,,woodcraft ,by ,e4 ,h4 ,,kreps         
,publi%$ by ,,peltries ,,publi%+ ,,co4  
,incorporat$ #ga ,w4 #bc;d ,/reet1 ,new 
,york  ,copyright #aiai by ,peltries    
,publi%+ ,co41 ,inc4  ,,preface4  ,elm] 
,h4 ,kreps 0 born 9 ,union c\nty1 ,pa41 
9 #ahhj4 ,at t "t l>ge & small game ( ! 
v>i\s species common to ,c5tral         
,p5nsylvania 0 pl5tiful 9 ! neighborhood
 ( 8 home4 ,f 8 e>ly boyhood he took a  
great int]e/ 9 hunt+ & trapp+4 ,z he    
grew old] he visit$ v>i\s p>ts ( !      
,unit$ ,/ates & ,canada1 & be+ a ke5    
obs]v]1 pick$ up a va/ am\nt ( in=mation
 ab\t life 9 ! woods & fields4  ,mr4    
,kreps has writt5 _m articles on v>i\s  
subjects connect$ ) hunt+ & trapp+ & ?is
 little booklet is a collection (       
,woodcraft articles f 8 p54 ,mr4 ,kreps 
is an accompli%$ arti/ z well z writ]1 &
 ! illu/rations 9 ,woodcraft are        
reproduc$ f 8 sket*es4  ,we feel sure t 
?is collection ( articles w prove (     
value to _m m5 & boys :o are int]e/$ 9  
liv+ 9 ! woods & no "o w be m happy ?an 

,mr4 ,kreps if 8 "w helps bright5 ! life
 ( trapp]s & hunt]s1 9 :om he is always 
int]e/$4    ,,editor ,,fur ,,news4      
,,build+ ,,! ,,home ,,camp  ,! fir/ camp
 ,i rememb] mak+1 or remodel+1 0 an old 
lumb] camp1 "o side ( :i* ,i p>tition$  
(f & floor$4 ,x 0 clean & neat appe>+1  
be+ made ( bo>ds1 & 0 pleasant 9 w>m    
wea!r1 b x 0 cold 9 w9t]1 s ,i put up an
 extra inside wall :i* ,i cov]$ ) build+
 pap]4 ,!n ,i le>n$ ! value ( a d\ble   
wall1 ) an air space betwe51 a sort (   
neutral gr\nd :]e ! w>m? f ! inside c\ld
 meet ! cold f )\t1 & ! two fight out _!
 diff]5ces4 ,9 ?is camp ,i _h a brick   
/ove ) a %eet iron top1 & x work$ l a   
*>m4  ,b t 0 n really a wild]ness camp1 
& :ile ,i realize t 9 _m ( ! trapp+     
di/ricts :]e x is necess>y to camp1 !re 
are (t5 ^! des]t$ build+s to be f\nd1 ^?
 :o trap or hunt 9 su* places are n !   
ones :o mu/ solve ! real problems ( camp
 build+4 ,x is some?+ altoge!r diff]5t  
:5 we get f> into ! deep1 sil5t =e/1 :]e
 ! s\nd ( ! axe has nev] yet be5 he>d1 &

 saw$ lumb] is z =eign z a l95 napk9 9 a
 trapp]'s %ack4 ,b ! timb] is !re1 & !  
trapp] has an ax & ! skill & /r5g? to   
use x1 s no?+ m is really ne$$4 ,let u  
suppose we are go+ to build a log cab9 =
 a w9t]'s trapp+ campaign4 ,:ile an axe 
is ! only tool necess>y1 :5 two p]sons  
"w toge!r1 a n>r[ crosscut saw is a     
great labor-sav]1 & if x c be tak5      
conv5i5tly ! trapp]s or camp build]s w  
f9d t x w m ?an pay = ! tr\ble4 ,o!r ?+s
 v useful 9 ?is "w are a hamm]1 an aug]1
 a pocket measur+ tape1 & a few nails1  
l>ge1 m$ium & small sizes4 ,!n to make a
 really pleasant camp a w9d[ ( "s k9d   
mu/ be provid$1 & = ?is purpose !re is  
no?+ equal to glass4  ,"r "h a "q pops  
up be=e u4 ,we are go+ on ?is trip f>   
back into ! virg9 =e/1 & ! trail is long
 & r\gh2 h[ !n c we transport an        
unwieldy crosscut saw & su* fragile /uff
 z glass8 ,we w remove ! h&les f ! saw &
 b9d ov] ! too? edge a groov$ /rip (    
wood4 ,?is makes x safe to c>ry1 & :ile 
/ill some:at unh&y x is ! be/ we c d1 = 

we _c %ort5 its l5g?4 ,= ! w9d[1 we w   
take only ! glass--six %eets ( eight by 
t5 or t5 by f\rte5 size4 ,betwe5 ea*    
%eet we place a piece ( corrugat$ pack+ 
bo>d1 & ! :ole is pack$ 9 a case1 ) m ( 
! same mat]ial 9 top & bottom4 ,?is     
makes a package :i* may be h&l$ almo/ ! 
same z any o!r m]*&ise1 & we c sc>cely  
take into ! woods any?+ t w give great] 
return 9 com=t & satisfaction4  ,if we  
are go+ to h a /ove 9 ?is cab9 we w also
 require a piece ( t9 or %eet iron ab\t 
#ah in*es squ>e1 to make a safe /ovepipe
 hole1 b are we go+ to h a /ove or a    
fireplace8 ,let u consid] ?is "q n[4    
,on fir/ ?\ght ! fireplace seems ! prop]
 ?+1 = x c be con/ruct$ 9 ! woods :]e ! 
camp is made1 b a fireplace s made may  
or may n be satisfactory4 ,if we "k !   
pr9ciples ( prop] fireplace con/ruction 
we c make "o t w n smoke ! camp1 w %$ ! 
prop] am\nt ( heat1 & w n consume m fuel
 ?an a well-behav$ fireplace %\ld1 b if 
"o ( ^! pr9ciples be violat$1 tr\ble is 
sure to result4 ,moreov]1 x is difficult

 to make a neat & satisfactory fireplace
 )\t a hamm] = dress+ ! /ones1 & a tool 
( ?is k9d w weigh z mu* z a %eet iron   
/ove1 !re=e x is almo/ z difficult to   
take into ! woods4 ,!n !re is "o or two 
days' "w1 p]haps m1 9 mak+ ! fireplace &
 *imney1 ) ! add$ unc]ta9ty ( its       
durability1 = !re are only a few k9ds ( 
/ones t w /& heat indef9itely )\t       
crack+4 ,on ! o!r h& ! fireplace r5d]s !
 use ( a lamp unnecess>y1 = x w ?r[ out 
en\gh light = all ord9>y ne$s4  ,! good 
po9ts ( ! /ove are t x c be made by     
anybody 9 a half day's "t2 x does n     
smoke ! camp1 does n black ! cook+      
ut5sils1 gives ! maximum am\nt ( heat f 
! m9imum quantity ( fuel1 & w n give out
 or g bad unexpect$ly 9 ! middle ( !    
w9t]4 ,if y leave x to me our camp w be 
equipp$ ) a %eet iron /ove4 ,:ile ! /ove
 itself is n n[ to be consid]$1 we mu/  
"k be=e we comm5ce to build :at =m (    
heat+ & cook+ app>atus w be in/all$4    
,hav+ decid$ on :i* "p ( ! c\ntry is to 
be ! c5tre ( op]ations1 we look = a     

suitable site = our cab94 ,we f9d x ne> 
a /ream ( cle> wat]4 ,ne>by is a /ret* (
 burn$ l& cov]$ ?9ly ) second gr[?      
sapl+s1 & ne> ! edge ( ! ev]gre5 =e/ 9  
:i* we w build our camp /&s pl5ty ( dead
 timb]1 tam>ack1 :ite spruce1 & a few   
p9e /ubs1 all ( :i* w make excell5t     
firewood4 ,9 ! =e/ itself we f9d /raight
 spruce trees1 bo? l>ge & small1 balsam1
 & a few :ite bir*es1 ! loose b>k ( :i* 
w make ! be/ k9dl+ kn[n4 ,)9 ?ree rods (
 ! /ream & #ej y>ds f ! burn is a rise (
 gr\nd1 high en\gh to be safe f ! spr+  
fre%ets1 & ( a gravelly gr\nd :i* is    
firm & dry4 ,?is is ! spot on :i* we w  
con/ruct our cab91 = "h we h good       
dra9age1 %elt] f ! /orms1 wat] & wood   
ne> at h&1 & mat]ial = ! con/ruction ( !
 camp "r on ! spot4    ,illu/ration3    
,,*>t ,,%[+ ,,location ,,( ,,camp4  ,!  
fir/ ?+ to settle is ! size ( ! propos$ 
build+4 ,t5 by f\rte5 feet1 inside      
measurem5t1 is a com=table size = a home
 cab9 = two m54 ,if x 7 to be us$ m]ely 
z a /opp+ camp n[ & !n x %\ld be mu*    

small]1 = ! small %ack is easi] w>m$ &  
easi] to build4 ,i h us$ camps = ?is    
purpose measur+ only six & a half by    
eight feet1 & f\nd !m pl5ty l>ge =      
occasional use only4 ,b ?is cab9 is to  
be our headqu>t]s1 :]e we w /ore our    
supplies & sp5d ! /ormy days1 s we w    
make x t5 by f\rte5 feet4 ,!re is j "o  
spot cle> ( trees :]e we c place a camp 
( ?is size1 & we comm5ce "h fell+ trees 
f :i* to make logs = ! walls4 ,) !      
crosscut saw we c ?r[ ! /raight spruce  
trees almo/ any:]e we want !m1 & we drop
 !m 9 places :i* w be conv5i5t & save   
mu* h&l+4 ,z soon z a tree is cut we    
measure x (f & saw x into logs4 ,^! mu/ 
be cut ?irte5 & sev5te5 feet long1 & z  
!y w av]age a foot 9 diamet] at ! /ump  
!re w be an all[ance ( ?ree feet = walls
 & ov]lap1 or #ah in*es at ea* end4 ,we 
cut ! trees z ne> ! gr\nd z we c        
conv5i5tly1 & ea* tree makes two or ?ree
 logs4 ,all tall trees /&+ ne> ! camp   
site mu/ be cut1 & us$ if possible1 =   
!re is always dang] t a tree w bl[ ov]  

on ! camp "s "t1 if )9 rea*4  ,on ! spot
 *os5 = ! camp we n[ place two ( ! long 
logs1 p>allel ) ea* o!r & exactly t5    
feet ap>t4 ,we block !m on ! outside s  
!y _c be mov$ easily out ( position4 ,!n
 we place two ( ! %ort logs across !    
ends & 9 ^! we cut half-r\nd not*es     
directly ov] ! places :]e !y re/ on !   
long logs1 & almo/ half ?r\gh ea* piece4
 ,aft] cutt+ ^! not*es we turn ! logs   
not*$ side d[n1 & ^! cuts1 if !y h be5  
prop]ly done1 fit snugly ov] ! long     
logs1 ?us b9d+ ! f\r pieces toge!r & =m+
 ! fir/ r\nd ( ! walls4    ,illu/ration3
 ,,! ,,corn] ,,con/ruction4  ,be=e go+  
f>!r n[ we mu/ decide j :]e we are go+  
to h ! doorway ( our cab94 ,we w place x
 on ! s\? side1 = we l to h ! w>m sun   
rays come 9 :5 ! door is op51 & if plac$
 on ! nor? or we/ sides x admits too mu*
 cold4 ,we w place x ne> "o end & !n we 
c also put our w9d[ 9 ! same side4 ,ab\t
 two or ?ree feet f ! corn] we w cut out
 a section f ! top ( ! log1 mak+ ! cut  
f\r in*es deep & two & a half feet wide1

 ! bottom be+ hewn smoo? & ! ends saw$  
d[n squ>e4 ,!n we cut "o ( ! balsam     
trees & saw a section f ! butt ! l5g? ( 
! propos$ doorway4 ,?is %\ld be n less  
?an five feet1 s we make x ?is l5g?4 ,!n
 we split ?r\gh ! c5tre ) ! axe & a pair
 ( wood5 w$ges1 & hew ! two halves into 
two smoo? planks4 ,we also make a plank 
two & a half feet long4 ,:5 ^! planks   
are f9i%$ we /& ! two long ones upright 
9 ! place cut 9 ! log & nail !m firmly4 
,we see t !y /& p]fectly plumb & 9 l9e )
 "o ano!r1 !n we nail ! %ort plank      
across ! top1 ?us complet+ our doorway4 
,on ?is side1 z ! walls are laid up1 we 
saw ea* log (f squ>ely at ! prop] place 
& pu% x up aga9/ ! door frame1 fa/5+ x  
!re by nail+ ?r\gh ! plank4 ,! not*es   
are cut to su* a dep? at ! corn]s t !   
logs fit "o aga9/ ! o!r & ?is leaves no 
l>ge cracks to close4  ,to make our cab9
 com=table x mu/ h a floor & we h ?is 9 
m9d z we "w4 ,be=e build+ ! wall high]  
we w lay our sills = ! floor1 = x is    
difficult to get ^! cut to ! prop] l5g? 

& fitt$ 9 place aft] ! walls are        
complet$ & ! timb] mu/ be br\ght 9 ?r\gh
 ! doorway4 ,we cut ?ree /raight logs   
ab\t eight in*es ?ick 9 ! middle & #ad  
feet long4 ,^! are b$d$ into ! gr\nd 9 !
 cab91 "o along ea* side wall & ! o!r 9 
! c5tre4 ,!y mu/ be plac$ at an ev5     
height & ?is is det]m9$ by means ( a    
/raight t5-foot pole1 :i* :5 plac$      
across ^! logs %\ld re/ on ea*4 ,if "o (
 !m is too high 9 spots we dress ^!     
places d[n ) ! axe4  ,we w n[ leave !   
floors & proce$ ) build+ ! walls4 ,r\nd 
by r\nd ! logs are not*$ & fitt$ into   
place1 until ! walls h rea*$ a height ( 
ab\t f\r feet4 ,!n we make a w9d[ box+ (
 planks & fa/5 x 9 ! wall 9 ! same way  
we did ! door frame4 ,! ends ( ! logs   
are butt$ aga9/ ! w9d[ frame & fa/5$ )  
l>ge nails1 driv5 ?r\gh ! planks into ! 
logs4 ,b be=e mak+ ! w9d[ frame ! size (
 ! propos$ w9d[ mu/ be det]m9$1 & ?is is
 done by measur+ ! wid? ( ! glass & mak+
 ! prop] all[ance = ! sa%4 ,:5 ! logs   
are plac$ 9 ! walls we try to select    

timb]s ( su* a size t "o r\nd ( logs w  
come )9 ab\t ?ree in*es ( ! top ( ! w9d[
 box+1 & ! next log is cut out to fit   
d[n ov] ?is w9d[ & ! frame is nail$ fa/ 
to ?is log4 ,! same ?+ is done :5 ! top 
( ! door frame is rea*$1 & ?is gives a  
great] degree ( rigidity to ! walls4    
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gables4  ,:5 ! walls
 h be5 rais$ to a height ( ab\t six & a 
half feet above ! floor sills we comm5ce
 "w on ! gables4 ,^! are con/ruct$ by   
plac+ a full l5g? log across ! end1 a   
%ort] "o on top ( ?is1 cont9u+ ?us until
 high en\gh4 ,?is is be/ done by sett+ a
 pole up 9 ! end ( ! camp exactly 9 !   
middle ( ! end wall1 ! top be+ j !      
height ( ! propos$ gable4 ,f ! top ( ?is
 /raight pole1 poles are run d[n to ea* 
corn] & ^! give ! slope ( ! gables1 also
 ( ! ro(4 ,! logs are !n cut (f on an   
incl9e at ! ends to con=m ) ! l9e ( ?is 
pole1 & are fa/5$ "o on top ( ano!r by  
bor+ holes & driv+ wood5 p9s into !m4   
,:5 bo? gables h be5 rais$ to half _!   
height we cut two #ag-;foot b9d+ poles1 

ea* six in*es ?ick 9 ! middle1 & not* !m
 into ! logs ( ! gables4 ,^! logs or    
poles n only give m /ability to !       
gables1 b !y also make a support = !    
ro(1 & are a nice f\ndation = a l(t on  
:i* to /ore articles aft] ! camp is     
f9i%$4 ,:5 ! ends are br\ght up to )9   
ab\t eight in*es ( ! requir$ height a   
/\t1 /raight ridge pole ( ! same l5g? z 
! b9d+ poles is plac$ on top1 & not*$   
lightly into ! top log4  ,our camp is n[
 ready = ! ro(1 & :at are we to use =   
?is mo/ important "p4 ,i h no d\bt t    
camp ro(s h caus$ m gray hairs = woodsm5
 ?an any ( ! o!r problems !y h to solve4
 ,if x 7 e>ly summ] :5 ! b>k c\ld be    
peel$ f c$> & spruce trees we w\ld h no 
tr\ble1 b b>k is n available n[4 ,ab\t !
 only /yle ( ro( t we c make n[ is :at  
is call$ a scoop ro(1 made f split logs4
 ,we mu/ f9d a /raight-gra9$1           
free-splitt+ wood = ?is1 & ( ! woods at 
h& we f9d balsam ! be/1 s we cut balsam 
trees ab\t eight or t5 in*es 9 diamet]1 
& make logs f ! butt ( ea*1 ab\t sev5   

feet long1 s t !y w rea* f ! top ( !    
ridge-pole to ! walls & ext5d a foot    
beyond4 ,^! we split ?r\gh ! c5tre &    
holl[ out ea* 9 a tr\gh =m1 by cutt+    
not*es 9 ! flat side1 )\t cutt+ ! edges1
 & splitt+ out ! sections betwe54 ,we   
place a lay] ( ^! ! entire l5g? ( ! ro(1
 holl[ side up1 & not* ea* 9 place s t x
 _c slip or rock4 ,betwe5 ea* set ( ^!  
tr\ghs we w place a ?ree-in* pole1 & on 
top ( ! pole we place m>% moss4 ,!n we  
place ov] ^! poles a second lay] ( !    
tr\ghs1 holl[ side d[n1 & ov] ! ridge   
pole we place a l>ge1 full-l5g? tr\gh4  
,?is latt] we mu/ make by hew+ a log    
flat on "o side & !n holl[+ x out1 = we 
_c f9d a tree ) su* a /raight gra9 t we 
c split a #ag-;foot l5g? )\t m or less (
 a twi/4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,ro(4    
,be=e complet+ our ro(1 9 fact :5 ! fir/
 lay] ( scoops are plac$ on1 we mu/ make
 provision = our /ove pipe1 = x mu/ h an
 outlet ?r\gh ! ro(1 & ! location ! /ove
 is to h 9 ! cab9 mu/ be det]m9$4 ,a    
hole #ab or #ad in*es squ>e is left 9 ! 

ro(1 by us+ a few %ort scoops1 & ?is    
hole is cov]$ ) ! %eet ( t9 we br\ght = 
! purpose1 & a slightly oblong hole is  
cut 9 ?is = ! /ove pipe4 ,! edge ( ?is  
hole we turn up ) ! hamm]1 :i* makes x  
wat]pro(1 & :5 f9i%$ x is su* a size t !
 pipe makes a snug fit4 ,! :ole ?+ is s 
arrang$ t wat] _c run "u f ! top1 b ?is 
is difficult to expla94  ,a ro( l ?is   
causes a lot ( "w1 9 fact z mu* z !     
rema9d] ( ! camp 9 "s cases1 b if       
c>efully made x is a good ro(1 w>m &    
wat]pro(4 ,x mu/ be well moss$ or sn[ w 
sift 91 & ! l[] ends ( ! tr\ghs1 f :]e  
!y cross ! walls1 %\ld be cut deep] ?an 
! portion above4 ,if ?is is n done ! ice
 :i* =ms 9 ! ends ( ^! tr\ghs w back !  
wat] up until x runs ov] ! edges & d[n !
 walls ( ! cab94 ,x may ev5 be necess>y 
occasionally dur+ ! w9t] to clean ! sn[ 
(f ! l[] edge ( ! ro( & clip ! ice f !  
tr\ghs ) a hat*et4 ,! /eep] ! ro( ! less
 tr\ble !re w be f ?is s\rce4  ,) ! ro( 
complet$ our cab9 becomes a real %elt] &
 we c camp inside at night4 ,if necess>y

 ! floor+ may be po/pon$ = a few days1 b
 we may z well f9i% x at once1 s we     
clean out ! *ips & comm5ce lay+ ! floor4
 ,?is we make ( /raight spruce poles    
ab\t f\r or five in*es ?ick4 ,9 ! end ( 
! camp :]e our b$s are to be we leave !m
 9 _! natural r\nd /ate1 m]ely flatt5+  
!m on ! und]side :]e !y re/ on ! sills1 
to make !m fit & lie firmly 9 _! places4
 ,b :5 ! floor has gr[n at ?is end to a 
wid? ( ab\t f\r feet we adopt a diff]5t 
plan4 ,we n[ hew ! poles /raight & smoo?
 on "o side _! entire l5g?1 & flatt5 !  
und]side :]e !y re/ on ! sills1 also    
/raight5 ! sides s !y fit up snugly     
aga9/ "o ano!r4 ,at ! place :]e ! /ove  
is to be plac$ we leave an op5+ ( two & 
a half by f\r feet1 & ar\nd ?is place we
 fa/5 smoo? pieces ( wood ab\t f\r in*es
 ?ick1 s t x makes ( ! op5+ a sort (    
box4 ,:5 our floor is complet$ we nail  
d[n along ea* wall1 a pole1 :i* cov]s ! 
ends ( ! floor poles & holds !m all     
firmly 9 place4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!    
,,door4  ,to complete our cab9 n[ we ne$

 only a door1 a w9d[1 & some?+ to close 
! cracks4 ,= a door we split c$> or     
balsam wood into planks1 :i* we place on
 edge 9 not*es cut 9 a log1 & hew d[n   
smoo?ly on bo? sides ) ! axe4 ,!n we    
/raight5 ! edges & measur+ our door     
frame c>efully we fit ! bo>ds into !    
op5+1 b9d+ !m all toge!r by nail+ across
 ne> ea* end a n>r[ bo>d4 ,we also place
 a /rip diagonally across ! door f ne>  
"o corn] to ! opposite1 to /iff5 ! door 
& prev5t w>p+4 ,h+es we make ( wood1    
fa/5 !m toge!r ) a s+le l>ge nail ?r\gh 
ea*1 & fa/5 ! door to ! wall4 ,!n on !  
outside we hew ! ends ( ! logs until !y 
are flu% ) ! edges ( ! door frame1 &    
nail a flatt5$ /rip along bo? sides ( ! 
doorway4 ,?is is n absolutely necess>y1 
b x gives ! doorway a m f9i%$ appe>ance1
 & increases ! rigidity ( ! wall4  ,our 
w9d[ sa% also makes consid]able "w4 ,=  
?is we split s(t1 dead c$> & hew x into 
?ree-in* /rips4 ,f ^! we make a frame t 
w fit inside ! w9d[ box+1 & make ! /rips
 ( ?is frame flu% at ! corn]s by cutt+  

away half ( ea*4 ,!n at ! prop] places  
we fit our light] cross /rips1 s9k+ !m  
into ! wood at ! ends1 & fa/5+ ) small  
nails4 ,grooves are !n cut 9 ! /rips & !
 frame itself to receive ! %eets (      
glass1 :i* are put 9 place & fa/5$ )    
tacks4 ,! w9d[ is !n plac$ 9 ! wall &   
secur$ by nail+ n>r[ /rips ( wood aga9/ 
x4 ,z a w9d[ at its be/ is apt to admit 
a lot ( cold air x w pay well to sp5d "s
 "t at ?is "w & make ! w9d[ fit snugly4 
,all t n[ rema9s to be done is to close 
! cracks betwe5 ! logs4 ,s9ce our logs 7
 ( a uni=m size & h be5 well not*$ d[n  
!re are no l>ge cracks1 & no block+ is  
ne$$4 ,! w>me/ *9k+1 outside ( rags1 :i*
 we d n h1 is woods moss4 ,t f\nd gr[+  
on rocks & logs is be/1 = x does n dry  
out & %r9k z mu* z m>% moss1 & !re is an
 abundance ( ?is ne> at h&4 ,we ga!r a  
few bags ( ?is moss & ) a piece ( wood  
we drive x into ! cracks all ar\nd !    
walls4 ,we also keep a small quantity ( 
?is moss 9 ! cab91 = no matt] h[ firmly 
x is driv5 into ! cracks x w %r9k &     

become loose aft] a:ile1 & ?is mu/ be   
tight5$ & m moss driv5 94  ,our little  
cab9 is n[ complete4 ,x has tak5 mu* h>d
 "w to build x1 b x is wor? ! ef=t = x  
is a com=table1 home-l camp4 ,! cold    
w9t] w9ds may h[l ?r\gh ! =e/ & ! sn[   
may fall to a dep? ( sev]al feet1 b "h  
we c live z com=tably z woodsm5 c expect
 to live 9 ! wilds4    ,,furni%+ ,,!    
,,home ,,camp  ,a s+le day's "w w d     
wond]s t[>ds mak+ a cab9 com=table4     
,sometimes ?r\gh press ( m important "w1
 su* z gett+ out a l9e ( traps :ile !   
season is yet "y1 ! trapp] may well     
neglect ^! t\*es ( com=t1 & ! simple/ ( 
camp furni%+s w answ] until a /ormy day 
keeps him indoors1 :5 he c make good use
 ( 8 "t 9 mak+ camp furniture4 ,a b$ & a
 /ove or fireplace are ! only absolutely
 necess>y furni%+s to />t )1 if o!r "w  
dem&s imm$iate att5tion4  ,b 9 our own  
case su* neglect is n at all necess>y4  
,! prec$+ *apt] saw our cab9 complet$1 t
 is ! walls1 ro( & floor1 all t c really
 be call$ cab91 b mu* m "w w be requir$ 

be=e x is really com=table & ready =    
occupancy4 ,provid+ ! camp ) suitable   
furniture & add+ conv5i5ces & com=t is !
 next /ep1 s :ile we h "t & !re is no?+ 
to h9d] ! "w we w pu% x along4  ,mo/    
important ( all camp furni%+s is ! /ove4
 ,no?+ else adds s mu* to ! *e]fulness &
 home-l aspect ( a camp z a prop]ly     
enclos$1 well behav$ fire1 :i* w>ms up !
 room1 enables u to cook our food       
indoors1 & disp5ses ! gloom ( night by  
driv+ ! d>kness into ! f>!/ corn]s4 ,if 
! wea!r is cold no?+ 9 ! camp is s      
indisp5sable4  ,= ! lodge :i* we built 9
 ! prec$+ *apt] we w make a /ove ( %eet 
iron4 ,i h made a numb] ( camp /oves by 
rivet+ toge!r f\r sections ( new1 unb5t 
/ovepipe into a squ>e %eet1 b5d+ ?is    
into prop] %ape1 fitt+ ends1 & cutt+    
holes = cook+ ut5sils & = ! pipe4 ,b =  
?is camp we h secur$ f a h>dw>e /ore a  
pipe ( %eet iron ?ree feet wide by f\r  
feet long4 ,we n[ place ?is on ! floor (
 ! cab9 & measure (f f ea* end #ag      
in*es1 !n on ea* edge at ! #ag-;in* m>k 

we make a ?ree-in* cut4 ,?is we d by    
hold+ ! %eet metal on a block or flat   
topp$ /ump1 plac+ ! corn] ( ! axe on !  
metal at ! prop] place1 & /rik+ on !    
head ) a billet ( wood4 ,!n we place a  
/raight edg$ /rip ( wood across ! end on
 ! #ag-;in* m>k1 & /&+ on ?is wood we   
pull ! end ( ! metal upw>d1 b5d+ x to a 
"r angle4 ,! o!r end is treat$ ! same   
way & ?is leaves ! metal 9 ! =m ( a box1
 ?ree feet long1 #ag in*es high1 & #ad  
in*es wide1 op5 on top & at bo? ends4   
,n[ we turn ?is upside d[n & 9 ! top we 
cut two sev5-in* holes1 z r\nd z we c   
make !m4 ,^! are to hold ! cook+        
ut5sils4 ,ne> "o end we cut a small     
hole1 n m ?an ?ree & a half in*es 9     
diamet]4 ,! edge ( ?is hole we cut at   
int]vals all ! way ar\nd1 mak+ /raight1 
"o-half in* cuts4 ,!n we turn ^! edges  
up1 & we h a /ovepipe hole1 ) a coll> to
 hold ! pipe 9 place4 ,we n[ close ! re>
 end ( ! /ove by b5d+ ?ree in*es ( !    
sides into a "r angle1 ! same am\nt ( ! 
top be+ b5t d[n4 ,?is is ! purpose ( !  

