,mark ,orton 7for the ,formatting ,template71 and the ,online ,distributed ,proofreading ,team at https3_/_/www4pgdp4net ,transcriber's ,note4 indicates a superscript4 text indicates italic type4 text indicates bold type4 ,a missing line on ,page #be 7in italics7 7,their wings are paddles1 being flattened and devoid of quills4 ,the wings are not folded1 but are carried hanging awkwardly at the side47 was restored from a different ,edition on ,google ,books 7http3_/_/ books4google4com_/books8id,rn#cuthh,o,do #h;,cpg,,pa#belpg,,pa#be74 ,sundry damaged or missing punctuation has been repaired1 and a few index entries have been amended4 ,the use of hyphens was not necessarily consistent throughout this book4 ,in some instances there are subtle differences in meaning4 ,some ,australian_/,british spellings 7e4g4 coloured1 defence1 draught1 grey1 learnt1 lustre1 etc47 have been retained1 though color_/colored and gray are more prevalent4 ,the ,author has used various resources4 ,from ,wikipedia3 ,,dr ,,john ,,albert ,,leach 7#ai ,march #ahgj - #c ,october #aibi7 was an ornithologist1 teacher and headmaster in the state of ,victoria1 ,australia4 ,leach was born in ,ballarat1 ,victoria and educated at ,creswick ,grammar ,school 7where he was dux71 ,melbourne ,training ,college 7#ahij7 and the ,university of ,melbourne1 where he graduated ,b4,sc4 in #aijd1 ,m4,sc4 in #aijf and in #aiab obtained his doctorate for research in ornithology4 ,leach was a regular writer and broadcaster on natural history subjects and introduced it into the school curriculum4 ,he was ,president of the ,royal ,australasian ,ornithologists ,union 7,,raou7 #aibb-aibd and ,editor of its journal ,the ,emu #aiad-aibd and #aibh-aibi4 ,he was a member of the ,british ,ornithologists ,union and a corresponding fellow of the ,american ,ornithologists ,union4 ,leach was also member of the ,field ,naturalists ,club of ,victoria4 ,he was instrumental in founding the ,gould ,league of ,bird ,lovers in #aiji with ,jessie ,mc,michael4 ,he is best known as the author of ,an ,australian ,bird ,book1 the first edition of which was published in #aiaa1 and of ,australian ,nature ,studies in #aibb4 ,he also part-authored a series of ,federal ,geography books1 and worked on the ,official ,checklist of the ,birds of ,australia second and revised edition1 published by the ,,raou in ,september #aibf4 ,leach had been preparing two books before his death1 one of these was a collection of weekly radio broadcasts he made on #c,,lo in the mid #aibjs4444 ,among his contributions to ornithology was the relationship between the ,australian ,magpie1 butcherbirds and currawongs in the family ,cracticidae1 now sunk as a subfamily into ,artamidae4 ,this book is a field guide4 ,the pages were divided vertically1 with the tabular matter on the top half1 and the ,lecture on the bottom half of the page4 ,the ebook has been re-arranged so that the separate parts have a smoother flow4 ,the top parts of the pages have been left intact1 but the bottom parts have been collected together and moved1 so that the ,lecture text for each ,,order precedes the tabular listing and descriptions for that ,,order4 ,the only exception is for ,,order ,,xxi4 ,,order ,,xxi4--,perching-,birds--contains #aa1ejj species1 more than three-fifths of the world's #ai1jjj birds4 ,it has been arranged into sets of suitable groups of ,,families1 to make it easier to access4 has been used to separate the ,lecture from the ,tabular matter4 ,from ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition43 ,in response to requests from beginners1 a table has been added on page #aij4 ,this table shows the page on which a bird of a certain size may be found4 ,as the page numbers are an integral part of the field guide1 and necessary for the identification of birds seen in the field1 in flight1 or found dead1 they have been inserted into the tabular section1 as ,page xx4 ,sometimes a page has contained the end entries of one ,,order1 or one ,family1 and the beginning entries of the next4 ,in these few instances 7e4g4 ,page #ah;a and ,page #ah;b2 ,page #ahh;a and ,page #ahh;b71 it may be necessary for the reader to search both sections of the page4 ,for birds mentioned in the ,lecture1 it would be necessary to search by bird name4 ,,names ,,recently ,,amended 7located after the ,,introduction74 ,it seems important to have these new names available1 so they have been added to 7e4g47 #bj ,slate-breasted ,rail 4444 as #bj ,rallus pectoralis4 so3 #bj ,slate-breasted ,rail 7,short-toed71 ,lewin ,water-,rail1 ,eulabeornis 7,hypotaenidia7 brachypus1 ,a41 ,t41 ,auckland ,is4 vt4 ,eur4 ,water-,rail4 #bj ,rallus pectoralis4 ,see also the explanatory notes in the ,,preface1 and in the ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition4 ,the number at the right side of the page is the length of the bird in inches 7from the tip of bill to the tip of tail74 444 so3 #a #a #b99 ,mallee-,fowl1 ,lowan1 ,native ,pheasant1 ,pheasant 7e71 ,leipoa ocellata1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 r4 mallee scrubs #bd ,like a small turkey2 neck light fawn-gray2 back1 wings spotted white1 black1 brown2 f41 smaller4 ,seeds1 ants4 ,this means there is one genus of ,mallee-,fowl in the world1 and it is found only in ,australia4 ,it is listed in this book as ,bird number #b1 which has a colored illustration1 indicated by the asterisk1 994 ,it is stationary 7not migratory71 rarely seen1 lives in mallee scrubs1 and is #bd long4 ,it resembles a small turkey2 its neck is light fawn-gray2 its back and wings are spotted white1 black1 and brown2 the female is smaller2 and it feeds on seeds and ants4 ,note 7,from ,,note following ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition473 ,a4--,australian ,region 7from ,wallace's ,line to ,sandwich ,islands and ,new ,zealand1 see map p4 #aj74 ',sandwich ,islands' is an old name for ,fiji4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration3 #b #c #d #f #h #aa #ad #af #b ,mallee-,fowl #c ,stubble ,quail #d ,brown ,quail #f ,king ,quail #h ,painted ,quail #aa ,plain ,wanderer #ad ,diamond ,dove #af ,bronzewing ,pigeon ,,an ,,australian ,,bird ,,book ,a ,pocket ,book for ,field ,use ,,by ,j4 ,a4 ,,leach1 ,m4,sc4 ,first-class ,honorman and ,university ,exhibitioner and ,scholar in ,biology2 ,organizing ,inspector of ,nature ,study1 ,education ,department1 ,victoria2 ,member of the ,council of the ,royal ,australasian ,ornithologists' ,union2 ,vice-,president of the ,field ,naturalists' ,club of ,victoria2 c4 ,with ,introduction by ,,frank ,,tate1 ,m4,a41 ,i4,s4,o4 ,director of ,education1 ,victoria4 ,published by arrangement with the ,education ,department of ,victoria4 ,,second ,,edition ,illustration ,,melbourne ,christchurch1 ,wellington1 ,dunedin1 ,n4,z41 and ,london4 ,,whitcombe ,,tombs ,,limited #aiab ,illustration3 ,the ,queen ,city ,printers ,illustrations from ,specimens 7#cah7 in the ,national ,museum1 ,melbourne2 the balance mostly from ,specimens in the ,entomological ,museum1 ,c4 ,french 7#ei71 and in the collections of ,a4 ,coles1 ,taxidermist1 7#cf71 ,c4 ,f4 ,cole1 and ,d4 ,le ,souef4 ,twenty-two birds were photographed from ,gould's ,birds of ,australia1 five from drawings specially prepared by ,c4 ,c4 ,brittlebank1 the well-known naturalist-artist1 and one from the ,report of the ,horn ,expedition4 ,photos by ,ralph ,l4 ,miller4 ,engravings by ,patterson ,shugg ,co41 from ,paintings by ,miss ,ethel ,m4 ,paterson4 ,,introduction4 ,nature-study in our schools is fast producing a generation of ,australians trained to look upon the characteristic beauties of our ,australian skies1 our trees1 our flowers1 our birds with a passionate appreciation almost unknown to our pioneering fathers and mothers4 ,it was natural that newcomers from the ,old ,world should have been impressed1 and often unfavorably impressed1 by the oddness of things here4 ,rural sights to them had hitherto been sights of trim meadows bordered by neat hedgerows1 of well-cultivated fields and comfortable farmsteads1 or of stately homes set in fair gardens and far-reaching parks of magnificently-spreading trees4 ,what wonder1 then1 that they were at first almost repelled by the strangeness and unfamiliarity of their new surroundings6 ,how could eyes accustomed to the decided greens and to the somewhat monotonous shapeliness of the trees in an ,english summer landscape find beauty all at once in the delicate1 elusive tints of the gum trees1 or in the wonderfully decorative lines of their scanty boughs and light foliage shown clear against a bright sky8 ,and so a land which is eminently a land of color1 where the ever-present eucalypts give in their leaves every shade from blue-grays to darkest greens2 where the tender shoots show brilliantly in bright crimson1 or duller russets1 or bright coppery-gold2 and where tall1 slender stems change slowly through a harmony of salmon-pinks and pearl-grays1 has been called a drab-colored land4 ,even now1 the beauty of the gum tree is not sufficiently appreciated by ,australians1 and we see all too few specimens in our suburban gardens4 ,for an appreciation of the decorative effect of our young blue gums1 we must go to the ,riviera or to ,english conservatories4 ,australia has suffered greatly from phrase-makers4 ,there is still much popular belief that our trees are shadeless1 our rivers are waterless1 our flowers are scentless1 our birds are songless4 ,oddities in our flora and fauna have attracted the notice of superficial observers1 and a preference for epigrammatic perfection1 rather than for truthful generalization1 has produced an abundance of neatly-expressed half-truths1 which have been copied into popular literature1 and even into school books4 ,our ,english-bred poet1 ,gordon1 writes of lands-- ,where bright blossoms are scentless1 ,and songless1 bright birds4 and these lines are remembered better than his description in the same poem of ,spring-- ,when the wattle gold trembles ',twixt shadow and shine1 ,when each dew-laden air draught resembles ,a long draught of wine4 ,it is true that we have scentless1 bright blossoms2 but ,australia is the home of the richly-perfumed wattle1 and the boronia1 with its never-cloying fragrance2 while there is1 perhaps1 no forest more odorous than a forest of eucalypts4 ,it is true1 too1 that we have bright birds that have no excellence in song2 but it is also true that1 in this favored land1 there is a far greater proportion than usual of fine song-birds4 ,the first generations of ,australians were not taught to love ,australian things4 ,we learned from our wistful mothers to call ,old ,england home4 ,our school books and our story books were made in ,great ,britain for ,british boys and girls1 and naturally they stressed what was of interest to these boys and girls4 ,we read much about the beauty of the songs of the ,lark1 and the ,thrush1 and the ,nightingale1 but we found no printed authority for the belief that our ,magpie is one of the great song-birds of the world2 we read of the wonderful powers of the ,american ,mocking-,bird1 and did not know that our beautiful ,lyrebird is a finer mimic2 we learned by heart ,barry ,cornwall's well-known poem on ,the ,storm ,petrel1 and did not know that one of the most interesting of ,petrel rookeries is near the harbor gate of ,melbourne2 and ,i remember well a lesson ,i heard as a boy on the migration of birds1 in which the teacher took all of his illustrations from his boyish experiences in the ,south of ,england1 and gave us no idea that the annual migration of our familiar ,australian birds to far-off ,siberia is a much more wonderful thing4 ,but all this is being rapidly changed4 ,in the elementary schools ,nature-study is steadily improving1 and children are being given an eye for1 and an interest in1 the world of ,nature around them4 ,our school books are now written from the ,australian standpoint1 and more use can1 therefore1 be made of the child's everyday experience4 ,field ,naturalists' clubs are doing much to extend the area of specialized ,nature-study1 and their members are giving valuable assistance to the schools by taking part in the programs for ,arbor ,day1 ,bird ,day1 and the like4 ,the growing interest in the ,australian fauna and flora is further evidenced by the frequent reservations by ,government of desirable areas as national parks and sanctuaries for the preservation of ,australian types4 ,last1 but not least1 is the production by capable ,nature students of special books on some form of ,nature-study1 such as this ,bird ,book by ,mr4 ,leach4 ,to our parents1 ,australia was a stranger land1 and they were sojourners here4 ,though they lived here1 they did not get close enough to it to appreciate fully its natural beauty and its charm4 ,to us1 and especially to our children1 children of ,australian-born parents1 children whose bones were made in ,australia1 the place is home4 ,to them ,nature makes a direct appeal1 strengthened by those most powerful of all associations1 those gathered in childhood1 when the foundations of their minds were laid4 ,the ,english boy1 out on a breezy down1 may feel an exaltation of soul on hearing a ,skylark raining down a flood of delicious melody from far up at heaven's gate1 but his joy is no whit greater than his who hears1 in the dewy freshness of the early morning1 the carol of the ,magpie ringing out over an ,australian plain4 ,to those who live in countries where the winter is long and bitter1 any sign that the genial time of flowers is at hand is very welcome4 ,all over the countryside the first call of the ,cuckoo1 spring's harbinger1 arouses the keenest delight in expectant listeners4 ,this delight is1 however1 more than mere delight in the bird's song4 ,and to those brought up with it year by year there comes a time when the call of the ,cuckoo stirs something deep down below the surface of ordinary emotion4 ,it is the resultant of multitudes of childhood experiences and of associations with song and story4 ,i first heard the ,cuckoo in ,epping ,forest one delicious ,may evening four years ago4 ,it charmed me1 but my delight was almost wholly that of association4 ,all the ,english poetry ,i knew was at the back of the bird's song4 ,here in ,australia we have no sharply-defined seasons1 yet ,i find myself every spring listening eagerly for the first plaintive1 insistent call of the ,pallid ,cuckoo4 ,for me his song marks another milestone passed4 ,marcus ,clarke wrote of the ,laughing ,jackasses as bursting into horrible peals of semi-human laughter4 ,but then ,marcus ,clarke was ,english-bred1 and did not come to ,australia till he was eighteen years old4 ,it makes all the difference in our appreciation of bird or tree or flower to have known it as a boy4 ,i venture to think no latter-day ,australian who has grown up with our ,kookaburra can have any but the kindliest of feelings for this feathered comedian4 ,for myself1 ,i confess that ,i find his laughter infectious1 and innumerable times he has provoked me into an outburst as hearty and as mirthful as his own4 ,more than half of our pleasure is due to the fact that the bird is ,the same that in my schoolboy days ,i listened to4 and to such a one we can say-- ,i can listen to thee yet1 ,can lie upon the plain ,and listen1 till ,i do beget ,that golden time again4 ,it is time that we ,australians fought against the generally received opinion that the dominant note of our scenery is weird melancholy4 ,this is the note sounded mainly by those who were bred elsewhere1 who came to us with other associations and other traditions1 and sojourned among us4 ,it will not be the opinion of the native-born when they find appropriate speech4 ,whence doth the mournful keynote start8 ,from the pure depths of ,nature's heart8 ,or1 from the heart of him who sings1 ,and deems his hand upon the strings1 ,is ,nature's own8 ,this little book should do much to popularize bird-study and to spread a knowledge of our common birds among our people4 ,i hope devoutly that an effort will be made to give them suitable names4 ,we should give them names a poet or a child can use4 ,a ,chaucer poring lovingly over his favorite flower1 the daisy1 could call it by a name which is itself full of poetry4 ,even the unimaginative clown1 ,nick ,bottom1 could sing of ,the ,ouzel ,cock1 so black of hue1 ,with orange-tawny bill1 ,the ,throstle with his note so true1 ,the ,wren with little quill1 ,the ,finch1 the ,sparrow1 and the ,lark1 ,the plain-song ,cuckoo gray4 ,and a ,burns can invoke the ,throstle in lines as musical as the song of the bird itself--,and thou mellow mavis1 that hails the night-fa'4 ,but how shall an ,australian bard sing of ,the ,red-rumped ,acanthiza1 or of that delightful songster1 ,the ,rufous-breasted ,thickhead8 ,australian ,nature-poetry will be handicapped until our children give names like ,bobolink1 and ,chickadee1 and ,whip-poor-will1 and ,jacky ,winter1 to our birds4 ,oriel1 in the ,argus1 some time ago1 showed how hard it is to write of love's young dream in ,australian verse4 ,sweetheart1 we watched the evening sky grow pale1 ,and drowsy sweetness stole away our senses1 ,while ran adown the swamp the ,pectoral ,rail1 ,the shy ,hypotaenidia philippinensis4 ,how sweet a thing is love6 ,sweet as the rose1 ,fragrant as flowers1 fair as the sunlight beaming6 ,only the ,sooty ,oyster-,catcher knows ,how sweet to us1 as there we lingered dreaming4 ,dear1 all the secret's ours4 ,the ,sharp-tailed ,stint ,spied1 but he will not tell--though you and ,i ,paid ,cupid's debts from ,love's own golden mint1 ,while ,yellow-,bellied ,shrike-,tits fluttered nigh4 ,the ,honey-eaters heard2 the ,fuscous--yea1 ,the ,warty-faced1 the ,lunulated1 too2 ,but this kind feathered tribe will never say ,what words you said to me1 or ,i to you4 ,the golden bloom was glorious in the furze1 ,and gentle twittering came from out the copses2 ,it was the ,carinated ,flycatchers1 ,or else the black ,monarcha melanopsis4 ,that day our troth we plighted--blissful hour1 ,beginning of a joy a whole life long6 ,and while the wide world seemed to be in flower1 ,the ,chestnut-rumped ,ground-,wren burst forth in song4 ,it surely would not be amiss if the ,bird ,observers' ,clubs throughout ,australia1 and the ,royal ,australasian ,ornithologists' ,union1 enlisted the aid of the ,state ,education ,departments1 and endeavored to find out what names the children use for the birds of their district4 ,executive committees upon bird names are good2 but a good name is not evoked by arguments in committee4 ,it ofttimes comes from the happy inspiration of some child who loves the bird4 ,at present the names given by classifiers are often an offence4 ,a few evenings ago ,i was charmed with an unaccustomed song coming from out a big pittosporum tree in my garden at ,kew4 ,i took careful note of the little warbler1 and then consulted ,mr4 ,leach's ,descriptive ,list4 ,judge of my satisfaction when ,i found that my little friend was ,the ,striated ,field ,wren or ,stink ,bird6 ,the ,australian boy is responding splendidly to the ,nature-study movement4 ,bird observers tell me that shy native birds1 formerly unknown near the haunts of men1 are making their appearance1 feeling safer now from molestation4 ,nest hunting for the sake of egg spoliation is happily becoming rarer1 although children are developing keener eyes for nests4 ,to-day every country school has its nests under loving observation for the purposes of bird-study and of bird-protection4 ,walt ,whitman might have been describing many a ,victorian school boy when he wrote-- ,and every day the he-bird1 to and fro1 near at hand1 ,and every day the she-bird1 crouched on her nest1 silent1 with bright eyes1 ,and every day1 ,i1 a curious boy1 never too close1 never disturbing them1 ,cautiously peering1 absorbing1 translating4 ,this loving study must bear good fruit4 ,if we believe the scientific men1 ,australia is1 par excellence1 the land of birds1 song-birds1 plumage-birds1 and birds of wonderful interest1 such as the ,satin ,bower ,bird4 ,the collection of ,australian birds in our ,national ,museum at ,melbourne is certainly one of the finest sights of the city1 and it should be studied by all who wish to know how favored this continent is in bird distribution4 ,but we must get to know and to love our feathered friends4 ,mr4 ,leach in his lecture has dwelt sufficiently on the economic and scientific value of bird-study4 ,let me enter a plea for bird-study as a source of aesthetic pleasure4 ,before our ,australian birds can be to us what the ,thrush and the ,blackbird and the ,linnet and the ,lark and the ,nightingale are to the ,british boy1 we must have a wealth of association around them from song and story4 ,and this association must grow up with us from childhood if it is to make the strongest appeal to us4 ,it can rarely be acquired in later life4 ,british birds owe much to the poets for the charm that surrounds them4 ,when ,i heard the ,nightingale in ,england1 although ,i had no association with it gathered from my boyhood's days1 ,i heard more than the bird's song4 ,i was listening to ,keats and ,wordsworth and ,shakespeare as well4 ,there is something very fine in the thought that such bird songs go on for ever1 that these immortal birds are not made for death1 that ,the voice ,i hear this passing night was heard ,in ancient days by emperor and clown3 ,perhaps the self-same song that found a path ,through the sad heart of ,ruth1 when1 sick for home1 ,she stood in tears amid the alien corn4 ,the ,nightingale's song1 as a bird song1 ,i thought disappointing4 ,i remember having the same feeling with regard to the ,thrush and ,blackbird4 ,the charm of their songs is largely in the associations they evoke4 ,our city children are now growing up in familiarity with these two birds1 which are becoming as common in our gardens as in ,england4 ,and wherever they go they carry so much that is fine in literature with them4 ,but there has not yet been time for our native birds to endear themselves to us4 ,and so we hear only their song4 ,wise ,shakespeare says-- ,how many things by season seasoned are ,to their right praise and true perfection4 99 99 99 99 99 99 99 ,the ,nightingale1 if she should sing by day1 ,when every goose is cackling1 would be thought ,no better a musician than the ,wren4 ,he knows that to the song of the bird must be its appropriate setting1 and that when ,nature has done her part there is still much to be supplied by ourselves4 ,the outlook is1 however1 a hopeful one4 ,nature-study is bringing our boys and girls into kindlier relationships with our birds2 suitable popular names will be forthcoming for them2 our poets will sing of them2 our nursery rhymes and our children's tales will tell of them2 and the time will come when even the birds now trying so hard to sing their way into our hearts1 while cursed with the names of ,rufous-breasted ,thickhead and ,striated ,field ,wren or ,stink ,bird1 will mean to an ,australian what the ,throstle with his note so true and the ,wren with little quill do to an ,englishman4 ,mr4 ,leach's valuable little book is a powerful contribution to this much-to-be-desired result4 ,,frank ,,tate4 ,,names ,,recently ,,amended ,by ,gregory ,mathews4 ,the following were not included in the text4 ,the numbers #gj1 #gd1 and so on refer to the numbers of the birds4 #bj ,rallus pectoralis4 #fe-ff ,genus ,thalasseus4 #gj ,sterna fuscata4 #gd ,catharacta4 #ge ,catharacta parasitica4 #gf ,morinella interpres4 #hj ,lobibyx novae hollandiae4 #hb ,squatarola squatarola4 #hc-hi ,genus ,charadrius4 #ij ,hypsibates #ie ,numenius minutus4 #if ,limosa baueri4 #ig ,limosa melanuroides4 #ih ,tringa hypoleuca4 #ii ,tringa nebularia4 #ajj ,arenaria leucophaea4 #aja ,erolia ruficollis4 #ajb ,erolia aurita4 #ajc ,erolia ferruginea4 #ajd ,canutus canutus4 #aje ,canutus magnus4 #aaj ,choriotis australis4 #aaa ,mathewsia rubicunda4 #aad ,egatheus falcinellus4 #aag ,egretta plumifera4 #aah ,egretta timoriensis4 #aba ,egretta nigripes4 #abb ,demigretta sacra4 #abd ,ixobrychus pusillus4 #abf ,chenopis atrata4 #acb ,tadorna tadornoides4 #acd ,nettion castaneum4 #aci ,nyroca australis4 #adj ,oxyura australis4 #adb-adf ,genus1 ,carbo4 #aeg ,astur cirrhocephalus4 #aga ,ieracidea berigora4 #agb ,ieracidea orientalis4 #agi-ahc ,genus1 ,tyto4 #ahe-ahg ,genus1 ,glossopsitta4 #aia ,genus1 ,callocephalon4 #aib-aid ,genus1 ,cacatoees4 #aie ,licmetis tenuirostris4 #aif ,calopsitta novae-hollandiae4 #aih ,polytelis anthopeplus4 #bjh ,neophema chrysostoma4 #bac ,lathamus discolor4 #bbe ,eurostopodus albigularis4 #bbh ,apus pacificus4 #bbi ,cuculus pallidus4 #bcb ,misocalius palliolatus4 ,,preface4 ,this little volume is intended as a pocket book for field use1 so that the many teachers1 nature-students1 nature-lovers1 schoolboys1 schoolgirls1 and boy scouts1 who like to see what they look at1 may be able to name the birds they meet4 ,the first step towards knowing the birds is a desire to know them2 this will grow if a person is interested2 so our first business1 as in all nature-study work1 is to arouse interest4 ,interest follows at once1 as we have often found1 if a person realizes that what is about him or her is worthy of study4 ,to arouse this necessary interest1 a lecture on ,australian birds is given in such a form that it may be repeated1 if desired4 ,the second requisite is a handy descriptive list of the birds that are likely to be seen4 ,this has been written in simple language1 so that the schoolboy and non-expert can use it4 ,thus1 our aims are two3-- #a4 ,to show that ,australian birds are of interest4 #b4 ,to supply1 in a convenient form1 a list of the birds which are likely to be seen1 and the marks by means of which they may be identified4 ,this little book contains illustrations and descriptions of-- #ajj of the birds found in ,victoria4 #ib4e 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,south ,australia4 #hg4c 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,tasmania4 #hb4e 44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,new ,south ,wales4 #gh4af44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,w4 ,australia 7,s4 and ,c474 #gh4ae44 44 44 44 44 44 44 ,queensland4 ,the balance of those found in each of the other ,states is made up mainly of birds closely related to those of which illustrations are given1 or of very rare birds restricted to a small area4 ,the families of the birds of the world have been included1 so that the observer can see where the bird he is observing is placed amongst the world's birds4 ,he will also be enabled to place near its ,australian relatives birds he reads about4 ,the ,australian birds only are grouped in orders4 ,mr4 ,h4 ,wilson1 ,nature-study ,lecturer1 ,training ,college1 superintended the painting of the birds1 and saw the book through the press4 ,a ,hand-,list of ,birds3 ,dr4 ,sharpe2 and ,a ,hand-,list of the ,birds of ,australasia3 ,gregory ,m4 ,mathews1 have been followed for classification and distribution4 ,but for the interest of the ,minister of ,education1 the ,hon4 ,a4 ,a4 ,billson1 and the ,director1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,tate1 ,m4,a41 ,i4,s4,o41 this little book would not have been possible4 ,further1 ,mr4 ,billson suggested the colored illustrations1 while ,mr4 ,tate has written the introduction1 read the proof-sheets and assisted at all stages4 ,,preface ,,to ,,the ,,second ,,edition4 ,in response to requests from beginners1 a table has been added on page #aij4 ,this table shows the page on which a bird of a certain size may be found4 ,pending the completion by the ,royal ,australasian ,ornithologists' ,union of its official ,check-list of the ,birds of ,australia1 the scientific names have been left as in the first edition4 ,,notes4 ,where one number is placed over another at the left side of the page1 the lower number denotes the number of species of that genus found in the world2 the upper denotes the number of species found in ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,the number at the right side of the page is the length of the bird in inches 7from the tip of bill to the tip of tail74 ,the families of birds known are numbered consecutively1 thus1 ,f4 #aa1 ,f4 #ab1 and so on4 ,the number after a family name denotes the number of species recorded from ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,the distribution of the species of each family amongst the six zoogeographical regions is shown thus3 ,f4 #ag4 ,,columbidae 7#b71 ,,wood ,,pigeons1 ,passenger-,pigeon1 ,rock-,dove1 #aai sp4--#da7dj7;,a41 #be7ag7,o41 #ah7aj7,p41 #ai7ag7;,e41 #d7j7,nc41 #bd7bj7,nl4 ,this should read3 ,family number #ag of the world's birds1 ,,columbidae 7two of which are found in ,australia and ,tasmania7 contains the ,wood ,pigeons1 including the ,passenger-,pigeon 7of ,north ,america7 and the ,rock-,dove 7of ,europe74 ,it comprises #aai species1 of which #da are found in the ,australian ,region1 #dj of them being confined to this region2 #be are found in the ,oriental ,region1 #ag being confined to it2 #ah are found in the ,palaearctic ,region1 #aj of which are not found outside the region2 #ai have been recorded from the ,ethiopian ,region1 #ag being peculiar to that region2 #d have been recorded from the ,nearctic ,region1 none of which is restricted to the region2 #bd have been recorded from the ,neotropical ,region1 #bj being peculiar to it4 ,the name in black type is the name accepted by the ,australasian ,association for the ,advancement of ,science in #ahih1 and amended by the names sub-committee of the ,royal ,australasian ,ornithologists' ,union1 #aiaa4 ,this name should be used to denote the bird4 ,many local names are given1 so that a person knowing a bird by one of these may discover its proper name4 ,a4--,australian ,region 7from ,wallace's ,line to ,sandwich ,islands and ,new ,zealand1 see map p4 #aj74 ,o4--,oriental 7,indian7 ,region 7,india to ,wallace's ,line74 ,p4--,palaearctic ,region 7,europe1 ,n4,w4 ,africa1 and ,northern and ,western ,asia1 except ,arabia74 ,e4--,ethiopian ,region 7,arabia and ,africa1 except ,n4,w474 ,nc4--,nearctic ,region4 7,the ,a4,o4,u4 ,check-,list of ,north ,american ,birds1 #aiaj has been followed in making this ,north ,america1 less ,mexico74 ,nl4--,neotropical ,region 7,south ,america1 with ,mexico74 ,a4,o4,u4--,american ,ornithologists' ,union2 ,r4,a4,o4,u--,royal ,australasian ,ornithologists' ,union4 ,a4 denotes found throughout ,australia2 ,e4,a4 denotes found in ,queensland1 ,n4,s4,w41 and ,victoria2 ,s4,a4 denotes ,south ,australia2 ,c4,a4 denotes ,central ,australia2 ,w4,a4 denotes ,western ,australia2 ,n4 ,ter4--,northern ,territory2 ,mal4--,malaysia2 ,mol4--,molucca ,is42 ,n4 ,cal4--,new ,caledonia2 ,n4 ,heb4--,new ,hebrides2 ,n4,g4--,new ,guinea2 ,n4,z4--,new ,zealand2 ,br4--,british2 ,t4--,tasmania4 ,nom4--,nomadic2 ,mig4--,migratory2 ,part4 ,mig4--,partly ,migratory2 ,stat4--,stationary2 exc4--except2 acc4--accidental4 ,c4--common2 v4c4--very common2 r4--rare2 v4r4--very rare2 u4--unlikely that the ordinary observer will see it4 99 means see colored illustration4 f4--female2 m4--male2 f41 sim4--f4 is similar in color and size4 vt4 ,eur4 denotes that the ,australian bird is closely similar in form1 habits1 c41 to the corresponding ,european bird4 vt4 cos4 denotes that it is the equivalent or representative of a cosmopolitan group of birds4 #a #d #f99 ,king ,quail 7,chestnut-bellied1 ,least1 ,dwarf71 reads ,no4 #f 7see colored illustration7 is the ,king ,quail1 called also the ,chestnut-bellied ,quail1 ,least ,quail1 and ,dwarf ,quail4 ,four of this genus are known in the world1 of which one is found in ,australia4 7e7 denotes that a name is used in error4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,yellow-tailed ,tit-,warbler is about #d in4 long2 a ,white-eye1 #d4e in42 a ,sparrow1 #e in42 a ,house-,swallow1 #f4e in42 a ,sordid ,wood-,swallow1 #g in42 a ,black and ,white ,fantail1 #g4e in42 a ,starling1 #h4e in42 a ,harmonious ,shrike-,thrush1 #i4e in42 a ,noisy ,miner1 #aj in42 a ,magpie-,lark1 #aj4e in42 a ,butcher-,bird1 #aa in42 a ,pallid ,cuckoo1 #ab;in42 a ,rosella1 #ab4e in42 a ,galah1 #ad in42 a ,wattle-,bird1 #ad4e in42 a ,laughing ,kingfisher1 #ag4e in42 a ,white-backed ,magpie1 #ah in42 and a ,crow1 #bj in4 7measured from the tip of tail to the tip of bill74 ,don't try to judge a bird's length in inches4 ,note one or two prominent markings1 and the size of a bird2 say1 larger than a ,starling1 but smaller than a ,magpie-,lark4 ,then get the length of these birds from the table above 7#h-a_/b in4 and #aj-a_/b in4 respectively71 and compare the description of each bird that comes between these lengths with the illustrations and the bird before you4 ,the birds are approximately relative size on each block4 ,use the index to find the page of a bird1 then use the number1 if asterisked1 to find the bird in the colored plate index4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,world ,showing ,,regions ,an ,australian ,bird ,book4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,lecture4 ,australia is the wonderland of the scientist and of the ,nature-lover4 ,it is a great living museum1 stocked with marvels of many kinds1 including so-called living fossils1 the sole survivors of otherwise extinct groups of animals4 ,competent authorities have proposed to divide the world1 biologically1 into two parts--,australia and the rest of the world1 and they have considered ,australia the more important part4 ,this division was based mainly on the study of mammals--animals which suckle their young--for ,australia is the home of the two surviving members of the lowest group of mammals--,monotremata1 the egg-laying ,platypus 7,ornithorhynchus71 and the ,spiny ,ant-eater 7,echidna74 ,further1 marsupials1 except for two kinds found in ,america1 are confined to this long-isolated southern land4 ,here1 shut off from the severe competition experienced by the animals of northern lands1 marsupials were modified so that they were adapted for life in almost every realm utilized by the higher mammals of other countries4 ,thus there are herbivorous1 carnivorous1 and insectivorous marsupials4 ,owing1 probably1 to the advent of ,bats--true flying mammals--at1 possibly1 a comparatively early time1 the marsupial was beaten in the air1 and so a true flying form was not evolved1 though the so-called ,flying ,phalanger is some distance on the way4 ,as regards the other group of flying animals--birds--,australia is even of greater interest1 for here are found unique archaic forms of life1 such as the ,emu1 ,cassowary1 ,mound-,builders1 and ,lyre-,birds1 and every widely-spread family of birds but two is represented2 the only widely-spread families of birds totally absent from ,australia are ,woodpeckers and ,vultures4 ,woodpeckers1 however1 have crossed ,wallace's line into ,celebes and adjacent islands1 and may yet reach ,australia naturally4 ,further1 many well-known birds1 such as ,pigeons1 ,parrots1 and ,kingfishers1 reach their highest development in the ,australian region1 and1 more important still1 the whole bird world seems to reach its culminating point in this wonderland4 ,it is a factor adding to the interest of ,australia's fauna that three of the four families placed at the head of the bird world in the natural system of classification adopted by ornithologists1 and used by ,dr4 ,sharpe in his just recently completed ,hand-,list of ,birds1 should be absolutely confined to the ,australian ,continent and adjacent islands4 ,thus ,australia can justly claim to be the most highly developed of regions1 so far as birds are concerned1 for ,bower-,birds1 ,birds of ,paradise1 and ,bell-,magpies 7,streperas7 are peculiar1 while the penultimate family--the ,crow family--is shared with the other regions of the world4 ,thus1 with regard to birds1 the term fossil continent applied to ,australia is not appropriate1 as it is but partly true4 ,since the birds native to ,australia are so interesting in themselves1 and are so varied in kind1 ,australians should know1 love1 and jealously protect these beautiful creatures4 ,strict regulations should be framed to prevent the exploitation of ,nature's gifts by those who destroy useful or precious and rare birds for the sake of gain4 ,even collectors1 who1 under the guise of scientific work1 collect eggs1 and kill birds to trade in their skins1 should be supervized4 ,let us now consider the different groups of birds4 ,living birds were formerly divided into two sub-classes--7#a7 ,ratitae 7,lat41 ratis1 a raft71 and 7#b7 ,carinatae 7,lat41 carina1 a keel74 ,the first is the small group of flightless1 running birds1 made up of five living birds1 all inhabiting southern lands4 ,these are the ,emu and ,cassowary of ,australia1 the ,ostrich of ,south ,africa1 the ,rhea or ,south ,american ,ostrich1 and the ,kiwi or ,apteryx of ,new ,zealand4 ,taken together with other evidence1 all pointing in the same way1 these birds have led scientists to think of a great southern land mass connecting the southern lands1 for the ,emu did not fly here1 nor did the ,rhea fly to ,south ,america1 but they must have reached their present home by a land-bridge not necessarily complete at any one time4 ,as these birds do not fly1 they have no big wing-muscles1 and so do not need the ridge of bone down the breast4 ,thus they belong to the sub-class1 the members of which have a raft-like breast bone4 ,the other living birds were placed in the sub-class the members of which have a keel on the breast bone for the attachment of the wing-muscles4 ,recently1 however1 ,pycraft1 a leading ornithologist1 has proposed to base the division into sub-classes on the characters of the bones of the palate instead of those of the breast-bone4 ,thus1 he places the sixth family of birds--the ,tinamous1 of ,south ,america--with the ratite birds1 to form his primitive group--,palaeognathae 7old jaw71 while the members of the old sub-class ,carinatae1 minus the ,tinamous1 constitute his second division1 the ,neognathae 7new jaw74 ,mr4 ,gregory ,mathews1 the first part of whose projected great work on ,australian ,birds has just come to hand1 has followed ,dr4 ,bowdler ,sharpe in accepting this classification1 so we must follow too1 as ,mathews' work will probably be our standard for years to come4 ,the large number of ,australian birds belonging to this second sub-class is now divided into #bj orders1 which with the ,emu order1 make a total of #ba orders of birds represented in ,australia4 ,now1 let us consider the birds in each order4 ,the best-known member of the first ,australian order is the ,emu1 a bird well known to all1 though1 unfortunately1 becoming very rare1 so that few persons in the settled districts now enjoy the privilege of seeing an ,emu in a wild state4 ,page #ab ,illustration3 #a #b #c #d #e ,,class4--,,aves4--,,birds4 ,sub-,class ,i4--,palaeognathae4 ,ratitae and ,tinamidae4 ,f4 #a4 ,rheidae1 ,rhea1 #c sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #b4 ,struthionidae1 ,ostrich1 #d sp4--#d7c7;,e41 #a7j7,p4 7,s4 ,palestine74 ,,order ,i4--,,casuariiformes4 ,f4 #c4 ,,dromaeidae 7#a71 ,,emu1 #a sp4 ,a4 #a #a #a ,emu1 ,dromaius novae-hollandiae1 ,a4 ,stat4 r4 plains #gh ,see diagram1 second largest living bird2 f41 smaller4 ,fruits1 grass4 ,f4 #d4 ,,casuariidae 7#a71 ,,cassowary1 #ag sp4 ,a4 ,f4 #e4 ,apterygidae1 ,apteryx1 ,kiwi1 #f sp4 ,a4 7,n4,z474 ,f4 #f4 ,tinamidae1 ,tinamous1 #fi sp4 ,nl4 ,sub-,class ,,ii4--,neognathae4 ,carinatae1 minus ,tinamidae4 ,the birds of the second order are well known as scratchers4 ,they include the domestic fowl1 which has been derived from the wild jungle fowl of ,india1 and other fowl1 such as the peafowl4 ,quail are also included here2 so are ,pheasants4 ,the absence of ,pheasants from ,australia is more than compensated for by the presence of the ,mound-,builders4 ,these marvellous birds1 ,brush ,turkeys and ,mallee-,fowl1 retain the reptilian characteristic of not sitting on their eggs4 ,thus the young have never known their parents4 ,the eggs are laid in a huge mound of sand and earth1 which contains rotting vegetation4 ,the heat of decomposition in this remarkable natural incubator1 is quite sufficient to hatch the eggs4 ,the young are born fully feathered1 able to run at once1 and able to fly the day they leave the mound4 ,contrast their stage of development with that of a pigeon born naked1 blind1 and helpless1 and that of a chick born clothed with down and able to run about4 ,there is an interesting connexion between the size of an egg and the state of development of the young bird at birth4 ,the pigeon lays a relatively small egg1 so the young pigeon does not develop far in the egg1 and requires much maternal care4 ,the hen's egg is larger1 and the chick is more fully developed4 ,the ,mallee-,hen's egg is enormous1 and so the young can develop much further before birth4 ,this bird1 unfortunately1 is doomed to early extinction1 for the fox has discovered the rich store of food in the eggs1 and country dwellers have also discovered that they are delicate in flavor1 and are good food4 ,it is hoped that the scrubby western end of ,kangaroo ,island1 where foxes are unknown1 will prove a suitable sanctuary for them4 ,these birds1 which rank among ,nature's wonders1 are almost confined to the ,australian region4 ,one is found in ,borneo and the ,philippines1 while a second is confined to the distant ,nicobar ,islands4 ,twenty-six live in ,australia and its neighboring islands4 ,one of these has spread across ,wallace's line to the small ,kangean ,island1 near ,java4 ,the ,stubble ,quail1 a member of the ,pheasant family1 is nearly identical with the ,british ,quail4 ,mathews and ,campbell make the ,king ,quail a sub-species of the ,chinese ,quail4 ,quail are favorite sporting birds1 but when one considers that they are worth about #i;d4 each as table or game birds1 and that sportsmen found at ,birregurra1 that the crops of ,quail were full of crickets1 and at ,kerang the ,quail contained numbers of a species of weevil1 it is doubtful if it is wise policy to shoot this insect-eating bird4 ,although it may be worth a few pence as a table bird2 it is worth many shillings as a pest destroyer4 ,page #ac ,,order ,,ii4--,,galliformes4 ,f4 #g4 ,,megapodiidae 7#d71 ,mound-,builders1 ,scrub-,fowl1 ,brush ,turkey1 ,megapode1 #bh sp4--#bg7be7;,a41 #c7a7,o4 #a #a #b99 ,mallee-,fowl1 ,lowan1 ,native ,pheasant1 ,pheasant 7e71 ,leipoa ocellata1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 r4 mallee scrubs #bd ,like a small turkey2 neck light fawn-gray2 back1 wings spotted white1 black1 brown2 f41 smaller4 ,seeds1 ants4 ,f4 #h4 ,cracidae1 ,curassows1 ,guans1 #ei sp4--#a7j7,nc41 #ei7eh7,nl4 ,f4 #i4 ,tetraonidae1 ,grouse1 ,capercailly1 ,ptarmigan1 ,prairie-,fowl1 #de sp4--#a7j7,o41 #ai7af7,p41 #bh7bf7,nc4 ,f4 #aj4 ,,phasianidae 7#f71 ,pheasants1 ,partridges1 ,peafowl1 ,domestic ,fowls1 #bdb sp4--#ab7aj7;,a41 #acg7aai7,o41 #dg7ca7,p41 #fd7eh7;,e4 #a #f #c99 ,stubble ,quail 7,pectoral71 ,coturnix pectoralis1 ,a41 ,t4 vt4 ,eur4 ,quail4 ,nom4 c4 stubble1 grass #f4g ,brown lined white1 black2 throat dull reddish2 breast streaked black2 f41 less distinctly marked with black4 ,weed-seeds1 insects4 ,rises with a burr-r-r4 #c #g #d99 ,brown ,quail 7,swamp1 ,partridge71 ,synoicus australis1 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t4 vt4 ,eur4 ,partridge4 ,nom4 c4 grassy flats #f4e ,upper finely-barred gray1 black1 chestnut2 under buffy-gray with zigzag black bars2 bill blue1 tipped black2 eyes orange2 f41 sim4 ,seeds1 insects4 ,bee'e quick4 #e ,tasmanian ,quail 7,silver1 ,greater-,brown71 ,s4 diemenensis1 ,v41 ,t4 ,like #d1 but larger4 ,nom4 r4 occ4 thick grass #h4e ,page #ad ,illustration3 #f #g #h #i #aj #aa #a #d #f99 ,king ,quail 7,chestnut-bellied1 ,least1 ,dwarf1 ,swamp71 ,excalfactoria chinensis lineata1 ,philippines1 ,sumatra to ,a4 exc4 ,w4,a42 sub-species of ,chinese ,quail4 ,nom4 r4 swamps #d4e ,back dark-brown2 breast blue-gray2 abdomen chestnut2 throat black1 white bands conspicuous2 #a-a_/d oz42 f41 dark-brown1 spotted black2 throat whitish2 under barred black4 ,weed-seeds1 insects4 ,f4 #aa4 ,numididae1 ,guinea-,fowls1 #bc sp4 ,e4 ,f4 #ab4 ,meleagridae1 ,turkeys1 #e sp4--#d7b7,nc41 #c7a7,nl4 ,f4 #ac4 ,odontophoridae1 ,american ,quails1 ,bob-,whites1 #gb sp4--#ah7aj7,nc41 #fb7ed7,nl4 ,order ,,iii4 comprises the #bf ,bustard ,quail and the peculiar ,australian ,plain ,wanderer4 ,only the last species of this ,bustard ,quail family1 the ,australian ,plain ,wanderer has the hind toe4 ,the females of this order of birds do the fighting4 ,in ,quail1 the rule often observed amongst birds that the male is larger and more beautiful than the female may be reversed1 for here the female is sometimes larger and the more conspicuously colored4 ,in association with this reversal of color and size1 the domestic habits are changed1 for1 in some species at least1 the female sits on the eggs but a very short time2 the male then finishes the task of incubating1 and brings up and educates the young family4 ,meantime1 the female has found another mate and another clutch of eggs is left to the care of the male4 ,in birds having both sexes the same color each bird usually does its share of domestic work1 sitting on the eggs1 feeding the young1 etc4 ,where the male is more brightly colored1 he1 as a rule1 does not sit on the eggs1 for he would be visible to a bird of prey sailing overhead1 and so would probably be killed and the eggs taken4 ,the great naturalist1 ,alfred ,russel ,wallace1 thus regards the quiet coloration of most female birds as a protection during the nesting season4 ,the gaudy coloration of many male birds has been explained by ,darwin as being due to sexual selection1 the female