,! ,%ort ,con/itution                   
,elem5t>y ,am]icanism ,s]ies       ,be+ 
a ,consid]ation ( ! ,con/itution ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 ,)    ,p>ticul> ,ref]5ce 
to ! ,gu>anties ( ,life1 ,lib]ty1 &     
,prop]ty          ,conta9$ ,!re91       
,sometimes ,designat$ ,! ,bill ,(       
,rights                                 
,by                                     
,m>t9 ,j4 ,wade                         
,judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt 
,&                                      
,william ,f4 ,russell                   
,dean ( ! ,college ( ,education1        
,univ]sity ( ,i[a                       
,annotations ,by                        
,*>les ,h4 ,mey]holz                    
,pr(essor ( ,social ,sci5ce1 ,i[a ,/ate 
,tea*]s ,college                        
,?ird & ,revis$ ,edition                
,am]ican ,citiz5 ,publi%+ ,co4          
,i[a ,city                              
,copyright1 #aibj1 #aiba                
,,cont5ts      ,ab\t ,! ,au?ors         
,preface  ,i4 ,! ,judge's ,fir/ ,talk   

,,ii4 ,gov]nm5t  ,,iii4 ,lib]ty  ,,iv4  
,am]ica--,a ,democracy  ,v4 ,am]ica--,a 
,republic  ,,vi4 ,law  ,,vii4 ,!        
,con/itution  ,,viii4 ,mak+ ,!          
,con/itution  ,,ix4 ,fre$om  ,x4        
,milit>y ,provisions  ,,xi4 ,se>*       
,w>rant ,& ,indictm5t  ,,xii4 ,rights ,(
 ,accus$  ,,xiii4 ,life1 ,lib]ty1 ,&    
,prop]ty  ,,xiv4 ,crim9al ,trials  ,,xv4
 ,! ,indictm5t  ,,xvi4 ,gu>d+ ,rights ,9
 ,c\rt  ,,xvii4 ,puni%m5t  ,,xviii4     
,equal ,rights ,( ,citiz5s  ,,xix4 ,writ
 ,( ,habeas ,corpus  ,,xx4 ,o!r         
,prohibit$ ,laws  ,,xxi4 ,titles1       
,gifts1 ,treason  ,,xxii4 ,jury1 ,except
 ,9 ,impea*m5t  ,,xxiii4 ,wrongs ,"u ,k+
 ,george  ,,xxiv4 ,%all ,any ,"p ,be    
,repeal$  ,,xxv4 ,am5d+ ,! ,con/itution 
,,xxvi4 ,ma*9]y ,( ,! ,gov]nm5t         
,,xxvii4 ,/ate ,con/itutions  ,,xxviii4 
,! ,suffrage  ,a ,^w ,to ,! ,! ,tea*]s  
,& ,o!rs  ,decl>ation ,( ,indep5d5ce    
,con/itution ,( ,! ,unit$ ,/ates        
,articles ,9 ,addition ,to1 ,& ,am5dm5t 
,( ,! ,con/itution ,( ,! ,unit$  ,/ates 

,( ,am]ica1 ,propos$ ,by ,congress1 ,&  
,ratifi$ ,by ,! ,legislatures  ,( ,!    
,sev]al ,/ates ,pursuant ,to ,! ,fif?   
,article ,( ,! ,orig9al  ,con/itution   
,footnotes              ,:at ,has       
,am]ica ,done ,= ,me ,& ,= ,my ,*ildr58 
,?is "q may n be spok51 b x is 9 ! he>ts
 ( millions (  ,am]icans to-day4    ,all
 ^? :o attempt to tea* ,am]icanism to   
=eign]s1 & to  ,am]icans1 mu/ be prep>$ 
to answ] ?is "q4 ,x c only be  answ]$ by
 tea*+ ! individual gu>anties ( !       
,con/itution ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( !  
,/ates1 :i* protect life & lib]ty &     
prop]ty4    ,x c only be answ]$ by      
conv9c+ ! p t ?is is a l& (  ju/ice & ( 
opportunity = all2 t if !re be abuses1  
!y are due  n to our =m ( gov]nm5t1 b t 
! p are !mselves to  blame1 because ( _!
 ignorance ( _! rights1 _! failure to   
realize _! p[]1 & _! neglect ( ^? duties
 :i* citiz5%ip  imposes4    ,all ov] !  
l& e>ne/ m5 & wom5 are endeavor+ to tea*
 ! great  tru?s ( ,am]icanism1 & )      
sub/antial success2 b ^? :o  und]/&     

human nature realize t ! fai? ( our     
fa!rs c only be  firmly e/abli%$ by     
light+ ! fires ( patriotism & loyalty 9 
!  he>ts ( our *ildr54 ,?r\gh !m ! great
 tru?s ( our ,national life  c be br\ght
 into ! homes ( ! l&4    ,& ! ,nation w 
nev] be safe until ! ,con/itution is    
c>ri$ into  ! homes1 until at e fireside
 "y & old %all feel a new s5se (        
security 9 ! gu>anties :i* are f\nd 9   
?is great *>t] ( human  lib]ty1 & a new 
feel+ ( gratitude = ! bless+s :i* x     
assures  to ?is1 & to all future        
g5]ations4            ,,ab\t ,,!        
,,au?ors      ,= a "w design$ to promote
 education 9 ! _s ( ,am]ican  citiz5%ip 
x w\ld be difficult to imag9e a m       
compet5t au?or%ip  ?an t :i* has be5    
provid$ = 8,! ,%ort ,con/itution04 ,ei!r
 (  ! writ]s alone w\ld h produc$ a book
 ( high /&+ 9 ?is  field2 !             
collaboration ( ! two makes x a         
rem>kable production 9  its adaptation  
to ! subject = home read+1 ! /udy club1 
& !  s*ool curriculum4 ,x is unique1 &  

has ju/ly be5 t]m$ 8! fir/  real attempt
 to popul>ize ,con/itutional law40      
,f$]al ,judge ,m>t9 ,j4 ,wade has _h a  
v>i$ contact ) p 9 8  long exp]i5ce z   
practic+ attorney1 di/rict judge1 memb] 
(  ,congress1 & ,judge ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,c\rt4 ,a well kn[n ,i[a  publici/1 he 
has ga9$ nation wide fame z a public    
speak] & writ]  on ,am]icanization &    
citiz5%ip topics1 bas+ 8 !mes on fir/-h&
  exp]i5ces ) conditions :i* h produc$  
mu* unre/ ?r\gh\t !  ,nation4 ,z a memb]
 ( ! ,/ate ,c\ncil ( ,national ,def5se  
dur+ !  ,_w ,w>1 & z presid+ judge at ! 
trial ( _m ob/ructioni/s 9  t p]iod1 he 
conceiv$ ! idea ( ! ne$ = a s*ool (     
,am]icanism1 to tea* :at our c\ntry has 
done = its citiz5s4  ,cle>ness &        
eloqu5ce m>k 8 public addresses1 & h    
enri*$ !  argum5ts & illu/rations ( ?is 
fir/ book ( ! 8,elem5t>y  ,am]icanism   
,s]ies04    ,dean ,william ,f4 ,russell 
0 ! educational advis] s5t ) a gr\p (   
exp]ts by appo9tm5t ( ! ,presid5t ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates to advise  disorganiz$    

,russia dur+ ! latt] "p ( ! ,_w ,w>2 &  
also "o  ( ! five memb]s ( ! ,*9a       
,educational ,commission ( ,nor?        
,am]ica1  s5t to ,*9a 9 #aiba4 ,8 c\rse 
( /udy 9 ,am]ican citiz5%ip1  writt5 at 
! reque/ ( ! ,national ,masonic ,rese>* 
,society = use  ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 0 inspir$ by ! obs]vation t !  gov]nm5t
 9 ,russia1 9 contra/ ) our own1 0 an   
ag5cy t took  money = its c(f]s & boys =
 its armies & gave no?+ 9 return4  ,9   
addition to 8 "w z ,dean ( ! ,college ( 
,education ( ! ,/ate  ,univ]sity ( ,i[a1
 & 8 record z a widely-kn[n lectur] on  
educational topics1 he has f\nd "t to   
write s*ool texts notable =  accurate & 
concise /atem5t1 adapt$ to ar\s+ &      
su/a9+  int]e/ 9 ! /ud5t m9d4    ,!     
au?ors h done m ?an pres5t ! facts ab\t 
! ,con/itution  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )    
p>ticul> emphasis on its p]sonal        
gu>anties4  ,!y h vitaliz$ a topic      
g5]ally ?\ght to be dry & te*nical4  ,!y
 h succe$$ 9 mak+ ! ,con/itution seem to
 be :at x is1 a  factor ( fir/          

importance 9 ! daily life ( ! av]age    
citiz54 ,x is  n too mu* to say t ! se$ 
( ?is book %\ld be plant$ 9 e  home 9   
,am]ica4    ,! admirable "w ( annotation
 by ,pr(essor ,*as4 ,h4 ,mey]holz1      
,pr(essor ( ,social ,sci5ce 9 ! ,i[a    
,/ate ,tea*]s ,college1 gives mu*       
additional mat]ial = elem5t>y & advanc$ 
/udy4 ,pr(essor ,mey]holz  is well kn[n 
z an au?oritative tea*]1 writ]1 &       
lectur] on  subjects p]ta9+ to gov]nm5t1
 & has done mu* valuable                
,am]icanization "w4    ,! elem5t>y &    
advanc$ que/ions at ! end ( ea* *apt] w 
s]ve z a guide to all tea*]s & lead]s ( 
/udy classes4 ,! text (  ! ,decl>ation (
 ,indep5d5ce & ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates1  ) ! orig9al capitalization &  
punctuation pres]v$1 & an  abridgem5t ( 
a ,/ate ,con/itution1 pr9t$ at ! end ( !
 book1 are  valuable = ref]5ce4    ,,!  
,,publi%]            ,,preface      8,! 
,%ort ,con/itution0 is "o ( a s]ies (   
volumes entitl$  8,elem5t>y             
,am]icanism01 int5d$ = use 9 ! home1 !  

club1 !  s*ool1 & 9 g5]al               
,am]icanization "w4    ,x is our hope t 
regul> c\rses 9 8,am]icanism0 w soon be 
e/abli%$ 9 all s*ools1 colleges1 &      
univ]sities4    ,we use ! t]m           
8,am]icanism0 because we feel t x       
signifies some?+  broad]1 deep]1 & m    
appeal+ ?an any title n[ us$ 9 ! s*ools 
9 ! tea*+ ( ,am]ican gov]nm5t1 or       
citiz5%ip1 or ! rights &  duties ( !    
citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,we l !   
t]m 8,am]ica0 bett] ?an 8! ,unit$       
,/ates04 8,! ,unit$  ,/ates0 sugge/s    
b\nd>ies1 codes1 & con/itutions4        
8,am]ica0 sugge/s  all ^! & !n x sugge/s
 _s4 ,!re is su* a ?+ z  8,am]icanism04 
,x includes all !re is ( in=mation      
relat+ to our  c\ntry2 b x also has a   
s\l 8,am]icanism0 relates to democracy1 
into  :i* ent] all ! ideals1 all !      
impulses & emotions ( m51 wom51  &      
*ildr54 8,am]icanism0 tea*es n only !   
relation ( ! ,/ates to  ! ,national     
gov]nm5t1 & ! relation ( citiz5s to bo? 
! ,/ate  & ! ,national gov]nm5t1 b x    

also tea*es ! relation ( m51  wom51 &   
*ildr5 to ea* o!r4    ,?is is a gov]nm5t
 by ! p1 & !re=e we mu/ und]/& !  p 9   
ord] t we1 ! p1 may gov]n4    ,to ar\se 
patriotism & loyalty we mu/ d m ?an     
develop ! p[]s  ( ! m9d1 d m ?an exp& ! 
field ( k4 ,we mu/ inspire  9 ! he>t    
fai?1 confid5ce1 & love4 ,m5 mu/ n only 
le>n h[ to  gov]n1 b !y mu/ le>n h[ to  
be gov]n$4 ,we mu/ n only le>n to       
comm&1 b also to obey4 ,our spirits mu/ 
be s mold$ t we c  submit to duly       
con/itut$ au?ority1 submission to :i* is
 ! mo/  l(ty expression ( ,am]ican      
patriotism4    ,submission to au?ority 9
 ,am]ica is submission to law1 = no man 
9  ?is c\ntry has any au?ority to comm& 
or direct a fell[man1 except z  ! law   
made by ! p ve/s him ) su* au?ority4    
,to inspire devotion to our c\ntry we   
mu/ ar\se 9 ! he>ts ( our  p a s5se (   
gratitude = ! bless+s :i* come to u     
because we  live 9 free ,am]ica1        
gratitude = ! rights & lib]ties :i* we  
possess1 :i* are protect$ by ! gu>anties

 ( a writt5 ,con/itution  adopt$ by ! p 
!mselves4    ,!re is only "o way 9 :i* !
 av]age p]son may be br\ght to see  :at 
,am]ica has done = him1 & t is by       
contra/+ ! rights1  privileges1 &       
opportunities :i* he has ) ^? possess$  
by o!rs  9 ! same walk ( life be=e !    
,con/itution became ! bulw>k ( !  p     
aga9/ inju/ice & wrong4    ,! aim ( 8,! 
,%ort ,con/itution0 is to pres5t1 9 a =m
 z simple z  possible1 a def9ite k ( all
 ! p]sonal gu>anties ( !  ,con/itution1 
) an explanation ( :at !y mean1 & :at !y
 h  done 9 ! advancem5t ( human         
happ9ess2 & a brief explanation ( !     
ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t provid$ by !          
,con/itution4    ,ev]yone :o und]/&s    
human nature w admit t to mold ! _s1  to
 inspire fai?1 & to excite gratitude    
tra9+ mu/ beg9 9  *ildhood4 ,! *ild mu/ 
le>n3          7a7 ,:at au?ority means4 
7b7 ,! s\rce ( au?ority4        7c7 ,9  
:om au?ority re/s3 9 ! p>5t1 9 ! tea*]1 
& 9      public (fic]s select$ by ! p to
 en=ce ! au?ority (      ! community1 ! 

,/ate1 & ( ! ,nation4        7d7 ,h[ !  
au?ority ( ! p1 ! community1 ! ,/ate1 & 
! ,nation is express$ ?r\gh laws :i* are
 no?+ b rules      ( human conduct4     
7e7 ,h[ we %\ld respect au?ority &      
submit to au?ority4        7f7 ,h[ & by 
:om ^? :o w n yield ob$i5ce to          
au?ority out ( respect w be compell$ to 
obey by puni%m5t4      ,we h adopt$ a   
new me?od ( pres5t+ ?is subject4 ,9 ?is 
c\ntry  au?ority is l>gely adm9i/]$     
?r\gh ! c\rts4 ,judges ( ! c\rts        
con/rue ! ,con/itution & ! laws2 &1     
g5]ally ) ! aid ( a  jury1 det]m9e      
rights & wrongs1 & en=ce ju/ice ?r\gh _!
  judgm5ts & decrees4    ,we !re=e feel 
t ! subject 8,am]icanism01 pres5t$ ?r\gh
 !  spok5 ^w ( a judge1 w bett] ga9 &   
hold ! att5tion ( !  pupil ?an 9 any o!r
 way4 ,we h ! tea*] invite ,judge ,g>l& 
to  deliv] a s]ies ( 8,talks0 to !      
pupils1 :i* are h]e9 pres5t$4 ,by  ?is  
direct me?od great] fre$om ( expression 
is p]mitt$ & ) !  aid ( notes great]    
brevity is possible4 ,9 ^! 8,talks0     

consid]able  app>5t repetition w appe>4 
,?is is ess5tial to ?or\gh  und]/&+4    
,)\t reit]ation x is impossible to      
accompli% our  purpose :i* is n only to 
enlight51 b to inspire4    ,our endeavor
 is to pres5t ! subject n f ! /&po9t ( !
  gov]nm5t1 b f ! /&po9t ( ! p4 ,!      
rights ( !  p are ( fir/ importance 9 a 
,nation :]e m51 wom51 & *ildr5  are     
free4 ,! ,/ate & ! ,nation h no rights  
except ^? giv5 !m  by ! p4 ,/rictly     
speak+ ! ,nation & ! ,/ates h no        
8rights0 b only ! duty to ex]cise c]ta9 
p[]s 9 ! protection (  ! lib]ties ( ! p4
    ,9 ,am]ica ! rights ( ! p are       
supreme4 ,! /ate exi/s = man1  n man = !
 /ate4    ,to ga9 sub/antial results we 
mu/ rely l>gely ^u ! indu/ry &          
en?usiasm ( ! in/ructors4 ,we are sure  
!y w realize t 9 !  8upbuild+ ( ! _s0 a 
prop] atmosph]e mu/ be creat$ &         
ma9ta9$4 ,doctor ,/e9] wisely said1     
8,religion _c be taught1 x  mu/ be      
caught04 ,9 o!r words religion is ( !   
_s2 s is  patriotism4 ,always be> 9 m9d 

t 9 pres5t+ ! ,con/itution we  are tea*+
 human rights "u ! ,con/itution4    ,x  
is m ?an a c5tury s9ce ! ,con/itution 0 
ratifi$1 &1 s f>  z we h k1 ?is is !    
fir/ direct attempt to translate its    
gu>anties into ! language ( ! ord9>y    
man1 woman1 & *ild4 ,we  dem& respect =1
 & loyalty to ! ,con/itution1 b ! tru?  
is t  ! ord9>y citiz5 has no k ( !      
relation ( ! ,con/itution  to 8 life or 
to ! life ( 8 *ildr54    ,,! ,,au?ors   
,i4 ,,! ,,judge',s ,,fir/ ,,talk        
,reasons ,= ,! ,/udy ,( ,! ,con/itution 
,( ,! ,unit$ ,/ates      ,= sev]al days 
!re _h be5 an air ( expectancy ab\t !   
s*ool4 ,at  ,monday's assembly ! tea*]  
_h ann\nc$ t %e _h p]suad$ ,judge  ,g>l&
 to come to talk to ! tea*]s & pupils   
ab\t ! ,con/itution  ( _! c\ntry & ab\t 
! law1 ! rights1 ! p[]s1 & ! duties  ( !
 p4 ,a real live judge 0 com+6 ,mo/ ( ! 
*ildr5 _h  nev] se5 a judge4 ,! ^w      
inspir$ a sort ( dread4 ,!y _h read (   
m5 be+ s5t5c$ to prison4 ,!y expect$ to 
see a fi]ce1 h>d-he>t$  man4 ,"s ( !    

y\ng] *ildr5 _h wond]$ if x w\ld be     
possible to  /ay away f ! assembly room 
:5 ! judge 0 !re1 b ! tea*]  said t     
ev]yone %\ld be pres5t4 ,s important 0 !
 subject t  ! tea*]s 7 to be !re1 too2 &
 _m fa!rs & mo!rs t  c\ld sp>e ! "t 7   
also invit$4 ,! pr9cipal _h said t he   
w\ld n miss a meet+4    ,s :5 ,friday   
came ! assembly room 0 cr[d$4 ,all !    
pupils &  tea*]s 7 !re1 & 9 ! re> ( !   
room 7 a few ( !  p>5ts4 ,! door op5$ & 
! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool ent]$4 ,by 8  side 
0 a man ^: gray hair & s]i\s c\nt5ance  
told ( ye>s (  responsibility4 ,he did n
 appe> 8fi]ce04 ,r 8 face 0 k9d &  8    
eyes tw9kl$ z he asc5d$ ! plat=m & /ood 
look+ out ov]  ! faces be=e him4    ,!  
pr9cipal introduc$ ,judge ,g>l& :o b[$ &
 began 8 s]ies (  talks to ! *ildr54    
,well my fri5ds1 ,i am glad to see y4 ,i
 am delight$ to be back 9 a  s*ool room 
aga94 ,x is _m ye>s ago1 ?\gh x seems b 
a %ort "t1  s9ce z a s*oolboy ,i sat 9 a
 s*ool room l ?is1 among boys &  girls l
 y4 ,i suppose t ,i /udi$ ab\t z y /udy1

 & did n  recite any bett] ?an y recite4
 ,i ?\ght ,i _h to "w v h>d1 &  ,i      
rememb] t ,i (t5 look$ out ( ! op5 w9d[ 
( ! s*ool room  :5 ! summ] sun 0 w>m1 & 
,i ?\ght ,i c\ld he> ! trees1 !  grass1 
! /ream1 & ev5 ! fi% call+ me to quit   
/udy & come out  to joy & fre$om4 ,i "k 
x 0 a real temptation4 ,i c\ld h _h a   
good "t1 b ,i h (t5 be5 glad s9ce t ,i  
obey$ my tea*]1 my  p>5ts1 & ! law1 &   
cont9u$ my /udies 9 s*ool4 ,i am glad1  
because ,i n[ realize h[ mu* easi]1 h[  
mu* happi]1 & h[ mu* m  useful my life  
has be5 because ,i did n li/5 to ! voice
 (  temptation :i* call$ me f "w to     
play47#a7    ,s9ce ^? pleasant s*ool    
days ,i h se5 mu* ( human life4 ,on !   
b5* n[ = ov] tw5ty-five ye>s1 ,i h be5  
compell$ to deal )  all sorts ( p1 ev5 !
 little *ildr5 :o e>ly 9 life sometimes 
drift f ! pa? ( "r to ways ( wick$ness4 
,i h s]v$ z judge  ( ! ,juv5ile ,c\rt1 &
 judge ( ! c\rt 9 :i* ! wor/ crim9als   
are tri$4 ,i h he>d ! cases ( ?\s&s (   
p]sons on trial =  crimes1 m5 & wom51 "y

 & old4 ,i h s5t hundr$s to prison1 &   
,i h be5 compell$ to s5t5ce "s to dea?4 
,9 ?is exp]i5ce1 ,i h le>n$ some?+ ( h[ 
easy x is1 unless we  are on our gu>d1  
to s9 aga9/ ! laws ( our c\ntry1 & aga9/
 !  laws ( ,god4 ,i h obs]v$ t ! av]age 
p]son does n fully  appreciate ! value (
 lib]ty until he is ab\t to lose x47#b7 
,i also "k t mo/ p d n "k ! wor? ( !    
protection :i*  our ,con/itution gives  
to ea* "o ( u1 until someone is ab\t to 
take  away _! "r to life1 or to lib]ty1 
or to prop]ty2 & !n !y cry  out = help4 
,if !y are "r 9 _! appeal1 !y always f9d
 help 9  ! ,con/itution & 9 ! law ( !   
l&4 ,yet x is true t !re is  mu* real   
ignorance ab\t our c\ntry1 our          
,con/itution1 & our laws4  ,!re is ev5  
mu* ignorance ( ^! ?+s among p :o are   
suppos$  to be well educat$4    ,s ,i 0 
pleas$ :5 y\r tea*] came to me ! o!r day
 ask+ me to  come to y\r s*ool a c\ple (
 times a week1 to talk to y ab\t our    
c\ntry1 our ,con/itution1 & our laws4 ,i
 am happy to be able to comply  ) h]    

reque/4 ,x is a difficult subject =     
*ildr51 yet *ildr5  mu/ /udy ^! ?+s1 &  
le>n !m4 ,!re is no m important         
subject47#c7    ,"o ( ! *ief objects (  
furni%+ free education to *ildr51 ri*  &
 poor1 is to make ( !m good law-abid+   
citiz5s2 citiz5s :o "k  :at au?ority is2
 citiz5s :o w obey ! voice ( au?ority2  
citiz5s  :o realize t au?ority 9 ?is    
c\ntry re/s 9 ! p !mselves2  citiz5s1 m5
 & wom51 :o realize t !y owe a duty to  
_! c\ntry  & _! fell[m5 to d all !y c to
 keep ,am]ica ! mo/ free &  ! mo/ j     
c\ntry 9 ! _w47#d7    ,no ,am]ican *ild 
%\ld leave s*ool )\t a full k ( !       
gov]nm5t ( our c\ntry2 nor until he has 
9 8 he>t loyal devotion to  ,am]ica1 &  
to ! ,/>s & ,/ripes1 ! emblem ( ! free4 
,( c\rse ,i d n expect y to le>n all !re
 is to be kn[n ab\t y\r  gov]nm5t4      
,h[ev] ,i d expect y to "k ! great      
fundam5tal tru?s  :i* aft] all are v    
simple & easily und]/ood4    ,i am n    
endeavor+ to make lawy]s4 ,i am n try+  
to tra9 y to  become lawy]s4 ,y "k ne>ly

 all ! *ildr5 9 ! ,am]ican s*ools  h to 
le>n some?+ ab\t physiology & hygi5e1 b 
n 9 ord] to  become doctors4 ,!y /udy   
physiology & hygi5e 9 ord] to und]/&  ! 
ord9>y rules ( heal?1 s t !y may protect
 !mselves z f>  z possible aga9/ disease
 & take c>e ( _! bodies intellig5tly4   
,( c\rse sickness w come4 ,!n y mu/ call
 ! doctor4    ,well1 s x is 9 ?is c\rse4
 ,i want y to "k en\gh ab\t y\r         
gov]nm5t1 y\r ,con/itution1 & y\r       
laws--because ^! ?+s are  y\rs--s t y1 z
 memb]s ( ?is great society call$       
,am]ica1 w  be able to und]/& y\r rights
 & duties1 y\r privileges1 y\r          
opportunities1 & y\r obligations4       
,sometime 9 y\r life y\r problem  may   
become s difficult1 or y\r rights may   
become s endang]$1 t y  w h to call ^u a
 lawy]1 j z :5 illness comes y call ^u  
y\r physician47#e7    ,no "o kn[s any?+ 
( real wor? ab\t 8 c\ntry until he kn[s 
its  ,con/itution4 ,no "o c h 9 8 he>t a
 full measure ( gratitude =  ! bless+s (
 liv+ 9 a free c\ntry1 until he kn[s (  

h[ fully !  ,con/itution gu>ds e "r &   
privilege :i* we hold de>4 ,s we  %all  
ent] ^u ! /udy ( ! ,con/itution ( our   
c\ntry4    ,b 9 ord] t y may bett]      
und]/& ! ,con/itution ( y\r  c\ntry1 9  
ord] t y may bett] /udy ! problems :i* w
 be  pres5t$ to y 9 ?is c\rse1 x is     
necess>y = y to und]/&  some?+1 9 a     
g5]al way at lea/1 ( f\r sep>ate        
?+s--,gov]nm5t1 ,lib]ty1 ,au?ority1 &   
,law4 ,s be=e talk+  to y ( !           
,con/itution1 ,i %all talk to y on ^!   
subjects47#f7    ,i "k x w n be easy = y
 at fir/ to und]/& "s ( !  words &      
expressions :i* x is necess>y = me to   
use4 ,x w be  necess>y = me to repeat to
 "s ext5t1 f "t to "t1 b ,i feel        
satisfi$ t if we w "w toge!r 9 ! "r _s1 
y w f9d  ! matt] int]e/+2 & ,i am sure t
 ! great tru?s1 ! great  pr9ciples (    
life1 conduct1 & action w soon become   
cle> to y\r  m9ds4    ,! important ?+ to
 realize at all times is t we are n     
talk+  ab\t some?+ away (f 9 :i* we h   
slight int]e/1 b t we are  talk+ ( ?+s  

:i* are ours1 :i* affect e "o ( u1 n 9 !
  future1 b n[4    ,i c recall a numb] (
 faces ( m5 :o h be5 be=e my c\rt  *>g$ 
) crimes1 :o 9 *ildhood 7 sitt+ :]e y   
are sitt+  to-day4 ,i h s5t5c$ "s ( !m  
to long t]ms ( ye>s 9 !  p5it5ti>y4 ,i 0
 compell$ to take away f !m _! lib]ty1  
because !y _h %[n !mselves unwor?y1 & _h
 %[n !mselves  rebels aga9/ ! au?ority (
 _! c\ntry4    ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i recall  
^? :o came into c\rt seek+ protection  (
 _! rights aga9/ wrongdo]s--aga9/ ^? :o 
w\ld take away _!  prop]ty1 ! e>n+s     
p]haps ( a lifetime2 & 9 c\rt !y f\nd   
protection1 ju/ice1 & "r4 ,b 9 adm9i/]+ 
ju/ice & "r1  ! c\rt 0 only apply+ !    
pr9ciples ( ! ,con/itution ( our  c\ntry
 :i* we are ab\t to /udy4    ,s let u   
ent] ^u ?is "w ) a det]m9ation to succe$
 9 our  und]tak+4 ,y "k t has a great   
deal to d ) our success 9  life--a      
det]m9ation to succe$4    ,:5 y boys    
take y\r baseball team to play ! team ( 
"s o!r  s*ool1 y />t = ! baseball p>k   
det]m9$ to w9 ! game2 &1  if y keep up  

?is _s1 y probably w w9 ! game4 ,9 any  
ev5t1  y play a real game ( :i* y\r     
fri5ds are pr\d4 ,t is ! way to  meet   
all ! problems ( life1 :e!r 9 ! s*ool   
room1 or out 9 !  _w aft] y h ent]$ ^u !
 great battles ( life4    ,,elem5t>y    
,,que/ions    #a4 ,did y ev] see a      
judge8 ,w\ld y be afraid ( a judge8 ,:y8
    #b4 ,:at are ! duties ( a judge8    
#c4 ,:y did ! judge say1 8,b ,i h (t5   
be5 glad s9ce1 t ,i obey$  my tea*]1 my 
p>5ts1 & ! law1 & cont9u$ my /udies 9   
s*ool08  ,:y d boys & girls g to s*ool8 
,:y is ! public will+ to pay l>ge  sums 
( money to pay tea*]s1 buy books1 build 
s*ool build+s1 & keep  !m op58    #d4   
,:at law 0 x t ! judge said he 0 glad t 
he _h obey$8    #e4 ,:y did ! judge s5d 
hundr$s to prison8 ,:y 0 he compell$ to 
s5t5ce "s to dea?8    #f4 ,:at are !    
advantages ( /ay+ 9 s*ool8 ,:at m d y "k
  :5 y graduate f elem5t>y s*ool ?an ^? 
:o quit e>li]8  ,%\ld "o try to graduate
 f high s*ool8 ,:y8    #g4 ,! judge says
 t "o ( ! *ief purposes ( s*ool is to   

make  good1 law-abid+ citiz5s4 ,?9k ( "s
 p]son y "k :o is a 8good1  law-abid+   
citiz502 ?9k ( "s "o :o is n2 "n five   
ways 9  :i* !y are diff]5t4    #h4 ,h y 
read ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8  
,%\ld a good1  law-abid+ citiz5 "k :at  
is 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8  
#i4 ,! judge says t we owe a duty to our
 c\ntry4 ,li/ five duties t  a s*ool    
pupil owes to 8 fa!r & "m1 five t he    
owes to 8  tea*]1 &1 if y c1 li/ five   
duties t all ( u owe to our  c\ntry4    
#aj4 ,! judge says t ! ,con/itution     
gu>ds e "r & privilege  t we hold de>4  
,c y "n any rights or privileges t y    
hold  de>8    ,,advanc$ ,,que/ions      
,a4 ,:y d we say t ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! 
8l& ( ! free08 ,:y  does ! judge say t x
 is ! mo/ free & j c\ntry 9 ! _w8    ,b4
 ,h[ are judges select$8 ,to :om are !y 
responsible8 ,:at are _!  duties8    ,c4
 ,:at are likely to be ! results ( poor 
s*ools8    ,d4 ,%\ld a p>5t h a "r to   
give a *ild z poor an education or z    
little s*ool+ z he may desire8    ,e4   

,:y d "s ,/ates require *ildr5 to /udy  
physiology & hygi5e8 ,is  !re z good an 
argum5t = a /udy ( ! ,con/itution8      
,f4 ,:y does ! judge say1 8,no "o kn[s  
any?+ ( real wor? ab\t 8  c\ntry until  
he kn[s its ,con/itution08    ,g4 ,!    
judge says t good citiz5s "k :at        
au?ority is4 ,give an  illu/ration ( a  
*ild1 a /ud5t1 & a citiz5 :o kn[s :at   
au?ority  is4 ,def9e au?ority4 ,give an 
illu/ration ( a man :o does n respect   
au?ority4    ,h4 ,:5 is a c\ntry a 8free
 c\ntry08 ,:at is a 8j c\ntry08 ,h[ c a 
judge ju/ify himself 9 a free c\ntry :5 
he s5ds "s m5 to prison1  !reby tak+    
away _! fre$om8    ,i4 ,h[ c an ,am]ican
 protect 8 lib]ties8 ,:at /eps mu/ he   
take8    ,j4 ,prep>e a pap] on "o ( !   
foll[+ subjects3          ,! ,advantages
 ( ,/ay+ 9 ,s*ool        ,"o ,law-abid+ 
,citiz5 ,t ,i ,"k        ,:at ,"o ,man  
,i ,"k ,kn[s ,ab\t ! ,rights &          
,privileges ( !      ,am]ican ,citiz5   
,"u ! ,con/itution4        ,:y ,ev]yone 
,%\ld ,/udy ! ,con/itution        ,:at a

 ,law ,is1 ,:]e ,x ,comes ,f & ,its     
,value            ,,ii4 ,,gov]nm5t      
,! ,purpose ,& ,orig9 ,( ,gov]nm5t      
,among ,m5--,9 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates      ,x 
is a little difficult ev5 = gr[n p to   
und]/& cle>ly :at  is meant by 8!       
gov]nm5t04 ,!y h s _m absurd notions    
ab\t :at  ! gov]nm5t is1 & :]e x is1 t  
,i d n wond] t *ildr5 d  n und]/&4 ,if  
,i c\ld look into ! m9d ( ea* *ild "h   
?is  morn+1 ,i am sure ,i w\ld f9d _m t 
picture ! capitol at  ,wa%+ton1 !       
,presid5t1 or "s o!r (fic] z be+ !      
gov]nm5t4  ,n[ ! capitol & ! ,presid5t &
 ! ,congress & ! ,supreme ,c\rt  ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates & all o!r ,national (fic]s
 are "p ( !  gov]nm5t1 b !y are n !     
gov]nm5t47#g7    ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates is m]ely ! ag5cy by :i* &  ?r\gh 
:i* ! p protect _! own rights &         
lib]ties4 ,our  gov]nm5t may be said to 
be ! organiz$ w ( all ! p4 ,!  p gov]n 9
 ?is c\ntry1 & ! m5 & ! means by :i* !y 
gov]n all comb9$ may be said to be !    
gov]nm5t4 ,b d n ev]  =get ?is fact3 !  

,presid5t is n a ma/]1 b a s]vant4 ,!   
,presid5t1 ,s5ators1 congressm51 &      
judges1 9 ! ,nation2 !  ,gov]nors1 ,/ate
 ,s5ators1 & ,/ate ,repres5tatives 9 !  
,/ates are  only ag5ts or s]vants ( ! p 
to c>ry out ! p's w4 ,also  d n =get t !
 p[] ( gov]nm5t does n re/ 9 ,wa%+ton1  
! capital ( ! ,nation1 nor at ! capitals
 ( ! diff]5t ,/ates4  ,! p[] ( gov]nm5t 
exi/s all ov] ^! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,! p[] (
  gov]nm5t exi/s "r 9 ! homes & he>ts ( 
! p47#h7    ,! ,presid5t has no p[]     
except t conf]r$ ^u him by !            
,con/itution & ! laws :i* ! p h adopt$4 
,nei!r h !  ,s5ators1 ! congressm51 nor 
! judges any p[] except t giv5 by  ! p1 
& ! p at any "t c take away any "p ( !  
p[]  giv54 ,:5 ,i say ! p1 ,i mean (    
c\rse all ! p4 ,n t  all ! p mu/ agree  
to any law to h x enact$4 ,! majority ( 
! p make ! laws z a rule4 ,we %all take 
?is up lat] &  consid] x fully4         
,gov]nm5t is p[] to ex]cise au?ority4   
,au?ority is  9 ! p1 & ! au?ority ( ! p 
is express$ z !y want  x 9 laws :i* !y  

make4    ,b :at is gov]nm5t =8 ,:y h any
 gov]nm5t8    ,gov]nm5t is organiz$ to  
protect human rights47#i7 ,p]haps if y 7
 a  giant possess$ ( wond]ful wisdom y  
w\ld n ne$ any law to protect  y\r      
rights because y w\ld be big en\gh1     
p[]ful en\gh1 & wise  en\gh to resi/ any
 p]son :o might und]take to int]f]e )   
y\r  rights2 b we are n all giants & we 
are n all wise4 ,9 fact !re  are v few  
giants 9 ! _w4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t "s  
are  bigg] & /rong] ?an o!rs2 &         
sometimes ^! big1 /rong p  are selfi%1  
wick$1 or envi\s4 ,!y see t a weak]     
p]son has  some?+ :i* !y want1 & be+ big
 & /rong1 if !re 7 no law  to re/ra9 !m1
 !y w\ld take x4    ,n[ if y h a bicycle
 & "s full-gr[n1 /rong1 brutal man 7 to 
come into y\r y>d1 take y\r bicycle1 &  
/>t away ) x1 :at w\ld  y d8 ,y might   
prote/4 ,y might beg him n to take y\r  
prop]ty1  b ?is w\ld probably d no good4
 ,a ?ief does n /op :5 he is ask$  to by
 ! own] ( ! prop]ty he is /eal+1 nor is 
a ?ief influ5c$  by ! fact t 8 act is   

wrong4 ,9 fact do+ wrong is ! bus9ess ( 
a ?ief4    ,s !re be+ _m /rong p 9 ! _w 
& _m weak p1 _m  wise p1 & _m simple p1 
! full gr[n & ! *ildr51 &  _m1 _m p :o  
are n guid$ by rules ( "r or morality or
  ju/ice1 y c see h[ necess>y x is t    
someone %all provide rules  &           
regulations "u :i* ! weak1 ! simple1 & !
 "y may be  protect$ f ! /rong1 !       
brutal1 & ! wick$ :o w\ld deprive  _!   
neighbors ( _! rights or _! prop]ty1    
simply because !y _h  ! p[] to d x4 ,?is
 is :at ! gov]nm5t does4    ,!re h be5  
times 9 ! _w1 hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ye>s1   
dur+ :i* ! /rong gov]n$ ! weak1 made !  
weak _! slaves1  took f ! weak ! e>n+s (
 _! toil2 b our gov]nm5t exi/s  = ! v   
purpose ( re/ra9+ ! /rong & protect+ !  
weak1 s  t _! rights are equal4 ,e man  
is free & no man is a slave4    ,!re=e  
always keep 9 m9d t ! purpose ( gov]nm5t
 is to protect  ! p ( all classes & ages
 s t1 s f> z possible1 all may be  equal
 9 _! "r to d ! ?+s !y want to d1 own ! 
?+s !y  want to own s f> z !y are able  

to produce or procure !m1 ?9k !  ?+s !y 
want to ?9k1 & speak ! ?+s !y want to   
speak4 ,9  o!r words1 gov]nm5t is to    
protect our fre$om aga9/ ! wrongs (     
o!rs4    ,n[ we mu/ n h ! notion 9 our  
m9d t ! gov]nm5t has  any?+ to d ) :o   
%all "w1 or :o %all play1 or :o %all    
idle4  ,occupations 9 life are n select$
 by ! gov]nm5t4 ,ea* p]son  det]m9es ?is
 = himself4 ,t is "o ( ! privileges :i* 
we h  9 a free c\ntry1 to select our own
 occupations2 & z y g ?r\gh  life y w   
f9d t :at appe> to be ! high] or bett]  
occupations  are usually e>n$ by        
indu/ry1 fai?fulness1 & hone/y47#aj7    
,i am go+ to talk to y "s day ab\t      
occupations 9 life s t y  w und]/& t our
 place 9 life is select$ by ourselves1  
det]m9$ by our ef=ts & our conduct4 ,i  
want y to />t out 9 life  ) su* a k ( ^!
 ?+s t y w nev] blame y\r  c\ntry if y d
 n l y\r job4    ,b h[ did our gov]nm5t 
come into exi/5ce8 ,:at 0 ! beg9n+8     
,well1 x is all v simple if we only get 
"r d[n to elem5t>y  pr9ciples1 if we    

only 8beg9 at ! beg9n+04 ,p]haps y\r    
fa!r is a  ,woodman1 or an ,odd ,fell[1 
or a ,knight ( ,columbus4 ,p]haps he is 
a memb]  ( ! ,am]ican ,f$]ation (       
,labor4 ,p]haps y\r "m belongs to !     
,ea/]n ,/>1 or ! ,p4 ,e4 ,o4 society4   
,p]haps y belong to "s s*ool  frat]nity1
 debat+ society1 or neighborhood club1 !
 ,boy ,sc\ts1 or !  ,camp ,fire ,girls4 
,n[ let u g back a few ye>s4 ,none ( ^! 
societies 7 9 exi/5ce4  ,:]e did !y come
 f8 ,"o day1 ye>s ago1 a few m5 & wom51 
or boys  & girls1 met p]haps 9 "s home1 
or ! (fice1 & talk$ ov] !  plan :i*     
p]haps _h be5 sugge/$ by "s "o pres5t at
 ! meet+4  ,aft] discussion1 x 0 decid$ 
to =m an organization4 ,i h no d\bt  t  
mo/ ( y h _h su* an exp]i5ce4 ,! beg9n+ 
( ea*  society 0 m]ely an idea 9 ! m9d (
 "s "o4 ,he or %e talk$ ( x  to "s "o   
else1 & ! discussion ext5d$ until en\gh 
( int]e/$  p]sons came toge!r to        
complete an organization & give x a "n4 
,:at 0 ! fir/ /ep 9 p]fect+ ! society or
 organization8 ,x 0  ! prep>ation ( a   

writt5 /atem5t ( ! purposes & pr9ciples 
(  ! organization1 :i* is usually call$ 
a con/itution4 ,:5 !  con/itution 0     
complet$1 usually by a committee1 all ^?
 ab\t to  become memb]s ( ! society met 
& talk$ x ov]4 ,*anges probably  7 made 
& ! con/itution f9ally adopt$4 ,probably
 "s vot$  aga9/ x1 b ^? :o did vote     
aga9/ x recogniz$ t !y %\ld  be b\nd by 
! judgm5t & w ( ! majority47#aa7        
,laws1 or by-laws1 z !y are g5]ally     
call$1 7 !n adopt$ to  gov]n ! conduct (
 ! memb]s 9 _! relation to ea* o!r & to 
! society4 ,^! by-laws h be5 am5d$ f "t 
to "t ev] s9ce1  & p]haps at all times  
"s ( ! memb]s h believ$ t !  by-laws    
%\ld be diff]5t1 b !y h submitt$ to ! w 
( !  majority4    ,s ) ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 
,!re 0 a "t less ?an "o hundr$ &  fifty 
ye>s ago :5 !re 0 no su* ?+ on e>?4 ,a  
comp>atively few  m51 repres5t+ ! p ( ! 
=m] colonies1 decid$ to =m a  ,nation1 &
 9 ! ,con/itutional ,conv5tion aft]     
mon?s ( discussion1  ! ,con/itution 0   
adopt$1 & x 0 f9ally ratifi$ by ! p (  !

 ,/ates4 ,:ile _m p]sons oppos$ "s ( !  
provisions ( !  ,con/itution1 all       
submitt$ to ! w ( ! majority4           
,!reaft]1 rules ( conduct call$ laws--9 
y\r society by-laws--7  adopt$1 & f "t  
to "t *ang$ & ext5d$ z circum/ances     
seem$ to dem&4 ,we are go+ to talk ab\t 
^! laws 9 a few days4    ,b !re is !    
:ole /ory4 ,!re is ! simple beg9n+ ( ?is
 n[  great ,nation1 ! mo/ p[]ful on e>?4
    ,s y see !re is no?+ my/]i\s ab\t ! 
orig9 ( our  ,con/itution4 ,!re is no?+ 
my/]i\s ab\t ! orig9 or !  organization 
( ?is gov]nm5t4 ,! important ?+ to be> 9
 m9d is  t x 0 =m$ by ! p = !mselves4   
,humanity1 aft] ?\s&s  ( ye>s1 _h rea*$ 
a po9t :]e !y refus$ long] to be gov]n$ 
by  a k+ or simil> rul]4    ,all ?is w  
become m cle> to y z y und]/& some?+ ( !
  nature ( lib]ty & ( law4    ,,elem5t>y
 ,,que/ions    #a4 ,:at is ! gov]nm5t ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates8 ,:y isn't ! capitol at 
,wa%+ton ! gov]nm5t8 ,:y is x impossible
 to po9t out !  gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates ^u ! map8    #b4 ,:at is a       

s]vant8 ,describe a s]vant4 ,:y does !  
judge say t !  ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates is only a s]vant ( ! p8    #c4 ,0
 ! ,kais] a s]vant ( ! ,g]man p8 ,:y n8 
#d4 ,:]e does ! ,presid5t get 8 p[]8    
,:]e d memb]s ( ,congress  get _! p[]8  
,judges8 ,! ,%]iff8 ,! ,mayor8    #e4   
,if we d n l :at our s]vants d1 h[ c we 
control !m8    #f4 ,:at is gov]nm5t 9 a 
s*ool8 ,9 a club8 ,:at w\ld x be l if   
!re 7 no gov]nm5t 9 ei!r8 ,"n five      
advantages ( hav+ a  gov]nm5t4    #g4   
,suppose t y 7 l ,rob9son ,crusoe1      
except t five ( y  7 %ipwreck$4 ,w\ld y 
=m a gov]nm5t8 ,:y8    #h4 ,if y 7 tie  
write a con/itution1 :at w\ld y include8
    #i4 ,suppose t a man came into y\r  
y>d & tri$ to /eal y\r bicycle1  :at    
c\ld y d to protect y\r rights8    #aj4 
,d all p d :at !y ?9k is "r8 ,h[ c y    
tell :at is  "r & wrong8    ,,advanc$   
,,que/ions    ,a4 ,:at is ! purpose (   
gov]nm5t8    ,b4 ,:y is x wrong = !     
great & p[]ful to gov]n ! small &  weak8
 ,does might make "r8    ,c4 ,:i* w\ld  

be ! bett] gov]nm5t1 "o bas$ ^u might   
makes "r1  or "o bas$ ^u "r makes might8
 ,:y8    ,d4 ,h[ c "r make might8    ,e4
 ,9 a free c\ntry c ! gov]nm5t prescribe
 :at occupations 9 life  ! p mu/ foll[8 
,h[ are ! high] & bett] occupations     
acquir$  9 ,am]ica8    ,f4 ,h[ did !    
,am]ican gov]nm5t come into be+8    ,g4 
,h[ w\ld y organise a lit]>y society8   
,li/ ! /eps 9 detail4  ,w\ld y h a      
con/itution8 ,:at %\ld be includ$ 9 any 
con/itution8    ,h4 ,discuss ! effect ( 
a sudd5 breakd[n 9 gov]nm5t4    ,i4 ,:at
 7 ! fir/ /eps 9 ! actual organisation (
 ! gov]nm5t  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8    ,j4  
,write a pap] on3          ,! ,ways 9   
,:i* ! ,po/ma/]1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 
,%]iff1 ,coron]1 or ,judge ,s]ves ! ,p  
,:y ,we ,_c ,locate ,our ,gov]nm5t ,on !
 ,map        ,! ,advantages ( ,hav+ a   
,gov]nm5t        ,:at a ,con/itution    
,%\ld ,include            ,,iii4        
,,lib]ty      ,def9ition ,( ,lib]ty ,&  
,! ,hi/orical ,backgr\nd ,( ,! ,/ruggle 
,= ,x      ,i hope t we n[ all und]/& t 

! purpose ( gov]nm5t is to  ma9ta9 !    
lib]ty ( ! p4 ,i wi% t e *ild w\ld le>n 
f ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce ! foll[+3 
8,we hold ^! tru?s to be self-evid5t1 t 
all m5 are creat$ equal1  t !y are end[$
 by _! ,creator ) c]ta9 unali5able      
,rights1  t among ^! are ,life1 ,lib]ty 
& ! pursuit ( ,happ9ess4 ,t to  secure  
^! rights1 ,gov]nm5ts are in/itut$ among
 ,m51 d]iv+ _!  j p[]s f ! cons5t ( !   
gov]n$407#ab7    ,?is expresses ! :ole  
purpose ( gov]nm5t--to secure ! "r to   
life1 to lib]ty1 & to happ9ess4    ,i   
suppose e *ild "h w\ld l to be ri* "s   
day4 ,a great _m  p feel t ri*es br+    
happ9ess4 ,! exp]i5ce ( m51 h[ev]1  is t
 ri*es m (t5 br+ disappo9tm5ts1 burd5s1 
& grief4    ,:at is ! mo/ valuable ?+ 9 
! _w8 ,x is n money1 l&s1  nor jewels4  
,! mo/ valuable ?+ 9 ! _w is human      
lib]ty4 ,i d  n believe t we1 born "h 9 
,am]ica1 realize ! value ( human        
lib]ty4 ,x comes to u z a h]itage4 ,we  
accept x z we accept !  sunlight1 !     
spr+time1 ! h>ve/4 ,i am afraid t we    

seldom /op to  recall ! fact t ! great  
bless+ ( human lib]ty1 z we h x  "h 9   
,am]ica1 did n exi/ be=e our ,nation 0  
born4 ,always rememb]  t !re 7 ?\s&s (  
ye>s be=e our c\ntry came into be+1  :5 
! p1 m51 wom51 & *ildr5 liv+ 9 _m       
c\ntries ( !  _w & "u _m =ms ( gov]nm5t 
dream$1 hop$1 & pray$ =  fre$om4 ,b x   
nev] came to !m4 ,!y liv$1 labor$1 & di$
 "u  k+s & emp]ors1 or o!r rul]s1 nev]  
hav+ any p[]1 or at mo/  v limit$ p[]1 9
 mak+ ! laws "u :i* !y 7 compell$ to    
live47#ac7    ,to a consid]able ext5t ! 
hi/ory ( ! _w is a sorr[ful /ory (  m5  
:o f\ght & di$ 9 /ruggles = lib]ty1 !   
same lib]ty :i*  we 9 ?is c\ntry enjoy4 
,we mu/ n =get t fre$om 9 ?is ,nation  0
 obta9$ only ?r\gh w>1 blood%$1 &       
sacrifice4    ,n[ :at is ?is lib]ty =   
:i* m5 h f\ght & di$8 ,x is lib]ty  (   
?\ght1 lib]ty ( spee*1 lib]ty (         
consci5ce1 lib]ty ( action1  lib]ty1 z !
 ,supreme ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates says1 
8( all !  faculties04 ,m5 want$ ! "r to 
=m _! own op9ions & to express  !m 9    

spee* or 9 writ+4 ,!y wi%$ to wor%ip    
,god accord+ to !  dictates ( _! own    
consci5ces1 & n z direct$ by ! rul] ( ! 
gov]nm5t4 ,!y want$ to "w 9 employm5ts (
 _! own *oice1 to  h _! own e>n+s =     
!mselves & _! families1 in/ead (  hav+ x
 tak5 z ti!s or taxes to buy purple     
robes = "s mon>*  ^u a ?rone4 ,!y want$ 
! "r to own prop]ty1 to own a home2 &   
!y hop$ & pray$ = ! day :5 _! *ildr5    
might h a *ance  to advance 9 life      
accord+ to _! m]its4 ,!y hop$ "s day to 
h  ! door ( opportunity op5 to ! son ( !
 poor man z well z !  ri*4 ,!y hop$ to  
see class & privilege wip$ away47#ad7   
,^! 7 ! ?+s t m5 & wom5 ?r\gh\t !       
c5turies  /ruggl$ =1 b :i* 7 nev] atta9$
 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( !  _w1 by any race or
 by any nation1 until ,am]ica op5$ its  
doors to all  ! peoples ( ! e>?1        
gu>antee+ to !m all ! bless+s :i* _h    
be5 s long d5i$ to ! human race4    ,y w
 und]/& bett] ! functions ( gov]nm5t )  
relation to  human lib]ty if y w realize
 t human lib]ty is a natural "r4  ,x    

comes f no man & no gov]nm5t4 ,x is     
8,god giv504 ,m5 are born  free4 ,! love
 ( fre$om is 9 e human he>t4 ,aga9      
recall ! words  ( ! ,decl>ation (       
,indep5d5ce--8all m5 are creat$ equal   
444 !y are  end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9
 unali5able ,rights01 among :i* is      
lib]ty4    ,am]ica does n conf] lib]ty  
^u ! individual4 ,am]ica realizes t  !  
individual possesses ! "r to lib]ty1 & !
 :ole /ructure (  ! ,am]ican gov]nm5t is
 fram$ ) ! special purpose ( protect+   
ea* individual 9 8 natural lib]ty47#ae7 
,n[ !re is no dang] to ! lib]ty ( any "o
 except f two  s\rces--! wrong ( a      
fell[man1 or ! wrong ( ! gov]nm5t1 :i* 9
  ?is c\ntry is a m]e organization ( m5 
& wom5 & *ildr54 ,"h we  see emphasiz$ !
 necessity = law 9 ord] to protect !    
lib]ty (  ! individual4 ,gov]nm5t is    
organiz$ to protect individuals 9 _!    
lib]ties4 ,?is protection is furni%$ by 
laws enact$ by ! p to  protect ! weak   
aga9/ ! /rong1 ! good aga9/ ! evil2 & 9 
?is c\ntry ! same law applies to e      

individual4 ,!re are no  special laws = 
special classes2 e "o is equally int]e/$
 9  hav+ ^! laws z j & fair z possible4 
,lib]ty "u law is !  privilege ( do+    
ev]y?+ "o wi%es to d1 except 9 s f> z 8 
acts may int]f]e 9 "s way ) l privileges
 ( ^? :o are ab\t  him 9 society4       
,!re=e always keep 9 m9d t ! great      
a*ievem5t ( ^? :o  f\nd$ ,am]ica 0 !    
e/abli%m5t ( a ,nation :]e lib]ty w\ld h
  a home4 ,( c\rse lib]ty c\ld n be     
fully e/abli%$ 9 ?is c\ntry  until !    
,nation 0 fully e/abli%$1 until !       
,con/itution 0  adopt$1 until laws 7    
enact$2 b f ! adoption ( !  ,con/itution
 to ! pres5t "t ! p h enact$ laws f "t  
to  "t1 & /ill enact laws1 ! bett] to   
protect e man 9 8 lib]ty  & to enl>ge 8 
opportunities 9 life4    ,n[ 9 ord] to  
und]/& cle>ly h[ ! lib]ties ( ! p are   
protect$ ?r\gh our gov]nm5t1 we mu/     
und]/& ! nature & =m  ( our gov]nm5t2 & 
?is subject we mu/ take up at our next  
meet+4    ,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions    #a4  
,:at is y\r idea ( ! "r to 8life08 ,does

 x mean t no "o  %all ev] be s5t5c$ to  
dea? = murd]8    #b4 ,:at is y\r idea ( 
! "r to 8prop]ty08 ,does ?is mean t     
ev]yone %all be weal?y8 ,does x mean t  
ev]yone %all own 8 own  home8    #c4    
,:at is y\r idea ( ! "r to 8pursuit (   
happ9ess08 ,does ?is  mean t ev]yone c d
 z he pleases8    #d4 ,:y does ! judge  
say t lib]ty is ! mo/ valuable ?+ 9 !   
_w8 ,:at w\ld y trade = x8    #e4 ,note 
! dang]s to lib]ty t ! judge po9ts out4 
,:at are !y8    #f4 ,give an illu/ration
 ( ea* ( ^! dang]s4    #g4 ,h[ may we   
protect ourselves aga9/ ^! dang]s8      
#h4 ,:]e does ?is lib]ty t we enjoy come
 f8 ,:o grants x8    ,,advanc$          
,,que/ions    ,a4 ,9 :at p>ticul> ways  
does ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates   
gu>antee lib]ty8    ,b4 ,:at =ms (      
gov]nm5t exi/$ be=e ! ,unit$ ,/ates8    
,:at  lib]ties did ! p ( ,russia1 or    
,france1 or ,engl& enjoy 9 #afjj8    ,c4
 ,:o really possesses ! p[] ( gov]nm5t 9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates8    ,d4 ,h[ is ! lib]ty
 ( ! individual protect$ 9 ! ,unit$     

,/ates8    ,e4 ,9 :at ways 7 ! p (      
,massa*usetts 9 #afej n z free z we  are
 to-day8    ,f4 ,:at does x mean :5 we  
say 8all m5 are creat$ equal08    ,g4   
,discuss ! real mean+ ( ! "r to 8,life1 
,lib]ty & ! pursuit  ( ,happ9ess04      
,h4 ,write a pap] on3          ,ways 9  
,:i* ,we ,h an ,equal ,*ance        ,h[ 
,we ,c ,make ,*ances ,/ill ,m ,equal    
8,i hope to see ! "t :5 e ,am]ican      
citiz5 w h an      unfett]$ />t & an    
equal *ance 9 ! race ( life40--,abraham 
,l9coln        ,! ,mean+ ( ,lib]ty      
,a ,week 9 a ,l& ,:]e ,!re ,is ,no      
,lib]ty            ,,iv4 ,,am]ica--,a   
,,democracy       ,! ,_s ,( ,democracy  
,develop$ ,"u ,! ,con/itution ,( ,our   
,c\ntry      ,x is n suffici5t t we %all
 "k :at gov]nm5t is & :]e x  is4 ,we mu/
 also und]/& its nature4 ,x is ! pr\d   
boa/ ( ,am]ica  t x is a democracy1 !   
fir/ real democracy 9 ! _w4 ,n[ :at is  
meant by a democracy8 ,we he> mu* ab\t  
democracy1 & we he> mu* ab\t            
republicanism1 & _m p :5 !y he> or see  

^! t]ms ?9k  t x has to d ) !           
,democratic or ,republican political    
p>ty4 ,we  mu/ n be confus$4 ,we mu/ see
 & ?9k cle>ly4 ,democracy &             
republicanism1 z we use ! t]ms 9 ^!     
talks1 h no ref]5ce to  any political   
p>ty1 b relate solely to ! =m ( gov]nm5t
 "u  :i* we live4    ,am]ica is a       
democracy4 ,x is also a republic1 z we  
%all see 9 our next  talk4 ,x is v      
important t we %all und]/& :y x is a    
democracy1  & :y x is also a republic1 &
 ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two4    ,x has be5
 well said t republicanism 9 gov]nm5t   
8ref]s r to  ! =m ( gov]nm5t01 & t      
democracy ref]s to ! 8_s (  gov]nm5t04  
,9 gov]nm5t z ) ! p ! _s is ! real1     
important ?+4 ,9 a democracy ! p gov]n4 
8,a gov]nm5t ( !  p1 by ! p1 & = ! p01 z
 ,l9coln express$ x1 is a  democracy4 ,9
 a democracy no man is ! ma/] ( ano!r   
man )\t 8  cons5t4 ,9 a democracy !re   
are no slaves4 ,9 a democracy ea* & all 
h equal rights4 ,e "o 9 a democracy has 
an equal opportunity )  e o!r           

p]son47#af7    ,y h already le>n$ t 9   
?is c\ntry ! p make ! laws4 ,9  ! mak+ (
 laws ! bank] & ! man :o digs 9 ! sew] h
 !  same p[]4 ,ea* has "o vote on       
election day1 & no m4 ,am]ica has no    
rul]s except ! p4 ,9 a democracy ! _s ( 
all %\ld be "o  ( tol]ation & k9dness4  
,all ( u _c h ?+s j z we want  !m 9 ?is 
_w4 ,m5 d n all agree1 s we mu/ let !   
majority (  ! p rule4 ,b ! majority %\ld
 n h any feel+ (  sup]iority4 ,!        
majority %\ld be inspir$ by a s5se (    
ju/ice &  *>ity t[>d _! fell[m54 ,9 fact
 a democracy is a bro!rhood 9  :i* ea*  
p]son %\ld ?9k1 n only ( himself1 b ( 8 
neighbor4  ,9 ?is democracy ! m we ?9k (
 ! rights ( our neighbor & !  m we ?9k (
 our duty t[>d our neighbor1 ! bett] w  
our  gov]nm5t be4    ,9 a democracy we  
live 9 ! belief t all m5 are creat$     
equal1 t  all ?r\gh life !y are equal 9 
_! rights1 9 _! duties1 & 9  _!         
privileges4 ,i d n mean ( c\rse t all m5
 are equal 9  physical /r5g?1 because y 
:o run & wre/le e day "k t  "s are      

/rong] ?an o!rs4 ,i d n mean t all are  
equal 9 !  p[]s ( ! m9d1 because "s ( u 
"h ?is morn+1 ev5 "s :o  /udy h>d1 "k t 
o!r pupils get high] m>ks 9 e           
exam9ation4  ,nor d ,i mean t all are   
equal 9 weal?1 9 heal?1 or 9 com=ts4    
,:at ,i mean is1 t s f> z life & lib]ty 
are conc]n$1 9 our  rights "u ! law1 9  
our protection "u ! law1 we are all     
equal4    ,9 a democracy ! p make !     
laws1 & ! p en=ce ! laws4  ,z we %all   
h]eaft] see1 e man :o takes "p 9 mak+ a 
law1 &  e "o :o aids 9 en=c+ ! law is   
select$ by ! p4 ,b !  great ?+ ab\t a   
democracy is ! _s ( ! p--! feel+ (  ! p 
t[>d ea* o!r4 ,pride ( weal?1 position1 
race1 or cre$  has no place 9 a         
democracy4 ,e p]son %\ld feel sympa?y & 
*>ity  = 8 neighbor1 & = 8 neighbor's   
problems 9 life4    ,we %\ld all be     
will+ to help ^? :o may be less =tunate4
 ,we  %\ld all endeavor to make our     
neighbor's life z easy z possible4    ,a
 democracy _c be a gov]nm5t by gr\ps3 x 
mu/ be a gov]nm5t by  e "o4    ,n[ ,i d 

n mean to say t we 9 ?is c\ntry all h ! 
prop]  feel+ t[>d our neighbor4 ,we are 
n all good citiz5s ( a democracy4  ,_m p
 h pride1 selfi%ness1 & hate4 ,_m p d n 
seem to  c>e h[ ! re/ ( ! _w lives4 ,su*
 p are n wor?y to h  ! privileges ( liv+
 9 a democracy4 ,_m p are also ignorant 
9  matt]s ( gov]nm5t4 ,!y d n seem to   
c>e :at k9d ( a gov]nm5t  we h4 ,9 fact 
_m p w n vote on election day4 ,x is    
because  ( pride1 selfi%ness1 hate1     
ignorance1 & indiff]5ce t ,i am "h      
talk+ to y to-day4 ,?is is a wond]ful   
gov]nm5t1 b x c be made  mu* bett]1 ) m 
fre$om & m ju/ice1 if ! p w only  le>n m
 ab\t _! p[] & _! duty1 especially if !y
 w only  cultivate ! "r _s--! _s (      
,am]ica1 ! _s ( ju/ice1  humility1      
k9dness1 & *>ity4    8,love ?y neighbor 
z ?yself0 is n only a ,*ri/ian duty1 b x
 is !  f\ndation ( social life 9 a      
democracy4 ,y w f9d :5 y become         
acqua9t$ ) life t success 9 life does n 
dep5d ^u money1  clo!s1 nor social      
position1 b t 9 ?is ,am]ican democracy  

real  m]it w9s4 ,m & m are we le>n+ e   
day t true happ9ess  comes only f       
s]vice1 s]vice to humanity1 s]vice to   
our c\ntry1 &  ?is _s ( s]vice mu/ be   
develop$ 9 *ildhood1 & exp& z we  gr[ to
 manhood & womanhood4    ,t 0 a nice ?+ 
y did ! o!r day1 "h 9 ?is s*ool1 :5 y   
put y\r p5nies & y\r nickels toge!r1    
b\ght a ton ( coal1 & s5t  x to ! wid[$ 
"m ( "o ( y\r s*oolmates :o _h be5 sick 
=  sev]al weeks4 ,he is j a poor ,poli% 
boy2 b :5 9 heal? he ran  err&s be=e &  
aft] s*ool4 ,?is help$ to support 8 "m &
 8  little si/]4 ,i am sure t he ?9ks ( 
y e day2 & t he  (t5 ?anks ,god t 8     
fa!r1 :o di$ la/ w9t]1 _h ! c\rage to   
leave ! old home 9 ,pol& & come to      
,am]ica :]e !re is a *ance  = ! poore/ &
 ! mo/ obscure4    ,i told y a :ile ago 
t ?is is ! fir/ real democracy 9 ! _w4  
,s few p /op to ?9k ab\t ?is4 ,! _w is  
?\s&s ( ye>s  old4 ,humanity 9 all ^!   
?\s&s ( ye>s has be5 made up ( m51      
wom51 & *ildr5 j l u4 ,!y hop$ =1 &     
dream$ ( fre$om1  b until ,am]ica became

 a ,nation no gov]nm5t 9 ! _w _h ev] be5
  a real gov]nm5t by ! p4 ,!y _h always 
be5 rul$ by a k+1 a  que51 an emp]or1 by
 "s o!r rul]1 by a small gr\p ( m5 :o 7 
rul]s1 or by a c]ta9 class4 ,y\r fa!r   
may be a blacksmi?1 or a  /reet sweep]1 
b on election day he c vote4 ,up to !   
organization (  ?is gov]nm5t no su* "r  
exi/$ any:]e 9 ! _w4 ,9 "s  c\ntries1 a 
few m5 :o own$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( prop]ty  
c\ld vote2  b ! wise m5 ( ! _w sne]$ at 
! ,am]ican plan to give e  man ! "r to  
vote :e!r he own$ a doll>'s wor? (      
prop]ty or  n4    ,always rememb] ?is1  
too1 t ev5 :5 ,am]ica became a ,nation1 
!  "r ( all ! p to vote 0 n grant$ at   
once4 ,_m ( our  ,/ates = _m ye>s       
requir$ t a vot] mu/ h a c]ta9 am\nt (  
prop]ty4 ,f9ally ?is 0 all wip$ away4   
,am]ica has be5 a gr[?1 ea*  g5]ation   
do+ a little m to exp& ! p[] ( ! p1 &   
?is  gr[?1 ?is expansion mu/ cont9ue4   
,we are /ill a "y ,nation & we  all h   
mu* to d to aid 9 mak+ ?is democracy a  
bett] place 9  :i* to live4    ,:5 y he>

 ( o!r democracies n[ exi/+ 9 ! _w1     
rememb]  t ,am]ica has be5 _! guide &   
inspiration4 ,m5 came f ,france to  help
 fight our revolution1 & c>ri$ back ) !m
 ! _s (  ,am]ica4 ,9 "t democracy 0     
e/abli%$ 9 ,france4 ,s ) all !  c\ntries
 9 ! _w :i* to-day h a great] or less   
degree (  democracy1 to !m all1 ,am]ica 
has be5 a beacon light1 a s\rce (       
c\rage & ( inspiration4 ,did any ( y ev]
 see ! great ,/atue (  ,lib]ty at !     
entrance to ! ,new ,york h>bor8 ,if y   
did1 y saw t  gr& figure look+ out to ! 
ea/ ov] ! great expanse ( wat]1  hold+  
al(t ! great tor* :i* 9 ! d>kness ( !   
night is agl[  ) light1 ! great flam+   
tor*1 :i* is emblematic ( ,am]ica       
enlight5+ ! _w4    ,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions
    #a4 ,:i* 0 ! fir/ real democracy to 
be e/abli%$ 9 ! _w8    #b4 ,:at is a    
democracy8 ,:at is ! diff]5ce betwe5    
8democracy0 & a  8,democrat08    #c4 ,:o
 gov]ns 9 a democracy8    #d4 ,9 a      
democracy1 :o makes ! laws8    #e4 ,h[  
is p[] 9 gov]nm5t express$ 9 a          

democracy8 ,9 ,am]ica1 does  "o man h m 
p[] ?an ano!r8    #f4 ,h[ _m times c a  
p]son vote on election day8    #g4      
,suppose ,congress or ! legislature 9   
our ,/ate passes a law t we  d n l4 ,d  
we h to obey x8 ,:at c we d ab\t x8 ,h[ 
c we  secure a *ange 9 ! law8           
,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4 ,:at does   
8gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 & = ! p0  mean8
    ,b4 ,:at is ! prop] _s ( p :o live 9
 a democracy8    ,c4 ,:at is meant by 8!
 majority ( ! p rule08    ,d4 ,:at w\ld 
happ5 if ! m9ority %\ld rule8 ,l9coln   
said t ?is  meant an>*y4 ,:y8    ,e4    
,does ! m9ority h any rights8 ,%\ld !   
majority pay any  att5tion to !m8 ,:y or
 :y n8    ,f4 ,:o en=ces laws 9 a       
democracy8    ,g4 ,:y is x said t ! be/ 
way to get rid ( a bad law is rigidly to
  en=ce x8    ,h4 ,:at is ! result ( n  
ca/+ y\r ballot on election day8    ,i4 
,x is a fact t f election to election   
!re is an increas+  p]c5tage ( !        
qualifi$ vot]s :o d n vote4 ,:at is !   
dang] (  ?is8 ,:at is x likely to lead  

to8    ,j4 ,write a pap] on3          ,!
 ,mean+ ( ,democracy        ,! ,dang] ( 
,n ,vot+        ,:y ,x ,is ,"r t ,wom5  
,%\ld ,vote        ,:y ,we ,f\ght to    
,make ! ,_w ,safe = ,democracy          
,v4 ,,am]ica--,a ,,republic             
,a ,repres5tative ,=m ,( ,gov]nm5t ,"u  
,! ,con/itution      ,z ,i /at$ to y 9  
our la/ disc\rse1 ,am]ica is a          
democracy1 b x  is also a republic4 ,x  
is a democracy 9 its _s & ! p[] ( its   
p1 b 9 ! mode ( ex]cise ( ! p[] ( ! p x 
is a  republic4 ,we (t5 he> ,am]ica     
ref]r$ to z a 8repres5tative            
democracy04 ,if ,am]ica 7 m]ely a       
democracy !re w\ld be no fix$  me?od =  
express+ ! wi%es or ! p[] ( ! p4 ,9 a   
pure  democracy1 p hav+ full p[] w\ld   
naturally assemble f "t to  "t to decide
 by ! vote ( all ^? pres5t :at %\ld be  
done =  ! public good4    ,y w he> ( !  
8t[n meet+0 :i* ev5 to-day 9 "s p>ts (  
,new  ,engl& is held f "t to "t1 :]e ! p
 assemble1 & by vote  decide matt]s (   
public conc]n4    ,b ?is is n[ a ,nation

 ( m ?an "o hundr$ & five million p4    
,we h =ty-eight ,/ates1 _m ( !m v       
popul\s4 ,:5 !  ,con/itution 0 adopt$1  
!re 7 only ab\t #c1ijj1jjj p 9 all  !   
,/ates2 b ^? :o fram$ ! ,con/itution    
look$ into ! future  & c\ld see some?+ (
 ! wond]ful gr[? ( ! ,nation :i* !y  7  
plann+4 ,( c\rse x is easy = anyone to  
see t 9 a l>ge  c\ntry l ?is1 ) a l>ge  
population or a population z l>ge z x  0
 at ! "t :5 ! ,con/itution 0 adopt$1 x  
w\ld be impossible  = all ! p to        
assemble 9 a meet+ to vote directly ^u !
  passage ( necess>y laws1 or to provide
 = taxation1 or to conduct !  g5]al     
bus9ess ( ! ,/ate or ! ,nation4 ,y c see
 h[ absolutely  impossible x w\ld be 9  
^! days to h ! p ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates     
assemble at ! ,national capital to vote 
on any law1 or to make any              
appropriation1 or to provide rules =    
ex]cise ( gov]nm5tal p[]4    ,!re=e y c 
readily see t ! f\nd]s ( ?is c\ntry v   
wisely realiz$ t ! only gov]nm5t        
possible w\ld be :at is kn[n  z a       

repres5tative gov]nm5t1 a democracy :]e 
! p w\ld h  all ! p[]1 b a republic :]e9
 ! p w\ld express t p[]1  n directly1 b 
?r\gh repres5tatives or ag5ts *os5 by   
!m47#ag7    ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates & t ( ea* ( ! ,/ates is          
sub-divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 ! executive1 
repres5t$ by ! ,presid5t  or ! ,gov]nor1
 ! legislative1 repres5t$ by ,congress  
or !  legislature1 & ! judicial1        
repres5t$ by ! c\rts4    ,n[ ! ,presid5t
 & ! memb]s ( ,congress1 includ+ !      
,s5ate1 &  ! judges ( ! c\rts are all   
m]ely repres5tatives ( ! p  *os5 by ! p 
to c>ry out ! w ( ! p4 ,! position &    
p[]s ( all ( ^! repres5tatives ( ! p are
 fix$ & def9$  by laws enact$ by ! p4   
,z we %all h]eaft] f9d1 ! fir/ law ( !  
,nation1 ! f\ndation (  all laws ( !    
,nation1 is ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 :i* 9  ! long ago 0 adopt$ by ! 
p ( ?irte5 small ,/ates4    ,our =m (   
gov]nm5t !re=e is repres5tative4 ,t is  
to say1 !  p *oose _! repres5tatives to 
d ! bus9ess ( ! c\ntry =  ! p4 ,laws are

 vot$ = directly by memb]s ( ,congress &
 !  ,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or memb]s 
( ! legislatures ( ! ,/ates2  b ^!      
memb]s ( ,congress1 ,s5ators1 &         
legislators are select$ by  ! p1 & 9    
vot+ = laws !y are express+ ! w ( !  p  
:o vot$ = !m4 ,!y are elect$ = a %ort   
t]m ( ye>s1 s  t 9 case any "o ( !m %\ld
 n1 9 8 vote ^u any law1 c>ry  out !    
wi%es ( ! p :o elect$ him1 !y may at !  
next  election select someone else 9 8  
place :o w bett] repres5t  !m47#ah7     
,! important ?+ to be> 9 m9d 9 relation 
to ?is gov]nm5t  organization1 ) all !  
(fic]s n[ necess>y to d ! bus9ess (  ! p
 ( ?is great c\ntry1 is t ^!            
(fic]s--executive1  legislative1 &      
judicial--are n ! gov]nm5t2 ! gov]nm5t  
re/s  ) ! p1 & ^! (fic]s are m]ely      
s]vants ( ! p1  subject to ! w ( ! p4   
,x has be5 well said t gov]nm5t 9 a     
democracy is organiz$ public  op9ion4   
,public (fic]s1 repres5tatives ( ! p1 h 
only !  p[] :i* ! p give to !m4 ,9 _m ( 
! ,/ates ( ?is  c\ntry1 9 ! enactm5t (  

laws1 ! p by law make provision by  :i* 
! p !mselves h ! p[] to reject laws     
enact$ by _!  repres5tatives ( :i* !y d 
n approve4 ,"u ! 8initiative0 &         
8ref]5dum0 9 "s ,/ates1 ! p reta9 ! p[] 
to direct _!  legislature to enact c]ta9
 laws4 ,also laws made by ! legislature 
may  be vot$ ^u by ! p = f9al approval1 
if desir$47#ai7    ,! important ?+ fir/ 
to be le>n$ is t 9 ?is democracy !      
gov]nm5t is 9 =m a republic1 because !  
laws are enact$ &  en=c$1 n by ! direct 
vote ( ! p1 b by ! repres5tatives       
elect$ by ! p4    ,! p[] ( ! p always   
cont9ues4 ,a law may be pass$ by "o     
legislature1 or "o session ( ,congress1 
& may be repeal$ ! next4 ,any  law ^u ! 
/atute books may be *ang$ f "t to "t1 9 
response  to ! *ang+ s5tim5t ( ! p4     
,we are incl9$ to consid] ! t]m         
8repres5tative gov]nm5t0 z  relat+      
p>ticul>ly to ! enactm5t ( laws1 b ?is  
is a  repres5tative gov]nm5t n only 9 ! 
mak+ ( laws1 b also 9 !  en=cem5t (     
laws4 ,i want y to realize e>ly 9 life t

 e  citiz5 has a responsibility = en=c+ 
laws z well z = mak+  laws1 & t = any   
failure or omission 9 ! mak+ ( laws1 or 
9  ! en=cem5t ( laws1 ! p mu/ be> !     
responsibility4    ,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions
    #a4 ,9 :at respect is ,am]ica a     
republic8    #b4 ,:at is ! diff]5ce     
betwe5 a republic & a ,republican8      
#c4 ,:at 0 ! population ( ,am]ica :5 !  
,con/itution 0 adopt$8    #d4 ,:y 0 x   
impossible to h all ! p assemble to     
adopt laws8    #e4 ,:at is meant by a   
repres5tative ( ! p8    #f4 ,suppose a  
repres5tative does n repres5t ! p z !y  
wi%4  ,:at c !y d ab\t x8 ,give         
illu/rations4    #g4 ,into :at p>ts is !
 gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates divid$8     
#h4 ,h[ are ! p[]s & duties (           
repres5tatives ( ! p def9$8  ,:y does ! 
judge say t ! p really h ! p[] & t ?is  
p[] cont9ues8    ,,advanc$ ,,que/ions   
,a4 ,:at is ! fundam5tal law ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates8 ,:y is x  fundam5tal8    ,b4 ,h[
 c we say t ! p h p[] 9 lawmak+1 :5 we  
"k  t ! repres5tatives make ! laws8     