?ree-in* cuts we made :5 we fir/ comm5c$
 ! "w4 ,n[ we rivet a piece ( %eet-iron 
into ?is end1 us+ = rivets ! head ends (
 wire nails4 ,!y mu/ be cut %ort &      
rivet$ on ! head ( an axe4 ,b5ea? ! top 
( ! /ove1 betwe5 ! cook+ holes we rivet 
a fold$ /rip ( metal2 ?is is to /iff5 ! 
top4 ,!n we turn 9 ?ree in*es ( ! front 
( ! /ove & rivet ! corn]s :]e !y lap4   
,?is leaves an eight-in* op5+ 9 front   
ov] :i* we w h+e a door4 ,?is door mu/ h
 "s k9d ( fa/5+1 & a simple little twi/ 
( wire work+ 9 a pun* hole is easily    
arrang$ & conv5i5t4 ,we c make a v crude
 /ove ( ?is if we l1 b we d n want t    
k9d1 s we take pl5ty ( "t & turn out a  
satisfactory article4  ,our /ove is n[  
complet$ except = ! cov]s :i* are easily
 made4 ,we set x up 9 ! box-%ap$ op5+   
left 9 ! floor & fill ar\nd x ) s& to a 
height ( six in*es1 also fill ! inside  
to t height4 ,:ile do+ ?is we mu/ see t 
! /ove /&s p]fectly level1 & t ! pipe   
hole is directly b5ea? ! hole 9 ! ro(4  
,?is makes a firepro( /ove & ! b$ ( s&  

holds x rigidly 9 place4 ,a draft is    
made b5ea? ! door by scrap+ away a      
little s&4 ,! pipe is five-in* size & we
 fit x ) a damp] = t is ! way to        
regulate ! draft & keep ! heat f go+ up 
! pipe4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/ove4    
,our /ove complet$ & 9 work+ ord] we    
next turn our att5tion to ! b$1 s9ce x  
ranks second 9 importance4 ,we set an   
upright po/ f\r in*es ?ick & ?ree feet  
long aga9/ ! sidewall ab\t five feet f !
 end ( ! room & nail x firmly 9         
position4 ,!n at a height ( ab\t two    
feet f ! floor we fa/5 to ! wall ano!r  
f\r-in* piece1 ?is ext5d+ 9 a horizontal
 position f ! po/ to ! end wall4 ,!n we 
set up a corn] po/ at ! foot ( ! b$1    
plac+ x five feet f ! end wall & nail+ !
 top securely to ! ro( b9d+ pole4 ,9 l9e
 ) ?is aga9/ ! end wall we set up ano!r 
?ree-foot po/ & spike x solidly to !    
logs ( ! wall4 ,!n we cut not*es 9 ^!   
two latt] po/s two feet above ! floor & 
into ?is we fit & nail fa/ a f\r-in*    
cross /rip4 ,we n[ h ! f\ndation = our  

b$ & we make ! bottom ( /raight1 smoo?  
poles1 nail$ fa/ to ! horizontal ends4  
,^! poles mu/ all be ( ab\t ! same      
?ickness to make a satisfactory b$1     
o!rwise "s ( !m w b5d or spr+ :ile !    
/iff ones w n4 ,if x 7 summ] n[ we w\ld 
l9e ?is bunk ) b>k to keep ! balsam     
ne$les f fall+ ?r\gh1 b s9ce we _c get  
b>k at ?is "t ( ye> we _c d ?is4 ,we    
make ! side & end ( ! b$ by nail+ poles 
aga9/ ! po/s4 ,!n we fill ! b$ ) balsam 
b\ghs4 ,^! are ! ends ( ! bran*es & !   
heavie/ /ems are less ?an a f\r?-in*    
?ick4 ,we comm5ce at ! head & /& ! b\ghs
 on end at an angle1 /ems d[n4 ,:5      
entirely fill$ we h a s(t & fairly      
com=table b$1 ( c\rse n equal to ! spr+ 
b$ we h at home1 b !n we are n expect+  
home com=ts 9 ! big woods1 & we are     
always tir$ en\gh to re/ well 9 a b\gh  
b$4 ,= pill[s we use gra9 bags 9 :i* we 
place our extra clo?+4  ,?is b$ is at   
its be/ :5 fre%ly fill$4 ,ea* night's   
use r$uces its s(tness1 & ! com=t       
decreases at a l rate4 ,! only way to   

keep a b\gh b$ 9 good condition is to   
replace ! b\gh fill+ occasionally ) fre%
 ev]gre5s4 ,:5 we kill "s big game      
animal1 a de] or c>ib\1 we w dry ! sk9 &
 place x on our b$1 hair side up1 = ?is 
w make ! b$ w>m] & s(t]4  ,! table is   
next 9 ord]4 ,_m trapp]s ?9k a table too
 mu* ( a luxury & accord+ly disp5se ) x1
 b a home camp is f> f complete )\t x & 
x is an easy piece ( furniture to make4 
,x %\ld be plac$ on ! s\? side ( ! cab9 
be=e ! w9d[1 s t we c get ! advantage ( 
! light4 ,we w /& up two po/s ( ! prop] 
height ab\t two feet f ! wall & six feet
 ap>t4 ,^! we secure 9 place by nail+ !m
 to ! floor4 ,f ! tops ( ^! po/s to !   
wall we place flatt5$ pieces ( wood &   
secure !m by nail+ to ! wall & to !     
po/s4 ,?is is ! f\ndation or framework =
 our table4 ,! top we w make ( ?ree     
/raight eight-in* logs hewn on "o side  
to ! c5t]1 & flatt5$ on ! o!r side at ! 
ends4 ,:5 plac$ on ! supports1 flat side
 up1 & fa/5$ by nail+ at ! ends1 we h ! 
table complet$4 ,x is r\gh1 b x answ]s  

our purpose z well z a m f9i%$ "o4      
,illu/ration3 ,,camp ,,furniture4  ,9   
front ( ! table we w place a b5*4 ,?is  
we w make f a hewn log1 half r\nd1 & 9 !
 r\nd side ne> ea* end we bore holes = !
 legs4 ,^! are bor$ at su* an angle t ! 
legs w /& ab\t #bj in*es ap>t at ! base4
 ,! legs are made ( two-in* /icks :ittl$
 to fit ! holes & driv5 91 ! l[] ends   
be+ cut (f aft]w>ds at ! prop] l5g? to  
make ! b5* /& firmly1 & at ! "r height4 
,we w also make ano!r %ort] b5* :i* we w
 place by ! side ( ! /ove4 ,p]haps :5 a 
/ormy day comes we w make a c\ple (     
*airs1 b = ! pres5t at lea/ ^! two b5*es
 w s]ve v well4  ,we _c be long 9 !     
woods until we realize ! ne$ ( "s means 
( secur+ our food :]e x w be            
inaccessible to woods mice4 ,^! little  
creatures are a s]i\s pe/ & c soon ru9 a
 bag ( fl\r or a side ( bacon if !y are 
able to get at x4 ,9 an ef=t to place my
 fl\r :]e !y c\ld n rea* x ,i susp5d$ x 
f ! ridgepole ) a piece ( codfi% l9e1 b 
! nimble mice w5t up & d[n t cord l     

monkeys4 ,!n ,i made a plat=m & susp5d$ 
x f ! ro( ) f\r pieces ( hay bal+ wire4 
,on ?is ,i plac$ my food2 b ev5 "h ,i   
f\nd x 0 n safe1 = ! mice dropp$ onto ! 
plat=m f ! ro( poles4 ,! only way ,i    
f\nd t 0 p]fectly satisfactory 0 to make
 a tight box ) a well fitt$ cov] 9 :i*  
to keep ! food supply4 ,z a result ,i   
made a food box = ea* camp4  ,we h n[   
f\nd t x is necess>y to h "s means (    
pres]v+ our food f ! ravages ( mice1 &  
pr(it+ by exp]i5ce we d n wa/e our "t on
 !ories1 b set to "w to make a tight    
wood5 box4 ,if x 7 a "t ( ! ye> :5 b>k  
w\ld peel we w\ld make a frame ( poles &
 cov] x ) b>k4 ,b ?is is impossible n[1 
s we split bo>ds f balsam & c$> & hew !m
 flat & smoo?4 ,= ! ends we make ^!     
bo>ds two feet long & fa/5 !m toge!r by 
nail+ /rips across ! ends ( ! bo>ds aft]
 !y h be5 plac$ side by side ) ! edges  
fitt+ "o aga9/ ano!r4 ,! bo>ds = !      
bottom & sides are made ?ree feet long &
 ^! we nail to ! ends4 ,! cov] is fitt$ 
to ! top1 b is n fa/5$4  ,luxuries      

become necessities ?r\gh use4 ,!        
furni%+s :i* we h s f> br\ght into our  
cab9 may be consid]$ z com+ prop]ly "u !
 head+ ( necessities4 ,b !re are _m     
little extra pieces t may be add$ :i*   
may be call$ luxuries at fir/1 b ?r\gh  
use !y become almo/ indisp5sable4 ,on ! 
walls we w build %elves & we f9d !m v   
useful places = /or+ odds & ends4 ,a    
small %elf is plac$ on ! wall ne> ! /ove
 to hold ! lamp1 & ano!r simil> %elf = !
 same purpose is plac$ above ! left end 
( ! table4 ,!n !re are two or ?ree long]
 %elves plac$ 9 conv5i5t locations4 ,^! 
%elves are all made ( hewn bo>ds        
support$ by /\t p9s driv5 into aug]     
holes4  ,if we are n by ?is "t too tir$ 
( mak+ bo>ds ) an axe1 we w make a wood5
 tub 9 :i* to wa% our clo!s4 ,s9ce we h 
a saw ?is is n z difficult z x fir/     
appe>s4 ,x is made squ>e ) slop+ sides4 
,! bo>ds mu/ be c>efully fitt$ &        
securely nail$4 ,!n1 aft] we h made x z 
tight z possible by nail+ we w ga!r a   
small quantity ( spruce gum & run x into

 ! cracks f ! inside by means ( a hot   
iron1 9 mu* ! same way t we w\ld sold]  
t9 plate4 ,a wa% bas9 c be made 9 ! same
 way1 b we h a t9 bas9 9 our outfit s   
we'll n ne$ to make "o4  ,beh9d ! /ove  
we nail a sl5d] pole1 horizontally1 onto
 wood5 p9s driv5 into aug] holes1 s t ! 
pole is p>allel ) ! wall & ab\t six or  
eight in*es f x4 ,on ?is pole we place  
our socks & mitts to dry :5 we come 9 f 
! day's tramp4 ,we hang our coats on    
nails driv5 into ! wall4 ,our sn[%oes we
 susp5d f ! ro( ) sn>e wire 9 ! coole/  
"p ( ! camp1 s t ! mice _c eat ! fill+  
or ! heat make x brittle4  ,p]haps y    
w\ld be int]e/$ 9 our camp outfit1 = x  
is adapt$ to use 9 a camp ( ?is k9d4 ,we
 h come into ! woods = ! fall & w9t]1 & 
:ile we w g out occasionally = supplies 
( food1 our outfit is suppos$ to be     
complete1 & 9 x are all ! articles ne$$ 
= an entire w9t]'s /ay 9 ! wilds4 ,!    
foll[+ are ! articles :i* we h br\ght ) 
u z camp outfit3 ,two rabbit sk9        
blankets1 two l>ge all-wool blankets1 "o

 l>ge & "o m$ium enamel$ kettle1 two tea
 pails1 "o wat] pail1 "o l>ge fry+ pan &
 two small ones1 ) sockets = h&les1 ?ree
 enamel$ plates1 two enamel$ cups1 two  
table knives1 two =ks1 two table spoons1
 two tea spoons1 "o reflect+ bak]1 "o   
wa% bas91 "o small mirror1 f\r t[els1 "o
 al>m clock1 "o small oil lamp 7bottom  
portion ( a railroad lant]n71 ?ree small
 axes ) long h&les1 "o cross-cut saw1 "o
 h& saw1 two flat files1 two %>p5+ /ones
 7pocket size71 "o aug]1 "o hamm]1      
assort$ nails1 a doz5 small bags = hold+
 food1 a small box ( m$ic9es1 & a repair
 kit1 consi/+ ( ne$les1 ?read1 wax1     
scissors1 awl & small pli]s4  ,! above  
is ! actual camp outfit & does n include
 p]sonal belong+s1 su* z guns1 traps1   
toilet articles1 compasses clo?+1       
sn[%oes1 etc41 ?+s :i* are us$ m on !   
trail ?an 9 camp1 & :ile necess>y 9 our 
bus9ess _c rightfully be consid]$ a "p (
 ! camp equipm5t4 ,ev5 "s ( ! articles  
m5tion$1 = in/ance ! two small fry+     
pans1 are m = use on ! trail ?an 9 !    

home cab94  ,?is1 & ! prec$+ *apt]1     
describe :at to my m9d is an ideal camp 
= two p]sons & a p]fect equipm5t = same4
 ,! camp site describ$ c\ld n be improv$
 ^u1 & x is seldom t we f9d all ( !     
requirem5ts 9 any "o place1 yet !       
description is t ( "o ( my own camp     
sites1 & except = ! size ( camp & a few 
details ( furni%+s & outfit1 also       
describes "o ( my cab9s1 "o :i* ,i      
con/ruct$ & us$ :ile trapp+ 9 ,canada4  
,,outdoor ,,foods  ,t foods = outdoor m5
 %\ld diff] f ^? eat5 by p :o "w indoors
 may appe> /range to "s ( u1 b x is a   
fact t foods ( ! same class are n1 z a  
rule1 practical = bo? outdoor & indoor  
consumption4 ,! requirem5ts ( p :o "w 9 
! op5 air diff] b little f ^? ( ! indoor
 work]s1 b x is ma9ly ! s\rce ( supply t
 necessitates a diff]5t class ( foods4  
,! indoor man lives 9 ! mid/ ( pl5ty4   
,almo/ any?+ 8 appetite dem&s he may h4 
,! telephone makes x unnecess>y = him to
 g to ! /ore to place 8 ord] & ! deliv]y
 man br+s ! goods to 8 back door4 ,8    

bett] half or p]haps a hir$ cook1       
prep>es ! food = him & he ne$ n ev5     
worry ab\t ! "t requir$ = cook+ or ! "w 
necess>y to prep>e & place ! vi&s be=e  
him4  ,b ) ! outdoor man1 by :i* ,i mean
 woodsman & o!rs :o are employ$ outdoors
 & d _! own cook+ f> f a base (         
supplies1 ! conditions are altoge!r     
diff]5t4 ,p]haps ! out] has c>ri$ 8 food
 a long di/ance on 8 back or x may h be5
 br\ght to 8 camp 9 a boat or canoe1 or 
by team ov] a long & r\gh road1 or ev5  
pack$ on horseback f #ej to #ajj miles  
into ! r\gh m\nta9s4 ,9 ei!r case x 0   
necess>y = him to select foods hav+     
c]ta9 qualities4 ,9 ord] to keep ! bulk 
& weight d[n to a reasonable level all  
bulky1 heavy1 wat]y foods _h to be      
elim9at$4 ,su* foods z w\ld freeze 9    
cold wea!r1 decay1 become rancid1 or    
o!rwise spoil if kept a long "t )\t     
special c>e1 _h to be kept out ( ! li/4 
,also su* articles z d n conta9 mu*     
nutrim5t mu/ be avoid$1 z well z ^? :i* 
are apt to prove h>mful :5 us$ regul>ly4

 ,n only t1 b ! entire outfit ( food mu/
 be well balanc$1 t is1 x mu/ h ab\t !  
"r proportions ( ! v>i\s food elem5ts   
requir$ by ! human body4 ,too mu* salt  
pork & o!r pres]v$ foods1 ) too little  
fre% food1 may cause scurvy2 v>i\s      
articles :i* are kn[n to be difficult ( 
dige/ion may cause *ronic dyspepsia1    
:ile _m con/ipat+ foods may 9 a diff]5t 
way lead to ! same tr\ble4 ,9 addition  
no?+ %\ld be tak5 :i* is difficult to   
transport or apt to get brok5 & cause   
tr\ble :ile en r\te4  ,to sum x all up1 
! requirem5ts 9 outdoor foods t are to  
be tak5 "s di/ance to camp are z foll[s3
 ,fir/1 reasonably light weight & small 
bulk2 second1 good keep+ qualities2     
?ird1 a high p] c5t4 ( nutrition2 f\r?1 
balance & total abs5ce ( injuri\s       
prop]ties2 fif?1 adaptability to pack+ &
 transportation requirem5ts4 ,we might  
add to ?is ! quality ( be+ quickly &    
easily prep>$1 =1 :ile ?is is n requir$ 
9 all ( ! food1 x is necess>y = all     
outdoor m5 to h a numb] ( articles :i*  

may be prep>$ on %ort notice4  ,breakfa/
 9 ! woods is usually an e>ly meal1 9   
w9t] be+ inv>iably eat5 be=e daylight1 &
 ?is requires ei!r quickly prep>$ foods 
or v e>ly ris+4 ,(t51 too1 ! woodsman   
comes 9 f a tramp long aft] d>k4 ,he has
 _h a long1 h>d j\rney1 p]haps hav+ _h  
only a lun* s9ce daybreak1 maybe n ev5  
t1 & ! cold1 along ) ! ex]tion1 has giv5
 him a m>vel\s appetite4 ,on su*        
occasions e m9ute t c be ga9$ 9 cook+ a 
n\ri%+ meal is t mu* to ! good4 ,b      
%ort-ord] meals are n ! ?+ = regul> f>e1
 = 9 "t !y w ru9 any /oma*4  ,consid]+ !
 fir/ requisite1 light weight & little  
bulk1 we may include 9 our li/ z meet+  
^! requirem5ts1 all k9ds ( dri$ fruits1 
vegetables1 & meats1 tea1 c(fee &       
cond5s$ foods4 ,fre% vegetables & fruits
 are exclud$ f ! li/1 = !y are heavy &  
bulky & fail also 9 ! second requirem5t1
 = !y freeze easily 9 cold wea!r &      
sometimes d n keep well :5 x is w>m4 ,to
 make up = ! lack ( fre% fruits &       
vegetables we mu/ take pl5ty ( ! dry    

k9d1 & x is also a good plan to h 9 !   
outfit a bottle ( v9eg> or fruit        
juice--lime juice is an excell5t tonic =
 use 9 ! woods & is a sure prev5tative (
 scurvy4  ,vegetables & fruit 9 t9 or   
glass are also prohibitive except 9 a   
small way1 z1 = in/ance1 ! fruit juice1 
v9eg>1 pickles & cond5s$ milk1 all ( :i*
 may be tak5 9 small quantities4  ,9    
g5]al1 h[ev]1 cann$ goods %\ld be avoid$
 unless ! trip is made by wagon or o!r  
means t does n prohibit tak+ heavy      
goods1 9 :i* case a quantity ( food 9   
t9s may be tak54 ,eggs & o!r            
ultra-p]i%able goods are /rictly        
prohibit$4 ,! tak+ ( eggs & food 9 glass
 also violates requisite numb] five1 =  
all su* articles require f> m c>e 9 h&l+
 ?an is practical on ! bu% trail4  ,n   
only does ! woodsman h to consid] cook+ 
& eat+ 9 camp b he mu/ ?9k z well ( ! _m
 days t he w sp5d on ! trail & !re 8    
food mu/ be ( ! mo/ cond5s$1 light1     
nutriti\s & o!rwise p]fect =m4 ,he mu/  
!re=e take ) him to 8 home camp         

suffici5t ( ?is quality ( food to fill 8
 ne$s :5 he makes 8 long trips away f   
camp ov] ! trap l9e or else:]e1 b always
 c>ry+ ) him 8 equipm5t & food = ! trip4
  ,a man c dep5d to "s ext5t on game &  
fi%1 b if he is go+ f> back into !      
wild]ness :]e he _c retreat 9 a day or  
two to civilization & a s\rce ( food    
supply he %\ld be v sure t ! game & fi% 
are actually f\nd 9 ! place :]e he is   
go+1 t su* game & fi% w be available at 
all seasons1 & t !re w be no uncommon   
difficulty 9 secur+ x4 ,"s k9ds ( big   
game animals migrate p]iodically or     
spasmodically2 fi% are sometimes h>d to 
f9d 9 w9t]1 & ! hunt+ equipm5t may = "o 
reason or ano!r g wrong4 ,= in/ance1 !  
capsiz+ ( a canoe may mean ! loss ( !   
only gun or all ! ammunition 9 ! p>ty1 &
 ev5 a brok5 gun ma9spr+ may cause great
 h>d%ip4 ,( c\rse a res\rceful & exp]t  
woodsman w\ld n />ve ev5 if turn$ adrift
 9 ! =e/ )\t food or gun1 b few c>e to  
make ! exp]im5t or to risk go+ hungry4  
,!re=e ,i advise tak+ en\gh food1 s t x 

w n be necess>y to dep5d on game4 ,if   
!re is game to be _h x %\ld1 ( c\rse1 be
 secur$1 = fre% meat is a great relief f
 ! ev]la/+ bacon & bannock & x t5ds to  
neutralize ! con/ipat+ prop]ties ( su*  
food4 ,x is possible = "o to live       
indef9itely on fre% meat & fi% alone if 
=c$ to x2 b ! civiliz$ appetite does n  
accept gracefully any su* radical       
dep>tures f :at has n[ become ! natural 
l9e ( food4 ,moreov]1 ! man :o elects to
 live on game & fi% alone mu/ (         
necessity g hungry = long p]iods1 9 fact
 may be =c$ to face />vation :5 game is 
sc>ce & = "o reason or ano!r difficult  
to secure4 ,!re=e ! woodsman %\ld n     
attempt to live :olly on fre% meat or to
 make s mu* all[ance = game t he w suff]
 f hung] if ! game is n procurable4 ,no 
su* sacrifice %\ld be made m]ely to     
r$uce ! weight ( ! outfit4  ,com+ n[ to 
! matt] ( keep+ qualities we f9d t any (
 ! evaporat$1 dri$ or cond5s$ foods on !
 m>ket meet all requirem5ts4 ,bacon1    
cur$ = w9t] use1 may n rema9 9 a        

p]fectly sweet condition1 & x is well to
 make sure be=e pur*as+ t ! meat is well
 salt$ & smok$4 ,butt] may become /rong 
unless ! wea!r is cold1 b ,i h f\nd t   
fir/-class cream]y butt] w keep nicely =
 a p]iod ( two & a half mon?s 9 fairly  
cold wea!r4 ,= a long] trip cann$ butt] 
%\ld be procur$4 ,x may be pur*as$ 9    
,canada f almo/ any groc] locat$ 9 an   
outfitt+ po9t4 ,:ile potatoes & o!r fre%
 vegetables are prohibit$ because (     
weight & bulk !y are also elim9at$ f !  
li/ because !y freeze 9 cold wea!r4 ,a  
trapp] mu/ (t5 be away f camp = a p]iod 
( "t v>y+ f a few days to a week or m & 
any?+ t c freeze w surely d s 9 "o night
 ( #dj bel[ wea!r4 ,z an exception to   
?is rule ,i advise tak+ a few onions1 = 
9 spite ( _! weight !y are a food wor?  
consid]+4 ,!y freeze z readily z        
potatoes1 b if !y are kept froz5 until  
"t = use x w n hurt !m 9 ! lea/4 ,!re   
are _m di%es t are greatly improv$ by an
 onion flavor & ,i am v fond ( ?is      
evil-smell+ vegetable :5 slic$ & fri$ ) 

/eak4 ,ord9>y cann$ goods conta9+ wat]  
are taboo$ 9 cold wea!r1 = !y freeze &  
bur/ ! cans1 besides fall+ %ort 9 ! fir/
 requirem5t ( camp foods1 namely1 light 
weight4  ,nutrition 9 foods is a quality
 :i* ne$s b little exp5diture ( gray    
matt] if "o does n attempt to live a    
long p]iod on an unv>i$ l9e4 ,by tak+ a 
v>iety ( foods & *ang+ ! m5u frequ5tly  
dang] f lack ( nutrim5t is r$uc$ to !   
m9imum4 ,cond5s$ & dri$ foods are       
inv>iably v nutriti\s4 ,) fre% meat     
occasionally ! foods :i* ,i recomm5d w  
meet all requirem5ts 9 ?is p>ticul>4    
,:at has be5 said on ! subject (        
nutrition 9 camp foods w suffice = !    
f\r? requisite--p]fect balance & lack ( 
injuri\s elem5ts4  ,:ile ,i w\ld n      
advise ! use ( "o or two articles ( food
 z a /eady diet ! k9d ,i "n 9 ! li/s    
giv5 h]e)1 if us$ 9 ! proportions giv5 &
 a little fre% meat or fi% c be s&wi*$ 9
 "h & !re1 no bad results w foll[4 ,on !
 o!r h&1 if any ( ! articles1 or        
especially a l9e ( articles l ! dri$    

fruits1 are omitt$1 ,i w\ld n be        
responsible = ! good heal? ( ! us]4  ,)9
 ! bord]s ( civilization1 & especially )
 ^? p do+ (fice "w or foll[+ any indoor 
occupation :i* does n require pl5ty (   
bodily ex]tion1 con/ipation is a s]i\s  
m5ace1 9 fact ,i ?9k x is ! cause ( _m  
ills :i* are g5]ally attribut$ to o!r   
s\rces4 ,9 ! woods x is some:at diff]5t1
 = ! long tramps & o!r viol5t ex]cises  
t5d to keep ! b[els op51 b x is n s )   
all m51 & especially ) ^? :o hail f !   
city4 ,ev5 ! season$ woodsman %\ld n    
trifle ) any?+ ( s s]i\s a nature1 = ev5
 to him *ronic con/ipation may come z ! 
result ( a /eady diet ( :ite fl\r & o!r 
con/ipat+ foods4 ,9 ! li/s :i* ,i give !
 foods mo/ h>mful 9 ?is way are :eat    
fl\r1 especially :5 us$ 9 bak+ p[d]     
bread1 *eese1 rice1 beans & peas4 ,!    
foods mo/ valuable = (fsett+ ! bad      
effects ( ! above are ! dri$ fruits1    
especially prunes1 & cornmeal4 ,fre%    
meat & onions act z laxatives also1 b   
too mu* ( any ( ^! foods may cause !    

sy/em to =tify itself aga9/ !m & _! good
 effects are r$uc$ greatly4 ,_m k9ds (  
food are difficult to dige/2 b x %\ld be
 rememb]$ t all /oma*s are n alike & :at
 is indige/ible = "o man is easily      
assimilat$ by ano!r4 ,! only way to le>n
 :at foods are h>mful & :i* ones are n  
is by try+ !m1 b ?is %\ld be done & !   
results kn[n be=e go+ into ! woods4     
,tea & c(fee are us$ ext5sively 9 !     
woods because !y are v refre%+ to tir$  
travel]s4 ,tea is especially invigorat+4
 ,b bo? ( ^! dr9ks1 if us$ 9 excess1 are
 h>mful4 ,c(fee injures ! n]v\s sy/em   
directly1 :ile indirectly x works on o!r
 organs1 & tea is injuri\s to ! /oma*1  
also ! n]ves4 ,tak5 9 reasonable am\nt  
^! dr9ks w d no h>m1 b !y %\ld nev] be  
us$ to ! exclusion ( wat]4 ,! latt] is !
 natural dr9k & we _c use too mu*4  ,!  
fif? requirem5t 9 camp foods is "o t mu/
 n be =gott54 ,on a long trip into ! bu%
 ! outfit is sure to get a c]ta9 am\nt (
 r\gh usage2 a pack /rap may give way or
 ! pack] may /umble or slip & d[n goes !

 pack4 ,) b few exceptions1 !n1 ev]y?+  
:i* w n /& a reasonable am\nt ( r\gh    
h&l+ has no "r to a place on ! out]'s   
li/4 ,! exceptions are a few articles   
:i* :5 tak5 9 small quantities mu/ be   
put up 9 glass & ^! few foods are       
pickles1 v9eg> & o!rs ( simil> nature4  
,if any o!r less breakable conta9] c be 
f\nd = ^! x is bett] to use x1 b if ^!  
foods are 9 bottle same mu/ be c>efully 
pack$ to prev5t breakage4 ,eggs are !   
mo/ unsatisfactory ( all foods =        
transportation into ! wilds1 = !y are   
easily brok51 _c be kept dur+ cold wea!r
 & spoil quickly :5 ! wea!r is mild4    
,?is is n an article on pack+ or o!rwise
 transport+ outfits into ! bu%1 b ,i wi%
 to say ?is 9 reg>d to pack+ foods1 t   
all packages & conta9]s %\ld be z light 
z possible consi/5t ) /r5g? &           
durability4 ,pap] sacks are n ! prop]   
?+1 = !y are s easily torn4 ,x is by f> 
! bett] plan to h small duck or musl9   
bags = all dry foods4 ,no?+ %\ld be tak5
 if put up 9 wood5 boxes or o!r conta9]s

 hav+ %>p edges or corn]s1 b all su*    
articles %\ld be remov$ & plac$ 9 ! clo?
 sacks4 ,if ?is is impossible x is bett]
 to elim9ate su* goods f ! li/4  ,to    
give a li/ ( foods :i* are suitable =   
/eady diet 9 ! wilds is easy1 & x may be
 a p]fect li/1 well balanc$1 n\ri%+ &   
hav+ all ! o!r desirable qualities1 yet 
x may n be satisfactory = g5]al use4    
,individual ta/es d n all foll[ ! same  
*annels & !re are no end ( p :o c\ld    
pick f any li/ ( foods t ,i might give a
 numb] ( articles :i* !y _c eat or :i*  
are n receiv$ k9dly by _! respective    
sy/ems4 ,ano!r ?+ is ! diff]5ce 9       
quantity ( food consum$ by diff]5t m54  
,:ile a life 9 ! op5 air ) cont9u\s     
physical ex]cise f be=e daylight until  
aft] d>k develops an appetite 9 any man1
 ) "s m5 _! appetites seem absolutely   
insatiable & !y consume enorm\s         
quantities ( food4 ,x is !re=e difficult
 to give a li/ :i* may be tak5 z an     
accurate guide & approximate quantities 
only c be giv51 ^! be+ 9 ! pres5t "t    

bas$ on :at ,i consid] a normal         
woodsman's appetite4 ,note 9 ! foll[+   
li/s quantities int5d$ = "o man "o      
mon?'s use & if ! li/s look good !y may 
be us$ = a basis on :i* to figure !     
am\nts ( food requir$ = ! l5g? ( "t4    
,li/ ,no4 #a4--,tw5ty p\nds :eat fl\r & 
t5 p\nds cornmeal1 or #be p\nds :eat    
fl\r & five p\nds cornmeal2 "o & a half 
p\nds be/ bak+ p[d]1 free ( alum2 ?ree  
p\nds table salt 7?is is m ?an necess>y 
= food1 b all[s = pres]v+ game72 t5     
p\nds bacon or five p\nds bacon & five  
p\nds salt pork2 "o p\nd l>d or ,crisco 
7?is is seldom ne$$ if all bacon grease 
is sav$ & us$ = cook+72 ?ree p\nds      
cream]y or cann$ butt]2 #aj p\nds beans1
 small or l>ge1 z pref]r$2 f\r p\nds    
split peas2 five p\nds evaporat$ fruit1 
ei!r apples1 apricots or pea*es1 assort$
 if desir$2 f\r p\nds prunes2 six p\nds 
sug> 7sev5 p\nds if us$ 9 tea & c(fee72 
two p\nds tea 7black1 gre5 or mix$7 or  
?ree p\nds gr\nd c(fee 9 airtight t9s2  
"o bottle1 ab\t two p\nds1 s\r pickles2 

f\r p\nds evaporat$1 unsweet5$ milk 9   
small size t9s2 two p\nds *eese2 "o     
ounce black pepp]4 ,eighty-sev5 & a half
 to #hi #a_/b p\nds total weight4  ,!   
=ego+ is my /&>d li/ on :i* ,i h bas$ _m
 a pur*ase ( supplies1 & :ile ,i v>y    
quantities sometimes1 & add luxuries n[ 
& !n1 ! li/ alone1 j z giv51 makes an   
excell5t "o = real woods trips4  ,9 !   
foll[+ ,i h cut d[n ! quantities ( "s   
articles & add$ ! equival5t 9 o!r goods1
 ?us giv+ great] v>iety & mak+ a ration 
t is less apt to gr[ tiresome 9 "t4     
,li/ ,no4 #b4--;,eighte5 p\nds :eat fl\r
 & five p\nds cornmeal2 two p\nds       
crack]s or soda biscuits2 "o p\nd ( be/ 
bak+ p[d]2 ?ree p\nds table salt2 six   
p\nds bacon & f\r p\nds salt pork2 ?ree 
& a half p\nds cream]y or cann$ butt]2  
sev5 p\nds beans2 ?ree p\nds split peas2
 five p\nds evaporat$ fruits1 assort$ z 
desir$2 f\r p\nds prunes2 eight p\nds   
sug>2 two p\nds tea or ?ree p\nds c(fee1
 gr\nd & 9 airtight t9s2 two-p\nd bottle
 s\r pickles2 five p\nds evaporat$ milk 