choosing as a mate the most gaily colored or most attractive bird4 ,though the sitting bird is usually protectively colored1 it was our good fortune1 on a ,summer ,school excursion1 attended by ,his ,excellency the ,governor 7,sir ,thomas ,gibson-,carmichael71 a keen ,nature-lover1 and the ,director of ,education 7,mr4 ,f4 ,tate71 to find the gorgeously-colored male ,golden-breasted ,whistler 7,thickhead7 sitting on the eggs in full daylight4 ,it was noted1 however1 that the open nest was unusually well protected by an overhead bushy branch4 ,page #ae ,,order ,,iii4--,,turniciformes1 ,,hemipodes4 ,f4 #ad4 ,,turnicidae 7#h71 ,button 7,bustard7 ,quail1 #bg sp4--#ad7ad7;,a41 #i7f7,o41 #c7j7,p41 #d7d7;,e4 #g #bf #g ,red-,backed ,quail 7,black-backed1 ,orange-breasted71 ,turnix maculosa1 ,cel41 ,n4,g41 ,n4,a41 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,nom4 r4 marshy #g ,back brown2 crown blackish2 sides1 breast large black spots2 abdomen lighter2 no hind toe2 f41 larger4 ,weed-seeds1 insects4 #h99 ,painted ,quail 7,speckled1 ,butterfly71 ,varied ,turnix1 ,new ,holland ,partridge 7e71 ,t4 varia1 ,a41 ,t4 ,nom4 r4 sandy #h ,upper rufous-brown with buff1 black lines2 breast1 face spotted2 no hind toe2 f41 larger4 ,weed-seeds1 insects4 #i ,red-chested ,quail 7,chestnut-breasted1 ,yellow71 ,t4 pyrrhothorax1 ,a4 exc4 ,w4,a4 ,nom4 v4r4 marshy #f ,upper dark-brown with buff1 black lines2 breast sandy-red2 abdomen whitish2 no hind toe2 f41 much larger1 brighter4 ,weed-seeds1 insects4 #aj ,little ,quail 7,dottrel1 ,swift-flying1 ,button71 ,t4 velox1 ,a4 ,nom4 c4 open plains #e4e ,upper rufous with chestnut1 black lines2 breast rufous2 abdomen white2 no hind toe2 f41 much larger4 ,weed-seeds1 insects4 #a #a #aa99 ,plain ,wanderer1 ,turkey ,quail1 ,pedionomus torquatus1 ,a4 exc4 ,w4,a4 ,mig4 r4 grass1 m41 #d4h2 f41 #f4c ,brown2 broad black1 white spotted collar2 light band on wing2 breast chestnut2 hind toe2 m41 smaller1 paler1 faint collar4 ,weed-seeds1 insects4 ,f4 #ae4 ,pteroclididae1 ,sand-,grouse1 ,rock-,pigeons 7e71 #ag sp4--#g7b7,o41 #h7a7,p41 #ab7g7;,e4 ,in ,order ,,iv4 come those well-known birds--the ,cooers1 ,pigeons and ,doves4 ,the ,australian region is the great stronghold of these often beautiful birds4 ,it is only in this region that members of each of the five families of living ,pigeons are found4 ,two of the five families are peculiar to the region1 and nearly half the kinds of ,pigeons known are found here4 ,the finest and largest of all ,pigeons are the large ,crowned ,pigeons of ,new ,guinea4 ,unfortunately1 the heads of these ,pigeons are much in demand for millinery4 ,would that fashionable women knew the cruelty and devastation wrought by such fashions6 ,amongst the most beautiful of ,pigeons are1 as ,dr4 ,newton remarked1 the common ,bronzewing ,pigeons of ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,the lovely ,fruit-,pigeons of ,east ,australian scrubs are1 perhaps1 the most beautiful of all1 so it will readily be seen how fortunate we are with regard to these birds4 ,the fine large ,wonga-,wonga ,pigeon is becoming rare4 ,its flesh is white1 so ,gould named it ,leucosarcia 7white flesh74 ,it has been proposed to introduce this bird into ,europe to breed for table purposes4 ,page #af ,illustration3 #ab #ab;,a #ac #ad #ae #af ,,order ,,iv4--,,columbiformes1 ,,pigeons1 ,,doves4 ,f4 #af4 ,,treronidae 7#h71 ,,fruit-,,pigeons1 #bbh sp--#aei7aee7;,a41 #fj7ef7,o41 #a7a7,p41 #ab7ab7;,e4 #b #b #ab ,topknot ,pigeon1 ,lopholaimus antarcticus1 ,e4,a41 ,t4 7acc47 ,quook-quook4 ,stat4 c4 thick brushes #ag ,this noble pigeon2 under silvery-gray2 upper dark-gray2 crest rust-red2 eyes orange2 f41 sim4 ,native fruits4 ,page #ag ,f4 #ag4 ,,columbidae 7#b71 ,,wood-,,pigeons1 ,passenger-,pigeon1 ,rock-,dove1 #aai sp4--#da7dj7;,a41 #be7ag7,o41 #ah7aj7,p41 #ai7ag7;,e41 #d7j7,nc41 #bd7bj7,nl4 ,f4 #ah4 ,,peristeridae 7#ae71 ,,ground-,,pigeons1 ,turtle-,doves1 #aih sp4--#fa7ee7;,a41 #ba7h7,o41 #aj7a7,p41 #cb7cj7;,e41 #aj7j7,nc41 #hf7gf7,nl4 #a #f #ab;,a ,indian ,turtle-,dove1 ,turtur ferrago1 ,siberia to ,ceylon1 introduced ,a4 ,mig4 c4 gardens1 cities #ac ,back brown2 head gray2 broad patch side and back of neck black spotted white2 breast cinnamon2 centre tail feathers blackish1 rest tipped white2 f41 sim4 ,seeds4 #c #e #ac ,ground ,dove 7,peaceful71 ,doo-doo1 ,geopelia placida1 ,a4 7interior74 ,stat4 r4 grassy #h4g ,upper ashy-brown1 barred black2 chest1 hind-neck gray with black lines2 abdomen fawn2 side tail feathers tipped white2 f41 sim4 ,small seeds4 ,doo-doo4 #ad99 ,diamond ,dove 7,little1 ,turtle71 ,g4 cuneata1 ,a4 7interior74 ,stat4 r4 grass #h4b ,upper light-brown2 crown gray2 under light-gray2 white spots on wing2 side tail tipped white2 eye red2 f41 neck1 chest pale brown4 ,seeds4 #a #f #ae ,little ,green ,pigeon1 ,chalcophaps chrysochlora1 ,mol41 ,n4 ,heb41 ,n4 ,cal41 ,lord ,howe ,is41 ,a4 exc4 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,melancholy bellowing note4 v4r4 dense scrubs #i4e ,rich brown2 head1 short tail darker2 wings much green2 shoulder white2 f41 less brilliant4 ,fallen berries4 #b #b #af99 ,bronzewing ,pigeon 7,scrub71 ,phaps chalcoptera1 ,a41 ,t4 ,nom4 c4 open1 forest #ac4e ,upper brown marked lighter2 cap whitish2 line below eye1 throat white2 breast1 back of head vinous2 bronze wing2 legs red2 f41 head gray4 ,seeds1 fruits4 ,page #ah;a ,illustration3 #ag #ah #ai #bj #ba #bb #ag ,brush ,bronzewing ,pigeon 7,little ,bronze71 ,p4 elegans1 ,a41 ,t4 ,nom4 r4 sandy #ac ,upper chestnut-brown2 breast blue-gray2 throat1 crown chestnut2 bronze wings2 f41 crown gray4 ,seeds4 #a #a #ah ,crested ,pigeon 7,topknot 7e71 ,crested ,bronzewing71 ,ocyphaps lophotes1 ,a4 ,seeds4 ,nom4 r4 inland plains #ac ,upper fawn2 crown1 under gray2 crest black2 black bars on wings2 tail tipped white2 eyes orange2 f41 sim4 #a #a #ai ,wonga-,wonga ,pigeon1 ,leucosarcia melanoleuca1 ,e4,a4 ,seeds1 fallen fruits4 ,stat4 r4 coast-1 7hillside-7 brushes #ae ,back1 breast slaty-gray2 wings brown2 crown1 throat1 abdomen white2 sides spotted black2 f41 sim4 ,f4 #ai4 ,gouridae1 ,crowned ,pigeons1 #h sp4 ,a4 7,n4,g474 ,f4 #bj4 ,didunculidae1 ,tooth-billed ,pigeons1 #a sp4 ,a4 7,samoa74 ,f4 #ba4 ,opisthocomidae1 ,hoactzin1 #a sp4 ,nl4 ,the birds of ,order ,v4 are amongst the successes in the struggle for existence1 for they are found the world over4 ,the ,landrailor ,corn-,crake1 the ,little ,crake1 ,spotted ,crake1 ,moor-,hen1 ,purple ,gallinule1 and the lobed-toed ,coot1 of other countries1 are represented by similar birds here4 ,they are largely swamp-dwellers1 and conditions about swamps apparently do not vary much from continent to continent4 ,there is a full supply of vegetable and animal food1 and there is good shelter in the thick reed-beds4 ,the smaller members of the family are seldom seen1 for they skulk amongst the reeds1 and seldom show themselves4 ,many of these birds are long-toed1 and are beautifully adapted for life about the soft mud and floating vegetation of lagoons and swamps4 ,though the feet are not webbed1 several of these swamp-dwellers swim well4 ,thus the ,little ,crake is an expert swimmer and diver4 ,there is one ,australian bird not represented in other countries4 ,this is the handsome1 bantam-like ,black-tailed ,native-,hen4 ,at long intervals the birds appear in thousands1 and1 being largely vegetable feeders1 they have sometimes done considerable damage to crops4 ,during one such irruption in #ahdf1 the birds invaded the streets of ,adelaide4 ,others invaded the ,geraldton district1 and even reached ,perth in #ahhf4 ,northern ,victoria was visited in #aiji4 ,some of the members of this group are known to all2 indeed1 when you have finished reading this lecture1 ,i expect to have created in your mind an idea that bird study is very simple--that you know at least one of each of the groups of birds4 ,one further advantage of bird study is that so few birds are found in any district4 ,thus1 only #hhj birds have ever been recorded from ,australia1 whereas there are over #i1jjj kinds of native flowering plants1 not to mention non-flowering plants4 ,in very few districts could a list of #ajj different kinds of birds be compiled in one year4 ,again1 while it is impossible to talk popularly of native plants1 because they have no common names1 that does not apply to birds1 for bird-lovers have given a simple name to each bird4 ,even children1 therefore1 can talk definitely and exactly about the different kinds4 ,this is a great advantage4 ,again1 as birds are living1 moving1 loving1 and beautiful animals1 they have always been favorite objects of study1 and so we know more about them than about any other division of the animal kingdom4 ,thus you will1 ,i hope1 find that you know far more about the subject than you at first thought4 ,page #ah;b ,,order ,v4--,,ralliformes4 ,f4 #bb4 ,,rallidae 7#af71 ,,rails1 #bjd sp4--#fh7fj7;,a41 #cg7ah7,o41 #ah7j7,p41 #cg7bd7;,e41 #ag7g7,nc41 #gb7fe7,nl4 #d #ag #bj ,slate-breasted ,rail 7,short-toed71 ,lewin ,water-,rail1 ,eulabeornis 7,hypotaenidia7 brachypus1 ,a41 ,t41 ,auckland ,is4 vt4 ,eur4 ,water-,rail4 #bj ,rallus pectoralis4 ,stat4 r4 rivers1 lagoons #h4e ,upper blackish striped olive2 wings1 flanks1 abdomen barred black1 white2 throat1 breast1 slate-gray2 f41 duller4 #ba99 ,pectoral ,rail1 ,landrail1 ,e4 philippinensis1 ,malay ,arch4 to ,a41 ,n4,z41 ,pac4 ,is4 vt4 ,eur4 ,corn-,crake 7,landrail72 f41 young sim4 ,insects1 grass4 ,mig4 c4 grassy #aj4e ,upper brown spotted white2 under finely-barred black2 white2 sandy-buff bar on chest2 light stripe above eye4 #d #ag #bb99 ,australian ,spotted ,crake1 ,water-,crake1 ,porzana fluminea1 ,a4 vt4 ,eur4 ,spotted ,crake4 ,stat4 r4 rivers #g ,upper dark-brown1 spotted white2 abdomen1 flanks blackish barred white2 breast gray2 swims2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,illustration3 #ba #bb #bf #bg #cj #fg #ga #gb #gc #ba ,pectoral ,rail #bb ,australian ,spotted ,crake #bf ,black ,moor-,hen #bg ,bald ,coot #cj ,hoary-headed ,grebe #fg ,crested ,tern #ga ,white-faced ,ternlet #gb ,silver ,gull #gc ,pacific ,gull ,page #bb ,illustration3 #bc #bd #be #bf #bg #bh #bc ,australian ,little ,crake1 ,p4 palustris1 ,a4 vt4 ,eur4 ,little ,crake4 ,stat4 r4 river1 reed-beds #f ,upper rusty-brown2 throat1 breast gray2 crown blackish2 flanks1 lower-abdomen barred black1 white2 swims1 dives2 f41 sim4 ,water-animals4 ,page #bc #bd ,spotless ,crake 7,leaden1 ,tabuan71 ,swamp-,rail1 ,little ,swamp-,hen1 ,putoto1 ,p4 plumbea1 ,philippines to ,a41 ,n4 ,heb41 ,n4 ,cal41 ,fiji1 ,samoa1 ,tonga1 ,n4,z41 ,chatham ,is4 ,stat4 c4 reed-beds #f4c ,upper reddish-brown2 under dark slate-gray2 throat whitish2 eyes pink2 f41 young sim4 ,water-animals4 #b #b #be ,black-tailed ,native-,hen1 ,gallinule 7e71 ,tribonyx ventralis1 ,a4 ,mig4 flocks1 occ4 r4 lagoons1 rivers #ae ,upper brown2 under bluish-gray2 white marks conspicuous on flanks2 upper-bill light-green2 lower red at base2 legs brick-red2 runs1 seldom flies2 f41 sim4 ,water-animals1 seeds4 #a #h #bf99 ,black ,moor-,hen 7-,gallinule71 ,gallinula tenebrosa1 ,n4,g41 ,a4 vt4 cos4 ,gallinule4 ,stat4 c4 lagoons1 rivers #ae ,grayish-black2 back deep-brown2 under tail white at sides2 scarlet garter above knee2 base bill1 plate on forehead blood-red2 no white on flanks2 jerks tail2 f41 smaller4 ,water-animals1 plants4 #b #af #bg99 ,bald-,coot1 ,purple ,gallinule1 ,black-backed ,water 7,swamp1 ,macquarie7 ,hen1 ,pukeko1 ,redbill 7e71 ,porphyrio melanonotus1 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t41 ,norfolk ,is41 ,lord ,howe ,is41 ,n4,z4 vt4 cos4 bird4 ,stat4 c4 lagoons1 rivers #ag4e ,hind-neck1 breast1 flanks indigo-blue2 back1 wings1 tail black2 under tail white2 eyes orange-red2 bill1 legs red2 jerks tail2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 vegetable food4 #a #ac #bh ,australian ,coot1 ,dabchick 7e71 ,fulica australis1 ,a41 ,t41 vt4 cos4 bird4 ,stat4 c4 lakes1 bays #ad ,sooty-black2 bill bluish-gray2 eyes red2 lobed feet2 f41 sim4 ,water-insects1 snails4 ,f4 #bc4 ,heliornithidae4 ,finfoot1 #e sp4--#a7a7,o41 #c7c7;,e41 #a7a7,nl4 ,in the next ,order1 the ,sixth1 there are three ,australian birds4 ,they are called ,grebes4 ,bird names often reflect some habit1 e4g41 ,scratchers1 ,cooers4 ,so ,grebes are often called ,divers4 ,but the ,divers of the ornithologist are ,northern ,hemisphere birds1 placed in the next family 7#be74 ,there is a widespread tradition to the effect that ,grebes wait for the flash of the cap1 and then dive before the bullet can reach them4 ,they are1 indeed1 remarkably active in the water1 but are absurd on land4 ,their legs are set so far back that it is almost impossible for them to walk4 ,their toes are not webbed1 but are broadly lobed4 ,the ,great ,crested ,grebe is identical with the ,british bird1 for it is found all through the ,eastern ,hemisphere4 ,this is a remarkable distribution1 when we consider that the bird1 by reason of its very small wings1 is a poor flyer1 and is almost helpless on land4 ,such a wide distribution of a creature possessing poor means of locomotion indicates that the animal must have existed for a long time1 so that it has been able to gradually extend its range4 ,thus we conclude it is an ancient form4 ,page #bd ,illustration3 #bi #cj #ca #cb #cc #cd ,,order ,,vi4--,,podicipedidiformes4 ,f4 #bd4 ,,podicipedidae 7#c71 ,,grebes1 #be sp4--#e7b7;,a41 #h7b7,o41 #f7j7,p41 #e7a7;,e41 #f7j7,nc41 #aa7g7,nl4 #b #ae #bi ,black-throated ,grebe 7,little71 ,dabchick 7e71 ,white-bellied ,diver 7e71 ,podiceps novae-hollandiae1 ,java1 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,n4 ,cal41 vt4 ,eur4 ,little ,grebe4 ,stat4 c4 lagoons #i4e ,upper blackish-brown2 white patch on wing2 under silvery-gray2 throat1 side-face black 7summer71 brown 7winter72 beautiful fur-like plumage2 lobed toes2 f41 sim4 ,small fish1 snails1 insects4 ,page #be;a #cj99 ,hoary-headed ,grebe1 ,dabchick 7e71 ,tom ,pudding1 ,p4 poliocephalus1 ,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 c4 lagoons1 river #i4e ,upper brown2 wings white patch2 under silvery-gray2 head short white hair-like plumes 7summer72 head brown1 throat buff 7winter72 fur-like plumage2 lobed toes2 f41 sim4 ,small fish1 snails1 insects4 #a #c #ca ,great ,crested ,grebe 7,tippet71 ,loon1 ,gaunt1 ,carr ,goose1 ,p4 cristatus 7,lophaethyia cristata1 ,mathews' ,handlist71 ,eur41 ,n4 ,asia1 ,japan1 ,africa1 ,india to ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,stat4 r4 lakes1 rivers #bd ,upper brown2 under glistening-white2 crown black2 neck-frill chestnut edged black 7summer72 face1 neck whitish 7winter72 fur-like plumage2 lobed toes2 f41 sim4 ,small fish1 snails1 insects4 ,f4 #be4 ,colymbidae 7,gaviidae71 ,true ,divers1 ,loons1 #e sp4--#a7j7,o41 #e7j7,p41 #b7j7;,e41 #e7j7,nc4 ,in the next order come those remarkable birds1 ,penguins4 ,as so much has been said about ,penguins by ,lieutenant ,shackleton's party1 they have caught the popular fancy1 and people are much interested in them4 ,many ,australians do not know that three ,penguins are found on their own coast4 ,it was one of the sights of the #aiaj ,summer ,school at ,portsea to sit on the balcony and watch the ,penguins chasing their prey in the clear waters in front4 ,their wings are paddles1 being flattened and devoid of quills4 ,the wings are not folded1 but are carried hanging awkwardly at the side4 ,during the interest aroused by ,peary's expedition to the ,north ,pole1 an illustrated weekly paper published a cartoon1 which showed the ,american ,eagle sitting on the ,north ,pole and reading a proclamation to an audience of ,penguins4 ,one thing is unfortunate about this--,penguins are unknown in the ,northern ,hemisphere4 ,indeed1 they support the geographer in his contention that1 while the ,pacific ,ocean is very ancient1 the ,atlantic ,ocean has been formed much more recently1 for ,penguins are found up the ,pacific even to the ,galapagos ,is4 on the ,equator1 but have not spread into the ,atlantic ,ocean beyond ,tristan da ,cunha1 at the extreme ,south4 ,page #be;b ,,order ,,vii4--,,sphenisciformes4 ,f4 #bf4 ,,spheniscidae 7#c71 ,,penguins1 #ag sp4--#aa7g7;,a41 #f7a7;,e41 #i7d7,nl4 #a #e #cb ,crested ,penguin 7,tufted1 ,jackass1 ,victoria71 ,penguinus 7,catarrhactes7 chrysocome1 ,southern ,ocean 7circumpolar71 ,v41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,occ4 r4 coasts #bg ,wing a paddle2 upper black2 under silvery-white2 crest yellow2 f41 yellow crest feathers shorter4 ,sea-animals4 #b #c #cc ,little ,penguin 7,little ,blue71 ,eudyptula minor1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,stat4 c4 coasts #ah ,upper light-blue2 under glistening-white2 wing a paddle2 f41 sim4 ,sea-animals1 plants4 #cd ,fairy ,penguin1 ,e4 undina1 ,v41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,stat4 c4 coast #ac4e ,like #cc1 but smaller4 ,order ,,viii4 includes the true ocean birds--those wanderers seen far from any land by ocean travellers4 ,indeed1 many of them do not go near land except to breed4 ,then they usually repair to small lonely islands often with bold precipitous shores4 ,ocean birds are readily divisible into four families4 ,the first is made up of the #be ,storm-,petrels2 the second of the #ge ,petrels1 ,shearwaters1 ,fulmars1 and ,dove-,petrels2 the third family comprises only the three small southern ,diving-,petrels2 while the fourth contains the nineteen noble ,albatrosses4 ,though ,storm-,petrels and ,petrels of various kinds may be seen in the ,northern ,hemisphere1 yet the ,southern ,hemisphere1 with its enormous expanse of water1 is the headquarters of these birds4 ,the dainty1 tiny ,storm-,petrels1 fearlessly tripping over the mountain billows in times of great danger to the sailor1 were considered birds of ill-omen4 ,their peculiar flight possibly helped this idea4 ,gould closely studied them and other ocean birds during his voyages on sailing ships4 ,he describes them as fluttering over the glassy surface of the ocean during calms with an easy butterfly-like motion of the wings1 and buffeting and breasting with equal vigor the crests of the loftiest waves of the storm2 at one moment descending into their deep troughs1 and1 at the next1 rising with the utmost alertness to their highest point1 apparently from an impulse communicated as much by striking the surface of the water with its webbed feet as by the action of the wings4 ,this habit of walking on the sea is said to be responsible for the name ,petrel1 which is associated with ,saint ,peter1 who1 of old1 walked on the waters4 ,sailors call them ,mother ,carey's ,chickens4 ,the largest ,australian ,storm-,petrel is the ,whitefaced ,storm-,petrel1 whose scientific name1 ,pelagodroma1 means open sea wanderer4 ,it has been recorded even from the ,north ,atlantic and ,britain4 ,many thousands of these birds still nest on ,mud ,island1 a sandbank just inside ,port ,phillip ,heads4 ,the presence there of a true ocean wanderer is a valuable piece of evidence to support the geographer in his claim that ,port ,phillip ,bay once had a wide opening1 which has been almost closed by the drift of sand across its mouth4 ,the ,storm-,petrels have probably nested there for many1 many centuries4 ,long may they continue to do so6 ,they hurt no one1 and they are a feature of interest to all interested in the flora and fauna of ,australia1 and to natural history students and ,nature-lovers in general4 ,the ,shackleton expedition met the ,wilson 7,yellow-webbed7 ,storm-,petrel1 in considerable numbers1 far south4 ,two specimens were presented by ,lieutenant ,shackleton to the ,national ,museum1 ,melbourne4 ,however1 recently our ,museum received1 through the agency of two schoolboys1 a specimen that is valued even more highly1 for it is ,australian4 ,the boys1 on their way to the ,marshaltown ,state ,school 7,mr4 ,h4 ,b4 ,williamson1 ,h4,t471 found a bird near a fence about nine miles inland4 ,it had evidently been killed by flying into the fence in the dark4 ,using the ,bird-,list1 the boys discovered that it was a ,yellow-webbed ,storm-,petrel1 a truly pelagic bird1 as its name1 ,oceanites oceanicus indicates4 ,mr4 ,williamson1 to show that the ,list was of assistance1 even to boys1 in identifying birds they had never heard of before1 left the bird at the ,continuation ,school1 ,geelong4 ,here it was recognized as a valuable specimen1 and was at once sent to ,mr4 ,kershaw1 curator of the ,national ,museum4 ,it is now in the ,australian collection4 ,the true ,petrels are very numerous in kinds and individuals4 ,darwin thought that the most numerous of birds was a ,petrel4 ,one of great interest is the ,mutton-,bird1 or ,short-tailed ,petrel4 ,this romantic bird breeds by the million on ,cape ,woolamai and other places about ,bass ,strait4 ,just as the mallee farmer is dependent on his annual wheat harvest1 so the remarkable colony of people living on ,cape ,barren ,island is entirely dependent on the annual ,mutton-,bird harvest4 ,they claim to take about a million and a half birds each year4 ,the number is probably much exaggerated1 for ,littler1 in his valuable ,birds of ,tasmania1 gives the number as #eee1jjj for #aiji1 valued at about ,l#djjj4 ,bass and ,flinders were glad to replenish their stores with young ,mutton-,birds4 ,flinders calculated that one flock of these birds he met in ,bass ,strait contained #acb1jjj1jjj birds4 ,they lay but one egg1 so one would expect the ,petrel to be long-lived4 ,we found a closely-similar bird nesting on ,mast ,head ,island1 ,capricorn ,group4 ,the three southern ,diving ,petrels1 forming the next family1 are much smaller than the common ,petrels4 ,they are expert divers1 and are found mainly in the far ,south4 ,the mighty ,albatross1 with its enormous wing-span of possibly up to #ad feet1 is also largely a southern bird4 ,that this bird has spread to the ,north ,pacific ,ocean1 but has not yet penetrated any distance into the ,atlantic1 is another piece of evidence as to the age of these two oceans4 ,the ,pacific ,ocean is a very ancient depression1 while the ,atlantic is much younger1 and has been formed since the lands which border its shores4 ,the ,black-browed ,albatross1 however1 was once seen in ,england4 ,probably this bird might have been carried north on board ship1 and then set free again4 ,fossil bones of ,albatrosses have been found in ,france and ,england4 ,their remarkable power of wheeling round and round a vessel1 with no perceptible movement of the wing1 has excited much interest and controversy4 ,mr4 ,froude1 in his ,oceana1 has given a vivid description of this flight4 ,the ,albatross wheels in circles round and round and for ever round the ship--now far behind1 now sweeping past in a long1 rapid curve1 like a perfect skater on an untouched field of ice4 ,there is no effort2 watch as closely as you will1 you rarely or never see a stroke of the mighty pinion4 ,the flight is generally near the water1 often close to it4 ,you lose sight of the bird as he disappears in the hollow between the waves1 and catch him again as he rises over the crest2 but how he rises1 and whence comes the propelling force1 are to the eye inexplicable2 he alters merely the angle at which the wings are inclined4444 ,gould considered that many of these birds circumnavigate the globe many times4 ,they follow ships for days together4 ,albatrosses are sometimes caught by those on board ship4 ,one means of protection employed by these birds is to discharge a considerable quantity of oily matter at an intruder4 ,this has led sailors to declare that the bird is seasick4 ,some claim that this is not done for protection1 but is due to fright4 ,the members of the ,australasian ,ornithologists' ,union1 when on a trip in the ,manawatu to the ,bass ,strait ,islands found it tantalizing to see the beautiful ,shy ,albatrosses sitting on their nests on the precipitous granite ,albatross ,rock1 and be unable to land owing to the rough sea that was running4 ,we waited a second and a third day1 in the shelter of ,chimney ,corner1 ,three ,hummocks ,island1 but finally had to depart with but a distant acquaintance with this fine bird4 ,when they return to nest the succeeding year1 the parents drive last year's brood off the island4 ,does the young live on its fat all through the cold1 rough winter1 or do the parents return at intervals to feed it8 ,some recent records by a ,french party on one of these lonely nesting islands show that in some cases1 at least1 the parents do feed the young at night during their long wait4 ,the sitting bird is fed by her mate4 ,he opens his mouth1 and she inserts her bill1 and chooses a dainty for herself4 ,a ,monograph of the ,petrels1 by ,f4 ,du ,cane ,godman1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pres4 ,british ,ornithologists' ,union1 was consulted for ,order ,,viii4 ,page #bf ,illustration3 #ce #cf #cg #ch #ci #dj ,,order ,,viii4--,,procellariiformes1 ,,tubinares1 ,,tube-,,nosed ,,swimmers4 ,f4 #bg4 ,,procellariidae 7#e71 ,,storm-,,petrels1 ,,mother ,,carey',s ,,chickens1 #be sp--#aj7c7;,a41 #b7j7,o41 #aj7j7,p41 #g7j7;,e41 #ac7d7,nc41 #ac7c7,nl4 #b #c #ce ,wilson ,storm-,petrel 7,yellow-webbed1 ,flat-clawed71 ,oceanites oceanica1 ,s4 ,polar regions ,n4 to ,british ,is4 7acc71 ,labrador 7acc471 ,india1 ,a41 ,n4,z4 c4 ocean #f4h ,blackish2 base tail above below white2 legs black2 webs yellow2 f41 sim4 ,shellfish1 small fish1 greasy4 ,page #bg #cf ,gray-backed ,storm-,petrel1 ,o4 7,garrodia7 nereis1 ,s4 ,oceans1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 r4 ocean #f4g ,sooty2 abdomen1 under base tail whitish2 bill1 feet black2 f41 sim4 ,oily substances1 shellfish4 #a #a #cg ,white-breasted ,storm-,petrel 7,white-faced71 ,frigate ,petrel1 ,mother ,carey's ,chicken1 ,pelagodroma marina1 ,s4 ,oceans1 ,n4 to ,canary ,is41 ,u4,s4 7acc47 c4 ,mud4 ,is4 ocean #h ,upper brownish-gray2 crown1 line under eye1 edge of wing1 tail black2 under1 face1 throat1 line above eye white2 bill1 feet black2 webs yellow2 f41 sim4 ,shellfish1 oily matters4 #b #d #ch ,black-bellied ,storm-,petrel1 ,cymodroma 7,fregetta7 melanogaster1 ,s4 ,oceans1 to ,n4 ,atl41 ,a41 ,t4 r4 ocean #g4e ,sooty-black2 under base tail1 flanks white2 bill1 feet black2 f41 sim4 ,sea-animals1 oily4 #ci ,white-bellied ,storm-,petrel1 ,c4 grallaria1 ,s4 ,oceans to ,b4 of ,bengal1 ,atl4 to ,cancer1 ,florida 7acc74 r4 ocean #g4b ,upper1 neck1 chest black2 under1 rump white2 bill1 feet black2 f41 sim4 ,sea-animals1 oily4 ,f4 #bh4 ,,puffinidae 7#bi71 ,,petrels1 ,shearwaters1 ,fulmars1 ,prions1 #ge sp4--#dg7af7;,a41 #g7j7,o41 #bd7j7,p41 #cj7b7;,e41 #bb7d7,nc41 #cg7g7,nl4 #g #be #dj ,wedge-tailed ,petrel 7,shearwater71 ,puffinus sphenurus1 ,a4 seas4 v4r4 ocean #ag4e ,sooty-brown2 wing blackish2 tail black2 throat ashy-gray2 under dull ashy-brown2 bill lead color2 legs1 feet livid flesh color1 dusky on inner side of leg and toe4 ,like #db1 but tail longer2 f41 sim4 ,food as for #da4 ,page #bh ,illustration3 #da #db #dc #dd #de #da ,allied ,petrel1 ,gould ,shearwater 7,little ,dusky71 ,p4 assimilis1 ,a4 and ,n4,z4 ,seas1 ,atl4 ,o4 to ,madiera ,is41 ,nova ,scotia 7acc474 ,flocks v4r4 ocean #aa ,upper1 crown1 wings1 tail sooty-black2 side face1 under white2 side-chest dusky2 bill dark horn-colour2 legs greenish-yellow2 f41 sim4 ,shrimps1 shellfish1 seaweed4 #db ,short-tailed ,petrel 7,sooty1 ,bonaparte71 ,slender-billed ,shearwater 7,u4,s471 ,seal-,bird1 ,mutton-,bird 7,v471 ,p4 brevicaudus 7tenuirostris71 ,a41 ,bass ,st41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,migrates to ,alaska1 ,japan4 ,flocks1 c4 ocean #ad ,sooty-brown2 under paler2 bill blackish-brown2 legs1 feet light-grey1 black down outer side4 ,food as #da4 #c #c #dc ,brown ,petrel 7,great-,gray71 ,black-tailed ,shearwater 7,u4,s471 ,night ,hawk 7e71 ,bully1 ,kuia1 ,procellaria 7,priofinus7 cinereus1 ,s4,o41 ,california 7once74 r4 ocean #ai4e ,crown1 upper dark brownish-gray2 under white2 under base tail ashy-brown2 tail black2 feet grayish-flesh color2 outer toe brownish-black2 dives2 f41 sim4 #a #a #dd ,silver-gray ,petrel 7,fulmar71 ,slender-billed ,fulmar 7,u4,s471 ,priocella glacialoides1 ,bass ,st41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z41 ,s4 ,oceans1 ,pacific to ,japan1 ,alaska4 c4 ocean #ah ,pearly-gray2 tip-wing black2 face1 under silky-white2 f41 sim4 ,dead animals1 oil1 cuttlefish4 #c #c #de ,black ,petrel 7,fulmar71 ,taonui1 ,procellaria 7,majaqueus7 parkinsoni1 ,a4 and ,n4,z4 ,seas4 r4 ocean #ah ,sooty black2 f41 sim4 ,food see #da4 #i #cb #df ,great-winged ,petrel 7,long-winged1 ,gray-faced71 ,a,estrelata macroptera1 ,a41 ,n4,z41 ,s4 ,oceans4 v4r4 ocean #ae ,dark brown2 about bill1 throat gray2 wing-quills1 tail black2 bill1 feet black2 f41 sim4 ,food see #da4 ,page #bi ,illustration3 #df #dg #dh #di #ej #ea #dg ,brown-headed ,petrel1 ,solander ,fulmar1 ,,ae4 solandri1 #a specimen only1 ,gould1 ,bass ,st4 u4 ocean #af ,head1 wings1 tail dark-brown2 back slaty-gray1 marked dark-brown2 bill1 legs black4 #dh ,white-winged ,petrel1 ,,ae4 leucoptera1 ,a41 ,n4,z4 to ,c4 ,horn1 ,fiji4 r4 ocean #ac ,upper dark slaty-gray2 forehead1 face1 under1 under wing white2 wings blackish-brown2 eyes1 bill black2 legs1 half toes and webs fleshy-white2 tip toes and webs black2 f41 sim4 #a #a #di ,giant ,petrel 7,fulmar71 ,mother ,carey's ,goose1 ,nelly1 ,glutton1 ,stinkpot1 ,vulture of the ,seas1 ,macronectes gigantea1 ,s4 ,oceans up to #cj deg4 ,s4 ,lat4 ,oregon 7acc74 c4 ocean #cc ,dark chocolate-brown2 bill horn-color2 has also a white phase2 f41 sim4 ,scavenger1 omnivorous4 #a #a #ej ,cape-,petrel 7,pintado1 ,black and ,white1 ,spotted1 ,pied71 ,cape-,pigeon 7-,fulmar71 ,daption capensis1 ,a41 ,n4,z41 ,s4 ,oceans to ,brazil1 ,ceylon1 ,peru1 acc4 to ,california1 ,maine1 ,england4 ,large flocks c4 ocean #af4e ,head1 hind-neck1 upper-back1 edge of wing1 quills1 chin sooty-brown2 inner-wing1 back white1 broadly spotted sooty-brown2 under white2 bill1 feet blackish-brown2 f41 sim4 ,food as #da4 #e #e #ea ,blue ,petrel1 ,prion 7,halobaena7 coerulea1 ,s4 ,oceans1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 to ,icepack1 ,fiji4 c4 ocean #aa ,forehead1 cheeks1 throat1 centre-chest1 under white2 upper grayish-blue2 outer wing-quills black2 tail square1 tipped white2 bill blackish-brown2 f41 sim4 ,cuttlefish1 shellfish4 ,page #cj ,illustration3 #eb #ec #ed #ee #ef #eg #eb ,broad-billed ,dove-,petrel 7,blue-71 ,whale-,bird1 ,prion1 ,p4 vittatus1 ,s4 ,oceans4 c4 ocean #aa4e ,upper delicate blue-gray2 head darker than back2 edge shoulder1 wing1 tip-tail black2 under1 line over eye1 white2 flanks blue2 broad bill blue tipped black2 feet light-blue2 f41 sim4 ,cuttlefish4 ,page #ca #ec ,banks ,dove-,petrel 7,blue-71 ,prion1 ,whiroia1 ,p4 banksi1 ,s4 ,oceans1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 r4 ocean #aj ,like #eb1 but bill narrower and paler blue-gray2 expanded wings show black marks like letter ,w4 ,food as #ed4 #ed ,dove-,petrel1 ,dove-like-,petrel 7-,prion71 ,whale-,bird 7,snow-71 ,p4 desolatus1 ,s4 ,oceans4 c4 ocean #aj4e ,like #eb1 #ec1 but more delicate2 blackish below eye2 white stripe above eye2 head same as back2 bill straighter1 more slender2 f41 smaller4 ,shellfish1 oily substances4 #ee ,fairy ,dove-,petrel 7-,prion71 ,short-billed 7,gould7 ,blue-,petrel1 ,p4 brevirostris 7ariel71 ,s4 ,indian ,o41 ,a41 ,bass ,st41 ,madeira1 ,s4 ,africa4 v4r4 ocean #i4e ,like #eb1 #ec1 #ed1 but bill shorter1 stouter2 head same as back2 white face4 ,f4 #bi4 ,,pelecanoididae 7#a71 ,,diving ,,petrels1 #c sp4--#b7j7;,a41 #a7j7;,e41 #c7a7,nl4 #a #c #ef ,diving-,petrel1 ,smaller ,diving ,petrel1 ,tee-tee1 ,pelecanoides urinatrix1 ,a41 ,n4,z41 ,str4 of ,magellan4 r4 sheltered bays #h ,upper black2 under white2 legs1 feet blue2 dives2 f41 sim4 ,shellfish4 ,f4 #cj4 ,,diomedeidae 7#aj71 ,,albatrosses1 ,mollymawks1 #ai sp4--#ac7c7;,a41 #b7j7,o41 #e7j7,p41 #e7a7;,e41 #e7j7,nc41 #i7c7,nl4 #g #ag #eg ,wandering ,albatross1 ,man-of-,war-,bird1 ,cape ,sheep1 ,toroa1 ,diomedea exulans1 ,s4 ,oceans up to ,lat4 #cj deg4 ,s4 c4 ocean #dd ,upper white with fine zigzag brown lines2 wing-quills black2 tail short1 black above2 side face1 under white2 zigzag lines on side of breast2 bill whitish2 color varies with age2 span up to #ad ft42 f41 sim4 ,jelly-fish1 shrimps1 shellfish4 ,page #cb ,illustration3 #eh #ei #fj #fa #fb #fc #eh ,royal ,albatross1 ,d4 regia1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,seas4 c4 ocean #dd ,lately separated from #eg1 because young have white down instead of gray2 adult has no zigzag lines2 f41 sim4 ,food see #eg4 #ei ,black-browed ,albatross 7,mollymawk71 ,d4 melanophrys1 ,s4 ,oceans1 ,england 7once74 v4c4 ocean #cb ,head1 neck1 under1 upper base tail white2 blackish-gray streak through eye2 wings dark brown2 back slaty-black2 tail dark-gray2 bill buff-yellow2 f41 young sim4 ,fish4 ,page #cc #fj ,white-capped ,albatross1 shy ,mollymawk1 ,d4 7,thalassageron7 cauta1 ,a4 ,seas1 ,bass ,st4 c4 ocean #ca ,back slaty-gray2 rump white2 wings dark-gray2 tail slaty-gray2 head1 neck1 under white2 blackish streak through eye2 bill horn-color2 f41 smaller4 ,fish1 barnacles1 shrimps4 #fa ,flat-billed ,albatross1 7,yellow-nosed 7e71 ,gray-headed71 ,gould ,yellow-nosed ,mollymawk1 ,d4 chrysostoma 7culminata71 ,a41 ,indian ,o41 ,pacific ,o41 ,oregon 7cas47 ,g4 of ,st4 ,lawrence 7cas474 r4 ocean #bh ,back1 wings1 tail dark grayish-black2 head1 neck gray2 faint blackish streak through eye2 under1 rump white2 bill black1 tip1 crest1 lower-edge yellow1 f41 sim4 ,food see #fj4 #fb ,yellow-nosed ,albatross ,d4 chlororhynchus1 ,s4 ,atl4 ,o41 ,s4 ,ind4 ,o41 ,a41 ,t4 c4 ocean #cj ,under1 head1 neck1 rump white2 back1 wings brownish-black1 tail brownish2 bill black1 crest bright orange-yellow1 tip blood-orange2 faint dark streak through eye2 f41 sim4 ,food see #fj4 #a #a #fc ,sooty ,albatross1 ,phoebetria palpebrata 7fuliginosa71 ,s4 ,oceans1 ,oregon 7cas471 ,a41 ,n4,z4 c4 oceans #bi4e ,sooty-brown2 white ring almost round eye2 bill black2 f41 sim4 ,food as #fj4 ,f4 #ca4 ,alcidae1 ,auk1 ,garefowl1 ,puffin1 ,razorbill1 ,guillemot1 ,murre1 #bh sp4--#bb7a7,p41 #bg7f7,nc4 ,the birds of ,order ,,ix4 are mainly shore birds4 ,there are four chief kinds of these--,terns 7,sea-,swallows71 including ,noddy ,terns1 ,gulls1 the remarkable northern ,skimmers1 which skim along the surface with the lengthened end of the lower mandible in the water1 and the bold sea-pirates1 ,skuas4 ,fifty-seven ,terns and ,noddies are found throughout the world4 ,of these1 twenty-one have been recorded from ,australian waters4 ,being powerful flyers1 it is not surprising to find that several of the ,australian ,terns are really ,old-,world1 and even ,new-,world1 forms too4 ,thus the ,whiskered 7,marsh7 ,tern is also ,british4 ,the ,caspian1 ,gull-billed1 and ,bridled 7,brown-winged7 ,terns are ,british and ,american1 while the ,sooty ,tern is found in all tropical and sub-tropical seas4 ,it is one of the famous birds of the world1 for it is the egg bird of sailors4 ,it retires in large companies to low scrubby islands to breed4 ,here it lays a single egg on the bare ground4 ,sailors1 tired of ship's fare1 often visit these rookeries4 ,gould quotes a record of one party which took #aejj dozen eggs on one small island in ,torres ,strait4 ,spanish eggers from ,havanah take cargoes1 which are disposed of at #be cents per gallon4 ,the ,wide-,awake ,fair1 of ,ascension ,island1 is a famous annual event in natural history4 ,a similar scene has been described by ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,milligan1 the well-known ,west ,australian ornithologist1 on the ,houtman ,abrolhos ,island1 west of ,western ,australia4 ,here acres of the ground were covered by birds sitting on their nests4 ,the question is1 does each find its own nest when it returns to sit8 ,mr4 ,milligan settled this in the affirmative by tying a piece of string to a sitting bird and then letting it take flight4 ,it found its own egg1 and resumed its work4 ,it is noteworthy that no two of the million eggs are similarly marked1 and this puzzling variation in marking probably assists each bird to recognize its own egg4 ,one of the daintiest of these birds is the ,fairy ,tern1 which was common on ,mud ,island while the #aiji ,summer ,school was being held4 ,obedient to the call of the mother bird1 which hovered threateningly overhead1 the mottled and striped young one squatted on the shelly sand beach while bird-lovers hunted around for the material for a photograph4 ,at length the dark eye revealed the beautifully-protected young bird4 ,as the camera was being fixed1 a different call from the mother caused the young one to run away4 ,three or four naturalists tried to catch the active little bird1 which stopped for a moment and disgorged two whole small fish1 with which its mother had evidently but recently fed it4 ,eventually a good picture was obtained4 ,these ,terns nest singly1 though others nest in large companies4 ,they obtain fish by diving into the sea4 ,it was interesting1 on a ,nature-study excursion1 to watch the ,crested ,terns diving frequently into the sea above a shoal of small fish at ,sandringham4 ,we found the ,noddies breeding in thousands on ,mast ,head ,island1 in the ,capricorn ,group4 ,they built a small platform of leaves1 or seaweed1 high or low1 on every possible nesting site on the great ,pisonia trees4 ,in fact1 there is an interesting kind of partnership between the bird and the tree4 ,the fruits of the ,pisonia have bands of sticky glands1 which adhere to the plumage of the birds4 ,after a time the fruits fall off1 possibly on another island1 and so this interesting tree is spread throughout these small coral sandbanks and islets4 ,the birds are sometimes so loaded and clogged with these fruits that they are incapable of flight4 ,surely here is a wonderful partnership between the tree-frequenting ,noddy and the forest tree that provides shelter and nesting places for it4 ,it is1 indeed1 a marvellous method of seed dispersal4 ,the number of ocean birds breeding on these tiny island-paradises is amazing4 ,minute ,mast ,head ,island is a place free of all pests--no flies1 no mosquitoes1 no ticks1 no snakes1 nor prickly plants1 but a deep shady forest of giant ,pisonia trees1 sometimes covered with creepers and lianas1 and fringed with pretty flowering shrubs1 fig trees1 and long green grass1 and surrounded1 above spring-tide level1 by a fringe of graceful ,horse-tail ,sheoaks 7,casuarinas74 ,we calculated that over #ajj1jjj birds bred annually on this #ajj-;acre sandbank1 no point of which rose #aj feet above spring-tide level4 ,the graceful ,white-capped ,noddies already mentioned nested high and low on the trees and shrubs4 ,petrels in thousands burrowed in the sand under the giant ,pisonias1 which are so thickly foliaged that not enough light penetrates to enable undergrowth to flourish1 so the sand was practically bare in the centre of the island4 ,reef ,herons nested low on spreading branches or interlacing roots4 ,silver ,gulls and ,oyster-catchers nested on the ground1 within about a yard of the spring-tide mark2 ,doves1 ,silver-eyes1 ,bell-,magpies 7,streperas71 ,caterpillar-eaters1 ,kingfishers1 and other land birds nested in the trees1 while the ,white-bellied ,sea-,eagle 7almost a fac-simile of the ,bald ,eagle of ,america7 had his nest overlooking all1 on the highest tree on the island4 ,the ,frigate ,birds were not nesting on ,mast ,head ,island1 but they roosted each night in the tall ,sheoaks at the water's edge4 ,it was a treat1 in the late afternoon1 to see these glorious birds winding up their invisible staircase into the vast void of upper air4 ,gloriously and calmly they sailed up and up1 until the merest speck only could be seen4 ,of corals1 turtles1 and other marvels we may not speak here4 ,the migrating wading-birds had just reached the island after their long journey from ,siberian ,tundras4 ,some were so poor that we caught ,sandpipers by hand4 ,flocks of ,turnstone1 ,golden ,plover1 ,godwits1 ,curlew1 and other wading-birds were there1 possibly only resting before continuing their journey to the ,south4 ,it was indeed a privilege to live on such a spot for nine days and to see ,nature in some of her most interesting phases4 ,the two ,australian ,seagulls illustrate the law of representatives so often referred to by ,gould4 ,it is strange how often a closely similar representative of a ,northern bird is found in ,australia4 ,thus the big ,pacific ,gull is the representative of the large ,gull of ,europe1 though its peculiar deepened and orange-colored bill is distinctive4 ,it does not gain its beautiful white and black plumage until it is three or more years old1 being brown in the first year1 and brown and white in the second year4 ,the ,silver ,gull is known to all4 ,though a dainty-looking bird1 it has a bad character4 ,it is worse than any bird of prey for stealing eggs and young birds1 for let a gannet or other nesting bird but leave the nest for a moment1 and ,gulls quickly rob it of its contents4 ,they are scavengers1 and eagerly follow a steamer at lunch-time to gather the scraps4 ,an interesting sight of ,currie ,harbor1 ,king ,island1 is to see the large company of ,seagulls nesting undisturbed on a tiny1 bare1 rocky islet close to the pier4 ,it was noted that1 whenever the ,noddies were disturbed1 and rose1 protesting loudly1 the ,gulls immediately gathered and hovered over the trees containing ,noddies' nests4 ,evidently they were looking for unprotected eggs4 ,placed in the next family are the seven robber ,gulls or sea pirates--,skuas4 ,we read of these birds in the old ,royal ,readers1 but few recognized them when they followed us to the ,summer ,school of #aiaj4 ,they also followed our afternoon-tea cruise to ,south ,channel fort1 and played their usual game of compelling the ,seagulls to give up the scraps they had gathered4 ,the ,robber ,gull1 or ,skua1 of ,victoria is1 strange to say1 identical with the ,skua of ,england4 ,the one that followed the s4s4 ,lady ,loch to the ,summer ,school is better known in ,england as the ,arctic ,gull or ,richardson ,skua4 ,it breeds in the far ,north1 so it is a great traveller4 ,one interesting fact about these birds is that they show two sets of plumage4 ,thus1 while each bird1 as it gets older1 usually changes its immature and almost uniform dusky plumage for a white under-surface1 an incomplete white collar1 and a blackish cap1 yet some retain the dusky plumage throughout life4 ,this is a good example of dimorphism1 as it is termed4 ,usually1 instead of picking up their own prey1 they watch until some other bird has captured a meal1 and then they rapidly pursue it and cause it to disgorge4 ,they do not skim over the waves like ,petrels1 but show a heavy1 labored flight1 varied by a short soar4 ,as the two centre tail feathers project beyond the rest1 the birds can be readily identified as they follow a steamer for tit-bits4 ,page #cd ,illustration3 #fd #fe #ff #fg #fh #fi ,,order ,,ix4--,,lariformes4 ,f4 #cb4 ,,laridae 7#ba71 ,,terns1 ,,noddies1 ,,gulls1 ,skimmers1 #abe sp4--#cb7ac7;,a41 #ce7c7,o41 #de7a7,p41 #db7f7;,e41 #dc7e7,nc41 #df7ai7,nl4 #b #d #fd ,whiskered ,tern 7,marsh71 ,hydrochelidon fluviatilis 7hybrida71 ,eur4 7,br47 to ,china1 ,malay1 ,afr4 to ,a4 r4 swamps 7inland7 #aa ,head black2 upper1 wings1 tail light-gray2 face1 throat1 tail white2 chest dark-gray2 abdomen black2 bill blood-red2 winter1 head grayish-white2 f41 sim4 ,water-insects1 small fish4 ,page #ce #a #a #fe ,gull-billed ,tern 7,long-legged71 ,gelochelidon macrotarsa 7anglica71 cos4 #fe-ff ,genus ,thalasseus4 r4 rivers1 swamps inland #ag ,white2 crown1 hind-neck black2 upper1 wing-quills silvery-gray2 bill long1 stout1 black2 long legs and feet black2 winter head white streaked black2 f41 sim4 ,small fish1 insects4 #a #a #ff ,caspian ,tern1 ,taranui1 ,sterna 7,hydroprogne7 caspia1 cos4 exc4 ,s4 ,amer4 #fe-ff ,genus ,thalasseus4 c4 shore #bj4e ,head1 hind-neck black2 back1 wings1 tail pale-gray2 dark-gray wing-quills2 under white2 bill scarlet2 dives2 f41 smaller4 ,fish4 #aj #cg #fg99 ,crested ,tern 7,swift1 ,rueppell1 ,bass-,st41 ,torres-,st471 ,village ,blacksmith1 ,sterna bergii1 ,red ,s41 ,indian ,o41 to ,japan to ,a41 ,pac4 ,is4 v4c4 ocean #ag ,crown1 crest black2 forehead1 sides and back of neck1 under1 white2 back1 wings1 tail dark-gray2 bill yellow2 legs1 feet black2 f41 sim4 ,fish4 #fh ,white-fronted ,tern 7,southern71 ,s4 striata 7frontalis71 ,e4,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 c4 shore #ac ,upper delicate-gray2 wing-quills grayish-black2 forehead1 side-neck1 under white2 bill1 about eye1 hind-neck black2 f41 sim4 ,small fish4 #fi ,bridled ,tern 7,brown-winged1 ,panayan1 ,smaller-,sooty71 ,s4 anaestheta1 tropical1 sub-tropical seas4 v4c4 shore #ad4e ,upper light sooty-brown2 forehead1 line over eye1 throat1 under white2 crown1 nape1 line from bill past eye black2 bill1 legs1 feet black2 like #gj1 but smaller2 back1 wings brown2 f41 sim4 ,fish4 ,page #ch ,illustration3 #ha #hg #ajb #ajf #ajg #aji #aai #abc #abe #ha ,black-breasted ,plover #hg ,black-fronted ,dottrel #ajb ,sharp-tailed ,sandpiper #ajf ,australian ,snipe #ajg ,australian ,painted ,snipe #aji ,southern ,stone-,curlew #aai ,white-fronted ,heron #abc ,nankeen ,night ,heron #abe ,australian ,bittern ,page #dj ,illustration3 #gj #ga #gb #gc #gd #ge #gj ,sooty ,tern1 ,wide-awake1 ,egg-bird1 ,s4 fuliginosa 7,s4 fuscata1 ,a4,o4,u471 tropical1 sub-tropical seas1 ,br4 7acc74 #gj ,sterna fuscata4 v4c4 shores #ag ,upper1 crown1 wings1 line from bill past eye1 tail black2 forehead1 under white2 bill1 feet black2 like #fi1 but larger1 blacker above2 f41 sim4 ,fish1 squid4 ,oo-ee4 #ga99 ,white-faced ,ternlet1 ,sea-swallow1 ,little 7,fairy7 ,tern1 ,taraiti1 ,s4 nereis1 ,a41 ,n4,z4 vt4 ,eur4 ,little ,tern4 c4 shore #aj4e ,upper silvery-gray2 