,c4 ,h[ c we influ5ce ! votes ( our     
repres5tatives8    ,d4 ,if y "k t y\r   
repres5tative is likely to vote aga9/   
y\r own  wi%es1 :at c y d ab\t x8    ,e4
 ,h[ soon may a law be *ang$ aft] x has 
be5 pass$8    ,f4 ,:at is meant by      
8initiative1 ref]5dum1 & recall08 ,h[ h 
!y  work$ out 9 practice8    ,g4 ,write 
a pap] on ! foll[+3          ,!         
,diff]5ce betwe5 a ,democracy & a       
,republic        ,h[ ! ,public ,c ,make 
,_! ,repres5tatives ,repres5t ,!m       
,:y ,am]ica ,c\ld ,n ,d ,)\t            
,repres5tatives        ,! ,new ,engl&   
,t[n ,meet+            ,,vi4 ,,law      
,necessity ,= ,rules ,( ,human ,conduct 
,= ,guidance ,& ,re/ra9t      ,?is morn+
 ,i wi% to talk ) y ab\t "o ( ! mo/     
important  subjects 9 ! _w1 ! law2 &    
/range to say1 mo/ p "k v  little ab\t  
x4    ,inde$ ,i f9d t ! av]age p]son    
feels t he does n ne$ any  k ( ! law1 t 
! law is = lawy]s1 judges1 & c\rts4     
,n[ ! tru? is1 t !re is sc>cely any     
activity 9 life 9 :i* !  law does n play

 an important "p4 ,?is is true f        
*ildhood to old  age1 9 e call+ & e     
occupation 9 life47#bj7 ,! law is n     
int5d$ = any "o class ( p1 b x applies  
to all classes (  p1 ! ri* & ! poor1 !  
wise & ! ignorant4 ,x also applies  to  
all ages1 to m51 wom51 & *ildr54    ,:at
 is ! law1 or :at is a law87#ba7 ,!re is
 no?+ difficult ab\t  x4 ,a law is m]ely
 a rule ( human conduct1 a rule (       
conduct = human  be+s :i* is en=c$ by ! 
,nation1 ! ,/ate1 or ! city4 ,!re are   
o!r rules ( human conduct en=c$ by !    
p>5ts1 tea*]s1 or  employ]s--^? :o h    
au?ority ov] o!rs1 ^? ^: duty x is to   
direct ! conduct ( o!rs4    ,e boy kn[s 
t 9 8 home 8 p>5ts h c]ta9 rules1 n     
writt5 or pr9t$1 b /at$ by 8 fa!r or "m 
) relation to  8 conduct ab\t ! home1   
ab\t 8 s*ool1 or ab\t 8 play "t or      
vacation1 :5 he mu/ g to b$1 :5 he mu/  
arise1 & ) :om he may  associate1 t he  
mu/ n g 9 swimm+ unless accompani$ by 8 
fa!r1 t he %all n g to ! movies )\t !   
cons5t ( 8  "m1 t he mu/ att5d ,sunday  

s*ool regul>ly1 t he mu/ n eat  ) 8     
knife1 t he mu/ be c\rte\s to all       
p]sons1 especially !  ag$1 t he mu/ n   
play ball 9 ! /reet1 & a l>ge numb] (   
o!r rules & directions1 all int5d$ = !  
good ( ! boy4    ,!n 9 s*ool y f9d c]ta9
 rules ( conduct made by ! ,bo>d (      
,education or o!r (fic]s1 or adopt$ by !
 tea*]4    ,if a boy works 9 a /ore1 he 
f9ds t 8 employ] has c]ta9 rules3  ! "t 
:5 ! /ore %all be op5$ & clos$2 t ! boy 
%all  sweep ! floor at c]ta9 h\rs2 t he 
may g to lun* at a c]ta9  "t2 t he %all 
n p]mit o!r boys to pass beh9d ! c\nt]s1
  etc4 ,all ( ^! are illu/rations (     
rules ( conduct = *ildr51 or  ^? "u !   
control1 au?ority1 or direction ( "s    
old] p]son4    ,b old] p]sons1 ! p>5ts1 
! s*ool (fic]s1 ! tea*]s1 !  /orekeep]s1
 & ^? ( all o!r occupations are likewise
 subject to  rules1 are "u control &    
direction ( ! ,nation1 ! ,/ate1 & !     
city1 all hav+ p[] to en=ce rules (     
conduct1 call$ laws1 :i*  apply to ! old
 & ! "y4 ,)\t su* rules1 su* laws1 x    

w\ld be  impossible to ma9ta9 peace &   
ord]4 ,)\t su* rules1 call$ laws1  x    
w\ld be impossible to protect ! weak    
aga9/ ! /rong & !  wick$4    ,?is       
gov]nm5t be+ organiz$ = ! purpose (     
protect+ ! rights  & lib]ties ( ! p1 x  
is necess>y t laws be enact$ 9 ord]  t  
our rights & lib]ties %all n be tak5    
away f u by ^? :o  may be /rong] or wis]
 ?an we are4 ,_m laws prohibit wrongful 
acts &  provide a puni%m5t = ^? :o      
commit su* wrongful acts4 ,?us "o :o    
/rikes y )\t ju/ification1 "o :o /eals  
y\r bicycle1 or any  o!r prop]ty1 "o :o 
breaks into y\r home1 or into ! /ore1 a 
burgl>1 is puni%$4 ,"o :o kills ano!r   
human be+1 a murd]]1 is  puni%$4 ,a     
p]son :o willfully sets fire to a       
build+1 or is guilty (  cruelty to      
animals1 malici\s mis*ief1 or sells     
liquor is puni%$47#bb7  ,s !re are      
scores ( diff]5t (f5ses =bidd5 by ! law1
 &  puni%m5ts fix$ = ^? :o w n obey4    
,!re are also laws requir+ t "o %all    
ride or drive on ! "r  h& side ( ! /reet

 :5 pass+ ano!r com+ f ! opposite       
direction4    ,!re is g5]ally 9 e city a
 law :i* puni%es a p]son :o rides  8    
bicycle ^u ! sidewalk4 ,!re are laws    
regulat+ ! spe$ (  automobiles1 ! lights
 & signals1 & ! turn+ at ! corn]s ( !   
/reet1 s t o!r p ei!r walk+1 or rid+ on 
bicycles1 or 9  automobiles or o!r      
vehicles1 may n receive injury47#bc7    
,y "k 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e e p]son is equal
 be=e ! law1 no  "o p]son has any m "r 9
 ! /reet ?an 8 neighbor has1 & !        
conduct ( ea* 9 ! use ( /reets &        
sidewalks & o!r public  places mu/ be   
su* t all may enjoy equal opportunities 
9 ! use  !re(47#bd7    ,fre$om1 z       
already expla9$1 does n mean a "r to d  
ev]y?+ we  wi% to d4 ,fre$om is ! "r to 
d :atev] we may wi% to d1  provid$ x    
does n int]f]e ) ! "r ( our neighbors to
 h !  same privileges :i* we claim =    
ourselves4    ,!re=e1 x is absolutely   
necess>y to h laws fix+ ! conduct (  all
 p]sons2 & x is necess>y1 9 ord] to     
en=ce ^! laws1 to  puni% ^? :o w n obey 

!m4    ,:o makes ^! laws8 ,9 ,am]ica !  
laws are made by ! p  !mselves2 t is1 !y
 elect repres5tatives to s]ve 9         
,congress1 9  ! legislatures ( ! ,/ates1
 & 9 ! c\ncils ( ! city1 :o make  ! laws
 = ! p accord+ to ! wi%es ( ! p4 ,?is y 
w und]/& m fully z y /udy ?is           
repres5tative =m (  gov]nm5t we h 9 ?is 
c\ntry4    ,! p h ! "r to *ange any law 
n[ 9 exi/5ce1 & may also  make su* new  
laws z !y ?9k w bett] protect ! p 9 _!  
rights47#be7    ,:o en=ces ^! laws1 ^!  
rules ( conduct8 ,! rules ( ! home  are 
en=c$ by ! p>5ts4 ,if y violate ! rules 
( y\r p>5ts1  !y impose a puni%m5t ^u y4
 ,?is puni%m5t may n be sev]e1 9  fact x
 %\ld n be1 unless y\r disob$i5ce is    
cont9u$ & /ubborn4    ,if y violate !   
rules ( s*ool1 ! tea*] or o!r s*ool     
(fic]s  h ! "r to puni%2 & if y violate 
! rules ( y\r employ]1  he has ! "r to  
admoni% y1 & ( c\rse if y d n obey1 he  
w dis*>ge y & y w lose y\r place4    ,n[
 ! rules ( conduct1 ! laws ( ! ,nation1 
! ,/ate1 or ! city  are en=c$ 9 ?is     

c\ntry by ! p1 ?r\gh _! gov]nm5t1  ?r\gh
 ! c\rts1 presid$ ov] by judges :om ! p 
!mselves  select = t purpose4 ,sometimes
 ! puni%m5t is sev]e1 sometimes  mild4  
,x all dep5ds ^u ! "* ( ! p]son :o      
disobeys !  law1 & :e!r ! disob$i5ce is 
/ubborn or willful4 ,p5alties are       
impos$1 n only to puni% ! wrongdo]1 b z 
a w>n+ to o!rs1  t if !y disobey ! law1 
!y too w be puni%$4    ,9 ?is c\ntry all
 laws impos+ puni%m5t = (f5ses are pr9t$
 s  t e "o may "k :at ! law is2 b x is n
 necess>y t "o  %\ld /udy ea* sep>ate   
law1 because z a rule1 y\r consci5ce w  
be  y\r guide aga9/ wrong do+4 ,!re are 
n _m acts puni%$ by !  ,/ate or ,nation 
:i* are n morally wrong4 ,! p]son ^:    
he>t is  "r kn[s good f evil2 & ! p]son 
:o really tries to d "r  w seldom be    
guilty ( violat+ any law4    ,i d n     
expect y to le>n all ab\t ! diff]5t     
laws4 ,?is is n  necess>y4 ,b ,i d      
expect y to und]/& en\gh ab\t ! law to  
realize t we are all subject to         
au?ority2 t laws are enact$ by !        

au?ority ( ! p2 t laws are absolutely   
necess>y1 & t  )\t laws we %\ld h no    
lib]ty4 ,above all1 ,i want y to le>n  t
 9 ?is c\ntry ! p make ! laws1 & ,i want
 y to feel  absolute confid5ce 9 ! p[] (
 ! p to make & en=ce laws4    ,i hope t 
y w acquire a _s ( confid5ce & fai? 9 ! 
ju/ice ( ! law1 & le>n t submission to !
 law is absolutely  ess5tial 9 a        
gov]nm5t ( ! p & by ! p47#bf7    ,b !re 
are _m laws1 _m rules ( conduct1 besides
 ^? def9+  crimes1 (f5ses1 & ! puni%m5t 
( wrongdo]s4    ,i want to talk to y    
briefly ab\t "s ( ! laws :i* affect our 
conduct 9 e day life1 9 matt]s n        
crim9al4 ,i want to impress ^u  y h[ f> 
rea*+ ! law is z affect+ e human be+ 9 8
  daily conduct47#bg7    ,suppose "o ( !
 girls "h goes to ! /ore to buy a piece 
( clo?4  ,h[ does %e tell ! m]*ant h[   
mu* clo? %e wants8 ,%e1 )\t  d\bt1 w say
 t %e wants "o y>d1 or two y>ds1 or ?ree
 y>ds1  accord+ to h] ne$s4 ,n[ h[ mu*  
is a y>d8 ,( c\rse y all "k  t a y>d is 
?ree feet4 ,i suppose y all "k t a y>d  

is ! same  l5g? 9 e city 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,we g into ! /ore & ask  = a y>d
 ( clo? 9 any city 9 ! c\ntry1 )        
absolute confid5ce  t we w get = ea*    
y>d1 ?ree feet 9 l5g?4 ,b h[ d we "k  we
 w get ?ree feet 9 l5g? = ea* y>d8 ,h[ d
 we "k :at we  w get :5 we ask = a p\nd 
( c(fee1 or = a ton ( coal1 or = a  qu>t
 ( milk8    ,^! weights & measures are  
ne>ly all fix$ by law4 ,:5 y come to    
read ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 y
 w f9d t !re is  conf]r$ ^u ! ,unit$    
,/ates gov]nm5t ! p[] to 8fix !  /&>d ( 
,weights & ,measures047#bh7    ,!       
,con/itution is ! fundam5tal law ( ! l&4
 ,?is conf]s ^u !  ,unit$ ,/ates        
gov]nm5t ! "r to fix all /&>ds (        
measurem5ts  & all weights & measures ( 
e k9d4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t  has   
?is p[]4 ,x is n requir$ to ex]cise !   
p[]1 b x has !  p[]4    ,! ,unit$ ,/ates
 gov]nm5t has a ,national ,bureau (     
,/&>ds17#bi7 :i*  sup]vises weights &   
measurem5ts1 :i* cop]ates ) ! ,/ates1 & 
ma9ta9s uni=mity1 s t 9 e ,/ate1 )      

ref]5ce to mo/  ?+s b\ght & sold1 ! law 
fixes def9itely ! quantity or           
dim5sions4 ,)\t su* laws y c see :at a  
mass ( confusion !  p w\ld be 9 at all  
times4    ,sev]e p5alties are impos$ by 
law ^u ^? :o give %ort measure1 or  %ort
 weight17#cj7 9 ord] to protect buy]s   
aga9/ ^? :o might  defraud !m4    ,s y  
see h[ necess>y law is to ! simple      
transactions ( life1 &  h[ we are       
con/antly rely+ ^u ! law 9 our daily    
transactions1 to  protect u aga9/       
wrongdo]s4    ,!n aga91 h[ d y "k h[ mu*
 ! silv] doll> :i* y are  sav+ =        
,*ri/mas is really wor?8 ,h[ d y "k t "o
 doll> is  z valuable z ano!r doll>8 ,h[
 d y "k t ! pap] doll> :i*  is 9        
circulation is z valuable z ! silv]     
doll>8 ,well1 "h aga9  :5 y read !      
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 y w f9d 
t  ! p1 :5 !y adopt$ ! ,con/itution1    
gave to ! ,congress (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates !
 p[]3    8,to co9 ,money1 regulate !    
,value !re(1 & ( =eign ,co9047#ca7      
,congress1 ) ?is p[]1 has enact$ num]\s 

laws ) ref]5ce to !  co9age ( silv] &   
gold money1 ! pr9t+ ( pap] money1 & fix+
  ! value ( su* money4 ,h[ helpless ! p 
w\ld be )\t su*  laws4    ,!n h[ d y "k 
t ! doll> y receiv$ 9 *ange at ! groc]y 
/ore is a real doll>8 ,!re are _m       
c\nt]feit doll>s made by  wrongdo]s1 by 
crim9als :o seek to pr(it by manufactur+
 money  !mselves1 sometimes s mu* l !   
g5u9e1 t x is almo/  impossible to      
detect ! diff]5ce4 ,!re are c\nt]feit   
bills1 &  c\nt]feit co91 :i* ,i d>e say 
c\ld n be di/+ui%$ f !  g5u9e by any    
p]son 9 ?is room4 ,b !re are laws enact$
 by ,congress  provid+ v sev]e puni%m5t 
= any p]son :o makes1 passes1 or        
attempts to pass1 any c\nt]feit co94 ,= 
in/ance1 if "o %all make1  or pass1 or  
attempt to pass c\nt]feit gold or silv] 
co91 he may be  puni%$ by five ye>s     
imprisonm5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y47#cb7 ,ev5 =  
mak+1 or pass+1 or attempt+ to pass a "o
 c5t1 two c5t1 ?ree  c5t1 or five c5t   
piece1 a p]son may be imprison$ = five  
ye>s4 ,any  "o :o makes a die or mold   

design$ = ! co9+1 or mak+ (  c\nt]feit  
co9s may be puni%$ by imprisonm5t 9 !   
p5it5ti>y =  t5 ye>s4    ,^! are sev]e  
p5alties4 ,lib]ty is de>1 & yet y c see 
h[  absolutely necess>y x is to h ^!    
sev]e p5alties 9 ord] to  protect y1 y\r
 fa!r & "m1 & all o!r p]sons f be+      
defraud$ & wrong$ by ! use ( c\nt]feit  
money :i* is wor?less1  b :i* mo/ p _c  
di/+ui% f ! g5u9e4    ,i suppose y wat*$
 = ! lett] c>ri] ?is morn+4 ,p]haps y  7
 expect+ a lett] f a fri5d or relative4 
,! lett] c>ri] came  to y\r door4 ,y did
 n h to walk to ! po/ (fice4 ,p]haps y\r
  fri5d lives "o ?\s& miles away4 ,h[ is
 x possible = y to  receive a lett] 9   
p]haps a c\ple ( days f t f> di/ant     
po9t8  ,did y ev] /op to ?9k ab\t x8 ,( 
c\rse y say1 8,well x came  ?r\gh ! po/ 
(fice04 ,yes1 b ! po/(fice is only a "p 
( !  great po/al sy/em ( ?is c\ntry1 :i*
 c>ries y\r lett]s f "o  end ( ! l& to  
ano!r = ! small am\nt ( two c5ts2 & we h
  wond]ful confid5ce 9 ?is po/al s]vice4
 ,we c>elessly drop into !  mail box mo/

 important lett]s1 (t5 mo/ sacr$1 b we h
 no d\bt  t ! lett] w rea* its de/9ation
 safely47#cc7    ,h[ is x all possible8 
,well1 aga91 9 read+ ! ,con/itution y w 
f9d t ! p gave to ,congress ! p[]3      
8,to e/abli% ,po/ ,(fices & ,po/        
roads407#cd7    ,?is p[] has be5 ex]cis$
 by ! enactm5t ( _m laws by ,congress   
provid+ = po/ (fices1 lett] c>ri]s1     
po/al cl]ks1 railway mail  s]vice1 rural
 r\tes1 & _m laws sev]ely puni%+ any "o 
9 !  po/al s]vice :o willfully fails to 
p]=m 8 duties4    ,p]sons engag$ 9 !    
po/al s]vice may be s5t to ! p5it5ti>y =
  /eal+ money f ! mails1 /eal+ a lett] f
 ! mails1 = any  act ( di%one/y1 or     
failure ( prescrib$ duty4 ,h[ c\ld !    
great  po/al s]vice ( ?is c\ntry be     
ma9ta9$ )\t su* laws8 ,h[ w\ld  ! p h ! 
bless+ ( a great s]vice ( ?is k9d )\t ! 
mo/ c>efully prep>$ laws made to protect
 ! p8    ,s ,i might g on giv+ num]\s   
o!r illu/rations ( ! laws enact$  by ! p
 ?r\gh _! repres5tatives1 = ! b5efit ( !
 p  !mselves1 = _! com=t1 _! conv5i5ce1 

& _! protection  aga9/ wrongdo]s1 :o    
might deprive !m ( _! prop]ty1 or ( ?+s 
/ill m sacr$ ?an prop]ty4    ,i h only  
us$ ^! illu/rations to impress ^u y !   
great tru?  t !re is h>dly any relation 
9 life 9 :i* ! law does n h  an         
important "p4 ,we %\ld realize e>ly 9   
life t law is absolutely  necess>y to   
guide human conduct1 to re/ra9 wrongful 
conduct1 to puni%  wrong do+1 & ?us to  
aid 9 protect+ u 9 our "r to life1      
lib]ty1 & prop]ty4    ,^! laws are n !  
judges' laws1 nor ! lawy]s' laws2 !y are
 !  laws ( ! p1 made = _! b5efit1 wor?y 
( our mo/ e>ne/  support1 call+ ^u u =  
loyal ob$i5ce1 dem&+ our respect1 &     
inspir+ our confid5ce4    ,,elem5t>y    
,,que/ions4    #a4 ,:at is a law8    #b4
 ,by :om is a law en=c$8    #c4 ,"n an  
activity 9 life t ! law has no?+ to d )4
    #d4 ,make a li/ ( "s ( ! laws t y\r 
fa!r & "m make 9  y\r home4    #e4 ,make
 a li/ ( "s ( ! rules ( conduct f\nd 9  
s*ool4    #f4 ,g to a /ore 9 y\r t[n4   
,are !re rules ( conduct = ! cl]ks8     

,:at are !y8    #g4 ,:o makes ! rules 9 
a home8 ,9 a s*ool8 ,9 bus9ess          
in/itutions8    #h4 ,^u :i* side ( !    
/reet mu/ a p]son drive8 ,:y8    #i4 ,:o
 fixes ! rules ( measurem5t & weight8   
#aj4 ,suppose t y buy a ton ( coal & f9d
 lat] on t y only  receiv$ #aejj p\nds4 
,c\ld y d any?+ ab\t x8 ,:y %\ld ! coal 
deal] be puni%$8    #aa4 ,:at w\ld x be 
l if we _h no laws at all8    ,,advanc$ 
,,que/ions    ,a4 ,9 impos+ puni%m5t ^u 
a wrongdo]1 :at elem5ts does ! judge    
consid] 9 fix+ ! am\nt ( f9e or ! l5g? (
 puni%m5t8    ,b4 ,:y d we h our laws   
pr9t$8 ,:at w\ld be ! dang]s ( hav+     
secret laws conc]n+ ! nature & exi/5ce (
 :i* ! p c\ld  n obta9 in=mation8    ,c4
 ,:at is ! di/9ction betwe5 a rule (    
conduct 9 ! home & a law  ( ! l&8    ,d4
 ,li/ a numb] ( laws & p5alties 9       
addition to ^? cit$ by !  judge4    ,e4 
,:y _c "o h lib]ty )\t law8    ,f4 ,:y  
are p puni%$ :5 !y break ! law8    ,g4  
,is x ev] "r to break ! law8    ,h4     
,write a pap] on ! foll[+3          ,:y 

,break+ ! ,po/al ,laws ,des]ves ,sev]e  
,puni%m5t        ,lib]ty ,"u ! ,law     
,! ,dang] ( ,c\nt]feit ,money           
,laws t ,%\ld ,be ,pass$        ,h[ to  
,h a ,law ,pass$            ,,vii4 ,,!  
,,con/itution         ,p]sonal          
,gu>anties ,gr\p$ ,"u ,! ,title ,! ,%ort
 ,con/itution      ,we n[ take up !     
subject ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,x is  important because x is ! 
f\ndation ( ! rights & lib]ties ( all   
,am]icans4 ,x relates to ! rights &     
lib]ties ( ev]yone 9 ?is  room4 ,x is   
our great *>t]4    ,glad/one1 ! great   
,engli% /atesman1 once said1 8,x is !   
greate/  "w ev] /ruck (f at any "o "t by
 ! m9d & purpose ( man407#ce7  ,x is q a
 long docum5t4 ,i want e "o ( u to read 
x c>efully  & /udy x ?or\ghly4    ,!    
l>g] "p ( ! ,con/itution consi/s (      
provisions tell+ ( !  qualifications &  
mann] ( election ( ! ,presid5t1         
,s5ators1 &  congressm51 ! p[]s & duties
 ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( our gov]nm5t1         
proc$ure ( gov]nm5t1 & ! relations ( !  

,nation & ! ,/ates4  ,^! are important4 
,b m important /ill are ! ways 9 :i* !  
,con/itution gu>antees  ! rights1       
lib]ties1 & privileges ( all m51 wom51 &
 *ildr5 :o  live "u ! ,am]ican flag4 ,^!
 gu>anties are num]\s1 b !y are  briefly
 /at$4 ,any ( u c und]/& !m if we b read
 !m  c>efully & cat* _! mean+4 ,x ought 
n to be difficult to cause a  p]son to  
/udy ! ?+s :i* relate to himself1 to !  
mo/ important  ?+s 9 8 own life4 ,lib]ty
 we prize mo/ de>ly4 ,ev]yone ( ^!      
gu>anties 9 ! ,con/itution is int5d$ to 
gu>d & protect !  fre$om & lib]ty :i* y 
& ,i enjoy47#cf7    ,to make our task m 
simple1 ,i h select$ f ! ,con/itution ^?
  sections :i* deal ) our privileges z  
,am]ican citiz5s4 ,y c see  !m 9 ! copy 
( ! ,con/itution :i* y h4 7,see page    
#bag47 ,i  h gr\p$ ^! toge!r & =        
conv5i5ce ,i %all call x 8,! ,%ort      
,con/itution04 ,z y c see1 !re is no?+ 9
 x t is n 9 !  orig9al ,con/itution4 ,x 
is j z if ,i _h tak5 a pair ( %e>s1 cut 
out ^! phrases f ! ,con/itution1 & pa/$ 

!m toge!r4 ,x  makes x m conv5i5t = u4  
,take ?is 8,%ort ,con/itution0 home ) y4
 ,br+ x ) y :5 y  come to s*ool4 ,talk )
 y\r fa!r & "m ab\t x4 ,x may be t      
sometime a k ( ^! rights t e ,am]ican   
citiz5 n[ has  may save to y y\r home1  
y\r fre$om1 or y\r life4    ,n[ ,i am   
go+ to read ?is3    ,,! ,,%ort          
,,con/itution          ,article ,i      
7,am5dm5t ,i47        ,congress %all    
make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t (    
religion1 or prohibit+ ! free ex]cise   
!re(2 or abridg+      ! fre$om ( spee*1 
or ( ! press2 or ! "r ( ! p             
peaceably to assemble1 & to petition !  
,gov]nm5t = a      r$ress (             
grievances47#cg7        ,article ,,ii   
7,am5dm5t ,,ii47        ,a well regulat$
 ,militia1 be+ necess>y to ! security ( 
a      free ,/ate1 ! "r ( ! p to keep & 
be> ,arms1 %all      n be infr+$4       
,article ,,iii 7,am5dm5t ,,iii47        
,no ,soldi] %all1 9 "t ( peace1 be      
qu>t]$ 9 any h\se1      )\t ! cons5t ( !
 ,own]1 nor 9 "t ( w>1 b 9 a      mann] 

to be prescrib$ by law4        ,article 
,,iv 7,am5dm5t ,,iv47        ,! "r ( ! p
 to be secure 9 _! p]sons1 h\ses1       
pap]s1 & effects1 aga9/ unreasonable    
se>*es & seizures1      %all n be       
violat$1 & no ,w>rants %all issue1 b ^u 
probable cause1 support$ by ,oa? or     
affirmation1 & p>ticul>ly      describ+ 
! place to be se>*$1 & ! p]sons or ?+s  
to      be seiz$4        ,article ,v    
7,am5dm5t ,v47        ,no p]son %all be 
held to answ] = a capital1 or o!rwise   
infam\s crime1 unless on a pres5tm5t or 
indictm5t ( a ,gr&      ,jury1 except 9 
cases aris+ 9 ! l& or naval =ces1 or 9  
! ,militia1 :5 9 actual s]vice 9 "t (   
,w> or public      dang]2 nor %all any  
p]son be subject = ! same (f5ce to be   
twice put 9 jeop>dy ( life or limb2 nor 
%all be compell$ 9      any crim9al case
 to be a witness aga9/ himself1 nor be  
depriv$      ( life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1
 )\t due process ( law2 nor      %all   
private prop]ty be tak5 = public use1   
)\t j      comp5sation4        ,article 

,,vi 7,am5dm5t ,,vi47        ,9 all     
crim9al prosecutions1 ! accus$ %all     
enjoy ! "r to      a spe$y & public     
trial1 by an imp>tial jury ( ! ,/ate &  
di/rict :]e9 ! crime %all h be5         
committ$1 :i*      di/rict %all h be5   
previ\sly asc]ta9$ by law1 & to be      
in=m$ ( ! nature & cause ( ! accusation2
 to be      confront$ ) ! witnesses     
aga9/ him2 to h compulsory      process 
= obta9+ witnesses 9 8 favor1 & to h !  
,assi/ance ( ,c\nsel = 8 def5ce4        
,article ,,vii 7,am5dm5t ,,vii47        
,9 suits at common law1 :]e ! value 9   
controv]sy %all      exce$ tw5ty doll>s1
 ! "r ( trial by jury %all be           
pres]v$1 & no fact tri$ by a jury %all  
be o!rwise      re-exam9$ 9 any ,c\rt ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ?an accord+ to      !  
rules ( ! common law4        ,article   
,,viii 7,am5dm5t ,,viii47               
,excessive bail %all n be requir$1 nor  
excessive f9es impos$1      nor cruel & 
unusual puni%m5ts inflict$4             
,article ,,ix 7,am5dm5t ,,ix47        ,!

 enum]ation 9 ! ,con/itution1 ( c]ta9   
rights1 %all n      be con/ru$ to d5y or
 disp>age o!rs reta9$ by ! p4           
,article ,x 7,am5dm5t ,x47        ,!    
p[]s n delegat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by ! 
,con/itution1      nor prohibit$ by x to
 ! ,/ates1 are res]v$ to ! ,/ates       
respectively1 or to ! p47#ch7           
,article ,,xi 7,am5dm5t ,,xiii1 ,sec4   
#a47        ,nei!r slav]y nor involunt>y
 s]vitude1 except z a puni%m5t      =   
crime :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly       
convict$1 %all      exi/ )9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 or any place subject to _!      
jurisdiction4        ,article ,,xii     
7,am5dm5t ,,xiv1 ,sec4 #a47        ,all 
p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 & subject      to ! jurisdiction
 !re(1 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &  
( ! ,/ate :]e9 !y reside4 ,no ,/ate %all
 make or en=ce      any law :i* %all    
abridge ! privileges or immunities (    
citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 nor %all any 
,/ate deprive any      p]son ( life1    
lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process (   

law2      nor d5y to any p]son )9 its   
jurisdiction ! equal      protection ( !
 laws4        ,article ,,xiii 7,am5dm5t 
,,xv1 ,sec4 #a47        ,! "r ( citiz5s 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n be     
d5i$ or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or  
by any ,/ate on      acc\nt ( race1     
color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude4 
,article ,,xiv 7,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #i1 ,cl4
 #b47        ,! ,privilege ( ! ,writ (  
,habeas ,corpus %all n be susp5d$1      
unless :5 9 ,cases ( ,rebellion or      
,invasion1 ! public ,safety      may    
require x4        ,article ,,xv 7,art4  
,i1 ,sec4 #i1 ,cl4 #c47        ,no ,bill
 ( ,atta9d] or ex po/ facto law %all be 
pass$4        ,article ,,xvi 7,art4 ,i1 
,sec4 #i1 ,cl4 #h47        ,no ,title ( 
,nobility %all be grant$ by ! ,unit$    
,/ates3 ,& no      ,p]son hold+ any     
,(fice ( ,pr(it or ,tru/ "u !m1 %all1   
)\t ! ,cons5t ( ! ,congress1 accept (   
any pres5t1      ,emolum5t1 ,(fice or   
,title ( any k9d :atev]1 f any ,k+1     
,pr9ce1 or =eign ,/ate4        ,article 

,,xvii 7,art4 ,,iii1 ,sec4 #b1 ,cl4 #c47
        ,! trial ( all ,crimes except 9 
,cases ( ,impea*m5t1 %all be      by    
,jury1 & su* ,trial %all be held 9 !    
,/ate :]e ! said      ,crimes %all h be5
 committ$2 b :5 n committ$ )9      any  
,/ate1 ! ,trial %all be at su* ,place or
 ,places z !      ,congress may by ,law 
h direct$4        ,article ,,xviii      
7,art4 ,,iii1 ,sec4 #c1 ,cl4 #a47       
,treason aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all    
consi/ only 9 levy+      ,w> aga9/ !m1  
or 9 adh]+ to _! ,enemies1 giv+ !m ,aid 
& ,com=t4 ,no p]son %all be convict$ (  
,treason unless on !      ,te/imony (   
two witnesses to ! same ov]t ,act or on 
,confession      9 op5 ,c\rt4        ,! 
,congress %all h p[] to decl>e !        
,puni%m5t (      ,treason1 b no ,atta9d]
 ( ,treason %all "w ,corruption (       
,blood1 or ,=feiture except dur+ ! ,life
 ( ! ,p]son      atta9t$4               
,article ,,xix 7,art4 ,,iv1 ,sec4 #b1   
,cl4 #a47        ,! ,citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate
 %all be entitl$ to all ,privileges &   

,immunities ( ,citiz5s 9 ! sev]al       
,/ates4        ,article ,,xx 7,art4     
,,vi1 ,cl4 #c47        ,no religi\s ,te/
 %all ev] be requir$ z a ,qualification 
to any      ,(fice or public ,tru/ "u ! 
,unit$ ,/ates4      ,n[ t is n long1 is 
x8 ,yet 9 ?is brief "p ( ! ,con/itution 
are conta9$ provisions ! mo/ important =
 ! common p ev]  writt5 by ! h& ( man 9 
all ! hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,9 "s  c\ntries ( !
 _w p h "s ( ! rights & privileges      
gu>ante$ by our ,con/itution1 b 9 no o!r
 c\ntry 9 ! _w d  ! p h a writt5 gu>anty
 ( all ! rights1 privileges1 &  lib]ties
 set =? 9 ^! %ort extracts f !          
,con/itution ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,i  
want y all to get fix$ 9 y\r m9ds ! date
 ( ! adoption ( !  orig9al ,con/itution 
by ! conv5tion--#aghg47ci7 ,t 0 m ?an a 
c5tury & a qu>t] ago4    ,i want e *ild 
to und]/& j :y ! ,con/itution 0 made1 h[
  x 0 made1 some?+ ( ! m5 t made x1 & h[
 ! p ( !  ,/ates approv$ ( !            
,con/itution be=e x became b9d+4    ,i  
also want y to und]/& some?+ ( ! *anges 

& additions made  by ! p s9ce !         
,con/itution 0 fir/ adopt$4 ,i want y to
  und]/& t x is ! ,con/itution ( ! p1 ! 
:ole p1  & ,i want y to "k t ! p c *ange
 ! ,con/itution or make  additions to x 
:5ev] !y want to47#dj7    ,s at our next
 meet+ ,i am go+ to tell y some?+ ( !   
mak+ (  ! ,con/itution4    ,,elem5t>y   
,,que/ions    #a4 ,comp>e 8,! ,%ort     
,con/itution0 on pages #ef-fj ) !       
complete  ,con/itution f\nd at ! back ( 
! book4    #b4 ,:y 7 ^! p>ts select$ f !
 entire ,con/itution8 ,is !re  any      
simil>ity 9 ! v>i\s p>ts select$8    #c4
 ,:at are ! mo/ important provisions ( !
 ,con/itution ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates8    #d4
 ,d ! gu>anties ( ! ,con/itution protect
 ! rights ( all p  liv+ 9 ,am]ica1 or d 
!y apply only to a few favor$ classes8  
#e4 ,:at 0 ! date ( ! adoption ( !      
orig9al ,con/itution8    ,,advanc$      
,,que/ions    ,a4 ,:y are we int]e/$ 9  
our rights8    ,b4 ,:at are ! dang]s (  
talk+ too mu* ab\t our rights8    ,c4   
,make a li/ ( a duty to correspond ) ea*

 "r select$4    ,d4 ,write a pap] on !  
foll[+3          ,! ,(ficials ,provid$  
by ! ,con/itution        ,! ,am]ican    
,bill ( ,rights            ,,viii4      
,,mak+ ,,! ,,con/itution       ,h[ ,!   
,conv5tion ,( #aghg ,draft$ ,!          
,con/itution ,( ,! ,unit$ ,/ates      ,y
 w rememb] f y\r /udy ( ,am]ican hi/ory 
t :5 ! e>ly  coloni/s came to ?is c\ntry
 !y settl$ along ! ,atlantic coa/ 9  _m 
sep>ate & di/9ct gr\ps4 ,n all _h come f
 ! same c\ntry4  ,mo/ ( !m 7 ,engli%1 b 
!re 7 also small] settlem5ts (  ,dut*1  
,fr5*1 ,g]mans1 & ,sw$es4 ,x 0 n _m ye>s
 until !  ,engli% _h tak5 control ( all 
! l& f ,ma9e to ,georgia1 b ev5  !n n   
all ! ,engli% 7 alike4 ,!re 7 ,puritans 
& ,cavali]s1  ,scot* & ,iri%1           
,scot*-,iri% & ,quak]s4 ,!y diff]$ 9 _! 
ideas  ( gov]nm5t1 religion1 &          
education4    ,^! coloni/s _h come = _m 
purposes4 ,"s _h come to make _!  =tune4
 ,o!rs because ( tr\ble at home4 ,mo/ _h
 come to be free1 to  wor%ip ,god 9 !   
way !y *ose1 to =m _! own gov]nm5t1 to  

make  _! own laws1 to gov]n !mselves2 & 
9 ! e>ly days1 !y _h met  ) success4    
,b z "t w5t on1 z m p came1 z %ips 7    
built1 & trade  & comm]ce increas$1 !   
gov]nm5t ( ,engl& became m & m          
tyrannical4 ,! ,engli% p may n h favor$ 
?is1 b !y did n  direct ! acts ( _! k+ &
 8 (fic]s4 ,taxes 7 plac$ on !  coloni/s
 )\t _! cons5t4 ,!y 7 =c$ to accept laws
 n (  _! own *oos+4 ,! k+ refus$ !m ! "r
 to select _! own  judges4 ,!y c\ld n   
trade :]e !y pleas$4 ,if y w read !     
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce y w see h[ _! 
lib]ties 7  re/rict$47#da7    ,all ?is  
"t ! v>i\s colonies 7 z sep>ate z s _m  
di/9ct  c\ntries4 ,!y did n "k ea* o!r4 
,!re 0 little travel f "o  to ano!r4 ,!y
 7 q diff]5t4 ,b !y 7 alike 9 ! fact  t 
ea* want$ lib]ty1 & t ea* 0 subject to  
oppression f !  ,engli% k+4    ,s f "t  
to "t we f9d !m s5d+ delegates to "s    
common meet+  place to discuss a plan ( 
action4 ,9 #aged a gr\p met at ,albany  
to  sugge/ a plan ( union4 ,9 #agfe     
,engl& pass$ ! ,/amp ,act :i* put a  tax

 ^u c]ta9 articles su* z books1         
newspap]s1 & play+ c>ds4 ,a  p]son c\ld 
n sell "o ( ^! articles )\t pa/+ ^u x "o
 (  ^! /amps1 ! money f :i* w5t to      
,engl& z a tax4 ,x 0 mu*  l our w> tax  
^u too? pa/e1 %av+ soap1 & play+ c>ds4  
,!  diff]5ce 0 ?is4 ,! coloni/s _h nev] 
giv5 ! "r to make ?is  tax4 ,x _h be5   
impos$ ^u !m by ,engl&2 & fur!r1 if a   
p]son  7 accus$ ( sell+ a book or       
newspap] )\t ?is /amp1 he c\ld  be      
sev]ely puni%$47#db7 ,?is enrag$ !      
coloni/s1 & 9 ,new ,york 9  ! foll[+    
ye>1 !re met a gr\p ( delegates f ne>ly 
all !  colonies to discuss ways & means 
( meet+ ?is4    ,aga9 9 #aggd1          
conditions hav+ become worse1 delegates 
f twelve  colonies met at ,philadelphia 
at ! ,fir/ ,cont95tal ,congress to      
consid]  ! grievances aga9/ ,great      
,brita94 ,! ,second ,cont95tal ,congress
  foll[+ x c>ri$ on ! fir/ ye>s ( !     
,revolution>y ,w>4 ,x  draft$ & adopt$ !
 ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4 ,x rais$ &  
provid$ = ! armies1 & br\ght ! ,/ates   

toge!r4    ,b x ne$$ a k9d (            
con/itution4 ,s 9 #aggg ! ,articles (   
,conf$]ation 7 drawn up & adopt$ by     
,congress & by #agha all !  ,/ates _h   
f9ally adopt$ !m4 ,b !y 7 inadequate4   
,ea* ( !  ?irte5 ,/ates want$ all ! p[] 
9 its own h&s47#dc7    ,y _c blame !m4  
,picture to y\rself ^! little settlem5ts
 d[n  on ! ,atlantic ,coa/4 ,all toge!r 
!y did n h z _m p z  !re are 9 ! ,/ate (
 ,new ,j]sey to-day4 ,!y & _! fa!rs _h  
left _! homes & travel$ ?\s&s ( miles   
ov] /ormy seas to f9d  lib]ty4 ,!y      
!mselves _h f\ght a long w> aga9/ ,engl&
 to make  !mselves free4 ,!y did n wi%  
to give up ^! p[]s47#dd7    ,b ! wis] p 
9 ! diff]5t ,/ates saw t to =m a m      
p]fect union x 0 necess>y to grant !    
c5tral gov]nm5t m  p[]s1 & to fix =ev]  
c]ta9 rights :i* e ,am]ican citiz5  %\ld
 enjoy ?r\gh\t ! ye>s to come4 ,s ! p   
select$ m5 z  _! repres5tatives &       
au?oriz$ !m to meet ) ! repres5tatives  
f o!r ,/ates at ,philadelphia 9 #aghg to
 draw up a plan ( gov]nm5t  :i* w\ld be 

/rong en\gh to hold ! c\ntry toge!r &   
gov]n x  effectively4    ,n[ :o 7 ^! m58
 ,!y 7 m5 :o 7 select$ by _! neighbors  
to repres5t !m1 j z m5 are elect$ to-day
 to repres5t u 9 !  legislature ( our   
,/ate or 9 ,congress4 ,to be sure1 9 ^? 
days n all  m5 7 all[$ ! "r to vote4 ,9 
"s ,/ates a man _h to h a  c]ta9 am\nt (
 money be=e he c\ld vote4 ,9 o!rs m5 (  
c]ta9  religi\s fai?s 7 n all[$ to vote4
 ,b ! delegates to !  ,con/itutional    
,conv5tion 7 m5 :o 7 fairly             
repres5tative ( all  ! p4 ,:5 we consid]
 ! "w t !y did1 t !y wrote our          
,con/itution1 t !y 7 able to d ?is at ! 
"t !y did1 we mu/  feel t a wise        
,provid5ce guid$ _! selection & inspir$ 
!m 9  _! wond]ful "w4    ,!re 9         
,indep5d5ce ,hall 9 ,philadelphia 7     
,b5jam9 ,frankl9 &  ,george ,wa%+ton1   
,james ,madison & ,edmund ,r&olph1      
,alex&] ,hamilton  & ,g\v]neur ,morris4 
,almo/ all ! prom95t m5 ( ! "t took     
"p47#de7    ,!y took ! be/ t !y knew ( !
 exp]i5ce ( ! human race 9  gov]nm5t1   

especially ! exp]i5ce ( ,engl& &        
,am]ica1 & f  ?is !y drew up !          
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 !       
f\ndation (  ! gov]nm5t "u :i* we       
live47#df7    ,:5 !y _h f9i%$ _! "w--t  
"p ( ! ,con/itution :i*  prec$es !      
am5dm5ts--!y submitt$ x to ! ,/ates4 ,!y
 7 v  c>eful to see to x t ! p !mselves 
%\ld approve ( ?is4 ,s  in/ead ( hav+ ! 
usual legislature ( ea* ,/ate vote ^u x1
 !y  provid$ t ! p ( ea* ,/ate %\ld     
elect delegates = a  special conv5tion1 
! sole purpose ( :i* 0 to decide :e!r or
 n  !y w\ld l to live "u a gov]nm5t l   
?is47#dg7 ,^!  conv5tions1 elect$ by ! p
 = ?is special purpose1 met & "o  aft]  
ano!r1 (t5 aft] a bitt] /ruggle1 ratifi$
 ! ,con/itution4  ,! *ief objection 0 t 
! rights ( all ,am]icans 7 n cle>ly     
/at$4    ,s at ! fir/ meet+ ( ,congress1
 ! fir/ t5 am5dm5ts--our ,am]ican  ,bill
 ( ,rights--7 adopt$ & 9 #agia !y 7     
ratifi$ by ! ,/ates4  ,s9ce !n !        
,con/itution has be5 r>ely am5d$4 ,9    
#agih & 9 #ahjd  ! elev5? & twelf?      

am5dm5ts reg>d+ ! c\rts & ! election  ( 
! ,presid5t 7 adopt$4 ,aft] ! ,civil ,w>
 ?ree am5dm5ts 7  adopt$ reg>d+ !       
problem ( ! negro citiz54 ,s9ce !n we h 
add$ *anges reg>d+ ! income tax1 !      
election ( ,unit$ ,/ates  ,s5ators1 &   
prohibition4 ,! la/ am5dm5t1 deal+ ) !  
ext5sion  ( ! vote to wom51 0 ratifi$ by
 ,t5nessee z ! ?irty-six? ,/ate  on     
,augu/ #ah1 #aibj4    ,to-day !n1 our   
gov]nm5t is f\nd$ ^u ! ,con/itution made
 %ortly  aft] ! ,revolution>y ,w>4 ,x   
repres5ts ! aims & ambitions ( !  fa!rs 
( our c\ntry4 ,!y came to ?is l& to be  
free4 ,!y suff]$  p]secution4 ,!y ?rew  
(f ! yoke ( ! oppressor4 ,!y e/abli%$ a 
gov]nm5t ( ! p1 by ! p1 = ! p4 ,! p     
select$ ! m5 :o drew x up4 ,!y select$ !
 m5 :o am5d$ x4 ,our  task is to und]/& 
:at x means1 to obey x1 & protect x4    
,! l(ty purpose ( ! fa!rs ( ! republic 9
 e/abli%+ ?is1 !  fir/ real gov]nm5t by 
! p1 is express$ 9 ^! ?rill+  words3    
8,we ! p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,ord] to  
=m a m p]fect  ,union1 e/abli% ,ju/ice1 

insure dome/ic ,tranquility1 provide = !
  common def5ce1 promote ! g5]al        
,welf>e1 & secure ! ,bless+s (  ,lib]ty 
to ourselves & our ,po/]ity1 d orda9 &  
e/abli% ?is  ,,con/itution = ! ,unit$   
,/ates ( ,am]ica40    ,,elem5t>y        
,,que/ions    #a4 ,:y did ! e>ly settl]s
 come to ,am]ica8    #b4 ,f :at c\ntries
 did !y come8 ,:i* c\ntries 7 mo/       
important8    #c4 ,:y did !y become     
dissatisfi$ ) ,engli% rule "h8    #d4   
,:y did !y wi% to unite8 ,"n "s ( !     
e>li] attempts at union4    #e4 ,:5 0 ! 
,/amp ,act pass$8 ,:at 0 x suppos$ to d8
 ,:y did !  coloni/s object8    #f4 ,:y 
7 ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation n          
satisfactory8    #g4 ,:at 0 ! meet+ 9   
,philadelphia 9 #aghg8 ,h[ 7 !          
repres5tatives at ?is meet+ *os58 ,h[   
did !y try to see t !  repres5tatives at
 ?is meet+ actually repres5t$ ! p8      
#h4 ,h[ 0 ! ,con/itution ratifi$ by ! p8
 ,9 :at way did !y  try to make x !     
actual w ( ! p8    #i4 ,:5 0 our ,bill (
 ,rights pass$8    #aj4 ,:at am5dm5ts h 

be5 add$ to ! ,con/itution s9ce #agia8  
,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4 ,h[ did !   
mak]s ( ! ,con/itution gu>d aga9/ !     
abuses cit$  9 ! ,decl>ation (          
,indep5d5ce8    ,b4 ,h[ 7 ! defects 9 ! 
,articles ( ,conf$]ation gu>d$ aga9/  & 
rem$i$8    ,c4 ,:at exp]i5ce _h ! mak]s 
( ! ,con/itution _h :i* enabl$  !m to   
prep>e s successful a docum5t8    ,d4   
,w\ld y say t ,glad/one's /atem5t1 8,x  
is ! greate/ "w ev]  /ruck (f at any "o 
"t by ! m9d & purpose ( man0 0 lit]ally 
true8    ,e4 ,h[ did ! allusions to o!r 
c\ntries made dur+ ! conv5tion  %[ !    
advantage ( ,am]ica's be+ a 8melt+ pot08
    ,f4 ,:at p 7 all[$ to vote at ! "t (
 ! adoption ( !  ,con/itution8    ,g4   
,:at 7 ! *ief objections urg$ aga9/     
ratification ( !  ,con/itution8    ,h4  
,write a pap] on ! foll[+3          ,:y 
! ,p ,ne$$ a ,con/itution        ,! ,ma9
 ,po9ts ,includ$        ,a ,comp>ison ( 
! ,"w ,done ,!n & ! ,outl9e ,made 9     
,answ]s      to ,que/ions ,j ,*apt] ,two
        ,george ,wa%+ton        ,b5jam9 

,frankl9        ,alex&] ,hamilton       
,james ,madison            ,,ix4        
,,fre$om        ,h[ ,fre$om ,( ,wor%ip1 
,spee*1 ,! ,press1 ,& ,assembly ,are    
,gu>ante$      ,?is morn+ we beg9 !     
consid]ation ( :at ,i believe to be !   
mo/  important ( all ! subjects we h    
talk$ ab\t4 ,i ?9k p are  m int]e/$ 9 _!
 privileges & rights ?an !y are 9 _!    
duties4 ,9 fact we he> a great deal & we
 read a great deal ab\t  8rights01 b we 
d n f9d v mu* said on ! /reets1 9 !     
homes1  or 9 ! newspap]s ab\t our       
8duties047#dh7    ,n[ we h consid]$ 9 a 
v g5]al way ! nature ( our gov]nm5t  &  
some?+ ( our p[]s & duties "u !         
,con/itution4 ,i "k t  y w be int]e/$ 9 
consid]+ our rights & privileges "u !   
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4         
,always keep 9 m9d t ea* ,/ate has a    
,con/itution1 & t !  ,nation has a      
,con/itution1 t ! ,con/itution ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates  cov]s ! entire ,nation1 n
 only ! orig9al ?irte5 colonies1 b !    
pres5t =ty-eight ,/ates1 & t any ,/ates 

t may h]eaft] be  br\ght 9 ! ,union w h 
z _! fundam5tal law ! ,con/itution      
adopt$ by ! p 9 ! long ago47#di7        
,also always keep 9 m9d t ! ,nation has 
c]ta9 p[]s1 & t !  ,con/itution ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates is supreme only z to ! ?+s
 ov]  :i* ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a ,nation   
has control4    ,b x is important to be>
 9 m9d t ! great pr9ciples ( !          
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h be5    
c>ri$ into ! ,con/itutions  ( ! v>i\s   
,/ates1 & t ! rights & privileges ( ! p 
"u ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates h   
also to a l>ge ext5t  be5 gu>ante$ by ! 
,con/itutions ( ! ,/ates47#ej7    ,?is  
morn+ we take up a con/itutional gu>anty
 :i* y p]haps h  n ?\ght mu* ab\t1 b :i*
 is "o ( ! mo/ important 9 !  :ole      
,con/itution--,fre$om ( ,wor%ip4 ,!     
,con/itution provides3    8,congress    
%all make no law respect+ an e/abli%m5t 
( religion1 or  prohibit+ ! free ex]cise
 !re(407#ea7    ,z we look back ?r\gh ! 
hi/ory ( ! _w we are />tl$ to f9d  t ?is
 0 ! fir/ writt5 gu>anty t ! p ( any    

nation  ev] _h p]mitt+ !m to wor%ip ,god
 accord+ to ! dictates ( _!  own        
consci5ce47#eb7    ,n[ "s ( y may n     
realize h[ important ?is is2 b !re is   
no?+ s de> to ! human he>t z ! "r1 !    
privilege1 (  belong+ to t *ur* &       
wor%ipp+ ,god 9 t mann] :i* ea*         
individual may desire4 ,we d n realize !
 value ( su* a privilege  until "s "o1  
or "s p[]1 seeks to take x away f u4    
,all ?r\gh  ! _w m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 h   
f\ght1 & _m ( !m h  di$1 = ?is          
privilege4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ( ! nations ( ! 
_w  be=e our ,con/itution to h an       
e/abli%$ religion1 a ,national          
religion1 & 9 _m ( ! c\ntries x 0 ! law 
t e "o mu/  belong to ! /ate *ur*1 & mu/
 actually believe 9 ! religion (  !     
/ate4 ,9 fact1 9 _m c\ntries1 refusal to
 believe 9 ! religion  ( ! /ate 0 puni%$
 by dea?--sometimes by burn+ to dea?1 & 
,i am  sure y w be surpris$ to realize t
 :ile ,am]ica 0 fir/ settl$  by p :o 7  
seek+ religi\s fre$om1 !y 7 /ill s imbu$
  ) a feel+ ( ! old days t p]sons mu/   

wor%ip1 n z _!  consci5ce might dictate1
 b z ! /ate might dictate1 t = _m  ye>s 
9 ?is c\ntry 9 c]ta9 ( ! colonies a /ate
 religion 0  recogniz$1 & obligation to 
con=m to ! e/abli%$ religion en=c$  by  
sev]e p5alties4    ,9 ! colony (        
,virg9ia ! e/abli%$ or /ate *ur* exi/$1 
& x  0 ! law t any p]son :o did n con=m 
!reto %\ld be puni%$  by burn+ to dea?4 
,?is is />tl+1 isn't x1 to he> ( su* a  
brutal  law ^u ,am]ican soil8 ,virg9ia  
aft]w>ds became ! pione] 9  legislation 
e/abli%+ fre$om ( wor%ip1 b x took ! mo/
  /r5u\s ef=ts ( ,?omas ,jeff]son ?r\gh 
_m ye>s to f9ally wipe  out ^! cruel    
laws & e/abli% fre$om ( wor%ip47#ec7    
,! ,virg9ia /atute grant+ absolute      
fre$om ( wor%ip 0 ! fir/  ev] adopt$ 9 !
 hi/ory ( ! _w by any /ate or nation1 ! 
fir/  gu>anty ( ! "r4 ,fre$om ( wor%ip  
_h exi/$ be=e ?is 9  ,m>yl& "u ! g5]\s  
rule ( ,"l ,baltimore1 b ! fir/ =mal    
/atute 0 adopt$ 9 ,virg9ia4    ,n[ y\r  
tea*]s tell me t 9 ?is s*ool ! pupils   
belong to sixte5  diff]5t *ur*es4 ,i    

suppose ea* "o ( y ?9ks t ! *ur* to  :i*
 he belongs is bett] ?an any ( ! o!rs4  
,i hope y d4 ,i hope  t e *ild is s9c]e 
9 8 religi\s belief1 :atev] x may be4   
,b h[ w\ld y feel if "s repres5tative ( 
! ,/ate %\ld come  "h ?is morn+1 &      
ann\nce t a law _h be5 pass$ by :i* e   
pupil mu/ belong to ! ,bapti/1 !        
,me?odi/1 ! ,ca?olic1 or !  ,jewi% *ur*8
 ,h[ w\ld y feel if a law 7 to be read  
to y :i*  provid$ t unless y *ang$ y\r  
religi\s belief & adopt$ "s  o!r1 y w\ld
 be burn$ to dea? out "h on ! hillside8 
,y c  h>dly believe t su* a ?+ w\ld be  
possible 9 any age ( !  _w2 & yet nev]  
=get t ! =ego+ provision :i* ,i h read  
f ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 !  
fir/ decl>ation (  ! "r ( ! p ( a :ole  
,nation to wor%ip ,god accord+ to  _!   
own w1 _! own consci5ce4    ,!          
decl>ation ( ?is great "r by !          
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates has be5 
9 full =ce ev] s9ce ! adoption ( !      
,con/itution1  n only z a ,national law1
 b simil> provisions h be5 made !       

policy1 usually by ! ,con/itution1 ( e  
,/ate 9 ! ,union4 ,:at a  glori\s ?+ x  
is to live 9 a ,nation & 9 an age :]e no
 man1 no  /ate1 & no p[] c tell y :at to
 believe1 or h[ to express y\r  belief1 
:at *ur* y %all att5d1 or 9 :at mann] y 
%all express  y\r religi\s fai?4    ,n  
only ?is1 b ?is con/itutional gu>anty   
protects e "o 9 8  "r to belong to no   
*ur* if he s elects4 ,! s\l is free4 ,no
 p[]  c compel "o to belong to any *ur*1
 nor 9 any mann] to hold or  ex]cise    
religi\s fai?1 or religi\s duty or      
obligation4 ,9 o!r  words1 m5 are free1 
& ?is fre$om1 aside f any o!r gu>anty ( 
! ,con/itution1 %\ld make u all feel    
affection & v5]ation =  ?is great *>t] (
 human lib]ty4    ,b fre$om ( wor%ip is 
only "o ( ! _m rights & privileges      
gu>ante$ to ! p--to all ! p4    ,ano!r  
great natural "r--,god giv5 "r--is      
firmly & f9ally  e/abli%$3    8,congress
 %all make no law 444 abridg+ ! fre$om (
 spee* or ( !  press407#ed7    ,"h aga9 
rememb]1 :5 y are ?9k+ ( :at y owe to   

y\r  c\ntry1 t ?is decl>ation ( !       
,con/itution 0 ! fir/ 9 all  ! hi/ory ( 
! _w by :i* a ,nation gu>ante$ to all ! 
p  ! "r freely to express _! ?\ghts 9   
words or 9 writ+4 ,?is  0 ! fir/ "t !   
*a9s 7 tak5 f ! human intellect4 ,no "o 
w ev] be able to numb] ! m5 & wom5 :o1  
?r\gh\t ! hi/ory  ( ! _w1 7 condemn$ to 
dea?1 because !y d>$ to express _!      
s5tim5ts4 ,if ,patrick ,h5ry _h deliv]$ 
8 fam\s spee* 9 :i* he  said1 8,give me 
lib]ty1 or give me dea?01 9 ,engl& r ?an
 ,am]ica1  he w\ld h be5 promptly       
puni%$4 ,hundr$s ( ! coloni/s w\ld h    
be5 hang$ by ! ,briti% gov]nm5t if !y _h
 express$ !mselves 9  ! "m c\ntry in/ead
 ( 9 ! new _w4 ,k+s to hold _! p[]  9 ! 
old _w1 to keep ! p s t]roriz$ t !y w\ld
 submit  to _! w1 made ! practice (     
hang+ or behead+ ^? :o freely  spoke _! 
s5tim5ts aga9/ ! gov]nm5t47#ee7    ,(   
c\rse "u ! old laws ^? :o express$ _!   
religi\s  convictions 9 opposition to ! 
/ate *ur* by spee* or writ+ 7  usually  
promptly imprison$1 hang$1 or burn$4    

,n[ d n h any misund]/&+ ab\t ?is       
gu>anty ( fre$om (  spee* & ( ! press4  
,we (t5 he> compla9ts ( c]ta9 p ab\t    
c]ta9 laws puni%+ ^? :o abuse !         
privilege ( free spee*2 b  !re is no law
 ( ,/ate or ,nation :i* prohibits !     
speak+ or writ+  ( any?+ 9 ?is c\ntry4  
,m5 may speak & write :at !y w2 b  !re  
are "s laws puni%+ ^? :o abuse ?is great
 privilege to !  injury ( ano!r p]son1  
or to ! injury ( ! ,nation4 ,( c\rse no 
"o  w\ld feel t x 0 "r to all[ ano!r to 
write libel\s articles  ab\t y\r        
neighbors4 ,y w\ld n feel t x w\ld be "r
 to p]mit  "s vile p]son to write false 
& vici\s articles ab\t y\r "m or  y\r   
fa!r2 & yet any "o may d s4 ,!y _c be   
prohibit$ or  enjo9$ f do+ s1 b !y may  
be puni%$ aft] do+ s1 aft]  !y h be5    
tri$ 9 a c\rt & f\nd guilty ( libel by a
 jury (  _! fell[m547#ef7    ,s if "o   
writes a ?reat5+ lett] to y\r fa!r1     
tell+ him t he  w kidnap 8 *ild unless  
he pays t5 ?\s& doll>s by a c]ta9  "t1  
su* p]son is ex]cis+ 8 con/itutional "r 

to fre$om (  expression1 b no "o w\ld   
?9k t x 0 "r to p]mit him ?us to  abuse 
8 con/itutional "r )\t be+ puni%$ = x2 &
  consequ5tly su* p]son may be arre/$ & 
tri$1 & if f\nd guilty1  puni%$4    ,s 9
 ^! lat] days x has be5 f\nd wise1 n to 
prohibit p]sons  f giv+ expression to _!
 views ab\t our gov]nm5t1 b to puni%  ^?
 :o %[ by _! words or writ+ t !y are    
rebels aga9/ our  gov]nm5t1 endeavor+ by
 _! words to cause a revolution1 to     
incite  p to use =ce1 bombs1 or ! tor*  
to de/roy our gov]nm5t4    ,no "o c ev] 
be puni%$ = criticis+ our gov]nm5t1 or  
any ( !  (fic]s ( our gov]nm5t1 s long z
 he does n und]take to de/roy  our      
gov]nm5t1 & ,i am sure t y w\ld n ?9k x 
"r to p]mit  any "o to de/roy ! gov]nm5t
 controll$ by ourselves :i* has  br\ght 
to u s _m bless+s4 ,ne>ly e "o agrees t 
if a p]son  %\ld use bombs or ! tor* 9  
an ef=t to cause revolution & de/roy    
our =m ( gov]nm5t1 su* a p]son %\ld be  
puni%$2 b !re are a  few :o ?9k t !y    
%\ld n be puni%$ until !y actually beg9 

de/ruction4 ,( c\rse we _c agree ) !m4  
,! man :o goes out on  ! /reet corn] &  
advocates ! use ( ! bomb & ! tor* to    
de/roy our gov]nm5t1 :o ar\ses passions 
willfully ) ! purpose (  de/roy+ !      
gov]nm5t1 is do+ j z mu* wrong z is done
 by !  p]son :o foll[s 8 advice & uses !
 bomb & ! tor*4 ,9 fact !  man :o       
advocates revolution & de/ruction1 :o   
prea*es ! use ( !  bomb & ! tor*1 :o    
plants ! poison 9 ! he>ts ( 8 fell[m51  
& incites !m to revolution>y action is m
 guilty ( wrong ?an are  ^? :o1 /irr$ by
 8 appeals1 c>ry out 8 wi%es4    ,9     
puni%+ ^? :o ?us violate e pr9ciple (   
loyalty1  patriotism1 & "r !            
con/itutional provision is 9 no mann]   
modifi$4 ,! wor/ revolutioni/ has !     
fre$om ( spee* & ( !  press gu>ante$ to 
him4 ,! law :i* puni%es him does s only 
because  "u ! protection ( !            
,con/itution1 he commits a crime aga9/ 8
  c\ntry & aga9/ humanity4    ,am]ica   
has done m ?an any o!r nation 9 ! _w 9 !
 cause (  educat+ ! common p4 ,x %\ld   

ex]cise c>e t ! p  %\ld be educat$ 9 !  
true _s ( ,am]ica1 t _! m9ds %\ld  n be 
poison$ by ! vici\s tea*+s ( ^?1 n      
,am]icans at he>t1  :o seek to poison   
s\ls & rob ! p ( _! patriotism & (  _!  
loyalty4    ,9 ! old5 days s tyrannical 
0 ! k+ t 9 _m in/ances :5  ! p compla9$ 
( _! burd5s & s\ght rights & privileges 
!y 7 puni%$ = d>+ to seek relief4 ,! k+ 
w\ld usually give  !m :at he ?\ght !y   
ought to h & w\ld n li/5 to  compla9ts4 
,"o ( ! rights :i* ! p always hop$ = 0 !
  privilege ( assembl+1 meet+ toge!r1   
talk+ ov] _! tr\bles1  draw+ up a       
petition1 sign+1 & pres5t+ x1 pray+ 8a  
r$ress (  grievance04 ,:5 !             
repres5tatives ( ! p met 9 !            
,con/itutional ,conv5tion 9             
,philadelphia !y _h be=e _! m9ds !  ?+s 
t ! p _h suff]$ "u old =ms ( gov]nm5t & 
x  0 _! e>ne/ ef=t to provide           
con/itutional gu>anties :i* w\ld  prev5t
 ! abuses to :i* ! p 7 compell$ to      
submit 9 ! old  _w4 ,!re=e "o ( !       
provisions ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$  

,/ates is ! foll[+3    8,congress %all  
make no law 444 abridg+ 444 ! "r ( ! p  
peaceably to assemble1 & to petition !  
,gov]nm5t = a r$ress (                  
grievances407#eg7    ,"u ?is            
con/itutional gu>anty ! p h ! "r to     
assemble  peaceably at any "t or place1 
to talk ov] _! tr\bles1 & to draw  up a 
petition to ! gov]nm5t seek+ relief f   
unju/ burd5s4 ,:]e  !y assemble         
peaceably !re is no (fic] ( ! gov]nm5t &
 no c\rt  t c int]f]e ) !m2 & :5 !y     
petition ! gov]nm5t !y  _c be reprim&$  
or puni%$ 9 any way4 ,( c\rse "u our    
repres5tative gov]nm5t :]e ! p !mselves 
select ^? :o  make ! laws1 ! necessity =
 assembl+ & draw+ up petitions is  n s  
great4 ,yet 9 ,congress & 9 !           
legislatures ( ! v>i\s  ,/ates ne>ly e  
day petitions come 9 f "s body ( p urg+ 
! adoption ( a c]ta9 law or object+ to a
 c]ta9 propos$ law4 ,if  y 7 9 ,congress
 or 9 ! legislature y w\ld probably see 
"s  memb] arise & say1 8,mr4 ,speak]1 ,i
 pres5t ! petition ( ! p  ( my di/rict  

object+ to ! passage ( ,bill ,no4 #gha1 
:i* ,i desire to  h made "p ( ! record01
 & ! ,speak]1 :o is ! presid+  (fic]1   
w\ld respond 9 sub/ance1 8! reque/ ( !  
g5tleman w be  grant$ & ! petition w be 
made "p ( ! record04    ,:at ,i desire  
especially to impress ^u y ?is morn+ is 
! value (  ?is "r & ! failure ( our p to
 take advantage ( !  privilege grant$4  
,?is be+ a gov]nm5t by ! p & ! laws  be+
 made by _! ag5ts1 ^! ag5ts ( ! p1      
memb]s (  ,congress & ( ! ,/ate         
legislatures1 _c c>ry out ! w ( !  p    
unless !y "k :at ! p want4 ,ask y\r fa!r
 :5 y g  home :e!r or n he has ev]      
writt5 to ! memb] ( ,congress f  ?is    
di/rict tell+ him ab\t "s law he w\ld l 
to h pass$ or  ab\t "s propos$ law he   
w\ld l to see defeat$4 ,! tru? is t  !re
 are l>ge numb]s ( p 9 ?is city :o d n  
ev5 "k !  "n ( _! congressman1 or       
repres5tative 9 ! legislature ( !       
,/ate4 ,!y d n pay any att5tion to su*  
?+s1 yet :5 !  legislature or ,congress 
passes a law !y are always ready to     

criticise  & condemn1 despite ! fact t  
be=e x 0 pass$ !y did n take  int]e/    
en\gh to give an expression ( _! views  
to ^? :o 7  try+ to foll[ ! wi%es ( ! p4
 ,f "t to "t ! p  %\ld assemble 9 e     
community to talk ov] gov]nm5t matt]s1  
_!  matt]s1 ! ?+s t come mo/ close to !m
 9 life4 ,y w f9d  m5 & wom5 meet+ e    
mon? 9 _! lodges & clubs1 discuss+  all 
sorts ( ?+s1 music1 art1 & lit]ature1 b 
we f9d h>dly any  organiz$ meet+s = !   
discussion ( ! big ?+s 9 life1 our      
lib]ties1 our rights1 & our duties z    
citiz5s ( ?is free republic4 ,i  hope to
 see ! "t :5 !re w be community c5t]s & 
regul>  assemblies1 n = amusem5t b =    
s]i\s discussion1 s]i\s ?\ght1  & e>ne/ 
cop]ation 9 ! affairs ( ! city1 ,/ate1 &
 ,nation4  ,!re is s mu* compla9t 9 ^!  
days t x w\ld be ( great value  at ^!   
assemblies to all[ e p]son :o has a     
grievance aga9/ !  gov]nm5t or any bran*
 ( ! gov]nm5t to pres5t x = discussion4 
,! rights & duties ( ea* individual 9   
gov]nm5t are ( importance  to e o!r     

p]son1 & !re %\ld be frankness1 hone/y1 
&  e>ne/ness 9 e discussion ( grievance 
& rem$ies1 s t public  s5tim5t may be   
develop$4 ,gov]nm5t 9 a democracy is    
gov]nm5t by !  s5tim5t ( ! p2 & !       
s5tim5t ( ! p c only be  creat$ &       
manife/$ by talk+ ov] ! ?+s 9 :i* all p 
are  int]e/$--! problems ( life1 lib]ty1
 & happ9ess4    ,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions   
#a4 ,:i* coloni/s came to ,am]ica to    
avoid religi\s p]secution8    #b4 ,:y d 
p fight & die = _! religi\s beliefs8    
#c4 ,9 :at ways 7 p p]secut$ = _!       
religi\s beliefs8    #d4 ,:]e 0 ! fir/  
/atute grant+ absolute fre$om ( wor%ip  
pass$8    #e4 ,:y is x a good ?+ to h   
fre$om ( spee*8    #f4 ,"n "s fam\s     
,am]icans :o h be5 outspok5 9 say+ :at  
!y  ?\ght4    #g4 ,c y publi% 9 ! pap] a
 /atem5t t ,mr4 ,x is a burgl>8 ,if  s1 
c y be puni%$ if y\r /atem5t is n true8 
,if s1 h[ c y  h fre$om ( spee*8    #h4 
,is ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9  
=ce 9 all ! ,/ates (  ! ,union8    #i4  
,are !re o!r con/itutions :i* ! p (     

diff]5t ,/ates mu/  obs]ve8    #aj4 ,:y 
did ! p want ! "r to assemble8    #aa4  
,d y "k ( any c\ntries :]e !y d n all[  
x8    #ab4 ,d y "k ( anyone :o ev] s5t a
 petition to a ,/ate legislature8  ,to  
,congress8 ,:at 0 x l8    #ac4 ,h[ _m   
assemblies ( p & petitions help to make 
our  repres5tatives d :at we want !m to 
d8    ,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4 ,"n ! 
places 9 ! _w1 :]e to-day !re is        
religi\s  p]secution4    ,b4 ,describe !
 conditions 9 ,arm5ia4    ,c4 ,:at are !
 real advantages ( religions lib]ty8    
,d4 ,j h[ w\ld x affect a p]son if      
fre$om ( spee* 7 n  all[$8    ,e4 ,h[   
may ! "r to fre$om ( spee* be abus$8    
,f4 ,dur+ ! rec5t w>1 m5 7 puni%$ = :at 
!y said "u :at  is kn[n z ! ,espionage  
,act4 ,h[ c ?is be reconcil$ ) fre$om ( 
spee*8    ,g4 ,discuss ! me?od (        
organiz+ a community meet+4    ,h4      
,discuss ! me?od ( prep>+ a petition4   
,i4 ,suppose ! op9ion ( ! meet+ %\ld be 
divid$1 :at %\ld be  ! proc$ure8    ,j4 
,plan a me?od to make ! p talk m ab\t   

gov]nm5t4    ,k4 ,:at are ! dang]s ( a  
lack ( int]e/ 9 ! affairs (  gov]nm5t8  
,l4 ,h[ w a congressman repres5t ! wi%es
 ( ! p if he  receives no petitions8    
,m4 ,write a pap] on ! foll[+3          
,! ,/ory ( ! ,pilgrims        ,rog]     
,williams & ! ,provid5ce ,colony        
,"l ,baltimore        ,?omas ,jeff]son &
 ,religi\s ,lib]ty        ,c5sor%ip ( ! 
,press & ,fre$om ( ,spee*        ,:at to
 d ) an ,an>*i/ ,meet+        ,sociali/ 
,pap]s        ,! ,importance ( ! ,"r (  
,petition        ,keep+ ,9 ,t\* ) our   
,repres5tatives        ,"s ,petitions ,i
 h ,se5        ,?+s = ,:i* ,we ,%\ld    
,petition ! ,legislature            ,x4 
,,milit>y ,,provisions        ,rights ,(
 ,citiz5s ,to ,be> ,arms--,re/rictions  
,on ,qu>t]+ ,soldi]s ,9                 
,homes      ,aga9 we f9d ! fram]s ( !   
,con/itution look+ back into ! pa/  at  
abuses impos$ ^u ! p by k+ly p[]4 ,!y   
ins]t$ 9 !  ,con/itution ! foll[+       
provision3    8,a well regulat$         
,militia1 be+ necess>y to ! security ( a

 free  ,/ate1 ! "r ( ! p to keep & be>  
,arms1 %all n be  infr+$407#eh7    ,!y 7
 mak+ a gov]nm5t ( free ,/ates4 ,!y did 
n wi% to see !  ,national gov]nm5t      
become ! ma/] ( ! ,/ates nor ! ma/] ( ! 
p4 ,!y believ$ t ! gov]nm5t %\ld be !   
s]vant & n  ! ma/]4 ,!y want$ to h ! p[]
 9 ! h&s ( ! p (  ! ,/ates to protect _!
 rights if !y ev] %\ld be invad$ by     
=ce2 & !re=e !y furni%$ to ! p ( all !  
,/ates !  gu>anty t ! ,/ates %\ld h ! "r
 to h militia1 t is1  soldi]s organiz$  
to ma9ta9 ord] & to def5d ! ,/ate1 if   
necess>y1 aga9/ abuse ( p[]2 & !y       
gu>ante$ to ! p !  "r to be> arms       
lawfully4    ,if y read ! hi/ory ( ! old
 _w y w f9d _m in/ances (  soldi]s ent]+
 ! homes ( ! p to se>* = fire arms or   
o!r  weapons1 tak+ !m away1 possibly    
puni%+ ^? :o _h !m4 ,!  p are gu>d$ by  
our ,con/itution aga9/ any su* conduct  
on !  "p ( soldi]s or repres5tatives ( !
 ,national gov]nm5t4 ,( c\rse  ?is "r1 l
 ! "r ( free spee*1 may be abus$ & :5   
abus$  puni%m5t may be impos$4 ,=       

in/ance1 x is dang]\s to ! good ord]  ( 
a community t p]sons %\ld c>ry conceal$ 
weapons & !re=e  9 e ,/ate !re is "s law
 conc]n+ ?is4 ,if a man %\ld walk  d[n !
 /reet "h ) a load$ revolv] 9 8 pocket  
he c\ld be  arre/$ & imprison$1 or f9$1 
b 9 ?is ,/ate a man c\ld walk d[n  !    
/reet ) a %ot gun 9 8 h&s or any o!r    
weapon :]e x is  expos$ s p c\ld see x4 
,a law aga9/ c>ry+ conceal$ weapons     
imposes no burd5 ^u any law-abid+       
citiz54 ,!re are regulations1 (  c\rse1 
p]mitt+ c]ta9 p]sons to c>ry weapons    
conceal$1 police  (fic]s1 a %]iff1 & o!r
 peace (fic]s2 & !re is a law "u  :i*   
any p]son ( good moral "* may make      
application =  au?ority to c>ry conceal$
 weapons :i* w be grant$ "u c]ta9       
re/rictions4 ,"s ,/ates require a bond  
to be fil$ gu>antee+ good  conduct4     
,p]sons :o h to c>ry l>ge sums ( money1 
express mess5g]s  ^u ! tra9s1 po/ (fice 
employees :o c>ry regi/]$ mail1 &  o!r  
p]sons may be grant$ ! privilege ( c>ry+
 conceal$ weapons4  ,! laws reg>d+ c>ry+

 conceal$ weapons diff] f ,/ate to      
,/ate1  ! puni%m5t 9 "s be+ a t]m 9 !   
p5it5ti>y4    ,b 9 all ?is we f9d only  
regulation & c>eful provision to help   
ma9ta9 ord] & peace2 & ) x all we f9d ! 
absolute "r giv5  by ! ,con/itution to !
 p to ma9ta9 _! ,/ate militia & to  keep
 & be> arms )9 reasonable regulations   
:i* may be provid$ by  ! diff]5t ,/ates4
    ,!n we f9d a /rict gu>anty ( !      
,con/itution aga9/ an abuse :i*  0      
common 9 ! old _w4 ,y "k be=e ,am]ica   
came into be+ !  /r5g? ( a gov]nm5t 0 ! 
p[] ( a gov]nm5t4 ,! p 7  rul$ by =ce2  
!y 7 kept 9 con/ant fe>4 ,:5 ?is ,nation
 0  organiz$ x 0 ! hope ( ! f\nd]s t we 
c\ld h laws s j  t p w\ld h love = _!   
c\ntry & respect = its laws1 s  t we    
w\ld n h to inspire fe> 9 ! he>ts ( ! p 
9  ord] to make !m obey4 ,laws %\ld be  
obey$ n because ( fe>1 b  because (     
respect1 because ( a s5se ( duty4 ,laws 
%\ld be obey$  because we "k t laws are 
necess>y to protect our own lib]ties4   
,we  "k t )\t law1 lib]ty is impossible4