9 small t9s2 f\r p\nds rice2 "o p\nd    
se$$ rais9s2 two ounces c9namon2 "o     
ounce black pepp]2 two p\nds *eese2 five
 p\nds ,b]muda onions4 ,n9ety & a half  
p\nds to #ia #a_/b p\nds total weight4  
,i ?9k ! above li/ w be m g5]ally       
satisfactory ?an ! fir/1 b if ! camp]   
has pref]5ces 9 reg>d to ! k9d ( food   
select$ he may use ^! li/s only z a     
basis on :i* to figure4 ,! weights giv5 
are net & d n include extra conta9]s4 ,x
 w be not$ t ! total weight is ne>ly !  
same 9 bo?2 b ! second all[s = a m v>i$ 
m5u4 ,i h add$ to ?is "o f\r p\nds (    
rice4 ,! rais9s1 ) ! additional sug> &  
milk1 are ma9ly = ?is di%4 ,i h also    
add$ an extra half-p\nd ( butt]1 = x w  
be ne$$ to make rice pudd+4 ,! c9namon  
is = use 9 apple sauce & on rice4 ,by   
elim9at+ ! crack]s & half ! salt a c\ple
 ( p\nds ( oatmeal & a brick ( maple    
sug> may be add$1 !reby aga9 increas+ ! 
numb] ( items )\t additional weight &   
mak+ a good :olesome breakfa/ di%       
7oatmeal porridge71 or "o t c be prep>$ 

quickly1 also provid+ syrup = !         
pancakes--:ite hopes1 z "o ( my camp+   
companions call$ !m4  ,"s ( ! above-nam$
 foods c be cook$ satisfactorily only 9 
! p]man5t camp1 :ile o!rs are suitable =
 use 9 camp or on ! trail4 ,:5 mak+ long
 tramps away f my cab9 & camp+ out at   
night by ! side ( a fire ,i l to travel 
z lightly equipp$ z possible )\t        
sacrific+ com=t1 !re=e ,i c>ry v little 
camp equipm5t & especially few cook+    
ut5sils4 ,?is necessitates ! use ( v    
simple1 easily prep>$ di%es4 ,ord9>ily  
,i c>ry only ! foll[+ foods3 ,fl\r mix$ 
) ! prop] am\nt ( bak+ p[d] & salt2     
bacon1 slic$ & ) ! r9d remov$2 oatmeal1 
sug>1 butt]1 tea1 & a small sack conta9+
 a few ounces ( salt4 ,! latt] is = use 
9 cook+ game kill$ dur+ ! day4 ,x w be  
obvi\s !n t if ! camp] foll[s my plan he
 mu/ base 8 quantities ( ^! articles on 
! proportion ( "t :i* he believes w be  
sp5t on ! trail or camp+ out4 ,if ! "t s
 sp5t w be limit$ he c cut d[n slightly 
on ! am\nts ( ^! foods & add o!rs m to 8

 lik+ if he wi%es1 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if he
 expects to d mu* camp+ out he mu/      
increase ! quantity ( su* foods z c be  
us$ on ! trail4  ,judg+ f my own        
exp]i5ce x is easi] to *oose good camp  
foods ?an to "k :i* to use f ! li/ = a  
meal & h[ to prep>e !m4 ,on /ormy days1 
or :5 = any o!r reason ! camp] is sp5d+ 
suffici5t "t at ! ma9 cab91 he c cook   
su* foods z beans1 split peas1 rice1    
game1 salt pork & dri$ fruits1 also c   
make good use ( ! maple syrup & o!r     
luxuries4 ,= %ort ord] meals1 z1 =      
in/ance1 :5 return+ to camp long pa/    
meal "t & 9 a half fami%$ condition1    
oatmeal porridge1 bannock 7bak+ p[d]    
bread71 bacon & tea or c(fee w g5]ally  
satisfy4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a good m5u =
 a day :5 ! hunt] or trapp] wants to    
make a j\rney away f ! ma9 camp1 return+
 late 9 ! aft]noon4 ,he rises e>ly 9 !  
morn+ & prep>es breakfa/ ( c(fee1       
pancakes1 maple syrup & bacon1 or1      
p]haps1 has fri$ v5ison1 moose or c>ib\ 
/eak4 ,imm$iately aft] breakfa/ he      

places ov] ! fire a kettle ( beans ) a  
piece ( salt pork & he boils ?is until  
he is ready to leave camp1 :i* may be an
 h\r lat]4 ,:ile ! beans are cook+ & he 
is wait+ = daylight he prep>es ! outfit 
:i* he w take ) him = ! day4 ,8 lun* w  
be crack]s1 or if n too cold a piece (  
bannock1 a few slices ( bacon1 a small  
piece ( *eese & tea4 ,! bu%man always   
c>ries a small tea pail ) him1 if only a
 t9 c fitt$ ) a wire bail4 ,he returns  
ab\t sunset & z soon z he has made a    
fire he places ov] x ! p>tly cook$ pork 
& beans4 ,by ! "t !y h f9i%$ cook+ he   
has bak$ a bannock1 /ew$ "s fruit or    
prunes1 or made rice pudd+4 ,?us he goes
 on day aft] day1 v>y+ 8 m5u z f> z     
possible1 z well z 8 me?ods ( prep>+ !  
foods4  ,9 ! li/s :i* ,i h giv5 ,i h    
purposely refra9$ f nam+ ! _m prep>$ &  
cond5s$ camp foods1 because my exp]i5ce 
) mo/ ( !m has be5 limit$ & _m ( !m ,i h
 nev] ev5 ta/$4 ,i ref] to su* articles 
z desiccat$ vegetables1 dri$ eggs1 milk 
p[d]1 erbswur/1 pemmican1 sacc>9e1 tea  

tablets1 s\p tablets1 etc4  ,be=e clos+ 
,i w\ld l to say a few words 9 reg>d to 
game & fi% z food4 ,:ile ,i d n advise  
mak+ mu* all[ance = !m :5 pur*as+       
supplies ! man :o goes into ! wilds to  
camp %\ld avail himself ( any           
opportunity :i* (f]s to secure game &   
fi% = 8 use1 b he %\ld1 ( c\rse1 nev]   
kill m ?an is ne$$1 & unless driv5 to x 
by hung] %\ld n kill protect$ game out (
 season4 ,if he kills m ?an he c use at 
! "t & ! wea!r is too w>m to keep x )\t 
cur+ he %\ld dry ! meat & he w f9d x an 
excell5t article = lun*es & :5 camp+    
out4 ,b :at ,i want$ to get at is ?is1 t
 _m animals :i* are seldom consid]$ z   
fit = food & are g5]ally ?r[n away or   
us$ = bait are really f9e food & by us+ 
!m !re w be less ne$ ( violat+ ! game   
laws4 ,among ! animals :i* are trapp$ & 
may be us$ = food are be>s 7:5 kill$ 9  
fall or w9t]71 muskrats1 raccoons1      
opossums & beav]s4 ,wood*ucks are n bad 
eat+ if prop]ly cook$1 b !y c only be   
secur$ 9 summ]4 ,! porcup9e is ano!r    

animal :i* may be eat51 al?\gh ,i _c say
 t ! meat is palatable4 ,_m p 9 ,canada 
eat ! fle% ( lynx1 b ,i draw ! l9e on   
c>nivor\s animals4 ,i h tri$ x1 9 fact1 
,i h eat5 all ! animals nam$ above4  ,my
 p>t+ advice is to practice economy4 ,! 
food :i* has be5 transport$ ov] s _m    
miles ( r\gh trail by ! h>de/ k9d ( toil
 %\ld nev] be wa/$4 ,! sav+ habit is a  
good "o to gr[ into & x c be practic$ z 
well 9 ! woods z 9 our own homes4       
,,fires ,,= ,,v>i\s ,,uses  ,mo/ fires  
to-day are />t$ by means ( mat*es1 s1 z 
a />t+ place we w fir/ consid] ! mat*4  
,insignificant little /ick--#ejj = five 
c5ts--yet t t9y mat* c />t a fire t w\ld
 de/roy a city or lay a hundr$ miles (  
=e/ 9 ru96 ,_m a life has be5 sav$ by a 
mat*1 & _m millions1 yes billions (     
doll>s wor? ( prop]ty has be5 de/roy$ by
 ! same insignificant little /ick4 ,x is
 on "o h& "o ( ! greate/ provid]s (     
com=t t sci5ce has produc$1 & on ! o!r !
 mo/ p[]ful de/roy] kn[n to man4 ,!re   
are v>i\s k9ds ( mat*es1 ea* hav+       

prop]ties peculi> to itself1 b we w     
comp>e only ! mo/ common k9ds & judge !m
 f ! woodsman's /&po9t4  ,i believe !   
fir/ mat*es to come into use 7 made ( a 
sulfur\s comp\nd & su* mat*es are /ill  
us$ 9 l>ge quantities 9 ,canada4 ,!y are
 g5]ally consid]$ sup]ior to ord9>y     
p>lor mat*es = woodsman's use1 b ,i _c  
see t !y possess any advantages :atev]4 
,!y are j z difficult to light z p>lor  
mat*es1 if n m s1 j z easily bl[n out1 &
 j z susceptible to dampness4 ,!y are   
noiseless1 :i* is 9 _! favor1 b !y ?r[  
(f disagreeable fumes :5 light$4 ,!y are
 reliable mat*es = ! woodsman1 al?\gh ,i
 w\ld take p>lor mat*es 9 pref]5ce4  ,we
 h also ! little1 s-call$ safety mat*es 
n[ s mu* us$ by smok]s4 ,!y are conv5i5t
 = c>ry+ & get _! "n f _! refusal to    
light :5 /ruck on any surface o!r ?an ! 
side ( ! box 9 :i* !y are pack$4 ,b ?is 
v quality makes !m unfit to light a fire
 9 a w9d if "o mu/ hold 9 8 h& !        
mat*-box z well z ! burn+ mat*1 = he _c 
cup 8 h&s p]fectly4 ,?is is wor?        

rememb]+1 = out ( doors1 !re is ne>ly   
always en\gh w9d to make tr\ble :5      
build+ a fire4 ,ano!r fault ( ! safety  
mat* is its small size2 x is apt to be  
entirely consum$ be=e ! fire c be />t$4 
,! p>lor mat* !n is ! mat* = ! woodsman1
 & he %\ld h a b\ntiful supply :5 he    
turns 8 back on civilization4  ,! /ock (
 mat*es %\ld be kept 9 a wat]pro( case (
 "s k9d4 ,a screw top j> is v good if "o
 has x 9 camp1 b glassw>e is n practical
 = camp+ trips & some?+ less fragile b  
equally wat]pro( %\ld be f\nd4 ,i h a   
kodak tank develop+ outfit1 ! metal tank
 ( :i* is excell5t = hold+ mat*es4 ,!   
cov] locks on by a p>tial turn & is     
wat]tight1 :ile ! tank holds en\gh      
mat*es = a :ole w9t]'s use4  ,( c\rse ! 
woodsman w c>ry ) him on 8 soj\rns f    
camp only a small quantity ( mat*es & at
 lea/ a few ( !m %\ld ei!r be s treat$ z
 to r5d] !m imp]vi\s to wat]1 or be     
c>ri$ 9 a wat]tight box4 ,x sometimes   
happ5s t ! travel] 9 ! woods gets caught
 9 a dr5*+ ra91 or he may fall into !   

wat]1 & unless "s provision has be5 made
 = keep+ ! mat*es dry !re w be no m     
smokes or tea until he gets back to     
camp4 ,sometimes m s]i\s consequ5ces may
 foll[ su* neglig5ce2 = in/ance1 !      
travel] may break ?r\gh ! ice & )\t a   
fire may freeze to dea?4 ,almo/ e       
outdoor man c recall in/ances :]e dry   
mat*es w\ld at lea/ h add$ mat]ially to 
8 com=t4  ,!re are v>i\s ways (         
wat]pro(+ mat*es4 ,!y may be dipp$ 9    
melt$ p>aff9e1 :i* w keep !m p]fectly   
dry1 & :5 ! protect+ wax is remov$ !y w 
be 9 fir/ class condition4 ,v>ni%es ( "o
 k9d or ano!r w s]ve ! same purpose4  ,b
 a wat]pro( box is m reliable &         
conv5i5t4 ,!re is "o mat*-box on ! m>ket
 t is v effici5t4 ,x is some:at         
difficult to op51 especially :5 "o's h&s
 are cold1 b = all ( t x is ! be/ ?+ ,i 
"k (1 & z its cont5ts are to be us$ only
 9 em]g5cy cases ! woodsman may be      
cont5t ) ! box z x is4 ,i h se5         
mat*-boxes made f brass %otgun %ells :i*
 7 practically wat]pro( if kept tightly 

clos$1 b sometimes x is difficult to    
remove ! cov]4 ,a small glass bottle is 
also good = c>ry+ mat*es & is frequ5tly 
us$ = ?is purpose4    ,illu/ration3     
,,light+ ,a ,,mat* ,,9 ,,! ,,w9d4  ,x is
 an easy matt] to light a mat*2 b to />t
 a fire is some?+ diff]5t1 & to build a 
fire :5 ! w9d is bl[+ is (t5 difficult4 
,ev5 ! simple light+ ( a pipe 9 ! w9d is
 v unc]ta9 ) _m smok]s4 ,i h se5 m5 out 
9 an expos$ place /rike mat* aft] mat* 9
 a va9 endeavor to light a pipe4 ,yet   
rightly done ! trick is easy4 ,x is all 
"r to get beh9d a tree if "o is ne>2 b x
 is n at all necess>y4 ,9 all cases !   
man %\ld turn 8 face t[>ds ! w9d & z    
soon z he /rikes ! mat*1 =m a cup ( 8   
h&s & ?us %elt] ! burn+ mat*4 ,!n x is  
easy to ?ru/ ! b[l ( ! pipe into 8 h&s  
to ! burn+ mat*4 ,a fire c be />t$ 9 !  
same way1 b x is a little m difficult & 
less c]ta94 ,! k9dl+ mu/ be prop]ly     
arrang$ ) ! "p to be light$ project+    
t[>ds ! breeze1 & suffici5tly sep>at$ f 
o!r objects1 s t ! fire build] may      

enclose ?is "p 9 ! %elt] ( 8 h&s1 along 
) ! mat*1 & ?us protect ! flame until ! 
k9dl+ is fairly light$4 ,(t5 a %eet (   
b>k dropp$ aga9/ ! t9y flame w protect x
 until x ga!rs /r5g?4 ,a dry surface on 
:i* to /rike a mat* is ess5tial & !     
woodsman mu/ use 8 k ( suitable surfaces
 to help him out ( 8 tr\ble4 ,a pocket  
mat*-box usually has "o side r\gh5$ =   
?is purpose4 ,a v practical idea is to  
sew a small /rip ( em]y clo? on ! inside
 ( ! coat1 ! upp] half be+ loose s t x  
folds d[n ov] ! o!r half & ?us keeps !  
r\gh surface f contact ) ! clo?+4 ,!    
back ( a pocket-knife1 ! butt plate ( a 
gun1 or a key may also be made to answ]4
 ,( natural surfaces ! side ( a /one or 
! dry trunk ( a tree may s]ve4 ,b ! mo/ 
common s*eme is to utilize ! tr\s] leg =
 /rik+ mat*es & z long z ! clo?+ is dry 
x is c]ta9ly ! mo/ conv5i5t surface =   
?is purpose4  ,:5 a mat* gets wet1 if ! 
head is n s mu* s(t5$ t x rubs (f !     
/ick1 !re is hope4 ,rubb+ ! mat* ?r\gh !
 hair w dry x 9 an amaz+ly %ort "t4     

,!re is no "r or wrong way to make a    
fire unless x is to be us$ = "s special 
purpose1 9 :i* case we mu/ "k h[ ! fire 
is to be us$ & build x accord+ly4 ,z a  
rule a cook+ fire is built diff]5tly f  
"o t is design$ m]ely to give w>m?4 ,b  
we mu/ always take into consid]ation !  
/r5g? ( ! w9d1 :e!r ! fire is = boil+1  
bak+ or fry+ food1 & :e!r a quick or sl[
 heat is want$1 = ea* & all call = a    
diff]5t k9d ( fire4 ,! v>iety ( wood &  
its condition mu/ also be consid]$4  ,= 
mo/ k9ds ( cook+ only a small fire is   
requir$1 9 fact we get bett] results f a
 small flame4 ,b x is ess5tial t we h "s
 arrangem5t :]eby ! cook+ ut5sils w be  
held /eadily & securely4 ,! mo/ common  
practice is to place ! kettle or fry+   
pan on top ( ! fuel1 %ift+ ! wood ab\t  
until ! ut5sils set level4 ,x is ab\t ! 
mo/ unsatisfactory me?od1 outside (     
hold+ !m by h&1 & _m a meal has be5     
upset into ! fire simply because ! cook 
w\ld n take ! tr\ble to provide a       
suitable place to prep>e ! meal4 ,!     

simple/ way ( susp5d+ a kettle ov] !    
fire is by hang+ x f ! end ( a /ick :i* 
has be5 ?ru/ into ! gr\nd at an angle ( 
ab\t #bj degrees4 ,9 ! woods ( ! nor?   
?is me?od is us$ g5]ally = boil+4 ,:5 ! 
bu%man /ops = tea1 :i* is always ! mo/  
ess5tial & important "p ( 8 repa/1 he   
builds a fire1 !n cuts a /ick an in* or 
a little m 9 ?ickness & ab\t f\r feet   
long1 & ?ru/s x into ! gr\nd 9 su* a way
 t :5 ! tea-pail is susp5d$ f ! end x   
hangs at j ! "r height above ! fire4    
,only a small fire is requir$1 b x %\ld 
give a cle>1 /eady flame1 = ! wat] %\ld 
be br\ght to a boil quickly4  ,= fry+1  
bak+1 etc41 ,i f9d an arrangem5t ( two  
small gre5 logs1 flatt5$ on top &       
bottom1 & plac$ side by side ab\t a half
 foot ap>t1 ! mo/ satisfactory ?+ =     
hold+ ! ut5sils securely4 ,betwe5 ^!    
logs a small fire is made1 & !re is no  
dang] ( ! food spill+ into ! fire1 or ! 
h&les ( ! ut5sils becom+ s hot t !y h to
 be mov$ ) /icks4 ,= a s+le ut5sil1 l a 
fry+ pan1 ,i f9d two /raight-sid$ /ones 

plac$ ! "r di/ance ap>t1 fully z good z 
! logs1 & only a few emb]s f ! camp fire
 w be ne$$ = ! cook+4    ,illu/ration3  
,,fires ,,= ,,cook+4  ,almo/ ev]ybody :o
 camps = ! night builds a campfire1 9   
fact1 )\t x a camp w\ld seem f> f       
complete1 ev5 ?\gh ! night is a w>m "o4 
,cook+1 h[ev]1 %\ld be done ov] a small]
 fire plac$ ne>by4  ,!re are a lot (    
little helpful wr9kles regul>ly us$ by  
woodsm5 t c h>dly be imp>t$ to ! gre5-h&
 because ( _! numb]1 _! insignificance1 
& ! fact t ea* mu/ be adapt$ to !       
prevail+ condition1 b !y imm$iately br& 
! us] z an old h& at ! game4 ,!y are    
simply ! result ( exp]i5ce & are us$    
almo/ unconsci\sly4 ,i ref] to su* ?+s z
 ! mann] ( plac+ wood on ! fire1 h&l+   
emb]s1 mov+ cook+ ut5sils1 etc4 ,x is ! 
k ( h[ to d su* little ?+s z ?is t makes
 ! "w ( ! exp]t look s easy & run along 
s smoo?ly1 :ile ,mr4 ,amateur is hav+   
all k9ds ( tr\ble4 ,!re is no way to    
acquire ?is k except by long exp]i5ce1  
or by work+ 9 company ) "o :o has be5   

!re4  ,i "k a way ( build+ a v good     
comb9ation heat+ & cook+ fire1 :i* may  
be us$ dur+ ra9y wea!r m satisfactorily 
?an any o!r k9d ) :i* ,i am acqua9t$4   
,two small gre5 logs ab\t five feet     
long1 are plac$ side by side ab\t #bj   
in*es ap>t4 ,two %ort] logs are !n plac$
 across ! ends & ano!r five-foot log    
laid l5g?wise on top4 ,! fire is built  
betwe5 ! two bottom logs & directly "u !
 "o :i* has be5 plac$ on top4 ,!n pieces
 ( gre5 wood are /ood up aga9/ "o side s
 t !y re/ aga9/ ! top & "o ( ! bottom   
logs4 ,?is =ms a ro( ov] ! fire & !     
cook+ is done ov] ! op5 front1 betwe5 ! 
logs4 ,! ro( burns away sl[ly on ! "u   
side & z ! /icks burn (f !y are add$ to 
! fire b5ea? & o!rs plac$ on top to keep
 ! ro( built up4 ,?is is a good /yle (  
fire to reflect heat into ! camp & is   
excell5t = use ) a metal bak]4          
,illu/ration3 ,a ,,fire ,,= ,,ra9y      
,,days4  ,! regulation me?od ( build+ a 
fire = heat+ an op5-camp is to place x  
aga9/ a l>ge gre5 log1 or aga9/ a l$ge (

 rock1 a wall ( /ones built up          
artificially1 or a pile ( %ort gre5 logs
 re/+ aga9/ two /akes :i* h be5 driv5 at
 a slight incl9e4 ,! fire burns be/ :5  
!re are two %ort pieces ( wood plac$    
crosswise on ! gr\nd on :i* ! fuel may  
re/ & leave an op5+ = draft b5ea?4 ,gre5
 wood is be/ = hold+ fire2 b x mu/ be   
mix$ ) good dry wood1 or x w n burn     
well4 ,! selection ( wood = ! camp-fire 
is important4 ,/&+ dead trees are always
 dri] ?an ^? :i* h fall51 unless ! fall5
 trees are held up suffici5tly above !  
gr\nd to keep !m well dri$4 ,wood cut on
 l[1 damp gr\nd is n z good z t f\nd on 
high] places & usually pops & ?r[ sp>ks 
into ! blankets1 :i* make x             
objectionable4  ,almo/ all k9ds ( dry1  
h>d wood burn readily & ?r[ (f pl5ty (  
heat4 ,!y also burn to emb]s & h>d wood 
!re=e %\ld be select$ :5 a b$ ( live    
coals is ne$$4 ,( ! s(t wood dry p9e &  
c$> burn freely1 b are consum$ quickly1 
leave no emb]s & make a lot ( smoke4 ,!y
 are excell5t wood = k9dl+ & = use 9    

connection ) gre51 h>d wood4 ,gre5 p9e1 
c$>1 fir & tam>ack burn sl[ly & require 
mu* dry wood to help keep !m burn+4     
,:ite bir* is excell5t = camp-fires2 dry
 or gre5 & dry tam>ack is "o ( ! be/ (  
camp-fire woods4  ,!re are v>i\s woods t
 answ] well = k9dl+ & ! camp] mu/ always
 f9d some?+ t w be good = ?is purpose4  
,dry :ite-p9e & c$> %av+s & spl9ts light
 readily f ! mat*1 b dead fat p9e is mu*
 bett]4 ,p9e knots1 rema9+ aft] ! log   
has rott$ away1 :5 split are heavy &    
yell[ ) dri$ pit* & if split into       
spl9t]s w burn l oil4 ,an old p9e log is
 (t5 9 ! same condition1 & if ! camp] c 
f9d any wood ( ?is k9d he %\ld take "s  
to camp s t he w n ne$ to hunt ab\t = a 
suitable wood = />t+ a fire4 ,9 ! nor?  
:]e !re is little p9e timb] su* k9dl+ is
 sc>ce2 b nature has provid$ an excell5t
 sub/itute 9 :ite-bir* b>k4 ,! loose b>k
 hang+ to ! tree trunks conta9s an oil  
:i* causes x to light readily f ! mat* &
 burn ) a bright flame & a hiss+ noise4 
,:5 travel+ 9 ! nor!rn bu% dur+ cold    

wea!r ,i frequ5tly c>ri$ a bun* ( bir*  
b>k 9 ! top ( my pack1 s t if ,i want$  
to build a fire quickly ,i w\ld n h to  
hunt = k9dl+4  ,!re is "o m woodcraft   
trick t ,i ?9k ev]ybody :o goes into !  
woods %\ld "k4 ,:ile ! woodsman         
inv>iably c>ries an axe ) :i* to cut    
firewood1 !re may come a "t :5 he has no
 axe & is oblig$ to camp out ov] night4 
,!n gett+ toge!r suffici5t wood to keep 
fire ov] night is a real problem4       
,sometimes he c f9d a place :]e "o tree 
has fall5 across ano!r1 or if n1 p]haps 
he c ?r[ "o ov] ! o!r1 & at ! place :]e 
!y cross he %\ld build 8 fire4 ,!n :5 ! 
logs burn ?r\gh he c move !m & ei!r keep
 %ov+ ! ends into ! fire z !y burn away1
 or p]haps cross ! pieces aga9 & burn !m
 into %ort] & light] pieces :i* c be    
h&l$ readily4  ,9 build+ any k9d ( a    
fire ! camp] %\ld rememb] t flame       
naturally moves upw>d1 s t ! wood %\ld  
be light$ f b5ea?4 ,x is h>d to get a   
fire />t$ 9 any o!r way4 ,he %\ld also  
rememb] t ! w9d drives ! fire =w>d &    

%\ld light ! wood "u ! w9dw>d side4 ,!  
f9e/ k9dl+ %\ld be plac$ fir/1 !n f9ely 
split dry wood on top1 co>s] wood on top
 ( ?is1 etc4 ,! heavy wood %\ld nev] re/
 too mu* on ! k9dl+ or ! latt] w be     
cru%$ d[n into su* a d5se mass t x w n  
burn & ! wood mu/ nev] be plac$ s t !   
/icks fit closely toge!r2 a criss-cross 
/yle is mu* bett]4 ,^! are all simple   
little rules & easy to rememb]1 b x is  
necess>y to "k !m t camp-fire tr\bles   
may be avoid$4    ,,fire  ,! mo/ common 
way ( build+ a fire among savages :o h n
 adopt$ ! ways ( civilization is by     
means ( a b[1 sp9dle & block4  ,?is way 
( mak+ fire has be5 exploit$ by writ]s  
on woodcraft subjects2 b ! read] %\ld n 
be deceiv$ into ! belief t if he becomes
 lo/ 9 ! woods & night com+ on f9ds him 
)\t mat*es1 he c build a fire by ?is    
means4 ,:ile any boy sc\t c demon/rate !
 me?od & c produce fire 9 a v few       
m9utes1 he c d s only by hav+ prep>$ !  
necess>y mat]ials long 9 advance4 ,!    
wood mu/ be z dry z wood c be made1 &   

su* wood is nev] f\nd 9 ! =e/4 ,to get  
wood into ! prop] condition = fire mak+ 
by ! friction me?od requires ! selection
 fir/ ( ! prop] k9d ( wood1 & !n a      
?or\gh dry+ indoors = weeks or ev5      
mon?s4 ,only c]ta9 k9ds ( woods are     
really good = ! purpose & among ^! k9ds 
c$>1 balsam & ,cottonwood seem to be !  
be/4 ,sp9dle & block mu/ be ( ! same k9d
 ( wood & equally dry4  ,! mat]ials ne$$
 = mak+ a fire are ! b[1 sp9dle1 block1 
t9d]1 & a %ell1 a /one ) a small cavity1
 or o!r simil> object :i* c be us$ z a  
be>+ or cap on top ( ! sp9dle4 ,a mussel
 %ell is ! be/ natural object = !       
purpose1 z x is light & has a holl[ side
 :i* is smoo? & makes an excell5t be>+ =
 ! sp9dle end4    ,illu/ration3 ,,us+   
,,! ,,b[ ,,drill ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,fire4  ,! 
b[1 ab\t two feet long1 may be made (   
hickory or any spr+y wood1 /rung ) a    
/\t1 h>d laid tw9e4 ,! sp9dle1 ( any ( !
 favorite woods1 %\ld be ab\t sixte5    
in*es long by ?ree-f\r?s or "o in* 9    
?ickness4 ,! top %\ld be r\nd$ & ! l[]  

end %ap$ to a blunt1 smoo? po9t4 ,x mu/ 
be v dry4 ,! block %\ld be an in* or a  
little m 9 ?ickness & ( any wid? & l5g? 
f\nd conv5i5t1 b x %\ld be l>ge en\gh to
 be easily held d[n firmly ) ! knees :5 
9 ! kneel+ position assum$ :5 work+ !   
drill4 ,x %\ld be ( ! same k9d ( wood z 
! sp9dle4 ,! t9d] may be any inflammable
 mat]ial :i* c easily be fir$ f ! burn+ 
du/1 su* z ! %r$d$ inn] b>k ( a c$>     
tree1 v dry & f9e1 mix$ ) %r$s ( :ite   
cotton clo?4  ,to use ! outfit ! op]ator
 cuts a ,v-%ap$ not* ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( 
an in* deep 9 ! edge ( ! block4 ,on !   
flat side ( ! block at ! apex ( ! not*  
he !n makes a small hole ) ! po9t ( a   
knife z a />t+ place = ! sp9dle4 ,ar\nd 
?is not* he places a small quantity ( ! 
t9d]4 ,!n1 giv+ ! /r+ ( ! b[ a turn     
ar\nd ! sp9dle he kneels on ! block1    
places ! po9t ( ! sp9dle on ! m>k at !  
po9t ( ! not*1 places ! %ell ov] ! o!r  
end1 & ?r[+ 8 weight ^u ! sp9dle he     
works ! b[ back & =? quickly & /eadily4 
,! sp9dle1 revolv+ rapidly1 bores its   

way d[n into ! block1 ! du/ :i* is worn 
f ! block & sp9dle filt]+ d[n ?r\gh !   
not* among ! dry t9d]4 ,an increas+ heat
 develops f ! friction ( ! dry wood1 &  
soon an odor ( scor*+ wood w be notic$2 
!n a ?9 wisp ( smoke arises f ! du/ 9 ! 
not* & ?is gr[s /rong]1 aft] a:ile !    
smold]+ fire itself is visible 9 ! du/  
:i* has accumulat$ 9 ! not* & ab\t !    
base ( ! sp9dle4 ,at ?is /age ! op]ator 
/ops ! drill & bl[s ! fire into flame4  
,all t is necess>y !n is to place f9e1  
dry twigs ov] ! t9d] & !n co>s] wood1 & 
?is wond]ful feat ( build+ a fire )\t   
mat*es is accompli%$4  ,mat*es are a    
comp>atively rec5t inv5tion4 ,:5 ?is    
c\ntry 0 fir/ settl$ !y 7 unkn[n & fires
 g5]ally 7 made by means ( fl9t & /eel4 
,by /rik+ glanc+ bl[s ) a /eel object   
along ! edge ( a piece ( fl9t1 %[]s (   
sp>ks 7 ?r[n into a little pile ( t9d]  
to be bl[n into a flame by ! fire-k9dl]4
 ,x is said t = an exp]t ! trick 0 n at 
all difficult1 & t fire c\ld be produc$ 
v quickly2 b x is obvi\s t v dry        

mat]ials 7 necess>y4  ,to ! un=tunate :o
 is ca/ away on a des]t isl&1 l ! h]o ( 
fiction1 ?is latt] me?od ( fire mak+ is 
! mo/ promis+1 = he usually has "s /eel 
object1 ev5 if only a pocket knife & a  
piece ( 8 coat l9+ pick$ into %r$s may  
answ] z t9d]4 ,! difficulty w be 9 f9d+ 
! fl9t2 b t is easy 9 ! /ory4           
,illu/ration3 ,,us+ ,,! ,,fl9t ,,&      
,,/eel ,,to ,,/>t ,a ,,fire4  ,b !      
easie/ ( all ways to make a fire )\t    
mat*es is by means ( a magnify+ glass or
 o!r l5s4 ,a read+ glass1 if ! sun is   
bright1 w produce a fire almo/ z quickly
 z x c be made ) a mat*1 provid+1 (     
c\rse1 t x is us$ ! "r way4 ,9 ! abs5ce 
( a read+ glass1 a wat* or compass      
cry/al1 an eye glass1 ! l5s f a field   
glass or cam]a1 or ev5 a bottle1 may be 
us$ = conc5trat+ ! sun's rays onto a    
pile ( t9d] & ?us produc+ a fire4 ,if y 
are skeptical z to ! heat caus$ by a    
conc5trat$ light ray1 j hold a read+    
glass a few in*es above y\r h& & turn ! 
glass t[>ds ! sun s t a t9y po9t (      

int5se light is ?r[n onto y\r h& & y w  
be surpris$ to see h[ quickly x w burn a
 bli/]4 ,a pipe may be light$ t way v   
easily1 some?+ t is wor? kn[+ if "o     
happ5s to get caught 9 ! woods )\t      
mat*es & ) a magnify+ glass 9 8 pocket4 
,illu/ration3 ,,/>t+ ,a ,,fire ,,) ,a   
,,magnify+ ,,glass4  ,b he may n h a    
glass ( any description & !n--well "h is
 ano!r way3 ,a man travel+ 9 ! woods    
ne>ly always c>ries a gun ( "s k9d4 ,let
 him remove ! bullet f a c>tridge &     
sub/itute a small bun* ( dry t9d]2 %r$d$
 dry cotton clo? is z good z any?+1 &   
load+ ?is c>tridge into ! gun1 fire x   
into ano!r small pile ( t9d] & bl[ !    
smold]+ pile into a flame4  ,! safe/ &  
mo/ conv5i5t way ( all is1 ( c\rse1 to  
c>ry mat*es1 & to h a portion ( !m 9 a  
wat]pro( box4 ,mat*es are *eap & a      
wat]pro( box w n bankrupt a woodsman4 ,i
 always1 :5 9 ! woods1 c>ry mat*es 9 a  
wat]pro( mat* box1 & ,i nev] use !m     
except 9 em]g5cy1 c>ry+ my regul> supply
 loose 9 a small pocket4  ,!re 0 "o "t t