under1 rump1 tall1 forehead white2 crown1 hind-neck black2 bill1 feet orange-yellow2 f41 sim4 ,small fish4 ,page #da #a #de #gb99 ,silver ,gull 7,jameson71 ,seagull1 ,sea ,pigeon1 ,larus novae-hollandiae1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4 ,cal41 ,n4,z4 7acc74 ,stat4 c4 shore1 inland #ag4e ,head1 neck1 under1 rump1 tail white2 back1 wings delicate-gray2 wing-tips white and black bars2 bill1 legs1 feet blood-red2 eye white2 f41 sim4 ,scraps1 eggs1 omnivorous4 #a #a #gc99 ,pacific ,gull 7,larger71 ,gabianus pacificus4 ,a41 ,t4 vt4 ,eur4 ,greater ,black-backed ,gull4 ,stat4 c4 shore #be ,this fine gull2 head1 neck1 under white2 tail white barred black2 back1 wings slaty-black2 eye white2 legs yellow2 deepened bill orange tipped red2 f41 smaller2 young up to #d years mottled-brown1 becoming more like adult each year4 ,fish1 crabs1 carrion4 ,f4 #cc4 ,,stercorariidae 7#d71 ,,skuas1 ,robber ,gulls1 ,sea ,pirates1 #g sp4--#d7j7;,a41 #a7j7,o41 #d7j7,p41 #c7j7;,e41 #d7j7,nc41 #d7a7,nl4 #a #d #gd ,great ,southern ,skua1 ,robber ,gull1 ,port-,egmont-,hen1 ,sea-,hawk1 ,hakoakoa1 ,megalestris antarctica1 ,s4 ,oceans1 ,a41 ,n4,z4 vt4 ,eur4 ,great ,skua4 #gd ,catharacta4 ,mig4 r4 shores #bc ,upper blackish-brown2 under chocolate-brown2 wing white patch2 centre tail feathers project #a_/b;in42 f41 sim4 ,stolen fish1 carrion4 #b #c #ge ,richardson ,skua 7,arctic71 ,arctic 7,parasite7 ,gull1 ,long-tailed ,jaeger1 ,sea-,pirate1 ,boatswain-,bird1 ,teaser1 ,stercorarius crepidatus1 cos4 #ge ,catharacta parasitica4 ,mig4 r4 shores #bj ,dimorphic 7two phases7--#a4 ,dusky upper2 blackish cap2 narrow whitish collar2 under white2 brown band on chest2 brown band on wing2 centre tail feathers project #c;ins42 strong bill1 claws4 #b4 ,under mottled and barred brown and whitish2 follow bay steamers2 f41 sim4 ,stolen fish4 ,the fifty ,australian birds included in the important order of ,waders are remarkably like such birds found inhabiting other regions of the globe1 shore conditions apparently being somewhat similar the world over4 ,it is interesting to note that thirteen of the forty-four ,australian members of this family of ,plover-like birds are also found in ,britain1 and that most of the others are direct representatives of closely-related birds found in other ,countries4 ,no less than twenty-eight of these birds are merely visitors here1 for they breed away in the far ,north4 ,many even nest within the ,arctic ,circle1 in ,siberia1 for it is a rule that a migrating bird nests in the colder of the two countries visited4 ,strictly1 these twenty-eight species are ,siberian1 or at least northern1 forms1 and not ,australian birds4 ,many members of this group undergo a seasonal change of plumage when breeding time comes4 ,as they spend this season in the ,northern ,hemisphere1 we do not see them in their brilliant colors1 but in quiet1 mottled browns and grays4 ,some are accidental visitors to ,australia4 ,possibly they find their way here by getting mixed with a company of allied birds on their annual journey south4 ,thus the ,common 7,british7 ,sandpiper is a very rare bird here1 though it retains its ,british name--,common ,sandpiper4 ,similarly1 other ,european and ,american birds have been recorded1 and the number of these far-wandering birds recorded from ,australia is likely to be still further increased4 ,the stout1 short-legged ,turnstone is the most cosmopolitan of birds4 ,breeding in ,siberia1 so widely does it roam1 that it has visited almost every shore in the world1 where1 true to name1 it turns the stones in search of sandhoppers4 ,the two ,oyster-catchers--,redbills--are representatives of similar birds found almost the world over4 ,their deepened1 flat bill is said to serve as a pick-axe to force open oysters and mussels4 ,we found one or two pairs on almost every shore we visited about ,bass ,strait1 on ,eyre ,peninsula1 and on the ,barrier ,reef4 ,the two common ,plovers--the ,spurwing and ,black-breasted--do not migrate1 so we see them in brighter colors4 ,still1 though bright when noticed1 they are yet wonderfully protected1 as they stand quite still4 ,i felt great astonishment on finding that ,i had driven1 near ,lake ,tyrrell1 into the midst of a company of over a thousand ,black-breasted ,plovers1 not noticed until the eye picked out one and then another4 ,it recalled to mind the scene in the ,lady of the ,lake1 when ,fitz ,james found the hillside alive with ,roderick ,dhu's warriors4 ,the ,white-headed ,stilt1 or ,long-legged ,plover1 is one of five species spread throughout the world4 ,some people have pretended to pity the ,stilt for being one of ,nature's misfits1 but surely they never saw the bird in a state of nature enjoying life1 and gaining an easy living on shallow tidal flats1 its long legs being a beautiful adaptation to the environment in which it lives4 ,the ,banded ,stilt is a purely ,australian bird1 and has no representative in other countries4 ,these and some other shore-birds live about tidal flats1 and get their food in the soft mud4 ,their long bill is often flexible1 and the tip is sometimes well supplied with nerves1 so that it is sensitive4 ,the bird can thus detect1 in the soft mud1 any animal that would serve for food4 ,it can then open its bill enough to catch the animal without trouble4 ,the ,avocet's bill is sharply curved upwards1 and is one of the most remarkable of such organs4 ,the ,australian ,avocet is one species of a cosmopolitan genus4 ,some of the ,dottrels live on the dry1 open plains of the interior2 others frequent the beaches and shores4 ,when a bird of prey appears1 these plain-living birds squat quite flat1 placing even the head flat on the ground4 ,they thus escape detection1 for the protective coloring of these birds and of their eggs is marvellous4 ,the story of how a photograph of a ,dottrel's nest was obtained is of value to teachers1 for it will remind us that it is not well to neglect the three ,r's1 and that ,nature-study alone will not give a complete education4 ,three bird-lovers spent some time trying to find this nest1 while the parent birds flew noisily around4 ,suspecting at last that the birds' knowledge of numbers was probably deficient1 the three hid behind a log4 ,two then walked away4 ,the birds immediately returned to the nest1 and a valuable photograph was the result4 ,a training in ,nature-study1 valuable as it undoubtedly is1 is thus not all of our work4 ,the ,painted ,snipe breeds in ,australia1 but the ,australian ,snipe breeds in ,japan1 so it1 properly speaking1 is not an ,australian bird4 ,think of the journey twice a year6 ,six of these wading-birds even visit ,new ,zealand each year4 ,how do they find their way there1 across a gap of over #ajjj miles1 without any land whatever8 ,inherited memory is strong1 but how did the first batches find their way8 ,their annual journey supports the geographer in his surmise that ,australia at no very distant date extended very much farther to the east4 ,indeed1 these birds almost certainly follow the old coast of the ,australian continent4 ,snipe1 some ,plovers1 ,dottrels1 ,curlews 7,sea71 ,whimbrels1 ,godwits1 c41 thus go to the ,north each year to partake of the abundant banquet of fruits1 c41 preserved in the great ice chamber of the ,north4 ,numberless flocks of birds follow up the melting ice1 and so nest unmolested on the great tundras and plains of ,siberia4 ,they wear their bright wedding dress in the far ,north1 and are known here only in the quiet mottled browns and grays4 ,in autumn these birds depart4 ,they travel mostly at night1 to avoid ,birds of ,prey1 and so are seldom seen1 though they may be heard calling as they pass high overhead4 ,they are occasionally seen with the aid of telescopes as they pass across the face of the moon4 ,the ,pratincole1 or ,swallow-,plover1 is a representative of an ,old-,world family4 ,its long wings and long legs denote a rapid runner and a rapid flyer1 so that it has little trouble in catching its insect food1 either in the air or on the ground4 ,our inland ,stone-,curlew has a call very similar to that of the sea 7true7 ,curlew1 but it has a short1 straight bill1 instead of a long1 arched bill4 ,the proper name of the land ,curlew is the ,southern ,stone-,curlew or ,stone-,plover4 ,it is the only ,australian bird that seems to have the power of varying the color of its eggs4 ,if the eggs are laid in grass1 they are greenish2 if amongst ironstone1 the eggs are reddish-brown2 if on sand1 the eggs are tawny2 and so on4 ,other ground-laying birds seem to pick out the soil that matches the color of their eggs1 and lay there only4 ,possibly local races of the ,southern ,stone-,curlew keep to the one class of country4 ,however1 the eggs do match the surroundings1 and the birds nest on different kinds of soil and rock4 ,in ,family #db1 the only ,australian bird is the ,australian ,bustard1 our representative of a widely-spread family1 a member of which formerly bred in ,great ,britain4 ,it is the well-known ,wild ,turkey4 ,as it is a good table bird1 it is generally shot on sight4 ,this is a mistake1 as it is 7as ,mr4 ,c4 ,french1 ,government ,entomologist1 has pointed out7 worth many times its table value as an insect destroyer4 ,none of the family has spread to ,america4 ,as no ,bustard occurs in the regions between ,australia and ,india1 this bird supplies a good example of what is known to zoo-geographers as discontinuous distribution4 ,discontinuous distribution1 as applied to land animals1 e4g41 marsupials found in ,america and ,australia1 ratite birds in ,south ,america1 ,south ,africa1 ,australia1 and ,new ,zealand1 or the tapir1 found in ,central ,america and ,malaysia1 implies a land connexion 7not necessarily complete at any one period7 to allow of the gradual spread of the animals4 ,of course1 as flying birds can pass easily from one region to another1 discontinuous distribution1 as applied to them1 cannot have so much importance attached to it as indicating previous land connexions4 ,page #db ,illustration3 #gf #gg #gh #gi #hj #ha #hb ,,order ,x4--,,charadriiformes4 ,f4 #cd4 ,chionididae1 ,sheathbills1 ,kelp-,pigeons1 #c sp4--#b7b7;,e4 #a7a7,nl4 ,f4 #ce4 ,thinocorythidae1 ,seed-,snipe1 ,seed-,plover1 #e sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #cf4 ,,charadriidae 7#dd71 ,waders1 ,plover-like ,birds1 #bjb sp4--#fh7bi7;,a41 #ge7e7,o41 #hd7b7,p41 #gj7bd7;,e41 #fe7c7,nc41 #gd7bh7,nl4 #a #b #gf ,turnstone1 ,sea-,dottrel1 ,calico 7beach7 ,bird1 ,arenaria interpres1 cos4 #gf ,morinella interpres4 ,mig4 c4 shore #h ,winter plumage1 mottled brown1 black2 summer plumage in far north2 black and white conspicuous2 short bill black2 legs1 feet1 orange2 f41 duller4 ,sand-hoppers1 shellfish4 ,page #dc #b #ac #gg ,pied ,oyster-catcher 7,white-breasted1 ,black and white71 ,seapie1 ,olive1 ,redbill1 ,torea1 ,haematopus longirostris1 ,mol41 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z41 ,chatham ,is4 vt4 ,eur4 ,oyster-catcher4 ,stat4 c4 shores #ai4e ,black2 abdomen1 rump1 base tail above1 below white2 eyes1 bill1 legs red2 bill #c4ge;in42 f41 sim4 ,sand-hoppers1 shellfish1 worms4 #gh ,black ,oyster-catcher 7,sooty71 ,redbill1 ,toreo-pango1 ,h4 fuliginosus1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,stat4 c4 shores #ah ,sooty-black2 bill1 feet1 eye red2 f41 sim4 ,shellfish1 worms4 #a #a #gi ,red-kneed ,dottrel1 ,sandpiper 7e71 ,erythrogonys cinctus1 ,a4 ,mig4 r4 muddy river banks #g4e ,head1 upper-neck1 chest1 black2 throat1 sides of neck1 abdomen1 under base tail white2 back olive-brown2 middle tail feathers olive1 rest white2 thigh1 knee pink-red2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 #b #d #hj ,spurwing ,plover 7,wattled71 ,alarm-,bird1 ,lobivanellus lobatus1 ,a41 ,t4 #hj ,lobibyx novae hollandiae4 ,stat4 c4 plains1 swamps #ad ,one of most beautiful of plovers2 crown black2 face1 hind-neck1 rump1 under white2 upper brown2 tail white tipped black2 wattle on face lemon-yellow2 spur on shoulder2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 #a #a #ha99 ,black-breasted ,plover 7,stubble1 ,flock1 ,plain71 ,zonifer tricolor1 ,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 v4c4 plains #aj4e ,upper brown2 crown1 line on face down to broad band on chest1 wing-quills black2 line through eye1 throat1 abdomen white2 tail white barred black2 spot at base of upper-bill blood-red2 f41 spot lighter-red4 ,insects4 #a #a #hb ,gray ,plover 7,black-bellied71 ,gray ,sandpiper 7e71 ,maycock1 ,squatarola helvetica1 cos4 #hb ,squatarola squatarola4 ,mig4 r4 muddy shores1 rivers #ab ,crown1 upper1 wings1 olive-brown mottled white2 wing-quills blackish-brown2 rump white2 tail white barred light olive2 face1 under white1 breast tinged buff2 bill1 feet blackish2 small hind toe2 brighter in far ,north2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 worms4 ,page #dd ,illustration3 #hc #hd #he #hf #hg #a #b #hc ,lesser ,golden ,plover 7,pacific1 ,american1 ,australian1 ,eastern71 ,charadrius dominicus1 almost cos4 #hc-hi ,genus ,charadrius4 ,mig4 flocks1 r4 plains near sea1 rivers #i ,upper1 tail dark-brown marked whitish2 under mottled buff1 brown1 white2 line over eye1 throat whitish2 no hind toe2 brighter in far north2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 worms4 #d #h #hd ,double-banded ,dottrel 7,banded71 ,pohowera1 ,ochthodromus bicinctus1 ,a41 ,t41 ,norfolk ,is41 ,lord ,howe ,is41 ,n4,z4 #hc-hi ,genus ,charadrius4 ,mig4 c4 shores1 grass #f4e ,upper brownish-gray2 under white2 black band on chest2 chestnut band on abdomen2 forehead white2 black line through eye2 eyelash scarlet2 no hind toe2 f41 duller4 ,insects1 worms4 #he ,oriental ,dottrel 7,eastern1 ,asiatic1 ,mongolian71 ,o4 veredus1 ,mongolia1 ,china to ,a4 #hc-hi ,genus ,charadrius4 ,mig4 v4r4 sandy coasts #i4e ,indistinct mottled plumage2 upper brown and buff2 throat lighter2 abdomen white2 slender bill dark-brown2 legs long1 slender2 no hind toe2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 worms4 #d #ai #hf ,red-capped ,dottrel1 ,red-necked ,plover1 ,sandlark1 ,a,egialitis ruficapilla1 ,china to ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 #hc-hi ,genus ,charadrius4 ,stat4 c4 shores #f ,crown1 hind-neck rust-red2 upper1 wings pale-brown2 wing-quills blackish-brown2 centre tail dark-brown1 rest white2 under1 forehead white2 f41 duller4 ,shellfish4 #hg99 ,black-fronted ,dottrel1 ,,ae4 melanops1 ,a4 #hc-hi ,genus ,charadrius4 ,stat4 r4 rivers1 pools1 lakes #f ,forehead1 broad band on chest black2 throat1 abdomen1 stripe over eye1 round hind-neck white2 eyelash bright-red2 active1 elegant bird2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 worms4 ,page #de ,illustration3 #hh #hi #ij #ia #ib #ic #hh ,hooded ,dottrel1 ,,ae4 cucullata1 ,a41 ,t4 #hc-hi ,genus ,charadrius4 ,stat4 c4 shore #h4c ,head1 throat1 upper-back black2 hind-neck1 under white2 lower-back light brownish-gray2 middle tail feathers black1 rest tipped white2 scarlet ring round eye2 f41 crown mottled black1 white4 ,sand-hoppers1 worms4 #a #a #hi ,australian ,dottrel1 ,peltohyas australis1 ,a4 vt4 ,eur4 ,common ,dottrel4 #hc-hi ,genus ,charadrius4 ,mig4 v4r4 plains 7interior7 #h ,upper sandy-buff mottled with dark-brown2 black band across top of head from eye to eye2 black collar on hind-neck continued as a narrow ,v across chest2 forehead1 throat white2 m41 duller4 ,insects4 #a #g #ij ,white-headed ,stilt 7,pied71 ,longshanks1 ,stilt-bird1 ,long-legged ,plover1 ,himantopus leucocephalus1 ,great ,sunda ,is41 ,mol41 ,n4,g41 ,a4 vt4 ,eur4 ,stilt4 #ij ,hypsibates ,nom4 r4 swamps1 lakes #ae ,white2 hind-neck1 back1 wings black2 long legs pink2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 pond-snails4 #a #a #ia ,banded ,stilt1 ,rottnest ,snipe 7e71 ,cladorhynchus leucocephalus1 ,a4 ,nom4 v4r4 shallow lakes #ac4e ,white2 broad chestnut band on breast2 wings1 centre of abdomen black2 long bill black4 ,plaintive whistle4 #a #d #ib ,red-necked ,avocet1 ,cobbler1 ,cobbler's ,awl1 ,painted ,lady1 ,scooper1 ,recurvirostra novae-hollandiae1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 vt4 cos4 bird4 ,nom4 r4 lakes1 tidal bays #ae4e ,white2 head1 neck chestnut2 wings black2 f41 sim4 ,shellfish1 insects4 #b #i #ic ,australian ,curlew1 ,sea-,curlew1 ,numenius cyanopus1 ,e4 ,sib41 ,japan to ,a4 vt4 ,eur4 ,common ,curlew4 ,mig4 c4 tidal shores m41 #ba2 f41 #bd ,arched bill #g;in42 mottled brown2 f41 larger4 ,crabs1 worms4 ,page #df ,illustration3 #id #ie #if #ig #ih #ii #id ,oriental ,whimbrel 7,australian71 ,jack-,curlew1 ,mayfowl1 ,n4 variegatus1 ,e4 ,sib41 ,japan to ,a41 ,t4 vt4 ,eur4 ,whimbrel4 ,mig4 r4 river1 swamp #ae ,brown mottled2 chin1 abdomen white2 tail barred brown1 white2 arched bill #c;in42 f41 sim4 ,crabs1 shellfish1 worms4 #a #a #ie ,little ,whimbrel1 ,mesoscolopax minutus1 ,e4 ,sib41 ,mongolia1 ,japan to ,a4 #ie ,numenius minutus4 ,mig4 v4r4 swamps #ab ,upper blackish-brown much marked and spotted buff2 under1 line past eye buff2 arched bill #a4g;in4 ,insects1 worms4 ,page #dg #b #e #if ,barred-rumped ,godwit 7,pacific71 ,kuaka1 ,limosa1 novae-zealandiae 7lapponica1 ,am4,o4,u471 ,alaska1 ,california2 ,e4 ,sib4 to ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z41 ,oceania vt4 ,eur4 ,barred-tailed ,godwit4 #if ,limosa baueri4 ,mig4 c4 shores #ae ,upper brownish-gray marked whitish2 rump1 tail barred brown1 white2 abdomen white2 legs brownish-black2 broad1 indistinct whitish eyebrow2 bill long1 slightly upturned2 f41 larger4 ,shellfish1 worms1 sand-hoppers4 #ig ,black-tailed ,godwit1 ,l4 limosa1 ,br4 ,eur41 ,n4 ,afr41 ,india1 ,e4 ,sib41 ,japan to ,a41 ,greenland 7acc471 may be a distinct species than called ,l4 melanuroides4 #ig ,limosa melanuroides4 ,mig4 v4r4 shallow lakes #af ,upper grayish-brown2 wing white band flying2 lower-back blackish-brown2 upper base tail white2 tail black1 white at side at base2 neck1 breast1 flanks grayish-brown2 abdomen white2 bill long1 slightly upturned2 f41 larger4 ,insects1 pond snails1 worms4 #a #b #ih ,common ,sandpiper1 ,summer ,snipe1 ,tringoides hypoleucus1 ,eur4 7,br471 ,n4 ,asia1 ,afr41 ,ind41 to ,a4 7acc474 #ih ,tringa hypoleuca4 ,mig4 u4 shores1 lakes #h ,upper pale-brown marked darker2 wing-quills slightly tipped white2 centre tail feathers glossy-brown1 side feathers white barred brown2 under white2 chest marked pale-brown2 indistinct pale eyebrow2 tail constantly jerked2 f41 sim4 ,water-insects1 shellfish4 #a #a #ii ,greenshank1 ,glottis nebularius1 ,br41 ,eastern hemisphere1 ,florida 7acc474 #ii ,tringa nebularia4 ,mig4 r4 shores1 lakes #ad ,face1 under1 tail white2 sides of breast streaked brown2 edge of tail barred freckled brown2 crown1 hind-neck gray2 wings dark-brown2 upper light-brown2 legs deep olive-green2 f41 sim4 ,shellfish1 worms4 ,page #dh ,illustration3 #ajj #aja #ajb #ajc #ajd #aje #a #a #ajj ,sanderling1 ,calidris arenaria 7leucophoea1 ,am4,o4,u471 cos4 exc4 ,pacific ,is4 #ajj ,arenaria leucophaea4 ,mig4 v4r4 sandy shores1 swamps #g4e ,crown1 back gray2 white band on wing2 sides1 lower-back white2 eyebrow1 forehead1 face1 under white2 no hind toe2 brighter in far north2 f41 sim4 ,sand-hoppers1 insects4 ,wick4 ,page #di #b #e #aja ,eastern ,little ,stint 7,little71 ,red-necked ,sandpiper1 ,land-snipe1 ,little ,dunlin1 ,pisobia ruficollis1 ,e4 ,sib41 ,jap41 ,china to ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 vt4 ,eur4 ,little ,stint4 #aja ,erolia ruficollis4 ,mig4 flocks c4 shores #f4b ,upper ashy-brown mottled darker2 wing-quills blackish-brown2 centre tail feathers blackish-brown2 rest whitish2 forehead1 under white2 faint chestnut band on chest2 bill1 legs black2 brighter in far north2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 shellfish4 #a #e #ajb99 ,sharp-tailed ,sandpiper 7,siberian-1 ,asiatic-,pectoral71 ,sharp-tailed ,stint1 ,marsh ,sandpiper1 ,marsh ,tringa1 ,heteropygia aurita1 7,p4 aurita1 ,am4,o4,u471 ,alaska1 ,e4 ,sib41 ,japan1 ,ind1 to ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 #ajb ,erolia aurita4 ,mig4 r4 coast #h4e ,upper dark-brown marked gray2 crown faint rufous2 wing-quills dark-brown2 face1 under whitish1 breast brownish2 f41 smaller4 ,small water-animals4 #a #a #ajc ,curlew-,sandpiper1 ,pygmy ,curlew1 ,curlew-,stint1 ,ancylochilus subarquatus 7,erolia ferruginea1 ,am4,o4,u471 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z41 almost cos4 exc4 ,pac4 ,is4 #ajc ,erolia ferruginea4 ,mig4 flocks r4 shore #h4e ,upper grayish-brown2 eyebrow1 rump1 under white1 chest tinged brown2 bill #a4e in41 black1 arched2 brighter in far north2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 worms4 #b #b #ajd ,knot1 ,knot-,snipe1 ,tringa canutus1 almost cos41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 #ajd ,canutus canutus4 ,mig4 r4 tidal mud flats #i ,upper grayish-brown2 under white2 flanks1 breast barred grayish-brown2 upper base tail white barred black2 brighter in far north2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 worms4 #aje ,eastern ,knot 7,japanese71 ,great ,sandpiper1 ,t4 crassirostris1 ,e4 ,sib41 ,jap41 ,ind4 to ,a4 #aje ,canutus magnus4 ,mig4 v4r4 shore #aa4e ,crown1 neck1 brownish-gray2 back1 wings brown2 rump white2 tail brownish-gray2 breast dark-brown marked white2 abdomen white2 bill olive1 #a-c_/d in42 brighter in far north2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 worms4 ,page #ej ,illustration3 #ajf #ajg #ajh #aji #aaj #a #bc #ajf99 ,australian ,snipe 7,japanese1 ,latham71 ,jack ,snipe1 ,bleater1 ,long-bill1 ,gallinago australis1 ,jap41 ,formosa1 to ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 vt4 ,eur4 ,snipe4 ,mig4 c4 swamps #i4e ,richly mottled2 crown blackish with buff line along centre2 face1 chin buff2 breast1 washed reddish-brown2 brown bars on flanks2 back mottled brownish-black2 under wings finely barred black1 white2 chestnut band on tail2 two black lines on face2 bill #b4g in42 f41 sim4 ,insects1 worms4 #a #c #ajg99 ,australian-,painted ,snipe1 ,australian ,rhynchaea1 ,rostratula australis1 ,a4 ,mig4 v4r4 grassy1 bush #i4e ,beautiful mottled dotted2 crown dark-brown1 with buff line2 throat1 chest dark1 chin lighter2 wing brown1 spotted black1 white1 buff2 abdomen white2 long straight bill #a4g in42 m41 duller1 smaller4 ,insects1 worms4 ,page #ea ,f4 #cg4 ,,parridae 7#a71 ,,parra1 ,jacana1 ,water-,pheasant1 #aa sp4--#b7a7;,a41 #c7b7,o41 #c7c7;,e41 #a7j7,nc41 #d7c7,nl4 ,f4 #ch4 ,cursoriidae1 ,coursers1 #ae sp4--#c7b7,o41 #a7j7,p41 #ac7ab7;,e4 ,f4 #ci4 ,,glareolidae 7#b71 ,,pratincoles1 ,swallow-,plovers1 #aj sp4--#b7j7;,a41 #d7a7,o41 #c7j7,p41 #g7e7;,e4 #a #a #ajh ,australian ,pratincole1 ,swallow-,plover1 ,stiltia isabella1 ,borneo1 ,java to ,a41 ,n4,z4 vt4 ,eur4 ,pratincole4 ,mig4 v4r4 7interior7 rivers1 marshes #i4e ,upper1 wings1 breast light-rufous1 throat whitish2 abdomen chestnut2 base tail above1 below white2 centre tail black1 rest white2 bill red1 tipped black1 swallow-like flight2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,f4 #dj4 ,dromadidae1 ,crab-,plover1 #a sp4--#a7j7,o41 #a7j7;,e4 ,f4 #da4 ,,oedicnemidae 7#b71 ,,stone-,,curlews1 ,stone-,plovers1 ,thick-,knees1 #ac sp4--#b7a7;,a41 #c7a7,o41 #a7j7,p41 #g7f7;,e41 #c7c7 ,nl4 #a #a #aji99 ,southern ,stone-,curlew 7-,plover7 ,willaroo1 ,scrub ,curlew1 ,burhinus grallarius1 ,a41 ,t4 7acc474 ,stat4 c4 sandy plains1 timber #bj4e ,crown1 upper dark-gray1 marked black2 round eye white2 throat buff2 chest1 abdomen whitish1 streaked blackish2 white patch on wing2 legs long2 bill short1 black2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 berries4 ,wee-lo4 ,f4 #db4 ,,otididae 7#a71 ,,bustards1 #cc sp4--#a7a7;,a41 #g7b7,o41 #g7b7,p41 #bc7ba7;,e #a #e #aaj ,australian ,bustard1 ,wild ,turkey 7e71 ,eupodotis australis1 ,a4 #aaj ,choriotis australis4 ,mig4 r4 plains #dh ,crown black2 face1 neck grayish-white2 upper1 wings brown2 wings spotted black-white2 black band on chest2 abdomen white2 f41 smaller4 ,seeds1 grass1 lizards1 insects4 ,australia1 fortunately1 has one representative of ,order ,,xi4--,cranes4 ,this is the ,native ,companion1 the only true ,crane found in ,australia4 ,these are interesting birds1 with their quadrille parties1 corroborees1 and dances4 ,they live chiefly on vermin--insects1 lizards1 c4 ,the great ,gould said3 ,its presence adds greatly to the interest of the scenery4 ,would that more ,australians thought so6 ,cranes are amongst the best of flyers4 ,they are said to fly sometimes at a height of from three and a half to five miles1 and have been seen to cross lofty mountains in ,central ,asia without increasing their altitude4 ,perhaps because of its inappropriate name--,native ,companion--some have proposed to regard this bird as the typical ,australian bird1 but it is not so4 ,in fact1 it is our one representative of an almost world-wide group4 ,page #eb ,illustration3 #aaa #aab #aac #aad #aae ,,order ,,xi4--,,gruiformes4 ,f4 #dc4 ,,gruidae 7#a71 ,,cranes1 #ai sp4--#a7a7;,a41 #h7b7,o41 #i7a7,p41 #g7e7;,e41 #c7j7,nc41 #b7j7,nl4 #a #c #aaa ,australian ,crane1 ,native ,companion1 ,brolga1 ,antigone australasiana1 ,a4 #aaa ,mathewsia rubicunda4 ,nom4 r4 plains #db ,deep silvery-gray2 wing-quills black2 naked red patch about face1 throat2 legs1 feet black2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 lizards1 bulbous roots1 seeds4 ,f4 #dd4 ,aramidae1 ,courlans1 ,limpkin1 #b sp4--#a7j7,nc41 #b7a7,nl4 ,f4 #de4 ,rhinochetidae1 ,kagu1 #a sp4 ,a4 7,n4 ,cal474 ,f4 #df4 ,mesoenatidae1 #a sp4 ,e4 7,madagascar74 ,f4 #dg4 ,eurypygidae1 ,sun-bitterns1 #b sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #dh4 ,psophiidae1 ,trumpeters1 #g sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #di4 ,cariamidae1 ,seriema1 ,saria1 #b sp4 ,nl4 ,in ,order ,,xii4 ,australia has representatives of the ,ibises1 ,spoonbills1 ,storks1 ,herons1 ,egrets1 ,night ,herons1 and ,bitterns1 so well known in every part of the world4 ,amongst the world's birds1 few are better known than the ,ibis4 ,this bird was so highly prized by the ancient ,egyptians as to be considered sacred1 and they thought enough of it to embalm it4 ,as ,egypt depended on the overflow of the ,nile for food supply1 and as this overflow was heralded by the arrival of the migratory ,ibis from the ,south1 it was natural for the ,egyptians to connect the rise of the river with this bird1 and thus look for its approach4 ,again1 the ,ibis is an insect destroyer1 and1 as ,egypt was subject to plagues of grasshoppers1 it undoubtedly rendered as valuable service there as it does here4 ,this is another reason that has been assigned for the esteem in which this valuable bird was held4 ,however1 it is now almost unknown in ,egypt4 ,in ,australia we have three ,ibises4 ,one1 the ,sacred ,ibis1 or ,white ,ibis1 is practically identical with the ,sacred ,ibis of ,egypt4 ,our second ,ibis is the even more valuable ,straw-necked ,ibis1 which extends its labors to plains and pastures1 while the ,sacred ,ibis is rarely seen except on swampy lands4 ,the ,straw-necked ,ibis is restricted to ,australia4 ,it seems to be increasing in numbers1 for ,i have seen small and large flocks in many parts of the ,eastern ,states recently4 ,it has an insatiable appetite for grasshoppers and other insects4 ,this bird is a valuable asset to ,australia1 and yet thoughtless farmers used to shoot it4 ,mr4 ,le ,souef and ,dr4 ,c4 ,ryan came upon a flock of ,ibises breeding in ,riverina4 ,they estimated the flock to contain #bdj1jjj birds4 ,they found that each bird shot contained on the average #bjjj young grasshoppers4 ,think of it2 #dhj1jjj1jjj grasshoppers a day6 ,where are those birds now1 when needed to stem a locust plague8 ,we have to pay the price of our folly in destroying valuable birds4 ,a third ,ibis is identical with the little ,glossy ,ibis of ,europe4 ,the six ,spoonbills are found throughout the world except in ,new ,zealand and the northern parts of ,north ,america4 ,they used to breed in ,england before man's selfishness and stupidity destroyed them and their nesting-places4 ,they breed at present in the ,murray swamps4 ,the ,australian ,stork--the ,jabiru--does not come to the ,southern parts of ,australia1 but breeds on the ,queensland coast4 ,it is a quaint-shaped1 though beautifully-colored1 bird4 ,its large1 awkward-looking bill has a slight curve upwards4 ,now come those beautiful birds1 the ,egrets4 ,man's cupidity and selfishness1 and woman's desire for ornament1 seem to have doomed these birds to total extermination1 for the plume trade1 which is responsible for some of the most abominable cruelty practised in the animal world1 is a war of extermination4 ,egrets are shy1 and are approachable only in the breeding season4 ,at that time they are1 in obedience to parental instincts1 brave in defence of their young4 ,it is just then that the plume-hunters visit the rookeries and shoot the parents1 leaving the helpless1 almost fully-fledged1 young to die in the nest1 so high overhead4 ,and all for what8 ,could anyone who has seen the devastated nests1 with the famished bodies of the fledglings rotting in the sun1 ever take pleasure in ,egret plumes decking the head of a sister or wife8 ,women of refinement and tender heart will refuse to wear the proceeds of human cruelty4 ,those engaged in the trade resort to the mean trick of calling the plumes ,osprey plumes4 ,now1 the ,osprey is a ,fish-,hawk1 and so possibly of little use to the land-dweller1 but these plumes grow on the back and neck of a valuable insect destroyer4 ,the extent of this trade is appalling4 ,at one plume sale1 held in ,london on #dth ,august1 #aiji1 the breeding plumes of #bd1jjj birds were offered for sale4 ,think of it6 ,the slow starvation of #dj1jjj nestlings1 the death of #fd1jjj birds1 to provide the plumes for one day's sale4 ,no1 ladies1 if you consider you are in need of ornament1 wear ostrich plumes and pheasants' feathers1 for these do not involve the death of a bird1 but rather the reverse1 for the greater the demand for these feathers1 the more birds will be bred2 but spare the ,egret4 ,the ,reef ,heron is found on beaches from the ,bay of ,bengal to ,new ,zealand4 ,it has given scientists much trouble1 for it has a pure-white form and a dark slaty-gray form4 ,we found and photographed the nests on ,mast ,head and ,heron ,islands4 ,this was a prize1 for no photograph of a ,reef ,heron's nest had been published previously4 ,as soon as the falling tide exposed the reef round the island1 ,reef ,herons1 ,gulls1 ,plovers1 ,dottrels1 and ,terns1 went out to have their next meal4 ,the ,blue ,crane of the country dwellers is the ,white-fronted ,heron of the bird-lover4 ,fronted in a bird name refers only to the forehead4 ,herons are valuable birds to the grazier1 farmer1 and irrigationist1 for1 in addition to insects and snails1 they eat yabbies 7fresh-water crayfish71 which bore into the banks and bed of irrigation channels1 and so cause much loss of water by soakage4 ,distinguished from these birds mainly by its nocturnal habit is the interesting ,nankeen ,night ,heron1 our one representative of a practically cosmopolitan genus4 ,our one ,night ,heron hides on a leafy bough asleep during the daytime4 ,about dusk he sets off to a swamp4 ,the ,australian ,bittern1 also our one representative of a cosmopolitan genus1 skulks in a bed of reeds4 ,hence it is seldom seen4 ,its loud1 dismal1 booming note probably assisted in the formation of the ,bunyip legends of the blacks4 ,i saw more ,bitterns in a recent trip down the ,brisbane than ,i ever saw before4 ,at breeding time these birds assemble in very large companies1 and their nesting-places are called heronries or rookeries4 ,the chief rookeries here are in the ,riverina1 where the great annual overflow of that fine river1 the ,murray1 converts the country into a great series of lakes and swamps4 ,here water animals live in large numbers1 and thousands of birds take advantage of this abundant food supply to nest there in the enormous redgums4 ,each bird is the close relative of a similar bird in ,europe1 so that what is read concerning ,herons and ,egrets there1 applies equally to our members of this widely-distributed family4 ,eating grasshoppers and other insects in great numbers1 they are friends of the farmer and grazier4 ,destroying yabbies and other burrowing water animals1 they are valuable allies of the irrigationist1 and it is decidedly bad policy to shoot one4 ,page #ec ,,order ,,xii4--,,ardeiformes4 ,f4 #ej4 ,,ibididae 7#c71 ,,ibises1 #bg sp4--#d7b7;,a41 #f7b7,o41 #c7j7,p41 #aj7h7;,e41 #d7j7,nc41 #aa7g7,nl4 #a #e #aab ,australian ,white ,ibis 7,black-necked71 ,sickle-,bill1 ,ibis molucca1 ,mol41 ,n4,g41 ,a4 vt4 ,sacred ,ibis of ,egypt4 ,nom4 flocks1 r4 lagoons #cj ,white2 head1 upper-neck bare black2 back of head and neck barred rose-pink2 black bill arched2 f41 smaller4 ,insects4 #a #a #aac ,straw-necked ,ibis1 ,dryweather 7,letter7 ,bird1 ,farmer's ,friend1 ,carphibis spinicollis1 ,a4 ,t4 ,nom4 flocks1 c4 grassy #bh ,this beautiful ibis2 head1 fore-neck naked black2 black bill arched2 pointed1 straw-colored plumes on neck2 breast1 upper greenish-purple barred black2 abdomen1 flanks1 tail white2 f41 smaller4 ,insects4 #a #c #aad ,glossy ,ibis1 ,black ,curlew 7e71 ,plegadis falcinellus1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z41 almost cos4 exc4 ,s4 ,am41 ,arctic1 and ,pac4 ,is4 #aad ,egatheus falcinellus4 ,nom4 flocks1 v4r4 swampy #be ,head1 neck1 breast1 back1 under rich reddish-chestnut2 lower-back1 tail dark bronze-green2 winter2 head1 neck streaked white2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 worms4 ,f4 #ea4 ,,plataleidae 7#b71 ,,spoonbills1 #f sp4--#b7b7;,a41 #b7j7,o41 #b7j7,p41 #b7a7;,e41 #a7j7,nc41 #a7j7,nl4 #a #d #aae ,black-billed ,spoonbill 7,royal71 ,platalea regia1 ,a41 ,n4,z4 ,nom4 r4 marshy #bi ,white2 bill1 legs1 feet black2 f41 sim4 ,shellfish1 frogs4 ,page #ee ,illustration3 #abh #abi #aca #acc #acd #ace #acf #acg #aci #abh ,cape ,barren ,goose #abi ,maned ,goose #aca ,plumed ,whistling ,duck #acc ,black ,duck #acd ,australian ,teal #ace ,gray ,teal #acf ,australian ,shoveller #acg ,pink-eared ,duck #aci ,white-eyed ,duck ,page #eg ,illustration3 #aeb #aee #aeg #aeh #afe #afg #agj #agb #agc #aeb ,allied ,harrier #aee ,australian ,goshawk #aeg ,collared ,sparrowhawk #aeh ,wedge-tailed ,eagle #afe ,black-shouldered ,kite #afg ,black-cheeked ,falcon #agj ,little ,falcon #agb ,brown ,hawk #agc ,nankeen ,kestrel ,page #fj ,illustration3 #aaf #aag #aah #aba #abb #a #a #aaf ,yellow-billed ,spoonbill1 ,platibis flavipes1 ,a4 ,nom4 r4 swamps #bh ,white2 bill1 legs1 feet yellow2 f41 sim4 ,shellfish1 frogs1 ,f4 #eb4 ,,ciconiidae 7#a71 ,,stork 7,,jabiru71 #ai sp4--#b7j7;,a41 #aj7f7,o41 #d7a7,p41 #h7d7;,e41 #b7j7,nc41 #c7a7,nl4 ,f4 #ec4 ,scopidae1 ,hammer-,head1 #a sp4 ,e4 ,f4 #ed4 ,balaenicipitidae1 ,shoe-bird1 ,shoebill1 ,whaleheaded ,stork1 #a sp4 ,e4 7,upper ,white ,nile74 ,f4 #ee4 ,,ardeidae 7#af71 ,,herons1 #ajg sp4--#cb7af7;,a41 #bg7d7,o41 #ba7a7,p41 #be7ad7;,e41 #ag7d7,nc41 #cc7bj7,nl4 #a #c #aag ,plumed ,egret1 ,mesophoyx plumifera1 ,cel41 ,mol41 ,n4,g41 ,a4 #aag ,egretta plumifera4 ,nom4 v4r4 swamps #bd ,white2 bill yellow2 feet1 lower legs black1 above knee yellow2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 #a #c #aah ,australian ,white ,egret 7,great71 ,white ,crane 7e71 ,herodias timoriensis1 ,jap41 ,china1 ,philippines to ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 #aah ,egretta timoriensis4 ,nom4 v4r4 lagoons #cj ,this noble species2 white2 bill beautiful orange2 legs above knee and line down centre of inner shin dull yellow2 rest of shin1 feet black2 naked space about eye greenish-yellow2 f41 sim4 ,fish1 frogs1 insects4 #b #d #aai99 ,white-fronted ,heron1 ,blue-,crane 7e71 ,matuku1 ,notophoyx novae-hollandiae1 ,cel41 ,mol41 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,nom4 v4c4 about water #bd ,face1 throat white2 upper1 wings dark-gray2 under gray tinged rufous2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 crabs1 yabbies4 #abj ,white-necked ,heron 7,pacific71 ,white-necked ,crane 7e71 ,n4 pacifica1 ,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 r4 swamps #cj ,head1 neck1 breast1 shoulder white2 under1 wings1 tail upper blackish2 f41 smaller4 ,frogs1 insects4 ,page #fa ,illustration3 #aai #abj #abc #abd #abe #a #b #aba ,lesser ,egret 7,little1 ,spotless71 ,garzetta nigripes1 ,malay to ,n4,g41 ,a4 #aba ,egretta nigripes4 ,nom4 r4 swamps #bb ,white2 #b long plumes from nape2 feet1 legs totally black2 bill black2 f41 sim4 ,frogs1 insects4 #a #a #abb ,reef ,heron 7,white1 ,blue1 ,sacred71 ,demiegretta sacra1 ,jap41 ,ind4 to ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 #abb ,demigretta sacra4 ,stat4 r4 coast #bc ,dark slaty-gray2 bill yellowish-green2 some birds are white2 f41 sim4 ,crabs1 shellfish4 #a #h #abc99 ,nankeen ,night ,heron1 ,nankeen ,crane 7e71 ,nycticorax caledonicus1 ,cel41 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 vt4 ,eur4 ,night ,heron4 ,frogs1 insects1 yabbies4 ,mig4 c4 swamps #ai ,nocturnal2 crown1 nape black2 long white plumes from nape2 upper rich chestnut2 abdomen white2 neck1 chest reddish-chestnut2 f41 sim42 young mottled brown1 buff4 #b #aj #abd ,minute ,bittern1 ,kaoriki1 ,ardetta pusilla1 ,a41 ,n4,z41 vt4 ,eur4 ,little ,bittern4 #abd ,ixobrychus pusillus4 ,stat4 v4r4 swamps #aj ,crown1 back1 tail greenish-black2 under pale-buff2 hind-neck1 shoulder deep-chestnut2 bill1 feet yellow2 dark line from chin to lower breast2 f41 smaller2 upper brown streaked chestnut2 tail black2 under white streaked brown4 ,water-animals4 #a #e #abe99 ,australian ,bittern 7,black-backed71 ,boomer1 ,bull-,bird4 ,matuku-,lurepo1 ,botaurus poeciloptilus1 ,a4 ,t41 ,n4 ,cal41 ,n4,z4 vt4 ,eur4 ,bittern4 ,stat4 r4 reeds #bd ,head1 hind-neck1 back dark-brown2 wings brown marked buff2 throat1 under creamy-buff streaked dark-brown2 bill yellow2 f41 smaller4 ,fish1 frogs1 yabbies1 insects4 ,f4 #ef4 ,palamedeidae1 ,screamers1 ,unicorn-,bird1 #c sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #eg4 ,phoenicopteridae1 ,flamingoes1 #f sp4--#b7j7,o41 #a7j7,p41 #b7j7;,e41 #a7j7,nc41 #d7c7,nl4 ,swans1 ,geese1 and ,ducks1 the ,swimming ,birds grouped in ,order ,,xiii41 are all classified in one family1 though there are many sub-families4 ,at the head of the ,australian birds is the ,black ,swan--that rara avis which1 possibly1 has done more to advertize ,australia than any other ,australian animal or plant4 ,a black swan was an impossibility1 so this bird was one of the strongest factors in establishing ,australia's reputation as a land of paradoxes and contradictions4 ,the ,black ,swan is well known outside ,australia1 as it is common in every park and garden in ,europe4 ,gould feared that it would be exterminated here1 but fortunately ,australians are now learning to appreciate their own land1 and there is no danger of such a calamity4 ,eight species of ,swans are known to occur all over the world with the exception of ,new ,zealand and ,africa4 ,in the next sub-family there is but one bird--the ,semipalmated ,goose of ,australia4 ,this bird1 better known as the ,magpie ,goose1 has its feet but half-webbed1 hence its specific name1 semipalmata4 ,it is getting rare1 though ,i heard of six near ,colac recently4 ,again1 the only living representative of the next sub-family is the ,cape ,barren ,goose1 which is common in city gardens in ,adelaide4 ,it is also becoming rare4 ,it is found only in ,tasmania1 the ,bass ,strait ,islands1 and ,southern ,australia4 ,we visited its nesting place near ,flinders ,island4 ,it is a very pugnacious bird1 so it is difficult to keep with other birds4 ,after the ,goose sub-family comes the group which includes our ,wood ,duck1 or1 as it is called1 the ,maned ,goose1 for its bill is goose-like4 ,it is a common bird in ,australia4 ,two allied genera are found in ,south ,america and ,north-east ,africa respectively4 ,in the next sub-family come the domestic ,ducks and most of the wild ,ducks of ,australia4 ,this group is often referred to as the ,freshwater or ,river ,ducks4 ,first come two kinds of ,whistling ,ducks--so called on account of their whistling note uttered while flying4 ,these are rare ,ducks1 one of which is found as far as ,india2 the other is occasionally seen in ,new ,zealand1 as well as in ,australia4 ,the ,sheldrake1 or ,shieldrake 7,mountain ,duck7 is the largest ,australian ,duck1 and one of the most handsome of the sub-family4 ,it is nowhere very plentiful1 though one or more pairs appear in most suitable localities4 ,as it is unfit for the table1 it should be spared as an ornament to the landscape4 ,the ,black ,duck is very similar to the common wild ,duck 7,mallard7 of ,england4 ,our ,black ,duck does not change color with the season1 nor is the male different in color from the female4 ,the ,australian ,teal is closely similar to the ,teal of ,europe4 ,it is a grass feeder1 and is a good table bird4 ,the female is very different from the male4 ,it is impossible to distinguish the male ,gray ,teal from the female ,teal when in the free state4 ,mr4 ,keartland 7ex-,president of the ,field ,naturalist ,club1 and ornithologist to the ,horn and ,calvert exploring expeditions7 has shown that there is a big difference in weight4 ,the male of the smaller ,gray ,teal is not brightly colored like the male ,chestnut-breasted ,teal4 ,the remarkable ,shoveller comes next4 ,it is closely similar to the ,english ,shoveller4 ,strange that this name was first used for the ,spoonbill4 ,the ,shovellers are found the world over4 ,the males are very brightly colored in the nesting season4 ,unlike most other birds1 ,swans and ,ducks lose the whole of their wing feathers at once when moulting1 so that for a short time they cannot fly4 ,as a protection1 the gaudy ones acquire a quiet1 inconspicuous coloration for a time1 so that the male is said to get an eclipse plumage4 ,many other birds get a bright dress for the breeding season only1 but the male ,duck wears his bright dress for the whole year1 except in the moulting period4 ,it is then eclipsed1 with the corresponding advantage that he is protected from his many enemies at a time when he is most helpless4 ,the remarkable ,pink-eared ,duck has no close relative4 ,it has a small pink spot between the eye and ear1 and so is called pink-eyed or pink-eared4 ,it is found only in ,australia4 ,the female is similar in color to the male4 ,the name ,wigeon1 or ,widgeon1 sometimes applied to this ,duck1 properly belongs to another of the fresh-water ,ducks which is not found in ,australia4 ,hence1 this name should not be used for our bird4 ,another peculiar ,australian ,duck is the ,freckled ,duck4 ,it is a very rare bird4 ,one taken on the ornithologists' excursion to ,eyre ,peninsula was considered a prize4 ,so far as is known1 it does not change color with the season1 nor has the male or female the usual bright metallic patch seen on the wing of a ,duck4 ,the ,salt-water ,ducks form the next sub-family4 ,these ,ducks1 though1 are not always true to name1 for they are not confined to the salt water4 ,the ,victorian representative is the well-known ,white-eyed ,duck1 or ,hardhead4 ,this ,duck was common on the ,botanic ,gardens ,lake1 ,melbourne1 until it was emptied some time ago4 ,thus1 our one ,salt-water ,duck was often seen on fresh water4 ,in the same sub-family come the ,eider-,ducks of ,iceland and the ,logger-head1 ,racehorse1 or ,steamer ,duck1 of ,magellan ,straits1 which is said to lose the power of flight on reaching maturity after the first moult4 ,thus the life-history tells us that this bird is a degenerate form1 and not a primitive flightless form1 for it has evidently descended from flying ancestors4 ,it uses its wings to row itself along at great speed4 ,the ninth sub-family of this group of swimming birds contains two native ,ducks4 ,the ,blue-billed ,duck1 the first of these1 is especially adapted for immersion and for obtaining its food from the bottom of the water rather than on its surface4 ,it was thought by ,gould to be confined to the coastal lagoons of ,western ,australia1 but it has since been recorded from inland in ,victoria1 and four specimens have been taken in ,tasmania4 ,it remains under the water for a considerable time1 and1 if hunted1 flaps along the surface with its short wings1 but hesitates to exercise its feeble grebe-like flight4 ,some writers declare that the large ,musk ,duck is the most remarkable of the many remarkable birds of ,australia4 ,it is the only known species of the genus1 and is singularly different from every other member of the ,duck family1 as ,gould points out4 ,gould further says that this extraordinary bird reminds one of the ,cormorants4 ,like many other of these antipodean forms1 it must be regarded as an anomaly4 ,the male has a lengthened1 stiff1 and leather-like appendage under the bill4 ,the female is without this pouch1 and is but half the size of the male4 ,a pair is often to be seen on a sheltered bay or on an inland dam1 and yet this bird has very feeble powers of flight4 ,it is difficult to cause one to take to flight4 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,campbell summed up an instructive discussion on this point in the columns of ,the ,australasian by concluding that ,musk ,ducks can fly1 though they do so almost entirely at night4 ,page #fb ,illustration3 #abf #abg #abh #abi #acj ,,order ,,xiii4--,,anseriformes4 ,f4 #eh4 ,,anatidae 7#ba71 ,,swans1 ,,geese1 #bjf sp4--#ci7cj7;,a41 #ej7i7,o41 #fh7aj7,p41 #da7ba7;,e41 #ef7aa7,nc41 #gj7ci7,nl4 #a #a #abf ,black ,swan1 ,chenopsis atrata1 ,a41 ,t4 #abf ,chenopis atrata4 ,stat4 c4 lakes #dj ,black2 white on wing2 very long neck2 f41 sim4 ,plants4 ,page #fc #a #a #abg ,pied ,goose 7,magpie1 ,black and ,white1 ,semipalmated71 ,anseranas semipalmata1 ,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 v4r4 water #cb ,head1 neck1 