9999,transcrib]'s notes3     italics    
repres5t$ by und]scores e4g4 italics    
bold repres5t$ by  e4g4 bold            
ligatures by ,,oe e4g4 ,,oedipus        
,lett]s ) ,diacritical ,m>ks are r5d]$  
accord+ to     ! foll[+ table3          
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
diacritical m>k                   sample
       above  bel[                      
----------------------------------------
-------------------------      macron   
7/raight l9e7                         x 
x                                       
----------------------------------------
-------------------------      #b dots  
7di]esis1 umlaut7                       
3x     x3                               
----------------------------------------
-------------------------      #a dot   
4        4x     x4                      
----------------------------------------
-------------------------      grave    
acc5t                                   
x     x                                 

----------------------------------------
-------------------------      acute    
acc5t 7aigu7                    '       
'x     x'                               
----------------------------------------
-------------------------               
circumflex                              
x     x                                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------------      c>on     
7v-%ap$ symbol7                v        
vx     xv                               
----------------------------------------
-------------------------      breve    
7u-%ap$ symbol7                u        
7x     x7                               
----------------------------------------
-------------------------      tilde    
x     x                                 
----------------------------------------
-------------------------      c$illa   
1        1x     x1                      
----------------------------------------
-------------------------     ,! city ( 
,t]rac9a 0 mispell$ ,t]rac9o 9 p>agraph 

#i1        section #c ( ! ,introduction 
end ( transcrib]'s notes9999            
,illu/ration3 ,john ,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4   
,,p]icles  ,briti% ,museum1 ,london     
,! ,riv]side ,art ,s]ies    ,,greek     
,,sculpture   ,a ,,collection ,,(       
,,sixte5 ,,pictures  ,,( ,,greek        
,,m>bles  ,,) ,,introduction ,,&        
,,int]pretation   ,,by   ,,e/elle ,m4   
,,hurll   ,illu/ration   ,,bo/on ,,&    
,,new ,,york  ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9        
,,company  ,! ,riv]side ,press          
,cambridge   ,,copyright #aija1 ,,by    
,,h\ghton1 ,,miffl9  ,,co4 ,,all        
,,rights ,,res]v$     ,,preface   ,)9 ! 
limits ( ?is small collection ( pictures
 an attempt is made to br+ toge!r z     
great a v>iety ( subjects z possible4   
,portraiture is illu/rat$ 9 ! /atue (   
,sophocles & ! bu/ ( ,p]icles1 g5re     
/udies 9 ! ,apoxyom5os & ,discobolus1   
bas-relief "w 9 ! panel f ! ,p>!non     
frieze & ! ,orpheus & ,eurydice1 & ideal
 heads & /atues 9 ! repres5tations ( !  
div9ities4 ,bo? ! ,greek treatm5t ( !   

nude & ! ,greek managem5t ( drap]y h due
 att5tion4  ,z classic lit]ature is !   
be/ int]pret] ( ,greek sculpture1 ! text
 draws freely f su* orig9al s\rces z !  
,iliad & ! ,odyssey1 ! ,hom]ic hymns1 & 
,ovid's ,metamorphoses4      ,,e/elle   
,m4 ,,hurll4      ,,new ,,b$=d1 ,,mass4 
,janu>y1 #aija4     ,,cont5ts ,,& ,,li/ 
,,( ,,pictures    ,,p]icles             
7,frontispiece7  ,f orig9al 9 ,briti%   
,museum   ,,introduction      ,i4 ,,on  
,,"s ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,greek          
,,sculpture     vii     ,,ii4 ,,on      
,,books ,,( ,,ref]5ce     x    ,,iii4   
,,hi/orical ,,directory ,,( ,,! ,,m>bles
 ,,reproduc$         ,,9 ,,?is          
,,collection     xi   ,i4 ,,bu/ ,,(     
,,zeus ,,otricoli     #a  ,picture f    
,photograph by ,fratelli ,al9>i   ,,ii4 
,,a!na ,,giu/9iana 7,,m9]va ,,m$ica7    
#g  ,picture f ,photograph by ,d4 ,&]son
   ,,iii4 ,,horsem5 ,,f ,,! ,,p>!non    
,,frieze     #ac  ,picture f ,photograph
 by ! ,london ,/]eoscopic  ,co4   ,,iv4 
,,bu/ ,,( ,,h]a 7,,juno7     #ai        

,picture f ,photograph by ,d4 ,&]son    
,v4 ,,! ,,apoxyom5os     #be  ,picture f
 ,photograph by ,d4 ,&]son   ,,vi4      
,,head ,,( ,,! ,,apollo ,,belv$]e       
#ca  ,picture f ,photograph by ,d4      
,&]son   ,,vii4 ,,demet] 7,,c]es7       
#cg  ,picture f ,photograph by ,d4      
,&]son   ,,viii4 ,,! ,,faun ,,(         
,,praxiteles     #dc  ,picture f        
,photograph by ,fratelli ,al9>i   ,,ix4 
,,sophocles      #di  ,picture f        
,photograph by ,d4 ,&]son   ,x4 ,,ares  
,,seat$      #ee  ,picture f ,photograph
 by ,d4 ,&]son   ,,xi4 ,,head ,,( ,,!   
,,olympian ,,h]mes      #fa  ,picture f 
,photograph by ! ,engli% ,photographic  
,co41 ,a!ns   ,,xii4 ,,! ,,discobolus   
7,,! ,,disk-,,?r[]7     #fg  ,picture f 
,photograph loan$ by ,edw>d ,rob9son1  f
 ! only negative kn[n to exi/   ,,xiii4 
,,! ,,aphrodite ,,( ,,melos 7,,v5us ,,( 
,,milo7     #gc  ,picture f ,photograph 
by ,neurde9 ,freres   ,,xiv4 ,,orpheus  
,,& ,,eurydice     #gi  ,picture f      
,photograph by ,d4 ,&]son   ,,xv4 ,,nike

 7,,! ,,w+$ ,,victory7     #he  ,picture
 f ,photograph by ,neurde9 ,freres      
,,xvi4 ,,p]icles 7,see ,frontispiece7   
#ia   ,,pron\nc+ ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,prop]
 ,,names ,,&  ,,=eign ,,words     #ie   
,n9e ( ! above illu/rations are f       
photographs 9 ! collection ( ! ,william 
,hayes ,fogg ,art ,museum ( ,h>v>d      
,univ]sity     ,,introduction   ,i4 ,,on
 ,,"s ,,*>act]i/ics ,,( ,,greek         
,,sculpture4  ,! hi/ory ( ,greek        
sculpture cov]s a p]iod ( "s eight or   
n9e hundr$ ye>s1 & falls into five      
divisions4#a ,! fir/ is ! p]iod (       
developm5t1 ext5d+ f #fjj to #dhj ,b4   
,c4 ,! second is ! p]iod ( greate/      
a*ievem5t1 "u ,phidias & 8 foll[]s1 9 ! 
,age ( ,p]icles1 #dhj-dcj ,b4 ,c4 ,!    
?ird is ! p]iod ( ,praxiteles & ,scopas1
 9 ! f\r? c5tury4 ,! f\r? is ! p]iod (  
decl9e1 *>act]iz$ z ! ,hell5i/ic ,age1 &
 includ$ betwe5 ! ye>s #cbj & #ajj ,b4  
,c4 ,! fif? is ! ,graeco-,roman p]iod1  
:i* includes ! "w produc$ to meet ! dem&
 ( ! ,roman m>ket = ,greek sculpture1 & 

:i* ext5ds to #cjj ,a4 ,d4  #a ,see     
,g>dn]'s ,h&book ( ,greek ,sculpture1   
page #db4  ,mod]n criticism diff]5tiates
 %>ply ! *>act]i/ics ( ! sev]al p]iods &
 ev5 ( ! individual arti/s1 b su*       
subtleties are beyond ! grasp ( !       
unle>n$4 ,! majority ( p cont9ue to     
reg>d ,greek sculpture 9 its entirety1 z
 if x 7 ! homog5e\s product ( a s+le    
age4 ,to ! popul> imag9ation x is z if  
"s gigantic ma*9e turn$ out ! ,apollo   
,belv$]e1 ! ,v5us ( ,milo1 ! ,elg9      
,m>bles1 & all ! re/1 9 a s+le day4 ,nor
 is x long ago s9ce ev5 em95t writ]s _h 
b vague ideas z to ! di/9ctive p]iods ( 
^! v works4 ,c]ta9 x is t all works (   
,greek sculpture h a p>ticul> "* :i*    
m>ks !m z su*4 ,au?orities h taught u to
 di/+ui% "s few ( _! lead+ *>act]i/ics4 
,! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic ( ,greek art is 
p]haps its clos5ess to nature4 ,!       
sculptor %[$ an intimate k ( ! human =m1
 acquir$ by con/ant obs]vation ( !      
spl5did specim5s ( manhood produc$ 9 !  
palae/ra4 ,x is because ! arti/ clung to

 nature z a k9d "m1 says ,wald/e91 t !  
influ5ce ( 8 "w p]si/s ?r\gh ! ages4    
,aga91 ,greek art is di/9ctly an art (  
g5]alization1 deal+ ) types r ?an )     
individuals4 ,?is *>act]i/ic is ( v>y+  
degrees 9 diff]5t p]iods & ) diff]5t    
sculptors4 ,x is se5 9 its p]fection 9 !
 ,elg9 ,m>bles1 9 exagg]ation 9 !       
,apollo ,belv$]e1 & at ! m9imum 9 ! "w (
 ,praxiteles4 ,yet x is ev]y:]e         
suffici5tly m>k$ to be indissolubly     
connect$ ) ,greek sculpture4  ,! quality
 ( repose1 s con/antly associat$ )      
,greek sculpture1 is ano!r *>act]i/ic   
:i* v>ies ) ! p]iod & ! individual      
sculptor4 ,betwe5 ! calm dignity ( !    
portrait /atue ( ,sophocles & ! int5se  
muscul> conc5tration ( ,myron's         
,discobolus1 a long range ( degrees may 
be includ$4 ,yet on ! :ole1 repose is an
 ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( ! be/ ,greek     
sculpture1 provid$ we d n let our notion
 ( repose exclude ! spirit$ elem5t4 ,f9e
 z is ! effect ( repose 9 ! ,p>!non     
frieze1 ! composition is likewise full (

 _s & life4  ,a di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! 
be/ ,greek sculpture is its simplicity4 
,comp>$ ) ! ,go?ic sculptors1 ! ,greeks 
appe> to u1 9 ,rusk9's phrase1 z ! ma/]s
 ( all t 0 gr&1 simple1 wise & t5d]ly   
human1 oppos$ to ! pett9ess ( ! toys ( !
 re/ ( mank9d4 ,_! "w is free f t va9 & 
mean decoration--! weak & mon/r\s       
error--:i* disfigures ! art ( o!r       
peoples4  ,z we turn f "o ,greek m>ble  
to ano!r 9 ! great sculpture gall]ies ( 
! _w1 ! be/ features ( ! art impress    
!mselves deeply ev5 ^u ! untutor$ eye4  
,! ,greek in/9ct = pose is unfail+ &    
unsurpassable4 ,/&+ or seat$1 ! attitude
 is always graceful1 ! l9es are always  
f9e4 ,! be/ /atues are equally well     
compos$1 view$ f any /&po9t4 ,! cam]a   
may describe a circumf]5ce ab\t a m>ble 
z a c5tre1 & a photograph made at any   
po9t 9 ! circle w %[ l9es ( rhy?m &     
beauty4  ,! faultless regul>ity ( !     
,greek pr(ile has pass$ into hi/ory z ! 
accept$ /&>d ( human beauty4 ,! /raight 
cont9u\s l9e ( br[ & nose1 ! well m\ld$ 

*91 ! full lip1 ! small e>1 satisfy     
p]fectly our ae/hetic ideals4  ,! art ( 
sculpture 0 an ess5tial outgr[? ( !     
,greek _s1 & p]fectly suit$ !           
requirem5ts ( ,greek ?\ght4 ,9 ! words (
 a rec5t writ]1 x 0 ! consummate        
expression 9 art ( ! g5ius ( a nation   
:i* wor%ip$ physical p]fection z ! gift 
( ! immortals1 :i* honor$ ! gods by     
a?letic games & *oral dances1 & ^:      
deities wore ! fle% & %>$ ! nature (    
m54#b ,x 0 moreov] a national art1 ent]+
 into e phase ( public life1 & embody+ !
 ,greek s5se ( national greatness4  #b  
,f ,italian ,cities1 by ,e4 ,h4 & ,e4   
,w4 ,bla%field4  ,greek sculpture c be  
sympa!tically und]/ood only by cat*+    
some?+ ( ! _s :i* produc$ x4 ,"o mu/    
%ake (f ! c5turies & reg>d life ) !     
*ildlike simplicity ( ! "y _w3 "o mu/   
give imag9ation free re94 ,! same       
attitude ( m9d :i* c enjoy ,greek       
my?ology & ,greek lit]ature is ! prop]  
attitude = ! enjoym5t ( ,greek          
sculpture4 ,! be/ int]pret] ( a nation's

 art is ! nation's poetry4   ,,ii4 ,,on 
,,books ,,( ,,ref]5ce4  ,_m le>n$ works 
on ! subject ( ,greek ,sculpture h be5  
writt5 9 v>i\s languages4 ,?ree /&>d    
au?orities are ! ,engli% "w by ,a4 ,s4  
,murray1 ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,sculpture1   
second edition1 ,london1 #ahij2 ! ,fr5* 
"w by ,collignon1 ,hi/oire de la        
,sculpture ,grecque1 ,p>is1 #ahib2 & !  
,g]man "w by ,furtw3angl]1 translat$    
into ,engli% by ,e4 ,sell]s1 ,!         
,ma/]pieces ( ,greek ,sculpture1        
,london1 #ahie4 ,naturally ^! ?ree      
writ]s are n always ( "o op9ion1 & !    
/ud5t mu/ turn f "o to ano!r to le>n all
 ! argum5ts conc]n+ a disput$ po9t4  ,= 
! practical e-day use ( ! read] :o has  
no "t to sift ! evid5ces on difficult   
que/ions ( ar*aeology1 ,g>dn]'s ,h&book 
( ,greek ,sculpture is an excell5t      
outl9e summ>y ( ! hi/ory ( ! subject4   
,*>les ,wald/e9's ,essays on ! ,art (   
,pheidias1 ,new ,york1 #ahhe1 is an     
exce$+ly valuable & sugge/ive volume4   
,two small books1 writt5 9 a some:at    

popul> ve91 make v pleasant read+ = ^?  
pursu+ ^! /udies3 ,/udies 9 ,greek ,art1
 by ,j4 ,e4 ,h>rison1 ,london1 #ahhe1 & 
,greek ,art on ,greek ,soil1 by ,j4 ,m4 
,hopp91 ,bo/on1 #ahig4  ,besides ! works
 devot$ exclusively to ! subject (      
,greek sculpture1 ! subject receives due
 att5tion 9 v>i\s g5]al hi/ories ( art1 
( :i* may be m5tion$1 ,lucy ,mit*ell's  
,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sculpture1 ,l3ubke's 
,hi/ory ( ,sculpture1 & ,von ,reb]'s    
,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,art4  ,a valuable    
bibliography is giv5 9 ,g>dn]'s ,h&book4
   ,,iii4 ,,hi/orical ,,directory ,,(   
,,! ,,m>bles ,,reproduc$ ,,9 ,,?is      
,,collection4  ,frontispiece4 ,t]m9al   
bu/ ( ,p]icles1 aft] an orig9al by      
,cresilas4 ,approximate date1 #ddj-dcj  
,b4 ,c4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,london4  
#a4 ,bu/ ( ,zeus ,otricoli4 ,consid]$ by
 ,brunn & o!rs a copy f a head ( ! /atue
 by ,phidias4 ,lat] critics d n agree ) 
?is op9ion1 & ,furtw3angl] calls ! head 
a ,praxitelean developm5t ( ! type (    
,zeus creat$ 9 ! "t ( ,myron4 ,n[ 9 !   

