,page numb]s enclos$ by curly braces 7example3 #be7 h be5 incorporat$ to facilitate ! use ( ! ,table ( ,cont5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,basis ,,( ,,national ,,progress1 ,,includ+ ,,t ,,( ,,morality4 ,g4 ,,gore1 ,l4,l4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,au?or ( ,! ,art ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y2 ,! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,electro-deposition2 ,! ,art ( ,electro-metallurgy2 c4 ,illu/ration ,,nations ,,advance ,,by ,,new ,,k4 ,,williams ,,& ,,norgate1 #ad1 ,,h5rietta ,,/reet1 ,,cov5t ,,g>d51 ,,london2 ,,& #bj1 ,,s\? ,,fr$]ick ,,/reet1 ,,ed9burgh4 #ahhb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! ,presid5t 7! ,rev4 ,n4 ,watson1 ,f4,r4,s471 ! ,vice ,presid5ts1 ! ,c\ncil & ,memb]s ( ! ,birm+ham ,philosophical ,society1 ,i d$icate ! foll[+ small treatise1 9 appreciation ( ! fact1 t al?\gh only a "y ,society1 !y h c]tifi$ 9 a sub/antial mann] ! views p]si/5tly advocat$ by me respect+ ! ,national importance ( ,sci5tific ,inve/igation1 & h %[n s intellig5t an example ( devotion to public welf>e by e/abli%+ a ,fund = ! ,end[m5t ( orig9al ,sci5tific ,rese>*4 ,,george ,,gore4 ,! ,in/itute ( ,sci5tific ,rese>*1 ,birm+ham4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,basis ,,( ,,national ,,progress4 ------ ,,cont5ts4 ------ ,,preface4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,basis ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,progress #a ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,basis ,,( ,,m5tal ,,& ,,moral ,,progress #hc ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,new ,,tru?1 ,,& ,,its ,,g5]al ,,relation ,,to ,,human ,,progress #aeg ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,promotion ,,( ,,orig9al ,,sci5tific ,,rese>* #agj 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,basis ,,( ,,national ,,progress4 ------ ,,new ,,k ,,imp>ts ,,new ,,p[]4 ------ ,,preface4 ,z !re exi/s at ! pres5t "t 9 ?is c\ntry a consid]able degree ( uneas9ess 9 ! public m9d respect+ our ability to ma9ta9 our position 9 ! race ( progress1 & z our future success z a nation dep5ds l>gely ^u sci5ce1 x is desirable to call att5tion to ! great public importance ( new sci5tific k1 & to ! means ( promot+ its developm5t4 ,al?\gh ! illu/rations giv5 9 ?is book ( ! importance ( su* k to mank9d1 con/itute b a small fraction ( ! numb] :i* might be adduc$1 !y are suffici5t to %[ t by ! neglect ( sci5tific inve/igation1 we are sacrific+ our welf>e z a nation to an enorm\s ext5t4 ,! greate/ ob/acle to ! discov]y ( new k 9 ?is c\ntry1 lies 9 a wide spread ignorance ( ! dep5d5ce ( human welf>e ^u sci5tific rese>*4 ,i propose !re=e to %[ 9 a brief mann]1 t ! ess5tial />t+-po9t ( human progress1 lies 9 sci5tific discov]y2 also t new tru?s are evolv$ by orig9al rese>* made 9 accordance ) sci5tific me?ods2 & to illu/rate ^! /atem5ts by examples2 also to po9t out h[ su* rese>* c be enc\rag$4 ,! book is divid$ into f\r *apt]s1 viz43 #a/4 ,! ,sci5tific basis ( ,mat]ial progress3 #bnd4 ,! ,sci5tific basis ( ,m5tal & ,moral progress3 #crd4 ,new tru? & its relation to ,human progress3 & #d?4 ,! ,promotion ( orig9al ,sci5tific ,rese>*4 ,z ! object ( ! book is only to call att5tion to ! va/ importance ( new tru?1 z z a fundam5tal s\rce ( advance1 & h[ to promote ! discov]y ( x1 ! essay is writt5 z briefly z possible1 & is n (f]$ 9 any s5se z a complete exposition ( ! subject1 especially ! section relat+ to ! ,sci5tific basis ( ,morality4 ,! lead+ idea ( ! ,book is t pres5t k only enables u to ma9ta9 our pres5t /ate1 t national progress is ! result ( new ideas1 & t ! *ief s\rce ( new ideas is orig9al rese>*4#a ,t z advance has its orig9 9 new k2 unless new discov]ies are made1 new inv5tions & improvem5ts mu/ soon] or lat] cease4 ,ano!r prom95t idea is1 t tru? is ess5tially ! same 9 all divisions ( k1 & t ! m5tal p[]s & processes employ$ 9 detect+ x are ! same 9 all subjects4 ,= reasons /at$ 9 ! text1 ! influ5ce ( sci5tific discov]y ^u m5tal & moral progress are treat$ toge!r4 ,not)/&+ ! f> great] importance ( ! m5tal & moral advantages ( new tru?s1 ! book treats *iefly ( ! pecuni>y & mat]ial ga9s to mank9d2 ma9ly because ! latt] are m easily und]/ood & appreciat$1 ! *apt] h[ev] on ,! ,sci5tific ,basis ( ,m5tal & ,moral progress1 indicates 9 a v brief & imp]fect mann]1 ! va/ importance ( new sci5tific k to mank9d1 z a s\rce ( m5tal & moral advancem5t4 ,! *ief object ( ?is book is to dissem9ate m correct ideas respect+ ! importance ( new positive k1 & ! duties ( society 9 relation to x2 & a fur!r object is to assi/ 9 ma9ta9+ ,birm+ham 9 ! front rank ( intellectual1 social & moral advance1 9 accordance ) its motto ,=w>d4 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ------ ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,basis ,,( ,,mat]ial ,,progress4 ,dur+ ! la/ "o hundr$ ye>s ?is nation has advanc$ ) unexampl$ spe$4 ,m weal? has be5 accumulat$ by ,engli%m5 s9ce ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 ?an 9 all prec$+ "t s9ce ! p]iod ( ,julius ,caes>2 "o ( ! causes ( ?is has be5 ! discov]y ( new tru?s ( sci5ce1 & _! subs]vi5ce to useful purposes by means ( inv5tion4 ,! great manufactur+ success ( ?is c\ntry has be5 l>gely due to ^? applications ( sci5ce1 :i* h enabl$ u to utilise our abundant /ores ( coal & iron-ore1 9 /eam eng9es1 ma*9]y1 & a multitude ( me*anical1 physical1 & *emical processes2 also to ! discov]y ( electro-magnetism & its application 9 ! electric-telegraph1 etc4 ,& _h x n be5 = ^! & o!r adaptations ( sci5tific k1 we %\ld h compet$ 9 va9 ) ! *eap] lab\r & long] days ( toil ( cont95tal nations4 ,o!r great causes1 su* z our insul> position1 suitable climate1 fre$om1 #b geographical position1 etc41 etc4 h1 h[ev]1 also contribut$ to ! result4 ,comm]ce also 9 its turn has done va/ ?+s = mank9d4 ,! purely sci5tific k we possess 0 discov]$ almo/ entirely by means ( orig9al rese>*1 & to only a small ext5t by p]sons engag$ 9 indu/rial occupations4 ,probably n two p] c5t4 ( all ! important discov]ies 9 pure sci5ce 7 made 9 manufactories2 ! sci5tific exp]im5ts :i* are made 9 su* e/abli%m5ts are usually ( ! nature ( inv5tion1 n ( discov]y1 & are n (t5 publi%$1 because x is a usual object ) m5 ( bus9ess to reta9 z mu* z possible ( ! pecuni>y b5efit ( _! lab\rs to !mselves4 ,:il/ x is ! object ( a bus9ess man to monopolise special k2 t ( ! sci5tific man is to diffuse x1 9 ord] t all mank9d may be b5efit$ & help$ to improve4 ,discov]ies 9 sci5ce are1 h[ev]1 occasionally made by practical m5 engag$ 9 te*nical employm5ts4 ,! hydro-electric ma*9e orig9at$ 9 ?is way1 a man at ,newca/le 0 att5d+ to a /eam boil]1 & f\nd t he receiv$ electric %ocks :5 he t\*$ ! boil]4 ,?is circum/ance 0 inve/igat$ by 8 employ]1 ,mr4 ,arm/rong1 a sci5tific man1 & l$ him to con/ruct ! hydro-electric ma*9e4 ,! accumulation ( electricity 9 subm>9e telegraph cables 0 fir/ obs]v$ at ! ,gutta-,p]*a ,company's works #c ,london4 ,x 0 notic$ on te/+ a cable by means ( a voltaic batt]y 7! cable be+ subm]g$ 9 wat]7 t dis*>ges ( electricity fl[$ f ! cable aft] ! batt]y 0 remov$2 ?is circum/ance 0 inve/igat$ by ,f>aday1 & l$ to improvem5ts 9 subm>9e telegraphy4 ,9 ea* ( ^! in/ances ! same g5]al me?od z t us$ by sci5tific discov]]s 0 h[ev] employ$1 viz41 new exp]im5ts 7 made 7?\gh n int5tionally7 by putt+ matt] & its =ces "u new conditions1 & new results 7 obs]v$4 ,ne>ly all great mod]n sci5tific discov]ies h be5 made by tea*]s ( sci5ce & o!rs1 :o sp5d a l>ge portion ( _! lives 9 exp]im5tal inve/igation1 se>*+ = new tru?s1 & n by p]sons :o h hit ^u !m by accid5t4 ,! greate/ discov]ies 9 physics & *emi/ry 9 mod]n times1 7 made *iefly by su* m5 z ,newton1 ,cav5di%1 ,s*eele1 ,prie/ley1 ,o]/$1 ,volta1 ,davy & ,f>aday3 all great work]s 9 sci5ce4 ,x is ei!r by obs]v+ matt] & its =ces "u new conditions or f a new aspect1 t ne>ly all discov]ies are made2 ?us ,prie/ley plac$ "s oxide ( m]cury 9 an inv]t$ glass vessel1 & heat$ x by means ( ! ,sun's rays & a l5s1 & discov]$ ,oxyg54 ,?is sub/ance 0 ne>ly discov]$ by ,eck de ,sulsba* ?ree hundr$ ye>s be=e2 he heat$ six p\nds ( an amalgam #d ( silv] & m]cury1 & conv]t$ ! latt] metal into a r$ oxide l c9nab>1 & he rem>k$1 a _s is unit$ ) ! metal1 & :at proves x is ?is1 t ?is artificial c9nab> submitt$ to di/illation1 dis5gages t _s4 ,! _s 0 evid5tly oxyg54 ,"s discov]ies are made by obs]v+ ! ph5om5a ( bodies plac$ "u special conditions by ^? op]ations ( nature ov] :i* we h little or no control4 ,all our k ( ,a/ronomy1 & mu* ( t ( geology & physiology1 0 acquir$ 9 ?is way4 ,ne>ly all mod]n discov]ies ( importance 9 physics or *emi/ry require long & difficult inve/igations to be made 9 ord] to completely e/abli% _! tru?4 ,:5 ,crookes discov]$ ,?allium1 he saw ! fir/ sign ( its exi/5ce 9 a mom5t>y fla% ( gre5 light 9 a spectroscope1 b he _h to exp5d ^u ! subject sev]al ye>s ( mo/ difficult lab\r1 & a consid]able sum ( money1 9 ord] to prove ! correctness ( 8 suspicion t he _h discov]$ a new metal4 ,m4 ,lecocq de ,boisbaudran discov]$ ! metal ,gallium & ,buns5 discov]$ ,rubidium & ,caesium 9 a simil> mann]4 ,discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 are usually made1 n by try+ to obta9 "s valuable comm]cial or te*nical result1 b by mak+ new1 reliable1 & sy/ematic inve/igations4 ,by inve/igat+ ! *emical action ( electricity ^u sal9e bodies1 #e ,sir ,humphrey ,davy isolat$ sodium & magnesium1 :i* has l$ to ! e/abli%m5t at ,patricr(t ne> ,man*e/]1 ( ! manufactures ( ^? metals4 ,by ! ab/ract rese>*es ( ,h(mann & o!rs ^u ,coal-t>1 _m new comp\nds 7 discov]$1 & ! extremely pr(itable manufacture ( ! spl5did coal-t> dyes 0 orig9at$4 ,sci5tific discov]y is ! mo/ valuable 9 its ultimate practical results :5 x is pursu$ f a love ( tru? z ! rul+ motive1 & any attempt to make x m directly & quickly remun]ative by try+ to direct x to imm$iately practical objects1 decreases ! importance ( its results1 dim9i%es ! _s ( inquiry1 & soon] or lat] r$uces x to ! "* ( inv5tion4 ,! greate/ practical realities ( ?is age _h _! orig9 9 a se>* aft] important tru?s entirely irrespective ( :at utilities !y might lead to4 ,i d n int5d by ^! rem>ks to imply t any new trades or improvem5ts 9 manufactures h be5 or c be effect$ )\t ! lab\rs ( inv5tors & practical m51 b t !re %\ld be a m judici\s division ( lab\r3 "o man to discov] new tru?s1 ano!r to put !m into ! =m ( practical inv5tions1 & ! bus9ess man to "w !m2 because x is prov$ by exp]i5ce1 t 9 ne>ly all cases ^! diff]5t k9ds ( lab\r require m5 ( widely diff]5t habits ( m9d1 & #f t ! faculties ( discov]y1 inv5tion1 & practical work+ are v r>ely unit$ 9 "o man4 ,sci5tific inve/igations h[ev]1 made 9 a manufactory1 = ! purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! v>i\s s\rces ( loss ( mat]ials1 ! circum/ances :i* affect ! am\nt or quality ( ! product2 or made ) ! object ( sub/itut+ *eap] or m suitable mat]ials1 or = v>y+ _! proportions1 or = _m o!r k9dr$ objects1 h 9 _m cases result$ 9 great b5efit to ! manufactur]1 & h =m$ ! basis ( successful pat5ts4 ,"s ( ! l>ge brew]s1 *emical manufactur]s1 c&le companies1 & _m o!rs1 con/antly employ sci5tific m5 9 ?is way to exam9e _! mat]ials1 processes & products1 & keep !m acqua9t$ ) ! progress ( discov]y & inv5tion 9 relation to _! own p>ticul> trades4 ,no art or manufacture is s p]fect z to be exempt f ! influ5ce ( discov]y & inv5tion1 & no man c produce s p]fect an article b t1 by ! aid ( sci5ce1 a bett] may be produc$4 ,sci5ce & trade are mutually dep5d5t1 )\t ! assi/ance ( sci5ce1 trade w\ld be unable to supply our daily increas+ wants1 & )\t ! pecuni>y support ( trade1 sci5ce w\ld langui% & decay4 ,z long z arts & manufactures are left to be direct$ & improv$ by simple exp]i5ce1 _! progress is extremely sl[1 b directly sci5tific k is successfully appli$ to !m1 !y #g b\nd =w>d ) a/oni%+ spe$4 ,look at ! art ( tak+ portraits2 = hundr$s ( ye>s x rema9$ entirely 9 ! h&s ( oil & wat]-col\r pa9t]s ) b little progress 9 rapidity ( production1 b directly sci5ce 0 appli$ to x 9 ! =m ( photography1 its advance 9 ?is respect became amaz+4 ,fifty ye>s ago photography 0 almo/ unkn[n1 b imm$iately ,messrs4 ,dagu]re & ,talbot1 9 #ahdd1 made kn[n _! processes1 ! new art began to advance1 & s rapid has be5 its progress1 t at ! pres5t "t _m ?\s& p]sons are employ$ 9 its ex]cise1 & millions ( portraits h be5 tak5 ) an accuracy & at a co/ q beyond ! rea* ( ! old me?od4 ,_m p]sons h>dly "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 sci5ce & art2 a /ill great] numb] _c readily di/+ui% betwe5 a concrete sci5ce & a pure "o2 & ne>ly all p]sons conf\nd discov]y ) inv5tion4 ,a sci5ce may be conv5i5tly def9$ z a collection ( facts & g5]al pr9ciples :i* are to be le>n$2 an art z a collection ( rules :i* are to be foll[$3--,art !re=e is appli$ sci5ce2 & e art also has a basis 9 sci5ce1 :e!r t basis has be5 discov]$ or n4 ,sci5tific pr9ciples und]lie n only manufactur+ processes1 b also sculpture1 music1 poetry & pa9t+4 ,discov]ies diff] also f inv5tions3 a sci5tific discov]y is a newly f\nd tru? 9 sci5ce1 :i* 9 ! great majority ( cases is n 9 ! =m ( #h appli$ k4 ,an inv5tion is usually a comb9ation & application to "s desir$ purpose1 ( sci5tific tru?s :i* h be5 previ\sly discov]$4 ,:5 ,o]/$ fir/ obs]v$ a magnetic ne$le move by means ( a curr5t ( electricity1 he made a sci5tific discov]y2 b :5 ,:eat/one & ,cooke appli$ ,o]/$'s discov]y 9 _! telegraph f ,padd+ton to ,sl\gh1 !y made an inv5tion4 ,! success ( ! electro-plat+ process 0 dep5d5t ^u k previ\sly discov]$4 ,mr4 ,wright1 a surgeon 9 ,birm+ham1 0 l$ to ! inv5tion ( ! use ( cyanide ( potassium 9 electro-plat+ & gild+1 by read+ 9 ,s*eele's ,*emical ,essay 7p4p4 #dje & #djf71 t if aft] ^! calces 7i4e41 ! cyanides ( gold & silv]7 h be5 precipitat$1 a suffici5t quantity ( precipitat+ liquor be add$1 9 ord] to r$issolve !m1 ! solution rema9s cle> 9 ! op5 air1 & 9 ?is /ate ! a]ial acid 7i4e41 c>bonic acid ( ! air7 does n reprecipitate ! metallic calx4 ,imm$iately a discov]y is effect$ x is made public1 & is aft]w>ds incorporat$ 9 ! ord9>y text books ( sci5ce1 ready = ! use ( inv5tors2 & 9 ?is way su* books h become fill$ ) valuable k acquir$ by rese>*es 9 pa/ times4 ,all ?is k 7:i* has co/ millions ( p\nds & a va/ am\nt ( intellect & lab\r7 has be5 giv5 by its discov]]s freely to ! nation4 ,"s idea ( ! numb] ( sci5tific #i rese>*es :i* h be5 made s9ce ! ye> #ahjj1 may be obta9$ f ! fact1 t a m]e li/ ( _! titles1 ) ! names ( ! au?ors1 occupies eight l>ge qu>to volumes1 ( ab\t "o ?\s& pages ea*1 compil$ & publi%$ at a co/ ( ab\t t5 ?\s& p\nds1 by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t & ! ,royal ,society4 ,9 discov]y we se>* = new ph5om5a1 _! causes & relations2 9 inv5tion we seek to produce new effects1 or to produce kn[n effects 9 an improv$ mann]4 ,! objects ( ! sci5tific discov]] are1 new tru? & great] accuracy2 :]eas ^? ( ! inv5tor1 are increas$ usefulness & economy ( results4 ,! anci5ts class$ inv5tors ) ! gods1 because !y consid]$ !m great b5efactors to ! human race4 ,discov]]s may prop]ly be view$ z prie/s & prophets ( tru?1 because !y bo? reveal new k to mank9d1 & pr$ict ) c]ta9ty com+ ev5ts4 ,a man _c usually inv5t an improvem5t unless he possesses sci5tific k1 &1 = t k he mu/ 9 ne>ly all cases resort to a sci5tific book or tea*]4 ,! great practical value ( new sci5tific k is prov$ by ! fact1 t :5 sci5tific discov]ies are publi%$1 !re are num]\s inv5tors & practical m51 :o imm$iately endeav\r to apply !m to useful purposes4 ,s9ce ! fir/ application ( coal-t> to ! production ( dyes1 e discov]y 9 t #aj bran* ( *emi/ry has be5 closely wat*$ = a simil> purpose4 ,a complete acc\nt ( ! gr[? & developm5t ( sci5tific discov]ies & inv5tions w\ld =m an ext5sive hi/ory1 & w\ld include num]\s in/ances ( exp]im5ts att5d$ by results :i*1 soon] or lat]1 affect$ all mank9d4 ,take t ( phosphorus1 = example4 ,! fir/ evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( t sub/ance 0 obta9$ by ! ,s>ac5s 9 ! eigh? c5tury4 ,a*ild ,be*il di/ill$ a p[d]$ mixture ( *>coal1 clay1 lime1 & dri$ extract ( ur9e1 & obta9$ a sub/ance :i* %one 9 ! d>k l a good moon2 t sub/ance 0 phosphorus4 ,! discov]y conta9$ 9 ! results ( t little dirty & /9k+ exp]im5t 0 ! g]m or se$ ( all ! subsequ5t developm5ts & applications ( phosphorus4 ,ab\t ! ye> #affi ,be*il's exp]im5t 0 fur!r develop$ by ,br&t1 a m]*ant ( ,hamburg1 & ! publication ( ! wond]ful prop]ties ( ! sub/ance produc$ a great s5sation 9 8 fell[-citiz5s4 ,!re 0 !n cri$ no?+ b triumph & victory among ! *ymi/s4 ,^? good p erect$ already 9 _! ?\ghts s _m hospitals & poor-h\ses t no begg> %\ld m mole/ any man 9 ! /reets1 made great legacies1 & pi\s causes1 & :at n else4 ,besides1 ! o!r al*ymi/s did enc\rage him yet m1 & desi/$ n to make him believe h[ ?is 0 ! same fi]y gho/ ( #aa ,moses t 9 ! beg9n+ mov$ ^u ! wat]1 yea1 8 spl5did %9+ face3 ! fi]y pill> 9 ! des]t1 t secret fire ( ! alt> :]e) ,moses burn$ ! gold5 calf be=e he /rew$ x ^u ! fire & made x potable4 ,! exp]im5t ( ,br&t 0 repeat$ by ,kunckel be=e ! c\rts ( ,saxony & ,br&5burg1 al?\gh x 0 n a v delicate or agreeable exhibition1 because ! anctu\s & daub+ oyl9ess 0 n yet accurately sep>at$ f x1 & )\t d\bt x 0 v /9k+4 ,br&t's process 0 fur!r develop$ by ,boyle1 & publi%$ 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 9 ! ye> #afib-c2 & phosphorus 0 aft]w>ds obta9$ 9 l>g] quantity & 9 a pur] /ate by ,hanckwitz1 a *emi/ 9 ,s\?ampton ,/reet1 ,/r&1 & sold by him at ?ree p\nds /]l+ p] ounce4 ,its price at pres5t is less ?an ?ree %ill+s p] p\nd4 ,m>graaf1 ,f\rcroy1 ,vauquel91 & ,dr4 ,sl>e also ext5d$ our k ( ! sub/ance2 ,gahn1 9 #agfi1 made ! important discov]y ( phosphorus 9 bones1 & ,s*eele imm$iately devis$ ! process n[ 9 use by our manufactur]s = extract+ x f t sub/ance4 ,! comm5cem5t ( ! use ( phosphorus = ! purpose ( gett+ a light occurr$ ab\t ! ye> #ahjc1 b x 0 n until ! ye> #ahcc t ! inv5tion ( phosphorus mat*es became comm]cially successful4 ,! use ( su* mat*es is n[ univ]sal1 & x has #ab be5 e/imat$ t ! daily consumption ( !m 9 ,great ,brita9 alone am\nts to two hundr$ & fifty millions1 or m ?an eight mat*es p] day = ea* individual 9 ! k+dom4 ,!re is no?+ on ! ,e>? s small t x may n produce great ?+s4 ,! mo/ ab/ract & app>5tly trivial exp]im5ts 9 orig9al rese>* h 9 "s cases l$ to inv5tions & results ( national & ev5 _w-wide importance4 ,! contractions ( a frog's leg 9 ! exp]im5ts ( ,galvani1 & ! movem5ts ( a magnetic ne$le 9 ^? ( ,o]/$1 h already l$ to ! exp5diture ( hundr$s ( millions ( p\nds 9 lay+ telegraph wires all ov] ! e>?1 & to an imm5se ext5sion ( int]national int]c\rse4 ,b ! orig9al exp]im5t ( ,o]/$ 0 n discov]$ )\t lab\r1 x 0 only arriv$ at aft] _m ye>s ( rese>*4 ,! say+ t all great ?+s h _h small beg9n+s1 is true1 n only ( electric telegraphs1 b also ( ! great trade ( electro-plat+1 & ( ! magneto-electric ma*9e :i* is n[ l>gely us$ in/ead ( ! voltaic batt]y4 ,aft] ,volta _h made 8 small & app>5tly unimportant exp]im5ts on ! electricity produc$ by metals & liquids1 v>i\s p]sons tri$ ! effect ( t electricity ^u metallic solutions4 ,brugnatelli1 9 #ahje1 f\nd t two silv] m$als became gild$ 9 a solution ( gold by pass+ ! electricity ?r\gh !m4 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,bessem]1 9 #ahcd1 coat$ v>i\s #ac lead ornam5ts ) copp] by us+ a solution ( copp] 9 a simil> mann]4 ,& 9 #ahcf ,mr4 ,de la ,rue f\nd t copies might be tak5 9 copp] ( engrav$ copp]-plates by ! electro-deposit+ process4 ,f>aday discov]$ magneto-electricity 9 ! ye> #ahca1 by rotat+ a disc ( copp] betwe5 ! poles ( a magnet1 & he has /at$ t ! fir/ successful result he obta9$ 0 s small t he c\ld h>dly detect x4 ,?is simple exp]im5t 0 ! orig9 ( ! magneto-electric ma*9e1 & _m ( ^! ma*9es are n[ us$ = produc+ ! electric light1 & = deposit+ nickel1 copp]1 silv]1 & gold1 in/ead ( by ! voltaic batt]y4 ,^!1 & o!r eng9es1 !rmic1 magnetic1 electric1 c1 w probably1 ere long1 be con/ruct$ on z l>ge a scale1 & z _m 9 numb]1 z ! pres5t /eam eng9e4 ,! discov]y 9 old5 times ( ! attractive prop]ties ( a fragm5t ( iron ore1 0 ! basis ( ! inv5tion ( ! m>9]'s compass1 :i* greatly improv$ navigation1 & l$ to ne>ly all ! *ief m>itime discov]ies :i* h s9ce be5 made4 ,! sci5ces ( magnetism & geometry =m ! basis ( ! art ( navigation1 & h ?us made our great =eign comm]ce possible4 ,! discov]y ( magnetism enabl$ sail+ vessels to v5ture freely out ( sight ( l&1 & to trav]se ! wide ocean ) ev5 great] safety ?an to sail ne> ! %ore4 ,by its means ,columbus cross$ ! ,atlantic ,ocean & discov]$ ,am]ica4 ,by its #ad means also1 ,vasco de ,gama sail$ r\nd ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope & discov]$ a new r\te to ,india2 & 9 ! ye> #aejj1 ano!r ,portuguese ,capta91 ,cabral1 0 driv5 across ! ,atlantic1 discov]$ ,brazil1 & 0 enabl$ by ! aid ( ! magnet1 to s5d back a %ip to ,lisbon ) news ( ! discov]y4 ,by its assi/ance also ,magellan discov]$ ,patagonia & ! ,s\? ,pacific ,ocean2 & by ! completion ( t voyage ! ,e>? 0 fir/ circumnavigat$ & prov$ to be a globe4 ,! geographical discov]ies ( ! ,portuguese1 made by means ( ! magnet1 produc$ great national results2 !y pr(\ndly *ang$ ! balance ( p[] & weal? among ,european nations1 by *ang+ ! direction ( navigation & ( ! great /reams ( comm]ce betwe5 ,europe & ! ,ea/4 ,!y gave a mortal bl[ to ,italy & ! cities ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 by transf]r+ ,ea/]n comm]ce to ,spa9 & ,portugal3 & ,egypt ceas$ to be ! greate/ r\te ( comm]ce f ,europe to ,india4 ,a s+ul> contract relat+ to geographical rese>* 0 made 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 betwe5 ,k+ ,alphonso1 ( ,portugal1 & ,f]d9& ,gomez1 ( ,lisbon1 by :i* ! latt] engag$ to navigate a %ip & explore ! coa/ ( ,africa1 & to discov] n less ?an ?ree hundr$ miles ( coa/ e ye>1 ! measurem5t to be made f ,si]ra ,leone4 #ae ,sci5tific discov]y has 9 all ages be5 a mo/ p[]ful ag5t ( civilization & human progress4 ,! discov]y ( ! black liquid :i* a solution ( nutgalls produces :5 mix$ ) gre5 vitriol1 l$ to ! inv5tion ( writ+ ink2 & a k ( ! prop]ties ( ink & pap] prep>$ ! way = ! inv5tion ( pr9t+1 by means ( :i* tru? & le>n+ h spread all ov] ! e>?4 ,! app>5tly insignificant prop]ty possess$ by amb]1 ( attract+ fea!rs imm$iately aft] x has be5 rubb$1 0 kn[n tw5ty-f\r hundr$ ye>s ago1 & aft]w>ds l$ to ! discov]y ( electricity4 ,9 lat] times1 ,dr4 ,frankl91 by means ( a kite1 *>g$ a bottle ) lightn+1 exam9$ x1 & prov$ lightn+ & electricity to be id5tical4 ,?is k1 jo9$ to ! fur!r discov]y1 t electricity w\ld pass freely ?r\gh metals1 l$ to ! mod]n inv5tion ( ! lightn+ conductor1 by means ( :i* all our great build+s1 %ips1 ligh?\ses1 ars5als1 & p[d] magaz9es are protect$ f lightn+4 ,com+ ev5ts ca/ _! %ad[s be=e !m3 ! discov]y ( ! in/ant transmission ( electricity along wires by ,/eph5 ,gray & ,:eel]1 ab\t ! ye> #agbi1 =e-%ad[$ ! inv5tion ( ! electric telegraph4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahai1 ,o]/$1 a ,dani% philosoph]1 aft] fifte5 ye>s ( /udy & exp]im5t1 to asc]ta9 ! relation ( electricity to magnetism1 discov]$ t if a freely susp5d$ magnetic ne$le 0 support$ p>allel & ne> to #af a wire1 & an electric curr5t !n pass$ ?r\gh ! wire1 ! ne$le mov$ & plac$ itself at "r angles to ! curr5t4 ,?is discov]y1 c\pl$ ) ! previ\s "o ( ! electric conductivity ( metals1 =m$ ! indisp5sable basis ( all our electric telegraphs4 ,orig9al rese>* is v productive ( new indu/ries & inv5tions4 ,! discov]ies made by ,volta1 ,f>aday1 & _m o!r inve/igators1 h l$ to ! process ( electro-plat+1 ! use ( electric lights = ligh?\ses1 & = ocean /eam%ips1 & ! great sy/em ( telegraphs4 ,^? ( ,davy1 ,w$gwood1 & o!rs1 respect+ ! action ( light ^u salts ( silv]1 h result$ 9 ! mod]n processes ( photography1 :i* are n[ 9 use almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,! discov]y ( z9c1 by ,p>acelsus1 has be5 foll[$ by ! use ( t metal 9 galvanic batt]ies1 & ! great use ( galvaniz$ iron = telegraph wires1 = ro(+1 & _m o!r purposes4 ,! discov]y ( nickel1 by ,cron/$t1 has l$ to ! great mod]n use ( t metal 9 electro-plat+1 & to t ( ,g]man silv] 9 ! con/ruction ( electro-plat$ & o!r articles4 ,! discov]y ( *lor9e1 by ,s*eele1 =m$ ! basis ( ne>ly all our mod]n processes ( blea*+ cotton & o!r fabrics4 ,! discov]y ( gun-cotton & nitro-glyc]9e has l$ to ! use ( ^? sub/ances 9 bla/+ rocks & 9 w>f>e4 ,! discov]y ( oxyg51 by ,prie/ley1 has enabl$ u to und]/& & improve 9 a great numb] ( #ag ways ! num]\s manufactur+1 agricultural1 & o!r processes 9 :i* t sub/ance op]ates4 ,prie/ley made _m exp]im5ts also on ! absorption ( gases by wat]1 & propos$ ! result+ liquids z bev]ages2 & ^? app>5tly trifl+ exp]im5ts h s9ce exp&$ into ! l>ge manufactures ( a]at$ wat]s4 ,! discov]ies ( gutta-p]*a & india-rubb] 7 indisp5sible to ! great applications ( ^? sub/ances 9 telegraph cables1 & 9 a multitude ( useful articles4 ,! discov]y ( *lor(orm & anae/hetics has l$ to _! use = ! purpose ( alleviat+ human suff]+4 ,! discov]y1 by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ( ! decomposition ( light by means ( a prism1 has l$ 9 rec5t times to ! inv5tion ( ! spectroscope2 to ! use ( t in/rum5t 9 ! ,bessem] /eel process2 to ! discov]y ( a numb] ( new metals1 ?allium1 rubidium1 caesium1 indium1 & sev]al o!rs1 & to ! mo/ wond]ful discov]y ( ! composition ( ! ,sun & di/ant heav5ly bodies4 ,ev5 ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e 0 p>tly a consequ5ce ( previ\s rese>*es made by sci5tific discov]]s4 ,watt1 himself1 /at$ 9 8 pamphlet1 entitl$ ,a pla9 ,/ory1 t he c\ld n h p]fect$ 8 eng9e _h n ,dr4 ,black & o!rs previ\sly discov]$ :at am\nt ( heat 0 r5d]$ lat5t by ! conv]sion ( wat] into /eam4 ,ea* me*anical advance 9 ! /eam-eng9e has be5 prec$$ by & ! result ( ! #ah discov]y ( "s physical law or prop]ty ( /eam4 ,! fir/ /ep 9 ! inv5tion ( ! /eam-eng9e 0 ! exp]im5tal rese>* & ! discov]ies ( ! prop]ties ( /eam by ,hooke1 ,boyle1 & ,pap94#b ,_h n ! /eam-eng9e be5 develop$1 x is cle> t railways1 /eam%ips1 ma*9]y1 & all ! o!r num]\s uses to :i* t in/rum5t is n[ appli$1 w\ld h be5 almo/ unkn[n4 ,! introduction ( ! /eam-eng9e enabl$ ab&on$ ,corni% m9es to be reliev$ ( wat]1 & to be work$ to mu* great] dep?s4 ,! discov]ies ( nitric acid1 hydro*loric acid1 oil ( vitriol1 & wa%+ soda1 by ! al*emi/s & e>ly *emi/s 9 _! rese>*es1 l$ to ! erection ( ! num]\s great manufactories ( ^? sub/ances :i* n[ exi/ 9 ,engl& & 9 o!r civiliz$ c\ntries4 ,!re is probably n an art1 manufacture1 or process1 :i* is n l>gely due to sci5tific discov]y1 & if we trace !m back to _! s\rce we ne>ly always f9d !m orig9ate 9 sci5tific rese>*4 ,s f> has sci5tific discov]y1 & its practical applications to human b5efit by inv5tion1 n[ progress$1 t e "o consid]s ?is to be1 p> excell5ce1 ! sci5tific age4 ,& z discov]y & inv5tion cont9ue to progress ) accel]at$ spe$1 we are enc\rag$ to hope1 n only t sci5tific pr9ciples w ultimately be univ]sally recognis$ z #ai ! regulators ( all te*nical indu/ry1 b also z a fundam5tal basis ( morality4#c ,x is true t "s processes ( manufacture h n be5 consequ5ces ( ab/ract sci5tific discov]y--t !y orig9ally result$ f alt]ations made 9 ! rude/ appliances1 & t !y h be5 direct$ & improv$ by ! results ( simple exp]i5ce4 ,= ages pa/ we d]iv$ ! b5efit ( sci5tific pr9ciples )\t a k ( _! exi/5ce4 ,we trod 9 ! beat5 pa?s ( exp]i5ce ignorant ( ! tru? t we 7 act+ 9 unison ) fix$ & c]ta9 laws4 ,num]\s arts & processes 7 9 ext5sive op]ation long be=e ! pr9ciples involv$ 9 !m 7 at all und]/ood4 ,! arts ( enamell+ & ( iron smelt+ 7 kn[n hundr$s ( ye>s be=e we 7 acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples ( *emi/ry4 ,9 "s r>e in/ances also ! record$ results ( daily exp]i5ce 9 practical matt]s1 tabulat$ & /udi$1 h ultimately l$ to ! discov]y ( sci5tific laws2 b all ?is is m]ely ! mak+ use ( our ord9>y exp]i5ce = ! advancem5t ( k1 in/ead ( mak+ special exp]im5ts = ! purpose4 ,_m ( our processes & manufactures1 ^? ( glass & copp] = example1 are ( su* great antiquity1 x is impossible to asc]ta9 ) c]ta9ty ! special circum/ances "u :i* !y orig9at$2 b aft] we h fully consid]$ ! ways 9 :i* #bj v>i\s mod]n trades & manufactures h fir/ aris51 we %all come to ! conclusion t all manufactures & improvem5ts 9 manufactur+ processes1 mu/ h be5 fir/ produc$ by ! same g5]al means1 viz41 new obs]vations1 al?\gh ! special circum/ances connect$ ) ! orig9 ( ea* 7 diff]5t4 ,let u consid] ,g]man-silv] & its manufacture4 ,t sub/ance is an alloy ( copp]1 z9c1 & nickel2 x owes its peculi> :it5ess or silv]-l appe>ance to ! latt] metal1 & _c be made )\t x2 x is c]ta91 !re=e1 t by :atev] means t metal or ! alloy 0 discov]$1 ! discov]y 0 ! orig9 ( ! ,g]man-silv] manufacture1 & 0 ess5tial to all manufactures1 processes1 or appliances 9 :i* ,g]man-silv]1 nickel1 or any ( its comp\nds are us$4 ,nickel 0 discov]$ by ,cron/$t dur+ ! ye> #agea1 & its comp\nds 7 *iefly inve/igat$ by ,engli% & =eign *emi/s4 ,cron/$t f\nd x z a peculi> metal 9 ! m9]al call$ kupf]nickel1 :il/ *emically exam9+ ! prop]ties ( t sub/ance4 ,! g5]al me?od by :i* he discov]$ x 0 c>eful exp]im5t1 obs]vation1 & /udy ( ! prop]ties ( matt]4 ,x is /at$ t ! ,*9ese & o!r nations made alloys ( nickel long be=e nickel itself 0 kn[n to be a di/9ct metal2 !y _h f\nd1 by exp]im5t1 t :5 ores ( copp] & z9c 7 mix$ ) a p>ticul> k9d ( m9]al & smelt$1 #ba a :ite alloy 0 obta9$2 b ?is also proves ! g5]al /atem5t already made1 t ! ,g]man-silv] manufacture 0 orig9at$ by means ( new obs]vations4 ,x 0 by a m skilful1 b simil> mode ( proc$ure t ,cron/$t isolat$ ! metal itself1 & ?us laid a def9ite basis ( improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( its alloys4 ,no art is probably m antique1 or rema9$ long] exempt f ! influ5ce ( sci5ce1 ?an t ( mat* mak+ & obta9+ a light4 ,_m adult p]sons c rememb] ! primitive & old-fa%ion$ t9d]-box1 :i* _h pass$1 ) its fl9t & /eel1 f "o g5]ation to ano!r )\t any mat]ial improvem5t4 ,phosphorus1 x is true1 0 def9itely discov]$ at lea/ z e>ly z ! ye> #affi1 b x 0 n appli$ to mat* mak+ till ab\t #ahcc4 ,s9ce !n ! progress ( inv5tion has be5 s rapid t !re are n[ num]\s manufactories :i* produce _m millions p] day ( phosphorus mat*es2 = in/ance1 ^? ( ,m4 ,pollak1 at ,vi5na1 & ( ,m4 ,fu]?1 9 ,bohemia1 consume toge!r m ?an #bj tons ( phosphorus annually1 & give employm5t to ab\t #f1jjj p]sons1 & z "o p\nd ( phosphorus suffices = ab\t "o million ,g]man mat*es 7or #fjj1jjj ,engli% ones71 ^? two mak]s alone produce ! a/oni%+ numb] ( #dd1hjj millions ( mat*es ye>ly4 ,judg+ by means ( ! exp]i5ce already acquir$1 we _c reasonably expect t #bb discov]ies fraught ) su* mom5t\s consequ5ces z ^? ( magnetism or ( galvanism & electro-magnetism1 w be made v (t54 ,! progress ( sci5tific discov]y is gradual2 we h at pres5t b m]e glimpses ( ! new _w ( tru? :i* is be+ reveal$ to u by means ( rese>*2 we are only at ! v comm5cem5t ( a k ( ! inh]5t prop]ties ( matt] & its =ces1 & consequ5tly ! me?ods we employ to utilize !m are extremely imp]fect4 ,matt] has a g5]al prop]ty ( subdivid+ & transmut+ =ces2 if we apply "o =ce to a sub/ance or ma*9e1 x produces _m effects1 n only ^? we want1 b ^? also we d n want2 :5 we heat a piece ( iron1 ! heat produces a numb] ( *anges1 me*anical1 electric1 magnetic1 & *emical1 & x is p>tly by means ( :at is t]m$ ! int]nal resi/ance ( bodies t ^! effects are produc$1 & we "k b little ( t prop]ty4 ,! explosive action 9 a gas eng9e produces n only ! me*anical =ce we desire1 b also a quantity ( heat we d n want1 & at a co/ ( a portion ( ! gas4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 9 ! /eam-eng9e ! l>ge/ portion ( ! heat ( ! coal is conv]t$ into =ces :i* are lo/2 a l>ge am\nt ( x is uselessly exp5d$ 9 w>m+ ! ma*9e itself & ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e2 mu* also is lo/ by friction4 ,t k is p[] is an old maxim1 b t new k is new p[] is a new maxim #bc :i* sci5tific discov]y has impress$ ^u u4 ,by means ( discov]ies we h acquir$ new p[]s2 by ^? ( electricity we h acquir$ ! ability ( conv]s+ ) ea* o!r at unlimit$ di/ances1 & by means ( ^? 9 optics we are enabl$ to analyse ! composition1 & p]ceive "s ( ! physical *anges ( ! mo/ di/ant heav5ly bodies4 ,z our ignorance is probably mu* great] ?an our k1 m inv5tions also1 & ext5sions ( human p[]1 mu/ ultimately result f discov]+ new qualities ( bodies1 ?an by apply+ to useful purposes _! already kn[n prop]ties4 ,exp]i5ce 9 sci5ce has already %[n t x is by means ( inv5tion bas$ ^u new discov]ies t ! greate/ utilities are obta9$1 r ?an by ! ex]cise ( inv5tion ^u k acquir$ long ago4 ,! in=mation obta9$ by rese>* 9 =m] times has be5 l>gely exhau/$ = ! purposes ( inv5tion by mod]n inv5tors1 & :at we v greatly require n[ is new k4 ,exp]i5ce 9 sci5ce also leads u to believe t ! ext5t ( possible discov]y is z b\ndless z ,nature1 & t an imm5se am\nt ( new k may yet be discov]$4 ,e discov]] ( repute c\ld supply a copi\s li/ ( inve/igations yet to be made4 ,an inf9ite numb] ( que/ions 9 pure sci5ce rema9 to be decid$ by means ( rese>*4 ,is ,electricity decomposible l radiant heat or light8 #bd ,are ! elem5t>y sub/ances really comp\nd bodies8 ,are !y all comp\nds ( ,hydrog58 ,are !y all decompos$ by v high temp]atures1 z comp\nd sub/ances are disassociat$ by less elevat$ temp]atures8 ,"u :at conditions is ,fluor9e isolat$8 ,d gases transmit heat by conduction8 ,"u :at circum/ances is ,light conv]t$ into ,electricity8 & into ,magnetism8 ,:at is ! actual size ( an atom ( ,hydrog58 ,does ,light 7)\t heat7 exp& bodies8 ,:at is ! actual molecul> arrangem5t ( ! atoms ( ,hydrog5 at #fj ,fahr5heit8 ,:at is ! cause ( ! abs5ce ( metalloids 9 ! ,sun8 ,:at are ! prop]ties ( ,fluor9e8 ,:at is ! vap\r d5sity ( ,caesium8 ,"u :at circum/ances is heat :olly conv]t$ into me*anical p[]8 c41 c4 ,all ^! discov]ies :5 made1 w probably1 soon] or lat]1 be productive ( practical b5efits to mank9d4 ,ne>ly e manufactur] 9 ?is c\ntry is d]iv+1 f sci5tific discov]ies1 advantages = :i* !re has be5 little or no paym5t made to ! discov]]s4 ,! mak]s ( coal-t>-dyes1 & dy]s ( wool & silk1 are us+ ,mits*]li*'s discov]y ( nitro-b5z9e4 ,manufactur]s ( picric acid & ,fr5* purple h enjoy$ ! fruits ( ! lab\rs ( ,dr4 ,/5h\se4 ,mak]s ( *lorate ( pota% & cyanide ( potassium are pr(it+ l>gely by ! discov]ies ( ,s*eele1 ,gay-,lussac1 & o!rs4 ,all ! p]cussion cap mak]s #be are indebt$ to ,h[>d & ,brugnatelli = fulm9at+ silv]4 ,railway-contractors1 qu>ry-proprietors1 & o!rs1 use nitro-glyc]9e discov]$ by ,sobr]o4 ,iron smelt]s are b5efit+ by ! discov]y ( ,buns51 t #db p] c5t4 ( ! heat ( ! fuel 0 lo/ z combu/ible gases--^! gases are n[ utiliz$4 ,telegraphi/s & electro-plat]s are also indebt$ to him = 8 voltaic batt]y4 ,! produc]s ( metallic magnesium owe ! orig9 ( _! process to him z be+ ! fir/ to conv]t x into wire & make kn[n its great light giv+ p[]4 ,multitudes ( p]sons n[ use 8 well-kn[n ,buns5's burn] = heat+1 cook+1 & o!r op]ations4 ,! v>i\s telegraph companies1 copp] smelt]s1 & mak]s ( copp] telegraph wire1 are us+ ,dr4 ,mat?iess5's discov]y ( ! influ5ce ( impurities on ! electric conduct+ p[] ( copp]4 ,phosphorus-mak]s are reap+ ! rew>d ( ! lab\rs ( ,gahn & ,s*eele4 ,! mak]s ( electro-plate & ,g]man silv] are d]iv+ pr(its f ! lab\rs ( ,f>aday1 :o inve/igat$ electrolysis2 ( ,gay ,lussac1 :o discov]$ cyanog52 & ( ,cron/$t1 :o discov]$ nickel4 ,mak]s ( ,bessem] /eel enjoy advantages d]iv$ f ! spectrum discov]ies ( ,kir*(f4 ,iron & copp] smelt]s1 metallurgi/s 9 g5]al1 dy]s1 calico pr9t]s1 blea*]s1 brew]s1 mak]s ( v9eg>1 r$ lead1 v>ni%es1 col\rs1 soaps1 gre5 vitriol1 phosphorus1 oil-(-vitriol1 & _m o!rs1 are d]iv+ b5efit f ! discov]ies ( ,prie/ley & #bf ,s*eele4 ,physicians & _! pati5ts are receiv+ ! rew>d ( ! lab\rs ( ,s\beiran1 ,liebig1 & ,dumas1 9 ! discov]y ( *lor(orm2 ( ! rese>*es ( ,f\rcroy1 ,vauquel91 ,pelleti]1 & o!rs1 9 ! discov]y ( qu99e2 & ( _m o!r *emi/s :o discov]$ num]\s rem$ial sub/ances4 ,by means ( ! discov]ies ( ,o]/$ & o!rs1 embodi$ 9 ! telegraph1 manufactur]s are enabl$ to anticipate ! /ate ( ! m>kets & ( ! wea!r1 & editors are enabl$ to obta9 ! e>lie/ news4 ,suppose t ,gay ,lussac1 9 #ahae1 _h n discov]$ cyanide ( potassium1 & t x _h nev] be5 discov]$1 x is highly probable t ! manufactur+ returns ( ,birm+ham & ,%effield w\ld be mu* less 9 am\nt at ! pres5t "t ?an !y are1 simply because !re is no o!r kn[n sub/ance ) :i* ! electro-plat+ ( base metals ) gold & silv] c be satisfactorily effect$4 ,or suppose t sal-ammoniac1 *loride ( z9c1 or o!r sold]+ ag5ts _h n be5 discov]$1 ! ext5sive & s-call$ galvaniz+ process c\ld n h be5 effect$1 because )\t ^? sub/ances ! iron articles imm]s$ 9 ! melt$ z9c w\ld n h receiv$ an adhesive metallic coat+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sci5ce has 9 v>i\s cases r5d]$ obsolete "s manufactures & sup]s$$ old cu/oms1 com=ts & conv5i5ces4 ,we h ceas$1 or almo/ s1 to use t9d]-boxes1 snuff]s1 #bg sulphur mat*es1 ru%-lights1 tall[ c&les1 s$an *airs1 /age coa*es1 ! anci5t wat]-bucket & well1 & ev5 ! comp>atively mod]n pump2 coal fires also are gradually be+ sup]s$$ by fires ( gas1 & articles =m$ ( solid silv] are n[ be+ replac$ by ^? ( electro-plate2 canals h also to "s ext5t be5 supplant$ by railways4 ,b 9 all ^! cases sci5ce has suppli$ u ei!r ) some?