm5 on our we/]n coa/ 0 d$icat$ to ! same god1 = ,heus or ,hesus 0 ! ,w>-,god ( anci5t ,gaul4'#deh ,! same writ] describes excavations made at ,de ,hus by ,mr4 ,lukis1 & t he f\nd 9 a side *amb] !re two kneel+ skeletons1 "o fac+ ! nor?1 ! o!r ! s\?4 ,he consid]$ !m to h be5 ( "y p]sons probably int]r$ alive z a fun]al or propitiatory sacrifice to "s tribal *ief1 or else to a presid+ deity ( ! dolm54 ,beside a tomb ( ! e>ly bronze age at ! bottom ( a l>ge tumulus ne> ,mamm>lf1 9 ,skne1 ,dr4 ,osc> ,montelius1 ! fam\s ar*aeologi/ ( ,sw$51 discov]$ a circul> /one alt> on :i* repos$ *>coal & ! rema9s ( a burnt animal (f]+1 :i* und\bt$ly 0 made to ! dead4#dei ,s*liemann made a p>allel discov]y 9 an anci5t tomb at ,myc5ae1 ,greece4#dfj ,curi\sly1 9 ,india to-day ! ,dravidian tribes1 a pygmy-l aborig9al race1 wor%ip at ! anci5t dolm5s 9 _! =e/s & m\nta9s1 :e!r z at tombs & h5ce to ance/ral spirits or to gods is n always cle>2 b ! latt] =m ( wor%ip is probably m common1 s9ce ,mr4 ,walh\se once obs]v$ "o ( _! m$ic9e-m5 p]=m+ a propitiatory s]vice to ! agricultural or e>? deities4 ,! m$ic9e-man pass$ ! night 9 solitude sitt+ 'on ! cap/one ( a dolm5 ) heels & hams drawn toge!r & *9 on knee'--evid5tly ?us to await ! adv5t ( ! ,sun-god4#dfa ,all ! above illu/rations1 mo/ly ,celtic ones1 t5d to prove t m5hirs1 c]ta9 tumuli & e>?works1 cromle*s1 & dolm5s 7 orig9ally connect$ ) religi\s usages1 *iefly ) a cult ( gods & fairy-l be+s1 &1 ?\gh less commonly1 ) ! dead4 ,we pass n[ to a special consid]ation ( *amb]$ tumuli1 to %[ t ! same app>5tly holds true ( !m4 ,,new ,,grange ,,& ,,celtic ,,my/]ies ,?\gh1 z ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lo? & o!r em95t ar*aeologi/s hold1 all tumuli conta9+ *amb]s1 & all alles c\v]tes ( dolm5s1 %\ld be consid]$ z design$ly fun]eal 9 _! purposes1 nev]!less c]ta9 ( ! great] ones1 l ,new ,grange & ,gavr9is may also prop]ly be consid]$ z places = r5d]+ wor%ip or ev5 sacrifice to ! dead1 &1 p]haps1 z places = religi\s pilgrimages & sacr$ rites4 ,?is1 too1 seems to be ! op9ion ( ,m4 ,j4 ,d*elette 9 8 "w on ,celtic & ,gallo-,roman ar*aeology1 z he traces f ! e>lie/ prehi/oric times 9 ,europe ! evolution ( ! cult ( ! dead accord+ to ! evid5ce furni%$ by ! anci5t megali?ic monum5ts4#dfb ,to beg9 )1 let u take z a type = our /udy ! mo/ fam\s ( all s-call$ ,celtic tumuli1 t ( ,new ,grange1 on ! ,riv] ,boyne 9 ,irel&4#dfc ,9 ,iri% lit]ature ,new ,grange is con/antly associat$ ) ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann z "o ( _! palaces1 z our f\r? *apt] po9ts out4 ,?r\gh\t our second section g5]ally1 ! te/imony indicates t ! ess5tial nature ( ^! fairy-folk is subjective or spiritual4 ,^! two facts at ! outset are v important & fundam5tal1 because we expect to %[ ev5 m cle>ly ?an we h j done 9 ! case ( m5hirs1 dolm5s1 cromle*s1 & small] tumuli1 t ! folk-belief "u consid]ation is at bottom a psy*ical "o1 :i* has gr[n up out ( a folk-memory ( ! "t :51 z has j be5 said1 ,celtic or pre-,celtic tumuli 7 us$ = int]m5ts1 & probably c]ta9 ones among !m z places = ! celebration ( pagan my/]ies4 ,mr4 ,george ,c(fey1 ! em95t ar*aeologi/ 9 *>ge ( ! ar*aeological collections ( ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy1 quotes f anci5t ,iri% records 9 ! ,leabh> na h-,uidhre & o!r manuscripts to %[ t ! e>ly traditions ref] to ! ,boyne c\ntry z ! burial-place ( ! k+s ( ,t>a1 & t sometimes !y seem to associate ,brugh-na-,boyne ) ! tumuli on ! ,boyne1#dfd b1 no exact id5tification be+ possible1 x _c be said ) c]ta9ty :e!r any "o ( ! ?ree great ,boyne tumuli is meant4 ,ev5 ?\gh x c\ld be %[n conclusively t "s mighty h]o or k+ _h actually be5 entomb$ 9 ,new ,grange1 z is likely1 9 ! e>? beh9d ! *amb]1 "u ! *amb]'s floor1 or ev5 )9 ! *amb]1 /ill1 z we h already po9t$ out1 mo/ ( ! great ,iri% h]oes & k+s 7 9 popul> belief lit]ally gods inc>nate1 &1 !re=e 7z commonly among all anci5t peoples1 civiliz$ & non-civiliz$1 :o held ! same doctr9e71 ! tomb ( su* a div9e p]sonage came to be reg>d$ z ! actual dwell+ ( ! once inc>nate god1 ev5 ?\gh 8 bones 7 long turn$ to du/4 ,! ,book ( ,ballymote /r5g!ns ?is sugge/ion3 9 "o ( its anci5t ,iri% poems1 by ,mac,nia1 son ( ,o5na1 prec$$ by ?is my/ical d$ication1 ',ye ,poets ( ,bregia1 ( tru?1 n false1' ! wond]s ( ! ,palace ( ! ,boyne1 ! ,hall ( ! great god ,daghda1 supreme k+ & oracle ( ! ,tua?a de ,danann1 are ?us celebrat$3-- ,behold ! ,sidh be=e y\r eyes1 ,x is manife/ to y t x is a k+'s mansion1 ,:i* 0 built by ! firm ,daghda2 ,x 0 a wond]1 a c\rt1 an admirable hill4#dfe ,x seems cle> en\gh1 f ! old ,iri% manuscripts ref]r$ to by ,mr4 ,c(fey1#dff t ! ,boyne c\ntry ne> ,t>a 0 ! sacr$ & religi\s c5tre ( anci5t ,irel&1 & 0 us$ by ! ,iri% 9 v mu* ! same way z ,memphis & o!r places on ! sacr$ ,nile 7 us$ by ! anci5t ,egyptians1 bo? z a royal cemet]y & z a place = ! celebration ( pagan my/]ies4 ,x is kn[n t mo/ ( ! ,my/]ies ( ,antiquity 7 psy*ic 9 _! nature1 hav+ to d ) ! neophyte's entrance into ,hades or ! invisible _w :ile out ( ! physical body1 or else ) direct communication ) gods1 spirits1 & %ades ( ! dead1 :ile 9 ! physical body2 & su* my/]ies 7 p]=m$ 9 d>k5$ *amb]s f :i* all light 0 exclud$4 ,^! *amb]s 7 (t5 c>v$ out ( solid rock1 z c be se5 9 ! ,rock ,temples ( ,india2 & :5 m\nta9 caves or natural cav]ns 7 n available1 artificial ones 7 us$ 7see *apt] x74 ,! places1 l ,t>a & ,memphis1 :]e ! great m5 & k+s ( ! nations ( antiquity 7 entomb$1 be+ ! mo/ sacr$1 7 v (t51 on t acc\nt1 also ! places d$icat$ to ! mo/ magnific5t temples & to ! ,my/]ies1 or among less advanc$ nations to ! wor%ip ( ! dead4 ,on e side ( sacr$ ,/oneh5ge1 ,salisbury ,pla9 is dott$ ) ! burial m\nds ( unkn[n h]oes & *iefta9s ( anci5t ,brita92 :ile 9 mod]n times1 ev5 ?\gh ! ,my/]ies are long =gott51 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 at ! c5tre ( ! planet's capital1 has1 9 turn1 become ! hall[$ ,hall ( ! ,mighty ,dead = ! va/ ,briti% ,empire4 ,9 view ( all ^! facts1 aft] a c>eful exam9ation ( ! fam\s ,new ,grange tumulus itself1 & a /udy ( ! ref]5ces to x 9 old ,iri% lit]ature1 we are firmly ( ! op9ion t "o _c be f> wrong 9 describ+ x z a _s-temple 9 :i* 7 celebrat$ anci5t ,celtic or pre-,celtic ,my/]ies at ! "t :5 neophytes1 includ+ ^? ( royal blood1 7 initiat$2 & z su* x is directly relat$ to a cult ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or ,fairy-,folk1 ( spirits1 & ( ! dead4 ,nor are we alone 9 ?is op9ion4 ,mr4 ,c(fey himself1 we believe1 is incl9$ to fav\r x2 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,borlase1 au?or ( ,! ,dolm5s ( ,irel&1 :o is q committ$ to x1 says t x is n necess>y1 z "s d1 to consid] ,new ,grange z an anci5t abode ( mortal m51 = '! spirits ( ! dead1 ! fairies1 ! ,sidhe1 might h _h _! brugh1 or palace1 z well'4#dfg ,& he po9ts out t 9 ! old ,iri% manuscripts we h pro( t x 0 suppos$ to be ?us us$4 ,?is pro( is f\nd 9 ! ,agallamh na ,s5ra* or ',colloquy ) ! ,anci5ts' by ,/4 ,patrick1 f ! ,book ( ,lismore1 a fifte5?-c5tury manuscript copi$ f old] manuscripts & n[ translat$ by ,/&i% ,h4 ,o',grady3--,! ?ree sons ( ! ,k+ ( ,irel&1 by "n ,ruidhe1 ,fia*a1 & ,eo*aid1 leav+ _! nurse's & gu>dian's h\se1 w5t to f]t na ndruadh1 i4 e4 'grave ( ! wiz>ds'1 nor?-we/ ( ,t>a1 to ask ( _! fa!r a c\ntry1 a doma92 b he refus$ _! reque/1 & !n !y =m$ a project to ga9 l&s & ri*es by fa/+ on ! tua?a d ,danann at ! brugh ^u ! ,boyne3 ',l&s !re=e ,i w n be/[ on y1 b w9 l&s = y\rself4 ,!reupon !y ) ! ready ris+ ( "o man rose & took _! way to ! gre5 ( ! brugh ^u ! ,boyne :]e1 none o!r be+ 9 _! company1 !y sat !m d[n4 ,ruidhe said3 ,:at is y\r plan to-night8 ,8 bro!rs rejo9$3 ,our project is to fa/ on ! tua?a d ,danann1 aim+ ?us to w9 f !m good =tune 9 ! %ape ( a c\ntry1 ( a doma91 ( l&s1 & to h va/ ri*es4 ,nor _h !y be5 long !re :5 !y m>k$ a *e]y-look+ "y man ( a pacific demean\r t came t[>ds !m4 ,he salutes ! k+ ( ,irel&'s sons2 !y answ] him aft] ! same mann]4 ,"y man1 :5ce art ?\8 :5ce come/ ?\8 ,out ( yond] brugh *equ]$ ) ! _m lights h>d by y "h4 ,:at "n we>e/ ?\8 ,i am ! ,daghda's son ,bodhb ,d]g2 & to ! tua?a d ,danann x 0 reveal$ t ye w\ld come to fa/ "h to-night1 = l&s & = great =tune4' ,!n ) ,bodhb ,d]g1 ! ?ree sons ( ,irel&'s k+ ent]$ into ! brugh1 & ! tua?a d ,danann w5t into c\ncil1 & ,midhir ,yell[-mane son ( ! ,daghda :o presid$ said3 ',^? yond] accommodate n[ ) ?ree wives1 s9ce f wives x is t ei!r =tune or mis=tune is d]iv$4' ,& f _! m>riages ) ! ?ree daught]s ( ,midhir !y d]iv$ all _! wi%es--t]ritories & weal? 9 ! greate/ abundance4 ',= ?ree days ) _! nights !y abode 9 ! sdh4' ',angus told !m to c>ry away out ( fidh omna1 i4 e4 ,oakwood1 ?ree apple-trees3 "o 9 full bloom1 ano!r %$d+ ! blossom1 & ano!r cov]$ ) ripe fruit4 ,!n !y repair$ to ! dn1 :]e !y abode = ?ree times fifty ye>s1 & until ^? k+s disappe>$2 = 9 virtue ( m>riage alliance !y return$ aga9 to ! tua?a d ,danann1 & f t "t =? h rema9$ !re4'#dfh ,mr4 ,borlase1 comm5t+ on ?is passage1 sugge/s its importance 9 prov+ to u t dur+ ! ,middle ,ages !re exi/$ a tradition1 ?us committ$ to writ+ f old] manuscripts or f oral s\rces1 reg>d+ '! nature ( ! rites p]=m$ 9 pagan times at ^? places1 :i* 7 held sacr$ to ! hea!n my/]ies'4#dfi ,! passage evid5tly describes a cult ( royal or fam\s ance/ral spirits id5tifi$ ) ! god-race ( ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 :o1 z we "k1 be+ reborn z mortals1 rul$ ,irel&4 ,^! ance/ral spirits 7 to be approa*$ by a pilgrimage made to _! abode1 ! _s-haunt$ tumulus1 & a resid5ce 9 x ( ?ree days & ?ree nights dur+ :i* p]iod !re 0 to be an unbrok5 fa/4 ,sacrifices 7 d\btless (f]$ to ! gods1 or _s-ance/ors2 & :ile !y 7 'fa/$ ^u'1 !y 7 expect$ to appe> & grant ! pilgrim's pray] & to speak ) him4 ,all ?is indicates t ! exi/5ce ( invisible be+s 0 tak5 = grant$1 probably ?r\gh ! k ga9$ by initiation4 ,! ,e*tra ,n]ai or ! ',adv5tures ( ,n]a' 7see ?is /udy1 p4 #bhg71 conta9s a description l ! "o above1 ( h[ a mortal nam$ ,n]a w5t into ! ,sidhe-palace at ,crua*an2 & x is said t he w5t n only into ! cave 7uamh7 b into ! sd ( ! cave4 ,! t]m uamh or cave1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,borlase1 indicates ! :ole ( ! int]ior vault$ *amb]1 :ile ! sd ( t vault$ *amb] or uamh is int5d$ to ref] to '! sanctum sanctorum1 or p5etralia ( ! _s-temple1 ^u ent]+ into :i* ! mortal came face to face ) ! royal occupants1 & !re d\btless he lay fa/+1 or (f]+ 8 sacrifices1 at ! p]iods prescrib$'4#dgj ,! ^w brugh ref]s simply to ! appe>ance ( a tumulus1 or s\t]ra9 b5ea? a =t or ra?1 & means1 !re=e1 mansion or dwell+-place4#dga ,& ,mr4 ,borlase adds3--',i feel b little d\bt t 9 ! inn] *amb] at ,new ,grange1 ) its ?ree recesses & its bas91 we h ?is sd ( ! cave1 & ! place :]e ! pilgrims fa/$--a situation & a practice precisely simil> to ^? :i*1 "u ,*ri/ian auspices1 7 cont9u$ at su* places z ! ,leaba ,mologa 9 ,cork1 ! orig9al ,patrick's ,purgatory 9 ,l\gh ,d]g1 & else:]e4 ,! practice ( ly+ 9 /one tr\ghs 0 a feature ( ! ,*ri/ian pilgrimages 9 ,irel&4 ,sometimes su* tr\ghs _h s]v$ ! previ\s purpose ( /one c(f9s4 ,x is j possible t ! %all[ bas9s 9 ! cells at ,l\gh ,crew1 ,new ,grange1 & ,d[? may1 l ! /one b$s or tr\ghs ( ! sa9ts1#dgb h be5 occupi$ by ! pilgrims engag$ 9 _! devotions4 ,if s1 h[ev]1 !y mu/ h sat 9 !m 9 ,ea/]n fa%ion4'#dga ,aga91 9 ! popul> tale call$ ,! ,pursuit ( ,di>muid & ,gra9n1#dgc ,a5gus1 ! son ( ! ,dagda1 "o ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 is call$ ,a5gus-an-,bhrogha1 & connect$ ) ! ,brugh-na-,bo9ne4 ,9 ! tale ,f9n says1 ',let u leave ?is tula*1 = fe> t ,a5gus-an-,bhrogha & ! ,tua?a-,de-,danann might cat* u2 & ?\gh we h no "p 9 ! slay+ ( ,di>muid1 he w\ld none ! m readily believe u4' ,a5gus is evid5tly an invisible be+ ) great p[] ov] mortals4 ,?is is cle> 9 :at foll[s3 he transports ,di>muid's body to ! ,brugh-na-,bo9ne1 say+1 ',s9ce ,i _c re/ore him to life1 ,i w s5d a s\l into him1 s t he may talk to me ea* day4' ,?us1 z ! presid+ deity ( ! brugh1 ,a5gus ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann c\ld reanimate dead bodies '& cause !m to speak to devotees1 we may suppose oracul>ly4'#dgd ,9 ! ,bruighion ,*aor?a9n or ',=t ( ! ,r[an ,tree'1 a ,f5ian tale1 a poet put ,f9n "u taboo to und]/& ^! v]ses3-- ,i saw a h\se 9 ! c\ntry ,out ( :i* no ho/ages are giv5 to a k+1 ,fire burns x n1 h>ry+ spoils x n4 ,& ,f9n made reply3--',i und]/& t v]se1 = t is ! ,brugh ( ! ,boyne t y h se5 7p]haps1 z we sugge/1 dur+ an initiation71 namely1 ! h\se ( ,a5gus ,og ( ! ,brugh1 & x _c be burn$ or h>ri$ z long z ,a5gus 7a god7 %all live4' ,z ,mr4 ,borlase obs]ves1 to say t 'no ho/ages are giv5 to a k+' out ( ! ,brugh is probably ano!r way ( say+ t ! dead pay no taxes1 or t be+ a holy place1 ! ,brugh 0 exempt4#dge ,?is la/ evid5ce is f oral tradition1 & r late 9 be+ plac$ on record2 b x is n on t acc\nt less tru/wor?y1 & may be mu* m s ?an ! old] manuscripts4 ,until q mod]n times ! folk-lore ( ! ,boyne c\ntry /ill e*o$ simil> traditions ab\t unkn[n my/ic rites1 foll[+ :at ,o',donovan has record$2 = he has said t ,a5ghus-an-,bhrogha 0 consid]$ ! presid+ fairy ( ! ,boyne till q )9 rec5t times1 & t 8 "n 0 /ill famili> to ! old inhabitants ( ,mea? :o 7 !n fa/ =gett+ _! traditions ) ! ,iri% language4#dgf ,& ?is tradition br+s u to consid] :at 0 app>5tly an ,a5gus ,cult among ! anci5t ,celtic peoples4 ,,! ,,a5gus ,,cult ,euhem]i/ic tradition came to repres5t ! ,great ,god ,dagda & 8 sons z buri$ 9 a tumulus1 probably ,new ,grange1 & !n call$ x1 z ,i f\nd x call$ to-day1 a fairy m\nd1 a "n giv5 also to ,gavr9is1 its ,breton p>allel4 ,! old] & cle>] tradition relates h[ ,a5gus ga9$ possession ( ! ,brugh ( ! ,boyne1 & says no?+ ab\t x z a cemet]y1 b r describes x z 'an admirable place1 m accurately speak+1 z an admirable l&1 a t]m :i* betrays ! usual id5tification ( ! fairy m\nd ) ! ne!r _w to :i* x =m$ ! entrance'4#dgg ,! my? plac+ ,dagda at ! head ( ! dep>t$ makes him 'a ,goidelic ,cronus rul+ ov] an ,elysium ) :i* a sepul*ral m\nd 0 associat$'4#dgg ,! displacem5t ( ,dagda by 8 son makes ',mac ,oc 7,a5gus71 :o %\ld h be5 ! y\?ful ,zeus ( ! ,goidelic _w1 rejoic+ 9 ! transluc5t expanse ( ! heav5s z 8 cry/al b[]'1 a k+ ( ! dead4#dgg ,9 ,dun ,a5gus1 ! /range cyclopean circul> /ructure1 & h5ce mo/ likely sun-temple1 on ,aranmore1 we h ano!r example ( ! localization ( ! ,a5gus my?4 ,?is fact leads u to believe1 aft] due ar*aeological exam9ation1 t amid ! /ronghold ( ,dun ,a5gus1 ) its ti]s ( amphi!atre-l seats & ! native rock at its c5tre1 app>5tly squ>$ to =m a plat=m or /age1 7 anci5tly celebrat$ pagan my/]ies comp>able to ^? ( ! ,greeks & less cultur$ peoples1 & initiations into an ,a5gus ,cult su* z seems to h once fl\ri%$ at ,new ,grange4 ,at ,dun ,a5gus1 h[ev]1 ! my/ic assemblies & rites1 conduct$ 9 su* a sun-temple1 s secure & s /rongly =tifi$ aga9/ intrusion1 no d\bt repres5t$ a some:at diff]5t my/ical s*ool1 & probably "o v mu* old] ?an at ,new ,grange4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ea* ( ! o!r circul> b less important cyclopean /ructures on ,aranmore & else:]e 9 we/ ,irel& may h be5 /ructures = closely relat$ sun-cults4 ,to our m9d1 & we h c>efully & at leisure exam9$ mo/ ( ^! cyclopean /ructures on ,aranmore1 x seems altoge!r fanciful to consid] !m z hav+ be5 orig9ally & prim>ily int5d$ z places ( refuge--dns or =ts4 ,yet1 because ! anci5t ,celts nev] sep>at$ civil & religi\s functions1 su* probable sun-temples c\ld h be5 z frequ5tly us$ = non-religi\s tribal assemblies z = initiation c]emonies2 & no?+ makes x impossible = !m to h be5 9 times ( ne$ also places = refuge aga9/ enemies4 ,we are l$ to ?is view ) respect to ,dun ,a5gus 9 p>ticul>1 because ! ,a5gus ( ,aranmore is kn[n z ,a5gus1 son ( ,umr1 & is associat$ ) ! my/ic p call$ ! ,fir ,bolg2 &1 yet1 z ,sir ,john ,rhys ?9ks1 ?is ,a5gus1 son ( ,umr1 & ,a5gus1 son ( ,dagda1 are two aspects ( a s+le god1 a ,celtic ,zeus4#dgh ,o',curry's /atem5ts ab\t ,dun ,a5gus seem to confirm all ?is2 & !re seems to h be5 a tale1 n[ lo/1 ab\t ! ',de/ruction ( ,dn ,o5gusa' 79 mod]n ,iri% ,dn ,aonghuis71 ! ,=tress ( ,a5gus4#dgh ,?is sun-cult1 repres5t$ 9 ,irel& by ! ,a5gus ,cult1 c be trac$ fur!r3 ,sir ,john ,rhys reg>ds ,/oneh5ge--a sun-temple also circul> l ! ,iri% dns & ,breton cromle*s--z a temple to ! ,celtic ,zeus1 9 ,iri% my?ology typifi$ by ,a5gus1 & 9 ,wel% by ,m]l93--',:at sort ( a temple c\ld h be5 m appropriate = ! prim>y god ( light & ( ! lum9\s heav5s ?an a spaci\s1 op5-air enclosure ( a circul> =m l ,/oneh5ge8'#dgi ,9 ,wel% my?1 ,ma? ab ,ma?onwy1 call$ also ',ma? ! ,anci5t'1 0 ! greate/ magician ( anci5t ,wales1 & 8 relation z tea*] to ,gwydion ab ,dn1 ! great ,wel% ,culture ,h]o1 leads ,sir ,john ,rhys to consid] him ! ,bry?onic ,zeus1 ?\gh ,m]l9 %>es ) him 9 ?is di/9ction2#dhj & s9ce ! ,gaelic c\nt]p>t ( ,ma? is ,a5gus1 a close /udy ( ,ma? might f9ally %[ a cult 9 8 hon\r 9 ,wales z we h f\nd 9 ,irel& an ,a5gus ,cult4#dha ,we may1 !re=e1 ) m or less exactness1 equate ! ,a5gus ,cult z we see x 9 ,iri% my? connect$ *iefly ) ,dun ,a5gus & ,new ,grange1 ) ! unkn[n cult practis$ at ,/oneh5ge1 & ?is 9 turn ) o!r ,bry?onic or pre-,bry?onic sun-cults & initiations practis$ at ,c>nac1 ! great ,celtic ,j]usalem 9 ,brittany1 & at ,gavr9is4 ,all ?is w be m cle>ly se5 aft] we h set =? :at seems a def9ite & mo/ /rik+ p>allel to ,new ,grange1 bo? z a monum5t erect$ by man &1 z we ma9ta91 z a place = religi\s my/]ies--! greate/ /ructure ev] rais$ by human ef=t1 ! ,great ,pyramid4 ,,new ,,grange ,,& ,,! ,,great ,,pyramid ,,comp>$ ,caliph ,al ,mam\n 9 ,a4 ,d4 #hbj1 by a =c$ passage1 0 ! fir/ 9 mod]n times to ent] ! ,great ,pyramid1 & he f\nd n[h]e a mummy or any indications t ! /ructure _h ev] be5 us$ z a tomb = ! dead4 ,! ,k+'s ,*amb]1 s nam$ by u mod]ns1 prov$ to be a ke5 disappo9tm5t = its fir/ violator1 = 9 x !re 0 nei!r gold nor silv] nor any?+ at all wor? c>ry+ away4 ,! magnific5t *amb] conta9$ no?+ save an empty /one *e/ )\t a lid4 ,ar*aeologi/s 9 ,egypt & ar*aeologi/s 9 ,irel& face ! same unsolv$ problem1 namely1 ! purpose ( ! empty /one *e/ )\t inscriptions & q unlike a mummy tomb1 & ( ! /one bas9 9 ,new ,grange4#dhb ,c]ta9 ,egyptologi/s h suppos$ t "s royal p]sonage mu/ h be5 buri$ 9 ! curi\s granite c(f]1 ?\gh !re c be only _! supposition to support !m1 = !y h absolutely no pro( t su* is true1 :ile !re is /rong circum/antial evid5ce to %[ t su* is n true4 ,sir ,g>dn] ,wilk9son 9 8 well-kn[n publications has already sugge/$ t ! /one *e/ z well z ! ,great ,pyramid itself 7 nev] int5d$ to hold a corpse2 & x is g5]ally admitt$ by ,egyptologi/s t no s>cophagus int5d$ = a mummy has ev] be5 f\nd s high up 9 ! body ( a pyramid z ?is empty /one *e/1 except 9 ! ,second ,pyramid4 ,inconte/able evid5ce 9 support ( ! highly probable !ory t ! ,great ,pyramid 0 n int5d$ = an actual tomb c be drawn f two important facts3--7#a7 '! c(f] has c]ta9 rem>kable cubic proportions :i* %[ a c>e & design beyond :at c\ld be expect$ 9 any burial-c(f]'--accord+ to ! high au?ority ( ,dr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie2 7#b7 ! *amb] conta9+ ! c(f] & ! upp] passage-ways h v5tilat+ *annels n kn[n 9 any o!r ,pyramid1 s t app>5tly !re mu/ h be5 ne$ ( frequ5t entrance into ! *amb] by liv+ m51 z w\ld be ! case if us$1 z we hold1 = initiation c]emonies4#dhc ,x is well kn[n t v _m ( ! megali?ic monum5ts ( ! ,new ,grange type scatt]$ ov] ,europe1 especially f ! ,c>nac c5tre ( ,brittany to ! ,t>a-,boyne c5tre ( ,irel&1 h "o ?+ 9 common1 an a/ronomical arrangem5t l ! ,great ,pyramid1 & an entrance fac+ "o ( ! po9ts ( ! sol/ices1 usually ei!r ! w9t] sol/ice1 :i* is common1 or ! summ] sol/ice4#dhd ,! puzzle has always be5 to discov] ! exact arrangem5t ( ! ,great ,pyramid by locat+ its ma9 entrance4 ,a ,cali=nian1 ,mr4 ,l\is ,p4 ,mc,carty1 9 8 rec5t 7#aijg7 "w entitl$ ,! ,great ,pyramid ,jeezeh1 sugge/s ) ! mo/ logical & reasonable argum5ts t ! build]s ( ! ,pyramid h plac$ its ma9 entrance 9 an undiscov]$ passage-way b5ea? ! ,great ,sph9x1 n[ half-buri$ 9 ! %ift+ des]t s&s4 ,if x c be %[n t ! ,sph9x is ! real portal1 & _m ?+s t5d to indicate t x is1 ! ,great ,pyramid is built on ! same plan z ,new ,grange1 t is to say1 x op5s to ! s\?-ea/1 & l ,new ,grange conta9s a n>r[ passage-way lead+ to a c5tral *amb]4 ,s\?-ea/]ly f ! c5tre ( ! ,pyramid lies ! ,sph9x1 #e1chj feet away1 a di/ance equal to 'j five times ! di/ance ( ! diagonal socket l5g? ( ! ,great ,pyramid f ! c5tre ( ! ,subt]ranean ,*amb]1 "u ! ,pyramid1 to ! suppos$ entrance "u ! ,sph9x'#dhe--;a di/ance q 9 keep+ ) ! mighty proportions ( ! wond]ful /ructure4 ,& :at is important1 sev]al em95t ar*aeologi/s h work$ out ! same conclusion1 & h be5 seek+ to connect ! two monum5ts by mak+ excavations 9 ! ,que5's ,*amb]1 :]e x is suppos$ !re exi/s a tunnel to ! ,sph9x4 ,9 all ?is we %\ld be> 9 m9d t ! pres5t entrance to ! ,pyramid is ! =c$ "o made by ! treasure-seek+ ,caliph4 ,?is v probable a/ronomical p>allelism betwe5 ! great ,egyptian monum5t & ! ,iri% "o w\ld e/abli% _! common religi\s1 or1 9 a my/ic s5se1 _! fun]eal significance4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] we h set =? :at symbolical relation ! sun1 its ris+ & sett+1 & its dea? at ! w9t] equ9ox1 7 anci5tly suppos$ to hold to ! doctr9es ( human dea? & re-bir?4 ,juba9ville1 reg>d+ ! sun among ! ,celts 9 its symbolical relation to dea?1 wrote1 ',9 ,celtic belief1 ! dead g to live beyond ! ,ocean1 to ! s\?-we/1 !re :]e ! sun sets dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>4'#dhf ,?is1 too1 z ,m4 ,masp]o %[s1 0 an ,egyptian belief2#dhg :ile1 z equally among ! ,celts1 ! ea/1 especially ! s\?-ea/1 :]e1 aft] ! w9t] sol/ice1 ! sun seems to be re-born or to rise out ( ! und]world ( ,hades into :i* x goes :5 x dies1 is symbolical ( ! rev]se--,life1 ,resurrection1 & ,re-bir?4 ,9 ?is la/ ,celtic-,egyptian belief1 we ma9ta91 may be f\nd ! reason :y ! *ief megali?ic monum5ts 7dolm5s1 tumuli1 & alignem5ts71 9 ,celtic c\ntries & else:]e1 h _! directions ea/ & we/1 & :y ^? l ,new ,grange & ,gavr9is op5 to ! sunrise4 ,greek temples also op5$ to ! sunrise1 & on ! div9e image )9 fell ! fir/ rays ( ! beautiful god ,apollo4#dhh ,9 ! great ,p]uvian sun-temple at ,cuzco1 a spl5did disk ( pure gold fac$ ! ea/1 &1 reflect+ ! fir/ rays ( ! ris+ sun1 illum9at$ ! :ole sanctu>y4#dhi ,! cave-temple ( ! ,florida ,r$ ,m5 op5$ ea/w>d1 & )9 its entrance on fe/ival days /ood ! prie/ at dawn wat*+ = ! fir/ ray ( ! sun1 z a sign to beg9 ! *ant & (f]+4#dij ,! ,ea/ ,indian p]=ms ! ablution at dawn 9 ! sacr$ ,ganges1 & /&s fac+ ! ea/ m$itat+1 z ,brahma appe>s 9 all ! wondr\s glory ( a tropical sunrise4#dia ,& 9 ! same ,aryan l& !re is an opposite wor%ip3 ! dread$ ,?ugs1 wor%ipp]s ( devils & ( ,kali ! dea?-goddess1 9 _! mo/ diabolical rites face ! we/ & ! sunset1 symbols ( dea?4#dib ,h[ ,*ri/ianity 0 %ap$ by paganism is n[h]e cle>] ?an 9 ! ori5tation ( great ca!dral *ur*es 7almo/ )\t exception 9 ,engl&71 = all ( ! m fam\s ones h _! alt>s ea/w>d2 & ,roman ,ca?olics 9 pray] 9 _! *ur* s]vices1 & ,anglicans 9 repeat+ ! ,cre$1 turn to ! ea/1 z ! ,h9du does4 ,/4 ,augu/9e says3--',:5 we /& at pray]1 we turn to ! ea/1 :]e ! heav5 arises1 n z ?\gh ,god 7 only !re1 & _h =sak5 all o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 b to admoni% our m9d to turn to a m excell5t nature1 t is1 to ! ,"l4'#dic ,?\gh ! ,jews came to be utt]ly oppos$ to sun-wor%ip 9 _! lat] hi/ory1 !y 7 sun-wor%ipp]s at fir/1 z _! temples op5+ ea/w>d te/ify4 ,?is 0 ! vision ( ,ezekiel3--',&1 behold1 at ! door ( ! temple ( ,jehovah1 betwe5 ! por* & ! ,alt>1 7 ab\t five & tw5ty m51 ) _! backs t[>d ! temple ( ,jehovah1 & _! faces t[>d ! ea/1 & !y wor%ipp$ ! sun t[>d ! ea/4'#did ,all ?is illu/rates ! once _w-wide religion ( our race2 & %[s t sun-cults & sun-symbols are d]iv$ f a univ]sal doctr9e reg>d+ ! two /ates ( exi/5ce--! "o 9 ,hades or ! invisible l[] _w :]e ! ,sun-god goes at night1 & ! o!r 9 :at we call ! visible realm :i* ! ,sun-god visits daily4#die ,! relation betwe5 life & dea?--symbolically figur$ 9 ?is fundam5tal conception =m+ ! backgr\nd ( e sun-cult--is ! f\ndation ( all anci5t my/]ies4 ,?us we %\ld expect ! correspond5ces :i* we believe d exi/ betwe5 ,new ,grange & ! ,great ,pyramid4 ,bo? alike1 9 our op9ion1 7 ! greate/ places 9 ! respective c\ntries = ! celebration ( ! ,my/]ies4 ,high up 9 ! body ( ! ,great ,pyramid1 aft] he _h p]=m$ ! long und]gr\nd j\rney1 typical ( ! j\rney ( ,osiris or ! ,sun to ! ,o!rworld or ! ,_w ( ! ,dead1 we may suppose 7kn[+ :at we d ( ! ,anci5t ,my/]ies & _! %ad[s 9 mod]n ,masonic initiations#dif7 t ! royal or prie/ly neophyte laid himself 9 t /range /one c(f9 )\t a lid1 = a c]ta9 p]iod ( "t--probably = ?ree days & ?ree nights4 ,!n1 ! initiation be+ complete1 he arose f ! my/ic dea? to a real resurrection1 a true *ild ( ,osiris4 ,9 ,new ,grange we may suppose t ! royal or prie/ly neophyte1 :ile he 'fa/$ on ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann = ?ree days ) _! nights'1 sat 9 t /range /one bas9 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,ori5t4#dig ,! ,great ,pyramid seems to be ! mo/ anci5t ( ! ,egyptian pyramids1 & und\bt$ly 0 ! model = all ! small] ones1 :i* 'always betray pr(\nd ignorance ( _! noble model's *iefe/ int]nal features1 z well z ( all its niceties ( angle & cosmic h>monies ( l9e> measurem5t'4#dih ,dr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie says3--',! ,great ,pyramid at ,gizeh 7( ,khufu1 f\r? dyna/y7 unque/ionably takes ! lead1 9 accuracy & 9 beauty ( "w1 z well z 9 size4 ,n only is ! f9e "w ( x 9 ! pavem5t1 cas+1 ,k+'s & ,que5's *amb]s q unexcell$2 b ! g5]al "* ( ! core masonry is bett] ?an t ( any o!r pyramid 9 its solidity & regul>ity4'#dii ,& ( ! /one c(f]s he says3--',tak+ mo/ ( its dim5sions at _! maximum1 !y agree closely ) ! same !ory z t :i* is applicable to ! *amb]s2 = :5 squ>$ !y are all ev5 multiples ( a squ>e fif? ( a cubit4444 ,!re is no o!r !ory applicable to e l9eal dim5sion ( ! c(f]2 b hav+ f\nd ! ,greek3 pi proportion 9 ! =m ( ! ,pyramid1 & 9 ! ,k+'s ,*amb]1 !re is "s gr\nd = suppos+ t x 0 int5d$ also 9 ! c(f]1 on j "o-fif? ! scale ( ! *amb]4'#dii ,& "h is app>5t ! important fact we wi% to emphasize2 ! ,great ,pyramid does n seem to h be5 int5d$ prim>ily1 if at all1 = ! entombm5t ( dead bodies or mummies :ile '! num]\s quasi-copies' 7 '= sepul*ral purposes'#ejj )\t d\bt4 ,!re appe>s to h be5 at fir/ a cle> und]/&+ ( ! esot]ic usage ( ! ,great ,pyramid z a place = ! my/ic burial ( ,initiates1 & !n 9 ! c\rse ( national decad5ce ! exot]ic int]pretation ( ?is usage1 ! int]pretation n[ popul> ) ,egyptologi/s1 l$ to ! erection ( small] pyramids = purposes ( actual burial4 ,& may we n see 9 su* pyramid-l tumuli z ^? ( ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el1 ,gavr9is1 & ,new ,grange copies ( ^! small] fun]al pyramids2#eja or1 if n direct copies1 at lea/ ! result ( a simil> religi\s decad5ce f ! unkn[n c5turies s9ce ! ,great ,pyramid 0 erect$ by ! ,div9e ,k+s ( prehi/oric ,egypt z a sil5t witness = all ages t ,great ,m51 ,initiates1 h und]/ood ,univ]sal ,law1 & h solv$ ! greate/ ( all human problems1 ! problem ( ,life & ,dea?8 ,,gavr9is ,,& ,,new ,,grange ,,comp>$ ,9 conclusion1 & 9 support ( ! argum5ts already advanc$1 ,i (f] a few obs]vations ( my own1 made at ,gavr9is itself1 ! mo/ fam\s tumulus 9 ,cont95tal ,europe4 ,aft] a v c>eful exam9ation ( ! int]ior & ext]ior ( ! tumulus1 an exam9ation ext5d+ ov] m ?an twelve h\rs1 ,i am conv9c$ t its curi\s rock-c>v+s & ^? 9 ,new ,grange are by ! same race ( p1 :oev] t race may h be52 & t !re is suffici5t evid5ce 9 its con/ruction to %[ t1 l ,new ,grange1 x 0 q z religi\s z fun]eal 9 its nature & use4 ,! facts :i* be> out ?is view are ! foll[+4 ,fir/1 !re are ?ree /range cavities cut into ! body ( ! /one on ! s\? side ( ! inn] *amb]1 communicat+ int]iorly ) "o ano!r1 & l>ge en\gh to admit human h&s2 if us$ z places 9 :i* to (f] sacrifice to ! dead or fairies1 small objects c\ld h be5 plac$ 9 !m4 ,9 ! olde/ extant au!ntic records ( !m :i* ,i h f\nd x is said ( _! probable purpose3--',"s p look on !m z a d\ble noose int5d$ to /rangle ! animal victims :i* ! prie/ sacrific$2 = o!rs !y are two r+s beh9d :i* ! h&s ( ! betro!d met ea* o!r to be m>ri$4'#ejb ,_! purpose is c]ta9ly difficult en\gh to deciph]1 p]haps is undeciph]able2 b "o ?+ ab\t !m is c]ta91 namely1 t a close exam9ation r\nd _! ext]ior edges & )9 !m also %[s ! rock-surface worn smoo? z ?\gh by ages ( h&l+ & t\*+2 & x is inconte/able t ?is we>+ ( ! rock-surface by human h&s c\ld n h tak5 place _h ! inn] *amb] be5 seal$ up & us$ solely z a tomb4 ,we sugge/ "h1 z ,sir ,james ,f]gusson 9 8 ,rude ,/one ,monum5ts 7p4 #cff7 has sugge/$1 t ! inn] *amb] ( ,gavr9is 0 probably a place = ! celebration ( religi\s rites3 he advances ! op9ion t ! /range cavities 7 us$ to conta9 holy oil or holy wat]4 ,!re is ?is second curi\s fact connect$ ) ! tumulus ( ,gavr9is4 ,on ent]+ x--& x op5s l ,new ,grange to ! sunrise1 be+ ori5t$ #dc #fj to ! s\?-ea/#ejc--"o f9ds plac$ across ! floor ( ! n>r[ passage-way z slightly incl9$ /eps ris+ to ! inn] *amb] ?ree or f\r /ones4 ,two ( !m1 n[ v prom95t1 =m v]itable /umbl+-blocks1 & ! "o at ! ?re%old ( ! inn] *amb] is c>v$ q l ! l9tel /one above ! entrance at ,new ,grange4#ejd ,f :at we "k ( anci5t my/ic cults1 !re 0 a d>k5$ *amb] approa*$ by a n>r[ passage-way s l[ t ! neophyte mu/ /oop 9 trav]s+ x to %[ symbolically 8 humility2 & z symbolic ( 8 progress to ! ,*amb] ( ,dea?1 ! ,sanctum ,sanctorum ( ! _s-temple1 !re 7 /eps1 (t5 purposely plac$ z /umbl+-blocks4 ,! ,great ,pyramid1 evid5tly1 con=ms to ?is my/ical plan2 & /rikes "o1 !re=e1 all ! m =cibly z ! mo/ rem>kable /ructure = initiatory c]emonies ev] con/ruct$ on our planet4 ,?us1 ,dr4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie says3--',b we are met !n by an extraord9>y idea1 t all access to ! ,k+'s *amb] aft] its completion mu/ h be5 by climb+ ov] ! plug-blocks1 z !y lay 9 ! gall]y1 or by walk+ up ! ramps on ei!r side ( !m4 ,yet1 z ! blocks _c physically h be5 ly+ 9 any o!r place be=e !y 7 let d[n we are %ut up to ?is view4'#eje ,& z ,egyptian tombs repres5t$ ! mansions ( ! dead1#ejf j s ,celtic or pre-,celtic _s-temples & place = initiations 7 always connect$ ) ! ,und]world ( ! ,dead2 & save = su* symbolical arrangem5ts z we see 9 ,gavr9is1 & ,new ,grange also1 !y 7 undi/+ui%able f tombs us$ = int]m5ts only4 ,x seems to u mo/ reasonable to suppose t if1 z ! old ,iri% manuscripts %[1 !re 7 _s-temples or places = pagan fun]al rites1 or rites ( initiation1 9 ,irel&1 con/ruct$ l o!r tumuli :i* 7 us$ only z tombs = ! dead 7because ! anci5t cult 0 "o ( ance/or wor%ip & wor%ip ( gods l ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 & spirits71 !n !re mu/ h be5 o!rs 9 ,brittany also1 :]e we f9d ! same sy/em ( rock-inscriptions4 ,fur!r1 9 view ( all ! def9ite provable relations betwe5 ,gavr9is & ,new ,grange1 we are /rongly incl9$ to reg>d !m bo? z hav+ ! same orig9 & purpose1 ,gavr9is be+ = ,armorica :at ,new ,grange 0 = ,irel&1 ! royal or pr9cipal _s-temple4 ,,section ,,iii ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,gods1 ,,spirits1 ,,fairies1 ,,& ,,! ,,dead ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,paganism ',! cult ( =e/s1 ( f\nta9s1 & ( /ones is to be expla9$ by t primitive naturalism :i* all ! ,*ur* ,c\ncils held 9 ,brittany unit$ to proscribe4'--,,erne/ ,,r5an4 ,edicts aga9/ pagan cults--,cult ( ,sacr$ ,wat]s & its absorption by ,*ri/ianity--,celtic ,wat] ,div9ities--,druidic influ5ce on ,fairy-,fai?--,cult ( ,sacr$ ,trees--,cult ( ,fairies1 ,spirits1 & ! ,dead--,fea/s ( ! ,dead--,conclusion4 ,! evid5ce ( paganism 9 support ( our ,psy*ological ,!ory conc]n+ ! ,fairy-,fai? is s va/ t we _c d m ?an po9t to portions ( x--especially su* portions z are mo/ ,celtic 9 _! nature4 ,p]haps mo/ ( u w ?9k fir/ ( all ab\t ! anci5t cults r5d]$ to f\nta9s1 riv]s1 lakes1 trees1 &1 z we h se5 7pp4 #cii ff471 to /ones4 ,!re c be no reasonable d\bt t ^! cults 7 v fl\ri%+ :5 ,*ri/ianity came to ,europe1 = k+s1 popes1 & *ur* c\ncils issu$ edict aft] edict condemn+ !m4#ejg ,! second ,c\ncil ( ,arles1 held ab\t #deb1 issu$ ! foll[+ canon3--',if 9 ! t]ritory ( a bi%op1 infidels light tor*es1 or v5]ate trees1 f\nta9s1 or /ones1 & he neglects to aboli% ?is usage1 he mu/ "k t he is guilty ( sacrilege4 ,if ! director ( ! act itself1 on be+ admoni%$1 refuses to correct x1 he is to be exclud$ f communion4'#ejg ,! ,c\ncil ( ,t\rs1 9 #efg1 ?us express$ itself3--',we implore ! pa/ors to expel f ! ,*ur* all ^? :om !y may see p]=m+ be=e c]ta9 /ones ?+s :i* h no relation ) ! c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*1 & also ^? :o obs]ve ! cu/oms ( ! ,g5tiles4'#ejh ,k+ ,canute 9 ,engl& & ,*>lemagne 9 ,europe conduct$ a mo/ vigor\s campaign aga9/ all ^! pagan wor%ips4 ,?is is ,*>lemagne's edict3--',) respect to trees1 /ones1 & f\nta9s1 :]e c]ta9 fooli% p light tor*es or practise o!r sup]/itions1 we e>ne/ly orda9 t t mo/ evil cu/om dete/able to ,god1 :]ev] x be f\nd1 %\ld be remov$ & de/roy$4'#eji ,! result ( ^! edicts 0 a curi\s "o4 ,x 0 too mu* to expect ! eradication ( ! old cults aft] _! age-long exi/5ce1 & s "o by "o !y 7 absorb$ by ! new religion4 ,9 a sacr$ tree or grove1 ov] a holy well or f\nta91 on ! %ore ( a lake or riv]1 !re 0 plac$ an image ( ! ,virg9 or ( "s sa9t1 & unconsci\sly ! trans=mation 0 made1 z ! simple-he>t$ c\ntry-folk beheld 9 ! brilliant images new & m glori\s dwell+-places = ! spirits !y & _! fa!rs _h s long v5]at$4 ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,sacr$ ,,wat]s ,9 ,brittany1 p]haps bett] ?an 9 o!r ,celtic c\ntries to-day1 "o c readily disc]n ?is evolution f paganism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,?us1 = example1 9 ! ,morbihan !re is ! f\nta9 ( ,/4 ,anne d',auray1 r\nd :i* c5tres ,brittany's mo/ important ,p>don2 a f\nta9 ne> ,vannes is d$icat$ to ,/4 ,pet]2 at ,c>nac !re is ! f>-fam$ f\nta9 ( ,/4 ,cornely ) its ni*e conta9+ an image ( ,c>nac's patron sa9t1 & n f> f x1 on ! roadside lead+ to ,c>nac ,plage1 an enclos$ well d$icat$ to ! ,holy ,virg92 &1 less ?an a mile away1 ! beautiful f\nta9 ( ,/4 ,columba4 ,ne> ,plo]mel1 ,canton ( ,plo]mel 7,morbihan71 !re is ! f\nta9 ( ,rec\rrance or ,/4 ,laur5t1 9 :i* sailors p]=m div9ations to "k ! future /ate ( ! wea!r by ca/+ on its wat]s a morsel ( bread4 ,if ! bread floats1 x is a sure sign ( fair wea!r1 b if x s9ks1 ( wea!r s bad t no "o %\ld take risks by go+ out 9 ! fi%+-boats4 ,9 "s wells1 p9s are dropp$ by lov]s4 ,if ! p9s float1 ! wat]-spirits %[ fav\rable auspices1 b if ! p9s s9k1 ! maid5 is unhappy1 & w hesitate 9 accept+ ! proposal ( m>riage4 ,long aft] _! conv]sion1 ! inhabitants ( ,concoret 7,arrondissem5t de ,plo]mel1 ,morbihan7 paid div9e hon\rs to ! f\nta9 ( ,b>anton 9 ! druidical =e/ ( ,brocli&e1 s fam\s 9 ! ,breton leg5ds ( ,ar?ur & ,m]l93--',= a long "t ! inhabitants ( ,concoret 444 9 place ( address+ !mselves to ,god or to 8 ,sa9ts 9 _! maladies1 s\ght ! rem$y 9 ! f\nta9 ( ,b>anton1 ei!r by pray+ to x1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,gauls1 or by dr9k+ ( its wat]s4'#eaj ,9 ! mon? ( ,augu/ #ahce1 :5 !re 0 an unusual dr\ght 9 ! l&1 all ! inhabitants ( ,concoret =m$ 9 a great procession ) bann]s & crucifix at _! head1 & ) *ants & r++ ( *ur* bells m>*$ to ?is same f\nta9 ( ,b>anton & pray$ = ra94#eaa ,?is curi\s bit ( hi/ory 0 also report$ to me 9 ,july #aiji by a peasant :o lives ne> ! f\nta91 & :o he>d x f 8 p>5ts2 & he add$ t ! foot ( ! crucifix 0 plant$ 9 ! wat] to aid ! ra9-mak+4 ,we h "h an int]e/+ comb9ation ( paganism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,gregory ( ,t\rs says t ! c\ntry-folk ( ,gvaudan r5d]$ div9e hon\rs to a c]ta9 lake1 & z (f]+s ca/ on its wat]s l951 wool1 *eese1 bees'-wax1 bread1 & o!r ?+s2#eab & ,mah adds t gold 0 sometimes (f]$1#eab q aft] ! mann] ( ! anci5t ,p]uvians1 :o ca/ gold & silv] ( great value into ! wat]s ( sacr$ ,lake ,titicaca1 high up 9 ! ,&es4 ,to absorb into ,*ri/ianity ! wor%ip paid to ! lake ne> ,gvaudan1 ! bi%op ord]$ a *ur* to be built on its %ore1 & to ! p he said3--',my *ildr51 !re is no?+ div9e 9 ?is lake3 defile n y\r s\ls by ^! va9 c]emonies2 b recognize r ! true ,god4'#eac ,! (f]+s to ! lake-spirits !n ceas$1 & 7 made in/ead on ! alt> ( ! *ur*4 ,z ,canon ,mah s consi/5tly sets =?1 o!r simil> means 7 us$ to absorb ! pagan cults ( sacr$ wat]s3--',o!r pa/ors employ$ a simil> device to absorb ! cult ( f\nta9s into ,*ri/ianity2 !y consecrat$ !m to ,god "u ! invocation ( c]ta9 sa9ts2 giv+ ! sa9ts' names to !m & plac+ 9 !m ! sa9ts' images1 s t ! weak & simple-he>t$ ,*ri/ians :o might come to !m1 /ruck by ^! names & by ^! images1 %\ld gr[ accu/om$ to address+ _! pray]s to ,god & to 8 sa9ts1 9 place ( hon\r+ ! f\nta9s !mselves1 z !y _h be5 accu/om$ to d4 ,?is is ! reason :y !re are se5 9 ! /onework ( s _m f\nta9s1 ni*es & little /atues ( sa9ts :o h giv5 _! names to ^! spr+s4'#ead ,procopius reports t ! ,franks1 ev5 aft] hav+ accept$ ,*ri/ianity1 rema9$ atta*$ to _! anci5t cults1 sacrific+ to ! ,riv] ,po wom5 & *ildr5 ( ! ,go?s1 & ca/+ ! bodies into its wat]s to ! spirits ( ! wat]s4#ead ,well-wor%ip 9 ! ,isle ( ,man1 n yet q ext9ct1 0 no d\bt once v g5]al4 ,z ,a4 ,w4 ,moore has %[n1 ! sacr$ wells 9 ! ,isle ( ,man 7 visit$ & (f]+s made to !m to secure immunity f wit*es & fairies1 to cure maladies1 to raise a w9d1 & = v>i\s k9ds ( div9ation4#eae ,& no d\bt ! (f]+s ( rags on bu%es ov] sacr$ wells1 & ! ca/+ ( p9s1 co9s1 buttons1 pebbles1 & o!r small objects into _! wat]s1 a common practice yet 9 ,irel& & ,wales1 z 9 non-,celtic c\ntries1 are to be ref]r$ to z survivals ( a "t :5 regul> sacrifices 7 (f]$ 9 div9ation1 or 9 seek+ cures f maladies1 & equally f obsess+ demons :o 7 ?\ght to cause ! maladies4 ,9 ! prologue to ,*rti5's ,conte du ,graal !re is an acc\nt1 seem+ly v anci5t1 ( h[ di%on\r to ! div9ities ( wells & spr+s br\ght de/ruction on ! ri* l& ( ,logres4 ,! damsels :o abode 9 ^! wat]y places f$ travell]s ) n\ri%+ food until ,k+ ,amangons wrong$ "o ( !m by c>ry+ (f h] gold5 cup4 ,8 m5 foll[$ 8 evil example1 s t ! spr+s dri$ up1 ! grass )]$1 & ! l& became wa/e4#eaf ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,borlase1 'x 0 by pass+ "u ! wat]s ( a well t ! ,sidh1 t is1 ! abode ( ! spirits call$ ,sidhe1 9 ! tumulus or natural hill1 z ! case might be1 0 rea*$4'#eag ,& x is evid5t f ?is t ! well-spirits 7 ev5 id5tifi$ 9 ,irel& ) ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or ,fairy-,folk4 ,i am rem9d$ ( a walk ,i 0 privileg$ to take ) ,mr4 ,william ,b4 ,yeats on ,lady ,gregory's e/ate at ,coole ,p>k1 ne> ,gort 7,c\nty ,galway72 = ,mr4 ,yeats l$ me to ! haunts ( ! wat]-spirits ( ! region1 along a /range riv] :i* fl[s und]gr\nd = "s di/ance & !n comes out to ! light aga9 9 its weird c\rse1 & to a d>k1 deep pool hidd5 9 ! =e/4 ,accord+ to tradition1 ! riv] is ! abode ( wat]-fairies2 & 9 ! %ad$ =e/-pool1 ^: dep? is v great1 live a _s-race l ! ,greek nymphs4 ,m ?an "o mortal :ile look+ into ?is pool has felt a sudd5 & p[]ful impulse to plunge 91 = ! fairies 7 !n ca/+ _! magic spell ov] him t !y might take him to live 9 _! "u-wat] palace = ev]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ beautiful passages 9 ,! ,trip>tite ,life ( ,patrick describes ! holy man at ! holy well call$ ,cliaba*3--',!reaft] ,patrick w5t at sunrise to ! well1 namely ,cliaba* on ! sides ( ,crua*an4 ,! cl]ics sat d[n by ! well4 ,two daught]s ( ,loegaire son ( ,niall w5t e>ly to ! well to wa% _! h&s1 z 0 a cu/om ( !irs1 namely1 ,e?ne ! ,fair1 & ,f$elm ! ,ruddy4 ,! maid5s f\nd beside ! well ! assembly ( ! cl]ics 9 :ite g>m5ts1 ) _! books be=e !m4 ,& !y wond]$ at ! %ape ( ! cl]ics1 & ?\ght t !y 7 m5 ( ! elves or app>itions4 ,!y ask$ tid+s ( ,patrick3 ,:5ce are ye1 & :5ce h ye come8 ,are ye ( ! elves or ( ! gods8 ,& ,patrick said to !m3 ,x 7 bett] = y to believe 9 ,god ?an to inquire ab\t our race4 ,said ! girl :o 0 eld]3 ,:o is y\r god8 & :]e is he8 ,is he 9 heav51 or 9 e>?1 or "u e>?1 or on e>?8 ,is he 9 seas or 9 /reams1 or 9 m\nta9s or 9 gl5s8 ,ha? he sons & daught]s8 ,is !re gold & silv]1 is !re abundance ( e good ?+ 9 8 k+dom8 ,tell u ab\t him1 h[ he is se51 h[ he is lov$1 h[ he is f\nd8 if he is 9 y\?1 or if he is 9 age8 if he is ev]-liv+2 if he is beautiful8 if _m h fo/]$ 8 son8 if 8 daught]s are de> & beautiful to ! m5 ( ! _w8'#eah ,& 9 ano!r place x is record$ t ',patrick w5t to ! well ( ,f9dmag4 ,sln is its "n4 ,!y told ,patrick t ! hea!n hon\r$ ! well z if x 7 a god4'#eai ,& ( ! same well x is said1 't ! magi1 i4 e4 wiz>ds or ,druids1 us$ to rev]5ce ! well ,sln & (f] gifts to x z if x 7 a god4'#eai ,z ,:itley ,/okes po9t$ out1 ?is is ! only passage connect+ ! ,druids ) well-wor%ip2 & x is v important1 because x e/abli%es ! relation betwe5 ! ,druids z magicians & _! control ( spirits l fairies4#eai ,z %[n "h1 & z seems evid5t 9 ,columba's relation ) ,druids & exorcism 9 ,adamnan's ,life ( ,/4 ,columba1#ebj ! e>ly ,celtic peoples und\bt$ly drew _m ( _! fairy-traditions f a memory ( druidic rites ( div9ation4 ,p]haps ! mo/ beautiful description ( a holy well & a description illu/rative ( su* div9ation is t ( ,irel&'s mo/ my/ical well1 ,connla's ,well3--',s95d1 daught] ( ,lodan ,lu*>glan1 son ( ,l]1 out ( ,tr ,tairngire 7,l& ( ,promise1 ,fairyl&71 w5t to ,connla's ,well :i* is "u sea1 to behold x4 ,t is a well at :i* are ! hazels & inspirations 787 ( wisdom1 t is1 ! hazels ( ! sci5ce ( poetry1 & 9 ! same h\r _! fruit1 & _! blossom & _! foliage break =?1 & ^! fall on ! well 9 ! same %[]1 :i* raises on ! wat] a royal surge ( purple4 ,!n ! sacr$ salmon *ew ! fruit1 & ! juice ( ! nuts is app>5t on _! purple bellies4 ,& sev5 /reams ( wisdom spr+ =? & turn !re aga94'#eba ,to ^! cults ( sacr$ wat]s num]\s non-,celtic p>allels c\ld easily be (f]$1 b !y seem unnecess>y ) ,celtic evid5ce s cle>4 ,& ?is evid5ce :i* is already set =? %[s t ! orig9 ( wor%ip paid to sacr$ wells1 f\nta9s1 lakes1 or riv]s1 is to be f\nd 9 ! religi\s practices ( ! ,celts be=e !y became *ri/ianiz$4 ,!y believ$ t c]ta9 ord]s ( spirits1 (t5 call$ fairies1 & to be id5tifi$ ) !m1 inhabit$1 or z 0 ! case ) ,s95d1 :o came f ! ,o!rworld1 visit$ ^! places1 & mu/ be appeas$ or approa*$ ?r\gh sacrifice by mortals seek+ _! fav\rs4 ,canon ,mah puts ! matt] ?us3--',! ,celts recogniz$ a supreme ,god1 ! pr9ciple ( all ?+s2 b !y r5d]$ religi\s wor%ip to ! g5ii or second>y deities :o1 accord+ to !m1 unit$ !mselves to diff]5t objects 9 nature & made !m div9e by su* union4 ,among ! objects 7 riv]s1 ! sea1 lakes & f\nta9s4'#ebb ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,sacr$ ,,trees ,! ?+s said ( sacr$ wat]s c also be said ( sacr$ trees among ! ,celts2 &1 9 ! case ( sacr$ trees1 m may be add$ ab\t ! ,druids & _! relation to ! ,fairy-,fai?1 = x is well kn[n t ! ,druids held ! oak & its mi/letoe 9 great religi\s v5]ation1 & x is g5]ally ?\ght t mo/ ( ! fam\s ,druid s*ools 7 9 ! mid/ ( sacr$ oak-groves or =e/s4 ,pl9y has record$ t '! ,druids1 = s !y call _! magicians1 h no?+ :i* !y hold m sacr$ ?an ! mi/letoe#ebc & ! tree on :i* x gr[s1 provid$ only x be an oak 7robur74 ,b ap>t f t1 !y select groves ( oak1 & !y p]=m no sacr$ rite )\t leaves f t tree1 s t ! ,druids may be reg>d$ z ev5 d]iv+ f x _! "n int]pret$ z ,greek'#ebd 7a disput$ po9t among mod]n philologi/s74 ,likewise ( ! ,druids1 ,maximus ,tyrius /ates t ! image ( _! *ief god1 consid]$ by him to correspond to ,zeus1 0 a l(ty oak tree2#ebe & ,/rabo says t ! pr9cipal place ( assembly = ! ,galatians1 a ,celtic p ( ,asia ,m9or1 0 ! ,sacr$ ,oak-grove4#ebf ,j z ! cult ( f\nta9s 0 absorb$ by ,*ri/ianity1 s 0 ! cult ( trees4 ,conc]n+ ?is1 ,canon ,mah writes3--',"o sees sometimes1 9 ! c\ntry & 9 g>d5s1 trees :]e91 by trimm+ & b5d+ toge!r ! bran*es1 h be5 =m$ ni*es ( v]dure1 9 :i* h be5 plac$ crosses or images ( c]ta9 sa9ts4 ,?is usage is n conf9$ to ! ,morbihan4 ,our ,lady ( ! ,oak1 9 ,anj\1 & ,our ,lady ( ! ,oak1 ne> ,or!1 9 ,ma9e1 are places fam\s = pilgrimage4 ,9 ?is la/ prov9ce1 says a hi/orian1 ,"o sees at v>i\s cross-roads ! mo/ beautiful ru/ic oaks decorat$ ) figures ( sa9ts4 ,!re are se5 !re1 9 five or six villages1 *apels ( oaks1 ) :ole trunks ( t tree en%r9$ 9 ! wall1 beside ! alt>4 ,su* among o!rs is t fam\s *apel ( ,our ,lady ( ! ,oak1 ne> ! =ge ( ,or!1 ^: celebrity attracts daily1 f five to six leagues ab\t1 a v great ga!r+ ( p4'#ebg ,sa9t ,m>t91 accord+ to ,canon ,mah1 tri$ to de/roy a sacr$ p9e-tree 9 ! diocese ( ,t\rs by tell+ ! p !re 0 no?+ div9e 9 x4 ,! p agre$ to let x be cut d[n on condition t ! sa9t %\ld receive its great trunk on 8 head z x fell2 & ! tree 0 n cut d[n4#ebg ,sa9t ,g]ma9 caus$ a great sc&al at ,aux]re by hang+ f ! limbs ( a sacr$ tree ! heads ( wild animals :i* he _h kill$ :ile hunt+4#ebg ,sa9t ,gregory ! ,great wrote to ,brunehaut exhort+ him to aboli% among 8 subjects ! (f]+ ( animals' heads to c]ta9 trees4#ebh ,9 ,irel& fairy trees are common yet2 ?\gh ?r\gh\t ,celtdom sacr$ trees1 naturally ( %ort duration1 are almo/ =gott54 ,9 ,brittany1 ! ,=e/ ( ,brocli&e /ill enjoys some?+ ( ! old v5]ation1 b m out ( s5tim5t ?an by actual wor%ip4 ,a curi\s survival ( an anci5t ,celtic tree-cult exi/s 9 ,c>m>!n1 ,wales1 :]e !re is /ill c>efully pres]v$ & held upright 9 a firm cas+ ( cem5t ! decay+ trunk ( an old oak-tree call$ ,m]l9's ,oak2 & local prophecy decl>es on ,m]l9's au?ority t :5 ! tree falls ,c>m>!n w fall ) x4 ,p]haps ?r\gh an unconsci\s desire on ! "p ( "s patriotic citiz5s ( av]t+ ! calamity by induc+ ! tree-_s to transf] its abode1 or else by o!rwise hoodw9k+ ! tree-_s into =gett+ t ,m]l9's ,oak is dead1 a vigor\s & n[ fl\ri%+ "y oak has be5 plant$ s directly beside x t its foliage embraces x4 ,& 9 _m p>ts ( mod]n ,engl&1 ! ,jack-9-!