    ,s t :5 ! ,con/itution 0 fram$1     
reflect+ ^u ! abuses (  ! old _w1 !     
mak]s ( ! ,con/itution ins]t$ ?is       
gu>anty3    8,no ,soldi] %all1 9 "t (   
peace1 be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se1 )\t  !     
cons5t ( ! ,own]1 nor 9 "t ( w>1 b 9 a  
mann] to be  prescrib$ by law407#ei7    
,9 ! old5 days ! milit>y p[] 0 supreme4 
,! soldi] 0 "p (  ! milit>y p[]4 ,!     
ord9>y citiz5 0 compell$ to submit to _m
  ( ! wi%es ( ! soldi]s 9 times ( peace 
z well z 9 times (  w>4 ,9 read+ !      
hi/ory ( ! _w y w f9d t soldi]s  ex]cis$
 ! "r to ent] ! homes ( ! p & dem& food 
&  %elt]4 ,( c\rse ! p1 be+ 9 fe> ( !   
milit>y p[]1 w\ld  n ?9k ( refus+ any?+ 
dem&$2 b ! p ( ,am]ica1 "u  our         
,con/itution1 are supreme4 ,! soldi] is 
subject to ! p1 n  ! p subject to !     
soldi]4 ,:ile we mu/ respect ^? :o are !
  def5d]s ( our c\ntry1 we mu/ also     
respect our own rights &  privileges4 ,&
 e soldi]1 g5]al or private1 mu/ also   
respect our  rights & privileges4 ,no   
soldi] c ent] any home1 no matt] h[     

humble1 )\t ! cons5t ( ! own]1 except 9 
times ( w>4 ,ev5 9  times ( w> he _c    
ent] except "u circum/ances & conditions
  prescrib$ by law4 ,! law be+ made by !
 p1 !y w be  protect$ aga9/ abuse4 ,(   
c\rse 9 times ( w> e "o %\ld be  glad to
 give freely ( :at he has = ! soldi]s ( 
8 c\ntry1 b 9  times ( peace 9 ?is      
c\ntry ! soldi]1 "u our ,con/itution1   
und]/&s t ! home is sacr$ & t he has no 
"r !re unless  ! own] invites him to    
ent]4    ,i wond] if ! p realize :at ^! 
gu>anties mean to !m4 ,i  wond] if !y   
und]/& h[ e>ne/ly & h[ c>efully ^? :o   
fram$  ! ,con/itution endeavor$ to      
protect ! sacr$ rights ( e man1  woman1 
& *ild 9 ?is c\ntry4    ,,elem5t>y      
,,que/ions    #a4 ,:y did ! ,g]mans     
refuse to all[ ! ,belgians to keep & be>
 arms8    #b4 ,:y is ?is "r important to
 u8    #c4 ,ask "s soldi] :o f\ght 9    
,france to tell y ab\t h[ soldi]s       
qu>t]$ 9 ! village4 ,w\ld y l to see ?is
 9 ,am]ica8 ,:y n8    #d4 ,:at rights   
has a soldi] 9 "t ( peace to dem&       

admittance to a  h\se1 or to dem& food8 
#e4 ,9 "t ( w> "u :at conditions may a  
soldi] be qu>t]$ 9 any  h\se8    #f4    
,:]e is ! :ole p[] ( gov]nm5t 9 ,am]ica8
 ,:]e is x 9 a  k+dom or mon>*y8    #g4 
,d y "k ! "n ( y\r congressman8    #h4  
,:5 %\ld a p]son be all[$ to c>ry       
weapons8    ,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4 
,:at is ! importance ( ! "r ( keep+ &   
be>+ arms8    ,b4 ,:at is ! /atus ( !   
,national ,gu>d 9 y\r locality8 ,:at are
 its  duties8 ,:at is its purpose8      
,c4 ,:at is ! fundam5tal objection to ! 
qu>t]+ ( soldi]s on a  population 9 "t (
 peace8    ,d4 ,write a pap] on !       
foll[+3          ,! ,"r to ,be> ,arms   
,! ,evils ( ,qu>t]+ ( ,soldi]s        ,!
 ,purpose ( ! ,national ,gu>d        ,h[
 ! ,soldi]s ,7 ,qu>t]$ 9 ,france        
,,xi4 ,,se>* ,,w>rant ,,& ,,indictm5t   
,! ,home ,protect$ ,aga9/ ,unlawful     
,se>* ,& ,seizure--,gr& ,jury           
,indictm5t ,requir$      ,foll[+ !      
provision t we la/ discuss$ t no soldi] 
%all 9  "t ( peace be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se 

)\t ! cons5t ( ! own]1  nor 9 "t ( w>   
except 9 a mann] prescrib$ by law1 we   
f9d !  ,con/itution mak+ a mo/ positive 
provision gu>d+ ! sacr$ness (  ! home1 !
 sacr$ness ( ! p]son1 & ! ?+s belong+ to
 ea*  p]son4 ,9 ! old5 days ! p _h to   
submit to ! mo/ brutal  conduct4 ,a man 
might ?9k "s "o _h /ol5 8 r+ or 8 wat*4 
,suspect+ a neighbor1 & be+ ! /rong]1 or
 assembl+ 8 fri5ds1  or "s (fic]s1 he   
might ent] ! neighbor's home1 se>* all  
?r\gh  ! h\se among pap]s1 9 ! desks1 & 
9 e trunk & o!r place  :]e p]sonal      
belong+s 7 kept1 might se>* ! p]son     
himself1 8  pockets1 & clo?+4    ,(     
c\rse y c easily und]/& t ! p :o 7 ?us  
abus$  w\ld res5t su* actions4 ,9 ,engl&
 ! p 9 e>ly days _h  prote/$ & _h secur$
 "s gu>anties f ! k+ aga9/ ^!  outrages1
 b ! fir/ absolute writt5 gu>anty ( !   
full rights (  ! p 0 :5 ! foll[+        
provision 0 ins]t$ 9 our  ,con/itution3 
8,! "r ( ! p to be secure 9 _! p]sons1  
h\ses1 pap]s1  & effects1 aga9/         
unreasonable se>*es & seizures1 %all n  

be  violat$1 & no ,w>rants %all issue1 b
 ^u probable cause1 support$  by ,oa? or
 affirmation1 & p>ticul>ly describ+ !   
place to be  se>*$1 & ! p]sons or ?+s to
 be seiz$407#fj7    ,( c\rse x is app>5t
 t s long z we h crimes committ$ !      
wrongdo] mu/ be puni%$4 ,wrongdo]s      
naturally try to conceal !  evid5ce ( _!
 crimes3 ! murd]] seeks to hide !       
revolv]1 !  ?ief seeks to hide ! money1 
! bonds1 or ! jewels4 ,s x is  necess>y1
 9 ord] to f9d crim9als & to recov]     
valuable ?+s !y  may h tak51 to h !     
privilege ( se>*+ p]sons or h\ses4 ,b  !
 ?+ :i* ! ,con/itution gu>antees is t no
 su* se>* %all  be made except ^u       
w>rants issu$ by "s c\rt1 :i* are comm&s
 to a  peace (fic] to seize a c]ta9     
p]son 7arre/ him7 or to se>* a  c]ta9   
h\se or o!r place = ?+s :i* might aid 9 
adm9i/]+  ju/ice4 ,no w>rants %all be   
issu$ by any c\rt until "s "o has       
appe>$ & fil$ a solemn /atem5t "u oa?   
%[+ "s reasonable  gr\nds = believ+ t ! 
se>* or seizure w disclose evid5ce (  ! 

(f5se4 ,! place mu/ be describ$4 ,! ?+s 
or ! p]sons to be  seiz$ mu/ be         
describ$4 ,a w>rant issu$ by any c\rt1  
no matt] h[  high1 )\t su* a sworn      
/atem5t be+ pres5t$1 is void & 9        
violation ( ! rights ( e p]son "u !     
,con/itution4 ,! c\rts  are (t5 call$ ^u
 to en=ce ?is "r ( ! p4 ,! home1        
especially "u our ,con/itution1 is      
recogniz$ z sacr$4 8,e man's  h\se is 8 
ca/le0 & :]ev]1 )\t ! prop] w>rant1 se>*
 or  seizure is made1 ! c\rt w promptly 
puni% ! wrongdo] & if  some?+ has be5   
seiz$ or tak5 possession ( wrongfully ! 
c\rt w  ord] x return$4 ,ev5 ?\gh       
valuable z evid5ce ( guilt1 ! c\rt  w n 
p]mit x to be us$1 if x has be5 seiz$ 9 
violation ( !  gu>anty ( ! ,con/itution4
    ,no matt] h[ humble ! home1 :e!r x  
be own$ or r5t$1 :e!r x  h "o room or a 
doz51 x /&s exactly ! same "u ?is       
con/itutional provision1 & is gu>d$     
aga9/ 8unreasonable se>*es  & seizures04
 ,no matt] h[ poor ! own]1 he c /& at 8 
door &  defy all ! (fic]s ( ,/ate or    

gov]nm5t1 yes1 & all ! soldi]s (  !     
republic1 defy !m to ent] until !       
provisions ( ! ,con/itution  ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates %all h be5 compli$ )4    ,n[1 we 
come to gu>anties ( ! "r ( ! p to       
protection  aga9/ any trial1 except !   
same be conduct$ 9 accordance ) !       
gu>anties ( ! ,con/itution4 ,^!         
gu>anties are = all p]sons1  "y or old1 
ri* or poor4 ,y "k sometimes ! innoc5t  
are *>g$  ) grave crimes4 ,a crime is   
committ$ 9 ! d>kness ( ! night4 ,!      
crim9al has fl$4 ,! fir/ duty ( ! (fic]s
 ( ! gov]nm5t--!  s]vants ( ! p--is to  
f9d ! crim9al s t he may be puni%$  = 8 
wrongdo+4 ,?is is n an easy task1 & no  
matt] h[ c>eful  (fic]s may be1 mi/akes 
are sometimes made & innoc5t p]sons are 
arre/$ & *>g$ ) ! (f5se4 ,br+ ?is home  
to y\rself1  because e "o ( ^!          
con/itutional gu>anties are = y1 = ea*  
( y1 = y\r fa!r1 "m1 bro!rs1 & si/]s4   
,keep ?is 9 m9d4  ,d n consid] !m z     
apply+ to somebody away (f1 "s /rang] 9 
:om y h no int]e/4 ,!y apply to y4      

,n[ suppose t to-night a murd] %\ld be  
committ$1 & to-morr[ y\r  fa!r %\ld be  
arre/$ & *>g$ ) ! crime ( :i* he 0      
entirely innoc5t4 ,x w be v important to
 him t he %\ld h a  fair *ance1 a fair  
trial4 ,8 lib]ty w\ld be at /ake1 &     
lib]ty  "u ! ,con/itution is a sacr$ ?+4
 ,?9k+ ( lib]ty 8 m9d  w\ld naturally   
turn to ! ,con/itution1 & if he exam9$  
x1 he w\ld  f9d ! foll[+ gu>anty3       
8,no p]son %all be held to answ] = a    
capital1 or o!rwise infam\s  crime1     
unless on a pres5tm5t or indictm5t ( a  
,gr& ,jury1 except 9  cases aris+ 9 ! l&
 or naval  =ces1 or 9 ! ,militia1 :5 9  
actual s]vice 9 "t ( ,w> or public      
dang]407#fa7    ,n[ y d n und]/& ?is1 d 
y8 ,& yet x is v simple4 ,:5 a  man is  
arre/$1 he is br\ght be=e ! c\rt =      
trial4 ,b h[1 &  be=e :om %all he be    
tri$8    ,rememb] t 9 ,am]ica ! en=cem5t
 ( law is 9 ! h&s ( !  p4 ,rememb] t ?is
 is a gov]nm5t by ! p & t !  *ief       
purpose ( gov]nm5t is to protect !      
lib]ties ( ! p4  ,"h is y\r fa!r's      

lib]ty at /ake4 ,if he %\ld be convict$ 
(  hav+ committ$ ?is murd]1 he might be 
hang$ or s5t to prison =  life1 s x is v
 important to him t ! inve/igation into 
!  *>ge aga9/ him %all be conduct$ 9 !  
"r mann]4    ,"u ?is con/itutional      
gu>anty :i* is also includ$ 9 y\r ,/ate 
,con/itution1 !re is no c\rt & no judge 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates big  en\gh or p[]ful  
en\gh to call y\r fa!r be=e ! c\rt =    
trial  until he has be5 indict$ by a gr&
 jury4 ,a gr& jury1 g5]ally  compos$ (  
twelve or m m5 select$ f ord9>y citiz5s1
 is br\ght  toge!r e t]m ( c\rt4 ,!y sit
 9 a room by !mselves & he>  evid5ce z  
to ! commission ( (f5ses4 ,!y h no p[]  
to f9d a  man guilty or n guilty4 ,_!   
p[] & _! duty is to decide :e!r  !      
evid5ce br\ght be=e !m is suffici5t to  
ju/ify putt+ !  accus$ man on trial = ! 
(f5se4 ,!y he> ! witnesses = !  ,/ate or
 gov]nm5t4 ,! def5dant is n br\ght be=e 
!m p]sonally1  nor is he repres5t$ 9 any
 way4 ,x is simply a secret             
inve/igation4 ,if  ^! m5 ^u ?is         

inve/igation decide ! evid5ce is n      
suffici5t to  w>rant ! trial ( a man1 he
 is dis*>g$4 ,he _c be put on trial     
be=e ! c\rt4 ,be=e ! c\rt c proce$ ! gr&
 jury mu/ fir/  say t ! man %all be     
tri$4 ,! p ?us h 9 _! h&s !  p[] (      
protect+ ! innoc5t1 & ! p[] ( in/itut+  
proce$+s  aga9/ ! guilty4 ,! gr& jury   
br+s 9 its report by an 8indictm5t0  :i*
 is m]ely a writt5 /atem5t to ! c\rt t !
 gr& jury  believes ! def5dant %\ld be  
put ^u trial = a c]ta9 (f5se4  ,:5 ?is  
indictm5t is br\ght 91 ! def5dant is    
call$ be=e !  c\rt1 ! *>ge is read to   
him1 & he is !n requir$ to say :e!r  he 
is guilty or n guilty4 ,if he says t he 
is n guilty1 !n  prep>ation mu/ be made 
= a trial 9 ! c\rt1 be=e a petit jury1 a
  trial jury1 :i* we w consid] lat]4 ,! 
?+ ,i want to impress ^u  y n[ is ! c>e 
) :i* ! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution gu>d$ ! 
"r ( y\r fa!r to h an inve/igation by a 
body ( citiz5s be=e  he c be br\ght up =
 trial = ?is murd] :i* has be5 committ$4
  ,he _c be dragg$ by (fic]s be=e "s    

c\rt & =c$ to g  hurri$ly ?r\gh a =m (  
trial only to be f\nd guilty4 ,!        
proce$+s  mu/ be delib]ate & c>eful4 ,! 
,con/itution gu>ds him aga9/ dang]  (   
conviction )\t sub/antial pro( ( 8      
guilt4    ,!re are a few m9or (f5ses1   
sometimes call$ misdemeanors1 & !re  are
 violations ( city ord9ances1 9 :i* an  
indictm5t is n  necess>y1 b an indictm5t
 by a gr& jury is necess>y :5ev] !      
crime is infam\s or capital2 t is1      
g5]ally speak+1 :5 puni%m5t  w\ld       
involve imprisonm5t 9 ! p5it5ti>y or !  
tak+ ( life by  hang+ or o!rwise4 ,y w  
und]/& ?is bett] z we consid] !  trial  
be=e ! petit jury4    ,y may ?9k x is   
difficult to le>n all ab\t gr& juries1 !
 numb]  ( jurors1 & ! mann] 9 :i* !y are
 sworn to p]=m _! duties4  ,i d n blame 
y4 ,b be> 9 m9d ,i am n insi/+ t y %all 
le>n all ^! details4 ,( c\rse ! m k we h
 ab\t ^!  matt]s ! bett]4 ,b ! important
 ?+ is t y %all le>n t  away back m ?an 
"o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s ago ! p ( ,am]ica
  9 fram+ ! ,con/itution ( our c\ntry1  

by writt5 gu>anties1 made  ?is a        
gov]nm5t by ! p4 ,kn[+ t ! mo/ sacr$ ?+ 
on  ?is e>? is human lib]ty1 !y s\ght to
 gu>d x by provid+ e  possible safegu>d 
:i* w\ld protect ! innoc5t f unju/      
conviction4 ,!y tru/$ ! p4 ,:ile c\rts 7
 provid$1 ! p[]  to accuse ! humble/    
human be+ liv+ "u ! ,am]ican flag ( a   
grave (f5se & br+ him be=e a c\rt =     
trial 0 res]v$ to !  p !mselves4    ,gr&
 juries are m]ely repres5tatives or     
ag5ts ( ! p4 ,z !y  sit 9 c\rt !y are   
ex]cis+ "s ( ! highe/ & mo/ important   
duties ex]cis$ by m54 ,gr& jurors &     
petit jurors hold 9 _! h&s  ! lib]ty (  
_! fell[m54    ,x is ^! great tru?s ,i  
wi% to impress ^u y4 ,i want y to h  !  
k1 b m ?an ?is1 ,i want y to h ! _s1 !  
_s ( confid5ce 9 y\r gov]nm5t1 & ! _s ( 
gratitude t  y live 9 ,am]ica :]e ! p   
rule1 :]e ! p n only make  ! law1 b     
en=ce x4    ,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions    #a4
 ,9 ! old5 days h[ c\ld a /rong man     
abuse "o suspect$ (  /eal+8    #b4 ,:at 
w\ld he be compell$ to d to-day8    #c4 

,:y are ! gu>anties reg>d+ trials       
important to y8    #d4 ,:o may accuse or
 *>ge a p]son ) a crime8    #e4 ,is a   
p]son *>g$ ) a crime necess>ily guilty8 
#f4 ,:at is a gr& jury8 ,:at is its     
purpose8    #g4 ,h[ are memb]s ( a gr&  
jury s]vants ( ! p8    #h4 ,is a se>*   
w>rant valid if no sworn /atem5t has be5
 fil$8    #i4 ,:at are ! rights ( !     
own]1 if a se>* is made )\t prop]       
w>rant or pap]s8    #aj4 ,/ate ! gu>anty
 ( ! ,con/itution ) ref]5ce to indictm5t
 by  a gr& jury4    #aa4 ,is ! session (
 a gr& jury secret or public8    #ab4   
,is ! def5dant pres5t be=e ! gr& jury   
dur+ !  inve/igation8    #ac4 ,:at is   
meant by 8indictm5t08    #ad4 ,:at is   
done :5 ! gr& jury returns an indictm5t8
    #ae4 ,:at (f5ses may be prosecut$   
)\t an indictm5t8    ,,advanc$          
,,que/ions    ,a4 ,discuss ! proc$ure ( 
secur+ a se>* w>rant8    ,b4 ,if we _h  
no gu>anty ( security ( prop]ty rights  
:at effect w\ld  ?is h ) ref]5ce to     
work+1 e>n+1 & sav+8    ,c4 ,h[ is !    

fact t we h a gr& jury an evid5ce ( !   
c>e )  :i* our gov]nm5t gu>ds our       
rights8    ,d4 ,:at is a he9\s crime8   
,e4 ,write a pap] on3          ,e>ly    
,abuses ( ,p[] 9 ,se>* & ,seizure       
,"s ,int]e/+ ,violations ( ?is ,"r      
,! ,gr& ,jury z an ,evid5ce ,t ! ,p     
,rule        ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,"w ( ,"o  
,gr& ,jury            ,,xii4 ,,rights   
,,( ,,accus$            ,acquittal ,by  
,jury ,f9al--,accus$ ,n ,compell$ ,to   
,be ,a ,witness      ,n[ keep+ 9 m9d t  
?is is a p]sonal matt] ) ea* "o ( u1  t 
we are talk+ ab\t our own rights1 t "s  
day our lib]ties may  be 9 dang]1 let u 
take up ! next gu>anty ( ! ,con/itution3
 8nor  %all any p]son be subject = !    
same (f5ce to be twice put 9  jeop>dy ( 
life or limb047#fb7    ,i am sure y d n 
"k :at t means4 ,i am sure !re is n "o (
  y :o ev] dream$ t su* a ?+ might happ5
 to y z to be 8twice  put 9 jeop>dy (   
life or limb04 ,?is is v important &    
likewise v  simple4 ,9 ! old5 days1 9 ! 
old _w1 _m a man 0 tri$ = a  crime 9    

c\rt & f\nd n guilty1 & !n lat] 0 arre/$
 & put  on trial aga9 & f\nd guilty4    
,suppose y\r fa!r1 z ,i said ! o!r  day1
 %\ld be arre/$1 al?\gh he 7 innoc5t4   
,suppose he 7  indict$ by ?is gr& jury &
 br\ght on = trial4 ,he w\ld be         
compell$ to hire a lawy]1 if he 7 able  
to1 & get ready = trial4  ,! trial w\ld 
come on1 & days or possibly weeks might 
be sp5t 9  exam9+ witnesses4 ,f9ally !  
case w\ld close & ! jury w\ld br+  9 a  
v]dict ( 8n guilty04 ,x w\ld be an      
exp5sive proce$+4 ,p]haps  x w\ld take  
all ! money he _h sav$4 ,x w\ld n only  
be exp5sive  b x w\ld be a h>d /ra9 ^u  
him1 y\r "m1 ! o!r *ildr51  & y\rself4  
,x is a v s]i\s matt] = an innoc5t man  
to be tri$  = murd]4 ,/ill ! v]dict ( 8n
 guilty0 comes 9 & y are all  full ( joy
 to realize t 8 life & lib]ty h be5     
sav$4 ,n[  suppose x 7 possible t )9 a  
c\ple ( weeks aft]w>ds he c\ld  aga9 be 
arre/$1 indict$1 put on trial4 ,all ( ! 
family w\ld aga9  be subject$ to worry &
 sorr[4 ,y d n ?9k x w\ld be j1 d  y8 ,x

 w\ld n be "r4 ,( c\rse x w\ldn't be "r1
 b m5 9 !  old5 days h be5 compell$ to  
submit to su* inju/ices4 ,s :5 !        
,con/itution 0 adopt$ ?is gu>anty :i* ,i
 j read 0 put 9 !re1  s t = any (f5se   
aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates no man c be tri$  
aga9 aft] acquittal4 ,once a jury ( 8   
fell[m51 8 neighbors1 br+s  9 a v]dict (
 8n guilty0 t ends =ev] any prosecution 
= !  same (f5se4 ,he is free & !re is no
 p[] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates nor  any ( its   
(fic]s to call him aga9 = trial = t     
(f5se4 ,mo/ (  ! ,/ates h a l           
con/itutional gu>anty4    ,!n !re is    
ano!r important gu>anty3 8nor %all 7he7 
be compell$ 9  any crim9al case to be a 
witness aga9/ himself047#fc7    ,i wond]
 if y h ev] he>d ( ! days :5 m5 7       
tortur$ to make  !m confess4 ,i wond] if
 y ev] he>d ( ! rack :]e m5 7  /ret*$1  
almo/ torn limb f limb1 or ( ! days :5  
m5 7 hung  up by _! ?umbs1 9 ord] to    
compel !m to admit _! guilt ( "s  crime4
 ,h y read ( ! burn+ ( ! soles ( m5's   
feet8 ,or !  application ( r$ hot irons 

to o!r p>ts ( ! body 9 ord] to extort  a
 confession8 ,well ^? 7 common ?+s 9 "s 
( ! c\ntries 9  ! days be=e ,am]ica 0   
born4 ,m5 w\ld be arre/$1 *>g$ ) an     
(f5se1 & !n an ef=t w\ld be made to     
torture !m into confess+  to ! crime4 ,&
 (t5 :]e no su* brutal torture 0        
employ$1 m5  7 br\ght into c\rt1 put on 
! /&1 ?reat5$1 exam9$1 & cross  exam9$  
by lawy]s to try to ga9 admissions :i*  
might help to prove  _! guilt4 ,( c\rse 
?is 0 all wrong4 ,x 0 brutal4 ,x 0 a    
violation ( human "r4 ,:5 ! ,con/itution
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0  fram$ ?is great   
abuse ( human privilege 0 absolutely    
b>r$ by !  provision1 t no "o c 8be     
compell$ 9 any crim9al case to be a     
witness aga9/ himself04 ,9 ?is c\ntry1  
:5 a man is br\ght into  c\rt *>g$ ) a  
crime1 x is ! duty ( ! gov]nm5t to prove
 8  guilt4 ,?is pro( mu/ be by ! sworn  
te/imony ( witnesses ( c]ta9  facts or  
circum/ances1 aside f any /atem5t or    
admission by !  def5dant4 ,he _c be     
compell$ to be a witness at all4 ,if he 

s wi%es1  h[ev]1 he may be a witness =  
himself4 ,?is privilege 0 d5i$ him  "u !
 ,engli% practice = g5]ations1 & ev5 9  
?is c\ntry 9  _m ( ! ,/ates until a     
comp>atively rec5t "t2 b nev] s9ce !    
,con/itution 0 adopt$ c\ld any p]son    
*>g$ ) a crime aga9/ !  ,unit$ ,/ates be
 compell$ to te/ify to any fact or      
circum/ance 9  relation to ! crime4 ,n  
only c he sit 9 ! c\rt room & li/5 to  !
 /ories told aga9/ him1 b he is gu>ante$
 ?is "r by  protection aga9/ any ?reats 
or inducem5ts outside ( c\rt & be=e  !  
trial :i* w\ld lead him to say any?+    
aga9/ 8 innoc5ce4  ,e judge 9 crim9al   
c\rts has be5 compell$ at times to      
refuse to  admit 9 evid5ce be=e ! jury  
c]ta9 /atem5ts or alleg$  confessions4  
,y may see 9 ! pap] :]e "s man has be5  
arre/$ =  break+ into a bank or committ+
 "s o!r (f5se1 & x may be  fur!r /at$ t 
! def5dant has confess$ t he broke into 
!  bank4 ,naturally y !n say to y\rself 
t he w be f\nd guilty4  ,well ?is       
con/itutional gu>anty n only protects   

him 9 c\rt b  protects him out ( c\rt4  
,he _c be compell$ to give answ]s aft]  
8 arre/ :ile he is 9 jail1 or ev5 if he 
is at lib]ty "u bond1  :i* c be us$     
aga9/ him ^u ! trial4 ,( c\rse a p]son  
*>g$  ) a crime may waive ?is           
con/itutional gu>anty4 ,he may          
volunt>ily  say t he wants to tell 8    
/ory1 & if he does s )\t any  inducem5t1
 promises1 or ?reats x may be admitt$   
aga9/ him :5 !  trial comes4 ,o!rwise n4
 ,to be admitt$1 x mu/ appe> to be      
absolutely volunt>y & ( 8 own free w4   
,if x appe>s t !  confession has be5    
induc$ by promises ( light] s5t5ce or 8t
 x  w be easi] = him01 or if any o!r    
inducem5t is us$ to get him to  cons5t  
to make 8 /atem5t1 su* /atem5t _c be us$
 9 evid5ce  because ( 8 con/itutional   
gu>anty4 ,_m times ,i h se5 ! c\rt      
refuse to admit pro( ( an alleg$        
confession ( a def5dant1 & ,i c\ld  see 
t ! jury try+ ! case & ! p sitt+ 9 !    
c\rt room  7 surpris$ t ! judge w\ld n  
admit su* pro( ev5 :5 !  confession 0   

sign$ by ! def5dant2 b ! jury & ! p did 
n happ5 to ?9k ( ?is con/itutional      
provision4 ,p]haps !y _h  nev] he>d ( x4
 ,e judge is sworn to uphold & def5d !  
,con/itution4 ,no judge c p]mit any     
provision ( ! ,con/itution to be        
violat$ if he c help x4 ,a man is on    
trial be=e him4 ,a writt5  confession is
 (f]$ 9 evid5ce to help convict him4 ,! 
def5dant's  attorneys claim t !         
confession 0 n volunt>y b 0 induc$ by   
?reats or promises4 ,! c\rt !n makes    
inquiry & he>s ! witnesses  ^u ?is "q1 &
 if ! c\rt f9ds t ! confession 0 n !    
volunt>y act ( ! def5dant1 ! same w be  
exclud$ because !  ,con/itution provides
 t no man 8%all be compell$ 9 any       
crim9al case  to be a witness aga9/     
himself04    ,let u turn aga9 to ! false
 accusation aga9/ y\r fa!r4 ,he is  *>g$
 ) murd]4 ,he is on trial be=e a jury4  
,! attorney = !  gov]nm5t pulls a pap]  
out ( 8 pocket & (f]s x 9 evid5ce4 ,x   
appe>s to be sign$ by y\r fa!r4 ,y\r    
fa!r's attorney objects to  hav+ x      

consid]$ by ! jury = ! reason t !       
policem5 took  y\r fa!r into a cell 9 ! 
jail1 & ?reat5$ t !y w\ld beat  him ) _!
 clubs unless he w\ld sign a pap] tell+ 
h[ he committ$  ! (f5se1 & t 9 t]ror he 
sign$ ! pap]4 ,at ?is po9t1 !  c\rt w\ld
 he> ! /atem5ts ( y\r fa!r1 & o!r       
evid5ce1 & if  x appe>$ t !re 7 any     
?reats ( any k9d us$ to get y\r  fa!r to
 sign ! pap]1 x w\ld n be admitt$ 9     
evid5ce at all4  ,y\r fa!r w\ld only    
claim 8 con/itutional rights z an       
,am]ican1 &  !y w\ld n be d5i$ to him4  
,!re are notable in/ances 9 :i*         
confessions 7 made & sign$ by  innoc5t  
p>ties1 :o 7 disc\rag$ because ! facts  
seem$ to be all  aga9/ !m1 :o felt t !y 
7 c]ta9 to be convict$1 & t  _! puni%m5t
 w\ld be light] if !y w\ld make a       
confession4 ,"u  ?is impression !y made 
& sign$ a confession4 ,x 0 aft]w>d f\nd 
t ! confession 0 false & t !y 7 innoc5t 
( ! crime4  ,?is con/itutional gu>anty  
protects aga9/ any inju/ice ( ?is k9d4  
,^! c>eful ef=ts ( ! mak]s ( !          

,con/itution to gu>d !  lib]ties ( ! mo/
 humble p]sons mu/ impress u ) !        
e>ne/ness  ( _! ef=ts to make ?is a free
 c\ntry1 :]e no "o %all be  depriv$ ( 8 
life or lib]ty except :]e prov5 guilty1 
aft] a mo/  c>efully gu>d$ trial4       
,isn't x f9e to live 9 a c\ntry :]e ! p 
h a ,con/itution  writt5 9 su* simple   
language t ev5 ! little *ildr5 c read x8
  ,i want e "o1 ev5 ! smalle/ *ild1 to  
und]/& t e l9e  ( ! ,con/itution 0      
writt5 to gu>d & protect ea* "o ( u1 "y 
& old1 aga9/ inju/ice & wrong4 ,^!      
safegu>ds _c be tak5  away except by ! p
 !mselves4 ,! ,presid5t _c *ange !      
,con/itution4 ,congress _c *ange x4     
,judges _c *ange x4 ,no "o  b ! m5 &    
wom5 ( ,am]ica c alt] x 9 ! lea/4       
,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions    #a4 ,%[ h[ be+ 
put on trial aga9 & aga9 = ! same (f5se 
w\ld  be an inju/ice4    #b4 ,:y is x "r
 to h ! v]dict ( 8n guilty0 f9al8    #c4
 ,:at w\ld be ! result if x 7 n f9al8   
#d4 ,:y is ?is ( p>ticul> advantage to !
 poor man8    #e4 ,:y %\ld no man be    

compell$ to be a witness aga9/ himself8 
#f4 ,:y d !y all[ a man to be a witness 
if he s desires8    #g4 ,:at is !       
importance ( ! gu>anty protect+ !       
def5dant f  be+ exam9$ z a witness8     
#h4 ,:5 a p]son is indict$ = an (f5se1  
:at is ! duty ( !  gov]nm5t ) ref]5ce to
 pro( ( guilt8    #i4 ,h[ is guilt prov5
 9 c\rt8    #aj4 ,:5 may a confession   
made outside ( c\rt be introduc$ z      
evid5ce8    #aa4 ,:y w\ld anyone accus$ 
( a crime confess guilt1 :5 9 fact he   
might n be guilty at all8    #ab4 ,c !  
,presid5t or ,congress or a judge *ange 
any ( ! provisions  ( ! ,con/itution8   
,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4 ,discuss !  
democracy ( ! provision t ! v]dict ( 8n 
guilty0  is f9al :ile t ( 8guilty0 may n
 ( necessity be f9al8    ,b4 ,:y are    
confessions wrung f fright5$ or tortur$ 
m5 likely to be  untru/wor?y8    ,c4 ,:y
 %\ld ! 8,?ird ,degree0 me?ods be       
prohibit$8    ,d4 ,write a pap] on !    
foll[+3          ,! ,?ird ,degree       
,e>ly ,cases ( ,tortur+ ,accus$ ,p]sons 

,! ,burd5s1 ,disadvantages1 & ,inju/ice 
( ,p]mitt+ a ,retrial      ,aft] ,a     
,v]dict ( 8,n ,guilty0        ,me?ods   
,sometimes ,us$ to ,secure a ,confession
 ( ,guilt            ,,xiii4 ,,life1    
,,lib]ty1 ,,& ,,prop]ty         ,rights 
,protect$ ,by ,due ,process ,(          
,law--,prop]ty ,tak5 ,= ,public ,use    
,! ?ree great ?+s :i* e man1 woman1 &   
*ild *]i%es are  life1 lib]ty1 &        
prop]ty4 ,we see 9 e "o ( ^! gu>anties  
h[  c>eful ! p :o made ! ,con/itution 7 
to see t ^!  valuable ?+s 7 sacr$ly     
gu>d$4    ,x is /at$ 9 ! ,con/itution t3
    8,no p]son %all 444 be depriv$ (    
life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t  due      
process ( law407#fd7    ,y c und]/& h[  
important ?is is if y w realize h[ 9 !  
old5 days p 7 s brutally treat$ by _!   
fell[m51 especially  by ^? 9 p[] :o     
happ5$ to repres5t ! gov]nm5t4 ,h y ev] 
read ! /ory ( ! ,ba/ile1 a prison 9 :i* 
hundr$s ( ,fr5* p  7 ?r[n )\t a trial1 9
 :i* _m 7 murd]$ & _m kept 9  d>k cells 
*a9$ to ! floor = ye>s8 ,h y ev] read ! 

/ory (  ! ,t[] 9 ,london1 :]e m5 7      
imprison$ & murd]$ )\t a  trial by any  
c\rt & )\t an inve/igation by any "o1   
(t5 )\t  ! k ( _! close/ fri5ds8 ,h y   
ev] read ab\t h[ !  prop]ty ( p 0 tak5  
away f !m )\t trial or inve/igation  to 
be turn$ ov] to ! k+ or to "s ( 8       
fri5ds8 ,until y h  read some?+ ( ! pa/1
 & realize h[ p suff]$1 h[ !y lo/  _!   
lives1 _! lib]ty1 & _! prop]ty1 y w nev]
 realize !  wisdom ( ^? :o fram$ our    
,con/itution1 nor ! affection :i* !y  _h
 = ! p ( ,am]ica 9 protect+ !m aga9/ su*
 horrible  treatm5t4    ,no p]son's     
prop]ty c be tak51 no p]son's life c be 
tak51 no  p]son's lib]ty c be tak5 "u   
our ,con/itution )\t due process  ( law4
 ,we d n ne$ to discuss ! mean+ ( 8due  
process ( law04 ,y  w le>n m ab\t ?is   
lat]1 z y /udy m fully ! details (  !   
,con/itution4 ,x is suffici5t n[ to say 
t no p]son's life1  lib]ty1 or prop]ty c
 be tak5 away f him )\t 8 cons5t1       
except by a trial be=e a legal c\rt1 9  
:i* ! p]son %all h !  "r to a fair he>+4

 ,he mu/ h notice ( ! *>ge or claim made
  aga9/ him4 ,he mu/ h a *ance to appe> 
9 p]son4 ,he mu/ h !  "r to employ      
attorneys to repres5t him4 ,he mu/ h !  
privilege (  br++ 9 witnesses to tell ! 
tru? ab\t ! *>ges t may be  made4 ,!re  
mu/ be a decision by ! c\rt aft] a spe$y
 public trial4  ,9 all ! ,/ates ( ?is   
c\ntry any "o is entitl$ to su* a trial1
 &  he is also1 9 case ( defeat1 entitl$
 to appeal & pres5t 8 case to  a diff]5t
 & a high] c\rt4 ,^! c\rts are ! c\rts (
 ! p1  select$ by ! p1 & nei!r gov]nm5t 
nor individuals h any  "r to take away  
anyone's life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty unless
 ! p  by & ?r\gh _! c\rts %all s f9d &  
d4    ,!n we f9d ! foll[+ con/itutional 
provision3 8nor %all private  prop]ty be
 tak5 = public use1 )\t j               
comp5sation407#fe7    ,( c\rse !        
gov]nm5t at times mu/ h prop]ty :i* may 
belong to a  private p]son4 ,! public   
mu/ at times take prop]ty belong+ to an 
individual4 ,prop]ty may be tak51 ev5 :5
 ! own] w n cons5t to  x1 :5 x is tak5 =

 public use4 ,"o man's prop]ty _c be    
tak5 by  ! gov]nm5t & giv5 to ano!r     
p]son4 ,gov]nm5t build+s mu/ be  erect$ 
& l& mu/ be obta9$ = su* purposes4 ,!   
public mu/ h  railroads1 & a railroad c 
only be built :5 l& is obta9$ = :at  is 
call$ ! "r ( way4 ,sometimes a railroad 
mu/ run ?r\gh lots or  f>ms belong+ to  
private own]s4 ,! high] "r ( ! public to
 ^!  conv5i5ces1 ^! necessities1        
requires t :5 necess>y ! private        
individual mu/ give up 8 "r ( own]%ip to
 ^! high] public  uses4 ,b ev5 = !      
,nation1 or ! ,/ate1 or railway1 or =   
any o!r  public use1 n "o foot ( l& may 
be tak5 f ! poore/ man 9 !  c\ntry      
unless he is fir/ fully paid its value  
!re=4 ,usually1 (  c\rse1 ! own] w sell 
8 prop]ty = su* purpose at a fair price1
  b1 if he is /ubborn & w n d s1 or if a
 fair price _c be  agre$ ^u !n !        
gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate or ( ! ,nation1 or ! 
ag5ts ( ! ,/ate or ( ! ,nation may take 
su* prop]ty by fir/  hav+ its value fix$
 by a commission1 or a jury1 compos$ ( !

  neighbors ( ! own]4 ,:]e ! am\nt fix$ 
by su* commission or jury  is n         
satisfactory to ! own] ( ! prop]ty1 he  
may appeal to !  c\rt & h a trial1      
usually a jury trial1 9 :i* he c br+ 8  
witnesses & prove ! value ( 8 prop]ty1 s
 t he w f9ally  receive its full1 fair1 
j value4    ,by ?is con/itutional       
gu>anty e p]son is well gu>d$ 9 8       
own]%ip & possession ( prop]ty4 ,9      
c\ntries exi/+ be=e ,am]ica  n mu*      
att5tion 0 paid to ! rights ( prop]ty   
own]s4 ,if ! k+  or emp]or %\ld dem&    
possession ( a c]ta9 piece ( prop]ty !  
own] _h little to say ab\t x4 ,he       
receiv$ 8 ord]s & obey$ !m1  because he 
0 afraid ( ! p[] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,!       
gov]nm5t c\ld  pay or n z x pleas$4 ,b  
?is p]iod ( wrong & inju/ice 0  end$1 s 
f> z ! p ( ,am]ica 7 conc]n$1 :5 !      
,con/itution became ! f9al p[] 9 ?is l&4
    ,!re are a few p 9 ?is c\ntry :o    
seek to h private own]%ip  ( prop]ty    
aboli%$4 ,no law tak+ away ! "r to own  
prop]ty c  ev] come into =ce 9 ?is      

c\ntry until ! p by _! votes  *ange !   
,con/itution4 ,! ,con/itution /&s gu>d  
ov] ! f>ms1 !  homes1 ! money1 & all =ms
 ( p]sonal prop]ty4 ,x gu>ds !  cottage 
( ! wid[ ) ! same jeal\s c>e t x does ! 
t5-/ory  build+ ( ! bank4 ,no p]son & no
 p[] c int]f]e ) ! "r  to accumulate    
prop]ty & to hold x1 provid$ only x is  
hone/ly  obta9$4    ,,elem5t>y          
,,que/ions    #a4 ,:at are ! ?ree ?+s t 
e man1 woman1 & *ild *]i%es8    #b4 ,:at
 does ! ,con/itution say ab\t ^! ?ree   
?+s8    #c4 ,:at 0 ! ,ba/ile8 ,! ,t[] ( 
,london8    #d4 ,%[ h[ inju/ice 0 work$ 
by conf9+ p )\t due process  ( law4     
#e4 ,:at are "s ( ! ess5tials ( 8due    
process ( law08    #f4 ,:5 c private    
prop]ty be tak5 by ! gov]nm5t8    #g4   
,:5 ! ,/ate wi%es a piece ( l&1 end !   
own] w n sell =  a fair price1 h[ is !  
matt] adju/$8    #h4 ,:at "r =          
reconsid]ation has a p]son aga9/ :om a  
judgm5t has  be5 r5d]$ 9 a trial c\rt8  
#i4 ,h[ c ! reasonable value ( prop]ty  
be e/abli%$ or prov58    #aj4 ,suppose !

 ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates wi%$ a     
c]ta9 piece (  prop]ty ^u :i* to build a
 summ] home4 ,c\ld ! ,presid5t secure ! 
l&8 ,give reasons4    ,,advanc$         
,,que/ions    ,a4 ,:at are "s ( ! /eps  
necess>y to due process ( law8    ,b4   
,:at w\ld be ! effect on p if life1     
lib]ty1 or prop]ty c\ld  be tak5 )\t due
 process8    ,c4 ,discuss ! process (   
condemn+ prop]ty4    ,d4 ,write a pap]  
on ! foll[+3          ,evils ( ! ,ba/ile
 & ! ,t[] ( ,london        ,:y ,milit>y 
,c\rts ,d ,n ,always ,foll[ ,?is ,law   
,! ,diff]5t ,purposes ,= ,:i* ,prop]ty  
,may ,be ,tak5 ,= ,public      ,use     
,:y ,own]%ip ( ,prop]ty ,%\ld ,be       
,protect$            ,,xiv4 ,,crim9al   
,,trials      ,accus$ ,gu>ante$ ,a      
,spe$y ,public ,trial ,by ,an ,imp>tial 
,jury ,( ,! ,local                      
,di/rict      ,i hope no "o "h ?is morn+
 w ev] be arre/$ = a crime ( any  k9d1 &
 yet1 z ,i h already expla9$ to y1 !    
innoc5t are  sometimes br\ght be=e !    
c\rt *>g$ ) a grave (f5se4 ,!re=e  y    

%\ld be int]e/$ 9 ! inve/igation ( !    
tru? ( any *>ge  t may be made aga9/ y1 
:e!r by a private individual or by a    
public (fic]4    ,i h already expla9$ to
 y t 9 all grave (f5ses :5 a p]son  is  
*>g$ ) a crime1 he _c be br\ght be=e !  
c\rt = trial  until ! gr& jury has      
inve/igat$ ! facts & until !y h  return$
 an indictm5t1 or writt5 *>ge1 to !     
c\rt4 ,until ?is is  done1 ! c\rt has no
 p[] to proce$4    ,b n[ suppose t y h  
be5 arre/$1 suppose t a gr& jury has    
inve/igat$ ! *>ge aga9/ y1 has he>d     
witnesses1 & has return$  an indictm5t4 
,y are !n br\ght up be=e ! c\rt1 & !    
indictm5t is read to y4 ,?is indictm5t  
,i w expla9 to y m  fully lat]4 ,:5 !   
indictm5t is read y are !n requir$ to   
say  :e!r y are 8guilty0 or 8n guilty04 
,if y h committ$ ! crime  *>g$1 x may be
 advisable to plead guilty & ask = !    
m]cy ( !  c\rt 9 ! puni%m5t :i* he may  
impose4 ,c\rts usually temp] ju/ice  )  
m]cy4 ,c\rts w usually impose a light]  
s5t5ce :5 a guilty  p]son pleads        

8guilty0 & avoids ! delay & exp5se ( a  
trial4 ,b1  if y are innoc5t1 y w plead 
8n guilty01 & !n ! gov]nm5t1  ?r\gh its 
(fic]s1 w get ready = trial4 ,y may n be
 tri$ "r  away1 z x usually takes "s "t 
to inve/igate ! facts & get !  witnesses
 into c\rt4 ,z ,i w h]eaft] expla91 y w 
be entitl$ to  an attorney :5 ! "t comes
 = y\r trial1 :5 y w h a  *ance to he> !
 witnesses (f]$ by ! prosecution1       
introduce y\r  own witnesses1 &1 "u our 
pres5t law1 te/ify y\rself1 tell y\r own
  /ory4    ,if y w walk into a c\rt "s  
day y w see ! judge & ov] at  "o side   
twelve *airs = ! jury4 ,:5 y\r case is  
call$ = trial  ! fir/ ?+ w be to select 
! twelve m5 :o w be ! jury 9  y\r case4 
,i am n go+ to give ! mann] ( selection 
at ?is "t4  ,?is w be fully expla9$     
lat]4 ,i wi% n[ to impress ^u y !  fact 
t ! ,con/itution expressly gu>ds y\r    
rights by provid+ t  y %all be entitl$  
to h y\r case tri$1 n be=e a judge1 b by
  a jury compos$ ( m5 f ! ord9>y walks (
 life1 labor]s1  m]*ants1 f>m]s1 p ( all

 classes2 m5 j l y\r fa!rs are4  ,!y are
 call$4 ,!y hold up _! "r h&s & take an 
oa? to try  y\r case fairly & ju/ly & to
 make a f9d+ accord+ to !  evid5ce :i*  
is br\ght be=e !m4    ,! ,con/itution   
provides3    8,9 all crim9al            
prosecutions1 ! accus$ %all enjoy ! "r  
to a  spe$y & public trial1 by an       
imp>tial jury ( ! ,/ate & !  di/rict    
:]e9 ! crime %all h be5 committ$1 :i*   
di/rict %all  h be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$  
by law407#ff7    ,?is is an absolute    
gu>anty--a "r :i* is giv5 to y1 giv5 to 
ea* ( y1 to e man1 woman1 & *ild1 "y or 
old1 reg>dless (  color or cre$4 ,a     
trial )\t a jury w\ld be a violation (  
y\r  con/itutional rights4 ,( c\rse1 !re
 are a few m9or (f5ses1  misdemeanors1 &
 violations ( city ord9ances1 :i* are   
sometimes tri$  )\t a jury1 b 9 all     
infam\s crimes1 = :i* life may be tak5 z
  puni%m5t or = :i* a p]son may be s5t  
to ! p5it5ti>y1 e  "o is entitl$ to a   
trial be=e a jury4    ,is n ?is a sacr$ 
"r8 ,don't y ?9k t x is wise to p]mit  p

 to h _! rights & wrongs det]m9$ by a   
body ( pla91  hone/ m58 ,x removes any  
sugge/ion ( ! abuse ( p[] by a p]son 9  
a public position4 ,x inspires confid5ce
 9 ^? :o are br\ght be=e  ! c\rt =      
trial4 ,if we _c obta9 ju/ice be=e su* a
 body (  m51 h[ c ju/ice be obta9$ 9 ?is
 _w8    ,i h already told y t 9 ?is     
c\ntry ! p are n only !  mak]s ( ! law b
 ! en=c]s ( ! law4 ,x is 9 ^! jury      
trials  :]e ! p en=ce ! law4    ,(      
c\rse1 ! he>+ be=e ! jury is held 9     
c\rt4 ,! judge  presides4 ,he directs ! 
proce$+s ( ! trial1 sees t x is         
conduct$ 9 an ord]ly way1 endeavors to  
prev5t any falsehoods f  gett+ be=e !   
jury1 keeps away f ! jury any he>say or 
gossip1  or expressions ( prejudice1 or 
o!r matt]s n f\nd$ on absolute  k &     
tru?4 ,b ! jurors are ! sole judges (   
:at ! tru?  is1 &1 :5 ! case is clos$1  
:5 ! evid5ce has all be5  introduc$ & ! 
attorneys h made _! argum5ts & pleas1 ! 
memb]s ( ! jury retire to a private room
 by !mselves4 ,!re !y  discuss !        

evid5ce1 come to "s conclusion1 make a  
f9d+ ( 8guilty0  or 8n guilty01 & br+ 9 
_! f9d+ 9 ! =m ( a v]dict4    ,h y also 
obs]v$ t ! con/itutional protection (   
y\r lib]ty  n only provides = a jury    
trial1 b also provides t x %all be a    
8spe$y0 trial4 ,t is1 "o *>g$ ) a crime 
_c )\t 8  cons5t1 be lock$ up = weeks & 
mon?s & ye>s1 z has (t5  occurr$ 9 o!r  
p>ts ( ! _w4 ,he is entitl$ to be tri$ j
 z  soon z ! case c be prep>$ = trial1 9
 ju/ice to bo? sides4  ,cases are (t5   
po/pon$ = _m mon?s1 b only by cons5t ( !
  accus$4 ,a case n tri$ at ! second t]m
 ( c\rt w usually be  dismiss$ except :5
 ! def5dant cons5ts to ! delay4    ,!   
,con/itution also provides t x mu/ be a 
public trial4 ,oh6 h[  _m m5 9 ! long   
ago h be5 tri$ & condemn$ 9 private1 :]e
  only a few enemies 7 pres5t1 :]e "o's 
fri5ds & neighbors c\ld  n he> ! *>ges  
or ! evid5ce4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! doors ( ! 
c\rt room mu/ be op54 ,any "o has a "r  
to ent] & li/5 to !  proce$+s4 ,! public
 has a "r to "k :at is be+ *>g$ aga9/  !

 humble/ citiz51 & :at ! proce$+s aga9/ 
him are4 ,?us is  ju/ice gu>d$4    ,!n !
 ,con/itution provides t ! trial %all be
 be=e 8an  imp>tial jury ( ! ,/ate &    
di/rict :]e9 ! crime %all h be5         
committ$40 ,?is is important4 ,we are n 
to be s5t away among /rang]s  to be     
tri$4 ,t is :at !y us$ to d long ago4 ,t
 is "o ( !  ?+s :i* our =efa!rs compla9$
 ( mo/ bitt]ly4 ,9 !  ,decl>ation (     
,indep5d5ce ! colonies decl>$3    8,he  
7! ,k+ ( ,great ,brita97 has comb9$ )   
o!rs to subject u to  a jurisdiction    
=eign to our con/itution1 & unackn[l$g$ 
by our  laws2 giv+ 8 ,ass5t to _! acts (
 pret5d$ legislation 444 =  depriv+ u 9 
_m cases1 ( ! b5efits ( ,trial by ,jury 
444 =  transport+ u beyond ,seas to be  
tri$ = pret5d$ (f5ses40    ,:5 !        
,con/itution 0 adopt$ ! p made up _!    
m9ds t  no?+ ( t k9d %\ld ev] occur aga9
 9 free ,am]ica4 ,!y 7 s  c>eful t !y   
w5t s f> z to provide t ! di/rict :]e a 
trial %all be held 8%all h be5 previ\sly
 asc]ta9$ by law04  ,t is to say1 t !   

place ( trial1 ! c\nty or di/rict :]e x 
%all be held1 mu/ be fix$ by law be=e ! 
crime is committ$4 ,!  c\rts or !       
legislature ( any ,/ate _c1 aft] a crime
 is committ$1  pass a law provid+ t su* 
a crime %all be tri$ 9 a di/rict !n  to 
be nam$4 ,! law mu/ fix ?is 9 advance ( 
! commission ( any  (f5se4 ,= in/ance1  
)\t su* a con/itutional provision1 a    
p]son  :o committ$ a crime 9 ! ,/ate (  
,new ,york might be tak5 to  ,cali=nia  
to be tri$4 ,?is w\ld n be ,am]ican     
ju/ice4 ,! accus$  w\ld h ! "r to po9t  
to ! ,con/itution ( 8 c\ntry &  dem& t  
he %\ld be tri$ 9 ,new ,york1 & any c\rt
 :i* w\ld n  grant ?is "r w\ld n only   
violate ! oa? :i* e judge takes  be=e he
 und]takes to p]=m ! duties ( su* (fice1
 b 8  unlawful conduct w\ld p]haps      
result 9 8 impea*m5t4 ,! proce$+s  w\ld 
be rev]s$ by a high] c\rt1 & ! p>ty w\ld
 be grant$ a new  trial at a place & 9  
accordance ) 8 con/itutional privileges4
    ,isn't x wond]ful h[ ! little       
details :i* may affect "o's lib]ty  7 s 

c>efully consid]$ away back !re :5 !y 7 
plann+ !  ,nation & e/abli%+ ! rules :i*
 w\ld gu>d ! rights ( !  p8             
,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions    #a4 ,:y %\ld   
all ( u be int]e/$ 9 a trial8    #b4    
,describe a c\rt room sc5e4    #c4 ,:y  
is trial by jury a sacr$ "r8 ,:at w\ld x
 be l if we did  n h ?is "r8    #d4 ,h[ 
are jurors select$ 9 y\r ,/ate8    #e4  
,:y is ! trial to be held 9 ! vic9ity   
:]e ! crime 0  committ$8 ,:at w\ld be ! 
dang]s ( tak+ x f> away8    #f4 ,:y %\ld
 ! jury be imp>tial8    #g4 ,if ! accus$
 p]son is guilty1 :y is x advisable to  
plead guilty8    #h4 ,:y is x           
impracticable to hold a trial imm$iately
 aft] ! arre/ (  ! accus$ p]son8    #i4 
,:at is ! fir/ /ep 9 ! actual trial8    
#aj4 ,aft] a jury is select$1 :at is    
requir$ ( !m be=e ! trial  comm5ces8    
#aa4 ,:y is a spe$y trial ess5tial to   
ju/ice8    #ab4 ,:y is x important t !  
trial %\ld be public8    #ac4 ,/ate "s  
(f5ses t are sometimes tri$ )\t a jury4 
,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4 ,c ! judge  

decl>e an accus$ man guilty8    ,b4 ,h[ 
is trial by jury an evid5ce ( ! rule ( !
 p8    ,c4 ,%[ h[ ?is b5efits ! poor man
 & ! ri* man equally4    ,d4 ,:y are "s 
trials delay$ = _m mon?s8    ,e4 ,:at is
 ! importance ( ! clause 8%all h be5    
previ\sly  asc]ta9$ by law08    ,f4     
,discuss ! relative role ( jury & judge 
9 a trial4    ,g4 ,write a pap] on !    
foll[+3          ,! ,me?od ( ,select+   
,jurors 9 ,y\r ,/ate        ,delay 9    
,trial        ,! ,inju/ice ( ,remote    
,trials        ,trial by ,jury vs4      
,trial by a ,judge        ,! ,proc$ure (
 a ,trial ,f ,beg9n+ to ,end            
,,xv4 ,,! ,,indictm5t                   
,def5dant ,mu/ ,be ,in=m$ ,conc]n+ ,!   
,accusation ,aga9/ ,him      ,n[1 my    
fri5ds1 9 ord] to und]/& m fully ! value
 ( our  con/itutional rights1 let u aga9
 imag9e ourselves 9 a place (  dang]1   
dang] ( our lib]ty or ( our life1 & let 
u recall h[  c>efully we h be5 gu>d$4   
,to ! poore/ tramp1 or ! ri*e/          
millionaire1 ! same rules apply4        

,innoc5t p]sons may be accus$ (  crimes2
 !y may be arre/$1 b !y _c be br\ght    
into c\rt &  put ^u trial until !y are  
fully advis$ ( ! *>ge aga9/ !m4    ,!   
,con/itution provides3    8,9 all       
crim9al prosecutions1 ! accus$ %all 444 
be in=m$ ( !  nature & cause ( !        
accusation407#fg7    ,?is is ! fir/ /ep 
9 br++ a p]son to trial4 ,he does n g   
bl9dly4 ,he mu/ be in=m$ 8( ! nature &  
cause0 ( ! *>ge  aga9/ him4 ,he mu/ be  
giv5 full k ( ! crime :i* x is  claim$  
he committ$4 ,h[ is ?is done8 ,well1 we 
h to consid] !  con/itutional provision 
t "o _c be put ^u trial = an infam\s    
crime 8unless on a pres5tm5t or         
indictm5t ( a ,gr& ,jury04 ,:at ?is     
con/itutional provision means is1 t a   
gr& jury %all he> &  consid] ! evid5ce  
&1 if satisfi$ t a p]son %all be tri$1  
!y  %all draw up a writ+ call$ an       
8indictm5t01 :i* !y %all return         
publicly 9 c\rt4 ,?is indictm5t is a    
brief /atem5t by :i* ! gr&  jury makes a
 *>ge aga9/ ! p]son nam$ ( hav+ committ$

 a c]ta9  (f5se1 & ! indictm5t mu/ /ate 
n only ! "n ( ! (f5se1  b ! mann]1      
briefly /at$1 9 :i* ! gr& jury claims ! 
(f5se  0 committ$4    ,s t "u ?is       
con/itutional gu>anty ! p]son accus$    
kn[s :at  he is to be tri$ =4 ,?is      
enables him to prep>e = 8 def5se4 ,:5  8
 attorney is consult$ he exam9es a copy 
( ! indictm5t4 ,he sees  :at is *>g$ 9  
x4 ,he !n talks ov] ) ! accus$ ! facts &
  circum/ances ) relation to ! crime    
*>g$4 ,he !n makes prop]  inquiry4 ,if  
possible he secures witnesses ) relation
 to ! *>ge &  ?us is enabl$ to come into
 c\rt ready to he> ! evid5ce (f]$ by  ! 
prosecution & ready to introduce        
witnesses to contradict or expla9  !    
te/imony introduc$ by ! prosecution4    
,s y see h[ valuable ?is "r is4 ,"o may 
proce$ intellig5tly1 )  full light ^u ! 
alleg$ transaction4 ,he is n requir$ to 
/umble 9  ! d>kness1 p]haps to tumble   
into a pitfall4 ,)\t su* a provision  y 
c see h[ helpless an innoc5t p]son might
 be if br\ght sudd5ly  be=e ! c\rt =    

trial = an (f5se :i* he nev] committ$4  
,if he  7 n fir/ advis$ ( ! nature ( !  
*>ge & ! circum/ances  he might be      
helpless4 ,y "k evid5ce is br\ght be=e !
 c\rt by  witnesses :o are call$ by !   
attorneys = ! prosecution & = !  accus$4
 ,^! witnesses take oa? to tell ! tru?4 
,b1 un=tunately1  witnesses d n always  
tell ! tru?4 ,!y sometimes commit       
p]jury4 ,"o  mu/ be ready to meet false 
te/imony4 ,by ! con/itutional gu>anty   
requir+ t ! accusation be 9 writ+1 /at+ 
! crime & its  nature1 "o c be prep>$4  
,9 _m ( ! ,/ates /ill great]  precaution
 is tak5 to gu>d aga9/ any possible     
wrong1 by requir+ n  only an indictm5t b
 also requir+ t !re %all be furni%$ to !
  p]son accus$ ! names ( witnesses & a  
brief /atem5t ( !  evid5ce :i* !        
prosecution expects to (f]1 ?is to be   
furni%$  be=e ! trial comm5ces s t !    
def5dant may get ready to meet x4       
,did y ev] g into a c\rt :5 a man 0 ^u  
trial = a grave  (f5se8 ,y %\ld d s4    
,ev]yone %\ld d s4 ,b y %\ld g !re  ) ! 

prop] _s1 n = amusem5t1 n to criticise1 
b ) a  full realization ( ! great human 
drama !re be+ enact$4 ,!re at or  ne> ! 
trial table y w see ! def5dant1 ! man :o
 is be+  tri$4 ,he may be a /rang]4 ,he 
may be poor4 ,he may possibly be wick$1 
b he is a human be+2 & no matt] :at     
faults he may h he is an  ,am]ican      
citiz51 & "u ! ,con/itution ( our c\ntry
 he _c be  convict$ until prov5 guilty (
 ! p>ticul> crime *>g$ 9 !  indictm5t4  
,he sits !re :ile witnesses are tell+ _!
 /ories4 ,y  w see him wat*+ ! jury4    
,occasionally he looks at ! judge4 ,b he
  kn[s t no matt] :at ! judge may ?9k1  
he _c f9d him guilty4  ,! jury & ! jury 
alone c convict4    ,x is a solemn      
proce$+1 ?\gh ! lawy]s may at times     
appe> to use  trifl+ words 9 _!         
discussions4 ,! prison] looks ?r\gh !   
c\rt  room w9d[4 ,outside ! sun is %9+1 
! birds are s++1 & !  breezes sway !    
bran*es ( ! gre5 trees4 ,ev]y?+ seems to
 sugge/  lib]ty & fre$om4 ,at no "t is  
lib]ty s sweet z :5 x is 9  dang]4 ,!   

prison] realizes t 9 a few days ! trial 
w be end$  & ! v]dict ( ! jury w det]m9e
 :e!r he %all g out ( !  c\rt room to   
fre$om or to prison4    ,to-day x is !  
/rang] :o is on trial4 ,to-morr[ x may  
be someone :o  is ne> & de> to y4 ,if   
su* mis=tune %\ld come1 !n y w  fully   
realize :at a wond]ful bless+ x is t "u 
our ,con/itution  ev]yone is assur$ ( a 
fair trial1 t a p]son c only be tri$ =  
! specific (f5se /at$ 9 ! indictm5t1 & t
 a v]dict (  guilty c only be r5d]$ :5 !
 evid5ce is /rong en\gh to conv9ce  !   
jury ( guilt beyond a reasonable d\bt4  
,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions    #a4 ,re/ate !  
gu>anties t e man has be=e be+ br\ght to
  trial4    #b4 ,:y %\ld ! accus$ be    
in=m$ ( ! nature ( ! accusation8    #c4 
,:at w\ld be ! result if he 7 n s in=m$8
    #d4 ,:y is x necess>y t ?is         
accusation be put 9 writ+8    #e4 ,:y is
 ?is important to ev]ybody8    ,,advanc$
 ,,que/ions    ,a4 ,illu/rate ! dang]s (
 secret *>ges4    ,b4 ,:at *ance has a  
p]son ) malici\s & secret gossip8    ,c4

 ,^u a trial c evid5ce ( he>say or      
gossip be (f]$ to prove  guilt8    ,d4  
,:5 a p]son makes a *>ge aga9/ a p]son &
 says1 8,don't tell  anyone t ,i said   
?is01 :at is ! effect8    ,e4 ,tell "s (
 ! dang]s & inju/ices ( sl&]4    ,f4    
,:at is ! fir/ /ep 9 br++ an accus$     
p]son to trial8    ,g4 ,is x suffici5t  
to *>ge ! def5dant ) hav+ committ$ murd]
  )\t any fur!r explanation8 ,give      
reasons4    ,h4 ,:at is requir$ ( a     
witness be=e he is exam9$8    ,i4 ,:at  
is p]jury8    ,j4 ,:y is a trial a      
solemn proce$+8    ,k4 ,h[ /rong mu/ !  
evid5ce be 9 ord] t a p]son may be f\nd 
guilty8    ,l4 ,write a pap] on !       
foll[+3          ,! ,ne$ ( a ,public &  
,writt5 ,*>ge        ,! ,dang] ( !      
,secret ,sl&]        ,h[ ,an ,accus$    
,p]son ,prep>es ,= ,8 ,trial        ,a  
,visit to a ,c\rt 9 ,session            
,,xvi4 ,,gu>d+ ,,rights ,,9 ,,c\rt      
,confront$ ,by ,witnesses--,compulsory  
,process--,aid ,( ,c\nsel--,jury ,9     
,civil                                  

,trial      ,i am sure t no "o until he 
has /udi$ ! ,con/itution1 no "o  c]ta9ly
 :o is n a tra9$ lawy]1 w realize ! _m  
safegu>ds  necess>y to protect p]sons :o
 may be wrongfully accus$ ( a crime2 b  
! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution knew ! dang]s 
f ! sad exp]i5ces  ( innoc5t m5 & wom5  
:o _h be5 sacrific$ by tyrants :o _h b  
little reg>d = human life or = human    
lib]ty4    ,( c\rse y n[ und]/& t 9 case
 an indictm5t is return$ by !  gr& jury1
 ! p]son accus$ comes into c\rt1 or is  
br\ght 91 &  ent]s 8 plea ( 8guilty0 or 
( 8n guilty04 ,if he pleads 8n guilty0  
a jury is br\ght toge!r1 8empanell$01 z 
x is call$1 & !y are  sworn to he> !    
evid5ce1 & decide ! case accord+ to !   
evid5ce4    ,b 9 ^! grave crim9al       
trials1 9 ord] t ! tru? may prevail1  e 
accus$ p]son is giv5 ! "r to be         
confront$ by ! witnesses  aga9/ him4 ,! 
,con/itution provides3    8,9 all       
crim9al prosecutions1 ! accus$ %all 444 
be confront$ )  ! witnesses aga9/       
him407#fh7    ,:at does ?is mean8 ,x    

means t ! gov]nm5t1 ! prosecution1 _c   
prove guilt by witnesses :o are n pres5t
 9 c\rt :]e ! def5dant  c see !m1 :]e !y
 may be cross exam9$ by c\nsel1 :]e !   
jury  may obs]ve !m1 & /udy _! conduct &
 demeanor1 because ?is (t5  helps 9     
det]m9+ :e!r a p]son is tell+ ! tru? or 
a falsehood4    ,9 ord9>y trials :]e    
prop]ty alone is involv$1 a witness may 
live 9  ano!r ,/ate or at "s great      
di/ance f ! place ( trial4 ,witnesses   
_c be br\ght a long di/ance 9 ^? cases4 
,9 "s ,/ates !y  _c be compell$ to att5d
 a di/ance ( m ?an sev5ty miles4 ,9  o!r
 ,/ates1 n m ?an "o hundr$ miles2 s t to
 get _!  te/imony1 ! p>ties take _!     
depositions4 ,?is means t in/ead (  br++
 ! witness into c\rt1 ! p>ties obta9 an 
ord] by :i* !y  c g to ! place :]e !    
witness is4 ,!re he is sworn be=e a     
commission]1 or a not>y public1 exam9$1 
& 8 te/imony is tak5 9  writ+4 ,!       
te/imony is return$ to ! c\rt :]e !     
trial is to be  held1 & is !n read to ! 
c\rt or ! jury ^u ! trial4    ,b 9 !    

trial ( a p]son accus$ ( a crime1       
depositions _c be  us$ aga9/ him4       
,/atem5ts ( witnesses 9 writ+1 or 9 any 
o!r  =m1 _c be us$ by ! prosecution4 ,! 
witnesses mu/ be physically  9 c\rt be=e
 ! accus$1 & !re orally te/ify1 & !     
def5dant  mu/ h ! "r to cross exam9e !m4
    ,b to give ! accus$ p]son e possible
 aid 9 enabl+ him to h  ! tru? br\ght   
be=e ! c\rt & jury1 he may take !       
depositions  ( witnesses 9 8 own behalf4
 ,t is1 ! prosecution--! ,/ate or !     
,nation accus+ a man ( a crime--mu/     
prove ! tru? ( ! accusation by          
witnesses p]sonally 9 c\rt confront+ !  
def5dant1 b ! def5dant  is giv5 !       
privilege ( tak+ ! te/imony ( witnesses 
at a di/ance1  9 ! =m ( depositions :i* 
are read to ! jury4    ,?is provision ( 
! ,con/itution may be v important to an 
innoc5t  p]son sometimes4 ,! importance 
( x may nev] appe> to u until           
un=tunately we be wrongfully accus$ ( a 
crime1 & our life or lib]ty  9 dang]4   
,!n ! ,con/itution fur!r provides3      

8,9 all crim9al prosecutions1 ! accus$  
%all enjoy !  "r 444  to h compulsory   
process = obta9+ witnesses 9 8          
favor407#fi7    ,?is is also v          
important4 8,compulsory process0 means  
an ord] ( !  c\rt1 commonly call$       
8subpo5a01 :i* is s]v$ ^u witnesses by !
  m>%al1 or ! %]iff1 or o!r au?oriz$    
p]son1 comm&+ !m to  appe> 9 c\rt =     
exam9ation be=e ! c\rt & jury z to !    
tru?  ( matt]s involv$ 9 ! accusation   
aga9/ a p]son on trial4    ,"h ,i wi% y 
to recall ! un=tunate fact t e little   
:ile  somebody is compla9+ ab\t our     
gov]nm5t z 8a ri* man's gov]nm5t04  ,x  
is (t5 claim$ t ! poor h no *ance =     
ju/ice4 ,! tru? is  t ! ri* & ! poor /& 
equal 9 ! c\rts4 ,9 creat+ !            
,con/itution1 x is kn[n ( c\rse t       
someone might be br\ght be=e  ! c\rt :o 
0 poor1 )\t money1 possibly )\t fri5ds4 
,he might  be innoc5t1 b 9 ord] t 8     
innoc5ce might be e/abli%$ x w\ld  be   
necess>y = him to h witnesses :o might  
live _m miles away1 :o  w\ld n come into

 c\rt to te/ify ( _! own free w4 ,!re=e1
  !re 0 ins]t$ 9 ! ,con/itution ?is     
provision1 t e  def5dant %all h ! "r to 
compulsory process1 comm&+ witnesses  to
 appe>1 & !re is no "o s poor t he _c h 
?is privilege1  because ! ,unit$        
,/ates--& 9 mo/ ( ! ,/ates we h a l     
provision--n only issues subpo5as &     
compels ! (fic]s to s]ve  !m1 b x pays !
 exp5se ( s]v+1 & pays ! witness fees & 
mileage1 s t ! poor man has all ( !     
rights 9 gett+ ! tru?  be=e ! c\rt &    
jury t ! ri*e/ may h4    ,fur!rmore1 9 !
 same ,am]ican _s1 :5 p]sons accus$ ( an
  (f5se are too poor to employ c\nsel1 !
 gov]nm5t w furni%  c\nsel4 ,!          
,con/itution provides3    8,9 all       
crim9al prosecutions1 ! accus$ %all 444 
h ! ,assi/ance  ( ,c\nsel = 8           
def5ce407#gj7    ,!re is no p]son s     
poor1 or obscure1 or fri5dless1 t :5 he 
is  *>g$ ) a crime :i* might affect 8   
lib]ty or 8 life1 he %all  n h ! "r to a
 full1 fair trial4 ,n only are 8        
witnesses  produc$ & paid by ! gov]nm5t1

 b an attorney is appo9t$ by !  gov]nm5t
 to repres5t him1 & help him e/abli% 8  
innoc5ce4    ,?is is a wond]ful         
illu/ration ( ! pat]nal c>e :i* is      
manife/$  = ^? :o may be un=tunate1 &   
?is is all because "u our  ,con/itution1
 lib]ty is a sacr$ ?+1 & x %all n be    
tak5 away  except 9 puni%m5t = a crime  
:i* has be5 prov5 9 op5 c\rt 9 a  public
 trial be=e a jury1 :]e ! p>ty has be5  
confront$ ) !  witnesses aga9/ him1 :]e 
he has _h a *ance to furni% witnesses 9 
8 behalf & ! aid ( c\nsel 9 8 trial4    
,!n ! p :o br\ght ! ,con/itution into   
be+1 feel+ t s  f> z practicable !y %\ld
 h control ( ! en=cem5t ( law n  only 9 
crim9al cases1 b 9 civil cases1 includ$ 
a gu>anty 9 !  ,con/itution t3    8,9   
suits at common law1 :]e ! value 9      
controv]sy %all exce$  tw5ty doll>s1 !  
"r ( trial by jury %all be              
pres]v$407#ga7    ,( c\rse !re is (t5 m 
or less controv]sy ab\t prop]ty ( small 
value1 :]e ! exp5se & delay ( jury      
trials might possibly be  oppressive1 b 