+ bett] or m suit$ to our pres5t wants4 ,! great pecuni>y b5efits aris+ f ! applications ( sci5ce are g5]ally reap$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance by ! great manufactur]s1 agriculturi/s1 m]*ants1 & capitali/s4 ,c\ntless =tunes h be5 made by means ( processes & manufactures bas$ ^u sci5tific discov]y4 ,! pecuni>y b5efits ( calico pr9t+1 blea*+1 dye+2 ( ! great manufactures ( cotton1 iron1 pott]y1 be]1 sug>1 glass1 spirits1 v9eg>1 gutta-p]*a1 india-rubb]1 gun cotton1 ! num]\s metals1 ma*9]y1 electro-plate1 wa%+ soda1 ,g]man silv]1 brass1 phosphorus1 manures1 ! common acids1 num]\s *emicals1 & a multitude ( o!r sub/ances & articles1 h be5 extremely great4 ,m ?an eighte5 hundr$ million p\nds ( sulphuric acid alone are manufactur$ 9 ,europe ye>ly4 ,! pecuni>y advantages ( ! use ( ! electric telegraph & railways to m]*ants1 ! ga9s ( capitali/s by monies inve/$ 9 railways1 telegraphs1 /eam-%ips1 cotton-mills1 gas-works1 #bh iron %ipbuild+1 eng9e]+1 & o!r great applications ( sci5ce1 h be5 enorm\s4 ,! annual gas r5tal ( ,london alone am\nts to m ?an two millions /]l+2 & ev5 9 ,birm+ham ! produce ( gas is m ?an tw5ty-five hundr$ millions ( cubic feet ye>ly4 ,! am\nt ( capital exp5d$ 9 ! con/ruction ( railways only 9 ?is c\ntry1 has be5 e/imat$ at m ?an sev5 hundr$ millions ( p\nds1 & ! total receipts ^u ,briti% railways has rea*$ =ty-?ree millions p] annum4 ,9 ! ye> #ahge our railways c>ri$ #bjj million tons ( goods1 & consum$ t5 million tons ( coal2 ! ,great ,nor!rn ,railway alone consumes #e1jjj tons ( coal ea* week4 ,9 ! ye> #ahgg !re exi/$ 9 ! entire _w ab\t #aih1jjj miles ( railway1 ! :ole hav+ be5 con/ruct$ s9ce ! ye> #ahbe4 ,9 ! ye> #ahhj six hundr$ millions ( j\rneys 7 made by pass5g]s on ,briti% railways2 & ! /ock ( ^? railways includ$ #ac1agd locomotives2 #cfi1fid waggons1 #bh1gag pass5g] c>riages1 & #bb1gab o!r vehicles4 ,! ,london & ,nor?-,we/]n ,railway ,company alone possess$1 9 ! ye> #ahgc1 no less ?an #a1ijj locomotive eng9es1 ea* ( a value ( ne>ly two ?\s& p\nds2 #d1jjj c>riages & #cf1jjj waggons2 & x has be5 e/imat$ by compet5t au?orities1 t !re are 9 ! _w #bjj1jjj /eam-eng9es1 hav+ a total p[] ( twelve million horses1 or #ajj million m54 ,! numb] ( cotton sp9dles on ! :ole ,e>? is #bi e/imat$ at ab\t #gaa_/d millions4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica !re are ab\t five ?\s& telegraph /ations1 & #ge1jjj miles ( l9e1 :i* transmit ye>ly ab\t #aa1ejj1jjj messages4--,! telegrams ( ,great ,brita9 numb] ab\t "o-f\r? ( a million p] week4 ,! _w's telegrams dur+ ! ye> #ahgg numb]$ ne>ly #acj millions2 & ! _w's lett]s ab\t #c1cjj millions1 or #ia_/d millions ea* day4 ,ev5 ! little phosphorus mat* is be+ manufactur$ & consum$ at a rate e/imat$ at m ?an t5 ?\s& millions daily4 ,mu* ( ! weal? ( ?is c\ntry1 result+ f sci5ce1 has be5 v easily obta9$ by its possessors4 ,t acquir$ by means ( our coal has especially be5 obta9$ )\t comm5surate ef=t4 ,! am\nt ( t sub/ance rais$ 9 ,great ,brita9 dur+ ! ye> #ahgf 0 #gcd millions ( tons4 ,to draw ^u a great /ock ( t m9]al is l draw+ money f a bank1 because coal1 unlike any o!r abundant sub/ance 7except wood & petrol9e71 conta9s 9 itself an imm5se /ore ( en]gy1 :i* is evolv$ z heat dur+ combu/ion1 & may be utiliz$4 ,ea* piece ( coal conta9s suffici5t en]gy to lift its own weight tw5ty-?ree hundr$ miles1 b x co/s only a small proportion ( t p[] to extract & raise x f ! m9e4 ,i d n mean by ^! rem>ks to imply t ! weal? accru+ f ?is great /ore ( p[] 9 coal is d]iv$ *iefly by ! own]s ( coal m9es4 #cj ,?is acquisition ( weal? )\t comm5surate sacrifice is n an unqualifi$ advantage2 x con/itutes a debt to nature1 :i* ^u ! great pr9ciple ( causation1 & ( equival5cy ( action & reaction1 mu/ soon] or lat] be repaid4 ,judg+ f ! infallibility ( ! action ( ^? laws1 & ! signs ( ! times1 ?is nation is n[ beg9n+ to repay 9 ! =m ( emigration ( trade to o!r l&s1 & ( relatively less rapid national advance1 ! debt incurr$ by undue pecuni>y success4 ,an excess ( money or p[] obta9$ )\t equival5t ef=t1 fails to prop]ly develop ! intellig5ce ( its possessors1 & nations h be5 ha/5$ to ru9 9 ?is way4 ,our great success 9 gett+ money has attract$ _m f ! pursuit ( k1 & our love ( k has n increas$ z fa/ z our weal?4 ,! weal? ( ! upp] classes has1 by decoy+ f /udy undiscipl9$ "y m5 at our old ,univ]sities1 kept d[n ! g5]al /&>d ( sci5tific in/ruction ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 &1 by lead+ to neglect ( sci5tific rese>*1 is n[ ret>d+ our progress 9 arts1 manufactures1 comm]ce1 & civilization4 ,! consequ5t relative pov]ty ( ! work+ classes is also produc+ simil> effects by ret>d+ education1 & contribut+ t[>ds ! great defici5cy ( skill$ lab\r1 ( :i* our inv5tors1 manufactur]s1 & o!rs s /rongly compla9 9 ! work+ ( _! sci5tific processes4 ,_h a j %>e ( ! great am\nt ( money1 ga9$ by ! application ( sci5ce to useful #ca purposes1 be5 appli$ to ! paym5t & ma9t5ance ( sci5tific discov]]s & inv5tors1 z x %\ld h be51 ! g5]al /&>d ( sci5tific education w\ld h be5 high]1 ! poor w\ld h _h m employm5t & money1 & ! happ9ess & civilization ( all w\ld h be5 great]4 ,9 a usual way ! greate/ pecuni>y b5efits1 aris+ f sci5ce1 soon] or lat] g to enri* ! possessors ( l&4 ,! dem& creat$ = coal1 iron1 lime1 build+-/one1 & all ! metals1 by ! indu/rial applications ( sci5ce1 has greatly increas$ ! value ( l& "u :i* ^? sub/ances lie4 ,! value ( cultivat$ l& has be5 ev]y:]e increas$ by ! discov]ies ( agricultural *emi/ry4 ,l& has also be5 requir$ = railways 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! k+dom1 & has !reby be5 consid]ably rais$ 9 value4 ,discov]ies produce inv5tions1 inv5tions give rise to processes & manufactures1 ! employm5t ( workm5 & o!rs1 & ! erection ( work%ops & dwell+s1 & ^! h rapidly increas$ ! value ( build+ gr\nd4 ,9 ,lanca%ire ! value ( su* gr\nd has be5 greatly increas$ by ! inv5tions ( ! /eam-eng9e & ma*9]y1 ! discov]y ( *lor9e1 & _! application to cotton manufacture4 ,9 all ! great manufactur+ di/ricts1 & 9 all ! *ief c5tres ( indu/ry1 a simil> result has occurr$4 ,:]ev] a railway has be5 con/ruct$1 ! value ( l& has also increas$ 9 #cb consequ5ce ( ! increas$ facilities ( communication4 ,all ^! great additions to ! value ( l& are l>gely due to ! unpaid lab\rs ( sci5tific discov]]s1 & x may be said t ?is nation has l>gely ga9$ its weal?1 & is /ill liv+ 9 a great degree on ! products ( ^? lab\rs4 ,^? great additions to ! value ( l& are also p]man5t1 are cont9ually increas+1 & are l>gely indep5d5t ( any ex]tions on ! "p ( ! own]s4 ,t _m o!r influ5ces1 besides t ( sci5ce1 h contribut$ to ! developm5t ( our manufactur+ & comm]cial prosp]ity is also true1 b x w\ld be =eign to ! subject ( ! pres5t *apt] to po9t !m out4 ,x is a fallaci\s argum5t to say t sci5tific discov]y & increas$ value ( l& are only remotely connect$ toge!r1 a cause z c]ta9ly produces its effect1 h[ev] _m connections lie betwe5 !m1 provid$ ! connections are c]ta9--! numb] ( l9ks 9 a *a9 makes no diff]5ce 9 ! transmission ( motion f "o end ( x to ! o!r4 ,great causes are frequ5tly di/ant & wide-spread 9 _! effects4 ,p]sons 9 g5]al c easily und]/& t an acorn plant$ 9 ! gr\nd w 9 ! c\rse ( "t become an oak1 because x is a palpable & visible effect2 b !y _c s readily p]ceive t ! b5efits result+ f a k ( sci5ce ramify ?r\gh all our manufactur+1 arti/ic1 & comm]cial occupations1 our social & moral #cc relations1 & our e-day life1 n because ! dep5d5ce ( our welf>e ^u sci5ce is less real1 b p>tly because ! connection betwe5 ! two is less und]/ood4 ,n only has sci5ce b5efit$ manufactur]s1 b also op]atives1 because ! ext5sion ( sci5ce to manufactur+ purposes has compell$ !m to make !mselves acqua9t$ ) intellectual subjects4 ,in/ead ( rema9+ m]e ma*9es1 me*anically p]=m+ ! "w set be=e !m1 !y are oblig$ to ex]cise ! faculties ( obs]vation & judgm5t 9 wat*+ ! results & direct+ ! action ( me*anical1 physical1 & *emical p[]s4 ,in/ead ( foll[+ ! bl9d pa? ( exp]i5ce1 us+ unkn[n =ces to accompli% "s def9ite result1 !y pursue _! lab\rs ) ! aid ( kn[n & c]ta9 laws4 ,x is true t 9 _m cases artisans :o h acquir$ a little k ( sci5ce h !reby be5 r5d]$ conceit$ & unfit = _! special employm5t1 & ?is has made _m manufactur]s object to te*nical sci5tific education = _! s]vants2 b ?is w\ld n be s mu* ! case if sci5tific k 7 m g5]ally & equally diffus$4 ,argum5ts are n unfrequ5tly adduc$ to support ! op9ion t ignorance has its advantages2 b1 h[ev] great ! advantages ( ignorance may be1 ^? ( k are great]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! lab\rs ( sci5tific discov]]s & inv5tors1 ! progress ( sci5ce is #cd su* t 9 a v few ye>s a k ( x w be indisp5sible to all p]sons engag$ 9 sup]9t5d+ or c>ry+ out manufactur+ op]ations1 & 9 all arts1 occupations & appo9tm5ts 9 :i* man is deal+ ) matt]4 ,sci5ce is fa/ p5etrat+ into all our manufactures & occupations1 & ^? :o are unsci5tific w h mu* less employm5t & w be left beh9d 9 ! race ( life4 ,engl& also w be compell$1 by ! necessities ( human progress & ! advance ( =eign intellect1 to det]m9e & recognize ! prop] value ( sci5tific rese>* z a basis ( progress4 ,national sup]iority c only be ma9ta9$ by be+ fir/ 9 ! race1 & n by buy+ inv5tions ( o!r nations4 ,! philosophy ( matt] is ! f\ndation ( all manufactur+ arts & arti/ic processes2 te*nical education1 or ! relation ( sci5ce to manufactures1 c41 c only be prop]ly imp>t$ ^u ! basis ( a suffici5t k ( !oretical sci5ce4 ,sci5ce t5ds to abbreviate m5tal & bodily lab\r4 ,! use ( our reason saves u ! lab\r ( us+ our s5ses1 because x enables u to "k t "u c]ta9 conditions a c]ta9 effect mu/ occur4 ,! use ( our reason & s5ses also saves u us+ our h&s4 ,! prop]ties ( a s+le sub/ance are s num]\s t if a workman 0 to ?or\ghly /udy ! :ole ( !m1 he w\ld become a sci5tific au?ority 9 ! subjects ( heat1 light1 electricity1 #ce magnetism1 & *emi/ry4 ,a blacksmi? :o knew all ! physical & *emical prop]ties & relations ( iron & /eel w\ld be q a sci5tific philosoph]4 ,no man has m occasion to bless ! introduction ( ! /eam-eng9e1 ma*9]y1 ! galvanic batt]y1 & sci5ce 9 g5]al1 ?an ! work+ me*anic1 because x has mitigat$ 8 physical toil by giv+ him ! duty ( simply direct+ ! lab\r in/ead ( actually p]=m+ x2 :il/ x has depriv$ him ( "o k9d ( employm5t x has provid$ him ) some?+ bett]4 ,b a few ye>s ago ! op]atives 9 ! silv]-plat+ trade _h to lay ! silv] on ! articles ) _! h&s1 ) ! aid ( a sold]+ iron2 n[ !y h simply to set _! batt]ies 9 action & wat* ! electricity do+ x = !m4 ,9 a simil> mann] ! work+ eng9e] at 8 metal-turn+ la! has m]ely to direct ! action ( 8 tools :il/ ! /eam-eng9e p]=ms ! heavy lab\r ( turn+4 ,!re is n a man 9 ?is k+dom :o has n d]iv$ "s advantage1 9 "o way or ano!r1 f sci5tific rese>*4 ,! advantages ( gas light1 electric light1 rapid po/al s]vice & transmission ( goods1 railway travell+1 /eam-%ips = navigation1 cotton app>el1 photography1 *eap pott]y1 improv$ m$ic9e & surg]y1 telegraphic =eca/s ( wea!r1 ,au/ralian pres]v$ meats1 c41 c41 h be5 reap$ m or less by ev]yone1 ev5 ! v paup]s4 ,n only has travell+ be5 #cf consid]ably *eap5$ & imm5sely increas$1 b also r5d]$ m safe3--9 travell+ by dilig5ce 9 ,france ! av]age numb] ( p]sons injur$ 0 #a to e #cj1jjj c>ri$2 & kill$1 #a 9 e #cce1jjj2 b by railway1 not)/&+ ! av]age l5g? ( ! j\rney has greatly increas$1 ! =m] has be5 dim9i%$ to #a 9 #ehj1jjj1 & ! latt] to "o 9 five millions2 safety 9 travell+ by sea has also be5 greatly increas$ by means ( improv$ ligh?\ses4 ,by ! rapid transmission ( messages by telegraphs & ( commodities by /eam-%ips & railways1 ! horrors ( fam9e h be5 l>gely dim9i%$2 ! heal? ( ?is nation has also be5 improv$ by great] v>iety ( foods1 & ! increas+ co/ ( meat has be5 re/ra9$4 ,x is well kn[n t 9 p]iods ( fam9e1 ! great loss ( life has aris51 n f univ]sal sc>city ( food1 b f ! loss ( "t 9 ord]+ & convey+ x4 ,:il/ also ! /eam-eng9e has be5 ! means ( reliev+ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( m5 f m]e animal toil2 x has1 ) ! aid ( ! pr9t+-press1 suppli$ !m ) *eap daily intellig5ce4 ,sci5ce has also prov$ itself to be a great s\rce ( employm5t1 z well z weal?4 ,by develop+ new processes x has giv5 employm5t to :ole armies ( workm5 9 num]\s arts1 manufactures1 & occupations4 ,"s ( ^? employm5ts necessitat+ sci5tific tra9+4 ,ab\t #cjj1jjj p]sons are employ$ on railways alone 9 ,great #cg ,brita91 besides ^? :o 7 engag$ 9 _! con/ruction2 & 9 ! po/al dep>tm5t alone ( ! telegraph s]vice ( ?is c\ntry m ?an fifte5 ?\s& op]atives are employ$4 ,*emical works also f9d employm5t = tw5ty-six ?\s&1 & gasworks = t5 ?\s& "w p4 ,! telegraphs ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica alone1 provide employm5t = ab\t #g1jjj p]sons2 & ! railways ( ! _w employ ab\t #a1ijj1jjj m54 ,x may be object$ t ! ext5sion ( sci5ce 9 ?is c\ntry1 in/ead ( increas+ employm5t = workm5 has produc$ an opposite effect1 by s increas+ ! production ( goods by ma*9]y1 & by physical & *emical processes1 t we h glutt$ ! m>kets ( ! _w 9 ye>s gone by1 & are n[ suff]+ ! results ( ov]-production4 ,?is is a v limit$ view ( ! case2 ov]-production is only true ( p>ticul> manufactures1 & is a result ( ill-direct$ comm]cial en]gy1 to :i* manufactur+ skill is only a s]vant4 ,! objection also conta9s its own reply2--t x is c]ta9ly mu* great] to our advantage to h suppli$ o!r nations ) manufactur$ commodities1 ?an t o!r nations %\ld h suppli$ u1 z !y w\ld h done _h !y ! manufactur+ skill4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 cont95tal nations are gradually supplant+ u 9 manufactures2 & gradually supply+ u ) ! goods :i* we #ch =m]ly suppli$ !m1 & our fe> is t ?is is l>gely a result ( our neglect ( sci5ce4 ,9 _m cases in/ead ( sup]s$+ lab\r1 sci5ce has *ang$ its k9d1 or its mode ( di/ribution2--9 ! case ( /eam-%ips1 in/ead ( navigation be+ conduct$ entirely by nautical ability1 x is p>tly effect$ by ! skill ( ! eng9e]2 conveyance ( goods by road & canal has n be5 entirely supplant$1 b p>tly supplem5t$ by conveyance by railways4 ,! dim9ution ( lab\r :i* sometimes occurs 9 consequ5ce ( ! progress ( sci5ce is extremely small comp>$ ) its increase4 ,! numb] ( waggon]s & horses n[ employ$1 m]ely to collect & deliv] all ! goods = railways1 is actually mu* great] ?an ! :ole ( ^? employ$ = convey+ all ! goods ( ! c\ntry be=e railways 7 con/ruct$4 ,x w\ld be altoge!r a false argum5t to say t ! practical b5efits d]iv$ f ! lab\r ( sci5tific discov]]s by ! diff]5t classes ( ! community are unc]ta9 or imag9>y1 because ! discov]ies & ! practical b5efits are n 9 all cases imm$iately connect$4 ,we "k t ! consum]s ( tea 9 ?is c\ntry d]ive b5efit f ! gr[] ( t h]b 9 ,*9a ?r\gh ! h&s ( a s]ies ( int]v5+ ag5ts1 z c]ta9ly z if !y receiv$ ! tea direct f 8 h&s4 ,cause & effect are insep>able1 & ! remote effect ( a #ci s]ies ( connect$ causes is n less c]ta9 ?an ! imm$iate ones4 ,x is a rem>kable fact1 t ( ! multitude ( ri* manufactur]s1 m]*ants1 capitali/s1 & l&-own]s 9 ?is c\ntry1 :o h d]iv$ su* great pecuni>y b5efits f orig9al sci5tific rese>*1 !re is sc>cely "o :o has ev] giv5 to a sci5tific society1 in/itution1 or inve/igator1 a s+le ?\s& p\nds = ! aid ( pure rese>* 9 exp]im5tal physics or *emi/ry2#d ! ne>e/ approa* to exceptions are a v few weal?y p]sons :o h devot$ !mselves p]sonally to sci5tific discov]y4 ,manufactur]s h will+ly reap$ ! advantages ( ! lab\rs ( unpaid discov]]s1 b h n adequately s[$ ! means ( future progress4 ,_m ( ^? manufactur]s & o!rs w\ld1 h[ev]1 will+ly give money t[>ds su* an object if !y und]/ood ! value & ! necessity ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,:il/ also _m millions ( p\nds are annually exp5d$ 9 ?is c\ntry ^u religi\s1 philan?ropic & o!r good objects1 !re is sc>cely a sci5tific society or in/itution 7) ! exception ( ! ,royal ,society & ! ,briti% ,association7 :i* exp5ds ev5 ! small sum ( five hundr$ p\nds a ye> on pure exp]im5tal rese>* 9 physics or #dj *emi/ry4 ,9 ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 ! av]age annual exp5ses relat+ to exp]im5tal rese>*1 includ+ sal>ies to assi/ants = rese>* 9 ! laboratory1 f ! ye> #ahfg to #ahga1 did n am\nt to two hundr$ & fifty p\nds4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! total net receipts ( ! ,briti% & ,=eign ,bible ,society alone1 am\nt to ab\t ,l#bac1jjj a ye>4 ,^! circum/ances /rongly indicate extreme ignorance ( ! value & necessity ( new sci5tific k1 & an equally /rong desire to aid any good object :i* is und]/ood4 ,! money giv5 to *>itable & religi\s objects is l>gely a result ( ! unpaid lab\rs ( sci5tific inve/igators 9 ! mann] already describ$4 ,! fact t v]ifiable tru? is s]i\sly neglect$1 :il/ millions ( p\nds are annually devot$ 9 ?is c\ntry to ! support ( dogmas & doctr9es1 proves t ! ,engli% nation is ev5 n[ 9 a v imp]fectly civiliz$ /ate4 ,consid]+ ! multiplicity & v>iety ( philan?ropic in/itutions & beque/s 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! great effect orig9al sci5tific rese>* has 9 ameliorat+ ! condition ( mank9d1 & r$uc+ ! am\nt ( human mis]y1 x is surpris+ t no weal?y philan?ropic individual has bequea!d funds = ! end[m5t ( an in/itution = pure rese>* 9 physics or *emi/ry4#e ,9 #da ,am]ica1 ! ,smi?sonian ,in/itution 0 f\nd$ at ,wa%+ton by b5evol5t & patriotic p]sons1#f = ! increase & diffusion ( k among m51 & "o ( ! objects ( t in/itution is to enl>ge ! exi/+ /ock ( k by ! addition ( new tru?s1 & a portion ( its plan is to /imulate m5 ( tal5t to make orig9al rese>*es by (f]+ suitable rew>ds = memoirs conta9+ new tru?s1 & to appropriate annually a portion ( ! income = p>ticul> rese>*es4 ,:at is ! reason t sci5tific rese>* is n suffici5tly enc\rag$ 9 ,engl&8 ,x is *iefly ignorance4 ,!re are v few good & important subjects1 und]/ood by ! public1 :i* are n 9 ?is c\ntry greatly assi/$1 nor _m valuable public s]vants1 ^: lab\rs are und]/ood1 :o d n receive lib]al paym5t & rew>d2 & sci5tific rese>* & discov]]s !re=e are neglect$1 n wilfully1 nor because p]sons are unwill+ to enc\rage good objects1 b because sci5tific discov]y & its great value to ! nation are s little kn[n4 ,sc>cely a memb] ( our legislature1 or ( our ,univ]sities1 is fully acqua9t$ ) ! national importance ( sci5tific discov]y1#g & x #db w\ld probably be impossible to f9d a subject ( su* great magnitude s little und]/ood4 ,comp>atively few p]sons h cle> ideas ( ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 sci5tific in/ruction & rese>*4 ,sci5tific rese>* c only be successfully pursu$ by employ+ ! highe/ motive--viz41 a love ( tru? 9 pref]5ce to all ?+s2 & ?is is a condition :i* v few p]sons really und]/&1 & a pr9ciple :i* a /ill small] numb] practise4 ,m5 9 ?is c\ntry are s accu/om$ to be actuat$ by ! less noble motive ( imm$iate self-int]e/ or ( "s app>5t practical result1 t !y _c p]ceive t 9 sci5tific inve/igation ! mo/ valuable results c only be obta9$ by employ+ ! highe/ motive4 ,h[ev] necess>y & effective ! motive ( imm$iate self-int]e/ or ( app>5t practical result may be 9 ord9>y affairs ( life1 x w n enable a man to make _m discov]ies1 because x leads him away f ^? :i* are possible to se>* = o!rs :i* may or may n be possible4 ,! beg9n+ ( discov]ies are (t5 s v small1 t x requires acute s5ses & obs]vation 9 ord] to p]ceive !m2 & if ! m9d is preoccupi$ ) a desire to discov] "s p>ticul> practical object1 new ph5om5a are ov]look$4 ,9 discov]y1 man mu/ foll[ :]e ,nature leads4 ,ano!r cause ( want ( enc\ragem5t ( rese>*1 is ! natural selfi%ness :i* exi/s1 #dc ?\gh 9 v diff]5t degrees1 9 all m54 ,_m weal?y p]sons wi% ?+s to rema9 z !y are4 ,"s manufactur]s w\ld n aid rese>* unless !y c\ld monopolize its advantages4 ,/ud5ts also g5]ally pref] ^? subjects :i* are be/ rew>d$1 & d n suffici5tly consid] _! intr9sic value4 ,! love ( tru? = tru?'s sake alone is v weak 9 mo/ m51 & b few m5 make ! greate/ good _! *ief object 9 life4 ,! extreme ignorance 9 ?is c\ntry ( ! value ( sci5tific rese>*1 is also l>gely due to ! n>r[ness ( ! practical "* ( ! ,engli% m9d2 m5 _c p]ceive ! deep-seat$ & univ]sal s\rces ( _! weal?1 & !y pref] ^? occupations :i* yield ! mo/ obvi\sly remun]ative results4 ,x is also p>tly due to sci5tific inve/igators !mselves n hav+ plead$ _! own cause2 su* m5 h be5 s absorb$ 9 ! m important occupation ( discov]y1 t !y h1 probably m ?an any o!r class ( p]sons1 neglect$ to en=ce ! j claims ( _! own subject4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 *iefly caus$ by ! influ5ce ( misappli$ weal?1 op]at+ ?r\gh ! old ,univ]sities & l>ge public s*ools4 ,! sons ( ! weal?y are mo/ ( !m educat$ at ^? in/itutions1 & accord+ to evid5ce suppli$ by ,univ]sity au?orities to ,royal ,commission]s1 _m p]sons s5d _! sons to ^? places = o!r purposes ?an to acquire le>n+1 & all[ !m too mu* money4 ,! consid]able weal? ( #dd ^! "y m5 supplies !m ) attractions :i* decoy !m f indu/ri\s /udy1 & ! wi%es ( ! p>5ts & /ud5ts h be5 l>gely acquiesc$ 9 by ! tutors & college au?orities4 ,at our old ,univ]sities also1 physical & *emical k is v mu* less rew>d$ ?an "s o!r subjects1 ?\gh latt]ly a consid]able improvem5t has be5 made 9 ?is respect1 b ev5 n[ !re is n a ,univ]sity 9 ! k+dom 9 :i* a k 9 sci5tific rese>* is necess>y 9 ord] to obta9 ! highe/ sci5tific hon\r4#h ,9 ^! v>i\s ways physical & *emical sci5ce has be5 kept v l[ 9 our *ief seats ( le>n+2 & sci5tific rese>* is greatly neglect$ by ! gov]n+ au?orities4 ,x is reasonable to suppose t ,univ]sities %\ld be f\nta9s ( new !oretical sci5tific k1 z well z be ! dissem9ators ( x1 & t !y 7especially ! old ones ) _! ri* end[m5ts7 w\ld be c]ta9 to promote sci5tific rese>*1 z be+ especially a "p ( _! functions2 b su* is n ! case4 ,our old ,univ]sities h n e/abli%$ any pr(essor%ips ( orig9al rese>*2 !y make no paym5t = su* lab\r1 nor reimburse any exp5diture incurr$ 9 su* occupation1 & af=d b little facility = ! prosecution ( pure sci5tific inquiry4 ,fur!r1 !y disc\rage sci5tific discov]y by giv+ ! greate/ emolum5ts1 & ! #de highe/ hon\rs 9 sci5ce !y h to be/[1 to "y m5 :o h nev] made a s+le orig9al rese>*1 or discov]$ a new fact 9 sci5ce4 ,! money paid 9 ! =m ( comp>atively s9ecure fell[%ips1 or retir+ p5sions to "y m5 9 ,ox=d alone1 n[ am\nts to ab\t eighty or n9ety ?\s& p\nds a ye>4 ,x may be object$ t "y m5 are n capable ( do+ orig9al rese>*1 b z !y d x 9 ,g]man ,univ]sities1 !y c also d x 9 ,engl&1 if !y are prop]ly discipl9$1 & are n decoy$ f indu/ry by ! possession or expectation ( weal?4 ,a man :o has nev] made a sci5tific rese>* is n ! mo/ wor?y recipi5t ( ! highe/ sci5tific hon\rs1 & 9 ,g]many x w\ld n be giv5 to him2 he is n prop]ly discipl9$ 9 ! detection ( error or ! disc]nm5t ( tru? 9 matt]s ( sci5ce2 he is defici5t 9 accuracy ( sci5tific judgm5t1 & 9 ! true _s ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,x is unnecess>y to speak ( :at has be5 done dur+ ! la/ few ye>s at our old ,univ]sities & great public s*ools1 9 ! erection ( laboratories1 & 9 o!r ways = ! promotion ( sci5ce1 because x has be5 = ! purposes ( in/ruction1 & n ( orig9al rese>*4 ,no am\nt ( ord9>y in/ruction 9 sci5ce w rem$y ! evils caus$ by want ( orig9al inquiry1 because su* in/ruction does n produce new k1 b only dissem9ates t already possess$4 #df ,_m p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry ?9k t all sci5tific m5 are inve/igators1 & t a portion ( ! funds ( sci5tific in/itutions g5]ally are exp5d$ ^u inve/igation1 b su* is r>ely ! case4 ,_m also consid] t ^? sci5tific m5 :o are apply+ new k are discov]+ new tru?s4 ,& ne>ly all p]sons look ^u inv5tors z ! only really practical sci5tific m51 & ^u discov]]s z unpractical en?usia/s :o sp5d _! lives 9 pursuit ( vague !ories4 ,b :il/ ! inv5tor is a great & useful ag5t ( civilization1 !re is "o beh9d him :o is great] ?an he1 viz41 ! man :o provides him ) ! new k ^u :i* all 8 inv5tions mu/ be bas$4 ,! g5]al aspect 9 :i* sci5tific rese>* is view$ by _m p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry1 is t ( a ref9$ intellectual pursuit1 :i* may be enc\rag$ & hon\r$ = ! purpose ( ma9ta9+ ! tone ( society4 ,! "q1 h[ev]1 is n :e!r ?is nation %all enc\rage rese>* z a ref9$ intellectual occupation1 b :e!r x w contribute t[>ds its own welf>e by aid+ sci5tific discov]y4 ,_m p]sons also look ^u sci5tific rese>* z a hobby or z unpractical1 & ^u discov]]s z m]e accumulators ( k1 b ?is is simply 9 consequ5ce ( _! ignorance ( ! subject2 if discov]ies 7 comm]cial commodities1 ! practical "* ( rese>* w\ld be )9 _! #dg compreh5sion4 ,a man :o discov]s k = ! use ( inv5tion is q z practical a p]son z he :o conv]ts t k into inv5tions fit = practical uses4 ,! m5 :o ?us lead practical m5 mu/ be practical !mselves4 ,sci5tific discov]]s may be consid]$ ! mo/ practical m5 9 exi/5ce1 because _! lab\rs give rise to great] & m num]\s practical results ?an ^? ( any o!r p]sons4 ,! discov]y ( a s+le sub/ance1 su* z oil-(-vitriol1 or wa%+-soda1 has l$ to ! =mation ( _m valuable inv5tions1 pat5t$ or o!rwise1 & to ! e/abli%m5t ( ?\s&s ( manufactories4 ,x is well kn[n also t sci5tific discov]]s are ard5t lov]s ( tru?1 & are !re=e v will+ to communicate _! k = ! good ( mank9d1 & t manufactur]s1 m5 ( bus9ess1 & o!rs1 n unfrequ5tly obta9 f !m & f _! publi%$ rese>*es1 in=mation ( great value to !mselves )\t ev5 expect+ to pay = x2 =gett+ t a sci5tific man may communicate 9 a pass+ rem>k1 in=mation :i* co/ him ye>s ( lab\r to obta94 ,"s p]sons also ?9k t sci5ce is *angeable & unc]ta9--t ! discov]ies ( "o g5]ation are disprov$ by ^? ( ano!r1 because !y occasionally see sci5tific !ories alt]$ & sup]s$$4 ,b ! real tru? ( ! case is t ! *anges 9 ! aspect ( sci5ce :i* we cont9ually witness d n (t5 result f alt]ations 9 our #dh /ock ( positive k1 b f additions made to x4 ,demon/rable tru? is imp]i%able4 ,x is true t _m !ories h be5 inv5t$ & ent]ta9$ = a :ile 9 ! m9ds ( sci5tific m51 & h !n pass$ away1 b we mu/ rememb] t ^! are only ! scaffold+ ( sci5ce1 & no "p ( its real fabric4 ,!y consi/ ( ideas :i*1 :il/ !y assi/ u 9 und]/&+ sci5ce1 & 9 mak+ discov]ies1 =m no real "p ( our positive k4 ,o!r p]sons seem to ?9k t ! laws ( matt] are diff]5t 9 ! laboratory f :at !y are 9 ! work%op2 t ! pr9ciples :i* regulate a sci5tific exp]im5t are diff]5t f ^? :i* gov]n a l>ge manufactur+ process2 b ?is is a wrong idea4 ,! laws ( matt] are univ]sal1 sub/ances h ne>ly ! same prop]ties 9 all places & 9 ! h&s ( all m52 wat] boils at ! same temp]ature :e!r 9 ! retort ( a *emi/1 ! saucepan ( a kit*5maid1 or ! pan ( a soap-boil]2 iron wire is z readily depriv$ ( its ru/ 9 a *emi/'s acid bottle z 9 a wire-draw]'s pickl+ tub2 a piece ( phosphorus w z readily ignite 9 ! h&s ( a *emi/ z 9 ^? ( a mat* mak]2 a galvanic batt]y yields ! same quantity ( electricity :e!r x be 9 ! h&s ( an exp]im5tali/ or 9 ^? ( a work+ electro-plat]4 ,x is true t _m ?+s :i* h appe>$ v promis+ 9 !ory or 9 exp]im5t1 h #di fail$ altoge!r 9 practice1 b :y is ?is8 x is n t ! pr9ciples ( nature op]at$ 9 ! "o case & did n op]ate 9 ! o!r1 b t we h imp]fectly und]/ood !m1 t f "s un=ese5 circum/ances we h be5 unable to apply !m2 or t we h indol5tly ab&on$ !m )\t suffici5t or prop] trial4 ,9 _m cases we are unable to obta9 ! same conditions ( success ^u ! l>ge scale t we h ^u ! small "o4 ,9 o!r cases a process fails because ( its too great exp5se2 _m attempts h be5 made to sup]s$e /eam z a motive p[] by means ( electro-magnetism1 & eng9es driv5 by t =ce h be5 con/ruct$ ( five or t5 horse-p[]1 b ! co/ ( driv+ !m has be5 f\nd to be at lea/ t5 times ! am\nt ( t ( ! /eam-eng9e ( equal /r5g?4 ,& 9 o!r cases we fail because we attempt at once to c>ry out ^u a l>ge scale t :i* has only be5 ! subject ( limit$ exp]im5t1 in/ead ( enl>g+ ! process by small degrees1 & adapt+ ! app>atus1 ! mat]ials & ! treatm5t1 to ! size ( ! op]ation4 ,t also :i* appe>s v simple 9 ! h&s ( an exp]im5tali/1 almo/ inv>iably becomes mu* m complex :5 c>ri$ into practice 9 a manufactory1 simply because !re is !n a great] numb] ( conditions to be fulfill$4 ,electro-plat+ a piece ( /eel ) silv] is to a *emi/ a v simple matt]1 because x is ( no importance to him #ej :e!r ! silv] adh]es firmly1 is ( good col\r1 or is deposit$ at a c]ta9 co/2 b ) a manufactur] unless all ^! conditions are fulfill$1 ! process is a failure4 ,^! matt]s1 h[ev]1 belong to inv5tion & n to orig9al discov]y4 ,we %\ld n condemn !oretical sci5ce because we are n able1 ev5 ) fair & p]sev]+ trial1 to apply x to any useful purpose1 b wait pati5tly until circum/ances rip5 = its application4 ,_m inv5tions :i* are inapplicable 9 "o /ate ( k become applicable by ! progress ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,! idea ( an electric telegraph1 attempt$ by ,mr4 ,ronalds1 9 ! ye> #ahaf1 ) ! aid ( frictional electricity1 _h to wait ! developm5t ( ! galvanic batt]y & ! discov]y ( electro-magnetism be=e x c\ld be successfully appli$4 ,_m manufactur]s seem to ?9k t because "s ( _! op]ations are completely r\t9e1 & h be5 h&$ d[n to !m by _! pr$ecessors 9 ne>ly _! pres5t /ate1 !y are n at all indebt$ to sci5ce2 b !re is no manufacture1 especially among metals1 :i* has n 9 "s degree be5 aid$ by sci5tific discov]y4 ,9 addition to ! great b5efits accru+ f orig9al rese>* to all classes ( society1 our ,gov]nm5ts h also d]iv$ imm5se advantages f ! same s\rce4 ,! rev5ues h be5 greatly increas$ by ! univ]sal advantages conf]r$ ^u all k9ds ( indu/ry & comm]ce by #ea sci5tific k4 ,! additional taxes ^u increas$ incomes f agriculture1 arts1 manufactures1 m9es2 increas$ value ( l& & r5ts2 inve/m5ts 9 railway1 telegraph1 /eam-%ip & o!r companies1 h be5 extremely great4 ,f ! sale ( pat5ts alone1 a surplus sum ( ne>ly six hundr$ ?\s& p\nds has already accumulat$4 ,our ,gov]nm5ts are also indebt$ to orig9al rese>* = ! use ( p]cussion-p[d]1 gun-cotton1 improvem5ts 9 cannon1 projectiles1 rifles1 arm\r-plat$ %ips1 ! ocean telegraph1 field telegraph1 ! telephone1 rapid po/al communication1 ! spe$y transport ( troops & w>-mat]ial1 & a multitude ( o!r advantages4 ,! value ( sci5ce to ,gov]nm5ts 9 ! prev5tion ( w> by means ( m ready correspond5ce ?r\gh telegraph is incalculable4 ,mr4 ,sumn]1 ( ,am]ica1 at ! p]iod :5 ! ,atlantic telegraph 0 fir/ employ$1 /at$ t ! use ( t telegraph av]t$ a probable rupture betwe5 ,great ,brita9 & ,am]ica4 ,!re 0 a p]iod :5 we did n possess su* evid5ce ( ! great value ( sci5ce2 b t "t has n[ pass$ away1 & our gov]n+ m5 h _h abundant pro( ( ! national importance ( sci5tific discov]y1 & ( ! ess5tial dep5d5ce ( ! welf>e ( ?is c\ntry ^u sci5tific rese>*4 ,:il/ va/ sums ( money are sp5t ^u ! applications ( sci5ce 9 milit>y & naval affairs1 rese>* itself is neglect$2 ! sup]/ructure is #eb att5d$ to1 b ! f\ndations are left to decay4 ,a v small proportion ( ! money :i* is exp5d$ ^u milit>y affairs w\ld1 if devot$ to rese>*1 save a great deal ( exp5se 9 w>f>e3-- ,7 half ! p[]1 t fills ! _w ) t]ror1-- ,7 half ! weal?1 be/[$ on camps & c\rts1 ,giv5 to r$eem ! human m9d f error1 ,!re 7 no ne$ ( ars5als nor =ts4--,,longfell[4 ,our ,gov]nm5t has z yet made b little paym5t = ! lab\r ( pure rese>* 9 exp]im5tal physics or *emi/ry2 x has1 h[ev]1 giv5 f\r ?\s& p\nds a ye> = five ye>s to be di/ribut$ by ! ,royal ,society among sci5tific inve/igators1 p>tly z p]sonal paym5t4 ,income tax is d$uct$ f ^! grants4 ,want ( recognition ( ! value ( sci5ce has be5 s g5]al 9 ?is c\ntry1 t x is q pleas+ to quote a some:at diff]5t case f ! ,illu/rat$ ,london ,news1 ,janu>y #d?1 #ahgc1 viz41 t ( ! late ,ar*ibald ,smi?1 ,l4,l4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,t g5tleman 0 an inve/igator 9 pure ma!matical sci5ce1 & devot$ ! latt] "p ( 8 life to ! application ( ma!matics 9 ! computation1 r$uction1 & discussion ( ! deviation ( ! m>9]s' compass 9 wood5 & 9 iron %ips1 & made practical d$uctions !refrom 9 ! con/ruction ( ^? vessels4 ,he publi%$ ^? practical applications ( 8 sci5tific k 9 ! =m ( an ,admiralty ,manual1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds repr9t$ 9 v>i\s languages4 ,h] ,maje/y's ,gov]nm5t #ec subsequ5tly reque/$ 8 acceptance ( a gift ( two ?\s& p\nds1 n z a rew>d1 b z a m>k ( appreciation ( ! value ( 8 rese>*es1 & ( ! influ5ce !y 7 ex]cis+ on ! m>itime int]e/s ( ,engl& & ! _w at l>ge4 ,! k9d ( lab\r rew>d$ 9 ?is case 0 n sci5tific discov]y1 b ! practical application ( previ\sly exi/+ sci5tific k4 ,! case ( ! late ,dr4 ,/5h\se1 ,f4,r4,s41 is "o ( r an opposite k9d4 ,t g5tleman devot$ 8 life ?r\gh\t to pure inve/igations 9 organic *emi/ry1 & publi%$ sev]al ( 8 rese>*es 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society4#i ,8 discov]ies are v num]\s1 & al?\gh n mu* appli$ to practical uses by himself1 ! result ( 8 rese>*es on ,li*5s1 & ! yell[ gum ( ,botany ,bay1 h be5 appli$ ext5sively by o!r p]sons 9 ! manufacture ( ,fr5* purple & picric acid1 & w d\btless cont9ue to be appli$ to valuable uses4 ,he held ! ,gov]nm5t appo9tm5t ( ,assay] to ! ,royal ,m9t1 ,london1 an (fice = sev]al ye>s unpr(itable to him1 b ( increas+ remun]ative value1 & :i* w\ld h be5 subsequ5tly wor? ,l#a1bjj a ye>2 b aft] ! decease ( 8 colleague1 ,dr4 ,mill]1 9 #ahgj1 t (fice1 :i* 0 !n wor? to him ab\t ,l#fjj a ye>1 0 aboli%$ by ! ,*ancellor ( ! ,ex*equ]1 & he lo/ ! #ed appo9tm5t1 receiv+1 h[ev]1 ,l#ejj z comp5sation4 ,an application 0 !re=e made to ! ,gov]nm5t1 & a p>tial recomp5se to him 0 obta9$1 by ,h] ,maje/y grant+ him "o hundr$ p\nds a ye> = em95ce 9 *emical atta9m5ts1 & on acc\nt ( loss by suppression ( (fice 9 ! ,m9t4 ,! only diff]5ce 9 ^! two in/ances1 01 t 9 ! second !re 0 a v mu* great] am\nt ( pure rese>* & discov]y1 & a mu* small] degree ( appli$ k4 ,^! in/ances illu/rate ! /atem5t1 t h[ev] great an am\nt ( valuable k 9 pure sci5ce a man may discov] & publi%1 or h[ev] freely he may provide o!rs ) ! mat]ials ( inv5tion & weal?1 if he nev] inv5ts any?+1 nor applies 8 k to useful purposes1 he is usually less rew>d$ ev5 ?an an inv5tor4 ,! m intr9sically valuable ! lab\r1 & ! great] ! degree ( pr(\nd orig9al ?\ght requir$ to direct x1 ! less is x usually appreciat$ by ! gov]n+ m5 ( a nation4 ,absorb$ 9 excit+ que/ions relat+ to political em]g5cies1 & national matt]s requir+ imm$iate att5tion1 ev5 m5 ( great adm9i/rative ability fail to appreciate ! less direct ?\gh m fundam5tal s\rces ( a nation's happ9ess & weal?4 ,9 h>mony ) ^! in/ances also1 we f9d t x is n ! pure sci5ces1 b ! concrete & appli$ ones1 su* z meteorology1 geology1 natural hi/ory1 c41 9 ! ,meteorological ,dep>tm5t1 ! #ee ,geological ,survey1 ! ,briti% & ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museums1 ! ,geological ,museum1 c41 & ! ,national ,gall]y ( ,art1 :i* h receiv$ ! greate/ degree ( support f our ,gov]nm5ts4 ,t discov]]s are n treat$ by u z we treat o!r valuable memb]s ( ! community is q cle>2 ei!r a physician1 a judge1 div9e1 lawy]1 or railway sup]9t5d5t ( high ability1 obta9 f "o to _m ?