,transcrib]'s note3 ,a few typographical errors h be5 correct$3 !y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,page numb]s enclos$ by curly braces 7example3 #be7 h be5 incorporat$ to facilitate ! use ( ! ,table ( ,cont5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,essays ,,^u ,,"s ,,controv]t$ ,,que/ions ,,by ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4 ,,& ,,new ,,york #ahib ,all rights res]v$ 99 99 99 99 99 v ,,cont5ts ,,prologue ,page #a ,i ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,palaeontology ,an ,address deliv]$ at ! ,york ,meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 #ahha #ee ,,ii ,,! ,,int]pret]s ,,( ,,g5esis ,,& ,,! ,,int]pret]s ,,( ,,nature ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,decemb] #ahhe #ge ,,iii ,,mr ,,glad/one ,,& ,,g5esis ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,febru>y #ahhf #ih ,note on ! prop] s5se ( ! ,mosaic n>rative ( ! ,creation #abf ,,iv ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,!ology3 ,,an ,,an?ropological ,,/udy ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>* & ,april #ahhf #aca ,v ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,morals ,=tnightly ,review1 ,novemb] #ahhf #bji vi ,,vi ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,pseudo-,,sci5tific ,,realism ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,febru>y #ahhg #bcg ,,vii ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,pseudo-,,sci5ce ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,april #ahhg #bfe ,,viii ,,an ,,episcopal ,,trilogy ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,novemb] #ahhg #bih ,,ix ,,agno/icism ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,febru>y #ahhi #cbi ,x ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,witness ,,to ,,! ,,miracul\s ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>* #ahhi #cgh ,,xi ,,agno/icism3 ,a ,,rejo9d] ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,april #ahhi #djg ,,xii ,,agno/icism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,june #ahhi #ddi ,,xiii ,,! ,,lights ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,sci5ce ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,july #ahij #eja vii ,,xiv ,,! ,,keep]s ,,( ,,! ,,h]d ,,( ,,sw9e ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,decemb] #ahij #ece ,,xv ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,mr4 ,,glad/one',s ,,controv]sial ,,me?ods ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>* #ahia #eei ,,xvi ,,hasisadra',s ,,adv5ture ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,june #ahia #ehc 99 99 99 99 99 viii ,i am indebt$ to ! ,editors ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury & ( ! ,=tnightly ,review = p]mission to repr9t su* ( ! foll[+ ,essays z h appe>$ 9 ! pages ( ^? p]iodicals3 & s l>ge a proportion ( ! pap]s has be5 publi%$ 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury t my ackn[l$gm5ts are especially due to ,mr4 ,kn[les4 ,t4 ,h4 ,h4 ,may #d1 #ahib4 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,,prologue ,le plus gr& s]vice qu'on puisse r5dre a la sci5ce e/ d'y faire place nette avant d'y ri5 con/ruire4--,,cuvi]4 ,mo/ ( ! ,essays compris$ 9 ! pres5t volume h be5 writt5 dur+ ! la/ six or sev5 ye>s1 )\t prem$itat$ purpose or int5tional connection1 9 reply to attacks ^u doctr9es :i* ,i hold to be well f\nd$2 or 9 refutation ( allegations respect+ matt]s ly+ )9 ! prov9ce ( natural k1 :i* ,i believe to be errone\s2 & !y be> ! m>k ( _! orig9 9 ! controv]sial tone :i* p]vades !m4 ,( polemical writ+1 z ( o!r k9ds ( w>f>e1 ,i ?9k x may be said1 t x is (t5 useful1 sometimes necess>y1 & always m or less ( an evil4 ,x is useful1 :5 x attracts att5tion to topics :i* might o!rwise be neglect$2 & :51 z does sometimes happ51 ^? :o come to see a conte/ rema9 to ?9k4 ,x is necess>y1 :5 ! int]e/s ( tru? & ( ju/ice are at /ake4 ,x is an evil1 9 s f> z controv]sy always t5ds to deg5]ate into qu>rell+1 to sw]ve f ! great issue ( :at is "r & :at is wrong to ! v small "q #b ( :o is "r & :o is wrong4 ,i v5ture to hope t ! useful & ! necess>y 7 m conspicu\s ?an ! evil attributes ( lit]>y militancy1 :5 ^! pap]s 7 fir/ publi%$2 b ,i h _h "s hesitation ab\t repr9t+ !m4 ,if ,i may judge by my own ta/e1 few lit]>y di%es are less appetis+ ?an cold controv]sy2 moreov]1 !re is an air ( unfairness ab\t ! pres5tation ( only "o side ( a discussion1 & a flav\r ( unk9dness 9 ! reproduction ( w+$ words1 :i*1 h[ev] appropriate at ! "t ( _! utt]ance1 w\ld f9d a /ill m appropriate place 9 oblivion4 ,yet1 s9ce ,i c\ld h>dly ask ^? :o h hon\r$ me by _! polemical att5tions to conf] lu/re on ?is collection1 by p]mitt+ me to pres5t _! lucubrations along ) my own2 & s9ce x w\ld be a manife/ wrong to !m to deprive _!1 by no means r>e1 vivacities ( language ( su* ju/ification z !y may d]ive f simil> fre$oms on my "p2 ,i came to ! conclusion t my be/ c\rse 0 to leave ! essays j z !y 7 writt52#a assur+ my hon\rable adv]s>ies t any heat ( :i* signs may rema9 0 g5]at$1 9 accordance ) ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 by ! =ce ( _! own bl[s1 & has long s9ce be5 dissipat$ into space4 ,b1 h[ev] ! polemical concomitants ( ^! discussions may be reg>d$--or bett]1 #c disreg>d$--!re is no d\bt ei!r ab\t ! importance ( ! topics ( :i* !y treat1 or z to ! public int]e/ 9 ! ,controv]t$ ,que/ions ) :i* !y deal4 ,or r1 ! ,controv]t$ ,"q2 = disconnect$ z ^! pieces may1 p]haps1 appe> to be1 !y are1 9 fact1 conc]n$ only ) diff]5t aspects ( a s+le problem1 ) :i* ?9k+ m5 h be5 occupi$1 ev] s9ce !y began s]i\sly to consid] ! wond]ful frame ( ?+s 9 :i* _! lives are set1 & to seek = tru/wor?y guidance among its intricacies4 ,exp]i5ce spe$ily taught !m t ! %ift+ sc5es ( ! _w's /age h a p]man5t backgr\nd2 t !re is ord] amid/ ! seem+ confusion1 & t _m ev5ts take place accord+ to un*ang+ rules4 ,to ?is region ( famili> /ead9ess & cu/om>y regul>ity !y gave ! "n ( ,nature4 ,b1 at ! same "t1 _! infantile & untutor$ reason1 little m1 z yet1 ?an ! playfell[ ( ! imag9ation1 l$ !m to believe t ?is tangible1 commonplace1 ord]ly _w ( ,nature 0 surr\nd$ & int]p5etrat$ by ano!r intangible & my/]i\s _w1 no m b\nd by fix$ rules ?an1 z !y fanci$1 7 ! ?\ghts & passions :i* c\rs$ ?r\gh _! m9ds & seem$ to ex]cise an int]mitt5t & caprici\s rule ov] _! bodies4 ,!y attribut$ to ! entities1 ) :i* !y peopl$ ?is dim & dreadful region1 an unlimit$ am\nt ( t p[] ( modify+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts ( :i* !y !mselves possess$ a small %>e1 & ?us #d came to reg>d !m z n m]ely beyond1 b above1 ,nature4 ,h5ce arose ! conception ( a ,sup]nature anti!tic to ,nature--! primitive dualism ( a natural _w fix$ 9 fate & a sup]natural1 left to ! free play ( volition--:i* has p]vad$ all lat] speculation &1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 has ex]cis$ a pr(\nd influ5ce on practice4 ,= x is obvi\s t1 on ?is !ory ( ! ,univ]se1 ! successful conduct ( life mu/ dem& c>eful att5tion to bo? worlds2 &1 if ei!r is to be neglect$1 x may be saf] t x %\ld be ,nature4 ,9 any giv5 cont+5cy1 x mu/ d\btless be desirable to "k :at may be expect$ to happ5 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( ?+s2 b x mu/ be q z necess>y to h "s inkl+ ( ! l9e likely to be tak5 by sup]natural ag5cies able1 & possibly will+1 to susp5d or rev]se t c\rse4 ,inde$1 logically develop$1 ! duali/ic !ory mu/ ne$s end 9 almo/ exclusive att5tion to ,sup]nature1 & 9 tru/ t its ov]-rul+ /r5g? w be ex]t$ 9 fav\r ( ^? :o /& well ) its d5iz5s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! lessons ( ! great s*oolma/]1 exp]i5ce1 h h>dly seem$ to accord ) ?is conclusion4 ,!y h taught1 ) consid]able emphasis1 t x does n answ] to neglect ,nature2 & t1 on ! :ole1 ! m att5tion paid to h] dictates ! bett] m5 f>e4 ,?us ! !oretical anti!sis br\ght ab\t a practical antagonism4 ,f ! e>lie/ times ( :i* we h any k1 ,naturalism & #e ,sup]naturalism h consci\sly1 or unconsci\sly1 compet$ & /ruggl$ ) "o ano!r2 & ! v>y+ =tunes ( ! conte/ are writt5 9 ! records ( ! c\rse ( civilisation1 f ^? ( ,egypt & ,babylonia1 six ?\s& ye>s ago1 d[n to ^? ( our own "t & p4 ,^! records in=m u t1 s f> z m5 h paid att5tion to ,nature1 !y h be5 rew>d$ = _! pa9s4 ,!y h develop$ ! ,arts :i* h furni%$ ! conditions ( civilis$ exi/5ce2 & ! ,sci5ces1 :i* h be5 a progressive revelation ( reality & h af=d$ ! be/ discipl9e ( ! m9d 9 ! me?ods ( discov]+ tru?4 ,!y h accumulat$ a va/ body ( univ]sally accept$ k2 & ! conceptions ( man & ( society1 ( morals & ( law1 bas$ ^u t k1 are e day m & m1 ei!r op5ly or tacitly1 ackn[l$g$ to be ! f\ndations ( "r action4 ,hi/ory also tells u t ! field ( ! sup]natural has rew>d$ its cultivators ) a h>ve/1 p]haps n less luxuriant1 b ( a diff]5t "*4 ,x has produc$ an almo/ inf9ite div]sity ( ,religions4 ,^!1 if we set aside ! e?ical concomitants ^u :i* natural k also has a claim1 are compos$ ( in=mation ab\t ,sup]nature2 !y tell u ( ! attributes ( sup]natural be+s1 ( _! relations ) ,nature1 & ( ! op]ations by :i* _! int]f]5ce ) ! ord9>y c\rse ( ev5ts c be secur$ or av]t$4 ,x does n appe>1 h[ev]1 t sup]naturali/s h atta9$ #f to any agreem5t ab\t ^! matt]s1 or t hi/ory indicates a wid5+ ( ! influ5ce ( sup]naturalism on practice1 ) ! onw>d fl[ ( "t4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! v>i\s religions are1 to a great ext5t1 mutually exclusive2 & _! adh]5ts delight 9 *>g+ ea* o!r1 n m]ely ) error1 b ) crim9ality1 des]v+ an ensu+ puni%m5t ( inf9ite sev]ity4 ,9 s+ul> contra/ ) natural k1 aga91 ! acqua9tance ( mank9d ) ! sup]natural appe>s ! m ext5sive & ! m exact1 & ! influ5ce ( sup]natural doctr9es ^u conduct ! great]1 ! fur!r back we g 9 "t & ! l[] ! /age ( civilisation submitt$ to inve/igation4 ,hi/orically1 inde$1 !re w\ld seem to be an inv]se relation betwe5 sup]natural & natural k4 ,z ! latt] has wid5$1 ga9$ 9 precision & 9 tru/wor?9ess1 s has ! =m] %runk1 gr[n vague & que/ionable2 z ! "o has m & m fill$ ! sph]e ( action1 s has ! o!r retreat$ into ! region ( m$itation1 or vani%$ beh9d ! scre5 ( m]e v]bal recognition4 ,:e!r ?is diff]5ce ( ! =tunes ( ,naturalism & ( ,sup]naturalism is an indication ( ! progress1 or ( ! regress1 ( humanity2 ( a fall f1 or an advance t[>ds1 ! high] life2 is a matt] ( op9ion4 ,! po9t to :i* ,i wi% to direct att5tion is t ! diff]5ce exi/s & is mak+ itself felt4 ,m5 are gr[+ to be s]i\sly alive to ! fact t ! hi/orical evolution ( humanity1 :i* is g5]ally1 & ,i v5ture to #g ?9k n unreasonably1 reg>d$ z progress1 has be51 & is be+1 accompani$ by a co-ord9ate elim9ation ( ! sup]natural f its orig9ally l>ge occupation ( m5's ?\ghts4 ,! "q--,h[ f> is ?is process to g8--is1 9 my appreh5sion1 ! ,controv]t$ ,"q ( our "t4 ,controv]sy on ?is matt]--prolong$1 bitt]1 & f\ght out ) ! weapons ( ! fle%1 z well z ) ^? ( ! _s--is no new ?+ to ,engli%m54 ,we h be5 m or less occupi$ ) x ^! five hundr$ ye>s4 ,&1 dur+ t "t1 we h made attempts to e/abli% a modus viv5di betwe5 ! antagoni/s1 "s ( :i* h _h a _w-wide influ5ce2 ?\gh1 un=tunately1 none h prov$ univ]sally & p]man5tly satisfactory4 ,9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ! controv]t$ "q among u 01 :e!r c]ta9 portions ( ! ,sup]naturalism ( m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity 7 well-f\nd$4 ,john ,wicliff propos$ a solution ( ! problem :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ two hundr$ ye>s1 acquir$ wide popul>ity & va/ hi/orical importance3 ,loll>ds1 ,hussites1 ,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 ,zw+lians1 ,soc9ians1 & ,anabapti/s1 :atev] _! disagreem5ts1 concurr$ 9 ! proposal to r$uce ! ,sup]naturalism ( ,*ri/ianity )9 ! limits sanction$ by ! ,scriptures4 ,none ( ! *iefs ( ,prote/antism call$ 9 "q ei!r ! sup]natural orig9 & infallible au?ority ( ! ,bible1 or ! exactitude ( ! acc\nt ( ! #h sup]natural _w giv5 9 its pages4 ,9 fact1 !y c\ld n af=d to ent]ta9 any d\bt ab\t ^! po9ts1 s9ce ! infallible ,bible 0 ! fulcrum ( ! lev] ) :i* !y 7 endeav\r+ to upset ! ,*air ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,! fre$om ( private judgm5t :i* !y proclaim$1 meant no m1 9 practice1 ?an p]mission to !mselves to make free ) ! public judgm5t ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 9 respect ( ! canon & ( ! mean+ to be atta*$ to ! words ( ! canonical books4 ,private judgm5t--t is to say1 reason--0 7!oretically1 at any rate7 at lib]ty to decide :at books 7 & :at 7 n to take ! rank ( ,scripture2 & to det]m9e ! s5se ( any passage 9 su* books4 ,b ?is s5se1 once asc]ta9$ to ! m9d ( ! sect>y1 0 to be tak5 = pure tru?--= ! v ^w ( ,god4 ,! controv]sial effici5cy ( ! pr9ciple ( biblical infallibility lay 9 ! fact t ! cons]vative adv]s>ies ( ! ,re=m]s 7 n 9 a position to contrav5e x )\t entangl+ !mselves 9 s]i\s difficulties2 :ile1 s9ce bo? ,papi/s & ,prote/ants agre$ 9 tak+ effici5t measures to /op ! m\?s ( any m radical critics1 ^! did n c\nt4 ,! impot5ce ( _! adv]s>ies1 h[ev]1 did n remove ! inh]5t weakness ( ! position ( ! ,prote/ants4 ,! dogma ( ! infallibility ( ! ,bible is no m self-evid5t ?an is t ( ! infallibility ( ! ,pope4 ,if ! =m] is held by fai?1 !n ! latt] may be4 ,if ! latt] is #i to be accept$1 or reject$1 by private judgm5t1 :y n ! =m]8 ,ev5 if ! ,bible c\ld be prov$ any:]e to ass]t its own infallibility1 ! value ( t self-ass]tion to ^? :o dispute ! po9t is n obvi\s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! infallibility ( ! ,bible 0 re/$ on t ( a primitive ,*ur*1 ! admission t ! ,*ur* 0 =m]ly infallible 0 awkw>d 9 ! extreme = ^? :o d5i$ its pres5t infallibility4 ,moreov]1 no soon] 0 ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple appli$ to practice1 ?an x became evid5t t ev5 an infallible text1 :5 manipulat$ by private judgm5t1 w imp>tially c\nt5ance contradictory d$uctions2 & furni% =? cre$s & confessions z div]se z ! quality & ! in=mation ( ! intellects :i* ex]cise1 & ! prejudices & passions :i* sway1 su* judgm5ts4 ,e sect1 confid5t 9 ! d]ivative infallibility ( its wire-draw+ ( infallible mat]ials1 0 ready to supply its cont+5t ( m>tyrs2 & to enable hi/ory1 once m1 to illu/rate ! tru?1 t /eadfa/ness "u p]secution says mu* = ! s9c]ity & /ill m = ! t5acity1 ( ! believ]1 b v little = ! objective tru? ( t :i* he believes4 ,no m>tyrs h seal$ _! fai? ) _! blood m /eadfa/ly ?an ! ,anabapti/s4 ,la/1 b n lea/1 ! ,prote/ant pr9ciple conta9$ )9 itself ! g]ms ( ! de/ruction ( ! f9ality1 :i* ! ,lu!ran1 ,calv9i/ic1 & o!r ,prote/ant ,*ur*es fondly imag9$ !y _h rea*$4 ,s9ce _! cre$s 7 pr(ess$ly bas$ #aj on ! canonical ,scriptures1 x foll[$ t1 9 ! long run1 :oso settl$ ! canon def9$ ! cre$4 ,if ! private judgm5t ( ,lu!r might legitimately conclude t ! epi/le ( ,james 0 contemptible1 :ile ! epi/les ( ,paul conta9$ ! v ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 x mu/ be p]missible = "s o!r private judgm5t1 on z good or z bad gr\nds1 to rev]se ^! conclusions2 ! critical process :i* exclud$ ! ,apocrypha c\ld n be b>r$1 at any rate by p :o reject$ ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 f ext5d+ its op]ations to ,daniel1 ! ,canticles1 & ,ecclesia/es2 nor1 hav+ got s f>1 0 x easy to allege any good gr\nd = /ay+ ! fur!r progress ( criticism4 ,9 fact1 ! logical developm5t ( ,prote/antism c\ld n fail to lay ! au?ority ( ! ,scriptures at ! feet ( ,reason2 &1 9 ! h&s ( latitud9>ian & rationali/ic !ologians1 ! despotism ( ! ,bible 0 rapidly conv]t$ into an extremely limit$ mon>*y4 ,treat$ ) z mu* respect z ev]1 ! sph]e ( its practical au?ority 0 m9imis$2 & its decrees 7 valid only s f> z !y 7 c\nt]sign$ by common s5se1 ! responsible m9i/]4 ,! *ampions ( ,prote/antism are mu* giv5 to glorify ! ,re=mation ( ! sixte5? c5tury z ! emancipation ( ,reason2 b x may be d\bt$ if _! cont5tion has any solid gr\nd2 :ile !re is a good deal ( evid5ce to %[1 t aspirations aft] intellectual fre$om _h no?+ :atev] to d ) ! movem5t4 ,dante1 :o /ruck ! ,papacy #aa z h>d bl[s z ,wicliff2 ,wicliff himself & ,lu!r himself1 :5 !y began _! "w2 7 f> en\gh f any int5tion ( m$dl+ ) ev5 ! mo/ irrational ( ! dogmas ( m$iaeval ,sup]naturalism4 ,f ,wicliff to ,soc9us1 or ev5 to ,mu5z]1 ,ro?mann1 & ,john ( ,leyd51 ,i fail to f9d a trace ( any desire to set reason free4 ,! mo/ t c be discov]$ is a proposal to *ange ma/]s4 ,f be+ ! slave ( ! ,papacy ! intellect 0 to become ! s]f ( ! ,bible2 or1 to speak m accurately1 ( somebody's int]pretation ( ! ,bible1 :i*1 rapidly %ift+ its attitude f ! humility ( a private judgm5t to ! arrogant ,caes>o-papi/ry ( a /ate-en=c$ cre$1 _h no m hesitation ab\t =cibly ext+ui%+ oppon5t private judgm5ts & judges1 ?an _h ! old-fa%ion$ ,pontiff-papi/ry4 ,x 0 ! iniquities1 & n ! irrationalities1 ( ! ,papal sy/em t lay at ! bottom ( ! revolt ( ! laity2 :i* 01 ess5tially1 an attempt to %ake (f ! intol]able burd5 ( c]ta9 practical d$uctions f a ,sup]naturalism 9 :i* ev]ybody1 9 pr9ciple1 acquiesc$4 ,:at 0 ! ga9 to intellectual fre$om ( aboli%+ transub/antiation1 image wor%ip1 indulg5ces1 ecclesia/ical infallibility2 if consub/antiation1 real-unreal pres5ce my/ifications1 ! bibliolatry1 ! inn]-light pret5sions1 & ! demonology1 :i* are fruits ( ! same sup]naturali/ic tree1 rema9$ 9 enjoym5t ( ! spiritual & temporal support ( a new infallibility8 ,"o does n free a #ab prison] by m]ely scrap+ away ! ru/ f 8 %ackles4 ,x w be ask$1 p]haps1 0 n ! ,re=mation "o ( ! products ( t great outbreak ( _m-sid$ free m5tal activity includ$ "u ! g5]al head ( ! ,r5asc5ce8 ,melan*?on1 ,ulri* von ,hutt51 ,beza1 7 !y n all humani/s8 ,0 n ! ar*-humani/1 ,erasmus1 fautor-9-*ief ( ! ,re=mation1 until he got fright5$ & basely des]t$ x8 ,f ! language ( ,prote/ant hi/orians1 x w\ld seem t !y (t5 =get t ,re=mation & ,prote/antism are by no means conv]tible t]ms4 ,!re 7 pl5ty ( s9c]e & inde$ zeal\s re=m]s1 be=e1 dur+1 & aft] ! bir? & gr[? ( ,prote/antism1 :o w\ld h no?+ to d ) x4 ,assur$ly1 ! rejuv5esc5ce ( sci5ce & ( art2 ! wid5+ ( ! field ( ,nature by geographical & a/ronomical discov]y2 ! revelation ( ! noble ideals ( antique lit]ature by ! revival ( classical le>n+2 ! /ir ( ?\ght1 ?r\gh\t all classes ( society1 by ! pr9t]s' "w1 loos5$ traditional bonds & weak5$ ! hold ( m$iaeval ,sup]naturalism4 ,9 ! int]e/s ( lib]al culture & ( national welf>e1 ! humani/s 7 eag] to l5d a h& to any?+ :i* t5d$ to ! discomfiture ( _! sworn enemies1 ! monks1 & !y will+ly support$ e movem5t 9 ! direction ( weak5+ ecclesia/ical int]f]5ce ) civil life4 ,b ! bond ( a common enemy 0 ! only real tie betwe5 ! humani/ #ac & ! prote/ant2 _! alliance 0 b\nd to be ( %ort duration1 &1 soon] or lat]1 to be replac$ by int]nec9e w>f>e4 ,! goal ( ! humani/s1 :e!r !y 7 aw>e ( x or n1 0 ! atta9m5t ( ! complete intellectual fre$om ( ! antique philosoph]1 ?an :i* no?+ c\ld be m abhorr5t to a ,lu!r1 a ,calv91 a ,beza1 or a ,zw+li4 ,! key to ! compreh5sion ( ! conduct ( ,erasmus1 seems to me to lie 9 ! cle> appreh5sion ( ?is fact4 ,t he 0 a man ( _m weaknesses may be true2 9 fact1 he 0 q aw>e ( !m & pr(ess$ himself no h]o4 ,b he nev] des]t$ t re=matory movem5t :i* he orig9ally contemplat$2 & x 0 impossible he %\ld h des]t$ ! specifically ,prote/ant re=mation 9 :i* he nev] took "p4 ,he 0 ess5tially a !ological :ig1 to :om radicalism 0 z hateful z x is to all :igs2 or1 to borr[ a /ill m appropriate comp>ison f mod]n times1 a broad *ur*man :o refus$ to enli/ ) ei!r ! ,high ,*ur* or ! ,l[ ,*ur* zealots1 & paid ! p5alty ( be+ call$ c[>d1 "t-s]v] & traitor1 by bo?4 ,yet really !re is a good deal 9 8 pa!tic remon/rance t he does n see :y he is b\nd to become a m>tyr = t 9 :i* he does n believe2 & a fair consid]ation ( ! circum/ances & ! consequ5ces ( ! ,prote/ant re=mation seems to me to g a long way t[>ds ju/ify+ ! c\rse he adopt$4 ,few m5 _h bett] means ( be+ acqua9t$ #ad ) ! condition ( ,europe2 none c\ld be m compet5t to gauge ! intellectual %all[ness & self-contradiction ( ! prote/ant criticism ( ca?olic doctr9e2 & to e/imate1 at its prop] value1 ! fond imag9ation t ! wat]s let out by ! ,r5asc5ce w\ld come to re/ amid/ ! bl9d alleys ( ! new ecclesia/icism4 ,! ba/>d1 :ilom poor /ud5t & monk1 become ! famili> ( bi%ops & pr9ces1 at home 9 all grades ( society1 c\ld n fail to be aw>e ( ! gravity ( ! social position1 ( ! dang]s imm95t f ! pr(ligacy & indiff]5ce ( ! rul+ classes1 no less ?an f ! an>*ical t5d5cies ( ! p :o groan$ "u _! oppression4 ,! w&]] :o _h liv$ 9 ,g]many1 9 ,france1 9 ,engl&1 9 ,italy1 & :o c\nt$ _m ( ! be/ & mo/ influ5tial m5 9 ea* c\ntry among 8 fri5ds1 0 n likely to e/imate wrongly ! enorm\s =ces :i* 7 /ill at ! comm& ( ! ,papacy4 ,bad z ! *ur*m5 might be1 ! /atesm5 7 worse2 & a p]son ( f> m sangu9e temp]am5t ?an ,erasmus might h se5 no hope = ! future1 except 9 gradually free+ ! ubiquit\s organisation ( ! ,*ur* f ! corruptions :i* alone1 z he imag9$1 prev5t$ x f be+ z b5efic5t z x 0 p[]ful4 ,! broad tol]ance ( ! s*ol> & man ( ! _w might well be revolt$ by ! ruffianism1 h[ev] g5ial1 ( "o great light ( ,prote/antism1 & ! n>r[ fanaticism1 h[ev] le>n$ & logical1 ( o!rs2 & to a cauti\s ?9k]1 by :om1 :atev] 8 %ortcom+s1 ! #ae e?ical ideal ( ! ,*ri/ian evangel 0 s9c]ely priz$1 x really 0 a fair "q1 :e!r x 0 wor? :ile to br+ ab\t a political & social deluge1 ! end ( :i* no mortal c\ld =esee1 = ! purpose ( sett+ up ,lu!ran1 ,zw+lian1 & o!r ,pet]k9s1 9 ! place ( ! actual claimant to ! rev]sion ( ! spiritual weal? ( ! ,galilean fi%]man4 ,let u suppose t1 at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,lu!ran & ,zw+lian movem5t1 a vision ( its imm$iate consequ5ces _h be5 grant$ to ,erasmus2 imag9e t to ! spectre ( ! fi]ce outbreak ( ,anabapti/ communism1 :i* op5$ ! apocalypse1 _h succe$$1 9 %ad[y procession1 ! reign ( t]ror & ( spoliation 9 ,engl&1 ) ! judicial murd]s ( 8 fri5ds1 ,m & ,fi%]2 ! bitt] tyranny ( evangeli/ic cl]icalism 9 ,g5eva & 9 ,scotl&2 ! long agony ( religi\s w>s1 p]secutions1 & massacres1 :i* deva/at$ ,france & r$uc$ ,g]many almo/ to savag]y2 f9i%+ ) ! spectacle ( ,lu!ranism 9 its native c\ntry sunk into m]e dead ,era/ian =malism1 be=e x 0 a c5tury old2 :ile ,jesuitry triumph$ ov] ,prote/antism 9 ?ree-f\r?s ( ,europe1 br++ 9 its tra9 a recrudesc5ce ( all ! corruptions ,erasmus & 8 fri5ds s\ght to aboli%2 might n he h q hone/ly ?\ght ?is a some:at too heavy price to pay = ,prote/antism2 m especially1 s9ce no "o 0 9 a bett] position ?an himself to "k h[ little ! dogmatic f\ndation ( ! new confessions 0 able to be> ! light #af :i* ! inevitable progress ( humani/ic criticism w\ld ?r[ ^u !m8 ,z ! wis] ( 8 contempor>ies saw1 ,erasmus 01 at he>t1 nei!r ,prote/ant nor ,papi/1 b an ,indep5d5t ,*ri/ian2 &1 z ! wis] ( 8 mod]n biograph]s h disc]n$1 he 0 ! precursor1 n ( sixte5? c5tury re=m1 b ( eighte5? c5tury enlight5m5t2 a sort ( broad-*ur* ,voltaire1 :o held by 8 ,indep5d5t ,*ri/ianity z /\tly z ,voltaire by 8 ,deism4 ,9 fact1 ! /ream ( ! ,r5asc5ce1 :i* bore ,erasmus along1 left ,prote/antism /r&$ amid/ ! mudbanks ( its articles & cre$s3 :ile its true c\rse became visible to all m51 two c5turies lat]4 ,by ?is "t1 ^? 9 :om ! movem5t ( ! ,r5asc5ce 0 inc>nate became aw>e :at _s !y 7 (2 & !y attack$ ,sup]naturalism 9 its ,biblical /ronghold1 def5d$ by ,prote/ants & ,romani/s ) equal zeal4 ,9 ! eyes ( ! ,patri>*1 ,ultramontanism1 ,jans5ism1 & ,calv9ism 7 m]ely ?ree p]sons ( ! "o ,infame :i* x 0 ! object ( 8 life to cru%4 ,if he hat$ "o m ?an ano!r1 x 0 probably ! la/2 :ile ,d',holba*1 & ! extreme left ( ! free-?9k+ ho/1 7 dispos$ to %[ no m m]cy to ,deism & ,pan!ism4 ,! sceptical insurrection ( ! eighte5? c5tury made a t]rific noise & fright5$ n a few wor?y p out ( _! wits2 b cool judges might h =ese51 at ! outset1 t ! ef=ts ( ! lat] rebels 7 no m likely #ag ?an ^? ( ! e>li]1 to furni% p]man5t re/+-places = ! _s ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,h[ev] wor?y ( admiration may be ! acut5ess1 ! common-s5se1 ! wit1 ! broad humanity1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! writ+s ( ! be/ ( ! free-?9k]s2 !re is r>ely mu* to be said = _! "w z an example ( ! adequate treatm5t ( a grave & difficult inve/igation4 ,i d n ?9k any imp>tial judge w ass]t t1 f ?is po9t ( view1 !y are mu* bett] ?an _! adv]s>ies4 ,x mu/ be admitt$ t !y %>e to ! full ! fatal weakness ( a priori philosophis+1 no less ?an ! moral frivolity common to _! age2 :ile a s+ul> want ( appreciation ( hi/ory1 z ! record ( ! moral & social evolution ( ! human race1 p]mitt$ !m to resort to prepo/]\s !ories ( impo/ure1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! religi\s ph5om5a :i* are natural products ( t evolution4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 ! ,romani/ & ,prote/ant adv]s>ies ( ! free-?9k]s met !m ) argum5ts no bett] ?an _! own2 & ) vitup]ation1 s f> inf]ior t x lack$ ! wit4 ,b "o great ,*ri/ian apologi/ fairly captur$ ! guns ( ! free-?9k+ array1 & turn$ _! batt]ies ^u !mselves4 ,speculative infidelity ( ! eighte5? c5tury type 0 mortally w\nd$ by ! ,analogy2 :ile ! progress ( ! hi/orical & psy*ological sci5ces br\ght to light ! important "p play$ by ! my?opoeic faculty2 &1 by demon/rat+ ! extreme read9ess ( m5 #ah to impose ^u !mselves1 r5d]$ ! call+ 9 ( sac]dotal co-op]ation1 9 mo/ cases1 a sup]fluity4 ,aga91 z 9 ! f\rte5? & ! sixte5? c5turies1 social & political influ5ces came into play4 ,! free-?9k+ philosophes1 :o object$ to ,r\sseau's s5tim5tal religiosity almo/ z mu* z !y did to ,l',infame1 7 cr$it$ ) ! responsibility = all ! evil de$s ( ,r\sseau's ,jacob9 disciples1 ) ab\t z mu* ju/ification z ,wicliff 0 held responsible = ! ,peasants' revolt1 or ,lu!r = ! ,bau]n-krieg4 ,9 ,engl&1 ?\gh our anci5 regime 0 n altoge!r lovely1 ! social edifice 0 nev] 9 su* a bad way z 9 ,france2 x 0 /ill capable ( be+ repair$2 & our =efa!rs1 v wisely1 pref]r$ to wait until t op]ation c\ld be safely p]=m$1 r ?an pull x all d[n ab\t _! e>s1 9 ord] to build a philosophically plann$ h\se on br&-new speculative f\ndations4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x is n wond]ful t1 9 ?is c\ntry1 practical m5 pref]r$ ! gospel ( ,wesley & ,:itfield to t ( ,jean ,jacques2 :ile en\gh ( ! old leav5 ( ,puritanism rema9$ to ensure ! fav\r & support ( a l>ge numb] ( religi\s m5 to a revival ( evangelical sup]naturalism4 ,?us1 by degrees1 ! free-?9k+1 or ! indiff]5ce1 preval5t among u 9 ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 0 replac$ by a /rong sup]naturali/ic reaction1 :i* subm]g$ ! "w ( ! free-?9k]s2 & ev5 seem$1 = a "t1 to h arre/$ ! naturali/ic movem5t ( #ai :i* t "w 0 an imp]fect indication4 ,yet1 l ,loll>dry1 f\r c5turies e>li]1 free-?\ght m]ely took to runn+ und]gr\nd1 safe1 soon] or lat]1 to return to ! surface4 ,my memory1 un=tunately1 c>ries me back to ! f\r? decade ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 :5 ! evangelical flood _h a little abat$ & ! tops ( c]ta9 m\nta9s 7 soon to appe>1 *iefly 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ox=d2 b :51 nev]!less1 bibliolatry 0 rampant2 :5 *ur* & *apel alike proclaim$1 z ! oracles ( ,god1 ! crude assumptions ( ! wor/ in=m$ &1 9 natural sequ5ce1 ! mo/ presumptu\sly bigot$1 ( all !ological s*ools4 ,9 accordance ) promises made on my behalf1 b c]ta9ly )\t my au?orisation1 ,i 0 v e>ly tak5 to he> s]mons 9 ! vulg> tongue4 ,& vulg> en\gh (t5 0 ! tongue 9 :i* "s prea*]1 ignorant alike ( lit]ature1 ( hi/ory1 ( sci5ce1 & ev5 ( !ology1 outside t patronis$ by 8 own n>r[ s*ool1 p\r$ =?1 f ! safe entr5*m5t ( ! pulpit1 invectives aga9/ ^? :o deviat$ f 8 notion ( or?odoxy4 ,f d>k allusions to sceptics & infidels1 ,i became aw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( p :o tru/$ 9 c>nal reason2 :o audaci\sly d\bt$ t ! _w 0 made 9 six natural days1 or t ! deluge 0 univ]sal2 p]haps ev5 w5t s f> z to "q ! lit]al accuracy ( ! /ory ( ,eve's temptation1 or ( #bj ,balaam's ass2 &1 f ! horror ( ! tones 9 :i* !y 7 m5tion$1 ,i %\ld h be5 ju/ifi$ 9 draw+ ! conclusion t ^! ra% m5 belong$ to ! crim9al classes4 ,at ! same "t1 ^? :o 7 m directly responsible = provid+ me ) ! k ess5tial to ! "r guidance ( life 7& :o s9c]ely desir$ to d s71 imag9$ !y 7 dis*>g+ t mo/ sacr$ duty by impress+ ^u my *ildi% m9d ! necessity1 on pa9 ( reprobation 9 ?is _w & damnation 9 ! next1 ( accept+1 9 ! /rict & lit]al s5se1 e /atem5t conta9$ 9 ! prote/ant ,bible4 ,i 0 told to believe1 & ,i did believe1 t d\bt ab\t any ( !m 0 a s91 n less repreh5sible ?an a moral delict4 ,i suppose t1 out ( a ?\s& ( my contempor>ies1 n9e hundr$1 at lea/1 _h _! m9ds sy/ematically w>p$ & poison$1 9 ! "n ( ! ,god ( tru?1 by l discipl9e4 ,i am sure t1 ev5 a score ( ye>s lat]1 ^? :o v5tur$ to "q ! exact hi/orical accuracy ( any "p ( ! ,old ,te/am5t & a =tiori ( ! ,gospels1 _h to expect a pitiless %[] ( v]bal missiles1 to say no?+ ( ! o!r disagreeable consequ5ces :i* visit ^? :o1 9 any way1 run c\nt] to t *aos ( prejudices call$ public op9ion4 ,my recollections ( ?is "t h rec5tly be5 reviv$ by ! p]usal ( a rem>kable docum5t1#b #ba sign$ by z _m z ?irty-eight out ( ! tw5ty odd ?\s& cl]gym5 ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,x does n appe> t ! signat>ies are (ficially accr$it$ spokesm5 ( ! ecclesia/ical corporation to :i* !y belong2 b ,i feel b\nd to take _! ^w = x1 t !y are /ew>ds ( ! ,"l1 :o h receiv$ ! ,holy ,gho/1 &1 !re=e1 to accept ?is memorial z evid5ce t1 ?\gh ! ,evangelicism ( my e>ly days may be depos$ f its place ( p[]1 ?\gh s _m ( ! colleagues ( ! ?irty-eight ev5 repudiate ! title ( ,prote/ants1 yet ! gre5 bay tree ( bibliolatry fl\ri%es z x did sixty ye>s ago4 ,&1 z 9 ^? good old times1 :oso refuses to (f] inc5se to ! idol is held to be guilty ( a di%on\r to ,god1 imp]ill+ 8 salvation4 ,x is to ! cr$it ( ! p]spicacity ( ! memoriali/s t !y disc]n ! real nature ( ! ,controv]t$ ,"q ( ! age4 ,!y are awake to ! unque/ionable fact t1 if ,scripture has be5 discov]$ n to be wor?y ( unque/ion+ belief1 fai? 9 ! sup]natural itself is1 s f>1 und]m9$4 ,& ,i may congratulate myself ^u su* weighty confirmation ( an op9ion 9 :i* ,i h _h ! =tune to anticipate !m4 ,b :e!r x is m to ! cr$it ( ! c\rage1 ?an to ! intellig5ce1 ( ! ?irty-eight t !y %\ld g on to proclaim t ! canonical scriptures ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts decl>e incontrov]tibly ! actual hi/orical tru? 9 all records1 bo? ( pa/ ev5ts & ( ! deliv]y ( pr$ictions #bb to be !reaft] fulfill$1 mu/ be left to ! com+ g5]ation to decide4 ,! int]e/ :i* atta*es to ?is s+ul> docum5t w1 ,i ?9k1 be bas$ by mo/ ?9k+ m51 n ^u :at x is1 b ^u t ( :i* x is a sign4 ,x is an op5 secret1 t ! memorial is put =? z a c\nt]bla/ to a manife/ation ( op9ion ( a contr>y "*1 on ! "p ( c]ta9 memb]s ( ! same ecclesia/ical body1 :o !re=e h1 z ,i suppose1 an equal "r to decl>e !mselves /ew>ds ( ! ,"l & recipi5ts ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,9 fact1 ! /ream ( t5d5cy t[>ds ,naturalism1 ! c\rse ( :i* ,i h briefly trac$1 has1 ( late ye>s1 fl[$ s /rongly1 t ev5 ! ,*ur*es h begun1 ,i d>e n say to drift1 b1 at any rate1 to sw+ at _! moor+s4 ,)9 ! pale ( ! ,anglican e/abli%m5t1 ,i v5ture to d\bt1 :e!r1 at ?is mom5t1 !re are z _m ?or\gh-go+ def5d]s ( pl5>y inspiration z !re 7 timid que/ion]s ( t doctr9e1 half a c5tury ago4 ,comm5t>ies1 sanction$ by ! highe/ au?ority1 give up ! actual hi/orical tru? ( ! cosmogonical & diluvial n>ratives4 ,univ]sity pr(essors ( des]v$ly high repute accept ! critical decision t ! ,hexateu* is a compilation1 9 :i* ! %>e ( ,moses1 ei!r z au?or or z editor1 is n q s cle>ly demon/rable z x might be2 highly plac$ ,div9es tell u t ! pre-,abrahamic ,scripture n>ratives may be ignor$2 t ! book ( ,daniel may be reg>d$ z a patriotic romance ( #bc ! second c5tury ,b4,c42 t ! words ( ! writ] ( ! f\r? ,gospel are n always to be di/+ui%$ f ^? :i* he puts into ! m\? ( ,jesus4 ,cons]vative1 b consci5ti\s1 revis]s decide t :ole passages1 "s ( dogmatic & "s ( e?ical importance1 are int]polations4 ,an uneasy s5se ( ! weakness ( ! dogma ( ,biblical infallibility seems to be at ! bottom ( a prevail+ t5d5cy once m to sub/itute ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* = t ( ! ,bible4 ,9 my old age1 x has happ5$ to me to be tak5 to task = reg>d+ ,*ri/ianity z a religion ( a book z gravely z1 9 my y\?1 ,i %\ld h be5 repreh5d$ = d\bt+ t proposition4 ,x is a no less int]e/+ symptom t ! ,/ate ,*ur* seems m & m anxi\s to repudiate all complicity ) ! pr9ciples ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation & to call itself ,anglo-,ca?olic4 ,inspiration1 depriv$ ( its old intelligible s5se1 is wat]$ d[n into a my/ification4 ,! ,scriptures are1 inde$1 inspir$2 b !y conta9 a :olly undef9$ & indef9able human elem5t2 & ?is un=tunate intrud] is conv]t$ into a sort ( biblical :ipp+ boy4 ,:atsoev] sci5tific inve/igation1 hi/orical or physical1 proves to be errone\s1 ! human elem5t be>s ! blame2 :ile ! div9e inspiration ( su* /atem5ts1 z by _! nature are out ( rea* ( pro( or dispro(1 is /ill ass]t$ ) all ! vig\r inspir$ by consci\s safety f attack4 ,?\gh ! proposal to treat ! ,bible l any o!r book :i* caus$ s mu* #bd sc&al1 =ty ye>s ago1 may n yet be g5]ally accept$1 & ?\gh ,bi%op ,col5so's criticisms may /ill lie1 =mally1 "u ecclesia/ical ban1 yet ! ,*ur* has n :olly turn$ a deaf e> to ! voice ( ! sci5tific tempt]2 & _m a coy div9e1 :ile cry+ ,i w ne'er cons5t1 has cons5t$ to ! proposals ( t sci5tific criticism :i* ! memoriali/s r5\nce & d5\nce4 ,a humble layman1 to :om x w\ld seem ! height ( presumption to assume ev5 ! unconsid]$ dignity ( a /ew>d ( sci5ce1 may well f9d ?is conflict ( app>5tly equal ecclesia/ical au?orities p]plex+--sugge/ive1 inde$1 ( ! wisdom ( po/pon+ att5tion to ei!r1 until ! "q ( prec$5ce betwe5 !m is settl$4 ,& ?is c\rse w probably appe> ! m advisable1 ! m closely ! fundam5tal position ( ! memoriali/s is exam9$4 ,no op9ion ( ! fact or =m ( ,div9e ,revelation1 f\nd$ on lit]>y criticism & ,i suppose ,i may add hi/orical1 or physical1 criticism ( ! ,scriptures !mselves1 c be admitt$ to int]f]e ) ! tradition>y te/imony ( ! ,*ur*1 :5 t has be5 once asc]ta9$ & v]ifi$ by appeal to antiquity4#c ,grant t x is ! tradition>y te/imony ( ! ,*ur* :i* gu>antees ! canonicity ( ea* & all ( ! books ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ,grant also t canonicity means infallibility2 yet1 accord+ to ! ?irty-eight1 ?is tradition>y #be te/imony has to be asc]ta9$ & v]ifi$ by appeal to antiquity4 ,b asc]ta9m5t & v]ification are purely intellectual processes1 :i* mu/ be conduct$ accord+ to ! /rict rules ( sci5tific inve/igation1 or be self-convict$ ( wor?lessness4 ,moreov]1 be=e we c set ab\t ! appeal to antiquity1 ! exact s5se ( t usefully vague t]m mu/ be def9$ by simil> means4 ,antiquity may include any numb] ( c5turies1 great or small2 & :e!r antiquity is to comprise ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t1 or to /op a little beyond t ( ,nicaea1 or to come to an end 9 ! "t ( ,ir5aeus1 or 9 t ( ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 are knotty que/ions :i* c be decid$1 if at all1 only by ^? critical me?ods :i* ! signat>ies treat s cavali]ly4 ,& yet ! decision ( ^! que/ions is fundam5tal1 = z ! limits ( ! canonical scriptures v>y1 s may ! dogmas d$uc$ f !m require modification4 ,*ri/ianity is "o ?+1 if ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 ! pa/oral ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse are canonical & 7by ! hypo!sis7 infallibly true2 & ano!r ?+1 if !y are n4 ,z ,i h already said1 :oso def9es ! canon def9es ! cre$4 ,n[ x is q c]ta9 ) respect to "s ( ^! books1 su* z ! ,apocalypse & ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 t ! ,ea/]n & ! ,we/]n ,*ur* diff]$ 9 op9ion = c5turies2 & yet nei!r ! "o bran*1 nor ! o!r1 c h consid]$ its judgm5t infallible1 s9ce !y ev5tually agre$ to a transaction1 by :i* ea* gave up its #bf objection to ! book patronis$ by ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 ! fa!rs argue 79 a m or less rational mann]7 ab\t ! canonicity ( ?is or t book1 & are by no means above produc+ evid5ce1 int]nal & ext]nal1 9 fav\r ( ! op9ions !y advocate4 ,9 fact1 imp]fect z _! conceptions ( sci5tific me?od may be1 !y n unfrequ5tly us$ x to ! be/ ( _! ability4 ,?us x w\ld appe> t ?\gh sci5ce1 l ,nature1 may be driv5 out ) a =k1 ecclesia/ical or o!r1 yet %e surely comes back aga94 ,! appeal to antiquity is1 9 fact1 an appeal to sci5ce1 fir/ to def9e :at antiquity is2 secondly1 to det]m9e :at antiquity1 s def9$1 says ab\t canonicity2 ?irdly1 to prove t canonicity means infallibility4 ,& :5 sci5ce1 l>gely 9 ! %ape ( ! abhorr$ criticism1 has done ?is1 & has %[n t antiquity us$ h] own me?ods1 h[ev] clumsily & imp]fectly1 %e naturally turns r\nd ^u ! appeal]s to antiquity1 & dem&s t !y %\ld %[ cause :y1 9 ^! days1 sci5ce %\ld n resume ! "w ! anci5ts did s imp]fectly1 & c>ry x out effici5tly4 ,b no su* cause c be %[n4 ,if antiquity p]mitt$ ,eusebius1 ,orig51 ,t]tullian1 ,ir5aeus1 to argue = ! reception ( ?is book into ! canon & ! rejection ( t1 ^u rational gr\nds1 antiquity admitt$ ! :ole pr9ciple ( mod]n criticism4 ,if ,ir5aeus produces ridicul\s reasons = limit+ ! ,gospels to f\r1 x 0 op5 to any "o else to produce good reasons 7if he _h !m7 = cutt+ !m d[n to ?ree1 or increas+ !m to #bg five4 ,if ! ,ea/]n bran* ( ! ,*ur* _h a "r to reject ! ,apocalypse & accept ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews1 & ! ,we/]n an equal "r to accept ! ,apocalypse & reject ! ,epi/le1 d[n to ! f\r? c5tury1 any o!r bran* w\ld h an equal "r1 on cause %[n1 to reject bo?1 or1 z ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* aft]w>ds actually did1 to accept bo?4 ,?us ,i _c b ?9k t ! ?irty-eight are hoi/ ) _! own pet>d4 ,_! appeal to antiquity turns out to be no?+ b a r\nd-ab\t way ( appeal+ to ! tribunal1 ! jurisdiction ( :i* !y affect to d5y4 ,hav+ re/$ ! _w ( ,*ri/ian sup]naturalism on ! elephant ( biblical infallibility1 & furni%$ ! elephant ) /&+ gr\nd on ! tortoise ( antiquity1 !y1 l _! fam\s ,h9doo analogue1 h be5 cont5t to look no fur!r2 & h !reby be5 sp>$ ! horror ( discov]+ t ! tortoise re/s on a griev\sly fragile con/ruction1 to a great ext5t ! "w ( t v intellectual op]ation :i* !y ana!matise & repudiate4 ,moreov]1 !re is ano!r po9t to be consid]$4 ,x is ( c\rse true t a ,*ri/ian ,*ur* 7:e!r ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 or n1 dep5ds on ! connotation ( ! def9ite article7 exi/$ be=e ! ,*ri/ian scriptures2 & t ! infallibility ( ^! dep5ds ^u ! infallibility ( ! judgm5t ( ! p]sons :o select$ ! books1 ( :i* !y are compos$1 out ( ! mass ( lit]ature curr5t among ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,! logical acum5 ( ,augu/9e %[$ him t ! au?ority ( ! ,gospel he prea*$ #bh mu/ re/ on t ( ! ,*ur* to :i* he belong$4#d ,b x is no less true t ! ,hebrew & ! ,septuag9t v]sions ( mo/1 if n all1 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t books exi/$ be=e ! bir? ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 & t _! div9e au?ority is presuppos$ by1 & !re=e c h>dly dep5d ^u1 ! religi\s body con/itut$ by 8 disciples4 ,z ev]ybody kn[s1 ! v conception ( a ,*ri/ is purely ,jewi%4 ,! validity ( ! argum5t f ! ,messianic prophecies vani%es unless _! infallible au?ority is grant$2 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 :e!r we turn to ! ,gospels1 ! ,epi/les1 or ! writ+s ( ! e>ly ,apologi/s1 ! ,jewi% scriptures are recognis$ z ! highe/ c\rt ( appeal ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,! proposal to cite ,*ri/ian antiquity z a witness to ! infallibility ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :5 its own claims to au?ority vani%1 if c]ta9 propositions conta9$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t are errone\s1 h>dly satisfies ! requirem5ts ( lay logic4 ,x is z if a claimant to be sole legatee1 "u ano!r k9d ( te/am5t1 %\ld (f] 8 ass]tion z suffici5t evid5ce ( ! validity ( ! w4 ,&1 ev5 7 n su* a circul>1 or r rotatory1 argum5t1 t ! infallibility ( ! ,bible is te/ifi$ by ! infallible ,*ur*1 ^: infallibility is te/ifi$ by ! infallible ,bible1 too absurd = s]i\s consid]ation1 x rema9s p]missible to ask2 ,:]e & :5 ! ,*ur*1 dur+ ! p]iod ( its infallibility1 z #bi limit$ by ,anglican dogmatic necessities1 has (ficially decre$ ! actual hi/orical tru? ( all records 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t8 ,0 ,augu/9e h]etical :5 he d5i$ ! actual hi/orical tru? ( ! record ( ! ,creation8 ,fa!r ,su>ez1 /&+ on lat] ,roman tradition1 may h a "r to decl>e t he 02 b x does n lie 9 ! m\? ( ^? :o limit _! appeal to t e>ly antiquity1 9 :i* ,augu/9e play$ s great a "p1 to say s4 ,among ! wat*]s ( ! c\rse ( ! _w ( ?\ght1 "s view ) delight & "s ) horror1 ! recrudesc5ce ( ,sup]naturalism :i* manife/s itself among u1 9 %apes rang$ along ! :ole flight ( /eps1 :i*1 9 ?is case1 sep>ates ! sublime f ! ridicul\s--f ,neo-,ca?olicism & ,inn]-light my/icism1 at ! top1 to unclean ?+s1 n wor?y ( m5tion 9 ! same brea?1 at ! bottom4 ,9 my poor op9ion1 ! importance ( ^! manife/ations is (t5 greatly ov]-e/imat$4 ,! extant =ms ( ,sup]naturalism h deep roots 9 human nature1 & w und\bt$ly die h>d2 b1 9 ^! latt] days1 !y h to cope ) an enemy ^: full /r5g? is only j beg9n+ to be put out1 & ^: =ces1 ga!r+ /r5g? ye> by ye>1 are hemm+ !m r\nd on e side4 ,?is enemy is ,sci5ce1 9 ! acceptation ( sy/ematis$ natural k1 :i*1 dur+ ! la/ two c5turies1 has ext5d$ ^? me?ods ( inve/igation1 ! wor? ( :i* is confirm$ by daily appeal to ,nature1 to e #cj region 9 :i* ! ,sup]natural has hi!rto be5 recognis$4 ,:5 sci5tific hi/orical criticism r$uc$ ! annals ( h]oic ,greece & ( regal ,rome to ! level ( fables2 :5 ! unity ( au?or%ip ( ! ,iliad 0 successfully assail$ by sci5tific lit]>y criticism2 :5 sci5tific physical criticism1 aft] explod+ ! geoc5tric !ory ( ! univ]se1 & r$uc+ ! sol> sy/em itself to "o ( millions ( gr\ps ( l cosmic specks1 circl+1 at unimag9able di/ances f "o ano!r1 ?r\gh inf9ite space1 %[$ ! sup]naturali/ic !ories ( ! duration ( ! e>? & ( life ^u x1 to be z inadequate z ^? ( its relative dim5sions & importance _h be52 x ne$$ no prophetic gift to see t1 soon] or lat]1 ! ,jewi% & ! e>ly ,*ri/ian records w\ld be treat$ 9 ! same mann]2 t ! au?or%ip ( ! ,hexateu* & ( ! ,gospels w\ld be z sev]ely te/$2 & t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! v]acity ( _m ( ! /atem5ts f\nd 9 ! ,scriptures w\ld h to be /rong inde$1 if !y 7 to be oppos$ to ! conclusions ( physical sci5ce4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 no "o compet5t to judge ( ! evid5tial /r5g? ( ^! conclusions1 v5tures n[ to say t ! biblical acc\nts ( ! creation & ( ! deluge are true 9 ! natural s5se ( ! words ( ! n>ratives4 ,! mo/ ! mod]n ,reconcil] v5tures ^u is to affirm1 t "s q diff]5t s5se may be put ^u ! words2 & t ?is non-natural s5se may1 ) a little tr\ble1 be manipulat$ #ca into "s sort ( non-contradiction ( sci5tific tru?4 ,my purpose1 9 ! essay 7,,xvi47 :i* treats ( ! n>rative ( ! ,deluge1 0 to prove1 by physical criticism1 t no su* ev5t z t describ$ ev] took place2 to exhibit ! untru/wor?y "* ( ! n>rative demon/rat$ by lit]>y criticism2 &1 f9ally1 to acc\nt = its orig91 by produc+ a =m ( ^? anci5t leg5ds ( pagan ,*aldaea1 f :i* ! biblical compilation is manife/ly d]iv$4 ,i h yet to le>n t ! ma9 propositions ( ?is essay c be s]i\sly *all5g$4 ,9 ! essays 7,,ii41 ,,iii47 on ! n>rative ( ! ,creation1 ,i h endeav\r$ to controv]t ! ass]tion t mod]n sci5ce supports1 ei!r ! int]pretation put ^u x by ,mr4 ,glad/one1 or any int]pretation :i* is compatible ) ! g5]al s5se ( ! n>rative1 q ap>t f p>ticul> details4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis tea*es ! sup]natural creation ( ! pres5t =ms ( life2 mod]n sci5ce tea*es t !y h come ab\t by evolution4 ,! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis tea*es ! successive orig9--fir/ly1 ( all ! plants1 secondly1 ( all ! aquatic & a]ial animals1 ?irdly1 ( all ! t]re/rial animals1 :i* n[ exi/--dur+ di/9ct int]vals ( "t2 mod]n sci5ce tea*es t1 ?r\gh\t all ! duration ( an imm5sely long pa/1 s f> z we h any adequate k ( x 7t is z f> back z ! ,silurian epo*71 plants1 aquatic1 a]ial1 & t]re/rial animals h #cb co-exi/$2 t ! e>lie/ kn[n are unlike ^? :i* at pres5t exi/2 & t ! mod]n species h come into exi/5ce z ! la/ t]ms ( a s]ies1 ! memb]s ( :i* h appe>$ "o aft] ano!r4 ,?us1 f> f confirm+ ! acc\nt 9 ,g5esis1 ! results ( mod]n sci5ce1 s f> z !y g1 are 9 pr9ciple1 z 9 detail1 hopelessly discordant ) x4 ,yet1 if ! pret5sions to infallibility set up1 n by ! anci5t ,hebrew writ+s !mselves1 b by ! ecclesia/ical *ampions & fri5ds f :om !y may well pray to be deliv]$1 ?us %att] !mselves aga9/ ! rock ( natural k1 9 respect ( ! two mo/ important ( all ev5ts1 ! orig9 ( ?+s & ! pal+5esis ( t]re/rial life1 :at hi/orical cr$it d>e any s]i\s ?9k] atta* to ! n>ratives ( ! fabrication ( ,eve1 ( ! ,fall1 ( ! comm]ce betwe5 ! ,b5e ,elohim & ! daught]s ( m51 :i* lie betwe5 ! creational & ! diluvial leg5ds8 ,&1 if ^! are to lose all hi/orical wor?1 :at becomes ( ! infallibility ( ^? :o1 accord+ to ! lat] scriptures1 h accept$ !m1 argu$ f !m1 & /ak$ f>-rea*+ dogmatic conclusions ^u _! hi/orical accuracy8 ,x is ! m]e/ o/ri* policy = contempor>y ecclesia/icism to try to hide its ,hexateu*al head--9 ! hope t ! insep>able connection ( its body ) pre-,abrahamic leg5ds may be ov]look$4 ,! "q w /ill be ask$1 if ! fir/ n9e *apt]s ( ! ,p5tateu* are unhi/orical1 h[ is #cc ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! rema9d] to be gu>ante$8 ,:at m intr9sic claim has ! /ory ( ! ,exodus ?an t ( ! ,deluge1 to belief8 ,if ,god did n walk 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 h[ c we be assur$ t he spoke f ,s9ai8 ,9 "s o!r ( ! foll[+ essays 7,,ix41 ,x41 ,,xi41 ,,xii41 ,,xiv41 ,,xv47 ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t sob] & well-f\nd$ physical & lit]>y criticism plays no less havoc ) ! doctr9e t ! canonical scriptures ( ! ,new ,te/am5t decl>e incontrov]tibly ! actual hi/orical tru? 9 all records4 ,we are told t ! ,gospels conta9 a true revelation ( ! spiritual _w--a proposition :i*1 9 "o s5se ( ! ^w spiritual1 ,i %\ld n ?9k x necess>y to dispute4 ,b1 :5 x is tak5 to signify t ev]y?+ we are told ab\t ! _w ( spirits 9 ^! books is infallibly true2 t we are b\nd to accept ! demonology :i* con/itutes an insep>able "p ( _! tea*+2 & to pr(ess belief 9 a ,sup]naturalism z gross z t ( any primitive p--x is at any rate p]missible to ask :y8 ,sci5ce may be unable to def9e ! limits ( possibility1 b x _c escape f ! moral obligation to weigh ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( any alleg$ wond]ful occurr5ce2 & ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t ! evid5ce = ! ,gad>5e miracle is altoge!r wor?less4 ,we h simply ?ree1 p>tially discrepant1 v]sions ( a /ory1 ab\t ! primitive =m1 ! orig91 & ! au?ority = :i* we "k absolutely no?+4 ,b ! #cd evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! ,gad>5e miracle is z good z t = any o!r4 ,else:]e1 ,i h po9t$ out t x is utt]ly beside ! m>k to declaim aga9/ ^! conclusions on ! gr\nd ( _! ass]t$ t5d5cy to deprive mank9d ( ! consolations ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 & to de/roy ! f\ndations ( morality2 /ill less to br& !m ) ! "q-begg+ vitup]ative appellation ( infidelity4 ,! po9t is n :e!r !y are wick$2 b1 :e!r1 f ! po9t ( view ( sci5tific me?od1 !y are irrefragably true4 ,if !y are1 !y w be accept$ 9 "t1 :e!r !y are wick$1 or n wick$4 ,nature1 s f> z we h be5 able to atta9 to any insight into h] ways1 recks little ab\t consolation & makes = righte\sness by v r\nd-ab\t pa?s4 ,&1 at any rate1 :atev] may be possible = o!r p1 x is becom+ less & less possible = ! man :o puts 8 fai? 9 sci5tific me?ods ( asc]ta9+ tru?1 & is accu/om$ to h t fai? ju/ifi$ by daily exp]i5ce1 to be consci\sly false to 8 pr9ciple 9 any matt]4 ,b ! numb] ( su* m51 driv5 into ! use ( sci5tific me?ods ( inquiry & taught to tru/ !m1 by _! education1 _! daily pr(essional & bus9ess ne$s1 is increas+ & w cont9ually increase4 ,! phraseology ( ,sup]naturalism may rema9 on m5's lips1 b 9 practice !y are ,naturali/s4 ,! magi/rate :o li/5s ) dev\t att5tion to ! precept ,?\ %alt n suff] a wit* to live on ,sunday1 on ,monday1 dismisses1 z intr9sically absurd1 a *>ge #ce ( bewit*+ a c[ br\ght aga9/ "s old woman2 ! sup]9t5d5t ( a lunatic asylum :o sub/itut$ exorcism = rational modes ( treatm5t w\ld h b a %ort t5ure ( (fice2 ev5 p>i% cl]ks d\bt ! utility ( pray]s = ra91 s long z ! w9d is 9 ! ea/2 & an outbreak ( pe/il5ce s5ds m51 n to ! *ur*es1 b to ! dra9s4 ,9 spite ( pray]s = ! success ( our arms & ,te ,deums = victory1 our real fai? is 9 big battalions & keep+ our p[d] dry2 9 k ( ! sci5ce ( w>f>e2 9 en]gy1 c\rage1 & discipl9e4 ,9 ^!1 z 9 all o!r practical affairs1 we act on ! aphorism ,labor>e e/ or>e2 we admit t intellig5t "w is ! only acceptable wor%ip2 & t1 :e!r !re be a ,sup]nature or n1 our bus9ess is ) ,nature4 ,x is important to note t ! pr9ciple ( ! sci5tific ,naturalism ( ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 :i* ! intellectual movem5t ( ! ,r5asc5ce has culm9at$1 & :i* 0 fir/ cle>ly =mulat$ by ,desc>tes1 leads n to ! d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( any ,sup]nature2#e b simply to ! d5ial ( ! validity ( ! evid5ce adduc$ 9 fav\r ( ?is1 or ( t1 extant =m ( ,sup]naturalism4 #cf ,look+ at ! matt] f ! mo/ rigidly sci5tific po9t ( view1 ! assumption t1 amid/ ! myriads ( worlds scatt]$ ?r\gh endless space1 !re c be no intellig5ce1 z mu* great] ?an man's z 8 is great] ?an a blackbeetle's2 no be+ end[$ ) p[]s ( influ5c+ ! c\rse ( nature z mu* great] ?an 81 z 8 is great] ?an a snail's1 seems to me n m]ely baseless1 b imp]t95t4 ,)\t /epp+ beyond ! analogy ( t :i* is kn[n1 x is easy to p ! cosmos ) entities1 9 asc5d+ scale1 until we rea* some?+ practically indi/+ui%able f omnipot5ce1 omnipres5ce1 & omnisci5ce4 ,if our intellig5ce c1 9 "s matt]s1 surely reproduce ! pa/ ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ago & anticipate ! future1 ?\s&s ( ye>s h5ce1 x is cle>ly )9 ! limits ( possibility t "s great] intellect1 ev5 ( ! same ord]1 may be able to mirror ! :ole pa/ & ! :ole future2 if ! univ]se is p5etrat$ by a m$ium ( su* a nature t a magnetic ne$le on ! e>? answ]s to a commotion 9 ! sun1 an omnipres5t ag5t is also conceivable2 if our insignificant k gives u "s influ5ce ov] ev5ts1 practical omnisci5ce may conf] indef9ably great] p[]4 ,f9ally1 if evid5ce t a ?+ may be1 7 equival5t to pro( t x is1 analogy might ju/ify ! con/ruction ( a naturali/ic !ology & demonology n less wond]ful ?an ! curr5t sup]natural2 j z x might ju/ify ! peopl+ ( ,m>s1 or ( ,jupit]1 ) liv+ =ms to :i* t]re/rial biology (f]s no #cg p>allel4 ,until human life is long] & ! duties ( ! pres5t press less heavily1 ,i d n ?9k t wise m5 w occupy !mselves ) ,jovian1 or ,m>tian1 natural hi/ory2 & !y w probably agree to a v]dict ( n prov5 9 respect ( naturali/ic !ology2 tak+ refuge 9 t agno/ic confession1 :i* appe>s to me to be ! only position = p :o object to say t !y "k :at !y are q aw>e !y d n "k4 ,z to ! int]e/s ( morality1 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t if mank9d c\ld be got to act up to ?is la/ pr9ciple 9 e relation ( life1 a re=mation w\ld be effect$ su* z ! _w has n yet se52 an approximation to ! mill5nium1 su* z no sup]naturali/ic religion has ev] yet succe$$1 or seems likely ev] to succe$1 9 effect+4 ,i h hi!rto dwelt ^u sci5tific ,naturalism *iefly 9 its critical & de/ructive aspect4 ,b ! pres5t inc>nation ( ! _s ( ! ,r5asc5ce diff]s f its pr$ecessor 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 t x builds up1 z well z pulls d[n4 ,t ( :i* x has laid ! f\ndation1 ( :i* x is already rais+ ! sup]/ructure1 is ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,b s _m /range misconceptions are curr5t ab\t ?is doctr9e--x is attack$ on su* false gr\nds by its enemies1 & made to cov] s mu* t is disputable by "s ( its fri5ds1 t ,i ?9k x well to def9e z cle>ly z ,i c1 :at ,i d n & :at ,i d und]/& by ! doctr9e4 #ch ,i h no?+ to say to any ,philosophy ( ,evolution4 ,attempts to con/ruct su* a philosophy may be z useful1 nay1 ev5 z admirable1 z 0 ! attempt ( ,desc>tes to get at a !ory ( ! univ]se by ! same a priori road2 b1 9 my judgm5t1 !y are z premature4 ,nor1 = ?is purpose1 h ,i to d ) any !ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 mu* z ,i value t :i* is kn[n z ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,t ! doctr9e ( natural selection presupposes evolution is q true2 b x is n true t evolution necess>ily implies natural selection4 ,9 fact1 evolution might conceivably h tak5 place1 )\t ! developm5t ( gr\ps possess+ ! *>act]s ( species4 ,= me1 ! doctr9e ( evolution is no speculation1 b a g5]alisation ( c]ta9 facts1 :i* may be obs]v$ by any "o :o w take ! necess>y tr\ble4 ,^! facts are ^? :i* are class$ by biologi/s "u ! heads ( ,embryology & ( ,palaeontology4 ,embryology proves t e high] =m ( individual life becomes :at x is by a process ( gradual diff]5tiation f an extremely l[ =m2 palaeontology proves1 9 "s cases1 & r5d]s probable 9 all1 t ! olde/ types ( a gr\p are ! l[e/2 & t !y h be5 foll[$ by a gradual succession ( m & m diff]5tiat$ =ms4 ,x is simply a fact1 t evolution ( ! individual animal & plant is tak+ place1 z a natural process1 9 millions & millions ( cases e day2 x is a fact1 t ! species :i* h succe$$ "o ano!r 9 ! pa/1 d1 9 _m #ci cases1 pres5t j ^? morphological relations1 :i* !y mu/ possess1 if !y _h proce$$1 "o f ! o!r1 by an analog\s process ( evolution4 ,! alt]native pres5t$1 !re=e1 is3 ei!r ! =ms ( "o & ! same type--say1 e4g41 t ( ! ,horse tribe#f--;arose successively1 b indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 at int]vals1 dur+ myriads ( ye>s2 or1 ! lat] =ms are modifi$ desc5dants ( ! e>li]4 ,& ! latt] supposition is s va/ly m probable ?an ! =m]1 t rational m5 w adopt x1 unless satisfactory evid5ce to ! contr>y c be produc$4 ,! objection sometimes put =w>d1 t no "o yet pr(esses to h se5 "o species pass into ano!r1 comes oddly f ^? :o believe t mank9d are all desc5d$ f ,adam4 ,has any "o !n yet se5 ! production ( negroes f a :ite /ock1 or vice v]sa8 ,moreov]1 is x absolutely necess>y to h wat*$ e /ep ( ! progress ( a planet1 to be ju/ifi$ 9 conclud+ t x really does g r\nd ! sun8 ,if s1 a/ronomy is 9 a bad way4 ,i d n1 = a mom5t1 presume to sugge/ t "s "o1 f> bett] acqua9t$ ?an ,i am ) a/ronomy & physics2 or t a ma/] ( ! new *emi/ry1 ) its extraord9>y revelations2 or t a /ud5t ( ! developm5t ( human society1 ( language1 & ( religions1 may n f9d a suffici5t f\ndation = ! doctr9e ( evolution 9 ^! sev]al regions4 #dj ,on ! contr>y1 ,i rejoice to see t sci5tific inve/igation1 9 all directions1 is t5d+ to ! same result4 ,& x may well be1 t x is only my long occupation ) biological matt]s t leads me to feel saf] among !m ?an any:]e else4 ,be t z x may1 ,i take my /& on ! facts ( embryology & ( palaeontology2 & ,i hold t our pres5t k ( ^! facts is suffici5tly ?or\gh & ext5sive to ju/ify ! ass]tion t all future philosophical & !ological speculations w h to accommodate !mselves to "s su* common body ( e/abli%$ tru?s z ! foll[+3-- #a4 ,plants & animals h exi/$ on our planet = _m hundr$ ?\s&1 probably millions ( ye>s4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 _! =ms1 or species1 h und]gone a succession ( *anges1 :i* ev5tually gave rise to ! species :i* con/itute ! pres5t liv+ population ( ! e>?4 ,!re is no evid5ce1 nor any reason to suspect1 t ?is secul> process ( evolution is o!r ?an a "p ( ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature2 !re is no m gr\nd = imag9+ ! occurr5ce ( sup]natural int]v5tion1 at any mom5t 9 ! developm5t ( species 9 ! pa/1 ?an !re is = suppos+ su* int]v5tion to take place1 at any mom5t 9 ! developm5t ( an individual animal or plant1 at ! pres5t day4 #b4 ,at pres5t1 e individual animal or plant comm5ces its exi/5ce z an organism ( extremely simple anatomical /ructure2 & x acquires all ! complexity x ultimately possesses by gradual #da diff]5tiation into p>ts ( v>i\s /ructure & function4 ,:5 a s]ies ( specific =ms ( ! same type1 ext5d+ ov] a long p]iod ( pa/ "t1 is exam9$1 ! relation betwe5 ! e>li] & ! lat] =ms is analog\s to t betwe5 e>li] & lat] /ages ( individual developm5t4 ,!re=e1 x is a probable conclusion t1 if we c\ld foll[ liv+ be+s back to _! e>lie/ /ates1 we %\ld f9d !m to pres5t =ms simil> to ^? ( ! individual g]m1 or1 :at comes to ! same ?+1 ( ^? l[e/ kn[n organisms :i* /& ^u ! b\nd>y l9e betwe5 plants & animals4 ,at pres5t1 our k ( ! anci5t liv+ _w /ops v f> %ort ( ?is po9t4 #c4 ,x is g5]ally agre$1 & !re is c]ta9ly no evid5ce to ! contr>y1 t all plants are devoid ( consci\sness2 t !y nei!r feel1 desire1 nor ?9k4 ,x is conceivable t ! evolution ( ! primordial liv+ sub/ance %\ld h tak5 place only along ! plant l9e4 ,9 t case1 ! result might h be5 a weal? ( vegetable life1 z great1 p]haps z v>i$1 z at pres5t1 ?\gh c]ta9ly widely diff]5t f ! pres5t flora1 9 ! evolution ( :i* animals h play$ s great a "p4 ,b ! liv+ _w ?us con/itut$ w\ld be simply an admirable piece ( unconsci\s ma*9]y1 ! work+ out ( :i* lay pot5tially 9 its primitive composition2 pleasure & pa9 w\ld h no place 9 x2 x w\ld be a v]itable ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 )\t any tree ( ! k ( good & evil4 ,! "q ( ! moral gov]nm5t ( su* a _w #db c\ld no m be ask$1 ?an we c\ld reasonably seek = a moral purpose 9 a kaleidoscope4 #d4 ,h[ f> d[n ! scale ( animal life ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness are manife/$1 x is impossible to say4 ,no "o d\bts _! pres5ce 9 8 fell[-m52 &1 unless any /rict ,c>tesians are left1 no "o d\bts t mammals & birds are to be reckon$ creatures t h feel+s analog\s to our smell1 ta/e1 sight1 he>+1 t\*1 pleasure1 & pa94 ,= my own "p1 ,i %\ld be dispos$ to ext5d ?is analogical judgm5t a good deal fur!r4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! l[e/ =ms ( plants are to be d5i$ consci\sness1 ,i d n see on :at gr\nd x is to be ascrib$ to ! l[e/ animals4 ,i f9d x h>d to believe t an infusory animalcule1 a =am9if]1 or a fre%-wat] polype is capable ( feel+2 &1 9 spite ( ,%aksp]e1 ,i h d\bts ab\t ! great s5sitiv5ess ( ! poor beetle t we tread ^u4 ,! "q is equally p]plex+ :5 we turn to ! /ages ( developm5t ( ! individual4 ,grant$ a f[l feels2 t ! *ick j hat*$ feels2 t ! *ick :5 x *irps )9 ! egg may possibly feel2 :at is to be said ( x1 on ! fif? day1 :5 ! bird is !re1 b ) all its tissues nasc5t8 ,/ill m1 on ! fir/ day1 :5 x is no?+ b a flat cellul> disk8 ,i c]ta9ly _c br+ myself to believe t ?is disk feels4 ,yet if x does n1 !re mu/ be "s "t 9 ! ?ree weeks1 betwe5 ! fir/ day & ! day ( hat*+1 :51 z a concomitant1 or a consequ5ce1 ( ! atta9m5t by ! bra9 ( #dc ! *ick ( a c]ta9 /age ( /ructural evolution1 consci\sness makes its appe>ance4 ,i h frequ5tly express$ my incapacity to und]/& ! nature ( ! relation betwe5 consci\sness & a c]ta9 anatomical tissue1 :i* is ?us e/abli%$ by obs]vation4 ,b ! fact rema9s t1 s f> z obs]vation & exp]im5t g1 !y tea* u t ! psy*ical ph5om5a are dep5d5t on ! physical4 ,9 l mann]1 if fi%es1 insects1 scorpions1 & su* animals z ! pe>ly nautilus1 possess feel+1 !n und\bt$ly consci\sness 0 pres5t 9 ! _w z f> back z ! ,silurian epo*4 ,b1 if ! e>lie/ animals 7 simil> to our rhizopods & monads1 !re mu/ h be5 "s "t1 betwe5 ! mu* e>li] epo* 9 :i* !y con/itut$ ! :ole animal population & ! ,silurian1 9 :i* feel+ dawn$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! organism hav+ rea*$ ! /age ( evolution on :i* x dep5ds4 #e4 ,consci\sness has v>i\s =ms1 :i* may be manife/$ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,! feel+s ( light & col\r1 ( s\nd1 ( t\*1 ?\gh s (t5 associat$ ) ^? ( pleasure & pa91 are1 by nature1 z entirely indep5d5t ( !m z is ?9k+4 ,an animal devoid ( ! feel+s ( pleasure & ( pa91 may nev]!less exhibit all ! effects ( s5sation & purposive action4 ,!re=e1 x w\ld be a ju/ifiable hypo!sis t1 long aft] organic evolution _h atta9$ to consci\sness1 pleasure & pa9 7 /ill abs5t4 ,su* a _w #dd w\ld be )\t ei!r happ9ess or mis]y2 no act c\ld be puni%$ & none c\ld be rew>d$2 & x c\ld h no moral purpose4 #f4 ,suppose1 = argum5t's sake1 t all mammals & birds are subjects ( pleasure & pa94 ,!n we may be c]ta9 t ^! =ms ( consci\sness 7 9 exi/5ce at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,mesozoic epo*4 ,f t "t =?1 pleasure has be5 di/ribut$ )\t ref]5ce to m]it1 & pa9 inflict$ )\t ref]5ce to dem]it1 ?r\gh\t all b a m]e fraction ( ! high] animals4 ,moreov]1 ! am\nt & ! sev]ity ( ! pa91 no less ?an ! v>iety & acut5ess ( ! pleasure1 h increas$ ) e advance 9 ! scale ( evolution4 ,z suff]+ came into ! _w1 n 9 consequ5ce ( a fall1 b ( a rise1 9 ! scale ( be+1 s e fur!r rise has br\ght m suff]+4 ,z ! evid5ce /&s1 x w\ld appe> t ! sort ( bra9 :i* *>act]ises ! highe/ mammals & :i*1 s f> z we "k1 is ! indisp5sable condition ( ! highe/ s5sibility1 did n come into exi/5ce be=e ! ,t]ti>y epo*4 ,! primordial an?ropoid 0 probably1 9 ?is respect1 on mu* ! same foot+ z 8 pi!coid k94 ,l !m he /ood ^u 8 natural rights1 gratifi$ all 8 desires to ! be/ ( 8 ability1 & 0 z incapable ( ei!r "r or wrong do+ z !y4 ,x w\ld be z absurd z 9 _! case1 to reg>d 8 pleasures1 any m ?an !irs1 z moral rew>ds1 & 8 pa9s1 any m ?an !irs1 z moral puni%m5ts4 #de #g4 ,f ! remote/ ages ( :i* we h any cognizance1 dea? has be5 ! natural &1 app>5tly1 ! necess>y concomitant ( life4 ,9 our hypo!tical _w 7#c71 inhabit$ by no?+ b plants1 dea? mu/ h v e>ly result$ f ! /ruggle = exi/5ce3 _m ( ! cr[d mu/ h jo/l$ "o ano!r out ( ! conditions on :i* life dep5ds4 ,! occurr5ce ( dea?1 z f> back z we h any fossil record ( life1 h[ev]1 ne$s n to be prov$ by su* argum5ts2 =1 if !re _h be5 no dea? !re w\ld h be5 no fossil rema9s1 su* z ! great majority ( ^? we meet )4 ,n only 0 !re dea? 9 ! _w1 z f> z ! record ( life takes u2 b1 ev] s9ce mammals & birds h be5 prey$ ^u by c>nivor\s animals1 !re has be5 pa9ful dea?1 inflict$ by me*anisms specially adapt$ = inflict+ x4 #h4 ,^? :o are acqua9t$ ) ! clos5ess ( ! /ructural relations betwe5 ! human organisation & t ( ! mammals :i* come ne>e/ to him1 on ! "o h&2 & ) ! palaeontological hi/ory ( su* animals z horses & dogs1 on ! o!r2 w n be dispos$ to "q ! orig9 ( man f =ms :i* /& 9 ! same sort ( relation to ,homo sapi5s1 z ,hipp>ion does to ,equus4 ,i ?9k x a conclusion1 fully ju/ifi$ by analogy1 t1 soon] or lat]1 we %all discov] ! rema9s ( our less specialis$ primatic ance/ors 9 ! /rata :i* h yield$ ! less specialis$ equ9e & can9e quadrup$s4 ,at pres5t1 fossil rema9s ( m5 d n take u back fur!r ?an ! lat] #df "p ( ! ,quat]n>y epo*2 &1 z 0 to be expect$1 !y d n diff] m f exi/+ m51 ?an ,quat]n>y horses diff] f exi/+ horses4 ,/ill e>li] we f9d traces ( man1 9 implem5ts1 su* z are us$ by ! rud] savages at ! pres5t day4 ,lat]1 ! rema9s ( ! palaeoli?ic & neoli?ic conditions take u gradually f ! savage /ate to ! civilisations ( ,egypt & ( ,myc5ae2 ?