 ,i well rememb] :5 t box ( dry mat*es 0
 to me ab\t ! mo/ valuable ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,t
 0 ! "t :5 ,i broke ?r\gh ! ice ( a lake
 9 ! nor!rn wild]ness1 f> f camp1 & my  
clo!s froze /iff be=e ,i _h gone a      
hundr$ paces4 ,! dry mat*es enabl$ me to
 make a fire quickly & dry my froz5     
clo!s4 ,:at c\ld ,i h done )\t !        
wat]pro( mat* box8  ,fire is z useful to
 ! mod]n woodsman z x 0 to ! prehi/oric 
man & 9 ! f> nor? x /&s betwe5 him &    
dea? :5 ,k+ ,boreas reigns4 ,b x c also 
d a _w ( mis*ief4 ,is x n /range t !    
great =ces :i* are s t]ribly de/ructive 
:5 let loose 9 all _! /r5g? are ! mo/   
b5eficial & useful to mank9d8 ,we c\ld n
 exi/ m ?an a few days )\t wat]1 yet    
floods de/roy ea* ye> millions ( doll>s 
wor? ( prop]ty & ?\s&s ( lives4         
,electricity is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ useful   
p[] 9 ! _w & we h gr[n s us$ to x t to  
give up its com=t1 :i* we d]ive 9 ! =m (
 light1 p[] & heat1 w\ld be an awful    
h>d%ip1 & yet electricity is ! mo/      
dang]\s & deadly elem5t kn[n4  ,fire    

also is s ne$ful t we c\ld no long] exi/
 )\t x4 ,x alone c make our homes       
com=table :5 ! w9t] w9ds h[l )\t4 ,its  
heat is necess>y = ! prep>ation ( !     
great] portion ( our food4 ,yet fire is 
a dang]\s & de/ructive elem5t1 & mu/ be 
closely wat*$ at all times to prev5t x f
 break+ out ( b\nds4 ,f ! h>mless com=t]
 ( ! home x becomes ! rel5tless de/roy]4
  ,! loss by fire w\ld be r$uc$ greatly 
if all p]sons w\ld obs]ve a few simple  
rules & 9 ! hope t "s ( ! read]s may    
become j a little m c>eful 9 ?is respect
 ,i w give ^! rules "h3  7#a7 ,use only 
safety mat*es4 ,!y w ignite only by     
friction on ! prep>ation f\nd on ! side 
( ! box 9 :i* !y are pur*as$4 ,if "o (  
^! mat*es falls on ! floor x is h>mless 
s9ce x _c light accid5tally & ?us cause 
a fire4 ,if !y fall into ! h&s ( *ildr5 
!y are also h>mless z f> z />t+ a fire  
is conc]n$4  7#b7 ,d n ?r[ a light$ mat*
 onto ! floor1 or among rubbi%4 ,burn$  
mat*es %\ld always be plac$ some:]e :]e 
!y _c possibly ignite any?+ 9 case a    

little fire /ill smold]s 9 ! burn$ wood4
  7#c7 ,don't drop cig>ettes or cig>    
ends into places :]e !y c d h>m1 & if   
!re appe>s to be ! lea/ possible dang]  
!y %\ld be c>efully ext+ui%$4 ,a pipe   
dump$ into a wa/e basket has _m times   
/>t$ co/ly fires4  7#d7 ,be sure t !re  
is no woodwork s ne> ! /ove t x gr[s    
scor*+ hot :5 ! /ove is ov]heat$4       
,likewise make sure t no rubbi% is ?r[n 
ne> ! /ove or fireplace & t !re is no   
dang] ( fire dropp+ out onto ! floor4   
7#e7 ,nev] leave ! h\se ) a fire burn+ 9
 ! /ove1 or fireplace4  7#f7 ,k]os5e &  
simil> sub/ances %\ld nev] be us$ =     
k9dl+ fires2 _! use is exce$+ly dang]\s4
 ,gasol9e especially is v dang]\s1 n    
alone ?r\gh ! fact t x is v inflammable 
b ev5 m s f ! fact t ! fumes ( gasol9e  
explode ) great viol5ce4 ,x %\ld nev] be
 us$ 9 a h\se :]e !re is a fire or a    
light$ lamp1 & a fire %\ld nev] be      
light$ 9 a room :]e x has be5 us$ until 
! fumes are completely cle>$ f ! room4  
,burn+ oil c be ext+ui%$ by smo!r+ )    

wool5 blankets1 or by ?r[+ s& on x4     
,wat] m]ely spreads ! fire4  ,:ile fires
 9 settl$ communities d ! mo/ damage1 a 
dry season may see _m de/ructive =e/    
fires4 ,su* conflagrations de/roy ! =e/s
 & kill game & song birds1 besides be+ a
 m5ace to settl]s4 ,?is c\ntry suff]s   
great losses ?r\gh =e/ fires1 _m ( :i*  
c\ld be prev5t$ by an obs]vance ( !     
rules already giv51 especially ^? relat+
 to smok+4 ,camp]s are also responsible 
= _m fires ( ?is k9d by fail+ to ext+ui%
 camp fires1 or by build+ !m 9 places   
:]e rubbi% ab\nds4 ,a camp fire %\ld    
nev] be made except on a spot ( clean   
gr\nd & if necess>y a spot %\ld be cle>$
 be=e build+ ! fire1 digg+ away !       
vegetable matt] on ! surface1 if ne$ be4
 ,likewise ! camp] %\ld be c]ta9 t !re  
is no dang] f ! fire spread+ be=e he    
leaves x4  ,ord9>ily he c feel sure (   
?is only :5 he has completely ext+ui%$ !
 fire by p\r+ wat] ^u x4    ,,blankets  
,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s to le>n is t blankets1 
no matt] h[ good1 are n w>m1 !y don't   

g5]ate heat4 ,wrap a j> ( wat] 9 !      
w>me/1 ?icke/1 s(te/ wool5 blanket y c  
f9d & place x out ( doors ov] night 9 a 
z]o temp]ature & see :at y h 9 ! morn+4 
,no1 !re is no w>m? com+ f ! blankets1 b
 ! w>m? comes f ! human body & ! purpose
 ( ! blanket is to reta9 ?is w>m?1 to   
prev5t its escape4 ,x mu/ !re=e be a    
non-conductor ( heat4 ,& rememb] t !re  
is no su* ?+ z cold1 = :at we call cold 
is m]ely an abs5ce ( heat1 & we call x  
cold = conv5i5ce4  ,suppose y are       
sleep+1 or attempt+ to sleep out ( doors
 on a night s cold t ! trees pop l      
pi/ols4 ,y are wrapp$ 9 a pair ( wool5  
blankets & x is only ?is wrapp+ t is    
betwe5 y & ! fro/y1 *ill+ air4 ,b inside
 ( ^? blankets y\r body is giv+ out heat
 waves1 ! air on ! inside becomes w>m1 &
 y are com=table4 ,suppose aga9 t !     
blankets are n ! "r k9d1 !y w n reta9   
heat1 & z a consequ5ce y become cold4 ,y
 sit up1 repl5i% ! fire & swe> to       
y\rself1 b y don't "k :y y c't keep w>m4
 ,y say ! cold gets ?r\gh y\r blankets &

 y firmly believe ?is4 ,z a matt] ( fact
 x is ! heat t gets ?r\gh1 n ! cold4    
,outside ( fur ! be/ heat-reta9+ mat]ial
 us$ = blankets is pure wool4 ,a little 
cotton may d no noticeable h>m1 if      
prop]ly us$ 9 conjunction ) ! wool1 b x 
c]ta9ly does no good1 & x really        
decreases ! w>m? ( ! blanket 9 direct   
proportion to ! quantity us$1 !re=e ,i  
say ! be/ blankets are made ( pure wool4
 ,& !re is a diff]5ce 9 wool1 too4      
,scot* wool is g5]ally admitt$ to be !  
f9e/ produc$4  ,x has always be5 my     
belief t wool loosely wov51 s t x =ms a 
s(t1 ?ick clo?1 is a bett] heat reta9]  
?an ! same quantity ( wool tightly wov51
 s t x makes a ?9n]1 tight] & h>d]      
mat]ial4 ,anyway1 ,i ?9k ! surface %\ld 
be z woolly z x is possible to make x4  
,n[ x is n difficult to get toge!r a    
quantity ( blankets t w keep a man w>m  
on ! colde/ night1 b ! tr\ble w come :5 
he wants to transport !m4 ,i h slept out
 on nights :5 x w\ld h requir$ a        
half-doz5 or m ( ! heavie/ wool5        

blankets made to keep me ne>-com=table1 
b a b$ ( ?is k9d w\ld h made a pack t   
w\ld disc\rage a bu% ,indian4 ,no1 y c't
 c>ry ) y en\gh wool5 blankets to keep y
 com=tably w>m :5 travel+ ! nor!rn      
trails 9 midw9t]4 ,n[ ?9k x ov] & x w   
become obvi\s t ei!r a man _c be        
com=table 9 ! woods dur+ z]o wea!r      
unless he has a way ( transport+ 8 camp 
duffle o!r ?an by back-pack+1 or he mu/ 
f9d a light]1 w>m] blanket ?an c be made
 ( wool4 ,! latt] is ! solution4  ,wool5
 blankets are good1 9 fact ! be/ ?+     
made1 = camp+ 9 spr+1 summ] & fall4 ,z  
long z ! spirits d n g l[] ?an #aj or   
#bj degrees above z]o & a fire may be   
kept burn+ all night a pair ( ,hudson   
,bay blankets are h>d to beat4 ,b :5 !  
temp]ature falls l[] ! %iv]+ spells     
prec$+ ea* fire-fix+ become too frequ5t 
& ! cat-naps too %ort4  ,! blankets we  
buy = use on ! b$ are d\ble1 b = camp   
use s+le blankets are pref]able4 ,!y    
%\ld be ( g5]\s size1 = a :ite man _c   
sleep com=tably if he mu/ draw 8 knees  

up aga9/ 8 *94 ,:at is m1 ! blankets    
%\ld cov] 8 head z well z 8 feet1 s !y  
%\ld be a foot & a half long] ?an !     
us]'s height4 ,!y %\ld also be wide--six
 feet w d1 b no?+ less4 ,) su* blankets 
a man c lie on "o-half & pull ! o!r half
 ov] him1 & by sudd5ly elevat+ 8 p$al   
extremities he c drop ! l[] edge ( !    
blankets "u !m1 :ile ! upp] "p c be     
drawn tightly ar\nd 8 head & %\ld]s4    
,?us he c sleep 9 real com=t :ile ! fire
 burns4  ,nev] use a cotton blanket 9 ! 
woods4 ,blankets made ( cotton are cold 
to ! t\*1 & d n reta9 ! heat ( ! body z 
well z ^? made ( wool4 ,9 addition to   
?is !y h ! bad fault ( n be+ z ne>ly    
imp]vi\s to sp>ks z wool5 blankets4 ,n[ 
a man ( ! trail does n sleep ) 8 feet   
t[>ds ! fire l ! pione] sc\t ( bord]    
fiction1 b he lies by ! side ( ! fire1  
:]e he w get ! b5efit ( its heat1 &     
sometimes he rolls clos] ?an he %\ld =  
safety4  ,?is ,i le>n$ f actual exp]i5ce
 ab\t ! fir/ "t ,i ev] tri$ camp+ out4  
,i believ$ firmly t ,i c\ldn't af=d to  

buy wool5 blankets1 s ,i us$ a pair made
 ( cotton4 ,i 0 sleep+ by ! side ( a    
fire & z x 0 q cold ,i snuggl$ close4 ,i
 awoke to f9d a decid$ly w>m feel+ ab\t 
my knee1 & on ha/y exam9ation f\nd a    
l>ge section ( "o tr\s] leg burn$ away &
 a hole 9 ! blanket ov] a foot 9        
diamet]4 ,i !n decid$ t ,i c\ld af=d    
wool5 blankets & h /ood by t decision   
ev] s9ce4  ,"o ( ! be/ blankets = camp+ 
purposes t ,i ev] own$ 0 a squ>e horse  
blanket1 f :i* ,i remov$ ! trimm+s4 ,its
 ?ick all-wool body & g5]\s size made x 
ideal = camp use4 ,! ,hudson's ,bay     
blankets are excell5t1 be+ heavy & (    
l>ge size4 ,!n !re are _m camp blankets 
( less note1 mo/ ( :i* are good4 ,really
 good1 heavy1 all-wool blankets ( a size
 #gbx#hd in*es w co/ f #e4jj to #aj4jj  
ea* = s+le blankets1 & twice t mu* = !  
d\ble k9d1 if y c get !m4 ,^! s+le      
blankets %\ld weigh f f\r & a half to   
five p\nds ea*4 ,color is immat]ial--if 
y fancy ! bright sc>let k9d buy x1 = x w
 give z good s]vice z a gray "o4 ,b a   

:ite blanket is almo/ sure to conta9 all
 good wool1 = x is h>d] to conceal %oddy
 /uff t is n dy$4 ,:ite is n a good     
color = camp+ purposes1 b x is n a      
difficult task to dye a :ite blanket4   
,a wool5 blanket is nei!r heavy1 bulky1 
nor /iff4 ,x is easily fold$ to fit !   
pack1 & :5 prop]ly arrang$ x =ms a pad  
:i* protects ! back ( ! pack] f ! corn]s
 ( ! cook+ ut5sils & ! ev]-g\g+ /eel    
traps & o!r h>dw>e4 ,if ! pack] has no  
pack clo? he c use ! blanket = ?is      
purpose1 al?\gh x is none too good = !  
blanket4 ,if x gets wet x is easily dri$
 )\t dang] ( burn+1 & if x does n get   
?or\ghly dry x is w>m] /ill ?an a cotton
 blanket4  ,b :5 z]o wea!r is to be     
cont5d$ ) wool5 blankets mu/ take a back
 seat = ! ,indian's k9d1 wov5 f /rips ( 
rabbit fur4 ,no?+ t ,i h ev] f\nd w     
equal or ev5 approa* 9 w>m? a rabbit sk9
 blanket4 ,"o su* blanket1 weigh+ eight 
or t5 p\nds1 is all t a man requires =  
sleep+ out ( doors 9 a temp]ature ( #dj 
bel[ z]o4 ,yes1 ,i "k t x s\nds         

f>-fet*$2 b a trial w conv9ce ! mo/     
skeptical4 ,_m a morn+ ,i h f\nd my nose
 almo/ froz5 :5 ,i awoke1 b o!rwise ,i 0
 p]fectly com=table2 ! reason be+ t my  
nose 0 ! only "p ( my anatomy n envelop$
 9 ! rabbit sk9 blanket4 ,i c\ldn't     
believe t x 0 s cold until ,i em]g$ f ! 
folds ( ! cov]+ to k9dle a fire4 ,) "o (
 ^! fur blankets ,i h slept com=tably (f
 & on dur+ an entire w9t] nor? ( ,lake  
,sup]ior1 9 a cab9 :i* _h ! cracks *9k$ 
on two sides only1 ! o!r two sides hav+ 
op5+s betwe5 ! logs ?r\gh :i* ,i c\ld   
put my h&1 & ,i nev] _h a fire at night4
  ,^! blankets are made by all nor!rn   
,indian tribes4 ,!y are wov5 f ! sk9s ( 
! sn[%oe rabbit1 or v>y+ h>e1 cut into  
/rips = ! purpose4 ,! animals produc+ ^!
 sk9s are f\nd 9 almo/ incr$ible numb]s 
9 mo/ ( ! wild] p>ts ( ,canada1 z well z
 9 p>ts ( ! nor!rn ,/ates4 ,! blankets c
 be made only 9 w9t]1 :5 ! fur is :ite &
 9 good condition4 ,! rabbits are tak5 9
 sn>es1 case sk9n$1 & ! sk9s are cut    
into /rips :ile gre54 ,?is "w is done by

 ! squaws4 ,! me?od is to trim ! op5 end
 ( ! sk91 !n />t+ at ?is end ) a %>p    
knife ! entire sk9 is cut into a s+le   
/rip ab\t an in* wide by hold+ x on !   
knee & cutt+ ar\nd & ar\nd4 ,ea* sk9 w  
make a /rip #aj or #ab feet long4 ,z    
soon z x is cut ! sk9 rolls up l a cord1
 fur on all sides4 ,^! /rips ( gre5 fur 
are w\nd into a ball & plac$ out (      
doors1 :]e !y w freeze & rema9 froz51   
ea* day's accumulation be+ add$ to !    
ball until a suffici5t numb] h be5      
secur$ to make a blanket4 ,i _c say h[  
_m sk9s are requir$1 b believe ab\t #ej 
or #fj1 p]haps m4 ,( c\rse ! numb] ne$$ 
w\ld dep5d p>tly on ! size ( blanket    
desir$4    ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,!       
,,rabbit ,,sk9 ,,blanket ,,is ,,made4   
,n[ :5 ,mrs4 ,indian has secur$ en\gh   
sk9s to =m ! desir$ blanket %e makes a  
squ>e frame ( poles1 ab\t ! size ! f9i%$
 blanket is to be1 & fa/5s ar\nd !      
inside a piece ( heavy tw9e4 ,!n sew+ ! 
end ( a fur /rip to ! cord at "o ( !    
upp] corn]s %e weaves ?is /rip across ! 

end ( ! frame by loop+ x ar\nd ! cord 9 
a succession ( simple loops1 us+ h] f+] 
z a gauge to make ! me% a uni=m size4   
,:5 a gauge rea*es ! end ( ! /rip %e    
sews on ano!r & weaves x z be=e4 ,:5 %e 
has made su* a r[ ( little loops all    
across ! top ( ! frame %e passes ! fur  
/rip ar\nd ! side cord a few times & !n 
/>ts ano!r r[ backw>d1 loop+ ! /rip into
 ! r[ ( loops already =m$4 ,?us %e      
weaves ! /rips ( fur back & =? across ! 
frame until ! robe is f9i%$4 ,^! simple 
loops w n slip aft] ! fur has become    
dry4 ,! entire blanket mu/ be p]fectly  
dry be=e x is remov$ f ! frame1 & x mu/ 
nev] be all[$ to become wet4 ,! sk9s are
 n tann$1 simply dri$4  ,^! blankets are
 usually wid] at "o end ?an at ! o!r1 s 
t !re w be suffici5t wid? to wrap ar\nd 
! %\ld]s ( ! us] & yet no m mat]ial1    
bulk & weight ?an necess>y4 ,i f9d x mo/
 satisfactory to d\ble ! blanket        
l5g?wise & loop a cord ?r\gh ! edges    
across ! foot & a ?ird ( ! way up !     
side1 ?us fa/5+ ! edges firmly toge!r & 

mak+ x some:at l a sleep+ bag4 ,s made  
,i d n get my feet uncov]$ at night1 &  
yet x is easy to get into & out ( x4 ,^!
 blankets1 or robes z !y are sometimes  
call$1 are s loosely wov5 t a man c put 
8 f+]s ?r\gh any:]e1 yet = _! weight !y 
are ! w>me/ b$d+ ,i "k (4  ,i believe an
 ord9>y rabbit blanket w weigh ab\t     
eight p\nds4 ,x appe>s bulky1 = ) fur on
 bo? sides x is q ?ick1 b x c be ti$ up 
into a fairly small package4 ,i us$ to  
roll m9e into a package measur+ ab\t #aj
 in*es 9 diamet] by #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 & 
?is c\ld be plac$ 9 ! bottom ( a common 
packsack4 ,!re x =m$ a s(t pad = ! back 
& ! heavy articles 7 ?r[n high] up 9 !  
pack1 :]e ! weight %\ld be1 if weight is
 ev] really ne$$ 9 a pack4  ,i fancy ,i 
he> somebody ask+ h[ ?is species ( b$d+ 
is to be kept dry 9 ra9y wea!r4 ,if x is
 w>m en\gh = ra9 a rabbit robe is n     
ne$$--t is ! "t to use ! wool5 blanket4 
,x nev] ra9s dur+ cold wea!r4 ,9 ! nor?1
 :]e ^! fur blankets are ne$$ & us$1 !  
wea!r turns cold 9 ,novemb]1 rema9+ s   

until ,m>* or ,april1 & dur+ ?is "t x is
 consid]$ rem>kable if x ev] becomes w>m
 en\gh to ra94 ,i h nev] _h "o ( ^!     
blankets wet1 except t ne>ly e morn+ !  
fur on ! outside w be m or less wet1    
presumably f ! moi/ure :i* x ?r[s out to
 ! surface4 ,?is is only on ! outside   
fur & w soon dry (f if ! blanket is hung
 :]e ! w>m? f ! fire c rea* x4  ,! only 
fault ,i f9d ) ^! fur blankets is t !y  
are cont9ually %$d+ ! hair1 & rabbit    
hair is apt to appe> 9 ! biscuits1 & is 
c]ta9 to be spr9kl$ pl5tifully ov] !    
clo?+4 ,?is is n s objectionable to     
outdoor m51 b x prohibits ! use ( !     
article 9 ! h\se4  ,any trapp] liv+ 9 ! 
nor!rn =e/ %\ld be able to make a rabbit
 sk9 blanket = 8 own use4 ,a few days   
sett+ & t5d+ sn>es w provide ! necess>y 
numb] ( rabbits1 & ! weav+ ( ! blanket  
may be done on a cold day or 9 ! ev5+s4 
,i h nev] made "o1 = ,i h be5 able to   
buy !m f ! ,indians at prices rang+ f   
#f4jj to #aj4jj ea*1 & t is *eap] ?an ,i
 c\ld make "o myself4  ,! camp b$ t is  

g5]ally unload$ on ! unsuspect+ t5d]    
foot is "s =m ( sleep+ bag4 ,!re may be 
good sleep+ bags & x is possible t ,i am
 unduly prejudic$ aga9/ ?is =m ( camp   
b$1 = ,i h giv5 only two /yles a real   
try\t1 b ,i c say emphatically t ! k9ds 
,i us$ 7 no good4 ,my fir/ sleep+ bag 0 
made ( heavy canvas1 inside ( :i* 0 a   
sep>ate bag made ( a blanket4 ,x 0 v    
unsatisfactory1 = 9 addition to be+     
exce$+ly /iff & inconv5i5t = h&l+1 gett+
 into & out ( x1 x 0 also a v poor      
protection aga9/ ! cold4  ,! next       
inve/m5t along ?is l9e 0 "o ( !         
%eepsk9-l9$ bags adv]tis$ s mu* ab\t #aj
 or #ae ye>s ago4 ,x 0 made ( heavy duck
 ) a l9+ ( %eepsk9 ) ! wool on4 ,inside 
( ?is 0 a blanket bag & ?is 0 also fitt$
 ) a removable drill sack1 :i* c\ld be  
wa%$4 ,if weight & ?ickness 7 sure      
indications ( w>m? ?is %\ld h be5 all "r
 = ! pol> regions1 = ! complete outfit  
mu/ h weigh$ #be p\nds4 ,i f\nd x v     
little w>m] ?an ! bag ) ! blanket l9+1 &
 ,i 0 n long 9 gett+ rid ( x4  ,?is is !

 ext5t ( my exp]i5ce ) sleep+ bags1 b x 
is suffici5t to turn me aga9/ ! entire  
family4 ,z ,i said be=e !re may be good 
ones1 b ,i am f ,miss\ri4 ,! pla91      
heavy1 all-wool blanket = me z long z ! 
wea!r is n bitt]ly cold1 = :5 z]o       
temp]ature comes ,i want a rabbit fur   
blanket if ,i am to d mu* camp+ out4 ,^!
 are good en\gh = me until ,i f9d some?+
 bett]1 & ,i don't expect to f9d x4 ,!y 
h be5 ) me "u ! mo/ try+ conditions & h 
prov$ _! wor?4  ,:at is ne$$ by !       
trapp]1 or by anybody :o f9ds occasion  
to camp out1 is some?+ light ) little   
bulk t w keep him z w>m & com=table z he
 c hope to be "u ! circum/ances4 ,?is he
 f9ds 9 ! articles recomm5d$4  ,o!r furs
 ?an t ( ! rabbit h be5 tri$ out =      
blankets1 b ,i am told t !y are n z     
good4 ,lynx & wolf fur are p]haps ! be/ 
k9ds1 z !y are long & d5se1 :ile ! sk9  
is relatively light4 ,b !y are all      
heavi] ?an rabbit fur1 less w>m & mu* m 
co/ly4  ,a de] sk9 makes a nice spread =
 ! top ( ! camp b$ to sleep on :5 !     

wea!r is cold1 = x /ops mu* ( ! cold air
 t comes up ?r\gh ! b$ f b5ea? & helps  
reta9 ! heat g5]at$ by ! body ( !       
occupant4 ,! sk9 ne$ n be tann$4  ,a man
 ne$s a night cap ( "s k9d :5 sleep+ out
 ( doors4 ,i h slept q com=tably :5 we>+
 a wool toque1 & ,i h also us$ ! loose  
hood1 :i* is worn by mo/ nor!rn bu%m5 to
 keep ! sn[ f gett+ inside ( ! clo?+4   
,"s m5 c get along v well ) an ord9>y   
hat or cap4  ,9 ! bu%man's outfit1 z ,i 
see x1 ! blanket is second 9 importance 
only to ! ax4 ,h[ c good1 pure wool be  
us$ m advantage\sly ?an 9 ! =m ( a      
blanket1 :i* w keep ! own] com=table    
eight or n9e h\rs out ( ea* #bd8 ,! wor?
 ( a blanket to ! man ( ! woods c h>dly 
be ov]-e/imat$4 ,& :5 its days (        
usefulness z a blanket are end$ x w /ill
 br+ him mu* m com=t by be+ conv]t$ into
 mitt5s1 hood1 & extra protection = !   
feet :5 ! ,fro/ ,k+ reigns4    ,,!      
,,woodsman',s ,,ax ,,& ,,its ,,use  ,on 
! ax m ?an on any?+ else dep5ds ! com=t 
& success ( ! nor!rn =e/ travel]1 :atev]

 8 call+4 ,he may1 to light5 8 load1    
disc>d all ( ! articles 9 8 outfit :i*  
are n absolutely ess5tial1 b nev] by any
 *ance is ! ax among ^? ca/ aside1      
because ?is tool is ! mo/ necess>y & !  
mo/ useful article us$ by ! bu%man4 ,n a
 day passes t ! ax is n put to /r5u\s   
use1 & on ! trap l9e ne>ly e h\r ( ! day
 f9ds ! ax at "w1 smoo?+ ! r\gh pa? ( ! 
travel] & provid+ = 8 com=t & welf>e4   
,h[ c\ld ! wild]ness trapp] exi/ )\t !  
aid ( ?is mo/ useful tool8 ,on x he mu/ 
dep5d = 8 night's supply ( firewood1 &  
:5 ! wea!r is cold ?is means n only     
com=t1 b life itself1 = ! h>die/ trapp] 
c\ld n long survive a temp]ature ( =ty  
bel[ )\t a good w>m fire beside :i* to  
spread 8 b$4 ,) ! ax he cuts poles = !  
frame "w ( 8 night's camp2 he uses x to 
blaze ! trail t he may foll[ x aga9 :5  
he goes ! r\nds to glean 8 h>ve/ f !    
traps :i* he has set2 he uses x :5 mak+ 
! sets !mselves2 = cutt+ ! droop+1      
sn[-lad5 bran*es across 8 trail1 & _m   
m9or uses :i* _c n[ be m5tion$4 ,:5 mak+

 a h>d trip he may leave 8 gun 9 camp1 &
 may ev5 travel & camp )\t blankets1    
%elt] or cook+ ut5sils1 b ! ax mu/ g )  
him on e trip4  ,we are told t 9 e>ly   
days ! ,indians paid fabul\s prices = ! 
mo/ simple & common tools1 & x has be5  
said t z mu* z a hundr$ doll>s 9 furs   
has be5 paid by an ,indian hunt] = an   
ax4 ,x seems l :olesale robb]y1 b !     
b>ga9 _h two sides--two po9ts ( view4 ,!
 ,indian simply ex*ang$ :at 0           
practically wor?less to him = :at 0 (   
priceless value1 & f 8 po9t ( view he   
drove z %rewd a b>ga9 z did ! trad]4 ,:5
 we leave civilization beh9d u values   
*ange1 & utilit>ian wor? c\nts m ?an    
intr9sic value1 !re=e1 ! ax becomes m   
valuable ?an a :ole season's cat* (     
furs4  ,if any class ( p ne$ p]fect     
goods x is ! class :o mu/ dep5d on ^!   
goods = _! exi/5ce4 ,! woodsman %\ld h a
 p]fect gun1 p]fect traps1 p]fect camp  
equipm5t1 ! be/ food he c buy1 b above  
all a p]fect ax4 ,x %\ld be ( ! f9e/    
mat]ial & ( ! be/ temp]1 t\gh b n h>d4  

,:5 put to a great /ra9 /eel w d "o (   
two ?+s--x w b5d or x w break4 ,if (    
good quality1 ) ! prop] proportion (    
c>bon1 x w /& an unusually sev]e te/    
be=e x w d ei!r1 b :5 x does give x %\ld
 b5d r ?an break4 ,( ?is k9d ( /eel !   
trapp]'s ax %\ld be made1 & x %\ld h a  
temp] :i* w enhance ^! good qualities4  
,if ! ax is temp]$ a little too h>d !   
edge w break :5 cutt+ into h>d knots or 
froz5 wood1 or :5 ! fro/ has n be5 drawn
 f ! edge be=e us+4 ,:5 once ! edge     
becomes dull$ x is difficult to %>p51 = 
! trapp] ( ! great woods has no         
gr9d/one1 & mu/ dep5d on file & :et/one 
to keep 8 cutt+ tools 9 p]fect          
condition4 ,a h>d ax _c be fil$1 s t    
puts ! taboo on ! ax ) high temp]4  ,i h
 emphasiz$ ! necessity = p]fection 9 !  
trapp]'s ax1 & t y may realize !        
s]i\sness ( ?is1 ,i w repeat :at ,i said
 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is article1 t (t5 !     
camp]'s life dep5ds on ! ax & its       
ability to /& ! woodsman's te/4 ,!      
nor!rn or we/]n trapp] frequ5tly f9ds x 

necess>y to make long trips 9 t]ribly   
cold wea!r1 camp+ out night aft] night4 
,s9ce ! entire camp outfit & food supply
 mu/ be c>ri$ on ^! j\rneys ! outfit    
tak5 mu/ ( necessity be meag]4 ,only a  
s+le blanket & a small1 light canvas    
%elt] c be tak5 & to sleep )\t a fire "u
 su* conditions is out ( ! "q4 ,a good  
hot fire mu/ be kept go+ & su* a fire w 
consume ne>ly half a cord ( wood dur+ ! 
long nor!rn night4 ,?is mu/ be cut into 
l5g?s t c be h&l$ & :at w\ld become ( ! 
camp] if 8 ax 7 to break be=e ! night's 
wood 0 cut2 he f> f ! home camp1 d>kness
 at h&1 & ! temp]ature f> bel[ ! z]o    
m>k4 ,freez+ to dea? c\ld be ! only     
possible outcome1 unless he c\ld retrace
 8 /eps 9 ! d>k & travel all ! long     
night4 ,s y see x w pay y to te/ y\r ax 
well be=e y take x into ! woods1 & take 
only "o t w /& ! mo/ sev]e trial1 ev5 if
 y break a doz5 axes be=e y get "o t is 
satisfactory4  ,:at ,i h said ( !       
mat]ial ( ! ax head applies ) equal =ce 
to ! ax h&le4 ,x %\ld be ( s\nd1 /rong1 