-,gre51 a man entirely hidd5 9 a cov]+ ( gre5 foliage :o dances ?r\gh ! /reets on ,may ,day1 may be ano!r example ( a v anci5t tree 7or else agricultural7 cult ( ,celtic orig94 ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,fairies1 ,,spirits1 ,,& ,,! ,,dead ,!re 0 also1 z we already "k1 m or less ( direct wor%ip (f]$ to fairies l ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann2 & sacrifice 0 made to !m ev5 z n[1 :5 ! ,iri% or ,scot* peasant p\rs a libation ( milk to ! 'good p' or to ! fairy que5 :o presides ov] ! flocks4 ,9 ,fiacc's ,hymn#ebi x is said1 ',on ,irel&'s folk lay d>kness3 ! tribes wor%ipp$ elves3 ,!y believ$ n ! true godhead ( ! true ,tr9ity4' ,& !re is a reliable leg5d conc]n+ ,columbkille :i* %[s t ?is old cult ( elves 0 n =gott5 among ! e>ly ,iri% ,*ri/ians1 ?\gh !y *ang$ ! orig9al good reputation ( ^! invisible be+s to "o ( evil4 ,x is said t ,columbkille's fir/ attempts to erect a *ur* or mona/]y on ,iona 7 r5d]$ va9 by ! influ5ce ( "s evil _s or else ( demons2 = z fa/ z a wall 0 rais$ x fell d[n4 ,!n x 0 reveal$ to ! sa9t t ! walls c\ld n /& until a human victim %\ld be buri$ alive "u ! f\ndations4 ,& ! lot fell on ,oran1 ,columbkille's companion1 :o accord+ly became a sacrifice to appease ! evil _s1 fairies1 or demons ( ! place :]e ! build+ 0 to be rais$4#ecj ,z an illu/ration ( :at ! anci5t practice ( su* sacrifice to place-spirits1 or to gods1 mu/ h be5 l 9 ,wales1 we (f] ! foll[+ curi\s leg5d conc]n+ ! conception ( ,myrdd9 7,m]l971 z told by our witness f ,pontrhydf5digaid1 ,mr4 ,john ,jones 7see p4 #adg73--',:5 build+ ! ,ca/le ( ,gwr!yrn1 ne> ,c>m>!n1 z mu* z 0 built by day fell d[n at night4 ,s a c\ncil ( ! ,dynion ,hysbys or ,wise ,m5 0 call$1 & !y decid$ t ! blood ( a fa!rless boy _h to be us$ 9 mix+ ! mort> if ! wall 0 to /&4 ,se>* 0 !reupon made = a fa!rless boy 7cf4 p4 #cea71 & ?r\gh\t all ! k+dom no su* boy c\ld be f\nd4 ,b "o day two boys 7 qu>rell+1 & "o ( !m 9 defy+ ! o!r want$ to "k :at a fa!rless boy l him _h to say to him4 ,an (fic] ( ! k+1 ov]he>+ ! qu>rel1 seiz$ ! boy ?us taunt+ly address$ z ! "o s long look$ =4 ,! circum/ances 7 made kn[n to ! k+1 & ! boy 0 tak5 to him4 ,:o is y\r fa!r8 ask$ ! k+4 ,my "m nev] told me1 ! boy repli$4 ,!n ! boy's "m 0 s5t =1 & ! k+ ask$ h] :o ! fa!r ( ! boy 01 & %e repli$3 ,i d n "k2 = ,i h nev] kn[n a man4 ,yet1 "o night1 x seem$ to me t a man noble & maje/ic 9 appe>ance slept ) me1 & ,i awoke to f9d t ,i _h be5 9 a dream4 ,b :5 ,i grew pregnant aft]w>ds1 & ?is wond]ful boy :om y n[ see 0 deliv]$1 ,i consid]$ t a div9e be+ or an angel _h visit$ me 9 t dream1 & !re=e ,i call$ 8 *ild ,myrdd9 ! ,magician1 = su* ,i believe my son to be4 ,:5 ! "m _h ?us spok51 ! k+ ann\nc$ to ! c\rt & wise m51 ,"h is ! fa!rless boy4 ,take 8 blood & use x 9 mix+ ! mort>4 ,! wall+ w n hold )\t x4 ,at ?is1 ,myrdd9 taunt$ ! k+ & wise m51 & said !y 7 no bett] ?an a pack ( idiots4 ,! reason ! wall+ falls d[n1 ,myrdd9 w5t on to say1 is because y h tri$ to raise x on a rock :i* cov]s two l>ge sea-s]p5ts4 ,:5ev] ! wall is rais$ ov] !m its weight presses on _! backs & makes !m uneasy4 ,!n dur+ ! night !y upheave _! backs to relieve !mselves ( ! pressure1 & ?us %ake ! wall+ to a fall4' ,! /ory ends "h1 b presumably ,m]l9's /atem5ts 7 f\nd to be true2 & ,m]l9 0 n sacrific$1 =1 z we "k1 he became ! great magician ( ,ar?ur's c\rt4 ,!re are two hills 9 ! ,highl&s ( ,ab]de5%ire :]e travell]s _h to propitiate ! ban%ee by plac+ b>ley-meal cakes ne> a well on ea* hill2 & if ! travell] neglect$ ! (f]+1 dea? or "s dire calamity 0 sure to foll[4#eca ,x is q c]ta9 t ! ban%ee is almo/ always ?\ght ( z ! _s ( a dead ance/or presid+ ov] a family1 ?\gh "h x appe>s m l ! tutel>y deity ( ! hills4 ,b sacrifice be+ ?us made1 accord+ to ! folk-belief1 to a ban%ee1 %[s1 l s _m o!r examples :]e !re is a confusion betwe5 div9ities or fairies & ! s\ls ( ! dead1 t ance/ral wor%ip mu/ be held to play a v important "p 9 ! complex ,fairy-,fai? z a :ole4 ,a few non-,celtic p>allels det]m9e ?is at once4 ,?us1 exactly z to fairies "h1 milk is (f]$ to ! s\ls ( sa9ts 9 ! ,panjab1 ,india1 z a means ( propitiat+ !m4#ecb ,m4 ,a4 ,lefvre %[s t ! ,roman ,l>es1 s frequ5tly comp>$ to h\se-haunt+ fairies1 are 9 reality q l ! ,gaelic ban%ee2 t orig9ally !y 7 no?+ m ?an ! unatta*$ s\ls ( ! dead1 ak9 to ,manes2 t "t & cu/om made di/9ctions betwe5 !m2 t 9 ! common language ,l>es & ,manes _h synonym\s dwell+s2 & t1 f9ally1 ! idea ( dea? 0 little by little divorc$ f ! wor%ip ( ! ,l>es1 s t !y became gu>dians ( ! family & protectors ( life4#ecc ,on all ! tombs ( _! dead ! ,romans inscrib$ ^! names3 ,manes1 inf]i1 sil5tes1#ecd ! la/ ( :i*1 mean+ ! sil5t ones1 is equival5t to ! t]m ',p ( ,peace' giv5 to ! fairy-folk ( ,scotl&4#ece ,nor 7 ! ,roman ,l>es always ?\ght ( z inhabit+ dwell+s4 ,_m 7 suppos$ to live 9 ! fields1 9 ! /reets ( cities1 at cross-roads1 q l c]ta9 ord]s ( fairies & demons2 & 9 ea* place ^! ance/ral spirits _h _! *apels & receiv$ (f]+s ( fruit1 fl[]s1 & ( foliage4 ,if neglect$ !y became spiteful1 & 7 !n kn[n z ,lemures4 ,all ^! examples t5d to %[ :at ! review] ( ,curt9's ,tales ( ! ,fairies & ( ! ,gho/ ,_w /ates1 t ',! attributes ( a gho/--t is to say1 ! _s ( a dead man--are indi/+ui%able f ^? ( a fairy4 ,& x is well kn[n h[ _w-wide is ! wor%ip ( ! dead & ! (f]+ ( food to !m1 among unciviliz$ tribes l ^? ( ,africa1 ,au/ralia1 & ,am]ica1 z well z among su* great nations z ,*9a1 ,corea1 ,india1 & ,japan2 & 9 anci5t times x 0 univ]sal among ! masses ( ! p 9 ,egypt1 ,greece1 & ,rome4 ,,celtic ,,& ,,non-,,celtic ,,fea/s ,,( ,,! ,,dead ,sama91 z we already "k1 0 ! great ,celtic fea/ ( ! dead :5 (f]+s or sacrifice ( v>i\s k9ds 7 made to ance/ral spirits1 & to ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann & ! _s-ho/s "u _! control2 & ,belt5e1 or ! fir/ ( ,may1 0 ano!r day anci5tly d$icat$ to ftes 9 hon\r ( ! dead & fairies4 ,*apt] ii has %[n u h[ ,novemb] ,eve1 ! mod]n ,sama91 & l x1 ,all ,sa9ts ,eve or ,la ,t\ssa9t1 are reg>d$ among ! ,celtic peoples n[2 & ! hi/ory ( ,la ,t\ssa9t seems to indicate t ,*ri/ianity1 z 9 ! case ( ! cult ( trees & f\nta9s1 absorb$ c]ta9 ,celtic cults ( ! dead :i* c5tr$ ar\nd ! pagan ,sama9 fea/ ( ! dead1 & ev5 adopt$ ! date ( ,sama9 7see p4 #dec74 ,among ! anci5t ,egyptians1 s mu* l ! anci5t ,celts 9 _! innate spirituality & cle> conceptions ( ! invisible _w1 we f9d a p>allel fea/ :i* fell on ! sev5te5? ,a?yr ( ! ye>4 ,?is day 0 directly dep5d5t ^u ! progress ( ! sun2 &1 z we h ?r\gh\t emphasiz$1 ! anci5t symbolism connect$ ) ! ye>ly movem5ts ( ! ,great ,god ( ,light & ,life _c be divorc$ f ! anci5t doctr9es ( life & dea?4 ,to ! pre-,*ri/ian ,celts1 ! ,fir/ ( ,novemb]1 or ! ,fe/ival ( ,sama91 :i* m>k$ ! end ( summ] & ! comm5cem5t ( w9t]1 0 symbolical ( dea?4#ecf ,sama9 ?us corresponds ) ! ,egyptian fte ( ! dead1 = ! sev5te5? ,a?yr ( ! ye> m>ks ! day on :i* ,st\ 7! god ( d>kness7 kill$ 9 ! mid/ ( a banquet 8 bro!r ,osiris 7! god ( light1 ! sun71 & :i* 0 !re=e ?\ght ( z ! season :5 ! old sun 0 dy+ ( 8 w\nds4 ,x 0 a "t :5 ! p[] ( good 0 on ! decl9e1 s t all nature1 turn+ aga9/ man1 0 ab&on$ to ! div9ities ( d>kness1 ! inhabitants ( ! ,realms ( ! ,dead4 ,on ?is anniv]s>y ( ! dea? ( ,osiris1 an ,egyptian w\ld und]take no new ent]prise3 %\ld he g d[n to ! ,nile1 a crocodile w\ld attack him z ! crocodile s5t by ,st\ _h attack$ ,osiris1 & ev5 z ! ,d>kness 0 attack+ ! ,light to dev\r x2#ecg %\ld he set out on a j\rney1 he w\ld "p f 8 home & family nev] to return4 ,8 only c\rse 0 to rema9 lock$ 9 8 h\se1 & !re await 9 fe> & inaction ! pass+ ( ! night1 until ,osiris1 return+ f dea?1 & reborn to a new exi/5ce1 %\ld rise triumphant ov] ! =ces ( ,d>kness & ,evil4#ech ,x is cle> t ?is la/ "p ( ! ,egyptian belief is q l ! ,celtic conception ( ,sama9 z we h se5 ,ailill & ,m$b celebrat+ t fe/ival 9 _! palace at ,crua*an4 ,!re is a great resemblance betwe5 ! *ri/ianiz$ ,fea/ ( ,sama91 :5 ! dead return to visit _! fri5ds & to be ent]ta9$1 = example z 9 ,brittany1 & ! beautiful fe/ivals =m]ly held 9 ! ,snto temples ( ,japan4 ,?us at ,nikko ?\s&s ( lant]ns 7 light$1 'ea* "o repres5t+ ! _s ( an ance/or1' & !re 0 masqu]ad+ & revelry = ! ent]ta9m5t ( ! visit+ spirits4#eci ,x %[s h[ mu* religions are alike4 ,ea* ye> ! ,roman peoples d$icat$ two days 7,febru>y #ba-b7 to ! hon\r+ ( ! ,dead4 ,on ! fir/ day1 call$ ! ,f]alia1 all ,romans 7 suppos$ to rema9 )9 _! own homes4 ,! sanctu>ies ( all ! gods 7 clos$ & all c]emony susp5d$4 ,! only sacrifices made at su* a "t 7 to ! dead1 & to ! gods ( ! dead 9 ! und]world2 & all manes 7 appeas$ by food-(f]+s ( meats & cakes4 ,! second day 0 call$ ,c>a ,cognatio & 0 a "t ( family reunions & fea/+4 ,( x ,ovid has said 7,fa/i1 ii4 #fai71 ',aft] ! visit to ! tombs & to ! ance/ors :o are no long] among u1 x is pleasant to turn t[>ds ! liv+2 aft] ! loss ( s _m1 x is pleasant to behold ^? :o rema9 ( our blood & to reckon up ! g5]ations ( our desc5dants4' ,& ! ,greeks also _h _! fea/s = ! dead4#edj ,,conclusion ,! fact ( anci5t ,celtic cults ( /ones1 wat]s1 trees1 & fairies /ill exi/+ "u cov] ( ,*ri/ianity directly su/a9s ! ,psy*ological ,!ory2 & ! p]si/5ce ( ! anci5t ,celtic cult ( ! dead1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! survival ( ,sama9 9 its mod]n =ms1 & p]haps be/ se5 n[ among ! ,bretons1 goes f> to su/a9 ! op9ion ( ,erne/ ,r5an1 :o decl>$ 9 8 admirable ,essais t ( all peoples ! ,celts1 z ! ,romans also record$1 h mo/ precise ideas ab\t dea?4 ,?us x is t ! ,celts at ?is mom5t are ! mo/ spiritually consci\s ( we/]n nations4 ,to ?9k ( !m z mat]iali/s is impossible4 ,s9ce ! "t ( ,patrick & ,columba ! ,gaels h be5 ! mission>ies ( ,europe2 &1 z ,caes> ass]ts1 ! ,druids 7 ! anci5t tea*]s ( ! ,gauls1 no less ?an ( all ,brita94 ,& ! my/]ies ( life & dea? are ! key-note ( all ?+s really ,celtic1 ev5 ( ! great lit]ature ( ,ar?ur1 ,cu*ula9n1 & ,f9n1 n[ /irr+ ! intellectual _w4 ,,section ,,iii ,,! ,,cult ,,( ,,gods1 ,,spirits1 ,,fairies1 ,,& ,,! ,,dead ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,te/imony ,,( ,,*ri/ianity ',! ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick became ! framework ( ano!r s]ies ( tales1 embody+ ! ,celtic ideas conc]n+ ! o!r life & its diff]5t /ates4 ,p]haps ! pr(\nde/ in/9ct ( ! ,celtic peoples is _! desire to p5etrate ! unkn[n4 ,) ! sea be=e !m1 !y wi% to "k :at is to be f\nd beyond x2 !y dream ( ! ,promis$ ,l&4 ,9 ! face ( ! unkn[n t lies beyond ! tomb1 !y dream ( t great j\rney :i* ! p5 ( ,dante has celebrat$4'--,,erne/ ,,r5an4 ,l\gh ,d]g a sacr$ lake orig9ally--,purgatorial rites z *ri/ianiz$ survivals ( anci5t ,celtic rites--,purgatory z ,fairyl&--,purgatorial rites p>allel to pagan initiation c]emonies--,! ,dea? & ,resurrection ,rite--,breton ,p>dons comp>$--,relation to ,a5gus ,cult & ,celtic cave-temples--,orig9 ( ,purgatorial doctr9e pre-,*ri/ian--,celtic & ,roman fea/s ( dead %ap$ ,*ri/ian ones--,fundam5tal unity ( ,my?ologies1 ,religions1 & ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,! be/ evid5ce (f]$ by ,*ri/ianity ) direct be>+ on ! ,fairy-,fai? comes f :at may be designat$ survivals ( trans=m$ paganism )9 ! ,*ur* itself4 ,v>i\s pagan cults1 :i* also came to be m or less *ri/ianiz$1 h be5 consid]$ "u ,paganism2 & 9 ?is *apt] we propose to exam9e ! fam\s ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick & ! ,*ri/ian rites 9 hon\r ( ! dead4 ,,/4 ,,patrick',s ,,purgatory ,9 ! s\? ( ,c\nty ,donegal1 9 ,irel&1 amid treeless m\nta9s & moorl&s1 lies ,l\gh ,d]g or ! ,r$ ,lake1 conta9+ an isl& :i* has long be5 fam\s ?r\gh\t ,*ri/5dom z ! site ( ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory4 ,ev5 to-day m ?an 9 ! ,middle ,ages x is ! goal ( ?\s&s ( pi\s pilgrims :o repair ?i!r to be purifi$ ( ! accumulat$ s9s ( a lifetime4 ,9 ?is age ( comm]cialism ! picture is an int]e/+ & a happy "o1 no matt] :at ! *ang+ voices ( ! _m may h to say ab\t x4 ,! foll[+ weird leg5ds1 :i* dur+ ! autumn ( #aiji ,i f\nd surviv+ among ! ,l\gh ,d]g peasantry1 expla9 h[ ! l\gh receiv$ its pres5t "n1 & seem to indicate t long be=e ,patrick's "t ! l\gh 0 already consid]$ a /range & my/]i\s place1 app>5tly an ,o!rworld pres]ve4 ,! fir/ leg5d1 bas$ on two complem5t>y v]sions1 "o f ,james ,ryan1 ( ,tamla* ,t[nl&1 :o is sev5ty-five ye>s old1 ! o!r f ,ar?ur ,monaghan1 a y\ng] man1 :o lives ab\t ?ree miles f ,james ,ryan1 is z foll[s3--',9 8 flight f ,c\nty ,armagh1 ,f9n ,mac ,c\l took 8 "m on 8 %\ld]1 hold+ h] by ! legs1 b s rapidly did he travel t on rea*+ ! %ores ( ! lake no?+ rema9$ ( 8 "m save ! two legs1 & ^! he ?rew d[n !re4 ,"s "t lat]1 ! ,f5ians1 :ile se>*+ = ,f9n1 pass$ ! same spot on ! lake-%ore1 & ,c95 ,m\l7871 :o 0 ( _! numb]1 ^u see+ ! %9-bones ( ,f9n's "m & a worm 9 "o1 said3 ,if t worm c\ld get wat] en\gh x w\ld come to some?+ great4 ,i'll give x wat] en\gh1 said ano!r ( ! foll[]s1 & at t he flung x into ! lake 7lat] call$ ,f9n ,mac ,c\l's lake74#eda ,imm$iately ! worm turn$ into an enorm\s wat]-mon/]4 ,?is wat]-mon/] x 0 t ,/4 ,patrick _h to fight & kill2 &1 z ! /ruggle w5t on1 ! lake ran r$ ) ! blood ( ! wat]-mon/]1 & s ! lake came to be call$ ,lo* ,d]g 7,r$ ,lake74' ,! second leg5d1 compos$ ( folk-op9ions1 0 relat$ by ,patrick ,monaghan1 ! c>etak] ( ! ,purgatory1 z he 0 r[+ me to ,sa9ts' ,isl&--! site ( ! orig9al purgatorial cave2 & ?is leg5d is ev5 m important = u ?an ! prec$+ "o3--',i h always be5 he>+ x said t into ?is l\gh ,/4 ,patrick drove all ! s]p5ts f ,irel&1 & t ) !m he _h "h 8 f9al battle1 ga9+ complete victory4 ,! old m5 & wom5 9 ?is neighb\rhood us$ to believe t ,l\gh ,d]g 0 ! la/ /ronghold ( ! ,druids 9 ,irel&2 & f :at ,i h he>d !m say1 ,i ?9k ! old leg5d means t ?is is :]e ,/4 ,patrick end$ 8 fight ) ! ,druids1 & t ! s]p5ts repres5t ! ,druids or paganism4' ,^! & simil> leg5ds1 toge!r ) :at we "k ab\t ! purgatorial rites1 lead u to believe t 9 pre-,*ri/ian times ,f9n ,mac ,c\l's ,lake1 lat] call$ ,l\gh ,d]g1 0 v5]at$ z sacr$1 & t ! cave :i* !n und\bt$ly exi/$ on ,sa9ts' ,isl& 0 us$ z a c5tre = ! celebration ( pagan my/]ies simil> 9 "* to ^? suppos$ to h be5 celebrat$ 9 ,new ,grange4 ,evid5tly1 9 ! ordeals & c]emonies ( ! mod]n ,*ri/ian ,purgatory ( ,/4 ,patrick1 we see ! survivals ( su* pagan initiatory rites4 ,j z ! cults ( /ones1 trees1 f\nta9s1 lakes1 & wat]s 7 absorb$ by ! new religion1 s1 x w\ld seem1 7 all cults r5d]$ 9 prehi/oric times to ,f9n ,mac ,c\l's ,lake & )9 ! isl& cave4 ,?\gh ! pres5t location ( ! ,purgatory is n ! orig9al place ( ! old ,celtic cults1 !re hav+ be5 a transf] f ,sa9ts' ,isl& to ,/ation ,isl&1 ! pres5t place ( pilgrimage1 :]e in/ead ( ! cave !re is ! ',prison ,*apel'1 ! practices1 ?\gh naturally mu* modifi$ & corrupt$1 reta9 _! primitive outl9es4 ,patrick 9 8 "t ord]$ ! obs]vance ( ! foll[+ c]emonies by all p5it5ts be=e _! entrance into ! orig9al cave on ,sa9ts' ,isl&2#edb & = a long "t !y 7 /rictly c>ri$ out3--',! visitor mu/ fir/ g to ! bi%op ( ! diocese1 decl>e to him t he came ( 8 own free w1 & reque/ ( him p]mission to make ! pilgrimage4 ,! bi%op w>n$ him aga9/ v5tur+ any fur!r 9 8 design1 & repres5t$ to him ! p]ils ( 8 und]tak+2 b if ! pilgrim /ill rema9$ /eadfa/ 9 8 purpose1 he gave him a recomm5datory lett] to ! prior ( ! isl&4 ,! prior aga9 tri$ to dissuade him f 8 design by ! same argum5ts t _h be5 previ\sly urg$ by ! bi%op4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! pilgrim /ill rema9$ /eadfa/1 he 0 tak5 into ! *ur* to sp5d !re fifte5 days 9 fa/+ & pray+4 ,aft] ?is ! mass 0 celebrat$1 ! holy communion adm9i/]$ to him & holy wat] spr9kl$ ov] him1 & he 0 l$ 9 procession ) read+ ( litanies to ! entrance ( ! purgatory1 :]e a ?ird attempt 0 made to dissuade him f ent]+4 ,if he /ill p]si/$1 ! prior all[$ him to ent] ! cave1 aft] he _h receiv$ ! b5$iction ( ! prie/s1 &1 9 ent]+1 he comm5d$ himself to _! pray]s1 & made ! sign ( ! cross on 8 =ehead ) 8 own h&4 ,! prior !n made fa/ ! door1 & op5$ x n aga9 till ! next morn+1 :51 if ! p5it5t 7 !re1 he 0 tak5 out & l$ ) great joy to ! *ur*1 &1 aft] fifte5 days' wat*+ & pray+1 0 dismiss$4 ,if he 0 n f\nd :5 ! door 0 op5$1 x 0 und]/ood t he _h p]i%$ 9 8 pilgrimage ?r\gh purgatory2 ! door 0 clos$ aga91 & he 0 nev] aft]w>ds m5tion$'4 ,an enorm\s mass ( lit]>y & hi/orical mat]ial 0 record$ dur+ ! m$iaeval p]iod1 9 v>i\s ,european v]nacul>s & 9 ,lat91 conc]n+ ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory2 & all ( x te/ifies to ! widespread influ5ce ( ! rites :i* already !n z n[ attract$ ?\s&s ( pilgrims f all p>ts ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,9 ! poem ( ,owayne ,miles1#edc :i* =ms "p ( ?is mat]ial1 we f9d a poetical description ( ! purgatorial initiatory rites q comp>able to ,virgil's acc\nt ( ,a5eas on 8 initiatory j\rney to ,hades4 ,! poem records h[ ,sir ,owa9 0 lock$ 9 ! cave1 & h[1 aft] a %ort "t1 he began to p5etrate its dep?s4 ,he _h b little light1 & ?is by degrees disappe>$1 leav+ him 9 total d>kness4 ,!n a /range twilight appe>$4 ,he w5t on to a hall & !re met fifte5 m5 clad 9 :ite & ) heads %av5 aft] ! mann] ( ecclesia/ics4 ,"o ( !m told ,owa9 :at ?+s he w\ld h to suff] 9 8 pilgrimage1 h[ unclean spirits w\ld attack him1 & by :at means he c\ld )/& !m4 ,!n ! fifte5 m5 left ! knight alone1 & soon all sorts ( demons & gho/s & spirits surr\nd$ him1 & he 0 l$ on f "o torture & trial to ano!r by diff]5t companies ( fi5ds4 7,9 ! orig9al ,lat9 leg5d !re 7 f\r fields ( puni%m5t47 ,f9ally ,owa9 came to a magic bridge :i* appe>$ safe & wide1 b :5 he rea*$ ! middle ( x all ! fi5ds & demons & unclean spirits rais$ s horrible a yell t he almo/ fell into ! *asm bel[4 ,he1 h[ev]1 rea*$ ! o!r %ore1 & ! p[] ( ! devils ceas$4 ,be=e him 0 a cele/ial city1 & ! p]fum$ air :i* 0 waft$ f x 0 s ravi%+ t he =got all 8 pa9s & sorr[s4 ,a procession came to ,owa9 &1 welcom+ him1 l$ him into ! p>adise :]e ,adam & ,eve dwelt be=e !y _h eat5 ! apple4 ,food 0 (f]$ to ! knight1 & :5 he _h eat5 ( x he _h no desire to return to e>?1 b he 0 told t x 0 necess>y to live out 8 natural life 9 ! _w & to leave 8 fle% & bones beh9d him be=e beg9n+ ! heav5ly exi/5ce4 ,s he began 8 return j\rney to ! cave's entrance by a %ort & pleasant way4 ,he aga9 pass$ ! fifte5 m5 clad 9 :ite1 :o reveal$ :at ?+s ! future _h 9 /ore = him2 & rea*+ ! door safely1 wait$ !re till morn+4 ,!n he 0 tak5 out1 congratulat$1 & invit$ to rema9 ) ! prie/s = fifte5 days4#edd ,"h we h cle>ly en\gh _m ( ! ess5tial features ( ! und]world3 !re is ! my/ic bridge :i* :5 cross$ gu>antees ! travell] aga9/ evil spirits1 j z 9 ,irel& a peasant believes himself safe :5 fairies are pursu+ him if he c only cross a bridge or /ream4 ,! cele/ial city is bo? l ! ,*ri/ian ,heav5 & ! ,sidhe _w4 ,! eat+ ( angel food by ,owa9 has an effect q l t ( eat+ food 9 ,fairyl&2 b ,owa91 by ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 is s5t back on e>? to die 't dea? :i* ! ,k+ ( ,heav5 & ,e>? ha? orda9$1' z ,patrick said ( ! pr9ce :om he sav$ f ! ,sidhe-folk4#ede ,a curi\s /ory1 9 :i* ,k+ ,ar?ur himself is made to visit ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory1 publi%$ dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury by a le>n$ ,fr5*man1 ,/ephanus ,=catulus1 %[s h[ real a relation !re is betwe5 ,purgatory & ! ,greek or ,roman ,hades4 ,ar?ur1 x is said1 leav+ ! light beh9d him1 desc5d$ into ! cave by a r\gh & /eep road4 ',= !y say t ?is cave is an entrance to ! %ades1 or at lea/ to purgatory1 :]e poor s9n]s may get _! (f5ces wa%$ out1 & return aga9 rejoic+ to ! light ( day4' ,b ,=catulus adds t ',i h le>nt f c]ta9 s]i\s comm5t>ies ( ,m]l91 t ,gawa91 8 ma/] ( horse1 call$ ,ar?ur back1 & dissuad$ him f exam9+ fur!r ! horrid cave 9 :i* 0 he>d ! s\nd ( fall+ wat] :i* emitt$ a sulphure\s smell1 & ( voices lam5t+ z x 7 = ! loss ( _! bodies'4#edf ,,purgatorial ,,& ,,initiatory ,,rites ,judg+ f ! above data & f ! great mass ( simil> data available1 ! religi\s rites connect$ ) ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory are to be an?ropologically int]pret$ 9 ! light ( :at is kn[n ab\t anci5t & mod]n initiatory c]emonies1 simil>ly conduct$4 ,z has already be5 /at$1 ! orig9al ,purgatory :i* 0 9 a cave on ,sa9ts' ,isl& is to-day typifi$ by ',prison ,*apel' on ,/ation ,isl&2 & 9 ?is ',prison ,*apel'1 z =m]ly 9 ! cave1 pilgrims1 aft] hav+ fa/$ & p]=m$ ! necess>y prep>atory p5ances1 are requir$ to pass ! night4 ,among ! ,greeks1 neophytes seek+ initiation1 aft] simil> prep>ation1 ent]$ ! cave-%r9e rec5tly discov]$ at ,eleusis1 ! site ( ! ,great ,my/]ies1 & !re91 9 ! sanctum sanctorum1 ent]$ into communion ) ! god & goddess ( ! l[] _w2#edg :]eas 9 ! orig9al ,purgatory ,sir ,owa9 & ,ar?ur are describ$ z hav+ come into contact ) ! ,hades-_w & its be+s4 ,9 ! /ate cult at ,a*>aca1 ,greece1 !re 0 ano!r cav]n-temple 9 :i* initiations 7 conduct$4#edg ,! oracle ( ,zeus ,trophonius 0 situat$ 9 a subt]ranean *amb]1 into :i*1 aft] v>i\s prep>atory rites1 includ+ ! invocation ( ,agam$es1 neophytes desc5d$ to receive 9 a v my/]i\s mann] ! div9e revelations :i* 7 aft]w>ds int]pret$ = !m4 ,s awe-inspir+ 7 ! desc5t into ! cave & ! sights !re9 se5 t x 0 popul>ly believ$ t no "o :o visit$ ! cave ev] smil$ aga92 & p]sons ( grave & s]i\s aspect 7 prov]bially said to h be5 9 ! cave ( ,trophonius4#edh ,! wor%ip ( ,mi?ras1 ! ,p]sian god ( creat$ light & all e>?ly wisdom1 :o 9 "t became id5tifi$ ) ! sun1 0 conduct$ 9 natural & artificial caves f\nd 9 e "p ( ! ,roman ,empire :]e 8 cult fl\ri%$ until sup]s$$ by ,*ri/ianity2 & 9 ^! caves v elaborate initiations ( sev5 degrees 7 c>ri$ out4 ,! cave itself signifi$ ! l[] _w1 into :i* dur+ ! ordeals ( initiation ! neophyte 0 suppos$ to ent] :ile out ( ! physical body1 t ! s\l might be purg$ by _m trials4#edi ,9 ,mexico ! cav]n ( ,*al*atongo l$ to ! pla9s ( p>adise1 evid5tly ?r\gh initiations2 & ,mictlan1 a subt]ranean temple1 simil>ly l$ to ! ,aztec l& ( ! dead4#eej ,among ! mo/ widespread & *>act]i/ic features ( contempor>y primitive races we f9d highly develop$ my/]ies 7pub]ty in/itutions7 ( ! same ess5tial "* z ^! anci5t my/]ies4 ,!y are to unciviliz$ y\? :at ! ,greek ,my/]ies 7 to ,greek y\?1 & :at colleges & univ]sities are to ! y\? ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 ?\gh p]haps m successful ?an ^! la/ z places ( moral & religi\s in/ruction4 ,^! my/]ies v>y f tribe to tribe1 ?\gh 9 almo/ all ( !m !re is :at corresponds to ! ,dea? ,rite 9 ,freemasonry2 t is to say1 !re is ei!r a symbolical pres5tation ( dea? 9 a sacr$ drama--z !re 0 among ! ,greeks 9 _! complete initiatory rites--or a /ate ( actual trance impos$ ^u ea* neophyte by ! prie/ly initiators4 ,! sanctum sanctorum ( ^! primitive my/]ies is sometimes 9 a natural or artificial cav]n 7z 0 ! rule ) respect to ! ,anci5t ,my/]ies & ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory on ,sa9ts' ,isl&72 sometimes 9 a /ructure specially prep>$ to exclude ! light2 or else ! neophytes are symbolically or lit]ally buri$ 9 an und]gr\nd place to be resurrect$ greatly purifi$ & /r5g!n$4#eea ,& ! my/ic purification at ! sea-%ore & spiritual re-bir? s\ght 9 ! cave at ,eleusis by ! highly cultur$ ,a!nians & _! fell[ ,greeks1 or among o!r cultur$ & uncultur$ anci5t & mod]n peoples ?r\gh "s correspond+ initiation c]emony1 f9d _! p>allel 9 ! purification & spiritual re-bir? /ill s\ght 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,purgatory1 n[ ',prison ,*apel'1 & 9 ! lake wat]s1 amid ! solitude ( sacr$ ,l\gh ,d]g1 ,irel&1 by ?\s&s ( e>ne/ pilgrims f all p>ts ( ! _w4#eeb ,!re is a correspond5ce betwe5 ?is conclusion & :at 0 said ab\t ! initiatory aspects ( ! ,a5gus ,cult2 & %\ld we try to connect ! ,purgatory ) "s p>ticul> sun-cult ( a "* p>allel to t ( ! ,a5gus ,cult we %\ld probably h to "n ,lug1 ! great ,iri% sun-god1 because ( ! significant fact t ! purgatorial rites on ,/ation ,isl& come to an end on ! ,fe/ival ( ! ,assumption ( ! ,bless$ ,virg91 ! #ae? ( ,augu/1 a date :i* app>5tly co9cides suffici5tly to repres5t1 z x probably does1 ! anci5t ,augu/ ,lugnasadh1 ! #a/ ( ,augu/1 a day sacr$ to ! sun-god ,lug1 z ! "n indicates4#eec ,if we are to class toge!r ! orig9al ,purgatory1 ,new ,grange1 ,gavr9is1 & o!r ,celtic und]gr\nd places1 z c5tres ( ! highe/ religi\s practices 9 ! pa/1 we %\ld expect to discov] t _m simil> /ructures or natural cav]ns exi/$ 9 pagan ,irel&1 z inde$ we f9d !y did4 ,?us 9 diff]5t ,iri% manuscripts v>i\s caves are m5tion$1#eed & mo/ ( !m1 s f> z !y c be localiz$1 are traditionally places ( sup]natural m>vels1 & (t5 7z 9 ! case ( ! la/ "o enum]at$1 ! ,cave ( ,crua*an7 are directly relat$ to ! "u-_w4#eee ,ano!r ( ^! caves is describ$ z be+ "u a *ur*1 :i* circum/ance sugge/s t ! *ur* 0 d$icat$ ov] an und]gr\nd place orig9ally sacr$ to pagan wor%ip1 &1 z we may safely assume1 to pagan my/]ies4 ,! curi\s cu/om among e>ly ,iri% ,*ri/ians1 ( retir+ = a "t to a cave1 seems to %[ ! la/+ into hi/orical times ( ! pagan cave-ritual n[ surviv+ at ,l\gh ,d]g only4 ,! cu/om seems to h be5 common among ! sa9ts ( ,brita9 & ( ,scotl&2#eef & 9 ,/okes's ,trip>tite ,life ( ,patrick 7p4 #bdb7 !re is a v significant ref]5ce to x4 ,9 ! ,mab9ogion /ory ( ,kulhw* & ,olw5 !re seems to be ano!r traditional e*o ( ! times :5 caves 7 us$ = religi\s rites or wor%ip1 9 ! au?or's ref]5ce to ! cave ( ! wit* ,orddu z be+ 'on ! conf9es ( ,hell'4 ,a cave 0 ?us popul>ly suppos$ to lead to ,hades or an und]world ( fairies1 demons1 & spirits2 aga9 j z 9 ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory4 ,purely ,celtic in/ances ( ?is k9d might be greatly multipli$4 ,,pagan ,,orig9 ,,( ,,purgatorial ,,doctr9e ,! metrical romance ( ,orfeo & ,h]odys 9 ,ritson's ,collection ( ,metrical ,romances#eeg illu/rates h[ 9 ,brita9 7& ,brita9--ev5 ,engl&--is m ,celtic ?an ,saxon7 ! ,grecian ,hell or ,hades 0 look$ on z id5tical ) ! ,celtic ,fairyl&4 ,?is is q unusual2 & = u is highly significant4 ,x %[s t 9 ,brita91 at ! "t ! romance 0 writt51 !re 0 no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! und]world ( fairies & ! und]world ( %ades4 ,pluto's realm & ! realm :]e fairy k+s & fairy que5s held high revelry 7 ! same4 ,! diff]5ce is ?is3 ,hades 0 an ,egyptian & 9 turn a ,greek conception1 :ile ,fairyl& 0 a ,celtic conception2 !y diff] z ! imag9ation at "w on a philosophical doctr9e diff]s among ! ?ree peoples1 & n o!rwise4 ,&1 z ,wright has %[n1 ! orig9 ( ,purgatory 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* is v obscure4 ,z to ! location ( ,purgatory1 ,roman !ology confesses x has no?+ c]ta9 to say4#eeh ,! natural conclusion1 z we sugge/$ 9 our /udy ( ,re-bir?1 w\ld seem to be t ! ,iri% doctr9e ( ! ,o!rworld 9 all its aspects1 b especially z ! und]gr\nd _w ( ! ,sidhe or fairy-folk1 0 comb9$ ) ! pagan ,graeco-,roman doctr9e ( ,hades 9 ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory1 & h5ce gave rise to ! mod]n ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,purgatory4 ,,*ri/ian ,,rites ,,9 ,,hon\r ,,( ,,! ,,dep>t$ ,we may n[ readily pass f an exam9ation ( _w-wide rites conc]n$ ) dea? & re-bir?1 :i* are bas$ on an anci5t sun-cult1 to an exam9ation ( _! %ad[s 9 ! !ology ( ,*ri/ianity1 :]e !y are commonly kn[n z ! rites 9 hon\r ( ! dep>t$4 ,x seems to be cle> at ! outset t ! ,*ri/ian ,fte 9 ,commemoration ( ! ,dead1 accord+ to its hi/ory1 is an adaptation f paganism2 & ) s _m ,iri% ecclesia/ics1 or else _! disciples1 educat$ 9 ! ,celtic mona/]ies ( ,brita9 & ,irel&1 hav+ influ5ce 9 ! ,*ur* dur+ ! e>ly c5turies1 !re is a /rong probability t ! ,fea/ ( ,sama9 _h some?+ to d ) %ap+ ! mod]n fea/1 z we h sugge/$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]2 = bo? fea/s orig9ally fell on ! fir/ ( ,novemb]4 ,roman ,ca?olic writ]s record t x 0 ,/4 ,odilon1 ,abbot ( ,cluny1 :o in/itut$ 9 #iih 9 all 8 congregations ! ,fte 9 ,commemoration ( ! ,dead1 & fix$ its anniv]s>y on ! fir/ ( ,novemb]2 & t ?is fte 0 quickly adopt$ by all ! *ur*es ( ! ,ea/4#eei ,to-day 9 ! ,roman ,*ur* bo? ! fir/ & second ( ,novemb] are holy days devot$ to ^? :o h pass$ out ( ?is life4 ,! fir/ day1 ! ,fte ( ,all ! ,sa9ts 7,la ,t\ssa9t71 is said to h orig9at$ ?us3 ! ,roman ,pan!on--,pan!on mean+ ! resid5ce ( all ! gods--0 d$icat$ to ,jupit] ! ,av5g]1 & :5 ,*ri/ianity triumph$ ! pagan images 7 ov]?r[n1 & !re 0 !reupon orig9ally e/abli%$1 9 place ( ! cult ( all ! gods1 ! ,fte ( all ! ,sa9ts4#efj ,:y ,la ,t\ssa9t %\ld h become a fea/ ( ! dead w\ld be difficult to say unless we admit ! anci5t ,celtic fea/ ( ! dead z hav+ amalgamat$ ) x4 ,?is we believe is :at took place2 = if ! ,fte 9 ,commemoration ( ! ,dead 01 z "s au?orities hold1 e/abli%$ by ,/4 ,odilon to fall on ! fir/ ( ,novemb]1 9 direct accord ) ,sama9 or ,hall[e51 !n at "s lat] p]iod x 0 displac$ by ,la ,t\ssa9t1 = n[ x is celebrat$ on ! second ( ,novemb]4 ,likewise pray]s & masses = ! dead1 :i* annually receive emphasis on ! fir/ two days ( ,novemb]1 seem to h _h _! orig9 9 pre-,*ri/ian cults4 ,accord+ to ,mo%eim1 9 8 ,hi/oire ecclsia/ique1#efa ! usage ( celebrat+ ! ,sacram5t at ! tombs ( m>tyrs & at fun]als 0 introduc$ dur+ ! f\r? c5tury2 & f ?is usage ! masses = ! sa9ts & = ! dead orig9at$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,prior to ! f\r? c5tury we f9d ! newly conv]t$ ,*ri/ians 9 all p>ts ( ,celtic ,europe1 & 9 _m c\ntries non-,celtic1 /ill r5d]+ a cult to ance/ral spirits1 mak+ food (f]+s at ! tombs ( h]oes1 & /rictly obs]v+ ! v anci5t ,novemb] fea/1 or its equival5t1 9 hon\r ( ! dead & fairies4 ,!n1 v gradually1 9 ! c\rse ( f\r c5turies1 ! "* ( ! ,*ri/ian cults & fea/s ( ! sa9ts & ( ! dead seems to h be5 det]m9$4 ,! foll[+ citation w s]ve to illu/rate ! nature ( ,iri% ,*ri/ian rites 9 hon\r ( ! dead3--,9 ! ,leb> ,brecc#efb we read3 ',!re is no?+ :i* "o does on behalf ( ! s\l ( him :o has di$ t do? n help x1 bo? pray] on knees1 & ab/95ce1 & s++ requiems1 & frequ5t bless+s4 ,sons are b\nd to d p5ance = _! deceas$ p>5ts4 ,a full ye>1 n[1 0 ,ma$c ( ,f]ns1 ) 8 :ole community1 on wat] & bread1 aft] loos+ f hell ! s\l ( ,br&ub son ( ,e*aid4' ,accord+ to ,/4 ,augu/9e1 ! s\ls ( ! dead are solac$ by ! piety ( _! liv+ fri5ds :5 ?is expresses itself ?r\gh sacrifice made by ! ,*ur*2#efc ,/4 ,ephrem comm&$ 8 fri5ds n to =get him aft] dea?1 b to give pro(s ( _! *>ity 9 (f]+ = ! repose ( 8 s\l alms1 pray]s1 & sacrifices1 especially on ! ?irtie? day2#efc ,con/ant9e ! ,great wi%$ to be int]r$ "u ! ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/les 9 ord] t 8 s\l might be b5efit$ by ! pray]s (f]$ to ! sa9ts1 by ! my/ic sacrifice1 & by ! holy communion4#efc ,su* pray]s & sacrifices = ! dead 7 (f]$ by ! ,*ur* sometimes dur+ ?irty & ev5 =ty days1 ^? (f]$ on ! ?ird1 ! sev5?1 & ! ?irtie? days be+ ! mo/ solemn4#efd ,! hi/ory ( ! v5]able ,b$e1 ! lett]s ( ,/4 ,boniface1 & ( ,/4 ,lul prove t ev5 9 ! anci5t ,anglican *ur* pray]s 7 (f]$ up = ! s\ls ( ! dead2#efe & a c\ncil ( bi%ops held at ,cant]bury 9 #haf ord]$ t imm$iately aft] ! dea? ( a bi%op !re %all be made = him pray]s & alms4#efe ,at ,ox=d1 9 #adcg1 ,all ,s\ls ,college 0 f\nd$1 *iefly z a place 9 :i* to (f] pray]s on behalf ( ! s\ls ( all ^? :o 7 kill$ 9 ! ,fr5* w>s ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,,conclusion ,z seems to be evid5t f ?is & ! two prec$+ *apt]s1 all ^! ftes1 rites1 or obs]vances ( ,*ri/ianity h a relation m or less direct to paganism1 & ?us to anci5t ,celtic cults & sacrifice (f]$ to ! dead1 to spirits1 & to ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann or ,fairies4 ,& ! same set ( ideas :i* op]at$ among ! ,celts to create _! ,fairy-,my?ology--ideas aris+ out ( a belief 9 or k ( ! "o univ]sal ,realm ( ,_s & its v>i\s ord]s ( invisible inhabitants--gave ! ,egyptians1 ! ,indians1 ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 ! ,teutons1 ! ,mexicans1 ! ,p]uvians1 & all nations _! respective my?ologies & religions2 & we mod]ns are lit]ally '! heirs ( all ! ages'4 ,,section ,,iv ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,fairy ,,fai?2 ,,& ,,conclusions#eff ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,fairies ',puzzl+ & weird occurr5ces h be5 v\*$ = among all nations & 9 e age4 ,x is possible to relegate a good _m ass]t$ occurr5ces to ! doma9 ( sup]/ition1 b x is n possible ?us to elim9ate all4'--,,sir ,,oliv] ,,lodge4 ,me?od ( ,exam9ation3 ,exot]ic & ,esot]ic ,aspects--,! ,x-quantity--,sci5tific ,attitudes t[>d ! ,animi/ic ,hypo!sis3 ,mat]iali/ic ,!ory2 ,pa?ological ,!ory2 ,delusion & ,impo/ure ,!ory--,problems ( ,consci\sness3 ,dreams2 ,sup]normal ,lapse ( ,"t--,psy*ical ,rese>* & ,fairies3 ,my]s's ,rese>*es--,pres5t ,position ( ,psy*ical ,rese>*--,psy*ical ,rese>* & ,an?ropology 9 relation to ,fairy-,fai?1 accord+ to a special contribution f ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang--,f9al ,te/+ ( ! ,x-quantity--,conclusion3 ! ,celtic belief 9 ,fairies & 9 ,fairyl& is sci5tific4 ,,me?od ,,( ,,exam9ation ,! promise made 9 ! ,introduction to exam9e ! ,:y ( ! belief 9 fairies mu/ n[ be fulfill$ by call+ 9 ! aid ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,to adduce p>allels :5 /udy+ a religion or a my?ology is wor? do+1 9 ord] to %[ ! fundam5tal bond :i* unites all sy/ems ( belief 9 ?+s call$ spiritual2 b x is m important to try to und]/& :y !re %\ld be su* p>allels & su* a unify+ pr9ciple beh9d !m4 ,p]haps !re has be5 too mu* ( a t5d5cy among /ud5ts ( folk-lore1 & ( an?ropology z a :ole1 to be cont5t to d no m ?an to discov] t ! ,eskimos 9 ,gre5l& hold a belief 9 spirits p>allel to a belief 9 spirits held 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 or t ! ,greek ,pan!on 7& possibly ! ,celtic "o z well7 consi/s ( goddesses :i* are app>5tly pre-,aryan & ( gods :i* are app>5tly ,aryan4 ,we1 too1 h drawn _m p>allels betwe5 ! ,celtic ,fairy-,fai? & ! v>i\s fairy-fai?s ?r\gh\t ! _w2 b n[ we %\ld attempt to f9d out :y !re are animi/ic beliefs at all4 ,?is *apt]1 !n1 w conf9e itself to a sci5tific exam9ation ( ! m popul> or1 z x may be call$1 ! exot]ic aspect ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 :i* has come to u directly f ! masses ( ! ,celtic peoples4 ,! foll[+ *apt]1 :i* is coroll>y to ! pres5t "o1 w deal especially ) ! my/ical aspect or1 z ?is may be call$ by contra/1 ! esot]ic aspect ( ! same belief1 :i*1 9 turn1 has come to u f le>n$ my/ics & se]s1 :o =m1 9 proportion1 b a v small m9ority ( ! mod]n ,celts4 ,ea* ( ^! complem5t>y aspects ( ! ,celtic religion und\bt$ly has its orig9 9 ! remote/ antiquity4 ,?is is probably m readily se5 ) respect to ! =m] ?an to ! latt]4 ,! latt] has be5 esot]ic always1 & 9 our op9ion %[s an unbrok5 tradition 7if only a v incomplete "o7 f druidic times2 & x dep5ds less ^u writt5 records1 because ! ,druids _h none1 ?an ^u oral transmission f age to age4 ,bo? aspects ( ! ,fairy-,fai? h 9 mod]n times absorb$ _m ideas f non-,celtic sy/ems ( religion & my/ical ?\ght4 ,z ,mr4 ,j5n] has sugge/$ 9 8 ,introduction = ,cornwall1 & z c]ta9 details 9 *apt] ii cle>ly indicate1 sy/ems ( mod]n !osophy h _h a m>k$ influ5ce 9 ?is respect2 b x is impossible = u to-day to say :at p>ts ( ! ,fairy-,fai? are purely ,celtic & :at are n s1 because comp>ative /udies prove t my/icism is fundam5tally ! same 9 all ages & among all peoples4 ,x is psy*ologically true1 also1 t !re mu/ always exi/ "s sort ( aff9ity betwe5 two sets ( ?\ght 9 ord] = !m to coalesce4 ,h5ce1 if mod]n my/icism 7d]iv$ f ,ori5tal or o!r s\rces7 has1 z we believe1 affect$ ,celtic my/icism z h&$ d[n f ! dim druidic ages1 x is m]ely because ! two occupy a common psy*ical t]ritory4 ,we mu/ !re=e be cont5t to exam9e sci5tifically ! ,fairy-,fai? z x n[ pres5ts itself4 ,! analysis ( evid5ce 9 *apt] iii indicates cle>ly t !re is 9 ! exot]ic "p ( ! mod]n ,celtic belief 9 fairies consid]able deg5]ation f :at mu/ h be5 9 pagan times a widespread & highly develop$ animi/ic cre$4 ,9 ! esot]ic "p ( x !re w be obs]v$1 in/ead ( su* deg5]acy1 a surpris+ly elaborate sy/em ( ! mo/ subtle speculation1 :i* p>allels t ( ,ea/ ,indian sy/ems ( metaphysics4 ,if ! belief be look$ at 9 ?is compreh5sive mann]1 x seems to be cle> t to "s ext5t at lea/1 z has be5 po9t$ out already 7pp4 #ii1 #beg71 ! ,fairy-,fai? 9 its pure/ =m orig9at$ among/ ! mo/ highly educat$ & sci5tific ,celts ( anci5t times r ?an among _! unle>n$ fell[s4 ,! two aspects ( ! belief =m an h>moni\s :ole z !y w be pres5t$ 9 ?is ,section ,,iv4 ,*apt] xi dep5ds mo/ly ^u ! evid5ce set =? 9 *apt] ii4 ,*apt] xii dep5ds mo/ly ^u ! evid5ce set =? 9 *apt] vii4 ,9 *apt] iii we exam9$ an?ropologically ! mod]n2 & 7bo? !re & 9 p>ts ( *apt]s foll[+7 ! hi/orical & anci5t belief 9 fairies 9 ,celtic c\ntries1 & f\nd x to be 9 ess5ce animi/ic4 ,folk-imag9ation1 social psy*ology1 an?ropomorphism g5]ally1 adequately expla9$ by f> ! great] mass ( ! evid5ce pres5t$2 b ! animi/ic backgr\nd ( ! belief 9 "q pres5t$ problems :i* ! /rictly an?ropological sci5ces are unable to solve4 ,! po9t has n[ be5 rea*$ :5 ^! problems mu/ be pres5t$ to physiology & to psy*ology = solution4 ,if !y c be completely solv$ by purely rational & physical data1 !n ! ,fairy-,fai? z a :ole w h to be ca/ aside z wor?less 9 ! eyes ( sci5ce4 ,9 our g5]ation1 h[ev]1 su* a ca/+ aside is n to be ! fate ( ! folk-religion ( ! ,celts3 ! foll[+ ph5om5a record$ 9 *apt] ii & else:]e ?r\gh\t our /udy1 & designat$ z ! x- or unkn[n quantity ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 _c at ! pres5t "t be satisfactorily expla9$ by sci5ce3 7#a7 ,collective halluc9ations & v]idical halluc9ations2 7#b7 objects mov+ )\t contact2 7#c7 raps & noises call$ 'sup]natural'2 7#d7 telepa?y2 7#e7 se]%ip & visions2 7#f7 dream & trance /ates manife/+ sup]normal k2 7#g7 'm$ium%ip' or '_s-possession'4 ,indep5d5tly ( our own ,celtic data 9 _! support1 ! fir/ class ( ph5om5a are support$ by an enorm\s mass ( good data sci5tifically collect$2 ! second & ?ird class are less well support$2 telepa?y is almo/ g5]ally accept$ z n[ be+ e/abli%$2 ! la/ ?ree classes are hypo!tically accept$ by _m au?orities 9 pa?ology1 psy*ology1 & psy*ical rese>*4 ,,sci5tific ,,attitudes ,,t[>ds ,,! ,,animi/ic ,,hypo!sis ,ass]tions simil> to ours1 t ph5om5a l ^! are incapable ( be+ expla9$ away by any kn[n laws ( or?odox sci5ce1 h help$ to br+ ab\t a m>k$ division 9 ! ranks ( sci5tific work]s4 ,on "o h& !re are ^? sci5ti/s :o d5y ! exi/5ce ( any?+ n capable ( be+ ma!matically te/$1 weigh$1 dissect$1 or o!rwise analys$ 9 laboratories2 on ! o!r h&1 !re are _! colleagues :o1 (t5 9 spite ( previ\s bias t[>d mat]ialism1 h arriv$ at a p]sonal conviction t an animi/ic view ( man is m 9 h>mony ) _! sci5tific exp]i5ce ?an any o!r4 ,bo? s*ools include m5 em95t 9 all bran*es ( biological sci5ces4 ,midway betwe5 ^! cont5d+ s*ools are ! psy*o-physici/s :o ma9ta9 t man is a tw(old be+ compos$ ( a psy*ical & physical "p4 ,"s ( !m are incl9$ to fav\r animism1 o!rs are unwill+ to reg>d ! psy*ical "p ( man z sep>able f ! physical "p4 ,s ! _w ( sci5ce is divid$4 ,"u su* *aotic conditions ( sci5ce x is our "r to accept "o view or ano!r1 or to reject all views & use sci5tific data indep5d5tly4 ,!re c be no f9al c\rt ( appeal 9 matt]s :]e op9ion is ?us divid$1 save ! exp]i5ce ( com+ g5]ations4 ,we are !re=e cont5t to /ate our own position & leave x to ! future = rejection or acceptance1 z ! case may be4 ,to attempt a critical exam9ation ( ! ?\s& & "o !ories occupy+ ! mod]n ar5a ( sci5tific controv]sy ab\t ! ess5tial nature ( man is altoge!r beyond ! scope ( ?is "w4 ,we mu/1 nev]!less1 blaze a r\gh footpa? ?r\gh ! jungle ( sci5tific !ories1 &1 at ! outset1 put on record our opposition to t s*ool ( sci5tific work]s :o d5y to man a sup]s5su\s con/itution4 ,_! !ory1 if c>ri$ out to its logical conclusion1 is n[ ess5tially no diff]5t f ,feu]ba*'s !ory at a "t :5 sci5ce 0 f> less develop$ ?an x is to-day4 ,he held t '! object ( s5se1 or ! s5su\s1 alone is really true1 & !re=e tru?1 reality1 & ! s5sible are "o'4#efg ,to say t we "k reality ?r\gh s5sual p]ception is an error1 z all s*ools ( sci5ti/s mu/ n[adays admit4 ,nature is = ev] illud+ ! s5ses2 %e masqu]ades 9 disguise until sci5ce te>s away h] mask4 ,we mu/ always adju/ ! s5ses to ! _w itself3 :]e !re are only vibrations 9 e!r1 man sees light2 & 9 atmosph]ic vibrations he he>s s\nd4 ,we only "k ?+s ?r\gh ! way 9 :i* our s5ses react ^u !m4 ,we sum up ! _w-problem by say+3 'consci\sness does n exhau/ its object1 ! _w4'#efg ,p]ceptibility & reality ?us n be+ co9cid5t1 man & ! univ]se rema9 an unsolv$ problem1 despite ! noisy %\t+s ( ! mat]iali/ 9 8 h]metically seal$ & light-exclud+ case call$ s5sual p]ceptions4 ,sci5ce admits t all h] explanations ( ! univ]se are m]e products ( human und]/&+ & p]ceptions by ! physical s5ses3 ! univ]se ( sci5ce is :olly a univ]se ( ph5om5a1 & beh9d ph5om5a1 z no sci5ti/ w\ld d>e d5y1 !re mu/ be ! n\m5a1 ! ultimate causes ( all ?+s1 z to :i* sci5ce z yet (f]s no compreh5sive hypo!sis1 mu* less an answ]4 ,to consid] ! mat]iali/ic hypo!sis z adequate to acc\nt = ! residuum or x-quantity ( ! ,fairy-,fai? w\ld n ev5 be reasonable1 &1 inconte/ably1 w\ld n be sci5tific4 ,:5 sci5ti/s hold+ to ! non-animi/ic view ( life are driv5 f _! n[ = ! mo/ "p ab&on$ =tress built by ,g]man sci5ti/s ( ! la/ c5tury1 ( :om ,feu]ba* 0 a type1 !y1 9 oppos+ ! animi/s1 occupy a m mod]nly equipp$ =tress call$ ! ,pa?ological ,!ory4 ,?is !ory is t 'm$ium%ip'1 telepa?y1 halluc9ations1 or ! volunt>y & involunt>y ex]cise ( any s-call$ 'psy*ical' faculties on ! "p ( m5 & wom51 ) ! result+ ph5om5a1 c be expla9$ z due to abnormal & h5ce--accord+ to its po9t ( view--diseas$ /ates ( ! human organism1 or to "s d]angem5t ( bodily functions1 lead+ to delusions resembl+ ^? ( insanity1 :i* by a sort ( hypnosis telepa?ically induc$ may ev5 affect rese>*]s & lead !m into errone\s conclusions4 ,all sci5ti/s are 9 agreem5t ) ! ,pa?ological ,!ory 9 s f> z x rejects z unwor?y ( s]i\s consid]ation all app>itions & abnormal ph5om5a save ^? obs]v$ by sane & heal?y p]cipi5ts "u ord9>y conditions4 ,&1 accord+ly1 :5ev] !re c be %[n 9 our p]cipi5ts a diseas$ m5tal or psy*ical /ate1 we mu/ elim9ate _! te/imony )\t argum5t4 ,b s9ce we h endeav\r$ to pres5t no te/imony f ,celtic p]cipi5ts :o are n physically & psy*ically normal1 ! ,pa?ological ,!ory at be/ c affect ! x-quantity m]ely hypo!tically4 ,! foll[+ admission 9 reg>d to visual & auditory halluc9ations is "h wor? not+ z com+ f s ?or\gh an expon5t ( mat]iali/ic psy*ology z ,m4 ,?odule ,ribot3--',!re mu/ exi/ anatomical & physiological causes :i* w\ld solve ! problem1 b un=tunately !y are hidd5 f u4' ,( ^! hidd5 causes1 :i* he ?9ks create all psy*ical /ates ( m9d or consci\sness call$ by him 'disease ( p]sonality'1 ,m4 ,ribot says3--',our ignorance ( ! causes /ops u %ort4 ,! psy*ologi/ is "h l ! physician :o has to deal ) a disease 9 :i* he c make out only ! symptoms4 ,:at physiological influ5ces are !y :i* ?us alt] ! g5]al tone ( ! organism1 consequ5tly ( ! co5ae/hesis1 consequ5tly too ( ! memory8 ,is x "s condition ( ! vascul> sy/em8 ,or "s inhibitory action1 "s arre/ ( function8 ,we _c say4'#efh ,& aft] six ye>s ( mo/ c>eful exp]im5tation1 ,m4 ,*>les ,ri*et1 ,pr(essor ( ,physiology 9 ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e 9 ,p>is1 rea*$ ?is conclusion3--',!re exi/s 9 c]ta9 p]sons at c]ta9 mom5ts a faculty ( acquir+ k :i* has no rapport ) our normal faculties ( t k9d4'#efi ,we seem to h "h ! la/ words ( sci5ce t\*+ ! ,pa?ological ,!ory4 ,:5 driv5 f _! pa?ological /ronghold1 & !y ma9ta9 t !y h n be5 driv5 f x1 ! non-animi/s always f9d a safe way to cov] _! retreat by sett+ up ! *>ge t all psy*ical ph5om5a are fraudul5t or else due to delusion on ! "p ( obs]v]s4 ,9 reply1 psy*ical rese>*]s readily admit t !re is a l>ge p]c5tage ( m]e trick]y1 delusion1 & impo/ure 9 obs]v$ '_s' ph5om5a2 "s ( :i* is delib]ate on ! "p ( ! 'm$ium' & "s ( :i* is app>5tly n consci\sly induc$4 ,nev]!less1 su* inve/igators are n at all will+ to say t !re is no?+ m ?an ?is4 ,! ,delusion & ,impo/ure ,!ory w acc\nt = a v respectable proportion ( ^! ph5om5a1 b n = all ( !m1 & !oretically we %all admit its application to ! p>allel ph5om5a attribut$ to fairies2 ?\gh x mu/ be ackn[l$g$ t 'fairy' ph5om5a are = ! mo/ "p spontane\sly exhibit$ r ?an z 9 ',spiritualism' set up ?r\gh hold+ sances4 ,fur!r1 !re are comp>atively few '*>m]s' or 'wise m5'--! fairy 'm$iums' among ! ,celts--:o ev] make money out ( _! ability to deal ) ! 'good p'1 or ,tylwy? ,teg2 :5ce ! m>g9 ( enc\ragem5t = fraudul5t production ( 'fairy' ph5om5a is extremely limit$ :5 comp>$ ) ',spiritualism'4 ,aft] tw5ty-five ye>s ( exp]im5tation1 m or less cont9u\s1 ) 'm$iums'1 dur+ :i* e conceivable te/ = ! detection ( fraud on _! "p 0 appli$1 ,william ,james put 8 conclusions on record 9 ^! words3--',:5 impo/ure has be5 *eck$ (f z f> z possible1 :5 *ance co9cid5ce has be5 all[$ =1 :5 opportunities = normal k on ! "p ( ! subject h be5 not$1 & skill 9 fi%+ & foll[+ clues unwitt+ly furni%$ by ! voice or face ( by/&]s h be5 c\nt$ 91 ^? :o h ! fulle/ acqua9tance ) ! ph5om5a admit t 9 good m$iums !re is a residuum ( k display$ italics are ,james's own t c only be call$ sup]normal3 ! m$ium taps "s s\rce ( in=mation n op5 to ord9>y p4'#egj ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 "o ( ! brave/ ( psy*ical rese>*]s 9 ,engl&1 n only w\ld agree ) ,william ,james 9 ?is1 b1 hav+ c>efully exam9$ ! ,delusion & ,impo/ure ,!ory f ! m comm&+ po9t ( view ( an an?ropologi/1 w\ld g fur!r & include classical spirituali/ic ph5om5a z well z ^? exi/+ among contempor>y uncultur$ races4 ,he says3--',mean:ile1 ! extraord9>y simil>ity ( savage & classical spirituali/ic rites1 ) ! correspond+ simil>ity ( alleg$ mod]n ph5om5a1 raises problems :i* x is m easy to /ate ?an to solve4 ,= example1 su* occurr5ces z rapp+s1 z ! movem5t ( unt\*$ objects1 z ! lights ( ! sance room1 are all easily feign$4 ,b t ignorant mod]n knaves %\ld feign precisely ! same raps1 lights1 & movem5ts z ! mo/ remote & unsophi/icat$ b>b>ians1 & z ! educat$ ,platoni/s ( ! f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 & t _m ( ! o!r ph5om5a %\ld be id5tical 9 ea* case1 is c]ta9ly notewor?y4'#ega ,evid5tly1 !n1 !re is a l>ge proportion ( psy*ical & 'fairy' ph5om5a :i* rema9 unexpla9$ ev5 aft] ! ,delusion & ,impo/ure ,!ory has be5 appli$ to su* ph5om5a1 & 9 all su* cases we mu/ look fur!r = a sci5tific explanation4 ,,problems ,,( ,,consci\sness ,our *ief inve/igations w at fir/ be direct$ m especially to ! problems common bo? to psy*ology & to psy*ical rese>*1 namely1 dream & trance /ates1 halluc9ations1 & possessions1 9 ord] to %[ :at be>+s1 if any1 !y h 9 ! eyes ( sci5ce ^u p>allel ph5om5a said to be due to fairies1 & set =? 