wings1 lower-back1 tail1 thighs black2 rest white2 feet half-webbed2 f41 sim4 ,grass4 #a #a #abh99 ,cape ,barren ,goose1 ,cereopsis novae-hollandiae1 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,t41 ,bass ,st4 ,is4 ,stat4 v4r4 grass1 coast #cc ,brownish-gray2 dark spots on wing2 bill black2 naked skin round bill lemon-yellow2 legs pinkish2 toes1 webs1 streak up front of leg black2 pugnacious2 f41 sim4 ,grass4 #a #a #abi99 ,maned ,goose1 ,wood-,duck 7e71 ,chenonetta jubata1 ,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 c4 water #bj ,crown deep-brown2 tail1 lower-back black2 metallic green on wing2 breast gray spotted black2 hind-neck short black plumes2 white patch on wing2 bill olive-brown1 high1 goose-like2 f41 smaller2 duller2 breast spotted white4 ,grass1 snails1 insects4 #b #i #acj ,whistling ,duck 7,tree71 ,dendrocygna arcuata1 ,ind41 ,malay to ,cel41 ,mol41 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,oceania4 ,stat4 r4 water #ag ,crown1 upper brownish-black marked lighter2 chin whitish2 breast deep-buff1 spotted black2 abdomen chestnut2 under base tail white2 whistles when flying2 f41 sim4 ,water-plants1 fish4 ,page #fd ,illustration3 #aca #acb #acc #acd #ace #aca99 ,plumed ,whistling ,duck 7,eyton ,tree71 ,d4 eytoni1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,stat4 r4 lagoons #af ,upper grayish-brown2 rump1 tail blackish-brown2 lower-breast1 flanks chestnut barred black2 white1 black plumes on flanks2 under base tail white2 whistles when flying2 f41 sim4 ,water-plants1 fish4 ,page #fe #b #e #acb ,australian ,sheldrake1 ,chestnut-colored ,shieldrake1 ,mountain ,duck1 ,casarca tadornoides1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,t41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 vt4 ,eur4 ,sheldrake4 #acb ,tadorna tadornoides4 ,stat4 r4 lagoons #bg ,head1 neck shining-green2 chest1 upper-back pale rust-red2 white band between green and rust-red2 upper1 under blackish2 tail black2 white1 green1 chestnut on wing2 f41 smaller1 duller4 ,small fish1 shellfish4 #a #af #acc99 ,black ,duck 7,australian ,wild1 ,gray1 ,brown71 ,parera1 ,anas superciliosa1 vt4 ,eur4 ,mallard4 ,sunda ,is4 to ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,stat4 v4c4 water #bd ,head dark-brown2 line above eye1 line below eye1 throat light-buff2 upper1 under brown marked lighter2 glossy-green patch on wing2 bill bluish lead-color2 f41 sim4 ,grass1 insects1 pond-snails4 #c #ae #acd99 ,australian ,teal 7,chestnut-breasted1 ,black1 ,mountain71 ,tete1 ,nettium castaneum1 ,java1 ,cel41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 vt4 ,eur4 ,teal4 #acd ,nettion castaneum4 ,stat4 c4 lagoons #ah4e ,head1 neck dark bronze-green2 upper rich brown2 under chestnut2 flanks spotted black2 white1 green patch on expanded wing2 quills black2 #a lb4 #i oz42 f41 head1 neck brown and buffy-white2 breast gray1 spotted black2 #a lb4 #h oz4 ,grass4 #ace99 ,gray ,teal1 ,wood-,teal1 ,n4 gibberifrons1 ,sunda ,is41 ,cel41 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,stat4 c4 lagoons #af ,like female of #acd1 but smaller2 neck white2 #a lb4 #b oz42 f41 smaller2 #a lb4 #a oz4 ,page #ff ,illustration3 #acf #acg #ach #aci #adj #ada #b #d #acf99 ,australian ,shoveller1 ,bluewing1 ,spoonbill-,duck1 ,stinker1 ,kuruwhengi1 ,spatula rhynchotis1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z41 vt4 ,eur4 ,shoveller4 ,nom4 v4r4 freshwater #ba4e ,crown brownish-black2 white line before eye1 side of neck2 head1 neck gray tinged green2 under chestnut-brown mottled black2 flanks chestnut banded black2 back-feathers blackish edged grayish2 blue1 white1 green on wing2 throat black2 quills dark-brown2 under-wing white2 f41 duller2 head1 neck buff marked brown2 under mottled brown1 buff4 ,water-plants1 shellfish1 insects4 ,page #fg #a #a #acg99 ,pink-eared ,duck 7,pink-eyed1 ,zebra71 ,widgeon 7e71 ,malacorhynchus membranaceus1 ,a41 ,t4 ,nom4 v4r4 fresh water #ag ,under barred brown1 white2 face1 chin white2 black round eye2 behind eye a spot of rose-pink2 back1 wings brown2 upper base tail whitish2 tail dark-brown slightly tipped white2 f41 smaller4 ,water-animals4 #a #a #ach ,freckled ,duck 7,monkey71 ,stictonetta naevosa1 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,t41 ,n4,s4,w4 v4r4 water #ag ,dark-brown freckled whitish1 under lighter4 ,small fish1 pond-snails4 #a #h #aci99 ,white-eyed ,duck 7,purple-headed1 ,white-winged71 ,hardhead1 ,brownhead1 ,barwing1 ,karakahia1 ,aythya australis1 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z41 vt4 ,canvas-back of ,n4 ,am4 #aci ,nyroca australis4 c4 lagoons1 bays #bj ,chestnut-brown2 white patch on wing2 upper abdomen whitish2 under tail white2 eye white2 f41 smaller1 duller4 ,pond-snails1 insects4 #a #g #adj ,blue-billed ,duck 7,spiny-tailed1 ,stiff-tailed1 ,diving71 ,erismatura australis1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,t4 #adj ,oxyura australis4 v4r4 reedbeds #af ,head1 neck black2 chest1 back1 flanks chestnut2 tail blackish2 bill light-blue2 f41 bill olive-green2 freckled gray-brown2 under lighter4 ,insects1 pond-snails1 fish4 #a #a #ada ,musk ,duck 7,must71 ,mould ,goose 7e71 ,biziura lobata1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 c4 lagoons1 bays #bf ,blackish freckled buffy-white2 wings small2 long stiff tail-feathers2 bill1 lobe beneath chin greenish-black2 dives2 f41 half-size2 duller2 no lobe4 ,frogs1 shellfish1 shrimps4 ,there are six families of birds included in ,order ,,xiv4--the ,totally-webbed ,swimmers4 ,all four toes are joined by a web4 ,ducks have three toes only joined by the web1 the hind toe being free4 ,representatives of the six families are found in ,australia4 ,these birds are fishers par excellence4 ,in the first family come the well-known ,cormorants or ,shags1 birds found in almost every country in the world4 ,forty-two species are known1 of which five occur in ,australia4 ,the large ,black ,cormorant is the common ,black ,cormorant of ,britain4 ,it has a very extensive range over ,north ,america1 ,greenland1 ,europe1 ,africa1 ,asia1 and ,australia4 ,the little ,black ,cormorant is found in ,australia1 from the ,moluccas to ,borneo1 and in ,new ,zealand4 ,indeed1 ,new ,zealand is the stronghold of ,cormorants1 as it possesses many species4 ,the ,white-breasted and ,pied ,cormorants are so closely similar that possibly they will yet prove to be one species4 ,each is glistening white below1 and jet black above4 ,the bill is said to be longer in the ,pied ,cormorant1 and the patch of naked skin near the eye is yellow1 whereas1 in the ,white-breasted ,cormorant1 this patch is said to be blackish or purplish4 ,the ,little ,cormorant is also black and white4 ,its throat and upper chest are yellow4 ,mr4 ,mattingley1 ,c4,m4,z4,s41 and others claim that the ,cormorant1 by feeding its young on yabbies1 which1 they say1 prey on fish eggs1 saves many more fish in the young stage than it ever eats in the adult stage1 and hence it is really a friend of the anglers and fish4 ,one thing is certain--fish were formerly much more abundant1 and so were ,cormorants4 ,anglers1 collect evidence1 and balance good with evil4 ,cormorants have a long1 narrow bill1 with a strongly-hooked tip4 ,they are such expert fishers that in ,china they are much used to catch fish4 ,some will probably be surprised to learn that this custom formerly held in ,england1 for the ,master of the ,cormorants was once one of the officers of the ,royal household4 ,some ,cormorants nest in company in the ,murray swamps1 while others retire to a rocky island1 such as ,storehouse ,island1 east of ,flinders ,island1 to breed4 ,these birds are expert swimmers and divers1 so that one of the common names for them is ,diver1 but the true ,divers1 as already pointed out1 are ,northern ,hemisphere birds1 and are placed in ,family #be4 ,the ,darter1 or ,snake ,bird1 is practically identical with the ,water-,turkey of the ,united ,states4 ,sometimes1 when alarmed1 it submerges its body1 leaving the head and neck exposed4 ,it swims rapidly in this position4 ,four of these birds are known1 and they are spread over ,america1 ,africa1 ,madagascar1 ,southern ,asia1 ,new ,guinea1 ,australia1 and ,new ,zealand4 ,the ,darter was frequently seen on a recent trip to ,enoggera ,reservoir1 the storage basin for ,brisbane4 ,the long1 stiletto-like bill is used to impale its prey1 while the flexible neck assists the spearing operation4 ,the next family contains the famous ,boobies of sailors--the stupid ,gannets1 or ,solan ,geese1 that were too stupid to escape from danger4 ,gould says our ,gannet out-boobies the ,booby1 for he landed on a flat rock and secured five specimens by hand before the rest shuffled over the edge of the cliff and took flight4 ,the ,australian bird can scarcely be distinguished from its ,british cousin4 ,it is common in ,australian seas1 where it can be seen diving for fish or flying swiftly round looking for prey4 ,there is a large ,gannet rookery on ,cat ,island1 east of ,flinders ,island1 where probably #djjj pairs of these fine birds nest each year4 ,this was visited by a party of ornithologists in the ,manawatu in #aijh4 ,the famous ,frigate-,bird we read of in the old school readers was twice taken in ,port ,phillip ,bay4 ,it is the best of flyers1 as it can breakfast on the ,senegal 7,africa71 and dine on the ,amazon4 ,the two ,frigate-,birds are common in ,australian tropical seas4 ,as already mentioned we met the ,frigate ,bird on ,mast ,head ,island4 ,its wings are long1 the forked tail also is long1 but the legs and feet are very small4 ,it is a creature of the air1 and gets its living by compelling hard-working sea-birds to disgorge their prey4 ,the last bird in this varied ,order is the ,pelican4 ,our ,australian ,pelican is one of the largest of its tribe4 ,its enormous pouch distinguishes it at once4 ,the ten ,pelicans are practically world-wide in their distribution4 ,on the trip of the ,manawatu last year round the islands of ,bass ,strait1 we visited the ,pelicans' nesting-place on ,penguin ,island4 ,this bird is practically identical with the ,pelican of the wilderness mentioned in ,holy ,writ4 ,the ,pelican enjoys a reputation for maternal care of her offspring2 indeed1 she was said to feed the young with her own blood4 ,this was probably due to the fact that one species of ,pelican has a blood-red tip to the bill4 ,young ,pelicans have not the long bill or the pouch4 ,thus this bird illustrates the truth of the statement that each animal in its development climbs its own ancestral tree1 or1 to say it in another form1 each animal in its development recapitulates the life-history of the race4 ,the ,pelican has evidently descended from birds that possessed a short bill4 ,page #fh ,illustration3 #adb #adc #add #ade #adf ,,order ,,xiv4--,,pelicaniformes4 ,f4 #ei4 ,,phalacrocoracidae 7#e71 ,,cormorants1 #db sp4--#af7ad7;,a41 #f7b7,o41 #g7c7,p41 #f7e7;,e41 #aj7d7,nc41 #i7f7,nl4 #e #db #adb ,cormorant 7,black71 ,black ,shag1 ,phalacrocorax carbo41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z41 cos4 exc4 ,s4 ,am4 #adb-adf ,genus1 ,carbo4 c4 lagoons1 sea #ce ,glossy blackish-green2 side of neck1 face buffy white2 white on thighs2 f41 sim4 ,fish4 ,page #fi #adc ,little ,black ,cormorant1 ,shag1 ,p4 sulcirostris1 ,borneo to ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 #adb-adf ,genus1 ,carbo4 c4 lagoons1 rivers #be ,glossy greenish-black1 about eye and side of neck lighter2 f41 sim4 ,fish1 frogs4 #add ,white-breasted ,cormorant1 ,black and ,white ,shag1 ,diver 7e71 ,p4 gouldi1 ,louisiade ,is41 ,a41 ,t4 #adb-adf ,genus1 ,carbo4 ,stat4 c4 shores1 rivers #cj ,upper greenish-black1 under glistening-white2 naked skin about eye purple2 hooked bill #b;in42 f41 sim4 ,fish4 #ade ,pied ,cormorant1 ,black and ,white ,shag1 ,diver 7e71 ,p4 hypoleucus1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 #adb-adf ,genus1 ,carbo4 ,stat4 v4c4 bays #cj ,like #add1 but bare space in front of eye orange1 bill #b4g;in42 f41 sim4 ,fish4 #adf ,little ,cormorant1 ,frilled ,shag1 ,p4 melanoleucus1 ,sunda ,is41 ,mol41 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 #adb-adf ,genus1 ,carbo4 ,stat4 pairs1 r4 inlets1 rivers #bc ,upper black2 under white2 upper breast chestnut2 f41 sim4 ,fish1 water-insects4 ,page #gj ,illustration3 #adg #adh #adh;,a #adi #aej ,f4 #fj4 ,,plotidae 7#a71 ,,darters1 ,water-,turkey1 #d sp4--#b7a7;,a41 #a7j7,o41 #b7j7,p41 #a7j7;,e41 #a7j7,nc41 #a7j7,nl4 #a #d #adg ,australian ,darter1 ,snake-bird1 ,diver 7e71 ,shag 7e71 ,plotus 7,anhinga7 novae-hollandiae1 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,n4,z4 r4 lagoons1 bays #cf ,head1 long thin neck1 upper1 under greenish-black2 white patch side of neck2 wings spotted whitish2 bill straight1 sharp2 tail long2 f41 light-brown neck1 breast4 ,fish4 ,page #ga ,f4 #fa4 ,,sulidae 7#d71 ,,gannets1 ,booby1 ,solan ,goose1 #aa sp4--#d7a7;,a41 #c7j7,o41 #a7j7,p41 #c7a7;,e41 #f7a7,nc41 #e7b7,nl4 #d #aa #adh ,australian ,gannet1 ,takupu1 ,sula serrator1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,stat4 c4 bays #cb ,white2 wing-quills black2 head1 hind-neck buff2 f41 sim42 young brown spotted4 ,fish4 ,f4 #fb4 ,,fregatidae 7#b71 ,,frigate ,,birds1 ,man-o'-war-bird1 #b sp4--#b7j7;,a41 #b7j7,o41 #a7j7,p41 #b7j7;,e41 #a7j7,nc41 #b7j7,nl4 7,tropical ,seas74 #b #b #adi ,frigate-,bird1 ,man-o'-war-,bird1 ,fregata aquila4 ,stat4 r4 ocean #dj ,brownish-black2 about eyes1 pouch on throat deep red2 variable in size1 color2 bill long1 hooked2 tail forked2 wings very long2 legs very short2 f41 browner2 breast1 flanks whitish4 ,stolen fish1 young turtles4 ,f4 #fc4 ,,phaethontidae7#b71 ,,tropic ,,birds1 ,boatswain-,bird1 ,straw-,tails1 #g sp4--#d7a7;,a41 #d7a7,o41 #d7j7;,e41 #c7j7,nc41 #d7j7,nl4 ,f4 #fd4 ,,pelecanidae 7#a71 ,,pelicans1 #aj sp4--#a7a7;,a41 #d7a7,o41 #c7j7,p41 #c7a7;,e41 #c7j7,nc41 #d7a7,nl4 #a #aj #aej ,australian ,pelican1 ,pelecanus conspicillatus1 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 vt4 cos4 bird4 c4 lagoons1 bays #fj ,white2 wings1 tail black2 bill pink1 pouch yellowish2 f41 sim4 ,fish1 insects4 ,f4 #fe4 ,cathartidae1 ,condor1 ,turkey 7,american1 ,new ,world7 ,vultures1 #i sp4--#c7a7,nc41 #h7f7,nl4 ,the largest of flying birds4 ,the well-known ,birds of ,prey1 so keen of eye1 so rapid of flight1 so fearless in courage1 and so matchless in fight1 have spread over almost the whole known world4 ,the ,eagles of one land are1 therefore1 much like the ,eagles of another4 ,the ,harriers of ,england are practically identical with the ,harriers of ,australia and ,new ,zealand1 and1 in fact1 of almost any other land4 ,the ,falcon1 so famous in mediaeval times1 is practically identical with the ,falcon of ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,the ,australian ,fish ,hawk is the universal ,fish ,hawk or ,osprey1 for there is probably but one ,osprey1 having an almost world-wide range4 ,the naming of these birds1 though1 has been a stumbling-block to us4 ,to ,australians they are all ,hawks--even our gigantic and glorious ,eagle has been reduced to the ignominious level of an ,eaglehawk1 though our male ,eagle is the largest male ,eagle known1 outrivalling1 as it does1 both the ,bald ,eagle of ,america and the ,golden ,eagle of ,europe4 ,a source of confusion1 too1 has arisen from the introduction of so many of our popular names from ,america1 ,thus1 the ,gum-tree 7,eucalypt7 is not a ,gum1 the ',possum is not the carnivorous ,opossum of ,america1 the ,goanna is not the equivalent of the vegetarian ,american ,iguana2 the ,wild ,cat is not a ,cat1 nor is the ,native ,bear a ,bear1 nor even remotely related to one1 nor is the ,kestrel a ,sparrowhawk4 ,it is an ,american error in popular naming1 which has given us the ,kestrel as the equivalent of the ,american ,sparrowhawk1 while the ,sparrowhawk of the ornithologist is the equivalent of the ,sparrowhawk of ,britain4 ,in one respect1 we are unfortunate in this new land4 ,no mass of association and tradition has yet had time to crystallize about our native animals and plants4 ,our poets have not been able to sing of our birds for want of names and knowledge4 ,little has been done beyond the giving and frequent altering of scientific names1 and the misapplication of names of animals and plants living in other lands to often totally different animals and plants here1 so that confusion has reigned supreme4 ,however1 in bird matters1 at least1 we are on a better footing1 for the bird-lovers have provided a common1 and in most cases an appropriate1 name for each bird4 ,the ,american ,bobolink and ,chickadee are famous birds1 chiefly on account of an appropriate name2 so is the ,british ,cuckoo1 while its even more noisy1 more common1 and practically identical ,australian cousin is still unknown1 or rather was until recently4 ,the introduction of ,bird ,day has already produced gratifying results4 ,we need good descriptive names for our varied and beautiful birds--more children's and poets' names1 and less of the deadly formal ,yellow-vented ,parrakeet1 ,blue-bellied ,lorikeet1 and ,warty-faced ,honeyeater for some of the most glorious of the world's birds4 ,the old ,order ,raptores--birds of prey--included ,hawks and ,eagles1 and ,owls4 ,these are now placed in two orders as ,diurnal ,birds of ,prey--,hawks1 and ,nocturnal ,birds of ,prey--,owls4 ,they all seize prey with the very well-developed talons1 and not with the bill4 ,hence they were called ,raptores--seizing birds4 ,they use these talons when flying1 and do not catch prey in scrub1 or very close to the ground1 unless in a clear space4 ,the two ,harriers are typically ,ground ,hawks4 ,the name is said to be derived from the habit these birds are said to possess of harrying birds4 ,they are generally called ,swamp ,hawks1 and may frequently be seen flying low over bushes1 to beat birds out4 ,the ,goshawks--i4e41 ,goosehawks--possibly received their name by confusion1 as possibly a ,falcon to hunt ,geese was kept in olden days1 but probably it was not this bird4 ,three of these birds are rare4 ,the ,white ,goshawk is a fine bird1 and is confined to ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,the ,australian ,goshawk is said to be the only troublesome ,hawk to the poultry farmer1 and he bears a bad name generally4 ,the ,lesser ,goshawk is a casual visitor in the ,eastern ,states4 ,the ,sparrowhawk of the ornithologist is much feared by small birds4 ,he lurks in ambush1 suddenly flashes out upon his prey1 and is away with it instantly4 ,the male is one of the smallest of ,hawks4 ,it is an almost universal rule in this order of birds that the females are larger1 often much larger1 than the males1 and that there are several changes of plumage before the adult plumage is finally donned1 so it is often a matter of difficulty to determine exactly the name of one of these birds4 ,eagles are found the world over except in ,new ,zealand4 ,our ,eagle has the honor of being1 as already stated1 the largest ,eagle in the world4 ,it is also of undoubted courage1 as its specific name1 audax 7bold7 would lead one to suppose4 ,it is1 further1 ,gould says1 of a far more pleasing and elegant contour than the ,golden ,eagle1 the pride and pest of the parish4 ,whoever heard of an ,australian who was proud of his ,eagle1 though it is something to be proud of8 ,let our noble bird appear near a house1 and there is a rush for a gun4 ,on ,eyre ,peninsula we found the ,eagles fed their young on rabbits1 a serious pest in ,australia4 ,the equivalent of our ,sea ,eagle is the ,white-headed or ,bald ,eagle of ,america1 the female of which is the same length as the male of our ,eagle1 #ch inches4 ,many of these glorious ,sea ,eagles were floating1 with their peculiar butterfly-like flight1 over the ,brisbane ,river1 and added much to our enjoyment of a recent bird excursion there4 ,we found one nest on each island in the ,capricorn ,group4 ,on ,mast ,head ,island the nest was in a tree about #fj feet high4 ,on tiny ,erskine ,island1 where there were no big trees1 it was built on the ground1 though it had been added to until it is now over #f feet high4 ,the fully-feathered dark-brown young bird sat on the edge of the nest1 and formed a good photographic subject4 ,eagles were ruthlessly slaughtered in the ,british ,isles4 ,there is a shadow of an excuse there1 perhaps1 with their game preserves1 where rabbits and birds are bred for sporting purposes4 ,these reasons do not exist here4 ,but it is pleasing to find on record that1 even there1 ,lord ,breadalbane1 who died in #ahfb1 thought that the spectacle of a soaring ,eagle was a fitting adjunct to the grandeur of the ,argyllshire mountain scenery1 and a good equivalent for the occasional loss of a lamb4 ,though the ,sea ,eagle lives mainly on fish and refuse cast up by the sea1 it is pitiful to read that1 though this interesting1 picturesque1 and valuable bird was once common1 not one is left on the mainland of ,scotland4 ,could blind1 unreasoning slaughter do more8 ,why kill a harmless bird8 ,but it is not only harmless2 it is of distinct value in its sphere in ,nature4 ,hawks altogether are misunderstood and misjudged4 ,it is doubtful if it pays a farmer1 aye1 even a poultry farmer1 to shoot ,hawks4 ,they might steal a few chickens1 but they do not live on them4 ,they live mainly on rabbits1 mice1 rats1 and insects4 ,the ,whistling ,eagle whistles while flying about in the fine large flight-houses of the ,adelaide ,zoological ,gardens4 ,one fine specimen accompanied the ,federal trawler ,endeavour down ,gladstone ,harbor1 but not far from shore1 for it returned when we headed for the open ocean and the fairyland of the ,great ,barrier ,reef4 ,kites used to be excessively common about many ,english towns1 where they acted as scavengers4 ,the introduction of the shot-gun has exterminated them4 ,they are world-wide in distribution1 so what you read about ,european ,kites will fit ,australian ,kites4 ,they are1 perhaps1 the most graceful of flyers1 gliding1 soaring1 hovering1 and performing all sorts of aerial evolutions4 ,the toy kites of our childhood were suggested by the flight of these once common birds4 ,now1 alas6 they are very rarely seen4 ,being mainly insectivorous1 they are invaluable birds1 and we can ill spare them in this country1 where insect life is so abnormally prolific4 ,the ,black-breasted ,buzzard is the third largest of our ,diurnal ,birds of ,prey4 ,it is a rare visitor in ,southern ,australia1 but in seasons of drought it comes down from ,central ,australia4 ,the ,falcon1 which our ancestors trained for hawking1 is almost identical with our ,falcon1 while our ,little ,falcon is1 for its size1 the boldest and swiftest of all birds of prey1 for it has been observed to decapitate a flying ,duck with a blow of the edge of its wing4 ,in ,brisbane we had the pleasure of spending an interesting afternoon with ,mr4 ,j4 ,bell1 who formerly practised falconry with trained ,australian ,falcons4 ,the ,kestrel of ,australia is almost identical with the ,kestrel of ,europe4 ,you must have noticed with interest its habit of hovering4 ,one incident of the #aiji ,ornithologists' ,congress will show that1 even in the midst of a crowded city like ,adelaide1 it is possible for scientific work in ornithology to be done4 ,while the ,director of ,education1 ,mr4 ,a4 ,williams1 ,mr4 ,le ,souef 7ex-,pres41 ,a4,o4,u471 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,campbell 7,pres41 ,a4,o4,u471 ,mr4 ,robert ,hall 7,vice-,pres41 ,a4,o4,u471 and myself were walking from the ,education ,office to ,grote ,street ,school1 a ,kestrel was seen on the grass in a small square4 ,the members of the party were astonished to see the ,kestrel rise carrying a bird1 possibly a ,sparrow1 in its talons4 ,now1 the interest of this observation is that most of our ornithologists were prepared to state that the ,kestrel is entirely insectivorous1 and never touches small birds4 ,however1 an observation in the heart of ,adelaide is of value in this matter of scientific interest4 ,this bird1 unfortunately1 is generally called the ,sparrowhawk1 a name which belongs to a much bolder ,australian bird of prey 7,no4 #aeg71 which does eat small birds4 ,kestrels are very fond of mice1 and would1 if allowed1 spend time protecting the farmer's haystacks1 but if a ,kestrel comes near the farmhouse the gun is at once produced1 and so the farmer loses the services of one of his best friends4 ,jeffries and other ,nature-lovers have written on the marvellous powers of hovering possessed by these birds4 ,in fact1 the ,kestrel is frequently called the ,windhover4 ,in ,australia ,kestrels frequently nest in a hollow tree1 but do not lay the usual white egg4 ,the ,osprey is another example of bad naming4 ,the word is said to be a corruption of ,ossifrage1 the bone-breaker4 ,as it feeds on fish1 it has no big bones to break4 ,it is spread from ,alaska to ,brazil1 ,lapland to ,natal1 ,japan to ,tasmania1 and even out to the ,pacific ,isles1 and it may be the same bird throughout1 though ,dr4 ,sharpe has allowed three species in the ,handlist of ,birds4 ,the ,a4,o4,u4 ,check-list of ,north ,american ,birds1 #aiaj1 however1 recognizes the ,north ,american bird as a sub-species only1 so it is possible the ,australian bird will be also listed as a sub-species when the ,royal ,australasian ,ornithologists' ,union adopts its check-list in ,sydney this year4 ,these birds eat living fish1 which they catch by plunging into the sea4 ,occasionally they drive their talons into too big a fish1 and1 not being able to withdraw them1 are drowned4 ,flinders1 in his journal1 wrote about the enormous nests he met on rocky points1 and considered they were built by a great ,dinornis4 ,the ,osprey and the ,white-bellied ,sea ,eagle1 however1 build on rocky points if no trees are available1 and add to the nest each year4 ,it is interesting to read in the ,western ,australian ,year ,book article on birds that the ,government has placed an ,osprey's nest in the cave district1 under the protection of the ,cave ,warden4 ,a pleasing interest is growing in ,australian nature in its many forms4 ,page #gb ,illustration3 #aea #aeb #aec #aed #aee #aef ,,order ,,xv4--,,accipitriformes1 ,,diurnal ,,birds ,,of ,,prey4 ,f4 #ff4 ,serpentariidae1 ,secretary-,bird1 #b sp4 ,e4 ,f4 #fg4 ,vulturidae1 ,vultures1 #ag sp4--#h7e7,o41 #f7j7,p41 #i7e7;,e4 ,f4 #fh4 ,,falconidae 7#bi71 ,,harriers1 ,,goshawks1 ,,eagles1 ,,falcon1 etc41 #dhe sp4--#ii 7#hf7 ,a41 #ajf7eh7,o41 #gj7ai7,p41 #aah7ia7;,e41 #ec7ag7,nc41 #add7aab7,nl4 #b #ah #aea ,spotted ,harrier 7,jardine71 ,spotted ,swamp-,hawk1 ,circus assimilis1 ,cel4 to ,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 c4 plains #bb ,facial disc1 hind-neck1 back1 chest dark-gray2 crown rust-red streaked black2 shoulders1 rest of under rich-chestnut spotted white2 tail barred dark-brown1 gray2 legs long1 yellow2 m41 smaller1 duller4 ,lizards1 mice1 small snakes1 birds4 ,page #gc #aeb99 ,allied ,harrier 7,gould71 ,swamp-,hawk1 ,kahu1 ,c4 gouldi1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4 ,cal41 ,norfolk ,is41 ,lord ,howe ,is41 ,n4,z41 ,fiji vt4 ,eur4 ,marsh-,harrier4 ,stat4 v4c4 swampy #bj ,upper1 head dark-brown2 facial disc indistinct brown2 under buffy-white streaked and tinged red-brown2 upper base tail white2 rest tail brownish-gray2 f41 larger4 ,reptiles1 mice1 birds4 #e #fc #aec ,gray ,goshawk 7,new ,holland1 ,gray-backed71 ,astur clarus 7cinereus71 ,a4 v4r4 dense brushes #af4e ,upper gray2 throat1 under white finely barred gray2 feet yellow1 claws black2 f41 larger4 ,reptiles1 mice1 birds4 #aed ,white ,goshawk1 ,a4 novae-hollandiae1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 r4 timber #af4e ,pure white2 m41 much smaller4 ,food as #aec4 #aee99 ,australian ,goshawk1 ,chicken-,hawk1 ,a4 fasciatus 7approximans71 ,a41 ,t41 ,norfolk ,is41 ,n4 ,cal4 vt4 ,eur4 ,goshawk4 ,stat4 c4 timber1 f41 #bj2 m41 #ae ,upper dark-brown2 shoulder thigh rust-red2 tail dark-brown barred black2 throat buff2 under buff barred brown2 f41 larger4 ,food as #aec4 #aef ,lesser ,goshawk 7,western1 ,chestnut-colored71 ,a4 cruentus1 ,v4 7acc471 ,w4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 ,stat4 c4 timber #ag ,back1 wings1 tail slaty-brown2 chestnut-red1 indistinct collar2 under barred brown white2 chin buffy-white2 f41 upper brown4 ,birds1 mice1 lizards4 ,page #gf ,illustration3 #ahd #ahe #aia #aic #aid #aif #aig #aih #aii #ahd ,blue ,mountain ,lorikeet #ahe ,musk ,lorikeet #aia ,gang-gang ,cockatoo #aic ,pink ,cockatoo #aid ,rose-breasted ,cockatoo #aif ,cockatoo-,parrot #aig ,superb ,parrot #aih ,black-tailed ,parrot #aii ,king ,parrot ,page #gh ,illustration3 #bjj #bjb #bjc #bjd #bje #bjf #bji #bac #bad #bjj ,crimson ,parrot #bjb ,rosella #bjc ,mallee ,parrot #bjd ,blue ,bonnet #bje ,many-colored ,parrot #bjf ,red-backed ,parrot #bji ,grass ,parrot #bac ,swift ,parrot #bad ,warbling ,grass-,parrot ,page #hj ,illustration3 #aeg #aeh #aei #afj #afa #afb #a #db #aeg99 ,collared ,sparrow-,hawk1 ,accipiter cirrhocephalus1 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t4 vt4 ,eur4 ,sparrow-,hawk4 #aeg ,astur cirrhocephalus4 ,stat4 r4 timber1 f41 #ad2 m41 #ab ,head1 upper brownish-gray2 tail barred deep-brown2 obscure collar reddish-brown2 throat1 under1 thighs rufous barred white2 f41 much larger4 ,mice1 birds4 ,page #ha #a #a #aeh99 ,wedge-tailed ,eagle1 ,eaglehawk 7e71 ,uroaetus audax1 ,a41 ,t4 vt4 ,eur4 ,golden ,eagle 7#cb;in474 ,stat4 c4 timber1 plains #ch ,noble bird2 largest eagle known2 upper1 under blackish-brown2 feathers edged pale-brown2 hind-neck golden-brown2 f41 larger4 ,rabbits1 rats1 carrion4 #a #d #aei ,little ,eagle1 ,eutolmaetus morphnoides1 ,n4,g41 ,a4 r4 timber #bb ,back of head1 under rufous striped black2 back1 rump1 wings brown2 tail grayish-brown1 barred blackish-brown4 ,carrion1 rats1 mice4 #a #aj #afj ,white-bellied ,sea ,eagle1 ,haliaetus leucogaster1 ,ind4 ,malay to ,a41 ,t41 ,oceania vt4 ,american ,bald ,eagle4 r4 shores #cj ,noble species2 white2 wing-quills1 base-tail blackish-brown2 f41 larger2 young2 head buff2 upper wings chocolate-brown2 under buffy-brown4 ,dead fish1 shellfish4 ,floats like a great butterfly4 #b #d #afa ,whistling-,eagle 7-,hawk71 ,haliastur sphenurus1 ,a41 ,n4 ,cal4 ,nom4 c4 swamps1 shores #bd ,under light sandy-brown streaked white2 back1 wings brown marked lighter1 spotted white2 tail ashy-brown2 head1 neck sandy streaked lighter2 f41 larger4 ,caterpillars1 mice1 rats1 floating food4 #a #f #afb ,allied ,kite1 ,milvus affinis1 ,sunda ,is41 ,cel4 to ,a4 vt4 ,eur4 ,black ,kite4 ,nom4 c4 open country #bj ,upper glossy brown2 wing-quills black2 slightly-forked tail brown2 under rufous-brown2 chest dark lines2 f41 sim4 ,scavenger1 birds4 ,page #hb ,illustration3 #afc #afd #afe #aff #afg #afh #a #a #afc ,square-tailed ,kite1 ,lophoictinia isura1 ,a4 vt4 ,eur4 ,common ,kite4 r4 timber1 plains #ai ,neck1 shoulders1 under reddish-orange2 chest marked black2 head streaked black2 abdomen1 flanks barred lighter2 upper blackish-brown2 square tail brownish-gray2 f41 larger4 ,caterpillars1 birds4 #a #a #afd ,black-breasted ,buzzard1 ,gypoictinia melanosternum1 ,a4 7interior74 v4r4 timber1 plains #bc ,fine species2 crown1 face1 chest1 abdomen black2 flanks chestnut2 hind-neck light-brown2 upper brownish-black2 wing-quills white base1 rest black2 this white patch gives appearance of window in wing when flying2 f41 larger4 ,animals4 #b #e #afe99 ,australian ,black-shouldered ,kite1 ,elanus axillaris1 ,a4 ,mig4 r4 open plains #ab4e ,upper delicate-gray2 head1 under white2 jet black shoulder1 patch under wing2 tail grayish-white2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 reptiles4 #aff ,letter-winged ,kite1 ,white-breasted ,sparrow ,hawk 7e71 ,e4 scriptus1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 r4 plains 7interior7 #ab4e ,like #afe1 but more black on under angle of wing gives letter ,w when wings expanded2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 #d #cg #afg99 ,black-cheeked ,falcon1 ,falco melanogenys1 ,a41 ,t4 vt4 ,eur4 ,peregrine ,falcon4 ,stat4 c4 plains1 coast1 rocky #ae ,crown1 side of head black2 upper-breast creamy spotted black2 rest of under barred black1 reddish-gray2 upper1 wings1 tail dark-gray2 tail barred brown1 gray2 f41 larger4 ,birds4 ,page #hc ,illustration3 #afi #agj #aga #agb #agc #afh ,gray ,falcon1 ,blue 7,smoke7 ,hawk1 ,f4 hypoleucus1 ,a4 vt4 ,eur4 ,gyrfalcon4 v4r4 timber1 plains f41 #ag2 m41 #ab ,rare beautiful falcon2 bluish-white below2 grey above2 tail barred gray1 brown4 ,birds4 #afi ,black ,falcon1 ,f4 subniger1 ,a4 v4r4 plains 7inland7 #ag ,dark1 sooty-brown1 paler below2 chin whitish2 f41 larger4 #agj99 ,little ,falcon 7,white-fronted71 ,duck ,hawk 7e71 ,australian ,hobby1 ,f4 lunulatus1 ,a41 ,t41 vt4 ,eur4 ,hobby4 ,stat4 c4 plains f41 #ac4e2 m41 #aa4e ,forehead white2 upper grayish-black2 cheeks black2 tail barred gray1 chestnut2 throat buff2 chest reddish-buff1 striped dark-brown2 under1 thighs reddish2 incomplete whitish collar2 f41 larger4 ,birds1 insects4 #b #c #aga ,striped ,brown ,hawk 7,western1 ,orange-speckled71 ,hieracidea berigora1 ,a4 #aga ,ieracidea berigora4 v4c4 swampy1 plains #ag ,upper dark-brown2 wings spotted reddish2 incomplete collar1 under buff-white striped dark-brown2 throat whitish2 naked skin round bill yellow2 tail barred dark-brown1 gray2 f41 larger4 ,caterpillars1 insects1 birds4 #agb99 ,brown ,hawk1 ,h4 orientalis1 ,a41 ,t4 #agb ,ieracidea orientalis4 ,stat4 v4c4 timber #ag ,head1 upper dark-brown2 line over eye1 throat buff2 under buff spotted rust-brown2 tail brown barred rust-red2 ,skin round bill bluish2 f41 larger4 ,food as #aga4 #a #bh #agc99 ,nankeen ,kestrel1 ,windhover1 ,mosquito ,hawk1 ,sparrowhawk 7e71 ,cerchneis cenchroides1 ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 vt4 ,eur4 ,kestrel4 ,stat1 v4c4 timber1 plains #aa4e ,upper cinnamon-red1 spotted black2 tail rufous1 faintly banded black above1 tipped white1 then black bar2 side neck1 throat1 abdomen1 under tail white2 chest buff striped black2 f41 larger4 ,insects1 mice4 ,f4 #fi4 ,,pandionidae 7#a71 ,,ospreys1 #f sp4--#c7j7;,a41 #e7a7,o41 #a7j7,p41 #a7j7;,e41 #a7j7,nc1 #a7j7,nl4 #a #c #agd ,white-headed ,osprey1 ,fish ,hawk1 ,pandion leucocephalus1 ,mol41 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t4 vt4 cos4 bird4 ,stat4 r4 shores #bc ,crown1 hind-neck1 throat1 abdomen1 under tail white2 upper dark-brown2 chest mottled brown2 side-neck dark-brown1 marked white2 wing-quills black2 dives2 f41 sim4 ,fish4 ,page #hd ,illustration3 #agd #age #agf #agg #agh ,just as the ,diurnal ,birds of ,prey 7e4g41 ,hawks7 are closely related to those of the ,northern ,hemisphere1 so are the ,nocturnal ,birds of ,prey 7,owls7 very closely related to those of the ,old ,world4 ,the different kinds of ,owls are so closely similar that there are many disputes as to their classification1 and it is not likely that we shall ever be able to recognize in the living1 free state all the species recognized by scientists4 ,indeed1 ,i was much interested at the ,adelaide ,museum to see our leading ornithologists fail to pick out the skins of two ,english ,barn ,owls when they were placed with three ,australian ,lesser ,masked ,owls1 and yet ornithologists give our birds such widely-different names that literature is useless to us4 ,these names have seriously hampered the popularization of bird-study in ,australia4 ,if ornithologists1 with skins in hand1 cannot separate them1 what is the use of manufacturing species8 ,as ,owls are active late in the afternoon or at night1 there has always been a certain amount of mystery regarding them1 and1 speaking generally1 the ordinary observer knows little of them4 ,two of the ,australian birds have forced themselves on our notice to some extent4 ,the ,powerful ,owl1 the largest of our ,owls1 has alarmed many by means of its blood-curdling screeches heard in quiet forest gullies4 ,the ,boobook ,owl1 though not often seen1 calls ,mopoke1 which sounded like ,boobook to the aboriginal ear1 but became ,cuckoo--the best-loved bird-call of their far-distant home to the ears of the homesick first white residents4 ,and was it not1 they asked1 what one might expect in a country where ,christmas came at the wrong time of the year1 where the trees were always green1 and shed their bark instead of their leaves--where the leaves grew vertically1 instead of horizontally1 and so gave no shade--was it not natural that the ,cuckoo1 a day bird in ,england1 should become a night bird in this land of paradoxes and contradictions8 ,thus ,australia's reputation was added to even by the ,boobook ,owl4 ,confusion was caused1 for1 when daylight came1 and the ,frogmouth was seen sitting in the tree1 the ,frogmouth was supposed to be responsible for the frequent calls of the previous night4 ,however1 some reliable observers1 notably ,mr4 ,c4 ,h4 ,mc,lennan1 ,mallee ,bird1 and ,mr4 ,t4 ,h4 ,tregellas1 claim that the ,frogmouth does call ,mopoke' occasionally1 but the ,boobook ,owl is the bird that is responsible for the frequent ,mopoke on calm evenings4 ,the ,owls are divided into two families4 ,the members of the first family--the ,owls ,proper1 or ,hawk-,owls--have the facial disc almost absent1 while in the second family the facial disc is complete4 ,in each1 the eyes are directly obliquely forward1 and1 since they are not capable of much movement1 the bird turns its head from side to side4 ,though mainly nocturnal1 ,owls are sometimes seen hunting for their prey by day4 ,as they feed mostly on mice1 rats1 and insects1 they are very valuable birds4 ,the feathers are very soft1 with a weak central axis1 so that no sound is made when flying4 ,they are thus able to approach their prey without giving warning4 ,the ,powerful ,owl well deserves its name1 as it possesses great strength1 and is a formidable enemy if wounded4 ,however1 ,owls are1 fortunately1 seldom shot at4 ,like ,hawks1 ,owls catch their prey with and carry it in their feet1 unless the feet are required for climbing4 ,one peculiarity of the feet is that the bird can reverse one toe1 so that it can have three toes in front and one behind1 like most birds1 or two in front and two behind1 like ,parrots and ,cuckoos4 ,although not so strong of flight as the ,diurnal ,birds of ,prey 7e4g41 ,hawks71 ,owls have managed to spread throughout the world1 so that they are found even in ,new ,zealand4 ,the different kinds are not easily separated1 so most people are satisfied when they have classed a bird as an ,owl1 though you will probably want to divide them into two groups--the ,owls ,proper and the ,barn ,owls4 ,page #he ,,order ,,xvi--,,strigiformes1 ,,nocturnal ,,birds ,,of ,,prey1 ,,owls4 ,f4 #gj4 ,,bubonidae 7#aa7 ,,hawk ,,owls1 #bhj sp4--#dg7dd7;,a41 #hh7gd7,o41 #cc7ag7,p41 #dh7db7;,e41 #cd7af7,nc1 #ge7fa7,nl4 #aa #dd #age ,boobook ,owl 7,cuckoo71 ,ninox boobook1 ,a4 ,stat4 v4c4 timber #af ,head1 upper1 wings1 tail reddish-brown2 under rufous blotched white2 facial disc indistinct1 grayish-white edged black2 f41 larger4 ,insects1 mice1 birds4 #agf ,spotted ,owl1 ,n4 maculata1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t41 ,king ,is4 ,stat4 r4 timber #ac ,head1 upper brown spotted white2 under brown blotched tawny and white2 disc indistinct2 f41 slightly larger4 ,insects1 birds4 #agg ,winking ,owl 7,western71 ,n4 connivens1 ,a41 exc4 ,n4,w4,a4 ,stat4 c4 brushes1 wooded gullies #af ,upper dark-brown spotted white2 tail dark-brown barred grayish-white2 under mottled brown1 white2 disc indistinct2 f41 larger4 ,insects1 birds4 #agh ,powerful ,owl 7,eagle71 ,n4 strenua1 ,n4 ,ter41 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 r4 dense gullies #bd ,crown1 upper brown marked whitish2 face1 throat1 chest whitish streaked brown2 rest of under whitish barred brown2 f41 sim4 ,birds1 quadrupeds4 ,page #hf ,illustration3 #agi #ahj #aha #ahb #ahc ,f4 #ga4 ,,strigidae 7#e71 ,,barn ,,owls1 #bf sp4--#ac7aa7;,a41 #c7a7,o41 #a7j7,p41 #d7c7;,e41 #a7a7,nc41 #g7g7,nl4 #e #bf #agi ,australian ,barn ,owl 7,lesser ,masked1 ,delicate1 ,screech71 ,strix delicatula1 ,n4,g41 ,a4 #agi-ahc ,genus1 ,tyto4 ,stat4 c4 timber #ad ,upper beautiful soft light grayish-brown tinged yellow1 finely spotted blackish-brown and white2 under white1 few small brownish spots2 disc white edged buff2 f41 sim4 ,mice1 rats4 ,page #hg #ahj ,masked ,owl1 ,s4 novae-hollandiae1 ,a4 #agi-ahc ,genus1 ,tyto4 ,stat4 r4 forests1 rocky #ad ,pale buff2 head1 back wings marked dark-brown1 few white spots2 under paler1 few brown spots2 disc purplish-white1 edged with deep-brown spots2 f41 larger4 ,mice1 rats4 #aha ,chestnut-faced ,owl1 ,s4 castanops1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 #agi-ahc ,genus1 ,tyto4 ,stat4 c4 brushes1 swamps2 f41 #ag2 m41 #ad4e ,disc deep-chestnut edged black2 upper rufous-brown marked dark-brown2 few small spots on head1 shoulders2 under deep sandy-brown with blackish spots2 f41 larger4 ,mice1 rats4 #ahb ,sooty ,owl1 ,dusky ,barn ,owl1 ,s4 tenebricosa1 ,n4,g41 ,e4,a4 #agi-ahc ,genus1 ,tyto4 ,stat4 v4r4 dense brushes2 f41 #af2 m41 #ac4e ,disc sooty-gray deeper round eyes2 upper brownish-black finely spotted white2 under brownish-black washed buff1 fainter spots2 legs mottled brown1 white2 f41 larger4 ,mice1 rats4 #ahc ,grass ,owl1 ,s4 candida1 ,india1 ,formosa1 ,china1 ,philippines to ,e4,a4 #agi-ahc ,genus1 ,tyto4 ,stat4 v4r4 grass #ad ,disc white or tinged pale-pink2 brownish spot before eye2 edge disc dark-brown above1 buff below2 upper dark-brown finely spotted white2 under white tinged orange-buff with scattered brown spots2 tail whitish barred brown2 legs long2 f41 sim4 ,while ,australia possesses representatives of nearly all the important widely-spread families of birds this favored land also contains many birds that are unknown elsewhere4 ,in addition1 there are some groups which are found in other continents1 but which reach their highest development here4 ,conspicuous amongst these are ,parrots and ,cockatoos4 ,australians are so accustomed to see these beautiful birds on every country road1 and in cages outside their houses1 that they do not appreciate their beauty or their interest1 for familiarity breeds contempt1 even with bird life4 ,when one reflects that no figure of a ,parrot is found in ancient ,egyptian art1 and that no ,parrot is mentioned in the ,bible1 then one begins to understand the interest of ,europeans in these spoilt children of the animal world1 the monkeys of the bird world1 and the cream of the ,australian avifauna4 ,their tameness1 their affection1 their entertaining habits1 and their remarkable powers of speech1 all help to render ,parrots the favorites amongst birds4 ,the brilliance of their plumage1 their intelligence1 and their longevity excite wonder1 for ,parrots have been known to live #ajj years in captivity4 ,presumably1 they would live even longer in a state of nature4 ,humboldt recorded1 as quoted in ,newton's ,dictionary of ,birds1 that in ,south ,america he met with a venerable bird1 which remained the sole possessor of a literally dead language1 the whole tribe of ,indians1 ,atures by name1 who spoke it1 having become extinct4 ,australians will perhaps be surprised to learn that there are no ,parrots or ,cockatoos in ,europe1 and none in ,asia1 excepting ,india1 none in ,africa north of the ,tropic of ,cancer1 and only two in ,north ,america1 and that one of these is rapidly becoming extinct1 and that ,africa and ,india are poor in ,parrots4 ,thus ,south ,america and ,australasia alone are left as the lands that contain these interesting birds in any number4 ,while ,south ,america contains the largest ,parrots--the ,macaws--all the ,south ,american species belong to one family4 ,in the ,australian region six families of ,parrots are represented4 ,four of them are confined to the region1 while but one species of the fifth family 7,cockatoos7 is found outside the region4 ,the ,brush-tongued ,parrots1 or ,lorikeets1 are a purely ,australian family4 ,some of these are very common at times in flowering eucalypts1 even in the public gardens and streets4 ,the ,blue ,mountain ,parrot1 very common at times1 is a giant of the family4 ,it has been described as a noble bird1 gorgeously apparelled4 ,its vernacular name of ,blue-bellied ,lorikeet has been altered to ,blue ,mountain ,lorikeet4 ,we found these birds nesting in the big sugar-gums bordering ,warunda ,creek1 ,eyre ,peninsula4 ,they keenly and noisily resented our curiosity1 and screeched much as we tried to discover them amongst the green foliage4 ,though so gaudy1 they were picked out with difficulty4 ,this bird was very troublesome in my garden at ,bengworden1 near the ,gippsland ,lakes1 where1 when the apples were about the size of marbles1 they tore them to pieces to get the developing pips4 ,in common with the other members of the family1 they have a swift1 direct flight1 and screech much when flying4 ,the ,green ,keets1 generally called ,green ,leeks1 which are so very numerous at times1 are often accompanied by two other ,lorikeets1 the ,little and ,purple-crowned ,lorikeets4 ,these green birds hang1 head down1 among the eucalyptus leaves1 and brush up the honey from the flowers with their brush tongue4 ,they follow the flowering of the eucalypts from district to district1 and since the eucalypts flower at irregular intervals1 these birds are not so regular in their movements as ,swifts1 ,snipe1 ,curlews1 ,cuckoos1 and other migratory birds4 ,for this reason the birds may be absent from a district for some years1 and then suddenly appear again in great numbers4 ,cockatoos are almost confined to the ,australian region4 ,this includes the islands north-west of ,australia out to ,wallace's line1 passing between ,celebes and the ,philippine ,islands1 ,celebes and ,borneo1 and between the small islands