\s& p\nds a ye>1 b a discov]] 9 pure physics or *emi/ry is1 9 sc>cely any case1 paid any?+ = 8 lab\r4 ,t mo/ em95t discov]]1 ,f>aday1 receiv$ = 8 sci5tific lectures at ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita91 only ,l#bjj a ye> & ap>tm5ts1 dur+ _m ye>s1 & absolutely no?+ = 8 great discov]ies2 & dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life he only receiv$ a few hundr$ p\nds p] annum1 includ+ a p5sion ( ,l#cjj p\nds a ye> f ,gov]nm5t4 ,9 contra/ ) ?is1 ! g5]al manag] ( ! ,midl& ,railway has ,l#d1jjj a ye>4 ,a ,g5]al ( our army receives ,l#b1jjj1 & a ,field ,m>%al ,l#d1jjj a ye> 7,see ,:itak]'s ,almanack1 #ahgc1 pp4 #aba & #ach74 ,a ,head ,ma/] ( ei!r ( ! great public s*ools obta9s f ,l#c1jjj a ye> upw>ds4 ,an ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury receives ,l#ae1jjj a ye>1 besides a great am\nt ( influ5ce & p[] 9 ! =m ( patronage to #ahc liv+s1 a palatial resid5ce1 & a seat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,pe]s4 ,a ,bi%op ( ,london has ,l#aj1jjj1 ! patronage ( #ih liv+s1 & a seat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,i d n1 #ef h[ev]1 mean to imply t ^! l>ge emolum5ts are n des]v$4 ,:il/ also !re are ne>ly #ac1jjj *ur* b5efices 9 ,engl& 7,see ! ,cl]gy ,li/1 also ,:itak]'s ,almanack1 #ahgc1 pp4 #aec & #aee1 & ,wal=d's ,c\nty ,families1 #ahgb1 pp4 #agc & #faj71 !re is sc>cely a s+le appo9tm5t entirely devot$ to sci5tific discov]y1 nor a s+le pr(essor%ip 9 orig9al rese>* 9 sci5ce4 ,i leave my read]s to judge to :at ext5t ^! in/ances illu/rate ! /atem5t t discov]]s are n treat$ by u z we treat o!r valuable memb]s ( ! community4 ,p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( ! =ego+ neglect1 ! proportion ( p]sons :olly devot$ to sci5tific rese>* 9 ?is c\ntry probably does n mu* exce$ "o 9 "o million ( ! population4 ,x is sc>cely cr$ible t 9 a weal?y & civiliz$ c\ntry1 :il/ ! non-productive classes are protect$ 9 ! enjoym5t ( titles & mat]ial weal? :i* 9 _m cases !y h n e>n$1 ! greate/ sci5tific b5efactors ( ! nation are con/ra9$ to live 9 /rait5$ circum/ances :il/ work+ = ! pecuni>y & o!r advantages ( ^? classes1 & ( manufactur]s1 capitali/s1 l&-own]s1 & ! nation 9 g5]al4 ,by ^! rem>ks x is n int5d$ to imply t discov]]s are int5tionally neglect$2 b t ! inju/ice !y suff] is a disgrace to ?is c\ntry1 & reflects discr$it ^u ! gov]n+ classes1 & especially ^u ^? :o reap ! greate/ advantage4 #eg ,! m5 :o are rew>d$ highly 9 ?is c\ntry are n always ^? :o yield ! greate/ s]vice to ! nation1 b frequ5tly ^? :o r5d] ! mo/ imm$iate or mo/ app>5t b5efit2 to /op %ort at ?is _c produce ! greate/ degree ( success4 ,! national s]vices ( a great discov]] are probably n equall$ by ^? ( any man4 ,:o c e/imate ! value ( ! comm]cial1 social1 moral1 political1 & o!r great advantages to ! _w1 ( ,o]/$'s discov]y ( ! pr9ciple ( electro-magnetism1 :i* enabl$ ! inv5tion ( ! electric telegraph to be made8 ,! m5 we rew>d ! highe/ are n ^? :o discov] k1 b ^? :o use or apply x2 physicians1 judges1 bi%ops1 lawy]s1 railway manag]s1 milit>y & naval (fic]s1 & head ma/]s ( s*ools1 all ( !m g5tlem5 :o r5d] great s]vices to ! nation1 by us+1 diffus+1 & apply+ k already possess$4 ,x requires less r>e ability to apply k to new purposes by means ( inv5tion1 ?an to discov] x2 x is /ill less difficult to diffuse x by means ( tuition & lectures1 because ! lab\rs ( a tea*] consi/ l>gely ( a repitition ( o!r m5's discov]ies & inv5tions2 & to use sci5tific k 9 ! ord9>y bus9ess ( e-day life1 requires a /ill m common degree ( ability4 ,a *ief reason :y ord9>y bus9ess capacity is paid = :il/ orig9al rese>* is n1 is ! fact t rese>* is n consid]$ a necessity2 _m #eh p]sons d n p]ceive its imm5se future value4 ,m5 p]=m ^? duties fir/ :i* !y feel !y mu/3 !y are also will+ to pay = ! p]=mance ( ^? duties :i* press mo/ urg5tly ^u !m1 & def] all o!r k9ds ( lab\r t !y consid] w be> po/ponem5t4 ,mo/ m5 act ^u ?is rule1 until !y acquire a habit ( sacrific+ ! future to ! pres5t1 ( neglect+ m important matt]s 9 ord] to att5d to less1 & ( liv+ too mu* = money1 )\t suffici5t reg>d = ! m valuable condition1 viz41 individual & national improvem5t4 ,^! circum/ances also l>gely expla9 ! fact t x requires m pressure to induce individuals or gov]n+ bodies to aid orig9al rese>* ?an to assi/ any o!r good object4 ,o!r *ief reasons :y p]sons 9 g5]al _c p]ceive ! great practical value ( new sci5tific tru? are1 because ! p]ception ( x requires a sci5tifically tra9$ m9d4 ,! greate/ tru?s are frequ5tly ! lea/ obvi\s1 & are !re=e valu$ ! lea/4 ,x may be object$ t rese>* is n aid$1 because x sometimes takes a long "t to acquire a practical %ape & make x pay4 ,we d n omit to plant an acorn because x requires _m ye>s to become an oak2 we d n neglect to re> a *ild because he may n live to become a man2 b we leave sci5tific discov]y to take c>e ( itself4 ,! int5se desire :i* exi/s 9 ?is c\ntry = quick returns has %ewn itself 9 ! mu* great] read9ess to aid te*nical education ?an to promote #ei p]man5t progress by means ( orig9al rese>*4 ,b ! discov]ies made 9 su* a place z ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,great ,brita9 h _h a va/ly great] b5eficial effect ^u civilization ?an t ( any te*nical in/itution :i* has ev] exi/$4 ,9 a lett] receiv$ by me f ! ,duke ( ,som]set1 & :i* ,i h p]mission to publi%1 ! true /ate ( ?+s 9 ?is c\ntry 9 relation to pure rese>* is /at$ ) rem>kable accuracy & brevity3-- ,! h9drances to sci5tific /udies 9 ?is c\ntry are v _m4 ,! g5try are almo/ inv>iably educat$ by ! cl]gy1 & ! cl]gy h seldom _h "t or opportunities = any sci5tific /udy4 ,!y usually take pupils or become tutors z soon z !y h tak5 _! degrees1 & c only tea* ! ,lat9 & ,greek :i* !y h !mselves le>n$4 ,! comm]cial classes value :at !y call practical sci5ce2 ?is means "s application ( sci5ce = ! purpose ( mak+ money4 ,competitive exam9ations may promote a sup]ficial acqua9tance ) ! elem5ts ( sci5ce1 b are unfav\rable to ! developm5t ( sci5tific culture4 ,! sci5tific associations t5d to degrade sci5ce by exhibit+ sci5tific m5 z c&idates = applause f assemblies :i* seek amusem5t & />tl+ results f lectures & exp]im5ts4 ,! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 is !re=e1 left to comp>atively few m51 :o are unreg>d$ & unrew>d$4 #fj ,to rem$y ?is /ate ( ?+s we require a g5]al enc\ragem5t ( pure sci5tific inquiry by ! ,/ate & ,univ]sities4 ,x is ?\ght by "s p]sons :o h giv5 special att5tion to ! subject1 t ! ,/ate ought to enc\rage su* rese>* & sci5ce 9 g5]al1 by appo9t+ a ,m9i/] ( ,sci5ce possess+ sci5tific k & good adm9i/rative ability2 a ,sci5tific ,c\ncil to advise our ,gov]nm5ts 9 all important matt]s relat+ to sci5ce2 & by e/abli%+ ,/ate laboratories = pure sci5tific inquiry1 ) discov]]s ( repute 9 !m :olly engag$ 9 rese>* 9 _! respective subjects4 ,!re are also _m new exp]im5ts1 inve/igations1 & explorations1 :i* nei!r private individuals1 nor ev5 corporate bodies1 su* z ! ,royal ,society1 ! ,briti% ,association1 ,geographical ,society1 c effectually make1 & :i* only a ,gov]nm5t c c>ry out1 su* z ,arctic exp$itions1 trigonometrical surveys1 deep sea dr$g+ op]ations1 magnetic obs]vations1 det]m9ations ( longitude1 meteorological & a/ronomical obs]vations1 rese>*es on tides1 obs]vations ( e>?quakes1 det]m9ations ( ! height ( m\nta9s & ! d5sity ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 exp]im5ts on ! be/ =m ( %ips1 geographical explorations1 & _m o!rs4 ,x is cle> f ! enorm\s advantages :i* ?is nation has already d]iv$ f sci5tific discov]y 9 physics & *emi/ry1 pursu$ ) only #fa ! aid ( ! v limit$ means ( private p]sons1 t _h rese>* 9 ^? subjects be5 suffici5tly support$1 ! manufactures1 arts1 comm]ce1 weal?1 & civilization ( ?is c\ntry w\ld h be5 mu* great] ?an !y are2 emigration also ( ! indu/ri\s classes1 disease1 paup]ism1 crime1 ! evil effects ( fam9e1 etc41 w\ld h be5 mu* less4 ,! am\nt ( k & ri*es obta9able by means ( rese>* & inv5tion is practically unlimit$1 & x is a/oni%+ t ?is imm5se s\rce ( indu/ry & weal? 9 a nation %\ld h be5 s neglect$ by our ,gov]nm5ts4 ,! practical value ( new sci5tific k is va/ly great] ?an t ( all our goldfields or ev5 ( our coal supply1 because x w\ld n only enable u to obta9 f coal sev]al times ! am\nt ( available heat & me*anical p[] we n[ secure1 b also to apply to our wants ! num]\s o!r mat]ials compos+ ! cru/ ( our globe & ! cont5ts ( our oceans2 also all t]re/rial =ces1 ! int]nal heat1 ! tidal en]gy & atmosph]ic curr5ts1 & ! imm5se am\nt ( p[] ?is ,e>? is cont9ually receiv+ f ! ,sun4 ,:il/ at pres5t va/ am\nts ( mat]ials & en]gy rema9 unutiliz$1 ne>ly all ^? t]re/rial sub/ances & =ces might probably be r5d]$ ( s]vice to u if we possess$ suffici5t k4 ,t sci5tific rese>* is a f> great] s\rce ( weal? & wellbe+ ?an our /ores ( coal is easily prov$4 ,at pres5t we obta9 9 our be/ #fb /eam-eng9es only ab\t "o-sev5? 7or less7 ( ! me*anical p[] producible by ! combu/ion ( ! coal1 ! rema9d] be+ lo/ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,& ?is occurs simply because we h n yet discov]$ a me?od ( :olly conv]t+ heat into me*anical p[]4 ,9 "s o!r in/ances we are able to conv]t "o =ce :olly into ano!r )\t loss1 z = example3 ! *emical action ( a voltaic cell into electricity2 & by means ( rese>* we %all probably be enabl$ to effect a simil> complete conv]sion ( o!r p[]s into ea* o!r4 ,! effect ( conv]t+ heat :olly into me*anical p[] w\ld be equal to increas+ our /ock ( coals = t purpose to sev5 times its pres5t am\nt4 ,?is in/ance is only "o ( ! _m ?\s& possible ways 9 :i* rese>* may yet prove ( value to mank9d4 ,x is true t a v l>ge am\nt ( orig9al rese>* 9 physics & *emi/ry has be5 done 9 ?is c\ntry2 ! cont5ts ( our sci5tific j\rnals & ( ! publications ( our v>i\s ,le>n$ ,societies prove ?is4 ,x is also true t ! ,engli% nation has be5 pre-em95tly active 9 apply+ sci5tific k to practical uses by means ( inv5tions1 & has be5 g5]ally ! fir/ 9 c>ry+ out inv5tions on a l>ge scale4 ,we h be5 ei!r ! fir/1 or ne>ly s1 9 develop+ /eam-eng9es1 railways1 locomotives1 rapid tra9s1 gas works1 fl\r mills1 bla/-furnaces1 cotton ma*9]y1 *eap po/age1 light-h\ses1 electro-plat+1 lucif]-mat*es1 #fc electric-telegraphs1 subm>9e electric cables1 great eng9e]+ e/abli%m5ts1 iron %ip-build+1 & _m o!r important ent]prises4 ,?ree out ( f\r ( all ! great ocean /eam]s1 & ?ree-f\r?s ( all ! locomotives ( ! _w 7 con/ruct$ 9 ?is c\ntry4#aj ,by means ( our ent]prise & capital also1 ! fir/ railways1 telegraphs1 gas works1 cotton mills1 mod]n wat] works1 susp5sion bridges1 wat] :eels1 h>b\rs1 ligh?\ses1 c41 c41 9 ne>ly all p>ts ( ! _w 7 con/ruct$2 & =eign nations h be5 induct$ into ! practical me?ods ( work+ our great manufactur+ & te*nical applications ( sci5ce4 ,by means ( ,engli% ent]prise & skill ! cities ( ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ,altona1 ,am/]dam1 ,antw]p1 ,b]l91 ,bordeaux1 ,brussels1 ,cologne1 ,frank=t-on-,ma9e1 ,gh5t1 ,ha>lem1 ,hanov]1 ,lille1 ,rott]dam1 ,/olb]g1 ,t\l\se1 ,vi5na1 & o!rs 7 light$ ) gas4 ,we =m$ ,wat] ,companies or ,wat]works 9 ,am/]dam1 ,b]l91 & o!r cities1 & dra9$ ,naples4 ,we utiliz$ ! falls ( ! ,rhone at ,belleg>de1 & ?us obta9$ #aj1jjj horse-p[] = ! use ( ! ,fr5* manufactur]s4 ,we also s5t ! fir/ /eam-boat to ,cobl5tz 9 #ahag1 & ! fir/ to ,am]ica4 ,we laid ! fir/ ,atlantic cables4 ,& z a g5]al tru?1 we h be5 =emo/ 9 inv5tion1 application & ent]prise4 #fd ,rec5t ,int]national ,exhibitions h[ev]1 & ! migration ( v>i\s bran*es ( our trade to ! ,cont95t & ,am]ica1 h %[n t ! degree ( our relative sup]iority 9 manufactur+ skill is dim9i%+4 ,o!r nations1 especially ! ,g]man & ,am]ican1 p]ceiv+ ! dep5d5ce ( inv5tion ^u rese>*1 & ! enorm\s pecuni>y & o!r advantages ga9$ by u1 by ! application ( sci5tific k to manufactur+ & o!r purposes1 h )9 ! la/ few ye>s ar\s$ !mselves1 & are n[ pursu+ pure sci5ce mu* m en]getically ?an ourselves4 ,a few ye>s ago ! relative numb] ( orig9al rese>*es made p] annum 9 ,engl&1 ,france1 & ,g]many 7 9 ! proportion #abg1 #bde1 & #ggg4 ,_m ( ^? made 9 ,g]many 7 valuable ones1 & 7 made by ,/ud5ts 9 ord] to obta9 a degree4 ,o!r nations are rapidly ga9+ ^u u 9 ! application ( sci5ce to indu/rial purposes1 & h ev5 surpass$ u 9 ! ext5t ( "s ( _! manufactur+ & te*nical op]ations4 ,_m p]sons :o h visit$ ,europe & ,am]ica at int]vals dur+ ! la/ tw5ty ye>s h te/ifi$ to ?is4 ,! ,vielle ,montagne ,z9c ,company 9 ,belgium employ #f1ejj workm51 & produce annually #cb1jjj tons ( z9c4 ,! ,john ,cock]ill ,company1 eng9e-build]s1 ,s]a+1 ne> ,liege1 employ ne>ly #h1jjj m54 ,krupp1 ! great eng9e] at ,ess51 ne> ,dusseldorf1 employs ab\t #aj1jjj workm52 8 works at ,ess5 alone cov] #dej acres1 & #a1jjj tons #fe ( coal are consum$ 9 !m daily4 ,! ,anz9 ,company 7,val5ci5nes7 is ! l>ge/ coal company 9 ! _w1 produc+ no less ?an #a1bjj1jjj tons p] annum1 & employs #h1jjj h&s4 ,! ,*atillon & ,comm5try ,iron & ,coal ,company 7,france71 produce annually f #cjj1jjj to #cej1jjj tons ( coal & coke1 ne>ly #gj1jjj tons ( iron & /eel1 & employ ne>ly #i1jjj workm54 ,at ! ,creuzot ,ironworks 7,france71 ! m9]al concessions cov] an area ( ne>ly six squ>e miles1 ! coal-fields ne>ly tw5ty-five squ>e miles1 ! build+ #bif acres4 ,!re are ne>ly =ty-five miles ( railway betwe5 v>i\s p>ts ( ! works1 ^u :i* are g5]ally runn+ sixte5 locomotives4 ,! gall]ies 9 ! m9es are m ?an tw5ty miles long4 #aj1jjj p]sons are employ$ 9 ! works & ! annual am\nt ( wages paid equals ,l#djj1jjj4aa ,our practice ) reg>d to orig9al sci5ce has be5 v diff]5t f ! plan c>ri$ out 9 ,g]many4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s great laboratories h be5 erect$ 9 ,b]l91 ,leipzig1 ,aix la ,*apelle1 ,bonn1 ,c>lsruhe1 ,/uttg>dt1 & o!r places1 at ! exp5se ( ! ,/ate1 & special provision has be5 made 9 !m = orig9al sci5tific rese>*4 ,a glance at ! frequ5tly publi%$ li/ ( sci5tific inve/igations made 9 diff]5t c\ntries w %ew u t ! ,g]mans h be5 mak+ a f> great] numb] ( discov]ies 9 sci5ce ?an ourselves4 ,sir ,r4 ,b4 ,c4 ,brodie1 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at #ff ,ox=d1 speak+ ( 8 exp]i5ce :5 a /ud5t at ,geiss51 9 ,g]many1 /ates3 ,i say t ! en?usiasm & e>ne/ness ( ! "y m5 9 ! laboratory 0 q unp>allel$ 9 my exp]i5ce at ,ox=d4 ,! dilettante sort ( way 9 :i* ?+s g on !re is v inf]ior inde$ to ! way ! ,g]man /ud5ts /udy4 ,at ,heidelb]g1 ,i h be5 told1 !re are ab\t eighty pr(essors1 & among/ ^? pr(essors are "s ( ! mo/ em95t m5 9 ,europe1 s t !y h a /aff q unsurpass$4 ,! indu/ry ( ! ,g]mans 9 sci5tific rese>* is q rem>kable1 !y are avail+ !mselves ( ! great f\nta9 ( k to a mu* great] ext5t ?an ourselves1 & are already beg9n+ to reap ! rew>d4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s !y h succe$$1 by means ( rese>*es1 9 mak+ aliz>9e1 ! col\r+ pr9ciple ( madd]4 ,engl& produces imm5se quantities ( b5z5e1 ! greate/ "p ( :i* goes to ,g]many1 !re to be conv]t$ into anil9e dyes1 a consid]able quantity ( :i* goes back to ,engl&4 ,no o!r c\ntry is s f> advanc$ 9 ! manufacture ( ! coal-t> col\rs z ,g]many4 ,! quantity ( aliz>9e manufactur$ by ! ,g]man mak]s f> surpasses ! ,engli% production4 7,see ,aliz>9e1 ,natural & ,artificial1 by ,f4 ,v]smann1 ,new ,york1 #ahgc74 ,/atem5ts ( ?is k9d are frequ5tly publi%$1 & made by our manufactur]s & o!rs1 ( ! dep>ture ( bran* aft] bran* ( our manufactures to ! ,cont95t1 & ( cont9ually increas+ importation ( =eign-made articles4 #fg ,"s p]sons1 hav+ become aw>e ( ! cosmopolitan nature ( sci5tific rese>*1 h sugge/$ t x is a matt] ( no importance to u z a nation :e!r we make rese>*es or n1 z =eign]s w\ld make !m1 & we c\ld apply !m4 ,b no hon\rable man w\ld1 aft] reflection1 s]i\sly ma9ta9 su* a proposition1 because x implies a will+ness to obta9 f ! lab\rs ( o!r p]sons1 advantages )\t pay+ = !m4 ,x is p>tly ?is abs5ce ( a desire to pay = ! lab\r ( inve/igation1 :i* is n[ damag+ ! manufactur+ & comm]cial prosp]ity ( ?is c\ntry4 ,x is also c]ta9 t h[ev] mu* we may h hi!rto succe$$ comm]cially1 )\t mak+ paym5t = rese>*1 we %\ld h succe$$ mu* bett] _h we prop]ly assi/$ inve/igators 9 pure sci5ce4 ,our success has hi!rto be5 obta9$1 n 9 consequ5ce1 b 9 spite ( ! disadvantage\s circum/ances "u :i* discov]]s h lab\r$4 ,! comm]cial argum5t 9 fav\r ( enc\rag+ rese>*1 al?\gh ! mo/ effective ) ! great mass ( p]sons1 & !re=e mu* dwelt ^u 9 ?is *apt]1 is h[ev] q a second>y "o2 ! enc\ragem5t ( tru? = ! sake ( its own intr9sic wor?1 9 pref]5ce to ! mat]ial or extr9sic value ( its results1 %\ld be ! f\ndation ( all aid to discov]y4 ,ju/ice1 also1 ought to come be=e all m9or consid]ations1 & no upright man w\ld wi% = a mom5t t anyone1 & mu* less ! greate/ sci5tific intellects 9 ! c\ntry1 %\ld "w = 8 b5efit )\t be+ remun]at$4 #fh ,x has be5 object$ t ,cont95tal nations1 ! ,g]mans 9 p>ticul>1 h pirat$ our pat5ts1 infr+$ our designs1 imitat$ our labels1 us$ our names1 & tak5 our improvem5ts :olesale1 & ?is may be true4 ,b we /ill h _h by f> ! l>ge/ portion ( ! rew>d ( our great] en]gy & inv5tive skill2 we h _h ! great advantage ( be+ fir/ 9 ! m>kets ( ! _w2 & t advantage c only be reta9$ by our be+ ! fir/ 9 ! pursuit ( orig9al rese>*1 z we h s long be5 9 ! application ( sci5ce to indu/rial arts1 & n by pur*as+ =eign inv5tions1 nor by accept+ gifts ( unrecomp5s$ rese>*es4 ,nations z well z individuals are apt to pu% to an extreme ! means by :i* !y h succe$$ 9 ga9+ ei!r ri*es or p[]4 ,we h devot$ ourselves relatively too mu* to ! pursuit ( money & too little to ! pursuit ( k4 ,! desire = weal? is 9 ?is c\ntry s great1 t probably no?+ b a loss ( t weal? w ev] make u prop]ly enc\rage ! pursuit ( new k4 ,:il/ rese>* is be+ neglect$1 manufactur]s & o!rs 9 all directions are ask+ = improvem5ts 9 _! ma*9es & processes2 employ]s ( /eam eng9es want to obta9 m p[] f ! coals2 mak]s ( wa%+ soda wi% to recov] _! lo/ sulphur2 copp] smelt]s1 want to utilize ! copp] smoke2 glass mak]s wi% to prev5t bad col\r 9 _! glass2 iron puddl]s want to economise heat2 gas companies are desir\s ( dim9i%+ ! #fi leakage ( gas2 iron smelt]s wi% to avoid ! evil effects ( impurities 9 ! iron2 manufactur]s 9 g5]al want to utilise _! wa/e products & prev5t _! pollut+ our /reams & atmosph]e2 & s on )\t end4 ,& inv5tors are cont9ually try+ to supply ^! dem&s1 by ex]cis+ _! skill 9 e possible way1 ) ! aid ( sci5tific in=mation conta9$ 9 books2 b aft] putt+ manufactur]s & !mselves to great exp5se1 !y v frequ5tly fail1 n always ?r\gh want ( inv5tive skill1 b (t5 ?r\gh want ( new k atta9able only by means ( pure rese>*4 ,judg+ f ! va/ am\nt ( inv5tive skill already exp5d$ ^u ! /eam eng9e1 & ! small proportion ( available me*anical p[] yet obta9$ f ! coals consum$ 9 x1 x is highly probable t a ma*9e = completely conv]t+ heat into me*anical =ce _c be inv5t$ until m sci5tific k is discov]$4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ f ^! rem>ks1 t discov]ies :i* w enable a man to make any p>ticul> inv5tion1 c be produc$ to ord]2 t is only true to a v limit$ ext5t4 ,m5 are begg>s ( nature1 & mu/ n expect to be p]mitt$ to *oose h] gifts1 or dictate :at secrets %all be disclos$4 ,we may h[ev] be c]ta9 t if we acquire a v mu* great] supply ( new sci5tific k1 we %all !n be able to p]fect _m good inv5tions1 ?\gh n always ( ! k9d we wi%1 or 9 ! way we expect4 ,! great sewage "q #gj may p]haps be solv$ 9 q an unexpect$ way1 possibly by ! discov]y ( "s sub/ance capable ( precipitat+ ammonia & organic matt] f _! solutions4 ,ne>ly all our manufactur+ processes are full ( imp]fections2 ?us ! loss ( gas by a s+le l>ge prov9cial gas company1 aft] t sub/ance has left ! works1 am\nts to ne>ly "o hundr$ & fifty millions ( cubic feet p] annum1 & to a value ( ab\t ,l#ah1jjj2 & ! soil ( all our l>ge cities & t[ns is p]meat$ & r5d]$ foetid by coal gas4 ,& x has be5 /at$ by an em95t au?ority 9 su* matt]s t we might save #ejj1jjj tons ( coal a ye> by economiz+ ! wa/e heat ( furnaces1 by purify+ ! coal1 cok+ x1 etc4 ,9 a s+le *emical manufactory1 out ( ab\t two ?\s& tons ( hydro*loric acid us$ p] annum1 ab\t eight hundr$ tons h be5 all[$ to fl[ away z a pollut+ sub/ance1 because x 0 n possible to utilise x4 ,! loss ( mat]ial f a s+le l>ge glass works equals f\rte5 hundr$ tons p] annum1 & a value ( ,l#h1jjj4 ,simil> grave defects might be po9t$ out 9 ne>ly all our l>ge manufactures1 by ^? acqua9t$ ) ! subject4 ,inv5tions are want$ = quick5+ ! process ( v9eg> mak+1 & dim9i%+ ! p]c5tage ( loss ( ! acid4 ,= blea*+ discol\r$ fats4 ,= quick5+ ! process ( conv]t+ ca/ iron into malleable iron4 ,to easily sep>ate nitrog5 f ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e4 ,to economically conv]t #ga ! nitrog5 ( ! air into valuable products1 su* z nitric acid & ammonia4 ,to f9d uses = ! imm5se quantities ( m9]als :i* ab\nd all ov] ! e>?2 to utilise wolfram & f9d applications = tung/ic acid2 to apply titanic acid to great indu/rial purposes2 to produce alum9ium on ! l>ge scale1 z we n[ produce iron4 ,to tan lea!r m quickly1 & )\t detrim5t to its quality4 ,to prev5t ! ru/+ ( iron4 ,to m p]fectly prev5t smoke4 ,to collect & use ! sulphuric acid ( ! salt cake consum$ 9 ! glass manufacture4 ,to make w9d[ glass by means ( common salt4 ,to deodorise (f5sive sub/ances4 ,to f9d l>g] uses = phosphorus1 sodium1 magnesium1 & common salt4 ,to remove phosphorus & sulphur f iron ores1 & sulphur f coal & coke4 ,to obta9 a good :ite alloy z a *eap] sub/itute = ,g]man silv]4 ,to conv]t :ite phosphorus into ! r$ v>iety by a less dang]\s process ?an ! pres5t "o4 ,to prev5t ! putrefaction ( peltries 9 glue mak+4 ,to obta9 bett] & *eap] mat]ials = col\r+ glass4 ,to m p]fectly prev5t animal food f *ange4 ,to obviate or prev5t explosions 9 m9es4 ,to p]fectly purify ord9>y r$ lead = mak+ fl9t glass4 ,a *eap] process = conv]t+ common salt into wa%+ soda2 & s on )\t end4 ,we also v badly require a me?od ( record+ our ?\ghts 9 readable =ms ^u pap]1 )\t ! sl[ & labori\s process ( writ+4 ,an incalculable am\nt ( bra9s & ( intellect1 especially ( #gb ! greate/ ?9k]s1 w\ld be sav$ by su* a discov]y4 ,! curative arts also are p]meat$ ) empiricism1 & ?\s&s ( lives ( p]sons ( all classes ( society1 are annually lo/ 9 ?is c\ntry ?r\gh want ( a m p]fect sci5tific basis ( m$ic9e1 atta9able only by means ( exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 su* great practical results h be5 obta9$ by means ( inv5tion1 t _m p]sons suppose a suffici5cy ( inv5tive skill w enable u to effect e possible sci5tific object1 & are surpris$ t no "o c inv5t a plan ( utilis+ ! entire heat ( coals1 or a mode ( ov]com+ ! sewage difficulty1 or prev5t ! great leakage ( coal gas1 or arre/ epidemics1 or produce a /eam eng9e :i* %all "w )\t wa/e ( p[]4 ,! progress ( inv5tion h[ev] dep5ds ^u t ( discov]y1 & ^! v>i\s inv5tions1 etc41 want$ by manufactur]s & o!rs probably _c be p]fect$ until suitable new k is f\nd4 ,e new inv5tion has its own appropriate discov]ies1 by means ( :i* alone x c be p]fect$2 x 0 n possible to p]fect ! idea ( an electric telegraph be=e ! discov]ies ( ,volta & ,o]/$ 7 made4 ,accord+ to sci5tific laws1 out ( ev]y?+ proce$s ev]y?+1 & out ( no?+1 no?+ c come1 ev5 ideas are n creat$4 ,an unlimit$ numb] ( inv5tions _c be made by means ( a limit$ am\nt ( sci5tific k2 & our pres5t /ock ( su* in=mation applicable to #gc inv5tion1 is v insuffici5t4 ,"o great reason :y only a small portion ( pat5ts are ( practical value2 & s _m useless ones are tak5 out is1 t 9 consequ5ce ( our s-call$ practical _s1 we ov]e/imate ! p[] ( inv5tion & "u-value ! discov]y ( new ab/ract tru?s2 because also inv5tion has done s mu*1 we ?9k x w cont9ue to d s1 b ! latt] dep5ds ^u a cont9u$ supply ( discov]ies4 ,ne>ly e manufactur] is aw>e by pa9ful exp]i5ce ( ! great & almo/ incessant v>iation t occurs 9 ! quality & prop]ties ( ! mat]ials us$ 9 8 trade1 & ! frequ5t risk ( failure ( 8 process4 ,9 ! manufacture ( iron1 = example1 ! pres5ce ( mu* phosphorus1 sulphur1 or silicon 9 ! ore is liable to be v detrim5tal to ! quality ( ! iron produc$ f x2 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 ! lea/ quantity ( iron 9 ! mat]ials w s]i\sly injure ! col\r ( ! product2 9 ! selection ( copp] = telegraph wire1 if x conta9s ! lea/ trace ( ars5ic1 ! wire w n conduct ! electricity prop]ly4 ,! difficulties exp]i5c$ 9 procur+ suitable mat]ials = a manufactur+ process are 9 "s cases v great2 & :5 !y are procur$1 additional difficulties arise f ! inability ( ! manufactur] or 8 manag] to analyse !m4 ,e manufactur] is also aw>e t ! difficulties enc\nt]$ 9 manufactures are n limit$ to ! sub/ances employ$1 b ext5d to all ! diff]5t #gd processes & /ages ( processes ?r\gh :i* ^! sub/ances h to pass1 & to all ! =ces1 tools1 ma*9]y1 & appliances employ$ 9 ^? processes2 9 ! manufacture ( glass1 = example1 ! greate/ c>e has to be ex]cis$ 9 ! mak+ & gradual heat+ ( ! pots 9 :i* ! glass is melt$1 ! proportions ( ! mat]ials1 ! con/ruction ( ! furnaces1 ! managem5t ( ! heat1 & a :ole ho/ ( m9or conditions too num]\s to m5tion1 all ( :i* mu/ be att5d$ to ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,9 ! manufacture ( iron & /eel1 ! smelt+ ( copp]1 ! ref9+ ( nickel1 ! prep>ation & bak+ ( porcela91 & 9 _m o!r trades1 innum]able difficulties1 all hav+ _! orig9 9 ! prop]ties ( matt] & =ces1 cont9ually beset ! manufactur]s4 ,9 "s cases difficulties occur :i* p]plex bo? ! workman & ! sci5tific man call$ 9 to 8 aid1 & s f> f an unsci5tific workman be+ able to ov]come !m1 ev5 ) ! aid ( ! sci5tific man1 he is unable to d s4 ,! hidd5 difficulties :i* beset a manufactur] are n unfrequ5tly s inscrutable t ! pres5t /ate ( k 9 sci5ce fails to expla9 !m4 ,:o c tell :y x is t wire-"w ( brass or ,g]man silv] becomes gradually brittle by lapse ( "t8 ,or :y v>ni% made 9 ! op5 c\ntry has diff]5t prop]ties f t made 9 a t[n8 ,or :y silk dy$ 9 ,lyons %\ld possess a f9] col\r ?an ! same silk dy$ by ! same process 9 ,cov5try8 #ge ,) our pres5t extremely imp]fect k ( ,physical & ,*emical sci5ce1 we c p]haps h>dly =m an idea ( ! am\nt ( k yet to be discov]$ respect+ ! ph5om5a :i* manufactures pres5t4 ,"o ( ! inevitable results ( ^! difficulties 9 manufactur+ processes & ( defici5cy ( k1 is ! production ( a l>ge am\nt ( goods ( an inf]ior quality2 & useless goods1 te*nically call$ wa/]s1 ! co/ ( :i* has to be laid ^u ! saleable ones1 & ?us ! price ( ! latt] is enhanc$ to ! consum]4 ,= in/ance1 fl9t glass discol\r$ by iron has sometimes to be sold at a loss = mak+ common enamel2 wa/e w9d[ glass has to be sold z rock]y = ornam5t+ g>d5s1 & defective articles ( glass or metal h to be re-melt$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is want ( new k1 manufactur]s cont9ue to suff] losses :i* might be avoid$2 high prices ( useful articles are ma9ta9$2 defects 9 _! quality are n improv$2 prev5table accid5ts /ill cont9ue to happ52 ! heal? ( workm5 cont9ues to suff]2 _m means ( cur+ diseases rema9 unkn[n2 m$ical practice rema9s full ( empiricism1 c41 c4 ,! great sewage "q is app>5tly 9 ?is pr$icam5t2 we are probably try+ to solve x )\t fir/ discov]+ ! requisite k2 inv5tors1 eng9e]s1 & consult+ *emi/s h rack$ _! bra9s1 & h n be5 able to devise a satisfactory #gf rem$y1 & mean:ile ! heal? ( ! entire population ( ?is c\ntry is suff]+4 ,if we s neglect ! fundam5tal means ( ameliorat+ our condition we des]ve to suff]4 ,"o w\ld suppose t *ol]a1 contagi\s diseases1 colli]y accid5ts1 pollution ( air & wat]1 enorm\s wa/e ( heat f fires1 & a multitude ( o!r evils :i* dep5d ^u physical & *emical conditions1 are ( b little importance1 t we %\ld s neglect "o ( ! mo/ effectual means ( prev5t+ !m2 & x is p]fectly cle> t by neglect+ to aid rese>*1 ^? :o ga9 s mu* money & advantage f orig9al sci5ce1 & r5d] no return1 are unwitt+ly sacrific+ national int]e/s ^u a l>ge scale to p]sonal b5efit4 ,! practice ( "s manufactur]s us+ & d]iv+ great pr(it f new k evolv$ by rese>*1 )\t recomp5s+ ! discov]]s1 sometimes causes injury to ! public welf>e by prev5t+ ! publication ( discov]ies :i* h an imm$iate practical application4 ,exp]i5ce ( ?is k9d has con/ra9$ me to po/pone ! publication ( a me?od ,i h f\nd ( readily & quickly conv]t+ lumps ( :ite phosphorus into ! r$ v>iety 9 a /ate ( p[d] )\t protract$ heat or gr9d+4 ,:at w be ! next *apt] ( ,briti% ent]prise & inv5tion1 & :o & :]e ! m5 to p]=m ! *ief "p 9 x8 ,z to ! "w to be done1 !re c be no d\bt or my/]y1 = n a day passes #gg )\t l\d compla9ts1 indignant remon/rances1 fatal ov]sights1 sad mis-calculations1 t]rible %ortcom+s1 social or mat]ial evils to be rem$i$ if possible1 :ole masses ( p1 inde$ :ole classes to be succ\r$ & lift$ out ( ! sl\gh1 & enorm\s difficulties plac$ by nature 9 our way evid5tly t we may ex]cise our wit & our virtues 9 ! attempt to ov]come !m4 ,"h1 f all ^! ,isles1 !re arises a despair+ cry f agriculture1 z if x _h really rea*$ ! end ( its te!r1 & _h f\nd itself l&$ 9 utt] helplessness & insolv5cy--a bad speculation altoge!r4 ,"h are c\ntless problems1 & at ! same "t c\ntless discov]ies1 :i* if !y lead to no?+ else1 prove ! inexhau/ible nature ( our dom9ion ov] ! elem5ts4 ,!n1 = ! sea1 ) its t]rible av]age ( wreck & total loss runn+ on )\t int]mission & ) b r>e abatem5t1 :o %all say !re is "h no "w = ! discov]] & inv5tor :o w give 8 he>t & s\l & m9d to x8 ,x is inde$ high "t1 t by means ( discov]ies :i* w enable u to pr$ict ) c]ta9ty ! nature ( com+ seasons1 we %all be bett] enabl$ to cope ) adv]sities 9 agriculture2 also1 t ! num]\s wrecks1 & ! ?\s&s ( lives lo/ ) !m e ye> on our coa/s1 %\ld be dim9i%$4 ,b ^! desirable results _c be effect$ by inv5tion bas$ ^u insuffici5t k2 inv5tion mu/ be prec$$ by g5]al z well z special rese>*1 because ! =m] (t5 discloses important #gh tru?s :i* we _c pr$ict4 ,our pres5t electric lights 9 light-h\ses & on l>ge ocean /eam]s1 _h _! orig91 n 9 direct inv5tions or special rese>*es = ! purpose1 b 9 ab/ract rese>*es on app>5tly remote subjects4 ,x is no?+ less ?an a national crime t prop] provision has n yet be5 made = inve/igat+ sci5tifically ! causes ( fam9e & pe/il5ce1 also physiology & pa?ology1 & ! discov]y ( ! laws :i* regulate diseases & epidemics4 ,:at c be m pa9ful to behold ?an a "m & fa!r depriv$ ( a :ole family ( five or six *ildr5 9 rapid succession by sc>lat9a or o!r contagi\s disease1 & bo? ! p>5ts & m$ical m5 utt]ly unable to save !m2 & ?is is a common occurr5ce4 ,p]sons :o are ignorant ( sci5ce look ) an abject feel+ ( helplessness ^u great national calamities1 & ev5 ^u private afflictions1 su* z a local epidemic1 z if !re 0 absolutely no rem$y1 :il/ sci5tific m5 believe t by ext5sion ( k1 su* evils might be l>gely avoid$ or prev5t$4 ,_m p]sons h[ev]1 actuat$ by ! v k9de/ ( motives1 b insuffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! necessity1 conditions1 results1 & advantages ( exp]im5ts1 unwitt+ly ob/ruct ! discov]y ( new k 9 physiology & pa?ology1 by attempt+ to prev5t exp]im5ts be+ made ^u animals4 ,we %\ld n /ra9 at a gnat & swall[ a camel4 ,ne>ly e /ep 9 life involves a *oice #gi betwe5 two alt]natives1 & ?is is ! case ) exp]im5ts ^u liv+ creatures1 ei!r su* exp]im5ts mu/ be made1 or ! :olesale slaught] ( m5 & o!r animals1 by pe/il5ces1 epidemics1 small-pox1 foot & m\? disease1 c41 mu/ cont9ue4 ,_m ( ! prop]ties ( liv+ bodies1 l ^? ( dead ones1 c only be asc]ta9$ by means ( exp]im5ts1 no o!r c\rse is possible2 & ! k s obta9$ enables u n only to prolong ! lives b also to alleviate ! suff]+s ( all k9ds ( liv+ creatures4 ,ne>ly all our m$ical & surgical k has be5 obta9$ by obs]vation & /udy1 ei!r ( ! results ( exp]im5ts made by ourselves1 or by ! c\rse ( nature = u2 & ! =m] is (t5 att5d$ by immeasurably less pa9 & exp5ce ?an ! latt]4 ,no "o :o has ev] made 9 a prop] mann] new exp]im5ts1 w\ld v5ture to ass]t t valuable k is n ga9$ by !m2 & ?is /atem5t is z correct ( exp]im5ts 9 physiology z 9 all ! o!r sci5ces4 ,! total am\nt ( pa9 inflict$ ^u animals by vivisection exp]im5ts 9 ?is c\ntry is inf9itesimally small--because1 fir/ly1 ! proportion ( exp]im5tali/s 9 s-call$ vivisection1 does n am\nt to "o p]son 9 "o million ( our inhabitants3--secondly1 /ud5ts _c be induc$ to ent] ^u sci5tific rese>* 9 physiology1 because su* lab\r is unrew>d$1 ei!r by enabl+ !m to obta9 c]tificates1 degrees1 or money4 ,:atev] pa9 also1 #hj is inflict$ 9 su* exp]im5ts1 is by m5 ( ! highe/ em95ce 9 physiology1 & !re=e by ! mo/ compet5t p]sons4 ,exp]im5tal rese>* is an occupation requir+ an exceptional k9d ( ability & exp]i5ce2 & p]sons :o h nev] made exp]im5ts1 nor /udi$ _! relation to human welf>e1 are l>gely incompet5t to det]m9e :5 & h[ !y %\ld be made1 ! real effects ( !m1 or ! value ( ! k !y af=d4 ,to p]sons inexp]i5c$ 9 sci5tific rese>*1 _m exp]im5ts appe> useless1 :i* h great practical value1 ei!r imm$iately or at a lat] p]iod4 ,our greate/ curse is ignorance2 & k1 by enabl+ u to avoid ! fatal effects ( pe/il5ces1 & epidemics1 is z necess>y z food to mank9d4 ,! ,anti-vivisection movem5t h[ev] is b "o ( ! phases ( ! ev]-exi/+ conflict betwe5 ! advanc+ & ret>d+ sections ( mank9d4 ,great] sympa?y ) suff]+ accompanies great] civilization4 ,! increas$ humanity ( ! pres5t age ov] t ( previ\s ones1 is l>gely due to ! discov]y & ext5sion ( new sci5tific k4 ,sci5ce1 by %[+ m cle>ly to man 8 true position 9 nature & 9 relation to 8 fell[-m5 & o!r animals1 has r5d]$ m evid5t ! concrete fact1 t ! happ9ess ( ea* dep5ds ^u ! happ9ess ( all1 & ! happ9ess & welf>e ( all ^u t ( ea* individual4 ,x has also op]at$ 9 a m app>5t1 ?\gh less #ha important way1 by inculcat+ bett] sy/ems ( hygi5e1 improv$ sanit>y arrangem5ts1 c1 c4 ,x is n to ! zeal ( anti-vivisectioni/s1 b to ! well-direct$ lab\rs ( exp]im5tal m$ical m51 t mank9d are indebt$ = ! discov]y & inv5tion ( ne>ly e kn[n me?od ( prev5t+ & alleviat+ animal suff]+ & ( prolong+ human life4 ,?is /atem5t is true ( vacc9ation1 ! use ( *lor(orm 9 g5]al surg]y1 d5ti/ry1 & midwif]y1 ( c>bolic acid spray 9 surgical op]ations2 ! abolition ( ! practice ( se>+ amputat$ limbs ) a r$-hot iron2 & _m o!r improvem5ts4 ,f]ri]'s comp>atively rec5t vivisection exp]im5ts h already enabl$ m$ical m5 to treat m successfully ^? =midable diseases1 epilepsy & abcess ( ! bra94 ,:at ?is nation badly requires1 is n less exp]im5tal rese>*1 b m4 ,:5 fam9es result f insuffici5cy ( ,sol> heat1 in/ead ( inve/igat+ ! conditions ( ! ,sun's surface to enable u to pr$ict _! occurr5ce & provide accord+ly1 we all[ !m to come ^u u 9 our unprep>$ /ate & produce _! fe>ful effects4 ,:5 contagi\s disease ov]takes u1 :at d we d8 ,in/ead ( previ\sly employ+ & pay+ sci5tific inve/igators to make exp]im5ts 9 physiological & *emical sci5ce1 to enable u to combat x successfully1 we va9ly attempt to apply our pres5t /ock ( *emical & physiological k to w>d (f ! difficulty4 ,:5 high price ( fuel int]v5es1 in/ead #hb ( previ\sly giv+ discov]]s ! means ( f9d+ new pr9ciples relat+ to heat1 & to *emical1 & electrical action1 we ineffectually endeav\r by means ( inv5tion1 to economise fuel4 ,^! are ! pott]+1 %ort-sight$1 & ignorant ways 9 :i* ! great ,engli% nation temporises ) great evils1 & p]mits national welf>e to be sacrific$ to private ga91 in/ead ( employ+ = ! discov]y ( new k "s ( t sup]flu\s weal? :i* 9 _m in/ances is a curse to its possessors4 99 99 99 99 99 #hc ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ------ ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,basis ,,( ,,m5tal ,,& ,,moral ,,progress4#ab ,x is n highly necess>y aft] :at has be5 already said 9 ^! pages1 to adduce mu* evid5ce to %[ t sci5tific discov]ies1 ei!r directly or ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! inv5tions bas$ ^u !m1 h be5 a great cause ( m5tal & moral progress4 ,z h[ev] !re are _m p]sons :o d n p]ceive ! dep5d5ce ( su* progress1 & especially ( moral advance1 ^u sci5ce1 a few ( ! *ief relations ( ^? subjects to ea* o!r may be po9t$ out4 ,! dep5d5ce ( m5tal progress ^u sci5ce may be r5d]$ manife/ 9 sev]al ways3--#a/4 ,by %[+ t new sci5tific k is cont9ually ext5d+ & modify+ our views ( exi/+ ?