\gh ! true *ronological ord] ( ! rema9s actually discov]$ may be unc]ta94 #i4 ,mu* has yet to be le>n$1 b1 at pres5t1 natural k af=ds no support to ! notion t m5 h fall5 f a high] to a l[] /ate4 ,on ! contr>y1 ev]y?+ po9ts to a sl[ natural evolution2 :i*1 fav\r$ by ! surr\nd+ conditions 9 su* localities z ! valleys ( ! ,yang-tse-kang1 ! ,euphrates1 & ! ,nile1 rea*$ a relatively high pit*1 five or six ?\s& ye>s ago2 :ile1 9 _m o!r regions1 ! savage condition has p]si/$ d[n to our day4 ,9 all ?is va/ lapse ( "t !re is n a trace ( ! occurr5ce ( any g5]al de/ruction ( ! human race2 n ! smalle/ indication t man has be5 treat$ on any o!r pr9ciples ?an ! re/ ( ! animal _w4 #aj4 ,! results ( ! process ( evolution 9 ! case ( man1 & 9 t ( 8 m ne>ly alli$ contempor>ies1 h be5 m>vell\sly diff]5t4 ,yet x is easy to see t small primitive diff]5ces ( a c]ta9 ord]1 mu/1 9 ! long run1 br+ ab\t a wide div]g5ce ( ! human /ock f ! o!rs4 #dg ,x is a reasonable supposition t1 9 ! e>lie/ human organisms1 an improv$ bra91 a voice m capable ( modulation & articulation1 limbs :i* l5t !mselves bett] to ge/ure1 a m p]fect h&1 capable among o!r ?+s ( imitat+ =m 9 pla/ic or o!r mat]ial1 7 comb9$ ) ! curiosity1 ! mimetic t5d5cy1 ! /rong family affection1 ( ! next l[] gr\p2 & t !y 7 accompani$ by exceptional l5g? ( life & a prolong$ m9ority4 ,! la/ two peculi>ities are obvi\sly calculat$ to /r5g!n ! family organisation1 & to give great weight to its educative influ5ces4 ,! pot5tiality ( language1 z ! vocal symbol ( ?\ght1 lay 9 ! faculty ( modulat+ & articulat+ ! voice4 ,! pot5tiality ( writ+1 z ! visual symbol ( ?\ght1 lay 9 ! h& t c\ld draw2 & 9 ! mimetic t5d5cy1 :i*1 z we "k1 0 gratifi$ by draw+1 z f> back z ! days ( ,quat]n>y man4 ,) spee* z ! record1 9 tradition1 ( ! exp]i5ce ( m ?an "o g5]ation2 ) writ+ z ! record ( t ( any numb] ( g5]ations2 ! exp]i5ce ( ! race1 te/$ & correct$ g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 c\ld be /or$ up & made ! />t+ po9t = fre% progress4 ,hav+ ^! p]fectly natural factors ( ! evolution>y process 9 man be=e u1 x seems unnecess>y to g fur!r a-field 9 se>* ( o!rs4 #aa4 ,t ! doctr9e ( evolution implies a =m] /ate ( innoc5ce ( mank9d is q true2 b1 z ,i h rem>k$1 x is ! innoc5ce ( ! ape & ( #dh ! tig]1 ^: acts1 h[ev] !y may run c\nt] to ! pr9ciples ( morality1 x w\ld be absurd to blame4 ,! lu/ ( ! "o & ! f]ocity ( ! o!r are z mu* provid$ = 9 _! organisation1 are z cle> evid5ces ( design1 z any o!r features t c be nam$4 ,obs]vation & exp]im5t ^u ! ph5om5a ( society soon taught m5 t1 9 ord] to obta9 ! advantages ( social exi/5ce1 c]ta9 rules mu/ be obs]v$4 ,morality comm5c$ ) society4 ,society is possible only ^u ! condition t ! memb]s ( x %all surr5d] m or less ( _! individual fre$om ( action4 ,9 primitive societies1 individual selfi%ness is a c5trifugal =ce ( su* int5sity t x is con/antly br++ ! social organisation to ! v]ge ( de/ruction4 ,h5ce ! prom95ce ( ! positive rules ( ob$i5ce to ! eld]s2 ( /&+ by ! family or ! tribe 9 all em]g5cies2 ( fulfill+ ! religi\s rites1 non-obs]vance ( :i* is conceiv$ to damage x ) ! sup]natural p[]s1 belief 9 ^: exi/5ce is "o ( ! e>lie/ products ( human ?\ght2 & ( ! negative rules1 :i* re/ra9 ea* f m$dl+ ) ! life or prop]ty ( ano!r4 #ab4 ,! highe/ conceivable =m ( human society is t 9 :i* ! desire to d :at is be/ = ! :ole1 dom9ates & limits ! action ( e memb] ( t society4 ,! m complex ! social organisation ! great] ! numb] ( acts f :i* ea* man mu/ ab/a91 if he desires to d t :i* is be/ = all4 ,?us ! progressive #di evolution ( society means increas+ re/riction ( individual fre$om 9 c]ta9 directions4 ,) ! advance ( civilisation1 & ! gr[? ( cities & ( nations by ! coalesc5ce ( families & ( tribes1 ! rules :i* con/itute ! common f\ndation ( morality & ( law became m num]\s & complicat$1 & ! temptations to break or evade _m ( !m /rong]4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( a cle> appreh5sion ( ! natural sanctions ( ^! rules1 a sup]natural sanction 0 assum$2 & imag9ation suppli$ ! motives :i* reason 0 suppos$ to be incompet5t to furni%4 ,religion1 at fir/ indep5d5t ( morality1 gradually took morality "u its protection2 & ! sup]naturali/s h ev] s9ce tri$ to p]suade mank9d t ! exi/5ce ( e?ics is b\nd up ) t ( sup]naturalism4 ,i am n ( t op9ion4 ,b1 :e!r x is correct or o!rwise1 x is v cle> to me t1 z ,beelzebub is n to be ca/ out by ! aid ( ,beelzebub1 s morality is n to be e/abli%$ by immorality4 ,x is1 we are told1 ! special peculi>ity ( ! devil t he 0 a li> f ! beg9n+4 ,if we set out 9 life ) pret5d+ to "k t :i* we d n "k2 ) pr(ess+ to accept = pro( evid5ce :i* we are well aw>e is inadequate2 ) wilfully %utt+ our eyes & our e>s to facts :i* militate aga9/ ?is or t com=table hypo!sis2 we are assur$ly do+ our be/ to des]ve ! same "*4 ,i h n ! presumption to imag9e t1 9 #ej spite ( all my ef=ts1 errors may n h crept into ^! propositions4 ,b ,i am tol]ably confid5t t "t w prove !m to be sub/antially correct4 ,& if !y are s1 ,i confess ,i d n see h[ any extant sup]naturali/ic sy/em c also claim exactness4 ,t !y are irreconcilable ) ! biblical cosmogony1 an?ropology1 & !odicy is obvi\s2 b !y are no less inconsi/5t ) ! s5tim5tal ,deism ( ! ,vicaire ,savoy>d & 8 num]\s mod]n prog5y4 ,x is z impossible1 to my m9d1 to suppose t ! evolution>y process 0 set go+ ) full =ekn[l$ge ( ! result & yet ) :at we %\ld und]/& by a purely b5evol5t int5tion1 z x is to imag9e t ! int5tion 0 purely malevol5t4 ,& ! preval5ce ( duali/ic !ories f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t day--:e!r 9 ! %ape ( ! doctr9e ( ! inh]5tly evil nature ( matt]2 ( an ,ahriman2 ( a h>d & cruel ,demiurge2 ( a diabolical pr9ce ( ?is _w1 %[ h[ widely ?is difficulty has be5 felt4 ,_m seem to ?9k t1 :5 x is admitt$ t ! anci5t lit]ature1 conta9$ 9 our ,bibles1 has no m claim to infallibility ?an any o!r anci5t lit]ature2 :5 x is prov$ t ! ,israelites & _! ,*ri/ian successors accept$ a great _m sup]naturali/ic !ories & leg5ds :i* h no bett] f\ndation ?an ^? ( hea!nism1 no?+ rema9s to be done b to ?r[ ! ,bible aside z s mu* wa/e pap]4 ,i h always oppos$ ?is op9ion4 ,x appe>s to #ea me t if !re is anybody m objectionable ?an ! or?odox ,bibliolat] x is ! het]odox ,phili/9e1 :o c discov] 9 a lit]ature :i*1 9 "s respects1 has no sup]ior1 no?+ b a subject = sc(f+ & an occasion = ! display ( 8 conceit$ ignorance ( ! debt he owes to =m] g5]ations4 ,tw5ty-two ye>s ago ,i plead$ = ! use ( ! ,bible z an in/rum5t ( popul> education1 & ,i v5ture to repeat :at ,i !n said3 ,consid] ! great hi/orical fact t1 = ?ree c5turies1 ?is book has be5 wov5 into ! life ( all t is be/ & noble/ 9 ,engli% hi/ory2 t x has become ! national epic ( ,brita9 & is z famili> to g5tle & simple1 f ,john o' ,groat's ,h\se to ,l&'s ,end1 z ,dante & ,tasso once 7 to ! ,italians2 t x is writt5 9 ! noble/ & pure/ ,engli% & ab\nds 9 exquisite beauties ( m]e lit]>y =m2 &1 f9ally1 t x =bids ! v]ie/ h9d1 :o nev] left 8 village1 to be ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( o!r c\ntries & o!r civilisations & ( a great pa/1 /ret*+ back to ! fur!/ limits ( ! olde/ nations 9 ! _w4 ,by ! /udy ( :at o!r book c\ld *ildr5 be s mu* humanis$ & made to feel t ea* figure 9 t va/ hi/orical procession fills1 l !mselves1 b a mom5t>y space 9 ! int]val betwe5 ! ,et]nities2 & e>ns ! bless+s or ! curses ( all "t1 accord+ to its ef=t to d good & hate evil1 ev5 z !y also are e>n+ _! paym5t = _! "w8#g #eb ,at ! same "t1 ,i laid /ress ^u ! necessity ( plac+ su* in/ruction 9 lay h&s2 9 ! hope & belief1 t x w\ld ?us gradually accommodate itself to ! com+ *anges ( op9ion2 t ! !ology & ! leg5d w\ld drop m & m out ( sight1 :ile ! p]5nially int]e/+ hi/orical1 lit]>y1 & e?ical cont5ts w\ld come m & m into view4 ,i may add yet ano!r claim ( ! ,bible to ! respect & ! att5tion ( a democratic age4 ,?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ! we/]n _w1 ! ,scriptures1 ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian1 h be5 ! great in/igators ( revolt aga9/ ! wor/ =ms ( cl]ical & political despotism4 ,! ,bible has be5 ! ,magna ,*>ta ( ! poor & ( ! oppress$2 d[n to mod]n times1 no ,/ate has _h a con/itution 9 :i* ! int]e/s ( ! p are s l>gely tak5 into acc\nt1 9 :i* ! duties1 s mu* m ?an ! privileges1 ( rul]s are insi/$ ^u1 z t drawn up = ,israel 9 ,deut]onomy & 9 ,leviticus2 n[h]e is ! fundam5tal tru? t ! welf>e ( ! ,/ate1 9 ! long run1 dep5ds on ! uprightness ( ! citiz5 s /rongly laid d[n4 ,assur$ly1 ! ,bible talks no tra% ab\t ! rights ( man2 b x insi/s on ! equality ( duties1 on ! lib]ty to br+ ab\t t righte\sness :i* is some:at diff]5t f /ruggl+ = rights2 on ! frat]nity ( tak+ ?\ght = "o's neighb\r z = oneself4 ,s f> z su* equality1 lib]ty1 & frat]nity are includ$ "u ! democratic pr9ciples :i* assume ! same names1 ! ,bible is ! mo/ #ec democratic book 9 ! _w4 ,z su* x began1 ?r\gh ! h]etical sects1 to und]m9e ! cl]ico-political despotism ( ! middle ages1 almo/ z soon z x 0 =m$1 9 ! elev5? c5tury2 ,pope & ,k+ _h z mu* z !y c\ld d to put d[n ! ,albig5ses & ! ,wald5ses 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies2 ! ,loll>ds & ! ,hussites gave !m /ill m tr\ble 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5?2 f ! sixte5? c5tury onw>d1 ! ,prote/ant sects h fav\r$ political fre$om 9 proportion to ! degree 9 :i* !y h refus$ to ackn[l$ge any ultimate au?ority save t ( ! ,bible4 ,b ! enorm\s influ5ce :i* has ?us be5 ex]t$ by ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures has _h no necess>y connection ) cosmogonies1 demonologies1 & miracul\s int]f]5ces4 ,_! /r5g? lies 9 _! appeals1 n to ! reason1 b to ! e?ical s5se4 ,i d n say t ev5 ! highe/ biblical ideal is exclusive ( o!rs or ne$s no supplem5t4 ,b ,i d believe t ! human race is n yet1 possibly may nev] be1 9 a position to disp5se ) x4 99 99 99 99 99 #ee ,i ,,! ,,rise ,,& ,,progress ,,( ,,palaeontology ,t application ( ! sci5ces ( biology & geology1 :i* is commonly kn[n z palaeontology1 took its orig9 9 ! m9d ( ! fir/ p]son :o1 f9d+ some?+ l a %ell1 or a bone1 naturally emb$d$ 9 gravel or rock1 indulg$ 9 speculations ^u ! nature ( ?is ?+ :i* he _h dug out--?is fossil--& ^u ! causes :i* _h br\ght x into su* a position4 ,9 ?is rudim5t>y =m1 a high antiquity may safely be ascrib$ to palaeontology1 inasmu* z we "k t1 #ejj ye>s be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 ! philosophic doctr9es ( ,x5ophanes 7 influ5c$ by 8 obs]vations ^u ! fossil rema9s expos$ 9 ! qu>ries ( ,syracuse4 ,f ?is "t =? n only ! philosoph]s1 b ! poets1 ! hi/orians1 ! geograph]s ( antiquity occasionally ref] to fossils2 &1 aft] ! revival ( le>n+1 lively controv]sies arose respect+ _! real nature4 ,b h>dly m ?an two c5turies h elaps$ s9ce ?is fundam5tal problem 0 fir/ exhau/ively treat$2 x 0 only 9 ! la/ c5tury t ! ar*aeological value ( fossils--_! importance1 ,i mean1 z records ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>?--0 fully #ef recognis$2 ! fir/ adequate inve/igation ( ! fossil rema9s ( any l>ge gr\p ( v]tebrat$ animals is to be f\nd 9 ,cuvi]'s ,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 complet$ 9 #ahbb2 &1 s mod]n is /ratigraphical palaeontology1 t its f\nd]1 ,william ,smi?1 liv$ to receive ! j recognition ( 8 s]vices by ! aw>d ( ! fir/ ,wolla/on ,m$al 9 #ahca4 ,b1 al?\gh palaeontology is a comp>atively y\?ful sci5tific speciality1 ! mass ( mat]ials ) :i* x has to deal is already prodigi\s4 ,9 ! la/ fifty ye>s ! numb] ( kn[n fossil rema9s ( inv]tebrat$ animals has be5 trebl$ or quadrupl$4 ,! "w ( int]pretation ( v]tebrate fossils1 ! f\ndations ( :i* 7 s solidly laid by ,cuvi]1 0 c>ri$ on1 ) wond]ful vig\r & success1 by ,agassiz 9 ,switz]l&1 by ,von ,mey] 9 ,g]many1 & la/1 b n lea/1 by ,ow5 9 ?is c\ntry1 :ile1 9 lat] ye>s1 a multitude ( work]s h lab\r$ 9 ! same field4 ,9 _m gr\ps ( ! animal k+dom ! numb] ( fossil =ms already kn[n is z great z t ( ! exi/+ species4 ,9 "s cases x is mu* great]2 & !re are entire ord]s ( animals ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* we %\ld "k no?+ except = ! evid5ce af=d$ by fossil rema9s4 ,) all ?is x may be safely assum$ t1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 we are n acqua9t$ ) a ti! ( ! fossils :i* w soon] or lat] be discov]$4 ,if we may judge by ! pr(usion yield$ )9 ! la/ few ye>s by ! ,t]ti>y =mations ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 !re seems to be no limit to ! #eg multitude ( ,mammalian rema9s to be expect$ f t cont95t2 & analogy leads u to expect simil> ri*es 9 ,ea/]n ,asia1 :5ev] ! ,t]ti>y =mations ( t region are z c>efully explor$4 ,aga91 we h z yet almo/ ev]y?+ to le>n respect+ ! t]re/rial population ( ! ,mesozoic epo*--& x seems z if ! ,we/]n t]ritories ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates 7 ab\t to prove z in/ructive 9 reg>d to ?is po9t z !y h 9 respect ( t]ti>y life4 ,my fri5d ,pr(essor ,m>% in=ms me t1 )9 two ye>s1 rema9s ( m ?an #afj di/9ct individuals ( mammals1 belong+ to tw5ty species & n9e g5]a1 h be5 f\nd 9 a space n l>g] ?an ! floor ( a good-siz$ room2 :ile b$s ( ! same age h yield$ #cjj reptiles1 v>y+ 9 size f a l5g? ( #fj feet or #hj feet to ! dim5sions ( a rabbit4 ,! task :i* ,i h set myself to-night is to endeav\r to lay be=e y1 z briefly z possible1 a sket* ( ! successive /eps by :i* our pres5t k ( ! facts ( palaeontology & ( ^? conclusions f !m :i* are indisputable1 has be5 atta9$2 & ,i beg leave to rem9d y1 at ! outset1 t 9 attempt+ to sket* ! progress ( a bran* ( k to :i* innum]able lab\rs h contribut$1 my bus9ess is r ) g5]alisations ?an ) details4 ,x is my object to m>k ! epo*s ( palaeontology1 n to rec\nt all ! ev5ts ( its hi/ory4 ,t :i* ,i j n[ call$ ! fundam5tal problem ( palaeontology1 ! "q :i* has to be #eh settl$ be=e any o!r c be pr(itably discuss$1 is ?is1 ,:at is ! nature ( fossils8 ,are !y1 z ! heal?y common s5se ( ! anci5t ,greeks appe>s to h l$ !m to assume )\t hesitation1 ! rema9s ( animals & plants8 ,or are !y1 z 0 s g5]ally ma9ta9$ 9 ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies1 m]e figur$ /ones1 portions ( m9]al matt] :i* h assum$ ! =ms ( leaves & %ells & bones1 j z ^? portions ( m9]al matt] :i* we call cry/als take on ! =m ( regul> geometrical solids8 ,or1 aga91 are !y1 z o!rs ?\ght1 ! products ( ! g]ms ( animals & ( ! se$s ( plants :i* h lo/ _! way1 z x 71 9 ! b[els ( ! e>?1 & h a*iev$ only an imp]fect & abortive developm5t8 ,x is easy to sne] at our ance/ors = be+ dispos$ to reject ! fir/ 9 fav\r ( "o or o!r ( ! la/ two hypo!ses2 b x is mu* m pr(itable to try to discov] :y !y1 :o 7 really n "o :it less s5sible p]sons ?an our excell5t selves1 %\ld h be5 l$ to ent]ta9 views :i* /rike u z absurd4 ,! belief 9 :at is errone\sly call$ spontane\s g5]ation1 t is to say1 9 ! developm5t ( liv+ matt] out ( m9]al matt]1 ap>t f ! ag5cy ( pre-exi/+ liv+ matt]1 z an ord9>y occurr5ce at ! pres5t day--:i* is /ill held by "s ( u1 0 univ]sally accept$ z an obvi\s tru? by !m4 ,!y c\ld po9t to ! arboresc5t =ms assum$ by ho>-fro/ & by sundry metallic m9]als z evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce 9 nature ( a pla/ic #ei =ce compet5t to enable inorganic matt] to assume ! =m ( organis$ bodies4 ,!n1 z e "o :o is famili> ) fossils kn[s1 !y pres5t innum]able gradations1 f %ells & bones :i* exactly resemble ! rec5t objects1 to masses ( m]e /one :i*1 h[ev] accurately !y repeat ! outw>d =m ( ! organic body1 h no?+ else 9 common ) x2 &1 !nce1 to m]e traces & fa9t impressions 9 ! cont9u\s sub/ance ( ! rock4 ,:at we n[ "k to be ! results ( ! *emical *anges :i* take place 9 ! c\rse ( fossilisation1 by :i* m9]al is sub/itut$ = organic sub/ance1 might1 9 ! abs5ce ( su* k1 be fairly int]pret$ z ! expression ( a process ( developm5t 9 ! opposite direction--f ! m9]al to ! organic4 ,moreov]1 9 an age :5 x w\ld h seem$ ! mo/ absurd ( p>adoxes to sugge/ t ! g5]al level ( ! sea is con/ant1 :ile t ( ! solid l& fluctuates up & d[n ?r\gh ?\s&s ( feet 9 a secul> gr\nd swell1 x may well h appe>$ f> less haz>d\s to conceive t fossils are sports ( nature ?an to accept ! necess>y alt]native1 t all ! inl& regions & highl&s1 9 ! rocks ( :i* m>9e %ells _h be5 f\nd1 _h once be5 cov]$ by ! ocean4 ,x is n s surpris+1 !re=e1 z x may at fir/ seem1 t al?\gh su* m5 z ,leon>do da ,v9ci & ,b]n>d ,palissy took j views ( ! nature ( fossils1 ! op9ion ( ! majority ( _! contempor>ies set /rongly ! o!r way2 nor ev5 t error ma9ta9$ itself long aft] ! #fj sci5tific gr\nds ( ! true int]pretation ( fossils _h be5 /at$1 9 a mann] t left no?+ to be desir$1 9 ! latt] half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! p]son :o r5d]$ ?is good s]vice to palaeontology 0 ,nicolas ,/5o1 pr(essor ( anatomy 9 ,flor5ce1 ?\gh a ,dane by bir?4 ,collectors ( fossils at t day 7 famili> ) c]ta9 bodies t]m$ glossopetrae1 & speculation 0 rife z to _! nature4 ,9 ! fir/ half ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ,fabio ,colonna _h tri$ to conv9ce 8 colleagues ( ! fam\s ,accademia dei ,l9cei t ! glossopetrae 7 m]ely fossil %>ks' tee?1 b 8 argum5ts made no impression4 ,fifty ye>s lat]1 ,/5o reop5$ ! "q1 &1 by dissect+ ! head ( a %>k & po9t+ out ! v exact correspond5ce ( its tee? ) ! glossopetrae1 left no rational d\bt z to ! orig9 ( ! latt]4 ,?us f>1 ! "w ( ,/5o w5t little fur!r ?an t ( ,colonna1 b x =tunately occurr$ to him to ?9k out ! :ole subject ( ! int]pretation ( fossils1 & ! result ( 8 m$itations 0 ! publication1 9 #affi1 ( a little treatise ) ! v qua9t title ( ,de ,solido intra ,solidum naturalit] cont5to4 ,! g5]al c\rse ( ,/5o's argum5t may be /at$ 9 a few words4 ,fossils are solid bodies :i*1 by "s natural process1 h come to be conta9$ )9 o!r solid bodies1 namely1 ! rocks 9 :i* !y are emb$d$2 & ! fundam5tal problem ( palaeontology1 /at$ g5]ally1 is ?is3 ,giv5 a body end[$ ) a c]ta9 %ape & produc$ 9 accordance ) natural laws1 to f9d #fa 9 t body itself ! evid5ce ( ! place & mann] ( its production4#h ,! only way ( solv+ ?is problem is by ! application ( ! axiom t l effects imply l causes1 or z ,/5o puts x1 9 ref]5ce to ?is p>ticul> case1 t bodies :i* are altoge!r simil> h be5 produc$ 9 ! same way4#i ,h5ce1 s9ce ! glossopetrae are altoge!r simil> to %>ks' tee?1 !y mu/ h be5 produc$ by %>klike fi%es2 & s9ce _m fossil %ells correspond1 d[n to ! m9ute/ details ( /ructure1 ) ! %ells ( exi/+ m>9e or fre%wat] animals1 !y mu/ h be5 produc$ by simil> animals2 & ! l reason+ is appli$ by ,/5o to ! fossil bones ( v]tebrat$ animals1 :e!r aquatic or t]re/rial4 ,to ! obvi\s objection t _m fossils are n altoge!r simil> to _! liv+ analogues1 diff]+ 9 sub/ance :ile agree+ 9 =m1 or be+ m]e holl[s or impressions1 ! surfaces ( :i* are figur$ 9 ! same way z ^? ( animal or vegetable organisms1 ,/5o replies by po9t+ out ! *anges :i* take place 9 organic rema9s emb$d$ 9 ! e>?1 & h[ _! solid sub/ance may be dissolv$ away entirely1 or replac$ by m9]al matt]1 until no?+ is left ( ! orig9al b a ca/1 an impression1 or a m]e trace ( its cont\rs4 ,! pr9ciples ( inve/igation ?us excell5tly /at$ & illu/rat$ by ,/5o 9 #affi1 are ^? :i* h1 #fb consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 guid$ ! rese>*es ( palaeontologi/s ev] s9ce4 ,ev5 t feat ( palaeontology :i* has s p[]fully impress$ ! popul> imag9ation1 ! recon/ruction ( an ext9ct animal f a too? or a bone1 is bas$ ^u ! simple/ imag9able application ( ! logic ( ,/5o4 ,a mom5t's consid]ation w %[1 9 fact1 t ,/5o's conclusion t ! glossopetrae are %>ks' tee? implies ! recon/ruction ( an animal f its too?4 ,x is equival5t to ! ass]tion t ! animal ( :i* ! glossopetrae are relics _h ! =m & organisation ( a %>k2 t x _h a skull1 a v]tebral column1 & limbs simil> to ^? :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ?is gr\p ( fi%es2 t its he>t1 gills1 & inte/9es pres5t$ ! peculi>ities :i* ^? ( all %>ks exhibit2 nay1 ev5 t any h>d p>ts :i* its integum5t conta9$ 7 ( a totally diff]5t "* f ! scales ( ord9>y fi%es4 ,^! conclusions are z c]ta9 z any bas$ ^u probable reason+s c be4 ,& !y are s1 simply because a v l>ge exp]i5ce ju/ifies u 9 believ+ t tee? ( ?is p>ticul> =m & /ructure are inv>iably associat$ ) ! peculi> organisation ( %>ks1 & are nev] f\nd 9 connection ) o!r organisms4 ,:y ?is %\ld be we are n at pres5t 9 a position ev5 to imag9e2 we mu/ take ! fact z an empirical law ( animal morphology1 ! reason ( :i* may possibly be "o day f\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( ! evolution ( ! %>k tribe1 b = :i* x is hopeless to seek = an explanation 9 ord9>y physiological reason+s4 ,e "o #fc practically acqua9t$ ) palaeontology is aw>e t x is n e too?1 nor e bone1 :i* enables u to =m a judgm5t ( ! "* ( ! animal to :i* x belong$2 & t x is possible to possess _m tee?1 & ev5 a l>ge portion ( ! skeleton ( an ext9ct animal1 & yet be unable to recon/ruct its skull or its limbs4 ,x is only :5 ! too? or bone pres5ts peculi>ities1 :i* we "k by previ\s exp]i5ce to be *>act]i/ic ( a c]ta9 gr\p1 t we c safely pr$ict t ! fossil belong$ to an animal ( ! same gr\p4 ,any "o :o f9ds a c['s gr9d] may be p]fectly sure t x belong$ to an animal :i* _h two complete toes on ea* foot & rum9at$2 any "o :o f9ds a horse's gr9d] may be z sure t x _h "o complete toe on ea* foot & did n rum9ate2 b if rum9ants & horses 7 ext9ct animals ( :i* no?+ b ! gr9d]s _h ev] be5 discov]$1 no am\nt ( physiological reason+ c\ld h enabl$ u to recon/ruct ei!r animal1 /ill less to h div9$ ! wide diff]5ces betwe5 ! two4 ,cuvi]1 9 ! ,disc\rs sur les ,revolutions de la ,surface du ,globe1 /rangely cr$its himself1 & has ev] s9ce be5 cr$it$ by o!rs1 ) ! inv5tion ( a new me?od ( palaeontological rese>*4 ,b if y w turn to ! ,re*]*es sur les ,ossem5s ,fossiles & wat* ,cuvi]1 n speculat+1 b work+1 y w f9d t 8 me?od is nei!r m nor less ?an t ( ,/5o4 ,if he 0 able to make 8 fam\s prophecy f ! jaw :i* lay ^u ! surface ( a block ( /one to ! pelvis ( ! same animal :i* lay hidd5 9 x1 x 0 n #fd because ei!r he1 or any "o else1 knew1 or kn[s1 :y a c]ta9 =m ( jaw is1 z a rule1 con/antly accompani$ by ! pres5ce ( m>supial bones1 b simply because exp]i5ce has %[n t ^! two /ructures are co-ord9at$4 ,! settlem5t ( ! nature ( fossils l$ at once to ! next advance ( palaeontology1 viz4 its application to ! deciph]+ ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>?4 ,:5 x 0 admitt$ t fossils are rema9s ( animals & plants1 x foll[$ t1 9 s f> z !y resemble t]re/rial1 or fre%wat]1 animals & plants1 !y are evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( l&1 or fre% wat]2 &1 9 s f> z !y resemble m>9e organisms1 !y are evid5ces ( ! exi/5ce ( ! sea at ! "t at :i* !y 7 p>ts ( actually liv+ animals & plants4 ,moreov]1 9 ! abs5ce ( evid5ce to ! contr>y1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! t]re/rial or ! m>9e organisms impli$ ! exi/5ce ( l& or sea at ! place 9 :i* !y 7 f\nd :ile !y 7 yet liv+4 ,9 fact1 su* conclusions 7 imm$iately drawn by ev]ybody1 f ! "t ( ,x5ophanes d[nw>ds1 :o believ$ t fossils 7 really organic rema9s4 ,/5o discusses _! value z evid5ce ( repeat$ alt]ation ( m>9e & t]re/rial conditions ^u ! soil ( ,tuscany 9 a mann] wor?y ( a mod]n geologi/4 ,! speculations ( ,de ,maillet 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury turn ^u fossils2 & ,buffon foll[s him v closely 9 ^? two rem>kable works1 ! ,!orie de la ,t]re & ! ,epoques de la ,nature1 ) #fe :i* he comm5c$ & end$ 8 c>e] z a naturali/4 ,! op5+ s5t5ces ( ! ,epoques de la ,nature %[ u h[ fully ,buffon recognis$ ! analogy ( geological ) ar*aeological inquiries4 ,z 9 civil hi/ory we consult de$s1 seek = co9s1 or deciph] antique inscriptions 9 ord] to det]m9e ! epo*s ( human revolutions & fix ! date ( moral ev5ts2 s1 9 natural hi/ory1 we mu/ se>* ! ar*ives ( ! _w1 recov] old monum5ts f ! b[els ( ! e>?1 collect _! fragm5t>y rema9s1 & ga!r into "o body ( evid5ce all ! signs ( physical *ange :i* may enable u to look back ^u ! diff]5t ages ( nature4 ,x is our only means ( fix+ "s po9ts 9 ! imm5sity ( space1 & ( sett+ a c]ta9 numb] ( waym>ks along ! et]nal pa? ( "t4 ,buffon enum]ates five classes ( ^! monum5ts ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>?1 & !y are all facts ( palaeontology4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 he says1 %ells & o!r m>9e productions are f\nd all ov] ! surface & 9 ! int]ior ( ! dry l&2 & all calc>e\s rocks are made up ( _! rema9s4 ,secondly1 a great _m ( ^! %ells :i* are f\nd 9 ,europe are n n[ to be met ) 9 ! adjac5t seas2 &1 9 ! slates & o!r deep-seat$ deposits1 !re are rema9s ( fi%es & ( plants ( :i* no species n[ exi/ 9 our latitudes1 & :i* are ei!r ext9ct1 or exi/ only 9 m nor!rn climates4 ,?irdly1 9 ,sib]ia & 9 o!r nor!rn regions ( ,europe & ( ,asia1 bones & #ff tee? ( elephants1 rh9oc]oses1 & hippopotamuses occur 9 su* numb]s t ^! animals mu/ once h liv$ & multipli$ 9 ^? regions1 al?\gh at ! pres5t day !y are conf9$ to s\!rn climates4 ,! deposits 9 :i* ^! rema9s are f\nd are sup]ficial1 :ile ^? :i* conta9 %ells & o!r m>9e rema9s lie mu* deep]4 ,f\r?ly1 tusks & bones ( elephants & hippopotamuses are f\nd n only 9 ! nor!rn regions ( ! old _w1 b also 9 ^? ( ! new _w1 al?\gh1 at pres5t1 nei!r elephants nor hippopotamuses occur 9 ,am]ica4 ,fif?ly1 9 ! middle ( ! cont95ts1 9 regions mo/ remote f ! sea1 we f9d an inf9ite numb] ( %ells1 ( :i* ! mo/ "p belong to animals ( ^? k9ds :i* /ill exi/ 9 s\!rn seas1 b ( :i* _m o!rs h no liv+ analogues2 s t ^! species appe> to be lo/1 de/roy$ by "s unkn[n cause4 ,x is ne$less to inquire h[ f> ^! /atem5ts are /rictly accurate2 !y are suffici5tly s to ju/ify ,buffon's conclusions t ! dry l& 0 once b5ea? ! sea2 t ! =mation ( ! fossilif]\s rocks mu/ h occupi$ a va/ly great] lapse ( "t ?an t traditionally ascrib$ to ! age ( ! e>?2 t fossil rema9s indicate diff]5t climatal conditions to h obta9$ 9 =m] times1 & especially t ! pol> regions 7 once w>m]2 t _m species ( animals & plants h become ext9ct2 & t geological *ange has _h some?+ to d ) geographical di/ribution4 ,b ^! propositions almo/ con/itute ! framework ( palaeontology4 ,9 ord] to complete x b #fg "o addition 0 ne$$1 & t 0 made1 9 ! la/ ye>s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 by ,william ,smi?1 ^: "w comes s ne> our own times t _m liv+ m5 may h be5 p]sonally acqua9t$ ) him4 ,?is mode/ l&-surveyor1 ^: bus9ess took him into _m p>ts ( ,engl&1 pr(it$ by ! peculi>ly fav\rable conditions (f]$ by ! arrangem5t ( our second>y /rata to make a c>eful exam9ation & comp>ison ( _! fossil cont5ts at diff]5t po9ts ( ! l>ge area ov] :i* !y ext5d4 ,! result ( 8 accurate & widely-ext5d$ obs]vations 0 to e/abli% ! important tru? t ea* /ratum conta9s c]ta9 fossils :i* are peculi> to x2 & t ! ord] 9 :i* ! /rata1 *>act]is$ by ^! fossils1 are sup]impos$ "o ^u ! o!r is always ! same4 ,?is mo/ important g5]alisation 0 rapidly v]ifi$ & ext5d$ to all p>ts ( ! _w accessible to geologi/s2 & n[ x re/s ^u su* an imm5se mass ( obs]vations z to be "o ( ! be/ e/abli%$ tru?s ( natural sci5ce4 ,to ! geologi/ ! discov]y 0 ( inf9ite importance1 z x enabl$ him to id5tify rocks ( ! same relative age1 h[ev] _! cont9uity might be int]rupt$ or _! composition alt]$4 ,b to ! biologi/ x _h a /ill deep] mean+1 = x demon/rat$ t1 ?r\gh\t ! prodigi\s duration ( "t regi/]$ by ! fossilif]\s rocks1 ! liv+ population ( ! e>? _h und]gone cont9ual *anges1 n m]ely by ! ext9ction ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ! species :i* _h at fir/ exi/$1 b by ! cont9ual g5]ation #fh ( new species1 & ! no less con/ant ext9ction ( old ones4 ,?us ! broad outl9es ( palaeontology1 9 s f> z x is ! common prop]ty ( bo? ! geologi/ & ! biologi/1 7 m>k$ out at ! close ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,9 trac+ its subsequ5t progress ,i mu/ conf9e myself to ! prov9ce ( biology1 &1 inde$1 to ! influ5ce ( palaeontology ^u zoological morphology4 ,& ,i accept ?is limitation ! m will+ly z ! no less important topic ( ! be>+ ( geology & ( palaeontology ^u di/ribution has be5 lum9\sly treat$ 9 ! address ( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,geographical ,section4#aj ,! succession ( ! species ( animals & plants 9 "t be+ e/abli%$1 ! fir/ "q :i* ! zoologi/ or ! botani/ _h to ask himself 01 ,:at is ! relation ( ^! successive species "o to ano!r8 ,& x is a curi\s circum/ance t ! mo/ important ev5t 9 ! hi/ory ( palaeontology :i* imm$iately succe$$ ,william ,smi?'s g5]alisation 0 a discov]y :i*1 c\ld x h be5 rightly appreciat$ at ! "t1 w\ld h gone f> t[>ds sugge/+ ! answ]1 :i* 0 9 fact delay$ = m ?an half a c5tury4 ,i ref] to ,cuvi]'s inve/igation ( ! ,mammalian fossils yield$ by ! qu>ries 9 ! old] t]ti>y rocks ( ,montm>tre1 among ! *ief results ( :i* 0 ! br++ to light ( two g5]a ( ext9ct ho($ quadrup$s1 ! ,anoplo!rium & ! ,palaeo!rium4 ,! ri* mat]ials at ,cuvi]'s disposition enabl$ him #fi to obta9 a full k ( ! o/eology & ( ! d5tition ( ^! two =ms1 & consequ5tly to comp>e _! /ructure critically ) t ( exi/+ ho($ animals4 ,! effect ( ?is comp>ison 0 to prove t ! ,anoplo!rium1 ?\gh x pres5t$ _m po9ts ( resemblance ) ! pigs on ! "o h& & ) ! rum9ants on ! o!r1 diff]$ f bo? to su* an ext5t t x c\ld f9d a place 9 nei!r gr\p4 ,9 fact1 x held1 9 "s respects1 an int]m$iate position1 t5d+ to bridge ov] ! int]val betwe5 ^! two gr\ps1 :i* 9 ! exi/+ fauna are s di/9ct4 ,9 ! same way1 ! ,palaeo!rium t5d$ to connect =ms s diff]5t z ! tapir1 ! rh9oc]os1 & ! horse4 ,subsequ5t inve/igations h br\ght to light a v>iety ( facts ( ! same ord]1 ! mo/ curi\s & /rik+ ( :i* are ^? :i* prove ! exi/5ce1 9 ! mesozoic epo*1 ( a s]ies ( =ms int]m$iate betwe5 birds & reptiles--two classes ( v]tebrate animals :i* at pres5t appe> to be m widely sep>at$ ?an any o!rs4 ,yet ! int]val betwe5 !m is completely fill$1 9 ! mesozoic fauna1 by birds :i* h reptilian *>act]s on ! "o side1 & reptiles :i* h orni?ic *>act]s on ! o!r4 ,s aga91 :ile ! gr\p ( fi%es t]m$ ganoids is at ! pres5t "t s di/9ct f t ( ! dipnoi1 or mudfi%es1 t !y h be5 reckon$ z di/9ct ord]s1 ! ,devonian /rata pres5t u ) =ms ( :i* x is impossible to say ) c]ta9ty :e!r !y are dipnoi or :e!r !y are ganoids4 #gj ,agassiz's long & elaborate rese>*es ^u fossil fi%es1 publi%$ betwe5 #ahcc & #ahdb1 l$ him to sugge/ ! exi/5ce ( ano!r k9d ( relation betwe5 anci5t & mod]n =ms ( life4 ,he obs]v$ t ! olde/ fi%es pres5t _m *>act]s :i* recall ! embryonic conditions ( exi/+ fi%es2 & t1 n only among fi%es1 b 9 sev]al gr\ps ( ! inv]tebrata :i* h a long palaeontological hi/ory1 ! late/ =ms are m modifi$1 m specialis$1 ?an ! e>li]4 ,! fact t ! d5tition ( ! old] t]ti>y ungulate & c>nivor\s mammals is always complete1 notic$ by ,pr(essor ,ow51 illu/rat$ ! same g5]alisation4 ,ano!r no less sugge/ive obs]vation 0 made by ,mr4 ,d>w91 ^: p]sonal inve/igations dur+ ! voyage ( ! ,beagle l$ him to rem>k ^u ! s+ul> fact1 t ! fauna1 :i* imm$iately prec$es t at pres5t exi/+ 9 any geographical prov9ce ( di/ribution1 pres5ts ! same peculi>ities z its successor4 ,?us1 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & 9 ,au/ralia1 ! lat] t]ti>y or quat]n>y fossils %[ t ! fauna :i* imm$iately prec$$ t ( ! pres5t day 01 9 ! "o case1 z mu* *>act]is$ by ed5tates &1 9 ! o!r1 by m>supials z x is n[1 al?\gh ! species ( ! old] are l>gely diff]5t f ^? ( ! new] fauna4 ,h[ev] cle>ly ^! indications might po9t 9 "o direction1 ! "q ( ! exact relation ( ! successive =ms ( animal & vegetable life c\ld be satisfactorily settl$ only 9 "o way2 namely1 by comp>+1 /age by /age1 ! s]ies ( #ga =ms pres5t$ by "o & ! same type ?r\gh\t a long space ( "t4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ?is has be5 done fully 9 ! case ( ! horse1 less completely 9 ! case ( ! o!r pr9cipal types ( ! ungulata & ( ! c>nivora2 & all ^! inve/igations t5d to "o g5]al result1 namely1 t1 9 any giv5 s]ies1 ! successive memb]s ( t s]ies pres5t a gradually increas+ specialisation ( /ructure4 ,t is to say1 if any su* mammal at pres5t exi/+ has specially modifi$ & r$uc$ limbs or d5tition & complicat$ bra91 its pr$ecessors 9 "t %[ less & less modification & r$uction 9 limbs & tee? & a less highly develop$ bra94 ,! lab\rs ( ,gaudry1 ,m>%1 & ,cope furni% abundant illu/rations ( ?is law f ! m>vell\s fossil weal? ( ,pik]mi & ! va/ un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( t]ti>y rocks 9 ! t]ritories ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,i w n[ sum up ! results ( ?is sket* ( ! rise & progress ( palaeontology4 ,! :ole fabric ( palaeontology is bas$ ^u two propositions3 ! fir/ is1 t fossils are ! rema9s ( animals & plants2 & ! second is1 t ! /ratifi$ rocks 9 :i* !y are f\nd are s$im5t>y deposits2 & ea* ( ^! propositions is f\nd$ ^u ! same axiom1 t l effects imply l causes4 ,if !re is any cause compet5t to produce a fossil /em1 or %ell1 or bone1 except a liv+ be+1 !n palaeontology has no f\ndation2 if ! /ratification ( ! rocks is n ! effect ( su* causes z at pres5t produce #gb /ratification1 we h no means ( judg+ ( ! duration ( pa/ "t1 or ( ! ord] 9 :i* ! =ms ( life h succe$$ "o ano!r4 ,b if ^! two propositions are grant$1 !re is no escape1 z x appe>s to me1 f ?ree v important conclusions4 ,! fir/ is t liv+ matt] has exi/$ ^u ! e>? = a va/ l5g? ( "t1 c]ta9ly = millions ( ye>s4 ,! second is t1 dur+ ?is lapse ( "t1 ! =ms ( liv+ matt] h und]gone repeat$ *anges1 ! effect ( :i* has be5 t ! animal & vegetable population1 at any p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 conta9s "s species :i* did n exi/ at "s antec$5t p]iod1 & o!rs :i* ceas$ to exi/ at "s subsequ5t p]iod4 ,! ?ird is t1 9 ! case ( _m gr\ps ( mammals & "s ( reptiles1 9 :i* "o type c be foll[$ ?r\gh a consid]able ext5t ( geological "t1 ! s]ies ( diff]5t =ms by :i* ! type is repres5t$1 at successive int]vals ( ?is "t1 is exactly su* z x w\ld be1 if !y _h be5 produc$ by ! gradual modification ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( ! s]ies4 ,^! are facts ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>? gu>ante$ by z good evid5ce z any facts 9 civil hi/ory4 ,hi!rto ,i h kept c>efully cle> ( all ! hypo!ses to :i* m5 h at v>i\s times endeav\r$ to fit ! facts ( palaeontology1 or by :i* !y h endeav\r$ to connect z _m ( ^! facts z !y happ5$ to be acqua9t$ )4 ,i d n ?9k x w\ld be a pr(itable employm5t ( our "t to discuss conceptions :i* d\btless h _h _! ju/ification & ev5 _! use1 b :i* #gc are n[ obvi\sly incompatible ) ! well-asc]ta9$ tru?s ( palaeontology4 ,at pres5t ^! tru?s leave room = only two hypo!ses4 ,! fir/ is t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ! e>?1 innum]able species ( animals & plants h come into exi/5ce1 indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 innum]able times4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 implies ei!r t spontane\s g5]ation on ! mo/ a/\nd+ scale1 & ( animals su* z horses & elephants1 has be5 go+ on1 z a natural process1 ?r\gh all ! "t record$ by ! fossilif]\s rocks2 or x necessitates ! belief 9 innum]able acts ( creation repeat$ innum]able times4 ,! o!r hypo!sis is1 t ! successive species ( animals & plants h aris51 ! lat] by ! gradual modification ( ! e>li]4 ,?is is ! hypo!sis ( evolution2 & ! palaeontological discov]ies ( ! la/ decade are s completely 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts ( ?is hypo!sis t1 if x _h n exi/$1 ! palaeontologi/ w\ld h _h to inv5t x4 ,i h always _h a c]ta9 horror ( presum+ to set a limit ^u ! possibilities ( ?+s4 ,!re=e ,i w n v5ture to say t x is impossible t ! multitud9\s species ( animals & plants may h be5 produc$1 "o sep>ately f ! o!r1 by spontane\s g5]ation2 nor t x is impossible t !y %\ld h be5 indep5d5tly orig9at$ by an endless succession ( miracul\s creative acts4 ,b ,i mu/ confess t bo? ^! hypo!ses /rike me z s a/\nd+ly improbable1 s devoid ( a %r$ ( ei!r sci5tific or traditional support1 t ev5 if #gd !re 7 no o!r evid5ce ?an t ( palaeontology 9 its fav\r1 ,i %\ld feel compell$ to adopt ! hypo!sis ( evolution4 ,happily1 ! future ( palaeontology is indep5d5t ( all hypo!tical consid]ations4 ,fifty ye>s h5ce1 :oev] und]takes to record ! progress ( palaeontology w note ! pres5t "t z ! epo* 9 :i* ! law ( succession ( ! =ms ( ! high] animals 0 det]m9$ by ! obs]vation ( palaeontological facts4 ,he w po9t out t1 j z ,/5o & z ,cuvi] 7 enabl$ f _! k ( ! empirical laws ( coexi/5ce ( ! p>ts ( animals to conclude f a "p to ! :ole1 s ! k ( ! law ( succession ( =ms emp[]$ _! successors to conclude1 f "o or two t]ms ( su* a succession1 to ! :ole s]ies2 & ?us to div9e ! exi/5ce ( =ms ( life1 ( :i*1 p]haps1 no trace rema9s1 at epo*s ( inconceivable remot5ess 9 ! pa/4 99 99 99 99 99 #ge ,,ii ,,! ,,int]pret]s ,,( ,,g5esis ,,& ,,! ,,int]pret]s ,,( ,,nature ,our fabuli/ w>ns ^? :o 9 qu>rels int]pose ( ! fate :i* is probably 9 /ore = !m2 &1 9 v5tur+ to place myself betwe5 s p[]ful a controv]siali/ z ,mr4 ,glad/one & ! em95t div9e :om he assaults ) su* vig\r 9 ! la/ numb] ( ?is ,review1#aa ,i am fully aw>e t ,i run great dang] ( v]ify+ ,gay's pr$iction4 ,moreov]1 x is q possible t my zeal 9 (f]+ aid to a combatant s extremely well able to take c>e ( himself z ,m4 ,reville may be ?\ght to sav\r ( indiscretion4 ,two consid]ations1 h[ev]1 h l$ me to face ! d\ble risk4 ,! "o is t ?\gh1 9 my judgm5t1 ,m4 ,reville is :olly 9 ! "r 9 t "p ( ! controv]sy to :i* ,i propose to re/rict my obs]vations1 nev]!less he1 z a =eign]1 has v little *ance ( mak+ ! tru? prevail ) ,engli%m5 aga9/ ! au?ority & ! dialectic skill ( ! greate/ ma/] ( p]suasive rhetoric among ,engli%-speak+ m5 ( our "t4 #gf ,z ! ,que5's proctor int]v5es1 9 c]ta9 cases1 betwe5 two litigants 9 ! int]e/s ( ju/ice1 s x may be p]mitt$ me to int]pose z a sort ( uncommission$ sci5ce proctor4 ,my second excuse = my m$dlesom5ess is1 t important que/ions ( natural sci5ce--respect+ :i* nei!r ( ! combatants pr(esses to speak z an exp]t--are involv$ 9 ! controv]sy2 & ,i ?9k x is desirable t ! public %\ld "k :at x is t natural sci5ce really has to say on ^! topics1 to ! be/ belief ( "o :o has be5 a dilig5t /ud5t ( natural sci5ce = ! la/ =ty ye>s4 ,! orig9al ,prolegom5es de l'hi/oire des ,religions has n come 9 my way2 b ,i h read ! translation ( ,m4 ,reville's "w1 publi%$ 9 ,engl& "u ! auspices ( ,pr(essor ,max ,muell]1 ) v great int]e/4 ,x puts m fairly & cle>ly ?an any book previ\sly kn[n to me1 ! view :i* a man ( /rong religi\s feel+s1 b at ! same "t possess+ ! in=mation & ! reason+ p[] :i* enable him to e/imate ! /r5g? ( sci5tific me?ods ( inquiry & ! weight ( sci5tific tru?1 may be expect$ to take ( ! relation betwe5 sci5ce & religion4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,! ,primitive ,revelation ! sci5tific wor? ( ! acc\nt ( ! ,creation giv5 9 ! book ( ,g5esis is e/imat$ 9 t]ms :i* are z unque/ionably respectful z1 9 my judgm5t1 !y are j2 &1 at ! end ( ! *apt] on ,primitive ,tradition1 ,m4 ,reville appraises ! value ( p5tateu*al an?ropology 9 a way :i* ,i %\ld #gg h ?\ght sure ( enli/+ ! ass5t ( all compet5t judges1 ev5 if x 7 ext5d$ to ! :ole ( ! cosmogony & biology ( ,g5esis3-- ,z1 h[ev]1 ! orig9al traditions ( nations sprang up 9 an epo* less remote ?an our own f ! primitive life1 x is indisp5sable to consult !m1 to comp>e !m1 & to associate !m ) o!r s\rces ( in=mation :i* are available4 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ! traditions record$ 9 ,g5esis possess1 9 addition to _! own peculi> *>m1 a value ( ! highe/ ord]2 b we _c ultimately see 9 !m m ?an a v5]able fragm5t1 well des]v+ att5tion1 ( ! great g5esis ( mank9d4 ,mr4 ,glad/one is ( a diff]5t m9d4 ,he diss5ts f ,m4 ,reville's views respect+ ! prop] e/imation ( ! p5tateu*al traditions1 no less ?an he does f 8 int]pretation ( ^? ,hom]ic my?s :i* h be5 ! object ( 8 own special /udy4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ,mr4 ,glad/one tells ,m4 ,reville t he is wrong on 8 own au?ority1 to :i*1 9 su* a matt]1 all w pay due respect3 9 ! =m]1 he affirms himself to be :olly de/itute ( t k9d ( k :i* c>ries au?ority1 & 8 rebuke is adm9i/]$ 9 ! "n & by ! au?ority ( natural sci5ce4 ,an air ( magi/]ial gravity hangs ab\t ! foll[+ passage3-- ,b ! "q is n "h ( a l(ty poem1 or a skilfully con/ruct$ n>rative3 x is :e!r natural sci5ce1 9 ! pati5t ex]cise ( its high call+ to exam9e facts1 f9ds t ! works ( ,god cry out aga9/ :at we h fondly believ$ to be ,8 ^w & tell ano!r tale2 or :e!r1 9 ?is n9ete5? c5tury ( ,*ri/ian progress1 x sub/antially e*oes back ! maje/ic s\nd1 :i*1 be=e x exi/$ z a pursuit1 w5t =? into all l&s4 #gh ,fir/1 look+ l>gely at ! latt] portion ( ! n>rative1 :i* describes ! creation ( liv+ organisms1 & waiv+ details1 on "s ( :i* 7z 9 v4 #bd7 ! ,septuag9t seems to v>y f ! ,hebrew1 !re is a gr& f\rfold division1 set =? 9 an ord]ly succession ( times z foll[s3 on ! fif? day #a4 ,! wat]-population2 #b4 ,! air-population2 &1 on ! six? day1 #c4 ,! l&-population ( animals2 #d4 ,! l&-population consummat$ 9 man4 ,n[ ?is same f\rfold ord] is und]/ood to h be5 s affirm$ 9 our "t by natural sci5ce1 t x may be tak5 z a demon/rat$ conclusion & e/abli%$ fact 7p4 #fif74 ,und]/ood8 ,by :om8 ,i _c br+ myself to imag9e t ,mr4 ,glad/one has made s solemn & au?oritative a /atem5t on a matt] ( ?is importance )\t due inquiry--)\t be+ able to f\nd himself ^u recognis$ sci5tific au?ority4 ,b ,i wi% he _h ?\ght fit to "n ! s\rce f :5ce he has d]iv$ 8 in=mation1 z1 9 t case1 ,i c\ld h dealt ) 8 au?ority1 & ,i %\ld h !reby escap$ ! appe>ance ( mak+ an attack on ,mr4 ,glad/one himself1 :i* is 9 e way di/a/eful to me4 ,= ,i c meet ! /atem5t 9 ! la/ p>agraph ( ! above citation ) no?+ b a direct negative4 ,if ,i "k any?+ at all ab\t ! results atta9$ by ! natural sci5ce ( our "t1 x is a demon/rat$ conclusion & e/abli%$ fact t ! f\rfold ord] giv5 by ,mr4 ,glad/one is n t 9 :i* ! evid5ce at our disposal #gi t5ds to %[ t ! wat]1 air1 & l&-populations ( ! globe h made _! appe>ance4 ,p]haps ,i may be told t ,mr4 ,glad/one does give 8 au?ority--t he cites ,cuvi]1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 & ,dr4 ,:ewell 9 support ( 8 case4 ,if t has be5 ,mr4 ,glad/one's int5tion 9 m5tion+ ^! em95t names1 ,i may rem>k t1 on ?is p>ticul> "q1 ! only relevant au?ority is t ( ,cuvi]4 ,b great z ,cuvi] 01 x is to be rememb]$ t1 z ,mr4 ,glad/one incid5tally rem>ks1 he _c n[ be call$ a rec5t au?ority4 ,9 fact1 he has be5 dead m ?an half a c5tury2 & ! palaeontology ( our day is relat$ to t ( 81 v mu* z ! geography ( ! sixte5? c5tury is relat$ to t ( ! f\rte5?4 ,s9ce #ahcb1 :5 ,cuvi] di$1 n only a new _w1 b new worlds1 ( anci5t life h be5 discov]$2 & ^? :o h mo/ fai?fully c>ri$ on ! "w ( ! *ief f\nd] ( palaeontology h done mo/ to invalidate ! ess5tially negative gr\nds ( 8 speculative adh]5ce to tradition4 ,if ,mr4 ,glad/one's late/ in=mation on ^! matt]s is d]iv$ f ! fam\s disc\rse prefix$ to ! ,ossem5s ,fossiles1 ,i c und]/& ! position he has tak5 up2 if he has ev] op5$ a respectable mod]n manual ( palaeontology1 or geology1 ,i _c4 ,= ! facts :i* demoli% 8 :ole argum5t are ( ! commone/ notoriety4 ,b be=e proce$+ to consid] ! evid5ce = ?is ass]tion we mu/ be cle> ab\t ! mean+ ( ! phraseology employ$4 #hj ,i appreh5d t :5 ,mr4 ,glad/one uses ! t]m wat]-population he means ^? animals :i* 9 ,g5esis i4 #ba 7,revis$ ,v]sion7 are spok5 ( z ! great sea mon/]s & e liv+ creature t move?1 :i* ! wat]s br\ght =? abundantly1 aft] _! k9d4 ,& ,i presume t x w be agre$ t :ales & porpoises1 sea fi%es1 & ! innum]able ho/s ( m>9e inv]tebrat$ animals1 are meant !reby4 ,s air-population mu/ be ! equival5t ( f[l 9 v]se #bj1 & e w+$ f[l aft] its k9d1 v]se #ba4 ,i suppose ,i may take x = grant$ t by f[l we h "h to und]/& birds--at any rate prim>ily4 ,second>ily1 x may be t ! bats & ! ext9ct pt]odactyles1 :i* 7 fly+ reptiles1 come "u ! same head4 ,b :e!r all insects are creep+ ?+s ( ! l&-population1 or :e!r fly+ insects are to be includ$ "u ! d5om9ation ( w+$ f[l1 is a po9t = ! decision ( ,hebrew exegetes4 ,la/ly1 ,i suppose ,i may assume t l&-population signifies ! cattle & ! bea/ ( ! e>?1 & e creep+ ?+ t creepe? ^u ! e>?1 9 v]ses #be & #bf2 presumably1 x compreh5ds all k9ds ( t]re/rial animals1 v]tebrate & inv]tebrate1 except su* z may be compris$ "u ! head ( ! air-population4 ,n[ :at ,i want to make cle> is ?is3 t if ! t]ms wat]-population1 air-population1 & l&-population are und]/ood 9 ! s5ses "h def9$1 natural sci5ce has no?+ to say 9 fav\r ( ! proposition t !y succe$$ "o ano!r 9 #ha ! ord] giv5 by ,mr4 ,glad/one2 b t1 on ! contr>y1 all ! evid5ce we possess goes to prove t !y did n4 ,:5ce x w foll[ t1 if ,mr4 ,glad/one has int]pret$ ,g5esis rightly 7on :i* po9t ,i am mo/ anxi\s to be und]/ood to (f] no op9ion71 t int]pretation is :olly irreconcilable ) ! conclusions at pres5t accept$ by ! int]pret]s ( nature--) ev]y?+ t c be call$ a demon/rat$ conclusion & e/abli%$ fact ( natural sci5ce4 ,& be x obs]v$ t ,i am n "h deal+ ) a "q ( speculation1 b ) a "q ( fact4 ,ei!r ! geological record is suffici5tly complete to af=d u a means ( det]m9+ ! ord] 9 :i* animals h made _! appe>ance on ! globe or x is n4 ,if x is1 ! det]m9ation ( t ord] is little m ?an a m]e matt] ( obs]vation2 if x is n1 !n natural sci5ce nei!r affirms nor refutes ! f\rfold ord]1 b is simply sil5t4 ,! s]ies ( ! fossilif]\s deposits1 :i* conta9 ! rema9s ( ! animals :i* h liv$ on ! e>? 9 pa/ ages ( its hi/ory1 & :i* c alone af=d ! evid5ce requir$ by natural sci5ce ( ! ord] ( appe>ance ( _! diff]5t species1 may be gr\p$ 9 ! mann] %[n 9 ! left-h& column ( ! foll[+ table1 ! olde/ be+ at ! bottom3-- ,=mations ,fir/ kn[n appe>ance ( ,quat]n>y4 ,plioc5e4 ,mioc5e4 ,eoc5e4 ,v]tebrate air-population 7,bats74 #hb ,cretace\s4 ,jurassic ,v]tebrate air-population 7,birds & ,pt]odactyles74 ,triassic4 ,upp] ,palaeozoic4 ,middle ,palaeozoic ,v]tebrate l&-population 7,amphibia1 ,reptilia 874 ,l[] ,palaeozoic4 ,silurian4 ,v]tebrate wat]-population 7,fi%es74 ,inv]tebrate air & l&-population 7,fly+ ,insects & ,scorpions74 ,cambrian ,inv]tebrate wat]-population 7mu* e>li]1 if ,eozoon is animal74 ,9 ! "r-h& column ,i h not$ ! gr\p ( /rata 9 :i*1 accord+ to our pres5t in=mation1 ! l&1 air1 & wat]-populations respectively appe> = ! fir/ "t2 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! ambiguity ab\t ! mean+ ( f[l1 ,i h sep>ately indicat$ ! fir/ appe>ance ( bats1 birds1 fly+ reptiles1 & fly+ insects4 ,x w be obs]v$ t1 if f[l means only bird1 or at mo/ fly+ v]tebrate1 !n ! fir/ c]ta9 evid5ce ( ! latt]1 9 ! ,jurassic epo*1 is po/]ior to ! fir/ appe>ance ( truly t]re/rial ,amphibia1 & possibly ( true reptiles1 9 ! ,c>bonif]\s epo* 7,middle ,palaeozoic7 by a prodigi\s int]val ( "t4 ,! wat]-population ( v]tebrat$ animals fir/ appe>s 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian4#ab ,!re=e1 if we f\nd ourselves on v]tebrat$ animals & take f[l to mean birds only1 or1 at mo/1 fly+ v]tebrates1 natural sci5ce says t ! ord] ( succession 0 wat]1 l&1 & air-population1 & #hc n--z ,mr4 ,glad/one1 f\nd+ himself on ,g5esis1 says--wat]1 air1 l&-population4 ,if a *ronicl] ( ,greece affirm$ t ! age ( ,alex&] prec$$ t ( ,p]icles & imm$iately succe$$ t ( ! ,trojan w>1 ,mr4 ,glad/one w\ld h>dly say t ?is ord] is und]/ood to h be5 s affirm$ by hi/orical sci5ce t x may be tak5 z a demon/rat$ conclusion & e/abli%$ fact4 ,yet natural sci5ce affirms 8 f\rfold ord] to exactly ! same ext5t--nei!r m nor less4 ,suppose1 h[ev]1 t f[l is to be tak5 to include fly+ insects4 ,9 t case1 ! fir/ appe>ance ( an air-population mu/ be %ift$ back = long ages1 rec5t discov]y hav+ %[n t !y occur 9 rocks ( ,silurian age4 ,h5ce !re might /ill h be5 hope = ! f\rfold ord]1 7 x n t ! fates unk9dly det]m9$ t scorpions--creep+ ?+s t creep on ! e>? p> excell5ce--turn$ up 9 ,silurian /rata ne>ly at ! same "t4 ,s t1 if ! ^w 9 ! orig9al ,hebrew translat$ f[l %\ld really aft] all mean cockroa*--& ,i h great fai? 9 ! ela/icity ( t tongue 9 ! h&s ( ,biblical exegetes--! ord] prim>ily sugge/$ by ! exi/+ evid5ce-- #b4 ,l& & air-population2 #a4 ,wat]-population2 & ,mr4 ,glad/one's ord]-- #c4 ,l&-population2 #b4 ,air-population2 #a4 ,wat]-population2 #hd c by no means be made to co9cide4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 !n1 ! /atem5t s confid5tly put =w>d turns out to be devoid ( f\ndation & 9 direct contradiction ( ! evid5ce at pres5t at our disposal4#ac ,if1 /epp+ beyond t :i* may be le>n$ f ! facts ( ! successive appe>ance ( ! =ms ( animal life ^u ! surface ( ! globe1 9 s f> z !y are yet made kn[n to u by natural sci5ce1 we apply our reason+ faculties to ! task ( f9d+ out :at ^? obs]v$ facts mean1 ! pres5t conclusions ( ! int]pret]s ( nature appe> to be no less directly 9 conflict ) ^? ( ! late/ int]pret] ( ,g5esis4 ,mr4 ,glad/one appe>s to admit t !re is "s tru? 9 ! doctr9e ( evolution1 & inde$ places x "u v high patronage4 ,i cont5d t evolution 9 its highe/ =m has n be5 a #he ?+ h]et(ore unkn[n to hi/ory1 to philosophy1 or to !ology4 ,i cont5d t x 0 be=e ! m9d ( ,sa9t ,paul :5 he taught t 9 ! fulness ( "t ,god s5t =? ,8 ,son1 & ( ,eusebius :5 he wrote ! ,prep>ation = ! ,gospel1 & ( ,augu/9e :5 he compos$ ! ,city ( ,god 7p4 #gjf74 ,has any "o ev] disput$ ! cont5tion1 ?us solemnly enunciat$1 t ! doctr9e ( evolution 0 n inv5t$ ! day be=e ye/]day8 ,has any "o ev] dream$ ( claim+ x z a mod]n innovation8 ,is !re any "o s ignorant ( ! hi/ory ( philosophy z to be unaw>e t x is "o ( ! =ms 9 :i* speculation embodi$ itself long be=e ! "t ei!r ( ! ,bi%op ( ,hippo or ( ! ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles8 ,is ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ( all p 9 ! _w1 dispos$ to ignore ! f\nd]s ( ,greek philosophy1 to say no?+ ( ,indian sages to :om evolution 0 a famili> notion ages be=e ,paul ( ,t>sus 0 born8 ,b x is ungrateful to cavil at ev5 ! mo/ oblique admission ( ! possible value ( "o ( ^? affirmations ( natural sci5ce :i* really may be said to be a demon/rat$ conclusion & e/abli%$ fact4 ,i note x ) pleasure1 if only = ! purpose ( introduc+ ! obs]vation t1 if !re is any tru? :atev] 9 ! doctr9e ( evolution z appli$ to animals1 ,mr4 ,glad/one's gloss on ,g5esis 9 ! foll[+ passage is h>dly happy3-- ,god creat$ 7a7 ,! wat]-population2 7b7 ,! air-population4 ,& !y receive ,8 b5$iction 7v4 #bj-bc74 #hf #f4 ,pursu+ ?is regul> progression f ! l[] to ! high]1 f ! simple to ! complex1 ! text n[ gives u ! "w ( ! six? day1 :i* supplies ! l&-population1 air & wat] hav+ be5 already suppli$ 7pp4 #fie1 #fif74 ,! gloss to :i* ,i ref] is ! assumption t ! air-population =ms a t]m 9 ! ord] ( progression f l[] to high]1 f simple to complex--! place ( :i* lies betwe5 ! wat]-population bel[ & ! l&-population above--& ,i speak ( x z a gloss1 because ! p5tateu*al writ] is n[ise responsible = x4 ,b x is n true t ! air-population1 z a :ole1 is l[] or less complex ?an ! l&-population4 ,on ! contr>y1 e beg9n] 9 ! /udy ( animal morphology is aw>e t ! organisation ( a bat1 ( a bird1 or ( a pt]odactyle presupposes t ( a t]re/rial quadrup$2 & t x is intelligible only z an extreme modification ( ! organisation ( a t]re/rial mammal or reptile4 ,9 ! same way w+$ insects 7if !y are to be c\nt$ among ! air-population7 presuppose insects :i* 7 w+less1 &1 !re=e1 z creep+ ?+s1 7 "p ( ! l&-population4 ,?us !ory is z mu* oppos$ z obs]vation to ! admission t natural sci5ce endorses ! succession ( animal life :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one f9ds 9 ,g5esis4 ,on ! contr>y1 a good _m repres5tatives ( natural sci5ce w\ld be prep>$ to say1 on !oretical gr\nds alone1 t x is incr$ible t ! air-population %\ld h appe>$ be=e ! l&-population--& t1 if ?is ass]tion is to be #hg f\nd 9 ,g5esis1 x m]ely demon/rates ! sci5tific wor?lessness ( ! /ory ( :i* x =ms a "p4 ,inde$1 we may g fur!r4 ,x is n ev5 admissible to say t ! wat]-population1 z a :ole1 appe>$ be=e ! air & ! l&-populations4 ,accord+ to ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion1 ,g5esis especially m5tions1 among ! animals creat$ on ! fif? day1 great :ales1 9 place ( :i* ! ,revis$ ,v]sion reads great sea mon/]s4 ,f> be x f me to give an op9ion :i* r5d]+ is "r1 or :e!r ei!r is "r4 ,all ,i desire to rem>k is1 t if :ales & porpoises1 dugongs & manatees1 are to be reg>d$ z memb]s ( ! wat]-population 7& if !y are n1 :at animals c claim ! designation871 !n t mu* ( ! wat]-population has1 z c]ta9ly1 orig9at$ lat] ?an ! l&-population z bats & birds h4 ,= ,i am n aw>e t any compet5t judge w\ld hesitate to admit t ! organisation ( ^! animals %[s ! mo/ obvi\s signs ( _! desc5t f t]re/rial quadrup$s4 ,a simil> criticism applies to ,mr4 ,glad/one's assumption t1 z ! f\r? act ( t ord]ly succession ( times enunciat$ 9 ,g5esis1 ! l&-population consummat$ 9 man4 ,if ?is means simply t man is ! f9al t]m 9 ! evolutional s]ies ( :i* he =ms a "p1 ,i d n suppose t any objection w be rais$ to t /atem5t on ! "p ( /ud5ts ( natural sci5ce4 ,b if ! p5tateu*al au?or goes fur!r ?an ?is1 & int5ds to say t :i* is ascrib$ to him by #hh ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ,i ?9k natural sci5ce w h to ent] a caveat4 ,x is by n any means c]ta9 t man--,i mean ! species ,homo sapi5s ( zoological t]m9ology--has consummat$ ! l&-population 9 ! s5se ( appe>+ at a lat] p]iod ( "t ?an any o!r4 ,let me make my mean+ cle> by an example4 ,f a morphological po9t ( view1 our beautiful & useful contempor>y--,i might almo/ call him colleague--! horse 7,equus caballus71 is ! la/ t]m ( ! evolutional s]ies to :i* he belongs1 j z ,homo sapi5s is ! la/ t]m ( ! s]ies ( :i* he is a memb]4 ,if ,i want to "k :e!r ! species ,equus caballus made its appe>ance on ! surface ( ! globe be=e or aft] ,homo sapi5s1 d$uction f kn[n laws does n help me4 ,!re is no reason1 t ,i "k (1 :y "o %\ld h appe>$ soon] or lat] ?an ! o!r4 ,if ,i turn to obs]vation1 ,i f9d abundant rema9s ( ,equus caballus 9 ,quat]n>y /rata1 p]haps a little e>li]4 ,! exi/5ce ( ,homo sapi5s 9 ! ,quat]n>y epo* is also c]ta94 ,evid5ce has be5 adduc$ 9 fav\r ( man's exi/5ce 9 ! ,plioc5e1 or ev5 9 ! ,mioc5e epo*4 ,x does n satisfy me2 b ,i h no reason to d\bt t ! fact may be s1 nev]!less4 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k x is q possible t fur!r rese>* w %[ t ,homo sapi5s exi/$1 n only be=e ,equus caballus1 b be=e _m o!r ( ! exi/+ =ms ( animal life2 s t1 if all ! species ( animals h be5 sep>ately creat$1 man1 9 ?is case1 w\ld by no means be ! consummation ( ! l&-population4 #hi ,i am rais+ no objection to ! position ( ! f\r? t]m 9 ,mr4 ,glad/one's ord]--on ! facts1 z !y /&1 x is q op5 to any "o to hold1 z a pi\s op9ion1 t ! fabrication ( man 0 ! acme & f9al a*ievem5t ( ! process ( peopl+ ! globe4 ,b x mu/ n be said t natural sci5ce c\nts ?is op9ion among h] demon/rat$ conclusions & e/abli%$ facts1 = !re w\ld be j z mu*1 or z little1 reason = rang+ ! contr>y op9ion among !m4 ,x may seem sup]flu\s to add to ! evid5ce t ,mr4 ,glad/one has be5 utt]ly misl$ 9 suppos+ t 8 int]pretation ( ,g5esis receives any support f natural sci5ce4 ,b x is z well to d "o's "w ?or\ghly :ile "o is ab\t x2 & ,i ?9k x may be advisable to po9t out t ! facts1 z !y are at pres5t kn[n1 n only refute ,mr4 ,glad/one's int]pretation ( ,g5esis 9 detail1 b are oppos$ to ! c5tral idea on :i* x appe>s to be bas$4 ,!re mu/ be "s position f :i* ! reconcil]s ( sci5ce & ,g5esis w n retreat1 "s c5tral idea ! ma9t5ance ( :i* is vital & its refutation fatal4 ,ev5 if !y n[ all[ t ! words ! ev5+ & ! morn+ h n ! lea/ ref]5ce to a natural day1 b mean a p]iod ( any numb] ( millions ( ye>s t may be necess>y2 ev5 if !y are driv5 to admit t ! ^w creation1 :i* s _m millions ( pi\s ,jews & ,*ri/ians h held1 & /ill hold1 to mean a sudd5 act ( ! ,deity1 signifies a process ( gradual #ij evolution ( "o species f ano!r1 ext5d+ ?r\gh immeasurable "t2 ev5 if !y are will+ to grant t ! ass]t$ co9cid5ce ( ! ord] ( ,nature ) ! f\rfold ord] ascrib$ to ,g5esis is an obvi\s error in/ead ( an e/abli%$ tru?2 !y are surely prep>$ to make a la/ /& ^u ! conception :i* und]lies ! :ole1 & :i* con/itutes ! ess5ce ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's f\rfold division1 set =? 9 an ord]ly succession ( times4 ,x is1 t ! animal species :i* compose ! wat]-population1 ! air-population1 & ! l&-population respectively1 orig9at$ dur+ ?ree di/9ct & successive p]iods ( "t1 & only dur+ ^? p]iods ( "t4 ,?is /atem5t appe>s to me to be ! int]pretation ( ,g5esis :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one supports1 r$uc$ to its simple/ expression4 ,p]iod ( "t is sub/itut$ = day2 orig9at$ is sub/itut$ = creat$2 & any ord] requir$ = t adopt$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,x is necess>y to make ?is proviso1 = if day may mean a few million ye>s1 & creation may mean evolution1 !n x is obvi\s t ! ord] 7#a7 wat]-population1 7#b7 air-population1 7#c7 l&-population1 may also mean 7#a7 wat]-population1 7#b7 l&-population1 7#c7 air-population2 & x w\ld be unk9d to b9d d[n ! reconcil]s to ?is detail :5 "o has p>t$ ) s _m o!rs to oblige !m4 ,b ev5 ?is sublimat$ ess5ce ( ! p5tateu*al doctr9e 7if x be su*7 rema9s z discordant ) natural sci5ce z ev]4 #ia ,x is n true t ! species compos+ any "o ( ! ?ree populations orig9at$ dur+ any "o ( ?ree successive p]iods ( "t1 & n at any o!r ( ^!4 ,und\bt$ly1 x is 9 ! highe/ degree probable t animal life appe>$ fir/ "u aquatic conditions2 t t]re/rial =ms appe>$ lat]1 & fly+ animals only aft] l& animals2 b x is1 at ! same "t1 te/ifi$ by all ! evid5ce we possess1 t ! great majority1 if n ! :ole1 ( ! primordial species ( ea* division h long s9ce di$ out & h be5 replac$ by a va/ succession ( new =ms4 ,hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( animal species1 z di/9ct z ^? :i* n[ compose our wat]1 l&1 & air-populations1 h come into exi/5ce & di$ out aga91 ?r\gh\t ! aeons ( geological "t :i* sep>ate u f ! l[] ,palaeozoic epo*1 :51 z ,i h po9t$ out1 our pres5t evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( su* di/9ct populations comm5ces4 ,if ! species ( animals h all be5 sep>ately creat$1 !n x foll[s t hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( acts ( creative en]gy h occurr$1 at int]vals1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole "t record$ by ! fossilif]\s rocks2 &1 dur+ ! great] "p ( t "t1 ! creation ( ! memb]s ( ! wat]1 l&1 & air-populations mu/ h gone on contemporane\sly4 ,if we repres5t ! wat]1 l&1 & air-populations by a1 b1 & c respectively1 & take v]tical succession on ! page to indicate ord] 9 "t1 !n ! foll[+ s*emes w r\ghly %ad[ =? ! contra/ ,i h be5 endeav\r+ to expla93-- #ib ,g5esis 7z int]pret$ by ,nature 7z int]pret$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one74 natural sci5ce74 b b b c#a a#c b#b c c c c a#b b#a a a a b a#a b a a a ,s f> z ,i c see1 !re is only "o res\rce left = ^? mod]n repres5tatives ( ,sisyphus1 ! reconcil]s ( ,g5esis ) sci5ce2 & x has ! advantage ( be+ f\nd$ on a p]fectly legitimate appeal to our ignorance4 ,x has be5 se5 t1 on any int]pretation ( ! t]ms wat]-population & l&-population1 x mu/ be admitt$ t inv]tebrate repres5tatives ( ^! populations exi/$ dur+ ! l[] ,palaeozoic epo*4 ,no evolutioni/ c hesitate to admit t o!r l& animals 7& possibly v]tebrates among !m7 may h exi/$ dur+ t "t1 ( ! hi/ory ( :i* we "k s little2 &1 fur!r1 t scorpions are animals ( su* high organisation t x is highly probable _! exi/5ce indicates t ( a long antec$5t l&-population ( a simil> "*4 ,!n1 s9ce ! l&-population is said n to h be5 creat$ until ! six? day1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! evid5ce ( ! ord] 9 :i* animals appe>$ mu/ be s\ght 9 ! record ( ^? old] ,palaeozoic times 9 :i* only traces ( ! wat]-population h z yet be5 discov]$4 ,!re=e1 if any "o *ooses to say t ! creative "w took place 9 ! ,cambrian or ,laur5tian epo*1 9 exactly t mann] :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one does1 & natural sci5ce does n1 affirm1 natural #ic sci5ce is n 9 a position to disprove ! accuracy ( ! /atem5t4 ,only "o _c h "o's cake & eat x too1 & su* safety f ! contradiction ( sci5ce means ! =feiture ( h] support4 ,:e!r ! acc\nt ( ! "w ( ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird days 9 ,g5esis w\ld be confirm$ by ! demon/ration ( ! tru? ( ! nebul> hypo!sis2 :e!r x is corroborat$ by :at is kn[n ( ! nature & probable relative antiquity ( ! heav5ly bodies2 :e!r1 if ! ,hebrew ^w translat$ firmam5t 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion really means expanse1 ! ass]tion t ! wat]s are p>tly "u ?is expanse & p>tly above x w\ld be any m confirm$ by ! asc]ta9$ facts ( physical geography & meteorology ?an x 0 be=e2 :e!r ! creation ( ! :ole vegetable _w1 & especially ( grass1 h]b yield+ se$ aft] its k9d1 & tree be>+ fruit1 be=e any k9d ( animal1 is affirm$ by ! app>5tly pla9 tea*+ ( botanical palaeontology1 t grasses & fruit-trees orig9at$ long subsequ5tly to animals--all ^! are que/ions :i*1 if ,i mi/ake n1 w\ld be answ]$ decisively 9 ! negative by ^? :o are specially conv]sant ) ! sci5ces involv$4 ,& x mu/ be recollect$ t ! issue rais$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one is n :e!r1 by "s ef=t ( +5uity1 ! p5tateu*al /ory c be %[n to be n disprovable by sci5tific k1 b :e!r x is support$ !reby4 ,!re is no?+1 !n1 9 ! criticisms ( ,dr4 ,reville b :at r t5ds to confirm ?an to impair ! old-fa%ion$ #id belief t !re is a revelation 9 ! book ( ,g5esis 7p4 #fid74 ,! =m into :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one has ?\ght fit to ?r[ ?is op9ion leaves me 9 d\bt z to its sub/ance4 ,i d n und]/& h[ a ho/ile criticism c1 "u any circum/ances1 t5d to confirm t :i* x attacks4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,glad/one m]ely means to express 8 p]sonal impression1 z "o :olly de/itute ( t k9d ( k :i* c>ries au?ority1 t he has de/roy$ ! value ( ^! criticisms1 ,i h nei!r ! wi% nor ! "r to attempt to di/urb 8 fai?