,vatican ,gall]y1 ,rome4  #b4 ,a!na     
,giu/9iana 7,m9]va ,m$ica74 ,consid]$ by
 ,furtw3angl] a copy1 aft] ,euphranor1 (
 a /atue d$icat$ bel[ ! ,capitol1 call$ 
,m9]va ,catuliana1 set up by ,a4        
,lutatius ,catulus4 ,! aegis & sph9x are
 copyi/'s additions4 ,f\nd 9 ! g>d5s ( !
 conv5t ( ,s4 ,m>ia sopra ,m9]va1 ,rome4
 ,bo? arms are re/or$4 ,n[ 9 ! ,vatican 
,gall]y1 ,rome4  #c4 ,horsem5 f !       
,p>!non ,frieze4 ,! frieze ( ! ,p>!non  
is "p ( ! decorative s*eme ( ! m>ble    
temple ( ,a!na1 built dur+ ! age (      
,p]icles 7#dhj-dcj ,b4 ,c47 on !        
,acropolis1 ,a!ns1 & decorat$ "u !      
direction ( ,phidias4 ,! frieze consi/$ 
( a s]ies ( panels or slabs1 ab\t #c ft4
 #d 94 9 height1 & 0 set on ! out] wall 
( ! cella4 ,be+ light$ f bel[1 ! l[]    
portion is cut 9 l[ relief 7#a-a_/d 947 
& ! upp] p>ts 9 high relief 7#b-a_/d    
9474 ,! panel ( ! ,horsem5 is "o ( !    
,elg9 ,m>bles1 remov$ by ,"l ,elg9 f !  
,p>!non 9 #ahja-ahjb1 & n[ 9 ! ,briti%  
,museum1 ,london4  #d4 ,bu/ ( ,h]a4     

,consid]$ by ,murray a copy aft]        
,polyclitus4 ,reg>d$ by ,furtw3angl] z a
 ,roman creation bas$ on a ,praxitelean 
model4 ,catalogu$ 9 ,h>e's ,walks 9     
,rome z a probable copy aft] ,alcam5es4 
,9 ! ,ludovisi ,villa1 ,rome4  #e4 ,!   
,apoxyom5os44 ,a m>ble copy ( ! orig9al 
bronze /atue by ,lysippus1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 
! #d? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,accord+ to ,pl9y !
 orig9al 0 br\ght f ,greece to ,rome by 
,agrippa to adorn ! public ba?s4 ,?is   
copy 0 f\nd 9 #ahdi 9 ! ,tra/ev]e1      
,rome1 & is n[ 9 ! ,vatican ,gall]y4    
#f4 ,head ( ! ,apollo ,belv$]e4 ,accord+
 to ,g>dn]1 a m>ble copy 7,roman7 ( a   
bronze orig9al ( ! ,hell5i/ic ,age      
7#cbj-ajj ,b4 ,c474 ,"s 7,w9t] &        
,furtw3angl]7 h assign$ ! orig9al to    
,leo*>es1 a sculptor ( ! #d? c5tury1 &  
o!rs to ,calamis1 9 ! #e? c5tury4 ,?is  
copy 0 f\nd 9 ! #af? c5tury at ,antium1 
& 0 pur*as$ by ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 = !  
,belv$]e ,palace4 ,n[ 9 ! ,vatican      
,gall]y1 ,rome4  #g4 ,demet] 7,c]es7    
,consid]$ by ,furtw3angl] a copy f an   

orig9al by ,agoracritus1 :o 0 a pupil ( 
,phidias1 & ^: works are closely alli$  
to ^? ( ,alcam5es4 ,by ! same au?ority !
 /atue is call$ ! ,nemesis4 ,9 !        
,vatican ,gall]y1 ,rome4  #h4 ,! ,faun (
 ,praxiteles4 ,a copy ( ! orig9al /atue 
by ,praxiteles1 :i* 0 9 ! /reet ( !     
,tripods1 ,a!ns4 ,9 ! ,capitol ,museum1 
,rome4  #i4 ,sophocles4 ,ref]r$ to by   
,collignon z a fai?ful copy ( ! bronze  
/atue rais$ by ,lycurgus4 ,f\nd at      
,t]rac9a 9 #ahch1 & n[ 9 ! ,lat]an      
,museum1 ,rome4  #aj4 ,ares ,seat$4     
,consid]$ by ,furtw3angl] & o!rs a copy 
on a r$uc$ scale ( a colossal /atue by  
,scopas4 ,! little god ,eros is !       
copyi/'s addition4 ,f\nd 9 ! portico (  
,octavia1 & re/or$ by ,b]n9i4 ,n[ 9 !   
,ludovisi ,villa1 ,rome4  #aa4 ,head ( !
 ,olympian ,h]mes4 ,an undisput$ orig9al
 "w ( ,praxiteles1 dat+ f ! middle ( !  
#d? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,x 0 9 ! ,h]aeum 7or 
,temple ( ,h]a7 at ,olympia1 & 0        
discov]$ by ,g]man excavators1 ,may #h1 
#ahgg4 ,n[ 9 ! museum at ,olympia1      

,greece4  #ab4 ,! ,discobolus1 a copy f 
an orig9al by ,myron1 "o ( ! la/ ma/]s (
 ! sev]e /yle1 ^: c>e] culm9at$ #dfe-dej
 ,b4 ,c4 ,9 ! ,lancelotti ,palace1      
,rome4  #ac4 ,! ,aphrodite ( ,melos 7,! 
,v5us ( ,milo74 ,=m]ly attribut$ to !   
p]iod ( transition betwe5 ,phidias &    
,praxiteles1 b assign$ by late critics  
to ! ,hell5i/ic ,age 7#cbj-ajj ,b4 ,c474
 ,believ$ by ,furtw3angl] to be bas$ on 
a "w by ,scopas1 ) consid]able          
modification ( ! orig9al4 ,f\nd 9 #ahbj 
on ! isl& ( ,melos at ! entrance ( !    
,greek ,ar*ipelago4 ,pur*as$ by ! ,fr5* 
gov]nm5t = #fjjj francs1 & n[ 9 !       
,l\vre1 ,p>is4  #ad4 ,orpheus &         
,eurydice4 ,"o ( sev]al copies ( an     
orig9al bas-relief ref]r$ by ,collignon 
to ! second half ( #e? c5tury ,b4 ,c4 ,9
 ! ,albani ,villa1 ,rome4  #ae4 ,nike   
7,! ,w+$ ,victory74 ,a m>ble /atue      
believ$ to h be5 set up by ,demetrius   
,poliorcetes to celebrate a naval       
victory 9 #cjf ,b4 ,c4 ,f\nd 9 #ahfc by 
! ,fr5* consul on ! isl& ( ,samo?race4  

,n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,p>is4     ,i  ,,bu/ ,,(
 ,,zeus ,,otricoli   ,f ! e>lie/ times  
m5 h s\ght to expla9 9 "o way & ano!r ! 
common facts ( daily life4 ,sunrise &   
sunset1 se$time & h>ve/1 life1 dea?1 & !
 h]eaft] are "s ( ! my/]ies :i* h always
 puzzl$ ! human m9d4 ,! primitive races1
 kn[+ no?+ ( sci5ce1 look$ ^u ! =ces (  
nature z gigantic p]sonalities1 or gods1
 :o controll$ human de/9y4  ,! mo/ ref9$
 & imag9ative ( ! anci5t nations 7 !    
,greeks4 ,!y inv5t$ innum]able tales or 
my?s1 9 :i* all ! *anges ( nature & all 
! affairs ( life 7 attribut$ to ! work+s
 ( ! gods4 ,:5 ! sun rose1 !y said t    
,apollo _h begun to drive 8 *>iot across
 ! sky4 ,:5 ! w9d blew1 ,zeus 0 s5d+ 8  
mess5g] f ! sky to ! e>?4 ,:5 a man did 
a c\rage\s de$1 x 0 because ,a!na _h    
:isp]$ to him :at to d4  ,9 ?is way !   
beliefs gradually took =m :i* made !    
,greek religion4 ,great temples 7 built 
= ! wor%ip ( ! gods1 & /atues 7 set up 9
 _! honor4 ,! f9e/ works ( ,greek art 7 
connect$ ) religi\s wor%ip4  ,! gods 7  

conceiv$ z hav+ ! same =m z human be+s1 
b ( colossal size4 ,!y liv$ 9 an ideal  
c\ntry call$ ,olympus1      ,olympus1   
:]e ! gods h made1     ,s sai?          
tradition1 _! et]nal seat4     ,! tempe/
 %akes x n1 nor is x dr5*$     ,by %[]s1
 & !re ! sn[ do? nev] fall4     ,! calm1
 cle> e!r is )\t a cl\d1     ,& 9 !     
gold5 light t lies on all1     ,day aft]
 day ! bless$ gods rejoice4#c  #c       
,odyssey1 ,book vi41 l9es #ed-fj 9      
,bryant's translation4  ,"h ea* god _h a
 sep>ate dwell+1 & 9 ! mid/ 0 ! palace (
 _! supreme rul]1 ,zeus1 kn[n to !      
,romans z ,jupit] or ,jove4  ,zeus 0 !  
sky god1 ! fa!r ( gods & m51 & ! rul] ( 
heav5 & e>?4 ,he 0 ! cl\d compell] at ^:
 w ! cl\ds ga!r$ or scatt]$ across !    
sky1 ! rul] ( ! /orms1 ! ?und]]1 by :om 
7 hurl$ ! ruddy lightn+s4 ,h[ f> he     
surpass$ all o!r gods 9 p[] is expla9$ 9
 ! ,iliad 9 an address made by ,zeus    
himself to ! gods3--                    
,susp5d f heav5     ,a gold5 *a92 let   
all ! immortal ho/     ,cl+ to x f bel[3

 ye c\ld n draw1     ,/rive z ye might1 
! all-dispos+ ,jove     ,f heav5 to e>?4
 ,& yet if ,i %\ld *oose     ,to draw x 
upw>d to me1 ,i %\ld lift1     ,) x & y1
 ! e>? itself & sea     ,toge!r1 & ,i !n
 w\ld b9d ! *a9     ,ar\nd ! summit ( ! 
,olympian m\nt1     ,& !y %\ld hang     
al(t4#d  #d ,iliad1 ,book viii41 l9es   
#ba-cj 9 ,bryant's translation4         
,illu/ration3 ,al9>i1 ,photo4 ,john     
,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4  ,,bu/ ,,( ,,zeus     
,,otricoli  ,vatican ,gall]y1 ,rome  ,9 
! imag9ation ( ! ,greeks ,zeus 0 end[$ )
 all ! noble/ elem5ts 9 human "*4 ,he   
rul$ ! affairs ( m5 ) fa!rly b5evol5ce4 
,he rew>d$ goodness1 puni%$ ! wick$1 & 0
 )al ! f\nta9-head ( ju/ice4 ,by a nod (
 8 head he made kn[n 8 w1 & !re 0 no    
appeal f 8 decrees4  ,naturally1 !      
,greeks pictur$ ?is god z a be+ (       
maje/ic /ature & gr&1 b5ignant          
c\nt5ance1 & sculptors did _! be/ to    
make /atues wor?y ( ?is conception4 ,by 
common cons5t a c]ta9 type ( c\nt5ance 0
 accept$ z ! mo/ fitt+ expression ( ?is 

ideal4 ,at la/ a great arti/ nam$       
,phidias produc$ a /atue :i* p]fectly   
c>ri$ out all ! ideas at :i* o!r        
sculptors _h aim$4 ,x 0 ( colossal size1
 made ( gold & ivory1 & 0 set up 9 a    
temple ( ,olympia4 ,f ?is "t =? e       
sculptor :o _h to repres5t ,zeus _h only
 to repeat ! design ( ,phidias4  ,n[ we 
"k t ! f>!r an imitator gets f ! orig9al
 /&>d1 ! weak] is 8 copy4 ,! fir/       
successors ( ,phidias made direct /udies
 f 8 /atue1 b ^? com+ aft] work$ f      
copies4 ,/ill lat] arti/s took = _!     
models copies ( ^! copies1 until at la/ 
mu* ( ! orig9al gr&eur ( ,phidias's     
conception 0 lo/4  ,! bu/ ( ,zeus       
reproduc$ 9 our illu/ration is ?\ght to 
be a f>-away copy ( ! head ( ,phidias's 
/atue4 ,f ! m>ble ( :i* x is made we "k 
t x 0 execut$ 9 ,italy1 probably by "s  
,greek sculptor :o _h come ?i!r aft] 8  
own nation _h be5 conqu]$ by ,rome4 ,!  
m>vel is t he pres]v$ s well ! noble    
dignity ( ! ideal ,zeus4 ,?is is ! fa!r 
( gods & m5 9 8 mo/ b5ign aspect4 ,!    

massive head is cr[n$ l t ( a lion )    
long1 ov]hang+ locks ) :i* ! fl[+ be>d  
is m+l$4 ,^! are !                      
,ambrosial curls     ,^u ! ,sov]eign    
,"o's immortal head1  ( :i* ,hom] writes
 9 ! ,iliad4 ,! symmetrical arrangem5t (
 hair & be>d c>ry out ! "* ( p]fect     
ev5ness belong+ to ! supreme rul]4  ,!  
=ehead has ! full b> ( fle% :i* d5otes  
virility4 ,! br[s are /raight1 ! nose   
f9ely model$1 ! lips r full1 !          
expression b5ignant4 ,altoge!r !        
impression is ( a be+ ( m5tal & moral   
equipoise1 full ( en]gy & noble dignity4
     ,,ii  ,,a!na ,,giu/9iana 7,,m9]va  
,,m$ica7   ,a!na 0 ! air goddess ( !    
,greeks1 or1 9 ,rusk9's phrase1 ! que5 (
 ! air4 ,%e 0 kn[n also by ! "n ,pallas1
 & among ! ,romans z ,m9]va4 ,z ! air   
comes to u f out ! great dome ( ! sky1 s
 ,a!na 0 said to h sprung fully arm$ f !
 head ( h] fa!r ,zeus4 ,! old ,hom]ic   
hymn tells h[                           
,wond] /range possess$     ,! ev]la/+   
gods t %ape to see1     ,%ak+ a javel9  

ke51 impetu\sly     ,ru% f ! cre/ (     
aegis-be>+ ,jove4#e  #e ,9 ,%elley's    
translation4  ,h] eyes 7 blue1 ! color (
 ! sky2 h] hair hung 9 r+lets ov] h]    
%\ld]s4 ,h] dress 0                     
,a gorge\s robe     ,( _m hues1 :i* h]  
own h&s _h wr\ght4#f  #f ,iliad1 ,book  
viii41 l9es #dhc1 #dhd4  ,:5 array$ = w>
 %e wore a gold5 helmet & c>ri$ a %ield1
 or aegis4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ?is %ield 0     
fa/5$ ! gorgon's head :i* ,p]seus _h cut
 (f ) h] aid4 ,9 h] h& %e wield$ a      
mighty spe>4  ,! owl 0 h] symbolic bird1
 & %e 0 call$ glaukopis1 or owl-ey$1    
because h] wisdom gave h] sight 9       
d>kness4 ,! s]p5t 0 ! emblem ( h] comm& 
ov] ! b5efic5t & heal+ influ5ces 9 !    
e>?4 ,h] favorite plant 0 ! fruitful    
olive1 valu$ by ! ,greeks bo? = ! beauty
 ( its foliage & = ! usefulness ( its   
oil4  ,9 ! =tunes ( w>1 :5 x 0 =        
def5sive aims1 ,a!na took an int5se     
int]e/ & an active "p4 ,9 ! w> betwe5 ! 
,greeks & ! ,trojans1 %e 0 on ! side ( !
 ,greeks1 :o s\ght to recov] f _!       

enemies _! que5 ,hel51 :om ! ,trojan    
pr9ce _h captur$4 ,:5 ! ,greek army     
assembl$ be=e ! walls ( ,troy--         
,among !m walk$     ,! blue-ey$ ,pallas1
 be>+ on h] arm     ,! priceless aegis1 
ev] fair & new1     ,& undecay+2 f its  
edge !re hung     ,a hundr$ gold5 fr+es1
 fairly wr\ght1     ,& e fr+e might buy 
a hecatomb4     ,) ?is & fi]ce1 defiant 
looks %e pass$     ,?r\gh all ! ,a*aian 
ho/1 & made _! he>ts     ,impati5t = !  
m>* & /rong to endure     ,! combat )\t 
pause1--= n[ ! w>     ,seem$ to !m de>] 
?an ! wi%$ return     ,9 _! good galleys
 to ! l& !y lov$4#g  #g ,iliad1 ,book   
ii41 l9es #edi-efj 9 ,bryant's          
translation4  ,z ! air gives u ! brea? (
 life1 s ,a!na gave inspiration to !    
he>t ( man4 ,x 0 h] fri5dly mission to  
fill ) /r5g? & c\rage ! he>ts ( ^? :o 7 
beset by difficulties ( _m k9ds4#h ,to  
,a*illes1 lam5t+ ! dea? ( ,patroclus1 %e
 came ) nect> & ambrosia1 t 8 limbs     
might n gr[ fa9t ) hung]4#i ,x 0 because
 ( h] aid t ,diom$ c\ld pr\dly decl>e1  