of ,lombok and ,bali1 east of ,java4 ,these islands1 though but fifteen miles apart1 differ far more from each other in their birds and quadrupeds than do ,england and ,japan4 ,the birds of the one are extremely unlike those of the other4 ,another authority says that the faunas of ,bali and ,lombok are more unlike than those of ,south ,america and ,africa4 ,bali has ,woodpeckers1 ,barbets1 ,bulbuls1 and ,black and ,white ,magpie-,robins1 none of which is found in ,lombok1 where we find ,screaming ,cockatoos1 ,friar-birds1 and other ,honey-eaters1 and the strange mound-building ,megapodes and numerous other remarkable birds4 ,this narrow strait is over #ajjj fathoms in depth1 and is probably one of the most ancient and most permanent dividing lines in the world4 ,instead of being united to ,asia1 it is probable that ,australia has been more recently joined to ,new ,zealand1 ,south ,america1 and ,south ,africa4 ,only one ,cockatoo transgresses ,wallace's line to the west1 and that is found in the ,philippine ,islands2 evidently it has spread there from the adjacent part of the ,australian region4 ,the sombre1 slow-flying ,black ,cockatoo is the largest of all ,cockatoos4 ,it is seen fairly often in small companies1 especially on wattles and eucalypts1 the wood of which it tears to pieces with its powerful bill to get the insect larvae feeding there4 ,it is a valuable forest-saving bird4 ,the ,glossy or ,leach ,black ,cockatoo is named after ,dr4 ,leach1 who did a great amount of work on ,australian animals about #ajj years ago4 ,it is a rare bird1 and may readily be distinguished by its smaller size and more glossy plumage4 ,the peculiar gray ,gang-gang ,cockatoos are common in parts of the forest country4 ,the male is easily recognized by his red head and crest4 ,i occasionally see these interesting birds in the big eucalypt forests of ,gippsland4 ,i was surprised to discover that1 in ,south ,gippsland1 it is generally called the ,galah1 a name which belongs to quite a different bird 7#aid74 ,the screeching1 fussy ,white ,cockatoo1 with its delicate sulphur crest1 is well known4 ,many country dwellers enjoy the privilege of often seeing these snowy-white birds almost covering a dead tree4 ,they are favorites as pets1 and live to a good old age4 ,they render good service at times by digging up and eating grasshoppers' eggs1 though they do damage to maize and other crops4 ,as they post sentinels1 they are difficult birds to approach4 ,the ,pink ,cockatoo 7,major ,mitchell7 is unfortunately becoming rare4 ,it was fairly common when ,i taught in a ,mallee school1 near where ,hopetoun now is4 ,it has been described as quite the most beautiful of all the ,cockatoos1 being a harmony of delicate rose-pink and white1 with a handsome crest of acuminate feathers barred in crimson1 yellow1 and white4 ,it does not take kindly to captivity4 ,it nested in the smaller spouts of the green box-trees in the box-flats and swamps about the ,goyura ,school1 south of ,lake ,corrong4 ,what is more glorious than a mob of ,rose-breasted ,cockatoos 7,galahs71 #ejj strong1 airing their beauties and graces as they take a constitutional before retiring for the night8 ,probably no other kind of bird shows better company-flying than ,galahs2 now one sheet of a delicate gray lavender1 and the next instant a flash of brilliant salmon-pink1 as the whole company turns and wheels1 obedient to some command or signal unperceived by us2 again1 the sun lights up the pale-pink crests and gray backs1 as they turn once more and wheel1 screeching1 to continue their evolutions further afield4 ,it is a sight that lingers in the memory4 ,they are charming pets1 and some talk well4 ,their beauty adds charm to our almost perfectly level great inland plains4 ,the delicately-colored and friendly ,cockatoo ,parrot1 with its immovable crest1 takes a sub-family to itself4 ,it migrates from the ,north1 and1 in a dry year1 may even reach the ,south ,coast4 ,in #aijh some of these birds reached ,colac1 in ,southern ,victoria4 ,they are favorite aviary birds1 and thousands have been exported4 ,in the true ,parrot family1 ,australia is strongly represented by many beautiful birds4 ,the first is the ,barraband ,parrakeet of ,gould1 and the ,green ,leek of some ornithologists4 ,as the name ,green ,leek is practically in universal use for the ,musk ,lorikeet 7,green ,keet7 of the ornithologist1 it seems desirable to sink an inappropriate name into a synonym1 and use the earlier name1 ,superb ,parrot1 for it is a beautiful bird4 ,sad to say1 it has become exceedingly rare1 though ,mr4 ,a4 ,w4 ,milligan informed me1 a few days ago1 that he saw six fly into some pines at ,black ,rock one day this month 7,january1 #aiaa74 ,the ,rock ,pebble1 or ,smoker1 of the country dweller1 formally called the ,black-tailed ,parrot1 is a fine bird4 ,his tail1 however1 is not really black1 but is strongly iridescent4 ,he nested in numbers1 at the beginning of the nineties1 in the dead box-trees in ,lake ,corrong4 ,after an early tea1 we frequently went over to the lake and watched the birds feeding their young4 ,no longer do they inhabit that district1 which has been completely cleared and placed under cultivation4 ,the big ,king ,parrot is a showy1 noble species1 and is still common in parts1 especially the moist forest districts4 ,the members of the next group form a sub-family--the ,broad-tails--confined to ,australia1 ,tasmania1 ,new ,zealand1 and the ,pacific ,islands4 ,judging by their names1 they must be amongst the most beautiful of birds4 ,the best known is the common ,rosella1 often quoted in ,european books as one of the most beautiful of birds4 ,its scientific name is eximius1 which means excellent4 ,indeed1 the scientific names of ,australian parrots give a good indication of their place amongst the glories of the bird world4 ,the cousin of the ,rosella--the large blue-winged and blue-cheeked ,crimson ,parrot--is well named elegans2 a grass parrot is also elegans1 then follow splendidus1 splendida1 and pulchella1 while that great ornithologist1 ,gould1 has conferred the honor of pulcherrimus on another ,australian parrot4 ,these names1 given by scientists1 will show ,australians in what high esteem these birds1 so common with us1 are held by observers from other lands4 ,the ,crimson ,parrot1 previously mentioned1 is1 ,i think1 becoming common1 for ,i have lately seen it flying about in towns1 notably in the ,botanic ,gardens1 ,melbourne1 the ,zoological ,gardens1 ,melbourne1 and the school yard at ,wangaratta4 ,the ,yellow ,parrakeet1 with its blue cheeks1 is a harmony in blue and canary yellow1 and is an exceedingly lovely bird4 ,it is unfortunately rare4 ,the next bird is one of our well-known cage pets--the beautiful ,ringneck--the ,mallee ,parrot4 ,it flies ahead of one along the half-chain strip of scrub left on mallee roads1 and is a feature of interest4 ,the next group contains some inland parrots4 ,the ,bulloak1 or ,blue ,bonnet1 is a beautiful bird1 and is common on inland plains4 ,it has a brownish-olive back and a gray chest4 ,the bright1 blue cheeks1 forehead1 and shoulder1 red abdomen1 and light yellow base to tail present a striking appearance4 ,its vernacular name--,yellow-vented ,parrakeet--has now been altered to ,blue ,bonnet ,parrot4 ,the ,many-colored ,parrot1 with its large yellow shoulder patch1 is a glory4 ,it is1 indeed1 difficult to imagine a more beautiful bird as it flies about in the bright ,mallee sunshine4 ,the ,red-backed ,parrot is the common ,grass ,parrot of country dwellers4 ,large flocks of these birds are to be seen on the inland plains4 ,the female is much plainer than her gaudy mate4 ,this is unusual amongst parrots2 for1 as the work of sitting on the eggs is done in a hollow tree under good shelter1 there is apparently no reason why the female should be plainer than the male1 and in most parrots she is equally pretty4 ,the brownish female offers a strong contrast to her more brightly coloured mate1 which is immediately distinguished by the large red patch on the back4 7,the ,many-colored ,parrot has a much smaller red patch on the back1 near the base of the tail47 ,the seven small ,grass-,parrots 7,neophemas7 are amongst the most beautiful of parrots4 ,these birds have become so rare that the ,south ,australian ,government has wisely placed them on the totally-protected list4 ,bird trappers formerly exported numbers to ,europe each year4 ,these rare ,parrots are said to be worth about ,l#g each as cage birds4 ,we found the rare ,rock ,parrot nesting in the edges and hollows of a tiny travertine-limestone island 7,goat ,island7 in an inlet at the eastern end of the ,great ,australian ,bight4 ,the eggs were laid on the bare earth1 often within two or three feet of high-tide mark4 ,the whole island was less than an acre in extent1 and at no point was ten feet above high-tide level4 ,many similar islands on the ,australian coast have not yet been explored ornithologically1 so we do not know what matters of interest are awaiting us4 ,the next bird1 the ,swift-flying ,lorikeet1 is a honey feeder1 like the first four ,parrots 7,lorikeets7 mentioned4 ,it is often found with them1 and was common all the winter1 and is common now in a clump of flowering gums outside the ,melbourne ,cricket ,ground4 ,it has given scientists much trouble as to its correct name and position4 ,it can be distinguished from the ,green ,keets by having scarlet under the wings4 ,the beautiful and affectionate little ,budgerigar 7,warbling ,grass ,parrot71 or ,love ,bird1 has many names4 ,it is migratory1 and sometimes appears in thousands1 though it may not be seen again for years4 ,it is a favorite cage bird1 and breeds as freely as caged canaries1 so it is well-known in ,europe4 ,the last two ,parrots are ground birds1 which never perch or climb4 ,it was feared that the ,ground ,parrot was extinct1 but it is seen occasionally in the ,national ,park at ,wilson's ,promontory4 ,the ,night ,parrot is better called the ,western ,ground ,parrot4 ,it is found amongst the ,spinifex 7,triodia7 scrub of the interior4 ,though ,parrots are essentially climbers1 having the suitable arrangement of two toes in front and two behind1 it is interesting to learn of these two ,australian ,parrots which cannot perch or climb4 ,the ,parrot's foot is of interest1 further1 in so far as it is used as a hand1 and the food is held in it while being eaten4 ,the powerful bill not only serves to reduce its food to powder1 but also assists in climbing4 ,it is sometimes amusing to note the absurd caution1 and great deliberation with which a parrot climbs down in his cage to pick up some dainty4 ,possessing no less than #gf kinds of ,parrots and ,cockatoos1 ,australians should be alive to their privileges as contrasted with the dwellers of northern lands1 where ,parrots do not live4 ,they should insist on the proper protection of these beautiful and wonderful birds4 ,page #hh ,illustration3 #ahd #ahe #ahf #ahg #ahh ,,order ,,xvii4--,,psittaciformes4 ,f4 #gb4 ,nestoridae1 ,nestor1 ,kaka1 ,kea1 #d sp4 ,a4 7,n4,z474 ,f4 #gc4 ,,loriidae 7#i71 ,,brush-,,tongued ,,parrots1 ,,lories1 ,,lorikeets1 #hg sp4 ,a4 #c #af #ahd99 ,blue ,mountain ,lorikeet 7-,parrot71 ,rainbow ,lory1 ,blue--bellied 7,swainson7 ,lorikeet1 ,trichoglossus novae-hollandiae1 ,n4,a41 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,nom4 flocks c4 eucalypts #ad ,head1 throat1 abdomen blue2 chest blood-red tinged yellow2 back green2 bill blood-red2 f41 sim4 ,honey4 ,screech4 ,page #hi #c #e #ahe99 ,musk ,lorikeet1 ,green ,keet1 ,green ,leek 7e71 ,glossopsittacus concinnus1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 #ahe-ahg ,genus1 ,glossopsitta4 ,nom4 v4c4 flowering eucalypts #h4e ,green2 forehead1 behind ear red2 bill black tipped red2 f41 sim4 ,honey4 ,screech4 #ahf ,purple-crowned ,lorikeet1 ,g4 porphyrocephalus1 ,n4,s4,w4 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 #ahe-ahg ,genus1 ,glossopsitta4 ,nom4 flocks with #ahe4 r4 eucalypts #f4e ,green2 forehead red1 yellow2 behind ear fainter red1 yellow2 crown purple2 behind head yellowish-green2 shoulder light-blue2 under wing crimson2 under greenish-gray2 flanks1 under-tail golden-green2 bill black2 f41 sim4 ,honey4 ,screech4 #ahg ,little ,lorikeet1 ,jerryang1 ,g4 pusillus1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 #ahe-ahg ,genus1 ,glossopsitta4 ,nom4 flocks with #ahe4 c4 eucalypts #f4e ,green2 face deep-red2 hind-neck brown2 wings black edged green2 tail feathers grass-green1 inner webs red at base1 yellowish at tip2 f41 smaller4 ,honey4 ,screech4 ,f4 #gd4 ,,cyclopsittacidae 7#b71 ,fig-,parrots1 #bc sp4 ,a4 ,f4 #ge4 ,,cacatuidae 7#ag71 ,,cockatoos1 #bi sp4--#bh7bh7;,a41 #a7a7,o4 7,philippine ,is474 #g #g #ahh ,black ,cockatoo1 ,funereal ,black ,cockatoo1 ,calyptorhynchus funereus1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t41 ,king ,is4 ,small flocks1 r4 timber #bf ,black2 ear-patch1 under tail yellow2 f41 sim4 ,wood-boring larvae4 ,seeds4 ,wy-la4 ,page #ij ,illustration3 #ahi #aij #aia #aib #aic #ahi ,banksian ,cockatoo1 ,banksian ,black ,cockatoo1 ,c4 banksi1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 r4 timber #bd ,glossy greenish-black2 vermilion-red band on tail2 f41 yellow side of head1 neck4 ,caterpillars1 seeds4 ,page #ia #aij ,glossy ,cockatoo 7,leach ,black71 ,c4 viridis1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,small flocks1 r4 timber #ai4e ,glossy greenish-black2 deep vermilion-red on tail2 f41 no vermilion on tail4 ,sheoak 7,casuarina7 seeds4 #a #a #aia99 ,gang-gang ,cockatoo 7,red-crowned71 ,red-crowned ,parrot 7e71 ,galah 7e71 ,callocephalum galeatum1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,t41 ,king ,is4 #aia ,genus1 ,callocephalon4 v4r4 forest #ac4e ,head1 crest fine scarlet2 rest slate-gray barred grayish-green2 wings tinged green2 under tinged red2 f41 head1 crest gray4 ,eucalypt seeds4 #e #ag #aib ,white ,cockatoo 7,sulphur-crested71 ,cacatua galerita1 ,a41 ,t41 ,king ,is4 #aib-aid ,genus1 ,cacatoees4 ,nom4 ,flocks1 v4c4 timber1 open plains #bj ,white2 crest1 under wing1 portion of tail sulphur-yellow2 f41 sim4 ,seeds1 grain1 native bread1 bulbous roots1 grasshoppers' eggs4 ,screech4 #aic99 ,pink ,cockatoo 7,leadbeater71 ,major ,mitchell1 ,c4 leadbeateri1 ,int4 ,a4 #aib-aid ,genus1 ,cacatoees4 ,nom4 r4 lofty gums #af ,most beautiful and elegant cockatoo2 white2 forehead1 neck1 under wing1 middle abdomen1 base of tail salmon pink becoming deeper under wing2 crest crimson1 yellow1 white2 eyes black2 f41 yellow in crest brighter2 eyes reddish-brown4 ,plaintive cry4 ,page #ib ,illustration3 #aid #aie #aif #aig #aih #aii #aid99 ,rose-breasted ,cockatoo1 ,galah1 ,willie-willock1 ,willock1 ,c4 roseicapilla1 ,a41 ,t4 7acc74 #aib-aid ,genus1 ,cacatoees4 ,nom4 large flocks1 c4 plains #ad ,upper gray2 under deep rose pink2 head pinky-white2 the second most beautiful of cockatoos2 f41 sim4 ,seeds1 salt-bush4 ,page #ic #b #b #aie ,long-billed ,cockatoo1 ,corella1 ,licmetis nasica1 ,n4 ,ter41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 #aie ,licmetis tenuirostris4 ,flocks r4 ground #ag ,white2 under wing pale-yellow2 under tail bright-yellow2 forehead1 face scarlet2 neck1 breast tinged scarlet2 naked blue skin round eye2 long bill1 #a-e_/h in42 f41 sim4 ,bulbous roots4 #a #a #aif99 ,cockatoo-,parrot1 ,cockatiel1 ,quarrion1 ,calopsittacus novae-hollandiae1 ,a4 #aif ,calopsitta novae-hollandiae4 ,mig4 flocks1 c4 plains1 timber #ab ,forehead1 crest lemon-yellow2 ear-patch rich reddish-orange in a patch yellow above white below2 upper1 under gray2 white on wings1 chest2 f41 face1 crest dull olive-yellow2 tail barred brown4 ,seeds4 ,f4 #gf4 ,,psittacidae 7#dg71 ,,parrots1 ,macaws1 #dcc sp4--#add7add7;,a41 #di7di7,o41 #db7db7;,e41 #b7a7,nc41 #aig7aif7,nl4 #b #b #aig99 ,superb ,parrot 7,scarlet-breasted71 ,green ,leek1 ,barraband ,parrakeet1 ,polytelis barrabandi1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 timber #af ,green2 forehead1 cheeks1 throat rich gamboge-yellow2 crescent of scarlet next to yellow on chest2 bill yellow2 sometimes red on thigh2 f41 green tinged dull rose on chest2 thigh red4 ,seeds4 #aih99 ,black-tailed ,parrot1 ,rock-,pebbler1 ,rock-,pebble1 ,smoker1 ,p4 melanura1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 7interior74 #aih ,polytelis anthopeplus4 ,nom4 v4r4 ,box flats1 timber #af ,head1 neck1 greenish-yellow2 shoulders1 under yellow2 upper-back olive2 wing-quills1 tail iridescent black2 some pink on wing2 bill scarlet2 f41 duller4 ,seeds1 honey4 #a #i #aii99 ,king ,parrot 7,scarlet and ,green1 ,spud71 ,blood ,rosella1 ,king ,lory 7e71 ,aprosmictus cyanopygius1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 forest #af ,showy1 noble species2 head1 neck1 under scarlet2 back1 wings green2 rump1 base tail rich dark blue2 band bright green on wing2 bill scarlet2 f41 head1 upper green2 throat1 chest green tinged red2 abdomen scarlet2 young male like female for two years4 ,bulbous roots1 seeds4 ,page #ie ,illustration3 #bai #bbj #bba #bbc #bbd #bbg #bbi #bcj #bce #bai ,australian ,roller #bbj ,blue ,kingfisher #bba ,laughing ,kingfisher #bbc ,sacred ,kingfisher #bbd ,australian ,bee-eater #bbg ,spine-tailed ,swift #bbi ,pallid ,cuckoo #bcj ,fan-tailed ,cuckoo #bce ,bronze ,cuckoo ,page #ig ,illustration3 #bch #bdj #bdb #bdd #bdd;,a #bde;,a #bdh #bdh;,a #bch ,welcome ,swallow #bdj ,tree ,martin #bdb ,brown ,flycatcher #bdd ,scarlet-breasted ,robin #bdd;,a ,scarlet-breasted ,robin 7,female7 #bde ,flame-breasted ,robin #bde;,a ,ditto 7,female7 #bdh ,red ,capped ,robin #bdh;,a ,red ,capped ,robin 7,female7 ,page #ajj ,illustration3 #bjj #bja #bjb #bjc #bjd #bje #af #af #bjj99 ,crimson ,parrot1 ,crimson ,rosella1 ,pennant ,parrakeet1 ,red ,lory 7e71 ,mountain ,lowry 7e71 ,platycercus elegans1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 v4c4 timber1 open #ac4e ,head1 neck1 under1 rump rich deep crimson2 feathers of back black1 edged crimson2 cheeks1 shoulders blue2 tail tipped pale-blue2 f41 sim42 young all green at first4 ,grass1 seeds1 insects1 caterpillars4 ,page #aja #bja ,yellow ,parrot1 ,yellow ,rosella1 ,murray ,smoker 7e71 ,swamp ,lory 7e71 ,yellow-rumped ,parrakeet1 ,p4 flaveolus1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 7interior74 ,stat4 v4r4 lofty river gums #ac4e ,exceedingly lovely bird1 a harmony in blue and canary yellow2 upper under canary-yellow2 back feathers black edged pale-yellow2 wing blue2 tip quills dark-brown2 tail tipped light blue and white2 forehead crimson2 cheeks blue2 f41 duller4 ,seeds4 #bjb99 ,rosella1 ,rosehill ,parrakeet1 ,nonpareil ,parrot1 ,p4 eximius1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 v4c4 open timber #ab4e ,crown1 hind-neck1 chest1 under base tail scarlet2 cheeks white2 back feathers black edged rich yellow2 rump1 upper base tail1 lower abdomen pale-green2 centre-abdomen yellow2 shoulders blue2 tail tipped pale blue2 f41 young sim4 #e #e #bjc99 ,mallee ,parrot 7,scrub71 ,barnard ,parrakeet1 ,ring-neck1 ,bulla-,bulla1 ,barnardius barnardi1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 7interior74 ,stat4 c4 mallee scrub1 water courses #ac ,crown1 chest1 abdomen1 rump rich-green2 yellow band on hind-neck2 forehead red2 back bluish-gray2 centre-abdomen orange2 wing-quills black2 shoulder blue2 centre tail feathers green becoming deep iridescent blue at tip2 side tail deep blue at base becoming bluish white at tip2 bill horn color2 f41 sim4 ,seeds4 #h #h #bjd99 ,blue-,bonnet1 ,bulloak ,parrot1 ,yellow-vented ,parrakeet1 ,psephotus zanthorrhous1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 7inland74 c4 mallee-scrub1 plains #ab4e ,forehead1 face blue2 crown1 upper1 chest yellowish-gray2 rump1 under base tail1 abdomen deep yellow1 about legs scarlet2 edge shoulder1 patch on wing blue2 wing-quills blackish-brown2 f41 duller4 ,seeds4 #bje99 ,many-colored ,parrot 7,varied1 ,mulga71 ,p4 multicolor1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 7inland74 ,stat4 c4 plains #ab ,head1 neck1 chest1 back green2 rump little red2 abdomen1 thighs scarlet2 forehead1 shoulder1 under base tail yellow2 f41 brick red patch on shoulder1 duller4 ,grass-seeds4 ,page #ajb ,illustration3 #bjf #bjg #bjh #bji #baj #bjf99 ,red-backed ,parrot 7,grass1 ,red-rumped1 ,ground71 ,p4 haematonotus1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,large flocks1 v4c4 grass #aa ,green2 lower-back scarlet2 tip-shoulder outer wing-quills blue2 centre-shoulder1 abdomen yellow2 f41 brownish-olive upper4 ,seeds4 #g #g #bjg ,bourke ,grass-,parrot 7,night1 ,pink-bellied71 ,neophema bourkei1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 7interior74 v4r4 plains #h4e ,upper olive-brown2 under delicate brown tinged pink2 forehead1 shoulder1 flanks1 under tail blue2 f41 forehead not blue4 ,seeds4 #bjh ,blue-winged ,grass-,parrot 7,blue-banded71 ,n4 venusta1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t41 ,king ,is4 #bjh ,neophema chrysostoma4 ,mig4 r4 open timber #i ,forehead1 large patch shoulder deep-blue2 crown1 neck1 back1 breast green2 face1 abdomen light-yellow2 tail tipped fine yellow2 f41 sim4 ,grass seeds4 #bji99 ,grass-,parrot 7,elegant ,grass71 ,n4 elegans1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,mig4 r4 grass #i ,forehead1 patch shoulder1 wing-quills blue2 about eye rich-yellow2 back golden-green2 chest green2 abdomen1 side of tail yellow2 f41 duller4 ,seeds4 ,musical whistle4 #baj ,orange-breasted ,grass-,parrot 7,orange-bellied71 ,n4 chrysogastra1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,mig4 r4 grass #i ,crown1 upper grass-green2 forehead blue2 cheeks1 breast yellowish-green2 shoulder1 patch on wing deep-blue2 abdomen1 under base tail yellow2 lower abdomen much orange2 f41 less orange4 ,seeds4 ,sharp snapping note4 #baa ,red-,shouldered ,grass-,parrot 7,chestnut-shouldered1 ,beautiful71 ,n4 pulchella1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,mig4 c4 timber #h ,cheeks1 shoulders rich metallic-blue2 crown1 hind-neck1 upper1 flanks bright olive-green2 bright patch chestnut-red at insertion of wing2 under rich-yellow1 tail green tipped yellow2 f41 sim4 ,seeds4 ,page #ajc ,illustration3 #baa #bab #bac #bad #bae #baf #bab ,scarlet-chested ,grass-,parrot 7,orange-throated1 ,splendid71 ,n4 splendida1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s41 ,w4,a4 v4r4 scrub #h ,head1 neck beautiful deep-blue2 shoulder blue2 breast scarlet2 abdomen light-yellow2 upper green2 f41 duller1 breast green4 ,seeds4 #a #a #bac99 ,swift ,parrot 7,red-shouldered71 ,swift-flying ,lorikeet 7e71 ,euphema discolor1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 #bac ,lathamus discolor4 ,mig4 r4 flowering eucalypts #i4e ,green2 forehead1 throat1 tip-shoulder1 base tail above below1 under-wing red2 crown1 edge wing blue2 f41 smaller1 duller4 ,honey4 #a #a #bad99 ,warbling ,grass-,parrot 7,shell-1 ,canary-1 ,zebra-71 ,betcherrygah1 ,budgerigar1 ,love-,bird 7,flight-71 ,melopsittacus undulatus1 ,a4 7int474 ,mig4 flocks c4 timber #g4e ,head1 throat yellow2 under1 rump green2 upper green finely barred black2 several dark spots on throat2 f41 smaller4 ,grass-seeds4 #a #b #bae ,ground ,parrot 7,swamp71 ,pezoporus terrestris1 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,w4,a41 ,t41 ,bass ,st4 ,is4 v4r4 u4 sandy1 swampy #ac ,green uniformly barred black yellow2 forehead scarlet2 tail long2 never perches2 f41 sim4 ,seeds4 #a #a #baf ,night ,parrot 7,spinifex71 ,western ,ground ,parrakeet1 ,geopsittacus occidentalis1 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 v4r4 u4 swampy #aj ,like #bae1 but forehead not red2 under base short tail yellow4 ,f4 #gg4 ,stringopidae1 ,owl-,parrot1 #b sp4 ,a4 7,n4,z474 ,australia is well represented in ,order ,,xviii4--,picarian ,birds4 ,the ,tawny ,frogmouth is one of the most peculiar1 and is the ugliest of birds4 ,on account of its wide mouth1 it is called the ,frogmouth1 and on account of the confusion connecting it with the ,boobook ,owl1 which calls ,mopoke1 this bird is also called the ,mopoke 7see p4 #he74 ,it so closely mimics a broken branch during the day that it is seldom seen1 though it is fairly common4 ,gould bears eloquent testimony to the value of ,australian birds in general1 and the ,podargus in particular1 when he says3 ,in no other country is there a greater proportion of insectivorous birds1 and certainly none in which nocturnal species such as the ,podargi are more numerous4 ,the ,australian ,roller 7,dollar-,bird7 has the family beauty1 and has a white circular patch on each wing1 which shows clearly when the wing is expanded during flight4 ,at the ,tallangatta excursion a pair was working even after dusk near the schoolground4 ,flying from the topmost dead branch1 one bird suddenly closed its wings1 and cut queer antics in the air4 ,after flying a considerable distance1 it returned to its former perch1 and the mate set off4 ,on the return of the mate the first set off again1 and so on4 ,with their disagreeable1 rough treek treek1 and peculiar antics1 they are conspicuous birds4 ,it is our one representative of a family most strongly developed in ,africa4 ,while ,kingfishers are cosmopolitan 7world-wide in distribution71 yet the ,australian region contains far more of these beautiful birds than any other region4 ,they are famous in legend and story1 and we owe to them the expression1 halcyon days 7,gr4 alkuon1 a ,kingfisher74 ,the great terrestrial ,kingfishers1 of which ,australia has three species--the fourth being confined to ,new ,guinea--are amongst the avine curiosities of ,australia4 ,few birds are more famous than the ,laughing ,kingfisher 7,jackass71 first1 on account of his gigantic size--hence his specific name1 gigas--and1 secondly1 because of his laugh1 which brightens many a gloomy1 misty day in lonely country districts4 ,homesick travellers from foreign lands could only hear evil spirits laughing at their trials and loneliness1 but1 just as mountains1 once thought ugly1 are now considered beautiful1 so other thoughts are now associated with the laugh of our remarkable ,australian ,kingfisher4 ,true to the law of representatives1 ,australia presents us with a beautiful representative of the ,old ,world family of ,bee-eaters4 ,a writer has well said that there are few so beautiful1 and none so graceful4 ,its scientific name1 ornatus1 shows that our bird stands well amongst its fellows4 ,one kind occasionally visits ,england 7about thirty records in the last hundred years74 ,in the same order come the ,goatsuckers1 or ,nightjars1 wide-mouthed1 swift-flying1 insectivorous birds1 which have an almost cosmopolitan range1 being absent only from ,new ,zealand and the ,polynesian ,islands4 ,these ,owl-like birds have very long wings1 thus indicating their rapid flight4 ,they are very valuable insect destroyers1 though they are sometimes called ,night ,hawks1 and are shot by people who foolishly shoot hawks4 ,many destructive insects fly only at night1 and these night-flying birds are a necessity to maintain the balance of ,nature4 ,swifts are cosmopolitan birds4 ,one ,swiftlet is world-famous on account of its saliva-built nest1 which is the edible swallows' nest we used to read about4 ,this bird occasionally visits ,queensland4 ,two of the ,australian birds breed in ,japan4 ,they are essentially creatures of the air2 their long1 pointed wings1 shown much longer than the tail1 indicate great speed4 ,gould said that a ,swift might be hawking for insects over ,victoria one hour1 and over ,tasmania the next hour2 that is1 it can cross ,bass ,strait in an hour4 ,the spines at the end of the short tail feathers are thought to assist as a prop when the bird settles on a wall or a cliff face4 ,in some ,swifts the four toes point forward2 this helps also in cliff clinging4 ,though so common in the upper air1 ,swifts have not1 in ,victoria1 been recorded as having been seen to alight4 ,most birds have hollow bones which are filled with air4 ,it was claimed by those who like to find a use for everything that this was an obvious adaptation for purposes of flight1 but when one reflects that1 in some of the ,ostrich and ,emu group1 the members of which never fly1 the bones are strongly pneumatic1 while in ,terns and ,swifts1 and some other flying birds1 the bones are solid1 one must hesitate before generalizing even about such an apparently obvious matter4 ,swifts are in no way related to ,swallows1 but are close to ,humming ,birds1 which are born with a wide1 ,swift-like mouth4 ,page #ajd ,illustration3 #bag #bah #bai #bbj #bba #bbb ,,order ,,xviii4--,,coraciiformes1 ,,picarian ,,birds4 ,f4 #gh4 ,steatornithidae1 ,oil-,bird1 ,guacharo1 #a sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #gi4 ,,podargidae 7#f71 ,,frogmouths1 #cb sp4--#bj7bj7;,a41 #ab7ab7,o4 #d #g #bag ,tawny ,frogmouth 7,tawny-shouldered71 ,mopoke 7e71 ,podargus strigoides1 ,a4,t4 ,stat4 c4 open forest #ah ,upper brown freckled grayish-white and darker-brown2 wings lighter1 spotted black and buff2 tawny patch on wing2 tail tawny-brown barred blackish-brown2 wide bill brown2 nocturnal2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,oom1 oom4 #b #ac #bah ,owlet ,nightjar 7,little71 ,banded ,goatsucker 7e71 ,moth ,owl 7e71 ,a,egotheles novae-hollandiae1 ,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 r4 timber #h4e ,blackish-gray2 tail faintly banded2 obscure collar2 short1 wide bill2 bristles round bill2 nocturnal2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 mosquitoes1 moths4 ,f4 #hj4 ,leptosomatidae1 ,kirombos1 ,madagascar ,rollers1 #b sp4 ,e4 ,page #aje ,f4 #ha4 ,,coraciidae 7#a71 ,,rollers1 #cb sp4--#e7e7;,a41 #f7c7,o41 #c7j7,p41 #bb7ba7;,e4 #a #aa #bai99 ,australian ,roller1 ,dollar 7,star7 ,bird1 ,eurystomus pacificus1 ,cel41 ,mol41 ,a4 exc4 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,lord ,howe ,is41 ,n4,z4 ,mig4 r4 timber #ab ,head1 upper dark-brown2 inner-wing bluish1 outer-wing dark-blue with a silvery-blue patch 7dollar72 throat dark-blue2 eyelash1 wide curved bill1 feet red2 many shades of blue and green2 abdomen light-green2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,f4 #hb4 ,,alcedinidae 7#ad71 ,,kingfishers1 #bjj sp4--#aab7aje7;,a41 #eb7dd7,o41 #e7j7,p41 #ca7cj7;,e41 #c7j7,nc41 #aa7h7,nl4 #c #g #bbj99 ,blue ,kingfisher 7,azure1 ,water1 ,river71 ,alcyone azurea1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,mig4 r4 water #h ,upper ultramarine-blue2 behind ear yellowish-white patch2 wings black2 throat whitish2 under rusty-orange2 bill black2 f41 sim4 ,fish1 insects4 #c #d #bba99 ,laughing ,kingfisher 7,great ,brown1 ,giant71 ,laughing ,jackass1 ,bushman's 7,settler's7 ,clock1 ,kookaburra1 ,dacelo gigas1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 v4c4 timber #ag4e ,upper1 line from bill past eye brown2 side-head1 under whitish2 blue1 white spots on wing2 tail barred brown1 black1 tipped white2 f41 sim4 ,lizards1 insects1 snakes4 #f #ga #bbb ,red-backed ,kingfisher 7,golden71 ,halcyon pyrrhopygius1 ,a4 7interior74 r4 open country #h ,back1 rump reddish-brown2 collar1 under white2 crown dull-green streaked white2 dark band from bill through eye round back of head2 wings1 tail bluish2 f41 sim4 ,fish1 insects4 ,page #ajf ,illustration3 #bbc #bbd #bbe #bbf #bbg #bbh #bbc99 ,sacred ,kingfisher 7,wood1 ,forest1 ,tree71 ,h4 sanctus1 ,cel41 ,java to ,a41 ,t41 ,n4 ,heb4 ,mig4 c4 timber1 near water #h ,head1 upper greenish-blue2 whitish collar2 buffy-white under2 bill long black2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 ants1 lizards1 fish4 ,f4 #hc4 ,bucerotidae1 ,hornbills1 #ga sp4--#d7d7;,a41 #cc7cc7,o41 #cd7cd7;,e4 ,f4 #hd4 ,upupidae1 ,hoopoes1 #f sp4--#b7a7,o41 #b7j7,p41 #d7c7;,e4 ,f4 #he4 ,irrisoridae1 ,wood-,hoopoes1 #ab sp4 ,e4 ,f4 #hf4 ,,meropidae 7#a71 ,,bee-,,eaters1 #da sp4--#e7d7;,a41 #aj7f7,o41 #b7j7,p41 #cj7bg7;,e4 ,page #ajg #a #ba #bbd99 ,australian ,bee-eater1 ,rainbow ,bird1 ,sandpiper 7e71 ,kingfisher 7e71 ,spinetail1 ,pintail1 ,merops ornatus1 ,cel41 ,lesser ,sunda ,is41 ,mol41 ,a4 ,mig4 c4 open forests #aj ,crown1 back1 inner-wing brownish-green2 wing-quills orange-brown1 tipped black2 band on throat blackish2 line below eye1 lower-back blue2 throat orange2 tail black2 two tail feathers longer2 curved bill black3 f41 sim4 ,insects1 very rarely bees4 ,f4 #hg4 ,momotidae1 ,motmots1 #bd sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #hh4 ,todidae1 ,todies1 #g sp4 ,nl4 7,west ,indies74 ,f4 #hi4 ,,caprimulgidae 7#c71 ,,nightjars1 ,,goatsuckers1 #abd sp4--#aa7h7;,a41 #bb7ag7,o41 #aj7d7,p41 #cj7bf7;,e41 #aa7e7,nc41 #eg7ea7,nl4 #b #c #bbe ,white-throated ,nightjar1 ,night ,hawk 7e71 ,moth 7,fern7 ,owl1 ,eurostopus albigularis1 ,n4,g41 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 #bbe ,eurostopodus albigularis4 ,stat4 r4 open forest #ac ,upper mottled1 striped gray1 brown2 head darker2 wings dark-brown marked gray1 spotted buff1 with white patch 7see figure72 white patch side of throat2 under buff marked dark-brown2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,valuable nocturnal birds4 #bbf ,spotted ,nightjar1 ,e4 argus41 ,aru ,is41 ,new ,ireland1 ,a4 ,stat4 r4 open forest #ab ,like #bbe1 but uniform rusty-brown abdomen and under base tail2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,valuable1 nocturnal4 ,f4 #ij4 ,macropterygidae1 ,tree-,swifts1 #g sp4--#c7c7;,a41 #d7d7,o4 ,f4 #ia4 ,,cypselidae 7#d71 ,,swifts1 #ajc sp4--#aa7g7;,a41 #cc7bd7,o41 #i7a7,p41 #bh7bb7;,e41 #d7j7,nc41 #cj7bf7,nl4 #a #cd #bbg99 ,spine-tailed ,swift1 ,chactura caudacuta1 ,sib41 ,jap41 ,china1 to ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 ,mig4 c4 upper air #g4e ,throat1 forehead1 back edge wing1 flanks1 under base tail white2 wings1 tail deep shining-green2 under1 back grayish-brown2 short tail ends in spines2 f4 smaller4 ,flying insects4 #a #be #bbh ,white-rumped ,swift 7,australian71 ,cypselus pacificus1 ,e4 ,sib41 ,jap41 ,indo-,china to ,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z4 #bbh ,apus pacificus4 ,mig4 r4 upper air #g ,upper brownish-black2 rump1 throat white2 under brown2 long forked tail2 indistinct collar2 f41 sim4 ,flying insects4 ,f4 #ib4 ,trochilidae1 ,humming-,birds1 #eha sp4--#ah 7#e7 ,nc41 #egf7efc7,nl4 ,f4 #ic4 ,coliidae1 ,mouse-,birds1 #ad sp4 ,e4 ,f4 #id4 ,trogonidae1 ,trogons1 #ed sp4--#af7af7,o41 #d7d7;,e41 #a7j7,nc41 #cd7cc7,nl4 ,few birds have attracted more notice1 or have been more written about1 than ,cuckoos4 ,to dwellers in lands with a dreary winter1 the ,cuckoo heralds the spring1 so its call is most welcome4 ,then1 too1 the mysteries connected with its upbringing have proved of interest to all ,nature and bird lovers4 ,its call1 ,cuckoo1 aptly described as the most imitable of bird calls1 has also assisted in making the bird a favorite4 ,the ,pallid ,cuckoo belongs to the same genus as the well-known ,cuckoo of ,england4 ,it also resembles that bird in appearance4 ,its note1 however1 is quite different4 ,at times it seems to be endeavoring to run up a chromatic scale1 so1 in some districts1 it is called the ,scale ,bird4 ,at other times1 after three running notes1 it repeats one note strongly4 ,so persistent is it in calling that it is called in places the ,brain-fever ,bird4 ,last ,september1 in ,castlemaine1 it called all night in the street trees4 ,few1 however1 seemed to notice it1 and fewer still knew what was uttering the persistent call4 ,possibly other birds recognize the ,cuckoo as an enemy1 or possibly its remarkable superficial resemblance to a ,hawk causes birds to chase it4 ,however1 in some cases1 possibly1 the male ,cuckoo does not object to being chased4 ,he draws the birds away1 while the female ,cuckoo quietly places an egg in a convenient nest1 and retires unmolested4 ,the ,fan-tailed or ,ash-colored ,cuckoo is not so conspicuous1 as it keeps to more secluded places1 and is a solitary bird4 ,its flight is heavy and labored4 ,it also has a habit of elevating and lowering its tail several times both before and after flight4 ,its frequent1 plaintive1 trilling note often reveals its presence1 which would otherwise be overlooked4 ,the ,brush ,cuckoo is rare4 ,in fact1 considerable difficulty was experienced in obtaining a specimen for the photograph above1 as there was no named specimen in the ,national ,museum4 ,thanks to ,messrs4 ,kershaw and ,french1 the difficulty was at last overcome4 ,the ,bronze ,cuckoos are very similar4 ,they will be immediately recognized by the under-surface barred brown and white1 and the golden-green or bronze lustre of the dark back4 ,the ,new ,zealand ,bronze-,cuckoo migrates from ,n4,e4 ,australia and ,new ,guinea4 ,apparently it sometimes migrates down the ,east ,coast1 instead of to ,new ,zealand4 ,the ,narrow-billed ,bronze ,cuckoo has a narrower bill1 and the centre tail feathers are brownish-chestnut at the base4 ,while the birds are so similar1 their eggs are quite unlike4 ,the ,bronze ,cuckoo lays a bronze egg1 generally in dome-shaped or covered nests4 ,it is sometimes found in ,tits' nests4 ,the ,narrow-billed ,bronze ,cuckoo has a red-speckled egg1 which is placed often in an open or cup-shaped nest4 ,the last ,cuckoo--the ,channel-bill--is one of the largest of ,cuckoos4 ,it is a northern bird1 which very rarely reaches the southern part of the continent4 ,its large bill is characteristic4 ,its tail is large1 and often spread out fanwise1 thus giving a majestic appearance to the bird4 ,its call is not pleasing1 as it is described by ,gould as a frightful scream1 and again as consisting of awful notes4 ,it lays its eggs sometimes in the nest of a ,sparrowhawk 7not ,kestrel71 or in the nest of a ,magpie1 ,bell-,magpie 7,strepera71 or even of a ,crow4 ,it appears with the first flood-waters1 and follows the rivers from the ,gulf of ,carpentaria watershed down to ,cooper's ,creek and ,lake ,eyre4 ,one large ,australian ,cuckoo builds its own nest1 and rears its own young4 ,this bird1 however1 does not visit ,southern ,australia4 ,in addition to the interest of their habits and life history1 ,cuckoos are amongst the most valuable of insectivorous birds4 ,few birds will eat the vine caterpillar or hairy caterpillar4 ,the ,cuckoos1 however1 are very fond of these1 and so should be encouraged4 ,they do no harm to anything we need4 ,page #ajh ,illustration3 #bbi #bcj #bca #bcb ,,order ,,xix4--,,coccyges4 ,f4 #ie4 ,musophagidae1 ,plantain-eaters1 ,touracos1 #ce sp4 ,e4 ,f4 #if4 ,,cuculidae 7#ad71 ,,cuckoos 7,cuckows71 #bjb sp4--#fa7ej7;,a41 #eg7db7,o41 #h7j7,p41 #ee7ea7;,e41 #h7j7,nc41 #dc7ce7,nl4 ,page #aji #b #aa #bbi99 ,pallid ,cuckoo 7,unadorned71 ,harbinger-of-,spring1 ,scale 7,semitone1 ,brain-fever1 ,storm7 ,bird1 ,mosquito 7,grasshopper7 ,hawk1 ,cuculus inornatus1 ,a41 ,t4 vt ,eur4 ,cuckoo4 #bbi ,cuculus pallidus4 ,mig4 v4c4 open1 timber #ab ,upper brown2 under gray2 tail barred white1 brown2 eyelash yellow2 white at edge wing2 wing spotted1 marked lighter2 f41 upper mottled whitish1 rufous4 ,caterpillars1 insects4 ,runs up scale1 calls frequently at night4 #c #ac #bcj99 ,fan-tailed ,cuckoo1 ,ash-colored1 ,cacomantis rufulus 7flabelliformis71 ,aru ,is41 ,a41 ,t4 ,mig4 c4 open1 timber #aj ,head1 upper dark slate-gray2 under rust-red2 throat gray2 tail dark toothed with white2 white edge of wing2 eyelash citron-yellow2 f41 smaller4 ,caterpillars1 insects4 ,sad trill often repeated4 #bca ,square-tailed ,cuckoo 7,brush71 ,c4 flabelliformis 7variolosus71 ,mol41 ,timor1 ,n4,g41 ,a4 ,mig4 v4r4 open timber #i4b ,like #bcj1 but smaller2 tail feathers toothed with white on inner web only2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 #a #a #bcb ,black-eared ,cuckoo1 ,mesocalius palliolatus1 ,mol41 ,aru ,is41 ,a4 #bcb ,misocalius palliolatus4 ,mig4 v4r4 scrub #g4e ,head1 upper1 wings glossy olive-brown2 shoulder darker2 tail olive-brown tipped white2 side tail feather five white bars2 behind ear a narrow black streak2 above this a lighter patch2 under pale-brown2 f41 duller4 ,insects4 ,feeble plaintive note4 ,page #aaj ,illustration3 #bcc #bcd #bce #bcf #e #ae #bcc ,narrow-billed ,bronze ,cuckoo1 ,chalcococcyx basalis1 ,mal4 ,pen41 ,java1 ,cel41 to ,a41 ,t4 ,mig4 c4 open1 timber #f4b ,upper beautiful bronze-green2 under barred brown1 white2 like #bcd but bill narrower2 lighter brown head2 paler back2 outer tail feathers strongly barred blackish-brown1 white2 centre abdomen not barred2 base tail much chestnut2 f41 duller4 ,insects1 caterpillars4 ,page #aaa #bcd ,broad-billed ,bronze ,cuckoo 7,new ,zealand1 ,shining71 ,pipiwharauroa1 ,c4 lucidus1 ,e4,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z41 ,chatham ,is41 ,macquarie ,is4 7acc74 ,mig4 v4r4 open1 timber #f4b ,like #bcc1 but outer tail feathers barred white2 next feathers barred rufous2 forehead freckled with white2 crown1 hind-neck shining-green2 bill broader2 f41 duller4 ,insects4 #bce99 ,bronze ,cuckoo1 ,c4 plagosus1 ,a41 ,t41 ,pac4 ,is4 ,mig4 c4 open1 timber #f4b ,like #bcc1 #bcd2 crown1 hind-neck dark violet-brown2 very little rufous on tail2 f41 duller4 ,insects1 caterpillars4 #a #a #bcf ,channel-bill1 ,giant ,cuckoo1 ,storm 7,flood1 ,rain7 ,bird1 ,toucan 7e71 ,hornbill 7e71 ,scythrops novae-hollandiae1 ,cel41 ,flores1 ,mol41 ,a41 ,t4 7once74 ,mig4 r4 plains #bd ,gray2 tail banded black2 tipped white barred black1 white below2 bill very large1 light horn-color2 red about eye2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 berries4 ,f4 #ig4 ,indicatoridae1 ,honey-,guides1 #ah sp4--#b7b7,o41 #af7af7;,e4 ,f4 #ih4 ,capitonidae1 ,barbets1 #adj sp4--#dj7dj7,o41 #hb7hb7;,e41 #ah7ah7,nl4 ,f4 #ii4 ,rhamphastidae1 ,toucans1 #fj sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #ajj4 ,galbulidae1 ,jacamars1 #bb sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #aja4 ,bucconidae1 ,puff ,birds1 #de sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #ajb4 ,picidae1 ,woodpeckers1 ,piculets1 ,wrynecks1 ,flickers1 #ddj sp4--#f7e7;,a41 #abd7aag7,o41 #da7cc7,p41 #ed7ec7;,e41 #dd7cb7,nc41 #aig7aha7,nl4 ,f4 #ajc4 ,eurylaemidae1 ,broadbills1 #af sp4 ,o4 ,the only family of birds restricted to the ,oriental ,region4 ,one of the most interesting birds in the world is the ,lyre ,bird1 whose beautiful tail1 alas1 often brings early death to its rightful owner4 ,there are three species of these birds1 found only in the mountainous parts of ,south-eastern ,australia1 and as far as ,wide ,bay1 in ,southern ,queensland4 ,two of the species are found in ,new ,south ,wales and ,southern ,queensland1 while the third is found in ,victoria4 ,though these beautiful birds are supposed to be protected1 hundreds of their tails are sold annually in ,london4 ,the ,lyre ,bird is responsible for the statement that ,australia possesses ,wrens as large as peacocks1 whereas most ,wrens are very small4 ,however1 the ,lyre ,bird is not now classed with ,wrens4 ,in all its ways1 the ,lyre ,bird is of interest4 ,its dancing mounds1 its large domed nest1 containing but one egg1 and its remarkable mimicking powers have frequently been written about4 ,dr4 ,sharpe has lately placed the ,lyre ,birds in an ,order by themselves--,order ,,xx4 ,gould considered the ,lyre ,bird the most shy of birds1 for he spent days in the forest gullies surrounded by them1 but though he was entertained by their many and varied calls1 he caught no sight of a bird4 ,the wonderful tail is not attained until the male bird is four years old4 ,it is unique1 and is the most beautiful tail ornament worn by any bird4 ,dr4 ,newton hoped that so remarkable a form as the ,lyre ,bird1 the nearly sole survivor1 apparently1 of a very ancient race of beings1 will not be allowed to become extinct--its almost certain fate1 so far as can be judged--without many more observations of its manners being made1 and fuller details of them placed on record4 ,australians please note4 ,you alone can assist by collecting facts and recording reliable observations4 ,bird-lovers hope that the ,lyre ,bird will be successfully established in the ,national ,park1 ,wilson's ,promontory1 where some have already been placed1 and so be preserved for future generations4 ,its large1 domed nest is usually placed on the ground1 and the large single egg 7or the young one7 is often taken by the fox4 ,further1 its natural haunts--dense forest scrubs--are being rapidly cleared1 so that the bird is doomed1 except in special sanctuaries4 ,the ,lyre ,bird is now generally acknowledged to be the prince of mocking birds4 ,it mimics clearly all bush noises1 the chopping of trees1 sawing of logs1 barking of dogs1 clucking of hens1 the singing of native birds4 ,its dancing mounds are interesting4 ,near one of these mounds1 on the ,upper ,snowy ,river1 in the wild cherry scrub1 we observed a nest at a height of about thirty feet from the ground4 ,australians6 you owe it to mankind in general to see that the protection supposed to be given to the ,lyre ,bird is a reality4 ,recently1 after passing a lady much bedecked with ,bird of ,paradise plumes1 ,i thought it was fortunate the ,lyre ,bird's tail was too large for a lady's hat4 ,imagine my surprise when1 at the next street corner 7,collins and ,spring ,streets71 ,i met a lady with a ,lyre ,bird's tail stuck through her head-dress4 ,however1 ,i have seen no other tail used for such a purpose4 ,in ,america the ,audubon ,society has done splendid work by disseminating knowledge about ,american birds1 and arousing public interest in the value of birds4 ,there1 also1 thorough scientific investigation has been made of the value of insect-eating and seed-eating birds4 ,it has been stated1 as the result of full research1 that one wild pigeon1 in whose crop over #gjjj weed seeds were found1 was as efficacious in destroying weeds as two farm laborers4 ,it is to be noted that no less an agricultural authority than ,professor ,gilruth1 of the ,veterinary ,school1 ,melbourne ,university1 has