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to /ate my own conviction t1 s f> z natural sci5ce is involv$1 ,m4 ,reville's obs]vations reta9 ! exact value !y possess$ be=e ,mr4 ,glad/one attack$ !m4 ,tru/+ t ,i h n[ said en\gh to secure ! au?or ( a wise & mod]ate disquisition ^u a topic :i* seems fat$ to /ir unwisdom & fanaticism to _! dep?s1 a full] measure ( ju/ice ?an has hi!rto be5 accord$ to him1 ,i retire f my self-appo9t$ *ampion%ip1 ) ! hope t ,i %all n h]eaft] be call$ ^u by ,m4 ,reville to apologise = damage done to 8 /rong case by imp]fect or impulsive advocacy4 ,b1 p]haps1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to add a ^w or two1 on my own acc\nt1 9 ref]5ce to ! great "q ( ! relations betwe5 sci5ce & religion2 s9ce x is "o ab\t :i* ,i h ?\ght a good deal ev] s9ce ,i h be5 able to ?9k at all2 & ab\t :i* ,i h #ie v5tur$ to express my views publicly1 m ?an once1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s4 ,! antagonism betwe5 sci5ce & religion1 ab\t :i* we he> s mu*1 appe>s to me to be purely factiti\s--fabricat$1 on ! "o h&1 by %ort-sight$ religi\s p :o conf\nd a c]ta9 bran* ( sci5ce1 !ology1 ) religion2 &1 on ! o!r1 by equally %ort-sight$ sci5tific p :o =get t sci5ce takes = its prov9ce only t :i* is susceptible ( cle> intellectual compreh5sion2 & t1 outside ! b\nd>ies ( t prov9ce1 !y mu/ be cont5t ) imag9ation1 ) hope1 & ) ignorance4 ,x seems to me t ! moral & intellectual life ( ! civilis$ nations ( ,europe is ! product ( t int]action1 sometimes 9 ! way ( antagonism1 sometimes 9 t ( pr(itable int]*ange1 ( ! ,semitic & ! ,aryan races1 :i* comm5c$ ) ! dawn ( hi/ory1 :5 ,greek & ,pho5ician came 9 contact1 & has be5 cont9u$ by ,c>?ag9ian & ,roman1 by ,jew & ,g5tile1 d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,our art 7except1 p]haps1 music7 & our sci5ce are ! contributions ( ! ,aryan2 b ! ess5ce ( our religion is d]iv$ f ! ,semite4 ,9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 9 ! he>t ( a _w ( idolatr\s poly!i/s1 ! ,hebrew prophets put =? a conception ( religion :i* appe>s to me to be z wond]ful an inspiration ( g5ius z ! art ( ,pheidias or ! sci5ce ( ,ari/otle4 ,& :at do? ! ,"l require ( !e1 b to #if d ju/ly1 & to love m]cy1 & to walk humbly ) ?y ,god8 ,if any s-call$ religion takes away f ?is great say+ ( ,micah1 ,i ?9k x wantonly mutilates1 :ile1 if x adds !reto1 ,i ?9k x obscures1 ! p]fect ideal ( religion4 ,b :at ext5t ( k1 :at acut5ess ( sci5tific criticism1 c t\* ?is1 if any "o possess$ ( k1 or acut5ess1 c\ld be absurd en\gh to make ! attempt8 ,w ! progress ( rese>* prove t ju/ice is wor?less & m]cy hateful2 w x ev] s(t5 ! bitt] contra/ betwe5 our actions & our aspirations2 or %[ u ! b\nds ( ! univ]se1 & bid u say1 ,g to1 n[ we compreh5d ! inf9ite8 ,a faculty ( wra? lay 9 ^? anci5t ,israelites1 & surely ! prophet's /aff w\ld h made swift acqua9tance ) ! head ( ! s*ol> :o _h ask$ ,micah :e!r1 p]adv5ture1 ! ,"l fur!r requir$ ( him an implicit belief 9 ! accuracy ( ! cosmogony ( ,g5esis6 ,:at we are usually pleas$ to call religion n[adays is1 = ! mo/ "p1 ,hell5is$ ,judaism2 &1 n unfrequ5tly1 ! ,hell5ic elem5t c>ries ) x a mighty remnant ( old-_w paganism & a great infusion ( ! wor/ & weake/ products ( ,greek sci5tific speculation2 :ile fragm5ts ( ,p]sian & ,babylonian1 or r ,accadian1 my?ology burd5 ! ,judaic contribution to ! common /ock4 ,! antagonism ( sci5ce is n to religion1 b to ! hea!n survivals & ! bad philosophy "u :i* religion h]self is (t5 wellnigh cru%$4 #ig ,&1 = my "p1 ,i tru/ t ?is antagonism w nev] cease2 b t1 to ! end ( "t1 true sci5ce w cont9ue to fulfil "o ( h] mo/ b5efic5t functions1 t ( reliev+ m5 f ! burd5 ( false sci5ce :i* is impos$ ^u !m 9 ! "n ( religion4 ,?is is ! "w t ,m4 ,reville & m5 su* z he are do+ = u2 ?is is ! "w :i* 8 oppon5ts are endeav\r+1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly1 to h9d]4 99 99 99 99 99 #ih ,,iii ,,mr4 ,,glad/one ,,& ,,g5esis ,9 controv]sy1 z 9 c\rt%ip1 ! good old rule to be (f ) ! old be=e "o is on ) ! new1 greatly comm5ds itself to my s5se ( exp$i5cy4 ,&1 !re=e1 x appe>s to me desirable t ,i %\ld preface su* obs]vations z ,i may h to (f] ^u ! cl\d ( argum5ts 7! relevancy ( :i* to ! issue :i* ,i _h v5tur$ to raise is n always obvi\s7 put =? by ,mr4 ,glad/one 9 ! ,janu>y numb] ( ?is ,review1#ad by an endeav\r to make cle> to su* ( our read]s z h n _h ! advantage ( a =5sic education ! pres5t net result ( ! discussion4 ,i am q aw>e t1 9 und]tak+ ?is task1 ,i run all ! risks to :i* ! man :o presumes to deal judicially ) 8 own cause is liable4 ,b x is exactly because ,i d n %un t risk1 b1 r1 e>ne/ly desire to be judg$ by him :o come? aft] me1 provid$ t he has ! k & imp>tiality appropriate to a judge1 t ,i adopt my pres5t c\rse4 #ii ,9 ! article on ,! ,dawn ( ,creation & ,wor%ip1 x w be rememb]$ t ,mr4 ,glad/one unres]v$ly commits himself to ?ree propositions4 ,! fir/ is t1 accord+ to ! writ] ( ! ,p5tateu*1 ! wat]-population1 ! air-population1 & ! l&-population ( ! globe 7 creat$ successively1 9 ! ord] nam$4 ,9 ! second place1 ,mr4 ,glad/one au?oritatively ass]ts t ?is 7z "p ( 8 f\rfold ord]7 has be5 s affirm$ 9 our "t by natural sci5ce1 t x may be tak5 z a demon/rat$ conclusion & e/abli%$ fact4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ,mr4 ,glad/one argues t ! fact ( ?is co9cid5ce ( ! p5tateu*al /ory ) ! results ( mod]n inve/igation makes x impossible to avoid ! conclusion1 fir/1 t ei!r ?is writ] 0 gift$ ) faculties pass+ all human exp]i5ce1 or else 8 k 0 div9e4 ,& hav+ settl$ to 8 own satisfaction t ! fir/ bran* ( ! alt]native is truly nom9al & unreal1 ,mr4 ,glad/one cont9ues1 ,s /&s ! plea = a revelation ( tru? f ,god1 a plea only to be met by que/ion+ its possibility 7p4 #fig74 ,i am a simple-m9d$ p]son1 :olly devoid ( subtlety ( intellect1 s t ,i will+ly admit t !re may be dep?s ( alt]native mean+ 9 ^! propositions out ( all s\nd+s atta9able by my poor plummet4 ,/ill !re are a good _m p :o suff] "u a l intellectual limitation2 &1 = once 9 my life1 ,i feel t ,i h ! *ance ( atta9+ t position ( a repres5tative ( av]age op9ion :i* appe>s to be ! mod]n ideal ( a #ajj lead] ( m51 :5 ,i make free confession t1 aft] turn+ ! matt] ov] 9 my m9d1 ) all ! aid d]iv$ f a c>eful consid]ation ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's reply1 ,i _c get away f my orig9al conviction t1 if ,mr4 ,glad/one's second proposition c be %[n to be n m]ely inaccurate1 b directly contradictory ( facts kn[n to e "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! elem5ts ( natural sci5ce1 ! ?ird proposition collapses ( itself4 ,& x 0 ?is conviction :i* l$ me to ent] ^u ! pres5t discussion4 ,i fanci$ t if my respect$ cli5ts1 ! p ( av]age op9ion & capacity1 c\ld once be got di/9ctly to conceive t ,mr4 ,glad/one's views z to ! prop] me?od ( deal+ ) grave & difficult sci5tific & religi\s problems _h p]mitt$ him to base a solemn plea = a revelation ( tru? f ,god ^u an error z to a matt] ( fact1 f :i* ! intellig5t p]usal ( a manual ( palaeontology w\ld h sav$ him1 ,i ne$ n tr\ble myself to occupy _! "t & att5tion ) fur!r comm5ts ^u 8 contribution to apologetic lit]ature4 ,x is = o!rs to judge :e!r ,i h effici5tly c>ri$ out my project or n4 ,x c]ta9ly does n c\nt = mu* t ,i %\ld be unable to f9d any flaw 9 my own case1 b ,i ?9k x c\nts = a good deal t ,mr4 ,glad/one appe>s to h be5 equally unable to d s4 ,he does1 inde$1 make a great p>ade ( au?orities1 & ,i h ! greate/ respect = ^? au?orities :om ,mr4 ,glad/one m5tions4 ,if he w get !m to sign a jo9t memorial to ! effect t our pres5t #aja palaeontological evid5ce proves t birds appe>$ be=e ! l&-population ( t]re/rial reptiles1 ,i %all ?9k x my duty to reconsid] my position--b n till !n4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,i h cauti\sly us$ ! ^w appe>s 9 ref]r+ to :at seems to me to be abs5ce ( any real answ] to my criticisms 9 ,mr4 ,glad/one's reply4 ,= ,i mu/ hone/ly confess t1 not)/&+ long & pa9ful /riv+s aft] cle> insight1 ,i am /ill unc]ta9 :e!r ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,def5ce means t ! great plea = a revelation f ,god is to be left to p]i% 9 ! dialectic des]t2 or :e!r x is to be )drawn "u ! protection ( su* skirmi%]s z are available = cov]+ retreat4 ,9 p>ticul>1 ! rem>kable disquisition :i* cov]s pages #aa to #ad ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's la/ contribution has greatly ex]cis$ my m9d4 ,socrates is report$ to h said ( ! works ( ,h]aclitus t he :o attempt$ to compreh5d !m %\ld be a ,delian swimm]1 b t1 = 8 "p1 :at he c\ld und]/& 0 s good t he 0 dispos$ to believe 9 ! excell5ce ( t :i* he f\nd un9telligible4 ,9 endeav\r+ to make myself ma/] ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's mean+ 9 ^! pages1 ,i h (t5 be5 ov]come by a feel+ analog\s to t ( ,socrates1 b n q ! same4 ,t :i* ,i d und]/&1 9 fact1 has appe>$ to me s v mu* ! rev]se ( good1 t ,i h sometimes p]mitt$ myself to d\bt ! value ( t :i* ,i d n und]/&4 #ajb ,9 ?is "p ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's reply1 9 fact1 ,i f9d no?+ ( :i* ! be>+ ^u my argum5ts is cle> to me1 except t :i* relates to ! "q :e!r reptiles1 s f> z !y are repres5t$ by tortoises & ! great majority ( liz>ds & snakes1 :i* are l& animals1 are creep+ ?+s 9 ! s5se ( ! p5tateu*al writ] or n4 ,i h e respect = ! s+] ( ! ,song ( ! ,?ree ,*ildr5 7:oev] he may h be572 ,i desire to ca/ no %ad[ ( d\bt ^u1 b1 on ! contr>y1 m>vel at1 ! exactness ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's in=mation z to ! consid]ations :i* affect$ ! me?od ( ! ,mosaic writ]2 nor d ,i v5ture to d\bt t ! inconv5i5t intrusion ( ^! contemptible reptiles--a family fall5 f greatness 7p4 #ad71 a mis]able decay$ ari/ocracy r$uc$ to m]e skulk]s ab\t ! e>? 7ibid47--9 consequ5ce1 app>5tly1 ( difficulties ab\t ! occupation ( l& aris+ out ( ! e>?-hung] ( _! =m] s]fs1 ! mammals--into an apologetic argum5t1 :i* o!rwise w\ld run q smoo?ly1 is 9 e way to be deprecat$4 ,/ill1 ! wret*$ creatures /& !re1 importunately dem&+ notice2 &1 h[ev] diff]5t may be ! practice 9 t cont5ti\s atmosph]e ) :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one expresses & lam5ts 8 famili>ity1 9 ! atmosph]e ( sci5ce x really is ( no avail :atev] to %ut "o's eyes to facts1 or to try to bury !m out ( sight "u a tumulus ( rhetoric4 ,t is my exp]i5ce ( ! ,elysian regions ( ,sci5ce1 :]e9 x is a pleasure to me to ?9k t a man ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's #ajc intimate k ( ,engli% life1 dur+ ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 believes my philosophic exi/5ce to h be5 r\nd$ (f 9 unbrok5 equanimity4 ,h[ev] repreh5sible1 & inde$ contemptible1 t]re/rial reptiles may be1 ! only "q :i* appe>s to me to be relevant to my argum5t is :e!r ^! creatures are or are n compris$ "u ! d5om9ation ( ev]y?+ t creepe? ^u ! gr\nd4 ,mr4 ,glad/one speaks ( ! au?or ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis z ! ,mosaic writ]2 ,i suppose1 !re=e1 t he w admit t x is equally prop] to speak ( ! au?or ( ,leviticus z ! ,mosaic writ]4 ,:e!r su* a phrase w\ld be us$ by any "o :o _h an adequate conception ( ! assur$ results ( mod]n ,biblical criticism is ano!r matt]2 b1 at any rate1 x _c be d5i$ t ,leviticus has z mu* claim to ,mosaic au?or%ip z ,g5esis4 ,!re=e1 if "o wants to "k ! s5se ( a phrase us$ 9 ,g5esis1 x w be well to see :at ,leviticus has to say on ! matt]4 ,h5ce1 ,i comm5d ! foll[+ extract f ! elev5? *apt] ( ,leviticus to ,mr4 ,glad/one's s]i\s att5tion3-- ,& ^! are !y :i* are unclean unto y among ! creep+ ?+s t creep ^u ! e>?3 ! weasel1 & ! m\se1 & ! great liz>d aft] its k9d1 & ! gecko1 & ! l&-crocodile1 & ! s&-liz>d1 & ! *ameleon4 ,^! are !y :i* are unclean to y among all t creep 7v4 #bi-ca74 ,! m]e/ ,sunday-s*ool exegesis !re=e suffices #ajd to prove t :5 ! ,mosaic writ] 9 ,g5esis i4 #bd speaks ( creep+ ?+s1 he means to include liz>ds among !m4 ,?is be+ s1 x is agre$1 on all h&s1 t t]re/rial liz>ds1 & o!r reptiles alli$ to liz>ds1 occur 9 ! ,p]mian /rata4 ,x is fur!r agre$ t ! ,triassic /rata 7 deposit$ aft] ^!4 ,moreov]1 x is well kn[n t1 ev5 if c]ta9 footpr9ts are to be tak5 z unque/ionable evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( birds1 !y are n kn[n to occur 9 rocks e>li] ?an ! ,trias1 :ile indubitable rema9s ( birds are to be met ) only mu* lat]4 ,h5ce x foll[s t natural sci5ce does n affirm ! /atem5t t birds 7 made on ! fif? day1 & ev]y?+ t creepe? on ! gr\nd on ! six?1 on :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one re/s 8 ord]2 =1 z is %[n by ,leviticus1 ! ,mosaic writ] includes liz>ds among 8 creep+ ?+s4 ,p]haps ,i h giv5 myself sup]flu\s tr\ble 9 ! prec$+ argum5t1 = ,i f9d t ,mr4 ,glad/one is will+ to assume 7he does n say to admit7 t ! /atem5t 9 ! text ( ,g5esis z to reptiles _c 9 all po9ts be su/a9$ 7p4 #af74 ,b my position is t x _c be su/a9$ 9 any po9t1 s t1 aft] all1 x has p]haps be5 z well to g ov] ! evid5ce aga94 ,& !n ,mr4 ,glad/one proce$s z if no?+ _h happ5$ to tell u t-- ,!re rema9 great un%ak5 facts to be weigh$4 ,fir/1 ! fact t su* a record %\ld h be5 made at all4 ,z mo/ peoples h _! cosmogonies1 ?is fact does n /rike me z hav+ mu* value4 #aje ,secondly1 ! fact t1 in/ead ( dwell+ 9 g5]alities1 x has plac$ itself "u ! sev]e conditions ( a *ronological ord] rea*+ f ! fir/ nisus ( *aotic matt] to ! consummat$ production ( a fair & goodly1 a furni%$ & a peopl$ _w4 ,?is fact c be reg>d$ z ( value only by ignor+ ! fact demon/rat$ 9 my previ\s pap]1 t natural sci5ce does n confirm ! ord] ass]t$ s f> z liv+ ?+s are conc]n$2 & by upsett+ a fact to be br\ght to light pres5tly1 to wit1 t1 9 reg>d to ! re/ ( ! p5tateu*al cosmogony1 prud5t sci5ce has v little to say "o way or ! o!r4 ,?irdly1 ! fact t its cosmogony seems1 9 ! light ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 to draw m & m ( c\nt5ance f ! be/ natural philosophy4 ,i h already que/ion$ ! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t1 & ,i d n obs]ve t m]e repetition adds to its value4 ,&1 f\r?ly1 t x has describ$ ! successive orig9s ( ! five great categories ( pres5t life ) :i* human exp]i5ce 0 & is conv]sant1 9 t ord] :i* geological au?ority confirms4 ,by comp>ison ) a s5t5ce on page #ad1 9 :i* a fivefold ord] is sub/itut$ = ! f\rfold ord]1 on :i* ! plea = revelation 0 orig9ally f\nd$1 x appe>s t ^! five categories are plants1 fi%es1 birds1 mammals1 & man1 :i*1 ,mr4 ,glad/one affirms1 are giv5 to u 9 ,g5esis 9 ! ord] ( succession 9 :i* !y are also giv5 by ! late/ geological au?orities4 #ajf ,i mu/ v5ture to demur to ?is /atem5t4 ,i %[$1 9 my previ\s pap]1 t !re is no reason to d\bt t ! t]m great sea mon/] 7us$ 9 ,g54 i4 #ba7 includes ! mo/ conspicu\s ( great sea animals--namely1 :ales1 dolph9s1 porpoises1 manatees1 & dugongs2#ae &1 z ^! are indubitable mammals1 x is impossible to affirm t mammals come aft] birds1 :i* are said to h be5 creat$ on ! same day4 ,moreov]1 ,i po9t$ out t z ^! ,cetacea & ,sir5ia are c]ta9ly modifi$ l& animals1 _! exi/5ce implies ! antec$5t exi/5ce ( l& mammals4 ,fur!rmore1 ,i h to rem>k t ! t]m fi%es1 z us$1 te*nically1 9 zoology1 by no means cov]s all ! mov+ creatures t h life1 :i* are bidd5 to fill ! wat]s 9 ! seas 7,g54 i4 #bj-bb74 ,m>9e mollusks & cru/acea1 e*9od]ms1 corals1 & =am9if]a are n te*nically fi%es4 ,b !y are abundant 9 ! palaeozoic rocks1 ages ^u ages old] ?an ^? 9 :i* ! fir/ evid5ces ( true fi%es appe>4 ,& if1 9 a geological book1 ,mr4 ,glad/one f9ds ! q true /atem5t t plants appe>$ be=e fi%es1 x is only by a complete misund]/&+ t he c be l$ to imag9e x s]ves 8 purpose4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 x is a "q :e!r1 on ! b>e evid5ce af=d$ by fossils1 ! m>9e creep+ ?+ or ! m>9e plant has ! s5iority4 #ajg ,no cauti\s palaeontologi/ w\ld express a decid$ op9ion on ! matt]4 ,b1 if we are to read ! p5tateu*al /atem5t z a sci5tific docum5t 7&1 9 spite ( all prote/s to ! contr>y1 ^? :o br+ x into comp>ison ) sci5ce d seek to make a sci5tific docum5t ( x71 !n1 z x is q cle> t only t]re/rial plants ( high organisation are spok5 ( 9 v]ses #aa & #ab1 no palaeontologi/ w\ld hesitate to say t1 at pres5t1 ! records ( sea animal life are va/ly old] ?an ^? ( any l& plant describable z grass1 h]b yield+ se$1 or fruit-tree4 ,?us1 al?\gh1 9 ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,def5ce1 ! old ord] passe? into new1 8 case is n improv$4 ,! fivefold ord] is no m affirm$ 9 our "t by natural sci5ce to be a demon/rat$ conclusion & e/abli%$ fact ?an ! f\rfold ord] 04 ,natural sci5ce appe>s to me to decl9e to h any?+ to d ) ei!r2 !y are z wrong 9 detail z !y are mi/ak5 9 pr9ciple4 ,!re is ano!r *ange ( position1 ! value ( :i* is n s app>5t to me1 z x may well seem to be to ^? :o are unfamili> ) ! subject "u discussion4 ,mr4 ,glad/one disc>ds 8 ?ree gr\ps ( wat]-population1 air-population1 & l&-population1 & sub/itutes = !m 7#a7 fi%es1 7#b7 birds1 7#c7 mammals1 7#d7 man4 ,moreov]1 x is assum$1 9 a note1 t ! high] or ord9>y mammals alone 7 kn[n to ! ,mosaic writ] 7p4 #f74 ,no d\bt x looks1 at fir/1 z if some?+ #ajh 7 ga9$ by ?is alt]ation2 =1 z ,i h j po9t$ out1 ! ^w fi%es c be us$ 9 two s5ses1 "o ( :i* has a deceptive appe>ance ( adju/ability to ! ,mosaic acc\nt4 ,!n ! inconv5i5t reptiles are bani%$ out ( sight2 &1 f9ally1 ! "q ( ! exact mean+ ( high] & ord9>y 9 ! case ( mammals op5s up ! prospect ( a hopeful logoma*y4 ,b :at is ! good ( x all 9 ! face ( ,leviticus on ! "o h& & ( palaeontology on ! o!r8 ,z1 9 my appreh5sion1 !re is n a %ad[ ( ju/ification = ! sugge/ion t :5 ! p5tateu*al writ] says f[l he excludes bats 7:i*1 z we %all see directly1 are expressly includ$ "u f[l 9 ,leviticus71 & z ,i h already %[n t he demon/rably includes reptiles1 z well z mammals1 among ! creep+ ?+s ( ! l&1 ,i may be p]mitt$ to sp>e my read]s fur!r discussion ( ! fivefold ord]4 ,on ! :ole1 x is se5 to be r m inconsi/5t ) ,g5esis ?an its f\rfold pr$ecessor4 ,b ,i h yet a fre% ord] to face4 ,mr4 ,glad/one 7p4 #aa7 und]/&s ! ma9 /atem5ts ( ,g5esis 9 successive ord] ( "t1 b )\t any measurem5t ( its divisions1 to be z foll[s3-- #a4 ,a p]iod ( l&1 ant]ior to all life 7v4 #i1 #aj74 #b4 ,a p]iod ( vegetable life1 ant]ior to animal life 7v4 #aa1 #ab74 #c4 ,a p]iod ( animal life1 9 ! ord] ( fi%es 7v4 #bj74 #d4 ,ano!r /age ( animal life1 9 ! ord] ( birds4 #e4 ,ano!r1 9 ! ord] ( bea/s 7v4 #bd1 #be74 #f4 ,la/ ( all1 man 7v4 #bf1 #bg74 #aji ,mr4 ,glad/one !n tries to f9d ! pro( ( ! occurr5ce ( a simil> succession 9 sundry excell5t works on geology4 ,i am really griev$ to be oblig$ to say t ?is ?ird 7or is x f\r?87 modification ( ! f\ndation ( ! plea = revelation orig9ally set =?1 satisfies me z little z any ( its pr$ecessors4 ,=1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i _c accept ! ass]tion t ?is ord] is to be f\nd 9 ,g5esis4 ,) respect to ,no4 #e1 = example1 ,i hold1 z ,i h already said1 t great sea mon/]s includes ! ,cetacea1 9 :i* case mammals 7:i* is :at1 ,i suppose1 ,mr4 ,glad/one means by bea/s7 come 9 "u head ,no4 #c1 & n "u ,no4 #e4 ,aga91 f[l are said 9 ,g5esis to be creat$ on ! same day z fi%es2 !re=e ,i _c accept an ord] :i* makes birds succe$ fi%es4 ,once m1 z x is q c]ta9 t ! t]m f[l includes ! bats1--= 9 ,leviticus xi4 #ac-ai we read1 ,& ^! %all ye h 9 abom9ation among ! f[ls 444 ! h]on aft] its k9d1 & ! hoopoe1 & ! bat1--x is obvi\s t bats are also said to h be5 creat$ at /age ,no4 #c4 ,& z bats are mammals1 & _! exi/5ce obvi\sly presupposes t ( t]re/rial bea/s1 x is q cle> t ! latt] c\ld n h fir/ appe>$ z ,no4 #e4 ,i ne$ n repeat my reasons = d\bt+ :e!r man came la/ ( all4 ,z ! latt] half ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's sixfold ord] ?us %[s itself to be :olly unau?oris$ by1 & inconsi/5t )1 ! pla9 language ( ! ,p5tateu*1 #aaj ,i might decl9e to discuss ! admissibility ( its =m] half4 ,b ,i w add "o or two rem>ks on ?is po9t also4 ,does ,mr4 ,glad/one mean to say t 9 any ( ! works he has cit$1 or inde$ any:]e else1 he c f9d sci5tific w>ranty = ! ass]tion t !re 0 a p]iod ( l&--by :i* ,i suppose he means dry l& 7= subm]g$ l& mu/ ne$s be z old z ! sep>ate exi/5ce ( ! sea7--ant]ior to all life8 ,x may be s1 or x may n be s2 b :]e is ! evid5ce :i* w\ld ju/ify any "o 9 mak+ a positive ass]tion on ! subject8 ,:at compet5t palaeontologi/ w affirm1 at ?is pres5t mom5t1 t he kn[s any?+ ab\t ! p]iod at :i* life orig9at$1 or w ass]t m ?an ! extreme probability t su* orig9 0 a long way antec$5t to any traces ( life at pres5t kn[n8 ,:at physical geologi/ w affirm t he kn[s :5 dry l& began to exi/1 or w say m ?an t x 0 probably v mu* e>li] ?an any extant direct evid5ce ( t]re/rial conditions indicates8 ,i ?9k ,i "k pretty well ! answ]s :i* ! au?orities quot$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one w\ld give to ^! que/ions2 b ,i leave x to !m to give !m if !y ?9k fit4 ,if ,i v5tur$ to speculate on ! matt] at all1 ,i %\ld say x is by no means c]ta9 t sea is old] ?an dry l&1 inasmu* z a solid t]re/rial surface may v well h exi/$ be=e ! e>? 0 cool en\gh to all[ ( ! exi/5ce ( fluid wat]4 ,&1 #aaa 9 ?is case1 dry l& may h exi/$ be=e ! sea4 ,z to ! fir/ appe>ance ( life1 ! :ole argum5t ( analogy1 :atev] x may be wor? 9 su* a case1 is 9 fav\r ( ! abs5ce ( liv+ be+s until long aft] ! hot wat] seas _h con/itut$ !mselves2 & ( ! subsequ5t appe>ance ( aquatic be=e t]re/rial =ms ( life4 ,b :e!r ^! protopla/s w\ld1 if we c\ld exam9e !m1 be reckon$ among ! l[e/ microscopic algae1 or fungi2 or among ^? d\btful organisms :i* lie 9 ! debatable l& betwe5 animals & plants1 is1 9 my judgm5t1 a "q on :i* a prud5t biologi/ w res]ve 8 op9ion4 ,i ?9k t ,i h n[ dispos$ ( ^? p>ts ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's def5ce 9 :i* ,i seem to discov] a design to rescue 8 solemn plea = revelation4 ,b a great deal ( ! ,proem to ,g5esis rema9s :i* ,i w\ld gladly pass ov] 9 sil5ce1 7 su* a c\rse consi/5t ) ! respect due to s di/+ui%$ a *ampion ( ! reconcil]s4 ,i hope t my cli5ts--! p ( av]age op9ions--h by ?is "t "s confid5ce 9 me2 = :5 ,i tell !m t1 aft] all1 ,mr4 ,glad/one is ( op9ion t ! ,mosaic record 0 meant to give moral1 & n sci5tific1 in/ruction to ^? = :om x 0 writt51 !y may be dispos$ to ?9k t ,i mu/ be mislead+ !m4 ,b let !m li/5 fur!r to :at ,mr4 ,glad/one says 9 a comp5di\s b n exactly correct /atem5t respect+ my op9ions3-- #aab ,he holds ! writ] responsible = sci5tific precision3 ,i look = no?+ ( ! k9d1 b assign to him a /atem5t g5]al1 :i* admits exceptions2 popul>1 :i* aims ma9ly at produc+ moral impression2 summ>y1 :i* _c b be op5 to m or less ( criticism ( detail4 ,he ?9ks x is a lecture4 ,i ?9k x is a s]mon 7p4 #e74 ,i note1 incid5tally1 t ,mr4 ,glad/one appe>s to consid] t ! diff]5tia betwe5 a lecture & a s]mon is1 t ! =m]1 s f> z x deals ) matt]s ( fact1 may be tak5 s]i\sly1 z mean+ exactly :at x says1 :ile a s]mon may n4 ,i h q en\gh on my h&s )\t tak+ up ! cudgels = ! cl]gy1 :o w probably f9d ,mr4 ,glad/one's def9ition unflatt]+4 ,b ,i am div]g+ f my prop] bus9ess1 :i* is to say t ,i h giv5 no gr\nd = ! ascription ( ^! op9ions2 & t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ,i d n hold !m & nev] h held !m4 ,x is ,mr4 ,glad/one1 & n ,i1 :o w h x t ! p5tateu*al cosmogony is to be tak5 z sci5ce4 ,my belief1 on ! contr>y1 is1 & long has be51 t ! p5tateu*al /ory ( ! creation is simply a my?4 ,i suppose x to be an hypo!sis respect+ ! orig9 ( ! univ]se :i* "s anci5t ?9k] f\nd himself able to reconcile ) 8 k1 or :at he ?\ght 0 k1 ( ! nature ( ?+s1 & !re=e assum$ to be true4 ,z su*1 ,i hold x to be n m]ely an int]e/+1 b a v5]able1 monum5t ( a /age 9 ! m5tal progress ( mank9d2 & ,i f9d x difficult to suppose t any "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! cosmogonies ( o!r #aac nations--& especially ) ^? ( ! ,egyptians & ! ,babylonians1 ) :om ! ,israelites 7 9 su* frequ5t & intimate communication--%\ld consid] x to possess ei!r m1 or less1 sci5tific importance ?an may be allott$ to ^!4 ,mr4 ,glad/one's def9ition ( a s]mon p]mits me to suspect t he may n see mu* diff]5ce betwe5 t =m ( disc\rse & :at ,i call a my?2 & ,i hope x may be some?+ m ?an ! sl[ness ( appreh5sion1 to :i* ,i h confess$1 :i* leads me to imag9e t a /atem5t :i* is g5]al b admits exceptions1 :i* is popul> & aims ma9ly at produc+ moral impression1 summ>y & !re=e op5 to criticism ( detail1 am\nts to a my?1 or p]haps less ?an a my?4 ,put algebraically1 x comes to ?is1 x a b c2 always rememb]+ t !re is no?+ to %[ ! exact value ( ei!r a1 or b1 or c4 ,x is true t a is commonly suppos$ to equal #aj1 b !re are exceptions1 & ^! may r$uce x to #h1 or #c1 or #j2 b also popul>ly means #aj1 b be+ *iefly us$ by ! algebrai/ z a moral value1 y _c d mu* ) x 9 ! addition or subtraction ( ma!matical values2 c also is q summ>y1 & if y g into ! details ( :i* x is made up1 _m ( !m may be wrong1 & _! sum total equal to #j1 or ev5 to a m9us quantity4 ,mr4 ,glad/one appe>s to wi% t ,i %\ld 7#a7 ent] ^u a sort ( essay competition ) ! au?or ( ! p5tateu*al cosmogony2 7#b7 t ,i %\ld make a fur!r /atem5t ab\t "s #aad elem5t>y facts 9 ! hi/ory ( ,indian & ,greek philosophy2 & 7#c7 t ,i %\ld %[ cause = my hesitation 9 accept+ ! ass]tion t ,g5esis is support$1 at any rate to ! ext5t ( ! fir/ two v]ses1 by ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,a c]ta9 s5se ( hum\r prev5ts me f accept+ ! fir/ invitation4 ,i w\ld z soon attempt to put ,hamlet's soliloquy into a m sci5tific %ape4 ,b if ,i suppos$ ! ,mosaic writ] to be inspir$1 z ,mr4 ,glad/one does1 x w\ld n be consi/5t ) my notions ( respect = ! ,supreme ,be+ to imag9e ,him unable to frame a =m ( words :i* %\ld accurately1 or1 at lea/1 n inaccurately1 express ,8 own mean+4 ,x is sometimes said t1 _h ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis be5 sci5tifically true1 !y w\ld h be5 un9telligible to ignorant p2 b h[ is ! matt] m5d$ if1 be+ sci5tifically untrue1 !y mu/ ne$s be reject$ by in/ruct$ p8 ,) respect to ! second sugge/ion1 x w\ld be presumptu\s 9 me to pret5d to in/ruct ,mr4 ,glad/one 9 matt]s :i* lie z mu* )9 ! prov9ce ( ,lit]ature & ,hi/ory z 9 t ( ,sci5ce2 b if any "o desir\s ( fur!r k w be s good z to turn to t mo/ excell5t & by no means recondite s\rce ( in=mation1 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 he w f9d1 "u ! lett] ,e1 ! ^w ,evolution1 & a long article on t subject4 ,n[1 ,i d n recomm5d him to read ! fir/ half ( ! article2 b ! second half1 by my #aae fri5d ,mr4 ,sully1 is really v good4 ,he w !re f9d x said t 9 "s ( ! philosophies ( anci5t ,india1 ! idea ( evolution is cle>ly express$3 ,brahma is conceiv$ z ! et]nal self-exi/5t be+1 :i*1 on its mat]ial side1 unfolds itself to ! _w by gradually cond5s+ itself to mat]ial objects ?r\gh ! gradations ( e!r1 fire1 wat]1 e>?1 & o!r elem5ts4 ,& aga93 ,9 ! lat] sy/em ( emanation ( ,sankhya !re is a m m>k$ approa* to a mat]iali/ic doctr9e ( evolution4 ,:at little k ,i h ( ! matt]--*iefly d]iv$ f t v in/ructive book1 ,die ,religion des ,buddha1 by ,c4 ,f4 ,koepp51 supplem5t$ by ,h>dy's int]e/+ works--leads me to ?9k t ,mr4 ,sully might h spok5 mu* m /rongly z to ! evolution>y "* ( ,indian philosophy1 & especially ( t ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,b ! "q is too l>ge to be dealt ) incid5tally4 ,&1 ) respect to e>ly ,greek philosophy1#af ! seek] aft] additional enlight5m5t ne$ g no fur!r ?an ! same excell5t /oreh\se ( in=mation3-- ,! e>ly ,ionian physici/s1 includ+ ,?ales1 ,anaxim&]1 & ,anaxim5es1 seek to expla9 ! _w z g5]at$ out ( a primordial matt] :i* is at ! same "t ! univ]sal support ( ?+s4 ,?is sub/ance is end[$ ) a g5]ative or transmutative =ce by virtue ( :i* x passes into a #aaf succession ( =ms4 ,!y ?us resemble mod]n evolutioni/s1 s9ce !y reg>d ! _w1 ) its inf9ite v>iety ( =ms1 z issu+ f a simple mode ( matt]4 ,fur!r on1 ,mr4 ,sully rem>ks t ,h]aclitus des]ves a prom95t place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! idea ( evolution1 & he /ates1 ) p]fect ju/ice1 t ,h]aclitus has =e%ad[$ "s ( ! special peculi>ities ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's views4 ,x is inde$ a v /range circum/ance t ! philosophy ( ! great ,ephesian m ?an adumbrates ! two doctr9es :i* h play$ lead+ p>ts1 ! "o 9 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ian dogma1 ! o!r 9 t ( natural sci5ce4 ,! =m] is ! conception ( ! ,^w 7,greek3 logos7 :i* took its ,jewi% %ape 9 ,alex&ria1 & its ,*ri/ian =m#ag 9 t ,gospel :i* is usually ref]r$ to an ,ephesian s\rce ( "s five c5turies lat] date2 & ! latt] is t ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,! say+ t /rife is fa!r & k+ ( all 7,greek3 polemos panton m5 pat] e/i1 panton de basileus71 ascrib$ to ,h]aclitus1 w\ld be a n inappropriate motto = ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,i h ref]r$ only to ,mr4 ,sully's article1 because 8 au?ority is q suffici5t = my purpose4 ,b ! consultation ( any ( ! m elaborate hi/ories ( ,greek philosophy1 su* z ! great "w ( ,zell]1 = example1 w only br+ out ! same fact into /ill m /rik+ prom95ce4 ,i h pr(ess$ no m9ute acqua9tance ) ei!r ,indian or ,greek philosophy1 b ,i h tak5 a great deal ( pa9s to #aag secure t su* k z ,i d possess %all be accurate & tru/wor?y4 ,9 ! ?ird place1 ,mr4 ,glad/one appe>s to wi% t ,i %\ld discuss ) him ! "q :e!r ! nebul> hypo!sis is1 or is n1 confirmatory ( ! p5tateu*al acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ?+s4 ,mr4 ,glad/one appe>s to be prep>$ to ent] ^u ?is campaign ) a light he>t4 ,i confess ,i am n1 & my reason = ?is backw>dness w d\btless surprise ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,x is t1 r m ?an a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago 7namely1 9 ,febru>y #ahei71 :5 x 0 my duty1 z ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society1 to deliv] ! ,anniv]s>y ,address1#ah ,i *ose a topic :i* involv$ a v c>eful /udy ( ! rem>kable cosmogonical speculation1 orig9ally promulgat$ by ,immanuel ,kant &1 subsequ5tly1 by ,laplace1 :i* is n[ kn[n z ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,) ! help ( su* little acqua9tance ) ! pr9ciples ( physics & a/ronomy z ,i _h ga9$1 ,i endeav\r$ to obta9 a cle> und]/&+ ( ?is speculation 9 all its be>+s4 ,i am n sure t ,i succe$$2 b ( ?is ,i am c]ta91 t ! problems involv$ are v difficult1 ev5 = ^? :o possess ! intellectual discipl9e requisite = deal+ ) !m4 ,& x 0 ?is conviction t l$ me to express my desire to leave ! discussion ( ! "q ( ! ass]t$ h>mony betwe5 ,g5esis & ! nebul> hypo!sis to exp]ts 9 ! appropriate bran*es ( k4 ,& ,i ?9k my c\rse 0 a #aah wise "o2 b z ,mr4 ,glad/one evid5tly does n und]/& h[ !re c be any hesitation on my "p1 unless x arises f a conviction t he is 9 ! "r1 ,i may g s f> z to set out my difficulties4 ,!y are ( two k9ds--exegetical & sci5tific4 ,x appe>s to me t x is va9 to discuss a suppos$ co9cid5ce betwe5 ,g5esis & sci5ce unless we h fir/ settl$1 on ! "o h&1 :at ,g5esis says1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :at sci5ce says4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,i _c f9d any cons5sus among ,biblical s*ol>s z to ! mean+ ( ! words1 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,god creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,"s say t ! ,hebrew ^w b>a1 :i* is translat$ create1 means made out ( no?+4 ,i v5ture to object to t r5d]+1 n on ! gr\nd ( s*ol>%ip1 b ( common s5se4 ,omnipot5ce itself c surely no m make some?+ out ( no?+ ?an x c make a triangul> circle4 ,:at is int5d$ by made out ( no?+ appe>s to be caus$ to come into exi/5ce1 ) ! implication t no?+ ( ! same k9d previ\sly exi/$4 ,x is fur!r usually assum$ t ! heav5 & ! e>? means ! mat]ial sub/ance ( ! univ]se4 ,h5ce ! ,mosaic writ] is tak5 to imply t :]e no?+ ( a mat]ial nature previ\sly exi/$1 ?is sub/ance appe>$4 ,t is p]fectly conceivable1 & !re=e no "o c d5y t x may h happ5$4 ,b !re are o!r v au?oritative #aai critics :o say t ! anci5t ,israelite#ai :o wrote ! passage 0 n likely to h be5 capable ( su* ab/ract ?9k+2 & t1 z a matt] ( philology1 b>a is commonly us$ to signify ! fa%ion+1 or =m+1 ( t :i* already exi/s4 ,n[ x appe>s to me t ! sci5tific inve/igator is :olly incompet5t to say any?+ at all ab\t ! fir/ orig9 ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,! :ole p[] ( 8 organon vani%es :5 he has to /ep beyond ! *a9 ( natural causes & effects4 ,no =m ( ! nebul> hypo!sis1 t ,i "k (1 is necess>ily connect$ ) any view ( ! orig9ation ( ! nebul> sub/ance4 ,kant's =m ( x expressly supposes t ! nebul> mat]ial f :i* "o /ell> sy/em />ts may be no?+ b ! dis9tegrat$ sub/ance ( a /ell> & planet>y sy/em :i* has j come to an end4 ,!re=e1 s f> z ,i c see1 "o :o believes t matt] has exi/$ f all et]nity has j z mu* "r to hold ! nebul> hypo!sis z "o :o believes t matt] came into exi/5ce at a specifi$ epo*4 ,9 o!r words1 ! nebul> hypo!sis & ! creation hypo!sis1 up to ?is po9t1 nei!r confirm nor oppose "o ano!r4 ,next1 we read 9 ! revis]s' v]sion1 9 :i* ,i suppose ! ultimate results ( critical s*ol>%ip to be embodi$3 ,& ! e>? 0 wa/e ')\t =m1' 9 ! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion & void4 ,mo/ #abj p seem to ?9k t ?is phraseology int5ds to imply t ! matt] out ( :i* ! _w 0 to be =m$ 0 a v]itable *aos1 devoid ( law & ord]4 ,if ?is int]pretation is correct1 ! nebul> hypo!sis c h no?+ to say to x4 ,! sci5tific ?9k] _c admit ! abs5ce ( law & ord]1 any:]e or any:51 9 nature4 ,sometimes law & ord] are pat5t & visible to our limit$ vision2 sometimes !y are hidd54 ,b e p>ticle ( ! matt] ( ! mo/ fanta/ic-look+ nebula 9 ! heav5s is a realm ( law & ord] 9 itself2 &1 t x is s1 is ! ess5tial condition ( ! possibility ( sol> & planet>y evolution f ! app>5t *aos4#bj ,wa/e is too vague a t]m to be wor? consid]ation4 ,)\t =m1 intelligible en\gh z a metaphor1 if tak5 lit]ally1 is absurd2 = a mat]ial ?+ exi/+ 9 space mu/ h a sup]ficies1 & if x has a sup]ficies x has a =m4 ,! wilde/ /reaks ( m>e/ail cl\ds 9 ! sky1 or ! mo/ irregul> heav5ly nebulae1 h surely j z mu* =m z a geometrical tetrah$ron2 & z = void1 h[ c t be void :i* is full ( matt]8 ,z poetry1 ^! l9es are vivid & admirable2 z a sci5tific /atem5t1 :i* !y mu/ be tak5 to be if any "o is ju/ifi$ 9 comp>+ !m ) ano!r sci5tific /atem5t1 !y fail to convey any intelligible conception to my m9d4 #aba ,! acc\nt proce$s3 ,& d>kness 0 ^u ! face ( ! deep4 ,s be x2 b :]e1 !n1 is ! lik5ess to ! cele/ial nebulae1 ( ! exi/5ce ( :i* we %\ld "k no?+ unless !y %one ) a light ( _! own8 ,& ! _s ( ,god mov$ ^u ! face ( ! wat]s4 ,i h met ) no =m ( ! nebul> hypo!sis :i* involves any?+ analog\s to ?is process4 ,i h said en\gh to expla9 "s ( ! difficulties :i* arise 9 my m9d1 :5 ,i try to asc]ta9 :e!r !re is any f\ndation = ! cont5tion t ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! fir/ two v]ses ( ,g5esis are support$ by ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,! result does n appe> to me to be exactly fav\rable to t cont5tion4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis assumes ! exi/5ce ( matt]1 hav+ def9ite prop]ties1 z its f\ndation4 ,:e!r su* matt] 0 creat$ a few ?\s& ye>s ago1 or :e!r x has exi/$ ?r\gh an et]nal s]ies ( metamorphoses ( :i* our pres5t univ]se is only ! la/ /age1 are alt]natives1 nei!r ( :i* is sci5tifically unt5able1 & nei!r sci5tifically demon/rable4 ,b sci5ce kn[s no?+ ( any /age 9 :i* ! univ]se c\ld be said1 9 o!r ?an a metaphorical & popul> s5se1 to be =mless or empty2 or 9 any respect less ! seat ( law & ord] ?an x is n[4 ,"o might z well talk ( a fre%-laid h5's egg be+ )\t =m & void1 because ! *ick !re9 is pot5tial & n actual1 z apply su* t]ms to ! nebul\s mass :i* conta9s a pot5tial sol> sy/em4 #abb ,until "s fur!r enlight5m5t comes to me1 !n1 ,i confess myself :olly unable to und]/& ! way 9 :i* ! nebul> hypo!sis is to be conv]t$ into an ally ( ! ,mosaic writ]4#ba ,b ,mr4 ,glad/one in=ms u t ,pr(essor ,dana & ,pr(essor ,guyot are prep>$ to prove t ! fir/ or cosmogonical portion ( ! ,proem n only accords )1 b tea*es1 ! nebul> hypo!sis4 ,!re is no "o to ^: au?ority on geological que/ions ,i am m readily dispos$ to b[ ?an t ( my em95t fri5d ,pr(essor ,dana4 ,b ,i am famili> ) :at he has previ\sly said on ?is topic 9 8 well-kn[n & /&>d "w1 into :i*1 /rangely en\gh1 x does n seem to h occurr$ to ,mr4 ,glad/one to look be=e he set out ^u 8 pres5t und]tak+2 & unless ,pr(essor ,dana's late/ contribution 7:i* ,i h n yet met )7 takes up altoge!r new gr\nd1 ,i am afraid ,i %all #abc n be able to extricate myself1 by its help1 f my pres5t difficulties4 ,x is a v long "t s9ce ,i began to ?9k ab\t ! relations betwe5 mod]n sci5tifically asc]ta9$ tru?s & ! cosmogonical speculations ( ! writ] ( ,g5esis2 &1 z ,i ?9k t ,mr4 ,glad/one might h be5 able to put 8 case ) a good deal m =ce if he _h ?\ght x wor? :ile to consult ! la/ *apt] ( ,pr(essor ,dana's admirable ,manual ( ,geology1 s ,i ?9k he might h be5 made aw>e t he 0 und]tak+ an ent]prise ( :i* he _h n c\nt$ ! co/1 if he _h *anc$ ^u a discussion ( ! subject :i* ,i publi%$ 9 #ahgg4bb ,f9ally1 ,i %\ld l to draw ! att5tion ( ^? :o take int]e/ 9 ^! topics to ! weighty words ( "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ & mod]ate ( ,biblical critics3-- ,a propos de cette premi]e page de la ,bible1 on a c\tume de nos j\rs de diss]t]1 a p]te de vue1 sur l'accord du recit mosaique avec les sci5ces naturelles2 et comme celles-ci1 t\t eloignees qu'elles sont encore de la p]fection absolue1 ont r5du populaires et en quelque sorte irrefragables un c]ta9 nombre de faits g5]aux ou de !ses fondam5tales de la cosmologie et de la geologie1 c'e/ le texte sacre qu'on s'ev]tue a tortur] p\r le faire concord] avec ces donnees4#bc ,9 my pap] on ! ,int]pret]s ( ,nature & ! ,int]pret]s ( ,g5esis1 :ile freely avail+ myself ( ! rights ( a sci5tific critic1 ,i endeav\r$ to keep ! expression ( my views well )9 ^? #abd b\nds ( c\rtesy :i* are set by self-respect & consid]ation = o!rs4 ,i am !re=e glad to be fav\r$ ) ,mr4 ,glad/one's ackn[l$gm5t ( ! success ( my ef=ts4 ,i only wi% t ,i c\ld accept all ! products ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's graci\s appreciation1 b !re is "o ab\t :i*1 z a matt] ( hone/y1 ,i hesitate4 ,9 fact1 if ,i _h express$ my mean+ bett] ?an ,i seem to h done1 ,i d\bt if ?is p>ticul> pr(f] ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's ?anks w\ld h be5 made4 ,to my m9d1 :atev] doctr9e pr(esses to be ! result ( ! application ( ! accept$ rules ( inductive & d$uctive logic to its subject-matt]2 & accepts1 )9 ! limits :i* x sets to itself1 ! supremacy ( reason1 is ,sci5ce4 ,:e!r ! subject-matt] consi/s ( realities or unrealities1 tru?s or falsehoods1 is q ano!r "q4 ,i conceive t ord9>y geometry is sci5ce1 by reason ( its me?od1 & ,i also believe t its axioms1 def9itions1 & conclusions are all true4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a geometry ( f\r dim5sions1 :i* ,i also believe to be sci5ce1 because its me?od pr(esses to be /rictly sci5tific4 ,x is true t ,i _c conceive f\r dim5sions 9 space1 & !re=e1 = me1 ! :ole affair is unreal4 ,b ,i h kn[n m5 ( great intellectual p[]s :o seem$ to h no difficulty ei!r 9 conceiv+ !m1 or1 at any rate1 9 imag9+ h[ !y c\ld conceive !m2 &1 !re=e1 f\r-dim5sion$ geometry comes "u my notion ( sci5ce4 ,s ,i ?9k a/rology is a sci5ce1 9 s f> z x pr(esses to reason logically f pr9ciples #abe e/abli%$ by j inductive me?ods4 ,to prev5t misund]/&+1 p]haps ,i _h bett] add t ,i d n believe "o :it 9 a/rology2 b no m d ,i believe 9 ,ptolemaic a/ronomy1 or 9 ! cata/rophic geology ( my y\?1 al?\gh ^!1 9 _! day1 claim$--&1 to my m9d1 rightly claim$--! "n ( sci5ce4 ,if no?+ is to be call$ sci5ce b t :i* is exactly true f beg9n+ to end1 ,i am afraid !re is v little sci5ce 9 ! _w outside ma!matics4 ,among ! physical sci5ces1 ,i d n "k t any c\ld claim m ?an t x is true )9 c]ta9 limits1 s n>r[ t1 = ! pres5t at any rate1 !y may be neglect$4 ,if su* is ! case1 ,i d n see :]e ! l9e is to be drawn betwe5 exactly true1 p>tially true1 & ma9ly untrue =ms ( sci5ce4 ,& :at ,i h said ab\t ! curr5t !ology at ! end ( my pap] p4 #ie leaves1 ,i ?9k1 no d\bt z to ! category 9 :i* ,i rank x4 ,= all t1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be n only unju/1 b almo/ imp]t95t1 to refuse ! "n ( sci5ce to ! ,summa ( ,/4 ,?omas or to ! ,in/itutes ( ,calv94 ,9 conclusion1 ,i confess t my suppos$ unjad$ appetite = ! sort ( controv]sy 9 :i* x ne$$ n ,mr4 ,glad/one's express decl>ation to tell u he is f> bett] practis$ ?an ,i am 7?\gh probably1 )\t ano!r express decl>ation1 no "o w\ld h suspect$ t 8 controv]sial fires are burn+ l[7 is already satiat$4 ,9 ,elysium we conduct sci5tific discussions 9 #abf a diff]5t m$ium1 & we are liable to ?reat5+s ( asphyxia 9 t atmosph]e ( cont5tion 9 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one has be5 able to live1 al]t & vigor\s beyond ! common race ( m51 z if x 7 pure/ m\nta9 air4 ,i tru/ t he may long cont9ue to seek tru?1 "u ! difficult conditions he has *os5 = ! se>*1 ) unabat$ en]gy--,i _h almo/ said fire-- ,may age n )] him1 nor cu/om /ale ,8 inf9ite v>iety4 ,b ,elysium suits my less robu/ con/itution bett]1 & ,i beg leave to retire ?i!r1 n sorry = my exp]i5ce ( ! o!r region--no "o %\ld regret exp]i5ce--b det]m9$ n to repeat x1 at any rate 9 ref]5ce to ! plea = revelation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,note ,,on ,,! ,,prop] ,,s5se ,,( ,,! ,,mosaic ,,n>rative ,,( ,,! ,,creation4 ,x has be5 object$ to my argum5t f ,leviticus 7p4 #ajc71 t ! ,hebrew words translat$ by creep+ ?+s 9 ,g5esis i4 #bd & ,leviticus xi4 #bi1 are diff]5t2 namely1 reh-mes 9 ! =m]1 %eh-retz 9 ! latt]4 ,! obvi\s reply to ?is objection is t ! "q is n "o ( words b ( ! mean+ ( words4 ,to borr[ an illu/ration f our own language1 if crawl+ ?+s _h be5 us$ by ! translators 9 ,g5esis & creep+ ?+s 9 ,leviticus1 x w\ld n h be5 necess>ily impli$ t !y int5d$ to d5ote diff]5t gr\ps ( animals4 ,%eh-retz is employ$ 9 a wid] s5se ?an reh-mes4 ,!re are %eh-retz ( ! wat]s1 ( ! e>?1 ( ! air1 & ( ! l&4 ,leviticus speaks ( l& reptiles1 among o!r animals1 z %eh-retz2 ,g5esis speaks ( all creep+ l& animals1 among :i* l& reptiles are necess>ily includ$1 z reh-mes4 ,our translators1 !re=e1 #abg h giv5 ! true s5se :5 !y r5d] bo? %eh-retz & reh-mes by creep+ ?+s4 ,hav+ tak5 a good deal ( tr\ble to %[ :at ,g5esis i4-ii4 #d does n mean1 9 ! prec$+ pages1 p]haps x may be well t ,i %\ld briefly give my op9ion z to :at x does mean4 ,i conceive t ! unkn[n au?or ( ?is "p ( ! ,hexateu*al compilation believ$1 & meant 8 read]s to believe1 t 8 words1 z !y und]/ood !m--t is to say1 9 _! ord9>y natural s5se--convey$ ! actual hi/orical tru?4 ,:5 he says t su* & su* ?+s happ5$1 ,i believe him to mean t !y actually occurr$ & n t he imag9$ or dream$ !m2 :5 he says day1 ,i believe he uses ! ^w 9 ! popul> s5se2 :5 he says made or creat$1 ,i believe he means t !y came into be+ by a process analog\s to t :i* ! p :om he address$ call$ mak+ or creat+2 & ,i ?9k t1 unless we =get our pres5t k ( nature1 &1 putt+ ourselves back into ! position ( a ,pho5ician or a ,*aldaean philosoph]1 />t f 8 conception ( ! _w1 we %all fail to grasp ! mean+ ( ! ,hebrew writ]4 ,we mu/ conceive ! e>? to be an immovable1 m or less flatt5$1 body1 ) ! vault ( heav5 above1 ! wat]y abyss bel[ & ar\nd4 ,we mu/ imag9e sun1 moon1 & />s to be set 9 a firmam5t )1 or 91 :i* !y move2 & above :i* is yet ano!r wat]y mass4 ,we mu/ consid] light & d>kness to be ?+s1 ! alt]nation ( :i* con/itutes day & night1 indep5d5tly ( ! exi/5ce ( sun1 moon1 & />s4 ,we mu/ fur!r suppose t1 z 9 ! case ( ! /ory ( ! deluge1 ! ,hebrew writ] 0 acqua9t$ ) a ,g5tile 7probably ,*aldaean or ,accadian7 acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ?+s1 9 :i* he sub/antially believ$1 b :i* he /ripp$ ( all its idolatr\s associations by sub/itut+ ,elohim = ,ea1 ,anu1 ,bel1 & ! l4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! fir/ v]se /rikes ! keynote ( ! :ole4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ,elohim#bd creat$ ! heav5 & ! e>?4 ,heav5 & e>? 7 n primitive exi/5ces f :i* ! gods proce$$1 z ! ,g5tiles taught2 on ! contr>y1 ! ,p[]s prec$$ & creat$ heav5 & e>?4 #abh ,:e!r by creation is meant caus+ to be :]e no?+ 0 be=e or %ap+ ( some?+ :i* pre-exi/$1 seems to me to be an insoluble "q4 ,z ,i h po9t$ out1 ! second v]se has an int]e/+ p>allel 9 ,j]emiah iv4 #bc3 ,i beheld ! e>?1 &1 lo1 x 0 wa/e & void2 & ! heav5s1 & !y _h no light4 ,i conceive t !re is no m allusion to *aos 9 ! "o ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,! e>?-disk lay 9 its wat]y envelope1 l ! yolk ( an egg 9 ! glaire1 & ! _s1 or brea?1 ( ,elohim /irr$ ! mass4 ,light 0 creat$ z a ?+ by itself2 & its anti!sis d>kness z ano!r ?+4 ,x 0 suppos$ to be ! nature ( ^! two to alt]nate1 & a pair ( alt]nations con/itut$ a day 9 ! s5se ( an unit ( "t4 ,! next /ep 01 necess>ily1 ! =mation ( t firmam5t1 or dome ov] ! e>?-disk1 :i* 0 suppos$ to support ! cele/ial wat]s2 & 9 :i* sun1 moon1 & />s 7 conceiv$ to be set1 z 9 a sort ( orr]y4 ,! e>? 0 /ill surr\nd$ & cov]$ by ! l[] wat]s1 b ! upp] 7 sep>at$ f x by ! firmam5t1 b5ea? :i* :at we call ! air lay4 ,a second alt]nation ( d>kness & light m>ks ! lapse ( "t4 ,aft] ?is1 ! wat]s :i* cov]$ ! e>?-disk1 "u ! firmam5t1 7 drawn away into c]ta9 regions1 :i* became seas1 :ile ! "p laid b>e became dry l&4 ,9 accordance ) ! notion1 univ]sally accept$ 9 antiquity1 t moi/ e>? possesses ! pot5tiality ( giv+ rise to liv+ be+s1 ! l&1 at ! comm& ( ,elohim1 put =? all sorts ( plants4 ,!y are made to appe> ?us e>ly1 n1 ,i appreh5d1 f any notion t plants are l[] 9 ! scale ( be+ ?an animals 7:i* w\ld seem to be inconsi/5t ) ! preval5ce ( tree wor%ip among anci5t p71 b r because animals obvi\sly dep5d on plants2 & because1 )\t crops & h>ve/s1 !re seem$ to be no p>ticul> ne$ ( heav5ly signs = ! seasons4 ,^! 7 provid$ by ! f\r? day's "w4 ,light exi/$ already2 b n[ vehicles = ! di/ribution ( light1 9 a special mann] & ) v>y+ degrees ( int5sity1 7 provid$4 ,i conceive t ! previ\s alt]nations ( light & d>kness 7 suppos$ to g on2 b t ! light 0 #abi /r5g!n$ dur+ ! daytime by ! sun1 :i*1 z a s\rce ( heat z well z ( light1 glid$ up ! firmam5t f ! ea/1 & slid d[n 9 ! we/1 ea* day4 ,v probably ea* day's sun 0 suppos$ to be a new "o4 ,&1 z ! light ( ! day 0 /r5g!n$ by ! sun1 s ! d>kness ( ! night 0 weak5$ by ! moon1 :i* regul>ly wax$ & wan$ e mon?4 ,! />s are1 z x 71 ?r[n 94 ,& no?+ c m %>ply m>k ! doctr9al purpose ( ! au?or1 ?an ! mann] 9 :i* he deals ) ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* ! ,g5tiles id5tifi$ s closely ) _! gods1 z if !y 7 m]e accessories to ! almanac4 ,animals come next 9 ord] ( creation1 & ! g5]al notion ( ! writ] seems to be t !y 7 produc$ by ! m$ium 9 :i* !y live2 t is to say1 ! aquatic animals by ! wat]s & ! t]re/rial animals by ! l&4 ,b !re 0 a difficulty ab\t fly+ ?+s1 su* z bats1 birds1 & insects4 ,! cosmogoni/ seems to h _h no conception ( air z an elem5tal body4 ,8 elem5ts are e>? & wat]1 & he ignores air z mu* z he does fire4 ,birds fly above ! e>? 9 ! op5 firmam5t or on ! face ( ! expanse ( heav54 ,!y are n said to fly ?r\gh ! air4 ,! *oice ( a g5]ative m$ium = fly+ ?+s1 !re=e1 seem$ to lie betwe5 wat] & e>?2 &1 if we take into acc\nt ! conspicu\sness ( ! great flocks ( wat]-birds & ! sw>ms ( w+$ insects1 :i* appe> to arise f wat]1 ,i ?9k ! pref]5ce ( wat] becomes intelligible4 ,h[ev]1 ,i d n put ?is =w>d z m ?an a probable hypo!sis4 ,z to ! creation ( aquatic animals on ! fif?1 t ( l& animals on ! six? day1 & t ( man la/ ( all1 ,i presume ! ord] 0 det]m9$ by ! fact t man c\ld h>dly receive dom9ion ov] ! liv+ _w be=e x exi/$2 & t ! cattle 7 n want$ until he 0 ab\t to make 8 appe>ance4 ,! o!r t]re/rial animals w\ld naturally be associat$ ) ! cattle4 ,! absurdity ( imag9+ t any conception1 analog\s to t ( a zoological classification1 0 9 ! m9d ( ! writ] w be app>5t1 :5 we consid] t ! fif? day's "w mu/ include ! zoologi/'s ,cetacea1 ,sir5ia1 & seals1#be all ( :i* are #acj ,mammalia2 all birds1 turtles1 sea-snakes &1 presumably1 ! fre% wat] ,reptilia & ,amphibia2 ) ! great majority ( ,inv]tebrata4 ,! creation ( man is ann\nc$ z a sep>ate act1 result+ f a p>ticul> resolution ( ,elohim to make man 9 our image1 aft] our lik5ess4 ,to le>n :at ?is rem>kable phrase means we mu/ turn to ! fif? *apt] ( ,g5esis1 ! "w ( ! same writ]4 ,9 ! day t ,elohim creat$ man1 9 ! lik5ess ( ,elohim made he him2 male & female creat$ he !m2 & bless$ !m & call$ _! "n ,adam 9 ! day :5 !y 7 creat$4 ,& ,adam liv$ an hundr$ & ?irty ye>s & begat a son 9 8 own lik5ess1 aft] 8 image2 & call$ 8 "n ,se?4 ,i f9d x impossible to read ?is passage )\t be+ conv9c$ t1 :5 ! writ] says ,adam 0 made 9 ! lik5ess ( ,elohim1 he means ! same sort ( lik5ess z :5 he says t ,se? 0 begott5 9 ! lik5ess ( ,adam4 ,:5ce x foll[s t 8 conception ( ,elohim 0 completely an?ropomorphic4 ,9 all ?is n>rative ,i c discov] no?+ :i* diff]5tiates x1 9 pr9ciple1 f o!r anci5t cosmogonies1 except ! rejection ( all gods1 save ! vague1 yet an?ropomorphic1 ,elohim1 & ! assign+ to !m ant]iority & sup]iority to ! _w4 ,x is z utt]ly irreconcilable ) ! assur$ tru?s ( mod]n sci5ce1 z x is ) ! acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( man1 plants1 & animals giv5 by ! writ] ( ! second *ief con/itu5t ( ! ,hexateu* 9 ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,?is extraord9>y /ory />ts ) ! assumption ( ! exi/5ce ( a ra9less e>?1 devoid ( plants & h]bs ( ! field4 ,! creation ( liv+ be+s beg9s ) t ( a solit>y man2 ! next ?+ t happ5s is ! lay+ out ( ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed51 & ! caus+ ! gr[? f its soil ( e tree t is pleasant to ! sight & good = food2 ! ?ird act is ! =mation out ( ! gr\nd ( e bea/ ( ! field1 & e f[l ( ! air2 ! f\r? & la/1 ! manufacture ( ! fir/ woman f a rib1 extract$ f ,adam1 :ile 9 a /ate ( anae/hesia4 ,yet !re are p :o n only pr(ess to take ?is mon/r\s leg5d s]i\sly2 b :o decl>e x to be reconcilable ) ! ,elohi/ic acc\nt ( ! creation6 99 99 99 99 99 #aca ,,iv ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,!ology3 ,,an ,,an?ropological ,,/udy ,i conceive t ! orig91 ! gr[?1 ! decl9e1 & ! fall ( ^? speculations respect+ ! exi/5ce1 ! p[]s1 & ! dispositions ( be+s analog\s to m51 b m or less devoid ( corporeal qualities1 :i* may be broadly includ$ "u ! head ( !ology1 are ph5om5a ! /udy ( :i* legitimately falls )9 ! prov9ce ( ! an?ropologi/4 ,& x is purely z a "q ( an?ropology 7a dep>tm5t ( biology to :i* ,i h at v>i\s times giv5 a good deal ( att5tion7 t ,i propose to treat ( ! evolution ( !ology 9 ! foll[+ pages4 ,) !ology z a code ( dogmas :i* are to be believ$1 or at any rate repeat$1 "u p5alty ( pres5t or future puni%m5t1 or z a /oreh\se ( anae/hetics = ^? :o f9d ! pa9s ( life too h>d to be>1 ,i h no?+ to d2 &1 s f> z x may be possible1 ,i %all avoid ! expression ( any op9ion z to ! objective tru? or falsehood ( ! sy/ems ( !ological speculation ( :i* ,i may #acb f9d occasion to speak4 ,f my pres5t po9t ( view1 !ology is reg>d$ z a natural product ( ! op]ations ( ! human m9d1 "u ! conditions ( its exi/5ce1 j z any o!r bran* ( sci5ce1 or ! arts ( ar*itecture1 or music1 or pa9t+ are su* products4 ,l !m1 !ology has a hi/ory4 ,l !m also1 x is to be met ) 9 c]ta9 simple & rudim5t>y =ms2 & ^! c be connect$ by a multitude ( gradations1 :i* exi/ or h exi/$1 among p ( v>i\s ages & races1 ) ! mo/ highly develop$ !ologies ( pa/ & pres5t times4 ,x is n my object to int]f]e1 ev5 9 ! slighte/ degree1 ) beliefs :i* anybody holds sacr$2 or to alt] ! conviction ( any "o :o is ( op9ion t1 9 deal+ ) !ology1 we ought to be guid$ by consid]ations diff]5t f ^? :i* w\ld be ?\ght appropriate if ! problem lay 9 ! prov9ce ( *emi/ry or ( m9]alogy4 ,& if p ( ^! ways ( ?9k+ *oose to read beyond ! pres5t p>agraph1 ! responsibility = meet+ ) any?+ !y may dislike re/s ) !m & n ) me4 ,we are all likely to be m famili> ) ! !ological hi/ory ( ! ,israelites ?an ) t ( any o!r nation4 ,we may !re=e fitly make x ! fir/ object ( our /udies2 & x w be conv5i5t to comm5ce ) t p]iod :i* lies betwe5 ! invasion ( ,canaan & ! e>ly days ( ! mon>*y1 & answ]s to ! elev5? & twelf? #acc c5turies ,b4,c4 or !reab\ts4 ,! evid5ce on :i* any conclusion z to ! nature ( ,israelitic !ology 9 ^? days mu/ be bas$ is :olly conta9$ 9 ! ,hebrew ,scriptures--an agglom]ation ( docum5ts :i* c]ta9ly belong to v diff]5t ages1 b ( ! exact dates & au?or%ip ( any "o ( :i* 7except p]haps "o or two ( ! prophetical writ+s7 !re is no evid5ce1 ei!r int]nal or ext]nal1 s f> z ,i c discov]1 ( su* a nature z to ju/ify m ?an a confession ( ignorance1 or1 at mo/1 an approximate conclusion4 ,9 ?is v5]able record ( anci5t life1 miscall$ a book1 :5 x is really a libr>y comp>able to a selection ( works f ,engli% lit]ature betwe5 ! times ( ,b$a & ^? ( ,milton1 we h ! /ratifi$ deposits 7(t5 confus$ & ev5 ) _! natural ord] inv]t$7 left by ! /ream ( ! intellectual & moral life ( ,israel dur+ _m c5turies4 ,&1 emb$d$ 9 ^! /rata1 !re are num]\s rema9s ( =ms ( ?\ght :i* once liv$1 & :i*1 ?\gh (t5 un=tunately m]e fragm5ts1 are ( priceless value to ! an?ropologi/4 ,our task is to rescue ^! f _! relatively unimportant surr\nd+s1 & by c>eful comp>ison ) exi/+ =ms ( !ology to make ! dead _w :i* !y record live aga94 ,9 o!r words1 our problem is palaeontological1 & ! me?od pursu$ mu/ be ! same z t employ$ 9 deal+ ) o!r fossil rema9s4 ,among ! ri*e/ ( ! fossilif]\s /rata to :i* ,i h allud$ are ! books ( ,judges & #acd ,samuel4#bf ,x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t ^! writ+s /& out1 9 m>k$ relief f ^? :i* prec$e & foll[ !m1 9 virtue ( a c]ta9 ar*aic fre%ness & ( a great] fre$om f traces ( late int]polation & editorial trimm+4 ,jeph?ah1 ,gideon1 & ,samson are m5 ( old h]oic /amp1 :o w\ld look z mu* 9 place 9 a ,norse ,saga z :]e !y are2 & if ! v>ni%-bru% ( lat] respectability has pass$ ov] ^! memoirs ( ! mighty m5 ( a wild age1 "h & !re1 x has n succe$$ 9 effac+1 or ev5 9 s]i\sly obscur+1 ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! !ology traditionally ascrib$ to _! epo*4 ,!re is no?+ t ,i h met ) 9 ! results ( ,biblical criticism inconsi/5t ) ! conviction t ^! books give u a fairly tru/wor?y acc\nt ( ,israelitic life & ?\ght 9 ! times :i* !y cov]2 &1 z su*1 ap>t f ! great lit]>y m]it ( _m ( _! episodes1 !y possess ! int]e/ ( be+1 p]haps1 ! olde/ g5u9e hi/ory1 z ap>t f m]e *ronicles on ! "o h& & m]e leg5ds on ! o!r1 at pres5t accessible to u4 ,b x is (t5 said ) exultation by writ]s ( #ace "o p>ty1 & (t5 admitt$1 m or less unwill+ly1 by _! oppon5ts1 t ^! books are untru/wor?y1 by reason ( be+ full ( obvi\sly unhi/oric tales4 ,&1 z a notable example1 ! n>rative ( ,saul's visit to ! s-call$ wit* ( ,endor is (t5 cit$4 ,z ,i h already intimat$1 ,i h no?+ to d ) !ological p>tisan%ip1 ei!r het]odox or or?odox1 nor1 = my pres5t purpose1 does x matt] v mu* :e!r ! /ory is hi/orically true1 or :e!r x m]ely %[s :at ! writ] believ$2 b1 look+ at ! matt] solely f ! po9t ( view ( an an?ropologi/1 ,i beg leave to express ! op9ion t ! acc\nt ( ,saul's necromantic exp$ition is q consi/5t ) probability4 ,t is to say1 ,i see no reason :atev] to d\bt1 fir/ly1 t ,saul made su* a visit2 &1 secondly1 t he & all :o 7 pres5t1 includ+ ! wise woman ( ,endor h]self1 w\ld h giv51 ) entire s9c]ity1 v mu* ! same acc\nt ( ! bus9ess z t :i* we n[ read 9 ! tw5ty-eigh? *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( ,samuel2 & ,i am fur!r ( op9ion t ?is /ory is "o ( ! mo/ important ( ^? fossils1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 9 ! mat]ial :i* x (f]s = ! recon/ruction ( ! !ology ( ! "t4 ,let u !re=e /udy x att5tively--n m]ely z a n>rative :i*1 9 ! dramatic =ce ( its gruesome simplicity1 is n surpass$1 if x is equall$1 by ! wit* sc5es 9 ,macbe?--b z a piece ( evid5ce be>+ on an important an?ropological problem4 ,we are told 7#a ,sam4 xxviii47 t ,saul1 encamp$ #acf at ,gilboa1 became al>m$ by ! /r5g? ( ! ,phili/9e army ga!r$ at ,%unem4 ,he !re=e inquir$ ( ,jahveh1 b ,jahveh answ]$ him n1 nei!r by dreams1 nor by ,urim1 nor by prophets4#bg ,?us des]t$ by ,jahveh1 ,saul1 9 8 extremity1 be?\ght him ( ^? t _h famili> spirits1 & ! wiz>ds1 :om he is said1 at "s previ\s "t1 to h put out ( ! l&2 b :o seem1 nev]!less1 to h be5 v imp]fectly bani%$1 s9ce ,saul's s]vants1 9 answ] to 8 comm& to seek him a woman t ha? a famili> _s1 reply )\t a sign ( hesitation or ( fe>1 ,behold1 !re is a woman t ha? a famili> _s at ,endor2 j z1 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 a c\ntryman might tell any "o :o did n look l a magi/rate or a policeman1 :]e a wise woman 0 to be met )4 ,saul goes to ?is woman1 :o1 aft] be+ assur$ ( immunity1 asks1 ,:om %all ,i br+ up to !e8 :]eupon ,saul says1 ,br+ me up ,samuel4 ,! woman imm$iately sees an app>ition4 ,b to ,saul no?+ is visible1 = he asks1 ,:at see/ ?\8 ,& ! woman replies1 ,i see ,elohim com+ up out ( ! e>?4 ,/ill ! spectre rema9s invisible to ,saul1 = he asks1 ,:at =m is he (8 ,& %e replies1 ,an old man come? up1 & he is cov]$ ) a robe4 ,s f>1 !re=e1 ! wise woman unque/ionably plays ! "p ( a m$ium1 & ,saul is dep5d5t ^u h] v]sion ( :at happ5s4 #acg ,! acc\nt cont9ues3-- ,& ,saul p]ceiv$ t x 0 ,samuel1 & he b[$ ) 8 face to ! gr\nd & did obeisance4 ,& ,samuel said to ,saul1 ,:y ha/ ?\ disquiet$ me to br+ me up8 ,& ,saul answ]$1 ,i am sore di/ress$3 = ! ,phili/9es make w> aga9/ me1 & ,elohim is dep>t$ f me & answ]e? me no m1 nei!r by prophets nor by dreams2 !re=e ,i h call$ !e t ?\ maye/ make kn[n unto me :at ,i %all d4 ,& ,samuel said1 ,:]e=e !n do/ ?\ ask ( me1 see+ t ,jahveh is dep>t$ f !e & is become ?9e adv]s>y8 ,& ,jahveh ha? wr\ght = himself1 z he spake by me1 & ,jahveh ha? r5t ! k+dom out ( ?9e h& & giv5 x to ?y neighb\r1 ev5 to ,david4 ,because ?\ obey$/ n ! voice ( ,jahveh & did/ n execute 8 fi]ce wra? ^u ,amalek1 !re=e ha? ,jahveh done ?is ?+ unto !e ?is day4 ,moreov]1 ,jahveh w deliv] ,israel also ) !e into ! h& ( ! ,phili/9es2 & to-morr[ %alt ?\ & ?y sons be ) me3 ,jahveh %all deliv] ! ho/ ( ,israel also into ! h& ( ! ,phili/9es4 ,!n ,saul fell /raightway 8 full l5g? ^u ! e>? & 0 sore afraid because ( ! words ( ,samuel 444 7v4 #ad-bj74 ,! /atem5t t ,saul p]ceiv$ t x 0 ,samuel is n to be tak5 to imply t1 ev5 n[1 ,saul actually saw ! %ade ( ! prophet1 b only t ! woman's allusion to ! prophetic mantle & to ! ag$ appe>ance ( ! spectre conv9c$ him t x 0 ,samuel4 ,reuss#bh 9 fact translates ! passage ,alors ,saul reconnut que c'etait ,samuel4 #ach ,nor does ! dialogue betwe5 ,saul & ,samuel necess>ily1 or probably1 signify t ,samuel spoke o!rwise ?an by ! voice ( ! wise woman4 ,! ,septuag9t does n hesitate to call h] ,greek3 enga/rimu?os1 t is to say1 a v5triloqui/1 imply+ t x 0 %e :o spoke--& ?is view ( ! matt] is 9 h>mony ) ! fact t ! exact s5se ( ! ,hebrew words :i* are translat$ z a woman t ha? a famili> _s is a woman mi/ress ( ,ob4 ,ob means primitively a lea!r bottle1 su* z a w9e sk91 & is appli$ alike to ! necromanc] & to ! _s evok$4 ,its use1 9 ^! s5ses1 appe>s to h be5 sugge/$ by ! lik5ess ( ! holl[ s\nd emitt$ by a half-empty sk9 :5 /ruck1 to ! sepul*ral tones 9 :i* ! oracles ( ! evok$ spirits 7 utt]$ by ! m$ium4 ,x is mo/ probable t1 9 accordance ) ! g5]al !ory ( spiritual influ5ces :i* obta9$ among ! old ,israelites1 ! _s ( ,samuel 0 conceiv$ to pass into ! body ( ! wise woman1 & to use h] vocal organs to speak 9 8 own "n--= ,i _c discov] t !y drew any cle> di/9ction betwe5 possession & inspiration4#bi ,if ! /ory ( ,saul's consultation ( ! occult p[]s is to be reg>d$ z an au!ntic n>rative1 or1 at any rate1 z a /atem5t :i* is p]fectly v]aci\s s f> z ! int5tion ( ! n>rator goes--&1 z ,i h said1 ,i see no reason = refus+ x ?is "*--x w be f\nd1 on fur!r consid]ation1 #aci to ?r[ a flood ( light1 bo? directly & indirectly1 on ! !ology ( ,saul's c\ntrym5--t is to say1 ^u _! beliefs respect+ ! nature & ways ( spiritual be+s4 ,ev5 )\t ! confirmation ( o!r abundant evid5ces to ! same effect1 x leaves no d\bt z to ! exi/5ce1 among !m1 ( ! fundam5tal doctr9e t man consi/s ( a body & ( a _s1 :i* la/1 aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 cont9ues to exi/ z a gho/4 ,at ! "t ( ,saul's visit to ,endor1 ,samuel 0 dead & buri$2 b t 8 _s w\ld be believ$ to cont9ue to exi/ 9 ,%eol may be conclud$ f ! well-kn[n passage 9 ! song attribut$ to ,hannah1 8 "m3-- ,jahveh kille? & make? alive1 ,he br+e? d[n to ,%eol & br+e? up 7#a ,sam4 ii4 #f74 ,& x is obvi\s t ?is ,%eol 0 ?\ght to be a place und]gr\nd 9 :i* ,samuel's _s _h be5 di/urb$ by ! necromanc]'s summons1 & 9 :i*1 aft] 8 return ?i!r1 he w\ld be jo9$ by ! spirits ( ,saul & 8 sons :5 !y _h met ) _! bodily dea? on ! hill ( ,gilboa4 ,x is fur!r to be obs]v$ t ! _s1 or gho/1 ( ! dead man pres5ts itself z ! image ( ! man himself--x is ! man n m]ely 9 8 ord9>y corporeal pres5tm5t 7ev5 d[n to ! prophet's mantle7 b 9 8 moral & intellectual *>act]i/ics4 ,samuel1 :o _h begun z ,saul's fri5d & end$ z 8 bitt] enemy1 gives x to be und]/ood t he is annoy$ at ,saul's presumption 9 #adj di/urb+ him2 & t1 9 ,%eol1 he is z mu* ! devot$ s]vant ( ,jahveh & z mu* emp[]$ to speak 9 ,jahveh's "n z he 0 dur+ 8 soj\rn 9 ! upp] air4 ,x appe>s n[ to be univ]sally admitt$ t1 be=e ! exile1 ! ,israelites _h no belief 9 rew>ds & puni%m5ts aft] dea?1 nor 9 any?+ simil> to ! ,*ri/ian heav5 & hell2 b our /ory proves t x w\ld be an error to suppose t !y did n believe 9 ! cont9uance ( individual exi/5ce aft] dea? by a gho/ly simulacrum ( life4 ,nay1 ,i ?9k x w\ld be v h>d to produce conclusive evid5ce t !y disbeliev$ 9 immortality2 = ,i am n aw>e t !re is any?+ to %[ t !y ?\ght ! exi/5ce ( ! s\ls ( ! dead 9 ,%eol ev] came to an end4 ,b !y d n seem to h conceiv$ t ! condition ( ! s\ls 9 ,%eol 0 9 any way affect$ by _! conduct 9 life4 ,if !re 0 immortality1 !re 0 no /ate ( retribution 9 _! !ology4 ,samuel expects ,saul & 8 sons to come to him 9 ,%eol4 ,! next circum/ance to be rem>k$ is t ! "n ( ,elohim is appli$ to ! _s :i* ! woman sees com+ up out ( ! e>?1 t is to say1 f ,%eol4 ,! ,au?oris$ ,v]sion translates ?is 9 its lit]al s5se gods4 ,! ,revis$ ,v]sion gives god ) gods 9 ! m>g94 ,reuss r5d]s ! ^w by spectre1 rem>k+ 9 a note t x is n q exact2 b t ! ^w ,elohim expresses some?+ div9e1 t is to say1 sup]human1 comm&+ respect & t]ror 7,hi/oire #ada des ,israelites1 p4 #cba74 ,tu*1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,g5esis1 & ,!nius1 9 8 comm5t>y on ,samuel1 express sub/antially ! same op9ion4 ,dr4 ,alex&] 79 ,kitto's ,cyclopa$ia s4 v4 ,god7 has ! foll[+ in/ructive rem>ks3-- ,elohim is sometimes us$ vaguely to describe unse5 p[]s or sup]human be+s t are n prop]ly ?\ght ( z div9e4 ,?us ! wit* ( ,endor saw ,elohim asc5d+ out ( ! e>? 