9 *apt] ii & an?ropologically exam9$ 9 *apt] iii4 ,dreams ,! popul> op9ion t dreams are nons5se is q ov]?r[n by def9ite psy*ological facts4 ,:5 dur+ sleep our s5sory organs are expos$ to ext]nal irritants ! impressions physically produc$ are transmitt$ to ! bra9 by ! n]v\s sy/em & react 9 dreams z !y w\ld 9 ! wak+ /ate1 except t ! reactions 9 ! two /ates ( consci\sness--! dream /ate & ! wak+ /ate--diff] 9 proportion z ! two /ates diff]2 b 9 bo? ! ,ego is ! real p]cipi5t4#egb ,su* /imuli z arise f aft]-!atre d9n]s1 w9e-p>ties1 & s =?1 produce a well-kn[n type ( dreams2 & ! same /imuli at ! same p]iod ( "t w\ld produce an equal effect1 ?\gh an alt]$ "o1 to suit ! alt]$ psy*o-physical conditions1 if ! wak+ /ate 7 active r ?an ! dream /ate1 j z w\ld all dreams :i* arise f pa?ological di/urbances 9 disease1 or abnormal physiological functions4 ,?is is evid5t f dreams ( a morbid & s5sual type1 :i* directly affect ! physical organism & its functions z p>allel wak+-/ates w\ld4 ,9 all su* dreams ( ! l[] ord]1 animal & purely physical t5d5cies1 :i* are directly due to ! /ate ( ! body1 act v freely3 an imp]fectly balanc$1 tempor>ily d]ang$1 or diseas$ organism mu/ correspond+ly respond to its driv+ =ces4 ,& x is cle> f comp>ative /udy ( ph5om5a t ^! l[] k9ds ( dream /ates express only ! l[] or animal consci\sness1 :i* 9 mo/ individuals is ! pr$om9ant or only consci\sness ev5 9 ! wak+ life2 & n ! high] consci\sness ( ! ,ego or subconsci\sness :i* may be express$ 9 somnambulism1 = '9 somnambulism !re awakes an inn]1 second ,ego'1#egc :i* is ! ,sublim9al ,self ( ,my]s4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t urges aga9/ ,my]s's !ory ( ! ,sublim9al ,self t '! usual incoh]5ce ( dreams is an objection to reg>d+ !m z manife/ations ( a /ream ( ?\ght equal or sup]ior 9 sy/ematic complexity & cont9uity to t ( ! wak+ self'1#egd :i* objection ,my]s also obs]v$4 ,b if we reg>d all dreams :i* are ( ! l[] ord] z be+ due to ! imp]fect response ( ! body to its driv+ =ces because ( v>i\s bad physical conditions 9 ! body1 & recognize t ^! driv+ =ces dep5d ultimately on ! subconsci\sness1 ! difficulty seems to be met by obs]v+ t "u su* conditions !re is no real m]g5ce ( ! normal consci\sness into ! subconsci\sness4 ,h5ce ord9>y dreams are )9 ! ord9>y spectrum ( consci\sness2 b extra-ord9>y dreams pass beyond ! ord9>y spectrum into ! truly sup]normal /ate ( consci\sness4 ,z all ?is indicates1 dreams are ( _m classes3 ^? ( ! l[e/ type1 :i* we h expla9$ z due to bad physiological conditions 9 ! animal-man2 ^? :i* are readily expla9able z di/ort$ reflections ( wak+ actions1 (t5 bas$ on "s /ray ?\ght or sugge/ion ( ! day & !n comp>able to po/-hypnotic sugge/ions4 ,o!r dreams are demon/rably entirely outside ! range ( ord9>y m5tal or physical di/urbances1 actions1 reflections1 or sugge/ions ( ! wak+ life1 & seem ?us 'to h a wid] purview1 & to indicate t ! record ( ext]nal ev5ts :i* is kept )9 u is f> full] ?an we "k'4#ege ,9 "s dreams !re is reason+ z well z memory1 & ma!maticians h be5 kn[n to solve problems 9 sleep3 an ,am]ican inv5tor kn[n to ! writ]'s "m ass]t$ t he _h dreamt out ! details ( a c]ta9 ice-manufactur+ process :i* prov$ successful :5 te/$2 ?r\gh self-sugge/ion set up 9 ! wak+ /ate1 ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son1 ^u ent]+ ! dream /ate1 secur$ details = 8 imag9>y romances4#egf ,dr4 ,/\t himself1 9 criticiz+ ,my]s's ',sublim9al ,self'1 admits t '9 "s v r>e in/ances1 a man has a*iev$1 :ile dream+1 intellectual p]=mances equall+ or p]haps surpass+ ! be/ ( :i* he 0 capable 9 wak+ life'2#egg & !re are _m au!ntic cases ( dream exp]i5ces :i* _c possibly be expla9$ z revivals ( facts fall5 out ( ! range ( ! ord9>y memory or consci\sness4 ,we seem to be l$ to "s hypo!sis l ?is3 9 dream+ !re is m5tal activity :i* 9 ! wak+ /ate is ei!r functionless or else bel[ ! psy*o-physical ?re%old ( s5sibility2 because mu* t is subconsci\s 9 ! non-dream /ate is 9 ! dream /ate fully consci\s4 ,& we probably d n rememb] "o qu>t] ( our dreams3 !y belong to a ma9ly diff]5t ord] ( consci\sness4 ,pr(essor ,freud's view ( dreams co9cides pretty g5]ally ) ?is view4 ,he holds t ! subconsci\sness is ! /oreh\se out ( :i* dream cont5ts are drawn & act$ ^u by ! dream m9d4 ,v mu* di/ortion ( ! subconsci\s mat]ial takes place 9 ! process1 due to :at he calls ! 'endopsy*ic c5sor'4 ,9 ! wak+ /ate ?is c5sor is always on ! al]t to keep out ( consci\sness all subconsci\s processes or deposits1 b 9 sleep ! c5sor is less al]t1 & all[s "s subconsci\s cont5t to escape ov] into ! ord9>y consci\sness4 ,! result is a dream di/ort$ out ( all recognition ( its orig94 ,su* a dream seems to occupy a position midway betwe5 :at we h class$ z ! l[e/ or animal-m9d dream & ! highe/ or sublim9al dream4 ,x possibly %[s an h>moni\s psy*o-physical condition ( ! dream life1 :]eas ! l[e/ type ( dream %[s ! prepond]ance ( ! physical or animal1 & ! highe/ type ( dream %[s ! prepond]ance ( ! psy*ical elem5ts 9 man4 ,fur!r1 x may be designat$ z ! normal dream1 & ! o!r two types respectively z ! physically abnormal & ! psy*ically abnormal4 ,pr(essor ,freud detects o!r m>k$ processes 9 ! dream /ate1 all ( :i* help to illu/rate ! "p ( ! ,fairy-,fai? dep5d5t ^u dream+ exp]i5ces4 7#a7 ,!re is cond5sation ( details frequ5tly 9 a proportion s great z "o = t5 & "o = tw5ty2 7#b7 displacem5t ( details1 or 'a transvaluation ( all values'2 7#c7 mu* dramatization2 7#d7 regression1 a retrograde movem5t ( ab/ract m5tal processes t[>d _! prim>y conceptions2 & 7#e7 second>y elaboration1 an attempt to rationalize all dream-mat]ial4#egh ,also1 ,pr(essor ,freud discov]$ f 8 analysis ( ?\s&s ( dreams t ! subconsci\sness makes use ( a sort ( symbolism3--',?is symbolism 9 "p v>ies ) ! individual1 b 9 "p is ( a typical nature1 & seems to be id5tical ) ! symbolism :i* we suppose to lie beh9d our my?s & leg5ds4 ,x is n impossible t ^! latt] creations ( ! p may f9d _! explanation f ! /udy ( dreams4'#egi ,su* processes1 tak5 z a :ole1 %[ t man possesses a tw(old consci\sness1 ! ord9>y consci\sness & ! subconsci\sness4 ,& we h e reason to believe t subconsci\s activities g on cont9ually1 9 wak+ & 9 sleep+4 ,by exp]im5ts on 8 own p]fectly heal?y *ildr51 ,wi5holt prov$ t !re are natural =ces exi/+ ^: /imulations are nev] p]ceiv$ 9 wak+ life3 he made passes ov] ! face & neck ( 8 son ) an iron key at ! di/ance ( half an in* )\t t\*+ him1 :]eupon ! boy began to rub ^? p>ts & manife/$ uneas9ess4 ,wi5holt likewise exp]im5t$ on 8 o!r *ildr5 ) lead1 z9c1 gold1 & o!r metals1 & 9 mo/ cases ! *ildr5 'av]t$ ! p>ts s treat$1 rubb$ !m1 or drew ! clo!s ov] !m'4#ehj ,!re=e1 9 sleep ! consci\sness p]ceives objects )\t physical contact2 & ?is n inconceivably might sugge/1 inv]sely1 t 9 sleep ! human consci\sness c affect objects )\t physical contact1 z x is said fairies & ! dead c1 & 9 ! way psy*ical rese>*]s "k t objects c be affect$4 ,we h on record an acc\nt ( a mo/ rem>kable dream q ! same 9 "* z dreams :]e9 c]ta9 ,celts believe !y h met ! dead or fairies4 ,pr(essor ,hilpre*t _h a brok5 ,assyrian cyl9d] 9 cunei=m :i* he c\ld n deciph]2 b 9 a dream an ,assyrian prie/ 9 anci5t g>b appe>$ to him & deciph]$ ! inscription4 ,( ?is dream ,my]s obs]v$3--',we seem to h rea*$ ! utmo/ int5sity ( sleep faculty )9 ! limits ( our ord9>y spectrum4'#eha ,we may sum up ! results ( our exam9ation ( dreams by say+ t sci5tific analysis ( ! dream life 9 its high] ranges proves t our ,ego is n :olly embrac$ 9 self-consci\sness1 t ! ,ego exce$s ! self-consci\sness4 ,in/ead ( a cont9uity ( consci\sness :i* con/itutes self-consci\sness we h p>allel /ates ( consci\sness = ! "o subject1 ! ,ego4 ,our /udy ( ! ,celtic !ory ( re-bir?1 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 w fur!r expla9 ?is subtle aspect ( ! dream psy*ology4 ,:5 su* a conclusion is appli$ to ! ,fairy-,fai?1 ! v>i\s dream-l or trance-l /ates dur+ :i* anci5t & contempor>y ,celts te/ify to hav+ be5 9 ,fairyl& are se5 to be sci5tifically plausible4 ,9 ?is aspect !n1 ,fairyl&1 /ripp$ ( all its lit]>y & imag9ative glam\r & ( its social psy*ology1 9 ! eyes ( sci5ce resolves itself into a reality1 because x is "o ( ! /ates ( consci\sness co-ord9ate ) ! ord9>y consci\sness4 ,?is /atem5t w be confirm$ by a brief exam9ation ( :at is call$ 'sup]natural lapse ( "t'1 & :i* is inv>iably connect$ ) ,fairyl&4 ',sup]natural' ,lapse ( ,"t ,x has already be5 made cle> t 9 ! dream or somnambulic /ate !re are inv>iably modifications ( "t & space relations2 & ^! give rise to :at has be5 t]m$ ! 'sup]natural lapse ( "t'4 ,two conditions are possible3 ei!r a few m9utes ( wak+-/ate "t equal long p]iods 9 ! non-wak+ /ate2 or else1 z is usually ! case 9 ! ,fairy-,fai?1 ! rev]se is true4 ,! fir/ condition1 :i* we %all exam9e fir/1 occasionally appe>s 9 ! ,fairy-,fai? ?r\gh su* a /atem5t z ?is3--',sometimes "o may ?us g to ,fa]ie = an h\r or two' 7p4 #ci74 ,simil>ly1 z physicians well "k1 pati5ts "u n>cotics w exp]i5ce ev5ts ext5d+ ov] long p]iods ( "t )9 a few m9utes ( normal "t4 ,de ,qu9cey1 ! fam\s opium-eat]1 records dreams ( t5 to sixty ye>s' sup]natural duration1 & "s q beyond all limits ( ! wak+ exp]i5ce4 ,fe*n] records a case ( a woman :o 0 ne>ly dr[n$ & !n resuscitat$ aft] two m9utes ( unconsci\sness1 & :o 9 t "t liv$ ov] aga9 all h] pa/ life4#ehb ,ano!r ev5 m rem>kable case ?an ?is la/ conc]ns ,admiral ,beau=t1 :o1 hav+ fall5 into ! wat]1 0 unconsci\s also = two m9utes1 & yet he says t n only dur+ t %ort space ( "t did he travel ov] e incid5t ( 8 life ) ! details ( 'e m9ute & collat]al feature'1 b t !re cr[d$ into 8 imag9ation '_m trifl+ ev5ts :i* _h long be5 =gott5'4#ehc ,we %all n[ pres5t examples to illu/rate ! second condition4 ,hhne 0 9 an unbrok5 magnetic sleep f ! fir/ ( ,janu>y to ! t5? ( ,may1 & :5 he came out ( x he 0 ov]come ) surprise to see t spr+ _h arriv$1 he hav+ la9 d[n--z he believ$--only ! day be=e4#ehd ,_h ,hhne be5 an ,iri%man1 he might v reasonably h expla9$ ! situation by say+ t he _h be5 ) ! fairies = :at seem$ only a night4 ,! ,se]ess ( ,prevor/1 9 a simil> sleep1 pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( six ye>s & five mon?s1 & !n awoke z f a "o-night sleep ) no memory ( :at %e did dur+ t "t2 b "s "t aft]w>ds memory ( ! p]iod came to h] s completely t %e recall$ all its details4#ehe ,old p1 & "s "y p too1 among ! ,celts1 :o g to ,fairyl& = v>y+ p]iods ( "t1 sometimes ext5d+ ov] weeks 7z 9 a case ,i knew 9 ,we/ ,irel&71 h j su* dreams or trance-/ates z ?is4 ,ano!r example foll[s3--,*>del1 9 flee+ f ! ,revolution1 took %ip f ,brittany & 0 oblig$ to induce somnambulism on 8 wife 9 ord] to ov]come h] horror ( ! sea4 ,:5 ! c\ple l&$ 9 ,am]ica & ,*>del awak5$ 8 wife1 %e _h no recollection :atev] ( ! ,atlantic voyage1 & believ$ h]self /ill 9 ,brittany4#ehf ,bo? ,helmholtz & ,fe*n] %[#ehg t ! functions ( ! n]v\s sy/em are associat$ ) a def9ite "t-measure1 s x foll[s t consci\sness 9 an organic body l man's dep5ds ^u ! n]v\s sy/em2 b1 z ^! examples & simil> ones 9 ! ,fairy-,fai? %[1 c]ta9 consci\s /ates exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! human n]ves1 & !y !re=e set up a /rong presumption t complete consci\sness c exi/ indep5d5tly ( ! physical n]ve-app>atus4 ,& 9 proce$+ to submit ?is presumption ( a sup]s5su\s consci\sness to ! fur!r te/ ( sci5ce we %all at ! same "t be te/+ ! /atem5ts made by :olly reliable se]-witnesses1 l ! ,iri% my/ic & se] 7p4 #fe71 t n only c m5 & wom5 ent] ,fairyl& dur+ trance-/ates = a brief p]iod1 b t at dea? !y c ent] x = an unlimit$ p]iod4 ,fur!r1 :at is = our /udy ! mo/ important ( all /atem5ts w likewise be te/$1 namely1 t 9 ,fairyl& !re are consci\s non-human entities l ! ,sidhe races4 ,,psy*ical ,,rese>* ,,& ,,fairies ,our pres5t task1 !n1 is to ext5d ! exam9ation beyond inc>nate consci\sness into ! realm ( ! new psy*ology or physical rese>*1 :]e1 z a work+ hypo!sis1 x is assum$ t !re is disc>nate consci\sness1 :i* by ! ,celtic peoples is believ$ to exi/ & to exhibit itself 9 v>i\s individual aspects z fairies4 ,z to :at sci5ce dem&s z pro( ( ! survival ( human consci\sness aft] dea?1 !re has be5 no cle> cons5sus ( op9ion4 ,to prove m]ely ! exi/5ce ( 'gho/s' w\ld n d2 x is necess>y to %[ by a s]ies ( pro(s 7#a7 t disc>nate intellig5ces exi/1 7#b7 t !y possess complete & p]si/5t p]sonal en]gy :olly )9 !mselves1 7#c7 t !y are ! actual unit ( consci\sness & memory kn[n to h manife/$ itself on ?is plane ( exi/5ce ?r\gh p>ticul> inc>nate p]sonalities n[ deceas$4 ,v>i\s psy*ical rese>*]s ass]t t !y h already rea*$ ^! pro(s & are conv9c$1 (t5 9 spite ( _! initial sci5tific attitude ( antagonism t[>d all psy*ic ph5om5a1 ( ! survival ( ! human consci\sness aft] ! dea? ( ! human body2 & we %all proce$ to pres5t ! te/imony ( "s ( !m4 ,9 *apt] vii1 conc]n+ ,phantasms ( ! ,dead1 =m+ "p ( ,fr$]ick ,w4 ,h4 ,my]s's ,human ,p]sonality & its ,survival ( ,bodily ,dea?1 & 9 ! two *apt]s :i* foll[1 on ,motor ,automatism1 & on ,trance1 ,possession1 & ,ec/asy1 all ! necess>y pro(s above not$ h be5 adduc$2 & ! au?or 0 !reby "o ( ! v fir/ psy*ical rese>*]s to h record$ be=e ! _w 8 conv]sion f ! non-animi/ic hypo!sis to ! anci5t belief t ,man is immortal2 = he admits 8 conviction t ! human consci\sness does inconte/ably survive ! decay ( ! physical body4 ,types ( "s ( ^! well-atte/$ & prov$ cases (f]$ z evid5ce by ,my]s may be briefly summ>iz$ z foll[s3--,repeat$ app>itions indicat+ intimate acqua9tance ) "s po/-mortem fact l ! place ( burial2 s+le app>itions ) k ( ! affairs ( surviv+ fri5ds1 or ( ! imp5d+ dea? ( a survivor1 or ( spirits ( p]sons dead aft] ! app>ition's decease2 cases :]e pr(ess$ spirits manife/ k ( _! e>?-life1 z ( "s secret compact made ) survivors2 cases ( app>itional appe>ances ne> a corpse or a grave2 occasional cases ( ! appe>ance ( ! dead to sev]al p]sons collectively4#ehh ,"u motor automatism1 "s ( ! mo/ /rik+ ph5om5a t5d+ t[>d pro( are cases :]e automatic writ+ has ann\nc$ a dea? unkn[n to ! p]sons pres5t2 k communicat$ 9 a sance1 n kn[n to any p]son pres5t1 b aft]w>ds prov$ to h be5 possess$ by ! deceas$2 automatic writ+ by a *ild 9 language unkn[n to h]4 ,9 *apt] ix trance or possession is def9$ by ,my]s1 9 ! same li/ ( pro(s1 z 'a developm5t ( ,motor ,automatism result+ at la/ 9 a sub/itution ( p]sonality'2 & ?is h>monizes ) ! !ory ( ! control ( a liv+ organism by disc>nate spirits1 & is support$ by an ov]:elm+ mass ( sci5tific exp]im5t4 ,telepa?y sugge/s ! possibility ( communication betwe5 ! liv+ & ! liv+ & betwe5 ! liv+ & ! dead1 &1 we may add1 betwe5 ! dead & ! dead--z 9 ,fairyl&--)\t ! consid]ation ( space or "t z kn[n 9 ! l[] ranges ( m5tal action2 & t ! communication does n dep5d ^u vibrations f a mat]ial bra9-mass4 ,telepa?y 9 ^! fir/ two aspects has be5 likewise accept$ z a sci5tific fact by work]s 9 psy*ical rese>* l ,sir ,william ,crookes1 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,william ,james1 & by _m o!rs4 ,all su* ph5om5a z ^!1 n[ be+ s c>efully inve/igat$ & weigh$ by m5 ?or\ghly tra9$ 9 sci5ce1 are1 s to speak1 ! protoplasmic backgr\nd ( all religions1 philosophies1 or sy/ems ( my/ical ?\ght yet evolv$ on ?is planet2 & 9 all ess5tials !y confirm ! x-quantity pres5t$ 9 ! evid5ce ( ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t1 an able repres5tative ( ! s*ool ( non-conv]ts to ! !ories 9 psy*ology prop\nd$ by ,my]s & by psy*ical rese>*1 /ates 8 position ?us3--',b1 at lea/1 my d\bt is n dogmatic d5ial1 & ,i agree ) ,mr4 ,my]s t !re is no suffici5t reason = be+ peculi>ly sceptical conc]n+ communications f dep>t$ spirits4 ,i also agree ) him t ! alleg$ cases ( su* communication _c be ) any approa* to probability expla9$ away z m]e in/ances ( telepa?y4'#ehi ,9 addition1 ,dr4 ,/\t says3--',! conception :i* has be5 really useful to him is t ( telepa?y4 ,giv5 t communication takes place betwe5 individual m9ds unm$iat$ by ord9>y physical conditions1 we may reg>d int]c\rse ) dep>t$ spirits z a special case ( ! same k9d ( process4 ,& clairvoyance1 precognition1 c41 may p]haps be ref]r$ to telepa?ic communication ei!r ) dep>t$ spirits or ) o!r intellig5ces sup]ior to ! human4'#ehi ,9 ?is la/ phrase1 'intellig5ces sup]ior to ! human'1 ,dr4 ,/\t assumes our own position1 t hypo!tically !re is good reason = ?9k+ t disc>nate non-human intellig5ces--su* z ! ,iri% call ! ,sidhe--may exi/ & communicate )1 or influ5ce 9 "s unkn[n way1 ! liv+1 z dur+ 'm$ium%ip' & 9 'se]%ip'4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang po9ts out1 9 8 reply to ,dr4 ,/\t's criticism1 t ! only legitimate sci5tific res\rce = ov]?r[+ ,my]s's position1 s9ce ! evid5ce is 'ma!matically incapable ( explanation by *ance co9cid5ce'1 is to say t sev]al p are delib]ate =g]s & li>s4 ,& he adds3--',to myself 7b only to myself & a small circle7 ! evid5ce is irrefragable1 f our lifetime k ( ! p]cipi5t4'#eij ,b ! animi/ic position does n by any means dep5d ^u ! evid5ce pres5t$ by ,my]s1 no matt] h[ inconte/ably reliable x is4 ,we h only to exam9e ! volum9\s publications ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* 7,london7 to realize ?is1 & especially ! ,report on ! ,c5sus ( ,halluc9ations ( ,mod]n ,spiritualism1 by ,pr(essor ,sidgwick's ,committee 7,p4 ,s4 ,p4 ,r41 ,london74 ,,psy*ical ,,rese>* ,,& ,,an?ropology ,,9 ,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,fairy-,,fai? ,accord+ to a special contribution f ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,lang1 :o has done a special s]vice to sci5ce by %[+ t psy*ical rese>* is insep>ably relat$ to an?ropology1 has fav\r$ u ) a /atem5t ( 8 own position t[>d ?is relation%ip & has made x directly applicable to ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,9 a g5]al way1 b n 9 "s important details 7z indicat$ 9 our annotations7 we agree ) ,mr4 ,lang's position1 :i* he /ates z foll[s3-- ,mr4 ,evans ,w5tz has ask$ me to def9e my position t[>ds psy*ical rese>* 9 relation to an?ropology4 ,i h done s 9 my book1 ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion4 ,! alleg$ abnormal or sup]normal occurr5ces :i* psy*ical rese>* exam9es are1 = ! mo/ "p1 'univ]sally human1' &1 :e!r !y happ5 or d n happ51 :e!r !y are ! results ( malobs]vation1 or ( fraud1 or are m]ely my?ical1 z human !y _c be wisely neglect$ by an?ropology4 ,! fairy-folk1 "u _m names1 9 _m tongues1 are ev]y:]e objects ( human belief1 9 ,c5tral ,au/ralia1 9 ,new ,zeal&1 9 ! isles ( ! ,pacific1 z 9 ! ,briti% ,isles1 ,l[l& or ,highl&1 ,celtic 9 ! ma91 or ,engli% 9 ! ma91 ,i conceive ! v>i\s be+s1 fairies1 br[nies1 ,irunt>9ia1 ,dj9ns1 or :at y w1 to be purely my?ical4 ,i am incapable ( believ+ t !y are actual entities1 :o c>ry (f m5 & wom52 /eal & hide objects 7especially z ! ,irunt>9ia d72 love or hate1 p]secute or kiss human be+s2 practise music1 vocal & in/rum5tal2 & 9 %ort 'play ! pliskies' ) :i* !y are univ]sally cr$it$ by ! id5tical work+s ( ! human fancy4 ,!y t5d to %ade away1 on "o side1 into ! d5iz5s ( ! ,h\se ( ,hades--phantasms ( ! dead4 ,! belief 9 su* phantasms may be p>tially bas$ on exp]i5ce1 :e!r halluc9atory or o!rwise & inexplicably produc$4#eia ,z f> z psy*ical rese>* /udies report ( ^! phantasms x approa*es ! realm ( '! ,fairy ,que5 ,pros]p9e'4 ,z f> z su* rese>* exam9es ! hi/orical or contempor>y /ories ( ! ,polt]gei/1 x t\*es on fairies3 because ! ,iri%1 = example1 attribute to ! ag5cy ( fairies ! mod]n ,polt]gei/ ph5om5a1 :e!r ^!1 9 ea* case1 be fraudul5t or1 up to n[1 be unexpla9$4 ,!re are n m ?an two or ?ree alleg$ visions ( ! traditional fairies 9 ! annals ( psy*ical rese>*2 & ,i h met ) b few sane & educat$ p]sons :o pr(ess to h se5 phantoms at all resembl+ ! traditional fairy2 :ile phantasms suppos$ to be ( ! dead1 ! dy+1 & ! abs5t are frequ5tly report$4 ,on ! :ole1 psy*ical rese>* has v little conc]n ) ! fairy-belief 9 its typical =ms1 & if ! rese>*] did f9d mod]n cases ( fairy visions alleg$ by sane & educat$ p]cipi5ts1 he w\ld be apt to expla9 !m by sugge/ion act+ on ! subconsci\s self4#eib #a ,,m>loes ,,road1 ,,london1 ,w4 ,septemb] #bf1 #aiaj4 ,conc]n+ phantasms ( ! dead into :i*1 z above po9t$ out1 ! fairy-folk t5d to %ade away1 ,mr4 ,lang has else:]e said3--',on ! :ole1 if ! evid5ce is wor? any?+1 !re are real objective gho/s1 & !re are also telepa?ic halluc9ations3 s t ! sci5tific attitude is to believe 9 bo?1 if 9 ei!r4'#eic ,& he %[s t :ile an?ropologi/s h expla9$ all animi/ic beliefs z ! results ( primitive m5's philosophiz+ 'on life1 dea?1 sleep1 dreams1 trances1 %ad[s1 ! ph5om5a ( epilepsy1 & ! illusions ( />vation'1 'normal ph5om5a1 psy*ological & psy*ical1 might sugge/ mo/ ( ! animi/ic beliefs4'#eic ,9 ,! ,mak+ ( ,religion1 ,mr4 ,lang has exp&$ ?is an?ropological argum5t s z to make x ev5 m fully embrace psy*ical rese>*4 ,if we apply ! brilliant results ( ,mr4 ,lang's inve/igations to our own1 x is app>5t t ! backgr\nd ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 l t ( all religions1 is animi/ic1 z we h argu$ 9 *apt] iii2 t x mu/ h gr[n up 9 anci5t times into its traditional =m out ( a pre-,celtic foll[$ by a pre-,*ri/ian ,celtic religion2 ^! latt] due1 9 turn1 to actual psy*ical exp]i5ces1 su* z halluc9ations1 visions ( diff]5t sorts1 clairvoyance1 'm$ium%ip'1 & magical k on ! "p ( ,druid prie/s &1 probably1 to "s ext5t1 on ! "p ( ! common p z well2 &1 f9ally1 t ! liv+ ,fairy-,fai? dep5ds n s mu* ^u anci5t traditions1 oral & record$1 z ^u rec5t & contempor>y psy*ical exp]i5ces1 v\*$ = by _m 'se]s' & o!r p]cipi5ts among our witnesses1 & n[ plac$ on record by u 9 *apt] ii & else:]e ?r\gh\t ?is /udy4 ,,! ,,pres5t ,,position ,,( ,,psy*ical ,,rese>* ,sir ,william ,crookes1 ! well-kn[n ,engli% au?ority 9 physical sci5ce1 0 almo/ ! fir/ sci5ti/ to become s]i\sly int]e/$ 9 psy*ics1 & 9 ,"p ,,iii ( ,notes ( an ,enquiry into ! ,ph5om5a call$ ,spiritual1 dur+ ! ,ye>s #ahgj-ahgc 7,london71 boldly affirms3--',x w be se5 t ! facts are ( ! mo/ a/\nd+ "*1 & seem utt]ly irreconcilable ) all kn[n !ories ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,hav+ satisfi$ myself ( _! tru?1 x w\ld be moral c[>dice to )hold my te/imony because my previ\s publications 7 ridicul$ by critics & o!rs4' ,& ?is conclusion rea*$ =ty ye>s ago has n be5 rev]s$1 b has be5 confirm$ by "o aft] ano!r ( le>n$ sci5ti/s on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,9 #aijh1 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,pr9cipal ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,birm+ham1 & at pres5t "o ( ! be/ kn[n ( sci5ti/s conc]n$ ) ! /udy ( spiritual ph5om5a1 /at$ 8 position ?us3--',on ! :ole1 ,i am ( ^? :o1 ?\gh !y w\ld l to see fur!r & /ill /rong] & m cont9u$ pro(s1 are ( op9ion t a good case has be5 made out1 & t z ! be/ work+ hypo!sis at ! pres5t "t x is legitimate to grant t lucid mom5ts ( int]c\rse ) deceas$ p]sons may 9 ! be/ cases sup]v5e4444 ,! b\nd>y betwe5 ! two /ates--! kn[n & ! unkn[n--is /ill sub/antial1 b x is we>+ ?9 9 places2 & l excavators engag$ 9 bor+ a tunnel f opposite ends1 amid ! ro> ( wat] & o!r noises1 we are beg9n+ to he> n[ & aga9 ! /rokes ( ! pickaxes ( our comrades on ! o!r side4'#eid ,9 #aiji1 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge publi%$ ,! ,survival ( ,man1 9 :i*1 aft] a c>eful exposition1 cov]+ ov] ?ree hundr$ pages1 ( ! def9ite results ( mu* sci5tific exp]im5tation by ! be/ sci5ti/s ( ,europe & ,am]ica1 9 su* psy*ical ph5om5a z ,telepa?y or ,?\ght ,transf]5ce1 ,telepa?y & ,clairvoyance1 ,automatism & ,lucidity1 ! foll[+ t5tative conclusion is rea*$3--',! fir/ ?+ we le>n1 p]haps ! only ?+ we cle>ly le>n 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 is cont9uity4 ,!re is no su* sudd5 break 9 ! conditions ( exi/5ce z may h be5 anticipat$2 & no break at all 9 ! cont9u\s & consci\s id5tity ( g5u9e "* & p]sonality4'#eid ,& 8 p]sonal conviction is t ',intellig5t co-op]ation betwe5 o!r ?an embodi$ human m9ds ?an our own 444 has become possible'4#eie ,william ,james1 :o 0 "o ( ! *ief psy*ical rese>*]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 publi%$ 8 conclusions 9 ,octob] #aiji2 & ( psy*ical ph5om5a he wrote3--',z to !re be+ su* real natural types ( ph5om5a ignor$ by or?odox sci5ce1 ,i am n baffl$ at all1 = ,i am fully conv9c$ ( x4' ,( 'm$ium%ip'1 he po/ulat$ ! v int]e/+ !ory ( a univ]sally diffus$ 's\l-/uff'1 :i* else:]e 7p4 #bed7 we h ref]r$ to z ! sci5tific equival5t to ! ,polynesian ,mana3 ',my own dramatic s5se t5ds in/9ctively to picture ! situation z an int]action betwe5 slumb]+ faculties 9 ! automati/'s m9d & a cosmic environm5t ( o!r consci\sness ( "s sort :i* is able to "w ^u !m4 ,if !re 7 9 ! univ]se a lot ( diffuse s\l-/uff1 unable ( itself to get into consi/5t p]sonal =m1 or to take p]man5t possession ( an organism1 yet always crav+ to d s1 x might get its head into ! air1 p>asitically1 s to speak1 by pr(it+ by weak spots 9 ! arm\r ( human m9ds1 & slipp+ 9 & /irr+ up !re ! sleep+ t5d5cies to p]sonate4' ,exp&+ ?is !ory into a 'pan-psy*ic' view ( ! univ]se & assum+ a '"m-sea' ( consci\sness1 a bank ^u :i* we all draw1 ,james ask$ ^! que/ions ab\t x1 :i* educat$ ,celtic se]s ask !mselves ab\t ! ,sidhe or ,fairy-,_w & its also collective consci\sness or life3 ',:at is its own /ructure8 ,:at is its inn] topography8444 ,:at are ! conditions ( individuation or insulation 9 ?is "m-sea8 ,to :at tracts1 to :at active sy/ems function+ sep>ately 9 x1 d p]sonalities correspond8 ,are individual spirits con/itut$ !re8 ,h[ num]\s1 & ( h[ _m hi]>*ic ord]s may ^! !n be8 ,h[ p]man5t8 ,h[ transi5t8 ,& h[ conflu5t ) "o ano!r may !y become8'#eif ,we %\ld ask ! read] to comp>e ?is sci5tific attitude ) ! almo/ id5tical attitude tak5 up ) respect to ! ,sidhe ,races & ! con/itution ( _! _w & life by ! ,iri% my/ic & se] 7pp4 #fj ff474 ,m4 ,camille ,flamm>ion1 ! well-kn[n ,fr5* a/ronom]1 is ano!r ( ! pione] psy*ical rese>*]s2 & 9 8 psy*ic /udies1 entitl$1 z translat$ 9 an ,engli% edition1 ,! ,unkn[n1 rec5tly ann\nc$ ^! def9ite conclusions3--'7#a7 ,! s\l exi/s z a real entity indep5d5t ( ! body4 7#b7 ,x is end[$ ) faculties /ill unkn[n to sci5ce4 7#c7 ,x is able to act at a di/ance1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( ! s5ses4' ,& 9 8 ,my/]i\s ,psy*ic ,=ces 7,bo/on1 #aijg1 pp4 #deb-c71 he says3--',! conclusions ( ! pres5t "w concord ) ^? ( ! =m] 7,! ,unkn[n74444 ,i may sum up ! :ole matt] ) ! s+le /atem5t t !re exi/s 9 nature1 9 myriad activity1 a psy*ic elem5t ! ess5tial nature ( :i* is /ill hidd5 f u4' ,,! ,,f9al ,,te/+ ,,( ,,! ,x-,,quantity ,?is *apt] c n[ be br\ght to its logical conclusion by directly apply+ ! results s f> atta9$ to our /ill vigor\s x-quantity or residuum ga!r$ out ( ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,we h1 al?\gh hurri$ly1 blaz$ a r\gh pa?way ?r\gh ! necess>y p>ts ( ! jungle ( sci5tific !ories1 & h arriv$ at a v consid]able cle>+ made by ! pione]s1 ! psy*ical rese>*]s4 ,we seem1 9 fact1 to h arriv$ at a po9t 9 our long inve/igations :]e we c po/ulate sci5tifically1 on ! %[+ ( ! data ( psy*ical rese>*1 ! exi/5ce ( su* invisible intellig5ces z gods1 g5ii1 daemons1 all k9ds ( true fairies1 & disembodi$ m54 ,x is n necess>y to produce "h1 9 addition to :at already has be5 set =?1 ! v volum9\s detail$ evid5ce ( psy*ical rese>* z to ! exi/5ce ( su* intellig5ces4 ,! g5]al /atem5t may be made t !re are hundr$s ( c>efully prov5 cases ( ph5om5a or app>itions precisely l _m ( ^? :i* ! ,celtic peoples attribute to fairies4#eig ,v>i\s explanations or !ories are (f]$ by our m5 ( sci5ce z to :at ^! invisible intellig5ces are1 = none ( our sci5ti/s w\ld say t ! dead alone are responsible1 ev5 9 a majority ( cases1 = ! obs]v$ ph5om5a & app>itions1 b r su* be+s z we call daemons1 fairies1 & elem5tals4 ,m4 ,camille ,flamm>ion says3--',! great] "p ( ! ph5om5a obs]v$--noises1 movem5t ( tables1 confusions1 di/urbances1 raps1 replies to que/ions ask$--are really *ildi%1 pu]ile1 vulg>1 (t5 ridicul\s1 & r resemble ! pranks ( mis*iev\s boys ?an s]i\s bona-fide actions4 ,x is impossible n to notice ?is4 ,:y %\ld ! s\ls ( ! dead amuse !mselves 9 ?is way8 ,! supposition seems almo/ absurd4'#eih ,!re c\ld be no bett] description ( ! pranks :i* h\se-haunt+ fairies l br[nies & ,rob9 ,goodfell[s & elem5tals enjoy ?an ?is2 & to suppose t ! dead p]=m su* mis*iev\s & playful acts is1 9 tru?1 absurd4 ,m4 ,flamm>ion also says3--',two inescapable hypo!ses pres5t !mselves4 ,ei!r x is we :o produce ^! ph5om5a' 7& ?is is n reasonable7 'or x is spirits4 ,b m>k ?is well3 ^! spirits are n necess>ily ! s\ls ( ! dead2 = o!r k9ds ( spiritual be+s may exi/1 & space may be full ( !m )\t our ev] kn[+ any?+ ab\t x1 except "u unusual circum/ances4 ,d we n f9d 9 ! diff]5t anci5t lit]atures1 demons1 angels1 gnomes1 gobl9s1 sprites1 spectres1 elem5tals1 c48 ,p]haps ^! leg5ds are n )\t "s f\ndation 9 fact4'#eih ,on '! ph5om5a ( p]cussive & alli$ s\nd'--su* z fairies & ! dead are said to produce--,sir ,william ,crookes made ?is report3--',! intellig5ce gov]n+ ! ph5om5a is sometimes manife/ly bel[ t ( ! m$ium4 ,x is frequ5tly 9 direct opposition to ! wi%es ( ! m$ium4444 ,! intellig5ce is sometimes ( su* a "* z to lead to ! belief t x does n emanate f any p]son pres5t4'#eii ,9 ! case ( ! 'm$ium' ,mr4 ,home1 ,sir ,william ,crookes us$ me*anical te/s & prov$ to 8 own satisfaction t physical objects mov$ )\t ,mr4 ,home or any o!r p]son be+ 9 contact ) !m1#fjj 9 ! way t fairies are believ$ to move objects4 ,^! ph5om5a p>allel rem>kable anci5t & mod]n examples ( ! same nature3 e4 g4 9 ! affair at ,cideville1 ,france1 br\ght be=e a magi/rate1 !re is sworn evid5ce by reputable witnesses t pill[s & cov]lets float$ away f a b$ 9 :i* two *ildr5 7 asleep1 & t furniture 9 ! h\se mov$ )\t contact4#fja ,mrs4 ,m>g>et ,qu9n1 orig9ally ( ,mull+>1 b n[ ( ,h[?1 gave ?is rem>kable te/imony3--',:5 ,i 0 a little girl1 ,i liv$ ) my "m 9 ,we/ ,mea?1 ne> ,mull+>4 ,a =t 0 at ! back ( our h\se1 & "m us$ to he> music play+ r\nd our h\se all night1 & %e has se5 !m 7! good p74 ,x (t5 happ5$ !re at home t we w\ld h clo!s out on ! l9e & !y w\ld float (f l a balloon at a "t :5 !re w\ld n be a bit ( w9d & 9 daylight4 ,my "m w\ld come out & say1 ,god bless !m 7! good p74 ,!y w br+ !m back4 ,& !n ! clo!s w\ld sl[ly come float+ back to ! l9e4' ,& 9 our *apt] ii !re is o!r te/imony conc]n+ objects mov$ )\t contact ) human be+s1 ei!r ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( fairies or ( ! dead4 ,aft] due inve/igation ( su* & v>i\s o!r ph5om5a1 ,sir ,william ,crookes1 among o!r !ories to expla9 !m1 gives ?is !ory3--',! actions ( a sep>ate ord] ( be+s1 liv+ on ?is e>?1 b invisible & immat]ial to u4 ,able1 h[ev]1 occasionally to manife/ _! pres5ce4 ,kn[n 9 almo/ all c\ntries & ages z demons 7n necess>ily bad71 gnomes1 fairies1 kobolds1 elves1 gobl9s1 ,puck1 c4'#fjb ,"h we seem to h :at ought to be1 by ?is /age ( our /udy1 pro( ( ! ,psy*ological ,!ory ( ! nature & orig9 ( ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,let u n[ draw a few ( ! direct p>allels ?us sugge/$4 ,consid] fir/ h[ a fairy is said to appe>1 h[ x is describ$1 & h[ x vani%es1 & !n comp>e ! facts /at$ 9 ! foll[+ case ( a phantom report$ by ,sir ,william ,crookes#fjc3--';,9 ! dusk ( ! ev5+' 7j ! "t :5 fairies are mo/ easily se57 'dur+ a sance ) ,mr4 ,home at my h\se1 ! curta9s ( a w9d[ ab\t eight feet f ,mr4 ,home 7 se5 to move4 ,a d>k1 %ad[y1 semi-transp>5t =m1 l t ( a man1 0 !n se5 by all pres5t /&+ ne> ! w9d[1 wav+ ! curta9 ) 8 h&4 ,z we look$1 ! =m fad$ away & ! curta9 ceas$ to move4' ,! foll[+--,mr4 ,home z 9 ! =m] case be+ ! 'm$ium'--is a /ill m /rik+ in/ance3--',a phantom =m came f a corn] ( ! room1 took an accordion 9 its h&1 & !n glid$ ab\t ! room play+ ! in/rum5t4 ,! =m 0 visible to all pres5t = _m m9utes1 ,mr4 ,home also be+ se5 at ! same "t4 ,on its com+ r close to a lady :o 0 sitt+ ap>t f ! re/ ( ! company1 %e gave a slight cry1 ^u :i* x vani%$4' ,comp>e ! foll[+ types ( obs]v$ ph5om5a by ! same au?ority ) :at our ,wel% witness f ! ,p5tre ,evan c\ntry said ab\t dea?-c&les 7p4 #aee73--';,i h se5 a lum9\s cl\d float+ upw>ds to a picture4' ,or1 ',i h m ?an once _h a solid self-lum9\s body plac$ 9 my h& by a h& :i* did n belong to any p]son 9 ! room4 ,9 ! light ,i h se5 a lum9\s cl\d hov] ov] a heliotrope on a side-table1 break a sprig (f1 & c>ry ! sprig to a lady2 & on "s occasions ,i h se5 a simil> lum9\s cl\d visibly cond5se to ! =m ( a h& & c>ry small objects ab\t4' ,simil> lights1 p>allel to ! dea? lights or dea? tok5s obs]v$ by ,celtic p]cipi5ts 9 ,wales & 9 ,brittany1 & to :at 9 ,irel& are call$ ! 'lights' ( ! 'good p' or 'g5try'--all ( :i* ph5om5a are traceable to no mat]ial causes z yet discov]$--are report$ by ,iambli*us & o!rs ( 8 s*ool4#fjd ,& su* lights are among ph5om5a be/ atte/$ by mod]n psy*ical rese>*]s4 ,sup]normally produc$ music1 said to h be5 produc$ by daemons1 :i* is p>allel to t call$ by sev]al ( our own p]cipi5ts 'fairy' music1 0 also kn[n to ! ,neo-,platoni/s2#fjd & 9 ! sci5tific inve/igations to :i* ,mr4 ,home 0 subject$1 musical s\nds 7 he>d :i* c\ld n be attribut$ to any kn[n ag5cy4 ,9 haunt$ h\ses1 z psy*ical rese>* discov]s1 ! ru/l+ ( dresses1 movem5ts ( objects1 & s\nds1 (t5 occur spontane\sly )\t & ) ! occurr5ce ( app>itions2#fjd & ^! ph5om5a are p>allel to c]ta9 ones :i* we h _h cit$ by ,celtic p]cipi5ts z due to fairies4 ,mr4 ,lang1 too1 has set =? cle>ly ! probability ( real 'haunts' or spirits possess+ p>ticul> places--j z fairies are said to possess p>ticul> localities or build+s 9 ,celtic l&s4 ,! ,report on ! ,c5sus ( ,halluc9ation by ,pr(essor ,sidgwick's ,committee has furni%$ data suffici5tly good to conv9ce _m sci5ti/s t phantoms 7comp>able 9 a way ) ,iri% ban%ees & ! ,breton ,ank\7 d appe> to ! liv+ directly be=e a dea? z ?\gh ann\nc+ x4#fje ,accord+ to o!r equally reliable data1 sometimes a phantasmal voice--l c]ta9 'fairy' voices--has giv5 news ( a dea?4#fjf ,my]s & o!rs h /udi$ & record$ _m cases ( ! dead appe>+1 z ! ,celtic dead appe> :5 !y h be5 tak5 to ,fairyl&4#fjf ,9 ,phantasms ( ! ,liv+1 by ,gurney1 ,my]s1 & ,podmore1 ! explanation ( app>itions :i* are co9cid5t ) a dea? z be+ g5]at$ by a telepa?ic influ5ce ex]t$ ^u ! p]cipi5t by ! dy+ fri5d1 sugge/s ! mo/ rational int]pretation ( c]ta9 p>allel k9ds ( app>itions1 ( ! dead or ( fairies1 :o1 z 9 ^! la/ examples1 appe> dress$ 9 g>m5ts4 ,x is t all su* app>itional appe>ances1 co9cid5t ) a dea? or n1 are equally due to a telepa?ic =ce ex]t$ by an ag5cy indep5d5t ( ! p]cipi5t4 ,?is outside =ce acts z a /imulus ^u ! n]v\s app>atus ( ! p]son to :om x is ?us transmitt$1 & causes him to project out ( "s "p ( 8 own consci\sness 7:i* "p may h pass$ ov] into ! subconsci\sness7 a visualiz$ image already impress$ !re4 ,! image has natural aff9ity or correspond5ce ) ! outside /imulus :i* ar\ses x4 ,su* an hypo!sis curi\sly agrees 9 "p ) ! "o put =? by our se]-witness1 ! ,iri% my/ic 7p4 #fj ff474 ,he w\ld probably agree z to ! visualization process 9 mo/ types ( ord9>y app>itions4 ,9 addition1 he holds t ,nature h]self has a memory3 !re is "s indef9able psy*ic elem5t 9 ! e>?'s atmosph]e ^u :i* all human & physical actions or ph5om5a are photograph$ or impress$4 ,^! records 9 ,nature's m9d correspond to m5tal impressions 9 u4 ,"u c]ta9 inexplicable conditions1 normal p]sons :o are n se]s may obs]ve ,nature's m5tal records l pictures ca/ ^u a scre5--(t5 l mov+ pictures4 ,se]s c always see !m if !y wi%2 & uncritical se]s frequ5tly mi/ake ^! phantom records or pictures exi/+ on ! psy*ical envelope ( ! planet = actual ev5ts n[ occurr+1 & = actual be+s--fairies ( v>i\s k9ds & ! dead4 ,a rec5t book entitl$ ,an ,adv5ture1 by ,elizabe? ,morison & ,frances ,lamont 7pseudonyms71 adequately illu/rates :at we mean by su* phantom pictures4 ,dur+ ! ye> #aija ^! two cultur$ ladies saw at le petit ,trianon ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette records 9 ! m9d ( ,nature ( pa/ hi/orical ev5ts dat+ f ab\t #aghi4 ,( ?is !re seems n to be ! slighte/ d\bt4 ,! fairy boat-race on ,l\gh ,gur1 z describ$ by ,c\nt ,john de ,salis 7p4 #hj71 & ! procession se5 on ,t>a ,hill ( fairies 'l soldi]s ( anci5t ,irel& 9 review' 7p4 #cc71 probably illu/rate ! same k9d ( ph5om5a 7cf4 pp4 #ee-g1 #fh1 #gd1 #abc1 #abf1 c474 ,b 9 visions by natural se]s1 foll[+ aga9 ! !ory ( our ,iri% se]-witness1 !re is pres5t n only an outside =ce 7z seems to be ! case :5 ord9>y app>itions are se57 b also a v]idical be+ ) a =m & life ( its own 9 a _w ( its own4 ,su* a real entity is z di/9ct f a picture 9 ! memory ( ,nature z a liv+ p]son is di/9ct f ! m5tal picture :i* 8 fri5d holds & projects z a visualiz$ image :5 respond+ to a telepa?ic /imulus s5t by him4 ,! natural se]1 n be+ oblig$ to see ) 8 normal s5se ( vision1 ne$ n use ! normal me?od 7namely1 visualization7 ( respond+ to ! outside telepa?ic /imulus1 & s does n see ! ord9>y app>itional gho/ or fairy4 ,he ex]cises 'second-sight' or ec/atic vision1 & :ile s do+ is 9 ! same plane ( consci\sness & "u ! same conditions ( p]ception z ! intellig5ce :i* projects ^u him ! /imulus induc+ automatically su* 'second-sight' or ec/atic vision4 ,!re=e1 if ! intellig5ce has a =m & nature ( its own1 ! se] & n ! non-se] w p]ceive !m 9 _! own _w :ile 8 consci\sness is tempor>ily function+ !re & out ( ! normal plane ( m5tal action4 ,9 o!r words1 9 ! normal plane ! non-se] reacts normally ^u ! same /imulus ^u :i* ! se] reacts abnormally4 ,! =m] p]cipi5t sees a non-real app>ition1 a visualiz$ image out ( 8 own exp]i5ce2 ! latt] claims to see a real be+4 ,! real be+ exi/s normally "u conditions :i* are abnormal to ! non-se]1 b :i* to ! se] become normal4 ,! visualization ( ! non-se] is a make%ift1 a psy*o-physical reaction to a purely psy*ical /imulus4 ,x is ma!matically possible to conceive f\r?-dim5sional be+s1 & if !y exi/ x w\ld be impossible 9 a ?ird-dim5sional plane to see !m z !y really are4 ,h5ce ! ord9>y app>ition is non-real z a =m1 :]eas ! be+s1 :i* :olly sane & reliable se]s claim to see :5 ex]cis+ se]%ip ( ! highe/ k9d1 may be z real to !mselves & to ! se]s z human be+s are to u "h 9 ?is ?ird-dim5sional _w :5 we ex]cise normal vision4 ,conc]n+ actual demon-possession1 :i* among spirituali/s & psy*ical rese>*]s w\ld be call$ _s ph5om5a ?r\gh 'm$iums'1 & :i*1 z we h else:]e po9t$ out 7pp4 #bdi ff471 (f]s ! mo/ rational explanation = ! *angel+ belief & relat$ ,celtic beliefs ab\t fairies1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,l4 ,nevius1 9 8 ,demon ,possession1 (f]s v important sci5tific data relat+ to ,*9a4 ,dr4 ,f4 ,f4 ,ell9wood1 :o l t au?ority /udi$ /range psy*ical ph5om5a 9 ! int]ior di/ricts ( ! ,%antung ,prov9ce 7,*9a7 = _m ye>s1 says 9 an introductory note to t "w3--',antec$5tly to any k ( ! ,new ,te/am5t' 7s full ( cases ( demon-possession7 '! p ( ,nor? ,*9a believ$ fully 9 ! possession ( ! m9ds & bodies ( m5 by evil spirits4444 ,x has always be5 und]/ood t ! p]sonality ( ! evil _s usurp$1 or = ! "t be+ supplant$1 t ( ! unwill+ victim1 & act$ ?r\gh 8 organs & faculties4 ,physical suff]+ & sometimes viol5t p>oxysms att5d$ ! pres5ce & active influ5ce ( ! _s4' ,9 ! face ( s _m cases ( su* ph5om5a obs]v$ 9 ,*9a by ! same au?orities1 ,dr4 ,ell9wood adds1 z ,dr4 ,nevius's conclusion1 t 'no !ory has be5 advanc$ :i* s well accords ) ! facts z ! simple & unque/ion+ conclusion s univ]sally held by ! ,*ri/ians ( ,%antung1 viz4 t evil spirits d 9 _m in/ances possess or control ! m9d & w ( human be+s'4 ,hypnotism %[s h[ "o /rong & magnetic human w c control ! m9d & w ( its subject2 ! sci5tific results atta9$ by ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* 9 its /udy ( spiritualism %[ a disembodi$ w or intellig5ce controll+ & us+ ! body ( a liv+ human be+2 & ,dr4 ,nevius writes3--',n[ may n demon-possession be only a diff]5t1 a m advanc$ =m ( hypnotism8' ,crim9al records ( ,europe & ,am]ica %[ _m examples ( condemn$ crim9als :o confess$ 9 all s9c]ity t "s invisible or outside influ5ce l$ !m aga9/ _! bett] judgem5t to commit crime2 & v (t5 9 su* examples ! pa/ lives ( ! condemn$ are s good z to set up a /rong probability 9 fav\r ( _! belief 9 possession4 ,& altoge!r 9 accord ) ! evid5ce ( mod]n m$ium%ip1 z well z t ( m$ium%ip among ! anci5ts1 ,dr4 ,nevius says ( ,*9ese demon-possession3--',:5 normal consci\sness is re/or$ aft] "o ( ^! attacks1 ! subject is entirely ignorant ( ev]y?+ :i* has pass$ dur+ t /ate4 ,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ^? cases is t ! subject evid5ces ano!r p]sonality1 & ! normal p]sonality = ! "t be+ is p>tially or :olly dormant4 ,! new p]sonality pres5ts traits ( "* utt]ly diff]5t f ^? :i* really belong to ! subject 9 8 normal /ate1 & ?is *ange ( "* is1 ) r>e exceptions1 9 ! direction ( moral obliquity & impurity4 ,_m p]sons :ile demon-possess$ give evid5ce ( k :i* _c be acc\nt$ = 9 ord9>y ways4444 ,!y sometimes conv]se 9 =eign languages ( :i* 9 _! normal /ates !y are entirely ignorant4 ,!re are (t5 he>d1 9 connexion ) demon possessions1 rapp+s & noises 9 places :]e no physical cause = !m c be f\nd2 & tables1 *airs1 crock]y1 & ! l are mov$ ab\t )\t1 s f> z c be disc]n$1 any application ( physical =ce1 exactly z we are told is ! case among spirituali/s4'#fjg ,,conclusion ,our inve/igations 7& f> m exhau/ive ones ?an ours t\*+ simil> psy*ical ph5om5a7 %[1 :5 appli$ to ! residuum or x-quantity1 ^! *ief results3 7#a7 ,! ,mat]iali/ic & ! ,delusion & ,impo/ure ,!ories c be dismiss$ z n affect+ x4 7#b7 ,au?orities d n agree 9 _! op9ions z to ! pa?ological & psy*ological processes ) :i* we are directly conc]n$2 !y are q unc]ta9 h[ to expla9 ! human bra9 9 all its m subtle functions1 or ! sympa!tic n]v\s sy/em & n]v\s /ates g5]ally1 9 relation especially to human consci\sness "u v>i\s abnormal b n diseas$ conditions ( ! organism2 & !y d n propose any conclusions z f9al1 b only z v weakly t5tative1 ?\gh "s ( ^! are 9 fav\r ( a psy*o-physical view ( man 9 :i* !re is a close approa* to ! pres5t m advanc$ position ( psy*ical rese>*4 7#c7 ,psy*ical rese>* has furni%$ pro( suffici5t to conv9ce su* fir/-class sci5ti/s z ,sir ,william ,crookes1 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,william ,james1 ,m4 ,camille ,flamm>ion1 & o!rs1 t /ates ( consci\sness exi/ 9 nature outside (1 ?\gh probably connect$ )1 ! consci\sness ( inc>nate human be+s1 & t ^! intellig5ces c produce effects on matt] & on ! psy*ical con/itution ( man2 & "s ( ^! sci5ti/s consid] c]ta9 ( su* intellig5ces to be disc>nate m5 & wom54 7#d7 ,sci5tific pro( has be5 adduc$ t !re are g5u9e halluc9ations--l ^? relat+ to fairies--( human-l =ms1 se5 by s+le p]cipi5ts1 or collectively2 & su* collective halluc9ations are incapable ( be+ expla9$ away1 :i* is equally true ( app>itions se5 by a s+le p]cipi5t to move physical objects4 7#e7 ,_m ( ! =emo/ psy*ical rese>*]s1 includ+ ^? nam$ above1 accept 'm$ium%ip' or _s-possession z ! be/ work+ hypo!sis to expla9 automatism4 7#f7 ,9 ! accept$ !ory ( telepa?y we h support = assum+ t1 l hypnosis1 x is a psy*ical process1 & c be c>ri$ on ei!r by two embodi$ spirits or human be+s1 or by a disembodi$ _s & "o /ill inc>nate4 ,my]s's !ories1 includ+ t ( ! ,sublim9al ,self1 embody all ! prec$+ ones & agree 9 details ) !m4 7#g7 ,! results tak5 toge!r h>monize ) ^? atta9$ 9 our /udy ( psy*ical ph5om5a attribut$ by ! ,celtic peoples to fairies2 &1 if !y be accept$1 old] psy*ological & pa?ological !ories mu/ be ?or\ghly revis$ 9 _m cases1 or else ca/ aside z wor?less4 ,f9ally1 s9ce we h demon/rat$ t ! backgr\nd ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 & h5ce ! residuum or x-quantity ( x1 is l ! backgr\nd ( all religi\s & my/ical beliefs1 be+ animi/ic1 & l !m has gr[n up 9 anci5t times out ( def9ite psy*ical ph5om5a id5tical 9 "* ) ^? n[ /udi$ by sci5ce1 & is kept alive by an unbrok5 succession ( 'se]s' & p]cipi5ts1 we h a cle> "r to set up "u sci5tific au?ority ^! t5tative conclusions3 7#a7 ,fairyl& exi/s z a sup]normal /ate ( consci\sness into :i* m5 & wom5 may ent] tempor>ily 9 dreams1 trances1 or 9 v>i\s ec/atic conditions2 or = an indef9ite p]iod at dea?4 7#b7 ,fairies exi/1 because 9 all ess5tials !y appe> to be ! same z ! intellig5t =ces n[ recogniz$ by psy*ical rese>*]s1 be !y ?us collective units ( consci\sness l :at ,william ,james has call$ 's\l-/uff'1 or m individual units1 l v]idical app>itions4 7#c7 ,our exam9ation ( liv+ *ildr5 said to h be5 *ang$ by fairies %[s 7see pp4 #bej-a7 7a7 t _m *angel+s are s call$ m]ely because ( "s bodily de=mity or because ( "s abnormal m5tal or pa?ological *>act]i/ics capable ( an ord9>y rational explanation1 7b7 b t o!r *angel+s :o exhibit a *ange ( p]sonality1 su* z is recogniz$ by psy*ologi/s1 are 9 _m cases be/ expla9$ on ! ,demon-,possession ,!ory1 :i* is a well-e/abli%$ sci5tific hypo!sis4 ,!re=e1 s9ce ! residuum or x-quantity ( ! ,fairy-,fai?1 ! folk-religion ( ! ,celtic peoples1 _c be expla9$ away by any kn[n sci5tific laws1 x mu/ = ! pres5t /&1 & ! ,psy*ological ,!ory ( ! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ! ,belief 9 ,fairies 9 ,celtic ,c\ntries is to be consid]$ z hypo!tically e/abli%$ 9 ! eyes ( ,sci5ce4 ,h5ce we mu/ cease to look ^u ! t]m fairy z be+ always a synonym = some?