file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #cdggd-;h4htm or #cdggd-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/cache_/epu b_/#cdggd_/pg#cdggd-;images4html7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/files_/#cd ggd_/cdggd-;h4zip7 ,typographic ,technical ,series for ,apprentices--,part #a1 ,no4 #aj ,,paper-,,cutting ,,machines ,a ,primer of ,information about ,paper and ,card ,trimmers1 ,hand-,lever ,cutters1 ,power ,cutters and ,other ,automatic ,machines for ,cutting ,paper by ,,niel ,,gray1 ,jr4 ,published by the ,committee on ,education ,united ,typothetae of ,america #aiah ,copyright1 #aiah ,united ,typothetae of ,america ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,composition and electrotypes contributed by ,the ,stone ,printing and ,manufacturing ,company ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,,preface ,the paper-cutting machine is a recent development in the industrial world4 ,its importance in the graphic arts is only just being recognized4 ,that it has heretofore been considered an apparatus of minor importance is proven by the lack of information on the subject1 either historical or technical4 ,no mention is made of a paper-cutting machine in the eleventh edition of the ,encyclopaedia ,britannica1 either in the index or under the various trade headings4 ,mention is omitted entirely from ,de ,vinne's ,history of ,printing4 ,there are no references to it in many other standard books1 nor in the engineering libraries2 neither are there any comprehensive articles on the subject in any of the trade journals1 either ,american or foreign4 ,a few scattered references may be found in dictionaries and manuals having to do with bookbinding and presswork4 ,this manual on the paper-cutting machine has the distinction of being1 as far as the author knows1 the first book ever written on the subject4 ,it will endeavor to help toward a better understanding of this important mechanism1 its use and care1 and it may also serve as a starting point from which subsequent treatises may be written4 ,the difficulty of making a successful machine of this kind to meet the new demands for accuracy1 speed1 convenience1 and safety1 has been overcome gradually in recent years and there are now several machines quite efficient and adequate to meet these demands of the modern manufacturer4 ,to coordinate a number of inanimate pieces of steel and iron1 to operate at high speed with precision1 requires fine skill4 ,the evolution from the first cutting machine--the old hand-operated wooden plough and press--to the present power-driven steel mechanism is like the advance from the old wooden sailing vessel to the modern steel ship4 ,the objects of this manual are to acquaint the beginner with the essential features of the machine itself and to provide clear1 comprehensive information which will enable him to become a competent operator4 ,it is not possible within so small a book to give complete detailed instructions for all the different conditions which may arise in the many kinds of work done in establishments where paper-cutting machines are used4 ,each of these places has its own particular requirements2 and while the machine can do its part quickly and efficiently it needs the intelligent and skillful operator to get good results4 ,the instructions given herein for a few cases1 which have been made as general as possible1 indicate the complexity of this operation as carried on in modern workshops4 ,there is necessity for a careful study of the subject in any important industry to insure this part of the work being successful and profitable4 ,not all the kinds of cutting machines in use in the printing and bindery industries are considered in the following pages1 but simply the typical machines in common use for cutting and trimming printed paper4 ,there are many other styles1 such as die-cutting presses1 automatic book-trimming machines1 punching1 stabbing1 and eyeletting machines1 rotary cutters and revolving-blade cutters attached to presses and other paper machines4 ,these might properly be classed under the title1 but as they are chiefly specialized machines the limits of space do not permit a consideration of them here4 ,,contents ,,page ,,importance ,,of ,,the ,,paper ,,cutter #g ,,evolution ,,of ,,the ,,paper-,,cutting ,,machine #h ,,description ,,of ,,typical ,,machines #aa ,,the ,,knife #af ,,grinding ,,paper-,,cutter ,,knives #ba ,,honing ,,paper-,,cutter ,,knives #bb ,,the ,,clamping ,,pressure #bc ,,cutting ,,sticks #be ,,the ,,back ,,gage #be ,,power ,,back ,,gage ,,movement #bh ,,special ,,devices #bh ,,application ,,of ,,power #cj ,,care ,,of ,,the ,,machine #cb ,,operating ,,the ,,machine #ce ,,safety ,,of ,,the ,,knife #cg ,,handling ,,paper #ch ,,to ,,cut ,a ,,pile ,,into ,,strips ,,of ,,equal ,,width #dc ,,to ,,cut ,a ,,pile ,,rectangular #dd ,,to ,,square ,a ,,pile #de ,,to ,,cut ,,unusual ,,shapes #df ,,trimming ,,books #df ,,paper ,,cuttings ,,and ,,waste #ej ,,depreciation ,,of ,a ,,paper-,,cutting ,,machine #ea ,,review ,,questions #ec ,,glossary ,,of ,,terms ,,used #eh ,,paper-,,cutting ,,machines ,importance of the ,paper ,cutter ,a paper-cutting machine is used for dividing piles of large sized sheets into smaller sized sheets2 also for squaring a pile2 i4e41 making all four corners rectangular2 and for trimming off irregular or incorrect edges4 ,it increases the possible printing output largely because presses of large size can now print many duplicates of a single design on a single sheet1 and many of these sheets piled can be separated at a single cut1 whereas a fly or rotating cutter cuts but one sheet at a time4 ,the importance of the paper-cutting machine can hardly be overestimated4 ,the correct position of the printed matter1 the widths of head1 tail1 and fore edge may be destroyed by careless cutting4 ,friendly cooperation with every department is necessary to produce good work4 ,no matter how fine the printing and color work is1 if the margins are uneven and the folds mismatched1 then the resulting air of slovenliness discredits the entire work4 ,the final touch that gives the character to a piece of printed matter is the way it is trimmed4 ,modern power automatic-clamp cutting machines1 in spite of the high speed of their operation1 are able to cut with absolute accuracy4 ,perhaps on no other machine will a little careful study return so large a profit in dollars and cents4 ,evolution of the ,paper-,cutting ,machine ,the practice of cutting paper began long before the making of the book of bound leaves1 and the necessity of making a number of sheets of the same size called for some mechanical means of cutting and trimming4 ,the earliest cutting machine was no doubt a sharp stone or a stick2 then a piece of metal1 dragged across the parchment1 with a guide to keep the cut in a straight line4 ,the sheet was simply held by the hand1 and later the straight-edge formed a clamp also4 ,about the fifth century the important step of folding the vellum into leaves became the practice4 ,the instrument which we know to-day as scissors or shears probably had a large part to do in these early operations4 ,with the invention of printing and the multiplication of books larger and stronger means were necessary to cut the sheets4 ,although the book with the untrimmed sheets was the rule of this earlier time1 and of a later time1 for the smaller books and for divisions of the sheet a cutter was necessary4 ,for a time the cutting of piles of paper was done by hand with a knife1 a small pile being put upon a table and a weight laid upon it4 ,the operator leaned his weight with one hand upon it1 while he cut with the other4 ,the earliest attempt to improve this consisted of a table1 a framework of wood or metal above it1 having a groove in which the knife could be worked1 and a screw clamp to hold the pile4 ,the knife was originally short2 then longer1 until it became long enough to cut through the thickness of the book4 ,the deckle-edge of the earlier and untrimmed books was improved upon and made easier to turn over and refer to rapidly by the improvement of trimming the leaves4 ,the hand-plough cutter was probably the first successful machine intended to cut a number of sheets at a time4 ,in the ,haupt ,halle at the great ,graphic ,arts ,exhibition1 ,leipzig1 #aiad1 were some illustrations showing the earliest ,german cutting machines and their evolution to date4 ,the earliest among them is the lightly constructed hand-driven vertical cutter of #ahee4 ,this consisted of two side frames1 the knife-bar guides in their slots and a large hand wheel at the right4 ,the next stage was a cutter of #ahgf1 a hand-driven wheel at the right turning gears above and outside the table4 ,a crank and a rod connected to the center top of the knife-bar pulled the knife in the direction of the two slots in the knife-bar1 giving it a shearing motion4 ,this model is the same as that used by most ,german manufacturers for both hand and power-driven cutters until within a few years1 when the greatly improved1 rapid1 and more convenient ,american examples became known4 ,from simply pressing with the hand to hold the sheets the hand clamp was evolved2 then the clamp was attached to a gear by which it could be held down on the sheets with greater and steadier pressure4 ,to quicken this operation the spring clamp was devised1 with automatic pressure--fixed at first1 then variable to suit varying requirements4 ,perhaps the most signal advance in the art of paper-cutting machinery that has been made is the invention of ,samuel ,r4 ,brown1 who devised the fixed throw of the knife by means of two cranks at opposite ends of a shaft parallel with the knife4 ,this control of the knife enables a hair to be cut through1 or half through1 or the knife edge to just touch it1 with remarkable precision4 ,the various other mechanical connections for power-cutting machines between the pulley and the knife1 consisting of rolls1 slots1 guides1 cams1 chains1 levers1 etc41 all require a great number of parts between the pulley and the knife1 with the consequent and necessary looseness of the mechanism4 ,this allows1 after short wear1 a play or chug of the knife which quickly tends to destroy its best cutting abilities4 ,the evolution of the cutting machine has been rapid and distinctly marked in all its essential features1 from the oscillating plough to the vertical stroke1 to the shear stroke1 to the double-shear stroke2 from a single-rod pull-down of the knife 7by a chain1 by a cam1 or by a crank7 to the two-rod pull-down by cams1 rolls1 slots1 slides1 to the cranks which give a fixed dependable stroke2 to the cranks which give a fixed dependable stroke1 and at the same time pull the knife endwise2 from swinging-link shear to a straight-line shear2 from man-drive to power-drive2 from driving by power fixtures in front and outside the frame to fixtures located back and underneath2 from low piles to high piles2 from hand clamp to power clamp1 to self clamp1 to automatic clamp1 finally to friction adjustable pressure clamp2 from measuring by rule to the use of rapid automatic measuring and spacing devices4 ,the best paper-cutting machine is designed with a knife motion operated by cranks which give an endwise pull to the knife2 with the table of medium height2 with quick and accurate adjustments for the knife2 with a foot treadle for bringing the clamp down to the pile when desired to see exactly where the knife will strike2 with an accurate and dependable device for moving the back gage and the pile and measuring quickly the widths to be cut2 with starting handles easily reachable without bending2 with a powerful clamping pressure automatic for all height piles and instantly adjustable for heavy or delicate work2 with universal fine adjustments for squaring the back gage with the knife2 with a simple change for the cutting stick2 with the driving shaft running at a low speed2 and with a powerful main driving clutch or friction material that will not cut or damage the parts under the heavy1 constant thrusts4 ,description of ,typical ,machines ,,plough ,,and ,,press ,,cutter ,an early form of cutting machine1 made almost entirely of wood4 ,the pile of paper or book was clamped to the table by the upper cross-bar of the clamp1 which was brought down by the geared vertical arm4 ,as shown by picture1 these arms were raised and lowered by turning the large toothed wheel4 ,the steel chisel 7,a7 operating in a holder running in a groove1 was moved to and fro across the paper1 cutting deeper each time as the chisel was gradually lowered by the handle4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,plough and ,press ,cutter ,,card ,,cutter ,,or ,,trimmer ,card trimmers are knives hinged at one end to a base upon which the work is laid and held1 while the knife is pulled down by hand to shear it off against a metal edge4 ,stock cut this way has a slight burr on its lower edge1 caused by the drag or downward pressure of the knife4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b ,binder ,shears or ,table ,cutter ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c ,card ,cutter and ,trimmer ,to cut cards free from burr a rotary card-cutting machine is used1 with a rotating shaft carrying a small wheel cutter4 ,these cutters are used on a workbench4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,hand-,lever ,cutter ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,bench-,lever ,cutter ,,hand-,,lever ,,cutter ,hand-lever cutters stand on the floor and have a convenient height table to lay the work upon4 ,the cut is made by pulling the knife down through the pile4 ,the knife is hung from two swinging links1 and is easily operated when it has double shear and a toggle crank connection to the hand-lever shaft4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f ,,power ,,cutting ,,machine 7,,hand-,,clamp7 ,knife ,pulled ,down at ,one ,end ,power cutting machines substitute power fixtures for the hand 7sometimes in addition to the hand operating fixtures71 and eliminate labor and save time4 ,a hand-clamp power cutter is operated first by screwing the clamp by hand down firmly upon the line where the work is to be cut2 then pulling the starting lever1 which causes the knife to make the cut1 return to the top1 and stop4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g ,,power ,,cutting ,,machine 7,,hand-,,clamp7 ,knife ,pulled at ,both ,ends ,semi-automatic means a cutting machine which has a treadle to bring the clamp down quickly upon the work1 and a regular hand-clamping wheel instantly acting to produce the clamping pressure when it is turned a part of a revolution4 ,the clamp returns automatically to the top by touching the treadle lightly with the foot and giving the clamping wheel a slight backward turn4 ,the advantages are the simplicity of construction and operation of the regular hand-clamp machine1 and a gain of about one-third greater output with one-third less effort4 ,automatic-clamp power cutting machines save labor by pressing the pile by power1 instead of requiring the operator to screw the clamp down and back again by hand4 ,in the larger sizes power attachments save the labor of pulling the back gage and work forward by hand4 ,automatic spacing 7or measuring7 devices for duplicating any desired width1 without the customary measuring for each cut1 enable larger production4 ,illustration3 ,fig4#h ,,automatic-,,clamp ,,power ,,cutting ,,machine ,with ,instantly ,variable ,automatic ,clamping ,device ,an automatic power cutter is operated first by determining the line of the cut by the indicator or by pulling the clamp down upon the work2 then pulling the starting lever1 which automatically forces the clamp down first upon the stock1 and then drives the knife through it1 and returns both knife and clamp to stop at the top4 ,automatic-clamp power cutting machines are also furnished with hand-clamp attachment for special clamping pressures4 ,continuous running is effected by devices which permit the quick disengagement of the stop throw-out mechanism4 ,this is desirable with duplicate work in quantities carefully arranged for fast production4 ,automatic cutting machines are also furnished with spacing devices for the rapid duplication of exact widths of any size4 ,vertical stroke 7and vertical changeable to shear stroke7 cutting machines 7see ,fig4 #i1 page #ag71 both hand power and also power1 are used with special shaped knives for cutting fancy edges1 and pinking cloth samples1 etc41 some having back tables of great length1 moved on rollers or slides by spacing devices4 ,considerable ingenuity has been shown in the variable method and mechanism used for moving the knife up and down4 ,the ,knife ,the knife is most important4 ,it must be kept sharp4 ,it must be of the proper shape and thickness and bevel and temper and free from any burrs or lumps on its back edge4 ,a cutting-machine knife is like a razor that1 stropped correctly1 does not pull the beard1 but stropped an infinitesimally different way--a difference impossible to see except with a microscope--pulls hard4 ,study carefully the knife4 ,no matter how carefully the machine is built1 an imperfect knife cannot cut right4 ,most knives are imperfect in spite of the rigorous specifications given them by makers4 ,they vary in thickness1 straightness1 concave1 bevel1 flatness1 temper1 and quality of steel2 and also in the character of their sharpening and honing1 which varies with the fineness or coarseness of the grinding wheel and stone4 ,these variations need only be a few thousandths of an inch to cause trouble4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i ,,vertical-,,stroke ,,power ,,machine ,changeable to ,double ,shear ,a blue wave mark indicates where the temper is drawn1 and a file which drags when pushed fairly hard across the flat of the bevel indicates the soft spots1 where the temper is imperfect4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj ,,diagram ,,showing ,,double ,,shear ,,stroke ,,of ,,the ,,knife ,,passing ,,obliquely ,,through ,,the ,,pile ,at the beginning of the stroke the knife is higher at the right-hand side2 when finishing the cut the knife is parallel to the table ,to ascertain if a knife has a correct face1 hold it flat1 face up1 with one end on a window ledge1 and look along the face for variations4 ,this is a simple matter which any one can do4 ,use a perfectly straight and clean-edged steel rule and pass it along from one end to the other as shown in ,figs4 #aa and #ab4 ,a dark spot shows the point of contact of the rule with the knife4 ,these dark spots should show only exactly at the cutting edge and at the back edge4 ,if a dark spot shows away from the cutting edge1 it indicates that the knife is imperfect there and will not make a true cut4 ,regrinding the face by the makers can correct this fault1 except where it is the fault of the one who hones the knife after it is sharpened4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab ,hone the knife only on the bevel4 ,to remove the wire edge burrs along the edge lay the hone flat on the face and rub gently so as not to round over the edge4 ,a knife will sometimes cut better after it has been ground the first time4 ,a polished knife will give a better surface to the cut4 ,the cutting of the same kind of stock will often vary with different makes of knives4 ,an oily rag tied to a stick kept handy and passed along the bevel of the knife before cutting hard stock will improve the cut4 ,a blunt bevel is preferred for hard stock2 a long1 thin bevel for soft stock4 ,a general rule for the length of bevel on knives is two and one-half times the thickness of the knife4 ,this may be varied to suit the different materials to be cut1 but must be held within reasonable limits to preserve the strength of the cutting edge of the knife and also to secure accurate1 clean cutting4 ,the face of a knife should be as nearly flat as possible and must not be convex4 ,it is better to have it concave than convex1 but not over two or three thousandths of an inch concave4 ,a knife that is too concave or convex will tend to dig in or out of the work4 ,for safe clearance the knife should be a few thousandths of an inch thinner at the top than the distance from its back to the line of its cutting edge4 ,the knife bolts should always be screwed up snug1 so that the cutting edge of the knife will have the correct pitch in relation to the pile4 ,the top or back edge of a knife should be held absolutely straight to get a firm thrust--bearing all along the knife-bar4 ,knives abutting against adjusting screws for this reason are not apt to give so good results as knives that abut against a solid shoulder all across the knife-bar4 ,dirt1 oil1 grease1 paper1 chips1 etc41 in the knife-slot or bar1 or a bruise or nick on the back edge of the knife1 or a defective knife bolt1 may prevent the knife seating firm and true in its proper place and may cause poor cutting4 ,knives bought from the maker of paper-cutting machines are apt to give the best results because they receive two inspections3 one by the knife maker1 and another by the machine maker1 who is careful to see that only perfect knives are supplied4 ,in order to understand how important it is to use a sharp knife on a power cutter1 throw off the belt and pull the machine around by hand through a high cut with a dull knife4 ,then put in a sharp knife and make the same cut4 ,where there is much cutting to be done and the machine is in constant use1 it is well to keep extra knives on hand to allow one to be sharpened while the other is being used4 ,a specially tempered knife is best for boards or varnished paper4 ,gummed and varnished stock are likely to break small pieces off the knife edge4 ,the double shear motion for the knife now furnished on the new automatic rapid production cutting machines practically eliminates this trouble4 ,the first place to look when work is not cut true1 after making sure there is correct clamping pressure1 is the knife4 ,see if it is sharp4 ,see if it has been honed properly4 ,see if it has the proper length of bevel4 ,grinding ,paper-,cutter ,knives ,it is best to grind with a soft sandstone2 but if an emery wheel is used1 it should be about #df-fj grain1 #e-a_/b grade1 or soft enough so that a light feed can be taken without burning or glazing the bevel of the knife4 ,the operator of the grinding machine should be in constant attendance while the knife is being ground1 and should have a liberal supply of water feeding on the wheel where it comes in contact with the bevel of the knife1 not at the top of the wheel4 ,if this supply of water is cut off and the wheel continues to grind without water1 this will create friction1 heat up1 and draw the temper in the knife or crack it4 ,extra precaution should be taken to grind the cutting edge of the knife parallel with the back of the knife1 and not have one end of the knife wider than the other4 ,when this occurs the cutting edge of the knife does not hit the cutting stick squarely1 and not only has a tendency to snip out at the wide end1 but also to destroy the cutting stick quickly4 ,the bevel should be ground flat or a shade concave1 and must not exceed twice the thickness of the knife1 plus one-quarter inch1 or twenty-four degrees4 ,if this rule is not adhered to and a longer bevel than this is ground on the knife1 the flat side or face of the knife will become rounded about one-half inch back from the cutting edge1 thereby taking the slight concave out of the knife and causing the machine to cut tapering2 i4e41 the top of the cut1 say four or five inches high1 will be narrower than the bottom of the cut4 ,if a knife is ground on the rim of an ordinary emery wheel worn to a small diameter1 the smallness of the emery wheel will tend to make the bevel concave4 ,this weakens the edge of the knife4 ,a knife grinder with a cup-shape emery wheel makes it easier to grind the bevel straight4 ,honing ,paper-,cutter ,knives ,every knife1 when coming direct from the grinding machine1 has a wire edge which should be honed off before the knife is adjusted to the knife-bar4 ,excellent results in honing are obtained from ,no4 #a ,washita oilstone 7,pike ,mfg4 ,co41 ,n4,h41 ,u4,s4,a471 or an india oilstone made by ,w4 ,h4 ,price1 ,hartford1 ,conn4 ,the knife should be laid on a bench or table1 flat side down1 with the edge of the knife protruding about one-eighth of an inch beyond the edge of the table4 ,the hone should be held flat on the bevel1 and the motion should be a circular or rotary movement as well as up and down1 and the honing should be done from one end to the other without lifting the hone from the knife4 ,when a fine wire edge appears on the flat side1 lay the hone on lightly with no pressure and absolutely flat1 and draw from one end to the other4 ,after honing the knife for a short time 7four or five minutes7 the wire edge will disappear or get so thin that a small piece of white pine or other soft wood1 if drawn along the cutting edge1 will eliminate this thin wire edge4 ,never hone the flat side of the knife4 ,never hone a knife while in the machine4 ,a wooden holder for the oilstone will protect the fingers4 ,for smooth glass edge cutting1 the bevel of the knife may be ground slightly concave4 ,then hone thoroughly with an extra fine hone slightly convex in shape4 ,no method of grinding has yet been devised which will leave a perfectly smooth surface1 because no matter how fine the stone or material that is used for grinding it will leave marks on the edge of the knife1 and these marks cause roughness in the cut4 ,the reason the above method gives almost a perfectly smooth cut is because a thorough honing removes most of the marks4 ,the ,clamping ,pressure ,the clamping of the stock in the machine while the cut is being made is an important feature of a modern paper cutter4 ,this is done by means of a horizontal bar placed behind the knife and parallel with it4 ,this clamping bar is moved up out of the way while the stock is being placed in position and is then brought down with the desired pressure to hold the pile of sheets firmly until the cut is made1 and is again lifted up out of the way4 ,in the simpler machines the clamping pressure is obtained by means of a stout vertical threaded rod to which the clamp bar is attached at the lower end4 ,the rod is operated by a hand wheel at the top and turns in a threaded opening in the cross-head of the frame4 ,clamping pressures vary greatly under different conditions1 from a light pressure to several tons4 ,the ratio of the power applied in hand clamping to the pressure secured on the clamp is1 in ordinary commercial machines1 about #a to #aej for small machines up to #cb inches wide1 using a #b-;foot-diameter clamp wheel and overhead screw4 ,the ratio of power in cutting machines #cd inches and wider1 having a #a-a_/b-;foot-diameter clamp wheel1 and worm of #c_/d-;inch pitch at the side engaging a worm gear keyed to the clamp shaft1 is about #a to #ahj4 ,that is1 a pull by the hand of #a pound on the overhead clamp wheel will produce about #aej pounds pressure of the clamp on the stock to be cut2 and a pull by the hand of #a pound on the side clamping wheel will produce about #ahj pounds pressure of the clamp1 less friction4 ,operators will pull ordinarily from #aj to #ajj pounds2 i4e41 producing a pressure of from one to nine tons4 ,the first type of automatic-clamp cutting machines produced always the same arbitrary pressure on the clamp1 with consequent waste of power1 crushing and indenting the work1 offsetting the ink unless it was absolutely dry1 and requiring adjusting with a wrench1 which was slow1 dirty1 and indefinite4 ,all modern