/raight-gra9$1 spr+y wood1 = sometimes a
 brok5 ax h&le is z disa/r\s z a brok5  
blade4 ,i h nev] f\nd a bett] wood = ax 
h&les ?an good second-gr[? hickory1 b "y
 :ite oak1 ! sapwood1 is almo/ z good4  
,ev5 if ! temp] & mat]ial ( ! ax & h&le 
leave no?+ to be desir$1 if ! ax is n ( 
! "r patt]n1 weight & l5g?1 x w be      
unsatisfactory4 ,p]haps ! mo/ useful    
patt]n = ! wild]ness trapp] is t hav+ a 
long n>r[ blade1 b ?is %\ld n be c>ri$  
to ! extreme1 z a n>r[ blade is m easily
 brok54 ,! long blade is v useful :5    
cutt+ holes into ! sides ( trees = sett+
 m>t5 traps or 9 mak+ deadfalls1 & = _m 
simil> uses ab\t camp :]e ! simplicity (
 ! outfit necessitates mak+ ( ! ax a    
g5]al utility tool4 ,if made extremely  
long & n>r[1 h[ev]1 ! consequ5t weak5+ &
 ! fact t a n>r[ blade is n s           
satisfactory = hew+ & = *opp+ 9 heavy   
wood m ?an (fset ! good qualities ( !   
long blade4 ,! eye ( ! ax %\ld be l>ge1 
s t ! h&le may be l>ge 9 ! eye ( ! ax & 
close by ! head1 & x %\ld be enl>g$     

slightly at bo? edges4 ,?is w make x    
possible to w$ge ! h&le s t x w hold !  
head solidly1 & x w leave ! h&le if     
fitt$ well1 ?icke/ :]e ! greate/ /ra9   
comes1 close to ! eye ( ! ax4           
,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,woodman',s ,,p]fect 
,,ax4  ,9 ! %ap+ ( an ax blade !re are  
"s rules t mu/ be rememb]$ & adh]$ to if
 ! maximum ( effici5cy is desir$4 ,^!   
same rules mu/ be kn[n to ! us] ( !     
tool1 = 9 ! gr9d+1 a bad *opp+ ax may   
(t5 be made bett]1 :ile bad gr9d+ makes 
x worse4 ,"o ( ^! rules1 & ! mo/        
important1 is to h ! blade or bit ?9ne/ 
on ! inside corn]1 :i* is ! end ( !     
blade ne>e/ to ! us]4 ,! ha/y conclusion
 w\ld be t if ?is corn] 7 ?9ne/1 !      
opposite side ( ! blade %\ld be ?icke/4 
,?is is wrong4 ,! ?icke/ "p ( ! blade   
%\ld be two-?irds ( ! way across f !    
inside corn]1 ! place m>k$ ,x 9 ! draw+ 
( :at ,i call ! woodsman's p]fect ax4 ,a
 blade s %ap$ w h ! maximum *opp+ p[]1 w
 s9k easily into ! tree1 w bur/ ! *ip   
well1 & w n b9d 9 ! wood4  ,i ?9k x be/ 

t ! ax head be made ( wr\ght iron1      
split1 & a weld$-9 /eel bit4 ,?is gives 
! maximum /r5g?4 ,! butt ( ! ax might   
also be ( /eel1 & w\ld be m conv5i5t = !
 trapp] if x _h a claw = draw+ trap     
/aples4 ,if ! eye ( ! ax is n temp]$ 9 !
 lea/ ! entire head may be made ( /eel &
 w be almo/1 if n fully1 z /rong1 :ile !
 mak+ is simplifi$4  ,y may wond] :y a  
trapp] ne$ conc]n himself ) ! mak+ ( !  
ax if he c buy x ready made1 b if !re is
 a trapp]'s p]fect ax made1 ,i d n "k ( 
x4 ,i "k1 h[ev]1 t _m read]s ( ?is      
article h 9 _! locality a blacksmi? :o  
is fully capable ( mak+ su* an ax to    
ord]4  ,= ! nor!rn =e/ & ! we/]n m\nta9 
di/rict ! ax t ,i w\ld recomm5d w\ld    
weigh only ab\t two p\nds1 h&le n       
includ$ 9 ! weight4 ,"s ( y may ?9k ?is 
entirely too light1 b ! nor!rn ,indians 
use axes ( only "o & a half p\nds1 & f9d
 !m heavy en\gh = practical purposes1   
:ile light to c>ry on ! trail4 ,to make 
a light ax effective1 h[ev]1 x mu/ h a  
long h&le4 ,an ax l ?is %\ld h a h&le ( 

f ?irty to ?irty-f\r in*es ov] all1 & ) 
su* a tool y w be surpris$ to see :at   
heavy "w c be done4  ,z said be=e1 ,i d 
n "k ( a bett] wood = ax h&les ?an      
hickory4 ,x is v /rong & spr+y & x      
always /ays smoo?2 z cold to ! t\* z !  
ax head itself4 ,x is difficult to get  
ax h&le wood :5 we rea* ! upp] "p ( !   
nor!rn ti] ( /ates or ,canada1 = hickory
 is n f\nd !re4 ,h>d maple is us$       
ext5sively = ax h&les 9 ^! places2 b x  
does n comp>e well ) hickory4 ,ab\t !   
only way to get a h&le ( ! prop] l5g? = 
! woodsman's ax is to remove ! h&le f a 
l>ge ax & "w x ov] into ! prop] %ape &  
?ickness4 ,! full size s+le bit axes    
usually h clubs ( h&les & !re is pl5ty (
 wood on :i* to "w4  ,did y ev] wond] :y
 an ax h&le is curv$ 9 an ,s %ape8 ,x is
 made to fit ! h&s ( ! us] )\t /ra9 on !
 arms or wri/s1 & ?is curv$ %ape enables
 him to hold ! ax m solidly :5 /rik+ a  
bl[ ?an c\ld be done ) a /raight h&le4  
,! h&le %\ld be q ?ick & h&-fitt+ ne> ! 
end :]e x is grasp$ by ! left h& 7or "r1

 accord+ to :e!r ! us] is "r or left    
h&$71 b ! o!r "p %\ld be %ap$ s ! h& c  
slide easily back & =? :ile *opp+4  ,!  
h&le %\ld be fa/5$ into ! ax ) a w$ge1  
:i* 9 turn is held 9 place by a screw4  
,! w$ge has a head s t :5 ! screw is    
remov$ x is easily pri$ out1 & !n if x  
is necess>y to remove ! h&le ! ax c be  
driv5 into ! top ( a /ump or into a log1
 & ! h&le easily deta*$4 ,su* w$ges may 
be b\ght f almo/ any h>dw>e company4    
,?is is my idea ( :at a woodsman's ax   
%\ld be1 & su* a tool weigh+ two p\nds1 
) a well-%ap$ h&le ?irty or ?irty-two   
in*es long f ! end to ! ax eye makes an 
effici5t tool ( light weight & a great  
article = use on ! trail or trap l9e4 ,i
 might say ( x1 z ,davy ,crockett said (
 8 knife3 ,x w jump high]1 dive deep]1  
%ave m hogs & /& m b5d+ )\t break+ ?an  
any o!r made4  ,z ne>ly all woodsm5 are 
good axm51 x may seem sup]flu\s to give 
advice reg>d+ ! c>e ( an ax1 ! way to   
gr9d x1 & h[ to use x1 b ?is article is 
n int5d$ = ^? :o "k1 b = ^! :o d n1 &   

are desir\s to le>n4 ,by a reckless1    
c>eless bl[ at a hemlock knot ,i h se5 !
 entire bit brok5 (f an ax1 :ile o!r    
axes ( no bett] temp] b prop]ly gr\nd & 
well h&l$ h gone ?r\gh an entire season 
( b>k peel+ )\t a nick ( any consequ5ce4
 ,i h se5 axes ru9$ 9 a half day's "w   
cutt+ bru% close to ! gr\nd1 & h myself 
us$ an ax day aft] day at ! same k9d (  
"w )\t mak+ a nick :i* c\ld n be :ett$  
out 9 a few m9utes ) a small ax /one4   
,!re is also a lot ( dang] 9 ! c>eless  
use ( an ax4 ,i h kn[n ( at lea/ two m5 
:o h cut _! heads by splitt+ wood "u a  
clo!s l9e4 ,! same ?+ may happ5 :5 work+
 "u a tree ) l[1 droop+ bran*es4 ,9 !   
woods x w pay d\ble to make x a rule on 
e occasion to be sure t !re is n ev5 !  
smalle/ twig 9 ! way to cat* ! ax be=e y
 make a /roke ) x4 ,trim all bru% away f
 ar\nd a tree be=e y comm5ce to cut x1 &
 obs]ve ! same precautions :5 y cut x   
into l5g?s or :5 lopp+ ! bran*es4 ,:5   
cutt+ ! fall5 tree into l5g?s1 ! common 
& mo/ conv5i5t way is to /& on ! log &  

*op x half way ?r\gh betwe5 ! feet1 !n  
turn & cut ! o!r side 9 ! same way4 ,use
 d\ble precaution :5 do+ ?is1 = ,i h    
kn[n ( an ax be+ deflect$ & a na/y cut  
be+ ! result4 ,x seems t ! smalle/ bran*
 or spr\t c turn ! ax t[>d ! foot ( !   
*opp]4  ,:5 *opp+ d[n timb] ! tree c    
ne>ly always be ?r[n ei!r ( ?ree ways--!
 way ! tree incl9es or to ei!r side1 b n
 ! opposite way f its incl9ation4 ,9    
addition to ! incl9e ( ! tree1 !        
influ5ce ( ! w9d & ! weight ( ! bran*es 
mu/ be consid]$1 & :5 all ( ^! =ces are 
br\ght to be> ! timb] cutt] mu/ be well 
onto 8 job to "k j h[ to cut ! tree to  
make x fall 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,a    
good *opp]1 h[ev]1 c ?r[ ! tree to any  
spot designat$ )9 ! fall+ zone almo/ e  
"t4 ,! w9d is a great factor & mu/ be   
consid]$1 especially :5 ! breeze is     
/rong or :5 ! tree appe>s to /& p]fectly
 /raight4 ,a tree on a slope t appe>s to
 be p]p5dicul> w1 9 ne>ly e case1 fall  
d[n hill if free to fall z x wills1     
provid+ !re is no contr>y w9d4 ,if !    

tree really /&s p]fectly upright & !re  
is no w9d1 x w fall be/ t[>d ! side t   
has ! mo/ bran*es1 or to ! side hav+ !  
greate/ weight4 ,if all[ance mu/ be     
made1 h[ev]1 = bo? w9d & gravity1 x is  
!n ! judgm5t ( ! *opp] is put to ! te/4 
,if he c e/imate accurately ! p[] ( ea* 
( ^! =ces1 he c drop 8 tree exactly :]e 
he wants to1 b h[8  ,x is v simple4 ,9  
cutt+ a tree a not* is cut on ! side    
t[>d :i* ! tree is to fall4 ,rememb] t  
?is not* %\ld be cut into ! c5t] ( !    
tree1 & :5 f9i%$1 %\ld be exactly at a  
"r angle to ! l9e on :i* ! tree is to   
fall4 ,a not* is !n cut on ! opposite   
side1 j a little high] on ! tree1 & :5  
?is not* is cut 9 almo/ to ! c5t] ! tree
 w fall4 ,if ! tree is not*$ to fall !  
way x incl9es & !re is no?+ to prev5t x 
go+ t way1 ! second not* %\ld be cut    
exactly p>allel to ! fir/4 ,if1 h[ev]1 !
 tree leans a little to "o side1 if !re 
are m bran*es on t side1 or if ! w9d    
bl[s 9 t direction1 ! second cut %\ld n 
be p>allel ) ! fir/1 b %\ld be f>!r f x 

on ! side f :i* ! w9d comes1 s t !re w  
be m wood to break on t side4 ,9 no case
 %\ld ! not*es entirely meet on ! o!r   
side1 = if !y d1 %\ld ! tree be cut     
entirely (f on "o side1 x w settle f>!r 
ov] to t side4 ,j h[ ne> y d>e cut x (f 
on ! "o side & h[ mu* y mu/ hold on !   
opposite side c be le>n$ only f         
exp]i5ce4  ,!re are o!r little ?+s t h a
 c]ta9 am\nt ( influ5ce4 ,= in/ance1 if 
!re is no?+ to int]f]e1 ! tree 9 fall+ w
 draw slightly t[>d ! high side ( ! not*
 fir/ cut4 ,!n1 too1 if ! not* is n     
p]fectly cut1 if x is m acute on "o side
 ?an on ! o!r1 z ! tree falls ! top &   
bottom ( ! not* w meet on "o side be=e  
!y d on ! o!r1 & ?is is c]ta9 to sw+ !  
tree slightly t[>d ! wide or obtuse side
 ( ! not*4 ,a heavy weight ( bran*es1   
too1 on "o side may cause ! tree to roll
 slightly 9 fall+4  ,= y\r own safety x 
is always be/ to get back a safe di/ance
 f ! tree :5 x />ts to fall1 because if 
x falls ov] a rock1 a log1 or a little  
rise 9 ! gr\nd ! butt ( ! tree w kick & 

may lift y\r head (f1 :i* w\ld be       
decid$ly unpleasant4 ,if !re are o!r    
trees 9 ! way1 look out = fall+ bran*es4
  ,i h already told h[ to cut ! tree 9  
sections1 b ! bran*es mu/ be trimm$ (f  
be=e x c be cut up entirely4 ,9 trimm+1 
"w f ! butt t[>d ! top1 z ! bran*es     
usually gr[ t way1 cut easi]1 & are n 9 
! way :ile *opp+4 ,hold ! ax rigidly :5 
trimm+1 z ! knots are likely to be h>d &
 an ax t is n held firmly may break or  
b5d4 ,make x a rule to d no m trimm+ ?an
 necess>y on su* woods z hemlock & fir1 
:i* h v h>d knots4 ,froz5 wood is also  
likely to break ! ax4  ,:5 splitt+ wood 
/rike /raight & don't try to spr+ !     
split op5 by pry+ ) ! ax1 = t is !      
easie/ way ,i "k to break an ax h&le4   
,usually x is easi] & bett] to m]ely />t
 ! split ) ! ax & f9i% op5+ x up ) wood5
 w$ges1 us+ ! ax only to drive ! w$ges &
 to cut ! contr>y fibres4 ,j h[ to split
 a block easie/ c be le>n$ only f       
exp]i5ce4 ,sometimes x is be/ to g "r at
 a knot or ! t\ghe/ place1 & sometimes y

 mu/ attack ! cle>e/ place1 dep5d+ on   
circum/ances4 ,ord9>ily a piece ( wood  
splits easie/ by />t+ ! end ( ! block ) 
! ax & foll[+ up ) a pair ( w$ges1 us+ !
 ax to cut ! b9d+ spl9ts4  ,le>n to cut 
close to ! gr\nd )\t /rik+ ! /ones4 ,x  
requires c>e1 t is all1 b "o c>eless    
/roke may mean a badly damag$ ax & an   
h\r or m ( h>d "w to make x %>p aga94   
,don't /rike d[nw>d :5 cutt+ bru%2 grasp
 ! %rub1 if a small "o1 ) ! left h&1 &  
cut x by a s+le /roke1 z illu/rat$1 us+ 
! ax ) "o h& only4 ,if ! %rub is a l>ge 
"o1 h&le ! ax ) bo? h&s & cut close to !
 gr\nd1 mak+ a /rong1 sla%+ bl[4  ,gr9d+
 an ax requires "s c>e1 b x is really q 
easy & x is surpris+ h[ _m axm5 w n     
attempt to gr9d an ax4 ,i h kn[n _m good
 *opp]s1 work+ 9 log camps1 :o c\ld n   
gr9d an ax1 or at lea/ ?\ght !y c\ld n4 
,z ! ax comes f ! /ore x usually has a  
decid$ bevel on ! edge1 & ! fir/ gr9d+  
means consid]able "w1 = ?is bevel mu/ be
 gr\nd entirely away4 ,/>t well back on 
! blade & gr9d x slightly r\nd+ d[n to !

 edge1 until ! edge is clean & ev51 !n  
gr9d ! o!r side 9 ! same way4 ,"s axm5  
ma9ta9 t ! ax cuts bett]1 or to use !   
woodsman's expression1 draws bett] if 9 
f9i%+ ! gr9d+ ! ax is giv5 a wabbl+     
motion4 ,keep 9 m9d :at ,i said ab\t !  
%ape ( ! blade1 & if x is n already !   
prop] =m1 try to improve x ea* "t y put 
x on ! gr9d/one4 ,aft] gr9d+1 :et ! edge
 ?or\ghly ) a f9e :et/one until !       
scrat*$ effect caus$ by gr9d+ has giv5  
place to a smoo? surface & a clean ke5  
edge4 ,if y d n :et x aft] gr9d+1 ! edge
 w crumble away & ! ax w cut dead4  ,!  
fir/ gr9d+ w tell y :e!r ! ax is h>d or 
s(t4 ,y c tell by ! s\nd ( x & by its   
grip on ! gr9d/one4 ,if x is s(t x cuts 
rapidly1 grips ! /one h>d & gives a     
dull1 dead s\nd4 ,if h>d1 x gives a r++ 
s\nd & ! /one glides smoo?ly "u x1 cutt+
 sl[ly & we>+ ! /eel bright4  ,!        
woodsman _c take a gr9d/one into ! woods
 & ! be/ sub/itute is a file4 ,i always 
*oose a flat mill file ab\t eight in*es 
long4 ,always pu% ! file f well back on 

! bit d[n to ! edge1 & nev] f ! edge    
t[>ds ! eye ( ! ax1 or y w be almo/     
c]ta9 to cut y\r h&s be=e y h f9i%$4    
,aft] ! fil+1 :et ! ax until y h a      
smoo?1 %>p edge4  ,x w be evid5t t an ax
 t mu/ be kept %>p ) a file & :et/one   
mu/ n be too h>d1 = a file w n cut h>d  
/eel4 ,! axes sold by ! ,hudson's ,bay  
,company to ! ,indian trapp]s are v s(t1
 s t !y may be fil$ easily1 & ! ,indian 
files only on ! edge1 s t ! ax soon has 
a bevel almo/ equal to a *isel4 ,!      
av]age ,indian takes j ab\t z mu* c>e ( 
an ax z a woman does ( a but*] knife4   
,z ! m9i/] says1 ,j "o ^w m1 & t is 9   
reg>d to c>ry+ ! ax on ! trail4 ,i h    
tri$ _m ways1 b d n f9d any?+ m         
satisfactory ?an hav+ a lea!r p\* to    
slip ov] ! head ( ! ax & tuck+ x head   
d[n 9 ! pack4 ,:5 draw+ a toboggan x is 
slipp$ "u ! b9d+ cords4 ,if ,i am c>ry+ 
my outfit & d n h a gun1 ,i c>ry ! ax 9 
my h&1 :i* is ! mo/ satisfactory way on 
su* occasions4 ,! ,indian ?ru/s 8 ax    
?r\gh 8 sa%1 h&le to ! re> & blade d[n1 

b ,i nev] fanci$ t way ( c>ry+ an ax4   
,,sn[%oes--,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,!m  ,my   
fir/ ef=ts at sn[%oe mak+ came ab\t     
?r\gh try+ to repair ! brok5 fill+ ( a  
pair ( ,indian made sn[%oes4 ,9 remov+ !
 w9d+ f ! toe cord ,i accid5tally       
discov]$ ! place :]e ! fill+ _h be5 ti$ 
at ! f9i% ( ! la/ r\nd4 ,?is fill+ 0    
badly worn & ,i reason$ t if ,i c\ld    
remove x 9 ! rev]se ord] f t 9 :i* x _h 
be5 /rung ,i w\ld "k h[ to weave !      
intricate web ( a sn[%oe4 ,i tri$ x out1
 successfully fill+ ! old frames1 & :ile
 x 0 f> f p]fect "w ,i _h at lea/ le>n$ 
! secret ( sn[%oe weav+4  ,remov+ ! /r++
 f a pair ( sn[%oes1 c>efully not+ e    
turn1 twi/ & loop1 is ! be/ way to le>n 
h[ ! fill+ is /rung1 b n e p]son :o has 
ambitions along ?is l9e has a pair (    
sn[%oes s mu* worn t he w\ld c>e to risk
 remov+ ! ra:ide /r&s4 ,cle>ly writt5   
in/ructions1 supplem5t$ ) work+ draw+s1 
are ! next be/4  ,:5 a pair ( sn[%oes   
are to be made ! fir/ ?+ is to plan !   
size1 %ape & g5]al "* ( ! %oes4 ,!      

frames1 or b[s1 are ! fir/ /ep ( !      
actual mak+4  ,sn[%oe frames are made ( 
t\gh1 light wood4 ,_m k9ds ( wood are   
us$1 & :ile ,i am n prep>$ to say       
positively :i* k9d is be/ ,i believe t  
"y1 /raight gra9$ :ite a% is ab\t z good
 a wood z c be f\nd4 ,b my exp]i5ce has 
be5 mo/ly ) :ite bir*1 & my in/ructions 
= mak+ ! frames apply to ! use ( ?is    
wood 9 p>ticul>1 = x is peculi> 9 _m    
ways1 & _c be split & work$ z freely z  
c]ta9 o!r k9ds ( wood4  ,to f9d a       
suitable tree = ?is purpose is sometimes
 difficult4 ,i once w5t into ! bu% a    
di/ance ( sev5 miles to get a tree :i*  
,i _h f\nd1 split x1 & c>ri$ "o half    
home4 ,i surely e>n$ t wood1 b ,i made f
 x a pair ( frames :i* 7 s light t old  
bu%m5 said ,i w\ld break !m on my fir/  
trip2 h[ev]1 ,i us$ !m all w9t]1 !n gave
 !m to an old ,g]man :o wore !m until ! 
fill+ 0 completely gone1 yet ! frames 7 
/ill good4  ,! tree f :i* ! frames are  
to be made %\ld be n m ?an eight in*es 9
 diamet]1 & "o ( six in*es is bett]4 ,x 

%\ld h droop+ bran*es1 & mu/ h eight or 
t5 feet ( ! trunk /raight & clean1 free 
( limbs1 & absolutely )\t a p>ticle (   
twi/ to ! gra94 ,su* trees may be f\nd  
occasionally gr[+ along ! edge ( a      
swamp4  ,aft] ! tree has be5 fell$ & a  
section ( ! prop] l5g? cut (f1 a groove 
ab\t "o & a half in*es deep is c>efully 
cut ! entire l5g? along "o side1 c>e be+
 us$ n to /rike h>d1 z t w\ld injure !  
wood4 ,:5 ! groove is f9i%$ a simil> "o 
is cut on ! opposite side4 ,! /ick %\ld 
be split ) wood5 w$ges1 & if x is       
prop]ly done ! split w foll[ ! grooves4 
,! be/ half %\ld !n be *os5 = ! propos$ 
sn[%oe frames1 & ?is %\ld be ripp$      
l5g?wise ) a saw1 or split1 z desir$4   
,ea* ( ! pieces w make a frame or b[4   
,illu/ration3 ,,mak+ ,a ,,sn[%oe        
,,frame4  ,"o side ( ! /ick is !n cut & 
plan$ until x is p]fectly /raight1 & its
 face at a "r angle to ! b>k side1 or at
 lea/ x mu/ be s 9 ! middle1 :i* =ms !  
toe ( ! sn[%oe1 = !re %\ld be no?+ tak5 
(f ! b>k side1 n ev5 ! b>k1 until aft] !

 wood is b5t into %ape = ! sn[%oe frame4
 ,x is be/ if ! entire /ick is work$ out
 f ! b>k side1 b ! wood may be plan$    
/raight at all p>ts except 9 ! middle1  
:]e ! greate/ /ra9 comes4 ,!n ! ?ird    
side ( ! /ick is m>k$ (f ) a m>k+ gauge 
& ei!r cut or saw$ to ! m>k4 ,! f\r?    
side1 ! inside ( ! /ick1 :i* w be !     
inside ( ! f9i%$ frame1 is !n cut d[n to
 ! prop] dim5sions1 b on ?is side an ev5
 ?ickness is n ma9ta9$1 ! toe portion   
be+ cut ?9ne/1 ) ! heel--ends ( !       
/ick--com+ next4 ,= a sn[%oe ( av]age   
size1 say #dd in*es 9 l5g? & #ad in*es  
wide1 ! /ick %\ld measure eight & a half
 feet 9 l5g?1 "o in* 9 wid?1 sev5-eigh?s
 in* ?ick at ! p>ts :i* w become !      
middle ( ! %oe 7,b to ,c 9 figure "o71  
"o-half in* at ,a1 & ab\t five-eigh?s   
in* at ! ends4  ,be=e any?+ m c be done 
) ! wood a =m = b5d+ ! frames mu/ be    
made4 ,a conv5i5t =m is %[n 9 figure    
two4 ,= /eam+ ! wood prop]ly x is       
necess>y to h a /eam+ box1 :i* is m]ely 
a long case made ( n>r[ bo>ds1 op5 at   

bo? ends4 ,! /ick is plac$ 9 ?is case & 
! /eam f a boil+ tea kettle turn$ 9 "o  
end s t ! hot /eam travels ! entire     
l5g?4 ,! wood %\ld be /eam$ ?us an h\r &
 !n x is ready = b5d+4  ,figure two %[s 
h[ ! wood is b5t & secur$ on ! =m4 ,!   
toe mu/ be =m$ v c>efully1 b5d+ only a  
little at fir/1 !n releas+1 !n b5d+ a   
little m1 & s on until ! wood c be      
easily & safely b5t to complete %ape &  
secur$ by nail+ blocks to ! =m4 ,! =m   
%\ld be made f two-in* planks1 s t x w  
accommodate ! two frames4 ,! wood is    
all[$ to dry ?or\ghly on ! =m be=e      
fill+1 & ?is w require at lea/ two      
weeks4  ,aft] ! frames are dry !y may be
 tak5 f ! =m1 ! tail end ( ea* fa/5$ & !
 crossb>s fitt$ into place4 ,! ends may 
be secur$ ) a wood screw until aft] !   
frames h be5 /rung1 b ! screw %\ld !n be
 remov$ & ! ends ti$ ) ra:ide1 ?r\gh    
gimlet holes1 ! "p betwe5 be+ c\nt] sunk
 s t ! ?ongs w be protect$ f we>4 ,?is  
is %[n 9 figure f\r4  ,! crossb>s are   
pieces ( flat1 /rong wood1 ab\t "o & a  

f\r? in*es wide & ne>ly a half in* ?ick1
 ) r\nd$ edges4 ,^! %\ld be plac$ ab\t  
#af or #ag in*es ap>t1 measur+ f c5t] to
 c5t]1 & s plac$ t :5 ! frame is susp5d$
 on ! h&s midway betwe5 ^! two /icks !  
tail w outweigh ! toe by j a few ounces4
 ,^! cross-b>s %\ld be c>efully mortis$ 
into ! frame z %[n 9 ! small diagram 9  
c5t] ( figure ?ree4    ,illu/ration3    
,,loop ,,to ,,fa/5 ,,?ongs ,,to ,,!     
,,frame4  ,9 bo? sides ( ! frame f ,d to
 ,e1 also f ,f to ,g1 gimlet holes are  
bor$ ?r\gh ! b[s f outside to inside at 
int]vals ( two in*es1 or a little m1 !  
holes be+ 9 pairs obliquely plac$1 &    
c\nt]sunk betwe54 ,?ree holes are also  
bor$ ?r\gh ea* crossb>1 z %[n4  ,!      
frames are n[ ready = fill+4 ,reg>d+    
mat]ial = fill+1 = ord9>y use1 !re is   
no?+ equal to c[hide1 a fairly heavy    
sk94 ,! gre5 hide %\ld be plac$ "u runn+
 wat] = a week or m1 until ! hair c be  
pull$ out easily4 ,! hair %\ld !n be    
pull$1 or scrap$ (f1 b c>e mu/ be us$ t 
! gra9 ( ! sk9 is n brok5 or scrap$     

away4 ,! hide %\ld !n be ?or\ghly /ret*$
 & dri$ 9 an airy b %ady place4 ,:5 dry 
x may be cut into /r&s4 ,a :ole hide w  
fill sev]al pairs ( %oes4 ,! portion    
along ! back is be/ & ?is %\ld be us$ = 
fill+ ! middle section4 ,! light] p>ts f
 ! edges ( ! sk9 w answ] = /r++ ! heels 
& toes4 ,all /r&s %\ld be cut l5g?-wise 
( ! sk91 & full l5g?4 ,_! wid? w dep5d  
on ! ?ickness ( ! sk91 ! weight ( fill+ 
desir$ 9 ! sn[%oe1 ! g5]al "* ( ! sn[ 9 
:i* !y w be us$1 & ! size ( me% 9 ! web4
 ,if cut :ile dry1 !n soak$1 /ret*$1 &  
aga9 all[$ to dry1 z !y w be :5 /rung   
into ! frames1 x w be f\nd t ! l5g? ( ! 
/r&s w be increas$ greatly1 :ile !      
?ickness w be mu* decreas$4 ,x is well  
to cut sev]al trial wid?s1 s t ! prop]  
weight ( /r& may be det]m9$4 ,= a co>se 
webb$ %oe ! ?ongs1 aft] be+ /ret*$ &    
dri$1 %\ld be ab\t five-sixte5?s ( an   
in* wide = ! middle portion ( ! %oe2 = !
 ends an eigh? in* is suffici5tly heavy4
 ,^! /r&s ( hide %\ld all be soak$ &    
/ret*$ ?or\ghly1 all[$ to dry :ile      