+ fanciful1 non-real1 absurd4 ,we mu/ also cease to ?9k ( ! ,fairy-,fai? z be+ no m ?an a fabric ( gr\ndless beliefs4 ,9 %ort1 ! ord9>y non-,celtic m9d mu/ readju/ itself to a new set ( ph5om5a :i* ?r\gh ignorance on its "p x has be5 cont5t to disreg>d1 & to treat ) ridicule & contempt z s mu* outworn 'sup]/ition'4 ,,section ,,iv ,,mod]n ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,! ,,fairy-,,fai?2 ,,& ,,conclusions ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,! ,,celtic ,,doctr9e ,,( ,,re-,,bir? ,,& ,,o!rworld ,,sci5tifically ,,exam9$ ',if all ?+s :i* p>took ( life 7 to die1 & aft] !y 7 dead rema9$ 9 ! =m ( dea?1 & did n come to life aga91 all w\ld at la/ die1 & no?+ w\ld be alive--:at o!r result c\ld !re be8'--,,socrates1 z report$ by ,plato4 ',! s\l1 if immortal1 exi/$ be=e our bir?4 ,:at is incorruptible mu/ be ung5]able4'--,,hume4 ',if !re be no reasons to suppose t we h exi/$ be=e t p]iod at :i* our exi/5ce app>5tly comm5ces1 !n !re are no gr\nds = suppos+ t we %all cont9ue to exi/ aft] our exi/5ce has app>5tly ceas$4'--,,%elley4 ,! ext5sion ( ! t]ms ,fairy & ,fairyl&--,! real man z an invisible =ce act+ ?r\gh a body-conductor--,a psy*ical organ ess5tial = memory--,pre-exi/5ce a sci5tific necessity--,! vitali/ic view ( evolution--,old !ory ( h]$ity disprov$--,embryology supports re-bir? doctr9e--,psy*o-physical evolution--,memory ( previ\s exi/5ces 9 subconsci\sness--,examples--,dream psy*ology furni%es cle>e/ illu/rations--,no po/-exi/5ce )\t pre-exi/5ce--,resurrection z re-bir?--,! ,circle ( ,life--,! my/ical coroll>y--,conclusion3 ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? & ,o!rworld is ess5tially sci5tific4 ,9 ! esot]ic ,fairy-,fai?1 ! t]ms ,fairy & ,fairyl& atta9 _! broade/ mean+4 ,to ! ,celtic my/ic1 ! univ]se is divisible into two int]p5etrat+ p>ts or aspects3 ! visible 9 :i* we are n[1 & ! invisible :i* is ,fairyl& or ! ,o!rworld2 & a fairy is an intellig5t be+1 ei!r embodi$ z a memb] ( ! human race or else resid5t 9 ! ,o!rworld4 ,! latt] class includes _m di/9ct hi]>*ies & l[] ord]s4 ,"s1 l ! highe/ ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 :o are ! same 9 "* z ! gods ( ! ,greeks & ,h9doos1 are sup]human2 o!rs are ! s\ls ( ! dead2 :ile _m are subhuman & h nev] be5 embodi$ 9 gross physical bodies4 ,^! la/ include daemons 7incorrectly reg>d$ by ,*ri/ian & o!r !ologies z be+ 9 all cases evil1 & call$ demons72 & o!r l spirits1 su* z ^? :i* ,dr4 ,tylor1 9 ,primitive ,culture1 has designat$ nature spirits 7lepre*auns1 pixies1 knock]s1 corrigans1 lut9s1 little folk1 elves g5]ally1 & _! c\nt]p>ts 9 all non-,celtic ,fairy-,fai?s71 :i* are ! elem5tals ( m$iaeval my/ics4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt] *iefly ! l[] species ( fairies 7 "u consid]ation1 b n[ ! high] ord]s 7includ+ human s\ls embodi$ & disembodi$71 9 _! relation t[>d "o ano!r1 are to be consid]$ indep5d5tly4 ,x becomes necess>y1 !n1 to pres5t "h a view ( life & dea? n yet sci5tifically or?odox4 ,! ,celt 9 all ages ( 8 long hi/ory1 l ! anci5t ,greek ?9k]s ) :om 8 ance/ors 7 contempor>y1 has always be5 incl9$1 unlike mod]n sci5ti/s1 to seek an explanation = ! ph5om5a ( evolution>y life by po/ulat+ a n\m5al _w ( causes z ! backgr\nd ( ! ph5om5al _w ( effects4 ,to-day1 ! rapid m>* ( sci5tific pione]s1 *iefly ^? 9 psy*ical rese>*1 is br++ our own cold & exact sci5ce v close to t indef9able b\nd>y :i* sep>ates ! two worlds2 & = t reason alone a pres5tation ( ! ,celtic !ory ( ! causes op]at+ to produce dea? & bir? w be1 at lea/ by way ( sugge/ion1 ( "s value4 ,facts ( common ev]yday k are apt to lose _! significance ?r\gh too great famili>ity4 ,a fact ( ?is "* is t :5 ea* *ild is born x mu/ awak5 into life4 ,(t5 x is n kn[n :e!r ! newly-born babe is dead or alive until x /ret*es =? its arms & brea!s or cries4 ,& ?is ph5om5on ( our fir/ awak5+ & entry ^u ! visible plane ( life & consci\s action seems to corroborate :at ! e>ly ,celt :o ?\ghtfully obs]v$ x held to be true1 & :at ! ,celt ( to-day holds to be true3 t ! mat]ial sub/ance compos+ ! body ( man is m]ely a means ( expression = life1 a conductor = an unkn[n =ce :i* exhibits volition & individual consci\sness2 j z mat]ial sub/ance 9 a condition call$ inanimate is a conductor = ano!r unkn[n =ce call$ electricity1 :i* does n exhibit any volition or consci\sness4 ,de/roy ! human body1 & !re is no manife/ation ( its life =ce2 de/roy a wire1 & !re is no manife/ation ( electric light3 ! human body seems to be m]ely incid5tal 9 ! hi/ory ( ! individual consci\sness1 z a wire is incid5tal to electric light4 ,b is ?is consci\sness ( man :i* we call life simply a ph5om5on ( matt] non-exi/5t )\t a physical means ( expression1 or does x--l electricity aft] ! wire is de/roy$--cont9ue to exi/ 9 an unmanife/$ /ate :5 ! human body is cold & motionless 9 dea?8 ,& 9 ! case ( a *ild born dead has ?is consci\sness f\nd "s organic imp]fection 9 ! newly-con/ruct$ infant body :i* made its manife/ation impossible8 ,a few ?\ghts to aid 9 answ]+ ^! que/ions w probably sugge/ !mselves if we briefly consid] ! great diff]5ce betwe5 a human body 9 life & a human body 9 dea?4 ,9 life1 !re is ! highly organiz$1 delicately adju/$1 p]fectly balanc$ human body respond+ to ! w ( an invisible p[]2 & x is admitt$ by all s*ools ( philosoph]s1 morali/s1 & sci5ti/s t ?is invisible p[]--:atev] x may be--is ! real man4 ,?is invisible p[]1 beg9n+ its manife/ation ?r\gh a microscopic bit ( g]m-plasm1 gradually builds = itself a m & m complex physical habitation1 until1 aft] ! %ort space ( n9e mon?s1 x claims memb]%ip among ! ranks ( m54 ,dur+ ! _m ye>s ( its soj\rn on our planet1 x r5ews its habitation _m times4 ,e atom x began ) 9 *ildhood is disc>d$ & replac$ by a new "o long be=e ! age ( manhood is rea*$1 & yet ^u rea*+ manhood ! invisible p[] rememb]s :at x did 9 a *ild's frame4 ,?is indicates t memory or consci\sness z a psy*ical process does n dep5d ess5tially ^u a mat]ial bra9 nor ^u a c]ta9 gr\p+ ( ev]-*ang+ bra9-sub/ance2 = if x did1 app>5tly x w\ld sl[ly & imp]ceptibly und]go *ange z completely z ! :ole physical body & bra94 ,?is physiological process furni%es suffici5t data to all[ u to po/ulate t !re is a psy*ical organ ( memory beh9d ! physical s5se-consci\sness1 & t su* an organ 9 itself is1 at lea/ dur+ a human-life p]iod1 un*ang+ 9 its composition4 ,)\t su* an organ1 ! process ( memory :5 m fully analys$ 79 a way we _c "h attempt7 is inexplicable4#fjh ,! simple/ hypo!sis is to conceive t organ z ! "o connect$ ) ! subconsci\sness or sup]-s5se-consci\sness1 by means ( :i* ! invisible p[] or rememb]] is able to rememb] & to impress its memory ^u ! tempor>y & cont9ually un/able physical bra94 ,9 ! process ( memory !re mu/ be fir/ ( all a ?+ to be rememb]$2 second1 a record ( t ?+ to be rememb]$2 & ?ird1 some?+ to rememb] t ?+4 ,! ?+ rememb]$ is ! result ( a consci\s exp]i5ce1 ! record ( x ! result ( its impress at ! "t x 0 exp]i5c$1 b ! rememb]] is nei!r4 ,t invisible p[]1 :i* we h call$ ! real man1 animates ! body1 x places food 9 x z fuel to produce animal heat1 animal vitality & =ce1 & tries to keep x 9 good work+ ord] z long z possible4 ,if ! body is imp]fect at bir? or becomes s lat]1 t invisible p[] is =c$ to act ?r\gh x imp]fectly2 if ! bra9 is diseas$1 !re is insanity1 if undevelop$1 idiocy2 & :5 ! body ceases to respond ei!r p]fectly or imp]fectly1 ! invisible p[] mu/ surr5d] x entirely1 & !re is :at we call dea?4 ,n[ :at is ?is invisible p[] or =ce :i* has entirely vani%$1 leav+ ! physical body & bra9 cold & motionless8 ,let u see if !re is an answ]4 ,*emical analysis proves t ! visible p>ts ( ! body ( man are m]ely trans=m$ gases2 b 9 a complete analysis ( a liv+ body su* z man's !re are c]ta9 elem5ts to be consid]$ :i* are always invisible4#fji ,?us at dea? !re is in/antly a cessation ( all bodily consci\sness--( all will+1 ?9k+1 movem5t4 ,! p[] :i* has made ! body consci\s1 & :i* _c be comp>$ to any kn[n =m ( matt]1 is entirely gone4 ,b !re is left 9 ! body a mom5t aft] its dep>ture ev]y?+ :i* we "k to be mat]ial--! animal heat1 ! animal magnetism1 ! animal vitality4 ,:5 ^! are gone1 ! body is cold & /iff1 & 9 no ess5tial way unlike any o!r mass ( in]t matt]4 ,if heat be appli$ to ! body1 or magnetism1 or vital =ces1 !re is no?+ 9 x to reta9 !m any m ?an !re w\ld be 9 a /one4 ,! real man is gone4 ,!n ! body beg9s to dis9tegrate4 ,! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy & ! inde/ructibility ( matt] makes x c]ta9 t 9 ! process ( dea? no?+ has be5 lo/1 c]ta9ly no?+ mat]ial4 ,! animal heat has gone (f some:]e 9 ! atmosph]e or 9 "s o!r matt]2 ! animal magnetism & vitality are mom5t>ily lo/ sight (1 b soon !y w be atta*$ to o!r organic be+s su* z plants or animals to beg9 a new cycle ( embodim5t4 ,! physical con/itu5ts ( ! body w g to _! appropriate places1 into ! air z gases1 into ! wat] z fluids1 into ! e>? z salts & m9]als1 & 9 a %ort "t may =m ! p>ts ( a fl[]1 or fruit1 or animal4 ,b :]e or :at is ! will+1 ! ?9k+1 ! rememb]+1 ! direct+ =ce :i* once controll$ all ^! & held !m toge!r 9 unity8 ,ultra-violet rays are invisible1 b !y %[ _! exi/5ce ?r\gh _! *emical action2 simil>ly a s\l or ,ego may exi/ invisibly & %[ its exi/5ce ?r\gh ! vital & physical unity manife/$ by a liv+ human be+4 ,z we h already se5 9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 !re are a numb] ( ! fir/ m5 ( sci5ce :o feel t :5 all ! data ( ! late/ sci5tific discov]ies 9 ! realm ( psy*ology & ( psy*ical rese>* are imp>tially exam9$ !re is no escape f "s su* hypo!sis z ! anci5t hypo!sis ( a s\l4 ,if we accept ! s\l hypo!sis1 z x seems we mu/1 & reg>d a s\l z an inde/ructible unit ( invisible p[] possess+ consci\sness & volition1 & normally able to exi/ indep5d5tly ( a human body1 !n x becomes a logical & a sci5tific necessity to po/ulate its pre-exi/5ce1 because z su* a unit x is inde/ructible1 9 accordance ) ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy & inde/ructibility ( matt]4 ,we speak "h n ( ! ord9>y s\l or human p]sonal consci\sness1 b ( t ,ego :i* ,celtic my/ics conceive z ! p]man5t pr9ciple 7?\gh probably itself relative to "s /ill high] p[]7 beh9d ! p]sonality--:i*1 9 turn1 !y believe is a tempor>y comb9ation :olly dep5d5t ^u ! ,ego4 ,accord+ly1 x is sci5tifically possible = su* a s\l z a homog5e\s unit ( =ce or consci\s en]gy to pass f "o mass ( matt] or physical body to ano!r )\t dis9tegration1 dim9ution1 or loss ( its own id5tity4 ,x is sci5tifically c]ta91 also1 f exp]im5ts p]=m$ to te/ ! p[] ( resi/ance to decomposition exhibit$ by ! =ce :i* we call life 9 an organic body1 t su* a =ce is capable ( outwe>+ _m physical embodim5ts4#faj ,rec5t demon/rations t5d to %[ t ! h]$ity hypo!sis _c be held to acc\nt fully = su* widely v>i$ "* or s\l individuality z may be exhibit$ by memb]s ( "o family4 ,we mu/ !re=e acc\nt = m5tal1 moral1 & c]ta9ly psy*ical inequalities among our race by "s o!r hypo!sis2 & no hypo!sis is m sci5tific1 m 9 l9e ) kn[n physiological & psy*ical processes1 or m 9 accord ) ! law ( evolution1 ?an t ( re-bir?4 ,! !ory ( ! me*anical transmission ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics 9 a purely physical mann] ?r\gh ! g]m-plasm is no long] t5able :5 all ! data ( physiology & psy*ology are admitt$4 ,a vitali/ic view ( evolution is rapidly develop+ 9 ! sci5tific _w1 & ! weight ( evid5ce is decid$ly 9 fav\r ( reg>d+ all evolution>y processes1 rea*+ f ! l[e/ to ! highe/ organisms1 z illu/rat+ a gradual unfold+ 9 ! s5su\s _w ( a pre-exi/+ psy*ical p[] ?r\gh an ev]-increas+ complexity ( specializ$ /ructures1 ?is complexity be+ br\ght ab\t by natural selection4 ,su* a view is also /rongly support$ if n confirm$ by ! g5]al sci5tific belief t spontane\s g5]ation ( life is & always has be5 impossible on our planet or on any planet3 !re mu/ h be5 life be=e its physical manife/ation or its physical evolution began4 ,we may reg>d ?is psy*ical p[] z l a va/ res]voir ( consci\sness ev] try+ to =ce itself ?r\gh matt]1 ! walls ( ! res]voir4 ,?r\gh ! microscopic body ( an amoeba !re has p]colat$ a v m9ute drop f ! res]voir4 ,z evolution advances1 ! walls ( ! res]voir become m & m por\s1 & little by little ! drop increases to a t9y rivulet4 ,?r\gh ! high] animals1 ! t9y rivulet fl[s z a brook4 ,?r\gh man z he is1 ! brook fl[s z a deep & broad riv]4 ,?r\gh\t ! completely evolv$ man ( ! f> di/ant future1 ! deep & broad riv] w h ov]fl[$ all its banks1 x w h inundat$ & completely ov]:elm$ ! animal-human nature ( ! individual ?r\gh :om x fl[s1 z ! :ole volume ( ! va/ res]voir p\rs itself out4 ,! ord9>y consci\sness ( man w !n h be5 transmut$ into ! subconsci\sness1 ( :i* x _h always be5 a pale reflection4 ,9 o!r words1 if ! !ory ( ! me*anical transmission ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics has fail$1 z seems to be ! case1 !n we mu/ assume t !re is1 z ! be>] ( all ga9s made f g5]ation to g5]ation1 "s sort ( psy*ical or vitali/ic pr9ciple4 ,?is1 mak+ use ( ! g]m-plasm m]ely z a physical basis = its manife/ation1 beg9s to build up a body suit$ to its fur!r evolution>y ne$s4 ,! brilliant discov]ies ( ,dr4 ,jacques ,loeb & ( ,m4 ,yves ,delage h demoli%$ absolutely ! old idea t ea* organ & ea* tissue conta9$ 9 embryo 9 ! normal egg-g]m mu/ develop 9 a p>ticul> & co-ord9ate way into a normal organism & aft] ! p>5tal type3 x is possible to make a head gr[ :]e !re ought to be feet2 & at ,zri*1 ,/&fuss1 solely ?r\gh *ang+ ! temp]ature ( 8 laboratory1 0 able to obta9 f ! same species ( butt]fly =ms :i* 7 tropical & =ms :i* 7 arctic4#faa ,all ?is helps to e/abli% ! hypo!sis1 :i* am\nts to c]ta9ty1 t ! con=mation ( a physical body1 or ev5 ! k9d ( species to be born1 is directly det]m9$ by physical environm5t & n by h]$ity1 & t ! *ief factor to consid] 9 organisms is ! life animat+ ! body4 ,physical environm5t affects only ! physical organism2 x does n affect ! invisible & unkn[n life-pr9ciple resid5t )9 ! physical organism4 ,! process ( f]tilization is a physical process4 ,z su* x is simply initiatory to embryonic evolution :i* also is physical4 ,once ! prop] physical conditions are set up by ! p>5ts1 life pursues its m>vell\s progress 9 ! womb ( ! human "m1 f ! amoeba-l initial embryo to man4 ,t is to say1 p>5ts set 9 motion ! laws gov]n+ ! reproduction ( physical bodies4 ,!y create su* conditions z enable ! invisible life-=ce to beg9 its physical manife/ation4#fab ,9 ! two fus$ g]ms f ! p>5ts resides ! physical inh]itance ( ! (fspr+1 to be outw>dly %ap$ by environm5t2 b ! physical inh]itance is a ?+ di/9ct f ! psy*ical "p ( ! liv+ be+1 j z mu* z ! dead human body is a ?+ ap>t f ! life :i* has left x4 ,?\gh ! old h]$ity !ory is ov]?r[n by late discov]ies1 ! "q z to :at life is 9 human bodies "u all possible environm5tal conditions rema9s unsolv$2 & s d ! que/ions :y !re %\ld be sports 9 nature1 :i* among man are call$ g5iuses1 & :y e human be+ has a di/9ct & highly develop$ individual "*1 ess5tially unlike t ( 8 imm$iate ance/ors4 ,embryology proves conclusively t ! human embryo retraces 9 its gr[? ! evolution ( l[] life-=ms4 ,at fir/ consi/+ ( two s+le cells fus$ into "o1 x is l ! amoeba4 ,by cell-division x gr[s & progresses /ep by /ep ?r\gh ea* l[] realm ( be+ until x comes to be a wat]-creature ) gills2 & sci5ce tea*es t all organic life on ?is planet once dwelt 9 ! seas4 ,x gr[s progressively out ( ! wat]-_w /age ( organic life into ! _w ( air-brea?+ creatures4 ,nature at la/ a*ieves h] highe/ product1 & a human be+ is born out ( ! ,womb ( ,"t4 ,! initial microscopic bit ( g]m-plasm is end[$ ) p[] ( motion1 ?\ght1 & human consci\sness1 ) dom9ion ov] all ! l[] k+doms ?r\gh :i* by "r ( anci5t conque/s x pass$ 9 ! brief p]iod ( n9e mon?s4 ,on e side ! problem ( life is full ( poetry & wond]2 x is ! greate/ my/]y4 ,n only c we ?us /udy ! age-long evolution ( ! physical man1 b we h rec5tly acquir$ suffici5t sci5tific data to lay f\ndations = a /udy ( ! evolution ( ! psy*ical man4 ,?us1 = example1 in/9cts seem to be no?+ m ?an habits :i* ?r\gh unkn[n p]iods ( "t h become s +ra9$ 9 ! con/itution ( man1 & ( all animals1 t n[ !y h become second nature & usually are ex]cis$ )\t ! ne$ ( reason+ processes4 ,! influ5ce f innate s5su\s exp]i5ces rises into consci\sness z ! life ( e normal *ild & y\? unfolds itself2 & ^! exp]i5ces 9 _! full expansion1 :5 ! age ( maturity has be5 rea*$1 con/itute 9 _! unity :at we call "*1 :i*1 9 "o s5se1 may be def9$ z ! sum total ( in/9cts ( e k9d4 ,f su* a po9t ( view1 ! psy*ical or invisible p[] 9 man is m]ely a bundle ( acquir$ habits :i* make use ( ! bodily organism 9 ord] to express !mselves--9 ! same way1 z we h po9t$ out1 t electrical =ces manife/ _! pres5ce ?r\gh a conductor4 ,if ^! habits be good1 we call _! possessor a good man2 if evil1 we call him an evil man4 ,! !ory ( ,*>les ,d>w9 sugge/s t all evolution>y progress is direct$ to ! acquirem5t ( new] & ev] high] in/9cts4 ,& if ?is process be ! true "o1 t is to say1 if all in/9cts1 :i* 9 _! f9] di/9ctions m>k (f species f species 9 all animal k+doms1 be z ,d>w9 ?\ght--& z is to-day m cle>ly evid5t--! result ( a long & gradual evolution ?r\gh exp]i5ce 9 a s5su\s realm ( exi/5ce1 !n x w\ld seem to foll[ t !re mu/ be "s k9d ( a monad 7probably a non-s5su\s "o7 to :i* su* acquir$ in/9cts c atta* !mselves4 ,su* a monad1 too1 mu/ h be5 a p]cipi5t & h5ce a record] ( su* ev]-accumulat+ exp]i5ces ?r\gh\t an inconceivably long *a9 ( lives1 & x ( itself mu/1 :ile s p]ceiv+ & record+1 n be subject to ! transitor9ess ( ! s5su\s realm :]e9 x ga!rs toge!r ^! in/9cts1 :i* 9 _! unifi$ expression =m its p]sonality or human "*4 ,9 h>mony ) ! vitali/ic view ( evolution1 :i* implies a pre-exi/5t psy*ical p[] cont9ually /riv+ to express itself completely ?r\gh matt]1 yet normally able to exi/ indep5d5tly ( a physical means ( expression1 we %\ld reg>d su* high m5tal processes z judgem5t1 reason+1 analysis & syn!sis1 & spatial p]ception1 along ) memory1 z resultants ( v great exp]i5ce 9 a s5su\s _w1 on :i* 9 our pres5t psy*o-physical con/itution su* processes appe> to h direct be>+4 ,9 o!r words1 = man to be able to ex]cise su* high m5tal processes !re is ne$ to po/ulate incalculable ages ( specialization 9 ! n]v\s app>atus1 & 9 psy*o-physical adju/m5t1 ( a k9d :i* has ?us enabl$ ! psy*ical p[] to express itself to su* a supreme degree 9 ! realm ( m9d & matt]4 ,! same vitali/ic argum5t is applicable to ! l[] m5tal processes & to ! in/9ctual p[]s 9 man1 because we _c at any "t1 9 view+ ! complete evolution ( man z a tw(old be+ compos$ ( a physical & a psy*ical "p1 =ce aside ,fe*n]'s conviction t ! problem is a psy*o-physical "o4 ,a /udy ( sexual in/9cts 9 *ildr5 seems to confirm ?is4#fac ,su* a psy*ical & vitali/ic hypo!sis is1 z we h se51 /rongly support$ by embryology2 & embryology proves conclusively ! ne$ ( long ages ( physical evolution = ! developm5t ( ea* tissue & highly specializ$ organ 9 ! human body4 ,c]ta9 ,fr5* & ,g]man & o!r sci5ti/s ( ! vitali/ic s*ool h demon/rat$ physiologically ! ne$ ( a pre-exi/5t p[] z ! unify+ pr9ciple :i* attracts & compels mat]ial atoms to gr\p !mselves into ! patt]n ( ! human body#fad--or1 z we may add1 ( any organic body4 ,psy*ical rese>*]s at ! outset ( _! sci5ce seem app>5tly to h demon/rat$ psy*ologically ! po/-exi/5ce ( ! p]sonal consci\sness-unity2 & x is v likely :5 fur!r progress has be5 made 9 psy*ics t !re w arise a logical ne$ to po/ulate1 9 addition to ! p]sonal consci\sness-unity1 a hypo!tical pre-exi/5t s\l-monad z ! unify+ pr9ciple :i* attracts & compels psy*ical atoms ( exp]i5ce 7if su* an expression may be us$7 to gr\p !mselves into ! p]sonal consci\sness-unity :i* appe>s to survive ! dea? ( ! gross physical body--= a long or %ort "t1 z future rese>* may %[4#fae ,su* a s\l-monad1 to foll[ ! view held by ,celtic my/ics1 l$ by acquir$ in/9cts :i* 7 transmitt$ to x ?r\gh ! p]sonality 7held by ! ,celtic esot]ic doctr9e to be a tempor>y comb9ation71 app>5tly weaves out ( matt] ! body-unit adapt$ to its fur!r evolution1 9 a way analog\s to t 9 :i* a silkworm is l$ by acquir$ in/9cts to weave a cocoon4 ,?is body-unit is tw(old3 7#a7 ! visible body d]iv$ f ! visible elem5ts ( matt]2 & 7#b7 ! invisible or gho/-body d]iv$ f ! invisible or e!real elem5ts ( matt]4 ,/rictly speak+1 = ! ,celtic my/ic ?is s\l-monad is some?+ ^u :i* ! p]sonal consci\sness dep5ds = its psy*ical unity 9 precisely ! same way z ! physical body dep5ds ^u ! p]sonal consci\sness = its physical unity4 ,! ,celtic my/ic holds t j z ! body-unity falls back aga9 into its primal elem5ts ( matt]1 s ! p]sonal consci\sness-unity 7app>5tly able to survive 9 ! gho/-body = a long p]iod aft] its sep>ation f ! gross] physical envelope or human body7 also 9 due "t is disc>d$ by ! s\l-monad or individuality1 & !n falls back into its primal psy*ical con/itu5ts4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ,celtic ,esot]ic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? correctly int]pret$ does n conceive p]sonal immortality1 b x conceives a great] k9d ( immortality--! immortality ( ! unkn[n pr9ciple :i* gives unity to ea* tempor>y p]sonality x makes use (1 & :i* we pref] to designate z ! individuality1 ! imp]sonator4 ,& ?is individuality is ! be>] ( all evolution>y ga9s made 9 ea* tempor>y p]sonality ?r\gh :i* x reflects itself3 x is ! p]man5t evolv+ pr9ciple4 ,p]haps an analogy drawn f nature w make ! ,celtic position cle>]3 we may say t ! p]sonality occupies a position betwe5 ! human body & ! s\l-monad1 j z ! moon occupies a position betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 ,p]sonal consci\sness is to ! human body :at ! moonlight is to ! e>?1 m]ely a pale reflection f a ?ird ?+1 ! s\l-monad or individuality1 :i* is ! ultimate s\rce ( bo? sets ( unities1 ! mat]ial or body-unity 9 its tw(old aspect & ! psy*ical or p]sonal consci\sness-unity4 ,ea* p]sonality is tempor>y1 :ile ! individuality1 l ! sun 9 relation to ! e>? & moon1 is capable ( at lea/ a relative immortality3 ! sun's light1 z sci5ce holds1 exi/$ be=e !re 0 any moon to reflect x on to ! e>?1 & may cont9ue to exi/ :5 bo? ! moon & e>? are dis9tegrat$4 ,! ess5tial nature ( ! sun's en]gy or life rema9s unkn[n to sci5ce2 s does ! ess5tial nature ( ! en]gy or life manife/+ itself z ! individuality4 ,?\gh all su* analogies are m or less weak1 ?is "o adequately fits 9 ) ! !ories conc]n+ ! ,celtic ,esot]ic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? :i* ! mo/ le>n$ ( contempor>y ,celts1 *iefly my/ics1 h fav\r$ u )2 & x is our r>e privilege to put ^! !ories on record = :atev] !y may be wor?4 ,! be/ hypo!sis is always ! "o :i* be/ expla9s all available data1 &1 to our m9d1 :5 v m9utely exam9$1 9 a way :i* 7*iefly = reasons ( space7 _c be attempt$ "h1 ?is ,celtic hypo!sis conc]n+ ! nature & de/9y ( man is ! be/ hi!rto adduc$4#faf ,objectors to ! ,re-bir? ,doctr9e z held by ! ,celts & o!r peoples anci5tly & n[1 naturally ask :y1 if we h liv$ be=e "h on e>? 9 physical bodies1 we d n rememb] x4 ,b ! %all[ness & unsci5tific nature ( ?is "q is at once app>5t to psy*ologi/s :o "k t !re exi/s 9 man a subconsci\s m9d :i* 9 ! great mass ( p is almo/ totally dormant4 ',! subconsci\s self1' wrote ,william ,james1 'is n[adays a well-accr$it$ psy*ological entity4444 ,ap>t f all religi\s consid]ations1 !re is actually & lit]ally m life 9 our total s\l ?an we are at any "t aw>e (4' ,& he add$3--',x ?us is sci5tific to int]pret all o!rwise unacc\ntable invasive alt]nations ( consci\sness z results ( ! t5sion ( sublim9al memories rea*+ a bur/+ po9t4'#fag ,intuition1 :i* all m5 h exp]i5c$1 w\ld seem to be ! result ( a mom5t>y contact by ! physical bra9 ) its psy*ical c\nt]p>t--! subconsci\s self1 ! individuality z di/+ui%$ f ! p]sonality4 ,c]ta9 obs]v$ psy*ological processes 9 ord9>y m5 & wom51 :o nev] really "k t !y h a subconsci\sness or ,transc5d5tal ,self1 prove t x exi/s ev5 = !m1 & any "p ( man :i* exi/s & functions ( itself c be develop$ s z to be consci\sly p]ceiv$4 ,?is is inconte/able4 ,let u po9t out a few ( ^! obs]v$ & record$ psy*ological processes4 ,!re may be an unsolv$ problem 9 ! m9d1 or inability to recall a c]ta9 "n or fact1 & !n a sudd51 unexpect$ intuitional solv+ ( ! problem & an in/antane\s recollect+ ( ! desir$ facts1 at a "t :5 ! ord9>y m9d may be entirely absorb$ 9 altoge!r =eign ?\ghts4 ,aga91 _m p]sons ?r\gh accid5t or disease h lo/ _! memory to su* an ext5t z to require complete re-education1 & !n 9 "t1 gradually or in/antane\sly1 z ! case may be1 h completely recov]$ x4#fah ,& we notic$ 9 our /udy ( sup]natural lapse ( "t 7p4 #dfi7 t at ! mom5t ( accid5tal loss ( consci\sness1 z 9 dr[n+ = example1 all =gott5 details ( life are in/antane\sly reproduc$ 9 a complete panorama4 ,^! psy*ological processes support :at we h said above ) respect to a psy*ical organ be+ beh9d ! s5se-consci\sness1 & seem ?us to prove t ! subconsci\s m9d is ! place = record+ p]man5tly all exp]i5ces4#fai ,"u hypnosis1 a subject may be reque/$ to p]=m a c]ta9 act1 let u say #aa1iii m9utes aft] ! mom5t ( mak+ ! reque/4 ,:5 ! hypnotic condition is remov$1 ! subject has no p]sonal consci\sness ( ! sugge/ion1 b1 z diff]5t exp]im5ts h prov$ conclusively1 he inv>iably p]=ms ! act exactly at ! expiration ( ! #aa1iii m9utes )\t kn[+ :y he does s4 ,?is proves t !re is a subconsci\sness 9 man :i* c take full cognizance ( su* a sugge/ion1 :i* c keep c\nt ( ! pass+ ( "t & !n cause ! unconsci\s p]sonality to act 9 response to its w4#fbj ,aga91 9 extreme old age p :o h come to h an imp]fect memory or none at all 9 _! normal consci\sness1 "u abnormal conditions 7:i* seem+ly are due to a tempor>y influx ( a lat5t psy*ical p[] into ! physical body & bra91 or else to an awak5+ ( a dormant =ce )9 ! physical body & bra9 !mselves7 (t5 rega91 = a "t1 complete & cle> memory ( _! *ildhood4 ,?is proves t ! memory is some:]e /ill p]fect1 & t x does n reside 9 ! consci\sness ( ! age-exhau/$ physical bra9 & memory4 ,alb]t ,moll1 9 8 treatise on hypnotism1 says t ev5ts 9 ! normal life :i* h dropp$ out ( memory c be rememb]$ 9 hypnosis3--',an ,engli% (fic] 9 ,africa 0 hypnotiz$ by ,hans51 & sudd5ly began to speak a /range language4 ,?is turn$ out to be ,wel%1 :i* he _h le>nt z a *ild1 b _h =gott54'#fba ,& ev5 memory ( acts done 9 hypnotic somnambulism c be awak5$ 9 ! normal /ate4#fbb ,fur!rmore1 ?r\gh psy*o-analysis1 z ,pr(essor ,freud has %[n1 =gott5 dreams & dreams :i* 7 nev] complete 9 ! ord9>y consci\sness c be recov]$ 9 _! entirety out ( ! subconsci\sness4#fbc ,h[ _m ( u c recall )\t "s m5tal /imulus c]ta9 acts p]=m$ t5 ye>s ago8 ,a good deal ( our pres5t life is no long] vivid1 mu* ( x is =gott51 & 9 old age _m ( ! memories ( y\? & ( mature life w be subconsci\s4 ,if ?is bra91 ^: total exi/5ce is compris$ betwe5 bir? & dea?1 _c rememb] 9 a normal way all its own exp]i5ces1 h[ c\ld x be expect$ to "k any?+ at all ( hypo!tical pa/ lives :]e !re 7 v>i\s physical bra9s long ago dis9tegrat$--unless ! hypo!tically ev]-exi/+ transc5d5tal individuality1 ^: consci\sness is ! subconsci\sness1 be made by "s unusual psy*ical /imuli to transmit its memory ( ! pa/ lives to ea* new bra9 x creates8 ,9 o!r words1 to h memory ( pre-exi/5t conditions !re mu/ be cont9uity ( association ) pres5t conditions4 ,if su* cont9uity exi/s1 x exi/s 9 ! subconsci\sness4 ,& if x exi/s !re91 !n 9 ord] to recall 9 ! pres5t p]sonal or ord9>y consci\sness1 :i* began at bir?1 memory ( an ant]ior /ate ( consci\sness1 x w\ld be necess>y to hold impress$ ^u ! pres5t physical bra9 & body a cle> & unremitt5t consci\sness ( ! subconsci\sness4 ,9 relation to our p]sonal consci\sness1 app>5tly our greate/ p[]s lie 9 ! subconsci\sness :i* is sleep+ & 9 embryo1 await+ to be born into ! consci\sness ( ?is _w ?r\gh ! sl[ process ( evolution>y ge/ation4 ,9 ! case ( a ,buddha1 :o on good hi/orical au?ority is said to h be5 able to recall all pa/ exi/5ces f ! l[e/ to ! highe/1 ?is evolution>y process seems to h rea*$ completion4#fbd ,"u ord9>y conditions1 individuals h be5 kn[n to see a place :i* !y h nev] se5 be=e1 or to d a ?+ :i* !y h nev] done be=e 9 ?is life nor 9 any consci\s dream-/ate1 & yet feel t !y h se5 ! place be=e & done ! ?+ be=e4 ,m4 ,?4 ,ribot1 9 8 ,diseases ( ,memory 7*apt] iv71 has br\ght toge!r _m cases ( ?is k9d4 ,"s are und\bt$ly explicable z =gott5 exp]i5ces ( ! pres5t life4 ,o!rs1 to our m9d1 /rongly support ! !ory ( pre-exi/5t exp]i5ces pres]v$ 9 memory 9 ! subconsci\sness4 ,"u *lor(orm1 or o!r anae/hetics1 pati5ts (t5 recov] = ! "t be+ =gott5 facts ( exp]i5ce1 & sometimes appe> to make mom5t>y contact ) _! subconsci\sness & to exhibit !re9 ano!r p]sonality4 ,9 c]ta9 well-def9$ types ( d\ble p]sonality1 :i* are n ! k9d due to demon-possession nor to _s-possession z 9 'm$ium%ip'1 !re are two memories1 'ea* complete & absolutely indep5d5t ( ! o!r4'#fbe ,& 9 simil> cases1 :]e ! subject exhibits alt]nately num]\s p]sonalities1 we see ! individuality1 t is to say ! subconsci\s man1 exhibit+1 z a dramati/ might1 v>i\s *>act]s or p]sonalities ( probable pa/ exi/5ces accord+ z ea* is mo/ active at ! mom5t4 ,simil>ly1 cry/al-gaz+ sometimes seems n only to revive lo/ memories ( ?is life1 b also to call up subconsci\s memories ( "s unkn[n /ate ( consci\sness :i* may be f a previ\s life4#fbf ,m4 ,ribot has made x cle> f 8 c>eful /udy ( num]\s cases ( amnesia 7loss ( memory7 t 'recollections return 9 an inv]se ord] to t 9 :i* !y disappe>'4 ,= example1 a celebrat$ ,russian a/ronom] lo/ all memory save t ( 8 *ildhood1 & 9 recov]+ x !re appe>$ fir/ ! recollections ( y\?1 !n ^? ( middle age1 !n ! exp]i5ces ( lat] ye>s1 &1 f9ally1 ! mo/ rec5t ev5ts4 ,_m ev5 m m>k$ examples ( ! law ( regression 9 amnesia are giv5 by ,m4 ,ribot4 ,we conclude f !m t all /range & app>5tly long-=gott5 facts ( exp]i5ce aris+ 9 consci\sness out ( ! subconsci\sness1 z 9 ! diff]5t cases :i* h be5 cit$ above1 w\ld necess>ily be ^? :i* h be5 ! longe/ lo/ to memory2 & h5ce if !y _c be atta*$ to ?is pres5t life !n !y c only be d]iv$ f a =m] life1 because e prim>y detail ( memory mu/ always orig9ate f an exp]i5ce at "s pa/ p]iod ( "t4 ,m4 ,ribot himself1 9 8 conclusion to ,! ,diseases ( ,memory1 makes ?is significant obs]vation ) respect to ! law ( regression 9 amnesia3--',?is law ( regression provides u ) an explanation = extraord9>y revivification ( c]ta9 recollections :5 ! m9d turns backw>d to conditions ( exi/5ce t _h app>5tly disappe>$ = ev]4' ,9 dreams !re is a great weal? ( lat5t memory2 sometimes memory ( ! pres5t wak+ life1 b (t5 n capable1 app>5tly1 ( be+ atta*$ to x1 nor explicable z due to ! s\l w&]+ f ! body dur+ sleep3 ! hypo!sis ( re-bir? seems to be ! only adequate "o "h4 ,c]ta9 dreams sugge/ t man possesses innate memories ext5d+ backw>ds to prehi/oric times 7cf4 p4 #e above74 ,?is fits 9 ) ,pr(essor ,freud's !ory 9 8 ,die ,traumdeutung1 t '! dream is no?+ else ?an ! conceal$ fulfilm5t ( a repress$ wi%4' ,"s dreams are '9 ! =m ( frightful1 cruel1 horrible sc5es1 :i* seem frightful to u1 b 9 a c]ta9 dep? ( ! unconsci\s satisfy wi%es :i*1 9 ! prehi/oric ages ( our own m5tal developm5t1 7 actually recogniz$ z desires4'#fbg ,?is also supports our vitali/ic view ( ! evolution ( human in/9cts4 ,aga91 9 somnambulism !re is a mu* m exalt$ memory1 & cle> cases are on record ( facts be+ !n consci\sly pres5t :i* _c be acc\nt$ = save ?r\gh ! same hypo!sis4#fbh ,if we keep 9 m9d ! psy*ology ( ! dream /ate1 we %all probably get ! cle>e/ intellectual !ory z to :y1 if pre-exi/5ce be true1 we d n rememb] v>i\s previ\s /ates ( exi/5ce4 ,9 our pres5t /ate ( consci\sness we may ent] a dream /ate1 9 t dream /ate by dream+ we ent] a second dream /ate1 & !oretically1 ?\gh n by common exp]i5ce1 !re may be no limit to sup]impos$ dream /ates1 ea* "o 9 itself a /ate ( consci\sness di/9ct f ! wak+ consci\sness4 ,accord+ly1 if1 z ,wordswor? put x1 'our bir? is b a sleep & a =gett+' ( ano!r /ate ( consci\sness1 & dea? ! abrupt end+ ( t sleep ( dreams & a wak+ up1 or if ! direct opposite be true1 & dea? is ! entrance to a sleep & dream /ate ( consci\sness1 x becomes v cle> h[ difficult x w\ld be = u "h n[ ei!r to recall :at we may h dreamt or h actually done 9 ano!r /ate ( consci\s exi/5ce correspond+ to our pres5t "o4 ,! subtle ?9k]s ( mod]n ,india1 :o completely accept ! doctr9e ( re-bir? z a univ]sal law1 h summ$ up ?is ab/ruse aspect ( ! dream psy*ology z foll[s3--',! fir/ or spiritual /ate 0 ec/asy2 f ec/asy x 7! ,ego7 =got itself into deep sleep2 f deep sleep x awoke out ( unconsci\sness1 b /ill )9 itself1 into ! int]nal _w ( dreams2 f dream+ x pass$ f9ally into ! ?or\ghly wak+ /ate1 & ! out] _w ( s5se4'#fbi ,b our own psy*ologi/s are n yet f> en\gh advanc$ to accept ?is2 mu* m "w 9 psy*ical rese>* mu/ fir/ be done be=e x w be possible = !m to ann\nce to ! ,we/ t pre-exi/5ce is a necess>y condition = po/-exi/5ce :i* !y n[ hypo!tically accept4 ,if = ! pres5t our /&po9t be t ( our own psy*ologi/s1 we may !n ?9k ( ! human consci\sness z a spectrum ^: c5tral p>ts alone are visible to u4 ,beyond at ei!r end lies an unse5 & to u unkn[n region1 await+ its explor] f ! ,we/4 ',ea* "o ( u is 9 reality an abid+ psy*ical entity f> m ext5sive ?an he kn[s--an individuality :i* c nev] express itself completely ?r\gh any corporeal manife/ation4 ,! ,self manife/s ?r\gh ! organism2 b !re is always "s "p ( ! ,self unmanife/$2 & always1 z x seems1 "s p[] ( organic expression 9 abeyance or res]ve4'#fcj ,william ,james /at$ ! position ?us3--',! ,b4 region' 7ano!r "n = ! region ( subconsci\sness71 '!n1 is obvi\sly ! l>g] "p ( ea* ( u1 = x is ! abode ( ev]y?+ t is lat5t1 & ! res]voir ( ev]y?+ t passes unrecord$ & unobs]v$4'#fca ,m5 ( sci5ce see no way ( accept+ ! doctr9e ( ! resurrection ( ! physical body z at pres5t int]pret$ by ,*ri/ian !ology2 b ! late ,pr(essor ,?4 ,h5ri ,m>t91 ,dean ( ! ,faculty ( ,lett]s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,r5nes1 has sugge/$ 9 8 ,la ,vie future t ! doctr9e may be ! exot]ic int]pretation ( a long-=gott5 esot]ic tru?2 namely1 t ! s\l may be resurrect$ 9 a new physical body1 & ?is is sci5tifically possible4#fcb ,! anci5t sci5ti/s call$ ,life a ,circle4 ,9 ! upp] half ( ?is ,circle1 or "h on ! visible plane1 we "k t 9 ! physiological hi/ory ( man & ( all liv+ ?+s !re is fir/ ! embryonic or pr5atal /ate1 !n bir?2 & z life1 l a sun1 rises 9 its new-born p[] t[>d ! z5i?1 !re is *ildhood1 y\?1 & maturity2 & !n1 z x passes ! z5i? on its way to ! horizon1 !re is decl9e1 old age1 &1 f9ally1 dea?2 & z a sci5tific possibility we h 9 ! l[] half ( ! ,circle1 9 ,hades or ! ,o!rworld ( ! ,celts & ( all peoples1 correspond+ processes betwe5 dea? & a hypo!tical b logically necess>y re-bir?4#fcc ,! logical coroll>y to ! re-bir? doctr9e1 & an integral "p ( ! ,celtic esot]ic !ory ( evolution1 is t !re h be5 human races l ! pres5t human race :o 9 pa/ aeons ( "t h evolv$ completely out ( ! human plane ( consci\s exi/5ce into ! div9e plane ( consci\s exi/5ce4 ,h5ce ! gods are be+s :i* once 7 m51 & ! actual race ( m5 w 9 "t become gods4 ,man n[ /&s relat$ to ! div9e & invisible _w 9 precisely ! same mann] t ! brute /&s relat$ to ! human race4 ,to ! gods1 man is a be+ 9 a l[] k+dom ( evolution4 ,accord+ to ! complete ,celtic belief1 ! gods c & d ent] ! human _w = ! specific purposes ( tea*+ m5 h[ to advance mo/ rapidly t[>d ! high] k+dom4 ,9 o!r words1 all ! ,great ,tea*]s1 e4 g4 ,jesus1 ,buddha1 ,zoroa/]1 & _m o!rs1 9 diff]5t ages & among v>i\s races1 ^: tea*+s are extant1 are1 accord+ to a belief yet held by educat$ & my/ical ,celts1 div9e be+s :o 9 inconceivably pa/ ages 7 m5 b :o are n[ gods1 able at w to inc>nate into our _w1 9 ord] to emphasize ! ne$ :i* exi/s 9 nature1 by virtue ( ! work+ ( evolution>y laws 7to :i* !y !mselves are /ill subject71 = man to look =w>d1 & s /rive to rea* div9ity r ?an to look backw>d 9 evolution & !reby fall into m]e animalism4 ,! /at+ ( ?is my/ical coroll>y makes ! exposition ( ! ,fairy-,fai? complete1 at lea/ 9 outl9e4 ,z %[n by ! ,b>ddas ,,mss4 9 our *apt] vii1 ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? is ! sci5tific ext5sion ( ,d>w9's law z correct$1#fcd t alone ?r\gh trav]s+ ! ,circle ( ,life man rea*es t de/9$ p]fection :i* natural analogies1 life's processes z exhibit$ by liv+ ?+s1 & evolution1 sugge/1 & f :i* at pres5t man is s f> remov$4 ,!re seems to em]ge ?is po/ulate3 ! _w is ! object ( normal consci\sness1 ! ,ego or ,s\l-,monad ! object ( subconsci\sness2 & ! subconsci\sness _c be realiz$ 9 ! _w until ?r\gh ! normal consci\sness ( man ! ,ego is able to function completely1 & s end[ man ) full self-consci\sness 9 matt]1 :i* end[m5t seems to be ! goal ( all planet>y evolution4 ,we conclude t ! ,o!rworld ( ! ,celts & _! ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? accord ?or\ghly 9 _! ess5tials ) mod]n sci5ce2 &1 accord+ly1 ) o!r ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! complete ,celtic ,fairy-,fai? :i* we h 9 ! prec$+ *apt] f\nd to be equally sci5tific1 e/abli% our ,psy*ological ,!ory ( ! ,nature & ,orig9 ( t ,fairy-,fai? ^u a logical & solid f\ndation2 & we n[ submit ?is /udy to ! judgem5t ( our read]s4 ,) m complete evid5ce 9 ! future1 bo? f folk-lore & f sci5ce1 !re w be1 we tru/1 a bett] v9dication ( ! ,!ory1 & p]haps f9ally !re w come ab\t its trans=mation into :at x b seems to u to be n[--a ,fact4 ,"s beliefs :i* a c5tury ago 7 reg>d$ z absurdities are n[ reg>d$ z fundam5tally sci5tific4 ,9 ! same way1 :at 9 ?is g5]ation is h]etical alike to ! ,*ri/ian !ologian & to ! man ( sci5ce may 9 com+ g5]ations be accept$ z or?odox4 ,,index ,adamnan's ,vision1 #cef4 ,a5eas1 ,j\rney (1 #ccf-g1 #cdc1 #chb1 #dde4 ,a5gus1 #fb1 #bib1 #cja1 #cgf1 #cig1 #dac-d4 ---- ,cult (1 #dae ff41 #dej4 ---- ,dun1 #b1 #da1 #daf-h4 ,agallamh1 #bh1 #bhc n41 #bhf1 #bij1 #bib1 #bie1 #djb1 #dab4 ---- an d ,%uadh1 #cdd4 ,ailill1 #bhh-i1 #cja1 #cgd-e1 #ddj4 ,a9e1 #gi1 #hj n41 #hc1 #cja4 ,al*emi/s1 #bdj1 #bdd1 #bfa1 #bgf1 #bif n4 ,alignem5ts1 xv1 #aii n41 #cic1 #cii1 #dai ff43 see ,ar*aeology4 ,all ,sa9ts 7,la ,t\ssa9t71 #dci1 #dec3 see ,sama91 & ,novemb] ,day4 ,angel1 #g1 #ab1 #he1 #bch1 #bdj-a1 #bfc-d1 #bfg1 #bgb1 #cgd3 see ,fall5 ,angels1 & ,/4 ,mi*ael4 ,angels & ,sci5ce1 #dha4 ,anglesey1 #aj1 #ach-i1 #ada-b4 ,animism1 #ee1 #bbf ff41 #bhb1 #deg ff43 see ,dead1 & ,dea?4 ---- ,pre-1 #bec1 #dja4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dei ff4 ,ank\1 #af1 #bi1 #bah1 #bbj4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dhd4 ,annwn1 #cai1 #cec4 ,an?ropology1 #bbf-hb4 ,antrim1 #gc1 #cga4 ,apollo1 #djc1 #dje-f1 #dba4 ,app>itions1 ,sci5ce &1 #dhj1 #dhd ff4 ,aranmore1 #b1 #d1 #dj1 #daf4 ,ar*aeology1 xv1 #b1 #i1 #aj1 #ab-e1 #ca1 #eb1 #gh1 #ha1 #aah-i1 #acg n41 #adh1 #aed1 #aeg n41 #afc1 #afe ff41 #agb1 #agi1 #baj1 #bba1 #bcd n41 #cic1 #cig-dbf1 #dej n4 ,armagh1 #gd-e1 #ddc4 ---- ,book (1 #bhc n41 #bia4 ,art1 ,voyage (1 #cea-b4 ,ar?ur1 #i1 #aj1 #ab-c1 #hb n41 #afc1 #ahc1 #bch1 #cjd1 #cjh ff41 #ccc-d1 #cec1 #cha1 #dbi1 #dcg1 #dda1 #ddg3 see ,re-bir?4 ,ar?ur1 ,bird1 z1 #ahc1 #ahe4 ,ar?urian ,leg5d1 #i1 #bfj1 #cjh ff43 see ,ar?ur4 ,a/ral ,body1 #bi4 ---- ,light1 #acc4 ---- ,milk1 #afd4 ---- ,plane1 #afg1 #aga4 ---- ,spirits1 #afg1 #aga4 ,avalon1 #beb1 #caa1 #cad-e1 #cba-d1 #ccj1 #cdg-h1 #cgi1 #chf4 ,bac*us1 #bh1 #hj n4 ,badb1 #cjb-g1 #cji n4 ,ballymote1 ,book (1 #cdj n41 #daj4 ,ban%ee1 #be-f1 #ha1 #ii1 #bbj1 #cjd-e1 #dcg-h4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dhd4 ,b>anton1 ,f\nta9 (1 #dbi4 ,b>d1 #aa1 #ih1 #ach1 #afc1 #bhc1 #cag n41 #cfe-f1 #cgh4 ---- ,iri%1 #cdd4 ,b>ddas1 #cfe-g1 #cgh-i1 #eae4 ,b>ra1 #he1 #ajj ff4 ,belt5e 7,baalt9e71 #ajj n41 #dci3 see ,may ,day4 ,b5 ,bulb91 #c1 #dd1 #ef1 #eh1 #bcg1 #bdb1 #bhd1 #bic1 #cjj4 ,br\l1 #cbe4 ,boron1 ,robt4 de1 #cbe4 ,boyne1 #b1 #cd1 #bib1 #daj1 #dab1 #dae4 ,bran1 #bei1 #ccd4 ---- ,voyage (1 #cbi1 #cch-dj1 #cgc4 ,brocli&e1 #ae1 #ahh1 #cbg1 #dce4 ,br[nie1 #afd-e1 #bjg1 #bbj1 #bbi4 ,bucca1 #afd1 #age3 see ,puck4 ,cdmon1 #bdj1 #bdc4 ,cambr5sis1 ,giraldus1 #adi n41 #cbd4 ,c>digan1 #adf1 #aee1 #ccd1 #chi4 ,ca7e7ridw51 #aeg n41 #cgh4 ,c>m>!n1 #adg1 #adi ff41 #cij4 ---- ,black ,book (1 #cbi4 ---- ,fall (1 #dce4 ,c>nac1 xiii1 #aii n41 #bga1 #cih-i1 #djg1 #dah-i1 #dbh4 ---- ,etymology (1 xv4 ---- ,my/ic ,c5tre1 z1 #ac-e1 #bba4 ,c>n>von1 #adc-d4 ,ceilidh1 ,description (1 #f4 ,*angel+s1 #cd1 #gh1 #hg1 #ia1 #if1 #ih1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aaj1 #abh1 #acb1 #acf-g1 #adc1 #adf1 #adh1 #aej1 #aed1 #aef1 #agj-a1 #agg1 #agi1 #ahb1 #aih1 #bjd1 #baj-b1 #bcj1 #bfe1 #bhj-a3 see ,*>ms1 ,fairy4 ---- ,an?ropology &1 #bdd-ec4 ---- ,explanation (1 #dia4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dhg4 ,*annel ,isl&s1 #djc1 #djf-g4 ,*>ms1 #db1 #di1 #aga1 #agf1 #beh-i3 see ,exorcism4 ---- ,fairy1 aga9/1 #cg-h1 #di1 #eh1 #hg1 #ia1 #ie1 #ig1 #aab1 #abd-e1 #acb1 #adf1 #agg1 #agi1 #aii1 #bjd1 #baj1 #bab1 #bej1 #bec1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #cad4 ---- ,wit*craft1 aga9/1 #abb4 ,*auc]1 #cbf4 ,*rti51 #caa1 #cbe1 #dcj4 ,*ri/abel1 #bjb4 ,*ri/ian ,sci5ce & ,wit*craft1 #bfa-b4 ,*ri/ianity1 ,esot]ic1 #cfj n41 #cfa-b4 ---- ,fairies &1 xvi1 #db1 #gj1 #ia1 #aae1 #aeb n41 #aec1 #afh-i1 #bja1 #baf1 #bde1 #bec1 #beg1 #bei1 #bff-gd1 #bfh1 #bhd-e1 #bic1 #bif n41 #cbj1 #cdi-ej1 #ced-g1 #cgj1 #cgc1 #djg1 #daj n41 #dbg ff41 #dcd ff41 #dci1 #dda1 #ddd ff41 #deb ff43 see ,*angel+s1 ,cult1 ,exorcism1 ,fairy-,fai?1 & ,purgatory4 ,clairvoyance1 #ee1 #gc1 #adj n41 #age1 #ahb1 #bje1 #bhe1 #caa3 see ,second-sight1 ,se]s1 & ,vision4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dgc1 #dgh4 ,clont>f1 #cje ff4 ,cir ,anmann1 #bhf1 #bia1 #cfi4 ,colloquy3 see ,agallamh4 ,connaught1 #db1 #bhi1 #bie1 #cjj4 ,connem>a1 xxi1 #b4 ,connla1 #bei1 #cce1 #cdi-ej4 ,coracle 7curra*71 #cej1 #ceb4 ,cormac's ,voyage1 #cdj-c4 ,corrigan1 #ae1 #ib1 #aei n41 #aie1 #aih1 #bjf ff41 #bae1 #bbc-d1 #bbi1 #bch1 #bda1 #bej-a1 #cih1 #djd-f1 #dic4 ---- ,etymology (1 #bjf n4 ,cromle*3 see ,ar*aeology4 ---- ,etymology (1 #djb n4 ,crua*an1 #bhf1 #bhh-i1 #dca1 #ddj1 #dea4 ,cry/al-gaz+1 #eaj4 ,cu*ula9n1 #b1 #c-d1 #gj1 #gd-e1 #if n41 #bch1 #bgg-h1 #cjb-c1 #cjg1 #cji1 #caf1 #ccd1 #cec1 #dda3 see ,re-bir?4 ---- ,sick-,b$ (1 #bhf1 #cde-f4 ---- ,sun-god1 z1 #caj4 ,cult1 #ajj n41 #afc1 #bha1 #ddb3 see ,ar?ur1 ,cu*ula9n1 ,sidhe1 & ,tua?a ,de ,danann4 ---- ,agricultural1 #hj n41 #bgi1 #bia1 #cea1 #djh1 #dce4 ---- ,cattle1 (1 #aii n41 #bgc4 ---- ,dead1 (1 #bha1 #bii1 #djh-i ff41 #dcf ff42 ,*ri/ian1 #deb-e4 ---- ,fairies1 (1 #aij1 #dcf ff4 ---- ,gods1 (1 #aah1 #afd1 #age n41 #bjj1 #bci1 #bdf1 #bgi1 #bha1 #bhc1 #bia1 #bii1 #cdb1 #cii ff41 #djg ff41 #dcc ff41 #ddj1 #ddh4 ---- ,sa9ts1 (1 #hc1 #aij1 #aic1 #bhd4 ---- ,spirits1 (1 #abd n41 #afd1 #age1 #bbg1 #bbi1 #bha1 #bhd1 #daa ff41 #dbh-i1 #dcf ff4 ---- ,/ones1 (1 #cii ff41 #dbg-h3 see ,ar*aeology4 ---- ,sun1 (1 #ab1 #ajj n41 #abg1 #acb n41 #agc1 #agf n41 #agi n41 #cji1 #cba1 #cfi1 #chj1 #chi-ij1 #djb-c1 #dje-f1 #djh1 #daf ff41 #dej-a2 ,*ri/ianity &1 #deb ff42 ,significance (1 #dbj ff41 #dci4 ---- ,trees1 (1 #agf1 #bbi1 #dbg-h1 #dcc ff4 ---- ,wat]s1 (1 #gh1 #afc1 #agi1 #bbc-d1 #bhd1 #dbg ff41 #dej n4 ,culture ,h]o1 #bch1 #cji1 #cbj-a1 #chj-b1 #dag4 ,da ,d]ga's ,ho/el1 #bhg4 ,daemons 7,demons71 #g1 #ae1 #aeh1 #aig1 #bjb1 #bjd1 #bab1 #bcg-h1 #bda1 #bdi-eb1 #bef-i1 #bfc-ga1 #bgi-hj1 #bhf1 #bhg n41 #bhh1 #cjc1 #cjf1 #caj1 #cad1 #cfj1 #dcj1 #dcf1 #ddf4 ---- ,nature (1 #dic4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dhj-a1 #dhc4 ,dagda1 #bhf1 #bia-b1 #bid1 #bih1 #cjj-a1 #cah1 #cbj1 #daj1 #daf4 ,dao9e ,mai!1 #ec1 #fi4 ,dead1 ,leg5d (1 #bhj4 ---- ,breton1 #ad1 #bi1 #afi1 #aid-e1 #bab ff41 #cib1 #djd4 ---- ,corni%1 #afi-gj1 #agh1 #ahj-a1 #ahc4 ---- ,iri%1 #cc1 #dh1 #ec1 #ee1 #fh1 #ga-b1 #gd-g4 ---- ,scot*1 #ie4 ---- ,wel%1 #adb n41 #aeb4 ,dea?-c&le 7or ,corpse-c&le71 #aj1 #ade1 #aec1 #aee1 #bjg1 #bbj-a4 ,dea?-coa*1 #ga1 #bba4 ,dea?-w>n+1 #aj1 #afi1 #ahj1 #bac1 #bbj1 #cjd-e4 ,demon-,possession1 #bbh3 see ,exorcism & ,possession4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dhg ff4 ---- ,!ory (1 #bdi ff4 ,d]mot1 #da1 #dd1 #eg n41 #ced4 ---- ,pre-exi/5ce (1 #cgf4 ,devil1 #abc1 #aeg1 #ahj1 #bja1 #bda1 #bfc1 #bga1 #cai1 #ddf4 ---- ,wor%ip1 #beh n41 #dba4 ,devon%ire ,pixies1 #agi4 ,diana1 z ,moon-,goddess1 #hj n4 ,d9n%5*as1 #gh n41 #ha n41 #bfj1 #cja4 ,div9ation1 #aej1 #agf n41 #beh1 #bfd1 #bgh1 #cdc1 #dje1 #dbh1 #dcb4 ,dolm53 see ,ar*aeology4 ---- ,etymology (1 #djb n4 ,donegal1 #fa1 #gb1 #ddb4 ,d[?1 #b1 #fa4 ,dream1 #da1 #ej1 #ee1 #eh1 #fh1 #aei1 #ahj-a1 #bha4 ---- ,fairyl& &1 #dij4 ---- ,re-bir? &1 #chc1 #eaa ff4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dei1 #dfd ff41 #ejh1 #eaa ff4 ,druids1 #aj1 #ab1 #ad1 #ca1 #eb1 #hb n41 #he1 #ach1 #adg1 #aeb1 #aeg n41 #baf1 #bef-g1 #bei1 #bfe-g1 #bgh1 #bib1 #bii1 #cde-f1 #cea1 #cef1 #dda1 #ddd1 #deg3 see ,exorcism1 ,magic1 & ,magicians4 ,druids1 ,iri%1 #cdc4 ---- ,magic &1 #dhi n4 ---- ,oak &1 #dcc ff4 ---- ,re-bir? &1 #cei1 #cfd1 #cfg1 #cfi1 #cgh n41 #chg-ia1 #cid4 ---- ,well-wor%ip &1 #dcb4 ,dun ,c[1 ,book (3 see ,leabh> na h-,uidhre4 ,dw>fs1 #ha n41 #aib1 #aie1 #bjc-d1 #bjf ff41 #bce1 #bcg-h1 #dje3 see ,pygmy4 ,dynion ,hysbys1 #adf1 #aea1 #bec1 #bfd1 #dcf3 see ,magicians4 ,e*tra ,n]ai1 #bhg1 #bij1 #dac4 ,ec/asy1 #fa1 #ia1 #eab4 ---- ,fairyl& &1 #dij4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dgb1 #dhf4 ,ego1 ,exi/5ce (1 #dif4 ---- ,idea (1 #dig4 ---- ,nature (1 #ejd n41 #eae4 ,ei/$dfod1 #aa1 #dje n4 ,elem5tals1 #fe1 #afg1 #bda-b1 #bef-g4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dha4 ,ellyllon 7,elves7 & ,fairies1 #bcc ff41 #dcb1 #dic4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dhc4 ---- ,wor%ip (1 #dcf4 ,elysian ,fields1 #cch1 #ceh1 #daf4 ,en*antm5t1 #ce-f1 #eb1 #aac3 see ,magic4 ---- ,fairy1 #ce1 #ge1 #gh1 #aac1 #aii1 #cja1 #chf4 ,environm5t1 xvii1 xx1 xxii1 #a ff41 #ajg1 #aae1 #abc1 #agc1 #bji1 #bba1 #bbf1 #bhb4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dii4 ,erisgey1 #ia n41 #ajj4 ,eta91 #cfi4 ---- ,bir? (1 #cgd-f1 #cie4 ,exorcism1 #bbh1 #bec1 #bfe-gd1 #bgg1 #bha3 see ,*angel+s1 & ,magic4 ---- ,baptism1 z1 #bfi-gj4 ---- ,dead1 (1 #agh4 ---- def9$1 #bff4 ---- ,spirits1 (1 #db1 #fg1 #abc1 #abe1 #agb1 #agi1 #bej1 #bhg n41 #djb4 ---- ,wel%1 #bgb4 ,exorci/s1 #bfd1 #bfi3 see ,magicians4 ,fa]ie ,que51 #cah4 ,fairy3 see ,app>itions1 ,angel1 ,a/ral ,spirits1 ,ban%ee1 ,br[nie1 ,bucca1 ,*angel+s1 ,corrigan1 ,cult1 ,dead1 ,dea?1 ,devil1 ,dw>fs1 ,elem5tals1 ,ellyllon 7,elves71 ,fates1 ,fes1 ,f5odyree1 ,fir ,bolgs1 ,fomors1 ,gho/1 ,gnomes1 ,gobl91 ,goddesses1 ,grac'h$ coz1 ,kelpy1 ,lapps1 ,l>es1 ,lemures1 ,lepre*aun1 ,lut9s1 ,manes1 ,m]maid1 ,morgan1 ,n]eids1 ,p5ates1 ,phantom1 ,pict1 ,pixies1 ,pros]p9e1 ,puck1 ,salam&]s1 ,satyrs1 ,%ape-%ift+1 ,siabra1 ,sidhe1 ,s\l1 ,spirits1 ,succubi1 ,swan-,maid5s1 ,sylph1 ,troll1 ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 ,und9es1 ,vivian1 ,:ite ,lady1 ,wit*4 ,fairy ,abduction ( animals1 #ic n41 #ie1 #ajf1 #aji4 ---- ,abduction ( ,p1 #g1 #cc1 #cg1 #dj1 #de-h1 #ea1 #ec1 #ef1 #fh-i1 #gb1 #ge1 #hb n41 #hi1 #ih1 #aja-b1 #ajd1 #aji1 #aac1 #abj-a1 #abe1 #acj1 #ace1 #ade1 #aff n41 #agd1 #aha1 #bai1 #bde1 #bdh1 #bea-b1 #bhi-ij1 #bid ff41 #caf1 #cbf1 #cdb1 #cdg1 #cec1 #cef1 #dca3 see ,*angel+1 ,o!rworld1 & ,re-bir?4 ---- ,army1 #cc1 #ej1 #ee1 #eg1 #fh1 #gd1 #acc4 ---- ,arr[1 #hh1 #aai4 ---- ,a/rology1 #cbg4 ---- ,bak+1 #abg4 ---- ,ba?