,m9]va w n let my _s falt]2 & :5 he ca/ 
8 spe>1 ,m9]va kept ! weapon fai?ful to 
its aim4#aj  #h ,see ! ,iliad1 ,book v41
 l9e #b1 & ! ,odyssey1 ,book i41 l9e    
#cif4  #i ,iliad1 ,book xix41 l9es      
#dbg-dbi4  #aj ,iliad1 ,book v41 l9es   
#cji & #ceb4  ,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,&]son1 
,photo4 ,john ,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4  ,,a!na 
,,giu/9iana 7,,m9]va ,,m$ica7  ,vatican 
,gall]y1 ,rome  ,to ,a!na ,ulysses ow$ 8
 safe return to ,i?aca aft] ! adv5tures 
relat$ 9 ! ,odyssey4 ,x 0 h] adroit     
plann+ :i* br\ght toge!r ! long lo/ fa!r
 & 8 son ,telema*us1 ) ! fai?ful wife   
,p5elope4 ,%e also f\nd ways to help    
,jason :5 he w5t 9 se>* ( ! gold5       
fleece2 %e aid$ ,h]cules 9 8 labors &   
guid$ ! h& ( ,p]seus :5 he cut (f !     
,gorgon's head4  ,a!na 0 also !         
patroness ( ! indu/rial arts4 ,%e 0     
skilful 9 weav+ & ne$lework1 mak+ bo? h]
 own & o!rs' beautiful robes & tea*+ !  
craft to "s favor$ mortals4 ,%e 01 9    
%ort1 ! p]sonification ( inspir$ &      
impulsive wisdom 9 human conduct & human

 art1 giv+ ! in/9ct ( infallible        
decision1 & ( faultless inv5tion4#aa    
,f9ally1 & n lea/ important1 ,a!na 0 "o 
( ! ag5cies 9 ! productiv5ess ( ! e>?1 &
 h5ce ! patron goddess ( f>m]s4  #aa ,f 
,rusk9's ,que5 ( ! ,air4  ,our /atue %[s
 z _m z possible ( ! attributes ( !     
goddess4 ,! figure is tall & /ately &   
magnific5tly develop$4 ,! ,greek ideal (
 beauty 0 to let nature h its way 9 !   
human body1 unh9d]$ by any su* re/ra9ts 
( clo?+ z our mod]n fa%ions h inv5t$4 ,!
 broad %\ld]s & ample wai/ bespeak !    
spl5did /r5g? ( ! goddess4  ,! neck     
rises f ! %\ld]s l a column to support !
 well-set head4 ,a tunic falls 9 /raight
 folds to ! feet1 & ov] ?is is worn a   
long mantle ga!r$ ov] ! left %\ld]4 ,^u 
h] brea/ hangs ! %ield1 "h made v small1
 & ! helmet & spe> complete h] equipm5t 
z a goddess ( w>4 ,at h] side coils !   
emblematic s]p5t4  ,h] aspect is f> f   
w>like4 ,! face is intellectual & !     
expression ?\ghtful4 ,?is is ! goddess (
 wisdom reflect+ ^u grave conc]ns4 ,!   

m\? is set some:at pr\dly1 & ! c\nt5ance
 is full ( a dignifi$ res]ve4 ,! ma/]ful
 elem5t1 s /rong 9 h] "*1 is admirably  
express$4 ,!re is some?+ almo/ au/]e 9 !
 beauty ( ?is virg9 goddess4 ,a maje/ic 
be+ l ?is is n "o to be famili>ly       
approa*$4     ,,iii  ,,horsem5 ,,f ,,!  
,,p>!non ,,frieze   ,to und]/& ! hi/ory 
& mean+ ( ! bas-relief reproduc$ 9 our  
illu/ration1 we mu/ fir/ le>n some?+ ( !
 wor%ip ( ,a!na 9 h] *os5 city ( ,a!ns4 
,an annual fe/ival 0 held "h 9 h] honor1
 & e f\r ye>s occurr$ a v elaborate     
celebration call$ ! ,pana!naea4 ,!      
,pana!naea la/$ sev]al days1 & attract$ 
?rongs ( p f all p>ts ( ,greece4 ,!re 7 
conte/s 9 gymna/ics & music1 tor*-races1
 horse-races1 fea/s & dances4           
,sacrifices ( ox5 7 (f]$ on ! alt> ( !  
goddess1 e /ate hav+ to furni% an ox = !
 purpose4 ,! climax 0 rea*$ on ! la/    
day1 :5 a great procession />t$ at      
sunrise & trav]s$ ! /reets ( ! city to !
 temple ( ,a!na4 ,x is ) ?is procession 
t ! bas-relief ( our picture is         

connect$1 z we %all pres5tly see4  ,"s  
"t be=e ! fe/ival a gr\p ( ,a!nian      
maid5s ( ! noble/ families _h made &    
embroid]$ = ,a!na a beautiful robe call$
 ! peplos4 ,?is 0 c>ri$ above !         
procession1 /ret*$ l a sail on ! ma/ ( a
 %ip :i* 0 roll$ ?r\gh ! /reet on :eels4
 ,! pageant 0 made up ( _m diff]5t      
companies4 ,!re 7 ! ,a!nian magi/rates1 
grave & dignifi$1 maid5s c>ry+          
sacrificial vessels1 m5 be>+ trays (    
cakes1 ci?>i/s 7h>pi/s7 & flute-play]s1 
old m5 ) olive bran*es1 f\r-horse *>iots
 ) arm$ w>riors1 r[s ( "y m5 m\nt$ on   
pranc+ /e$s1 & att5dants ) ! cattle = ! 
sacrifice4  ,dur+ ! invasion ( ,greece  
by ! ,p]sians1 ! temple ( ,a!na 9 ,a!ns 
0 de/roy$ by fire4 ,lat]1 on its site1 0
 erect$ ano!r to replace x1 call$ !     
,p>!non4 ,! city 0 n[ at ! height ( its 
prosp]ity "u ! /atesman ,p]icles4 ,at   
?is "t also liv$ ! great sculptor       
,phidias1 & to him ,p]icles intru/$ !   
decoration ( ! new temple4  ,! ,p>!non 0
 built ( ,p5telic m>ble1 & ! temple     

prop] 0 surr\nd$ by a portico support$  
on r[s ( columns4 ,! outside ( ! build+ 
0 ri*ly adorn$ ) bas-reliefs4 ,!re 7    
designs 9 ! triangul> spaces "u ! ro(   
call$ p$im5ts4 ,above ! columns ran a   
s]ies ( panels call$ metopes4 ,f9ally1  
!re 0 a frieze ext5d+ ar\nd ! temple    
wall1 to be se5 f )9 ! portico4 ,x is a 
bit ( ?is frieze :i* is reproduc$ 9 our 
illu/ration4  ,illu/ration3 ,london     
,/]eoscopic ,co41 ,photo4 ,john ,&rew   
,son1 ,sc4  ,,horsem5 ,,f ,,! ,,p>!non  
,,frieze  ,briti% ,museum1 ,london  ,!  
,pana!naic procession is ! subject c>ri$
 ! entire l5g? ( ?is bas-relief         
decoration4 ,on ! portion runn+ across  
"o end 7 depict$ ! sc5es ( prep>ation4  
,m5 are 9 ! act ( m\nt+ _! horses1 "s   
hav+ spirit$ animals to deal )1 & all   
mak+ ready = ! />t4 ,at ! opposite end  
is ! sc5e ( ! arrival at ! temple4 ,"h  
sit ! gods to receive ! sacrifice1 :ile 
! magi/rates /& ready to p]=m ! rites1 &
 maid5s approa* ) ! vessels4 ,on ! two  
long sides ! procession is se5 actually 

9 motion4 ,"h are repres5t$ all !       
figures :i* took "p 9 su* occasions2 old
 m5 & maid5s1 musicians1 horsem51       
*>iote]s1 & sacrificial animals1 all    
mov+ =w>d on _! way4 ,gr\p foll[s gr\p1 
) t contra/ & v>iety :i* give int]e/ to 
a pageant1 & ) ! prop] ord]l9ess to give
 x unity4  ,our panel %[s u a l9e (     
horsem5 rid+ f\r abrea/4 ,?\gh x is     
brok5 & defac$1 we cat* at once ! _s ( !
 "w4 ,! horses are spl5did animals2 )   
dilat$ no/rils1 & necks pr\dly ar*$1 !y 
seem to prance to ! music ( ! flutes4   
,?\gh !y are well mat*$ 9 size & type1  
no two are really alike4 ,e "o has z    
di/9ct a "* z a human be+1 & lov]s (    
horses might *oose ea* 8 own favorite f 
! f\r4  ,only two ( ! rid]s fall )9 our 
range ( vision4 ,!y are h&some y\?s1 ) !
 p]fectly =m$ head & f9ely cut pr(ile   
:i* we le>n to recognize z ! ,greek     
ideal ( beauty4 ,! l9e across =ehead &  
nose is p]fectly /raight1 & ! l9e       
connect+ nose & *9 =ms a correspond+    
angle4 ,bo? faces be> ! /amp ( ref9em5t 

& high bre$+ :i* m>k !m z belong+ to !  
class ( ,a!nian nobles4  ,?\gh ! two    
y\?s h s simil> a ca/ ( c\nt5ance1 !y   
are q unlike 9 temp]am5t4 ,! f>!r "o is 
( a some:at dreamy1 poetic nature4 ,he  
rides ) b5t head z if 9 a rev]ie4 ,8    
companion is ( a /]n]1 m virile type4   
,he looks /raight be=e him1 & c>ries 8  
head ) a s5se ( ! dignity ( ! occasion4 
,bo? y\?s sit _! horses z if born 9 !   
saddle4 ,horse & rid] are "o1 animat$ by
 a s+le dom9ant w4 ,! ,a!nian y\? 7     
tra9$ f *ildhood 9 all sorts ( manly    
ex]cise4 ,! normal developm5t ( ! body 0
 ( fir/ importance 9 ! ,greek           
educational sy/em4 ,^! "y m5 are typical
 examples ( ! f9e specim5s ( manhood :i*
 t tra9+ produc$4     ,,iv  ,,bu/ ,,(   
,,h]a 7,,juno7                  ,! :ite 
arm$ que51     ,juno1 ! mi/ress ( !     
gold5 ?rone4  ,x is ?us t ! ,iliad      
describes ,h]a1 ! wife ( ,zeus1 n[ m (t5
 call$ by h] ,roman "n ,juno4 ,! m>riage
 union betwe5 ! rul] ( ! gods & 8 que5  
repres5t$ ! ,greek ideal ( p]fect       

conjugal happ9ess4 ,h]a 0 !re=e !       
goddess :o presid$ ov] human m>riages1 &
 0 ! type ( matronly virtue & dignity4  
,z ! que5 ( heav51 %e _h x 9 h] p[] to  
be/[ great ri*es1 honor1 & influ5ce ^u  
h] favorites4  ,9 ! ,trojan w> %e 01 l  
,a!na1 a p>tisan ( ! ,greeks1 & once or 
twice ev5 accompani$ ! w> goddess to !  
battlefield4 ,usually1 h[ev]1 h]        
pursuits 7 ( a m peaceful & dome/ic     
ord]4 ,%e 0 a v beautiful goddess1      
ox-ey$ 9 ! qua9t ,greek phrase1 t is1 ) 
l>ge expressive eyes4 ,%e _h ! augu/ &  
maje/ic be>+ befitt+ a que51 & is       
usually describ$ 9 classic lit]ature z  
we>+ a veil4 ,a long passage 9 ! ,iliad 
gives an acc\nt ( h] toilet :5 array+   
h]self = a special occasion4 ,aft] ba?+ 
9 ambrosia1 & ano9t+ ) oil1             
,:5 ?us h] %apely =m     ,_h be5 ano9t$1
 & h] h&s _h comb$     ,h] tresses1 %e  
arrang$ ! lu/r\s curls1     ,ambrosial1 
beautiful1 t clu/]+ hung     ,r\nd h]   
immortal br[4 ,& next %e ?rew     ,ar\nd
 h] an ambrosial robe1 ! "w     ,(      

,pallas1 all its web embroid]$ o'er     
,) =ms ( r>e device4 ,%e fa/5$ x        
,ov] ! brea/ ) clasps ( gold1 & !n      
,%e pass$ ab\t h] wai/ a zone :i* bore  
,fr+es a hundr$-fold1 & 9 h] e>s     ,%e
 hung h] ?ree-gemm$ e>-r+s1 f ^: gleam  
,%e won an add$ grace4 ,ar\nd h] head   
,! glori\s goddess drew a fl[+ veil1    
,j f ! loom1 & %9+ l ! sun2     ,&1 la/1
 b5ea? h] bright :ite feet %e b\nd      
,! %apely s&als4#ab  #ab ,iliad1 ,book  
xiv41 l9es #baj-bbf 9 ,bryant's         
translation4  ,"o ( ! prettie/ /ories   
ab\t ,h]a is t 9 :i* %e act$ z ! fri5d (
 ,jason4 ,jason 0 ! son ( a de?ron$ k+ &
 0 br\ght up by ! c5taur ,*iron4 ,:5 he 
came ( age he set =?1 ) mu* good advice 
f ,*iron1 to reclaim 8 fa!r's k+dom4 ,on
 8 j\rney he came to a swoll5 /ream :i* 
seem$ well-nigh impassable4 ,z he 0     
consid]+ ! dang] ( cross+ x1 an old     
woman on ! bank begg$ him to c>ry h]    
ov]4 ,?is 0 a haz>d\s und]tak+1 & ! "y  
man 0 sorely tempt$ to refuse h]4 ,at   
la/ 8 k9dness triumph$ & he cons5t$4    

,tak+ h] on 8 back1 he /ruggl$ across ! 
riv] at ! p]il ( 8 life4 ,:5 he set h]  
safely on ! opposite bank1 a wond]ful ?+
 happ5$4 ,%e grew fair] ?an all wom51 & 
tall] ?an all m5 on e>?2 & h] g>m5ts    
%one l ! summ] sea1 & h] jewels l ! />s 
( heav52 & ov] h] =ehead 0 a veil1 wov5 
( ! gold5 cl\ds ( sunset1 & ?r\gh ! veil
 %e look$ d[n on him ) great s(t heif]'s
 eyes2 ) great eyes1 mild & awful1 :i*  
fill$ all ! gl5 ) light4#ac ,!n he knew 
t ?is 0 ,h]a1 & f !nce=? %e 0 8 guide 9 
e "t ( ne$4  #ac ,f ,k+sley's ,greek    
,h]oes3 ! ,argonauts4  ,illu/ration3 ,d4
 ,&]son1 ,photo4 ,john ,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4
  ,,bu/ ,,( ,,h]a 7,,juno7  ,ludovisi   
,villa1 ,rome  ,! bu/ ( ,h]a1 reproduc$ 
9 our illu/ration1 %[s h[ ! ,greeks lik$
 to ?9k ( _! que5 goddess4 ,we at once  
recognize ! features assign$ to h] by   
tradition2 ! l>ge eyes set some:at f>   
ap>t1 ! l[1 broad =ehead1 ! mild        
expression4 ,! wav+ hair is p>t$1 &     
ga!r$ at ! back 9 a matronly coiffure1 &
 ov] x is worn ! cr[n ( a que54  ,we h  

se5 t 9 ,greek sculpture ! arti/ 0 n    
always left to repres5t ! div9ities     
accord+ to 8 own imag9ation4 ,= ea* "o a
 c]ta9 fix$ type _h be5 gradually ?\ght 
out 9 v e>ly times1 & ?is type 0 h&$ d[n
 f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,a /atue or bu/
 c\ld always be recogniz$ )\t any title4
 ,no "o1 = in/ance1 c\ld ev] mi/ake     
,zeus = ,apollo1 or confuse ,h]a &      
,a!na4  ,by comp>+ ?is head ( ,h]a ) t (
 ,a!na 9 our previ\s illu/ration1 we c  
see h[ p]fectly sculpture c>ri$ out !   
di/9ctions 9 ! two *>act]s4 ,h]a 0 less 
intellectual ?an ,a!na1 & _h p]haps m   
di/9ctly fem99e *>ms4 ,! m\? has less   
/r5g? & firmness1 ! expression m        
mildness4 ,h] beauty is naturally ( a m 
matronly type ?an t ( ! virg9 goddess4  
,! cr[n :i* %e we>s belongs z di/9ctly  
to h] z does ! helmet to ,a!na4  ,a     
c>eful exam9ation ( ! face sugge/s t x  
may h be5 /udi$ f actual life4 ,if1 z "s
 critics believe1 ! bu/ 0 made 9 ,rome  
by "s ,greek soj\rn+ !re aft] ! conque/ 
( 8 own nation1 a noble ,roman matron   

may h be5 ! model4 ,be t z x may1 ?is is
 ,h]a z ! ,greeks wor%ipp$ h]1 & p]haps 
! be/ exi/+ repres5tation ( ! great     
goddess4     ,v  ,,! ,,apoxyom5os   ,an 
important "p ( ! ,greek sy/em (         
education 0 ! tra9+ ( ! body 9 physical 
ex]cise4 ,= ?is purpose !re 7 gymnasia 9
 e city1 :]e ! y\? 7 tra9$ 9 runn+1     
leap+1 wre/l+1 ?r[+ ! javel91 & ca/+ !  
discus4 ,great spaces 7 occupi$ by ^!   
gymnasia1 :i* includ$ build+s =         
dress+-rooms & ba?s1 porticoes & halls  
us$ z assembly-rooms1 walks1 g>d5s1 & ! 
palae/ra1 or wre/l+-field4  ,e f\r ye>s 
a great national fe/ival 0 held at      
,olympia1 consi/+ ( games or conte/s 9 !
 v>i\s a?letic sports4 ,e freeman (     
,hell5ic blood _h a bir?right to take "p
 9 !m4 ,! conte/ants 7 requir$ to und]go
 a prep>atory tra9+1 (t5 la/+ mon?s1 9 !
 gymnasium ( ,elis1 ! prov9ce 9 :i*     
,olympia 0 situat$4  ,dur+ ! progress ( 
! games a univ]sal truce 0 proclaim$    
?r\gh\t ,greece4 ,all ho/ilities ceas$ =
 ! "t1 & ! ,greeks z a unit$ p assembl$ 