9 any case involv+ m ?an tw5ty doll>s 9 
value1  triable "u ! common law1 :i*    
includes practically all cases except   
^? peculi> cases triable 9 ,*anc]y1 or 9
 ,c\rts ( ,equity1 !  p>ties are entitl$
 to a trial by jury4 ,t is1 in/ead (    
introduc+  _! evid5ce & hav+ ! judge    
decide :at ! tru? is betwe5 !m1  !      
p>ties are entitl$ to h a jury ( m5 f ! 
ord9>y  occupations ( life he> ! evid5ce
 & say f ! evid5ce :at is  ! tru?4    ,&
 fur!rmore1 ! p provid$ 9 ! ,con/itution
 t3    8,no fact tri$ by a jury %all be 
o!rwise re-exam9$ 9 any ,c\rt (  !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 ?an accord+ to ! rules ( 
! common law407#gb7    ,"h aga9 is ! "r 
to a jury trial1 & ! b5efit ( a jury    
trial1  & to a trial accord+ to !       
e/abli%$ rules & prec$5ts ( !  common   
law c\rts c>efully pres]v$4    ,n[ my   
fri5ds1 ,i "k t !re is mu* confusion 9  
y\r m9ds ab\t  trials 9 c\rt4 ,i d n    
expect y to "k all ab\t trials4 ,we are 
/udy+ ! gu>anties ( ! ,con/itution s t  
we %all le>n human  rights--our         

rights--"u ! ,con/itution4 ,i am talk+  
to y ab\t !  safegu>ds ( ! ,con/itution 
s y %all "k y\r rights1 especially  s t 
y w always v5]ate ! ,con/itution :i*    
gu>ds y\r  rights1 & def5d x aga9/ ^? :o
 may assail x4 ,b ,i d want y  to h a   
cle> idea ( :at a trial 9 c\rt is4 ,i   
want y to "k !  purpose ( ! long days ( 
exam9ation ( witnesses1 ! objections (  
! attorneys to c]ta9 que/ions ask$1 !   
rul+s ( ! c\rt1 &  ! argum5ts ( c\nsel4 
,! ma9 purpose1 aim1 & object ( e       
lawsuit1 z trials are  usually t]m$ by p
 :o are n lawy]s1 is to f9d ! tru?4 ,!  
proce$+s 9 c\rt 9 e lawsuit are a       
cont9u\s se>* = !  tru?4 ,if 9 disputes 
we c\ld agree to :at ! tru? is1 !re w\ld
 be  few lawsuits to try4    ,a lawsuit 
only arises :]e !re is a dispute to     
settle4 ,if p agre$  ab\t _! rights !re 
w\ld be little ne$ ( c\rts4 ,9 crim9al  
cases1 ! gov]nm5t ?r\gh ! gr& jury *>ges
 by indictm5t t a  man committ$ a c]ta9 
crime4 ,! gov]nm5t says ! man did x4 ,he
  d5ies x by a plea ( n guilty4 ,he says

 he did n4 ,! trial be=e  ! petit jury  
is m]ely a se>* = ! tru? ab\t ! *>ge4   
,:at is  ! tru? ab\t ! matt] 9 dispute1 
t is all t is involv$ 9 an  ord9>y      
lawsuit4    ,picture two boys 9 a       
dispute ab\t :i* owns a ball4 ,"o       
positively  ass]ts t x is 81 t 8 fa!r   
b\ght x & gave x to him4 ,!  o!r is j z 
sure t x is 84 ,he says t 8 bro!r gave x
 to  him4 ,!y qu>rel s excit$ly t a     
neighbor com+ across ! /reet  asks !    
cause ( ! tr\ble4 ,!y tell him _! claims
 & ask him to  decide4 ,"o boy po9ts out
 a r\gh spot on ! ball :i* he insi/s 0  
caus$ by a bl[ f 8 bat :ile he 0 play+ 9
 8 own y>d4 ,!  o!r says t 8 bro!r gave 
him a ball ) r$ & :ite /it*es4  ,!      
neighbor1 aft] he>+ ^! & _m o!r claims1 
decides ! case1  giv+ ! ball to ! boy   
:om he f9ds to be ! own]4    ,9 ?is we h
 e elem5t ( a lawsuit4 ,! dispute1 !    
c\rt 7!  neighbor71 ! witnesses 7!      
boys71 & ! judgm5t bas$ ^u :at !        
neighbor f9ds to be ! tru? f ! evid5ce  
be=e him4 ,t is all  t any c\rt or jury 

c d1 b "u ! ,con/itution 9 cases        
involv+ life or lib]ty e possible       
safegu>d is provid$ s t !  tru? may be  
f\nd1 s t ju/ice may be done4           
,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions    #a4 ,:y %\ld   
all witnesses = ! prosecution speak 9 ! 
actual  pres5ce ( ! accus$8    #b4 ,:y  
%\ld ! accus$ be all[$ to h te/imony 9 8
 favor  submitt$ 9 writ+8    #c4 ,9 :at 
cases is writt5 te/imony ord9>ily       
admitt$8    #d4 ,:at is compulsory      
process8    #e4 ,9 :at ways does !      
,con/itution aid ! poor man8    #f4 ,9  
:at cases may !re be a trial )\t a jury8
    #g4 ,:at is ! ma9 purpose ( any     
lawsuit8    #h4 ,:at is meant by        
cross-exam9ation ( a witness8           
,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4 ,9 :at way d
 ^! provisions su/a9 ! fact t our       
gov]nm5t is  a democracy8    ,b4 ,is a  
p]son m likely to commit p]jury :5 n    
actually fac+ !  p]son accus$8 ,give    
reasons4    ,c4 ,:at is ! provision ( ! 
,con/itution z to 8compulsory process08 
,expla9 ! importance ( ?is "r4    ,d4   

,expla9 ! provision ( ! ,con/itution z  
to ! "r to h  c\nsel4    ,e4 ,%[ h[     
compulsory process & free c\nsel help ! 
poor man4    ,f4 ,:y is jury trial      
omitt$ 9 small controv]sies8    ,g4 ,:at
 is a 8civil0 case8    ,h4 ,write a pap]
 on ! foll[+3          ,h[ ,p]jury is   
,detect$        ,oral & ,writt5         
,te/imony        ,h[ ! ,poor ,man is    
,protect$        ,! ,purpose ( a ,trial 
9 ,c\rt        ,! ,/ory ( a ,tramp ,)\t 
,money1 ,accus$ ( an ,(f5se3 ,h[ !      
,con/itution ,helps ,him                
,,xvii4 ,,puni%m5t      ,prohibition ,( 
,excessive ,bail ,or ,f9es1 ,cruel ,or  
,unusual ,puni%m5ts1 ,&                 
,involunt>y ,s]vitude      ,be=e we     
f9i%1 ,i want y to h 9 y\r m9d a cle>   
conception (  ! way 9 :i* a p]son accus$
 ( an (f5se is br\ght be=e !  c\rt1     
tri$1 & convict$ or acquitt$4    ,i h   
already expla9$ t ! fir/ /ep is ! arre/ 
( !  suspect$ p]son47#gc7 ,aga9 put     
y\rself 9 ! place ( ! suspect$  p]son4  
,y are arre/$4 ,x is ! duty ( ! (fic]   

mak+ ! arre/ to br+  y into a c\rt1 b   
?is is n g5]ally to a trial c\rt4 ,a    
p]son is  g5]ally br\ght be=e :at is    
call$ a committ+ magi/rate1 a ju/ice  ( 
! peace or commission]--"s p]son hav+   
au?ority to issue  w>rants ( arre/4 ,y  
may be f> f home & fri5ds :5 y are      
arre/$4 ,y may be entirely unacqua9t$ 9 
! neighborhood4 ,!  gov]nm5t is n ready 
to proce$ to y\r trial4 ,witnesses mu/  
be  summon$1 n only = ! gov]nm5t1 b if y
 h witnesses y  desire to use1 !y mu/ be
 br\ght 94    ,! g5]al rule is to set ! 
case = he>+--a 8prelim9>y he>+0 9  a day
 or two1 or a week possibly4 ,y mu/     
!re=e wait until ?is "t  comes4 ,:at are
 y go+ to d8 ,mu/ y g to jail until !y  
get ready  to h ! he>+8 ,no1 y are      
entitl$ to bail2 t is1 y are  entitl$ to
 be dis*>g$ ^u a bond fix$ by !         
magi/rate1  commission]1 or judge4 ,!re 
are usually only two (f5ses :i* are n1  
z ! say+ is1 bailable--murd] & treason4 
,usually :]e murd] or  treason is *>g$1 
! p]son is n admitt$ to bail4 ,he is    

lock$ up 9  a cell to await trial2 b z a
 g5]al rule1 :5 a p]son is arre/$  8    
bail is fix$--t is1 ! am\nt ( ! bond :i*
 he mu/ file 9  ord] to be dis*>g$ p5d+ 
! trial4 ,= in/ance1 if x 7 a  *>ge (   
/eal+ a bicycle1 ! c\rt might fix ! bail
 at #ejj or  #ajjj4 ,t w\ld mean t if he
 w\ld file a bond1 ) sureties1          
condition$ t 9 case he did n appe> =    
he>+--t he %\ld run  away1 = in/ance--! 
sureties w\ld pay into ! c\rt ! am\nt ( 
!  bond4 ,mo/ly any p]son ( fair /&+ 9 a
 community c secure "s  fri5ds :o w sign
 su* a bond1 s t he may h 8 lib]ty until
  ! trial4    ,b ! fram]s ( !           
,con/itution1 aga9 anxi\s ab\t !        
lib]ties (  ! p1 provid$3    8,excessive
 bail %all n be requir$407#gd7    ,!re 7
 _m in/ances 9 ! old5 days :]e bail 0   
purposely fix$  s high--s f> beyond all 
reason 9 view ( ! nature ( ! (f5se t  ! 
p>ty c\ld n furni% ! bail1 ! purpose be+
 to compel !  p>ty to rema9 9 prison4   
,our ,con/itution gu>antees to e        
individual  t ! am\nt ( bail fix$ %all  

be reasonable 9 view ( ! nature (  !    
(f5se & if x is n reasonable1 ! p]son   
arre/$ may h !  matt] br\ght be=e !     
c\rt1 :o w make full inquiry1 & r$uce  !
 am\nt ( ! bail if f\nd to be too l>ge4 
,all ?r\gh ^! gu>anties ( !             
,con/itution1 all ?r\gh ^!  provisions  
gu>d+ ! sacr$ rights ( e p]son1 y w see 
t  ! ef=t is t ju/ice %all be done1 n   
inju/ice2 t "r %all  prevail1 n wrong4  
,t no "o %all be kept 9 prison1 depriv$ 
( 8  lib]ty1 unless absolutely necess>y 
9 ! int]e/ ( ju/ice4    ,!n aft] a      
trial1 if a p]son is f\nd guilty1 !     
,con/itution aga9  gu>ds ! rights ev5 ( 
! guilty1 by provid+3    8,excessive    
f9es 7%all n be7 impos$1 nor cruel &    
unusual  puni%m5ts inflict$407#ge7      
,:5 ?is con/itutional gu>anty 0 writt5  
p]sons !n liv+ c\ld  recall )\t d\bt !  
b>b>\s puni%m5ts :i* _h be5 impos$ 9    
civiliz$ c\ntries ev5 = light (f5ses4   
,common hang+ 0 n  reg>d$ z suffici5t   
puni%m5t4 8,hang$1 drawn & qu>t]$0 0 (t5
  he>d 9 ! c\rts ( c\ntries :i* _h be5  

left beh9d4 ,x 0  no?+ uncommon to see  
p]sons ^u ! roadside 9 ,engl& left hang+
  to ! gibbet = long p]iods ( "t :]e ! p
 c\ld see !m z  a w>n+4 ,x 0 n uncommon 
9 ^? times to h a p5alty ( dea?  impos$ 
= ! (f5se ( /eal+4    ,x is almo/       
impossible to read ( ! puni%m5ts ( !    
old5 days1 ev5  "u decrees ( c\rts1 )\t 
a %udd]4 ,!re=e1 e "o 9  ,am]ica %\ld be
 fill$ ) gratitude t 9 ! adoption ( our 
,con/itution ^! excessive cruelties 7   
=ev] end$4    ,we h 9 ?is c\ntry ! dea? 
p5alty only = ! mo/ grave  (f5ses1 & x  
is seldom impos$4 ,imprisonm5t is       
g5]ally reg>d$ z  j & suffici5t4 ,i     
might sp5d an h\r if we _h "t1 tell+ y  
some?+ ( ! horrible dungeons :i* s]v$ z 
prisons 9 ! old5  days1 into :i* ,god's 
sunlight seldom ent]$2 ( ! *a9s !       
prison]s _h to we>2 ( ! />vation2 yes1 &
 ( !  la%--inhumanities :i* "o c sc>cely
 conceive1 & :i* c nev]  disgrace !     
civilization ( ,am]ica4    ,aga91       
c>efully gu>d+ ! rights & lib]ties ( ! p
 we f9d3    8,nei!r slav]y nor          

involunt>y s]vitude1 except z a puni%m5t
 =  crime :]e( ! p>ty %all h be5 duly   
convict$1 %all exi/  )9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
 or any place subject to _!             
jurisdiction407#gf7    ,?is is n a "p ( 
! orig9al ,con/itution4 ,x 0 adopt$ aft]
 !  w> _h driv5 slav]y f our %ores4 ,!  
_s ( ,am]ica has f !  beg9n+ be5 ex]t$ 9
 enl>g+ ! rights ( human be+s4 ,slav]y  
exi/$ be=e ! adoption ( ! ,con/itution1 
& s /rongly 0 x  intr5*$ at t "t 9 "s ( 
! colonies t x 0 impossible  !n to wipe 
x out4    ,b x did n belong 9 ,am]ica1 &
 ! "t came :5 ! ,am]ican  p1 aft] a long
 bitt] w>1 cru%$ ! slave p[]1 & swept f 
our %ores ! la/ ve/ige ( involunt>y     
s]vitude4 ,t x might n be  r5ew$1 ! p   
am5d$ ! ,con/itution s z =ev] to b>     
slav]y  or involunt>y s]vitude except z 
m5 might be put 9 prison 9  puni%m5t =  
crime aft] a full1 fair trial4    ,did y
 ev] read ( ! debtor's prison8 ,x us$ to
 be 9 ne>ly e  c\ntry 9 ! _w1 t m5 :o 7 
m]ely un=tunate1 :o got 9  debt & :o    
c\ld n pay :5 ! debt 0 due 7 s5t to     

prison1 &  kept !re sometimes = long    
p]iods4 ,x 0 mo/ cruel1 because 9 _m    
in/ances ! p]sons 7 hone/4 ,!y want$ to 
pay _! debts1 b  sickness came1 or      
floods1 or fire1 or o!r mis=tune1 & :5 !
 "t  came !y 7 unable to pay & ?us !y   
lo/ _! lib]ty4    ,9 ^? old5 days1 m5 7 
n only imprison$1 b 9 "s c\ntries  !y 7 
compell$ to labor = ! p]son :om !y ow$4 
,!y 7  compell$ to be slaves4    ,b at  
la/ we h rea*$ a /age 9 ,am]ica1 :]e no 
"o may be  compell$ to "w = ano!r1      
unless by 8 own free w1 except "u       
conviction ( a crime :]e ! ,/ate may    
compel prison]s to "w =  "s "o 9 ord] to
 help pay ! exp5se ( ma9ta9+ !m4    ,!  
old debtor's prison is gone4 ,no "o 9   
?is c\ntry c n[ be  imprison$ = an      
ord9>y debt4 ,!re are a few ,/ates 9 :i*
 a p]son  may be imprison$ = debts aris+
 9 fraud1 b = an ord9>y contract  debt1 
m]e inability to pay1 no "o 9 ,am]ica c 
n[ be compell$ to  submit to            
imprisonm5t4    ,i wi% sometime y w\ld  
?9k s]i\sly ab\t :at ,am]ica has done = 

! poor4 ,9 ! old5 days !y _h few if any 
rights2 b to-day 9  ,am]ica1 :ile by law
 we _c prev5t sickness nor sorr[1 or o!r
  mis=tune1 we c & we d gu>d ! lib]ty ( 
! poore/ & ! mo/  un=tunate4 ,9 fact _m 
laws h be5 enact$ :i* give to ! poor    
special privileges :i* are d5i$ to ^? :o
 h prop]ty or money4    ,= in/ance 9    
ne>ly e ,/ate !re are :at are call$     
exemptions  = a p]son :o is ! head ( a  
family1 :i* protect him ev5 9 !         
possession ( a limit$ am\nt ( prop]ty   
:i* 8 cr$itors _c take  away f him 9    
paym5t ( a debt4 ,9 mo/ ( ! ,/ates      
labor]s may  hold ! e>n+s ( a c]ta9     
p]iod1 = in/ance n9ety days1 =  support 
( !mselves & _! families1 :i* no "o c   
t\*1 :i* no  (fic]s & no c\rt c seize 9 
paym5t ( a debt4 ,also !y are  protect$ 
9 _! h\sehold goods1 _! clo?+ = !mselves
 &  _! families1 & 9 _m o!r ways4    ,! 
f>m] :o may be heavily 9 debt is        
protect$ = himself & 8  family by hav+  
exempt$ to him a team ( horses1 h>ness &
 wagon1  ma*9]y1 f>m ut5sils1 & food &  

clo?+ = ! family4    ,i h n "t to relate
 all t has be5 done by ,am]ica 9        
sympa!tic  aid ( ! poor & ! un=tunate4  
,no o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w has  giv5 su*     
consid]ation to ! poor z has ,am]ica4   
,we he> mu* talk ( social inju/ice1 t ! 
poor man has no *ance4  ,! tru? is t m  
has be5 done 9 ,am]ica dur+ ! pa/       
tw5ty-five ye>s to provide ju/ice = !   
poor & un=tunate & =  ^? :o toil1 ?an 0 
done 9 any o!r c\ntry ( ! _w dur+ !  la/
 "o ?\s& ye>s4 ,! _s ( ,am]ica is "r4 ,!
 p h  ! p[]4 ,!y are "r at he>t4 ,! only
 weakness 9 ,am]ica is !  failure ( _m  
?\s&s ( our m5 & wom5 to take an active 
int]e/  9 ! affairs ( gov]nm5t4 ,hundr$s
 ( ?\s&s1 yes millions1 ( our  vot]s    
fail to g to ! polls on election day to 
vote4 ,!y d n seem  to feel any         
gratitude = ! privilege ( liv+ 9 a free 
c\ntry :]e  lib]ty is gu>d$ by writt5   
gu>anties ( a ,con/itution :i* _c be    
*ang$1 except by ! w ( ! p !mselves4    
,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions    #a4 ,aft] a    
p]son is arre/$ :]e is he g5]ally tak5  

by ! (fic]8    #b4 ,if ! he>+ is        
po/pon$1 :at is g5]ally done ) him 9 !  
meantime8    #c4 ,:at is bail8    #d4   
,:at (f5ses are n bailable8    #e4 ,:at 
is ! con/itutional gu>anty z to bail8   
#f4 ,:y %\ld excessive bail be          
prohibit$8 ,:at w\ld be ! inju/ice (    
?is practice8    #g4 ,:at happ5s :5 a   
p]son 8out on bail0 fails to appe> 9    
c\rt at  ! "t set8 ,is he reliev$ (     
fur!r puni%m5t8    #h4 ,if a magi/rate  
fixes excessive bail1 :at may ! accus$  
p]son d 9  ord] to h x r$uc$8    #i4 ,"n
 "s cruel & unusual puni%m5ts8    #aj4  
,:5 0 slav]y 9 ,am]ica aboli%$8    #aa4 
,:at 0 a debtor's prison8    #ab4 ,h[   
does ,am]ica protect ! poor8 ,c a debtor
 be put 9 prison =  fail+ to pay ord9>y 
debts8    #ac4 ,:at is meant by         
8exemptions0 9 relation to prop]ty &    
debts8    ,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4   
,expla9 ! inju/ice ( requir+ excessive  
bail8    ,b4 ,:5 a judge det]m9es !     
am\nt ( bail1 :at factors does he       
consid]8    ,c4 ,:at is ! purpose (     

puni%m5t8    ,d4 ,discuss ! movem5t =   
prison re=m4    ,e4 ,:at is ! purpose ( 
! bankruptcy law8    ,f4 ,write a pap]  
on3          ,cruel & ,unusual          
,puni%m5ts        ,puni%m5t & ,crime 9 !
 ,unit$ ,/ates        ,h[ ,am]ica       
,protects ! ,poor ,man        ,!        
,re=matory ,v]sus ! ,p5it5ti>y          
,,xviii4 ,,equal ,,rights ,,( ,,citiz5s 
,all ,citiz5s ,entitl$ ,to ,equal       
,privileges ,& ,immunities--,"r ,to     
,vote ,n                                
,abridg$      ,! great a*ievem5t 9      
,am]ican gov]nm5t 0 ! e/abli%m5t ( a    
,nation compos$ ( indep5d5t & sov]eign  
,/ates4 ,x 0 n an easy  matt] to br+ all
 ^! ,/ates toge!r z "o gov]nm5t1 s t !re
  w\ld be h>mony & unity2 b ! fram]s ( !
 ,con/itution succe$$  9 a wond]ful way 
9 adopt+ rules & regulations--!         
,con/itution--:i* made ?is ! mo/ p[]ful 
& ! mo/ peaceful  ,nation 9 ! _w47#gg7  
,only once has !re be5 any s]i\s "q     
betwe5 ! ,/ates1 & !  ,civil ,w> settl$ 
t =ev]4 ,foll[+ ! w>1 to b9d ! ,/ates m 

firmly toge!r by ! e/abli%m5t ( ! rights
 ( citiz5s ( !  v>i\s ,/ates1 an am5dm5t
 to ! ,con/itution 0 adopt$ 9 #ahfh1 by 
! p ( ! ,nation1 :i* is z foll[s3       
8,all p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 & subject to !           
jurisdiction !re(1 are citiz5s ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates & ( ! ,/ate  :]e9 !y      
reside4 ,no ,/ate %all make or en=ce any
 law :i* %all  abridge ! privileges or  
immunities ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 
nor  %all any ,/ate deprive any p]son ( 
life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty )\t  due       
process ( law2 nor d5y to any p]son )9  
its jurisdiction !  equal protection ( !
 laws407#gh7    ,?is portion ( our      
,con/itution e/abli%es ! citiz5%ip ( e  
p]son born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates1 & gu>antees ! rights  ( su*     
citiz5s1 n only 9 ! ,/ate :]e he lives1 
b 9 any ,/ate4  ,no ,/ate has ! p[]1    
s9ce ! adoption ( ?is am5dm5t1 to make  
or  en=ce any law :i* %all abridge !    
privileges1 rights1 or immunities  (    
citiz5s1 no matt] 9 :at ,/ate !y may    

make _! home4    ,by ?is am5dm5t all    
,/ates are prohibit$ f enact+ any law1  
or  p]mitt+ any proc$ure ( _! c\rts1 :i*
 %all 8deprive any p]son  ( life1       
lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due process (   
law04    ,y w recall t imm$iately aft] !
 adoption & approval ( !  orig9al       
,con/itution !re 7 t5 am5dm5ts adopt$   
:i* became  effective 9 #agia1 9 "o (   
:i* x 0 provid$ t no p]son 8%all  be    
depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty or prop]ty1 )\t  
due process ( law04  ,?is =ev] b>r$ !   
,unit$ ,/ates gov]nm5t f depriv+ !      
humble/ citiz5 ( 8 life1 8 lib]ty1 or 8 
prop]ty1 except ?r\gh  ! regul>         
processes ( ! law :i* we h h]et(ore     
consid]$2 &  by ! am5dm5t ( #ahfh ! same
 re/riction 0 plac$ ^u e ,/ate  9 !     
,union1 ?us complet+ ! gu>anty to e man1
 woman1 & *ild1  t life1 lib]ty1 &      
prop]ty w\ld be safe & sacr$4 ,no p[]   
exi/s  9 ! ,/ate or ,nation by :i* life1
 lib]ty1 or prop]ty may be  int]f]$ )1  
except ?r\gh ! tribunals e/abli%$ by ! p
  !mselves to he> & det]m9e 9 a judicial

 way aft] prop] notice  ) full          
opportunity to be he>d 9 a public trial4
    ,no secret s*emes c be devis$ :i* w 
int]f]e ) ! rights (  ! humble/ citiz51 
no p[] c be creat$ /rong en\gh          
wrongfully to  invade ! "r to life1     
lib]ty1 & prop]ty4 ,^! gu>anties1 be+   
writt5 into ! ,con/itution1 w /& =ev]1  
unless ! p by  _! own *oice %all ?r[    
away ^! great gu>anties & de/roy ^!     
great bless+s4    ,!n foll[+ ! ,civil   
,w>1 ! p ( ,am]ica adopt$ ! foll[+  z "p
 ( ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates3    
8,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to   
vote %all n be d5i$  or abridg$ by !    
,unit$ ,/ates or by any ,/ate on acc\nt 
( race1  color1 or previ\s condition (  
s]vitude407#gi7    ,y rememb] !         
,emancipation ,proclamation by ,presid5t
 ,l9coln :i*  /ruck ! *a9s f ! limbs (  
m5 & wom5 & *ildr5 :o _h  be5 slaves =  
g5]ations4 ,!y 7 human be+s1 ?\gh ( !   
color$  race4 ,!y 7 lift$ f ! position (
 slav]y to ! dignity (  citiz5%ip1 &    
clo!d ) p[] to help 9 ! gov]nm5t ( _!   

c\ntry by be+ giv5 ! privilege ( go+ to 
! ballot box to vote4  ,to e/abli% ?is  
"r & protect ?is privilege = all "t1 ?is
  am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution 0 adopt$ by 
! p ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates4 ,x 0 a bold ?+  
to d1 to clo! a subject race :i* _h     
little opportunity = education ) !      
rights ( citiz5%ip4 ,no nation  9 ! _w  
ev] be=e attempt$ su* a wond]ful &      
radical  exp]im5t2 b ! p ( ,am]ica1 hav+
 real confid5ce 9 human  be+s1 reg>dless
 ( color1 race1 or cre$1 assum$ !       
responsibility (  admitt+ ! =m] slaves z
 "p ( ! p[] ( gov]nm5t 9 ?is  c\ntry4   
,( c\rse y realize t ! value ( a citiz5 
to 8 c\ntry1 :5 x  comes to vot+ & mak+ 
laws1 dep5ds ^u 8 k ( public  affairs1 &
 8 confid5ce 9 8 gov]nm5t2 & !re=e      
education is  absolutely necess>y to    
real s]vice to "o's c\ntry4 ,t is "o ( !
  big objects ( education--to qualify   
p]sons = full citiz5%ip47#hj7    ,too _m
 ( u consid] ! "r to vote simply z a    
privilege to help  "s neighbor to be    
elect$ to "s public (fice4 ,?is view is 

all wrong4  ,our c\ntry is fir/1 & we   
nev] %\ld help a neighbor to be elect$  
to  an (fice unless t neighbor c help to
 make ?is a bett]  gov]nm5t47#ha7    ,:5
 we elect any "o1 we are select+ a      
s]vant to repres5t u1 to act  = u4      
,!re=e great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9      
selection4 ,we mu/  inquire n only :e!r 
! p]son is good & virtu\s1 b also :e!r  
! p]son is useful1 & has "r ideas ab\t  
public s]vice47#hb7    ,if congressm51  
judges1 legislators1 mayors1 or o!r     
public s]vants are  n hone/ly or truly  
repres5t+ ! p1 if !y are n c>ry+  out ! 
w ( ! p 9 _! (ficial actions1 ?is simply
 proves  t ! p h n select$ ! "r k9d ( m5
 to repres5t !m4  ,!re are hone/ m52 !re
 are m5 :o are tri$ & loyal & patriotic4
  ,!y are our neighbors4 ,we h ! *oice (
 select+ !m if we want  to4 ,! tru? is t
 ne>ly all public (fic]s are hone/ &    
patriotic4 ,! tru? is t z a rule !y try 
to d :at ! p  want4 ,b ! tru? is t !    
majority ( ! ,am]ican p take s  little  
int]e/ 9 public affairs t !y make no    

ef=t to h _!  s]vants 9 public life "k  
:at !y d want4 ,p are ready to          
criticise if a mi/ake is made1 b !y w d 
little to help avoid  mi/akes4    ,i'll 
tell y :at ,i w\ld l to see4 ,i'd l to  
see ?is assembly room  9 ?is s*ool fill$
 "o night ea* week ) *ildr5 & m5 & wom51
  ) p>5ts & tea*]s4 ,x w\ld be a real   
community meet+ to talk  ov] community1 
,/ate1 & ,national matt]s4 ,i w\ld l to 
see su* a  meet+ 9 e s*ool 9 ?is city1 9
 ?is ,/ate1 & 9 ! ,nation4 ,i  wi%      
someone w\ld />t a movem5t to h ! movies
 clos$ "o ev5+  ea* week1 s t ! p might 
h at lea/ "o night to give "s  little   
consid]ation to ! s]i\s problems ( life4
 8,et]nal vigilance  is ! price (       
lib]ty40 ,vigilance means wat*fulness1  
c>e1 & ?\ght4  ,e man1 woman1 & *ild 9  
,am]ica %\ld wat* & pray t our  lib]ties
 s de>ly b\ght ) ! life blood ( h]oes   
%\ld n be  tak5 away4    ,,elem5t>y     
,,que/ions    #a4 ,%[ h[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 gave citiz5s ( ! diff]5t ,/ates equal  
rights4    #b4 ,:o c vote 9 ! ,unit$    

,/ates8 ,:o are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates8    #c4 ,is ! p[] to vote simply 
a privilege8    #d4 ,:y is x t our      
repres5tatives sometimes d n truly      
repres5t u8    #e4 ,h[ c we int]e/ p 9  
vot+8    ,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4 ,%[
 h[ x is important t p %\ld h equal     
rights 9 !  v>i\s ,/ates4    ,b4 ,give  
"s illu/rations ( ! v>iations f ,/ate to
 ,/ate (  c]ta9 local laws1 su* z       
automobile laws1 etc4    ,c4 ,if ! law (
 ,new ,york limits ! spe$ ( an          
automobile to #be miles  p] h\r & ! law 
( ,massa*usetts limits ! spe$ to #bj    
miles p]  h\r1 c a citiz5 ( ,new ,york  
travell+ 9 ,massa*usetts legally  op]ate
 8 c> at #be miles p] h\r8 ,"u l        
circum/ances c a  citiz5 ( ,massa*usetts
 :ile 9 ,new ,york op]ate 8 c> at #be   
miles p]  h\r8    ,d4 ,%[ 9 detail !    
dang]s ( n vot+4    ,e4 ,h[ may a p]son 
obta9 citiz5%ip8    ,f4 ,:at has        
education to d ) citiz5%ip or vot+8     
,g4 ,%\ld y vote = a neighbor simply out
 ( fri5d%ip8 ,:at %\ld be  tak5 into    

consid]ation8    ,h4 ,discuss           
,roosevelt's def9ition ( a good citiz5  
giv5 9 ,note #e4    ,i4 ,outl9e a prop] 
program = a community meet+4    ,j4     
,write a pap] on ! foll[+3          ,!  
,privileges ( ! ,citiz5        ,! ,dang]
 ( ,n ,vot+        ,! ,ballot--,an      
,obligation ,n a ,privilege        ,h[  
to ,become a ,naturaliz$ ,citiz5        
,vot+ & o!r ,duties ( ,citiz5%ip        
,,xix4 ,,writ ,,( ,,habeas ,,corpus     
,! ,privilege ,( ,! ,writ ,( ,habeas    
,corpus ,n ,to ,be ,susp5d$ ,except ,9  
,w>      ,"h is some?+ 9 our            
,con/itution :i* ,i suppose y h read1 b 
:i* y probably d n und]/&4 ,t is1 y     
probably d n  und]/& its real value1 n  
to somebody else1 b to y\rselves1       
because all ( ^! provisions ( !         
,con/itution are = ea* "o (  u4    ,we  
may g along ?r\gh life1 nev] be+ plac$ 9
 a position :]e we  w h to call ^u !    
,con/itution to def5d u4 ,mo/ ( our p   
are peaceful & j1 & x isn't (t5 t !     
rights ( innoc5t  p]sons are attack$ or 

invad$4 ,x isn't (t5 t an innoc5t man is
  arre/$ = a crime1 & yet su* a ?+ may  
occur any day to any "o (  u4 ,y may re/
 assur$ t su* ?+s d n occur z (t5 z !y  
w\ld if ! ,con/itution did n /& z a     
b>ri] to protect innoc5t  p]sons4 ,^!   
great con/itutional gu>anties are n only
 valuable :5  we want to ass]t our      
rights1 b !y are valuable z a re/ra9t ^u
  wrongdo]s47#hc7    ,n[ "h is ?is      
provision3    8,! ,privilege ( ! ,writ (
 ,habeas ,corpus %all n be susp5d$1     
unless :5 9 ,cases ( ,rebellion or      
,invasion ! public ,safety may  require 
x407#hd7    ,:at is a 8writ ( habeas    
corpus08 8,habeas ,corpus0 is a ,lat9   
phrase1  :i* 9 ,engli% means 8y may h ! 
body04 ,a writ ( habeas corpus is  a    
writ direct$ to ! p]son deta9+ ano!r1 or
 hold+ him 9 prison1  comm&+ him to     
produce ! prison] at a c]ta9 "t & place 
be=e  a c\rt or judge1 s t ! "r (       
imprisonm5t or re/ra9t may be  inquir$  
into4 ,x is an anci5t writ1 recogniz$ z 
f> back 9 ,engli%  jurisprud5ce z #afgi4

 ,x 0 us$ aga9/ ! k+ 9 ! reign ( ,h5ry  
,,vii1 & on ?r\gh ! lat] ye>s4 ,x 0     
recogniz$ f "t to "t1  sometimes        
entirely d5i$1 & aga9 giv5 =ce4    ,b z 
appli$ to y & to me1 :at does x signify8
 ,suppose on y\r way  home ?is ev5+1 "s 
p]son %\ld seize y & =ce y to g to      
jail1 & lock y up4 ,no *>ge is made     
aga9/ y4 ,y are innoc5t (  any (f5se4 ,y
 sit !re 9 ! cell wond]+ :at x all      
means4 ,y  _c ev5 communicate ) y\r     
p>5ts or fri5ds4 ,! jail is built (     
/one1 ! iron b>s are /rong1 & y are     
helpless4    ,well1 9 ! old5 days1 _m a 
man & woman _h su* exp]i5ces1 &  _m a   
man & _m a woman lay 9 jail = long      
p]iods )\t any  *>ge1 or any trial1     
depriv$ ( lib]ty1 utt]ly p[]less4    ,n[
 z ,i said1 suppose y 7 9 jail          
to-night--n ev5 p]mitt$ to  communicate 
) a fri5d or ) a lawy]1 & y\r fa!r f\nd 
out  :]e y 74 ,he c\ld n g & break d[n !
 prison walls4 ,he c\ld  n ev5 talk to  
y2 b if he 7 famili> ) ! ,con/itution ( 
!  ,unit$ ,/ates & ( 8 ,/ate--because   

!re is a l provision 9 !  ,con/itutions 
( all ,/ates--if y\r fa!r und]/ood 8    
con/itutional  rights1 he w\ld at once  
apply to "s c\rt or judge = a writ (    
habeas  corpus4 ,x w\ld be a simple     
matt]4 ,he w\ld set out 9 writ+ !       
facts1 simply ! /ory t y 7 seiz$ & 7    
imprison$  wrongfully1 & he w\ld ask t a
 writ ( habeas corpus issue1 & ?is      
reque/1 no c\rt or judge c d5y4 ,he w\ld
 promptly issue ! writ1  :i* w\ld be 9  
writ+ direct$ to ! p]son keep+ y 9 jail1
 or  ! keep] ( ! jail1 or "s "o :o 0    
aid+ 9 keep+ y 9 jail1  & ?is writ w\ld 
comm& su* p]son to h y br\ght be=e !    
c\rt at once1 8comm&+ him to produce !  
body ( ! prison] at a  c]ta9 "t &       
place04 ,y w\ld be br\ght !re1 & ! p]son
 hav+  y 9 jail w\ld h to %[ cause = su*
 conduct4 ,unless legal cause  7 %[n1 ! 
judge w\ld promptly dis*>ge y1 & ! p]son
 :o _h  committ$ ! wrong aga9/ y w\ld   
probably receive prop] puni%m5t1  aft] a
 trial1 = 8 wrongful act4    ,n[ !re 7  
long p]iods ( "t 9 ,engl& :5 ! "r to a  

writ (  habeas corpus 0 susp5d$1 dur+   
:i* "t a p]son wrongfully 9  prison _h  
no relief & no rem$y1 :5 helpless m5 &  
wom5 />v$  & di$4 ,s :5 ! ,con/itution 0
 adopt$1 ! p ( ,am]ica 7  c>eful to see 
t ! foll[+ gu>anty 0 writt5 !re93    8,!
 ,privilege ( ! ,writ ( ,habeas ,corpus 
%all n be susp5d$047#he7    ,"u our     
,con/itution ?is may be done only 89    
case ( rebellion or  invasion0 :5       
8public safety may require x04 ,=       
in/ance1 9 ! ,_w  ,w>1 :i* y all        
rememb]1 "s dang]\s p]son1 "s traitor1  
might  h be5 arre/$ by ! milit>y        
au?orities & deta9$ 9 cu/ody1  & he c\ld
 n be dis*>g$ ^u a writ ( habeas corpus1
 because a  /ate ( w> exi/$1 & public   
safety requir$ t he be held4 ,(  c\rse 9
 times ( w> p]sons engag$ 9 ! milit>y   
s]vice are n  entitl$ to a trial 9 a    
civil c\rt = _! (f5se4 ,!y are tri$ =   
milit>y (f5ses by c\rt m>tial4 ,t is a  
milit>y c\rt1 :]e !  judges are milit>y 
(fic]s1 ord]$ by _! sup]iors to sit &   
he>  ! evid5ce4 ,!re is n mu* =mality4  

,9 grave (f5ses prompt action  is       
necess>y4 ,spies are caught1 ! c\rts    
organiz$1 ! evid5ce tak51  a f9d+ (     
guilty made1 & ! p>ty %ot1 all p]haps )9
  tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,^! are ! necess>y    
awful consequ5ces ( w>4 ,b  c't y see n[
 :at a s5se ( security ?is little       
provision ( our  ,con/itution ought to  
br+ to ea* "o ( u8 ,we always "k t 9    
case  ( our wrongful arre/1 a writ (    
habeas corpus w br+ u be=e "s  c\rt :]e 
we may h prompt inquiry into ! reasons =
 invad+ our  "r to lib]ty1 & prompt ord]
 = dis*>ge if ! arre/ is n  ju/ifi$4    
,?is writ issues n only 9 behalf (      
p]sons conf9$ 9 jails &  prisons1 b also
 9 e case :]e "o is held by =ce aga9/ 8 
w by ano!r p]son1 because ?is is a free 
c\ntry1 & no man1  :e!r a private citiz5
 or public (fic]1 has any p[] to re/ra9 
ano!r aga9/ 8 w1 unless su* re/ra9t is  
"u legal proce$+s  ) all ! safegu>ds ( !
 ,con/itution4    ,i rememb] a case :5  
un=tunately a fa!r & "m 7 sep>at$  &    
divorc$4 ,_! little boy 0 left ) 8 "m4  

,! judge decid$  t ! fa!r 0 a bad man & 
t he 0 n wor?y to h *>ge (  8 son4    ,a
 few mon?s lat] t fa!r w5t to ! h\se :]e
 ! "m & boy  liv$1 wat*$ beh9d ! h$ge   
until ! little boy 0 at play 9 !  y>d1  
:5 he seiz$ him1 jump$ 9 an automobile  
:i* 0 wait+ =  him 9 ! woods1 & drove   
away at great spe$4 ,he took ! boy to a 
bo>d+ s*ool 9 a neighbor+ ,/ate1 tell+ !
 pr9cipal ( !  s*ool t he want$ ! boy   
safely kept until he %\ld return f      
,europe4 ,aft] _m days ! %]iff ) ! aid (
 detectives f\nd :]e  ! boy 04 ,! "m    
came to ! s*ool4 ,( c\rse %e 0 fill$ )  
joy :5 %e saw h] son4 ,%e ?\ght t %e    
c\ld take him away )  h] at once1 b !   
pr9cipal w\ld n cons5t4 ,he said t he _h
 no  k ( :e!r or n %e 0 ! boy's "m2 t %e
 _h no  "r to take him away2 & t 8 duty 
0 to return ! boy to ! man  :o _h left  
him 9 ! s*ool4 ,! appeal ( ! "m & ! te>s
 (  ! boy 7 9 va94    ,at la/ %e _h to  
leave ! boy4 ,%e at once consult$ a     
lawy]4 ,he  prep>$ a writt5 application 
ask+ t a writ ( habeas corpus be  issu$1

 comm&+ ! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool to br+ !   
boy be=e !  judge1 t ! judge might he> !
 evid5ce1 & make an ord] releas+  ! boy 
f ! s*ool & plac+ him 9 ! *>ge ( 8 "m4  
,!  writ 0 issu$ by ! judge4 ,an (fic]  
w5t to ! s*ool1 read ! writ  to !       
pr9cipal1 :o promptly br\ght ! boy to ! 
c\rt room4    ,!re ! judge he>d ! /ory (
 ! "m & ! simple tale ( !  little boy1  
he exam9$ c]tifi$ copies ( ! ord] ( !   
c\rt  aw>d+ ! cu/ody ( ! boy to 8 "m1   
:i* ! %]iff _h  procur$1 & !n he v      
promptly ord]$ ! pr9cipal ( ! s*ool to  
give ! boy to 8 "m4 ,! pr9cipal 0 (     
c\rse glad to d s1  :5 he f\nd t ! fa!r 
_h done wrong4    ,?is is only "o (     
hundr$s ( cases :]e ! writ ( habeas     
corpus  releases someone f wrongful     
conf9em5t4 ,su* wrongful conf9em5t may  
be 9 a s*ool or 9 a home or 9 a jail or 
9 a dungeon or 9 a d>k  cell>4 ,no matt]
 :]e1 ! writ ( habeas corpus does n /op 
at lock$  doors or b>r$ w9d[s or /one   
walls4 ,an (fic] ) su* a writ c  break &
 ent] if necess>y4 ,no ob/acle c be     

all[$ wrongfully to  deprive an ,am]ican
 citiz5 ( 8 lib]ty4    ,,elem5t>y       
,,que/ions    #a4 ,:at is a writ (      
habeas corpus8    #b4 ,:at does 8habeas 
corpus0 mean8    #c4 ,:5 0 x recogniz$ 9
 ,engl&8    #d4 ,:5 may x be susp5d$ 9  
,am]ica8    #e4 ,j :at does x mean to ! 
av]age citiz58    #f4 ,c y ?9k ( a "t :5
 x might be valuable to y8    #g4 ,:at  
is m>tial law8    ,,advanc$ ,,que/ions  
,a4 ,j :5 is a writ ( habeas corpus     
likely to prove valuable8    ,b4 ,:y is 
x call$ 8! mo/ fam\s writ ( ! law08     
,c4 ,%[ h[ x affects ! poor man4    ,d4 
,%[ h[ x makes = democracy4    ,e4      
,write a pap] on ! foll[+3              
,abuses ,f\nd ,be=e ! ,writ ( ,habeas   
,corpus ,0 ,recogniz$        ,cases ,:]e
 ,x 0 ,us$ ,locally        ,! ,exp]i5ce 
( ! ,arre/ ( an ,innoc5t ,man ,:o ,0    
,unable to      ,furni% ,bail        ,a 
,c\rt ,m>tial            ,,xx4 ,,o!r    
,,prohibit$ ,,laws         ,no ,bill ,( 
,atta9d] ,or ,ex ,po/ ,facto ,law ,may  
,be ,pass$ ,by ,congress      ,?is morn+

 ,i h some?+ else = y :i* y probably d n
  und]/&1 some?+ t y c h>dly imag9e w\ld
 int]e/ y  p]sonally2 b z ,i h (t5      
repeat$1 always be> 9 m9d t e  s+le     
clause ( ! ,con/itution is made = ea* & 
e "o ( u1 no  matt] :at position we may 
h 9 life4    ,! fram]s ( ! ,con/itution 
said3    8,no ,bill ( ,atta9d] or ex po/
 facto ,law %all be pass$407#hf7    ,:at
 does 8atta9d]0 mean8 ,x means !        
ext9ction ( civil rights &  capacities &
 p[]s1 :i* "u ! law 9 ! old5 times took 
place  :5ev] a p]son 0 convict$ (       
treason1 or ( a crime = :i* !  dea?     
s5t5ce 0 impos$4 ,x means t all ! e/ate 
( ! convict$  p]son1 all 8 l&1 money1 or
 o!r prop]ty1 0 =feit$ to !  gov]nm5t2 s
 t ^u 8 dea? no?+ pass$ by inh]itance to
 8  heirs4 ,z x 0 express$1 8 blood 0   
8corrupt$04 ,he c\ld n sue 9  a c\rt (  
ju/ice4 ,he 0 helpless to def5d any "r (
 himself or 8  family4    ,by 8bills (  
atta9d]01 :i* 7 legislative acts impos+ 
t p5alty  on ! accus$ )\t giv+ him any  
he>+ 9 a c\rt1 _m p]sons  7 depriv$ ( _!

 rights & _! possessions 9 ! c5turies   
:i*  h gone by1 9 ord] t su* rights &   
su* possessions might g to  "s favorite 
( ! gov]nm5t4 ,( c\rse no "o w\ld h mu* 
sympa?y  = a p]son :o might be actually 
guilty ( treason1 or guilty ( a great   
crime :i* involv$ a dea? p5alty2 b 9 !  
old5 days innoc5t m5  7 (t5 *>g$ )      
treason & puni%$4 ,conspiracies 7 =m$ to
  get rid ( c]ta9 individuals :o might  
be an ob/acle to ! a*ievem5t  ( base    
ambitions4    ,! abuses aris+ out ( !   
imposition ( atta9d] became s grave t  9
 ! "t ( ,que5 ,victoria a /atute 0 pass$
 9 ,engl& aboli%+  ! extreme p5alties   
:i* foll[$ x4    ,9 "s ( ! colonies 9   
?is c\ntry1 be=e ! ,con/itution 0       
adopt$1 acts ( atta9d] 7 pass$ & en=c$2 
b :5 !  ,con/itution 0 f9ally adopt$1   
bills ( atta9d] 7 =ev] b>r$4    ,don't y
 see ! _s ( *>ity :i* is manife/ 9 ?is1 
j z 9  ! entire ,con/itution1 *>ity ev5 
= wrongdo]s1 *>ity = !  weaknesses ( m58
 ,wrongdo]s ( c\rse mu/ be puni%$1 yet !
  ,con/itution wipes out h>% & brutal   

me?ods :i* 7 common 9 !  days be=e      
,am]ica came into be+4    ,no 8ex po/   
facto law0 %all be pass$4 ,:at does t   
mean87#hg7 ,if a  p]son does an act1 :i*
 at ! "t ( ! do+ ( ! act is n a  crim9al
 (f5se1 ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 )
 all its p[]1  _c make t act1 innoc5t :5
 done1 a crime4 ,yet ?is us$ to be  done
 9 ! old days4 ,y c imag9e h[ 9 ^? days 
a brutal  gov]nm5t be+ desir\s ( gett+  
rid ( "s objectionable p]son1 b  desir+ 
to h its acts appe> legal1 might f9d t  
he _h done "s  act :i* 0 n puni%able "u 
! law2 b ?r\gh a corrupt  legislative   
body1 x might s legislate z to make !   
act a crim9al  (f5se1 & ?us h ! p]son   
tri$ & convict$4    ,a p]son might      
commit an (f5se = :i* !re 0 a mod]ate   
puni%m5t2 & ! legislature might1 aft] ! 
commission ( ! crime1  b be=e he 0 tri$1
 increase ! p5alty4 ,= in/ance1 if !re 7
  a p5alty ( two ye>s imprisonm5t =     
/eal+ a horse1 & "s  neighbor 0 guilty (
 /eal+ a horse1 ?us leav+ himself1 :5   
convict$1 subject to two ye>s           

imprisonm5t1 all ! p[]s ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates gov]nm5t1 all ! p[]s ( ,congress1
 all ! wond]ful p[] (  ! p ( ! c\ntry   
c\ld n *ange ! p5alty1 c\ld n1 =        
in/ance1 am5d ! law s z to provide a    
five ye> p5alty in/ead (  two1 s z to   
affect ?is neighbor :o _h /ol5 ! horse  
be=e ?is  "t4 ,he c\ld1 if convict$1 be 
s5t5c$ to two ye>s1 b no m4    ,y may   
?9k t ^? :o adopt$ ! ,con/itution mu/ h 
be5  suspici\s ( ,congress1 or ! p 9 ?us
 c>efully prev5t+ wrongs  aga9/         
individuals accus$ ( a crime--yes1      
individuals :o _h actually  committ$ a  
crime2 b y c readily und]/& :y !y 7 s   
c>eful4 ,! conduct ( ! gov]nm5ts ( ! _w 
_h be5 su* be=e  t day t suspicion 0    
ju/ifi$4 ,! ,con/itution 0 made = !     
individual--= m51 wom51 & *ildr5--to    
gu>d _! rights aga9/ !  abuse ( p[]2 & 9
 fact mo/ ( ! wrongs ( ! _w h _h _!     
orig9 9 ! abuse ( p[]4 ,! ,con/itution  
gu>ds ! humble/ p]son  aga9/ abuse ( !  
p[] grant$ to ! gov]nm5t1 z well z aga9/
  ! wrongs ( our neighbors4    ,! p 9   

?is c\ntry h great p[]--absolute p[]4   
,?is p[] may  be express$ 9 laws enact$ 
by ,congress or by ! legislatures ( !   
,/ates1 except 9 ^? ?+s :i* ! p !mselves
 9 !  ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 
9 ! ,con/itutions ( !  diff]5t ,/ates1 h
 plac$ beyond ev5 _! own p[]4    ,(     
c\rse ^! provisions ( ! ,con/itution1 z 
all provisions ( !  ,con/itution1 may be
 *ang$ by ! p1 b n by a m]e majority (  
! p4 ,^! con/itutional provisions relate
 to sacr$ rights1 &  !y may n be *ang$  
except ^u mature delib]ation1 & by a    
vote  :i* repres5ts ! s5tim5t ( at lea/ 
a majority ( ! p (  ?ree-f\r?s ( !      
,/ates4    ,s ,i hope y c realize t :5 !
 fram]s ( ! ,con/itution  prohibit$     
bills ( atta9d]1 & prohibit$ ! enactm5t 
( ! ex po/  facto laws1 !y 7 do+ some?+ 
= ! p ( ?is c\ntry4 ,!y  _h ! rights ( !
 p 9 m9d--! rights ( ! humble & p]haps  
unkn[n1 z well z ! rights ( ^? 9 high   
places4 ,i d n expect  y to /udy !      
details ( ^! provisions ( ! ,con/itution
 relat+  to bills ( atta9d] & ex po/    

facto laws4 ,y w probably nev] h  to    
en=ce ^! rights :i* are giv5 to y "u !  
,con/itution4 ,i  hope y w n2 b !       
important ?+ :i* ,i always want y to be>
  9 m9d is1 t ^! gu>anties ( !          
,con/itution are 9 exi/5ce &  t !y conf]
 ^u y c]ta9 p[]s :i* may be ass]t$ to   
protect  y\r lib]ty if occasion %\ld ev]
 arise4    ,i am sure y realize t at !  
beg9n+ ( ! life ( ! ,am]ican  ,nation1  
extreme c>e 0 ex]cis$ by ^? :o fram$ !  
,con/itution1  to gu>d ! p at e po9t    
aga9/ inju/ice & wrong1 :e!r  ex]cis$ by
 private individuals or by public       
(ficials4    ,und]/&+ ^! ?+s--feel+ ^!  
?+s1 w give y a new s5se  ( p[]1 (      
pride1 & ( duty1 z citiz5s ( ?is great  
,nation4    ,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions    #a4
 ,:at does atta9d] mean8    #b4 ,:at 0 !
 effect ( a bill ( atta9d] on ! family (
 a man :o  0 convict$8    #c4 ,:y does !
 abolition ( atta9d] %[ ! *>ity ( !     
f\nd]s (  ! ,con/itution8    #d4 ,:at is
 an ex po/ facto law8    #e4 ,h[ w\ld   
?is k9d ( a law be unju/8    #f4 ,h[    

c\ld a /rong1 p[]ful1 & di%one/ man "w  
inju/ice by means  ( su* a law8         
,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4 ,%[ h[      
atta9d] work$ 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly days4   
,b4 ,:at 7 ! abuses f\nd "u su* a law8  
,c4 ,%[ h[ its abolition made =         
democracy4    ,d4 ,%[ h[ ! abolition (  
ex po/ facto laws made = democracy4     
,e4 ,write a pap] on ! foll[+3          
,! ,inju/ice ( ,atta9d]        ,!       
,inju/ice ( an ,ex ,po/ ,facto ,law     
,,xxi4 ,,titles1 ,,gifts1 ,,treason     
,prohibition ,( ,titles ,& ,=eign       
,gifts--,treason1 ,its ,trial ,&        
,puni%m5t      ,am]ica is a democracy4  
,x 0 ! plan f ! beg9n+ t x always  %\ld 
be a democracy4 ,! human race _h suff]$ 
mu* f royalty1 f  k+s & emp]ors1 & que5s
 & pr9ces4 ,human nature is weak4 ,we   
are  all m or less attract$ by p )      
titles4 ,/ory books :i* we  read 9      
*ildhood exalt ! 8lords0 & 8ladies0 &   
8pr9ces01 & ,i  regret to say t ! hi/ory
 ( lords & ladies & pr9ces does n       
always ju/ify ! pictures :i* our /ory   

books w\ld pa9t = u4    ,! m5 :o fram$ !
 ,con/itution _h j f9i%$ a life & dea?  
/ruggle ) royalty--a /ruggle betwe5 ! p 
& a k+1 & !  p _h won4 ,!y 7 det]m9$ t !
 blight+ influ5ce ( royal  p[] %\ld nev]
 aga9 f9d a place on ,am]ican soil4     
,!re=e !y put  into ! ,con/itution3     
8,no ,title ( ,nobility %all be grant$  
by ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 ,& no  ,p]son hold+ 
any ,(fice ( ,pr(it or ,tru/ "u !m1     
%all1 )\t  ! ,cons5t ( ! ,congress1     
accept ( any pres5t1 ,emolum5t1 ,(fice1 
or  ,title1 ( any k9d :atev]1 f any ,k+1
 ,pr9ce1 or =eign  ,/ate407#hh7    ,nev]
 be=e 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 0 su* a bold ?+ 
done4 ,^!  words reflect ! _s ( !       
,revolution4 ,!y m>k ! turn+ po9t 9  !  
hi/ory ( human gov]nm5ts4 ,!y proclaim !
 f9al e/abli%m5t (  ! gov]nm5t by ! p--!
 fir/ real gov]nm5t by ! p t  ! _w ev]  
knew4    ,i wond] if ^? :o criticise !  
gov]nm5t ( ,am]ica :o compla9  t 9 ?is  
c\ntry ! p h no *ance1 ev] read ^! gl[+ 
words ( our ,con/itution4 ,x isn't s mu*
 ! words1 b ! _s 9  :i* !y 7 made a "p (

 our ,con/itution1 ! _s 9 :i* !  "y     
,nation proclaim$ to ! _w et]nal        
sep>ation f k+ly p[]4    ,i f9d all     
?r\gh ! ,con/itution an expression (    
grim det]m9ation to  =tify ! ,nation    
aga9/ any influ5ce :i* w\ld weak5 !     
supreme  p[] ( ! p1 :i* w\ld 9 any way  
int]f]e ) ! plan to  make ?is a gov]nm5t
 by ! p4    ,9 _m provisions ( our      
,con/itution we f9d expressions :i* %[  
h[  humane ,am]ica is4    ,we hate      
treason4 ,9 fact !re is no crime s d>k1 
s awful1 z  treason4 ,b 9 ! hi/ory ( !  
_w1 treason has meant _m ?+s1  &        
un=tunately treason has be5 made n only 
! in/rum5t ( ^?  :o s\ght ! de/ruction (
 ! gov]nm5ts1 b x has sometimes be5     
made ! in/rum5t ( tyrants 9 suppress+ ! 
rights1 & 9 cru%+  ! hopes ( ! p4 ,x all
 dep5ds on :at is meant by treason4     
,9 ! old5 days we f9d m5 *>g$ ) treason 
:5 ! (f5se 0 9  fact v slight--p]haps a 
j resi/ance to ! k+1 p]haps m]ely an    
ass]tion ( natural human "r aga9/ ! k+4 
,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates be+ int5d$

 to protect !  lib]ties ( ! p1 !        
,con/itution put a b> aga9/ prosecution 
= treason1 except :]e ! accus$ 0        
actually an enemy ( 8  c\ntry1 endeavor+
 to aid 9 ! de/ruction ( 8 c\ntry4 ,we  
are "h  told :at treason is3            
8,treason aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all   
consi/ only 9  levy+ ,w>  aga9/ !m1 or 9
 adh]+ to _! ,enemies1 giv+ !m ,aid &   
,com=t4 ,no p]son %all be convict$ (    
,treason unless on ! ,te/imony  ( two   
,witnesses to ! same ov]t ,act1 or on   
,confession 9 op5 ,c\rt4    8,!         
,congress %all h p[] to decl>e !        
,puni%m5t ( ,treason1 b  no ,atta9d] (  
,treason %all "w ,corruption ( ,blood1  
or ,=feiture  except dur+ ! ,life ( !   
,p]son ,atta9t$407#hi7    ,we see all   
?r\gh ! ,con/itution a spl5did _s (     
ju/ice1 & a  _s ( *>ity1 ev5 t[>d !     
guilty4 ,by ?is article ( !             
,con/itution1 n only is treason def9$1 b
 any conviction ( a p]son  = treason mu/
 be ^u ! te/imony ( at lea/ two         
witnesses to !  same act1 or ^u a       

confession 9 op5 c\rt4    ,! innoc5t mu/
 n be puni%$2 & ! guilty1 :5 convict$1  
%all  alone be> ! puni%m5t4 ,treason be+
 su* a grave (f5se1 ,congress  may1 if x
 s desires1 provide v sev]e p5alties1 b 
x _c  atta9t ! blood1 s t ! *ildr5 or ! 
gr&*ildr5 ( ! guilty  p]son %all suff] z
 9 ! old5 days2 nor %all ! "r (         
=feiture ( prop]ty obta91 except dur+ ! 
life ( ! p]son guilty  ( treason4    ,no
 "o objects to any p5alty1 h[ev] sev]e1 
:]e treason is prov$1  b x is contr>y to
 ! _s ( ,am]ica to br& ! innoc5t        
desc5dants ( "o :o is guilty ( a crime4 
,( c\rse ! *ildr5 ( !  guilty w always  
be> a c]ta9 degree ( reproa* f _!       
fell[m51  b x is n fair t !y %\ld be    
visit$ ) p5alties = an  (f5se :i* !y    
!mselves nev] committ$4 ,x is ! _s (    
,am]ica  t ea* p]son %all enjoy any     
position 9 life :i* he may w9 by  m]it &
 hone/ endeavor1 & no ob/acle %\ld be   
plac$ 9 8 way by  ! wrong ( an un=tunate
 ance/or4    ,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions      
#a4 ,am]ica is a democracy4 ,:y does ?is

 mean s mu*8    #b4 ,:at does t phrase  
br+ to m9d8    #c4 ,:y did we aboli% all
 titles ( nobility8    #d4 ,:at is      
treason8    #e4 ,:y is x limit$ s       
c>efully8    ,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4
 ,:at 0 ! real purpose ( aboli%+ all    
titles ( nobility8    ,b4 ,:y did !     
f\nd]s ( ! ,con/itution refuse to p]mit 
our  repres5tatives to accept gifts f   
abroad8    ,c4 ,:at acts are treason    
to-day8    ,d4 ,%[ h[ ^! provisions make
 = democracy8    ,e4 ,write a pap] on ! 
foll[+3          ,an ,illu/ration ( an  
,act ( ,treason ,dur+ ! ,_w ,w>         
,h[ ,a ,p]son ,may ,obta9 a ,responsible
 ,position 9 ,life        ,laws ,:i*    
,ret>d ,advancem5t 9 ,life              
,,xxii4 ,,jury1 ,,except ,,9 ,,impea*m5t
          ,crim9al ,trials1 ,except     
,impea*m5t1 ,to ,be ,by ,jury--,equal   
,rights--,no                            
,religi\s ,te/ ,= ,(fice      ,!re are  
/ill ?ree articles ( ! ,con/itution     
conta9+ p]sonal  gu>anties b ! sub/ance 
( ^! articles has be5 consid]$ 9        

connection ) o!r articles already       
discuss$4 ,!y are ! foll[+3    8,! trial
 ( all ,crimes1 except 9 ,cases (       
,impea*m5t1 %all be by  ,jury1 & su*    
,trial %all be held 9 ! ,/ate :]e ! said
 crimes  %all h be5 committ$2 b :5 n    
committ$ )9 any ,/ate1 !  ,trial %all be
 at su* ,place or ,places z ! ,congress 
may by ,law h  direct$407#ij7    8,!    
,citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate %all be entitl$ to 
all ,privileges &  ,immunities (        
,citiz5s 9 ! sev]al ,/ates407#ia7       
8,no religi\s ,te/ %all ev] be requir$ z
 a ,qualification to any  ,(fice or     
public ,tru/ "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates407#ib7  
,"h aga9 we see emphasiz$ ! "r ( trial  
by jury4 ,i want y to  give "s ?\ght to 
?is p>ticul> "r1 because x applies n    
only to  cases :]e p]sons are accus$ ( a
 crime1 b also to ne>ly all cases       
involv+ prop]ty rights4    ,! ord9>y    
lawsuit1 :]e "o p]son is su+ ano!r to   
recov] money1  prop]ty1 or damages1 is  
triable by a jury4 ,y und]/& ( c\rse !  
purpose ( a trial4 ,z already expla9$ ! 

ma9 ?+ 9 e trial is  to det]m9e ! tru? z
 to ! po9ts 9 dispute1 & ! tru? 9 su*   
cases "u our ,con/itution is det]m9$1 n 
by judges1 b by jurors1  m5 f ! ord9>y  
walks ( life1 y\r neighbors1 m5 accu/om$
 to  deal+ ) ord9>y human affairs4 ,?is 
"r is important 9 aid+ a  p]son to h !  
tru? prop]ly e/abli%$2 b x is especially
  important1 z ,i h h]et(ore expla9$1   
because x emphasizes ! fact  t ?is is a 
gov]nm5t by ! p1 & t 9 grave em]g5cies  
:5 life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 is 9 dang]1
 ! repres5tatives ( !  common p1 select$
 f ! ranks ( ! common p1 %all be !      
judges4    ,( c\rse ,i h fully expla9$  
to y1 & ,i d n wi% to h any  confusion  
^u t po9t1 t ! judges !mselves are also 
repres5tatives ( ! p1 because !y are    
elect$ by ! p1 or  appo9t$ by ^? ag5ts (
 ! p :o are elect$ by ! p4    ,i h      
int5tionally repeat$1 sometimes ov] &   
ov]1 rules & reasons1  because we mu/ h 
!m 9 our m9ds s t !y w nev] be  =gott54 
,n[ z above expla9$1 ! citiz5s ( ea*    
,/ate are gu>ante$ !  "r to g to ano!r  

,/ate1 & ex]cise 9 t o!r ,/ate ! same   
rights z ! citiz5s ( t ,/ate4 ,?is is 9 
! _s ( ,am]ica  :i* gives u all equal   
opportunity4 ,a citiz5 ( ,massa*usetts  
go+ to  ! ,/ate ( ,m9nesota has ! same  
rights 9 ,m9nesota z ! citiz5s (        
,m9nesota h4 ,m9nesota c\ld n           
discrim9ate aga9/ him because he  0 a   
citiz5 ( ano!r ,/ate4 ,( c\rse he c\ld n
 ex]cise rights  :i* ! citiz5s (        
,m9nesota 7 n entitl$ to1 b all rights (
  ! citiz5s ( ,m9nesota are gu>ante$ to 
him :ile he is 9 t ,/ate4    ,n[ z to ! 
provision :i* =ev] b>s any religi\s te/ 
z !  qualification = any (fice or place 
( public tru/ "u ! ,unit$  ,/ates4 ,we h
 already giv5 s]i\s consid]ation to !   
great  fundam5tal human privilege :i* ! 
,con/itution gu>ds1 ! "r to  wor%ip ,god
 accord+ to ! dictates ( "o's consci5ce4
 ,we h already  f\nd t reg>dless ( *ur* 
or cre$ ea* p]son /&s be=e ! law  equal 
9 our c\ntry4 ,! old] y gr[1 ! m fully y
 realize :at  religion means to a great 
_m p 9 ?is _w1 ! m fully y  w appreciate

 ! bless+ :i* came to humanity 9 ^!     
provisions (  ! ,con/itution4 ,!re are  
"s ( u :o d n belong to any *ur*        
organization1 & yet we are int5sely     
int]e/$1 because !re 0 a  "t :5 e p]son 
0 compell$ by law to belong to a *ur*   
organization1 to ! /ate *ur*1 ! /ate    
religion4 ,i h already  expla9$ t we f9d
 solemn /atutes enact$ by ! ,briti%     
,p>liam5t1  z an illu/ration1 :i*       
provid$ = a dea? p5alty = ^? :o did  n  
believe 9 ! religion ( ! /ate4    ,!re  
is no religi\s te/ :i* c be made a      
qualification = any  (fice "u ! ,unit$  
,/ates2 nor = any (fice = any ,/ate 9 ! 
,union4 ,!re %\ld be no individual      
discrim9ation 9 vot+ = public  (ficials 
because ( ! religion or *ur* to :i* a   
c&idate =  (fice may belong4 ,^! are    
sacr$1 individual rights4 ,m5 mu/ be    
judg$  by _! conduct1 by _! "*1 by _!   
ability1 by _! capacity  to s]ve ! p &  
_! c\ntry1 n by ! religion :i* "o may   
pr(ess4    ,we mu/ cultivate ! _s (     
*>ity t[>d our neighbors1 *>ity  :i*    

means love1 :i* enables u to ma9ta9 a   
prop] _s (  tol]ation = ^? :o diff] f u 
9 matt]s ( belief4    ,,elem5t>y        
,,que/ions    #a4 ,does a citiz5 h !    
same rights 9 ,cali=nia t he does 9 ,new
  ,york8    #b4 ,:y is religi\s belief  
nev] made a qualification = (fice8      
#c4 ,:at is impea*m5t8    #d4 ,are      
judges repres5tatives ( ! p8 ,:y8    #e4
 ,c ! ,/ate ( ,nebraska enact a law     
impos+ a tax ^u m]*&ise  %ipp$ into     
,nebraska f any o!r ,/ate8    ,,advanc$ 
,,que/ions    ,a4 ,:at is impea*m5t8    
,b4 ,describe ! mann] ( trial be=e trial
 by jury4 ,comp>e ! ju/ice  ( ! ordeal  
end wag] ( battle ) ! jury sy/em4    ,c4
 ,%[ h[ ^! provisions make = democracy4 
,d4 ,:y is ! _s ( *>ity necess>y 9 a    
democracy8    ,e4 ,write a pap] on !    
foll[+3          ,! ,ordeal        ,wag]
 ( ,battle        ,h[ ,engli%m5 ,won !  
,"r to ,trial by ,jury                  
,,xxiii4 ,,wrongs ,,"u ,,k+ ,,george    
,! ,/ory ,( ,! ,coloni/s ,9 ,!          
,decl>ation ,( ,indep5d5ce      ,:5 we  

fir/ read ov] ! num]\s gu>anties ( !    
,con/itution  protect+ ! ,am]ican p 9 _!
 rights1 we sometimes wond] :y  c]ta9   
provisions 7 ins]t$ 9 ! ,con/itution4   
,be+ born "h 9  ,am]ica1 nev] hav+ be5  
compell$ to submit to ! abuse ( arbitr>y
  p[]1 & always hav+ liv$ "u !          
,con/itution1 & always be+  gu>d$ by its
 provisions aga9/ ! abuse ( p[]1 we c   
h>dly  und]/& :y x 0 necess>y to make s 
_m provisions aga9/ ?+s  :i* we c h>dly 
imag9e ev] happ5$ 9 human gov]nm5t4     
,:5ev] y h a *ance1 read some?+s ( !    
gov]nm5ts ( !  _w "u k+s or o!r absolute
 rul]s4 ,9 fact1 we _c und]/&  ! bless+s
 ( our gov]nm5t until we "k some?+ ( :at
 our  ance/ors 7 compell$ to submit to  
"u ! gov]nm5ts ( !  diff]5t c\ntries ( !
 _w a few c5turies ago4    ,:ile we h 9 
m9d ! gu>anties ( our ,con/itution1 x is
 well =  u to h cle>ly 9 m9d "s ( !     
def9ite ?+s :i* ! fram]s  ( !           
,con/itution _h be=e !m1 "s ( ! wrongs  
:i* ! human  race _h endur$ at ! h&s (  
gov]nm5t :i* ! fram]s ( !  ,con/itution 

7 det]m9$ ! p ( ,am]ica w\ld nev] h to  
endure4 ,y c h>dly imag9e :at little    
reg>d or consid]ation 0  giv5 to human  
rights 9 ^? old days n[ almo/ =gott54 ,i
 am n  go+ to und]take to discuss !     
problems ( gov]nm5t 9 diff]5t  c\ntries 
! _w47#ic7 ,! purpose :i* ,i h 9 m9d c  
be fully  s]v$ by a consid]ation ( !    
gov]nm5t 9 ?is c\ntry "u ! k+  ( ,great 
,brita9 dur+ ! ye>s prec$+ !            
,revolution>y ,w>4 ,y  und]/&1 ( c\rse1 
t ev5 at t "t a great advance _h be5    
made 9 recogniz+ c]ta9 rights ( ! p4 ,9 
fact1 ,i ?9k x is  g5]ally recogniz$ t  
,engl& be=e ! ,am]ican ,revolution _h   
atta9$ ne>] to a fairly j gov]nm5t ?an  
any o!r c\ntry 9 !  _w up to t "t4 ,!re 
_h be5 _m p]iods dur+ its hi/ory :5  ! p
 _h ass]t$ !mselves & _h =c$ !          
recognition (  c]ta9 rights by !        
gov]nm5t--by ! k+1 & yet x 0 /ill a     
gov]nm5t by a k+4 ,x 0 a gov]nm5t "u a  
k+ to :i* !  colonies ow$ allegiance4 ,x
 0 gov]nm5t "u a k+ aga9/ :i* !         
colonies f9ally revolt$4 ,x 0 gov]nm5t  

"u a k+ :i* br\ght4  ab\t ! ,revolution4
 ,x 0 resi/ance to gov]nm5t "u a k+ :i* 
inspir$ ! h]oes :o won ! lib]ty ( ! new 
_w4 ,x 0 !  brutality ( a gov]nm5t "u a 
k+ :i* inspir$ ! fram]s ( !             
,con/itution s c>efully to gu>d aga9/ ! 
abuses :i* ! _w _h  kn[n be=e lib]ty _h 
be5 e/abli%$ on ,am]ican soil4 ,i w n   
und]take to recite = y ! ?+s :i* ! p 7  
compell$ to  endure "u ?is gov]nm5t ( a 
k+4 ,i w let ! p ( !  colonies tell _!  
/ory4 ,y rememb] t 9 #aggf1 aft] !      
beg9n+  ( ! ,revolution>y ,w>1 ! p ( !  
,colonies adopt$ !  ,decl>ation (       
,indep5d5ce :i* recites 9 detail !      
abuses & wrongs  !y _h endur$ "u a      
gov]nm5t by a k+4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/      
dramatic recitals 9 hi/ory4 ,let ^!     
colonies tell _! own /ory4 ,i  am n go+ 
to read ! entire ,decl>ation (          
,indep5d5ce2 ,i am simply  go+ to read !
 recital !re9 ( ! wrongs :i* came to !  
p1  ! m51 wom51 & *ildr51 ! human be+s1 
:o up to t "t 7  compell$ to live "h 9  
,am]ica "u ! gov]nm5t ( a k+4           