+1 #acf1 #aee1 #ahb1 #cbf1 #cdb4 ---- ,beat+1 #da1 #gb4 ---- ,belt1 #ajf4 ---- ,birds1 #bjj1 #bbj1 #bfg1 #cjb-g1 #cbi1 #ccd1 #cde1 #cee1 #cgf3 see ,badb4 ---- ,bl9d+1 #ed1 #aca1 #acf1 #adj1 #ahb1 #bje1 #bji4 ---- ,boat-,race1 #hj4 ---- ,borr[+1 #acf4 ---- ,bu%3 see ,fairy ,tree1 & ,cult ( ,trees4 ---- ,cattle1 #adc1 #adg1 #bjc4 ---- ,*urn+ &1 #dc1 #ig1 #acb1 #bec4 ---- ,cock-cr[ &1 #bbj1 #cbg4 ---- ,col\r1 ,gre51 #aj1 #ajc1 #ajf1 #aaj-a1 #bjg1 #bid1 #bih1 #cab-d1 #cde1 #cdi1 #ceb2 ,r$1 #cb1 #gb1 #aca1 #acc1 #adb1 #aeb-fj1 #aha1 #bhi-ij1 #cde4 ---- ,crops &1 #ch1 #dc1 #bia3 see ,cult ( ,agriculture4 ---- ,curse1 #hb1 #ig1 #agh1 #cgf n4 ---- ,dance1 #da1 #ef1 #gb1 #hf1 #hh1 #ib1 #aaa1 #aaf1 #abd-e1 #aca1 #ace1 #aci1 #adb-c1 #adf1 #adh1 #aee1 #aei-fj1 #aga1 #agc1 #age1 #aha-b1 #bjg-i1 #baa2 explanation (1 #bha2 orig9 (1 #dje-f4 ---- ,deceit1 #abg4 ---- ,description (1 #df1 #fj1 #fh1 #gg1 #aaf1 #abb1 #acc1 #ada1 #agg1 #ahg1 #bjj1 #bje1 #baa1 #bdb-c1 #big1 #cdi-ej1 #ceb3 see ,fairy ,dress4 ---- ,dog1 #dj1 #abj1 #abb1 #abi1 #acd1 #bei4 ---- ,dress1 #de1 #ee1 #fg1 #gd1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aaf1 #abc1 #aca1 #acc1 #adc1 #aee1 #afj1 #aha1 #aib1 #bjd-e1 #bjh1 #bhi1 #bid1 #big-h1 #cci1 #cde1 #cdi-ej1 #ceb4 ---- ,drops1 #dd4 ---- ,dwell+1 #cb1 #cg1 #da1 #df1 #gc1 #gf-h1 #hf-h1 #ic1 #ie1 #ig1 #ii n41 #ajd1 #ajh1 #aaj1 #aab-c1 #abf1 #aca1 #acf1 #adb1 #add1 #adg-i1 #aea1 #agb1 #ahh1 #bjj1 #bjc-d1 #bjf1 #bji1 #baa1 #bbj1 #bce1 #bhi1 #bid1 #cjf1 #caf-g1 #cbg1 #daf3 see ,o!rworld4 ---- ,fe/ivals1 #ci4 ---- ,fights1 #dc1 #ia4 ---- ,flies1 #ci4 ---- ,food1 #dd1 #dg1 #fh1 #bai1 #bge1 #bgi1 #bib-c1 #cdi1 #cec1 #cef1 #ddg3 see ,sacrifice1 ,food4 ---- ,=t 7,dn71 #b1 #bd1 #ca-b1 #cf1 #ch1 #ee1 #gb1 #cdi-ej1 #dac3 see ,fairy ,dwell+4 ---- ,f\nta9 &1 #aja1 #baj1 #bbc1 #bfd1 #cda-c1 #cec3 see ,cult ( ,wat]s4 ---- ,full+1 #ih4 ---- ,games1 #da1 #ea1 #gf1 #adi4 ---- ,gu>dian1 #df1 #gf1 #gh1 #agi1 #ahi-ij1 #aib-c1 #aig1 #bjg1 #baa1 #bai1 #bgc1 #cbg1 #dae1 #dch4 ---- ,h]b1 #ec1 #hg1 #age4 ---- ,hill 7,knoll1 & ,m\nd71 #gi-hj1 #hi1 #ig1 #bbj1 #bcg1 #bdc1 #bhh1 #bij1 #bic1 #bif1 #bii1 #cja1 #cjf1 #cdi1 #cgd1 #dca1 #dcg4 ---- ,ho/s 7,sluagh71 xxi1 #ia1 #ajd1 #ajf1 #ajh4 ---- ,hun*back &1 #ib1 #adc1 #aih-i1 #bjh4 ---- ,hunt+1 #da1 #ef1 #id1 #acd4 ---- ,iron &1 #cd1 #hg-h1 #ie1 #ih n41 #abd n41 #ach1 #add1 #adg3 see ,taboo1 ,iron4 ---- ,isl&1 #di1 #adg1 #bbj1 #caf1 #ccd1 #cci3 see ,avalon1 & ,o!rworld4 ---- ,k+s & ,que5s1 #bh1 #cd1 #dd1 #fc1 #ib1 #adi-ea1 #bjj1 #bjb1 #bah1 #bib1 #cjj-a1 #ccf1 #ced4 ---- ,mr4 ,lang &1 #dge4 ---- ,love1 #aab4 ---- ,mid-wife 7or ,nurse7 &1 #ed1 #abg1 #acf1 #adj1 #age1 #bje4 ---- ,m9e &1 #afe1 #ahb1 #bda4 ---- ,money 7,ri*es1 c471 #ga1 #hb1 #adb1 #adf1 #aef1 #aeh1 #afj1 #afb1 #bjj1 #bhi1 #big4 ---- ,music1 #bd1 #ca1 #dj1 #dg1 #ef-g1 #fa1 #fi1 #ga-b1 #gd1 #ha n41 #hf1 #ie1 #ajc1 #aaa1 #aah1 #abd1 #aca1 #ada1 #aei1 #afb1 #aha1 #baa1 #big ff41 #ccf1 #cci1 #cdj-b1 #cee-f1 #dhb2 ,mr4 ,lang &1 #dge2 ,sci5ce &1 #dhd4 ---- ,names1 #bb1 #cj1 #eb1 #gb1 #hb1 #aag1 #aec1 #afd1 #ahb1 #bjc1 #bjg1 #bca1 #bgd1 #bic1 #cjg2 objects &1 #hf4 ---- ,natural ,ph5om5a &1 xxii1 #da1 #ib1 #bjd1 #bai1 #bbg1 #bef1 #bfe1 #bgi1 #cjg3 see ,fairy1 ,crops2 & ,sacrifice1 ,food4 ---- ,nature (1 #bd1 #cb1 #cf1 #da1 #df1 #fc ff41 #gc1 #gf-g1 #hj1 #id1 #ii1 #ajb1 #ajd-e1 #aji1 #aac-d1 #aag1 #abj1 #abc1 #abe-f1 #acc-d1 #acg-i1 #adb1 #adc n41 #add-e1 #adg-h1 #aej1 #aeb1 #aga-c1 #agf-g1 #ahj1 #ahb1 #bjg1 #baa1 #bah ff41 #bce ff41 #bdc1 #bed1 #bgi1 #cjg1 #cbg1 #dji1 #dif4 ---- ,pa? 7or ,pass71 #cc1 #ch1 #fg1 #gg1 #aej1 #bah1 #bca1 #bgg4 ---- ,pig1 z1 #abf4 ---- ,p[]1 #dg1 #fg1 #gb1 #hb1 #hh1 #ie1 #aac1 #aba1 #aej1 #ahc1 #bai1 #bec1 #bfb1 #bfe4 ---- ,pray]1 #aah1 #abi4 ---- ,pres]ves1 #ch1 #gh1 #bgg1 #bic4 ---- ,procession1 #cc1 #eg1 #fg1 #gd1 #gi n41 #hj n41 #abf1 #acd1 #bah1 #bgg1 #bhh4 ---- ,prophet1 #dg1 #id1 #aci1 #afj1 #aig1 #baa1 #bij1 #cjb n41 #cje4 ---- ,reality (1 #dij1 #dib ff4 ---- ,rev5ge1 #ib1 #ie1 #ig1 #abe1 #adb1 #adf1 #agg1 #ahj1 #aia1 #aif1 #aii1 #bje1 #bjh-aj1 #bbj1 #bic3 see ,fairy1 ,hun*back4 ---- ,r+1 #b1 #ia1 #adb-c1 #adh-i1 #aea1 #afa1 #aha-b1 #ahd1 #bjh4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #bdj1 #bha-b1 #cjg1 #def-eae4 ---- ,smallness (1 #cb1 #da1 #dg1 #gb1 #ii1 #ajb1 #ajd1 #abc1 #abe1 #acc1 #adj1 #adc1 #adf1 #adh1 #aea1 #aee1 #aei1 #aga1 #agc1 #agf-g1 #agi-ha1 #ahd1 #bjg1 #baa1 #bai1 #bcc-dd1 #bha4 ---- ,song1 #dj1 #ga1 #hf1 #ib1 #ih-i1 #aja1 #ajd1 #aab1 #aad1 #aah1 #aci1 #adc1 #adh1 #bja-b1 #bjh-i1 #cja1 #cci1 #cdb1 #cde1 #cge4 ---- ,spell 7& ,/roke71 #ec1 #ia1 #abf1 #acf1 #aei1 #afd1 #agc1 #bah1 #bai1 #bcj-a1 #beb-c1 #bfe1 #bfh1 #bhf1 #big1 #cbf1 #ccj1 #cde1 #cef1 #dca3 see ,exorcism2 ,fairy1 ,hun*back2 ,magic2 & ,magicians4 ---- ,sp9n+1 #hh1 #aaj4 ---- ,/ations1 #df4 ---- ,/ature1 #dg1 #fb1 #fg-h1 #gg1 #if1 #aad1 #abc1 #ada1 #adh1 #bcc ff41 #bdb3 see ,fairy1 ,smallness (4 ---- ,tree 7or ,bu%71 #cc1 #gj1 #gh1 #abf1 #bgg1 #bib1 #dce3 see ,cult ( ,trees4 ---- ,tribes1 #cb1 #eb4 ---- ,tricks1 #abg1 #adc1 #agg1 #ahc-d1 #aia1 #bje1 #bjg1 #baa1 #cbj4 ---- ,visits1 #abb1 #acf1 #ach1 #adf1 #aee1 #afj3 see ,o!rworld4 ---- ,voice 7or ,talk+71 #dg1 #fh1 #acd1 #aci1 #aee1 #afb1 #ahg-i1 #bjc2 ,sci5ce &1 #dhe4 ---- ,w&3 see ,w&s4 ---- ,w>1 #dd1 #df1 #ej1 #bjg1 #baa3 see ,sidhe4 ---- ,wat]1 &1 #ch1 #bgj1 #caa-b1 #cah1 #ddf3 see ,cult ( ,wat]s4 ---- ,weav+1 #gd4 ---- ,:i/le1 #df1 #bjh4 ---- ,wife1 #ace1 #ach1 #adf1 #adh1 #afb1 #bjj1 #bhi1 #big1 #cah n41 #cbe1 #cbh1 #cdf-g1 #dab4 ---- ,woman1 xxiv1 #b1 #d1 #ed1 #gf-h1 #ii1 #ajc-d1 #aaj-a1 #aba1 #ace1 #ach1 #adc1 #ahf1 #ahi1 #bjj-b1 #bhf-g1 #bic1 #bif-g1 #cje1 #caa1 #cad1 #cbf1 #ccc1 #cce1 #ccg-i1 #cdb1 #cde-g1 #cea-b3 see ,sidhe & ,tua?a ,de ,danann4 ,fairy-,fai?1 ,african1 #bbh1 #bha4 ---- ,albanian1 #bcj4 ---- ,am]ican1 #bbh1 #bcg1 #bdf1 #bha4 ---- ,animism (1 #bhb1 #deh1 #dgg4 ---- ,antiquity (1 #ii1 #afc1 #agh1 #aid1 #bac1 #baf1 #bba1 #bca1 #bdd1 #bef1 #bff1 #bfi1 #bgh1 #cjg1 #cba1 #cbe1 #cca1 #ced1 #ceg1 #cie1 #djh1 #dbg1 #dcb1 #dci1 #dda1 #deg1 #dgg4 ---- ,arabian1 #bbi4 ---- ,au/ralian1 #bbg1 #bha4 ---- ,breton1 #ahe1 #bbe4 ---- ,*9ese1 #bbh1 #bej4 ---- ,collect+ ,evid5ce (1 xix4 ---- ,comp>ative1 #bbf ff41 #bha1 #cjg1 #deg1 #dge4 ---- ,corni%1 #afc-he4 ---- ,deg5]ation (1 #deh4 ---- ,egyptian1 #bbi4 ---- ,esot]ic1 #deg-h1 #dib ff4 ---- ,etruscan1 #bca4 ---- ,exot]ic1 #deg-h4 ---- ,g]man1 #bca4 ---- ,greek1 #bcj1 #bdf4 ---- ,importance ( ,/udy+1 xxv1 #bb4 ---- ,indian1 #bbh1 #bch4 ---- ,int]pretation (1 xvi1 #ah1 #be1 #bh-cj1 #ei1 #aga1 #bbe1 #bgg1 #bha1 #chc1 #dga1 #dhi1 #eae4 ---- ,iri%1 #bc-hd4 ---- ,italian1 #bca4 ---- ,japanese1 #bbh1 #ddj4 ---- ,malay1 #bbh1 #bch4 ---- ,manx1 #aag-ce4 ---- ,melanesian1 #bbg1 #bfe1 #bgg4 ---- ,metaphysics (1 #deh4 ---- ,me?ods ( /udy+1 xviii4 ---- ,mexican1 #bdf4 ---- ,nature (1 #ah1 #gj1 #ij1 #id1 #aje1 #aji1 #aag-h1 #abf1 #acc1 #ade-f1 #bbe1 #bcc1 #bce-f1 #bef1 #bha1 #bif n41 #cjg1 #dcc1 #dch1 #deh1 #dgg4 ---- ,orig9 (1 xvi1 #ah1 #gj1 #ij1 #ii1 #acg1 #afh1 #agh1 #bbf1 #bdd-e1 #beg1 #cih1 #dcb-c1 #deb1 #dee1 #deg-h1 #dgg4 ---- ,p]sian1 #bbi4 ---- ,philosophy (1 #ah-bj4 ---- ,polynesian1 #bch1 #bdh1 #bha4 ---- ,psy*ical ,ph5om5a &1 #dei3 see ,sci5ce & ,fairies4 ---- ,religion &1 xvi1 #bb1 #gj1 #gh1 #hc1 #ij1 #ii1 #ajj n41 #aah1 #abc1 #abe1 #aeb n41 #afc1 #afh1 #aid1 #bba1 #bde1 #bef-g1 #bff1 #bfi1 #bga1 #bgd1 #bif n41 #cdd1 #ced1 #cfd1 #chh1 #djd1 #djf-h1 #dba1 #dbg ff41 #dci1 #dda1 #ddb ff41 #dej n41 #deb ff41 #deg-h1 #dgg3 see ,cult1 & ,*ri/ianity4 ---- ,r\ma91 #bcj4 ---- ,sc&9avian1 #bca4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #aai1 #def ff4 ---- ,scot*1 #hd-aaf4 ---- ,siamese1 #bbi4 ---- ,/ate (1 9 ,brittany1 #bje2 9 ,cornwall1 #agj1 #ahj2 9 ,highl&s1 #hd1 #hh1 #ij1 #ia1 #id1 #ii4 ---- ,swiss1 #bca4 ---- ,!ology &1 #db1 #ia1 #ii1 #abg1 #adf1 #afh1 #bdd1 #cfj-c1 #cfe n41 #cfi1 #cgj1 #cgc1 #dic4 ---- ,!ories (1 xxi1 #bj1 #hd1 #aah2 ,delusion & ,impo/ure1 #dfb-d1 #dhi2 ,druid1 xxiii2 ,mat]iali/ic1 xxv1 #dfa1 #dhi2 ,my?ological1 xxiv2 ,naturali/ic1 xxi1 #a1 #h1 #aeb n42 ,pa?ological1 #dfa-b1 #dhi2 ,psy*ical1 #a1 #g1 #i1 #aj1 #ac1 #ad1 #fa1 #aga1 #bfe1 #dje1 #dji1 #dgg1 #dhi ff42 ,psy*ological1 xxii1 #bj1 #ie1 #bjb1 #baa1 #bec1 #bgd1 #cje1 #ccj1 #cch1 #chc1 #dbg1 #dda1 #eae2 ,psy*o-,physical1 #dei-fj1 #dhi2 ,pygmy1 xxii1 #aai1 #adh n41 #afi1 #bai1 #bcd-e1 #bda1 #bde1 #bgf1 #cih4 ---- ,turki%1 #bbi4 ---- ,unity (1 #bcc1 #cbi1 #cca1 #ceg1 #cif4 ---- ,wel%1 #ace-fc4 ---- ,x-quantity (1 #bhb2 ,outl9$1 #dei2 ,te/+ (1 #dhj ff41 #dij-a4 ,fairyl&3 see ,avalon1 ,hades1 ,o!rworld1 & ,purgatory4 ---- ,dead &1 #dj1 #dc1 #ef1 #fh-i1 #gb1 #abc1 #aid-e1 #bjb1 #bad1 #bag1 #bai-bj1 #bea1 #bhj1 #cej1 #dij3 see ,dead1 ,leg5d (1 & "u ,dea?4 ---- ,go+ to1 #dj1 #dc1 #ee1 #fe1 #fh-i1 #adh1 #aed1 #afa1 #age1 #bdh1 #bea-b1 #bie1 #bii1 #cjb1 #cjf1 #cdh1 #dac1 #dfi ff41 #dij3 see ,abduction ( ,p1 "u ,fairy2 & ,*angel+s4 ---- ,nature (1 #ah1 #ci1 #dc1 #fj ff41 #gj1 #hd1 #abj1 #abc1 #acg n41 #add1 #adi n41 #aej-a1 #aed1 #afg1 #aga1 #aid-e1 #bjb1 #bai1 #bha1 #bif n41 #caj1 #cab1 #cag1 #cce1 #cej1 #chc1 #daf1 #deb1 #dic3 see ,o!rworld4 ---- ,orig9 ( belief 91 #bce1 #bde1 #bha1 #deb4 ---- ,reality (1 #ah1 #hd1 #aed1 #dfi1 #dij1 #dic1 #eae4 ---- ,return f1 #ci1 #dh-i1 #ea1 #ih1 #acj1 #adi1 #afb1 #beb1 #bfe1 #bie1 #bif n41 #bii1 #caf1 #cdg3 see ,*angel+s4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dij4 ---- ,"t 91 #hh1 #ie1 #aac1 #ace1 #ade1 #adi1 #aed1 #afb1 #age-f1 #bif n41 #cbi1 #cci1 #cej1 #ced1 #dfi ff41 #dgc4 ,fall5 ,angels z ,fairies1 #fg1 #gf1 #he1 #aje-f1 #aji1 #aac1 #aaf1 #abi1 #aed1 #bje1 #bab1 #bca1 #bda4 ,f&1 #caf1 #cde-f4 ,fasc9ation1 #beh4 ,fa/+1 #agi1 #bfg1 #dab-d1 #dbb1 #dde1 #ddg n4 ,fate1 ,iri% ,idea (1 #bgh4 ,fates1 #bjc1 #bca1 #cbg4 ,fea/ ( ,dead1 #bah1 #bhh-i1 #bii1 #dci ff41 #deb ff43 see ,dead1 ,leg5d (2 & ,novemb] ,day4 ,fes1 xxiv1 #aie ff41 #baf1 #bca1 #beg1 #cbg1 #cdg4 ,f5nel1 #gi1 #hc4 ,f5odyree1 #abj1 #abi1 #aca4 ,f]managh1 #gc4 ,feti%ism1 #bei1 #dja1 #djb n4 ,fiacc's ,hymn1 #dcf4 ,fianna1 #bhg n41 #bic1 #bih1 #cdg1 #ddc4 ,f9d1 ,re-bir? (1 #cgj-d4 ,f9v>a1 #b1 #bh1 #db1 #dd1 #cjj4 ,fionn 7or ,f9n71 #b1 #eh n41 #bei1 #bhg n41 #bib1 #bih-i1 #cjb1 #ccd1 #cgf1 #dad-e1 #dda1 #ddc4 ,fir ,bolgs1 #cb1 #gj1 #bhe1 #dag4 ,fomors1 #gj1 #cjc1 #cjg1 #caj1 #cce4 ,food-,sacrifice3 see ,sacrifice4 ,f\nta91 ,lady (1 #cbe4 ---- ,cult (3 see ,cult4 ,f\r? ,dim5sion1 #afg4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dhg4 ,freemasonry1 #cac n41 #dbb1 #ddi4 ,galahad1 #cae-f1 #cag n4 ,galway1 #ci1 #db4 ,gauva91 #cab1 #caf1 #cdh1 #ddg4 ,gavr9is1 #ae1 #dji ff41 #dae1 #dah1 #dbc-d ff41 #dea4 ',g5try'3 see ,fairy ,names4 ,ge(frey1 #cjh n41 #cbb-c1 #ccj1 #djc4 ,gho/1 #c1 #g1 #aj1 #bf1 #bi1 #dg1 #fg1 #gj1 #aah1 #aba1 #abd1 #ade1 #aeb1 #aef1 #agb1 #ahj1 #ahd1 #aia-b1 #bag1 #bai-bj1 #bbh1 #bch1 #bdg-i1 #beg1 #bfe1 #bgg1 #bhj1 #bhb1 #bhe1 #bhi1 #bia1 #ccj1 #cfh1 #cih-i1 #ddf3 see ,dead1 & ,dea?4 ---- ,fairy &1 #dch4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #ai1 #dgg4 ,giant1 xxiii1 #afc1 #aib4 ,gildas1 #cba4 ,glamorgan1 #aeh4 ,gla%t91 #aca4 ,gnomes1 #bda-c4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dha1 #dhc4 ,gno/icism1 #cfa-b4 ,gobl91 #adc1 #ade1 #bjg1 #bbj1 #bda1 #cjf4 ,goddess1 #gh-i1 #hc1 #bbi1 #cfi1 #cgh1 #cij1 #deg4 ,goddess ,dana1 #bhc-cjg4 ---- ,"m1 #bhc1 #bhd n41 #bij1 #cij4 ,gods3 see ,cult4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dhj4 ',good ,p'3 see ,fairy ,names4 ,gospel ,/ories & ,fairy-,fai?1 #afh4 ,g[]1 #aj1 #aeh ff4 ,grac'h$ coz1 #aie ff4 ,grael5t1 #cbf4 ,grail1 ,holy1 #caa1 #caf1 #cbe1 #cec4 ---- ,holy1 ,cup1 z1 #cdb1 #cej4 ,grania1 #da1 #eg n4 ,gruaga*1 #ib4 ,gu+emor1 #cbf1 #cdh4 ,gw5hwyv>1 #aeb n41 #caj-d1 #caf4 ,gwion1 ,re-bir? (1 #cgh4 ,gwydion1 #aea-b n41 #cgi1 #dag4 ,gwynn ,ab ,nudd1 #aeb n41 #cai-bj4 ,hades1 #bif n41 #caj1 #cab1 #ccf-h1 #ceb-c1 #daa1 #dde4 ---- ,orig9 ( belief 91 #deb4 ---- ,purgatory1 z1 #ddg4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #ead4 ---- ,sun-cult &1 #dbb4 ,hall[e51 #ch1 #ia1 #ic n41 #agi3 see ,novemb] ,day1 & ,sama94 ,halluc9ations3 see ,app>itions4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dei1 #dfa1 #dfd1 #dij4 ,h>le*1 #aj1 #add1 #ccd4 ,hebrides1 #d1 #g1 #i1 #ij1 #ajj ff4 ,h]ge/1 ,r$ ,book (1 #cjh n41 #ccj4 ,highl&s1 #e1 #g1 #ic ff4 ,hi ,corra1 ,voyage (1 #ced4 ,hy ,brasil1 #ccd4 ,hypnotism1 #bee1 #bfe1 #dff1 #dhh1 #ejg-h4 ,iambli*us1 #bed1 #beg n41 #djj1 #dhd4 ,immortality1 ,non-p]sonal1 #ejc ff41 #eji n4 ,incantation1 #agf1 #bei3 see ,*>ms4 ,initiates1 #ei1 #cac n41 #ccf-g1 #ceh1 #cgh1 #dbc-d4 ,initiations1 #ac1 #gh1 #aeg n41 #agi n41 #beg1 #cac n41 #ccf-h1 #cdb1 #cec1 #cgh-i1 #dje-f1 #daa-b1 #dae-f1 #dai1 #dbb1 #dbe1 #ddd ff41 #ddg ff4 ,initiations1 ,celtic1 #cdb-c1 #dji ff4 ---- ,nature (1 #ddg n4 ,inni%murray1 #di1 #ed1 #ccd4 ,inv]ness1 #d1 #ic4 ,iolo ,,ms41 #cjh n4 ,iona1 #g1 #ic1 #dcf4 ,jack-9-!-,gre51 #dce4 ,jeanne d',arc1 #bfc-d4 ,jews1 ,re-bir? &1 #cei4 ---- ,sun-cult1 &1 #dba4 ,k>nak & ,c>nac1 xv4 ,kelpy1 xxi1 #c1 #bh1 #bjg4 ,k]ry1 #fa1 #hc1 #cdj4 ,kirk1 ,robt41 #ff1 #he1 #hi1 #ia n41 #bcg1 #bgi n41 #bic4 ,kn[?1 #cd4 ,kulhw* & ,olw51 #cag-bj1 #cbh1 #dea4 ---- ,date (1 #cca4 ,lake1 ,lady (1 #gh1 #gi n41 #cad-g1 #cbg1 #cgi4 ,lancelot1 #cab1 #cae-f1 #cdh4 ,l&'s ,end1 #aha4 ,lanval1 #cbe1 #cbf4 ,lanval's ,voyage1 #cdg-h4 ,lapps1 xxiii1 #bcd n4-#e1 #bdd4 ,l>es1 #dch4 ,layamon1 #cjh n41 #cbc4 ,leaba ,mologa1 #dad4 ,leabh> na h-,uidhre 7,book ( ! ,dun ,c[71 #bei1 #bhe1 #bib1 #cec1 #cgd1 #cgg1 #dji4 ---- ,age (1 #bhc n4 ,le>1 #g1 #aah1 #ace1 #cbb3 see ,manannan4 ,leb> ,brecc1 #bga1 #cac n41 #ded4 ,leb> ,gabala1 #bib4 ,lecan1 ,y4 ,b4 (1 ,age (1 #bhc n4 ,le9/]1 #bid1 #cga4 ---- ,book (1 #bhe1 #bib1 #cjc1 #cef2 age (1 #bhc n4 ,lemures1 #dch4 ,lepre*aun1 #be1 #bh1 #dg1 #eb1 #ga1 #hb1 #bce-f1 #bda1 #bdc1 #dic4 ---- ,etymology (1 #bcf4 ,lia ,fil1 #ad1 #dja4 ,libations to ,fairies1 #cf1 #ib-c1 #bjj1 #bah1 #bgc1 #bia4 ,lights1 #g1 #fa1 #gg1 #hc1 #acc1 #ade1 #aee1 #ahj1 #bjg1 #bae4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dfc1 #dhc-d4 ,lim]ick1 #gh1 #chf4 ,lismore1 ,book (1 #dja1 #dab2 age (1 #bhc n4 ,l\gh ,d]g1 #gb1 #ddb ff4 ,l\gh ,gur1 #gh1 #chf4 ,lug1 #fb1 #bib1 #cfi1 #dej4 ,lugnasadh1 #dea4 ,lut9s1 #aei n41 #aij-a1 #bjf ff41 #dic4 ,lyonesse1 #ab1 #afg4 ,mab9ogion1 #aj1 #bfj1 #big1 #cjd1 #cag1 #cbh-i1 #dea4 ---- ,age (1 #cjh n41 #cca4 ---- ,editions (1 #cjh n4 ,mael-,du9's ,voyage1 #cdh4 ,magic1 #aj1 #ic1 #abj1 #aca1 #aec1 #aef1 #afh1 #aga1 #bjd1 #bde1 #bej1 #bec-fe1 #bha1 #bib1 #bii1 #cbd1 #cbh1 #cci1 #cdf1 #chj-a3 see ,*>ms1 ,div9ation1 ,magicians1 ,necromancy1 ,fairy ,spell1 ,wit*es1 & ,wit*craft4 ---- ,anci5t1 #bee-fj4 ---- ,celtic1 #bef-g1 #bei-fj4 ---- ,fairy1 #db1 #aii1 #bjc1 #bfe1 #cbg4 ---- ,fraz]1 ,dr41 &1 #bed-e4 ---- ,indian1 #beh1 #dhi n4 ---- ,religion &1 #db1 #bee1 #bhg n41 #bib1 #cha1 #djd-e3 see ,exorcism1 & ,taboo4 ---- ,roman ,*ur* &1 #db1 #bcg n4 ---- ,/udy (1 #beg1 #dhi n4 ---- ,taboo &1 #bgd ff4 ---- ,!ories (1 #bec4 ,magicians1 #aca1 #aef1 #bbg-h1 #bdg1 #bec-e1 #beg1 #bfb-e1 #bfh1 #bii1 #cbi1 #cdd1 #chj-a1 #dag1 #dcc1 #dcg1 #dhi n43 see ,manannan1 & ,m]l94 ,magnetism1 ,animal1 #bfb4 ,malory1 #cjh n41 #cab1 #cae1 #cbc1 #chj4 ,mana1 #bed-e1 #bfb1 #bfe1 #bgh1 #dgi4 ,manannan1 #g1 #fb1 #hj n41 #aah1 #abj1 #aca-b n41 #ace1 #bii1 #ccc1 #cce1 #cci1 #cdb-c1 #cde-f1 #cef1 #cgb-d1 #cgf4 ---- ,h]mes1 l1 #cdc n4 ,manes1 #dch1 #dda4 ,m>azion1 #agc4 ,mr*51 #bc4 ,m>ie de ,france1 #cjh n41 #cbe-f1 #cdh4 ,ma?1 #dag4 ,matt] ( ,brita91 #cbh1 #cca4 ,may ,day1 #cab1 #dce4 ---- ,fairies &1 #dc1 #ec1 #ajj n41 #abd4 ,mea?1 #big1 #dae4 ,meave 7,m$b71 #c1 #dc1 #gj1 #bhh-i1 #cja1 #ddj4 ,megali?s1 ,alignem5t (1 #dai ff43 see ,ar*aeology4 ,melwas1 #caa1 #cac-d1 #caf4 ,m5hir3 see ,ar*aeology4 ,m]ione?%ire1 #add4 ,m]l91 #aj1 #adi1 #cad-e1 #cba-b1 #cbi-cj1 #djc1 #dag1 #dbi1 #dce-g1 #ddg4 ,m]maid1 #be1 #bh4 ,mesca ,ulad1 #cdd4 ,midir1 #cjb1 #caa1 #cgd-f1 #dac4 ,mil1 #bhd1 #bia3 see ,milesians4 ,milesians1 #cb1 #bhg1 #cjc1 #cdi1 #cgb1 #cgg n4 ,mi?ras1 #ddh4 ,modr$1 #cbb1 #cbd4 ,mongan1 #bfj4 ---- ,re-bir? (1 #cgj ff41 #cid-e4 ,montgom]y%ire1 #ade4 ,morbihan1 xv1 #aii n41 #bgc1 #cii1 #dja1 #djc-d1 #dbh4 ,morgan1 #bjj-a1 #ceb4 ---- le ,fay1 #caa1 #cae1 #cbg4 ,morrigu1 #cjb-c1 #cje1 #cae3 see ,badb4 ,moytura1 #b1 #cjc1 #cce4 ,mun/]1 #cjj1 #cdh4 ,my/]ies1 xiii1 #ad1 #ei1 #agc1 #beg-i1 #cac n41 #ccg-h1 #cdc1 #cei1 #cfe1 #cgg n41 #dje ff41 #dji ff4 ---- ,celtic1 #dji ff41 #ddd ff4 ---- ,nature (1 #daa1 #dbb1 #ddh ff4 ---- ,pub]ty1 #ddi ff4 ,my/icism1 xvii1 #a1 #b1 #e1 #h1 #i1 #ac-d1 #eh-i1 #gh1 #cac1 #cda n41 #cef1 #cfj n41 #cfd1 #cgg n4 ---- ,comp>ative1 #deg-h4 ,my?ology1 ,int]pretation ( ,iri%1 #cjg4 ---- ,orig9 (1 #bha1 #dee4 ,necromancy1 #aea n41 #beh1 #djd1 #dhi n4 ,n5nius1 #cjh n41 #cbb4 ,n]eids1 #bcj-a4 ,new ,grange1 #b1 #cf1 #fa1 #dji ff41 #dea4 ,newlyn1 #agh ff4 ,nirvana1 ,mean+ (1 #cff1 #cia4 ,novemb] ,day 7or ,eve71 ,orig9 (1 #dci1 #dec4 ---- ,fairies &1 #ch1 #ec1 #gc1 #ia1 #ic n41 #ajj n41 #agi1 #bac1 #bah1 #bhh-i1 #cja3 see ,sama94 ,nuada1 #cai4 ,nymphs1 #bbi-ca4 ,obsession3 see ,possession4 ,occultism1 ,discussion (1 #bdj4 ,ogam1 #cdj1 #cgb4 ,ogi]1 #cdh4 ,oracles1 #aj1 #ae1 #daj1 #ddh4 ,osiris1 xv1 #cji n41 #caj1 #cbj-a1 #cha1 #dbb1 #dci-dj4 ,ossian 7,ois971 #eg1 #bfj1 #bii4 ,ossian's ,voyage1 #cdf-g1 #ceg4 ,o!rworld1 #fj1 #fb1 #gh1 #abc1 #aid1 #bbj1 #bdf-g1 #beb1 #bgg-h1 #bha1 #bie1 #caa1 #caf1 #cah1 #cba1 #cga-c1 #ddc4 ---- ,atlantis &1 #cc n41 #ei4 ---- ,classical1 #ccf-g4 ---- ,description (1 #ccb-h1 #cdj-c1 #cdi ff4 ---- ,egyptian1 #chj-a1 #dbb4 ---- ,evolution ( idea (1 #ccc n41 #cec-g4 ---- ,heav51 z1 #ced-e1 #ddf4 ---- ,hell1 z1 #cee4 ---- ,int]pret$1 #gj1 #bhe1 #ccg-h1 #cef1 #dib4 ---- ,location (1 #ccb-d4 ---- ,names (1 #ccd-e4 ---- ,nature (1 #ccb-h1 #cdj-c1 #cef-g4 ---- ,new ,zeal&1 #bge4 ---- ,passport to1 #ccf-g4 ---- ,polynesian1 #bge4 ---- ,purgatory1 z1 #bha1 #ced1 #cfd3 see ,purgatory4 ---- ,re-bir? &1 #ccd1 #cfe3 see ,re-bir?4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #ead-e4 ---- ,virgil on1 #ccf-g1 #chb1 #dde4 ---- ,voyages1 #cbh1 #cce1 #cch-eg1 #cgh-hj4 ,paimpont1 #ahh3 see ,brocli&e4 ,pan!ism1 ,celtic1 #cgg n4 ,p>acelsus1 #afg1 #bdj1 #bed4 ,p>don1 ,breton1 #dbh1 #dej n4 ,peel1 #abi1 #acb1 #chg4 ,pembroke%ire1 #adg1 #aec1 #afa4 ,p5ates1 #aij1 #bbi4 ,p5zance1 #ab1 #agd ff41 #cia4 ',p ( ,peace1' ,orig9 ( "n1 #dch n43 see ,fairy ,names4 ,phallicism1 #djb n4 ,phantom3 see ,app>ition1 ,dead1 ,dea?1 ,fairy1 ,gho/1 & ,sci5ce & ,fairies4 ---- ,coa*1 #be4 ---- ,fun]al1 #aj1 #abf1 #ade1 #aeb1 #bac-e1 #bba4 ---- ,horse1 #gi n41 #bae4 ---- ,%ip1 #be4 ---- ,wa%]wom51 #bab1 #baf4 ,philtres1 #beh4 ,pho5icians1 #ab1 #agc1 #agf1 #cie-f4 ,pict1 #afe-f1 #bcd n4-#e4 ,p9-,wells1 #dcj4 ,pixies1 #aeh-i1 #afd ff41 #bjg1 #bbj1 #bbi1 #bch1 #bda1 #bej1 #cih1 #djf1 #dic4 ---- ,etymology (1 #afe4 ,pl9y on ,druids1 #bef1 #bei1 #bfj1 #dcc4 ,pluto1 #cab1 #ccg1 #cfg1 #deb4 ,polt]gei/ ,ph5om5a1 #fg1 #gd1 #hh1 #abj1 #abd-e1 #acb1 #aef1 #afb1 #afd1 #bah1 #bbj1 #dhh4 ---- ,fairies &1 #dge-f1 #dhb1 #dhd4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dei1 #dfc1 #dha1 #dij4 ,possession1 #cd1 #fi1 #aab1 #bjg1 #bfe1 #bfh ff41 #cge3 see ,demon-,possession1 & ,exorcism4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dgb4 ,pros]p9e1 #cab1 #ccf-h1 #chb1 #dej n41 #dge4 ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 #ad1 #bee1 #bfe1 #cfe1 #dei1 #dfa ff41 #dga ff41 #dic1 #dig1 #ejb ff4 ---- ,society1 #bfh1 #ccj1 #cih1 #ddg n41 #dhh4 ,psy*ic ,c5tres1 #ad1 #gd1 #bba1 #bii1 #daj-a3 see ,my/]ies4 ,psy*ological ,!ory3 see ,fairy-,fai?1 ,!ories (4 ,psy*ology1 ,social1 #bcb1 #bea1 #bhb1 #bhi1 #cjg1 #deh1 #dfi1 #dge n41 #dgf n4 ,puck 7,puca71 #be1 #ec1 #afd1 #bjg4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dhc4 ,purgatory1 #afi1 #cfd1 #dje1 #dad1 #ddb ff4 ---- ,fairies &1 #gf4 ---- ,orig9 ( doctr9e (1 #deb4 ,pygmy1 xxii-xxiii1 #bh1 #bcd n41 #bcf-i1 #bde1 #cih3 see ,fairy-,fai?1 ,!ories (1 ,pygmy4 ,pyramid1 xv4 ---- ,celtic tumuli &1 #dah ff4 ---- ,purpose (1 #dbc ff4 ,rag-,bu%es1 #dcj4 ,rapp+s & ,sci5ce1 #dei1 #dfc1 #dge n41 #dha1 #dhh4 ,re-bir?1 #e1 #i1 #fd1 #hd1 #bbg1 #beb1 #cac n41 #cec1 #ceh-if4 ---- ,ar?ur &1 #caj1 #cae1 #cba1 #cbc-d1 #cgi-ha1 #chf1 #eji n4 ---- ,au/ralian1 #bbg4 ---- ,b>ddas ,,mss4 on1 #cfe-g1 #cgh1 #eae4 ---- ,bry?on1 #baf1 #cgh-hj1 #cib-c4 ---- ,buddha &1 #cei1 #chb1 #eji1 #ead4 ---- ,*ri/ian1 #cei-fc1 #chg1 #cia1 #cic-e1 #eac4 ---- ,classical ,writ]s on1 #cfg1 #cie4 ---- ,d>w9ism &1 #cfe1 #eja1 #eae4 ---- ,d]mot's1 #cgf4 ---- ,em]son &1 #chb4 ---- ,esot]ic ,doctr9e (1 #cgg n41 #ejc-d1 #eac n41 #ead4 ---- ,fi*te &1 #chb4 ---- ,gno/ics &1 #cfa-b4 ---- ,greek1 #chb4 ---- ,h]d] &1 #chb4 ---- ,hi/orical ,survey (1 #cei-fe4 ---- ,dr4 ,hyde on1 #cfh4 ---- ,japanese1 #chc4 ---- ,jewi%1 #cei1 #chd n4 ---- ,juba9ville on1 #cfh4 ---- ,lama &1 #chc4 ---- ,mani*aean1 #cfb4 ---- ,mod]n1 #cfd4 ---- ,mod]n ,celtic1 #chc-ic2 non-,celtic1 #cfd1 #chj-c4 ---- ,mongan's1 #cgj4 ---- ,orig5 on1 #cei-fa1 #cid4 ---- ,orig9 & ,evolution ( ,doctr9e1 #cic-f4 ---- ,o!rworld &1 #cch1 #ceh1 #deb4 ---- ,p>nell's1 #che4 ---- ,philo &1 #cei4 ---- ,purgatory &1 #cfd1 #chd1 #deb4 ---- ,roman ,*ur* &1 #cfd4 ---- ,rosicrucians &1 #cfd4 ---- ,s*op5hau] &1 #chb4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dfi1 #dib-eac4 ---- ,sex 91 #cge n41 #cia4 ---- ,spiritual1 #ddi4 ---- ,sun &1 #caj1 #cba1 #chj1 #dbj4 ---- ,t5nyson &1 #chb4 ---- ,t]tullian on1 #cei-fa1 #cid4 ---- ,tuan's1 #cgg4 ---- ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 (1 #cfg-gf4 ---- ,:itman &1 #chb4 ---- ,william ,,ii &1 #chc4 ---- ,wordswor? &1 #chb4 ,religions1 ,orig9 (1 #bbf1 #dee4 ,rob9 ,good-fell[1 #bjg1 #bbj4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dha4 ,roman ,ca?olic ,!ology & ,fairies1 #db1 #afh1 #bgj1 #cfd1 #deb4 ,romans ,bretons1 #cbf-h4 ,roscommon1 #c1 #bg1 #fi1 #gj4 ,rosicrucians1 #afg1 #bdj-a1 #bdc1 #cfd4 ,rosses ,po9t1 #eh1 #ff1 #bdc4 ,ross-%ire1 #ij4 ,r\nd ,table1 #cji-aj1 #cab1 #cbc4 ,r\nd ,t[]1 #ei1 #ih1 #abi4 ,sabba?1 #bae1 #bfd4 ---- ,corrigan1 #bji-aj n4 ,sacrifice1 #beh-i1 #dac1 #dbi-cj1 #dcd n41 #dcf ff41 #dee4 ---- ,animal1 #dbd1 #dce4 ---- ,food1 #bha1 #djd1 #djh1 #dcg-h1 #dda1 #ded2 ,an?ropology &1 #bgi-hj2 ,fairy1 to1 #cf-g1 #dd1 #gj1 #ge1 #aag1 #afd1 #aga1 #age1 #bah1 #bgi-hj1 #bia1 #dcg3 see ,libations4 ---- ,human1 #bdf-g1 #bea-b1 #bhj1 #cea1 #djg1 #dcj1 #dcf4 ,sagas1 #cj1 #cfh1 #cgd4 ,sa9ts1 ,communion (1 #abg4 ,salam&]s1 #bdb4 ,salmon1 ,sacr$1 #cda n41 #dcc4 ,sama91 #ca1 #bhh-ij1 #bih-i1 #cde1 #dci-dj1 #dec3 see ,novemb] ,day4 ,satyrs1 #cjc1 #cjf1 #djf4 ,sci5ce & ,fairies1 #def-eae4 ,second-sight1 #dc1 #ia n41 #adj3 see ,clairvoyance4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dhf4 ,se]s & ,se]esses1 xviii1 #b1 #c1 #ah1 #dc-d1 #ee1 #fj ff41 #gb1 #gf1 #hj1 #hb-c1 #ia1 #id1 #if1 #abb1 #abd1 #ada1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aeh1 #agg1 #ahb1 #bjf1 #bac-d1 #bag1 #bbg1 #bdb1 #bfd1 #bhd-e1 #bij1 #ccd1 #cib-c1 #deg1 #dei1 #dgj1 #dgg4 ,se91 le de1 #ae1 #bah4 ,s5*us na relec1 #bib4 ,s]p5ts1 #cdc4 ---- ,/4 ,patrick &1 #ddd4 ,sgalta1 #bc4 ,%akespe>e1 #afd1 #bda4 ,%ape-%ift+1 #cd-e1 #dg1 #gi n41 #ha n41 #aib1 #bje1 #bjg1 #baa1 #bcj1 #bei1 #bic1 #cja-b1 #cbh1 #cde1 #cef1 #cgd1 #chi4 ,%oney1 #ic1 #bjj4 ,siabra 7,gho/s71 #bhe1 #caj4 ,sidh1 ,def9ition (1 #bia4 ,sidhe1 #bg-h1 #eh-ff1 #gg1 #hf1 #aac1 #bbg1 #bhc-cjg1 #cad1 #ccd1 #ceb1 #dca3 see ,tua?a ,de ,danann4 ---- ,abductions by1 #bid-f4 ---- ,clont>f1 at1 #cje-g4 ---- ,m9/rels & ,musicians1 #fi1 #big-cjj4 ---- ,nature (1 #fb-d1 #bhe-ia1 #cjg4 ---- ,palaces1 #bia-c1 #cjj-b1 #dca4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dgc1 #dgi4 ---- ,society & ,w>f>e1 #fj1 #fc1 #fe1 #bia1 #cjj-g1 #cce4 ---- ,visions (1 #fj ff41 #bif-g4 ---- ,w>-,goddesses1 #cjb4 ---- ,_w1 #fj1 #fb-e1 #bie4 ,skye1 #d1 #if1 #ih1 #beg4 ,slieve ,gullion1 #b1 #ge-f1 #bcg4 ,sligo1 #dd1 #ed1 #bhe1 #bii4 ,sluagh1 #ajh3 see ,fairy ,ho/s4 ,sn$gus1 ,voyage (1 #ced4 ,sn[don1 #aj1 #acf-g n4 ,sociology ( ,celts1 #bcc4 ,sorc]y1 #beh1 #djb4 ,s\l1 ,bee1 z1 #agh4 ---- ,bird1 z1 #ahc1 #ahe1 #bdj1 #cjd n41 #cee4 ---- ,exi/5ce (1 #dif-g4 ---- ,fairy1 z1 #adg1 #afi1 #agf1 #agi1 #ahc1 #bce1 #dic3 see ,dead4 ---- ,idea (1 #agh1 #bae1 #bci-da1 #bdd1 #bdg-eb1 #cjd n41 #cee1 #cfj1 #cij4 ---- ,mo?1 z1 #agh1 #bdj1 #cjd n4 ---- ,se5 ,disembodi$1 #bae4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dhj4 ---- ,_w1 (1 #fe1 #bed4 ,sp5s]1 #cah4 ,sphynx1 #dai-bj4 ,spirits1 ,nature1 #bcg-h1 #bdj-d1 #dic4 ,spiritualism1 #ee1 #aea n41 #bdi1 #bfc1 #dei ff4 ,/4 ,anne1 #dbh1 #dej n4 ,/4 ,br&an's ,voyage1 #ced4 ,/4 ,brigit1 #c1 #bhd4 ,/4 ,columba1 #c1 #g1 #he1 #bff-h1 #dda1 #dbh4 ---- ,human sacrifice &1 #dcf4 ---- ,re-bir? &1 #che4 ,/4 ,cornely1 #aii n41 #bga1 #bgd1 #cic1 #dbh4 ,/4 ,david1 #djb4 ,/4 ,david's1 #aj1 #adg4 ,/4 ,gu5ol1 #bja4 ,/4 ,john's ,day1 #hj n41 #bgc4 ,/4 ,malo's ,voyage1 #cee4 ,/4 ,mi*ael1 #ab1 #djg4 ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 xv1 #ab1 #ae1 #agc1 #cih1 #djg1 #dbc4 ,/oneh5ge1 xv1 #djc1 #dje1 #daa1 #dag-h4 ,/ory-tell+1 #c1 #e-g1 #bc-d1 #aae1 #aba1 #adi1 #aeb1 #aed1 #afa1 #ahd1 #bba4 ,/4 ,patrick1 #c1 #i1 #ad1 #gd1 #aah1 #bff-h1 #bhf-g1 #bib1 #bid1 #big-h1 #dca-b1 #dda ff4 ---- ,re-bir? &1 #che4 ---- ,s]p5ts &1 #ddd4 ,/4 ,patrick's ,trip>tite ,life1 #djb1 #dca1 #dea4 ,succubi1 #aac n4 ,sun-dance & ,fairy-dance1 #dje-f4 ,swan-maid5s1 #bjj1 #cja4 ,sylph1 #bda4 ,taboo1 #gi n41 #acj1 #acf1 #afa1 #age1 #bjd1 #bha1 #cdj1 #cdg1 #dae4 ---- ,an?ropology &1 #bgd-i4 ---- ,celtic1 #bgg-i1 #bhi-ij1 #bie-f n41 #cdj1 #cdg1 #ceb1 #cfh1 #dae4 ---- ,food1 #dg1 #fh1 #abg1 #bai1 #bge-f1 #ceb4 ---- ,iron1 #cd1 #hg-h1 #ie1 #abd n41 #ace1 #ach1 #add1 #adg1 #bgf4 ---- ,"n1 #gj1 #ib1 #bjh-aj1 #bac1 #bgd-e4 ---- ,place1 #cc1 #ce1 #hb1 #aej1 #bca1 #bcg1 #bdh1 #bgg1 #bic4 ,t91 #bhg1 #cjb4 ,taliess91 #afa-b1 #ccg n41 #chh4 ---- ,book (1 #cec1 #cgh4 ---- ,re-bir? (1 #cgh4 ,t>a1 #b1 #ac-e1 #ca-b1 #ce1 #bba1 #bhi1 #bib1 #bih-i1 #cdj ff41 #cea-b1 #cgf1 #cha n41 #dja-b1 #daj1 #dai4 ,teigue's ,voyage1 #cdh-ea4 ,telepa?y1 #abj1 #bag1 #bee4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dei1 #dgb-c1 #dgg-h1 #dij4 ,te?ra1 #cce4 ,!ology3 see ,fairy-,fai?1 & ,*ri/ianity & ,fairies4 ,!osophy1 #afg1 #bdc1 #deg4 ,?omas's ,tri/an1 #cbe4 ,t9tagel1 #ab1 #ahc-d4 ,togail1 #bhg4 ,totem1 #agh1 #bbg1 #bii n41 #cjd n4 ,trance1 #fe1 #fh-i1 #aha1 #baj1 #bdh1 #bge1 #bha1 #cdc1 #cef1 #chc1 #dgb4 ---- ,fairyl& &1 #dfi ff41 #dij4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dei4 ,transmigration1 #cgg n41 #chg-i1 #cib3 see ,re-bir?4 ,tree1 ,sacr$3 see ,cult4 ,triads1 #caa1 #cac n41 #cfe4 ,tr9ity1 ,!1 #bch1 #dcf4 ,tri/an1 #cbe4 ,troll1 #agf1 #bch1 #cia4 ,tuam1 #db1 #chd4 ,tuan's ,re-bir?1 #cgg4 ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 #bh1 #ca-b1 #ei1 #fb1 #gj1 #baa1 #bbi1 #bda1 #bdc1 #beb1 #bfj1 #bgg-hj1 #bhc-cjg3 see ,sidhe1 & ,re-bir? (4 ---- ,cult (1 #dab ff4 ---- ,nature (1 #bhe ff41 #bif n41 #caj1 #cac n4-#d1 #cce1 #cea1 #cee1 #cgf1 #cgi1 #daa1 #dib4 ---- ,wel% p>allels to1 #cbi4 ,tylwy? ,teg3 see ,fairy1 ,names4 ---- ,breton p>allel to1 #baa4 ---- ,orig9 (1 #afc4 ,ul/]1 #c1 #cdd-e1 #cgj1 #cgc1 #cgd4 ,und9e1 ,tale (1 #ace4 ,und9es1 #bda4 ,u?r ,b5dragon1 #caj4 ,vielle1 #f n41 #bba4 ,virg91 ,holy1 !1 #cid n41 #dbh1 #dea4 ,vision1 #fj-b1 #fe-g1 #hj1 #hc1 #ia1 #aag1 #abb1 #abd-f1 #acc-d1 #aci1 #adj-a1 #adc1 #ade1 #aeb1 #aee1 #aeh1 #ahb1 #bad-e1 #bcj1 #bdb1 #bhf1 #bif1 #ccd1 #cef3 see ,clairvoyance1 & ,se]s4 ---- ,conf]r+ (1 #gg1 #aeb1 #bae4 ---- ,explanation (1 #dhe ff4 ---- ,sci5ce &1 #dei1 #dgf4 ,vitalism1 #dic ff4 ,vivian1 #aj1 #ahi1 #cae1 #cbi4 ,wace1 #cjh n41 #cbc4 ,wales1 ,ar*aiology (1 #cid4 ---- ,f\r ,anci5t ,books (1 #cjh n41 #cbh-ca2 age (1 #cca4 ,w&s1 #eb1 #bjb1 #cdc-d4 ,:ite ,lady1 #bh1 #hb n41 #aeb n41 #caj4 ,wit*1 #cd1 #cf1 #aba-b1 #abd n41 #agd1 #bdh1 #bfd1 #bgb1 #cjd1 #cjf1 #chi1 #dcj4 ---- ,def9ition (1 #bfc4 ,wit*craft1 #aj1 #ab1 #cd1 #cf1 #abb1 #aec-d1 #aei n41 #afg1 #bdh1 #bec-fe1 #bgb1 #bha4 ---- ,!ory (1 #bfc4 ,footnotes3 #a ,q appropriately x means place ( cairns or tumuli--^? prehi/oric monum5ts religi\s & fun]eal 9 _! purposes4 ,c>nac seems to be a ,gallo-,roman =m4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lo?1 ! ,breton 7,celtic7 =ms w\ld be3 old ,celtic1 ,c>naco-s2 old ,breton 7n9?-elev5? c5tury71 ,c>noc2 ,middle ,breton 7elev5?-sixte5? c5tury71 ,c>neuc2 ,mod]n ,breton1 ,c>nec4 #b ,= we _c (f] any pro( ( :at at fir/ sight appe>s l a philological relation or id5tity betwe5 ,c>nac & ,k>nak4 #c ,&rew ,lang1 ,kirk's ,secret ,commonweal? 7,london1 #ahic71 p4 xviii2 & ,hi/ory ( ,scotl& 7,ed9burgh1 #aijj-jg74 #d ,cf4 ,david ,mac,ritchie's publi%$ criticisms ( our ,psy*ological ,!ory 9 ,! ,celtic ,review 7,janu>y #aiaj71 entitl$ ,druids & ,m\nd-,dwell]s2 also 8 fir/ "p ( ^! criticisms1 ib4 7,octob] #aiji71 entitl$ ,a ,new ,solution ( ! ,fairy ,problem4 #e ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael1 ,c>m9a ,gadelica 7,ed9burgh1 #aijj71 i1 p4 xix4 #f ,! ceilidh ( ! ,we/]n ,hebrides corresponds to ! veille ( ,l[] ,brittany 7see pp4 #bba ff471 & to simil> /ory-tell+ fe/ivals :i* =m]ly fl\ri%$ among all ! ,celtic peoples4 ',! ceilidh is a lit]>y ent]ta9m5t :]e /ories & tales1 poems1 & ballads1 are rehe>s$ & recit$1 & songs are sung1 conundrums are put1 prov]bs are quot$1 & _m o!r lit]>y matt]s are relat$ & discuss$4'--,alex&] ,c>mi*ael1 ,c>m9a ,gadelica1 i1 p4 xviii4 #g ,i am indebt$ = ?is in=mation to ! late ,mr4 ,davies1 ! compet5t s*ol> & antiqu>ian ( ,newca/le-,emlyn1 :]e = _m ye>s he has be5 vic>4 #h ,9 ! ,gnosis1 ,/4 ,mi*ael symbolizes ! sun1 & ?us v appropriately at ,/4 ,mi*ael's ,m\nt1 ,cornwall1 at ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el1 ,c>nac1 & also at ,mont ,/4 ,mi*el on ! coa/ ( ,norm&y1 replac$ ! ,great ,god ( ,light & ,life1 held 9 supreme hon\r among ! anci5t ,celts4 #i ,9 ?is connexion we may ?9k ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,magnetic ,poles ( ! e>? z c5tres ( def9ite yet invisible =ces :i* c be detect$1 & to "s ext5t measur$ sci5tifically4 #aj ,anglo-,iri% = ra?1 a circul> e>!n =t4 #aa ,?r\gh\t ,irel& !re are _m anci5t1 (t5 prehi/oric1 e>?works or tumuli1 :i* are popul>ly call$ =ts1 ra?s1 or dns1 & 9 folk-belief ^! are consid]$ fairy hills or ! abodes ( v>i\s ord]s ( fairies4 ,9 ?is belief we see at "w a def9ite an?ropomorphism :i* attributes dwell+s "h on e>? to an invisible _s-race1 z ?\gh ?is race 7 actually ! spirits ( ! anci5t ,iri% :o built ! =ts4 ,z we proce$1 we %all see h[ important & v>i$ a "p ^! e>?works play 9 ! ,iri% ,fairy-,fai? 7cf4 *apt] viii1 on ,ar*aeology74 #ab ,an ,iri% my/ic1 & se] ( great p[]1 ) :om ,i h (t5 discuss$ ! ,fairy-,fai? 9 its details1 reg>ds 'fairy pa?s' or 'fairy passes' z actual magnetic art]ies1 s to speak1 ?r\gh :i* circulates ! e>?'s magnetism4 #ac ',iri% s*ol>s diff] z to ! signification ( ,meadha4 ,"s say t x is ! g5itive case ( ,meadh1 ! "n ( "s anci5t *iefta9 :o 0 buri$ 9 ! hill4 ,knock ,magh is ! spell+ (t5 us$ by writ]s :o hold t ! "n means ,hill ( ! ,pla94'--,,john ,,glynn4 #ad ,on ,septemb] #h1 #aiji1 ab\t a ye> aft] ?is te/imony 0 giv51 ,mr4 ----1 our se]-witness1 at 8 own home ne> ,grange1 told to me aga9 ! same ess5tial facts conc]n+ 8 psy*ical exp]i5ces z dur+ my fir/ int]view ) him1 & ev5 repeat$ ^w = ^w ! expressions ! 'g5try' us$ 9 communicat+ ) him4 ,!re=e ,i feel t he is ?or\ghly s9c]e 9 8 beliefs & descriptions1 :atev] v>i\s read]s may ?9k ( !m4 ,z 8 neighb\rs said to me ab\t him--& ,i int]view$ a good _m ( !m--',"s give 9 to him & "s d n'2 b !y always spoke ( him ) respect1 ?\gh a few naturally consid] him ecc5tric4 ,at ! "t ( our second meet+ 7:i* gave me a *ance to revise ! evid5ce z fir/ tak5 d[n7 ,mr4 ---- made ?is additional /atem5t3--',! g5try d n tell all _! secrets1 & ,i d n und]/& _m ?+s ab\t !m1 nor c ,i be sure t ev]y?+ ,i tell conc]n+ !m is exact4' #ae ,a le>n$ & m c>eful ,iri% se] ?9ks ?is head-dress %\ld really be describ$ z an aura4 #af ,i h be5 told by a fri5d 9 ,cali=nia1 :o is a /ud5t ( psy*ical sci5ces1 t !re exi/ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( t /ate1 notably 9 ! ,yosemite ,valley1 z ! ,r$ ,m5 seem to h kn[n1 accord+ to _! traditions1 invisible races exactly comp>able to ! 'g5try' ( ?is ,b5 ,bulb9 c\ntry su* z our se]-witness describes !m & z o!r se]s 9 ,irel& h describ$ !m1 & q l ! 'p ( peace' z describ$ by ,kirk1 ! sev5? son1 9 8 ,secret ,commonweal? 7see ?is /udy1 p4 #he n474 ,^! ,cali=nia races are said to exi/ n[1 z ! ,iri% & ,scot* invisible races are said to exi/ n[1 by se]s :o c behold !m2 &1 l ! latt] races1 are describ$ z a di/9ct ord] ( be+s :o h nev] be5 9 physical embodim5ts4 ,if we foll[ ! traditions ( ! ,r$ ,m51 ! ,yosemite invisible tribes are probably b a few ( _m su* tribes scatt]$ ?r\gh\t ! ,nor? ,am]ican cont95t2 & equally ) _! ,celtic relatives !y are describ$ z a w>like race ) m ?an human p[]s ov] physical nature1 & z able to subject or de/roy m54 #ag ,?is ref]s to a tale told by ,hugh ,currid1 9 ,augu/1 #aijh1 ab\t ,fa!r ,patrick & ,fa!r ,dom9ick1 :i* is "h omitt$ because re-inve/igation dur+ my second visit to ,grange1 9 ,septemb]1 #aiji1 %[$ ! tale to h be5 incorrectly report$4 ,! same /ory1 h[ev]1 bas$ ^u facts1 accord+ to sev]al reliable witnesses1 0 m accurately told by ,patrick ,wat]s at ! "t ( my re-inve/igation1 & appe>s on page #ea4 #ah ,x happ5$ t ,i _h 9 my pocket a fossil1 pick$ out ( ! neighb\r+ sea-cliff rocks1 :i* are v ri* 9 fossils4 ,i %[$ ?is to ,pat to asc]ta9 if :at he _h _h 9 8 h& look$ any?+ l x1 & he at once said ',no'4 #ai ,aft] ?is ,ossianic fragm5t1 :i* has be5 h&$ d[n orally1 ,i ask$ ,pat if he _h ev] he>d ! old p talk ab\t ,d]mot & ,grania1 & he repli$3--',to be sure ,i h4 ,d]mot & ,grania us$ to live 9 ^! p>ts4 ,d]mot /ole ,f9n ,mac,coul's si/]1 & _h to flee away4 ,he took ) him a bag ( s& & a bun* ( hea!r2 & :5 he 0 9 ! m\nta9s he w\ld put ! bag ( s& "u 8 head at night1 & !n tell ev]ybody he met t he _h slept on ! s& 7! sea-%ore72 & :5 on ! s& he w\ld use ! bun* ( hea!r = a pill[1 & say he _h slept on ! hea!r 7! m\nta9s74 ,& s nobody ev] caught him at all4' #bj ,z to probable pro( t !re 0 an ,atlantis1 see p4 #ccc n4 #ba ,?is ref]s to ,rob]t ,kirk1 m9i/] ( ,ab]foyle1 :o wrote ,! ,secret ,commonweal? 7see ?is /udy1 p4 #he n474 #bb ,9 go+ f ,ea/ ,irel& to ,galway1 dur+ ! summ] ( #aijh1 ,i pass$ ?r\gh ! c\ntry ne> ,mull+>1 :]e !re 0 !n great excitem5t ov] a lepre*aun :i* _h be5 appe>+ to s*ool-*ildr5 & to _m ( ! c\ntry-folk4 ,i talk$ ) "s ( ! p z ,i walk$ ?r\gh "p ( ,c\nty ,mea? ab\t ?is lepre*aun1 & mo/ ( !m 7 c]ta9 t !re c\ld be su* a creature %[+ itself2 & ,i notic$1 too1 t !y 7 all q anxi\s to h a *ance at ! money-bag1 if !y c\ld only see ! little fell[ ) x4 ,i told "o good-natur$ old ,iri%man at ,ballywillan--:]e ,i /opp$ ov] night--z we sat r\nd 8 peat fire & pot ( boil+ potatoes1 t ! lepre*aun 0 report$ z captur$ by ! police 9 ,mull+>4 ',n[ t c\ldn't be1 at all1' he said in/antly1 '= ev]ybody kn[s ! lepre*aun is a _s & c't be caught by any bless$ policeman1 ?\gh x is likely "o might get 8 gold if !y got him corn]$ s he _h no *ance to run away4 ,b ! m9ute y w9k or take y\r eyes (f ! little devil1 sure en\gh he is gone4' #bc ,cf4 ,david ,fitzg]ald1 ,popul> ,tales ( ,irel&1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 iv4 #ahe-ib2 & ,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd1 ,new ,s]ies1 iii4 ',?is woman gu>dian ( ! lake is call$ ,toice ,bhrean1 untidy or lazy w5*4 ,accord+ to a local leg5d1 %e is said to h be5 orig9ally ! gu>dian ( ! sacr$ well1 f :i*1 ow+ to h] neglect1 ,l\gh ,gur issu$2 & 9 ?is rle %e corresponds to ,liban1 daught] ( ,eo*aidh ,f9n1 ! gu>dian ( ! sacr$ well f :i* issu$ ,l\gh ,neagh1 accord+ to ! ,d9n%5*as & ! tale ( ,eo*aidh ,mac,mairido4'--,j4 ,f4 ,,lyn*4 #bd ,x 0 on ! bank ( ! little riv] ,camg1 :i* fl[s ne> ,l\gh ,gur1 t ! ,e>l ( ,desmond "o day saw ,a9e z %e sat !re comb+ h] hair4 ,ov]come ) love = ! fairy-goddess1 he ga9$ control ov] h] ?r\gh seiz+ h] cloak1 & made h] 8 wife4 ,f ?is union 0 born ! en*ant$ son ,g]id ,i>la1 ev5 z ,galahad 0 born to ,lancelot by ! ,lady ( ! ,lake4 ,:5 ,g]id _h gr[n into "y manhood1 9 ord] to surpass a woman he leap$ "r into a bottle & "r out aga91 & ?is happ5$ 9 ! mid/ ( a banquet 9 8 fa!r's ca/le4 ,8 fa!r1 ! e>l1 _h be5 put "u taboo by ,a9e nev] to %[ surprise at any?+ h] magician son might d1 b n[ ! taboo 0 =gott51 & h5ce brok51 amid s unusual a p]=mance2 & imm$iately ,g]id left ! fea/+ & w5t to ! lake4 ,z soon z its wat] t\*$ him he assum$ ! =m ( a goose1 & he w5t swimm+ ov] ! surface ( ! ,l\gh1 & disappe>$ on ,g>rod ,isl&4 ,accord+ to "o leg5d1 ,a9e1 l ! ,breton ,morgan1 may sometimes be se5 comb+ h] hair1 only half h] body appe>+ above ! lake4 ,& 9 times ( calmness & cle> wat]1 accord+ to ano!r leg5d1 "o may behold b5ea? ,a9e's lake ! lo/ en*ant$ ca/le ( h] son ,g]id1 close to ,g>rod ,isl&--s nam$ f ,g]id or ',g]ald'4 ,g]id lives !re 9 ! "u-lake _w to ?is day1 await+ ! "t ( 8 normal return to ! _w ( m5 7see our *apt] on re-bir?1 p4 #chf74 ,b once 9 e sev5 ye>s1 on cle> moonlight nights1 he em]ges tempor>ily1 :5 ! ,l\gh ,gur peasantry see him z a phantom m\nt$ on a phantom :ite horse1 lead+ a phantom or fairy cavalcade across ! lake & l&4 ,a well-atte/$ case ( su* an app>itional appe>ance ( ! e>l has be5 record$ by ,miss ,anne ,baily1 ! p]cipi5t hav+ be5 ,teigue ,o',neill1 an old blacksmi? :om %e knew 7see ,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd1 ,new ,s]ies1 iii4 #die-f1 ,london1 #ahgj74 ,& ,moll ,riall1 a "y woman also kn[n to ,miss ,baily1 saw ! phantom e>l by himself1 "u v weird circum/ances1 by day1 z %e /ood at ! m>g9 ( ! lake wa%+ clo!s 7ib41 p4 #dif74 ,"s say t ,a9e's true dwell+-place is 9 h] hill2 ^u :i* on e ,/4 ,john's ,night ! peasantry us$ to ga!r f all ! imm$iate neighb\rhood to view ! moon 7= ,a9e seems to h be5 a moon goddess1 l ,diana71 & !n ) tor*es 7cli>s7 made ( bun*es ( /raw & hay ti$ on poles us$ to m>* 9 procession f ! hill & aft]w>ds run ?r\gh cultivat$ fields & among/ ! cattle4 ,! und]ly+ purpose ( ?is latt] c]emony probably 0--z is ! case 9 ! ,isle ( ,man & 9 ,brittany 7see pp4 #abd n41 #bgc71 :]e correspond+ fire-c]emonies surviv+ f an anci5t agricultural cult are /ill celebrat$--to exorcise ! l& f all evil spirits & wit*es 9 ord] t !re may be good h>ve/s & ri* increase ( flocks4 ,sometimes on su* occasions ! goddess h]self has be5 se5 lead+ ! sacr$ procession 7cf4 ! ,bac*us cult among ! anci5t ,greeks1 :o believ$ t ! god himself l$ 8 wor%ipp]s 9 _! sacr$ tor*-light procession at night1 he be+ l ,a9e 9 ?is respect1 m or less connect$ ) f]tility 9 nature74 ,"o night "s girls /ay+ on ! hill late 7 made to look ?r\gh a magic r+ by ,a9e1 & lo ! hill 0 cr[d$ ) ! folk ( ! fairy goddess :o be=e _h be5 invisible4 ,! peasants always said t ,a9e is '! be/-he>t$ woman t ev] liv$' 7cf4 ,david ,fitzg]ald1 ,popul> ,tales ( ,irel&1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 iv4 #ahe-ib74 ,9 ,silva ,gadelica 7ii4 #cdg-h71 ,a9e is a daught] ( ,eogabal1 a k+ ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 & h] abode is )9 ! sidh1 nam$ on h] acc\nt ',a9e clia*1 n[ ,cnoc ,a9e1 or ,knockany'4 ,9 ano!r passage we read t ,manannan took ,a9e z 8 wife 7ib41 ii4 #aig74 ,also see 9 ,silva ,gadelica1 ii1 pp4 #bbe1 #egf4 #be ',9 "s local tales ! ,bean-tighe1 or ,bean a'tighe is t]m$ ,bean-sidhe 7,ban%ee71 & ,bean ,*ao9te1 or wail+ woman1 & is id5tifi$ ) ,a9e4 ,9 an elegy by ,f]rit] on "o ( ! ,fitzg]alds1 we read3-- ,a9e f h] closely hid ne/ did awake1 ,! woman ( wail+ f ,gur's voicy lake4 ',?omas ,o',connellan1 ! great m9/rel b>d1 "s ( ^: compositions are giv5 by ,h>diman1 di$ at ,l\gh ,gur ,ca/le ab\t #agjj1 & 0 buri$ at ,new ,*ur* beside ! lake4 ,x is locally believ$ t ,a9e /ood on a rock ( ,knock ,adoon & ke5$ ,o',connellan :il/ ! fun]al procession 0 pass+ f ! ca/le to ! place ( burial4'--,j4 ,f4 ,,lyn*4 ,a ,ban%ee 0 traditionally atta*$ to ! ,baily family ( ,l\gh ,gur2 & "o night at dead ( night1 :5 ,miss ,kitty ,baily 0 dy+ ( consumption1 h] two si/]s1 ,miss ,anne ,baily & ,miss ,susan ,baily1 :o 7 sitt+ 9 ! dea? *amb]1 'he>d su* sweet & melan*oly music z !y _h nev] he>d be=e4 ,x seem$ to !m l di/ant ca!dral music4444 ,! music 0 n 9 ! h\se4444 ,x seem$ to come ?r\gh ! w9d[s ( ! old ca/le1 high 9 ! air4' ,b :5 ,miss ,anne1 :o w5t d[n/airs ) a light$ c&le to inve/igate ! weird ph5om5on1 _h approa*$ ! ru9$ ca/le %e ?\ght ! music came f above ! h\se2 '& ?us p]plex$1 & at la/ fright5$1 %e return$4' ,bo? si/]s are on record z hav+ di/9ctly he>d ! fairy music1 & = a long "t 7,all ! ,ye> ,r\nd1 ,new ,s]ies1 iii4 #dif-g2 ,london1 #ahgj74 #bf ',! ,bua*aille5 is mo/ likely "o ( ! _m =ms assum$ by ! %ape-%ift+ ,f] ,fi1 ! ,l\gh ,gur ,dw>f1 :o at ,t>a1 accord+ to ! ,d9n%5*as ( ,tuag ,inbir 7see ,folk-,lore1 iii2 & ,a4 ,nutt1 ,voyage ( ,bran1 i4 #aie ff471 took ! %ape ( a woman2 & we may trace ! tales ( ,g]id ,i>la to ,f] ,fi1 :o1 & n ,g]id1 is believ$ by ! olde/ ( ! ,l\gh ,gur peasantry to be ! own] ( ! lake4 ,f] ,fi is ! son ( ,eogabal ( ,sdh ,eogabail1 & h5ce bro!r to ,a9e4 ,he is also fo/]-son ( ,manannan ,mac ,lir1 & a ,druid ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 7cf4 ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #bbe2 also ,d9n%5*as ( ,tuag ,inbir74 ,at ,l\gh ,gur v>i\s tales are told by ! peasants conc]n+ ! ,dw>f1 & he is /ill /at$ by !m to be ! bro!r ( ,a9e4 ,= ! sake ( exp]im5t ,i once spoke v disrespectfully ( ! ,dw>f to ,john ,pun*1 an old man1 & he said to me 9 a fright5$ :isp]3 ,:i%t6 he'll he> y4 ,edw>d ,fitzg]ald & o!r old m5 7 v mu* afraid ( ! ,dw>f4'--,j4 ,f4 ,,lyn*4 #bg ',comp>e ! tale ( ,excalibur1 ! ,sword ( ,k+ ,ar?ur1 :i* ,k+ ,ar?ur be=e 8 dea? ord]$ ,sir ,b$iv]e to ca/ into ! lake :5ce x _h come4'--,j4 ,f4 ,,lyn*4 #bh ',x is commonly believ$ by "y & old at ,l\gh ,gur t a human be+ is dr[n$ 9 ! ,lake once e sev5 ye>s1 & t x is ! ,bean ,fhionn1 or ,:ite ,lady :o ?us takes ! p]son4'--,j4 ,f4 ,,lyn*4 #bi ,x 0 ! belief ( ! ,rev4 ,rob]t ,kirk1 z express$ by him 9 8 ,secret ,commonweal? ( ,elves1 ,fauns1 & ,fairies1 t ! fairy tribes are a di/9ct ord] ( creat$ be+s possess+ human-l intellig5ce & sup]normal p[]s1 :o live & move ab\t 9 ?is _w invisible to all save m5 & wom5 ( ! second-sight 7see ?is /udy1 pp4 #hi1 #ia n474 #cj ,! ,rev4 ,rob]t ,kirk1 9 8 ,secret ,commonweal?1 def9es ! second-sight1 :i* enabl$ him to see ! 'good p'1 z 'a rapture1 transport1 & sort ( dea?'4 ,he & our pres5t witness came into ! _w ) ?is abnormal faculty2 b !re is ! rem>kable case to record ( ! late ,fa!r ,all5 ,macdonald1 :o dur+ a resid5ce ( tw5ty ye>s on ! t9y & isolat$ ,isle ( ,erisgey1 ,we/]n ,hebrides1 acquir$ ! second-sight1 & 0 able "s ye>s be=e he di$ !re 79 #aije7 to ex]cise x z freely z ?\gh he _h be5 a natural-born se]4 #ca ,9 8 note to ,le ,*ant des ,trpasss 7,b>zaz ,breiz1 p4 #ejg71 ,villem>qu reports t 9 "s localities 9 ,l[] ,brittany on ,all ,sa9ts ,night libations ( milk are p\r$ ov] ! tombs ( ! dead4 ,?is is pro( t ! nature ( fairies 9 ,scotl& & ( ! dead 9 ,brittany is ?