+s4 #bnd4 ,t inv5tions bas$ ^u sci5tific discov]ies h aid$ & ext5d$ our m5tal p[]s3--#crd4 ,t m5tal ph5om5a may be made ! subject ( exp]im5t1 obs]vation1 analysis1 & #hd inf]5ce3--#d?4 ,t ! crit]ia ( tru?1 & ! m5tal p[]s & processes employ$ = discov]+ & detect+ tru?1 are ! same 9 m5tal z 9 physical sci5ce1 &1 #e?4 ,t m5tal action is subject to ! great pr9ciples & laws ( sci5ce4 ,& moral progress may be prov$ to h a sci5tific basis3--#a/4 ,by %ew+ t moral actions are a class ( m5tal actions1 & !re=e subject to ! same fundam5tal laws & influ5ces3--#bnd4 ,t ! discov]y ( new sci5tific k1 & ! use ( inv5tions bas$ ^u x1 (t5 conduce to morality3--#crd4 ,t moral ph5om5a may be made ! subject ( exp]im5t1 obs]vation1 analysis1 & inf]5ce3--#d?4 ,t ! crit]ia ( tru?1 & ! m5tal faculties & processes employ$1 9 discov]+ tru?1 are ! same 9 moral z 9 physical sci5ce3--#e?4 ,t ! fundam5tal rules ( morality are subject to ! great pr9ciples ( sci5ce3--#f?4 ,t moral improvem5t foll[s 9 ! wake ( sci5tific advance3--& #g?4 ,by %[+ ! moral influ5ce ( exp]im5tal rese>* 9 imp>t+ ! sci5tific _s2 promot+ a love ( tru?2 dispell+ ignorance & sup]/ition2 detect+ error2 imp>t+ c]ta9ty & accuracy to our k2 inculcat+ ob$i5ce to law2 produc+ uni=mity ( belief2 aid+ economy & cleanl9ess1 promot+ humanity1 c1 c4 ,ea* ( ^! w be treat$ ) extreme brevity4 ,,m5tal ,,progress4 ,! *ief object ( ?is *apt] is only to %ew #he t m5tal action is l>gely consi/5t ) ! great pr9ciples ( sci5ce2 n t 9 our pres5t /ate ( k1 m5tal ph5om5a c be entirely expla9$ by !m1 or t m5tal actions involve no?+ m ?an physical & *emical processes4 ,t m5tal progress is advanc$ by sci5tific discov]y is a common circum/ance4 ,our ideas ( facts1 our k ( g5]al pr9ciples1 our views ( man1 ( nature1 & ( ! ,univ]se2 & ev5 our modes ( ?\ght1 h be5 gradually & pr(\ndly *ang$ by ! new k acquir$ by means ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,?is tru? is capable ( be+ mo/ ext5sively illu/rat$ by a multitude ( facts 9 ! :ole ( ! sci5ces1 & 9 ! arts1 manufactures1 & o!r subjects dep5d5t ^u sci5ce4 ,= example1 9 a/ronomy1 great *anges1 produc$ by ! results ( sci5tific discov]y h tak5 place 9 our ideas respect+ ! magnitude ( ,space & ( ! ,heav5ly bodies1 ! con/itution1 =m1 & motion ( ! ,e>?1 ! functions ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 ! di/ances ( ! ,sun & fix$ ,/>s1 ! nature ( eclipses & comets2 & a great _m o!r matt]s4 ,9 t]re/rial physics1 ! m5tal advances h be5 equally great 9 our ideas respect+ ! causes ( tides & ( w9ds1 ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e1 ! exi/5ce & c\rse ( ! ,gulf ,/ream1 ! physical conditions ( ! ,equator & ,poles1 ! conditions ^u :i* day & night1 summ] & w9t] dep5d1 ! dep? ( ! ocean1 ! height ( ! atmosph]e1 ! cause ( ra9b[s1 ( #hf ra91 hail1 sn[1 mi/ & dew1 ( ?und] & lightn+1 ! composition ( air1 wat]1 m9]al1 & organic sub/ances1 & o!r mo/ num]\s & v>i$ ph5om5a4 ,9 ! subjects ( heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 *emi/ry1 vegetable & animal physiology1 psy*ology & morality1 & ! m concrete subjects dep5d+ ^u !m1 su* z politics1 trade1 comm]ce1 gov]nm5t1 c41 our ideas h equally advanc$1 9 consequ5ce ( sci5tific rese>*2 & to fully describe ! m5tal progress result+ f discov]y 9 ne>ly all bran*es ( human k w\ld require a s]ies ( books to be writt5 on ! ,hi/ory ( all ! ,sci5ces4 ,o!r causes also1 :i* ,i ne$ h>dly m5tion1 besides sci5tific discov]y1 h ( c\rse contribut$ to ! m5tal progress ( mank9d4 ,we arrive at true ideas1 n only by ! m c]ta9 & sy/ematic process employ$ 9 sci5tific rese>*1 b l>gely also by ! unc]ta9 me?od ( tru/+ to in/9ct & habit1 by adopt+ dogmatic op9ions1 & by ! semi-sci5tific plan ( foll[+ empirical rules4 ,dogma & empiricism1 9 ne>ly all subjects1 has r5d]$ imm5se s]vice to mank9d4 ,contemporane\sly ) ! progress produc$ by new k1 ! m5tal condition ( man has be5 ma9ta9$ & prev5t$ f rec$+1 by ! comb9$ influ5ce ( h]$it>y m5tal proclivity1 acquir$ habit1 promulgation ( dogmatic op9ions & empirical rules1 & by previ\sly kn[n v]ifi$ tru?4 ,religi\s #hg belief has ?us be5 ! =]unn] ( ,sci5ce4 ,dogma & empiricism are indisp5sable ag5ts ( civilization2 !y _c be disp5s$ ) by ! great mass ( mank9d1 :o h n ! "t at comm&1 nor possess ! o!r means1 necess>y = acquir+ v]ifi$ k4 ,!y af=d r\gh & ready guides & useful rule ( ?umb me?ods1 ?\gh less c]ta9 & less accurate ?an ^? af=d$ by v]ifi$ & def9ite sci5ce4 ,t v>i\s inv5tions1 bas$ ^u sci5tific discov]ies1 h greatly aid$ & ext5d$ our m5tal p[]s is q c]ta94 ,! discov]y ( ! prop]ties ( a mixture ( solution ( nutgalls & gre5 vitriol1 has1 ?r\gh ! inv5tion ( ink1 ex]cis$ an imm5se influ5ce 9 promot+ ! m5tal developem5t ( mank9d2 & ! discov]y ( ! prop]ties ( esp>to grass & o!r mat]ials = mak+ pap] has contribut$ to ?is result4 ,e discov]y also result+ 9 inv5tions :i* facilitat$ ! transmission ( intellig5ce has _h a simil> effect4 ,among/ ^! are magnetism1 :i*1 9 ! m>9]'s compass greatly assi/$ navigation & ! conveyance ( lett]s by sea2 & ! /eam eng9e :i* facilitat$ ! transmission ( lett]s by l& & by wat]2 ! electric telegraph1 ! telephone1 & o!r contrivances = transmitt+ ideas1 h also greatly promot$ m5tal advance4 ,! /eam eng9e1 by l>gely aboli%+ physical drudg]y1 gave "t = /udy & m5tal & moral improvem5t4 ,x has be5 said t x is impossible to lay d[n a #hh railway )\t creat+ an improv$ intellectual influ5ce4 ,x is probable t ,watt & ,/eph5son w ev5tually modify ! op9ions ( mank9d1 almo/ z pr(\ndly z ,lu!r & ,voltaire4 ,photography has ex]cis$ an imm5se intellectual influ5ce ( an improv$ k9d1 by mak+ common to all mank9d views ( ! beautiful sc5]y ( all p>ts ( our globe1 & portraits ( individuals ( all nations & ( all classes ( society4 ,processes ( pr9t+ f electrotype plates1 pictures & lett]-press1 ^u ! pap] wrapp]s us$ by groc]s & o!r tradesm51 h also c>ri$ into ! homes ( millions ( poor p]sons tru?ful ideas & an improv$ intellectual influ5ce4 ,! inv5tion ( /eel p5s1 ( :i* a ?\s& millions are made ye>ly 9 ,birm+ham alone1 mu/ also h consid]ably aid$ intellectual progress4 ,! v>i\s calculat+ ma*9es us$ by m]*ants1 ! copy+ presses1 papyrographs1 & ! num]\s inv5tions = copy+ & multiply+ lett]s & circul>s & = dome/ic pr9t+1 h sav$ intellectual toil1 & promot$ ! diffusion ( intellig5ce4 ,^! are only a few ( ! num]\s ways 9 :i* inv5tions bas$ ^u sci5tific discov]ies1 h result$ 9 m5tal progress4 ,less p]haps has be5 done 9 ! way ( actual def9ite sci5tific exp]im5ts ^u m5tal actions & processes ?an 9 almo/ any o!r dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 & ?is is p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! o!r sci5ces require to be l>gely advanc$ be=e we c use !m to exam9e m5tal action1 #hi & p>tly also because 7z occasionally happ5s7 ! latt] has be5 a neglect$ subject ( rese>*4 ,dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s h[ev]1 v>i\s exp]im5tal inve/igations h be5 made1 especially by ,dond]s 9 ,holl&1 & ,mosso 9 ,tur91 = ! purpose ( elucidat+ ! physical conditions ( m5tal action2 & x has be5 f\nd t in/ead ( an act ( ?\ght be+ in/antane\s1 z 0 =m]ly believ$1 x requires a v>iable "t4#ac ,num]\s desultory exp]im5ts made ^u dream]s1 & ) drugs1 alcohol1 c41 ^u p]sons 9 ! wak+ /ate1 also prove t m5tal ph5om5a are am5able to sci5tific rese>*4 ,f4 ,galton has ev5 propos$ exp]im5ts & me?ods = measur+ ! m5tal faculties ( diff]5t p]sons4#ad ,! effects ( excit+ diff]5t p>ts ( ! bra9 ( animals by means ( electric curr5ts1 & ! localization ( ! functions ( ! bra9 effect$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,f]ri]1 ,hirtzig & o!rs1 also t5d to ?r[ fur!r light ^u m5tal ph5om5a4 ,! fact alone t m5tal actions & conditions may be made ! subject ( exp]im5t1 & consequ5tly ( obs]vation1 comp>ison1 analysis & inf]5ce1 proves t !y may be r5d]$ s\rces ( new facts & pr9ciples1 & are !re=e )9 ! doma9 ( sci5ce4 ,z ! dep5d5ce ( m5tal ph5om5a ^u physical conditions has be5 cle>ly demon/rat$1 an ext5sive r$uction ( !m to sci5tific laws is only a "q ( "t & lab\r4 #ij ,! pr9ciples ( nature & ! modes ( m5tal action are ! same = all m54 ,x necess>ily foll[s f ! ess5tial nature ( tru? & ! inv>iability ( ! *ief me?ods ( detect+ x1 t ! crit]ia ( tru? 9 m5tal sci5ce1 & ! m5tal p[]s & processes by :i* tru? is arriv$ at & detect$ 9 t sci5ce1 are ess5tially ! same z 9 ! physiological1 *emical1 & physical ones4 ,9 ea* ( ^! subjects1 we fir/1 ei!r ) or )\t ! aid ( exp]im5t1 make obs]vations1 record facts1 comp>e !m1 & draw conclusions f our comp>isons2 we also gr\p ! facts1 & ! conclusions1 9 e possible way1 & !n draw o!r conclusions2 we also analyse1 comb9e1 & p]mutate ! v>i\s tru?s arriv$ at1 & cross exam9e ! evid5ce 9 e possible mann] 9 ord] to extract f x ! greate/ am\nt ( new k4 ,& 9 ea* case we employ z ! crit]ia ( tru?1 ! te/ ( consi/5cy ) ! :ole ( ! evid5ce be>+ ^u ! case1 & especially ) ! great pr9ciples ( sci5ce4 ,we det]m9e :at is true1 *iefly by comp>ison ) ^? pr9ciples1 because !y are ! mo/ firmly e/abli%$ true ones & ! mo/ univ]sal4 ,!re is no royal road to tru?1 & no special m5tal faculty = detect+ x 9 any subject2 & x is 9 consequ5ce ( our m5tal faculties be+ s v f9ite t we h no easi] way ( arriv+ at tru?4 ,no dogmatic tea*+ c ev]1 except by accid5t1 fully expla9 to man ! true nature ( m9d2 & #ia only 9 proportion z man becomes enlight5$ by ext5sion ( new sci5tific k1 especially 9 physiology1 w he be able to view himself 9 a true aspect ap>t f 8 consci\sness4 ,sci5ce p5etrates deep] ?an metaphysical speculation1 into ! nature ( m5tal action1 *iefly because metaphysics deals only ) old ideas1 :il/ sci5ce furni%es u ) new exp]i5ce & !re=e ) new conceptions & wid] evid5ce4 ,fallacies are v preval5t1 e subject ( human /udy is liable to a v l>ge class ( errors aris+ f ! extremely imp]fect /ate ( our k1 & 9 v few subjects is our ignorance z great z 9 t ( m5tal & moral ph5om5a4 ,e diff]5t subject ( /udy also1 has1 9 consequ5ce ( its special peculi>ities1 its own peculi> class ( fallacies1 into :i* ! /ud5t ( x is likely to be l$1 unless he is previ\sly gu>d$ aga9/ !m4 ,9 accordance ) ?is tru?1 ! /udy ( man's nature1 especially ! m5tal & moral portions1 is p>ticul>ly liable to a class ( errors aris+ f ! circum/ance1 t ! ph5om5a to be obs]v$ & ! obs]v+ p[] are intimately connect$ toge!r1 ea* influ5c+ & di/urb+ ! o!r4 ,! ob/acles to our arriv+ at tru? 9 ! /udy ( m5tal & moral actions1 are great] & m frequ5t1 ! m ne>ly & intimately relat$ ! ph5om5a to be obs]v$ & contemplat$1 are to ! obs]v+ & contemplat+ faculty1 or r to ! contemplative action4 ,:5 ! two m5tal #ib actions are extremely intimate1 z :5 att5tion is direct$ to ! action ( w 7:i* is itself a consci\s act ( att5tion7 undi/urb$ ?\ght becomes v difficult2 & :5 fur!r1 ! contemplative faculty attempts to contemplate itself1 z :5 consci\sness attempts to obs]ve consci\sness1 9 ord] to def9e x1 ! attempt results 9 almo/ complete failure1 probably because ! two actions 7obs]v+ & be+ obs]v$7 be+ opposite 9 k9d1 _c coexi/ at ! same "t 9 ! same /ructure4 ,k ( ! exact nature ( consci\sness !re=e1 w probably only be arriv$ at by indirect means1 :5 physiological & o!r k is suffici5tly advanc$4 ,consci\sness1 :5 uncorrect$ by suffici5t k & inf]5ce1 is a great s\rce ( error4 ,t :i* we feel1 we ?9k exi/s :e!r x does or n1 until ! subject is correctly expla9$ to u4 ,! incessant & irresi/ible obtrusion ( consci\sness ex]cises dom9ion ov] e m9d1 ev5 ( our greate/ ?9k]s1 & causes di/urbance & int]ruption 9 ne>ly e tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,x is l>gely ! cause ( "s ( our mo/ g5]al ideas & emotions & ins5sibly influ5ces our views ( man & nature4 ,x produces true impressions z well z errone\s ones4 ,x is a cause ( ! feel+ t an occult _s exi/s )9 u indep5d5t ( our mat]ial /ructure4 ,comb9$ ) ! almo/ equally p]si/5t impression ( ! uni=mity ( nature1 x l>gely produces ! idea t ! _s )9 u1 #ic w live & be active = ev]4 ,& by unit+ ) ! frequ5t impressions ( failure ( our ef=ts & desire = m p]fect enjoym5t1 x l>gely orig9ates ! idea ( ev]la/+ happ9ess4 ,x is 9 accordance ) mod]n sci5tific k1 to view ! m9d1 n z a collection ( di/9ct faculties1 b r z a s+le k9d ( p[]1 l ea* ( ! physical =ces1 hav+ sev]al diff]5t modes ( action2 & z t :i* p]ceives1 ?9ks1 & wills4 ,its on5ess is %ewn by its inability to be simultane\sly occupi$ by sev]al div]se feel+s1 ?\ghts1 or volitions1 & by our incapacity to ?9k ( _m v>i$ ideas at once2 ! m ideas also or objects we attempt to p]ceive at once1 ! less we realize ( ea*4 ,9 proportion z ! m9d is engag$ ^u "o idea1 s is x also unable to be occupi$ ) ano!r4 ,/rong feel+s exclude intellectual action4 ,! m9d c only execute sev]al actions at a "t1 provid$ !y h be5 r5d]$ m or less automatic by habit1 c41 b z all m5tal acts are 9 diff]5t degrees imp]fectly automatic1 & require m or less att5tion1 & ea* individual m9d is limit$ 9 its p[]1 e su* act )draws a portion ( att5tion f ! m engross+ ideas4 ,p[] ( m9d & p[] ( ma9ta9+ att5tion are ne>ly synonym\s4 ,! recognis$ fundam5tal elem5ts ( m9d are ,receptivity & ,p]ception ( impression3 ,ret5tiv5ess ( impression3 ,p]ception ( agreem5t 7or simil>ity7 ( impression3 & ,p]ception ( diff]5ce #id ( impression4 ,all purely m5tal acts appe> to be resolvable into ^!4 ,_m p]sons /ill ent]ta9 ! idea t m5tal actions are l>gely indep5d5t ( ! natural conditions to :i* physiological1 *emical1 & physical ph5om5a are subject4 ,! unsci5tific m9d is readily beguil$ by easy s*emes ( m5tal action1 or simple sy/ems ( m5tal & moral philosophy1 unaw>e t great ab/ract tru?s (t5 require deep ?\ght to discov] !m1 or ev5 to p]ceive !m :5 discov]$ & publi%$4 ,a false notion1 :i* is cle> & precise1 w always meet a great] numb] ( adh]5ts 9 ! _w ?an a true pr9ciple :i* is obscure4 ,x is n until unsci5tific p]sons h become us$ to advanc$ sci5tific ideas & nom5clature1 & k z s f> progress$ z to enable ?9k+ m5 to illu/rate ^? ideas freely 9 famili> language1 t great ab/ract tru?s are believ$ by ! public4 ,! ord9>y & simple !ory ( ! op]ations ( ! human m9d is1 t !y (t5 arise )\t any cause1 & are frequ5tly n ob$i5t to ord9>y influ5ces1 & ?is idea is /ill ent]ta9$ & promulgat$ ev5 by "s ( our mo/ popul> m9i/]s ( tru?4 ,x is !re=e necess>y 9 ord] to fur!r prove t new sci5tific k is really a basis ( m5tal progress1 to po9t out a few ( ! *ief ways 9 :i* m5tal action ess5tially dep5ds on sci5tific pr9ciples1 & to adduce a few in/ances 9 :i* o!r sub/ances ?an bra9 exhibit ess5tially simil> ph5om5a4 ,to #ie %ew ?is h[ev] 9 a m satisfactory mann] w\ld require a l>ge treatise to be writt5 ^u ! subject4 ,! human bra9 & m9d are evid5tly subject to ! ord9>y laws ( matt] & en]gy4 ,receptivity & ret5tiv5ess ( impression is n only a prop]ty ( bra91 b ( all solid matt] )\t exception4 ,mos]'s pictures1 & ,*9ese mirrors1 ! impressions on ea* be+ reproducible by w>m brea?1 are examples ( ?is4 ,& z ^! two prop]ties are fundam5tal elem5ts ( m9d1 !y mu/ be pres5t 9 & ess5tial to1 e m5tal action4 ,all ph5om5a require "t & all matt] occupies space2 ?\ght & bra9 are no exception to ?is4 ,:il/ all p]sons say ,i mu/ h "t to ?9k1 _m believe t ?\ght is in/antane\s4 ,"t is a necess>y condition ( all ?\ght1 & !re=e ( all comp>ison1 inf]5ce1 imag9ation1 & m5tal analysis2 x takes "t ev5 to =m an idea1 or draw an inf]5ce f x1 & ! two _c be =m$ simultane\sly4 ,pr(essor ,dond]s1 ( ,utre*t1 has inv5t$ :at he t]ms a ,noemata*ograph = regi/]+ ! am\nt ( "t occupi$ 9 m5tal processes1 & by ! aid ( t in/rum5t has asc]ta9$ t ! "t requir$ by a man ( middle age to p]=m a s+le act ( simple ?\ght is ab\t "o tw5ty-fif? "p ( a second4 ,x has also be5 asc]ta9$ t ! "t requir$ is long] 9 "s p]sons ?an 9 o!rs2 & long] if ! #if subject ( ?\ght is "o ) :i* ! ?9k] is n famili>4 ,mosso1 by means ( an in/rum5t :i* he calls a ,ple?ysmograph1 has %ewn1 t dur+ m5tal action1 ei!r 9 ! wak+ /ate1 or 9 dream+1 !re is a great] am\nt ( blood det]m9$ to ! bra91 & m dur+ difficult ?an dur+ easy m5tal action4 ,^! are in/ances ( sci5tific rese>* ca/+ a light ^u m5tal processes4 ,coexi/5ce ( matt] & en]gy is ano!r great tru? :i* appe>s to be applicable to all nature2 :]ev] !re is matt]1 !re is ei!r active or /or$ up p[]2 & z p>ticul> =ms ( en]gy are 9 "s cases mo/ exhibit$ by p>ticul> k9ds ( sub/ance1 7z magnetism by iron71 s m9d is associat$ ) liv+ bra94 ,z also we nev] see ! physical p[]s exhibit$ except by mat]ial sub/ance1 s h we nev] yet obs]v$ m5tal action 9 a space devoid ( mat]ial4 ,! mo/ p]fect vacuum yet produc$ conta9s _m millions ( p>ticles ( sub/ance 9 ea* cubic in*4 ,( all ! c\ntless numb] ( sci5tific ph5om5a obs]v$ s9ce m5 h be5 able to reliably inve/igate1 n "o has af=d$ u conclusive evid5ce ( m5tal action entirely indep5d5t ( ^! conditions4 ,9 accordance also ) ! usual tru? 9 sci5ce1 t complicat$ action requires complex /ructures2 m9d1 be+ ! mo/ intricate action1 is manife/$ by ! mo/ complicat$ body4 ,m9d1 l ea* ( ! physical =ces may be #ig view$ z a mode ( en]gy2 x is ess5tially dynamic2 activity or *ange1 )9 or )\t u1 appe>s to be ! orig9al s\rce ( all our m5tal impressions1 & ! cause ( _! re-excitem5t 9 an act ( memory4 ,a man's m9d1 be+ cont9ually excit$ by circum/ances1 mu/ be active :e!r he w or no1 & if x does n possess suffici5t tru?ful ideas entirely to occupy x1 x mu/ be m or less occupi$ ) errone\s ones4 ,we c nei!r feel1 nor "k1 )\t a transition or *ange ( /ate--& e cognition1 mu/ be view$ z 9 relation to "s o!r feel+1 or cognition1 7,ba94 ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce1 p4 #hc72 i4e4 ! m5tal effect ( impressions ^u u dep5ds ^u our imm$iately previ\s m5tal /ate2 consci\sness & p]ception appe> to be bas$ ^u c]ebral *ange or activity2 aft] /rong excitem5t ( consci\sness an increas$ am\nt ( acid products is f\nd 9 ! secretions4 ,x is a g5]al law ( ! m5tal con/itution1 m or less recognis$ by inquir]s into ! human m9d1 t *ange ( impression is ess5tial to consci\sness 9 e =m1 7,ba94 ,emotions & ,w1 #crd edi4 p4 #eej74 ,a suffici5t degree also ( su* *ange is a necess>y condition ( consci\s p]ception2 x is ! /rong] or m rapid only ( m5tal *anges t excite our consci\sness4 ,we p]ceive ne>ly all ?+s by means ( a diff]5ce ( impression :i* !y make ^u u2 by contra/4 ,t :i* makes no su* diff]5ce ( impression1 su* z ! great uni=mities ( "t & #ih space1 makes no imm$iate impression ^u u4 ,we only "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ^? uni=mities by inf]5ce f our p]ceptions ( sequ5ces or ( relative diff]5ce4 ,al?\gh ! ,e>? moves at ! rate ( #fb1jjj miles an h\r 9 its orbit1 consci\sness does n p]ceive x4 ,if also !re 0 no error1 we %\ld be less imm$iately able to disc]n tru?1 )\t pa9 we %\ld lose mu* ( ! enjoym5t ( pleasure4 ,)\t ! contra/ ( imp]fection we c\ld n directly appreciate p]fection4 ,?is pr9ciple ( relativity1 or ( *ange ( impression1 op]ates bo? 9 ! ph5om5a ( dead & liv+ matt] & 9 ^? ( m9d2 ! sel5ium 9 a photophone is kept 9 a /ate ( motion or activity1 n by a beam ( uni=m light1 b only by "o :i* *anges2 electrical action is excit$ by a relative diff]5ce ( friction1 ( temp]ature1 ( *emical action1 c42 *emical action also (t5 results f a relative diff]5ce ( prop]ty ( two bodies4 ,t ! mo/ inscrutable ph5om5on ( m9d1 viz41 consci\sness1 is l>gely dep5d5t ^u relative physical & *emical conditions1 is prov$ by ! p[]ful influ5ce :i* alcohol1 *lor(orm1 opium1 has*i%1 & o!r sub/ances1 h 9 excit+ or depress+ x4 ,^! facts prove t excitem5t ( consci\sness or m5tal action dep5ds ^u precisely ! same g5]al condition1 viz43 *ange ( impression1 z ! excitem5t ( "s ( ! physical =ces2 & t m9d possesses a simil> prop]ty to ! physical =ces ( be+ *ang$ by inequality ( impression4 #ii ,:il/ copi\s evid5ce is available to %ew t ! m9d is excitable by physical causes1 no m conclusive pro( exi/s t a m5tal impression arises )\t a natural cause1 ?an t a physical "o1 su* z a photographic impression1 arises 9 t way4 ,abundant evid5ce ( non-creation ( ideas out ( no?+ might be adduc$2 ev5 imag9ation & inv5tion are subject to ?is limit1 because an unlimit$ numb] ( new conceptions _c be =m$ f a limit$ numb] ( previ\s ideas4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ! m9d 7l any o!r mode ( en]gy7 ^u physical conditions1 is fur!r prov$ by ! fact t ! m5tal & moral /ates ( a man are l>gely gov]n$ by s5sation2 if ! latt] is unheal?y x makes ! m9d s1 & x makes "s diff]5ce :at ! "p ( ! body is 9 :i* ! s5sation exi/s2 mo/ commonly x is ! visc]a4 ,! m9d is also intimately dep5d5t ^u ! physical condition ( ! bra91 & is l>gely affect$ by ! quantity & quality ( ! blood 9 t organ4 ,! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* p]vades e "o ( ! sci5ces1 & agrees ) ! actions ( e natural =m ( en]gy )\t exception1 includ+ m9d1 is1 t ( consi/5cy or non-contradiction4 ,no ma*9e or sci5tific app>atus ( any k9d c p]=m two contradictory acts at ! same "t4 ,x is bo? a physiological & psy*ological fact1 t we _c exp]i5ce two contradictory s5sations1 nor p]ceive two contradictory ideas at ! #ajj same in/ant4 ,we c nei!r feel1 p]ceive1 nor obs]ve1 "o ?+1 :il/ we are feel+1 p]ceiv+1 or obs]v+1 "o ( a contradictory nature2 nor c we p]=m any two contradictory acts ( comp>ison1 inf]5ce1 imag9ation1 or volition1 simultane\sly4 ,z also two m5tal actions are (t5 n exactly alike1 or entirely h>moni\s1 !y mu/ s f> z !y are really contradictory1 be mutually exclusive2 & "o ( !m mu/ p>tly prev5t ! o!r1 ! /ronge/ "o prevail+1 & ?is g5]al tru? is commonly ?\gh n explicitly1 recognis$ 9 ! maxim1 t to d any?+ well1 we mu/ d only "o ?+ at a "t4 ,9 accordance ) ! univ]sal tru?1 t contradictions _c co-exi/1 x is well-kn[n t "o disease frequ5tly expels ano!r f our frame1 & ! action ( c\nt]-irritants is bas$ ^u ! same pr9ciple4 ,! =titude ( m>tyrs may probably be expla9$ by ?is p[] ( "o set ( ideas & feel+s to exclude ano!r1 & ! facts ( m5tal physiology af=d pl5ty ( o!r examples4 ,x is probably because we _c simultane\sly p]=m two contradictory actions1 t we _c contemplate consci\sness1 or ?9k ( an idea & at ! same "t ?9k ( t act ( ?\ght4 ,9 accordance ) ?is1 ev5 ,newton1 & o!r great g5iuses1 h be5 unable to accurately describe ! m5tal processes by means ( :i* !y arriv$ at _! mo/ difficult results4 ,9 consequ5ce also ( ?is1 we _c def9e consci\sness1 & are (t5 #aja unable to directly obs]ve or analyse our m5tal actions1 especially ^? ( a v ab/ruse or complex k9d4 ,mu* ( ! k ( ! op]ations ( our m9d1 we are !re=e oblig$ to obta9 by indirect means2 by analogies1 & inf]5ces f ! ph5om5a ( nature1 c41 & 9 ?is way our k ( m5tal action l>gely dep5ds ^u our acqua9tance ) physical & *emical sci5ce1 & c only advance z x advances4 ,to cle>ly und]/& "o subject we are (t5 oblig$ to /udy sev]al o!rs4 ,ignorance ( sci5ce 9 g5]al1 & ( c]ebral physiology 9 p>ticul>1 is ! *ief ob/acle to our acquir+ a m accurate k ( m9d4 ,next to consi/5cy1 ! great pr9ciple ( causation con/itutes ! mo/ ess5tial "p ( all natural tru?1 & to d5y ! op]ation ( ?is pr9ciple 9 p>ticul> cases ( m5tal action1 simply because we1 ) our v f9ite p[]s1 _c 9 ! extremely imp]fect /ate ( our k1 yet fully expla9 "s ( ! mo/ difficult1 complex1 transi5t1 & ev]-*ang+ ph5om5a ( w & consci\sness1 is contr>y to ! mo/ weighty evid5ce4 ,! ,w is a consci\s m5tal ef=t to effect an object1 ! idea ( :i* is already 9 ! m9d1 & be+ a m5tal ef=t x absorbs ! m9d & !reby incapacitates x at ! mom5t f obs]v+ its own action4 ,if any ph5om5on 7su* z m5tal action7 is ess5tially dep5d5t ^u ano!r1 x mu/ be connect$ #ajb ) x 9 a nev]-fail+ or indissoluble mann]1 s t :5 ! "o occurs ! o!r is always pres5t1 o!rwise x w\ld n be ess5tially dep5d5t4 ,! only kn[n connections ( ?is k9d are ^? causation & cont9uity ( ph5om5a1 accord+ to :i* e ph5om5on has a cause1 & all ph5om5a are indissolubly connect$ 9 endless s]ies4 ,! evid5ce ( ! tru? ( ^! pr9ciples is s va/1 t ev5 all mank9d ?9k+ ?r\gh all ages1 & aft] hav+ made an almo/ inf9ite numb] ( def9ite exp]im5ts & obs]vations1 h nev] yet met ) a s+le well v]ifi$ in/ance ( _! failure2 & we are !re=e ju/ifi$ 9 inf]r+ t !y are univ]sal4 ,!re are h[ev] in/ances 9 ! physical & *emical sci5ces1 z well z 9 m5tal action1 :]e ! dep5d5ce ( ph5om5a ^u ^? pr9ciples is n v app>5t1 & has n yet be5 suffici5tly prov$1 b x is probably 9 consequ5ce ( our imp]fect k & limit$ faculties1 t we are unable z yet to fully trace su* dep5d5ce4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 abundantly proves t we %\ld n assume t a ph5om5on arises )\t a natural cause1 simply = ! reason t x is v difficult to trace its orig91 b wait pati5tly = m k respect+ x4 ,x is unphilosophic & contr>y to reason to attribute to occult ag5cies1 effects :i* may be explicable by ord9>y causes1 or to refuse to believe 9 m ab/ruse causes :]e ! assumption ( simple ones is contradict$ by "s ( ! evid5ce4 #ajc ,! pr9ciple ( causation =ms ! basis ( _m m9or ones1 su* z selection1 evolution1 diff]5tiation1 c4 ,plurality ( causes also is a v common circum/ance 9 all ! sci5ces1 & especially 9 concrete ph5om5a1 & 9 ! complex ones ( animal life2 ! arrival ( a %ip = example at a di/ant port1 is a result ( _m conditions4 ,simil>ly ) mo/ ( our m5tal actions1 !y are comp\nds ( feel+ & intellect1 & produc$ by _m causes1 su* z h]$it>y t5d5cy1 acquir$ habit1 int]nal & ext]nal m5tal excitants1 dogmatic belief1 k ( empirical rules1 & occasionally ( v]ifi$ pr9ciples4 ,sev]al ( ^! causes also frequ5tly conspire to produce a s+le idea or decision4 ,v>i\s g5]al pr9ciples ( less] magnitude arise f ! comb9$ action ( two or m ( ! great] ones1 & ^! also appe> to op]ate 9 m5tal actions z well z 9 physical ones4 ,?us by ! comb9$ influ5ce ( causation & ( ! pr9ciple t e ph5om5on occupies "t1 effects (t5 lag beh9d _! causes2 & 9 "s cases dur+ a long p]iod4 ,! greate/ heat ( summ] = example usually occurs sev]al weeks aft] mid-summ]4 ,! m5tal effects ( e>ly mi/akes are (t5 n fully exp]i5c$ until old age4 ,! decl9e ( a nation also foll[s a long "t beh9d ! p]iod ( action ( ! *ief causes :i* produce x4 ,al?\gh effects are indissolubly connect$ ) _! causes1 !y frequ5tly d n occur 9 an active =m until a long p]iod aft] !m4 ,9 su* cases #ajd !y are /or$ up 9 :at is t]m$ a pot5tial or lat5t /ate1 ready = lib]ation at a future occasion1 :5 ! suitable conditions are pres5t2 ! /orage ( *emical p[] 9 gunp[d]1 ( sol> heat 9 coal1 & its subsequ5t lib]ation 9 our fires1 are suitable examples4 ,! pr9ciple ( def]r$ activity & /or+ up ( p[]1 occurs also 9 vital & m5tal ph5om5a2 pot5tial heat is /or$ up 9 our food1 & is aft]w>ds evolv$ by oxidation 9 our tissues4 ,muscul> p[] is /or$ up dur+ sleep1 ready to be evolv$ dur+ lab\r4 ,! /orage also ( c]ebral impressions1 & c]ebral en]gy1 ready to call =? ideas1 & !reby p[]ful emotions1 by ! excit+ action ( memory1 may also be view$ z an in/ance ( simil> k9d belong+ to m5tal ph5om5a4 ,a new & /rik+ in/ance ( ! /orage ( en]gy has be5 %ewn 9 ,faure's improv$ =m ( second>y voltaic batt]y1 9 :i* ! mo/ p[]ful voltaic curr5t may be 7at lea/ practically7 /or$ up 79 a box conta9+ lead plates imm]s$ 9 dilute sulphuric acid7 & convey$ to a di/ance ) little loss1 & !n lib]at$4 ,excit+ causes op]ate v ext5sively 9 m5tal actions z well z 9 physical ones1 a m]e look or ^w f an eloqu5t speak] w excite ! passions & lib]ate ! muscul> p[] ( a multitude4 ,e "p ( ! human body1 especially ! muscles & n]ve c5tres1 is a /ore-h\se ( p[] always ready to be set free by ! slighte/ suitable causes2 ?is is /rongly illu/rat$ 9 ! irrepressible activity #aje ( *ildr51 & 9 ! excitable passions ( "y m5 & wom54 ,! m imm$iate cause ( ?is p[] is ! oxidation ( assimilat$ food2 & ! s\rce ( p[] 9 ! food is ! heat ( ! ,sun /or$ up 9 ! plants & animals !y h eat54 ,! subsequ5t lib]ation ( p[] "u ! influ5ce1 (t5 ( v slight causes1 long aft] ! orig9al cause has ceas$ to act1 has l$ u to conclude errone\sly t causes are n always proportional to effects4 ,proportionality ( effect to cause appe>s to be univ]sal2 x probably op]ates 9 m5tal z well z 9 physical actions1 our fai? 9 education z a means ( intellig5ce is bas$ ^u ?is2 ! m complete ! education ( a p>ticul> individual1 ! great] usually is 8 degree ( intellig5ce4 ,proportionality ( cause to effect is app>5tly disobey$ n only 9 physical b also 9 m5tal ph5om5a4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole realm ( nature1 m9ute circum/ances (t5 act z excit+1 deflect+1 & guid+ causes1 & contribute to ! production ( app>5tly disproportionate effects4 ,?us a sp>k w dis*>ge ! l>ge/ cannon2 a t\* det]m9e ! mo/ di/ant electric signal2 a ^w or look1 excite ! /ronge/ emotions2 ! little *ange ( position ( a railway po9t w direct a tra9 ei!r to di/ant ,nor? or ,s\?2 ! m9ute *ange ( contact ( ! telegraph swit*1 w det]m9e ! signal to places wide asund]2 "o false idea also at a critical mom5t w (t5 lead a man or woman to ru92 & 9 all ^! classes ( cases1 #ajf :il/ trifl+ causes appe> to produce great effects2 ! real causes are ! /or$ up lat5t p[]s set free or direct$4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ small a circum/ance w excite an idea1 & deflect ! entire curr5t ( our ?\ghts2 & x is equally surpris+ :at great physical & *emical effects are (t5 />t$ by mo/ m9ute excit+ or deflect+ conditions2 ! explosion ( sev5 tons ( dynamite at ,hell-gate1 ne> ,new ,york1 by ! pressure ( a *ild's f+] clos+ an electric circuit is a suitable example4 ,e ph5om5on !re=e :e!r physical or m5tal1 is probably connect$ 9 an indissoluble mann] ) "s prec$+ ph5om5on1 ei!r imm$iately 9 po9t ( "t1 or remotely ?r\gh "s /atic condition1 usually t ( /or$ up p[]4 ,9 ?is s5se ! great pr9ciple ( cont9uity ( ph5om5a appe>s to be univ]sal1 & ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,univ]se is said to implicitly or pot5tially conta9 all ! future /ates ( ! ,univ]se4 ,m9d also 9 ?is way1 l ea* ( ! physical =ces1 (t5 acts z a l9k 9 an endless *a9 ( causes & effects1 & is connect$ ) non-m5tal ph5om5a 9 accordance ) ! great pr9ciples ( sci5ce4 ,sci5ce has demon/rat$ :at has be5 t]m$ ! ,conv]tibility ( ,=ces1 or1 t :5 "o =m ( en]gy disappe>s1 ano!r =m 7or =ms7 ( en]gy1 & 9 precisely equival5t am\nt1 is produc$ 9 its /ead1 ei!r 9 a lat5t or active /ate4 ,! equival5t quantities ( ! v>i\s =ms ( #ajg en]gy h also be5 discov]$ by actual exp]im5t & measurem5t4 ,a p\nd weight fall+ ?r\gh #ggb feet gives =? z mu* en]gy z w\ld 79 ! =m ( heat7 raise ! temp]ature ( "o p\nd ( wat] "o ,fahr5heit degree4 ,we "k t s mu* me*anical p[] is equal also to s mu* electric curr5t1 *emical action1 c41 & a l>ge am\nt ( evid5ce exi/s to %[ t ^! trans=mations ( en]gy occur 9 all ! organs ( liv+ creatures1 & 9 ob$i5ce to ! law ( _! equival5ts4 ,h[ f> m5tal p[] is a mode ( en]gy trans=mable1 & ob$i5t to ! laws ( equival5ce1 are int]e/+ que/ions = future rese>*4 ,! me*anical pr9ciple ( action & reaction is ano!r :i* c be trac$ 9 m5tal z well z 9 physical ph5om5a4 ,m5tal excitem5t is (t5 succe$$ by m5tal depression1 aft] pleasure foll[s pa94 ,! p[] ( m5tal self-guidance & self-education is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! two well kn[n sci5tific pr9ciples ( lat5t en]gy1 & action & reaction4 ,we are able to lib]ate en]gy1 n only 9 cases :]e x w influ5ce inanimate matt] b also ourselves4 ,! pr9ciple ( self-guidance is n re/rict$ to liv+ creatures1 nor is self-regulation limit$ to m5tal p[]4 ,! pr9ciple ( self-regulation op]ates 9 clocks1 wat*es1 musical boxes1 ! gov]nors ( /eam eng9es1 wat] regulators1 gas regulators1 c41 c41 & ^u an imm5se scale 9 ! movem5ts ( ! heav5ly #ajh bodies4 ,) ! electric locomotive1 ! great] ! load x has to draw1 or ! /eep] ! incl9e x has to asc5d1 ! m /rongly does x ex]t its /r5g?1 up to ! full limits ( its p[]4 ,nei!r 9 physical nor 9 m5tal actions c a body or =ce usually act directly ^u itself to *ange its /ate :e!r ( activity or re/4 ,9 bo? classes ( cases h[ev] we meet ) pl5ty ( in/ances :]e1 a body by an almo/ imp]ceptible exp5diture ( en]gy on its own "p ei!r alt]s "s surr\nd+ conditions1 or excites a p[]ful lib]ation ( en]gy 9 ano!r body :i* !n reacts ^u x to *ange its /ate4 ,9 ?is way ! action ( clock-"w 9 ! self-explod+ app>atus ( a torp$o lib]ates at a p>ticul> mom5t a spr+1 & causes an explosion :i* de/roys ! app>atus4 ,simil>ly1 :il/ a man1 9 _m cases1 is unable to directly alt] 8 m5tal /ate1 to increase or dim9i% 8 m5tal activity1 to cause sleep1 c41 he is able indirectly to *ange 8 m5tal condition by dr9k+ /imulants or by adopt+ means ( self-education2 & to induce sleep by means ( opium1 suitable ex]cise1 c4 ,! pr9ciples ( inde/ructibility or cons]vation ( matt] & en]gy1 fl[ f ! prec$+ ones1 & are exhibit$ 9 m5tal actions z well z 9 physical ones4 ,:il/ ! univ]sal exp]i5ce ( mank9d has n yet af=d$ u a s+le well v]ifi$ in/ance ( actual creation or de/ruction ( matt] or en]gy1 x has suppli$ u ) pl5ty ( examples ( app>5t de/ruction & creation ( ea* ( !m4 #aji ,b sci5tific k corrects ! unc]ta9 te/imony ( consci\sness2 :il/ we see coal burn & be app>5tly de/roy$1 sci5ce proves to u t ! elem5ts compos+ x rema9 undim9i%$4 ,we obs]ve also t ! heat ( ! fire dissipates & is app>5tly lo/ = ev]2 b sci5ce aga9 proves t x is ei!r /or$ up 9 ! lat5t /ate1 ready to be aga9 lib]at$ at a future "t1 or else conv]t$ into o!r =ms ( en]gy4 ,a giv5 atom ( matt] or a portion ( en]gy1 !re=e1 to ! be/ ( our k1 cont9ues & p]si/s = ev]4 ,z we _c ei!r create or de/roy matt] s also c we n create or annihilate en]gy1 & ?is tru? probably holds good ) reg>d to m5tal z well z to physical & *emical p[]4 ,great *anges ( /ate 9 bodies 7z 9 ! combu/ion ( wood c47 h l$ u to errone\sly ?9k t ! sub/ances are de/roy$2 & great app>5t diff]5ces ( prop]ty1 su* z ^? ( diamond & *>coal1 h l$ u simil>ly to conclude t !y are entirely di/9ct & indep5d5t ( ea* o!r :5 !y are n4 ,z ! c]ebrum ( man is compos$ ( matt]1 & dur+ excitem5t1 its p>ts are active1 we might confid5tly pr$ict t its p>ticles obey ! ,fir/ law ( ,motion1 viz43 t a body 9 a /ate ( re/ or motion w cont9ue 9 t /ate ( re/ or motion until "s cause arise to prev5t x4 ,s x has be5 f\nd t ! action ( ! vital & m5tal =ces h a degree ( p]si/5ce1 l ! physical ones4 ,x has be5 exp]im5tally f\nd t portions ( #aaj liv+ bone transplant$ to fle%y p>ts ( animals :]e !re 0 no bone1 cont9u$ to gr[ = a "t by a life ( _! own1 & increas$ by =mation ( additional bone1 l a cry/al gr[s 9 its m$ium2 b aft] a "t !y dim9i%$ & disappe>$4 ,9 a simil> mann] we are all ( u aw>e ( ! p]si/5cy ( ideas1 ev5 9 opposition to ! w1 aft] ! cause ( !m has be5 remov$4 ,sometimes we _c reta9 an idea because ( ! p]si/5ce ( o!rs2 & at o!r times we _c get rid ( "o1 = a simil> reason4 ,our m5tal habits also h (t5 v great p]si/5ce4 ,! pr9ciple ( h]$ity may be view$ z a result ( ! ,fir/ law ( ,motion1 & appe>s z ,p]si/5cy ( /ate1 ei!r ( /ructure1 =m1 or mode ( action4 ,x appe>s bo? 9 inanimate bodies1 liv+ /ructures1 & 9 m5tal ph5om5a2 9 ! latt]1 z h]$it>y m5tal peculi>ities4 ,! pr9ciple ( ,p]si/5cy ( /ructure & ,h]$ity ( =m & prop]ty1 dur+ repeat$ or ev5 cont9ual dissolution & aggregation ( a mat]ial sub/ance1 is m or less manife/ ne>ly ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( nature4 ,9 ! =mation ( cry/als x is cle>ly se52 ea* cry/allizable sub/ance w only gr[ into its own %ape or %apes2 ea* p>ticle ( common salt1 dur+ an endless s]ies ( successive solutions & aggregations into ! solid /ate1 always =ms a m or less p]fect cube2 t ( silica a hexagon2 & s on ?r\gh\t ! entire s]ies ( ?\s&s ( diff]5t cry/all9e bodies4 ,z ea* #aaa =m ( cry/al only produces cry/als ( l =m & prop]ty 7or at mo/ 9 c]ta9 cases a limit$ numb] ( modifi$ =ms1 z 9 ! in/ance ( calcic c>bonate1 c47 s also ea* se$1 bo? ( animals & vegetables1 only produces its own p>ticul> ess5tial %ape & collection ( functions4 ,! same pr9ciple %ews itself 9 ! transmission ( p>ticul> types ( disease1 & ( ecc5tricities ( organization1 f "o g5]ation to ano!r ( animals4 ,peculi> mal=mations ( body & *>act]i/ics ( m9d (t5 p]si/ 9 families f g5]ation to g5]ation4 ,?is p]si/5cy or h]$ity ( /ructure & ( prop]ty is n limit$ to solid bodies1 b exi/s also 9 liquids3 ,! effect ( vacc9e virus ^u ! liquid blood1 9 produc+ a p]man5t & organic *ange 9 its con/itution & "*1 :i* cont9ues to ex]cise a protective influ5ce aga9/ small-pox1 9 ! great mass ( cases1 ?r\gh a long life1 dur+ :i* "t ! blood mu/ h und]gone1 _m ?