at ,olympia = ! joy\s celebration 9     
honor ( ,zeus4 ,s important 7 ^!        
,olympic games t !y 7 us$ z a /&>d =    
reckon+ "t4 ,9 assign+ a date to an     
ev5t1 ! ,greeks us$ to say t x took     
place 9 ?is or t ,olympiad1 an ,olympiad
 be+ ! p]iod ( f\r ye>s betwe5 two      
successive fe/ivals4  ,we may well      
believe t ! ,olympic fe/ivals1 z well z 
! ord9>y daily ex]cise 9 ! city         
gymnasia1 _h great attractions =        
sculptors4 ,! palae/ra mu/ h be5 a      
favorite resort ( arti/s4 ,:at a sight x
 0 :5 ! "y m5 came out ( ! dress+-rooms 
/ripp$ = runn+1 _! bodies %9+ )         
oil1--:at a play ( muscles 9 ! li! "y   
limbs z ! runn]s press$ t[>d ! m>k = !  
prize ( ! high call+6 ,! c\rse 0 usually
 ( deep s&1 & 0 ab\t ?ree miles 9 l5g?4 
,! runn]s tra9$ = special em]g5cies     
atta9$ extraord9>y spe$ & endurance4 ,! 
race ov]1 ea* y\? return$ to !          
dress+-rooms ( ! gymnasium &1 tak+ a    
small in/rum5t call$ ! /rigil1 made (   
metal1 ivory1 or horn1 scrap$ ! oil f 8 

body4  ,x is 9 ?is cleans+ process t !  
"y man ( our illu/ration is engag$4 ,!  
/atue on ?is acc\nt is call$ !          
,apoxyom5os1 :i* is a ,greek ^w mean+   
scrap+ himself4 ,x repres5ts a typical  
incid5t ( ! life ( ! gymnasium1 su* z   
might be se5 any day ( ! ye>4  ,tall &  
graceful1 ) sl5d] flexible limbs1 ! y\? 
/&s 9 an attitude ( re/1 scrap+ 8 "r    
arm4 ,9 8 f+]s is ! die :i* m>ks 8 numb]
 9 ! race4 ,8 body re/s ^u "o leg1 b s  
light is 8 poise t he is ready to *ange 
8 position mom5t>ily4 ,nei!r attitude   
nor c\nt5ance %[s any s5se ( exhau/ion1 
only t delici\s fatigue :i* makes re/ s 
enjoyable4  ,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,&]son1   
,photo4 ,john ,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4  ,,!    
,,apoxyom5os  ,vatican ,gall]y1 ,rome   
,!re is a passage 9 ! ,greek poet       
,ari/ophanes' com$y ( ! ,cl\ds1 9 :i* a 
speak] urges ^u a "y man ! life ( !     
gymnasium4 ,fre% & fair 9 beauty-bloom1 
he says1 y %all pass y\r days 9 !       
wre/l+-gr\nd1 or run races b5ea? ! sacr$
 olive trees1 cr[n$ ) :ite re$1 9       

company ) a pure-he>t$ fri5d1 smell+ (  
b9dwe$1 & leisure h\rs1 & ! :ite popl> t
 %$s h] leaves1 rejoic+ 9 ! prime ( spr+
 :5 ! plane tree :isp]s to ! lime4 ,?is 
is ! k9d ( life typifi$ 9 ! figure ( our
 /atue1#ad a side ( ,greek life :i* no  
"o c ov]look if he w\ld und]/& ! g5ius (
 ! ,greek nation4  #ad ,! application ( 
?is passage to ! ,apoxyom5os is made by 
,j4 ,a4 ,symonds 9 8 ,greek ,poets4  ,x 
mu/ n be suppos$ t our /atue repres5ts  
an actual individual4 ,x is n a         
portrait1 b an imag9>y typical figure4  
,x is true t portrait /atues ( a?letes 7
 made 9 great numb]s1 z we %all note    
aga9 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,x 0 inde$ ?is      
practical exp]i5ce among a?letes t l$   
sculptors to see :at a p]fect human     
figure ought to be4 ,9 ! /udy ( _m      
diff]5t =ms !y develop$ an idea ( a type
 common to all & unit+ all ! p]fections4
 ,c]ta9 sculptors figur$ out :at !y     
reg>d$ z ! true proportions ( ! ideal   
human =m4 ,"o ( ^! 0 ,lysippus1 :o is   
believ$ to h execut$ ?is /atue z an     

illu/ration ( 8 !ories4 ,we note z !    
special *>act]i/ics ( 8 ideal figure t x
 is tall1 ) slim light limbs1 & a r     
small head1 ab\t "o eigh? ! total       
height4  ,we may n[ see h[ su* a /atue z
 ! ,apoxyom5os 0 a prep>atory /udy =    
/atues ( ! gods4 ,! gods 7 to be        
repres5t$ 9 ! mo/ p]fect human =ms :i* x
 0 possible to conceive1 & by work+ out 
typical figures l ?is1 =ms 7 f\nd wor?y 
( ! noble/ subjects4 ,?us ! proportions 
discov]$ by ,lysippus 7 peculi>ly       
appropriate = ! light]1 fleet] gods1 z  
,apollo & ,h]mes4  ,lysippus execut$ 8  
works entirely 9 bronze1 & ! /atue      
reproduc$ 9 our illu/ration is a m>ble  
copy ( ! orig9al1 :i* 0 long s9ce lo/4  
,,vi  ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,apollo ,,belv$]e 
,phoebus ,apollo 0 ! ,greek god ( day1  
:o drove ! great *>iot ( ! sun across ! 
sky f dawn to sunset4 ,z ! sun's rays   
pi]ce ! air ) d>ts ( fire1 s ,apollo is 
an ar*] god c>ry+ a quiv] full ( arr[s4 
,! old ,hom]ic hymn calls him--         
,heav5's f> d>t]1 ! fair k+ ( days      

,:om ev5 ! gods !mselves fe> :5 he goes 
,?r\gh ,jove's high h\se2 & :5 8 goodly 
b[s     ,he goes to b5d1 all f _! ?rones
 arise     ,& clu/] ne> t' admire 8     
faculties4#ae  #ae ,9 ,*apman's         
translation4  ,if we c\nt up all ! gifts
 :i* ! sunlight br+s u1 we %all h a li/ 
( ! (fices ( ,apollo4 ,he br\ght ! spr+ 
& ! summ]1 & rip5$ ! gra9 = h>ve/4 ,he  
w>d$ (f disease & heal$ ! sick4 ,"o ( 8 
e>lie/ adv5tures 0 to slay ! s]p5t      
,py?on lurk+ 9 ! caves ( ,mt4 ,p>nassus4
 ,l ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon1 !
 /ory is an allegory ( ! triumph ( light
 ov] d>kness1 heal? ov] disease1 ! p[] (
 good ov] ! p[] ( evil4  ,apollo 0 also 
! patron ( music1 hav+ receiv$ f ,h]mes 
! gift ( ! lyre4 ,he 0 wont to play at !
 banquets ( ! gods1 & ! poet ,%elley    
describes 8 music 9 ^! words3--      ,& 
!n ,apollo ) ! plectrum /rook     ,!    
*ords1 & f b5ea? 8 h&s a cra%     ,(    
mighty s\nds ru%$ up1 ^: music %ook     
,! s\l ) sweetness1 & l an adept     ,8 
sweet] voice a j accordance kept4#af    

#af ,f ,%elley's translation ( ! ,hom]ic
 ,hymn to ,m]cury4  ,poetry & ! dance 7 
also "u ,apollo's protection1 & he 0 !  
lead] ( ! n9e muses4  ,8 highe/ (fice 0 
prophecy1 & 9 all 8 temples ! prie/esses
 gave my/ic revelations ( ! future4 ,!  
mo/ fam\s ( ^! 0 at ,delphi1 built ov]  
an op5+ 9 ! gr\nd1 :5ce a /range vapor  
rose4 ,! prie/ess1 a "y woman call$ a   
py?ia1 f ! py?on sla9 by ,apollo1 sat   
ov] ?is op5+ on a ?ree-legg$ seat1 or   
tripod1 & answ]$ ! que/ions br\ght to   
h]4 ,h] say+s 7 9 v]ses call$ oracles1  
suppos$ to be communicat$ to h] by !    
god4  ,n[1 z might be expect$1 ! "* (   
,apollo 0 z pure & transp>5t z !        
sunlight itself4 ,he requir$ clean h&s &
 pure he>ts ( ^? :o wor%ip$ him4 ,z !   
sunlight %9es into ! d>k places ( ! e>?1
 driv+ ! %ad[s away1 s ,apollo hat$ all 
t 0 d>k & evil 9 human life4 ,he 0 n    
only ! rew>d] ( good b ! puni%] ( evil4 
,9 ,%elley's ,hymn ( ,apollo ^! words   
are put 9 ! god's m\?3--      ,!        
sunbeams are my %afts1 ) :i* ,i kill    

,deceit1 t loves ! night & fe>s ! day2  
,all m5 :o d or ev5 imag9e ill     ,fly 
me1 & f ! glory ( my ray     ,good m9ds 
& op5 actions take new might1     ,until
 dim9i%$ by ! reign ( night4            
,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,&]son1 ,photo4 ,john 
,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4  ,,head ,,( ,,!       
,,apollo ,,belv$]e  ,vatican ,gall]y1   
,rome  ,! head ( ,apollo 9 our          
illu/ration is f a fam\s full-l5g? /atue
 ( ! god kn[n z ! ,apollo ,belv$]e4 ,!  
"n ,belv$]e1 :i* is useful only to      
di/+ui% ! /atue f o!rs ( ! same subject1
 comes f ! fact t ! m>ble once adorn$ a 
pavilion ( ! ,vatican call$ ! ,belv$]e4 
,! god /&s ) left arm ext5d$ hold+1 x is
 suppos$1 ei!r a b[ or a %ield4 ,a quiv]
 ( arr[s is slung across 8 back1 & a    
*lamys1 or cloak1 hangs ov] 8 left      
%\ld]4 ,8 is ! pr\d attitude ( "o :o is 
def5d+ "s sacr$ tru/4 ,s he holds 8 head
 high & gazes /eadily be=e him z if     
wat*+ an arr[ spe$ to its m>k1 or p]haps
 scann+ ! vangu>d ( an approa*+ army4 ,!
 expression is n a little haughty1 & "o 

detects an almo/ disda9ful curve ( !    
lips z if ! god reg>d$ ! enemy ) scorn4 
,! face is cut 9 an ari/ocratic m\ld1 ) 
f9e s5sitive l9es :i* m>k ! lov] ( music
 & poetry4 ,9 fact1 ! ref9em5t ( 8      
beauty has some?+ ( a fem99e quality4   
,! c>efully curl$ hair is ga!r$ 9 a b[  
knot on ! top ( 8 head4 ,x may inde$ be 
suppos$ t ! h&some "y god 0 by no means 
unconsci\s ( 8 *>ms1 & took no little   
pa9s to display !m to good advantage4   
,! ,apollo1 h[ev]1 is a god wor?y ( our 
admiration = ! noble purity ( 8         
c\nt5ance4 ,surely1 all base ?\ghts &   
mean motives w\ld be put to %ame by ?is 
pure pres5ce4  ,! poet ,byron1 ^: ,*ilde
 ,h>old's ,pilgrimage describes _m      
int]e/+ sights 9 ,greece & ,italy1 has  
writt5 ^! l9es ab\t ! ,apollo           
,belv$]e3--        ,! ,"l ( ! un]r+ b[1 
,! god ( life1 & poesy1 & light--     ,!
 sun1 9 human limbs array'd1 & br[      
,all radiant f 8 triumph 9 ! fight2     
,! %aft ha? j be5 %ot--! arr[ bright    
,) an immortal's v5geance2 9 8 eye      

,& no/ril beautiful disda91 & might1    
,& maje/y fla% _! full lightn+s by1     
,develop+ 9 t "o glance ! deity4        
,,vii  ,,demet] 7,,c]es7   ,! ,greeks   
wor%ipp$ among _! deities a goddess     
call$ ,demet]1 :i* means "m e>?4 ,x 0 h]
 (fice to att5d to ! s[+ & reap+ & all  
k9ds ( f>m "w4 ,%e fir/ taught mank9d ! 
use ( ! pl\gh2 %e help$ ! m5 9 _! ?re%+ 
& ! wom5 9 _! bak+4 ,all c\ntry folk    
s\ght h] bless+ 9 _! labors4 ,%e 01 9   
fact1 a p]sonification ( nature1 &      
p]haps x is a remnant ( ! old ,greek    
belief 9 our spee* t we /ill ref] to "m 
e>? & "m nature4  ,demet]'s only *ild 0 
a daught]1 ,p]sephone1 & ^u h] %e lavi%$
 all a "m's fond devotion4 ,! /ory runs 
t "o day ,p]sephone 0 ga!r+ posies 9 !  
mead[ :5 a /range accid5t ov]took h]4 ,a
 beautiful fl[] sudd5ly attract$ h]     
att5tion1 ! l ( :i* %e _h nev] be=e se54
 ,:5 %e put =? h] h& to pluck x1 !      
entire plant came up by ! roots1 leav+ a
 hole 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! hole wid5$ into a   
great crack1 ! e>? %ook ) a mighty      

?und]+1 & out da%$ a *>iot drawn by     
coal-black /e$s1 be>+ ,pluto1 ! k+ ( !  
l[] regions4 ,he caught up ! a/oni%$    
,p]sephone1 & away !y sp$ aga9 into !   
gloomy k+dom beyond ! ,/yx1 :]e         
,p]sephone 0 in/all$ z que54  ,demet]1  
miss+ h] daught]1 inquir$ ev]y:]e :at _h
 become ( ! maid51 b none c\ld tell h]4 
,!n %e light$ a tor* & began a we>y se>*
 = ! lo/ *ild4 ,n9e days %e w&]$ )\t    
f9d+ any clew4 ,b on ! t5? day %e met ! 
old wit* ,hecate1 :o _h he>d ,p]sephone 
scream :5 %e 0 c>ri$ away4 ,toge!r ! two
 s\ght ,apollo1 :o sees all ! do+s (    
gods & m51 & he told !m ! :ole /ory4 ,!n
 a m t]rible grief took possession (    
,demet]1 & 444 %e =sook ! assembly ( !  
gods & abode among m5 = a long "t1 veil+
 h] beauty "u a worn c\nt5ance s t none 
:o look$ ^u h] knew h]4 ,%e decl>$ t !  
e>? %\ld n aga9 br+ =? fruit till %e _h 
se5 h] daught]4  ,x com=t$ h] n a little
 9 ?is "t ( m\rn+ to take a "m's c>e ( a
 c]ta9 sickly little *ild %e *anc$ ^u4  
,disguis$ z a nurse1 %e f$ ! *ild ^u    

ambrosia1 held him 9 h] bosom1 & at     
night cov]$ him 9 a b$ ( coals4 ,"u ?is 
treatm5t he ?riv$ amaz+ly2 b ! p>5ts    
discov]$ ! nurse's /range ways & became 
al>m$4 ,_! anxiety 0 turn$ to dismay :5 
!y le>n$ t ?is 0 a goddess1 :o w\ld h   
made _! son immortal b = _! int]f]5ce4  
,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,&]son1 ,photo4 ,john 
,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4  ,,demet] 7,,c]es7    
,vatican ,gall]y1 ,rome  ,9 ! mean "t ! 
crops fell into a bad /ate1 & x 0 a ye> 
( griev\s fam9e4 ,demet] /ill kept h] v[
 to let no gre5 ?+ appe> ^u ! e>?4 ,!n  
,zeus came to ! rescue ( p]i%+ humanity4
 ,he s5t a mess5g] to ,pluto begg+ him  
to let ,p]sephone return to h] "m4 ,!   
reque/ 0 grant$1 ! *>iot 0 made ready1 b
 ! wily k+ fir/ press$ 8 bride to eat ) 
him "s pomegranate se$s1 design+ t %e   
%\ld return to him aga94 ,"m & daught] 7
 n[ joyfully reunit$1 b n )\t fur!r     
sep>ation2 = a portion ( ea* ye>        
,p]sephone return$ to h] k+dom bel[ !   
e>?1 reappe>+ 9 ! spr+ to visit h] "m4  
,& ?is is :y to ?is day ! h>ve/ is      

foll[$ by w9t] until ! spr+ revisits !  
e>?4#ag  #ag ,! /ory ( ,demet] &        
,p]sephone is relat$ 9 ! ,hom]ic ,hymn  
to ,demet]1 ( :i* an abridg$ ,engli%    
v]sion is giv5 9 ! *apt] on ! ,my? (    
,demet] & ,p]sephone 9 ,pat]'s ,greek   
,/udies4 ,! same *apt] ref]s to v>i\s   
o!r anci5t =ms ( ! /ory1 "o ( ! mo/     
important be+ t ( ,ovid's               
,metamorphoses1 translat$ into ,engli%  
blank v]se by ,edw>d ,k+4  ,9 all ?is   
/ory we see t ! mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic (  
,demet] is h] mo!rl9ess4 ,9 "s respects 
%e is l ,h]a1 because bo? are matrons & 
are patt]ns ( ! dome/ic virtues4 ,b :ile
 ,h]a is ! model wife1 ,demet] is !     
model "m4  ,x is ! mo!rl9ess ( our /atue
 :i* makes u feel sure t x mu/ be int5d$
 to repres5t ,demet]4#ah ,! goddess /&s 
hold+ 9 h] out/ret*$ "r h& a %eaf (     
:eat1 & lift+ high 9 ! left h& ! tor* ) 
:i* %e j\rney$ r\nd ! _w4 ,x is z if %e 
/ood on ! ?re%old ( ! op5+ season await+
 h] daught]'s return4 ,%e gazes /raight 
be=e h] ) a look ( expectancy z if %e   

already saw h] *ild f af>4 ,h] face is  
light$ by a smile ( welcome4 ,"o c fancy
 h[ t5d]ly ^? mo!rly arms w fold ! *ild 
to h] he>t1 & h[ gladly ! daught] w     
pill[ h] head on t broad bosom4  #ah    
,see 9 ! ,hi/orical ,directory ano!r    
subject assign$ to ! /atue4  ,! figure  
is 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! /atue ( ,a!na   
:i* we h /udi$4 ,! virg9 goddess is     
/ately & unapproa*able 9 h] panoply (   
wisdom1 b ! great "m seems to invite our
 confid5ce4 ,%e is "o to :om a fright5$ 
*ild might run1 sure ( be+ soo!d4 ,to h]
 ! sorr[+ w\ld turn1 fe>+ no repulse4   
,%e w\ld welcome1 %e w\ld und]/&1 %e    
w\ld com=t4 ,!re is /r5g? & repose 9 e  
l9e ( h] maje/ic figure4  ,! /atue      
illu/rates admirably ! gr&eur &         
simplicity ( ! be/ ,greek art4 ,! long  
/raight l9es ( ! drap]y1 unbrok5 by any 
unnecess>y folds1 are ! secret ( !      
impression ( tranquil dignity 9 ! "w4   
,,viii  ,,! ,,faun ,,( ,,praxiteles   ,!
 imag9ation ( ! ,greeks peopl$ ! woods &
 wat]s ) all sorts ( my?ical be+s1 among