automatic-clamp cutting machines have independent automatic-clamp pressure1 and these apply the pressure at both ends of the clamp4 ,the earliest power clamps were called self-clamp4 ,in these the knife and clamp were connected together 7i4e41 dependent74 ,the modern automatic-clamp mechanism is not only independent of the knife1 but in addition practically all the power of the belt goes first to clamp the work and then afterwards to drive the knife through the cut4 ,this separation of the clamping effort from the cutting effort increases efficiency and economy4 ,by a modern device on some machines this clamping pressure is instantly variable to suit different kinds of stock and other conditions4 ,cutting ,sticks ,the cutting stick1 into which the knife passes after cutting through the bottom sheet1 saves the edge from cutting on the iron table4 ,correctly designed cutting machines have knife-bar motions that permit no chug of the knife into the stick and thus conserve its sharp edge4 ,many designs1 however1 are faulty in this respect and the unrecorded expense of their operation is a serious leak4 ,the cutting stick is set in a slot in the table4 ,the most common and perhaps best form1 everything considered1 is a #c_/d-;inch square hard maple stick1 set so that the knife strikes it #a_/d-;inch from the edge4 ,all four faces of such a stick may be used4 ,a metal frame for holding a #a_/d-;inch square hardwood stick1 or a soft metal 7so-called7 cutting stick1 is made4 ,a round wood cutting stick connected to a timing mechanism which rotates it automatically for every cut1 or for a certain number of cuts1 is valuable for hard stock requiring microscopical perfection4 ,the ,back ,gage ,the back gage is moved and controlled on the machine table in several ways4 ,in the simpler machines the gage is attached to a rod under the table1 a long slot in the center of the table allowing the connection of the gage with the rod below4 ,the rod is attached to the gage with a worm gear and is operated by a small hand wheel at the front of the table4 ,in other machines the gage is attached to a steel cable1 or a metal tape1 or a chain which passes over wheels at the back and front below the table4 ,the one-piece back gage was improved by cutting it into two or three sections so that the first and final cuts of two or three piles may be made at every stroke of the knife4 ,adjusting screws are provided for tilting the back gage forward or backward to compensate for the variation in the width of the top and the bottom sheets which occurs in the same machine and with the same knife when cutting hard or soft papers4 ,a swinging adjustment is also provided to square the back gage parallel with the knife edge4 ,various devices for taking up the slack caused by wear in the table slot guiding the back gage are furnished1 but probably the simplest and best method is the replacement and refitting of the inexpensive sliding part4 ,,indicator ,,attachment ,,for ,,back ,,gage ,the distance the back gage is moved is read in different ways4 ,the movement of a gage operated by a screw and wheel is indicated by a pointer on the front edge of the table overlapping the rim of the long screw wheel4 ,if the rim of the screw wheel is lined off in sixteenths of its circumference1 the pitch of the screw being one inch1 each complete turn of the screw wheel means that the back gage is advanced one inch1 and each one-sixteenth turn means that it is advanced one-sixteenth of an inch4 ,it is important always to keep turning the screw and wheel the same way when so measuring1 because otherwise the back lash 7looseness of the screw and its nut to permit easy working7 will cause variation4 ,for a back gage moved by a chain or a wire cable or a metal tape1 a graduated dial is attached to the top of the cable hand wheel which reads from a pointer attached to the front edge of the table4 ,both these ways of reading require the operator to look down4 ,for a back gage moved by power1 a steel indicator ribbon passing around a wheel overhead in the frame cap and attached to a standard on top of the back gage 7see ,fig4 #g7 enables the operator to read the position of the back gage without looking down1 and a second wheel indicator and pointer permits reading to less than one-thousandth of an inch4 ,similar indicator ribbons are attachable to the back gage for screw1 cable1 chain1 and metal tape movements4 ,these indicator ribbons are usually graduated and marked for inches1 halves1 quarters1 eighths1 and sixteenths4 ,they are also furnished with metric system measurements1 graduated and marked for centimeters and millimeters4 ,they are also furnished extra wide so that both the ,english inch measurements as well as the metric system measurements may be put upon the same ribbon4 ,when graduated to thirty-seconds of an inch and millimeters a good magnifying glass of about three inches diameter1 adjusted in front of the pointer1 enables easier and more accurate reading4 ,an easily operated lock for holding the back gage fast to the table at any exact mark prevents variation in the width of cutting4 ,fixed distance gage rods and suitable engagements with the back gage are provided for cutting at any time duplicates of exactly the same width1 especially valuable for loose-leaf ledger work4 ,pins and holes drilled in the back gage and table also secure uniform locations impossible to get solely from reading the overhead ribbon or an indicator dial1 which latter may be read incorrectly because of poor light or variation in the operator's position or eye4 ,locking devices for the back gage ordinarily consist of 7a7 a friction grip around the moving screw1 or 7b7 about the cable hand wheel1 or 7c7 a clamping device which holds the back gage1 or 7d71 best of all1 a fixed grip rod-holding device operated from the front of the table1 thus eliminating any possible lost motion through connecting parts from the jogging or chucking of work4 ,a back gage is split so that different width piles may be cut at the same time1 such as trimming the heads1 tails1 and fronts of books4 ,the fingers at the splits are placed smooth1 so that they may be used as side gages to enable the wear of the knife to be taken its full width1 instead of just at the usual left-hand end4 ,power ,back ,gage ,movement ,the larger sizes of cutting machines are equipped with a labor-saving power connection to the main driving shaft which may be thrown in by the operator at will to move the back gage forward or backward by power1 a micrometer reading the position to thousandths of an inch4 ,special ,devices ,special spacing devices for the back gage are revolutionizing many branches of work4 ,the usual screw or cable is relatively slow and undependable and requires care and time to move the work the exact distance required4 ,the new way is to equip the cutting machine with a back gage operating mechanism having stops which can be set for any width to be cut4 ,the operator simply pulls a lever between the stops1 which instantly moves the pile and measures it exactly4 ,production has been increased six hundred per cent4 with such spacing devices4 ,gages for measuring the width of the cut may be simply a sample cut the desired width laid upon the pile1 or an exact size wood or metal pattern1 or the width may be determined by reading on a steel indicator-ribbon attached to the back gage the distance its face is back from the knife edge4 ,these methods are only approximately accurate1 however2 for exact cutting1 steel distance-pieces of correct lengths to give the different widths of cut required are set against a fixed stop in the back table and the back gage run back until it grips the steel distance-piece4 ,this brings the face of the back gage the desired distance from the knife4 ,modern patented spacing devices for the rapid duplication of exact widths in succession1 while the machine runs continuously without stopping between cuts1 have been perfected so as to enable1 on some classes of work1 one cutting machine to do the work of six and still obtain accuracy4 ,these spacing devices operate the back gage through a chain or a screw or a gear by means of a lever driven by hand or by power between accurately set stops fixed for any desired width1 and thus eliminate the time ordinarily lost measuring the width for each cut4 ,among other conveniences on the large modern cutters two starting levers1 one at each side of the machine1 or a starting bar extending across the front1 save several motions at each cut4 ,a flat piece of metal1 called a clamp face1 which may be quickly attached to the under side of the fingered clamp1 is used to prevent these fingers marking soft or delicate finished stock4 ,a snake gage is a folding lattice used in front of the back gage of a solid wide face clamp machine to enable the back gage to push the pile up nearer the knife4 ,for large pamphlets or magazines an extra clamp attached behind the regular clamp to hold the back of the pile down gently by spring pressure will prevent the sheets springing up and away from the back gage1 caused by the folds and air between the sheets4 ,a plate attached to the machine with hooks upon which to hang the wrenches is provided upon the most modern machines and this helps the operator to keep them together and in order4 ,guards covering the gearing1 knife edge1 pulleys1 flywheel and other moving parts are required by many state laws1 and power cutting machines are1 therefore1 so designed and furnished complete4 ,application of ,power ,there are five methods of applying power necessary to operate paper cutters3 by hand lever1 by belt1 by direct gearing1 by chain and sprocket1 and by direct connection of electric motor4 ,figure #ac shows an electric motor on a bracket1 adjustable vertically1 attached to the frame of the cutting machine1 driving by a belt from the motor pulley to the machine pulley4 ,the belt cushions the heavy repeated thrusts of the clamp and knife in cutting upon the motor4 ,the electric motor may be set on the floor or on a bracket on the wall4 ,figure #ad shows a direct-geared connection of the electric motor through its noiseless rawhide pinion engaging an iron gear on the machine driving shaft4 ,an adjustment is provided for taking up the wear in the gears1 in order to maintain the noiseless running of the machine4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac ,,electric ,,motor ,,overhead1 ,,belt ,,drive ,the chain drive is like the direct-geared except that it substitutes a chain and two sprockets for two gears4 ,it is not generally understood what a large amount of power is required to drive a paper-cutting machine1 and how important it is that the number of working parts connecting the belt pulley to the knife be as simple and few as possible in order to eliminate friction and lost motion1 and to secure efficiency4 ,every cut costs money for the power consumed4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad ,,electric ,,motor ,,underneath1 ,,geared ,,drive ,an inch-high pile of writing paper with a sharp knife may take one thousand pounds for each foot of length of the knife to drive it through4 ,a higher pile on a fifty-inch power cutter may take three tons pressure1 plus the automatic clamping effort and plus frictional losses1 and 7more important7 plus a tremendous increase in case the knife is dull4 ,care of the ,machine ,a man is known by the condition of the machine he keeps4 ,keep the knife sharp4 ,that is the first rule to repeat every day and every hour of the day4 ,the second rule is to oil every hole and place required on the machine4 ,the third rule is to keep the machine and its neighborhood scrupulously clean4 ,the fourth rule is to learn by heart and follow the printed directions attached to the machine by the maker4 ,if you do not understand or if you cannot follow correctly every instruction on the printed instructions attached to the machine by the maker1 first ask your foreman or superintendent4 ,if the directions are not clear1 write1 or ask the office to write1 to the maker for a detailed explanation or to have his traveling representative come and explain them4 ,any operator who does not understand the adjustments of the machine he operates has but partly learned his trade4 ,be particular to see that the driving pulley on your machine runs at the speed given for it on the manufacturer's directions4 ,keep the machine always in adjustment4 ,see that the brake band is adjusted so that when the starting lever is thrown in to start1 the friction is entirely released and there is no drag on machine4 ,do not allow the knife to sink any deeper into the cutting stick than to sever the last sheet of the pile4 ,never use more pressure on the clamp than is necessary to hold the pile without drawing or slipping2 any additional pressure is only an added strain on the machine4 ,jog your stock before putting it in the machine and do not use the back gage for that purpose4 ,continual hard jogging with heavy lifts of stock against first one end of gage and then the other will quickly knock it out of square or loosen it4 ,a little talcum powder1 ,french chalk1 or powdered boracic acid dusted on the table makes the stock handle easier4 ,a slip-sheet of paper or thin pulp board placed on top or on the bottom of the pile1 and cut up with it1 protects delicate surfaces from finger marks or soiling4 ,keep your hands and apron clean4 ,keep the machine clean in every part4 ,use only wrenches furnished with the machine1 because they fit the bolt heads properly and because they are the correct lengths to put on the proper tension4 ,do not use a monkey wrench1 because1 unless the jaws are carefully adjusted1 it will destroy the bolt heads and if used on small bolts1 on account of its length and power1 is apt to strip the threads or break the bolt or part4 ,occasionally go over every part of machine