file :i* includes ! orig9al             
illu/rations4       ,see #cdggd-;h4htm  
or #cdggd-;h4zip3                       
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/ca*e_/epub_/
#cdggd_/pg#cdggd-;images4html7       or 
7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/files_/#cdgg
d_/cdggd-;h4zip7      ,typographic      
,te*nical ,s]ies = ,appr5tices--,"p #a1 
,no4 #aj  ,,pap]-,,cutt+ ,,ma*9es  ,a   
,prim] ( ,in=mation ab\t ,pap] & ,c>d   
,trimm]s1 ,h&-,lev] ,cutt]s1 ,p[]       
,cutt]s & ,o!r ,automatic ,ma*9es =     
,cutt+ ,pap]  by  ,,niel ,,gray1 ,jr4   
,publi%$ by ! ,committee on ,education  
,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica #aiah        
,copyright1 #aiah ,unit$ ,typo!tae (    
,am]ica ,*icago1 ,ill4  ,composition &  
electrotypes contribut$ by ,! ,/one     
,pr9t+ & ,manufactur+ ,company ,roanoke1
 ,va4     ,,preface   ,! pap]-cutt+     
ma*9e is a rec5t developm5t 9 !         
indu/rial _w4 ,its importance 9 !       
graphic arts is only j be+ recogniz$4 ,t
 x has h]et(ore be5 consid]$ an app>atus
 ( m9or importance is prov5 by ! lack ( 

in=mation on ! subject1 ei!r hi/orical  
or te*nical4 ,no m5tion is made ( a     
pap]-cutt+ ma*9e 9 ! elev5? edition ( ! 
,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 ei!r 9 !     
index or "u ! v>i\s trade head+s4       
,m5tion is omitt$ entirely f ,de ,v9ne's
 ,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+4 ,!re are no ref]5ces 
to x 9 _m o!r /&>d books1 nor 9 !       
eng9e]+ libr>ies2 nei!r are !re any     
compreh5sive articles on ! subject 9 any
 ( ! trade j\rnals1 ei!r ,am]ican or    
=eign4 ,a few scatt]$ ref]5ces may be   
f\nd 9 diction>ies & manuals hav+ to d )
 bookb9d+ & presswork4  ,?is manual on !
 pap]-cutt+ ma*9e has ! di/9ction ( be+1
 z f> z ! au?or kn[s1 ! fir/ book ev]   
writt5 on ! subject4 ,x w endeavor to   
help t[>d a bett] und]/&+ ( ?is         
important me*anism1 its use & c>e1 & x  
may also s]ve z a />t+ po9t f :i*       
subsequ5t treatises may be writt54  ,!  
difficulty ( mak+ a successful ma*9e (  
?is k9d to meet ! new dem&s = accuracy1 
spe$1 conv5i5ce1 & safety1 has be5      
ov]come gradually 9 rec5t ye>s & !re are

 n[ sev]al ma*9es q effici5t & adequate 
to meet ^! dem&s ( ! mod]n manufactur]4 
,to coord9ate a numb] ( inanimate pieces
 ( /eel & iron1 to op]ate at high spe$ )
 precision1 requires f9e skill4 ,!      
evolution f ! fir/ cutt+ ma*9e--! old   
h&-op]at$ wood5 pl\gh & press--to !     
pres5t p[]-driv5 /eel me*anism is l !   
advance f ! old wood5 sail+ vessel to ! 
mod]n /eel %ip4  ,! objects ( ?is manual
 are to acqua9t ! beg9n] ) ! ess5tial   
features ( ! ma*9e itself & to provide  
cle>1 compreh5sive in=mation :i* w      
enable him to become a compet5t op]ator4
 ,x is n possible )9 s small a book to  
give complete detail$ in/ructions = all 
! diff]5t conditions :i* may arise 9 !  
_m k9ds ( "w done 9 e/abli%m5ts :]e     
pap]-cutt+ ma*9es are us$4 ,ea* ( ^!    
places has its own p>ticul> requirem5ts2
 & :ile ! ma*9e c d its "p quickly &    
effici5tly x ne$s ! intellig5t &        
skillful op]ator to get good results4 ,!
 in/ructions giv5 h]e9 = a few cases1   
:i* h be5 made z g5]al z possible1      

indicate ! complexity ( ?is op]ation z  
c>ri$ on 9 mod]n work%ops4 ,!re is      
necessity = a c>eful /udy ( ! subject 9 
any important indu/ry to insure ?is "p (
 ! "w be+ successful & pr(itable4  ,n   
all ! k9ds ( cutt+ ma*9es 9 use 9 !     
pr9t+ & b9d]y indu/ries are consid]$ 9 !
 foll[+ pages1 b simply ! typical ma*9es
 9 common use = cutt+ & trimm+ pr9t$    
pap]4 ,!re are _m o!r /yles1 su* z      
die-cutt+ presses1 automatic book-trimm+
 ma*9es1 pun*+1 /abb+1 & eyelett+       
ma*9es1 rot>y cutt]s & revolv+-blade    
cutt]s atta*$ to presses & o!r pap]     
ma*9es4 ,^! might prop]ly be class$ "u !
 title1 b z !y are *iefly specializ$    
ma*9es ! limits ( space d n p]mit a     
consid]ation ( !m "h4     ,,cont5ts     
,,page  ,,importance ,,( ,,! ,,pap]     
,,cutt]                         #g      
,,evolution ,,( ,,! ,,pap]-,,cutt+      
,,ma*9e                 #h              
,,description ,,( ,,typical ,,ma*9es    
#aa  ,,! ,,knife                        
#af  ,,gr9d+ ,,pap]-,,cutt] ,,knives    

#ba  ,,hon+ ,,pap]-,,cutt] ,,knives     
#bb  ,,! ,,clamp+ ,,pressure            
#bc  ,,cutt+ ,,/icks                    
#be  ,,! ,,back ,,gage                  
#be  ,,p[] ,,back ,,gage ,,movem5t      
#bh  ,,special ,,devices                
#bh  ,,application ,,( ,,p[]            
#cj  ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,ma*9e              
#cb  ,,op]at+ ,,! ,,ma*9e               
#ce  ,,safety ,,( ,,! ,,knife           
#cg  ,,h&l+ ,,pap]                      
#ch  ,,to ,,cut ,a ,,pile ,,into ,,/rips
 ,,( ,,equal ,,wid?              #dc    
,,to ,,cut ,a ,,pile ,,rectangul>       
#dd  ,,to ,,squ>e ,a ,,pile             
#de  ,,to ,,cut ,,unusual ,,%apes       
#df  ,,trimm+ ,,books                   
#df  ,,pap] ,,cutt+s ,,& ,,wa/e         
#ej  ,,depreciation ,,( ,a              
,,pap]-,,cutt+ ,,ma*9e               #ea
  ,,review ,,que/ions                   
#ec  ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,t]ms ,,us$         
#eh     ,,pap]-,,cutt+ ,,ma*9es         
,importance ( ! ,pap] ,cutt]   ,a       
pap]-cutt+ ma*9e is us$ = divid+ piles (

 l>ge siz$ %eets into small] siz$ %eets2
 also = squ>+ a pile2 i4e41 mak+ all f\r
 corn]s rectangul>2 & = trimm+ (f       
irregul> or incorrect edges4  ,x        
increases ! possible pr9t+ output l>gely
 because presses ( l>ge size c n[ pr9t  
_m duplicates ( a s+le design on a s+le 
%eet1 & _m ( ^! %eets pil$ c be sep>at$ 
at a s+le cut1 :]eas a fly or rotat+    
cutt] cuts b "o %eet at a "t4  ,!       
importance ( ! pap]-cutt+ ma*9e c h>dly 
be ov]e/imat$4 ,! correct position ( !  
pr9t$ matt]1 ! wid?s ( head1 tail1 & =e 
edge may be de/roy$ by c>eless cutt+4   
,fri5dly coop]ation ) e dep>tm5t is     
necess>y to produce good "w4 ,no matt]  
h[ f9e ! pr9t+ & color "w is1 if ! m>g9s
 are unev5 & ! folds mismat*$1 !n !     
result+ air ( slov5l9ess discr$its !    
entire "w4 ,! f9al t\* t gives ! "* to a
 piece ( pr9t$ matt] is ! way x is      
trimm$4  ,mod]n p[] automatic-clamp     
cutt+ ma*9es1 9 spite ( ! high spe$ ( _!
 op]ation1 are able to cut ) absolute   
accuracy4 ,p]haps on no o!r ma*9e w a   

little c>eful /udy return s l>ge a pr(it
 9 doll>s & c5ts4     ,evolution ( !    
,pap]-,cutt+ ,ma*9e   ,! practice (     
cutt+ pap] began long be=e ! mak+ ( !   
book ( b\nd leaves1 & ! necessity ( mak+
 a numb] ( %eets ( ! same size call$ =  
"s me*anical means ( cutt+ & trimm+4 ,! 
e>lie/ cutt+ ma*9e 0 no d\bt a %>p /one 
or a /ick2 !n a piece ( metal1 dragg$   
across ! p>*m5t1 ) a guide to keep ! cut
 9 a /raight l9e4 ,! %eet 0 simply held 
by ! h&1 & lat] ! /raight-edge =m$ a    
clamp also4  ,ab\t ! fif? c5tury !      
important /ep ( fold+ ! vellum into     
leaves became ! practice4 ,! in/rum5t   
:i* we "k to-day z scissors or %e>s     
probably _h a l>ge "p to d 9 ^! e>ly    
op]ations4 ,) ! inv5tion ( pr9t+ & !    
multiplication ( books l>g] & /rong]    
means 7 necess>y to cut ! %eets4 ,al?\gh
 ! book ) ! untrimm$ %eets 0 ! rule (   
?is e>li] "t1 & ( a lat] "t1 = ! small] 
books & = divisions ( ! %eet a cutt] 0  
necess>y4  ,= a "t ! cutt+ ( piles (    
pap] 0 done by h& ) a knife1 a small    

pile be+ put ^u a table & a weight laid 
^u x4 ,! op]ator lean$ 8 weight ) "o h& 
^u x1 :ile he cut ) ! o!r4 ,! e>lie/    
attempt to improve ?is consi/$ ( a      
table1 a framework ( wood or metal above
 x1 hav+ a groove 9 :i* ! knife c\ld be 
work$1 & a screw clamp to hold ! pile4  
,! knife 0 orig9ally %ort2 !n long]1    
until x became long en\gh to cut ?r\gh !
 ?ickness ( ! book4 ,! deckle-edge ( !  
e>li] & untrimm$ books 0 improv$ ^u &   
made easi] to turn ov] & ref] to rapidly
 by ! improvem5t ( trimm+ ! leaves4 ,!  
h&-pl\gh cutt] 0 probably ! fir/        
successful ma*9e int5d$ to cut a numb] (
 %eets at a "t4  ,9 ! ,haupt ,halle at !
 great ,graphic ,arts ,exhibition1      
,leipzig1 #aiad1 7 "s illu/rations %[+ !
 e>lie/ ,g]man cutt+ ma*9es & _!        
evolution to date4 ,! e>lie/ among !m is
 ! lightly con/ruct$ h&-driv5 v]tical   
cutt] ( #ahee4 ,?is consi/$ ( two side  
frames1 ! knife-b> guides 9 _! slots & a
 l>ge h& :eel at ! "r4 ,! next /age 0 a 
cutt] ( #ahgf1 a h&-driv5 :eel at ! "r  

turn+ ge>s above & outside ! table4 ,a  
crank & a rod connect$ to ! c5t] top ( !
 knife-b> pull$ ! knife 9 ! direction ( 
! two slots 9 ! knife-b>1 giv+ x a %e>+ 
motion4 ,?is model is ! same z t us$ by 
mo/ ,g]man manufactur]s = bo? h& &      
p[]-driv5 cutt]s until )9 a few ye>s1 :5
 ! greatly improv$1 rapid1 & m conv5i5t 
,am]ican examples became kn[n4  ,f      
simply press+ ) ! h& to hold ! %eets !  
h& clamp 0 evolv$2 !n ! clamp 0 atta*$  
to a ge> by :i* x c\ld be held d[n on ! 
%eets ) great] & /eadi] pressure4 ,to   
quick5 ?is op]ation ! spr+ clamp 0      
devis$1 ) automatic pressure--fix$ at   
fir/1 !n v>iable to suit v>y+           
requirem5ts4  ,p]haps ! mo/ signal      
advance 9 ! art ( pap]-cutt+ ma*9]y t   
has be5 made is ! inv5tion ( ,samuel ,r4
 ,br[n1 :o devis$ ! fix$ ?r[ ( ! knife  
by means ( two cranks at opposite ends (
 a %aft p>allel ) ! knife4 ,?is control 
( ! knife enables a hair to be cut      
?r\gh1 or half ?r\gh1 or ! knife edge to
 j t\* x1 ) rem>kable precision4 ,!     

v>i\s o!r me*anical connections =       
p[]-cutt+ ma*9es betwe5 ! pulley & !    
knife1 consi/+ ( rolls1 slots1 guides1  
cams1 *a9s1 lev]s1 etc41 all require a  
great numb] ( p>ts betwe5 ! pulley & !  
knife1 ) ! consequ5t & necess>y loos5ess
 ( ! me*anism4 ,?is all[s1 aft] %ort    
we>1 a play or *ug ( ! knife :i* quickly
 t5ds to de/roy its be/ cutt+ abilities4
  ,! evolution ( ! cutt+ ma*9e has be5  
rapid & di/9ctly m>k$ 9 all its ess5tial
 features1 f ! oscillat+ pl\gh to !     
v]tical /roke1 to ! %e> /roke1 to !     
d\ble-%e> /roke2 f a s+le-rod pull-d[n (
 ! knife 7by a *a91 by a cam1 or by a   
crank7 to ! two-rod pull-d[n by cams1   
rolls1 slots1 slides1 to ! cranks :i*   
give a fix$ dep5dable /roke2 to ! cranks
 :i* give a fix$ dep5dable /roke1 & at !
 same "t pull ! knife endwise2 f        
sw++-l9k %e> to a /raight-l9e %e>2 f    
man-drive to p[]-drive2 f driv+ by p[]  
fixtures 9 front & outside ! frame to   
fixtures locat$ back & und]nea?2 f l[   
piles to high piles2 f h& clamp to p[]  

clamp1 to self clamp1 to automatic      
clamp1 f9ally to friction adju/able     
pressure clamp2 f measur+ by rule to !  
use ( rapid automatic measur+ & spac+   
devices4  ,! be/ pap]-cutt+ ma*9e is    
design$ ) a knife motion op]at$ by      
cranks :i* give an endwise pull to !    
knife2 ) ! table ( m$ium height2 ) quick
 & accurate adju/m5ts = ! knife2 ) a    
foot treadle = br++ ! clamp d[n to !    
pile :5 desir$ to see exactly :]e !     
knife w /rike2 ) an accurate & dep5dable
 device = mov+ ! back gage & ! pile &   
measur+ quickly ! wid?s to be cut2 )    
/>t+ h&les easily rea*able )\t b5d+2 ) a
 p[]ful clamp+ pressure automatic = all 
height piles & in/antly adju/able =     
heavy or delicate "w2 ) univ]sal f9e    
adju/m5ts = squ>+ ! back gage ) ! knife2
 ) a simple *ange = ! cutt+ /ick2 ) !   
driv+ %aft runn+ at a l[ spe$2 & ) a    
p[]ful ma9 driv+ clut* or friction      
mat]ial t w n cut or damage ! p>ts "u ! 
heavy1 con/ant ?ru/s4     ,description (
 ,typical ,ma*9es   ,,pl\gh ,,& ,,press 

,,cutt]  ,an e>ly =m ( cutt+ ma*9e1 made
 almo/ entirely ( wood4 ,! pile ( pap]  
or book 0 clamp$ to ! table by ! upp]   
cross-b> ( ! clamp1 :i* 0 br\ght d[n by 
! ge>$ v]tical arm4 ,z %[n by picture1  
^! arms 7 rais$ & l[]$ by turn+ ! l>ge  
too!d :eel4 ,! /eel *isel 7,a7 op]at+ 9 
a hold] runn+ 9 a groove1 0 mov$ to &   
fro across ! pap]1 cutt+ deep] ea* "t z 
! *isel 0 gradually l[]$ by ! h&le4     
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,pl\gh & ,press 
,cutt]   ,,c>d ,,cutt] ,,or ,,trimm]    
,c>d trimm]s are knives h+$ at "o end to
 a base ^u :i* ! "w is laid & held1 :ile
 ! knife is pull$ d[n by h& to %e> x (f 
aga9/ a metal edge4 ,/ock cut ?is way   
has a slight burr on its l[] edge1 caus$
 by ! drag or d[nw>d pressure ( ! knife4
    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,b9d] ,%e>s  
or ,table ,cutt]    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 
#c ,c>d ,cutt] & ,trimm]  ,to cut c>ds  
free f burr a rot>y c>d-cutt+ ma*9e is  
us$1 ) a rotat+ %aft c>ry+ a small :eel 
cutt]4 ,^! cutt]s are us$ on a workb5*4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,h&-,lev] ,cutt]