 :i* "o ( ! mo/ delightful 0 ! faun4    
,?is 0 a creature half human1 half      
animal1 :i* frolick$ 9 ! woods 9 spr+   
"t4 ,9 outw>d appe>ance x look$ mu* l a 
human be+1 except t x _h po9t$ furry    
e>s4 ,9 nature1 h[ev]1 x 0 closely ak9  
to ! animals1 & liv$ a free happy life1 
) none ( ! ?\ghts & c>es :i* beset ! s\l
 ( man4  ,our /atue repres5ts a         
sculptor's conception ( ?is sportive    
be+4 ,x is fam\s n only because x is a  
celebrat$ "w ( art1 b because x takes an
 important place 9 a celebrat$ novel4   
,?is is ! m>ble faun :i* gives ! title  
to ,haw?orne's book4 ,x w be rememb]$ t 
9 ! beg9n+ ( ! /ory1 a p>ty ( fri5ds are
 visit+ ! museum ( ! ,capitol 9 ,rome1  
:]e ! /atue /&s4 ,sudd5ly !y notice !   
resemblance :i* "o ( _! numb]1 a "y     
,italian nam$ ,donatello1 be>s to !     
/atue4 ,!y bid him take ! same attitude1
 & ! lik5ess is complete4 ,! writ]      
describes ! /atue 9 ^! words3 ,! ,faun  
is ! m>ble image ( a "y man lean+ 8 "r  
arm on ! trunk or /ump ( a tree2 "o h&  

hangs c>elessly by 8 side2 9 ! o!r he   
holds ! fragm5t ( a pipe1 or "s su*     
sylvan in/rum5t ( music4 ,8 only        
g>m5t--a lion's sk91#ai ) ! claws ^u 8  
%\ld]--falls halfway d[n 8 back1 leav+ !
 limbs & entire front ( ! figure nude4  
,! =m1 ?us display$1 is m>vell\sly      
graceful1 b has a full] & m r\nd$       
outl9e1 m fle%1 & less ( h]oic muscle1  
?an ! old sculptors 7 wont to assign to 
_! types ( mascul9e beauty4#bj ,! "* ( !
 face corresponds ) ! figure2 x is mo/  
agreeable 9 outl9e & feature1 b r\nd$ & 
some:at voluptu\sly develop$1 especially
 ab\t ! ?roat & *92 ! nose is almo/     
/raight1 b v slightly curves inw>d1     
!reby acquir+ an indescribable *>m (    
g5iality & humor4 ,! m\?1 ) its full yet
 delicate lips1 seems s ne>ly to smile  
outright t x calls =? a responsive      
smile4 ,! :ole /atue--unlike any?+ else 
t ev] 0 wr\ght 9 t sev]e mat]ial (      
m>ble--conveys ! idea ( an amiable &    
s5sual creature1 easy1 mir?ful1 apt =   
jollity1 yet n incapable ( be+ t\*$ by  

pa?os4 ,x is impossible to gaze long at 
?is /one image )\t conceiv+ a k9dly     
s5tim5t t[>ds x1 z if its sub/ance 7 w>m
 to ! t\*1 & imbu$ ) actual life4 ,x    
comes v close to "s ( our pleasante/    
sympa?ies4  #ai ,m likely a leop>d's    
sk94  #bj ,comp>e1 = in/ance1 ! sl5d]   
figure ( ! ,apoxyom5os4  ,illu/ration3  
,al9>i1 ,photo4 ,john ,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4 
,,! ,,faun ,,( ,,praxiteles  ,capitol   
,museum1 ,rome  ,aft] ?is description ! 
writ] goes on to analyze ! nature ( !   
,faun4 ,! be+ "h repres5t$1 he says1 is 
end[$ ) no pr9ciple ( virtue1 & w\ld be 
incapable ( compreh5d+ su*2 b he w\ld be
 true & hone/ by d9t ( 8 simplicity4 ,we
 %\ld expect f him no sacrifice or ef=t 
= an ab/ract cause2 !re is n an atom (  
m>tyr's /uff 9 all t s(t5$ m>ble2 b he  
has a capacity = /rong & w>m atta*m5t1 &
 might act devot$ly ?r\gh its impulse1 &
 ev5 die = x at ne$4 ,x is possible1    
too1 t ! ,faun might be educat$ ?r\gh ! 
m$ium ( 8 emotions1 s t ! co>s] animal  
portion ( 8 nature might ev5tually be   

?r[n into ! backgr\nd1 ?\gh nev] utt]ly 
expell$4  ,! orig9al /atue1 ( :i* !     
m>ble ( ! ,capitol is a copy1 0 ! "w ( !
 sculptor ,praxiteles4 ,z ,haw?orne     
says3 ,only a sculptor ( ! f9e/         
imag9ation1 ! mo/ delicate ta/e1 !      
sweete/ feel+1 & ! r>e/ arti/ic skill--9
 a ^w1 a sculptor & a poet too--c\ld h  
444 succe$$ 9 imprison+ ! sportive &    
frisky ?+ 9 m>ble4 ,we are pres5tly to  
see aga9 9 ! head ( ,h]mes t ,praxiteles
 0 inde$ a rem>kable sculptor4 ,! ,faun1
 h[ev]1 is ! m difficult subject ( !    
two1 = x 0 puzzl+ to ?9k :at expression 
w\ld be prop] to a be+ p>tly human1 b   
)\t a s\l4  ,x is said t ,praxiteles    
himself consid]$ ! ,faun "o ( 8 two be/ 
works4 ,x _h be5 impossible = 8 fri5ds  
to get an expression ( op9ion f him 9   
reg>d to 8 /atues1 until "o day a trick 
0 devis$ to betray him4 ,he 0 told t 8  
/udio 0 on fire1 :5 he exclaim$ t 8     
labor 0 all lo/ if ! ,faun & ! ,eros 7  
de/roy$4  ,! ,faun orig9ally /ood 9 !   
/reet ( ! ,tripods at ,a!ns1 b :at has  

n[ become ( x we d n "k4 ,! /atue 9 our 
illu/ration is "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$     
copies4 ,_m travell]s make a special    
pilgrimage to see x1 & see+ x recall !  
words ( ,haw?orne1 describ+ ! spell x   
ca/s ^u ! spectator4 ,all ! pleasantness
 ( sylvan life1 all ! g5ial & happy     
*>act]i/ics ( creatures t dwell 9 woods 
& fields1 w seem to be m+l$ & knead$    
into "o sub/ance1 along ) ! k9dr$       
qualities 9 ! human s\l4 ,trees1 grass1 
fl[]s1 woodl& /reamlets1 cattle1 de]1 & 
unsophi/icat$ man--! ess5ce ( all ^! 0  
compress$ long ago1 & /ill exi/s1 )9 t  
discolor$ m>ble surface ( ! ,faun (     
,praxiteles4     ,,ix  ,,sophocles   ,"o
 ( ! greate/ ( ,greek writ]s 0 ! tragic 
poet ,sophocles4 ,he 0 born ne> ,a!ns 9 
! ye> #die ,b4 ,c41 & 0 educat$ aft] !  
mann] ( ! ,greek y\? ( 8 "t4 ,e         
advantage 0 giv5 him = ! /udy ( music & 
poetry1 & also = t gymna/ic tra9+ :i*1 z
 we h se51 0 s important 9 ,greek       
education4  ,sophocles 0 a h&some y\?1 &
 acquitt$ himself well 9 ! palae/ra4 ,:5

 he 0 sixte5 ye>s ( age ! great battle (
 ,salamis 0 f\ght & won by ! ,greeks4 ,9
 ! celebration ( ?is victory at ,a!ns1  
,sophocles l$ ) dance & lyre ! *orus (  
"y m5 :o sang ! paean or hymn ( victory4
 ,t su* an honor %\ld be giv5 him %[s h[
 graceful & gift$ he mu/ h be54  ,!     
beg9n+ ( 8 lit]>y c>e] came :5 he 0 9 8 
tw5ty-fif? ye>4 ,at t "t a solemn       
fe/ival 0 held 9 ,a!ns 9 memory ( !     
anci5t ,k+ ,!seus1 ^: bones _h be5      
br\ght ?i!r f ! isl& ( ,scyros4 ,n[ all 
religi\s fe/ivals 9 ,greece 7 celebrat$ 
) conte/s1 "s a?letic1 o!rs arti/ic &   
lit]>y4 ,on ?is occasion !re 0 a conte/ 
( dramatic poets4 ,,aes*ylus 0 at t "t !
 greate/ ( liv+ trag$ians1 & z he 0     
among ! conte/ants1 x might h be5       
suppos$ t no o!r c&idate c\ld h succe$$4
 ,sophocles n[ came =w>d ) 8 fir/       
trag$y1 & s rem>kable 0 x f\nd to be t !
 judges pron\nc$ him victor4  ,f ?is "t 
=? ,sophocles cont9ually grew 9 dramatic
 & lit]>y p[]4 ,tw5ty times he obta9$ ! 
fir/ prize 9 o!r conte/s1 & _m times    

also ! second prize4 ,! am\nt ( 8 "w 0  
prodigi\s4 ,mo/ ( 8 dramas are lo/1 b we
 /ill h a half doz5 or m to %[ u ! noble
 quality ( 8 "w4 ,! f9e/ are p]haps ^?  
call$ ,,oedipus ,tyrannus1 ,,oedipus    
,coloneus1 & ,antigone1 all deal+ ) !   
tragic fate ( an anci5t royal family4   
,a!ns 0 ju/ly pr\d ( h] great poet &    
be/[$ v>i\s honors ^u him4 ,he 0 ev5    
made a g5]al1 & s]v$ 9 ! w> aga9/       
,samos2 b nature _h made him a poet1 & x
 is z a poet t we mu/ always ?9k ( him4 
,full ( ye>s & honors1 he di$ 9 ,a!ns at
 ! age ( n9ety4 ,( him ! ,greek poet    
,phrynicus wrote1--      ,?rice happy   
,sophocles6 9 good old age     ,bless$ z
 a man1 & z a craftsman bless$1     ,he 
di$3 8 _m trag$ies 7 fair1     ,& fair 8
 end1 nor knew he any sorr[4  ,our      
portrait %[s admirably :at mann] ( man  
he 01 h&some & dignifi$1 9 ! prime (    
life4  ,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,&]son1 ,photo4
 ,john ,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4  ,,sophocles   
,lat]an ,museum1 ,rome  ,! scanty folds 
( 8 toga reveal ! f9e l9es ( 8 graceful 

figure4 ,! pose %[s ! bodily vigor :i* 8
 e>ly a?letic tra9+ gave him4 ,he holds 
8 head erect 9 a mann] sugge/ive ( 8    
milit>y life4 ,! face is t ( an ideali/ 
& a poet1 a man :o sees spl5did visions4
 ,yet x is n altoge!r dreamy 9 ! ord9>y 
s5se2 x has ! al]t1 en]getic aspect ( "o
 :o w\ld turn f vision to action4 ,x is 
n h>d to believe ! tale ( 8 "o hundr$ & 
tw5ty-?ree dramas3 su* a man w\ld fill 8
 life ) activity4 ,! face has1 too1 !   
expression ( g5ial k9dl9ess :i* made !  
great poet s belov$ ( 8 fell[ m54 ,8 mu/
 h be5 t calm1 equable temp]am5t n      
easily ruffl$1 :i* goes ) !             
self-respect+ nature4 ,a receptacle at 8
 side is fill$ ) ! scrolls ( 8 trag$ies4
 ,he /&s 9 ! attitude ( a poet recit+ 8 
l9es to an assembl$ audi5ce4  ,! /atue  
%[s h[ sane 0 ! ,greek ideal (          
intellectual greatness4 ,9 ^? days g5ius
 did n mean ecc5tricity1 b ! rule ( life
 0 a s\nd m9d 9 a s\nd body4 ,x is a    
mi/ak5 notion ( our own times t bodily  
heal? mu/ be sacrific$ to ! tra9+ ( !   

bra94 ,x is ev5 suppos$ by "s t oddities
 ( dress & mann] are signs ( greatness4 
,! ,greeks _h no su* delusions4 ,"h is  
,sophocles1 ! greate/ dramatic poet (   
antiquity1 a magnific5t specim5 (       
symmetrically develop$ manhood4 ,he is a
 man :o has made ! mo/ ( life's         
opportunities z he und]/ood !m4 ,he     
enjoys p]fect bodily vigor2 he is z well
 a man ( ! _w1 at ease among m54 ,!re is
 evid5tly no?+ ( ! recluse 9 8 "*4 ,he  
we>s 8 be>d c>efully trimm$ z "o :o     
looks well to 8 p]sonal appe>ance4 ,yet 
intellectual greatness is /amp$ on face 
& be>+3 ! noble c\nt5ance m>ks him z a  
poet4  ,!re 0 a p]iod 9 ,greek hi/ory :5
 x 0 a cu/om to adorn public build+s )  
/atues ( fam\s m51 liv+ or dead4        
,libr>ies 7 appropriately decorat$ )    
/atues ( poets1 & we fancy t our /atue (
 ,sophocles 0 made = su* a purpose4 ,!  
orig9al is suppos$ to h be5 set up by a 
c]ta9 ,a!nian /atesman nam$ ,lycurgus 9 
! f\r? c5tury ,b4 ,c4     ,x  ,,ares    
,,seat$   ,old soldi]s tell u t         

sometimes 9 ! ?ick ( a battle m5 fight z
 ?\gh possess$ by a _s ( fury4 ,!       
excitem5t ( ! conflict seems to ar\se an
 impulse ( blood?ir/9ess 9 !m1 & = !    
mom5t !y seem to exult 9 ! c>nage4 ,9 ! 
anci5t me?ods ( w>f>e1 :5 a battle 0    
lit]ally a h&-to-h& conflict1 ?is _s (  
brutality 0 ( c\rse ev5 m m>k$4 ,9 ! w>s
 among ! e>ly ,greeks m5 fell ^u "o     
ano!r ) ! viol5ce ( wild animals4  ,!   
,greeks ) _! ready gift = p]sonification
 conceiv$ ( ?is _s ( w>f>e z a          
sup]natural be+ act+ on human lives4 ,he
 0 call$ ,ares1 ! god ^: special delight
 0 to incite ! fi]ce passions ( m54  ,x 
0 natural t ! ,greeks %\ld ref] 8       
influ5ce *iefly to _! enemies4 ,on _!   
own "p !y pref]r$ to ?9k t _! armies 7  
inspir$ by ! prud5t _s ( self-def5se    
embodi$ 9 ,a!na4 ,?is expla9s :y 9 !    
,iliad ,ares 0 on ! side ( ! ,trojans1  
:ile ,a!na aid$ ! ,greeks4 ,?us ,ares & 
,a!na 7 br\ght into direct rivalry1 ! _s
 ( viol5ce aga9/ ! _s ( /rategy4  ,an   
in/ance is relat$ :5 ,a!na makes an     

appeal to h] enemy1 ! translation runn+ 
9 ^! words1 ! ,roman "n ,m>s be+ us$ =  
,ares4      ,m>s1 ,m>s1 ?\ slay] ( m51  
?\ /eep$ 9 blood1     ,de/roy] ( wall$  
cities6 %\ld we n     ,leave bo? !      
,greeks & ,trojans to cont5d1     ,&    
,jove to cr[n ) glory :om he w1         
,:ile we retire1 le/ we provoke 8       
wra?8#ba  #ba ,iliad1 ,book v41 l9es    
#cc-cg4  ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 bo?  
deities cont9u$ to aid _! favorites4    
,m>s 0 =c$ to yield be=e ! skill &      
prud5ce ( ,a!na4 ,guid$ by ! goddess !  
,greek h]o ,diom$ w\nds & drives him f !
 battle4#bb  #bb ,iliad1 ,book v41 l9es 
#ajfh-ajge4  ,9 spite ( 8 viol5t nature 
,m>s 0 a h&some god1 /ately1 swift1     
unwe>i$1 puissant4 ,?\gh w> 0 8 *ief    
delight he 0 q susceptible to ! t5d]    
passion4 ,v5us 0 ! object ( 8 devotion1 
& ! goddess ( love return$ ! w> god's   
admiration4 ,x 0 %e :o soo!d 8 w\nd$    
vanity :5 ,a!na mock$ him 9 ! pres5ce ( 
! gods & /ruck him to e>? ) a /one4#bc  
#bc ,iliad1 ,book xxi41 l9es #ejj et    