,! hi/ory ( ! pres5t k+ ( ,great ,brita9
 is a hi/ory (      repeat$ injuries &  
usurpations1 all hav+ 9 direct object ! 
e/abli%m5t ( an absolute tyranny ov] ^! 
/ates4 ,to prove      ?is1 let facts be 
submitt$ to a c&id _w4        ,he has   
refus$ 8 ass5t to laws ! mo/ :olesome & 
necess>y      = ! public good4          
,he has =bidd5 8 gov]nors to pass laws (
 imm$iate &      press+ importance1     
unless susp5d$ 9 _! op]ation till 8     
ass5t %\ld be obta9$1 &1 :5 s susp5d$1  
he has utt]ly      neglect$ to att5d to 
!m4        ,he has refus$ to pass o!r   
laws = ! accommodation ( l>ge           
di/ricts ( p1 unless ^? p w\ld rel9qui% 
!      "r ( repres5tation 9 !           
legislature--a "r ine/imable to      !m1
 & =midable to tyrants only4        ,he 
has call$ toge!r legislative bodies at  
places unusual1      uncom=table1 &     
di/ant f ! repository ( _! public       
records = ! sole purpose ( fatigu+ !m   
into compliance      ) 8 measures4      
,he has dissolv$ repres5tative h\ses    

repeat$ly = oppos+1      ) manly        
firmness1 8 invasions on ! rights ( ! p4
        ,he has refus$1 = a long "t aft]
 su* dissolutions1 to cause      o!rs to
 be elect$2 :]eby ! legislative p[]s1   
incapable (      annihilation1 h return$
 to ! p at l>ge = _!      ex]cise2 !    
/ate rema9+1 9 ! mean "t1 expos$ to all 
dang]s ( invasion f )\t1 & convulsions  
)94        ,he has endeavor$ to prev5t !
 population ( ^! /ates2 =      t purpose
 ob/ruct+ ! laws ( naturalization (     
=eign]s2      refus+ to pass o!rs to    
enc\rage _! migration hi!r &      rais+ 
! conditions ( new appropriations ( l&s4
        ,he has ob/ruct$ ! adm9i/ration 
( ju/ice by refus+ 8      ass5t to laws 
= e/abli%+ judici>y p[]s4        ,he has
 made judges dep5d5t on 8 w alone = !   
t5ure (      _! (fices & ! am\nt &      
paym5t ( _! sal>ies4        ,he has     
erect$ a multitude ( new (fices1 & s5t  
hi!r sw>ms      ( (fic]s to h>ass our p 
& eat out _! sub/ance4        ,he has   
kept among u1 9 times ( peace1 /&+      

armies1 )\t      ! cons5t ( our         
legislatures4        ,he has affect$ to 
r5d] ! milit>y indep5d5t (1 &           
sup]ior to1 ! civil p[]4        ,he has 
comb9$ ) o!rs to subject u to a         
jurisdiction      =eign to our          
con/itution & unackn[l$g$ by our laws1  
giv+      8 ass5t to _! acts ( pret5d$  
legislation--        ,= qu>t]+ l>ge     
bodies ( arm$ troops among u2        ,= 
protect+ !m1 by a mock trial1 f puni%m5t
 = any      murd]s :i* !y %\ld commit on
 ! inhabitants ( ^!      /ates2         
,= cutt+ (f our trade ) all p>ts ( ! _w2
        ,= impos+ taxes ^u u )\t our    
cons5t2        ,= depriv+ u1 9 _m cases1
 ( ! b5efits ( trial by jury2        ,= 
transport+ u beyond seas1 to be tri$ =  
pret5d$      (f5ses2        ,= aboli%+ !
 free sy/em ( ,engli% laws 9 a neighbor+
      prov9ce2 e/abli%+ !re9 an arbitr>y
 gov]nm5t1 &      enl>g+ its b\nd>ies1 s
 z to r5d] x at once an example      &  
fit in/rum5t = introduc+ ! same absolute
 rule into      ^! colonies2        ,=  

tak+ away our *>t]s1 aboli%+ our mo/    
valuable laws1      & alt]+ fundam5tally
 ! =ms ( our gov]nm5t2        ,= susp5d+
 our own legislatures1 & decl>+ !mselves
      inve/$ ) p[] to legislate = u 9   
all cases :atsoev]4        ,he has      
abdicat$ gov]nm5t "h by decl>+ u out ( 8
      protection & wag+ w> aga9/ u4     
,he has plund]$ our seas1 ravag$ our    
coa/s1 burnt our t[ns1      & de/roy$ ! 
lives ( our p4        ,he is1 at ?is "t1
 transport+ l>ge armies ( =eign         
m]c5>ies to complete ! works ( dea?1    
desolation &      tyranny1 already      
begun1 ) circum/ances ( cruelty & p]fidy
      sc>cely p>allel$ 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s   
ages1 & totally      unwor?y ! head ( a 
civilis$ nation4        ,he has con/ra9$
 our fell[-citiz5s1 tak5 captive on !   
high      seas1 to be> arms aga9/ _!    
c\ntry1 to become !      execution]s (  
_! fri5ds & bre?r51 or to fall !mselves 
by _! h&s4        ,he has excit$ dome/ic
 insurrections among/ u1 & has          
endeavor$ to br+ on ! inhabitants ( our 

fronti]s !      m]ciless ,indian        
savages1 ^: kn[n rule ( w>f>e is an     
undi/+ui%$ de/ruction ( all ages1 sexes 
& conditions4        ,9 e /age ( ^!     
oppressions we h petition$ =            
r$ress1 9 ! mo/ bumble t]ms2 our repeat$
 petitions h      be5 answ]$ only by    
repeat$ injury4 ,a pr9ce ^: "* is       
?us m>k$ by e act :i* may def9e a tyrant
 is unfit to be      ! rul] ( a free p4 
,n[1 if !re be ^? :o are n satisfi$ "u !
 pres5t gov]nm5t  ( ,am]ica1 let !m     
reflect4 ,let !m comp>e _! rights to-day
 )  ! rights ( ! p subject$ to ! repeat$
 8injuries &  usurpations0 s eloqu5tly  
recit$ by ^? :o f\nd$ ?is gov]nm5t1  :o 
adopt$ our ,con/itution :i* w =ev] b>   
any p[] f  ex]cis+ 8a design to r$uce !m
 7! p7 to absolute despotism04    ,read 
?r\gh ?is catalog ( wrongs endur$ by ! p
 ( ! colonies4  ,!n read ?r\gh !        
gu>anties ( ! ,con/itution4 ,y w f9d t  
9 l>ge "p ! gu>anties ( ! ,con/itution 7
 inspir$ by !  wrongs recit$ by ! p :5  
!y proclaim$ _! indep5d5ce47#id7    ,i  

said t ?is recital is dramatic4 ,x is   
also pa!tic4 ,li/53 8,9  e /age ( ^!    
oppressions we h petition$ = r$ress 9 ! 
mo/ humble t]ms2 our repeat$ petitions h
 be5 answ]$ only by  repeat$ injury40   
,is x any wond] t ! ,con/itution ( !    
,unit$  ,/ates %\ld provide t 8,congress
 %all make no law 444 abridg+ 444  ! "r 
444 to petition ! ,gov]nm5t = a r$ress (
 grievances08    ,is x any wond] t we   
f9d 9 ! ,con/itution gu>anties ( fre$om 
(  wor%ip1 fre$om ( spee* & ( ! press1 !
 "r ( ! p to  be> arms1 ! "r ( ! p to be
 secure 9 _! p]sons1 h\ses1  & pap]s1 ! 
"r to a spe$y jury trial :5 accus$ (    
crime1 &  ! "r to a trial 9 ! di/rict   
:]e ! (f5se 0 committ$  in/ead ( be+ s5t
 beyond ! seas8 ,:5 we read ( ! wrongs  
endur$  by ! p "u ! gov]nm5t by a k+ we 
c readily und]/& :y  ! p put into _!    
,con/itution a gu>anty t a p]son no     
matt]  h[ poor %all h an attorney to    
def5d him1 %all h 8 witnesses  br\ght   
into c\rt at gov]nm5t exp5se1 t         
excessive bail %all n be  requir$1 &    

cruel & unusual puni%m5ts %all n be     
inflict$1 t  slav]y is =ev] aboli%$ on  
,am]ican soil1 t ! prop]ty ( e  p]son1  
ri* or poor is sacr$1 & t ev5 ! gov]nm5t
 ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates _c take x = public  
use )\t j comp5sation1 t e  p]son %all h
 equal protection ( ! law1 & if         
wrongfully  imprison$ he c secure 8     
release by writ ( habeas corpus4 ,y c   
readily see t all ^! gu>anties ( !      
,con/itution & _m o!rs  :i* we h be5    
/udy+ 7 int5d$ to give protection to ! p
  f wrongs :i* ! p _h suff]$ ?r\gh\t !  
_w "u !  diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t exi/+   
be=e ,am]ica 0 born4    ,f ! /irr+ /ory 
relat$ by ! p 9 ! ,decl>ation (         
,indep5d5ce ( ! inju/ice :i* !y _h to   
suff] "u a k+1 y  c see h[ c>efully     
future g5]ations ( p ^u ,am]ican soil 7 
gu>d$ by ! ,con/itution aga9/ ! wrongs  
:i* our =efa!rs _h  endur$4             
,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions    #a4 ,:5 0 !    
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce sign$8    #b4 
,h[ long did ! coloni/s ( ,am]ica       
cont9ue "u gov]nm5t by a  k+8    #c4 ,h[

 did x happ5 to be drawn up8    #d4     
,comp>e ea* s5t5ce ( ?is quotation      
7pages #afg1 #afh7 ) !  gu>anties t y h 
discuss$ 9 class4    ,,advanc$          
,,que/ions    ,a4 ,discuss 9 detail !   
reasons = ! com+ ( ! ,am]ican coloni/s4 
,b4 ,discuss 9 detail ! contra/s not$ 9 
,note #b4 ,review ! previ\s  /udy )     
ref]5ce to our ,decl>ation (            
,indep5d5ce4    ,c4 ,write a pap] comp>+
 ! solution f\nd 9 ! ,con/itution ) !   
grievances not$ 9 ! ,decl>ation4    ,d4 
,discuss a me?od by :i* ?is might be    
br\ght to ! att5tion ( !  ,sociali/s1   
,an>*i/s1 & ,bol%eviki :o are criticis+ 
our gov]nm5t  to-day4            ,,xxiv4
 ,,%all ,,any ,,"p ,,be ,,repeal$       
,:at ,provisions ,w\ld ,y ,h ,tak5 ,out 
,( ,! ,con/itution      ,we h discuss$ !
 ma9 p]sonal gu>anties ( ! ,con/itution4
 ,!re  is a l>ge "p ( ! ,con/itution :i*
 we h n yet consid]$4 ,n  because ,i d n
 reg>d x z important--x is all          
important--b because  ! p]sonal         
gu>anties are ( ! highe/ importance4 ,!y

 con/itute a  ,bill ( ,rights1 a bill ( 
individual rights1 ( y\r rights & my    
rights4  ,^! rights are cle>ly def9$ &  
c>efully gu>d$4    ,i he>d a man say !  
o!r day t ! ,con/itution ought to be    
aboli%$1 t x 0 an ob/acle to human      
progress47#ie7 ,he did n say  :y4 ,t is 
! tr\ble ) a lot ( p 9 ?is _w2 !y are   
ev]  ready to de/roy1 b are nev] ready  
to aid 9 build+ up4 ,_! purpose  is     
de/ruction1 n con/ruction4 ,y w he> a   
great deal ( compla9t  ab\t !           
,con/itution4 ,i h he>d compla9t ab\t ! 
,con/itution4  ,?is is our ,con/itution4
 ,we are directly int]e/$ 9 def5d+ x    
aga9/ all attacks if x is a good ?+ = u4
 ,if x is a bad ?+ we  are all int]e/$ 9
 hav+ x repeal$4 ,& ( c\rse y n[ fully  
und]/& t ! p h ! p[] to repeal e l9e ( !
  ,con/itution if !y want to47#if7    ,s
 ?is morn+ ,i wi% to submit to y a fair 
"q4 ,:at is !re 9  ! ,con/itution t y   
?9k %\ld be tak5 out ( ! ,con/itution8  
,:at is !re t %\ld be repeal$8 ,i d n   
ask y to answ] t  "q n[4 ,i want y to   

?9k x ov] c>efully4 ,g ov] ea* &  e ^w (
 ! ,con/itution c>efully4 ,talk x ov] ) 
y\r fa!r  & y\r "m4 ,talk x ov] ) y\r   
fri5ds1 ! boys & girls :o  are /udy+ ?is
 subject ) y1 & "s day pres5t to y\r    
tea*]  or to me a /atem5t ( ! "p ( !    
,con/itution t y ?9k ought  to be       
repeal$4 ,( c\rse1 to come to a j       
conclusion on ?is "q  y mu/ n only look 
at ! language ( ! ,con/itution b y mu/  
take into consid]ation ! purpose ( ea*  
provision ( ! ,con/itution4  ,t is :y we
 h be5 /udy+ ! ,con/itution 9 detail4 ,t
 is :y  we h consid]$ 9 a g5]al way     
some?+ ( ! problems ( ! human  race "u !
 pa/ gov]nm5ts ( ! _w4 ,x is aft] all a 
simple  "q--:at is good = ! p1 & :at is 
n good = ! p4  ,:at is good = all ! p--n
 = any special class4 ,!  ,con/itution  
has be5 9 exi/5ce1 mo/ ( x1 =           
consid]ably m ?an  a hundr$ ye>s4 ,dur+ 
t m ?an "o hundr$ ye>s :at a wond]ful   
developm5t !re has be5 9 ?is c\ntry1    
developm5t n alone 9  prop]ty & 9 weal?1
 because aft] all t is n ! ma9 ?+1 b    

developm5t 9 human opportunity6 ,:at a  
wond]ful expansion !re has  be5 ( human 
rights6 ,:at a spl5did example we h _h (
 !  ma9t5ance & protection ( human      
lib]ty6 ,:at wond]ful legislation  has  
be5 enact$ by ! p dur+ ^? ye>s to make  
life easi] =  ! av]age man67#ig7        
,consid] all ^! ?+s & !n say frankly    
:e!r or n any  provision ( !            
,con/itution %\ld be tak5 out4 ,9 o!r   
words1 w\ld  ! repeal ( any s+le p]sonal
 gu>anty1 :i* we h be5 consid]+  9 ^!   
lessons1 help m51 wom51 & *ildr58 ,w\ld 
x make life  easi]8 ,w\ld human lib]ty  
be bett] protect$8 ,w\ld ! objects (    
gov]nm5t1 ! "r to life1 lib]ty1 & !     
pursuit ( happ9ess1 be  m effective8    
,! ,con/itution is a sacr$ docum5t1 b   
!re is no?+ m sacr$  ?an ! "r to life & 
lib]ty & happ9ess4 ,!re=e d n  hesitate 
to deal fe>lessly ) ! ,con/itution1 b   
deal ) x  rev]5tly4 ,x 0 int5d$ z an aid
 to humanity4 ,if x does n s]ve  t      
purpose x %\ld be aboli%$4 ,if any      
provision ( ! ,con/itution  is n an aid 

to humanity 9 ,am]ica let u repeal t    
provision4 ,be  fe>less2 be also        
cauti\s4 ,be c>eful 9 any *ange to avoid
 ! ills  :i* we h1 t we d n invite o!r &
 m griev\s ills t we  "k n (4    ,!     
,am]ican p owe to !mselves1 to _!       
*ildr51 & to _!  c\ntry1 ! solemn duty  
to give e>ne/ consid]ation to our       
,con/itution4 ,!y owe ! solemn duty1 if 
! ,con/itution is s]v+ a  great purpose 
= ! p ( ,am]ica1 to def5d x aga9/ all ^?
  :o may attack4 ,!y owe ! duty to      
uphold x & to gu>d x4 ,x is a  sacr$    
tru/ & ?is tru/ _c be execut$ except    
?r\gh  intellig5ce1 e>ne/ness1          
patriotism1 & loyalty4    ,!re=e1 if !re
 be defects 9 ! ,con/itution1 pick !m   
out & let  u unite 9 remov+ !m1 because 
! cause ( humanity is great] ?an  !     
cause ( fidelity to any law or          
con/itution ev] enact$ by !  p4         
,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions    #a4 ,:y are we 
int]e/$ 9 ! ,con/itution8    #b4 ,:y    
%\ld we def5d x f all attacks8    #c4 ,9
 :at way c we be/ def5d ! ,con/itution8 

#d4 ,:y %\ld we wi% to modify x8    #e4 
,j h[ c ! ,con/itution be modifi$8      
#f4 ,:at %\ld be ! _s 9 :i* we %\ld ent]
 ^u !  consid]ation ( am5dm5ts to !     
,con/itution8    #g4 ,j :at %\ld be !   
argum5t = any *anges8    #h4 ,make a li/
 ( "s ( ! modifications y ?9k %\ld be   
made4    #i4 ,arrange a debate on ea* "o
 ( ^!4    ,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4   
,:at is ! fallacy ( ! ,i4 ,w4 ,w4       
con/itution8    ,b4 ,h[ w\ld y meet _!  
argum5t8    ,c4 ,li/ ! /&>ds :i* %\ld be
 us$ to measure ! wor? ( any  sugge/ion 
( am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution4    ,d4    
,discuss ! process by :i* =m] am5dm5ts h
 be5 made4    ,e4 ,write a pap] on any  
am5dm5ts :i* y ?9k %\ld be adopt$ to    
take any?+ out ( ! ,con/itution4        
,,xxv4 ,,am5d+ ,,! ,,con/itution        
,! ,p[] ,( ,! ,p--,:at ,provisions ,%\ld
 ,be ,add$ ,to ,x      ,?is morn+ we are
 go+ to apply ano!r te/ to !            
,con/itution ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,i h   
already ask$ y to analyze & /udy !      
,con/itution c>efully1 ea* provision ( !

 ,con/itution1 to see if  !re be any    
portion t %\ld be tak5 out4 ,?is morn+  
,i am go+ to  ask y to /udy !           
,con/itution ) a view ( det]m9+ :at1 if 
any?+1 y wi% add$ to ! ,con/itution4 ,d 
n assume t ,i em  impos+ a duty :i* %\ld
 only be und]tak5 by "s le>n$ lawy] or  
/atesman4 ,?is ,con/itution is a        
,con/itution ( ! :ole p & x  mu/ be     
upheld & def5d$1 n only by lawy]s1      
judges1 & public  (ficials1 b by ! p 9 e
 walk ( life1 by ! *ildr5 z  well z by  
fa!rs & mo!rs1 by ! poor z well z !     
ri*47#ih7  ,!re=e ,i come to y :o are   
*ildr5 to-day b :o 9 a few %ort  ye>s w 
be mak+ ! laws ( ?is c\ntry ?r\gh y\r   
votes at !  ballot box4 ,i ask y to     
decide n only :at1 if any?+1 %\ld be    
tak5 out ( ! ,con/itution1 b ,i ask :at1
 if any?+1 %\ld be  add$ to !           
,con/itution2 & aga9 ,i want y to =m y\r
 own op9ions  ab\t ?is aft] a c>eful    
/udy1 aft] conf]5ce ) y\r p>5ts &  ) y\r
 fri5ds4 ,x is a /range ?+ t we seldom  
he> any "o  talk+ to 8 neighbor ab\t !  

,con/itution4 ,p :5 !y get  toge!r talk 
ab\t all sorts ( ?+s1 s]i\s & frivol\s1 
b y  seldom he> !m discuss+ ! grave/    
problem 9 human life1 :i* is  human     
gov]nm5t4 ,d n be afraid to take up !   
subject ) y\r  fri5ds4 ,d n be afraid to
 discuss ) y\r fri5ds "s provision (  ! 
,con/itution4 ,y are hav+ a special     
advantage 9 be+ able to  /udy !         
,con/itution :ile _m ( y\r neighbors    
nev] _h su* an  opportunity47#ii7       
,:at c we add to ! ,con/itution :i* w   
make x m effective z  an in/rum5t 9 !   
protection ( life1 lib]ty1 & prop]ty = u
 "h  9 ,am]ica8    ,rememb]1 we !       
,am]ican p c add any?+ to ! ,con/itution
 t  we wi%4 ,n9ete5 am5dm5ts to !       
,con/itution h already be5 adopt$  by ! 
p4 ,d n feel disc\rag$ because x takes a
 little "t to  secure ! adoption ( an   
am5dm5t4 ,! ,con/itution %\ld n be      
am5d$ ha/ily1 b only aft] grave ?\ght & 
e>ne/ consid]ation4    ,if we c only ?9k
 ( some?+ to add to ! ,con/itution :i*  
w\ld  be a good ?+ = ! :ole p ( ,am]ica1

 ,i w gu>antee t we  w h no difficulty 9
 hav+ x add$ to ! ,con/itution4 ,( c\rse
  x w take e>ne/ ef=t1 b %ap+ ! de/9y ( 
m ?an  #aje1jjj1jjj p is a grave matt]4 
,! ,con/itution is ! protection  ( !    
rights ( ea* individual & !re=e any     
*ange 9 !  ,con/itution m]its mo/ e>ne/ 
consid]ation ^u ! "p ( ea* "o  ( u4     
,?9k x ov] & advise me "s day or in=m   
y\r tea*] ( any?+  t y c ?9k ( :i*1 if  
add$ to ! ,con/itution1 w\ld improve    
?is ,nation z a c\ntry 9 :i* ! p rule1  
any?+ :i* w\ld  make ! rule ( ! p m     
complete4 ,t is ! big ?+ aft]  all--!   
rule ( ! p1 because :5 ! p c rule       
!mselves1  !y ought to get out ( life   
ev]y?+ :i* !y are entitl$ to by  _!     
individual m]its1 ability1 & ef=t4      
,always keep 9 m9d t  !re is no way by  
:i* a gov]nm5t ( ! p & by ! p c         
equalize opportunity = ^? :o w n seek ! 
advantages :i* are  op5 to !m4 ,no      
,con/itution & no law c equalize indu/ry
 &  idl5ess4 ,no s*eme ( gov]nm5t c     
provide bread = ^? :o w n  toil4 ,x is  

impossible t human happ9ess c be        
gu>ante$ to ^?  ^: lives are sp5t 9     
wick$ness & wrongdo+4    ,s1 my fri5ds1 
aft] due ?\ght & delib]ation1 prep>e y\r
  am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution ( y\r      
c\ntry4 ,d n hesitate because  y may ?9k
 t y _c put !m 9 prop] =m4 ,! =m is n   
important2 ! idea is ! great ?+4 ,p]haps
 x may be t out ( !  m9d & out ( ! he>t 
( "s pupil 9 ?is s*ool may come "s day a
  great idea :i*1 incorporat$ into !    
,con/itution or ! law1 may br+  add$    
bless+s to ! ,am]ican p47#ajj7 ,i "k (  
no p[] on e>?  :i* c tie ! h&s ( !      
,am]ican p 9 any ef=t t[>d  enl>g+ !    
p[]s ( ! p1 :i* w bett] gu>d life &     
lib]ty4 ,we h se5 h[ _m safegu>ds 7     
adopt$ by ! fram]s (  ! ,con/itution to 
protect ea* & ev]yone ( u aga9/ ! abuse 
(  p[] by ! gov]nm5t ma9ta9$ by ! p4 ,we
 h se5 h[  e>ne/ly ! fram]s ( !         
,con/itution gu>d$ ea* individual aga9/ 
wrongful conduct on ! "p ( any s]vant ( 
! p 9 any (ficial  position4 ,p]haps "s 
"o 9 ?is class may discov] an additional

  gu>anty :i* w\ld be helpful4 ,if s1   
duty dem&s t ! same %all  be made "p ( !
 fundam5tal laws ( our c\ntry1 !        
,con/itution (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,z y
 read ( ,am]ica1 z y ?9k ( its          
,con/itution & laws1 don't  y feel a    
s5se ( p[]1 a s5se ( pride8    ,if ,mr4 
,all5 :o owns ! big dep>tm5t /ore on    
,ma9 ,/reet 7 to come  "h "s morn+ &    
make ea* "o ( y a gift ( an int]e/ 9 8  
/ore1 if he %\ld make y p>tn]s ) him 9 8
 entire bus9ess1 y  w\ld feel grateful &
 pr\d4 ,:at an int5se int]e/ y w\ld take
 9  ! /ore & all ! details4 ,y w\ld talk
 ab\t x at home & to y\r  neighbors &   
fri5ds4 ,ea* ( y w\ld beg9 to /udy !    
bus9ess4 ,y  w\ld take pleasure 9 read+ 
ab\t m]*&ise1 prices1 & bus9ess  me?ods4
    ,well1 we are all p>tn]s 9 ?is great
 ,nation4 ,lib]ty is m valuable  ?an    
m]*&ise or pr(its4 ,if someone /rong]   
?an y %\ld und]take  to take away y\r   
lib]ty1 y w\ld fight = x & die = x if   
necess>y4    ,be+ p>tn]s 9 ,am]ica1     
won't y /udy ,am]ica8 ,won't y talk ab\t

  ! bless+s ( ,am]ica at home & to y\r  
neighbors8 ,won't y /udy  ! problems (  
,am]ica s t ea* succe$+ ye> x c pay     
great]  pr(its 9 fre$om & ju/ice &      
righte\sness8    ,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions  
#a4 ,:at d y\r p>5ts say ab\t *anges 9  
our ,con/itution8    #b4 ,h[ w\ld y     
advise !m to act8    #c4 ,c y tell !m h[
 *anges 9 our ,con/itution c be made8   
#d4 ,:y is x necess>y t ea* "o ( u take 
a p]sonal int]e/ 9 ,,our  ,con/itution8 
,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4 ,h[ w\ld y  
meet ! argum5t ( ! radical :o wants a   
revolution8    ,b4 ,h[ w\ld y %[ o!rs t 
we h a great p>tn]%ip 9 ,am]ica8    ,c4 
,:at two ways are possible =            
con/itutional am5dm5ts8    ,d4 ,li/ a   
s]ies ( additions t y ?9k %\ld be made  
to !  ,con/itution4    ,e4 ,write a pap]
 ^u "s "o am5dm5t to our ,con/itution t 
y  believe to be wor?y ( adoption4      
,,xxvi4 ,,ma*9]y ,,( ,,! ,,gov]nm5t     
,! ,ag5cies1 ,(fic]s1 ,& ,me?ods ,=     
,ex]cis+ ,p[]s ,( ,! ,national          
,gov]nm5t      ,n[ my fri5ds1 we h rea*$

 ! end ( discussion ( ! p]sonal         
gu>anties ( ! ,con/itution--! ,am]ican  
,bill ( ,rights4    ,z ,i h h]et(ore    
/at$1 ?is is ! real1 important "p ( !   
,con/itution1 because x is 9 a /udy ( ^!
 gu>anties t we fully  realize ! bless+s
 ( our free ,am]ican gov]nm5t4 ,any "o  
:o has  e>ne/ly consid]$ ?is great      
,am]ican ,bill ( ,rights c readily answ]
  ! "q1 8,:at has ,am]ica done = me & = 
my *ildr508    ,b ,i w\ld n h y feel t !
 o!r p>ts ( ! ,con/itution are  ( small 
conc]n4 ,ea* provision ( ?is great *>t] 
( human rights is  v important1 & wor?y 
( c>eful /udy4    ,article ,i ( !       
,con/itution provides t all legislative 
p[]s grant$  8%all be ve/$ 9 a ,congress
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all consi/  ( a
 ,s5ate & ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives04 ,n[ 
y w und]/& (  c\rse t up to ! "t !      
,con/itution 0 adopt$1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates  
_h no p[]2 9 fact !re 0 no ,unit$       
,/ates4 ,! coloni/s ?r\gh  ! ,articles (
 ,conf$]ation _h attempt$ to e/abli% a  
,nation :i*  0 designat$ 8,! ,unit$     

,/ates ( ,am]ica01 b ! result ( _!      
ef=ts 0 really a conf$]ation1 & n a real
 union47#aja7 ,! ,nation  0 =m$ by !    
adoption ( ! ,con/itution4 ,! ,nation   
=m$ 0 9  ! nature ( a p>tn]%ip4 ,i      
suppose y "k b little ab\t  p>tn]%ips   
organiz$ by individuals4 ,a p>tn]%ip is 
g5]ally =m$  by a writt5 agreem5t sign$ 
by ! p>tn]s4 ,?is agreem5t usually      
conta9s provisions z to ! %>e or int]e/ 
( ea* p>tn]1 ! p[]  ( ! p>tn]s & ( !    
p>tn]%ip1 & ! objects & purposes (  !   
p>tn]%ip4    ,! ,unit$ ,/ates is a      
p>tn]%ip betwe5 ! p & ! ,nation4 ,!     
,con/itution is a p>tn]%ip agreem5t b9d+
 ^u all ! p>ties to  ! agreem5t4 ,be=e !
 adoption ( ! ,con/itution ! p  possess$
 all ! p[] ( gov]nm5t & gov]nm5tal      
action4 ,! p  gave "s ( _! p[] to !     
,nation1 b only a small "p ( ! p[]  ( ! 
p 0 giv54 ,always be> 9 m9d t ! ,unit$  
,/ates--!  ,nation--has no p[]1 & nev]  
_h any except :at ! p grant$ 9  !       
,con/itution & 9 ! am5dm5ts !reto4    ,y
 w see 9 ,section #h ( ,article ,i !    

specific p[]s grant$ to  ,congress by ! 
p4 ,!y include ! foll[+3 lay & collect  
taxes2  pay debts2 provide = def5se & = 
! g5]al welf>e2 borr[ money2  regulate  
comm]ce among ! ,/ates & ) =eign        
nations2 provide =  naturalization &    
uni=m rules ( bankruptcy2 co9 money1    
regulate !  value !re(1 & fix ! /&>d (  
weights & measures2 puni%  c\nt]feit+2  
e/abli% po/ (fices & po/ roads2 protect 
au?ors &  inv5tors by copyrights &      
pat5ts2 e/abli% c\rts2 puni% piracies & 
felonies on ! high seas2 decl>e w>1     
raise1 & support armies2 provide  &     
ma9ta9 a navy2 provide = organiz+       
armies1 = discipl9+ !  militia1 & =     
call+ !m to s]ge 9 c]ta9 em]g5cies2     
ex]cise  exclusive p[] ( legislation    
8ov] su* ,di/rict 7n exce$+ t5  miles   
squ>e7 z may1 by ,cession ( p>ticul>    
,/ates1 & ! acceptance  ( ,congress1    
become ! ,seat ( ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates02 make  all laws necess>y & prop]
 = c>ry+ into execution ! =ego+  p[]s 8&
 all o!r ,p[]s ve/$ by ?is ,con/itution 

9 ! ,gov]nm5t  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or 9  
any ,dep>tm5t or ,(fic] !re(40    ,s y  
see l>ge p[]s 7 grant$ by ! p to ! new  
,nation4    ,h[ev]1 ! p 7 v c>eful4     
,ne>ly e gov]nm5t 9 !  _w1 be=e !       
organization ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 _h at   
times prov5  false to ! p4 ,_m gov]nm5ts
 7 false to ! p all !  "t4 ,indignities 
& abuses 7 (t5 heap$ ^u helpless m51    
wom51  & *ildr54 ,gov]nm5ts 7 m (t5     
ma9ta9$ to s]ve royalty or  ari/ocracy  
?an to protect ! rights & lib]ties ( !  
common p4  ,!re=e :5 x came to organiz+ 
?is new ,nation1 ! p 7  c>eful to gu>d  
aga9/ ! abuses ( ! pa/4 ,?us !y n only  
specifi$ def9itely ! p[]s conf]r$ ^u !  
,unit$ ,/ates1 b  7,sections #i & #aj ( 
,article ,i7 positively /at$ c]ta9 ?+s  
:i*  ! ,unit$ ,/ates c\ld n d4    ,! p  
also 7 suspici\s4 ,! exp]i5ce ( ! human 
race )  gov]nm5ts ju/ifi$ ?is suspicion4
 ,:5 ! ,con/itution 0 submitt$  to ! p1 
_m prote/$ t ! individual lib]ties ( ! p
  7 n suffici5tly gu>d$2 & be=e ! p     
cons5t$ to ratify  ! ,con/itution1 x 0  

necess>y t !y %\ld be giv5 assurance  t 
^u ! ratification ( ! ,con/itution1     
am5dm5ts w\ld be  propos$ & submitt$ to 
! p1 express+ cle>ly ! gu>anties  giv5  
to ! p aga9/ improp] ex]cise ( p[] by ! 
,national  gov]nm5t & especially        
protect+ ! lib]ty ( all ! p4 ,^!        
am5dm5ts1 :i* con/itute ! ,great        
,am]ican ,bill ( ,rights1 7  propos$ by 
,congress 9 #aghi & 7 ratifi$ by !      
,/ates 9 #agia4    ,n[ let u get ! =ego+
 brief summ>y fix$ 9 our m9ds4    ,!    
,con/itution is a p>tn]%ip betwe5 ! p & 
! ,nation 9  :i* ! p 7#a7 grant to !    
,nation c]ta9 specific p[]s2 7#b7       
re/ra9 ! ,nation f ex]cis+ p[]s n       
grant$2 & 7#c7 9 _m  p>ticul>s direct ! 
mann] 9 :i* ! p[]s grant$ %all be       
ex]cis$4 ,! ,con/itution also provides =
 :at may be t]m$ !  8ma*9]y ( gov]nm5t04
 ,x sep>ates ! p[]s ( gov]nm5t into     
?ree divisions3 ! legislative1 !        
executive1 & ! judicial4 ,x !n  provides
 = ! (fic]s 7! ag5ts or s]vants ( ! p71 
:o  %all ex]cise ! p[]s ( ea* dep>tm5t1 

& prescribes c]ta9  qualifications = su*
 (fic]s1 ! me?ods ( _! selection1 & !   
t]ms ( su* (fic]s4    ,9 ,article ,i we 
f9d c]ta9 qualifications = ,s5ators &   
,repres5tatives--! l5g? ( _! t]m (      
s]vice4 ,s5ators are elect$  = six ye>s1
 ,repres5tatives = two ye>s4 ,!re are   
also c]ta9  provisions z to _! election1
 ! organization ( ! ,s5ate & ,h\se1  to 
"s ext5t ! me?od ( proc$ure1 & direction
 z to ! ex]cise  ( c]ta9 p[]s4          
,article ,,ii ( ! ,con/itution fixes    
c]ta9 qualifications = ,presid5t  ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 ! executive head ( !     
,nation2 provides !  mann] ( ! election 
( ! ,presid5t & ! ,vice ,presid5t1      
conf]s  c]ta9 p[]s & duties1 provides t 
! t]m ( (fice ( ,presid5t  & ,vice      
,presid5t %all be f\r ye>s1 & designates
 ! causes =  :i* !y may be remov$ by    
impea*m5t4    ,article ,,iii ( !        
,con/itution provides = c\rts & judges1 
& fixes  _! jurisdiction--_! p[]--&     
gives direction z to trial & p5alty  9  
c]ta9 cases4    ,?us we f9d t !         

,con/itution gu>antees a ,national      
gov]nm5t 7a  republican =m ( gov]nm5t71 
conf]s c]ta9 p[]s =m]ly held by  ! p1   
provides an executive to en=ce ! p[]s   
grant$1 a  legislative body to make laws
 "u :i* ! p[]s may be ex]cis$1 &        
e/abli%es c\rts to con/rue & apply !    
laws enact$1 to ! end t  human rights & 
lib]ties %all be protect$4    ,let u    
c>ry 9 our m9ds ?is picture ( ! p ( !   
colonies1 :o  ?r\gh g5]ations _h /ruggl$
 ) royalty to secure ! bless+s &        
lib]ties = :i* !y _h come to ! ,new ,_w4
 ,9 ! local  gov]nm5t ( ! colonies mu*  
_h be5 done to apply ! pr9ciples (      
lib]ty1 b 9 _! relation to ! "m c\ntry  
!y _h endur$  abuses & suff]+s1 :i*     
f9ally 9 #aggf f\nd expression 9 !      
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4    ,9 an ef=t
 to unite _! /r5g? !y _h =m$ a f$]ation 
( !  ?irte5 ,/ates1 b _! dreams ( a free
 c\ntry 7 n realiz$  until 9 !          
,con/itution !y _h =m$ ! 8m p]fect      
,union0 :i*  0 creat$ to 8e/abli%       
,ju/ice1 insure dome/ic ,tranquility1   

provide  = ! common def5ce1 promote !   
g5]al ,welf>e1 & secure !  ,bless+s (   
,lib]ty to ourselves & our ,po/]ity04   
,n[ let u be> 9 m9d t ! p res]v$ mu* (  
_! p[]1  :i* "u ! plan ( gov]nm5t adopt$
 0 to be us$ 9 _!  respective ,/ates "u 
,con/itutions & laws express+ ! w ( !  p
 ) relation to _! dome/ic affairs4 ,at  
our next meet+1 we  %all consid] briefly
 some?+ ( ! ,con/itutions ( ! ,/ates1   
:]e  !y come f1 & ! wond]ful purpose !y 
s]ve 9 c>ry+ out !  s*eme ( ! p 9 actual
 self gov]nm5t4    ,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions
    #a4 ,:y are ! individual gu>anties (
 ! ,con/itution s important8    #b4 ,:at
 is meant by legislative p[]8    #c4 ,9 
:om is ! legislative p[] ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates ve/$8    #d4 ,:5 & h[ 0 ! ,nation
 =m$8    #e4 ,:at is a p>tn]%ip8 ,h[ is 
x usually =m$8    #f4 ,f :om did !      
,unit$ ,/ates obta9 its p[]8    #g4     
,/ate ! t]ms ( s]vice (3 7a7 !          
,presid5t1 7b7 ,s5ators1 7c7            
,repres5tatives1 7d7 ! ,vice ,presid5t8 
,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4 ,tell "s ( !

 p[]s conf]r$ by ! p ^u ! ,unit$ ,/ates4
    ,b4 ,into :at dep>tm5ts does !      
,con/itution sep>ate ! p[]s (  gov]nm5t8
    ,c4 ,at ! "t ( ! adoption ( !       
,con/itution1 :y 7 ! p  suspici\s8      
,d4 ,"n "s (fic]s n[ 9 s]vice ( !       
,national gov]nm5t3 7a7 9  ! executive  
dep>tm5t1 7b7 9 ! legislative dep>tm5t1 
7c7 9 !  judicial dep>tm5t4    ,e4      
,write a /atem5t ( ! attitude ( ! p ( ! 
,/ates :5 !  ,con/itution 0 submitt$ to 
!m = ratification1 :at 0 ! subject  (   
public discussion1 :at p>ties 7 =m$1 &  
:at 0 done to  secure ! cons5t ( ! p to 
ratify ! ,con/itution8    ,f4 ,write 9  
#ajj words or less a summ>y ( :at !     
,unit$ ,/ates  ,con/itution is4         
,,xxvii4 ,,/ate ,,con/itutions          
,! ,grant ,& ,limitations ,( ,p[]       
,express$ ,by ,! ,p ,9 ,!               
,con/itutions ,( ,! ,/ates      ,e human
 organization _h a beg9n+4 ,?is is a    
l>ge city 9 :i* we  n[ live1 b !re 0 a  
"t )9 ! memory ( m5 /ill liv+1 :5  !re 0
 no?+ "h b an unbrok5 prairie4 ,a log   

cab9 0 ! fir/  build+ :]e ! city n[ /&s4
 ,!n came ! cultivat$ fields4 ,a  fl\r  
mill 0 erect$ d[n on ! riv] bank1 !n a  
blacksmi? %op1 a  /ore1 a liv]y /able1  
"s mode/ dwell+s1 !n a s*ool h\se1 & a  
*ur*4 ,?us came ! little village :i*    
?r\gh ! ye>s has sl[ly  gr[n into !     
pres5t city4    ,?us came all ! cities1 
& ?us came ! ,/ates4 ,!re 0 a "t n  s   
long ago :5 !re 7 no :ite p )9 :at is n[
 ! bord]s  ( our ,/ate4 ,!re 0 ! 8fir/  
:ite settl]01 ! fir/ cultivat$  pat* (  
gr\nd1 ! fir/ log h\se1 ! little        
settlem5ts1 ! lonely  log cab9s 9       
betwe51 & !n ! ,/ate4    ,?us 7 ! ?irte5
 colonies f\nd$1 & ?us 7 f\nd$ !        
?irty-five ,/ates :i* h be5 admitt$ to !
 ,union s9ce !  adoption ( !            
,con/itution4    ,e human organization )
 any degree ( p]man5ce has some?+ 9  !  
nature ( a con/itution4 ,x may be 9     
writ+1 x may be oral1 or x  may re/ 9 a 
mutual und]/&+ express$ only by acts &  
conduct4 ,x  may be manife/ f cu/oms :i*
 h be5 obs]v$ by all ! memb]s  ( ! gr\p4

    ,! pr\d boa/ ( ,am]ica is t x 0 !   
fir/ ,nation 9 ! _w  :i* adopt$ a       
complete writt5 ,con/itution b9d+ ^u !  
,nation &  ^u ! p1 a ,con/itution :i*   
provides = c\rts ) ! p[]  ( re/ra9+ !   
,nation & ! individual f acts or conduct
 :i*  violate its provisions1 design$ to
 gu>d human rights4    ,until !         
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 9 #aggf1 !    
colonies 9 _! jo9t  ef=ts = lib]ty &    
ju/ice1 7 call$ ! 8,unit$ ,colonies02 b 
aft] indep5d5ce 0 proclaim$1 ?is title  
gave place to t ( 8,!  ,unit$ ,/ates04  
,!reupon elev5 ( ! ?irte5 ,/ates adopt$ 
,con/itutions4 ,9 two                   
,/ates--,connecticut & ,rhode ,isl& by  
an act ( !  legislature1 ! exi/+ *>t]s 7
 cont9u$ 9 =ce s f> z  consi/5t )       
indep5d5ce4 ,^! ,con/itutions all came  
into be+  be=e ! adoption ( !           
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,( c\rse
  !y 7 f> f p]fect1 & all h be5 am5d$ f 
"t to "t1  s t n[ ! ,con/itution ( ea*  
,/ate provides a truly ,am]ican  sy/em (
 gov]nm5t47#ajb7    ,no?+ 9 !           

,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates requires 
t ea* ,/ate  %all h a writt5            
,con/itution1 b ! wond]ful a*ievem5t ( !
  p 9 creat+ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates has be5 a guide  & inspiration to
 ! p ( ! ,/ates1 & ea* ,/ate has adopt$ 
a  writt5 ,/ate ,con/itution1 foll[+ !  
me?od & _s ( !  coloni/s 9 ! long ago1  
draft+ ! ,con/itution 9 a conv5tion (   
delegates & ratify+ x by ano!r special  
conv5tion or by ! vote (  all ! p4      
,!n z ea* new ,/ate 0 admitt$ to !      
,union1 a ,con/itution 0  adopt$47#ajc7 
,by ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1   
,congress has !  p[] to admit new       
,/ates1 ?us by implication controll+ !  
subject  matt] ( ! orig9al ,con/itution 
( ea* ,/ate admitt$4    ,x is n my      
int5tion to consid] 9 detail !          
,con/itutions ( !  v>i\s ,/ates4 ,?is is
 n ess5tial to ! purpose :i* ,i h 9     
talk+ to y4 ,i am v anxi\s t y %all     
realize t ea* ,/ate  is a sep>ate       
sov]eignty2 t :5 ! p creat$ ! ,unit$    
,/ates1  & adopt$ ! ,con/itution ( !    

,unit$ ,/ates1 !y give to ! ,unit$      
,/ates limit$ p[]2 t ! plan ( gov]nm5t  
contemplat$ t ea*  ,/ate %\ld h its own 
,con/itution2 & t 9 ea* ,/ate ! p  %\ld 
enact _! own laws gov]n+ ! conduct ( ! p
 9 _!  respective ,/ates4    ,an        
exam9ation ( ! ,con/itutions ( all !    
,/ates w %[ h[  c>efully ! p ( ea* ,/ate
 incorporat$ 9 _! ,/ate  ,con/itution ! 
great pr9ciples ( gov]nm5t1 & !         
gu>anties (  lib]ty :i* 7 s c>efully    
provid$ 9 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates4    ,diff]5t language is us$ 9 ! 
diff]5t ,/ate ,con/itutions1 b 9  ea* x 
w be f\nd t ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,/ate1 z ( ! 
,unit$  ,/ates1 is divid$ into ?ree     
dep>tm5ts--! executive1 ! legislative1  
& ! judicial2 t ! executive p[] 9 !     
,/ates is ve/$ 9 a  ,gov]nor2 t !       
legislative p[] re/s 9 :at is usually   
t]m$ a  8,g5]al ,assembly0 consi/+ ( a  
,s5ate & a ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1     
model$ aft] ! ,congress ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates2 t ! judicial p[]  is to be      
ex]cis$ by c\rts--a ,supreme ,c\rt & o!r

 c\rts designat$  z ,di/rict ,c\rts1    
,circuit ,c\rts1 & _m o!r titles1 v>y+ 9
  diff]5t ,/ates4    ,public (fic]s1    
s]vants ( ! p1 are provid$ =1 & usually 
_! selection is by vote ( ! p at g5]al  
elections = :i*  provision is made4     
,! really important ?+ 9 ! ,/ate        
,con/itutions1 z well z 9 !             
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 is !    
,bill ( ,rights specifically  gu>d+ !   
natural rights & lib]ties ( ! p4    ,!  
gu>anties 9 ! ,/ate ,con/itutions are n 
all uni=m1 b z a  g5]al ?+ y w f9d t ea*
 ,/ate has incorporat$ 9 its            
,con/itution ^? sacr$ gu>anties :i* 9 ! 
,con/itution ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates =m !    
real f\ndation & protection ( human     
lib]ty4    ,always be> 9 m9d t !        
,con/itution 9 ea* ,/ate1 z 9 ! ,nation1
  is an in/rum5t ( fundam5tal law1 or   
body ( laws1 :i* prescribes !  =m (     
gov]nm5t1 fixes ! diff]5t dep>tm5ts (   
gov]nm5t1  provides ! ag5cies (         
gov]nm5t1 & decl>es & gu>antees !       
rights & lib]ties ( ! p47#ajd7    ,!    

,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is !     
,supreme law ( ! l&1 &  ! ,con/itution (
 ea* ,/ate is ! supreme law ( ! ,/ate4  
,^!  ,con/itutions mu/ be respect$1 &   
mu/ be obey$2 & any law enact$  by !    
legislature ( a ,/ate or by ! ,congress 
( ! ,unit$ ,/ates  :i* is contr>y to !  
provisions ( ! ,con/itution is null &   
void4    ,by _! ,con/itution ! p ( a    
,/ate proclaim & e/abli% _!  p[] sup]ior
 to ! p[] ( ! legislature ( ! ,/ate or  
any (fic]  ( ! ,/ate4 ,! p[] express$ 9 
! ,con/itution is ! p[] ( !  p4 ,!y h1  
by _! solemn docum5t--!                 
,con/itution--e/abli%$  c]ta9 rules1    
regulations1 pr9ciples1 & gu>anties1 :i*
 _c be  *ang$ by ord9>y                 
legislation47#aje7 ,( c\rse ! p c *ange 
&  modify ! ,con/itution ( ,/ate or     
,nation4 ,e ,con/itution provides  "s   
me?od ( am5dm5t4 ,"s ,/ates provide = a 
con/itutional  conv5tion f "t to "t1 :]e
 ! p ?r\gh _!  repres5tatives select$ = 
su* a purpose assemble to consid] !  "q 
( *ange or modification4 ,9 o!r ,/ates !

 legislature may  propose am5dm5ts :i*  
mu/ be submitt$ to ! p = _!  approval4  
,9 all ,/ates "s proc$ure is provid$ :i*
 requires c>eful  delib]ation &         
consid]ation by ! p be=e ! ,con/itution 
is  *ang$47#ajf7    ,n[ x is v important
 t e citiz5 %all h a k ( !  ,con/itution
 ( 8 ,/ate4 ,x is ( ! highe/ importance 
t e man1  woman1 & *ild %all "k & feel !
 solicitude1 ! c>e1 :i* has  be5 ex]cis$
 9 ! fram+ ( ! ,con/itution to gu>d     
individual  rights4    ,z ,i h h]et(ore 
expla9$1 ! purpose ( gov]nm5t is to gu>d
  human rights & human lib]ty4 ,?is is  
true ( ! gov]nm5t ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates1 & 
x is true ( ! gov]nm5t ( ea* ,/ate4     
,always keep  9 m9d t 9 ?is c\ntry1 :at 
we call 8! gov]nm5t0 is m]ely an  ag5cy 
( ! p--an expression ( ! p[] ( ! p 9 a  
def9$  way1 agre$ ^u by !m1 ?r\gh :i* !y
 protect !mselves aga9/  wrong by !     
ag5cies ( gov]nm5t :i* !y h creat$1 &   
aga9/  wrong by _! neighbors4           
,inspir+ inde$ is x to contemplate ! _s 
9 :i* ! f\nd]s (  ! ,am]ican ,nation & (

 ! ,/ates ( ,am]ica /udi$ ! me?ods by   
:i* human rights %\ld be protect$4 ,!y 7
 unselfi%2 !y 7 9  ! highe/ degree      
inspir$ by a holy purpose to gu>d ! p ( 
,am]ica aga9/ ! wrongs1 ! abuses1 !     
cruelty :i* _! ance/ors  9 ! pa/ _h     
suff]$2 & to accompli% _! purpose !y    
ex]cis$  ! greate/ c>e to ma9ta9 ! p[] (
 gov]nm5t 9 ! p  !mselves--! p[] to make
 laws & to en=ce !m4    ,i suppose x may
 be said t ! highe/ a*ievem5t ( !       
,am]ican  p 9 creat+ a ,national        
gov]nm5t & ! gov]nm5ts ( ! ,/ates  is   
express$ 9 ! words ( ,l9coln :5 he      
proclaim$ ?is to be 8a  gov]nm5t by !   
p04    ,,elem5t>y ,,que/ions    #a4 ,:at
 is a village8    #b4 ,:at is a ,/ate8  
#c4 ,:5 7 ! colonies fir/ call$ ,/ates8 
#d4 ,:at ,/ates adopt$ ,con/itutions    
be=e ! adoption & ratification  ( !     
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates8    #e4  
,c ! p ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york enact a   
law puni%+ a p]son  = co9+ silv] doll>s8
 ,:y8    #f4 ,c ,congress pass a law ,/+
 ! puni%m5t ( a p]son = /eal+ a  horse 9

 ! ,/ate ( ,mi*igan8    #g4 ,:5 0 !     
,/ate 9 :i* we live admitt$ to ! ,union8
    #h4 ,:o fram$ ! ,con/itution ( ?is  
,/ate8    ,,advanc$ ,,que/ions    ,a4   
,:at is a con/itution8    ,b4 ,expla9   
fully h[ a ,con/itution ( a ,/ate comes 
into1 be+4    ,c4 ,mu/ a con/itution be 
9 writ+8 ,if n1 :at may be its =m8      
,d4 ,/ate h[ ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates may be am5d$4    ,e4 ,9 :at way  
may ! ,con/itution ( a ,/ate be am5d$8  
,f4 ,write briefly tell+ ! advantages ( 
a writt5 con/itution4    ,g4 ,/ate 9    
writ+ ! p[] ( ! c\rts 9 ex]cis+ _! p[] &
  duty ( def5d+ ! ,con/itution4 ,give an
 illu/ration4    ,h4 ,write an          
explanation ( ! p[] & influ5ce ( !      
,con/itution (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 guid+ 
! p 9 fram+ ! ,con/itutions (  _!       
,/ates1 & 9 :at ?+s ! ,con/itution ( !  
,/ates foll[ !  ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4            ,,xxviii4 ,,!        
,,suffrage           ,! ,significance ,(
 ,! ,n9ete5? ,am5dm5t ,to ,!            
,con/itution      ,?is meet+ 0 at night4

 ,"s ( ! p>5ts :o _h att5d$ ! talks  f  
"t to "t _h reque/$ t ! la/ meet+ be    
held at night s  t "s ( ! busy fa!rs &  
mo!rs might come4 ,! assembly room  0   
cr[d$1 & al?\gh extra *airs _h be5 plac$
 9 ! aisles1  !re 7 a numb] ( p /&+4 ,! 
pr9cipal said t x 0 !  l>ge/ cr[d t he  
_h ev] se5 9 ! room47#ajg7    ,fir/     
ev]ybody arose & sang 8,! ,/> ,spangl$  
,bann]01 & :5 !  meet+ clos$1 ! audi5ce 
jo9$ 9 s++ 8,am]ica047#ajh7 ,! judge  0 
greet$ ) l\d applause4 ,he said3    ,i  
am happy to-night4 ,?is meet+ is an     
inspiration4 ,x is a real  community    
meet+1 a real ,am]ican meet+4 ,if meet+s
 l ?is 7  held once ea* week or once e  
two weeks 9 e s*ool build+ 9  ! ,unit$  
,/ates ,i %\ld n fe> socialism or       
bol%evism or an>*y4  ,su* ideas _c live 
9 a community :]e ! p really "k ea*     
o!r4 ,!re are no class l9es "h to-night4
 ,y are too close toge!r4  ,i see a     
bank] ov] !re :om ,i h kn[n = ?irty     
ye>s4 ,he 0  br\ght up 9 ?is city1      
att5d$ ?is s*ool1 & has sp5t 8 :ole     

life "h4 ,8 success 9 life came to him  
among old fri5ds 9 !  community :]e he 0
 born4 ,ne> him ,i see a bricklay]4 ,i h
 kn[n him  & respect$ him s9ce boyhood4 
,we play$ on ! same baseball team :5  we
 7 bo? y\ng] & c\ld run fa/] ?an we c   
n[4 ,he w5t to !  ,wa%+ton s*ool4 ,!    
*ildr5 ( ^! m5 are 9 ?is s*ool n[4 ,9 a 
few ye>s !y w be gr[n m5 & wom5 do+ ! "w
 t we %all  h to give up soon47#aji7    
,s ) mo/ ( ! p 9 ?is room to-night4 ,!y 
7 born "h1  w5t to s*ool "h1 & !y h     
work$ "h all _! lives4 ,"s  foll[$ "o   
occupation1 "s ano!r4 ,?is 0 a matt] (  
_! own  *oice4 ,_! *ildr5 are n[ gr[+   
up1 z !y once grew up4 ,soon !y  w be   
select+ _! life "w4 ,soon !y w be vot+ &
 p]=m+  o!r duties ( citiz5%ip4 ,soon y 
& ,i1 fa!rs & mo!rs1 w  pass (f ! /age (
 life4 ,soon we %all be =gott5 by all   
except !  few :o compose ! family       
circle1 :o love u not)/&+ our faults4   
,= a few weeks ,i h be5 act+ z tea*]4 ,i
 h be5 try+ h>d to  br+ into ! m9ds &   
he>ts ( ! pupils 9 ?is s*ool some?+ (  !

 sacr$ness ( human lib]ty1 some?+ ( !   
co/ ( ,am]ican  lib]ty1 ! sacrifices1 ! 
/ruggles1 ! blood%$1 ! he>ta*es1 &      
he>tbreaks :i* f9ally triumph$ :5 our   
,con/itution 0 adopt$4 ,i  h endeavor$  
to expla9 t ! ,con/itution is n a m]e   
skeleton or  framework1 def9+ ! relation
 ( ! ,nation & ! ,/ates &  provid+ = !  
election ( (fic]s to c>ry out ! plans ( 
!  ,national gov]nm5t4 ,i h repeat$ly   
told ! great tru? t 9  ,am]ica !re is m 
fre$om1 ju/ice1 *>ity1 & k9dness ?an 9  
any  o!r ,nation 9 ! _w4 ,i h po9t$ out 
t 9 ,am]ica we h 9  our ,con/itution    
writt5 gu>anties ( life1 lib]ty1 &      
prop]ty rights  su* z no o!r ,nation 9 !
 hi/ory ( ! _w ev] _h4 ,we h  f\nd t ?is
 is a gov]nm5t by ! p1 t ! p rule1 t  ! 
few _c rule unless ! _m refuse to p]=m  
_! duties z  citiz5s ( ?is great        
republic4 ,oh6 if we c only put 9 !     
he>ts (  ! ,am]ican p a realization ( ! 
p[] & ! duty ( !  p6    ,to-night ,i wi%
 to pres5t briefly some?+ ( ! mann] 9   
:i* !  p express _! p[]1 ! me?od by :i* 

! p disclose _!  wi%es 9 public affairs4
 ,! ,/> ,baseball ,club1 ! ,irv+ ,lit]>y
  ,society1 ! ,city ,tea*]s             
,association1 ! ,woman's ,club1 ! ,*>ity
  ,guild1 ^! are all m]e organisations (
 p4 ,t is all t  ,am]ica is4 ,^!        
organizations h writt5 con/itutions4 ,s 
has  ,am]ica4 ,^! organizations mu/ h   
laws or rules ( conduct1 aside  f _!    
con/itutions4 ,s mu/ ,am]ica4 ,^!       
societies mu/ h a  policy & transact    
bus9ess4 ,s mu/ ,am]ica4 ,9 adopt+ laws 
or rules  ( conduct ^! societies secure 
an expression ( ! wi%es ( _!  memb]s4   
,^! wi%es are g5]ally express$ by _!    
votes1 sometimes by  ballot & sometimes 
orally 9 a meet+4    ,am]ica secures an 
expression ( ! wi%es ( ! p by _! votes4 
,! votes ( ! p ei!r 9 writ+ or pr9t$ are
 ca/ on election  days fix$ by laws     
enact$ ?r\gh ! vote ( ! p4 ,9 no o!r way
  c ! wi%es ( ! p be made kn[n4 ,x1 is  
?r\gh ! ballot t  ! p ex]cise _! p[]s4  
,x is ?r\gh ! ballot t ,am]ica is       
gov]n$47#aaj7    ,i wond] if ! p (      

,am]ica g5]ally realize :at a wond]ful  
?+  x is t a gov]nm5t z l>ge z ours mu/ 
dep5d entirely ^u !  wi%es ( ! p        
express$ by _! vote on election day4 ,i 
wond] if  !y realize t 9 ?is way ! p    
rule4 ,on election day we see  some?+ ( 
! equality ( ! p4 ,if y g ne> ! poll+   
place1  y w see ! presid5t ( ! bank1    
p]haps1 or ! presid5t ( !  railroad     
walk+ side by side ) ! hodc>ri] or !    
brakeman on !  tra94 ,9 ! vot+ boo? ea* 
has ! same p[] 9 help+ to %ape !  de/9y 
( _! c\ntry4    ,9 a way ?is is a new   
me?od ( gov]nm5t4 ,only 9 a c\ntry :]e  
!re  is a gov]nm5t by ! p d we f9d su* a
 ?+ z ! "r ( all  m5 reg>dless (        
prop]ty1 race1 or cre$ to ex]cise ! same
 p[] 9  ! ballot box47#aaa7    ,f !     
beg9n+ ,am]ica has l$ 9 grant+ ! "r (   
suffrage1 !  "r to vote4 ,9 ! e>ly days 
9 "s ( ! ,/ates a man _h to own a  c]ta9
 am\nt ( prop]ty be=e he c\ld vote1 b   
?is has n be5  true = m ?an fifty ye>s4 
,n[ a new day has come4 ,aft] a /ruggle 
= g5]ations1 ! "r to vote has be5       

conf]r$ ^u all female  citiz5s1         
reg>dless ( prop]ty1 social position1   
religion1 or race4 ,x  has be5 a long   
/ruggle & n[ t victory has be5 won =    
equal  suffrage1 is !re anyone :o w /ill
 cont5d t 9 ?is c\ntry !  p d n rule8   
,:o has conf]r$ ?is great privilege ^u !
 wom5 ( ,am]ica8 ,!  vot]s ( ,am]ica    
decid$ t e ,/ate %\ld grant ?is         
privilege4    ,! am5dm5t to !           
,con/itution is z foll[s3    8,! "r (   
citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to vote %all n
 be d5i$  or abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
or by any ,/ate on acc\nt ( sex40    ,! 
p did n vote directly ^u ?is            
con/itutional am5dm5t1 b  !y vot$ = !   
memb]s ( ! ,h\se & ! memb]s ( ! ,s5ate  
:o  vot$ = ! am5dm5t & !y vot$ = !      
memb]s ( ! legislatures  ( ! diff]5t    
,/ates :i* ratifi$ ! am5dm5t4 ,?us !    
responsibility re/s ) ! p4 ,?is is true 
( c\rse z to ne>ly  all ! laws enact$ by
 ,/ate & ,nation--! p d n vote directly 
^u !m1 b !y select _! ag5ts1 :o1 "u !   
law1 are  au?oriz$ to act = !m4    ,"u  

?is am5dm5t we h ! writt5 gu>anty 9 !   
,con/itution t  s f> z m5 & wom5 are    
conc]n$ !y %all h equal rights to       
vote47#aab7    ,p]haps y 7 n 9 favor (  
woman suffrage4 ,_m good m5 & wom5  7   
oppos$ to x4 ,_m are /ill oppos$ to x4  
,?is is a good  illu/ration ( ! way we d
 ?+s 9 a democracy4 ,we h diff]5t       
temp]am5ts1 diff]5t dispositions4 ,we   
are re>$ 9 diff]5t  surr\nd+s4 ,we h    
diff]5t int]e/s4 ,we look at life 9     
diff]5t  ways4 ,ea* ( u has a "r to 8   
op9ion & ea* ( u has ! "r  to express x 
by our vote4 ,:5 we f9ally vote1 a      
decision is made4 ,if we  belong to !   
majority1 we f9d t our wi% is c>ri$ out4
 ,if we are 9  ! m9ority1 we *e]fully   
foll[ :at ! majority ( ! p1 :at  mo/ ( !
 p 9 ,am]ica desire4    ,! ?+ t ,i wi%  
to impress to-night is t to vote on     
election day  is n only a "r1 x is a    
duty4 ,:e!r we 7 = woman suffrage or  n 
x has come4 ,x is settl$4 ,x br+s into  
p[] tw5ty-sev5 million  new vot]s4 ,ea* 
( ^! wom51 :e!r %e desires x or n1 mu/  

assume ?is new %>e ( ! responsibilities 
( gov]nm5t4 ,x is a  patriotic duty4 ,at
 e election we mu/ ca/ our votes4 ,be=e 
e  election we mu/ /udy ! issues1 !     
problems to be met4 ,unless we d  t we  
are fail+ 9 patriotism & loyalty4       
,unless we vote we are n  good citiz5s4 
,n[ ,i mu/ close4 ,i hope t ! talks ,i h
 giv5 9 ?is s*ool h  plant$ 9 ! he>ts ( 
boys & girls1 & possibly 9 ! he>ts (    
gr[n m5 & wom51 some?+ ( ! simple tru? (
 ,am]ican life1  some?+ p]haps ( !      
privileges ( ,am]ican citiz5%ip & some?+
  ( ! duties t we all owe 9 return4     
,i h promis$ ! pr9cipal ( ?is s*ool t   
next t]m ,i w aga9  appe> & pres5t "s   
new topics4 ,i wi% to talk to ! boys &  
girls  ab\t au?ority & ob$i5ce1 ! s\rce 
( au?ority & ! duty (  ob$i5ce4 ,i wi%  
also to talk ab\t ! mak+ ( laws1 ! orig9
 (  laws1 h[ !y are put 9 =m & f9ally   
enact$ by ! p4 ,i wi%  to talk ab\t our 
public s]vants1 because "o ( ! important
 ?+s =  ea* citiz5 to "k is t f !       
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates d[n  to !   

con/able ( ! humble/ village1 all (fic]s
 are m]e s]vants  ( ! p & t no (fic] 9  
,am]ica is 9 8 (ficial capacity  ma/] ( 
any man1 woman1 or *ild4 ,i wi% to      
impress z f> z ,i am able  ! great tru? 
express$ by ,*ief ,ju/ice ,m>%all :5 he 
said long  ye>s ago1 8,?is is a gov]nm5t
 ( laws & n ( m540    ,,elem5t>y        
,,que/ions    #a4 ,%[ ! ways 9 :i* !    
,unit$ ,/ates is j l a small club8      
#b4 ,:y mu/ we always vote8    #c4 ,:y  
is x "r t wom5 %\ld vote8    #d4 ,%[ t  
?is is m ?an a privilege3 x is a duty4  
#e4 ,imag9e "s p]son say+ t ,am]ica is  
only = ! ri*4 ,review  all ! "w t we h  
done1 & %[ h[ x is j z fair to !  poor  
man z to ! ri*4    ,,advanc$ ,,que/ions 
,a4 ,re-read ! que/ions to *apt]s "o &  
two4 ,note ! diff]5ce 9  y\r answ]s4    
,b4 ,map out a program s t y c %[ to all
 critics ( ,am]ica !  ways 9 :i* !      
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates gives to 
all ,am]icans  ! rights to ,,life1      
,,lib]ty1 & ! ,,pursuit ,,( ,,happ9ess4 
,c4 ,y c n[ answ] fully ! "q1 8,:y is   

,am]ica ! mo/ free  & mo/ j ,nation on !
 globe80    ,d4 ,:at did ,*ief ,ju/ice  
,m>%all mean :5 he said1 8,?is is a     
gov]nm5t ( laws1 & n ( m540    ,e4      
,prep>e 9 writ+ a con/itution = !       
8,l9coln ,debat+ ,club04            ,a  
,,^w ,,to ,,! ,,! ,,tea*]s ,,& ,,o!rs   
8,! v ess5ce ( civil lib]ty c]ta9ly     
consi/s 9 ! "r (  e individual to claim 
! protection ( ! laws :5ev] he receives 
an injury4 ,"o ( ! fir/ duties (        
gov]nm5t is to af=d t  protection4 ,!   
,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5     
emphatically  t]m$1 a gov]nm5t ( laws1 &
 n ( m54 ,x w c]ta9ly cease to  des]ve  
?is high appellation1 if ! laws furni%  
no rem$y = !  violation ( a ve/$ legal  
"r40    ,^! words ( ,*ief ,ju/ice       
,m>%all 9 ,m>bury v4 ,madison1 #a       
,cran*1  #acg1 are ! mo/ significant &  
f> rea*+ 9 _! effect ^u human  gov]nm5t 
t 7 ev] utt]$ by ! lips ( man4    8,a   
gov]nm5t ( laws & n ( m540 ,?is         
expresses ! fundam5tal  diff]5ce betwe5 
! gov]nm5t ( ?is great ,am]ican republic

 & all  o!r sy/ems ( gov]nm5t devis$ by 
man be=e ! ,con/itution ( !  ,unit$     
,/ates came into be+47#aac7    ,gov]nm5t
 has be5 ! great problem ( ! human race 
?r\gh\t all !  ages s9ce mank9d fir/    
/>t$ out ^u ! great highway ( life4 ,!  
greate/ problem m5 h ev] be5 call$ ^u to
 solve is 8h[ !y  might live toge!r 9   
communities )\t cutt+ ea* o!rs ?roats04 
,z we look back at ! w>r+ _w ( ye/]day1 
yea z we look at !  w>r+ _w to-day      
7#aibj71 we are rem9d$ t ! hi/ory ( !   
human  family tells a long1 sad /ory (  
w> & blood%$ & dea?4 ,! pa?  :i*        
humanity has travel$ /ret*es back into !
 dim di/ance1 a long  gleam+ l9e ( :ite 
human bones4 ,! fl[]s1 ! trees1 & !     
%rubs  along ! way h be5 nurtur$ by ! r$
 blood t fl[$ f human  he>ts4 ,all ov] !
 _w ! battle has wag$2 away d[n 9 ,egypt
 :]e  ! ,nile scatt]s h] ri*es2 ^u !    
banks ( ! ,tib] :i* =  c5turies has     
reflect$ ! maje/y ( ,rome2 ^u ! heights 
above !  ca/le cr[n$ ,rh9e2 on ! banks (
 ! peaceful ,?ames2 & ^u !  prairies t  

sweep back f ! ,fa!r ( ,wat]s1 m5 h     
f\ght &  di$4 ,9 ! field & 9 ! =e/1 by !
 sweet runn+ brook1 & ^u  ! burn+ s&s1 9
 ! m\nta9 pass1 & 9 ! /ony /reets ( !   
popul\s city1 )9 ! *ancel rail ( holy   
*ur*es1 & at ! d>k  entrance to !       
,ba/ile--9 all ^! places1 & 9 a ?\s& m1 
!  h& ( ! oppress$ has be5 lift$ aga9/ !
 oppressor1 ! "r to  be free t ,god gave
 to m5 has /ruggl$ ) ! p[] :i* might has
  giv51 &1 alas6 s (t5 might has        
triumph$1 & ! slave1 sick at  he>t1 has 
be5 sc\rg$ to 8 dungeon4 ,on a ?\s&     
hillsides burn+  fagots h consum$ m5 :o 
d>$ to dream ( fre$om1 & 9 d>k &  slimy 
prison cells :]e ,god's sunlight seldom 
ent]$1 m5 h rott5  ) clank+ *a9s ^u _!  
limbs because !y d>$ to ask = !  rights 
( freem54    ,9 ! old5 days =ce rul$ !  
_w2 ! k+1 ! cr[n1 ! scept]1  7 !        
insignia ( p[]4 ,all ab\t 7 ! in/rum5ts 
( =ce1 !  cannon1 ! moat$ ca/le1 ! m>*+ 
armies ( ! k+4    ,& s x 0 until !      
,am]ican ,nation 0 born1 a ,nation f\nd$
 by  exiles :o 7 flee+ f oppression1 f  

unre/ra9$ p[]1 exiles  :o dream$ (      
e/abli%+ a ,nation1 exiles ) /\t he>ts &
 )  /rong h&s ) :i* to build x--a       
,nation :]e !re w\ld be no  ma/] & no   
slaves1 :]e ! citiz5 w\ld rule & n !    
soldi]1  :]e ! home & ! s*ool & n !     
ca/le w\ld /& z !  citadel ( ! ,nation1 
:]e ! /eel w\ld at la/ be mold$ into    
pl[%>es1 & n into swords1 :]e1 in/ead ( 
m>tial music1 ! song  ( ! pl[boy & ! hum
 ( ! sp9n+ :eel w\ld greet ! e>1  :]e   
lu/ = p[] w\ld be de?ron$ & brute =ce   
/rangl$1 :]e  love w\ld rule & n        
brutality1 :]e ju/ice & n v5geance w\ld 
be ! end ( judicial inve/igation1 :]e ! 
rights ( m5 to live &  to enjoy ! fruits
 ( _! labor w\ld be recogniz$4 ,?is 0 ! 
dream  ( ! fa!rs ( ! republic z !y laid 
! f\ndation 9 ! long  ago4    ,b ?is    
dream nev] w\ld h be5 realiz$ _h x n be5
 = !  recognition ( t great             
con/itutional pr9ciple1 ann\nc$ by ,*ief
  ,ju/ice ,m>%all1 t 9 ?is ,nation ! law
 is supreme2 n supreme  alone ) !       
citiz51 b supreme ) ! ,nation & ! ,/ates

 t  compose ! ,nation2 n supreme ) !    
humble toil]1 b supreme )  ! ri*e/ & !  
/ronge/2 n supreme 9 !ory1 b supreme 9  
tru?  & 9 fact4    ,?is great pr9ciple (
 ! supremacy ( ! law f9ds its orig9 9 t 
immortal docum5t1 ! ,con/itution ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates47#aad7    ,few !re are 9  
^! mod]n days :o fully appreciate !     
wond]ful  bless+s ( a writt5            
,con/itution :i* gives recognition to ! 
fundam5tal natural rights ( man1 &      
provides gu>anties aga9/ !  invasion (  
^! rights4    ,glad/one1 ! em95t        
/atesman1 said3          ,x 7! ,am]ican 
,con/itution7 is ! greate/ "w ev] /ruck 
(f at any "o "t by ! m9d & purpose (    
man4      ,an em95t lawy] has said3     
,x has be5 ! priceless adjunct ( free   
gov]nm5t1 ! mighty      %ield ( ! rights
 & lib]ties ( ! citiz54 ,x has be5      
_m times invok$ to save him f illegal   
puni%m5t1 & save      8 prop]ty f ! gre$
 ( unscrupul\s enemies1 & to save      8
 political fights f ! unbridl$ lic5se ( 
victori\s      political oppon5ts       

controll+ legislative bodies2 nor does x
      sleep1 except z a sword d$icat$ to
 a righte\s cause sleeps 9      its     
scabb>d4      ,horace ,b9ney says3      
,:at 7 ! ,/ates be=e ! ,union8 ,! hope (
 _! enemies1      ! fe> ( _! fri5ds1 &  
arre/$ only by ! ,con/itution      f    
becom+ ! %ame ( ! _w4      ,sir ,h5ry   
,ma9e gives ! foll[+ e/imate ( !        
,con/itution3          ,x isn't at all  
easy to br+ home to ! m5 ( ! pres5t day1
      h[ l[ ! cr$it ( ! ,republic _h    
sunk be=e !      e/abli%m5t ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates4444 ,its success has be5 s       
great & /rik+1 t m5 h almo/ =gott51 t if
 !      :ole1 or ! kn[n exp]im5ts (     
mank9d 9 gov]nm5ts be      look$ at     
toge!r1 !re has be5 no =m ( gov]nm5t s  
successful z ! republican4      ,ju/ice 
,mit*ell ( ,p5nsylvania1 "s tw5ty odd   
ye>s ago said3          ,a c5tury & a   
decade has pass$ s9ce ! ,con/itution ( !
      ,unit$ ,/ates 0 adopt$4 ,dyna/ies 
h aris5 & fall51      b\nd>ies h ext5d$ 
& %runk5 'till cont95ts seem almo/      