\s&s1 if n millions ( *anges & modifications4 7,f4 ,w9sl[4 ,obscure diseases ( ,bra9 & ,m9d1 page #dcb74 ,! same p]si/5cy ( /ructure & prop]ty ( /ructure1 has ev5 be5 detect$ 9 vap\rs2 ! vap\r ( r$ iodide ( m]cury = example1 deposits only cry/als ( r$ iodide1 :il/ t ( ! yell[ deposits only yell[ 7see ,gmel9's ,h&book ( ,*emi/ry1 vol4 #a1 p4 #ajj47 ,we (t5 appe> to m5tally select :5 we only yield to causes act+ ^u u1 i4e41 to ! /ronge/ influ5ce or motive4 ,t self-pres]vation is ! #aab fir/ law ( nature1 is n only true ( liv+ creatures1 b l>gely also ( dead sub/ances4 ,inanimate z well z animate matt]1 appe>s to usually select :at is good = itself4 ,app>5t selection1 :i* is manife/$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( in/9ct1 is exhibit$ n only by bra91 b by all mat]ial sub/ances4 ,acids appe> to select bases1 ,nor? magnetism rejects ,nor? & pref]s ,s\? magnetism4 ,also if a piece ( z9c is put into a mix$ solution ( ! nitrates ( silv]1 magnesium1 calcium1 /rontium1 b>ium1 li?ium1 sodium1 potassium1 & rubidium1 x w select ! silv] only ) :i* to =m a metallic tree1 & reject all ! o!r metals4 ,ev]y?+ :i* aggregates or gr[s to a def9ite %ape1 appe>s to select its mat]ial2 if a cry/al ( a p>ticul> salt is plac$ 9 a mixture ( saturat$ solutions ( diff]5t salts1 x w only select & assimilate to itself suitable mat]ial1 ei!r p>ticles ( ! same composition z itself1 or ^? :i* are isomorph\s ) x1 i4e4 belong+ to ! same cry/all9e sy/em4 ,9 liv+ bodies also1 ! same pr9ciple op]ates2 ,liv+ tissues1 :e!r ( animals or vegetables1 usually select f _! nutri5t fluids1 & assimilate1 p>ticles only ( ^? k9ds ( matt] :i* are suitable = _! /ructure2 9 ?is way1 a bone assimilates lime & phosphoric acid f ! multitude ( diff]5t sub/ances convey$ to x by ! blood4 ,& 9 all ^! cases1 ! select+ mat]ial appe>s to act z if x possess$ ! p[]s ( in/9ct1 p]ception1 comp>ison1 judgm5t1 & #aac volition4 ,! act ( self-repair is cle>ly connect$ ) ?is1 & is n limit$ to liv+ /ructures2 ,sir ,david ,brew/] obs]v$ t if a portion ( ! surface ( a p]fect cry/al ( alum is v slightly abrad$ by dissolv+ a film f x1 & ! cry/al be !n imm]s$ dur+ a v brief p]iod 9 a saturat$ solution ( alum1 ! abrad$ portion repairs itself4 ,! subjects ( mal=mation ( cry/als1 & diseases ( cry/als h be5 sci5tifically inve/igat$4 ,! p[] ( selection 7or r ( app>5t selection7 is no d\bt a result ( ! comb9$ action ( causation & ( ! inh]5t prop]ties ( bodies1 & dep5ds1 l consci\sness1 ^u diff]5ce ( impression1 ! /ronge/ suitable influ5ce det]m9+4 ,if app>5t selection c ?us be p]=m$ by inanimate matt]1 we %\ld n1 except = a v suffici5t reason1 assume ! exi/5ce 9 liv+ creatures1 ( a special occult p[] to p]=m ! same function4 ,9 ! selection ( ideas also ! intellect acts accord+ to ! purely sci5tific me?od4 ,we frequ5tly appe> to m5tally adapt ourselves to p>ticul> circum/ances :5 we are really det]m9$ by causes2 & ?is app>5t adaptation is also se5 9 ord9>y physical & *emical ph5om5a4 ,! c\rse ( a riv] = in/ance1 adapts itself to ! configuration ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* x fl[s1 & if x _c pass :olly by "o *annel1 z 9 seasons ( flood1 or on occasions ( accid5tal ob/ruction1 x travels ?r\gh sev]al2 & a simil> result #aad occurs ) ! fl[ ( ! blood :5 an art]y is ti$ or becomes ob/ruct$4 ,a plant :5 gr[+ 9 a d>k recess1 b5ds itself t[>ds ! light z if x pref]r$ light2 & its roots adapt !mselves to ! =ms ( exi/+ ob/acles4 ,a decapitat$ frog jumps away f a s\rce ( irritation1 z if he /ill possess$ s5sation1 volition1 & *oice4 ,a man seek+ 8 way ?r\gh a cr[d avoids ! c\rse 9 :i* ! ?rong is d5se/4 ,! human m9d also1 *ooses z x 71 ! easie/ way ( solv+ a problem1 & usually adapts itself to alt]$ circum/ances4 ,! pr9ciple ( evolution also op]ates bo? 9 physical & m5tal actions1 & is a result ( t ( causation4 ,complexity ( /ructure & function is evolv$ out ( simplicity ( composition & prop]ty by plurality ( causes & conditions4 ,= in/ance1 _m complex =ms ( cry/als ( ice are produc$ f wat]4 ,calcsp> cry/allizes 9 m ?an "o hundr$ v>ieties ( =m1 7all d]iv$ f an obtuse rhomboh$ron7 "u ! influ5ce ( a numb] ( slightly diff]5t conditions ( temp]ature1 impurities 9 ! solution1 c4 ,! mo/ complex bodies are evolv$ out ( ! simple/1 ! bodily frame ( man himself 7& t ( o!r animals7 is con/ruct$ ( less ?an tw5ty ( ! elem5t>y sub/ances4 ,! same simple sub/ances are capable ( yield+ v diff]5t & m complex bodies "u diff]5t conditions2 ?\s&s ( diff]5t *emical comp\nds are compos$ ( hydrog51 oxyg51 & c>bon only4 ,9 ! developm5t ( #aae liv+ =ms f ova1 ! ultimate =m produc$ does n exi/ 9 ! g]m1 any m ?an a cry/al exi/s 9 its solution1 b is a natural consequ5ce ( ! =ces act+ 9 & ^u ! g]m1 l ! cubical =m ( a cry/al ( common salt is a result ( ! =ces act+ 9 its con/itu5ts "u ! conditions ( its environm5t1 especially ^? ( pressure & temp]ature4 ,! ext5t to1 & mann] 9 :i*1 ! =ce & pr9ciple op]ate1 dep5d ^u ! mat]ial sub/ance1 & its conditions int]nal & ext]nal4 ,x is a common circum/ance1 bo? 9 physical1 m5tal1 & moral subjects1 = ! app>5t to be ! v opposite ( ! real4 ,?is g5]al tru? has be5 repeat$ly illu/rat$ 9 an incid5tal mann] 9 ?is book1 & ne$ n be mu* fur!r elucidat$4 ,ph5om5a are none ! less real1 h[ev]1 because !y are n readily manife/2 our e>? is z mu* ti$ to ! sun by ! invisible p[] ( gravity1 z if x 0 atta*$ to x by visible mat]ial *a9s4 ,mi/ak+ ! app>5t = ! real1 l>gely expla9s ! p]si/5cy ( c]ta9 beliefs1 & :y x is t p]sons unacqua9t$ ) sci5ce1 cl+ to self-deception1 & resi/ "s ( ! mo/ firmly e/abli%$ tru?s4 ,! m evid5t b untrue explanation is believ$1 :il/ ! less app>5t b true "o is reject$4 ,x is ! *ief cause ( ! belief t ! w is a sup]natural p[]4 ,to a sci5tific man h[ev]1 app>5t contradictions are n unfrequ5tly a sign ( tru?2 too accurate results sometimes #aaf indicate t !y h be5 artificially made to appe> correct4 ,sympa!tic action or propagation ( simil> influ5ce by imm$iate impulse1 is a prop]ty ( all ! natural =ms ( en]gy1 z well z ( m9d4 ,simil> actions are propagat$ ?us 9 all k9ds ( dead sub/ances1 z well z 9 ! liv+ bra94 ,matt] is sympa!tic to s\nd 9 ! ph5om5a ( s++-flames1 & a vibrat+ /r+ responds to a p>ticul> note 9 ob$i5ce to well-kn[n laws4 ,iodide ( nitrog5 may be caus$ to explode by ! influ5ce ( a p>ticul> note f a fiddle4 ,9 ! ph5om5a ( light1 ) a spectroscope1 a lum9\s gas is sympa!tic )1 & emits & absorbs1 only p>ticul> k9ds ( lum9\s rays4 ,9 *emical action also1 combu/ion excites combu/ion1 f]m5t excites f]m5t1 infection communicates infection1 & ! simil> *emical *ange is transmitt$ f molecule to molecule4 ,m5tal excitem5t & disease 9 "o p]son1 (t5 excite simil> ph5om5a 9 ano!r1 z is se5 9 religi\s revivals1 & well-kn[n epidemics1 su* z ! danc+ mania1 prea*+ epidemics1 ! leap+ ague1 ! mew+ contagion1 etc41 etc41 7,see ,epidemics ( ! ,middle ,ages1 by ,heck]2 ,syd5ham ,society publications2 also ,c>p5t]'s ,m5tal ,physiology1 p4 #cab47 ,l excites l 9 ! actions ( ea* ( ! =ces ( nature2 bo? 9 physical1 *emical1 & m5tal action1 ! k9d ( impulse transmitt$ is simil>1 unless conditions exi/ :i* transmute x4 ,dynamite1 #aag />t$ into combu/ion by a flame1 burns sl[ly away2 b :5 />t$ by a detonat+ sub/ance1 detonates viol5tly4 ,gu?rie has also discov]$ t if a melt$ cryohydrate 7e4 g4 a *ill$ saturat$ aque\s solution ( a solid salt7 is cool$ to a c]ta9 great] ext5t1 x w n solidify--no?+ sep>ates out1 al?\gh ! solution is f\r or five degrees bel[ its prop] solidify+ po9t4 ,if a little cry/al ( ice be !n ?r[n into x1 no?+ sep>ates b ice1 :i* comes to ! surface4 ,if we ?r[ 9 a little anhydr\s salt1 no?+ b ! anhydr\s salt sep>ates out1 & t s9ks to ! bottom4 ,b if we ?r[ into x a cry/al ( a previ\s crop ( cryohydrate1 !n no?+ b ! cryohydrate sep>ates4 ,9 ?is case also1 l evid5tly excites l only1 9 ob$i5ce to physical laws4 7,addresses1 ,sci5ce ,conf]5ces2 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 #ahgf2 ,vol4 #b1 p4 #ajh74 ,ev5 two clocks1 :5 hung ne> ea* o!r1 aga9/ a bo>d or surface :i* readily transmits vibrations1 h be5 kn[n to exhibit1 by syn*ron\s action1 an app>5t sympa?y1 :i* *ang$ _! rate ( go+4 ,p]iodical ph5om5a1 also1 br\ght ab\t by def9ite causes1 occur 9 m5tal1 z well z 9 physical ph5om5a4 ,9 ! =m] we h ! ph5om5a ( sleep1 & 9 ! latt]1 def9ite causes produce summ] & w9t]1 day & night1 ! tides1 cycles ( sol> spots1 maxima & m9ima ( magnetic int5sity1 etc41 etc4 ,conv]sely to ! manife/ation ( ! pr9ciples ( #aah inanimate matt] by liv+ bodies & 9 m5tal action1 s h mod]n inv5tions demon/rat$ ! possibility ( ! p]=mance by inanimate sub/ances & app>atuses1 ( ! functions1 n only ( our bodily organs1 7z ( locomotion by ! /eam eng9e17 b also ( our s5ses & intellect1 & 9 "s cases1 to a degree f> surpass+ unaid$ human p[]4 ,app>atus1 s5sitive to s\nd1 h be5 con/ruct$1 z 9 ! microphone & s++-flames2 o!rs capable ( reproduc+ articulate spee*1 z 9 ! phonograph1 telephone1 etc42 o!rs aga9 s5sitive to light1 z 9 ! production ( visible images by photography1 & reproduc+ !m at a di/ance ?r\gh wires by means ( ! photophone2 ! p[] ( indicat+ or =etell+ future ev5ts has also be5 embodi$ 9 in/rum5ts call$ tide pr$ictors1 & t ( evolv+ inf]5ces has be5 %ewn 9 ,jevon's ,logical ma*9e4 ,! v>i\s facts m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt] prove t m9d agrees ) ! v>i\s =ms ( physical en]gy 9 _m ess5tial po9ts1 & obeys _m ( ! same laws or pr9ciples4 ,exam9e :atev] g5]al ph5om5a ( ! m9d we may1 we c always detect "s app>5t or real connection ( !m ) ! great pr9ciples ( inorganic nature2 & 9 ord] to prove ! dep5d5ce ( !m ^u ! great pr9ciples ( sci5ce x is n necess>y to %[ t all su* actions are subject to ^? pr9ciples4 ,until ! :ole is expla9$ h[ev]1 !re w always rema9 my/]i\s ph5om5a to cavil ab\t4 #aai ,,moral ,,progress4 ,at ! pres5t "t few compet5t p]sons h l>gely inve/igat$ ! fundam5tal relations ( morality to ,physical ,sci5ce1 consequ5tly moral actions are usually consid]$ n to h a sci5tific basis1 & ! doctr9e is /ill ext5sively taught t "s moral ph5om5a are ess5tially sup]natural4 ,z new sci5tific k has increas$1 belief 9 wit*craft1 sorc]y1 demonology1 exorcism1 evil influ5ces & om5s1 unse5 spirits1 a ,god ( evil1 sup]natural & occult p[]s1 sup]natural s\rces ( /range diseases1 evil presages f comets & eclipses1 feti%ism1 wor%ip ( images & ( ! ,sun1 a belief t ! ,e>? is ! *ief body 9 ! ,univ]se1 t man is ! ,"l ( ,creation1 c1 c4 h l>gely pass$ away1 & beliefs m consi/5t ) facts & ) true inf]5ces drawn f !m1 h tak5 _! place4 ,belief 9 ! sup]natural nature ( ! human w h[ev] is /ill l>gely reta9$4 ,a writ] on morality1 says--,9 e g5u9e volition we h a ph5om5on n law-det]m9$1 law-regulat$1 & law-expla9$4#ae ,a popul> expositor ( religion says--,! ph5om5a ( ! human s\l are ess5tially diff]5t f ! ph5om5a ) :i* ! /ud5t ( sci5ce is mo/ famili>1 & mu/ be inve/igat$ on o!r pr9ciples & by o!r me?ods4 ,! volunt>y activity ( man lies beyond ! limits ( sci5ce4 ,e language man has ev] spok5--no matt] h[ #abj p]fect or h[ rude--! lit]ature ( ! anci5t & ! mod]n _w1 ! inde/ructible in/9cts ( ! human s\l1 ! te/imony ( consci\sness1 unite to affirm t ! human w is indep5d5t ( natural law4 ,! w is a sup]natural p[]4 ,i myself am n "u ! dom9ion ( natural law2 my moral life is ess5tially a sup]natural ?+4 ,z soon z y approa* ! intellectual & moral life ( man1 y ent] a region 9 :i* y h to d ) a new ord] ( facts4 c4#af ,morality1 ! subject ( duty1 or ( "r & wrong-do+ 9 consci\s creatures1 is usually consid]$ to relate only to ^? actions ov] :i* a man has or might h _h control1 & :i* x 0 8 duty ei!r to p]=m or avoid1 & n to ^? :i* are entirely beyond 8 influ5ce1 x is !re=e ess5tially dep5d5t ^u ! p[] ( selection or *oos+4 ,z !n all moral actions require volunt>y *oice betwe5 "r & wrong1 & e act ( *oice is a m5tal "o ( comp>ison ( two or m ?+s1 all moral actions are m5tal ones4 ,we _c comp>e ?+s :i* h n made any m5tal impression ^u u4 ,we "k fur!r1 & ! evid5ce already giv5 proves1 t m5tal actions are intimately dep5d5t ^u ! pr9ciples ( nature op]at+ )9 & ar\nd u4 ,if !n all acts ( morality 7or immorality7 are m5tal ones1 & if all m5tal actions are intimately dep5d5t ^u ! great pr9ciples ( nature2 !n all acts ( morality #aba are dep5d5t ^u ^? pr9ciples4 ,morality also _c be prop]ly und]/ood )\t a k ( v>i\s sci5ces1 especially biology1 because x relates to human creatures1 all ( :om are morally affect$ by ! v>i\s =ces & sub/ances belong+ to ! physical & *emical sci5ces4 ,hav+ %[n t moral actions are m5tal ones1 & adduc$ evid5ce to prove t m5tal actions are l>gely subject to sci5tific pr9ciples2--x foll[s z a necess>y consequ5ce1 t moral actions also l>gely obey ^? pr9ciples1 & ,i ne$ n repeat t evid5ce4 ,! ext5sion ( sci5tific k conduces 9 a v g5]al way to moral progress1 by diffus+ ! sci5tific _s1 increas+ our love ( tru?1 facilitat+ ! atta9m5t ( great] c]ta9ty & accuracy1 enabl+ u to m p]fectly avoid error1 r$uc+ our ignorance1 dispell+ sup]/ition1 inculcat+ ob$i5ce to law1 dim9i%+ diff]5ce ( op9ion & !reby less5+ /rife1 conduc+ to humility1 to great] economy ( means1 to increas$ cleanl9ess1 c1 c4 ,sci5tific rese>* also1 by disclos+ to man 8 true position 9 nature1 enables him to act 9 h>mony !re)1 & ?us increase 8 morality & g5]al happ9ess4 ,k is z free z ! air1 once diffus$ x becomes impress$ ^u ! bra9s ( m5 & _c be easily de/roy$ or re/ra9$2 & ! greate/ moral effects ( sci5ce are cosmopolitan ones4 ,inv5tions bas$ ^u new sci5tific tru?s are gradually #abb break+ d[n ! b>ri]s betwe5 ! v>i\s nations ( ! ,e>?1 & infus+ common int]e/s among/ all mank9d4 ,no?+ is unit+ ! sympa?ies ( diff]5t nations1 increas+ ! fri5dly feel+s betwe5 !m1 & dim9i%+ ! probability ( w>1 m ?an ! increas+ facilities ( communication br\ght ab\t 9 a great measure by ! developm5ts ( sci5ce & art2 m p>ticul>ly by ocean /eam navigation1 rapid po/al communication & ! telegraph1 7see p4 #ea74 ,at ! pres5t "t !re are ab\t six ,atlantic telegraph cables 9 use1 & an almo/ daily s]vice ( pass5g] /eam %ips across t ocean4 ,! use ( inv5tions bas$ ^u sci5tific discov]y has aid$ moral progress 9 v>i\s ways4 ,all inv5tions are made ) ! object ( supply+ "s real or suppos$ want1 & ne>ly ev]y?+ :i* supplies a common want1 conduces to cont5tm5t & happ9ess & ! g5]al progress ( mank9d4 ,no "o c possibly measure or e/imate ! advantage ( ! inv5tions ( writ+ & pr9t+1 9 help+ m5 to avoid qu>rels1 to settle diff]5ces ( op9ion1 to sympa?ise ) suff]+1 to give advice3 c4 ,simil> moral functions are also p]=m$ by ! electric telegraph1 & a few specim5s ( "s ( ! messages s5t ?r\gh ! wire w\ld cle>ly illu/rate ?is fact4 ,great moral progress has also result$ f *eap daily intellig5ce1 collect$ l>gely ) ! aid ( ! telegraph2 & ( *eap books produc$ by means ( ! /eam eng9e4 ,x is e/imat$ t #bej millions #abc ( copies ( newspap]s are ye>ly publi%$ 9 ,great ,brita94 ,! ,bible & ,religi\s ,tract ,societies c\ld h>dly h exi/$ _h n ! prop]ties ( ! +r$i5ts ( ink be5 discov]$4 ,! pres5t multiplicity ( te/am5ts1 pray]-books1 hymn-books1 c41 has also be5 r5d]$ possible by ! inv5tion ( pr9t+4 ,z d>kness is fav\rable to crime1 s ! inv5tion ( gaslight has conduc$ to morality4 ,! num]\s s\rces ( intellectual & moral enjoym5t1 develop$ by inv5tions bas$ ^u sci5tific discov]y1 h attract$ mank9d f m s5sual & less moral amusem5ts1 & ! inv5tion ( ! piano-=te has op]at$ l>gely 9 a simil> mann]4 ,9 _m respects1 ! poor man ( to-day c comm& social com=ts1 conv5i5ces1 & pleasures1 :i* an emp]or c\ld n 9 =m] times4 ,:o c e/imate ! am\nt ( b5eficial moral influ5ces ( an indirect k9d obta9$ by means ( mod]n sci5ce8 ,! relief f pa9 by *lor(orm & o!r new m$ic9es1 ! dim9ution ( dome/ic toil by ! sew+ ma*9e2 ! increas$ heal? & pleasure obta9$ by access to ! c\ntry & seaside by means ( railways2 ! dim9ution ( anxiety result+ f m spe$y conveyance ( lett]s1 & especially ( messages by telegraphs1 ! increas$ pleasure ( life result+ f be+ surr\nd$ by objects ( beauty multipli$ *eaply by means ( sci5tific processes1 su* z photography8 ,! human m9d _c greatly resi/ impression1 ! v>i\s effects ( sci5tific rese>* necess>ily #abd produce an influ5ce ^u x4 ,:il/ great deep-seat$ tru?s make a p[]ful impression on ! m9ds ( philosoph]s1 ! great practical effects ( sci5ce 9 inv5tions1 c41 pr(\ndly impress ! mass ( mank9d4 ,"o ( ! *ief influ5ces ( ! discov]y ( important sci5tific tru?s & ( _! practical application 9 "s wond]ful way1 su* z 9 ! telescope & microscope1 phosphorus mat*es1 photography1 electro-plat+1 ! electric light1 ! spectroscope1 microphone1 telephone1 c41 is to produce a pr(\nd & wide-spread impression ( ! exi/5ce ( a great & my/]i\s influ5ce1 :i* produces 7or enables u to produce7 su* /rik+ effects4 ,:il/ also ! novelty ( ! practical effects ( new sci5tific tru?s 9 inv5tions1 a/oni% p]sons 9 g5]al2 ! def9it5ess ( sci5tific ph5om5a1 & ! c]ta9ty ) :i* !y may be reproduc$ conv9ce all compet5t p]sons :o exam9e !m1 t !y are rigidly subject to def9ite laws4 ,9 ?is way ! antique belief t natural ph5om5a are produc$ by sup]natural ag5cies1 is gradually be+ ab&on$1 & ! m moral conviction ( ! omnipres5ce & univ]sality ( law has be5 l>gely e/abli%$ 9 its /ead4 ,e new sci5tific fact & inv5tion ?us becomes a new pro( ( ! univ]sality ( law4 ,belief 9 ! sup]natural has dim9i%$ 9 proportion z sci5tific k has advanc$2 in/ead ( natural ph5om5a be+ errone\sly ascrib$ to demons1 spirits1 sup]natural #abe p[]s1 & occult causes1 !y h be5 prov$ to be results ( natural p[]s1 act+ 9 accordance ) kn[n pr9ciples4 ,ass]tions :i* h be5 made1 t ! w is a sup]natural p[]1 indep5d5t ( natural law c41 are n support$ by evid5ce at all equal 9 cog5cy to t 9 pro( ( ! /atem5t1 t our m5tal & moral p[]s z a :ole act 9 accordance ) ! great pr9ciples ( sci5ce4 ,t moral ph5om5a1 l ^? ( ! physical sci5ces1 are capable ( be+ made ! subject ( exp]im5t1 obs]vation1 comp>ison1 analysis1 & inf]5ce1 is v manife/4 ,e case ( brib]y may be view$ z an exp]im5t 9 morality4 ,! v common case :]e an employ] te/s ! hone/y ( a s]vant by "s contrivance1 is also a trial ( a simil> k9d4 ,! dep5d5ce ( ! moral p[]s ^u sci5tific conditions1 is cle>ly se5 9 ! influ5ces ( intoxicat+ dr9ks4 ,a m]e natural sub/ance c\ld n possibly ov]come ! influ5ce ( a p[] :i* exi/s entirely indep5d5t ( x2 i4e41 a sup]natural "o4 ,ev5 ! greate/ believ] 9 ! sup]natural p[] ( ! human w1 deplores ! s]i\s injury :i* ! abuse ( alcoholic liquors produces ^u mank9d1 r5d]+ ! w p[]less1 & debas+ ! moral s5tim5ts4 ,! effects ( opium1 has*is*1 c41 are o!r examples4 ,a va/ numb] ( exp]im5ts rema9 to be made ( ! effects ( drugs & organic comp\nds1 bo? solid1 liquid & gase\s1 ^u moral actions2 #abf :i* w probably prove a /ill great] degree ( dep5d5ce ( ^? actions ^u purely physical & *emical conditions4 ,! ord] ( facts 9 ! subject ( morality requires precisely simil> m5tal treatm5t to ^? to :i* sci5tific inve/igation has be5 already appli$ ) su* great success1 & :i* include all ph5om5a admitt+ ( obs]vation1 comp>ison1 analysis & inf]5ce2 & n only ^? 9 :i* we are able1 b also ^? 9 :i* we are n able to produce by means ( exp]im5t1 ! ph5om5a to be obs]v$1 su* z ^? ( a/ronomy & geology4 ,diff]5t subjects also are exp]im5tal 9 diff]5t degrees1 physical sci5ce is m exp]im5tal1 physiology is m obs]vational2 morality is p>tly exp]im5tal1 & !re=e capable ( r$uction to sci5tific sy/em by means ( our intellectual p[]s4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! ess5tial nature ( tru? be+ ! same 9 all subjects1 & ( ! fundam5tal processes ( m5tal action 9 ! det]m9ation ( tru? be+ also alike 9 all1 ! ess5tial modes ( arriv+ at & detect+ moral tru? are ! same z ^? employ$ 9 rese>* 9 ! physical sci5ces4 ,we possess !re=e no special faculty1 call x consci5ce1 or :at we may1 by :i* we are enabl$ to infallibly arrive at tru? 9 moral que/ions4 ,:at is "r & good1 & :at is wrong & evil1 are det]m9$ by precisely ! same g5]al means z :at is true2 our mu* vaunt$ consci\sness alone does n infallibly tell u2 reason alone1 #abg act+ ^u ! evid5ce1 is ! f9al arbit] 9 any d\btful or disput$ case4 ,! tru? ( moral que/ions mu/ be exam9$ & te/$ by precisely ! same m5tal faculties & processes z ^? employ$ 9 physical sci5ce1 viz3--by ! faculties ( p]ception1 obs]vation1 comp>ison1 & inf]5ce1 act+ ^u ! :ole ( ! evid5ce2 & by ! processes ( obs]v+ facts1 comp>+ !m1 inf]r+ conclusions2 by analys+ & cross-exam9+ ! evid5ce 9 e possible way1 & extract+ f x ! l>ge/ am\nt ( consi/5t k4 ,al?\gh we _c detect moral tru? by any o!r ?an intellectual processes1 we may h[ev] arrive at correct moral conduct 9 two ways1 viz3--ei!r bl9dly or intellig5tly4 ,we arrive at x bl9dly or automatically by ! process ( tru/+ to our inh]it$ & acquire t5d5cies & dogmatic beliefs2 & intellig5tly by ! consci\s use ( our k & intellectual p[]s2 & ea* ( ^! me?ods has its advantages4 ,! =m] process be+ an empirical "o1 is v unc]ta9 & _c be employ$ = ! judicial detection ( tru?1 or ! c]ta9 discrim9ation ( x f error1 x has h[ev] to be tru/$ to 9 all cases :]e we are defici5t 9 k1 or h n "t = inve/igation4 ,tru?ful ideas & correct conduct also1 :i* at fir/ require ! ex]cise ( consid]able intellect & mu* self-discipl9e1 9 ord] to arrive at !m1 become by habit s completely conv]t$ into acquir$ t5d5cies z to be automatic4 ,x is n improbable #abh t _m ( our tru?ful ideas & correct t5d5cies 7 orig9ally arriv$ at by intellectual processes2 & h become incorporat$ into our m5tal & physical /ructure by habit1 education1 & inh]itance4 ,! sci5tific basis ( morality is fur!r %ewn & ess5tially prov$ by ! fact t ! fundam5tal rules ( morality are dep5d5t ^u sci5tific pr9ciples4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,cl>ke1 ! two fundam5tal rules ( righte\sness :i* regulate our moral conduct are1 fir/1 t we %\ld d unto ano!r :at we w\ld1 "u l circum/ances1 h him d unto u2 & second1 t we %\ld con/antly endeav\r to promote to ! utmo/ ( our p[]1 ! welf>e & happ9ess ( all m5 7to ! latt] might well be add$1 ! welf>e ( all s5ti5t creatures74 ,! fir/ ( ^! rules is ess5tially dep5d5t ^u ! sci5tific pr9ciple ( causation1 viz3--t ! same cause1 act+ "u ! same circum/ances1 always produces ! same effect1 if :at we did = ano!r p]son "u l circum/ances might produce a diff]5t effect to :at x w\ld :5 done = ourself1 ! rule c\ld n be dep5d$ ^u & w\ld be ( no use4 ,! second also agrees ) ! great pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 = ! m we obey ^? pr9ciples1 ! m d we really promote ! happ9ess & welf>e ( all m54 ,! fir/ ( ^! rules h[ev] 9 ! =m usually /at$1 is incomplete1 because x does n provide = ! circum/ance1 t _m p]sons desire to h done unto !mselves1 n t :i* #abi is mo/ "r1 & really mo/ = _! welf>e & t ( mank9d 9 g5]al1 b t :i* w\ld mo/ please !m4 ,! desire ( imm$iate pleasure or consolation is great] ?an ! love ( tru? 9 ne>ly all m51 & ?is is connect$ ) ano!r fact1 viz3--t p]sons unacqua9t$ ) ! great pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 h n ! advantage ( ! moral su/a9+ p[] ( ^? pr9ciples1 & are compell$ 9 circum/ances ( trial to seek extrane\s m5tal relief4 ,! desire to d "r is n ! prim>y s\rce ( morality2 !re mu/ be a cause = t desire1 & ?is fact also %ews t moral ph5om5a are dep5d5t ^u ! sci5tific pr9ciple ( causation4 ,we c also mu* bett] und]/& a subject1 especially a complex "o l t ( morals1 :5 we c co ord9ate its facts 9 a sci5tific mann]1 by ref]r+ !m to "s g5]al pr9ciple :i* gov]ns or includes !m4 ,ref]r+ moral actions to a v]ifi$ sci5tific pr9ciple1 is m satisfactory ?an ref]r+ !m to a less def9ite s\rce su* z consci5ce2 ! te/imony ( consci\sness2 or ! inde/ructible in/9cts ( ! human s\l1 because a pr9ciple af=ds a m consi/5t explanation ?an a dogmatic idea4 ,! fact also t ! discov]ies ( sci5ce usually prec$e ! developm5ts ( ! moral advantages ( sci5ce to mank9d1 is 9 h>mony ) ! g5]al tru? t effects foll[ _! causes1 & ) ! conclusion t moral rules & moral progress h a sci5tific basis4 #acj ,9 a g5]al way1 ! influ5ce ( sci5ce ^u moral progress is connect$ ) :at has be5 t]m$1 ! sci5tific _s4 ,?is *>act]i/ic consi/s ma9ly ( an int5se love ( tru?1 a desire to acquire new k1 to arrive at c]ta9ty & accuracy2 also an ob$i5ce to law 9 g5]al1 & a consequ5t philosophic resignation to inevitable ills4 ,sci5ce inculcates ^! qualities1 & x is well kn[n t sci5tific discov]]s h usually be5 highly moral p]sons1 tru?ful1 accurate1 law abid+1 pati5t1 p]sev]+1 temp]ate1 c4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ lawless p]sons are usually ^? :o are mo/ ignorant ( ! great laws :i* gov]n _! actions1 :o ov]-e/imate human p[] & ability1 & are impell$ by ill-regulat$ en?usiasm or feel+4 ,belief 9 & ob$i5ce to law1 be+ a fundam5tal moral quality1 is 9 its turn ! s\rce ( o!r moral qualities ( less importance2 = in/ance1 x t5ds to produce calmness1 resignation1 cont5tm5t1 pati5ce1 submission to ! inevitable1 c4 ,no man c be highly moral :o disobeys ! great pr9ciples ( nature4 ,we may h[ev] obey ^? laws ei!r intellig5tly1 by acquir+ a sci5tific k ( !m2 empirically1 by obey+ rules fram$ 9 accordance ) !m2 or bl9dly1 by obey+ dogmas :i* happ5 to agree ) !m4 ,^? :o d n und]/& laws _c ( c\rse intellig5tly obey !m1 & ^? :o mo/ disobey !m1 consi/ ne>ly :olly ( ^? :o d n und]/& !m4 #aca ,sup]/ition1 ignorance ( natural law1 & a belief 9 occult p[]s1 enc\rages lawlessness1 injures ! moral s5tim5ts1 & is (t5 att5d$ by bigotry1 associat$ ) /rife1 s*ism1 & sect>ian dispute4 ,probably ! greate/ influ5ce :i* sci5tific discov]y has _h ^u ! moral progress ( mank9d1 has be5 by inculcat+ an intellig5t love ( tru? on acc\nt ( its own intr9sic goodness2 9 ?is respect x /&s pre-em95t4 ,love ( tru? is a fundam5tal virtue because x is ! basis ( _m small] ones4 ,x is m virtu\s1 also1 to pursue tru? on acc\nt ( its own intr9sic & unqualifi$ goodness 9 all respects1 ?an = any n>r[ extr9sic quality1 su* z ! p]sonal pleasure or utility x may af=d1 or on acc\nt ( any p]sonal ga9 or loss1 rew>d or puni%m5t1 :i* may result f pursu+ or neglect+ x4 ,9 ! pres5t imp]fect /ate ( civilization h[ev]1 ! great bulk ( mank9d unavoidably employ less noble1 z well z ! noble/ motives1 z a means ( improvem5t4 ,mo/ m5 c only be mov$ to d "r by means ( inf]ior motives1 "o ( ! mo/ effectual ( :i* 9 a comm]cial nation is small inve/m5ts1 l>ge pr(its1 & quick returns2 an expectation ( great rew>d 9 return = small self-sacrifice4 ,! discov]y & dissem9ation ( v]ifi$ sci5tific k is a pur] k9d ( occupation ?an ! promulgation ( any k9d ( dogma1 because ! /atem5ts ( v]ifi$ sci5ce are usually capable ( demon/ration1 :il/ ^? ( doctr9e1 be+ (t5 #acb contradictory1 may1 or may n be true2 m]e affirmation also1 :5 n bas$ ^u pro(1 is (t5 dang]\s to morality4 ,9 dogmatic subjects a man may tell untru?s ) impunity1 because no "o c disprove or convict him2 b 9 demon/rable ones1 a man d>e n utt] falsehoods1 because o!rs w prove 8 /atem5ts to be errone\s4 ,x is demon/ration r ?an doctr9e t is ( div9e orig94 ,a man also :o practises sci5tific rese>* is l>gely compell$ to adopt ! mo/ tru?ful views ( nature1 9 ord] to enable him to make discov]ies4 ,real sci5ce is l>gely indep5d5t ( op9ion or fai?4 ,:e!r we believe or n t a piece ( clean iron imm]s$ 9 a mixture ( oil ( vitriol & wat]1 evolves hydrog5 gas1 ! fact itself rema9s unalt]$4 ,x is a great & glori\s circum/ance = mank9d1 t human progress dep5ds ess5tially ^u a k ( new v]ifi$ tru?4 ,z v]ifi$ exp]im5tal k c only come f ! great s\rce ( all t is good1 to d\bt ! value ( new demon/rable tru?1 is practical a!ism4 ,^? also :o sy/ematically inve/igate s\rces ( v]ifiable tru?1 are mu* m likely to ultimately arrive at ! f\nta9 ( all tru?1 ?an ^? :o employ unsy/ematic me?ods1 or pref] unprov$ beliefs to v]ifi$ k4 ,ano!r ( ! mo/ p[]ful ways 9 :i* sci5tific discov]y has promot$ moral progress has be5 an indirect "o1 viz41 by dim9i%+ ignorance4 ,defici5cy ( k is ! p>5t ( a va/ #acc am\nt ( evil & failure4 ,!re is no in/ance on record ( an active ignorant man1 :o1 hav+ good int5tions1 & supreme p[] to en=ce !m1 has n done f> m evil ?an good4 7,buckle1 ,hi/ory ( ,civilization1 vol4 #a1 p4 #afg74 ,ignorance l>gely precludes happ9ess1 & intellig5ce is an indisp5sable condition ( ! highe/ morality4 ,!re are pl5ty ( difficult positions 9 life 9 :i* ! desire to d "r is n alone suffici5t1 we mu/ intellig5tly "k :at is ! "r c\rse to pursue4 ,we are all ( u ignorant 9 diff]5t degrees1 & mu/ be cont5t 9 _m matt]s to walk by fai? until we c walk by sight1 & to act accord+ to rule & precept until we h discov]$ g5]al pr9ciples to guide u3--bl9d dogmatic morality & rule ( ?umb me?od is va/ly bett] ?an none1 & has r5d]$ great s]vices to mank9d4 ,:e!r com=t+ doctr9es are true or n1 ! great bulk ( mank9d pref] !m because !y af=d imm$iate relief2 & :e!r !y be errone\s or tru?ful1 m5 w be b5efit$ by !m & cont9ue to believe 9 !m1 until _! m9ds are suffici5tly advanc$ to receive a k ( v]ifi$ pr9ciples4 ,rules ( morality h[ev]1 :5 pres5t$ to u ) a basis ( demon/rable tru?1 come ) a degree ( div9e au?ority1 & possess great] claim to our obs]vance1 ?an ! same rules pres5t$ to u z empirical or dogmatic /atem5ts only4 ,9 proportion to our ignorance ! m we dislike to be appris$ ( our defects & ! m incl9$ are #acd we to cont9ue un9=m$2 because ! less intellig5t we are ! less are we able to p]ceive ! evil effects ( our bl9dness or ! advantages ( k4 ,z also ! pres5t /ate ( civilization is v imp]fect1 & unsolv$ problems exi/ 9 all directions1 ignorance & all its evil consequ5ces are extremely preval5t4 ,x causes ! great mass ( mank9d to neglect bett] objects = ! sake ( money4 ,x indirectly con/ra9s lawy]s to neglect moral evid5ce4 ,x induces m$ical m5 to )hold tru? f ignorant pati5ts4 ,x causes m9i/]s ( religion to pref] doctr9e to demon/ration4 ,x w\ld !re=e be comp>atively easy to compose li/s ( our moral defici5cies1 & ( improvem5ts urg5tly ne$$ 9 morality1 f> m ext5sive ?an ! v incomplete ones ( our mat]ial %ortcom+s already giv5 7see pp4 #fh to #gh74 ,to enum]ate h[ev] ! imp]fections 9 ! moral conduct ( mank9d1 ! frauds 9 trades1 ! undue advantage tak5 ( ! def5celess1 ! deceit & empiricism 9 pr(essions1 ! pr(essional trad+ on human weakness1 ! cruelty ( field sports1 ! holl[ motives ( social1 political1 & religi\s life1 ! propagat+ z infallible tru?1 doctr9es :i* may be fallaci\s1 is n ! object ( ?is ,*apt]2 b r to make cle> ! fact1 t ! ext5sion ( ! doma9 ( v]ifi$ tru? by means ( sci5tific rese>* is highly conducive to moral progress4 ,! ext5sion ( new sci5tific k is influ5c+ morality & gradually r$uc+ ! selfi%ness #ace ( mank9d1 by prov+ t !re exi/ no royal roads to happ9ess1 & t ! greate/ am\nt ( individual & national success c only be secur$ by a g5u9e pursuit ( tru?1 z an individual & cosmopolitan duty4 ,increas$ k is gradually prov+ to mank9d t ! pure/ happ9ess is to be obta9$ by intellig5t & virtu\s conduct4 ,by %ew+ ,man ! unreasonable "* ( "s ( 8 fe>s & hopes1 & sub/itut+ = !m a great] v>iety & ext5t ( intellectual pleasures1 sci5ce is sl[ly mak+ him m satisfi$ ) 8 lot on ?is ,e>?4 ,mean:ile ! great mass ( mank9d are /ill pursu+ ! ev] retreat+ phantom ( an easy way to happ9ess2 ! great laws ( nature h[ev] _c be evad$1 ! avoidance ( evil & ! atta9m5t ( good c only be secur$ by obey+ all ! great laws :i* gov]n our nature4 ,progress 9 morality is l>gely dep5d5t ^u ! diffusion ( belief 9 ! univ]sality ( sci5tific laws4 ,:5 m5 und]/& ^? laws1 "k t _! action is irresi/ible1 & t !y h no alt]native b to obey !m or suff]1 !y acquire a habit ( obey+ !m4 ,univ]sality ( law 9 moral actions is (t5 consid]$ to be incompatible ) ! exi/5ce ( fre$om ( ! w 9 select+ ideas1 & *oos+ c\rses ( conduct2 b we are free or n1 accord+ to circum/ances1 bo? to ?9k & to act4 ,all ?+s are free to be active or n1 9 accordance ) _! prop]ties & surr\nd+ conditions1 b n 9 #acf contradiction to !m2 & ! human w is no exception to ?is /atem5t4 ,! w is only free )9 c]ta9 limits2 x _c act 9 opposition to its /ronge/ motives or causes ( action4 ,we believe ourselves to be mu* m free ?an we are1 because we (t5 d n "k ! causes :i* det]m9e u1 & we frequ5tly fail to detect ^? influ5ces1 because we _c ?9k1 & at ! same "t cle>ly obs]ve our act ( ?\ght & its motives4 ,fre$om ( ! w does n enable u to set aside laws3 entire fre$om f law 9 any in/ance is probably only app>5t4 ,?is limit$ degree ( fre$om ( ! w indicates ! dep5d5ce ( volition ^u sci5tific laws1 because a sup]natural p[]1 be+ entirely indep5d5t ( natural law1 c\ld n be limit$ by x4 ,to affirm )\t pro( t ! human w is a sup]natural p[] is to implicitly d5y ! univ]sality & con/ancy ( natural laws4 ,new k develop$ by ,sci5ce1 imp>ts to u lib]ty1 b n lic5se2 &1 s f> f dim9i%+ ! fre$om ( ! w1 increases x by %[+ u :at conditions we mu/ fulfil & obey 9 ord] to effect our objects4 ,we acquire p[] by be+ fir/ ob$i5t2 & ?is is 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples & facts ( sci5ce2 we mu/ obey nature be=e we c make nature obey u2 ! elem5t>y bodies1 also1 usually acquire ! free /ate1 lat5t p[]1 & ! ability to evolve heat & electric en]gy1 only by be+ fir/ subject$ 9 _! crude /ate to a process ( r$uction & purification4 #acg ,few circum/ances connect$ ) ! discov]y ( new tru?s ( sci5ce1 h _h a great] moral effect1 ?an ! v high degree ( c]ta9ty ( su* tru?s4 ,! moral result ( ?is is a correspond+ degree ( confid5ce 9 ! /atem5ts ( sci5ce4 ,tru/wor?9ess is a great moral quality4 ,unc]ta9ty is a cont9ual h9drance to action & enjoym5t2 & _m p]sons are driv5 to believe 9 error1 & h5ce to commit s91 r ?an rema9 9 susp5se4 ,contradictions ( doctr9e1 & ! consequ5t unc]ta9ty ( belief1 9 any subject1 are f]tile s\rces ( /rife4 ,sci5ce consi/s1 n m]ely ( op9ions & words1 b also ( ! tangible realities :i* ^? op9ions & words repres5t1 ! =ces1 sub/ances & ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial ,univ]se4 ,"s p]sons h[ev] fancy t ! results ( sci5ce are z unc]ta9 z ^? ( ! undemon/rable subjects ) :i* !y are famili>4 ,ano!r way 9 :i* sci5ce has contribut$ to moral progress1 has be5 by requir+ great] accuracy 9 ne>ly all human actions1 & !reby diffus+ great] exactitude ( language & ( conduct1 :i* has spread itself ?r\gh\t all civilis$ society4 ,previ\s to ! use ( wat*es & clocks1 p]sons 7 no d\bt mu* less exact 9 fulfill+ _! appo9tm5ts2 ! e/abli%m5t also 9 our *ief t[ns1 ( electric "t-keep]s regulat$ f ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory1 is increas+ exactitude 9 our l>ge communities4 ,s9ce ! introduction ( railways1 millions ( p]sons h be5 compell$ to be m #ach exact 9 _! movem5ts1 by ! risk !y incur ( miss+ _! tra94 ,num]\s inv5tions & processes bas$ ^u sci5tific discov]ies c\ld n be work$ at all unless m5 possess$ habits ( great] accuracy ?an =m]ly4 ,workm5 n[ require high] moral & intellectual education1 & _! duties require m intellig5ce & involve great] responsibility4 ,sci5ce dim9i%es error1 & ! avoidance ( error is a l>ge /ep t[>ds ! atta9m5t ( tru?4 ,!re is no tyranny equal to t ( false ideas4 ,error (t5 produces immoral acts1 & e act ( immorality is a m5tal error4 ,! ignorant ju/ice-lov+ man1 enam\r$ ( ! "r1 is bl9d$ by ! speci\sness ( wrong4 ,inaccuracy ( ?\ght is ! cause n only ( ! errors we meet ) 9 ! sci5ces1 b also ( ! majority ( ! (f5ces :i* are committ$ 9 civil life1--( unju/ qu>rels1 unf\nd$ law suits1 ra% c\nsel1 & ill-arrang$ und]tak+s4 ,!re are few ( ^? :i* h n _! orig9 9 "s error1 & 9 "s fault ( judgm5t1 s t !re is no defect :i* x m conc]ns u to correct4#ag ,our s5ses & consci\sness are (t5 great deceiv]s1 & unless correct$ by suffici5t k1 are frequ5tly z great a s\rce ( error 9 moral que/ions z 9 m5tal ones4#ah ,_! incessant influ5ce is a cause ( selfi%ness1 & ( ! fallaci\s t5d5cy exi/+ 9 ne>ly e man1 to exagg]ate ! importance ( himself & ( ev]y?