\ght to be ! same4 #cb ',9 _m p>ts ( ! ,highl&s1 :]e ! same deity is kn[n1 ! /one into :i* wom5 p\r$ ! libation ( milk is call$ ,leac na ,gruagai*1 ,flag-/one ( ! ,gruaga*4 ,if ! libation 0 omitt$ 9 ! ev5+1 ! be/ c[ 9 ! fold w\ld be f\nd dead 9 ! morn+4'--,,alex&] ,,c>mi*ael4 #cc ,dr4 ,george ,h5d]son1 9 ,! ,norse ,influ5ce on ,celtic ,scotl& 7,glasg[1 #aija71 p4 #aja1 says3--',%ony 0 a sea-god 9 ,lewis1 :]e ale 0 sacrific$ to him at ,hall[tide4 ,aft] com+ to ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,mulvay at night a man 0 s5t to wade into ! sea1 say+3 ,%ony1 ,i give y ?is cup ( ale hop+ t y w be s k9d z to give u pl5ty ( sea-w>e = enri*+ our gr\nd ! ensu+ ye>4 ,z o f ,norse w\ld become o1 & fn becomes nn1 "o ?9ks ( ,sjfn1 "o ( ! goddesses 9 ! ,edda4 ,9 any case ! ^w is ,norse4' ,x seems1 !re=e1 t ! ,celtic /ock 9 ,lewis h adopt$ ! "n ,%ony or ,%oney1 & possibly also ! god x designates1 ?r\gh contact ) ,norsem52 b1 at all ev5ts1 !y h assimilat$ him to _! own fairy pan!on1 z we c see 9 _! celebrat+ special libations to him on ! anci5t ,celtic fea/ ( ! dead & fairies1 ,hall[e54 #cd ,?is1 z ,dr4 ,c>mi*ael told me1 ,i believe v ju/ly repres5ts ! pres5t /ate ( folk-lore 9 _m p>ts ( ! ,highl&s4 ,!re are1 x is true1 old m5 & wom5 "h & !re :o "k mu* ab\t fairies1 b !y1 fe>+ ! ridicule ( a y\ng] & 'educat$' g5]ation1 are g5]ally unwill+ to admit any belief 9 fairies4 #ce ,! foll[+ note by ,miss ,tolmie is ( great int]e/ & value1 especially :5 "o be>s 9 m9d ,cu*ula9n's traditional relation ) ,skye 7see p4 #d73--',! ,koolian range %\ld nev] be writt5 ,cu-*ull94 ,! "n is writt5 "h ) a ,k1 to ensure its be+ correctly utt]$ & writt54 ,x is probably a ,norse ^w2 b1 z yet1 a satisfactory explanation ( its orig9 & mean+ has n be5 publi%$4 ,9 ,gaelic ! range is always allud$ to 79 ! mascul9e s+ul>7 z ! ,koolian4' #cf ,dr4 ,alex&] ,c>mi*ael f\nd t ! sc5e ( ?is widespread tale is v>i\sly laid1 9 ,argyll1 9 ,p]?1 9 ,inv]ness1 & 9 o!r c\nties ( ! ,highl&s4 ,f 8 own collection ( folk-songs he contributes ! foll[+ v]ses to illu/rate ! song 7exi/+ 9 num]\s v]sions71 :i* ! maid5 :ile invisible us$ to s+ to ! c[s ( ,col93-- ,crodh ,*ailean6 crodh ,*ailean6 ,crodh ,*ailean mo ghaoil1 ,crodh ,*ailean mo *ridhe1 ,air lighe *e>e fraoi%4 7,c[s ( ,col96 c[s ( ,col96 ,c[s ( ,col9 ( my love1 ,c[s ( ,col9 ( my he>t1 ,9 col\r ( ! hea!r-h547 ,9 "o ( ,dr4 ,c>mi*ael's v]sions1 ',col9's wife & h] infant *ild _h be5 lift$ away by ! fairies to a fairy b[] 9 ! gl5 betwe5 ! hills4' ,!re %e 0 kept nurs+ ! babes :i* ! fairies _h /ol51 until '^u ,hall[ ,eve1 :5 all ! b[]s 7 op5'1 ,col9 by plac+ a /eel t9d] above ! l9tel ( ! door to ! fairy b[] 0 enabl$ to ent] ! b[] & 9 safety lead =? 8 wife & *ild4 #cg ,9 ?is beautiful fairy leg5d we recognize ! fairy woman z "o ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann-l fairies--"o ( ! wom5 ( ! ,sidhe1 z ,iri% se]s call !m4 #ch ,x is int]e/+ to "k t ! pres5t inhabitants ( ,b>ra1 or at lea/ mo/ ( !m1 are ! desc5dants ( ,iri% coloni/s :o belong$ to ! clan ,eoi*idh ( ,c\nty ,cork1 & :o emigrat$ f !re to ,b>ra 9 ,a4 ,d4 #iag4 ,!y br\ght ) !m _! old cu/oms & beliefs1 & 9 _! isolation _! *ildr5 h kept ^! ?+s alive 9 almo/ _! primitive ,celtic purity4 ,= example1 besides _! belief 9 fairies1 ,may ,day1 ,baalt9e1 & ,novemb] ,eve are /ill rigor\sly obs]v$ 9 ! pagan way1 & s is ,ea/]--= x1 too1 be=e be+ claim$ by ,*ri/ianity1 0 a sun fe/ival4 ,& h[ beautiful x is 9 ?is age to see ! y\?s & maid5s & "s ( ! eld]s ( ^! simple-he>t$ ,*ri/ian fi%]-folk climb to ! rocky heights ( _! little isl&-home on ,ea/] morn to salute ! sun z x rises out ( ! m\nta9s to ! ea/1 & to he> !m say t ! sun dances ) joy t morn+ because ! ,*ri/ is ris54 ,9 a simil> way !y salute ! new moon1 mak+ z !y d s ! sign ( ! cross4 ,f9n ,b>r is said to h be5 a ,c\nty ,cork man ( great sanctity2 & he probably came to ,b>ra ) ! colony1 = he is ! patron sa9t ( ! isl&1 & h5ce its "n4 7,to my fri5d1 ,mr4 ,mi*ael ,bu*anan1 ( ,b>ra1 ,i am indebt$ = ?is hi/ory & ^! traditions ( 8 native isle47 #ci ',sluagh1 ho/s1 ! _s-_w4 ,! ho/s are ! spirits ( mortals :o h di$4444 ,accord+ to "o in=mant1 ! spirits fly ab\t 9 great cl\ds1 up & d[n ! face ( ! _w l ! />l+s1 & come back to ! sc5es ( _! e>?ly transgressions4 ,no s\l ( !m is )\t ! cl\ds ( e>?1 dimm+ ! brightness ( ! works ( ,god1 nor c any w9 heav5 till satisfaction is made = ! s9s ( e>?4'--,,alex&] ,,c>mi*ael1 ,c>m9a ,gadelica1 ii4 #ccj4 #dj ,?is curi\s tale sugge/s t c]ta9 ( ! fairy wom5 :o entice mortals to _! love 9 mod]n times are mu* ! same1 if n ! same1 z ! succubi ( ,middle-,age my/ics4 ,b x is n int5d$ by ?is obs]vation to confuse ! high] ord]s ( ! ,sidhe & all ! fairy folk l ! fays :o come f ,avalon ) succubi2 ?\gh succubi & fairy wom5 9 g5]al 7 (t5 confus$ & improp]ly id5tifi$ ! "o ) ! o!r4 ,x ne$ n be urg$ 9 ?is example ( a 'fairy woman' t we h to d n ) a be+ ( fle% & blood1 :atev] v>i\s read]s may ?9k ( h]4 #da ',willy-!-,fairy1 o!rwise kn[n z ,william ,ca91 is ! musician ref]r$ to by ! late ,mr4 ,john ,nelson 7p4 #aca74 ,! latt]'s /atem5t t ,william ,ca9 play$ "o ( ^! fairy tunes at "o ( our ,manx ent]ta9m5ts 9 ,peel is p]fectly correct4'--,,sophia ,,morrison4 #db ,?is is ! ,mid-_w ( ,iri% se]s1 :o w\ld be incl9$ to foll[ ! ,manx cu/om & call ! fairies '! ,p ( ! ,middle ,_w'4 #dc ',may #aa 9 ,manx ,oie ,voaldyn1 ,may-day ,eve4 ,on ?is ev5+ ! fairies 7 suppos$ to be peculi>ly active4 ,to propitiate !m & to w>d (f ! influ5ce ( evil spirits1 & wit*es1 :o 7 also active at ?is "t1 gre5 leaves or b\ghs & sum>k or primrose fl[]s 7 /rewn on ! ?re%old1 & bran*es ( ! cuirn or m\nta9 a% made into small crosses )\t ! aid ( a knife1 :i* 0 on no acc\nt to be us$ 7/eel or iron 9 any =m be+ taboo to fairies & spirits71 & /uck ov] ! doors ( ! dwell+-h\ses & c[-h\ses4 ,c[s 7 fur!r protect$ f ! same influ5ces by hav+ ! ,bollan-feaill-,eo9 7,john's fea/ wort7 plac$ 9 _! /alls4 ,?is 0 also "o ( ! occasions on :i* no "o w\ld give fire away1 & on :i* fires 7 & are /ill lit on ! hills to drive away ! fairies4'--,,sophia ,,morrison4 #dd ,i am :olly indebt$ to ,miss ,morrison = ^! ,manx v]ses & _! translation1 :i* ,i h sub/itut$ = ,mrs4 ,moore's ,engli% r5d]+4 ,miss ,morrison1 aft] my return to ,ox=d1 saw ,mrs4 ,moore & took !m d[n f h]1 a task ,i 0 n well fitt$ to d :5 ! tale 0 told4 #de ,x has be5 sugge/$1 & no d\bt correctly1 t ^! murmur+ s\nds he>d on ,dalby ,m\nta9 are due to ! action ( sea-waves1 close at h&1 wa%+ ov] %ift+ masses ( pebbles on ! rock-b\nd %ore4 ,?\gh ?is be ! true explanation ( ! ph5om5on itself1 x only proves ! attribution ( cause to be wrong1 & n ! und]ly+ animi/ic conception ( spiritual be+s4 #df ,9 ?is my?ological role1 ,manannan is app>5tly a sun god or else ! sun itself2 & ! ,manx coat ( arms1 :i* is connect$ ) him1 be+ a sun symbol1 sugge/s to u n[ ages long prior to hi/ory1 :5 ! ,isle ( ,man 0 a ,sacr$ ,isle d$icat$ to ! cult ( ! ,supreme ,god ( ,light & ,life1 & :5 all :o dwelt !reon 7 reg>d$ z ! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,sun4 #dg ,sir ,john ,rhys tells me t ?is ,sn[don fairy-lore 0 contribut$ by ! late ,lady ,rhys1 :o z a girl liv$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,sn[don & he>d v mu* f ! old p !re1 mo/ ( :om believ$ 9 ! fairies2 & %e h]self !n us$ to be w>n$1 9 ! mann] m5tion$1 aga9/ be+ c>ri$ away into ! "u-lake ,fairyl&4 #dh ,cf4 ,celtic ,folklore1 ,wel% & ,manx1 pp4 #fhc-d n41 :]e ,sir ,john ,rhys says ( 8 fri5d1 ,pr(essor ,a4 ,c4 ,haddon3--',i f9d also t he1 among o!rs1 has anticipat$ me 9 my !ory z to ! orig9s ( ! fairies3 witness ! foll[+ extract f ! syllabus ( a lecture deliv]$ by him at ,c>diff 9 #ahid on ,fairy ,tales3--,:at are ! fairies8--,leg5d>y orig9 ( ! fairies4 ,x is evid5t f fairy lit]ature t !re is a mixture ( ! possible & ! impossible1 ( fact & fancy4 ,"p ( fairydom ref]s to 7#a7 spirits t nev] 7 embodi$3 o!r fairies are 7#b7 spirits ( environm5t1 nature or local spirits1 & h\sehold or dome/ic spirits2 7#c7 spirits ( ! organic _w1 spirits ( plants1 & spirits ( animals2 7#d7 spirits ( m51 or gho/s2 & 7#e7 wit*es & wiz>ds1 or m5 possess$ ) o!r spirits4 ,all ^!1 & possibly o!r elem5ts1 ent] into ! fanciful aspects ( ,fairyl&1 b !re is a l>ge residuum ( real occurr5ces2 ^! po9t to a cla% ( races1 & we may reg>d _m ( ^! fairy sagas z /ories told by m5 ( ! ,iron ,age ( ev5ts :i* happ5$ to m5 ( ! ,bronze ,age 9 _! conflicts ) m5 ( ! ,neoli?ic ,age1 & possibly ^!1 too1 h&$ on traditions ( ! ,paleoli?ic ,age4' #di ,?is is ! "o tale ,i h f\nd 9 ,nor? ,wales ab\t a midwife & fairies--a type ( tale common to ,we/ ,irel&1 ,isle ( ,man1 ,cornwall1 & ,brittany1 b 9 a rev]se v]sion1 ! midwife !re be+ 7z %e is sometimes 9 ,wel% v]sions7 "o ( ! human race call$ 9 by fairies4 ,if evid5ce ( ! on5ess ( ! ,celtic m9d 7 ne$$ we %\ld f9d x "h 7cf4 pp4 #ej1 #ed1 #abg1 #age1 #ahb1 #bje74 ,!re are 9 ?is type ( fairy-tale1 z ! advocates ( ! ,pygmy ,!ory may well hold1 c]ta9 elem5ts mo/ likely traceable to a folk-memory ( "s e>ly race1 or special class ( "s e>ly race1 :o knew ! secrets ( midwif]y & ! use ( m$ic9es :5 su* k 0 consid]$ magical4 ,b 9 ea* example ( ?is midwife /ory !re is ! g]m idea--no matt] :at o!r ideas clu/] r\nd x--t fairies1 l spirits1 are only to be se5 by an extra-human vision1 or1 z psy*ical rese>*]s might say1 by clairvoyance4 #ej ,aft] ?is rem>kable /ory1 ,mrs4 ,jones told me ab\t ano!r v r>e psy*ical exp]i5ce ( h] own1 :i* is "h record$ because x illu/rates ! work+ ( ! psy*ological law ( ! association ( ideas3--',my husb&1 ,price ,jones1 0 dr[n$ "s =ty ye>s ago1 )9 f\r miles ( ,arms ,head1 ne> ,bangor1 on ,friday at midday2 & t night at ab\t "o o'clock he appe>$ to me 9 our b$room & laid 8 head on my brea/4 ,i tri$ to ask him :]e he came f1 b be=e ,i c\ld get my brea? he 0 gone4 ,i believ$ at ! "t t he 0 out at sea p]fectly safe & well4 ,b next day1 ,saturday1 at ab\t noon1 a message came ann\nc+ 8 dea?4 ,i 0 z fully awake z "o c be :5 ,i ?us saw ! _s ( my husb&4 ,he return$ to me a second "t ab\t six mon?s lat]4' ,_h ?is happ5$ 9 ,we/ ,irel&1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t public op9ion w\ld h decl>$ t ,price ,jones _h be5 tak5 by ! 'g5try' or 'good p'4 #ea ,"h we f9d ! ,tylwy? ,teg %[+ q ! same *>act]i/ics z ,wel% elves 9 g5]al1 z ,corni% pixies1 & z ,breton corrigans1 or lut9s2 t is1 giv5 to danc+ at night1 to /eal+ *ildr51 & to deceiv+ travell]s4 #eb ,?is folk-belief p>tially su/a9s ! view put =? 9 our *apt] on ,environm5t1 t ,/4 ,david's dur+ pagan times 0 already a sacr$ spot & p]haps !n ! seat ( a druidic oracle4 #ec ,"h we h an example ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg be+ id5tifi$ ) a prehi/oric race1 q 9 accordance ) ! argum5t ( ! ,pygmy ,!ory4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 z ! ess5tial idea1 t ! ,tylwy? ,teg he>d s++ 7 ! spirits ( ?is prehi/oric race4 ,?us our cont5tion t ance/ral spirits play a lead+ "p 9 ! fairy-belief is su/a9$1 & ! ,pygmy ,!ory appe>s q at its true relative value--z able to expla9 "o subord9ate e?nological /r& 9 ! complex fabric ( ! belief4 #ed ,?is /ory is mu* l ! "o record$ by ,giraldus ,cambr5sis ab\t a boy go+ to ,fairyl& & return+ to 8 "m 7see ?is /udy1 p4 #cbd74 ,! possibility t x may be an indep5d5t v]sion ( ! folk-tale told to ,cambr5sis :i* has cont9u$ to live on among ! p makes x highly int]e/+4 ,mr4 ,jones gives fur!r evid5ce on ! re-bir? doctr9e 9 ,wales 7pp4 #chh-i71 & conc]n+ ,m]l9 & sacrifice to appease place-spirits 7pp4 #dcf-g74 #ee ,z a result ( 8 rese>*es1 ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,m4 ,morgan has j publi%$ a new "w1 entitl$ ,! ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ! ,p>i% ( ,new*ur* 7,c>m>!n1 #aiaj74 #ef ,9 ^! la/ two anecdotes1 z 9 mod]n ',spiritualism'1 we obs]ve a popul> practice ( necromancy or ! call+ up ( spirits1 s-call$ 'mat]ialization' ( spirits1 & _s communication ?r\gh a human 'm$ium'1 :o is ! dyn hysbys1 z well z div9ation1 ! reveal+ ( ?+s hidd5 & ! =etell+ ( future ev5ts4 ,?is is direct evid5ce t ,wel% fairies or ! ,tylwy? ,teg 7 =m]ly ! same to ,wel%m5 z spirits are to ,spirituali/s n[4 ,we seem1 !re=e1 to h pro( ( our ,psy*ological ,!ory 7see *ap4 xi74 #eg ,"h we h a comb9ation ( _m di/9ct elem5ts & influ5ces4 ,z among mortals1 s among ! ,tylwy? ,teg !re is a k+2 & ?is conception may h aris5 directly f an?ropomorphic influ5ces on ! anci5t ,bry?onic religion1 or x may h come directly f druidic tea*+s4 ,! locat+ ( ,gwydion ab ,don1 l a god1 9 a heav5-_w1 r ?an l 8 c\nt]p>t1 ,gwynn ab ,nudd1 9 a hades-_w1 is probably due to a peculi> admixture ( ,druidism & ,*ri/ianity3 at fir/1 bo? gods 7 probably druidic or pagan1 & ! same1 b ,gwynn ab ,nudd became a demon or evil god "u ,*ri/ian influ5ces1 :ile ,gwydion ab ,don seems to h curi\sly reta9$ 8 orig9al good reputation 9 spite ( ,*ri/ianity 7cf4 p4 #cbj74 ,! "n ,gw5hidw rem9ds u at once ( ,ar?ur's que5 ,gw5hwyv> or ',:ite ,app>ition'2 & ! %eep ( ,gw5hidw c prop]ly be expla9$ by ! ,naturali/ic ,!ory4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t analogy 0 imag9atively sugge/$ betwe5 ! ,que5 ,gw5hidw z resembl+ ! ,wel% ,:ite ,lady or a gho/-l be+1 & h] %eep1 ! cl\ds1 also ( a necess>ily gho/-l "*4 ,all ?is is an admirable illu/ration ( ! great complexity ( ! ,fairy-,fai?4 #eh ,! p>allel betwe5 ?is ,wel% me?od ( conf]r+ vision & ! ,breton me?od is v /rik+ 7cf4 p4 #bae74 #ei ,?is is ! sub/ance ( ! /ory z x 0 told to me by a g5tleman :o lives )9 sight ( ! f>m :]e ! image is said to h be5 f\nd4 ,& "o day he took me to ! h\se & %[$ me ! room & ! place 9 ! wall :]e ! f9d 0 made4 ,! old manor is "o ( ! solide/ & mo/ picturesque ( its k9d 9 ,wales1 &1 9 spite ( its extreme age1 well pres]v$4 ,he1 be+ z a native ,wel%man ( ! locality well acqua9t$ ) its ar*aeology1 ?9ks x safe to place an age ( six to eight hundr$ ye>s on ! manor4 ,:at is int]e/+ ab\t ?is matt] ( age arises f ! qu]y1 ,0 ! image "o ( ! ,virg9 or ( "s ,*ri/ian sa9t1 or 0 x a ,druid idol8 ,bo? op9ions are curr5t 9 ! neighb\rhood1 b !re is a good deal 9 fav\r ( ! second4 ,! region1 ! little valley on ^: side /&s ! ,p5tre ,evan ,cromle*1 ! f9e/ 9 ,brita91 is believ$ to h be5 a fav\rite place ) ! anci5t ,druids2 & 9 ! oak groves :i* /ill exi/ !re tradition says !re 0 once a fl\ri%+ pagan s*ool = neophytes1 & t ! cromle* in/ead ( be+ a place = int]m5ts or = sacrifices 0 9 ^? days completely enclos$1 =m+ l o!r cromle*s a d>k5$ *amb] 9 :i* novices :5 initiat$ 7 plac$ = a c]ta9 numb] ( days--! int]ior be+ call$ ! ',womb or ,c\rt ( ,c]idw5'4 #fj ,! same rem$y is prescrib$ 9 ,brittany :5 mis*iev\s lut9s or corrigans lead a travell] a/ray1 9 ,irel& :5 ! good p lead a travell] a/ray2 & at ,rollright1 ,ox=d%ire1 ,engl&1 an old woman told me t x is efficaci\s aga9/ be+ l$ a/ray ?r\gh wit*craft4 ,obvi\sly ! fairy & wit* spell are alike4 #fa ,! same sort ( a /ory z ?is is told 9 ,l[] ,brittany1 :]e ! corrigans or lut9s slaught] a f>m]'s fat c[ or ox & invite ! f>m] to p>take ( ! fea/ x provides4 ,if he does s ) good grace & hum\r1 he f9ds 8 c[ or ox p]fectly :ole 9 ! morn+1 b if he refuses to jo9 ! fea/ or jo9s x unwill+ly1 9 ! morn+ he is likely to f9d 8 c[ or ox actually dead & eat54 #fb ,see ,sir ,john ,rhys1 ,celtic ,folk-,lore3 ,wel% & ,manx 7,ox=d1 #aija71 passim4 #fc ,! ,new ,engli% ,diction>y1 s4v4 ,pixy1 gives r vaguely a ,sw$i% dialect ^w1 pysg1 a small fairy4 ,x also m5tions pix z a ,devon imprecation1 'a pix take him4' ,i suspect ! la/ is only an umlaut =m ( a common ,%akespe>ean imprecation4 ,if n1 x is int]e/+1 & rem9ds "o ( ! fate ( ,m>g]y ,dawe1 ',piskies came & c>r'd h] away4' #fd ',"s say t ! ,pho5icians nev] came to ,cornwall at all1 & t _! ,ictis 0 ,vectis 7! ,isle ( ,wight7 or ev5 ,?anet4'--,,h5ry ,,j5n]4 #fe ',?is is1 ,i ?9k1 ! usual ,corni% belief4'--,,h5ry ,,j5n]4 #ff ',ab\t ,por? ,curn[ & ! ,logan ,rock !re are little spots ( e>? 9 ! face ( ! granite cliffs :]e sea-daisies 7?rift7 & o!r wild fl[]s gr[4 ,^! are ref]r$ to ! sea pisky1 & are kn[n z piskies' g>d5s4'--,,h5ry ,,j5n]4 #fg ,i 0 told by ano!r ,corni%man t1 9 a _s ( municipal rivalry & fun1 ! ,p5zance p l to taunt ! p ( ,newlyn 7n[ almo/ a suburb ( ,p5zance7 by call+ !m ,buccas1 & t ! ,newlyn t[nsm5 v mu* res5t be+ s designat$4 ,?us :at no d\bt 0 orig9ally an anci5t cult to "s local sea-div9ity call$ ,bucca1 has surviv$ z folk-hum\r4 7,see ,mr4 ,j5n]'s ,introduction1 p4 #afd47 #fh ',ano!r v]sion1 :i* is m usual1 is t ! pisky ano9t$ ! p]son's eyes & s r5d]$ itself visible4'--,,h5ry ,,j5n]4 #fi ,?is is a natural outcropp+ ( gre5/one on a comm&+ hill j above ! vic>age 9 ,newlyn1 & conc]n+ x _m weird leg5ds survive4 ,9 pre-,*ri/ian times x 0 probably "o ( ! ,corni% sacr$ spots = ! celebration ( anci5t rites--probably 9 hon\r ( ! ,sun--& = div9ation4 #gj ,= m ab\t ! ,tolc>ne ,troll see *apt] on ,celtic ,re-bir? p4 #cia4 #ga ,mr4 ,john ,b4 ,corni%1 solicitor1 ( ,p5zance1 told me t :5 he once sugge/$ to an old m9] :o fully believ$ 9 ! 'knock]s'1 t ! noises !y 7 suppos$ to make 7 due to mat]ial causes1 ! old m9] became q annoy$1 & said1 ',well1 ,i guess ,i h e>s to he>4' #gb ,= ! ,corni% folk-lore already publi%$ by ,miss ,m4 ,a4 ,c\rtney1 ! read] is ref]r$ to h] "w1 ,corni% ,fea/s & ,folk-,lore 7,p5zance1 #ahij74 #gc ,a curi\s hol$ /one /&+ betwe5 two l[ m5hirs on ! moors beyond ! ,lanyon ,dolm51 ne> ,madron2 b 9 ,borlase's "t 7cf4 8 ,antiquities ( ,cornwall1 ed4 #agfi1 p4 #agg7 ! ?ree /ones 7 n z n[ 9 a direct l9e4 ,! ,m5-an-,tol has ar\s$ mu* speculation among ar*aeologi/s z to its probable use or mean+4 ,no d\bt x 0 a/ronomical & religi\s 9 its significance2 & x may h be5 a cal5d> /one ) :i* anci5t prie/s took sun obs]vations 7cf4 ,sir ,norman ,locky]1 ,/oneh5ge & ,o!r ,/one ,monum5ts72 or x may h be5 o!rwise relat$ to a sun cult1 or to "s pagan initiatory rites4 #gd ,i ask$ :at a na? is1 & ,mr4 ,spragg expla9$3--',a na? is a bird ) a beak l t ( a p>rot1 & ) black & grey fea!rs4 ,! na?s live on sea-isl&s 9 holes l rabbits1 & be=e !y />t to fly !y fir/ run4' ,! na?1 z ,mr4 ,h5ry ,j5n] in=ms me1 is ! same z ! puff9 7,frat]cula arctica71 call$ also 9 ,cornwall a 'sea p>rot'4 #ge ,sometimes x is necess>y to turn y\r coat inside out4 ,a ,z5nor man said t to d ! same ?+ ) y\r socks or /ock+s is z good4 ,9 ,irel& ?is /range psy*ological /ate ( go+ a/ray comes f walk+ ov] a fairy doma91 ov] a confus+-sod1 or gett+ into a fairy pass4 #gf ,cf4 ,f4 ,m4 ,luzel1 ,contes populaires de ,basse-,bretagne 7,p>is1 #ahhg71 i4 #agg-ig2 foll[+ ! acc\nt ( ,ann ,drann1 a s]vant at ,coat-,fual1 ,pl\gu]nevel 7,ctes-du-,nord71 ,novemb] #ahee4 #gg ,my ,breton fri5d1 ,m4 ,g\lv5 ,le ,sc\r1 0 born ,novemb] #bj1 #ahea1 at ,k]\l$ic 9 ,pl\nev5t]1 ,f9i/re4 ,he is an antiqu>ian1 a poet1 &1 z we %all see1 a folk-lori/ ( no mean ability4 ,9 #aijb1 at ! ,congrs d',auray ( ,breton poets & s+]s1 he won two prizes = poetry1 &1 9 #aija1 a prize at ! ,congrs de ,quimp]l or ,conc\rs de ,recueils potiques4 #gh ,?is /ory conc]ns p]sons /ill liv+1 &1 at ,m4 ,le ,sc\r's sugge/ion1 ,i h omitt$ _! names4 #gi ,by a ,c>nac family ,i 0 aft]w>ds giv5 a sprig ( su* bless$ box-wood1 & 0 assur$ t its exorciz+ p[] is /ill recogniz$ by all old ,breton families1 mo/ ( :om seem to possess bran*es ( x4 #hj ,?is idea seems relat$ to ! "o 9 ! popul> ,morbihan leg5d ( h[ ,/4 ,cornely1 ! patron sa9t ( ! c\ntry & ! sa9t :o presides ov] ! ,alignem5ts & dome/ic horn$ animals1 *ang$ into upright /ones ! pagan =ces oppos+ him :5 he arriv$ ne> ,c>nac2 & ^! /ones are n[ ! fam\s ,alignem5ts ( ,c>nac4 #ha ,luzel1 op4 cit41 iii4 #bbf-caa2 i4 #abh-bah2 ii4 #cdi-ed4 #hb ,ib41 ii4 #bfi2 cf4 our /udy1 p4 #ic4 #hc ,accord+ to ! annotations to a leg5d record$ by ,villem>qu1 9 8 ,b>zaz ,breiz1 pp4 #ci-dd1 & entitl$ ! ,subm]sion de la ,ville d',is1 ,/4 ,gu5ol 0 traditionally ! f\nd] ( ! fir/ mona/]y rais$ 9 ,armorica2 & ,dahut ! pr9cess /ole ! key f h] sleep+ fa!r 9 ord] fitt+ly to cr[n a banquet & midnight debau*]ies :i* 7 be+ held 9 hon\r ( h] lov]1 ! ,black ,pr9ce4 #hd ,luzel1 op4 cit41 ii4 #beg-fh2 i4 #c-ac4 #he ,p4 ,sbillot1 ,traditions et sup]/itions de la ,haute-,bretagne 7,p>is1 #ahhb71 i4 #ajj4 #hf ,g5]al ref]5ces3 ,sbillot1 ib42 & 8 ,folk-,lore de ,france 7,p>is1 #aije74 #hg ,sbillot1 ,traditions et sup]/itions de la ,haute-,bretagne1 i4 #gc-d4 #hh ,ib41 i4 #ajb1 #ajc-d4 #hi ,sbillot1 ,traditions et sup]/itions de la ,haute-,bretagne1 i4 #hc4 #ij ,ib41 i4 #ij-a4 #ia ,cf4 ib41 i4 #aji4 #ib ,cf4 ib41 i4 #gd-e1 c4 #ic ,cf4 ,sbillot1 ,traditions et sup]/itions de la ,haute-,bretagne1 i4 #gd-e1 c4 #id ,9 ,l[] ,brittany ! corrigan tribes collectively are commonly call$ ,corrikt1 mascul9e plural ( ,corrik1 dim9utive ( ,corr1 mean+ ',dw>f'2 or ,corrigan$1 fem99e plural ( ,corrigan1 mean+ ',little ,dw>f'4 ,_m o!r =ms are 9 use4 7,cf4 ,r4 ,f4 ,le ,m51 ,trad4 et sup]s4 de la ,basse-,bretagne1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 i4 #bbf-g47 #ie ,cf4 ,foy] breton1 i4 #aii4 #if ,by ',e4 ,r4'1 9 ,mlus9e 7,p>is71 i4 #aad4 #ig ,?is acc\nt ab\t corrigans1 m rational ?an any prec$+ x1 may possibly ref] to a dream or trance-l /ate ( m9d on ! "p ( ! "y girl2 & if x does1 we c !n comp>e ! pres5ce ( a mortal at ?is corrigan sabba?1 or ev5 at ! ord9>y wit*es' sabba?1 to ! pres5ce ( a mortal 9 ,fairyl&4 ,& accord+ to popul> ,breton belief1 z reliable peasants assure me1 dur+ dreams1 trance1 or ec/asy1 ! s\l is suppos$ to dep>t f ! body & actually see spirits ( all k9ds 9 ano!r _w1 & to be !n "u _! influ5ce4 ,:ile _m details 9 ! m conv5tional corrigan /ories appe> to reflect a folk-memory ( religi\s dances & songs1 & racial1 social1 & traditional usages ( ! anci5t ,bretons1 ! animi/ic backgr\nd ( !m c\ld conceivably h orig9at$ f psy*ical exp]i5ces su* z ?is girl is suppos$ to h _h4 #ih ,villem>qu1 ,b>zaz ,breiz 7,p>is1 #ahfg71 pp4 #cc1 #ce4 #ii ,j4 ,lo?1 9 ,annales de ,bretagne 7,r5nes71 x4 #gh-ha4 #ajj ,e4 ,r5an1 ,essais de morale et de critique 7,p>is1 #ahei71 p4 #dea4 #aja ,9 ,irel& x is commonly held t a se] behold+ a fairy c make a non-se] see x also by com+ into bodily rapport ) ! non-se] 7cf4 p4 #aeb74 #ajb ,x is sometimes believ$ t phantom wa%]wom5 are und]go+ p5ance = hav+ wilfully br\ght on an abortion by _! "w1 or else = hav+ /rangl$ _! babe4 #ajc ,e p>i% 9 ! uncorrupt$ p>ts ( ,brittany has its own ,ank\1 :o is ! la/ man to die 9 ! p>i% dur+ ! ye>4 ,ea* ,k+ ( ! ,dead1 !re=e1 nev] holds (fice = m ?an twelve mon?s1 s9ce dur+ t p]iod he is c]ta9 to h a successor4 ,sometimes ! ,ank\ is ,dea? itself p]sonifi$4 ,9 ! ,morbihan1 ! ,ank\ occasionally may be se5 z an app>ition ent]+ a h\se :]e a dea? is ab\t to occur2 ?\gh m commonly he is nev] se51 8 knock+ only is he>d1 :i* is ! rule 9 ,f9i/re4 ,9 ,wel% my?ology1 ,gwynn ab ,nudd1 k+ ( ! _w ( ! dead1 is repres5t$ z play+ a rle p>allel to t ( ! ,breton ,ank\1 :5 he goes =? ) 8 fi]ce hades-h\nds hunt+ ! s\ls ( ! dy+4 7,cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #aee47 #ajd ,cf4 ,a4 ,le ,braz1 ,la ,lg5de de la ,mort2 ,introduction by ,l4 ,m>illi] 7,p>is1 #ahic71 pp4 #ca1 #dj4 #aje ,cf4 ,le ,braz1 ,la ,lg5de de la ,mort2 ,introduction by ,m>illi]1 pp4 #dg1 #df1 #g-h1 #dj1 #de1 #df4 #ajf ,cf4 ,le ,braz1 ,la ,lg5de de la ,mort2 ,introduction by ,m>illi]1 p4 #dc4 #ajg ,ib42 ,notes by ,g4 ,dott9 7,p>is1 #aijb71 p4 #dd4 #ajh ,ib42 ,introduction by ,m>illi]1 pp4 #ai1 #bc1 #fh4 #aji ,cf4 ib42 ,introduction by ,m>illi]1 pp4 #ec ff41 #fh4 #aaj ,a ,breton night's ent]ta9m5t held 9 a peasant's cottage1 /able1 or o!r w>m ou?\se4 ,9 p>ts ( ! ,morbihan & ( ,f9i/re :]e ! old ,celtic life has escap$ mod]n influ5ces1 almo/ e w9t] night ! ,breton ,celts1 l _! c\s9s 9 v isolat$ p>ts ( ,we/ ,irel& & 9 ! ,we/]n ,hebrides1 f9d _! *ief enjoym5t 9 /ory-tell+ fe/ivals1 "s ( :i* ,i h be5 privileg$ to att5d4 #aaa ,! ^w 9 ! ,,ms4 is boiteux1 & 9 relation to a devil or demon ?is seems to be ! prop] r5d]+4 #aab ,b4 ,sp5c] & ,f4 ,t4 ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tribes ( ,c5t4 ,au/4 7,london1 #ahii71 *apt]s xi1 xv4 #aac ,r4 ,h4 ,codr+ton1 ,j\rn4 ,an?rop4 ,in/4 x4 #bfa2 ,! ,melanesians 7,ox=d1 #ahia71 pp4 #abc1 #aea1 c42 also cf4 ,f4 ,w4 ,*ri/ian1 ,! ,c>ol9e ,isl&s 7,london1 #ahii71 pp4 #bha ff41 c4 #aad ,h4 ,callaway1 ,! ,religi\s ,sy/em ( ! ,amazulu 7,london1 #ahfh71 pp4 #bbf-g4 #aae ,c4 ,g4 ,lel&1 ,memoirs 7,london1 #ahic71 i4 #cd4 #aaf ,r4 ,c4 ,temple1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjab1 9 ,folk-,lore1 x4 #cie4 #aag ,w4 ,w4 ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic 7,london1 #aijj71 passim4 #aah ,h>d\91 ,traditions et sup]/itions siamoises1 9 ,rev4 ,trad4 ,pop41 v4 #beg-fg4 #aai ,ella ,g4 ,sykes1 ,p]sian ,folklore1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xii4 #bfc4 #abj ,i am directly indebt$ = ?is in=mation to a fri5d :o is a memb] ( ,l9coln ,college1 ,ox=d1 ,mr4 ,mohamm$ ,said ,l\tfy1 ( ,b>ke91 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,mr4 ,l\tfy has come into frequ5t & v intimate contact ) ^! animi/ic beliefs 9 8 c\ntry1 & he tells me t !y are common to all classes ( almo/ all races 9 mod]n ,egypt4 ,! common ,egyptian spell+s are afreet1 9 ! s+ul>1 & afa>eet 9 ! plural1 = spiritual be+s1 :o are usually describ$ by p]cipi5ts z ( pygmy /ature1 b z be+ able to assume v>i\s sizes & %apes4 ,! dj9ns1 on ! contr>y1 are describ$ z tall spiritual be+s possess+ great p[]4 #aba ,j4 ,c4 ,lawson1 ,mod]n ,greek ,folk-,lore 7,cambridge1 #aiaj71 pp4 #aca-g1 #aci-df1 #afc4 #abb ,l4 ,sa9an1 ,les ,fes m*antes d'aprs les croyances du peuple r\ma91 9 ,mlus9e1 x4 #bag-bf1 #bdc-ed4 #abc ,cf4 ,c4 ,g4 ,lel&1 ,etruscan ,roman ,rema9s 9 ,pop4 ,trad4 7,london1 #ahib71 pp4 #afb1 #afe1 #bbc1 c4 #abd ,h4 ,c4 ,coote1 ,! ,neo-,lat9 ,fay1 9 ,folk-,lore ,record1 ii4 #a-ah4 #abe ,we _c "h attempt to pres5t1 ev5 9 outl9e1 all ! complex e?nological argum5ts = & aga9/ ! exi/5ce 9 prehi/oric times ( ,european pygmy races4 ,att5tion ought1 h[ev]1 to be call$ to ! rem>kable f9ds rec5tly made 9 ! ,grotte des ,enfants1 at ,m5tone1 ,france4 ,a c]ta9 numb] ( well-pres]v$ skeletons ( probably ! e>lie/ m5 :o dwelt on ! pres5t l& surface ( ,europe1 :i* 7 f\nd !re1 sugge/ t diff]5t racial /ocks1 possibly 9 succession1 h prec$$ ! ,aryan /ock4 ,! fir/ race1 z indicat$ by two small negroid-look+ skeletons ( a woman1 #a1ehj mm4 7#fbba in*es71 & ( a boy #a1edj mm4 7#fjfc in*es7 9 height1 f\nd 9 ! l[e/ "p ( ! ,grotte1 0 probably ,e?iopian4 ,! succe$+ race 0 probably ,mongolian1 judg+ f o!r rema9s f\nd 9 ano!r "p ( ! same ,grotte1 & especially f ! ,*ancelade skeleton ) its di/9ctly ,eskimo appe>ance1 only #a1ejj mm4 7#eijf in*es7 high1 discov]$ ne> ,p]igneux1 ,france4 ,! race succe$+ ?is "o 0 possibly ! "o out ( :i* our own ,aryan race evolv$4 ,9 relation to ! ,pygmy ,!ory ^! rec5t f9ds are ( ! utmo/ significance4 ,!y confirm ,dr4 ,w9dle's e>li] conclusion1 t1 contr>y to ! argum5t advanc$ to support ! ,pygmy ,!ory1 ! neoli?ic races ( ,c5tral ,europe 7 n true pygmies--a p ^: av]age /ature does n exce$ f\r feet n9e in*es 7cf4 ,b4 ,c4 ,a4 ,w9dle1 ,tyson's ,pygmies ( ! ,anci5ts1 ,london1 #ahid1 ,introduction74 ,&1 fur!rmore1 ^! f9ds %[1 z f> z any available e?nological data c1 t !re are no good reasons = believ+ t ,european &1 !re=e1 ,celtic l&s 7 once dom9at$ by pygmies ev5 9 epo*s s remote t we c only calculate !m 9 t5s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,nev]!less1 x is v highly probable t a folk-memory ( ,lappi%1 ,picti%1 or o!r small b n true pygmy races1 has sup]ficially col\r$ ! mod]n fairy traditions ( ,nor!rn ,scotl&1 ( ! ,we/]n ,hebrides 7:]e :at may prove to h be5 ,lapps' or ,picts' h\ses und\bt$ly rema971 ( ,nor!rn ,irel&1 ( ! ,isle ( ,man1 & slightly1 if inde$ at all1 ! fairy traditions ( o!r p>ts ( ! ,celtic _w 7cf4 ,david ,mac,ritchie1 ,! ,te/imony ( ,tradition1 ,london1 #ahij2 & 8 criticism ( our own ,psy*ological ,!ory1 9 ! ,celtic ,review1 ,octob] #aiji & ,janu>y #aiaj1 entitl$ respectively1 ,a ,new ,solution ( ! ,fairy ,problem1 & ,druids & ,m\nd-,dwell]s74 ,aga91 ! v small fl9t implem5ts frequ5tly f\nd 9 ,celtic l&s & else:]e h p]haps v reasonably be5 attribut$ to a long-=gott5 pygmy race2 ?\gh we mu/ be> 9 m9d 9 ?is connexion t x w\ld be v unwise to conclude def9itely t no race save a small-/atur$ race c\ld h made & us$ su* implem5ts3 ,am]ican ,r$ ,m5 71 :5 discov]$ by ,europeans1 & /ill are1 mak+ & us+ ! t9ie/ ( arr[-heads1 precisely ! same 9 size & design z ^? f\nd 9 ,celtic l&s & attribut$ to pygmies4 ,! use ( small fl9t implem5ts = special purposes1 e4 g4 arr[s = %oot+ small game l birds1 = spe>+ fi%1 & = use 9 w>f>e z poison$ arr[s1 seems to h be5 common to mo/ primitive peoples ( normal /ature4 ,contempor>y pygmy races1 f> remov$ f ,celtic l&s1 are also us+ !m1 & no d\bt _! prehi/oric ance/ors us$ !m likewise4 #abf ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 ,! ,fians 7,london1 #ahia71 p4 #bci4 ,an ,iri% dw>f is m9utely describ$ 9 ,silva ,gadelica 7ii4 #aaf71 ,o',grady's translation4 ,aga91 9 ,malory's ,morte ,d',ar?ur 7,b4 ,,xii4 cc4 i-ii7 a dw>f is m5tion$4 #abg ,campbell1 ,! ,fians1 p4 #bfe4 #abh ,s4 ,h4 ,o',grady1 ,silva ,gadelica 7,london1 #ahib71 ii4 #aii4 #abi ,comm5t>y on ! ,s5*as ,mr1 i4 #gj-a1 ,/okes's translation1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 i4 #bef-g4 #acj ,sir ,john ,rhys1 ,hibb]t ,lectures 7,london1 #ahhh71 p4 #eib4 ,dw>fs sup]natural 9 "* also appe> 9 ! ,mab9ogion1 & "o ( !m is an att5dant on ,k+ ,ar?ur4 ,9 ,br\l's ,tri/an1 ,froc91 a dw>f1 is skill$ 9 a/rology & magic1 & 9 ! v]sion by ,?omas we f9d a simil> ref]5ce4 #aca ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41#d i4 #che4 #acb ,cf4 ,w9dle1 op4 cit41 ,intro41 p4 #eg4 #acc ,hunt1 ,an?rop4 ,mems41 ii4 #bid2 cf4 ,w9dle1 op4 cit41 ,intro41 p4 #eg4 #acd ,smi?1 ,my?s ( ! ,iroquois1 9 ,am]4 ,bur4 ,e?41 ii4 #fe4 #ace ,skeat1 ,malay ,magic1 p4 #cbi4 #acf ,moni]-,williams1 ,brahm9ism & ,h9duism 7,london1 #ahhg71 p4 #bcf4 #acg ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #aeb4 #ach ,dw>fs 9 ! ,ea/1 9 ,folk-,lore1 iv4 #dja-b4 #aci ,lac\p]ie1 ,babylonian & ,ori5tal ,record1 v2 cf4 ,w9dle1 op4 cit41 ,intro41 pp4 #ba-b4 #adj ,a4 ,h4 ,s4 ,l&or1 ,alone ) ! ,hairy ,a9u 7,london1 #ahic71 p4 #bea2 also ,w9dle1 op4 cit41 ,intro41 pp4 #bb-d4 #ada ,j4 ,g4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh#b 7,london1 #aijj71 i4 #bdh ff4 #adb ,cf4 ,a4 ,wi$emann1 ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doctr9e ,immortality 7,london1 #ahie71 p4 #ab4 #adc ,cf4 ,a4 ,e4 ,crawley1 ,idea ( ! ,s\l 7,london1 #aiji71 p4 #ahf4 #add ,examples are 9 ,orcagna's fresco ( ',! ,triumph ( ,dea?'1 9 ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa 7cf4 ,a4 ,wi$emann1 ,anc4 ,egy4 ,doct4 ,immort41 p4 #cd ff472 & ov] ! por* ( ! ,ca!dral ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,trophimus1 at ,arles4 #ade ,cf4 ,crawley1 op4 cit41 p4 #ahg4 #adf ,g5]al ref]5ces3 ,eliphas ,levi1 ,dogme et ,rituel de la ,haute ,magie 7,p>is72 ,p>acelsus2 ,a4 ,e4 ,waite1 ,! ,occult ,sci5ces 7,london1 #ahia74 #adg ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats1 ,iri% ,fairy & ,folk-,tales 7,london71 p4 #b4 #adh ,w4 ,b4 ,yeats1 ,! ,celtic ,twilight 7,london1 #aijb71 p4 #ib n4 #adi ,9 ?is connexion %\ld be read ,mr4 ,j5n]'s ,introduction1 pp4 #afg ff4 #aej ,cf4 ,cririe1 ,scotti% ,sc5]y 7,london1 #ahjc71 pp4 #cdg-h2 ,p4 ,graham1 ,sket*es ,descriptive ( ,picturesque ,sc5]y on ! ,s\!rn ,conf9es ( ,p]?%ire 7,ed9burgh1 #ahab71 pp4 #bdh-ej1 #bec2 ,mah1 ,essai sur les ,antiquits du ,d"p4 du ,morbihan 7,vannes1 #ahbe72 ,maury1 ,les ,fes du ,moy5-,age 7,p>is1 #ahdc74 #aea ,david ,mac,ritchie1 ,druids & ,m\nd ,dwell]s1 9 ,celtic ,review 7,janu>y #aiaj72 & 8 ,te/imony ( ,tradition4 #aeb ,k4 ,mey] & ,a4 ,nutt1 ,voyage ( ,bran 7,london1 #ahie-g71 ii #bca-b4 #aec ,cf4 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41#d ii4 #fa4 #aed ,lawson1 ,mod]n ,greek ,folklore1 pp4 #cef1 #cei4 #aee ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 p4 #bja2 ,juba9ville1 ,cyc4 ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #ajf-h4 #aef ,e4 ,o',curry1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms 7,dubl91 #ahgc71 ,i4 cccxx2 f ,book ( ,ballymote1 fol4 #ade1 b4 b4 #aeg ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #bhf4 #aeh ,ib41 p4 #bge4 #aei ,ib41 pp4 #bbf1 #bjh-i4 #afj ,crawley1 ,idea ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #aad4 #afa ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #bhi4 #afb ,ib41 p4 #aid4 #afc ,cf4 ,crawley1 ,idea ( ! ,s\l1 *ap4 iv4 #afd ,= a ?or\gh & sci5tific discussion ( ?is matt]1 see ,j4 ,l4 ,nevius1 ,demon ,possession 7,london1 #ahig74 #afe ,n4 ,g4 ,mit*ell-,innes1 ,bir?1 ,m>riage1 & ,dea? ,rites ( ! ,*9ese1 9 ,folk-,lore ,j\rn41 v4 #bbe4 ,v curi\sly1 ! pagan ,*9ese "m uses ! sign ( ! cross aga9/ ! demon z ,celtic mo!rs use x aga9/ fairies2 & no exorcism by ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant to cure a fairy *angel+ or to drive out possess+ demons is ev] p]=m$ )\t ?is _w-wide & pre-,*ri/ian sign ( ! cross 7see pp4 #bgj-a74 #aff ,r4 ,r4 ,m>ett1 ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion 7,london1 #aiji71 p4 #eh1 c42 p4 #fg4 #afg ,w4 ,james1 ,confid5ces ( a ',psy*ical ,rese>*]'1 9 ,am]ican ,magaz9e 7,octob] #aiji74 #afh ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh#c 7,london1 #aiaa71 i4 #bbj4 #afi ,fraz]1 ,! ,gold5 ,b\gh1#c i4 #bba-b4 #agj ,ib41 *ap4 iv4 #aga ,see ,apuleius1 ,de ,deo ,socratis2 ,cic]o1 ,de ,natura ,deorum 7lib4 i72 ,iambli*us1 ,de ,my/]iis ,aegypt41 ,*aldaeor41 ,assyrior42 ,plato1 ,timaeus1 ,symposium1 ,politicus1 ,republic1 ii4 iii4 x2 ,plut>*1 ,de ,defectu ,oraculorum1 ,! ,daemon ( ,socrates1 ,isis & ,osiris2 ,proclus1 ,commm5t>ius 9 ,platonis ,alcibiadem4 #agb ,pl9y1 ,natural ,hi/ory1 xxx4 #ad4 #agc ,cf4 ,g4 ,dott91 ,la ,religion des ,celtes 7,p>is1 #aijd71 p4 #dd4 #agd ,! neo-,platoni/s g5]ally1 includ+ ,porphyry1 ,julian1 ,iambli*us1 & ,maximus1 be+ p]suad$ ( man's p[] to call up & control spirits1 call$ :ite magic !urgy1 or ! invok+ ( good spirits1 & ! rev]se gty1 or ! call+ up & controll+ ( evil spirits = crim9al purposes4 ,cf4 ,f4 ,llut1 ,du ,dmon de ,socrate 7,p>is1 #ahcf74 ,if :ite magic be correlat$ ) religion z religion is popul>ly conceiv$1 namely ! cult ( sup]natural p[]s fri5dly to man1 & black magic be correlat$ ) magic z magic t5ds to be popul>ly conceiv$1 namely wit*craft & devil-wor%ip1 we h a satisfactory hi/orical & logical basis = mak+ a di/9ction betwe5 religion & magic2 religion 7includ+ :ite magic7 is a social good1 magic 7black magic7 is a social evil4 ,su* a di/9ction z ,dr4 ,fraz] makes is unt5able )9 ! field ( true magic4 #age ,cf4 ,b4 ,j[ett1 ,dialogues ( ,plato 7,ox=d1 #ahib71 i4 #egc4 #agf ,cf4 ,mey] & ,nutt1 ,voyage ( ,bran 7,london1 #ahie-g71 i4 #adf4 #agg ,campbell1 ,! ,fians1 p4 #aie4 #agh ,cf4 ,/okes's trans4 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 i4 #bfa4 #agi ,cf4 ,/okes's trans4 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 xv4 #cjg4 #ahj ,f ! ,conception ( ,mongn1 cf4 ,mey]1 ,voyage ( ,bran1 i4 #gg4 #aha ,quot$ & summ>iz$ f ,projectors ( ',malici\s ,animal ,magnetism'1 9 ,lit]>y ,dige/1 xxxix4 ,no4 #ag1 pp4 #fgf-g 7,new ,york & ,london1 ,octob] #bc1 #aiji74 #ahb ,cf4 ,nevius1 ,demon ,possession1 pp4 #cjj-a4 #ahc ,= a full] discussion ( ! hi/ory ( wit*craft see ,! ,sup]/itions ( ,wit*craft1 by ,h[>d ,williams1 ,london1 #ahfe4 #ahd ,cf4 ,j4 ,qui*]at1 ,procs 7,p>is1 #ahde71 passim4 #ahe ,ib41 i4 #agh4 #ahf ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #abg1 #bjj1 #bjb-c ff4 #ahg ,b]gi]1 ,dict4 de ,?ol4 7,p>is1 #ahdh71 ii4 #eda-b1 c4 #ahh ,w4 ,/okes1 ,trip>tite ,life 7,london1 #ahhg71 pp4 #ac1 #aae4 #ahi ,i am p]sonally indebt$ to ,dr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,watson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 = hav+ direct$ my att5tion to ?is curi\s passage1 & = hav+ po9t$ out its probable significance 9 relation to druidical practices4 #aij ,adamnan1 ,life ( ,s4 ,columba1 ,b4 ,,ii1 cc4 xvi1 xvii4 #aia ,= ?is fact ,i am p]sonally indebt$ to ,mrs4 ,w4 ,j4 ,watson1 ( ,ed9burgh4 #aib ,/okes1 ,trip>tite ,life1 pp4 clxxx1 #cjc1 #cje2 f ,book ( ,armagh1 fo4 #i1 ,a #b1 & fo4 #i1 ,b #b4 #aic ,b]gi]1 ,dict4 de ,?ol41 ii4 #ede1 #dca1 #bcc4 #aid ,see ,in/ruction sur le ,rituel1 p> l'vque de ,t\lon1 iii4 #a-af4 ',9 ! ,greek rite 7( baptism71 ! prie/ brea!s ?rice on ! cate*um5's m\?1 =ehead1 & brea/1 pray+ t e unclean _s may be expell$4'--,w4 ,bright1 ,canons ( ,fir/ ,f\r ,g5]al ,c\ncils 7,ox=d1 #ahib71 p4 #abb4 #aie ,cf4 ,godesc>d1 ,vies des ,sa9ts 7,p>is1 #ahce71 xiii4 #bed-ff4 #aif ,de ,inc>natione ,v]bi 7ed4 ,b5471 i4 #hh2 cf4 ,godesc>d1 op4 cit41 xiii4 #bed-ff4 #aig ,godesc>d1 ,vies des ,sa9ts1 xiii4 #bfc-d4 #aih ,p> ,joly de ,*o91 vque de ,t\lon1 i4 #fci4 #aii ,b]gi]1 ,dict4 de ,?ol41 ii4 #cce4 #bjj ,/okes1 ,trip>tite ,life1 ,intro41 p4 #afb4 #bja ,j4 ,e4 ,mirville1 ,des ,esprits 7,p>is1 #ahec71 i4 #dge4 #bjb ,in/ructions sur le ,rituel1 p> ,joly de ,*o91 iii4 #bgf-g4 #bjc ,g4 ,evans1 ,exorcism 9 ,wales1 9 ,folk-,lore1 iii4 #bgd-g4 #bjd ,w4 ,crooke1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xiii4 #ahi-ij4 #bje ,= anci5t usages see ,f4 ,l5ormant1 ,*aldean ,magic 7,london1 #ahgg71 pp4 #ajc-d2 ,iambli*us & o!r ,neo-,platoni/s2 & = mod]n usages see ,m>ett1 ,?re%old ( ,religion1 *ap4 iii4 #bjf ,cf4 ,m>ett1 ,is ,taboo a ,negative ,magic8 9 ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion1 pp4 #he-aad4 #bjg ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 p4 #bgg4 #bjh ,ea/man1 ,dacotah1 p4 #agg2 cf4 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41#d ii4 #eb n4 #bji ,%ortl&1 ,trad4 ( ,new ,zeal41 p4 #aej2 cf4 ,tylor1 op4 cit41 ii4 #ea-b4 #baj ,precisely l ,celtic peasants1 primitive peoples (t5 fail to take into acc\nt ! fact t ! physical body is 9 reality left beh9d ^u ent]+ ! trance /ate ( consci\sness kn[n to !m z ! _w ( ! dep>t$ & ( fairies1 because !re !y seem /ill to h a body1 ! gho/ body1 :i* to _! m9ds1 9 su* a /ate1 is undi/+ui%able f ! physical body4 ,!re=e !y ord9>ily believe t ! body & s\l bo? are tak54 #baa ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b passim4 #bab ,cf4 ib41 i4 #cdd ff41 #cdh2 iii4 #cij4 #bac ,codr+ton1 ,! ,melanesians1 pp4 #agg1 #bah-i4 #bad ,cf4 ,eleanor ,hull1 ,old ,iri% ,tabus or ,geasa1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xii4 #da ff4 #bae ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,gold5 ,b\gh1#b i4 #bcc ff41 #cdc4 #baf ,cf4 ,e4 ,j4 ,gwynn1 ,on ! ,idea ( ,fate 9 ,iri% ,lit]ature1 9 ,j\rn4 ,iv]nian ,society 7,cork71 ,april #aiaj4 #bag ,cf4 our evid5ce1 pp4 #ch1 #dd2 also ,kirk's ,secret ,commonweal? 7c4 i71 :]e x is said ( ! 'good p' or fairies t _! bodies are s 'plyable ?or\gh ! ,subtilty ( ! ,spirits t agitate !m1 t !y c make !m appe> or disappe> att ,pleasure4 ,"s h ,bodies or ,vehicles s spungi\s1 ?91 & delecat1 t !y are f$ by only suck+ into "s f9e spiritu\s ,liquors1 t pi]ce lyke pure ,air & ,oyl'4 #bah ,laws1 iv2 cf4 ,j[ett1 ,dialogues ( ,plato1 v4 #bhb-ij4 #bai ,*ief g5]al ref]5ces3 ,le ,cycle ,my?ologique ,irl&ais 7,p>is1 #ahhd7 & ,l'pope celtique en ,irl&e 7,p>is1 #ahib7--;bo? by ,h4 ,d',arbois de ,juba9ville4 ,*ief s\rces3 ,! ,book ( ,armagh1 a collection ( ecclesia/ical ,,mss4 probably writt5 at ,armagh1 & f9i%$ 9 ,a4 ,d4 #hjg by ! le>n$ scribe ,f]domna* ( ,armagh2 ! ,leabh> na h-,uidhre or ',book ( ! ,dun ,c['1 ! mo/ anci5t ( ! great collections ( ,,mss4 conta9+ ! old ,iri% romances1 compil$ ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #aajj 9 ! mona/]y ( ,clonmacnoise2 ! ,book ( ,le9/]1 a twelf?-c5tury ,,ms4 compil$ by ,f9n ,mac ,gorman1 ,bi%op ( ,kild>e2 ! ,yell[ ,book ( ,lecan 7fifte5? c5tury72 & ! ,book ( ,lismore1 an old ,iri% ,,ms4 f\nd 9 #ahad by workm5 :ile mak+ repairs 9 ! ca/le ( ,lismore1 & ?\ght to be ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! ,book ( ,lismore conta9s ! ,agallamh na s5ra* or ',colloquy ( ! ,anci5ts'1 :i* has be5 edit$ by ,s4 ,h4 ,o',grady 9 8 ,silva ,gadelica 7,london1 #ahib71 & by ,:itley ,/okes1 ,ir4 ,texte1 iv4 #a4 ,= additional texts & editions ( texts see ,notes by ,r4 ,i4 ,be/ to 8 translations ( ,le ,cycle ,my?ologique ,irl&ais 7,dubl91 #aijc74 #bbj ,cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #add-e4 #bba ,cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #bff-g4 ,f ! way !y are describ$ 9 _m ( ! old ,iri% manuscripts1 we may possibly reg>d ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann z reflect+ to "s ext5t ! *>act]i/ics ( an e>ly human population 9 ,irel&4 ,9 o!r words1 on an already fl\ri%+ belief 9 spiritual be+s1 kn[n z ! ,sidhe1 0 sup]impos$1 ?r\gh an?ropomorphism1 an ,iri% folk-memory ab\t a conqu]$ pre-,celtic race ( m5 :o claim$ desc5t f a "m goddess call$ ,dana4 #bbb ,page #aj1 col4 #b1 ll4 #f-h2 cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 p4 #adc4 #bbc ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 p4 #eha n42 & ,cir ,anmann1 9 ,ir4 ,texte1 ,,iii1 ii4 #cee4 #bbd ,kuno ,mey]'s trans4 9 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 ii4 #cjj4 #bbe ,cf4 ,/&i% ,o',grady1 ,e>ly ,b>dic ,lit]ature 7,london1 #ahgi71 pp4 #fe-f4 #bbf ,l4 ,u42 cf4 ,a4 ,nutt1 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #aeg-h4 #bbg ,be=e ,caeilte appe>s1 ,patrick is *ant+ ,mass & pron\nc+ b5$iction 'on ! ra? 9 :i* ,f9n ,mac ,cumall 7! sla9 lead] ( ! ,fianna7 has be53 ! ra? ( ,drumd]g'4 ,?is *ant+ & b5$iction act magically z a means ( call+ up ! gho/s ( ! o!r ,fianna1 =1 z ! text cont9ues1 !reupon '! cl]ics saw ,caeilte & 8 b& draw ne> !m2 & fe> fell on !m be=e ! tall m5 ) _! huge wolf-dogs t accompani$ !m1 = !y 7 n p ( "o epo* or ( "o "t ) ! cl]gy4 ,!n ,heav5's di/+ui%$ "o1 t pill> ( dignity & angel on e>?1 ,calpurn's son ,patrick1 apo/le ( ! ,gael1 rose & took ! asp]gillum to spr9kle holy wat] on ! great m52 float+ ov] :om until t day !re _h be5 & 7 n[ a ?\s& legions ( demons4 ,into ! hills & skalps1 into ! out] bord]s ( ! region & ( ! c\ntry1 ! demons =?) dep>t$ 9 all directions2 aft] :i* ! enorm\s m5 sat d[n' 7,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #ajc74 ,"h1 und\bt$ly1 we obs]ve a lit]>y me?od ( rationaliz+ ! gho/s ( ! ,fianna2 & _! sudd5 & my/]i\s com+ & p]sonal aspects c be comp>$ ) ! sudd5 & my/]i\s com+ & p]sonal aspects ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann z record$ 9 c]ta9 ,iri% manuscripts4 #bbh ,kuno ,mey]'s trans4 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 x4 #bad-bg4 ,?is tale is probably z old z ! n9? or t5? c5tury1 s f> z its pres5t =m is conc]n$1 ?\gh repres5t+ v anci5t traditions 7,nutt1 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #bji74 #bbi ,/okes's trans4 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 xxii4 #cf-dj4 ,?is text is "o ( ! e>lie/ ) ref]5ces to fairy be+s1 & may g back to ! eigh? or n9? c5tury z a lit]>y composition1 ?\gh x too repres5ts mu* old] traditions4 #bcj ,e4 ,o',curry1 ,lectures on ,manuscript ,mat]ials 7,dubl91 #ahfa71 p4 #ejd4 #bca ,9 ! ,book ( ,le9/]1 pp4 #bde-f2 cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 p4 #bfi4 #bcb ,cf4 ,mesca ,ulad1 ,h5nessy's ed41 9 ,todd ,lectures1 ,s]4 #a 7,dubl91 #ahhi71 p4 #b4 #bcc ,cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #bgc-f4 #bcd ,cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #bgc-f4 #bce ,cf4 ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #bbb-c4 #bcf ,ib41 ii4 #cdc-g4 #bcg ,ib41 ii4 #id-f4 #bch ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #bjd-bj4 #bci ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #bij-a4 ,9 _m old texts mortals are n =cibly tak52 b g to ! fairy _w ?r\gh love = a fairy woman2 or else to accompli% !re "s mission4 ,no d\bt ! mo/ curi\s elem5ts 9 ?is text are ^? :i* repres5t ! pr9ce & 8 w>rior companions1 fre% come f ,fairyl&1 z 9 "s my/]i\s way s *ang$ t !y mu/ nei!r dism\nt f _! horses & ?us come 9 contact ) ! e>?1 nor all[ any mortal to t\* !m2 = to 8 fa!r ! k+ :o came =w>d 9 joy to embrace him aft] hav+ m\rn$ him z dead1 ,laeghaire cri$1 ',approa* u n to t\* u6' ,"s unkn[n magical bodily transmutation seems to h come ab\t f _! soj\rn among ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann1 :o are et]nally "y & unfad+--a transmutation app>5tly q ! same z t :i* ! 'g5try' are said to br+ ab\t n[ :5 "o ( our race is tak5 to live ) !m4 ,& 9 all fairy /ories no mortal ev] returns f ,fairyl& a day old] ?an on ent]+ x1 no matt] h[ _m ye>s may h elaps$4 ,! idea rem9ds u ( ! dreams ( m$iaeval al*emi/s :o ?\ght !re exi/s1 if "o c\ld only discov] x1 "s magic potion :i* w s transmute e atom ( ! human body t dea? c nev] affect x4 ,probably ! ,*ri/ian scribe 9 writ+ d[n ^! /range words _h 9 m9d :at ,jesus said to ,m>y ,magdal5e :5 %e beheld him aft] ! ,resurrection3--',t\* me n2 = ,i am n yet asc5d$ unto ! ,fa!r4' ,! p>allel w\ld be a /rik+ & exact "o 9 any case1 = x is record$ t ,jesus aft] he _h aris5 f ! dead--_h come out ( ,hades or ! invisible realm ( subjectivity :i*1 too1 is ,fairyl&--appe>$ to "s & n to o!rs--"s be+ able to recognize him & o!rs n2 & conc]n+ ! nature ( ,jesus's body at ! ,asc5sion n all !ologians are agre$4 ,"s believe x to h be5 a physical body s purifi$ & transmut$ z to be l1 or ! same z1 a spiritual body1 & ?us capable ( invisibility & ( entrance into ! ,realm ( ,_s4 ,! ,scot* m9i/] & se] us$ ?is same p>allel 9 describ+ ! nature & p[] ( fairies & spirits 7p4 #ia72 h5ce x w\ld seem to foll[1 if we admit ! influ5ce 9 ! ,iri% text to be ,*ri/ian1 t e>ly1 l mod]n ,*ri/ians1 h1 9 accordance ) ,*ri/ianity1 describ$ ! nature ( ! ,sidhe s z to correspond ) :at we "k x to be 9 ! ,fairy-,fai? itself1 bo? anci5tly & at ! pres5t day4 #bdj ,dea? ( ,muir*]ta*1 ,/okes's trans41 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 xxiii4 #cig4 #bda ,cf4 ,j4 ,lo?1 ,les ,mab9ogion 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 i4 #ch-eb4 #bdb ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #ahg-ib4 #bdc ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #adb-d4 #bdd ,campbell1 ,! ,fians1 pp4 #gi-hj4 ,9 ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #ebb1 x is /at$ t ! "m ( ,ossian bore him :il/ 9 ! %ape ( a doe4 ,! "m ( ,ossian 9 animal %ape may be an example ( an anci5t ,celtic totemi/ic survival4 #bde ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #caa-bd4 #bdf ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #caa-bd4 #bdg ,= an enum]ation ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann *iefta9s & _! respective t]ritories see ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #bbe4 #bdh ,cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 p4 #bhe4 #bdi ,i am p]sonally indebt$ = ^! names to ,dr4 ,d\glas ,hyde4 #bej ,cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #bhd-i2 cf4 ,rev4 ,celt41 iii4 #cdg4 #bea ,cf4 ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl&1 ,sci5ce ( ,fairy ,tales 7,london1 #ahia71 cc4 x-xi4 #beb ,/okes's trans4 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 xvi4 #bgd-e4 #bec ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #bbb ff42 ii4 #bij4 ,9 ano!r v]sion ( ! second tale1 ref]r$ to above 7on page #bie71 ,laeghaire & 8 fifty companions ent] ! fairy _w ?r\gh a dn4 #bed ,sometimes1 z 9 ,da ,*oca's ,ho/el 7,rev4 ,celt41 xxi4 #aeg1 #cae71 ! ,badb appe>s z a weird woman utt]+ prophecies4 ,9 ?is case ! ,badb wat*es ov] ,cormac z 8 doom comes4 ,%e is describ$ z /&+ on "o foot1 & ) "o eye clos$ 7app>5tly 9 a bird's po/ure71 z %e *ant$ to ,cormac ?is prophecy3--',i wa% ! h>ness ( a k+ :o w p]i%4' #bee ,synonym\s names are ,badb-ca?a1 ,fea1 ,ana4 ,cf4 ,rev4 ,celt41 i4 #ce-g4 #bef ,cf4 ,h5nessy1 ,anci5t ,iri% ,goddess ( ,w>1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 i4 #cb-ee4 #beg ,/okes1 ,second ,battle ( ,moytura1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 xii4 #aji-aa4 #beh ,luzel1 ,contes populaires de ,basse ,bretagne1 iii4 #bif-caa4 #bei ,! ,celtic examples recall non-,celtic ones3 ! rav5 0 sacr$ among ! anci5t ,sc&9avians & ,g]mans1 be+ look$ ^u z ! emblem ( ,od92 9 anci5t ,egypt & ,rome commonly1 & to a less ext5t 9 anci5t ,greece1 gods (t5 decl>$ _! w ?r\gh birds or ev5 took ! =m ( birds2 9 ,*ri/ian scriptures ! ,_s ( ,god or ! ,holy ,gho/ desc5d$ ^u ,jesus at 8 baptism 9 ! semblance ( a dove2 & x is almo/ a _w-wide cu/om to symbolize ! human s\l "u ! =m ( a bird or butt]fly4 ,possibly su* beliefs z ^! are relics ( a totemi/ic cre$ :i* 9 times long previ\s to hi/ory 0 z def9itely held by ! ance/ors ( ! nations ( antiquity1 includ+ ! anci5t ,celts1 z any totemi/ic cre$ to be f\nd n[ among native ,au/ralians or ,nor? ,am]ican ,r$ ,m54 ,at all ev5ts1 9 ! /ory ( a bird ance/ry ( ,conaire we seem to h a p]fectly cle> example ( a ,celtic totemi/ic survival--ev5 ?