7#a ,sam4 xxviii4 #ac71 mean+ !reby "s be+s ( an une>?ly1 sup]human "*4 ,s also 9 ,ze*>iah xii4 #h1 x is said ! h\se ( ,david %all be z ,elohim1 z ! angel ( ! ,"l1 :]e1 z ! transition f ,elohim to ! angel ( ! ,"l is a m9ori ad majus1 we mu/ reg>d ! =m] z a vague designation ( sup]natural p[]s4 ,dr4 ,alex&] speaks "h ( be+s2 b !re is no reason to suppose t ! wise woman ( ,endor ref]r$ to any?+ b a solit>y spectre2 & x is q cle> t ,saul und]/ood h] 9 ?is s5se1 = he asks1 ,:at =m is ,,he (8 ,?is fact1 t ! "n ( ,elohim is appli$ to a gho/1 or disembodi$ s\l1 conceiv$ z ! image ( ! body 9 :i* x once dwelt1 is ( no little importance4 ,= x is well kn[n t ! same t]m 0 employ$ to d5ote ! gods ( ! hea!n1 :o 7 ?\ght to h def9ite quasi-corporeal =ms & to be z mu* real entities z any o!r ,elohim4#cj ,! diff]5ce :i* 0 suppos$ to exi/ #adb betwe5 ! diff]5t ,elohim 0 "o ( degree1 n "o ( k9d4 ,elohim 01 9 logical t]m9ology1 ! g5us ( :i* gho/s1 ,*emo%1 ,dagon1 ,baal1 & ,jahveh 7 species4 ,! ,israelite believ$ ,jahveh to be immeasurably sup]ior to all o!r k9ds ( ,elohim4 ,! inscription on ! ,moabite /one %[s t ,k+ ,mesa held ,*emo% to be1 z unque/ionably1 ! sup]ior ( ,jahveh4 ,b if ,jahveh 0 ?us suppos$ to diff] only 9 degree f ! und\bt$ly zoomorphic or an?ropomorphic gods ( ! nations1 :y is x to be assum$ t he also 0 n ?\ght ( z hav+ a human %ape8 ,x is possible = ^? :o =get t ! "t ( ! great prophetic writ]s is at lea/ z remote f t ( ,saul z our day is f t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 to insi/ ^u int]pret+ ! gross notions curr5t 9 ! e>li] age & among ! mass ( ! p by ! ref9$ conceptions promulgat$ by a few select spirits c5turies lat]4 ,b if we take ! language con/antly us$ conc]n+ ! ,deity 9 ! books ( ,g5esis1 ,exodus1 ,jo%ua1 ,judges1 ,samuel1 or ,k+s1 9 its natural s5se 7& ,i am aw>e ( no valid reason :i* c be giv5 = tak+ x 9 any o!r s5se71 !re _c1 to my m9d1 be a d\bt t ,jahveh 0 conceiv$ by ^? f :om ! sub/ance ( ^! books is ma9ly d]iv$1 to possess ! appe>ance & ! intellectual & moral attributes ( a man2 &1 inde$1 ( a man ( j t type ) :i* ! ,israelites 7 famili> 9 _! /rong] & intellectually abl] rul]s & lead]s4 ,9 a well-kn[n passage ( ,g5esis 7i4 #bg7 ,elohim is said to #adc h creat$ man 9 8 own image1 9 ! image ( ,elohim creat$ he him4 ,x is man :o is "h said to be ! image ( ,elohim--n man's s\l alone1 /ill less 8 reason1 b ! :ole man4 ,x is obvi\s t = ^? :o call$ a manlike gho/ ,elohim1 !re c\ld be no difficulty 9 conceiv+ any o!r ,elohim "u ! same aspect4 ,& if !re c\ld be any d\bt on ?is subject1 surely x _c /& 9 ! face ( :at we f9d 9 ! fif? *apt]1 :]e1 imm$iately aft] a repetition ( ! /atem5t t ,elohim creat$ man1 9 ! lik5ess ( ,elohim made he him1 x is said t ,adam begat ,se? 9 8 own lik5ess1 aft] 8 image4 ,does ?is mean t ,se? resembl$ ,adam only 9 a spiritual & figurative s5se8 ,& if t int]pretation ( ! ?ird v]se ( ! fif? *apt] ( ,g5esis is absurd1 :y does x become reasonable 9 ! fir/ v]se ( ! same *apt]8 ,b let u g fur!r4 ,is n ! ,jahveh :o walks 9 ! g>d5 9 ! cool ( ! day2 f :om "o may hope to hide oneself among ! trees2 ( :om x is expressly said t ,moses & ,a>on1 ,nadab & ,abihu1 & sev5ty ( ! eld]s ( ,israel1 saw ! ,elohim ( ,israel 7,exod4 xxiv4 #i-aa72 & t1 al?\gh ! see+ ,jahveh 0 und]/ood to be a high crime & misdemean\r1 wor?y ( dea?1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 yet1 = ?is once1 he laid n 8 h& on ! nobles ( ,israel2 t !y beheld ,elohim & did eat & dr9k2 & t aft]w>ds ,moses saw 8 back 7,exod4 xxxiii4 #bc7--;is n ?is ,deity conceiv$ z manlike 9 =m8 #add ,aga91 is n ! ,jahveh :o eats ) ,abraham "u ! oaks at ,mamre1 :o is pleas$ ) ! sweet sav\r ( ,noah's sacrifice1 to :om sacrifices are said to be food#ca--;is n ?is ,deity depict$ z possess$ ( human appetites8 ,if ?is 7 n ! curr5t ,israeliti% idea ( ,jahveh ev5 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c41 :]e is ! po9t ( ,isaiah's sca?+ admonitions to 8 c\ntrym53 ,to :at purpose is ! multitude ( y\r sacrifices unto me8 sai? ,jahveh3 ,i am full ( ! burnt-(f]+s ( rams & ! fat ( f$ bea/s2 & ,i delight n 9 ! blood ( bullocks1 or ( lambs1 or ( he-goats 7,isa4 i4 #aa74 ,or ( ,micah's inquiry1 ,w ,jahveh be pleas$ ) ?\s&s ( rams or ) t5 ?\s&s ( riv]s ( oil8 7vi4 #g74 ,& 9 ! innum]able passages 9 :i* ,jahveh is said to be jeal\s ( o!r gods1 to be angry1 to be appeas$1 & to rep5t2 9 :i* he is repres5t$ z ca/+ (f ,saul because ! k+ does n q lit]ally execute a comm& ( ! mo/ ru?less sev]ity2 or z smit+ ,uzzah to dea? because ! un=tunate man ?\ghtlessly1 b naturally en\gh1 put out 8 h& to /ay ! ark f fall+--c any "o d5y t ! old ,israelites conceiv$ ,jahveh n only 9 ! image ( a man1 b 9 t ( a *angeable1 irritable1 &1 occasionally1 viol5t man8 ,!re appe>s to me1 !n1 to be no reason to d\bt t ! notion ( lik5ess to man1 :i* 0 indubitably held ( ! #ade gho/ ,elohim1 0 c>ri$ out consi/5tly ?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies ( ,elohim1 & t ,jahveh-,elohim 0 ?\ght ( z a be+ ( ! same sub/antially human nature z ! re/1 only immeasurably m p[]ful = good & = evil4 ,! abs5ce ( any real di/9ction betwe5 ! ,elohim ( diff]5t ranks is fur!r cle>ly illu/rat$ by ! correspond+ abs5ce ( any %>p delimitation betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( p :o s]ve z ! m$ia ( communication betwe5 !m & m54 ,! ag5ts ?r\gh :om ! l[] ,elohim are consult$ are call$ necromanc]s1 wiz>ds1 & div9]s1 & are look$ d[n ^u by ! prophets & prie/s ( ! high] ,elohim2 b ! se] connects ! two1 & !y are all alike 9 _! ess5tial *>act]s ( m$ia4 ,! wise woman ( ,endor 0 believ$ by o!rs1 &1 ,i h little d\bt1 believ$ h]self1 to be able to br+ up :om %e w\ld f ,%eol1 & to be inspir$1 :e!r 9 virtue ( actual possession by ! evok$ ,elohim1 or o!rwise1 ) a k ( hidd5 ?+s4 ,i am unable to see t ,saul's s]vant took any really diff]5t view ( ,samuel's p[]s1 ?\gh he may h believ$ t he obta9$ !m by ! grace ( ! high] ,elohim4 ,= :5 ,saul fails to f9d 8 fa!r's asses1 8 s]vant says to him-- ,behold1 !re is 9 ?is city a man ( ,elohim1 & he is a man t is held 9 hon\r2 all t he sai? come? surely to pass3 n[ let u g ?i!r2 p]adv5ture he c tell u conc]n+ our j\rney :]eon we g4 ,!n said ,saul to 8 s]vant1 ,b behold if we g1 :at %all we br+ ! man8 = ! bread is sp5t 9 our vessels & !re is n a pres5t to #adf br+ to ! man ( ,elohim4 ,:at h we8 ,& ! s]vant answ]$ ,saul aga9 & said1 ,behold ,i h 9 my h& ! f\r? "p ( a %ekel ( silv]3 t w ,i give to ! man ( ,elohim to tell u our way4 7,be=etime 9 ,israel :5 a man w5t to inquire ( ,elohim1 !n he said1 ,come & let u g to ! ,se]3 = he t is n[ call$ a ,prophet 0 be=etime call$ a ,se]#cb7 7#a ,sam4 ix4 #f-aj74 ,9 fact1 :51 %ortly aft]w>ds1 ,saul accid5tally meets ,samuel1 he says1 ,tell me1 ,i pray !e1 :]e ! ,se]'s h\se is4 ,samuel answ]s1 ,i am ! ,se]4 ,imm$iately aft]w>ds ,samuel in=ms ,saul t ! asses are f\nd1 ?\gh h[ he obta9$ 8 k ( ! fact is n /at$4 ,x w be obs]v$ t ,samuel is n spok5 ( "h z1 9 any special s5se1 a se] or prophet ( ,jahveh1 b z a man ( ,elohim--t is to say1 a se] hav+ access to ! spiritual p[]s1 j z ! wise woman ( ,endor might h be5 said to be a woman ( ,elohim--& ! n>rator's or editor's explanatory note seems to indicate t ,prophet is m]ely a "n1 introduc$ lat] ?an ! "t ( ,samuel1 = a sup]ior k9d ( ,se]1 or man ( ,elohim4#cc ,ano!r v in/ructive passage %[s t ,samuel 0 n only consid]$ to be div9]1 se]1 & prophet 9 "o1 b t he 0 also1 to all int5ts & purposes1 prie/ ( ,jahveh--?\gh1 #adg accord+ to 8 biograph]1 he 0 n a memb] ( ! tribe ( ,levi4 ,at ! outset ( _! acqua9tance1 ,samuel says to ,saul1 ,g up be=e me into ! high place1 :]e1 z ! "y maid5s ( ! city _h j be=e told ,saul1 ! ,se] 0 go+1 = ! p w n eat till he come1 because he do? bless ! sacrifice 7#a ,sam4 x4 #ab74 ,! use ( ! ^w bless "h--z if ,samuel 7 n go+ to sacrifice1 b only to (f] a bless+ or ?anksgiv+--is curi\s4 ,b t ,samuel really act$ z prie/ seems pla9 f :at foll[s4 ,= he n only asks ,saul to %>e 9 ! cu/om>y sacrificial fea/1 b he disposes 9 ,saul's fav\r ( t portion ( ! victim :i* ! ,levitical legislation1 d\btless embody+ old cu/oms1 recognises z ! prie/'s special prop]ty4#cd ,al?\gh p>ticul> p]sons adopt$ ! pr(ession ( m$ia betwe5 m5 & ,elohim1 !re 0 no limitation ( ! p[]1 9 ! view ( anci5t ,israel1 to any special class ( ! population4 ,saul inquires ( ,jahveh & builds him alt>s on 8 own acc\nt2 & 9 ! v rem>kable /ory told 9 ! #adh f\rte5? *apt] ( ! fir/ book ( ,samuel 7v4 #cg-df71 ,saul appe>s to conduct ! :ole process ( div9ation1 al?\gh he has a prie/ at 8 elb[4 ,david seems to d ! same4 ,moreov]1 ,elohim con/antly appe> 9 dreams--:i* 9 old ,israel did n mean t1 z we %\ld say1 ! subject ( ! appe>ance dream$ he saw ! _s2 b t he v]itably saw ! ,elohim :i*1 z a s\l1 visit$ 8 s\l :ile 8 body 0 asleep4 ,&1 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ,israel1 ,jahveh himself ?us appe>s to all sorts ( p]sons1 non-,israelites z well z ,israelites4 ,aga91 ! ,elohim possess1 or inspire1 p aga9/ _! w1 z 9 ! case ( ,saul & ,saul's mess5g]s1 & !n ^! p prophesy--t is to say1 rave--& exhibit ! ungov]n$ ge/ures attribut$ by a lat] age to possession by malignant spirits4 ,ap>t f o!r evid5ce to be adduc$ by & by1 ! hi/ory ( anci5t demonology & ( mod]n revivalism does n p]mit me to d\bt t ! acc\nts ( ^! ph5om5a giv5 9 ! hi/ory ( ,saul may be p]fectly hi/orical4 ,9 ! ritual practices1 ( :i* evid5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! books ( ,judges & ,samuel1 ! *ief "p is play$ by sacrifices1 usually burnt (f]+s4 ,:5ev] ! aid ( ! ,elohim ( ,israel is s\ght1 or ?anks are consid]$ due to him1 an alt> is built1 & ox51 %eep1 & goats are slaught]$ & (f]$ up4 ,sometimes ! entire victim is burnt z a holocau/2 m frequ5tly only c]ta9 p>ts1 notably ! fat ab\t ! kidneys1 are burnt on ! #adi alt>4 ,! re/ is prop]ly cook$2 &1 aft] ! res]vation ( a "p = ! prie/1 is made ! f\ndation ( a joy\s banquet1 9 :i* ! sacrific]1 8 family1 & su* gue/s z he ?9ks fit to invite1 p>ticipate4#ce ,elohim 0 suppos$ to %>e 9 ! fea/1 & x has be5 already %[n t t :i* 0 set ap>t on ! alt>1 or consum$ by fire1 0 spok5 ( z ! food ( ,elohim1 :o 0 ?\ght to be influ5c$ by ! co/l9ess1 or by ! pleasant smell1 ( ! sacrifice 9 fav\r ( ! sacrific]4 ,all ?is be>s out ! view t1 9 ! m9d ( ! old ,israelite1 !re 0 no diff]5ce1 save "o ( degree1 betwe5 "o ,elohim & ano!r4 ,x is true t !re is b little direct evid5ce to %[ t ! old ,israelites %>$ ! widespread belief ( _! own1 & inde$ ( all times1 t ! spirits ( ! dead n only cont9ue to exi/1 b are capable ( a gho/ly k9d ( fe$+ & are grateful = su* alim5t z c be assimilat$ by _! att5uat$ sub/ance1 & ev5 = clo!s1 ornam5ts1 & weapons4#cf ,t !y 7 famili> ) ?is doctr9e 9 ! "t ( ! captivity is sugge/$ by ! well-kn[n ref]5ce ( ,ezekiel 7xxxii4 #bg7 to ! mighty t are fall5 ( ! uncircumcis$1 :i* #aej are gone d[n to ,%eol hell ) _! weapons ( w>1 & h laid _! swords "u _! heads4 ,p]haps !re is a /ill e>li] allusion 9 ! giv+ ( food = ! dead spok5 ( 9 ,deut]onomy 7xxvi4 #ad74cg ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! lit]ature ( ! old ,israelites1 z x lies be=e u1 has be5 subject$ to ! revisal ( /rictly mono!i/ic editors1 viol5tly oppos$ to all k9ds ( idolatry1 :o are n likely to h select$ f ! mat]ials at _! disposal any obvi\s evid5ce1 ei!r ( ! practice "u discussion1 or ( t ance/or-wor%ip :i* is s closely relat$ to x1 = pres]vation 9 ! p]man5t records ( _! p4 ,! my/]i\s objects kn[n z ,t]aphim1 :i* are occasionally m5tion$ 9 ,judges1 ,samuel1 & else:]e1 h[ev]1 c h>dly be int]pret$ o!rwise ?an z indications ( ! exi/5ce bo? ( ance/or-wor%ip & ( image-wor%ip 9 old ,israel4 #aea ,! t]aphim 7 c]ta9ly images ( family gods1 &1 z su*1 9 all probability repres5t$ deceas$ ance/ors4 ,laban indignantly dem&s ( 8 son-9-law1 ,:]e=e ha/ ?\ /ol5 my ,elohim8 :i* ,ra*el1 :o mu/ be assum$ to h wor%ipp$ ,jacob's ,god1 ,jahveh1 _h c>ri$ (f1 obvi\sly because %e1 l h] fa!r1 believ$ 9 _! div9ity4 ,x is n sugge/$ t ,jacob 0 9 any way sc&alis$ by ! idolatr\s practices ( 8 fav\rite wife1 :atev] he may h ?\ght ( h] hone/y :5 ! tru? came to light2 = ! t]aphim seem to h rema9$ 9 8 camp1 at lea/ until he hid 8 /range gods "u ! oak t 0 by ,%e*em 7,g54 xxxv4 #d74 ,& inde$ x is op5 to "q if he got rid ( !m !n1 = ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,israel r5d]s x m ?an d\btful :e!r ! t]aphim 7 reg>d$ z /range gods ev5 z late z ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! writ] ( ! books ( ,samuel takes x q z a matt] ( c\rse t ,mi*al1 daught] ( "o royal ,jahveh wor%ipp] & wife ( ! s]vant ( ,jahveh p> excell5ce1 ! pi\s ,david1 %\ld h h] t]aphim h&y1 9 h] & ,david's *amb]1 :5 %e dresses !m up 9 _! b$ into a simulation ( h] husb&1 = ! purpose ( deceiv+ h] fa!r's mess5g]s4 ,ev5 "o ( ! e>ly prophets1 ,hosea1 :5 he ?reat5s t ! *ildr5 ( ,israel %all abide _m days )\t ephod or t]aphim 7iii4 #d71 appe>s to reg>d bo? z equally prop] appurt5ances ( ! susp5d$ wor%ip ( ,jahveh1 & equally c]ta9 to be re/or$ :5 t is resum$4 #aeb ,:5 we fur!r take into consid]ation t only 9 ! reign ( ,hezekiah 0 ! braz5 s]p5t1 pres]v$ 9 ! temple & believ$ to be ! "w ( ,moses1 de/roy$1 & ! practice ( (f]+ inc5se to x1 t is1 wor%ipp+ x1 aboli%$--t ,j]oboam c\ld set up calves ( gold = ,israel to wor%ip1 ) app>5tly none b a political object1 & c]ta9ly ) no notion ( creat+ a s*ism among ! wor%ipp]s ( ,jahveh1 or ( repell+ ! m5 ( ,judah f 8 /&>d--x seems obvi\s1 ei!r t ! ,israelites ( ! t5? & elev5? c5turies ,b4,c4 knew n ! second comm&m5t1 or t !y con/ru$ x m]ely z "p ( ! prohibition to wor%ip any supreme god o!r ?an ,jahveh1 :i* prec$es x4 ,9 seek+ = in=mation ab\t ! t]aphim1 ,i light$ ^u ! foll[+ passage 9 ! valuable article on t subject by ,ar*deacon ,f>r>1 9 ,kitto's ,cyclopa$ia ( ,biblical ,lit]ature1 :i* is s mu* to ! purpose ( my argum5t1 t ,i v5ture to quote x 9 full3-- ,! ma9 & c]ta9 results ( ?is review are t ! t]aphim 7 rude human images2 t ! use ( !m 0 an antique ,aramaic cu/om2 t !re is reason to suppose !m to h be5 images ( deceas$ ance/ors2 t !y 7 consult$ oracul>ly2 t !y 7 n conf9$ to ,jews2 t _! use cont9u$ d[n to ! late/ p]iod ( ,jewi% hi/ory2 & la/ly1 t al?\gh ! enlight5$ prophets & /ricte/ lat] k+s reg>d$ !m z idolatr\s1 ! prie/s 7 mu* less av]se to su* images1 & _! cult 0 n consid]$ 9 any way repugnant to ! pi\s wor%ip ( ,elohim1 nay1 ev5 to ! wor%ip ( him "u ! awful title ( ,jehovah4 ,9 fact1 !y involv$ a mono!i/ic idolatry v diff]5t inde$ f #aec poly!ism2 & ! tol]ance ( !m by prie/s1 z comp>$ ) ! d5unciation ( !m by ! prophets1 (f]s a close analogy to ! views ( ! ,roman ,ca?olics respect+ pictures & images z comp>$ ) ! views ( ,prote/ants4 ,x 0 aga9/ ?is use ( idolatr\s symbols & emblems 9 a mono!i/ic wor%ip t ! second comm&m5t 0 direct$1 :]eas ! fir/ is aim$ aga9/ ! grav] s9 ( direct poly!ism4 ,b ! :ole hi/ory ( ,israel %[s h[ utt]ly & h[ e>ly ! law mu/ h fall5 into desuetude4 ,! wor%ip ( ! gold5 calf & ( ! calves at ,dan & ,be!l1 aga9/ :i*1 s f> z we "k1 nei!r ,elijah nor ,eli%a said a s+le ^w2 ! tol]ance ( high places1 t]aphim & betylia2 ! (f]+ ( inc5se = c5turies to ! braz5 s]p5t de/roy$ by ,hezekiah2 ! occasional glimpses ( ! mo/ />tl+ irregul>ities sanction$ app>5tly ev5 9 ! temple wor%ip itself1 prove mo/ decisively t a pure mono!ism & an indep5d5ce ( symbols 0 ! result ( a sl[ & pa9ful c\rse ( ,god's discipl9al deal+s among ! noble/ ?9k]s ( a s+le nation1 & n1 z is s con/antly & errone\sly urg$1 ! in/9ct ( ! :ole ,semitic race2 9 o!r words1 "o s+le bran* ( ! ,semites 0 "u ,god's provid5ce educat$ into pure mono!ism only by c5turies ( mis=tune & s]ies ( inspir$ m5 7vol4 iii4 p4 #ihf74 ,x appe>s to me t ! rese>*es ( ! an?ropologi/ lead him to conclusions id5tical 9 sub/ance1 if n 9 t]ms1 ) ^? "h enunciat$ z ! result ( a c>eful /udy ( ! same subject f a totally diff]5t po9t ( view4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce 9 ! books ( ,samuel & else:]e t an article ( dress t]m$ an ephod 0 suppos$ to h a peculi> efficacy 9 enabl+ ! we>] to ex]cise div9ation by means ( ,jahveh-,elohim4 ,great & long cont9u$ h be5 ! disputes z to ! exact nature ( ! ephod--:e!r x always means some?+ to we>1 or #aed :e!r x sometimes means an image4 ,b ! probabilities are t x usually signifies a k9d ( wai/coat or broad zone1 ) %\ld]-/raps1 :i* ! p]son :o inquir$ ( ,jahveh put on4 ,9 #a ,samuel xxiii4 #b ,david appe>s to h inquir$ )\t an ephod1 = ,abia?> ! prie/ is said to h come d[n ) an ephod 9 8 h& only subsequ5tly4 ,& !n ,david asks = x be=e inquir+ ( ,jahveh :e!r ! m5 ( ,keilah w\ld betray him or n4 ,david's action is obvi\sly div9ation pure & simple2 & x is curi\s t he seems to h worn ! ephod himself & n to h employ$ ,abia?> z a m$ium4 ,h[ ! answ] 0 giv5 is n cle>1 ?\gh ! probability is t x 0 obta9$ by ca/+ lots4 ,! ,urim & ,?ummim seem to h be5 two su* lots ( a peculi>ly sacr$ "*1 :i* 7 c>ri$ 9 ! pocket ( ! high prie/'s brea/plate4 ,?is la/ 0 worn along ) ! ephod4 ,) ! exception ( "o passage 7#a ,sam4 xiv4 #ah7 ! ark is ignor$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,saul4 ,b 9 ?is place ! ,septuag9t reads ephod = ark1 :ile 9 #a ,*ronicles xiii4 #c ,david says t we s\ght n unto x ! ark 9 ! days ( ,saul4 ,nor does ,samuel seem to h paid any reg>d to ! ark aft] its return f ,phili/ia2 ?\gh1 9 8 *ildhood1 he is said to h slept 9 ! temple ( ,jahveh1 :]e ! ark ( ,elohim 0 7#a ,sam4 iii4 #c71 at ,%iloh1 & !re to h be5 ! se] ( ! e>lie/ app>itions v\*saf$ to him by ,jahveh4 ,! space betwe5 ! *]ubim or w+$ images on ! #aee canopy or cov] 7,kappore?7 ( ?is holy *e/ 0 held to be ! special seat ( ,jahveh--! place select$ = a tempor>y resid5ce ( ! ,supreme ,elohim :o _h1 aft] ,a>on & ,ph9eas1 ,eli & 8 sons = prie/s & se]s4 ,&1 :5 ! ark 0 c>ri$ to ! camp at ,eb5-ez]1 !re c be no d\bt t ! ,israelites1 no less ?an ! ,phili/9es1 held t ,elohim is come into ! camp 7iv4 #g71 & t ! "o1 z mu* z ! o!r1 conceiv$ t ! ,israelites _h summon$ to _! aid a p[]ful ally 9 ^! 7or ?is7 mighty ,elohim--else:]e call$ ,jahve-,sabao?1 ! ,jahveh ( ,ho/s4 ,if ! temple at ,%iloh 0 ! p5tateu*al tab]nacle1 z is sugge/$ by ! "n ( t5t ( meet+ giv5 to x 9 #a ,samuel ii4 #bb1 x 0 ess5tially a l>ge t5t1 ?\gh con/itut$ ( v exp5sive & ornate mat]ials2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x 0 a diff]5t edifice1 !re c be little d\bt t ?is h\se ( ,jahveh 0 built on ! model ( an ord9>y h\se ( ! "t4 ,b !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce t1 dur+ ! reign ( ,saul1 any great] importance atta*$ to ?is seat ( ! cult ( ,jahveh ?an to o!rs4 ,sanctu>ies1 & high places = sacrifice1 7 scatt]$ all ov] ! c\ntry f ,dan to ,be]%eba4 ,&1 z ,samuel is said to h gone up to "o ( ^! high places to bless ! sacrifice1 x may be tak5 = tol]ably c]ta9 t he knew no?+ ( ! ,levitical laws :i* sev]ely condemn ! high places & ^? :o sacrifice away f ! sanctu>y hall[$ by ! pres5ce ( ! ark4 ,!re is no evid5ce t1 dur+ ! "t ( ! #aef ,judges & ( ,samuel1 any "o occupi$ ! position ( ! high prie/ ( lat] days4 ,& p]sons :o 7 nei!r prie/s nor ,levites sacrific$ & div9$ or inquir$ ( ,jahveh1 :5 !y pleas$ & :]e !y pleas$1 )\t ! lea/ indication t !y1 or any "o else 9 ,israel at t "t1 knew !y 7 do+ wrong4 ,!re is no allusion to any special obs]vance ( ! ,sabba?2 & ! ref]5ces to circumcision are indirect4 ,su* are ! *ief articles ( ! !ological cre$ ( ! old ,israelites1 :i* are made kn[n to u by ! direct evid5ce ( ! anci5t record to :i* we h _h rec\rse1 & !y are z rem>kable = t :i* !y conta9 z = t :i* is abs5t f !m4 ,!y reveal a firm conviction t1 :5 dea? takes place1 a some?+ t]m$ a s\l or _s leaves ! body & cont9ues to exi/ 9 ,%eol = a p]iod ( indef9ite duration1 ev5 ?\gh !re is no pro( ( any belief 9 absolute immortality2 t su* spirits c return to e>? to possess & inspire ! liv+2 t !y are1 9 appe>ance & 9 disposition1 lik5esses ( ! m5 to :om !y belong$1 b t1 z spirits1 !y h l>g] p[]s & are fre] f physical limitations2 t !y ?us =m a gr\p among a numb] ( k9ds ( spiritual exi/5ces kn[n z ,elohim1 ( :om ,jahveh1 ! national ,god ( ,israel1 is "o2 t1 consi/5tly ) ?is view1 ,jahveh 0 conceiv$ z a sort ( _s1 human 9 aspect & 9 s5ses1 & ) _m human passions1 b ) imm5sely great] intellig5ce & p[] ?an any #aeg o!r ,elohim1 :e!r human or div9e4 ,fur!r1 ! evid5ce proves t ?is belief 0 ! basis ( ! ,jahveh-wor%ip to :i* ,samuel & 8 foll[]s 7 devot$2 t !re is /rong reason = believ+1 & none = d\bt+1 t idolatry1 9 ! %ape ( ! wor%ip ( ! family gods or t]aphim1 0 practis$ by s9c]e & dev\t ,jahveh-wor%ipp]s2 t ! ark1 ) its protective t5t or tab]nacle1 0 reg>d$ z a specially1 b by no means exclusively1 fav\r$ sanctu>y ( ,jahveh2 t ! ephod appe>s to h _h a p>ticul> value = ^? :o desir$ to div9e by ! help ( ,jahveh2 & t div9ation by lots 0 practis$ be=e ,jahveh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce ( any belief 9 retribution aft] dea?1 b ! contr>y2 ritual obligations h at lea/ z /rong sanction z moral2 !re are cle> indications t "s ( ! mo/ /r+5t ( ! ,levitical laws 7 unkn[n ev5 to ,samuel2 prie/s (t5 appe> to be sup]s$$ by laym51 ev5 9 ! p]=mance ( sacrifices & div9ation2 & no l9e ( dem>cation c be drawn betwe5 necromanc]1 wiz>d1 se]1 prophet1 & prie/1 ea* ( :om is reg>d$1 l all ! re/1 z a m$ium ( communication betwe5 ! _w ( ,elohim & t ( liv+ m54 ,! !ological sy/em ?us def9$ (f]s to ! an?ropologi/ no feature :i* is devoid ( a p>allel 9 ! kn[n !ologies ( o!r races ( mank9d1 ev5 ( ^? :o inhabit p>ts ( ! _w mo/ remote f ,pale/9e4 ,& ! f\ndation ( ! #aeh :ole1 ! gho/ !ory1 is exactly t !ological speculation :i* is ! mo/ widely spread ( all1 & ! mo/ deeply root$ among uncivilis$ m54 ,i am able to base ?is /atem5t1 to "s ext5t1 on facts )9 my own k4 ,9 ,decemb] #ahdh1 ,h4,m4,s4 ,rattlesnake1 ! %ip to :i* ,i !n belong$1 0 an*or$ (f ,m\nt ,erne/1 an isl& 9 ,torres ,/raits4 ,! p 7 few & well dispos$2 &1 :5 a fri5d ( m9e 7:om ,i w call ,b47 & ,i w5t a%ore1 we made acqua9tance ) an old native1 ,pa\da by "n4 ,9 c\rse ( "t we became q intimate ) ! old g5tleman1 p>tly by ! r5d]+ ( mutual good (fices1 b *iefly because ,pa\da believ$ he _h discov]$ t ,b4 0 8 fa!r-9-law4 ,& 8 gr\nds = ?is s+ul> conviction 7 v rem>kable4 ,we _h made a long /ay at ,cape ,york h>d by2 &1 9 accordance ) a !ory :i* is widely spread among ! ,au/ralians1 t :ite m5 are ! re9c>nat$ spirits ( black m51 ,b4 0 held to be ! gho/1 or n>ki1 ( a c]ta9 ,m\nt ,erne/ native1 "o ,ant>ki1 :o _h lately di$1 on ! gr\nd ( "s real or fanci$ resemblance to ! latt]4 ,n[ ,pa\da _h tak5 to wife a daught] ( ,ant>ki's1 nam$ ,domani1 & z soon z ,b4 in=m$ him t he 0 ! gho/ ( ,ant>ki1 ,pa\da at once admitt$ ! relation%ip & act$ ^u x4 ,=1 z all ! wom5 on ! isl& _h hidd5 away 9 fe> ( ! %ip1 & we 7 anxi\s to see :at !y 7 l1 ,b4 plead$ pa!tically ) ,pa\da t x w\ld be v unk9d n to let him see 8 daught] & gr&*ildr54 #aei ,aft] a good deal ( hesitation & ! exaction ( pl$ges ( deep secrecy1 ,pa\da cons5t$ to take ,b41 & myself z ,b4's fri5d1 to see ,domani & ! ?ree daught]s1 by :om ,b4 0 receiv$ q z "o ( ! family1 :ile ,i 0 c\rte\sly welcom$ on 8 acc\nt4 ,?is sc5e made an impression ^u me :i* is n yet effac$4 ,x left no "q on my m9d ( ! s9c]ity ( ! /range gho/ !ory ( ^! savages1 & ( ! influ5ce :i* _! belief has on _! practical life4 ,i _h x 9 my m9d1 z well z _m a l result ( subsequ5t an?ropological /udies1 :51 9 #ahfi1ch ,i wrote z foll[s3-- ,!re are savages )\t ,god 9 any prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 b none )\t gho/s4 ,& ! ,feti%ism1 ,ance/or-wor%ip1 ,h]o-wor%ip1 & ,demonology ( primitive savages are all1 ,i believe1 diff]5t mann]s ( expression ( _! belief 9 gho/s1 & ( ! an?ropomorphic int]pretation ( out-(-!-way ev5ts :i* is its concomitant4 ,wit*craft & sorc]y are ! practical expressions ( ^! beliefs2 & !y /& 9 ! same relation to religi\s wor%ip z ! simple an?ropomorphism ( *ildr5 or savages does to !ology4 ,i d n quote myself ) any int5tion ( mak+ a claim to orig9ality 9 putt+ =? ?is view2 = ,i h s9ce discov]$ t ! same conception is virtually conta9$ 9 ! great ,disc\rs sur l',hi/oire ,univ]selle ( ,bossuet1 n[ m ?an two c5turies old3-- ,le culte des hommes morts faisoit presque t\t le fond de l'idolatrie3 presque t\s les hommes sacrifioi5t aux manes1 #afj c'e/-a-dire aux ames des morts4 ,de si anci5nes erreurs n\s font voir a la v]ite combi5 etoit anci5ne la croyance de l'immortalite de l'ame1 et n\s montr5t qu'elle doit etre rangee p>mi les premi]es traditions du g5re huma94 ,mais l'homme1 qui gatoit t\t1 en avoit etrangem5t abuse1 puisqu'elle le portoit a sacrifi] aux morts4 ,on alloit meme jusqu'a cet exces1 de leur sacrifi] des hommes vivans3 on tuoit leurs esclaves1 et meme leurs femmes1 p\r les all] s]vir dans l'autre monde4#ci ,among m mod]n writ]s ,j4 ,g4 ,muell]1 9 8 excell5t ,ges*i*te d] am]ikanis*5 ,urreligion5 7#ahee71 cle>ly recognises gesp5/]haft] ,gei/]glaube z ! f\ndation ( all savage & semi-civilis$ !ology1 & ,i ne$ d no m ?an m5tion ! important developm5ts ( ! same view :i* are to be f\nd 9 ,mr4 ,tylor's ,primitive ,culture1 & 9 ! writ+s ( ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 especially 8 rec5tly-publi%$ ,ecclesia/ical ,in/itutions4#dj ,x is a matt] ( fact t1 :e!r we direct our att5tion to ! old] conditions ( civilis$ societies1 9 ,japan1 9 ,*9a1 9 ,h9do/an1 9 ,greece1 or 9 ,rome1#da we f9d und]ly+ all o!r !ological notions ! belief 9 gho/s1 ) its inevitable concomitant sorc]y2 & a primitive cult 9 ! %ape ( a wor%ip ( ance/ors1 :i* is ess5tially an attempt to please1 or appease1 _! gho/s4 ,! #afa same ?+ is true ( old ,mexico & ,p]u1 & ( e semi-civilis$ or savage p :o h develop$ a def9ite cult2 & 9 ^? :o1 l ! natives ( ,au/ralia1 h n ev5 a cult1 ! belief 91 & fe> (1 gho/s is z /rong z any:]e else4 ,! mo/ cle>ly demon/rable article ( ! !ology ( ! ,israelites 9 ! elev5? & twelf? c5turies ,b4,c4 is !re=e simply ! article :i* is to be f\nd 9 all primitive !ologies1 namely1 ! belief t a man has a s\l :i* cont9ues to exi/ aft] dea? = a long] or %ort] "t1 & may return1 z a gho/1 ) a div9e1 or at lea/ demonic1 "*1 to influ5ce = good or evil 7& usually = evil7 ! affairs ( ! liv+4 ,b ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! old ,israelitic & o!r ar*aic =ms ( !ology ext5ds to details4 ,if1 9 ord] to avoid all *ance ( direct communication1 we direct our att5tion to ! !ology ( semi-civilis$ p1 su* z ! ,polynesian ,isl&]s1 sep>at$ by ! greate/ possible di/ance1 & by e conceivable b>ri]1 f ! inhabitants ( ,pale/9e1 we %all f9d n m]ely t all ! features ( old-,israelitic !ology1 :i* are reveal$ 9 ! records cit$1 are f\nd among !m2 b t extant in=mation z to ! inn] m9d ( ^! p t5ds to remove _m ( ! difficulties :i* ^? :o h n /udi$ an?ropology f9d 9 ! ,hebrew n>rative4 ,"o ( ! be/ s\rces1 if n ! be/ s\rce1 ( in=mation on ^! topics is ,m>9]'s ,tonga ,isl&s1 :i* tells u ( ! condition ( ,cook's ,fri5dly ,isl&]s eighty ye>s ago1 be=e #afb ,european influ5ce 0 s5sibly felt among !m4 ,m>9]1 a y\? ( fair education & ( no inconsid]able natural ability 7z ! "w :i* 0 drawn up f ! mat]ials he furni%$ %[s71 0 ab\t fifte5 ye>s ( age :5 8 %ip 0 attack$ & plund]$ by ! ,tongans3 he rema9$ f\r ye>s 9 ! isl&s1 famili>is$ himself ) ! language1 liv$ ! life ( ! p1 became intimate ) _m ( !m1 & _h e opportunity ( acqua9t+ himself ) _! op9ions1 z well z ) _! habits & cu/oms4 ,he seems to h be5 devoid ( prejudices1 !ological or o!r1 & ! impression ( /rict accuracy :i* 8 /atem5ts convey has be5 ju/ifi$ by all ! k ( ,polynesian life :i* has be5 subsequ5tly acquir$4 ,x is desirable1 !re=e1 to pay close att5tion to t :i* ,m>9] tells u ab\t ! !ological views ( ^! p3-- ,! human s\l1#db aft] its sep>ation f ! body1 is t]m$ a hotooa 7a god or _s71 & is believ$ to exi/ 9 ! %ape ( ! body2 to h ! same prop5sities z dur+ life1 b to be correct$ by a m enlight5$ und]/&+1 by :i* x readily di/+ui%es good f evil1 tru? f falsehood1 "r f wrong2 hav+ ! same attributes z ! orig9al gods1 b 9 a m9or degree1 & hav+ its dwell+ = ev] 9 ! happy regions ( ,bolotoo1 hold+ ! same rank 9 reg>d to o!r s\ls z dur+ ?is life2 x has1 h[ev]1 ! p[] ( return+ to ,tonga to inspire prie/s1 relations1 or o!rs1 or to appe> 9 dreams to ^? x wi%es to admoni%2 #afc & sometimes to ! ext]nal eye 9 ! =m ( a gho/ or app>ition2 b ?is p[] ( reappe>ance at ,tonga p>ticul>ly belongs to ! s\ls ( *iefs r ?an ( matabooles 7vol4 ii4 p4 #acj74 ,! ^w hotooa is ! same z t :i* is usually spelt atua by ,polynesian philologues1 & x w be conv5i5t to adopt ?is spell+4 ,n[ "u ?is head ( ,atuas or sup]natural intellig5t be+s ! ,tongans include3-- #a4 ,! orig9al gods4 #b4 ,! s\ls ( nobles t h all attributes 9 common ) ! fir/ b inf]ior 9 degree4 #c4 ,! s\ls ( matabooles#dc t are /ill inf]ior1 & h n ! p[] z ! two fir/ h ( com+ back to ,tonga to inspire ! prie/s1 ?\gh !y are suppos$ to h ! p[] ( appe>+ to _! relatives4 #d4 ,! orig9al att5dants or s]vants1 z x 71 ( ! gods1 :o1 al?\gh !y _h _! orig9 & h ev] s9ce exi/$ 9 ,bolotoo1 are /ill inf]ior to ! ?ird class4 #e4 ,! ,atua p[ or mis*iev\s gods4 #f4 ,mooi1 or ! god t supports ! e>? & does n belong to ,bolotoo 7vol4 ii4 pp4 #ajc1 #ajd74 ,f ?is x appe>s t ! ,atuas ( ! ,polynesian are exactly equival5t to ! ,elohim ( ! old ,israelite4#dd ,!y comprise ev]y?+ spiritual1 f a gho/ to a god1 & f ! m]ely tutel> gods to p>ticul> private families 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ajd71 to ,ta-li-y-,tooboo1 :o 0 ! national god ( ,tonga4 ,! ,tongans _h no d\bt t ^! ,atuas daily & h\rly influ5c$ _! de/9ies & c\ld1 conv]sely1 be influ5c$ by !m4 #afd ,h5ce _! piety1 ! incessant acts ( sacrificial wor%ip :i* occupi$ _! lives1 & _! belief 9 om5s & *>ms4 ,moreov]1 ! ,atuas 7 believ$ to visit p>ticul> p]sons1--_! own prie/s 9 ! case ( ! high] gods1 b app>5tly anybody 9 t ( ! l[]1--& to inspire !m by a process :i* 0 conceiv$ to involve ! actual resid5ce ( ! god1 = ! "t be+1 9 ! p]son inspir$1 :o 0 ?us r5d]$ capable ( prophesy+ 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ajj74 ,= ! ,tongan1 !re=e1 inspiration indubitably 0 possession4 ,:5 "o ( ! high] gods 0 invok$1 ?r\gh 8 prie/1 by a *ief :o wi%$ to consult ! oracle1 or1 9 old ,israelitic phraseology1 to inquire (1 ! god1 a hog 0 kill$ & cook$ ov] night1 &1 toge!r ) planta9s1 yams1 & ! mat]ials = mak+ ! peculi> dr9k kava 7( :i* ! ,tongans 7 v fond71 0 c>ri$ next day to ! prie/4 ,a circle1 z = an ord9>y kava-dr9k+ ent]ta9m5t1 0 !n =m$2 b ! prie/1 z ! repres5tative ( ! god1 took ! highe/ place1 :ile ! *iefs sat outside ! circle1 z an expression ( humility calculat$ to please ! god4 ,z soon z !y are all seat$ ! prie/ is consid]$ z inspir$1 ! god be+ suppos$ to exi/ )9 him f t mom5t4 ,he rema9s = a consid]able "t 9 sil5ce ) 8 h&s clasp$ be=e him1 8 eyes are ca/ d[n & he re/s p]fectly /ill4 ,dur+ ! "t ! victuals are be+ %>$ out & ! kava prep>+1 ! matabooles sometimes beg9 to consult him2 sometimes he answ]s1 & at o!r times n2 9 ei!r case he rema9s ) 8 eyes ca/ d[n4 ,frequ5tly he w n utt] a ^w till ! repa/ is f9i%$ & ! kava too4 ,:5 he speaks he g5]ally beg9s 9 a l[ #afe & v alt]$ tone ( voice1 :i* gradually rises to ne>ly its natural pit*1 ?\gh sometimes a little above x4 ,all t he says is suppos$ to be ! decl>ation ( ! god1 & he accord+ly speaks 9 ! fir/ p]son1 z if he 7 ! god4 ,all ?is is done g5]ally )\t any app>5t inw>d emotion or outw>d agitation2 b1 on "s occasions1 8 c\nt5ance becomes fi]ce1 & z x 7 inflam$1 & 8 :ole frame agitat$ ) inw>d feel+2 he is seiz$ ) an univ]sal trembl+1 ! p]spiration breaks out on 8 =ehead1 & 8 lips turn+ black are convuls$2 at l5g? te>s />t 9 floods f 8 eyes1 8 brea/ heaves ) great emotion1 & 8 utt]ance is *ok$4 ,^! symptoms gradually subside4 ,be=e ?is p>oxysm comes on1 & aft] x is ov]1 he (t5 eats z mu* z f\r hungry m5 "u o!r circum/ances c\ld dev\r4 ,! fit be+ n[ gone (f1 he rema9s = "s "t calm & !n takes up a club t is plac$ by him = ! purpose1 turns x ov] & reg>ds x att5tively2 he !n looks up e>ne/ly1 n[ to ! "r1 n[ to ! left1 & n[ aga9 at ! club2 aft]w>ds he looks up aga9 & ab\t him 9 l mann]1 & !n aga9 fixes 8 eyes on ! club1 & s on = sev]al times4 ,at l5g? he sudd5ly raises ! club1 &1 aft] a mom5t's pause1 /rikes ! gr\nd or ! adjac5t "p ( ! h\se ) consid]able =ce2 imm$iately ! god leaves him1 & he rises up & retires to ! back ( ! r+ among ! p 7vol4 i4 pp4 #ajj1 #aja74 ,! ph5om5a ?us describ$1 9 language :i*1 to any "o :o is famili> ) ! manife/ations ( abnormal m5tal /ates among ourselves1 be>s ! /amp ( fidelity1 furni% a mo/ in/ructive comm5t>y ^u ! /ory ( ! wise woman ( ,endor4 ,z 9 ! latt]1 we h ! possession by ! _s or s\l 7,atua1 ,elohim71 ! /range voice1 ! speak+ 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,un=tunately no?+ 7beyond ! l\d cry7 is m5tion$ z to ! /ate ( ! wise woman ( ,endor4 ,b :at we le>n f o!r s\rces 7e4g4 #a ,sam4 x4 #bj-bd7 respect+ ! physical #aff concomitants ( inspiration among ! old ,israelites has its exact equival5t 9 ?is & o!r acc\nts ( ,polynesian prophetism4 ,an excell5t au?ority1 ,mo]5h\t1 :o liv$ among ! p ( ! ,society ,isl&s _m ye>s & knew !m well1 says t1 9 ,tahiti1 ! role ( ! prophet _h v g5]ally pass$ out ( ! h&s ( ! prie/s into t ( private p]sons :o pr(ess$ to repres5t ! god1 (t5 assum$ 8 "n1 & 9 ?is capacity prophesi$4 ,i w n run ! risk ( weak5+ ! =ce ( ,mo]5h\t's description ( ! prophetic /ate by translat+ x3-- ,un individu1 dans cet etat1 avait le bras gau*e enveloppe d'un morceau d'et(fe1 signe de la pres5ce de la ,div9ite4 ,il ne p>lait que d'un ton imp]ieux et vehem5t4 ,ses attaques1 qu& il allait prophetis]1 etai5t aussi effroyables qu'imposantes4 ,il tremblait d'abord de t\s ses membres1 la figure enflee1 les yeux hag>ds1 r\ges et et9celants d'une expression sauvage4 ,il ge/iculait1 articulait des mots vides de s5s1 p\ssait des cris horribles qui faisai5t tressaillir t\s les assi/ans1 et s'exaltait p>fois au po9t qu'on n'osait pas l'appro*]4 ,aut\r de lui1 le sil5ce de la t]reur et du respect4444 ,c'e/ alors qu'il repondait aux que/ions1 annoncait l'av5ir1 le de/9 des batailles1 la volonte des dieux2 et1 *ose etonnante6 au se9 de ce delire1 de cet en?\siasme religieux1 son langage etait grave1 imposant1 son eloqu5ce noble et p]suasive4#de ,j s ,saul /rips (f 8 clo!s1 prophesies be=e ,samuel1 & lies d[n nak$ all t day & night4 ,bo? ,m>9] & ,mo]5h\t refuse to h rec\rse to ! hypo!sis ( impo/ure 9 ord] to #afg acc\nt = ! inspir$ /ate ( ! ,polynesian prophets4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y fully believe 9 _! s9c]ity4 ,m>9] tells ! /ory ( a "y *ief1 an acqua9tance ( 81 :o ?\ght himself possess$ by ! ,atua ( a dead woman :o _h fall5 9 love ) him1 & :o wi%$ him to die t he might be ne> h] 9 ,bolotoo4 ,& he di$ accord+ly4 ,b ! mo/ valuable evid5ce on ?is head is conta9$ 9 :at ! same au?ority says ab\t ,k+ ,f9['s son4 ,! previ\s k+1 ,toogoo ,ahoo1 _h be5 assass9at$ by ,f9[1 & 8 s\l1 become an ,atua ( div9e rank 9 ,bolotoo1 _h be5 pleas$ to visit & inspire ,f9['s son--) :at p>ticul> object does n appe>4 ,:5 ?is "y *ief return$ to ,hapai1 ,mr4 ,m>9]1 :o 0 ^u a foot+ ( great fri5d%ip ) him1 "o day ask$ him h[ he felt himself :5 ! _s ( ,toogoo ,ahoo visit$ him2 he repli$ t he c\ld n well describe 8 feel+s1 b ! be/ he c\ld say ( x 01 t he felt himself all ov] 9 a gl[ ( heat & q re/less & uncom=table1 & did n feel 8 own p]sonal id5tity1 z x 71 b seem$ to h a m9d diff]5t f 8 own natural m9d1 8 ?\ghts w&]+ ^u /range & unusual subjects1 al?\gh p]fectly s5sible ( surr\nd+ objects4 ,he next ask$ him h[ he knew x 0 ! _s ( ,toogoo ,ahoo8 ,8 answ] 01 ,!re's a fool6 ,h[ c ,i tell y h[ ,i knew x8 ,i felt & knew x 0 s by a k9d ( consci\sness2 my m9d told me t x 0 ,toogoo ,ahoo 7vol4 i4 pp4 #ajd1 #aje74 ,f9['s son 0 evid5tly made = a !ological disputant1 & fell back at once on ! inexpugnable /ronghold ( fai? :5 o!r evid5ce 0 lack+4 ,!re's a fool6 ,i "k x is true1 because ,i "k x1 is ! exempl> & epitome ( ! #afh sceptic-cru%+ process 9 o!r places ?an ! ,tonga ,isl&s4 ,! isl& ( ,bolotoo1 to :i* all ! s\ls 7( ! upp] classes at any rate7 repair aft] ! dea? ( ! body1 & f :i* !y return at w to int]f]e1 = good or evil1 ) ! lives ( ^? :om !y h left beh9d1 obvi\sly answ]s to ,%eol4 ,9 ,tongan tradition ?is place ( s\ls is a sort ( elysium above gr\nd1 & pleasant en\gh to live 94 ,b1 9 o!r p>ts ( ,polynesia1 ! correspond+ locality1 :i* is call$ ,po1 has to be rea*$ by desc5d+ into ! e>?1 & is repres5t$ d>k & gloomy l ,%eol4 ,b x 0 n look$ ^u z a place ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 any s5se4 ,:e!r 9 ,bolotoo or 9 ,po1 ! s\l took ! rank x _h 9 ! fle%2 &1 a %ad[1 liv$ among ! %ad[s ( ! fri5ds & h\ses & food ( its previ\s life4 ,! ,tongan !ologians recognis$ sev]al hundr$ gods2 b !re 0 "o1 already m5tion$ z _! national god1 :om !y reg>d$ z f> great] ?an any ( ! o!rs1 z a great *ief f ! top ( ! sky d[n to ! bottom ( ! e>? 7,m>9]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ajf74 ,he 0 also god ( w>1 & ! tutel> deity ( ! royal family1 :oev] happ5$ to be ! incumb5t ( ! royal (fice = ! "t be+4 ,he _h no prie/ except ! k+ himself1 & 8 visits1 ev5 to royalty1 7 few & f> betwe54 ,! "n ( ?is supreme deity 0 ,ta-li-y-,tooboo1 ! lit]al mean+ ( :i* is said to be ,wait !re1 ,tooboo1 f :i* x w\ld appe> #afi t ! peculi> *>act]i/ic ( ,ta-li-y-,tooboo1 9 ! eyes ( 8 wor%ipp]s1 0 p]si/5ce ( duration4 ,& x is curi\s to notice1 9 relation to ?is circum/ance1 t _m ,hebrew philolog]s h ?\ght ! mean+ ( ,jahveh to be be/ express$ by ! ^w ,et]nal4 ,x w\ld probably be difficult to express ! notion ( an et]nal be+1 9 a dialect s little fitt$ to convey ab/ract conceptions z ,tongan1 bett] ?an by t ( "o :o always waits !re4 ,! *>act]i/ics ( ! gods 9 ,tongan !ology are exactly ^? ( m5 ^: %ape !y are suppos$ to possess1 only !y h m intellig5ce & great] p[]4 ,! ,tongan belief t1 aft] dea?1 ! human ,atua m readily di/+ui%es good f evil1 runs p>allel ) ! old ,israelitic conception ( ,elohim express$ 9 ,g5esis1 ,ye %all be z ,elohim1 kn[+ good f evil4 ,!y fur!r agre$ ) ! old ,israelites1 t all rew>ds = virtue & puni%m5ts = vice happ5 to m5 9 ?is _w only1 & come imm$iately f ! gods 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ajj74 ,moreov]1 !y 7 ( op9ion t ?\gh ! gods approve ( "s k9ds ( virtue & are displeas$ ) "s k9ds ( vice1 &1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 protect or =sake _! wor%ipp]s accord+ to _! moral conduct1 yet neglect to pay due respect to ! deities1 & =getfulness to keep !m 9 good hum\r1 might be visit$ ) ev5 worse consequ5ces ?an moral del9qu5cy4 ,& ^? :o w c>efully /udy ! s-call$ ,mosaic code conta9$ 9 ! #agj books ( ,exodus1 ,leviticus1 & ,numb]s1 w see t1 ?\gh ,jahveh's prohibitions ( c]ta9 =ms ( immorality are /rict & sweep+1 8 wra? is q z /rongly k9dl$ aga9/ infractions ( ritual ord9ances4 ,accid5tal homicide may g unpuni%$1 & rep>ation may be made = wilful !ft4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,nadab & ,abihu1 :o (f]$ /range fire be=e ,jahveh1 :i* he _h n comm&$ !m1 7 swiftly dev\r$ by ,jahveh's fire2 he :o sacrific$ any:]e except at ! allott$ place 0 to be cut (f f 8 p2 s 0 he :o eat blood2 & ! details ( ! uphol/]y ( ! ,tab]nacle1 ( ! mill9]y ( ! prie/s' ve/m5ts1 & ( ! cab9et "w ( ! ark1 c plead direct au?ority f ,jahveh1 no less ?an moral comm&s4 ,among/ ! ,tongans1 ! sacrifices 7 reg>d$ z gifts ( food & dr9k (f]$ to ! div9e ,atuas1 j z ! articles deposit$ by ! graves ( ! rec5tly dead 7 meant z food = ,atuas ( l[] rank4 ,a kava root 0 a con/ant =m ( (f]+ all ov] ,polynesia4 ,9 ! excell5t "w ( ! ,rev4 ,george ,turn]1 entitl$ ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia 7p4 #bda71 ,i f9d x said ( ! ,samoans 7ne> neighb\rs ( ! ,tongans73-- ,! (f]+s 7 pr9cipally cook$ food4 ,z 9 anci5t ,greece s 9 ,samoa1 ! fir/ cup 0 9 hon\r ( ! god4 ,x 0 ei!r p\r$ out on ! gr\nd or wav$ t[>ds ! heav5s1 rem9d+ u aga9 ( ! ,mosaic c]emonies4 ,! *iefs all drank a portion out ( ! same cup1 accord+ to rank2 & aft] t1 ! food br\ght z an (f]+ 0 divid$ & eat5 !re be=e ! ,"l4 ,9 ,tonga1 :5 !y consult$ a god :o _h a #aga prie/1 ! latt]1 z repres5tative ( ! god1 _h ! fir/ cup2 b if ! god1 l ,ta-li-y-,tooboo1 _h no prie/1 !n ! *ief place 0 left vacant1 & 0 suppos$ to be occupi$ by ! god himself4 ,:5 ! fir/ cup ( kava 0 fill$1 ! mataboole :o act$ z ma/] ( ! c]emonies said1 ,give x to y\r god1 & x 0 (f]$1 ?\gh only z a matt] ( =m4 ,9 ,tonga & ,samoa !re 7 _m sacr$ places or morais1 ) h\ses ( ! ord9>y con/ruction1 b :i* s]v$ z temples 9 consequ5ce ( be+ d$icat$ to v>i\s gods2 & !re 7 alt>s on :i* ! sacrifices 7 (f]$2 nev]!less !re 7 few or no images4 ,m>9] m5tions none 9 ,tonga1 & ! ,samoans seem to h be5 reg>d$ z no bett] ?an a!i/s by o!r ,polynesians because !y _h none4 ,x does n appe> t ei!r ( ^! peoples _h images ev5 ( _! family or ance/ral gods4 ,9 ,tahiti & ! adjac5t isl&s1 ,mo]5h\t 7t4 i4 p4 #dga7 makes ! v int]e/+ obs]vation1 n only t idols 7 (t5 abs5t1 b t1 :]e !y exi/$1 ! images ( ! gods s]v$ m]ely z depositories = ! prop] repres5tatives ( ! div9ity4 ,ea* ( ^! 0 call$ a m>o aur\1 & 0 a k9d ( girdle arti/ically adorn$ ) r$1 yell[1 blue1 & black fea!rs--! r$ fea!rs be+ especially important--:i* 7 consecrat$ & kept z sacr$ objects )9 ! idols4 ,!y 7 worn by great p]sonages on solemn occasions1 & conf]r$ ^u _! we>]s a sacr$ & almo/ div9e "*4 ,!re is no di/9ct evid5ce t ! #agb m>o aur\ 0 suppos$ to h any special efficacy 9 div9ation1 b "o _c fail to see a c]ta9 p>allelism betwe5 ?is holy girdle1 :i* end[$ its we>] ) a p>ticul> sanctity1 & ! ephod4 ,accord+ to ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,taylor1 ! ,new ,zeal&]s =m]ly us$ ! ^w k>akia 7n[ employ$ = pray]7 to signify a spell1 *>m1 or incantation1 & ! utt]ance ( ^! k>akias con/itut$ ! *ief "p ( _! cult4 ,9 ! s\?1 ! (ficiat+ prie/ _h a small image1 ab\t eighte5 in*es long1 resembl+ a peg ) a c>v$ head1 :i* rem9ds "o ( ! =m commonly attribut$ to ! t]aphim4 ,! prie/ fir/ b&ag$ a fillet ( r$ p>rot fea!rs "u ! god's *91 :i* 0 call$ 8 pahau or be>d2 ?is b&age 0 made ( a c]ta9 k9d ( s5net1 :i* 0 ti$ on 9 a peculi> way4 ,:5 ?is 0 done x 0 tak5 possession ( by ! ,atua1 ^: _s ent]$ x4 ,! prie/ !n ei!r held x 9 ! h& & vibrat$ x 9 ! air1 :il/ ! p[]ful k>akia 0 repeat$1 or he ti$ a piece ( /r+ 7=m$ ( ! c5tre ( a flax leaf7 r\nd ! neck ( ! image & /uck x 9 ! gr\nd4 ,he sat at a little di/ance f x1 lean+ aga9/ a tuahu1 a %ort /one pill> /uck 9 ! gr\nd 9 a slant+ position1 & hold+ ! /r+ 9 8 h&1 he gave ! god a j]k to arre/ 8 att5tion1 le/ he %\ld be o!rwise engag$1 l ,baal ( old1 ei!r hunt+1 fi%+1 or sleep+1 & !re=e mu/ be awak$4444 ,! god is suppos$ to make use ( ! prie/'s tongue 9 giv+ a reply4 ,image-wor%ip appe>s to h be5 conf9$ to "o "p ( ! isl&4 ,! ,atua 0 suppos$ only to ent] ! image = ! occasion4 ,! natives decl>e !y did n wor%ip ! image itself1 b only ! ,atua x repres5t$1 & t ! image 0 m]ely us$ z a way ( approa*+ him4#df #agc ,?is is ! excuse = image-wor%ip :i* ! m intellig5t idolat]s make all ! _w ov]2 b x is m int]e/+ to obs]ve t1 9 ! pres5t case1 we seem to h ! equival5ts ( div9ation by t]aphim1 ) ! aid ( some?+ l an ephod 7:i*1 h[ev]1 is us$ to sanctify ! image & n ! prie/7 mix$ up toge!r4 ,_m ,hebrew ar*aeologi/s h suppos$ t ! t]m ephod is sometimes us$ = an image 7p>ticul>ly 9 ! case ( ,gideon's ephod71 & ! /ory ( ,micah1 9 ! book ( ,judges1 %[s t images 71 at any rate1 employ$ 9 close association ) ! ephod4 ,if ! pull+ ( ! /r+ to call ! att5tion ( ! god seems z absurd to u z x appe>s to h done to ! wor?y mission>y1 :o tells u ( ! practice1 x %\ld be recollect$ t ! high prie/ ( ,jahveh 0 ord]$ to we> a g>m5t fr+$ ) gold5 bells4 ,& x %all be ^u ,a>on to m9i/]2 & ! s\nd !re( %all be he>d :5 he goe? 9 unto ! holy place be=e ,jahveh1 & :5 he come? out1 t he die n 7,exod4 xxviii4 #ce74 ,an escape f ! obvi\s conclusion sugge/$ by ?is passage has be5 s\ght 9 ! supposition t ^! bells rang = ! sake ( ! wor%ipp]s1 z at ! elevation ( ! ho/ 9 ! ,roman ,ca?olic ritual2 b !n :y %\ld ! prie/ be ?reat5$ ) ! well-kn[n p5alty = inadvis$ly behold+ ! div9ity8 ,9 tru?1 ! int]m$iate /ep betwe5 ! ,maori practice & t ( ! old ,israelites is furni%$ by #agd ! ,kami temples 9 ,japan4 ,^! are provid$ ) bells :i* ! wor%ipp]s :o pres5t !mselves r+1 9 ord] to call ! att5tion ( ! ance/or-god to _! pres5ce4 ,grant ! fundam5tal assumption ( ! ess5tially human "* ( ! _s1 :e!r ,atua1 ,kami1 or ,elohim1 & all ^! practices are equally rational4 ,! sacrifices to ! gods 9 ,tonga1 & else:]e 9 ,polynesia1 7 ord9>ily social ga!r+s1 9 :i* ! god1 ei!r 9 8 own p]son or 9 t ( 8 prie/ly repres5tative1 0 suppos$ to take "p4 ,^! sacrifices 7 (f]$ on e occasion ( importance1 & ev5 ! daily meals 7 prefac$ by oblations & libations ( food & dr9k1 exactly answ]+ to ^? (f]$ by ! old ,romans to _! manes1 p5ates1 & l>es4 ,! sacrifices _h no moral significance1 b 7 ! necess>y result ( ! !ory t ! god 0 ei!r a deifi$ gho/ ( an ance/or or *ief1 or1 at any rate1 a be+ ( l nature to ^!4 ,if "o want$ to get any?+ out ( him1 !re=e1 ! fir/ /ep 0 to put him 9 good hum\r by gifts2 & if "o desir$ to escape 8 wra?1 :i* might be excit$ by ! mo/ trifl+ neglect or un9t5tional disrespect1 ! great ?+ 0 to pacify him by co/ly pres5ts4 ,k+ ,f9[ appe>s to h be5 some:at ( a free?9k] 7to ! great horror ( 8 subjects71 & x 0 only 8 untimely dea? :i* prev5t$ him f deal+ ) ! prie/ ( a god1 :o _h n return$ a fav\rable answ] to 8 supplications1 z ,saul dealt ) ! prie/s ( ! sanctu>y ( ,jahveh at ,nob4 #age ,nev]!less1 ,f9[ %[$ 8 practical belief 9 ! gods dur+ ! sickness ( a daught]1 to :om he 0 fondly atta*$1 9 a fa%ion :i* has a close p>allel 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel4 ,if ! gods h any res5tm5t aga9/ u1 let ! :ole weight ( v5geance fall on my head4 ,i fe> n _! v5geance--b sp>e my *ild2 & ,i e>ne/ly entreat y1 ,toobo ,totai ! god :om he _h invok$1 to ex]t all y\r influ5ce ) ! o!r gods t ,i alone may suff] all ! puni%m5t !y desire to inflict 7vol4 i4 p4 #ced74 ,s :5 ! k+ ( ,israel has s9n$ by numb]+ ! p1 & !y are puni%$ = 8 fault by a pe/il5ce :i* slays sev5ty ?\s& innoc5t m51 ,david cries to ,jahveh3-- ,lo1 ,i h s9n$1 & ,i h done p]v]sely3 b ^! %eep1 :at h !y done8 let ?9e h&1 ,i pray !e1 be aga9/ me1 & aga9/ my fa!r's h\se 7#b ,sam4 xxiv4 #ag74 ,human sacrifices 7 extremely common 9 ,polynesia2 &1 9 ,tonga1 ! devotion ( a *ild by /rangl+ 0 a fav\rite me?od ( av]t+ ! wra? ( ! gods4 ,! well-kn[n in/ances ( ,jeph?ah's sacrifice ( 8 daught] & ( ,david's giv+ up ! sev5 sons ( ,saul to be sacrific$ by ! ,gibeonites be=e ,jahveh1 appe> to me to leave no d\bt t ! old ,israelites1 ev5 :5 dev\t wor%ipp]s ( ,jahveh1 consid]$ human sacrifices1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 to be n only p]missible b laudable4 ,samuel's hew+ to pieces ( ! mis]able captive1 sole survivor ( 8 nation1 ,agag1 be=e ,jahveh1 c h>dly be view$ 9 any o!r light4 ,! life ( ,moses is r$eem$ f ,jahveh1 :o s\ght #agf to slay him1 by ,zipporah's symbolical sacrifice ( h] *ild1 by ! bloody op]ation ( circumcision4 ,jahveh expressly affirms t ! fir/-born males ( m5 & bea/s are devot$ to him2 9 accordance ) t claim1 ! fir/-born males ( ! bea/s are duly sacrific$2 & x is only by special p]mission t ! claim to ! fir/-born ( m5 is waiv$1 & x is enact$ t !y may be r$eem$ 7,exod4 xiii4 #ab-ae74 ,is x possible to avoid ! conclusion t immolation ( _! fir/-born sons w\ld h be5 incumb5t on ! wor%ipp]s ( ,jahveh1 _h !y n be5 ?us specially excus$8 ,c any o!r conclusion be drawn f ! hi/ory ( ,abraham & ,isaac8 ,does ,abraham exhibit any indication ( surprise :5 he receives ! a/\nd+ ord] to sacrifice 8 son8 ,is !re ! slighte/ evid5ce t !re 0 any?+ 9 8 intimate & p]sonal acqua9tance ) ! "* ( ! ,deity1 :o _h eat5 ! meat & drunk ! milk :i* ,abraham set be=e him "u ! oaks ( ,mamre1 to lead him to hesitate--ev5 to wait twelve or f\rte5 h\rs = a repetition ( ! comm&8 ,n a :it4 ,we are told t ,abraham rose e>ly 9 ! morn+ & l$ 8 only *ild to ! slaught]1 z if x 7 ! mo/ ord9>y bus9ess imag9able4 ,:e!r ! /ory has any hi/orical f\ndation or n1 x is valuable z %[+ t ! writ] ( x conceiv$ ,jahveh z a deity ^: requirem5t ( su* a sacrifice ne$ excite nei!r a/oni%m5t1 nor suspicion ( mi/ake1 on ! "p ( 8 devotee4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! incessant human #agg sacrifices 9 ,israel1 dur+ ! age ( ! k+s1 are put d[n to ! influ5ce ( =eign idolatries1 we may fairly inquire :e!r editorial ,b[dl]is+ has n prevail$ ov] hi/orical tru?4 ,an attempt to comp>e ! e?ical /&>ds ( two nations1 "o ( :i* has a writt5 code1 :ile ! o!r has n1 is beset ) difficulties4 ,) all t is /range &1 9 _m cases1 repulsive to u 9 ! social arrangem5ts & op9ions respect+ moral obligation among ! ,tongans1 z !y are plac$ be=e u1 ) p]fect c&\r1 9 ,m>9]'s acc\nt1 !re is mu* t indicates a /rong e?ical s5se4 ,!y %[$ great k9dl9ess to "o ano!r1 & fai?fulness 9 /&+ by _! comrades 9 w>4 ,no p c\ld h bett] obs]v$ ei!r ! ?ird or ! fif? comm&m5t2 = !y _h a p>ticul> horror ( blasphemy1 & _! respectful t5d]ness t[>ds _! p>5ts &1 inde$1 t[>ds old p 9 g5]al1 0 rem>kable4 ,x _c be said t ! eigh? comm&m5t 0 g5]ally obs]v$1 especially :]e ,europeans 7 conc]n$2 b nev]!less a well-br$ ,tongan look$ ^u !ft z a meanness to :i* he w\ld n condesc5d4 ,z to ! sev5? comm&m5t1 any brea* ( x 0 consid]$ sc&al\s 9 wom5 & z some?+ to be avoid$ 9 self-respect+ m51 b among unm>ri$ & wid[$ p *a/ity 0 held v *eap4 ,nev]!less ! wom5 7 extremely well treat$1 & (t5 %[$ !mselves capable ( great devotion & entire fai?fulness4 ,9 ! matt] ( cruelty1 trea*]y1 & #agh blood?ir/9ess1 ^! isl&]s 7 nei!r bett] nor worse ?an mo/ peoples ( antiquity4 ,x is to ! cr$it ( ! ,tongans t !y p>ticul>ly object$ to sl&]2 nor c covet\sness be reg>d$ z _! *>act]i/ic2 = ,m>9] says3-- ,:5 any "o is ab\t to eat1 he always %>es out :at he has to ^? ab\t him1 )\t any hesitation1 & a contr>y conduct w\ld be consid]$ exce$+ly vile & selfi% 7vol4 ii4 p4 #ade74 ,9 fact1 !y ?\ght v badly ( ! ,engli% :5 ,m>9] told !m t 8 c\ntrym5 did n act exactly on t pr9ciple4 ,x fur!r appe>s t !y decid$ly belong$ to ! s*ool ( intuitive moral philosoph]s1 & believ$ t virtue is its own rew>d2 = ,_m ( ! *iefs1 on be+ ask$ by ,mr4 ,m>9] :at motives !y _h = conduct+ !mselves ) propriety1 besides ! fe> ( mis=tunes 9 ?is life1 repli$1 ! agreeable & happy feel+ :i* a man exp]i5ces )9 himself :5 he does any good action or conducts himself nobly & g5]\sly z a man ought to d2 & ?is "q !y answ]$ z if !y wond]$ su* a "q %\ld be ask$ 7vol4 ii4 p4 #afa74 ,"o may read f ! beg9n+ ( ! book ( ,judges to ! end ( ! books ( ,samuel )\t discov]+ t ! old ,israelites _h a moral /&>d :i* diff]s1 9 any ess5tial respect 7except p]haps 9 reg>d to ! *a/ity ( unm>ri$ wom571 f t ( ! ,tongans4 ,gideon1 ,jeph?ah1 ,samson1 & ,david are /rong-h&$ m51 "s ( :om are n outdone by any ,polynesian *iefta9 9 ! matt] ( murd] & trea*]y2 #agi :ile ,deborah's jubilation ov] ,jael's violation ( ! prim>y duty ( hospitality1 pr(f]$ & accept$ "u circum/ances :i* give a peculi>ly atroci\s "* to ! murd] ( ! gue/2 & h] wit*-l gloat+ ov] ! picture ( ! disappo9tm5t ( ! "m ( ! victim-- ,! "m ( ,sis]a cri$ ?r\gh ! lattice1 ,:y is 8 *>iot s long 9 com+8 7,jud4 v4 #bh74 --w\ld n h be5 out ( place 9 ! *oral s]vice ( ! mo/ sangu9>y god 9 ! ,polynesian pan!on4 ,) respect to ! cannibalism :i* ! ,tongans occasionally practis$1 ,m>9] says3-- ,al?\gh a few "y f]oci\s w>riors *ose to imitate :at !y consid]$ a m>k ( c\rage\s fi]c5ess 9 a neighb\r+ nation1 x 0 held 9 disgu/ by ev]ybody else 7vol4 ii4 p4 #aga74 ,t ! moral /&>d ( ,tongan life 0 less elevat$ ?an t indicat$ 9 ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant 7,exod4 xxi4-xxiii47 may be freely admitt$4 ,b !n ! evid5ce t ?is ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 & ev5 ! t5 comm&m5ts z giv5 9 ,exodus1 7 kn[n to ! ,israelites ( ! "t ( ,samuel & ,saul1 is 7to say ! lea/7 by no means conclusive4 ,! ,deut]onomic v]sion ( ! f\r? comm&m5t is hopelessly discrepant f t :i* /&s 9 ,exodus4 ,w\ld any lat] writ] h v5tur$ to alt] ! comm&m5ts z giv5 f ,s9ai1 if he _h _h be=e him t :i* pr(ess$ to be an accurate /atem5t ( ! t5 words 9 ,exodus8 ,& if ! writ] ( #ahj ,deut]onomy _h n ,exodus be=e him1 :at is ! value ( ! claim ( ! v]sion ( ! t5 comm&m5ts !re9 conta9$ to au!nticity8 ,f "o end to ! o!r ( ! books ( ,judges & ,samuel1 ! only comm&m5ts ( ,jahveh :i* are specially adduc$ ref] to ! prohibition ( ! wor%ip ( o!r gods1 or are ord]s giv5 ad hoc1 & h no?+ to d ) que/ions ( morality4 ,9 ,polynesia1 ! belief 9 wit*craft1 9 ! appe>ance ( spiritual be+s 9 dreams1 9 possession z ! cause ( diseases1 & 9 om5s1 prevail$ univ]sally4 ,m>9] tells a /ory ( a woman ( rank :o 0 greatly atta*$ to ,k+ ,f9[1 & :o1 = ! space ( six mon?s aft] 8 dea?1 sc>cely ev] slept else:]e ?an on 8 grave1 :i* %e kept c>efully decorat$ ) fl[]s3-- ,"o day %e w5t1 ) ! deepe/ affliction1 to ! h\se ( ,mo-oonga ,toobo1 ! wid[ ( ! deceas$ *ief1 to communicate :at _h happ5$ to h] at ! fytoca grave dur+ sev]al nights1 & :i* caus$ h] ! greate/ anxiety4 ,%e relat$ t %e _h dream$ t ! late ,h[ k+ appe>$ to h] &1 ) a c\nt5ance full ( disappo9tm5t1 ask$ :y !re yet rema9$ at ,vavaoo s _m evil-design+ p]sons3 = he decl>$ t1 s9ce he _h be5 at ,bolotoo1 8 _s _h be5 di/urb$#dg by ! evil ma*9ations ( wick$ m5 conspir+ aga9/ 8 son2 b he decl>$ t ! y\? %\ld n be mole/$ nor 8 p[] %ak5 by ! _s ( rebellion2 t he !re=e came to h] ) a w>n+ voice to prev5t su* disa/r\s consequ5ces 7vol4 i4 p4 #dbd74 ,on inquiry x turn$ out t ! *>m ( tattao _h be5 p]=m$ on ,f9['s grave1 ) ! view #aha ( injur+ 8 son1 ! reign+ k+1 & x is to be presum$ t x 0 ?is sorc]]'s "w :i* _h di/urb$ ,f9['s _s4 ,! ,rev4 ,ri*>d ,taylor says 9 ! "w already cit$3 ,! acc\nt giv5 ( ! wit* ( ,endor agrees mo/ rem>kably ) ! wit*es ( ,new ,zeal& 7p4 #de74 ,! ,tongans also believ$ 9 a mode ( div9ation 7ess5tially simil> to ! ca/+ ( lots7 by ! twirl+ ( a cocoa-nut4 ,! object ( inquiry 444 is *iefly :e!r a sick p]son w recov]2 = ?is purpose ! nut be+ plac$ on ! gr\nd1 a relation ( ! sick p]son det]m9es t1 if ! nut1 :5 aga9 at re/1 po9ts to su* a qu>t]1 ! ea/ = example1 t ! sick man w recov]2 he !n prays al\d to ! patron god ( ! family t he w be pleas$ to direct ! nut s t x may indicate ! tru?2 ! nut be+ next spun1 ! result is att5d$ to ) confid5ce1 at lea/ ) a full conviction t x w truly decl>e ! int5tions ( ! gods at ! "t 7vol4 ii4 p4 #bbg74 ,does n ! action ( ,saul1 on a fam\s occasion1 involve exactly ! same !ological presuppositions8 ,!re=e ,saul said unto ,jahveh1 ! ,elohim ( ,israel1 ,%ew ! "r4 ,& ,jona?an & ,saul 7 tak5 by lot3 b ! p escap$4 ,& ,saul said1 ,ca/ lots betwe5 me & ,jona?an my son4 ,& ,jona?an 0 tak54 ,& ,saul said to ,jona?an1 ,tell me :at ?\ ha/ done4444 ,& ! p rescu$ ,jona?an s t he di$ n 7#a ,sam4 xiv4 #da-de74 ,z ! ,israelites _h great ye>ly fea/s1 s _h ! ,polynesians2 z ! ,israelites practis$ circumcision1 s did _m ,polynesian p2 z ! ,israelites _h a complex & (t5 arbitr>y-seem+ multitude ( di/9ctions betwe5 clean & unclean ?+s1 & clean & unclean /ates ( m51 to :i* #ahb !y atta*$ great importance1 s _h ! ,polynesians _! notions ( c]emonial purity & _! tabu1 an equally ext5sive & /range sy/em ( prohibitions1 violation ( :i* 0 visit$ by dea?4 ,^! doctr9es ( cleanness & uncleanness no d\bt may h tak5 _! rise 9 ! real or fanci$ utility ( ! prescriptions1 b x is probable t ! orig9 ( _m is indicat$ 9 ! curi\s habit ( ! ,samoans to make feti%es ( liv+ animals4 ,x w be recollect$ t ^! p _h no gods made ) h&s1 b !y sub/itut$ animals = !m4 ,at 8 bir? e ,samoan 0 suppos$ to be tak5 "u ! c>e ( "s tutel>y god or aitu ,atua z x 0 call$4 ,! help ( p]haps half a doz5 diff]5t gods 0 invok$ 9 succession on ! occasion1 b ! "o :o happ5$ to be address$ j z ! *ild 0 born 0 m>k$ & decl>$ to be ! *ild's god = life4 ,^! gods 7 suppos$ to appe> 9 "s visible inc>nation1 & ! p>ticul> ?+ 9 :i* 8 god 0 9 ! habit ( appe>+ 01 to ! ,samoan1 an object ( v5]ation4 ,x 0 9 fact 8 idol1 & he 0 c>eful nev] to injure x or treat x ) contempt4 ,"o1 = in/ance1 saw 8 god 9 ! eel1 ano!r 9 ! %>k1 ano!r 9 ! turtle1 ano!r 9 ! dog1 ano!r 9 ! owl1 ano!r 9 ! liz>d2 & s on1 ?r\gh\t all ! fi% ( ! sea & birds & f\r-foot$ bea/s & creep+ ?+s4 ,9 "s ( ! %ell-fi% ev51 gods 7 suppos$ to be pres5t4 ,a man w\ld eat freely ( :at 0 reg>d$ z ! inc>nation ( ! god ( ano!r man1 b ! inc>nation ( 8 own p>ticul> god he w\ld consid] x dea? to injure or eat4#dh ,we h "h t :i* appe>s to be ! orig91 or "o ( ! orig9s1 ( food prohibitions1 on ! "o #ahc h&1 & ( totemism on ! o!r4 ,:5 x is rememb]$ t ! old ,israelities sprang f ance/ors :o are said to h resid$ ne>1 or 91 "o ( ! great seats ( anci5t ,babylonian civilisation1 ! city ( ,ur2 t !y _h be51 x is said = c5turies1 9 close contact ) ! ,egyptians2 & t1 9 ! !ology ( bo? ! ,babylonians & ! ,egyptians !re is abundant evid5ce1 not)/&+ _! advanc$ social organisation1 ( ! belief 9 spirits1 ) sorc]y1 ance/or-wor%ip1 ! deification ( animals1 & ! conv]se animalisation ( gods--x obvi\sly ne$s v /rong evid5ce to ju/ify ! belief t ! rude tribes ( ,israel did n %>e ! notions f :i* _! f> m civilis$ neighb\rs _h n emancipat$ !mselves4 ,b x is surely ne$less to c>ry ! comp>ison fur!r4 ,out ( ! abundant evid5ce at comm&1 ,i ?9k t suffici5t has be5 produc$ to furni% ample gr\nds = ! belief1 t ! old ,israelites ( ! "t ( ,samuel ent]ta9$ !ological conceptions :i* 7 on a level ) ^? curr5t among ! m civilis$ ( ! ,polynesian isl&]s1 ?\gh _! e?ical code may possibly1 9 "s respects1 h be5 m advanc$4#di ,a !ological sy/em ( ess5tially simil> "*1 exhibit+ ! same fundam5tal conceptions respect+ ! cont9u$ exi/5ce & incessant int]f]5ce 9 human affairs ( disembodi$ spirits1 prevails1 or =m]ly prevail$1 among ! :ole ( #ahd ! inhabitants ( ! ,polynesian & ,melanesian isl&s1 & among ! p ( ,au/ralia1 not)/&+ ! wide diff]5ces 9 physical "* & 9 grade ( civilisation :i* obta9 among !m4 ,& ! same proposition is true ( ! p :o inhabit ! riv]a9 %ores ( ! ,pacific ,ocean1 :e!r ,dyaks1 ,malays1 ,indo-,*9ese1 ,*9ese1 ,japanese1 ! wild tribes ( ,am]ica1 or ! highly civilis$ old ,mexicans & ,p]uvians4 ,x is no less true ( ! ,mongolic nomads ( ,nor!rn ,asia1 ( ! ,asiatic ,aryans1 & ( ! anci5t ,greeks & ,romans1 & x holds good among ! ,dravidians ( ! ,dekhan & ! negro tribes ( ,africa4 ,no tribe ( savages1 :i* has yet be5 discov]$1 has be5 conclusively prov$ to h s poor a !ological equipm5t z to be devoid ( a belief 9 gho/s1 & 9 ! utility ( "s =m ( wit*craft 9 influ5c+ ^? gho/s4 ,& !re is no nation1 mod]n or anci5t1 :i*1 ev5 at ?is mom5t1 has :olly giv5 up ! belief2 & 9 :i* x has n1 at "o "t or o!r1 play$ a great "p 9 practical life4 ,?is scio!ism1#ej z x might be call$1 is f\nd 9 sev]al degrees ( complexity1 9 r\gh correspond5ce ) ! /ages ( social organisation1 &1 l ^!1 sep>at$ by no sudd5 breaks4 ,9 its simple/ condition1 su* z may be met ) among ! ,au/ralian savages1 !ology is a m]e #ahe belief 9 ! exi/5ce1 p[]s1 & disposition 7usually malignant7 ( gho/like entities :o may be propitiat$ or sc>$ away2 b no cult c prop]ly be said to exi/4 ,&1 9 ?is /age1 !ology is :olly indep5d5t ( e?ics4 ,! moral code1 su* z is impli$ by public op9ion1 d]ives no sanction f ! !ological dogmas1 & ! influ5ce ( ! spirits is suppos$ to be ex]t$ out ( m]e caprice or malice4 ,z a next /age1 ! fundam5tal fe> ( gho/s & ! consequ5t desire to propitiate !m acquire an organis$ ritual 9 simple =ms ( ance/or-wor%ip1 su* z ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,turn] describes among ! p ( ,tanna 7l4c4 p4 #hh72 & ?is l9e ( developm5t may be foll[$ out until x atta9s its acme 9 ! ,/ate-!ology ( ,*9a & ! ,kami-!ology#ea ( ,japan4 ,ea* ( ^! is ess5tially ance/or-wor%ip1 ! ance/ors be+ reckon$ back ?r\gh family gr\ps ( high] & high] ord]1 sometimes ) /rict ref]5ce to ! pr9ciple ( agnation1 z 9 old ,rome2 &1 z 9 ! latt]1 x is intimately b\nd up ) ! :ole organisation ( ! ,/ate4 ,!re are no idols2 inscrib$ tablets 9 ,*9a1 & /rips ( pap] lodg$ 9 a peculi> portable %r9e 9 ,japan1 repres5t ! s\ls ( ! deceas$1 or ! special seats :i* !y occupy :5 sacrifices are (f]$ by _! desc5dants4 ,9 ,japan x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t a national #ahf ,kami--,t5-zio-dai-z9--is wor%ipp$ z a sort ( ,jahveh by ! nation 9 g5]al1 & 7z ,lipp]t has obs]v$7 x is s+ul> t 8 special seat is a portable litt]-l %r9e1 t]m$ ! ,mikosi1 9 "s sort analog\s to ! ,israelitic ark4 ,9 ,*9a1 ! emp]or is ! repres5tative ( ! primitive ance/ors1 & /&s1 z x 71 betwe5 !m & ! supreme cosmic deities--,heav5 & ,e>?--:o are sup]add$ to !m1 & :o answ] to ! ,tangaloa & ! ,maui ( ! ,polynesians4 ,scio!ism1 "u ! =m ( ! deification ( ance/ral gho/s1 9 its mo/ pron\nc$ =m1 is !re=e ! *ief elem5t 9 ! !ology ( a great moiety1 possibly ( m ?an half1 ( ! human race4 ,i ?9k ?is mu/ be tak5 to be a matt] ( fact--?\gh v>i\s op9ions may be held z to h[ ?is ance/or-wor%ip came ab\t4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 x is no less a matt] ( fact t !re are v few p )\t additional gods1 :o _c1 ) c]ta9ty1 be acc\nt$ = z deifi$ ance/ors4 ,) all respect = ! di/+ui%$ au?orities on ! o!r side1 ,i _c f9d good reasons = accept+ ! !ory t ! cosmic deities--:o are sup]add$ to deifi$ ance/ors ev5 9 ,*9a2 :o are f\nd all ov] ,polynesia1 9 ,tangaloa & ,maui1 & 9 old ,p]u1 9 ! ,sun--are ! product ei!r ( ! se>* aft] ! inf9ite1 or ( mi/akes aris+ out ( ! confusion ( a great *ief's "n ) ! ?+ signifi$ by ! "n4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i ?9k x is aga9 m]ely matt] ( fact t1 among a l>ge portion ( #ahg mank9d1 ance/or-wor%ip is m or less ?r[n into ! backgr\nd ei!r by su* cosmic deities1 or by tribal gods ( unc]ta9 orig91 :o h be5 rais$ to em95ce by ! sup]iority 9 w>f>e1 or o!rwise1 ( _! wor%ipp]s4 ,among c]ta9 nations1 ! poly!i/ic !ology1 ?us con/itut$1 has become modifi$ by ! selection ( "s "o cosmic or tribal god1 z ! only god to :om wor%ip is due on ! "p ( t nation 7?