seq4  ,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,&]son1 ,photo4 
,john ,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4  ,,ares ,,seat$ 
,ludovisi ,villa1 ,rome  ,! /atue       
reproduc$ 9 our illu/ration %[s ! god 9 
8 milde/ aspect4 ,he is seat$ 9 a       
m$itative attitude1 clasp+ 8 h&s ov] 8  
uprais$ knee4 ,8 spl5didly develop$ body
 is relax$ 9 a po/ure ( repose1 ! %ield 
is laid aside = a mom5t1 & he re/s f 8  
labors4 ,9 ! be/ p]iod ( ,greek         
sculpture x 0 entirely contr>y to ! laws
 ( ta/e to repres5t ,ares 9 any w>like  
action4 ,! gods mu/ always be portray$ 9
 a dignifi$ repose befitt+ _! sup]iority
 to mank9d4 ,n !n 9 8 attitude or       
expression d we f9d any sign ( ! "* ( ! 
god4 ,!re is no sugge/ion ( unre/ 9 8   
quiet po/ure4  ,! %ape ( 8 head p]haps  
gives "s h9t ( 8 combative nature4 ,!   
ca/ ( c\nt5ance1 too1 %[s an impulsive  
temp]1 weak 9 intellectual qualities1 & 
quick to ang]4 ,yet he is und5iably     
attractive1 ) 8 well-*isel$ features &  
clu/]+ curls4 ,! small e> is z          
delicately cut z a woman's4 ,! f9e      

a?letic figure is su* z any w>rior might
 covet2 muscul> & supple1 x is full (   
p[] ev5 9 repose4 ,! attitude ( easy    
grace displays its be/ po9ts to         
advantage4  ,sitt+ on ! gr\nd 9 front ( 
! god is ! figure ( a mis*iev\s baby    
boy4 ,?is is ! little god ,eros1 :o 9   
,greek my?ology 0 suppos$ to be !       
inspir] ( love4 ,! arti/ meant to sugge/
 t ! subject ( ,ares' m$itations might  
be "s affair ( ! he>t4 ,c]ta9ly 8 mild  
smile w\ld c>ry out t int]pretation4 ,"s
 critics h ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ! /atue did n
 orig9ally include ! *ild4  ,z we /udy !
 modell+ ( ! figure1 ! free sweep ( !   
long l9es delights ! eye4 ,we %all come 
to und]/& f repeat$ examples t ! be/    
,greek sculptors ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! secret
 ( f9e l9es4 ,our illu/ration is some:at
 unusual because ! figure is seat$4 ,ev5
 9 ?is position1 h[ev]1 ! sculptor gives
 u a s5se ( ! p]fect grace & lightness (
 ! pose4 ,!re is no?+ heavy or immovable
 9 ! attitude4 ,we c easily imag9e h[ ! 
god1 ris+ lightly to 8 feet1 w\ld /&    

erect & beautiful1 ready = action4      
,,xi  ,,head ,,( ,,! ,,olympian ,,h]mes 
,to d 8 err&s & c>ry 8 messages ?r\gh ! 
univ]se ! supreme god ,zeus _h a h]ald1 
,h]mes1 ! god ( ! w9d4 ,z ! w9d bl[s out
 ( ! great sky1 s ,h]mes desc5d$ f      
,olympus to e>? to d ! sky god's bidd+4 
,equipp$ z a h]ald he wore a w+$ cap &  
w+$ s&als1 :i* c>ri$ him ab\t ) great   
spe$4 ,he _h also a %ort sword b5t l a  
scy!1 giv5 him by ,zeus ) ! cap & s&als4
 ,he possess$ ! /range p[] ( mak+       
himself invisible1 & ( assum+ diff]5t   
=ms4 ,z he _h besides a ready wit & an  
eloqu5t tongue1 he c\ld make himself v  
useful4 ,x 0 "o ( 8 common tasks to c>ry
 sleep to mortals1 & 8 mo/ solemn (fice 
0 to conduct ! s\ls ( ! dy+ to ! o!r _w4
  ,?is is ! way ! ,odyssey describes    
,h]mes sett+ =? on "o ( ! err&s (       
,zeus3--                ,! h]ald        
,argicide obey$1     ,& ha/ily b5ea? 8  
feet he b\nd     ,! fair ambrosial gold5
 s&als1 worn     ,to be> him ov] ocean l
 ! w9d1     ,& o'er ! b\ndless l&4 ,8 w&

 he took1     ,:]e) he s(tly seals !    
eyes ( m51     ,& op5s !m at w f        
sleep4#bd  #bd ,book v41 l9es #ee-fa 9  
,bryant's translation4  ,"o ( ! mo/     
fam\s adv5tures ( ,h]mes 0 ! slay+ ( !  
_m-ey$ mon/] ,argus1 f :om he rescu$ !  
unhappy ,io4 ,?is is :y ! old ,greek    
poet1 :om we h quot$1 calls ! god !     
,argicide4 ,ano!r ( 8 well kn[n missions
 0 ! c>e ( ! mo!rless infant ,bac*us1   
:om he convey$ to ! nymphs ( ,nysa to be
 re>$4 ,an adv5tur] himself1 ,h]mes 0   
ev] ready to aid h]oes 9 _! exploits4 ,x
 0 ) 8 sword t ,p]seus cut (f !         
,gorgon's head3 we may read ! /ory 9    
,haw?orne's ,wond]-,book & ,k+sley's    
,greek ,h]oes4  ,nor 0 ,h]mes above a   
bit ( mis*ief n[ & !n4 ,an old ,hom]ic  
hymn tells ( a sly prank he play$ ^u    
,apollo1 :5 he 0 a m]e baby1 /eal+ !    
h]ds ( ,admetus :i* ,apollo 0 keep+4 ,he
 0 an +5i\s fell[ too1 & ?is is h[ he   
inv5t$ ! lyre4 ,tak+ f ! bea* a         
tortoise1 he clean$ out ! %ell1 pi]c$ x 
) holes1 & /ret*$ f hole to hole1 at    

regul> int]vals1 cords ( %eep gut4      
,:5 he _h wr\ght ! lovely in/rum5t      
,he tri$ ! *ords1 & made division meet1 
,prelud+ ) ! plectrum1 & !re w5t     ,up
 f b5ea? 8 h& a tumult sweet       ,(   
mighty s\nds4#be  #be ,f ! ,hom]ic ,hymn
 to ,m]cury 9 ,%elley's translation1    
,/anza ix4  ,illu/ration3 ,engli%       
,photographic ,co41 ,a!ns1 ,photo4 ,john
 ,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4  ,,head ,,( ,,!      
,,olympian ,,h]mes  ,museum1 ,olympia   
,) ?is in/rum5t ,apollo 0 s delight$ t  
,h]mes /raightway pres5t$ x to him1 to  
make "s am5ds1 z x 71 = ! injury done   
him4 ,9 return ,apollo be/[$ ! caduceus1
 or w&1 ^u ,h]mes1 & ! two gods v[$     
et]nal fri5d%ip4  ,! ,greeks 7 v fond ( 
_! god ,h]mes4 ,he 0 n too gr& to be    
companionable1 l ! awe-inspir+ ,zeus or 
! haughty ,apollo4 ,!y ?\ght ( him z a  
bli!1 g5tle be+ ^: ligh!>t$ ways & easy 
good nature made him a g5]al favorite4  
,x 0 an e>ly cu/om to set up 9 8 honor  
/one po/s at ! crossroads4 ,sometimes !y
 7 topp$ by ! heads ( o!r gods1 b ^! 7  

call$ = him1 h]mae4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t     
bett] /atues 7 made 9 full l5g? figure4 
,! head reproduc$ 9 our illu/ration is f
 su* an "o :i* us$ to /& 9 a temple (   
,olympia1 f ! ru9s ( :i* x 0 une>!d a   
few ye>s ago4  ,! entire "r arm & p>ts (
 bo? legs are miss+1 b ! o!r portions ( 
! /atue %[ ! god's position4 ,he is     
lean+ aga9/ a tree trunk1 hold+ on 8    
left arm ! infant ,bac*us1 :o 01 z we h 
se51 consign$ to 8 c>e by ,zeus4 ,h]mes 
is n1 h[ev]1 look+ at ! *ild1 b gazes   
dreamily be=e him1 8 head b5t 9 ! p5sive
 pose :i* we see4 ,! features are cut ) 
typical ,greek regul>ity1 b ! c\nt5ance 
has besides its own individual *>m4 ,!  
droop ( ! upp] eyelid sugge/s a dreamy  
nature1 & 9 ! curve ( ! smil+ lips is a 
h9t ( playfulness4 ,! l[] =ehead is     
full1 %[+ ov] ! eyes ! b> ( fle% :i*    
m>ks ! /rongly mascul9e nature4 ,!      
closely cropp$ curls pres]ve ! p]fect   
cont\r ( ! head4 ,! small1 beautiful e> 
is z da9tily model$ z ! r+lets ( hair4  
,! face w9s u at once ) its g5tle       

amiability4 ,x is t5d] & playful1 & )al 
exquisitely ref9$ & c\rte\s4 ,:at a     
def]5tial li/5] is sugge/$ 9 t pose ( ! 
head6 ,! pure outl9e ( ! face calls to  
m9d ^? knights ( *ivalry :o ga!r$ ab\t  
,k+ ,ar?ur's ,r\nd ,table1 & "o wond]s  
if ,sir ,galahad himself might n h look$
 l ?is4  ,?is /atue is ! "w ( ! great   
sculptor ,praxiteles1 & is ! only       
orig9al m>ble 9 exi/5ce direct f 8 h&s4 
,all ! re/ ( 8 "w is kn[n f descriptions
 & copies4 ,we c und]/&1 !n1 h[         
sculptors & critics ! _w ov] h exam9$ x 
to /udy ! sculptor's me?ods4 ,x is (    
,p>ian m>ble1 mu* /a9$ ) iron ru/ f its 
long entombm5t "u ! soil4     ,,xii  ,,!
 ,,discobolus 7,,! ,,disk-,,?r[]7   ,we 
h se5 h[ important a "p 9 ! ,greek      
national life 0 occupi$ by ! ,olympic   
,games4 ,!y 7 reg>d$ z a sacr$          
in/itution ( ! gods1 & to cont5d 9 !m 0 
a religi\s consecration4 ,none c\ld ent]
 !m :o _h be5 guilty ( di%onorable      
conduct or sacrilege1 & "y m5 f ! noble/
 families 7 n above tak+ "p4 ,! prizes 7

 wrea?s ( wild p>sley1 olive1 & p9e1    
hav+ no intr9sic wor?1 b ( priceless    
value to ! recipi5ts4 ,to w9 !m 0 !     
highe/ ambition ( _m a ,greek y\?4  ,!  
victor 0 l$ =? be=e ! p1 cr[n$ ) ! wrea?
 & be>+ a palm bran* 9 8 h&4 ,h]alds    
proclaim$ 8 "n & t ( 8 fa!r4 ,banquets 7
 spread 9 8 honor1 & songs 7 compos$ 9 8
 praise4#bf ,f !nce=? he 0 a p]son (    
di/9ction4 ,f9ally 8 /atue 0 set up 9 ! 
altis or sacr$ grove ( ,olympia4 ,!re 7 
at "o "t z _m z ?ree ?\s& su* /atues 9 !
 place4  #bf ,see1 = in/ance1 ,p9d>'s   
,olympic ,odes4  ,x w be readily se5 t 9
 /atues ( a?letes ! sculptor _h great]  
fre$om ?an 9 /atues ( ! gods4 ,! latt]  
mu/ be repres5t$ 9 dignifi$ attitudes ( 
repose1 b ! =m] w\ld naturally be       
portray$ 9 "s *>act]i/ic po/ure (       
action4 ,x is s ) ! /atue 9 our         
illu/ration call$ ! ,discobolus or      
,disk-?r[]4  ,! game ( disk-?r[+ 0 v    
old1 s old t !re 7 ,greek leg5ds ( fam\s
 games play$ by ! gods & h]oes4 ,apollo 
sometimes tri$ 8 h& at x1 & also        

,p]seus4 ,! discus1 or disk1 0 a heavy  
r\nd plate ( metal1 bronze or iron1 ab\t
 eight in*es 9 diamet]1 grasp$ 9 "o h&1 
swung ar\nd to give x a rot>y motion1 & 
!n s5t fly+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,a mod]n       
au?ority expla9s t x 0 ?r[n n z ! quoit 
is to-day1 ) arm & %\ld] only1 b by br++
 into play & utiliz+ e limb & muscle ( !
 body4 ,imm$iately prec$+ ! actual hurl+
 ( ! discus1 !re=e1 !re _h to be a g5]al
 /or+ up & compression ( en]gy :i*1 :5  
sudd5ly set free1 produc$ ! viol5ce ( ! 
projection4 ,! pr9ciple is simply t ( ! 
spr+ :i*1 :5 compress$1 %oots out f !   
c5tre4 ,! great] ! contortion ( ! body1 
! m ea* muscle & s9ew is /rung t[>ds "o 
c5tre1 ! great] w be ! impetus :5 ?is   
compression is sudd5ly set free4#bg  #bg
 ,wald/e91 9 ,essays on ! ,art (        
,pheidias1 page #di4  ,illu/ration3     
,john ,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4  ,,!            
,,discobolus 7,,! ,,disk-,,?r[]7        
,lancelotti ,palace1 ,rome  ,our /atue  
%[s ! disk-?r[] at ! mom5t imm$iately   
prec$+ ! ?r[4 ,z describ$ by ! anci5t   

writ] ,lucian1 he is b5t d[n into !     
position = ! ?r[1 turn+ t[>ds ! h& t    
holds ! disk1 & all b b5d+ on "o knee1  
he seems z if he w\ld /raight5 himself  
up at ! ?r[4  ,! mod]n critic :om we h  
already quot$ %[s t :5 we view ! /atue f
 ! front1 all ! l9es ( ! modell+        
indicate ! t5sion ( ! s9ews t[>ds !     
contract$ c5tre ( ! body1 & ! legs1     
neck1 & %\ld]s t5d t[>ds ! same po9t4   
,:5 we walk ar\nd ! /atue1 all ! l9es 9 
! back & sides seem to lead t[>ds t     
c5tral po9t l ! spiral contraction ( a  
spr+4 ,x is by ?us sugge/+ !            
conc5tration ( en]gy on ! "p ( !        
,discobolus t ! figure appe>s s full (  
life & action4  ,by ! *oice ( ?is po/ure
 ! arti/ 0 enabl$ to model 8 figure on  
magnific5t sculpturesque l9es4 ,"o long 
f9e curve sweeps along ! "r arm1 is     
cont9u$ d[n ! left arm1 & is c>ri$ to   
completion 9 ! left leg & foot4 ,! c\nt]
 curve />ts "u ! "r %\ld]1 & sweeps d[n 
! "r side & leg4  ,! orig9al /atue ( !  
,discobolus 0 execut$ 9 bronze1 & our   

reproduction is f "o ( sev]al anci5t    
copies 9 m>ble4 ,9 "s ( ^! ! orig9al    
head ( ! /atue has be5 replac$ by ano!r1
 b ! copy we see "h has a f9e1 vigor\s  
head4 ,! ,engli% critic1 ,walt]         
,pat]1#bh describes ! face z smoo? b    
sp>e1 & tightly drawn ov] muscle & bone4
 ,he %[s too h[ sympa!tic ! face is ) ! 
:ole int5tion ( ! /atue1 z ! s\rce (    
w4#bi  #bh ,9 ! *apt] on ,a?letic       
,prizem51 9 ,greek ,/udies4  #bi ,?is   
op9ion is ! m int]e/+ because ! face ( !
 ,discobolus is commonly criticis$ =    
abs5ce ( emotional expression4 ,see     
,furtw3angl]'s ,ma/]pieces ( ,greek     
,sculpture1 p4 #agc4  ,! sculptor ( !   
,discobolus 0 ,myron1 :o liv$ 9 ! p]iod 
betwe5 ! ,p]sian ,w> & ! middle ( ! fif?
 c5tury4 ,8 "w %[s 8 fondness = movem5t1
 ?\gh _m ( 8 subjects did n p]mit him to
 indulge 8 ta/e4 ,he made a specialty ( 
figures ( a?letes1 bo? commemorative    
portrait /atues & typical figures4 ,we d
 n "k :e!r ?is /atue repres5ts an actual
 ,olympic victor1 or is a typical       

figure1 l ! ,apoxyom5os4 ,9 any case x  
gives an excell5t idea ( ! great        
influ5ce ex]cis$ ^u ,greek life by !    
a?letic games4     ,,xiii  ,,!          
,,aphrodite ,,( ,,melos 7,,v5us ,,(     
,,milo7   ,by ,greek tradition ! faire/ 
( ! goddesses 0 ,aphrodite1 ! goddess ( 
love & beauty4 ,to h] e lov] paid 8 v[s 
& e maid5 pray$ = *>ms4 ,an old leg5d   
relates t %e 0 born f ! foam ( ! sea1   
h5ce ! "n ,aphrodite1 :i* means         
foam-born4 ,among ! ,romans %e 0 call$  
,v5us4 ,at h] bir? ! isl& ( ,cyprus     
receiv$ h]4                             
,:]e ! =ce     ,( g5tle-brea?+ ,zephyr  
/e]'d h] c\rse     ,along ! waves ( !   
res\nd+ sea1     ,:ile yet unborn 9 t   
s(t foam %e lay     ,t br\ght h] =?4    
,"h %e em]g$ a goddess 9 ! *>ms ( awful 
beauty4 ,! ,h\rs welcom$ h] eag]ly1 tak+
 h] 9 _! arms & putt+ a cr[n ( gold ^u  
h] head4 ,z %e w5t on h] way1 fl[]s grew
 9 h] pa?1--                            
,:]e h] delicate feet     ,_h press$ !  
s&s1 gre5 h]bage fl[]+ sprang4#cj  #cj  