\gh ,dr4 ,fraz] may n admit x z su* 7cf4 ,rev4 ,celt41 xxii4 #bj1 #bd2 xii4 #bdb-c74 #bfj ,h5nessy1 ,! ,anci5t ,iri% ,goddess ( ,w>1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 i4 #cb-eg4 #bfa ,aoibheall1 :o came to tell ,brian ,borumha ( 8 dea? at ,clont>f1 0 ! family ban%ee ( ! royal h\se ( ,mun/]4 ,cf4 ,j4 ,h4 ,todd1 ,w> ( ! ,ga$hil ) ! ,gaill 7,london1 #ahfg71 p4 #bja4 #bfb ,hyde1 ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1 p4 #ddj4 #bfc ,cf4 ,h5nessy1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 i4 #ci-dj4 ,9 place ( badb1 ,dr4 ,hyde 7,lit4 ,hi/4 ,irl41 p4 #ddj7 uses ! ^w vulture4 #bfd ,h5nessy1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 i4 #eb4 #bfe ,*ief g5]al ref]5ce3 ,sir ,john ,rhys1 ,ar?urian ,leg5d 7,ox=d1 #ahia74 ,*ief s\rces3 ,n5nius1 ,hi/oria ,britonum 7circa #hjj72 ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 ,hi/oria ,regum ,britanniae 7circa #aacf72 ,wace1 ,le ,roman de ,brut 7circa #aaee72 ,layamon's ,brut 7circa #abjj72 ,m>ie de ,france1 ,lais 7twelf?-?irte5? c5tury72 ,! ,f\r ,anci5t ,books ( ,wales 7twelf?-fifte5? c5tury71 edit$ by ,w4 ,f4 ,sk5e2 ,! ,mab9ogion 7bas$ on ! ,r$ ,book ( ,h]ge/1 a f\rte5?-c5tury manuscript71 edit$ by ,lady ,*>lotte ,gue/1 ,sir ,john ,rhys & ,j4 ,g4 ,evans1 & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lo?2 ,malory1 ,le ,morte ,d',ar?ur 7#adgj72 ,! ,myvyrian ,ar*aiology ( ,wales1 collect$ out ( anci5t manuscripts 7,d5bigh1 #ahgj72 ,iolo ,manuscripts1 a selection ( anci5t ,wel% manuscripts 7,ll&ov]y1 #ahdh74 #bff ,9 a ,wel% poem ( ! twelf? c5tury 7see ,w4 ,f4 ,sk5e1 ,f\r ,anci5t ,books1 ,ed9burgh1 #ahfh1 ii4 #cg1 #ch7 :]e9 ! w> feats ( ,pr9ce ,g]a9t are describ$1 8 m51 :o liv$ & f\ght a long "t aft] ! p]iod assign$ to ,ar?ur1 are call$ ! m5 ( ,ar?ur2 &1 z ,sir ,john ,rhys ?9ks1 ?is is good evid5ce t ! g5u9e ,ar?ur 0 a my?ical figure1 "o might almo/ be p]mitt$ to say a god1 :o ov]%ad[s & directs 8 w>rior vot>ies1 b :o1 nev] desc5d+ into ! battle1 is 9 ?is respect comp>able ) ! ,iri% w>-goddess ! ,badb 7cf4 ,rhys1 ,celtic ,brita91 ,london1 #aijd1 p4 #bcf74 #bfg ,cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 *ap4 #a4 #bfh ,cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 pp4 #bd1 #dh4 ,sir ,john ,rhys sees good reasons = reg>d+ ,ar?ur z a culture h]o1 because ( ,ar?ur's traditional relation ) agriculture1 :i* mo/ culture h]oes1 l ,osiris1 h taught _! p 7ib41 pp4 #da-c74 #bfi ,cf4 ,g4 ,masp]o1 ,contes populaires de l'gypte ,anci5ne#c 7,p>is1 #aijf71 ,intro41 p4 #eg4 #bgj ,somm]'s ,malory's ,morte ,d',ar?ur1 iii4 #a4 #bga ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #i4 #bgb ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lo? = help ) ?is etymology4 #bgc ,cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #bb4 #bgd i4 #aj2 ii4 #ba;b2 iii4 #gj2 cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #fj4 #bge ,see ,williams' ,se9t ,greal1 pp4 #bgh1 #cjd1 #cda1 #fag1 #fcd1 #feh1 #fga2 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #fa4 #bgf ,cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 pp4 #ea1 #ce2 & see our /udy1 pp4 #cgd-f4 #bgg ,*evali] de la ,*>rette 7ed4 by ,t>b71 p4 #bb2 ,romania1 xii4 #dfg1 #eae2 cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #ed4 #bgh ,romania1 xii4 #dfg-h1 #dgc-d2 cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #ee4 #bgi ,cf4 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41#d ii4 #ic-d4 #bhj ,romania1 xii4 #ejh2 cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #ed4 #bha ,book ,,xix1 c4 i4 #bhb ,9 ! ,leb> ,brecc !re is a tract describ+ eight ,eu*>i/ic ,col\rs & _! my/ical or hidd5 mean+2 & gre5 is s describ$ t we recognize 9 its ,celtic-,*ri/ian symbolism ! same ess5tial significance z 9 ! writ+s ( bo? pagan & non-,celtic ,*ri/ian my/ics1 ?us3--',?is is :at ! ,gre5 d5otes1 :5 he 7! prie/7 looks at x3 t 8 he>t & 8 m9d be fill$ ) great fa9tness & exce$+ sorr[3 = :at is und]/ood by x is 8 burial at ! end ( life "u m\ld ( e>?2 = gre5 is ! orig9al col\r ( e e>?1 & !re=e ! col\r ( ! robe ( ,(f]+ is lik5$ unto gre5' 7,/okes1 ,trip>tite ,life1 ,intro41 p4 #ahi74 ,dur+ ! c]emonies ( initiation into ! ,anci5t ,my/]ies1 x is suppos$ t ! neophyte left ! physical body 9 a trance /ate1 & 9 full consci\sness1 :i* he reta9$ aft]w>ds1 ent]$ ! subjective _w & beheld all its wond]s & inhabitants2 & t com+ out ( t _w he 0 clo!d 9 a robe ( sacr$ gre5 to symbolize 8 own spiritual resurrection & re-bir? into real life--= he _h p5etrat$ ! ,my/]y ( ,dea? & 0 n[ an initiate4 ,ev5 yet !re seems to be an e*o ( ! anci5t ,egyptian ,my/]ies 9 ! ,fe/ival ( ,al-,khidr celebrat$ 9 ! middle ( ! :eat h>ve/ 9 ,l[] ,egypt4 ,al-,khidr is a holy p]sonage :o1 accord+ to ! belief ( ! p1 0 ! ,vizi] ( ,dhu'l-,k>n51 a contempor>y ( ,abraham1 & :o1 nev] hav+ di$1 is /ill liv+ & w cont9ue to live until ! ,day ( ,judgem5t4 ,& he is always repres5t$ 'clad 9 gre5 g>m5ts1 :5ce probably ! "n' he be>s4 ,gre5 is ?us associat$ ) a h]o or god :o is immortal & un*ang+1 l ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann & fairy races 7see ,sir ,norman ,locky]'s ,/oneh5ge & ,o!r ,/one ,monum5ts1 ,london1 #aiji1 p4 #bi74 ,9 mod]n ,masonry1 :i* pres]ves _m ( ! anci5t my/ic rites1 & to "s ext5t ^? ( initiation z anci5tly p]=m$1 gre5 is ! symbol ( life1 immutable nature1 ( tru?1 & victory4 ,9 ! ev]gre5 ! ,ma/] ,mason f9ds ! emblem ( hope & immortality4 ,& ! masonic au?ority :o gives ?is in=mation sugge/s t 9 all ! ,anci5t ,my/]ies ?is symbolism 0 c>ri$ out--gre5 symboliz+ ! bir? ( ! _w & ! moral creation or resurrection ( ! initiate 7,g5]al ,hi/ory1 ,cyclop$ia1 & ,diction>y ( ,freemasonry1 by ,rob]t ,macoy1 #cco1 ,new ,york1 #ahfi74 #bhc ,myv4 ,ar*41 i4 #age4 ,! text itself 9 ?is "w is said to be copi$ f ! ,gre5 ,book--n[ unkn[n4 ,cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg4 p4 #ef n4 #bhd ,9 ?is text1 ! ,gw5hwyv> :o is 9 ! p[] ( ,melwas is ref]r$ to z ,ar?ur's second wife ,gw5hwyv>1 = accord+ to ! ,wel% ,triads 7i4 #ei2 ii4 #af2 iii4 #aji7 !re are ?ree wives ( ,ar?ur all nam$ ,gw5hwyv>4 ,z ,sir ,john ,rhys obs]ves1 no poet has ev] avail$ himself ( all ?ree1 = ! evid5t reason t !y w\ld h spoilt 8 plot 7,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #ce74 #bhe ,d4 ab ,gwilym's ,poetry 7,london1 #aghi71 poem cxi1 l9e #dd4 ,cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #ff4 #bhf ,malory1 ,book ,i1 c4 xxv4 ,"o acc\nt ( ,ar?ur's sword ,cal$vwl* or ,caleburn describes x z hav+ be5 made 9 ! ,isle ( ,avalon 7,lady ,*4 ,gue/'s ,mab9ogion1 ii4 #cbb n42 also ,myv4 ,ar*41 ii4 #cjf74 #bhg ,malory1 ,book ,,ix1 c4 xv2 ,sir ,john ,rhys takes ! ,lady ( ! ,lake :o s5ds ,ar?ur ! sword & ! "o :o aids him aft]w>ds 7?\gh1 app>5tly by error1 two *>act]s 9 ,malory7 z diff]5t aspects ( ! "o lake-lady ,morg5 7,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #cdh74 #bhh ,m]l9 expla9$ to ,ar?ur t ,k+ ,lo?'s wife 0 ,ar?ur's own si/] 7,somm]'s ,malory1 i4 #fd-e72 & ,k+ ,lo? is "o ( ! rul]s ( ! ,o!rworld4 #bhi ,book ,,xxi1 c4 vi4 #bij ,?is poem1 accord+ to ,ga/on ,p>is1 0 translat$ dur+ ! late twelf? c5tury f a ,fr5* orig9al n[ lo/ 7,romania1 x4 #dga74 ,cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #abg4 #bia ,malory1 ,book ,,xii1 cc4 iii-x2 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 pp4 #ade1 #afd4 ,galahad1 h[ev]1 does n belong to ! m anci5t ,ar?urian romances at all1 s f> z s*ol>s c det]m9e2 &1 !re=e1 too mu* emphasis ought n to be plac$ on ?is episode 9 connexion ) ! "* ( ,ar?ur4 #bib ,we %\ld l to direct ! read]'s att5tion to ! int]e/+ simil>ity %[n betwe5 ?is old /ory ( ,kulhw* & ,olw5 & ! fairy leg5d :i* we f\nd liv+ 9 ,s\? ,wales1 & n[ record$ by u on page #afa1 "u ! title ( ,e9ion & ,olw54 ,z we h !re sugge/$1 ! leg5d seems to be ! remnant ( a v anci5t b>dic tale pres]v$ 9 ! oral traditions ( ! p2 & ! preval5ce ( su* b>dic traditions 9 a "p ( ,wales :]e "s ( ! ,mab9ogion /ories ei!r took %ape1 or f :]e !y drew folk-lore mat]ial1 w\ld make x probable t !re may ev5 be "s close relation%ip betwe5 ! ,olw5 ( ! /ory & ! ,olw5 ( our folk-tale4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t !re is1 we %\ld be able at once to reg>d bo? ,olw5s z ',fair-,folk' or ( ! ,tylwy? ,teg1 & ! que/ ( ,kulhw* z really a j\rney to ! ,o!rworld to ga9 a fairy wife4 #bic ,we may ev5 h 9 ! /ory ( ,kulhw* & ,olw5 a symbolical or my/ical acc\nt ( anci5t ,bry?onic rites ( initiation1 :i* h also directly to d ) ! spiritual _w & its invisible inhabitants4 #bid ,cf4 ,j4 ,lo?1 ,les ,mab9ogion 7,p>is1 #ahhi71 p4 #beb n4 #bie ,cf4 ,j4 ,lo?1 ,le ,mab9ogi de ,kulhw* et ,olw5 7,sa9t-,brieuc1 #ahhh71 ,intro41 p4 #g4 #bif ,lady ,*4 ,gue/'s ,mab9ogion 7,london1 #ahdi71 ii4 #cbc n4 #big ,cf4 ,r4 ,h4 ,flet*]1 ,ar?urian ,mat]ial 9 ! ,*ronicles1 9 ,h>v4 ,/ud4 & ,notes 9 ,phil4 & ,lit41 x4 #bj-a4 #bih ,flet*]1 ib41 x4 #bi2 #bf4 #bii ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #g2 & ,rhys1 ,! ,wel% ,p#c 7,london1 #aijb71 p4 #aje4 #cjj ,cf4 ,flet*]1 op4 cit41 x4 #dc-aae2 f ed4 by ,san-,m>te 7,a4 ,s*ulz71 ,gottfri$'s von ,monm\? ,hi/4 ,reg4 ,brit4 7,halle1 #ahed71 ,eng4 trans4 by ,a4 ,?ompson1 ,! ,briti% ,hi/ory1 c4 7#agah74 #cja ,cf4 ,flet*]1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aag-dd4 #cjb ,sir ,fr$]ic ,madd51 ,layamon's ,brut 7,london1 #ahdg71 ii4 #chd4 ,"h ! ,g]manic elves are by ,layamon made ! same 9 "* & nature z ,bry?onic elves or fairies4 #cjc ,madd51 ,layamon's ,brut1 ii4 #add4 #cjd ,j4 ,bdi]'s ed41 ,socit des anci5s textes franais 7,p>is1 #aijb74 #cje ,e4 ,muret's ed41 ,socit des anci5s textes franais 7,p>is1 #aijc74 #cjf ,a4 ,c4 ,l4 ,br[n1 ,! ,knight & ! ,lion2 also1 by same au?or1 ,iwa91 9 ,h>v4 ,/ud4 & ,notes 9 ,phil4 & ,lit41 vii4 #adf1 c4 #cjg ,celtic ,mag41 xii4 #eee2 ,romania 7#ahhh72 cf4 ,br[n1 ib4 #cjh ,j4 ,lo?1 ,les ,romans ar?uri5s1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 xiii4 #dig4 #cji ,biblio!ca ,normannica1 iii1 ,die ,lais d] ,m>ie de ,france1 pp4 #hf-aab4 #caj ,cf4 ,w4 ,h4 ,s*(ield1 ,! ,lays ( ,grael5t & ,lanval1 & ! ,/ory ( ,wayl&1 9 ,pub4 ,mod4 ,lang4 ,ass4 ( ,am]ica1 xv4 #agf4 #caa ,cf4 ,s*(ield1 ,! ,lay ( ,gu+amor1 9 ,h>v4 ,/ud4 & ,notes 9 ,phil4 & ,lit41 v4 #bba-b4 #cab ,= editions1 & full] details ( ! fairy elem5ts1 see ,de ,la ,w>r ,b4 ,ea/]1 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,magic ,elem5ts 9 ! ,,romans ,d',,av5ture & ! ,,romans ,,bretons 7,johns ,hopk9s ,univ41 ,baltimore1 #aijf74 ,see also ,lucy ,a4 ,paton1 ,/udies 9 ! ,fairy ,my?ology ( ! ,ar?urian ,romance1 ,radcliffe ,college ,monograph ,,xiii 7,new ,york1 #aijc74 #cac ,p]c41 vi4 #bce2 cf4 ,ea/]'s ,diss]tation1 p4 #db n4 #cad ,j\frois1 #cagi ff42 ed4 ,h(mann und ,munck] 7,halle1 #ahhj72 cf4 ,ea/]'s ,diss41 pp4 #dj-b n4 #cae ,brun1 #efb ff41 #cbcg1 #cbea1 #ccif1 #ceii ff42 ed4 ,paul ,mey] 7,p>is1 #ahge72 cf4 ib41 pp4 #db n41 #dd n4 #caf ,e4 ,anwyl1 ,! ,f\r ,bran*es ( ! ,mab9ogi1 9 ,zeit4 fr ,celt4 ,phil4 7,london1 ,p>is1 #ahig71 i4 #bgh4 #cag ,cf4 ,nutt1 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 ii4 #ai1 #ba4 #cah ,black ,book ( ,ca]m>!n1 xvii1 /anza #g1 ll4 #e-h4 ,?is book dates f #aaed to #aahi z a manuscript2 cf4 ,sk5e1 ,f\r ,anc4 ,books1 i4 #c1 #cgb4 #cai ,/anzas #ai-bj4 ,?is book took %ape z a manuscript f ! f\rte5? to fifte5? c5tury1 accord+ to ,sk5e4 ,cf4 ,sk5e1 ,f\r ,anc4 ,books1 i4 #c1 #dfd4 #cbj ,see ,a ,fugitive ,poem ( ,myrdd9 9 8 ,grave4 ,r$ ,book ( ,h]ge/1 ii4 ,sk5e1 ib41 i4 #dgh-ha1 /anza #bg4 #cba ,*ief g5]al ref]5ces3 ,h4 ,d',arbois de ,juba9ville1 ,l'pope celtique en ,irl&e1 ,le ,cycle ,my?ologique ,irl&ais2 ,kuno ,mey] & ,alfr$ ,nutt1 ,! ,happy ,o!rworld & ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?4 ,*ief s\rces3 ! ,leabh> na h-,uidhre 7,a4 ,d4 #aajj72 ! ,book ( ,le9/] 7twelf? c5tury72 ! ,lais ( ,m>ie de ,france 7twelf? to ?irte5? c5tury72 ! ,:ite ,book ( ,rhyd]*1 ,h5gwrt ,coll4 7?irte5? to f\rte5? c5tury72 ! ,yell[ ,book ( ,lecan 7fifte5? c5tury72 ! ,book ( ,lismore 7fifte5? c5tury72 ! ,book ( ,f]moy 7fifte5? c5tury72 ! ,f\r ,anci5t ,books ( ,wales 7twelf? to fifte5? c5tury74 #cbb ,"o ( ! commone/ leg5ds among all ,celtic peoples is ab\t "s lo/ city l ! ,breton ,is1 or "s lo/ l& or isl& 7cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 c4 xv1 & ,celtic ,folk-,lore1 c4 vii72 & we c be q sure t if1 z "s sci5ti/s n[ beg9 to ?9k 7cf4 ,batella1 ,pruebas geolgicas de la exi/5cia de la ,atlntida1 9 ,congreso int]nacional de ,am]icani/as1 iv41 ,madrid1 #ahhb2 also ,mey]s1 ,grosses ,konv]sations-,lexikon1 ii4 #dd1 ,leipzig und ,wi51 #aijc7 ,atlantis once exi/$1 its disappe>ance mu/ h left f a prehi/oric epo* a deep impress on folk-memory4 ,b ! ,o!rworld idea be+ 9 ess5ce animi/ic is n to be reg>d$1 save f a sup]ficial po9t ( view1 z conceivably hav+ _h its orig9 9 a lo/ ,atlantis4 ,! real evolution>y process1 grant+ ! disappe>ance ( ?is isl& cont95t1 w\ld seem r to h be5 "o ( localiz+ & an?ropomorphos+ v primitive ,aryan & pre-,aryan beliefs ab\t a heav5-_w1 su* z h be5 curr5t among almo/ all races ( mank9d 9 all /ages ( culture1 ?r\gh\t ! two ,am]icas & ,polynesia z well z ?r\gh\t ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa4 7,cf4 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41#d ii4 #fb1 #dh1 c47 #cbc ,:ite ,book ( ,rhyd]*1 folio #bia;a2 cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 pp4 #bfh-i4 #cbd ,f ,e*tra ,condla1 9 ! ,leabh> na h-,uidhre4 ,cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #aib-c4 #cbe ,cf4 ,eleanor ,hull1 ,! ,silv] ,b\gh 9 ,iri% ,leg5d1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xii4 #cbf ,cf4 ,eleanor ,hull1 op4 cit41 p4 #dca4 #cbg ,classical p>allels to ! ,celtic ,o!rworld j\rneys exi/ 9 ! desc5t ( ,dionysus to br+ back ,semele1 ( ,orpheus to recov] 8 belov$ ,eurydike1 ( ,h]akles at ! comm& ( 8 ma/] ,eury/heus to fet* up ! ?ree-head$ ,k]b]os--z m5tion$ fir/ 9 ,hom]'s ,iliad 7cf4 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41#d ii4 #dh72 & *iefly 9 ! voyage ( ,odysseus across ! deep-fl[+ ,ocean to ! l& ( ! dep>t$ 7,hom]1 ,odyss4 xi74 #cbh ,s]vius1 ad ,a541 vi4 #acf ff4 #cbi ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i1 pp4 #b ff4 ,! tale is bas$ on sev5 manuscripts rang+ 9 age f ! ,leabh> na h-,uidhre ( ab\t ,a4 ,d4 #aajj to six o!rs belong+ to ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & sixte5? c5turies 7cf4 ib41 p4 xvi74 #ccj ,?is tale exi/s 9 sev]al manuscripts ( ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies2 i4 e4 ,book ( ,ballymote1 & ,yell[ ,book ( ,lecan1 z edit$ & translat$ by ,/okes1 9 ,iris*e ,texte1 ,,iii4 i4 #ahc-bbi2 cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #aij ff42 cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #cbf-cc4 #cca ,! f\nta9 is a sacr$ f\nta9 conta9+ ! sacr$ salmon2 & ! n9e hazels are ! sacr$ hazels ( inspiration & poetry4 ,^! passages are among ! mo/ my/ical 9 ,iri% lit]ature4 ,cf4 pp4 #dcb-c4 #ccb ,cf4 ,/okes's trans4 9 ,iris*e ,texte 7,leipzig1 #ahia71 ,,iii4 i4 #baa-af4 #ccc ,! ,greeks saw 9 ,h]mes ! symbol ( ! ,logos4 ,l ,manannan1 he conduct$ ! s\ls ( m5 to ! ,o!rworld ( ! gods1 & !n br\ght !m back to ! human _w4 ,h]mes 'holds a rod 9 8 h&s1 beautiful1 gold51 :]e) he spellb9ds ! eyes ( m5 :omsoev] he w\ld1 & wakes !m aga9 f sleep'--9 initiations2 :ile ,manannan & ! fairy be+s lure mortals to ! fairy _w ?r\gh sleep produc$ by ! music ( ! ,silv] ,bran*4--,hippolytus on ! ,naas5es 7f ! ,hebrew ,na*a%1 mean+ a ',s]p5t'71 a ,gno/ic s*ool2 cf4 ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mead1 ,fragm5ts ( a ,fai? ,=gott51 pp4 #aih1 #bja4 ,or aga91 '! ,caduceus1 or ,rod ( ,m]cury 7,h]mes71 & ! ,?yrsus 9 ! ,greek ,my/]ies1 :i* conduct$ ! s\l f life to dea?1 & f dea? to life1 figur$ =? ! s]p5t9e p[] 9 man1 & ! pa? :]eby x w\ld c>ry ! man al(t to ! height1 if he w\ld b cause ! ,wat]s ( ! ,jordan to fl[ upw>ds4'--,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mead4 ib41 p4 #ahe4 #ccd ,cf4 ,h5nessy's ed4 9 ,todd ,lectures1 s]4 ,i4 i4 #i4 #cce ,among ! e>ly ecclesia/ical manuscripts ( ! s-call$ ,prophecies4 ,see ,e4 ,o',curry1 ,lectures1 p4 #chc4 #ccf ,cf4 ,eleanor ,hull1 op4 cit41 pp4 #dci-dj4 #ccg ,n[ 9 ?ree v]sions bas$ on ! ,l4 ,u4 ,,ms4 ,our v]sion is collat$ f ,o',curry's translation 9 ,atlantis1 i4 #cfb-ib1 ii4 #ih-abd1 z revis$ by ,kuno ,mey]1 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #aeb ff42 & f ,juba9ville's translation 9 ,l'p4 celt4 en ,irl41 pp4 #agj-baf4 #cch ,z ,alfr$ ,nutt po9t$ out1 ',!re is no p>allel to ! position or to ! s5tim5ts ( ,f& 9 ! po/-classic lit]ature ( ,we/]n ,europe until we come to ,gu9ev]e & ,isolt1 ,n9ian & ,orgueilleuse' 7,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #aef n474 #cci ,see poem ,tir na nog 7,l& ( ,y\?71 by ,mi*ael ,comyn1 compos$ or collect$ ab\t ! ye> #agdi4 ,ed4 by ,bryan ,o',looney1 9 ,trans4 ,ossianic ,soc41 iv4 #bcd-gj4 #cdj ,laeghaire1 :o also came back f ,fairyl& on a fairy horse1 & fifty w>riors ) him ea* likewise m\nt$1 to say good-bye = ev] to ! k+ & p ( ,connaught1 7 w>n$ z !y set out = ?is _w n to dism\nt if !y wi%$ to return to _! fairy wives4 ,! w>n+ 0 /rictly obs]v$1 & ?us !y 7 able to g back to ! ,sidhe-_w 7see p4 #bie74 #cda ,cf4 ,biblio!ca ,normannica1 iii1 ,die ,lais d] ,m>ie de ,france1 pp4 #hf-aab4 #cdb ,cf4 ,/okes's trans41 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 ix4 #dec-ie1 x4 #ej-ie4 ,mo/ ( ! tale comes f ! ,l4 ,u4 ,,ms42 cf4 ,l'p4 celt4 en ,irl41 pp4 #ddi-ejj4 #cdc ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #che-dja4 ,! ,,ms4 text1 ,e*ira ,?aidg mheic ,*91 or ',! ,adv5ture ( ,cian's son ,teigue'1 is f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,lismore4 #cdd ,summ>iz$ & quot$ f translation by ,r4 ,i4 ,be/1 9 riu1 iii4 #aej-gc4 ,! text is f\nd 9 ! ,book ( ,f]moy 7pp4 #aci-de71 a fifte5?-c5tury codex 9 ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy4 #cde ,folios #aac-ae1 trans4 ,o',beirne ,cr[1 ,j\rn4 ,kilk5ny ,ar*ae4 ,soc4 7#ahgj-a71 pp4 #cga-ddh2 cf4 ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 pp4 #bfj-a4 #cdf ,cf4 ,sk5e1 ,f\r ,anci5t ,books ( ,wales1 i4 #bfd-f1 #bgf1 c4 #cdg ,cf4 ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #cja ff41 f ,additional ,,ms4 #cdaai1 dat+ f #agfe1 9 ,briti% ,museum4 #cdh ,giolla an ,fhiugha1 or ',! ,lad ( ! ,f]rule'1 trans4 by ,d\glas ,hyde1 9 ,iri% ,texts ,society1 ,london1 #ahii4 #cdi ,cf4 ,mey] & ,nutt1 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #adg1 #bbh1 #bcj1 #bce2 #afa4 #cej ,! bulk ( ! text comes f ! ,book ( ,f]moy4 ,cf4 ,/okes's trans4 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 xiv4 #ei1 #di1 #ec1 c4 #cea ,j4 ,lo?1 ,l'migration bretonne en ,armorique 7,p>is1 #ahhc71 pp4 #aci-dj4 #ceb ,ed4 & trans4 by ,w4 ,/okes1 ,calcutta1 #ahff4 ,?is ,vision has be5 errone\sly ascrib$ to ! celebrat$ ,abbot ( ,iona1 :o di$ 9 #gjc2 b ,pr(essor ,zimm] has reg>d$ x z a n9?-c5tury composition2 cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #bai ff4 #cec ,cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #aie ff4 #ced ,see ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell1 ,! ,fians1 pp4 #bfj-g4 #cee ,! ,lit]>y ,movem5t 9 ,irel&1 9 ,ideals 9 ,irel&1 ed4 by ,lady ,gregory 7,london1 #aija71 p4 #ie4 #cef ,cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #cca4 #ceg ,g5]al ref]5ce3 ,essay ^u ! ,iri% ,vision ( ! happy ,o!rworld & ! ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?1 by ,alfr$ ,nutt 9 ,kuno ,mey]'s ,voyage ( ,bran4 ,*ief s\rces3 ,leabh> na h-,uidhre2 ,book ( ,le9/]2 ,f\r ,anci5t ,books ( ,wales2 ,mab9ogion2 ,silva ,gadelica2 ,b>ddas1 a collection ( ,wel% manuscripts made ab\t #aefj2 & ! ,annals ( ! ,f\r ,ma/]s1 compil$ 9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 #ceh ,cf4 ,plato1 ,republic1 x2 ,pha$o2 ,pha$rus1 c42 ,iambli*us1 ,conc]n+ ! ,my/]ies ( ,egypt1 ,*aldaea1 ,assyria2 ,plut>*1 ,my/]ies ( ,isis 7,de ,iside et ,osiride74 #cei ,he says3--',i1 = my "p1 suspect t ! _s 0 implant$ 9 !m 7rational creatures1 m57 f )\t' 7,de ,pr9cipiis1 ,book ,i1 c4 vii4 #d72444 '! cause ( ea* "o's actions is a pre-exi/+ "o2 & !n e "o1 accord+ to 8 des]ts1 is made by ,god ei!r a vessel unto hon\r or di%on\r' 7ib41 ,book ,,iii1 c4 i4 #bj74 ',:5ce we are ( op9ion t1 see+ ! s\l1 z we h frequ5tly said1 is immortal & et]nal1 x is possible t1 9 ! _m & endless p]iods ( duration 9 ! immeasurable & diff]5t worlds1 x may desc5d f ! highe/ good to ! l[e/ evil1 or be re/or$ f ! l[e/ evil to ! highe/ good' 7ib41 ,book ,,iii1 c4 i1 #ba72444 'e "o has ! reason 9 himself1 :y he has be5 plac$ 9 ?is or t rank 9 life' 7ib41 ,book ,,iii1 c4 v1 #d74 #cfj ,cf4 ,b]gi]1 ,origne1 9 ,dict4 de ,?ologie1 v4 #fi4 #cfa ,holy ,bible1 ,revis$ ,v]sion1 ,/4 ,matt4 xi4 #ad-ae2 cf4 ,/4 ,matt4 xvii4 #aj-ac1 ,/4 ,m>k ix4 #ac1 ,/4 ,luke vii4 #bg1 ,/4 ,john i4 #ba4 #cfb ,t]tullian's conclusion is z foll[s3--',^! sub/ances 7s\l & body7 are1 9 fact1 ! natural prop]ty ( ea* individual2 :il/ ! _s & p[] 7cf4 ,mal4 iv4 #e7 are be/[$ z ext]nal gifts by ! grace ( ,god1 & s may be transf]r$ to ano!r p]son accord+ to ! purpose & w ( ! ,almighty1 z 0 anci5tly ! case ) respect to ! _s ( ,moses' 7cf4 ,num4 xii4 #b74--;,de ,anima c4 xxxv2 cf4 trans1 9 ,ante-,nic5e ,*ri/ian ,libr>y 7,ed9burgh1 #ahgj71 xv4 #dif-g4 #cfc ,orig5 says3--',b t !re %\ld be c]ta9 doctr9es n made kn[n to ! multitude1 :i* are reveal$ aft] ! exot]ic ones h be5 taught1 is n a peculi>ity ( ,*ri/ianity alone1 b also ( philosophic sy/ems1 9 :i* c]ta9 tru?s are exot]ic & o!rs esot]ic' 7,orig5 aga9/ ,celsus1 ,book ,i1 c4 vii74 #cfd ,h[ ,t]tullian almo/ lit]ally accept$ ! re-bir? doctr9e is %[n 9 8 ,apology1 *apt] xlviii1 conc]n+ ! resurrection ( ! body4 ,x is ! corrupt$ =m ( ! doctr9e1 viz4 transmigration ( human s\ls into animal bodies1 :i* he !re91 z well z 9 8 ,de ,anima & else:]e1 *iefly & logically combats1 z ,orig5 also combat$ x4 ,he fir/ %[s :y a human s\l mu/ return into a human body 9 accordance ) natural analogy1 e creature be+ aft] its own k9d always2 & !n1 because ! purpose ( ! ,resurrection is ! judgem5t1 t ! s\l mu/ return into its own body4 ,& he concludes3--',x is surely m wor?y ( belief t a man w be re/or$ f a man1 any giv5 p]son f any giv5 p]son1 b /ill a man2 s t ! same k9d ( s\l may be re9/at$ 9 ! same mode ( exi/5ce1 ev5 if n into ! same outw>d =m' 7,! ,apology ( ,t]tullian = ! ,*ri/ians2 cf4 trans4 by ,t4 ,h4 ,b9dley1 ,ox=d1 #ahij1 pp4 #acg-i74 #cfe ,briti% ,museum ,,ms4 ,add4 #eaad1 vellum--a ,coptic manuscript 9 ! dialect ( ,upp] ,egypt4 ,its undet]m9$ date is plac$ by ,woide at late/ ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,x 0 evid5tly copi$ by "o scribe f an old] manuscript1 ! orig9al probably hav+ be5 ! ,apocalypse ( ,sophia1 by ,val5tius1 ! le>n$ ,gno/ic :o liv$ 9 ,egypt = ?irty ye>s dur+ ! second c5tury4 ,see ! translation ( ! ,s*w>tze's p>allel ,lat9 v]sion ( ,pi/is ,sophia & its introduction1 bo? by ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mead 7,london1 #ahif74 #cff ,! *ief passages are z foll[s1 ,jesus be+ ! speak]3--',moreov]1 9 ! region ( ! s\l ( ! rul]s1 de/9$ to receive x1 ,i f\nd ! s\l ( ! prophet ,elias1 9 ! aeons ( ! sph]e1 & ,i took him1 & receiv+ 8 s\l also1 ,i br\ght x to ! virg9 ( light1 & %e gave x to h] receiv]s2 !y br\ght x to ! sph]e ( ! rul]s1 & ca/ x into ! womb ( ,elizabe?4 ,:]e=e ! p[] ( ! little ,ia1 :o is 9 ! mid/1 & ! s\l ( ,elias ! prophet1 are unit$ ) ! body ( ,john ! ,bapti/4 ,= ?is cause h ye be5 9 d\bt a=etime1 :5 ,i said unto y1 ,john said1 ,i am n ! ,*ri/2 & ye said unto me1 ,x is writt5 9 ! ,scripture1 t :5 ! ,*ri/ %all come1 ,elias w come be=e him1 & prep>e 8 way4 ,& ,i1 :5 ye _h said ?is unto me1 repli$ unto y1 ,elias v]ily is come1 & ha? prep>$ all ?+s1 accord+ z x is writt52 & !y h done unto him :atsoev] !y w\ld4 ,& :5 ,i p]ceiv$ t ye did n und]/& t ,i _h spok5 conc]n+ ! s\l ( ,elias unit$ ) ,john ! ,bapti/1 ,i answ]$ y op5ly & face to face ) ! words1 ,if ye w receive x1 ,john ! ,bapti/ is ,elias :o1 ,i said1 0 = to come' 7,pi/is ,sophia1 ,book ,i1 #ab-ac1 ,mead's translation74 #cfg ',! ,savi\r answ]$ & said unto 8 disciples3--,prea* ye unto ! :ole _w1 say+ unto m51 ',/rive toge!r t ye may receive ! my/]ies ( light 9 ?is "t ( /ress1 & ent] into ! k+dom ( light4 ,put n (f f day to day1 & f cycle to cycle1 9 ! belief t ye w succe$ 9 obta9+ ! my/]ies :5 ye return to ! _w 9 ano!r cycle'' 7,pi/is ,sophia1 ,book ,,ii1 #cag1 ,mead's translation74 #cfh ,cf4 ,b]gi]1 ,mani*isme1 9 ,dict4 de ,?ol41 iv4 #baa-ac4 #cfi ,! ,refutation ( ,ir5aeus1 until q rec5tly1 has be5 ! *ief s\rce ( mu* ( our k conc]n+ ,gno/icism4 ,x 0 writt5 dur+ ! second c5tury at ,lyons1 by ,ir5aeus1 a bi%op ( ,gaul1 f> f any direct contact ) ! /ill fl\ri%+ ,gno/icism4 ,b n[ ) ! discov]y ( g5u9e manuscripts ( ,gno/ic works3 7#a7 ! ,askew ,codex1 vellum1 ,briti% ,museum1 ,london1 conta9+ ! ,pi/is ,sophia 7see above1 p4 #cfa n47 & extracts f ! ,books ( ! ,savi\r2 7#b7 ! ,bruce ,codex 7two ,,mss471 papyrus1 ,bodleian ,libr>y1 ,ox=d1 conta9+ ! fragm5t>y ,book ( ! ,great ,logos1 an unkn[n treatise1 & fragm5ts2 & 7#c7 ! ,akhmim ,codex 7discov]$ 9 #ahif71 papyrus1 ,egyptian ,museum1 ,b]l91 conta9+ ,! ,gospel ( ,m>y 7or ,apocryphon ( ,john71 ,! ,wisdom ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 & ,! ,acts ( ,pet]1 we are able to *eck f orig9al s\rces ! ,fa!rs 9 _m ( _! writ+s & canons conc]n+ ,gno/ic 'h]esies'2 & f9d t ,ir5aeus1 ! la/ refuge ( ,*ri/ian ha]esiologi/s1 has s cond5s$ & p>aphras$ 8 s\rces t we _c dep5d ^u him at all = a consi/5t exposition ( ,gno/ic doctr9es1 :i* ) m or less prejudice he is try+ to refute4 ,x is true t ! age ( ^! manuscripts has n be5 satisfactorily det]m9$2 9 fact mo/ ( !m h n yet be5 c>efully /udi$4 ,v probably1 h[ev]1 z appe>s to be ! case ) ! ,pi/is ,sophia1 !y h be5 copi$ f manuscripts :i* 7 contempor>y ) or e>li] ?an ! "t ( ,ir5aeus1 & h5ce may be reg>d$ z good au?ority 9 det]m9+ ,gno/ic tea*+s4 7,cf4 all ( above note ) ,g4 ,r4 ,s4 ,mead1 ,fragm5ts ( a ,fai? ,=gott51 ,london1 #aijj1 pp4 #adg1 #aea-c47 ,_m unprejudic$ s*ol>s are n[ unwill+ to admit ! rul+s ( ! ,*ur* ,c\ncils :i* det]m9$ :at 0 or?odox & :at h]etical doctr9es among ! ,gno/ic-,*ri/ians1 because _m ( _! dogmatic decisions 7 bas$ ^u ! uns*ol>ly ,refutation ( ,ir5aeus & ^u o!r equally unreliable evid5ce4 ,! data :i* h accumulat$ 9 ! h&s ( s*ol>s ab\t e>ly ,*ri/ian ?\ght & ,gno/icism are n[ mu* m complete & tru/wor?y ?an ! simil> data 7 ^u :i* ! ,c\ncil ( ,con/ant9ople 9 #eec bas$ its decision ) respect to ! doctr9e ( re-bir?2 & ! tru? com+ to be recogniz$ seems to be t ! ,gno/ics r ?an ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs1 :o adopt$ f !m :at doctr9es !y lik$1 condemn+ ^? !y did n l1 %\ld h5ce=? be reg>d$ z ! fir/ ,*ri/ian !ologians1 & my/ics4 ,if ?is view ( ! v difficult & complex matt] be accept$1 !n mod]n ,*ri/ianity itself ought to be all[$ to resume :at ?us appe>s to h be5 its orig9al position--s long obscur$ by ! well-mean+1 b1 nev]!less1 ill-advis$ ecclesia/ical c\ncils--z ! syn!siz] ( pagan religions & philosophies4 ,"s su* view has be5 accept$ by _m em95t ,*ri/ian !ologians s9ce ,orig53 i4 e4 ! ,cambridge ,platoni/1 ,h5ry ,m1 op5ly advocat$ ! re-bir? doctr9e 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 & 9 lat] times x has be5 prea*$ f ,*ri/ian pulpits by su* m5 z ,h5ry ,w>d ,bee*] & ,phillips ,brooks4 #cgj ,see ,a4 ,b]tr&1 ,la ,religion des ,gaulois1 les ,druides et le ,druidisme 7,p>is1 #ahig72 ,h4 ,j5n+s1 ,! ,rosicrucians 7,london1 #ahhg72 ! ,"w ( ,p>acelsus2 ,h4 ,cornelius ,agrippa1 ,de ,occulta ,philosophia 7,p>is1 #aefg72 ,h4 ,p4 ,blavatsky's ,isis ,unveil$1 & ! ,secret ,doctr9e 7,london1 #ahhh72 & ,h]metic ,works1 by ,anna ,k+s=d & ,e4 ,maitl& 7,london1 #ahhe74 #cga ,cf4 ,b]gi]1 ,purgatoire1 9 ,dict4 de ,?ol41 v4 #dji4 ,a ,celt1 a pr(ess$ fai?ful & f]v5t adh]5t ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 :om ,i met 9 ! ,morbihan :]e he n[ lives1 told me t he believes ?or\ghly 9 ! doctr9e ( re-bir?1 & t x is accord+ to 8 op9ion ! prop] & logical int]pretation ( ! doctr9e ( ,purgatory2 & he add$ t !re are prie/s 9 8 ,*ur* :o h told him t _! p]sonal int]pretation ( ! purgatorial doctr9e is ! same4 ,?us "s ,roman ,ca?olics d n d5y ! re-bir? doctr9e4 ,& su* conv]sations z ?is ) ,ca?olic ,celts 9 ,irel& & ,brittany lead me to believe t to a l>g] ext5t ?an has be5 suspect$ ! old ,celtic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir? may h be5 "o ( ! *ief f\ndations = ! mod]n ,roman ,ca?olic ,doctr9e ( ,purgatory1 ^: orig9 is n cle>ly indicat$ 9 any !ological works4 ,= u ?is probability is important z well z int]e/+1 & especially s :5 we rememb] ! pr(\nd influ5ce :i* ! ,celtic ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory c]ta9ly ex]t$ on ! ,*ur* dur+ ! ,middle ,ages :5 ! doctr9e ( ,purgatory 0 tak+ def9ite %ape 7see our *apt] x74 #cgb ,b>ddas 7,ll&ov]y1 #ahfb7 is 'a collection 7by ,iolo ,morganwg1 a ,b>d7 ( orig9al docum5ts1 illu/rative ( ! !ology1 wisdom1 & usage ( ! ,b>do-,druidic ,sy/em ( ! ,isle ( ,brita9'4 ,! orig9al manuscripts are said to h be5 9 ! possession ( ,llywelyn ,sion1 a ,b>d ( ,glamorgan1 ab\t #aefj4 ,b>ddas %[s consid]able ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 yet 9 its ess5tial tea*+s is suffici5tly di/9ct4 ,?\gh ( late composition1 ,b>ddas seems to repres5t ! traditional b>dic doctr9es z !y _h be5 h&$ d[n orally = an unkn[n p]iod ( "t1 x hav+ be5 =bidd5 9 e>li] times to commit su* doctr9es to writ+4 ,we are well aw>e also ( ! adv]se criticisms pass$ ^u ^! docum5ts2 b s9ce no "o que/ions _! ,celtic orig9--:e!r x be anci5t or m mod]n--we are cont5t to use !m4 #cgc ,b>ddas1 i1 #ahi-ia4 #cgd ,b>ddas1 i1 #agg4 #cge ,preface to ,b>ddas1 xlii4 #cgf ,"o ( ! greate/ errors =m]ly made by ,european ,sanskrit s*ol>s & publi%$ broadca/ ?r\gh\t ! ,we/1 s t n[ x is popul>ly accept$ !re z true1 is t ,nirvana1 ! goal ( ,indian philosophy & religion1 means annihilation4 ,x does mean annihilation 7evolution>y transmutation ( l[] into high]71 b only ( all ^? =ces or elem5ts :i* con/itute man z an animal4 ,! error arose f int]pret+ exot]ically in/ead ( esot]ically1 & 0 a natural result ( t sy/em ( we/]n s*ol>%ip :i* sees & (t5 c>es only to exam9e ext]nal aspects4 ,native ,indian s*ol>s :o h advis$ u 9 ?is difficult problem pref] to translate ,nirvana z ',self-realization'1 i4 e4 a /ate ( sup]normal consci\sness 7to be acquir$ ?r\gh ! evolution ( ! individual71 z mu* sup]ior to ! normal human consci\sness z ! normal human consci\sness is sup]ior to ! consci\sness exi/+ 9 ! brute k+dom4 #cgg ,de ,bel4 ,gal41 lib4 vi4 #ad4 #e2 vi4 #ah4 #a4 #cgh ,book ,v1 #ca4 #d4 #cgi ,de ,situ ,orbis1 iii4 c4 #b3 ',"o po9t alone ( ! ,druids' tea*+ has become g5]ally kn[n among ! common p 79 ord] t !y %\ld be brav] 9 w>71 t s\ls are et]nal & !re is a second life among ! %ades4' #chj i4 #ddi-fb4 #cha ,lucan1 i4 #deg-h2 i4 #deh-fb4 #chb ,cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #cde1 #cdg ff4 #chc ,folk-,lore1 xii4 #fd1 c42 also cf4 ,eleanor ,hull1 ,! ,cu*ull9 ,saga 9 ,iri% ,lit]ature 7,london1 #ahih71 ,intro41 p4 #bc1 c4 #chd ,:at is probably ! olde/ =m ( a tale conc]n+ ,con*obh>'s bir? makes ,con*obh> '! son ( a god :o inc>nat$ himself 9 ! same way z did ,lug & ,eta9' 7cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 ii4 #gc74 #che ,see ,leabh> na h-,uidhre1 #aja;b2 & ,book ( ,le9/]1 #abc;b3--',c*ula9n mc dea de*tiri4' #chf ,we h already m5tion$ ! belief t gods hav+ _! abode 9 ! sun c\ld leave x to assume bodies "h on e>? & become culture h]oes & great tea*]s 7see p4 #cji74 #chg ,f ,woo+ ( ,em] 9 ,leabh> na h-,uidhre2 cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 ii4 #ig4 #chh ,l'pope celt4 en ,irl41 p4 #aa4 #chi ,cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 ii4 p4 #gd ff4 #cij ,9 ! ,leabh> na h-,uidhre1 #acc;a-#acd;b2 cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #ccf-dc2 cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #di-eb2 cf4 ,o',curry1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 iii4 #age4 #cia ,cf4 ,/okes's ed4 ,annals ( ,tig]na*1 ,?ird ,frag4 9 ,rev4 ,celt4 xvii4 #agh4 ,9 ! piece call$ ,tucait baile ,mong9 9 ! ,leabh> na h-,uidhre1 p4 #acd1 col4 #b1 ',mongan is se5 liv+ ) 8 wife ! ye> ( ! dea? ( ,ci>an mac int ,%air1 & ( ,tua?al ,mael-,g>b1 t is to say 9 #edd1' foll[+ ! ,*ronicum ,scotorum1 ,h5nessy's ed41 pp4 #dh-i4 ,z ,d',arbois de ,juba9ville adds1 ! ,iri% *ronicles ( ?is epo* are only approximate 9 _! dates4 ,?us1 :ile ! ,f\r ,ma/]s 7i4 #bdc7 makes ! dea? ( ,mongan ,a4 ,d4 #fbj1 ! ,annals ( ,ul/] makes x ,a4 ,d4 #fbe1 ! ,*ronicum ,scotorum ,a4 ,d4 #fbe1 ! ,annals ( ,clonmacnoise1 ,a4 ,d4 #fbd1 & ,eg]ton ,,ms4 #aghb ,a4 ,d4 #fae 7cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #acg-i74 #cib ,j4 ,o',donovan1 ,annals ( ,irel& by ! ,f\r ,ma/]s 7,dubl91 #ahef71 i4 #aba4 #cic ,cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #ccf-dc2 ,o',curry1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms iii4 #age2 ,l4 ,u41 #acc;a-#acd;b2 & ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #eb4 #cid ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #dd-e2 f ,! ,conception ( ,mongan4 #cie ,mey]'s v]sion1 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #gc-d4 #cif ,cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #acg4 #cig ,voy4 ( ,bran1 i4 #bb-h1 quatra9s #dh-ei1 c4 #cih ,9 ,l4 ,u42 cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 pp4 #caa-bb2 & ,voy4 ( ,bran1 ii4 #dg-ec4 #cii ,9 ! ,iri% conception ( re-bir? !re is no *ange ( sex3 ,lug is re-born z a boy1 9 ,cu*ula9n2 ,f9n z ,mongan2 ,eta9 z a girl4 ,b x seems t ,eta9 z a mortal _h no consci\sness ( h] previ\s div9e exi/5ce1 :ile ,cu*ula9n & ,mongan knew _! non-human orig9 & pre-exi/5ce4 #djj ,"s "t aft] ?is1 accord+ to "o "p ( ! tale1 ,eo*aid /orm$ ,midir's fairy palace--= ! purpose localiz$ 9 ,irel&--& won ,eta9 back1 b ! fairies ca/ a curse on 8 race = ?is1 & ,conaire1 8 gr&son1 fell a victim to x4 ,su* a recov]+ ( ,eta9 by ,eo*aid may vaguely sugge/ a re-bir? ( ,eta91 ?r\gh ! p[] ex]t$ by ,eo*aid1 :o1 be+ a k+1 is to be reg>d$ 9 8 non-human nature z "o ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann himself1 l ,midir 8 rival4 #dja ,cf4 ,! ,gilla decair1 9 ,silva ,gadelica1 pp4 #cjj-c4 #djb ,cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 ii4 #gf ff4 ,! ,*ri/ian scribe's v]sion fills up ! space betwe5 ,tuan's dea? & re-bir? by mak+ him pass eighty ye>s z a /ag1 tw5ty z a wild bo>1 "o hundr$ z an eagle1 & tw5ty z a salmon 7ib41 p4 #gi74 ,9 ?is p>ticul> example1 ! un9itiat$ scribe 7evid5tly hav+ fail$ to grasp an important aspect ( ! re-bir? doctr9e z ?is 0 esot]ically expla9$ 9 ! ,my/]ies1 namely1 t betwe5 dea? & re-bir?1 :ile ! consci\s ,ego is resid5t 9 ! ,o!rworld1 ! physical atoms ( ! disc>d$ human body may transmigrate ?r\gh v>i\s plant & animal bodies7 appe>s to set =? z ,celtic an errone\s doctr9e ( ! transmigration ( ! consci\s ,ego itself 7see p4 #eac n474 ,9 o!r texts1 = example 9 ! song :i* ,amairg5 7consid]$ ! ,gaelic equival5t or ev5 orig9al ( ! ,bry?onic ,taliess97 sang z he1 ) ! conqu]+ ,sons ( ,mil1 set foot on ,irel&1 !re are simil> trans=mations1 attribut$ to c]ta9 h]oes l ,taliess9 7see ! ,mab9ogion7 & ,tuan mac ,cairill dur+ _! disembodi$ /ates aft] dea? & until re-bir?4 ,b ^! trans=mations seem to e*o poetically1 & (t5 rationally1 a v my/ical ,celtic pan!ism1 9 :i* ,man1 reg>d$ z hav+ evolv$ upw>ds ?r\gh all =ms & conditions ( exi/5ce1 is at "o ) all creation3-- ,i am ! w9d :i* bl[s o'er ! sea2 ,i am ! wave ( ! deep2 ,i am ! bull ( sev5 battles2 ,i am ! eagle on ! rock2 ,i am a te> ( ! sun2 ,i am ! faire/ ( plants2 ,i am a bo> = c\rage2 ,i am a salmon 9 ! wat]2 ,i am a lake 9 ! pla92 ,i am ! _w ( k2 ,i am ! head ( ! battle-deal+ spe>2 ,i am ! god :o fa%ions fire 9 ! head2 ,:o spreads light 9 ! ga!r+ on ! m\nta98 ,:o =etells ! ages ( ! moon8 ,:o tea*es ! spot :]e ! sun re/s8 ,& ,amairg5 also says3--',i am1' ,taliess9 ',i h be5' 7,book ( ,invasions2 cf4 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 ii4 #ia-b2 cf4 ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 p4 #edi2 cf4 ,sk5e1 ,f\r ,anci5t ,books1 i4 #bgf ff474 ,9 lat] times1 especially among non-b>dic poets1 !re has be5 a simil> t5d5cy to mis9t]pret ?is primitive my/ical ,celtic pan!ism into ! corrupt =m ( ! re-bir? doctr9e1 namely transmigration ( ! human s\l into animal bodies4 ,dr4 ,d\glas ,hyde has s5t to me ! foll[+ evid5ce3--',i h a poem1 consi/+ ( ne>ly "o hundr$ /anzas1 ab\t a pig :o ate an ,iri% manuscript1 & :o by eat+ x recov]$ human spee* = tw5ty-f\r h\rs & gave 8 ma/] an acc\nt ( 8 previ\s embodim5ts4 ,he _h be5 a "r-h& man ( ,cromwell1 a weav] 9 ,france1 a subject ( ! ,gr& ,signor1 c4 ,! poem might be ab\t "o hundr$ or "o hundr$ & fifty ye>s old4' ,x is probable t ! poet :o compos$ ?is poem int5d$ to add a t\* ( mod]n ,iri% hum\r by mak+ use ( ! pig4 ,we %\ld1 nev]!less1 be> 9 m9d t ! pig 7or1 z is m commonly ! rule1 ! wild bo>7 holds a v curi\s & prom95t position 9 ! anci5t my?ology ( ,irel&1 & ( ,wales z well4 ,x 0 reg>d$ z a magical animal 7cf4 p4 #dea n472 &1 app>5tly1 0 also a ,druid symbol1 ^: mean+ we h lo/4 ,possibly ! poet may h be5 aw>e ( ?is4 ,if s1 he does n necess>ily imply transmigration ( ! human s\l into animal bodies2 b is m]ely employ+ symbolism4 #djc ,see ,taliess9 9 ! ,mab9ogion1 & ! ,book ( ,taliess9 9 ,sk5e's ,f\r ,anci5t ,books1 i4 #ebc ff42 cf4 ,nutt1 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 ii4 #hd1 & ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 pp4 #edh1 #eea4 #djd ,cf4 ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 pp4 #edh-ej4 #dje ,cf4 ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 p4 #bei2 & ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #beb4 #djf ,lo?1 ,les ,mab9ogion1 ,kulhw* et ,olw51 p4 #ahg n4 #djg ,le ,morte ,d',ar?ur1 ,book ,,xxi1 c4 vii4 #djh ,see works on ,egyptian my?ology & religion1 by ,masp]o2 also ,l5ormant1 ,*aldean ,magic1 p4 #hd1 c4 #dji ,f4 ,l4 ,griffi?1 ,/ories ( ! ,high-prie/s ( ,memphis 7,ox=d1 #aijj71 c4 iii4 ,! text ( ?is /ory is writt5 on ! back ( two ,greek docum5ts1 be>+ ! date ( ! sev5? ye> ( ! ,emp]or ,claudius 7,a4 ,d4 #df-g71 n be=e publi%$4 #daj ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ) ?is episode ! episodes ( h[ ! magic ( ,/4 ,patrick prevail$ ov] ! magic ( ! ,druids :5 ! old & ! new religions met 9 w>f>e on ! ,hill ( ,t>a1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! high k+ ( ,irel& & 8 c\rt4 #daa ,e4 ,a4 ,wallis ,budge1 ,! ,gods ( ! ,egyptians 7,london1 #aijd71 p4 #c4 #dab ,prescott1 ,conque/ ( ,mexico & ,conque/ ( ,p]u4 #dac ,w4 ,crooke1 ,! ,leg5ds ( ,kri%na1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xi4 #b-c ff4 #dad ,laws ( ,manu1 vii4 #h1 trans1 by ,g4 ,bhl]4 #dae ,a4 ,b4 ,cook1 ,european ,sky-,god1 9 ,folk-,lore1 xv4 #cja-d4 #daf ,cf4 ,lucian1 ,somn41 #ag1 c4 ,see ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41#d ii4 #ac2 also ,t]tullian1 ,de ,anima1 c4 xxviii1 :]e ,py?agoras is describ$ z hav+ previ\sly be5 ,ae?alides1 & ,euphorbus1 & ! fi%]man ,pyrrhus4 #dag ,cf4 ,huc1 ,s\v5irs d'un voyage dans la ,t>t>ie et le ,?ibet1 i4 #bgi ff4 #dah ,! doctr9e ( k+ly rule by div9e "r 0 sub/itut$ aft] ! conv]sion ( ! ,roman ,empire = ! v anci5t belief t ! emp]or 0 a god inc>nate 7n necess>ily re9c>nate72 & ! same *ri/ianiz$ aspect ( a pre-,*ri/ian doctr9e /&s beh9d ! ,engli% k+%ip at ! pres5t day4 #dai ,a curi\s p>allel to ?is ,iri% doctr9e t ?r\gh re-bir? "o suff]s = ! s9s committ$ 9 a previ\s e>?-life is f\nd 9 ! ,*ri/ian scriptures1 :]e 9 ask+ ,jesus ab\t a man born bl9d1 ',rabbi1 :o did s91 ?is man1 or 8 p>5ts1 t he %\ld be born bl9d8' ! disciple exhibits :at mu/ h be5 a popul> ,jewi% belief 9 re-bir? q l ! ,celtic "o4 ,see ,/4 ,john ix4 #a-b4 ,?\gh ! ,rabbis admitt$ ! possibility ( ante-natal s9 9 ?\ght1 ?is passage seems to po9t unmi/akably to a ,jewi% re-bir? doctr9e4 #dbj ,x is int]e/+ to note 9 connexion ) ^! two complem5t>y ideas :at has be5 writt5 by ,mr4 ,/&i% ,o',grady conc]n+ /range ph5om5a witness$ at ! "t ( ,*>les ,p>nell's fun]al3--',:ile 8 foll[]s 7 committ+ ,*>les ,p>nell's rema9s to ! e>?1 ! sky 0 bright ) /range lights & flames4 ,only a co9cid5ce possibly2 & yet p]sons n sup]/iti\s h ma9ta9$ t !re is "s my/]i\s sympa?y betwe5 ! human s\l & ! elem5ts4444 ,^? /range flames recall$ to my memory :at is told ( simil> ph5om5a said to h be5 witness$ :5 tid+s ( ! dea? ( ! great ,*ri/ian ,sa9t1 ,columba1 ov]ran ! nor?-we/ ( ,europe1 z p]haps tru] ?an ,i _h imag9$4'--,irel&3 ,h] ,/ory1 pp4 #baa-ab4 #dba ,cf4 ,m4 ,l5ihan1 ,lim]ick2 its ,hi/ory & ,antiquities 7,dubl91 #ahff71 p4 #gbe4 #dbb ,i take ?is to mean1 some:at z 9 ! simil> case ( ,de*tire1 ! "m ( ,cu*ula9n 7see p4 #cfi1 above71 t ! k9d ( s\l or "* :i* w be re9c>nat$ 9 ! *ild is det]m9$ by ! psy*ic pr5atal conditions :i* a "m consci\sly or unconsci\sly may set up4 ,if ?is int]pretation1 z x seems to be1 is correct1 we h 9 ?is ,wel% belief a surpris+ compreh5sion ( sci5tific laws on ! "p ( ! anci5t ,wel% ,druids--f :om ! doctr9e comes--:i* equals1 & surpasses 9 its subtlety1 ! late/ discov]ies ( our own psy*ological embryology1 crim9ology1 & s-call$ laws ( h]$ity4 #dbc ,! read] is ref]r$ to ! ,rev4 ,t4 ,m4 ,morgan's late/ publication1 ,! ,hi/ory & ,antiquities ( ! ,p>i% ( ,new*ur*1 ,c>m>!n%ire 7,c>m>!n1 #aiaj71 pp4 #aee-f4 #dbd ,i f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ! orig9al re-bir? doctr9e has be5 ei!r mis9t]pret$ or else corrupt$--aft] ,dr4 ,tylor's !ory--into transmigration into animal bodies among c]ta9 ,corni% m9]s 9 ! ,/4 ,j region4 #dbe ,! primitive "* ( ! ,inc>nation doctr9e is cle>3 ,orig51 9 refut+ a ,jewi% accusation aga9/ ,*ri/ians1 app>5tly ! natural outgr[? ( deep-seat$ hatr$ & religi\s prejudice on ! "p ( ! ,jews1 t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 born ?r\gh ! adult]y ( ! ,virg9 ) a c]ta9 soldi] nam$ ,pan!ra1 argues 't e s\l1 = c]ta9 my/]i\s reasons 7,i speak n[ accord+ to ! op9ions ( ,py?agoras1 & ,plato1 & ,emp$ocles1 :om ,celsus frequ5tly names71 is introduc$ into a body1 & introduc$ accord+ to its des]ts & =m] actions'4 ,&1 accord+ to ,orig5's argum5t1 to assign to ,jesus ,*ri/ a bir? m disgraceful ?an any o!r is absurd1 because ',he :o s5ds s\ls d[n into ! bodies ( m5' w\ld n h ?us 'degrad$ ,him :o 0 to d>e su* mighty acts1 & to tea* s _m m51 & to re=m s _m f ! mass ( wick$ness 9 ! _w'4 ,& ,orig5 adds3--',x is probable1 !re=e1 t ?is s\l also :i* conf]r$ m b5efit by its resid5ce 9 ! fle% ?an t ( _m m5 7to avoid prejudice1 ,i d n say all71 /ood 9 ne$ ( a body n only sup]ior to o!rs1 b inve/$ ) all excell5ce' 7,orig5 aga9/ ,celsus1 ,book ,i1 c4 xxxii74 ,x is int]e/+ to comp>e ) ,orig5's !ology ! foll[+ passage f ! ,pi/is ,sophia1 :]e9 ,jesus 9 ! alleg$ esot]ic disc\rse to 8 disciples ref]s to ! pre-exi/5ce ( _! s\ls3--',i took !m f ! h&s ( ! twelve savi\rs ( ! treasure ( light1 accord+ to ! comm& ( ! fir/ my/]y4 ,^! p[]s1 !re=e1 ,i ca/ into ! wombs ( y\r mo!rs1 :5 ,i came into ! _w1 & !y are ^? :i* are 9 y\r bodies ?is day' 7,pi/is ,sophia1 i4 ,,ii1 ,mead's translation74 #dbf ,cf4 ,nutt1 ,voy4 ( ,bran1 ii4 #bg ff41 #de ff41 #ed ff41 #ih-ajb4 #dbg ,cf4 ib41 p4 #aje4 #dbh ,9 ?is *apt]1 l>gely ! result ( my own special rese>* & obs]vations 9 ,celtic ar*aeology1 ,i wi% to ackn[l$ge ! v valuable sugge/ions (f]$ to me by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lo?1 bo? 9 8 lectures & p]sonally4 #dbi ,see ,david ,mac,ritchie1 ,fians1 ,fairies1 & ,picts2 also 8 ,te/imony ( ,tradition4 #dcj ,my]s1 9 ! ,survival ( ! ,human ,p]sonality 7ii4 #ee-f71 %[s t '! dep>t$ _s1 long aft] dea?1 seems pre-occupi$ ) ! spot :]e 8 bones are laid'4 ,among contempor>y uncultur$ races !re exi/s a !ory p>allel to ?is "o arriv$ at ?r\gh c>eful sci5tific rese>*1 namely1 t gho/s haunt graves & monum5ts connect$ ) ! dead3 accord+ to ! ,au/ralian ,arunta ! 