and see that all taper pins1 bolts1 nuts1 etc41 are snug in place4 ,a locked cupboard or box at the cutting machine is useful to keep the full set of wrenches provided1 clean waste1 colored crayons1 a good magnifying glass1 powdered pumice stone1 ,french chalk1 talcum powder1 boracic acid1 special cutting pads1 and boards for making them1 size strips1 dimension records1 etc4 ,the oil can should stand always filled and ready on its bracket4 ,if a belt is put on too tight1 it may pull so hard on the bearings as to heat and cause them to cut4 ,it is easier not to put the belt on too tight at first and to relace it several times while it is stretching1 than it is to repair a rough bearing4 ,keep clean waste in a box4 ,destroy dirty1 oily waste instantly after use1 or place it carefully inside a fireproof oily waste can if provided4 ,do not put dirty1 oily waste away or leave it around4 ,it is most dangerous and many plants have been burned by its spontaneous combustion4 ,have a definite fixed time to oil1 and to clean the machine4 ,mark the hours when to oil every day1 and the day and hour when to clean and polish the machine every week1 on the maker's direction sheet attached to the machine4 ,oil with intelligence1 not just with an oil can and oil4 ,oil freely1 but not sloppily4 ,oil should not drip upon the floor4 ,oil should not flow over parts not requiring it4 ,an excess of oil on a brake band will prevent its acting and stopping the machine promptly4 ,wipe out the excess oil in this case by passing a rag under and around the bands4 ,oil that runs or drops or is wiped off is wasted4 ,oil the parts above the table carefully and thoroughly4 ,a few drops of oil on the palm of the hand and applied to the four front and back faces of the knife-bar prevents dripping on the table from the oil can4 ,run the machine through a few strokes after oiling and then wipe off clean with a cloth or piece of waste the surfaces against which the stock to be cut is placed4 ,when oiling1 remember it is only the oil that reaches the bearing that does any good4 ,any surplus that runs over and defaces the machine is waste4 ,the best kind of oil to use is a free-running1 light-colored petroleum machine oil4 ,cheap oils cost more in the end4 ,operating the ,machine ,the character of the cutting depends upon1 first1 the machine1 second1 the knife1 and third1 the man4 ,successful cutting is a fine manual art4 ,the finest razor improperly stropped and used in unskilled hands does poor work4 ,the finest cutting machine unintelligently operated will stultify the best efforts of the printing plant4 ,the machine that has the simplest mechanism evolved by long experience and study ensures the first safeguard of accuracy4 ,the knife that fulfils the specifications given elsewhere furnishes the second4 ,and third1 the man whose standard of work is high1 who is conscientious in following his instructions1 who is big enough and broad enough to understand how important his position is1 and how necessary1 therefore1 it is for him to cooperate with every other department in a friendly and intelligent manner1 completes the tripod that can stand up successfully under any job4 ,a cutting machine is a sharp-edged tool and1 therefore1 dangerous when run by a careless or unskilled operator4 ,look before you leap applies especially to the cutting machine4 ,its action is powerful and quick4 ,accidents occur through failure of the operator to watch his own motions and because of the improper operation of the machine through failure of some of its parts4 ,sufficient safety devices to make all accidents impossible would render the cutting machine as useless as an axe in a velvet case4 ,accidents which occur from undue wear or neglect to oil are apt to happen4 ,two preventives are available3 first1 to train the operator to care2 second1 to provide as many safeguards as can be utilized and still permit commercially successful operation4 ,with the modern high-speed machine operating at from twenty-five to forty cuts a minute1 the time consumed in the cutting room is not the time taken by the knife to pass through the stock1 but rather the time getting the stock laid up and measured ready to cut4 ,consequently1 these latter operations are the ones to study for savings4 ,the time and labor required to cut a job depends upon the number and kind of motions of the hands and body and feet that are made to get the stock ready and to take it away4 ,the fewer motions necessary to do this and to operate the machine1 the easier and pleasanter it is to work at a cutting machine4 ,powdered chalk and naphtha put on the bright parts and nickel and allowed to stay over night will polish off in the morning and leave the machine appearing clean and free from rust4 ,the clamp strap ways should be kept clean and free from the fuzz from the cuttings and thick oil4 ,this can be done by occasionally cleaning them out with kerosene4 ,if the oil gets in the friction brake band the machine may not stop promptly at the proper point4 ,throw off the driving belt1 and throw on the starting lever to loosen the brake band2 then pass a rag around under the band1 between it and the clutch rings1 so as to remove the oil1 then throw off the starting lever4 ,if a piece of waste is laid on the lower part of the friction brake band just next to the ring1 it will keep it free from oil for some time4 ,rub the knife and other bright parts of the machine with an oily rag every night4 ,this will prevent the rust forming with the variation of temperature between day and night4 ,when using the graduations on its rim to measure by1 always keep turning the gage screw wheel in one direction1 without reversing it1 when pulling the back gage forward for successive cuts4 ,this will keep up all the slack and lost motion of the screw and its nut4 ,if the screw wheel is moved first one way and then another1 little dependence can be placed upon the graduated reading of the scale4 ,safety of the ,knife ,the best automatic rapid-production cutting machines are provided with four safety devices to prevent the knife making an unexpected stroke4 ,first--,a solid knocker throws out the clutch positively4 ,neither gravity nor a spring for a trip is depended upon to move an intercepting part1 but the certain fact that two solid bodies cannot occupy the same space at the same time4 ,second--,an automatic friction brake grips firmly and stops all motion silently4 ,third--,an automatic counterbalance is used for both the knife-bar and the clamp1 and retains them at the top position4 ,fourth--,an automatic steel safety bolt engages a solid lug on the large gear1 so that the gear cannot revolve further until the operator deliberately pulls the starting lever for another cut4 ,these four safety devices are designed so as to act positively and simultaneously on the completion of each cut4 ,to start requires a deliberate action of the starting lever by the operator4 ,handling ,paper ,paper is made principally in long webs1 or continuous strips1 and is rolled up as it comes from the paper-making machine4 ,it is then cut into sheets by a revolving fly cutter or a shear knife1 cutting one sheet at a time off the roll4 ,these sheets are furnished by the mills in bundles or cases1 which are trimmed to certain sizes on a paper-cutting machine4 ,the best method of handling and cutting stock1 the proper quantity to take on at each lift1 the height of the pile to cut1 and the routine of passing each cut section along in orderly fashion1 should be given careful study4 ,convenient tables of the right height and of ample surface are essential if the work is to be carried on satisfactorily1 without backtracking or unnecessary motions and lifting4 ,large stock should be piled on movable wooden platforms which can be moved quickly from place to place4 ,a primary difficulty in cutting-machine work is due to the great variety of papers and sizes required to be handled on the machine4 ,this varies from little narrow slips to piles the full width of the table1 from a few sheets to a pile the full height allowed by the clamp1 and from soft book paper to stock nearly as tough as tin4 ,all these varying conditions cannot be met with equal success in one automatic machine4 ,therefore1 superior intelligence rather than unusual muscle should be required of the operator4 ,good judgment is required to determine the proper height of a pile to cut4 ,this will often depend upon how much can be grasped each time with the hands and put into place in good order4 ,time may be lost and sheets wasted trying to fill up to the capacity of the machine2 smaller piles and more of them may sometimes be a more economical method4 ,the time taken for the knife stroke is only a second1 while the time necessary to jog up several lifts may be minutes more than to put one lift into place4 ,the convenient lift1 as large as possible1 and uniform in size if there are several of them1 is the advisable practise4 ,inaccurate cutting may be the result of several causes3 7a7 ,not jogging the pile thoroughly against the back gage2 this should be done by pressing the ball of the thumbs against the front of the pile from top to bottom4 7b7 ,by disturbing the pile when turning it for the next cut4 7c7 ,by lifting out the pile and failing to jog it carefully when flat against the back gage again4 7d7 ,work that is fed to points on the printing press may not be square and true and consequently cannot be jogged against a straightedge gage and cut accurately4 ,this condition should be watched for in such cases4 ,find out1 if possible1 which is the feed edge in the printing and jog up to that4 ,pressmen are often careless about this necessary instruction in sending printed sheets to the cutter4 ,inaccurate cutting is also due to insufficient clamping pressure1 allowing the pile to slip out of place slightly2 or to excessive clamping pressure1 compressing the pile more than necessary just at the line behind the knife cut4 ,the above causes may result in imperfect cutting when the machine is in good order4 ,when the machine is not in the proper condition1 and the knife is dull1 or of a shape not adapted to the work1 accurate cutting cannot be expected4 ,when piling up sheets see that each sheet is laid in exact register with all the others1 that is1 that the printed pages1 guide marks1 and edges are all in the same position throughout the pile4 ,one sheet on top laid the wrong way may be the cause of cutting every other sheet of the pile wrong unless 7and this is very important7 the operator looks at the under sheets to make sure that they are all laid alike4 ,when cutting or trimming printed sheets it is necessary that the operator should jog the sheets to the pressman's feed edges4 ,these should be marked plainly1 without chance of misunderstanding4 ,if they are not1 he should ask for directions4 ,one wrong cut will spoil the whole pile4 ,when a sheet is taken off a pile for examination or for any other purpose1 care should be observed that it is laid back again uniform with the other sheets4 ,a pile is easily disturbed in this manner either when swinging it over1 turning it around1 or rejogging1 if the utmost care and orderliness are not observed4 ,papers received from the mills or from dealers are not always trimmed squarely1 but have what is called a mill edge4 ,this edge is only approximately straight and the corners only apparently square4 ,for accurate work1 either in printing or in cutting1 one or two edges may need to be retrimmed on a paper cutter to get them straight and have a true corner4 ,the ultimate accuracy of the finished work will depend upon this proper trimming before the sheets are printed4 ,exact register and accurate trimming can be secured only by working from the same edges of the paper at every operation and the edges must be straight and squarely cut4 ,when the edges are thus trimmed they should be marked with a red crayon1 or in some similar manner1 in order to be readily identified at each handling4 ,a pile may be tested for squareness by jogging it in the cutter table against both the back gage and the side gage1 if the machine gages are themselves in perfect adjustment4 ,if it is difficult to see whether the sides of the pile are close against the gages at all points1 narrow strips of paper put between the pile and gages will show whether the pile touches the gages uniformly4 ,when cutting lithographed work or similar close-register printing1 where large sheets are apt to come with an irregular edge1 a small wooden block against the back gage or the side gage at points on the sheet where the original register guides of the press were placed1 will usually insure cutting on an accurate line with the printing4 ,in this manner the same points of contact as were used in the press feeding may be secured4 ,to cut a pile of paper in half1 fold over the top sheet and fold at the middle1 carefully matching the edges4 ,crease this fold distinctly and use the crease as a guide when the sheet is opened out and laid on the pile4 ,to cut into thirds or fifths it is better to measure the sheet exactly with a rule and make clear pencil marks at the points of cutting4 ,hand-made papers have rough1 uneven edges which are thicker than the rest of the sheet and1 therefore1 require particular care in jogging and clamping4 ,they should be handled in small piles4 ,gummed and varnished papers require special care even when perfectly dry1 but more so in a moist atmosphere4 ,varnished stock if it is very dry may nick the knife1 and a clean oily 7but not too oily7 swab run over the bevel of the knife before the cut will make a smoother1 safer cut4 ,it is not well to use soap on the knife1 especially on lithographic work4 ,freshly printed work which tends to offset on the next sheet may be cut where necessary by placing strips of reglet or thick card around the margin close to