+ relat+ to him4 #aci ,x has l$ man to consid] himself ! ,"l ( ,creation2--to believe t 8 volitions are n subject to natural laws c43--& has giv5 rise to ! comp>atively n>r[-m9d$ idea ! /udy ( mank9d is man4 ,! fact t consci\sness frequ5tly misleads m5 ( en]getic temp]am5t :o feel _! en]gy1 indicates its connection ) a physical basis4 ,consci\sness is also an ess5tial condition ( :at we t]m evil4 ,if we def9e evil z t :i* produces pa9 or discom=t 9 s5ti5t creatures1 !n evil is t influ5ce only :i* unpleasantly affects consci\sness4 ,& if we admit ?is1 !n all evil is relative1 & !re is no absolute evil2 because1 if !re 7 no s5ti5t creatures1 !re w\ld be no evil4 ,x is manife/ also1 t if ! exi/5ce ( evil is dep5d5t ^u t ( s5ti5t creatures1 & if ! exi/5ce ( su* creatures dep5ds ^u physical conditions1 & ^u ! op]ations ( ! great pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 !n ! exi/5ce ( evil mu/ itself dep5d to t ext5t ^u ^? conditions & pr9ciples4 ,:at we t]m ,evil1 is caus$1 n only by ! actions ( man1 b also on a l>ge scale by ! op]ation ( ! simple/ =ces ( matt]1 9 e>?-quakes1 /orms1 volcanic outbur/s1 dr\ghts & fam9es1 pe/il5ces1 etc4 ,evil 7z well z good7 may !re=e be view$ z a result1 to "s ext5t1 ( ! op]ation ( ! laws ( ! ,univ]se2 & "h aga9 we are compell$ to recognise a sci5tific basis ( morality4 #adj ,t ! same causes1 act+ "u diff]5t conditions1 produce diff]5t & ev5 opposite effects1 is a well-kn[n sci5tific tru?4 ,! same heat ( summ] :i* causes our foods to decay1 promotes ! gr[? ( plants 9 ! soil2 ! same cold ( w9t] :i* increases ! pa9 ( bron*ial affections1 & cuts %ort ! lives ( ag$ & infirm p]sons1 acts z a /imulant & a s\rce ( pleasure to ! "y & heal?y4 ,we ne$ n !re=e be surpris$1 t ! same physical conditions & pr9ciples ( nature1 act z causes or conditions bo? ( :at we t]m evil & :at we t]m good4 ,if1 also ! !ory ( relativity 9 physical & m5tal action is true1 t *ange ( impression is a necess>y cause or condition ( consci\sness1 & t previ\s exp]i5ce ( pa9 increases ! p]ception ( pleasure1 we possess 9 t !ory1 z "o ( ! g5]al ideas ( sci5ce1 a p>tial basis ( morality4 ,all ^! rem>ks t5d to %ew1 t 9 ord] to obta9 a truly sci5tific view ( ! nature ( man1 & ( man's position & duties 9 ! ,univ]se1 we mu/ avoid ! errors caus$ by uncorrect$ consci\sness4 ,ano!r great moral effect ( ! cont9ual discov]y ( new tru? 9 sci5ce1 is ! gradual production & diffusion ( uni=mity ( belief1 fir/ among/ sci5tific m51 & !n among/ ! mass ( mank9d4 ,?is uni=mity ( belief is a necess>y result ( ! inv>iability ( fact & law2 x does n ext5d to sci5tific op9ions1 hypo!ses or !ories1 because !y are n necess>ily facts1 & may be #ada errone\s4 ,a k ( sci5ce t5ds to remove diff]5ces ( op9ion betwe5 man & man1 because x enables e hone/ exam9] to obta9 ess5tially simil> results4 ,sci5tific rese>* w gradually disclose :at is true & :at is untrue 9 doctr9e & empirical rules2 & :at is true w be reta9$4 ,a univ]sal religion or a sci5tific philosophy :i* is compos$ ( contradictory cre$s _c be :olly true4 ,sci5ce is gradually sup]s$+ unreasonable beliefs1 & inaugurat+ a true univ]sal gospel 9 :i* all m5 w ev5tually ?9k alike 9 fundam5tal matt]s4 ,! cont9u$ discov]y ( new tru? mu/ ( necessity soon] or lat] lead mank9d to ! s\rce ( all tru? & to univ]sal satisfaction & happ9ess4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly /at$ t sci5ce is antagoni/ic to religion2 x is evid5t h[ev] t z sci5ce is s conducive to morality1 x _c be oppos$ to true religion1 b only to false or unf\nd$ beliefs4 ,no?+ %ews m pla9ly a weakness ( moral confid5ce & a defici5cy ( fai? 9 an ov]-rul+ p[]1 ?an a fe> t ! pursuit ( sci5tific tru? w lead to results injuri\s to mank9d4 ,:at we mo/ ne$ to fe> is1 n t our mo/ *]i%$ doctr9al beliefs may be prov$ to be mi/akes1 b t we ?r\gh defici5cy ( k may be l$ to d wrong4 ,!re are pl5ty ( que/ions1 especially 9 matt]s ( !ory & doctr9e 9 concrete subjects1 :i* sci5ce _c directly & absolutely decide ei!r "o way or ! o!r1 b respect+ :i*1 by ! #adb aid ( new k & ( inf]5ce bas$ ^u x1 sci5ce gradually accumulates s l>ge a prepond]5ce ( evid5ce z conclusively settles !m to ! conviction ( e unprejudic$ & reasonable p]son4 ,_m ( ! mo/ deeply int]e/+ que/ions 9 m5tal sci5ce & morality are ( ?is k9d2 & w probably be settl$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,x is well-kn[n also to sci5tific m5 t ! indirect conclusions ( ! intellect & reason+ p[] are (t5 m c]ta9 ?an ! direct evid5ce ( ! s5ses & consci\sness2 we are m c]ta9 = in/ance t ! ,e>? is a sph]e ?an t x is a plane1 al?\gh ! =m] conclusion is arriv$ at l>gely by inf]5ce1 :il/ ! latt] is ! direct te/imony ( un$ucat$ consci\sness4 ,:il/ our s5ses & consci\sness in=m u t ! ,e>? is a fix$ body1 inf]5ce proves to u t x is ru%+ ?r\gh space at an imm5se velocity4 ,s5se & consci\sness are n intellect1 al?\gh !y are (t5 treat$ z su*4 ,_! functions are to p]ceive & obs]ve1 to act z witnesses1 to supply evid5ce to ! judgm5t1 & n to usurp ! reason+ p[]4 ,ev5 ! univ]sal consci\sness ( all mank9d is insuffici5t to ov]?r[ ! f9al decisions ( ! intellect1 or to decide :at is true or false1 because ! s5ses & consci\sness _c comp>e or inf]4 ,z x is ! =ce & repitition1 & n ! tru?fulness ( m5tal impressions1 :i* l>gely det]m9es belief1 we are capable ( believ+ error z well z tru?1 & we believe mu* t is errone\s until ! #adc corrections ( ! intellect are appli$ to ! evid5ce ( ! s5ses & feel+s4 ,! correctness or o!rwise ( our pres5t beliefs w be te/$ 9 ! future z o!rs h be5 9 ! pa/1 & ! new exp]i5ces requisite = ! purpose w probably be obta9$ by means ( orig9al rese>*4 ,x is a great mi/ake to suppose t ! w>rantable inf]5ces d$uc$ f sci5tific k w n soon] or lat] pr(\ndly influ5ce que/ions relat+ to ! highe/ hopes & aspirations ( ! human race1 su* z ! indep5d5t exi/5ce & immortality ( ! human s\l2 t ( a p]sonal ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se2 fre$om ( ! w2 ! orig9 ( evil2 future rew>d & puni%m5t2 c4 ,by ext5sion ( k a sci5tific sy/em ( morality w be =m$4 ,! great pr9ciples :i* gov]n ! ph5om5a ( all bodies are gradually be+ discov]$1 & :5 f\nd we d$uctively apply !m to ourselves1 & ?us arrive at a k ( our true position 9 nature1 our duties1 our prop] c\rse ( conduct1 c4 ,sci5ce also by disclos+ to u ! true relations ( matt] to m9d 9 ! human bra91 w probably n only make kn[n to u ! true limits ( our m5tal p[]s & ( ! kn[able1 b also help to solve ! problems ( ! relations ( ! ,univ]se & ( ,man to an intellig5t ,creator4 ,x w decide su* que/ions1 l>gely by %ew+ u :e!r or n ! ideas we ent]ta9 respect+ !m are consi/5t ) ! m ext5sive k evolv$ by rese>*4 ,a "p ( ! data f :i* we may #add safely pr$ict t sci5ce w 9 ! future ex]cise s great a moral influ5ce ov] mank9d1 is ! fact t its *ief pr9ciples are fundam5tal guides & regulators ( human action4 ,probably no?+ has a great] effect 9 mak+ a man humble & rev]5t ?an a ?or\gh k ( sci5ce4 ,by ! inv5tions ( ! telescope1 microscope1 spectroscope1 telegraph1 microphone1 telephone1 c41 ! extremely f9ite ext5t ( all our faculties has be5 abundantly demon/rat$4 ,:il/ ! wond]s ( ! telescope h develop$ an intellig5t s5tim5t ( rev]5ce1 by reveal+ to u a portion ( ! va/ am\nt ( ! ,univ]se ( matt] & en]gy1 ^? ( ! microscope h /r5g!n$ t s5tim5t by af=d+ u an insight into ! almo/ endless complexity ( m9ute creatures1 sub/ances & actions4 ,:il/ also ^! & o!r sci5tific in/rum5ts & appliances h prov$ ! excessively limit$ ext5t ( our s5ses2 ! inscrutable "* & imm5se numb] & v>iety ( problems ( nature yet unsolv$1 equally demon/rate ! extreme feebl5ess ( our m5tal p[]s4 ,to obta9 an accurate acqua9tance ) sci5ce also1 & especially to discov] new sci5tific tru?s1 x is absolutely necess>y to set aside human pride1 & approa* ! subject l a little *ild2 no o!r c\rse is possible4 ,a k ( geology & a/ronomy also makes a man humble & rev]5t4 ,! fact t ?is globe mu/ h exi/$ myriads ( ye>s2 & is always mov+ at ! imm5se velocity ( m ?an #fb1jjj #ade miles an h\r 9 its orbit1 is suffici5t to conv9ce any unprejudic$ p]son ( 8 own transi5t physical exi/5ce & 8 comp>ative physical feebl5ess & insignificance4 ,hi!rto1 man has l>gely be5 accu/om$1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( uncorrect$ impressions & o!r causes1 to view all nature z hav+ be5 expressly provid$ = him1 b sci5ce in=ms u t :il/ ?is ,e>? is suitable = 8 abode1 & ,nature m9i/]s to 8 necessities & pleasures1 x is only on condition t he fir/ obeys ! great laws ( matt] & en]gy1 & adapts himself to _! requirem5ts4 ,! op]ation ( ^? laws (t5 ru?lessly de/roys ?\s&s ( m5 by pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 dr\ght1 & o!r great calamities1 & man c d no?+ :i* is incompatible ) !m )\t suff]+ a p5alty4 ,sci5ce %ews t man is b "o out ( at lea/ #cbj1jjj diff]5t species ( animals2 x also discloses ! fact t ! entire human population ( ?is globe con/itute only ab\t "o #ej1ege1ghe million? "p ( ! ,e>?1 & proves to u t ! ,e>? itself is b a speck 9 ! ,univ]se1 "o out ( at lea/ #ge millions ( worlds2 & t n only is x m]ely a planet revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun1 b t ! ,sun is only "o ( a multitude ( ,suns1 & is itself1 ) all its planets1 revolv+ r\nd a /ill m di/ant c5tre 9 space4 ,!re is sc>cely a faculty man possesses1 :i* is n immeasurably limit$ 9 comp>ison ) ! p[]s & capabilities ( inanimate nature4 ,8 physical en]gy1 :5 comp>$ ) t ( ! #adf mom5tum ( ?is ,e>?1 is s exce$+ly small t x c h>dly be convey$ to our m9ds by means ( figures2 ev5 ! /eam eng9e1 excessively wa/eful z x is ( p[]1 f> surpasses him 9 /r5g?4 ,! duration ( 8 exi/5ce is to t ( ! _w he inhabits1 z no?+ to inf9ity4 ,8 p[] & spe$ ( locomotion are also v limit$2 ! globe to :i* he is fix$ by gravity1 moves 9 "o h\r ?r\gh a di/ance great] ?an he c\ld walk 9 tw5ty ye>s4 ,practically1 by circum/ances1 he is almo/ root$ l a vegetable to ! locality :]e he exi/s2 comp>atively few m5 h walk$ ev5 a hundr$ miles f _! homes1 or h be5 convey$ r\nd ?is little globe by ! aid ( all our improv$ means ( transport4 ,a balloon c asc5d 9 ! air1 b a man _c2 )\t ! aid ( t app>atus he is absolutely fix$ to ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 & ) ! assi/ance ( all ! appliances ( sci5ce1 he _c yet asc5d ev5 t5 miles into ! atmosph]e1 nor dive m ?an a few fa?oms into ! sea4 ,8 s5ses are equally contract$2 8 p]ceptions ( t\* & s\nd are f> less delicate ?an t ( ! microphone2 a photographic surface w detect vibrations ( light :i* he _c at all p]ceive1 & record images m quickly ?an 8 bra92 & = ! detection ( magnetism & ! *emical rays ( light he possesses no s5se :atev]3--electromet]s & galvanomet]s c detect ?\s&s ( times small] quantities ( electricity ?an he c p]ceive3--:il/ a bolomet] r5d]s manife/ a "o #adg hundr$-?\s&? ( a ,c5tigrade degree *ange ( temp]ature1 he c h>dly detect a diff]5ce ( an entire degree2 & :il/ c>bon & plat9um may be heat$ to :it5ess )\t mat]ial *ange1 a rise or fall ( ab\t five ,fahr5heit degrees 9 8 temp]ature endang]s 8 life4 ,8 m5tal & intellectual p[]s are z limit$ z 8 s5ses2 he c h>dly reckon )\t mak+ an error ev5 a s+le million1 nor c he conceive an adequate idea ( a billion2 a million miles or a million? ( an in* are ea* q beyond 8 imm$iate p]ception2 an extremely m9ute circum/ance also is capable ( di/urb+ & entirely div]t+ 8 tra9 ( ?\ght4 ,he _c create or de/roy ev5 a p>ticle ( du/1 nor =m out ( no?+ a s+le idea4 ,! velocity ( transmission ( 8 n]v\s p[]1 & ! spe$ ( 8 execution ( w1 are also extremely sl[ 9 comp>ison ) t ( an electric curr5t 9 a copp] wire4 ,e p]son is aw>e t he c only v sl[ly receive & und]/& a new idea4 ,8 m5tal advance is z t>dy z 8 locomotion1 a six? "p ( 8 life is sp5t 9 acquir+ ! m]e/ rudim5ts ( univ]sal k4 ,:il/ 8 reason+ p[]1 :5 appli$ to actual & tru?fully /at$ exp]i5ce1 is truly ! great guide ( 8 life1 x only r5d]s explicit :at 0 already conta9$ 9 t exp]i5ce2 = :5 he draws an inf]5ce1 he usually only /ates 9 "o =m ( words1 :at he has already implicitly includ$ 9 ! propositions2 & if ! inf]5ce conta9s m ?an ?is x is #adh unw>rant$4 ,8 m5tal helplessness 9 ! abs5ce ( k1 is equal to 8 physical incapacity 9 ! abs5ce ( light4 ,ne>ly e problem ( nature also is s complex1 & affect$ by s _m conditions1 t 8 reason+ p[] only enables him to advance a v m9ute /ep at a "t 9 ! discov]y ( new k2 he is !n oblig$ to halt1 & h rec\rse to new exp]i5ces obta9$ ei!r by means ( exp]im5t & obs]vation1 or by ! latt] alone4 ,man's moral actions are l>gely ! effect ( circum/ances2 8 ?\ghts & actions are probably ! :ole ( !m limit$ by law4 ,he is nev] free f ! influ5ce ( causation4 ,8 m5tal & moral fre$om are limit$ by ! epo* 9 :i* he lives1 by ! cu/oms ( 8 nation1 by ! individuals by :om he is imm$iately surr\nd$1 by ! alcoholic /imulants ( :i* he p>takes1 & by 8 own physical & m5tal con/itution1 8 degree ( intellig5ce1 c41 c4 ,:e!r he is will+ or n1 he is incessantly compell$ to receive s5su\s & m5tal impressions1 & be influ5c$ by an almo/ inf9ite numb] & v>iety ( ag5cies act+ ^u him bo? f )9 & )\t3--,to be m5tally & physically active1 & p]=m all ! bodily functions & acts necess>y to 8 exi/5ce3--,to live on ?is globe 9 pres5ce ( all its ph5om5a1 & be c>ri$ ?r\gh space at an imm5se velocity3--,to und]go ?r\gh a long s]ies ( g5]ations a progressive exi/5ce & developm5t ( civilization1 c41 c4 #adi ,he is m subject to ! laws ( ! ,univ]se ?an ^? laws are subject to him2 & he c only ex]cise 8 w successfully & become _! ma/] by fir/ obey+ !m4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( ! light & heat ( ! ,sun1 ! entire population ( ?is planet 7ab\t fifte5 hundr$ millions7 are r5ew$ out ( ! cru/ ( ! ,e>? e few ye>s1 by brea?+ ! air1 dr9k+ ! wat]1 fe$+ ^u plants :i* take _! con/itu5ts f ! ,e>?1 wat] & air2 or by eat+ animals :i* h liv$ ^u plants2 & if t heat & light1 or t supply ( food & air1 7 to cease1 all ^? human be+s w\ld die1 & all ! moral ph5om5a ( man on ?is globe w\ld t]m9ate4 ,:il/ man _c exi/ )\t ! support ( inanimate nature & ! op]ation ( its laws1 inanimate nature & its laws c exi/ )\t him4 ,t also :i* is naturally orda9$ by ,creative p[] to be dep5d5t1 _c be ess5tially m important ?an t ^u :i* x dep5ds = its exi/5ce4 ,! ess5tial importance ( man 9 relation to ! ,univ]se1 exi/s only 9 8 own imag9ation4 ,^! facts %ew t ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 & ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( sub/ances1 lie at ! v basis ( man's exi/5ce & activity & x w\ld !re=e be incorrect to say t ! physical sy/em ( ! ,univ]se is unimportant 9 comp>ison ) ! moral ph5om5a ( mank9d4 ,t sci5ce conduces to humanity by prev5t+ #aej & alleviat+ animal suff]+ has be5 already allud$ to 7p4 #hj-ha74 ,true humanity consi/s n 9 ! abolition ( exp]im5ts ^u liv+ creatures1 b 9 ! judici\s employm5t ( !m4 ,in/ead ( b>b>\sly treat+ our suff]+ fell[ creatures by indol5tly & ignorantly all[+ causes ( disease & pa9 to cont9ually occur & take _! c\rse1 x urg5tly en=ces ^u u ! duty ( ext5d+ our k ( physiology by means ( new exp]im5ts1 obs]vations & /udy4 ,x w\ld be untru?ful to say t exp]im5ts purposely made ^u m5 & o!r animals d n yield new & valuable in=mation2--,ph>macopoeias & ,mat]ia-,m$icaes are full ( descriptions ( ! prop]ties ( curative ag5ts discov]$ by ^! & o!r sci5tific me?ods4 ,among/ ! less] virtues :i* h be5 greatly promot$ by means ( sci5tific rese>* is t ( cleanl9ess4 ,! orig9 ( soap 0 ! discov]y ( ! det]g5t prop]ties ( a boil$ mixture ( fat & alkali4 ,! num]\s inv5tions :i* h *eap5$ ! mo/ important soap-produc+ mat]ial1 viz41 wa%+ soda1 & ^? :i* h *eap5$ oil ( vitriol1 ! *ief sub/ance consum$ 9 mak+ wa%+-soda1 h all contribut$ to ! cleanl9ess ( mank9d2 & x has be5 /at$ t ! degree ( civilization ( a nation might be asc]ta9$ by ! am\nts consum$ ( ^? sub/ances4 ,ev5 ! m9or virtue ( economy has be5 greatly promot$ by ! results ( sci5tific rese>*4 ,new #aea sci5tific tru? has ?r\gh inv5tions taught u h[ to obta9 great] effects ) less exp5diture ( space1 ( "t1 ( mat]ials1 & =ces4 ,x has enabl$ u to effect our objects quick] & ) a dim9ution ( wa/e4 ,9 ! sug> manufacture = example1 by means ( ! c5trifugal ma*9e1 ! sug> is depriv$ z p]fectly ( molasses 9 ?ree m9utes1 z x 0 previ\sly 9 ?ree days1 & ! necess>y manufactur+ app>atus has be5 s mu* r$uc$ 9 magnitude z n to require m ?an "o half ! space4 ,! process ( blea*+ l951 :i* =m]ly requir$ weeks1 has by ! discov]y ( *lor9e be5 r$uc$ to h\rs4 ,j\rneys :i* at "o "t occupi$ weeks n[ only require days4 ,messages are n[ transmitt$ 9 h\rs :i* =m]ly requir$ mon?s4 ,multitudes ( in/ances might be adduc$ ( ! dim9i%$ co/ ( ! com=ts & conv5i5ces ( life1 result+ 9 consequ5ce ( discov]y ( new sci5tific k4 ,ultram>9e = example1 :i* at "o "t co/ f t5 to tw5ty p\nds an ounce1 has by means ( *emical rese>* be5 r$uc$ 9 price to a few p5ce p] p\nd2 phosphorus1 :i* =m]ly co/ sev]al gu9eas an ounce1 n[ co/s only z _m p5ce4 ,num]\s sub/ances :i* 7 =m]ly ?r[n away1 de/roy$1 or neglect$1 are n[ utiliz$4 ,coal t> & gas-wat]1 :i* 7 at "o "t wa/e products 9 ! mak+ ( gas1 & :i* :5 ?r[n away 7 ! causes ( co/ly litigation to gas-companies1 by pollut+ /reams & wells1 c41 #aeb are n[ s\rces ( v l>ge income to ^? companies4 ,^? sub/ances yield great quantities ( salts ( ammonia1 ! beautiful anil9e dyes1 p>aff91 b5z5e1 nap?al9e1 aliz>9e1 & o!r valuable products4 ,glyc]9e also1 :i* =m]ly 0 a mo/ (f5sive wa/e product 9 soap-mak+1 is n[ purifi$ & us$1 to an ext5t ( tw5ty millions ( p\nds annually1 = a great numb] ( purposes2 z an emolli5t = ! sk92 z a s\rce ( nitro-glyc]9e & dynamite1 us$ 9 bla/+ rocks1 9 w>f>e1 c4 ,! imm5se b$s ( native sulphide ( iron also1 notably ^? ( ,?>sis & ,rio ,t9to 9 ,spa91 & ( _m o!r places1 are n[ utiliz$1 lit]ally 9 millions ( tons1 = ! production ( sulphur1 copp]1 oxide ( iron1 c4 ,a long li/ ( in/ances ( ?is class might be adduc$ if x 7 necess>y1 "s ( !m ( v great importance4#ai ,! promotion ( morality by enabl+ u to detect crime1 is "o ( ! small] influ5ces ( sci5tific rese>*1 & may be ref]r$ to z a set-(f aga9/ ! bad uses sometimes made ( sci5tific k4 ,! telegraph is v commonly employ$ to assi/ 9 track+ & captur+ crim9als4 ,photography is also l>gely us$ 9 our gaols z a means ( recognis+ (f5d]s4 ,k ( sci5ce conduces also to self-discipl9e & self-ma/]y1 x t5ds to bridle our vici\s passions by mak+ kn[n to u ! p5alties :i* mu/ be paid = _! indulg5ce2 x limits our self-w by %ew+ u t we mu/ respect & obey ! #aec laws ( nature :e!r we are will+ or n1 no man c improp]ly manipulate dang]\s sub/ances or =ces ) impunity2 x mod]ates our bigotry by exhibit+ to u ! great unc]ta9ty ( unprov$ op9ions2 x re/ra9s undue cr$ulity 9 m5's ass]tions1 by %ew+ u _! frequ5t fallacy2 x gives u confid5ce 9 ! laws ( nature1 by prov+ to u _! uni=mity2 x )draws u f self-deception by compell+ u to accept ! tru?s ( nature z !y exi/ ready made = u1 :e!r !y h>monise ) our preconceiv$ ideas or n2 m5 _c argue ) nature1 z !y c ) _! fell[-m51 b mu/ submit to ! influ5ce ( v]ifi$ tru?4 ,x supplies u ) pr9ciples in/ead ( empirical rule ( ?umb me?ods z guides ( morality4 ,:il/ x lib]ates u f ! t]ror ( irrational fe>s1 x cautions u aga9/ ent]ta9+ unreasonable hopes4 ,x sub/itutes = ignorant wond] & awe1 an intellig5t appreciation ( creat$ ?+s2 & :5 fully develop$ x w probably satisfy all ! reasonable in/9cts & desires ( m54 ,:il/ law1 m$ic9e & div9ity1 direct man's att5tion almo/ exclusively to matt]s conc]n+ himself1 & ?us t5d to limit 8 sph]e ( p]ception & k1 & unconsci\sly impress him ) ! idea t all o!r exi/5ces are less important ?an himself1 sci5ce n only enlight5s him respect+ all ! dep>tm5ts ( 8 own nature1 b ext5ds 8 m5tal vision 9 all directions by excit+ 8 m9d to obs]ve & reflect ^u all o!r bodies #aed & actions ?r\gh\t ! ,univ]se4 ,:il/ also music1 pa9t+1 sculpture1 poetry & ! drama1 af=d excitem5t & pleasure to 8 s5ses1 feel+s & s5tim5ts1 & are l>gely p]sonal2 sci5ce n only con/itutes ! basis ( ^? arts1 b %ews ! relations ( !m to ,man & to ! ext]nal ,univ]se1 & ?us m l>gely cultivates ! intellect & corrects & ref9es ! s5ses1 feel+s & s5tim5ts4 ,new sci5tific k af=ds advantages to all classes ( m52 to ! m9i/] ( religion1 by supply+ him ) new illu/rations ( ,creative p[]1 9 ! greatness1 smallness1 & va/ v>iety ( nature2 to ! physician1 by expla9+ to him m p]fectly ! /ructure & ph5om5a ( ! human body1 & by provid+ him ) new rem$ies2 to ! /atesman & politician1 by mak+ kn[n to him ! great & increas+ relations ( sci5ce to national progress1 by its influ5ce ^u wages1 capital1 ! employm5t ( workm51 ! art ( w>1 ! means ( communication ) =eign c\ntries1 c42 to ! philan?ropi/1 z an endless s\rce ( employm5t = poor p]sons1 by ! developm5t ( new discov]ies1 inv5tions1 & improvem5ts 9 arts & manufactories2 to ! milit>y man1 by af=d+ him new eng9es & mat]ials = w>f>e & def5ce2 to ! inv5tor1 by supply+ him ) new discov]ies ^u :i* to f\nd inv5tions2 to ! m]*ant & man ( trade1 by ! influ5ce ( new products & processes ^u ! prices ( 8 commodities2 to ! manufactur]1 z a means ( improv+ 8 mat]ials1 #aee app>atus1 & processes2 & to ! inve/or ( money1 by assi/+ him to judge :at new te*nical s*emes are likely to succe$4 ,z ! doma9 ( rational enjoym5t af=d$ by means ( sci5ce gradually enl>ges1 t d]ivable f less intellectual s\rces w probably be modifi$2 inde$ ?is *ange is already progress+1 & is manife/$ 9 ! alt]ations occurr+ 9 !ological views1 & 9 ! ext5sive adoption ( sci5tific ent]ta9m5ts by religi\s bodies4 ,! recognition ( sci5ce by pr(essors ( religion is also %ewn by ! already ext5sive use ( railways on ,sundays z a means ( conveyance to *ur*es & *apels2 also by ! publication by ! ,society = ,promot+ ,*ri/ian ,k1 ( ,manuals ( ,electricity1 ,a/ronomy1 ,botany1 ,*emi/ry1 ,cry/allography1 ,geology1 ,physiology1 ,zoology1 ,matt] & ,motion1 ! ,spectroscope1 c4 ,hav+ %ewn "s ( ! *ief modes 9 :i* new sci5tific tru? is a basis ( m5tal & moral progress1 x is n necess>y to say mu* respect+ ! evil uses sometimes made ( sci5ce1 because e good ?+ is liable to be abus$ by ignorant or ill-int5tion$ p]sons4 ,! abuses ( sci5tific k d n arise f ! true _s ( rese>*1 viz41 a desire = new k on acc\nt ( its intr9sic goodness & value to man1 b f an abs5ce ( t s5tim5t4 ,! ,brem]hav5 explosion1 ! assass9ation ( ! ,cz>1 ! uses ( photography to =ge lett]s ( cr$it1 & ( ! #aef telegraph 9 sw9dl+ op]ations1 ! employm5t ( electro-gild+ & silv]+ 9 co9+ base money1 c41 c41 are all attributable to motives o!r ?an a love ( sci5ce4 ,all ! facts m5tion$ 9 ?is *apt]1 & ! v>i\s po9ts ( ess5tial simil>ity betwe5 physical1 physiological1 & m5tal ph5om5a1 ju/ify ! conclusion t bo? moral & o!r m5tal actions1 l physical & *emical ones1 are ob$i5t to ! great pr9ciples ( sci5ce4 ,& f ! evid5ce "h adduc$ & allud$ to1 x is c]ta9 t ^? pr9ciples influ5ce human progress1 n only 9 a few conspicu\s direct ways1 b 9 a multitude ( v>i$1 deep-seat$1 & indirect ones4 ,if ! /atem5ts made 9 ?is ,*apt] are true1 t ! innate prop]ties ( matt] really are motive p[]s ( ! human organism1 & ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce are regulators ( m5tal & moral action2 t ,man is a feeble epitome ( ! pr9ciples & p[]s ( inorganic matt]2 t ! laws ( ,nature op]ate 9 utt] disreg>d ( 8 errone\s beliefs2 t ne>ly all man's s9s & suff]+s are traceable to 8 ignorance & limit$ p[]s2 t 9 proportion to 8 ignorance ( sci5ce s is he unable to =esee ! m remote consequ5ces ( 8 ?\ghts & acts2 & if new k does correct errone\s beliefs & purify human ?\ght & action1 x behoves tea*]s ( morality to make !mselves adequately acqua9t$ ) ! pr9ciples & newe/ developm5ts ( sci5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 #aeg ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ------ ,,new ,,tru?1 ,,& ,,its ,,g5]al ,,relation ,,to ,,human ,,progress4 ,! great s\rce ( ! success ( apply+ sci5ce to trade1 & ( ! b5efic5t effect ( sci5ce ^u human welf>e 9 g5]al1 is simply ! influ5ce ( demon/rable tru?4 ,we "k t if we h once discov]$ all ! pr9ciples1 laws1 & conditions ( "s sci5tific ph5om5on1 or ( "s improv$ process or result 9 a manufacture1 ! reproduction ( exactly ! same conditions w h]eaft] enable u to inv>iably produce ! same result4 ,9 ?is respect sci5ce diff]s f dogma1 ! tru? or falsity ( :i* _c be demon/rat$2 x also diff]s f empiricism1 because :5 empirically work+ a process we are ignorant ( ! pr9ciples or laws :i* are op]at+1 :il/ ) a sci5tific k we und]/& ^? laws1 & c direct !m to our p>ticul> purposes4 ,9 ! process ( electro-plat+ = example1 we und]/& ! laws ( ! ph5om5a1 & c direct !m s z to obta9 silv] ( a h>d or s(t quality1 brittle or t\gh1 cry/all9e silv]1 c41 accord+ to our wi%2 b if we _h only an empirical k ( ! subject we c\ld n ?us v>y ! process4 #aeh ,! highe/ te/ ( tru? is v]ifi$ pr$iction2 if we calculate be=eh& t an eclipse ( ! ,sun w occur at a c]ta9 h\r & m9ute1 & t eclipse occurs accurately at ! pr$ict$ mom5t1 we may re/ assur$ t our k ^u t po9t is true & complete4 ,if we say t a piece ( clean iron1 imm]s$ 9 a solution ( blue vitriol1 w become cov]$ ) a lay] ( metallic copp]1 & we f9d ^u trial t ?is result inv>iably occurs :5 we fulfil ^? conditions1 we may be c]ta9 t our k ( ?is ph5om5on & its conditions is also ( a def9ite & c]ta9 "*4 ,simil>ly1 :5 we become able to pr$ict ) c]ta9ty ! conditions ( ! ,sun's surface1 we %all probably also be able to pr$ict sev]e w9t]s1 fam9es1 c41 & !re=e be prep>$ to sugge/ precautions to be tak5 aga9/ !m4 ,ev5 n[ ! new tru? necess>y = ?is purpose is beg9n+ to be evolv$ by means ( sci5tific rese>*4#bj ,among/ ! great axioms & pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 possess+ great c]ta9ty1 & :i* enable u to pr$ict1 are1 #a/4 ! g5]al tru? kn[n z ! ,pr9ciple ( ,causation1 t e effect has a cause2 t ! same cause1 act+ "u ! same conditions1 always produces ! same effect2 & t causation acts ?r\gh all "t & all space3--#bnd4 ! great tru?1 t e ph5om5on requires "t2 & e sub/ance occupies space3--#crd4 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,cons]vation & ,p]si/5cy ( ,matt] #aei & ,en]gy2 t out ( no?+1 no?+ comes2 & out ( ev]y?+1 ev]y?+ proce$s2 t all ! future /ates ( ! ,univ]se are implicitly conta9$ 9 & w be evolv$ out ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! ,univ]se2 t we h no exp]i5ce & possess no v]ifi$ k ei!r ( creation or annihilation ( ,matt] or ,en]gy2 t we _c absolutely create or de/roy ev5 an idea2#ba & t ,matt] & ,en]gy appe> to be et]nal3--#d?4 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,conv]tibility & ,equival5cy ( ! diff]5t =ms ( ,en]gy1 accord+ to :i* ! v>i\s =ces kn[n z me*anical p[]1 heat1 light1 electricity1 magnetism1 *emical action1 c41 be+ modes ( motion1 are conv]tible into ea* o!r 9 equival5t quantities & )\t addition or loss4 ,^! & o!r great pr9ciples con/itute ! basis ( physical & *emical sci5ce1 by obey+ :i*1 we h be5 enabl$ to evolve all ! wond]ful practical realities ( sci5ce ( ! pres5t day4#bb ,to ^! great pr9ciples may be add$ ! m concrete tru? call$ ! ,law ( ,progress1 ! ess5tial idea ( :i* is "t1 a "t-rate2 :i* regulates ! spe$ ( increase ( civilization1 & is evid5tly connect$ ) ! great tru? t e ph5om5on occupies "t4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,gravitation1 demon/rat$ by ,newton1 expla9s a va/ numb] ( facts relat+ to ! motions ( ! ,heav5ly bodies3--! #afj ,undulatory ,!ory ( ,light1 l>gely develop$ by ! lab\rs ( ,fresnel1 r5d]s equally cle> & sy/ematic an almo/ endless numb] & v>iety ( optical ph5om5a2 ,o]/$'s law ( ,electro-magnetism simil>ly expla9s & r5d]s consi/5t a multitude ( facts respect+ ! movem5ts ( magnets & electric conductors1 :i* w\ld o!rwise be confus+ to rememb] & impossible to satisfactorily expla94 ,& ! great m5tal value ( ^! compreh5sive ideas to mank9d1 consi/s l>gely 9 reliev+ ! memory & dim9i%+ m5tal confusion1 by co-ord9at+ a l>ge numb] ( diff]5t facts & app>5tly inconsi/5t ph5om5a by means ( a g5]al conception :i* embraces ! :ole ( !m4 ,?us a k ( ! ,pr9ciple ( ,gravitation in=ms u t bo? ! asc5t ( a balloon 9 ! air1 & ! desc5t ( a /one 9 wat]1 are alike due to ! same =ce ( gravity2 & t ( ,*emical ,aff9ity proves to u t ! app>5tly unlike ph5om5a ( sl[ ru/+ ( iron & vivid combu/ion ( phosphorus are ess5tially alike & due to ! same cause4 ,all bodies1 :e!r liv+ or dead1 & all =ms ( en]gy1 appe> to be absolutely subject to ! great laws ( ,causation1 ,progress1 ,cons]vation1 c41 no "o c escape !m2 ! man :o transgresses ! ,law ( ,progress by be+ too mu* 9 advance ( 8 epo*1 is puni%$ z c]ta9ly z he :o lags beh9d x2 all mu/ advance toge!r1 & at approximately ! prescrib$ rates4 #afa ,! real s\rce ( all t is good 9 new sci5tific k arises f its v]ifi$ & v]ifiable "*1 its high degree ( c]ta9ty1 & its capacity ( )/&+ all ! te/s :i* c be appli$ to x4 ,by ! t]m sci5tific k 9 ?is case ,i mean t only t :i* has be5 v]ifi$1 & ,i purposely exclude all matt]s ( hypo!sis1 m]e op9ion or belief4 ,sci5tific rese>* is ! *ief basis ( national progress1 n only because x is cont9ually disclos+ new tru?s to u1 b also because ! tru?s x reveals are frequ5tly ( ! mo/ def9ite k9d4 ,z ! t]m v]ifi$ tru? may appe> vague1 ! que/ions may well be ask$1 :at is tru?8 ,& h[ may we be/ detect x8 ,& especially :at is new tru?8 & h[ may x be/ be recognis$8 ,tru? may be conv5i5tly def9$ z univ]sal consi/5cy2 or t :i* p]fectly con=ms to facts1 & agrees ) ! wide/ exp]i5ce1 :5 te/$ by means ( all our intellectual p[]s1 ! reason+ faculty 9 p>ticul>4 ,! usual mod]n crit]ion ( x1 is consi/5cy ) ! fundam5tal axioms ( logic1 & ) all ! great pr9ciples ( nature z e/abli%$ by means ( sci5tific rese>*1 su* z ! univ]sality ( causation1 ! cont9uity ( ph5om5a1 ! inde/ructibility ( matt] & en]gy1 ! conv]tibility & equival5cy ( =ces1 c4 ,all tru? :atev] is "o 9 "* by possess+ ! insep>able attribute ( complete consi/5cy4 ,! tru?fulness ( sci5tific k is prov$ by its agreem5t ) univ]sal exp]i5ce & ) ! #afb fundam5tal logical axioms3--a ?+ ei!r is or is n3--a ?+ _c bo? be & n be3--a ?+ mu/ ei!r be or n be3--?+s equal to ! same are equal to ea* o!r2 c4 ,x is *iefly by means ( k ( ^! axioms & ( ! above pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 & ( _! v>i$ & num]\s modes ( op]ation & application1 t ! man ( sci5ce expla9s ! multitud9\s ph5om5a ( nature1 pr$icts future ev5ts1 & is enabl$ to discov] new tru?s & develope new inv5tions 9 ! arts4 ,unlike o!r p]sons2 :5 he sees a new effect1 or he>s ( a new ph5om5on1 he at once ref]s x to ^! pr9ciples1 9 ord] to te/ its correctness or to expla9 x4 ,) reg>d to ! detection ( tru?1 t is (t5 a difficult & complex process4 ,!re exi/s no royal or easy me?od2 usually x c only be recognis$ by means ( labori\s & critical exam9ation ( ! :ole ( ! evid5ce obta9able 9 ! case2 & ev5 !n we are (t5 oblig$ to be satisfi$ ) only an approximation1 or x may be ) ev5 a m]e probability4 ,frequ5tly also ! tru?fulness or o!rwise ( a /atem5t _c be decid$ 9 any degree 9 consequ5ce ( ! abs5ce ( suitable or suffici5t evid5ce1 & = t we may h to wait = ages4 ,we are n[ wait+ = evid5ce necess>y to decide _m que/ions respect+ ! human m9d4 ,) reg>d to ! "q1 :at is new tru?82 t also is a difficult "o to solve4 ,! =ms 9 :i* diff]5t tru?s appe> are s v>i\s1 & ^? #afc also 9 :i* ev5 ! same tru? may %ew itself are s div]se1 t x is (t5 impossible to discrim9ate new tru? f old ideas clo!d 9 a new =m ( words4 ,! newness ( an idea is entirely a "q ( evid5ce1 & to det]m9e x1 usually requires a complete k ( all ! circum/ances affect+ ! p>ticul> case4 ,new tru? appe>s to be usually d]iv$ f new physical or m5tal exp]i5ces ( ph5om5a ext]nal to our p]ceiv+ faculty2 ei!r by obs]v+ matt] or its =ces "u new conditions or f a new aspect2 & ! k comes to u ei!r ?r\gh ! av5ues ( our feel+s & s5ses1 or by means ( direct obs]vations1 by comp>ison ( su* impressions1 or by inf]5ces drawn f !m4 ,f ! results ( su* m5tal op]ations1 additional new tru?s are evolv$ by ! m complex process ( analysis1 comb9ation & p]mutation ( ideas4 ,new tru?s are also evolv$ f old ones by ea* ( ^! latt] me?ods2 b soon] or lat] ! implicit cont5ts ( our /ock ( old k becomes exhau/$ :5 us$ = su* a purpose1 & we are !n oblig$ to seek new exp]i5ce4 ,z new tru?s may be acquir$ 9 ! m direct mann]1 by acquisition ( new exp]i5ce2 & less directly1 by m5tal op]ations ^u old ideas1 o!r subjects ( less fundam5tal & m concrete nature ?an ! simple sci5ces1 su* z sociology1 c41 are also s\rces ( progress1 :5 treat$ 9 ^! ways4 #afd ,( all subjects1 ! simple sci5ces ( physics & *emi/ry1 are at ! pres5t "t1 app>5tly mak+ ! mo/ rapid advance1 & ! *ief reasons = ?is probably are1 #a/4 !y treat ( facts & pr9ciples :i* c be v]ifi$1 & #bnd4 because ! m complex sci5ces1 toge!r ) ! arts & manufactures bas$ ^u !m1 c only improve 9 proportion z !y are develop$4 ,all ! ess5tially human subjects1 su* z sociology1 politics1 morality1 religi\s wor%ip1 c41 are 9 ?is position1 & are probably results p>tly ( ! op]ation ( ! great pr9ciples ( nature act+ ?r\gh ! body & m9d ( man4 ,! *ief me?od ( discov]+ new tru? is t ( obs]vation1 exp]im5t1 & /udy1 & fur!r m5tal treatm5t ( ! results4 ,! mo/ sy/ematic me?ods also ( evolv+ new tru?s are ^? employ$ by sci5tific m5 9 mak+ discov]ies1 & :5 any p]son arrives at a new idea1 he usually 7ei!r consci\sly or unconsci\sly7 employs !m4 ,! acquisition ( new k mu/ ( necessity prec$e its diffusion4 ,imm$iately a new tru?1 especially an important "o1 is discov]$1 its influ5ce beg9s to p]meate ! exi/+ mass ( k 9 v>i\s directions1 caus+ u to view _m ( our old ideas 9 a new aspect2 giv+ rise also by comp>ison & inf]5ce1 & by processes ( comb9ation1 p]mutation & analysis ( ideas1 to a multitude ( o!r new tru?s1 usually less important ones1 :i* !mselves also affect previ\s k 9 simil> ways1 #afe & by analog\s treatm5t give rise to additional new conceptions4 ,b al?\gh we evolve tru?ful new conceptions f previ\s ones by ^! purely m5tal me?ods1 !re is a limit to ! numb] capable ( be+ evolv$ f a limit$ /ock ( ideas1 because ! numb] ( comb9ations & p]mutations ( su* a /ock1 ?\gh usually l>ge1 are !mselves limit$4 ,! numb] h[ev] is l>ge 9 proportion to ! degree ( ess5tial importance ( ! ideas1 & is greate/ :5 we employ ^? ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( nature1 already ref]r$ to2 = in/ance a great] numb] ( new ideas h be5 evolv$ by means ( appropriate m5tal processes f ! law ( gravitation & f t ( electro-magnetism ?an f any m9or tru? 9 sci5ce4 ,p]sons !re=e :o are ! lea/ famili> ) great demon/rable pr9ciples are usually ! lea/ able to conceive new tru?ful ideas ( intr9sic importance1 or to draw new v]ifiable inf]5ces ( mu* !oretical value4 ,e inv5tor & /ud5t kn[s t he cont9ually requires new mat]ials ( ?\ght1 & if he does n obta9 !m1 an ob/acle1 l a wall ( adamant1 rises be=e 8 m9d 9 all directions1 & prev5ts 8 =m+ new ideas4 ,t also :i* is true ( ea* individual is true ( ! collection ( individuals1 mank9d2 if new tru?s are n obta9$1 ! ?\ghts ( m5 fl[ 9 circles1 & m5tal progress ceases4 ,! m5tal *>act]i/ics ( seque/]$ communities 9 remote isolat$ di/ricts1 are examples ( ?is #aff fact4 ,! influ5ce ( pr9t+1 railways1 telegraphs1 po/al communication & o!r sci5tific developm5ts1 9 aid+ m5tal progress1 af=d o!r illu/rations4 ,a multitude ( facts ( ?is k9d1 & _m o!rs1 leads u to ! conclusion t ea* new idea requires a cause to produce x1 & t human k is subject to ! great law ( causation2 also t ! creation ( an idea out ( no?