/ret*$1 & !n soak$ aga9 j be=e us+1 &   
/rung into ! frames :ile wet4           
,illu/ration3 ,,me?od ,,( ,,fill+ ,,!   
,,toe ,,section4  ,! ends are fill$ fir/
 & z ,i always comm5ce ) ! toe ,i w     
describe my me?od ( /r++ t "p fir/4 ,a  
/r& ( ! wat]-soak$ ra:ide is /ret*$     
tightly ar\nd ! inside ( ! toe portion  
?r\gh ! little gimlet holes1 z %[n 9    
figure five1 />t+ & f9i%+ at "o ( !     
holes 9 ! =w>d crossb>4 ,?is ?ong is    
call$ ! lany>d1 & its purpose is to hold
 ! fill+ :i* is wov5 into ! toe4  ,a    
small ne$le ( v h>d wood1 or bone1 is   
us$ = fill+ ! ends4 ,i h %[n 9 ! draw+  
h[ ! fill+ runs4 ,/>t+ 9 ! l[] left-h&  
corn] x goes up to ! "p m>k$ #a1 passes 
ar\nd ! lany>d1 twi/s back ar\nd itself 
ab\t an in* & !n goes d[n to #b1 !re    
pass+ ar\nd ! lany>d & aga9 twi/+ ar\nd 
itself1 !n ar\nd ! lany>d at #c1 a s+le 
twi/1 & !n across to #d1 :]e x aga9     
turns ar\nd ! lany>d1 !n twi/s d[n ar\nd
 ! fir/ /r& to ! />t+ po9t1 "u ! lany>d 
at #e & up to #f4 ,f !re ! /r& loops &  

twi/s ! same z 9 ! fir/ r\nd1 except t  
at ! l[] corn]s x loops back ar\nd !    
fir/ r\nd1 !n twi/s ar\nd itself1 !n    
ar\nd ! lany>d1 & on ! same z be=e4 ,?is
 loop+ back ( e second r\nd is cont9u$  
until ! fill+ ext5ds across ! entire    
=w>d "p ( ! toe1 :5 x is discont9u$1 &  
ea* r\nd is made l ! fir/4 ,?is loop+   
back ?r[s ! fill+ alt]nately f side to  
side4  ,! fill+ mu/ be /ret*$ 9 v       
tightly & mu/ n be all[$ to slip4 ,:5 "o
 /r& is us$ up ano!r is jo9$ on 9 !     
mann] %[n4 ,c>e mu/ be us$ to see t e   
r\nd crosses ! o!rs 9 ! prop] way1 & all
 ! twi/s mu/ be made alike4 ,! amateur  
%\ld keep ^! pictures be=e him = a      
guide4 ,occasionally he %\ld look 8 "w  
ov] c>efully1 & if an error is discov]$ 
! /r++ %\ld be remov$ & made "r4 ,x w be
 necess>y to /raight5 out ! complet$    
portions occasionally1 & = ?is purpose  
,i use a r\nd-po9t$ h>dwood /ick4 ,!    
weave w f9i% at ! c5t] ( ! crossb>4     
,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,,! ,,heel ,,section 
,,is ,,/rung4  ,! fill+ 9 ! tail end or 

heel is v simple & is %[n s pla9ly 9 !  
diagram t ,i ?9k a description          
sup]flu\s4 ,x />ts at ! upp] "r-h& corn]
 & f9i%es 9 ! middle ( ! crossb>4 ,i    
aga9 advise t great c>e be us$ to get ! 
twi/s & loops "r1 & to see t ! ?ongs    
cross 9 ! prop] way4    ,illu/ration3   
,,fill+ ,,! ,,middle ,,( ,,! ,,sn[%oe4  
,fill+ ! middle section is also m simple
 ?an x appe>s at fir/ glance1 = x is    
practically a repetition ( ! sy/em us$ 9
 ! toe portion4 ,! edges ( ! wood %\ld  
be r\nd$ slightly to prev5t !m cutt+ !  
?ongs4 ,! ,nor!rn ,indians w9d ?is "p ( 
! frame ) a /rip ( clo?1 to make a sort 
( cu%ion = ! tightly /ret*$ ?ongs4 ,?is 
clo? w9d+ s]ves its purpose well1 b 9 a 
c\ntry :]e wet sn[s are common its use  
is n advis$1 = ! clo? holds ! dampness &
 causes ! ra:ide to rot4  ,:ile ! sy/em 
( /r++ ?is "p may appe> q intricate x is
 9 reality simple1 & x is ! m elaborate 
arrangem5t ( ! =w>d portion t makes ?is 
section appe> s complicat$4 ,! /\t bun* 
( ?ongs %[n 9 ! draw+1 kn[n z ! toe     

cord1 is /rung 9 fir/1 ! ra:ide /r& be+ 
tightly /ret*$ & cross+ ! frame "s f\r  
or five times1 a loop be+ ?r[n ar\nd !  
:ole on ! inside ( ! frame on bo? sides 
9 ! la/ r\nd4 ,?is %\ld be s execut$ t !
 la/ loop w be on ! "r-h& side4 ,! ?ong 
!n loops ar\nd ?is bun* ( cords aga9    
ab\t an in* f ! frame1 f !re be+ /rung  
up ar\nd ! cross-b>1 !n twi/+ ar\nd     
itself back to ! />t+ po9t1 f !re pass+ 
d[n diagonally to ! c5t] ( ! re>        
cross-b>1 :]e x loops & twi/s aga91 !n  
up to ! upp] left-h& corn]1 :]e x twi/s 
up ! same z on ! opposite side4 ,f "h x 
w be not$ ! ?ong runs d[n a %ort di/ance
 & loops ar\nd ! left side ( ! frame4 ,!
 simple loop us$ = ?is purpose is cle>ly
 %[n 9 a small draw+4 ,f ?is loop !     
ra:ide /r& twi/s back ab\t an in*1 !n   
runs /raight across ! %oe to ! "r1 :]e !
 loop is repeat$4 ,?is completes ! fir/ 
r\nd ( ! fill+4 ,! second r\nd />ts 9   
ab\t ! same way z ! fir/1 goes up to !  
crossb> at ! left ( ! fir/ r\nd1 twi/s  
back to ! toe cord1 f !re to ! re>      

crossb>1 !n up to ! left-h& corn]4 ,"h !
 sy/em *anges1 = ! /r& is run up & twi/$
 ar\nd ! toe cord & fir/ r\nd ( fill+   
be=e x is loop$ to ! frame4 ,aft] loop+ 
x is br\ght across to ! "r1 :]e x aga9  
loops & twi/s1 & !n twi/s ar\nd ! toe   
cord & fir/ r\nd ( fill+ exactly z on ! 
left1 aft] :i* x is run d[n to ! re>    
crossb>4 ,9 ?is way ! /r++ cont9ues1 e  
second r\nd twi/+ =w>d ar\nd ! prec$+   
two4 ,?is b9ds ! fill+ firmly &1 x w be 
not$1 also alt]nates ! successive r\nds 
f side to side4 ,:5 ! process ( fill+   
has progress$ s f> t !re are f\r twi/s  
ar\nd ! =w>d crossb>1 on ea* side1 ?is  
twi/+ %\ld be /opp$ & ! rema9d] ( ! =w>d
 portion left op51 = ?is is :]e ! foot (
 ! we>] works ?r\gh :5 walk+4 ,?is op5  
space %\ld measure ab\t f\r & a half    
in*es 9 wid?1 & if x does n ! fill+ mu/ 
be %ift$4 ,9 v co>se me%$ %oes ?ree     
twi/s on ea* side w be all t c be giv54 
,an extra turn ar\nd ! toe cord %\ld    
also be made on ea* ( ^! two twi/s ( !  
fill+1 = consid]able /ra9 is ?r[n onto  

?is portion4 ,f ?is po9t on1 in/ead (   
runn+ =w>d & twi/+ ar\nd ! crossb>1 !   
fill+ simply twi/s ar\nd ! toe cord4 ,b 
"h c>e mu/ be us$ to keep ! fill+ smoo? 
& ! toe cord flat1 o!rwise sore feet w  
result f we>+ ! %oes4 ,! weave f9i%es 9 
! c5t] ( ! toe cord & !re ! end ( ! ?ong
 %\ld be securely & neatly fa/5$4 ,! la/
 t\* is to w9d a /r& ( ra:ide ab\t !    
twi/$ ?ongs on ea* side ( ! foot op5+ & 
ar\nd ! toe cord1 to make ^! p>ts smoo? 
& protect !m f we>4  ,9 ! draw+s ( !    
heel & toe sections x w be not$ t ,i h  
%[n ! web ti$ to ! crossb>s ) tw9e4 ,?is
 is n a p]man5t feature1 = :5 ! c5t] ( !
 %oe has be5 fill$ ^! /r+s may be       
remov$4  ,aft] mak+ "o pair ( sn[%oes ! 
workman w und\bt$ly see :]e9 he c       
improve on ! design ( ! %oe1 on ! /yle (
 fill+1 or 9 ! me?od ( mak+4 ,!re are _m
 labor-sav+ devices & ways ( h&l+ !     
mat]ial t make ! "w easi]4 ,b ^! !      
amateur sn[%oe mak] w le>n 9 "t & ,i    
believe ,i h n[ giv5 all ! in/ructions  
necess>y = ^? :o want to make _! own    

sn[%oes4    ,,sn[%oes--,,h[ ,,to ,,use  
,,!m  ,sn[%oes ( "o k9d or ano!r are us$
 9 all nor!rn c\ntries1 = !y are a      
necessity to ^? :o live 9 ! sn[y nor?1 &
 e>n _! liv+ by outdoor "w4 ,:]e or :5  
!y orig9at$ w\ld be h>d to say1         
def9itely1 b s9ce x is 9 ,am]ica t !y h 
be5 p]fect$ & 7 us$ by ! ,indians :5 ?is
 c\ntry 0 fir/ visit$ by :ite m51 x     
seems reasonable t ! sn[%oe is an       
inv5tion ( ! e>ly ,nor? ,am]ican        
savages1 & probably 0 fir/ us$ _m ?\s&s 
( ye>s ago4  ,! sn[%oe is copi$ f "o (  
,"m ,nature's _m unpat5t$ inv5tions4 ,%e
 is ! inv5tor ( ! sn[%oe1 = %e gave ?is 
gift to _m ( ! nor!rn animals1 = in/ance
 ! m>t51 ! sn[%oe rabbit1 & ev5 ! c>ib\4
 ,! m>t5 & ! rabbit h l>ge heavily furr$
 feet1 especially l>ge & furry dur+ !   
w9t]1 & because ^! feet cov] a l>ge area
 ( sn[ 9 proportion to ! animals'       
weight1 !y support _! own]s :]e animals 
unprovid$ ) a sn[%oe w\ld s9k1 & w\ld h 
great difficulty 9 travel+4 ,! c>ib\ has
 a highly split foot ( l>ge size2 its   

spreads gives d[n "u ! animal's weight  
until ! dew claws also help 9 support+  
x1 & ?us cov] s mu* surface t ?is big   
de] c walk on a sn[ cru/ t w\ld n c>ry a
 man4  ,z a fur!r illu/ration ( nature's
 use ( ! sn[%oe pr9ciple1 comp>e ! foot 
( a ,canada lynx ) t ( a bobcat or bay  
lynx4 ,! =m] animal1 meant = an exi/5ce 
9 ! ,nor? & ! high altitudes :]e deep   
sn[s prevail1 has a v l>ge1 furry paw t 
supports ! animal wond]fully on ! loose 
sn[1 :]eas ! m s\!rn wildcat1 a v       
closely relat$ species1 has a foot      
relatively small & ) %ort] fur4 ,!      
sn[%oe !re=e 0 m]ely copi$ f nature by  
mank9d & no d\bt x 0 a /udy ( ! natural 
animal sn[%oe t gave ! e>ly-day savage !
 great idea & set him to "w on a s*eme  
by :i* he c\ld increase ! size ( 8 feet 
9 a conv5i5t & practical mann]1 & ?us be
 able to walk on ! sn[ in/ead ( wad+    
?r\gh x4  ,:atev] may h be5 ! /yle ( !  
fir/ sn[%oes or ! mat]ial us$ 9 !m1 !   
fir/ :ite visitors to ! ,am]ican cont95t
 f\nd ! ,indians us+ sn[%oes ) frames ( 

wood1 /rung ) ra:ide1 9 fact1 exactly ! 
same z are be+ us$ to-day4 ,:ile ! :ite 
m5 may h s\ght to improve on mat]ials & 
g5]al =m1 x is c]ta9 t !y c\ld f9d no?+ 
bett] or ev5 z good1 = ! ,indians'      
sn[%oe 0 adopt$ & is be+ us$ 9 its      
orig9al =m to-day :]e s]i\s use is      
requir$4 ,sn[%oes are (t5 modifi$ 9 =m =
 ! use ( ! :ite p 9 & ne> ! settlem5ts1 
b = ! r\gh1 wild c\ntry ! ,indians'     
sn[%oes _c be surpass$1 unless x be 9 ! 
selection ( mat]ials & 9 workman%ip4    
,illu/ration3 ,,be> ,,paw ,,sn[%oes4    
,ev]ybody kn[s t sn[ is n always ( !    
same nature4 ,! "* ( ! sn[ dep5ds on    
wea!r conditions4 ,cold wea!r causes x  
to rema9 loose & fluffy2 w>m days & cold
 nights settle ! sn[ & =m a cru/1 :ile  
dur+ midday x becomes wet & packy2 w9d  
foll[+ a sn[/orm makes drifts ( m or    
less solidity4 ,^! are all v diff]5t    
conditions ( sn[ & a sn[%oe t is p]fect 
9 =m = "o k9d ( travel or "o k9d ( sn[  
_c be p]fect = ano!r1 al?\gh x may answ]
 = all k9ds ( use4 ,9 widely sep>at$    

di/ricts ! prevail+ wea!r conditions may
 cause "o or ano!r condition ( sn[ to   
pr$om9ate ! season ?r\gh1 & z a         
consequ5ce ! prop] sn[%oes to use 9 any 
p>ticul> place are ! ones adapt$ to !   
prevail+ sn[ conditions4 ,likewise !    
nature ( ! c\ntry ) respect to surface &
 vegetation greatly influ5ce ! /yles (  
sn[%oes4  ,! sport+ goods catalogues %[ 
sn[%oes ( v diff]5t =ms & proportions1 &
 ! extreme conditions1 n = g5]al use4 ,b
 ! catalogues seldom give any in=mation 
on ?is subject t w aid ! tyro 9 select+ 
sn[%oes adapt$ to 8 use1 & if un9=m$ on 
! subject he is all at sea4  ,long1 n>r[
 sn[%oes are us$ = fa/ travel 9 op51    
fairly level c\ntry4 ,9 g5]al1 !y are n 
good on r\gh gr\nd1 9 bru%y di/ricts1 or
 :]e ! sn[ does n fall to a good dep?4  
,if ! toes are turn$ up some:at & m or  
less po9t$ !y are bett] = travel 9      
loose1 p[d]y sn[4 ,b ! upturn$ toes r5d]
 ! %oes wor?less = hill climb+1 z !     
frames w n take a grip on ! sn[1 :ile on
 h>d trails or cru/$ sn[1 su* z we      

sometimes f9d on ! froz5 lakes1 !y make 
! we>]'s feet sore ?r\gh lack ( spr+ 9 !
 frames4  ,! mo/ p]fect type ( sn[%oes =
 g5]al use is t %[n 9 figure five4 ,x   
has ! av]age dim5sions & proportions1   
all extremes be+ avoid$4 ,x measures    
ab\t #dd in*es 9 l5g? by #ad in*es 9    
wid? at ! wide/ place1 & ?is is ! prop] 
size = ! av]age p]son & g5]al           
conditions4 ,a heavy man1 if ( av]age   
height1 or tall]1 c use l>g] %oes to    
advantage1 :ile = a small] & light] man 
slightly small] sn[%oes are bett]       
adapt$4 ,! toe is r\nd & flat4 ,x slips 
easily ?r\gh ! bru%1 takes a good grip  
on ! h>d sn[ ( ! hillsides & cov]s en\gh
 sn[ to keep x up ne> ! surface :ile !  
n>r[ heel cuts d[n4 ,! tail is %ort1 :i*
 adapts ! %oe bett] = turn+ 9 bru%y     
places & r$uces liability ( breakage :5 
cross+ logs4 ,! /r++1 x w be not$1 is   
heavy & co>se1 :i* makes ! %oe bett] =  
damp1 /icky sn[4 ,a f9e me% fill+ is all
 "r :]e ! sn[ is always 9 a loose1 dry  
condition1 b :5 ! sn[ becomes packy x   

closes up on ! web & makes cont9u\s     
tr\ble4 ,! ends are fill$ ) a f9]       
mat]ial1 = "h ! /r++ is subject to less 
/ra94    ,illu/ration3 ,,nor!rn         
,,sn[%oes4  ,! ,indians ( ,canada       
frequ5tly fill ! heel & toe ( _! sn[%oes
 ) f9e tw9e in/ead ( ra:ide4 ,?is       
mat]ial we>s mu* bett] ?an w\ld be      
expect$1 provid+ ! sn[ is deep & ! snags
 well cov]$1 z !y are up !re 9 w9t]4 ,b 
a tw9e fill+ is n ne>ly z good z ra:ide 
& is us$ only because x is a m conv5i5t 
mat]ial4  ,_m k9ds ( raw sk9s are us$ = 
fill+ sn[%oes1 b !re is no?+ bett] ?an  
c[hide4 ,horsehide is said to we> v     
well4 ,calfsk9 is a good mat]ial = /r++ 
light %oes1 = use on brok5 trails or =  
wom5 & *ildr54 ,moose & c>ib\ sk9 are   
mu* us$ 9 ! ,nor?1 b are n z durable z  
c[hide4 ,except t ! hair is remov$ f !  
hide x und]goes no o!r prep>ation =     
sn[%oe fill+1 no oil+ nor tann+ be+     
p]missible4  ,9 ! frames also v>i\s k9ds
 ( wood are us$1 ?is dep5d+ p>tly on !  
woods obta9able :]e ! sn[%oes are made4 

,a t\gh1 light wood is requir$4 ,:ite m5
 usually make use ( :ite a%1 a v good   
mat]ial = ! purpose4 ,black a% is also  
us$1 b is a poor wood = sn[%oe frames4  
,! ,canadian ,indians use :ite & yell[  
bir*1 bo? v good if good judgm5t is us$ 
9 select+ ! trees4 ,9 ! f> ,nor?we/     
sn[%oe frames are sometimes made (      
spruce1 :ile 9 ! ,we/ s]vice wood is    
frequ5tly employ$4 ,!re are _m o!r woods
 t w answ] v well4  ,9 ! illu/ration are
 %[n two patt]ns ( long1 n>r[ sn[%oes4  
,"o has a po9t$1 upturn$ toe1 ! frame   
be+ made 9 two pieces1 fa/5$ toge!r )   
ra:ide at heel & toe4 ,?is /yle ( %oe ,i
 ?9k orig9at$ 9 ,nor?we/]n ,canada1     
anyway x is us$ !re by ,indians & :ites 
alike4 ,sn[%oes ( ?is patt]n are usually
 made five feet long & #ab in*es wide4  
,! toe curves up sev5 or eight in*es & !
 l5g? f ! toe cords on :i* ! we>]'s foot
 re/s to ! po9t ( ! upturn$ toe mu/     
exce$ ! l5g? f ! ball ( 8 foot to 8     
knee2 if x is n s1 ! toe ( ! sn[%oe w   
/rike 8 knee :5 he lifts 8 foot4  ,! o!r

 long patt]n is a /yle us$ 9 ,alaska &  
,yukon4 ,x is s %ap$ t x gives ! maximum
 ( surface cov]+ qualities = a %oe ( t  
l5g? & a practical wid?4 ,! /r++ is v   
op5 & is put into ! frame by a peculi>  
sy/em1 q unlike t us$ 9 o!r sn[%oes4    
,?is is an excell5t sn[%oe = fa/ travel 
9 deep1 loose sn[4    ,illu/ration3 ,a  
,,sn[%oe ,,( ,,/&>d ,,%ape4  ,v %ort    
sn[%oes made )\t tails are kn[n z !     
be>paw patt]n4 ,i h %[n two ( ^!4 ,! "o 
made )\t crossb>s is us$ by ! ,indians (
 ,wa%+ton4 ,x is a v simple1 easily made
 sn[%oe1 & is especially useful 9 !     
r\gh1 bru%y gr\nd4 ,x works nicely 9 !  
m\nta9s ( ,p5nsylvania & is probably z  
good = use 9 t place z 9 ! ,nor?we/4 ,! 
o!r be>paw %oe illu/rat$ is a /yle t    
orig9at$ 9 ! ,adirondack ,m\nta9s4 ,x 0 
design$ = ! use ( ! spruce gum hunt]s1  
its %ort l5g? mak+ x a p]fect sn[%oe =  
use 9 gumm+1 walk+ ar\nd trees1 turn+ & 
zigzagg+ "h & !re4 ,?is patt]n is "o ( !
 be/ = v bru%y gr\nd1 :]e rocks & fall5 
trees ab\nd1 & x is ! be/ %ape = use 9 !

 ,nor? :5 ! fir/ sn[s come & ! small    
und]bru%1 snags1 rocks & logs are n yet 
deeply buri$4 ,a pair ( sn[%oes l ?is   
may be c>ri$ 9 a packsack if ! trapp] is
 mak+ a j\rney ov] 8 l9e :5 ! fir/ deep 
sn[ is due1 & he w n !n be caught )\t   
sn[%oes :5 a day's j\rney or two f camp4
 ,?is has happ5$ to me1 s ,i c n[ see ! 
importance ( c>ry+ a pair ( sn[%oes at t
 "t4  ,sn[%oes ( all types h an op5+ 9 !
 =w>d "p ( ! c5tral section ?r\gh :i* ! 
we>]'s toes move z he walks4 ,at ! re>  
edge ( ?is op5+ are ! toe cords1 a bun* 
( five or six /r&s ( ra:ide1 & :5 9 use 
?is "p is b5ea? ! ball ( ! foot4 ,a     
toe-/rap passes ov] ! foot at ?is po9t4 
,!re is always "s o!r =m ( fa/5+ us$1 b 
?is may be any?+ f ! ,indian's hit* (   
s(t c>ib\ sk9 or lamp wick+ to ! h>ness 
lea!r fa/5+ ( ! :ite man1 :i* buckles   
across ! in/ep & above ! heel4 ,9 all   
cases ! fa/5+ mu/ pass ar\nd ! foot     
above ! heel1 = x is ?is /rap t supports
 ! weight ( ! sn[%oe z ! foot is lift$2 
x is mov$ =w>d by ! toe /rap1 & ?is     

piece also holds ! foot 9 place on !    
%oe4  ,! ,indian's me?od ( ty+ a sn[%oe 
to ! foot has "s advantages ov] ! :ite  
man's h>ness fa/5+1 b 9 o!r ways x is   
imp]fect4 ,! pr9cipal advantage is t !  
fa/5+ ne$ n be op5$ = remov+ ! sn[%oes  
or atta*+ x4 ,i h us$ sn[%oes a week at 
a "t )\t op5+ ! knot4 ,a simple twi/ ( !
 foot ) b5d$ knee w s]ve to free !      
sn[%oe f ! foot & x is j z easily       
replac$4 ,b x does n hold ! %oe z       
rigidly ) respect to side motion z !    
/rap & buckle adopt$ by :ite m5 g5]ally1
 & ,i ?9k x is m likely to cause sor5ess
 ( ! feet4 ,! h>ness %[n is "o ( ! be/  
/yles & is easily made & adju/$4  ,=    
sn[%oe+ 9 ,nor!rn di/ricts1 :]e ! wea!r 
is cold all ?r\gh ! w9t] & ! sn[ rema9s 
9 a loose1 dry condition1 bucksk9       
moccas9s are ! be/ footwe>4 ,by ?is ,i  
mean moccas9s ( any k9d ( de]sk91 tann$ 
by ! ,indian me?od4 ,su* moccas9s are n 
wat]pro(1 b t makes little diff]5ce1 = !
 dry sn[ nev] makes wet feet4 ,bucksk9  
is s(t & light & if ! moccas9s are l>ge1

 pl5ty ( w>m1 wool5 socks may be worn4  
,= spr+ we>1 :5 ! sn[ is m or less damp1
 or = use any:]e :5 ! sn[ is 9 ?is      
condition1 oil tann$ moccas9s or rubb]  
ov]%oes may be worn4 ,rubb] is some:at  
h>d on ! fill+ ( ! sn[%oes1 b if ?is is 
heavy & ( good mat]ial x w /& a lot (   
we>4 ,ord9>y rubb] %oes %\ld n be worn1 
h[ev]1 )\t fir/ remov+ ! heels4  ,:5    
walk+ ! entire sn[%oe is nev] lift$ cle>
 ( ! sn[2 ! tail always drags4 ,x is    
easy to le>n to use !m4 ,i walk$ #ab    
miles ! fir/ day ,i tri$ sn[%oe+4 ,my   
greate/ tr\ble 0 9 keep+ "o %oe cle> ( !
 o!r1 b ?is is soon le>n$4 ,!re may also
 be tr\ble 9 le>n+ to turn1 especially 9
 bru%y places1 & 9 attempt+ to cross    
logs4 ,:5 cross+ a log ! foot itself mu/
 be plac$ on ! log & ! next /ep mu/ be (
 suffici5t l5g? = ! sn[%oe to cle> x1 or
 ! foot mu/ be turn$ sideways4  ,to get 
satisfactory s]vice f a pair ( sn[%oes  
necessitates prop] c>e4 ,! we>] %\ld    
always avoid walk+ ov] snags1 or little 
hummocks1 :i* are c]ta9 indications (   

objects b>ely cov]$ & :i* may injure !  
web ( ! %oes4 ,d n /ep on a place :i* w 
support "o or bo? ends ( ! %oe solidly  
unless ! middle portion is also ?us     
support$1 = if ! frames d n break ! /ra9
 !y w be weak5$ & w soon] or lat] take  
on a curv$ %ape4 ,nev] /ep d[n f a high 
place ) all ( y\r weight on ! sn[%oes1 =
 ! /ra9 on fill+ & frame is great4      
,sn[%oes require c>e1 n only :ile 9 use1
 b at o!r times z well4 ,be+ /rung )    
ra:ide1 ?is mat]ial is v susceptible to 
heat & moi/ure4 ,if ! %oes are n dri$   
?or\ghly aft] becom+ damp or wet ! /r++ 
w rot1 :ile if dri$ too rapidly ! fill+ 
becomes brittle & breaks :5 put to a    
/ra94 ,9 camp sn[%oes %\ld be susp5d$ f 
! ceil+ by a wire1 = mice w eat ! fill+ 
if !y c rea* !m4 ,%oes %\ld be wat*$    
closely also = worn /r&s & :5 a /r+     
looks dang]\sly weak ! %oe %\ld be      
repair$ at once4  ,x _c be expect$ t    
aft] ! mo/ exhau/ive book /udy ! novice 
w "k en\gh ab\t sn[%oes to discrim9ate  
betwe5 ! ord9>y bad & ^? )\t fault4 ,b  

!re are po9ts t if kept 9 m9d w aid     
greatly 9 select+ sn[%oes t w n only be 
desirable1 b also satisfactory 9 reg>d  
to size1 proportions & patt]n4 ,!       
extreme /yles1 z already po9t$ out1 are 
n = ! use ( ! beg9n]1 = 8 sn[%oe+ is    
g5]ally ( ! regulation k9d4 ,! sn[%oes  
:i* he %\ld buy1 & :i* he w f9d 9 /ock )
 mo/ deal]s1 are m or less on ! l9es ( !
 patt]n %[n 9 figure #e4 ,! /&>d size1  
or ab\t #adx#dd in*es1 w answ] well 9   
ne>ly all cases4 ,if ! c\ntry is n too  
r\gh & hilly !y may h ! toes turn$ up an
 in* or two1 b o!rwise !y %\ld be flat1 
z %[n4 ,x matt]s little :e!r ! toe be   
r\nd1 squ>e or q po9t$1 b x %\ld be r   
l>ge 9 area :ile ! heel end %\ld be     
n>r[4 ,! long tail usually f\nd on /ock 
sn[%oes is a nuisance & may z a rule be 
cut (f to advantage1 = usually ! balance
 ( ! sn[%oe is improv$ by s do+4  ,a    
sn[%oe %\ld almo/ balance :5 susp5d$    
midway betwe5 ! two cross-b>s1 ! tail   
end be+ j a little ! heavi]4 ,v few /ock
 sn[%oes are s made1 mo/ ( !m be+ too   

heavy 9 ! re>4  ,:5 buy+ sn[%oes exam9e 
! frames ) c>e1 = if !y are n made (    
good1 /raight gra9$ wood !y are apt to  
break4 ,! wood %\ld be heavie/ at !     
sides & ?9ne/ at ! toe4 ,!re mu/ be no  
knots1 cuts or o!r defects4 ,sometimes 9
 b5d+ ! frames ! mak]s split sliv]s     
loose & aft]w>ds glue !m d[n1 s look    
c>efully = su* places4  ,! fill+ %\ld be
 cle> & yell[4 ,x %\ld be ( almo/ equal 
?ickness & !re %\ld be no splices close 
to ! frame or 9 ! c5tre4 ,see t ! ?ongs 
are ?or\ghly /ret*$1 = poorly /ret*$    
fill+ is sure to /ret* & sag ! fir/ "t !
 %oes are us$ on damp sn[4 ,if ! ?ongs d
 n run p]fectly /raight across ! %oe1   
reject x1 = ?is is a sure sign ( poorly 
/ret*$ fill+4  ,:at are sold z          
fir/-class sn[%oes br+ prices rang+     
r\ghly f five to t5 doll>s p] pair4     
,good sn[%oes _c be made & sold at less 
?an five doll>s1 & if !y are l>ge or h  
mu* "w ab\t !m !y _c be made = ?is      
price4 ,i d n f9d any mat]ial diff]5ce  
betwe5 sn[%oes ( ,indian make & ^? made 

by :ite m54 ,! v be/ sn[%oes ,i h ev]   
f\nd be+ made = sale are ^? made by a   
fri5d ( m9e liv+ 9 ! ,adirondacks4 ,he  
uses ! be/ ( mat]ial ?r\gh\t & ! /r++   
alone us$ 9 a pair ( 8 be/ %oes w co/   
him z mu* z ! price at :i* ord9>y       
sn[%oes are sold4 ,! be/ possible       
sn[%oes are n available to _m read]s (  
?is article unless !y h le>n$ to make   
!m1 9 :i* case !y c use z mu* c>e & z   
good mat]ial z desir$4    ,,w9t]        
,,travel ,,9 ,,! ,,woods  ,:at a *ange  
comes ov] ! great =e/s ( ! ,nor? :5 w9t]
 reigns & holds all nature 9 8 icy grip4
 ,! fleecy mantle ( :ite cov]s hill &   
vale1 /ream & bu% alike1 b5d+ to ! gr\nd
 ! l[] bran*es ( ! spruces & hemlocks1  
smoo?+ ov] ! r\gh trails ( ! fall1 &    
bury+ ! logs1 /umps & und]bru% f view   
until ! foll[+ spr+4 ,! woods ?r\gh :i* 
we travel$ ) ease & com=t :5 ! gr\nd 0  
b>e n[ has a =bidd+ appe>ance & x       
requires all ! n]ve we c mu/] to attempt
 to p5etrate ! d5se1 sn[-lad5 gr[?1 :]e 
we "k t ! fir/ /ep w release a small    

avalan*e ( sn[ ^u u4 ,! b5d$ bran*es &  
small] gr[?s ( ! ?ickets give a diff]5t 
appe>ance to ! woods & di/ances seem    
%ort] s t we f9d x difficult to keep to 
! old c\rse1 & wise is ! trapp] or o!r  
woods travel] :o has blaz$ out 8 ma9    
trails be=e ! com+ ( ! sn[4 ,9 ?is w9t] 
woods x w\ld seem t only ! wild         
creatures inhabit+ x w\ld be at home &  
p]fectly famili> ) ! *ang$ surr\nd+s4   
,b ! season$ woodsman does n hesitate to
 travel ! w9t] trail4 ,if he is a trapp]
 or spruce gumm] ! w9t] is 8 h>ve/ "t4  
,he feels little ( ! /orms :i* 9 m      
expos$ c\ntry w\ld keep "o close indoors
 mu* ( ! "t4 ,on a /ill morn+ ! cold may
 be int5se & on all sides w be he>d     
pi/ol-l reports f ! freez+ trees1 b if  
he _c keep w>m by rapid walk+1 he treads
 d[n a spot ( sn[1 pulls "s loose b>k f 
a :ite bir* tree1 places ov] x dead     
bran*es brok5 f ! trunk ( a ne>by       
ev]gre5 & applies a light$ mat* to !    
oily bir* b>k4 ,9 a few seconds he has a
 ro>+ fire by ! side ( :i* he c re/ &   

re/ore ! *ill$ blood to its normal /ate4
 ,! ,nor!rn fro/ gives no w>n+2 x creeps
 cauti\sly ?r\gh ! clo?+ & at once      
comm5ces to freeze ! fle% b5ea? & at su*
 times a fire _c be light$ too quickly4 
,"o _c travel ! sn[y bu% 9 com=t &      
safety unless he wisely prep>es = su*   
travel1 by we>+ ! prop] clo?+ & c>ry+ ) 
him ! mo/ suitable equipm5t4 ,clo?+ mu/ 
be ( ! correct weight2 j heavy en\gh to 
keep ! we>] w>m :ile travel+ b no       
heavi]1 z bulky clo?+ is tiresome to "o 
:o walks ! trails4 ,a long coat is bad =
 travel2 x cl+s to ! legs & int]f]es )  
/epp+ ov] logs4 ,! out] clo?+ %\ld be ( 
a k9d to :i* ! sn[ w n cl+1 yet x mu/ be
 s(t4 ,w9d pro( clo? is n ne$$1 9 fact a
 m$ium ?ick b loosely wov5 clo? is w>m] 
9 ! woods ?an smoo?1 closely wov5       
fabrics4 ,! ve/ or wai/ coat is seldom  
worn 9 ! =e/1 at lea/ n by woodsm54     
,wool5 clo?+1 always1 is ! *oice4  ,:at 
,i "k on ?is subject ,i h le>n$ f actual
 exp]i5ce1 & we are told t exp]i5ce is !
 be/ tea*]1 b we c\ld (t5 save ourselves

 mu* discom=t if we w\ld pr(it by !     
advice ( o!rs4 ,h[ev]1 k acquir$ at !   
exp5se ( "t1 heal?1 com=t & money is (t5
 less co/ly ?an ignorance4 ,! clo?+ &   
outfits ,i recomm5d are ^? ,i h f\nd be/
 = my own use1 b an article is mo/      
useful :5 prop]ly us$4  ,i consid] !    
foll[+ ! be/ dress = w9t] we> 9 ! timb]$
 c\ntry ( ! ,nor? & s dress$ a heal?y   
man may travel ! w9try woods 9 com=t4   
,/>t+ ) und]we>1 ,i advise we>+ pure    
wool5 goods1 always1 ( m$ium weight1 &  
all 9 "o piece4 ,! s(t1 f9e k9d %\ld be 
*os54  ,,! ,,w9t] ,,trail  ,wool absorbs
 ! p]spiration & is reasonably w>m :5   
damp or ev5 wet4 ,x nev] gets cold &    
uncom=table l cotton und]we> does1 ! nap
 does n flatt5 d[n1 & x keeps ! sk9 w>m 
& induces a heal?y circulation ( ! blood
 ne> ! surface4    ,illu/ration3 ,,!    
,,w9t] ,,trail4  ,we> wool5 socks = !   
same reasons2 two or ?ree pairs1 z      
requir$1 & a pair ( heavy knit wool     
/ock+s1 knee l5g?1 ov] !m4 ,?is is too  
mu* = w>m wea!r1 b ,i am talk+ ( clo?+ =

 we> :5 x is cold4 ,! am\nt ( /ock+s    
requir$ w dep5d some:at on ! con/itution
 ( ! man :o we>s !m2 = "o travel] c keep
 ! feet w>m ) :at w\ld n be suffici5t = 
ano!r4 ,d n at anytime we> m socks ?an  
necess>y1 & wa% !m frequ5tly1 z x fre%5s
 ! wool & makes !m w>m]4 ,a numb] (     
pairs ( m$ium weight socks are bett] ?an
 "o pair ( v heavy ones4 ,!y are easi]  
wa%$1 easi] dri$ & m com=table4 ,_m     
bu%m5 w9d a /rip ( wool5 blanket ab\t ! 
foot1 & ?is has ! advantage ( be+ *eap] 
?an extra socks4 ,i we> bo? ! socks & ! 
long /ock+s on ! outside ( ! tr\s]s1 & !
 /ock+s %\ld be held by a /rap at ! top4
 ,/ret* out ! toes ( ! socks & /ock+s a 
little be=e putt+ ! %oes or moccas9s on 
ov] !m & x w keep !m f b9d+ ! toes4  ,! 
only footwe> = w9t] travel :5 ! wea!r is
 cold1 especially = sn[%oe+1 is !       
bucksk9 moccas94 ,by bucksk9 ,i mean    
,indian tann$ moosehide1 de] or c>ib\   
sk91 or ! :ite man's asbe/ol cordovan   
horsehide1 ! latt] be+ ! be/ we>+       
mat]ial1 b n z s(t & com=table z ! o!rs4