! play?+s ( imag9ation & w>2            
nationalities h be5      ass]t$ &       
subdu$2 gov]nm5ts built up only to be   
ov]?r[n1      & ! k+doms ( ! e>? f !    
,pill>s ( ,h]cules to !      ,yell[ ,sea
 h be5 %ak5 to _! f\ndations4 ,?r\gh all
 ?is      *ange & ob/ruction1 !         
,republic1 %orte/ liv$ ( all =ms      ( 
gov]nm5t 9 ! prior hi/ory ( ! _w1       
surviv+ !      p]ils ( =eign & dome/ic  
w>1 has endur$ & fl\ri%$4      ,& yet1 x
 is true1 8& pity 'tis1 'tis true01 t 9 
^! days !re  seems to be a great lack ( 
confid5ce1 nay ev5 a feel+ ( contempt   
exi/+ 9 ! m9ds & he>ts ( _m m5 = ?is    
great *>t] (  human lib]ty4 ,m5 born to 
! bless+s ( fre$om1 m5 :o d n /op  to   
?9k ab\t ! co/ ( fre$om1 m5 :o d n      
realize t ?is  ,nation is n ! *ild (    
*ance1 b t x is ! outgr[? (  c5turies ( 
te>s & blood & sacrifice 9 ! cause (    
human  fre$om--^! m5 assume an attitude 
( criticism1 & w\ld1 by  de/roy+ !      
,con/itution1 fly f ! 8ills we h0 & op5 
_!  arms to evils 8we "k n (04    ,& ?is

 feel+1 ?is unre/1 ?is _s ( criticism1  
is n limit$ to  ! ignorant1 nor ! l[ly4 
,_m m5 & wom5 ( education & culture  are
 prom95t 9 ! ranks ( ^? :o raise _!     
voices 9 reckless  condemnation4    ,:at
 is ! s\rce ( ?is widespread feel+8     
,= sev]al ye>s be=e ! ,_w ,w>1 we 7     
pass+ ?r\gh a p]iod  ( readju/m5t 9 !   
political & social life ( ! ,nation4 ,_m
  p felt t privilege 0 too /rongly      
entr5*$ 9 gov]nm5tal  favor4 ,a noble   
feel+ ( sympa?y = ! weak & ! un=tunate  
creat$ a dem& = social ju/ice4 ,a great 
political p>ty 0 ?r[n  out ( p[]4 ,out (
 all ?is came appeals = legislation1 mo/
 ( x  inspir$ by ! highe/ motives1 b mu*
 ( x impractical & vision>y1  "s ( x s  
fram$ t 9 provid+ a b5efit = a c]ta9    
class1 !  rights ( "s o!r class 7       
=gott54 ,(t5 x became necess>y to       
recall ! provisions ( ! ,con/itution1 & 
"s times x 0 us$ z a  b> to ! enactm5t (
 measures :i* 7 inspir$ only by ! l(tie/
  motives4 ,"u su* circum/ances x is    
only natural t ^? int5sely  int]e/$1    

see+ only f "o /&po9t1 n und]/&+ p]haps 
!  f> rea*+ effect ( _! favorite        
measures1 %\ld cry out at !  limitations
 impos$ by ! ,con/itution4    ,!n aga9  
c\rts are sometimes compell$1 "u _!     
sworn duty to  def5d ! ,con/itution1 to 
hold t a legislative enactm5t is        
uncon/itutional & void1 because x       
violates "s ( ! pr9ciples (  t great    
docum5t1 creat$1 n by c\rts1 n by       
presid5ts1 b by !  p !mselves = _! own  
guidance & protection4    ,b ,*ief      
,ju/ice ,:ite gives ! /ronge/ reason =  
?is feel+ (  contempt = ! ,con/itution4 
,he says3          ,!re is great dang]1 
x seems to me1 to arise1 f ! con/ant    
habit :i* prevails :]e any?+ is oppos$  
or object$ to1 (      resort+ )\t rhyme 
or reason1 to ! ,con/itution z a means  
( prev5t+ its accompli%m5t1 ?us creat+ !
 g5]al      impression t ! ,con/itution 
is b a b>ri] to progress1      in/ead ( 
be+ ! broad highway ?r\gh :i* alone true
      progress1 may be enjoy$4      ,n  
only is ?is true1 b un=tunately x is    

also true t e base  murd]] :o beg9s to  
feel ! rope tight5 ab\t 8 neck c f9d "s 
lawy] :o c devise "s alleg$             
con/itutional reason :y 8 cli5t  %\ld n 
hang4 ,! c\rts are con/antly engag$ 9   
def5d+ !  ,con/itution aga9/ ^! base &  
unwor?y attempts to defeat ju/ice4      
,!n ^u e h& are ^? :o hate au?ority1 :o 
despise law &  ord]1 & :o d5\nce !      
,con/itution because x /&s betwe5 !m  & 
a realization ( _! gre$y1 vici\s        
purposes4    ,ju/ice ,:ite fur!r says t 
!re is 8a gr[+ t5d5cy to suppose  t e   
wrong t exi/s1 despite ! sy/em1 & :i*   
w\ld be _m  times worse if ! sy/em did n
 exi/1 is attributable to x1 &  !re=e t 
! ,con/itution %\ld be disreg>d$ or     
ov]-?r[n04    ,! =ego+ are "s1 b n all (
 ! causes :i* weak5 ! fai?  ( ! p 9 !   
,con/itution4    ,n[ recogniz+ t !re is 
9 ?is ,nation a lack ( respect = !      
,con/itution1 & kn[+ some?+ ( ! causes  
:i* und]lie ?is  feel+1 & realiz+ t !   
,con/itution is 9 v tru? ! =tress  & !  
glory ( our republic1 :at is our duty8  

,! duty ( e man1 woman1 & *ild 9 ,am]ica
 is to def5d !  ,con/itution ) 8 life1  
if necess>y1 aga9/ ^? :o condemn &      
traduce & seek to de/roy4    ,b h[ %all 
we def5d x8 ,%all we oppose all am5dm5ts
 ( !  ,con/itution8 ,no1 by its v t]ms x
 is subject to am5dm5t2 b 9  contemplat+
 its am5dm5t1 we %\ld approa* ?is sacr$ 
docum5t 9  ! same rev]5t _s we w\ld h if
 we 7 ent]+ ^u "s holy  %r9e4 ,x is !   
p's ,con/itution2 x is _! "r to am5d x4 
,yea1 x is _! duty to am5d x1 if ^u due 
delib]ation1 ! rights (  ! :ole p c be  
bett] protect$ or en=c$4    ,compla9t is
 sometimes made because ( ! delay       
involv$ 9 its  am5dm5t2 b ! provisions (
 ! ,con/itution requir+ delib]ation  7  
wisely ins]t$4 ,x 0 int5d$ t fundam5tal 
pr9ciples %\ld  n be *ang$ "u !         
inspiration ( sudd5 passion4 ,x         
contemplat$  mature delib]ation4 ,!     
fa!rs ( ! ,republic 7 m9dful ( !  /orms 
:i* at times 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w _h swept 
! p to  de/ruction47#aae7    ,%all we   
rebuke ! p :o seek re=ms8 ,%all we decry

 progress or  *ange8 ,no1 we %\ld be !  
lead]s 9 all su* re=ms4 ,we %\ld aid  9 
guid+ public s5tim5t along *annels safe 
& s\nd &  con/itutional4 ,we %\ld give  
recognition to ! appeals ( ^? :o  w\ld  
light5 ! burd5s ( our bro!rs :o may be  
heavy lad54 ,we  %\ld aid 9 conv9c+ ! p 
t ! ,con/itution is no re/ra9t  ^u _!   
aspirations = high] & bett] ?+s2 t x is 
9 tru?  ! guide & inspiration to bett]  
?+s4    ,%all we condemn ^? :o ?r\gh    
lack ( k d n appreciate !  great value (
 ! ,con/itution8 ,no1 we %\ld tea* !m4  
,we %\ld lead  !m4 ,we %\ld inspire !m )
 love & v5]ation = ?is great  bulw>k (  
human fre$om4    ,we mu/ 9 v tru? become
 tea*]s ( all ! p4 ,we mu/ c>ry to  !m !
 light ( our k4 ,we mu/ po9t out to !m !
 rocks ^u  :i* o!r republics h be5      
wreck$47#aaf7    ,we mu/ tea* !m t 9 !  
,con/itution we f9d an absolute gu>anty 
( protection = life1 = lib]ty1 & =      
prop]ty rights4 ,t !re  is no man s     
l[ly1 t he _c po9t to ! ,con/itution z 8
 %ield  f ! acts ( ! tyrant1 t he _c    

po9t to 8 humble home z  8 8ca/le01 & "u
 ! sacr$ gu>anties ( ! ,con/itution defy
 all  ! unlawful =ce ( ! _w4    ,we mu/ 
tea* !m t x gu>antees ! inviolability ( 
contracts1 t  x prev5ts ev5 a great     
,/ate f tak+ ! life or prop]ty ( its    
humble/ citiz5 )\t a trial "u due       
process ( law1 t trial by  jury is      
pres]v$1 & t no man c be convict$ ( a   
crime )\t !  privilege ( be+ repres5t$  
by c\nsel1 & t no man c be  compell$ to 
be a witness aga9/ himself4    ,we mu/  
recall to !m ! awful trag$ies enact$ 9 !
 days ( old1  :]e1 "u ,/> ,*amb]        
proce$+s1 m5 7 depriv$ ( _! prop]ty  &  
_! lives ^u *>ges ( treason1 :i* 7 nev] 
prov52 & !n  we mu/ po9t out to !m !    
burn+ words ( ! ,con/itution1 :i*       
provides t no man c be f\nd guilty (    
treason )\t at lea/ two  witnesses to ! 
ov]t act4    ,we mu/ impress ^u !m !    
great tru?1 t !re is n n[1 &  nev] has  
be51 a sy/em ( gov]nm5t :i* c aboli%    
sorr[1 or  sickness1 or /ay ! h& ( dea?4
 ,t no gov]nm5t c help m5 :o  w n help  

!mselves2 t !re is no way 9 :i* any     
gov]nm5t c  br+ ri*es to ! indol5t1 nor 
bread to ^? :o w n toil4 ,we  mu/ combat
 ! false philosophy :i* assumes t all m5
 are equal 9  all ?+s1 because m5 are n 
equal1 except z "u ! ,con/itution  !y   
are equal be=e ! law4 ,no sy/em (       
legislation & no me?od (  gov]nm5t c    
equalize ! /rong ) ! weak1 ! wise ) !   
simple1 ! good ) ! bad4 ,:ile ,god gives
 to "s m5 wisdom &  %rewdness :i* o!rs d
 n possess1 :ile "s are broad %\ld]$1  )
 muscles ( /eel1 & o!rs are frail1 &    
tremble z !y walk1  !re w always be     
ri*es1 !re w always be pov]ty1 & any    
s*eme  = equaliz+ ! possessions ( m5 is 
b an idle dream :i* nev] c  be realiz$  
until m5 are made ov] into be+s )\t     
passion or pride  or ambition or        
selfi%ness4 ,d n let !m feel t its      
provisions are  int5d$ to protect only !
 ri* & p[]ful4 ,if ! "r ( a railway     
corporation to c]ta9 l&s is su/a9$ "u "s
 con/itutional  provision1 d n all[ ! p 
to assume t ?is provision exi/s  only = 

corporations1 b impress ^u !m t ! same  
con/itutional  provision :i* protects ! 
railway company 9 its rights1 may be    
invok$  9 def5se ( ! little home/ead out
 ^u ! prairies4    ,if "s desp]ado %\ld 
be acquitt$ because he invok$ !         
con/itutional requirem5t t he ^u 8 trial
 mu/ be confront$ by  ! witnesses aga9/ 
him1 rem9d ^? :o criticise t ?is same   
provision is made = _! sons :o may      
to-morr[ be unju/ly *>g$  ) a crime2    
impress ^u !m t x is impossible to h "o 
law =  ! guilty1 & ano!r = ! innoc5t2 & 
t "u our ,con/itution1  e man is presum$
 to be innoc5t until prov5 to be guilty4
    ,!n impress ^u ! p some?+ ( !       
wond]ful gr[? ( !  ,nation1 ! developm5t
 ( ! ,nation1 & ! progress ( !          
,nation--all  "u ! wise protection ( !  
,con/itution4 ,to ^? :o may be          
disc\rag$ 9 ! battle ( life1 & :o may   
attribute _! failure to  ! inju/ice (   
social conditions1 po9t out :at o!r m5 h
 done  "u ! same conditions1 ) no bett] 
opportunity1 & ask !m to  pond] ! "q z  

to :e!r _! failure is n to be attribut$ 
l>gely to _! own lack ( en]gy &         
det]m9ation47#aag7    ,& if !y po9t out 
abuses :i* d exi/1 ask !m to aid 9      
elim9at+ ^! abuses4 ,if half ! en]gy :i*
 is ex]t$ by e>ne/1  b misguid$ p1 9    
ef=ts to te> d[n our =m ( gov]nm5t1 7   
hone/ly appli$ 9 an ef=t to rem$y exi/+ 
evils 9 a con/itutional  way1 ^! p w\ld 
%[ t !y 7 patriots1 & at ! same "t  !y  
w\ld accompli% some?+ = _! c\ntry & _!  
fell[m547#aah7    ,too long h we be5    
sil5t :ile ! enemies ( our c\ntry h     
poison$ ! m9ds ( y\?1 yea1 & ( manhood &
 womanhood1 ) !  gospel ( treason4      
,^? :o despise & condemn ! ,con/itution 
h 9 ! pa/ t5 ye>s  _h m e>ne/ /ud5ts (  
_! vici\s doctr9es ?an h ^? :o  uphold !
 ,con/itution & prize _! lib]ties :i* ! 
,con/itution  gu>ds & protects4    ,all 
ov] ! l& e>ne/ m5 & wom5 are endeavor+  
to tea* ! great  tru? ( ,am]icanism1 & )
 sub/antial success2 b ^? :o  und]/&    
human nature realize t ! fai? ( our     
fa!rs c only be  firmly e/abli%$ by     

light+ ! fires ( patriotism & loyalty 9 
!  he>ts ( our *ildr54 ,?r\gh !m ! great
 tru?s ( our ,national life  c be br\ght
 into ! homes ( ! l&4    ,& ! ,nation w 
nev] be safe until ! ,con/itution is    
c>ri$ into  ! homes1 until at e fireside
 "y & old %all feel a new s5se (        
security 9 ! gu>anties :i* are f\nd 9   
?is great *>t] ( human  lib]ty1 & a new 
feel+ ( gratitude = ! bless+s :i* x     
assures  to ?is1 & to all future        
g5]ations4            ,,decl>ation ,,(  
,,indep5d5ce      ,:5 9 ! ,c\rse ( human
 ev5ts1 x becomes necess>y = "o p to    
dissolve ! political b&s :i* h connect$ 
!m ) ano!r1 &  to assume among ! ,p[]s (
 ! e>?1 ! sep>ate & equal /ation to  :i*
 ! ,laws ( ,nature & ( ,nature's ,god   
entitle !m1 a dec5t  respect to !       
op9ions ( mank9d requires t !y %\ld     
decl>e !  causes :i* impel !m to !      
sep>ation4    ,we hold ^! tru?s to be   
self-evid5t1 t all m5 are creat$ equal1 
t !y are end[$ by _! ,creator ) c]ta9   
unali5able ,rights1  t among ^! are     

,life1 ,lib]ty & ! pursuit ( ,happ9ess4 
,t to  secure ^! rights1 ,gov]nm5ts are 
in/itut$ among ,m51 d]iv+ _!  j p[]s f !
 cons5t ( ! gov]n$4 ,t :5ev] any =m (   
,gov]nm5t becomes de/ructive ( ^! ends1 
x is ! ,"r ( !  ,p to alt] or aboli% x1 
& to in/itute new ,gov]nm5t1 lay+ its   
f\ndation on su* pr9ciples & organiz+   
its p[]s 9 su* =m1 z  to !m %all seem   
mo/ likely to effect _! ,safety &       
,happ9ess4  ,prud5ce1 inde$1 w dictate t
 ,gov]nm5ts long e/abli%$ %\ld  n be    
*ang$ = light & transi5t causes2 &      
accord+ly all  exp]i5ce ha? %[n1 t      
mank9d are m dispos$ to suff]1 :ile     
evils are suff]able1 ?an to "r !mselves 
by aboli%+ ! =ms to  :i* !y are         
accu/om$4 ,b :5 a long tra9 ( abuses &  
usurpations1 pursu+ inv>iably ! same    
,object ev9ces a design to  r$uce !m "u 
absolute ,despotism1 x is _! "r1 x is _!
 duty1  to ?r[ (f su* ,gov]nm5t1 & to   
provide new ,gu>ds = _! future          
security4--,su* has be5 ! pati5t        
suff]ance ( ^! ,colonies2 & su*  is n[ !

 necessity :i* con/ra9s !m to alt] _!   
=m] ,sy/ems  ( ,gov]nm5t4 ,! hi/ory ( ! 
pres5t ,k+ ( ,great ,brita9 is a  hi/ory
 ( repeat$ injuries & usurpations1 all  
hav+ 9 direct object  ! e/abli%m5t ( an 
absolute ,tyranny ov] ^! ,/ates4 ,to    
prove ?is1  let ,facts be submitt$ to a 
c&id _w4    ,he has refus$ 8 ,ass5t to  
,laws1 ! mo/ :olesome & necess>y =  !   
public good4    ,he has =bidd5 8        
,gov]nors to pass ,laws ( imm$iate &    
press+  importance1 unless susp5d$ 9 _! 
op]ation till 8 ,ass5t %\ld be  obta9$2 
& :5 s susp5d$1 he has utt]ly neglect$  
to att5d to  !m4    ,he has refus$ to   
pass o!r ,laws = ! accommodation ( l>ge 
di/ricts  ( p1 unless ^? p w\ld rel9qui%
 ! "r (  ,repres5tation 9 !             
,legislature1 a "r ine/imable to !m &   
=midable to tyrants only4    ,he has    
call$ toge!r legislative bodies at      
places unusual1  uncom=table1 & di/ant f
 ! depository ( _! ,public ,records1  = 
! sole purpose ( fatigu+ !m into        
compliance ) 8 measures4    ,he has     

dissolv$ ,repres5tative ,h\ses          
repeat$ly1 = oppos+ ) manly  firmness 8 
invasion on ! rights ( ! p4    ,he has  
refus$ = a long "t1 aft] su*            
dissolutions1 to cause o!rs  to be      
elect$2 :]eby ! ,legislative ,p[]s1     
incapable ( ,annihilation1  h return$ to
 ! ,p at l>ge = _! ex]cise2 ! ,/ate     
rema9+ 9 ! mean "t expos$ to all !      
dang]s ( invasion f  )\t1 & convulsions 
)94    ,he has endeav\r$ to prev5t !    
population ( ^! ,/ates2 = t  purpose    
ob/ruct+ ! ,laws = ,naturalization (    
,=eign]s2 refus+ to  pass o!rs to       
enc\rage _! migration hi!r1 & rais+ !   
conditions ( new ,appropriations ( ,l&s4
    ,he has ob/ruct$ ! ,adm9i/ration (  
,ju/ice1 by refus+ 8 ,ass5t to  ,laws = 
e/abli%+ ,judici>y ,p[]s4    ,he has    
made ,judges dep5d5t on 8 ,w alone1 = ! 
t5ure ( _!  (fices1 & ! am\nt & paym5t (
 _! sal>ies4    ,he has erect$ a        
multitude ( ,new ,(fices1 & s5t hi!r    
sw>ms (  (fic]s to h>ass our ,p1 & eat  
out _! sub/ance4    ,he has kept among  

u1 9 times ( peace1 ,/&+ ,armies )\t !  
,cons5t ( our legislature4    ,he has   
affect$ to r5d] ! ,milit>y indep5d5t ( &
 sup]ior to !  ,civil ,p[]4    ,he has  
comb9$ ) o!rs to subject u to a         
jurisdiction =eign to our  con/itution1 
& unackn[l$g$ by our laws2 giv+ 8 ,ass5t
 to _!  ,acts ( pret5d$ ,legislation3   
,= qu>t]+ l>ge bodies ( arm$ troops     
among u3    ,= protect+ !m1 by a mock   
,trial1 f ,puni%m5t = any ,murd]s  :i*  
!y %\ld commit on ! ,inhabitants ( ^!   
,/ates3    ,= cutt+ (f our ,trade ) all 
p>ts ( ! _w3    ,= impos+ taxes on u )\t
 our ,cons5t3    ,= depriv+ u 9 _m      
cases1 ( ! b5efits ( ,trial by ,jury3   
,= transport+ u beyond ,seas to be tri$ 
= pret5d$ (f5ces3    ,= aboli%+ ! free  
,sy/em ( ,engli% ,laws 9 a neighb\r+    
,prov9ce1  e/abli%+ !re9 an ,arbitr>y   
gov]nm5t1 & enl>g+ its ,b\nd>ies  s z to
 r5d] x at once an example & fit        
in/rum5t = introduc+  ! same absolute   
rule into ^! ,colonies4    ,= tak+ away 
our ,*>t]s1 aboli%+ our mo/ valuable    

,laws1 &  alt]+ fundam5tally ! ,=ms (   
our ,gov]nm5t3    ,= susp5d+ our own    
,legislatures1 & decl>+ !mselves inve/$ 
) ,p[] to legislate = u 9 all cases     
:atsoev]4    ,he has abdicat$ ,gov]nm5t 
"h1 by decl>+ u out ( 8 ,protection  &  
wag+ ,w> aga9/ u4    ,he has plund]$ our
 seas1 ravag$ our ,coa/s1 burnt our     
t[ns1 &  de/roy$ ! lives ( our p4    ,he
 is at ?is "t transport+ l>ge armies (  
=eign m]c5>ies to  compleat ! works (   
dea?1 desolation & tyranny1 already     
begun )  circum/ances ( ,cruelty  p]fidy
 sc>cely p>allel 9 ! mo/ b>b>\s  ages1 &
 totally unwor?y ! ,head ( a civiliz$   
nation4    ,he has con/ra9$ our fell[   
,citiz5s tak5 ,captive on ! high ,seas  
to  be> ,arms aga9/ _! ,c\ntry1 to      
become ! execution]s ( _!  fri5ds &     
,bre?r51 or to fall !mselves by _! ,h&s4
    ,he has excit$ dome/ic insurrections
 among/ u1 & has endeav\r$ to  br+ on ! 
inhabitants ( our fronti]s1 ! m]ciless  
,indian ,savages1  ^: kn[n rule ( w>f>e1
 is an undi/+ui%$ de/ruction ( all      

ages1 sexes & conditions4    ,9 e /age (
 ^! ,oppressions ,we h ,petition$ =     
,r$ress 9 !  mo/ humble t]ms3 ,our      
repeat$ ,petitions h be5 answ]$ only by 
repeat$ injury4 ,a ,pr9ce1 ^: "* is ?us 
m>k$ by e act  :i* may def9e a ,tyrant1 
is unfit to be ! rul] ( a free ,p4      
,nor h ,we be5 want+ 9 att5tion to our  
,briti% bre?r54 ,we h  w>n$ !m f "t to  
"t ( attempts by _! legislature to ext5d
  an unw>rantable jurisdiction ov] u4   
,we h rem9d$ !m ( !  circum/ances ( our 
emigration & settlem5t "h4 ,we h appeal$
 to  _! native ju/ice & magnanimity1 &  
we h conjur$ !m by !  ties ( our common 
k9dr$ to disav[ ^! usurpations1 :i* w\ld
  inevitably int]rupt our connections & 
correspond5ce4 ,!y too h  be5 deaf to ! 
voice ( ju/ice & ( consangu9ity4 ,we    
mu/1  !re=e1 acquiesce 9 ! necessity1   
:i* d5\nces our ,sep>ation1 &  hold !m1 
z we hold ! re/ ( mank9d1 ,enemies 9    
,w>1 9 ,peace  ,fri5ds4    ,we1 !re=e1 !
 ,repres5tatives ( ! unit$ ,/ates (     
,am]ica1 9  ,g5]al ,congress1 ,assembl$1

 appeal+ to ! ,supreme ,judge ( ! _w  = 
! rectitude ( our int5tions1 d1 9 ! ,"n1
 & by ,au?ority (  ! good ,p ( ^!       
,colonies1 solemnly publi% & decl>e1 ,t 
^! ,unit$ ,colonies are1 & ( ,"r ought  
to be ,free & ,indep5d5t  ,/ates2 t !y  
are ,absolv$ f all ,allegiance to !     
,briti% ,cr[n1  & t all political       
connection betwe5 !m & ! ,/ate ( ,great 
,brita91 is & ought to be totally       
dissolv$2 & t z ,free &  ,indep5d5t     
,/ates1 !y h full ,p[] to levy ,w>1     
conclude ,peace1  contract ,alliances1  
e/abli% ,comm]ce1 & to d all o!r ,acts &
  ,?+s :i* ,indep5d5t ,/ates may ( "r d4
 ,& = ! support (  ?is ,decl>ation1 ) a 
firm reliance on ! ,protection ( ,div9e 
,provid5ce1 we mutually pl$ge to ea* o!r
 our ,lives1 our ,=tunes &  our sacr$   
,honor4            ,,con/itution ,,( ,,!
 ,,unit$ ,,/ates      ,we ! ,p ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates1 9 ,ord] to =m a m p]fect 
,union1  e/abli% ,ju/ice1 insure dome/ic
 ,tranquility1 provide = ! common       
def5ce1 promote ! g5]al ,welf>e1 &      

secure ! ,bless+s ( ,lib]ty  to         
ourselves & our ,po/]ity1 d orda9 &     
e/abli% ?is ,,con/itution  = ! ,unit$   
,/ates ( ,am]ica4    ,,article ,i4      
,section #a4 ,all legislative ,p[]s h]e9
 grant$ %all be ve/$ 9 a  ,congress ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* %all consi/ ( a      
,s5ate & ,h\se  ( ,repres5tatives4      
,section #b4 ,! ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives 
%all be compos$ ( ,memb]s  *os5 e second
 ,ye> by ! ,p ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 & !    
,electors 9 ea* ,/ate %all h !          
,qualification requisite = ,electors  ( 
! mo/ num]\s ,bran* ( ! ,/ate           
,legislature4    ,no ,p]son %all be a   
,repres5tative :o %all n h atta9$ to !  
,age  ( tw5ty-five ,ye>s1 & be5 sev5    
,ye>s a ,citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  & :o
 %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an ,inhabitant ( 
t ,/ate 9 :i*  he %all be *os54         
,repres5tatives & direct ,taxes %all be 
apportion$ among ! sev]al  ,/ates :i*   
may be includ$ )9 ?is ,union1 accord+ to
 _!  respective ,numb]s1 :i* %all be    
det]m9$ by add+ to ! :ole  ,numb] ( free

 ,p]sons1 includ+ ^? b\nd to ,s]vice = a
 ,t]m (  ,ye>s1 & exclud+ ,indians n    
tax$1 ?ree-fif?s ( all o!r ,p]sons4  ,! 
actual ,enum]ation %all be made )9 ?ree 
,ye>s aft] ! fir/  meet+ ( ! ,congress (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & )9 e subsequ5t  ,t]m
 ( t5 ,ye>s1 9 su* ,mann] z !y %all by  
,law direct4 ,! ,numb]  (               
,repres5tatives %all n exce$ "o = e     
?irty ,?\s&1 b  ea* ,/ate %all h at     
,lea/ "o ,repres5tative2 & until su*    
enum]ation %all be made1 ! ,/ate ( ,new 
,hamp%ire %all be entitl$ to  *use ?ree1
 ,massa*usetts eight1 ,rhode ,isl& &    
,provid5ce ,plantations  "o1            
,connecticut five1 ,new ,york six1 ,new 
,j]sey f\r1 ,p5nsylvania eight1         
,delaw>e "o1 ,m>yl& six1 ,virg9ia t51   
,nor? ,c>ol9a five1 ,s\?  ,c>ol9a five1 
& ,georgia ?ree4    ,:5 vacancies happ5 
9 ! ,repres5tation f any ,/ate1 !       
,executive  ,au?ority !re( %all issue   
,writs ( ,election1 to fill su*         
,vacancies4    ,! ,h\se (               
,repres5tatives %all *use _! ,speak] &  

o!r ,(fic]s2  & %all h ! sole ,p[] (    
,impea*m5t4    ,section #c4 ,! ,s5ate ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be compos$ ( two   
,s5ators f ea* ,/ate1 *os5 by !         
,legislatures !re(1 = six  ,ye>s2 & ea* 
,s5ator %all h "o ,vote4    ,imm$iately 
aft] !y %all be assembl$ 9 ,consequ5ce (
 ! fir/  ,election1 !y %all be divid$ z 
equally z may be into ?ree ,classes4  ,!
 ,seats ( ! ,s5ators ( ! fir/ ,class    
%all be vacat$ at !  ,expiration ( !    
second ,ye>1 ( ! second ,class at !     
,expiration (  ! f\r? ,ye>1 & ( ! ?ird  
,class at ! ,expiration ( ! six?  ,ye>1 
s t "o-?ird may be *os5 e second ,ye>2 &
 if ,vacancies  happ5 by ,resignation1  
or o!rwise1 dur+ ! ,recess ( !          
,legislature  ( any ,/ate1 ! ,executive 
!re( may make tempor>y ,appo9tm5ts      
7until  ! next ,meet+ ( ! ,legislature1 
:i* %all !n fill su*  ,vacancies74      
,no ,p]son %all be a ,s5ator :o %all n h
 atta9$ to ! ,age (  ?irty ,ye>s1 & be5 
n9e ,ye>s a ,citiz5 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &
 :o  %all n1 :5 elect$1 be an           

,inhabitant ( t ,/ate = :i* he %all  be 
*os54    ,! ,vice ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates %all be ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1  b 
%all h no ,vote1 unless !y be equally   
divid$4    ,! ,s5ate %all *use _! o!r   
,(fic]s1 & also a ,presid5t pro         
tempore1 9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,vice ,presid5t1
 or :5 he %all ex]cise  ! ,(fice (      
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4    ,!      
,s5ate %all h ! sole ,p[] to try all    
,impea*m5ts4 ,:5 sitt+  = t ,purpose1 !y
 %all be on ,oa? or ,affirmation4 ,:5 ! 
,presid5t  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is tri$1 ! 
,*ief ,ju/ice %all preside3 ,& no       
,p]son %all be convict$ )\t !           
,concurr5ce ( two-?irds ( !  ,memb]s    
pres5t4    ,judgm5t 9 ,cases (          
,impea*m5t %all n ext5d fur!r ?an to    
removal  f ,(fice1 & disqualification to
 hold & enjoy any ,(fice ( honor1  ,tru/
 or ,pr(it "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates3 b ! ,p>ty
 convict$ %all  nev]!less be liable &   
subject to ,indictm5t1 ,trial1 ,judgm5t 
&  ,puni%m5t1 accord+ to ,law4          
,section #d4 ,! ,times1 ,places & ,mann]

 ( hold+ ,elections = ,s5ators  &       
,repres5tatives1 %all be prescrib$ 9 ea*
 ,/ate by ! ,legislature  !re(2 b !     
,congress may at any "t by ,law make or 
alt] su*  ,regulations1 except z to !   
,places ( *us+ ,s5ators4    ,! ,congress
 %all assemble at lea/ once 9 e ,ye>1 & 
su* ,meet+  %all be on ! fir/ ,monday 9 
,decemb]1 unless !y %all by ,law appo9t 
a diff]5t ,day4    ,section #e4 ,ea*    
,h\se %all be ! ,judge ( ! ,elections1  
,returns &  ,qualifications ( its own   
,memb]s1 & a ,majority ( ea* %all       
con/itute  a ,quorum to d ,bus9ess2 b a 
small] ,numb] may adj\rn f day to day1  
& may be au?oriz$ to compel ! ,att5dance
 ( abs5t ,memb]s1 9 su*  ,mann]1 & "u   
su* ,p5alties z ea* ,h\se may provide4  
,ea* ,h\se may det]m9e ! ,rules ( its   
,proce$+s1 puni% its ,memb]s  =         
disord]ly ,behavior1 &1 ) ! ,concurr5ce 
( two-?irds1 expel a  ,memb]4    ,ea*   
,h\se %all keep a ,j\rnal ( its         
,proce$+s1 & f "t to "t  publi% ! same1 
except+ su* ,p>ts z may 9 _! ,judgm5t   

require  ,secrecy2 & ! ,yeas & ,nays ( !
 ,memb]s ( ei!r ,h\se on any  "q %all1  
at ! ,desire ( "o-fif? ( ^? ,pres5t1 be 
ent]$ on  ! ,j\rnal4    ,nei!r ,h\se1   
dur+ ! ,session ( ,congress1 %all1 )\t !
 ,cons5t  ( ! o!r1 adj\rn = m ?an ?ree  
days1 nor to any o!r ,place  ?an t 9 :i*
 ! two ,h\ses %all be sitt+4    ,section
 #f4 ,! ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives %all 
receive a ,comp5sation  = _! ,s]vices1  
to be asc]ta9$ by ,law1 & paid out ( !  
,treasury  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y %all 9
 all ,cases1 except ,treason1 ,felony & 
,brea* ( ! ,peace1 be privileg$ f ,arre/
 dur+ _! ,att5dance at  ! ,session ( _! 
respective ,h\ses1 & 9 go+ to & return+ 
f  ! same2 & = any ,spee* or ,debate 9  
ei!r ,h\se1 !y %all n be  que/ion$ 9 any
 o!r ,place4    ,no ,s5ator or          
,repres5tative %all1 dur+ ! ,"t = :i* he
 0  elect$1 be appo9t$ to any civil     
,(fice "u ! ,au?ority ( !  ,unit$       
,/ates1 :i* %all h be5 creat$1 or !     
,emolum5ts :]e(  %all h be5 increas$    
dur+ su* "t2 & no ,p]son hold+ any      

,(fice "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be a    
,memb] ( ei!r ,h\se dur+  8 ,cont9uance 
9 ,(fice4    ,section #g4 ,all ,bills = 
rais+ ,rev5ue %all orig9ate 9 ! ,h\se ( 
,repres5tatives2 b ! ,s5ate may propose 
or concur ) ,am5dm5ts z  on o!r ,bills4 
,e ,bill :i* %all h pass$ ! ,h\se (     
,repres5tatives & !  ,s5ate1 %all1 be=e 
x become a ,law1 be pres5t$ to !        
,presid5t (  ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,if he    
approve he %all sign x1 b if n1 he %all 
return x1 ) 8 ,objections to t ,h\se 9  
:i* x %all h  orig9at$1 :o %all ent] !  
,objections at l>ge on _! ,j\rnal1 &    
proce$ to reconsid] x4 ,if aft] su*     
,reconsid]ation two ?irds ( t  ,h\se    
%all agree to pass ! ,bill1 x %all be   
s5t1 toge!r ) !  ,objections1 to ! o!r  
,h\se1 by :i* x %all likewise be        
reconsid]$1 & if approv$ by two ?irds ( 
t ,h\se1 x %all become  a ,law4 ,b 9 all
 su* ,cases ! ,votes ( bo? ,h\ses %all  
be det]m9$  by ,yeas & ,nays1 & ! ,names
 ( ! ,p]sons vot+ = & aga9/ !  ,bill    
%all be ent]$ on ! ,j\rnal ( ea* ,h\se  

respectively4 ,if any  ,bill %all n be  
return$ by ! ,presid5t )9 t5 ,days      
7,sundays  except$7 aft] x %all h be5   
pres5t$ to him1 ! ,same %all be a  ,law1
 9 l ,mann] z if he _h sign$ x1 unless !
 ,congress by _!  ,adj\rnm5t prev5t its 
,return1 9 :i* ,case x %all n be a ,law4
    ,e ,ord]1 ,resolution1 or ,vote to  
:i* ! ,concurr5ce ( ! ,s5ate  & ,h\se ( 
,repres5tatives may be necess>y 7except 
on a "q (  ,adj\rnm5t7 %all be pres5t$  
to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 &     
be=e ! ,same %all take ,effect1 %all be 
approv$ by him1 or be+  disapprov$ by   
him1 %all be repass$ by two ?irds ( !   
,s5ate &  ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1      
accord+ to ! ,rules & ,limitations      
prescrib$ 9 ! ,case ( a ,bill4          
,section #h4 ,! ,congress %all h ,p[] to
 lay & collect ,taxes1 ,duties1  ,impo/s
 & ,excises1 to pay ! ,debts & provide =
 ! common ,def5ce  & g5]al ,welf>e ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates2 b all ,duties1 ,impo/s & 
,excises %all be uni=m ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ 
,/ates2    ,to borr[ money on ! cr$it ( 

! ,unit$ ,/ates2    ,to regulate        
,comm]ce ) =eign ,nations1 & among !    
,sev]al ,/ates1  & ) ! ,indian ,tribes2 
,to e/abli% an uni=m ,rule (            
,naturalization1 & uni=m ,laws on !     
subject ( ,bankruptcies ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$
 ,/ates2    ,to co9 ,money1 regulate !  
,value !re(1 & ( =eign ,co91 & fix  !   
,/&>d ( ,weights & ,measures2    ,to    
provide = ! ,puni%m5t ( c\nt]feit+ !    
,securities & curr5t  ,co9 ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates2    ,to e/abli% ,po/ ,(fices &   
po/ ,roads2    ,to promote ! ,progress (
 ,sci5ce & useful ,arts1 by secur+ =    
limit$ ,times to ,au?ors & ,inv5tors !  
exclusive ,"r to _!  respective ,writ+s 
& ,discov]ies2    ,to con/itute         
,tribunals inf]ior to ! supreme ,c\rt2  
,to def9e & puni% ,piracies & ,felonies 
committ$ on ! high ,seas &  ,(f5ces     
aga9/ ! ,law ( ,nations2    ,to decl>e  
,w>1 grant ,lett]s ( ,m>que & ,reprisal1
 & make ,rules  conc]n+ ,captures on ,l&
 & ,wat]2    ,to raise & support        
,armies1 b no ,appropriation ( ,money to

 t ,use  %all be = a long] ,t]m ?an two 
,ye>s2    ,to provide & ma9ta9 a ,navy2 
,to make ,rules = ! ,gov]nm5t &         
,regulation ( ! l& & naval  ,=ces2      
,to provide = call+ =? ! ,militia to    
execute ! ,laws ( ! ,union1  suppress   
,insurrections & repel ,invasions2      
,to provide = organiz+1 arm+1 &         
discipl9+ ! ,militia1 & =  gov]n+ su*   
,"p ( !m z may be employ$ 9 ! ,s]vice ( 
!  ,unit$ ,/ates1 res]v+ to ! ,/ates    
respectively1 ! ,appo9tm5t (  ! ,(fic]s1
 & ! ,au?ority ( tra9+ ! ,militia       
accord+ to !  discipl9e prescrib$ by    
,congress2    ,to ex]cise exclusive     
,legislation 9 all ,cases :atsoev]1 ov] 
su*  ,di/rict 7n exce$+ t5 ,miles squ>e7
 z may1 by ,cession ( p>ticul>  ,/ates1 
& ! acceptance ( ,congress1 become !    
,seat ( ! ,gov]nm5t  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
& to ex]cise l ,au?ority ov] all ,places
  pur*as$ by ! ,cons5t ( ! ,legislature 
( ! ,/ate 9 :i* ! ,same  %all be1 = !   
,erection ( ,=ts1 ,magaz9es1 ,ars5als1  
,dock-,y>ds &  o!r ne$ful ,build+s2--,& 

,to make all ,laws :i* %all be necess>y 
& prop] = c>ry+ into  ,execution ! =ego+
 ,p[]s1 & all o!r ,p[]s ve/$ by ?is     
,con/itution 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 or 9 any ,dep>tm5t  or ,(fic]   
!re(4    ,section #i4 ,! ,migration or  
,importation ( su* ,p]sons z any ( !    
,/ates n[ exi/+ %all ?9k prop] to admit1
 %all n be prohibit$  by ! ,congress    
prior to ! ,ye> "o ?\s& eight hundr$ &  
eight1  b a tax or duty may be impos$ on
 su* ,importation1 n exce$+ t5  doll>s =
 ea* ,p]son4    ,! ,privilege ( ! ,writ 
( ,habeas ,corpus %all n be susp5d$1    
unless  :5 9 ,cases ( ,rebellion or     
,invasion ! public ,safety may require  
x4    ,no ,bill ( ,atta9d] or ex po/    
facto ,law %all be pass$4    ,no        
,capitation1 or o!r direct ,tax %all be 
laid1 unless 9 ,proportion to  ! ,c5sus 
or ,enum]ation h]e9 be=e direct$ to be  
tak54    ,no tax or ,duty %all be laid  
on ,articles export$ f any ,/ate4    ,no
 ,pref]5ce %all be giv5 by any          
,regulation ( ,comm]ce or ,rev5ue to  ! 

,ports ( "o ,/ate ov] ^? ( ano!r2 nor   
%all ,vessels b\nd to1  or f1 "o ,/ate1 
be oblig$ to ent]1 cle>1 or pay ,duties 
9 ano!r4    ,no ,money %all be drawn f !
 ,treasury1 b 9 ,consequ5ce (           
,appropriations made by ,law2 & a regul>
 ,/atem5t & ,acc\nt ( !  ,receipts &    
,exp5ditures ( all ,public ,money %all  
be publi%$ f "t  to "t4    ,no ,title ( 
,nobility %all be grant$ by ! ,unit$    
,/ates3 ,& no ,p]son  hold+ any ,(fice (
 ,pr(it or ,tru/ "u !m1 %all1 )\t !     
,cons5t ( ! ,congress1 accept ( any     
pres5t1 ,emolum5t1 ,(fice1 or  ,title1 (
 any k9d :atev]1 f any ,k+1 ,pr9ce1 or  
,=eign ,/ate4    ,section #aj4 ,no ,/ate
 %all ent] into any ,treaty1 ,alliance1 
or  ,conf$]ation2 grant ,lett]s ( ,m>que
 & ,reprisal2 co9 ,money2 emit  ,bills (
 ,cr$it2 make any?+ b gold & silv] ,co9 
a ,t5d] 9  ,paym5t ( ,debts2 pass any   
,bill ( ,atta9d]1 ex po/ facto law1 or  
,law  impair+ ! ,obligation (           
,contracts1 or grant any ,title (       
,nobility4    ,no ,/ate %all1 )\t !     

,cons5t ( ! ,congress1 lay any ,impo/s  
or  ,duties on ,imports or ,exports1    
except :at may be absolutely necess>y = 
execut+ its inspection4 ,laws3 & ! net  
,produce ( all ,duties &  ,impo/s1 laid 
by any ,/ate on ,imports or ,exports1   
%all be = ! ,use (  ! ,treasury ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates2 & all ( su* ,laws %all be
 subject  to ! ,revision & ,control ( ! 
,congress4    ,no ,/ate %all1 )\t !     
,cons5t ( ,congress1 lay any duty (     
,tonnage1  keep ,troops1 or ,%ips ( ,w> 
9 "t ( ,peace1 ent] into any ,agreem5t  
or  ,compact ) ano!r ,/ate1 or ) a =eign
 ,p[]1 or engage 9 ,w>1  unless actually
 invad$1 or 9 su* imm95t ,dang] z w n   
admit (  ,delay4    ,,article ,,ii4     
,! executive ,p[] %all be ve/$ 9 a      
,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates (  ,am]ica4 
,he %all hold 8 ,(fice dur+ ! ,t]m (    
,f\r ,ye>s1 &1  toge!r ) ! ,vice        
,presid5t1 *os5 = ! same ,t]m1 be       
elect$1 z  foll[s    ,ea* ,/ate %all    
appo9t1 9 su* ,mann] z ! ,legislature   
!re( may  direct1 a ,numb] ( ,electors1 

equal to ! :ole ,numb] ( ,s5ators &     
,repres5tatives to :i* ! ,/ate may be   
entitl$ 9 ! ,congress3 b no  ,s5ator or 
,repres5tative1 or p]son hold+ an ,(fice
 ( ,tru/ or ,pr(it  "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
%all be appo9t$ z ,elector4    ,!       
,electors %all meet 9 _! respective     
,/ates1 & vote by ,ballot =  two p]sons1
 ( :om "o at lea/ %all n be an          
,inhabitant ( ! same  ,/ate ) !mselves4 
,& !y %all make a ,li/ ( all ! ,p]sons  
vot$  =1 & ( ! ,numb] ( ,votes = ea*2   
:i* ,li/ !y %all sign &  c]tify1 &      
transmit seal$ to ! ,seat ( ! ,gov]nm5t 
( ! ,unit$  ,/ates1 direct$ to !        
,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate4 ,! ,presid5t ( !  
,s5ate %all1 9 ! ,pres5ce ( ! ,s5ate &  
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives1  op5 all !     
,c]tificates1 & ! ,votes %all !n be     
c\nt$4 ,! ,p]son  hav+ ! greate/ ,numb] 
( ,votes %all be ! ,presid5t1 if su*    
,numb]  be a ,majority ( ! :ole ,numb] (
 ,electors appo9t$2 & if !re be  m ?an  
"o :o h su* ,majority1 & h an equal     
,numb] ( ,votes1  !n ! ,h\se (          

,repres5tatives %all imm$iately *use by 
,ballot "o (  !m = ,presid5t2 & if no   
,p]son h a ,majority1 !n f ! five       
highe/ on ! ,li/ ! said ,h\se %all 9 l  
,mann] *use !  ,presid5t4 ,b 9 *us+ !   
,presid5t1 ! ,votes %all be tak5 by     
,/ates1 ! ,repres5tation f ea* ,/ate    
hav+ "o ,vote2 ,a quorum =  ?is ,purpose
 %all consi/ ( a ,memb] or ,memb]s f    
two-?irds ( !  ,/ates1 & a ,majority (  
all ! ,/ates %all be necess>y to a      
,*oice4  ,9 e ,case1 ,aft] ! ,*oice ( ! 
,presid5t1 ! ,p]son hav+ !  greate/     
numb] ( ,votes ( ! ,electors %all be !  
,vice ,presid5t4 ,b  if !re %\ld rema9  
two or m :o h equal ,votes1 ! ,s5ate    
%all  *use f !m by ,ballot ! ,vice      
,presid5t4    ,! ,congress may det]m9e !
 ,"t ( *us+ ! ,electors1 & ! ,day  on   
:i* !y %all give _! ,votes2 :i* ,day    
%all be ! same  ?r\gh\t ! ,unit$ ,/ates4
    ,no p]son except a natural born     
,citiz51 or a ,citiz5 ( ! ,unit$        
,/ates1 at ! "t ( ! ,adoption ( ?is     
,con/itution1 %all be  eligible to !    

,(fice ( ,presid5t2 nei!r %all any      
,p]son be eligible  to t ,(fice :o %all 
n h atta9$ ! age ( ?irty-five ye>s1  &  
be5 f\rte5 ,ye>s a ,resid5t )9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4    ,9 ,case ( ! ,removal ( !    
,presid5t f ,(fice1 or ( 8 ,dea?1       
,resignation or ,inability to dis*>ge ! 
,p[]s & ,duties ( said  ,(fice1 ! ,same 
%all devolve on ! ,vice ,presid5t1 & !  
,congress may  by ,law provide = ! ,case
 ( ,removal1 ,dea?1 ,resignations1 or   
,inability1  bo? ( ! ,presid5t & ,vice  
,presid5t1 decl>+ :at ,(fic] %all  !n   
act z ,presid5t1 & su* ,(fic] %all act  
accord+ly1 until !  ,disability be      
remov$1 or a ,presid5t %all be elect$4  
,! ,presid5t %all1 at /at$ ,times1      
receive = 8 ,s]vices1 a  ,comp5sation1  
:i* %all nei!r be increas$ nor dim9i%$  
dur+ !  ,p]iod = :i* he %all h be5      
elect$1 & he %all n receive  )9 t ,p]iod
 any o!r ,emolum5t f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or
 any (  !m4    ,be=e he ent] on !       
,execution ( 8 ,(fice1 he %all take !   
foll[+ ,oa? or ,affirmation3--8,i d     

solemnly swe> 7or affirm7 t ,i  w       
fai?fully execute ! ,(fice ( ,presid5t (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 &  w to ! be/ ( my    
,ability1 pres]ve1 protect & def5d !    
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates40        
,section #b4 ,! ,presid5t %all be       
,comm&] 9 ,*ief ( ! ,army & ,navy  ( !  
,unit$ ,/ates1 & ( ! ,militia ( ! sev]al
 ,/ates1 :5  call$ into ! actual ,s]vice
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 he may require !    
,op9ion1 9 writ+1 ( ! pr9cipal ,(fic] 9 
ea* ( ! executive  ,dep>tm5ts1 ^u any   
,subject relat+ to ! ,duties ( _!       
respective  ,(fices1 & he %all h ,p[] to
 grant ,reprieves & ,p>dons =  ,(f5ces  
aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 except 9 ,cases (
 ,impea*m5t4    ,he %all h ,p[]1 by & ) 
! ,advice & ,cons5t ( ! ,s5ate1 to  make
 ,treaties1 provid$ two ?irds ( !       
,s5ators pres5t concur2 & he  %all      
nom9ate1 & by & ) ! ,advice & ,cons5t ( 
! ,s5ate1  %all appo9t ,ambassadors1 o!r
 public ,m9i/]s & ,consuls1 ,judges (  !
 supreme ,c\rt1 & all o!r ,(fic]s ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 ^:  ,appo9tm5ts are n    

h]e9 o!rwise provid$ =1 & :i* %all be   
e/abli%$ by ,law3 b ! ,congress may by  
,law ve/ ! ,appo9tm5t (  su* inf]ior    
,(fic]s1 z !y ?9k prop]1 9 ! ,presid5t  
alone1 9  ! ,c\rts ( ,law1 or 9 ! ,heads
 ( ,dep>tm5ts4    ,! ,presid5t %all h   
,p[] to fill up all ,vacancies t may    
happ5  dur+ ! recess ( ! ,s5ate1 by     
grant+ ,commissions :i* %all  expire at 
! ,end ( _! next ,session4    ,section  
#c4 ,he %all f "t to "t give to !       
,congress ,in=mation (  ! /ate ( !      
,union1 & recomm5d to _! ,consid]ation  
su* ,measures  z he %all judge necess>y 
& exp$i5t2 he may1 on extraord9>y       
,occasions1 conv5e bo? ,h\ses1 or ei!r (
 !m1 & 9 ,case (  ,disagreem5t betwe5   
!m1 ) ,respect to ! ,"t ( ,adj\rnm5t1 he
 may  adj\rn !m to su* ,"t z he %all ?9k
 prop]2 he %all receive  ,ambassadors & 
o!r public ,m9i/]s2 he %all take ,c>e t 
! ,laws  be fai?fully execut$1 & %all   
,commission all ! ,(fic]s ( !  ,unit$   
,/ates4    ,section #d4 ,! ,presid5t1   
,vice ,presid5t & all civil ,(fic]s ( ! 

,unit$ ,/ates1 %all be remov$ f ,(fice  
on ,impea*m5t =1 &  ,conviction (1      
,treason1 ,brib]y1 or o!r high ,crimes &
 ,misdemeanors4    ,,article ,,iii4     
,section #a4 ,! judicial ,p[] ( ! ,unit$
 ,/ates %all be ve/$ 9 "o  supreme      
,c\rt1 & 9 su* inf]ior ,c\rts z !       
,congress may f "t  to "t orda9 &       
e/abli%4 ,! ,judges1 bo? ( ! supreme &  
inf]ior  ,c\rts1 %all hold _! ,(fices   
dur+ good ,behavi\r1 & %all1 at  /at$   
,times1 receive = _! ,s]vices1 a        
,comp5sation :i* %all n  be dim9i%$ dur+
 _! ,cont9uance 9 ,(fice4    ,section   
#b4 ,! judicial ,p[] %all ext5d to all  
,cases1 9 ,law &  ,equity1 aris+ "u ?is 
,con/itution1 ! ,laws ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1
  & ,treaties made1 or :i* %all be made1
 "u _! ,au?ority2--to all  ,cases       
affect+ ,ambassadors1 o!r public ,m9i/]s
 & ,consuls2--to all  ,cases ( admiralty
 & m>itime ,jurisdiction2--to           
,controv]sies to :i*  ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
%all be a p>ty2--to ,controv]sies betwe5
 two or m  ,/ates2--betwe5 a ,/ate &    

,citiz5s ( ano!r ,/ate2--betwe5 ,citiz5s
 (  diff]5t ,/ates2--betwe5 ,citiz5s ( !
 same ,/ate claim+ ,l&s "u  ,grants (   
diff]5t ,/ates1 & betwe5 a ,/ate1 or !  
,citiz5s !re(1  & =eign ,/ates1 ,citiz5s
 or ,subjects4    ,9 all ,cases affect+ 
,ambassadors1 o!r public ,m9i/]s &      
,consuls1  & ^? 9 :i* a ,/ate %all be a 
,p>ty1 ! supreme ,c\rt %all h  orig9al  
,jurisdiction4 ,9 all ! o!r ,cases be=e 
m5tion$1 !  supreme ,c\rt %all h        
appellate ,jurisdiction1 bo? z to ,law &
 ,fact1  ) su* ,exceptions1 & "u su*    
,regulations z ! ,congress %all  make4  
,! trial ( all ,crimes1 except 9 ,cases 
( ,impea*m5t1 %all be by ,jury1  & su*  
,trial %all be held 9 ! ,/ate :]e ! said
 ,crimes %all h  be5 committ$2 b :5 n   
committ$ )9 any ,/ate1 ! ,trial %all  be
 at su* ,place or ,places z ! ,congress 
may by ,law h direct$4    ,section #c4  
,treason aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 %all    
consi/ only 9  levy+ ,w> aga9/ !m1 or 9 
adh]+ to _! ,enemies1 giv+ !m ,aid  &   
,com=t4 ,no p]son %all be convict$ (    

,treason unless on !  ,te/imony ( two   
,witnesses to ! same ov]t ,act1 or on   
,confession 9 op5  ,c\rt4    ,!         
,congress %all h p[] to decl>e !        
,puni%m5t ( ,treason1 b no  ,atta9d] (  
,treason %all "w ,corruption ( ,blood1  
or ,=feiture except  dur+ ! ,life ( !   
,p]son atta9t$4    ,,article ,,iv4      
,section #a4 ,full ,fai? & ,cr$it %all  
be giv5 9 ea* ,/ate to !  public ,acts1 
,records & judicial ,proce$+s ( e o!r   
,/ate4 ,&  ! ,congress may by g5]al     
,laws prescribe ! ,mann] 9 :i* su*      
,acts1  ,records & ,proce$+s %all be    
prov$1 & ! ,effect !reon4    ,section   
#b4 ,! ,citiz5s ( ea* ,/ate %all be     
entitl$ to all ,privileges  &           
,immunities ( ,citiz5s 9 ! sev]al       
,/ates4    ,a ,p]son *>g$ 9 any ,/ate ) 
,treason1 ,felony1 or o!r ,crime1 :o    
%all flee f ,ju/ice1 & be f\nd 9 ano!r  
,/ate1 %all on dem& (  ! executive      
,au?ority ( ! ,/ate f :i* he fl$1 be    
deliv]$ up1  to be remov$ to ! ,/ate    
hav+ ,jurisdiction ( ! ,crime4    ,no   

,p]son held to ,s]vice or ,lab\r 9 "o   
,/ate1 "u ! ,laws !re(1  escap+ into    
ano!r1 %all1 9 ,consequ5ce ( any ,law or
 ,regulation  !re91 be dis*>g$ f su*    
s]vice or ,lab\r1 b %all be deliv]$  up 
on ,claim ( ! ,p>ty to :om su* ,s]vice  
or ,lab\r may be due4    ,section #h4   
,new ,/ates may be admitt$ by !         
,congress into ?is ,union2 b  no new    
,/ate %all be =m$ or erect$ )9 !        
,jurisdiction ( any  o!r ,/ate2 nor any 
,/ate be =m$ by ! ,junction ( two or m  
,/ates1 or p>ts ( ,/ates1 )\t ! ,cons5t 
( ! ,legislatures ( !  ,/ates conc]n$ z 
well z ( ! ,congress4    ,! ,congress   
%all h ,p[] to dispose ( & make all     
ne$ful ,rules &  ,regulations respect+ !
 ,t]ritory or o!r prop]ty belong+ to !  
,unit$ ,/ates2 & no?+ 9 ?is ,con/itution
 %all be s con/ru$ z  to ,prejudice any 
,claims ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 or ( any     
p>ticul> ,/ate4    ,section #d4 ,!      
,unit$ ,/ates %all gu>antee to e ,/ate 9
 ?is ,union  a ,republican ,=m (        
,gov]nm5t1 & %all protect ea* ( !m aga9/

  invasion2 & on ,application ( !       
,legislature1 or ( ! ,executive 7:5  !  
,legislature _c be conv5$7 aga9/ dome/ic
 ,viol5ce4    ,,article ,v4    ,!       
,congress1 :5ev] two ?irds ( bo? ,h\ses 
%all deem x necess>y1  %all propose     
,am5dm5ts to ?is ,con/itution1 or1 on ! 
,application (  ! ,legislatures ( two   
?irds ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all call a    
,conv5tion = propos+ ,am5dm5ts1 :i*1 9  
ei!r ,case1 %all be valid  to all       
,int5ts & ,purposes1 z ,"p ( ?is        
,con/itution1 :5 ratifi$  by !          
,legislatures ( ?ree-f\r?s ( ! sev]al   
,/ates1 or by  ,conv5tions 9 ?ree-f\r?s 
!re(1 z ! "o or ! o!r ,mode (           
,ratification may be propos$ by !       
,congress2 ,provid$ t no ,am5dm5t  :i*  
may be made prior to ! ,ye> ,"o ?\s&    
eight hundr$ & eight  %all 9 any ,mann] 
affect ! fir/ & f\r? ,clauses 9 ! ,n9?  
,section ( ! fir/ ,article2 & t no      
,/ate1 )\t its ,cons5t1  %all be depriv$
 ( its equal ,suffrage 9 ! ,s5ate4      
,,article ,,vi4    ,all ,debts contract$

 & ,engagem5ts ent]$ into1 be=e !       
,adoption (  ?is ,con/itution1 %all be z
 valid aga9/ ! ,unit$ ,/ates "u ?is     
,con/itution1 z "u ! ,conf$]ation4      
,?is ,con/itution1 & ! ,laws ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates :i* %all be made  9 ,pursuance   
!re(2 & all ,treaties made1 or :i* %all 
be made1 "u  ! ,au?ority ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates1 %all be ! supreme ,law ( ! ,l&2 
& ! ,judges 9 e ,/ate %all be b\nd      
!reby1 any ,?+ 9 !  ,con/itution or     
,laws ( any ,/ate to ! ,contr>y not)/&+4
    ,! ,s5ators & ,repres5tatives be=e  
m5tion$1 & ! ,memb]s ( !  sev]al ,/ate  
,legislatures1 & all executive &        
judicial ,(fic]s1 bo?  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 & ( ! sev]al ,/ates1 %all be b\nd by   
,oa? or  ,affirmation1 to support ?is   
,con/itution2 b no religi\s ,te/ %all   
ev] be requir$ z a ,qualification to any
 ,(fice or public ,tru/ "u  ! ,unit$    
,/ates4    ,,article ,,vii4    ,!       
,ratification ( ! ,conv5tions ( n9e     
,/ates %all be suffici5t =  !           
,e/abli%m5t ( ?is ,con/itution betwe5 ! 

,/ates s ratify+ !  ,same4    ,,done 9  
,conv5tion by ! ,unanim\s ,cons5t ( !   
,/ates pres5t !  ,sev5te5? ,day (       
,septemb] 9 ! ,ye> ( our ,"l "o ?\s&    
sev5  hundr$ & ,eighty sev51 & ( !      
,indep5d5ce ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates (  ,am]ica
 ! ,twelf?4 ,9 ,witness :]e( ,we h      
h]eunto subscrib$ our  ,names1    ,g4   
,wa%+ton    ,presidt4 & ,deputy f       
,virg9ia            ,,articles ,,9      
,,addition ,,to1 ,,& ,,am5dm5t ,,( ,,!  
,,con/itution ,,( ,,! ,,unit$  ,,/ates  
,,( ,,am]ica1 ,,propos$ ,,by ,,congress1
 ,,& ,,ratifi$ ,,by ,,! ,,legislatures  
,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,/ates ,,pursuant ,,to
 ,,! ,,fif? ,,article ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al 
,,con/itution      ,,article ,i4        
,congress %all make no law respect+ an  
e/abli%m5t ( religion1 or  prohibit+ !  
free ex]cise !re(2 or abridg+ ! fre$om (
 spee*1  or ( ! press2 or ! "r ( ! p    
peaceably to assemble1 & to  petition ! 
,gov]nm5t = a r$ress ( grievances4      
,,article ,,ii4    ,a well regulat$     
,militia1 be+ necess>y to ! security ( a

 free ,/ate1  ! "r ( ! p to keep & be>  
,arms1 %all n be infr+$4    ,,article   
,,iii4    ,no ,soldi] %all1 9 "t (      
peace1 be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se1 )\t !      
cons5t ( ! ,own]1 nor 9 "t ( w>1 b 9 a  
mann] to be prescrib$  by law4          
,,article ,,iv4    ,! "r ( ! p to be    
secure 9 _! p]sons1 h\ses1 pap]s1 &     
effects1 aga9/ unreasonable se>*es &    
seizures1 %all n be  violat$1 & no      
,w>rants %all issue1 b ^u probable      
cause1 support$  by ,oa? or affirmation1
 & p>ticul>ly describ+ ! place to be    
se>*$1 & ! p]sons or ?+s to be seiz$4   
,,article ,v4    ,no p]son %all be held 
to answ] = a capital1 or o!rwise infam\s
  crime1 unless on a pres5tm5t or       
indictm5t ( a ,gr& ,jury1 except 9      
cases aris+ 9 ! l& or naval =ces1 or 9 !
 ,militia1 :5 9  actual s]vice 9 "t (   
,w> or public dang]2 nor %all any p]son 
be  subject = ! same (f5ce to be twice  
put 9 jeop>dy ( life or limb2  nor %all 
be compell$ 9 any crim9al case to be a  
witness aga9/  himself1 nor be depriv$ (

 life1 lib]ty1 or prop]ty1 )\t due      
process ( law2 nor %all private prop]ty 
be tak5 = public use1  )\t j            
comp5sation4    ,,article ,,vi4    ,9   
all crim9al prosecutions1 ! accus$ %all 
enjoy ! "r to a  spe$y & public trial1  
by an imp>tial jury1 ( ! ,/ate & di/rict
  :]e9 ! crime %all h be5 committ$1 :i* 
di/rict %all h  be5 previ\sly asc]ta9$  
by law1 & to be in=m$ ( ! nature &      
cause ( ! accusation2 to be confront$ ) 
! witnesses aga9/ him2  to h compulsory 
process = obta9+ witnesses 9 8 favor1 & 
to  h ! ,assi/ance ( ,c\nsel = 8 def5ce4
    ,,article ,,vii4    ,9 suits at     
common law1 :]e ! value 9 controv]sy    
%all exce$ tw5ty  doll>s1 ! "r ( trial  
by jury %all be pres]v$1 & no fact tri$ 
by a jury %all be o!rwise re-exam9$ 9   
any ,c\rt ( ! ,unit$  ,/ates1 ?an       
accord+ to ! rules ( ! common law4      
,,article ,,viii4    ,excessive bail    
%all n be requir$1 nor excessive f9es   
impos$1 nor  cruel & unusual puni%m5ts  
inflict$4    ,,article ,,ix4    ,!      

enum]ation 9 ! ,con/itution1 ( c]ta9    
rights1 %all n be  con/ru$ to d5y or    
disp>age o!rs reta9$ by ! p4            
,,article ,x4    ,! p[]s n delegat$ to !
 ,unit$ ,/ates by ! ,con/itution1 nor   
prohibit$ by x to ! ,/ates1 are res]v$  
to ! ,/ates respectively1  or to ! p4   
,,article ,,xi4    ,! ,judicial p[] ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates %all n be con/ru$ to ext5d
  to any suit 9 law or equity1 comm5c$  
or prosecut$ aga9/ "o ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates
 by ,citiz5s ( ano!r ,/ate1 or by       
,citiz5s or ,subjects (  any ,=eign     
,/ate4    ,,article ,,xii4    ,!        
,electors %all meet 9 _! respective     
/ates & vote by ballot =  ,presid5t &   
,vice-,presid5t1 "o ( :om1 at lea/1 %all
 n be an  inhabitant ( ! same /ate )    
!mselves2 !y %all "n 9 _!  ballots !    
p]son vot$ = z ,presid5t1 & 9 di/9ct    
ballots !  p]son vot$ = z               
,vice-,presid5t1 & !y %all make di/9ct  
li/s (  all p]sons vot$ = z ,presid5t1 &
 ( all p]sons vot$ = z  ,vice-,presid5t1
 & ( ! numb] ( votes = ea*1 :i* li/s !y 

%all sign & c]tify1 & transmit seal$ to 
! seat ( ! gov]nm5t  ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 
direct$ to ! ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate2--,!  
,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate %all1 9 pres5ce ( !
 ,s5ate & ,h\se (  ,repres5tatives1 op5 
all ! c]tificates & ! votes %all !n be  
c\nt$2--,! p]son hav+ ! greate/ numb] ( 
votes = ,presid5t1  %all be ! ,presid5t1
 if su* numb] be a majority ( ! :ole    
numb]  ( ,electors appo9t$2 & if no     
p]son h su* majority1 !n f !  p]sons    
hav+ ! highe/ numb]s n exce$+ ?ree on ! 
li/ (  ^? vot$ = z ,presid5t1 ! ,h\se ( 
,repres5tatives %all *oose  imm$iately1 
by ballot1 ! ,presid5t4 ,b 9 *oos+ !    
,presid5t1 !  votes %all be tak5 by     
/ates1 ! repres5tation f ea* /ate hav+  
"o vote2 a quorum = ?is purpose %all    
consi/ ( a memb] or memb]s  f two-?irds 
( ! /ates1 & a majority ( all ! /ates   
%all be  necess>y to a *oice4 ,& if !   
,h\se ( ,repres5tatives %all n  *oose a 
,presid5t :5ev] ! "r ( *oice %all       
devolve ^u !m1  be=e ! f\r? day ( ,m>*  
next foll[+1 !n ! ,vice-,presid5t  %all 

act z ,presid5t1 z 9 ! case ( ! dea? or 
o!r  con/itutional disability ( !       
,presid5t4--,! p]son hav+ ! greate/     
numb] ( votes z ,vice-,presid5t1 %all be
 ! ,vice-,presid5t1 if su*  numb] be a  
majority ( ! :ole numb] ( ,electors     
appo9t$1 & if no  p]son h a majority1 !n
 f ! two highe/ numb]s on ! li/1 !      
,s5ate %all *oose ! ,vice-,presid5t2 a  
quorum = ! purpose %all  consi/ (       
two-?irds ( ! :ole numb] ( ,s5ators1 & a
 majority (  ! :ole numb] %all be       
necess>y to a *oice4 ,b no p]son        
con/itutionally ineligible to ! (fice ( 
,presid5t %all be eligible  to t (      
,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4      
,,article ,,xiii4    ,section #a4 ,nei!r
 slav]y nor involunt>y s]vitude1 except 
z a  puni%m5t = crime :]e( ! p>ty %all h
 be5 duly convict$1  %all exi/ )9 !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 or any place subject to  
_!  jurisdiction4    ,section #b4       
,congress %all h p[] to en=ce ?is       
article by  appropriate legislation4    
,,article ,,xiv4    ,section #a4 ,all   

p]sons born or naturaliz$ 9 ! ,unit$    
,/ates1 &  subject to ! jurisdiction    
!re(1 are citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates &  (
 ! ,/ate :]e9 !y reside4 ,no ,/ate %all 
make or en=ce any law  :i* %all abridge 
! privileges or immunities ( citiz5s ( !
 ,unit$  ,/ates2 nor %all any ,/ate     
deprive any p]son ( life1 lib]ty1 or    
prop]ty1 )\t due process ( law2 nor d5y 
to any p]son )9 its  jurisdiction !     
equal protection ( ! laws4    ,section  
#b4 ,repres5tatives %all be apportion$  
among ! sev]al ,/ates  accord+ to _!    
respective numb]s1 c\nt+ ! :ole numb] ( 
p]sons 9 ea* ,/ate1 exclud+ ,indians n  
tax$4 ,b :5 ! "r to  vote at any        
election = ! *oice ( electors =         
,presid5t &  ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates1 ,repres5tatives 9 ,congress1 !  
,executive & ,judicial (fic]s ( a ,/ate1
 or ! memb]s ( !  ,legislature !re(1 is 
d5i$ to any ( ! male inhabitants ( su*  
,/ate1 be+ tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age1 &       
citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  or 9 any way
 abridg$1 except = p>ticipation 9       

rebellion1 or o!r  crime1 ! basis (     
repres5tation !re9 %all be r$uc$ 9 !    
proportion :i* ! numb] ( su* male       
citiz5s %all be> to ! :ole  numb] ( male
 citiz5s tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age 9 su*      
,/ate4    ,section #c4 ,no p]son %all be
 a ,s5ator or ,repres5tative 9          
,congress1 or  elector ( ,presid5t &    
,vice-,presid5t1 or hold any (fice1     
civil or  milit>y1 "u ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
or "u any ,/ate1 :o1 hav+  previ\sly    
tak5 an oa?1 z a memb] ( ,congress1 or z
 an (fic] ( !  ,unit$ ,/ates1 or z a    
memb] ( any ,/ate ,legislature1 or z an 
executive  or judicial (fic] ( any      
,/ate1 to support ! ,con/itution ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates1 %all h engag$ 9          
insurrection or rebellion aga9/ !  same1
 or giv5 aid or com=t to ! enemies !re(4
 ,b ,congress may1 by  a vote (         
two-?irds ( ea* ,h\se1 remove su*       
disability4    ,section #d4 ,! validity 
( ! public debt ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1      
au?oriz$ by law1 includ+ debts incurr$ =
 paym5t ( p5sions &  b\nties = s]vices 9

 suppress+ insurrection or rebellion1   
%all n  be que/ion$4 ,b nei!r ! ,unit$  
,/ates nor any o!r ,/ate %all  assume to
 pay any debt or obligation incurr$ 9   
aid ( insurrection or  rebellion aga9/ !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 or any claim = ! loss or
  emancipation ( any slave2 b all su*   
debts1 obligations & claims  %all be    
held illegal & void4    ,section #e4 ,! 
,congress %all h p[] to en=ce1 by       
appropriate  legislation1 ! provisions (
 ?is article4    ,,article ,,xv         
,section #a4 ,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates to vote %all n be  d5i$ or       
abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates or by any    
,/ate on acc\nt (  race1 color1 or      
previ\s condition ( s]vitude4           
,section #b4 ,! ,congress %all h p[] to 
en=ce ?is article by  appropriate       
legislation4    ,,article ,,xvi    ,!   
,congress %all h p[] to lay & collect   
taxes on incomes1 f  :atev] s\rce d]iv$1
 )\t apportionm5t among ! sev]al ,/ates1
  & )\t reg>d to any c5sus or           
enum]ation4    ,,article ,,xvii    ,!   