the line of the proposed cut1 so as to keep the pressure of the clamp off the printed matter4 ,tissue paper requires to be firmly clamped to cut accurately4 ,a clamping motion that will first exert a gentle pressure to squeeze the air out between the sheets and pack the pile down evenly all over and then apply a powerful pressure before the knife strikes the pile1 gives the best results4 ,accuracy is required in manifold duplicate work1 where absolute register must be made1 to secure the proper location of dollars in dollars columns and cents in cents columns4 ,the ruling and printing both depend entirely on the square and accurate cutting of the stock to secure proper register4 ,the cutting of waxed and oiled manifold stock1 if carefully jogged up1 is not difficult with the newer types of clamping mechanism1 especially on that type of cutting machine where the pressure of the automatic clamp is applied at first gently and then with maximum pressure1 similar to the hand-clamp4 ,to ,cut a ,pile into ,strips of ,equal ,width ,this is sometimes required to be done for a large quantity of stock and it is desirable to do it with economy of time and labor4 ,the obvious method is to first trim one edge of the stock1 then set the back gage to the required width and jog the pile up to it for each cut4 ,this method is usually accurate but requires a great deal of handling of the stock--almost three times as much as is necessary by some other methods4 ,the following methods require the pile of paper to be first trimmed with a true edge in order to jog it against the back gage1 and also with a true edge on the opposite or front side4 #a4 ,make a mark or place a thin paper sticker on the top surface of the front table the exact distance in front of the cutting edge of the knife to correspond with the required width of the strip4 ,place the pile of paper on the back table with a trimmed edge against the back gage4 ,move the gage forward so that the front edge of the pile comes to the mark on the front table4 ,make the cut4 ,repeat this until the pile is cut up4 ,this requires only one jogging of the pile into place4 #b4 ,same as the method just described1 except that a small hinged metal gage is used instead of a mark on the table4 ,this requires a special device4 ,the front flange of this device or gage may be slotted and fastened to the table by a thumbscrew4 ,the vertical angle part must be hinged to the part fixed to the table so that it can be swung upward and back far enough to leave the cut pile room to move forward on the table when the knife passes down through the pile4 #c4 ,use a hand automatic spacing device1 gage screw movement4 #d4 ,use a template placed on top of the pile4 ,run the clamp down to the pile1 place a card or fiber template on top of the pile in front of the clamp4 ,draw the pile forward until this front edge coincides with the front edge of the template4 ,make the cut and repeat the operation until the pile is cut up4 #e4 ,draw the front edge of the pile forward to dimension on the regular graduated rule set in the front table4 #f4 ,draw the pile forward the distance desired by reading the steel tape scale overhead1 or the dial1 or the graduation on the gage movement wheel4 #g4 ,use a hand automatic spacing device1 chain movement4 ,to ,cut a ,pile ,rectangular ,to trim a pile with perfectly true corners first jog its straightest edge against the back gage1 and make the first trim4 ,then jog this cut edge against the back gage and make the second trim1 keeping the pile away from the side gage4 ,this trimmed edge should be exactly parallel with the edge trimmed first4 ,then jog either of these cut edges against the side gage1 and push gently 7but do not jog7 to the back gage1 for distance4 ,this cut will be at exact right angles to the first and second4 ,turn the pile and make the last cut with the trimmed edge against the back gage keeping the pile away from the side gage4 ,do not try to jog a pile against both side gage and back gage at the same time1 for1 although these are at right angles1 the attempt to force a pile against both will slue the pile4 ,turn the pile on the table with the greatest care2 do not lift it between cuts or jog it vertically4 ,to test a pile for rectangularity1 turn part of it one-half way around and match the edges4 ,to ,square a ,pile ,first--,set the back gage about one-eighth inch further from the cutting edge of the knife than the desired dimension of the square4 ,the extra distance the back gage is set beyond the dimension of the square will depend upon the amount necessary to trim it to a true1 clean edge4 ,second--,jog an uncut edge of the pile against the back gage and make a clean trim4 ,third--,jog this clean trim against the side gage and just feel the back gage for distance4 ,this trim is at right angles to the first4 ,fourth--,now draw the back gage up to the exact dimension of the square desired4 ,fifth--,jog either of the clean trimmed edges against the back gage 7keep the pile away from the side gage74 ,this trims three sides4 ,sixth--,jog the pile against the back gage and trim the remaining uncut edge1 keeping the pile away from the side gage4 ,this completes the square4 ,to test a pile for squareness1 turn part of the pile one quarter way around and match the edges4 ,to ,cut ,unusual ,shapes ,any odd shapes having straight lines may be cut by the following method3 ,make a sample of the shape and size required2 then take a piece of ,no4 #gj strawboard a little larger than the pattern4 ,the board must be squared up1 and the odd-shaped card laid on it2 then put the two pieces under the clamp and adjust the strawboard against the back gage and the sample card even with the clamp in front2 then run the clamp down and draw a pencil line around the sample card on the strawboard4 ,a piece of wood can then be glued on to the strawboard along the pencil line at the back and another at the end4 ,if a bunch of cards is laid into this box gage and the board pushed up against the back gage of the machine1 a narrow strip of wood or board must be glued on the clamp right over the card1 so that a pressure may be secured on the stock4 ,this clamp-stick must1 of course1 fit into the box gage1 so that it will take up the difference in thickness between the pile of stock and the height of the box gage4 ,these gages may be made by means of a square and a pair of dividers1 as well as in the machine4 ,celluloid may be cut into narrow strips by using the method described above4 ,a sharp knife and rubber bands are all that are necessary4 ,trimming ,books ,a common error made by printers is to make up forms nearly the full measurement of the leaf1 thereby leaving the binder very little trim margin4 ,a standing rule of every printing and binding establishment should be to allow one-eighth of an inch trim margin for the fore-edge1 head1 and tail of all stitched tablets and quarter-bound cut-flush books4 ,all sewed books should have three-sixteenths of an inch for the fore-edge1 and one-eighth of an inch for the head and tail trim margins4 ,the trimming of letter-press work should be standardized1 so that paper-covered books are trimmed a trifle larger to permit a retrim when books are returned for a substantial cover4 ,to illustrate this1 a sheet #bd x #ch inches made up into thirty-two-page signatures1 when folded1 is #f x #i-a_/b inches4 ,the paper-covered books should be trimmed #e-g_/h x #i-a_/h inches2 one-eighth of an inch is trimmed off the head1 the balance off the tail1 while the fore-edge has one-eighth of an inch trim4 ,these books1 when returned for permanent covers1 as they frequently are1 have one-sixteenth of an inch trimmed off the head and tail2 and one-eighth of an inch off the fore-edge4 ,this gives the standard book size1 #e-c_/d x #i inches for the bound volume4 ,when the entire edition is to be bound with a permanent cover1 provision is made for three-sixteenths of an inch trim at the head4 ,this enables the printer to standardize forms without varying the head margins1 and gives the binder sufficient margin to trim inaccurately folded sheets4 ,to trim books on a cutting machine1 take as many as will make a pile about three inches high1 and jog at the head and back4 ,set the back gage the exact size to which the book is to be trimmed2 put the books in the machine with the head against the side and the back against the back gage4 ,run down the clamp1 provided the machine has a hand clamp2 an automatic or self-clamp requires nothing more than to pull the lever4 ,when the cut has been made and the machine stops1 remove the books and put to one side4 ,repeat this operation until all books are trimmed on the fore-edge and lay aside in piles with the backs out4 ,to trim the heads and tails1 fillers must be made to take up the thickness of the back4 ,cut strips of straw or binders' board about four inches wide2 glue them together2 fan out and press4 ,put the books in the machine with the heads against the back gage and the trimmed fore-edges against the side2 then lay the board filler on top in such a way that the fanned-out ends are sufficiently away from the back to permit an even pressure of the clamp on the books4 ,pull the lever1 and repeat the operation for subsequent books4 ,the filler can be glued to the clamp and the books put directly under it4 ,for the head1 the gage is set forward and the trimmed tail is placed against the back and side gage4 ,the board filler is placed on top in the same manner as above described and the operation continued4 ,on thin books the board filler may be dispensed with by reversing the backs of the books alternately1 so as to distribute the thickness of the back on both sides of the pile4 ,if there are two splits in the back gage1 i4e41 if it is a three-part back gage1 set the center for trimming the fore-edge1 the left for trimming the tail1 and the right end for the head4 ,this1 however1 should be done only when the quantity to be trimmed justifies it4 ,when the back gage is set1 tighten the thumbscrew with the hand4 ,to guard against the marking of the book by the pressure of the clamp1 cut a piece of binders' board somewhat larger than the width of the clamp face and glue it on the clamp4 ,waste leaves should be placed on the top and bottom of enameled or glazed stock to keep it clean4 ,to trim quarter-bound cut-flush tablets or pads which are bound two or more on a sheet1 as in the case of receipts1 trim the fore-edges1 cut all the tails alike1 then the heads4 ,the knife should cut against the back4 ,in making up books to be bound two or more on1 one-fourth of an inch trim must be provided for1 to clear the bevel caused by the knife4 ,this is provided for if books are made up with one-eighth of an inch trim for the head and tail4 ,thick books can be bound two or more on until the stitching is completed4 ,then cut apart and proceed with the rest of the binding in the regular way4 ,blank books are trimmed so that the standard sizes are reduced one-fourth of an inch for the length and three-sixteenths of an inch for the width4 ,the paper for a medium book is #ah x #bc inches2 when folded1 #aa-a_/b x #ah inches4 ,if such standard sizes are adopted the work of forwarding is greatly facilitated1 as cases and boards can be made in advance without fear of the books being trimmed too large4 ,in trimming spring-back account-books1 sewed straight or on guards1 the fore-ends are trimmed1 then forwarded until the books are in straps4 ,sharp knives are indispensable in trimming books which are concave on the fore-edge4 ,deep rounds should be filled in with waste paper to prevent the top sections and the back from breaking4 ,board fillers are always laid on top and the book placed so that the knife will cut against the back4 ,brochures with extended cover should have the stock first cut to size of cover before printing1 and sufficient extra stock allowed for an all-round trim of the inset after1 especially at the fore-edge where after folding in sections the inner sheets are apt to bulge forward4 ,the printer should know how much will be taken off in the after trim to enable him to allow uniform widths of margin4 ,after a job is bound1 the cutting machine cannot remedy any defect of edges4 ,paper ,cuttings and ,waste ,cuttings and waste may be disposed of by throwing them into a large bag attached to or placed near the machine4 ,when filled1 this can be taken away and another substituted4 ,throwing waste on the floor should not be tolerated4 ,it is untidy1 costs time and labor to gather up1 and is dangerous4 ,a light box on wheels is also a good plan for caring for waste of this kind4 ,in some places where there is a great deal of trimming1 a chute in the floor next to the machine provides a convenient method of disposing of waste from a number of machines4 ,this chute leads into a large bin or baling machine below1 from which the material is carted away4 ,the worth of a paper-cutter operator can be measured by an examination of the waste cuttings4 ,a careless operator can waste a large sum of money in a year4 ,many persons make a good living from the waste paper of large printing and binding plants by buying it at a nominal price and selling it again at a considerable advance4 ,there is unavoidable waste1 of course1 but there is often a great deal of unnecessary trimming4 ,when the necessary trimming runs up into hundreds and thousands of pounds1 as it does in all large plants1 it is worthy of notice1 especially when it is realized that this waste has been paid for at the same rate per pound as the stock that is actually used4 ,some printers and binders sort and bale their waste and dispose of it so as to make a considerable saving1 but few understand how a little care and system can be made to return a good profit4 ,there is another waste1 sometimes far greater in amount1 caused by the careless cutting of stock4 ,a