,an acc\nt ( ! bir? ( ,aphrodite is giv5
 9 ,hesiod's ,!ogony & 9 ! ,hom]ic ,hymn
 to ,v5us1 & ! quotations "h are drawn f
 bo? s\rces4  ,z we h already se51 !re 7
 among ! ,greek div9ities two o!r       
goddesses besides ,aphrodite specially  
fam$ = _! beauty1--,a!na & ,h]a4        
,tradition tells h[ ! beauty ( ! ?ree 0 
te/$4 ,an apple 0 ?r[n into _! mid/     
inscrib$ ,= ! faire/1 & a cont5tion at  
once arose z to ! rightful own]4 ,p>is1 
! pr9ce ( ,troy1 be+ *os5 arbit]1 decid$
 9 favor ( ,aphrodite1 :o promis$ him = 
a wife ! faire/ woman 9 ,greece1 t is1  
,hel54#ca ,?is 0 ! real cause ( !       
,trojan ,w>1 9 :i* ! ,greeks s\ght to   
recov] _! /ol5 pr9cess4 ,aphrodite be+  
at ! bottom ( ! tr\ble rema9$ ?r\gh ! w>
 on ! ,trojan side4  #ca ,see ,t5nyson's
 poem1 ,o5one4  ,oddly en\gh ! beautiful
 goddess 0 mat$ to ! uglie/ ( ! gods1 ! 
lame blacksmi? ,hephae/us 7or ,vulcan74 
,at 8 =ge 7 made ^? fateful arr[s ( !   
little god ,eros 7or ,cupid71 ! "m /&+  
by to tip _! po9ts ) honey4  ,! p[] (   

love 9 human life made ! ideal (        
,aphrodite v de> to ! he>ts ( ! ,greeks4
 ,all t is mo/ t5d] & sacr$ 9 ?is human 
relation 0 p]sonifi$ 9 h]4 ,z love      
ennobles ! life & makes x unselfi%1 s1  
!y reason$1 mu/ ,aphrodite be a gr& &   
noble be+4 ,aga91 z love glorifies !    
life1 & br+s joy into its commone/      
details1 %e mu/ also be beautiful &     
laught]-lov+4 ,9 %ort1 "o _c ?9k ( any  
quality ( love :i* 0 n reflect$ 9 !     
p]son ( ! glori\s goddess4 ,temples 7   
built 9 h] honor1 & %e 0 wor%ip$ 9      
fe/ivals & sacrificial rites4 ,/atues ( 
h] 7 set up 9 _m places1 & "o ( ! mo/   
fam\s :i* has come d[n to u is reproduc$
 9 our illu/ration4  ,illu/ration3      
,neurde9 ,freres1 ,photo4 ,john ,&rew   
,son1 ,sc4  ,,! ,,aphrodite ,,( ,,melos 
7,,! ,,v5us ,,( ,,milo7  ,! ,l\vre1     
,p>is  ,we h n[ le>n$ by repeat$        
in/ances t ! ,greeks _h su* def9ite     
ideas ( _! deities t _! /atues 7 z      
readily recogniz$ z if !y repres5t$     
actual p]sons4 ,! sculptors foll[$ types

 accept$ by tradition z ! be/ embodim5t 
( ! *>act]s !y /ood =4 ,s especially )  
,zeus1 ,a!na1 & ,h]a1 & s aga9 )        
,aphrodite4 ,%e mu/ be supremely fair1 )
 a beauty less au/]e ?an t ( ! maid5    
,a!na1 less regal ?an t ( ,h]a1 & m     
fasc9at+ ?an ei!r4  ,we see !n at once t
 ! beautiful figure ( our illu/ration   
mu/ be ,aphrodite1 or ,v5us4 ,9 look+ at
 h] we ?9k1 n ( wisdom1 or =ce1 or p[]1 
b j ( beauty4 ,%e /&s re/+ ! weight ( h]
 body on "o foot1 & advanc+ ! o!r ) knee
 b5t4 ,! po/ure causes ! figure to sway 
slightly to "o side1 describ+ a f9e     
curv$ l9e4 ,! l[] limbs are drap$1 b !  
upp] "p ( ! body is uncov]$1 & 9 "s     
my/]i\s way ! sculptor has imp>t$ to !  
m>ble a seem+ s(tness z ( real fle%4 ,! 
head is z exquisitely set z a fl[] on   
its /alk4 ,! p>t$ hair is drawn back 9  
rippl+ waves ov] ! l[ =ehead4  ,! eyes  
are n v wide op51 hav+ some?+ ( a dreamy
 languor4 ,melt+ eyes are inde$         
*>act]i/ic ( ,v5us1 & an analytical     
critic has expla9$ t ?is effect is      

produc$ 9 sculpture by a slight         
elevation ( ! inn] corn] ( ! l[] eyelid4
 ,! nose is p]fectly cut1 ! m\? & *9 are
 m\ld$ 9 adorable curves4 ,yet to say t 
e feature is ( faultless p]fection is b 
cold praise4 ,no analysis c convey !    
s5se ( h] pe]less beauty4  ,! /atue     
orig9ally /ood on ! ,greek isl& (       
,melos1 :]e x 0 discov]$ 9 #ahbj 9 ?is  
brok5 /ate4 ,_m wise heads h be5 puzzl$ 
to "k ! position ( ! miss+ arms4 ,"s h  
?\ght t ! goddess c>ri$ a %ield1 & o!rs 
h fanci$ h] hold+ ! traditional apple4  
,!re h also be5 _m discussions z to !   
date ( ! "w4 ,n[ if ! /atue _h be5 made 
9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4 ,c41 ! goddess w\ld 
h be5 fully drap$2 if 9 ! f\r? c5tury1  
entirely )\t drap]y4 ,our sculptor !n   
belong$ to nei!r ( ^! p]iods1 & comb9$ !
 *>act]i/ics ( bo?4 ,x is a fault on 8  
"p to h plac$ ! drap]y 9 an impossible  
position1 :5ce 9 actual life x w\ld     
imm$iately fall ( its own weight4 ,yet  
we d n ?9k ( su* criticisms :5 we see x4
 ,! beautiful body ris+ above ! drap]y  

rem9ds u ( ! my? ( ,aphrodite em]g+ f ! 
sea foam4 ,h] beauty is a union ( /r5g? 
& sweetness1 a p]fect embodim5t ( a     
nature at h>mony ) itself & its         
surr\nd+s4     ,,xiv  ,,orpheus ,,&     
,,eurydice   ,!re 0 once a man nam$     
,orpheus1 :o liv$ 9 ! l& ( ,?race4 ,x 0 
said t 8 fa!r 0 ,apollo1 & 8 "m ! muse  
,calliope2 s x is n /range t he 0 bo?   
poet & musician4 ,s en*ant+ 0 ! music ( 
8 lyre t wild animals came =? f _!      
haunts to he> him4 ,ev5 trees & rocks   
seem$ to feel ! magic influ5ce ( ! /ra94
  ,he _h a beautiful wife nam$          
,eurydice1 :om he lov$ de>ly1 & !y 7    
happy toge!r till a sad accid5t sep>at$ 
!m4 ,%e 0 bitt5 "o day by a poison\s    
s]p5t1 & di$ f ! effects ( ! w\nd4 ,!re 
0 no m happ9ess on e>? = ,orpheus1 & he 
det]m9$ to seek ,eurydice 9 ! und]world 
( ! dead4  ,n[ ! gates ( ! l[] regions 7
 gu>d$ by a ?ree-head$ dog nam$ ,c]b]us1
 b ev5 ?is fi]ce bea/ 0 subdu$ by !     
entranc+ music ( ,orpheus1 :o           
,?r\gh ! unsub/antial realm     ,popul\s

 ) phantom gho/s ( buri$ m51            
,undaunt$ pass$ to :]e ,p]sephone       
,sits by ! mon>* ( t *e]less folk     ,(
 %ad[s ?ron$--& /ruck 8 lyre1 & sang4   
,p\r+ =? ! m\rnful tale ( 8 lo/ love1 he
 appeal$ to ! gods to give him back     
,eurydice4 ,s eloqu5t 0 8 plea t all :o 
li/5$ 7 mov$ to weep+4 ,!n = ! fir/ "t !
 iron *eeks ( ! ,furies 7 wet ) te>s1 & 
,( ! ne!r realm     ,nor ,k+ nor ,que5  
_h he>t to say him nay4  ,eurydice 0    
br\ght =? & re/or$ to h] husb&1 b a s+le
 condition 0 laid ^u ,orpheus 9 lead+ h]
 out4 ,until !y _h rega9$ ! e>? he 0 n  
to look backw>d1 or ! boon w\ld be      
=feit$4 ,! ,lat9 poet ,ovid tells h[ !  
two f>$ =? toge!r f ! und]world1 & h[   
,orpheus fail$ 9 ! conditions ( !       
agreem5t4                      ,?r\gh ! 
sil5t realm     ,upw>d aga9/ ! /eep &   
front+ hill     ,d>k ) obscure/ gloom1 !
 way he l$3     ,& n[ ! upp] air 0 all b
 won1     ,:5 fe>ful le/ ! toil o'ertask
 h] /r5g?     ,& ye>n+ to behold ! =m he
 lov$1     ,an in/ant back he look$1--& 

back ! %ade     ,t in/ant fl$4444       
444,"o la/     ,& sad ',f>ewell1' sc>ce 
audible1 %e sigh$1     ,& vani%$ to !   
gho/s t late %e left4#cb  #cb ,f !      
,metamorphoses1 ,book x1 9 ,h5ry ,k+'s  
translation1 f :i* also ! o!r quotations
 are drawn4  ,illu/ration3 ,d4 ,&]son1  
,photo4 ,john ,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4         
,,orpheus ,,& ,,eurydice  ,albani       
,villa1 ,rome  ,our bas-relief repres5ts
 a sc5e ( p>t+ betwe5 ,orpheus &        
,eurydice1 & we may take x1 z we please1
 to ref] to _! fir/ or to _! la/        
f>ewell4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 to apply m    
appropriately to ! fir/ dep>ture (      
,eurydice to ! unkn[n l&4 ,%e lays h] h&
 fondly ^u h] husb&'s %\ld]1 & he t\*es 
x g5tly z if to deta9 h]4  ,! figure on 
! o!r side is ! mess5g] god ,h]mes1 ^:  
mission is to conduct dep>t+ spirits to 
! o!r _w4#cc ,he has come = ,eurydice1 &
 he takes h] by ! h& to draw h] away4 ,=
 a mom5t husb& & wife gaze into ea*     
o!r's eyes ) love & sorr[1 :ile !       
mess5g] waits ) exquisite c\rtesy4  #cc 

,see page #fa4  ,?\gh ! ,greeks _h _m   
tales ( sorr[ 9 _! poetry & my?ology1 !y
 did n (t5 illu/rate !m 9 _! art4 ,!    
subjects ( _! sculpture are ne>ly always
 happy ones4 ,ev5 "h1 y see1 grief is   
made s beautiful & dignifi$ t we =get to
 feel sad ab\t ! p>t+4 ,we ?9k mo/ ( !  
love & devotion betwe5 ,orpheus &       
,eurydice4  ,! simple /ory ( !          
bas-relief t\*es u m readily p]haps ?an 
! gr& /atues ( ! gods4 ,p l 9 art some?+
 :i* corresponds to ! common human lives
 ( all4  ,! g>m5t worn by ,eurydice     
seems q l t ( ! goddess ,demet]4 ,!     
drap]y is v full 9 front1 fall+ 9 long  
/raight folds4 ,at ! side x is scanti] &
 %[s ! motion ( ! figure 9 walk+4 ,!    
%ort tunic worn by ! o!r figures is a   
picturesque co/ume1 & ! mantle sw++ ov] 
"o %\ld] is v graceful4 ,:5 "o contra/s 
) ^! classical drap]ies ! /iff dress (  
mod]n times1 "o wond]s t ! sculptor (   
to-day does n ?r[ d[n 8 *isel 9 despair4
  ,! /yle ( ! drap]ies (t5 enables a    
critic to decide 9 :at p]iod a "w ( art 

0 produc$4 ,9 ! be/ art ! folds are     
always simple3 x is a sure sign ( decl9+
 art :5 ! folds are complicat$ & brok54 
,"h we see ! few simple1 sev]e l9es :i* 
m>k ! pure/ classical ta/e4     ,,xv    
,,nike 7,,! ,,w+$ ,,victory7   ,^u !    
dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great !re 0 mu*       
disput+ among 8 g5]als z to :at %\ld    
become ( ! v>i\s prov9ces ( 8 empire1   
includ+ ,greece4 ,x 0 f9ally decid$ t ! 
,greek cities %\ld be left free4 ,a     
g5]al nam$ ,ptolemy soon broke ?is      
agreem5t & ent]$ ,greece1 :]eupon ano!r 
nam$ ,antigonus promptly proce$$ to     
puni% him4 ,antigonus _h a son          
,demetrius1 :o 0 a skilful eng9e]1 & 0  
call$ ,poliorcetes1 besieg] ( cities1 = 
8 success 9 rais+ sieges4 ,he 0 s5t to  
,a!ns ) a fleet ( two hundr$ & fifty    
%ips1 & won ! gratitude ( ! city =      
deliv]+ x f ! h&s ( ,ptolemy4 ,demetrius
 next turn$ 8 att5tion to ! isl& (      
,cyprus1 ( :i* ,ptolemy 0 9 possession4 
,! rival =ces met (f ,salamis1 #cjf ,b4 
,c41 9 a fi]ce sea fight1 & ,demetrius 0

 victori\s4  ,n[ ! ,greeks 7 fond (     
commemorat+ notable ev5ts by ! erection 
( /atues1 & x 0 an old cu/om among !m to
 set up a /atue ( victory 9 honor ( any 
success ( arms on l& or sea4 ,we h se5  
h[ natural x 0 = !m to attribute !      
affairs ( life to ! ag5cy ( ! deities4  
,s 9 w>1 greatly z !y prais$ _! armies &
 _! g5]als1 x 0 to ,nike1 ! goddess (   
victory1 t !y gave ! *ief cr$it (       
success4 ,?is goddess 0 conceiv$ z a w+$
 be+ att5dant ^u bo? ,zeus & ,a!na1 :o1 
z we h se51 controll$ ! de/9ies ( w>4   
,to ,nike !n1 ?is w+$ goddess ( victory1
 0 due ! wond]ful success ( ,demetrius  
ov] ,ptolemy's fleet be=e ,salamis1 & x 
0 fitt+ t h] /atue %\ld commemorate !   
ev5t4 ,! spot *os5 = x 0 ! isl& (       
,samo?race1 :i* /&s s high above wat]   
level t x is v conspicu\s 9 ! nor!rn    
,greek ar*ipelago4  ,! goddess 0        
repres5t$ /&+ on ! pr[ ( a vessel z if  
lead+ ! fleet to success4 ,x may be t ! 
old ,greek idea ( a goddess at ! pr[ 0 !
 orig9 ( ! figure head = s _m ye>s c>ri$

 by e %ip t sail$ ! seas4 ,! vessels 9  
^? old days 7 call$ triremes1 be+       
propell$ by r[]s :o sat at _! o>s 9 ?ree
 ti]s1 or banks1 :i* gave ! "n to !     
craft4 ,! goddess /ood 9 ! middle ( :at 
0 call$ ! ikrion proras1 :i* w\ld       
correspond to ! =eca/le deck4 ,9 h] "r  
h& %e held a trumpet to h] lips1 & 9 h] 
left %e c>ri$ a cros/ree1 ! framework ( 
a trophy4  ,illu/ration3 ,neurde9       
,freres1 ,photo4 ,john ,&rew  ,son1 ,sc4
  ,,nike 7,,! ,,w+$ ,,victory7  ,!      
,l\vre1 ,p>is  ,! figure is 9 an erect  
poise ) ! *e/ held high4 ,y w notice t a
 walk] mak+ 8 way aga9/ ! w9d b5ds !    
body =w>d to resi/ its =ce1 :ile "o :o  
is borne along on "s vehicle 9 ! face ( 
! w9d /eadies himself upright4 ,s )     
,nike2 ! attitude expresses ! s5se (    
exhil>ation f ! ru% ( w9d 9 ! face ( "o 
borne along on a mov+ vessel4 ,! breeze 
beats ! ?9 drap]y back ^u h]1 outl9+ !  
beautiful curves ( bu/ & limb1 & flutt]+
 beh9d h] 9 ! air4 ,! broad p9ions :i*  
w\ld ret>d ! %ip's motion if spread op5 