    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,b5*-,lev]  
,cutt]   ,,h&-,,lev] ,,cutt]  ,h&-lev]  
cutt]s /& on ! floor & h a conv5i5t     
height table to lay ! "w ^u4 ,! cut is  
made by pull+ ! knife d[n ?r\gh ! pile4 
,! knife is hung f two sw++ l9ks1 & is  
easily op]at$ :5 x has d\ble %e> & a    
toggle crank connection to ! h&-lev]    
%aft4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f   ,,p[] 
,,cutt+ ,,ma*9e 7,,h&-,,clamp7   ,knife 
,pull$ ,d[n at ,"o ,end  ,p[] cutt+     
ma*9es sub/itute p[] fixtures = ! h&    
7sometimes 9 addition to ! h& op]at+    
fixtures71 & elim9ate labor & save "t4  
,a h&-clamp p[] cutt] is op]at$ fir/ by 
screw+ ! clamp by h& d[n firmly ^u ! l9e
 :]e ! "w is to be cut2 !n pull+ ! />t+ 
lev]1 :i* causes ! knife to make ! cut1 
return to ! top1 & /op4    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #g   ,,p[] ,,cutt+ ,,ma*9e       
7,,h&-,,clamp7   ,knife ,pull$ at ,bo?  
,ends  ,semi-automatic means a cutt+    
ma*9e :i* has a treadle to br+ ! clamp  
d[n quickly ^u ! "w1 & a regul>         
h&-clamp+ :eel in/antly act+ to produce 

! clamp+ pressure :5 x is turn$ a "p ( a
 revolution4 ,! clamp returns           
automatically to ! top by t\*+ ! treadle
 lightly ) ! foot & giv+ ! clamp+ :eel a
 slight backw>d turn4 ,! advantages are 
! simplicity ( con/ruction & op]ation ( 
! regul> h&-clamp ma*9e1 & a ga9 ( ab\t 
"o-?ird great] output ) "o-?ird less    
ef=t4 ,automatic-clamp p[] cutt+ ma*9es 
save labor by press+ ! pile by p[]1     
in/ead ( requir+ ! op]ator to screw !   
clamp d[n & back aga9 by h&4 ,9 ! l>g]  
sizes p[] atta*m5ts save ! labor ( pull+
 ! back gage & "w =w>d by h&4 ,automatic
 spac+ 7or measur+7 devices = duplicat+ 
any desir$ wid?1 )\t ! cu/om>y measur+ =
 ea* cut1 enable l>g] production4       
,illu/ration3 ,fig4#h                   
,,automatic-,,clamp ,,p[] ,,cutt+       
,,ma*9e   ,) ,in/antly ,v>iable         
,automatic ,clamp+ ,device  ,an         
automatic p[] cutt] is op]at$ fir/ by   
det]m9+ ! l9e ( ! cut by ! indicator or 
by pull+ ! clamp d[n ^u ! "w2 !n pull+ !
 />t+ lev]1 :i* automatically =ces !    

clamp d[n fir/ ^u ! /ock1 & !n drives ! 
knife ?r\gh x1 & returns bo? knife &    
clamp to /op at ! top4  ,automatic-clamp
 p[] cutt+ ma*9es are also furni%$ )    
h&-clamp atta*m5t = special clamp+      
pressures4  ,cont9u\s runn+ is effect$  
by devices :i* p]mit ! quick dis5gagem5t
 ( ! /op ?r[-out me*anism4 ,?is is      
desirable ) duplicate "w 9 quantities   
c>efully arrang$ = fa/ production4      
,automatic cutt+ ma*9es are also furni%$
 ) spac+ devices = ! rapid duplication (
 exact wid?s ( any size4  ,v]tical /roke
 7& v]tical *angeable to %e> /roke7     
cutt+ ma*9es 7see ,fig4 #i1 page #ag71  
bo? h& p[] & also p[]1 are us$ ) special
 %ap$ knives = cutt+ fancy edges1 & p9k+
 clo? samples1 etc41 "s hav+ back tables
 ( great l5g?1 mov$ on roll]s or slides 
by spac+ devices4 ,consid]able +5uity   
has be5 %[n 9 ! v>iable me?od & me*anism
 us$ = mov+ ! knife up & d[n4     ,!    
,knife   ,! knife is mo/ important4 ,x  
mu/ be kept %>p4 ,x mu/ be ( ! prop]    
%ape & ?ickness & bevel & temp] & free f

 any burrs or lumps on its back edge4 ,a
 cutt+-ma*9e knife is l a razor t1      
/ropp$ correctly1 does n pull ! be>d1 b 
/ropp$ an inf9itesimally diff]5t way--a 
diff]5ce impossible to see except ) a   
microscope--pulls h>d4 ,/udy c>efully ! 
knife4 ,no matt] h[ c>efully ! ma*9e is 
built1 an imp]fect knife _c cut "r4 ,mo/
 knives are imp]fect 9 spite ( ! rigor\s
 specifications giv5 !m by mak]s4 ,!y   
v>y 9 ?ickness1 /raightness1 concave1   
bevel1 flatness1 temp]1 & quality (     
/eel2 & also 9 ! "* ( _! %>p5+ & hon+1  
:i* v>ies ) ! f95ess or co>s5ess ( !    
gr9d+ :eel & /one4 ,^! v>iations ne$    
only be a few ?\s&?s ( an in* to cause  
tr\ble4    ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i       
,,v]tical-,,/roke ,,p[] ,,ma*9e         
,*angeable to ,d\ble ,%e>  ,a blue wave 
m>k indicates :]e ! temp] is drawn1 & a 
file :i* drags :5 pu%$ fairly h>d across
 ! flat ( ! bevel indicates ! s(t spots1
 :]e ! temp] is imp]fect4               
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj   ,,diagram     
,,%[+ ,,d\ble ,,%e> ,,/roke ,,( ,,!     

,,knife ,,pass+ ,,obliquely ,,?r\gh ,,! 
,,pile    ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! /roke ! knife
 is high] at ! "r-h&   side2 :5 f9i%+ ! 
cut ! knife is p>allel to ! table  ,to  
asc]ta9 if a knife has a correct face1  
hold x flat1 face up1 ) "o end on a w9d[
 l$ge1 & look along ! face = v>iations4 
,?is is a simple matt] :i* any "o c d4  
,use a p]fectly /raight & clean-edg$    
/eel rule & pass x along f "o end to !  
o!r z %[n 9 ,figs4 #aa & #ab4 ,a d>k    
spot %[s ! po9t ( contact ( ! rule ) !  
knife4 ,^! d>k spots %\ld %[ only       
exactly at ! cutt+ edge & at ! back     
edge4 ,if a d>k spot %[s away f ! cutt+ 
edge1 x indicates t ! knife is imp]fect 
!re & w n make a true cut4 ,regr9d+ !   
face by ! mak]s c correct ?is fault1    
except :]e x is ! fault ( ! "o :o hones 
! knife aft] x is %>p5$4                
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa    ,illu/ration3
 ,fig4 #ab  ,hone ! knife only on !     
bevel4 ,to remove ! wire edge burrs     
along ! edge lay ! hone flat on ! face &
 rub g5tly s z n to r\nd ov] ! edge4  ,a

 knife w sometimes cut bett] aft] x has 
be5 gr\nd ! fir/ "t4 ,a poli%$ knife w  
give a bett] surface to ! cut4 ,! cutt+ 
( ! same k9d ( /ock w (t5 v>y ) diff]5t 
makes ( knives4 ,an oily rag ti$ to a   
/ick kept h&y & pass$ along ! bevel ( ! 
knife be=e cutt+ h>d /ock w improve !   
cut4 ,a blunt bevel is pref]r$ = h>d    
/ock2 a long1 ?9 bevel = s(t /ock4  ,a  
g5]al rule = ! l5g? ( bevel on knives is
 two & "o-half times ! ?ickness ( !     
knife4 ,?is may be v>i$ to suit !       
diff]5t mat]ials to be cut1 b mu/ be    
held )9 reasonable limits to pres]ve !  
/r5g? ( ! cutt+ edge ( ! knife & also to
 secure accurate1 clean cutt+4  ,! face 
( a knife %\ld be z ne>ly flat z        
possible & mu/ n be convex4 ,x is bett] 
to h x concave ?an convex1 b n ov] two  
or ?ree ?\s&?s ( an in* concave4 ,a     
knife t is too concave or convex w t5d  
to dig 9 or out ( ! "w4  ,= safe        
cle>ance ! knife %\ld be a few ?\s&?s ( 
an in* ?9n] at ! top ?an ! di/ance f its
 back to ! l9e ( its cutt+ edge4  ,!    

knife bolts %\ld always be screw$ up    
snug1 s t ! cutt+ edge ( ! knife w h !  
correct pit* 9 relation to ! pile4 ,!   
top or back edge ( a knife %\ld be held 
absolutely /raight to get a firm        
?ru/--be>+ all along ! knife-b>4 ,knives
 abutt+ aga9/ adju/+ screws = ?is reason
 are n apt to give s good results z     
knives t abut aga9/ a solid %\ld] all   
across ! knife-b>4  ,dirt1 oil1 grease1 
pap]1 *ips1 etc41 9 ! knife-slot or b>1 
or a bruise or nick on ! back edge ( !  
knife1 or a defective knife bolt1 may   
prev5t ! knife seat+ firm & true 9 its  
prop] place & may cause poor cutt+4     
,knives b\ght f ! mak] ( pap]-cutt+     
ma*9es are apt to give ! be/ results    
because !y receive two inspections3 "o  
by ! knife mak]1 & ano!r by ! ma*9e     
mak]1 :o is c>eful to see t only p]fect 
knives are suppli$4  ,9 ord] to und]/&  
h[ important x is to use a %>p knife on 
a p[] cutt]1 ?r[ (f ! belt & pull !     
ma*9e ar\nd by h& ?r\gh a high cut ) a  
dull knife4 ,!n put 9 a %>p knife & make

 ! same cut4 ,:]e !re is mu* cutt+ to be
 done & ! ma*9e is 9 con/ant use1 x is  
well to keep extra knives on h& to all[ 
"o to be %>p5$ :ile ! o!r is be+ us$4   
,a specially temp]$ knife is be/ = bo>ds
 or v>ni%$ pap]4 ,gumm$ & v>ni%$ /ock   
are likely to break small pieces (f !   
knife edge4 ,! d\ble %e> motion = !     
knife n[ furni%$ on ! new automatic     
rapid production cutt+ ma*9es           
practically elim9ates ?is tr\ble4  ,!   
fir/ place to look :5 "w is n cut true1 
aft] mak+ sure !re is correct clamp+    
pressure1 is ! knife4 ,see if x is %>p4 
,see if x has be5 hon$ prop]ly4 ,see if 
x has ! prop] l5g? ( bevel4     ,gr9d+  
,pap]-,cutt] ,knives   ,x is be/ to gr9d
 ) a s(t s&/one2 b if an em]y :eel is   
us$1 x %\ld be ab\t #df-fj gra91 #e-a_/b
 grade1 or s(t en\gh s t a light fe$ c  
be tak5 )\t burn+ or glaz+ ! bevel ( !  
knife4  ,! op]ator ( ! gr9d+ ma*9e %\ld 
be 9 con/ant att5dance :ile ! knife is  
be+ gr\nd1 & %\ld h a lib]al supply (   
wat] fe$+ on ! :eel :]e x comes 9       

contact ) ! bevel ( ! knife1 n at ! top 
( ! :eel4 ,if ?is supply ( wat] is cut  
(f & ! :eel cont9ues to gr9d )\t wat]1  
?is w create friction1 heat up1 & draw !
 temp] 9 ! knife or crack x4  ,extra    
precaution %\ld be tak5 to gr9d ! cutt+ 
edge ( ! knife p>allel ) ! back ( !     
knife1 & n h "o end ( ! knife wid] ?an !
 o!r4 ,:5 ?is occurs ! cutt+ edge ( !   
knife does n hit ! cutt+ /ick squ>ely1 &
 n only has a t5d5cy to snip out at !   
wide end1 b also to de/roy ! cutt+ /ick 
quickly4  ,! bevel %\ld be gr\nd flat or
 a %ade concave1 & mu/ n exce$ twice !  
?ickness ( ! knife1 plus "o-qu>t] in*1  
or tw5ty-f\r degrees4 ,if ?is rule is n 
adh]$ to & a long] bevel ?an ?is is     
gr\nd on ! knife1 ! flat side or face ( 
! knife w become r\nd$ ab\t "o-half in* 
back f ! cutt+ edge1 !reby tak+ ! slight
 concave out ( ! knife & caus+ ! ma*9e  
to cut tap]+2 i4e41 ! top ( ! cut1 say  
f\r or five in*es high1 w be n>r[] ?an !
 bottom ( ! cut4  ,if a knife is gr\nd  
on ! rim ( an ord9>y em]y :eel worn to a

 small diamet]1 ! smallness ( ! em]y    
:eel w t5d to make ! bevel concave4 ,?is
 weak5s ! edge ( ! knife4 ,a knife gr9d]
 ) a cup-%ape em]y :eel makes x easi] to
 gr9d ! bevel /raight4     ,hon+        
,pap]-,cutt] ,knives   ,e knife1 :5 com+
 direct f ! gr9d+ ma*9e1 has a wire edge
 :i* %\ld be hon$ (f be=e ! knife is    
adju/$ to ! knife-b>4 ,excell5t results 
9 hon+ are obta9$ f ,no4 #a ,wa%ita     
oil/one 7,pike ,mfg4 ,co41 ,n4,h41      
,u4,s4,a471 or an india oil/one made by 
,w4 ,h4 ,price1 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4  ,! knife
 %\ld be laid on a b5* or table1 flat   
side d[n1 ) ! edge ( ! knife protrud+   
ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* beyond ! edge ( !
 table4 ,! hone %\ld be held flat on !  
bevel1 & ! motion %\ld be a circul> or  
rot>y movem5t z well z up & d[n1 & !    
hon+ %\ld be done f "o end to ! o!r )\t 
lift+ ! hone f ! knife4  ,:5 a f9e wire 
edge appe>s on ! flat side1 lay ! hone  
on lightly ) no pressure & absolutely   
flat1 & draw f "o end to ! o!r4 ,aft]   
hon+ ! knife = a %ort "t 7f\r or five   

m9utes7 ! wire edge w disappe> or get s 
?9 t a small piece ( :ite p9e or o!r s(t
 wood1 if drawn along ! cutt+ edge1 w   
elim9ate ?is ?9 wire edge4 ,nev] hone ! 
flat side ( ! knife4 ,nev] hone a knife 
:ile 9 ! ma*9e4  ,a wood5 hold] = !     
oil/one w protect ! f+]s4  ,= smoo?     
glass edge cutt+1 ! bevel ( ! knife may 
be gr\nd slightly concave4 ,!n hone     
?or\ghly ) an extra f9e hone slightly   
convex 9 %ape4  ,no me?od ( gr9d+ has   
yet be5 devis$ :i* w leave a p]fectly   
smoo? surface1 because no matt] h[ f9e !
 /one or mat]ial t is us$ = gr9d+ x w   
leave m>ks on ! edge ( ! knife1 & ^!    
m>ks cause r\ghness 9 ! cut4 ,! reason !
 above me?od gives almo/ a p]fectly     
smoo? cut is because a ?or\gh hon+      
removes mo/ ( ! m>ks4     ,! ,clamp+    
,pressure   ,! clamp+ ( ! /ock 9 ! ma*9e
 :ile ! cut is be+ made is an important 
feature ( a mod]n pap] cutt]4 ,?is is   
done by means ( a horizontal b> plac$   
beh9d ! knife & p>allel ) x4 ,?is clamp+
 b> is mov$ up out ( ! way :ile ! /ock  

is be+ plac$ 9 position & is !n br\ght  
d[n ) ! desir$ pressure to hold ! pile (
 %eets firmly until ! cut is made1 & is 
aga9 lift$ up out ( ! way4  ,9 ! simpl] 
ma*9es ! clamp+ pressure is obta9$ by   
means ( a /\t v]tical ?read$ rod to :i* 
! clamp b> is atta*$ at ! l[] end4 ,!   
rod is op]at$ by a h& :eel at ! top &   
turns 9 a ?read$ op5+ 9 ! cross-head ( !
 frame4  ,clamp+ pressures v>y greatly  
"u diff]5t conditions1 f a light        
pressure to sev]al tons4 ,! ratio ( !   
p[] appli$ 9 h& clamp+ to ! pressure    
secur$ on ! clamp is1 9 ord9>y comm]cial
 ma*9es1 ab\t #a to #aej = small ma*9es 
up to #cb in*es wide1 us+ a             
#b-;foot-diamet] clamp :eel & ov]head   
screw4 ,! ratio ( p[] 9 cutt+ ma*9es #cd
 in*es & wid]1 hav+ a                   
#a-a_/b-;foot-diamet] clamp :eel1 & worm
 ( #c_/d-;in* pit* at ! side engag+ a   
worm ge> key$ to ! clamp %aft1 is ab\t  
#a to #ahj4 ,t is1 a pull by ! h& ( #a  
p\nd on ! ov]head clamp :eel w produce  
ab\t #aej p\nds pressure ( ! clamp on ! 