+ w\ld be a miracle1 a ph5om5on )\t a cause4 ,our pres5t k 0 n creat$ by u1 b 0 orig9at$ by previ\s k & exp]i5ce1 includ+ ( c\rse inh]it$ impressions4 ,ev5 9 :at is t]m$ ! noble/ ef=t ( ! m9d1 an act ( reason+ or inf]5ce1 we d n create an idea1 b only r5d] explicit 9 a new =m ( words1 ideas already implicitly conta9$ 9 ! words ( ! propositions employ$1 z may easily be r5d]$ manife/ by me*anical means 9 ,jevons's ,logical ,ma*9e2 a prop] inf]5ce nev] conta9s m ?an its data4 ,9 ! s-call$ creation ( ideas by ! imag9ation also1 ! new ideas are evolv$ f old ones1 & r5d]$ explicit by m5tal processes ( analysis1 comb9ation1 p]mutation1 c4 ,our sci5tific inv5tions also1 be+ m5tal conceptions1 an unlimit$ numb] ( !m _c be made by means ( a limit$ /ock ( old k4 ,x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ?is limit1 viz41 ! impossibility ( actually creat+ ideas out ( no?+1 t human k 0 n m advanc$ by metaphysical speculations until sci5ce ) its exp]im5ts & #afg obs]vations came to its assi/ance4 ,^! v>i\s facts prove ! /atem5t made 9 ! ,preface ( ?is book1 t pres5t k only enables mank9d to ma9ta9 its pres5t /ate4 ,n only ! m5tal1 b also ! physical advance ( mank9d is ess5tially dep5d5t ^u ! discov]y ( new tru?s4 ,m5's physical actions are det]m9$ n alone by _! inh]it$ & acquir$ t5d5cies & ! influ5ce ( ext]nal nature ^u !m1 b also by _! ideas2 z a man ?9ks1 s also to a l>ge ext5t does he act4 ,nations :o d n adopt new ideas d n ei!r m5tally or physically advance1 b *ange only s f> z _! imm$iate surr\nd+s *ange2 ! ,*9ese are a rem>kable example ( ?is2 ev5 ! t5d5cies :i* m5 inh]it1 7 l>gely produc$ 9 _! ance/ors by ! influ5ce ( ideas4 ,! great fact ( ! ess5tial dep5d5ce ( human progress ^u new k1 is a tru?1 ! importance ( :i* to man _c be ov]-e/imat$1 & is "o :i* /atesm51 m9i/]s ( religion1 & philan?ropi/s %\ld s]i\sly /udy4 ,mu* ( ! app>5t advance ( ?is nation h[ev] is n real4 ,! great bulk ( our newly publi%$ k1 ev5 t :i* is sci5tific1 & consid]$ by ! public to be new1 consi/s1 n ( new tru?s1 b ( old ones dress$ 9 new =ms ( expression3-- ,! tale repeat$ o'er & o'er1 ,) *ange ( place & *ange ( "n4 ,disguis$1 trans=m$1 & yet ! same ,we've he>d a hundr$ times be=e4--,longfell[4 #afh ,x falls to ! lot ( b comp>atively few m5 to discov] or evolve important new tru?s4 ,! great majority ( le>n$ m5 also1 h ?r\gh all hi/oric "t be5 occupi$1 & are /ill1 n 9 evolv+ new ideas1 b 9 re-express+ old ones 9 diff]5t =ms ( words2 ! lit]>y _s1 is 9 civilis$ nations1 almo/ univ]sal4 ,9 ord9>y writ+s x is a r>e circum/ance to meet ) an important & really new idea2 x is usually 9 books writt5 by m5 :o are acqua9t$ or imbu$ ) ! great pr9ciples & tru?s ( sci5ce1 t ! newe/ demon/rable ideas are mo/ frequ5tly f\nd4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 evolv+ new ideas1 & re-express+ & p]mutat+ old ones2 l>gely *>act]ises ! dissimil>ity ( ! sci5tific & ! lit]>y & !ological m9ds4 ,all h[ev] are necess>y to ! welf>e ( mank9d1 ! =m] to advance & ! o!r to ma9ta9 ! condition ( man4 ,if all 7 n necess>y !y w\ld probably n exi/4 ,!re are two great artificial divisions ( sci5tific k also1 ^u ! developm5t ( :i* national progress l>gely dep5ds1 viz41 k ( inanimate matt] & k ( man2 ! latt] we h l>gely cultivat$ b ! =m] we h greatly neglect$3--& ev5 our /udy ( man has be5 l>gely "o-sid$ & lit]>y4 ,x is f> less important to "k :at is man1 ?an to "k :at are ! great pr9ciples :i* und]lie ! actions ( all liv+ creatures1 & 9 ob$i5ce to :i* man is compell$ to "w out 8 de/9y 9 ! ,univ]se & ! inf9ite future4 #afi ,x is evid5t f ?is1 t mu* ( ! m5tal activity ar\nd u is n progress1 b r a process ( ma9ta9+ pres5t /ate1 a prev5tion ( decl9e1 a cont9ually go+ r\nd & r\nd 9 conv5tional v>i$ /ep1 a k9d ( intellectual mill4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is n ! orig9al discov]]1 b he :o 9 ?is occupation1 c be/ express old ideas1 9 ! mo/ v>i$ =ms & *oice/ language1 :o is mo/ g5]ally consid]$ to be ! greate/ intellectual *ief4 ,al?\gh orig9ality ev5 9 lit]ature & art is v imp]fectly enc\rag$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 bo? art & lit]ature are mu* m readily und]/ood & appreciat$ ?an sci5tific rese>*1 & treat$ z if !y 7 m important4 ,:il/ mo/ p]sons c und]/& & appreciate ! gift ( a "w ( art to a public art collection1 few c und]/& or prop]ly value ! discov]y & gift ( a new sci5tific tru? ( f> great] intr9sic value to ! public /ock ( k2 ! treatm5t receiv$ by ,prie/ley & o!r discov]]s 9 comp>ison ) t ( local donors1 suffici5tly illu/rates ?is4 ,ev5 publi%]s ( lucrative newspap]s pref] to give prizes & pay lib]ally = s5sational tales1 ?an to pay = articles on ! public advantages ( new sci5tific k4 99 99 99 99 99 #agj ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ------ ,,! ,,promotion ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,rese>*4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ma!maticians1 physici/s1 *emi/s1 biologi/s1 & physiologi/s ( ,great ,brita91 also ! ,e>l ( ,d]by1 ! ,m>quis ( ,salisbury1 ,sir ,/af=d ,nor?cote & _m o!r em95t m51 h giv5 evid5ce be=e ! ,royal ,commission]s on ,sci5tific ,in/ruction & ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce#bc to ! foll[+ effect3--#a/4 ,t ! promotion ( orig9al sci5tific rese>* is neglect$ 9 ?is c\ntry4 #bnd4 ,t su* rese>* is enc\rag$ m by ! ,/ate 9 ,g]many ?an "h4 ,& #crd4 ,t mu* great] enc\ragem5t ( x by our ,gov]nm5t1 by ! ,univ]sities & ! ,public1 is highly necess>y to our comm]cial prosp]ity4 ,!y h also /at$ 9 evid5ce _! op9ions z to ! be/ ways 9 :i* !y consid] x may be assi/$4 ,! additional fact t all ! greate/ sci5tific m5 :o h ev] exi/$ h pursu$ rese>*1 & sacrific$ mu* = x1 is a practical pro( t !y also approv$ ( its enc\ragem5t4 ,t rese>* %\ld be promot$ is fur!r ! op9ion ( _m m5 le>n$ 9 politics1 lit]ature1 art1 & sci5ce4 ,! views express$ 9 num]\s lett]s on ! subject1 receiv$ by me f ,memb]s #aga ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 & ( bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 & f o!r em95t p]sons1 confirm ?is4 ,x has also be5 adopt$ z a *ief "p ( ! programme ( ! ,association = ! ,organization ( ,academical ,/udy4#bd ,m4 de ,c&olle1 ,correspond+ ,memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ,p>is1 is a /rong advocate = ! enc\ragem5t ( a class ( s9ecuri/s l ! non-work+ ,fell[s ( our ,colleges1 :o %\ld h leisure to inve/igate & n be pe/]$ by ! petty me*anical "w ( cont9u$ tea*+ & exam9+4 ,! mod]n ideas ( democracy are adv]se to places to :i* def9ite "w is n atta*$1 & f :i* def9ite results d n fl[4 ,?is pr9ciple is a wise "o = ! mass ( mank9d2 b is utt]ly misplac$ :5 appli$ to ^? :o h ! zeal = inve/igation1 & :o "w be/ :5 left q alone4 ,! correctness ( ! pr9ciple ( promot+ rese>* is also recognis$ by our ,gov]nm5ts 9 _! ye>ly grants ( money to ! ,royal ,society1 & to ! ,royal ,iri% ,academy#be to aid rese>*1 also by ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,*emical ,society1 :i* has e/abli%$ a fund = ! same purpose2 & by ! ,briti% ,association 9 _! annual grants = ! promotion ( sci5tific enquiry4 ,! ,fi%mong]'s ,company also pres5t$ to ,mr4 ,w4 ,r4 ,p>k]1 ,f4,r4,s41 ! sum ( ,l#ej1 foll[$ by an annual gift ( ,l#bj = #agb ! ?ree ye>s1 to assi/ him 9 be>+ ! exp5ses ( 8 rese>*es on ! skulls ( v]tebrate animals4 ,& ! ,briti% ,ph>maceutical ,conf]5ce vot$ ! sum ( ,l#hj f ! ,bell & ,hills fund1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ?ree ye>s1 9 aid ( rese>* 9 connection ) ph>maceutical sci5ce4 ,a small fund = ! purpose ( rese>* exi/s also at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,fell[%ips also ) a simil> object h be5 f\nd$ at ! ,victoria ,univ]sity4 ,dr4 ,prie/ley also 0 aid$ 9 8 rese>*es by contributions f a small circle ( fri5ds4 ,9 recognition ( ! same pr9ciple1 ne>ly all ( ! mo/ em95t sci5tific m5 on ! ,cont95t h be5 assi/$ by _! respective ,gov]nm5ts4 ,! total am\nt ( aid to rese>* 9 ?is c\ntry is h[ev] v small1 & to "o acqua9t$ ) ! great comm]cial & o!r any valuable results ( su* lab\r1 x is simply a/\nd+ t we h n sy/ematically organiz$ a p[]ful means ( promot+ discov]y4 ,a few sci5tific p]sons h[ev] /ill cont9ue to oppose aid to rese>*2 q rec5tly1 sci5tific inve/igators h be5 spok5 ( z a class ( m5 amus+ !mselves )\t any result :atev]4#bf ,t idea h[ev] abundantly refut$ 9 ! =ego+ pages4 ,x has also be5 rem>k$#bg t practically1 end[m5t ( rese>* comes to ! creation ( positions :]e !re is paym5t )\t correspond+ lab\r4 ,9 ,engl& above all c\ntries 9 ! _w1 !re w always be pl5ty ( #agc amateurs ready & will+ to assi/ 9 rese>*1 & x is notori\s t 9 ,engl&1 almo/ )\t exception1 all ! great advances 9 sci5ce h be5 made by su* amateurs4 ,!re=e ,i d n ?9k x at all desirable t ! ,briti% tax-pay] %\ld be requir$ to put 8 h& 9 8 pocket to provide sal>ies = g5tlem5 :o might be work+ rightly or wrongly4 ,he c\ld n control !m1 & :ile !re are su* a body ( amateurs 9 ! c\ntry1 ,i ?9k ! rese>*es may be v well left to !m4 ,! fir/ ( ^! /atem5ts is n correct2 ! end[m5t ( rese>* does n am\nt to paym5t )\t correspond+ lab\r4 ,sci5tific discov]]s h always be5 di/+ui%$ z a body ( m5 int5sely devot$ to _! lab\rs1 & will+ to p]=m mu* "w = small paym5t4 ,mo/ ( ! great advances 9 sci5ce also 9 ,engl&1 h be5 made n by amateurs1 b by m5 ( great exp]i5ce1 su* z ,newton1 ,h]s*el1 ,prie/ley1 ,davy1 ,f>aday1 ,graham1 & _m o!rs4 ,end[m5t ( rese>* is n desir$ = weal?y amateurs1 b = inve/igators ( prov$ ability & small pecuni>y means & :o require assi/ance4 ,su* m51 al?\gh n infallible1 are ! lea/ likely to "w wrongly1 & mu* less likely to d s ?an amateurs4 ,_m sci5tific inve/igators also ( repute1 object to give _! s]vices :olly to a weal?y nation1 because !y _c af=d to d s1 & because x is only j t ! nation %\ld make !m "s pecuni>y return = _! skill & lab\r4 ,! great evils #agd 9 ?is c\ntry requir+ new k to rem$y !m#bh also prove t !re are n pl5ty ( amateurs ready & will+ to assi/ 9 rese>* "h1 or t ! rese>*es may be v well left to !m4 ,:il/ "s inve/igators h _h abundant means to c>ry on rese>*1 & h excell$ 9 t occupation1 _m ( ! mo/ em95t h be5 p]sons ( limit$ circum/ances2 & _! insuffici5t pecuni>y means has (t5 re/rict$ _! degree ( success4 ,! argum5t also t insuffici5cy ( means /imulates rese>*1 is only employ$ by p]sons :o are n mak+ inve/igations "u su* a condition4 ,! ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 ,dr4 ,spottiswoode1 9 8 rec5t address#bi also rem>k$3--,! "q has be5 rais$ :e!r x be wise1 ev5 9 ! int]e/s ( sci5ce1 to enc\rage any "o n yet ( indep5d5t income1 to int]rupt ! ma9 bus9ess ( 8 life4 ,x is too (t5 assum$ t a pr(ession or a bus9ess may be work$ at half spe$1 or may be laid d[n & tak5 up aga91 :5ev] we l4 ,b ?is is n s1 & a pr(ession tempor>ily1 or ev5 p>tially laid aside1 may prove irrecov]able1 & ! temptation to div]ge f ! dull & labori\s pa? ( bus9ess may prove to h be5 a sn>e4 ,ea* ( ^! rem>ks appe>s to be made ^u ! assumption t x is /ill a d\btful "q :e!r p]sons qualifi$ = rese>* %\ld be enc\rag$ or n to ab&on occupations !y reluctantly foll[1 & = :i* !y are less fitt$1 9 ord] to become sci5tific #age discov]]s4 ,z x is a fact t ! welf>e ( ?is c\ntry is suff]+ ?r\gh defici5cy ( enc\ragem5t ( rese>*1 x is c]ta9ly desirable to enc\rage1 by e prop] means1 qualifi$ p]sons to occupy !mselves 9 su* lab\r4 ,"s ( ! greate/ discov]ies h be5 made by m5 n yet ( indep5d5t income1 = in/ance1 ^? made by ,s*eele1 ,prie/ley1 ,dalton1 ,f>aday1 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 & _m o!rs4 ,! late ,a/ronom] ,royal1 also1#cj :o has made _m rese>*es1 & 0 a sci5tific (ficial paid by ! ,/ate1 says3--,i ?9k t successful rese>*es h 9 ne>ly e in/ance orig9at$ ) private p]sons1 or ) p]sons ^: positions 7 s ne>ly private t ! inve/igators act$ "u private influ5ce1 )\t incurr+ ! dang] att5d+ connection ) ! ,/ate4 ,c]ta9ly ,i d n consid] a ,gov]nm5t is ju/ifi$ 9 endeav\r+ to =ce1 at public exp5se1 inve/igations ( undef9$ "*1 &1 at be/1 ( d\btful utility2 & ,i ?9k x probable t any su* attempt w lead to consequ5ces disreputable to sci5ce4 ,! v utmo/1 9 my op9ion1 to :i* ! ,/ate %\ld be expect$ to contribute1 is exhibit$ 9 ! l>ge grants intru/$ to ! ,royal ,society4 ,! _w1 ,i ?9k1 is n unanim\s 9 believ+ t !y h be5 useful4 ,he !n enum]ates :at he consid]s ! prop] f\ndations ( claims ^u ! ,/ate1 :i* he illu/rates1 & sub/antially includes 9 & #agf limits by1 ! k9ds ( sci5tific rese>* done "u 8 direction at ! ,royal ,obs]vatory4 ,he fur!r adds--,! ,royal ,obs]vatory 0 f\nd$ expressly = a def9ite utilit>ian purpose 7! promotion ( navigation7 necess>ily connect$ ) ! highe/ sci5ce4 ,& ?is utilit>ian purpose has be5 /eadily kept 9 view = two c5turies1 & is n[ foll[$ ) great] vig\r ?an ev] be=e4 ,to its orig9al plan h also be5 add$--b /ill 9 ! utilit>ian s5se--! publication ( "t1 ! broad] obs]vation ( t]re/rial magnetism1 & local meteorology4 ,8 views !re=e appe> to be1 t ,/ate aid to rese>* %\ld be limit$ to utilit>ian objects2 & t x is ) propriety giv5 to 8 own dep>tm5t1 :i* is connect$ ) ! ,/ate4 ,x has h[ev] be5 abundantly prov$ t ne>ly all ! great sci5tific utilities ( e-day life1 _h _! orig9 9 ! pursuit1 n ( utilities1 b ( pure tru?1 & t imm$iate usefulness is nei!r ! mo/ successful nor ! highe/ motive 9 sci5tific rese>*1 nor %\ld rese>* be limit$ by s n>r[ a condition4 ,! inve/igations also made by ! aid ( ,gov]nm5t ,grants possess ! usual degree ( def9it5ess & ( utility ( su* lab\rs1 & x _c be reasonably expect$ t ! _w w\ld be unanim\s respect+ any measure1 especially respect+ a subject s little und]/ood by ! public z ! ,end[m5t ( ,rese>*4 ,if inve/igators 7 to limit _! rese>*es to utilities1 or :at appe>$ to be su*1 sc>cely any #agg ess5tially new exp]im5ts or new discov]ies ( importance w\ld be made4 ,no attempts w\ld be made to discov] ess5tially novel facts1 nor w\ld _m trials be made to te/ fundam5tal ab/ract que/ions :i* affect ! v basis ( sci5tific k4 ,! pr9ciples ( electro-magnetism1 ( magneto-electric action1 & ( ! magnetic rotation ( pol>iz$ light1 7 ea* discov]$ by means ( p]fectly novel exp]im5ts1 9 :i* imm$iate utility 0 n ! motive4 ,x is wor?y ( notice t ( ! v small proportion ( sci5tific inve/igators :o disapprove ( ,/ate aid to ,rese>*1 ne>ly e "o already possesses suffici5t pecuni>y means to c>ry on inve/igations1 & !re=e _c adequately appreciate ! position & necessities ( inve/igators hav+ only small incomes4 ,9 "s cases also ! objections to aid inve/igators come f sci5tific m5 :o h attempt$ to make discov]ies b h n succe$$4 ,dr4 ,rob9son ( ,armagh1 a well-kn[n inve/igator1 has v prop]ly po9t$ out#ca :at has be5 done 9 ?is c\ntry t[>ds giv+ assi/ance to ^? engag$ 9 ! pursuit ( sci5ce1 & m5tions ! ,obs]vatories ma9ta9$ by ! ,univ]sities & by ! ,nation4 ,he says also t if any?+ m 7 to be done 9 increas+ ! am\nt ( grants ( money to assi/ sci5tific "w1 he ?9ks x might be be/ appli$ 9 e/abli%+ 9 ! great comm]cial #agh c5tres ( ! realm1 physical & *emical laboratories su* z t :i* ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire has e/abli%$ at ,cambridge1 provid$ ) ! mo/ ref9$ app>atus1 & accessible to all :o are consid]$ privileg$ by a compet5t tribunal4 ,he also says :5 !re is f\nd a man s f> surpass+ 8 fell[s 9 any dep>tm5t ( sci5ce t he may be expect$ to d "w beyond _! p[]1 he ought to be made indep5d5t ( any o!r pursuit1 s t none ( 8 "t & en]gy may be lo/1 su* a case is exceptional1 & :5 x occurs x %\ld be exceptionally provid$ =4 ,orig9al rese>* w = a long "t to come1 be oppos$ by a l>ge section ( ! non-sci5tific public3--by ! num]\s p]sons ^: s\rce ( income dep5ds ^u ! ignorance ( _! fell[-m53--by ^? :o are defici5t ( fai? 9 demon/rable tru?1 & fe> t _! mo/ *]i%$ beliefs are endang]$ by x3--& by _m ( ^? :o are insuffici5tly acqua9t$ ) x to p]ceive its great value to mank9d4 ,) reg>d to ! fe>s ( _m objectors t ! ,end[m5t ( ,rese>* w\ld lead to jobb]y & abuses1 & ?us ret>d ! progress ( discov]y in/ead ( promot+ x2 x is evid5t t su* a risk is an insep>able concomitant ( e remun]at$ (fice & is n peculi> to t ( rese>*1 & mu/ !re=e be accept$ z unavoidable & be provid$ aga9/ 9 ! usual ways4 ,x does n h[ev] appe> probable t ! risk 9 ?is respect is at all great] #agi ?an t already exi/+ & provid$ aga9/ 9 _m o!r appo9tm5ts4 ,_m p]sons1 n cle>ly p]ceiv+ ! diff]5ce betwe5 pure rese>* & o!r sci5tific occupations1 suppose t because sci5ce is enc\rag$ 9 v>i\s ways 9 ?is c\ntry2 & because sums ( money are occasionally giv5 to sci5tific in/itutions1 & "s sci5tific m5 are evid5tly receiv+ good incomes1 t discov]]s are remun]at$1 b ?is is a great mi/ake2 !re is probably n a sci5tific man 9 ! k+dom :o is :olly employ$ 9 su* "w 9 ab/ract physics or *emi/ry1 & paid = 8 entire skill1 "t1 & lab\r4 ,:]ev] paym5t is made = sci5tific lab\r1 x is ne>ly always = t p]=m$ ) a view to "s imm$iate practical application4 ,inv5tors & expositors are remun]at$1 b discov]]s are n4 ,at ! pres5t "t 9 ?is c\ntry sci5tific m5 are paid = tea*+1 lectur+1 writ+ popul> sci5tific articles1 compil+ sci5tific books1 edit+ sci5tific j\rnals1 mak+ *emical analyses & exp]im5ts = manufactur]s1 companies1 & o!rs1 = practical purposes1 or to obta9 evid5ce = legal cases1 giv+ evid5ce on sci5tific subjects 9 c\rts ( law1 ) consultations & advice to manufactur]s & o!rs1 sup]9t5d+ sci5tific comm]cial und]tak+s1 c4 ,"s also un=tunately obta9 an income & *eap publicity by ! empirical contrivance ( sell+ to tradesm51 _! sci5tific op9ions 9 ! =m ( te/imonials :i* are ext5sively #ahj adv]tis$ at ! co/ ( ! pur*as]s4 ,b n "o ( ^! occupations con/itutes pure rese>*1 or is an imm$iate s\rce ( new discov]ies4 ,paym5t is made = all k9ds ( sci5tific lab\r :i* w imm$iately b5efit individuals or corporations1 b v little = pure inve/igation1 & ne>ly e inducem5t exi/s to attract m5 ( sci5ce f pursu+ su* lab\r4 ,x might be suppos$ t inve/igators w\ld pat5t or sell _! discov]ies2 b discov]ies 9 pure sci5ce _c usually be pat5t$ or sold1 because !y h n be5 conv]t$ by inv5tion into comm]cial commodities4 ,new sci5tific tru? is utt]ly unsaleable2 no "o w pur*ase x4 ,:il/ ! real or intr9sic value ( x is great1 its extr9sic value is small & is ! sum ( money x w sell = 9 ! m>ket4 ,no "o w\ld h pur*as$ ,o]/$'s great discov]y ( electro-magnetism4 ,x w\ld also be less to public advantage if inve/igators 7 to neglect discov]+ new k 9 ord] to apply t k to practical uses4 ,x requires a diff]5t tra9+ ( m5tal p[] to discov] new tru?s1 ?an to utilize !m by means ( inv5tion1 tea*+ or lectur+2 & m5 :o c inv5t & in/ruct are f> m num]\s ?an ^? :o are able to discov]4 ,discov]ies are also g5]ally mu* m valuable ?an inv5tions1 because a s+le discov]y 7t ( gutta p]*a = example7 n unfrequ5tly =ms ! basis ( _m inv5tions4 ,discov]]s n unfrequ5tly meet ) new facts #aha :i* !y p]ceive might be appli$ to valuable te*nical uses1 b !y hesitate to pat5t !m because ! process ( inv5tion1 tak+ out a pat5t1 seek+ a manufactur] to "w x1 & protect+ _! pat5t f piracy1 w\ld occupy a l>ge portion ( _! "t1 & take !m away f rese>*4 ,sir ,d4 ,brew/] got no money by pat5t+ 8 kaleidoscope because ! pat5t 0 in/antly pirat$ 9 all directions4 ,"s p]sons h sugge/$ t sci5tific m5 %\ld keep _! discov]ies secret1 b ?is w\ld usually be a great] disadvantage to ! inve/igator ev5 ?an publi%+ !m1 & no "o w\ld !n d]ive any b5efit2 discov]ies also1 be+ (t5 capable ( num]\s applications1 & n be+ 9 a saleable %ape1 _c usually be monopolis$ by any "o4 ,new sci5tific k is l a p[]ful light1 x _c be hidd54 ,discov]ies are em95tly national k1 & rese>* %\ld !re=e be national employm5t4 ,o!r p]sons suppose t inve/igators %\ld be satisfi$ ) ! fame ( _! discov]ies1 & n require any paym5t2 b ?is is a mo/ unfair supposition1 because no man c live )\t means1 & e useful p]son des]ves to be paid = 8 lab\r4 ,ought ! late ,duke ( ,well+ton to h be5 satisfi$ ) ! fame alone ( 8 exploits1 )\t be+ paid any sal>y8 ,ought a ,bi%op to be cont5t ) ! r5[n ( 8 eloqu5ce1 )\t receiv+ any paym5t = 8 s]vices8 ,g5ius alone is #ahb appropriately rew>d$ by fame1 b "t1 unusual skill1 lab\r & exp5diture1 %\ld be repaid by money4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t an inve/igator1 if he is a man ( practical ability1 is v (t5 put into an (fice1 ! duties ( :i* he c effici5tly dis*>ge1 & yet h leisure = orig9al rese>*1 z 9 ! case ( ! late ,dr4 ,graham1 ! em95t ,ma/] ( ! ,m9t1#cb our ,a/ronom]s ,royal1 c41 & ?us obta9 8 rew>d4 ,b ?is is a v imp]fect plan1 because rese>* is v difficult1 & to be c>ri$ out effectually1 requires ! :ole ( a man's "t & att5tion2 ! inve/igator w\ld also be tak5 f m important "w to d t :i* is ( less value to ! nation1 & :i* might be p]=m$ by a m suitable p]son2 appo9tm5ts also ( ! k9d ref]r$ to are mu* too few 9 numb]4 ,su* a plan z ?is1 ( relegat+ important national "w to odd h\rs sp>$ f (ficial duties1 is a make%ift1 & q unwor?y ( ?is nation4 ,entire occupation 9 rese>*1 comb9$ ) effici5t publication ( ! results1 is ! only satisfactory plan ( proc$ure4 ,probably "o ( ! mo/ satisfactory ways ( rew>d+ sci5tific discov]]s & s]v+ national int]e/s at ! same "t1 w\ld be to create sal>i$ pr(essor%ips ( orig9al rese>*1 & appo9t discov]]s ( repute to fill !m4 ,! "t is ne> at h& :5 ?is nation w be compell$ by ! injuri\s consequ5ces aris+ f its neglect ( sci5tific rese>*1 to acquire a #ahc k ( ! relations ( sci5ce to national exi/5ce & welf>e1 & to adopt "s means ( enc\rag+ discov]y4 ,! greate/ difficulty1 probably1 :i* has to be ov]come1 is n s mu* h[ to obta9 funds = ! purpose1 z h[ to employ !m successfully1 & especially h[ to prev5t _! gett+ into ! h&s ( unsuitable p]sons4 ,b1 z me?ods h be5 f\nd ( remun]at+ all o!r classes ( p]sons1 ways may be devis$ ( remun]at+ sci5tific inve/igators4 ,x is only because ! case is novel t x seems difficult2 x is probably no m intr9sically difficult to e/abli% a pr(essor%ip ( rese>* ?an to f\nd an ecclesia/ical b5efice4 ,! great difficulty ( det]m9+ f :at s\rce discov]]s %\ld be paid = _! lab\rs1 arises f ! fact t all classes ( ! community %>e 9 ! b5efit4 ,x is evid5t !y %\ld 9 "s measure be paid f a s\rce t[>ds :i* all classes ei!r directly or indirectly contribute1 & !re=e f "s public fund4 ,! p]sons :o fir/ use sci5tific k are ! compil]s ( sci5tific books1 & tea*]s ( sci5ce2 b ^! only dissem9ate ! k1 & d n d]ive f x any great pecuni>y advantage1 !y are only ! ag5ts = supply+ ! k to o!rs4 ,! p]sons :o fir/ conv]t su* k into valuable comm]cial commodities are inv5tors & manufactur]s :o h receiv$ sci5tific education or advice2 b ^? :o d]ive ! greate/ pecuni>y b5efit f x1 & :o %\ld !re=e ei!r #ahd directly or indirectly pay 9 ! l>ge/ degree = x1 are ! great manufactur]s1 capitali/s1 & l&[n]s4 ,:il/ ! "q is be+ settl$ z to :at class ( p]sons %all prim>ily be> ! exp5se ( rese>*1 discov]]s !mselves are suff]+ great inju/ice1 & our manufactures & comm]ce are pass+ into ! h&s ( =eign nations4 ,:at ! am\nt ( loss & disadvantage suff]$ by ?is nation1 ?r\gh want ( enc\ragem5t ( sci5tific enquiry is1 _c be e/imat$1 b x is c]ta9ly enorm\s4 ,_h ev5 a v mod]ate am\nt ( paym5t be5 made = su* lab\r1 & ! exp5ses out ( pocket paid 9 full1 ! am\nt ( rese>* p]=m$ w\ld h be5 greatly increas$4 ,"u pres5t circum/ances1 _m promis+ "y m51 fitt$ to become good inve/igators1 h be5 driv5 out ( sci5ce altoge!r4 ,i h f\nd by long exp]i5ce & p]si/5t enquiry1 t !re are _m "y m5 di/ribut$ ov] ?is c\ntry1 :o are v desir\s ( engag+ 9 sci5tific rese>*1 & likely to make good inve/igators1 b are entirely prev5t$ by ! non-remun]ative "* ( ! lab\r1 e "o wi%es to "k :at w x lead to8 ,ev5 among/ our mo/ able discov]]s1 sc>cely "o :o has n possess$ private means has cont9u$ rese>* beyond ! middle age ( life1 because su* lab\r enables no provision to be made = old age2 & all ^? :o h left h devot$ !mselves to less important b m lucrative occupations4 ,mo/ ( ^! g5tlem5 h be5 #ahe oblig$ to ab&on rese>* at a p]iod ( life :5 _! faculties 7 9 ! mo/ p]fect /ate = cont9u+ x4 ,:]e "o "y beg9n] 9 sci5ce meets ) ! =tunate circum/ance ( a help+ h&1 z ,s*eele did 9 ,b]gmann1 & ,f>aday 9 ,davy1 _m are cru%$ out4 ,! want ( enc\ragem5t to sci5tific discov]y 9 ?is c\ntry is s v great t extremely few m5 are able to /ruggle ?r\gh x1 & ?is is "o reason :y we h _h s few discov]ies4 ,"s p]sons h argu$ t ! v difficulties & disc\ragem5ts (f]$ are an advantage to sci5ce by produc+ only m5 ( ! v highe/ em95ce 9 discov]y2 b x is manife/ t h[ev] great ! am\nt ( ability may be t is develop$ by disc\ragem5t1 t am\nt w\ld probably be /ill great] by judici\s assi/ance4 ,moreov]1 progress 9 ! developem5t ( ! national sci5tific intellect is n s mu* to be reckon$ by ! few great successes :i* h occurr$ 9 spite ( all ob/acles1 b r by ! mu* m num]\s ones :i* w\ld h result$ f prop] enc\ragem5t4 ,! advocates ( su* an argum5t c h no idea ( ! he>t-sick5+ feel+ ( long def]r$ hope exp]i5c$ by ! "y beg9n] 9 sci5ce2 or ! disgu/ gradually eng5d]$ 9 8 m9d at ! inju/ice ( o!r m5 tak+ all ! pr(its ( 8 lab\rs & leav+ him )\t means ( support2 or !y w\ld nev] adduce x4 ,9 ?is c\ntry ! success ( ! few #ahf em95t m5 ( sci5ce has result$ f ! accid5tal comb9ation ( a few m or less =tuit\s circum/ances1 & _! own great natural det]m9ation1 & n f legitimate & j support4 ,h[ _m inve/igators we h lo/ f ! above causes x is impossible to tell4 ,! enc\ragem5t also ( unusual ability %\ld n be left to accid5t4 ,z sci5tific rese>* has prov$ itself to be ( su* great value to ?is nation1 ! "q naturally arises1 h[ c x be/ be promot$8 ,a numb] ( plans h be5 propos$4 ,among/ ^! may be m5tion$4 #a/4 ,by f\nd+ ,/ate ,laboratories1 9 :i* discov]]s ( e/abli%$ repute1 suppli$ ) e aid & appliance1 %\ld be :olly engag$ 9 rese>* 9 _! respective subjects1 & be paid by ! ,/ate4 #bnd4 ,by f\nd+ colleges or ,pr(essor%ips ( orig9al rese>* 9 ea* ( ! ,univ]sities1 & appo9t+ pr(essors simil>ly4 #crd4 ,by f\nd+ prov9cial colleges or ,pr(essor%ips ( rese>*1 ! funds be+ rais$ locally by means ( subscriptions1 donations1 & end[m5ts1 ) or )\t ,/ate assi/ance4 #d?4 ,by ,/ate or ,local aid1 9 ! =m ( additional sal>y1 to ,pr(essors 9 colleges1 to enable !m to pursue rese>*4 #e?4 ,by an ext5sion ( ! pres5t ,gov]nm5t grants di/ribut$ by ! ,royal ,society4 #f?4 ,by mak+ x a condition at ea* ( our ,univ]sities t e /ud5t ent]+ = a degree 9 sci5ce1 %\ld previ\sly make an orig9al rese>*4 #g?4 ,by ! =mation by le>n$ societies1 ( ,end[m5t ( #ahg ,rese>* ,funds1 & mak+ grants ( money !refrom to recognis$ inve/igators4 #h?4 ,by aid to local sci5tific inve/igators by ,municipal bodies out ( ! rates4 ,& #i?4 ,! support ( ,in/itutes ( ,sci5tific ,rese>* by private munific5ce4 ,aid to rese>*1 9 ,g]many1 has be5 *iefly be5 made by ! ,/ate1 by af=d+ means to ! ,pr(essors 9 ! ,univ]sities2 9 ,am]ica1 m by munific5ce ( weal?y individuals2 & 9 ?is c\ntry1 *iefly 9 ! =m ( ,gov]nm5t grants ( money to inve/igators4 ,! greate/ difficulty to be surm\nt$ 9 c>ry+ out any ( ^! s*emes1 is ! v g5]al ignorance 9 ?is c\ntry ( ! value & necessity ( rese>*2 & ?is c only be ov]come by sci5tific m5 !mselves p]=m+ _! duty ( enlight5+ ! public on ! subject4 #a/4 ,by f\nd+ ,/ate ,laboratories4 ,"o ( ! fir/ duties ( a ,gov]nm5t is to protect its subjects 9 ! enjoym5t ( _! prop]ty2 b z no law res]ves to discov]]s ! fruits ( _! ability1 x is cle>ly a duty ( ! ,/ate to protect !m 9 o!r ways4 ,x is believ$ to be a duty ( ! ,/ate to provide & pay = pure sci5tific rese>*1 = ! foll[+ reasons3--because rese>* is em95tly national "w2 because ! results ( su* lab\r are indisp5sable to national welf>e & progress1 & are ( imm5se value to ! nation1 & especially to ! ,gov]nm5t2 because ne>ly ! :ole pecuni>y b5efit ( x goes to ! nation1 & sc>cely any to ! discov]]2 because rese>* is n suffici5tly #ahh provid$ = by means ( volunt>y ef=t1 nor c its b5efits be re/rict$ to a locality2 & because !re appe>s to be sc>cely any o!r way 7except by application ( ,univ]sity rev5ues7 9 :i* discov]]s c be satisfactorily recomp5c$ = _! lab\r4 ,also ,gov]nm5t %\ld = its own sake hon\r ! m5 :o d hon\r & s]vice to ! c\ntry4 7,f>aday47 ,! f\nd+ ( ,/ate laboratories = orig9al rese>* 0 propos$ & advocat$ by ! late ,lieut5ant-,colonel ,/range1 ,f4,r4,s41 9 communications read be=e ! ,briti% ,association1 & 9 evid5ce giv5 be=e ! ,royal ,commission]s4#cc ,z ! erection & ma9t5ance ( ,/ate laboratories w\ld require a l>ge sum ( money1 & z all classes ( ! community w\ld %>e 9 ! b5efit1 x is reasonable to sugge/ t ! money %\ld come f "s s\rce t[>ds :i* all classes ( ! community1 ei!r directly or indirectly contribute1 & !re=e f "s national fund4 ,9 national improvem5ts1 exp5se is q a second>y consid]ation2 ! funds h[ev] = provid+ ,/ate laboratories already exi/2 ! sum ( ne>ly ,l#fjj1jjj has accumulat$ 9 ! =m ( fees receiv$ by ,gov]nm5t = ! grant+ ( pat5ts = inv5tions2 & z ! discov]ies made by sci5tific m5 =m ! mat]ials by means ( :i* ^? inv5tions 7 made1 ! money ?us accumulat$ may be ju/ly claim$ by sci5tific discov]]s z a suitable #ahi s\rce f :i* _! lab\rs %\ld be remun]at$ by ! ,/ate4 ,/rong argum5ts might be adduc$ bo? aga9/ & 9 fav\r ( ! application ( ?is money = ! purpose4 ,inv5tors are a great weal?-produc+ class ( ! community2 !y are at pres5t v highly tax$1 & receive b little advantage 9 return2 to tax !m )\t giv+ !m equival5t advantages1 /rikes v ne> to ! root ( comm]cial prosp]ity1 by dim9i%+ improvem5ts 9 arts & manufactures4 ,if an inv5tor is poor & 8 pat5t is valuable1 he is also frequ5tly h>ass$ out ( x by litigation4 ,inv5tors are usually poor1 & b little able to pay taxes on pat5ts at all2 _! pecuni>y position 9 ?is c\ntry is n greatly bett] ?an t ( discov]]s2 !y are l>gely at ! m]cy ( manufactur]s & capitali/s2 & ! inju/ice to :i* !y are sometimes subject$ is notori\s & disgraceful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fund already exi/s2 inv5tors also receive an equival5t f inve/igators1 discov]y is ! indisp5sable basis ( ne>ly all inv5tion2 pat5t$ inv5tions are =m$ by means ( ! k obta9$ by pure sci5tific rese>*4 ,! pov]ty ( a man does n ju/ify 8 tak+ ! fruits ( ! lab\rs ( ano!r man )\t pay+ = !m4 ,if also ! pat5t fees 7 ?us appli$1 ! co/ ( rese>* w\ld !n be paid = by all classes ( ! community1 some:at 9 proportion to ! b5efit d]iv$1 because ! co/ ( pat5ts 9 g5]al ultimately falls ^u ! public at #aij l>ge1 9 ! %ape ( an increas$ price put ^u ! commodity1 9 ord] to pay ! co/ ( ! pat5t1 l ! gr[] ( :eat is paid by ! consum]s ( bread1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! bak]1 ! mill]1 & corn m]*ant4 ,:il/ ! b5efits d]iv$ f ! lab\rs ( discov]]s1 fl[s *iefly 9 ! =m ( money into ! h&s ( weal?y manufactur]s1 & f9ally gets lock$ up 9 ! possession ( capitali/s & l&[n]s1 x is h>dly to be expect$ t ! ,gov]nm5t w be 9 possession ( funds necess>y to promote rese>* unless "s su* plan z ?is is adopt$4 ,%\ld ! weal?y & gov]n+ classes h[ev] become suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! value ( rese>*1 & ( ! ess5tial & p]man5t dep5d5ce ( _! mat]ial prosp]ity ^u x1 !re w !n be "s hope t !y w be will+ to contribute 9 a m direct mann] _! j %>e t[>ds pay+ ! exp5ses4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 b little prospect ( ?is :il/ ! influ5ce ( weal? s depresses ! sci5tific education ( ^? classes at ! ,univ]sities4 ,! fundam5tal object 9 f\nd+ ,/ate laboratories %\ld be to keep a /aff ( ! mo/ compet5t m5 :olly engag$ 9 orig9al rese>* 9 pure sci5ce1 & a second>y object might be to tra9 assi/ants to become inve/igators4 ,su* laboratories w\ld d\btless be locat$ 9 ,london1 & be on a scale ( magnitude cr$itable to sci5ce & ! nation4 ,!y might v suitably include #aia dep>tm5ts = ! simpl] pure sci5ces & ev5 = biology4 ,x is manife/ t ! argum5ts :i* support ! proposition = pr(essor%ips ( orig9al rese>* 9 ^? sci5ces apply 9 a great] or less degree to o!r sci5ces2 & x has be5 /at$ t !re is no gr\nd ^u :i* ! s*eme c be limit$ to ! subject ( natural philosophy4 ,9 ref]5ce to ?is rem>k1 7:i*1 l mo/ objections1 conta9s "s tru?71 x mu/ be rememb]$ t !re is a natural ord] ( dep5d5ce ( ! sci5ces ^u ea* o!r1 9 :i* ord] also !y are be+ evolv$4 ,x is a g5]al tru? t ! physical sci5ces ( light & heat are bas$ ^u me*anical conditions ( ! p>ticles ( matt]2 t ! sci5ce ( *emi/ry is f\nd$ ^u physics2 t biological ph5om5a are dep5d5t ^u physical & *emical conditions2 t psy*ological subjects are bas$ ^u biology2 & t biological sci5ce _c progress except+ 9 proportion to ! advance ( ! sci5ces on :i* x is bas$4 ,9 addition to ?is g5]al ord] ( prec$5ce ( evolution 9 po9t ( "t1 ! v>i\s sci5ces are s mutually relat$ t all mu/ advance toge!r1 ! simple ones tak+ ! lead1 & ! concrete & m complex sci5ces1 ) _! att5dant arts1 foll[+ beh9d4 ,z ?is natural ord] ( dep5d5ce & developm5t ( ! sci5ces is a great fact ( nature1 ov] :i* we h little or no control1 & z a s*eme = ! simultane\s e/abli%m5t ( pr(essor%ips ( rese>* 9 all ! sci5ces1 simple1 complex1 & #aib concrete1 w\ld probably be too great an und]tak+1 ! mo/ prop] c\rse w\ld be to comm5ce ) ! simpl] ones1 su* z ^? ( ma!matics1 me*anics1 physics1 & *emi/ry1 & p]haps biology4 ,if x be argu$ t x w\ld be unadvisable to comm5ce ) ! simple & purely exp]im5tal sci5ces1 x w\ld be /ill m unadvisable to comm5ce ) ! concrete subjects ( natural hi/ory1 m$ic9e1 civil hi/ory1 law1 & !ology1 or ) ! arts :i* also dep5d ^u sci5ce4 ,! numb] ( inve/igators 9 su* an in/itution w\ld n be l>ge1 because few ( high repute c\ld be obta9$1 _m ( our able/ ones ab&on rese>* = remun]ative pursuits4 ,9 ord] to make ! plan succe$1 ! conditions ( ! appo9tm5ts %\ld be su* z to limit ! election to ! mo/ compet5t p]sons4 ,9 ! selection ( su* g5tlem51 ! v]dict ( op9ion ( sci5tific m5 g5]ally1 ^u ! publi%$ rese>*es ( ! c&idates1 w\ld h previ\sly det]m9$ :o 7 qualifi$ = ! (fice4 ,any man :o _h publi%$ reliable pap]s 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,royal ,society1 might v prop]ly be consid]$ a fit c&idate1 & ! selection & appo9tm5t might be made by ! ,gov]nm5t1 ) ! advice ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,probably !re exi/s no class ( p]sons ^u :om ! c\ntry might m rely = indu/ry 9 (fice ?an em95t inve/igators1 because !y h pursu$ tru? = its good effects alone4 ,m5 :o _h #aic previ\sly ex]cis$ ! degree ( self-sacrifice necess>y to make a numb] ( long & difficult exp]im5tal rese>*es1 ) only v limit$ pecuni>y means1 mu/ necess>ily be possess$ ( great en?usiasm 9 _! call+1 & w\ld !re=e be extremely unlikely p]sons to become idle by be+ suppli$ ) a suffici5cy only ( means to c>ry on _! lab\rs4 ,fur!r1 su* m5 might at pres5t obta9 a mu* l>g] income ?an !y w\ld receive 9 su* a po/1 by ab&on+ rese>* & devot+ !mselves to ! v>i\s pr(itable engagem5ts :i* are op5 to e man ( sci5tific ability :o is will+ to devote himself to appli$ sci5ce4 ,! actual "w ( rese>* is mu* too ardu\s & difficult to p]mit su* an (fice to become an object ( desire to a place-seek+ or idle p]son4 ,b 9 ord] to exclude ) c]ta9ty ^? :o might devote !mselves to rese>* solely or prim>ily = ! purpose ( subsequ5tly obta9+ a well paid appo9tm5t1 7z p]sons sometimes devote !mselves to le>n+1 ) ! object ( gett+ an idle ,fell[%ip17 & to ensure 9 all cases a reasonable cont9uance ( indu/ry1 x w\ld be necess>y1 t :il/ ! sal>ies paid %\ld be suffici5t to r5d] ! pr(essors free f c>e1 if exp5d$ ) a reasonable degree ( economy1 !y %\ld n be s l>ge z to conduce to idl5ess4 ,! pr(essors %\ld und]take n to engage 9 any o!r remun]ative employm5t1 & provision %\ld be made1 t 9 case a pr(essor p]si/5tly fail$ to make1 complete1 or publi% 8 #aid rese>*es1 or devot$ less ?an ! /ipulat$ am\nt ( "t to su* lab\r 9 ! ,in/itution1 )\t reasonable cause1 he %\ld be remov$4 ,_m p]sons fancy t x mu/ be v nice to be always mak+ exp]im5ts1 & t !y %\ld be delight$ ) su* an occupation if !y c\ld only sp>e ! "t4 ,b su* an idea is only ano!r illu/ration ( ! g5]al ignorance ( ! subject1 & x is only express$ by ^? :o h nev] made a labori\s & difficult rese>*4 ,pure rese>* is by f> ! mo/ difficult ( all sci5tific occupations1 & ?is is ano!r *ief reason :y discov]]s are few1 & :y !y w probably rema9 s4 ,to succe$ 9 rese>*1 a man mu/ set aside all human pride1 & approa* ! subject ) p]fect humility2 & ?is is n an easy task1 m5 _c s readily ab&on preconceiv$ & *]i%$ notions4 ,_m rese>*es are moreov] extremely dang]\s4 ,?ilori] 0 kill$ by ! explosion ( a vessel ( liquefi$ c>bonic anhydride2 ,dulong lo/ an eye & f+]1 & ,sir ,humphrey ,davy 0 w\nd$ by an explosion ( *loride ( nitrog54 ,f>aday 0 ne> be+ bl9d$ by an exp]im5t ) oxyg54 ,nickles ( ,nancy1 & ,l\yet ( ,brussels1 lo/ _! lives1 & two o!r *emi/s 7 s]i\sly injur$ 9 heal? by exposure to ! excessively dang]\s fumes ( hydr(luoric acid4 ,buns5 lo/ ! sight ( an eye & 0 ne>ly poison$ by an explosion :il/ analys+ cyanide ( cacodyl4#cd ,h5nel 0 kill$ by an #aie explosion ( fulm9ate ( silv]1 & ,*apman by "o ( nitrate ( me?yl2 & ne>ly e *emical inve/igator c\ld tell ( "s n>r[ escape ( life 9 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,any "o :o wi%es to "k :e!r x is v nice to be always mak+ exp]im5ts %\ld attempt ! isolation ( fluor9e1 ! *emical exam9ation ( "s (f5sive sub/ance1 or ! det]m9ation ( "s difficult physical1 or *emical problem4 ,t a pr(essor%ip ( orig9al rese>* w\ld involve sub/antial "w does n admit ( d\bt1 & !re=e !re w\ld be "s security t x w\ld be wor?ily be/[$4 ,x w\ld n become an ornam5tal s9ecure1 9 :i* !re is pay b no "w1 unless1 by assign+ to x too l>ge a /ip5d1 inducem5t 0 held out to t num]\s class ( p]sons ^: love ( money is /rong] ?an _! love ( tru?1 to seek ! (fice2 to say ! utmo/1 x c\ld h>dly become s l>gely a s9ecure z _m (fices n[ held by ecclesia/ics4 ,jobb]y & abuse ( patronage w\ld be /ill fur!r prev5t$ by mak+ ! duties suffici5tly heavy4 ,! appo9tm5t1 & remun]ation by sal>y1 ( pr(essor ( rese>*1 w\ld n less5 ! indep5d5ce ( sci5tific m5 if ! (fice 0 n plac$ "u ! sup]9t5d5ce ( active & int]f]+ (ficials ignorant ( sci5ce4 ,al?