are fold$ to cut ! air l ! pr[4  ,:5 !  
/atue 0 set up & ! colossal figure 9    
:ite m>ble 0 se5 aga9/ ! blue sky ( a   
s\!rn l&1 :at an inspiration x mu/ h be5
 z a symbol ( success6 ,:at disc\rag$   
he>t c\ld look at su* a figure & n be   
?rill$ ) new ambition6 ,! /atue ( ,nike 
0 n ! only tribute to ! victory (       
,demetrius4 ,"s special co9s 7 /ruck 9  
honor ( ! ev5t1 includ+ gold /at]s &    
silv] tetradra*ms1 specim5s ( :i* /ill  
exi/4 ,! design on ! obv]se ( ^! co9s   
repres5t$ ! /atue ( ,nike4  ,ye>s pass$1
 & at l5g? ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,greeks 0   
cru%$ "u ! heel ( ! ,roman conqu]or4 ,_m
 places 7 laid wa/e ?r\gh\t ! p59sula & 
! ,greek isl&s4 ,temples 7 de/roy$ &    
pillag$1 & /atues 7 ?r[n f _! p$e/als & 
buri$ b5ea? ! soil & d'ebris4 ,our /atue
 ( ,nike %>$ ! sad fate :i* befell s _m 
o!r great works ( art4 ,= c5turies x lay
 9 fragm5ts 9 ! ru9s surr\nd+ a temple 9
 ,samo?race4 ,!n came ! explor] )       
pickaxe & %ovel1 "s ( ! preci\s bits 7  
recov]$1 & le>n$ m5 set to "w to put !m 

toge!r aga94 ,! co9s ( ,demetrius 7 _!  
guide1 & ! t9y figure ( ,nike engrav$   
!reon 0 ! model aft] :i* ! great /atue 0
 recon/ruct$4  ,! head & arms are /ill  
miss+1 & a fanciful conceit might sugge/
 t ^! losses 7 ! m>ks ( a h>d-f\ght     
battle4 ,success has be5 de>ly b\ght1 b 
! goddess em]ges1 erect & undaunt$1 h]  
tatt]$ w+s beat+ ! air victori\sly4 ,z  
we look at ! /atue we ?9k less ( :at x  
lacks ?an ( :at x is4 ,p]haps if head & 
arms 7 !re we %\ld n h eyes = ! glori\s 
l9es 9 ! figure itself4 ,"o p>ticul>ly  
f9e l9e is ! cont9u\s curve runn+ across
 ! bu/ & ! ar*$ top ( ! w+s4  ,! figure 
gives u a s5se ( motion :i* fairly      
quick5s ! blood 9 our ve9s4 ,we1 too1   
seem to feel ! /rong salt breeze 9 our  
faces1 spe$+ ?r\gh ! air ) c\rage high1 
& hope /eadily set t[>d victory4        
,,xvi  ,,p]icles   ,9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t 
,greece ! half c5tury includ$ betwe5 !  
ye>s #dhj & #dcj ,b4 ,c4 is call$ ! ,age
 ( ,p]icles4 ,dur+ =ty ye>s ( ?is p]iod 
,p]icles 0 ! political lead] ( ,a!ns4   

,"u 8 guidance ! city rea*$ ! height (  
h] p[] z ! capital ( an empire compos$ (
 tribut>y /ates4 ,nor 0 political p[] ! 
*ief glory ( ,a!ns at ?is "t4 ,%e 0 !   
c5tre ( arts & sci5ce = ! :ole _w4 ,?is 
0 ! age ( great ,greek lit]ature1 :5    
,,aes*ylus1 ,sophocles1 & ,euripides    
wrote _! immortal dramas4 ,x 0 also !   
age ( great oratory1 :5 ! ,a!nians      
con/antly he>d ! pure/ lessons (        
patriotism put =? 9 ! l(tie/ =ms (      
eloqu5ce4 ,f9ally1 x 0 ! age ( great    
art1 :5 ar*itecture & sculpture atta9$  
p]fection & :5 ,phidias1 ! =emo/ ,greek 
sculptor1 produc$ 8 ma/]pieces4         
,p]icles 0 ! dom9at+ _s 9 all ?is       
brilliant company4 ,x 0 8 able          
/atesman%ip :i* made & execut$ !        
ambiti\s plans = ! aggr&izem5t ( ! city4
 ,x 01 moreov]1 8 g5]al%ip :i* c>ri$ out
 successfully s _m milit>y exp$itions4  
,8 eloqu5ce gave him great influ5ce ov] 
! p4 ,he _h ! art ( controll+ m5 & mov+ 
_! passions z a musician plays on ! /r+s
 ( 8 in/rum5t4 ,^u 8 return f ! ,samian 

w> he deliv]$ a rem>kable fun]al oration
 on ^? :o _h fall5 9 battle4 ,/ill aga91
 8 oration 9 honor ( ! h]oes ( !        
,peloponnesian w> 0 a noble eulogy (    
,a!ns & ! ,a!nians4  ,! "p ( ,p]icles'  
c>e] :i* int]e/s u mo/ 9 our /udy (     
,greek art is 8 zeal 9 beautify+ ,a!ns )
 works ( ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,he   
cov]$ ! ,acropolis1 z ! great hill 9    
,a!ns 0 call$1 ) beautiful build+s ri*ly
 adorn$ ) sculpture4 ,he appo9t$        
,phidias sup]9t5d5t ( all ! public      
edifices1 & employ$ ! mo/ skill$ workm54
 ,besides _m temples1 a !atre = music1  
call$ an odeum1 0 built1 & ,p]icles     
introduc$ into ! ,pana!naic fe/ival a   
conte/ 9 music held 9 ?is place4 ,9     
addition to ! public build+s erect$1    
,p]icles caus$ a long wall to be built  
to surr\nd ! city ) =tifications4  ,x   
may be suppos$ t all ^! improvem5ts co/ 
a great deal ( money1 & !re 7 n lack+ m5
 :o criticis$ ,p]icles = extravagance 9 
! use ( public funds4 ,9 an assembly ( !
 p1 ! great /atesman call$ ^u !m to say 

if !y ?\ght he _h sp5t too mu*4 ,yes1   
came ! answ]4 ,!n1 said he1 be x *>g$ to
 my acc\nt1 n y\rs1 only let ! edifices 
be inscrib$ ) my "n1 n t ( ! p ( ,a!ns4 
,at ?is !y cri$ out t he might sp5d all 
he pleas$ ( ! public funds1 & !         
criticism 0 sil5c$4 ,! /ory %[s ! quick 
wit ( ! orator1 z well z 8 k ( human    
nature4 ,he knew he 0 safe 9 appeal+ to 
! pride ( ! p 9 _! city4  ,at ! close ( 
8 long c>e] ,p]icles 0 seiz$ ) ! plague1
 & lay sick unto dea?4 ,z 8 fri5ds ga!r$
 ab\t 8 dea?-b$ !y rec\nt$ 8 great de$s 
& _m victories4 ,sudd5ly he int]rupt$ !m
 by exclaim+ t !y 7 prais+ only ^?      
qualities 9 :i* he 0 no great] ?an o!r  
m54 ,9 8 own e/imate1 ! mo/ honorable   
trait ( 8 "* 0 t no ,a!nian ?r\gh 8     
means _h ev] put on m\rn+4  ,p]icles 0 9
 fact a true patriot & a b5efactor ( 8  
p4 ,9 ! adm9i/ration ( public affairs he
 %[$ an upright & honorable "*4 ,?\gh   
all 8 life h&l+ ! public funds &        
increas+ ! weal? ( ! /ate1 x is said t  
he add$ n "o dra*ma to 8 own e/ate4 ,he 

manag$ 8 private =tune ) great prud5ce &
 disp5s$ _m *>ities to ! ne$y4 ,8 mann]s
 7 calm & mod]ate1 & he nev] gave way to
 envy or ang]4 ,8 biograph]1 ,plut>*1   
has writt5 ( him t :]e sev]ity 0        
requir$1 no man 0 ev] m mod]ate1 or if  
mildness 0 necess>y1 no man bett] kept  
up 8 dignity ?an ,p]icles4  ,p]icles 0 a
 man ( f9e & /rik+ pres5ce1 ) a         
c\nt5ance ca/ 9 ! m\ld we h come to "k z
 ! typical ,greek4 ,8 head 0 some:at    
abnormally long1 & ! nickname onion head
 0 giv5 him on ?is acc\nt4 ,plut>* says 
t ?is peculi>ity acc\nts = ! fact t he 0
 always repres5t$ 9 portraits z we>+ a  
helmet4  ,we h reason to believe t ! bu/
 reproduc$ 9 our frontispiece 0 made    
soon aft] 8 successful w> aga9/ ,samos4 
,x repres5ts him !n 9 ! fullness ( 8    
manhood & at ! height ( 8 success &     
popul>ity4 ,! h&some face is full (     
ref9em5t & %[s ! calm1 equable temp]am5t
 :i* made him a lead]4 ,8 qualities (   
/atesman%ip /rike u mo/ =cibly 9 !      
portrait4 ,we %\ld h>dly suspect t ?is 0

 a great milit>y comm&]4 ,yet t "h is a 
ma/] ( m51 we c easily believe4 ,"o c   
imag9e him /&+ be=e a great multitude1  
mov+ !m ) ! p[] ( 8 eloqu5ce4           
,,pron\nc+ ,,vocabul>y ,,( ,,prop]      
,,names ,,& ,,=eign ,,words   ,!        
,diacritical ,m>ks giv5 are ^? f\nd 9 ! 
late/ edition ( ,web/]'s ,int]national  
,diction>y4   ,,explanation ,,(         
,,diacritical ,,m>ks4      ,a ,da% 77   
above ! v[el d5otes ! long s\nd1 z 9    
fate1 eve1 time1 note1 use4      ,a ,da%
 & a ,dot 74x7 above ! v[el d5ote ! same
 s\nd1     less prolong$4      ,a ,curve
 77x7 above ! v[el d5otes ! %ort s\nd1 z
 9     7add1 7end1 7ill1 7odd1 7up4     
,a ,dot 747 above ! v[el a d5otes !     
obscure s\nd ( a 9     p4a/1 4abate1    
,am7eric4a4      ,a ,d\ble ,dot 77 above
 ! v[el a d5otes ! broad s\nd ( a     9 
f3a!r1 3alms4      ,a ,d\ble ,dot 77    
bel[ ! v[el a d5otes ! s\nd ( a 9       
ba3ll4      ,a ,wave 77 above ! v[el e  
d5otes ! s\nd ( e 9 her4      ,a        
,circumflex ,acc5t 77 above ! v[el o    

d5otes ! s\nd ( o     9 born4      ,a   
dot 747 bel[ ! v[el u d5otes ! s\nd ( u 
9 ! ,fr5*     language4      ,n         
indicates t ! prec$+ v[el has ! ,fr5*   
nasal tone4      1c s\nds l s4      -c  
s\nds l k4      s s\nds l z4      g is  
h>d z 9 get4      4g is s(t z 9 4gem4   
,a*aian 74a-ka'y4an74      ,a*illes     
74a-k7il'lez74      ,acropolis          
74a-kr7op'4o-l7is74      ,admetus       
77ad-me't7us74      ,,aegis 7e'j7is74   
,,aes*ylus 77es'k7i-l7us74              
,agoracritus 77ag-4o-r7ak'r7i-t7us74    
,agrippa 74a-gr7ip'4a74      ,albani    
73al-b3a'ne74      ,alcam5es            
77al-k7am'7e-nez74      3al't7is4       
,antigone 77an-t7ig'o-ne74              
,antigonus 77an-t7ig'o-n7us74           
,antium 77an'%7i-7um74      ,aphrodite  
77af-r4o-di'te74      ,apollo           
74a-p7ol'o74      ,apoxyom5os           
77a-p7ox-7i-7om'4e-n7os74      ,ares    
7a'rez74      ,argicide 73ar'j7i-sid74  
,argonauts 73ar'go-na3tz74              
3ar'g7us4      ,ari/ophanes             

77ar-7is-t7of'4a-nez74      ,a!na       
77a-?e'n4a74      ,a!ns 77a?'7enz74     
,bac*us 7b7ak'7us74      ,belv$]e       
7b7el-v4e-der'74      ,b]n9i            
7b7er-ne'ne74      ,brunn 7br7oon74     
caduceus 7k4a-du's4e-7us74              
,c7al'4am7is4      ,c7alli'ope4         
,c5taur 7s7en'ta3r74      ,c]b]us       
7ser'b4e-r7us74      ,c]es 7se'rez74    
,*iron 7ki'r7on74      ,collignon       
7k7ol-l4en-yo,n'74      ,cr7es'7il4as4  
,cyprus 7si'pr7us74       ,delphi       
7d7el'fi74      ,d7eme'ter4             
,d7eme'tr7i7us4      ,di'4om7ed4        
,d7isc7ob'4ol7us4      d7is'k7os4       
,d7on3at7el'lo4       ,elg9 77el'g7in74 
,eros 7e'r7os74      ,euphranor         
7u-fra'nor74      ,euripides            
7u-r7ip'7i-dez74      ,eurydice         
7u-r7id'i-s4e74       ,furtw3angl]      
7foort'v4ang-ler74       ,g7al'4ah7ad4  
,giu/9iana 7j7oos-te-ne-3a'n3a74        
glaukopis 7gla3-ko'p7is74      ,gorgon  
7gor'g7on74       ,h7ec'4ate4           
,h7ell7en7is't7ic4      ,hephae/us      

7h4e-f7es't7us74      ,he'r3a4          
,h]aeum 7h4e-re'7um74      ,h7er'cules4 
h]mae 7her'me74      ,her'mes4          
,he's7i7od4       7ik'r7i7on pro'r3as4  
,iliad 77il'7i-4ad74      ,io 7i'o74    
,i?aca 77i?'4a-k4a74       ,ja's7on4    
,ju'no4      ,ju'p7iter4                
,lancelotti 7l3an-*4a-l7ot'e74          
,l7at'er4an4      ,leo*>es              
7l4e-7ok'4a-rez74      ,l\vre 7loo'vr74 
,lucian 7lu'%7i-4an74      ,ludovisi    
7loo-do-ve'ze74      ,lutatius ,catulus 
7lu-ta'%7i-7us k7at'u-l7us74            
,lycur'g7us4      ,lys7ip'p7us4         
,m3ars4      ,m7ed'7ic3a4      ,me'l7os4
      ,mer'cur7y4                       
,m7et4am7or'phoses4      ,m7et'opes4    
,mi'lo4      ,m7iner'v4a4      ,my'r7on4
       ,n7em'7es7is4      ,ni'ke4       
,ny's4a4       ode'7um4      ,odyssey   
77od'7i-s7i74      ,,oedipus ,coloneus  
77ed'7i-p7us ko-lo-ne'-7us74            
,,oedipus ,tyrannus 77ed'7i-p7us        
t7i-r7an'-7us74      ,,oenone           
7e-no'n4e74      ,olympia               

7o-l7im'p7i-4a74      ,olympiad         
7o-l7im'p7i-7ad74      ,olympic         
7o-l7im'p7ik74      ,olympus            
7o-l7im'p7us74      ,orpheus 7or'fus74  
,otricoli 7o-tre'ko-le74      ,ovid     
77ov'7id74       palae/ra               
7p4a-l7es'tr4a74      ,p7al'l4as4       
,pana!naea 7p7an-7a?-4e-ne'4a74         
,p7an7a?4ena'7ic4      ,p3arn7as's7us4  
,p3ar'?4en7on4      ,pa'ter4            
,p4atro'cl7us4      ,peloponnesian      
7p7el-4o-p7on-ne'%4an74                 
,p4en7el'op4e4      ,p7ent7el'7ic4      
p7ep'l7os4      ,p7er'7icles4           
,p]sephone 7per-s7ef'o-ne74      ,p]seus
 7per'sus74      ,phidias 7f7id'7i-4as74
      ,phoebus 7fe'b7us74               
,phrynicus 7fr7in'7i-k7us74             
,p7in'd4ar4      pl7ec'tr7um4           
,pl7in'7y4      ,plut>* 7plu't3ark74    
,plu'to4      ,p7ol7icly't7us4          
,p7ol7ior1ce'tes4      ,pr7ax7it'7eles4 
,ptolemy 7t7ol'7e-m7i74      ,p7y?'7i4a4
      ,py'?7on4       ,reb]1 von 7f7on  
ra'ber74       ,s7al'4am7is4            

,sa'm7i4an4      ,sa'm7os4              
,samo?race 7s7am'4o-?ras74              
,sco'p4as4      ,scyros 7si'r7os74      
,s7oph'ocles4      /rigil 7/r7i'j7il74  
,/7yx4      ,symonds 7s7im'7undz74      
,telema*us 7t4e-l7em'4a-k7us74          
,t]rac9a 7t7er-r3a-*e'n3a74             
,?e7og'on7y4      ,!seus 7?e'sus74      
,?race 7?ras74      ,tra/ev]e           
7tr3as-ta-va'ra74      trireme          
7tri'rem74      ,tro'j4an4              
,ulysses 7u-l7ys'sez74       ,vatican   
7v7at'7i-k4an74      ,ve'n7us4          
,v7ul'c4an4       ,wald/e9 7wa3ld'/in74 
,zeus 7zus74