,s5ate ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates %all be compos$
 ( two ,s5ators f  ea* ,/ate1 elect$ by 
! p !re(1 = six ye>s2 & ea* ,s5ator     
%all h "o vote4 ,! electors 9 ea* ,/ate 
%all h !  qualifications requisite =    
electors ( ! mo/ num]\s bran* ( !  ,/ate
 legislatures4    ,:5 vacancies happ5 9 
! repres5tation ( any ,/ate 9 ! ,s5ate1 
! executive au?ority ( su* ,/ate %all   
issue writs ( election to  fill su*     
vacancies3 ,provid$1 ,t ! legislature ( 
any ,/ate may  emp[] ! executive !re( to
 make tempor>y appo9tm5t until !  p fill
 ! vacancies by election z ! legislature
 may direct4    ,?is am5dm5t %all n be s
 con/ru$ z to affect ! election or t]m  
( any ,s5ator *os5 be=e x becomes valid 
z "p ( ! ,con/itution4    ,,article     
,,xviii    ,section #a4 ,aft] "o ye> f !
 ratification ( ?is article !           
manufacture1 sale1 or transportation (  
intoxicat+ liquors )91 !  importation   
!re( into1 or ! exportation !re( f !    
,unit$  ,/ates & all t]ritory subject to
 ! jurisdiction !re( = bev]ages         

purposes is h]eby prohibit$4    ,section
 #b4 ,! ,congress & ! sev]al ,/ates %all
 h concurr5t p[]  to en=ce ?is article  
by appropriate legislation4    ,section 
#c4 ,?is article %all be inop]ative     
unless x %all h be5  ratifi$ z an       
am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution by !          
legislatures ( !  sev]al ,/ates1 z      
provid$ 9 ! ,con/itution1 )9 sev5 ye>s f
  ! date ( ! submission h]e( to ! ,/ates
 by ! ,congress4    ,,article ,,xix     
,! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates to    
vote %all n be d5i$ or  abridg$ by !    
,unit$ ,/ates or by any ,/ate on acc\nt 
( sex4    ,congress %all h p[] to en=ce 
?is article by appropriate  legislation4
              ,,footnotes          #a   
,boys & girls (t5 d n realize ! value ( 
an education z a        prep>ation =    
success 9 life4 ,! foll[+ figures f an  
educational au?ority %[ :at education   
does = a boy or a girl4          7a7    
,less ?an ?ree p] c5t ( ! p ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates h        a college education1 b  
?is ?ree p] c5t furni%es fifty-n9e      

p] c5t ( ! m5 & wom5 call$ successful4  
,f\rte5 p] c5t        come f ^? hav+ _h 
"s college tra9+4 ,?is %[s t            
ne>ly ?ree-f\r?s ( all m5 & wom5 9 !    
,unit$ ,/ates        call$ successful h 
_h "s college tra9+4          7b7 ,dur+ 
! pa/ t5 ye>s ,massa*usetts has giv5 all
 h]        *ildr5 a m9imum ( sev5 ye>s (
 s*ool+1 :ile ,t5nessee has        giv5 
h] *ildr5 b ?ree ye>s4 ,! ,massa*usetts 
citiz5s        produce p] capita #bfj p]
 ye>1 :ile ! ,t5nessee citiz5s          
produce p] capita #aaf p] ye>4          
7c7 ,( ! fifty-five memb]s att5d+ !     
,f$]al conv5tion t        made !        
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 #aghg1 
?irty _h        att5d$ college1 &       
tw5ty-six _h college degrees4 ,( ! =ty  
,/ate (fic]s 9 ,i[a 9 #aiah1 ?irty 7    
college graduates1 sev5        7        
graduates ( high s*ools1 & only ?ree _h 
less ?an a high        s*ool education4 
7d7 ,! *ild ) no s*ool+ has "o *ance 9  
#aej1jjj (        p]=m+ di/+ui%$        
s]vices2 ) elem5t>y education he has    

f\r times ! *ance2 ) high s*ool         
education he has        eighty-sev5     
times ! *ance2 ) college education he   
has eight        hundr$ times ! *ance4  
7e7 ,e boy & e girl %\ld /ick to 8 s*ool
 "w until        he at lea/ graduates f 
a fully accr$it$ high s*ool4        #b  
8,law c d no?+ )\t morals40--,b5jam9    
,frankl94          8,?r\gh ! :ole ( life
 & ! :ole sy/em ( duties1 mu* !         
/ronge/ moral obligations are su* z 7   
nev] ! results (        our             
option40--,edmund ,burke4          8,to 
d evil t good may come ( x1 is = !      
bungl] 9 politics        z well z 9     
morals40--,b5jam9 ,frankl94             
8,duty is n collective2 x is            
p]sonal40--,calv9 ,coolidge4        #c  
8,ignorance ( ! law excuses no          
man40--,select$4          8,k is 9 e    
c\ntry ! sure/ basis ( public           
happ9ess40--,george ,wa%+ton4        #d 
8,! ?or\gh education ( all classes ( p  
is ! mo/        efficaci\s means (      
promot+ ! prosp]ity ( ! ,nation4 ,!     

mat]ial int]e/s ( its citiz5s1 z well z 
_! moral &        intellectual culture1 
dep5d ^u its accompli%m5t40--,rob]t ,e4 
,lee4          8,9 a ,republic education
 is indisp5sable4 ,a ,republic )\t      
education is l ! creature ( imag9ation1 
a human be+ )\t        a s\l1 liv+ &    
mov+ bl9dly1 ) no j s5se ( ! pres5t     
or ! future40--,*>les ,sumn]4           
8,)\t popul> education1 no gov]nm5t :i* 
re/s ^u popul>        action c long     
endure4 ,! p mu/ be s*ool$ 9 !        k1
 & if possible 9 ! virtues1 ^u :i* !    
ma9t5ance & success ( free in/itutions  
dep5d40--,woodr[        ,wilson4        
#e 8,:]e ! ,/ate has be/[$ education1 ! 
man :o accepts x mu/        be cont5t to
 accept x m]ely z *>ity1 unless he      
returns x to        ! ,/ate 9 full 9 !  
%ape ( good citiz5%ip40--,!odore        
,roosevelt4        #f                   
8,gov]nm5t--,lib]ty--,au?ority--,law--! 
man or ! woman :o        fails to       
appreciate ! true mean+ ( ^! t]ms1 lacks
 !        tra9+ necess>y to be a good   

citiz5 9 a ,republic40--,abraham        
,l9coln4          8,we ne$ m ( ! (fice  
desk & less ( ! %[-w9d[ 9               
politics4 ,let m5 9 (fice sub/itute !   
midnight oil = !                        
lime-light40--,calv9 ,coolidge4         
#g 8,gov]nm5t is ! aggregate (          
au?orities :i* rule a society40         
8,gov]nm5t is t in/itution or aggregate 
( in/itutions by        :i* society     
makes & c>ries out ^? rules ( action :i*
 are        necess>y to enable m5 to    
live 9 a social /ate1 or :i* are        
impos$ ^u ! p =m+ t society by ^? :o    
possess        ! p[] or au?ority (      
prescrib+ !m40--,b\vi]'s ,law           
,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #hia4        #h
 ,gov]nm5t is ! organiz$ means & p[] t a
 ,/ate or ,nation        employs = !    
purpose ( secur+ ! rights ( ! p1 & (    
p]petuat+ its own exi/5ce4          ,!  
real aim & purpose is well /at$ 9 !     
preamble to our        ,con/itution :5 x
 says3 8to =m a m p]fect ,union1 e/abli%
        ,ju/ice1 insure dome/ic         

,tranquility1 provide = ! common        
,def5ce1 promote ! g5]al ,welf>e1 &     
secure ! bless+s (        ,lib]ty to    
ourselves & our ,po/]ity04              
,gov]nm5t c nev] rise high] ?an ! ideals
 ( ! p :o        compose ! gov]nm5t4    
,good gov]nm5ts are ! products ( good   
p4 ,good gov]nm5ts c only exi/ :]e ! p  
are        intellig5t & upright 9 "*1 & 
:]e ea* citiz5 is        will+ to gu>d !
 rights & privileges ( o!rs z well z    
^? ( himself4          8,?is gov]nm5t ( 
! p1 by ! p1 & = !        p1 %all n p]i%
 f ! e>?40--,abraham ,l9coln4        #i 
,! object ( gov]nm5t is to protect !    
citiz5s ( a c\ntry &        to promote  
_! g5]al welf>e1 & x is compos$ ( !     
(ficials :o c>e = ! public int]e/s ( !  
citiz5s4          ,"u republican        
gov]nm5t1 ! weake/ citiz5 enjoys ! same 
rights & privileges z d ! /ronge/       
citiz5s1 ! poore/ h        ! same       
protection giv5 to ! ri*e/1 ! mo/ humble
 man or        woman has a *ance to     
become ! head ( 8 or h] gov]nm5t &      

to lead ! ,nation among ! mo/ p[]ful    
,nations 9 ! _w4          8,bra9s & "*  
rule ! _w4 ,!re 7 scores ( m5 a         
hundr$ ye>s ago :o _h m intellect ?an   
,wa%+ton4 ,he        outlives & ov]rides
 !m all by ! influ5ce ( 8               
"*40--,w5dell ,phillips4          8,!   
true greatness ( nations is 9 ^?        
qualities :i*        con/itute !        
greatness ( ! individual40--,*>les      
,sumn]4       #aj 8,!re is always hope 9
 a man t actually & hone/ly works4 ,9   
idl5ess alone is !re p]petual           
despair40--,?omas ,c>lyle4          8,he
 t ha? a trade ha? an e/ate1 & he t ha? 
a call+        ha? an (fice ( pr(it &   
honor40--,b5jam9 ,frankl94          8,if
 y h ! great tal5ts1 indu/ry w improve  
!m2 if        mod]ate abilities1 indu/ry
 w supply _! defici5cies40--,jo%ua      
,reynolds4          8,o!r nations h     
receiv$ _! laws f conqu]ors2 "s are     
indebt$ = a con/itution to ! suff]+ ( _!
 ance/ors        ?r\gh revolv+ c5turies4
 ,! p ( ?is c\ntry1 alone1 h            

=mally & delib]ately *os5 a gov]nm5t =  
!mselves1 &        ) op5 & un9flu5c$    
cons5t b\nd !mselves into a social      
compact4 ,"h no man proclaims 8 bir? or 
weal? z a title to        honorable     
di/9ction1 or to sanctify ignorance &   
vice ) !        "n ( h]$it>y au?ority4  
,he :o has mo/ zeal & ability to        
promote public felicity1 let him be !   
s]vant ( ! public40--,john              
,adams4          8,! basis ( our        
political sy/em is ! "r ( ! p to        
make or alt] _! con/itution (           
gov]nm5t40--,george ,wa%+ton4           
8,let u !n1 fell[ citiz5s1 unite ) "o   
he>t & "o m9d &        labor = ! welf>e 
( ! c\ntry40--,?omas ,jeff]son4         
8,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce & !       
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$        ,/ates   
are p>ts ( "o consi/5t :ole1 f\nd$ ^u "o
 & !        same !ory ( gov]nm5t1--t ! p
 are ! only legitimate        s\rce (   
p[]1 & t all j p[]s ( gov]nm5t are d]iv$
        f ! cons5t ( ! gov]n$40--,john  
,qu9cy ,adams4       #aa ,?is           

description almo/ p]fectly fits ! mak+ (
 ! ,mayfl[]        ,compact 9 ! cab9 ( !
 %ip ,mayfl[] on ,novemb] #aa1 #afbj4   
,^? ,pilgrim ,fa!rs drew up an agreem5t 
:i* 0 ! fir/        attempt at a writt5 
con/itution 9 ! ,new ,_w4 ,! ,fundam5tal
        ,ord]s ( ,connecticut1 ( #afch1 
are g5]ally conc$$ to be !        olde/ 
real con/itution 9 ,am]ica4       #ab   
,:5 ,jeff]son wrote 8all m5 are creat$  
equal01 he did n mean        t all      
infant *ildr5 h equal capacities = le>n+
 or        accompli%m5t1 b t all *ildr5 
ought to be giv5 equal                  
opportunities by ! gov]nm5t ( a         
republic4 ,he meant t 9 a               
republic all *ildr51 :e!r ri* or poor1  
:e!r ( !        ari/ocracy or ( ! common
 p1 _h great opportunities to be        
good & great m5 & wom54 ,he meant t a   
poor boy born 9 !        ,k5tucky       
m\nta9s & a rail splitt] 9 ! woods (    
,ill9ois _h        ! opportunity to     
become ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4     
8,! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0 n a m]e 

tempor>y exp$i5t1        b is an        
enunciation ( fundam5tal tru?s int5d$ = 
all        "t40--,william ,j4 ,bryan4   
8,f\rscore & sev5 ye>s ago our fa!rs    
br\ght =? ^u ?is        cont95t a new   
nation1 conceiv$ 9 lib]ty1 & d$icat$ to 
!        proposition t all m5 are creat$
 equal40--,abraham ,l9coln4             
8,:]e slav]y is1 !re lib]ty _c be & :]e 
lib]ty is1        slav]y _c             
be40--,abraham ,l9coln4                 
8,respect = its 7! gov]nm5t's7 au?ority1
 compliance ) its        laws1          
acquies5ce 9 its measures1 are duties   
enjo9$ by !        fundam5tal maxims (  
true ,lib]ty40--,george ,wa%+ton4       
8,lib]ty--on its positive side1 d5otes !
 fulness ( individual        exi/5ce2 on
 its negative side x d5otes ! necess>y  
re/ra9t        on all1 :i* is ne$$ to   
promote ! greate/ possible am\nt (      
lib]ty = ea*40--,b\vi]'s ,law           
,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,i4 p4 #bag4       #ac
 8,o!r nations h receiv$ _! laws f      
conqu]ors2 "s are        indebt$ = a    

con/itution to ! suff]+s ( _! ance/ors  
?r\gh revolv+ c5turies4 ,! p ( ?is      
c\ntry1 alone h        =mally &         
delib]ately *os5 a gov]nm5t = !mselves1 
&        ) op5 & un9flu5c$ cons5t b\nd  
!mselves into a social        compact4  
,"h no man proclaims 8 bir? or weal? z a
 title to        honorable di/9ction1 or
 to sanctify ignorance & vice ) !       
"n ( h]$it>y au?ority40--,john ,adams4  
#ad 8,lib]ty means fre$om 9 ! enjoym5t (
 all "o's faculties 9        all lawful 
ways1 ! lib]ty to e>n a livelihood by   
any lawful        call+1 ! lib]ty to    
live & "w :]e "o wills40--,allgey]      
vs4 ,l\isiana1 #afe ,u4 ,s4 #egh4       
#ae 8,civil lib]ty is ! lib]ty belong+  
to m5 9 organiz$ society4        ,x is  
lib]ty def9$1 regulat$ & protect$ by    
positive law (        ! ,/ate or        
recogniz$ z exi/+ "u cu/om>y            
law40--,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 
,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #cdg4          ,!        
,am]ican p are a peculi> p4 ,!y are     
peculi> 9        _! orig91 peculi> 9 _! 

make-up1 & due to _!        suff]+s1 _! 
p]secutions1 & _! endur+ p]sev]ance1    
!y are /ill a peculi> p4 ,f ! fir/ :ite 
man to /e]        8 little wood5 %ip    
we/w>d across ! great ,atlantic ocean to
        ! late/ arrival among ! mo/     
rec5t immigrants1 ! p        com+ to    
,am]ica h be5 diff]5t f ^? p rema9+ 9   
_! ,european homes4 ,! conditions       
surr\nd+ ! lives ( ^?        p 9 ,europe
 :o left _! homes & fir/ settl$ 9       
,am]ica        7 n mat]ially diff]5t f !
 conditions surr\nd+ !        lives (   
?\s&s ( o!r p :o 7 satisfi$ & cont5t to 
rema9 on _! ,european %ores4 ,_m m5     
?\ght ! e>? 0        r\nd long be=e     
,*ri/oph] ,columbus sail$ away f t      
little        seaport t[n 9 ,spa9 to te/
 8 own ideas ( f9d+ a %ort]        r\te 
to ,india4 ,_m p believ$ 9 religi\s     
lib]ty long        be=e ! ,pilgrims &   
,puritans l&$ on ! bleak ,new ,engl&    
%ores & suff]$ ! h>d%ips ( fir/ settl]s 
9 a new c\ntry        9 ord] to wor%ip  
,god z !y pleas$4 ,_m p s]i\sly &       

intellig5tly d\bt$ ! div9e "r ( k+s1 &  
believ$ 9 !        rights ( ! p to gov]n
 !mselves long be=e ! ,am]ican          
coloni/s adopt$ ! ,decl>ation (         
,indep5d5ce4 ,b x 0 left        = ^!    
p--^! com+ ,am]icans--to demon/rate to  
all !        _w t ,am]ica 0 to be peopl$
 by m5 & wom5 ( diff]5t        ideals1  
diff]5t hopes1 & diff]5t ambitions f all
 ! o!r        nations ( ! _w4       #af 
,a pure democracy w\ld be t =m (        
gov]nm5t 9 :i* all        p ( ! age (   
tw5ty-"o ye>s c\ld actually take "p 9   
mak+ ! laws & adm9i/]+ ! gov]nm5t4 ,a   
c\ntry w\ld        ne$ be v small inde$1
 if all ! p above tw5ty-"o        ye>s (
 age c\ld assemble 9 any "o place &     
organize &        conduct a meet+ 9 :i* 
all c\ld take "p 9 law-mak+4 ,no        
build+ w\ld be l>ge en\gh to accommodate
 all ! p &        ev5 if all ! p        
assembl$ out ( doors1 ! numb] w\ld be   
s l>ge t ^? /&+ or sitt+ ne> ! out] edge
 ( !        assembly w\ld be s f> f !   
speak] t !y c\ld n he>        :at he    

said :5 he spoke to !m4 ,a pure         
democracy is a physical                 
impossibility4 ,! ne>e/ =m ( gov]nm5t to
 a pure democracy is        a           
repres5tative democracy1 or "o 9 :i*    
gr\ps ( p *oose        "o or m p]sons to
 repres5t !m4 ,!n ^! repres5tatives     
make laws & c>ry on ! gov]nm5t 9 ! "n ( 
all ! p        :om !y repres5t4 ,!re=e a
 democracy is t =m (        gov]nm5t 9  
:i* all p h equal opportunities1 & 9    
:i* all may take "p 9 ! gov]nm5t ?r\gh  
_! *os5        repres5tatives4          
8,no matt] h[ widely democracy may be   
ext5d$1 if x is n        accompani$ by a
 c]ta9 equality ( opportunity among !   
memb]s        ( ! political society1 x  
is n democracy40--,cyclop$ia (          
,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #efa4  
8,democracy is t =m ( gov]nm5t 9 :i* ! p
 rule4 ,!        basis ( democracy is   
equality1 z t ( ! ari/ocracy is         
privilege40--,b\vi]'s ,law ,diction>y1  
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #edj4          8,! beg9n+s 
( democracy 7 be/ obs]v$ 9 ! t[n%ips (  

,new ,engl&1 :]e ! ,puritans f ,engl&   
settl$ & organiz$        t[ns :i* 7     
c5t]s ( democracy40--,pet] ,rob]ts4     
,9 an absolute mon>*y1 ! rul] is        
supreme2 9 a limit$        mon>*y1 !    
p>liam5t or congress sets a limit to !  
p[]s (        ! rul]2 9 a democracy1 ! p
 rule4          8,x is almo/ impossible 
t all ! p w exactly agree on        any 
proposition1 ei!r political or social4  
,!re=e ! rule (        gov]nm5t 9 a     
democracy is1 t all ! p %all accept &   
obey ^? laws & regulations t are pleas+ 
to ! majority40          8,! basis ( our
 political sy/em is ! "r ( ! p to       
make or alt] _! con/itution (           
gov]nm5t40--,george ,wa%+ton4           
8,no man is good en\gh to gov]n ano!r   
man )\t t o!r        man's              
cons5t40--,abraham ,l9coln4             
8,?is c\ntry1 ) all its in/itutions1    
belongs to ! p :o        inhabit        
x40--,abraham ,l9coln4          8,i     
believe t ! ,am]ican p accept1 z "o j   
def9ition        ( democracy1           

,napoleon's phrase1 ',e c>e] is op5 to  
tal5t'40--,*>les ,william ,eliot4       
,l9coln def9$ a democracy z 8,a gov]nm5t
 ( ! p1 by !        p1 & = ! p04        
#ag 8,a ,republic may be def9$ z a /ate 
9 :i* ! sov]eign p[]        re/s 9 ! p z
 a :ole b is ex]cis$ by repres5tatives  
*os5 by a popul> vote40--,cyclop$ia (   
,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4        ,,iii1 
p4 #ahh4          8,a ,republic1 9 !    
mod]n s5se ( ! t]m1 is a gov]nm5t :i*   
d]ives all its p[]s directly1 or        
indirectly1 f ! great body        ( ! p1
 i4 e4 ! majority--& is adm9i/]$ by     
p]sons        hold+ _! (fices = a limit$
 p]iod40--,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican         
,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #ahh4        
8,republican gov]nm5t is a gov]nm5t ( ! 
p2 a gov]nm5t        by repres5tatives  
*os5 by ! p40--,b\vi]'s ,law            
,diction>y4          ,! ,con/itution ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates 9 ,art4 ,,iv1 ,sec4 #d   
gu>antees        to e ,/ate a republican
 =m ( gov]nm5t1 b x does n        def9e 
:at is republican gov]nm5t4 ,x is       

g5]ally assum$ t        if = any reason 
! repres5tative gov]nm5t ( a ,/ate %\ld 
be        de/roy$ or tempor>ily set     
aside1 x w\ld be ! duty ( !             
,f$]al gov]nm5t1 act+ ?r\gh ! ,presid5t 
z *ief executive1        to use :atev]  
=ce 0 necess>y 7includ+ ! army & navy7  
to        ov]come su* ag5cy & to re/ore 
to ! p ( t ,/ate its        =m]         
repres5tative gov]nm5t4          8,x is 
left to ,congress to decide :at         
con/itutes a republican =m        (     
gov]nm5t1 & ,congress also has ! "r to  
say :i*        gov]nm5t 9 a /ate is !   
legal gov]nm5t4 ,?is necess>ily         
foll[s because be=e ,congress c decide  
:e!r ! gov]nm5t is        ,republican x 
mu/ decide :i* gov]nm5t is 9            
=ce40--,lu!r vs4        ,bord51 #g ,h[>d
 #a4          8,x is ,congress & n !    
,presid5t :o decides :at is ,republican 
gov]nm5t 9 a /ate40--,m>t9 vs4 ,mott1   
#ab ,:eaton #ai4       #ah 8,x may well 
be cont5d$ t a republican =m ( gov]nm5t 
necess>ily involves ! ex]cise ( p[]s (  

gov]nm5t by        repres5tative (fic]s 
& bodies1 & ! di/ribution ( p[]s        
( gov]nm5t among di/9ct & indep5d5t     
dep>tm5ts40--,mc,clain's                
,con/itutional ,law1 p4 #aj4       #ai  
,initiative means ! "r ( ! p to initiate
 or comm5ce        ! process ( lawmak+4 
,x is done by circulat+ a petition      
ask+ t a c]ta9 provision be enact$ into 
law4 ,if ! petition        receives !   
signatures ( a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( qualifi$
 vot]s1        ! legislature is requir$ 
to enact ! provision into law1 or       
submit x to ! vot]s to det]m9e :e!r x   
%all become law4          ,ref]5dum     
means t ! qualifi$ vot]s ?r\gh ! process
 (        ballot+ may det]m9e :e!r a    
measure propos$ ei!r ?r\gh        !     
action ( ! legislature1 or ?r\gh !      
initiative1 %all        become law4     
,recall is ! me?od by :i* ! qualifi$    
vot]s may remove an        undesirable  
(fic] f (fice be=e ! expiration ( 8 t]m4
        ,x is done ?r\gh a petition     
requir+ a c]ta9 p]c5tage (        sign]s

 f among ! qualifi$ vot]s4 ,if !        
petition is        suffici5t an election
 is call$ at :i* "t ! (fic] may         
appe> = cont9uation 9 (fice & o!rs may  
appe> z        c&idates = t (fice4 ,! "o
 receiv+ ! l>ge/ vote is        duly    
*os54       #bj ,*ildr5 :o att5d !      
public s*ool are subject to ! law z well
        z are gr[n p :o "w 9 factories  
or on f>ms4 ,! tea*]        mu/ h rules 
& regulations gov]n+ ! conduct ( pupils 
9        s*ool4 ,^! are laws :i* !      
*ildr5 mu/ obey4 ,if a pupil            
insi/s on di/urb+ o!r pupils or talk+   
out l\d--su* may be a        violation (
 ! rules gov]n+ a good s*ool & ! pupil  
may be        puni%$ = su* violation4   
#ba ,law has be5 def9$ z3 8,! aggregate 
( ^? laws & pr9ciples        ( conduct  
:i* ! gov]n+ p[] 9 a community          
recognizes z        ! rules & pr9ciples 
:i* x w en=ce or sanction1 &            
accord+ to :i* x w regulate1 limit1 or  
protect ! conduct        ( its          
memb]s40--,b\vi]'s ,law ,diction>y1     

,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #add4          8,law     
consi/s ( ! rules & me?ods by :i*       
society compels or        re/ra9s !     
actions ( its memb]s40          ,9 !    
legal s5se--,a law is a rule :i* ! c\rts
 w en=ce4        ,! c\rts w n en=ce all 
rules1 & !re=e !re are _m        rules  
:i* are n law 9 ! legal s5se4           
8,law might be def9$ z ! aggregate ( ^? 
rules &        pr9ciples promulgat$ by  
legislative au?ority or e/abli%$ by     
local cu/om1 & our laws are ! resultant 
d]iv$ f a        comb9ation ( ! div9e or
 moral laws1 ! laws ( nature &          
human exp]i5ce1 z su* resultant has be5 
evolv$ by human        intellect1       
influ5c$ by ! virtue ( ! ages40--,words 
&        ,phrases1 p4 #cc4              
8,law has h] seat 9 ! bosom ( ,god2 h]  
voice 9 ! h>mony (        !             
_w40--,hook]4          8,laws are ! v   
bulw>k ( lib]ty4 ,!y def9e e man's      
rights1 & /& betwe5 & def5d individual  
lib]ties (        all40--,j4 ,g4 ,holl&4
          8,laws exi/ 9 va9 = ^? :o d n 

h ! c\rage & !        means to def5d    
!m40--,?omas ,b4 ,macauley4             
8,laws1 writt51 if n on /one tablets1   
yet on ! azure (        inf9itude1 9 !  
inn] he>t ( ,god's creation1 c]ta9 z    
life1        c]ta9 z dea?1 are !y1 & ?\ 
%alt n disobey !m40--,?omas             
,c>lyle4          8,a rule ( civil      
conduct prescrib$ by ! supreme p[] 9 a  
/ate40--,b\vi]'s ,law ,diction>y4       
#bb ,laws & rules are /atem5ts ( :at has
 be5 agre$ ^u z prop]        conduct    
among p]sons :o associate toge!r4 ,a    
p]son liv+ on a        lonely isl& 9 !  
ocean ) no o!r p]son ne> w\ld n ne$     
law4 ,b z soon z two p]sons %>e ! isl& &
 its fruits &        animals & plants1  
!n c]ta9 rules ne$ be set up = !        
protection ( ea* aga9/ ! o!r4 ,:]e p are
 mo/ closely        associat$1 we ne$ ! 
greate/ numb] ( rules or laws4 ,p       
liv+ 9 l>ge cities mu/ m (t5 ne$ law ?an
 d ^? liv+        9 rural di/ricts4     
#bc ,a p]son may drive an automobile at 
tw5ty miles p] h\r on a        c\ntry   

road ) p]fect safety1 b tw5ty miles p]  
h\r 9 a        cr[d$ city w\ld be       
positively dang]\s to p cross+ !        
/reets4 ,!re=e ! spe$ limit ( five or   
p]haps t5 miles p]        h\r 9 cities4 
#bd ,p h z mu* "r to walk on ! sidewalks
 ( ! t[n or        city z d o!r p to    
drive teams & wagons or automobiles on  
! /reets4 ,ea* mu/ obey ! traffic laws4 
,at cross+s _!        rights ( passage  
conflict1 !re=e ea* mu/ be on ! look-out
        :5 cross+ ! /reet4 ,! law       
provides /reet cross+s1        !re=e    
footm5 mu/ n 8cut ! cross+s0 b g !      
direct$        way4       #be ,:5       
election "t comes ea* ye>1 or e two     
ye>s1 ^? :o        are qualifi$ to vote 
ought by all means give c>eful          
consid]ation        to ! c&idates =     
(fice & to ! issues t con/itute !       
campaign4 ,x requires good m5 to make   
good laws4 ,good m5 are only        *os5
 to (fice :5 good p int]e/ !mselves 9 ! 
c&idates & att5d ! elections & ca/      
intellig5t votes4 ,good        laws are 

prop]ly en=c$ only :5 good m5 are *os5  
to (fice4       #bf 8,a *ild1 an        
appr5tice1 a pupil1 a m>9]1 & a soldi]  
owe        respectively ob$i5ce to !    
lawful comm&s ( ! p>5t1 !        ma/]1 !
 tea*]1 ! capta9 ( ! %ip1 & ! milit>y   
(fic] hav+ comm&3 & 9 case ( disob$i5ce 
submission may        be en=c$ by       
correction40--,b\vi]'s ,law ,diction>y1 
,vol4 ,,ii1 p4        #eca4             
8,to obey is bett] ?an sacrifice40      
8,*ildr51 obey y\r p>5ts 9 all ?+s2 =   
?is is well        pleas+ unto ! ,"l40  
8,s]vants1 obey 9 all ?+s y\r ma/]s     
accord+ to ! fle%2        n ) eye       
s]vice1 z m5 pleas]s2 b 9 s+l5ess (     
he>t1        fe>+ ,god40                
8,ma/]s1 give unto y\r s]vants t :i* is 
j & equal2        kn[+ t ye also mu/ be 
ob$i5t40--,quotations f ,! ,bible4      
8,! capacity ( ! p = self gov]nm5t1 & _!
        will+ness1 444 to submit to all 
ne$ful re/ra9ts1 & exactions        (   
municipal law1 h be5 favorably          
exemplifi$ 9 ! hi/ory (        !        

,am]ican ,/ates40--,m>t9 ,van ,bur54    
8,let u h fai? t "r makes might & 9 t   
fai? let u        to ! end d>e d our    
duty z we und]/& x40--,abraham ,l9coln4 
8,surely ,i d n mis9t]pret ! _s ( !     
occasion :5 ,i        assume t ! :ole   
body ( ! p conv5ant ) me today to       
support & def5d ! ,con/itution & 444 to 
yield a will+        ob$i5ce to all !   
laws1 & ea* to e o!r citiz5 8 equal     
civil & political lib]ty40--,b5j4       
,h>rison4          8,patriotism calls = 
! fai?ful p]=mance ( all ! duties (     
citiz5%ip 9 small matt]s z well z great1
 at home z well z on        t5t$        
fields40--,william ,j4 ,bryan4       #bg
 ,we mu/ see ourselves z we are1 mov+ 9 
our daily life1 gu>d$        & safegu>d$
 9 e act by law4 ,e act 9 life is lawful
 or        unlawful2 t is1 we are       
protect$ by ! law 9 our e act1 or       
we are condemn$ or puni%$4 ,"h are two  
*ildr5 on _! way to        s*ool1 "o    
walk+ ^u ! sidewalk1 ex]cis+ a lawful   
"r2        "o rid+ 8 bicycle ^u !       

sidewalk1 p]=m+ an unlawful        act4 
,! "o is an example ( a c>eful law-abid+
 citiz51 !        o!r an example ( a    
law-violator4       #bh ,con/itution ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #h1 ,cl4
 #e4       #bi ,creat$ by an ,act (     
,congress ( ,m>* #crd1 #aija4 ,x is a   
bureau (        ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,comm]ce1 
& is *>g$ ) comp>+ !        /&>ds us$ 9 
sci5tific inve/igations1 comm]ce1 &     
educational in/itutions ) /&>ds adopt$ &
 recogniz$ by        ! gov]nm5t4        
#cj ,! ,?irty-fif? ,g5]al ,assembly ( ! 
,/ate ( ,i[a provid$ =        a ,/ate   
,inspector ( ,weights & ,measures ^:    
duty is to travel        ov] ! ,/ate &  
inve/igate conditions among ^? :o buy & 
sell1 & to make arre/s & prosecute ^?   
f\nd defraud+        o!rs by giv+ %ort  
weights or measures1 or :o sell or (f] =
        sale spoil$ foods1 or keep _!   
%ops or /ores 9 an unsanit>y            
condition4       #ca ,con/itution ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 ,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #h1 ,cl4 
#e4       #cb ,revis$ ,/atutes ( !      

,unit$ ,/ates1 ,sec4 #edac & foll[+4    
#cc ,v few lett]s are ev] lo/ 9 ! mails4
 ,! writ] "o "t        address$ a lett] 
to a fri5d liv+ 9 ,sydney1 ,au/ralia4 ,x
 0        mail$ at ,i[a ,city1 ,i[a1 & 0
 s5t ea/4 ,t lett] w5t by        way (  
,new ,york1 ,engl&1 ,france1 ,italy1 !  
,suez ,canal1 & !        ,indian ,ocean 
to ,sydney1 ,au/ralia4 ,! p]son to :om x
 0 s5t        _h1 9 ! meantime1 left    
,sydney & ! lett] fail$ ( deliv]y4      
,ab\t ?ree mon?s aft] be+ fir/ mail$ x 0
 return$ to !        writ] ^: return    
address 0 on ! outside ( ! envelope4 ,9 
be+ return$ x came by way ( ! ,pacific  
,ocean to ,san ,francisco        &      
across ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! we/4 ,! lett]
 _h encircl$        ! globe & 0 return$ 
safely to ! orig9al s5d]4 ,pretty       
good "w = ! ,int]national ,mail ,sy/em4 
#cd ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #h1 ,cl4 #g4       #ce  
,!re are f\r g5]al !ories z to ! orig9 (
 ! ,con/itution        ( ! ,unit$       
,/ates3 7#a7 ,t x 0 an entirely new     

docum5t4 ,?is        !ory 0 inspir$ by !
 /atem5t ( ,glad/one4 ,p :o he>d        
,mr4 ,glad/one or read ( 8 comm5t on !  
,con/itution        mis9t]pret$ 8 say+ &
 came to believe he meant t t           
great ,con/itution 0 ! "w ( ! mom5t z   
conceiv$ by !        m5 9 ! conv5tion at
 ,philadelphia4 ,no "o knew bett] ?an   
,mr4        ,glad/one himself t su* 0 n 
true4 7#b7 ,t x 0 copi$        almo/    
entirely aft] ! ,engli% con/itution ( t 
"t4 ,?is        0 ! !ory ( ,sir ,h5ry   
,ma9e1 & x 0 j z errone\s z        0 !  
common acceptance ( ,glad/one's /atem5t4
 ,!re are _m        ?+s 9 ! ,con/itution
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates t 7 n 9 !            
,engli% con/itution ( t "t4 7#c7 ,t x 0 
bas$ entirely        ^u ! exp]i5ce ( !  
coloni/s !mselves4 ,?is !ory is also    
incorrect z ! facts %[ t _m fundam5tals 
( !        ,con/itution 7 copi$ directly
 f ! gov]nm5ts ( ,european              
c\ntries4 7#d7 ,t x 0 due to all ! above
 influ5ces tak5        toge!r1 b t !y 7 
work$ out by ! coloni/s & !             

,con/itution mak]s 9 _! _m ye>s (       
exp]i5ce 9 mak+        ,con/itutions = !
 ,/ates aft] _! indep5d5ce f ,engl&1    
& dur+ ! "t ( ! ,conf$]ation4           
,a c>eful /udy ( ! debates 9 ! conv5tion
 at ,philadelphia        w reveal ! fact
 t ! diff]5t gov]nm5ts1 in/itutions1    
rul]s1 & /atesm5 ( ,europe 7 ref]r$ to 9
 ! mak+ (        ! ,con/itution4        
,dur+ ! discussions 9 ! conv5tion "o    
hundr$ & ?irty        allusions 7 made  
to ! gov]nm5t & in/itutions ( ,engl&4   
,! allusions made to ,france numb]$     
n9ete54 ,^? made to !        ,g]man     
,/ates 7 sev5te54 ,^? made to ,holl& 7  
n9ete54        ,greece 0 ref]r$ to      
?irte5 times2 ,switz]l& 0 allud$ to     
five times2 & ,rome 0 allud$ to sixte5  
times4          ,! ,engli% gov]nm5t &   
in/itutions 7 held up z a model to      
be imitat$ fifty times2 z an example to 
be avoid$1 tw5ty-f\r        times4      
,france 0 held up z a model ?ree times1 
& z a w>n+        five times4 ,rome 0   
cit$ five times z a model & sev5 times z

        a w>n+4          ,f ! /&po9t (  
tra9+1 exp]i5ce1 & g5]al                
qualifications = con/itution mak]s1 !   
delegates :o sat 9 !        ,f$]al      
conv5tion at ,philadelphia 7 ! mo/      
rem>kable gr\p (        /atesm5 ! _w has
 ev] se54 ,sixty-five delegates 7 *os51 
( :om fifty-five att5d$ ! conv5tion & ( 
^! ?irty-n9e        sign$ !             
,con/itution1 ?ree 7 pres5t b refus$ to 
sign1 &        ?irte5 7 abs5t on ! la/  
day4 ,( ! fifty-five :o sat 9        !  
conv5tion1 tw5ty-five 7 f nor!rn ,/ates 
& ?irty        f s\!rn ,/ates4 ,( !     
?irty-n9e sign]s1 n9ete5 7 f        !   
,nor? & tw5ty f ! ,s\?4          ,( !   
fifty-five m5 ?irty 7 college m51       
tw5ty-six _h        degrees1 =ty-sev5 7 
aft]w>ds prom95t 9 public life2 (       
! rema9+ eight1 at lea/ f\r di$ soon    
aft] ! close ( !        conv5tion4 ,!   
mo/ not$ m5 73 ,wa%+ton1 ,frankl91      
,hamilton1        ,madison1 ,wilson1    
,patt]son1 ,g]ry1 ,%]man1 ,p9ckney1 &   
,r&olph4        ,six m5 :o sign$ !      

,con/itution _h also sign$ ! ,decl>ation
        ( ,indep5d5ce--,b5jam9 ,frankl91
 ,james ,wilson1 ,rob]t ,morris1 &      
,george ,clym] ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,rog]    
,%]man ( ,connecticut1 &        ,george 
,read ( ,delaw>e4--,mey]holz's ,! ,f$]al
 ,conv5tion4       #cf ,montesquieu1 a  
fam\s ,fr5* writ] ( ! eighte5? c5tury1  
tells        u t political lib]ty       
consi/s 9 ! security "o feels 9         
do+ :atev] ! law p]mits4 ,h[ev] we mu/  
rememb] t !        laws !mselves mu/    
likewise be s\nd4       #cg ,we mu/     
notice t ,article ,i ( 8,! ,%ort        
,con/itution0 comm5ces1                 
8,congress %all make no law0 etc41 :i*  
means t ^! fir/        eight am5dm5ts to
 ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates apply 
only        to ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t1 & are 
limitations on ! p[]s (        ,congress
 r ?an on ! p[]s ( ! ,/ates4 ,h[ev] mo/ 
,/ates h simil> provisions 9 _!         
,con/itutions4       #ch ,article ,x is 
important because x tells 9 a few words 
! exact        relation ( ! ,/ates to ! 

,f$]al gov]nm5t4       #ci ,article ,v (
 ! ma9 body ( ! ,con/itution provides t 
:5        n9e ,/ates %\ld ratify !      
,con/itution1 x %\ld be e/abli%$        
z ! frame ( gov]nm5t4 ,! fir/ ,/ate to  
ratify 0 ,delaw>e1        ,decemb] #g1  
#aghg2 ! n9? ,/ate 0 ,new ,hamp%ire1    
,june #ba1 #aghh2        & ! la/ ,/ate 0
 ,rhode ,isl&1 ,may #bi1 #agij4         
#dj ,george ,wa%+ton express$ ! va/     
importance ( ?is ?\ght :5        he     
said3 8,! basis ( our political sy/em is
 ! "r ( !        p to make or alt] _!   
con/itution ( gov]nm5t40          8,!   
,con/itution is itself 9 e rational s5se
 & to e        useful purpose a bill (  
rights40--,alex&] ,hamilton4            
8,mu* ( ! /r5g? & effici5cy ( any       
gov]nm5t 9 procur+        & secur+      
happ9ess to ! p dep5ds on op9ion1 on !  
g5]al op9ion ( ! goodness ( ! gov]nm5t1 
z well z ( !        wisdom & integrity (
 its gov]nors4 ,i hope1 !re=e1 = our    
own sakes1 z a "p ( ! p & = ! sake ( our
        po/]ity1 t we %all act he>tily &

 unanim\sly 9        recomm5d+ ?is      
,con/itution :]ev] our influ5ce may     
ext5d1        & turn our future ?\ghts &
 endeavors to ! means ( hav+ x          
well adm9i/]$40--,b5jam9 ,frankl94      
8,9 ! fullness ( "t a ,republic rose up 
9 ! wild]ness (        ,am]ica4 ,?\s&s (
 ye>s _h pass$ away be=e ?is *ild ( !   
ages c\ld be born4 ,f :atev] !re 0 (    
good 9 ! sy/ems        ( =m] c5turies1  
%e drew h] n\ri%m5t2 ! wrecks ( !       
pa/ 7 h] w>n+s4 ,! wisdom :i* _h pass$ f
 ,india        ?r\gh ,greece1 ) :at     
,greece _h add$ ( h] own1 !             
jurisprud5ce ( ,rome1 ! m$iaeval        
municipalities1 ! ,teutonic        me?od
 ( repres5tation1 ! political exp]i5ce (
 ,engl&1 !        b5ignant wisdom ( !   
expositors ( ! law ( nature & (         
nations 9 ,france & ,holl&1 all %$ on h]
 _! selecte/        influ5ce4 ,out ( all
 ! discov]ies ( /atesm5 & sages1 out (  
all ! exp]i5ce ( pa/ human life1 %e     
compil$ a p]5nial        political      
philosophy1 ! primordial pr9ciples (    

national        e?ics--%e s\ght ! vital 
elem5ts ( social =ms & bl5d$        !m  
h>moni\sly 9 ! free commonweal? :i*     
comes ne>e/ to        ! illu/ration ( ! 
natural equality ( all m54 ,%e entru/$  
! gu>dian%ip ( e/abli%$ rights to law2 !
 movem5t (        re=m to ! _s ( ! p &  
drew h] =ce f ! happy                   
reconciliation ( bo?40--,george         
,bancr(t4          8,9 spite ( its      
suppos$ precision1 & its subjection to  
judicial        con/ruction1 our        
con/itution has always be5 indirectly   
made to        s]ve ! turn ( t sort (   
legislation :i* its fri5ds call         
progressive1 & its enemies call         
revolution>y1 q z        effectively z  
?\gh ,congress _h ! omnipot5ce (        
p>liam5t4        ,! !ory ( ! lat5t p[]s 
to c>ry out ^? grant$ has be5           
f\nd ela/ic en\gh to satisfy almo/ any  
p>ty dem&s 9 "t (        peace1 to say  
no?+ ( its enorm\s ext5sions 9 "t (     
w>40--,! ,nation1 ,novemb] #g1 #ahgb1   
,no4 #chd1 p4 #cjj4          8,our fa!rs

 by an almo/ div9e presci5ce1 /ruck !   
gold5        mean40--,pom]oy's ,an      
,introduction to ! ,con/itutional       
,hi/ory (        ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 p4    
#ajb4          8,x 7! ,unit$ ,/ates     
,con/itution7 ranks above e o!r writt5  
,con/itution = ! intr9sic excell5ce (   
its s*eme1 its        adaptation to !   
circum/ances ( ! p1 ! simplicity1       
brevity & precision ( its language1 its 
judici\s mixture (        def9ition 9   
pr9ciple ) ela/icity 9 details4 ,"o is  
induc$        to ask1 to :at causes1 ov]
 & above ! capacity ( its au?ors        
& ! pati5t toil !y be/[$ ^u x1 ^! m]its 
are due1 or        9 o!r words1 :at 7 ! 
mat]ials at ! comm& ( !                 
,philadelphia ,conv5tion = ! a*ievem5t (
 s great an        ent]prise z !        
creation ( a nation by means ( an       
in/rum5t (        gov]nm5t4 ,! ,am]ican 
,con/itution is no exception to ! rule  
t ev]y?+ :i* has p[] to w9 ! ob$i5ce &  
respect (        m5 mu/ h its roots deep
 9 ! pa/1 & t ! m sl[ly        e        

in/itution has gr[n1 s mu* ! m endur+ x 
is likely        to prove4 ,!re is      
little 9 ?is ,con/itution t is          
absolutely        new4 ,!re is mu* t is 
z old z ,magna ,*>ta40--,james ,bryce1  
au?or ( ,! ,am]ican ,commonweal?4       
8,let rev]5ce = ! law be brea!d by e "m 
to !        lisp+ babe t prattles on h] 
lap2 let x be taught 9 s*ools1          
sem9>ies1 & colleges2 let x be writt5 9 
prim]s1 spell+        books & almanacs2 
let x be prea*$ f pulpits1 & proclaim$  
9 legislative halls1 & en=c$ 9 c\rts (  
ju/ice2 let x        become ! political 
religion ( ! nation40--,abraham ,l9coln4
          8,! ,con/itution1 :i* may at  
fir/ be conf\nd$ ) ! ,f$]al             
,con/itutions :i* h prec$$ x1 re/s 9    
tru? ^u a :olly        novel !ory--a    
great discov]y 9 mod]n political sci5ce4
 ,9 all        ! ,conf$]ations :i* h    
prec$$ ! ,am]ican ,con/itution (        
#aghg1 ! ,alli$ ,/ates 444 agre$ to obey
 ! injunctions ( a        f$]al         
gov]nm5t2 b !y res]v$ to !mselves ! "r (

        orda9+ & en=c+ ! laws ( !       
,union44440 7,! ,am]ican                
gov]nm5t1 he expla9s1 claims directly ! 
allegiance ( e        citiz51 & acts ^u 
ea* directly ?r\gh its own c\rts &      
(fic]s47 8,?is diff]5ce has produc$ !   
mo/ mom5t\s                             
consequ5ces40--,tocqueville's ,democracy
 9 ,am]ica4          8,x w be ! wond] & 
admiration ( all future g5]ations &     
! model ( all future                    
con/itutions40--,william ,pitt1 aft]    
read+        ! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$  
,/ates4          8,! ,con/itution ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates is by f> ! mo/ important  
production ( its k9d 9 human hi/ory4 ,x 
creat$1 )\t        hi/oric prec$5t1 a   
f$]al-national gov]nm5t ,x comb9$       
national /r5g? ) individual lib]ty 9 a  
degree s rem>kable        z to attract !
 _w's admiration4 ,nev] be=e 9 ! hi/ory 
(        man _h a gov]nm5t /ruck s f9e a
 balance betwe5 lib]ty &        union1  
betwe5 /ate rights national sov]eignty4 
,! _w _h        labor$ = ages to solve  

?is greate/ ( all gov]nm5tal            
problems1 b x _h labor$ 9 va94 ,greece 9
 h] mad clamor =        lib]ty _h =gott5
 ! ne$ ( ! /r5g? t union br+s1        & 
%e p]i%$4 ,rome fo/]$ union1            
nationality1 = its        /r5g?1 until x
 became a tyrant & /rangl$ ! *ild       
lib]ty4        ,x 0 left = our own      
,revolution>y fa!rs to /rike ! balance  
betwe5 ^! oppos+ =ces to jo9 !m 9 a     
p]petual w$lock 9        su* a way z to 
secure ! b5efits ( bo?4 ,!y select$ !   
be/        ?+s t _h be5 tri$ & prov$4   
,h5ce _! great success1        h5ce !   
fact t #acb ye>s aft] its sign+1 ?is    
same        ,con/itution is /ill !      
supreme law ( ! l& & m deeply           
imb$d$ 9 ! ,am]ican he>t ?an            
ev]40--,h5ry ,william ,elson4           
8,! ,con/itution is n an arbitr>y1      
un*angeable docum5t1 b        c be      
adapt$ to meet new conditions :5ev] ! p 
decide4 ,x        %\ld be upheld because
 "u its wise provisions ! ,unit$ ,/ates 
has develop$ into a great nation ( happy

 & prosp]\s p2        because x conta9s 
sacr$ gu>antees ( protection = !        
individual2 & because x af=ds fre$om &  
opportunity = e        citiz51 :e!r     
native-born or naturaliz$4 ,am]ican     
citiz5%ip        securely re/s ^u its   
firm f\ndation40--,h5ry ,lit*field ,we/4
          8,! ,f$]al ,con/itution1 !    
:ole ( x1 is no?+ b a code (        !   
p's lib]ties1 political & civil4 ,!     
,con/itution is n        a mass ( rules1
 b ! v sub/ance ( our fre$om1 n         
obsolete2 b 9 e "p alive2 m ne$ful n[   
?an ev]1 &        z fitt$ to our        
ne$s40--,/imson's ,! ,am]ican           
,con/itution4          8,no o!r c\ntry 9
 ! _w possesses ! gu>antees (           
individual lib]ty & inh]5t rights t are 
accord$ by !        ,con/itution ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates40--,david ,jayne ,hill's  
,! ,p's        ,gov]nm5t4          8,we 
ne$ n view ) appreh5sion or ev5 regret !
 gradual        adaptation ( !          
,con/itution to ! ev]-*ang+ ne$s f      
g5]ation to g5]ation ( ! mo/ progressive

 nation 9 !        _w4 ,! ,con/itution  
is n a /atic in/itution4 ,x is nei!r1   
on ! "o h&1 a s&y bea*1 :i* is quickly  
de/roy$ by !        erosion ( ! waves1  
nor1 on ! o!r h&1 is x a ,gibralt] rock 
:i* :olly resi/s ! ceaseless wa%+ ( "t &
        circum/ances4 ,its /r5g? lies 9 
its adaptability to sl[ &               
progressive *ange4 ,:ile ! necessity (  
*ange may be recognis$        9 !       
non-ess5tials1 yet ! ,con/itution 0 bas$
 ^u c]ta9        fundam5tal pr9ciples   
:i* 7 n ?us *angeable4 ,^! times        
%\ld n )] nor cu/om /ale4 ,:ile ! great 
compact        app>5tly dealt only ) v  
concrete & practical details (          
gov]nm5t 9 ! v simple/ language1 &      
c>efully avoid$        any?+ t savor$ ( 
vision>y doctr9>ism1 yet1 beh9d ^!      
simply b wond]fully phras$ delegations (
 p[]1 0 a broad &        accurate       
political philosophy1 :i* con/itutes !  
true doctr9e        ( ,am]ican          
,gov]nm5t4 ,its pr9ciples are ( et]nal  
v]ity4 ,!y        are f\nd$ ^u !        

inali5able rights ( man4 ,!y are n !    
?+ ( ! day or tempor>y circum/ance4 ,if 
!y are de/roy$1        !n ! _s ( our    
gov]nm5t is gone1 ev5 if ! =m           
survive40--,james ,m4 ,beck4            
8,! ,con/itution rema9s ! sure/ & safe/ 
f\ndation = a        free gov]nm5t t !  
wit ( man has yet devis$40--,ni*olas    
,murray ,butl]4          8,i believe !re
 is no f9] =m ( gov]nm5t ?an ! "o "u    
:i* we live1 & t ,i ought to be will+ to
 live or die1 z ,god        decrees1 t x
 may n p]i% f ! e>? ?r\gh trea*]y       
)9 or ?r\gh assault )\t40--,?omas ,r4   
,m>%all4          8,al?\gh n a citiz5 ( 
y\r great c\ntry1 ,i am he>t & s\l      
) y & y\r associates 9 ! glori\s fight y
 are mak+        = ! pres]vation ( y\r  
pe]less ,con/itution1 :i* has made      
y\r c\ntry :at x is1 & :i* is today !   
brighte/ hope (        mank9d40--,b>on  
,ros51 =m]ly ,russian ,ambassador to !  
,unit$        ,/ates ( ,am]ica4         
8,"u ! ,am]ican ,con/itution 0 realiz$ !
 sublime conception        ( a nation 9 

:i* e citiz5 lives "u two complete &    
well-r\nd$ sy/ems ( laws1--! /ate law & 
! f$]al law--ea*        ) its           
legislature1 its executive1 & its       
judici>y mov+ "o        )9 ! o!r1       
noiselessly1 & )\t friction4 ,x 0 "o (  
! longe/ rea*es ( con/ructive           
/atesman%ip ev] kn[n 9 !        _w4 ,!re
 nev] 0 any?+ q l x be=e1 & 9 ,europe   
x ne$s mu* explanation ev5 = educat$    
/atesm5 :o h nev]        se5 its work+s4
 ,yet to ,am]ica x has become s mu* a   
matt] (        c\rse t !y1 too1         
sometimes ne$ to be told h[ mu* x       
signifies4 ,9 #aghg x 0 ! sub/itution ( 
law = viol5ce        betwe5 /ates t 7   
p>tly sov]eign4 ,9 "s future /ill       
gr&] conv5tion we tru/ ! same ?+ w be   
done betwe5        /ates t h be5 :olly  
sov]eign1 :]eby peace may ga9 &         
viol5ce be dim9i%$ ov] o!r l&s ?an ?is  
:i* has set !        example40--,john   
,fiske1 9 #ahhh4       #da ,! ,engli%   
gov]nm5t =c$ laws ^u ! colonies to      
re/rict        trade & manufactures1 to 

place a /&+ army 9 ,am]ica1 & to        
raise taxes4 ,! tax laws 7 d5\nc$ z     
illegal by !        coloni/s1 :o argu$ t
 !y 7 n repres5t$ 9 ,p>liam5t4          
,read ! *>ges made aga9/ ! k+ & !       
gov]nm5t ( ,engl&        9 ! ,decl>ation
 ( ,indep5d5ce4       #db ,read ! fam\s 
spee* made by ,james ,otis aga9/ ! ,/amp
 ,act 9        ! ,/amp ,act ,congress 9 
,new ,york1 ,octob]1 #agfe4 ,see        
,am]ican        ,hi/ory ,leaflets4      
#dc ,! foll[+ 7 ! fundam5tal defects ( !
 ,articles (        ,conf$]ation4       
a4 ,!y did n provide = a c5tral         
executive1 & !re 0 no        supreme    
executive to en=ce ! laws4          b4  
,no provision 0 made = a c5tral         
judici>y1 & ea* ,/ate        int]pret$ !
 ,f$]al laws z x saw fit4          c4   
,!y p]mitt$ concurr5t legislation on    
vital subjects3 i4 e4        ea* ,/ate  
c\ld legislate z x pleas$ on su*        
subjects z t>iff1        =eign treaties1
 curr5cy1 etc4          d4 ,!y p]mitt$  
ea* ,/ate to regulate its own co9age &  

!re        7 at "o "t at lea/ f\rte5    
diff]5t k9ds ( co9s 9 !        ?irte5   
,/ates4 ,?is greatly int]f]$ ) trade4   
e4 ,!y gave ,congress no p[] to en=ce ! 
obs]vance (        treaties4 ,congress  
c\ld pass laws b c\ld n en=ce !m4       
f4 ,!y gave ,congress no p[] to co]ce a 
,/ate--x c\ld only        recomm5d to ! 
,/ates4          g4 ,!y requir$ a       
two-?irds vote on all que/ions 9        
,congress1 &        votes 7 ca/ by      
,/ates4 ,mo/ bills may pass ! pres5t    
,congress        by a majority vote4    
h4 ,congress c\ld n rea* ! individual to
 puni% him = crime        committ$ aga9/
 ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t1 except ?r\gh ! ,/ate
        9 :i* ! crime 0 committ$4 ,(t5 !
 ,/ates refus$ to act4          i4 ,!   
,articles c\ld n be am5d$ )\t ! cons5t (
 all (        ! ,/ates4 ,sev]al times "o
 ,/ate defeat$ ! am5dm5t ( !            
,articles4       #dd ,! small ,/ates    
hav+ only small areas & !re=e less room 
=        settl]s1 7 afraid ( any =m (   
union gov]nm5t :i* gave !        ,/ates 

proportional repres5tation 9 ,congress4 
,^! small ,/ates        decl>$ !y w\ld n
 ratify ! ,articles ( ,conf$]ation until
        ^? ,/ates hav+ l>ge areas (     
we/]n l&s w\ld agree to c$e        ^?   
l&s to ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4 ,! sev5 ,/ates
 hold+        we/]n l&s agre$ to c$e _! 
l&s 9 ,janu>y1 #agha1 & on        ,m>*  
#a/1 ,m>yl& z ! la/ ,/ate ratifi$ !     
,articles (        ,conf$]ation4        
#de ,! v>i\s ,/ates *ose a total (      
sixty-five delegates to att5d        !  
,f$]al conv5tion at ,philadelphia4 ,(   
^!1 fifty-five        actually sat 9 !  
conv5tion4 ,( ! entire numb]1 =ty-two 7 
pres5t on ! la/ day & ?irty-n9e sign$ ! 
,con/itution4          ,( ! fifty-five  
:o sat 9 ! conv5tion1 tw5ty-five 7 f    
nor? ( ! ,mason & ,dixon ,l9e1 or f !   
nor!rn ,/ates1 &        ?irty 7 f !     
s\!rn ,/ates4 ,( ! ?irty-n9e sign]s1    
n9ete5 7 f ! ,nor? & tw5ty f ! ,s\?4 ,! 
?ree        :o refus$ to sign 7         
,elbridge ,g]ry ( ,massa*usetts &       
,edmund        ,r&olph & ,george ,mason 

( ,virg9ia4 ,^! ?ree m5 ?\ght !         
,con/itution gave too mu* p[] to !      
c5tral gov]nm5t & did        n leave    
en\gh to ! ,/ates4          ,eight ( !  
m5 :o sign$ ! ,con/itution 7 ( =eign    
bir?4        ,!y 7 ,alex&] ,hamilton1   
,william ,patt]son1 ,james ,wilson1     
,rob]t ,morris1 ,james ,mc,henry1 ,?omas
 ,fitzsimons1 ,william ,r4 ,davie1      
& ,pi]ce ,butl]4 ,y w notice t          
,hamilton1 ,wilson1 ,patt]son1        & 
,morris 7 among ! mo/ influ5tial m5 9 ! 
conv5tion4        ,_m ( ,am]ica's       
greate/ m5 h be5 ( =eign bir?4          
,! olde/ man 9 ! conv5tion 0 ,b5jam9    
,frankl9 :o 0        eighty-"o ye>s (   
age4 ,! y\nge/ man 0 ,jona?an ,dayton ( 
,new        ,j]sey :o 0 only tw5ty-sev54
 ,*>les ,p9ckney 0 tw5ty-n9e        ye>s
 old1 & ,alex&] ,hamilton 0 ?irty4 ,!   
av]age age ( !        entire memb]%ip 9 
! conv5tion 0 #dc-b_/e ye>s4          ,!
 memb]%ip 9 ! conv5tion includ$ a       
rem>kable gr\p (        m5--9 fact ! mo/
 rem>kable gr\p ( /atesm5 t ev]         

assembl$ = ! mak+ ( a con/itution4 ,!y  
_h ga9$ _!        exp]i5ce 9 five       
diff]5t ways3 colonial legislatures1    
,/ate        legislatures1 ,/ate        
conv5tions1 ,cont95tal ,congresses1 & 9 
!        ,congress ( ! ,conf$]ation4    
,six ( !m _h ! honor ( hav+        sign$
 ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce--,b5jam9   
,frankl91 ,james        ,wilson1 ,rob]t 
,morris1 ,rog] ,%]man1 ,george ,read1 & 
,george        ,clym]4 ,?irty delegates 
7 college m5 & tw5ty-six _h             
degrees4       #df ,a c>eful /udy ( !   
debates 9 ! ,f$]al conv5tion w reveal   
! foll[+ allusions to ! gov]nm5t &      
in/itutions ( o!r        c\ntries4 ,a   
total ( two hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree         
allusions 7        made to ! gov]nm5ts (
 ,europe1 ! mo/ important ( :i* 7       
! foll[+3 "o hundr$ & ?irty allusions 7 
made to        ,engl&1 ( :i* fifty 7    
comm5datory1 & tw5ty-f\r 7        w>n+s2
 n9ete5 allusions 7 made to ,france1 (  
:i* five 7        comm5datory & ?ree 7  
w>n+s2 ,g]many1 or r ! ,g]man           

,/ates1 _h sev5te5 allusions2 ,holl& _h 
tw5ty allusions2        ,greece _h      
tw5ty-five2 ,rome _h tw5ty-six4 ,! two  
hundr$ &        tw5ty-?ree allusions 7  
made 9 su* way z to indicate t !        
delegates 7 widely read 9 bo? gov]nm5t &
 hi/ory4       #dg ,! ,con/itution 9    
,article ,,vii says1 8,! ,ratification (
 !        ,conv5tions ( n9e ,/ates %all 
be suffici5t = ! ,e/abli%m5t        (   
?is ,con/itution betwe5 ! ,/ates s      
ratify+ ! ,same40          ,! fir/ ,/ate
 to ratify 0 ,delaw>e on ,decemb] #g1   
#aghg4 ,new        ,hamp%ire1 ! n9?     
,/ate1 ratifi$ on ,june #ba1 #aghh1 &   
,rhode        ,isl&1 ! la/1 on ,may #bi1
 #agij4       #dh ,e "r begets a duty4  
,! m rights our gov]nm5t gives u1       
! m duties are impos$ ^u ea* "o ( u4 ,9 
an absolute        mon>*y ! p h v few   
rights & !y also h v few        duties  
to p]=m4 ,9 democracies l ! ,unit$      
,/ates ! p        h a "r to p>ticipate 9
 gov]nm5t1 !y also h ! duty        (    
becom+ intellig5t & becom+ acqua9t$ ) ! 

v>i\s        details ( ! adm9i/ration ( 
gov]nm5t4 ,:5 p h a        "r to        
p>ticipate 9 gov]nm5t1 !y h ! duty (    
att5d+        e election & ca/+ an      
intellig5t ballot4 ,:]e p h        a "r 
to make law1 !y mu/ accept ! duty (     
help+ en=ce        law4 ,:]e p h fre$om 
( religi\s belief & wor%ip1 !y          
mu/ refra9 f int]f]+ 9 ! belief ( o!r p4
 ,:]e        !y h fre$om ( spee* &      
press1 !y mu/ protect o!r        p 9 t  
same "r4 ,:]e p h ! "r ( trial 9 a      
legally con/itut$ c\rt ( law1 !y mu/    
refra9 f mob rule or        f lyn* law4 
,! great] ! privileges giv5 a p by law1 
! great] are _! duties to see t law is  
always respect$ &        c>efully en=c$4
       #di ,! gov]nm5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 is a dual gov]nm5t4 ,!re is a          
,/ate gov]nm5t )9 ea* ,/ate1 :i* is     
supreme ov] !        affairs ( t ,/ate  
alone4 ,!n !re is a ,f$]al gov]nm5t     
:i* is supreme & sov]eign ?r\gh\t !     
entire ,unit$ ,/ates        9 all ^?    
affairs :i* ! ,f$]al ,con/itution gives 

to !        control ( ! ,f$]al gov]nm5t4
 ,! police p[] ( a ,/ate is             
commonly def9$ z ! p[] ( a ,/ate to     
control all ( its        dome/ic int]nal
 affairs4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t is n       
p]mitt$        to int]f]e ) ! police    
p[]s ( ! ,/ates4       #ej 8,no /ate    
all[s its gov]nm5t to dictate to any "o 
:at *ur* he        %all att5d or compels
 him to contribute to ! support ( any   
*ur*1 ! e/abli%m5t ( /ate *ur*es be+    
ev]y:]e        =bidd54 ,no p]son is     
disqualifi$ f hold+ (fice or            
ex]cis+ legal rights because ( 8        
religi\s views1 al?\gh a        v few   
/ates make belief 9 ! ,deity a requisite
 = hold+        c]ta9 /ate              
(fices40--,h>t's ,actual ,am]ican       
,gov]nm5t1 ,sec4        #ac4       #ea  
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am5dm5t
 ,i4       #eb ,*ur* & /ate are :olly   
sep>at$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,:5 a        
man takes (fice1 no "o asks him to :at  
*ur* he belongs1 or :at        8 fai?   
is4 ,if a man wants to believe 9 !      

religions ( ,india or        ,*9a1 no   
(fic] ( ! ,national gov]nm5t has a "r to
        int]f]e ) him1 provid+ he does n
 violate a law ( ! l&4        ,religi\s 
tol]ance is a gr[?4 ,! ,puritans :o     
f\nd$ ,new        ,engl&1 al?\gh !y fl$ 
to ,am]ica because ( religi\s           
p]secutions1 did n practice religi\s    
tol]ance 9 ! ,new ,_w4       #ec 8,!    
wit*craft craze at ,salem1              
,massa*usetts1 9 #afib1 is commonly     
?\ght to h be5 ! legitimate outgr[? ( ! 
gloomy religion        ( ! ,puritans4   
,n9ete5 p]sons 7 hang$ or burn$ at !    
/ake        = hav+ bewit*$ *ildr54 ,"o 0
 cru%$ to dea? "u heavy        weights  
because he w\ld n confess t he 0        
possess$ ( !        devil4 ,f ! "t ( ,k+
 ,john d[n to #agab1 innoc5t lives 7    
con/antly sacrific$ 9 ,engl& on ?is     
*>ge40--,?waites's ,!        ,colonies1 
p4 #aij4       #ed ,con/itution ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am5dm5t ,i4       #ee ,!
 fir/ t5 am5dm5ts to ! ,con/itution ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates        are limitations on 

! p[]s ( ,congress1 & ^! am5dm5ts d     
n is any way limit ! p[]s ( ! sev]al    
,/ates4 ,x is a fact1        h[ev]1 t   
practically all ! ,/ates h incorporat$  
^!        same am5dm5ts 9 _!            
,con/itutions !reby plac+ ! same        
limitations ^u _! legislatures4 ,a ,/ate
 may *ange its        ,con/itution &    
!reby curtail fre$om ( spee* & press z x
        may ?9k necess>y to protect its 
p1 & "s ( ! ,/ates        h enact$ laws 
=bidd+ an>*i/s to hold public meet+s or 
to publi% yell[ j\rnals 9 :i* !y b]ate !
 gov]nm5t or        in/igate rebellion  
or s$ition among ! p4 ,b ! ,f$]al       
gov]nm5t _c pass any law abridg+ !      
fre$om ( spee* or        press except   
su* z may be enact$ "u ! w> p[]s ( !    
gov]nm5t :5 9 actual w>1 su* z 0 enact$ 
9 ! ,espionage        ,act ( #aiag4     
#ef ,libel is def9$ z any /atem5t pr9t$1
 or writt51 or any        picture or    
c>icature t causes ano!r p]son to be    
br\ght into        hatr$1 contempt1 or  
ridicule or to be %unn$ by 8 associates4

        ,sl&] is any oral /atem5t t     
causes ano!r p]son to be        br\ght  
into hatr$1 contempt1 or ridicule1 or to
 be %unn$ by 8        associates4 ,9    
ord] to con/itute ei!r sl&] or libel !  
/atem5t or utt]ance mu/ be communicat$  
to a ?ird p>ty4          8,! "r (       
citiz5s to petition ! gov]nm5t to remove
 abuse        0 won 9 ,europe only aft] 
_m h>d conflicts4 ,x is n conc$$        
9 "s ,european gov]nm5ts today1 & m5 9  
^? c\ntries :o        lead 9 re=ms &    
advocate democratic measures are (t5    
?r[n        into prison1 bani%$1 or     
exil$4 ,?is am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution   
0 ins]t$ to gu>d aga9/ ! tyranny (      
(fic]s1 :o might        abuse ! au?ority
 conf]r$ ^u !m by ! p40       #eg       
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 #a/     
,am5dm5t4          8,! "r ( assembly is 
c\pl$ ) ! gu>anty ( ! "r to             
petition ! gov]nm5t = a r$ress (        
grievances2 b x is n        to be       
und]/ood z limit$ to t object4 ,)\t d\bt
        assemblages = social1 political 

or religi\s purposes are        protect$
 by su* aga9/ legislative prohibition   
unless att5d$        ) circum/ances     
r5d]+ ! ex]cise ( ! "r inimical to      
public peace1 security or               
welf>e40--,eml9 ,mc,clain1 quot$ 9 !    
,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4  
,i1 p4 #he4          8,! "r to assemble 
may be re/rict$ s f> z necess>y to      
prev5t its be+ ex]cis$ to promote       
unlawful purposes or 9 su*        mann] 
z to result 9 public                    
inconv5i5ce40--,cyclop$ia (             
,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #he4   
8,! provision to ! am5dm5t to ! ,f$]al  
,con/itution is a        limitation only
 on ! p[]s ( ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t & does n
        apply to ! sev]al /ates4 ,!     
/ates h l>gely copi$ ! same             
provision into _! con/itutions40        
8,! "r ( petition is important z        
recogniz+ a lawful occasion        = !  
assembly ( ! p & 9 connection ) !       
gu>anty        ( fre$om ( spee* & !     
press4 ,! subject matt] ( a petition    

_c be made ! basis = a prosecution =    
public or private        libel if x is  
kept )9 ! limits ( ! privilege          
accord$40--,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican        
,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fge4         
8,?r\gh ! "r ( petition ! p h a means ( 
in=m+        _! lawmak]s ( _! wi%es & ( 
guid+ public op9ion40          8,! rules
 ( ! national ,h\se ( ,repres5tatives   
provide t        memb]s hav+ petitions  
to pres5t may deliv] !m to ! cl]k       
& ! petition1 except su* z1 9 ! judgm5t 
( ! speak]1        are ( an obsc5e or   
insult+ "*1 %all be ent]$ ^u !          
j\rnal40--,eml9 ,mc,clain1 quot$ 9 !    
,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican        ,gov]nm5t1 
,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #fge4       #eh          
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am5dm5t
 ,,ii4          8,?is "r to keep & be>  
arms1 al?\gh /at$ 9 connection        ) 
! militia1 is held broad en\gh to cov] !
 keep+ &        c>ry+ ( su* weapons z   
are suitable = self-def5se1 or          
def5se ( ! home4 ,b ! keep+ ( unusual   
weapons1 or !        c>ry+ ( unusual    

weapons 9 an unusual mann]1 z by hav+ !m
        conceal$ on ! p]son1 may be     
prohibit$40--,b\vi]'s ,law              
,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #afe4          
8,?is am5dm5t1 l ! o!r eight am5dm5ts to
 ! ,f$]al        ,con/itution1 does n   
apply to ! ,/ates1 & a ,/ate may        
legislate z x pleases reg>d+ ! c>ry+ &  
us+ ( arms4        ,_m /ates prev5t !   
c>ry+ ( arms ( any k9d except )         
legal p]mission giv5 ?r\gh ! prop] (fic]
 = /at$        specific reasons40       
8,! am5dm5t means no m ?an t ?is "r %all
 n be        infr+$ by ,congress4       
,police protection ( ! p is left to     
! ,/ates40       #ei ,"o ( ! grievances 
( ! coloni/s /at$ 9 ! ,decl>ation (     
,indep5d5ce 0 ! qu>t]+ ( l>ge bodies (  
arm$ troops 9        ! colonies1 b !    
gu>anty f\nd 9 ! ,f$]al ,con/itution &  
9 _m ,/ate ,con/itutions is t soldi]s   
%all n 9 times (        peace be qu>t]$ 
^u private p]sons4 ,?is gu>anty has     
respect        to ! recognition ( ! "r (
 e man n to be unw>rantably             

di/urb$ or intrud$ ^u 9 8 home4 8,e     
man's h\se is 8        ca/le40       #fj
 ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1        
,am5dm5t ,,iv4          8,"o ( ! mo/    
s]i\s grievances ( ! coloni/s 01 !      
ass]tion & ex]cise ( a pr]ogative ( !   
cr[n to issue        w>rants = se>*+    
private premises 9 ord] to obta9 evid5ce
        ( political (f5ses4 ,?is _h be5 
! subject ( controv]sy 9        ,engl& &
 0 made ! basis ( a prote/ 9            
,massa*usetts by        ,james ,otis    
aga9/ ! ,writs ( ,assi/ance :i* 7 9     
effect1        g5]al                    
w>rants40--,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican        
,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4        #fed4 
8,! privilege cont5d$ = 0 t ! privacy ( 
! dwell+        h\se %\ld n be invad$ by
 public (fic]s )\t ! cons5t        ( !  
own] save = ! purpose ( mak+ an arre/1 &
 !n only        by an (fic] ( ! law--:o 
c>ri$ a w>rant giv+ him su*             
au?ority40--,eml9 ,mc,clain1 quot$ 9 !  
,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican        ,gov]nm5t1 
,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fed4          ,!       

protection af=d$ by ! con/itutional     
provision is aga9/        attempts made 
"u ! disguise ( public process to pry   
into        private affairs on m]e      
suspicion t a crime has be5 committ$ or 
contemplat$4          ,! pr9ciple ( ?is 
gu>anty is be+ violat$ if ! po/al       
au?orities op5 seal$ lett]s 9 ! mail to 
discov] :e!r        improp] use ( ! mail
 is be+ made4 ,x is also violat$ by     
compell+ ! production ( private pap]s ( 
! def5dant 9 a        crim9al           
prosecution4          ,a w>rant is n    
always necess>y to arre/ an individual4 
,=        example1 a police (fic] does n
 ne$ a w>rant 9 ord] to arre/        a  
p]son :o is violat+ a law 9 8 pres5ce1  
or a p]son :om he        has good reason
 to ?9k has committ$ a                  
felony4--,cyclop$ia (        ,am]ican   
,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fee4        
#fa ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
,am5dm5t ,v4          8,a capital crime 
is su* crime z ! law decl>es puni%able  
by        dea? p5alty40--,b\vi]'s ,law  

,diction>y1 ,vol ,i1 p4 #bhd4           
8,an infam\s crime is su* crime z ! law 
decl>es puni%able by        imprisonm5t 
9 a /ate prison40          ,a gr& jury1 
or an indictm5t1 or a pres5tm5t jury1 or
 an inque/        jury1 is a jury       
7diff]+ z to numb]s 9 diff]5t ,/ates7 = 
! purpose ( inve/igat+ alleg$ crimes4   
,if1 ^u inve/igation1        ! jury     
believes ! accus$ p]son has ei!r        
committ$ ! act or        has _h a "p 9 !
 crime1 x w draw up a =mal accusation 9 
writ+4 ,?is accusation is call$ an      
indictm5t & is pres5t$ to        ! c\rt4
 ,9 a few ,/ates a p]son may be br\ght  
to trial =        violation ( a law ( ! 
,/ate ^u in=mation fil$ by !            
prosecut+ attorney4          ,a petit   
jury1 or trial jury1 is a jury ( twelve 
m5 select$ by        ! c\rt--accord+ to 
a law det]m9+ ! mann]--to he> !         
accusation aga9/ ! p]son *>g$ along ) ! 
evid5ce        submitt$ dur+ ! trial 9  
c\rt4 ,aft] he>+ ! evid5ce &            
receiv+ f ! judge in/ructions conc]n+ ! 

law gov]n+        ! case1 ! jury w      
det]m9e :e!r ! accus$ p]son is          
guilty or n4 ,! ,f$]al gov]nm5t1 & mo/ (
 ! ,/ates1        require a unanim\s    
v]dict4 ,if ! jury disagrees !y report  
su*        to ! c\rt 7! judge7 & !y are 
dismiss$ & ! case may be        tri$    
aga9 ) a diff]5t jury4                  
8,con/itutional gu>anties ( ! "r ( trial
 = crime only on        indictm5t by a  
gr& jury1 imply a common law gr& jury ( 
^:        numb] at lea/ twelve m5 concur
 9 f9d+ ! indictm5t1 b by               
provision 9 /ate con/itutions a small]  
numb] ( gr& jurors        ?an requir$ by
 common law & concurr5ce ( a small]     
numb] ?an        twelve 9 ! f9d+ ( an   
indictm5t may be au?oriz$40          8,a
 gr& jury af=ds a safegu>d aga9/ !      
unw>rant$ ignom9y        ( be+ put on   
public trial = an (f5se :i* !re is no   
reasonable gr\nd to believe ! accus$ has
 committ$40          8,! gr& jury is to 
inve/igate ! cases ( ^? :o h be5        
arre/$ & held "u prelim9>y in=mation on 

oa? by private        accus]s2 & x may  
also inve/igate cases ( suppos$ crime ( 
:i* x has k or to :i* its att5tion may  
be call$ by        ! public prosecut+   
(fic]4 ,its proce$+s are secret & its   
memb]s are sworn n to subsequ5tly       
divulge !m40--,mc,clain's               
,con/itutional ,law4       #fb          
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am5dm5t
 ,v4          8,! rule ( proc$ure       
g5]ally recogniz$ is t :5 an accus$     
p]son has be5 put on trial "u a valid   
indictm5t 9 a c\rt        hav+          
jurisdiction ( ! case1 & a jury has be5 
empanel$ &        sworn to try ! case & 
give a v]dict1 & a v]dict ( n           
guilty is giv5--! accus$ _c be aga9 put 
on trial = !        same crime1 or any  
includ$ crime = :i* he might h be5      
convict$ 9 t prosecution40--,cyclop$ia (
 ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1        ,vol4 ,,ii1 
p4 #bea4          8,a v]dict ( n guilty 
is conclusive & ! def5dant mu/ be       
dis*>g$4 ,if h[ev] he is convict$1 he   
may 9 "s in/ances        appeal ! case  

to a high] c\rt = review & t is n be+   
aga9 put 9 jeop>dy40--,eml9 ,mc,clain1  
quot$ 9 ! ,cyclop$ia (        ,am]ican  
,gov]nm5t1 ,vol ,,ii1 p4 #bea4          
8,jeop>dy is complete :5 ! c\rt proce$s 
) a jury to        asc]ta9 ! def5dant's 
guilt40          8,z ! crim9al          
jurisdiction ( ! ,f$]al ,c\rt ext5ds    
only to        (f5ses aga9/ ! ,f$]al    
laws1 & no prosecution = su*            
(f5ses c be ent]ta9$ 9 ! /ate c\rts--x  
foll[s t        !re c be no que/ions (  
=m] jeop>dy z betwe5 a f$]al        & a 
/ate c\rt40--,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican      
,gov]nm5t1 ,vol ,,ii1 p4        #bea4   
#fc ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
,am5dm5t ,v4          ,9 our own e>ly   
colonies p]sons 7 frequ5tly tortur$ to  
compel        !m to give evid5ce aga9/  
!mselves or aga9/ o!r p1        b at t  
"t ! colonies 7 /ill "u ,briti%         
au?ority4          ,an in/ance 0 rec5tly
 report$ ( a man appe>+ be=e a          
%]iff & confess+ to ! commission ( five 
diff]5t murd]s        9 z _m diff]5t    

places 9 a we/]n ,/ate4 ,^u inve/igation
        x 0 f\nd t murd]s _h be5        
committ$ 9 ^! places ab\t        ! "t he
 confess$ to hav+ committ$ ! crimes1 s  
he 0        arre/$ & held by ! %]iff4   
,^u fur!r inve/igation x 0              
discov]$ t he 0 m5tally unbalanc$ & hav+
 read ( all        ^! crimes he imag9$  
he _h committ$ !m4 ,he 0 releas$ f      
arre/ & 0 committ$ to a hospital = !    
insane4 ,9 ?is        in/ance an innoc5t
 man might h be5 execut$ if 8 own       
te/imony _h be5 suffici5t to convict    
him4          ,if a p]son confesses to  
hav+ committ$ a crime & ! facts z       
/at$ are f\nd to be correct1 he may !n  
be convict$ ( !        crime1 b !       
conviction is made on ! basis ( !       
evid5ce        disclos$ by 8 confession 
& n on ! confession itself4 ,hav+       
made a confession ! (fic]s may !n f !   
facts told by !        accus$ f9d o!r   
facts suffici5t to convict )\t (f]+ !   
confession 9 evid5ce4          8,a      
confession is n admissible 9 evid5ce :]e

 x is obta9$ by        temporal         
inducem5t1 by ?reats1 promise or hope ( 
favor held out        to ! p>ty 9       
respect ( 8 escape f ! *>ge aga9/ him1  
by a p]son 9 au?ority40--,b\vi]'s ,law  
,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4        #chg4   
8,:5 an inducem5t de/roys a confession x
 mu/ be held out by a        p]son 9    
au?ority40       #fd ,con/itution ( !   
,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am5dm5t ,v4             
,?is is a "p ( ! fif? am5dm5t to !      
,f$]al ,con/itution1        & ! f\rte5? 
is an expansion ( x1 & assumes t ! man  
*>g$ ) ! crime is innoc5t until prov5   
guilty4 ,! old        /&>d set 9 ,europe
 0 t a p]son *>g$ ) crime 0             
consid]$ guilty until he 0 prov5        
innoc5t4 ,all citiz5s1        :e!r      
native or =eign born1 h ! protection (  
?is        am5dm5t4--,b\vi]'s ,law      
,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fbb4          
,previ\s to #afgi 9 ,engl& an accus$    
p]son c\ld be deta9$ 9        prison =  
mon?s or ev5 = ye>s & _h no rec\rse to !
        c\rts1 b might be ?us deta9$ 9  

prison ^u a m]e *>ge        br\ght by "s
 "o jeal\s ( him & )\t real reason4 ,9 t
        ye> ! p dem&$ t ,p>liam5t %\ld  
give relief aga9/        unju/ or false 
imprisonm5t1 & ,p>liam5t enact$ !       
,habeas        ,corpus ,act4 ,!         
provisions ( ?is notable act require t a
 p]son        imprison$ may dem& a      
prelim9>y he>+ & le>n ! cause (        8
 be+ seiz$ & imprison$4 ,ei!r he or 8   
fri5ds or        relatives c\ld g be=e a
 judge ( a c\rt & dem& a writ (         
habeas corpus4 ,su* writ 0 issu$ by a   
judge & direct$ to !        jail] or !  
p]son deta9+ ! accus$ & he 0 compell$ to
        br+ ! accus$ p]son be=e ! c\rt &
 %[ legal reason :y        t p]son %\ld 
be deta9$4 ,if no su* cause or reason   
c\ld be        giv51 ! accus$ p]son mu/ 
be set at lib]ty4 ,! gu>anty (        ! 
"r to a writ ( habeas corpus "u our     
,con/itution is        consid]$ h]eaft]4
 ,see page #add4          ,due process (
 law may be def9$ z 8accord+ to ! law ( 
!        place 9 :i* ! trial is held04  

,x means 9 ?is in/ance t no        p]son
 may be depriv$ ( life1 lib]ty1 or      
prop]ty )\t !        "r ( judicial      
trial4 ,due process ( law does n        
necess>ily        mean jury trial4 ,if a
 jury trial is ! legally recogniz$ me?od
        ( try+ su* case1 !n jury trial  
is due process1 b if trial        )\t a 
jury is legally provid$ = :5 p]mitt$ by 
!        ,con/itution1 9 t in/ance1 due 
process does n require jury             
trial4 ,= cases 9 :i* ! "r ( trial by   
jury is gu>ante$        see pages #aaa1 
#abe1 & #afj4          8,9 a ^w1 #8due  
process ( law' to-day signifies         
#8reasonable law'1        9 :i* s5se x  
be/[s ^u ! c\rts1 & especially ^u !     
,f$]al ,c\rts1 z f9al int]pret] ( !     
national con/itution1 a                 
practically undef9$ range ( sup]vision  
ov] legislation bo?        /ate &       
national40--,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican       
,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4        #fae4    
8,due process ( law1 is law 9 its regul>
 c\rse ( adm9i/ration        ?r\gh c\rts

 ( ju/ice40--,/ory's ,comm5t>ies1 ,vol4 
,,iii1 pp4        #bfd1 #ffa2--ah ,h[>d 
#bgb4          8,any legal proce$+ en=c$
 by public au?ority1 :e!r               
sanction$ by age or cu/om1 or newly     
devis$ 9 ! discretion (        !        
legislative p[]1 9 fur!rance ( ! g5]al  
public good1        :i* reg>ds &        
pres]ves ^! pr9ciples ( lib]ty &        
ju/ice40--#aaj ,u4 ,s4 #eaf4            
8,due process ( law 9 ea* p>ticul> case 
means1 su* an ex]cise        ( ! p[]s ( 
gov]nm5t z ! settl$ maxims ( ! law p]mit
        & sanction1 & "u su* safegu>ds =
 ! protection ( !        individual     
rights z ^? maxims prescribe = ! class (
 cases        to :i* ! "o 9 "q          
belongs40--,cooley's ,con/itutional     
,limitations1 p4 #dda4          8,?is   
provision does n imply t all trials 9   
/ate c\rts        affect+ ! prop]ty (   
p]sons mu/ be by jury40 ,?is dep5ds to  
"s ext5t ^u ! con/itution ( ! respective
 /ates1 except        z limit$ by !     
,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution4--#ib ,u4 ,s4

 #ij4       #fe ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates1 ,am5dm5t ,v4          ,em95t    
doma9 means ! "r & au?ority ( ! gov]nm5t
 to        take private prop]ty = public
 purposes ^u ! paym5t ( a j             
comp5sation4          8,! sup]ior "r    
exi/+ 9 a sov]eign gov]nm5t by :i*      
private prop]ty may 9 c]ta9 cases be    
tak5 or its use controll$        = !    
public b5efit1 )\t reg>d to ! wi%es ( ! 
own]40--,b\vi]'s ,law ,diction>y1 ,vol4 
,i1 p4 #feg4          8,em95t doma9 is  
said ) m precision to be ! "r ( !       
nation or ! /ate1 or ( ^? to :om ! p[]  
has be5 lawfully        delegat$1 to    
condemn private prop]ty to public use1  
^u pay+ to        ! own] a due          
comp5sation1 to be asc]ta9$ accord+ to  
law40--,b\vi]'s ,law ,diction>y1 ,vol4  
,i1 p4 #fea4          ,j comp5sation is 
g5]ally arriv$ at by ^? ^: duty x is    
to secure ! l& = ! gov]nm5t1 by (f]+ a  
good fair price        = ! l&4 ,if !    
own] ( ! l& refuses to accept ! (f]1    
! l& may be seiz$ by ! prop] au?ority & 

! matt]        settl$ accord+ to law4 ,!
 law g5]ally provides t a body (        
apprais]s be appo9t$ :o appraise ! value
 ( ! l& & ?is        am\nt is (f]$ to ! 
own]4 ,if he refuses1 ! matt] is c>ri$  
to ! c\rt = det]m9ation4 ,a jury is     
summon$ to assess !        value ( ! l& 
& f ?is ! own] may usually appeal1 b    
! gov]nm5t _c appeal2 x mu/ pay !       
apprais$ valuation or        all[ ! own]
 to keep 8 prop]ty4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t
        private prop]ty may only be tak5
 by ! gov]nm5t = public        purposes4
          ,"s purposes = :i* ! gov]nm5t 
may take private prop]ty        are3 =ts
 & ars5als1 army po/s1 or public p>ks4  
,x may take        food supplies = use (
 ! army or navy 9 "t ( w>4 ,x may       
take ov] ! railroads = ! b5efit ( ! p ( 
! ,nation1        etc4 ,9 all cases x   
mu/ give j comp5sation4       #ff       
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am5dm5t
 ,,vi4          8,a spe$y trial is1 x   
appe>s1 "o t is br\ght on )\t           
unreasonable delay = prep>ation2 & a    

public trial is n        necess>ily "o  
to :i* e "o may obta9 admission b "o    
suffici5tly free & op5 to all[ ! fri5ds 
( ! access$ &        o!rs to wat* !     
proce$+s40--,eml9 ,mc,clain1 quot$ 9 !  
,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t4        
8,crim9al prosecution is ! means adopt$ 
to br+ a suppos$        (f5d] to ju/ice 
& puni%m5t by due c\rse ( law40         
8,! spe$y trial to :i* a p]son *>g$ )   
crime is entitl$        "u ! con/itution
 is a trial at su* a "t1 aft] ! f9d+    
( ! indictm5t1 z %all af=d ! prosecution
 a reasonable        opportunity1 by !  
fair & hone/ ex]cise ( reasonable       
dilig5ce1 to prep>e = trial1 & if !     
trial is delay$ or        po/pon$ beyond
 su* p]iod1 :5 !re is a t]m ( c\rt at   
:i*        ! trial might be _h1 by      
reason ( neglect ( ! prosecution 9      
prep>+ = trial1 su* delay is a d5ial to 
! def5dant ( !        "r ( a spe$y      
trial1 & 9 su* case a p]son conf9$1 ^u  
application by habeas corpus1 is entitl$
 to a dis*>ge f                         

cu/ody40--,b\vi]'s ,law ,diction>y1     
,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajbc4          ,e jury  
is sworn to decide accord+ to ! evid5ce 
pres5t$1        guid$ by in/ructions 9 !
 law giv5 by ! judge4 ,juries are       
!re=e held to be imp>tial4          ,!  
entire ,unit$ ,/ates is divid$ into     
judicial di/ricts1 (        :i* !re are 
ab\t n9ety-two4 ,^! di/ricts are f\nd )9
        ! ,/ates z judicial di/ricts d n
 cut ,/ate b\nd>ies4 ,:]e        !      
population is m sp>se a ,f$]al di/rict  
comprises an entire        ,/ate4 ,:]e !
 population is m d5se a ,/ate may conta9
 two or        m di/ricts4 ,!re are f\r 
,unit$ ,/ates ,di/rict ,c\rt            
di/ricts 9 ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york1 two 9  
,i[a1 & only "o 9        ,nevada1 & "s  
o!r we/]n ,/ates4          ,congress may
 by legislative act lay out ,f$]al c\rt 
di/ricts4        ,^! di/ricts 7 fir/    
e/abli%$ 9 ! ,f$]al ,judici>y ,act      
( #aghi4 ,z ! population increases      
,congress may increase !        numb] ( 
di/ricts4       #fg ,con/itution ( !    