'd\ble' hov]s ne> its body until ! body is r$uc$ to du/1 ! _s or s\l ( ! deceas$ hav+ sep>at$ f ?is 'd\ble' or gho/ at ! "t ( dea? or soon aft]w>ds 7,sp5s] & ,gill51 ,nat4 ,tribes ( ,c5t4 ,au/474 #dca ,see ,les ,grottes1 t4 i2 ,les ,m5hirs1 ,les ,dolm5s1 ,les ,tumulus1 & ,cultes et obs]vances mgali?iques1 t4 iv4 #dcb ,on ,april #ag1 #aiji1 at ,c>nac1 9 a natural fissure 9 ! body ( ! f9e/ m5hir at ! head ( ! ,alignem5t ( ,k]m>io1 ,i f\nd q by *ance1 :ile mak+ a v c>eful exam9ation ( ! geological /ructure ( ! m5hir1 a ,roman ,ca?olic co9 7or m$al7 ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! place 9 ! m5hir :]e ?is co9 0 discov]$ is on ! s\? side ab\t fifte5 in*es above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,! m5hir is v tall & smoo?ly r\nd$1 & !re is no possible way = ! co9 to h fall5 into ! fissure by accid5t4 ,nor is !re any probability t ! co9 0 plac$ !re )\t a s]i\s purpose2 & x is an object su* z only an adult w\ld possess4 ,an exam9ation ( ! l9k rema9+ on ! co91 :i* no d\bt =m]ly connect$ x ) a necklace or /r+ ( pray]-beads1 %[s t x has be5 purposely op5$ s z to free x at ! "t x 0 deposit$ 9 ! /one4 ,_h ! co9 be5 accid5tally torn away f a *a9 or /r+ ( pray]-beads ! l9k w\ld h pres5t$ a diff]5t sort ( op5+4 ,b x w\ld be altoge!r unreasonable to suppose t by any sort ( *ance ! co9 c\ld h rea*$ ! place :]e ,i f\nd x4 ,i %[$ ! co9 to ,m4 ,z4 ,le ,r\zic1 ( ! ,c>nac ,museum1 & he consid]s x1 z ,i d1 z evid5ce or pro( ( a cult r5d]$ to /ones "h 9 ,brittany4 ,! co9 mu/ h be5 secretly plac$ 9 ! m5hir by "s pi\s peasant z a direct ex voto = "s fav\r receiv$ or dem&$4 ,! co9 is some:at discol\r$1 & has probably be5 "s ye>s 9 ! /one1 ?\gh x _c be v old4 ,& ! (f]+ ( a co9 to ! _s resid+ 9 a m5hir is p>allel to ?r[+ co9s1 p9s1 or o!r objects into sacr$ f\nta9s1 :i*1 z we "k1 is an undisput$ practice4 #dcc ,cf4 ,a4 ,c4 ,kruijt1 ,het ,animisme 9 d5 ,indis*5 ,ar*ipel2 quot$ 9 ,crawley's ,idea ( ! ,s\l1 p4 #acc4 #dcd ,cf4 ,weidemann1 ,anci5t ,egyptian ,doct4 ,immortality1 p4 #ba4 #dce ,cf4 ,mah1 ,essai4 #dcf ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41#d ii4 #adc ff41 #afi1 #agb4 #dcg ,m>ett1 ,! ,?re%old ( ,religion1 c4 i4 #dch ,mah1 ,essai1 p4 #bcj4 #dci ,a fam\s controv]sy exi/s z to :e!r ! ,coronation ,/one n[ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey is ! ,lia ,fil1 or :e!r ! pill>-/one /ill at ,t>a is ! ,lia ,fil4 ,see article by ,e4 ,s4 ,h>tl& 9 ,folk-,lore1 xiv4 #bh-fj4 #ddj ,^! 'idols' probably 7 n true images1 b simply un%ap$ /one pill>s plant$ on end 9 ! e>?2 & ought1 !re=e1 m prop]ly to be designat$ feti%es4 #dda ,/okes1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 i4 #bfj2 ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 pp4 #bjj-a4 #ddb ,v mu* fir/-class evid5ce sugge/s t ! m5hir 0 reg>d$ by ! primitive ,celts bo? z an abode ( a god or z a seat ( div9e p[]1 & z a phallic symbol 7cf4 ,juba9ville1 ,le culte des m5hirs dans le monde celtique1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 xxvii4 #cac74 ,z a phallic symbol1 ! m5hir mu/ h be5 insep>ably relat$ to a ,celtic sun-cult2 because among all anci5t peoples :]e phallic wor%ip has prevail$1 ! sun has be5 v5]at$ z ! supreme mascul9e =ce 9 ext]nal nature f :i* all life proce$s1 :ile ! phallus has be5 v5]at$ z ! correspond+ =ce 9 human nature4 #ddc ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #acg4 #ddd ,pr(essor ,j4 ,lo? says3--'tymologiquem5t1 le mot e/ compos de ,,crom1 c\rbe1 arque1 =mant creux1 convexe1 et de ,,lle*1 pi]re plate' 7,rev4 ,celt41 xv4 #bbc1 ,dolm51 ,lea*-,d]*1 ,peulvan1 ,m5hir1 ,cromle*74 ,9 ,cornwall1 ,wales1 & ,irel&1 in/ead ( ! peculi>ly ,breton ^w dolm5 7compos$ ( dol = tol tavl1 mean+ table1 & ( m5 ,middle ,breton ma51 mean+ /one7 ! ^w cromle* is us$4 ,cromle* is ! ,wel% equival5t = ! ,breton dolm51 b ,breton ar*aeologi/s use cromle* to describe a circle =m$ by m5hirs4 #dde ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 pp4 #aic-d4 #ddf ,ib41 p4 #aib2 f ,sans-,m>te's edition1 pp4 #ajh-i1 #cfa4 #ddg ,ib41 p4 #aic4 #ddh ,ib41 pp4 #aid-e2 cf4 ,biblio!ca ( ,diodorus ,siculus1 ii4 c4 #dg4 #ddi ,edi? ,f4 ,c>ey1 ,*annel ,isl& ,folklore 7,gu]nsey1 #aiji74 #dej ,mah1 ,essai1 p4 #aih4 #dea ,mah1 ,essai1 pp4 #bhg-i4 #deb ,! place = hold+ a gors$d = mod]n ,wel% initiations1 "u ! au?ority ( :i* ! ,ei/$dfod is conduct$1 mu/ also be )9 a circle ( /ones1 'face to face ) ! sun & ! eye ( light1 z !re is no p[] to hold a gors$d "u cov] or at night1 b only :]e & z long z ! sun is visible 9 ! heav5s' 7,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 pp4 #bjh-i2 f ,iolo ,,mss41 p4 #ej74 #dec ,rec5tly be=e ! ,ox=d ,an?ropological ,society1 ,dr4 ,murray argu$ t ! satyrs ( ,greek drama may orig9ally h be5 mask$ initiators 9 ,greek initiations4 7,cf4 ,! ,ox=d ,magaz9e1 ,febru>y #c1 #aiaj1 p4 #agc47 #ded ,edi? ,f4 ,c>ey1 op4 cit4 #dee ,mah1 ,essai1 pp4 #abf-i4 #def ,mah1 ,essai1 pp4 #abf-i4 #deg ,rhys1 ,ar?4 ,leg41 p4 #cci4 #deh ,edi? ,f4 ,c>ey1 op4 cit4 #dei ,montelius' ,les ,temps prhi/oriques en ,sude1 p> ,s4 ,re9a*1 p4 #abf4 7,p>is1 #ahie74 #dfj ,h4 ,s*liemann1 ,myc5ae 7,london1 #ahgh71 p4 #bac4 #dfa ,walh\se1 9 ,j\rn4 ,an?rop4 ,in/41 vii4 #ba4 ,^! ,dravidians are slightly tall] ?an ! pure ,negritos1 _! probable ance/ors2 & ,indian tradition consid]s !m to be ! build]s ( ! ,indian dolm5s1 j z ,celtic tradition consid]s fairies & corrigans 7(t5 describ$ z d>k or ev5 black-sk9n$ dw>fs7 to be ! build]s ( dolm5s & megali?s among ! ,celts4 ,app>5tly1 9 su* folk-traditions1 :i* correctly or incorrectly reg>d fairies1 corrigans1 or ,dravidians z ! build]s ( anci5t /one monum5ts1 !re has be5 pres]v$ a folk-memory ( e>ly races ( m5 :o may h be5 ,negritos 7pygmy blacks74 ,^! races1 ?r\gh a natural an?ropomorphic process1 came to be id5tifi$ ) ! spirits ( ! dead & ) o!r spiritual be+s to :om ! monum5ts 7 d$icat$ & at :i* !y 7 wor%ipp$4 ,"h1 aga91 ! ,pygmy ,!ory is se5 at its true relative value3 x is subord9ate to ! fundam5tal animism ( ! ,fairy-,fai?4 #dfb ,j4 ,d*elette1 ,manuel d',ar*ologie prhi/orique 7,p>is1 #aijh71 i4 #dfh1 #cjb1 #cjh1 #caa1 #egf1 #faj1 c4 #dfc ,?is fam\s *amb]$ tumulus 'measures ne>ly #gjj feet 9 circumf]5ce1 or ab\t #bbe feet 9 diamet]1 & betwe5 #dj & #ej feet 9 height' 7,g4 ,c(fey1 9 ,rl4 ,ir4 ,acad4 ,trans4 ,dubl91 #ahib1 xxx4 #fh74 #dfd ,g4 ,c(fey1 9 ,rl4 ,ir4 ,acad4 ,trans41 xxx4 #gc-ib4 #dfe ,fol4 #aij b2 trans4 ,o',curry1 ,lectures1 p4 #eje4 #dff ,mr4 ,c(fey quotes f ! ,s5*us-na-,relec1 9 ,l4 ,u41 ?is significant passage3--',! nobles ( ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 7 us$ to bury at ,brugh 7i4 e4 ! ,dagda ) 8 ?ree sons2 also ,lugaidh1 & ,oe1 & ,ollam1 & ,ogma1 & ,etan ! ,poetess1 & ,corpre1 ! son ( ,etan7' 7,g4 ,c(fey1 op4 cit41 xxx4 #gg74 ,! manuscript1 h[ev]1 be+ late & directly "u ,*ri/ian influ5ce1 e*oes b imp]fectly v anci5t ,celtic tradition3 ! immortal god-race are !re9 rationaliz$ by ! transcrib]s1 & made subject to dea?4 #dfg ,w4 ,c4 ,borlase1 ,dolm5s ( ,irel& 7,london1 #ahig71 ii4 #cdf n4 #dfh ,z translat$ 9 ! ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #aji-aa4 #dfi ,borlase1 op4 cit41 ii4 #cdf-g n4 #dgj ,borlase1 op4 cit41 ii4 #cdf-g n4 #dga ,ib41 ii4 #cdg n4 #dgb ,a good example ( a sa9t's /one b$ c be se5 n[ at ,gl5dal\gh1 ! /one b$ ( ,/4 ,kev91 high above a rocky %ore ( ! lake4 #dgc ,c(fey1 op4 cit41 xxx4 #gc-d1 f ,r4 ,i4 ,a4 ,,ms41 by ,mi*ael ,o',longan1 dat$ #ahaj1 p4 #aj1 & translat$ by ,d\glas ,hyde4 #dgd ,c(fey1 op4 cit41 xxv4 #gc-d1 f ,r4 ,i4 ,a4 ,,ms4 by ,mi*ael ,o',longan1 dat$ #ahaj1 p4 #aj1 & trans4 by ,d\glas ,hyde4 #dge ,borlase1 op4 cit41 ii4 #cdg n4 #dgf ,o',donovan1 ,f\r ,ma/]s1 i4 #bb n4 #dgg ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 pp4 #adh-ej4 #dgh ,cf4 ,o',curry1 ,mann]s & ,cu/oms1 ii4 #abb2 iii4 #e1 #gd1 #abb2 ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 pp4 #aej1 #aej n42 ,juba9ville1 ,essai d'un ,catalogue1 p4 #bdd4 #dgi ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 p4 #aid4 #dhj ,ma? ab ,ma?onwy's ,iri% c\nt]p>t is ,ma? mac ,umir1 ! magician 7,book ( ,le9/]1 f4 #i;b2 cf4 ,rhys1 ,trans4 ,?ird ,int]4 ,cong4 ,hi/4 ,religions1 ,ox=d1 #aijh1 ii4 #baa74 #dha ,rhys1 ib41 pp4 #bbe-f2 cf4 ,r4 ,b4 ,mab9ogion1 p4 #fj2 ,triads1 i4 #cb1 ii4 #bj1 iii4 #ij4 ,a =tifi$ hill-top n[ kn[n z ,p5 y ,ga]1 or ',hill ( ! ,=tress'1 on ! we/]n side ( ! ,conway1 on a m\nta9 )9 sight ( ! railway /ation ( ,tal y ,cafn1 ,c>n>von%ire1 is reg>d$ by ,sir ,john ,rhys z ! site ( a long-=gott5 cult ( ,ma? ! ,anci5t4 7,rhys1 ib41 p4 #bbe74 #dhb ,?is /one bas91 n[ 9 ! c5tre ( ! inn] *amb]1 seems orig9ally to h /ood 9 ! ea/ recess1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ ri*ly inscrib$4 ,x is #d feet long1 #c feet #f in*es across1 & #a foot ?ick4 7,c(fey1 op4 cit41 xxx4 #ad1 #ba74 #dhc ,cf4 ,w4 ,m4 ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,! ,pyramids & ,temples ( ,gizeh 7,london1 #ahhc71 p4 #bja4 #dhd ,all ( ! *ief megali?s ( ?is type1 toge!r ) ! *ief alignem5ts1 :i* ,i h p]sonally inspect$--) ! aid ( a compass--9 ,irel&1 ,scotl&1 ,isle ( ,man1 ,wales1 ,cornwall1 & ,brittany1 are def9itely align$ ea/ & we/4 ,x _c be said1 h[ev]1 t all megali?ic monum5ts ?r\gh\t ,celtic c\ntries %[ def9ite ori5tation 7see ,d*elette's ,manuel d',ar*ologie74 #dhe ,l4 ,p4 ,mc,carty1 ,! ,great ,pyramid ,jeezeh 7,san ,francisco1 #aijg71 p4 #djb4 #dhf ,juba9ville1 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 p4 #bh4 #dhg ,masp]o1 ,les ,contes populaires de l'gypte ,anci5ne1#c p4 #gd n4 #dhh ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41#d ii4 #dbf4 #dhi ,w4 ,h4 ,prescott1 ,conque/ ( ,p]u1 i1 c4 #c4 #dij ,ro*e=t1 ,iles ,antilles1 p4 #cfe2 cf4 ,tylor1 ,p4 ,c41#d ii4 #dbd4 #dia ,colebrooke1 ,essays1 vols4 i1 iv1 v2 cf4 ,tylor1 ,p4 ,c41#d #dbe4 #dib ,illus4 ,hi/4 & ,pract4 ( ,?ugs 7,london1 #ahcg71 p4 #df2 cf4 ,tylor1 ,p4 ,c41#d ii4 #dbe4 #dic ,augu/91 de ,s]m4 ,dom4 9 ,monte1 ii4 #e2 cf4 ,tylor1 ,p4 ,c41#d ii4 #dbg-h4 #did ,ezek4 viii4 #af4 ,! popul> op9ion t ,*ri/ians face ! ea/ 9 pray]1 or h alt>s ea/w>d because ,j]usalem is ea/w>d1 does n fit 9 ) facts4 #die ,cf4 ,l5ormant1 ,*aldean ,magic1 p4 #hh2 also ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41#d ii4 #dh-i4 #dif ,?\gh n a ,mason1 ! writ] draws 8 k f ,masons ( ! highe/ rank1 & f publi%$ works by ,masons l ,mr4 ,c>ty's ,! ,great ,pyramid ,jeezeh4 #dig ,cf4 ,borlase1 ,dolm5s ( ,irel&1 ii4 #cdg n4 #dih ,c4 ,piazzi ,smy?1 ,our ,inh]itance 9 ! ,great ,pyramid 7,london1 #ahij74 #dii ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,! ,pyramids & ,temples ( ,gizeh1 pp4 #afi1 #bbb4 #ejj ,c4 ,piazzi ,smy?1 op4 cit4 #eja ,9 #aggj1 :5 ,new ,grange app>5tly 0 n cov]$ ) a gr[? ( trees z n[1 ,gov]nor ,p[nall visit$ x & describ$ x z l a pyramid 9 g5]al outl9e3 ',! pyramid 9 its pres5t /ate' is 'b a ru9 ( :at x 0' 7,c(fey1 op4 cit41 xxx4 #ac74 #ejb ,le ,dr4 ,g4 de ,c41 ,locm>iaqu] et ,gavr'inis 7,vannes1 #ahgf71 p4 #ah4 #ejc ,accord+ to ,le ,dr4 ,g4 de ,c41 op4 cit41 p4 #ah4 #ejd ,mr4 ,c(fey says ( simil> details 9 ,iri% tumuli3--',9 ! con/ruction ( su* *amb]s x is usual to f9d a sort ( sill or l[ /one plac$ across ! entrance into ! ma9 *amb]1 & at ! op5+s into ! small] *amb]s or recesses2 su* /ones also occur laid at int]vals across ! bottom ( ! passages4 ,?is =ms a m>k$ feature 9 ! con/ruction at ,d[?1 & 9 ! cairns on ! ,l\ghcrew ,hills1 b is :olly abs5t at ,new ,grange' 7op4 cit41 xxx4 #ae74 ,new ,grange1 h[ev]1 has suff]$ m or less f v&alism1 & orig9ally may h conta9$ simil> /one sills4 #eje ,fl9d]s ,petrie1 ,! ,pyramids & ,temples ( ,gizeh1 p4 #baf4 #ejf ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 p4 #fi n41 c4 ,! _w-wide an?ropomorphic t5d5cy to con/ruct tombs = ! gods & = ! dead aft] ! plan ( e>?ly dwell+s is z evid5t 9 ! excavations at ,myc5ae z 9 anci5t ,egypt & 9 ,celtic l&s4 #ejg ,cf4 ,bruns1 ,canones apo/olorum et conciliorum saeculorum1 ii4 #acc4 #ejh ,cf4 ,f4 ,maass51 ,concilia aevi m]ov+ici1 p4 #acc4 #eji ,cf4 ,boretius1 ,capitul>ia regum ,francorum1 i4 #ei2 = ea* ( ! above ref]5ces cf4 ,juba9ville1 ,le culte des m5hirs dans le monde celtique1 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 xxvii4 #cag4 #eaj ,cf4 ,mah1 ,essai1 p4 #dbg4 #eaa ,see ,villem>qu sur ,bretagne4 #eab ,cf4 ,mah1 ,essai1 p4 #cbf2 quot$ f ,de ,glor4 ,conf41 c4 #b4 #eac ,cf4 ,mah1 ,essai1 p4 #cbf2 quot$ f ,de ,glor4 ,conf41 c4 #b4 #ead ,cf4 ,mah1 ,essai1 p4 #cbf2 quot$ f ,go?41 lib4 ii4 #eae ,a4 ,w4 ,moore1 9 ,folk-,lore1 v4 #bab-bi4 #eaf ,cf4 ,rhys1 ,ar?urian ,leg5d1 p4 #bdg4 #eag ,borlase1 ,dolm5s ( ,irel&1 iii4 #gbi4 #eah ,/okes1 ,trip>tite ,life ( ,patrick1 pp4 #ii-aja4 #eai ,ib41 text1 pp4 #abc1 #cbc1 & ,intro41 p4 #aei4 #ebj ,book ,,ii1 #fi-gj2 see our /udy1 p4 #bfg4 #eba ,r5nes ,d9n%5*as1 ,/okes's trans4 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 xv4 #deg4 #ebb ,cf4 ,mah1 ,essai1 p4 #cbc4 #ebc ,! ,celts may h view$ ! mi/letoe on ! sacr$ oak z ! seat ( ! tree's life1 because 9 ! w9t] sleep ( ! leafless oak ! mi/letoe /ill ma9ta9s its own foliage & fruit1 & l ! he>t ( a sleep] cont9ues puls+ ) vitality4 ,! mi/letoe ?us be+ reg>d$ z ! he>t-c5tre ( ! div9e _s 9 ! oak-tree 0 cut ) a gold5 sickle by ! ar*-druid clad 9 pure :ite robes1 amid great religi\s solemnity1 & became a vic>i\s sacrifice or atonem5t = ! wor%ipp]s ( ! tree god4 7,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b41#b iii4 #ddg ff47 #ebd ,pl9y1 ,nat4 ,hi/41 xvi4 #ie2 cf4 ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 p4 #bah4 #ebe ,diss]t41 viii2 cf4 ,rhys1 ib41 p4 #bai4 #ebf ,me9eke's ed41 xii4 #e1 #a2 cf4 ,rhys1 ib41 p4 #bai4 ,! oak-tree is pre-em95tly ! holy tree ( ,europe4 ,n only ,celts1 b ,slavs1 wor%ipp$ amid its groves4 ,to ! ,g]mans x 0 _! *ief god2 ! anci5t ,italians hon\r$ x above all o!r trees2 ! orig9al image ( ,jupit] on ! ,capitol at ,rome seems to h be5 a natural oak-tree4 ,s at ,dodona1 ,zeus 0 wor%ipp$ z imman5t 9 a sacr$ oak4 ,cf4 ,fraz]1 ,g4 ,b41#b iii4 #cdf ff4 #ebg ,cf4 ,mah1 ,essai1 pp4 #ccc-d2 quotation f ,hi/4 du ,ma9e1 i4 #ag4 #ebh ,cf4 ,mah1 ,essai1 p4 #ccd2 quot$ f ,lib4 ,,vii1 indict4 i1 epi/4 #e4 #ebi ,/okes1 ,trip>tite ,life1 p4 #dji4 #ecj ,cf4 ,wood-,m>t91 ,traces ( ! ,old] ,fai?s 9 ,irel&1 i4 #cje4 #eca ,w4 ,gregor1 ,notes on ,belt5e ,cakes1 9 ,folk-,lore1 vi4 #e4 #ecb ,temple1 ,leg5ds ( ! ,panjab1 9 ,folk-,lore1 x4 #djf4 #ecc ,lefvre1 ,le ,culte des ,morts *ez les ,lat9s1 9 ,rev4 ,trad4 ,pop41 ix4 #aie-bji4 #ecd ,see ,folk-,lore1 vi4 #aib4 #ece ,! t]m ',p ( ,peace' seems1 h[ev]1 to h orig9at$ f conf\nd+ sid1 'fairy abode1' & sd1 'peace4' #ecf ,cf4 ,le ,cycle ,my?4 ,irl41 p4 #ajb4 #ecg ,! crocodile z ! my/ic symbol ( ,st\ provides "o key to unlock ! my/]ies ( :at em95t ,egyptologi/s h errone\sly call$ animal wor%ip1 errone\sly because !y h int]pret$ lit]ally :at c only be int]pret$ symbolically4 ,! crocodile is call$ ! 'son ( ,st\' 9 ! ,papyrus magique1 ,h>ris1 pl4 vi1 ll4 #h-i 7cf4 ,masp]o1 ,les ,contes populaires de l'gypte ,anci5ne1#eci ,intro41 p4 #ef72 & z ! wat]s seem to swall[ ! sun z x s9ks bel[ ! horizon1 s ! crocodile1 z ,st\ repres5t+ ! wat]s1 swall[s ! ,*ildr5 ( ,osiris1 z ! ,egyptians call$ !mselves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,osiris is typifi$ by ! :ite bull1 9 _m nations ! sun emblem1 :ite be+ ! emblem ( purity & light1 :ile ! p[]s ( ! bull repres5t ! mascul9ity ( ! sun1 :i* impregnates all nature1 always ?\ght ( z fem99e1 ) life g]ms4 #ech ,cf4 ,masp]o1 op4 cit41 ,intro41 p4 #di4 #eci ,cf4 ,borlase1 ,dolm5s ( ,irel&1 iii4 #hed4 #edj ,cf4 ,lefvre1 ,rev4 ,trad4 ,pop41 ix4 #aie-bji4 #eda ,j4 ,g4 ,campbell collect$ 9 ,scotl& two v]sions ( a p>allel episode1 b conc]n+ ,lo* ,lurgan4 ,9 bo? v]sions ! flight beg9s by ,fionn's fo/]-"m c>ry+ ,fionn1 & 9 bo?1 :5 %e is tir$1 ,fionn c>ries h] & runs s fa/ t :5 ! lo* is rea*$ only h] %anks are left4 ,^! he ?r[s out on ! lo*1 & h5ce its "n ,lo* ,lurgan1 ',lake ( ! ,%anks4' 7,! ,fians1 pp4 #ah-ai74 #edb ,dur+ ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! ,engli% gov]nm5t1 act+ ?r\gh its ,dubl9 repres5tatives1 ord]$ ?is orig9al ,cave or ,purgatory to be demoli%$2 & ) ! tempor>y suppression ( ! c]emonies :i* result$ & ! consequ5t ab&onm5t ( ! isl&1 ! ,cave1 :i* may h be5 fill$ up1 has be5 lo/4 #edc ,?omas ,wright1 ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory 7,london1 #ahdd71 pp4 #fg-h4 #edd ,wright1 op4 cit41 p4 #fi4 #ede ,9 ! face ( all ! leg5ds told ( pilgrims :o h be5 9 ,patrick's ,purgatory1 x seems t ei!r ?r\gh religi\s fr5zy l t produc$ 9 ,prote/ant revivals1 or else ?r\gh "s /range influ5ce due to ! cave itself aft] ! prelim9>y discipl9es1 "s ( ! pilgrims h _h mo/ unusual psy*ic exp]i5ces4 ,^? :o h exp]i5c$ fa/+ & a rigor\s life = a prescrib$ p]iod affirm t !re results a *ang$ condition1 physical1 m5tal1 & spiritual1 s t x is v probable t ! ,*ri/ian pilgrims to ! ,purgatory1 l ! pagan pilgrims :o 'fa/$ on' ! ,tua?a ,de ,danann 9 ,new ,grange1 7 9 good condition to receive impressions ( a psy*ical nature su* z ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* is beg9n+ to believe are by no means r>e to p susceptible to !m4 ,neophytes seek+ initiation among ! anci5ts _h to und]go ev5 m rigor\s prep>ations ?an ^!2 = !y 7 expect$ :ile entranc$ to leave _! physical bodies & 9 reality ent] ! purgatorial /ate1 z we %all pres5tly h occasion to po9t out4 #edf ,wright1 ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory1 pp4 #fb ff4 #edg ,l4 ,r4 ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates 7,ox=d1 #aijg71 iii4 #abf-ih1 c4 #edh ,cf4 ,a!naeus1 #fad ,a2 ,ari/oph41 ,nubes1 #ejh2 & ,h>p]'s ,dict4 ,class4 ,lit4 & ,antiq41 p4 #afae4 #edi ,cf4 ,o4 ,seyff]t1 ,dict4 ,class4 ,antiquities1 trans4 7,london1 #ahie71 ,mi?ras4 #eej ,brasseur1 ,mexique1 iii4 #bj1 c42 ,tylor1 ,p4 ,c41#d ii4 #de4 #eea ,cf4 ,hutton ,web/]1 ,primitive ,secret ,societies 7,new ,york1 #aijh71 p4 #ch1 & passim4 #eeb ,9 ! anci5t ,greek _w ! annual celebration ( ! ,my/]ies drew great conc\rses ( p f all regions r\nd ! ,m$it]ranean2 to ! mod]n ,breton _w ! *ief religi\s ,p>dons are annual ev5ts ( su* supreme importance t1 aft] prep>+ pl5ty ( food = ! pilgrimage1 ! :ole family ( a pi\s peasant ( ,l[] ,brittany w des]t f>m & "w dress$ 9 _! beautiful & be/ co/umes = "o ( ^! ,p>dons1 ! mo/ picturesque1 ! mo/ inspir+1 & ! highe/ folk-fe/ivals /ill pres]v$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*2 :ile to ,roman ,ca?olics 9 all c\ntries a pilgrimage to ,l\gh ,d]g is ! sacr$ ev5t ( a lifetime4 ,9 ! ,breton ,p>dons1 z 9 ! purgatorial rites1 we seem to see ! survivals ( v anci5t ,celtic ,my/]ies /rik+ly l ! ,my/]ies ( ,eleusis4 ,! greate/ ( ! ,p>dons1 ! ,p>don ( ,/4 ,anne d',auray1 w s]ve z a basis = comp>ison2 & :ile 9 "s respects x has _h a rec5t & def9itely hi/orical orig9 7or revival71 ?is orig9 seems on ! evid5ce ( ar*aeology to h be5 a re/oration1 an expansion1 & *iefly a ,*ri/ianization ( prehi/oric rites !n already p>tly fall5 into decay4 ,su* rites rema9$ lat5t 9 ! folk-memory1 & 7 orig9ally celebrat$ 9 hon\r ( ! sacr$ f\nta91 & probably also ( ,isis & ! *ild1 ^: t]ra-cotta image 0 pl\gh$ up 9 a neighb\r+ field by ! fam\s peasant ,nicolas1 & naturally reg>d$ by him & all :o saw x z ( ,/4 ,anne & ! ,holy ,*ild4 ,?us1 9 ! ,p>don ( ,/4 ,anne d',auray1 :i* ext5ds ov] ?ree days1 !re is a tor*-light procession at night "u ecclesia/ical sanction2 z 9 ! ,c]es ,my/]ies1 :]e9 ! neophytes ) tor*es k9dl$ s\ght all night long = ,pros]p9e4 ,!re are purification rites1 n especially "u ecclesia/ical sanction1 at ! holy f\nta9 n[ d$icat$ to ,/4 ,anne1 l ! purification rites ( ! ,eleus9ian wor%ipp]s at ! sea-%ore & _! visit to a holy well4 ,!re are my/]y plays1 rec5tly in/itut$1 z 9 ,greek initiation c]emonies2 sacr$ processions1 l$ by prie/s1 be>+ ! image ( ,/4 ,anne & o!r images1 comp>able to ,greek sacr$ processions 9 :i* ! god ,iac*os 0 borne on ! way to ,eleusis4 ,! all-night s]vices 9 ! dimly-light$ *ur* ( ,/4 ,anne1 ) ! special masses 9 hon\r ( ! ,*ri/ian sa9ts & = ! dead1 are p>allel to ! midnight c]emonies ( ! ,greeks 9 _! caves ( initiation & to ! libations to ! gods & to ! spirits ( ! dep>t$ at ,greek initiations4 ,f9ally1 9 ! ,greek my/]ies !re seems to h be5 "s sort ( expository s]mon or exhortation to ! assembl$ neophytes q comp>able to ! special appeal made to ! fai?ful ,ca?olics assembl$ 9 ! magnific5t *ur* ( ,/4 ,anne d',auray by ! bi%ops & high ecclesia/ics ( ,brittany4 7,= ^! ,classical p>allels comp>e ,f>nell1 ,cults ( ! ,greek ,/ates1 iii1 passim47 #eec ,cf4 ,rhys1 ,hib4 ,lect41 p4 #daa1 c4 #eed ,o',curry1 ,lectures1 pp4 #ehf-g4 #eee ,!re is ?is v significant leg5d on record ab\t ! ,cave ( ,crua*an3--',magh ,mucrime1 n[1 pigs ( magic came out ( ! cave ( ,crua*a91 & t is ,irel&'s gate ( ,hell4' ,& ',out ( x1 also1 came ! ,r$ ,birds t )]$ up ev]y?+ 9 ,er9 t _! brea? w\ld t\*1 till ! ,ul/]m5 slew !m ) _! sl+s4' 7,b4 ( ,le9/]1 p4 #bhh;a2 ,/okes's trans41 9 ,rev4 ,celt41 xiii4 #ddi2 cf4 ,silva ,gadelica1 ii4 #cec47 #eef ,=bes1 ,lives ( ,s4 ,n9ian & ,s4 ,k5tig]n 7,ed9burgh1 #ahgd71 pp4 #bhe1 #cde4 #eeg ,cf4 ,wright1 ,/4 ,patrick's ,purgatory1 pp4 #ha-b4 #eeh ,cf4 ,godesc>d1 ,vies des ,sa9ts1 xi4 #bd2 also ,b]gi]1 ,dict4 de ,?ol41 v4 #dje4 #eei ,cf4 ,godesc>d1 ,vies des ,sa9ts1 xi4 #cb4 ,b !re is "s disagreem5t 9 ?is matt] ( dates3 ,petrus ,damianus1 ,vita ,s4 ,odilonis1 9 ! ,boll&i/ ,acta ,sanctorum1 ,janu>y #a1 records a leg5d ( h[ ! ,abbot ,odilon decre$ t ,novemb] #b1 ! day aft] ,all ,sa9ts' ,day1 %\ld be set ap>t = s]vices = ! dep>t$ 7cf4 ,tylor1 ,prim4 ,cult41#d ii4 #cg n474 #efj ,cf4 ,godesc>d1 ,vies des ,sa9ts1 xi4 #a n4 #efa ,"p ,,ii1 sec4 #d2 c4 #d1 p>4 #h2 cf4 ,b]gi]1 ,dict4 de ,?ol41 iv4 #cbb4 #efb ,p4 #aa;a1 l4 #ai2 9 ,/okes's ,trip>tite ,life1 ,intro41 p4 #aid4 #efc ,en*iridion1 *ap4 cx2 ,te/am5t ( ,/4 ,ephrem 7ed4 ,vatican71 ii4 #bcj1 #bcf2 ,euseb41 de ,vita ,con/ant41 liv4 iv1 c4 lx4 #eef1 c4 lxx4 #efb2 cf4 ,godesc>d1 ,vies des ,sa9ts1 xi4 #cj-a4 #efd ,/4 ,ambroise1 de ,obitu ,!odosii1 ii4 #aaig2 cf4 ,godesc>d1 ,vies des ,sa9ts1 xi4 #ca n4 #efe ,cf4 ,godesc>d1 ,vies des ,sa9ts1 xi4 #ca-b4 #eff ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,william ,mc,dougall1 ,m4,a41 ,wilde ,read] 9 ,m5tal ,philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 = hav+ read ?r\gh & criticiz$ ! fir/ draft ( ?is section2 & :ile he is 9 no way responsible = ! views set =? h]e91 nev]!less 8 sugge/ions = ! improvem5t ( _! sci5tific framework h be5 ( v great value4 ,i mu/ also express my obligation to him = hav+ sugge/$ ?r\gh 8 ,ox=d lectures a good %>e ( ! important mat]ial int]wov5 into *apt] xii t\*+ ! vitali/ic view ( evolution4 #efg ,cf4 ,c4 ,du ,prel1 ,philosophy ( ,my/icism 7,london1 #ahhi71 i4 #g1 #aa4 #efh ,t4 ,ribot1 ,! ,diseases ( ,p]sonality2 cf4 ,j4 ,l4 ,nevius1 ,demon ,possession 7,london1 #ahig71 pp4 #bcd-e4 #efi ,proc4 ,s4 ,p4 ,r4 7,london71 v4 #afg2 cf4 ,a4 ,lang1 ,mak+ ( ,religion1 p4 #fd4 #egj ,w4 ,james1 ,confid5ces ( a ',psy*ical ,rese>*]'1 9 ,am]ican ,magaz9e 7,octob] #aiji74 #ega ,a4 ,lang1 ,cock ,lane & ,common ,s5se 7,london1 #ahif71 p4 #ce4 #egb ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,freud1 ! well-kn[n neurologi/ ( ,vi5na1 ext]nal /imuli are n admitt$ to ! dream-consci\sness 9 ! same mann] t !y w\ld be admitt$ to ! wak+-consci\sness1 b !y are disguis$ & alt]$ 9 p>ticul> ways 7cf4 ,s4 ,freud1 ,die ,traumdeutung1 #bnd ed41 ,vi5na1 #aiji2 & ,s4 ,f]5czi1 ,! ,psy*ological ,analysis ( ,dreams1 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,psy*41 ,april #aiaj1 ,no4 #b1 xxi4 #cah1 c474 #egc ,du ,prel1 op4 cit41 i4 #ace4 #egd ,g4 ,f4 ,/\t1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,w4 ,my]s on ',human ,p]sonality & its ,survival ( ,bodily ,dea?'1 9 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ii1 ,no4 #a 7,london1 ,octob] #aijc71 p4 #ef4 #ege ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,my]s1 ,human ,p]sonality & its ,survival ( ,bodily ,dea? 7,london1 #aijc71 i4 #aca4 #egf ,r4 ,l4 ,/ev5son1 ,across ! ,pla9s1 *apt] on ,dreams4 #egg ,/\t1 op4 cit41 p4 #ed4 #egh ,freud1 op4 cit42 ,f]5czi1 op4 cit42 ,e4 ,jones1 ,freud's ,!ory ( ,dreams1 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,psy*41 ,april #aiaj1 ,no4 #b1 xxi4 #bhc-cjh4 #egi ,freud1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,psy*oanalysis1 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,psy*41 ,april #aiaj1 ,no4 #b1 xxi4 #bjc4 #ehj ,du ,prel1 op4 cit41 i4 #cc4 #eha ,my]s1 op4 cit41 i4 #acd4 #ehb ,fe*n]1 ,z5tralblatt fr ,an?ropologie1 p4 #ggd2 cf4 ,du ,prel1 op4 cit41 i4 #ib4 #ehc ,haddock1 ,somnolism & ,psy*ism1 p4 #bac2 cf4 ,du ,prel1 op4 cit41 i4 #ic4 #ehd ,p]ty1 ,my/is*e ,ers*e9ung51 i4 #cje2 cf4 ,du ,prel1 op4 cit41 ii4 #fc4 #ehe ,k]n]1 ,seh]9 v4 ,prevor/1 p4 #aif2 cf4 ,du ,prel1 op4 cit41 ii4 #fe4 #ehf ,*>del1 ,essai de ,psy*ologie1 p4 #cdd2 cf4 ,du ,prel1 op4 cit41 ii4 #fd4 #ehg ,cf4 ,du ,prel1 op4 cit41 i4 #hh-i4 #ehh ,my]s1 op4 cit41 *apt] vi4 #ehi ,/\t1 op4 cit41 pp4 #fd1 #fa-b4 #eij ,lang1 ,mr4 ,my]s's ,!ory ( ',! ,sublim9al ,self'1 9 ,hibb]t ,j\rnal1 ii1 ,no4 #c 7,april #aijd71 p4 #ecj4 #eia ,! peculi> & (t5 unique *>act]i/ics ( ! fairy-folk ( any giv5 fairy-fai?1 z we h po9t$ out 9 *apt] iii 7pp4 #bcc1 #bhb71 are to be reg>d$ z be+ m]ely an?ropomorphically col\r$ reflections ( ! social life or environm5t ( ! p>ticul> e?nic gr\p :o hold ! p>ticul> fairy-fai?2 &1 z ,mr4 ,lang "h sugge/s1 :5 !y are /ripp$ ( ^! sup]ficial *>act]i/ics1 :i* are due to su* social psy*ology1 !y become gho/s ( ! dead or o!r spiritual be+s4 ,our own rese>*es lead u to ! conviction t beh9d ! purely my?ical aspect ( ^! fairy-fai?s !re exi/s a sub/antial sub/ratum ( real ph5om5a n yet satisfactorily expla9$ by sci5ce2 t su* ph5om5a h be5 9 ! pa/ & are at ! pres5t "t ! *ief s\rce ( ! belief 9 fairies1 t !y are ! f\ndation und]ly+ all fairy my?ologies4 ,we ne$ only ref] to ! foll[+ ph5om5a obs]v$ among ,celtic & o!r peoples1 & attribut$ by !m to 'fairy' or '_s' ag5cy3 7#a7 music :i* compet5t p]cipi5ts believe to be ( non-human orig91 & h5ce by ! ,celts call$ 'fairy' music1 :e!r ?is be vocal or in/rum5tal 9 s\nd2 7#b7 ! movem5t ( objects )\t kn[n cause2 7#c7 rapp+s & o!r noises call$ 'sup]natural' 7cf4 pp4 #ha n41 #dha-d1 #dhh2 also pp4 #dg1 #eg1 #fa1 #fg1 #ga1 #gb1 #gd1 #hh1 #id1 #ih1 #aja1 #abj1 #abd1 #abe1 #aca1 #acb1 #acd1 #aci1 #adh1 #aef1 #agb1 #aha1 #ahg1 #bac1 #bah1 #bbj1 c474 #eib ,x is our hope t ?is book w help to less5 ! m>k$ defici5cy ( record$ te/imony conc]n+ 'fairy' be+s & 'fairy' ph5om5a obs]v$ by reliable p]cipi5ts4 ,we h endeav\r$ to demon/rate t g5u9e 'fairy' ph5om5a & g5u9e '_s' ph5om5a are 9 mo/ cases id5tical4 ,h5ce we believe t if '_s' ph5om5a are wor?y ( ! att5tion ( sci5ce1 equally s are 'fairy' ph5om5a4 ,! fairy-belief 9 its typical or conv5tional aspects 7ap>t f ! animism :i* we discov]$ at ! base ( ! belief7 is1 z 0 po9t$ out 9 our an?ropological exam9ation ( ! evid5ce 7pp4 #bha-b71 due to a v complex social psy*ology4 ,9 ?is *apt] we h elim9at$ all social psy*ology1 z n be+ ! ess5tial factor 9 ! ,fairy-,fai?4 ,!re=e1 f our po9t ( view1 ,mr4 ,lang's impli$ explanation ( ! typical fairy-visions1 t !y are due to 'sugge/ion act+ on ! subconsci\s self'1 does n apply to ! r>] k9d ( fairy visions :i* =m "p ( our x-quantity 7see pp4 #fj-f1 #hc-d1 c474 ,if x does1 !n x also applies to all non-,celtic visions ( spirits1 9 anci5t & 9 mod]n times2 & ! animi/ic hypo!sis n[ accept$ by mo/ psy*ical rese>*]s1 namely1 t disc>nate intellig5ces exi/ indep5d5t ( ! p]cipi5t1 mu/ be set aside 9 fav\r ( ! non-animi/ic hypo!sis4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be admitt$ t 'fairy' ph5om5a are1 z we ma9ta91 ess5tially ! same z '_s' ph5om5a1 !n ! belief 9 fairies ceases to be purely my?ical1 & 'fairy' visions by a ,celtic se] :o is physically & psy*ically s\nd d n seem to arise f t se]'s sugge/ion act+ on 8 own subconsci\sness2 b c]ta9 types ( 'fairy' visions und\bt$ly d arise f sugge/ion1 com+ f a 'fairy' or o!r intellig5ce1 act+ on ! consci\s or subconsci\s cont5t ( ! p]cipi5t's m9d 7cf4 pp4 #dhd-g74 #eic ,lang1 ,cock ,lane & ,common ,s5se1 pp4 #bjh1 #ce4 #eid ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 9 ,h>p]'s ,mag41 ,augu/ #aijh 7,new ,york & ,london74 #eie ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge1 ,! ,survival ( ,man 7,london1 #aiji71 p4 #cci4 #eif ,james1 op4 cit41 pp4 #ehg-i4 #eig ,read]s are ref]r$ to su* au?oritative works z ! ,phantasms ( ! ,liv+ 7,london1 #ahhf71 by ,gurney1 ,my]s1 & ,podmore2 to ! ,report on ! ,c5sus ( ,halluc9ations ( ,mod]n ,spiritualism1 by ,pr(essor ,sidgwick's ,committee2 to ! ,naturalisation ( ! ,sup]natural 7,new ,york & ,london1 #aijh71 by ,f4 ,podmore2 to ! ,survival ( ! ,human ,p]sonality1 by ,f4 ,w4 ,h4 ,my]s2 & o!r l works1 all ( :i* orig9ate f ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,society = ,psy*ical ,rese>* 7,london74 #eih ,c4 ,flamm>ion1 ,my/]i\s ,psy*ic ,=ces1 pp4 #dda1 #dca4 #eii ,sir ,wm4 ,crookes1 ,notes ( an ,enquiry into ,ph5om5a call$ ,spiritual1 dur+ ! ye>s #ahgj-gc 7,london71 ,"p ,,iii1 p4 #hg4 #fjj ,see ,qu>t4 ,j\rn4 ,sci5ce 7,july #ahga74 #fja ,cf4 ,lang1 ,cock ,lane & ,common ,s5se1 p4 #bha2 & = o!r cases ( objects mov$ )\t contact see ib41 pp4 #ej1 #eb1 #ec1 #eh1 #abb ff4 ,see also ,f4 ,podmore's article on ,polt]gei/s1 9 ,proce$+s ,s4 ,p4 ,r41 xii4 #de-aae2 & 8 ,naturalisation ( ! ,sup]natural1 *apt] vii4 #fjb ,sir ,wm4 ,crookes1 op4 cit41 ,"p ,,iii1 p4 #ajj4 #fjc ,ib41 p4 #id4 #fjd ,lang1 ,cock ,lane & ,common ,s5se1 pp4 #fj1 #ha1 #aci1 c4 #fje ,us+ z a basis ! data ( ,pr(essor ,sidgwick's ,committee & ! results e>li] obta9$ by ,gurney1 ,my]s1 & ,podmore 7see ,phantasms ( ! ,liv+71 ,mr4 ,william ,mc,dougall %[s concisely ! probability ( an app>ition appe>+ )9 twelve h\rs ( ! dea? ( ! individual :om x repres5ts4 ,he says3--'444 ( all recogniz$ app>itions ( liv+ p]sons1 only "o 9 #ai1jjj may be expect$ to be a dea?-co9cid5ce ( ?is sort4 ,b ! c5sus %[s t ( #a1cjj recogniz$ app>itions ( liv+ p]sons #cj are dea?-co9cid5ces1 & t is equival5t to #ddj 9 #ai1jjj4 ,h5ce1 ( recogniz$ halluc9ations1 ^? co9cid5t ) dea? are #ddj times m num]\s ?an we %\ld expect1 if no causal relation obta9$4' ,& ,mr4 ,mc,dougall concludes3 '444 s9ce good evid5ce ( telepa?ic communication has be5 exp]im5tally obta9$1 ! lea/ improbable explanation ( ^! dea?-app>itions is t ! dy+ p]son ex]ts ^u 8 di/ant fri5d "s telepa?ic influ5ce :i* g5]ates an halluc9atory p]ception ( himself' 7,halluc9ations1 9 ,ency4 ,brit41 #aa? ed41 xii4 #hfc74 #fjf ,my]s1 op4 cit41 ii4 #fe1 #de ff41 #di ff41 c4 #fjg ,nevius1 ,demon ,possession1 ,introduction1 pp4 iv1 vii2 pp4 #bdj-b1 #add-e4 ,9 accordance ) all su* ph5om5a1 psy*ical rese>*]s h logically call$ spirits manife/+ !mselves ?r\gh ! body ( a liv+ p]son possess+ spirits4 ,& z 9 ! case ( ,*9ese demon-possession1 ! ph5om5a ( m$ium%ip (t5 result 9 ! moral d]angem5t1 insanity1 or ev5 suicide on ! "p ( 'm$iums' :o s unwisely exhibit x )\t special prep>ation or no prep>ation at all1 & too (t5 9 complete ignorance ( a possible gradual und]m9+ ( _! psy*ic life1 w-p[]1 & ev5 physical heal?4 ,all ( ?is seems to (f] direct & c]ta9 evid5ce to su/a9 ,*ri/ians & non-,*ri/ians 9 _! condemnation ( all =ms ( necromancy or call+ up ( spirits4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t w make our position t[>ds m$ium%ip ( ! mo/ common k9d cle>3 ,9 ,druidism1 = "o example1 disciples = tra9+ 9 magical sci5ces are said to h sp5t tw5ty ye>s 9 sev]e /udy & special psy*ical tra9+ be=e deem$ fit to be call$ ,druids & ?us to control daemons1 gho/s1 or all invisible entities capable ( possess+ liv+ m5 & wom54 ,& ev5 n[ 9 ,india & else:]e !re is report$ to be /ill ! same anci5t c\rse ( sev]e discipl9>y tra9+ = c&idates seek+ magical p[]s4 ,b 9 mod]n ,spiritualism conditions are altoge!r diff]5t 9 mo/ cases1 & 'm$iums' in/ead ( controll+ ) an iron w1 z a magician does1 spirits :i* become manife/ 9 sances1 surr5d] entirely _! w-p[] & :ole p]sonality to !m4 #fjh ,cf4 ,sigmund ,freud1 ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,psy*oanalysis1 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,psy*41 xxi1 ,no4 #b 7,april #aiaj74 #fji ,! fact t all matt] is capable ( assum+ a gase\s or invisible /ate furni%es good sci5tific reasons = po/ulat+ ! actual exi/5ce ( intellig5t be+s possess$ ( an invisible yet physical body4 ,!re may well be on & ab\t our planet _m di/9ct invisible organic life-=ms undiscov]$ by zoologi/s4 ,to d5y su* a possibility w\ld be unsci5tific4 #faj ,cf4 ,communication adresse au ,dr ,j4 ,dupr1 p4 #chb ( an essay on ,la ,mtempsycose base sur les ,pr9cipes de la ,biologie et du ,magntisme physiologique1 9 ,le ,has>d 7,p>is1 #aiji71 by ,p4 ,c4 ,revel4 ,cases ( reg5]ation among ! ag$ are kn[n1 & ^! %[ h[ ! sublim9al life-=ces try to r5ew ! physical body :5 x is worn out 7cf4 ,revel1 ib41 p4 #cgb74 #faa ,cf4 ,revel1 op4 cit41 p4 #bie ff4 #fab ,if sci5ti/s discov]1 z !y probably w 9 "t1 :at !y call ! secret ( life1 !y w n h discov]$ ! secret ( life at all4 ,:at !y w h discov]$ w be ! physical conditions "u :i* life manife/s itself4 ,9 o!r words1 sci5ce w mo/ likely soon be able to set up artificially 9 a laboratory su* physical conditions z exi/ 9 nature naturally1 & by means ( :i* life is able to manife/ itself ?r\gh matt]4 ,life w /ill be z great a my/]y z x is to-day2 ?\gh %ort-sight$ mat]iali/s are c]ta9 to ann\nce to an eag] _w t ! f9al problem ( ! univ]se has be5 solv$ & t life is m]ely ! resultant ( a subtle *emical comp\nd4 #fac ,pr(essor ,freud1 aft] long & c>eful /udy1 arriv$ at ! foll[+ conclusion3--',! *ild has 8 sexual impulse & activities f ! beg9n+1 he br+s !m ) him into ! _w1 & f ^! ! s-call$ normal sexuality ( adults em]ges by a significant developm5t ?r\gh manifold /ages4' ,& ,dr4 ,san=d ,bell1 9 an e>li] writ+ entitl$ ,a ,prelim9>y ,/udy ( ! ,emotions ( ,love betwe5 ! ,sexes 7see ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,psy*41 #aijb71 came to a simil> conclusion 7cf4 ,freud1 op4 cit41 pp4 #bjg-h74 #fad ,cf4 ,hans ,dries*1 ,! ,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( ! ,organism 7,london1 #aijh72 & ,h5ri ,b]gson1 ,l'volution cratrice 7,p>is1 #aijh74 #fae ,?is ,celtic view ( non-p]sonal immortality completely fits 9 ) all ! volum9\s data ( psy*ical rese>*3 aft] =ty ye>s ( sci5tific rese>* into psy*ics !re are no pro(s yet adduc$ t ! human p]sonality z a self-suffici5t unit ( consci\sness survives indef9itely ! dea? ( its body4 ,grant$ t x does survive z a gho/ = an undet]m9$ p]iod1 g5]ally to be c\nt$ 9 ye>s1 dur+ :i* "t x seems to be gradually fad+ out or dis9tegrat+1 !re is no reliable evid5ce any:]e to %[ t a p]sonality z su* has manife/$ ?r\gh a 'm$ium' or o!rwise aft] an int]val ( "o ?\s& ye>s1 or ev5 ( five hundr$ ye>s4 ,we h1 9 fact1 no k ( ! survival ( a human p]sonality "o hundr$ ye>s aft]1 & probably !re are no good examples ( su* a survival tw5ty-five ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! body4 ,su* an em95t psy*ical rese>*] z ,william ,james recogniz$ ?is drift ( ! data ( psy*ics1 & :5 he di$ he held ! conviction t !re is no p]sonal immortality 7see p4 #eje n4 foll[+74 #faf ,?\gh n incl9$ t[>d ! vitali/ic view ( human evolution1 ,m4 ,?4 ,ribot v closely approa*es ! ,celtic view ( ! ,ego 7or individuality7 z be+ ! pr9ciple :i* gives unity to diff]5t p]sonalities1 b he does n h 9 m9d p]sonalities 9 ! s5se impli$ by ! ,celtic ,esot]ic ,doctr9e ( ,re-bir?3--',! ,ego subjectively consid]$ consi/s ( a sum ( consci\s /ates' 7comp>able to p]sonalities74444 ',9 brief1 ! ,ego may be consid]$ 9 two ways3 ei!r 9 its actual =m1 & !n x is ! sum ( exi/+ consci\s /ates2 or1 9 its cont9uity ) ! pa/1 & !n x is =m$ by ! memory accord+ to ! process outl9$ above4 ,x w\ld seem1 accord+ to ?is view1 t ! id5tity ( ! ,ego dep5d$ entirely ^u ! memory4 ,b su* a conception is only p>tial4 ,b5ea? ! un/able comp\nd ph5om5on 9 all its protean phases ( gr[?1 deg5]ation1 & reproduction1 !re is a some?+ t rema9s3 & ?is some?+ is ! undef9$ consci\sness1 ! product ( all ! vital processes1 con/itut+ bodily p]ception & :at is express$ 9 "o ^w--! co5/hesis4' 7,! ,diseases ( ,memory1 pp4 #ajg-h74 ,william ,james1 ! greate/ psy*ologi/ ( our epo*1 aft] a long & fai?ful life consecrat$ to ! se>* aft] a true und]/&+ ( human consci\sness1 f9ally arriv$ at sub/antially ! same conviction z ,fe*n] did1 t !re is no p]sonal immortality1 b t ! p]sonality 'is b a tempor>y & p>tial sep>ation & circumscription ( a "p ( a l>g] :ole1 into :i* x is reabsorb$ at dea?' 7,w4 ,mc,dougall1 ,9 ,memory ( ,william ,james1 9 ,proc4 ,s4 ,p4 ,r41 ,"p ,,lxii1 vol4 xxv1 p4 #bh74 ,he ?us virtually accept$ ! my/ic's view t ! p]sonality aft] ! dea? ( ! body is absorb$ into a high] p[]1 :i*1 to our m9d1 is comp>able ) ! ,ego conceiv$ z ! unify+ pr9ciple beh9d p]sonalities4 ,9 "o ( 8 la/ writ+s1 ,james expla9$ 8 belief 9 su* a mann] z to make x co9cide at c]ta9 po9ts ) ! view held by mod]n ,celtic my/ics :i* has be5 pres5t$ above2 ! diff]5ce be+ t1 unlike ^! my/ics1 ,james 0 n prep>$ to say 7?\gh he rais$ ! "q7 :e!r or n beh9d ! '"m-sea' ( consci\sness !re is1 z ,fe*n] believ$1 a hi]>*y ( consci\snesses 7!mselves subord9ate to /ill high] consci\snesses1 & comp>able ) s _m ,egos or ,individualities7 :i* s5d out emanations z tempor>y human p]sonalities4 ,! organic psy*ical =ms 7if we may use su* an expression7 ( su* tempor>y human p]sonalities w\ld h to be reg>d$ f ,james's po9t ( view z be+ built up out ( ! psy*ical elem5ts con/itut+ ! '"m-sea' ( consci\sness1 j z ! human body is built up out ( ! physical elem5ts 9 ! realm ( matt]3--',out ( my exp]i5ce1 su* z x is 7& x is limit$ en\gh7 "o fix$ conclusion dogmatically em]ges1 & t is ?is1 t we ) our lives are l isl&s 9 ! sea1 or l trees 9 ! =e/4 ,! maple & ! p9e may :isp] to ea* o!r ) _! leaves1 & ,conanicut & ,newport he> ea* o!r's foghorns4 ,b ! trees also comm+le _! roots 9 ! d>kness und]gr\nd1 & ! isl&s also hang toge!r ?r\gh ! ocean's bottom4 ,j s !re is a cont9uum ( cosmic consci\sness1 aga9/ :i* our individuality' 7us$ z synonym\s ) p]sonality & n 9 our di/9ct s5se7 'builds b accid5tal f5ces1 & into :i* our sev]al m9ds plunge z into a "m-sea or res]voir4 ,our normal consci\sness' 7! p]sonality z we di/+ui% x f ! ,ego or individuality7 'is circumscrib$ = adaptation to our ext]nal e>?ly environm5t1 b ! f5ce is weak 9 spots1 & fitful influ5ces f beyond break 91 %[+ ! o!rwise unv]ifiable common connexion4 ,n only psy*ic rese>*1 b metaphysical philosophy & speculative biology are l$ 9 _! own ways to look ) fav\r on "s su* pan-psy*ic view ( ! univ]se z ?is4' 7,w4 ,james1 ,! ,confid5ces ( a ,psy*ical ,rese>*]1 9 ,! ,am]ican ,magaz9e1 ,octob] #aiji74 ,aga91 ,james wrote3--',! drift ( all ! evid5ce we h seems to me to sweep u v /rongly t[>ds ! belief 9 "s =m ( sup]human life ) :i* we may1 unkn[n to ourselves1 be co-consci\s4' 7,a ,plurali/ic ,univ]se1 ,new ,york1 #aiji1 p4 #cji47 #fag ,w4 ,james1 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce 7,london1 #aijb71 pp4 #eaa1 #bcf n4 #fah ,m4 ,?4 ,ribot1 9 ,diseases ( ,memory 7,london1 #ahhb71 pp4 #hb-ih ff41 gives num]\s examples ( su* loss & recov]y ( memory4 #fai ,cf4 ,freud1 op4 cit41 pp4 #aib1 #bjd-e1 c4 #fbj ,cf4 ,a4 ,moll1 ,hypnotism 7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #ada ff41 #abf4 #fba ,cf4 ,a4 ,moll1 ,hypnotism 7,london1 #ahij71 pp4 #ada ff41 #abf4 #fbb ,cf4 ,freud1 op4 cit41 p4 #aib4 #fbc ,freud1 ,die ,traumdeutung1 #bnd ed4 7,vi5na1 #aijf72 cf4 ,s4 ,f]5czi1 ,! ,psy*ological ,analysis ( ,dreams1 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,psy*4 7,april #aiaj71 xxi1 ,no4 #b1 p4 #cbf4 #fbd ,a simil> /ate ( high developm5t is to be assum$ = a great ,celtic h]o l ,ar?ur1 :o 7 he to be re-born w\ld 7z is said to h be5 ! case ) ,k+ ,mongan1 ! re9c>nation ( ,f9n7 br+ ) him memory ( 8 pa/3 unlike ! consci\sness ( ! normal man1 ! consci\sness ( "o ( ! ,div9e ,ones is normally ! subconsci\sness1 ! consci\sness ( ! individuality2 & n ! p]sonal consci\sness1 :i*1 l ! p]sonality1 is non-p]man5t 9 itself4 ,?is fur!r illu/rates ! ,celtic !ory ( non-p]sonal immortality4 #fbe ,ribot1 op4 cit41 p4 #ajj ff4 #fbf ,cf4 ,lang1 ,cock ,lane & ,common ,s5se1 pp4 #bag ff4 ,blackwood's ,magaz9e1 cxxix 7,janu>y #ahha71 conta9s a rem>kable acc\nt ( a *ild :o rememb]$ previ\s lives4 ,"l ,l9dsay1 9 8 ,lett]s 7ed4 ( #ahdg1 p4 #cea71 ref]s to a feel+ :5 he beheld ! riv] ,kadi%a desc5d+ f ,lebanon1 ( hav+ 9 a previ\s life se5 ! same sc5e4 ,dick5s 9 8 ,pictures f ,italy te/ifies to a p>allel exp]i5ce4 ,e4 ,d4 ,walk]1 9 8 int]e/+ "w on ,re9c>nation 7pp4 #db-e7 has br\ght toge!r _m o!r well-atte/$ cases ( p :o likewise h ?\ght !y c\ld rememb] fragm5ts ( a =m] /ate ( consci\s exi/5ce4 ,9 8 di>y1 "u date ( ,febru>y #ag1 #ahbh1 ,sir ,walt] ,scott wrote z foll[s3--',i _c1 ,i am sure1 tell if x is wor? m>k+ d[n1 t ye/]day1 at d9n]-"t1 ,i 0 /rangely haunt$ by :at ,i w\ld call ! s5se ( pre-exi/5ce1 viz4 a confus$ idea t no?+ t pass$ 0 said = ! fir/ "t4' ,lockh>t1 ,life ( ,scott 7fir/ ed471 vii4 #aad4 ,bulw] ,lytton 9 ,godolph9 7*apt] xv71 & ,edg> ,all5 ,poe 9 ,eureka1 record simil> exp]i5ces4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,field+ ,hall1 9 ,! ,s\l ( a ,p#d 7,london1 #aijb71 pp4 #bij-cjh1 reports sev]al v rem>kable cases ( responsible natives ( ,burma :o /at$ t !y c\ld recall =m] lives pass$ by !m z m5 & wom54 ,mr4 ,hall has c>efully inve/igat$ ^! cases1 & gives u ! impression t !y are wor?y ( sci5tific consid]ation4 #fbg ,cf4 ,f]5czi1 op4 cit41 p4 #caf1 c4 ,pr(essor ,freud's !ory ( dreams supports entirely1 b does n imply our hypo!sis t "s 7& probably _m7 abnormal dreams ( a r>e k9d1 :e!r good or bad 9 t5d5cy1 may be due to ! lat5t cont5t ( subconsci\sness1 out ( :i* !y und\bt$ly arise1 hav+ be5 collect$ & c>ri$ ov] f a previ\s /ate ( consci\sness p>allel to our pres5t "o4 ,9 respect to our pres5t life ,pr(essor ,freud holds1 z a result ( psy*o-analysis ( ?\s&s ( dream subjects1 t ! lat5t cont5t ( e dream 9 ! adult is directly dep5d5t ^u m5tal processes :i* frequ5tly rea* back to ! e>lie/ *ildhood2 & he gives detail$ cases 9 illu/ration4 ,9 o!r words1 !re is always a lat5t dream-mat]ial beh9d ! consci\s dream-cont5t1 & probably a "p ( x 0 innate 9 ! *ild at bir?1 & h5ce1 accord+ to our view1 0 pre-exi/5t4 7,cf4 ,erne/ ,jones1 ,freud's ,!ory ( ,dreams1 9 ,am]4 ,j\rn4 ,psy*41 ,april #aiaj1 xxi1 ,no4 #b1 pp4 #cja ff47 #fbh ,cf4 ,du ,prel1 ,philosophy ( ,my/icism1 ii4 #be ff41 #cd ff4 #fbi ,! ,dream ( ,ravan1 9 ,dubl9 ,univ4 ,mag41 xliii4 #dfh4 #fcj ,my]s1 9 ,proc4 ,s4 ,p4 ,r41 vii4 #cje4 #fca ,james1 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #dhc4 #fcb ,! esot]ic tea*+ 9 _m ( ! my/ic s*ools ( antiquity 0 t ! atoms ( ea* human body transmigrate ?r\gh all l[] =ms ( life dur+ ! long p]iod suppos$ to int]v5e betwe5 dea? & re-bir? ( ! individuality4 ,?is doctr9e seems to be "o ( ! ma9 s\rces ( ! corruption :i* crept into ! anci5t re-bir? doctr9es & trans=m$ _m ( !m into doctr9es ( transmigration ( ! human s\l into animal & plant bodies2 & "s unscrupul\s prie/hoods op5ly taught su* corrupt$ doctr9es z a means ( mak+ ! ignorant populace submissive to ecclesia/ical rule1 ! !ological !ory exp\nd$ by su* prie/hoods be+ t ! evil-do]1 b n ! keep] ( ! lett] ( ! canonical law1 is condemn$ to expiate 8 s9s ?r\gh bir? 9 brute bodies4 ,! pure =m ( ! my/ic doctr9e 0 t aft] ! lapse ( ! long p]iod ( disembodim5t ! individuality recon/ructs its human body anew by draw+ to itself ! id5tical atoms :i* con/itut$ its previ\s human body--^! atoms1 & n ! individuality1 hav+ transmigrat$ ?r\gh all ! l[] k+doms4 ,su* an esot]ic doctr9e probably lies beh9d ! exot]ic ,egyptian tea*+ t ! human s\l aft] ! dea? ( its body passes ?r\gh all plant & animal bodies dur+ a p]iod ( ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 aft] :i* x returns to human embodim5t4 ,"s s*ol>s h held t ! exot]ic int]pretation ( ?is !ory & its consequ5t lit]al int]pretation z a transmigration doctr9e l$ ! ,egyptians to mummify ! bodies ( _! dead4 ,cf4 ,lucretius1 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 ,book ,,iii1 ll4 #hdc-fa2 & ,h]odotus1 ,book ,,ii1 on ,egypt4 #fcc ,cf4 ,dr4 ,l4 ,s4 ,fugairon's ,la ,survivance de l'me1 ou la ,mort et la ,r5aissance *ez les tres vivants2 tudes de physiologie et d'embryologie philosophiques 7,p>is1 #aijg72 cf4 ,revel1 ,le ,has>d1 p4 #deg4 #fcd ,d>w9 nev] consid]$ or attempt$ to sugge/ :at x is t ( itself really evolves1 = x _c be ! physical body :i* only gr[s f immaturity to maturity & !n dissolves4 ,d>w9 ?us ov]look$ ! ess5tial factor 9 8 :ole doctr9e2 :ile ! ,druids & o!r anci5ts1 wis] ?an we h be5 will+ to admit1 seem n only to h anticipat$ ,d>w9 by ?\s&s ( ye>s1 b also to h q surpass$ him 9 sett+ up _! doctr9e ( re-bir?1 :i* expla9s bo? ! physical & psy*ical evolution ( man4 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,passages 9 italics are indicat$ by italics4 ,sup]script$ lett]s are indicat$ by sup]script4 ,! orig9al text includes ,greek *>act]s4 ,= ?is text v]sion ^! lett]s h be5 replac$ ) translit]ations4 ,"s quotes are op5$ ) m>ks b are n clos$4 ,obvi\s errors h be5 sil5tly clos$ :ile ^? requir+ int]pretation h be5 left op54 ,o!r punctuation has be5 correct$ )\t note4 ,! foll[+ mispr9ts h be5 correct$3 ,=tell+ /&>diz$ to =etell+ 7page #bac7 fom correct$ to f 7footnote #cdb7 ,"n correct$ to ,names 7,index7 ,o!r ?an ! corrections li/$ above1 inconsi/5cies 9 spell+ & hyph5ation h be5 reta9$ f ! orig9al4 ,! foll[+ symbols 7 sub/itut$ = images on pages #bgb & #bgc3 ,maltese cross ,c ,triangle ,t ,jupit] ,j ,m]cury ,m ,v5us ,v ,saturn ,s ,moon ,mo ,sun ,o ,l>ge ,a/]isk 99