\gh x is by no means d5i$ t o!r nations h a "r to wor%ip o!r gods71 & ?us results a wor%ip ( "o ,god--monolatry1 z ,wellhaus5 calls x--:i* is v diff]5t f g5u9e mono!ism4#eb ,9 ance/ral scio!ism1 & 9 ?is monolatry1 ! e?ical code1 (t5 ( a v high ord]1 comes into clos] relation ) ! !ological cre$4 ,morality is tak5 "u ! patronage ( ! god or gods1 :o rew>d all morally good conduct & puni% all morally evil conduct 9 ?is _w or ! next4 ,at ! same "t1 h[ev]1 !y are conceiv$ to be ?or\ghly human1 & !y visit any %ad[ ( disrespect to !mselves1 %[n by disob$i5ce to _! comm&s1 or by delay1 or c>elessness1 9 c>ry+ !m out1 z sev]ely z any brea* ( ! moral laws4 ,piety means m9ute att5tion to ! due p]=mance ( all sacr$ rites1 & cov]s any numb] ( lapses 9 morality1 j z cruelty1 trea*]y1 murd]1 & adult]y did n b> ,david's claim to ! title ( ! man aft] ,god's own he>t among ! ,israelites2 crimes aga9/ m5 may be expiat$1 #ahh b blasphemy aga9/ ! gods is an unp>donable s94 ,m5 =give all injuries b ^? :i* t\* _! self-e/eem2 & !y make _! gods aft] _! own lik5ess1 9 _! own image make !y !m4 ,x is 9 ! category ( monolatry t ,i conceive ! !ology ( ! old ,israelites mu/ be rang$4 ,!y 7 poly!i/s1 9 s f> z !y admitt$ ! exi/5ce ( o!r ,elohim ( div9e rank beside ,jahveh2 !y diff]$ f ord9>y poly!i/s1 9 s f> z !y believ$ t ,jahveh 0 ! supreme god & ! "o prop] object ( _! own national wor%ip4 ,b x w d\btless be object$ t ,i h be5 build+ up a fictiti\s ,israelitic !ology on ! f\ndation ( ! record$ habits & cu/oms ( ! p1 :5 !y _h laps$ f ! ord9ances ( _! great lawgiv] & prophet ,moses1 & t my conclusions may be good = ! p]v]ts to ,canaaniti% !ology1 b n = ! true obs]v]s ( ! ,s9aitic legislation4 ,! answ] to ! objection is t--s f> z ,i c =m a judgm5t ( t :i* is well asc]ta9$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,israel--!re is v little gr\nd = believ+ t we "k mu*1 ei!r ab\t ! !ological & social value ( ! influ5ce ( ,moses1 or ab\t :at happ5$ dur+ ! w&]+s 9 ! ,des]t4 ,! acc\nt ( ! ,exodus & ( ! occurr5ces 9 ! ,s9aitic p59sula2 9 fact1 all ! hi/ory ( ,israel be=e ! invasion ( ,canaan1 is full ( wond]ful /ories :i* may be true1 9 s f> z !y #ahi are conceivable occurr5ces1 b :i* are c]ta9ly n probable1 & :i* ,i1 = "o1 decl9e to accept until evid5ce1 :i* des]ves t "n1 is (f]$ ( _! hi/orical tru?4 ,up to ?is "t ,i "k ( none4#ec ,fur!rmore1 ,i see no answ] to ! argum5t t "o has no "r to pick out ( an obvi\sly unhi/orical /atem5t ! ass]tions :i* happ5 to be probable & disc>d ! re/4 ,b x is also c]ta9 t a primitively v]aci\s tradition may be smo!r$ "u subsequ5t my?ical additions1 & t "o has no "r to ca/ away ! =m] along ) ! latt]4 ,?us1 p]haps ! faire/ way ( /at+ ! case may be z foll[s4 ,!re c be no a priori objection to ! supposition t ! ,israelites 7 deliv]$ f _! ,egyptian bondage by a lead] call$ ,moses1 & t he ex]t$ a great influ5ce ov] _! subsequ5t organisation 9 ! des]t4 ,!re is no reason to d\bt t1 dur+ _! resid5ce 9 ! l& ( ,go%51 ! ,israelites knew no?+ ( ,jahveh2 b1 z _! own prophets decl>e 7see ,ezek4 xx471 7 poly!i/ic idolat]s1 %>+ 9 ! wor/ practices ( _! neighb\rs4 ,z to _! conduct 9 o!r respects1 no?+ is kn[n4 ,b x may fairly be suspect$ t _! e?ics 7 n ( a high] ord] ?an ^? ( ,jacob _! prog5itor1 9 :i* case !y might d]ive great pr(it f contact ) ,egyptian society1 :i* held hone/y & #aij tru?fulness 9 ! highe/ e/eem4 ,?anks to ! ,egyptolog]s1 we n[ "k1 ) all requisite c]ta9ty1 ! moral /&>d ( t society 9 ! "t1 & long be=e ! "t1 ( ,moses4 ,x c be det]m9$ f ! scrolls buri$ ) ! mummifi$ dead & f ! inscriptions on ! tombs & memorial /atues ( t age4 ,=1 ?\gh ! ly+ ( epitaphs is prov]bial1 s f> z _! subject is conc]n$1 !y give an unmi/akable insight into t :i* ! writ]s & ! read]s ( !m ?9k praisewor?y4 ,9 ! fam\s tombs at ,b5i ,hassan !re is a record ( ! life ( ,pr9ce ,nakht1 :o s]v$ ,os]tas5 ,,ii41 a ,ph>aoh ( ! twelf? dyna/y1 z gov]nor ( a prov9ce4 ,! inscription speaks 9 8 "n3 ,i 0 a b5evol5t & k9dly gov]nor :o lov$ 8 c\ntry4444 ,nev] 0 a little *ild di/ress$ nor a wid[ ill-treat$ by me4 ,i h nev] repell$ a workman or h9d]$ a %eph]d4 ,i gave alike to ! wid[ & to ! m>ri$ woman1 & h n pref]r$ ! great to ! small 9 my gifts4 ,& we h ! high au?ority ( ! late ,dr4 ,samuel ,bir* = ! /atem5t t ! inscriptions ( ! twelf? dyna/y ab\nd 9 injunctions ( a high e?ical "*4 ,to fe$ ! hungry1 give dr9k to ! ?ir/y1 clo! ! nak$1 bury ! dead1 loyally s]ve ! k+1 =m$ ! fir/ duty ( a pi\s man & fai?ful subject4#ed ,! p = :om ^! inscriptions embodi$ _! ideal ( praisewor?9ess assur$ly _h no imp]fect #aia conception ( ei!r ju/ice or m]cy4 ,b !re is a docum5t :i* gives /ill bett] evid5ce ( ! moral /&>d ( ! ,egyptians4 ,x is ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 a sort ( ,guide to ,spiritl&1 ! :ole1 or a "p1 ( :i* 0 buri$ ) ! mummy ( e well-to-d ,egyptian1 :ile extracts f x are f\nd 9 innum]able inscriptions4 ,portions ( ?is "w are ( extreme antiquity1 evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce occurr+ z f> back z ! fif? & six? dyna/ies2 :ile ! #abe? *apt]1 :i* con/itutes a sort ( book by itself1 & is kn[n z ! ,book ( ,r$emption 9 ! ,hall ( ! two ,tru?s1 is frequ5tly inscrib$ ^u c(f9s & o!r monum5ts ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y 7t "u :i*1 !re is reason to believe1 ! ,israelites 7 oppress$ & ! ,exodus took place71 & x occurs1 m ?an once1 9 ! fam\s tombs ( ! k+s ( ?is & ! prec$+ dyna/y at ,!bes4#ee ,?is ,book ( ,r$emption is *iefly occupi$ by ! s-call$ negative confession made to ! =ty-two ,div9e ,judges1 9 :i* ! s\l ( ! dead d5ies t he has committ$ faults ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,x is1 !re=e1 obvi\s t ! ,egyptians conceiv$ t _! gods comm&$ !m n to d ! de$s :i* are "h d5i$4 ,! ,book ( ,r$emption1 9 fact1 implies ! exi/5ce 9 ! m9d ( ! ,egyptians1 if n 9 a =mal writ+1 ( a s]ies ( ord9ances c\*$1 l ! majority ( ! t5 #aib comm&m5ts1 9 negative t]ms4 ,& x is easy to prove ! impli$ exi/5ce ( a s]ies :i* ne>ly answ]s to ! t5 words4 ,( c\rse a poly!i/ic & image-wor%ipp+ p1 :o obs]v$ a great _m holy days1 b no ,sabba?s1 c\ld h no?+ analog\s to ! fir/ or ! second & ! f\r? comm&m5ts ( ! ,decalogue2 b1 answ]+ to ! ?ird1 is ,i h n blasphem$2 to ! fif?1 ,i h n revil$ ! face ( ! k+ or my fa!r2 to ! six?1 ,i h n murd]$2 to ! sev5?1 ,i h n committ$ adult]y2 to ! eigh?1 ,i h n /ol51 ,i h n done fraud to man2 to ! n9?1 ,i h n told falsehoods 9 ! tribunal ( tru?1 &1 fur!r1 ,i h n calumniat$ ! slave to 8 ma/]4 ,i f9d no?+ exactly simil> to ! t5? comm&m5t2 b t ! inw>d disposition ( m9d 0 held to be ( no less importance ?an ! outw>d act is to be ga!r$ f ! praises ( k9dl9ess already cit$ & ! cry ( ,i am pure1 :i* is repeat$ by ! s\l on trial4 ,moreov]1 !re is a m9ut5ess ( detail 9 ! confession :i* %[s no little delicacy ( moral appreciation--,i h n privily done evil aga9/ mank9d1 ,i h n afflict$ m51 ,i h n )held milk f ! m\?s ( suckl+s1 ,i h n be5 idle1 ,i h n play$ ! hypocrite1 ,i h n told falsehoods1 ,i h n corrupt$ woman or man1 ,i h n caus$ fe>1 ,i h n multipli$ words 9 speak+4 ,w\ld t ! moral s5se ( ! n9ete5? #aic c5tury ,a4,d4 7 z f> advanc$ z t ( ! ,egyptians 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury ,b4,c4 9 ?is la/ p>ticul>6 ,:at incalculable b5efit to mank9d w\ld fl[ f /rict obs]vance ( ! comm&m5t1 ,?\ %alt n multiply words 9 speak+6 ,no?+ is m rem>kable ?an ! /ress :i* ! old ,egyptians1 "h & else:]e1 lay ^u ?is & o!r k9ds ( tru?fulness1 z comp>$ ) ! abs5ce ( any su* requirem5t 9 ! ,israelitic ,decalogue1 9 :i* only a specific k9d ( untru?fulness is =bidd54 ,if1 z ! /ory runs1 ,moses 0 adopt$ by a pr9cess ( ! royal h\se1 & 0 in/ruct$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians1 x is surely incr$ible t he %\ld n h be5 famili>1 f 8 y\? up1 ) ! high moral code impli$ 9 ! ,book ( ,r$emption4 ,x is surely impossible t he %\ld h be5 less famili> ) ! complete legal sy/em1 & ) ! me?od ( adm9i/ration ( ju/ice1 :i*1 ev5 9 8 "t1 _h enabl$ ! ,egyptian p to hold toge!r1 z a complex social organisation1 = a p]iod f> long] ?an ! duration ( old ,roman society1 f ! build+ ( ! city to ! dea? ( ! la/ ,caes>4 ,nor ne$ we look to ,moses alone = ! influ5ce ( ,egypt ^u ,israel4 ,x is true t ! ,hebrew nomads :o came into contact ) ! ,egyptians ( ,os]tas51 or ( ,ramses1 /ood 9 mu* ! same relation to !m1 9 po9t ( culture1 z a ,g]manic tribe did to ! ,romans ( ,tib]ius or ( ,m>cus ,anton9us1 or z ,capta9 ,cook's ,omai did to ! ,engli% ( ,george ! ,?ird4 ,b1 #aid at ! same "t1 any difficulty ( communication :i* might h aris5 out ( ?is circum/ance 0 remov$ by ! long pre-exi/+ int]c\rse ( o!r ,semites1 ( e grade ( civilisation1 ) ! ,egyptians4 ,9 ,mesopotamia & else:]e1 z 9 ,ph5icia1 ,semitic p _h atta9$ to a social organisation z advanc$ z t ( ! ,egyptians2 ,semites _h conqu]$ & occupi$ ,l[] ,egypt = c5turies4 ,s ext5sively _h ,semitic influ5ces p5etrat$ ,egypt t ! ,egyptian language1 dur+ ! p]iod ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y1 is said by ,brugs* to be z full ( ,semitisms z ,g]man is ( ,gallicisms2 :ile ,semitic deities _h supplant$ ! ,egyptian gods at ,heliopolis & else:]e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,semites1 z f> z ,ph5icia1 7 ext5sively influ5c$ by ,egypt4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$#ef t ,moses1 ,ph9ehas 7& p]haps ,a>on71 are names ( ,egyptian orig91 & !re is excell5t au?ority = ! /atem5t t ! "n ,abir1 :i* ! ,israelites gave to _! gold5 calf1 & :i* is also us$ to signify ! /rong1 ! heav5ly1 & ev5 ,god1#eg is simply ! ,egyptian ,apis4 ,brugs* po9ts out t ! god ,tum1 or ,tom1 :o 0 ! special object ( wor%ip 9 ! city ( ,pi-,tom1 ) :i* ! ,israelites 7 only too famili>1 0 call$ ,ankh & ! great god1 & _h no image4 ,ankh means ,he :o lives1 ! liv+ "o1 a "n ! resemblance ( :i* to ! #aie ,i am t ,i am ( ,exodus is unmi/akable1 :atev] may be ! value ( ! fact4 ,e discussion ( ,israelitic ritual seeks & f9ds ! explanation ( its details 9 ! portable sacr$ *e/s1 ! alt>s1 ! prie/ly dress1 ! brea/plate1 ! inc5se1 & ! sacrifices depict$ on ! monum5ts ( ,egypt4 ,b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ^! signs ( ! influ5ce ( ,egypt ^u ,israel are n necess>ily evid5ce t su* influ5ce 0 ex]t$ be=e ! ,exodus4 ,x may h come mu* lat]1 ?r\gh ! close connection ( ! ,israel ( ,david & ,solomon1 fir/ ) ,ph5icia & !n ) ,egypt4 ,if we suppose ,moses to h be5 a man ( ! /amp ( ,calv91 !re is no difficulty 9 conceiv+ t he may h con/ruct$ ! sub/ance ( ! t5 words1 & ev5 ( ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 :i* curi\sly resembles p>ts ( ! ,book ( ! ,dead1 f ! f\ndation ( ,egyptian e?ics & !ology :i* _h filt]$ ?r\gh to ! ,israelites 9 g5]al1 or _h be5 furni%$ specially to himself by 8 e>ly education2 j z ! great ,g5evese re=m] built up a puritanic social organisation on s mu* z rema9$ ( ! e?ics & !ology ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 aft] he _h trimm$ !m to 8 lik+4 ,?us1 ,i repeat1 ,i see no a priori objection to ! assumption t ,moses may h endeav\r$ to give 8 p a !ologico-political organisation bas$ on ! t5 comm&m5ts 7?\gh c]ta9ly n q 9 _! pres5t =m7 & ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant1 conta9$ 9 our pres5t book ( ,exodus4 ,b #aif :e!r !re is su* evid5ce z am\nts to pro(1 or1 ,i _h bett] say1 to probability1 t ev5 ?is mu* ( ! ,p5tateu* owes its orig9 to ,moses is ano!r matt]4 ,! my?ical "* ( ! accessories ( ! ,s9aitic hi/ory is pat5t1 & x w\ld take a good deal m evid5ce ?an is af=d$ by ! b>e ass]tion ( an unkn[n writ] to ju/ify ! belief t ! p :o saw ! ?und]+s & ! lightn+s & ! voice ( ! trumpet & ! m\nta9 smok+ 7,exod4 xx4 #ah72 to :om ,jahveh ord]s ,moses to say1 ,ye y\rselves h se5 t ,i h talk$ ) y f heav54 ,ye %all n make o!r gods ) me2 gods ( silv] & gods ( gold ye %all n make unto y 7ibid4 #bb1 #bc71 %\ld1 less ?an six weeks aft]w>ds1 h done ! exact ?+ !y 7 ?us awfully =bidd5 to d4 ,nor is ! cr$ibility ( ! /ory increas$ by ! /atem5t t ,a>on1 ! bro!r ( ,moses1 ! witness & fell[-work] ( ! miracles be=e ,ph>aoh1 0 _! lead] & ! artific] ( ! idol4 ,& yet1 at ! same "t1 ,a>on 0 app>5tly s ignorant ( wrongdo+ t he made proclamation1 ,to-morr[ %all be a fea/ to ,jahveh1 & ! p proce$$ to (f] _! burnt-(f]+s & peace-(f]+s1 z if ev]y?+ 9 _! proce$+s mu/ be satisfactory to ! ,deity ) :om !y _h j made a solemn cov5ant to aboli% image-wor%ip4 ,x seems to me t1 on a survey ( all ! facts ( ! case1 only a v cauti\s & hypo!tical judgm5t is ju/ifiable4 ,x may be t ,moses pr(it$ by ! opportunities af=d$ him ( #aig access to :at 0 be/ 9 ,egyptian society to become acqua9t$1 n only ) its advanc$ e?ical & legal code1 b ) ! m or less pan!i/ic unification ( ! ,div9e to :i* ! speculations ( ! ,egyptian ?9k]s1 l ^? ( all poly!i/ic philosoph]s1 f ,polynesia to ,greece1 t5d2 if inde$ ! !ology ( ! p]iod ( ! n9ete5? dyna/y 0 n1 z "s ,egyptologi/s ?9k1 a modification ( an e>li]1 m di/9ctly mono!i/ic doctr9e ( a long antec$5t age4 ,x took only half a doz5 c5turies = ! !ology ( ,paul to become ! !ology ( ,gregory ! ,great2 & x is possible t tw5ty c5turies lay betwe5 ! !ology ( ! fir/ wor%ipp]s 9 ! sanctu>y ( ! ,sph9x & t ( ! prie/s ( ,ramses ,maimun4 ,x may be t ! t5 comm&m5ts & ! ,book ( ! ,cov5ant are bas$ ^u fai?ful traditions ( ! ef=ts ( a great lead] to raise 8 foll[]s to 8 own level4 ,= myself1 z a matt] ( pi\s op9ion1 ,i l to ?9k s2 z ,i l to imag9e t1 betwe5 ,moses & ,samuel1 !re may h be5 _m a se]1 _m a h]dsman su* z him ( ,tekoah1 lonely amid/ ! hills ( ,ephraim & ,judah1 :o *]i%$ & kept alive ^! traditions4 ,9 ! pres5t results ( ,biblical criticism1 h[ev]1 ,i c discov] no ju/ification = ! common assumption t1 betwe5 ! "t ( ,jo%ua & t ( ,rehoboam1 ! ,israelites 7 famili> ) ei!r ! ,deut]onomic or ! ,levitical legislation2 or t ! !ology ( ! ,israelites1 f ! k+ :o sat on ! ?rone to ! l[e/ ( 8 subjects1 0 9 #aih any important respect diff]5t f t :i* might naturally be expect$ f _! previ\s hi/ory & ! conditions ( _! exi/5ce4 ,b !re is excell5t evid5ce to ! contr>y effect4 ,&1 = my "p1 ,i see no reason to d\bt t1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 ! ,israelites _h pass$ ?r\gh a p]iod ( m]e gho/-wor%ip1 & _h advanc$ ?r\gh ,ance/or-wor%ip & ,feti%ism & ,totemism to ! !ological level at :i* we f9d !m 9 ! books ( ,judges & ,samuel4 ,all ! m rem>kable1 !re=e1 is ! extraord9>y *ange :i* is to be not$ 9 ! eigh? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,! /ud5t :o is famili> ) ! !ology impli$1 or express$1 9 ! books ( ,judges1 ,samuel1 & ! fir/ book ( ,k+s1 f9ds himself 9 a new _w ( ?\ght1 9 ! full tide ( a great re=mation1 :5 he reads ,joel1 ,amos1 ,hosea1 ,isaiah1 ,micah1 & ,j]emiah4 ,! ess5ce ( ?is *ange is ! rev]sal ( ! position :i*1 9 primitive society1 e?ics holds 9 relation to !ology4 ,orig9ally1 t :i* m5 wor%ip is a !ological hypo!sis1 n a moral ideal4 ,! prophets1 9 sub/ance1 if n always 9 =m1 prea* ! opposite doctr9e4 ,!y are con/antly /riv+ to free ! moral ideal f ! /ifl+ embrace ( ! curr5t !ology & its concomitant ritual4 ,!irs 0 n an intellectual criticism1 argu$ on /rictly sci5tific gr\nds2 ! image-wor%ipp]s & ! believ]s 9 ! efficacy ( sacrifices & c]emonies might logically h held _! #aii own aga9/ any?+ ! prophets h to say2 x 0 an e?ical criticism4 ,f ! height ( 8 moral intuition--t ! :ole duty ( man is to d ju/ice & love m]cy & to be> himself z humbly z befits 8 insignificance 9 face ( ! ,inf9ite--! prophet simply laughs at ! idolat]s ( /ocks & /ones & ! idolat]s ( ritual4 ,idols ( ! fir/ k9d1 9 8 exp]i5ce1 7 insep>ably unit$ ) ! practice ( immorality1 & !y 7 to be ru?lessly de/roy$4 ,z = sacrifices & c]emonies1 :atev] _! intr9sic value might be1 !y might be tol]at$ on condition ( ceas+ to be idols2 !y might ev5 be praisewor?y on condition ( be+ made to subs]ve ! wor%ip ( ! true ,jahveh--! moral ideal4 ,if ! realm ( ,david _h rema9$ undivid$1 if ! ,assyrian & ! ,*aldean & ! ,egyptian _h left ,israel to ! ord9>y c\rse ( developm5t ( an ,ori5tal k+dom1 x is possible t ! effects ( ! re=m+ zeal ( ! prophets ( ! eigh? & sev5? c5turies might h be5 effac$ by ! gr[?1 accord+ to its inevitable t5d5cies1 ( ! !ology :i* !y combat$4 ,b ! captivity made ! =tune ( ! ideas :i* x 0 ! privilege ( ^! m5 to laun* ^u an endless c>e]4 ,) ! abolition ( ! ,temple-s]vices = m ?an half a c5tury1 ! prie/ mu/ h lo/ & ! scribe ga9$ influ5ce4 ,! puritanism ( a vigor\s m9ority among ! ,babylonian ,jews root$ out poly!ism f all its hid+-places 9 ! !ology :i* !y _h inh]it$2 !y creat$ ! fir/ #bjj consi/5t1 remorseless1 nak$ mono!ism1 :i*1 s f> z hi/ory records1 appe>$ 9 ! _w 7= ,zoroa/rism is practically di!ism1 & ,buddhism any-!ism or no-!ism72 & !y insep>ably unit$ !re) an e?ical code1 :i*1 = its purity & = its effici5cy z a bond ( social life1 0 & is1 unsurpass$4 ,s ,i ?9k we mu/ n judge ,ezra & ,nehemiah & _! foll[]s too h>dly1 if !y exemplifi$ ! usual doom ( poor humanity to escape f "o error only to fall into ano!r2 if !y fail$ to free !mselves z completely f ! idolatry ( ritual z !y _h f t ( images & dogmas2 if !y *]i%$ ! new fett]s ( ! ,levitical legislation :i* !y _h fitt$ ^u !mselves & _! nation1 z ?\gh su* bonds _h ! sanctity ( ! obligations ( morality2 & if !y l$ succe$+ g5]ations to sp5d _! be/ en]gies 9 build+ t h$ge r\nd ! ,torah :i* 0 meant to pres]ve bo? e?ics & !ology1 b :i* too (t5 _h ! effect ( pamp]+ ! latt] & />v+ ! =m]4 ,! _w be+ :at x 01 x is to be d\bt$ :e!r ,israel w\ld h pres]v$ intact ! pure ore ( religion1 :i* ! prophets _h extract$ = ! use ( mank9d z well z = _! nation1 _h n ! lead]s ( ! nation be5 zeal\s1 ev5 to dea?1 = ! dross ( ! law 9 :i* x 0 emb$d$4 ,! /ruggle ( ! ,jews1 "u ! ,maccabean h\se1 aga9/ ! ,seleucidae 0 z important = mank9d z t ( ! ,greeks aga9/ ! ,p]sians4 ,&1 ( all ! /range ironies ( hi/ory1 p]haps ! /range/ #bja is t ,ph>isee is curr5t1 z a t]m ( reproa*1 among ! !ological desc5dants ( t sect ( ,naz>5es :o1 )\t ! m>tyr _s ( ^? primitive ,puritans1 w\ld nev] h come into exi/5ce4 ,!y1 l _! hi/orical successors1 our own ,puritans1 h %>$ ! g5]al fate ( ! poor wise m5 :o save cities4 ,a criticism ( !ology f ! side ( sci5ce is n ?\ght ( by ! prophets1 & is at mo/ indicat$ 9 ! books ( ,job & ,ecclesia/es1 9 bo? ( :i* ! problem ( v9dicat+ ! ways ( ,god to man is giv5 up1 ?\gh on diff]5t gr\nds1 z a hopeless "o4 ,b ) ! ext5sive introduction ( ,greek ?\ght among ! ,jews1 :i* took place1 n only dur+ ! dom9ation ( ! ,seleucidae 9 ,pale/9e1 b 9 ! great ,judaic colony :i* fl\ri%$ 9 ,egypt "u ! ,ptolemies1 criticism1 on bo? e?ical & sci5tific gr\nds1 took a new dep>ture4 ,9 ! h&s ( ! ,alex&rian ,jews1 z repres5t$ by ,philo1 ! fundam5tal axiom ( lat] ,jewi%1 z ( ,*ri/ian mono!ism1 t ! ,deity is inf9itely p]fect & inf9itely good1 work$ itself out into its logical consequ5ce--agno/ic !ism4 ,philo w all[ ( no po9t ( contact betwe5 ,god & a _w 9 :i* evil exi/s4 ,= him ,god has no relation to space or to "t1 &1 z inf9ite1 suff]s no pr$icate beyond t ( exi/5ce4 ,x is1 !re=e1 absurd to ascribe to ,him m5tal faculties & affections comp>able 9 ! remote/ degree to ^? ( m52 ,he is 9 no way an object ( cognition2 ,he #bjb is ,greek3 apoios & ,greek3 akatalektos#eh--)\t quality & incompreh5sible4 ,t is to say1 ! ,alex&rian ,jew ( ! fir/ c5tury _h anticipat$ ! reason+s ( ,hamilton & ,mansell 9 ! n9ete5?1 &1 = him1 ,god is ! ,unkn[able 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t t]m is us$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,moreov]1 ,philo's def9ition ( ! ,supreme ,be+ w\ld n be inconsi/5t ) t sub/antia con/ans inf9itis attributis1 quorum unumquodque aet]nam et inf9itam ess5tiam exprimit1 giv5 by ano!r great ,israelite1 7 x n t ,sp9oza's doctr9e ( ! imman5ce ( ! ,deity 9 ! _w puts him1 at any rate =mally1 at ! antipodes ( !ological speculation4 ,b ! conception ( ! ess5tial incognoscibility ( ! ,deity is ! same 9 ea* case4 ,h[ev]1 ,philo 0 too ?or\gh an ,israelite & too mu* ! *ild ( 8 "t to be cont5t ) ?is agno/ic position4 ,) ! help ( ! ,platonic & ,/oic philosophy1 he con/ruct$ an appreh5sible1 if n compreh5sible1 quasi-deity out ( ! ,logos2 :ile o!r m or less p]sonifi$ div9e p[]s1 or attributes1 bridg$ ov] ! int]val betwe5 ,god & man2 betwe5 ! sacr$ exi/5ce1 too pure to be call$ by any "n :i* impli$ a conceivable quality1 & ! gross & evil _w ( matt]4 ,9 ord] to get ov] ! e?ical difficulties pres5t$ by ! naive naturalism ( _m p>ts ( #bjc ^? ,scriptures1 9 ! div9e au?ority ( :i* he firmly believ$1 ,philo borr[$ f ! ,/oics 7:o _h be5 9 l /raits 9 respect ( ,greek my?ology71 t great ,excalibur :i* !y _h =g$ ) inf9ite pa9s & skill--! me?od ( allegorical int]pretation4 ,?is mighty two-h&$ eng9e at ! door ( ! !ologian is w>rant$ to make a spe$y end ( any & e moral or intellectual difficulty1 by %[+ t1 tak5 allegorically or1 z x is o!rwise said1 poetically1 or1 9 a spiritual s5se1 ! pla9e/ words mean :atev] a pi\s int]pret] desires !y %\ld mean4 ,9 ,biblical phrase1 ,z5o 7:o probably _h a /ra9 ( ,semitic blood 9 him7 0 ! fa!r ( all su* z reconcile4 ,no d\bt ,philo & 8 foll[]s 7 em95tly religi\s m52 b !y did endless injury to ! cause ( religion by lay+ ! f\ndations ( a new !ology1 :ile equipp+ ! def5d]s ( x ) ! subtle/ ( all weapons ( (f5ce & def5ce1 & ) an inexhau/ible /ore ( sophi/ical argum5ts ( ! mo/ plausible aspect4 ,! "q ( ! real be>+ ^u !ology ( ! influ5ce ex]t$ by ! tea*+ ( ,philo's contempor>y1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 is "o ^u :i* x is n g]mane to my pres5t purpose to ent]4 ,i take x simply z an unque/ionable fact t 8 imm$iate disciples1 kn[n to _! c\ntrym5 z ,naz>5es1 7 reg>d$ z1 & consid]$ !mselves to be1 p]fectly or?odox ,jews belong+ to ! puritanic or ph>isaic section ( _! p1 & diff]+ f ! re/ only 9 _! belief t #bjd ! ,messiah _h already come4 ,*ri/ianity1 x is said1 fir/ became cle>ly diff]5tiat$ at ,antio*1 & x sep>at$ itself f or?odox ,judaism by d5y+ ! obligation ( ! rite ( circumcision & ( ! food prohibitions1 prescrib$ by ! law4 ,h5ce=w>d !ology became relatively /ation>y among ! ,jews1#ei & ! hi/ory ( its rapid progress 9 a new c\rse ( evolution is ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 or?odox & het]odox4 ,! /eps 9 ?is evolution are obvi\s4 ,! fir/ is ! bir? ( a new !ological s*eme aris+ out ( ! union ( elem5ts d]iv$ f ,greek philosophy ) elem5ts d]iv$ f ,israelitic !ology4 ,9 ! f\r? ,gospel1 ! ,logos1 rais$ to a some:at high] degree ( p]sonification ?an 9 ! ,alex&rian !osophy1 is id5tifi$ ) ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,9 ! ,epi/les1 especially ! lat] ( ^? attribut$ to ,paul1 ! ,israelitic ideas ( ! ,messiah & ( sacrificial atonem5t coalesce ) "o ano!r & ) ! embodim5t ( ! ,logos 9 ,jesus1 until ! apo!osis ( ! ,son ( man is almo/1 or q1 effect$4 ,! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian dogma1 f ,ju/9 to ,a?anasius1 is a record ( cont9ual progress 9 ! same direction1 until ! fair body ( religion1 reveal$ 9 almo/ nak$ purity by ! prophets1 is #bje once m hidd5 "u a new accumulation ( dogmas & ( ritual practices ( :i* ! primitive ,naz>5e knew no?+2 & :i* he w\ld probably h reg>d$ z blasphem\s if he c\ld h be5 made to und]/& !m4 ,z1 c5tury aft] c5tury1 ! ages roll on1 poly!ism comes back "u ! disguise ( ,m>iolatry & ! adoration ( sa9ts2 image-wor%ip becomes z rampant z 9 old ,egypt2 adoration ( relics takes ! place ( ! old feti%-wor%ip2 ! virtues ( ! ephod pale be=e ^? ( holy coats & h&k]*iefs2 %r9es & calv>ies make up = ! loss ( ! ark & ( ! high places2 & ev5 ! lu/ral fluid ( paganism is replac$ by holy wat] at ! por*es ( ! temples4 ,a t\*+ c]emony--! common meal orig9ally eat5 9 pi\s memory ( a lov$ tea*]--0 metamorphos$ into a fle%-&-blood sacrifice1 suppos$ to possess exactly t r$eem+ virtue :i* ! prophets d5i$ to ! fle%-&-blood sacrifices ( _! day2 :ile ! m9ute obs]vance ( ritual 0 rais$ to a degree ( punctili\s ref9em5t :i* ,levitical legislators might envy4 ,& ) ! gr[? ( ?is !ology1 grew its inevitable concomitant1 ! belief 9 evil spirits1 9 possession1 9 sorc]y1 9 *>ms & om5s1 until ! ,*ri/ians ( ! twelf? c5tury aft] our era 7 sunk 9 m debas$ & brutal sup]/itions ?an are record$ ( ! ,israelites 9 ! twelf? c5tury be=e x4 ,! greate/ m5 ( ! ,middle ,ages are unable to escape ! infection4 ,dante's ,inf]no w\ld be #bjf revolt+ if x 7 n s (t5 sublime1 s (t5 exquisitely t5d]4 ,! hide\s pictures :i* cov] a va/ space on ! s\? wall ( ! ,campo ,santo ( ,pisa convey in=mation1 z t]rible z x is indisputable1 ( ! !ological conceptions ( ,dante's c\ntrym5 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 ^: eyes 7 address$ by ! pa9t]s ( ^? disgu/+ sc5es1 & ^: approbation !y knew h[ to w94 ,a c&id ,mexican ( ! "t ( ,cortez1 c\ld he h se5 ?is ,*ri/ian burial-place1 w\ld h tak5 x = an appropriately adorn$ ,teocalli4 ,! pr(ess$ disciple ( ! ,god ( ju/ice & ( m]cy might !re gloat ov] ! suff]+s ( 8 fell[-m5 depict$ z und]go+ e extremity ( atroci\s & sangu9>y torture to all et]nity1 = !ological errors no less ?an = moral del9qu5cies2 :ile1 9 ! c5tral figure ( ,satan1#fj occupi$ 9 *amp+ up s\ls 9 8 caprici\s & well-too!d jaws1 to void !m aga9 = ! purpose ( und]go+ fre% suff]+1 we h ! c\nt]p>t ( ! /range ,polynesian & ,egyptian dogma t !re 7 c]ta9 gods :o employ$ !mselves 9 dev\r+ ! gho/ly fle% ( ! spirits ( ! dead4 #bjg ,b1 9 ju/ice to ! ,polynesians1 x mu/ be recollect$ t1 aft] ?ree su* op]ations1 !y ?\ght ! s\l 0 purifi$ & happy4 ,9 ! view ( ! ,*ri/ian !ologian ! op]ation 0 only a prep>ation = new tortures cont9u$ = ev] & aye4 ,) ! gr[? ( civilisation 9 ,europe1 & ) ! revival ( lett]s & ( sci5ce 9 ! f\rte5? & fifte5? c5turies1 ! e?ical & intellectual criticism ( !ology once m recomm5c$1 & arriv$ at a tempor>y re/+-place 9 ! confessions ( ! v>i\s re=m$ ,prote/ant sects 9 ! sixte5? c5tury2 almo/ all ( :i*1 z soon z !y 7 /rong en\gh1 began to p]secute ^? :o c>ri$ criticism beyond _! own limit4 ,b ! movem5t 0 n arre/$ by ^! ecclesia/ical b>ri]s1 z _! con/ructors fondly imag9$ x w\ld be2 x 0 cont9u$1 tacitly or op5ly1 by ,galileo1 by ,hobbes1 by ,desc>tes1 & especially by ,sp9oza1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury2 by ! ,engli% ,free?9k]s1 by ,r\sseau1 by ! ,fr5* ,encyclopa$i/s1 & by ! ,g]man ,rationali/s1 among :om ,less+ /&s out a head & %\ld]s tall] ?an ! re/1 ?r\gh\t ! eighte5? c5tury2 by ! hi/orians1 ! philolog]s1 ! ,biblical critics1 ! geologi/s1 & ! biologi/s 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 until x is obvi\s to all :o c see t ! moral s5se & ! really sci5tific me?od ( seek+ = tru? are once m pr$om9at+ ov] false sci5ce4 ,once m e?ics & !ology are p>t+ company4 ,x is my conviction t1 ) ! spread ( true sci5tific culture1 :atev] may be ! m$ium1 #bjh hi/orical1 philological1 philosophical1 or physical1 ?r\gh :i* t culture is convey$1 & ) its necess>y concomitant1 a con/ant elevation ( ! /&>d ( v]acity1 ! end ( ! evolution ( !ology w be l its beg9n+--x w cease to h any relation to e?ics4 ,i suppose t1 s long z ! human m9d exi/s1 x w n escape its deep-seat$ in/9ct to p]sonify its intellectual conceptions4 ,! sci5ce ( ! pres5t day is z full ( ?is p>ticul> =m ( intellectual %ad[-wor%ip z is ! nesci5ce ( ignorant ages4 ,! diff]5ce is t ! philosoph] :o is wor?y ( ! "n kn[s t 8 p]sonifi$ hypo!ses1 su* z law1 & =ce1 & e!r1 & ! l1 are m]ely useful symbols1 :ile ! ignorant & ! c>eless take !m = adequate expressions ( reality4 ,s1 x may be1 t ! majority ( mank9d may f9d ! practice ( morality made easi] by ! use ( !ological symbols4 ,& unless ^! are conv]t$ f symbols into idols1 ,i d n see t sci5ce has any?+ to say to ! practice1 except to give an occasional w>n+ ( its dang]s4 ,b1 :5 su* symbols are dealt ) z real exi/5ces1 ,i ?9k ! highe/ duty :i* is laid ^u m5 ( sci5ce is to %[ t ^! dogmatic idols h no great] value ?an ! fabrications ( m5's h&s1 ! /ocks & ! /ones1 :i* !y h replac$4 99 99 99 99 99 #bji ,v ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,morals ,9 spite ( long &1 p]haps1 n unju/ifiable hesitation1 ,i beg9 to ?9k t !re mu/ be some?+ 9 telepa?y4 ,= evid5ce1 :i* ,i may n disreg>d1 is furni%$ by ! la/ numb] ( ! ,=tnightly ,review t1 among ! hi!rto undiscov]$ end[m5ts ( ! human species1 !re may be a p[] ev5 m wond]ful ?an ! my/ic faculty by :i* ! esot]ically ,buddhi/ic sage ^u ! f>!/ m\nta9 9 ,ca?ay reads ! inmo/ ?\ghts ( a dwell] )9 ! homely circuit ( ! ,london po/al di/rict4 ,great inde$ is ! insight ( su* a se]2 b h[ mu* great] is 8 :o comb9es ! feat ( read+1 n m]ely ! ?\ghts ( :i* ! ?9k] is aw>e1 b ^? ( :i* he kn[s no?+2 :o sees him unconsci\sly draw+ ! conclusions :i* he repudiates1 & support+ ! doctr9es :i* he dete/s4 ,to reflect ^u ! confusion :i* ! work+ ( su* a p[] z ?is may introduce into "o's ideas ( p]sonality & responsibility is p]il\s--madness lies t way4 ,b tru? is tru?1 & ,i am almo/ fa9 to believe 9 #baj ?is magical visibility ( ! non-exi/5t :5 ! only alt]native is ! supposition t ! writ] ( ! article on ,mat]ialism & ,morality 9 vol4 xl4 7#ahhf7 ( ! ,=tnightly ,review1 9 spite ( 8 manife/ ability & hone/y1 has pl$g$ himself1 s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 to :at1 if ,i may tru/ my own k ( my own ?\ghts1 mu/ be call$ a multitude ( errors ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,i s mu* admire ,mr4 ,lilly's outspok5ness1 ,i am s completely satisfi$ ( ! uprightness ( 8 int5tions1 t x is repugnant to me to qu>rel ) any?+ he may say2 & ,i sympa?ise s w>mly ) 8 manly scorn ( ! vil5ess ( mu* t passes "u ! "n ( lit]ature 9 ^! times1 t ,i w\ld will+ly be sil5t "u 8 by no means unk9dly exposition ( 8 !ory ( my own t5ets1 if ,i ?\ght t su* p]sonal abnegation w\ld s]ve ! int]e/ ( ! cause we bo? h at he>t4 ,b ,i _c ?9k s4 ,my cre$ may be an ill-fav\r$ ?+1 b x is m9e own1 z ,t\*/one says ( 8 lady-love2 & ,i h s high an op9ion ( ! solid virtues ( ! object ( my affections t ,i _c calmly see h] p]sonat$ by a w5* :o is mu* ugli] & has no virtue wor? speak+ (4 ,i hope ,i %\ld be ready to /& by a fall+ cause if ,i _h ev] adopt$ x2 b suff]+ = a fall+ cause1 :i* "o has done "o's be/ to br+ to ! gr\nd1 is a k9d ( m>tyrdom = :i* ,i h no ta/e4 ,9 my op9ion1 ! philosophical !ory :i* ,mr4 ,lilly attributes to me--b :i* ,i h ov] & ov] aga9 #baa disclaim$--is unt5able & de/9$ to ext9ction2 & ,i n unreasonably demur to be+ c\nt$ among its def5d]s4 ,aft] ! mann] ( a m$iaeval disputant1 ,mr4 ,lilly po/s up ?ree !ses1 :i*1 z he conceives1 embody ! *ief h]esies propagat$ by ! late ,pr(essor ,clif=d1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & myself4 ,he says t we agree 7#a7 9 putt+ aside1 z unv]ifiable1 ev]y?+ :i* ! s5ses _c v]ify2 7#b7 ev]y?+ beyond ! b\nds ( physical sci5ce2 7#c7 ev]y?+ :i* _c be br\ght into a laboratory & dealt ) *emically 7p4 #egh74 ,my lam5t$ "y fri5d ,clif=d1 sweete/ ( natures ?\gh ke5e/ ( disputants1 is out ( rea* ( our little controv]sies1 b 8 works speak = him1 & ^? :o run may read a refutation ( ,mr4 ,lilly's ass]tions 9 !m4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 hi!rto1 has %[n no lack ei!r ( ability or ( incl9ation to speak = himself2 & x w\ld be a sup]fluity1 n to say an imp]t95ce1 on my "p1 to take up ! cudgels = him4 ,b1 = myself1 if my k ( my own consci\sness may be assum$ to be adequate 7& ,i make n ! lea/ pret5sion to acqua9tance ) :at goes on 9 my ,unbewus/se971 ,i may be p]mitt$ to obs]ve t ! fir/ proposition appe>s to me to be n true2 t ! second is 9 ! same case2 & t1 if !re be gradations 9 untru5ess1 ! ?ird is s mon/r\sly untrue t x hov]s on ! v]ge ( absurdity1 ev5 if x does n actually fl\nd] 9 t logical limbo4 ,?us1 to all ?ree !ses1 ,i reply 9 #bab appropriate fa%ion1 ,nego--,i say ,no2 & ,i proce$ to /ate ! gr\nds ( t negation1 :i* ! proprieties d n p]mit me to make q s emphatic z ,i c\ld desire4 ,let me beg9 ) ! fir/ ass]tion1 t ,i put aside1 z unv]ifiable1 ev]y?+ :i* ! s5ses _c v]ify4 ,c su* a /atem5t z ?is be s]i\sly made 9 respect ( any human be+8 ,b ,i am n appo9t$ apologi/ = mank9d 9 g5]al2 & conf9+ my obs]vations to myself1 ,i beg leave to po9t out t1 at ?is pres5t mom5t1 ,i ent]ta9 an un%akable conviction t ,mr4 ,lilly is ! victim ( a pat5t & enorm\s misund]/&+1 & t ,i h n ! slighte/ int5tion ( putt+ t conviction aside because ,i _c v]ify x ei!r by t\*1 or ta/e1 or smell1 or he>+1 or sight1 :i* 79 ! abs5ce ( any trace ( telepa?ic faculty7 make up ! totality ( my s5ses4 ,aga91 ,i may v5ture to admire ! cle> & vigor\s ,engli% 9 :i* ,mr4 ,lilly embodies 8 views2 b ! s\rce ( t admiration does n lie 9 any?+ :i* my five s5ses enable me to discov] 9 ! pages ( 8 article1 & ( :i* an orang-outang might be j z acutely s5sible4 ,no1 x lies 9 an appreciation ( lit]>y =m & logical /ructure by ae/hetic & intellectual faculties :i* are n s5ses1 & :i* are n unfrequ5tly sadly want+ :]e ! s5ses are 9 full vig\r4 ,my poor relation may beat me 9 ! matt] ( s5sation2 b ,i am q confid5t t1 :5 /yle & syllogisms are to be dealt )1 he is n[h]e4 #bac ,if !re is any?+ 9 ! _w :i* ,i d firmly believe 91 x is ! univ]sal validity ( ! law ( causation2 b t univ]sality _c be prov$ by any am\nt ( exp]i5ce1 let alone t :i* comes to u ?r\gh ! s5ses4 ,& :5 an ef=t ( volition *anges ! curr5t ( my ?\ghts1 or :5 an idea calls up ano!r associat$ idea1 ,i h n ! slighte/ d\bt t ! process to :i* ! fir/ ( ! ph5om5a1 9 ea* case1 is due /&s 9 ! relation ( cause to ! second4 ,yet ! attempt to v]ify ?is belief by s5sation w\ld be %e] lunacy4 ,n[ ,i am q sure t ,mr4 ,lilly does n d\bt my sanity2 & ! only alt]native seems to be ! admission t 8 fir/ proposition is errone\s4 ,! second !sis *>ges me ) putt+ aside z unv]ifiable ev]y?+ beyond ! b\nds ( physical sci5ce4 ,aga9 ,i say1 ,no4 ,nobody1 ,i imag9e1 w cr$it me ) a desire to limit ! empire ( physical sci5ce1 b ,i really feel b\nd to confess t a great _m v famili> &1 at ! same "t1 extremely important ph5om5a lie q beyond its legitimate limits4 ,i _c conceive1 = example1 h[ ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 z su* & ap>t f ! physical process by :i* !y are call$ into exi/5ce1 are to be br\ght )9 ! b\nds ( physical sci5ce4 ,take ! simple/ possible example1 ! feel+ ( r$ness4 ,physical sci5ce tells u t x commonly arises z a consequ5ce ( molecul> *anges propagat$ f ! eye to a c]ta9 "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! bra91 :5 vibrations ( ! lum9if]\s e!r ( a c]ta9 "* fall ^u #bad ! ret9a4 ,let u suppose ! process ( physical analysis pu%$ s f> t "o c\ld view ! la/ l9k ( ?is *a9 ( molecules1 wat* _! movem5ts z if !y 7 billi>d balls1 weigh !m1 measure !m1 & "k all t is physically kn[able ab\t !m4 ,well1 ev5 9 t case1 we %\ld be j z f> f be+ able to include ! result+ ph5om5on ( consci\sness1 ! feel+ ( r$ness1 )9 ! b\nds ( physical sci5ce1 z we are at pres5t4 ,x w\ld rema9 z unlike ! ph5om5a we "k "u ! names ( matt] & motion z x is n[4 ,if !re is any pla9 tru? ^u :i* ,i h made x my bus9ess to insi/ ov] & ov] aga9 x is ?is--& :e!r x is a tru? or n1 my insi/5ce ^u x leaves n a %ad[ ( ju/ification = ,mr4 ,lilly's ass]tion4 ,b ,i ask 9 ?is case also1 h[ is x conceivable t any man1 9 possession ( all 8 natural faculties1 %\ld hold su* an op9ion8 ,i d n suppose t ,i am exceptionally end[$ because ,i h all my life enjoy$ a ke5 p]ception ( ! beauty (f]$ u by nature & by art4 ,n[ physical sci5ce may & probably w1 "s day1 enable our po/]ity to set =? ! exact physical concomitants & conditions ( ! /range rapture ( beauty4 ,b if ev] t day arrives1 ! rapture w rema91 j z x is n[1 outside & beyond ! physical _w2 &1 ev5 9 ! m5tal _w1 some?+ sup]add$ to m]e s5sation4 ,i d n wi% to cr[ unduly ov] my humble c\s9 ! orang1 b 9 ! ae/hetic prov9ce1 z 9 t ( ! intellect1 ,i am afraid he is #bae n[h]e4 ,i d\bt n he w\ld detect a fruit amid/ a wild]ness ( leaves :]e ,i c\ld see no?+2 b ,i am tol]ably confid5t t he has nev] be5 awe/ruck1 z ,i h be51 by ! dim religi\s gloom1 z ( a temple devot$ to ! e>?gods1 ( ! tropical =e/ :i* he inhabits4 ,yet ,i d\bt n t our poor long-arm$ & %ort-legg$ fri5d1 z he sits m$itatively mun*+ 8 durian fruit1 has some?+ beh9d t sad ,socratic face ( 8 :i* is utt]ly beyond ! b\nds ( physical sci5ce4 ,physical sci5ce may "k all ab\t 8 clut*+ ! fruit & mun*+ x & dige/+ x1 & h[ ! physical titillation ( 8 palate is transmitt$ to "s microscopic cells ( ! gray matt] ( 8 bra94 ,b ! feel+s ( sweetness & ( satisfaction :i*1 = a mom5t1 hang out _! signal lights 9 8 melan*oly eyes1 are z utt]ly outside ! b\nds ( physics z is ! f9e fr5zy ( a human rhapsodi/4 ,does ,mr4 ,lilly really believe t1 putt+ me aside1 !re is any man ) ! feel+ ( music 9 him :o disbelieves 9 ! reality ( ! delight :i* he d]ives f x1 because t delight lies outside ! b\nds ( physical sci5ce1 n less ?an outside ! region ( ! m]e s5se ( he>+8 ,b1 x may be1 t he includes music1 pa9t+1 & sculpture "u ! head ( physical sci5ce1 & 9 t case ,i c only regret ,i am unable to foll[ him 9 8 ennoblem5t ( my fav\rite pursuits4 ,! ?ird !sis runs t ,i put aside z unv]ifiable ev]y?+ :i* _c be br\ght into a #baf laboratory & dealt ) *emically2 &1 once m1 ,i say ,no4 ,?is wondr\s allegation is no novelty2 x has n unfrequ5tly rea*$ me f t region :]e g5tle 7or ung5tle7 dulness s (t5 holds un*eck$ sway--! pulpit4 ,b ,i m>vel to f9d t a writ] ( ,mr4 ,lilly's intellig5ce & good fai? is will+ to fa!r su* a wa/rel4 ,if ,i am to deal ) ! ?+ s]i\sly1 ,i f9d myself met by "o ( ! two horns ( a dilemma4 ,ei!r "s mean+1 z unkn[n to usage z to ! diction>ies1 atta*es to laboratory & *emical1 or ! proposition is 7:at am ,i to say 9 my sore ne$ = a g5tle & yet appropriate ^w87--well--unhi/orical4 ,does ,mr4 ,lilly suppose t ,i put aside z unv]ifiable all ! tru?s ( ma!matics1 ( philology1 ( hi/ory8 ,& if ,i d n1 w he h ! great goodness to say h[ ! b9omial !orem is to be dealt ) *emically1 ev5 9 ! be/ appo9t$ laboratory2 or :]e ! balances & crucibles are kept by :i* ! v>i\s !ories ( ! nature ( ! ,basque language may be te/$2 or :at reag5ts w extract ! tru? f any giv5 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 & leave ! errors beh9d z a residual calx8 ,i really _c answ] ^! que/ions1 & unless ,mr4 ,lilly c1 ,i ?9k he w\ld d well h]eaft] to ?9k m ?an twice be=e attribut+ su* prepo/]\s notions to 8 fell[-m51 :o1 aft] all1 z a le>n$ c\nsel said1 are v]tebrat$ animals4 ,! :ole ?+ p]plexes me mu*2 & ,i am #bag sure !re mu/ be an explanation :i* w leave ,mr4 ,lilly's reputation = common s5se & fair deal+ unt\*$4 ,c x be--,i put ?is =w>d q t5tatively--t ,mr4 ,lilly is ! victim ( a confusion1 common en\gh among ?\ghtless p1 & into :i* he has fall5 unaw>es8 ,obvi\sly1 x is "o ?+ to say t ! logical me?ods ( physical sci5ce are ( univ]sal applicability1 & q ano!r to affirm t all subjects ( ?\ght lie )9 ! prov9ce ( physical sci5ce4 ,i h (t5 decl>$ my conviction t !re is only "o me?od by :i* intellectual tru? c be rea*$1 :e!r ! subject-matt] ( inve/igation belongs to ! _w ( physics or to ! _w ( consci\sness2 & "o ( ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! use ( physical sci5ce z an in/rum5t ( education :i* ,i h (t5e/ us$ is t1 9 my op9ion1 x ex]cises "y m9ds 9 ! appreciation ( inductive evid5ce bett] ?an any o!r /udy4 ,b :ile ,i repeat my conviction t ! physical sci5ces probably furni% ! be/ & mo/ easily appreciable illu/rations ( ! "o & indivisible mode ( asc]ta9+ tru? by ! use ( reason1 ,i beg leave to add t ,i h nev] ?\ght ( sugge/+ t o!r bran*es ( k may n af=d ! same discipl9e2 & assur$ly ,i h nev] giv5 ! slighte/ gr\nd = ! attribution to me ( ! ridicul\s cont5tion t !re is no?+ true outside ! b\nds ( physical sci5ce4 ,d\btless p :o want$ to say some?+ damag+1 )\t too nice a reg>d to its tru? or falsehood1 h (t5 en\gh misrepres5t$ #bah my pla9 mean+4 ,b ,mr4 ,lilly is n "o ( ^! folks at :om "o looks & passes by1 & ,i c b sorr[fully wond] at f9d+ him 9 su* company4 ,s mu* = ! ?ree !ses :i* ,mr4 ,lilly has nail$ on to a page ( ?is ,review4 ,i ?9k ,i h %[n t ! fir/ is inaccurate1 t ! second is inaccurate1 & t ! ?ird is inaccurate2 & t ^! ?ree inaccurates con/itute "o prodigi\s1 ?\gh ,i d\bt n un9t5tional1 misrepres5tation4 ,if ,mr4 ,lilly & ,i 7 dialectic gladiators1 fight+ 9 ! ar5a ( ! ,=tnightly1 "u ! eye ( an editorial lani/a1 = ! delectation ( ! public1 my be/ tactics w\ld n[ be to leave ! field ( battle4 ,= ! "q :e!r ,i d1 or d n1 hold c]ta9 op9ions is a matt] ( fact1 ) reg>d to :i* my evid5ce is likely to be reg>d$ z conclusive--at lea/ until su* "t z ! telepa?y ( ! unconsci\s is m g5]ally recognis$4 ,h[ev]1 "s o!r ass]tions are made by ,mr4 ,lilly :i* m or less involve matt]s ( op9ion :]e( ! rights & wrongs are less easily settl$1 b 9 respect ( :i* he seems to me to err q z s]i\sly z ab\t ! topics we h be5 hi!rto discuss+4 ,& ! importance ( ^! subjects leads me to v5ture ^u say+ some?+ ab\t !m1 ev5 ?\gh ,i am !reby compell$ to leave ! safe gr\nd ( p]sonal k4 ,be=e laun*+ ! ?ree torp$oes :i* h s sadly explod$ on bo>d 8 own %ip1 ,mr4 ,lilly says t ) :atev] rhetorical ornam5ts ,i may #bai gild my tea*+1 x is ,mat]ialism4 ,let me obs]ve1 9 pass+1 t rhetorical ornam5t is n 9 my way1 & t gild+ ref9$ gold w\ld1 to my m9d1 be less objectionable ?an v>ni%+ ! fair face ( tru? ) t pe/il5t cosmetic1 rhetoric4 ,if ,i believ$ t ,i _h any claim to ! title ( ,mat]iali/1 z t t]m is und]/ood 9 ! language ( philosophy & n 9 t ( abuse1 ,i %\ld n attempt to hide x by any sort ( gild+4 ,i h n f\nd reason to c>e mu* = h>d names 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 & ,i am too old to develop a new s5sitiv5ess4 ,b1 to repeat :at ,i h m ?an once tak5 pa9s to say 9 ! mo/ unadorn$ ( pla9 language1 ,i repudiate1 z philosophical error1 ! doctr9e ( ,mat]ialism z ,i und]/& x1 j z ,i repudiate ! doctr9e ( ,spiritualism z ,mr4 ,lilly pres5ts x1 & my reason = ?us do+ is1 9 bo? cases1 ! same2 namely1 t1 :atev] _! diff]5ces1 ,mat]iali/s & ,spirituali/s agree 9 mak+ v positive ass]tions ab\t matt]s ( :i* ,i am c]ta9 ,i "k no?+1 & ab\t :i* ,i believe !y are1 9 tru?1 j z ignorant4 ,& fur!r1 t1 ev5 :5 _! ass]tions are conf9$ to topics :i* lie )9 ! range ( my faculties1 !y (t5 appe> to me to be 9 ! wrong4 ,& !re is yet ano!r reason = object+ to be id5tifi$ ) ei!r ( ^! sects2 & t is t ea* is extremely fond ( attribut+ to ! o!r1 by way ( reproa*1 conclusions :i* are ! prop]ty ( nei!r1 ?\gh !y infallibly fl[ f ! logical #bbj developm5t ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( bo?4 ,surely a prud5t man is n to be reproa*$ because he keeps cle> ( ! squabbles ( ^! philosophical ,bian*i & ,n]i1 by refus+ to h any?+ to d ) ei!r8 ,i und]/& ! ma9 t5et ( ,mat]ialism to be t !re is no?+ 9 ! univ]se b matt] & =ce2 & t all ! ph5om5a ( nature are explicable by d$uction f ! prop]ties assignable to ^! two primitive factors4 ,t great *ampion ( ,mat]ialism :om ,mr4 ,lilly appe>s to consid] to be an au?ority 9 physical sci5ce1 ,dr4 ,bue*n]1 embodies ?is article ( fai? on 8 title-page4 ,kraft und ,/(f--=ce & matt]--are p>ad$ z ! ,alpha & ,omega ( exi/5ce4 ,?is ,i appreh5d is ! fundam5tal article ( ! fai? mat]iali/ic2 & :osoev] does n hold x is condemn$ by ! m zeal\s ( ! p]suasion 7z ,i h "s reason to "k7 to ! ,inf]no appo9t$ = fools or hypocrites4 ,b all ?is ,i he>tily disbelieve2 & at ! risk ( be+ *>g$ ) we>isome repetition ( an old /ory1 ,i w briefly give my reasons = p]si/+ 9 my infidelity4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 z ,i h already h9t$1 x seems to me pretty pla9 t !re is a ?ird ?+ 9 ! univ]se1 to wit1 consci\sness1 :i*1 9 ! h>dness ( my he>t or head1 ,i _c see to be matt] or =ce1 or any conceivable modification ( ei!r1 h[ev] intimately ! manife/ations ( ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness may be connect$ ) ! ph5om5a kn[n z matt] & =ce4 ,9 ! second place1 #bba ! argum5ts us$ by ,desc>tes & ,b]keley to %[ t our c]ta9 k does n ext5d beyond our /ates ( consci\sness1 appe> to me to be z irrefragable n[ z !y did :5 ,i fir/ became acqua9t$ ) !m "s half c5tury ago4 ,all ! mat]iali/ic writ]s ,i "k ( :o h tri$ to bite t file h simply brok5 _! tee?4 ,b1 if ?is is true1 our "o c]ta9ty is ! exi/5ce ( ! m5tal _w1 & t ( ,kraft und ,/(f falls into ! rank (1 at be/1 a highly probable hypo!sis4 ,?irdly1 :5 ,i 0 a m]e boy1 ) a p]v]se t5d5cy to ?9k :5 ,i ought to h be5 play+1 my m9d 0 greatly ex]cis$ by ?is =midable problem1 ,:at w\ld become ( ?+s if !y lo/ _! qualities8 ,z ! qualities _h no objective exi/5ce1 & ! ?+ )\t qualities 0 no?+1 ! solid _w seem$ :ittl$ away--to my great horror4 ,z ,i grew old]1 & le>n$ to use ! t]ms matt] & =ce1 ! boyi% problem 0 reviv$1 mutato nom9e4 ,on ! "o h&1 ! notion ( matt] )\t =ce seem$ to resolve ! _w into a set ( geometrical gho/s1 too dead ev5 to jabb]4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,boscovi*'s hypo!sis1 by :i* matt] 0 resolv$ into c5tres ( =ce1 0 v attractive4 ,b :5 "o tri$ to ?9k x out1 :at 9 ! _w became ( =ce consid]$ z an objective entity8 ,=ce1 ev5 ! mo/ mat]iali/ic ( philosoph]s w agree ) ! mo/ ideali/ic1 is no?+ b a "n = ! cause ( motion4 ,& if1 ) ,boscovi*1 ,i resolv$ #bbb ?+s into c5tres ( =ce1 !n matt] vani%$ altoge!r & left immat]ial entities 9 its place4 ,"o might z well frankly accept ,idealism & h done ) x4 ,i mu/ make a confession1 ev5 if x be humiliat+4 ,i h nev] be5 able to =m ! slighte/ conception ( ^? =ces :i* ! ,mat]iali/s talk ab\t1 z if !y _h samples ( !m _m ye>s 9 bottle4 ,!y tell me t matt] consi/s ( atoms1 :i* are sep>at$ by m]e space devoid ( cont5ts2 & t1 ?r\gh ?is void1 radiate ! attractive & repulsive =ces :]eby ! atoms affect "o ano!r4 ,if anybody c cle>ly conceive ! nature ( ^! ?+s :i* n only exi/ 9 no?+ness1 b pull & pu% !re ) great vig\r1 ,i envy him = ! possession ( an intellect ( l>g] grasp1 n only ?an m9e1 b ?an t ( ,leibnitz or ( ,newton4#fa ,to me ! *ima]a1 bomb9ans 9 vacuo quia com$it secundas int5tiones ( ! s*oolm5 is a famili> & dome/ic creature comp>$ ) su* =ces4 ,besides1 by ! hypo!sis1 ! =ces are n matt]2 & ?us all t is ( any p>ticul> consequ5ce 9 ! _w turns out to be n matt] on ! ,mat]iali/'s own %[+4 ,let x n be suppos$ t ,i am ca/+ #bbc a d\bt ^u ! propriety ( ! employm5t ( ! t]ms atom & =ce1 z !y /& among ! work+ hypo!ses ( physical sci5ce4 ,z =mulae :i* c be appli$1 ) p]fect precision & great conv5i5ce1 9 ! int]pretation ( nature1 _! value is incalculable2 b1 z real entities1 hav+ an objective exi/5ce1 an indivisible p>ticle :i* nev]!less occupies space is surely inconceivable2 & ) respect to ! op]ation ( t atom1 :]e x is n1 by ! aid ( a =ce resid5t 9 no?+ness1 ,i am z little able to imag9e x z ,i fancy any "o else is4 ,unless & until anybody w resolve all ^! d\bts & difficulties = me1 ,i ?9k ,i h a "r to hold alo( f ,mat]ialism4 ,z to ,spiritualism1 x l&s me 9 ev5 great] difficulties :5 ,i want to get *ange = its notes-(-h& 9 ! solid co9 ( reality4 ,= ! assum$ sub/antial entity1 _s1 :i* is suppos$ to und]lie ! ph5om5a ( consci\sness1 z matt] und]lies ^? ( physical nature1 leaves n ev5 a geometrical gho/ :5 ^! ph5om5a are ab/ract$4 ,&1 ev5 if we suppose ! exi/5ce ( su* an entity ap>t f qualities--t is to say1 a b>e exi/5ce--= m9d2 h[ does anybody "k t x diff]s f t o!r entity1 ap>t f qualities1 :i* is ! suppos$ sub/ratum ( matt]8 ,spiritualism is1 aft] all1 little bett] ?an ,mat]ialism turn$ upside d[n4 ,& if ,i try to ?9k ( ! _s :i* a man1 by ?is hypo!sis1 c>ries ab\t "u 8 hat1 z some?+ devoid ( relation to space1 & z some?+ indivisible1 ev5 #bbd 9 ?\ght1 :ile x is1 at ! same "t1 suppos$ to be 9 t place & to be possess$ ( half a doz5 diff]5t faculties1 ,i confess ,i get q lo/4 ,z ,i h said else:]e1 if ,i 7 =c$ to *oose betwe5 ,mat]ialism & ,idealism1 ,i %\ld elect = ! latt]2 & ,i c]ta9ly w\ld h no?+ to d ) ! effete my?ology ( ,spiritualism4 ,b ,i am n aw>e t ,i am "u any compulsion to *oose ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,i h always ent]ta9$ a /rong suspicion t ! sage :o ma9ta9$ t man is ! measure ( ! univ]se 0 sadly 9 ! wrong2 & age & exp]i5ce h n weak5$ t conviction4 ,9 foll[+ ^! l9es ( speculation ,i am rem9d$ ( ! qu>t]-deck walks ( my y\?4 ,9 tak+ t =m ( ex]cise y may p]ambulate ?r\gh all po9ts ( ! compass ) p]fect safety1 s long z y keep )9 c]ta9 limits3 =get ^? limits1 9 y\r ard\r1 & m]e smo!r+ & splutt]+1 if n worse1 await y4 ,i /ick by ! deck & ?r[ a life-buoy n[ & !n to ! /ruggl+ folk :o h gone ov]bo>d2 & all ,i get = my humanity is ! abuse ( all :5ev] !y leave (f abus+ "o ano!r4 ,tol]ably e>ly 9 life ,i discov]$ t "o ( ! unp>donable s9s1 9 ! eyes ( mo/ p1 is = a man to presume to g ab\t unlabell$4 ,! _w reg>ds su* a p]son z ! police d an unmuzzl$ dog1 n "u prop] control4 ,i c\ld f9d no label t w\ld suit me1 s1 9 my desire to range myself & be respectable1 ,i inv5t$ "o2 &1 z ! *ief ?+ ,i 0 sure ( 0 t ,i did n "k a great #bbe _m ?+s t ! -i/s & ! -ites ab\t me pr(ess$ to be famili> )1 ,i call$ myself an ,agno/ic4 ,surely no d5om9ation c\ld be m mode/ or m appropriate2 & ,i _c imag9e :y ,i %\ld be e n[ & !n hal$ out ( my refuge & decl>$ sometimes to be a ,mat]iali/1 sometimes an ,a!i/1 sometimes a ,positivi/2 & sometimes1 alas & alack1 a c[>dly or reaction>y ,obscuranti/4 ,i tru/ t ,i h1 at la/1 made my case cle>1 & t h5ce=? ,i %all be all[$ to re/ 9 peace--at lea/1 aft] a fur!r explanation or two1 :i* ,mr4 ,lilly proves to me may be necess>y4 ,x has be5 se5 t my excell5t critic has orig9al ideas respect+ ! mean+ ( ! words laboratory & *emical2 &1 z x appe>s to me1 8 def9ition ( ,mat]iali/ is q z mu* peculi> to himself4 ,=1 unless ,i misund]/& him1 & ,i h tak5 pa9s n to d s1 he puts me d[n z a ,mat]iali/ 7ov] & above ! gr\nds :i* ,i h %[n to h no f\ndation72 fir/ly1 because ,i h said t consci\sness is a function ( ! bra92 &1 secondly1 because ,i hold by det]m9ism4 ,) respect to ! fir/ po9t1 ,i am n aw>e t !re is any "o :o d\bts t1 9 ! prop] physiological s5se ( ! ^w function1 consci\sness1 9 c]ta9 =ms at any rate1 is a c]ebral function4 ,9 physiology we call function t effect1 or s]ies ( effects1 :i* results f ! activity ( an organ4 ,?us1 x is ! function ( muscle to give rise to motion2 & ! muscle gives rise to motion :5 ! n]ve :i* #bbf supplies x is /imulat$4 ,if "o ( ! n]ve-bundles 9 a man's arm is laid b>e & a /imulus is appli$ to c]ta9 ( ! n]v\s filam5ts1 ! result w be production ( motion 9 t arm4 ,if o!rs are /imulat$1 ! result w be ! production ( ! /ate ( consci\sness call$ pa94 ,n[1 if ,i trace ^! la/ n]ve-filam5ts1 ,i f9d !m to be ultimately connect$ ) "p ( ! sub/ance ( ! bra91 j z ! o!rs turn out to be connect$ ) muscul> sub/ance4 ,if ! production ( motion 9 ! "o case is prop]ly said to be ! function ( ! muscul> sub/ance1 :y is ! production ( a /ate ( consci\sness 9 ! o!r case n to be call$ a function ( ! c]ebral sub/ance8 ,once ^u a "t1 x is true1 x 0 suppos$ t a c]ta9 animal _s resid$ 9 muscle & 0 ! real active ag5t4 ,b we h done ) t :olly sup]flu\s fiction s f> z ! muscul> organs are conc]n$4 ,:y are we to reta9 a correspond+ fiction = ! n]v\s organs8 ,if x is repli$ t no physiologi/1 h[ev] spiritual 8 lean+s1 dreams ( suppos+ t simple s5sations require a _s = _! production1 !n ,i mu/ po9t out t we are all agre$ t consci\sness is a function ( matt]1 & t p>ticul> t5et mu/ be giv5 up z a m>k ( ,mat]ialism4 ,any fur!r argum5t w turn ^u ! "q1 n :e!r consci\sness is a function ( ! bra91 b :e!r all =ms ( consci\sness are s4 ,aga91 ,i hold x w\ld be q correct to say t mat]ial *anges are ! causes ( psy*ical #bbg ph5om5a 7&1 z a consequ5ce1 t ! organs 9 :i* ^! *anges take place h ! production ( su* ph5om5a = _! function71 ev5 if ! spirituali/ic hypo!sis _h any f\ndation4 ,= nobody hesitates to say t an ev5t ,a is ! cause ( an ev5t ,z1 ev5 if !re are z _m int]m$iate t]ms1 kn[n & unkn[n1 9 ! *a9 ( causation z !re are lett]s betwe5 ,a & ,z4 ,! man :o pulls ! trigg] ( a load$ pi/ol plac$ close to ano!r's head c]ta9ly is ! cause ( t o!r's dea?1 ?\gh1 9 /rictness1 he causes no?+ b ! movem5t ( ! f+] ^u ! trigg]4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ! molecul> *ange :i* is br\ght ab\t 9 a c]ta9 portion ( ! c]ebral sub/ance by ! /imulation ( a remote "p ( ! body w\ld be prop]ly said to be ! cause ( ! consequ5t feel+1 :atev] unkn[n t]ms 7 int]pos$ betwe5 ! physical ag5t & ! actual psy*ical product4 ,!re=e1 unless ,mat]ialism has ! monopoly ( ! "r use ( language1 ,i see no?+ mat]iali/ic 9 ! phraseology :i* ,i h employ$4 ,! only rema9+ ju/ification :i* ,mr4 ,lilly (f]s = dubb+ me a ,mat]iali/1 malgre moi1 arises out ( a passage :i* he quotes1 9 :i* ,i say t ! progress ( sci5ce means ! ext5sion ( ! prov9ce ( :at we call matt] & =ce1 & ! concomitant gradual bani%m5t f all regions ( human ?\ght ( :at we call _s & spontaneity4 ,i hold t op9ion n[1 if any?+1 m firmly ?an ,i did :5 ,i gave utt]ance to x a score ( #bbh ye>s ago1 = x has be5 ju/ifi$ by subsequ5t ev5ts4 ,b :at t op9ion has to d ) ,mat]ialism ,i fail to discov]4 ,9 my judgm5t1 x is consi/5t ) ! mo/ ?or\gh-go+ ,idealism1 & ! gr\nds ( t judgm5t are really v pla9 & simple4 ,! gr[? ( sci5ce1 n m]ely ( physical sci5ce1 b ( all sci5ce1 means ! demon/ration ( ord] & natural causation among ph5om5a :i* _h n previ\sly be5 br\ght "u ^? conceptions4 ,nobody :o is acqua9t$ ) ! progress ( sci5tific ?9k+ 9 e dep>tm5t ( human k1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ two c5turies1 w be dispos$ to d5y t imm5se prov9ces h be5 add$ to ! realm ( sci5ce2 or to d\bt t ! next two c5turies w be witnesses ( a va/ly great] annexation4 ,m p>ticul>ly 9 ! region ( ! physiology ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 is x ju/ifiable to conclude f ! progress t has be5 made 9 analys+ ! relations betwe5 mat]ial & psy*ical ph5om5a1 t va/ fur!r advances w be made2 & t1 soon] or lat]1 all ! s-call$ spontane\s op]ations ( ! m9d w h1 n only _! relations to "o ano!r1 b _! relations to physical ph5om5a1 connect$ 9 natural s]ies ( causes & effects1 /rictly def9$4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile1 at pres5t1 we "k only ! ne>] moiety ( ! *a9 ( causes & effects1 by :i* ! ph5om5a we call mat]ial give rise to ^? :i* we call m5tal2 h]eaft]1 we %all get to ! fur!r end ( ! s]ies4 #bbi ,9 my innoc5ce1 ,i h be5 9 ! habit ( suppos+ t ?is is m]ely a /atem5t ( facts1 & t ! good ,bi%op ,b]keley1 if he 7 alive1 w\ld f9d su* facts fit into 8 sy/em )\t ! lea/ difficulty4 ,t ,mr4 ,lilly %\ld play into ! h&s ( 8 foes1 by decl>+ t unmi/akable facts make = !m1 is an exemplification ( ways t are d>k1 q un9telligible to me4 ,surely ,mr4 ,lilly does n hold t ! disbelief 9 spontaneity--:i* t]m1 if x has any mean+ at all1 means uncaus$ action--is a m>k ( ! bea/ ,mat]ialism8 ,if s1 he mu/ be prep>$ to tackle _m ( ! ,c>tesians 7if n ,desc>tes himself71 ,sp9oza & ,leibnitz among ! philosoph]s1 ,augu/9e1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,calv9 & 8 foll[]s among !ologians1 z ,mat]iali/s--& t surely is a suffici5t r$uctio ad absurdum ( su* a classification4 ,! tru? is1 t 9 8 zeal to pa9t ,mat]ialism1 9 l>ge lett]s1 on ev]y?+ he dislikes1 ,mr4 ,lilly =gets a v important fact1 :i*1 h[ev]1 mu/ be pat5t to e "o :o has paid att5tion to ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght2 & t fact is1 t e "o ( ! speculative difficulties :i* beset ,kant's ?ree problems1 ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity1 ! fre$om ( ! w1 & immortality1 exi/$ ages be=e any?+ t c be call$ physical sci5ce1 & w\ld cont9ue to exi/ if mod]n physical sci5ce 7 swept away4 ,all t physical sci5ce has done has be5 to make1 z x 71 visible & tangible "s difficulties t =m]ly 7 m h>d ( appreh5sion4 ,moreov]1 ^! difficulties #bcj exi/ j z mu* on ! hypo!sis ( ,idealism z on t ( ,mat]ialism4 ,! /ud5t ( nature1 :o />ts f ! axiom ( ! univ]sality ( ! law ( causation1 _c refuse to admit an et]nal exi/5ce2 if he admits ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 he _c d5y ! possibility ( an et]nal en]gy2 if he admits ! exi/5ce ( immat]ial ph5om5a 9 ! =m ( consci\sness1 he mu/ admit ! possibility1 at any rate1 ( an et]nal s]ies ( su* ph5om5a2 &1 if 8 /udies h n be5 b>r5 ( ! be/ fruit ( ! inve/igation ( nature1 he w h en\gh s5se to see t :5 ,sp9oza says1 ,p] ,deum intelligo ens absolute inf9itum1 hoc e/ sub/antiam con/antem inf9itis attributis1 ! ,god s conceiv$ is "o t only a v great fool w\ld d5y1 ev5 9 8 he>t4 ,physical sci5ce is z little ,a!i/ic z x is ,mat]iali/ic4 ,s ) respect to immortality4 ,z physical sci5ce /ates ?is problem1 x seems to /& ?us3 ,is !re any means ( kn[+ :e!r ! s]ies ( /ates ( consci\sness1 :i* has be5 causally associat$ = ?reescore ye>s & t5 ) ! arrangem5t & movem5ts ( innum]able millions ( successively diff]5t mat]ial molecules1 c be cont9u$1 9 l association1 ) "s sub/ance :i* has n ! prop]ties ( matt] & =ce8 ,z ,kant said1 on a l occasion1 if anybody c answ] t "q1 he is j ! man ,i want to see4 ,if he says t consci\sness _c exi/1 except 9 relation ( cause & effect ) c]ta9 organic #bca molecules1 ,i mu/ ask h[ he kn[s t2 & if he says x c1 ,i mu/ put ! same "q4 ,& ,i am afraid t1 l je/+ ,pilate1 ,i %all n ?9k x wor? :ile 7hav+ b little "t be=e me7 to wait = an answ]4 ,la/ly1 ) respect to ! old riddle ( ! fre$om ( ! w4 ,9 ! only s5se 9 :i* ! ^w fre$om is intelligible to me--t is to say1 ! abs5ce ( any re/ra9t ^u do+ :at "o likes )9 c]ta9 limits--physical sci5ce c]ta9ly gives no m gr\nd = d\bt+ x ?an ! common s5se ( mank9d does4 ,& if physical sci5ce1 9 /r5g!n+ our belief 9 ! univ]sality ( causation & aboli%+ *ance z an absurdity1 leads to ! conclusions ( det]m9ism1 x does no m ?an foll[ ! track ( consi/5t & logical ?9k]s 9 philosophy & 9 !ology1 be=e x exi/$ or 0 ?\ght (4 ,:oev] accepts ! univ]sality ( ! law ( causation z a dogma ( philosophy1 d5ies ! exi/5ce ( uncaus$ ph5om5a4 ,& ! ess5ce ( t :i* is improp]ly call$ ! freewill doctr9e is t occasionally1 at any rate1 human volition is self-caus$1 t is to say1 n caus$ at all2 = to cause oneself "o mu/ h antec$$ oneself--:i* is1 to say ! lea/ ( x1 difficult to imag9e4 ,:oev] accepts ! exi/5ce ( an omnisci5t ,deity z a dogma ( !ology1 affirms t ! ord] ( ?+s is fix$ f et]nity to et]nity2 = ! =e-k ( an occurr5ce means t ! occurr5ce w c]ta9ly happ52 & ! c]ta9ty #bcb ( an ev5t happ5+ is :at is meant by its be+ fix$ or fat$4#fb ,:oev] ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( an omnipot5t ,deity1 t he made & su/a9s all ?+s1 & is ! causa caus>um1 _c1 )\t a contradiction 9 t]ms1 ass]t t !re is any cause indep5d5t ( him2 & x is a m]e subt]fuge to ass]t t ! cause ( all ?+s c p]mit "o ( ^! ?+s to be an indep5d5t cause4 #bcc ,:oev] ass]ts ! comb9ation ( omnisci5ce & omnipot5ce z attributes ( ! ,deity1 does implicitly ass]t pr$e/9ation4 ,= he :o kn[+ly makes a ?+ & places x 9 circum/ances ! op]ation ( :i* on t ?+ he is p]fectly acqua9t$ )1 does pr$e/9e t ?+ to :atev] fate may befall x4 ,?us1 to come1 at la/1 to ! really important "p ( all ?is discussion1 if ! belief 9 a ,god is ess5tial to morality1 physical sci5ce (f]s no ob/acle !reto2 if ! belief 9 immortality is ess5tial to morality1 physical sci5ce has no m to say aga9/ ! probability ( t doctr9e ?an ! mo/ ord9>y exp]i5ce has1 & x effectually closes ! m\?s ( ^? :o pret5d to refute x by objections d$uc$ f m]ely physical data4 ,f9ally1 if ! belief 9 ! uncaus$ness ( volition is ess5tial to morality1 ! /ud5t ( physical sci5ce has no m to say aga9/ t absurdity ?an ! logical philosoph] or !ologian4 ,physical sci5ce1 ,i repeat1 did n inv5t det]m9ism1 & ! det]m9i/ic doctr9e w\ld /& on j z firm a f\ndation z x does if !re 7 no physical sci5ce4 ,let any "o :o d\bts ?is read ,jona?an ,edw>ds1 ^: demon/rations are d]iv$ :olly f philosophy & !ology4 ,?us1 :5 ,mr4 ,lilly1 l ano!r ,solomon ,eagle1 goes ab\t proclaim+ ,woe to ?is wick$ city1 & d5\nc+ physical sci5ce z ! evil g5ius ( mod]n days--"m ( mat]ialism1 & fatalism1 & all sorts ( o!r condemnable isms--,i #bcd v5ture to beg him to lay ! blame on ! "r %\ld]s2 or1 at lea/1 to put 9 ! dock1 along ) ,sci5ce1 ^? s9ful si/]s ( h]s1 ,philosophy & ,!ology1 :o1 be+ s mu* old]1 %\ld h kn[n bett] ?an ! poor ,c9d]ella ( ! s*ools & univ]sities ov] :i* !y h s long dom9at$4 ,no d\bt mod]n society is diseas$ en\gh2 b !n x does n diff] f old] civilisations 9 t respect4 ,societies ( m5 are f]m5t+ masses1 & z be] has :at ! ,g]mans call ,ob]hefe & ,unt]hefe1 s e society t has exi/$ has _h its scum at ! top & its dregs at ! bottom2 b ,i d\bt if any ( ! ages ( fai? _h less scum or less dregs1 or ev5 %[$ a proportionally great] quantity ( s\nd :olesome /uff 9 ! vat4 ,i ?9k x w\ld puzzle ,mr4 ,lilly1 or any "o else1 to adduce conv9c+ evid5ce t1 at any p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory1 !re 0 a m widespread s5se ( social duty1 or a great] s5se ( ju/ice1 or ( ! obligation ( mutual help1 ?an 9 ?is ,engl& ( ours4 ,ah6 b1 says ,mr4 ,lilly1 ^! are all products ( our ,*ri/ian inh]itance2 :5 ,*ri/ian dogmas vani% virtue w disappe> too1 & ! ance/ral ape & tig] w h full play4 ,b !re are a good _m p :o ?9k x obvi\s t ,*ri/ianity also inh]it$ a good deal f ,paganism & f ,judaism2 & t1 if ! ,/oics & ! ,jews revok$ _! beque/1 ! moral prop]ty ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld realise v little4 ,&1 if morality has surviv$ ! /ripp+ (f ( sev]al sets ( clo!s :i* h be5 f\nd to fit badly1 :y #bce %\ld x n be able to get on v well 9 ! light & h&y g>m5ts :i* ,sci5ce is ready to provide8 ,b ?is by ! way4 ,if ! diseases ( society consi/ 9 ! weakness ( its fai? 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,god ( ! !ologians1 9 a future /ate1 & 9 uncaus$ volitions1 ! indication1 z ! doctors say1 is to suppress ,!ology & ,philosophy1 ^: bick]+s ab\t ?+s ( :i* !y "k no?+ h be5 ! prime cause & cont9ual su/5ance ( t evil scepticism :i* is ! ,nemesis ( m$dl+ ) ! unkn[able4 ,c9d]ella is mode/ly consci\s ( h] ignorance ( ^! high matt]s4 ,%e lights ! fire1 sweeps ! h\se1 & provides ! d9n]2 & is rew>d$ by be+ told t %e is a base creature1 devot$ to l[ & mat]ial int]e/s4 ,b 9 h] g>ret %e has fairy visions out ( ! k5 ( ! pair ( %rews :o are qu>rell+ d[n/airs4 ,%e sees ! ord] :i* p]vades ! seem+ disord] ( ! _w2 ! great drama ( evolution1 ) its full %>e ( pity & t]ror1 b also ) abundant goodness & beauty1 unrolls itself be=e h] eyes2 & %e le>ns1 9 h] he>t ( he>ts1 ! lesson1 t ! f\ndation ( morality is to h done1 once & = all1 ) ly+2 to give up pret5d+ to believe t = :i* !re is no evid5ce1 & repeat+ un9telligible propositions ab\t ?