,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am5dm5t ,,vi4           
,if "o is n giv5 a prelim9>y he>+ %ortly
 aft] 8 arre/1        ! "r to a writ (  
habeas corpus 7def9$ 9 ano!r *apt]71    
gives ! accus$ an opportunity to "k !   
exact nature ( !        *>ge aga9/ him &
 :y he is held or deta9$ 9 prison4 ,!n  
he        is fac$ by 8 accus]s 9 c\rt & 
be>s ! *>ge aga9/ him4        ,9 all    
crim9al cases ! accus$ is privileg$ to  
be pres5t        ?r\gh\t ! entire trial1
 9 fact he is requir$ to be pres5t      
dur+ ! trial4          ,9 e>ly ,engl&1 &
 9 _m o!r ,european c\ntries 9 e>ly     
times1 ! accus$ p]son 0 n ev5 p]mitt$ to
 "k ! reason        = 8 imprisonm5t1 &  
fur!rmore 0 tri$ 9 c\rt & f\nd          
guilty )\t he>+ ! evid5ce or kn[+ :o    
te/ifi$ 9        c\rt4          ,! "r ( 
trial ^u indictm5t ( a gr& jury1 & !    
privilege ( confront+ "o's accus]s 9    
c\rt1 hav+ witnesses        9 "o's      
behalf1 & hav+ an attorney to def5d "o  
accus$1 is        n yet all[$ 9 c]ta9   
p>ts ( ,russia & p]haps o!r             

c\ntries 9 ,europe & ,asia4 ,^!         
privileges h be5 !        recogniz$ "r (
 all p 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce our       
glori\s ,con/itution 0 adopt$ & became !
 fundam5tal law (        our c\ntry 9   
#aghi4          ,tea*]s ( civics 9 our  
s*ools ought to ask p]mission ( !       
judge to take _! classes to visit a     
session ( ! c\rt4 ,!        judge is    
able to in=m ! tea*] z to :5 c]ta9 cases
 ( mo/        value to pupils & o!r     
p]sons are to be tri$4 ,! trial (       
c]ta9 k9ds ( cases br+s out _m          
fundam5tal facts ( rights        &      
duties ( citiz5%ip t boys & girls1 z    
well z _m adult        p]sons1 ought to 
"k4          8,! accus$ is ( all m5 !   
mo/ mis]able1 unless ! law gives        
him an equal *ance to def5d himself4 ,"t
 0 :5 ! c\rts        c\ld he> privately 
! witnesses aga9/ ! prison]1 & !n       
call him into c\rt to answ] *>ges1 :i*  
he nev] _h he>d (1        made ^u !     
te/imony ( witnesses he nev] _h se51 )\t
 any        legal means ( compell+ 8 own

 witnesses to come to c\rt to           
te/ify = him & )\t any lawy] to speak = 
him aga9/ !        tra9$ c\nsel = !     
gov]nm5t4 ,_m ( ^! abuses _h be5        
we$$ out be=e ! ,con/itution 0          
adopt$40--,bacon's ,am]ican        ,plan
 ( ,gov]nm5t1 p4 #bgb4          8,almo/ 
all ! re=m ne$$ to make crim9al proc$ure
 humane &        j1 has be5 incorporat$ 
into ! con/itutions & laws ( !          
/ates dur+ ! fir/ era ( indep5d5ce2 b ! 
p ( !        ,unit$ ,/ates bad no su*   
safegu>ds40--,bacon's ,am]ican ,plan (  
,gov]nm5t1 p4 #bgc4          8,! *>ge to
 be answ]$ by ! def5dant on trial 9 a   
crim9al        c\rt mu/ be cle>1        
explicit1 & def9ite4 ,! prosecution has 
no        "r to compel ! accus$ to %[ t 
he is a good memb] (                    
society40--#g ,pet]s ,rep4 #ach4        
#fh ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
,am5dm5t ,,vi4          8,9 judicial    
proc$ure a witness is "o :o is duly     
call$ ^u to        te/ify "u oa? z to   
matt]s )9 8 k4 ,by rules (              

proc$ure "s p]sons are disqualifi$ f    
te/ify+ on acc\nt        ( want ( m5tal 
capacity z1 = in/ance1 idiots1 insane   
p]sons1        & infants :o h n atta9$ !
 age ( discretion4 ,o!rs :o        are  
qualifi$ to te/ify may be ( su* "* t _! 
te/imony is n entitl$ to ! weight :i*   
%\ld be giv5 to        "s o!r witness4  
,fur!rmore1 a witness may be s relat$ to
 !        subject matt] or to ! p>ties z
 t 9 ! p>ticul> case 8        te/imony  
%\ld n be receiv$1 or %\ld be receiv$ "u
        limitations z to its cr$ibility 
& weight4 ,& f9ally !        compet5cy (
 te/imony (f]$ is regulat$ by rules (   
evid5ce        fix$ by law40            
8,"u con/itutional gu>anties ( religi\s 
fre$om1 ! religi\s        belief ( a    
witness _c be made a gr\nd = 8          
disqualification        to te/ify40     
8,z to crim9al prosecution1 x is usually
 provid$ 9 /ate        con/itutions z x 
is 9 ! ,fif? & ,six? ,am5dm5ts to !     
,f$]al ,con/itution t ! accus$ %all n be
 compell$ to be a        witness aga9/  

himself & t he has a "r to be confront$ 
) ! witnesses aga9/ him & to h          
compulsory process =        obta9+      
witnesses 9 8 favor4 ,^! are privileges 
:i* !        accus$ may waive40--,eml9  
,mc,clain1 quot$ 9 ,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican
        ,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #fic4
       #fi 8,compulsory process is !    
means ( compell+ a witness to appe>     
be=e ! c\rt at ! "t ( trial &1 "u oa?1  
tell :at he        kn[s ab\t ! matt] "u 
consid]ation40--,b\vi]'s ,law           
,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #gff4        
,a subpo5a is an ord] issu$ 9 a c\rt &  
giv5 to a %]iff or        o!r executive 
(fic]1 to be s]v$ ^u or read to a       
witness1        compell+ him to appe>   
be=e ! c\rt at ! "t /at$4 ,he        mu/
 lay aside all pret5ses & excuses1 &    
appe> be=e !        c\rt or ! magi/rate 
at ! "t & place nam$ 9 ! subpo5a1       
"u a p5alty !re9 cit$ = failure to      
appe>4 ,8 failure to        obey ! ord] 
( ! c\rt1 or subpo5a1 is kn[n z         
contempt4        ,contempt is puni%able 

9 ,f$]al c\rts1 & 9 mo/ ,/ates by !     
ord] ( ! judge1 & is n subject to jury  
trial4 7,oklahoma is        an          
exception47       #gj 8,at common law a 
prison] 0 n all[$ c\nsel4 ,9 ,engl& ?is 
"r 0 n grant$ 9 all cases be=e          
#ahcf40--;,cyclop$ia (        ,am]ican  
,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dhg4           
,! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 ! e>lie/ ( nations to
 n only p]mit        e p]son accus$ (   
crime & tri$ be=e a c\rt to h           
c\nsel1 b to furni% c\nsel = e p]son :o 
0 n himself        able to get c\nsel or
 able to pay = c\nsel4       #ga        
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am5dm5t
 ,,vii4          8,common ,law is t     
sy/em ( law or =m ( ! sci5ce (          
jurisprud5ce :i* has prevail$ 9 ,engl& &
 9 ! ,unit$        ,/ates1 9            
contradi/9ction f o!r great sy/ems1 su* 
z ,roman        or civil law40--,b\vi]'s
 ,law ,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #cgj4    
8,common law is us$ to di/+ui% ! body ( 
rules & ( rem$ies        adm9i/]$ by    
c\rts ( law1 te*nically s call$1 9      

contradi/9ction to ^? ( equity adm9i/]$ 
by c\rts (        *anc]y1 & to ! canon  
law1 adm9i/]$ by ecclesia/ical          
c\rts40--,b\vi]'s ,law ,diction>y1 ,vol4
 ,i1 p4 #cgj4       #gb ,con/itution ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am5dm5t ,,vii4         
8,a jury is a body ( m5 sworn to decl>e 
! facts ( a case z        !y are prov5 f
 ! evid5ce plac$ be=e !m40--,b\vi]'s    
,law ,diction>y4          ,! def9ition (
 a jury expla9s :y ! facts ( a case are 
n        op5 = re-exam9ation aft] be+   
decl>$ by a jury4 ,x is        because a
 jury meets 9 a c\rt 9 ! place :]e !    
(f5se has        be5 committ$1 & is     
!re=e bett] able to "k ! :ole           
tru?1 & to det]m9e :at ! facts really   
are ?an w\ld be        possible = any   
o!r body ( m5 :o did n h su* means (    
kn[+4 ,a high] c\rt 9 review+ a case on 
an appeal _c        usually g beh9d !   
facts z decl>$ by a jury4       #gc ,9  
ord9>y in/ances arre/s may be made only 
by (fic]s ( !        law ^u w>rants     
issu$ by a magi/rate4 ,any (fic] may1   

h[ev]1        ^u 8 own cognizance ( a   
crime be+ committ$1 arre/ !        p]son
 or p]sons )\t w>rant4 ,if su* au?ority 
7 n giv5        to (fic]s ( ! law1 _m   
p]sons violat+ law w\ld be able to      
escape be=e a w>rant c\ld be issu$4     
,fur!rmore1 "u ! laws        ( "s       
,/ates1 any p]son :o sees a crime       
committ$ is legally        requir$ to   
pursue & arre/ ! (f5d+ p]son & may      
himself        be puni%$ if he refuses  
to act4 ,%]iffs & o!r (fic]s ( !        
peace may call ^u & require o!r p]sons  
to assi/ 9 !        pursuit & capture ( 
flee+ crim9als4       #gd ,con/itution (
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am5dm5t ,,viii4      
,9 crim9al actions ! matt] ( bail is    
det]m9$ by /atute4        ,bail is (t5  
d5i$ to ^? accus$ ( committ+ s]i\s      
crimes4          ,! t]m bail is us$ to  
designate a p]son :o becomes a surety   
= ! appe>ance ( ! def5dant 9 c\rt at !  
"t call$ =4        ,b 9 mod]n usage !   
t]m bail means ! am\nt ( money          
pl$g$ by ano!r p]son = ! appe>ance ( !  

def5dant4 ,if        ! def5dant fails to
 appe> ! p]son go+ 8 bail mu/ pay !     
/ipulat$ am\nt into ! c\rt4 ,! paym5t ( 
! bail does n1        h[ev]1 relieve !  
del9qu5t def5dant ( fur!r puni%m5t4 ,he 
may be aga9 seiz$ & puni%$ z accord+ to 
! *>ge1 &        fur!rmore may be giv5  
additional puni%m5t = 8jump+0 8         
bail4          8,! def5dant usually b9ds
 himself z pr9cipal ) two sureties2     
b sometimes ! bail alone b9ds himself z 
pr9cipal1 &        sometimes "o surety  
is accept$ by ! %]iff4 ,! bail bond may 
be said to /& 9 ! place ( ! def5dant z  
f> z ! %]iff        is conc]n$1 & if    
prop]ly tak51 furni%es ! %]iff a        
complete answ] to ! requirem5t ( ! writ1
 requir+ him to        take & produce ! 
body ( ! def5dant40--,b\vi]'s ,law      
,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #baa4       #ge
 ,unit$ ,/ates ,con/itution1 ,am5dm5t   
,,viii4          8,! am\nt ( f9e is     
frequ5tly left to ! discretion ( !      
c\rt1 :o ought to proportion ! f9e to ! 
(f5se40--,cooley's        ,con/itutional

 ,limitations1 p4 #cgg4          8,!    
object ( puni%m5t is to re=m ! (f5d]1 to
 det] him        & o!rs f committ+ l    
(f5ses1 & to protect society40          
8,a /ate may provide a sev]] puni%m5t = 
a second ?an = a        fir/ (f5se      
provid+ x is dealt out to all           
alike40--#aei ,u4 ,s4        #fgc4      
8,puni%m5ts are cruel :5 !y involve     
torture or a l+]+        dea?2 b !      
puni%m5t ( dea? is n cruel1 )9 ! mean+  
( t ^w z us$ 9 ! ,con/itution40--#acf,u4
 ,s4 #dcf4          ,a w>d5 ( a ,/ate   
p5it5ti>y 0 rec5tly f\nd guilty (       
inflict+ cruel puni%m5t because he      
puni%$ a convict by        susp5d+ 8    
body f *a9s plac$ ar\nd 8 wri/s4        
,! ,briti% ,museum conta9s sev]al ma*9es
 ( torture us$ to        puni% crim9als 
9 e>ly days4 ,"o is a ma*9e 9 ! =m ( a  
holl[ case fitt+ a human =m4 ,?is case  
is fill$ ) %>p        spikes driv5 ?r\gh
 f ! outside4 ,! ma*9e 0 s              
con/ruct$ t :5 a victim 0 plac$ inside1 
! sides c\ld be        gradually turn$  

up to fit ! body & press ^! spikes into 
!        body ( ! victim s z to produce 
dea?4          ,ano!r ma*9e is con/ruct$
 mu* z a cross 9 =m ( ! lett]        ,x4
 ,! victim 0 fa/5$ 9 su* mann] z to b9d 
8 wri/s &        ankles to ! ends ( !   
b>s4 ,a horse 0 !n hit*$ to ei!r        
8 arms or legs & !y 7 torn f ! body4    
,_m ,/ates 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates h n[ adopt$
 electrocution z        ! means (       
inflict+ ! dea? p5alty because x is     
believ$ to        be ! mo/ humane way4  
#gf ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
,am5dm5t ,,xiii1 ,sec4 #a4          ,?is
 am5dm5t 0 submitt$ to ! ,/ates by      
resolution ( ,congress        9 #ahfe & 
by proclamation ( ! ,presid5t ( ,decemb]
 #ah? (        t ye> 0 decl>$ to h      
receiv$ ! approval ( !        requisite 
numb] ( ,/ates4          ,s f> z !      
abolition ( slav]y is involv$ !re has   
be5 no        "q z to ! effect ( !      
am5dm5t1 b z to :at        con/itutes   
involunt>y s]vitude important que/ions h
 aris54        ,:ile ! prim>y object ( !

 am5dm5t 0 to free ! color$        race1
 ! g5]al purpose 0 to r5d] impossible ! 
exi/5ce        )9 ! jurisdiction ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates ( any legal or social     
in/itution impos+ involunt>y labor on   
any class ( p]sons4 ,!                  
introduction "h ( ! peonage sy/em       
preval5t 9 ,mexico1 !        coolie     
sy/em ( ,*9a1 or ! padrone sy/em (      
,italy fall )9        ! prohibition4    
,! am5dm5t p]mits imprisonm5t & also    
involunt>y s]vitude z        a p5alty = 
failure to pay a f9e impos$ z a         
puni%m5t4        ,moreov] ! s]vices (   
p]sons imprison$ = crime belong to !    
,/ate & may be leas$1 subject ( c\rse to
 humanit>ian        regulations z to !  
me?od 9 :i* su* s]vices may be employ$4 
,"u ! en=cem5t clause ,congress has     
legislat$ aga9/        peonage1 t is1 a 
condition ( en=c$ s]vitude by :i* !     
s]vitor is re/ra9$ ( 8 lib]ty & compell$
 to labor 9        liquidation ( "s     
contract1 debt1 or obligation4 ,b )\t   
su*        legislation1 ,/ate /atutes   

impos+ imprisonm5t or s]vitude =        
non-p]=mance ( contractual obligations  
are invalid z 9        conflict ) !     
provisions ( ! am5dm5t4--,eml9          
,mc,clain1 9 !        ,cyclop$ia (      
,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4     
#ecf4          ,9 ! e>ly days _m ( !    
,am]ican colonies p]mitt$               
imprisonm5t = debt1 & "o ( ! greate/    
patriots &        philan?ropi/s (       
colonial times1 ,rob]t ,morris1 0       
imprison$ =        debt by ! ,/ate (    
,p5nsylvania4       #gg ,james ,bryce   
has writt5 ( our gov]nm5t3 8,! ,am]ican 
,union is        444 a /ate :i*1 :ile   
"o1 is nev]!less compos$ ( o!r          
/ates ev5 m ess5tial to its exi/5ce ?an 
x is to !irs40       #gh ,con/itution ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,am5dm5t ,,xiv4 ,sec4  
#a4          ,a p]son may atta9 to      
citiz5%ip 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 any (     
sev5 diff]5t ways3 #a4 ,by bir?--i4e4   
natural born4 #b4 ,by                   
naturalization1 :i* usually requires    
cont9u\s resid5ce = five        ye>s4   

#c4 ,by treaty regulation4 #d4 ,by      
/atute ( ,congress4 #c4 ,by             
annexation ( t]ritory4 #f4 ,by          
m>riage--if a =eign woman m>ries        
an ,am]ican citiz54 #g4 ,by honorable   
dis*>ge f ! army or        navy1 ^u :i* 
! c\rt admits to citiz5%ip reg>dless ( !
        "t ( resid5ce 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4
          ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates we         
recognize a dual citiz5%ip--citiz5%ip 9 
! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & citiz5%ip 9 a ,/ate4 
,any p]son :o is a        citiz5 ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates is also a citiz5 ( ! ,/ate
 :]e9        he or %e resides4 ,n9e     
diff]5t ,/ates grant ! "r ( suffrage    
& ,/ate citiz5%ip to su* =eign]s z take 
out _! fir/        naturalization pap]s4
 ,^! ,/ates are ,alabama1 ,arkansas1    
,indiana1        ,kansas1 ,miss\ri1     
,nebraska1 ,oregon1 ,s\? ,dakota1 &     
,texas4          ,citiz5%ip mu/ n be    
confus$ ) ! "r ( suffrage4 ,nei!r       
"o necess>ily includes ! o!r4 ,all      
citiz5s _c        vote--*ildr5 =        
example4 ,all vot]s are n necess>ily    

citiz5s1        ^? 9 ! above n9e ,/ates 
= example4          ,ali5s 9 ! ,unit$   
,/ates h practically all ! civil rights 
t are enjoy$ by citiz5s1 b !y d n h     
political rights4        ,an ali5 may   
pur*ase1 own1 & convey prop]ty4 ,he may 
sue & be        su$ 9 ! c\rts4          
8,!re c be no d\bt t ! m9imum           
expectation ( ! fram]s        ( ?is     
am5dm5t to ! ,con/itution 0 t x w\ld    
make !        fir/ eight am5dm5ts to !  
,con/itution b9d+ ^u ! /ates1        z  
!y already 7 ^u ! ,f$]al ,gov]nm5t1 & t 
x %\ld        be susceptible n only (   
negative en=cem5t by ! c\rts b          
also ( direct positive en=cem5t by      
,congress40--,cyclop$ia (               
,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #da4 
#gi ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
,am5dm5t ,,xv4       #hj 8,by a s]ies ( 
decisions ! mo/ important ( :i* 7 ^? 9  
! ,slaught] ,h\se cases 7#af ,wallace   
#cf7 & 9 ! ,civil ,rights        ,cases 
7#aji ,u4,s4 #c7 ! ,unit$ ,/ates        
,supreme ,c\rt e/abli%$ !        foll[+ 

pr9ciples3 7#a7 t ! prohibitions ( !    
f\rte5?        am5dm5t are address$ to !
 /ates z su* & n to private             
individuals2 7#b7 t ^! prohibitions     
contemplate only positive        /ate   
acts & n acts ( omission2 7#c7 t !      
am5dm5t        recognizes a di/9ction   
betwe5 /ate citiz5%ip & ,unit$ ,/ates   
citiz5%ip2 7#d7 t x protects f /ate     
abridgem5t only #8!        privileges & 
immunities' :i* ! ,con/itution by its   
o!r        provisions be/[s ^u #8citiz5s
 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates' z                   
su*40--,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 
,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #da4          ,! n9ete5? 
am5dm5t :i* is n[ ratifi$ by ! ,/ates1  
provides t 8! "r ( citiz5s ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates to vote        %all n be d5i$ or 
abridg$ by ! ,unit$ ,/ates or by any    
,/ate        on acc\nt (                
sex40--,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1  
,am5dm5t        ,,xix4       #ha 8,!    
good citiz5 mu/ 9 ! fir/ place1         
recognize :at he owes        8 fell[    
citiz5s4 ,if he is wor?y to live 9 a    

free republic he        mu/ keep be=e 8 
eyes 8 duty to ! nation ( :i* he =ms a  
"p4 ,he mu/ keep himself in=m$1 & he mu/
 ?9k ( himself z        well z ( ! great
 que/ions ( ! day2 & he mu/ "k h[ to    
express 8 ?\ghts40--,!odore ,roosevelt4 
#hb ,9 receiv+ applications = ! _m      
appo9tm5ts :i* x 0 8        duty to     
make1 ,presid5t ,taylor said3 8,i %all  
make hone/y1 capacity        & fidelity 
indisp5sable requisites to ! be/[al (   
(fice2 &        ! abs5ce ( any "o ( ^!  
qualities %all be deem$ suffici5t       
cause = removal40       #hc 8,! ,am]ican
 ,con/itution is ! mo/ wond]ful "w ev]  
/ruck        (f at a giv5 mom5t by !    
bra9 & purpose ( man40--,william ,e4    
,glad/one4          8,x w be ! wond] &  
admiration ( all future g5]ations &     
! model ( all future                    
con/itutions40--,william ,pitt4         
8,our fa!rs by an almo/ div9e presci5ce1
 /ruck ! gold5        mean10 :5 !y made 
! ,con/itution4--,pom]oy4          8,x  
7,! ,u4 ,s4 ,con/itution7 ranks above e 

o!r writt5        con/itution = !       
intr9sic excell5ce ( its s*eme1 its     
adaptation to ! circum/ances ( ! p1 !   
simplicity1        brevity & precision (
 its language1 its judici\s mixture (   
def9ition 9 pr9ciple ) ela/icity 9      
details40--,james ,bryce4       #hd     
8,?is is ! mo/ fam\s writ 9 ! law2 &1   
hav+ = _m        c5turies be5 employ$ to
 remove illegal re/ra9t ^u p]sonal      
lib]ty1 no matt] by :at p[] impos$1 x is
 (t5 call$ !        great writ (        
lib]ty40--,b\vi]'s ,law ,diction>y1     
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #iag4       #he ,9 #ahfa   
,*ief ,ju/ice ,taney decid$ 9 ! ,unit$  
,/ates ,circuit        ,c\rt ( ,m>yl& t 
,congress alone possess$ ! p[] "u !     
,con/itution to susp5d ! writ4--,am]ican
 ,law ,regi/]1 #ebd4          ,!        
privilege ( ! writ is1 h[ev]1 necess>ily
 susp5d$        :5ev] m>tial law is     
decl>$ 9 =ce2 = m>tial law susp5ds      
all civil process4          8,z a       
recogniz$ legal rem$y1 resort to !      
proce$+ by habeas        corpus may be  

_h :]e a p]son is imprison$ "u pret5d$  
legal        au?ority :i* 9 fact = any  
reason is absolutely void1 z :]e        
! w>rant ( arre/ or commitm5t is        
insuffici5t or !        proce$+ "u :i* !
 w>rant 0 issu$ 0 )\t legal             
au?ority40          8,a /ate c\rt or    
judge _c inquire by habeas corpus into !
        validity ( arre/ or det5tion ( a
 p]son "u f$]al au?ority4        ,! "r  
to r$ress 9 su* cases1 if any1 mu/ be   
s\ght 9 !        ,f$]al c\rts4 ,b on !  
o!r h& ,f$]al c\rts & judges may        
inquire into ! cause ( ! re/ra9t (      
lib]ty ( any p]son by        a /ate :5 !
 ju/ification ( ,f$]al au?ority or      
immunity is        set up = ! act       
compla9$ (40--,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican     
,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ajf4         
#hf ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1     
,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #i1 ,cl4 #c4            
8,! effect ( atta9d] ^u a felon is1 9   
g5]al t]ms1 t all        8 e/ate1 real &
 p]sonal1 is =feit$2 t 8 blood is       
corrupt$1 & s no?+ passes by inh]itance 

to1 f or ?r\gh        him40          8,9
 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! doctr9e ( atta9d] is 
n[ sc>cely        kn[n1 al?\gh dur+ &   
%ortly aft] ! ,revolution acts (        
atta9d] 7 pass$ by sev]al ( ! /ates4 ,! 
passage ( su*        bills is expressly 
=bidd5 by ! ,con/itution40--,b\vi]'s    
,law        ,diction>y1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4    
#aij4          8,a bill ( atta9d]1 z    
?\ght ( 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates to-day1       
w\ld be su* law z p]mitt$ a p]son *>g$ )
 ! commission        ( a crime1 to be   
tri$ & f\nd guilty & s5t5c$ )\t be+     
pres5t at ! trial40 ,x is "o ( ! rules (
 proc$ure 9 c\rt        to-day t 9 all  
crim9al cases ! p]son *>g$ ) crime mu/  
be pres5t dur+ ! entire trial4 ,ano!r   
fundam5tal judicial        fact is t all
 crim9al puni%m5t t]m9ates ) ! dea? (   
! p]son f\nd guilty2 8 *ildr5 are       
exempt4       #hg 8,an ex-po/-facto law 
is a law :i* 9 its op]ation makes an act
        crim9al :i* 0 n crim9al at ! "t 
! act 0 committ$1        or provides a m
 sev]e puni%m5t = crim9al acts already  

committ$1 or *anges ! rules ( proc$ure s
 z to make x m        difficult = "o    
accus$ ( crime to def5d 9 a prosecution 
(        su* crime40 8,! prohibition    
relates to retroactive crim9al          
/atutes provid+ a puni%m5t = an act     
previ\sly committ$ or        increas+ ! 
puni%m5t mak+ x m difficult = ! accus$  
to def5d1 b n to retroactive laws1 ev5  
?\gh crim9al1 :i*        mitigate !     
puni%m5t or m]ely *ange or regulate !   
proc$ure        )\t impos+ any          
additional sub/antial burd5 on ! accus$ 
9        mak+ 8 def5se40--,cyclop$ia (  
,am]ican ,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4        
#gjj4          ,we %\ld keep 9 m9d t bo?
 8bills ( atta9d]0 & 8ex po/            
facto0 laws h only to d ) crimes & _!   
puni%m5t4 ,^!        laws d n relate to 
civil matt]s4       #hh ,con/itution ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,art4 ,i1 ,sec4 #h4     
,titles ( nobility z recogniz$ 9 _m     
,european c\ntries include        !     
foll[+3 duke1 e>l1 m>quis1 visc\nt1 &   
b>on4 ,^!        titles 7 9 "p h]$it>y &

 9 "p acquir$4 ,!y always        conf]r$
 special privileges bo? 9 rank & 9      
political        pref]m5t4 ,su* titles  
_c exi/ 9 a democracy because !y 9      
_! v nature de/roy equality be=e ! law1 
& t is !        fundam5tal pr9ciple (   
democratic gov]nm5t4          8,!       
provisions prohibit+ ! grant+ ( titles (
 nobility are        design$1 no d\bt1  
fir/ to pres]ve equality be=e ! law1 &  
second1 to secure 9 p]petuity a         
republican =m ( gov]nm5t4        ,su*   
provisions are n ess5tial to !oretical  
equality be=e !        law1 = su*       
equality is fundam5tal 9 ! law ( ,engl& 
not)/&+ ! exi/5ce ( titles ( nobility4  
,b ! fram]s        ( ! ,con/itution     
evid5tly contemplat$ a =m ( gov]nm5t 9  
:i* !re %\ld be no special privileges   
conf]r$ by rank or        title4 ,!     
additional provision 9 ! ,f$]al         
,con/itution        prohibit+ !         
acceptance by any p]son hold+ any (fice 
(        pr(it or tru/ "u ! ,unit$      
,/ates ( any pres5t1 emolum5t1          

(fice or title f any =eign sov]eign or  
p[] )\t !        cons5t ( ,congress1 0  
probably int5d$ to prev5t ! ex]cise     
( =eign influ5ce 9 gov]nm5tal affairs4  
,^! articles 9 !        ,con/itution are
 sub/antially borr[$ f ! ,articles (    
,conf$]ation40--,eml9 ,mc,clain1 quot$ 9
 ! ,cyclop$ia ( ,am]ican                
,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #eh4       #hi
 ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,art4  
,,iii1 ,sec4 #c1 ,cl4 #a4               
,treason is def9$ 9 ?is article ( !     
,con/itution & !re=e        ,congress _c
 def9e x 9 any o!r mann]4 ,_m p use !   
^w 8treason0 v loosely4 ,!y (t5 speak ( 
a p]son committ+        treason :5 ! act
 committ$ is n treasonable at all1 b is 
"s less sev]e crime4 ,treason consi/s   
only 9 levy+ w> aga9/        ! ,unit$   
,/ates or 9 giv+ aid or com=t to enemies
 ( !        ,unit$ ,/ates4          ,!  
mean+ ( 8two witnesses to ! same ov]t   
act0 is t !        ,con/itution requires
 t two p]sons w appe> 9 c\rt &          
swe> to ! fact t !y p]sonally saw ! act 

committ$4 8,ov]t        act0 means      
8op5ly committ$ act04 ,*ief ,ju/ice     
,john ,m>%all knew        t 9 ! trial ( 
,a>on ,burr x w\ld be impossible to get 
two        p]sons to swe> to hav+ se5   
,burr commit ! conspiracy1 s he         
took advantage ( ! te*nicality 9 !      
indictm5t & ?rew !        case out (    
c\rt4 ,?is trial 0 held at ,ri*mond1    
,virg9ia4          8,confession 9 op5   
c\rt0 is ab\t ! only in/ance 9 :i* su*  
confession w convict a p]son *>g$ )     
committ+ a crime4 ,z        a rule a    
p]son's own confession w n be accept$ z 
evid5ce        aga9/ him1 9 crim9al     
prosecutions1 because few confessions   
are        made )\t "s ?reat or         
inducem5t & "u ! gu>anty 7p4        #ii7
 t a p]son _c be compell$ to be a       
witness aga9/        himself !y are     
exclud$4       #ij ,con/itution ( !     
,unit$ ,/ates1 ,art4 ,,iii1 ,sec4 #b1   
,cl4 #c4          ,impea*m5t is ! mann] 
( trial fix$ by ! ,con/itution = !      
trial & removal ( ,f$]al (fic]s :o are  

accus$ ( treason1        brib]y1 & o!r  
high crimes & misdemeanors4 ,congress   
alone has        ! p[] ( conduct+ an    
impea*m5t ( ,f$]al (fic]s4 ,!           
legislature ( a ,/ate has ! p[] (       
impea*+ ,/ate (fic]s4        ,impea*m5t1
 z ! ^w is commonly us$1 includes bo?   
accusation        & trial4 ,!           
8,impea*m5t0 or accusation is br\ght by 
a        two-?irds vote ( ! l[] h\se1 & 
! trial & conviction or        acquittal
 is c>ri$ on by ! upp] h\se4 ,&rew      
,johnson1        ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$   
,/ates1 0 impea*$--i4e4 he 0 =mally     
accus$1 b he 0 acquitt$ 9 8 trial 9 !   
,s5ate4 ,conviction        9 an         
impea*m5t proce$+ causes an (fic] to be 
remov$ f        (fice & disqualifi$ f   
ev] hold+ any (fice ( honor or          
tru/ "u ! gov]nm5t aga94 ,a p]son may be
 convict$ & n        giv5 ! full p5alty4
 ,he may be only remov$ f (fice1 b n    
disqualifi$ f aga9 hold+ (fice4         
,x is possible t a crime may be committ$
 on a riv] t =ms        ,/ate b\nd>ies4 

,:]e a riv] =ms a b\nd>y ! middle ( !   
ma9 *annel is made ! b\nd>y l9e4 ,x is  
(t5 difficult to        det]m9e on :i*  
side ( ! l9e ! crime 0 committ$1 &      
bo? ,/ates may !n claim to h            
jurisdiction ov] ! case4 ,?is        mu/
 be decid$ z any o!r fact 9 ! case4     
,! mann] ( ! trial 9 use1 be=e jury     
trial 0 e/abli%$1        0 by ordeal or 
by battle4 ,9 trial ei!r by ordeal or by
 battle        ! issue 0 left to ,god to
 decide & ,he 0 ?\ght to p]=m a         
miracle to reveal ! guilt or innoc5ce ( 
! accus$ p]son4 ,"o        =m ( ordeal 0
 to compel ! accus$ to plunge 8 arm into
        boil+ wat] & if innoc5t ! ,"l   
w\ld protect him f be+        scald$4   
,ano!r =m ( ordeal 0 to compel ! accus$ 
to walk        b>efoot ov] hot pl[ %>es4
 ,if innoc5t ! ,"l w\ld aga9            
protect 8 feet f be+ burn$4          ,! 
fir/ =m ( jury to displace ! old ordeal 
or battle z a        means ( decid+     
guilt or innoc5ce 0 ! 8compurgators0 or 
8oa?        be>]s04 ,!y compris$ a gr\p 

( m5 :o w\ld appe> be=e !        c\rt & 
give oa? t ! accus$ 0 n a bad man & _h  
committ$ no crime4 ,!y did n inve/igate 
! accusation1 !y        only te/ifi$ to 
! good "* ( ! accus$4 ,if a man         
accus$ c\ld n produce compurgators1 he  
mu/ und]go ! ordeal4        ,! duty ( ^!
 oa? be>]s gradually became m ext5d$    
until        !y became inve/igators1 &  
f9ally became a gr& jury4       #ia     
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,art4   
,,iv1 ,sec4 #b1 ,cl4 #a4          8,! "r
 ( a citiz5 ( "o /ate to pass ?r\gh1 or 
to reside        91 any o!r /ate1 =     
purposes ( trade1 agriculture1          
pr(essional pursuits1 or o!rwise2 to    
claim ! b5efit ( habeas        corpus2  
to in/itute & ma9ta9 actions ( any k9d 9
 ! c\rts        ( ! /ate2 to take1 hold 
& dispose ( prop]ty1 ei!r real or       
p]sonal2 & an exemption f high] taxes or
 impositions ?an are        paid by !   
o!r citiz5s ( ! /ate2 may be m5tion$ z  
"s (        ! p>ticul> privileges &     
immunities ( citiz5s1 :i* are           

cle>ly embrac$ by !                     
description0--,corfield vs4 ,coryell1   
,wa%+ton ,c4 ,c4 ,rep4 #chj4       #ib  
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,art4   
#f1 ,cl4 #c4          ,:ile no religi\s 
te/ ( any k9d may ev] be requir$ f any  
(fic] ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates z a condition ( 
8 be+ elect$1 or        hold+ (fice1    
public s5tim5t nev]!less favors ,*ri/ian
        "* among ! p4 ,if a c&idate =   
(fice 7 an        a!i/ & made public    
confession z to 8 lack ( belief 9 ,god1 
x w\ld d\btless mitigate aga9/ 8        
election4          8,! g5]al pr9ciple ( 
equality ( all p]sons be=e ! law        
excludes discrim9ations made on acc\nt (
 religions belief1 )        ! result t  
religi\s te/s %\ld n be made ! basis (  
political rights or = det]m9+           
qualifications = (fice or 9        g5]al
 = ! possession1 ex]cise1 or protection 
( civil        rights40--,eml9          
,mc,clain1 quot$ 9 ! ,cyclop$ia (       
,am]ican        ,gov]nm5t1 ,vol4 ,,iii1 
p4 #agf4          8,?is clause 0        

introduc$ = ! d\ble purpose ( satisfy+ !
        scruples ( _m p]sons :o feel an 
inv9cible repugnance to any             
religi\s te/ or affirmation1 & to cut (f
 =ev] e pret5ce        ( any alliance   
betwe5 *ur* & /ate 9 ! national         
gov]nm5t0--,/ory's ,con/4 ,sc4 #ahda4   
#ic ,a glance at ! motives ( ,europeans 
9 com+ to ,am]ica w        reveal ! fact
 t ?\s&s ( ! be/ p ( ,european          
c\ntries left _! homes to escape ei!r   
religi\s or political        p]secution 
at ! h&s ( ! gov]nm5t or ! k+4 ,su* 0   
true ( ! ,hugu5ots ( ,france1 !         
,pilgrims & ,puritans (        ,engl&1 &
 only rec5tly1 ! ,jews ( ,russia4       
,! laws ( 8atta9d]0 9 ,engl& 9 ! e>ly   
times confiscat$        ! prop]ty (     
p]sons1 h[ev] innoc5t !y !mselves might 
be1        if !y 7 ne> relatives ( o!r  
p]sons :o _h committ$ grave             
crimes4          ,be=e ! passage ( !    
,habeas ,corpus ,act ( #afgi 9 ,engl&1  
any        p]son ( royalty or high      
(ficial /&+ 9 ! gov]nm5t c\ld           

falsely accuse ano!r p]son ( crime &    
cause t innoc5t        p]son to langui% 
9 prison = ye>s1 or ev5 = life1 because 
he        c\ld n get be=e a c\rt (      
ju/ice to e/abli% 8 innoc5ce4           
,9 _m ,european c\ntries ! peasants 7   
burd5$ ) taxes to        support k+s &  
c\rts )\t ! slighte/ repres5tation 9 !  
tax levy+ au?ority4 ,9 ,france1 j prec$+
 ! ,fr5*        ,revolution1 ! peasants 
7 oblig$ to pur*ase a c]ta9 numb]       
( b>rels ( salt ea* ye>1 )\t hav+ !     
slighte/ use =        ! salt1 because ! 
cr[n l&s produc$ salt & ! rev5ues       
w5t to ! k+4          ,9 _m ,european   
c\ntries a /ate *ur* 0 e/abli%$ & !     
p oblig$ to support x by taxes levi$    
aga9/ _! prop]ty1        reg>dless (    
:e!r x repres5t$ _! religi\s beliefs4   
#id ,a comp>ison ( ! provisions ( !     
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce        ) ^? ( 
! ,con/itution w %[ ! wrongs ( ! ,engli%
        k+ right$ by ! ,con/itution4    
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4--8,he has    
refus$ ass5t to laws ! mo/              

:olesome & necess>y = ! public good40   
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--,a bill
 if veto$ by ! ,presid5t        may be  
repass$ by two-?irds ( ! s5ate & h\se ( 
repres5tatives4          ,decl>ation (  
,indep5d5ce4--8,he has =bidd5 8 gov]nors
 to pass        laws ( imm$iate & press+
 importance40          ,con/itution ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates4--,congress %all h ! p[]  
to        lay & collect taxes1 duties1  
etc4 7,see ,con/4 ,art4 ,i1 4 #h47      
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4--8,he has    
dissolv$ repres5tative h\ses            
repeat$ly1 = oppos+ ) manly firmness1 8 
invasions on !        rights ( ! p40    
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$                 
,/ates4--,congress %all meet at ! seat  
( gov]nm5t--once ea* ye>4               
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4--8,he has    
refus$1 = a long "t aft]                
dissolution1 to cause o!rs to be        
elect$40          ,con/itution ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates4--,! "t1 place & mann] (  
hold+ elections = ,s5ators &            
,repres5tatives1 %all be                

prescrib$ 9 ea* ,/ate by ! legislature  
!re(4          ,decl>ation (            
,indep5d5ce4--8,he has ob/ruct$ !       
adm9i/ration        ( ju/ice40          
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$                 
,/ates4--,jurisdiction ( ,c\rts fix$ by 
,con/itution4 ,judges n responsible to !
 ,presid5t1 b to        ,congress1 :i*  
repres5ts ! p4          ,decl>ation (   
,indep5d5ce4--8,he has made judges      
dep5d5t on 8        w alone40           
,con/itution ( ,unit$ ,/ates4--,judges  
subject to removal only by              
impea*m5t by ,congress4                 
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4--8,he has    
kept /&+ armies 444        )\t cons5t ( 
! legislature40          ,con/itution ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates4--8,congress %all h p[] 
to        raise & support armies40 8,to 
provide & ma9ta9 a navy40               
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4--8,=         
transport+ u beyond seas to be          
tri$ = pret5d$ (f5ses40                 
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4--8,su*  
trial %all be held 9 !        /ate :]e  

said crime %all h be5 committ$40        
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4--8,= depriv+ 
u1 9 _m cases1 (        ! "r ( trial by 
jury40          ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4--8,! trial ( all crimes1 except 
9 case ( impea*m5t1 %all be by jury40   
,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce4--8,= qu>t]+  
l>ge bodies ( arm$        troops among  
u40          ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$    
,/ates4--8,no soldi] %all 9 "t (        
peace1 be qu>t]$ 9 any h\se )\t ! cons5t
 ( ! own]40          ,decl>ation (      
,indep5d5ce4--8,= impos+ taxes on u )\t 
our        cons5t40                     
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$                 
,/ates4--8,congress %all h p[] to       
levy & collect taxes40       #ie ,on    
,decemb] #b1 #aiag1 9 ,new ,york ,city1 
9 a meet+ ( m5 :o        call$ !mselves 
,bol%evi/s & ,i4 ,w4 ,w4's1 ! foll[+    
p>agraph 0 an introduction to a set (   
resolutions drawn up3 8,we        are ! 
,bol%evi/s ( ,am]ica4 ,we d5\nce        
gov]nm5ts1        in/itutions & society2
 we hail social revolution & !          

de/ruction ( ! exi/+ ord] ( ?+s40       
,9 ! preamble to ! ,con/itution ( !     
,indep5d5t ,work]s (        ! ,_w 7,i4  
,w4 ,w47 we f9d ?is /atem5t3 8,! work+  
class &        ! employ+ class h no?+ 9 
common4 ,betwe5 ^! two        classes ! 
/ruggle mu/ g on1 until ! workm5 ( ! _w 
organize z a class1 take possession ( ! 
e>? & ! ma*9]y        ( production1 &   
aboli% ! wage sy/em4 ,our motto is--,!  
abolition ( ! wage sy/em40          ,h[ 
fooli% is ! above /atem5t t ! work+     
class & !        employ+ class h no?+ 9 
common4 ,! tru? ( ! matt] is        t !y
 h ev]y?+ 9 common4 ,e employ]--almo/   
)\t        exception--0 once a workman4 
,he 0 a successful workman1 !re=e       
he became m ?an a workman--he became an 
employ]4 ,fur!rmore1        workm5 _c   
exi/ )\t employm5t4 ,nei!r c employ]s   
exi/        )\t ! workm54 ,!y are n only
 ea* conc]n$ 9 ! welf>e        ( ! o!r2 
nei!r c exi/ )\t ! o!r4          ,!     
foll[+ is ano!r passage tak5 f !        
resolutions drawn up        by !        

,bol%evi/s 9 :i* !y say ! g5]al /rike is
 _!        weapon ( def5se3 8,we w /rike
 = a six h\r day1 !n = a        f\r h\r 
day1 !n = a two h\r day1 ) increas$     
wages all !        "t1 & !n we w be     
/rong en\gh to take ev]y?+ & "w         
no m40          ,we wond] h[ any s5sible
 man c believe su* logic z ?is4 ,0      
x n ,sa9t ,paul :o said t if any man    
w\ld n "w nei!r        %\ld he eat4     
,! ,sociali/ p>ty plat=m ( #aiab decl>$ 
9 favor ( !        abolition ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates ,s5ate1 ! am5dm5t ( !            
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates by a     
majority vote ( ! p1        ! election (
 judges = %ort t]ms ( (fice1 ! d5ial ( !
        "r ( ! ,u4 ,s4 ,supreme ,c\rt to
 decl>e ! acts ( ,congress        void4 
#if ,article ,v ( ! ,con/itution ( !    
,unit$ ,/ates provides = !              
am5dm5t ( t fundam5tal law ( ! c\ntry4  
,x says am5dm5ts        may be propos$  
by a bill = am5dm5t be+ introduc$ into  
ei!r        h\se ( ,congress & pass+ ea*
 h\se by a two-?irds vote1 or           

secondly1 by ! ,/ate legislatures (     
two-?irds ( ! ,/ates        dem&+ t     
,congress call a national conv5tion 9   
:i*        am5dm5ts may be propos$4 ,if 
^! propos$ am5dm5ts are        ratifi$  
by ! legislatures ( ?ree-f\r?s ( !      
,/ates or by        conv5tions call$ 9  
?ree-f\r?s ( ! ,/ates1 !y become an     
integral "p ( ! ,con/itution4       #ig 
,"s ( ?is good legislation includes3    
,*ild ,labor ,laws2 ,workm5's           
,comp5sation ,laws2 ,indu/rial          
,insurance = ,work+m52 ,compulsory      
,education2 ,pure ,food ,laws2 ,bett]   
,sanit>y ,conditions 9 ,factories2      
,safety ,appliances2 ,free ,m$ical      
,inspection = ,s*ool ,*ildr52 &         
,c>e ( ! ,poor4       #ih ,if y read    
c>efully ! fif? article ( ! ,con/itution
 ( !        ,unit$ ,/ates1 y w le>n t ! 
,con/itution may be am5d$        ei!r by
 ! p's repres5tatives :o sit 9          
,congress1 & 9        ,/ate             
legislatures1 or by ! legislatures ( !  
,/ates dem&+        t a ,national       

conv5tion %all be call$ 9 :i* ! p may   
*oose ! memb]s ,:i* ev] me?od ( am5d+ ! 
,con/itution is        us$1 x is ! p :o 
ex]cise ! p[] ( *ang+ !                 
,con/itution4       #ii ,e tea*] 9 e    
public s*ool ought to feel 9 duty b\nd  
to        tea* ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( 
! ,con/itution to all !        *ildr5 9 
! s*ool4 ,a recitation p]iod ought to be
 set aside        ea* day = ! /udy (    
civics ( ! community1 ( ! locality1     
( ! ,/ate1 & ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,e pupil
 9 e public        s*ool ought to feel  
pr\d ( ! opportunity to le>n h[ 8       
gov]nm5t is made & h[ 8 gov]nm5t works1 
h[ he may become a        helpful citiz5
 by be+ an intellig5t vot] :5 he comes  
to be a        man4 ,adult p ought to   
organize civic clubs 9 ! community =    
! discussion & /udy ( que/ions (        
gov]nm5t & politics4      #ajj ,! foll[+
 sugge/ions h be5 made by good1 hone/ p 
:o        h _! c\ntry's welf>e at he>t4 
,?us f> ! p z a        :ole h n advocat$
 _! adoption1 b "s ( !m may be          

made "p ( ! ,con/itution 9 "t to come4  
a4 ,! direct popul> election ( ,presid5t
 & ,vice ,presid5t (        ! ,unit$    
,/ates4          b4 ,! adoption ( !     
initiative1 ref]5dum1 & recall 9 !      
,national gov]nm5t4          c4 ,f$]al  
legislation gov]n+ bo? m>riage & divorce
        ?r\gh\t ! ,nation4          d4  
,f$]al jurisdiction ov] all cases       
affect+ =eign]s--=        example 9     
in/ances l ! ,italian riot 9 ,new       
,orleans1 or 9 !        ,japanese       
problem on ! ,pacific coa/4      #aja ,!
 foll[+ is a brief outl9e ( ! v>i\s     
attempts at union        among !        
colonies4          7a7 #afdc-afhd--,new 
,engl& ,conf$]ation3 ,massa*usetts ,bay2
        ,plym\?2 ,connecticut2 ,new     
,hav54        7b7 #afhd--;,albany       
,c\ncil4        7c7 #afij--;,fir/       
,colonial ,congress4        7d7         
#afif--,william ,p5n's ,plan4        7e7
 #agja--,rob]t ,liv+/on's ,plan4        
7f7 #agbb--,plan ( ,daniel ,cox4        
7g7 #aged--,plan ( ,rev4 ,mr4 ,pet]s4   

7h7 #aged--,plan ( ! ,lords ( ,trade4   
7i7 #aged--;,albany ,plan4        7j7   
#agfe--,/amp ,act ,congress4        7k7 
#aggd--;,fir/ ,cont95tal ,congress4     
7l7 #agge--,second ,cont95tal ,congress4
        7m7 #agha--;,congress ( !       
,conf$]ation4        7n7 #aghg--,!      
,f$]al ,conv5tion4        7o7 #aghi--,! 
,new ,gov]nm5t4          ,! *ief reasons
 keep+ ! colonies ap>t 73          #a4  
,natural geographical divisions--,nor?1 
,middle1 & ,s\?4        #b4 ,! great    
diff]5ces 9 size--,virg9ia _m times l>g]
 ?an        ,rhode ,isl&4        #c4 ,! 
in/9ct ( local self gov]nm5t4        #d4
 ,"* ( settl]s & ! motives 9 mak+       
settlem5ts4        #e4 ,! slave "q1     
especially aft] #agej4        #f4 ,_!   
diff]5t =ms ( gov]nm5t--,royal1         
,propriet>y1 ,*>t]4          ,! v fir/  
attempt at con/itution mak+ 9 ! colonies
 0        ! ,mayfl[] ,compact1 adopt$ on
 bo>d ! %ip ,mayfl[] be=e        l&+ on 
,decemb] #bj1 #afbj4 ,x reads z foll[s3 
8,we1 ^: names        are und]writt51 ! 

loyal subjects ( our dr$ sov]aigne ,k+  
,james1 by ! grace ( ,god1 ( ,great     
,brita91 ,france & ,irel&        ,k+1   
def5d] ( ! fai?1 etc4 hav+ und]tak51 = !
 glory        ( ,god1 & advancem5t (    
,*ri/ian fai? & honor ( our k+ &        
c\ntry1 a voyage to plant ! fir/ colony 
9 nor!rn p>ts (        ,virg9ia1 d1 by  
^! pres5ts1 solemnly & mutually1 9 !    
pres5ce ( ,god1 & ( "o ano!r1 cov5ant & 
comb9e ourselves        toge!r into a   
civil body politic1 =1 our bett] ord]+ &
        pres]vation & fur!rance ( ! ends
 a=esaid2 &1 by virtue        h]e(1 to  
enact1 con/itute1 & frame1 su* j & equal
 laws1        ord9ances1 acts1          
con/itutions & (fices1 f "t to "t1 z    
%all be ?\ght mo/ meet & conv5i5t = !   
g5]al good (        ! colony4 ,unto :i* 
we promise all due submission & ob$i5ce4
        ,9 witness :]e( we h h]eund]    
subscrib$ our names1 at ,cape           
,cod1 ! #aa? ( ,novemb]1 9 ! ye> ( !    
reign ( our sov]eign        "l1 ,k+     
,james1 ( ,engl&1 ,france & ,irel& !    

eighte5?1 &        ( ,scotl& !          
fifty-f\r?1 ,anno ,dom9i40          ,!  
fir/ real attempt at =mal con/itution   
mak+ 0 !        8,fundam5tal ,ord]s (   
,connecticut01 #afci4 ,^! 8,ord]s0 =m$  
an        elem5t>y con/itution ) ?ree   
dep>tm5ts ( gov]nm5t & !        duties &
 p[]s ( ea* dep>tm5t fairly well set =?4
 ,!        ,fundam5tal ,ord]s are       
frequ5tly ref]r$ to z ! fir/ writt5     
con/itution 9 ,am]ica4          ,!      
,articles ( ,conf$]ation 7 made by !    
?irte5 ,/ates 9        ! "n ( ! ,/ates4 
,! ,con/itution 0 made by !             
delegates ( ! p 9 ! "n ( ! p ( ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4 ,! fir/ 0 a compact or fri5dly  
agreem5t2 ! second        0 a contract  
or b9d+ union4      #ajb ,great         
modifications h be5 made 9 ne>ly all ( !
 ,/ate        ,con/itutions1 an excell5t
 analysis ( :i* may be f\nd 9           
,bryce's ,am]ican ,commonweal? 7,?ird   
,edition71 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ddc4      #ajc 
,s9ce ! alliance ( ! orig9al ?irte5     
,/ates1 ?irty-five h        be5 admitt$ 

into ! ,union by acts ( ,congress ei!r  
direct+        ! p to select delegates &
 enact a ,con/itution or accept+        
a ,con/itution already made by ! p4 ,an 
illu/ration ( !        =m] me?od (      
proc$ure is (f]$ 9 #be ,u4 ,s4 ,/4 at   
,l4 #fgf c        #ahj1 provid+ = !     
admission ( ,nor? ,dakota1 ,s\? ,dakota1
        ,montana1 & ,wa%+ton into !     
,union1 & ( ! latt] 9 #bf ,u4        ,s4
 ,/4 at ,l4 #bae c #fef2 #bbb c #ffd1   
provid+ = ! admission (        ,idaho & 
,wyom+4 8,( ^! in/rum5ts 7,/ate         
,con/itutions71        !re=e1 no less   
?an ( ! ,con/itutions ( ! ?irte5        
orig9al ,/ates1 we may say t al?\gh     
subsequ5t 9 date to !        ,f$]al     
,con/itution1 !y are1 s f> z ea* /ate is
 conc]n$ de        jure prior to x4 ,_! 
au?ority ov] _! own citiz5s is n[ise    
d]iv$ f x40--,bryce's ,am]ican          
,commonweal? 7,?ird ,edition71          
,vol4 ,i1 p4 #dca4      #ajd 8,a        
con/itution is an in/rum5t ( gov]nm5t1  
made & adopt$ by        ! p = practical 

purposes1 connect$ ) ! common           
bus9ess & wants ( human life4 ,= ?is    
reason pre-em95tly        e ^w 9 x %\ld 
be exp\nd$ 9 its pla91 obvi\s &         
common s5se40--,p] ,all5 ,j41 9 ,peo v4 
,new ,york1 ,c5t4 ,r4 ,co41 #bd ,n4     
,y4 #dhe1 #dhf4      #aje ,legislatures 
_c *ange ,con/itutions4 8,i consid] ! p 
(        ?is c\ntry z ! only sov]eign   
p[]4 ,i consid] ! legislature        z n
 sov]eign1 b subord9ate2 !y are         
subord9ate to ! great                   
con/itutional *>t]1 :i* ! p h e/abli%$ z
 a        fundam5tal law & :i* alone has
 giv5 exi/5ce & au?ority to        !    
legislature40--,p] ,roane1 ,j4 9 ,kanp] 
v4 ,hawk9s1 #a ,va4 ,cas4        #bj1   
#hf4      #ajf 8,"s ( ! /ate            
con/itutions provide = p]iodically      
submitt+        to ! vot]s ! "q :e!r a  
conv5tion %all be call$ to        revise
 & am5d ! con/itution4 ,reg>dless ( :e!r
 or n        provision is made =        
p]iodical resubmission ( ! "q (         
call+ a conv5tion1 ! con/itutions       

usually provide t !        legislature  
may1 ( its own volition1 submit to a    
vote ( ! p        ! "q :e!r a conv5tion 
%all be call$1 & subject to        any  
exi/+ con/itutional limitations1 may    
prescribe ! "t &        mann] ( elect+  
delegates to su* conv5tion40      #ajg  
,tea*]s & s*ool (fic]s c p]=m no high]  
duty1 c r5d]        no great] s]vice to 
,am]ica1 ?an to enc\rage ! use ( s*ool  
build+s = public ga!r+s4 ,!y %\ld be    
real community        c5t]s4 ,9 ! city (
 ,m9neapolis1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools   
has rec5tly report$ t = ! ye> end+ ,july
 #a/1 #aibj1 !re        7 #ejgj meet+s  
held 9 ! public s*ool build+s1 ) a total
        att5dance ( #cbe1gcd p]sons4    
,!re 7 #adcd cultural meet+s1           
#gea civic sessions1 #beja recreative   
ga!r+s1 & #ccd social        fe/ivals4  
,rural consolidat$ s*ool build+s ought  
always be        plann$ = civic c5t]s z 
well z s*ool-h\ses4 ,!y ought to        
provide a l>ge assembly hall :]e        
community ga!r+s may be        held4 ,!y

 ought to provide a l>ge & well equipp$ 
gymnasium        :]e bo? *ildr5 & adults
 may enjoy a?letic conte/s &            
indoor games4 ,^! build+s ought to be   
op5 to ! p e        ev5+ dur+ ! week if 
! att5dance w>rants4      #ajh ,"o m>k (
 good citiz5%ip is ! respect %[n to     
emblems (        au?ority4 ,all good    
citiz5s rise to _! feet & rema9 /&+     
dur+ ! play+ or s++ ( ! ,national an!m4 
,we ought to        cultivate su* habits
 until !y become reflex3 i4 e4 until we 
d        !m z a matt] ( c\rse )\t be+   
told by ! tea*] 9        s*ool or by !  
lead] ( ! *oir or "s o!r p]son4         
,e s*ool boy & girl ought to commit to  
memory ! words ( !        ,/> ,spangl$  
,bann] & ( ,am]ica4 ,! tea*] c make !   
s++ ( patriotic songs & ! le>n+ (       
patriotic poems &        spee*es a "p ( 
! op5+ ex]cises ( ! s*ool4 ,poems &     
spee*es le>n$ 9 *ildhood w g5]ally rema9
 ) u        ?r\gh\t life4      #aji     
,radicalism ( ?\ght & action c g5]ally  
be trac$ to !        segregation ( ! p  

into small gr\ps :]e ! individual is    
alone 9 8 ?9k+4 ,association &          
coop]ation t5d to break up              
individualism4 ,:]e m5 & wom5 come      
toge!r 9 ?\ght &        consid]ation1   
!re is always develop$ a t5d5cy t[>d    
mod]ation4 ,our pres5t day complex      
society dem&s t e        individual     
yield some?+ = ! good ( ! :ole          
community4 ,!        yield+ process is a
 mod]at+ process4 ,an>*y /&s = !        
division ( society into individuals :]e 
ea* individual becomes        selfi% &  
dom9at+ ov] o!rs ar\nd him4 ,loyalty to 
! ,nation        & ! ,/ate requires t ! 
individual %all cop]ate ) 8             
neighbor & t he %all "w 9 h>mony ) o!r p
 9 !        community4 ,if p w\ld m (t5 
assemble & discuss ! ne$s        ( !    
entire community & h[ ea* may help to   
make ! entire        community bett]1 we
 w\ld h less ( class di/9ction & m      
( social h>mony & ( economic prosp]ity4 
#aaj ,republican gov]nm5t is gov]nm5t by
 ! p ?r\gh _!        *os5               

repres5tatives4 ,republican gov]nm5t c  
only be good        gov]nm5t & effective
 gov]nm5t1 :5 e qualifi$ vot] w         
assume 8 full duty 9 help+ c>ry on !    
gov]nm5t4 ,?is duty        is ex]cis$   
?r\gh ! ca/+ ( an intellig5t ballot on  
election day4 ,9 ! presid5tial election 
( #aijh ! p]c5tage (        qualifi$    
vot]s actually vot+ rang$ f #ae4h p] c5t
 to #hh4a        p] c5t1 ! av]age = all 
,/ates be+ #fj4e p] c5t4      #aaa ,9   
colonial times 9 ,am]ica !re 0 no?+ l   
univ]sal        manhood suffrage4       
,"o-half ( all ! colonies requir$ *ur*  
memb]%ip = a suffrage "r4 ,by ab\t #agjj
 all colonies requir$        own]%ip (  
prop]ty = vot+4 ,?is 0 n entirely       
aboli%$        until ab\t #ahej4 ,!     
,/ate ( ,rhode ,isl& /ill requires      
prop]ty        to ! ext5t ( #acd = vot+ 
9 municipal elections4          ,!      
colony ( ,virg9ia requir$ ! hold+ ( a   
freehold ( fifty        acres ( l& )\t a
 h\se1 or tw5ty-five s]es ( l& ) a      
h\se at lea/ twelve feet squ>e4         

,p5nsylvania requir$ a freehold        (
 fifty acres ) twelve acres improv$4    
,9 mo/ colonies a great] prop]ty        
qualification 0 requir$ =        vot+ = 
memb]s ( ! upp] h\se ( ! legislature ?an
 =        memb]s ( ! l[] h\se4          
,sev]al colonies & e>ly ,/ates limit$   
(fice hold+ to        ,prote/ants4      
,! ,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates n[    
decl>es t no ,/ate        %all d5y to   
any p]son ! "r to vote because ( race1  
color1 or previ\s condition ( s]vitude1 
or because ( sex4        ,! ,n9ete5?    
,am5dm5t enables wom5 to vote on an     
equality )        m54          ,a ,/ate 
may add fur!r qualifications = vot+1 b  
no ,/ate may        d5y ! "r to vote =  
any ( ! above reasons4 ,sev]al ,/ates   
h add$ lit]acy te/s = vot+1 & o!rs h    
d5i$ !        "r to vote to su* z are   
insane or :o h be5 convict$ (           
crime1 unless p>don$ by ! ,gov]nor4 ,a  
few ,/ates d5y suffrage        to ^? ^: 
taxes are del9qu5t4      #aab ,! foll[+ 
c\ntries ( ! _w h equal suffrage3 ,new  

,zeal&1 #ahic2 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 #ahie2   
,we/ ,au/ralia1 #aijj2 ,!               
,au/ralian ,f$]ation1 #aijb2 ,new ,s\?  
,wales1 #aijb2 ,tasmania1 #aijd2        
,que5sl&1 #aije2 ,f9l&1 #aijf2          
,victoria1 #aijh2 ,alaska1 #aiac2       
,norway1 #aiac2 ,manitoba1 #aiaf2       
,alb]ta1 #aiaf2 ,icel&1 #aiac2 ,d5m>k1  
#aiae2 ,engl&1 ,scotl&1 ,irel&1 #aiag2  
,sw$51 #aiah2 ,holl&1 #aiai2            
,luxemburg1 #aiai2 ,g]many1 #aiai2      
,au/ria1 #aiai4 ,9 no o!r c\ntry        
9 ! _w is ! "r ( suffrage m fully grant$
 ?an 9 !        ,unit$ ,/ates s9ce !    
adoption ( ! ,n9ete5? ,am5dm5t4         
#aac 8,any gov]nm5t is free to ! p "u x 
7:atev] be !        frame7 :]e ! laws   
rule & ! p are a p>ty to ^?             
laws40--,william ,p5n4      #aad 8,x is1
 ,sir1 ! p's ,con/itution1 ! p's        
gov]nm5t1        made = ! p1 made by ! p
 & answ]able to !        p40--,daniel   
,web/]4      #aae 8,9 tru? success _c be
 expect$ f any sy/em ( gov]nm5t         
unless ! individuals :o compose ! ,/ate 

ent]ta9 ! respect        = ! p]sonal    
rights & lib]ties ( all40--,david ,jayne
 ,hill4      #aaf 8,we _c1 we mu/ n1 we 
d>e n1 omit to d t :i*1 9 our           
judgm5t1 ! safety ( ! ,union            
requires40--,daniel ,web/]4      #aag   
8,am]icanization always implies         
obligation2 free *oice det]m9es         
its acceptance1 & its ext5sion mu/ come 
?r\gh av5ues (        intellig5t        
compreh5sion r ?an ?r\gh physical or    
gov]nm5tal dom9ation40--,w9?rop ,talbot4
      #aah 8,! fundam5tal evil 9 ?is    
c\ntry is ! lack ( suffici5tly          
g5]al appreciation ( ! responsibility ( 
citiz5%ip40--,!odore        ,roosevelt4 
,tea*]s ( *ildr5 may well place great]  
emphasis on ideals1        "*1 &        
p]sonality z factors 9 ! mak+ ( a       
,nation4        ,tea*]s ought to lay    
great] /ress on biography 9 ! tea*+ (   
hi/ory1 civics1 & citiz5%ip4 ,tea*      
*ildr5 bo? to "k & to        love       
,wa%+ton1 ,l9coln1 & ,roosevelt4 ,tea*  
old] pupils &        /ud5ts to realize t

 ! aims1 ideals1 & a*ievem5ts ( a       
,nation c nev] be high] ?an ! aims1     
ideals1 & a*ievem5ts        ( !         
individuals compris+ t ,nation4 ,to "k !
 lives &        *>act]s ( ,am]ica's     
great m5 & wom5 is to "k ,am]ican       
hi/ory1 = !y made ,am]ican hi/ory :at x 
is4 ,"y p        enjoy ! /udy ( great   
*>act]s4 ,we all reta9 a love = h]oes   
& h]o9es h[ev] old we gr[4 ,su* /udy    
adds color & life to        hi/ory &    
gov]nm5t & humanizes ! entire subject4  
,tea* lives        & in/itutions r ?an  
m]e facts4 ,inculcate into ! lives (    
boys & girls1 & ( m5 & wom51 a love =   
our c\ntry1 =        ! m5 & wom5 :o made
 x1 & = ! in/itutions 9 :i*        !y h 
a "p4 ,tea* !m t patriotism & loyalty   
are n        duties only1 b are r !     
highe/ privileges giv5 to !        p ( a
 republic4