/ock to be cut2 & a pull by ! h& ( #a   
p\nd on ! side clamp+ :eel w produce    
ab\t #ahj p\nds pressure ( ! clamp1 less
 friction4 ,op]ators w pull ord9>ily f  
#aj to #ajj p\nds2 i4e41 produc+ a      
pressure ( f "o to n9e tons4  ,! fir/   
type ( automatic-clamp cutt+ ma*9es     
produc$ always ! same arbitr>y pressure 
on ! clamp1 ) consequ5t wa/e ( p[]1     
cru%+ & ind5t+ ! "w1 (fsett+ ! ink      
unless x 0 absolutely dry1 & requir+    
adju/+ ) a wr5*1 :i* 0 sl[1 dirty1 &    
indef9ite4  ,all mod]n automatic-clamp  
cutt+ ma*9es h indep5d5t automatic-clamp
 pressure1 & ^! apply ! pressure at bo? 
ends ( ! clamp4 ,! e>lie/ p[] clamps 7  
call$ self-clamp4 ,9 ^! ! knife & clamp 
7 connect$ toge!r 7i4e41 dep5d5t74 ,!   
mod]n automatic-clamp me*anism is n only
 indep5d5t ( ! knife1 b 9 addition      
practically all ! p[] ( ! belt goes fir/
 to clamp ! "w & !n aft]w>ds to drive ! 
knife ?r\gh ! cut4 ,?is sep>ation ( !   
clamp+ ef=t f ! cutt+ ef=t increases    
effici5cy & economy4  ,by a mod]n device

 on "s ma*9es ?is clamp+ pressure is    
in/antly v>iable to suit diff]5t k9ds ( 
/ock & o!r conditions4     ,cutt+ ,/icks
   ,! cutt+ /ick1 into :i* ! knife      
passes aft] cutt+ ?r\gh ! bottom %eet1  
saves ! edge f cutt+ on ! iron table4   
,correctly design$ cutt+ ma*9es h       
knife-b> motions t p]mit no *ug ( !     
knife into ! /ick & ?us cons]ve its %>p 
edge4 ,_m designs1 h[ev]1 are faulty 9  
?is respect & ! unrecord$ exp5se ( _!   
op]ation is a s]i\s leak4  ,! cutt+ /ick
 is set 9 a slot 9 ! table4 ,! mo/      
common & p]haps be/ =m1 ev]y?+ consid]$1
 is a #c_/d-;in* squ>e h>d maple /ick1  
set s t ! knife /rikes x #a_/d-;in* f ! 
edge4 ,all f\r faces ( su* a /ick may be
 us$4  ,a metal frame = hold+ a         
#a_/d-;in* squ>e h>dwood /ick1 or a s(t 
metal 7s-call$7 cutt+ /ick1 is made4 ,a 
r\nd wood cutt+ /ick connect$ to a tim+ 
me*anism :i* rotates x automatically = e
 cut1 or = a c]ta9 numb] ( cuts1 is     
valuable = h>d /ock requir+             
microscopical p]fection4     ,! ,back   

,gage   ,! back gage is mov$ & controll$
 on ! ma*9e table 9 sev]al ways4 ,9 !   
simpl] ma*9es ! gage is atta*$ to a rod 
"u ! table1 a long slot 9 ! c5t] ( !    
table all[+ ! connection ( ! gage ) !   
rod bel[4 ,! rod is atta*$ to ! gage ) a
 worm ge> & is op]at$ by a small h& :eel
 at ! front ( ! table4 ,9 o!r ma*9es !  
gage is atta*$ to a /eel cable1 or a    
metal tape1 or a *a9 :i* passes ov]     
:eels at ! back & front bel[ ! table4   
,! "o-piece back gage 0 improv$ by cutt+
 x into two or ?ree sections s t ! fir/ 
& f9al cuts ( two or ?ree piles may be  
made at e /roke ( ! knife4 ,adju/+      
screws are provid$ = tilt+ ! back gage  
=w>d or backw>d to comp5sate = !        
v>iation 9 ! wid? ( ! top & ! bottom    
%eets :i* occurs 9 ! same ma*9e & ) !   
same knife :5 cutt+ h>d or s(t pap]s4 ,a
 sw++ adju/m5t is also provid$ to squ>e 
! back gage p>allel ) ! knife edge4     
,v>i\s devices = tak+ up ! slack caus$  
by we> 9 ! table slot guid+ ! back gage 
are furni%$1 b probably ! simple/ & be/ 

me?od is ! replacem5t & refitt+ ( !     
inexp5sive slid+ "p4   ,,indicator      
,,atta*m5t ,,= ,,back ,,gage  ,! di/ance
 ! back gage is mov$ is read 9 diff]5t  
ways4 ,! movem5t ( a gage op]at$ by a   
screw & :eel is indicat$ by a po9t] on !
 front edge ( ! table ov]lapp+ ! rim ( !
 long screw :eel4 ,if ! rim ( ! screw   
:eel is l9$ (f 9 sixte5?s ( its         
circumf]5ce1 ! pit* ( ! screw be+ "o    
in*1 ea* complete turn ( ! screw :eel   
means t ! back gage is advanc$ "o in*1 &
 ea* "o-sixte5? turn means t x is       
advanc$ "o-sixte5? ( an in*4 ,x is      
important always to keep turn+ ! screw &
 :eel ! same way :5 s measur+1 because  
o!rwise ! back la% 7loos5ess ( ! screw &
 its nut to p]mit easy work+7 w cause   
v>iation4  ,= a back gage mov$ by a *a9 
or a wire cable or a metal tape1 a      
graduat$ dial is atta*$ to ! top ( !    
cable h& :eel :i* reads f a po9t] atta*$
 to ! front edge ( ! table4  ,bo? ^!    
ways ( read+ require ! op]ator to look  
d[n4  ,= a back gage mov$ by p[]1 a /eel

 indicator ribbon pass+ ar\nd a :eel    
ov]head 9 ! frame cap & atta*$ to a /&>d
 on top ( ! back gage 7see ,fig4 #g7    
enables ! op]ator to read ! position ( !
 back gage )\t look+ d[n1 & a second    
:eel indicator & po9t] p]mits read+ to  
less ?an "o-?\s&? ( an in*4 ,simil>     
indicator ribbons are atta*able to !    
back gage = screw1 cable1 *a91 & metal  
tape movem5ts4  ,^! indicator ribbons   
are usually graduat$ & m>k$ = in*es1    
halves1 qu>t]s1 eigh?s1 & sixte5?s4 ,!y 
are also furni%$ ) metric sy/em         
measurem5ts1 graduat$ & m>k$ = c5timet]s
 & millimet]s4 ,!y are also furni%$     
extra wide s t bo? ! ,engli% in*        
measurem5ts z well z ! metric sy/em     
measurem5ts may be put ^u ! same ribbon4
 ,:5 graduat$ to ?irty-seconds ( an in* 
& millimet]s a good magnify+ glass (    
ab\t ?ree in*es diamet]1 adju/$ 9 front 
( ! po9t]1 enables easi] & m accurate   
read+4 ,an easily op]at$ lock = hold+ ! 
back gage fa/ to ! table at any exact   
m>k prev5ts v>iation 9 ! wid? ( cutt+4  

,fix$ di/ance gage rods & suitable      
engagem5ts ) ! back gage are provid$ =  
cutt+ at any "t duplicates ( exactly !  
same wid?1 especially valuable =        
loose-leaf l$g] "w4 ,p9s & holes drill$ 
9 ! back gage & table also secure uni=m 
locations impossible to get solely f    
read+ ! ov]head ribbon or an indicator  
dial1 :i* latt] may be read incorrectly 
because ( poor light or v>iation 9 !    
op]ator's position or eye4  ,lock+      
devices = ! back gage ord9>ily consi/ ( 
7a7 a friction grip ar\nd ! mov+ screw1 
or 7b7 ab\t ! cable h& :eel1 or 7c7 a   
clamp+ device :i* holds ! back gage1 or 
7d71 be/ ( all1 a fix$ grip rod-hold+   
device op]at$ f ! front ( ! table1 ?us  
elim9at+ any possible lo/ motion ?r\gh  
connect+ p>ts f ! jogg+ or *uck+ ( "w4  
,a back gage is split s t diff]5t wid?  
piles may be cut at ! same "t1 su* z    
trimm+ ! heads1 tails1 & fronts ( books4
 ,! f+]s at ! splits are plac$ smoo?1 s 
t !y may be us$ z side gages to enable !
 we> ( ! knife to be tak5 its full wid?1

 in/ead ( j at ! usual left-h& end4     
,p[] ,back ,gage ,movem5t   ,! l>g]     
sizes ( cutt+ ma*9es are equipp$ ) a    
labor-sav+ p[] connection to ! ma9 driv+
 %aft :i* may be ?r[n 9 by ! op]ator at 
w to move ! back gage =w>d or backw>d by
 p[]1 a micromet] read+ ! position to   
?\s&?s ( an in*4     ,special ,devices  
,special spac+ devices = ! back gage are
 revolutioniz+ _m bran*es ( "w4 ,! usual
 screw or cable is relatively sl[ &     
undep5dable & requires c>e & "t to move 
! "w ! exact di/ance requir$4  ,! new   
way is to equip ! cutt+ ma*9e ) a back  
gage op]at+ me*anism hav+ /ops :i* c be 
set = any wid? to be cut4 ,! op]ator    
simply pulls a lev] betwe5 ! /ops1 :i*  
in/antly moves ! pile & measures x      
exactly4 ,production has be5 increas$   
six hundr$ p] c5t4 ) su* spac+ devices4 
,gages = measur+ ! wid? ( ! cut may be  
simply a sample cut ! desir$ wid? laid  
^u ! pile1 or an exact size wood or     
metal patt]n1 or ! wid? may be det]m9$  
by read+ on a /eel indicator-ribbon     

atta*$ to ! back gage ! di/ance its face
 is back f ! knife edge4  ,^! me?ods are
 only approximately accurate1 h[ev]2 =  
exact cutt+1 /eel di/ance-pieces (      
correct l5g?s to give ! diff]5t wid?s ( 
cut requir$ are set aga9/ a fix$ /op 9 !
 back table & ! back gage run back until
 x grips ! /eel di/ance-piece4 ,?is br+s
 ! face ( ! back gage ! desir$ di/ance f
 ! knife4  ,mod]n pat5t$ spac+ devices =
 ! rapid duplication ( exact wid?s 9    
succession1 :ile ! ma*9e runs cont9u\sly
 )\t /opp+ betwe5 cuts1 h be5 p]fect$ s 
z to enable1 on "s classes ( "w1 "o     
cutt+ ma*9e to d ! "w ( six & /ill obta9
 accuracy4 ,^! spac+ devices op]ate !   
back gage ?r\gh a *a9 or a screw or a   
ge> by means ( a lev] driv5 by h& or by 
p[] betwe5 accurately set /ops fix$ =   
any desir$ wid?1 & ?us elim9ate ! "t    
ord9>ily lo/ measur+ ! wid? = ea* cut4  
,among o!r conv5i5ces on ! l>ge mod]n   
cutt]s two />t+ lev]s1 "o at ea* side ( 
! ma*9e1 or a />t+ b> ext5d+ across !   
front1 save sev]al motions at ea* cut4  

,a flat piece ( metal1 call$ a clamp    
face1 :i* may be quickly atta*$ to ! "u 
side ( ! f+]$ clamp1 is us$ to prev5t ^!
 f+]s m>k+ s(t or delicate f9i%$ /ock4  
,a snake gage is a fold+ lattice us$ 9  
front ( ! back gage ( a solid wide face 
clamp ma*9e to enable ! back gage to pu%
 ! pile up ne>] ! knife4  ,= l>ge       
pamphlets or magaz9es an extra clamp    
atta*$ beh9d ! regul> clamp to hold !   
back ( ! pile d[n g5tly by spr+ pressure
 w prev5t ! %eets spr++ up & away f !   
back gage1 caus$ by ! folds & air betwe5
 ! %eets4  ,a plate atta*$ to ! ma*9e ) 
hooks ^u :i* to hang ! wr5*es is provid$
 ^u ! mo/ mod]n ma*9es & ?is helps !    
op]ator to keep !m toge!r & 9 ord]4     
,gu>ds cov]+ ! ge>+1 knife edge1        
pulleys1 fly:eel & o!r mov+ p>ts are    
requir$ by _m /ate laws1 & p[] cutt+    
ma*9es are1 !re=e1 s design$ & furni%$  
complete4     ,application ( ,p[]   ,!re
 are five me?ods ( apply+ p[] necess>y  
to op]ate pap] cutt]s3 by h& lev]1 by   
belt1 by direct ge>+1 by *a9 & sprocket1

 & by direct connection ( electric      
motor4  ,figure #ac %[s an electric     
motor on a bracket1 adju/able v]tically1
 atta*$ to ! frame ( ! cutt+ ma*9e1     
driv+ by a belt f ! motor pulley to !   
ma*9e pulley4 ,! belt cu%ions ! heavy   
repeat$ ?ru/s ( ! clamp & knife 9 cutt+ 
^u ! motor4 ,! electric motor may be set
 on ! floor or on a bracket on ! wall4  
,figure #ad %[s a direct-ge>$ connection
 ( ! electric motor ?r\gh its noiseless 
ra:ide p9ion engag+ an iron ge> on !    
ma*9e driv+ %aft4 ,an adju/m5t is       
provid$ = tak+ up ! we> 9 ! ge>s1 9 ord]
 to ma9ta9 ! noiseless runn+ ( ! ma*9e4 
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac   ,,electric    
,,motor ,,ov]head1 ,,belt ,,drive  ,!   
*a9 drive is l ! direct-ge>$ except t x 
sub/itutes a *a9 & two sprockets = two  
ge>s4  ,x is n g5]ally und]/ood :at a   
l>ge am\nt ( p[] is requir$ to drive a  
pap]-cutt+ ma*9e1 & h[ important x is t 
! numb] ( work+ p>ts connect+ ! belt    
pulley to ! knife be z simple & few z   
possible 9 ord] to elim9ate friction &  

lo/ motion1 & to secure effici5cy4 ,e   
cut co/s money = ! p[] consum$4         
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad   ,,electric    
,,motor ,,und]nea?1 ,,ge>$ ,,drive  ,an 
in*-high pile ( writ+ pap] ) a %>p knife
 may take "o ?\s& p\nds = ea* foot (    
l5g? ( ! knife to drive x ?r\gh4 ,a     
high] pile on a fifty-in* p[] cutt] may 
take ?ree tons pressure1 plus !         
automatic clamp+ ef=t & plus frictional 
losses1 & 7m important7 plus a trem5d\s 
increase 9 case ! knife is dull4        
,c>e ( ! ,ma*9e   ,a man is kn[n by !   
condition ( ! ma*9e he keeps4 ,keep !   
knife %>p4 ,t is ! fir/ rule to repeat e
 day & e h\r ( ! day4 ,! second rule is 
to oil e hole & place requir$ on !      
ma*9e4 ,! ?ird rule is to keep ! ma*9e &
 its neighborhood scrupul\sly clean4 ,! 
f\r? rule is to le>n by he>t & foll[ !  
pr9t$ directions atta*$ to ! ma*9e by ! 
mak]4 ,if y d n und]/& or if y _c foll[ 
correctly e in/ruction on ! pr9t$       
in/ructions atta*$ to ! ma*9e by ! mak]1
 fir/ ask y\r =eman or sup]9t5d5t4 ,if !

 directions are n cle>1 write1 or ask ! 
(fice to write1 to ! mak] = a detail$   
explanation or to h 8 travel+           
repres5tative come & expla9 !m4 ,any    
op]ator :o does n und]/& ! adju/m5ts ( !
 ma*9e he op]ates has b p>tly le>n$ 8   
trade4 ,be p>ticul> to see t ! driv+    
pulley on y\r ma*9e runs at ! spe$ giv5 
= x on ! manufactur]'s directions4      
,keep ! ma*9e always 9 adju/m5t4 ,see t 
! brake b& is adju/$ s t :5 ! />t+ lev] 
is ?r[n 9 to />t1 ! friction is entirely
 releas$ & !re is no drag on ma*9e4  ,d 
n all[ ! knife to s9k any deep] into !  
cutt+ /ick ?an to sev] ! la/ %eet ( !   
pile4  ,nev] use m pressure on ! clamp  
?an is necess>y to hold ! pile )\t draw+
 or slipp+2 any additional pressure is  
only an add$ /ra9 on ! ma*9e4  ,jog y\r 
/ock be=e putt+ x 9 ! ma*9e & d n use ! 
back gage = t purpose4 ,cont9ual h>d    
jogg+ ) heavy lifts ( /ock aga9/ fir/ "o
 end ( gage & !n ! o!r w quickly knock x
 out ( squ>e or loos5 x4  ,a little     
talcum p[d]1 ,fr5* *alk1 or p[d]$       

boracic acid du/$ on ! table makes !    
/ock h&le easi]4  ,a slip-%eet ( pap] or
 ?9 pulp bo>d plac$ on top or on !      
bottom ( ! pile1 & cut up ) x1 protects 
delicate surfaces f f+] m>ks or soil+4  
,keep y\r h&s & apron clean4 ,keep !    
ma*9e clean 9 e "p4  ,use only wr5*es   
furni%$ ) ! ma*9e1 because !y fit ! bolt
 heads prop]ly & because !y are !       
correct l5g?s to put on ! prop] t5sion4 
,d n use a monkey wr5*1 because1 unless 
! jaws are c>efully adju/$1 x w de/roy !
 bolt heads & if us$ on small bolts1 on 
acc\nt ( its l5g? & p[]1 is apt to /rip 
! ?reads or break ! bolt or "p4         
,occasionally g ov] e "p ( ma*9e & see t
 all tap] p9s1 bolts1 nuts1 etc41 are   
snug 9 place4  ,a lock$ cupbo>d or box  
at ! cutt+ ma*9e is useful to keep !    
full set ( wr5*es provid$1 clean wa/e1  
color$ crayons1 a good magnify+ glass1  
p[d]$ pumice /one1 ,fr5* *alk1 talcum   
p[d]1 boracic acid1 special cutt+ pads1 
& bo>ds = mak+ !m1 size /rips1 dim5sion 
records1 etc4 ,! oil c %\ld /& always   

fill$ & ready on its bracket4  ,if a    
belt is put on too tight1 x may pull s  
h>d on ! be>+s z to heat & cause !m to  
cut4 ,x is easi] n to put ! belt on too 
tight at fir/ & to relace x sev]al times
 :ile x is /ret*+1 ?an x is to repair a 
r\gh be>+4  ,keep clean wa/e 9 a box4   
,de/roy dirty1 oily wa/e in/antly aft]  
use1 or place x c>efully inside a       
firepro( oily wa/e c if provid$4 ,d n   
put dirty1 oily wa/e away or leave x    
ar\nd4 ,x is mo/ dang]\s & _m plants h  
be5 burn$ by its spontane\s combu/ion4  
,h a def9ite fix$ "t to oil1 & to clean 
! ma*9e4 ,m>k ! h\rs :5 to oil e day1 & 
! day & h\r :5 to clean & poli% ! ma*9e 
e week1 on ! mak]'s direction %eet      
atta*$ to ! ma*9e4  ,oil ) intellig5ce1 
n j ) an oil c & oil4 ,oil freely1 b n  
sloppily4 ,oil %\ld n drip ^u ! floor4  
,oil %\ld n fl[ ov] p>ts n requir+ x4   
,an excess ( oil on a brake b& w prev5t 
its act+ & /opp+ ! ma*9e promptly4 ,wipe
 out ! excess oil 9 ?is case by pass+ a 
rag "u & ar\nd ! b&s4 ,oil t runs or    

drops or is wip$ (f is wa/$4  ,oil !    
p>ts above ! table c>efully & ?or\ghly4 
,a few drops ( oil on ! palm ( ! h& &   
appli$ to ! f\r front & back faces ( !  
knife-b> prev5ts dripp+ on ! table f !  
oil c4 ,run ! ma*9e ?r\gh a few /rokes  
aft] oil+ & !n wipe (f clean ) a clo? or
 piece ( wa/e ! surfaces aga9/ :i* !    
/ock to be cut is plac$4  ,:5 oil+1     
rememb] x is only ! oil t rea*es ! be>+ 
t does any good4 ,any surplus t runs ov]
 & defaces ! ma*9e is wa/e4  ,! be/ k9d 
( oil to use is a free-runn+1           
light-color$ petroleum ma*9e oil4 ,*eap 
oils co/ m 9 ! end4     ,op]at+ ! ,ma*9e
   ,! "* ( ! cutt+ dep5ds ^u1 fir/1 !   
ma*9e1 second1 ! knife1 & ?ird1 ! man4  
,successful cutt+ is a f9e manual art4  
,! f9e/ razor improp]ly /ropp$ & us$ 9  
unskill$ h&s does poor "w4 ,! f9e/ cutt+
 ma*9e un9tellig5tly op]at$ w /ultify ! 
be/ ef=ts ( ! pr9t+ plant4  ,! ma*9e t  
has ! simple/ me*anism evolv$ by long   
exp]i5ce & /udy ensures ! fir/ safegu>d 
( accuracy4 ,! knife t fulfils !        