 ,c>ib\ sk9 moccas9s are my pref]5ce =  
sn[%oe+1 & ,i l ! ,ojibway patt]n )     
po9t$ toe & clo? top2 !y are n z likely 
to cause sore toes z ! ,si\x patt]n 7!  
regul> factory made /yle7 & ! clo? top  
is w>m & holds ! sn[%oe /r+s bett] ?an !
 bucksk9 top does4  ,bucksk9 moccas9s   
are n wat]pro(1 9 fact wat] w g ?r\gh !m
 almo/ z readily z ?r\gh clo?1 b        
wat]pro( qualities are n requir$ 9      
footwe> = w9t] use 9 ! ,nor?1 z ! sn[   
nev] becomes damp until spr+1 & all     
wat]1 except ! smoo? rapids1 is well    
cov]$ ) ice4 ,! only "t :5 ! travel] is 
likely to get wet feet is :5 sn[%oe+ ov]
 ! ice on ! lakes2 !n aft] a w9d /orm   
!re is sure to be wat] "u ! sn[ on !    
ice4  ,a m$ium weight gray wool5 %irt   
suits me be/ = woods we>4 ,tr\s]s may be
 ( almo/ any k9d ( /rong1 s(t wool5     
mat]ial1 & %\ld be roomy1 b fit well at 
! wai/4 ,i pref] to we> a belt r ?an    
susp5d]s1 b ?is is immat]ial4 ,if ! sn[ 
cl+s to ! tr\s]s beh9d ! knees1 :5      
sn[%oe+1 we> light ov]alls ov] !m4 ,i h 

nev] f\nd any?+ bett] 9 coats ?an ^?    
made ( mack9aw clo?1 su* z lumb]m5 we>4 
,i l ! pla9 colors be/1 blue black be+  
my *oice4 ,all outside pockets %\ld be  
cov]$ ) flaps to keep ! sn[ out4        
,mack9aw is a s(t1 w>m mat]ial & x w    
turn consid]able ra94 ,x has only "o    
objectionable feature--! sn[ w cl+ to x1
 especially across "o's back j above !  
pack sack1 :i* ! woodsman ne>ly always  
has ) him2 ! w>m? com+ ?r\gh ! clo?     
causes x to collect ! sn[4  ,my *oice ( 
head dress is a good grade1 long wool   
toque :i* c be drawn d[n ov] ! =ehead & 
e>s4 ,ov] ?is ,i sometimes we> a sort ( 
hood made ( ?9 wool5 clo?1 :i* hangs d[n
 well ov] ! coll> ( ! coat & ties "u !  
*94 ,?is hood is v desirable1 z x is a  
great protection f cold & sn[4 ,:5 walk+
 ?r\gh a sn[-lad5 ev]gre5 bu% !re is a  
con/ant %[] ( sn[ be+ releas$ f ! b\ghs 
& ?is hood keeps ! fall+ sn[ f gett+    
inside ( ! clo?+1 :i* x surely w\ld d   
)\t ?is protection4 ,x is also a %ield  
aga9/ ! cold w9d :5 cross+ froz5 lakes1 

:]e ! toque alone w\ld n give suffici5t 
protection4 ,i /e] cle> ( fur caps4 ,!y 
are too w>m = walk+1 & ,i ?9k x be/ to h
 no cov]+ ov] ! face1 z any su*         
arrangem5t w ga!r moi/ure f ! brea? &   
cause freez+4 ,unless "o is expos$ to a 
sev]e w9d1 hold+ ! mitt5$ h&s aga9/ !   
face occasionally w prev5t freez+ 9 !   
colde/ wea!r1 provid+ we d n h to face !
 breeze4  ,! h&s also ne$ special       
protection f ! cold & mu* c\ld be writt5
 on ?is subject4 ,i "k ( no?+ bett] ?an 
mitt5s1 n gloves1 made ( heavy wool5    
clo?1 ) a pair ( cotton ones drawn ov]  
!m4 ,!y are easi] dri$ ?an a s+le pair (
 heavy ones2 are easily made f old      
mat]ial1 co/+ no?+1 & are w>m4 ,!y %\ld 
be loose en\gh to pull (f quickly1 & !  
tops %\ld come well up ov] ! wri/s      
inside ! coat sleeves4 ,d n buy gauntlet
 gloves = ! woods2 !y collect dirt & sn[
 cont9ually4 ,no k9d ( lea!r gloves or  
mitt5s t ,i h ev] worn w keep my h&s w>m
 unless !y are v heavily l9$ & !n !y are
 /iff1 s ,i pref] ! clo? ones4  ,s mu* =

 cold wea!r clo?+1 b :at %all we we> :5 
! sun comm5ces to travel 8 nor!rn trail 
& ! grip ( ,jack ,fro/ weak5s2 :5 ! sn[ 
melts dur+ midday & our clo?+ seems     
uncom=tably w>m4 ,at su* times we c     
disc>d ! heavy %irt & sub/itute a light]
 "o2 leave ! ov]alls 9 camp & put ! hood
 9 ! pack or ! coat pocket1 & we> few]  
socks1 ) oil-tann$ %oe pacs in/ead (    
bucksk9 moccas9s4 ,!y are n z good =    
sn[%oe+1 b are wat]pro( if kept well    
oil$4 ,rubb] %oes we> ! fill+ ( ! sn[%oe
 badly4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,indian   
,,sn[%oe ,,hit*4  ,:ile ,i h be5 speak+ 
( clo?+ = we> 9 ! timb]$ di/ricts ( !   
,f> ,nor? ,i realize t !re are m ( ^? :o
 read ?is liv+ 9 a less fro/y climate1 b
 = all ( ! ,nor!rn ,/ates ?is clo?+ is q
 suitable & prop]1 ) ! exception ( !    
hood & moccas9s4 ,! =m] is seldom ne$$ 9
 m op5 h>dwood =e/1 & z sn[%oes are n   
us$ mu* ! %oe pac & rubb] %oe are !     
footwe> mo/ (t5 se54 ,= walk+ on b>e    
gr\nd or 9 %all[ sn[1 bo? %oes h        
advantages & faults4 ,! rubb]s are      

heavi] ?an ! pacs & m protection to t5d]
 feet1 b are m likely to tire ! we>]1   
especially s9ce rubb] cl+s s fondly to  
all bru% & we$s ) :i* x comes 9 contact4
 ,b ! pacs1 :ile light] & s(t]1 w make  
t5d] feet sore on ! bottoms1 & !y slip 9
 sn[ m ?an d rubb]s4 ,my favorite rubb] 
%oes = outdoor we> are ^? ( ankle       
height1 fa/5+ ) a lace or ) /rap &      
buckle4  ,sn[%oes c h>dly be consid]$   
we>+ app>el4 ,an ,italian :o came ov] to
 ,canada1 :5 cold wea!r came1 began to  
inquire ab\t clo?+ = we> 9 t climate4   
,:5 he ask$ :at k9d ( footwe> 0 be/ 8   
in=mant told him t he ?\ght sn[%oes 7 ! 
be/ :5 ! sn[ came4 ,hav+ no idea :at    
sn[%oes 7 he w5t to a /ore & ask$ to be 
%[n "s1 & he 0 consid]ably surpris$ :5  
he saw :at !y 74 ,sn[%oes1 h[ev]1 are a 
"p ( ! ,nor!rn woodsman's equipm5t1 & a 
v necess>y "p4 ,!y are (f]$ 9 a numb] ( 
patt]ns by sport+ goods deal]s1 & !re   
are o!r /yles made & us$ t are seldom or
 nev] se5 9 /ores4 ,"s are good2 o!rs   
are bett]1 b ea* k9d is good 9 "s       

section ( ! c\ntry4 ,x is n my object to
 g into detail 9 describ+ sn[%oes1 b ,i 
feel t ,i mu/ say some?+ ab\t ! patt]ns 
be/ adapt$ = use 9 ! woods4 ,!y %\ld be 
( ab\t ! /&>d %ape1 ei!r r\nd or squ>e  
toe1 z desir$2 = ! av]age man1 ab\t #ad 
by #dh in*es 9 size2 frames ( good      
/raight gra9$ wood1 ) ! crossb>s mortis$
 9 )\t weak5+ ! b[s4 ,! tail %\ld be    
fa/5$ ) ra:ide1 c\nt]-sunk1 & n a screw 
or rivet2 & ! fill+ ?r\gh\t %\ld be (   
good ra:ide ?or\ghly /ret*$1 r f9e &    
close 9 ! ends & co>se & op5 9 ! c5t]s4 
,! toe %\ld be l>ge & q broad1 ! tail   
n>r[1 & !y %\ld balance at a po9t j a   
few in*es beh9d ! c5t] ( ! space betwe5 
! crossb>s4 ,) su* %oes y c travel fa/  
on loose sn[ or h>d2 !y turn easily2 !  
broad flat toe takes a good grip & makes
 hill climb+ easy1 & x also /ays ne>ly  
on ! surface ( ! sn[ :ile ! n>r[ tail   
cuts d[n & z a consequ5ce !y lift easily
 = ! next /ep4 ,if ! fill+ is too close 
9 ! c5t] ! sn[ w pack "u ! foot2 if !   
toes are too small !y cut d[n & loose   

sn[ falls on top1 mak+ !m heavy to lift2
 if ! tail is too heavy x is difficult  
to turn ) !m2 if ! toe is upturn$ !y    
slip on a cru/ or h>d trail1 make ! feet
 sore1 & are n good = climb+ hills4     
,unless y "k j :at y are do+ x is a good
 rule to avoid extreme /yles4  ,if y are
 a ,d[n ,ea/ man y w und\bt$ly select "s
 k9d ( sn[%oe boot1 h>ness1 fa/5+ or    
:atev] y *oose to call x4 ,mo/ ( ^! give
 satisfaction1 b ,i h us$ ! ,indians'   
me?od mo/ly1 ! same be+ a tie or hit* ) 
a piece ( five-eigh?-in* lamp wick1 ab\t
 f\r feet long4 ,! toe /rap is sep>ate &
 is fa/5$ by weav+ ! ends 9 & out ( !   
fill+ at ! sides ( ! toe op5+4 ,! way ( 
ty+ to ! foot is %[n 9 ! illu/ration m  
pla9ly ?an ,i c describe x4 ,bo? /r+s   
are ti$ toge!r above ! heel1 & :5       
prop]ly adju/$ x is n necess>y to untie 
= putt+ ! %oe on or remov+ x f ! foot2 a
 simple twi/ w d x4 ,i h us$ sn[%oes = a
 week or m )\t undo+ ! fa/5+1 & x is v  
nice 9 extreme cold wea!r to be able to 
put on or remove %oes )\t b>+ ! h&s4    

,if y are simply travel+ ?r\gh ! woods  
aimlessly1 ) no int5tion ( mak+ future  
use ( ! trail1 x makes little diff]5ce  
h[ y g1 b if y are a trapp] & are break+
 out a trap l9e y w1 ( c\rse1 aim to    
/rike ! good places = sets )\t walk+    
f>!r ?an necess>y1 & y %\ld make y\r    
trail ) a view ( us+ x aft]w>ds1 avoid+ 
/eep asc5ts & d5se ?ickets4 ,if         
possible1 get ov] y\r trail ! second "t 
be=e ! pack$ sn[ h>d5s & ! trail w be   
smoo!r4 ,blaze y\r trail on trees & bru%
 z y g along4 ,i ?9k x be/ to m>k ! bru%
 by cutt+ !m half (f & b5d+ !m away f ! 
trail4 ,if y mu/ m>k trees1 m>k two     
sides & !n y c foll[ ! m>ks ei!r way1 & 
y c also indicate ! turns 9 ! pa?4 ,my  
objection to m>ks on trees are t !y _c  
be se5 z pla9ly z cut bru%1 especially  
aft] a driv+ sn[/orm1 :5 ! sn[ cl+s to !
 trunks ( trees1 & t ! droop+1 sn[-lad5 
bran*es (t5 hide ! spots j :5 y ne$ to  
see !m mo/4 ,a foot ( fre% fall5 sn[ may
 completely oblit]ate y\r trail1 b if x 
is well m>k$ y c foll[ x /ill1 & ! beat5

 bottom makes easi] travel+1 no diff]5ce
 h[ mu* sn[ has fall5 ov] x4  ,break+   
out fre% trails is h>d "w1 & sl[4 ,y c  
break trail away f camp six h\rs1 &     
return ov] ! brok5 trail 9 two4 ,9 a    
sn[y climate x is advisable1 :5ev]      
possible1 to travel ea* p]man5t trail at
 lea/ once 9 t5 days to keep x 9 good   
condition2 b ! trapp] w want to get ov] 
! gr\nd (t5] ?an t anyway4  ,z sn[%oes  
are co/ly & _! life dep5ds mu* on ! c>e 
!y receive ,i w give "s rules cov]+ ?is 
po9t t is always well to obs]ve4 ,9     
break+ out a fre% trail avoid snags :i* 
%[ ?r\gh ! sn[ or little protub]ances   
:i* indicate snags b5ea? ! surface2 also
 bew>e ( places :]e ! sn[ appe>s to be  
held up by bru% or /icks b5ea?4 ,i once 
broke a new sn[%oe frame by /epp+ into a
 conceal$ hole2 ! :ole trail dropp$ d[n 
& my sn[%oe caught on a snag ( a ne>by  
/ump1 break+ a section out ( ! frame4 ,x
 is ! /r++1 h[ev]1 t is usually cut out 
by ! snags4 ,be c>eful also :5 cross+   
logs to see t ! %oes are n support$     

solidly at ! ends :ile ! middle is free 
to g d[n2 su* treatm5t w ei!r break !   
frames or b5d & /ra9 !m1 & if !y assume 
a curv$ %ape !y are unsightly & tir+ to 
! feet1 also h>d to use 9 hill climb+4  
,i always l to get />t$ on ! trail z    
e>ly 9 ! morn+ z possible1 s t ,i c     
travel a few miles be=e daylight1 & ,i  
camp e>ly 9 ! ev5+ s ,i c get wood &    
make a com=table camp be=e d>k4 ,9 !    
e>ly spr+1 :5 ! sn[ melts dur+ ! day &  
cl+s to ! sn[%oes ! only "t "o c travel 
is 9 ! morn+ until ab\t t5 o'clock1 &   
late 9 ! ev5+4 ,at night1 if ! moon     
%9es1 "o c make good "t1 b ?r\gh ! day  
is ! be/ "t = re/+ at ?is season4 ,:5 ! 
sn[ /icks1 ! sn[%oes get wet & heavy &  
damp sn[ packs on top & cl+s to !m1 & :5
 ^! tr\bles come x is be/ to cut wood1  
build a good fire & camp by x until     
ev5+4 ,/& ! sn[%oes up 9 ! sn[ :]e !    
sun%9e & ! w>m w9d w dry !m1 make "s tea
 & eat y\r lun*1 !n roll into y\r       
blanket & re/ until ! sun gets l[1 :5 y 
c resume y\r j\rney4  ,x is difficult   

travel+1 at ! be/1 & ! /r5g? ( ! travel]
 is heavily tax$4 ,always he has ! heavy
 pack & ! sn[%oe trail seems endless4 ,!
 home camp is ev] a welcome sight4 ,x   
means great] com=t & usually a day ( re/
 to wa% & m5d ! clo?+1 & admire ! dry+  
furs1 ! h>ve/ ( ! traps4 ,!re are days (
 awful cold1 & ! deep1 loose sn[ seems  
almo/ too mu* to endure2 yet ) all !    
h>d%ips & privations !re is an          
unexpla9able fasc9ation connect$ ) !    
free1 wild life 9 ! woods & 9 tramp+ !  
w9t] trail4    ,,travel+ ,,9 ,,!        
,,pa?less ,,woods  ,,"p ,i4  ,ev]ybody  
admires ! man :o c travel 9 ! woods )\t 
gett+ lo/4 ,su* a man always comm&s     
respect among 8 less accompli%$         
associates4 ,! sportsman nev] ceases to 
wond] at ! ability ( 8 guide to f9d 8   
way unfail+ly ?r\gh ! d5se bu%1 & ! :ite
 guide also admires & wond]s at !       
,indian's accompli%m5ts 9 ! same l9e4   
,to ! un9itiat$ ! feats ( ! woodsman    
seem l a six? s5se--in/9ct1 !y call x4  
,b x is n in/9ct1 b simply ! application

 ( k :i* comes to ^? :o are =c$ by      
circum/ances to be obs]v+ 9 su* matt]s4 
,! man :o c take an outfit on 8 back &  
travel a mon? 9 ! wild]ness1 liv+ )\t a 
p>ticle ( aid f 8 fell[ m51 is a        
woodsman1 & he possesses a k ( woodcraft
 :i* w\ld make a bett] _w if x c\ld be  
imp>t$ to all mank9d4  ,i 0 born & grew 
to manhood 9 "o ( ! wilde/ & r\ghe/     
di/ricts ( ,p5nsylvania4 ,nor!a/ f my   
home ,i c\ld travel #cj miles )\t see+ a
 human habitation1 & nor?w>d ! wild1    
un9habit$ m\nta9s rea*$ a l di/ance1    
brok5 at "o place only by a n>r[ valley 
9 :i* !re 7 a few small f>ms4 ,little by
 little ,i le>n$ to "k ^! m\nta9s & !   
n>r[ valleys betwe54 ,!re 0 n a /ream )9
 #aj or #ae miles :]e ,i _h n fi%$ =    
tr\t & trapp$ = m9k & 'coons1 & ,i _h   
hunt$ e swamp & r$ bru% flat = de]1 be>s
 & gr\se4 ,i knew e place :]e blueb]ries
 grew 9 suffici5t numb]s to make ! ga!r+
 pr(itable1 & (t5 ,i w&]$ long di/ances 
m]ely = ! pleasure ( m\nta9 travel4 ,i  
soon got ! reputation ( be+ an          

accompli%$ woodsman1 an honor :i* ,i did
 n des]ve1 = ,i knew no?+ :atev] ab\t   
travel 9 real wild]ness4 ,! long m\nta9s
 p>allel+ "o ano!r made x easy to get   
ab\t )\t los+ ! s5se ( direction1 & ,i  
kept my compass po9ts m]ely by          
famili>ity ) ! gr\nd on :i* ,i travel$4 
,:5 at ! age ( #bc ,i w5t into !        
wild]ness ( ,canada1 ,i 0 up aga9/ an   
entirely diff]5t proposition4 ,be=e me 7
 hundr$s ( miles ( unbrok5 bu%1 spott$ )
 lakes t at fir/ look$ all alike to me1 
& cut by small /reams :i* fl[$ ab\t f   
lake to lake 9 ! mo/ haphaz>d fa%ion    
imag9able4 ,i _h nev] travel$ ) ! sun z 
a guide & knew no?+ reg>d+ ! use ( a    
compass1 bo? ( :i* are ess5tial =       
wild]ness travel4    ,illu/ration3 ,a   
,,compass ,,( ,a ,,practical ,,type4    
,my fir/ move 0 to file on a piece (    
gov]nm5t l&4 ,! l& guide help$ to locate
 me & :ile we 7 look+ ab\t ,i saw him   
look at 8 compass1 !n he rem>k$ t x 0 j 
noon & we w\ld make "s tea4 ,i 0        
surpris$ to see him get ! "t ( day f a  

compass & ask$ him h[ he knew x 0 noon4 
,because ! sun is directly s\?1 he      
answ]$1 & x is 9 t position only at     
noon4 ,& !n he expla9$ to me h[ a       
compass c\ld be us$ z a wat*1 ) fair    
accuracy1 & h[ a wat* c\ld be made to   
answ] v well z a compass4  ,! woodsman  
told me t ,i c\ld n travel 9 t c\ntry   
)\t a compass1 & ,i soon f\nd t su* 0 ! 
case4 ,i borr[$ a compass f a fri5d1 a  
small1 slip-cov] in/rum5t ) a /op to    
hold ! ne$le /ation>y :5 n 9 use4 ,b ,i 
f\nd t ! slip-cov] 0 inconv5i5t2 du/ got
 9 at ! /op op5+ & hamp]$ ! movem5t ( ! 
ne$le2 & f9ally ! compass slipp$ ?r\gh a
 hole 9 my pocket & 0 lo/4 ,by ^!       
exp]i5ces ,i le>n$ t ! mo/ practical =m 
( compass = a woodsman 0 an op5-face1   
wat*-%ap$ in/rum5t1 )\t a /op1 & ) a r+ 
by :i* x c\ld be fa/5$ to ! coat or ve/ 
l a wat*4 ,su* an in/rum5t does n h !   
long life ( ! f9] /op compass1 b x co/s 
only a doll> or !reab\ts1 & aft] a ye>  
or two ( use c be ?r[n away & a new "o  
pur*as$4 ,( c\rse1 if a /op compass c be

 f\nd t has no outside op5+ to admit du/
 x is bett] /ill4  ,an ,indian seldom   
c>ries a compass1 b he travels ma9ly by 
! lay ( ! l&4 ,he le>ns ! c\ntry j z ,i 
le>n$ ! m\nta9s ( ,p5nsylvania1 & z a   
rule he has little idea ( direction4    
,sometimes he travels by sun1 9 fact !  
sun answ]s = bo? wat* & compass4 ,b :5 !
 sun is invisible & ! gr\nd unfamili> he
 sometimes meets ) tr\ble & loses 8     
wigwam4 ,b he is mu* less apt to get lo/
 ?an a :ite man1 "u simil> conditions1 =
 :5 he loses 8 be>+s he doesn't lose 8  
head1 9 fact he doesn't consid] x a     
s]i\s matt] at all4 ,he simply makes    
camp & ! next day he travels on until he
 rights himself aga94 ,! ,indian also1  
:5 =c$ to x1 uses means ( gett+ 8 be>+s 
:i* only ,indians & vet]an woodsm5 "k h[
 to use4  ,= my own "p ,i travel mo/ly  
by ! sun :5 on /range gr\nd1 v]ify+ my  
directions occasionally by ref]5ce to ! 
compass4 ,i also /udy l&m>ks & make use 
( !m con/antly1 = to travel by compass  
alone is sl[ & difficult4  ,comp>atively

 few p :o h nev] us$ a compass "k h[ !  
in/rum5t works2 inde$1 ,i once knew a   
man :o ?\ght t ! ne$le po9t$ t[>ds home 
:5 ! own] lo/ 8 be>+s4 ,b x doesn't d   
any su* ?+ unless by *ance ! home lies  
nor?4  ,on ! p59sula ( ,boo?ia ,felix1  
:i* juts into ! ,arctic ,sea nor?we/ (  
,hudson's ,bay1 is ! magnetic nor? pole1
 & ! ne$le ( ! compass1 :5 free to      
revolve1 po9ts to ?is p>ticul> "p ( !   
e>?4 ,x does n po9t directly t[>ds !    
magnetic pole 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 = !    
magnetic curr5ts :i* conv]ge !re d n fl[
 9 /raight l9es4 ,9 fact1 !re is an area
 9 ,asia1 :]e ! compass ne$le is        
deflect$ & po9ts to a small] local      
magnetic pole4 ,b = bu% travel all t is 
necess>y is to consid] t ! blue end ( ! 
compass ne$le po9ts nor?1 & to call ?is 
po9t nor? always1 ! opposite direction1 
( c\rse1 be+ s\?4  ,p]haps ,i %\ld n say
 t ! ne$le always po9ts nor?1 = x may   
lose its magnetism ) age or ! pivot on  
:i* x sw+s may become dull$1 or aga9 !  
ne$le may be deflect$ by a metal object 

be+ br\ght too ne>4 ,if ! ne$le behaves 
que]ly1 maybe y are hold+ x too ne> y\r 
gun1 or "s metal object 9 y\r belt or   
pocket may be attract+ x4 ,all objects (
 iron or /eel become magnetiz$ to a     
c]ta9 ext5t & w attract ! ne$le if      
br\ght too ne>4 ,b aside f su* outside  
influ5ce1 & t ( we>1 ! compass is a     
p]fectly reliable in/rum5t4 ,sometimes x
 tells u t ! sun rises 9 ! nor?we/1 9   
:i* case we %\ld believe x )\t "q1 = if 
we g contr>y to ! tea*+s ( ! in/rum5t we
 w f9d t #ii times out ( #ajj ! compass 
is "r & we are dead wrong4 ,"o ( !      
greate/ mi/akes a man c make :5 he gets 
turn$ ar\nd 9 ! big timb] is to d\bt 8  
compass1 b _m p w take a *ance on _! v  
unreliable in/9ct r ?an to tru/ a       
p]fectly tru/wor?y in/rum5t :i* 0 br\ght
 into ! woods to s]ve !m on j su*       
occasions4 ,b "o ne$ nev] be 9 d\bt1 =  
if ! ne$le sw+s freely & settles d[n 9 !
 same position ea* "t1 he may be sure t 
! in/rum5t is all "r4  ,by ref]r+ to !  
draw+1 :i* %[s a v common type (        

compass1 x w be not$ t ! dial is        
graduat$ 9 degrees1 on its out] edge1 ) 
! pr9cipal po9ts m>k$ ) lett]s4 ,^!     
lett]s mean nor?1 ea/1 s\?1 we/1 nor!a/1
 s\!a/1 etc4 ,to make ! compass "w      
p]fectly x mu/ be held level & /eady    
until ! ne$le /ops sw++1 !n ! compass c 
be turn$ easily1 s t ! blue end ( !     
ne$le /&s ov] ! lett] ,n4 ,:5 ?is is    
done all ! po9ts ( ! compass are %[n4 ,!
 only way a compass c be us$ is to %[ ^!
 directions1 &1 ( c\rse1 ! us] %\ld "k  
:i* way he wants to g4 ,usually a man 9 
! woods kn[s "s famili> l&m>k2 x may be 
a /ream1 a lake1 a m\nta91 or ev5 !     
railroad :i* he left :5 he ent]$ !      
woods1 & he w "k :e!r he is nor?1 s\?1  
ea/ or we/ ( ?is l&m>k1 s !re is little 
excuse = gett+ completely lo/4 ,b if he 
is s hopelessly muddl$ t he doesn't "k =
 ! life ( him :e!r he is 9 ! ,gr&       
,canyon or a ,canadian swamp ! compass w
 n help him v mu*4 ,if he is travel+    
nor? ( 8 l&m>k he c return to x by go+  
s\?1 & ! compass w tell him quickly :i* 

direction is s\?4    ,illu/ration3 ,a   
,,r\te ,,travel$ ,,by ,,compass4        
,suppose y h made a camp 9 ! wilds & h  
set out to explore ! surr\nd+ c\ntry4 ,=
 ! sake ( illu/ration ,i h drawn a map (
 "s ( my old-"t hunt+ gr\nd1 %[+ !      
location ( "o ( my camps4 ,! fir/ move  
w\ld be to le>n ! c\ntry 9 ! imm$iate   
vic9ity ( camp4 ,! /ream by ! side ( !  
camp fl[s ea/ & ?is w\ld be ! fir/ ) :i*
 to get acqua9t$4 ,a trip along ! /ream 
bo? ways f camp w s]ve to famili>ize "o 
) ! /ream & ne>by c\ntry1 s t he w\ld h 
a good l&m>k1 & he c\ld h>dly cross ?is 
/ream kn[+ t x 0 ! same "o :i* fl[s by !
 camp4 ,he w\ld also "k1 if he 7 to rea*
 ?is creek1 :e!r ! camp lay up /ream or 
d[n4 ,?is !n w\ld s]ve z a base f :i* to
 op]ate4 ,we w say n[ t he wi%es to see 
"s ( ! c\ntry nor? & nor?we/ ( camp4 ,he
 sees 9 ! di/ance a high hill ) a       
peculi> bun* ( trees on its summit4 ,by 
ref]r+ to ! compass he f9ds t ! position
 ( ?is hill is a little ea/ ( nor?4 ,!n 
fac+ 9 t direction he notes t ! sun is  

beh9d 8 "r %\ld]1 = x is morn+ & ! sun  
is 9 ! s\!a/4 ,replac+ ! compass 9 8    
pocket he />ts t[>d ! tree-cr[n$ hill   
:i* he has *os5 z an objective po9t4 ,z 
long z ! hill is 9 sight he has cle>    
sail+1 b :5 ! =e/ hides 8 l&m>k f view  
he keeps travel+ /raight ahead1 ma9ta9+ 
8 same position ) ref]5ce to ! sun4 ,b !
 sun is also mov+ & he d>e n g f> )\t   
aga9 look+ at ! compass & not+ ! *ang$  
position ( ! sun4 ,?is1 y w see1 is     
travel+ by l&m>k1 by compass1 & by sun1 
& x w be f\nd a v practical way4  ,b a  
man _c travel /raight 9 ! av]age        
wild]ness c\ntry1 = nature imposes      
ob/acles4 ,lakes1 swamps1 un=dable      
/reams & o!r natural ob/ructions =ce    
det\rs1 all ( :i* mu/ be kept 9 m9d & a 
g5]al /raight c\rse ma9ta9$4  ,presum+ t
 9 spite ( ! unavoidable det\rs !       
travel] has kept a reasonable /raight   
c\rse & has rea*$ ! high hill ) its     
peculi> clump ( trees1 he w "k n[ t s9ce
 8 c\rse has be5 a little ea/ ( nor? 8  
camp mu/ be j t mu* we/ ( s\? f ?is     

hill4 ,x w\ld be an easy matt] = him to 
retrace 8 /eps to camp if he wi%$ to d  
s4  ,f ! top ( ! hill ! explor] /udies !
 topography ( ! surr\nd+ c\ntry1 & notes
 ! lakes2 ! holl[s1 :i* indicate wat]   
c\rses2 ! swamp & clump ( ev]gre5 bu%4  
,p]haps he sket*es a map ( :at he sees1 
! details to be add$ z ! c\ntry is le>n$
 m ?or\ghly4  ,to ! nor?we/ he sees :at 
appe>s to be a fairly l>ge lake1 & z ?is
 looks int]e/+ he sets out 9 t          
direction1 travel+ z be=e1 by sun1      
compass & m>k]4 ,sometimes he c pick a  
m>k a half mile di/ant & at o!r times he
 mu/ be cont5t to make use ( a dead tree
 /&+ a hundr$ y>ds or less away4 ,b ne> 
or f>1 !y all s]ve ! same purpose4      
,hav+ rea*$ 8 objective he f9ds t :at   
appe>$ to be a l>ge lake is 9 reality a 
*a9 ( small lakes or ponds & he draws !m
 into 8 map4  ,!n he sets out d[n /ream1
 not+ t x fl[s 9 a s\?we/]ly direction1 
& occasionally he takes a compass be>+  
to make sure t ?is c\rse has n *ang$4   
,aft] travel+ ab\t a mile he decides to 

return to camp4 ,by c>efully consid]+ ! 
di/ance travel$ 9 ea* direction he      
concludes t he is n[ ab\t two & a half  
miles nor?we/ ( camp1 !re=e he mu/      
travel s\!a/1 s he />ts 9 t direction4  
,:5 ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f camp he     
recognizes ! surr\nd+s & *anges 8 c\rse 
a little at ! po9t m>k$ by ! arr[1 &    
goes /raight to camp4  ,9 ! same way !  
camp] w\ld explore ! c\ntry = a few     
miles ea/1 we/ & s\?1 & :5 he has become
 reasonably well acqua9t$ ) ?is gr\nd he
 is ready to pu% 8 explorations to      
great] di/ance1 kn[+ t he c )\t         
difficulty return to famili> gr\nd1 & !n
 easily f9d 8 camp1 = he c\ld n cross ! 
section ( c\ntry ) :i* he is n[ famili> 
)\t recogniz+ x4    ,,travel+ ,,9 ,,!   
,,pa?less ,,woods  ,"p ,,ii4  ,to travel
 9 a /raight l9e by compass1 & to keep  
y\r be>+s reg>dless ( h[ or :]e y g1 is 
easy1 if ! rules ,i h giv5 are foll[$2 b
 p d n always "k ^! rules1 or = "o      
reason or ano!r !y d n obs]ve !m4 ,z a  
result !y get lo/4 ,:at to d 9 su* a    

case ,i c't tell2 b "o ?+ t %\ld n be   
done is to get fright5$ & travel        
desp]ately fir/ 9 "o direction1 !n 9    
ano!r1 always m or less 9 circles1 z m5 
d :5 !y w&] aimlessly4  ,i am a firm    
believ] 9 t ounce ( prev5tion adage1 =  
prev5tion is bett] ?an cure e "t4 ,?is  
policy has c>ri$ me ?r\gh hundr$s (     
miles ( wild]ness )\t once gett+ lo/4 ,i
 h nev] be5 lo/1 al?\gh _m times ,i h   
lo/ my be>+s = a:ile :5 travel+ 9       
company ) somebody :o 0 lead+ ! way1 or 
:5 try+ to travel 9 unfamili> c\ntry )\t
 us+ ! me?ods ,i h be5 describ+4 ,i h   
nev] gone a/ray :5 us+ a compass1 or :5 
travel+ by any ( ! o!r ways ,i h        
m5tion$4  ,a %ort "t ago ,i 0 talk+ ab\t
 bu% travel ) a fri5d & aft] he _h li/5$
 to my *att] = a:ile he ask$1 ,:at w\ld 
y d if y 7 to get lo/8 ,i w\ldn't get   
lo/1 ,i answ]$1 = ! rules ,i h be5      
expla9+ to y are to prev5t t & w always 
d s if foll[$4 ,i always foll[ !m4 ,t   
s\nds all "r1 he argu$1 b y "k p d get  
lo/ sometimes & ,i want to "k :at a man 