thoughtless operator will often try to save ten minutes by hasty calculation and then waste stock through inaccurate cutting that costs several dollars4 ,in some binderies the operator is instructed to sort his trimmings according to the kind of stock2 that is1 clean white edge trimmings kept by themselves are worth more than when mixed with miscellaneous colored trimmings4 ,by having two or more bins at hand into which these different kinds can be thrown as they come from the knife the sorting can be done without extra handling4 ,an intelligent inspection1 segregation and saving of the waste cuttings will well repay the effort4 ,the larger pieces of waste can be kept for pads or other use4 ,white stock should be kept separate from colored and where the quantity will warrant the cost1 all waste should be baled in a baling press4 ,depreciation of a ,paper-,cutting ,machine ,deterioration takes place in a paper-cutting machine chiefly in the knife1 friction clutch1 driving-shaft bearings1 knife-bar guide ways1 and knife pull-down connection4 ,depreciation in the entire machine occurs rapidly when it is not kept oiled1 adjusted1 and clean4 ,neglected bearings which run dry are ruined in a short time4 ,the times for the daily oilings and weekly cleaning and polishing should be fixed and faithfully attended to4 ,on modern machines the worn knife and the friction-clutch bearings may be easily replaced or repaired4 ,knife-bar guide ways and the guide slot for the back gage are made with adjustments for taking up wear1 for which the maker will give correct instructions on request4 ,the knife-bar pull-down connections are not so easily corrected for wear1 and the simpler and more direct these connections are1 and the fewer slots and rolls1 pins1 etc41 the better4 ,the general design of the machine also affects its value1 especially if it is not adapted for the addition of improvements or attachments for increasing its production4 ,the depreciation that comes from natural evolution due to the constant effort by machine makers to render their product more efficient1 and the impossibility of attaching to the older machines new and improved devices1 is more serious for two reasons3 first1 that it is apt to be overlooked by the owner2 second1 because of the greater cost of operating the machine1 as compared to one of a later and improved design with attachments especially adapted to the particular work in each case1 which in some cases permit three1 four1 five1 and six times as much work being produced as can be obtained on a machine not so equipped4 ,a well designed and built paper-cutting machine will last with care nearly half a century4 ,the prudent manager1 however1 will find he is obliged to discard most of the machines of various kinds in his plant in much less than twenty years in order to keep pace with the newer shops starting with the advantage of later-designed machines4 ,,suggestions ,,to ,,students ,,and ,,instructors ,the following questions1 based on the contents of this pamphlet1 are intended to serve 7#a7 as a guide to the study of the text1 7#b7 as an aid to the student in putting the information contained into definite statements without actually memorizing the text1 7#c7 as a means of securing from the student a reproduction of the information in his own words4 ,a careful following of the questions by the reader will insure full acquaintance with every part of the text1 avoiding the accidental omission of what might be of value4 ,these primers are so condensed that nothing should be omitted4 ,in teaching from these books it is very important that these questions and such others as may occur to the teacher should be made the basis of frequent written work1 and of final examinations4 ,the importance of written work cannot be overstated4 ,it not only assures knowledge of material but the power to express that knowledge correctly and in good form4 ,if this written work can be submitted to the teacher in printed form it will be doubly useful4 ,,review ,,questions #a4 ,for what is a paper cutting machine used8 #b4 ,how does it increase printing output8 #c4 ,what is its great importance8 #d4 ,what were the first methods of cutting paper1 or its earlier substitutes8 #e4 ,how were piles of paper first cut8 #f4 ,how was the process improved8 #g4 ,describe the development of cutting machines down to ,samuel ,r4 ,brown's invention4 #h4 ,describe that invention4 #i4 ,give the lines of evolution of the cutting machine4 #aj4 ,what are the characteristics of the best paper-cutting machines8 #aa4 ,describe a plough and press cutter4 #ab4 ,describe a card cutter4 #ac4 ,describe a hand lever cutter4 #ad4 ,what are the differences between hand and power cutters1 and what are the advantages of the latter8 #ae4 ,describe two forms of hand-clamp power cutters4 #af4 ,what do automatic clamp machines do8 #ag4 ,how is an automatic power cutter operated8 #ah4 ,how is continuous running effected8 #ai4 ,for what are vertical stroke machines used8 #bj4 ,what results from the great power needed to operate cutting machines8 #ba4 ,give some idea of the amount of power needed for these machines4 #bb4 ,what is the most important part of the machine and why8 #bc4 ,how do these parts vary8 #bd4 ,how can you judge the temper of a knife8 #be4 ,how can you tell whether a knife has a correct face8 #bf4 ,how should you hone a knife8 #bg4 ,what is the rule for the length of the bevel on knives8 #bh4 ,how is this rule modified by stock8 #bi4 ,what can you say of the face of the knife8 #cj4 ,what is desirable in the thickness of the knife8 #ca4 ,what precaution should be taken as to the setting of the knife8 #cb4 ,what should you look at if the work is not cut true8 #cc4 ,tell all you can about grinding knives4 #cd4 ,tell all you can about the use of the hone4 #ce4 ,what causes are liable to prevent the proper seating of the knife1 and what is the result of improper seating8 #cf4 ,how can the best knives be obtained1 and why8 #cg4 ,how is the paper held in place8 #ch4 ,describe the mechanism used4 #ci4 ,what is the relation of the power exerted by the operator to the power obtained at the clamp8 #dj4 ,what was the characteristic of the first automatic clamp cutting machines1 and how have they been improved8 #da4 ,describe the cutting stick and its substitutes4 #db4 ,what is the back gage1 and how does it work8 #dc4 ,mention some improvements which have been made on the back gage4 #dd4 ,how is the distance of the back gage read in hand-operated gages8 #de4 ,describe an appliance for reading the movement of a back gage operated by power4 #df4 ,what contrivances are in use for cutting at any time duplicates of a given job8 #dg4 ,how is the back gage locked8 #dh4 ,how may piles of different widths be cut at the same time8 #di4 ,what device is used on the larger sizes of cutting machines8 #ej4 ,what special devices have been applied to the back gage to increase production8 #ea4 ,how is the width of the cut measured8 #eb4 ,describe some modern patented spacing devices1 and tell what they accomplish4 #ec4 ,what is a clamp face8 #ed4 ,what is a snake gage8 #ee4 ,what special contrivance is used for large pamphlets1 etc41 and for what purpose8 #ef4 ,what safety devices are required by some states8 #eg4 ,what five methods of applying power are in use8 #eh4 ,give the four great rules for the care of the machines4 #ei4 ,what advice is given about adjustment1 stroke of the knife1 pressure of the clamp1 use of oil8 #fj4 ,what is the right time to jog stock1 and why8 #fa4 ,how should you oil the parts above the table8 #fb4 ,how can you make the stock handle easier8 #fc4 ,how can you keep stock clean8 #fd4 ,what wrenches should be used and why8 #fe4 ,what things should be done periodically8 #ff4 ,what does a cutter operator need to work with1 and how should he care for them8 #fg4 ,what can you say about belts8 #fh4 ,how should you care for waste1 especially when oily8 #fi4 ,how should you use oil8 #gj4 ,what is the best sort of oil8 #ga4 ,upon what three things does the character of the cutting depend1 and why8 #gb4 ,how may accidents be prevented8 #gc4 ,how is time consumed in cutting stock8 #gd4 ,how can labor saving be accomplished8 #ge4 ,what safety rule applies to cutting8 #gf4 ,why is a sharp knife an economy8 #gg4 ,how can you keep the machine clean and bright8 #gh4 ,how should you care for the clamp strap ways8 #gi4 ,what care should be taken of the friction brake band8 #hj4 ,how can you prevent rust8 #ha4 ,how can you keep the gage screw wheel graduation true8 #hb4 ,give the four devices which safeguard the knife4 #hc4 ,what are the things to study in handling stock8 #hd4 ,what can you say about each of these things8 #he4 ,what are the causes of inaccurate cutting when the machine is in good order8 #hf4 ,what care should be taken in piling sheets8 #hg4 ,what precaution is necessary in cutting printed sheets8 #hh4 ,what is a mill edge and what does it require8 #hi4 ,how can exact register and accurate trimming be secured8 #ij4 ,how may a pile be tested for squareness8 #ia4 ,what device is used in cutting lithographed work and the like8 #ib4 ,how can you cut stock in certain fixed portions8 #ic4 ,what peculiarity have hand-made papers8 #id4 ,what precautions are needed with gummed and varnished stock8 #ie4 ,what precaution is desirable in the cutting of freshly printed stock8 #if4 ,give several methods of cutting a pile into strips of equal width4 #ig4 ,how can you cut a pile rectangular8 #ih4 ,what are the processes for squaring a pile8 #ii4 ,how can you test a pile for squareness8 #ajj4 ,what care has to be used in cutting tissue paper8 #aja4 ,how can waxed and oiled manifold stock be managed8 #ajb4 ,what additional margins should be left on book pages for trimming after they are bound8 #ajc4 ,describe the operation of trimming books on a cutting machine4 #ajd4 ,how are quarter bound cut-flush pads or tablets trimmed8 #aje4 ,how are blank books trimmed8 #ajf4 ,how are spring-back account books trimmed8 #ajg4 ,how are brochures with extended covers trimmed8 #ajh4 ,what should be done with cuttings and waste8 #aji4 ,by what can you measure the worth of a paper-cutter operator8 #aaj4 ,how would you apply the test8 #aaa4 ,how can waste be prevented1 or waste paper utilized8 #aab4 ,where does a paper-cutting machine naturally show special wear8 #aac4 ,what other consideration affects the value of a machine8 #aad4 ,how does the invention of improved machines affect the value of old-style machines8 #aae4 ,how long should a good paper cutter last8 ,,glossary ,,of ,,terms ,,used ,,automatic ,,clamping--,means that the clamp descends upon any height pile and produces approximately the same clamping pressure for all heights and all kinds of material4 ,among the methods for producing this pressure for automatic clamping are devices which employ friction discs turned only one way by ratchets which produce the maximum pressure with the least expenditure of power2 friction discs or friction plungers worked forward and reverse2 surfaces sometimes combined with wedge-shaped ways for producing a resultant pressure from the knife2 weights1 oil and hydraulic and air plungers2 springs1 climbing gears and weights1 etc4 ,,back ,,gage--,a movable device against which the paper is placed for measuring the size of the sheet to be cut4 ,,brake1 ,,automatic ,,friction--,generally a band with a lining which grips automatically the outside of a wheel fastened to the driving gear and stops it promptly after every cut when the knife rises to the top4 ,,chug--,the action of the knife that results from lost motion in the parts connecting the knife-bar to the parts that operate it4 ,chug is caused1 first1 by the looseness of fitting necessary to permit the parts to operate without heating1 and second1 by wear of these parts4 ,chug dulls knives and spoils stock and makes expense for grinding1 sharpening1 and knife replacement4 ,,clamp--,the part that presses the work firmly on the table to hold it while being cut4 ,,clamp1 ,,one ,,piece--,means a single casting used both for marking 7or gaging7 the stock where the knife is going to cut and also for pressing the pile to hold it4 ,,clamp ,,dwell1 ,,long--,means that the clamp is held down a little longer upon the pile after the knife has cut1 so as to allow the knife to rise to a safe height before the clamp is released4 ,this prevents the knife rippling up the sheets on the return motion and disturbing the pile4 ,,clamp ,,face--,a removable flat steel plate fastened underneath across the clamp fingers to prevent the indenting of soft stock4 ,,clamping1 ,,automatic ,,pressure ,,adjustment--,a device for varying the holding pressure easily and instantly for different kinds of work4 ,,clutch1 ,,friction ,,driving--,an improvement over the jaw clutch1 because instead of starting the machine with a jar1 it permits gradual engagement of the power4 ,,counterbalance ,,weight ,,for ,,knife-,,bar--,a safety device which1 through constant and dependable action of gravity1 always tends to keep the knife from dropping4 ,,cutting ,,sticks--,a wood or soft metal piece inserted in the table1 on which the knife edge strikes2 in shape usually square1 but sometimes round and rotatable by hand or power to present fresh surfaces after a number of cuts4 ,,double-,,shear ,,stroke--,means there are three motions taking place at the same time2 first1 the downward motion through the pile2 second1 the single shear motion across the face of the pile2 and third1 the double-shear motion which means that the cutting edge starts to cut higher at one side than the other and by rocking approximates parallel when it reaches the bottom of the cut at the table4 ,the double-shear cuts more like a pair of scissors1 the knife edge entering each sheet at its side and gradually cutting across it4 ,its advantages are less power required to cut1 less strain on the