specifications giv5 else:]e furni%es !  
second4 ,& ?ird1 ! man ^: /&>d ( "w is  
high1 :o is consci5ti\s 9 foll[+ 8      
in/ructions1 :o is big en\gh & broad    
en\gh to und]/& h[ important 8 position 
is1 & h[ necess>y1 !re=e1 x is = him to 
coop]ate ) e o!r dep>tm5t 9 a fri5dly & 
intellig5t mann]1 completes ! tripod t c
 /& up successfully "u any job4  ,a     
cutt+ ma*9e is a %>p-edg$ tool &1 !re=e1
 dang]\s :5 run by a c>eless or unskill$
 op]ator4 ,look be=e y leap applies     
especially to ! cutt+ ma*9e4 ,its action
 is p[]ful & quick4 ,accid5ts occur     
?r\gh failure ( ! op]ator to wat* 8 own 
motions & because ( ! improp] op]ation (
 ! ma*9e ?r\gh failure ( "s ( its p>ts4 
,suffici5t safety devices to make all   
accid5ts impossible w\ld r5d] ! cutt+   
ma*9e z useless z an axe 9 a velvet     
case4 ,accid5ts :i* occur f undue we> or
 neglect to oil are apt to happ54 ,two  
prev5tives are available3 fir/1 to tra9 
! op]ator to c>e2 second1 to provide z  
_m safegu>ds z c be utiliz$ & /ill p]mit

 comm]cially successful op]ation4  ,) ! 
mod]n high-spe$ ma*9e op]at+ at f       
tw5ty-five to =ty cuts a m9ute1 ! "t    
consum$ 9 ! cutt+ room is n ! "t tak5 by
 ! knife to pass ?r\gh ! /ock1 b r ! "t 
gett+ ! /ock laid up & measur$ ready to 
cut4 ,consequ5tly1 ^! latt] op]ations   
are ! ones to /udy = sav+s4  ,! "t &    
labor requir$ to cut a job dep5ds ^u !  
numb] & k9d ( motions ( ! h&s & body &  
feet t are made to get ! /ock ready & to
 take x away4 ,! few] motions necess>y  
to d ?is & to op]ate ! ma*9e1 ! easi] & 
pleasant] x is to "w at a cutt+ ma*9e4  
,p[d]$ *alk & naph?a put on ! bright    
p>ts & nickel & all[$ to /ay ov] night w
 poli% (f 9 ! morn+ & leave ! ma*9e     
appe>+ clean & free f ru/4  ,! clamp    
/rap ways %\ld be kept clean & free f ! 
fuzz f ! cutt+s & ?ick oil4 ,?is c be   
done by occasionally clean+ !m out )    
k]os5e4  ,if ! oil gets 9 ! friction    
brake b& ! ma*9e may n /op promptly at !
 prop] po9t4 ,?r[ (f ! driv+ belt1 & ?r[
 on ! />t+ lev] to loos5 ! brake b&2 !n 

pass a rag ar\nd "u ! b&1 betwe5 x & !  
clut* r+s1 s z to remove ! oil1 !n ?r[  
(f ! />t+ lev]4 ,if a piece ( wa/e is   
laid on ! l[] "p ( ! friction brake b& j
 next to ! r+1 x w keep x free f oil =  
"s "t4  ,rub ! knife & o!r bright p>ts (
 ! ma*9e ) an oily rag e night4 ,?is w  
prev5t ! ru/ =m+ ) ! v>iation (         
temp]ature betwe5 day & night4  ,:5 us+ 
! graduations on its rim to measure by1 
always keep turn+ ! gage screw :eel 9 "o
 direction1 )\t rev]s+ x1 :5 pull+ !    
back gage =w>d = successive cuts4 ,?is w
 keep up all ! slack & lo/ motion ( !   
screw & its nut4 ,if ! screw :eel is    
mov$ fir/ "o way & !n ano!r1 little     
dep5d5ce c be plac$ ^u ! graduat$ read+ 
( ! scale4     ,safety ( ! ,knife   ,!  
be/ automatic rapid-production cutt+    
ma*9es are provid$ ) f\r safety devices 
to prev5t ! knife mak+ an unexpect$     
/roke4  ,fir/--,a solid knock] ?r[s out 
! clut* positively4 ,nei!r gravity nor a
 spr+ = a trip is dep5d$ ^u to move an  
int]cept+ "p1 b ! c]ta9 fact t two solid

 bodies _c occupy ! same space at ! same
 "t4  ,second--,an automatic friction   
brake grips firmly & /ops all motion    
sil5tly4  ,?ird--,an automatic          
c\nt]balance is us$ = bo? ! knife-b> & !
 clamp1 & reta9s !m at ! top position4  
,f\r?--,an automatic /eel safety bolt   
engages a solid lug on ! l>ge ge>1 s t !
 ge> _c revolve fur!r until ! op]ator   
delib]ately pulls ! />t+ lev] = ano!r   
cut4  ,^! f\r safety devices are design$
 s z to act positively & simultane\sly  
on ! completion ( ea* cut4 ,to />t      
requires a delib]ate action ( ! />t+    
lev] by ! op]ator4     ,h&l+ ,pap]      
,pap] is made pr9cipally 9 long webs1 or
 cont9u\s /rips1 & is roll$ up z x comes
 f ! pap]-mak+ ma*9e4 ,x is !n cut into 
%eets by a revolv+ fly cutt] or a %e>   
knife1 cutt+ "o %eet at a "t (f ! roll4 
,^! %eets are furni%$ by ! mills 9      
bundles or cases1 :i* are trimm$ to     
c]ta9 sizes on a pap]-cutt+ ma*9e4  ,!  
be/ me?od ( h&l+ & cutt+ /ock1 ! prop]  
quantity to take on at ea* lift1 !      

height ( ! pile to cut1 & ! r\t9e (     
pass+ ea* cut section along 9 ord]ly    
fa%ion1 %\ld be giv5 c>eful /udy4       
,conv5i5t tables ( ! "r height & ( ample
 surface are ess5tial if ! "w is to be  
c>ri$ on satisfactorily1 )\t backtrack+ 
or unnecess>y motions & lift+4  ,l>ge   
/ock %\ld be pil$ on movable wood5      
plat=ms :i* c be mov$ quickly f place to
 place4  ,a prim>y difficulty 9         
cutt+-ma*9e "w is due to ! great v>iety 
( pap]s & sizes requir$ to be h&l$ on ! 
ma*9e4 ,?is v>ies f little n>r[ slips to
 piles ! full wid? ( ! table1 f a few   
%eets to a pile ! full height all[$ by !
 clamp1 & f s(t book pap] to /ock ne>ly 
z t\gh z t94 ,all ^! v>y+ conditions _c 
be met ) equal success 9 "o automatic   
ma*9e4 ,!re=e1 sup]ior intellig5ce r ?an
 unusual muscle %\ld be requir$ ( !     
op]ator4  ,good judgm5t is requir$ to   
det]m9e ! prop] height ( a pile to cut4 
,?is w (t5 dep5d ^u h[ mu* c be grasp$  
ea* "t ) ! h&s & put into place 9 good  
ord]4 ,"t may be lo/ & %eets wa/$ try+  

to fill up to ! capacity ( ! ma*9e2     
small] piles & m ( !m may sometimes be a
 m economical me?od4 ,! "t tak5 = !     
knife /roke is only a second1 :ile ! "t 
necess>y to jog up sev]al lifts may be  
m9utes m ?an to put "o lift into place4 
,! conv5i5t lift1 z l>ge z possible1 &  
uni=m 9 size if !re are sev]al ( !m1 is 
! advisable practise4  ,inaccurate cutt+
 may be ! result ( sev]al causes3 7a7 ,n
 jogg+ ! pile ?or\ghly aga9/ ! back     
gage2 ?is %\ld be done by press+ ! ball 
( ! ?umbs aga9/ ! front ( ! pile f top  
to bottom4 7b7 ,by di/urb+ ! pile :5    
turn+ x = ! next cut4 7c7 ,by lift+ out 
! pile & fail+ to jog x c>efully :5 flat
 aga9/ ! back gage aga94 7d7 ,"w t is f$
 to po9ts on ! pr9t+ press may n be     
squ>e & true & consequ5tly _c be jogg$  
aga9/ a /raight$ge gage & cut           
accurately4 ,?is condition %\ld be wat*$
 = 9 su* cases4 ,f9d out1 if possible1  
:i* is ! fe$ edge 9 ! pr9t+ & jog up to 
t4 ,pressm5 are (t5 c>eless ab\t ?is    
necess>y in/ruction 9 s5d+ pr9t$ %eets  

to ! cutt]4  ,inaccurate cutt+ is also  
due to insuffici5t clamp+ pressure1     
all[+ ! pile to slip out ( place        
slightly2 or to excessive clamp+        
pressure1 compress+ ! pile m ?an        
necess>y j at ! l9e beh9d ! knife cut4  
,! above causes may result 9 imp]fect   
cutt+ :5 ! ma*9e is 9 good ord]4 ,:5 !  
ma*9e is n 9 ! prop] condition1 & !     
knife is dull1 or ( a %ape n adapt$ to !
 "w1 accurate cutt+ _c be expect$4  ,:5 
pil+ up %eets see t ea* %eet is laid 9  
exact regi/] ) all ! o!rs1 t is1 t !    
pr9t$ pages1 guide m>ks1 & edges are all
 9 ! same position ?r\gh\t ! pile4 ,"o  
%eet on top laid ! wrong way may be !   
cause ( cutt+ e o!r %eet ( ! pile wrong 
unless 7& ?is is v important7 ! op]ator 
looks at ! "u %eets to make sure t !y   
are all laid alike4  ,:5 cutt+ or trimm+
 pr9t$ %eets x is necess>y t ! op]ator  
%\ld jog ! %eets to ! pressman's fe$    
edges4 ,^! %\ld be m>k$ pla9ly1 )\t     
*ance ( misund]/&+4 ,if !y are n1 he    
%\ld ask = directions4 ,"o wrong cut w  

spoil ! :ole pile4  ,:5 a %eet is tak5  
(f a pile = exam9ation or = any o!r     
purpose1 c>e %\ld be obs]v$ t x is laid 
back aga9 uni=m ) ! o!r %eets4 ,a pile  
is easily di/urb$ 9 ?is mann] ei!r :5   
sw++ x ov]1 turn+ x ar\nd1 or rejogg+1  
if ! utmo/ c>e & ord]l9ess are n obs]v$4
  ,pap]s receiv$ f ! mills or f deal]s  
are n always trimm$ squ>ely1 b h :at is 
call$ a mill edge4 ,?is edge is only    
approximately /raight & ! corn]s only   
app>5tly squ>e4 ,= accurate "w1 ei!r 9  
pr9t+ or 9 cutt+1 "o or two edges may   
ne$ to be retrimm$ on a pap] cutt] to   
get !m /raight & h a true corn]4 ,!     
ultimate accuracy ( ! f9i%$ "w w dep5d  
^u ?is prop] trimm+ be=e ! %eets are    
pr9t$4  ,exact regi/] & accurate trimm+ 
c be secur$ only by work+ f ! same edges
 ( ! pap] at e op]ation & ! edges mu/ be
 /raight & squ>ely cut4 ,:5 ! edges are 
?us trimm$ !y %\ld be m>k$ ) a r$       
crayon1 or 9 "s simil> mann]1 9 ord] to 
be readily id5tifi$ at ea* h&l+4  ,a    
pile may be te/$ = squ>5ess by jogg+ x 9

 ! cutt] table aga9/ bo? ! back gage & !
 side gage1 if ! ma*9e gages are        
!mselves 9 p]fect adju/m5t4 ,if x is    
difficult to see :e!r ! sides ( ! pile  
are close aga9/ ! gages at all po9ts1   
n>r[ /rips ( pap] put betwe5 ! pile &   
gages w %[ :e!r ! pile t\*es ! gages    
uni=mly4  ,:5 cutt+ li?ograph$ "w or    
simil> close-regi/] pr9t+1 :]e l>ge     
%eets are apt to come ) an irregul>     
edge1 a small wood5 block aga9/ ! back  
gage or ! side gage at po9ts on ! %eet  
:]e ! orig9al regi/] guides ( ! press 7 
plac$1 w usually insure cutt+ on an     
accurate l9e ) ! pr9t+4 ,9 ?is mann] !  
same po9ts ( contact z 7 us$ 9 ! press  
fe$+ may be secur$4  ,to cut a pile (   
pap] 9 half1 fold ov] ! top %eet & fold 
at ! middle1 c>efully mat*+ ! edges4    
,crease ?is fold di/9ctly & use ! crease
 z a guide :5 ! %eet is op5$ out & laid 
on ! pile4 ,to cut into ?irds or fif?s x
 is bett] to measure ! %eet exactly ) a 
rule & make cle> p5cil m>ks at ! po9ts (
 cutt+4  ,h&-made pap]s h r\gh1 unev5   

edges :i* are ?ick] ?an ! re/ ( ! %eet  
&1 !re=e1 require p>ticul> c>e 9 jogg+ &
 clamp+4 ,!y %\ld be h&l$ 9 small piles4
  ,gumm$ & v>ni%$ pap]s require special 
c>e ev5 :5 p]fectly dry1 b m s 9 a moi/ 
atmosph]e4 ,v>ni%$ /ock if x is v dry   
may nick ! knife1 & a clean oily 7b n   
too oily7 swab run ov] ! bevel ( ! knife
 be=e ! cut w make a smoo!r1 saf] cut4  
,x is n well to use soap on ! knife1    
especially on li?ographic "w4  ,fre%ly  
pr9t$ "w :i* t5ds to (fset on ! next    
%eet may be cut :]e necess>y by plac+   
/rips ( reglet or ?ick c>d ar\nd ! m>g9 
close to ! l9e ( ! propos$ cut1 s z to  
keep ! pressure ( ! clamp (f ! pr9t$    
matt]4  ,tissue pap] requires to be     
firmly clamp$ to cut accurately4 ,a     
clamp+ motion t w fir/ ex]t a g5tle     
pressure to squeeze ! air out betwe5 !  
%eets & pack ! pile d[n ev5ly all ov] & 
!n apply a p[]ful pressure be=e ! knife 
/rikes ! pile1 gives ! be/ results4     
,accuracy is requir$ 9 manifold         
duplicate "w1 :]e absolute regi/] mu/ be

 made1 to secure ! prop] location (     
doll>s 9 doll>s columns & c5ts 9 c5ts   
columns4 ,! rul+ & pr9t+ bo? dep5d      
entirely on ! squ>e & accurate cutt+ ( !
 /ock to secure prop] regi/]4  ,! cutt+ 
( wax$ & oil$ manifold /ock1 if c>efully
 jogg$ up1 is n difficult ) ! new] types
 ( clamp+ me*anism1 especially on t type
 ( cutt+ ma*9e :]e ! pressure ( !       
automatic clamp is appli$ at fir/ g5tly 
& !n ) maximum pressure1 simil> to !    
h&-clamp4     ,to ,cut a ,pile into     
,/rips ( ,equal ,wid?   ,?is is         
sometimes requir$ to be done = a l>ge   
quantity ( /ock & x is desirable to d x 
) economy ( "t & labor4 ,! obvi\s me?od 
is to fir/ trim "o edge ( ! /ock1 !n set
 ! back gage to ! requir$ wid? & jog !  
pile up to x = ea* cut4 ,?is me?od is   
usually accurate b requires a great deal
 ( h&l+ ( ! /ock--almo/ ?ree times z mu*
 z is necess>y by "s o!r me?ods4  ,!    
foll[+ me?ods require ! pile ( pap] to  
be fir/ trimm$ ) a true edge 9 ord] to  
jog x aga9/ ! back gage1 & also ) a true