given it as his deliberate opinion that the ,australian farmer would find life impossible without the aid of the detested ,sparrow as a weed destroyer4 ,this is the judgment of a man whose opinion is worthy of serious consideration4 ,it is open to serious doubt if it pays commercially to kill indiscriminately any kind of bird found on this continent4 ,it may1 of course1 happen that one individual bird has learnt where to get an easy food supply at the expense of a farmer or orchardist4 ,such a bird could be kept away4 ,to kill birds at all times1 because of the damage done by a few at a particular time1 is foolish4 ,on the lines of the ,american ,audubon ,society1 the ,gould ,league of ,bird ,lovers has recently been established4 ,just as ,audubon was the great father of ,american ornithology1 so ,john ,gould1 the bird man1 was the father of ,australian ornithology4 ,hence his name has been associated with this movement to save our birds4 ,the movement is progressing by leaps and bounds4 ,the ,victorian branch has a very large body of members1 about #dj1jjj certificates having already been issued to adults and children4 ,tasmania has a branch in full operation4 ,in ,south ,australia bird clubs are doing excellent work1 especially amongst the young people1 and ,queensland and ,new ,south ,wales bird-lovers have taken active steps to develop the movement in their ,states4 ,a ,bird ,day1 by order of the ,minister of ,education1 ,hon4 ,a4 ,a4 ,billson1 and the ,director1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,tate1 was observed in ,victorian schools in #aiji and #aiaj1 with gratifying results4 ,bird-nesting1 for the collection of eggs1 has practically wholly disappeared from our schools1 while at most country schools native birds can be seen nesting on the school grounds1 the children keeping observation notes of nesting and feeding habits of the birds as part of their work in ,nature-study4 ,what study is of greater economic importance to this wealthy1 though occasionally insect-troubled1 land8 ,page #aab ,illustration3 #bcg ,,order ,,xx4--,,menuriformes1 ,,lyre-,,birds4 ,f4 #ajd4 ,,menuridae 7#c71 ,,lyre-,,birds1 #c sp4 ,a4 7,south-,eastern ,a474 #c #c #bcg ,victoria ,lyre-,bird1 ,pheasant 7e71 ,menura victoriae1 ,v4 ,stat4 r4 dense scrubs1 m41 #cf2 f41 #bg ,beautiful lyre tail2 f41 sooty-brown2 all tail feathers fully webbed4 ,insects1 centipedes1 snails4 ,order ,,xxi4--,perching-,birds--contains #aa1ejj species1 more than three-fifths of the world's #ai1jjj birds4 ,as ,perching-,birds 7,passeres7 are still undergoing evolution1 connecting links still live1 so that it is very difficult to divide the ,perching ,birds into well-defined families4 ,sharpe has divided them into sixty-one families1 but1 for several of these1 no exact characters that exclude other birds can be assigned1 so that some of these1 at least1 are not worthy of family rank4 ,however1 ,sharpe's classification represents the latest thought of scientists on this difficult matter1 so it must be adopted here4 ,this large order of birds is divided into two sub-orders3-- #a4 ,songless ,perching-,birds1 made up mainly of ,south ,american birds1 though two families are included that are represented in the ,australian region--viz41 ,pittas 7,pittidae7 and ,new ,zealand ,wrens 7,xenicidae74 #b4 ,song-,birds4 ,birds of the second division are again divided into two3--,a43 ,abnormal ,song-,birds4 ,b43 ,normal ,song-,birds4 ,the first group1 ,abnormal ,song-,birds1 comprises only the two remarkable ,scrub-,birds 7,atrichornithidae7 of ,australia4 ,one of these inhabits ,west ,australian scrubs only1 while the other inhabits ,east ,australian 7,richmond ,river7 scrubs only4 ,the breast bone and the muscles of the voice apparatus are unusual4 ,these birds are about the size of a thrush1 and form one of the most curious ornithological types of the many furnished by that country 7,australia74 ,so far1 no female bird has been examined1 and little is known about these remarkable1 noisy1 scrub-haunting birds4 ,the remaining forty-eight families of birds belong to the ,normal ,song-,birds4 ,it is interesting to note that ,australia contains representatives of twenty-nine families of ,song-,birds4 ,representatives of but nineteen families have been recorded from ,britain4 ,the ,indian ,empire1 including ,burmah and ,ceylon1 contains representatives of twenty-two families1 ,north ,america1 also1 of twenty-two families1 while in ,south ,america twenty-three families are represented in this highest division of birds4 ,again1 while only #hi ,song-,birds have been recorded as permanent residents of1 or regular visitors to1 ,britain1 almost #ejj species of ,song-,birds have1 so far1 been recorded from ,australia and ,tasmania4 ,of these1 #aeg have been recorded from ,victoria1 and are illustrated in this volume4 ,and yet1 we are told1 this is a land of songless birds4 ,swallows have always attracted much notice1 perhaps1 because of their airy play when enjoying themselves after their long migration flight4 ,it is very difficult to realize that ,cuvier and most scientists of one hundred years ago believed that ,swallows hibernated by burying themselves in the mud in the bottom of lakes and pools4 ,it is interesting to note1 in ,gilbert ,white's ,natural ,history of ,selborne1 the growing doubt concerning this belief2 but1 as it was supported by apparently good authority1 he is cautious4 ,fuller observation shows that there are well-marked lines of migration1 so that the ,european ,swallow migrates sometimes even as far as ,south ,africa1 and the ,swallows of ,north ,asia are said to migrate even to ,australia4 ,however1 in our winterless clime1 migration is not complete1 and this year 7#aiaj7 there was probably little migration of ,swallows4 ,as ,swallows are such rapid fliers1 and spend much of their time on the wing1 it is not a matter of surprise to find that they have spread the world over1 except to ,new ,zealand1 though ,tree ,swallows are said to reach even that distant land occasionally4 ,the ,australian members of the ,swallow family present very different nesting habits4 ,while the ,welcome ,swallow builds the well-known cup-like mud nest1 the rare ,white-backed ,swallow drills a two-inch hole into a bank for two or three feet1 and there builds its nest4 ,the ,tree ,martin 7,swallow71 on the other hand1 makes no nest1 but lays its eggs on leaves placed on the rotten wood in the hollow of a tree4 ,the ,fairy ,martin builds a long1 bottle-shaped mud flask1 under a bridge1 or a ledge1 and so is sometimes called the ,bottle or ,retort ,swallow4 ,wood-,swallows and ,swifts do not belong to the ,swallow family4 ,the ,flycatcher family is a large one1 nearly #gjj species being accepted by ,dr4 ,sharpe4 ,more than half of these are restricted to the ,australian region4 ,the ,brown ,flycatcher is almost as common as the ,willie ,wagtail 7,black and ,white ,fantail74 ,the white feather on each side of the tail is a valuable guide1 though the ,groundlark also has this4 ,so often does it sit on fence posts looking at the passer-by that it has been called the ,post-,sitter4 ,its ,sydney name1 ,jacky ,winter1 is less formal than ,brown ,flycatcher--a name which is already in use for another bird4 ,the ,robin ,redbreast of ,britain is regarded with affection by all ,english children4 ,that feeling has been transferred to the externally slightly similar ,robin ,redbreasts of this country1 though they are not at all related to the ,british ,robins4 ,redbreast is really the name of the ,english bird1 and ,robin is perhaps a term of endearment added to the name ,redbreast4 ,while the ,british bird has a rufous breast1 the ,australian birds have a scarlet breast1 and are much handsomer birds4 ,the ,british ,robin is now placed in the ,thrush family4 ,once given to members of this family1 the name ,robin has been adopted for related birds that have no red--e4g41 the black and white ,hooded ,robin1 and the ,tasmanian ,dusky ,robin4 ,the ,shrike ,robins belong to the ,shrike family1 so they need not be mentioned here4 ,the ,scrub ,robin of the inland dry scrubs belongs to the same family as the ,coachwhip ,bird and the ,babbler4 ,the ,fantails and some1 at least1 of the ,flycatchers proper are known to all4 ,who does not know and admire the plucky1 though fussy ,black and ,white ,fantail 7,willie ,wagtail71 as it drives a cat or a dog away from the vicinity of its nest1 or as it waits impatiently about the mouth of a grazing cow or horse1 or as it expresses its opinion of itself in the melodious sweet1 pretty creature1 heard even late on moonlight nights8 ,the friendly ,white-shafted ,fantail is almost as well known1 as it flits about a camp or catches flies near some water-course4 ,at the ,summer ,school1 a ,fantail spent some time each day in the dining-tent4 ,the beautiful ,rufous ,fantail is just as tame1 but is not quite so common4 ,the nests of the ,white-shafted and ,rufous ,fantails are things of beauty4 ,the long wine-glass stem is said by some to serve to drain the water away down from the nest1 or as a means of carrying the eye down from the nest itself1 so that it is seldom seen1 or as a balance1 so that the nest is not tilted too far in windy weather4 ,the ,scissors ,grinder1 or ,restless ,flycatcher1 is very much like a ,black and ,white ,fantail1 but the throat is white1 while that of the ,fantail is black4 ,the ,grinder is often mentioned in popular books on bird-life1 on account of its peculiar scissors-grinding note uttered while hovering in search of insects4 7continued below7 ,page #aac ,,order ,,xxi4--,,passeriformes1 ,,perching ,,birds4 ,f4 #aje4 ,pteroptochidae1 ,tapaculos1 ,tilt-birds1 #ca sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #ajf4 ,conophagidae1 ,antwrens1 #af sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #ajg4 ,formicariidae1 ,ant-thrushes1 #cdh sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #ajh4 ,dendrocolaptidae1 ,wood-hewers1 ,spinetails1 #dje sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #aji4 ,tyrannidae1 ,tyrant-birds1 ,american ,flycatchers1 ,kingbird1 ,phoebe1 #efj sp4--#da7i7,nc41 #eea7eai7,nl4 ,f4 #aaj4 ,oxyrhamphidae1 #c sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #aaa4 ,pipridae1 ,mannikins1 #hd sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #aab4 ,cotingidae1 ,cotingas1 ,chatterers1 #ade sp4--#a7j7,nc41 #ade7add7,nl4 ,f4 #aac4 ,phytotomidae1 ,plant-cutters1 #d sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #aad4 ,,pittidae 7#d71 ,,ant-,,thrushes1 #fc sp4--#cb7cb7;,a41 #cj7cj7,o41 #a7a7;,e4 ,f4 #aae4 ,philepittidae1 ,wattled ,ant-thrushes1 #b sp4 ,e4 7,madagascar74 ,f4 #aaf4 ,xenicidae1 ,new ,zealand ,wrens1 #d sp4 ,a4 7,n4,z474 ,f4 #aag4 ,,atrichornithidae 7#b71 ,,scrub-,,birds1 #b sp4 ,a47,n4,s4,w41 ,w4,a474 ,page #aaf ,illustration3 #bea #bed #bee #bef #bei #bfb #bfe #bfe;,a #bff #bea ,white-throated ,flyeater #bed ,white-shafted ,fantail #bee ,rufous ,fantail #bef ,black and ,white ,fantail #bei ,restless ,flycatcher #bfb ,black-faced ,cuckoo-,shrike #bfe ,white-shouldered ,caterpillar-eater #bfe;,a ,white-shouldered ,caterpillar-eater 7,f47 #bff ,spotted ,ground-,bird ,page #aah ,illustration3 #bgb #bgc #bgf #bgh #bgi #bhj #bha #bha;,a #bhb #bgb ,coachwhip ,bird #bgc ,gray-crowned ,babbler #bgf ,white browed ,field-,wren #bgh ,brown ,song ,lark #bgi ,rufous ,song ,lark #bhj ,mountain ,thrush #bha ,white-fronted ,chat #bha;,a ,white-fronted ,chat 7,female7 #bhb ,crimson-breasted ,chat ,page #abj ,illustration3 #bch #bci #bdj #bda #bdb #bdc ,f4 #aah4 ,,hirundinidae 7#f71 ,,swallows1 ,,martins1 #aaf sp4--#i7f7;,a41 #be7g7,o41 #af7b7,p41 #ed7ej7;,e41 #aj7a7,nc41 #cd7bg7,nl4 #c #dj #bch99 ,welcome ,swallow 7,house71 ,chelidon 7,hirundo7 neoxena1 ,a41 ,t4 vt4 ,eur4 ,house ,swallow4 ,mig4 c4 houses #f4f ,breast1 throat1 forehead rust-red2 abdomen whitish2 head1 back1 rump black2 tail forked1 a band of whitish spots2 f41 duller4 ,flying insects4 ,page #aba #a #a #bci ,white-backed ,swallow 7,black and ,white1 ,white-breasted1 ,white-capped71 ,cheramoeca leucosternum1 ,a41 exc4 ,n4 ,ter4 vt4 ,eur4 ,sand-,martin4 ,stat4 r4 inland #e4h ,back1 throat1 chest white2 wings1 tail1 rump1 abdomen black2 no rust-red2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 #b #aj #bdj99 ,tree ,martin1 ,tree ,swallow1 ,petrochelidon nigricans1 ,mol41 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t41 ,bass ,st4 ,is41 ,n4,z4 vt4 ,eur4 ,tree ,swallow4 ,mig4 flocks1 v4c4 timber #e4a ,head1 back black2 under1 rump whitish-gray2 indistinct whitish collar2 rust-red forehead2 f41 sim4 ,flying insects4 #bda ,fairy ,martin1 ,bottle 7,land1 ,cliff1 ,retort7 ,swallow1 ,p4 ariel1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 7occ74 ,mig4 c4 cliffs1 banks #d4g ,head rust-red2 black back2 rump1 under white2 tail slightly forked2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,f4 #aai4 ,,muscicapidae 7#ga71 ,,flycatchers1 #fij sp4--#ced7cdf7;,a41 #afd7adh7,o41 #ad7a7,p41 #aee7aea7;,e41 #e7b7,nc41 #bj7ag7,nl4 #d #aa #bdb99 ,australian ,brown ,flycatcher1 ,jacky ,winter1 ,postboy1 ,post-sitter1 ,white-tail1 ,stump-,bird1 ,spinks1 ,peter-,peter1 ,microeca fascinans1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 open1 forest #e4b ,upper pale-brown2 side tail white2 under lighter2 chin1 abdomen white2 swings tail sideways2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,songster4 #bdc ,allied ,flycatcher 7,lesser ,brown71 ,m4 assimilis1 ,n4,a41 ,v4 7acc71 ,w4,a4 ,insects4 ,stat4 c4 open1 forest #d4f ,like #bdb1 but smaller2 outer tail feathers brown at base4 ,page #abb ,illustration3 #bdd #bde #bdf #bdg #bdh #bdi #aa #ag #bdd99 ,scarlet-breasted ,robin1 ,petroica leggei1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,t4 ,mig4 c4 7winter7 open1 7summer7 forest gullies #e4b ,head1 throat1 upper black2 cap white2 white bands on wing2 breast scarlet2 lower-abdomen dull-white2 outer-tail white2 bill1 feet black2 f4199 upper1 under brown2 breast tinged red2 white marks on wing4 ,insects4 ,page #abc #bde99 ,flame-breasted ,robin1 ,p4 phoenicea1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t41 ,bass ,st4 ,is4 ,mig4 c4 7winter7 open1 7summer7 mt4-gullies #e4c ,crown1 upper sooty-gray2 small white forehead2 white on wing2 outer-tail white2 chin sooty-gray2 under scarlet2 under base tail white2 f4199 under brown2 outer-tail white2 under reddish-gray4 ,insects4 #bdf ,pink-breasted ,robin1 ,p4 rhodinogaster1 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t41 ,bass ,st4 ,is4 ,stat4 v4r4 deep forest1 gullies #e4b ,head1 neck1 back sooty-black2 white spot on forehead2 breast1 abdomen rose-pink2 under base tail white2 f41 upper brown2 buff marks on wing2 under gray2 under base tail white4 ,insects4 ,tick-tick-tick2 like snapping dead twig4 #bdg ,rose-breasted ,robin1 ,p4 rosea1 ,e4,a4 ,insects4 ,stat4 r4 dense brushes1 gullies #d4e ,crown1 throat1 upper dark slate-gray2 narrow white forehead2 chest rich rose-red2 under base tail white2 outer-tail white2 f41 forehead buff2 upper grayish-brown4 #bdh99 ,red-capped ,robin1 ,redhead 7e71 ,p4 goodenovii1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,nom4 r4 open inland scrubs #d4g ,crown1 breast scarlet2 upper1 neck black2 white stripe on wing2 abdomen1 under tail white2 f4199 dark-brown upper2 forehead tinged reddish2 throat1 breast faintly tinged red4 ,insects4 #bdi ,hooded ,robin 7,black and ,white1 ,black1 ,pied71 ,p4 bicolor1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 ,stat4 r4 open1 forest #f4e ,head1 upper1 throat black2 patch on wing1 abdomen1 under base tail1 outer-tail white2 f41 brownish-gray instead of black4 ,insects4 ,page #abd ,illustration3 #bej #bea #beb #bec #bed #b #b #bej ,short-billed ,tree-,tit 7,sombre71 ,scrub-,tit1 ,smicrornis brevirostris1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 c4 treetops #c4e ,crown brownish-gray2 back olive2 behind eye reddish-brown2 throat1 chest whitish2 abdomen citron-yellow2 tail brown at base1 banded blackish1 spotted white at tip2 short bill brown2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,clear whistle4 #af #fb #bea99 ,white-throated ,flyeater1 ,native ,canary 7e71 ,bush-,warbler1 ,gerygone albigularis1 ,n4,a41 ,e4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 ,insects4 ,musician4 ,mig4 c4 tree-tops #d4c ,upper ashy-brown2 throat1 face white2 chest1 abdomen greenish-yellow2 tail blackish band1 white tip2 f41 sim4 #beb ,southern ,flyeater 7,western71 ,white-tailed ,bush-,warbler1 ,g4 7,pseudogerygone7 culicivora1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a4 f4 sim4 ,insects4 v4r4 forests1 scrubs #d4b ,upper olive-brown2 throat1 chest light-gray2 abdomen white2 tail white base2 black band1 tip spotted white4 #bec ,brown ,flyeater1 ,brown ,bush-,warbler1 ,g4 fusca1 ,e4,a4 ,stat4 c4 forest1 scrubs #c4h ,back1 sides reddish-brown2 forehead1 eyebrow1 throat1 chest gray2 tail black band1 tip spotted white2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,feeble ,what is it8 ,what is it8 #aj #ii #bed99 ,white-shafted ,fantail 7-,flycatcher1 -,flysnapper71 ,cranky ,fan1 ,devil-,bird1 ,land-,wagtail 7e71 ,rhipidura albiscapa1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 open forest #f ,upper1 band across chest sooty-black2 under buff2 stripe over eye1 mark behind eye1 throat1 bars on wing1 shafts of tail feathers 7except #b centre feathers7 white2 outer-tail1 tip white2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,musical song4 #bee99 ,rufous ,fantail 7-,flycatcher71 ,r4 rufifrons1 ,e4,a4 ,part4-,mig4 7winter7 open1 7summer7 gullies1 brushes #f4b ,crown1 hind-neck brown2 forehead1 lower-back1 base tail rust-red2 throat1 centre-abdomen white2 chest black2 flanks1 under base tail light fawn2 f41 smaller4 ,insects4 ,page #abe ,illustration3 #bee #bef #beg #beh #bei #bfj #bef99 ,black and ,white ,fantail 7-,flycatcher71 ,shepherd's ,companion1 ,willie ,wagtail1 ,wagtail 7e71 ,frog 7,morning7 ,bird1 ,r4 motacilloides 7tricolor71 ,mol41 ,n4,g41 ,a4 ,sweet pretty little creature4 ,stat4 v4c4 open forest #g4e ,upper1 throat1 breast black2 eyebrow1 rest under white2 long fan-tail2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,often sings at night4 #d #bi #beg ,leaden ,flycatcher 7-,flysnapper71 ,frog-,bird1 ,myiagra rubecula1 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t4 ,mig4 r4 coast scrubs1 gullies #f4e ,upper1 wings1 tail1 breast leaden-gray glossed with green2 abdomen1 under base tail white2 f41 throat1 breast rust-red4 ,insects4 ,squeaking note4 #beh ,satin ,flycatcher 7,shining71 ,satin ,sparrow 7e71 ,m4 nitida1 ,louisiade ,is41 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,mig4 r4 gullies #f4e ,upper1 breast blackish metallic-green2 abdomen1 under base tail white2 f41 upper duller2 throat1 breast rust-red4 ,insects4 ,loud piping whistle4 #b #b #bei99 ,restless ,flycatcher1 ,scissors ,grinder1 ,grinder1 ,willie ,wagtail 7e71 ,dishwasher 7e71 ,who-are-you8 ,seisura inquieta1 ,a4 ,stat4 c4 open1 scrub #h ,upper shining black2 under white2 like #bef but throat white2 hovers2 f41 throat1 breast buff4 ,insects4 ,harsh grinding1 ,tu-whee1 tu-whee4 #b #h #bfj ,black-faced ,flycatcher 7,carinated71 ,monarcha melanopsis1 ,timor1 ,n4,g41 ,n4 ,ter41 ,e4,a4 ,stat4 r4 brushes #f4g ,forehead1 face1 throat black2 upper gray2 wings1 tail brown2 chest gray2 abdomen rufous2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,loud whistle1 ,why-yew1 witch-yew4 ,order ,,xxi4 7continued7 ,more than half the species of birds making up the family of ,caterpillar-eaters are restricted to the ,australian region4 ,the common ,black-faced ,cuckoo-,shrike has many names4 ,leatherhead1 ,blue ,pigeon1 and ,blue ,jay are amongst the most common1 and all are wrong4 ,the ,leatherhead is a ,honey-eater1 and is better known as the ,friar-,bird4 ,the ,cuckoo-,shrike is not a ,pigeon1 but is a perching bird2 nor is it a ,jay1 which is a ,northern ,hemisphere bird1 a member of the ,crow family4 ,the ,black-faced ,cuckoo-,shrike is partly migratory1 being stationary in the northern parts of its range1 but migratory in the south4 ,it occasionally reaches ,new ,zealand4 ,these birds undergo many changes of plumage before assuming the adult dress4 ,the ,little ,cuckoo-,shrike1 in particular1 has several plumage phases1 the throat and neck being black in the young1 but gray in the adult4 ,its ,cuckoo-like flight undoubtedly suggested part of the name4 ,when young males are unlike the adult males1 they usually resemble the female4 ,here1 however1 the adults of both sexes are similar4 ,the male ,white-shouldered ,caterpillar-eater resembles a ,hooded ,robin 7#bdi74 ,it is supposed to be shy1 but at the ,tallangatta excursion1 two pairs were attending to domestic duties in the school ground and surprised all by their fine musical performances4 ,the male called ,peter1 ,peter1 or some syllabize it ,pretty ,joey1 and then broke into a trilling song that fully equalled any canary performance ,i have heard4 ,this was repeated frequently during the day4 ,the female seemed to have a creak in her note1 which1 however1 was musical4 ,the bill is slender in this species4 ,the ,jardine ,caterpillar-eater is rare and very shy4 ,it keeps to the topmost branches of lofty trees4 ,the male is dark blue-gray and black1 and has a strong bill4 ,the brown female is quite dissimilar1 her whitish under surface being crossed with numerous brown arrow-head markings4 ,the ,cuckoo-,shrikes and ,caterpillar-eaters are1 like the ,cuckoos1 very fond of caterpillars1 and so should receive all the protection we can give them4 7continued below7 ,page #abf ,illustration3 #bfa #bfb #bfc #bfd #bfe #bfe;,a ,f4 #abj4 ,,campophagidae 7#aj71 ,,cuckoo-,,shrikes1 ,caterpillar-eaters1 #ahf sp4--#ajd7ajc7;,a41 #fc7fa7,o41 #b7a7,p41 #ai7ai7;,e4 #a #a #bfa ,ground ,cuckoo-,shrike1 ,ground ,graucalus1 ,ground 7,long-tailed7 ,jay 7e71 ,pteropodocys phasianella1 ,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a4 7interior74 ,stat4 v4r4 plains #ac ,head1 neck1 chest1 back delicate-gray2 abdomen1 rump white1 many narrow black bars2 under base tail white2 wings1 tail black2 side tail tipped white2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 larvae4 ,shrill note4 ,page #abg #e #cd #bfb99 ,black-faced ,cuckoo-,shrike1 ,leatherhead 7e71 ,cherry-,hawk 7e71 ,lapwing 7e71 ,summer 7,blue7 ,bird1 ,blue 7,gray7 ,jay 7e71 ,blue 7,mountain7 ,pigeon 7e71 ,australian ,shrike 7,n4,z471 ,coracina robusta 7,graucalus melanops71 ,cel41 ,mol41 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,n4,z4 7acc474 ,part4-,mig4 v4c4 plains1 timber #ac ,delicate gray2 forehead1 face1 throat black2 wing-quills black edged gray2 tail gray base1 black centre1 tip white2 lifts wings after settling2 f41 sim4 ,caterpillars1 insects1 fruit4 ,purring note4 #bfc ,little ,cuckoo-,shrike1 ,varied ,graucalus1 ,lesser ,blue-,jay 7e71 ,c4 mentalis1 ,e4,a4 ,stat4 r4 forest #aj4e ,upper dark slate-gray2 wing-quills black2 tail black tipped white2 about eye black2 throat1 breast gray 7adult71 under wing1 under base tail white2 young many changes of color2 head1 neck black2 f41 sim4 ,caterpillars1 insects1 berries4 ,soft rolling note4 #a #ce #bfd ,jardine ,caterpillar-eater 7-,campophaga71 ,edolisoma tenuirostre1 ,n4 ,ter41 ,e4,a4 ,stat4 r4 treetops #aj4f ,face black3 upper1 under1 centre-tail deep blue-gray2 wing-quills1 outer-tail black2 f41 smaller2 upper1 wings1 tail feathers brown1 edged lighter2 under creamy-buff with many blackish bars2 line over eye buff4 ,insect larvae4 ,kree-kree4 #b #be #bfe99 ,white-shouldered ,caterpillar-eater 7-,campophaga71 ,peewee-,lark 7e71 ,lalage tricolor1 ,n4,g41 ,a41 ,t4 ,mig4 c4 thick timber #f4e ,crown1 hind-neck1 upper-back black2 shoulders1 line on wing white2 rest wing black2 lower-back gray2 tail black outer tipped white2 under white2 somewhat like #bdh but throat white2 f4199 upper brown2 wing marked light lines2 under whitish4 ,insects4 ,fine musician1 canary-like song4 ,f4 #aba4 ,pycnonotidae1 ,bulbuls1 #beg sp4--#g7f7;,a41 #adh7ade7,o41 #f7d7,p41 #ii7ii7;,e4 ,order ,,xxi4 7continued7 ,the family ,timeliidae is an ill-defined one1 the members of which are mostly ground birds1 or1 at least1 spend a good deal of time on the ground4 ,the ,spotted and ,chestnut-backed ,ground-,birds are rare and are very quiet and shy as they run back under the shade of a bush4 ,thus1 they are seldom seen1 though they are very beautiful in their richly-spotted plumage4 ,driving along mallee roads1 one sometimes sees these birds make a short1 quick run to cover4 ,a good name is required for them4 ,ground-,bird is not very definite4 ,the rich brown ,pilot ,bird rarely flies1 but keeps low down in the dense tangles and undergrowths in country like that about ,ferntree ,gully4 ,it must be patiently waited for1 as it is very shy4 ,it1 apparently1 values its services highly1 for it often calls ,a-guinea-a-week4 ,the larger ,scrub-,robin which lives only in the interior flies little1 but1 as shown in the figure1 it has long legs1 suitable for running4 ,its color is not the dark-brown suitable for dark scrubs1 but is the light-brown which matches the dead mallee twigs lying so thickly on the ground under the scrub4 ,we met the ,scrub-,robin on ,eyre ,peninsula1 but it was difficult to get a second look at it4 ,almost as rare are the closely-similar ,chestnut-rumped and ,red-rumped ,ground-,wrens4 ,few will see these birds1 as they live only in the drier parts4 ,that interesting bird--the ,coachwhip ,bird--is far more often heard than seen4 ,along the densely-scrubbed creeks of ,eastern ,australia1 the interesting whip-crack of this bird is very often heard4 ,an exact representative lives in ,west ,australian scrubs4 ,i was surprised to hear1 in several places lately1 the ,rufous-breasted ,whistler 7,thickhead7 called the ,coachwhip ,bird4 ,it has been found that both birds take part in the peculiar call which has a loud crack very like that of a whip4 ,this bird dwells in the dense eastern scrubs1 and uses its short wings but little for flight4 ,it was seen1 however1 recently at ,sandringham1 a few miles from ,melbourne4 ,the ,australian ,babblers are of interest from all points of view4 ,their habits are peculiar2 their calls are varied and usually pleasant1 and their large domed stick nests are common objects along a country road4 ,usually seen in companies of from four to a dozen1 these birds work energetically and systematically4 ,they are entirely insectivorous1 and so are of great value economically4 ,they are tame1 as ,i have watched a flock at work in the gardens in the middle of a town such as ,dunolly4 ,they occasionally visit orchards and attack the codlin moth pupae4 ,they are said never to squabble1 and so are called ,happy ,family or ,happy ,jacks4 ,their names1 however1 are many4 ,the commonest is1 perhaps1 ,catbird4 ,there is a ,catbird1 a ,bower-,bird1 in ,queensland1 so the use of that name should be discouraged4 ,babblers sometimes make six or seven nests1 laying only in one4 ,the others are said to be shelter nests1 or possibly play nests4 ,that pleasing songster--the ,white-browed ,field-,wren--is uniformly streaked with black both above and below4 ,it is fairly common1 but is not often seen unless looked for4 ,dogs will follow the scent of this bird1 as they do that of a quail2 so it is sometimes called the ,stink-,bird by sportsmen4 ,now we come to two of the four native ,skylarks4 ,who has not1 while lying on his back on the grass enjoying a rest in the warm sunshine1 felt pleasure at the beautiful song of the ,rufous ,song-,lark as it soars singing away so high overhead8 ,the ,british ,skylark often receives the credit for the harmony of our four ,skylarks4 ,two belong to this family1 and two come later with the ,larks and ,pipits4 ,one is larger and darker on the breast1 hence the name ,black-breasted ,song-,lark4 ,i saw many of these birds1 when examining the glacial deposits at ,hallet's ,cove1 near ,adelaide4 ,as there was a continuous chorus of these fine songsters above the crops1 the reason for the name ,harvest ,birds was apparent4 ,the ,thrush family 7,turdidae7 includes the ,british ,song-,thrush1 ,blackbird1 ,nightingale1 and many other famous songsters1 ,the ,australian ,mountain-,thrush is larger and more prettily marked1 but is not such a good songster as its ,european cousin--the ,song-,thrush4 ,it1 however1 has one of its calls closely similar to one of the calls of its more famous relative4 ,it is a quiet1 shy bird1 though ,i walked within five feet of one this morning as it was busy digging up worms on the lawn in the ,melbourne ,botanic ,gardens4 ,i left it at work pleased that my presence had caused no feeling of fear in so beautiful and so shy a bird4 ,its beautiful moss-covered nest is built even so early as ,july4 ,it flies little1 preferring to keep near the dark scrubs1 especially the tea-tree scrub along the coast4 ,the ,song-,thrush and ,blackbird have been successfully introduced1 and they are common in suburban gardens4 ,their delightful song makes richer the lives of busy city dwellers1 though their attentions to soft fruits are not always appreciated4 ,for sweetness and fulness of notes1 however1 these introduced birds cannot compare with our ,harmonious ,shrike-,thrush 7#cae71 deservedly named harmonica by ,latham1 a ,british ornithologist4 ,the call of the latter bird1 however1 is not so continuous as that of the introduced birds4 ,the four ,australian birds known as ,chats take the next sub-family to themselves4 ,the common ,chat is known as a ,tang1 ,nun1 and ,tin-tac4 ,while the ,white-fronted ,chat is very common in the ,south1 the beautiful ,crimson-breasted ,chat1 with its crimson cap and pure white throat1 and the ,orange-fronted ,chat1 are found mostly in the dry interior1 where they are known as ,salt-bush ,canaries4 ,a good common name is urgently required for this ,australian sub-family of birds4 ,north calls them ,nuns2 but that name is preoccupied1 and is suitable only for one of them4 ,i was much interested last week 7,january1 #aiaa7 to see a male ,white-fronted ,chat feeding a fully-fledged young ,bronze ,cuckoo4 ,two female ,sparrows were also in attendance1 one of which fed the ,cuckoo three times while ,i was observing it4 ,a female ,bronze ,cuckoo sat for some time by the young one1 but did not interfere1 or offer to feed it4 ,the ,chat returned the fifth time for the purpose of feeding the young ,cuckoo1 when the passing of a motor-car broke up the party4 ,the young ,cuckoo flew across the road and some distance on to a bush1 where it resumed its constant wheezing whine4 ,it is unusual to find birds so far apart as a ,finch1 like the ,sparrow and a member of the ,thrush family1 like the ,chat1 feeding the one young ,cuckoo4 7continued below7 ,page #abh ,illustration3 #bff #bfg #bfh #bfi #bgj #bga #bgb ,f4 #abb4 ,,timeliidae 7#bg71 ,,babblers1 ,,babbling-,,thrushes1 #eij sp4--#fe7fe7;,a41 #ddg7ddc7,o41 #g7c7,p41 #ge7ge7;,e4 7an ill-defined family74 #f #f #bff99 ,spotted ,ground-,bird 7-,thrush1 -,dove71 ,babbling-,thrush1 ,cinclosoma punctatum1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 r4 scrubby #aj4g ,crown1 back rufous-brown2 back striped black2 shoulders steel-black spotted white2 throat1 narrow chest band steel-black2 eyebrow1 patches on throat white2 breast gray2 tail tipped white2 f41 upper lighter2 throat white1 rufous patch at side4 ,insects4 ,rise with a whirr-r-r4 ,low piping whistle4 ,page #abi #bfg ,chestnut-backed ,ground-,bird 7-,thrush71 ,c4 castano-notum1 ,w4,n4,s4,w41 ,w4,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 ,stat4 r4 plains #i ,upper chestnut-brown2 eyebrow1 side-throat white2 throat1 chest black2 shoulder black spotted white2 tail tipped white2 f41 duller2 throat1 chest gray4 ,insects4 #a #a #bfh ,pilot ,bird1 ,pycnoptilus floccosus1 ,e4,n4,s4,w41 ,e4,v4 ,stat4 v4r4 dense scrubby gullies #f4g ,rich dark-brown2 throat rufous mottled dusky2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,guinea-a-week4 #c #e #bfi ,scrub-,robin1 ,drymodes brunneipygius1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 7interior74 ,stat4 v4r4 mallee1 scrub #h ,upper brown2 wings brown barred white2 tail brown1 slightly tipped white2 under grayish-brown2 long legs2 shy1 runs2 f41 smaller4 ,insects4 ,monotonous whistle4 #b #b #bgj ,chestnut-rumped ,ground-,wren1 ,red-rumped ,scrub-,warbler1 ,hylacola pyrrhopygia1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 dry scrubs #e4c ,upper brown2 base tail chestnut-red1 tip white2 eyebrow white2 under streaked black1 white2 f41 sim4 ,agreeable song4 #bga ,shy ,ground-,wren 7,red-rumped1 ,cautious1 ,rufous-rumped71 ,shy ,scrub-,warbler1 ,h4 cauta1 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 dry scrubs #e4g ,like #bgj1 but small white patch near outer edge of wing2 shier2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 #c #c #bgb99 ,coachwhip ,bird 7,whip1 ,stockwhip71 ,psophodes crepitans1 ,e4,s4,q41 ,e4,n4,s4,w41 ,e4,v4 ,stat4 c4 dense scrubs #aj ,dark olive-green2 black crest1 breast2 white side of throat1 centre of abdomen1 tip-tail2 f41 smaller1 duller4 ,insects4 ,loud full note ends in a whip crack4 ,page #acj ,illustration3 #bgc #bgd #bge #bgf #bgg #bgh #bgi #d #cd #bgc99 ,gray-crowned ,babbler1 ,chatterer 7e71 ,cackler1 ,barker1 ,pine 7,cat 7e71 ,dog7 ,bird1 ,codlin-,moth-eater1 ,hopper1 ,jumper 7e71 ,yahoo1 ,happy ,family1 ,happy ,jack1 ,twelve ,apostles 7e71 ,apostle-,bird 7e71 ,pomatorhinus frivolus 7temporalis71 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 flocks1 c4 open timber #aa ,dark brown2 crown light-gray2 brow white2 throat1 breast white2 tail tipped white2 bill long black1 curved2 runs2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,many peculiar notes1 noisy4 ,page #aca #bgd ,white-browed ,babbler1 ,go-aways1 ,stick-,birds1 ,p4 superciliosus1 ,a4 inland 7exc4 ,n4 ,ter41 ,n4,q474 ,stat4 flocks1 c4 open timber #h ,like #bgc1 but smaller2 crown dark-brown2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,most noisy bird ,i ever observed4 7,g47 ,many notes4 #bge ,chestnut-crowned ,babbler1 ,p4 ruficeps1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 7interior74 ,insects4 ,noisy4 ,stat4 c4 timber #h4e ,like #bgc1 #bgd1 but crown1 hind-neck chestnut2 f41 sim4 #g #g #bgf99 ,white-browed ,field-,wren1 ,white-lored ,reed-,lark1 ,rush ,warbler 7e71 ,stink-,bird1 ,calamanthus albiloris1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 grass1 heath #e ,greenish-brown streaked black2 face1 brow white2 throat whitish streaked black2 erect tail2 shy2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,pretty song on bush-top4 #bgg ,field-,wren1 ,field ,reed-,lark1 ,c4 campestris1 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 open plains #d4f ,upper ashy-brown streaked dark-brown2 upper base tail rufous-brown2 side tail tipped white1 banded black2 forehead rufous streaked dark-brown2 eyebrow white2 under whitish streaked dark-brown2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 #b #b #bgh99 ,brown ,song-,lark 7,black-breasted71 ,australian ,skylark1 ,harvest-,bird1 ,singing-,lark1 ,corn-,crake 7e71 ,cincloramphus cruralis1 ,a4 exc4 ,c4,a4 ,mig4 c4 crops #i ,dark-brown1 upper feathers edged lighter2 abdomen blackish2 f41 much smaller2 paler2 eyebrow1 under whitish4 ,insects4 ,fine songster1 ranks with the ,skylark2 sings flying like ,skylark4 #bgi99 ,rufous ,song-,lark 7,rufous-tinted71 ,rufous-rumped ,singing-,lark1 ,skylark1 ,c4 rufescens1 ,a4 ,mig4 c4 grass1 crops #g4e ,upper brown1 feathers edged lighter2 upper base tail rufous2 brow1 throat whitish2 under brownish-gray2 side face darker2 f41 smaller2 face not dark4 ,insects4 ,amongst the richest and sweetest of ,australian bird songs4 ,sings flying like ,skylark4 ,page #acb ,illustration3 #bgi;,a #bhj #bhj;,a #bha #bhb #bhc ,f4 #abc4 ,troglodytidae1 ,wrens1 #bee sp4--#b7a7;,a41 #ah7ag7,o41 #aj7aj7,p41 #dc7cb7,nc41 #aid7ahc7,nl4 ,f4 #abd4 ,cinclidae1 ,dippers1 ,water-,ouzels1 #ai sp4--#e7b7,o41 #aa7h7,p41 #a7j7,nc41 #f7e7,nl4 ,f4 #abe4 ,mimidae1 ,mocking-,birds1 ,thrashers1 #ga sp4--#ag7aj7,nc41 #fa7ed7,nl4 ,f4 #abf4 ,,turdidae 7#h71 ,,thrushes 7,blackbird 7,br471 ,nightingale1 ,robin 7,br471 ,wheatear1 ,bluebird 7,am471 ,redstart1 ,hedge-,sparrow71 #ehh sp4--#dh7dd7;,a41 #afg7aag7,o41 #abd7ec7,p41 #aib7afc7;,e41 #bi7ad7,nc41 #acb7aah7,nl4 #a #aad #bgi;,a ,blackbird1 ,turdus merula1 ,eur41 ,n4 ,afr41 ,egypt1 ,syria1 ,persia1 ,azores1 ,a4 7introduced74 ,stat4 c4 timber #aj ,black2 bill yellow2 f41 dark-brown2 breast reddish-brown marked darker4 ,insects1 snails1 fruit4 ,songster4 ,page #acc #d #ac #bhj99 ,australian ,mountain ,thrush 7,ground71 ,king ,thrush1 ,turdus 7,oreocichla7 lunulata1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 coastal scrubs1 mt4 gullies #aj4e ,upper brown marked with black half-moons2 under white stained buff on breast1 flanks1 marked with black half-moons2 f41 sim4 ,snails1 insects1 worms4 #a #bd #bhj;,a ,song ,thrush1 ,t4 musicus1 ,eur41 ,w4 ,asia1 ,india1 ,a4 7introduced74 ,stat4 c4 gardens #i ,upper brown2 breast yellowish spotted brown2 throat1 abdomen white2 f41 sim4 ,snails1 insects1 worms4 ,famous singer4 #e #e #bha99 ,white-fronted ,chat1 ,banded ,tintac1 ,tang1 ,ringlet 7e71 ,clipper1 ,nun1 ,dottrel 7e71 ,jenny-,wren 7e71 ,ballyhead1 ,gar1 ,ringneck 7e71 ,epthianura albifrons1 ,bass ,st4 ,is41 ,t41 ,a4 exc4 ,n4 ,ter4 ,insects4 ,dull metallic tang4 ,mig4 v4c4 grass #d4e ,forehead1 face1 under1 tip tail white2 back gray2 band on chest1 wings1 tail black2 f4199 duller1 faint band on chest4 #bhb99 ,crimson-breasted ,chat 7,tricolored71 ,saltbush ,canary 7e71 ,e4 tricolor1 ,a4 exc4 ,n4 ,ter4 ,mig4 r4 timber #d4c ,crown1 base tail1 breast1 abdomen scarlet2 face1 back of head1 back dark-brown2 tip-tail spotted white2 throat1 under base tail white2 f41 duller4 ,insects4 #bhc ,orange-fronted ,chat1 ,saltbush ,canary1 ,e4 aurifrons1 ,a4 exc4 ,n4 ,ter4 ,nom4 r4 open plains #d4c ,head1 upper base tail1 under golden-orange2 back brown2 tip tail spotted white2 chin black2 f41 duller4 ,grasshoppers1 other insects4 ,order ,,xxi4 7continued7 ,the ,warbler family1 ,sylviidae1 is a large one1 found all through the ,eastern ,hemisphere4 ,one migratory species crosses ,behring ,strait each year to summer in ,alaska4 ,as no less than #gi ,australian small birds have been grouped in this family1 it is of considerable importance to our bird lovers4 ,at the head of the family1 we have an exact representative of the ,reed-,warbler of ,europe in the delightful plain-brown songster which charms all who frequent river sides4 ,its song is louder and more melodious than that of any of its ,european relations except the ,reed-,warbler4 ,it is a welcome spring visitor1 and can be heard on any spring or summer day in the ,botanic ,gardens1 or in any reed bed by stream or lake4 ,the next bird is the ,australian representative of the ,fantail-,warblers 7,cisticola74 ,these birds are related to the ,tailor-,bird4 ,much has been written of the ,tailor-,bird of ,india which so cleverly sews leaves together to enclose its nest1 but few know we have a bird that does similar work when building its nest4 ,dr4 ,sharpe has decided that our bird is identical with an ,indian species1 so we must take the ,indian name--,golden-headed ,fantail-,warbler4 ,this bird moults twice a year4 ,at the autumn moult1 it obtains a long tail and a streaked crown4 ,the four ,australian species described by ,gould are now known to be but different forms of the one species which undergoes seasonal change4 ,speckled ,jack1 the ,speckled ,warbler 7,little ,field-,wren71 is a tame little bird with a pleasing song4 ,its chocolate-colored egg used to be much valued in the days when schoolboys collected eggs4 ,it walks instead of hopping4 ,the ,yellow-tailed ,tit-,warbler 7,acanthiza7 is a member of an ,australian genus1 which has been split up into #bg species1 all of which1 except a ,new ,guinea form1 are restricted to ,australia4 ,some are pleasing songsters4 ,the two-storied nest of the ,yellow-tail is well known and is peculiar4 ,what is the use of the upper nest--for the male to rest in1 to delude the cuckoo1 or what8 ,these birds are not ,tits 7,paridae74 ,they have been called ,thornbills by ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,north4 ,the name ,tit-,warbler has been adopted by the names sub-committee of the ,royal ,australasian ,ornithologists' ,union1 pending the completion of the ,australian ,check-,list4 ,the common ,white-browed ,scrub-,wren is not a ,wren1 but is a ,warbler4 ,he is the best known of the genus1 though even he is seldom seen4 ,his dark-brown color leads one to suspect a dark scrub as his dwelling place4 ,though common in places1 he is seldom noticed1 but if you sit down in a quiet scrubby corner1 his inquisitiveness will often impel him to run almost over your feet4 ,some light spots on the shoulder and the white eyebrow will assist you in identifying him4 ,his mouse-like run further assists in identification4 ,amongst the glories of the bird world1 the ,superb-,warbler stands high4 ,his beautiful enamel-blue and black costume1 and his cheery1 fussy song justify his name4 ,he is generally accompanied by four or five plain-colored mates1 and is said to lose his beautiful coat of blue each autumn1 but the balance of evidence now seems to be with ,mr4 ,keartland and ,dr4 ,horne1 who claim that he gets the permanent beautiful coat late in life 7that is1 when three or four years old71 and does not lose it afterwards1 except for a few days at moulting time4 ,but1 being so conspicuous1 he soon falls a prey to one of his numerous enemies1 of whom the small boy with a pea-rifle is probably the worst4 ,i1 too frequently1 hear of these enemies of their country being caught with three or four of these lovely little birds in their possession4 ,however1 ,bird ,day in the schools did much good1 and the next generation of boy will probably have less of the savage in him4 ,the ,emu-,wren1 which has tail feathers like ,emu feathers1 is easily recognized if seen4 ,it is difficult to cause it to fly out of the rushes round a swamp4 ,the ,bristle-,birds are ,australian1 and are fairly common in some dense scrubs4 ,grass-,wrens are not ,wrens1 but are placed in the ,warbler family4 ,they are ,central ,australian birds4 ,they seldom fly1 but progress like a rubber ball with great swiftness4 ,they are of the light tawny color that so well matches desert sands4 ,it is very difficult to get a second look at one1 as it hides in the grass and scrub1 and almost refuses to be flushed4 ,sometimes it nearly allows itself to be walked upon4 ,fourteen of the #ag members of the ,wood-,swallow family are confined to the ,australian region4 ,the ,white-rumped ,wood-,swallow extends from ,australia through the islands to the ,andaman ,islands2 another kind is found in ,india1 ,ceylon1 and ,burma4 ,some kinds are migratory4 ,they appear suddenly in great companies1 build a flimsy1 careless nest in any spot high or low1 and soon have the young on the wing4 ,they are the ,blue-,birds1 ,summer-,birds1 or ,martins of our youth4 ,some of these birds have the remarkable habit of hanging in a cluster similar to a great swarm of bees4 ,like ,honey-eaters1 they take honey from the flowering eucalypts4 ,the street trees of ,bendigo were alive with these birds in ,may1 #aiji4 ,the ,sordid ,wood-,swallow is partly migratory1 and lives in small companies4 ,most towns in ,southern ,australia have a company of these birds in the neighborhood4 ,one such company lives in the ,domain1 near the entrance to the ,botanic ,gardens1 ,melbourne4 ,these tame woodland birds1 admirable in their graceful wheeling and floating flight1 destroy numbers of destructive insects4 ,occasionally1 a company has discovered that a good food supply can easily be obtained close to a beehive4 ,thus rarely they do a slight amount of harm1 but the balance is overwhelmingly in their favor4 7continued below7 ,f4 #abg4 ,,sylviidae 7#gi71 ,,warblers 7,whitethroat1 ,blackcap 7,br471 ,chiffchaff71 #ebe sp4--#ajg7ajb7;,a41 #acg7hd7,o41 #ajh7bb7,p41 #bfg7bbh7;,e41 #a7j7,nc4 ,page #ace ,illustration3 #bhd #bhe #bhf #bhg #bhh #bhi #bia #bic #big #bhd ,australian ,reed-,warbler #bhe ,australian ,fantail-,warbler #bhf ,grass-,bird #bhg ,speckled ,warbler #bhh ,little ,tit-,warbler #bhi ,brown ,tit-,warbler #bia ,striated ,tit-,warbler #bic ,yellow-tailed ,tit-,warbler #big ,white-browed ,scrub-,wren ,page #acg ,illustration3 #cjj #cjj;,a #cjb #cjd #cjf #caa #cab #cac #cae #cjj ,superb-,warbler #cjj;,a ,superb-,warbler 7,female7 #cjb ,white-winged ,superb-,warbler #cjd ,emu ,wren #cjf ,bristle ,bird #caa ,white-browed ,wood-,swallow #cab ,masked ,wood-,swallow #cac ,wood-,swallow #cae ,gray ,shrike-,thrush ,page #aci ,illustration3 #cai #cbj #cba #cbb #cbb;,a #cbc #cbc;,a #cbf #cbg #cai ,australian ,butcher-,bird #cbj ,yellow-breasted ,shrike-,tit #cba ,crested ,bell-,bird #cbb ,golden-breasted ,whistler #cbb;,a ,golden-breasted ,whistler 7,female7 #cbc ,rufous-breasted ,whistler #cbc;,a ,rufous-breasted ,whistler 7,f47 #cbf ,shrike-,robin #cbg ,whiteface ,page #adb ,illustration3 #bhd #bhe #bhf #bhg #bhh #bhi #b #bi #bhd99 ,australian ,reed-,warbler1 ,reed-,bird1 7,nightingale71 ,water-,sparrow 7e71 ,acrocephalus australis1 ,lombok1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 vt4 ,eur4 ,reed-,warbler4 ,mig4 c4 reeds #f4b ,brown2 head darker2 under lighter2 throat whitish2 bill long1 pointed2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,rich melodious song4 #a #ea #bhe99 ,golden-headed ,fantail-,warbler1 ,grass-,warbler 7,exiled71 ,corn 7,barley7 ,bird1 ,cisticola exilis1 ,ind41 ,formosa to ,a4 7exc4 ,c4,a471 ,king ,is4 ,stat4 r4 grass1 crops #c4f ,golden-buff2 upper streaked blackish2 tail #a4b;in41 blackish1 edged