+s beyond ! possibilities ( k4 ,%e kn[s t ! safety ( morality lies nei!r 9 ! adoption ( ?is or t philosophical #bcf speculation1 or ?is or t !ological cre$1 b 9 a real & liv+ belief 9 t fix$ ord] ( nature :i* s5ds social disorganisation ^u ! track ( immorality1 z surely z x s5ds physical disease aft] physical trespasses4 ,& ( t firm & lively fai? x is h] high mission to be ! prie/ess4 99 99 99 99 99 #bcg ,,vi ,,sci5tific ,,& ,,pseudo-,,sci5tific ,,realism ,next to undue precipitation 9 anticipat+ ! results ( p5d+ inve/igations1 ! intellectual s9 :i* is commone/ & mo/ hurtful to ^? :o devote !mselves to ! increase ( k is ! omission to pr(it by ! exp]i5ce ( _! pr$ecessors record$ 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5ce & philosophy4 ,x is true t1 at ! pres5t day1 !re is m excuse ?an at any =m] "t = su* neglect4 ,no small lab\r is ne$$ to raise oneself to ! level ( ! acquisitions already made2 & able m51 :o h a*iev$ ?us mu*1 "k t1 if !y devote !mselves body & s\l to ! increase ( _! /ore1 & avoid look+ back1 ) z mu* c>e z if ! injunction laid on ,lot & 8 family 7 b9d+ ^u !m1 su* devotion is sure to be ri*ly repaid by ! joys ( ! discov]] & ! solace ( fame1 if n by rew>ds ( a less elevat$ "*4 ,s1 foll[+ ! advice ( ,francis ,bacon1 we refuse int] mortuos qua]]e vivum2 we leave ! pa/ to bury its dead1 & ignore our intellectual ance/ry4 ,nor are we cont5t ) t4 ,we foll[ ! evil example set u1 n only by ,bacon b by #bch almo/ all ! m5 ( ! ,r5aissance1 9 p\r+ scorn ^u ! "w ( our imm$iate spiritual =efa!rs1 ! s*oolm5 ( ! middle ages4 ,x is accept$ z a tru? :i* is indisputable1 t1 = sev5 or eight c5turies1 a long succession ( able m5--"s ( !m ( transc5d5t acut5ess & encyclopa$ic k--devot$ labori\s lives to ! grave discussion ( m]e frivolities & ! ardu\s pursuit ( intellectual w-o'-!-wisps4 ,to say no?+ ( a little mode/y1 a little imp>tial pond]+ ov] p]sonal exp]i5ce might sugge/ a d\bt z to ! adequacy ( ?is %ort & easy me?od ( deal+ ) a l>ge *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d4 ,ev5 an acqua9tance ) popul> lit]ature :i* _h ext5d$ s f> z to include t "p ( ! contributions ( ,sam ,slick :i* conta9s 8 weighty aphorism t !re is a great deal ( human nature 9 all mank9d1 might raise a d\bt :e!r1 aft] all1 ! m5 ( t epo*1 :o1 take !m all r\nd1 7 end[$ ) wisdom & folly 9 mu* ! same proportion z ourselves1 7 likely to display no?+ bett] ?an ! qualities ( en]getic idiots1 :5 !y devot$ _! faculties to ! elucidation ( problems :i* 7 to !m1 & inde$ are to u1 ! mo/ s]i\s :i* life has to (f]4 ,speak+ = myself1 ! long] ,i live ! m ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t !re is mu* less ei!r ( pure folly1 or ( pure wick$ness1 9 ! _w ?an is commonly suppos$4 ,x may be d\bt$ if any sane man ev] said to himself1 ,evil be ?\ my good1 & ,i h nev] yet _h ! good =tune to meet ) a p]fect #bci fool4 ,:5 ,i h br\ght to ! inquiry ! pati5ce & long-suff]+ :i* become a sci5tific inve/igator1 ! mo/ promis+ specim5s h turn$ out to h a good deal to say = !mselves f _! own po9t ( view4 ,&1 sometimes1 calm reflection has taught ! humiliat+ lesson1 t _! po9t ( view 0 n s diff]5t f my own z ,i _h fondly imag9$4 ,compreh5sion is m ?an halfway to sympa?y1 "h z else:]e4 ,if we turn our att5tion to s*ola/ic philosophy 9 ! frame ( m9d sugge/$ by ^! prefatory rem>ks1 x assumes a v diff]5t "* f t :i* x be>s 9 g5]al e/imation4 ,no d\bt x is surr\nd$ by a d5se ?icket ( ?orny logoma*ies & obscur$ by ! du/-cl\ds ( a b>b>\s & p]plex+ t]m9ology4 ,b suppose t1 undet]r$ by mu* grime & by _m scrat*es1 ! explor] has toil$ ?r\gh ?is jungle1 he comes to an op5 c\ntry :i* is amaz+ly l 8 de> native l&4 ,! hills :i* he has to climb1 ! rav9es he has to avoid1 look v mu* ! same2 !re is ! same inf9ite space above1 & ! same abyss ( ! unkn[n bel[2 ! means ( travell+ are ! same1 & ! goal is ! same4 ,t goal = ! s*oolm51 z = u1 is ! settlem5t ( ! "q h[ f> ! univ]se is ! manife/ation ( a rational ord]2 9 o!r words1 h[ f> logical d$uction f indisputable premisses w acc\nt = t :i* has happ5$ & does happ54 ,t 0 ! object ( s*ola/icism1 &1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 ! object ( mod]n sci5ce may be #bdj express$ 9 ! same t]ms4 ,9 pursuit ( ?is end1 mod]n sci5ce takes into acc\nt all ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se :i* are br\ght to our k by obs]vation or by exp]im5t4 ,x admits t !re are two worlds to be consid]$1 ! "o physical & ! o!r psy*ical2 & t ?\gh !re is a mo/ intimate relation & int]connection betwe5 ! two1 ! bridge f "o to ! o!r has yet to be f\nd2 t _! ph5om5a run1 n 9 "o s]ies1 b along two p>allel l9es4 ,to ! s*oolm5 ! duality ( ! univ]se appe>$ "u a diff]5t aspect4 ,h[ ?is came ab\t w n be intelligible unless we cle>ly appreh5d ! fact t !y did really believe 9 dogmatic ,*ri/ianity z x 0 =mulat$ by ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,!y did n give a m]e dull ass5t to any?+ ! ,*ur* told !m on ,sundays1 & ignore h] tea*+s = ! re/ ( ! week2 b !y liv$ & mov$ & _h _! be+ 9 t sup]s5sible !ological _w :i* 0 creat$1 or r grew up1 dur+ ! fir/ f\r c5turies ( our reckon+1 & :i* occupi$ _! ?\ghts f> m ?an ! s5sible _w 9 :i* _! e>?ly lot 0 ca/4 ,= ! mo/ "p1 we le>n hi/ory f ! col\rless comp5diums or p>tisan briefs ( m]e s*ol>s1 :o h too little acqua9tance ) practical life1 & too little insight into speculative problems1 to und]/& t ab\t :i* !y write4 ,9 hi/orical sci5ce1 z 9 all sci5ces :i* h to d ) concrete ph5om5a1 laboratory practice is indisp5sable2 & ! laboratory practice ( hi/orical sci5ce is #bda af=d$1 on ! "o h&1 by active social & political life1 &1 on ! o!r1 by ! /udy ( ^? t5d5cies & op]ations ( ! m9d :i* embody !mselves 9 philosophical & !ological sy/ems4 ,?ucydides & ,tacitus1 &1 to come ne>] our own "t1 ,hume & ,grote1 7 m5 ( affairs1 & _h acquir$1 by direct contact ) social & political hi/ory 9 ! mak+1 ! secret ( und]/&+ h[ su* hi/ory is made4 ,our notions ( ! intellectual hi/ory ( ! middle ages are1 un=tunately1 too (t5 d]iv$ f writ]s :o h nev] s]i\sly grappl$ ) philosophical & !ological problems3 & h5ce t /range my? ( a mill5nium ( moon%9e to :i* ,i h adv]t$4 ,h[ev]1 no v pr(\nd /udy ( ! works ( contempor>y writ]s :o1 )\t devot+ !mselves specially to !ology or philosophy1 7 le>n$ & enlight5$--su* m51 = example1 z ,eg9h>d or ,dante--is necess>y to conv9ce oneself t1 = !m1 ! _w ( ! !ologian 0 an ev]-pres5t & awful reality4 ,f ! c5tre ( t _w1 ! ,div9e ,tr9ity1 surr\nd$ by a hi]>*y ( angels & sa9ts1 contemplat$ & gov]n$ ! insignificant s5sible _w 9 :i* ! inf]ior spirits ( m51 burd5$ ) ! debasem5t ( _! mat]ial embodim5t & cont9ually solicit$ to _! p]dition by a no less num]\s & almo/ z p[]ful hi]>*y ( devils1 7 con/antly /ruggl+ on ! edge ( ! pit ( ev]la/+ damnation4#fc #bdb ,! m5 ( ! middle ages believ$ t ?r\gh ! ,scriptures1 ! traditions ( ! ,fa!rs1 & ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 !y 7 9 possession ( f> m1 & m tru/wor?y1 in=mation ) respect to ! nature & ord] ( ?+s 9 ! !ological _w ?an !y _h 9 reg>d to ! nature & ord] ( ?+s 9 ! s5sible _w4 ,&1 if ! two s\rces ( in=mation came into conflict1 s mu* ! worse = ! s5sible _w1 :i*1 aft] all1 0 m or less "u ! dom9ion ( ,satan4 ,let u suppose t a telescope p[]ful en\gh to %[ u :at is go+ on 9 ! nebula ( ! sword ( ,orion1 %\ld reveal a _w 9 :i* /ones fell upw>ds1 p>allel l9es met1 & ! f\r? dim5sion ( space 0 q obvi\s4 ,m5 ( sci5ce w\ld h only two #bdc alt]natives be=e !m4 ,ei!r ! t]re/rial & ! nebul> facts mu/ be br\ght into h>mony by su* feats ( subtle sophi/ry z ! human m9d is always capable ( p]=m+ :5 driv5 into a corn]2 or sci5ce mu/ ?r[ d[n its arms 9 despair1 & commit suicide1 ei!r by ! admission t ! univ]se is1 aft] all1 irrational1 inasmu* z t :i* is tru? 9 "o corn] ( x is absurdity 9 ano!r1 or by a decl>ation ( incompet5cy4 ,9 ! middle ages1 ! lab\rs ( ^? great m5 :o endeav\r$ to reconcile ! sy/em ( ?\ght :i* />t$ f ! data ( pure reason1 ) t :i* />t$ f ! data ( ,roman !ology1 produc$ ! sy/em ( ?\ght :i* is kn[n z s*ola/ic philosophy2 ! alt]native ( surr5d] & suicide is exemplifi$ by ,avic5na & 8 foll[]s :5 !y decl>$ t t :i* is true 9 !ology may be false 9 philosophy1 & vice v]sa2 & by ,san*ez 9 8 fam\s def5ce ( ! !sis ,quod nil scitur4 ,to ^? :o d5y ! validity ( "o ( ! prim>y assumptions ( ! disputants--:o decl9e1 on ! gr\nd ( ! utt] insuffici5cy ( ! evid5ce1 to put fai? 9 ! reality ( t o!r _w1 ! geography & ! inhabitants ( :i* are s confid5tly describ$ 9 ! s-call$#fd ,*ri/ianity ( ,ca?olicism--! long & bitt] conte/1 :i* #bdd engag$ ! be/ intellects = s _m c5turies1 may seem a t]rible illu/ration ( ! wa/eful way 9 :i* ! /ruggle = exi/5ce is c>ri$ on 9 ! _w ( ?\ght1 no less ?an 9 t ( matt]4 ,b !re is a m *e]ful mode ( look+ at ! hi/ory ( s*ola/icism4 ,x gr\nd & %>p5$ ! dialectic implem5ts ( our race z p]haps no?+ b discussions1 9 ! result ( :i* m5 ?\ght _! et]nal no less ?an _! temporal int]e/s 7 at /ake1 c\ld h done4 ,:5 a logical blund] may ensure combu/ion1 n only 9 ! next _w b 9 ?is1 ! con/ruction ( syllogisms acquires a peculi> int]e/4 ,moreov]1 ! s*ools kept ! ?9k+ faculty alive & active1 :5 ! di/urb$ /ate ( civil life1 ! mephitic atmosph]e eng5d]$ by ! dom9ant ecclesia/icism1 & ! almo/ total neglect ( natural k1 might well h /ifl$ x4 ,&1 f9ally1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t s*ola/icism really did ?re% out pretty effectually c]ta9 problems :i* h pres5t$ !mselves to mank9d ev] s9ce !y began to ?9k1 & :i*1 ,i suppose1 w pres5t !mselves s long z !y cont9ue to ?9k4 ,consid]1 = example1 ! controv]sy ( ! ,reali/s & ! ,nom9ali/s1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on ) v>y+ =tunes1 & "u v>i\s names1 f ! "t ( ,scotus ,erig5a to ! end ( ! s*ola/ic p]iod4 ,has x n[ a m]ely antiqu>ian int]e/8 ,has ,nom9alism1 9 any ( its modifications1 s completely won ! day t ,realism may be reg>d$ z dead & buri$ )\t hope ( resurrection8 #bde ,_m p seem to ?9k s1 b x appe>s to me t1 )\t tak+ ,ca?olic philosophy into consid]ation1 "o has n to look ab\t f> to f9d evid5ce t ,realism is /ill to ! =e1 & inde$ extremely lively4#fe ,! o!r day ,i happ5$ to meet ) a report ( a s]mon rec5tly prea*$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,f int]nal evid5ce ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t ! report is sub/antially correct4 ,b z ,i h n ! slighte/ int5tion ( f9d+ fault ) ! em95t !ologian & eloqu5t prea*] to :om ! disc\rse is attribut$1 = employm5t ( sci5tific language 9 a mann] = :i* he c\ld f9d only too _m sci5tific prec$5ts1 ! accuracy ( ! report 9 detail is n to ! purpose4 ,i may safely take x z ! embodim5t ( views :i* are ?\ght to be q 9 accordance ) sci5ce by _m excell5t1 in/ruct$1 & intellig5t p4 ,! prea*] fur!r cont5d$ t x 0 yet m difficult to realise t our e>?ly home w\ld become ! sc5e ( a va/ physical cata/rophe4 ,imag9ation recoils f ! idea t ! #bdf c\rse ( nature--! phrase helps to disguise ! tru?--s unv>y+ & regul>1 ! ord]$ sequ5ce ( movem5t & life1 %\ld sudd5ly cease4 ,imag9ation looks m reasonable :5 x assumes ! air ( sci5tific reason4 ,physical law1 x says1 w prev5t ! occurr5ce ( cata/rophes only anticipat$ by an apo/le 9 an unsci5tific age4 ,might n !re1 h[ev]1 be a susp5sion ( a l[] law by ! int]v5tion ( a high]8 ,?us e "t we lift$ our arms we defi$ ! laws ( gravitation1 & 9 railways & /eamboats p[]ful laws 7 held 9 *eck by o!rs4 ,! flood & ! de/ruction ( ,sodom & ,gomorrah 7 br\ght ab\t by ! op]ations ( exi/+ laws1 & may x n be t 9 ,8 illimitable univ]se !re are m important laws ?an ^? :i* surr\nd our puny life--moral & n m]ely physical =ces8 ,is x inconceivable t ! day w come :5 ^! royal & ultimate laws %all wreck ! natural ord] ( ?+s :i* seems s /able & s fair8 ,e>?quakes 7 n ?+s ( remote antiquity1 z an isl& (f ,italy1 ! ,ea/]n ,ar*ipelago1 ,greece1 & ,*icago bore witness4444 ,9 pres5ce ( a great e>?quake m5 feel h[ p[]less !y are1 & _! v k adds to _! weakness4 ,! end ( human probation1 ! f9al dissolution ( organis$ society1 & ! de/ruction ( man's home on ! surface ( ! globe1 7 none ( !m viol5tly contr>y to our pres5t exp]i5ce1 b only ! ext5sion ( pres5t facts4 ,! pres5tim5t ( dea? 0 common2 !re 7 felt to be _m ?+s :i* ?reat5$ ! exi/5ce ( society2 & z our globe 0 a ball ( fire1 at any mom5t ! p5t-up =ces :i* surge & boil b5ea? our feet might be p\r$ out 7,pall ,mall ,gazette1 ,decemb] #f1 #ahhf74 ,! prea*] appe>s to ent]ta9 ! notion t ! occurr5ce ( a cata/rophe#ff involves a brea* ( ! pres5t ord] ( nature--t x is an ev5t incompatible ) ! physical laws :i* at pres5t #bdg obta94 ,he seems to be ( op9ion t sci5tific reason l5ds its au?ority to ! imag9ative supposition t physical law w prev5t ! occurr5ce ( ! cata/rophes anticipat$ by an unsci5tific apo/le4 ,sci5tific reason1 l ,hom]1 sometimes nods2 b ,i am n aw>e t x has ev] dream$ dreams ( ?is sort4 ,! fundam5tal axiom ( sci5tific ?\ght is t !re is n1 nev] has be51 & nev] w be1 any disord] 9 nature4 ,! admission ( ! occurr5ce ( any ev5t :i* 0 n ! logical consequ5ce ( ! imm$iately antec$5t ev5ts1 accord+ to ^! def9ite1 asc]ta9$1 or unasc]ta9$ rules :i* we call ! laws ( nature1 w\ld be an act ( self-de/ruction on ! "p ( sci5ce4 ,cata/rophe is a relative conception4 ,= ourselves x means an ev5t :i* br+s ab\t v t]rible consequ5ces to man1 or impresses 8 m9d by its magnitude relatively to him4 ,b ev5ts :i* are q 9 ! natural ord] ( ?+s to u1 may be frightful cata/rophes to o!r s5ti5t be+s4 ,surely no int]ruption ( ! ord] ( nature is involv$ if1 9 ! c\rse ( desc5d+ ?r\gh an ,alp9e p9e-wood1 ,i jump ^u an an?ill & 9 a mom5t wreck a :ole city & de/roy a hundr$ ?\s& ( its inhabitants4 ,to ! ants ! cata/rophe is worse ?an ! e>?quake ( ,lisbon4 ,to me x is ! natural & necess>y consequ5ce ( ! laws ( matt] 9 motion4 ,a r$i/ribution ( en]gy has tak5 place1 :i* is p]fectly 9 accordance ) natural ord]1 h[ev] unpleasant its effects may be to ! ants4 #bdh ,imag9ation1 inspir$ by sci5tific reason1 & n m]ely assum+ ! airs !re(1 z x un=tunately too (t5 does 9 ! pulpit1 s f> f hav+ any "r to repudiate cata/rophes & d5y ! possibility ( ! cessation ( motion & life1 easily f9ds ju/ification = ! exactly contr>y c\rse4 ,kant 9 8 fam\s ,!ory ( ! ,heav5s decl>es ! end ( ! _w & its r$uction to a =mless condition to be a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! causes to :i* x owes its orig9 & cont9uance4 ,&1 z to cata/rophes ( prodigi\s magnitude & frequ5t occurr5ce1 !y 7 ! fav\rite asylum ignorantiae ( geologi/s1 n a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,if mod]n geology is becom+ m & m dis9cl9$ to call 9 cata/rophes to its aid1 x is n because ( any a priori difficulty 9 reconcil+ ! occurr5ce ( su* ev5ts ) ! univ]sality ( ord]1 b because ! a po/]iori evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( ev5ts ( ?is "* 9 pa/ times has m or less completely brok5 d[n4 ,x is1 to say ! lea/1 highly probable t ?is e>? is a mass ( extremely hot matt]1 inve/$ by a cool$ cru/1 ?r\gh :i* ! hot int]ior /ill cont9ues to cool1 ?\gh ) extreme sl[ness4 ,x is no less probable t ! faults & dislocations1 ! fold+s & fractures1 ev]y:]e visible 9 ! /ratifi$ cru/1 its l>ge & sl[ movem5ts ?r\gh miles ( elevation & depression1 & its small & rapid movem5ts :i* give rise to ! innum]able p]ceiv$ & unp]ceiv$ e>?quakes :i* are con/antly occurr+1 are due to ! #bdi %r9kage ( ! cru/ on its cool+ & contract+ nucleus4 ,)\t go+ beyond ! range ( fair sci5tific analogy1 conditions are easily conceivable :i* %\ld r5d] ! loss ( heat f> m rapid ?an x is at pres5t2 & su* an occurr5ce w\ld be j z mu* 9 accordance ) asc]ta9$ laws ( nature z ! m rapid cool+ ( a r$hot b>1 :5 x is ?ru/ into cold wat]1 ?an :5 x rema9s 9 ! air4 ,b mu* m rapid cool+ might entail a %ift+ & re>rangem5t ( ! p>ts ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? on a scale ( unprec$5t$ magnitude1 & br+ ab\t cata/rophes to :i* ! e>?quake ( ,lisbon is b a trifle4 ,x is conceivable t man & 8 works & all ! high] =ms ( animal life %\ld be utt]ly de/roy$2 t m\nta9 regions %\ld be conv]t$ into ocean dep?s & ! floor ( oceans rais$ into m\nta9s2 & ! e>? become a sc5e ( horror :i* ev5 ! lurid fancy ( ! writ] ( ! ,apocalypse w\ld fail to portray4 ,& yet1 to ! eye ( sci5ce1 !re w\ld be no m disord] "h ?an 9 ! ,sabbatical peace ( a summ] sea4 ,n a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( natural causes & effects w\ld be brok51 n[h]e w\ld !re be ! slighte/ indication ( ! susp5sion ( a l[] law by a high]4 ,if a sob] sci5tific ?9k] is incl9$ to put little fai? 9 ! wild vatic9ations ( univ]sal ru9 :i*1 9 a less sa9tly p]son ?an ! se] ( ,patmos1 might seem to be dictat$ by ! fury ( a rev5geful fanatic r ?an by ! _s ( ! tea*] :o bid m5 love #bej _! enemies1 x is n on ! gr\nd t !y contradict sci5tific pr9ciples2 b because ! evid5ce ( _! sci5tific value does n fulfil ! conditions on :i* weight is atta*$ to evid5ce4 ,! imag9ation :i* supposes t x does1 simply does n assume ! air ( sci5tific reason4 ,i repeat t1 if imag9ation is us$ )9 ! limits laid d[n by sci5ce1 disord] is unimag9able4 ,if a be+ end[$ ) p]fect intellectual & ae/hetic faculties1 b devoid ( ! capacity = suff]+ pa91 ei!r physical or moral1 7 to devote 8 utmo/ p[]s to ! inve/igation ( nature1 ! univ]se w\ld seem to him to be a sort ( kaleidoscope1 9 :i*1 at e successive mom5t ( "t1 a new arrangem5t ( p>ts ( exquisite beauty & symmetry w\ld pres5t itself2 & ea* ( !m w\ld %[ itself to be ! logical consequ5ce ( ! prec$+ arrangem5t1 "u ! conditions :i* we call ! laws ( nature4 ,su* a spectator might well be fill$ ) t ,amor intellectualis ,dei1 ! beatific vision ( ! vita contemplativa1 :i* "s ( ! greate/ ?9k]s ( all ages1 ,ari/otle1 ,aqu9as1 ,sp9oza1 h reg>d$ z ! only conceivable et]nal felicity2 & ! vision ( illimitable suff]+1 z if s5sitive be+s 7 unreg>d$ animalcules :i* _h got betwe5 ! bits ( glass ( ! kaleidoscope1 :i* m>s ! prospect to u poor mortals1 9 no wise alt]s ! fact t ord] is "l ( all1 & disord] only a "n = t "p ( ! ord] :i* gives u pa94 ,! o!r fallaci\s employm5t ( ! names ( #bea sci5tific conceptions :i* p]vades ! prea*]'s utt]ance1 br+s me back to ! prop] topic ( ! pres5t pap]4 ,x is ! use ( ! ^w law z if x d5ot$ a ?+--z if a law ( nature1 z sci5ce und]/&s x1 7 a be+ end[$ ) c]ta9 p[]s1 9 virtue ( :i* ! ph5om5a express$ by t law are br\ght ab\t4 ,! prea*] asks1 ,might n !re be a susp5sion ( a l[] law by ! int]v5tion ( a high]8 ,he tells u t e "t we lift our arms we defy ! law ( gravitation4 ,he asks :e!r "s day c]ta9 royal & ultimate laws may n come & wreck ^? laws :i* are at pres5t1 x w\ld appe>1 act+ z nature's police4 ,x is evid5t1 f ^! expressions1 t laws1 9 ! m9d ( ! prea*]1 are entities hav+ an objective exi/5ce 9 a graduat$ hi]>*y4 ,& x w\ld appe> t ! royal laws are by no means to be reg>d$ z con/itutional royalties3 at any mom5t1 !y may1 l ,ea/]n despots1 desc5d 9 wra? among ! middle-class & plebeian laws1 :i* h hi!rto done ! drudg]y ( ! _w's "w1 &1 to use phraseology n unkn[n 9 our seats ( le>n+--make hay ( _! belong+s4 ,or p]haps a /ill m famili> analogy has sugge/$ ?is s+ul> !ory2 & x is ?\ght t high laws may susp5d l[ laws1 z a bi%op may susp5d a curate4 ,f> be x f me to controv]t ^! views1 if any "o likes to hold !m4 ,all ,i wi% to rem>k is t su* a conception ( ! nature ( laws has no?+ to d ) mod]n sci5ce4 ,x is s*ola/ic #beb realism--realism z int5se & unmitigat$ z t ( ,scotus ,erig5a a ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,! ess5ce ( su* realism is t x ma9ta9s ! objective exi/5ce ( univ]sals1 or1 z we call !m n[adays1 g5]al propositions4 ,x affirms1 = example1 t man is a real ?+1 ap>t f individual m51 hav+ its exi/5ce1 n 9 ! s5sible1 b 9 ! intelligible _w1 & clo?+ itself ) ! accid5ts ( s5se to make ! ,jack & ,tom & ,h>ry :om we "k4 ,/range z su* a notion may appe> to mod]n sci5tific ?\ght1 x really p]vades ord9>y language4 ,!re are few p :o w\ld1 at once1 hesitate to admit t col\r1 = example1 exi/s ap>t f ! m9d :i* conceives ! idea ( col\r4 ,!y hold x to be some?+ :i* resides 9 ! col\r$ object2 & s f> !y are z mu* ,reali/s z if !y _h sat at ,plato's feet4 ,reflection on ! facts ( ! case mu/1 ,i imag9e1 conv9ce e "o t col\r is--n a m]e "n1 :i* 0 ! extreme ,nom9ali/ position--b a "n = t gr\p ( /ates ( feel+ :i* we call blue1 r$1 yell[1 & s on1 & :i* we believe to be caus$ by lum9if]\s vibrations :i* h n ! slighte/ resemblance to col\r2 :ile ^! aga9 are set afoot by /ates ( ! body to :i* we ascribe col\r1 b :i* are equally devoid ( lik5ess to col\r4 ,9 ! same way1 a law ( nature1 9 ! sci5tific s5se1 is ! product ( a m5tal op]ation ^u ! facts ( nature :i* come "u our obs]vation1 & has no m exi/5ce outside ! m9d ?an #bec col\r has4 ,! law ( gravitation is a /atem5t ( ! mann] 9 :i* exp]i5ce %[s t bodies1 :i* are free to move1 d1 9 fact1 move t[>ds "o ano!r4 ,b ! o!r facts ( obs]vation1 t bodies are n always mov+ 9 ?is fa%ion1 & sometimes move 9 a contr>y direction1 are impli$ 9 ! words free to move4 ,if x is a law ( nature t bodies t5d to move t[>ds "o ano!r 9 a c]ta9 way2 x is ano!r & no less true law ( nature t1 if bodies are n free to move z !y t5d to d1 ei!r 9 consequ5ce ( an ob/acle1 or ( a contr>y impulse f "s o!r s\rce ( en]gy ?an t to :i* we give ! "n ( gravitation1 !y ei!r /op /ill1 or g ano!r way4 ,sci5tifically speak+1 x is ! acme ( absurdity to talk ( a man defy+ ! law ( gravitation :5 he lifts 8 arm4 ,! g5]al /ore ( en]gy 9 ! univ]se work+ ?r\gh t]re/rial matt] is d\btless t5d+ to br+ ! man's arm d[n2 b ! p>ticul> fraction ( t en]gy :i* is work+ ?r\gh c]ta9 ( 8 n]v\s & muscul> organs is t5d+ to drive x up1 & m en]gy be+ exp5d$ on ! arm 9 ! upw>d ?an 9 ! d[nw>d direction1 ! arm goes up accord+ly4 ,b ! law ( gravitation is no m defi$ 9 ?is case ?an :5 a groc] ?r[s s mu* sug> into ! empty pan ( 8 scales t ! "o :i* conta9s ! weight kicks ! beam4 ,! t5acity ( ! wond]ful fallacy t ! laws ( nature are ag5ts1 in/ead ( be+1 z !y really are1 a m]e record ( exp]i5ce1 ^u :i* we #bed base our int]pretations ( t :i* does happ51 & our anticipation ( t :i* w happ51 is an int]e/+ psy*ological fact2 & w\ld be un9telligible if ! t5d5cy ( ! human m9d t[>ds realism 7 less /rong4 ,ev5 at ! pres5t day1 & 9 ! writ+s ( m5 :o w\ld at once repudiate s*ola/ic realism 9 any =m1 law is (t5 inadv]t5tly employ$ 9 ! s5se ( cause1 j z1 9 common life1 a man w say t he is compell$ by ! law to d s & s1 :51 9 po9t ( fact1 all he means is t ! law ord]s him to d x1 & tells him :at w happ5 if he does n d x4 ,we commonly he> ( bodies fall+ to ! gr\nd by reason ( ! law ( gravitation1 :]eas t law is simply ! record ( ! fact t1 accord+ to all exp]i5ce1 !y h s fall5 7:5 free to move71 & ( ! gr\nds ( a reasonable expectation t !y w s fall4 ,if x %\ld be wor? anybody's :ile to seek = examples ( su* misuse ( language on my own "p1 ,i am n at all sure he might n succe$1 ?\gh ,i h usually be5 on my gu>d aga9/ su* loos5ess ( expression4 ,if ,i am guilty1 ,i d p5ance be=eh&1 & only hope t ,i may !reby det] o!rs f committ+ ! l fault4 ,& ,i v5ture on ?is p]sonal obs]vation by way ( %[+ t ,i h no wi% to be> h>dly on ! prea*] = fall+ into an error = :i* he might f9d good prec$5ts4 ,b x is "o ( ^? errors :i*1 9 ! case ( a p]son engag$ 9 sci5tific pursuits1 d little h>m1 because x is correct$ z soon z its consequ5ces #bee become obvi\s2 :ile ^? :o "k physical sci5ce only by "n are1 z has be5 se51 easily l$ to build a mighty fabric ( unrealities on ?is fundam5tal fallacy4 ,9 fact1 ! habitual use ( ! ^w law1 9 ! s5se ( an active ?+1 is almo/ a m>k ( pseudo-sci5ce2 x *>act]ises ! writ+s ( ^? :o h appropriat$ ! =ms ( sci5ce )\t kn[+ any?+ ( its sub/ance4 ,!re are two classes ( ^! p3 ^? :o are ready to believe 9 any miracle s long z x is gu>ante$ by ecclesia/ical au?ority2 & ^? :o are ready to believe 9 any miracle s long z x has "s diff]5t gu>antee4 ,! believ]s 9 :at are ord9>ily call$ miracles--^? :o accept ! miracul\s n>ratives :i* !y are taught to ?9k are ess5tial elem5ts ( religi\s doctr9e--are 9 ! "o category2 ! _s-rapp]s1 table-turn]s1 & all ! o!r devotees ( ! occult sci5ces ( our day are 9 ! o!r3 &1 if !y disagree 9 mo/ ?+s !y agree 9 ?is1 namely1 t !y ascribe to sci5ce a dictum t is n sci5tific2 & t !y endeav\r to upset ! dictum ?us foi/$ on sci5ce by a reali/ic argum5t :i* is equally unsci5tific4 ,x is ass]t$1 = example1 t1 on a p>ticul> occasion1 wat] 0 turn$ into w9e2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x is ass]t$ t a man or a woman levitat$ to ! ceil+1 float$ ab\t !re1 & f9ally sail$ out by ! w9d[4 ,& x is assum$ t ! p>donable scepticism1 ) :i* mo/ sci5tific m5 receive ^! /atem5ts1 is due to ! #bef fact t !y feel !mselves ju/ifi$ 9 d5y+ ! possibility ( any su* metamorphosis ( wat] or ( any su* levitation1 because su* ev5ts are contr>y to ! laws ( nature4 ,s ! "q ( ! prea*] is triumphantly put3 ,h[ d y "k t !re are n high] laws ( nature ?an y\r *emical & physical laws1 & t ^! high] laws may n int]v5e & wreck ! latt]8 ,! pla9 answ] to ?is "q is1 ,:y %\ld anybody be call$ ^u to say h[ he kn[s t :i* he does n "k8 ,y are assum+ t laws are ag5ts--effici5t causes ( t :i* happ5s--& t "o law c int]f]e ) ano!r4 ,to u1 t assumption is z nons5sical z if y 7 to talk ( a proposition ( ,euclid be+ ! cause ( ! diagram :i* illu/rates x1 or ( ! integral calculus int]f]+ ) ! rule ( ?ree4 ,y\r "q really implies t we pret5d to complete k n only ( all pa/ & pres5t ph5om5a1 b ( all t are possible 9 ! future1 & we leave all t sort ( ?+ to ! adepts ( esot]ic ,buddhism4 ,our pret5sions are inf9itely m mode/4 ,we h succe$$ 9 f9d+ out ! rules ( action ( a little bit ( ! univ]se2 we call ^! rules laws ( nature1 n because anybody kn[s :e!r !y b9d nature or n1 b because we f9d x is obligatory on u to take !m into acc\nt1 bo? z actors "u nature1 & z int]pret]s ( nature4 ,we h any quantity ( g5u9e miracles ( our own1 & if y w furni% u ) z good evid5ce ( y\r miracles z we h #beg ( ours1 we %all be q happy to accept !m & to am5d our expression ( ! laws ( nature 9 accordance ) ! new facts4 ,z to ! p>ticul> cases adduc$1 we are s p]fectly fair-m9d$ z to be will+ to help y\r case z f> z we c4 ,y are q mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t anybody :o is acqua9t$ ) ! possibilities ( physical sci5ce w und]take categorically to d5y t wat] may be turn$ into w9e4 ,_m v compet5t judges are already incl9$ to ?9k t ! bodies1 :i* we h hi!rto call$ elem5t>y1 are really composite arrangem5ts ( ! p>ticles ( a uni=m primitive matt]4 ,suppos+ t view to be correct1 !re w\ld be no m !oretical difficulty ab\t turn+ wat] into alcohol1 e!real & col\r+ matt]s1 ?an !re is1 at ?is pres5t mom5t1 any practical difficulty 9 work+ o!r su* miracles2 z :5 we turn sug> into alcohol1 c>bonic acid1 glyc]9e1 & succ9ic acid2 or transmute gas-refuse into p]fumes r>] ?an musk & dyes ri*] ?an ,tyrian purple4 ,if ! s-call$ elem5ts1 oxyg5 & hydrog51 :i* compose wat]1 are aggregates ( ! same ultimate p>ticles1 or physical units1 z ^? :i* ent] into ! /ructure ( ! s-call$ elem5t c>bon1 x is obvi\s t alcohol & o!r sub/ances1 compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 may be produc$ by a re>rangem5t ( "s ( ! units ( oxyg5 & hydrog5 into ! elem5t c>bon1 & _! syn!sis ) ! re/ ( ! oxyg5 & hydrog54 #beh ,!oretically1 !re=e1 we c h no sort ( objection to y\r miracle4 ,& our reply to ! levitators is j ! same4 ,:y %\ld n y\r fri5d levitate8 ,fi% are said to rise & s9k 9 ! wat] by alt]+ ! volume ( an int]nal air-receptacle2 & !re may be _m ways sci5ce1 z yet1 kn[s no?+ (1 by :i* we1 :o live at ! bottom ( an ocean ( air1 may d ! same ?+4 ,dialectic gas & w9d appe> to be by no means want+ among y1 & :y %\ld n long practice 9 pneumatic philosophy h result$ 9 ! int]nal g5]ation ( some?+ a ?\s& times r>] ?an hydrog51 by :i*1 9 accordance ) ! mo/ ord9>y natural laws1 y w\ld n only rise to ! ceil+ & float !re 9 quasi-angelic po/ure1 b p]haps1 z "o ( y\r fem99e adepts is said to h done1 flit swift] ?an tra9 or telegram to /ill-vex$ ,b]moo!s1 & twit ,ariel1 if he happ5s to be !re1 = a slugg>d8 ,we h n ! presumption to d5y ! possibility ( any?+ y affirm2 only1 z our bre?r5 are p>ticul> ab\t evid5ce1 d give u z mu* to g ^u z may save u f be+ ro>$ d[n by _! inext+ui%able laught]4 ,en\gh ( ! realism :i* cl+s ab\t laws4 ,!re are pl5ty ( o!r exemplifications ( its vitality 9 mod]n sci5ce1 b ,i w cite only "o ( !m4 ,?is is ! conception ( vital =ce :i* comes /raight f ! philosophy ( ,ari/otle4 ,x is a fundam5tal proposition ( t philosophy t #bei a natural object is compos$ ( two con/itu5ts--! "o its matt]1 conceiv$ z in]t or ev51 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 oppos$ to ord]ly & purposive motion2 ! o!r its =m1 conceiv$ z a quasi-spiritual some?+1 conta9+ or condition+ ! actual activities ( ! body & ! pot5tiality ( its possible activities4 ,i am dispos$ to ?9k t ! prom95ce ( ?is conception 9 ,ari/otle's !ory ( ?+s arose f ! circum/ance t he 01 to beg9 ) & ?r\gh\t 8 life1 devot$ to biological /udies4 ,9 fact x is a notion :i* mu/ =ce itself ^u ! m9d ( any "o :o /udies biological ph5om5a1 )\t ref]5ce to g5]al physics1 z !y n[ /&4 ,ev]ybody :o obs]ves ! obvi\s ph5om5a ( ! developm5t ( a se$ into a tree1 or ( an egg into an animal1 w note t a relatively =mless mass ( matt] gradually gr[s1 takes a def9ite %ape & /ructure1 &1 f9ally1 beg9s to p]=m actions :i* contribute t[>ds a c]ta9 end1 namely1 ! ma9t5ance ( ! individual 9 ! fir/ place1 & ( ! species 9 ! second4 ,/>t+ f ! axiom t e ev5t has a cause1 we h "h ! causa f9alis manife/$ 9 ! la/ set ( ph5om5a1 ! causa mat]ialis & =malis 9 ! fir/1 :ile ! exi/5ce ( a causa effici5s )9 ! se$ or egg & its product1 is a coroll>y f ! ph5om5a ( gr[? & metamorphosis1 :i* proce$ 9 unbrok5 succession & make up ! life ( ! animal or plant4 ,?us1 at />t+1 ! egg or se$ is matt] hav+ #bfj a =m l all o!r mat]ial bodies4 ,b ?is =m has ! peculi>ity1 9 contradi/9ction to l[] sub/antial =ms1 t x is a p[] :i* con/antly works t[>ds an end by means ( liv+ organisation4 ,s f> z ,i "k1 ,leibnitz is ! only philosoph] 7at ! same "t a man ( sci5ce1 9 ! mod]n s5se1 ( ! fir/ rank7 :o has not$ t ! mod]n conception ( ,=ce1 z a sort ( atmosph]e envelop+ ! p>ticles ( bodies1 & hav+ pot5tial or actual activity1 is simply a new "n = ! ,ari/otelian ,=m4#fg ,9 mod]n biology1 up till )9 q rec5t times1 ! ,ari/otelian conception held undisput$ sway2 liv+ matt] 0 end[$ ) vital =ce1 & t acc\nt$ = ev]y?+4 ,:osoev] 0 n satisfi$ ) t explanation 0 treat$ to t v pla9 argum5t--conf\nd y et]nally--:]e) ,"l ,pet] ov]comes ! d\bts ( 8 bro!rs 9 ! ,tale ( a ,tub4 ,mat]iali/ 0 ! milde/ t]m appli$ to him--=tunate if he escap$ pelt+ ) infidel & a!i/4 ,!re may be sci5tific ,rip ,van ,w9kles ab\t1 :o /ill hold by vital =ce2 b among ^? biologi/s :o h n be5 asleep = ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury vital =ce no long] figures 9 ! vocabul>y ( sci5ce4 ,x is a pat5t survival ( realism2 ! g5]alisation f exp]i5ce t all liv+ bodies exhibit c]ta9 activities ( a def9ite "* is made ! basis ( ! notion #bfa t e liv+ body conta9s an entity1 vital =ce1 :i* is assum$ to be ! cause ( ^? activities4 ,x is rem>kable1 9 look+ back1 to notice to :at an ext5t ?is & o!r survivals ( s*ola/ic realism arre/$ or1 at any rate1 imp$$ ! application ( s\nd sci5tific pr9ciples to ! inve/igation ( biological ph5om5a4 ,:5 ,i 0 beg9n+ to ?9k ab\t ^! matt]s1 ! sci5tific _w 0 occasionally agitat$ by discussions respect+ ! nature ( ! species & g5]a ( ,naturali/s1 ( a diff]5t ord] f ! disputes ( a lat] "t4 ,i ?9k mo/ 7 agre$ t a species 0 some?+ :i* exi/$ objectively1 someh[ or o!r1 & _h be5 creat$ by a ,div9e fiat4 ,z to ! objective reality ( g5]a1 !re 0 a good deal ( diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re 7 a few :o c\ld see no objective reality 9 any?+ b individuals1 & look$ ^u bo? species & g5]a z hypo/atis$ univ]sals4 ,z = myself1 ,i seem to h unconsci\sly emulat$ ,william ( ,occam1 inasmu* z almo/ ! fir/ public disc\rse ,i ev] v5tur$ ^u1 dealt ) ,animal ,individuality1 & its t5d5cy 0 to fight ! ,nom9ali/ battle ev5 9 t qu>t]4 ,realism appe>$ 9 /ill /rang] =ms at ! "t to :i* ,i ref]4 ,! community ( plan :i* is obs]vable 9 ea* great gr\p ( animals 0 hypo/atis$ into a ,platonic idea ) ! appropriate "n ( ar*etype1 & we 7 told1 z a disciple ( ,philo-,judaeus might h told u1 t ?is reali/ic figm5t 0 ! ar*etypal light by :i* ,nature #bfb has be5 guid$ amid/ ! wreck ( worlds4 ,s1 aga91 ano!r naturali/1 :o _h no less e>n$ a well-des]v$ reputation by 8 contributions to positive k1 put =w>d a !ory ( ! production ( liv+ ?+s :i*1 z ne>ly z ! increase ( k all[$1 0 a reproduction ( ! doctr9e inculcat$ by ! ,jewi% ,cabbala4 ,annex+ ! ar*etype notion1 & c>ry+ x to its full logical consequ5ce1 ! au?or ( ?is !ory conceiv$ t ! species ( animals & plants 7 s _m inc>nations ( ! ?\ghts ( ,god--mat]ial repres5tations ( ,div9e ideas--dur+ ! p>ticul> p]iod ( ! _w's hi/ory at :i* !y exi/$4 ,b1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! embryological & palaeontological discov]ies ( mod]n times1 :i* _h already l5t "s sci5tific support to ! reviv$ anci5t !ories ( cosmical evolution or emanation1 ! +5i\s au?or ( ?is speculation1 :ile d5y+ & repudiat+ ! ord9>y !ory ( evolution by successive modification ( individuals1 ma9ta9$ & endeav\r$ to prove ! occurr5ce ( a progressive modification 9 ! ,div9e ideas ( successive epo*s4 ,on ! f\ndation ( a suppos$ elevation ( organisation 9 ! :ole liv+ population ( any epo* z comp>$ ) t ( its pr$ecessor1 & a suppos$ complete diff]5ce 9 species betwe5 ! populations ( any two epo*s 7nei!r ( :i* suppositions has /ood ! te/ ( fur!r inquiry71 ! au?or ( ?is speculation bas$ 8 conclusion t ! ,creator _h1 s to speak1 improv$ ^u 8 ?\ghts z "t w5t on2 & t1 z ea* su* #bfc am5d$ s*eme ( creation came up1 ! embodim5t ( ! e>li] div9e ?\ghts 0 swept away by a univ]sal cata/rophe1 & an inc>nation ( ! improv$ ideas took its place4 ,only aft] ! la/ su* wreck ?us br\ght ab\t1 did ! embodim5t ( a div9e ?\ght1 9 ! %ape ( ! fir/ man1 make its appe>ance z ! ne plus ultra ( ! cosmogonical process4 ,i imag9e t ,l\is ,agassiz1 ! g5ial backwoodsman ( ! sci5ce ( my "y days1 :o did m to op5 out new tracks 9 ! sci5tific =e/ ?an mo/ m51 w\ld h be5 mu* surpris$ to le>n t he 0 prea*+ ! doctr9e ( ! ,cabbala1 pure & simple4 ,accord+ to ?is modification ( ,neoplatonism by contact ) ,hebrew speculation1 ! div9e ess5ce is unkn[able--)\t =m or attribute2 b ! int]val betwe5 x & ! _w ( s5se is fill$ by intelligible entities1 :i* are no?+ b ! famili> hypo/atis$ ab/ractions ( ! reali/s4 ,^! h emanat$1 l imm5se waves ( light1 f ! div9e c5tre1 &1 z t5 consecutive zones ( ,sephiro?1 =m ! univ]se4 ,! f>!r away f ! c5tre1 ! m ! primitive light wanes1 until ! p]iph]y ends 9 ^? m]e negations1 d>kness & evil1 :i* are ! ess5ce ( matt]4 ,on ?is1 ! div9e ag5cy transmitt$ ?r\gh ! ,sephiro? op]ates aft] ! fa%ion ( ! ,ari/otelian =ms1 &1 at fir/1 produces ! l[e/ ( a s]ies ( worlds4 ,aft] a c]ta9 duration ! primitive _w is demoli%$ & its fragm5ts us$ up 9 mak+ a bett]2 & #bfd ?is process is repeat$1 until at l5g? a f9al _w1 ) man = its cr[n & f9i%1 makes its appe>ance4 ,x is ne$less to trace ! process ( retrogressive metamorphosis by :i*1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ! ,messiah1 ! /eps ( ! process ( evolution "h sket*$ are retrac$4 ,suffici5t has be5 said to prove t ! extreme/ realism curr5t 9 ! philosophy ( ! ?irte5? c5tury c be fully mat*$ by ! speculations ( our own "t4 99 99 99 99 99 #bfe ,,vii ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,pseudo-,,sci5ce ,9 ! op5+ s5t5ces ( a contribution to ! la/ numb] ( ?is ,review1#fh ! ,duke ( ,argyll has fav\r$ me ) a lecture on ! proprieties ( controv]sy1 to :i* ,i %\ld be dispos$ to li/5 ) m docility if 8 ,grace's precepts appe>$ to me to be bas$ ^u rational pr9ciples1 or if 8 example 7 m exempl>y4 ,) respect to ! latt] po9t1 ! ,duke has ?\ght fit to entitle 8 article ,pr(essor ,huxley on ,canon ,liddon1 & ?us =ces into prom95ce an elem5t ( p]sonality1 :i* ^? :o read ! pap] :i* is ! object ( ! ,duke's animadv]sions w obs]ve ,i h endeav\r$1 mo/ c>efully1 to avoid4 ,my criticisms dealt ) a report ( a s]mon1 publi%$ 9 a newspap]1 & !reby address$ to all ! _w4 ,:e!r t s]mon 0 prea*$ by ,a or ,b 0 n a matt] ( ! smalle/ consequ5ce2 & ,i w5t out ( my way to absolve ! le>n$ div9e to :om ! disc\rse 0 attribut$1 f ! responsibility = /atem5ts :i*1 = any?+ ,i knew to ! contr>y1 might conta9 #bff imp]fect1 or inaccurate1 repres5tations ( 8 views4 ,! ass]tion t ,i _h ! wi% or 0 beset by any temptation to attack ,canon ,liddon is simply contr>y to fact4 ,b suppose t if1 in/ead ( s$ul\sly avoid+ ev5 ! appe>ance ( su* attack1 ,i _h ?\ght fit to take a diff]5t c\rse2 suppose t1 aft] satisfy+ myself t ! em95t cl]gyman ^: "n is p>ad$ by ! ,duke ( ,argyll _h really utt]$ ! words attribut$ to him f ! pulpit ( ,/4 ,paul's1 :at "r w\ld any "o h to f9d fault ) my action on gr\nds ei!r ( ju/ice1 exp$i5cy1 or good ta/e8 ,e/abli%m5t has its duties z well z its rights4 ,! cl]gy ( a ,/ate ,*ur* enjoy _m advantages ov] ^? ( unprivileg$ & un5d[$ religi\s p]suasions2 b !y lie "u a correlative responsibility to ! ,/ate1 & to e memb] ( ! body politic4 ,i am n aw>e t any sacr$ness atta*es to s]mons4 ,if prea*]s /ray beyond ! doctr9al limits set by lay lawy]s1 ! ,privy ,c\ncil w see to x2 &1 if !y ?9k fit to use _! pulpits = ! promulgation ( lit]>y1 or hi/orical1 or sci5tific errors1 x is n only ! "r1 b ! duty1 ( ! humble/ layman1 :o may happ5 to be bett] in=m$1 to correct ! evil effects ( su* p]v]sion ( ! opportunities :i* ! ,/ate af=ds !m & su* misuse ( ! au?ority :i* its support l5ds !m4 ,:atev] else x may claim to be1 9 its relations ) ! ,/ate1 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* is a bran* ( ! ,civil ,s]vice2 &1 = ^? :o #bfg repudiate ! ecclesia/ical au?ority ( ! cl]gy1 !y are m]ely civil s]vants1 z mu* responsible to ! ,engli% p = ! prop] p]=mance ( _! duties z any o!rs4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll tells u t ! "w & call+ ( ! cl]gy prev5t !m f pursu+ disputation z o!rs c4 ,i wond] if 8 ,grace ev] reads ! s-call$ religi\s newspap]s4 ,x is n an occupation :i* ,i %\ld comm5d to any "o :o wi%es to employ 8 "t pr(itably2 b a v %ort devotion to ?is ex]cise w suffice to conv9ce him t ! pursuit ( disputation1 c>ri$ to a degree ( acrimony & vehem5ce unsurpass$ 9 lay controv]sies1 seems to be f\nd q compatible ) ! "w & call+ ( a rem>kably l>ge numb] ( ! cl]gy4 ,f9ally1 x appe>s to me t no?+ c be 9 worse ta/e ?an ! assumption t a body ( ,engli% g5tlem5 c1 by any possibility1 desire t immunity f criticism :i* ! ,duke ( ,argyll claims = !m4 ,no?+ w\ld be m p]sonally (f5sive to me ?an ! supposition t ,i %irk$ criticism1 j or unju/1 ( any lecture ,i ev] gave4 ,i %\ld be utt]ly a%am$ ( myself if1 :5 ,i /ood up z an in/ructor ( o!rs1 ,i _h n tak5 e pa9s to assure myself ( ! tru? ( t :i* ,i 0 ab\t to say2 & ,i %\ld feel myself b\nd to be ev5 m c>eful ) a popul> assembly1 :o w\ld take me m or less on tru/1 ?an ) an audi5ce ( compet5t & critical exp]ts4 ,i decl9e to assume t ! /&>d ( morality1 #bfh 9 ^! matt]s1 is l[] among ! cl]gy ?an x is among sci5tific m54 ,i refuse to ?9k t ! prie/ :o /&s up be=e a congregation1 z ! m9i/] & int]pret] ( ! ,div9ity1 is less c>eful 9 8 utt]ances1 less ready to meet adv]se comm5t1 ?an ! layman :o comes be=e 8 audi5ce1 z ! m9i/] & int]pret] ( nature4 ,yet :at %\ld we ?9k ( ! man ( sci5ce :o1 :5 8 ignorance or 8 c>elessness 0 expos$1 :9$ ab\t ! want ( delicacy ( 8 critics1 or plead$ 8 "w & call+ z a reason = be+ let alone8 ,no man1 nor any body ( m51 is good en\gh1 or wise en\gh1 to disp5se ) ! tonic ( criticism4 ,no?+ has done m h>m to ! cl]gy ?an ! practice1 too common among laym51 ( reg>d+ !m1 :5 9 ! pulpit1 z a sort ( *>t]$ lib]t9es1 ^: divagations are n to be tak5 s]i\sly4 ,& ,i am well assur$ t ! di/+ui%$ div9e1 to :om ! s]mon is attribut$1 is ! la/ p]son :o w\ld desire to avail himself ( ! di%on\r+ protection :i* has be5 sup]flu\sly ?r[n ov] him4 ,s mu* = ! lecture on propriety4 ,b ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 to :om ! hortatory /yle seems to come naturally1 does me ! hon\r to make my say+s ! subjects ( a s]ies ( o!r admonitions1 "s on philosophical1 "s on geological1 "s on biological topics4 ,i c b rejoice t ! ,duke's au?ority 9 ^! matt]s is n always employ$ to %[ t ,i am ignorant ( !m2 on ! contr>y1 ,i meet ) an am\nt ( agreem5t1 ev5 ( #bfi approbation1 = :i* ,i pr(f] su* gratitude z may be due1 ev5 if t gratitude is sometimes almo/ ov]%ad[$ by surprise4 ,i am unfeign$ly a/oni%$ to f9d t ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 :o pr(esses to int]v5e on behalf ( ! prea*]1 does really1 l ano!r ,balaam1 bless me altoge!r 9 respect ( ! ma9 issue4 ,i d5i$ ! ju/ice ( ! prea*]'s ascription to m5 ( sci5ce ( ! doctr9e t miracles are incr$ible1 because !y are violations ( natural law2 & ! ,duke ( ,argyll says t he believes my d5ial to be well f\nd$4 ,! prea*] 0 answ]+ an objection :i* has n[ be5 g5]ally ab&on$4 ,ei!r ! prea*] knew ?is or he did n "k x4 ,x seems to me1 z a m]e lay tea*]1 to be a pity t ! great dome ( ,/4 ,paul's %\ld h be5 made to e*o 7if s be t su* /5torian effects 7 really produc$7 a /atem5t :i*1 admitt+ ! fir/ alt]native1 0 unfair1 &1 admitt+ ! second1 0 ignorant4#fi #bgj ,hav+ ?us sacrific$ "o half ( ! prea*]'s argum5ts1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll proce$s to make equally %ort "w ) ! o!r half4 ,x appe>s t he fully accepts my position t ! occurr5ce ( ^? ev5ts1 :i* ! prea*] speaks ( z cata/rophes1 is no evid5ce ( disord]1 inasmu* z su* cata/rophes may be necess>y occasional consequ5ces ( uni=m *anges4 ,:5ce ,i conclude1 8 ,grace agrees ) me1 t ! talk ab\t royal laws wreck+ ord9>y laws may be eloqu5t metaphor1 b is also nons5se4 ,& n[ comes a fur!r surprise4 ,aft] hav+ giv5 ^! sup]flu\s /abs to ! sla9 body ( ! prea*]'s argum5t1 my good ally rem>ks1 ) magnific5t calmness3 ,s f>1 !n1 ! prea*] & ! pr(essor are at "o4 ,let !m smoke ! calumet4 ,by all means3 smoke w\ld be ! mo/ appropriate symbol ( ?is wond]ful attempt to cov] a retreat4 ,aft] all1 ! ,duke has come to bury ! prea*]1 n to praise him2 only he makes ! fun]al obsequies look z mu* l a triumphal procession z possible4 ,s f> z ! que/ions betwe5 ! prea*] & myself are conc]n$1 !n1 ,i may feel happy4 ,! au?ority ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll is rang$ on my side4 ,b ! ,duke has rais$ a numb] ( o!r que/ions1 ) respect to :i* ,i fe> ,i %all h to disp5se ) 8 support--nay1 ev5 be compell$ to diff] f him z mu*1 or m1 ?an ,i h done ab\t 8 ,grace's new r5d]+ ( ! b5efit ( cl]gy4 #bga ,9 discuss+ cata/rophes1 ! ,duke indulges 9 /atem5ts1 p>tly sci5tific1 p>tly anecdotic1 :i* appe> to me to be some:at mislead+4 ,we are told1 to beg9 )1 t ,sir ,*>les ,lyell's doctr9e respect+ ! prop] mode ( int]pret+ ! facts ( geology 7:i* is commonly call$ uni=mit>ianism7 does n hold its head q s high z x once did4 ,t is great news inde$4 ,b is x true8 ,all ,i c say is t ,i am aw>e ( no?+ t has happ5$ ( late t c 9 any way ju/ify x2 & my op9ion is1 t ! body ( ,lyell's doctr9e1 z laid d[n 9 t great "w1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 :atev] may h happ5$ to its head1 is a *ief & p]man5t con/itu5t ( ! f\ndations ( geological sci5ce4 ,b ?is "q _c be advantage\sly discuss$1 unless we take "s pa9s to discrim9ate betwe5 ! ess5tial "p ( ! uni=mit>ian doctr9e & its accessories2 & x does n appe> t ! ,duke ( ,argyll has c>ri$ 8 /udies ( geological philosophy s f> z ?is po9t4 ,= he def9es uni=mit>ianism to be ! assumption ( ! extreme sl[ness & p]fect cont9uity ( all geological *anges4 ,:at p]fect cont9uity may mean 9 ?is def9ition1 ,i am by no means sure2 b ,i c only imag9e t x signifies ! abs5ce ( any break 9 ! c\rse ( natural ord] dur+ ! millions ( ye>s1 ! lapse ( :i* is record$ by geological ph5om5a4 ,is ! ,duke ( ,argyll prep>$ to say t any #bgb geologi/ ( au?ority1 at ! pres5t day1 believes t !re is ! slighte/ evid5ce ( ! occurr5ce ( sup]natural int]v5tion1 dur+ ! long ages ( :i* ! monum5ts are pres]v$ to u 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?8 ,& if he is n1 9 :at s5se has ?is "p ( ! uni=mit>ian doctr9e1 z he def9es x1 l[]$ its pret5sions to repres5t sci5tific tru?8 ,z to ! extreme sl[ness ( all geological *anges1 x is simply a popul> error to reg>d t z1 9 any wise1 a fundam5tal & necess>y dogma ( uni=mit>ianism4 ,x is extremely a/oni%+ to me t any "o :o has c>efully /udi$ ,lyell's great "w c h s completely fail$ to appreciate its purport1 :i* yet is writ l>ge on ! v title-page3 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 be+ an attempt to expla9 ! =m] *anges ( ! e>?'s surface by ref]5ce to causes n[ 9 op]ation4 ,! ess5ce ( ,lyell's doctr9e is "h writt5 s t ^? :o run may read2 & x has no?+ to d ) ! quickness or sl[ness ( ! pa/ *anges ( ! e>?'s surface2 except 9 s f> z exi/+ analog\s *anges may g on sl[ly1 & !re=e create a presumption 9 fav\r ( ! sl[ness ( pa/ *anges4 ,) t epigrammatic =ce :i* *>act]ises 8 /yle1 ,buffon wrote1 ne>ly a hundr$ & fifty ye>s ago1 9 8 fam\s ,!orie de la ,t]re3 ,p\r jug] de ce qui e/ arrive1 et meme de ce qui arriv]a1 n\s n'avons qu'a exam9] ce qui arrive4 ,! key ( ! pa/1 z ( ! future1 is to be s\ght 9 ! pres5t1 & only :5 kn[n causes ( *ange h #bgc be5 %[n to be insuffici5t h we any "r to h rec\rse to unkn[n causes4 ,geology is z mu* a hi/orical sci5ce z ar*aeology2 & ,i appreh5d t all s\nd hi/orical inve/igation re/s ^u ?is axiom4 ,x und]lay all ,hutton's "w & animat$ ,lyell & ,scrope 9 _! successful ef=ts to revolutionise ! geology ( half a c5tury ago4 ,!re is no antagonism :atev]1 & !re nev] 01 betwe5 ! belief 9 ! views :i* _h _! *ief & unwe>i$ advocate 9 ,lyell & ! belief 9 ! occurr5ce ( cata/rophes4 ,! fir/ edition ( ,lyell's ,pr9ciples1 publi%$ 9 #ahcj1 lies be=e me2 & a l>ge "p ( ! fir/ volume is occupi$ by an acc\nt ( volcanic1 seismic1 & diluvial cata/rophes :i* h occurr$ )9 ! hi/orical p]iod4 ,moreov]1 ! au?or1 ov] & ov] aga91 expressly draws ! att5tion ( 8 read]s to ! consi/5cy ( cata/rophes ) 8 doctr9e4 ,not)/&+1 !re=e1 t we h n witness$ )9 ! la/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s ! deva/ation by deluge ( a l>ge cont95t1 yet1 z we may pr$ict ! future occurr5ce ( su* cata/rophes1 we are au?oris$ to reg>d !m z "p ( ! pres5t ord] ( nature1 & !y may be introduc$ into geological speculations respect+ ! pa/1 provid$ t we d n imag9e !m to h be5 m frequ5t or g5]al ?an we expect !m to be 9 "t to come 7vol4 i4 p4 #hi74 ,aga93-- ,if we reg>d ea* ( ! causes sep>ately1 :i* we "k to be at pres5t ! mo/ in/rum5tal 9 remodell+ ! /ate ( ! surface1 we %all f9d t we mu/ expect ea* to be 9 action = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 )\t produc+ any ext5sive #bgd alt]ations 9 ! habitable surface1 & !n to give rise1 dur+ a v brief p]iod1 to important revolutions 7vol4 ii4 p4 #afa74gj ,lyell qu>rell$ ) ! cata/rophi/s !n1 by no means because !y assum$ t cata/rophes occur & h occurr$1 b because !y _h got into ! habit ( call+ on _! god ,cata/rophe to help !m1 :5 !y ought to h be5 putt+ _! %\ld]s to ! :eel ( obs]vation ( ! pres5t c\rse ( nature1 9 ord] to help !mselves out ( _! difficulties4 ,& geological sci5ce has become :at x is1 *iefly because geologi/s h gradually accept$ ,lyell's doctr9e & foll[$ 8 precepts4 ,s f> z ,i "k any?+ ab\t ! matt]1 !re is no?+ t c be call$ pro(1 t ! causes ( geological ph5om5a op]at$ m int5sely or m rapidly1 at any "t betwe5 ! old] t]ti>y & ! olde/ palaeozoic epo*s ?an !y h done betwe5 ! old] t]ti>y epo* & ! pres5t day4 ,& if t is s1 uni=mit>ianism1 ev5 z limit$ by ,lyell1#ga has no call to l[] its cre/4 ,b if ! facts 7 o!rwise1 ! position ,lyell took up rema9s #bge impregnable4 ,he did n say t ! geological op]ations ( nature 7 nev] m rapid1 or m va/1 ?an !y are n[2 :at he did ma9ta9 is ! v diff]5t proposition t !re is no good evid5ce ( any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,& t proposition has n yet be5 %[n to be incorrect4 ,i owe m ?an ,i c tell to ! c>eful /udy ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 9 my "y days2 &1 long be=e ! ye> #ahef1 my m9d 0 famili> ) ! tru? t ! doctr9e ( uni=mity is n incompatible ) great & sudd5 *anges1 :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 is taught totidem v]bis 9 t "w4 ,ev5 _h x be5 possible = me to %ut my eyes to ! s5se ( :at ,i _h read 9 ! ,pr9ciples1 ,:ewell's ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 publi%$ 9 #ahdj1 a "w ) :i* ,i 0 also tol]ably famili>1 mu/ h op5$ !m4 ,= ! always acute1 if n always pr(\nd1 au?or1 9 argu+ aga9/ ,lyell's uni=mit>ianism1 expressly po9ts out t x does n 9 any way contrav5e ! occurr5ce ( cata/rophes4 ,) reg>d to su* occurr5ces e>?quakes1 deluges1 etc41 t]rible z !y appe> at ! "t1 !y may n mu* affect ! #bgf av]age rate ( *ange3 !re may be a cycle1 ?\gh an irregul> "o1 ( rapid & sl[ *ange3 & if su* cycles g on succe$+ ea* o!r1 we may /ill call ! ord] ( nature uni=m1 not)/&+ ! p]iods ( viol5ce :i* x involves4#gb ,! read] :o has foll[$ me ?r\gh ?is brief *apt] ( ! hi/ory ( geological philosophy w probably f9d ! foll[+ passage 9 ! pap] ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll to be n a little rem>kable3-- ,_m ye>s ago1 :5 ,i _h ! hon\r ( be+ ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association1#gc ,i v5tur$ to po9t out1 9 ! pres5ce & 9 ! he>+ ( t mo/ di/+ui%$ man ,sir ,c4 ,lyell t ! doctr9e ( uni=mity 0 n incompatible ) great & sudd5 *anges1 s9ce cycles ( ^! & o!r cycles ( comp>ative re/ might well be con/itu5t p>ts ( t uni=mity :i* he ass]t$4 ,lyell did n object to ?is ext5d$ int]pretation ( 8 own doctr9e1 & inde$ express$ to me 8 entire concurr5ce4 ,i %\ld ?9k he did2 =1 z ,i h %[n1 !re 0 no?+ 9 x t ,lyell himself _h n said1 six-&-tw5ty ye>s be=e1 & en=c$1 ?ree ye>s be=e2 & x is almo/ v]bally id5tical ) ! view ( uni=mit>ianism tak5 by ,:ewell1 sixte5 ye>s be=e1 9 a "w ) :i*1 "o w\ld ?9k1 t any "o :o und]takes to discuss ! philosophy ( sci5ce %\ld be famili>4 ,?irty ye>s h elaps$ s9ce ! beg9n] ( #ahef p]suad$ himself t he enlight5$ ! =emo/ geologi/ ( 8 "t1 & "o ( ! mo/ acute & f>-see+ m5 ( sci5ce ( any "t1 z to ! scope ( ! doctr9es :i* ! vet]an philosoph] #bgg _h gr[n gray 9 promulgat+2 & ! ,duke ( ,argyll's acqua9tance ) ! lit]ature ( geology has n1 ev5 n[1 become suffici5tly pr(\nd to dissipate t pleasant delusion4 ,if ! ,duke ( ,argyll's guidance 9 t bran* ( physical sci5ce1 ) :i* alone he has giv5 evid5ce ( any practical acqua9tance1 is ?us unsafe1 ,i may brea! m freely 9 sett+ my op9ion aga9/ ! au?oritative deliv]ances ( 8 ,grace ab\t matt]s :i* lie outside ! prov9ce ( geology4 ,& "h ! ,duke's pap] (f]s me su* a weal? ( opportunities t *oice becomes emb>rass+4 ,i mu/ be> 9 m9d ! good old adage1 ,non multa s$ multum4 ,tempt+ z x w\ld be to foll[ ! ,duke ?r\gh 8 labyr9?9e misund]/&+s ( ! ord9>y t]m9ology ( philosophy1 & to comm5t on ! curi\s un9telligibility :i* hangs ab\t 8 frequ5t outp\r+s ( f]vid language1 limits ( space oblige me to re/rict myself to ^? po9ts1 ! discussion ( :i* may help to enlight5 ! public 9 respect ( matt]s ( m importance ?an ! compet5ce ( my ,m5tor = ! task :i* he has und]tak54 ,i am n sure :5 ! employm5t ( ! ^w ,law1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we speak ( laws ( nature1 comm5c$1 b examples ( x may be f\nd 9 ! works ( ,bacon1 ,desc>tes1 & ,sp9oza4 ,bacon employs ,law z ! equival5t ( ,=m1 & ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t he may be responsible = a good deal ( ! confusion t has subsequ5tly #bgh aris52 b ,i am n aw>e t ! t]m is us$ by o!r au?orities1 9 ! sev5te5? & eighte5? c5turies1 9 any o!r s5se ?an t ( rule or def9ite ord] ( ! coexi/5ce ( ?+s or succession ( ev5ts 9 nature4 ,desc>tes speaks ( regles1 que je nomme les lois de la nature4 ,leibnitz says loi ou regle g5]ale1 z if he consid]$ ! t]ms int]*angeable4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll1 h[ev]1 affirms t ! law ( gravitation z put =? by ,newton 0 some?+ m ?an ! /atem5t ( an obs]v$ ord]4 ,he admits t ,kepl]'s ?ree laws 7 an obs]v$ ord] ( facts & no?+ m4 ,z to ! law ( gravitation1 x conta9s an elem5t :i* ,kepl]'s laws did n conta91 ev5 an elem5t ( causation1 ! recognition ( :i* belongs to a high] category ( intellectual conceptions ?an t :i* is conc]n$ 9 ! m]e obs]vation & record ( sep>ate & app>5tly unconnect$ facts4 ,!re is h>dly a l9e 9 ^! p>agraphs :i* appe>s to me to be indisputable4 ,b1 to conf9e myself to ! matt] 9 h&1 ,i _c conceive t any "o :o _h tak5 ord9>y pa9s to acqua9t himself ) ! real nature ( ei!r ,kepl]'s or ,newton's "w c\ld h writt5 !m4 ,t ! lab\rs ( ,kepl]1 ( all m5 9 ! _w1 %\ld be call$ m]e obs]vation & record1 is truly wond]ful4 ,& any "o :o w look into ! ,pr9cipia1 or ! ,optics1 or ! ,lett]s to ,b5tley1 w see1 ev5 if he has no m special k ( ! topics discuss$ ?an ,i h1 t ,newton ov] & ov] aga9 insi/$ t he _h #bgi no?+ to d ) gravitation z a physical cause1 & t :5 he us$ ! t]ms attraction1 =ce1 & ! l1 he employ$ !m1 z he says1 ma!matice & n physice4 ,h[ ^! attractions ( gravity1 magnetism1 & electricity may be p]=m$1 ,i d n "h consid]4 ,:at ,i call attraction may be p]=m$ by impulse or by "s o!r means unkn[n to me4 ,i use t ^w "h to signify only 9 a g5]al way any =ce by :i* bodies t5d t[>ds "o ano!r1 :atev] be ! cause4#gd ,accord+ to my read+ ( ! be/ au?orities ^u ! hi/ory ( sci5ce1 ,newton discov]$ nei!r gravitation1 nor ! law ( gravitation2 nor did he pret5d to (f] m ?an a conjecture z to ! causation ( gravitation4 ,moreov]1 8 ass]tion t ! notion ( a body act+ :]e x is n1 is "o t no compet5t ?9k] c\ld ent]ta91 is antagoni/ic to ! :ole curr5t conception ( attractive & repulsive =ces1 & !re=e ( ! attractive =ce ( gravitation4 ,:at1 !n1 0 t lab\r ( unsurpass$ magnitude & excell5ce & immortal influ5ce :i* ,newton did p]=m8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ,newton def9$ ! laws1 rules1 or obs]v$ ord] ( ! ph5om5a ( motion1 :i* come "u our daily obs]vation1 ) great] precision ?an _h be5 be=e atta9$2 &1 by foll[+ out ) m>vell\s p[] & subtlety ! ma!matical consequ5ces ( ^! rules1 he almo/ creat$ ! mod]n sci5ce ( pure me*anics4 ,9 ! second place1 apply+ exactly ! same me?od #bhj to ! explication ( ! facts ( a/ronomy z t :i* 0 appli$ a c5tury & a half lat] to ! facts ( geology by ,lyell1 he set himself to solve ! foll[+ problem4 ,assum+ t all bodies1 free to move1 t5d to approa* "o ano!r z ! e>? & ! bodies on x d2 assum+ t ! /r5g? ( t t5d5cy is directly z ! mass & inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ances2 assum+ t ! laws ( motion1 det]m9$ = t]re/rial bodies1 hold good ?r\gh\t ! univ]se2 assum+ t ! planets & _! satellites 7 creat$ & plac$ at _! obs]v$ mean di/ances1 & t ea* receiv$ a c]ta9 impulse f ! ,creator2 w ! =m ( ! orbits1 ! v>y+ rates ( motion ( ! planets1 & ! ratio betwe5 ^? rates & _! di/ances f ! sun :i* mu/ foll[ by ma!matical reason+ f ^! premisses1 agree ) ! ord] ( facts det]m9$ by ,kepl] & o!rs1 or n8 ,newton1 employ+ ma!matical me?ods :i* are ! admiration ( adepts1 b :i* no "o b himself appe>s to h be5 able to use ) ease1 n only answ]$ ?is "q 9 ! affirmative1 b /ay$ n 8 con/ructive g5ius be=e x _h f\nd$ mod]n physical a/ronomy4 ,! hi/orians ( me*anical & ( a/ronomical sci5ce appe> to be agre$ t he 0 ! fir/ p]son :o cle>ly & di/9ctly put =? ! hypo!sis t ! ph5om5a compreh5d$ "u ! g5]al "n ( gravity foll[ ! same ord] ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 & t all mat]ial bodies exhibit ^! ph5om5a2 s t1 9 ?is s5se1 ! #bha idea ( univ]sal gravitation may1 d\btless1 be prop]ly ascrib$ to him4 ,newton prov$ t ! laws ( ,kepl] 7 p>ticul> consequ5ces ( ! laws ( motion & ! law ( gravitation--9 o!r words1 ! reason ( ! fir/ lay 9 ! two latt]4 ,b to talk ( ! law ( gravitation alone z ! reason ( ,kepl]'s laws1 & /ill m z /&+ 9 any causal relation to ,kepl]'s laws1 is simply a misuse ( language4 ,x w\ld really be int]e/+ if ! ,duke ( ,argyll w\ld expla9 h[ he proposes to set ab\t %[+ t ! elliptical =m ( ! orbits ( ! planets1 ! con/ant area describ$ by ! radius vector1 & ! proportionality ( ! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times to ! cubes ( ! di/ances f ! sun1 are ei!r caus$ by ! =ce ( gravitation or d$ucible f ! law ( gravitation4 ,i conceive t x w\ld be ab\t z apposite to say t ! v>i\s comp\nds ( nitrog5 ) oxyg5 are caus$ by *emical attraction & d$ucible f ! atomic !ory4 ,newton assur$ly l5t no %ad[ ( support to ! mod]n pseudo-sci5tific philosophy :i* conf\nds laws ) causes4 ,i h n tak5 ! tr\ble to trace out ?is commone/ ( fallacies to its fir/ beg9n+2 b ,i 0 famili> ) x 9 full bloom1 m ?an ?irty ye>s ago1 9 a "w :i* _h a great vogue 9 its day--! ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation--( :i* ! fir/ edition 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdd4 ,x is full ( apt & =cible illu/rations ( #bhb pseudosci5tific realism4 ,consid]1 = example1 ?is gem s]5e4 ,:5 a boy :o has climb$ a tree loses 8 hold ( ! bran*1 ! law ( gravitation unrel5t+ly pulls him to ! gr\nd1 & !n he is hurt1 :]eby ! ,almighty is q reliev$ f any responsibility = ! accid5t4 ,"h is ! law ( gravitation act+ z a cause 9 a way q 9 accordance ) ! ,duke ( ,argyll's conception ( x4 ,9 fact1 9 ! m9d ( ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges1 laws are exi/5ces int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,creator & 8 works1 l ! ideas ( ! ,platonis]s or ! ,logos ( ! ,alex&rians4#ge ,i may cite a passage :i* is q 9 ! ve9 ( ,philo3-- ,we h se5 p[]ful evid5ces t ! con/ruction ( ?is globe & its associates2 &1 inf]5tially1 t ( all ! o!r globes 9 space1 0 ! result1 n ( any imm$iate or p]sonal ex]tion on ! "p ( ! ,deity1 b ( natural laws :i* are ! expression ( 8 w4 ,:at is to h9d] our suppos+ t ! organic creation is also a result ( natural laws :i* are 9 l mann] an expression ( 8 w8 7p4 #aed1 #a/ edition74 ,& creation op]at+ by law is con/antly cit$ z reliev+ ! ,creator f tr\ble ab\t insignificant details4 ,i am p]plex$ to picture to myself ! /ate ( m9d :i* accepts ^! v]bal juggl]ies4 ,x is intelligible t ! ,creator %\ld op]ate accord+ to su* rules z he might ?9k fit to lay d[n = himself 7& !re=e accord+ to law72 b t w\ld leave ! op]ation ( 8 w j z mu* a direct p]sonal act z x w\ld be "u any o!r #bhc circum/ances4 ,i c also und]/& t 7z 9 ,leibnitz's c>icature ( ,newton's views7 ! ,creator might h made ! cosmical ma*9e1 &1 aft] sett+ x go+1 h left x to itself till x ne$$ repair4 ,b !n1 by ! supposition1 8 p]sonal responsibility w\ld h be5 involv$ 9 all t x did1 j z mu* z a dynamit] is responsible = :at happ5s :5 he has set 8 ma*9e go+ & left x to explode4 ,! only hypo!sis :i* gives a sort ( mad consi/5cy to ! ,ve/igi>ian's views is ! supposition t laws are a k9d ( angels or demiurgoi1 :o1 be+ suppli$ ) ! ,great ,ar*itect's plan1 7 p]mitt$ to settle ! details among !mselves4 ,accept+ ?is doctr9e1 ! conception ( royal laws & plebeian laws1 & ( ^? m ?an ,hom]ic conte/s 9 :i* ! big laws wreck ! little ones1 becomes q intelligible4 ,&1 9 fact1 ! hon\r ( ! pat]nity ( ^? rem>kable ideas :i* come into full fl[] 9 ! prea*]'s disc\rse1 mu/1 s f> z my imp]fect k goes1 be attribut$ to ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges4 ,b ! au?or ( ! ,ve/iges is n ! only writ] :o is responsible = ! curr5t pseudo-sci5tific my/ifications :i* hang ab\t ! t]m law4 ,:5 ,i wrote my pap] ab\t ,sci5tific & ,pseudo-,sci5tific ,realism1 ,i _h n read a "w by ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 ,! ,reign ( ,law1 :i*1 ,i believe1 has enjoy$1 possibly /ill enjoys1 a widespread popul>ity4 ,b ! vivacity ( ! ,duke's attack l$ me to ?9k x possible t criticisms direct$ else:]e might h come home to #bhd him4 ,&1 9 fact1 ,i f9d t ! second *apt] ( ! "w 9 "q1 :i* is entitl$ ,law2 its def9itions1 is1 f my po9t ( view1 a sort ( summa ( pseudo-sci5tific philosophy4 ,x w be wor? :ile to exam9e x 9 "s detail4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is to be not$ t ! au?or ( ! ,reign ( ,law admits t law1 9 _m cases1 means no?+ m ?an ! /atem5t ( ! ord] 9 :i* facts occur1 or1 z he says1 an obs]v$ ord] ( facts 7p4 #ff74 ,b 8 appreciation ( ! value ( accuracy ( expression does n h9d] him f add+1 almo/ 9 ! same brea?1 ,9 ?is s5se ! laws ( nature are simply ^? facts ( nature :i* recur accord+ to rule 7p4 #ff74 ,?us laws1 :i* 7 rightly said to be ! /atem5t ( an ord] ( facts 9 "o p>agraph1 are decl>$ to be ! facts !mselves 9 ! next4 ,we are next told t1 ?\gh x may be cu/om>y & p]missible to use law 9 ! s5se ( a /atem5t ( ! ord] ( facts1 ?is is a l[ use ( ! ^w2 & inde$1 two pages f>!r on1 ! writ]1 flatly contradict+ himself1 altoge!r d5ies its admissibility4 ,an obs]v$ ord] ( facts1 to be entitl$ to ! rank ( a law1 mu/ be an ord] s con/ant & uni=m z to indicate necessity1 & necessity c only arise out ( ! action ( "s compell+ =ce 7p4 #fh74 ,?is is und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> propositions t ,i h ev] met ) 9 a pr(ess$ly sci5tific "w1 & its r>ity is embelli%$ by ano!r direct self-contradiction :i* x implies4 ,= #bhe on ! prec$+ page 7#fg71 :5 ! ,duke ( ,argyll is speak+ ( ! laws ( ,kepl]1 :i* he admits to be laws1 & :i* are types ( t :i* m5 ( sci5ce und]/& by laws1 he says t !y are simply & purely an ord] ( facts4 ,moreov]1 he adds3 ,a v l>ge proportion ( ! laws ( e sci5ce are laws ( ?is k9d & 9 ?is s5se4 ,if1 accord+ to ! ,duke ( ,argyll's admission1 law is und]/ood1 9 ?is s5se1 ?us widely & con/antly by sci5tific au?orities1 :]e is ! ju/ification = 8 unqualifi$ ass]tion t su* /atem5ts ( ! obs]v$ ord] ( facts are n entitl$ to ! rank ( laws8 ,b let u exam9e ! consequ5ces ( ! really int]e/+ proposition ,i h j quot$4 ,i presume t x is a law ( nature t a /raight l9e is ! %orte/ di/ance betwe5 two po9ts4 ,?is law affirms ! con/ant association ( a c]ta9 fact ( =m ) a c]ta9 fact ( dim5sion4 ,:e!r ! notion ( necessity :i* atta*es to x has an a priori or an a po/]iori orig9 is a "q n relevant to ! pres5t discussion4 ,b ,i w\ld beg to be in=m$1 if x is necess>y1 :]e is ! compell+ =ce out ( :i* ! necessity arises2 & fur!r1 if x is n necess>y1 :e!r x loses ! "* ( a law ( nature8 ,i take x to be a law ( nature1 bas$ on unexceptionable evid5ce1 t ! mass ( matt] rema9s un*ang$1 :atev] *emical or o!r modifications x may und]go4 ,?is law is "o ( ! f\ndations ( *emi/ry4 ,b x is by no means necess>y4 ,x #bhf is q possible to imag9e t ! mass ( matt] %\ld v>y accord+ to circum/ances1 z we "k its weight does4 ,moreov]1 ! det]m9ation ( ! =ce :i* makes mass con/ant 7if !re is any intelligibility 9 t =m ( words7 w\ld n1 s f> z ,i c see1 conf] any m validity on ! law ?an x has n[4 ,!re is a law ( nature1 s well v\*$ by exp]i5ce1 t all mank9d1 f pure logicians 9 se>* ( examples to p>i% sextons 9 se>* ( fees1 confide 9 x4 ,?is is ! law t all m5 are mortal4 ,x is simply a /atem5t ( ! obs]v$ ord] ( facts t all m5 soon] or lat] die4 ,i am n acqua9t$ ) any law ( nature :i* is m con/ant & uni=m ?an ?is4 ,b w any "o tell me t dea? is necess>y8 ,c]ta9ly !re is no a priori necessity 9 ! case1 = v>i\s m5 h be5 imag9$ to be immortal4 ,& ,i %\ld be glad to be in=m$ ( any necessity t c be d$uc$ f biological consid]ations4 ,x is q conceivable1 z has rec5tly be5 po9t$ out1 t "s ( ! l[e/ =ms ( life may be immortal1 aft] a fa%ion4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ,i w\ld fur!r ask1 suppos+ all m5 are mortal to be a real law ( nature1 :]e & :at is t to :i*1 ) any propriety1 ! title ( compell+ =ce ( ! law c be giv58 ,on page #fi1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll ass]ts t ! law ( gravitation is a law 9 ! s5se1 n m]ely ( a rule1 b ( a cause4 ,b ?is revival ( ! tea*+ ( ! ,ve/iges has already be5 exam9$ #bhg & dispos$ (2 & :5 ! ,duke ( ,argyll /ates t ! obs]v$ ord] :i* ,kepl] _h discov]$ 0 simply a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! =ce ( gravitation1 ,i ne$ n recapitulate ! evid5ce :i* proves su* a /atem5t to be :olly fallaci\s4 ,b x may be useful to say1 once m1 t1 at ?is pres5t mom5t1 nobody kn[s any?