 edge on ! opposite or front side4  #a4 
,make a m>k or place a ?9 pap] /ick] on 
! top surface ( ! front table ! exact   
di/ance 9 front ( ! cutt+ edge ( ! knife
 to correspond ) ! requir$ wid? ( !     
/rip4 ,place ! pile ( pap] on ! back    
table ) a trimm$ edge aga9/ ! back gage4
 ,move ! gage =w>d s t ! front edge ( ! 
pile comes to ! m>k on ! front table4   
,make ! cut4 ,repeat ?is until ! pile is
 cut up4 ,?is requires only "o jogg+ ( !
 pile into place4  #b4 ,same z ! me?od j
 describ$1 except t a small h+$ metal   
gage is us$ in/ead ( a m>k on ! table4  
,?is requires a special device4 ,! front
 flange ( ?is device or gage may be     
slott$ & fa/5$ to ! table by a          
?umbscrew4 ,! v]tical angle "p mu/ be   
h+$ to ! "p fix$ to ! table s t x c be  
swung upw>d & back f> en\gh to leave !  
cut pile room to move =w>d on ! table :5
 ! knife passes d[n ?r\gh ! pile4  #c4  
,use a h& automatic spac+ device1 gage  
screw movem5t4  #d4 ,use a template     
plac$ on top ( ! pile4 ,run ! clamp d[n 

to ! pile1 place a c>d or fib] template 
on top ( ! pile 9 front ( ! clamp4 ,draw
 ! pile =w>d until ?is front edge       
co9cides ) ! front edge ( ! template4   
,make ! cut & repeat ! op]ation until ! 
pile is cut up4  #e4 ,draw ! front edge 
( ! pile =w>d to dim5sion on ! regul>   
graduat$ rule set 9 ! front table4  #f4 
,draw ! pile =w>d ! di/ance desir$ by   
read+ ! /eel tape scale ov]head1 or !   
dial1 or ! graduation on ! gage movem5t 
:eel4  #g4 ,use a h& automatic spac+    
device1 *a9 movem5t4     ,to ,cut a     
,pile ,rectangul>   ,to trim a pile )   
p]fectly true corn]s fir/ jog its       
/raighte/ edge aga9/ ! back gage1 & make
 ! fir/ trim4 ,!n jog ?is cut edge aga9/
 ! back gage & make ! second trim1 keep+
 ! pile away f ! side gage4 ,?is trimm$ 
edge %\ld be exactly p>allel ) ! edge   
trimm$ fir/4 ,!n jog ei!r ( ^! cut edges
 aga9/ ! side gage1 & pu% g5tly 7b d n  
jog7 to ! back gage1 = di/ance4 ,?is cut
 w be at exact "r angles to ! fir/ &    
second4 ,turn ! pile & make ! la/ cut ) 

! trimm$ edge aga9/ ! back gage keep+ ! 
pile away f ! side gage4  ,d n try to   
jog a pile aga9/ bo? side gage & back   
gage at ! same "t1 =1 al?\gh ^! are at  
"r angles1 ! attempt to =ce a pile aga9/
 bo? w slue ! pile4  ,turn ! pile on !  
table ) ! greate/ c>e2 d n lift x betwe5
 cuts or jog x v]tically4 ,to te/ a pile
 = rectangul>ity1 turn "p ( x "o-half   
way ar\nd & mat* ! edges4     ,to ,squ>e
 a ,pile   ,fir/--,set ! back gage ab\t 
"o-eigh? in* fur!r f ! cutt+ edge ( !   
knife ?an ! desir$ dim5sion ( ! squ>e4  
,! extra di/ance ! back gage is set     
beyond ! dim5sion ( ! squ>e w dep5d ^u !
 am\nt necess>y to trim x to a true1    
clean edge4  ,second--,jog an uncut edge
 ( ! pile aga9/ ! back gage & make a    
clean trim4  ,?ird--,jog ?is clean trim 
aga9/ ! side gage & j feel ! back gage =
 di/ance4 ,?is trim is at "r angles to !
 fir/4  ,f\r?--,n[ draw ! back gage up  
to ! exact dim5sion ( ! squ>e desir$4   
,fif?--,jog ei!r ( ! clean trimm$ edges 
aga9/ ! back gage 7keep ! pile away f ! 

side gage74 ,?is trims ?ree sides4      
,six?--,jog ! pile aga9/ ! back gage &  
trim ! rema9+ uncut edge1 keep+ ! pile  
away f ! side gage4 ,?is completes !    
squ>e4  ,to te/ a pile = squ>5ess1 turn 
"p ( ! pile "o qu>t] way ar\nd & mat* ! 
edges4     ,to ,cut ,unusual ,%apes     
,any odd %apes hav+ /raight l9es may be 
cut by ! foll[+ me?od3 ,make a sample ( 
! %ape & size requir$2 !n take a piece (
 ,no4 #gj /rawbo>d a little l>g] ?an !  
patt]n4 ,! bo>d mu/ be squ>$ up1 & !    
odd-%ap$ c>d laid on x2 !n put ! two    
pieces "u ! clamp & adju/ ! /rawbo>d    
aga9/ ! back gage & ! sample c>d ev5 ) !
 clamp 9 front2 !n run ! clamp d[n &    
draw a p5cil l9e ar\nd ! sample c>d on !
 /rawbo>d4 ,a piece ( wood c !n be glu$ 
on to ! /rawbo>d along ! p5cil l9e at ! 
back & ano!r at ! end4 ,if a bun* ( c>ds
 is laid into ?is box gage & ! bo>d pu%$
 up aga9/ ! back gage ( ! ma*9e1 a n>r[ 
/rip ( wood or bo>d mu/ be glu$ on !    
clamp "r ov] ! c>d1 s t a pressure may  
be secur$ on ! /ock4 ,?is clamp-/ick    

mu/1 ( c\rse1 fit into ! box gage1 s t x
 w take up ! diff]5ce 9 ?ickness betwe5 
! pile ( /ock & ! height ( ! box gage4  
,^! gages may be made by means ( a squ>e
 & a pair ( divid]s1 z well z 9 ! ma*9e4
  ,celluloid may be cut into n>r[ /rips 
by us+ ! me?od describ$ above4 ,a %>p   
knife & rubb] b&s are all t are         
necess>y4     ,trimm+ ,books   ,a common
 error made by pr9t]s is to make up =ms 
ne>ly ! full measurem5t ( ! leaf1 !reby 
leav+ ! b9d] v little trim m>g94 ,a /&+ 
rule ( e pr9t+ & b9d+ e/abli%m5t %\ld be
 to all[ "o-eigh? ( an in* trim m>g9 = !
 =e-edge1 head1 & tail ( all /it*$      
tablets & qu>t]-b\nd cut-flu% books4    
,all sew$ books %\ld h ?ree-sixte5?s (  
an in* = ! =e-edge1 & "o-eigh? ( an in* 
= ! head & tail trim m>g9s4 ,! trimm+ ( 
lett]-press "w %\ld be /&>diz$1 s t     
pap]-cov]$ books are trimm$ a trifle    
l>g] to p]mit a retrim :5 books are     
return$ = a sub/antial cov]4 ,to        
illu/rate ?is1 a %eet #bd x #ch in*es   
made up into ?irty-two-page signatures1 

:5 fold$1 is #f x #i-a_/b in*es4 ,!     
pap]-cov]$ books %\ld be trimm$ #e-g_/h 
x #i-a_/h in*es2 "o-eigh? ( an in* is   
trimm$ (f ! head1 ! balance (f ! tail1  
:ile ! =e-edge has "o-eigh? ( an in*    
trim4 ,^! books1 :5 return$ = p]man5t   
cov]s1 z !y frequ5tly are1 h "o-sixte5? 
( an in* trimm$ (f ! head & tail2 &     
"o-eigh? ( an in* (f ! =e-edge4 ,?is    
gives ! /&>d book size1 #e-c_/d x #i    
in*es = ! b\nd volume4  ,:5 ! entire    
edition is to be b\nd ) a p]man5t cov]1 
provision is made = ?ree-sixte5?s ( an  
in* trim at ! head4 ,?is enables ! pr9t]
 to /&>dize =ms )\t v>y+ ! head m>g9s1 &
 gives ! b9d] suffici5t m>g9 to trim    
inaccurately fold$ %eets4  ,to trim     
books on a cutt+ ma*9e1 take z _m z w   
make a pile ab\t ?ree in*es high1 & jog 
at ! head & back4 ,set ! back gage !    
exact size to :i* ! book is to be       
trimm$2 put ! books 9 ! ma*9e ) ! head  
aga9/ ! side & ! back aga9/ ! back gage4
 ,run d[n ! clamp1 provid$ ! ma*9e has a
 h& clamp2 an automatic or self-clamp   

requires no?+ m ?an to pull ! lev]4 ,:5 
! cut has be5 made & ! ma*9e /ops1      
remove ! books & put to "o side4 ,repeat
 ?is op]ation until all books are trimm$
 on ! =e-edge & lay aside 9 piles ) !   
backs out4  ,to trim ! heads & tails1   
fill]s mu/ be made to take up ! ?ickness
 ( ! back4 ,cut /rips ( /raw or b9d]s'  
bo>d ab\t f\r in*es wide2 glue !m       
toge!r2 fan out & press4 ,put ! books 9 
! ma*9e ) ! heads aga9/ ! back gage & ! 
trimm$ =e-edges aga9/ ! side2 !n lay !  
bo>d fill] on top 9 su* a way t !       
fann$-out ends are suffici5tly away f ! 
back to p]mit an ev5 pressure ( ! clamp 
on ! books4 ,pull ! lev]1 & repeat !    
op]ation = subsequ5t books4 ,! fill] c  
be glu$ to ! clamp & ! books put        
directly "u x4  ,= ! head1 ! gage is set
 =w>d & ! trimm$ tail is plac$ aga9/ !  
back & side gage4 ,! bo>d fill] is plac$
 on top 9 ! same mann] z above describ$ 
& ! op]ation cont9u$4 ,on ?9 books !    
bo>d fill] may be disp5s$ ) by rev]s+ ! 
backs ( ! books alt]nately1 s z to      

di/ribute ! ?ickness ( ! back on bo?    
sides ( ! pile4  ,if !re are two splits 
9 ! back gage1 i4e41 if x is a ?ree-"p  
back gage1 set ! c5t] = trimm+ !        
=e-edge1 ! left = trimm+ ! tail1 & ! "r 
end = ! head4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 %\ld be done 
only :5 ! quantity to be trimm$ ju/ifies
 x4 ,:5 ! back gage is set1 tight5 !    
?umbscrew ) ! h&4 ,to gu>d aga9/ ! m>k+ 
( ! book by ! pressure ( ! clamp1 cut a 
piece ( b9d]s' bo>d some:at l>g] ?an !  
wid? ( ! clamp face & glue x on ! clamp4
  ,wa/e leaves %\ld be plac$ on ! top & 
bottom ( enamel$ or glaz$ /ock to keep x
 clean4  ,to trim qu>t]-b\nd cut-flu%   
tablets or pads :i* are b\nd two or m on
 a %eet1 z 9 ! case ( receipts1 trim !  
=e-edges1 cut all ! tails alike1 !n !   
heads4 ,! knife %\ld cut aga9/ ! back4  
,9 mak+ up books to be b\nd two or m on1
 "o-f\r? ( an in* trim mu/ be provid$ =1
 to cle> ! bevel caus$ by ! knife4 ,?is 
is provid$ = if books are made up )     
"o-eigh? ( an in* trim = ! head & tail4 
,?ick books c be b\nd two or m on until 

! /it*+ is complet$4 ,!n cut ap>t &     
proce$ ) ! re/ ( ! b9d+ 9 ! regul> way4 
,blank books are trimm$ s t ! /&>d sizes
 are r$uc$ "o-f\r? ( an in* = ! l5g? &  
?ree-sixte5?s ( an in* = ! wid?4 ,! pap]
 = a m$ium book is #ah x #bc in*es2 :5  
fold$1 #aa-a_/b x #ah in*es4 ,if su*    
/&>d sizes are adopt$ ! "w ( =w>d+ is   
greatly facilitat$1 z cases & bo>ds c be
 made 9 advance )\t fe> ( ! books be+   
trimm$ too l>ge4  ,9 trimm+ spr+-back   
acc\nt-books1 sew$ /raight or on gu>ds1 
! =e-ends are trimm$1 !n =w>d$ until !  
books are 9 /raps4 ,%>p knives are      
indisp5sable 9 trimm+ books :i* are     
concave on ! =e-edge4 ,deep r\nds %\ld  
be fill$ 9 ) wa/e pap] to prev5t ! top  
sections & ! back f break+4 ,bo>d fill]s
 are always laid on top & ! book plac$ s
 t ! knife w cut aga9/ ! back4          
,bro*ures ) ext5d$ cov] %\ld h ! /ock   
fir/ cut to size ( cov] be=e pr9t+1 &   
suffici5t extra /ock all[$ = an all-r\nd
 trim ( ! inset aft]1 especially at !   
=e-edge :]e aft] fold+ 9 sections ! inn]

 %eets are apt to bulge =w>d4 ,! pr9t]  
%\ld "k h[ mu* w be tak5 (f 9 ! aft]    
trim to enable him to all[ uni=m wid?s (
 m>g94 ,aft] a job is b\nd1 ! cutt+     
ma*9e _c rem$y any defect ( edges4      
,pap] ,cutt+s & ,wa/e   ,cutt+s & wa/e  
may be dispos$ ( by ?r[+ !m into a l>ge 
bag atta*$ to or plac$ ne> ! ma*9e4 ,:5 
fill$1 ?is c be tak5 away & ano!r       
sub/itut$4 ,?r[+ wa/e on ! floor %\ld n 
be tol]at$4 ,x is untidy1 co/s "t &     
labor to ga!r up1 & is dang]\s4  ,a     
light box on :eels is also a good plan =
 c>+ = wa/e ( ?is k9d4 ,9 "s places :]e 
!re is a great deal ( trimm+1 a *ute 9 !
 floor next to ! ma*9e provides a       
conv5i5t me?od ( dispos+ ( wa/e f a     
numb] ( ma*9es4 ,?is *ute leads into a  
l>ge b9 or bal+ ma*9e bel[1 f :i* !     
mat]ial is c>t$ away4  ,! wor? ( a      
pap]-cutt] op]ator c be measur$ by an   
exam9ation ( ! wa/e cutt+s4 ,a c>eless  
op]ator c wa/e a l>ge sum ( money 9 a   
ye>4 ,_m p]sons make a good liv+ f !    
wa/e pap] ( l>ge pr9t+ & b9d+ plants by 

buy+ x at a nom9al price & sell+ x aga9 
at a consid]able advance4  ,!re is      
unavoidable wa/e1 ( c\rse1 b !re is (t5 
a great deal ( unnecess>y trimm+4 ,:5 ! 
necess>y trimm+ runs up into hundr$s &  
?\s&s ( p\nds1 z x does 9 all l>ge      
plants1 x is wor?y ( notice1 especially 
:5 x is realiz$ t ?is wa/e has be5 paid 
= at ! same rate p] p\nd z ! /ock t is  
actually us$4 ,"s pr9t]s & b9d]s sort & 
bale _! wa/e & dispose ( x s z to make a
 consid]able sav+1 b few und]/& h[ a    
little c>e & sy/em c be made to return a
 good pr(it4  ,!re is ano!r wa/e1       
sometimes f> great] 9 am\nt1 caus$ by ! 
c>eless cutt+ ( /ock4 ,a ?\ghtless      
op]ator w (t5 try to save t5 m9utes by  
ha/y calculation & !n wa/e /ock ?r\gh   
inaccurate cutt+ t co/s sev]al doll>s4  
,9 "s b9d]ies ! op]ator is in/ruct$ to  
sort 8 trimm+s accord+ to ! k9d ( /ock2 
t is1 clean :ite edge trimm+s kept by   
!mselves are wor? m ?an :5 mix$ )       
miscellane\s color$ trimm+s4 ,by hav+   
two or m b9s at h& into :i* ^! diff]5t  

k9ds c be ?r[n z !y come f ! knife !    
sort+ c be done )\t extra h&l+4  ,an    
intellig5t inspection1 segregation &    
sav+ ( ! wa/e cutt+s w well repay !     
ef=t4 ,! l>g] pieces ( wa/e c be kept = 
pads or o!r use4 ,:ite /ock %\ld be kept
 sep>ate f color$ & :]e ! quantity w    
w>rant ! co/1 all wa/e %\ld be bal$ 9 a 
bal+ press4     ,depreciation ( a       
,pap]-,cutt+ ,ma*9e   ,det]ioration     
takes place 9 a pap]-cutt+ ma*9e *iefly 
9 ! knife1 friction clut*1 driv+-%aft   
be>+s1 knife-b> guide ways1 & knife     
pull-d[n connection4 ,depreciation 9 !  
entire ma*9e occurs rapidly :5 x is n   
kept oil$1 adju/$1 & clean4 ,neglect$   
be>+s :i* run dry are ru9$ 9 a %ort "t4 
,! times = ! daily oil+s & weekly clean+
 & poli%+ %\ld be fix$ & fai?fully      
att5d$ to4  ,on mod]n ma*9es ! worn     
knife & ! friction-clut* be>+s may be   
easily replac$ or repair$4 ,knife-b>    
guide ways & ! guide slot = ! back gage 
are made ) adju/m5ts = tak+ up we>1 =   
:i* ! mak] w give correct in/ructions on

 reque/4 ,! knife-b> pull-d[n           
connections are n s easily correct$ =   
we>1 & ! simpl] & m direct ^!           
connections are1 & ! few] slots & rolls1
 p9s1 etc41 ! bett]4 ,! g5]al design ( !
 ma*9e also affects its value1          
especially if x is n adapt$ = ! addition
 ( improvem5ts or atta*m5ts = increas+  
its production4  ,! depreciation t comes
 f natural evolution due to ! con/ant   
ef=t by ma*9e mak]s to r5d] _! product m
 effici5t1 & ! impossibility ( atta*+ to
 ! old] ma*9es new & improv$ devices1 is
 m s]i\s = two reasons3 fir/1 t x is apt
 to be ov]look$ by ! own]2 second1      
because ( ! great] co/ ( op]at+ ! ma*9e1
 z comp>$ to "o ( a lat] & improv$      
design ) atta*m5ts especially adapt$ to 
! p>ticul> "w 9 ea* case1 :i* 9 "s cases
 p]mit ?ree1 f\r1 five1 & six times z   
mu* "w be+ produc$ z c be obta9$ on a   
ma*9e n s equipp$4  ,a well design$ &   
built pap]-cutt+ ma*9e w la/ ) c>e ne>ly
 half a c5tury4 ,! prud5t manag]1 h[ev]1
 w f9d he is oblig$ to disc>d mo/ ( !   