\gh ! pr(essors might n be highly paid1 ! appo9tm5t w\ld increase _! indep5d5ce because x w\ld be "o ( ! mo/ hon\rable to :i* sci5tific m5 c\ld #aif atta91 & because !y w\ld !reby be put into a sph]e 9 :i* !y c\ld ex]cise _! tal5ts to ! fulle/ ext5t1 & r5d] ! greate/ s]vice & hon\r to ! nation4 ,if also ! sal>ies (f]$ 7 n too great1 ^? p]sons only w\ld become c&idates :o at pres5t h insuffici5t means to defray ! consid]able co/ ( exp]im5ts4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to appo9t only p]sons :o w\ld und]take to devote _! "t solely to ! discov]y ( new facts & pr9ciples 9 sci5ce1 & ! det]m9ation ( purely sci5tific que/ions1 & n to ! mak+ ( inv5tions2 because discov]y is ( f> great] national value ?an inv5tion2 & because inv5tions w\ld imm$iately on _! publication be seiz$1 modifi$1 & pat5t$ by individuals = _! own p]sonal b5efit4 ,discov]ies1 on ! o!r h&1 w\ld require a l>ge additional am\nt ( lab\r exp5d$ ^u !m by inv5tors be=e !y c\ld be conv]t$ into saleable commodities4 ,ea* pr(essor %\ld be all[$ p]fect fre$om to *oose 8 own special subjects ( rese>* 9 ! sci5ces he _h be5 accu/om$ to /udy1 because ea* inve/igator is usually ! be/ judge ( :at rese>*es are ! mo/ likely to yield him important results4 ,no discov]] ( repute w\ld be v likely to trespass on ano!r man's sph]e ( rese>*1 because he w\ld usually h an abundance ( good subjects ( 8 own2 & e hon\rable man w\ld purposely avoid do+ s2 & we f9d ?is practically to be ! case at ! pres5t "t4 ,sep>ate sets ( #aig rooms w\ld be necess>y = ea* inve/igator 9 ord] to keep ! rese>*es private & di/9ct4 ,! :ole ( ! new k obta9$ by rese>* %\ld be treat$ z national prop]ty1 & all ( x wor?y ( publication %\ld be made kn[n )\t ! lea/ res]ve1 x w\ld also be desirable to publi% ! results at reasonable int]vals ( "t4 ,! publication might take place1 z at pres5t1 9 ! j\rnals ( ! le>n$ ,societies1 or 9 ! lead+ sci5tific magaz9es1 & ! value ( ! "w w\ld be l>gely gu>ante$ by su* a mode ( publication4 ,! pr(essors %\ld also engage n to sell1 pat5t1 or prematurely disclose any ( ! k obta9$4 ,by elect+ to su* (fices only discov]]s ( repute1 ! nation might reasonably dep5d = ! results ^u ! kn[n ability & indu/ry ( ! m54 ,t ! results obta9$ w\ld1 _m ( !m1 be highly valuable1 does n admit ( d\bt1 because long exp]i5ce has uni=mly prov$ x2 b no discov]] c tell be=eh& :at results he w obta91 o!rwise rese>* w\ld h>dly be ne$$4 ,an objection has be5 made t no "o c tell h[ long x w be aft] a discov]y is made be=e ! nation w d]ive ! *ief b5efit4 ,! l5g? ( "t :i* elapses betwe5 ! publication ( discov]ies & _! practical fruits is v v>iable4 ,usually b5efit comm5ces at once & gradually wid5s2 directly discov]ies are publi%$ !y beg9 to be us$ by compil]s ( sci5tific books1 & by tea*]s & lectur]s 9 sci5ce1 & are ?us diffus$ #aih among/ ! public 9 g5]al1 & beg9 to produce b5eficial effects4 ,inv5tors1 manufactur]s1 m$ical m51 & o!rs1 also beg9 to apply !m to _! respective purposes4 ,9 "s cases /rik+ applications are imm$iately made ( !m1 & public att5tion is ?us direct$ to ! useful result2 b 9 _m cases ! b5eficial effects are small1 num]\s1 & indirect1 & x is difficult to trace & describe !m4 ,! objection also is defici5t 9 =ce1 because exp5diture 9 any o!r occupation1 & receipt ( ! pr(it ^u x1 are r>ely simultane\s4 ,_m ( ! wise/ re=ms 9 ?is c\ntry h be5 a long "t 9 produc+ _! results4 ,we mu/ !re=e be cont5t1 z 9 all ord9>y cases ( inve/m5t1 ) ! conviction t ! exp5diture w be pr(itable1 & we mu/ wait pati5tly = ! c]ta9 h>ve/4 ,9 rese>*1 z 9 _m o!r human ent]prises1 a man :o w n move until he is absolutely c]ta9 t :at he int5ds to d w at at once succe$1 mu/ sit /ill & p]i%4 ,sugge/ions h also be5 made to appo9t a ,gov]nm5t ,committee1 or ,c\ncil1 ^: function %\ld be to value sci5tific discov]ies1 & make correspond+ am\nts ( rew>d to ! discov]]s4 ,b ?is appe>s to be a less feasible plan1 because no man c1 at ! p]iod ( discov]y1 det]m9e :at am\nt ( practical result a discov]y w ultimately produce4 ,:o c\ld h =etold ) c]ta9ty at ! date ( ,o]/$'s discov]y ( electro-magnetism1 t ?is discov]y w\ld result 9 #aii ! exp5diture ( hundr$s ( millions ( p\nds ^u telegraphs alone8#ce ,objections h be5 made to def9ite paym5t = lab\r 9 rese>*1 on ! gr\nd ( indef9it5ess ( ! results1 & ! impossibility ( measur+ _! value4 ,c we expect to buy new sci5tific k at s mu* a p\nd1 or to retail discov]y by ! p9t8 ,! "w ( discov]]s is z def9ite z t ( _m o!r p]sons :o are paid4 ,:o c measure ! value ( ! cure ( s\ls1 ( ! duties ( a judge1 or ( ^? ( a field-m>%al8 ,in/ead ( pay+ = ! lab\r ( rese>* 9 a def9ite way1 we h adopt$ unsatisfactory make%ifts4 ,exceptional gifts1 & semi-*>itable p5sions1 h be5 ) difficulty obta9$ 9 a few cases = sci5tific m52 mo/ (t5 = ^? :o appli$ sci5tific k to practical uses ?an = ^? :o discov]$ t k4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 nei!r lawy]s1 m$ical m51 milit>y p]sons1 nor cl]gym5 are paid def9itely by results1 b by "t & lab\r1 9 accordance ) ! reputation ( ! man1 & !re is no suffici5t reason :y inve/igators %\ld n be simil>ly remun]at$4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! cases are only ones ( degree4 ,! "t has arriv$ :5 ?is great evil %\ld be made kn[n & rem$i$1 & m5 ( sci5ce %\ld press ^u our ,gov]nm5t1 z a matt] ( ju/ice to !mselves1 & necess>y = ! nation's welf>e1 t ! accumulat$ fees f pat5ts %\ld be appli$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,sci5tific #bjj dep>tm5t ( ! ,/ate1 ! erection ( ,/ate laboratories1 & ! paym5t ( discov]]s = ! national "w ( rese>*4 #bnd4 ,pr(essor%ips ( ,rese>* at ! ,univ]sities4 ,mo/ ( ! rem>ks already made respect+ ! appo9tm5t & ma9t5ance ( pr(essors ( rese>* 9 ,/ate laboratories1 w\ld apply equally to ^? propos$ 9 connection ) ! ,univ]sities4 ,among/ ! reasons :i* may be adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ! e/abli%m5t ( su* pr(essor%ips ! foll[+ may be select$4 ,because ! advancem5t ( le>n+ is peculi>ly ! function ( a ,univ]sity1 & "o ( ! *ief objects = :i* su* in/itutions 7 f\nd$4 ,! ^w ,univ]sity implies a seat ( univ]sal k1 & x is reasonable to assume t ,univ]sities %\ld act z f\nta9s ( new !oretical k1 z well z p]=m ! function ( diffus+ x2 su* an addition w\ld also raise _! intellectual position1 & make !m mu* m respect$1 bo? at home & abroad4 ,) reg>d to su* pr(essor%ips1 ! ,association = ! ,organization ( ,academical ,/udy1 consi/+ ( a numb] ( le>n$ m5 belong+ to ! ,univ]sities1 ! ,royal ,society1 & o!r le>n$ bodies1 adopt$ ! foll[+ resolutions3-- ,t ! *ief end to be kept 9 view 9 any r$i/ribution ( ! rev5ues ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge is ! adequate ma9t5ance ( ,mature ,/udy & ,sci5tific ,rese>*1 z well = _! own sake z ) ! view ( br++ ! high] education )9 ! #bja rea* ( all :o are desir\s ( pr(it+ by x4 ,t to h a class ( m5 ^: lives are devot$ to rese>* is a national object4 ,t x is desirable1 9 ! int]e/ ( national progress & education1 t ,pr(essor%ips & special in/itutions %all be f\nd$ 9 ! ,univ]sities = ! promotion ( ,sci5tific ,rese>*4 ,t ! pres5t mode ( aw>d+ ,fell[%ips z prizes1 has be5 unsuccessful z a means ( promot+ ,mature ,/udy & ,orig9al ,rese>*1 & t x is !re=e desirable t x %\ld be discont9u$4 ,) reg>d to ! funds necess>y3--,x has be5 e/imat$ t ! money paid 9 ! =m ( s9ecure fell[%ips or retir+ p5sions1 to "y m5 9 ,ox=d alone n[ am\nts to ab\t ,l#hj1jjj or ,l#ij1jjj a ye>2 & x has be5 sugge/$ t ?is money be appli$ to ! purpose4 ,^! funds 7 orig9ally int5d$ = promot+ k1 b ve/$ int]e/s prev5t _! be+ us$ = discov]+ new tru?s4 ,! *ief object ( su* pr(essor%ips w\ld be ! same z t 9 ! propos$ ,/ate laboratories1 viz4--to keep a /aff ( ! mo/ compet5t m5 :olly engag$ ^u rese>* 9 pure sci5ce4 ,! pr(essors ( physical & *emical rese>* might be select$ 9 accordance ) ! sugge/ions already made1 & be appo9t$ by ! ,s5ate or o!r gov]n+ body1 ) ! advice ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,all ! precautions :i* h be5 already sugge/$ "u ! head ( ,/ate laboratories1 w\ld #bjb h to be tak5 9 ord] to exclude unsuitable p]sons1 & to secure indu/ry 9 ! pr(essors4 ,! rem>ks also1 already made respect+ ! limitation ( ! duties ( ! pr(essors to rese>* 9 pure sci5ce1 ! exclusion ( inv5tion1 ! publication ( results1 ! class ( sci5ces ) :i* a comm5cem5t might be/ be made1 etc41 apply equally 9 ?is case4 ,i d n h[ev] mean by ^! rem>ks to sugge/ ! dis5d[m5t ( rese>* 9 ! m complex or concrete subjects1 9 ord] to make a comm5cem5t ) ! simpl] sci5ces4 ,! exi/5ce )9 ! ,univ]sities ( (fices 9 :i* ! faculties ( sci5tific m5 might be develop$ to _! fulle/ ext5t1 w\ld induce ^? engag$ 9 ! "w ( sci5tific in/ruction 9 ^? in/itutions to devote m "t to rese>*1 9 ord] t !y might improve _! sci5tific tal5ts1 & 9 _! turn become fitt$ to occupy su* po/s4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t discov]]s %\ld tea* z well z inve/igate2 b ?is w\ld be an imp]fect plan1 & w\ld l>gely conv]t ! position ( a pr(essor into t ( "o at an ord9>y college4 ,e p]son :o has _h mu* exp]i5ce 9 exp]im5tal inve/igation also kn[s1 t to c>ry x out effectually1 requires ! :ole ( 8 "t & att5tion4 ,if1 !re=e1 tea*+ or lectur+ con/itutes a "p ( ! duties1 a portion ( ! pr(essor's "t mu/ be tak5 f ! m important occupation ( rese>*1 & ! fundam5tal object ( ! in/itution w be fru/rat$4 ,rese>* evolves new k2 #bjc tea*+ simply di/ributes x4 ,! lab\rs ( a sci5tific tea*] or lectur] consi/ ess5tially ( a cont9u$ s]ies ( repetitions ( o!r m5's discov]ies4 ,= ea* s+le man :o c discov]1 !re exi/ _m :o c tea*4 ,) tea*+ 9 addition to rese>*1 all ! usual educational ma*9]y1 lecture !atres & app>atus1 diagrams1 audi5ces1 pupils1 regi/ration ( /ud5ts1 receipt ( fees1 exam9ations1 m>k+ ( pap]s1 valu+ ( answ]s1 att5d+ annual meet+s1 etc41 w\ld be br\ght into requisition1 & ! result w\ld probably be1 z x is at pres5t1 ! duties ( tea*+ w\ld1 9 ne>ly all cases1 swall[ up ! "t1 & prev5t ! fre$om f int]ruption necess>y = successful rese>* ,"u pres5t circum/ances1 x is ! te/imony ( ne>ly e tea*] & lectur] 9 sci5ce1 t he has no "t = rese>*4 ,if tea*+ is also c>ri$ on1 ! ,rese>* laboratories w compete ) educational in/itutions1 e/abli%$ & c>ri$ on by private ent]prize1 & place !m at a disadvantage1 & ?us disc\rage volunt>y ef=t 9 ! diffusion ( sci5ce2 b by limit+ ! functions ( ! pr(essors entirely to pure rese>*1 !re w be no competition ) any private int]e/s1 because no p]sons ga9 a livelihood entirely by means ( su* occupation4 ,t ! practice ( tea*+ is h[ev] ( v great use 9 prep>+ ! m9d ( a sci5tific man = rese>* is q c]ta91 because x compels him to /udy all p>ts ( 8 subject1 & :il/ do+ s1 _m que/ions = inve/igation occur to 8 m9d4 #bjd ,_m ( our mo/ em95t discov]]s h also be5 tea*]s4 ,b tea*+ is n a necess>y condition ( success 9 rese>*1 nor ev5 a necess>y prep>ation = x2 ! examples ( v>i\s able discov]]s prove ?is4 ,9 "s cases discov]]s h devot$ !mselves to tea*+1 only aft] hav+ atta9$ high repute 9 rese>*2 9 o!rs !y h n be5 tea*]s at all4 ,orig9al rese>* itself usually sugge/s pl5ty ( new subjects ( inve/igation1 )\t ! additional ones sugge/$ by tea*+4 ,9 ord] t self improvem5t 9 a man ( sci5ce might nev] /agnate1 !re %\ld exi/ a cont9u\s & complete s]ies ( /eps ( pref]m5t1 by :i* ! m]e/ beg9n]s 9 sci5tific k1 might be enabl$ to atta9 to ! highe/ sci5tific position2 & f9ally become :olly occupi$ 9 t k9d ( lab\r by :i* _! sci5tific faculties w\ld be develop$ to _! fulle/ ext5t1 b ?is la/ /ep is want+4 ,by ! propos$ plan h[ev] a /ud5t w\ld become a tea*]2 ! tea*] develope into a pr(essor2 & a pr(essor might employ = a p]iod a portion ( 8 "t 9 rese>*1 & ?us become qualifi$ = entire devotion to orig9al inve/igation & discov]y4 ,aft] a sci5tific tea*] has acquir$ a ?or\gh k ( 8 subjects1 & a high position 9 8 pr(ession1 8 occupation becomes to him a species ( intellectual r\t9e1 9 :i* he is cont9ually go+ ?r\gh ! same c\rses ( lectures & exam9ations ov] & ov] aga91 & 8 p]sonal improvem5t /agnates4 ,b if !re 0 remun]ation = rese>*1 #bje or !re exi/$ "s po/ or employm5t1 to :i* ^? :o _h acquir$ ! ability to inve/igate might be appo9t$1 !re w\ld be an inducem5t to cont9u$ intellectual improvem5t1 & a sph]e 9 :i* ! mo/ valuable faculties ( sci5tific m5 might be develop$ = national b5efit to _! fulle/ ext5t4 #crd4 ,prov9cial ,colleges ( ,rese>*4--,! success ( ?is plan w\ld dep5d ess5tially ^u ! diffusion ( a k ( ! importance ( sci5tific rese>* among/ ! ri*] classes4 ,!re are at pres5t a v few weal?y p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry :o p]ceive to "s ext5t ! value ( su* rese>*1 & ! dep5d5ce ( _! weal? ^u x1 :o w\ld be will+ to contribute to a fund = ! purpose2 & !re are _m m :o w\ld assi/ if ! importance ( ! subject 0 prop]ly expla9$ to !m4 ,! *ief argum5t 9 fav\r ( prov9cial colleges ( rese>* is1 t x is a duty ( weal?y p]sons to aid rese>*1 because !y h d]iv$1 & are cont9ually d]iv+ great b5efits f x1 = :i* !y make no paym5t4 ,! ways 9 :i* "s ( ^? b5efits h be5 d]iv$ h be5 already briefly /at$4 ,z ! l>ge manufactur]s & capitali/s are g5]ally ! p]sons :o d]ive great pecuni>y b5efit f ! progress ( sci5ce1 x might be reasonably urg$ t !y %\ld contribute freely t[>ds its advancem5t4 ,su* an in/itution might be locat$ 9 ea* ( ! #bjf l>ge/ c5tres ( indu/ry4 ,! objects ( ! in/itution2 ! bran*es ( sci5ce to be inve/igat$ 9 x2 ! numb] ( pr(essors1 ! mode ( select+ !m1 & ( exclud+ unsuitable c&idates = ! (fice2 ! means by :i* indu/ry might be secur$ & jobb]y prev5t$2 ! exclusion ( inv5tion1 & ( tea*+ & lectur+2 ! publication ( results1 removal ( pr(essors1 etc41 h already be5 treat$ ( "u ! head ( ,/ate laboratories4 ,! *ief difficulties to be ov]come 9 ?is1 z 9 all o!r plans ( aid+ rese>*1 are to f9d a suffici5t numb] ( influ5tial p]sons acqua9t$ ) ! subject to practically c>ry out ! plan2 to secure inve/igators ( high ability2 & to prev5t ! (fices be+ fill$ by incompet5t p]sons4 #d?4 ,aid to ,pr(essors ( ,sci5ce 9 ,colleges4--,ano!r way by :i* rese>* might be promot$1 w\ld be by giv+ assi/ance 9 ! =m ( a def9ite am\nt ( additional sal>y1 = ! purpose ( pure rese>*1 to pr(essors & tea*]s 9 colleges & in/itutions2 ! money be+ suppli$ by ! ,/ate or f ! funds ( ! ,in/itution4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is plan1 x w\ld be necess>y to assi/ only ^? p]sons :o _h already publi%$ a good rese>*1 & ?us prov$ _! ability2 & :o w\ld engage to devote a def9ite portion ( _! "t to ! lab\r z a "p ( _! duty4 ,! selection ( suitable m5 might be made ) ! advice ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,royal ,society4 #bjg ,! additional sal>y %\ld be entirely 9 ! =m ( remun]ation = lab\r1 "t1 & mat]ials1 etc41 exp5d$ ^u rese>* 9 pure sci5ce1 & n 9 effect+ inv5tions4 ,! k obta9$ %\ld be treat$ z public prop]ty1 & be publi%$ 9 ! usual mann]1 & ! inve/igator %\ld n be p]mitt$ to sell or pat5t x4 ,x w\ld be necess>y to provide t 9 case ! inve/igator fail$ to make or publi% a reasonable am\nt ( good rese>*1 ! additional sal>y %\ld cease4 ,publication 9 ! j\rnals ( ! ,royal ,society1 or 9 a lead+ sci5tific magaz9e1 might be consid]$ a suffici5t pro( ( ! satisfactory quality ( ! lab\r4 ,x is v desirable t all ! high] tea*]s & pr(essors ( sci5ce 9 our educational in/itution %\ld devote a portion ( _! "t to orig9al rese>*4 ,x w\ld make _! lectures m reliable1 because rese>* yields exp]i5ce 9 ! detection ( error2 :il/ !re is usually only "o way ( succe$+ 9 mak+ an exp]im5t1 !re are always _m ways ( fail+1 & 9 ! directions giv5 9 books1 ! latt] are usually omitt$4 ,x w\ld also induce ! /ud5ts to take a great] int]e/ 9 ! subject1 & feel m respect = ! tea*]4 ,! special excell5ce ( ! ,g]man sy/em ( tea*+ consi/s 9 ! union ( tea*+ & orig9al rese>*4 ,?is plan ( aid+ rese>* w\ld induce "s ( our tea*]s ( sci5ce :o h n yet made rese>*es1 to attempt su* lab\r1 x w\ld also develope a sup]ior class ( sci5tific tea*]s g5]ally2 & produce a supply ( c&idates = pr(essor%ips ( rese>*4 #bjh ,a great ob/acle to ! c>ry+ out ( ?is plan lies 9 ! fact t 9 consequ5ce ( ! ignorance ( ! value ( orig9al rese>* by ! f\nd]s ( su* ,in/itutions1 no def9ite provision usually exi/s 9 ! ,tru/ de$s to au?orise ! ,tru/ees to devote any ( ! funds to su* a purpose4 #e?4 ,ext5sion ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,grant ,sy/em4--,dur+ a numb] ( ye>s ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t has entru/$ to ! ,royal ,society ! annual sum ( ,l#a1jjj = ! purpose ( aid+ sci5ce2 & t sum has be5 giv5 9 v>y+ portions to diff]5t inve/igators :o h appli$ = grants 9 aid ( _! exp5ses 9 mak+ inve/igations4 ,al?\gh ! total am\nt to be disburs$ annually 0 n l>ge1 v few p]sons1 qualifi$ to make good rese>*es1 usually appli$ = its assi/ance1 & x 0 difficult to dispose ( ! :ole4 ,! *ief causes ( ?is difficulty 73--a grant f ! fund 0 an unpr(itable gift to accept1 because x 0 only suffici5t to p>tly pay ! exp5ses out ( pocket = *emicals & app>atus1 & all[$ no?+ = ! skill1 "t1 or lab\r1 nor = paym5ts made to assi/ants4 ,fur!r1 ,by ord] ( ! ,c\ncil1 all in/rum5ts1 app>atus1 & draw+s1 made or obta9$ by aid ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,grants1 %all1 aft] s]v+ ! purpose = :i* !y 7 procur$1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( any specific und]/&+ to ! contr>y1 be deliv]$ into ! cu/ody ( ! ,royal ,society4 ,by f> ! great] "p ( ! exp5se ( an inve/igation 9 physics or *emi/ry is ! exce$+ly l>ge #bji am\nt ( "t x occupies4 ,_m necess>y prelim9>y exp]im5ts h to be made1 :i* yield ei!r negative1 unsuccessful1 or incomplete results1 & make ! und]tak+ exp5sive4 ,a good inve/igation 9 *emi/ry also n unfrequ5tly co/s ! inve/igator a sov]eign a day if he is :olly employ$ ^u x4 ,9 "s cases1 = ea* ,l#ajj receiv$ z a grant1 at lea/ a ,l#a1jjj1 0 directly & indirectly exp5d$4 ,any p]son !re=e :o und]took a rese>* became a los]1 & aid f ! ,gov]nm5t ,grant fund did n entirely cov] 8 loss4 ,only sci5tific m5 :o _h o!r s\rces ( income 7 able to avail !mselves ( ! grants4 ,! exi/5ce ( ! grants also 0 n widely kn[n4 ,! advantages ( ! plan 71 x dim9i%$ ! loss to ! inve/igator1 & ! fact ( be+ allott$ a sum f ! fund 0 consid]$ highly cr$itable to ! recipi5t4 ,9 consequ5ce l>gely ( ! evid5ce collect$ f em95t m5 ( sci5ce f all p>ts ( ,great ,brita91 & ! recomm5dations bas$ ^u x1 by ! ,royal ,commission = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ! ,grant sy/em has be5 ext5d$2 our ,gov]nm5t rec5tly plac$ an additional am\nt ( ,l#d1jjj a ye>1 = five ye>s1 to be di/ribut$ 9 sums at ! recomm5dation ( ! ,royal ,society to suitable applicants1 & ! five ye>s h n[ elaps$4 ,?is ext5sion ( ! ,grant sy/em has be5 an #baj improvem5t4 ,x has result$ bo? 9 a l>ge increase 9 ! numb] ( applicants & ( rese>*es2 & has %[n t !re exi/s 9 ?is c\ntry a l>ge am\nt ( sci5tific ability 9 ne$ ( enc\ragem5t4 ,! am\nts grant$ 7 increas$ 9 magnitude s z to cov] 9 "s cases paym5ts made to assi/ants & ! entire outlay made = exp]im5ts1 also a small paym5t = a portion ( ! "t occupi$ 9 actual rese>*4 ,! plan ( aw>d+ ! grants has be5 = "w propos$ by ! applicants to be done1 & n = t already p]=m$4 ,h[ f> a retrospective me?od might be wor?y ( trial1 is difficult to decide4 ,x has be5 object$ to x t ! claims ( sci5tific inve/igators = rese>*es already made1 w\ld be s great & s conv9c+ t x w\ld be impossible to resi/ !m1 & ! funds requir$ to satisfy ^? claims w\ld be s l>ge z to r5d] ! plan q impracticable2 if h[ev] ! retrospective p]iod 0 limit$ to a %ort "t1 a ye> = example1 ! difficulty w\ld be less5$4 ,!re w\ld /ill h[ev] rema9 ! great difficulty ( valu+ ! results4 ,?is might probably be ov]come by regulat+ ! money paym5t accord+ to ! "t1 lab\r1 pecuni>y exp5diture1 & sci5tific /atus ( ! p>ticul> inve/igator1 & leav+ g5ius to be rew>d$ by ! fame & hon\r ( ! results4 ,no sy/em ( aid h[ev] c place sci5tific inve/igation 9 a satisfactory position 9 ?is c\ntry1 :i* does n include c]ta9 remun]ation = "t1 #baa money & lab\r exp5d$2 & no s\nd argum5t c be adduc$ :y inve/igators %\ld n be adequately recomp5c$4 ,! g5ius alone ( a discov]] %\ld be rew>d$ by fame1 & 8 "t1 lab\r1 & exp5diture1 9 accordance ) 8 pr(essional reputation1 be repaid by money1 z 9 all o!r intellectual occupations4 ,! same am\nt ( "t & lab\r exp5d$ 9 any ord9>y pr(ession1 requir+ an equal1 or ev5 less am\nt ( prep>atory education & exp]i5ce1 & less r>e ability1 w\ld yield an income ( sev]al ?\s& p\nds a ye>4 ,al?\gh ! lives ( a few em95t discov]]s h prov$ t x has be5 possible = !m to d a consid]able am\nt ( rese>* "u ! conditions :i* h exi/$1 t is no reason :y !y %\ld n be remun]at$4 ,previ\s success 9 rese>* has be5 due to ! unusually great p]sev]ance1 indu/ry1 & self-d5ial ( ! m51 & b little to any pecuni>y enc\ragem5t receiv$4 ,! fewness ( su* m51 supports ?is view ( ! case4 ,! plan ( aid+ rese>* by grants :i* include no c]ta9 paym5t = "t or lab\r1 is q incomm5surate ) ! importance ( ! subject & entirely unwor?y ( ! reputation ( a great nation4 #f?4 ,/ud5ts pursu+ ,rese>* at ! ,univ]sities4 ,9 ! ,g]man ,univ]sities ea* /ud5t is requir$ to make an orig9al rese>* be=e he c obta9 a degree 9 ,sci5ce1 & ! plan has work$ successfully2 also 9 ! ,victoria ,univ]sity1 ,man*e/]1 #bab sev]al ,fell[%ips h rec5tly be5 e/abli%$ = ! enc\ragem5t ( /ud5ts 9 orig9al inve/igation4 ,if ?is plan c\ld be c>ri$ out 9 our old ,univ]sities x w\ld produce mo/ valuable results1 because ! gov]n+1 weal?y1 & influ5tial classes ( ?is nation are *iefly educat$ at ^? in/itutions1 & !y w\ld !n acquire habits ( m accurate sci5tific ?\ght1 & "s k ( ! nature & importance ( sci5tific rese>*1 & ( ! ess5tial dep5d5ce ( national welf>e ^u x4 ,b a great & probably insup]able ob/acle exi/s to ! c>ry+ out ( su* a plan1 viz41 ! weal? possess$ by ! p>5ts ( /ud5ts4 ,an orig9al rese>* _c be made )\t consid]able indu/ry1 & ! greate/ oppon5t ( indu/ry1 especially ) "y m51 is ! possession or expectation ( weal?4 ,accord+ to college tutors at our old ,univ]sities1 !re is no l>ge class ( indu/ri\s /ud5ts at ^? in/itutions4 ,! greate/ cause ( ! idl5ess ( ! /ud5ts is p>5tal neglect & ! habits ( weal?y society4 ,_m p>5ts all[ _! sons too mu* money1 & ov]-look too readily _! idl5ess & frivolity2 ! "y m5 also "k _! p>5ts are ri*1 & act accord+ly4 ,_m p]sons s5d _! sons to ^? places *iefly to =m ari/ocratic acqua9tances1 & = o!r purposes ?an ^? ( educational discipl9e & le>n+4 ,! college au?orities h also l>gely acquiesc$ 9 ! wi%es ( ! p>5ts & /ud5ts4 ,& 9 ?is way #bac sci5tific rese>* has be5 almo/ entirely exclud$ f our old ,univ]sities4 ,if ! pres5t tutors & gov]n+ bodies ( ^? ,in/itutions _c induce /ud5ts g5]ally to be indu/ri\s1 by :at means c x be expect$ t ^! "y m5 c be p]suad$ to ex]cise ! /ill great] degree ( indu/ry & intellig5ce requisite to prosecute rese>*1 :il/ !y are decoy$ f x by ! attractions ( weal?8 ,9 ,g]many ! conditions are v diff]5t1 ! /ud5ts 9 ! ,univ]sities ( t c\ntry h mu* less money at _! disposal4 ,ne>ly ! :ole ( ! educational c\rses also at ! ,gramm> s*ools & o!r educational in/itutions 9 ?is c\ntry1 are =m$ ^u ! plan ( s5d+ all ! sup]ior s*ol>s to our ,univ]sities1 & ?us ! defective /ate ( sci5tific tra9+ at ! ,univ]sities op]ates ?r\gh our :ole s*ola/ic sy/em1 & depresses ! entire sci5tific in/ruction ( ! nation4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is way ! undue weal? ( ?is c\ntry l>gely ret>ds national progress4 #g?4 ,local ,end[m5t ( ,rese>* ,funds4 ,9 addition to ! =ego+ means1 local ef=ts might be made to enc\rage rese>* 9 ea* great c5tre ( indu/ry2 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! local sci5tific societies4 ,ne>ly z e>ly z ! ye> #affj1 ,c[ley 9 a treatise1 propos$ a ,philosophical ,society to be e/abli%$ ne> ,london1 ) lib]al sal>ies to le>n$ m5 to make exp]im5ts2 b he c\ld n get ! money rais$4 ,a plan ( ?is k9d is 9 op]ation 9 ,birm+ham & c>ri$ out by ! #bad ,c\ncil ( ! ,birm+ham ,philosophical ,society 9 accordance ) ! foll[+3-- ,,s*eme ,,= ,,e/abli%+ ,,& ,,adm9i/]+ ,a ,,fund ,,= ,,! ,,end[m5t ,,( ,,rese>* ,,9 ,,birm+ham4 ,! ,c\ncil are ( op9ion t ?is ,society w\ld be omitt+ a pr9cipal means ( ! advancem5t ( ,sci5ce--! end = :i* all su* associations exi/--if x neglect$ ! "q ( ! ,end[m5t ( ,rese>*4 ,to ma9ta9 a successful inve/igator 9 8 lab\rs1 ev5 ?\gh no results ( imm$iate or obvi\s utility c be %[n to spr+ out ( !m1 is ( int]e/ to ! community at l>ge4 ,inde$1 x is j because ! practical usefulness ( su* "w is n imm$iate or obvi\s t x becomes necess>y to give x special support1 = o!rwise x w\ld h its own m>ket value1 & end[m5t w\ld be sup]flu\s4 ,b ! prop] & effectual adm9i/ration ( an ,end[m5t ,fund is p]ceiv$ to be s beset ) difficulty1 z (t5 to det] ev5 ^? :o recognise ! pr9ciple f advocat+ x 9 practice4 ,mo/ ( ! dang]s usually =ese5 w\ld1 h[ev]1 z a rule be avoid$1 simply by ! di/ribution ( su* funds f local c5tres1 "u su* a s*eme z is n[ propos$4 ,! ,c\ncil1 are !re=e1 anxi\s to e/abli% a ,fund1 9 connection at once ) ! ,society & ! ,t[n1 = ! direct ,end[m5t ( ,sci5tific ,rese>*4#cf #bae #h?4 ,local ,laboratories ( ,rese>*4 ,ano!r plan w\ld be = local sci5tific societies to raise money by solicit+ subscriptions & donations = ! support ( local laboratories2 a prospectus ( ! foll[+ k9d be+ issu$3-- ,,proposal ,,to ,,f\nd ,a ,,laboratory ,,( ,,pure ,,sci5tific ,,rese>* ,,9 ----4 ,z ! manufactur]s1 m]*ants1 capitali/s1 l&-own]s1 & ! public g5]ally1 ( ?is t[n & di/rict1 h d]iv$ & are /ill d]iv+ great pecuni>y & o!r b5efits f ! discov]y ( new k by means ( pure rese>* 9 ! sci5ces ( ,physics & ,*emi/ry2 & z 9 consequ5ce ( ! great neglect ( su* rese>* 9 ?is c\ntry1 & ! increas$ cultivation ( x 9 o!r l&s1 our comm]ce is suff]+1 & a great _m evils 9 manufactur+ & o!r op]ations1 9 sanit>y & _m o!r matt]s dep5dant ^u physical & *emical conditions1 rema9 unrem$i$2 x is propos$ to f\nd a ,local ,laboratory ( orig9al rese>* 9 ^? sci5ces1 ) e suitable appliance 9 x2 & to employ "o or m inve/igators ( repute1 ) assi/ants1 :o %all be :olly engag$ 9 su* lab\r 9 _! respective sci5ces4 ,z x is l>gely ! cu/om 9 ?is c\ntry to effect great objects by means ( individual lib]ality & corporate ent]prise1 in/ead ( tru/+ to ,/ate assi/ance1 x is n improbable t :5 ! great importance ( sci5tific rese>* & its claims #baf to enc\ragem5t h become m g5]ally kn[n1 t aid :i* has hi!rto be5 )-held f x w be r5d]$ by private g5]osity2 & local in/itutions1 :olly = ! purpose ( orig9al sci5tific rese>* w be e/abli%$ & support$ by public-spirit$ weal?y p]sons4 ,an in/itution ( ?is k9d ^u a small scale1 & call$ ,! ,in/itute ( ,sci5tific ,rese>* has already be5 e/abli%$ 9 ,birm+ham1 7see ,note p4 #dj74 ,by f\nd+ local in/itutions ( ?is k9d !re exi/ opportunities = weal?y p]sons to d great good to mank9d1 & acquire r5[n z philan?ropi/s by ! action4 ,& #i?4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ! great b5efit d]iv$ f sci5tific rese>* by ! inhabitants ( ea* locality1 x has become a duty ( ea* l>ge community to promote x1 & local ,t[n ,c\ncils might ) advantage & p]fect ju/ice to ! public1 devote a portion ( municipal funds to ! purpose ( aid+ local sci5tific rese>*4 ,to ?is plan x may be object$1 t z ! results ( rese>* are cosmopolitan1 diffus+ !mselves ev]y:]e1 & ?is diffusion _c be prev5t$2 ! b5efits aris+ f rese>* _c be re/rict$ ev5 to a l>ge community4 ,9 reply to ?is3--,z k & its advantages are cosmopolitan1 ! duty ( promot+ rese>* mu/ be equally ext5sive4 ,!re is also a real return receiv$ by ! public = exp5diture ( money 9 rese>*1 9 ! free lib]ty to use all new k develop$ ev]y:]e by su* lab\r1 & al?\gh ! money exp5d$ by a #bag community ^u p>ticul> rese>*es or ^u an individual inve/igator1 does n directly produce an imm$iate return2 practically an imm$iate & direct b5efit is receiv$ by t community1 because new sci5tific k = ! use ( tea*]s & popul> lectur]s1 & new inv5tions bas$ ^u x1 ( local value to t society1 cont9ually become public4 ,e civiliz$ community has also receiv$ be=eh& su* b5efits to an enorm\s ext5t2 & ea* inve/igator may reasonably claim public support on ! gr\nd t he contributes to ! g5]al /ock ( new k4 ,"s p]sons h[ev]1 :o h n fully consid]$ ! subject1 wi% to receive n only ! advantages accru+ f ! common /ock ( k1 b also to res]ve to !mselves ! entire b5efit aris+ f _! own special contributions4 ,exp]i5ce alone w prove :i* ( ! =ego+ s*emes is ! mo/ suitable 9 ?is c\ntry1 or 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,at pres5t ! plan l>ge/ 9 op]ation is ! sy/em ( ,gov]nm5t ,grants1 next 9 magnitude are ! o!r funds di/ribut$ by ! ,royal ,society1 ! ,briti% ,association1 ! ,*emical ,society1 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ! ,birm+ham ,philosophical ,society1 & ^? provid$ by ! munific5ce ( private individuals4 ,x is greatly to be hop$ t ! lib]al _s ( private individuals w yet fur!r remove ! great blot :i* lies ^u ! reputation ( ! weal?y manufactur]s1 capitali/s1 & l&-own]s1 :o h d]iv$ su* great pr(its f #bah sci5tific rese>* & h sc>cely aid$ x at all 9 return4 ,x is also to be desir$ t ! ,corporations ( manufactur+ t[ns w recognise ! value ( orig9al sci5tific enquiry to _! fell[ t[nsm51 & w und]take ! responsibility ( vot+ money f municipal funds to promote x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notes #a ,see p4p4 #afe to #afg4 #b ,essays & ,addresses1 ,ow5's ,college1 #ahgd1 pp4 #agb-ahb4 #c ,see ,*apt] #b1 ,section ,b4 #d ,9 ! ye> #ahgj1 a g5tleman ( ! "n ( ,davis bequea!d ,l#b1jjj to ! ,royal ,in/itution1 ,london1 to aid orig9al sci5tific rese>*4 #e ,z a notable exception to ! above /atem5t3--,sci5tific rese>* has n[ an ,in/itute ( its own 9 ,birm+ham1 )\t be+ indebt$ to ! public funds4 ,a fund has already be5 collect$ = c>ry+ on ! "w4 ,! build+ is call$ ',! ,in/itute ( ,sci5tific ,rese>*4' ,see ,nature1 ,janu>y #g?1 #ahha1 p4 #cff2 ! ,a!naeum1 ,febru>y #e?1 #ahha1 p4 #bjd2 ! ,engli% ,me*anic1 p4 #ecg1 ,febru>y #aa?1 #ahha4 #f ,pr(essor ,ba*e left #ej1jjj doll>s1 & ,smi?son bequea!d #eda1jjj doll>s to ?is ,in/itution4 #g ,respect+ ! ,memb]s ( our ,h\ses ( ,legislature1 a =m] ,po/ma/]-,g5]al rem>k$ to me1 t a dose ( sci5tific rese>* w\ld be too mu* = !m4 #h ,! ,victoria ,univ]sity has rec5tly become a p>tial exception to ?is /atem5t4 #i ,see ,royal ,society ,catalogue ( ,sci5tific ,pap]s1 vol4 #e1 pp4 #gai & #hij2 & vol4 #h1 p4 #a1jaj4 #aj ,see ,nature1 ,april #bd? & ,may #a/1 #ahgc1 pp4 #dhe & #ac2 also ,"w & ,wages1 by ,brassey1 pp4 #agj & #agh4 #aa ,,note4--,see ,"w & ,wages1 by ,brassey1 p4p4 #ae-aca & #acb2 also ! ,laboratory1 vol4 #a1 p4p4 #cac-caf1 #cgh & #chj4 #ab ,,note4--,! :ole ( ?is *apt]1 especially ! ,moral ,section1 is capable ( great amplification & mu* m copi\s illu/ration4 #ac ,,note4--,see also p4 #ie4 #ad ,,note4--,a!naeum1 ,aug4 #c1 #ahgg4 p4 #bdb4 #ae ,wi% & ,w1 by ,l4 ,turn]1 ,m4,a4 #af ,! ,mutual ,relations ( ,physical ,sci5ce & ,religi\s ,fai?4 #ag ,port ,royal ,logic1 ,disc\rse #a4 #ah ,see p4 #ia-ib4 #ai ,see ,wa/e ,products & ,undevelop$ ,sub/ances1 by ,p4 ,w4 ,simmonds4 #bj ,see ,b>omet] ,cycles1 by ,balf\r ,/ew>t1 ,f4,r4,s4--,nature1 ,jan4 #ac1 #ahha1 p4 #bcg4 #ba ,see p4 #afe1 et seq4 #bb ,x w\ld ,i consid] be an improvem5t 9 our educational arrangem5ts1 if a ,pr(essorial *air1 solely devot$ to tea*+ ^? laws & pr9ciples1 exi/$ 9 ea* ,sci5tific ,college4 #bc ,see vols4 #a 7#ahgb7 #b 7#ahgd7 ( ! ,reports ( t ,commission4 #bd ,see pages #ajj & #aja4 #be ,nature1 ,april #crd1 #ahgc4 p4 #dca4 #bf ,sir ,edmund ,beckett1 ,engli% ,me*anic1 #ahha1 ,no4 #hcj1 p4 #efj4 #bg ,! ,e>l ( ,craufurd1 ,engli% ,me*anic1 #ahha1 ,no4 #hcj1 p4 #efj4 #bh ,see page #fh1 et seq4 p4 #acd4 #bi ,see ,nature1 ,dec4 #bnd1 #ahhj1 p4 #aab4 #cj ,engli% ,me*anic1 #ahha1 ,no4 #hca1 pp4 #ehf1 #ehg4 #ca ,engli% ,me*anic1 ,augu/ #ag?1 #ahha1 p4 #hc4 #cb ,! ,ma/]%ip ( ! ,m9t is no long] giv5 to sci5tific m54 #cc ,see ,reports ( ,royal ,commission on ,sci5tific ,in/ruction & ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 ,vol #b1 pp4 #ge-ib4 #cd ,see ,nature ,no4 #fjj1 p4 #eig1 ,april #bh?1 #ahha4 #ce ,a fleet ( ?irty %ips1 v>y+ 9 size f #ejj to #ejjj tons ea*1 is employ$ 9 lay+ & repair+ telegraph cables1 & #be millions ( p\nds h already be5 inve/$ 9 subm>9e cable ent]prises4 #cf ,see ,nature1 vol4 ,,xxii1 page #bjc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,*anges made aga9/ pr9t$ orig9al4 ,page #aa4 our k ( ! sub/ance3 'kn[wl$ge' 9 orig9al4 ,page #bd4 ,ne>ly e manufactur]3 'ev]' 9 orig9al4 ,page #cb4 ,p]sons 9 g5]al c easily und]/&3 'ean easily' 9 orig9al4 ,page #ci4 weal?y p]sons :o h devot$ !mselves3 '!mselv]' 9 orig9al4 ,page #fb4 also all t]re/rial =ces3 't]re/ial' 9 orig9al4 ,page #ha4 bett] sy/ems ( hygi5e3 'hyge9e' 9 orig9al4 ,page #aad4 c\rse 9 :i* ! ?rong is d5se/3 '!' repeat$ across l9e break 9 orig9al4 ,ibid4 ?\s&s ( diff]5t *emical comp\nds3 'comp\uds' 9 orig9al4 ,page #aaf4 emits & absorbs3 'aborbs' 9 orig9al4 ,page #aai4 ,9 e g5u9e volition3 'volitition' 9 orig9al4 ,page #abf4 purely physical & *emical conditions43 'physicial' 9 orig9al4 ,page #abg4 ! judicial detection ( tru?3 'judical' 9 orig9al4 ,ibid4 completely conv]t$ into acquir$ t5d5cies3 'completly 444 t5d5ces' 9 orig9al4 ,page #acd4 ! pres5t /ate ( civilization3 'civilzation' 9 orig9al4 ,ibid4 to )hold tru? f ignorant pati5ts3 ')old' 9 orig9al4 ,ibid4 li/s ( our moral defici5cies3 'defici5ces' 9 orig9al4 ,page #ace4 !re exi/ no royal roads to happ9ess3 '_! exi/' 9 orig9al4 ,page #aea4 a dim9ution ( wa/e3 'dimunition' 9 orig9al4 ,page #aeb4 tw5ty millions ( p\nds annually3 'anually' 9 orig9al4 ,ibid4 ,photography is also l>gely us$ 9 our gaols3 '9 our goals' 9 orig9al4 ,page #aeh4 act+ "u ! same conditions3 'conitions' 9 orig9al4 ,ibid4 e ph5om5on requires "t3 'requiries' 9 orig9al4 ,page #ahb4 to be c>ri$ out effectually3 'effectualy' 9 orig9al4 ,page #ahd4 be5 driv5 out ( sci5ce altoge!r3 'al?oge!r' 9 orig9al4 ,page #ahf4 m or less =tuit\s circum/ances3 '=tuiti\s' 9 orig9al4 ,page #ahi4 _! lab\rs %\ld be remun]at$ by ! ,/ate43 'remu]at$' 9 orig9al4 ,page #aii4 %\ld n be simil>ly remun]at$3 'simil>ily' 9 orig9al4 ,page #bjc4 consi/ ess5tially ( a cont9u$ s]ies ( repetitions3 'esss5tially' 9 orig9al4 ,page #bag4 ( local value to t society3 '(' repeat$ across l9e break 9 orig9al4