machine and the knife1 a more perfectly cut edge and a smoother face to the pile4 ,see ,fig4 #aj1 ,page #ah4 ,,duplicating ,,devices1 ,,automatic--,see ,spacing ,devices4 ,,gage ,,movement1 ,,cable--,a steel wire cable wound around a drum which when revolved pulls the back gage forward or backward4 ,,gage ,,movement1 ,,chain--,a connection for operating the back gage to and fro2 principally used with automatic spacing devices4 ,,gage ,,movement1 ,,power--,a friction drive variable speed connection from the main driving shaft to move the back gage forward and backward4 ,,gage ,,movement1 ,,screw ,,and ,,hand ,,wheel--,this is used on the simpler1 cheaper styles of cutting machine devices4 ,it is slower than the cable device1 but more reliable4 ,,gage ,,movement1 ,,automatic ,,spacing ,,device--,this quickly moves the back gage and the pile forward a given distance without measuring for each cut1 thus largely increasing production4 ,,grease ,,cups--,receptacles with a screw top containing lubricating grease1 which is forced a little at a time upon the bearing when the screw top is turned1 or which starts to melt and flow if the bearing warms4 ,,grooved ,,table--,means slight rounded depressions lengthwise in the back table in which the back gage fingers travel1 extending slightly below the table surface to catch the lowest sheets and prevent them from wedging under the back gage4 ,,hand ,,clamping ,,wheel--,is generally connected to the clamp by a worm and gears 7or directly by a screw74 ,a force of one pound exerted on its rim holds the work with about one hundred and fifty pounds pressure and correspondingly more for each additional pound4 ,,indicator--,generally a steel ribbon ruled to sixteenths of an inch1 reading the distance from the front face of the back gage to the cutting edge of the knife4 ,,interlocking ,,clamp ,,and ,,back ,,gage 7also called fingered clamp and fingered back gage7--,recesses in the clamp permit projections on the back gage to push the work farther forward than if both clamp and back gage were solid and the clamp of sufficient width to hold the stock firmly4 ,,jog--,to jog a pile against the gage is to strike it with a blow just sufficient to bring every sheet in the pile so that it touches the gage and in the same relative location with each other if all the margins are uniform4 ,,knife--,a piece of tempered tool steel about one-half the width and thickness of the whole blade1 forged into a piece of less expensive soft steel1 in which holes can be drilled more easily for the bolts that hold it to the knife bar4 ,,knife ,,adjustment--,devices for lowering the knife-bar to compensate for the wear of the knife and for tilting it in case the knife edge is ground out of level4 ,,knife-,,bar--,a rigid carrier for the knife4 ,the best style takes the down thrust and side thrust of the knife directly upon a solid shoulder planed in it1 instead of the knife back abutting against the points of adjusting screws4 ,,knife-,,bar ,,motion--,a mechanical way of imitating the action of a draw shave in pulling down the knife4 ,the nearer it is to the hand method1 the more simple and successful it is4 ,rods connected to each end of the knife-bar and pulled down by simple cranks at each end approach nearest to the method of human hands4 ,,lift--,the pile of paper or other stock cut and handled at one time4 ,,marker--,a part of the clamp on some machines1 separate from the pressing part1 that may be pulled down by a treadle to show where the knife is going to cut4 ,,motor ,,bracket--,a support attached to one side or top of the cutter to which the electric driving motor is firmly bolted4 ,,oil ,,boxes--,channels containing oily waste which allows the oil to seep slowly upon the bearing4 ,,oil ,,cups--,an oil feeding device requiring careful attention4 ,,plain ,,clamp ,,and ,,back ,,gage--,the under face of the clamp is a solid broad surface without any recesses2 consequently the back gage has no projections but is simply a solid smooth front4 ,,pilot ,,clamping ,,wheel--,a wheel with handles projecting from the rim to give a firmer grasp4 ,,power ,,attachments--,for hand-power cutters4 ,these may be put only on machines designed and built originally for them4 ,,safety ,,bolt 7,,lock ,,stop7--,a steel bar which must be unlocked each time before the machine can make a cut4 ,,side ,,gages--,flat guides bolted to each side of the table1 front and back1 accurately set at right angles to the knife and the table1 against which the stock may be set to cut square4 ,,single-,,shear ,,stroke--,the stroke of a knife which has a side-wise motion at the same time that it descends1 with its edge always parallel with the table top4 ,the single-shear cuts the entire width of each sheet at the same time all through the pile4 ,,solid ,,knocker ,,for ,,throw-,,out--,this is a part solidly fastened to the shaft 7or gear7 making one revolution for each cut of the knife and that throws the clutch out positively and puts on the brake throwing in the safety bolt after every stroke of the knife4 ,,spacing ,,devices1 ,,automatic--,see ,gage ,movement1 ,automatic ,spacing ,device4 ,,starting ,,bar--,a rod extending clear across the front of the larger size of the machines to start and stop the machines4 ,,starting ,,levers--,preferably two1 one at each side1 on medium size machines1 to start and stop the machines4 ,,table--,a slab of metal upon which the stock is laid and handled for cutting4 ,,table1 ,,front ,,side ,,extensions--,wings bolted on the front table upon which work may be handled before and after cut without having to turn around4 ,,toggling ,,crank--,a device on hand-lever cutters that increases the power as knife goes down and eliminates jumping on the lever to get the knife down through the lower part of the cut4 ,,treadle1 ,,foot 7for clamping7--,a convenience which leaves the operator's two hands free to handle the work while locating the line of the cut by pulling down the clamp with foot treadle4 ,,vertical ,,stroke--,an attachment for shear or double-shear stroke cutting machines which brings the knife down vertically1 instead of side-ways4 ,it is used with knives of a special shape to cut irregular or fancy edges or to pink cloth samples4 ,see ,fig4 #i1 page #ag4 ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices ,the following list of publications1 comprising the ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices1 has been prepared under the supervision of the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america for use in trade classes1 in courses of printing instruction1 and by individuals4 ,each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors1 and carefully edited1 the purpose being to provide the printers of the ,united ,states--employers1 journeymen1 and apprentices--with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable1 up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft1 all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study4 ,the publications of the series are of uniform size1 #e x #h inches4 ,their general make-up1 in typography1 illustrations1 etc41 has been1 as far as practicable1 kept in harmony throughout4 ,a brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list4 ,each topic is treated in a concise manner1 the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject4 ,care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear1 with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study4 ,wherever practicable1 simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text4 ,in order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction1 each title is accompanied by a list of ,review ,questions covering essential items of the subject matter4 ,a short ,glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books4 ,these are the ,official ,text-books of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america4 ,address all orders and inquiries to ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america1 ,,chicago1 ,,illinois1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series for ,,apprentices ,,part ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,machines1 and ,materials #a4 ,type3 a ,primer of ,information ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,relating to the mechanical features of printing types2 their sizes1 font schemes1 etc41 with a brief description of their manufacture4 #dd pp42 illustrated2 #gd review questions2 glossary4 #b4 ,compositors' ,tools and ,materials ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about composing sticks1 galleys1 leads1 brass rules1 cutting and mitering machines1 etc4 #dg pp42 illustrated2 #ej review questions2 glossary4 #c4 ,type ,cases1 ,composing ,room ,furniture ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about type cases1 work stands1 cabinets1 case racks1 galley racks1 standing galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42 illustrated2 #cc review questions2 glossary4 #d4 ,imposing ,tables and ,lock-up ,appliances ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press1 including some modern utilities for special purposes4 #ei pp42 illustrated2 #gj review questions2 glossary4 #e4 ,proof ,presses ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers' proofs4 #dj pp42 illustrated2 #da review questions2 glossary4 #f4 ,platen ,printing ,presses ,by ,daniel ,baker ,a primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses1 from the original hand press to the modern job press1 to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size4 #ea pp42 illustrated2 #di review questions2 glossary4 #g4 ,cylinder ,printing ,presses ,by ,herbert ,l4 ,baker ,being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines4 #fd pp42 illustrated2 #dg review questions2 glossary4 #h4 ,mechanical ,feeders and ,folders ,by ,william ,e4 ,spurrier ,the history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines2 with hints on their care and adjustments4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #i4 ,power for ,machinery in ,printing ,houses ,by ,carl ,f4 ,scott ,a treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery1 with particular reference to electric drive4 #ec pp42 illustrated2 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #aj4 ,paper ,cutting ,machines ,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4 ,a primer of information about paper and card trimmers1 hand-lever cutters1 power cutters1 and other automatic machines for cutting paper4 #gj pp42 illustrated2 #aae review questions2 glossary4 #aa4 ,printers' ,rollers ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the composition1 manufacture1 and care of inking rollers4 #df pp42 illustrated2 #fa review questions2 glossary4 #ab4 ,printing ,inks ,by ,philip ,ruxton ,their composition1 properties and manufacture 7reprinted by permission from ,circular ,no4 #ec1 ,united ,states ,bureau of ,standards72 together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 #ac4 ,how ,paper is ,made ,by ,william ,bond ,wheelwright ,a primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing4 #fh pp42 illustrated2 #fb review questions2 glossary4 #ad4 ,relief ,engravings ,brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving3 woodcut1 zinc plate1 halftone2 kind of copy for reproduction2 things to remember when ordering engravings4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ae4 ,electrotyping and ,stereotyping ,by ,harris ,b4 ,hatch and ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping4 #id pp42 illustrated2 #abi review questions2 glossaries4 ,,part ,,ii--,hand and ,machine ,composition #af4 ,typesetting ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook for beginners1 giving information about justifying1 spacing1 correcting1 and other matters relating to typesetting4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ag4 ,printers' ,proofs ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,the methods by which they are made1 marked1 and corrected1 with observations on proofreading4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ah4 ,first ,steps in ,job ,composition ,by ,camille ,de,veze ,suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs1 especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee review questions2 glossary4 #ai4 ,general ,job ,composition ,how the job compositor handles business stationery1 programs and miscellaneous work4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bj4 ,book ,composition ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell ,chapters from ,de ,vinne's ,modern ,methods of ,book ,composition1 revised and arranged for this series of text-books by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell of ,the ,de ,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,part ,i3 ,composition of pages4 ,part ,,ii3 ,imposition of pages4 #bbi pp42 illustrated2 #ebe review questions2 glossary4 #ba4 ,tabular ,composition ,by ,robert ,seaver ,a study of the elementary forms of table composition1 with examples of more difficult composition4 #hf pp42 examples2 #de review questions4 #bb4 ,applied ,arithmetic ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,sheldon ,elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade1 calculation of materials1 paper weights and sizes1 with standard tables and rules for computation1 each subject amplified with examples and exercises4 #aei pp4 #bc4 ,typecasting and ,composing ,machines ,a4 ,w4 ,finlay1 ,editor ,section ,i--,the ,linotype ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,hornstein ,section ,,ii--,the ,monotype ,by ,joseph ,hays ,section ,,iii--,the ,intertype ,by ,henry ,w4 ,cozzens ,section ,,iv--,other ,typecasting and ,typesetting ,machines ,by ,frank ,h4 ,smith ,a brief history of typesetting machines1 with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iii--,imposition and ,stonework #bd4 ,locking ,forms