buff2 f41 crown streaked black4 ,winter99 crown streaked black2 throat whitish2 tail #a4i;in42 f41 sim4 #c #aj #bhf99 ,grass-,bird 7,little ,reed71 ,marsh-,warbler1 ,megalurus gramineus1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 v4r4 tussocks #e4b ,upper brown streaked1 lined blackish2 throat1 chest gray faintly streaked black2 tail reddish-brown2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,four or five plaintive notes4 #a #a #bhg99 ,speckled ,warbler1 ,little ,field-,lark 7-,wren71 ,speckled ,jack1 ,blood ,tit 7e71 ,jenny-,wren 7e71 ,chthonicola sagittata1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 r4 grass #e ,under whitish boldly streaked black2 head brown faintly streaked white2 back brown1 feathers edged lighter2 tip-tail spotted white2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,singer4 #bf #bg #bhh99 ,little ,tit-,warbler 7,yellow71 ,yellow-breasted ,thornbill1 ,tomtit1 ,little ,tit1 ,acanthiza nana1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 trees #c4e ,upper dull olive-green2 under yellow2 tail grayish-brown1 black band2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,tiz1 tiz1 tiz4 #bhi99 ,brown ,tit-,warbler 7,tit71 ,scrub ,thornbill1 ,dwarf ,warbler1 ,a4 pusilla1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 scrub #c4g ,upper1 wings brown2 tail brown1 banded black1 slightly tipped white2 throat1 chest spotted black and white2 flanks1 abdomen buff2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,singer4 ,page #adc ,illustration3 #bij #bia #bib #bic #bid #bie #bij ,red-rumped ,tit-,warbler 7,tit71 ,rufous-rumped ,thornbill1 ,a4 pyrrhopygia1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 7interior74 ,stat4 v4r4 mallee1 scrubs #d ,upper pale olive-brown2 forehead blackish-brown1 feathers tipped white2 throat1 chest mottled gray1 white2 abdomen whitish2 upper base tail rufous2 tail olive1 black band1 white tip2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 #bia99 ,striated ,tit-,warbler1 ,striped ,tit1 ,striped-crowned ,thornbill1 ,a4 lineata1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 timber #c4g ,throat1 chest whitish streaked black2 head brown streaked whitish2 back olive-brown2 flanks1 abdomen yellowish2 tail black band2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,songster4 #bib ,chestnut-rumped ,tit-,warbler 7,thornbill71 ,a4 uropygialis1 ,a4 exc4 ,c4,a41 ,n4 ,ter4 ,stat4 r4 scrubs1 forests #c4f ,upper brown2 upper base tail rich reddish-chestnut2 tail brownish-black tipped white2 under whitish2 f41 sim4 #bic99 ,yellow-tailed ,tit-,warbler1 ,yellow-rumped ,thornbill 7-,tit71 ,yellow-tail1 ,geobasileus1 ,a4 chrysorrhoa1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 v4c4 gardens1 timber #c4h ,upper olive-brown2 base tail bright-yellow2 under yellowish-white2 forehead black spotted white2 cheeks1 throat1 line over eye grayish-white2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,singer4 #bid ,buff-tailed ,tit-,warbler1 ,buff-rumped ,thornbill 7,tit71 ,a4 reguloides1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 open timber #d4c ,upper olive-brown2 upper base tail pale yellow2 throat1 chest white slightly marked brown2 forehead feathers tipped lighter2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,song4 #aj #af #bie ,redthroat1 ,red-throated ,scrub-,wren1 ,sericornis brunnea1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s41 ,c41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 scrubs #d4e ,upper dark-brown2 tail brownish-black tipped white2 throat rufous2 under brownish-gray2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,fine song equal to that of any small bird4 ,page #add ,illustration3 #bif #big #bih #bii #cjj #cja #bif ,yellow-throated ,scrub-,wren1 ,devil ,bird1 ,s4 barbata1 ,e4,q41 ,e4,n4,s4,w41 ,e4,v4 ,stat4 r4 coastal scrubs #e4e ,crown1 upper brown tinged yellow2 side of face1 round eye1 ear black2 white line over eye2 throat yellow2 chest1 flanks olive-brown2 centre abdomen white2 f41 smaller2 duller4 ,insects4 ,pleasing rich note4 #big99 ,white-browed ,scrub-,wren 7,white-fronted71 ,s4 frontalis1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,kent ,group4 ,stat4 c4 undergrowth #d4e ,upper dark-brown2 throat white streaked dusky2 brow white2 chest1 abdomen light-yellow2 flanks olive-brown2 small distinct white marks on shoulder2 f41 duller1 throat not streaked4 ,insects4 ,inward warble4 #bih ,large-billed ,scrub-,wren1 ,s4 magnirostris1 ,e4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 tree-tops1 coast1 gully scrubs #d4g ,brown2 rump rufous2 about bill tawny2 eye1 long bill black2 legs flesh-color2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 #bii ,spotted ,scrub-,wren 7,striated71 ,s4 maculata1 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,kangaroo ,is41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 scrubby #d4e ,upper brown2 tail black band tipped white2 forehead1 side of face black2 stripe above1 very small patch below eye1 marks on edge of wing white2 under grayish-white1 sometimes washed yellow2 throat1 chest grayish-white spotted 7striated7 black2 f41 duller4 ,insects4 #bc #bc #cjj99 ,superb-,warbler1 ,blue-,wren 7-,bonnet1 -,tit1 -,cap1 -,head71 ,mormon-,wren1 ,cocktail1 ,malurus cyanochlamys1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,kangaroo ,is4 ,stat4 v4c4 gardens #e ,crown1 behind ear1 upper-back enamel-blue2 throat1 chest1 hind-neck1 lower-back black2 tail deep-blue2 f4199 brown2 round eye reddish-brown2 under lighter2 bill reddish-brown4 ,insects4 ,animated song4 ,lovely bird4 #cja ,black-backed ,superb-,warbler 7,wren71 ,m4 melanonotus1 ,e4,a41 ,c4,s4,a4 7inland74 ,stat4 r4 scrubs #d4g ,crown1 under1 upper-back1 upper and under base tail beautiful metallic blue2 behind ear verditer-blue2 side of face1 band on back1 faint band across chest black2 wing green2 tail greenish-blue2 f41 side of face1 round eye reddish-brown2 upper brown2 under whitish2 wings brown2 tail green4 ,insects4 ,page #ade ,illustration3 #cjb #cjc #cjd #cje #cjf #cjg #cjb99 ,white-winged ,superb-,warbler 7,wren71 ,m4 cyanotus 7leucopterus71 ,a4 7exc4 ,n4 ,ter474 r4 saltbush1 plains #d4h ,above1 below deep cobalt-blue2 wings white2 quills brown2 tail dark-blue2 f41 upper brown1 under white tinged brown4 ,insects4 #cjc ,purple-backed ,superb ,warbler 7,wren71 ,m4 assimilis1 ,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 scrubs #e ,crown1 side of head1 back purplish-blue2 throat1 chest1 band on upper back1 rump black2 chestnut-red patch inner wing2 rest wing brown2 abdomen white2 tail dark-blue tipped white2 f41 brown2 about eye rich chestnut2 under whitish2 tail greenish-blue4 ,insects4 #d #d #cjd99 ,emu-,wren1 ,stick-tail1 ,stipiturus malachurus1 ,s4,a41 ,e4,a41 ,w4,a41 f41 throat brown4 ,insects4 ,stat4 c4 tussocks #g ,upper brown streaked rufous2 tail feathers long loosely webbed1 erect2 throat blue2 abdomen brown2 runs4 #cje ,mallee ,emu-,wren1 ,s4 mallee1 ,n4,w4,v4 ,stat4 v4r4 ,spinifex 7,triodia7 #e ,like #cjd1 but forehead chestnut2 throat1 chest light purplish-blue2 abdomen grayish-brown4 #d #d #cjf99 ,bristle-,bird1 ,sphenura brachyptera1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,e4,v41 ,insects4 ,rich1 varied notes4 ,stat4 v4r4 undergrowth #h4h ,brown2 throat1 centre-breast lighter2 shy2 runs2 f41 sim4 #cjg ,rufous ,bristle-,bird 7,rufous-headed71 ,s4 broadbenti1 ,w4,v41 ,s4,a4 7,otway ,ranges to ,mt4 ,lofty74 ,stat4 v4r4 dense scrub #aj4e ,rufous-brown2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,page #adf ,illustration3 #cjh #cji #caj #caa #cab #cac #aj #aj #cjh ,grass-,wren1 ,amytornis textilis1 ,v41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 plains1 dense scrubs #f4b ,upper dark-brown striped white2 under paler2 flanks rust-red2 seldom flies2 progresses like a rubber ball2 tail erect2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 #cji ,striated ,grass-,wren 7,black-cheeked71 ,a4 striatus1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 dense scrubs #f4h ,like #cjh1 but black stripe on cheek2 plumage strongly rufous2 runs1 seldom flies2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,page #adg ,f4 #abh4 ,vireonidae1 ,vireos1 ,greenlets1 #aab sp4--#bd7g7,nc41 #aje7hh7,nl4 ,f4 #abi4 ,ampelidae1 ,waxwings1 ,cedar-,bird1 #aj sp4--#a7j7,o41 #b7j7,p41 #c7j7,nc41 #g7e7,nl4 ,f4 #acj4 ,,artamidae 7#ab71 ,,wood-,,swallows1 ,swallow-,shrikes1 #ag sp4--#ae7ad7;,a41 #b7a7,o41 #a7a7;,e4 #i #af #caj ,white-rumped ,wood-,swallow 7,swallow-,shrike71 ,artamus leucogaster1 ,andaman ,is41 ,mal4 ,arch41 ,papuan ,is41 ,a4 ,mig4 r4 timber #g4d ,head1 neck grayish-black2 back brown2 tail1 wing-quills black2 rump1 breast1 abdomen white2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,plaintive note4 #caa99 ,white-browed ,wood-,swallow1 ,summer-,bird1 ,martin 7e71 ,a4 superciliosus1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 ,mig4 v4c4 timber #h ,slaty-gray2 white eyebrow2 abdomen rich chestnut2 tail tipped white2 f41 faint white eyebrow4 ,insects1 honey4 ,sweet1 clear whistling note4 #cab99 ,masked ,wood-,swallow1 ,bush 7,blue7 ,martin 7e71 ,a4 personatus1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 ,mig4 c4 timber #h ,dark-gray upper2 pure white edge to jet-black throat patch2 under gray2 tail tipped white2 f41 duller4 ,insects4 #cac99 ,wood-,swallow 7,sordid1 ,dusky71 ,jacky-,martin1 ,martin 7e71 ,a4 tenebrosus1 ,a41 ,t41 ,bass ,st4 ,is4 ,part-,mig4 v4c4 timber #g4c ,smoky vinous-gray2 wing-quills black2 white line in edge of wing2 tail tipped white2 bill blue tipped black2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,f4 #aca4 ,vangidae1 #ab sp4 ,e4 7,madagascar74 ,order ,,xxi4 7continued7 ,family #acb--,wood-,shrikes--contains two of the best known of ,australian birds1 for they are to be found about almost every town and city1 as well as in the country4 ,the well-known ,magpie-,lark has but one close cousin in the world1 a ,new ,guinea bird4 ,its mud nest is familiar to country boys4 ,it is notable that1 excepting ,swallows1 only two other ,australian birds build a mud nest4 ,these birds1 the ,apostle-,bird and the ,white-winged ,chough1 are mentioned later4 ,its dainty1 well-kept plumage renders the ,magpie-,lark one of the most graceful of birds4 ,its flight is unlike that of any bird known to me4 7,gould47 ,it flies in a straight line1 with a heavy1 flapping motion of the wings4 ,its loud call is responsible for the name of ,pee-wee1 a common name for a ,european ,plover2 its black and white coloring for the vernacular name--,magpie-,lark4 ,this bird is of great value1 as it consumes large quantities of pond snails1 the necessary host of the early stages of the liver fluke4 ,exterminate the pond snails1 and immediately the liver fluke is completely destroyed1 and all future loss from its ravages is saved to the pastoralists4 ,in #ahdf1 fluke caused a loss of ,l#aj1jjj1jjj in ,england alone1 so it is a serious pest1 and may yet prove a very expensive one to ,australia4 ,this bird's scientific position is disputed4 ,it has been classed with ,crows and with ,thrushes4 ,gould placed it by itself4 ,dr4 ,sharpe has1 however1 placed it in the family ,prionopidae4 ,its vocal organs are anomalous1 and it may be that its position is not finally settled yet4 ,placed by ,sharpe in the same family are the ,shrike-,thrushes1 strictly ,australian birds4 ,the glorious powerful swelling notes of our common bird caused ,latham to bestow the well-deserved name harmonica on it4 ,yet there are some who talk of ,australia as a land of songless birds4 ,this falsehood seems to have had its origin in a note written by ,caley1 who1 about #ahbe1 collected near ,sydney1 for the ,linnean ,society of ,london4 ,as quoted by ,north1 he said1 ,they 7,superb-,warblers7 are good songsters1 and1 ,i may say1 almost the only ones in the colony4 ,fortunately1 the ,harmonious ,shrike-,thrush is becoming common and tame about school grounds and most towns4 ,it is occasionally to be heard in the ,melbourne ,botanic ,gardens4 ,family #acd contains the famous ,shrikes1 those birds which are said to keep a butcher's shop4 ,not being birds of prey1 they do not hold their prey in their feet1 so they fasten it in the fork of a tree1 or on a thorn4 ,then they proceed to eat it1 or leave it until they are hungry4 ,our ,shrike or ,butcher-,bird has the same habit4 ,the ,australian ,butcher-,bird has a rich1 mellow1 flute-like note1 which is more frequently heard in autumn4 ,some consider his one of the best of bird-notes4 ,his strongly-hooked bill renders him a terror to small birds1 including caged ,canaries4 ,that glorious songster1 the ,australian ,magpie1 is placed in this family4 ,these ,australian songsters are now divided into five closely-similar species1 all possessing the same rich carol4 ,the ,tasmanian bird was formerly called the ,organ-,bird4 ,this ,australian musician is responsible for the ,european epigram of white ,crows that sing4 ,these birds are not ,crows1 nor are they white1 but they sing1 so that ,alfred ,russel ,wallace has declared that no ,european songbird can equal them4 ,gould found it impossible to describe their carol1 and regretted that his readers could not1 as he had done1 listen to the birds in their native wilds4 ,their early morning carol lives in the memory4 ,the ,australian ,magpie is not related to the ,european ,magpie1 which is a member of the ,crow family 7#afd71 but is a glorified ,butcher-,bird4 ,however1 it would be a difficult matter to displace the name magpie for the ,australian bird4 ,in the same family1 though in the next sub-family1 are some peculiar ,australian birds4 ,the two ,shrike-,tits are found one in ,eastern ,australia and the other in ,western ,australia4 ,gould said feelingly--he was nipped by one--that no bird of its size has stronger mandibles4 ,it is to be seen in the ,melbourne ,botanic ,gardens1 tearing off bark as it seeks for insects4 ,the ,crested ,bell-,bird is restricted to ,australia4 ,being a perfect ventriloquist1 it is very difficult to locate it4 ,some of its notes are bell-like1 and have misled those seeking horses4 ,i met it frequently in the ,mallee and in the ,maryborough and ,ararat districts4 ,it often hopped out on to the road on frosty mornings4 ,it is one of ,australia's singular and interesting birds4 ,those badly-named1 but often attractive1 songsters--the ,thickheads 7now called ,whistlers7--are placed next4 ,eighty-eight of these birds are known from the ,australian region1 though but twenty occur in ,australia itself and ,tasmania4 ,on account of the difficulty of skinning these birds1 they were given the name ,pachycephala4 ,it is unfortunate that the literal translation--thick head--was the name used by bird people for these beautiful singers4 ,it is now proposed to change the name to ,whistler4 ,strange to say1 we have not heard a good local name for these attractive and often gorgeous birds4 ,to complete this interesting sub-family1 we have the ,yellow-breasted ,shrike-,robin--a confiding favorite1 found in most dark scrubs4 ,its single1 often-repeated1 piping note is responsible for its name1 ,eopsaltria1 ,psalm of the ,dawn4 ,this delightful forest-dweller frequently perches sideways on a sapling4 ,six kinds are known from ,australia1 and two more from adjacent islands4 7continued below7 ,page #adh ,illustration3 #cad #cad;,a #cae #caf #cag #cah #cai ,f4 #acb4 ,,prionopidae 7#aa71 ,,wood-,,shrikes1 #ie sp4--#ee7ee7;,a41 #ae7ae7,o41 #be7be7;,e4 #a #b #cad ,magpie-,lark1 ,murray 7,little7 ,magpie 7e71 ,mudlark 7e71 ,soldiers1 ,peewee 7e71 ,peewit 7e71 ,pugwall1 ,grallina picata1 ,a41 ,t4 7acc74 ,stat4 v4c4 7near water7 open1 timber #aj4e ,black and white2 slender stilt-like legs2 throat white 7f471 black 7m472 mud nest4 ,insects1 pond-snails4 ,pee-wee4 ,page #adi #aj #aj #cae99 ,gray ,shrike-,thrush 7,harmonious71 ,gray 7,native7 ,thrush1 ,pluff1 ,mourner1 ,colluricincla harmonica1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 timber #i4e ,gray2 back umber-brown2 face whitish2 under lighter3 f41 throat streaked dusky4 ,insects4 ,powerful swelling harmonious note4 ,f4 #acc4 ,aerocharidae1 #a sp4 ,e4 7,madagascar74 ,f4 #acd4 ,,laniidae 7#db71 ,,shrikes1 #cac sp4--#acd7acb7;,a41 #cf7bb7,o41 #cc7aj7,p41 #adj7abg7;,e41 #f7f7,nc41 #a7a7,nl4 #e #e #caf ,black-backed ,magpie1 ,piping ,crow-,shrike 7,varied71 ,organ 7,flute7 ,bird1 ,singing ,white ,crow 7e71 ,gymnorhina tibicen1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat1 v4c4 open #ag ,black2 hind-neck1 upper under base tail1 patch on wing white2 f41 grayish instead of white4 ,insects4 ,to describe the note of this bird is beyond the power of my pen4 7,gould47 ,wonderfully modulated whistle 444 unequalled among ,european birds4 7,alfred ,russel ,wallace74 #cag ,white-backed ,magpie 7,crow-,shrike71 ,g4 leuconota1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4c4 open #ah ,upper white1 except head1 tip-tail1 wing-quills black2 under black2 f41 back gray4 ,insects4 ,glorious carol1 see #caf4 #h #aa #cah ,black-throated ,butcher-,bird 7,crow-,shrike71 ,cracticus nigrigularis1 ,a4 exc4 ,n4 ,ter4 ,stat4 v4r4 timber #ac4e ,head1 neck1 chest black2 hind-neck1 centre-wing1 rump1 under white2 tail black1 side tipped white2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 mice4 ,one of the best of songsters1 rich notes4 #cai99 ,australian ,butcher-,bird 7,shrike71 ,collared ,crow-,shrike1 ,derwent 7,tasmanian1 ,whistling7 ,jackass1 ,durbaner1 ,c4 destructor1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4c4 timber #aa4b ,head1 neck black2 back gray2 side hind-neck1 upper base tail1 patch on wing white2 under grayish-white2 f41 duller4 ,insects1 mice1 birds4 ,fine song 7autumn72 rich notes4 ,page #aej ,illustration3 #cbj #cba #cbb #cbc #cbd #c #c #cbj99 ,yellow-breasted ,shrike-,tit 7,yellow-bellied1 ,frontal1 ,crested71 ,falcon-,shrike1 ,falcunculus frontatus1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 r4 timber #g4e ,upper green2 crest1 throat1 line through eye black2 patch above eye1 patch below eye white2 under bright-yellow2 strong hooked bill2 f41 throat green4 ,insects4 ,musical notes4 #a #a #cba99 ,crested ,bell-,bird1 ,oreoica cristata1 ,a4 ,stat4 c4 timber #i ,upper brown2 top of head black1 side-head gray2 white on face1 throat2 black from eye to black chest band2 abdomen white tinged sandy-buff2 f41 duller4 ,caterpillars1 insects4 ,bell notes1 ventriloquist4 #bj #hh #cbb99 ,golden-breasted ,whistler1 ,white-throated ,thickhead1 ,thunder-,bird1 ,cutthroat1 ,coachwhip-,bird 7e71 ,pachycephala pectoralis 7gutturalis71 ,e4,a4 ,stat4 c4 timber #g ,throat white2 black head1 band on chest2 outside black band1 under golden-yellow2 back olive green2 f4199 brown2 throat whitish faintly streaked dusky4 ,caterpillars1 insects4 ,fine songster1 many melodious calls2 whip-like smack ends one of notes4 #cbc99 ,rufous-breasted ,whistler 7,thickhead71 ,little ,thrush1 ,ring ,coachman1 ,coachwhip-,bird 7e71 ,p4 rufiventris1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 c4 timber #f4g ,upper gray2 throat white2 head blackish2 black side of neck1 band on chest2 rest under light rufous-brown2 f4199 upper brownish-gray2 throat white streaked blackish-brown2 rest under buff2 breast1 sides streaked blackish-brown4 ,insects1 caterpillars1 wild berries4 ,famous songster2 whip-like smack at end of one of its calls4 #cbd ,red-throated ,whistler1 ,gilbert ,thickhead1 ,p4 gilberti1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 timber #g4b ,dark-gray2 black before eye2 throat dull rust-red2 under gray2 f41 no black on face2 throat gray4 ,insects4 ,clear whistling note4 ,page #aeb ,illustration3 #cbe #cbf #cbg #cbh #cbi #cbe ,olive ,whistler1 ,olivaceous ,thickhead1 ,p4 olivacea1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,t41 ,bass ,st4 ,is4 ,stat4 r4 humid scrubs #h ,olive brown2 head dark-gray2 throat whitish marked brown2 faint gray band across chest2 under reddish-brown2 f41 no band on chest4 ,insects4 ,liquid1 whistling note4 #f #h #cbf99 ,yellow-breasted ,shrike-,robin1 ,yellow ,robin 7e71 ,wild ,canary 7e71 ,eopsaltria australis4 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v4 ,stat4 c4 timber #e4c ,dark-gray2 upper base tail olive-yellow2 throat grayish-white2 under bright yellow4 ,tame1 perches on side of sapling2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,piping note often repeated4 ,order ,,xxi4 7continued7 ,in ,family #ace--,titmice or ,tits--,australia has but five representatives--the peculiar ,wedgebill1 ,kitty-lin-tof1 and the four ,australian ,whitefaces4 ,the ,whiteface is lively1 with sweet chirping notes4 ,its former scientific name 7,xerophila7 means dry lover1 for it is found mainly in the drier parts4 ,the ,european ,tits belong to this family1 so it is not desirable to use the name ,tit for the ,australian birds of the genus ,acanthiza1 for they belong to the ,warbler family 7,sylviidae71 and not to the ,tit family 7,paridae74 ,the ,nuthatches of the ,old ,world and ,america are represented by closely-related birds1 with somewhat similar habits1 in ,australia4 ,these run spirally down a tree-trunk1 searching every crack or piece of bark4 ,eight of these birds occur in ,australia4 ,latham called them ,nuthatches4 ,it is now proposed to return to this name1 as it is used for the ,british1 ,indian1 and ,north ,american birds of this family 7,sittidae74 ,the male ,black-capped ,nuthatch 7,tree-runner7 is true to name1 but the female has the head and hind-neck black1 instead of a black cap only4 ,nuthatches are not found in ,tasmania4 ,possibly ,bass ,strait was formed before they reached ,southern ,victoria4 ,thus bird-study supports the geographer and ethnologist when they declare that ,bass ,strait is of comparatively remote formation4 ,as the ,tasmanian blacks were ignorant of boats1 they evidently reached ,tasmania before ,bass ,strait was formed4 ,they are a more primitive type than the ,australian blacks1 who were improved by later influxes of more highly-developed ,caucasians4 ,many country dwellers will not admit that there is no ,woodpecker in ,australia1 but it is a fact1 nevertheless4 ,our so-called ,woodpecker is the ,tree-,creeper4 ,it never chisels mortice-holes in a tree to get out a grub1 as the true ,woodpecker does4 ,these birds occur all over the continent1 and are often to be seen alighting on the side of a tree or fence post and then running up spirally to the top4 ,they soon fly off to another tree1 alighting lower than the place they started from4 ,the bright-brown band on the wing is conspicuous as they fly4 ,their lively notes brighten a country drive4 ,the ,white-eye is one of a large genus1 for no less than #aeg species have been accepted by ,dr4 ,sharpe4 ,however1 one of the rarest of these was a ,victorian species4 ,it was based on one specimen1 a female1 taken at ,marong1 near ,bendigo4 ,it was said to be slightly different from the common ,white-eye4 ,hence ,dr4 ,horne1 of ,clifton ,hill1 one of our most enthusiastic bird-lovers1 created a new species1 and named it in honor of his niece1 ,miss ,bowie1 who is a favorite with all the birds in ,dr4 ,horne's extensive aviaries4 ,white-eyes are found from ,africa and ,madagascar to ,india and ,japan1 and from ,australia out past ,new ,zealand4 ,our common ,white-eye is one of the interesting birds of the world at the present time1 for it is showing that man is not the only animal with a colonizing instinct4 ,it was unknown in ,new ,zealand until1 in #ahef1 it was first recorded4 ,the ,maoris1 keen ,nature-students1 who have a name for every native animal and plant1 called it the ,stranger4 ,its presence has been accounted for by some authorities as being due to the fierce winds that accompanied ,black ,thursday having blown it over from ,australia4 ,however1 not satisfied with spreading throughout ,new ,zealand until it is said to be the commonest bird there1 it has spread out to ,chatham ,island1 and a flock was reported recently a considerable distance from the coast1 apparently looking for fresh fields1 or rather islands1 to colonize4 ,it is a well-known city dweller4 ,though it destroys grapes and other soft fruits1 it also so completely destroys aphides that it is appropriately called the ,blight-,bird4 ,again1 the balance is strongly in its favor1 for it is probably but taking fair toll of that which will probably not have reached maturity but for its labors1 and the laborer1 even if a bird1 is worthy of his hire4 ,a bird's color usually affords it protection from its natural enemies4 ,these are mainly birds of prey flying overhead4 ,thus1 speaking generally1 protective coloration applies only to the upper surface1 so that a white throat or under surface does not necessarily render a bird conspicuous to its natural enemies4 ,again1 a bird may be very conspicuous when seen away from its natural surroundings1 but the concealment may be perfect under natural conditions4 ,it has been already mentioned that the gorgeous ,blue ,mountain ,lorikeet was very difficult to discern in its native sugar-gums4 ,a tiger is said to be invisible at a distance of ten yards in a jungle2 the black stripes being similar to the shadows of the bamboos1 and the light bands to the sunlight between the vegetation4 ,the ,white-eye and ,tree-,creepers just noticed may be considered protectively colored1 for they are difficult to see in a tree4 ,still1 the brown patch on the wing of the ,tree-,creeper is conspicuous as it flies4 ,alfred ,russel ,wallace1 the great evolutionist1 supplied a good explanation1 when he regarded bright wing bands1 white rump1 and white-tipped tail1 as warning colors4 ,an enemy is1 perchance1 perceived by a bird4 ,this individual flies away quietly2 others see the bright wing patch disappear1 and they seek shelter as quickly and quietly as possible4 ,this is often a great advantage1 for1 in many cases1 all reach safety1 possibly1 before the enemy has seen one of them4 ,if the first bird had given an alarming call1 it would have warned the enemy too4 ,it is noteworthy that these bright markings on the upper surface are1 usually1 not visible when the bird is at rest4 ,the white wing patch folds in1 the white rump is covered1 while1 in a white-tipped tail1 it is usual for the two centre feathers to be plain throughout 7see illustrations of species #cac and #cbi74 ,the tail is folded1 and the white tips are covered by the two non-white centre feathers4 ,the introduced ,indian ,turtle-,dove1 common about nearly every city in ,australia1 shows the spread-out1 white-tipped tail splendidly when flying4 ,the bird itself is barely visible if it settles in the shade or on the soil4 ,the ,indian ,myna1 a city bird1 has both white wing-patch and white-tipped tail4 ,this explanation is also applied to other wild animals2 thus many ,deer have the white patch on the hind quarters4 ,other ,deer1 seeing this warning signal displayed in flight1 immediately make for safety4 ,similarly1 ,wallace has explained the white tail of a ,rabbit4 ,the ,skunk also has this white patch on the hind quarters1 but here a different explanation is required1 for the ,skunk does not trouble to run away when a possible enemy appears4 ,the bright color is here regarded as an advertizing color4 ,the ,skunk has other means of protection1 and he is labelled dangerous or objectionable1 just as our one poisonous ,spider is plainly labelled dangerous by means of a red stripe4 ,an inexperienced enemy may rush at the ,skunk1 but the means of protection enjoyed by it effectively protects it1 and the enemy retires4 ,it is a rule recognized by collectors that conspicuous animals have generally some effective means of protection1 and they are best left alone1 or at least taken with caution4 ,this is readily understood when it is considered that a young1 inexperienced chicken will rush at a brightly-colored caterpillar4 ,he then retires1 endeavoring to get rid of the objectionable taste4 ,for the future1 he avoids brightly-colored animals4 ,thus the bright color is an obvious advantage to its possessor1 as it saves a dangerous peck4 ,it is also an advantage to its enemies1 for it saves them an unpleasant experience4 ,we are told the ,parrot is the only bird with a sense of taste1 but it seems that the chicken possesses one also4 ,still another phase of color is shown by ,diamond-,birds1 where three species have a yellow spot1 a red spot1 or an orange spot respectively on the wing4 ,it is also shown by the ,red-breasted ,robins4 ,one has a white forehead1 one a white cap1 and the third a red cap4 ,these colored patches are considered to be recognition marks1 so that a bird can recognize its mate1 or a bird of its own kind1 readily and with certainty4 ,that rarely-seen1 but beautiful1 bird1 the ,mistletoe-,swallow1 is fairly common4 ,from several points of view1 it is of great interest4 ,ranging from ,india1 through ,malaysia1 to ,australia1 it did not reach ,tasmania4 ,possibly ,bass ,strait was formed before this bird reached ,southern ,victoria4 ,interesting1 also1 is the fact that no mistletoe is found in ,tasmania4 ,this bird is closely associated with the mistletoe1 for1 wherever you find it1 you find the mistletoe4 ,it furnishes another example of those interesting partnerships between animals and plants4 ,it is not related to ,swallows1 but while it sits on a bough1 its external form somewhat resembles that of a ,swallow4 ,its nest is one of the most beautiful of all nests--a finely-felted1 domed structure1 often suspended in a clump of mistletoe4 ,this bird has a long-continued1 pretty1 animated song1 which is seldom heard1 for it is low1 and1 as the bird is high in the tree-tops1 it might be inaudible2 but the main reason is probably that our ears are not attuned to pick out these fine songs4 ,it is said that ,tyndall found the insects on the ,alps almost deafening1 while his companions heard nothing4 ,so it is with the high-pitched call of a ,bat4 ,have you heard one8 ,few have4 ,the ,mistletoe-,swallow should be called the ,australian ,flower-,pecker1 for it is our one representative of a large genus1 best developed in the ,indian ,region4 ,placed at present in ,family #ada with the little ,mistletoe-,bird are the ,diamond-,birds of ,australia1 the plumage of our common kind of which is so variegated and beautiful as to render description impossible4 ,the ,diamond-,birds are restricted to ,australia4 ,though they are found mainly in high tree-tops1 whence they prettily and continuously call wit-e-chu and wit-loo1 some usually nest in a bank of earth4 ,the bank of a dam1 the side of a creek1 and the earth suspended on the roots of a fallen tree are favorite places4 ,some people find the continuous1 musical note annoying1 and have named the ,diamond-,bird the ,headache-,bird4 ,others find it entertaining1 and syllabize it as ,sweet ,dick1 or ,sleep1 ,baby4 ,three of these birds are recognized by a small1 bright spot on the side of the wing4 ,in one this spot is said to be red1 in another it is orange1 and in the third yellow4 ,however1 ,gould said the young of the ,red-tipped had the orange tip1 and later investigation seems to be supporting his view1 for the ,orange-tipped is possibly not a different species1 but only a phase of the ,red-tipped4 ,one of our bird observers1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,wilson1 has lately recorded finding the nest of a pair of ,pardalotes1 of which one was red-tipped and the other orange-tipped4 ,the ,yellow-tipped is said to be the commonest bird in ,tasmania4 ,these birds are plentifully spotted1 spotted like the pard1 hence the name ,pardalote1 ,panther-,bird1 or ,diamond-,bird4 7continued below7 ,page #aec ,f4 #ace4 ,,paridae 7#e71 ,,titmice1 ,tits1 #bjf sp4--#e7e7;,a41 #ee7dh7,o41 #hh7gh7,p41 #cb7cb7;,e41 #cd7bh7,nc41 #h7e7,nl4 #d #d #cbg99 ,whiteface1 ,white-faced ,titmouse 7,squeaker71 ,aphelocephala 7,xerophila7 leucopsis1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a4 7interior74 ,stat4 small flocks1 c4 plains #d ,upper olive-brown2 forehead1 face white2 under pale-buff2 tail tipped white2 f41 sim4 ,small seeds4 ,sweet chirping notes4 ,f4 #acf4 ,chamaeidae1 ,wren-,tits1 #c sp4 ,nc4 7,w4,u4,s474 ,the only family of birds restricted to the ,nearctic ,region4 ,f4 #acg4 ,regulidae1 ,gold-crested ,wren1 ,fire-crested ,wren1 ,kinglet1 #bj sp4--#f7e7,o41 #i7g7,p41 #a7j7;,e41 #d7b7,nc4 #d7b7,nl4 ,f4 #ach4 ,,sittidae 7#h71 ,,nuthatches1 #fj sp4--#ab7aa7;,a41 #ba7ah7,o41 #ah7af7,p41 #a7a7;,e41 #aj7g7,nc41 #c7a7,nl4 #h #aj #cbh99 ,orange-winged ,nuthatch 7,tree-runner1 ,bark-pecker71 ,woodpecker 7e71 ,neositta 7,sittella7 chrysoptera1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 r4 open forest #d4e ,head brown2 upper gray streaked black2 wing dark-brown with rich rufous band2 upper base tail white2 tail black tipped white2 under gray2 under base tail white barred brown2 bill sharp slightly upturned2 f41 head darker4 ,insects4 ,chip-chip4 #cbi ,black-capped ,nuthatch 7,tree-runner1 ,bark-pecker71 ,woodpecker 7e71 ,n4 pileata1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 ,stat4 r4 open timber #d4g ,grayish-brown2 upper base tail white2 cap black2 quills blackish-brown with rich rufous band2 tail black tipped white2 forehead1 stripe over eye1 under white2 thighs blackish-brown2 f41 head1 face1 hind-neck black4 ,insects4 ,page #aed ,illustration3 #ccj #cca #ccb #ccc #ccd #cce ,f4 #aci4 ,,certhiidae 7#h71 ,,creepers1 #ci sp4--#aj7aj7;,a41 #ac7ab7,o41 #i7h7,p41 #a7a7;,e41 #e7d7,nc41 #c7b7,nl4 #i #aj #ccj99 ,brown ,tree-,creeper1 ,woodpecker 7e71 ,climacteris picumna1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 vt4 ,eur4 ,creeper4 ,stat4 c4 open timber #g4b ,crown blackish-brown2 line over eye buff2 throat buff with few blackish spots2 upper brown2 wings banded buff2 under grayish-brown2 flanks striped white2 f41 throat chestnut spots4 ,insects4 ,sharp piercing cry4 ,creep up a tree4 ,page #aee #cca99 ,white-throated ,tree-,creeper1 ,woodpecker 7e71 ,c4 scandens1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 c4 forest #f4e ,crown sooty-black2 back olive-brown2 buff band on wing2 throat1 centre-abdomen white2 flanks brownish-black striped white2 f41 orange spot below ear4 ,insects4 ,shrill piping cry4 ,creeps up4 #ccb ,red-browed ,tree-,creeper1 ,c4 erythrops1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 rough barked trees #f ,back brown2 head blackish-brown2 forehead marked dusky-gray2 rump1 tail gray2 buff band on wing2 face1 stripe above eye rust-red2 throat white2 under grayish-brown striped white2 f41 face brighter2 throat rust-red1 striped white4 ,insects4 ,creeps up4 #ccc ,white-browed ,tree-,creeper1 ,c4 superciliosa1 ,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 timber #e4g ,upper brown2 wings rich fawn band2 broad white stripe over eye2 under grayish-brown2 abdomen striped white2 f41 narrow line rust-red above the white eyebrow2 tail washed with gray4 ,insects4 ,creeps up4 ,f4 #adj4 ,,zosteropidae 7#ad71 ,,white-,,eyes1 ,silver-eyes1 #aga sp4--#hc7hj7;,a41 #ch7cd7,o41 #d7c7,p41 #ej7ej7;,e4 #ac #aeg #ccd99 ,white-eye 7,silver1 ,ring1 ,glass-71 ,blight-,bird 7,spectacled-71 ,grape-eater1 ,silve1 ,tauhou1 ,zosterops coerulescens1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t41 ,n4,z41 ,chatham ,is4 ,stat4 v4c4 open gardens #d4e ,crown1 wings1 tail olive2 back dark-gray2 white ring round eye2 throat1 centre-abdomen1 under base tail whitish2 flanks chestnut-brown2 sometimes throat1 side-head yellow2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 fruit4 ,pretty lively song4 #cce ,gray ,white-eye1 ,z4 bowiae1 ,v4 7,marong74 ,one specimen only4 ,mathews now says it is #ccd4 ,like #ccd1 but gray instead of olive1 abdomen darker4 ,page #aeh ,illustration3 #cbh #ccj #cca #ccd #ccf #ccf;,a #ccg #cdj #cda #cbh ,orange-winged ,nuthatch #ccj ,brown ,tree-,creeper #cca ,white-throated ,tree-,creeper #ccd ,white-eye #ccf ,flower-,pecker #ccf;,a ,flower-,pecker 7,female7 #ccg ,red-tipped ,diamond-,bird #cdj ,spotted ,diamond-,bird #cda ,golden-rumped ,diamond-,bird ,page #afj ,illustration3 #cdb #cde #cdf #cdg #cdh #cdi #cej #cea #cec #cdb ,white-naped ,honey-eater #cde ,striped ,honey-eater #cdf ,sanguineous ,honey-eater #cdg ,black ,honey-eater #cdh ,spinebill #cea ,painted ,honey-eater #cdi ,tawny-crowned ,honey-eater #cej ,white-fronted ,honey-eater #cec ,regent ,honey-eater ,page #afb ,illustration3 #cee #cef #ceg #ceh #cei #cfb #cfc #cfd #cfe #cee ,yellow-eared ,honey-eater #cef ,singing ,honey-eater #ceg ,yellow-faced ,honey-eater #ceh ,white-eared ,honey-eater #cei ,yellow-tufted ,honey-eater #cfb ,yellow-plumed ,honey-eater #cfc ,white-plumed ,honey-eater #cfd ,crescent ,honey-eater #cfe ,white-bearded ,honey-eater ,page #afd ,illustration3 #cfj #cff #cfg #cfh #cgj #cgb #cgc #cgd #cfj ,helmeted ,honey-eater #cff ,white-cheeked ,honey-eater #cfg ,bell-,miner #cfh ,noisy ,miner #cgj ,wattle-,bird #cgb ,spiny-cheeked ,honey-eater #cgc ,blue-faced ,honey-eater #cgd ,friar-,bird ,page #aff ,illustration3 #ccf #ccg #cch #cci #cdj #cda ,f4 #ada4 ,,dicaeidae 7#aa71 ,,flower-,,peckers1 #aac sp4--#eg7eg7;,a41 #ef7ef7,o4 #a #gd #ccf99 ,australian ,flower-,pecker1 ,mistletoe-,bird 7-,swallow71 ,dicaeum hirundinaceum1 ,a4 ,stat4 c4 treetops #c4e ,black glossed steel-blue2 throat1 breast1 under base tail scarlet2 abdomen white1 black patch down centre2 flanks dusky2 f4199 throat1 centre-abdomen buff2 under base tail pale scarlet4 ,honey1 pollen1 fruits1 insects4 ,pretty1 feeble song4 ,page #afg #aj #aj #ccg99 ,red-tipped ,diamond-,bird 7,striated1 -,pardalote71 ,wittychu1 ,pickwick1 ,chuck-e-chuc1 ,pardalotus ornatus1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 c4 treetops1 scrub #d4b ,crown1 wings1 tail black spotted1 lined white2 back gray2 rump brown2 throat yellow2 red spots side of wing1 yellow stripe from bill above eye joins white stripe to nape2 centre-abdomen white2 flanks pale-brown1 tinged yellow2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,wit-e-chu4 #cch ,orange-tipped ,diamond-,bird 7,ramsay1 -,pardalote71 ,p4 assimilis1 ,e4,a41 ,c4,a4 ,stat4 v4c4 treetops1 timber #d4c ,like #ccg1 but upper paler2 orange spots on wing2 as a rule only one feather in the wing edged with white2 ,gould thought it the young of #ccg2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,wit-e-chu4 #cci ,yellow-tipped ,diamond-,bird1 ,allied ,pardalote1 ,p4 affinis1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t41 ,bass ,st4 ,is4 ,stat4 c4 timber #d4c ,like #ccg1 #cch1 but yellow spot on side of wing2 head black1 striped white2 yellow stripe from bill joins white stripe above eye2 back grayish-brown2 upper base tail olive-brown2 tail black1 tip spotted white2 throat yellow2 centre abdomen white2 flanks buffy-brown2 wings black1 tipped white1 a few feathers lined white2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,witloo4 ,sleep1 ,baby4 #cdj99 ,spotted ,diamond-,bird 7,pardalote71 ,diamond ,dyke 7,ground71 ,ground-,diamond1 ,diamond ,sparrow 7e71 ,p4 punctatus1 ,t41 ,a4 7exc4 ,n4,a41 ,c4,a474 ,stat4 v4c4 timber #c4c ,head1 wings1 tail black1 spotted white2 white stripe above eye2 back grayish-brown1 marked buff and black2 upper base tail crimson2 throat1 under base tail rich yellow2 abdomen fawn2 f41 duller2 head yellow spots2 throat whitish4 ,insects4 ,sleep1 ,baby1 ,sweet ,dick4 #cda99 ,golden-rumped ,diamond-,bird1 ,yellow-rumped ,pardalote1 ,p4 xanthopygius1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 f41 duller4 ,insects4 ,stat4 r4 timber #c4e ,like #cdj1 but upper base tail golden-yellow2 throat1 under base tail golden-yellow2 rest under buffy-white4 ,illustration3 #cdb #cdc #cdd #cde #cdf #cdg ,f4 #adb4 ,,nectariniidae 7#a71 ,,sun-,,birds1 #bcd sp4--#cf7cc7;,a41 #gg7gd7,o41 #b7a7,p41 #abc7abb7;,e4 ,f4 #adc4 ,promeropidae1 ,promerops1 #b sp4 ,e4 7,s4 ,afr47 ,order ,,xxi4 7continued7 ,the most characteristic family of birds of the ,australian region is the ,honey-eaters4 ,flowering eucalypts and other myrtaceous plants1 with their honey-bearing flowers and usually inedible fruits1 are the characteristic ,australian trees2 so are these birds1 depending so largely on the honey of these brilliant flowers and the insects which visit them1 the characteristic ,australian birds4 ,the ,honey-eaters form a very large family1 and are found throughout the ,australian region as far as ,new ,zealand and away to the ,sandwich ,islands1 which1 zoologically1 belong to ,australia4 ,strange it is that only one species should have spread to the west across ,wallace's line to the island of ,bali4 ,these birds are provided with a brush tongue1 which is used in brushing up honey from the flowers4 ,they have usually a long1 slender1 curved bill1 suitable for exploring flowers4 ,their feet are well developed and strong1 for they are used while hanging in all sorts of positions as the flowers are explored4 ,no less than eighty-eight ,honey-eaters are found in ,australia1 but they are often restricted to very limited areas1 so that no district would contain many kinds of these birds4 ,many are well known1 though not by the name ,honey-eater4 ,who does not know the harsh note of the ,wattle-,bird 7,wattled ,honey-eater78 ,again1 who does not often meet the ,noisy ,miner 7,garrulous ,honey-eater71 a bird that makes such a fuss when a snake appears that he is sometimes called the ,snake-,bird8 ,is there a city boy who does not know the ,greenie 7,white-plumed ,honey-eater78 ,some of the ,honey-eaters are amongst the most beautiful of birds4 ,the ,regent 7,warty-faced7 ,honey-eater is a glory1 and is often figured in ,british books as one of the world's beautiful birds4 ,the ,helmeted ,honey-eater is very rare1 and is probably confined to the deep forests of ,gippsland4 ,it is one of the most splendid of ,honey-eaters4 ,that active city-dweller1 the ,greenie1 is found in almost every large eucalypt that happens to be in flower4 ,it is pugnacious4 ,as it busily brushes honey from the flowers1 or catches an insect on the wing1 the white ear plume can be seen4 ,otherwise1 it has not conspicuous colors4 ,its lively call of chick-oo-wee adds something to life for the busy city toiler4 ,now come the ,miners4 ,the ,noisy ,miner is known to nearly everyone4 ,it is a common visitor to school grounds at lunch time1 and is a noisy bird that is little loved by sportsmen1 for it persists in alarming all game within reach4 ,a second ,miner is famous as the ,bell-,bird1 better ,bell-,miner4 ,the tinkling notes1 like silver bells from a distant shrine1 must be heard in a deep fern gully to be appreciated fully4 ,the green birds are seldom seen4 ,kendall has immortalized this bird in his beautiful poem1 ,bell-,birds4 ,the ,wattle-,bird is known to all4 ,it is a pugnacious bird1 and has a rough1 disagreeable note4 ,it has a small wattle of naked red flesh hanging at the side of the neck1 hence the name4 ,the bold1 pugnacious ,brush ,wattle-,bird is not so well known1 though its notes are even more remarkable4 ,both birds to-day are common in the ,melbourne ,botanic ,gardens on the flowering plants in the ,australian section4 ,the ,spiny-cheeked ,honey-eater is said to be a rare bird1 but there is probably not a park about ,melbourne but has some of these at present1 as well as all through the winter4 ,it is somewhat similar in build and habits to the ,wattle-,birds1 but is an elegant and attractive bird1 with many peculiar notes4 ,the ,blue-eye 7,blue-faced ,honey-eater7 is a conspicuous bird in country districts4 ,he is noisy1 and is handsomely attired4 ,his nesting habits are peculiar1 for he often builds in the deserted nest of a ,babbler4 ,the remarkable ,friar-,bird has a naked1 dark-blue head1 and is an impudent and daring bird1 that does not hesitate to steal fruit4 ,its loud call has been variously interpreted as ,four o'clock1 ,pimlico1 or ,tobacco-box4 ,this bird has a hump on its long curved bill4 ,the ,yellow-throated ,friar-,bird1 when young1 has yellow on the end of the throat feathers1 and has no hump on the bill4 ,it is a summer visitor to ,southern ,australia4 ,the well-known ,ground-,lark1 or ,australian ,pipit1 is the ,australian representative of the cosmopolitan family 7#adg7 of ,pipits4 ,even ,new ,zealand has its representative of this family4 ,the ,wagtails of ,britain and ,north ,america belong to this family1 whereas the so-called ,australian ,wagtail is a flycatcher4 ,like the other members of its family1 our ,ground-,lark1 or ,pipit1 sometimes sings beautifully as it soars4 ,the ,skylark of ,britain comes in the next family 7the ,alaudidae71 which is almost cosmopolitan4 ,this beautiful songster1 singing at ,heaven's gate1 pours forth a flood of melody4 ,the man who has these delightful songsters on open land near his home is indeed fortunate4 ,australia has its representative of this family--the ,bush-,lark1 a bird so remarkably like the ,australian ,pipit in external appearance that it is well-nigh impossible to distinguish them in the field4 ,the ,bush-,lark1 however1 is shorter1 plumper1 and has a stouter bill4 ,it further has a peculiar1 greatly undulating flight4 ,it mounts up1 then sinks1 then mounts1 and so on alternately1 singing all the time very melodiously1 but with a weaker strain than that favorite bird 7the ,british ,skylark74 ,four introduced ,finches have succeeded in establishing themselves in ,southern ,australia4 ,the ,greenfinch is spreading1 though slowly4 ,a specimen was recently sent in from ,horsham1 in ,western ,victoria4 ,the ,goldfinch1 one of the prettiest birds in ,britain1 is spreading rapidly4 ,it is often to be seen on thistles1 for it destroys their seeds4 ,the ,tree-,sparrow is rare as yet1 but the ,house-,sparrow is already a serious pest1 though probably he has not been valued highly enough as a weed destroyer4 ,however1 it was a pity