ma*9es ( v>i\s k9ds 9 8 plant 9 mu* less
 ?an tw5ty ye>s 9 ord] to keep pace ) ! 
new] %ops />t+ ) ! advantage (          
lat]-design$ ma*9es4     ,,sugge/ions   
,,to ,,/ud5ts ,,& ,,in/ructors   ,!     
foll[+ que/ions1 bas$ on ! cont5ts ( ?is
 pamphlet1 are int5d$ to s]ve 7#a7 z a  
guide to ! /udy ( ! text1 7#b7 z an aid 
to ! /ud5t 9 putt+ ! in=mation conta9$  
into def9ite /atem5ts )\t actually      
memoriz+ ! text1 7#c7 z a means ( secur+
 f ! /ud5t a reproduction ( ! in=mation 
9 8 own words4  ,a c>eful foll[+ ( !    
que/ions by ! read] w insure full       
acqua9tance ) e "p ( ! text1 avoid+ !   
accid5tal omission ( :at might be (     
value4 ,^! prim]s are s cond5s$ t no?+  
%\ld be omitt$4  ,9 tea*+ f ^! books x  
is v important t ^! que/ions & su* o!rs 
z may occur to ! tea*] %\ld be made !   
basis ( frequ5t writt5 "w1 & ( f9al     
exam9ations4  ,! importance ( writt5 "w 
_c be ov]/at$4 ,x n only assures k (    
mat]ial b ! p[] to express t k correctly
 & 9 good =m4  ,if ?is writt5 "w c be   

submitt$ to ! tea*] 9 pr9t$ =m x w be   
d\bly useful4     ,,review ,,que/ions   
#a4 ,= :at is a pap] cutt+ ma*9e us$8   
#b4 ,h[ does x increase pr9t+ output8   
#c4 ,:at is its great importance8    #d4
 ,:at 7 ! fir/ me?ods ( cutt+ pap]1 or  
its e>li] sub/itutes8    #e4 ,h[ 7 piles
 ( pap] fir/ cut8    #f4 ,h[ 0 ! process
 improv$8    #g4 ,describe ! developm5t 
( cutt+ ma*9es d[n to ,samuel ,r4       
,br[n's inv5tion4    #h4 ,describe t    
inv5tion4    #i4 ,give ! l9es (         
evolution ( ! cutt+ ma*9e4   #aj4 ,:at  
are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! be/ pap]-cutt+    
ma*9es8   #aa4 ,describe a pl\gh & press
 cutt]4   #ab4 ,describe a c>d cutt]4   
#ac4 ,describe a h& lev] cutt]4   #ad4  
,:at are ! diff]5ces betwe5 h& & p[]    
cutt]s1 & :at are ! advantages ( !      
latt]8   #ae4 ,describe two =ms (       
h&-clamp p[] cutt]s4   #af4 ,:at d      
automatic clamp ma*9es d8   #ag4 ,h[ is 
an automatic p[] cutt] op]at$8   #ah4   
,h[ is cont9u\s runn+ effect$8   #ai4 ,=
 :at are v]tical /roke ma*9es us$8      

#bj4 ,:at results f ! great p[] ne$$ to 
op]ate cutt+ ma*9es8   #ba4 ,give "s    
idea ( ! am\nt ( p[] ne$$ = ^! ma*9es4  
#bb4 ,:at is ! mo/ important "p ( !     
ma*9e & :y8   #bc4 ,h[ d ^! p>ts v>y8   
#bd4 ,h[ c y judge ! temp] ( a knife8   
#be4 ,h[ c y tell :e!r a knife has a    
correct face8   #bf4 ,h[ %\ld y hone a  
knife8   #bg4 ,:at is ! rule = ! l5g? ( 
! bevel on knives8   #bh4 ,h[ is ?is    
rule modifi$ by /ock8   #bi4 ,:at c y   
say ( ! face ( ! knife8   #cj4 ,:at is  
desirable 9 ! ?ickness ( ! knife8   #ca4
 ,:at precaution %\ld be tak5 z to !    
sett+ ( ! knife8   #cb4 ,:at %\ld y look
 at if ! "w is n cut true8   #cc4 ,tell 
all y c ab\t gr9d+ knives4   #cd4 ,tell 
all y c ab\t ! use ( ! hone4   #ce4 ,:at
 causes are liable to prev5t ! prop]    
seat+ ( ! knife1 & :at is ! result (    
improp] seat+8   #cf4 ,h[ c ! be/ knives
 be obta9$1 & :y8   #cg4 ,h[ is ! pap]  
held 9 place8   #ch4 ,describe !        
me*anism us$4   #ci4 ,:at is ! relation 
( ! p[] ex]t$ by ! op]ator to ! p[]     

obta9$ at ! clamp8   #dj4 ,:at 0 !      
*>act]i/ic ( ! fir/ automatic clamp     
cutt+ ma*9es1 & h[ h !y be5 improv$8    
#da4 ,describe ! cutt+ /ick & its       
sub/itutes4   #db4 ,:at is ! back gage1 
& h[ does x "w8   #dc4 ,m5tion "s       
improvem5ts :i* h be5 made on ! back    
gage4   #dd4 ,h[ is ! di/ance ( ! back  
gage read 9 h&-op]at$ gages8   #de4     
,describe an appliance = read+ ! movem5t
 ( a back gage op]at$ by p[]4   #df4    
,:at contrivances are 9 use = cutt+ at  
any "t duplicates ( a giv5 job8   #dg4  
,h[ is ! back gage lock$8   #dh4 ,h[ may
 piles ( diff]5t wid?s be cut at ! same 
"t8   #di4 ,:at device is us$ on ! l>g] 
sizes ( cutt+ ma*9es8   #ej4 ,:at       
special devices h be5 appli$ to ! back  
gage to increase production8   #ea4 ,h[ 
is ! wid? ( ! cut measur$8   #eb4       
,describe "s mod]n pat5t$ spac+ devices1
 & tell :at !y accompli%4   #ec4 ,:at is
 a clamp face8   #ed4 ,:at is a snake   
gage8   #ee4 ,:at special contrivance is
 us$ = l>ge pamphlets1 etc41 & = :at    

purpose8   #ef4 ,:at safety devices are 
requir$ by "s /ates8   #eg4 ,:at five   
me?ods ( apply+ p[] are 9 use8   #eh4   
,give ! f\r great rules = ! c>e ( !     
ma*9es4   #ei4 ,:at advice is giv5 ab\t 
adju/m5t1 /roke ( ! knife1 pressure ( ! 
clamp1 use ( oil8   #fj4 ,:at is ! "r "t
 to jog /ock1 & :y8   #fa4 ,h[ %\ld y   
oil ! p>ts above ! table8   #fb4 ,h[ c y
 make ! /ock h&le easi]8   #fc4 ,h[ c y 
keep /ock clean8   #fd4 ,:at wr5*es %\ld
 be us$ & :y8   #fe4 ,:at ?+s %\ld be   
done p]iodically8   #ff4 ,:at does a    
cutt] op]ator ne$ to "w )1 & h[ %\ld he 
c>e = !m8   #fg4 ,:at c y say ab\t      
belts8   #fh4 ,h[ %\ld y c>e = wa/e1    
especially :5 oily8   #fi4 ,h[ %\ld y   
use oil8   #gj4 ,:at is ! be/ sort (    
oil8   #ga4 ,^u :at ?ree ?+s does ! "* (
 ! cutt+ dep5d1 & :y8   #gb4 ,h[ may    
accid5ts be prev5t$8   #gc4 ,h[ is "t   
consum$ 9 cutt+ /ock8   #gd4 ,h[ c labor
 sav+ be accompli%$8   #ge4 ,:at safety 
rule applies to cutt+8   #gf4 ,:y is a  
%>p knife an economy8   #gg4 ,h[ c y    

keep ! ma*9e clean & bright8   #gh4 ,h[ 
%\ld y c>e = ! clamp /rap ways8   #gi4  
,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 ( ! friction brake
 b&8   #hj4 ,h[ c y prev5t ru/8   #ha4  
,h[ c y keep ! gage screw :eel          
graduation true8   #hb4 ,give ! f\r     
devices :i* safegu>d ! knife4   #hc4    
,:at are ! ?+s to /udy 9 h&l+ /ock8     
#hd4 ,:at c y say ab\t ea* ( ^! ?+s8    
#he4 ,:at are ! causes ( inaccurate     
cutt+ :5 ! ma*9e is 9 good ord]8   #hf4 
,:at c>e %\ld be tak5 9 pil+ %eets8     
#hg4 ,:at precaution is necess>y 9 cutt+
 pr9t$ %eets8   #hh4 ,:at is a mill edge
 & :at does x require8   #hi4 ,h[ c     
exact regi/] & accurate trimm+ be       
secur$8   #ij4 ,h[ may a pile be te/$ = 
squ>5ess8   #ia4 ,:at device is us$ 9   
cutt+ li?ograph$ "w & ! l8   #ib4 ,h[ c 
y cut /ock 9 c]ta9 fix$ portions8   #ic4
 ,:at peculi>ity h h&-made pap]s8   #id4
 ,:at precautions are ne$$ ) gumm$ &    
v>ni%$ /ock8   #ie4 ,:at precaution is  
desirable 9 ! cutt+ ( fre%ly pr9t$ /ock8
   #if4 ,give sev]al me?ods ( cutt+ a   

pile into /rips ( equal wid?4   #ig4 ,h[
 c y cut a pile rectangul>8   #ih4 ,:at 
are ! processes = squ>+ a pile8   #ii4  
,h[ c y te/ a pile = squ>5ess8  #ajj4   
,:at c>e has to be us$ 9 cutt+ tissue   
pap]8  #aja4 ,h[ c wax$ & oil$ manifold 
/ock be manag$8  #ajb4 ,:at additional  
m>g9s %\ld be left on book pages =      
trimm+ aft] !y are b\nd8  #ajc4         
,describe ! op]ation ( trimm+ books on a
 cutt+ ma*9e4  #ajd4 ,h[ are qu>t] b\nd 
cut-flu% pads or tablets trimm$8  #aje4 
,h[ are blank books trimm$8  #ajf4 ,h[  
are spr+-back acc\nt books trimm$8      
#ajg4 ,h[ are bro*ures ) ext5d$ cov]s   
trimm$8  #ajh4 ,:at %\ld be done )      
cutt+s & wa/e8  #aji4 ,by :at c y       
measure ! wor? ( a pap]-cutt] op]ator8  
#aaj4 ,h[ w\ld y apply ! te/8  #aaa4 ,h[
 c wa/e be prev5t$1 or wa/e pap]        
utiliz$8  #aab4 ,:]e does a pap]-cutt+  
ma*9e naturally %[ special we>8  #aac4  
,:at o!r consid]ation affects ! value ( 
a ma*9e8  #aad4 ,h[ does ! inv5tion (   
improv$ ma*9es affect ! value ( old-/yle

 ma*9es8  #aae4 ,h[ long %\ld a good    
pap] cutt] la/8     ,,gloss>y ,,( ,,t]ms
 ,,us$   ,,automatic ,,clamp+--,means t 
! clamp desc5ds ^u any height pile &    
produces approximately ! same clamp+    
pressure = all heights & all k9ds (     
mat]ial4 ,among ! me?ods = produc+ ?is  
pressure = automatic clamp+ are devices 
:i* employ friction discs turn$ only "o 
way by rat*ets :i* produce ! maximum    
pressure ) ! lea/ exp5diture ( p[]2     
friction discs or friction plung]s work$
 =w>d & rev]se2 surfaces sometimes      
comb9$ ) w$ge-%ap$ ways = produc+ a     
resultant pressure f ! knife2 weights1  
oil & hydraulic & air plung]s2 spr+s1   
climb+ ge>s & weights1 etc4  ,,back     
,,gage--,a movable device aga9/ :i* !   
pap] is plac$ = measur+ ! size ( ! %eet 
to be cut4  ,,brake1 ,,automatic        
,,friction--,g5]ally a b& ) a l9+ :i*   
grips automatically ! outside ( a :eel  
fa/5$ to ! driv+ ge> & /ops x promptly  
aft] e cut :5 ! knife rises to ! top4   
,,*ug--,! action ( ! knife t results f  

lo/ motion 9 ! p>ts connect+ ! knife-b> 
to ! p>ts t op]ate x4 ,*ug is caus$1    
fir/1 by ! loos5ess ( fitt+ necess>y to 
p]mit ! p>ts to op]ate )\t heat+1 &     
second1 by we> ( ^! p>ts4 ,*ug dulls    
knives & spoils /ock & makes exp5se =   
gr9d+1 %>p5+1 & knife replacem5t4       
,,clamp--,! "p t presses ! "w firmly on 
! table to hold x :ile be+ cut4         
,,clamp1 ,,"o ,,piece--,means a s+le    
ca/+ us$ bo? = m>k+ 7or gag+7 ! /ock :]e
 ! knife is go+ to cut & also = press+ !
 pile to hold x4  ,,clamp ,,dwell1      
,,long--,means t ! clamp is held d[n a  
little long] ^u ! pile aft] ! knife has 
cut1 s z to all[ ! knife to rise to a   
safe height be=e ! clamp is releas$4    
,?is prev5ts ! knife rippl+ up ! %eets  
on ! return motion & di/urb+ ! pile4    
,,clamp ,,face--,a removable flat /eel  
plate fa/5$ und]nea? across ! clamp f+]s
 to prev5t ! ind5t+ ( s(t /ock4         
,,clamp+1 ,,automatic ,,pressure        
,,adju/m5t--,a device = v>y+ ! hold+    
pressure easily & in/antly = diff]5t    

k9ds ( "w4  ,,clut*1 ,,friction         
,,driv+--,an improvem5t ov] ! jaw clut*1
 because in/ead ( />t+ ! ma*9e ) a j>1 x
 p]mits gradual engagem5t ( ! p[]4      
,,c\nt]balance ,,weight ,,=             
,,knife-,,b>--,a safety device :i*1     
?r\gh con/ant & dep5dable action (      
gravity1 always t5ds to keep ! knife f  
dropp+4  ,,cutt+ ,,/icks--,a wood or s(t
 metal piece ins]t$ 9 ! table1 on :i* ! 
knife edge /rikes2 9 %ape usually squ>e1
 b sometimes r\nd & rotatable by h& or  
p[] to pres5t fre% surfaces aft] a numb]
 ( cuts4  ,,d\ble-,,%e> ,,/roke--,means 
!re are ?ree motions tak+ place at !    
same "t2 fir/1 ! d[nw>d motion ?r\gh !  
pile2 second1 ! s+le %e> motion across !
 face ( ! pile2 & ?ird1 ! d\ble-%e>     
motion :i* means t ! cutt+ edge />ts to 
cut high] at "o side ?an ! o!r & by     
rock+ approximates p>allel :5 x rea*es !
 bottom ( ! cut at ! table4 ,! d\ble-%e>
 cuts m l a pair ( scissors1 ! knife    
edge ent]+ ea* %eet at its side &       
gradually cutt+ across x4 ,its          

advantages are less p[] requir$ to cut1 
less /ra9 on ! ma*9e & ! knife1 a m     
p]fectly cut edge & a smoo!r face to !  
pile4 ,see ,fig4 #aj1 ,page #ah4        
,,duplicat+ ,,devices1 ,,automatic--,see
 ,spac+ ,devices4  ,,gage ,,movem5t1    
,,cable--,a /eel wire cable w\nd ar\nd a
 drum :i* :5 revolv$ pulls ! back gage  
=w>d or backw>d4  ,,gage ,,movem5t1     
,,*a9--,a connection = op]at+ ! back    
gage to & fro2 pr9cipally us$ )         
automatic spac+ devices4  ,,gage        
,,movem5t1 ,,p[]--,a friction drive     
v>iable spe$ connection f ! ma9 driv+   
%aft to move ! back gage =w>d & backw>d4
  ,,gage ,,movem5t1 ,,screw ,,& ,,h&    
,,:eel--,?is is us$ on ! simpl]1 *eap]  
/yles ( cutt+ ma*9e devices4 ,x is sl[] 
?an ! cable device1 b m reliable4       
,,gage ,,movem5t1 ,,automatic ,,spac+   
,,device--,?is quickly moves ! back gage
 & ! pile =w>d a giv5 di/ance )\t       
measur+ = ea* cut1 ?us l>gely increas+  
production4  ,,grease                   
,,cups--,receptacles ) a screw top      