for the ,job ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms1 and about general work on the stone4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #be4 ,preparing ,forms for the ,cylinder ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,pamphlet and catalog imposition2 margins2 fold marks1 etc4 ,methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iv--,presswork #bf4 ,making ,ready on ,platen ,presses ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,the essential parts of a press and their functions2 distinctive features of commonly used machines4 ,preparing the tympan1 regulating the impression1 underlaying and overlaying1 setting gauges1 and other details explained4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bg4 ,cylinder ,presswork ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,preparing the press2 adjustment of bed and cylinder1 form rollers1 ink fountain1 grippers and delivery systems4 ,underlaying and overlaying2 modern overlay methods4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bh4 ,pressroom ,hints and ,helps ,by ,charles ,l4 ,dunton ,describing some practical methods of pressroom work1 with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf review questions4 #bi4 ,reproductive ,processes of the ,graphic ,arts ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson ,a primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief1 the intaglio1 and the planographic processes of printing4 #hd pp42 illustrated2 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,v--,pamphlet and ,book ,binding #cj4 ,pamphlet ,binding ,by ,bancroft ,l4 ,goodwin ,a primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ca4 ,book ,binding ,by ,john ,j4 ,pleger ,practical information about the usual operations in binding books3 folding1 gathering1 collating1 sewing1 forwarding1 finishing4 ,case making and cased-in books4 ,hand work and machine work4 ,job and blank-book binding4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,vi--,correct ,literary ,composition #cb4 ,word ,study and ,english ,grammar ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about words1 their relations1 and their uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review questions2 glossary4 #cc4 ,punctuation ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use1 both grammatically and typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review questions2 glossary4 #cd4 ,capitals ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about capitalization1 with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review questions2 glossary4 #ce4 ,division of ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,rules for the division of words at the ends of lines1 with remarks on spelling1 syllabication and pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review questions4 #cf4 ,compound ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a study of the principles of compounding1 the components of compounds1 and the use of the hyphen4 #cd pp42 #fb review questions4 #cg4 ,abbreviations and ,signs ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about abbreviations and signs1 with classified lists of those in most common use4 #eh pp42 #cb review questions4 #ch4 ,the ,uses of ,italic ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters4 #ca pp42 #cg review questions4 #ci4 ,proofreading ,by ,arnold ,levitas ,the technical phases of the proofreader's work2 reading1 marking1 revising1 etc42 methods of handling proofs and copy4 ,illustrated by examples4 #ei pp42 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #dj4 ,preparation of ,printers' ,copy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,suggestions for authors1 editors1 and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room4 #cf pp42 #fg review questions4 #da4 ,printers' ,manual of ,style ,a reference compilation of approved rules1 usages1 and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations1 numerals1 and kindred features of composition4 #db4 ,the ,printer's ,dictionary ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing1 alphabetically arranged4 ,technical terms explained4 ,illustrated4 ,,part ,,vii--,design1 ,color1 and ,lettering #dc4 ,applied ,design for ,printers ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a handbook of the principles of arrangement1 with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing4 ,treats of harmony1 balance1 proportion1 and rhythm2 motion2 symmetry and variety2 ornament1 esthetic and symbolic4 #cg illustrations2 #df review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dd4 ,elements of ,typographic ,design ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,applications of the principles of decorative design4 ,building material of typography3 paper1 types1 ink1 decorations and illustrations4 ,handling of shapes4 ,design of complete book1 treating each part4 ,design of commercial forms and single units4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #de4 ,rudiments of ,color in ,printing ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,use of color3 for decoration of black and white1 for broad poster effect1 in combinations of two1 three1 or more printings with process engravings4 ,scientific nature of color1 physical and chemical4 ,terms in which color may be discussed3 hue1 value1 intensity4 ,diagrams in color1 scales and combinations4 ,color theory of process engraving4 ,experiments with color4 ,illustrations in full color1 and on various papers4 ,review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #df4 ,lettering in ,typography ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,printer's use of lettering3 adaptability and decorative effect4 ,development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design4 ,classification of general forms in lettering4 ,application of design to lettering4 ,drawing for reproduction4 ,fully illustrated2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dg4 ,typographic ,design in ,advertising ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,the printer's function in advertising4 ,precepts upon which advertising is based4 ,printer's analysis of his copy4 ,emphasis1 legibility1 attention1 color4 ,method of studying advertising typography4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dh4 ,making ,dummies and ,layouts ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a layout3 the architectural plan4 ,a dummy3 the imitation of a proposed final effect4 ,use of dummy in sales work4 ,use of layout4 ,function of layout man4 ,binding schemes for dummies4 ,dummy envelopes4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 ,,part ,,viii--,history of ,printing #di4 ,books ,before ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of book-making up to the invention of movable types4 #fb pp42 illustrated2 #fd review questions4 #ej4 ,the ,invention of ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about4 #fd pp42 #fb review questions4 #ea4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,i ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the beginnings of printing1 the development of the book1 the development of printers' materials1 and the work of the great pioneers4 #fc pp42 #ee review questions4 #eb4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,,ii ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from #adej to #aghi1 including government regulations1 censorship1 internal conditions and industrial relations4 #id pp42 #abh review questions4 #ec4 ,printing in ,england ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a short history of printing in ,england from ,caxton to the present time4 #hi pp42 #fe review questions4 #ed4 ,printing in ,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the development of the newspaper1 and some notes on publishers who have especially contributed to printing4 #ih pp42 #hd review questions4 #ee4 ,type and ,presses in ,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press building in the ,united ,states4 #eb pp42 #fa review questions4 ,,part ,,ix--,cost ,finding and ,accounting #ef4 ,elements of ,cost in ,printing ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,a primer of information about all the elements that contribute to the cost of printing and their relation to each other4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eg4 ,use of a ,cost ,system ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eh4 ,the ,printer as a ,merchant ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing4 ,the relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished product4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #ei4 ,fundamental ,principles of ,estimating ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the estimator and his work2 forms to use2 general rules for estimating4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fj4 ,estimating and ,selling ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,an insight into the methods used in making estimates1 and their relation to selling4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fa4 ,accounting for ,printers ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,a brief outline of an accounting system for printers2 necessary books and accessory records4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 ,,part ,x--,miscellaneous #fb4 ,health1 ,sanitation1 and ,safety ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,hygiene in the printing trade2 a study of conditions old and new2 practical suggestions for improvement2 protective appliances and rules for safety4 #fc4 ,topical ,index ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a book of reference covering the topics treated in the ,typographic ,technical ,series1 alphabetically arranged4 #fd4 ,courses of ,study ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a guidebook for teachers1 with outlines and suggestions for classroom and shop work4 ,,acknowledgment ,this series of ,typographic ,text-books is the result of the splendid co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the printing business and its allied industries in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america1 under whose auspices the books have been prepared and published1 acknowledges its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors1 printers1 and others identified with this work4 ,while due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those contributing to each book1 the ,committee nevertheless felt that a group list of co-operating firms would be of interest4 ,the following list is not complete1 as it includes only those who have co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes1 constituting the first printing4 ,as soon as the entire list of books comprising the ,typographic ,technical ,series has been completed 7which the ,committee hopes will be at an early date71 the full list will be printed in each volume4 ,the ,committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many subscribers to this ,series who have patiently awaited its publication4 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america4 ,,henry ,p4 ,,porter1 ,chairman1 ,e4 ,,lawrence ,,fell1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbrenner1 ,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1 ,,toby ,,rubovits4 ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4 ,,contributors ,for ,composition and ,electrotypes ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blanchard ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cushing ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,de ,,vinne ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,winter-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,,franklin ,,printing ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,stephen ,,greene ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,printing ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mccalla ,,co4 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york4 ,,the ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,edward ,,stern ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,stone ,,printing ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,traphagen1 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,,the ,,university ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,for ,composition ,,boston ,,typothetae ,,school ,,of ,,printing1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,kalkhoff ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,,oxford-,,print1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,electrotypes ,,blomgren ,,brothers ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,flower ,,steel ,,electrotyping ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,peters ,,son ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,whitcomb ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,for ,engravings ,,american ,,type ,,founders ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell ,,sons ,,co41 ,westerly1 ,r4,i4 ,,golding ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,franklin1 ,mass4 ,,harvard ,,university1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inland ,,printer ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,lanston ,,monotype ,,machine ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mergenthaler ,,linotype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald ,,publishing ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,,the ,,printing ,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,rising ,,paper ,,company1 ,housatonic1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,vandercook ,,press1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,book ,paper ,,american ,,writing ,,paper ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,west ,,virginia ,,pulp ,,paper ,,co41 ,mechanicville1 ,n4,y4