+ ab\t ! exi/5ce ( a =ce ( gravitation ap>t f ! fact2 t ,newton decl>$ ! ord9>y notion ( su* =ce to be inconceivable2 t v>i\s attempts h be5 made to acc\nt = ! ord] ( facts we call gravitation1 )\t rec\rse to ! notion ( attractive =ce2 t1 if su* a =ce exi/s1 x is utt]ly incompet5t to acc\nt = ,kepl]'s laws1 )\t tak+ into ! reckon+ a great numb] ( o!r consid]ations2 &1 f9ally1 t all we "k ab\t ! =ce ( gravitation1 or any o!r s-call$ =ce1 is t x is a "n = ! hypo!tical cause ( an obs]v$ ord] ( facts4 ,?us1 :5 ! ,duke ( ,argyll says3 ,=ce1 asc]ta9$ accord+ to "s measure ( its op]ation--?is is inde$ "o ( ! def9itions1 b only "o1 ( a sci5tific law 7p4 #ga71 ,i reply t x is a def9ition :i* mu/ be repudiat$ by e "o :o possesses an adequate acqua9tance ) ei!r ! facts1 or ! philosophy1 ( sci5ce & relegat$ to ! limbo ( pseudo-sci5tific fallacies4 ,if ! human m9d _h nev] ent]ta9$ ?is notion ( =ce1 nay1 if x sub/itut$ b>e inv>iable succession = ! ord9>y notion ( causation1 ! idea ( law1 z ! expression ( a con/antly-obs]v$ ord]1 :i* #bhh g5]ates a correspond+ int5sity ( expectation 9 our m9ds1 w\ld h exactly ! same value1 & play its "p 9 real sci5ce1 exactly z x does n[4 ,x is ne$less to ext5d fur!r ! pres5t excursus on ! orig9 & hi/ory ( mod]n pseudo-sci5ce4 ,"u su* high patronage z x has enjoy$1 x has gr[n & fl\ri%$ until1 n[adays1 x is becom+ some:at rampant4 ,x has its weekly ,ephem]ides1 9 :i* e new pseudo-sci5tific m>e's-ne/ is hail$ & belaud$ ) ! unconsci\s unfairness ( ignorance2 & an army ( reconcil]s1 enli/$ 9 its s]vice1 ^: bus9ess seems to be to mix ! black ( dogma & ! :ite ( sci5ce into ! neutral t9t ( :at !y call lib]al !ology4 ,i rememb] t1 n long aft] ! publication ( ! ,ve/iges1 a %rewd & s>ca/ic c\ntryman ( ! au?or def9$ x z cauld kail made het aga94 ,a cynic might f9d amusem5t 9 ! reflection t1 at ! pres5t "t1 ! pr9ciples & ! me?ods ( ! mu*-vilifi$ ,ve/igi>ian are be+ made het aga92 & are n only e*o$ by ! dome ( ,/4 ,paul's1 b ?und]$ f ! ca/le ( ,inv]>ay4 ,b my turn ( m9d is n cynical1 & ,i c b regret ! wa/e ( "t & en]gy be/[$ on ! endeav\r to deal ) ! mo/ difficult problems ( sci5ce1 by ^? :o h nei!r und]gone ! discipl9e1 nor possess ! in=mation1 :i* are indisp5sable to ! successful issue ( su* an ent]prise4 ,i h already _h occasion to rem>k t ! #bhi ,duke ( ,argyll's views ( ! conduct ( controv]sy are diff]5t f m9e2 & ?is mu*-to-be-lam5t$ discrepancy becomes yet m acc5tuat$ :5 ! ,duke rea*es biological topics4 ,any?+ t 0 good en\gh = ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 9 8 dep>tm5t ( /udy1 is c]ta9ly good en\gh = me 9 m9e2 & ,i by no means demur to be+ p$agogically in/ruct$ ab\t a v>iety ( matt]s ) :i* x has be5 ! bus9ess ( my life to try to acqua9t myself4 ,b ! ,duke ( ,argyll is n cont5t ) fav\r+ me ) 8 op9ions ab\t my own bus9ess2 he also answ]s = m9e2 &1 at t po9t1 really ! worm mu/ turn4 ,i am told t no "o kn[s bett] ?an ,pr(essor ,huxley a v>iety ( ?+s :i* ,i really d n "k2 & ,i am said to be a disciple ( t ,positive ,philosophy :i* ,i h1 ov] & ov] aga91 publicly repudiat$ 9 language :i* is c]ta9ly n lack+ 9 intelligibility1 :atev] may be its o!r defects4 ,i am told t ,i h be5 amus+ myself ) a metaphysical ex]citation or logoma*y 7may ,i rem>k incid5tally t ^! are n q conv]tible t]ms871 :51 to ! be/ ( my belief1 ,i h be5 try+ to expose a process ( my/ification1 bas$ ^u ! use ( sci5tific language by writ]s :o exhibit no sign ( sci5tific tra9+1 ( accurate sci5tific k1 or ( cle> ideas respect+ ! philosophy ( sci5ce1 :i* is do+ v s]i\s h>m to ! public4 ,naturally en\gh1 !y take ! lion's sk9 ( sci5tific phraseology = evid5ce t ! voice :i* issues f b5ea? x is ! voice ( #bij sci5ce1 & ,i desire to relieve !m f ! consequ5ces ( _! error4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll asks1 app>5tly ) sorr[ t x %\ld be 8 duty to subject me to repro(-- ,:at %all we say ( a philosophy :i* conf\nds ! organic ) ! inorganic1 &1 refus+ to take note ( a diff]5ce s pr(\nd1 assumes to expla9 "u "o common ab/raction1 ! movem5ts due to gravitation & ! movem5ts due to ! m9d ( man8 ,to :i* ,i may fitly reply by ano!r "q3 ,:at %all we say to a controv]siali/ :o attributes to ! subject ( 8 attack op9ions :i* are notori\sly n 82 & expresses himself 9 su* a mann] t x is obvi\s he is unacqua9t$ ) ev5 ! rudim5ts ( t k :i* is necess>y to ! discussion into :i* he has ru%$8 ,:at l9e ( my writ+ c ! ,duke ( ,argyll produce :i* conf\nds ! organic ) ! inorganic8 ,z to ! latt] half ( ! p>agraph1 ,i h to confess a d\bt :e!r x has any def9ite mean+4 ,b ,i imag9e t ! ,duke is allud+ to my ass]tion t ! law ( gravitation is n[ise susp5d$ or defi$ :5 a man lifts 8 arm2 b t1 "u su* circum/ances1 "p ( ! /ore ( en]gy 9 ! univ]se op]ates on ! arm at a me*anical advantage z aga9/ ! op]ation ( ano!r "p4 ,i 0 simple en\gh to ?9k t no "o :o _h z mu* k ( physiology z is to be f\nd 9 an elem5t>y prim]1 or :o _h ev] he>d ( ! greate/ physical g5]alisation ( mod]n #bia times--! doctr9e ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy--w\ld dream ( d\bt+ my /atem5t2 & ,i 0 fur!r simple en\gh to ?9k t no "o :o lack$ ^! qualifications w\ld feel tempt$ to *>ge me ) error4 ,x appe>s t my simplicity is great] ?an my p[]s ( imag9ation4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll may n be aw>e ( ! fact1 b x is nev]!less true1 t :5 a man's arm is rais$1 9 sequ5ce to t /ate ( consci\sness we call a volition1 ! volition is n ! imm$iate cause ( ! elevation ( ! arm4 ,on ! contr>y1 t op]ation is effect$ by a c]ta9 *ange ( =m1 te*nically kn[n z contraction1 9 sundry masses ( fle%1 te*nically kn[n z muscles1 :i* are fix$ to ! bones ( ! %\ld] 9 su* a mann] t1 if ^! muscles contract1 !y mu/ raise ! arm4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! muscles is a ma*9e comp>able1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 to "o ( ! donkey-eng9es ( a /eam%ip1 b m complete1 inasmu* z ! s\rce ( its ability to *ange its =m1 or contract1 lies )9 itself4 ,e "t t1 by contract+1 ! muscle does "w1 su* z t involv$ 9 rais+ ! arm1 m or less ( ! mat]ial :i* x conta9s is us$ up1 j z m or less ( ! fuel ( a /eam-eng9e is us$ up1 :5 x does "w4 ,& ,i d n ?9k !re is a d\bt 9 ! m9d ( any compet5t physici/ or physiologi/ t ! "w done 9 lift+ ! weight ( ! arm is ! me*anical equival5t ( a c]ta9 proportion ( ! en]gy set free by ! molecul> *anges :i* take place 9 ! muscle4 ,x is fur!r a tol]ably #bib well-bas$ belief t ?is1 & all o!r =ms ( en]gy1 are mutually conv]tible2 &1 !re=e1 t !y all come "u t g5]al law or /atem5t ( ! ord] ( facts1 call$ ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,&1 z t c]ta9ly is an ab/raction1 s ! view :i* ! ,duke ( ,argyll ?9ks s extremely absurd is really "o ( ! commonplaces ( physiology4 ,b ?is ,review is h>dly an appropriate place = giv+ in/ruction 9 ! elem5ts ( t sci5ce1 & ,i cont5t myself ) recomm5d+ ! ,duke ( ,argyll to devote "s /udy to ,book ,,ii4 *ap4 v4 section #d ( my fri5d ,dr4 ,fo/]'s excell5t textbook ( ,physiology 7#a/ edition1 #ahgg1 p4 #cba71 :i* beg9s ?us3-- ,broadly speak+1 ! animal body is a ma*9e = conv]t+ pot5tial into actual en]gy4 ,! pot5tial en]gy is suppli$ by ! food2 ?is ! metabolism ( ! body conv]ts into ! actual en]gy ( heat & me*anical lab\r4 ,!re is no m difficult problem 9 ! _w ?an t ( ! relation ( ! /ate ( consci\sness1 t]m$ volition1 to ! me*anical "w :i* frequ5tly foll[s ^u x4 ,b no "o c ev5 compreh5d ! nature ( ! problem1 :o has n c>efully /udi$ ! long s]ies ( modes ( motion :i*1 )\t a break1 connect ! en]gy :i* does t "w ) ! g5]al /ore ( en]gy4 ,! ultimate =m ( ! problem is ?is3 ,h we any reason to believe t a feel+1 or /ate ( consci\sness1 is capable ( directly affect+ ! motion ( ev5 ! smalle/ conceivable molecule ( matt]8 ,is su* a ?+ ev5 conceivable8 ,if we answ] ^! #bic que/ions 9 ! negative1 x foll[s t volition may be a sign1 b _c be a cause1 ( bodily motion4 ,if we answ] !m 9 ! affirmative1 !n /ates ( consci\sness become undi/+ui%able f mat]ial ?+s2 = x is ! ess5tial nature ( matt] to be ! vehicle or sub/ratum ( me*anical en]gy4 ,!re is no?+ new 9 all ?is4 ,i h m]ely put into mod]n language ! issue rais$ by ,desc>tes m ?an two c5turies ago4 ,! philosophies ( ! ,occasionali/s1 ( ,sp9oza1 ( ,malebran*e1 ( mod]n idealism & mod]n mat]ialism1 h all gr[n out ( ! controv]sies :i* ,c>tesianism evok$4 ,( all ?is ! pseudo-sci5ce ( ! pres5t "t appe>s to be unconsci\s2 o!rwise x w\ld h>dly cont5t itself ) mak+ het aga9 ! pseudo-sci5ce ( ! pa/4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! obs]vations ,i h already _h occasion to express my appreciation ( ! copi\s & p]f]vid eloqu5ce :i* enri*es ! ,duke ( ,argyll's pages4 ,i am almo/ a%am$ t a con/itutional ins5sibility to ! ,sir5ian *>ms ( rhetoric has p]mitt$ me1 9 w&]+ ?r\gh ^! fl[]y meads1 to be attract$1 almo/ exclusively1 to ! b>e places ( fallacy & ! /ony gr\nds ( defici5t in=mation1 :i* are disguis$1 ?\gh n conceal$1 by ^! floral decorations4 ,b1 9 8 conclud+ s5t5ces1 ! ,duke so>s into a ,tyrtaean /ra9 :i* r\s$ ev5 my dull s\l4 ,x 0 high "t1 inde$1 t "s revolt %\ld be rais$ aga9/ t ,reign ( ,t]ror :i* _h come to be e/abli%$ 9 ! sci5tific _w "u ! abuse ( a great "n4 #bid ,pr(essor ,huxley has n jo9$ ?is revolt op5ly1 = z yet1 inde$1 x is only beg9n+ to raise its head4 ,b m ?an once--& v lately--he has utt]$ a w>n+ voice aga9/ ! %all[ dogmatism t has provok$ x4 ,! "t is com+ :5 t revolt w be c>ri$ fur!r4 ,high] int]pretations w be e/abli%$4 ,unless ,i am mu* mi/ak51 !y are already com+ 9 sight 7p4 #cci74 ,i h be5 liv+ v mu* out ( ! _w = ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 & :5 ,i read ?is d5unciatory outbur/1 z ( "o fill$ ) ! _s ( prophecy1 ,i said to myself1 ,m]cy ^u u1 :at has happ5$8 ,c x be t ,x4 & ,y4 7x w\ld be wrong to m5tion ! names ( ! vigor\s "y fri5ds :i* occurr$ to me7 are play+ ,danton & ,robespi]re2 & t a guillot9e is erect$ 9 ! c\rty>d ( ,burl+ton ,h\se = ! b5efit ( all anti-,d>w9ian ,fell[s ( ! ,royal ,society8 ,:]e are ! secret conspirators aga9/ ?is tyranny1 :om ,i am suppos$ to fav\r1 & yet n h ! c\rage to jo9 op5ly8 ,& to ?9k ( my poor oppress$ fri5d1 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 'compell$ to speak ) bat$ brea?' 7p4 #cch7 c]ta9ly = ! fir/ "t 9 my ?irty-odd ye>s' acqua9tance ) him6 ,my al>m & horror at ! supposition t1 :ile ,i _h be5 fiddl+ 7or at any rate physick+71 my belov$ ,rome _h be5 burn+1 9 ?is fa%ion1 may be imag9$4 ,i am sure ! ,duke ( ,argyll w be glad to he> t ! anxiety he creat$ 0 ( extremely %ort duration4 ,x is my privilege to h access to ! be/ s\rces ( in=mation1 & nobody 9 ! sci5tific _w c tell me any?+ ab\t ei!r ! ,reign ( #bie ,t]ror or ! ,revolt4 ,9 fact1 ! sci5tific _w laughs mo/ indecor\sly at ! notion ( ! exi/5ce ( ei!r2 & "s are s lo/ to ! s5se ( ! sci5tific dignity1 t !y desc5d to ! use ( transatlantic slang1 & call x a bogus sc>e4 ,z to my fri5d ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,i h e reason to "k t1 9 ! ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution1 he has said exactly :at 0 9 8 m9d1 )\t any p>ticul> def]5ce to ! op9ions ( ! p]son :om he is pleas$ to reg>d z 8 mo/ dang]\s critic & ,devil's ,advocate-,g5]al1 & /ill less ( any "o else4 ,i d n "k :e!r ! ,duke ( ,argyll pictures himself z ! ,talli5 ( ?is imag9>y revolt aga9/ a no less imag9>y ,reign ( ,t]ror4 ,b if s1 ,i mo/ respectfully b firmly decl9e to jo9 8 =ces4 ,x is only a few weeks s9ce ,i happ5$ to read ov] aga9 ! fir/ article :i* ,i ev] wrote 7n[ tw5ty-sev5 ye>s ago7 on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 & ,i f\nd no?+ t ,i wi%$ to modify 9 ! op9ions t are !re express$1 ?\gh ! subsequ5t va/ accumulation ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's views w\ld give me mu* to add4 ,z is ! case ) all new doctr9es1 s ) t ( ,evolution1 ! en?usiasm ( advocates has sometimes t5d$ to deg5]ate into fanaticism2 & m]e speculation has1 at times1 ?reat5$ to %oot beyond its legitimate b\nds4 ,i h occasionally ?\ght x wise to w>n ! m adv5tur\s spirits among u aga9/ ^! dang]s1 9 suffici5tly pla9 language2 & ,i h sometimes je/+ly said t ,i expect$1 #bif if ,i liv$ long en\gh1 to be look$ on z a reaction>y by "s ( my m ard5t fri5ds4 ,b no?+ %ort ( midsumm] madness c acc\nt = ! fiction t ,i am wait+ till x is safe to jo9 op5ly a revolt1 hat*$ by "s p]son or p]sons unkn[n1 aga9/ an intellectual movem5t ) :i* ,i am 9 ! mo/ entire & he>ty sympa?y4 ,x is a great _m ye>s s9ce1 at ! outset ( my c>e]1 ,i _h to ?9k s]i\sly :at life _h to (f] t 0 wor? hav+4 ,i came to ! conclusion t ! *ief good1 = me1 0 fre$om to le>n1 ?9k1 & say :at ,i pleas$1 :5 ,i pleas$4 ,i h act$ on t conviction1 & h avail$ myself ( ! r>a temporum felicitas ubi s5tire quae velis1 et quae s5tias dic]e licet1 :i* is n[ enjoyable1 to ! be/ ( my ability2 & ?\gh /rongly1 & p]haps wisely1 w>n$ t ,i %\ld probably come to grief1 ,i am entirely satisfi$ ) ! results ( ! l9e ( action ,i h adopt$4 ,my c>e] is at an end4 ,i h ,w>m$ bo? h&s be=e ! fire ( life2 & no?+ is left me1 be=e ,i dep>t1 b to help1 or at any rate to ab/a9 f h9d]+1 ! y\ng] g5]ation ( m5 ( sci5ce 9 do+ bett] s]vice to ! cause we h at he>t ?an ,i h be5 able to r5d]4 ,& yet1 =soo?1 ,i am suppos$ to be wait+ = ! signal ( revolt1 :i* "s fi]y spirits among ^! "y m5 are to raise be=e ,i d>e express my real op9ions conc]n+ que/ions ab\t :i* we #big old] m5 _h to fight1 9 ! tee? ( fi]ce public opposition & obloquy--( some?+ :i* might almo/ ju/ify ev5 ! gr&iloqu5t epi!t ( a ,reign ( ,t]ror--be=e our excell5t successors _h left s*ool4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! _s ( pseudo-sci5ce has impregnat$ ev5 ! imag9ation ( ! ,duke ( ,argyll4 ,! sci5tific imag9ation always re/ra9s itself )9 ! limits ( probability4 99 99 99 99 99 #bih ,,viii ,,an ,,episcopal ,,trilogy ,if !re is any tru? 9 ! old adage t a burnt *ild dreads ! fire1 ,i ought to be v loa? to t\* a s]mon1 :ile ! memory ( :at befell me on a rec5t occasion1 possibly n yet =gott5 by ! read]s ( ?is ,review1 is uneffac$4 ,b ,i suppose t ev5 ! di/+ui%$ c5sor ( t unhe>d-( audacity to :i* n ev5 ! newspap] report ( a s]mon is sacr$1 c h>dly reg>d a man ( sci5ce z ei!r indelicate or presumptu\s1 if he v5tures to (f] "s comm5ts ^u ?ree disc\rses1 specially address$ to ! great assemblage ( m5 ( sci5ce :i* rec5tly ga!r$ at ,man*e/]1 by ?ree bi%ops ( ! ,/ate ,*ur*4 ,on my return to ,engl& n long ago1 ,i f\nd a pamphlet#gf conta9+ a v]sion1 :i* ,i presume to be au?oris$1 ( ^! s]mons1 among ! huge mass ( lett]s & pap]s :i* _h accumulat$ dur+ two mon?s' abs5ce2 & ,i h read !m n only #bii ) att5tive int]e/1 b ) a feel+ ( satisfaction :i* is q new to me z a result ( he>+1 or read+1 s]mons4 ,^! excell5t disc\rses1 9 fact1 appe> to me to signalise a new dep>ture 9 ! c\rse adopt$ by !ology t[>ds sci5ce1 & to indicate ! possibility ( br++ ab\t an hon\rable modus viv5di betwe5 ! two4 ,h[ f> ! ?ree bi%ops speak z accr$it$ repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur* is a "q to be consid]$ by & by4 ,mo/ assur$ly1 ,i am n au?oris$ to repres5t any "o b myself4 ,b ,i suppose t !re mu/ be a good _m p 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! bi%ops' way ( ?9k+2 & ,i h reason to believe t1 9 ! ranks ( sci5ce1 !re are a good _m p]sons :o1 m or less1 %>e my views4 ,& x is to ^! s5sible p on bo? sides1 z ! bi%ops & ,i mu/ ne$s ?9k ^? :o agree ) u1 t my pres5t obs]vations are address$4 ,!y w probably be a/oni%$ to le>n h[ insignificant1 9 pr9ciple1 _! diff]5ces are4 ,x is impossible to read ! disc\rses ( ! ?ree prelates )\t be+ impress$ by ! k :i* !y display1 & by ! _s ( equity1 ,i might say ( g5]osity1 t[>ds sci5ce :i* p]vades !m4 ,!re is no trace ( t tacit or op5 assumption t ! rejection ( !ological dogmas1 on sci5tific gr\nds1 is due to moral p]v]sity1 :i* is ! ord9>y note ( ecclesia/ical homilies on ?is subject1 & :i* makes !m look s supremely silly to m5 ^: lives h be5 sp5t 9 wre/l+ ) ^! que/ions4 ,!re is no attempt to hide #cjj away real /umbl+-blocks "u rhetorical /ucco2 no resort to ! tu quoque device ( sett+ sci5tific blund]s aga9/ !ological errors2 no sugge/ion t an hone/ man may keep contradictory beliefs 9 sep>ate pockets ( 8 bra92 no "q t ! me?od ( sci5tific inve/igation is valid1 :atev] ! results to :i* x may lead2 & t ! se>* aft] tru?1 & tru? only1 ennobles ! se>*] & leaves no d\bt t 8 life1 at any rate1 is wor? liv+4 ,! ,bi%op ( ,c>lisle decl>es himself pl$g$ to ! belief t ! advancem5t ( sci5ce1 ! progress ( human k1 is 9 itself a wor?y aim ( ! greate/ ef=t ( ! greate/ m9ds4 ,h[ (t5 0 x my fate1 a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago1 to see ! :ole artill]y ( ! pulpit br\ght to be> ^u ! doctr9e ( evolution & its support]s6 ,any "o unaccu/om$ to ! am5ities ( ecclesia/ical controv]sy w\ld h ?\ght we 7 too wick$ to be p]mitt$ to live4 ,b let u he> ! ,bi%op ( ,b$=d4 ,aft] a p]fectly frank /atem5t ( ! doctr9e ( evolution & "s ( its obvi\s consequ5ces1 t le>n$ prelate pleads1 ) all e>ne/ness1 aga9/ a ha/y d5unciation ( :at may be prov$ to h at lea/ "s elem5ts ( tru? 9 x1 a contemptu\s rejection ( !ories :i* we may "s day le>n to accept z freely & ) z little s5se ( inconsi/5cy ) ,god's ^w z we n[ accept ! !ory ( ! e>?'s motion r\nd ! sun1 or ! long duration ( ! geological epo*s 7p4 #bh74 ,i d n see t ! mo/ conv9c$ evolutioni/ c\ld ask any "o1 :e!r cl]ic or layman1 to say #cja m ?an ?is2 9 fact1 ,i d n ?9k t any "o has a "r to say m1 ) respect to any "q ab\t :i* two op9ions c be held1 ?an t 8 m9d is p]fectly op5 to ! =ce ( evid5ce4 ,!re is ano!r portion ( ! ,bi%op ( ,b$=d's s]mon :i* ,i ?9k w be w>mly appreciat$ by all hone/ & cle>-head$ m54 ,he repudiates ! views ( ^? :o say t !ology & sci5ce occupy :olly diff]5t sph]es1 & ne$ 9 no way int]m$dle ) ea* o!r4 ,!y revolve1 z x 71 9 diff]5t planes1 & s nev] meet4 ,?us we may pursue sci5tific /udies ) ! utmo/ fre$om &1 at ! same "t1 may pay ! mo/ rev]5t reg>d to !ology1 hav+ no fe>s ( collision1 because all[+ no po9ts ( contact 7p4 #bi74 ,surely e unsophi/icat$ m9d w he>tily concur ) ! ,bi%op's rem>k ^u ?is conv5i5t refuge = ! desc5dants ( ,mr4 ,fac+-bo?-ways4 ,i h nev] be5 able to und]/& ?is position1 ?\gh ,i h (t5 se5 x assum$4 ,nor c any demurr] be su/a9$ :5 ! ,bi%op proce$s to po9t out t !re are1 & mu/ be1 v>i\s po9ts ( contact betwe5 !ological & natural sci5ce1 & !re=e t x is fooli% to ignore or d5y ! exi/5ce ( z _m dang]s ( collision4 ,f9ally1 ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/] freely admits ! =ce ( ! objections :i* h be5 rais$1 on sci5tific gr\nds1 to pray]1 & attempts to turn !m by argu+ t ! prop] objects ( pray] are n physical b spiritual4 ,he tells u t natural accid5ts & moral mis=tunes are n to be tak5 #cjb = moral judgm5ts ( ,god2 he admits ! propriety ( ! application ( sci5tific me?ods to ! inve/igation ( ! orig9 & gr[? ( religions2 & he is z ready to recognise ! process ( evolution !re1 z 9 ! physical _w4 ,m>k ! foll[+ /rik+ passage3-- ,& h[ utt]ly all ! common objections to ,div9e revelation vani% away :5 !y are set 9 ! light ( ?is !ory ( a spiritual progression4 ,are we rem9d$ t !re prevail$1 9 ^? e>li] days1 views ( ! nature ( ,god & man1 ( human life & ,div9e ,provid5ce1 :i* we n[ f9d to be unt5able8 ,t1 we answ]1 is precisely :at ! !ory ( developm5t presupposes4 ,if e>ly views ( religion & morality _h n be5 imp]fect1 :]e _h be5 ! developm5t8 ,if symbolical visions & my?ical creations _h f\nd no place 9 ! e>ly ,ori5tal expression ( ,div9e tru?1 :]e _h be5 ! developm5t8 ,! suffici5t answ] to n9ety-n9e out ( a hundr$ ( ! ord9>y objections to ! ,bible1 z ! record ( a div9e education ( our race1 is ask$ 9 t "o ^w--developm5t4 ,& to :at are we indebt$ = t pot5t ^w1 :i*1 z ) ! w& ( a magician1 has at ! same mom5t s completely trans=m$ our k & dispell$ our difficulties8 ,to mod]n sci5ce1 resolutely pursu+ its se>* = tru? 9 spite ( popul> obloquy &--alas6 t "o %\ld h to say x--9 spite too (t5 ( !ological d5unciation 7p4 #ec74 ,ap>t f its g5]al importance1 ,i read ?is rem>kable /atem5t ) ! m pleasure1 s9ce1 h[ev] imp]fectly ,i may h endeav\r$ to illu/rate ! evolution ( !ology 9 a pap] publi%$ 9 ?is ,review la/ ye>1 x seems to me t 9 pr9ciple1 at any rate1 ,i may h]eaft] claim high !ological sanction = ! views !re set =?4 #cjc ,if !ologians are h5ce=w>d prep>$ to recognise ! au?ority ( secul> sci5ce 9 ! mann] & to ! ext5t indicat$ 9 ! ,man*e/] trilogy2 if ! di/+ui%$ prelates :o (f] ^! t]ms are really pl5ipot5ti>ies1 !n1 s f> z ,i may presume to speak on su* a matt]1 !re w be no difficulty ab\t conclud+ a p]petual treaty ( peace1 & inde$ ( alliance1 betwe5 ! high contract+ p[]s1 ^: hi/ory has hi!rto be5 little m ?an a record ( cont9ual w>f>e4 ,b if ! great ,*ancellor's maxim1 ,d ut des1 is to =m ! basis ( negotiation1 ,i am afraid t secul> sci5ce w be ru9$2 = x seems to me t !ology1 "u ! g5]\s impulse ( a sudd5 conv]sion1 has giv5 all t %e ha?2 & inde$1 on "o po9t1 has surr5d]$ m ?an c reasonably be ask$4 ,i suppose ,i mu/ be prep>$ to face ! reproa* :i* atta*es to ^? :o criticise a gift1 if ,i v5ture to obs]ve t ,i d n ?9k t ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/] ne$ h be5 s mu* al>m$1 z he evid5tly has be51 by ! objections :i* h (t5 be5 rais$ to pray]1 on ! gr\nd t a belief 9 ! efficacy ( pray] is inconsi/5t ) a belief 9 ! con/ancy ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,! ,bi%op appe>s to admit t !re is an antagonism betwe5 ! regul> economy ( nature & ! regul> economy ( pray] 7p4 #ci71 & t pray]s = ! int]ruption ( ,god's natural ord] are ( d\btful validity 7p4 #db74 ,x appe>s to me t ! ,bi%op's difficulty simply adds ano!r example to ^? :i* ,i h sev]al times insi/$ #cjd ^u 9 ! pages ( ?is ,review & else:]e1 ( ! mis*ief :i* has be5 done1 & is be+ done1 by a mi/ak5 appreh5sion ( ! real mean+ ( natural ord] & law ( nature4 ,may ,i1 !re=e1 be p]mitt$ to repeat1 once m1 t ! /atem5ts d5ot$ by ^! t]ms h no great] value or cog5cy ?an su* z may atta* to g5]alisations f exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 & to expectations = ! future bas$ ^u t exp]i5ce8 ,nobody c presume to say :at ! ord] ( nature mu/ be2 all t ! wide/ exp]i5ce 7ev5 if x ext5d$ ov] all pa/ "t & ?r\gh all space7 t ev5ts _h happ5$ 9 a c]ta9 way c\ld ju/ify1 w\ld be a proportionally /rong expectation t ev5ts w g on s happ5+1 & ! dem& = a proportional /r5g? ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( any ass]tion t !y _h happ5$ o!rwise4 ,x is ?is weighty consid]ation1 ! tru? ( :i* e "o :o is capable ( logical ?\ght mu/ surely admit1 :i* knocks ! bottom out ( all a priori objections ei!r to ord9>y miracles or to ! efficacy ( pray]1 9 s f> z ! latt] implies ! miracul\s int]v5tion ( a high] p[]4 ,no "o is entitl$ to say a priori t any giv5 s-call$ miracul\s ev5t is impossible2 & no "o is entitl$ to say a priori t pray] = "s *ange 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature _c possibly avail4 ,! supposition t !re is any inconsi/5cy betwe5 ! acceptance ( ! con/ancy ( natural #cje ord] & a belief 9 ! efficacy ( pray]1 is ! m unacc\ntable z x is obvi\sly contradict$ by analogies furni%$ by ev]yday exp]i5ce4 ,! belief 9 ! efficacy ( pray] dep5ds ^u ! assumption t !re is somebody1 some:]e1 :o is /rong en\gh to deal ) ! e>? & its cont5ts z m5 deal ) ! ?+s & ev5ts :i* !y are /rong en\gh to modify or control2 & :o is capable ( be+ mov$ by appeals su* z m5 make to "o ano!r4 ,?is belief does n ev5 involve !ism2 = our e>? is an insignificant p>ticle ( ! sol> sy/em1 :ile ! sol> sy/em is h>dly wor? speak+ ( 9 relation to ! ,all2 &1 = any?+ t c be prov$ to ! contr>y1 !re may be be+s end[$ ) full p[]s ov] our sy/em1 yet1 practically1 z insignificant z ourselves 9 relation to ! univ]se4 ,if any "o pleases1 !re=e1 to give unre/ra9$ lib]ty to 8 fancy1 he may plead analogy 9 fav\r ( ! dream t !re may be1 some:]e1 a f9ite be+1 or be+s1 :o c play ) ! sol> sy/em z a *ild plays ) a toy2 & t su* be+ may be will+ to d any?+ :i* he is prop]ly supplicat$ to d4 ,= we are n ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t x is impossible = be+s hav+ ! nature ( m51 only va/ly m p[]ful1 to exi/2 & if !y d exi/1 !y may act z & :5 we ask !m to d s1 j z our bro!r m5 act4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! great mass ( ! human race has believ$1 & /ill believes1 9 su* be+s1 "u ! v>i\s names ( fairies1 gnomes1 angels1 & demons4 ,c]ta9ly ,i d #cjf n lack fai? 9 ! con/ancy ( natural ord]4 ,b ,i am n less conv9c$ t if ,i 7 to ask ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/] to d me a k9dness :i* lay )9 8 p[]1 he w\ld d x4 ,& ,i am unable to see t 8 action on my reque/ involves any violation ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,on ! contr>y1 z ,i h n ! hon\r to "k ! ,bi%op p]sonally1 my action w\ld be bas$ ^u my fai? 9 t law ( nature1 or g5]alisation f exp]i5ce1 :i* tells me t1 z a rule1 m5 :o occupy ! ,bi%op's position are k9dly & c\rte\s4 ,h[ is ! case alt]$ if my reque/ is pref]r$ to "s imag9>y sup]ior be+1 or to ! ,mo/ ,high ,be+1 :o1 by ! supposition1 is able to arre/ disease1 or make ! sun /& /ill 9 ! heav5s1 j z easily z ,i c /op my wat*1 or make x indicate any h\r t pleases me8 ,i repeat t x is n ^u any a priori consid]ations t objections1 ei!r to ! suppos$ efficacy ( pray] 9 modify+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 or to ! suppos$ occurr5ce ( miracles1 c be sci5tifically bas$4 ,! real objection1 &1 to my m9d1 ! fatal objection1 to bo? ^! suppositions1 is ! inadequacy ( ! evid5ce to prove any giv5 case ( su* occurr5ces :i* has be5 adduc$4 ,x is a canon ( common s5se1 to say no?+ ( sci5ce1 t ! m improbable a suppos$ occurr5ce1 ! m cog5t ought to be ! evid5ce 9 its fav\r4 ,i h look$ some:at c>efully into ! subject1 & ,i am unable to f9d 9 ! records ( any miracul\s ev5t evid5ce #cjg :i* ev5 approximates to ! fulfilm5t ( ?is requirem5t4 ,b1 9 ! case ( pray]1 ! ,bi%op po9ts out a mo/ j & necess>y di/9ction betwe5 its effect on ! c\rse ( nature1 outside ourselves1 & its effect )9 ! region ( ! supplicator's m9d4 ,x is a law ( nature1 v]ifiable by ev]yday exp]i5ce1 t our already =m$ convictions1 our /rong desires1 our int5t occupation ) p>ticul> ideas1 modify our m5tal op]ations to a mo/ m>vell\s ext5t1 & produce endur+ *anges 9 ! direction & 9 ! int5sity ( our intellectual & moral activities4 ,m5 c intoxicate !mselves ) ideas z effectually z ) alcohol or ) bang1 & produce1 by d9t ( int5se ?9k+1 m5tal conditions h>dly di/+ui%able f monomania4 ,demoniac possession is my?ical2 b ! faculty ( be+ possess$1 m or less completely1 by an idea is probably ! fundam5tal condition ( :at is call$ g5ius1 :e!r x %[ itself 9 ! sa9t1 ! arti/1 or ! man ( sci5ce4 ,"o calls x fai?1 ano!r calls x inspiration1 a ?ird calls x insight2 b ! int5d+ ( ! m9d1 to borr[ ,newton's well-kn[n phrase1 ! conc5tration ( all ! rays ( intellectual en]gy on "s "o po9t1 until x gl[s & col\rs ! :ole ca/ ( ?\ght ) its peculi> light1 is common to all4 ,i take x t ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/] has psy*ological sci5ce ) him :5 he insi/s ^u ! subjective efficacy ( pray] 9 fai?1 & on ! #cjh seem+ly miracul\s effects :i* su* int5d+ ( ! m9d ^u religi\s & moral ideals may h ^u "* & happ9ess4 ,sci5tific fai?1 at pres5t1 takes x no fur!r ?an ! pray] :i* ,ajax (f]$2 b t petition is cont9ually grant$4 ,:atev] po9ts ( detail may yet rema9 op5 = discussion1 h[ev]1 ,i repeat ! op9ion ,i h already express$1 t ! ,man*e/] s]mons conc$e all t sci5ce has an indisputable "r1 or any press+ ne$1 to ask1 & t n grudg+ly b g5]\sly2 &1 if ! ?ree bi%ops ( #ahhg c>ry ! ,*ur* ) !m1 ,i ?9k !y w h z good title to ! p]man5t gratitude ( po/]ity z ! fam\s sev5 :o w5t to ! ,t[] 9 def5ce ( ! ,*ur* two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,w _! bre?r5 foll[ _! j & prud5t guidance8 ,i h no su* acqua9tance ) ! curr5ts ( ecclesia/ical op9ion z w\ld ju/ify me 9 ev5 haz>d+ a guess on su* a difficult topic4 ,b "s rec5t om5s are h>dly fav\rable4 ,!re seems to be an impression abroad--,i d n desire to give any c\nt5ance to x--t ,i am fond ( read+ s]mons4 ,f "t to "t1 unkn[n correspond5ts--"s app>5tly animat$ by ! *>itable desire to promote my conv]sion1 & o!rs unmi/akably anxi\s to spur me to ! expression ( wra?ful antagonism--fav\r me ) reports or copies ( su* productions4 ,i f\nd "o ( ! latt] category among ! accumulat$ arre>s to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,x is a full1 & app>5tly accurate1 report ( a #cji disc\rse by a p]son ( no less ecclesia/ical rank ?an ! ?ree au?ors ( ! s]mons ,i h hi!rto be5 consid]+2 b :o he is1 & :]e or :5 ! s]mon 0 prea*$1 are secrets :i* wild horses %all n te> f me1 le/ ,i fall aga9 "u high c5sure = attack+ a cl]gyman4 ,only if ! editor ( ?is ,review ?9ks x 8 duty to h indep5d5t evid5ce t ! s]mon has a real exi/5ce1 w ,i1 9 ! /ricte/ confid5ce1 communicate x to him4 ,! prea*]1 9 ?is case1 is ( a v diff]5t m9d f ! ?ree bi%ops--& ?is m9d is diff]5t 9 quality1 diff]5t 9 _s1 & diff]5t 9 cont5ts4 ,he disc\rses on ! a priori objections to miracles1 app>5tly )\t be+ aw>e1 9 spite ( all ! discussions ( ! la/ sev5 or eight ye>s1 t he is do+ battle ) a %ad[4 ,i tru/ ,i d n misrepres5t ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/] 9 say+ t ! ess5ce ( 8 rem>kable disc\rse is ! insi/5ce ^u ! supreme importance ( ! purely spiritual 9 our fai?1 & ( ! relative1 if n absolute1 insignificance ( aught else4 ,he obvi\sly p]ceives ! be>+ ( 8 argum5ts aga9/ ! alt]ability ( ! c\rse ( outw>d nature by pray]1 on ! "q ( miracles 9 g5]al2 = he is c>eful to say t ! possibility ( miracles1 ( a r>e & unusual transc5d5ce ( ! _w ord] is n "h 9 "q 7p4 #ch74 ,x may be p]mitt$ me to suppose1 h[ev]1 t1 if miracles 7 9 "q1 ! speak] :o w>ns u t we mu/ look = ! he>t ( ! absolute #caj religion 9 t "p ( x :i* prescribes our moral & religi\s relations 7p4 #df7 w\ld n be dispos$ to advise ^? :o _h f\nd ! he>t ( ,*ri/ianity to take mu* ?\ght ab\t its miracul\s integum5t4 ,my anonym\s s]mon w h no?+ to d ) su* notions z ^!1 & its prea*] is n too polite1 to say no?+ ( *>itable1 t[>ds ^? :o ent]ta9 !m4 ,sci5tific m51 !re=e1 are p]fectly "r 9 ass]t+ t ,*ri/ianity re/s on miracles4 ,if miracles nev] happ5$1 ,*ri/ianity1 9 any s5se :i* is n a mock]y1 :i* does n make ! t]m ( none effect1 has no reality4 ,i dwell on ?is because !re is n[ an ef=t mak+ to get up a non-miracul\s1 inv]tebrate ,*ri/ianity1 :i* may escape ! ban ( sci5ce4 ,& ,i w\ld w>n y v di/9ctly aga9/ ?is new contrivance4 ,*ri/ianity is ess5tially miracul\s1 & falls to ! gr\nd if miracles be impossible4 ,well1 w>n+ = w>n+4 ,i v5ture to w>n ?is prea*] & ^? :o1 ) him1 p]si/ 9 id5tify+ ,*ri/ianity ) ! miracul\s1 t su* =ms ( ,*ri/ianity are n only doom$ to fall to ! gr\nd2 b t1 )9 ! la/ half c5tury1 !y h be5 driv+ t way ) cont9ually accel]at$ velocity4 ,! s-call$ religi\s _w is giv5 to a /range delusion4 ,x fondly imag9es t x possesses ! monopoly ( s]i\s & con/ant reflection ^u ! t]rible problems ( exi/5ce2 & t ^? :o _c accept its %ibbole?s are ei!r m]e ,gallios1 c>+ = none ( ^! ?+s1 or lib]t9es desir+ to escape f ! re/ra9ts ( morality4 ,x does n #caa appe> to h ent]$ ! imag9ations ( ^! p t1 outside _! pale & firmly resolv$ nev] to ent] x1 !re are ?\s&s ( m51 c]ta9ly n _! inf]iors 9 "*1 capacity1 or k ( ! que/ions at issue1 :o e/imate ^? purely spiritual elem5ts ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? ( :i* ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/] speaks z highly z ! ,bi%op does2 b :o w h no?+ to d ) ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es1 because 9 _! appreh5sion & = !m1 ! pr(ession ( belief 9 ! miracul\s1 on ! evid5ce (f]$1 w\ld be simply immoral4 ,s f> z my exp]i5ce goes1 m5 ( sci5ce are nei!r bett] nor worse ?an ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,occupation ) ! endlessly great p>ts ( ! univ]se does n necess>ily involve greatness ( "*1 nor does microscopic /udy ( ! inf9itely little always produce humility4 ,we h our full %>e ( orig9al s92 ne$1 gre$1 & va+lory beset u z !y d o!r mortals2 & our progress is1 = ! mo/ "p1 l t ( a tack+ %ip1 ! resultant ( opposite div]g5cies f ! /raight pa?4 ,b1 = all t1 !re is "o moral b5efit :i* ! pursuit ( sci5ce unque/ionably be/[s4 ,x keeps ! e/imate ( ! value ( evid5ce up to ! prop] m>k2 & we are con/antly receiv+ lessons1 & sometimes v %>p ones1 on ! nature ( pro(4 ,m5 ( sci5ce w always act up to _! /&>d ( v]acity1 :5 mank9d 9 g5]al leave (f s9n+2 b t /&>d appe>s to me to be high] among !m ?an 9 any o!r class ( ! community4 #cab ,i d n "k any body ( sci5tific m5 :o c\ld be got to li/5 )\t ! /ronge/ expressions ( disgu/$ repudiation to ! exposition ( a pret5d$ sci5tific discov]y1 :i* _h no bett] evid5ce to %[ = itself ?an ! /ory ( ! devils ent]+ a h]d ( sw9e1 or ( ! fig-tree t 0 bla/$ = be>+ no figs :5 x 0 n ! season ( figs4 ,:e!r su* ev5ts are possible or impossible1 no man c say2 b sci5tific e?ics c & does decl>e t ! pr(ession ( belief 9 !m1 on ! evid5ce ( docum5ts ( unkn[n date & ( unkn[n au?or%ip1 is immoral4 ,!ological apologi/s :o insi/ t morality w vani% if _! dogmas are explod$1 w\ld d well to consid] ! fact t1 9 ! matt] ( intellectual v]acity1 sci5ce is already a long way ahead ( ! ,*ur*es2 & t1 9 ?is p>ticul>1 x is ex]t+ an educational influ5ce on mank9d ( :i* ! ,*ur*es h %[n !mselves utt]ly incapable4 ,und\bt$ly t v>y+ comp\nd ( "s ( ! be/ & "s ( ! wor/ elem5ts ( ,paganism & ,judaism1 m\ld$ 9 practice by ! innate "* ( c]ta9 p ( ! ,we/]n _w1 :i*1 s9ce ! second c5tury1 has assum$ to itself ! title ( or?odox ,*ri/ianity1 re/s on miracles & falls to ! gr\nd1 n if miracles be impossible1 b if ^? to :om x is committ$ prove !mselves unable to fulfil ! conditions ( hone/ belief4 ,t ?is ,*ri/ianity is doom$ to fall is1 to my m9d1 beyond a d\bt2 b its fall w be nei!r sudd5 nor spe$y4 ,! ,*ur*1 ) all ! aid #cac l5t x by ! secul> arm1 took _m c5turies to extirpate ! op5 practice ( pagan idolatry )9 its own fold2 & ^? :o h travell$ 9 s\!rn ,europe w be aw>e t x has n extirpat$ ! ess5ce ( su* idolatry ev5 yet4 ,mutato nom9e1 x is probable t !re is z mu* %e] feti*ism among ! ,roman populace n[ z !re 0 eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago2 & if ,m>cus ,anton9us c\ld desc5d f 8 horse & asc5d ! /eps ( ! ,ara ,coeli *ur* ab\t ,twelf? ,day1 ! only ?+ t ne$ /rike him w\ld be ! extremely contemptible "* ( ! mod]n idols z works ( art4 ,sci5ce w c]ta9ly nei!r ask =1 nor receive1 ! aid ( ! secul> arm4 ,x w tru/ to ! mu* bett] & m p[]ful help ( t education 9 sci5tific tru? & 9 ! morals ( ass5t1 :i* is r5d]$ z indisp5sable1 z x is inevitable1 by ! p]meation ( practical life ) ! products & ideas ( sci5ce4 ,b no "o :o consid]s ! pres5t /ate ( ev5 ! mo/ develop$ c\ntries c d\bt t ! sci5tific light t has come into ! _w w1 = a long "t1 h to %9e 9 ! mid/ ( d>kness4 ,! urban populations1 driv5 into contact ) sci5ce by trade & manufacture1 w m & m receive x1 :ile ! pagani w lag beh9d4 ,let u hope t no ,julian may arise among !m to head a =lorn hope aga9/ ! inevitable4 ,:atev] happ5s1 sci5ce may bide h] "t 9 pati5ce & 9 confid5ce4 ,b to return to my ,anonym\s4 ,i am afraid #cad t if he repres5ts any great p>ty 9 ! ,*ur*1 ! _s ( ju/ice & reasonabl5ess :i* animates ! ?ree bi%ops has z sl5d] a *ance ( be+ imitat$1 on a l>ge scale1 z _! common s5se & _! c\rtesy4 ,=1 n cont5t$ ) misrepres5t+ sci5ce on its speculative side1 ,anonym\s attacks its morality4 ,= two :ole ye>s1 inve/igations & conclusions :i* w\ld upset ! !ories ( ,d>w9 on ! =mation ( coral isl&s 7 actually suppress$1 & t by ! advice ev5 ( ^? :o accept$ !m1 = fe> ( upsett+ ! fai? & di/urb+ ! judgm5t =m$ by ! multitude on ! sci5tific "*--! infallibility--( ! great ma/]6 ,s f> z ,i "k any?+ ab\t ! matt]s :i* are "h ref]r$ to1 ! "p ( ?is passage :i* ,i h italicis$ is absolutely untrue4 ,i believe t ,i am intimately acqua9t$ ) all ,mr4 ,d>w9's imm$iate sci5tific fri5ds2 & ,i say t no "o ( !m1 nor any o!r man ( sci5ce kn[n to me1 ev] c\ld1 or w\ld1 h giv5 su* advice to any "o--if = no o!r reason ?an t1 ) ! example ( ! mo/ c&id & pati5t li/5] to objections t ev] liv$ fre% 9 _! memories1 !y c\ld n s grossly h at once violat$ _! highe/ duty & di%on\r$ _! fri5d4 ,! *>ge ?us br\ght by ,anonym\s affects ! hon\r & ! probity ( m5 ( sci5ce2 if x is true1 we h =feit$ all claim to ! confid5ce ( ! g5]al public4 ,9 my belief x is utt]ly false1 & its real effect w be to discr$it ^? :o are responsible = x4 ,z is ! way ) sl&]s1 x #cae has gr[n by repetition4 ,anonym\s is responsible = ! peculi>ly (f5sive =m :i* x has tak5 9 8 h&s2 b he is n responsible = orig9at+ x4 ,he has evid5tly be5 inspir$ by an article entitl$ ,a ,great ,lesson1 publi%$ 9 ! ,septemb] numb] ( ?is ,review4 ,truly x is a great lesson1 b n q 9 ! s5se int5d$ by ! giv] !re(4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 d\btless well-meant admonitions1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll commits himself to a great] numb] ( /atem5ts :i* are demon/rably incorrect1 & :i* any "o :o v5tur$ to write ^u ! subject ought to h kn[n to be incorrect1 ?an ,i h ev] se5 ga!r$ toge!r 9 s small a space4 ,i submit a ga!r+ f ! ri* /ore = ! appreciation ( ! public4 ,fir/3-- ,mr4 ,murray's new explanation ( ! /ructure ( coral-reefs & isl&s 0 communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh 9 #ahhj1 & support$ ) su* a weight ( facts & su* a close texture ( reason+1 t no s]i\s reply has ev] be5 attempt$ 7p4 #cje74 ,no s]i\s reply has ev] be5 attempt$6 ,i suppose t ! ,duke ( ,argyll may h he>d ( ,pr(essor ,dana1 ^: ye>s ( lab\r devot$ to corals & coral-reefs :5 he 0 naturali/ ( ! ,am]ican exp$ition "u ,commodore ,wilkes1 m ?an =ty ye>s ago1 h ev] s9ce caus$ him to be recognis$ z an au?ority ( ! fir/ rank on su* subjects4 ,n[ does 8 ,grace "k1 or does he n #caf "k1 t1 9 ! ye> #ahhe1 ,pr(essor ,dana publi%$ an elaborate pap] ,on ! ,orig9 ( ,coral-,reefs & ,isl&s1 9 :i*1 aft] ref]r+ to a presid5tial address by ! ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& deliv]$ 9 #ahhc1 9 :i* special att5tion is direct$ to ,mr4 ,murray's views1 ,pr(essor ,dana says3-- ,! exi/+ /ate ( d\bt on ! "q has l$ ! writ] to reconsid] ! e>li] & lat] facts1 & 9 ! foll[+ pages he gives 8 results4 ,pr(essor ,dana !n devotes _m pages ( 8 v s]i\s reply to a mo/ admirable & weighty criticism ( ! objections :i* h at v>i\s times be5 rais$ to ,mr4 ,d>w9's doctr9e1 by ,pr(essor ,semp]1 by ,dr4 ,re91 & f9ally by ,mr4 ,murray1 & he /ates 8 f9al judgm5t z foll[s3-- ,) ! !ory ( abrasion & solution incompet5t1 all ! hypo!ses ( objectors to ,d>w9's !ory are alike weak2 = all h made ^! processes _! *ief reliance1 :e!r appeal+ to a calc>e\s1 or a volcanic1 or a m\nta9-peak basem5t = ! /ructure4 ,! subsid5ce :i* ! ,d>w9ian !ory requires has n be5 oppos$ by ! m5tion ( any fact at v>iance ) x1 nor by sett+ aside ,d>w9's argum5ts 9 its fav\r2 & x has f\nd new support 9 ! facts f ! ,*all5g]'s s\nd+s (f ,tahiti1 t _h be5 put 9 array aga9/ x1 & /rong corroboration 9 ! facts f ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,d>w9's !ory1 !re=e1 rema9s z ! !ory t acc\nts = ! orig9 ( reefs & isl&s4#gg ,be x und]/ood t ,i express no op9ion on ! controv]t$ po9ts4 ,i d\bt if !re are t5 liv+ m5 :o1 hav+ a practical k ( :at a #cag coral-reef is1 h endeav\r$ to ma/] ! v difficult biological & geological problems involv$ 9 _! /udy4 ,i happ5 to h sp5t ! be/ "p ( ?ree ye>s among coral-reefs & to h made t attempt2 &1 :5 ,mr4 ,murray's "w appe>$1 ,i said to myself t until ,i _h two or ?ree mon?s to give to ! r5ew$ /udy ( ! subject 9 all its be>+s1 ,i mu/ be cont5t to rema9 9 a condition ( susp5d$ judgm5t4 ,9 ! mean:ile1 ! man :o w\ld be vot$ by common acclamation z ! mo/ compet5t p]son n[ liv+ to act z umpire1 has deliv]$ ! v]dict ,i h quot$2 &1 to g no fur!r1 has fully ju/ifi$ ! hesitation ,i & o!rs may h felt ab\t express+ an op9ion4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x seems to me to require a good deal ( c\rage to say no s]i\s reply has ev] be5 attempt$2 & to *ide ! m5 ( sci5ce1 9 l(ty tones1 = _! reluctance to admit an error :i* is n admitt$2 & = _! sl[ & sulky acquiesc5ce 9 a conclusion :i* !y h ! grave/ w>ranty = suspect+6 ,second3-- ,d>w9 himself _h liv$ to he> ( ! new solution1 &1 ) t spl5did c&\r :i* 0 em95t 9 him1 8 m9d1 ?\gh n[ gr[n old 9 8 own e>ly convictions1 0 at lea/ ready to ent]ta9 x1 & to confess t s]i\s d\bts _h be5 awak5$ z to ! tru? ( 8 fam\s !ory 7p4 #cje74 ,i wi% t ,d>w9's spl5did c&\r c\ld be convey$ by "s description ( spiritual microbe to ^? :o write ab\t him4 ,i am n aw>e t ,mr4 ,d>w9 ev] ent]ta9$ s]i\s d\bts z to #cah ! tru? ( 8 fam\s !ory2 & !re is tol]ably good evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,! second edition ( 8 "w1 publi%$ 9 #ahgf1 proves t he ent]ta9$ no su* d\bts !n2 a lett] to ,pr(essor ,semp]1 ^: objections1 9 "s respects1 =e/all$ ^? ( ,mr4 ,murray1 dat$ ,octob] #b1 #ahgi1 expresses 8 cont9u$ adh]5ce to ! op9ion t ! atolls & b>ri] reefs 9 ! middle ( ! ,pacific & ,indian ,oceans indicate subsid5ce2 & ! lett] ( my fri5d ,pr(essor ,judd1 pr9t$ at ! end ( ?is article 7:i* ,i _h p]haps bett] say ,pr(essor ,judd _h n se57 w prove t ?is op9ion rema9$ unalt]$ to ! end ( 8 life4 ,?ird3-- 444 ,d>w9's !ory is a dream4 ,x is n only uns\nd1 b x is 9 _m respects ! rev]se ( tru?4 ,) all 8 consci5ti\sness1 ) all 8 caution1 ) all 8 p[]s ( obs]vation1 ,d>w9 9 ?is matt] fell into errors z pr(\nd z ! abysses ( ! ,pacific 7p4 #cja74 ,really8 ,x seems to me t1 "u ! circum/ances1 x is pretty cle> t ^! l9es exhibit a lack ( ! qualities ju/ly ascrib$ to ,mr4 ,d>w91 :i* plunges _! au?or into a mu* deep] abyss1 & "o f :i* !re is no hope ( em]g5ce4 ,f\r?3-- ,all ! acclamations ) :i* x 0 receiv$ 7 z ! %\ts ( an ignorant mob 7p4 #cja74 ,b surely x %\ld be add$ t ! ,coryphaeus ( ?is ignorant mob1 ! fugleman ( ! %\ts1 0 "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ naturali/s & geologi/s n[ liv+--! ,am]ican ,dana--:o1 aft] ye>s ( #cai indep5d5t /udy ext5d+ ov] num]\s reefs 9 ! ,pacific1 gave 8 he>ty ass5t to ,d>w9's views1 &1 aft] all t _h be5 said1 delib]ately reaffirm$ t ass5t 9 ! ye> #ahhe4 ,fif?3-- ,! ov]?r[ ( ,d>w9's speculation is only beg9n+ to be kn[n4 ,x has be5 :isp]$ = "s "t4 ,! *]i%$ dogma has be5 dropp+ v sl[ly out ( sight 7p4 #cja74 ,d>w9's speculation may be "r or wrong1 b ,i submit t t :i* has n happ5$ _c ev5 beg9 to be kn[n1 except by ^? :o h miracul\s gifts to :i* we poor sci5tific p d n aspire4 ,! ov]?r[ ( ,d>w9's views may h be5 :isp]$ by ^? :o hop$ = x2 & !y 7 p]haps wise 9 n rais+ _! voices above a :isp]4 ,incorrect /atem5ts1 if made too l\dly1 are apt to br+ ab\t unpleasant consequ5ces4 ,six?4 ,mr4 ,murray's views1 publi%$ 9 #ahhj1 are said to h met ) sl[ & sulky acquiesc5ce 7p4 #cje74 ,i h prov$ t !y _c be said to h met ) g5]al acquiesc5ce ( any sort1 :e!r quick & *e]ful1 or sl[ & sulky2 & if ?is ass]tion is meant to convey ! impression t ,mr4 ,murray's views h be5 ignor$1 t !re has be5 a conspiracy ( sil5ce aga9/ !m1 x is utt]ly contr>y to notori\s fact4 ,pr(essor ,geikie's well-kn[n ,textbook ( ,geology 0 publi%$ 9 #ahhb1 & at pages #deg-dei ( t "w !re is a c>eful exposition ( ,mr4 ,murray's views4 ,moreov]1 ,pr(essor ,geikie has specially #cbj advocat$ !m on o!r occasions1#gh notably 9 a long article on ,! ,orig9 ( ,coral-,reefs1 publi%$ 9 two numb]s ( ,nature = #ahhc1 & 9 a presid5tial address deliv]$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,if1 9 s %ort a "t aft] ! publication ( 8 views1 ,mr4 ,murray c\ld boa/ ( a conv]t s di/+ui%$ & influ5tial z ! ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey1 x seems to me t ?is wond]ful conspiration de sil5ce 7:i* has ab\t z mu* real exi/5ce z ! ,duke ( ,argyll's o!r bogie1 ! ,reign ( ,t]ror7 mu/ h ipso facto collaps$4 ,i wi% t1 :5 ,i 0 a "y man1 my endeav\rs to upset "s preval5t errors _h met ) z spe$y & effectual back+4 ,sev5?3-- 444 ,mr4 ,john ,murray 0 /rongly advis$ aga9/ ! publication ( 8 views 9 d]ogation ( ,d>w9's long-accept$ !ory ( ! coral isl&s1 & 0 actually induc$ to delay x = two ye>s4 ,yet ! late ,sir ,wyville ,?omson1 :o 0 at ! head ( ! naturali/s ( ! ,*all5g] exp$ition1 0 himself conv9c$ by ,mr4 ,murray's reason+ 7p4 #cjg74 ,cle>ly1 !n1 x c\ld n be ,mr4 ,murray's (ficial *ief :o gave him ?is advice4 ,:o 0 x8 ,& :at 0 ! exact nature ( ! advice giv58 ,until we h "s precise in=mation on ?is head1 ,i %all take leave to d\bt :e!r ?is /atem5t is m accurate ?an ^? :i* ,i h previ\sly cit$4 ,:e!r su* advice 0 wise or fooli%1 j or #cba immoral1 dep5ds entirely on ! motive ( ! p]son :o gave x4 ,if he meant to sugge/ to ,mr4 ,murray t x might be wise = a "y & comp>atively unkn[n man to walk w>ily1 :5 he propos$ to attack a g5]alisation bas$ on _m ye>s' lab\r ( "o und\bt$ly compet5t p]son1 & =tifi$ by ! indep5d5t results ( ! _m ye>s' lab\r ( ano!r und\bt$ly compet5t p]son2 & ev51 if necess>y1 to take two :ole ye>s 9 =tify+ 8 position1 ,i ?9k t su* advice w\ld h be5 sagaci\s & k9d4 ,i suppose t !re are few work+ m5 ( sci5ce :o h n kept _! ideas to !mselves1 :ile ga!r+ & sift+ evid5ce1 = a mu* long] p]iod ?an two ye>s4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,murray 0 advis$ to delay ! publication ( 8 criticisms1 simply to save ,mr4 ,d>w9's cr$it & to pres]ve "s reputation = infallibility1 :i* no "o ev] he>d (1 !n ,i h no hesitation 9 decl>+ t 8 advis] 0 pr(\ndly di%one/1 z well z extremely fooli%1 & t1 if he is a man ( sci5ce1 he has disgrac$ 8 call+4 ,b1 aft] all1 ?is suppos$ sci5tific ,a*itophel has n yet made good ! prim>y fact ( 8 exi/5ce4 ,until ! ne$ful pro( is =?com+1 ,i ?9k ,i am ju/ifi$ 9 susp5d+ my judgm5t z to :e!r he is mu* m ?an an anti-sci5tific my?4 ,i leave x to ! ,duke ( ,argyll to judge ( ! ext5t ( ! obligation "u :i*1 = 8 own sake1 he may lie to produce ! evid5ce on :i* #cbb 8 asp]sions ( ! hon\r ( sci5tific m5 are bas$4 ,i _c pret5d t we are s]i\sly di/urb$ by *>ges :i* e "o :o is acqua9t$ ) ! tru? ( ! matt] kn[s to be ridicul\s2 b mud has a habit ( /a9+ if x lies too long1 & x is z well to h x bru%$ (f z soon z may be4 ,s mu* = ! ,great ,lesson4 ,x is foll[$ by a ,little ,lesson1 app>5tly direct$ aga9/ my infallibility--a doctr9e ab\t :i* ,i %\ld be incl9$ to p>aphrase ,wilkes's rem>k to ,george ! ,?ird1 :5 he decl>$ t he1 at any rate1 0 n a ,wilkite4 ,b ,i really %\ld be glad to ?9k t !re are p :o ne$ ! w>n+1 because !n x w be obvi\s t ?is rak+ up ( an old /ory _c h be5 sugge/$ by a m]e fanatical desire to damage m5 ( sci5ce4 ,i c b rejoice1 !n1 t ^! misguid$ en?usia/s1 ^: fai? 9 me has s f> exce$$ ! b\nds ( reason1 %\ld be set "r4 ,b t want ( f9i% 9 ! matt] ( accuracy :i* s t]ribly m>s ! effect ( ! ,great ,lesson1 is no less conspicu\s 9 ! case ( ! ,little ,lesson1 &1 in/ead ( sett+ my too f]v5t disciples "r1 x w set !m wrong4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll1 9 tell+ ! /ory ( ,ba?ybius1 says t my m9d 0 caught by ?is new & gr& g5]alisation ( ! physical basis ( life4 ,i nev] h be5 guilty ( a reclamation ab\t any?+ to my cr$it1 & ,i d n mean to be2 b if !re is any blame go+1 ,i d n *oose to be relegat$ to a subord9ate place :5 ,i h a claim to #cbc ! fir/4 ,! responsibility = ! fir/ description & ! nam+ ( ,ba?ybius is m9e & m9e only4 ,! pap] on ,"s ,organisms liv+ at great dep?s 9 ! ,atlantic ,ocean1 9 :i* ,i drew att5tion to ?is sub/ance1 is to be f\nd by ! curi\s 9 ! #h? volume ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ,microscopical ,sci5ce1 & 0 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ahfh4 ,:atev] errors are conta9$ 9 t pap] are my own peculi> prop]ty2 b nei!r at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahfh1 nor any:]e else1 h ,i gone beyond :at is !re /at$2 except 9 s f> t1 at a long-subsequ5t meet+ ( ! ,association1 be+ importun$ ab\t ! subject1 ,i v5tur$ to express1 some:at emphatically1 ! wi% t ! ?+ 0 at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,:at is meant by my be+ caught by a g5]alisation ab\t ! physical basis ( life ,i d n "k2 /ill less c ,i und]/& ! ass]tion t ,ba?ybius 0 accept$ because ( its suppos$ h>mony ) ,d>w9's speculations4 ,t :i* int]e/$ me 9 ! matt] 0 ! app>5t analogy ( ,ba?ybius ) o!r well-kn[n =ms ( l[] life1 su* z ! plasmodia ( ! ,myxomycetes & ! ,rhizopods4 ,speculative hopes or fe>s _h no?+ to d ) ! matt]2 & if ,ba?ybius 7 br\ght up alive f ! bottom ( ! ,atlantic to-morr[1 ! fact w\ld n h ! slighte/ be>+1 t ,i c disc]n1 ^u ,mr4 ,d>w9's speculations1 or ^u any ( ! disput$ problems ( biology4 ,x w\ld m]ely be "o elem5t>y organism ! m add$ to ! ?\s&s already kn[n4 #cbd ,up to ?is mom5t ,i 0 n aw>e ( ! univ]sal fav\r ) :i* ,ba?ybius 0 receiv$4#gi ,^? simulators ( an ignorant mob :o1 accord+ to ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 welcom$ ,d>w9's !ory ( coral-reefs1 made no demon/ration 9 my fav\r1 unless 8 ,grace includes ,sir ,wyville ,?omson1 ,dr4 ,c>p5t]1 ,dr4 ,bessels1 & ,pr(essor ,haeckel "u t head4 ,on ! contr>y1 a sagaci\s fri5d ( m9e1 ?an :om !re 0 no m compet5t judge1 ! late ,mr4 ,george ,busk1 0 n to be conv]t$2 :ile1 long be=e ! ,*all5g] "w1 ,ehr5b]g wrote to me v sceptically2 & ,i fully expect$ t t em95t man w\ld fav\r me ) pretty %>p criticism4 ,un=tunately he di$ %ortly aft]w>ds1 & no?+ f him1 t ,i "k (1 appe>$4 ,:5 ,sir ,wyville ,?omson wrote to me a brief acc\nt ( ! results obta9$ on bo>d ! ,*all5g]1 ,i s5t 8 /atem5t to ,nature1 9 :i* j\rnal x appe>$ ! foll[+ week1 )\t any fur!r note or comm5t ?an 0 ne$ful to expla9 ! circum/ances4 ,9 ?us all[+ judgm5t to g by default1 ,i am afraid ,i %[$ a reckless & ungraci\s disreg>d = ! feel+s ( ! believ]s 9 my infallibility4 ,no d\bt ,i ought to h h$g$ & f5c$ & att5uat$ ! effect ( ,sir ,wyville ,?omson's brief note 9 e possible way4 ,or #cbe p]haps ,i ought to h suppress$ ! note altoge!r1 on ! gr\nd t x 0 a m]e ex p>te /atem5t4 ,my excuse is t1 not)/&+ a l>ge & abid+ fai? 9 human folly1 ,i did n "k !n1 any m ?an ,i "k n[1 t !re 0 anybody fooli% en\gh to be unaw>e t ! only p1 sci5tific or o!r1 :o nev] make mi/akes are ^? :o d no?+2 or t anybody1 = ^: op9ion ,i c>$1 w\ld n r see me commit t5 blund]s ?an try to hide "o4 ,p5d+ ! production ( fur!r evid5ce1 ,i hold t ! exi/5ce ( p :o believe 9 ! infallibility ( m5 ( sci5ce is z purely my?ical z t ( ! evil c\nsellor :o advis$ ! )hold+ ( ! tru? le/ x %\ld conflict ) t belief4 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 !n1 t ! ,duke ( ,argyll might h sp>$ 8 ,little ,lesson z well z 8 ,great ,lesson ) advantage4 ,! pat]nal au?ority :o :ips ! *ild = s9s he has n committ$ does n /r5g!n 8 moral influ5ce--r excites contempt & repugnance4 ,& if1 z w\ld seem f ?is & =m] monitory allocutions :i* h be5 address$ to u1 ! ,duke aspires to ! position ( c5sor1 or spiritual director1 9 relation to ! m5 :o are do+ ! "w ( physical sci5ce1 he really mu/ get up 8 facts bett]4 ,!re w be an end to all *ance ( our kiss+ ! rod if 8 ,grace goes wrong a ?ird "t4 ,he mu/ n say aga9 t no s]i\s reply has be5 attempt$ to a view :i* 0 discuss$ & #cbf repudiat$1 two ye>s be=e1 by "o ( ! highe/ extant au?orities on ! subject2 he mu/ n say t ,d>w9 accept$ t :i* x c be prov$ he did n accept2 he mu/ n say t a doctr9e has dropp$ into ! abyss :5 x is q obvi\sly alive & kick+ at ! surface2 he mu/ n assimilate a man l ,pr(essor ,dana to ! compon5ts ( an ignorant mob2 he mu/ n say t ?+s are beg9n+ to be kn[n :i* are n kn[n at all2 he mu/ n say t sl[ & sulky acquiesc5ce has be5 giv5 to t :i* _c yet boa/ ( g5]al acquiesc5ce ( any k9d2 he mu/ n sugge/ t a view :i* has be5 publicly advocat$ by ! ,director ( ! ,geological ,survey & no less publicly discuss$ by _m o!r au?oritative writ]s has be5 int5tionally & sy/ematically ignor$2 he mu/ n ascribe ill motives = a c\rse ( action :i* is ! only prop] "o2 & f9ally1 if any "o b myself 7 int]e/$1 ,i %\ld say t he _h bett] n wa/e 8 "t 9 rak+ up ! errors ( ^? ^: lives h be5 occupi$1 n 9 talk+ ab\t sci5ce1 b 9 toil+1 sometimes ) success & sometimes ) failure1 to get "s real "w done4 ,! mo/ consid]able diff]5ce ,i note among m5 is n 9 _! read9ess to fall into error1 b 9 _! read9ess to ackn[l$ge ^! inevitable lapses4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll has n[ a spl5did opportunity = prov+ to ! _w 9 :i* ( ^! categories x is h]eaft] to rank him4 99 99 99 99 99 #cbg ,,de> ,,pr(essor ,,huxley--,a %ort "t be=e ,mr4 ,d>w9's dea?1 ,i _h a conv]sation ) him conc]n+ ! obs]vations :i* _h be5 made by ,mr4 ,murray ^u coral-reefs1 & ! speculations :i* _h be5 f\nd$ ^u ^? obs]vations4 ,i f\nd t ,mr4 ,d>w9 _h v c>efully consid]$ ! :ole subject1 & t :ile1 on ! "o h&1 he did n reg>d ! actual facts record$ by ,mr4 ,murray z absolutely inconsi/5t ) 8 own !ory ( subsid5ce1 on ! o!r h&1 he did n believe t !y necessitat$ or support$ ! hypo!sis advanc$ by ,mr4 ,murray4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's attitude1 z ,i und]/ood x1 t[>ds ,mr4 ,murray's objections to ! !ory ( subsid5ce 0 exactly simil> to t ma9ta9$ by him ) respect to ,pr(essor ,semp]'s criticism1 :i* 0 ( a v simil> "*2 & 8 position ) reg>d to ! :ole "q 0 almo/ id5tical ) t subsequ5tly s cle>ly def9$ by ,pr(essor ,dana 9 8 well-kn[n articles publi%$ 9 ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce = #ahhe4 ,x is difficult to imag9e h[ any "o1 acqua9t$ ) ! sci5tific lit]ature ( ! la/ sev5 ye>s1 c\ld possibly sugge/ t ,mr4 ,murray's memoir publi%$ 9 #ahhj _h fail$ to secure a due am\nt ( att5tion4 ,mr4 ,murray1 by 8 position 9 ! ,*all5g] (fice1 occupi$ an exceptionally fav\rable position = mak+ 8 views widely kn[n2 & he _h1 moreov]1 ! s+ul> good =tune to secure f ! fir/ ! advocacy ( s able & brilliant a writ] z ,pr(essor ,ar*ibald ,geikie1 :o #cbh 9 a special disc\rse & 9 sev]al treatises on geology & physical geology v /rongly support$ ! new !ory4 ,x w\ld be an endless task to attempt to give ref]5ces to ! v>i\s sci5tific j\rnals :i* h discuss$ ! subject1 b ,i may add t e treatise on geology :i* has be5 publi%$1 s9ce ,mr4 ,murray's views 7 made kn[n1 has dealt ) 8 obs]vations at consid]able l5g?4 ,?is is true ( ,pr(essor ,a4 ,h4 ,gre5's ,physical ,geology1 publi%$ 9 #ahhb2 ( ,pr(essor ,pre/wi*'s ,geology1 ,*emical & ,physical2 & ( ,pr(essor ,james ,geikie's ,outl9es ( ,geology1 publi%$ 9 #ahhf4 ,simil> prom95ce is giv5 to ! subject 9 ,de ,lapp>5t's ,traite de ,geologie1 publi%$ 9 #ahhe1 & 9 ,cr$n]'s ,elem5te d] ,geologie1 :i* has appe>$ dur+ ! pres5t ye>4 ,if ?is be a conspiracy ( sil5ce1 :]e1 alas6 c ! geological speculator seek = fame8--,y\rs v truly1 ,,john ,w4 ,,judd4 ,octob] #aj1 #ahhg4 99 99 99 99 99 #cbi ,,ix ,,agno/icism ,)9 ! la/ few mon?s ! public has receiv$ mu* & v>i$ in=mation on ! subject ( agno/ics1 _! t5ets1 & ev5 _! future4 ,agno/icism ex]cis$ ! orators ( ! ,*ur* ,congress at ,man*e/]4#hj ,x has be5 furni%$ ) a set ( articles few]1 b n less rigid1 & c]ta9ly n less consi/5t ?an ! ?irty-n9e2 its nature has be5 analys$1 & its future sev]ely pr$ict$ by ! mo/ eloqu5t ( t prophetical s*ool ^: ,samuel is ,augu/e ,comte4 ,x may /ill be a "q1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! public is z mu* ! wis] z might be expect$1 consid]+ all ! tr\ble t has be5 tak5 to enlight5 x4 ,n only are ! ?ree acc\nts ( ! agno/ic position sadly out ( h>mony ) "o ano!r1 b ,i propose to %[ cause = my belief t all ?ree mu/ be s]i\sly que/ion$ by any "o :o employs ! t]m agno/ic 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x 0 orig9ally us$4 ,! le>n$ ,pr9cipal ( ,k+'s ,college1 :o br\ght #ccj ! topic ( ,agno/icism be=e ! ,*ur* ,congress1 took a %ort & easy way ( settl+ ! bus9ess3-- ,b if ?is be s1 = a man to urge1 z an escape f ?is article ( belief1 t he has no means ( a sci5tific k ( ! unse5 _w1 or ( ! future1 is irrelevant4 ,8 diff]5ce f ,*ri/ians lies n 9 ! fact t he has no k ( ^! ?+s1 b t he does n believe ! au?ority on :i* !y are /at$4 ,he may pref] to call himself an ,agno/ic2 b 8 real "n is an old] "o--he is an infidel2 t is to say1 an unbeliev]4 ,! ^w infidel1 p]haps1 c>ries an unpleasant significance4 ,p]haps x is "r t x %\ld4 ,x is1 & x ought to be1 an unpleasant ?+ = a man to h to say pla9ly t he does n believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/4#ha ,s mu* ( ,dr4 ,wace's address ei!r explicitly or implicitly conc]ns me1 t ,i take ^u myself to deal ) x2 b1 9 s do+1 x mu/ be und]/ood t ,i speak = myself alone4 ,i am n aw>e t !re is any sect ( ,agno/ics2 & if !re be1 ,i am n its ackn[l$g$ prophet or pope4 ,i desire to leave to ! ,comti/s ! entire monopoly ( ! manufacture ( imitation ecclesia/icism4 ,let u calmly & dispassionately consid] ,dr4 ,wace's appreciation ( agno/icism4 ,! agno/ic1 accord+ to 8 view1 is a p]son :o says he has no means ( atta9+ a sci5tific k ( ! unse5 _w or ( ! future2 by :i* some:at loose #cca phraseology ,dr4 ,wace presumably means ! !ological unse5 _w & future4 ,i _c ?9k ?is description happy1 ei!r 9 =m or sub/ance1 b = ! pres5t x may pass4 ,dr4 ,wace cont9ues1 t is n 8 diff]5ce f ,*ri/ians4 ,are !re !n any ,*ri/ians :o say t !y "k no?+ ab\t ! unse5 _w & ! future8 ,i 0 ignorant ( ! fact1 b ,i am ready to accept x on ! au?ority ( a pr(essional !ologian1 & ,i proce$ to ,dr4 ,wace's next proposition4 ,! real /ate ( ! case1 !n1 is t ! agno/ic does n believe ! au?ority on :i* ^! ?+s are /at$1 :i* au?ority is ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he is simply an old-fa%ion$ infidel :o is afraid to own to 8 "r "n4 ,z ,presbyt] is prie/ writ l>ge1 s is agno/ic ! m]e ,greek equival5t = ! ,lat9 infidel4 ,!re is an attractive simplicity ab\t ?is solution ( ! problem2 & x has t advantage ( be+ some:at (f5sive to ! p]sons attack$1 :i* is s de> to ! less ref9$ sort ( controv]siali/4 ,! agno/ic says1 ,i _c f9d good evid5ce t s & s is true4 ,ah1 says 8 adv]s>y1 seiz+ 8 opportunity1 !n y decl>e t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 untru?ful1 = he said s & s2 a v tell+ me?od ( r\s+ prejudice4 ,b suppose t ! value ( ! evid5ce z to :at ,jesus may h said & done1 & z to ! exact nature & scope ( 8 au?ority1 is j t :i* ! agno/ic f9ds x mo/ difficult to det]m9e4 ,if ,i v5ture to d\bt t ! ,duke ( ,well+ton gave ! comm& ,up1 ,gu>ds1 #ccb & at 'em6 at ,wat]loo1 ,i d n ?9k t ev5 ,dr4 ,wace w\ld accuse me ( disbeliev+ ! ,duke4 ,yet x w\ld be j z reasonable to d ?is z to accuse any "o ( d5y+ :at ,jesus said be=e ! prelim9>y "q z to :at he did say is settl$4 ,n[1 ! "q z to :at ,jesus really said & did is /rictly a sci5tific problem1 :i* is capable ( solution by no o!r me?ods ?an ^? practis$ by ! hi/orian & ! lit]>y critic4 ,x is a problem ( imm5se difficulty1 :i* has occupi$ "s ( ! be/ heads 9 ,europe = ! la/ c5tury2 & x is only ( late ye>s t _! inve/igations h begun to conv]ge t[>ds "o conclusion4#hb ,t k9d ( fai? :i* ,dr4 ,wace describes & lauds is ( no use "h4 ,inde$1 he himself takes pa9s to de/roy its evid5tial value4 ,:at made ! ,mahomm$an _w8 ,tru/ & fai? 9 ! decl>ations & assurances ( ,mahomm$4 ,& :at made ! ,*ri/ian _w8 ,tru/ & #ccc fai? 9 ! decl>ations & assurances ( ,jesus ,*ri/ & ,8 ,apo/les 7l4 c4 p4 #bec74 ,! triumphant tone ( ?is imag9>y cate*ism leads me to suspect t its au?or has h>dly appreciat$ its full import4 ,presumably1 ,dr4 ,wace reg>ds ,mahomm$ z an unbeliev]1 or1 to use ! t]m :i* he pref]s1 infidel2 & consid]s t 8 assurances h giv5 rise to a va/ delusion :i* has l$1 & is lead+1 millions ( m5 /raight to ev]la/+ puni%m5t4 ,& ?is be+ s1 ! ,tru/ & fai? :i* h made ! ,mahomm$an _w1 9 j ! same s5se z !y h made ! ,*ri/ian _w1 mu/ be tru/ & fai? 9 falsehood4 ,no man :o has /udi$ hi/ory1 or ev5 att5d$ to ! occurr5ces ( ev]yday life1 c d\bt ! enorm\s practical value ( tru/ & fai?2 b z little w he be incl9$ to d5y t ?is practical value has n ! lea/ relation to ! reality ( ! objects ( t tru/ & fai?4 ,9 examples ( pati5t con/ancy ( fai? & ( unsw]v+ tru/1 ! ,acta ,m>tyrum d n excel ! annals ( ,babism4#hc ,! discussion ^u :i* we h n[ ent]$ goes s ?or\ghly to ! root ( ! :ole matt]2 ! "q ( ! day is s completely1 z ! au?or ( ,rob]t ,elsm]e says1 ! value ( te/imony1 t ,i %all (f] no apology = foll[+ x out some:at 9 detail2 &1 by way ( giv+ sub/ance to ! #ccd argum5t1 ,i %all base :at ,i h to say ^u a case1 ! consid]ation ( :i* lies /rictly )9 ! prov9ce ( natural sci5ce1 & ( t p>ticul> "p ( x kn[n z ! physiology & pa?ology ( ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,i f9d1 9 ! second ,gospel 7*ap4 v471 a /atem5t1 to all appe>ance int5d$ to h ! same evid5tial value z any o!r conta9$ 9 t hi/ory4 ,x is ! well-kn[n /ory ( ! devils :o 7 ca/ out ( a man1 & ord]$1 or p]mitt$1 to ent] into a h]d ( sw9e1 to ! great loss & damage ( ! innoc5t ,g]as5e1 or ,gad>5e1 pig own]s4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! n>rator int5ds to convey to 8 read]s 8 own conviction t ?is ca/+ out & ent]+ 9 7 effect$ by ! ag5cy ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?2 t1 by spee* & action1 ,jesus en=c$ ?is conviction2 nor does any inkl+ ( ! legal & moral difficulties ( ! case manife/ itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ev]y?+ t ,i "k ( physiological & pa?ological sci5ce leads me to ent]ta9 a v /rong conviction t ! ph5om5a ascrib$ to possession are z purely natural z ^? :i* con/itute small-pox2 ev]y?+ t ,i "k ( an?ropology leads me to ?9k t ! belief 9 demons & demoniacal possession is a m]e survival ( a once univ]sal sup]/ition1 & t its p]si/5ce1 at ! pres5t "t1 is pretty mu* 9 ! inv]se ratio ( ! g5]al in/ruction1 intellig5ce1 & s\nd judgm5t ( ! population among :om x prevails4 ,ev]y?