conta9+ lubricat+ grease1 :i* is =c$ a  
little at a "t ^u ! be>+ :5 ! screw top 
is turn$1 or :i* />ts to melt & fl[ if !
 be>+ w>ms4  ,,groov$ ,,table--,means   
slight r\nd$ depressions l5g?wise 9 !   
back table 9 :i* ! back gage f+]s       
travel1 ext5d+ slightly bel[ ! table    
surface to cat* ! l[e/ %eets & prev5t !m
 f w$g+ "u ! back gage4  ,,h& ,,clamp+  
,,:eel--,is g5]ally connect$ to ! clamp 
by a worm & ge>s 7or directly by a      
screw74 ,a =ce ( "o p\nd ex]t$ on its   
rim holds ! "w ) ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty 
p\nds pressure & correspond+ly m = ea*  
additional p\nd4  ,,indicator--,g5]ally 
a /eel ribbon rul$ to sixte5?s ( an in*1
 read+ ! di/ance f ! front face ( ! back
 gage to ! cutt+ edge ( ! knife4        
,,int]lock+ ,,clamp ,,& ,,back ,,gage   
7also call$ f+]$ clamp & f+]$ back      
gage7--,recesses 9 ! clamp p]mit        
projections on ! back gage to pu% ! "w  
f>!r =w>d ?an if bo? clamp & back gage 7
 solid & ! clamp ( suffici5t wid? to    
hold ! /ock firmly4  ,,jog--,to jog a   

pile aga9/ ! gage is to /rike x ) a bl[ 
j suffici5t to br+ e %eet 9 ! pile s t x
 t\*es ! gage & 9 ! same relative       
location ) ea* o!r if all ! m>g9s are   
uni=m4  ,,knife--,a piece ( temp]$ tool 
/eel ab\t "o-half ! wid? & ?ickness ( ! 
:ole blade1 =g$ into a piece ( less     
exp5sive s(t /eel1 9 :i* holes c be     
drill$ m easily = ! bolts t hold x to ! 
knife b>4  ,,knife ,,adju/m5t--,devices 
= l[]+ ! knife-b> to comp5sate = ! we> (
 ! knife & = tilt+ x 9 case ! knife edge
 is gr\nd out ( level4  ,,knife-,,b>--,a
 rigid c>ri] = ! knife4 ,! be/ /yle     
takes ! d[n ?ru/ & side ?ru/ ( ! knife  
directly ^u a solid %\ld] plan$ 9 x1    
in/ead ( ! knife back abutt+ aga9/ !    
po9ts ( adju/+ screws4  ,,knife-,,b>    
,,motion--,a me*anical way ( imitat+ !  
action ( a draw %ave 9 pull+ d[n !      
knife4 ,! ne>] x is to ! h& me?od1 ! m  
simple & successful x is4 ,rods connect$
 to ea* end ( ! knife-b> & pull$ d[n by 
simple cranks at ea* end approa* ne>e/  
to ! me?od ( human h&s4  ,,lift--,! pile

 ( pap] or o!r /ock cut & h&l$ at "o "t4
  ,,m>k]--,a "p ( ! clamp on "s ma*9es1 
sep>ate f ! press+ "p1 t may be pull$   
d[n by a treadle to %[ :]e ! knife is   
go+ to cut4  ,,motor ,,bracket--,a      
support atta*$ to "o side or top ( !    
cutt] to :i* ! electric driv+ motor is  
firmly bolt$4  ,,oil ,,boxes--,*annels  
conta9+ oily wa/e :i* all[s ! oil to    
seep sl[ly ^u ! be>+4  ,,oil ,,cups--,an
 oil fe$+ device requir+ c>eful         
att5tion4  ,,pla9 ,,clamp ,,& ,,back    
,,gage--,! "u face ( ! clamp is a solid 
broad surface )\t any recesses2         
consequ5tly ! back gage has no          
projections b is simply a solid smoo?   
front4  ,,pilot ,,clamp+ ,,:eel--,a :eel
 ) h&les project+ f ! rim to give a     
firm] grasp4  ,,p[] ,,atta*m5ts--,=     
h&-p[] cutt]s4 ,^! may be put only on   
ma*9es design$ & built orig9ally = !m4  
,,safety ,,bolt 7,,lock ,,/op7--,a /eel 
b> :i* mu/ be unlock$ ea* "t be=e !     
ma*9e c make a cut4  ,,side             
,,gages--,flat guides bolt$ to ea* side 

( ! table1 front & back1 accurately set 
at "r angles to ! knife & ! table1 aga9/
 :i* ! /ock may be set to cut squ>e4    
,,s+le-,,%e> ,,/roke--,! /roke ( a knife
 :i* has a side-wise motion at ! same "t
 t x desc5ds1 ) its edge always p>allel 
) ! table top4 ,! s+le-%e> cuts ! entire
 wid? ( ea* %eet at ! same "t all ?r\gh 
! pile4  ,,solid ,,knock] ,,=           
,,?r[-,,out--,?is is a "p solidly fa/5$ 
to ! %aft 7or ge>7 mak+ "o revolution = 
ea* cut ( ! knife & t ?r[s ! clut* out  
positively & puts on ! brake ?r[+ 9 !   
safety bolt aft] e /roke ( ! knife4     
,,spac+ ,,devices1 ,,automatic--,see    
,gage ,movem5t1 ,automatic ,spac+       
,device4  ,,/>t+ ,,b>--,a rod ext5d+    
cle> across ! front ( ! l>g] size ( !   
ma*9es to />t & /op ! ma*9es4  ,,/>t+   
,,lev]s--,pref]ably two1 "o at ea* side1
 on m$ium size ma*9es1 to />t & /op !   
ma*9es4  ,,table--,a slab ( metal ^u :i*
 ! /ock is laid & h&l$ = cutt+4         
,,table1 ,,front ,,side                 
,,ext5sions--,w+s bolt$ on ! front table

 ^u :i* "w may be h&l$ be=e & aft] cut  
)\t hav+ to turn ar\nd4  ,,toggl+       
,,crank--,a device on h&-lev] cutt]s t  
increases ! p[] z knife goes d[n &      
elim9ates jump+ on ! lev] to get ! knife
 d[n ?r\gh ! l[] "p ( ! cut4  ,,treadle1
 ,,foot 7= clamp+7--,a conv5i5ce :i*    
leaves ! op]ator's two h&s free to h&le 
! "w :ile locat+ ! l9e ( ! cut by pull+ 
d[n ! clamp ) foot treadle4  ,,v]tical  
,,/roke--,an atta*m5t = %e> or d\ble-%e>
 /roke cutt+ ma*9es :i* br+s ! knife d[n
 v]tically1 in/ead ( side-ways4 ,x is   
us$ ) knives ( a special %ape to cut    
irregul> or fancy edges or to p9k clo?  
samples4 ,see ,fig4 #i1 page #ag4       
,,typographic ,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,=    
,,appr5tices   ,! foll[+ li/ (          
publications1 compris+ ! ,,typographic  
,,te*nical ,,s]ies ,,= ,,appr5tices1 has
 be5 prep>$ "u ! sup]vision ( !         
,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$     
,typo!tae ( ,am]ica = use 9 trade       
classes1 9 c\rses ( pr9t+ in/ruction1 & 
by individuals4  ,ea* publication has   

be5 compil$ by a compet5t au?or or gr\p 
( au?ors1 & c>efully edit$1 ! purpose   
be+ to provide ! pr9t]s ( ! ,unit$      
,/ates--employ]s1 j\rneym51 &           
appr5tices--) a compreh5sive s]ies ( h&y
 & inexp5sive comp5diums ( reliable1    
up-to-date in=mation ^u ! v>i\s bran*es 
& specialties ( ! pr9t+ craft1 all      
arrang$ 9 ord]ly fa%ion = progressive   
/udy4  ,! publications ( ! s]ies are (  
uni=m size1 #e x #h in*es4 ,_! g5]al    
make-up1 9 typography1 illu/rations1    
etc41 has be51 z f> z practicable1 kept 
9 h>mony ?r\gh\t4 ,a brief synopsis ( ! 
p>ticul> cont5ts & o!r *ief features (  
ea* volume w be f\nd "u ea* title 9 !   
foll[+ li/4  ,ea* topic is treat$ 9 a   
concise mann]1 ! aim be+ to embody 9 ea*
 publication z completely z possible all
 ! rudim5t>y in=mation & ess5tial facts 
necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! subject4 ,c>e
 has be5 tak5 to make all /atem5ts      
accurate & cle>1 ) ! purpose ( br++     
ess5tial in=mation )9 ! und]/&+ (       
beg9n]s 9 ! diff]5t fields ( /udy4      

,:]ev] practicable1 simple & well-def9$ 
draw+s & illu/rations h be5 us$ to assi/
 9 giv+ additional cle>ness to ! text4  
,9 ord] t ! pamphlets may be ( ! greate/
 possible help = use 9 trade-s*ool      
classes & = self-in/ruction1 ea* title  
is accompani$ by a li/ ( ,review        
,que/ions cov]+ ess5tial items ( !      
subject matt]4 ,a %ort ,gloss>y (       
te*nical t]ms belong+ to ! subject or   
dep>tm5t treat$ is also add$ to _m ( !  
books4  ,^! are ! ,(ficial ,text-books (
 ! ,unit$ ,typo!tae ( ,am]ica4  ,address
 all ord]s & inquiries to ,,committee   
,,on ,,education1 ,,unit$ ,,typo!tae ,,(
 ,,am]ica1 ,,*icago1 ,,ill9ois1         
,u4,s4,a4     ,,typographic ,,te*nical  
,,s]ies = ,,appr5tices   ,,"p           
,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,ma*9es1 & ,mat]ials
   #a4 ,type3 a ,prim] ( ,in=mation     
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t  ,relat+ to !        
me*anical features ( pr9t+ types2 _!    
sizes1 font s*emes1 etc41 ) a brief     
description ( _! manufacture4 #dd pp42  
illu/rat$2 #gd review que/ions2 gloss>y4

   #b4 ,compositors' ,tools & ,mat]ials 
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t  ,a prim] ( in=mation
 ab\t compos+ /icks1 galleys1 leads1    
brass rules1 cutt+ & mit]+ ma*9es1 etc4 
#dg pp42 illu/rat$2 #ej review que/ions2
 gloss>y4   #c4 ,type ,cases1 ,compos+  
,room ,furniture             ,by ,a4 ,a4
 ,/ew>t  ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t type 
cases1 "w /&s1 cab9ets1 case racks1     
galley racks1 /&+ galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42
 illu/rat$2 #cc review que/ions2        
gloss>y4   #d4 ,impos+ ,tables &        
,lock-up ,appliances           ,by ,a4  
,a4 ,/ew>t  ,describ+ ! tools & mat]ials
 us$ 9 lock+ up =ms = ! press1 includ+  
"s mod]n utilities = special purposes4  
#ei pp42 illu/rat$2 #gj review que/ions2
 gloss>y4   #e4 ,pro( ,presses          
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t  ,a prim] ( in=mation
 ab\t ! cu/om>y me?ods & ma*9es = tak+  
pr9t]s' pro(s4 #dj pp42 illu/rat$2 #da  
review que/ions2 gloss>y4   #f4 ,plat5  
,pr9t+ ,presses                         
,by ,daniel ,bak]  ,a prim] ( in=mation 
reg>d+ ! hi/ory & me*anical con/ruction 

( plat5 pr9t+ presses1 f ! orig9al h&   
press to ! mod]n job press1 to :i* is   
add$ a *apt] on automatic presses (     
small size4 #ea pp42 illu/rat$2 #di     
review que/ions2 gloss>y4   #g4 ,cyl9d] 
,pr9t+ ,presses                     ,by 
,h]b]t ,l4 ,bak]  ,be+ a /udy ( !       
me*anism & op]ation ( ! pr9cipal types (
 cyl9d] pr9t+ ma*9es4 #fd pp42          
illu/rat$2 #dg review que/ions2 gloss>y4
   #h4 ,me*anical ,fe$]s & ,fold]s      
,by ,william ,e4 ,spurri]  ,! hi/ory &  
op]ation ( mod]n fe$+ & fold+ ma*9es2 ) 
h9ts on _! c>e & adju/m5ts4 ,illu/rat$2 
review que/ions2 gloss>y4   #i4 ,p[] =  
,ma*9]y 9 ,pr9t+ ,h\ses           ,by   
,c>l ,f4 ,scott  ,a treatise on ! me?ods
 ( apply+ p[] to pr9t+ presses & alli$  
ma*9]y1 ) p>ticul> ref]5ce to electric  
drive4 #ec pp42 illu/rat$2 #fi review   
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #aj4 ,pap] ,cutt+   
,ma*9es                          ,by    
,niel ,gray1 ,jr4  ,a prim] ( in=mation 
ab\t pap] & c>d trimm]s1 h&-lev] cutt]s1
 p[] cutt]s1 & o!r automatic ma*9es =   

cutt+ pap]4 #gj pp42 illu/rat$2 #aae    
review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #aa4 ,pr9t]s'
 ,roll]s                                
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t  ,a prim] ( in=mation
 ab\t ! composition1 manufacture1 & c>e 
( ink+ roll]s4 #df pp42 illu/rat$2 #fa  
review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ab4 ,pr9t+  
,inks                                   
,by ,philip ,ruxton  ,_! composition1   
prop]ties & manufacture 7repr9t$ by     
p]mission f ,circul> ,no4 #ec1 ,unit$   
,/ates ,bureau ( ,/&>ds72 toge!r ) "s   
helpful sugge/ions ab\t ! ev]yday use ( 
pr9t+ inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 
#ajj review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ac4 ,h[
 ,pap] is ,made                     ,by 
,william ,bond ,:eelwright  ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t ! mat]ials & processes ( 
manufactur+ pap] = pr9t+ & writ+4 #fh   
pp42 illu/rat$2 #fb review que/ions2    
gloss>y4  #ad4 ,relief ,engrav+s  ,brief
 hi/ory & non-te*nical description (    
mod]n me?ods ( engrav+3 woodcut1 z9c    
plate1 halftone2 k9d ( copy =           
reproduction2 ?+s to rememb] :5 ord]+   

engrav+s4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2  
gloss>y4  #ae4 ,electrotyp+ &           
,/]eotyp+                    ,by ,h>ris 
,b4 ,hat* & ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t  ,a prim] (  
in=mation ab\t ! processes ( electrotyp+
 & /]eotyp+4 #id pp42 illu/rat$2 #abi   
review que/ions2 gloss>ies4   ,,"p      
,,ii--,h& & ,ma*9e ,composition  #af4   
,typesett+                              
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t  ,a h&book = beg9n]s1
 giv+ in=mation ab\t ju/ify+1 spac+1    
correct+1 & o!r matt]s relat+ to        
typesett+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 
gloss>y4  #ag4 ,pr9t]s' ,pro(s          
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t  ,! me?ods by :i* !y 
are made1 m>k$1 & correct$1 )           
obs]vations on pro(read+4 ,illu/rat$2   
review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ah4 ,fir/   
,/eps 9 ,job ,composition               
,by ,camille ,de,veze  ,sugge/ions = !  
appr5tice compositor 9 sett+ 8 fir/     
jobs1 especially ab\t ! important little
 ?+s :i* g to make good display 9       
typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee      
review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #ai4 ,g5]al  

,job ,composition  ,h[ ! job compositor 
h&les bus9ess /ation]y1 programs &      
miscellane\s "w4 ,illu/rat$2 review     
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #bj4 ,book          
,composition                            
,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well  ,*apt]s f ,de     
,v9ne's ,mod]n ,me?ods ( ,book          
,composition1 revis$ & arrang$ = ?is    
s]ies ( text-books by ,j4 ,w4 ,bo?well (
 ,! ,de ,v9ne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,"p   
,i3 ,composition ( pages4 ,"p ,,ii3     
,imposition ( pages4 #bbi pp42          
illu/rat$2 #ebe review que/ions2        
gloss>y4  #ba4 ,tabul> ,composition     
,by ,rob]t ,seav]  ,a /udy ( ! elem5t>y 
=ms ( table composition1 ) examples ( m 
difficult composition4 #hf pp42         
examples2 #de review que/ions4  #bb4    
,appli$ ,ari?metic                      
,by ,e4 ,e4 ,%eldon  ,elem5t>y ari?metic
 appli$ to problems ( ! pr9t+ trade1    
calculation ( mat]ials1 pap] weights &  
sizes1 ) /&>d tables & rules =          
computation1 ea* subject amplifi$ )     
examples & ex]cises4 #aei pp4  #bc4     

,typeca/+ & ,compos+ ,ma*9es            
,a4 ,w4 ,f9lay1 ,editor    ,section     
,i--,! ,l9otype                         
,by ,l4 ,a4 ,horn/e9   ,section ,,ii--,!
 ,monotype                              
,by ,joseph ,hays   ,section ,,iii--,!  
,int]type                      ,by ,h5ry
 ,w4 ,cozz5s   ,section ,,iv--,o!r      
,typeca/+ &     ,typesett+ ,ma*9es      
,by ,frank ,h4 ,smi?  ,a brief hi/ory ( 
typesett+ ma*9es1 ) descriptions ( _!   
me*anical pr9ciples & op]ations4        
,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4   
,,"p ,,iii--,imposition & ,/onework     
#bd4 ,lock+ ,=ms = ! ,job ,press        
,by ,frank ,s4 ,h5ry  ,?+s ! appr5tice  
%\ld "k ab\t lock+ up small =ms1 & ab\t 
g5]al "w on ! /one4 ,illu/rat$2 review  
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #be4 ,prep>+ ,=ms = 
! ,cyl9d] ,press          ,by ,frank ,s4
 ,h5ry  ,pamphlet & catalog imposition2 
m>g9s2 fold m>ks1 etc4 ,me?ods ( h&l+   
type =ms & electrotype =ms4 ,illu/rat$2 
review que/ions2 gloss>y4   ,,"p        
,,iv--,presswork  #bf4 ,mak+ ,ready on  