early colonists did not take notice of ,gould's protests and warnings1 for possibly the greatest harm introduced birds do is the displacing of native birds4 7continued below7 ,page #afh ,f4 #add4 ,,meliphagidae 7#hh71 ,,honey-,,eaters1 ,honey-,suckers 7-,birds71 #bea sp4--#bej7bej7;,a41 #a7a7,o4 #aa #aa #cdb99 ,white-naped ,honey-eater 7,lunulated71 ,blackcap1 ,melithreptus atricapillus1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,kent ,group4 ,stat4 v4c4 timber #e4e ,upper yellowish-olive2 quills brown2 head1 hind-neck black2 narrow white band on nape2 under white2 naked patch about eye orange-scarlet2 f41 sim42 young no black cap4 ,tame4 ,honey1 pollen1 insects4 ,peevish1 half-whistling note4 ,page #afi #cdc ,black-chinned ,honey-eater 7,black-throated71 ,m4 gularis1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 r4 timber #f4g ,upper olive-yellow2 head1 nape black2 whitish band on nape joins white band up to eye2 sides of throat white1 centre blackish2 chest grayish2 sides creamy2 centre-abdomen white2 naked skin about eye turquoise-blue2 f41 sim4 ,honey1 insects1 seeds4 ,sweet song4 #cdd ,brown-headed ,honey-eater 7,short-billed71 ,m4 brevirostris1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 r4 timber #e4g ,greenish-olive upper2 quills brown2 head1 nape dark-brown2 whitish band on nape continued as brownish-white band on head2 under creamy2 bare skin about eye greenish-blue in winter1 dull yellow 7delicate flesh-tint7 in summer2 f41 sim4 ,honey1 insects4 ,rough1 rattle-like note4 #a #a #cde99 ,striped ,honey-eater 7,lanceolated71 ,plectoramphus lanceolatus1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 7inland74 ,stat4 r4 timber #h4h ,upper grayish-brown1 striped blackish-brown2 wing-quills brown1 edged lighter2 throat white2 under1 upper base tail white2 black marks side of neck1 flanks4 ,honey1 insects4 ,cheerful1 loud whistle1 ,chirp1 chirp1 cherry1 cherry4 #f #eb #cdf99 ,sanguineous ,honey-eater 7,blood71 ,humming-,bird 7e71 ,blood-,bird1 ,myzomela sanguinolenta1 ,e4,a4 7coastal74 ,nom4 r4 thick bushes1 heath #d4c ,head1 neck1 breast1 back1 upper base tail rich shining scarlet2 side-face1 wings1 tail black1 wings lined lighter2 abdomen buff2 f41 light brown1 lighter below4 ,pollen1 honey1 insects4 ,beautiful song4 #cdg99 ,black ,honey-eater1 ,m4 nigra1 ,a4 exc4 ,n4 ,ter4 7interior74 ,mig4 v4r4 plains #d4d ,black2 side abdomen1 under base tail white2 f41 brown2 under dull-white2 breast marked dark-brown2 under base tail white4 ,insects4 ,plaintive song4 ,page #agj ,illustration3 #cdh #cdi #cej #cea #ceb #cec #d #d #cdh99 ,spinebill1 ,spinebill ,honey-eater1 ,humming-,bird 7e71 ,cobbler's ,awl1 ,acanthorhynchus tenuirostris1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t41 ,bass ,st4 ,is4 ,stat4 c4 ,banksias1 heath #f4e ,crown1 line to crescent on side of chest1 wings1 tail black2 chest white1 chestnut-brown patch on throat2 back brown2 abdomen light chestnut-brown2 outer tail tipped white2 eye scarlet2 f41 duller4 ,insects1 honey4 ,monotonous strong call4 #d #ab #cdi99 ,tawny-crowned ,honey-eater 7,fulvous-fronted71 ,gliciphila melanops 7fulvifrons71 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,t41 ,bass ,st4 ,is4 ,stat4 c4 sandy1 heathy #g ,upper ashy-brown2 crown tawny1 blackish line from bill past eye down side of breast2 buff spot behind ear2 throat1 abdomen white4 ,insects1 honey4 ,plaintive notes4 #cej99 ,white-fronted ,honey-eater1 ,g4 albifrons1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,t4 7inland74 ,stat4 c4 dry scrubs #e4g ,upper grayish-brown2 crown1 throat black2 forehead1 behind ear white2 abdomen white1 streaked dark-brown4 ,insects1 honey4 ,tink-tink4 #a #a #cea99 ,painted ,honey-eater1 ,entomophila picta1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 7inland74 ,stat4 v4r4 plains #e4e ,upper black2 band on wings1 side tail yellow2 tip tail white2 abdomen white1 faintly streaked brown2 f41 smaller4 ,insects4 #a #a #ceb ,pied ,honey-eater1 ,certhionyx variegatus1 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,c4,a41 ,w4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4r4 dry scrubs #f4e ,black and white2 head1 throat1 back1 wings1 tip-tail black2 rest white2 f41 light-brown upper2 under whitish1 throat buffy1 streaked dark-brown4 ,pollen1 honey1 berries4 #a #a #cec99 ,regent ,honey-eater 7,warty-faced71 ,turkey-,bird 7,mock ,regent71 ,flying ,coachman1 ,meliphaga phrygia4 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,nom4 flocks r4 eucalypts #i4b ,one of the most beautiful of birds2 see colored plate2 richly contrasted black and yellow2 warty patch about eye2 pugnacious2 f41 sim4 ,ringing ,clink-clank4 ,page #aga ,illustration3 #ced #cee #cef #ceg #ceh #bg #ec #ced ,fuscous ,honey-eater1 ,ptilotis fusca1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 7exc4 dry parts74 ,stat4 c4 open forest #f4b ,grayish-brown1 quills dark-brown1 edged yellow2 a circle blackish feathers round eye2 pale yellow ear tufts2 under whitish1 chest faintly streaked brownish2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 honey4 #cee99 ,yellow-eared ,honey-eater 7,lewin71 ,p4 chrysotis1 ,e4,a4 ,stat4 c4 humid scrubs #i ,upper olive-green1 under lighter2 large bright yellow ear tufts2 gape straw-white2 about eye blackish4 ,insects1 honey4 ,quavering whistling notes4 #cef99 ,singing ,honey-eater 7,large-striped71 ,p4 sonora1 ,a4 exc4 extreme ,n4 ,stat4 c4 forest1 scrub #g4e ,upper brown2 black stripe through eye to side of neck2 faint yellow band below black stripe2 bright yellow ear patch1 behind this a small white patch2 throat whitish2 under gray1 faintly streaked blackish2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 berries4 ,loud calls4 #ceg99 ,yellow-faced ,honey-eater 7,yellow-gaped71 ,chick-up1 ,love-,bird 7e71 ,p4 chrysops1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 scrub #f4h ,ashy-brown2 two black lines along side of face1 bright yellow band between these to ear tufts2 spot of white behind ear2 throat grayish-white2 chest ashy-brown2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 honey4 ,strong musical call4 #ceh99 ,white-eared ,honey-eater1 ,p4 leucotis1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 c4 scrub1 timber #h ,fine1 showy bird2 upper1 abdomen yellowish-olive2 head dark-gray2 throat1 chest black2 ear patch pure white3 f41 smaller4 ,insects4 ,loud ringing note4 ,page #agb ,illustration3 #cei #cfj #cfa #cfb #cfc #cfd #cei99 ,yellow-tufted ,honey-eater 7,golden-tufted1 ,black-faced1 ,spectacled71 ,yellow-,whiskers1 ,p4 melanops 7auricomis71 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v4 ,stat4 c4 eucalypts #g4h ,one of the most beautiful of birds1 crown olive-yellow2 throat1 about ear bright yellow2 black from bill1 round eye above ear2 upper dark-brown2 under yellow2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 honey4 ,varied1 high-pitched notes4 #cfj99 ,helmeted ,honey-eater1 ,p4 cassidix1 ,v4 ,stat4 r4 forest #h4e ,this splendid ,honey-eater2 greenish-black2 head black2 crown1 ears1 under yellow2 tail tipped white2 about eye black2 f41 smaller1 paler4 ,insects4 #cfa ,wattled-cheeked ,honey-eater1 ,p4 cratitia1 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 r4 eucalypts #g ,crown gray2 upper olive-green2 tail1 wings brown2 about eye1 ear black2 narrow yellow line below black2 from bill to side of neck naked lilac skin2 under olive yellow2 f41 smaller4 ,pollen1 honey4 #cfb99 ,yellow-plumed ,honey-eater 7,graceful71 ,p4 novae-hollandiae 7ornata71 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 c4 scrub #f4e ,elegant bird2 upper olive-brown2 under grayish-white1 streaked brown2 yellow ear-tuft2 f41 sim4 ,honey1 insects4 ,loud ringing note4 #cfc99 ,white-plumed ,honey-eater1 ,greenie1 ,linnet 7e71 ,chickoowee2 ,ringeye 7e71 ,ringneck 7e71 ,australian ,canary 7e71 ,p4 penicillata1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 v4c4 gardens #f4g ,grayish-brown1 tinged olive2 under light yellowish-brown2 long white ear plumes1 sometimes not seen until the head is moved2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 pollen1 honey4 ,loud ringing notes2 ,chick-oo-wee4 #e #f #cfd99 ,crescent ,honey-eater 7,horseshoe1 ,tasmanian71 ,egypt1 ,meliornis pyrrhoptera 7australasiana71 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 c4 forest1 heath #f4b ,page #agc ,illustration3 #cfe #cff #cfg #cfh #cfi ,upper dusky black2 black bar each side of breast2 under white2 flanks dusky2 wings1 tail marked golden-yellow2 side-tail spotted white2 f41 dusky-brown1 faint yellow on wings and tail4 ,loud varied calls1 ,egypt4 #cfe99 ,white-bearded ,honey-eater 7,new ,holland71 ,yellow ,wings1 ,m4 novae-hollandiae1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,,sa41 ,t4 ,stat4 v4c4 scrubby1 ,banksias #g4b ,blackish-brown1 marked white2 much yellow on wings2 tail black1 margined yellow1 tipped white2 line side of nape1 cheeks1 behind ear white2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 honey4 #cff99 ,white-cheeked ,honey-eater1 ,m4 nigra 7sericea71 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 r4 scrub1 undergrowth #g ,like #cfe1 but forehead white2 large tuft of white plumes on side of head2 tail not tipped white2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 honey4 ,clear double whistling note4 #a #a #cfg99 ,bell-,miner1 ,bell-,bird1 ,manorina melanophrys1 ,e4,a4 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,bell note1 ,tink4 ,stat4 r4 dense gullies #g ,olive-green2 bright yellow patch between eye and bill2 small red patch behind eye2 forehead1 about eye black4 #d #d #cfh99 ,noisy ,miner1 ,garrulous ,honeyeater1 ,snake-,bird1 ,cherry-eater1 ,soldier1 ,micky1 ,squeaker1 ,myzantha garrula1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 v4c4 open forest #aj ,gray2 marked whitish on hind-neck1 marked dusky-gray chest2 crown1 about eye1 ear1 chin black2 wing tinged yellow2 tail tipped white2 legs1 bill1 skin behind eye bright yellow2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 fruit1 honey4 ,noisy4 #cfi ,yellow-throated ,miner1 ,m4 flavigula1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,c4,a4 ,w4,a4 7inland74 ,stat4 r4 timber #aj ,gray2 hind-neck marked whitish1 chest marked brown2 rump1 tip tail white2 naked space behind eye2 forehead1 throat1 bill1 legs yellow2 a little olive-yellow on wing1 base-tail2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 honey4 ,page #agd ,illustration3 #cgj #cga #cgb #cgc #cgd #cge #b #b #cgj99 ,wattle-,bird1 ,red ,wattle-,bird1 ,gill-,bird1 ,wattled ,honey-eater1 ,mutton-,bird 7e71 ,acanthcchaera carunculata1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 c4 timber #ad4e ,brown streaked1 lined white2 red wattle #a_/d;in42 whitish below eye1 between shoulder and gill2 wing quills and tail tipped white2 centre abdomen yellow2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 honey4 ,kwock1 kwock2 ,up with the rag4 ,many curious guttural notes4 ,page #age #b #b #cga ,brush ,wattle-,bird1 ,mocking-,bird1 ,mocker1 ,cookaycock1 ,anellobia chrysoptera 7mellivora71 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 c4 timber #ab ,brown1 lined white2 quills lined1 tipped white2 tail tipped white2 throat whitish2 no wattle2 f41 smaller4 ,showy1 pugnacious1 many curious notes4 #a #a #cgb99 ,spiny-cheeked ,honey-eater1 ,acanthagenys rufigularis1 ,a4 ,nom4 c4 timber1 scrub #aj ,upper dusky-brown2 white spiny feathers1 below eye to ear2 throat1 chest rufous2 abdomen whitish1 streaked dusky-brown2 tail tipped white2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 honey4 ,many peculiar loud notes1 a plaintive trill4 #c #c #cgc99 ,blue-faced ,honey-eater1 ,banana-,bird1 ,blue-eye1 ,entomyzon cyanotis1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 timber #ab ,attractive1 beautiful2 upper golden olive-green2 head1 hind-neck black2 throat dusky2 line on hind-neck1 side throat1 under white2 about eye blue2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 honey4 ,loud monotonous call4 #c #h #cgd99 ,friar-,bird1 ,monk1 ,leatherhead1 ,four-o'-clock1 ,pimlico1 ,poor ,soldier1 ,tropidorhynchus corniculatus1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,insects4 ,nom4 c4 open forest1 orchard #ac4b ,head naked1 ink-black2 knob on bill2 brown2 tail tipped white2 silver-white lanceolate feathers on throat2 f41 sim4 ,noisy1 ,tobacco-box1 four-o'-clock4 ,fruit4 #b #ab #cge99 ,yellow-throated ,friar-,bird1 ,little ,leatherhead1 ,philemon citreigularis1 ,n4 ,ter41 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 ,nom4 r4 timber #aj ,upper brown2 under pale brown2 throat yellow 7young71 white 7adult72 the colored plate shows a young bird2 the adult loses yellow on throat1 black on face1 grayish marks on back1 and becomes one of the plainest of birds2 f41 similar to adult male4 ,insects1 berries1 honey4 ,five-o'-clock4 ,f4 #ade4 ,mniotiltidae1 ,american ,warblers1 #bca sp4--#b7j7,p41 #hj7ab7,nc41 #bai7aea7,nl4 ,f4 #adf4 ,drepanididae1 ,sandwich ,island ,honeyeaters1 #dj sp4 ,a4 ,page #agf ,illustration3 #cgf #cgf;,a #cgg #cgg;,a #cgg;,b #cgg;,c ,f4 #adg4 ,,motacillidae 7#b71 ,pipits1 ,wagtails1 #ajg sp4--#aa7f7;,a41 #cb7f7,o41 #ec7ab7,p41 #di7cb7;,e41 #g7a7,nc41 #a #ee #cgf99 ,australian ,pipit1 ,ground-,lark1 ,anthus australis1 ,a41 ,t4 vt4 ,eur4 ,pipit4 ,part-,mig4 v4c4 grass #g ,upper dark-brown1 feathers edged lighter2 buff stripe above eye2 under white streaked dark-brown2 most streaked on chest2 outer-tail white2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 small seeds4 ,sometimes soars singing melodiously4 ,f4 #adh4 ,,alaudidae 7#d71 ,larks1 ,skylark1 ,horned-,larks1 ,shore-,larks1 #bbd sp4--#f7f7;,a41 #de7bi7,o41 #fi7dh7,p41 #ajh7ii7;,e41 #ah7aj7,nc41 #aa7d7,nl4 ,page #agg #a #ab #cgf;,a ,skylark1 ,alauda arvensis1 ,eur41 ,n4 ,afr41 ,v4 7introduced74 ,mig4 c4 grass #g ,upper warm-brown mottled1 streaked darker2 stripe over eye lighter2 throat1 chest brownish-buff1 streaked brown2 abdomen yellowish-white2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 seeds4 ,sings soaring2 famous songster4 #d #de #cgg99 ,bush-,lark1 ,horsfield ,bush-,lark1 ,skylark 7e71 ,mirafra horsfieldi1 ,e4,a41 ,w4,a4 ,stat4 r4 grass #e4c ,like #cgf1 but plumper1 shorter2 bill stouter1 almost finch-like2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 small seeds4 ,sings melodiously soaring1 also on moonlight nights2 one of our most pleasing songsters4 ,f4 #adi4 ,catamblyrhynchidae1 #b sp4 ,nl4 7,peru74 ,f4 #aej4 ,fringillidae1 ,finches1 ,grosbeak1 ,bullfinch1 ,bunting1 ,cardinal 7,am471 ,crossbill1 ,chaffinch1 ,linnet1 ,redpoll1 ,canary1 #ajhg sp4--#abi7hc7,o41 #bjb7ach7,p41 #ajg7if7;,e41 #aia7abe7,nc41 #ebi7dgd7,nl4 #a #aj #cgg;,a ,greenfinch1 ,green ,linnet1 ,ligurinus chloris1 ,europe to ,persia1 ,v4 7introduced74 ,stat4 c4 fields1 gardens #f ,upper olive-green2 golden-yellow eyestripe2 tail yellow base1 black tip2 wing dark-brown1 lined bright yellow2 under greenish-yellow1 darker on flanks2 f41 much duller4 ,seeds4 ,one of the prettiest of ,british songsters4 #a #aa #cgg;,b ,goldfinch1 ,thistle-,finch1 ,carduelis carduelis1 ,europe1 ,canary ,is4 to ,egypt1 to ,persia1 ,siberia1 ,v4 7introduced74 ,stat4 v4c4 fields #e ,crown black2 face1 chin red2 behind eye1 throat1 under1 upper base tail white2 bright yellow on wings2 f41 sim4 ,thistle seeds1 insects4 ,loud1 sweet song2 twit-it4 #b #ef #cgg;,c ,tree-,sparrow 7,mountain-71 ,passer montanus1 ,eur41 ,n4 ,asia1 ,a4 7introduced74 ,stat4 r4 trees #e4f ,like #cgg;,d1 but head1 nape chestnut2 black ear patch in centre of a large white patch2 two white bars on side of wing2 shier2 f41 sim4 ,seeds1 insects4 ,chirps4 ,page #agh ,illustration3 #cgg;,d #cgh #cgi #chj #cha #chb #cgg;,d ,house-,sparrow1 ,p4 domesticus1 ,eur41 ,siberia1 ,a4 7introduced74 ,stat4 v4c4 houses #e ,crown1 nape bluish-gray2 behind eye1 side neck broad chestnut band2 upper brown2 one white bar on wing2 cheeks1 throat black2 under whitish2 f41 duller2 darker below2 no black throat4 ,seeds1 insects4 ,chirps4 ,f4 #aea4 ,coerebidae1 ,honey-,creepers1 #ic sp4--#a7j7,nc41 #ic7ib7,nl4 ,f4 #aeb4 ,procniatidae1 #a sp4 ,nl4 ,f4 #aec4 ,tanagridae1 ,tanagers1 #dbd sp4--#f7j7,nc41 #dbd7dah7,nl4 ,order ,,xxi4 7continued7 ,gould placed the ,australian ,finches in the same family as the ,sparrow--the ,fringillidae--which includes also the ,linnet and the cage ,canary4 ,most writers now put them in with the ,weaver-,birds or ,weaver ,finches 7family ,ploceidae74 ,twenty-three ,finches have been recorded from ,australia4 ,all have the well-known ,finch bill1 adapted for shelling seeds1 and all are seed-eaters1 though some occasionally take insects in addition4 ,the ,spotted-sided ,finch is true to name1 as a glance at the illustration shows4 ,the rare ,fire-tail is beautifully and closely banded below1 while the ,chestnut-eared ,finch is banded on the throat and chest4 ,the ,plum-headed ,finch has a deep crimson forehead1 and is banded below4 ,the ,red-browed ,finch is often called the ,firetail1 for it has the red rump as well as the red brow and bill1 but the under surface is not banded4 ,these birds usually build a very large nest1 which has been compared to a stocking hung by the toe1 while the eggs are laid in the heel1 and entrance is gained through the leg4 ,the introduced ,starling has firmly established itself1 and is extending its range rapidly4 ,incredible numbers gather at lagoon-sides to roost in the reed-beds4 ,this bird is a favorite with farmers and graziers1 but orchardists view its rapid increase with alarm4 ,it is possible1 as ,mr4 ,c4 ,french1 ,government ,entomologist1 has pointed out1 that the ,starling will yet prove a more expensive pest than the ,rabbit4 ,starlings1 at least1 upset the balance of nature1 for1 by occupying all available nesting sites1 early and late1 they displace the native birds4 ,kingfishers1 ,parrots1 and other birds that nest in hollows are thus being driven away from their old haunts4 ,the ,australian ,oriole is a member of the family of true ,orioles4 ,the ,fig-,birds of ,queensland towns are closely related4 ,the members of this family are restricted to the ,eastern ,hemisphere4 ,our ,oriole is an interesting migrant which visits even cities4 ,its beautiful hanging1 cup-shaped nest woven amongst the twigs at the end of a leafy bough is a clever piece of work4 ,its note is melodious and varied4 ,it often calls o-ree-ee-o-ole4 ,it is also fond of mimicking other birds4 ,the ,baltimore ,oriole1 or ,golden ,robin1 is properly not an ,oriole1 but comes in a related family--the ,icteridae--which contains ,american birds somewhat similar to ,orioles4 ,the ,australian bird1 as shown by the colored illustration1 has not the conspicuous golden and black plumage of the ,european bird4 ,the ,spangled ,drongo is the ,australian representative of a family of birds spread from ,africa1 ,madagascar1 and ,india up to ,japan1 and through the islands to ,australia4 ,they are a characteristic feature of ,indian ornithology1 for they are found everywhere in that country4 ,the one ,australian bird is a migrant1 and seldom reaches ,southern ,australia4 ,like other ,drongos1 it is a glossy black1 has a long1 forked tail1 is a good mimic of other birds' calls1 and is also a vicious fighter4 ,it is exceedingly active1 and has a disagreeably harsh1 cackling1 and creaking whistle4 ,it will drive away even hawks and crows4 ,after the ,shining ,starlings of ,queensland1 come the marvellously-beautiful ,birds of ,paradise--,god's ,birds4 ,these unique birds are found only in ,new ,guinea1 ,papuan ,islands1 ,molucca ,islands1 and the rich1 tropical coast scrubs of ,eastern ,australia4 ,one1 the ,riflebird1 is found even down to ,north-,eastern ,new ,south ,wales4 ,the ,federal and ,state ,governments are doing excellent work in protecting our beautiful birds1 and are giving what seems to be a really efficient protection1 so that some of our birds which possess the fatal gift of beauty in an extreme degree will probably survive for some time yet4 ,collectors as well as plume-hunters should be compelled to keep hands off our exquisite birds4 7continued below7 ,f4 #aed4 ,,ploceidae 7#bc71 ,,weaver-,,finches1 #dhg sp4--#ei7ef7;,a41 #da7cg7,o41 #a7j7,p41 #cia7cia7;,e4 ,page #agi #a #a #cgh99 ,spotted-sided ,finch1 ,diamond-,sparrow 7e71 ,java-,sparrow 7e71 ,stagonopleura guttata1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 c4 grass #d4f ,showy1 attractive2 crown gray2 back1 wings brown2 rump1 bill1 eye red2 sides1 chest-band1 tail black2 sides spotted white2 throat1 centre abdomen white2 f41 sim4 ,grass-seeds4 #b #b #cgi99 ,firetailed ,finch1 ,firetail1 ,zonaeginthus bellus1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,t4 ,stat4 r4 grass #d4f ,upper olive-brown1 finely-barred black2 under gray1 finely-barred black2 rump1 bill scarlet2 about eye black2 f41 sim4 ,seeds4 #a #b #chj99 ,chestnut-eared ,finch 7,zebra71 ,taeniopygia castanotis1 ,a4 7interior74 ,nom4 small flocks1 v4r4 plains #d4b ,upper brown2 rump white2 upper base tail black1 with three white spots2 cheeks chestnut2 throat1 chest gray1 barred black2 black band on chest2 abdomen white2 flanks chestnut1 spotted white2 feet1 bill orange2 f41 throat1 chest gray1 fringed brown2 abdomen yellowish-brown4 ,grass-seeds4 #a #d #cha99 ,plum-headed ,finch 7,diadem1 ,plain-colored71 ,aidemosyne modesta1 ,s4,q41 ,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 small flocks1 r4 grass #d4f ,crown deep purple2 bill1 between eye and bill1 spot on chin black2 upper brown2 wings spotted white2 side-tail tipped white2 under white barred brown2 f41 no black on chin4 ,seeds4 #b #b #chb99 ,red-browed ,finch 7,temporal71 ,redhead1 ,redbill 7e71 ,sydney ,waxbill1 ,a,egintha temporalis1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 small flocks1 r4 grass #d4e ,bill1 patch over eye1 rump crimson2 crown gray2 upper olive-brown2 under lighter2 f41 sim4 ,seeds4 ,f4 #aee4 ,icteridae1 ,bobolink1 ,cowbird1 ,blackbirds 7,am471 ,oriole 7,am471 ,redwing 7,am471 #ahe sp4--#ce7ae7,nc41 #agj7aej7 ,nl4 ,f4 #aef4 ,sturnidae1 ,starlings1 ,grackles1 #fj sp4--#b7a7;,a41 #db7bh7,o41 #bi7ad7,p41 #b7a7;,e4 ,page #aha ,illustration3 #cge #cgf #cgg #cgh #cgi #chj #cha #chb #chc #cge ,yellow-throated ,friar-,bird #cgf ,australian ,pipit #cgg ,bush-,lark #cgh ,spotted-,sided ,finch #cgi ,firetailed ,finch #chj ,chestnut-eared ,finch #cha ,plum-headed ,finch #chb ,red-browed ,finch #chc ,olive-backed ,oriole ,page #ahc ,illustration3 #chd #che #che;,a #chf #cij #cia #cib #cid #chd ,spangled ,drongo #che ,satin ,bower-,bird #che;,a ,satin ,bower-,bird 7,female7 #chf ,spotted ,bower-,bird #cij ,apostle-,bird #cia ,white-winged ,chough #cib ,pied ,bell-,magpie #cid ,gray ,bell-,magpie ,page #ahf ,illustration3 #chb;,a #chb;,b #chc #chd #che #che;,a #a #bc #chb;,a ,starling1 ,sturnus vulgaris1 ,eur41 ,n4 ,afr41 ,asia1 ,a4 7introduced74 ,nom4 v4c4 open #h4e ,glossy-black1 with metallic reflections2 upper feathers tipped buff1 under tipped white2 light tips lost in summer2 bill lemon-yellow summer1 blackish winter2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 caterpillars1 fruit4 ,wheezing1 whining notes4 ,mimic4 ,page #ahg;a #a #c #chb;,b ,common ,myna 7,indian1 ,calcutta71 ,acridotheres tristis1 ,india1 ,afghanistan1 ,v4 7,introduced74 ,stat4 v4c4 houses #aj ,head1 neck black2 upper brown2 under rich vinous-brown2 tip-tail1 large patch on wing white2 about eye1 bill1 legs yellow2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 fruit4 ,many notes4 ,f4 #aeg4 ,,eulabetidae 7#b71 ,,shining ,,starlings1 #aci sp4--#ea7ea7;,a41 #bj7bj7,o41 #a7a7,p41 #fg7fg7;,e4 ,f4 #aeh4 ,paramythidae1 #a sp4 ,a4 7,n4,g474 ,f4 #aei4 ,buphagidae1 ,oxpecker1 ,rhinoceros-,bird1 #b sp4 ,e4 ,f4 #afj4 ,,oriolidae 7#d71 ,,orioles1 ,fig-,birds1 #gj sp4--#bg7bg7;,a41 #bi7bf7,o41 #c7j7,p41 #ae7ad7;,e4 #a #ab #chc99 ,olive-backed ,oriole1 ,green ,thrush 7e71 ,mimetes sagittata 7,oriolus viridis71 ,e4,a41 ,n4,w4,a4 ,stat4 r4 open forest #aa4e ,upper yellowish olive-green2 wings1 tail brown1 tipped white2 under whitish1 streaked black2 bill flesh-red2 eyes scarlet2 variable in color2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 fruit4 ,or-ree-ee-oale4 ,mimic4 ,f4 #afa4 ,,dicruridae 7#a71 ,,drongos1 #gc sp4--#bd7bc7;,a41 #ci7ch7,o41 #aa7aa7;,e4 #a #bi #chd99 ,spangled ,drongo1 ,drongo-,shrike1 ,king-,crow1 ,dicruropsis 7,chibia1 ,dicrurus7 bracteata1 ,n4,g41 ,n4 ,ter41 ,e4,a41 ,n4,w4,a41 ,t4 7acc474 ,nom4 r4 timber #ab4b ,black glossed1 spotted green2 spotted white under wing2 f41 sim4 ,insects4 ,noisy1 harsh peculiar notes4 ,f4 #afb4 ,,paradiseidae 7#d71 ,,birds ,,of ,,paradise1 ,rifle-,bird1 #gj sp4 ,a4 ,order ,,xxi4 7continued7 ,mr4 ,a4 ,j4 ,north1 ,c4,m4,b4,o4,u41 the ornithologist of the ,australian ,museum1 ,sydney1 and one of the greatest of living ,australian ornithologists1 has declared that without exception1 the bower-building birds of ,australia are the most extraordinary and interesting group of birds found in the world4 ,these wonderful birds construct1 apart from their nests1 play-houses--structures that are perfectly anomalous in the architecture of birds4 ,gould considered the accounts of the extraordinary habits of the ,bower ,birds as some of the valuable and interesting portions of his work4 ,though the bird was known before ,gould's time1 its extraordinary habits had never been brought before the scientific world until ,i 7,gould7 had the gratification of publishing an account of them after my return from ,australia4 ,this month ,i had the gratification of seeing the ,satin ,bower ,birds playing about a perfect bower within one chain of a country school1 and within one yard of a busy roadside4 ,the birds have quite made friends with the school children4 ,they have helped themselves to the blue flowers from the school garden1 pieces of blue paper1 and even a blue hair ribbon1 besides blue parrot's feathers4 ,these are used to decorate this very interesting playhouse4 ,unfortunately1 ,satin ,bower ,birds are mainly fruit-eaters1 and so will possibly do some damage1 but they are amongst the wonders of the world1 and it is hoped all will hesitate to shoot them1 for their highly-decorated halls of assembly must be regarded as the most wonderful instances of bird-architecture yet discovered4 ,the male gets his beautiful blue-black coat after he is seven years old4 ,many of the schools of ,south ,gippsland can show ,satin ,bower-,birds regularly in attendance at lunch-time to gather the crusts4 ,we have destroyed their native fruits1 and should submit to some slight loss to enable young ,australians to become familiar with the most interesting group of birds in the world4 7continued below7 ,page #ahg;b ,f4 #afc4 ,,ptilonorhynchidae 7#aa71 ,,bower-,,birds1 ,regent-,bird1 ,cat 7,gardener7 ,bird1 #cg sp4 ,a4 #a #a #che99 ,satin ,bower-,bird1 ,satin ,bird1 ,ptilonorhynchus violaceus1 ,e4,a4 ,stat4 r4 coast-scrubs1 mt4-gullies #ab4e ,lustrous blue-black1 with black centres to feathers2 f4199 upper grayish-green2 quills dark-brown2 tail golden-brown2 under yellow1 washed bluish-green1 marked blackish-brown2 young male up to #c years sim4 to f4 ,gets fully adult blue-black after #g years of age4 ,fruits1 berries1 insects4 ,many notes1 mimics4 ,page #ahh;a ,illustration3 #chf #chg #chh #chi #cij #e #f #chf99 ,spotted ,bower-,bird1 ,cabbage-,bird1 ,chlamydera maculata1 ,e4,a1 ,s4,a4 7inland74 ,stat4 v4r4 dry scrubs #ab ,upper dark-brown spotted buff2 rose-lilac opalescent plumes on nape2 tail tipped buff1 white2 abdomen pale creamy-buff1 flanks barred dusky brown2 f41 no rose-lilac plumes4 ,varied1 harsh1 plaintive notes1 mimics4 ,order ,,xxi4 7continued7 ,the members of the ,crow ,family--the ,corvidae--were considered the most highly-developed of birds--the most highly organized1 so far as structure was concerned1 and the most intelligent4 ,however1 ,sharpe has erected the seven ,australian ,bell-,magpies 7,streperas7 into a family which1 in his ,hand-,list of ,birds is placed at the top of the bird tree4 ,in the ,crow ,family many well-known birds are placed4 ,the ,jays1 ,magpie1 ,daws1 ,rooks1 and ,nutcrackers of ,europe are not represented in ,australia4 ,the ,crows and the ,raven1 however1 are represented by closely-related birds4 ,it is important to tell the difference between the ,australian ,crow and the ,australian ,raven1 for1 we are told1 the ,crow is all that is good1 while the ,raven is the reverse4 ,the ornithologists say it is easy to tell the difference4 ,just examine the down1 say1 on the neck4 ,it is white in the ,crow1 but dusky in the ,raven4 ,unfortunately1 the birds will not always wait to permit an examination of the down4 ,the eye is often mentioned1 but hazel-eyed birds have become white-eyed4 ,however1 the ,raven has lanceolate feathers on the neck1 and a rougher1 unmusical voice4 ,the ,raven seems the more common bird1 though most people will tell you there are no ,ravens in their district4 ,the ,apostle-,bird 7,gray ,jumper71 and the ,white-winged ,chough are two of ,australia's anomalous birds4 ,both go in flocks1 so each has been called the ,twelve ,apostles4 ,however1 the name has become attached to the ,gray ,jumper4 ,the ,white-winged ,chough has no close relative in the world2 possibly1 the ,chough that nests in the cliffs of ,cornwall is nearest to it4 ,the ,bell-,magpies 7,streperas71 perhaps better known as ,black or ,gray ,magpies1 are now receiving much notice1 because of their position at the head of the bird-world4 ,they are restricted to ,australia1 ,tasmania1 and ,lord ,howe ,island4 ,a good name is required for these birds1 for1 of course1 they are not ,magpies1 though they have a white-tipped tail1 and there is usually white in the wing1 and about the base of the tail4 ,they are fine1 large birds1 with a variety of notes4 7continued below7 ,page #ahh;b ,f4 #afd4 ,,corvidae 7#e71 ,,crows1 ,rook1 ,raven1 ,jackdaw1 ,magpie 7,br471 ,jay1 ,nutcracker1 ,chough1 #bgd sp4--#bg7be7;,a41 #gc7eh7,o41 #fi7ec7,p41 #ae7i7;,e41 #dc7ce7,nc41 #gc7fe7,nl4 #c #fc #chg ,hazel-eyed ,crow1 ,corvus coronoides1 ,a4 ,nom4 c4 open1 timber #bj ,black glossed with purple2 white down2 hazel eyes2 f41 smaller4 ,insects1 carrion1 fruit1 not lambs4 #chh ,small-billed ,crow1 ,c4 bennetti1 ,w4,n4,s4,w41 ,v41 ,s4,a4 ,like #chg1 but smaller2 bill small2 eye white2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 carrion4 ,car repeated4 ,stat4 v4r4 plains #ah4e #chi ,australian ,raven1 ,crow 7e71 ,c4 marianae 7,corone australis71 ,a41 ,t4 ,nom4 v4c4 plains1 timber #bj ,black glossed purple2 throat feathers lanceolate1 tinged green2 down dusky-gray2 eyes white2 f41 smaller1 lanceolate feathers not so well developed4 ,locusts1 caterpillars1 omnivorous1 destructive4 ,loud1 deep ,gwar-gwar1 varied with shrill1 high-sounding ,korr-,korr 7,north74 #a #a #cij99 ,apostle-,bird1 ,gray ,jumper1 ,twelve ,apostles1 ,struthidea cinerea1 ,n4 ,ter41 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 7inland74 ,stat4 small flocks1 r4 open timber #ac ,gray2 wings brown2 bill1 legs black2 eye white2 f41 sim4 ,mud nest4 ,insects4 ,incessant chattering4 ,page #ahi ,illustration3 #cia #cib #cic #cid #cie #a #a #cia99 ,white-winged ,chough1 ,black ,magpie 7e71 ,jay 7e71 ,apostle-,bird 7e71 ,corcorax melanorhamphus1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a4 ,stat4 small flocks1 c4 timber #af ,sooty black1 white on wing only2 eyes red2 f41 sim4 ,mud nest4 ,insects1 fruits1 seeds4 ,low1 mournful whistle4 ,f4 #afe4 ,,streperidae 7#g71 ,,bell-,,magpies1 ,streperas1 ,crow-,shrikes1 #g sp4 ,a4 #g #g #cib99 ,pied ,bell-,magpie 7,crow-,shrike71 ,currawong4 ,mutton-,bird 7e71 ,strepera graculina1 ,e4,a41 ,lord ,howe ,is4 ,nom4 r4 timber #ah4e ,black2 white patch on wing1 upper base tail1 under base tail1 tip tail2 eye yellow2 f41 smaller4 ,berries1 fruit1 insects4 #cic ,black-winged ,bell-,magpie 7,crow-,shrike71 ,s4 melanoptera1 ,v41 ,s4,a41 ,kangaroo ,is4 ,stat4 v4r4 scrub #ai ,black1 white tip tail1 under base tail2 f41 smaller4 ,insects4 #cid99 ,gray ,bell-,magpie 7,crow-,shrike71 ,gray ,magpie1 ,rain-,bird1 ,squeaker1 ,s4 versicolor 7cuneicaudata71 ,e4,a4 ,stat4 v4c4 timber1 orchard #ai ,gray2 white on wing1 tip tail1 under base tail2 eye orange2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 fruit4 ,loud1 ringing notes4 ,it's-going-to-rain4 ,two and two are four4 ,cree-e-ling1 cree-e-ling4 #cie ,sooty ,bell-,magpie 7,crow-,shrike71 ,black ,magpie 7e71 ,s4 fuliginosa1 ,e4,a41 ,s4,a41 ,t41 ,bass ,st4 ,is4 ,stat4 r4 timber #ah ,sooty black2 white in wing1 tip tail2 eye yellow2 big bill black2 f41 sim4 ,insects1 fruit4 ,this concludes a necessarily brief outline of the classification of the ,birds of ,australia1 and1 incidentally1 of the birds of the world1 for1 while the ,emu is one of the most primitive of birds placed right at the foot1 the ,bell-,magpies 7,streperas7 are placed at the very summit of the avine tree4 ,australians6 ,realize that you live in a land favored far beyond most as regards birds1 and that you have a duty to perform in preserving as many as possible of these unique1 interesting1 and valuable forms for posterity4 ,teachers6 ,your influence is more potent than all the legislation4 ,bird lovers already freely acknowledge the fundamental change that has come over the schoolboy since the introduction of nature-study1 and they look to you with confidence to extend greatly the good work of cultivating an interest and a pride in things ,australian1 for this interest will eradicate the once almost-universal1 but now rapidly-disappearing1 desire for slaughter of anything wearing a feather4 ,if women could be persuaded to come in line with the once destructive schoolboy in this respect1 the bird lover and the well-wisher of his country would have further cause for gratification1 and our beautiful birds a further enjoyment of a useful1 indeed1 often a necessary life1 one necessary to the welfare of the agriculturist and the pastoralist1 as well as of all dwellers in this fair1 sunny land of ours4 ,australians6 ,your wonderful ,lyre-,birds1 your marvellous ,bower-,birds1 your gorgeous ,birds of ,paradise1 your ,mound-,builders1 your flute-noted ,magpies1 your charming ,whistlers1 your beautiful and intelligent ,cockatoos1 your glorious ,parrots--the pets of the bird world--your ,superb-,warblers1 your varied1 valuable1 and attractive ,honey-eaters1 and your giant ,laughing-,kingfisher are here for your enjoyment and appreciation4 ,no other people has your privilege of knowing these birds in their native state4 ,on the other hand1 you enjoy most of the privileges of dwellers in other lands1 in addition to your own1 for every widely-spread family of birds but two is found in ,australia4 ,the only notable absentees are ,vultures and ,woodpeckers4 ,be proud of your heritage1 and pass it on uninjured4 ,though that1 alas6 is not possible1 yet you may pass on at least the remnant that still survives the blessings and advance of civilization4 ,,note4 ,having obtained the approximate length of a bird1 look for it on the following pages4 ,compare the bird before you with the half-tone and colored illustrations1 and1 if necessary1 the written description3-- ,,pages #c-e inches1 #ad1 #aba1 #abc1 #abd1 #aca1 #acc1 #adb-ade1 #aec1 #aee1 #aff1 #afg1 #afi1 #agi4 #e-g inches1 #ac1 #ae1 #bb1 #bc1 #bf1 #bg1 #dd1 #di1 #hi1 #aaj1 #aaa1 #abj-abe1 #abg1 #abi1 #aca1 #adb1 #add-adf1 #aea1 #aeb1 #aee1 #afh-agb1 #agg1 #agh4 #g-i inches1 #ac1 #ae1 #ag1 #ah1 #bg1 #ca1 #db1 #dc1 #de1 #dg-di1 #hi1 #ajb-ajg1 #aji1 #abe1 #abi1 #aca1 #ade1 #adg1 #aej-aeb1 #aed1 #afi-agc1 #agf1 #agg1 #ahf4 #i-aa inches1 #ag1 #ah1 #bd1 #be1 #ca1 #dj1 #dc1 #dd1 #di-ea1 #fa1 #ajb1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #aji1 #abg-abi1 #aca-acc1 #ade1 #adh1 #adi1 #aea1 #agj1 #aga1 #agc1 #age1 #ahg4 #aa-ac inches1 #bh-cj1 #cd1 #dc1 #df1 #di1 #hj1 #hb1 #hc1 #ic1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aje1 #ajg1 #aji1 #acj1 #adi1 #age1 #ahg1 #ahh4 #ac-ae inches1 #ag1 #ah1 #bc1 #be1 #bh1 #bi1 #ce1 #dc1 #de1 #dg1 #hj1 #hc1 #he-hh1 #ia1 #ib1 #ajj1 #aja1 #ajc1 #ajg1 #abf1 #abg1 #adi1 #agd1 #age1 #ahh4 #ae-ag inches1 #ah1 #bc1 #bh1 #bi1 #de-dg1 #fd1 #fe1 #fg1 #gc1 #hb1 #he1 #hg1 #ia1 #ic1 #ahi4 #ag-bj inches1 #af1 #bc1 #be1 #bg1 #bh1 #ce1 #dj1 #da1 #dc1 #fa1 #fc1 #fe1 #fg1 #gc1 #hb1 #hc1 #ia1 #ic1 #ajd1 #aje1 #adi1 #ahh1 #ahi4 #bj-bc inches1 #ce1 #da1 #de1 #ea1 #fa1 #fc1 #ff1 #fg1 #gb1 #gc1 #ha1 #ia1 #ahh4 #bc-be inches1 #ac1 #be1 #da1 #de1 #fj1 #fa1 #fe1 #fi1 #ha1 #hb1 #hd1 #he1 #ij1 #aaa4 #be-cj inches1 #be1 #cc1 #da1 #ec1 #fj1 #fe1 #fg1 #fi1 #hi1 #aab4 #cj-ce inches1 #bi1 #cb1 #cc1 #ec1 #fj1 #fc1 #fi1 #ga1 #ha4 ,over #ce inches1 #ab1 #ca1 #cb1 #ea1 #eb1 #fb1 #fh1 #gj1 #ga1 #ha1 #aab4 ,,index 7,colored ,plates74 ,frontispiece4 #b ,mallee-,fowl #c ,stubble ,quail #d ,brown ,quail #f ,king ,quail #h ,painted ,quail #aa ,plain ,wanderer #ad ,diamond ,dove #af ,bronzewing ,pigeon ,page #ai #ba ,pectoral ,rail #bb ,aust4 ,spotted ,crake #bf ,black ,moor-,hen #bg ,bald ,coot #cj ,hoary-headed ,grebe #fg ,crested ,tern #ga ,white-faced ,ternlet #gb ,silver ,gull #gc ,pacific ,gull ,page #ch #ha ,black-breasted ,plover #hg ,black-fronted ,dottrel #ajb ,sharp-tailed ,sandpiper #ajf ,australian ,snipe #ajg ,australian ,painted ,snipe #aji ,southern ,stone-,curlew #aai ,white-fronted ,heron #abc ,nankeen ,night ,heron #abe ,australian ,bittern ,page #ee #abh ,cape ,barren ,goose #abi ,maned ,goose #aca ,plumed ,whistling ,duck #acc ,black ,duck #acd ,australian ,teal #ace ,gray ,teal #acf ,australian ,shoveller #acg ,pink-eared ,duck #aci ,white-eyed ,duck ,page #eg #aeb ,allied ,harrier #aee ,australian ,goshawk #aeg ,collared ,sparrowhawk #aeh ,wedge-tailed ,eagle #afe ,black-shouldered ,kite #afg ,black-cheeked ,falcon #agj ,little ,falcon #agb ,brown ,hawk #agc ,nankeen ,kestrel ,page #gf #ahd ,blue ,mountain ,lorikeet #ahe ,musk ,lorikeet #aia ,gang-gang ,cockatoo #aic ,pink ,cockatoo #aid ,rose-breasted ,cockatoo #aif ,cockatoo-,parrot #aig ,superb ,parrot #aih ,black-tailed ,parrot #aii ,king ,parrot ,page #gh #bjj ,crimson ,parrot #bjb ,rosella #bjc ,mallee ,parrot #bjd ,blue ,bonnet #bje ,many-colored ,parrot #bjf ,red-backed ,parrot #bji ,grass-,parrot #bac ,swift ,parrot #bad ,warbling ,grass-,parrot ,page #ie #bai ,australian ,roller #bbj ,blue ,kingfisher #bba ,laughing ,kingfisher #bbc ,sacred ,kingfisher #bbd ,aust4 ,bee-eater #bbg ,spine-tailed ,swift #bbi ,pallid ,cuckoo #bcj ,fan-tailed ,cuckoo #bce ,bronze ,cuckoo ,page #ig #bch ,welcome ,swallow #bdj ,tree ,martin #bdb ,brown ,flycatcher #bdd ,scarlet-breasted ,robin #bdd;,a ,scarlet-breasted ,robin 7,female7 #bde ,flame-breasted ,robin #bde;,a ,flame-breasted ,robin 7,female7 #bdh ,red ,capped ,robin #bdh;,a ,red ,capped ,robin 7,female7 ,page #aaf #bea ,white-throated ,flyeater #bed ,white-shafted ,fantail #bee ,rufous ,fantail #bef ,black and ,white ,fantail #bei ,restless ,flycatcher #bfb ,black-faced ,cuckoo-,shrike #bfe ,white-shouldered ,caterpillar-eater #bfe;,a ,white-shouldered ,caterpillar-eater 7,female7 #bff ,spotted ,ground-,bird ,page #aah #bgb ,coachwhip ,bird #bgc ,gray-crowned ,babbler #bgf ,white-browed ,field-,wren #bgh ,brown ,song-,lark #bgi ,rufous ,song-,lark #bhj ,mountain ,thrush #bha ,white-fronted ,chat #bha;,a ,white-fronted ,chat 7,f47 #bhb ,crimson-breasted ,chat ,page #ace #bhd ,aust4 ,reed-,warbler #bhe ,golden-headed ,fantail-,warbler #bhf ,grass-,bird #bhg ,speckled ,warbler #bhh ,little ,tit-,warbler #bhi ,brown ,tit-,warbler #bia ,striated ,tit-,warbler #bic ,yellow-tailed ,tit-,warbler #big ,white-browed ,scrub-,wren ,page #acg #cjj ,superb-,warbler #cjj;,a ,superb-,warbler 7,female7 #cjb ,white-winged ,superb-,warbler #cjd ,emu ,wren #cjf ,bristle-,bird #caa ,white-browed ,wood-,swallow #cab ,masked ,wood-,swallow #cac ,wood-,swallow #cae ,gray ,shrike-,thrush ,page #aci #cai ,aust4 ,butcher-,bird #cbj ,yellow-breasted ,shrike-,tit #cba ,crested ,bell-,bird #cbb ,golden-breasted ,whistler #cbb;,a ,golden-breasted ,whistler 7,f47 #cbc ,rufous-breasted ,whistler #cbc;,a ,rufous-breasted ,whistler 7,f47 #cbf ,yellow-breasted ,shrike-,robin #cbg ,whiteface ,page #aeh #cbh ,orange-winged ,nuthatch #ccj ,brown ,tree-,creeper #cca ,white-throated ,tree-,creeper #ccd ,white-eye #ccf ,australian ,flower-,pecker #ccf;,a ,australian ,flower-,pecker 7,female7 #ccg ,red-tipped ,diamond ,bird #cdj ,spotted ,diamond ,bird #cda ,golden-rumped ,diamond ,bird ,page #afj #cdb ,white-naped ,honey-eater #cde ,striped ,honey-eater #cdf ,sanguineous ,honey-eater #cdg ,black ,honey-eater #cdh ,spinebill #cdi ,tawny-crowned ,honey-eater #cej ,white-fronted ,honey-eater #cea ,painted ,honey-eater #cec ,regent ,honey-eater ,page #afb #cee ,yellow-eared ,honey-eater #cef ,singing ,honey-eater #ceg ,yellow-faced ,honey-eater #ceh ,white-eared ,honey-eater #cei ,yellow-tufted ,honey-eater #cfb ,yellow-plumed ,honey-eater #cfc ,white-plumed ,honey-eater #cfd ,crescent ,honey-eater #cfe ,white-bearded ,honey-eater ,page #afd #cfj ,helmeted ,honey-eater #cff ,white-cheeked ,honey-eater #cfg ,bell-,miner #cfh ,noisy ,miner #cgj ,wattle-,bird #cgb ,spiny-cheeked ,honey-eater #cgc ,blue-faced ,honey-eater #cgd ,friar-,bird ,page #aha #cge ,yellow-throated ,friar-,bird #cgf ,australian ,pipit #cgg ,bush-,lark #cgh ,spotted-,sided ,finch #cgi ,firetailed ,finch #chj ,chestnut-eared ,finch #cha ,plum-headed ,finch #chb ,red-browed ,finch #chc ,olive-backed ,oriole ,page #ahc #chd ,spangled ,drongo #che ,satin ,bower-,bird #che;,a ,satin ,bower-,bird 7,female7 #chf ,spotted ,bower-,bird #cij ,apostle-,bird #cia ,white-winged ,chough #cib ,pied ,bell-,magpie #cid ,gray ,bell-,magpie ,,index 7,general74 ,the ,ordinary ,figures 7#age7 refer to tabular matter and the ,italic ,figures 7#ada7 refer to the lecture4 ,acanthagenys1 #age ,acanthiza1 #adb1 #ada1 #aec ,acanthochaera1 #agd ,acanthorhynchus1 #agj ,accipiter1 #hj ,acridotheres1 #ahg ,acrocephalus1 #adb ,a,egialitis1 #dd1 #de ,a,egintha1 #agi ,a,egotheles1 #ajd ,aerocharidae1 #adi ,a,estrelata1 #bh1 #bi ,aidemosyne1 #agi ,alarm-,bird1 #dc ,alauda1 #agg ,alaudidae1 #agf1 #agg ,albatross1 #ca1 #cb1 #cc1 #cc1 #cd ,alcedinidae1 #aje ,alcidae1 #cc ,alcyone1 #aje ,ampelidae1 #adg ,amytornis1 #adf ,anas1 #fe ,anatidae1 #fb ,ancylochilus1 #di ,anellobia1 #age ,anhinga1 #gj ,anseranas1 #fc ,anteater1 ,spiny1 #aa ,anthus1 #agf ,antigone1 #eb ,ant-thrushes1 #aac ,antwrens1 #aac ,aphelocephala1 #aec ,apostle-,bird1 #ahh1 #acj1 #ahi1 #adg1 #ahf ,aprosmictus1 #ic ,apterygidae1 #ac ,apteryx1 #ac1 #ac ,aramidae1 #eb ,ardeidae1 #fj ,ardetta1 #fa ,arenaria1 #db ,artamidae1 #adg ,artamus1 #adg ,astur1 #gc ,atlantic ,o41 #bf1 #cc ,atrichornithidae1 #aac1 #aai ,audubon ,society1 #aad ,auk1 #cc ,aves1 #ab ,avocet1 #de1 #dg ,aythya1 #fg ,babbler1 #acj1 #acj1 #age ,babbling-,thrush1 #abh ,balaenicipitidae1 #fj ,bald-,coot1 #bc ,bali1 #ia1 #afh ,ballyhead1 #acc ,banana-,bird1 #age ,barbet1 #aaa1 #ia ,barker1 #acj ,bark-pecker1 #aec ,barley-,bird1 #adb ,barnardius1 #aja ,barn ,owl1 #hf1 #hg1 #he ,barwing1 #fg ,bass ,st41 #aed1 #afe ,bat1 #aa1 #aff ,beach-,bird1 #db ,bee-eater1 #ajf1 #ajg1 #ajf ,bell-,bird1 #aea1 #aea1 #agd ,bell-,magpie1 #ahi1 #ab1 #ci1 #ahe1 #ahf1 #ahg ,bell-,miner1 #agc1 #agd ,bird ,day1 #gd1 #aai1 #ada ,birds of ,paradise1 #ahg1 #ab1 #ahj1 #aij ,birds of ,prey1 #gb1 #ga1 #gd1 #gi1 #hd1 #hg ,bittern1 #fa1 #ei ,biziura1 #fg ,blackbird1 #acb1 #agi1 #acc1 #acd ,blackcap1 #adb1 #afh ,bleater1 #ej ,blight-,bird1 #aee1 #aef ,blood-,bird1 #afi ,blood ,tit 7e71 #adb ,blue-,bird1 #abg1 #acb1 #adf ,blue-,bonnet1 #aja1 #add1 #ii ,bluecap1 #add ,blue-eye1 #age1 #agf ,blue-,head1 #add ,blue ,mountain1 #hh1 #ij1 #aef ,blue-,tit1 #add ,bluewing1 #ff ,blue-,wren1 #add ,boatswain-,bird1 #da1 #ga ,bobolink1 #agi1 #gd ,bob-,white1 #ae ,boobook ,owl1 #he1 #he1 #ajd ,booby1 #ga1 #gj ,boomer1 #fa ,botaurus1 #fa ,bower-,birds1 #ahg1 #ahh1 #ab1 #ahe1 #aij ,brain-fever ,bird1 #aji1 #aaj ,bristle ,bird1 #ade1 #ada ,broadbill1 #aaa ,broad-tails1 #id ,brolga1 #eb ,brownhead1 #fg ,brush-,turkey1 #ac1 #ae ,bubonidae1 #he ,bucconidae1 #aaa ,bucerotidae1 #ajf ,budgerigar1 #ajc1 #ajj ,bulbul1 #abg1 #ia ,bulla-,bulla1 #aja ,bull-,bird1 #fa ,bullfinch1 #agg ,bully1 #bh ,bunting1 #agg ,bunyip1 #ei ,buphagidae1 #ahg ,burhinus1 #ea ,bush-,lark1 #agg1 #agg ,bushman's ,clock1 #aje ,bush-,warbler1 #abd ,bustard1 #ea1 #ea1 #eb ,bustard ,quail1 #ae1 #ag1 #ba ,butcher-,bird1 #adi1 #aej ,button ,quail1 #ae ,buzzard1 #hb1 #gi ,cabbage-,bird1 #ahh ,cacatua1 #ia ,cacatuidae1 #hi ,cackler1 #acj ,cacomantis1 #aji ,calamanthus1 #aca ,caley1 #adi ,calico-,bird1 #db ,calidris1 #dh ,callocephalum1 #ia ,calopsittacus1 #ic ,calyptorhynchus1 #hi ,campophaga1 #abg ,campophagidae1 #abf ,canary1 #abd1 #acc1 #aeb1 #agb1 #agg1 #acd1 #agi ,cape ,barren ,is41 #cb ,cape ,petrel1 #bi ,cape ,pigeon1 #bi ,capercailly1 #ac ,cape ,sheep1 #ca ,capitonidae1 #aaa ,caprimulgidae1 #ajg ,cardinal1 #agg ,carduelis1 #agg ,cariamidae1 #ec ,carinatae1 #ac1 #ac1 #ad ,carphibis1 #ec ,carr ,goose1 #be ,casarca1 #fe ,cassowary1 #ac1 #aa1 #ac ,casuariidae1 #ac ,catamblyrhynchidae1 #agg ,catarrhactes1 #be ,catbird1 #acj1 #ahg1 #aca ,caterpillar-eater1 #abf1 #abg1 #ci1 #abg1 #abh ,cathartidae1 #ga ,cerchneis1 #hc ,cereopsis1 #fc ,certhiidae1 #aed ,certhionyx1 #agj ,chaetura1 #ajg ,chaffinch1 #agg ,chalcococcyx1 #aaj ,chalcophaps1 #ag ,chamaeidae1 #aec ,channel-bill1 #aaa1 #aaa ,charadriidae1 #db ,charadrius1 #dd ,chat1 #acc1 #acd ,chatterer1 #aac1 #acj ,chelidon1 #abj ,chenonetta1 #fc ,chenopsis1 #fb ,cheramoeca1 #aba ,cherry-eater1 #agc ,cherry-,hawk1 #abg ,chibia1 #ahg ,chickadee1 #gd ,chicken-,hawk1 #gc ,chickoowee1 #agb ,chick-up1 #aga ,chiffchaff1 #adb ,chionididae1 #db ,chlamydera1 #ahh ,chough1 #ahi1 #adg1 #ahf 7,br471 #ahh1 #ahf ,chthonicola1 #adb ,chuck-e-chuc1 #afg ,ciconiidae1 #fj ,cinclidae1 #acb 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