%\ld d if he gets lo/4 ,y say t y fir/  
get acqua9t$ ) ! c\ntry ne> camp1 !n    
explore f>!r1 etc41 b "h n[ is some?+   
diff]5t4 ,i g into ! woods to hunt de]1 
) a few fell[s4 ,we "k no?+ ( ! c\ntry &
 are dep5d5t on our guides4 ,!y h l$ u  
into camp & we sc>cely "k h[ we came4   
,well1 ! next day1 ,i set out to look = 
game1 alone1 int5d+ to hunt close to    
camp4 ,i g fir/ ?is way & !n t way1     
look+ at ! likely places1 & aft] a:ile x
 dawns on me t ,i don't "k :i* direction
 to g to rea* camp4 ,9 o!r words1 ,i am 
lo/4 ,n[ :at %\ld ,i d8 ,i w confess t !
 "q 0 too mu* = me4 ,hav+ nev] be5 lo/1 
,i _h no exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d f :i* to    
draw4 ,i recall$ /ories ( p :o 7 lo/ b  
c\ldn't ?9k ( any?+ t w\ld help a lo/   
man f9d 8 way4 ,!re are _m ways to f9d !
 compass po9ts1 b :5 a man doesn't "k   
:at direction he wants to travel1 :at   
good is !re 9 kn[+ :i* is nor? & ea/8   
,i sugge/$ to my fri5d t a man w\ld     
surely always h "s po9t 9 m9d ) :i* he 0
 acqua9t$ & w\ld "k approximately :i*   

direction ?is place lay4 ,if he does he 
isn't lo/1 he repli$4 ,& ev5 if he kn[s 
t ! railroad runs nor? & t he is ea/ (  
x1 ! railroad may be fifty or a hundr$  
miles away1 :ile he may be only a mile  
or two f camp4  ,! only practical ?+ ,i 
c\ld sugge/ 0 ?is3 ,:5 a man sudd5ly    
discov]s t he has lo/ 8 be>+s & doesn't 
"k :i* way to g to rea* camp or famili> 
gr\nd1 he %\ld above all ?+s avoid gett+
 excit$ & los+ 8 head4 ,x is n at all a 
s]i\s matt] & if he w keep cool & use   
judgm5t he w come out all "r4 ,fir/ let 
him note c>efully 8 surr\nd+s s he w "k 
! place :5 he sees x aga94 ,!n he c set 
out 9 :at seems to be ! mo/ probable    
direction to famili> gr\nd1 b he mu/    
travel 9 a /raight l9e by ! me?od ,i    
describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt]4 ,aft] travel+ a 
reasonable di/ance1 if no famili> gr\nd 
is rea*$ he %\ld return to ! />t+ po9t &
 try ano!r direction4 ,if all ?is fails1
 ! v>i\s po9ts ( ! compass hav+ be5     
tri$1 he %\ld come back to ! />t+ po9t &
 camp !re until 8 fri5ds f9d him4 ,i am 

presum+ t he has lo/ 8 be>+s "u !       
conditions nam$ by my fri5d & t he has  
companions "s :]e n _m miles di/ant4 ,! 
campfire may help 8 fri5ds f9d him & if 
he fires 8 gun x may also d "s good4 ,x 
is a v good plan to agree on "s sort ( a
 signal to use 9 case "s memb] ( ! p>ty 
loses 8 way b ,i "k ?is is seldom done1 
= nobody c>es to let 8 fri5ds "k t he   
feels ! remote/ possibility ( gett+ lo/4
 ,i nev] leave camp )\t hav+ ) me a good
 quantity ( mat*es4 ,i always c>ry a    
light ax & if ! wea!r is cold ,i put a  
blanket 9 my packsack4 ,?us1 if any?+   
happ5s to prev5t my gett+ back to camp  
,i am reasonably outfitt$ = camp+ out a 
night4  ,9 my talk ab\t travel by       
compass ,i h spok5 ( keep+ direction by 
! sun & ?us do+ away to a great ext5t ) 
frequ5t ref]5ce to ! compass4 ,d\btless 
! read] has be5 wond]+ :at he %\ld d on 
days :5 ! sun is invisible4 ,=tunately  
!re are few su* days unless x is dur+ a 
ra9 :5 ( c\rse v little travel+ is done4
 ,b !re are days :5 fog or cl\ds obscure

 ! sun = h\rs & !n travel is sl[ because
 "o mu/ make frequ5t ref]5ce to !       
compass4 ,! only safe way is to select  
"s conspicu\s object 9 ! l9e ( travel   
ea* "t a compass be>+ is tak5 & to take 
a new be>+ :5 ?is object is rea*$4 ,a   
d5se fog is ! wor/ possible condition = 
!n n only is ! sun invisible b "o _c see
 f> en\gh to *oose objective po9ts4 ,i  
seldom attempt to travel "u su*         
conditions b :5 ,i d1 if ,i make a half 
or ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile an h\r1 provid+ 
,i h no /ream1 lake %ore or trail to    
foll[1 ,i consid] t ,i am gett+ along v 
well4 ,bl9d+ ra9 or sn[ /orms also make 
travel v difficult4 ,i h travel$ 9 a    
heavy sn[/orm by mak+ use ( ! w9d z a   
guide1 9 conjunction ) ! compass4 ,! w9d
 seldom *anges dur+ a /eady ra9 or sn[  
/orm1 & anyway ! compass w\ld apprise ! 
wayf>] ( a *ange 9 ! w9d be=e he _h gone
 f> out ( 8 c\rse4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! 
,,wat* ,,z ,a ,,compass4  ,!re are ways 
( le>n+ ! directions )\t a compass :i*  
may be us$ 9 case ( em]g5cy4 ,fir/ !re  

is ! sun4 ,9 !ory x rises 9 ! ea/ & sets
 9 ! we/2 b 9 reality x only behaves s  
on or v ne> ! equator4 ,z we are 9 !    
nor!rn hemisph]e ! sun is ( c\rse s\? ( 
! ea/ & we/ l9e all ! "t1 & 9 w9t] x is 
f>!r s\? ?an 9 summ]1 because ! e>?     
wabbles back & =? ?r\gh\t ! seasons & ! 
nor!rn portion leans away f ! pa? ( !   
sun 9 w9t]4 ,z a consequ5ce ! sun rises 
some:at s\? ( ! ea/ 9 summ] & sets a    
little s\? ( we/4 ,9 w9t] x rises /ill  
f>!r s\? & its pa? across ! sky is      
always to ! s\? ( u4 ,at noon x is      
/raight s\?4 ,?us x w be se5 t if "o    
kn[s approximately ! "t ( day he c      
easily figure out ! compass po9ts4      
,directions by ! sun c be le>n$ ) mu*   
great] accuracy if "o has a wat*1 = kn[+
 ! "t ( day exactly he %\ld "k j h[ f> !
 sun is f ! z5i? at t "t & ?us easily   
locate ! true s\?4 ,hav+ f\nd x he has b
 to face 9 t direction & ! nor? w !n be 
beh9d him1 ! ea/ on 8 left & ! we/ on 8 
"r side4  ,b !re is a mu* bett] way (   
gett+ ! compass directions by means ( a 

wat* & x is done 9 ?is way4 ,hold+ !    
wat* s t ! h\r h& po9ts to a l9e        
p]p5dicul> to ! sun1 c\nt half way f ?is
 h\r to twelve & ?is w be s\?2 9 o!r    
words half way betwe5 ! h\r h& & !      
figure twelve is s\?4 ,c\nt =w>d f ! h\r
 h& to twelve 9 ! =5oon1 b 9 ! aft]noon 
! s\? is half way betwe5 ! h\r h& &     
twelve1 c\nt+ back t[>ds twelve4 ,:ile  
,i may n h made my po9t cle> ,i believe 
t ! draw+ w convey ! idea m di/9ctly4 ,!
 "t %[n is #h p4 m4 & ) ! h\r h& po9t$  
t[>ds ! sun1 s\? w\ld be midway betwe5  
#h & #ab or 9 l9e ) ! figure #aj4  ,:5 !
 sun is invisible & no compass or o!r   
ord9>y means ( locat+ directions is     
available x is advisable to /ay 9 camp  
if possible4 ,b x is well to "k means ( 
f9d+ directions "u su* conditions = "o  
nev] kn[s :at may happ5 & a little k    
along ?is l9e c d no h>m ev5 if x is    
nev] us$4 ,we sometimes read or he> f   
woodsm5 ( su* means & usually !y are    
giv5 z safe & reliable me?ods4 ,b !y    
%\ld nev] be tak5 too s]i\sly4 ,=       

in/ance we are told t moss gr[s only on 
! nor? side ( trees1 :ile ! l>g] bran*es
 are on ! s\? side4 ,?is is true 9 a    
g5]al way b conditions h _! effect & !  
%elt] ( ! o!r trees or ne>by hills may  
rev]se ! ord] m or less4 ,b ! fact t !  
sun's rays nev] directly rea* ! nor?    
side ( a tree enc\rages ! gr[? ( moss on
 t side1 :ile ! almo/ con/ant sun%9e by 
day1 on ! s\? side1 causes ! sap to fl[ 
!re m vigor\sly & ?us gives a great]    
gr[? to ! bran*es on ! s\? side4 ,9     
prairie c\ntry ! prevail+ w9d1 usually f
 ! nor?1 w give a p]man5t incl9e to !   
grass1 :i* may help "o to locate        
directions4  ,x is seldom necess>y to   
travel at night unless 9 ! nor? :5 ! sn[
 is s(t dur+ ! day & travel is bett] at 
night4 ,b !n ! travel] usually has a    
sn[%oe trail to foll[ or he w h "s o!r  
way ( keep+ 8 directions4 ,if n he c    
travel by ! nor? /> 9 ! same way t he   
keeps 8 be>+s by ! sun dur+ ! day4 ,!   
diff]5ce is t ! nor? /> does n move     
across ! sky z does ! sun1 & x is always

 9 ! nor?4 ,to f9d ?is /> fir/ locate ! 
gr\p :i* con/itute :at is commonly kn[n 
z ! dipp]4 ,! two />s =m+ ! side ( ! b[l
 f>!/ f ! h&le are 9 l9e ) ! nor? /> & x
 is above ! op5 side or top ( ! dipp]   
b[l4    ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/> ,,t      
,,m>ks ,,! ,,true ,,nor?4  ,i h rem>k$ t
 a man travel+ )\t guidance ( any k9d   
always moves 9 a circle & ,i ?9k !      
read]s are all well acqua9t$ ) ?is fact4
 ,i don't "k :y we d s1 b "o !ory is t  
"o leg is long] ?an ! o!r & naturally   
takes a long] /ep4 ,o!rs ?9k ! tr\ble is
 caus$ by "o leg be+ /rong] ?an ! o!r4  
,b :atev] ! cause x is a fact t a man   
w&]+ aimlessly 9 ! woods w 9 a %ort "t  
cross 8 own trail4 ,?is fact 0 nev]     
br\ght home to me s =cibly z "o "t :5 ,i
 tri$ to travel )\t a compass on a cl\dy
 day4 ,x 0 e>ly spr+ & ,i 0 travel+ on  
sn[%oes1 s !re 0 no dang] ( gett+ lo/1 =
 ,i _h my trail to foll[ back to camp4  
,i 0 try+ to travel s\? & 0 sett+ a l9e 
( traps4 ,i _h travel$ q a di/ance      
/raight s\? z ,i suppos$ :5 ,i saw be=e 

me a fre% sn[%oe trail4 ,i ?\ght at once
 t "s ,indian trapp] mu/ h invad$ my    
trapp+ gr\nd4 ,i /epp$ into ! trail & 0 
surpris$ to f9d t my sn[%oes fitt$      
p]fectly into ! tracks2 !n ! tru? dawn$ 
^u me--,i _h be5 travel+ 9 a circle4    
,feel+ v fooli% ,i />t$ =w>d aga91      
resolv$ to keep a /raight c\rse4 ,i f\nd
 ! place :]e ,i _h made ! fir/ turn to !
 "r & "h ,i left ! trail & />t$ s\?     
aga94 ,aft] travel+ p]haps a half mile  
,i aga9 saw a fre% trail ahead & knew at
 once t ,i _h made ano!r circle4 ,once m
 ,i attempt$ to /rike a /raight c\rse   
s\? & ,i travel$ ! rema9d] ( ! way )\t  
complet+ a circle4 ,:5 ! "t came to     
return to camp ,i _h j "o trap left & ,i
 set x at ! end ( ! trail 9 a rav9e :i* 
l$ d[n f a hillside4 ,a few days lat] :5
 ,i w5t to look at ! traps ,i climb$ to 
! top ( ! hill :]e ,i _h set ! la/ trap1
 a di/ance ( ab\t #ajj y>ds1 & 0 v mu*  
surpris$ to see bel[ me ! lake on :i* my
 camp 0 situat$1 & ! cab9 itself n m ?an
 a mile away4  ,to travel /raight by t  

que/ionable s5se kn[n z in/9ct is       
absolutely impossible1 not)/&+ ! /ories 
we he> ( ,indians1 =e/]s & o!rs :o      
habitually travel ?is way4 ,in/9ct is a 
v unreliable guide & some?+ m tangible  
is ne$$4 ,s :5 y he> /ories ( a man :o c
 g any:]e & f9d 8 way )\t failure f "o  
"p ( ! woods to ano!r1 x may be wise to 
pret5d cr$ulity1 b y may be sure t !    
/ory tell] is ei!r elaborat+ or 8 h]o   
has a v ?or\gh k ( ! woods & a v        
reliable1 altoge!r sci5tific me?od (    
keep+ 8 be>+s4  ,! sure/ way to get lo/ 
is to try to travel on /range gr\nd )\t 
any guidance :atev]1 & ?is is p]haps mo/
 easily accompli%$ by lett+ "s o!r p]son
 lead ! way until y h completely lo/ y\r
 be>+s4 ,x is a /range fact t few p pay 
any att5tion to :]e !y are go+ if       
somebody else leads ! way & ?is probably
 results 9 m cases ( p los+ _! be>+s ?an
 all o!r ?+s comb9$4 ,i h lo/ all s5se (
 direction 9 a v %ort "t by lett+ "s o!r
 p]son lead ! way1 & ?is 9 a f>m+       
community4 ,ano!r easy way to get lo/ is

 to foll[ a game trail1 = 9 su* cases ! 
trail & ! probability ( sight+ ! game s 
int]e/s & completely fill "o's ?\ghts t 
he seldom gives any ?\ght to directions 
or di/ance travel$4  ,to sum up ! :ole  
matt] ( bu% travel1 "o ?+ /&s out z be+ 
( ! utmo/ importance & t is to keep !   
compass po9ts con/antly 9 m9d & at !    
same "t h famili> gr\nd f :i* to />t    
op]ations4 ,) ^! two ess5tials !re w be 
no worry ab\t gett+ lo/ to m> "o's      
pleasure & he c travel any:]e he *ooses 
9 ! big woods4    ,,pack+  ,! outfit    
ne$$ = pack+ camp equipm5t is1 = ea*    
horse1 a pack saddle1 wool5 blankets1   
pack c9*1 #ce or #dj feet ( "o-half in* 
manila rope1 ano!r rope ( ! same size1  
#bj feet long1 a pair ( al=jas1 a pair (
 hobbles1 & a bell to put on ! horse :5 
x is turn$ out = ! night4  ,a pack      
saddle consi/s ( two crosses ( h>dwood1 
fa/5$ to two flat1 r\nd-end pieces (    
wood1 & to ?is is atta*$ bree*+1 brea/  
/raps & "o or two c9*es1 ) ! o!r        
necess>y /rap "w4  ,a good pack saddle  

is /rong & well made1 ( good mat]ials4  
,! lea!r is a peculi> k9d t w n tight5  
:5 ti$ into knots1 = ! c9* adju/m5ts are
 usually ti$ in/ead ( fa/5$ ) buckles4  
,:5 select+ a pack saddle be sure t !   
bree*+ & brea/ /raps are long en\gh =   
any horse on :i* ! saddle may be us$1 = 
! mak]s frequ5tly try to economize by   
skimp+ ! rigg+1 s t !y may sell at a l[]
 price4  ,be sure also t ! saddle fits !
 horse reasonably well1 or x w cause    
tr\ble4 ,mo/ ( ! pack horses us$ 9 !    
m\nta9s are m or less holl[ back$1 & !  
saddle base %\ld n be too long or x w   
re/ on ! ends only4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if too
 %ort x w n be s /able & w also hurt !  
horse4 ,! d\ble c9* saddle1 su* z %[n 9 
! illu/ration1 is by f> ! be/4  ,al=jas 
are sacks to hang on ! sides ( ! saddle1
 9 :i* to place all ( ! small articles (
 ! outfit4 ,!y are made ( v heavy duck1 
lea!r b\nd1 & h /raps or loops ( rope ) 
:i* to susp5d !m f ! saddle =ks4 ,!     
prop] size is ab\t #bd in*es wide1 #ah  
in*es high1 & :5 op5$ out1 n9e in*es    

deep4  ,:5 pack+ an outfit ! horse %\ld 
be ti$ & ! blanket %\ld be fold$ & plac$
 on ! horse's back4 ,x %\ld n be less   
?an f\r folds ?ick & %\ld ext5d a little
 ahead & a little beh9d ! saddle base4  
,x mu/ also come d[n f> en\gh on ! sides
 to =m a pad = ! al=jas & keep !m f     
rubb+ & *af+ ! animal4  ,! saddle %\ld  
!n be plac$ on ! fold$ blanket4 ,n[1 at 
?is po9t1 if y want to be k9d to ! poor 
horse1 grasp ! blanket betwe5 ! two     
pieces ( ! saddle base & pull x up a    
little1 s t x is loose ov] ! horse's    
back4 ,?is w all[ ! saddle to settle d[n
 "u ! weight ( ! pack & n b9d1 :i* x is 
sure to d if ! blanket is n loos5$ a    
little z advis$4 ,!n bo? c9*es %\ld be  
tight5$1 & ! bree*+ & brea/ /raps       
prop]ly adju/$4  ,! al=jas are !n fill$ 
) ! small articles ( ! camp equipm5t &  
hung on ! =ks ( ! saddle4 ,if ! pack] is
 at all consci5ti\s1 z he %\ld be1 he w 
see t ea* sack is ( ! same weight & t   
!re are no h>d or %>p objects s plac$ t 
!y w injure ! animal4 ,articles :i* are 

too big to g into ! sacks are !n plac$  
on top1 :]e !y w re/ firmly & n hurt !  
horse1 & ! blankets & t5t are fold$ &   
spread ov] ! top ( saddle & al=jas4     
,illu/ration3 ,,d\ble ,,c9* ,,pack      
,,saddle4  ,at ?is /age comm5ces :at is 
g5]ally consid]$ ! trick ( pack+1 ty+ ! 
pack to ! horse4 ,!re are _m =ms ( pack 
hit* 9 use & any ( !m may be le>n$ q    
easily by an obs]v+ p]son1 nev]!less ty+
 a pack prop]ly c sc>cely be done at !  
fir/ attempt4 ,! mo/ popul> ( pack ties 
is :at is kn[n z ! diamond hit* & all   
?+s consid]$ x is probably ! be/ on !   
li/4    ,illu/ration3 ,,pack ,,ties4    
,to ?r[ ! diamond hit*1 proce$ z foll[s3
 ,hav+ ti$ "o end ( ! long rope to ! r+ 
( ! pack c9*1 g to ! ne> side 7left7 ( !
 horse & ?r[ ! c9* ov] ! pack & horse1  
!n rea* "u ! horse & pick up ! c9*4 ,!  
hook$ end ( ! c9* is n[ t[>d y4 ,draw   
back on ! rope until y h all ( ! slack &
 pull ! rope d[n on ! ne> side to ! hook
 ( ! c9*2 d\ble x "h & give x a twi/1 z 
%[n 9 ,fig4 #a1 !n hook ! loop to ! c9*4

 ,n[ d\ble ! free portion ( ! rope &    
%ove x ?r\gh "u ! "p m>k$ by ! arr[1 f !
 back1 =m+ loop ,a1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #b4   
,n[ give ?is loop a twi/ z %[n 9 ,fig4  
#c1 to br+ ! free portion ( ! rope d[n  
f>!r t[>ds ! ne> side4 ,next grasp ?is  
rope at ! place m>k$ by ! arr[ 9 ,fig4  
#c1 & draw up a "p ( ! free rope =m+    
loop ,b1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,all ( ?is "t
 y h be5 keep+ ! rope t crosses ! pack  
fairly tight4 ,y n[ g to ! (f side &    
pull loop ,a d[n ov] & "u ! pack1 !n    
come back & put loop ,b "u ! pack on !  
ne> side4 ,?is w leave ! hit* z 9 ,fig4 
#e & x is ready = tight5+4 ,comm5ce fir/
 by pull+ ! rope at ,a1 !n at ,b1 ,c1   
,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g & ,h1 successively4 ,!   
end ( ! rope ,h is !n ti$ to ! r+ 9 !   
pack c9* at ! (f side1 & ! diamond hit* 
is complet$4 ,! ropes %\ld all be q     
tight1 & if !y gr[ loose aft] a:ile !y  
%\ld be tight5$ aga94    ,illu/ration3  
,,ty+ ,a ,,diamond ,,hit*4  ,!re is     
ano!r v simple way ( ty+ a diamond hit*1
 :i* ?\gh n q l ! "o describ$ 9 detail1 

is ! same 9 pr9ciple4 ,x is %[n v pla9ly
 9 ! ?ree diagrams reproduc$ "h4 ,z 9 ! 
fir/ me?od ! rope & c9* are ?r[n across 
! pack to ! (f side & ! c9* is pick$ up 
f b5ea? ! horse1 !n ! rope is drawn up &
 hook$ to ! c9*1 b ! little twi/ is n   
put 9 ! rope z 9 ! fir/ me?od4 ,! free  
portion ( ! rope is !n ?r[n across !    
pack to ! (f side s t x is p>allel ) &  
beh9d ! fir/ rope4 ,!n d\ble ?is rope on
 ! top ( ! pack & pu% x "u ! fir/ rope f
 ! re>1 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #h4 ,n[ br+ ?is   
loop back ov] & pu% x ?r\gh aga91 z 9   
,fig4 #i1 =m+ ! small loop ,a4 ,n[ take 
! free end ( ! rope d[n "u ! pack on !  
ne> side1 back & up at ! re>1 ?r\gh !   
loop ,a aga94 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4 
#aj4 ,! free end ( ! rope !n goes d[n "u
 ! pack f ! re> on ! (f side & fa/5s to 
! c9* r+4 ,! rope is tight5$ ! same z 9 
! o!r me?od4 ,?is hit* is z good z ! o!r
 & is m easily rememb]$1 al?\gh n z     
easily ti$ z ! "o fir/ describ$4  ,ei!r 
( ^! pack ties may be manag$ easily by  
"o man1 b !y are ti$ m rapidly by two   

m51 "o /&+ on ! (f side & ! o!r on ! ne>
 side1 s t nei!r ne$ walk ar\nd ! horse4
 ,!n !re is ! additional advantage 9 t !
 rope may be drawn up tight & !re is no 
dang] t x w slip1 z "o or ! o!r ( ! m5 c
 be hold+ ! rope all ! "t ! pack is be+ 
ti$4  ,9 addition to ! pack ties        
describ$ !re is ano!r hit* t %\ld be    
le>n$ z x is useful = secur+ packages to
 ! pack saddle :5 al=jas are n us$1 also
 = hold+ packs to ! sides ( ! saddle    
:ile ty+ ! diamond hit*4 ,!re are sev]al
 me?ods ( fix+ a sl+ rope & ! mode ,i am
 go+ to describe is illu/rat$ 9 ,fig4   
#g4  ,= ?is purpose ! %ort] l5g? ( rope 
is br\ght into use4 ,x is d\bl$ 9 !     
middle & loop$ ar\nd ! front =ks ( !    
pack saddle1 !n "o-half ( ! rope is tak5
 to ! ne> side & ! o!r is dropp$ on ! (f
 side4 ,tak+ ei!r half ( ! rope1 y all[ 
suffici5t slack to hold ! pack at !     
prop] height !n br+ ! rope ar\nd ! re>  
=ks1 !n d[n to ! c5tre ( ! slack        
portion1 :]e x is ti$4 ,! pack is !n    
fix$ 9 ?is loop & ! o!r side is arrang$ 

! same way4 ,aft] bo? packs are prop]ly 
slung ! ends ( ! rope are br\ght up on  
top & ti$ toge!r4  ,!re are _m =ms (    
pack hit*es o!r ?an ^? describ$1 al?\gh 
! diamond hit* is mo/ us$ & m popul> ?an
 any ( ! o!rs4  ,a pack horse %\ld nev] 
be ov]load$1 & ! animal _c c>ry z great 
a load z _m p expect4 ,two hundr$ p\nds 
is ! limit = any pack1 & #aej is a m    
reasonable load4 ,= long j\rneys ! pack1
 p] horse1 %\ld n weigh ?is mu*4 ,a     
hundr$ or a #abe is all t %\ld be       
allott$ to any animal4  ,a pack tra9 may
 consi/ ( any numb] ( pack animals1 & if
 !re are en\gh rid]s 9 ! p>ty "o man    
rides betwe5 ea* two pack horses4 ,i    
mean by t1 "o rid] goes ahead lead+ a   
horse beh9d him4 ,t horse is foll[$ by  
ano!r rid]1 !n ano!r pack horse1 etc4   
,if !re are n en\gh m5 9 ! p>ty = ?is1  
two pack animals are plac$ betwe5 two   
rid]s4 ,! m5 may lead ! horses if !y are
 incl9$ to w&] f ! r\te1 b ord9>ily ?is 
is n necess>y1 z ! animals w keep 9 l9e4
 ,b if y lead a pack horse d n gr[ tir$ 

( hold+ ! rope & tie x to ! horn ( !    
saddle4 ,?is is a dang]\s practice & may
 result 9 s]i\s injury to ! "o :o is s  
?\ghtless1 = ! pack horse may become    
fright5$ & bolt or may sw+ ar\nd1 wrapp+
 ! rope ar\nd ! rid]4  ,pack horses are 
always m or less tr\blesome1 & ! man :o 
uses !m %\ld h a b\ntiful supply (      
pati5ce4 ,at night ! animals are hobbl$1
 :i* means t _! front feet are fa/5$    
toge!r ) hobbles1 s t !y _c travel fa/  
or f>4 ,too mu* dep5d5ce %\ld n be plac$
 on ^! ret>d]s1 = ,we/]n horses soon    
le>n to travel q rapidly :5 ?us imp$$1 &
 w sometimes set out = home :ile ! ma/] 
sleeps4 ,a good practice is to picket "o
 or two horses 9 ! be/ spots ( pa/ure to
 be f\nd1 & hobble ! rema9+ animals4 ,!y
 are n s likely to leave if ?is is done1
 & if !y d1 ! picket$ horses mu/ rema9  
beh9d1 :i* insures at lea/ a m\nt ) :i* 
to foll[ ! runaways4 ,also put a bell on
 ea* horse1 z ?is w aid 9 locat+ !      
animals 9 ! morn+4  ,horse fe$ _c be    
c>ri$1 & ,we/]n horses seldom get any   

food except :at !y c f9d at night or    
:ile !y are n 9 use1 & on ! pla9s or 9 !
 m\nta9s :]e vegetation is scanty !y    
sometimes d n get z mu* z !y require4   
,"u su* circum/ances !y %\ld n be load$ 
too heavily1 or travel$ too f> 9 a day1 
& x may ev5 be necess>y1 on a long      
j\rney to take an occasional day ( re/  
to all[ ! horses to recup]ate4          
,illu/ration3 ,,animal ,,tracks    ,,end
 ,,( ,,woodcraft