,plat5 ,presses                    ,by  
,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew  ,! ess5tial p>ts ( a  
press & _! functions2 di/9ctive features
 ( commonly us$ ma*9es4 ,prep>+ !       
tympan1 regulat+ ! impression1 und]lay+ 
& ov]lay+1 sett+ gauges1 & o!r details  
expla9$4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2   
gloss>y4  #bg4 ,cyl9d] ,presswork       
,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew  ,prep>+ ! press2  
adju/m5t ( b$ & cyl9d]1 =m roll]s1 ink  
f\nta91 gripp]s & deliv]y sy/ems4       
,und]lay+ & ov]lay+2 mod]n ov]lay       
me?ods4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2    
gloss>y4  #bh4 ,pressroom ,h9ts & ,helps
                    ,by ,*>les ,l4      
,dunton  ,describ+ "s practical me?ods (
 pressroom "w1 ) directions & useful    
in=mation relat+ to a v>iety (          
pr9t+-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf     
review que/ions4  #bi4 ,reproductive    
,processes ( ! ,graphic ,arts           
,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson  ,a prim] ( in=mation
 ab\t ! di/9ctive features ( ! relief1 !
 intaglio1 & ! planographic processes ( 
pr9t+4 #hd pp42 illu/rat$2 #ajj review  

que/ions2 gloss>y4   ,,"p ,v--,pamphlet 
& ,book ,b9d+  #cj4 ,pamphlet ,b9d+     
,by ,bancr(t ,l4 ,goodw9  ,a prim] (    
in=mation ab\t ! v>i\s op]ations employ$
 9 b9d+ pamphlets & o!r "w 9 ! b9d]y4   
,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2 gloss>y4   
#ca4 ,book ,b9d+                        
,by ,john ,j4 ,pleg]  ,practical        
in=mation ab\t ! usual op]ations 9 b9d+ 
books3 fold+1 ga!r+1 collat+1 sew+1     
=w>d+1 f9i%+4 ,case mak+ & cas$-9 books4
 ,h& "w & ma*9e "w4 ,job & blank-book   
b9d+4 ,illu/rat$2 review que/ions2      
gloss>y4   ,,"p ,,vi--,correct ,lit]>y  
,composition  #cb4 ,^w ,/udy & ,engli%  
,gramm>                  ,by ,f4 ,w4    
,hamilton  ,a prim] ( in=mation ab\t    
words1 _! relations1 & _! uses4 #fh pp42
 #hd review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #cc4    
,punctuation                            
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a prim] (       
in=mation ab\t ! m>ks ( punctuation & _!
 use1 bo? grammatically &               
typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review    
que/ions2 gloss>y4  #cd4 ,capitals      

,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a prim] (       
in=mation ab\t capitalization1 ) "s     
practical typographic h9ts z to ! use ( 
capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review que/ions2 
gloss>y4  #ce4 ,division ( ,words       
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,rules = !       
division ( words at ! ends ( l9es1 )    
rem>ks on spell+1 syllabication &       
pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review      
que/ions4  #cf4 ,comp\nd ,words         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a /udy ( !      
pr9ciples ( comp\nd+1 ! compon5ts (     
comp\nds1 & ! use ( ! hyph54 #cd pp42   
#fb review que/ions4  #cg4              
,abbreviations & ,signs                 
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a prim] (       
in=mation ab\t abbreviations & signs1 ) 
classifi$ li/s ( ^? 9 mo/ common use4   
#eh pp42 #cb review que/ions4  #ch4 ,!  
,uses ( ,italic                         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a prim] (       
in=mation ab\t ! hi/ory & uses ( italic 
lett]s4 #ca pp42 #cg review que/ions4   
#ci4 ,pro(read+                         
,by ,arnold ,levitas  ,! te*nical phases

 ( ! pro(read]'s "w2 read+1 m>k+1       
revis+1 etc42 me?ods ( h&l+ pro(s &     
copy4 ,illu/rat$ by examples4 #ei pp42  
#fi review que/ions2 gloss>y4  #dj4     
,prep>ation ( ,pr9t]s' ,copy            
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,sugge/ions =    
au?ors1 editors1 & all :o are engag$ 9  
prep>+ copy = ! compos+ room4 #cf pp42  
#fg review que/ions4  #da4 ,pr9t]s'     
,manual ( ,/yle  ,a ref]5ce compilation 
( approv$ rules1 usages1 & sugge/ions   
relat+ to uni=mity 9 punctuation1       
capitalization1 abbreviations1 num]als1 
& k9dr$ features ( composition4  #db4 ,!
 ,pr9t]'s ,diction>y                    
,by ,a4 ,a4 ,/ew>t  ,a h&book (         
def9itions & miscellane\s in=mation ab\t
 v>i\s processes ( pr9t+1 alphabetically
 arrang$4 ,te*nical t]ms expla9$4       
,illu/rat$4   ,,"p ,,vii--,design1      
,color1 & ,lett]+  #dc4 ,appli$ ,design 
= ,pr9t]s                      ,by ,h>ry
 ,l4 ,gage  ,a h&book ( ! pr9ciples (   
arrangem5t1 ) brief comm5t on ! p]iods (
 design :i* h mo/ influ5c$ pr9t+4       

,treats ( h>mony1 balance1 proportion1 &
 rhy?m2 motion2 symmetry & v>iety2      
ornam5t1 e/hetic & symbolic4 #cg        
illu/rations2 #df review que/ions2      
gloss>y2 bibliography4  #dd4 ,elem5ts ( 
,typographic ,design                    
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage  ,applications ( !  
pr9ciples ( decorative design4 ,build+  
mat]ial ( typography3 pap]1 types1 ink1 
decorations & illu/rations4 ,h&l+ (     
%apes4 ,design ( complete book1 treat+  
ea* "p4 ,design ( comm]cial =ms & s+le  
units4 ,illu/rations2 review que/ions2  
gloss>y2 bibliography4  #de4 ,rudim5ts (
 ,color 9 ,pr9t+                   ,by  
,h>ry ,l4 ,gage  ,use ( color3 =        
decoration ( black & :ite1 = broad po/] 
effect1 9 comb9ations ( two1 ?ree1 or m 
pr9t+s ) process engrav+s4 ,sci5tific   
nature ( color1 physical & *emical4     
,t]ms 9 :i* color may be discuss$3 hue1 
value1 int5sity4 ,diagrams 9 color1     
scales & comb9ations4 ,color !ory (     
process engrav+4 ,exp]im5ts ) color4    
,illu/rations 9 full color1 & on v>i\s  

pap]s4 ,review que/ions2 gloss>y2       
bibliography4  #df4 ,lett]+ 9           
,typography                          ,by
 ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage  ,pr9t]'s use ( lett]+3
 adaptability & decorative effect4      
,developm5t ( hi/oric writ+ & lett]+ &  
its influ5ce on type design4            
,classification ( g5]al =ms 9 lett]+4   
,application ( design to lett]+4 ,draw+ 
= reproduction4 ,fully illu/rat$2 review
 que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4  #dg4 
,typographic ,design 9 ,adv]tis+        
,by ,h>ry ,l4 ,gage  ,! pr9t]'s function
 9 adv]tis+4 ,precepts ^u :i* adv]tis+  
is bas$4 ,pr9t]'s analysis ( 8 copy4    
,emphasis1 legibility1 att5tion1 color4 
,me?od ( /udy+ adv]tis+ typography4     
,illu/rations2 review que/ions2 gloss>y2
 bibliography4  #dh4 ,mak+ ,dummies &   
,lay\ts                       ,by ,h>ry 
,l4 ,gage  ,a lay\t3 ! ar*itectural     
plan4 ,a dummy3 ! imitation ( a propos$ 
f9al effect4 ,use ( dummy 9 sales "w4   
,use ( lay\t4 ,function ( lay\t man4    
,b9d+ s*emes = dummies4 ,dummy          

envelopes4 ,illu/rations2 review        
que/ions2 gloss>y2 bibliography4   ,,"p 
,,viii--,hi/ory ( ,pr9t+  #di4 ,books   
,be=e ,typography                       
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a prim] (       
in=mation ab\t ! inv5tion ( ! alphabet &
 ! hi/ory ( book-mak+ up to ! inv5tion (
 movable types4 #fb pp42 illu/rat$2 #fd 
review que/ions4  #ej4 ,! ,inv5tion (   
,typography                     ,by ,f4 
,w4 ,hamilton  ,a brief sket* ( !       
inv5tion ( pr9t+ & h[ x came ab\t4 #fd  
pp42 #fb review que/ions4  #ea4 ,hi/ory 
( ,pr9t+--,"p ,i                     ,by
 ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a prim] ( in=mation
 ab\t ! beg9n+s ( pr9t+1 ! developm5t ( 
! book1 ! developm5t ( pr9t]s' mat]ials1
 & ! "w ( ! great pione]s4 #fc pp42 #ee 
review que/ions4  #eb4 ,hi/ory (        
,pr9t+--,"p ,,ii                    ,by 
,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a brief sket* ( !   
economic conditions ( ! pr9t+ indu/ry f 
#adej to #aghi1 includ+ gov]nm5t        
regulations1 c5sor%ip1 int]nal          
conditions & indu/rial relations4 #id   

pp42 #abh review que/ions4  #ec4 ,pr9t+ 
9 ,engl&                             ,by
 ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a %ort hi/ory (    
pr9t+ 9 ,engl& f ,caxton to ! pres5t "t4
 #hi pp42 #fe review que/ions4  #ed4    
,pr9t+ 9 ,am]ica                        
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a brief sket* ( 
! developm5t ( ! newspap]1 & "s notes on
 publi%]s :o h especially contribut$ to 
pr9t+4 #ih pp42 #hd review que/ions4    
#ee4 ,type & ,presses 9 ,am]ica         
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a brief         
hi/orical sket* ( ! developm5t ( type   
ca/+ & press build+ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4  
#eb pp42 #fa review que/ions4   ,,"p    
,,ix--,co/ ,f9d+ & ,acc\nt+  #ef4       
,elem5ts ( ,co/ 9 ,pr9t+                
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]  ,a prim] (        
in=mation ab\t all ! elem5ts t          
contribute to ! co/ ( pr9t+ & _!        
relation to ea* o!r4 ,review que/ions4  
,gloss>y4  #eg4 ,use ( a ,co/ ,sy/em    
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]  ,! ,/&>d          
,co/-,f9d+ ,=ms & _! uses4 ,:at !y %\ld 
%[4 ,h[ to utilize ! in=mation !y give4 

,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4  #eh4 ,!    
,pr9t] z a ,m]*ant                      
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]  ,! selection &    
pur*ase ( mat]ials & supplies = pr9t+4  
,! relation ( ! co/ ( raw mat]ial & !   
sell+ price ( ! f9i%$ product4 ,review  
que/ions4 ,gloss>y4  #ei4 ,fundam5tal   
,pr9ciples ( ,e/imat+           ,by     
,h5ry ,p4 ,port]  ,! e/imator & 8 "w2   
=ms to use2 g5]al rules = e/imat+4      
,review que/ions4 ,gloss>y4  #fj4       
,e/imat+ & ,sell+                       
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]  ,an insight into !
 me?ods us$ 9 mak+ e/imates1 & _!       
relation to sell+4 ,review que/ions4    
,gloss>y4  #fa4 ,acc\nt+ = ,pr9t]s      
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]  ,a brief outl9e ( 
an acc\nt+ sy/em = pr9t]s2 necess>y     
books & accessory records4 ,review      
que/ions4 ,gloss>y4   ,,"p              
,x--,miscellane\s  #fb4 ,heal?1         
,sanitation1 & ,safety                  
,by ,h5ry ,p4 ,port]  ,hygi5e 9 ! pr9t+ 
trade2 a /udy ( conditions old & new2   
practical sugge/ions = improvem5t2      

protective appliances & rules = safety4 
#fc4 ,topical ,index                    
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a book ( ref]5ce
 cov]+ ! topics treat$ 9 ! ,typographic 
,te*nical ,s]ies1 alphabetically        
arrang$4  #fd4 ,c\rses ( ,/udy          
,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton  ,a guidebook =   
tea*]s1 ) outl9es & sugge/ions =        
classroom & %op "w4     ,,ackn[l$gm5t   
,?is s]ies ( ,typographic ,text-books is
 ! result ( ! spl5did co-op]ation ( a   
l>ge numb] ( firms & individuals engag$ 
9 ! pr9t+ bus9ess & its alli$ indu/ries 
9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica4  ,!        
,committee on ,education ( ! ,unit$     
,typo!tae ( ,am]ica1 "u ^: auspices !   
books h be5 prep>$ & publi%$1 ackn[l$ges
 its indebt$ness = ! g5]\s assi/ance    
r5d]$ by ! _m au?ors1 pr9t]s1 & o!rs    
id5tifi$ ) ?is "w4  ,:ile due           
ackn[l$gm5t is made on ! title &        
copyright pages ( ^? contribut+ to ea*  
book1 ! ,committee nev]!less felt t a   
gr\p li/ ( co-op]at+ firms w\ld be (    
int]e/4  ,! foll[+ li/ is n complete1 z 

x includes only ^? :o h co-op]at$ 9 !   
production ( a portion ( ! volumes1     
con/itut+ ! fir/ pr9t+4 ,z soon z !     
entire li/ ( books compris+ !           
,typographic ,te*nical ,s]ies has be5   
complet$ 7:i* ! ,committee hopes w be at
 an e>ly date71 ! full li/ w be pr9t$ 9 
ea* volume4  ,! ,committee also desires 
to ackn[l$ge its indebt$ness to ! _m    
subscrib]s to ?is ,s]ies :o h pati5tly  
await$ its publication4      ,,committee
 ,,on ,,education1     ,,unit$          
,,typo!tae ,,( ,,am]ica4      ,,h5ry ,p4
 ,,port]1 ,*airman1     ,e4 ,,lawr5ce   
,,fell1     ,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbr5n]1       
,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1     ,,toby        
,,rubovits4      ,,fr$]ick ,w4          
,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4       
,,contributors   ,= ,composition &      
,electrotypes     ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blan*>d 
,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4     ,s4   
,h4 ,,burbank  ,,co41 ,philadelphia1    
,pa4     ,j4 ,s4 ,,cu%+  ,,co41         
,norwood1 ,mass4     ,,! ,,de ,,v9ne    
,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4     ,r4 ,r4 

,,donnelley  ,,sons ,,co41 ,*icago1     
,ill4     ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41     
,bo/on1 ,mass4                          
,,evans-,,w9t]-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mi*4  
,,frankl9 ,,pr9t+ ,,company1            
,philadelphia1 ,pa4     ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson
 ,,company1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4     ,,/eph5  
,,gre5e  ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4     
,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,pr9t+ ,,co41 ,*icago1  
,ill4     ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,co41    
,philadelphia1 ,pa4     ,,mccalla  ,,co4
 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4     ,,!    
,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york4     ,,! 
,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4    
,,poole ,,bros41 ,*icago1 ,ill4         
,,edw>d ,,/]n  ,,co41 ,philadelphia1    
,pa4     ,,! ,,/one ,,pr9t+  ,,mfg4     
,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4     ,c4 ,d4       
,,traphag51 ,l9coln1 ,neb4     ,,!      
,,univ]sity ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 
,= ,composition     ,,bo/on ,,typo!tae  
,,s*ool ,,( ,,pr9t+1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4     
,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41             
,philadelphia1 ,pa4     ,,! ,,kalkh(f   
,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4           

,,ox=d-,,pr9t1 ,bo/on1 ,mass4     ,,toby
 ,,rubovits1 ,*icago1 ,ill4  ,=         
,electrotypes     ,,blomgr5 ,,bro!rs    
,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4     ,,fl[] ,,/eel 
,,electrotyp+ ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 
,c4 ,j4 ,,pet]s  ,,son ,,co41 ,bo/on1   
,mass4     ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 
,philadelphia1 ,pa4     ,h4 ,c4         
,,:itcomb  ,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4  ,=    
,engrav+s     ,,am]ican ,,type ,,f\nd]s 
,,co41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4     ,c4 ,b4       
,,cottrell  ,,sons ,,co41 ,we/]ly1      
,r4,i4     ,,gold+ ,,manufactur+ ,,co41 
,frankl91 ,mass4     ,,h>v>d            
,,univ]sity1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4         
,,inl& ,,pr9t] ,,co41 ,*icago1 ,ill4    
,,lan/on ,,monotype ,,ma*9e ,,company1  
,philadelphia1 ,pa4     ,,m]g5?al]      
,,l9otype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 
,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1   
,mass4     ,,oswald ,,publi%+ ,,co41    
,new ,york1 ,n4,y4     ,,! ,,pr9t+      
,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4     ,b4 ,d4   
,,ris+ ,,pap] ,,company1 ,h\satonic1    
,mass4     ,,! ,,v&]cook ,,press1       

,*icago1 ,ill4  ,= ,book ,pap]          
,,am]ican ,,writ+ ,,pap] ,,co41         
,holyoke1 ,mass4     ,,we/ ,,virg9ia    
,,pulp  ,,pap] ,,co41 ,me*anicville1    
,n4,y4