+ t ,i "k ( law & #cce ju/ice conv9ces me t ! wanton de/ruction ( o!r p's prop]ty is a misdemean\r ( evil example4 ,aga91 ! /udy ( hi/ory1 & especially ( t ( ! fifte5?1 sixte5?1 & sev5te5? c5turies1 leaves no %ad[ ( d\bt on my m9d t ! belief 9 ! reality ( possession & ( wit*craft1 ju/ly bas$1 alike by ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants1 ^u ?is & innum]able o!r passages 9 bo? ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 gave rise1 ?r\gh ! special influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian ecclesia/ics1 to ! mo/ horrible p]secutions & judicial murd]s ( ?\s&s ^u ?\s&s ( innoc5t m51 wom51 & *ildr54 ,& :5 ,i reflect t ! record ( a pla9 & simple decl>ation ^u su* an occasion z ?is1 t ! belief 9 wit*craft & possession is wick$ nons5se1 w\ld h r5d]$ ! long agony ( m$iaeval humanity impossible1 ,i am prompt$ to reject1 z di%on\r+1 ! supposition t su* decl>ation 0 )held out ( condesc5sion to popul> error4 ,come =?1 ?\ unclean _s1 out ( ! man 7,m>k v4 #h71hd are ! words attribut$ to ,jesus4 ,if ,i decl>e1 z ,i h no hesitation 9 do+1 t ,i utt]ly disbelieve 9 ! exi/5ce ( unclean spirits1 &1 consequ5tly1 9 ! possibility ( _! com+ =? out ( a man1 ,i suppose t ,dr4 ,wace w tell me ,i am disreg>d+ ! te/imony ( our ,"l 7l4 c4 p4 #bee74 ,= if ^! words 7 really us$1 ! mo/ res\rceful ( reconcil]s c h>dly v5ture to affirm t !y are compatible ) a disbelief 9 ^! ?+s4 ,z ! le>n$ & #ccf fair-m9d$1 z well z or?odox1 ,dr4 ,alex&] rem>ks1 9 an editorial note to ! article ,demoniacs1 9 ! ,biblical ,cyclopa$ia 7vol4 i4 p4 #ffd1 note73-- 444 ,on ! l[e/ gr\nds on :i* our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les c be plac$ !y mu/1 at lea/1 be reg>d$ z hone/ m54 ,n[1 ?\gh hone/ spee* does n require t words %\ld be us$ always & only 9 _! etymological s5se1 x does require t !y %\ld n be us$ s z to affirm :at ! speak] kn[s to be false4 ,:il/1 !re=e1 our ,"l & ,8 ,apo/les might use ! ^w ,greek3 daimonize/hai1 or ! phrase ,greek3 daimonion e*e91 z a popul> description ( c]ta9 diseases1 )\t giv+ 9 to ! belief :i* lay at ! s\rce ( su* a mode ( expression1 !y c\ld n speak ( demons ent]+ into a man1 or be+ ca/ out ( him1 )\t pl$g+ !mselves to ! belief ( an actual possession ( ! man by ! demons4 7,campbell1 ,prel4 ,diss4 vi4 #a1 #aj47 ,if1 consequ5tly1 !y did n hold ?is belief1 !y spoke n z hone/ m54 ,! /ory :i* we are consid]+ does n re/ on ! au?ority ( ! second ,gospel alone4 ,! ?ird confirms ! second1 especially 9 ! matt] ( comm&+ ! unclean _s to come out ( ! man 7,luke viii4 #bi72 &1 al?\gh ! fir/ ,gospel ei!r gives a diff]5t v]sion ( ! same /ory1 or tells ano!r ( l k9d1 ! ess5tial po9t rema9s3 ,if ?\ ca/ u out1 s5d u away into ! h]d ( sw9e4 ,& ,he said unto !m3 ,g6 7,matt4 viii4 #ca1 #cb74 ,if ! concurr5t te/imony ( ! ?ree synoptics1 !n1 is really suffici5t to d away ) all rational d\bt z to a matt] ( fact ( ! utmo/ practical & speculative importance--belief or disbelief 9 :i* may affect1 & has affect$1 m5's lives & _! conduct t[>ds o!r m5 9 ! mo/ s]i\s #ccg way--!n ,i am b\nd to believe t ,jesus implicitly affirm$ himself to possess a k ( ! unse5 _w1 :i* af=d$ full confirmation ( ! belief 9 demons & possession curr5t among 8 contempor>ies4 ,if ! /ory is true1 ! m$iaeval !ory ( ! invisible _w may be1 & probably is1 q correct2 & ! wit*f9d]s1 f ,spr5g] to ,hopk9s & ,ma!r1 are mu*-malign$ m54 ,on ! o!r h&1 humanity1 not+ ! frightful consequ5ces ( ?is belief2 common s5se1 obs]v+ ! futility ( ! evid5ce on :i* x is bas$1 9 all cases t h be5 prop]ly inve/igat$2 sci5ce1 m & m see+ its way to enclose all ! ph5om5a ( s-call$ possession )9 ! doma9 ( pa?ology1 s f> z !y are n to be relegat$ to t ( ! police--all ^! p[]ful influ5ces concur 9 w>n+ u1 at our p]il1 aga9/ accept+ ! belief )\t ! mo/ c>eful scrut9y ( ! au?ority on :i* x re/s4 ,i c disc]n no escape f ?is dilemma3 ei!r ,jesus said :at he is report$ to h said1 or he did n4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x is inevitable t 8 au?ority on matt]s connect$ ) ! unse5 _w %\ld be r\ghly %ak52 9 ! latt]1 ! bl[ falls ^u ! au?ority ( ! synoptic gospels4 ,if _! report on a matt] ( su* /up5d\s & f>-rea*+ practical import z ?is is untru/wor?y1 h[ c we be sure ( its tru/wor?9ess 9 o!r cases8 ,! fav\rite e>?1 9 :i* ! h>d-press$ reconcil] takes refuge1 t ! ,bible does #cch n pr(ess to tea* sci5ce1#he is /opp$ 9 ?is in/ance4 ,= ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( demons & ( possession by !m1 ?\gh x lies /rictly )9 ! prov9ce ( sci5ce1 is also ( ! deepe/ moral & religi\s significance4 ,if physical & m5tal disord]s are caus$ by demons1 ,gregory ( ,t\rs & 8 contempor>ies rightly consid]$ t relics & exorci/s 7 m useful ?an doctors2 ! grave/ que/ions arise z to ! legal & moral responsibilities ( p]sons inspir$ by demoniacal impulses2 & our :ole conception ( ! univ]se & ( our relations to x becomes totally diff]5t f :at x w\ld be on ! contr>y hypo!sis4 ,! !ory ( life ( an av]age m$iaeval ,*ri/ian 0 z diff]5t f t ( an av]age n9ete5?-c5tury ,engli%man z t ( a ,we/ ,african negro is n[1 9 ^! respects4 ,! mod]n _w is sl[ly1 b surely1 %ak+ (f ^! & o!r mon/r\s survivals ( savage delusions1 &1 :atev] happ5s1 #cci x w n return to t wall[+ 9 ! mire4 ,until ! contr>y is prov$1 ,i v5ture to d\bt :e!r1 at ?is pres5t mom5t1 any ,prote/ant !ologian1 :o has a reputation to lose1 w say t he believes ! ,gad>5e /ory4 ,! *oice !n lies betwe5 discr$it+ ^? :o compil$ ! ,gospel biographies & disbeliev+ ! ,ma/]1 :om !y1 simple s\ls1 ?\ght to hon\r by pres]v+ su* traditions ( ! ex]cise ( 8 au?ority ov] ,satan's invisible _w4 ,?is is ! dilemma4 ,no deep s*ol>%ip1 no?+ b a k ( ! revis$ v]sion 7on :i* x is to be suppos$ all t m]e s*ol>%ip c d has be5 done71 ) ! application !reto ( ! commone/ canons ( common s5se1 is ne$ful to enable u to make a *oice betwe5 its alt]natives4 ,x is h>dly d\btful t ! /ory1 z told 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 is m]ely a v]sion ( t told 9 ! second & ?ird4 ,nev]!less1 ! discrepancies are s]i\s & irreconcilable2 &1 on ?is gr\nd alone1 a susp5sion ( judgm5t1 at ! lea/1 is call$ =4 ,b !re is a great deal m to be said4 ,f ! dawn ( sci5tific biblical criticism until ! pres5t day1 ! evid5ce aga9/ ! long-*]i%$ notion t ! ?ree synoptic ,gospels are ! works ( ?ree indep5d5t au?ors1 ea* prompt$ by ,div9e inspiration1 has /eadily accumulat$1 until1 at ! pres5t "t1 !re is no visible escape f ! conclusion t ea* ( ! ?ree is a compilation consi/+ ( a gr\ndwork common to all ?ree--! ?reefold tradition2 & ( a sup]/ructure1 consi/+1 fir/ly1 #cdj ( matt] common to x ) "o ( ! o!rs1 &1 secondly1 ( matt] special to ea*4 ,! use ( ! t]ms gr\ndwork & sup]/ructure by no means implies t ! latt] mu/ be ( lat] date ?an ! =m]4 ,on ! contr>y1 "s p>ts ( x may be & probably are1 old] ?an "s p>ts ( ! gr\ndwork4#hf ,! /ory ( ! ,gad>5e sw9e belongs to ! gr\ndwork2 at lea/1 ! ess5tial "p ( x1 9 :i* ! belief 9 demoniac possession is express$1 does2 & !re=e ! compil]s ( ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird ,gospels1 :oev] !y 71 c]ta9ly accept$ t belief 7:i*1 inde$1 0 univ]sal among bo? ,jews & pagans at t "t71 & attribut$ x to ,jesus4 ,:at1 !n1 d we "k ab\t ! orig9ator1 or orig9ators1 ( ?is gr\ndwork--( t ?reefold tradition :i* all ?ree witnesses 79 ,paley's phrase7 agree ^u--t we %\ld all[ _! m]e /atem5ts to outweigh ! c\nt] argum5ts ( humanity1 ( common s5se1 ( exact sci5ce1 & to imp]il ! respect :i* all w\ld be glad to be able to r5d] to _! ,ma/]8 ,absolutely no?+4#hg ,!re is no pro(1 no?+ #cda m ?an a fair presumption1 t any "o ( ! ,gospels exi/$1 9 ! /ate 9 :i* we f9d x 9 ! au?oris$ v]sion ( ! ,bible1 be=e ! second c5tury1 or1 9 o!r words1 sixty or sev5ty ye>s aft] ! ev5ts record$4 ,&1 betwe5 t "t & ! date ( ! olde/ extant manuscripts ( ! ,gospels1 !re is no tell+ :at additions & alt]ations & int]polations may h be5 made4 ,x may be said t ?is is all m]e speculation1 b x is a good deal m4 ,z compet5t s*ol>s & hone/ m51 our revis]s h felt compell$ to po9t out t su* ?+s h happ5$ ev5 s9ce ! date ( ! olde/ kn[n manuscripts4 ,! olde/ two copies ( ! second ,gospel end ) ! #h? v]se ( ! #af? *apt]2 ! rema9+ twelve v]ses are spuri\s1 & x is notewor?y t ! mak] ( ! addition has n hesitat$ to introduce a spee* 9 :i* ,jesus promises 8 disciples t 9 ,my "n %all !y ca/ out devils4 ,! o!r passage reject$ to ! m>g9 is /ill m in/ructive4 ,x is t t\*+ apologue1 ) its pr(\nd e?ical s5se1 ( ! woman tak5 9 adult]y--:i*1 if int]nal evid5ce 7 an infallible guide1 might well be affirm$ to be a typical example ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus4 ,yet1 say ! revis]s1 pitilessly1 ,mo/ ( ! anci5t au?orities omit ,john vii4 #ec-viii4 #aa4 ,n[ let any reasonable man ask himself ?is "q4 ,if1 aft] an approximate settlem5t ( ! canon ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & ev5 lat] ?an ! f\r? & fif? c5turies1 lit]>y fabricators _h ! skill & ! audacity to #cdb make su* additions & int]polations z ^!1 :at may !y h done :5 no "o _h ?\ght ( a canon2 :5 oral tradition1 /ill unfix$1 0 reg>d$ z m valuable ?an su* writt5 records z may h exi/$ 9 ! latt] portion ( ! fir/ c5tury8 ,or1 to take ! o!r alt]native1 if ^? :o gradually settl$ ! canon did n "k ( ! exi/5ce ( ! olde/ codices :i* h come d[n to u2 or if1 kn[+ !m1 !y reject$ _! au?ority1 :at is to be ?\ght ( _! compet5cy z critics ( ! text8 ,p :o object to free criticism ( ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures =get t !y are :at !y are 9 virtue ( v free criticism2 unless ! advocates ( inspiration are prep>$ to affirm t ! majority ( influ5tial ecclesia/ics dur+ sev]al c5turies 7 safegu>d$ aga9/ error4 ,=1 ev5 grant+ t "s books ( ! p]iod 7 inspir$1 !y 7 c]ta9ly few among/ _m2 & ^? :o select$ ! canonical books1 unless !y !mselves 7 also inspir$1 mu/ be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( m]e critics1 &1 f ! evid5ce !y h left ( _! intellectual habits1 v uncritical critics4 ,:5 "o ?9ks t su* delicate que/ions z ^? involv$ fell into ! h&s ( m5 l ,papias 7:o believ$ 9 ! fam\s mill5>ian grape /ory72 ( ,ir5aeus ) 8 reasons = ! exi/5ce ( only f\r ,gospels2 & ( su* calm & dispassionate judges z ,t]tullian1 ) 8 ,cr$o quia impossibile3 ! m>vel is t ! selection :i* con/itutes our ,new ,te/am5t is z free z x is f obvi\sly objectionable #cdc matt]4 ,! apocryphal ,gospels c]ta9ly des]ve to be apocryphal2 b "o may suspect t a little m critical discrim9ation w\ld h enl>g$ ! ,apocrypha n inconsid]ably4 ,at ?is po9t a v obvi\s objection arises & des]ves full & c&id consid]ation4 ,x may be said t critical scepticism c>ri$ to ! l5g? sugge/$ is hi/orical pyrrhonism2 t if we are to altoge!r discr$it an anci5t or a mod]n hi/orian1 because he has assum$ fabul\s matt] to be true1 x w be z well to give up pay+ any att5tion to hi/ory4 ,x may be said1 & ) great ju/ice1 t ,eg9h>d's ,life ( ,*>lemagne is none ! less tru/wor?y because ( ! a/\nd+ revelation ( cr$ulity1 ( lack ( judgm5t1 & ev5 ( respect = ! eigh? comm&m5t1 :i* he has unconsci\sly made 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,translation ( ! ,bless$ ,m>tyrs ,m>cell9us & ,paul4 ,or1 to g no fur!r back ?an ! la/ numb] ( ?is ,review1 surely t excell5t lady1 ,miss ,/rickl&1 is n to be refus$ all cr$5ce because ( ! my? ab\t ! second ,james's rema9s1 :i* %e seems to h unconsci\sly inv5t$4 ,( c\rse ?is is p]fectly true4 ,i am afraid !re is no man alive ^: witness c\ld be accept$1 if ! condition prec$5t 7 pro( t he _h nev] inv5t$ & promulgat$ a my?4 ,9 ! m9ds ( all ( u !re are little places "h & !re1 l ! indi/+ui%able spots on a rock :i* give foo?old to moss or /onecrop2 on :i*1 if ! g]m ( a my? fall1 x is c]ta9 to gr[1 )\t 9 ! lea/ #cdd degree affect+ our accuracy or tru?fulness else:]e4 ,sir ,walt] ,scott knew t he c\ld n repeat a /ory )\t1 z he said1 giv+ x a new hat & /ick4 ,mo/ ( u diff] f ,sir ,walt] only 9 n kn[+ ab\t ?is t5d5cy ( ! my?opoeic faculty to break out unnotic$4 ,b x is also p]fectly true t ! my?opoeic faculty is n equally active 9 all m9ds1 nor 9 all regions & "u all conditions ( ! same m9d4 ,david ,hume 0 c]ta9ly n s liable to temptation z ! ,v5]able ,b$e1 or ev5 z "s rec5t hi/orians :o c\ld be m5tion$2 & ! mo/ imag9ative ( debtors1 if he owes five p\nds1 nev] makes an obligation to pay a hundr$ out ( x4 ,! rule ( common s5se is prima facie to tru/ a witness 9 all matt]s 9 :i* nei!r 8 self-int]e/1 8 passions1 8 prejudices1 nor t love ( ! m>vell\s1 :i* is inh]5t to a great] or less degree 9 all mank9d1 are /rongly conc]n$2 &1 :5 !y are involv$1 to require corroborative evid5ce 9 exact proportion to ! contrav5tion ( probability by ! ?+ te/ifi$4 ,n[1 9 ! ,gad>5e affair1 ,i d n ?9k ,i am unreasonably sceptical if ,i say t ! exi/5ce ( demons :o c be transf]r$ f a man to a pig1 does ?us contrav5e probability4 ,let me be p]fectly c&id4 ,i admit ,i h no a priori objection to (f]4 ,!re are physical ?+s1 su* z ta5iae & tri*9ae1 :i* c be transf]r$ f m5 to pigs1 & vice v]sa1 & :i* d und\bt$ly produce mo/ diabolical & deadly effects on bo?4 ,= #cde any?+ ,i c absolutely prove to ! contr>y1 !re may be spiritual ?+s capable ( ! same transmigration1 ) l effects4 ,moreov] ,i am b\nd to add t p]fectly tru?ful p]sons1 = :om ,i h ! greate/ respect1 believe 9 /ories ab\t spirits ( ! pres5t day1 q z improbable z t we are consid]+4 ,s ,i decl>e1 z pla9ly z ,i c1 t ,i am unable to %[ cause :y ^! transf]able devils %\ld n exi/2 nor c ,i d5y t1 n m]ely ! :ole ,roman ,*ur*1 b _m ,wacean infidels ( no mean repute1 d hone/ly & firmly believe t ! activity ( su* l demonic be+s is 9 full sw+ 9 ?is ye> ( grace #ahhi4 ,nev]!less1 z good ,bi%op ,butl] says1 probability is ! guide ( life1 & x seems to me t ?is is j "o ( ! cases 9 :i* ! canon ( cr$ibility & te/imony1 :i* ,i h v5tur$ to lay d[n1 has full =ce4 ,s t1 ) ! mo/ entire respect = _m 7by no means = all7 ( our witnesses = ! tru? ( demonology1 anci5t & mod]n1 ,i conceive _! evid5ce on ?is p>ticul> matt] to be ridicul\sly insuffici5t to w>rant _! conclusion4#hh #cdf ,aft] :at has be5 said1 ,i d n ?9k t any s5sible man1 unless he happ5 to be angry1 w accuse me ( contradict+ ! ,"l & 8 ,apo/les if ,i reit]ate my total disbelief 9 ! :ole ,gad>5e /ory4 ,b1 if t /ory is discr$it$1 all ! o!r /ories ( demoniac possession fall "u suspicion4 ,& if ! belief 9 demons & demoniac possession1 :i* =ms ! sombre backgr\nd ( ! :ole picture ( primitive ,*ri/ianity pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is %ak51 :at is to be said1 9 any case1 ( ! uncorroborat$ te/imony ( ! ,gospels ) respect to ! unse5 _w8 ,i am n aw>e t ,i h be5 influ5c$ by any m bias 9 reg>d to ! ,gad>5e /ory ?an ,i h be5 9 deal+ ) o!r cases ( l k9d ! inve/igation ( :i* has int]e/$ me4 ,i 0 br\ght up 9 ! /ricte/ s*ool ( evangelical or?odoxy2 & :5 ,i 0 old en\gh to ?9k = myself1 ,i />t$ ^u my j\rney ( inquiry ) little d\bt ab\t ! g5]al tru? ( :at ,i _h be5 taught2 & ) t feel+ ( ! unpleasantness ( be+ call$ an infidel :i*1 we are told1 is s "r & prop]4 ,ne> my j\rney's end1 ,i f9d myself 9 a condition ( some?+ m ?an m]e d\bt ab\t ^! matt]s4 #cdg ,9 ! c\rse ( o!r inquiries1 ,i h _h to d ) fossil rema9s :i* look$ q pla9 at a di/ance1 & became m & m indi/9ct z ,i tri$ to def9e _! outl9e by close inspection4 ,!re 0 some?+ !re--some?+ :i*1 if ,i c\ld w9 assurance ab\t x1 might m>k a new epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?2 b1 /udy z long z ,i might1 c]ta9ty elud$ my grasp4 ,s has x be5 ) me 9 my ef=ts to def9e ! gr& figure ( ,jesus z x lies 9 ! prim>y /rata ( ,*ri/ian lit]ature4 ,is he ! k9dly1 peaceful ,*ri/ depict$ 9 ! ,catacombs8 ,or is he ! /]n ,judge :o fr[ns above ! alt> ( ,,ss4 ,cosmas & ,damianus8 ,or c he be rightly repres5t$ by ! ble$+ ascetic1 brok5 d[n by physical pa91 ( too _m m$iaeval pictures8 ,are we to accept ! ,jesus ( ! second1 or ! ,jesus ( ! f\r? ,gospel1 z ! true ,jesus8 ,:at did he really say & d2 & h[ mu* t is attribut$ to him1 9 spee* & action1 is ! embroid]y ( ! v>i\s p>ties into :i* 8 foll[]s t5d$ to split !mselves )9 tw5ty ye>s ( 8 dea?1 :5 ev5 ! ?reefold tradition 0 only nasc5t8 ,if any "o w answ] ^! que/ions = me ) some?+ m to ! po9t ?an feeble talk ab\t ! c[>dice ( agno/icism1 ,i %all be deeply 8 debtor4 ,unless & until !y are satisfactorily answ]$1 ,i say ( agno/icism 9 ?is matt]1 ,j'y suis1 et j'y re/e4 ,b1 z we h se51 x is ass]t$ t ,i h no bus9ess to call myself an agno/ic2 t if ,i am #cdh n a ,*ri/ian ,i am an infidel2 & t ,i ought to call myself by t "n ( unpleasant significance4 ,well1 ,i d n c>e mu* :at ,i am call$ by o!r p1 & if ,i _h at my side all ^? :o1 s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era1 h be5 call$ infidels by o!r folks1 ,i c\ld n desire bett] company4 ,if ^! are my ance/ors1 ,i pref]1 ) ! old ,frank1 to be ) !m :]ev] !y are4 ,b !re are sev]al po9ts 9 ,dr4 ,wace's cont5tion :i* mu/ be elucidat$ be=e ,i c ev5 ?9k ( und]tak+ to c>ry out 8 wi%es4 ,i mu/1 = in/ance1 "k :at a ,*ri/ian is4 ,n[ :at is a ,*ri/ian8 ,by ^: au?ority is ! signification ( t t]m def9$8 ,is !re any d\bt t ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,jesus1 ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es1 7 /rictly or?odox ,jews1 diff]+ f o!r ,jews n m ?an ! ,sadducees1 ! ,ph>isees1 & ! ,ess5es diff]$ f "o ano!r2 9 fact1 only 9 ! belief t ! ,messiah1 = :om ! re/ ( _! nation wait$1 _h come8 ,0 n _! *ief1 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 rev]5c$ alike by ,sadducee1 ,ph>isee1 & ,naz>5e8 ,at ! fam\s conf]5ce :i*1 accord+ to ! ,acts1 took place at ,j]usalem1 does n ,james decl>e t myriads ( ,jews1 :o by t "t _h become ,naz>5es1 7 all zeal\s = ! ,law8 ,0 n ! "n ( ,*ri/ian fir/ us$ to d5ote ! conv]ts to ! doctr9e promulgat$ by ,paul & ,b>nabas at ,antio*8 ,does ! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity leave any d\bt t1 f ?is "t =?1 ! little rift )9 #cdi ! lute caus$ by ! new tea*+1 develop$1 if n inaugurat$1 at ,antio*1 grew wid] & wid]1 until ! two types ( doctr9e irreconcilably div]g$8 ,did n ! primitive ,naz>5ism1 or ,ebionism1 develop into ! ,naz>5ism1 & ,ebionism1 & ,elkasaitism ( lat] ages1 & f9ally die out 9 obscurity & condemnation z damnable h]esy2 :ile ! y\ng] doctr9e ?rove & pu%$ out its %oots into t endless v>iety ( sects1 ( :i* ! ?ree /ronge/ survivors are ! ,roman & ,greek ,*ur*es & mod]n ,prote/antism8 ,s+ul> /ate ( ?+s6 ,if ,i 7 to pr(ess ! doctr9e :i* 0 held by ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & by e "o ( ! myriads ( 8 foll[]s & co-religioni/s 9 ,j]usalem up to tw5ty or ?irty ye>s aft] ! ,crucifixion 7& "o kn[s n h[ mu* lat] at ,pella71 ,i %\ld be condemn$ ) unanimity z an ebionis+ h]etic by ! ,roman1 ,greek1 & ,prote/ant ,*ur*es6 ,&1 probably1 ?is he>ty & unanim\s condemnation ( ! cre$ held by ^? :o 7 9 ! close/ p]sonal relation ) _! ,"l is almo/ ! only po9t ^u :i* !y w\ld be cordially ( "o m9d4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?\gh ,i h>dly d>e imag9e su* a ?+1 ,i v mu* fe> t ! pill>s ( ! primitive ,hi]osolymitan ,*ur* w\ld h consid]$ ,dr4 ,wace an infidel4 ,no "o c read ! fam\s second *apt] ( ,galatians & ! book ( ,revelations )\t see+ h[ n>r[ 0 ev5 ,paul's escape f a simil> #cej fate4 ,&1 if ecclesia/ical hi/ory is to be tru/$1 ! ?irty-n9e articles1 be !y "r or wrong1 div]ge f ! primitive doctr9e ( ! ,naz>5es va/ly m ?an ev5 ,paul9e ,*ri/ianity did4 ,b1 fur!r ?an ?is1 ,i h great difficulty 9 assur+ myself t ev5 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & 8 myriads ( ,naz>5es1 prop]ly repres5t$ ! doctr9es ( _! ,ma/]4 ,= x is con/antly ass]t$ by our mod]n pill>s t "o ( ! *ief features ( ! "w ( ,jesus 0 ! in/auration ( ,religion by ! abolition ( :at our /ickl]s = articles & liturgies1 ) unconsci\s hum\r1 call ! n>r[ re/rictions ( ! ,law4 ,yet1 if ,james knew ?is1 h[ c\ld ! bitt] controv]sy ) ,paul h aris52 & :y did "o or ! o!r side n quote any ( ! v>i\s say+s ( ,jesus1 record$ 9 ! ,gospels1 :i* directly be> on ! "q--sometimes1 app>5tly1 9 opposite directions8 ,s if ,i am ask$ to call myself an infidel1 ,i reply3 ,to :at doctr9e d y ask me to be fai?ful8 ,is x t conta9$ 9 ! ,nic5e & ! ,a?anasian ,cre$s8 ,my firm belief is t ! ,naz>5es1 say ( ! ye> #dj1 head$ by ,james1 w\ld h /opp$ _! e>s & ?\ght wor?y ( /on+ ! audaci\s man :o prop\nd$ x to !m4 ,is x conta9$ 9 ! s-call$ ,apo/les' ,cre$8 ,i am pretty sure t ev5 t w\ld h creat$ a recalcitrant commotion at ,pella 9 ! ye> #gj1 among ! ,naz>5es ( ,j]usalem1 :o _h fl$ f ! soldi]s ( ,titus4 ,& yet1 if ! #cea unadult]at$ tradition ( ! tea*+s ( ! ,naz>5e 7 to be f\nd any:]e1 x surely %\ld h be5 amid/ ^? n v ag$ disciples :o may h he>d !m z !y 7 deliv]$4 ,!re=e1 h[ev] sorry ,i may be to be unable to demon/rate t1 if necess>y1 ,i %\ld n be afraid to call myself an infidel1 ,i _c d x4 ,infidel is a t]m ( reproa*1 :i* ,*ri/ians & ,mahomm$ans1 9 _! mode/y1 agree to apply to ^? :o diff] f !m4 ,if he _h only ?\ght ( x1 ,dr4 ,wace might h us$ ! t]m miscreant1 :i*1 ) ! same etymological signification1 has ! advantage ( be+ /ill m unpleasant to ! p]sons to :om x is appli$4 ,b :y %\ld a man be expect$ to call himself a miscreant or an infidel8 ,t ,/4 ,patrick _h two bir?days because he 0 a tw9 is a reasonable & intelligible utt]ance beside t ( ! man :o %\ld decl>e himself to be an infidel on ! gr\nd ( d5y+ 8 own belief4 ,x may be logically1 if n e?ically1 def5sible t a ,*ri/ian %\ld call a ,mahomm$an an infidel & vice v]sa2 b1 on ,dr4 ,wace's pr9ciples1 bo? ought to call !mselves infidels1 because ea* applies ! t]m to ! o!r4 ,n[ ,i am afraid t all ! ,mahomm$an _w w\ld agree 9 reciprocat+ t appellation to ,dr4 ,wace himself4 ,i once visit$ ! ,haz> ,mosque1 ! great ,univ]sity ( ,mahomm$anism1 9 ,cairo1 9 ignorance ( ! fact t ,i 0 unprovid$ ) #ceb prop] au?ority4 ,a sw>m ( angry und]graduates1 z ,i suppose ,i ought to call !m1 came buzz+ ab\t me & my guide2 & if ,i _h kn[n ,arabic1 ,i suspect t dog ( an infidel w\ld h be5 by no means ! mo/ unpleasant ( ! epi!ts %[]$ ^u me1 be=e ,i c\ld expla9 & apologise = ! mi/ake4 ,if ,i _h _h ! pleasure ( ,dr4 ,wace's company on t occasion1 ! undiscrim9ative foll[]s ( ! ,prophet w\ld1 ,i am afraid1 h made no diff]5ce betwe5 u2 n ev5 if !y _h kn[n t he 0 ! head ( an or?odox ,*ri/ian sem9>y4 ,& ,i h n ! smalle/ d\bt t ev5 "o ( ! le>n$ mollahs1 if 8 grave c\rtesy w\ld h p]mitt$ him to say any?+ (f5sive to m5 ( ano!r mode ( belief1 w\ld h told u t he wond]$ we did n f9d x v unpleasant to disbelieve 9 ! ,prophet ( ,islam4 ,f :at prec$es1 ,i ?9k x becomes suffici5tly cle> t ,dr4 ,wace's acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ! "n ( ,agno/ic is q wrong4 ,inde$1 ,i am b\nd to add t v slight ef=t to discov] ! tru? w\ld h conv9c$ him t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! t]m arose o!rwise4 ,i am loa? to g ov] an old /ory once m2 b m ?an "o object :i* ,i h 9 view w be s]v$ by tell+ x a little m fully ?an x has yet be5 told4 ,look+ back ne>ly fifty ye>s1 ,i see myself z a boy1 ^: education _h be5 int]rupt$1 & :o1 intellectually1 0 left1 = "s ye>s1 altoge!r to 8 own devices4 ,at t "t1 ,i 0 a voraci\s #cec & omnivor\s read]2 a dream] & speculator ( ! fir/ wat]1 well end[$ ) t spl5did c\rage 9 attack+ any & e subject1 :i* is ! bless$ comp5sation ( y\? & inexp]i5ce4 ,among ! books & essays1 on all sorts ( topics f metaphysics to h]aldry1 :i* ,i read at ?is "t1 two left indelible impressions on my m9d4 ,"o 0 ,guizot's ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation1 ! o!r 0 ,sir ,william ,hamilton's essay ,on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,uncondition$1 :i* ,i came ^u1 by *ance1 9 an odd volume ( ! ,ed9burgh ,review4 ,! latt] 0 c]ta9ly /range read+ = a boy1 & ,i c\ld n possibly h und]/ood a great deal ( x2#hi nev]!less1 ,i dev\r$ x ) avidity1 & x /amp$ ^u my m9d ! /rong conviction t1 on ev5 ! mo/ solemn & important ( que/ions1 m5 are apt to take cunn+ phrases = answ]s2 & t ! limitation ( our faculties1 9 a great numb] ( cases1 r5d]s real answ]s to su* que/ions1 n m]ely actually impossible1 b !oretically inconceivable4 ,philosophy & hi/ory hav+ laid hold ( me 9 ?is ecc5tric fa%ion1 h nev] loos5$ _! grip4 ,i h no pret5sion to be an exp]t 9 ei!r subject2 b ! turn = philosophical & hi/orical read+1 :i* r5d]$ ,hamilton & ,guizot attractive to me1 has n only fill$ _m #ced lawful leisure h\rs1 & /ill m sleepless ones1 ) ! repose ( *ang$ m5tal occupation1 b has n unfrequ5tly disput$ my prop] "w-"t ) my liege lady1 ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,9 ?is way1 ,i h f\nd x possible to cov] a good deal ( gr\nd 9 ! t]ritory ( philosophy2 & all ! m easily t ,i h nev] c>$ mu* ab\t ,a's or ,b's op9ions1 b h r s\ght to "k :at answ] he _h to give to ! que/ions ,i _h to put to him--t ( ! limitation ( possible k be+ ! *ief4 ,! ord9>y exam9]1 ) 8 ,/ate ! views ( ,s-&-s1 w\ld h floor$ me at any "t4 ,if he _h said :at d y ?9k ab\t any giv5 problem1 ,i might h got on fairly well4 ,! read] :o has _h ! pati5ce to foll[ ! en=c$1 b unwill+1 egotism ( ?is v]itable hi/ory 7especially if 8 /udies h l$ him 9 ! same direction71 w n[ see :y my m9d /eadily gravitat$ t[>ds ! conclusions ( ,hume & ,kant1 s well /at$ by ! latt] 9 a s5t5ce1 :i* ,i h quot$ else:]e4 ,! greate/ & p]haps ! sole use ( all philosophy ( pure reason is1 aft] all1 m]ely negative1 s9ce x s]ves n z an organon = ! enl>gem5t ( k1 b z a discipl9e = its delimitation2 &1 in/ead ( discov]+ tru?1 has only ! mode/ m]it ( prev5t+ error4#ij ,:5 ,i rea*$ intellectual maturity & began to ask myself :e!r ,i 0 an a!i/1 a !i/1 or #cee a pan!i/2 a mat]iali/ or an ideali/2 a ,*ri/ian or a free?9k]2 ,i f\nd t ! m ,i le>n$ & reflect$1 ! less ready 0 ! answ]2 until1 at la/1 ,i came to ! conclusion t ,i _h nei!r art nor "p ) any ( ^! d5om9ations1 except ! la/4 ,! "o ?+ 9 :i* mo/ ( ^! good p 7 agre$ 0 ! "o ?+ 9 :i* ,i diff]$ f !m4 ,!y 7 q sure !y _h atta9$ a c]ta9 gnosis1--_h1 m or less successfully1 solv$ ! problem ( exi/5ce2 :ile ,i 0 q sure ,i _h n1 & _h a pretty /rong conviction t ! problem 0 insoluble4 ,&1 ) ,hume & ,kant on my side1 ,i c\ld n ?9k myself presumptu\s 9 hold+ fa/ by t op9ion4 ,l ,dante1 ,nel mezzo del camm9 di no/ra vita ,mi ritrovai p] una selva oscura1 b1 unlike ,dante1 ,i _c add1 ,*e la diritta via era sm>rita4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i _h1 & h1 ! firme/ conviction t ,i nev] left ! v]ace via--! /raight road2 & t ?is road l$ n[h]e else b into ! d>k dep?s ( a wild & tangl$ =e/4 ,& ?\gh ,i h f\nd leop>ds & lions 9 ! pa?2 ?\gh ,i h made abundant acqua9tance ) ! hungry wolf1 t ) privy paw dev\rs apace & no?+ said1 z ano!r great poet says ( ! rav5+ bea/2 & ?\gh no fri5dly spectre has ev5 yet (f]$ 8 guidance1 ,i 01 & am1 m9d$ to g /raight on1 until ,i ei!r come out on ! #cef o!r side ( ! wood1 or f9d !re is no o!r side to x1 at lea/1 none atta9able by me4 ,?is 0 my situation :5 ,i _h ! good =tune to f9d a place among ! memb]s ( t rem>kable confrat]nity ( antagoni/s1 long s9ce deceas$1 b ( gre5 & pi\s memory1 ! ,metaphysical ,society4 ,e v>iety ( philosophical & !ological op9ion 0 repres5t$ !re1 & express$ itself ) entire op5ness2 mo/ ( my colleagues 7 -i/s ( "o sort or ano!r2 &1 h[ev] k9d & fri5dly !y might be1 ,i1 ! man )\t a rag ( a label to cov] himself )1 c\ld n fail to h "s ( ! uneasy feel+s :i* mu/ h beset ! hi/orical fox :51 aft] leav+ ! trap 9 :i* 8 tail rema9$1 he pres5t$ himself to 8 normally elongat$ companions4 ,s ,i took ?\ght1 & inv5t$ :at ,i conceiv$ to be ! appropriate title ( agno/ic4 ,x came into my head z sugge/ively anti!tic to ! gno/ic ( ,*ur* hi/ory1 :o pr(ess$ to "k s mu* ab\t ! v ?+s ( :i* ,i 0 ignorant2 & ,i took ! e>lie/ opportunity ( p>ad+ x at our ,society1 to %[ t ,i1 too1 _h a tail1 l ! o!r foxes4 ,to my great satisfaction1 ! t]m took2 & :5 ! ,spectator _h /ood godfa!r to x1 any suspicion 9 ! m9ds ( respectable p1 t a k ( its p>5tage might h awak5$1 01 ( c\rse1 completely lull$4 ,t is ! hi/ory ( ! orig9 ( ! t]ms agno/ic & agno/icism2 & x w be obs]v$ t x does n q agree ) ! #ceg confid5t ass]tion ( ! rev]5d ,pr9cipal ( ,k+'s ,college1 t ! adoption ( ! t]m agno/ic is only an attempt to %ift ! issue1 & t x involves a m]e evasion 9 relation to ! ,*ur* & ,*ri/ianity4#ia ,! la/ objection 7,i rejoice1 z mu* z my read]s mu/ d1 t x is ! la/7 :i* ,i h to take to ,dr4 ,wace's deliv]ance be=e ! ,*ur* ,congress arises1 ,i am sorry to say1 on a "q ( morality4 ,x is1 & x ought to be1 au?oritatively decl>es ?is (ficial repres5tative ( ,*ri/ian e?ics1 an unpleasant ?+ = a man to h to say pla9ly t he does n believe 9 ,jesus ,*ri/ 7l4 c4 p4 #bed74 ,:e!r x is s dep5ds1 ,i imag9e1 a good deal on :e!r ! man 0 br\ght up 9 a ,*ri/ian h\sehold or n4 ,i d n see :y x %\ld be unpleasant = a ,mahomm$an or ,buddhi/ to say s4 ,b t x ought to be unpleasant = any man to say any?+ :i* he s9c]ely1 & aft] due delib]ation1 believes1 is1 to my m9d1 a proposition ( ! mo/ pr(\ndly immoral "*4 ,i v]ily believe t ! great good :i* has be5 effect$ 9 ! _w by ,*ri/ianity has be5 l>gely c\nt]act$ by ! pe/il5t doctr9e on :i* all ! ,*ur*es h insi/$1 t hone/ disbelief 9 _! m or less a/oni%+ cre$s is a moral (f5ce1 inde$ a s9 ( ! deepe/ dye1 des]v+ #ceh & involv+ ! same future retribution z murd] & robb]y4 ,if we c\ld only see1 9 "o view1 ! torr5ts ( hypocrisy & cruelty1 ! lies1 ! slaught]1 ! violations ( e obligation ( humanity1 :i* h fl[$ f ?is s\rce along ! c\rse ( ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian nations1 our wor/ imag9ations ( ,hell w\ld pale beside ! vision4 ,a ?\s& times1 no6 ,x ought n to be unpleasant to say t :i* "o hone/ly believes or disbelieves4 ,t x s con/antly is pa9ful to d s1 is q en\gh ob/acle to ! progress ( mank9d 9 t mo/ valuable ( all qualities1 hone/y ( ^w or ( de$1 )\t erect+ a sad concomitant ( human weakness into some?+ to be admir$ & *]i%$4 ,! brave/ ( soldi]s (t51 & v naturally1 feel x unpleasant to g into action2 b a c\rt-m>tial :i* did its duty w\ld make %ort "w ( ! (fic] :o promulgat$ ! doctr9e t 8 m5 ought to feel _! duty unpleasant4 ,i am v well aw>e1 z ,i suppose mo/ ?\ghtful p are 9 ^! times1 t ! process ( break+ away f old beliefs is extremely unpleasant2 & ,i am mu* dispos$ to ?9k t ! enc\ragem5t1 ! consolation1 & ! peace af=d$ to e>ne/ believ]s 9 ev5 ! wor/ =ms ( ,*ri/ianity are ( great practical advantage to !m4 ,:at d$uctions mu/ be made f ?is ga9 on ! score ( ! h>m done to ! citiz5 by ! ascetic o!rworldl9ess ( logical ,*ri/ianity2 to ! rul]1 by #cei ! hatr$1 malice1 & all un*>itabl5ess ( sect>ian bigotry2 to ! legislator1 by ! _s ( exclusiv5ess & dom9ation ( ^? t c\nt !mselves pill>s ( or?odoxy2 to ! philosoph]1 by ! re/ra9ts on ! fre$om ( le>n+ & tea*+ :i* e ,*ur* ex]cises1 :5 x is /rong en\gh2 to ! consci5ti\s s\l1 by ! introspective hunt+ aft] s9s ( ! m9t & cumm9 type1 ! fe> ( !ological error1 & ! ov]p[]+ t]ror ( possible damnation1 :i* h accompani$ ! ,*ur*es l _! %ad[1 ,i ne$ n n[ consid]2 b !y are assur$ly n small4 ,if agno/ics lose heavily on ! "o side1 !y ga9 a good deal on ! o!r4 ,p :o talk ab\t ! com=ts ( belief appe> to =get its discom=ts2 !y ignore ! fact t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,*ur*es is some?+ m ?an fai? 9 ! ideal p]sonality ( ,jesus1 :i* !y create = !mselves1 plus s mu* z c be c>ri$ into practice1 )\t disorganis+ civil society1 ( ! maxims ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt4 ,trip 9 morals or 9 doctr9e 7especially 9 doctr9e71 )\t due rep5tance or retractation1 or fail to get prop]ly baptiz$ be=e y die1 & a plebiscite ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ,europe1 if !y 7 true to _! cre$s1 w\ld affirm y\r ev]la/+ damnation by an imm5se majority4 ,prea*]s1 or?odox & het]odox1 d9 into our e>s t ! _w _c get on )\t fai? ( "s sort4 ,!re is a s5se 9 :i* t is z em95tly z obvi\sly true2 !re is ano!r1 9 #cfj :i*1 9 my judgm5t1 x is z em95tly z obvi\sly false1 & x seems to me t ! hortatory1 or pulpit1 m9d is apt to oscillate betwe5 ! false & ! true mean+s1 )\t be+ aw>e ( ! fact4 ,x is q true t ! gr\nd ( e "o ( our actions1 & ! validity ( all our reason+s1 re/ ^u ! great act ( fai?1 :i* leads u to take ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ z a safe guide 9 our deal+s ) ! pres5t & ! future4 ,f ! nature ( ratioc9ation x is obvi\s t ! axioms on :i* x is bas$ _c be demon/rat$ by ratioc9ation4 ,x is also a trite obs]vation t1 9 ! bus9ess ( life1 we con/antly take ! mo/ s]i\s action ^u evid5ce ( an utt]ly insuffici5t "*4 ,b x is surely pla9 t fai? is n necess>ily entitl$ to disp5se ) ratioc9ation because ratioc9ation _c disp5se ) fai? z a />t+-po9t2 & t because we are (t5 oblig$1 by ! pressure ( ev5ts1 to act on v bad evid5ce1 x does n foll[ t x is prop] to act on su* evid5ce :5 ! pressure is abs5t4 ,! writ] ( ! epi/le to ! ,hebrews tells u t fai? is ! assurance ( ?+s hop$ =1 ! prov+ ( ?+s n se54 ,9 ! au?oris$ v]sion sub/ance /&s = assurance1 & evid5ce = prov+4 ,! "q ( ! exact mean+ ( ! two words1 ,greek3 hupo/asis & ,greek3 el5*os1 af=ds a f9e field ( discussion = ! s*ol> & ! metaphysician4 ,b ,i fancy we %all be n f> f ! m>k if we take ! writ] to h _h 9 8 m9d ! pr(\nd psy*ological #cfa tru? t m5 con/antly feel c]ta9 ab\t ?+s = :i* !y /rongly hope1 b h no evid5ce1 9 ! legal or logical s5se ( ! ^w2 & he calls ?is feel+ fai?4 ,i may h ! mo/ absolute fai? t a fri5d has n committ$ ! crime ( :i* he is accus$4 ,9 ! e>ly days ( ,engli% hi/ory1 if my fri5d c\ld h obta9$ a few m compurgators ( a l robu/ fai?1 he w\ld h be5 acquitt$4 ,at ! pres5t day1 if ,i t5d]$ myself z a witness on t score1 ! judge w\ld tell me to /& d[n1 & ! y\nge/ b>ri/] w\ld smile at my simplicity4 ,mis]able inde$ is ! man :o has n su* fai? 9 "s ( 8 fell[-m5--only less mis]able ?an ! man :o all[s himself to =get t su* fai? is n1 /rictly speak+1 evid5ce2 & :5 8 fai? is disappo9t$1 z w happ5 n[ & aga91 turns ,timon & blames ! univ]se = 8 own blund]s4 ,& s1 if a man c f9d a fri5d1 ! hypo/asis ( all 8 hopes1 ! mirror ( 8 e?ical ideal1 9 ! ,jesus ( any1 or all1 ( ! ,gospels1 let him live by fai? 9 t ideal4 ,:o %all or c =bid him8 ,b let him n delude himself ) ! notion t 8 fai? is evid5ce ( ! objective reality ( t 9 :i* he tru/s4 ,su* evid5ce is to be obta9$ only by ! use ( ! me?ods ( sci5ce1 z appli$ to hi/ory & to lit]ature1 & x am\nts at pres5t to v little4 ,x appe>s t ,mr4 ,glad/one "s "t ago ask$ ,mr4 ,la+ if he c\ld draw up a %ort summ>y #cfb ( ! negative cre$2 a body ( negative propositions1 :i* h s f> be5 adopt$ on ! negative side z to be :at ! ,apo/les' & o!r accept$ cre$s are on ! positive2 & ,mr4 ,la+ at once k9dly oblig$ ,mr4 ,glad/one ) ! desir$ articles--eight ( !m4 ,if any "o _h pref]r$ ?is reque/ to me ,i %\ld h repli$ t1 if he ref]r$ to agno/ics1 !y h no cre$2 &1 by ! nature ( ! case1 _c h any4 ,agno/icism1 9 fact1 is n a cre$1 b a me?od1 ! ess5ce ( :i* lies 9 ! rigor\s application ( a s+le pr9ciple4 ,t pr9ciple is ( great antiquity2 x is z old z ,socrates2 z old z ! writ] :o said1 ,try all ?+s1 hold fa/ by t :i* is good2 x is ! f\ndation ( ! ,re=mation1 :i* simply illu/rat$ ! axiom t e man %\ld be able to give a reason = ! fai? t is 9 him2 x is ! great pr9ciple ( ,desc>tes2 x is ! fundam5tal axiom ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,positively ! pr9ciple may be express$3 ,9 matt]s ( ! intellect foll[ y\r reason z f> z x w take y )\t reg>d to any o!r consid]ation4 ,& negatively3 ,9 matt]s ( ! intellect d n pret5d t conclusions are c]ta9 :i* are n demon/rat$ or demon/rable4 ,t ,i take to be ! agno/ic fai?1 :i* if a man keep :ole & undefil$1 he %all n be a%am$ to look ! univ]se 9 ! face1 :atev] ! future may h 9 /ore = him4 ,! results ( ! work+ out ( ! agno/ic pr9ciple w v>y accord+ to individual k #cfc & capacity1 & accord+ to ! g5]al condition ( sci5ce4 ,t :i* is unprov5 to-day may be prov5 by ! help ( new discov]ies to-morr[4 ,! only negative fix$ po9ts w be ^? negations :i* fl[ f ! demon/rable limitation ( our faculties4 ,& ! only obligation accept$ is to h ! m9d always op5 to conviction4 ,agno/ics :o nev] fail 9 c>ry+ out _! pr9ciples are1 ,i am afraid1 z r>e z o!r p ( :om ! same consi/5cy c be tru?fully pr$icat$4 ,b1 if y 7 to meet ) su* a pho5ix & to tell him t y _h discov]$ t two & two make five1 he w\ld pati5tly ask y to /ate y\r reasons = t conviction1 & express 8 read9ess to agree ) y if he f\nd !m satisfactory4 ,! apo/olic injunction to suff] fools gladly %\ld be ! rule ( life ( a true agno/ic4 ,i am deeply consci\s h[ f> ,i myself fall %ort ( ?is ideal1 b x is my p]sonal conception ( :at agno/ics ought to be4 ,h[ev]1 z ,i began by /at+1 ,i speak only = myself2 & ,i d n dream ( ana!matiz+ & excommunicat+ ,mr4 ,la+4 ,b1 :5 ,i consid] 8 cre$ & comp>e x ) ! ,a?anasian1 ,i ?9k ,i h on ! :ole a cle>] conception ( ! mean+ ( ! latt]4 ,pol>ity1 9 ,article ,,viii41 = example1 is a ^w ab\t :i* ,i he>d a good deal 9 my y\?1 :5 ,naturphilosophie 0 9 fa%ion1 & greatly did ,i suff] f x4 ,= _m ye>s pa/1 :5ev] ,i h met ) pol>ity any:]e b 9 a discussion ( "s purely physical topic1 su* z magnetism1 ,i h %ut ! book4 ,mr4 #cfd ,la+ mu/ excuse me if ! =ce ( habit 0 too mu* = me :5 ,i read 8 eigh? article4 ,& n[1 :at is to be said to ,mr4 ,h>rison's rem>kable deliv]ance ,on ! future ( agno/icism8#ib ,i w\ld t x 7 n my bus9ess to say any?+1 = ,i am afraid t ,i c say no?+ :i* %all manife/ my great p]sonal respect = ?is able writ]1 & = ! zeal & en]gy ) :i* he ev] & anon galvanises ! weakly frame ( ,positivism until x looks m ?an ev] l ,john ,bunyan's ,pope & ,pagan roll$ into "o4 ,!re is a /ory (t5 repeat$1 & ,i am afraid none ! less my?ical on t acc\nt1 ( a valiant & l\d-voic$ corporal 9 comm& ( two full privates :o1 fall+ 9 ) a regim5t ( ! enemy 9 ! d>k1 ord]s x to surr5d] "u pa9 ( in/ant annihilation by 8 =ce2 & ! enemy surr5d]s accord+ly4 ,i am always rem9d$ ( ?is tale :5 ,i read ! positivi/ comm&s to ! =ces ( ,*ri/ianity & ( ,sci5ce2 only ! enemy %[ no m signs ( int5d+ to obey n[ ?an !y h done any "t ^! =ty ye>s4 ,! allocution "u consid]ation has ! papal flav\r :i* is wont to hang ab\t ! utt]ances ( ! pontiffs ( ! ,*ur* ( ,comte4 ,mr4 ,h>rison speaks ) au?ority & n z "o ( ! common scribes ( ! p]iod4 ,he kn[s n only :at agno/icism is & h[ x has come ab\t1 b :at w become ( x4 ,! agno/ic is to cont5t #cfe himself ) be+ ! precursor ( ! positivi/4 ,9 8 place1 z a sort ( navvy levell+ ! gr\nd & cleans+ x ( su* poor /uff z ,*ri/ianity1 he is a useful creature :o des]ves patt+ on ! back1 on condition t he does n v5ture beyond 8 la/4 ,b let n ^! sci5tific ,sanballats presume t !y are good en\gh to take "p 9 ! build+ ( ! ,temple--!y are m]e ,sam>itans1 doom$ to die out 9 proportion z ! ,religion ( ,humanity is accept$ by mank9d4 ,well1 if t is _! fate1 !y h "t to be *e]ful4 ,b let u he> ,mr4 ,h>rison's pron\ncem5t ( _! doom4 ,agno/icism is a /age 9 ! evolution ( religion1 an entirely negative /age1 ! po9t rea*$ by physici/s1 a purely m5tal conclusion1 ) no relation to ?+s social at all 7p4 #aed74 ,i am q daz$ by ?is decl>ation4 ,are !re1 !n1 any conclusions t are n purely m5tal8 ,is !re no relation to ?+s social 9 m5tal conclusions :i* affect m5's :ole conception ( life8 ,0 t pr9ce ( agno/ics1 ,david ,hume1 p>ticul>ly imbu$ ) physical sci5ce8 ,suppos+ physical sci5ce to be non-exi/5t1 w\ld n ! agno/ic pr9ciple1 appli$ by ! philologi/ & ! hi/orian1 lead to exactly ! same results8 ,is ! mod]n m or less complete susp5sion ( judgm5t z to ! facts ( ! hi/ory ( regal ,rome1 or ! real orig9 ( ! ,hom]ic poems1 any?+ b agno/icism 9 hi/ory & 9 lit]ature8 ,& if s1 h[ c agno/icism be ! m]e negation ( ! physici/8 #cff ,agno/icism is a /age 9 ! evolution ( religion4 ,no two p agree z to :at is meant by ! t]m religion2 b if x means1 z ,i ?9k x ought to mean1 simply ! rev]5ce & love = ! e?ical ideal1 & ! desire to realise t ideal 9 life1 :i* e man ought to feel--!n ,i say agno/icism has no m to d ) x ?an x has to d ) music or pa9t+4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,h>rison1 l mo/ p1 means by religion !ology1 !n 9 my judgm5t agno/icism c be said to be a /age 9 its evolution1 only z dea? may be said to be ! f9al /age 9 ! evolution ( life4 ,:5 agno/ic logic is simply "o ( ! canons ( ?\ght1 agno/icism1 z a di/9ctive fai?1 w h spontane\sly disappe>$ 7p4 #aee74 ,i c b m>vel t su* s5t5ces z ?is1 & ^? already quot$1 %\ld h proce$$ f ,mr4 ,h>rison's p54 ,does he really mean to sugge/ t agno/ics h a logic peculi> to !mselves8 ,w he k9dly help me out ( my bewild]m5t :5 ,i try to ?9k ( logic be+ any?+ else ?an ! canon 7:i*1 ,i believe1 means rule7 ( ?\ght8 ,z to agno/icism be+ a di/9ctive fai?1 ,i h already %[n t x _c possibly be any?+ ( ! k9d1 unless p]fect fai? 9 logic is di/9ctive ( agno/ics2 :i*1 aft] all1 x may be4 ,agno/icism z a religi\s philosophy p] se re/s on an almo/ total ignor+ ( hi/ory & social evolution 7p4 #aeb74 ,b nei!r p] se nor p] aliud has agno/icism 7if ,i "k any?+ ab\t x7 ! lea/ pret5sion to be a religi\s philosophy2 s f> f re/+ on #cfg ignorance ( hi/ory1 & t social evolution ( :i* hi/ory is ! acc\nt1 x is & has be5 ! inevitable result ( ! /rict adh]5ce to sci5tific me?ods by hi/orical inve/igators4 ,our =efa!rs 7 q confid5t ab\t ! exi/5ce ( ,romulus & ,remus1 ( ,k+ ,ar?ur1 & ( ,h5gi/ & ,horsa4 ,mo/ ( u h become agno/ics 9 reg>d to ! reality ( ^! wor?ies4 ,x is a matt] ( notoriety ( :i* ,mr4 ,h>rison1 :o accuses u all s freely ( ignor+ hi/ory1 %\ld n be ignorant1 t ! critical process :i* has %att]$ ! f\ndations ( or?odox ,*ri/ian doctr9e owes its orig91 n to ! devotees ( physical sci5ce1 b1 be=e all1 to ,ri*>d ,simon1 ! le>n$ ,fr5* ,oratorian1 j two hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,i _c f9d evid5ce t ei!r ,simon1 or any "o ( ! great s*ol>s & critics ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies :o h cont9u$ ,simon's "w1 _h any p>ticul> acqua9tance ) physical sci5ce4 ,i h already po9t$ out t ,hume 0 indep5d5t ( x4 ,& c]ta9ly "o ( ! mo/ pot5t influ5ces 9 ! same direction1 ^u hi/ory 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 t ( ,grote1 did n come f ! physical side4 ,physical sci5ce1 9 fact1 has _h no?+ directly to d ) ! criticism ( ! ,gospels2 x is :olly incompet5t to furni% demon/rative evid5ce t any /atem5t made 9 ^! hi/ories is untrue4 ,inde$1 mod]n physiology c f9d p>allels 9 nature = ev5ts ( app>5tly ! mo/ em95tly sup]natural k9d rec\nt$ 9 "s ( ^? hi/ories4 #cfh ,x is a com=t to he>1 ^u ,mr4 ,h>rison's au?ority1 t ! laws ( physical nature %[ no signs ( becom+ less def9ite1 less consi/5t1 or less popul> z "t goes on 7p4 #aed74 ,h[ a law ( nature is to become indef9ite1 or inconsi/5t1 passes my poor p[]s ( imag9ation4 ,b ) univ]sal suffrage & ! coa*-dog !ory ( premi]%ip 9 full view2 ! !ory1 ,i mean1 t ! :ole duty ( a political *ief is to look %>p = ! way ! social coa* is driv+1 & !n run 9 front & b>k l\d--z if be+ ! lead+ noise-mak] & guid+ 7 ! same ?+s--x is truly satisfactory to me to "k t ! laws ( nature are increas+ 9 popul>ity4 ,look+ at rec5t developm5ts ( ! policy :i* is said to express ! great he>t ( ! p1 ,i h _h my d\bts ( ! fact2 & my love = my fell[-c\ntrym5 has l$ me to reflect ) dread on :at w happ5 to !m if any ( ! laws ( nature ev] become s unpopul> 9 _! eyes z to be vot$ d[n by ! transc5d5t au?ority ( univ]sal suffrage4 ,if ! legion ( demons1 be=e !y set out on _! j\rney 9 ! sw9e1 _h _h "t to hold a meet+ & to resolve unanim\sly ,t ! law ( gravitation is oppressive & ought to be repeal$1 ,i am afraid x w\ld h made no sort ( diff]5ce to ! result1 :5 _! two ?\s& unwill+ port]s 7 once laun*$ d[n ! /eep slopes ( ! fatal %ore ( ,g5nes>et4 ,! "q ( ! place ( religion z an elem5t ( human nature1 z a =ce ( human society1 its orig91 analysis1 & #cfi functions1 has nev] be5 consid]$ at all f an agno/ic po9t ( view 7p4 #aeb74 ,i d\bt n t ,mr4 ,h>rison kn[s va/ly m ab\t hi/ory ?an ,i d2 9 fact1 he tells ! public t "s ( my fri5ds & ,i h _h no opportunity ( occupy+ ourselves ) t subject4 ,i d n l to contradict any /atem5t :i* ,mr4 ,h>rison makes on 8 own au?ority2 only1 if ,i may be true to my agno/ic pr9ciples1 ,i humbly ask h[ he has obta9$ assurance on ?is head4 ,i d n pr(ess to "k any?+ ab\t ! range ( ,mr4 ,h>rison's /udies2 b z he has ?\ght x fitt+ to />t ! subject1 ,i may v5ture to po9t out t1 on evid5ce adduc$1 x might be equally p]missible to draw ! conclusion t ,mr4 ,h>rison's absorb+ lab\rs z ! pontifex maximus ( ! positivi/ religion h n all[$ him to acquire t acqua9tance ) ! me?ods & results ( physical sci5ce1 or ) ! hi/ory ( philosophy1 or ( philological & hi/orical criticism1 :i* is ess5tial to any "o :o desires to obta9 a "r und]/&+ ( agno/icism4 ,incompet5ce 9 philosophy1 & 9 all bran*es ( sci5ce except ma!matics1 is ! well-kn[n m5tal *>act]i/ic ( ! f\nd] ( positivism4 ,fai?fulness 9 disciples is an admirable quality 9 itself2 ! pity is t x n unfrequ5tly leads to ! imitation ( ! weaknesses z well z ( ! /r5g? ( ! ma/]4 ,x is only su* ov]fai?fulness :i* c acc\nt = a /rong m9d really saturat$ ) ! hi/orical s5se 7p4 #aec7 exhibit+ ! extraord9>y =getfulness ( ! #cgj hi/orical fact ( ! exi/5ce ( ,david ,hume impli$ by ! ass]tion t x w\ld be difficult to "n a s+le kn[n agno/ic :o has giv5 to hi/ory any?+ l ! am\nt ( ?\ght & /udy :i* he br+s to a k ( ! physical _w 7p4 #aec74 ,:oso calls to m9d :at ,i may v5ture to t]m ! bright side ( ,*ri/ianity--t ideal ( manhood1 ) its /r5g? & its pati5ce1 its ju/ice & its pity = human frailty1 its helpfulness to ! extremity ( self-sacrifice1 its e?ical purity & nobility1 :i* apo/les h pictur$1 9 :i* armies ( m>tyrs h plac$ _! un%akable fai?1 & :5ce obscure m5 & wom51 l ,ca!r9e ( ,si5na & ,john ,knox1 h d]iv$ ! c\rage to rebuke popes & k+s--is n likely to und]rate ! importance ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? z a factor 9 human hi/ory1 or to d\bt t if t fai? %\ld prove to be incompatible ) our k1 or necess>y want ( k1 "s o!r hypo/asis ( m5's hopes1 g5u9e en\gh & wor?y en\gh to replace x1 w arise4 ,b t ! incongru\s mixture ( bad sci5ce ) evisc]at$ papi/ry1 out ( :i* ,comte manufactur$ ! positivi/ religion1 w be ! heir ( ! ,*ri/ian ages1 ,i h too mu* respect = ! humanity ( ! future to believe4 ,*>les ! ,second told 8 bro!r1 ,!y w n kill me1 ,james1 to make y k+4 ,& if critical sci5ce is remorselessly de/roy+ ! hi/orical f\ndations ( ! noble/ ideal ( humanity :i* mank9d h yet #cga wor%ipp$1 x is little likely to p]mit ! pitiful reality to climb into ! vacant %r9e4 ,t a man %\ld det]m9e to devote himself to ! s]vice ( humanity--includ+ intellectual & moral self-culture "u t "n2 t ?is %\ld be1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 8 religion--is n only an intelligible1 b1 ,i ?9k1 a laudable resolution4 ,& ,i am greatly dispos$ to believe t x is ! only religion :i* w prove itself to be unassailably acceptable s long z ! human race endures4 ,b :5 ! positivi/ asks me to wor%ip ,humanity--t is to say1 to adore ! g5]alis$ conception ( m5 z !y ev] h be5 & probably ev] w be--,i mu/ reply t ,i c\ld j z soon b[ d[n & wor%ip ! g5]alis$ conception ( a wild]ness ( apes4 ,surely we are n go+ back to ! days ( ,paganism1 :5 individual m5 7 deifi$1 & ! h>d good s5se ( a dy+ ,vespasian c\ld prompt ! bitt] je/1 ,ut puto ,deus fio4 ,no div9ity do? h$ge a mod]n man1 be he ev5 a sov]eign rul]4 ,nor is !re any "o1 except a municipal magi/rate1 :o is (ficially decl>$ wor%ipful4 ,b if !re is no sp>k ( wor%ip-wor?y div9ity 9 ! individual twigs ( humanity1 :5ce comes t godlike spl5d\r :i* ! ,moses ( ,positivism fondly imag9es to p]vade ! :ole bu%4 ,i "k no /udy :i* is s unutt]ably sadd5+ z t ( ! evolution ( humanity1 z x is set =? 9 ! annals ( hi/ory4 ,out ( ! d>kness ( prehi/oric ages man em]ges ) ! m>ks ( #cgb 8 l[ly orig9 /rong ^u him4 ,he is a brute1 only m intellig5t ?an ! o!r brutes1 a bl9d prey to impulses1 :i* z (t5 z n lead him to de/ruction2 a victim to endless illusions1 :i* make 8 m5tal exi/5ce a t]ror & a burd51 & fill 8 physical life ) b>r5 toil & battle4 ,he atta9s a c]ta9 degree ( physical com=t1 & develops a m or less workable !ory ( life1 9 su* fav\rable situations z ! pla9s ( ,mesopotamia or ( ,egypt1 & !n1 = ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s1 /ruggles1 ) v>y+ =tunes1 att5d$ by inf9ite wick$ness1 blood%$1 & mis]y1 to ma9ta9 himself at ?is po9t aga9/ ! gre$ & ! ambition ( 8 fell[-m54 ,he makes a po9t ( kill+ & o!rwise p]secut+ all ^? :o fir/ try to get him to move on2 & :5 he has mov$ on a /ep1 fooli%ly conf]s po/-mortem deification on 8 victims4 ,he exactly repeats ! process ) all :o want to move a /ep yet f>!r4 ,& ! be/ m5 ( ! be/ epo*s are simply ^? :o make ! fewe/ blund]s & commit ! fewe/ s9s4 ,t "o %\ld rejoice 9 ! good man1 =give ! bad man1 & pity & help all m5 to ! be/ ( "o's ability1 is surely indisputable4 ,x is ! glory ( ,judaism & ( ,*ri/ianity to h proclaim$ ?is tru?1 ?r\gh all _! ab]rations4 ,b ! wor%ip ( a ,god :o ne$s =giv5ess & help1 & des]ves pity e h\r ( 8 exi/5ce1 is no bett] ?an t ( any o!r volunt>ily select$ feti%4 ,! ,emp]or ,julian's project 0 hopeful 9 #cgc comp>ison ) ! prospects ( ! new ,an?ropolatry4 ,:5 ! hi/orian ( religion 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury is writ+ ab\t ! n9ete5?1 ,i =esee he w say some?+ ( ?is k9d3 ,! mo/ curi\s & in/ructive ev5ts 9 ! religi\s hi/ory ( ! prec$+ c5tury are ! rise & progress ( two new sects call$ ,mormons & ,positivi/s4 ,to ! /ud5t :o has c>efully consid]$ ^! rem>kable ph5om5a no?+ 9 ! records ( religi\s self-delusion c appe> improbable4 ,! ,mormons arose 9 ! mid/ ( ! great ,republic1 :i*1 ?\gh comp>atively insignificant1 at t "t1 9 t]ritory z 9 ! numb] ( its citiz5s1 0 7z we "k f ! fragm5ts ( ! spee*es ( its orators :i* h come d[n to u7 no less rem>kable = ! native intellig5ce ( its population ?an = ! wide ext5t ( _! in=mation1 ow+ to ! activity ( _! publi%]s 9 diffus+ all t !y c\ld inv5t1 beg1 borr[1 or /eal4 ,nor 7 !y less not$ = _! p]fect fre$om f all re/ra9ts 9 ?\ght1 or spee*1 or de$2 except1 to be sure1 ! b5efic5t & wise influ5ce ( ! majority1 ex]t$1 9 case ( ne$1 ?r\gh an in/itution kn[n z t>r+ & fea!r+1 ! exact nature ( :i* is n[ disput$4 ,!re is a complete cons5sus ( te/imony t ! f\nd] ( ,mormonism1 "o ,joseph ,smi?1 0 a l[-m9d$1 ignorant scamp1 & t he /ole ! #cgd ,scriptures :i* he prop\nd$2 n be+ clev] en\gh to =ge ev5 su* contemptible /uff z !y conta94 ,nev]!less he mu/ h be5 a man ( "s =ce ( "*1 = a consid]able numb] ( disciples soon ga!r$ ab\t him4 ,9 spite ( repeat$ outbur/s ( popul> hatr$ & viol5ce--dur+ "o ( :i* p]secutions ,smi? 0 brutally murd]$--! ,mormon body /eadily increas$1 & became a fl\ri%+ community4 ,b ! ,mormon practices be+ objectionable to ! majority1 !y 71 m ?an once1 )\t any pret5ce ( law1 b by =ce ( riot1 arson1 & murd]1 driv5 away f ! l& !y _h occupi$4 ,h>ri$ by ^! p]secutions1 ! ,mormon body ev5tually committ$ itself to ! t5d] m]cies ( a des]t z b>r5 z t ( ,s9ai2 & aft] t]rible suff]+s & privations1 rea*$ ! ,oasis ( ,utah4 ,"h x grew & fl\ri%$1 s5d+ out mission>ies to1 & receiv+ conv]ts f1 all p>ts ( ,europe1 sometimes to ! numb] ( #aj1jjj 9 a ye>2 until 9 #ahhj ! ri* & fl\ri%+ community numb]$ #aaj1jjj s\ls 9 ,utah alone1 :ile !re 7 probably #cj1jjj or #dj1jjj scatt]$ abroad else:]e4 ,9 ! :ole hi/ory ( religions !re is no m rem>kable example ( ! p[] ( fai?2 &1 9 ?is case1 ! f\nd] ( t fai? 0 indubitably a mo/ despicable creature4 ,x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! c\rse tak5 by ! great ,republic & its citiz5s runs exactly p>allel ) t tak5 by ! ,roman ,empire & its citiz5s t[>ds ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 except t ! ,romans _h a c]ta9 legal excuse = #cge _! acts ( viol5ce1 inasmu* z ! ,*ri/ian sodalitia 7 n lic5s$1 & consequ5tly 71 ipso facto1 illegal assemblages4 ,until1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates legislature decre$ ! illegality ( polygamy1 ! ,mormons 7 :olly )9 ! law4 ,no?+ c pres5t a great] contra/ to all ?is ?an ! hi/ory ( ! ,positivi/s4 ,?is sect arose mu* ab\t ! same "t z t ( ! ,mormons1 9 ! upp] & mo/ in/ruct$ /ratum ( ! quick-witt$1 sceptical population ( ,p>is4 ,! f\nd]1 ,augu/e ,comte1 0 a tea*] ( ma!matics1 b ( no em95ce 9 t dep>tm5t ( k1 & ) no?+ b an amateur's acqua9tance ) physical1 *emical1 & biological sci5ce4 ,8 works are repulsive on acc\nt ( ! dull diffus5ess ( _! /yle1 & a c]ta9 air1 z ( a sup]ior p]son1 :i* *>act]ises !m2 b nev]!less !y conta9 good ?+s "h & !re4 ,x w\ld take too mu* space to reproduce 9 detail a sy/em :i* proposes to regulate all human life by ! promulgation ( a ,g5tile ,leviticus4 ,suffice x to say1 t ,m4 ,comte may be describ$ z a syncretic1 :o1 l ! ,gno/ics ( e>ly ,*ur* hi/ory1 attempt$ to comb9e ! sub/ance ( imp]fectly compreh5d$ contempor>y sci5ce ) ! =m ( ,roman ,*ri/ianity4 ,x may be t ?is is ! reason :y 8 disciples 7 s v angry ) "s obscure p call$ ,agno/ics1 ^: views1 if we may judge by ! acc\nt left 9 ! works ( a great ,positivi/ controv]sial writ]1 7 v absurd4 #cgf ,to put ! matt] briefly1 ,m4 ,comte1 f9d+ ,*ri/ianity & ,sci5ce at dagg]s drawn1 seems to h said to ,sci5ce1 ,y f9d ,*ri/ianity rott5 at ! core1 d y8 ,well1 ,i w scoop out ! inside ( x4 ,& to ,romanism3 ,y f9d ,sci5ce m]e dry light--cold & b>e4 ,well1 ,i w put y\r %ell ov] x1 & s1 z s*oolboys make a spectre out ( a turnip & a tall[ c&le1 behold ! new religion ( ,humanity complete6 ,un=tunately nei!r ! ,romani/s nor ! p :o 7 some?+ m ?an amateurs 9 sci5ce1 c\ld be got to wor%ip ,m4 ,comte's new idol prop]ly4 ,9 ! native c\ntry ( ,positivism1 "o di/+ui%$ man ( lett]s & "o ( sci5ce1 = a "t1 help$ to make up a roomful ( ! fai?ful1 b _! love soon grew cold4 ,9 ,engl&1 on ! o!r h&1 !re appe>s to be little d\bt t1 9 ! n9? decade ( ! c5tury1 ! multitude ( disciples rea*$ ! gr& total ( sev]al score4 ,!y _h ! advantage ( ! advocacy ( "o or two mo/ eloqu5t & le>n$ apo/les1 &1 at any rate1 ! sympa?y ( sev]al p]sons ( light & lead+--&1 if !y 7 n se51 !y 7 he>d all ov] ! _w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z a sect1 !y lab\r$ "u ! prodigi\s disadvantage ( be+ ref9$1 e/imable p1 liv+ 9 ! mid/ ( ! worn-out civilisation ( ! old _w2 :]e any "o :o _h tri$ to p]secute !m1 z ! ,mormons 7 p]secut$1 w\ld h be5 in/antly hang$4 ,b ! majority nev] dream$ ( p]secut+ !m2 on ! contr>y1 !y 7 r #cgg giv5 to scold & o!rwise try ! pati5ce ( ! majority4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! sects 9 ! clos+ ye>s ( ! c5tury is highly in/ructive4 ,mormonism 444 ,b ,i f9d ,i h sudd5ly slipp$ (f ,mr4 ,h>rison's tripod1 :i* ,i _h borr[$ = ! occasion4 ,! fact is1 ,i am n equal to ! prophetical bus9ess1 & ought n to h und]tak5 x4 99 99 99 99 99 #cgh ,x ,,! ,,value ,,( ,,witness ,,to ,,! ,,miracul\s ,*>les1 or1 m prop]ly1 ,k>l1 ,k+ ( ! ,franks1 consecrat$ ,roman ,emp]or 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s on ,*ri/mas ,day1 ,a4,d4 #hjj1 & kn[n to po/]ity z ! ,great 7*iefly by 8 agglut9ative ,gallicis$ d5om9ation ( ,*>lemagne71 0 a man great 9 all ways1 physically & m5tally4 ,)9 a c\ple ( c5turies aft] 8 dea? ,*>lemagne became ! c5tre ( innum]able leg5ds2 & ! my?-mak+ process does n seem to h be5 s5sibly int]f]$ ) by ! exi/5ce ( sob] & tru?ful hi/ories ( ! ,emp]or & ( ! times :i* imm$iately prec$$ & foll[$ 8 reign1 by a contempor>y writ] :o occupi$ a high & confid5tial position 9 8 c\rt1 & 9 t ( 8 successor4 ,?is 0 "o ,eg9h>d1 or ,e9h>d1 :o appe>s to h be5 born ab\t ,a4,d4 #ggj1 & sp5t 8 y\? at ! c\rt1 be+ educat$ along ) ,*>les's sons4 ,!re is excell5t contempor>y te/imony n only to ,eg9h>d's exi/5ce1 b to 8 abilities1 & to ! place :i* he occupi$ 9 ! circle ( ! intimate fri5ds ( ! great rul] ^: life he subsequ5tly wrote4 #cgi ,9 fact1 !re is z good evid5ce ( ,eg9h>d's exi/5ce1 ( 8 (ficial position1 & ( 8 be+ ! au?or ( ! *ief works attribut$ to him1 z c reasonably be expect$ 9 ! case ( a man :o liv$ m ?an a ?\s& ye>s ago1 & 0 nei!r a great k+ nor a great w>rior4 ,! works are--#a4 ,! ,life ( ! ,emp]or ,k>l4 #b4 ,! ,annals ( ! ,franks4 #c4 ,lett]s4 #d4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,translation ( ! ,bless$ ,m>tyrs ( ,*ri/1 ,,ss4 ,m>cell9us & ,petrus4 ,x is to ! la/1 z "o ( ! mo/ s+ul> & int]e/+ records ( ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,roman _w pass$ into t ( ! ,middle ,ages1 t ,i wi% to direct att5tion4#ic ,x 0 writt5 9 ! n9? c5tury1 some:]e1 app>5tly1 ab\t ! ye> #hcj1 :5 ,eg9h>d1 ail+ 9 heal? & we>y ( political life1 _h )drawn to ! mona/]y ( ,selig5/adt1 ( :i* he 0 ! f\nd]4 ,a manuscript copy ( ! "w1 made 9 ! t5? c5tury1 & once ! prop]ty ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,bavon on ! ,s*eldt1 ( :i* ,eg9h>d 0 ,abbot1 is /ill extant1 & !re is no reason to believe t1 9 ?is copy1 ! orig9al has be5 9 any way int]polat$ or o!rwise tamp]$ )4 ,! ma9 features ( ! /range /ory conta9$ 9 ! ,hi/oria ,translationis are set =? 9 ! foll[+ pages1 9 :i*1 9 reg>d to all matt]s ( importance1 ,i %all adh]e z closely z possible to ,eg9h>d's own words4 #chj ,:ile ,i 0 /ill at ,c\rt1 busi$ ) secul> affairs1 ,i (t5 ?\ght ( ! leisure :i* ,i hop$ "o day to enjoy 9 a solit>y place1 f> away f ! cr[d1 ) :i* ! lib]ality ( ,pr9ce ,l\is1 :om ,i !n s]v$1 _h provid$ me4 ,?is place is situat$ 9 t "p ( ,g]many :i* lies betwe5 ! ,neck> & ! ,ma9e1#id & is n[adays call$ ! ,od5wald by ^? :o live 9 & ab\t x4 ,& "h hav+ built1 accord+ to my capacity & res\rces1 n only h\ses & p]man5t dwell+s1 b also a basilica fitt$ = ! p]=mance ( div9e s]vice & ( no mean /yle ( con/ruction1 ,i began to ?9k to :at sa9t or m>tyr ,i c\ld be/ d$icate x4 ,a good deal ( "t _h pass$ :ile my ?\ghts fluctuat$ ab\t ?is matt]1 :5 x happ5$ t a c]ta9 deacon ( ! ,roman ,*ur*1 nam$ ,deusdona1 arriv$ at ! ,c\rt = ! purpose ( seek+ ! fav\r ( ! ,k+ 9 "s affairs 9 :i* he 0 int]e/$4 ,he rema9$ "s "t2 & !n1 hav+ transact$ 8 bus9ess1 he 0 ab\t to return to ,rome1 :5 "o day1 mov$ by c\rtesy to a /rang]1 we invit$ him to a mode/ refection2 & :ile talk+ ( _m ?+s at table1 m5tion 0 made ( ! translation ( ! body ( ! bless$ ,seba/ian1#ie & ( ! neglect$ tombs ( ! m>tyrs1 ( :i* !re is su* a prodigi\s numb] at ,rome2 & ! conv]sation hav+ turn$ t[>ds ! d$ication ( our new basilica1 ,i began to inquire h[ x might be possible = me to obta9 "s ( ! true relics ( ! sa9ts :i* re/ at ,rome4 ,he at fir/ hesitat$1 & decl>$ t he did n "k h[ t c\ld be done4 ,b obs]v+ t ,i 0 bo? anxi\s & curi\s ab\t ! subject1 he promis$ to give me an answ] "s o!r day4 ,:5 ,i return$ to ! "q "s "t aft]w>ds1 he imm$iately drew f 8 bosom a pap]1 :i* he begg$ me to read :5 ,i 0 alone1 & to tell him :at ,i 0 dispos$ to ?9k ( t :i* 0 !re9 /at$4 ,i took ! pap] &1 z he desir$1 read x alone & 9 secret4 7,cap4 i4 #b1 #c47 #cha ,i %all h occasion to return to ,deacon ,deusdona's conditions1 & to :at happ5$ aft] ,eg9h>d's acceptance ( !m4 ,suffice x1 = ! pres5t1 to say t ,eg9h>d's not>y1 ,ratleicus 7,ratleig71 0 despat*$ to ,rome & succe$$ 9 secur+ two bodies1 suppos$ to be ^? ( ! holy m>tyrs ,m>cell9us & ,petrus2 & :5 he _h got z f> on 8 homew>d j\rney z ! ,burgundian t[n ( ,solo?urn1 or ,soleure1#if not>y ,ratleig despat*$ to 8 ma/]1 at ,/4 ,bavon1 a lett] ann\nc+ ! success ( 8 mission4 ,z soon z by read+ x ,i 0 assur$ ( ! arrival ( ! sa9ts1 ,i despat*$ a confid5tial mess5g] to ,mae/ri*t to ga!r toge!r prie/s1 o!r cl]ics1 & also laym51 to g out to meet ! com+ sa9ts z spe$ily z possible4 ,& he & 8 companions1 hav+ lo/ no "t1 aft] a few days met ^? :o _h *>ge ( ! sa9ts at ,solo?urn4 ,jo9$ ) !m1 & ) a va/ cr[d ( p :o ga!r$ f all p>ts1 s++ hymns1 & amid/ great & univ]sal rejoic+s1 !y travell$ quickly to ! city ( ,arg5toratum1 :i* is n[ call$ ,/rasburg4 ,!nce emb>k+ on ! ,rh9e1 !y came to ! place call$ ,portus1#ig & l&+ on ! ea/ bank ( ! riv]1 at ! fif? /ation !nce !y arriv$ at ,mi*il9/adt1#ih accompani$ by an imm5se multitude1 prais+ ,god4 ,?is place is 9 t =e/ ( ,g]many :i* 9 mod]n times is call$ ! ,od5wald1 & ab\t six leagues f ! ,ma9e4 ,& "h1 hav+ f\nd a basilica rec5tly built by me1 b n yet consecrat$1 !y c>ri$ ! sacr$ rema9s into x & deposit$ !m !re91 z if x 7 to be _! f9al re/+-place4 ,z soon z all ?is 0 report$ to me ,i travell$ ?i!r z quickly z ,i c\ld4 7,cap4 ii4 #ad47 #chb ,?ree days aft] ,eg9h>d's arrival began ! s]ies ( wond]ful ev5ts :i* he n>rates1 & = :i* we h 8 p]sonal gu>antee4 ,! fir/ ?+ t he notices is ! dream ( a s]vant ( ,ratleig1 ! not>y1 :o1 be+ set to wat* ! holy relics 9 ! *ur* aft] vesp]s1 w5t to sleep1 & dur+ 8 slumb]s _h a vision ( two pigeons1 "o :ite & "o gray & :ite1 :i* came & sat ^u ! bi] ov] ! relics2 :ile1 at ! same "t1 a voice ord]$ ! man to tell 8 ma/] t ! holy m>tyrs _h *os5 ano!r re/+-place & desir$ to be transport$ ?i!r )\t delay4 ,un=tunately1 ! sa9ts seem to h =gott5 to m5tion :]e !y wi%$ to g2 &1 ) ! mo/ anxi\s desire to gratify _! smalle/ wi%es1 ,eg9h>d 0 naturally greatly p]plex$ :at to d4 ,:ile 9 ?is /ate ( m9d1 he 0 "o day contemplat+ 8 great & wond]ful treasure1 m preci\s ?an all ! gold 9 ! _w1 :5 x /ruck him t ! *e/ 9 :i* ! relics 7 conta9$ 0 q unwor?y ( its cont5ts2 & aft] vesp]s he gave ord]s to "o ( ! sacri/ans to take ! measure ( ! *e/ 9 ord] t a m fitt+ %r9e might be con/ruct$4 ,! man1 hav+ light$ a wax c&le & rais$ ! pall :i* cov]$ ! relics1 9 ord] to c>ry out 8 ma/]'s ord]s1 0 a/oni%$ & t]rifi$ to obs]ve t ! *e/ 0 cov]$ ) a blood-l exudation 7loculum mirum 9 modum humore sangu9eo undique di/illantem71 & at once s5t a message to ,eg9h>d4 #chc ,!n ,i & ^? prie/s :o accompani$ me beheld ?is /up5d\s miracle1 wor?y ( all admiration4 ,= j z :5 x is go+ to ra91 pill>s & slabs & m>ble images exude moi/ure1 &1 z x 7 sweat1 s ! *e/ :i* conta9$ ! mo/ sacr$ relics 0 f\nd moi/ ) ! blood exud+ on all sides4 7,cap4 ii4 #af47 ,?ree days' fa/ 0 orda9$ 9 ord] t ! mean+ ( ! port5t might be asc]ta9$4 ,all t happ5$1 h[ev]1 0 t at ! end ( t "t ! blood1 :i* _h be5 exud+ 9 drops all ! :ile1 dri$ up4 ,eg9h>d is c>eful to say t ! liquid _h a sal9e ta/e1 some?+ l t ( te>s1 & 0 ?9 z wat]1 ?\gh ( ! col\r ( true blood1 & he cle>ly ?9ks ?is satisfactory evid5ce t x 0 blood4 ,! same night ano!r s]vant _h a vision1 9 :i* /ill m imp]ative ord]s = ! removal ( ! relics 7 giv52 &1 f t "t =?1 n a s+le night pass$ )\t "o1 two1 or ev5 ?ree ( our companions receiv+ revelations 9 dreams t ! bodies ( ! sa9ts 7 to be transf]r$ f t place to ano!r4 ,at la/ a prie/1 ,hildfrid1 saw1 9 a dream1 a v5]able :ite-hair$ man 9 a prie/'s ve/m5ts1 :o bitt]ly reproa*$ ,eg9h>d = n obey+ ! repeat$ ord]s ( ! sa9ts1 & ^u ?is ! j\rney 0 comm5c$4 ,:y ,eg9h>d delay$ ob$i5ce to ^! repeat$ visions s long does n appe>4 ,he does n say s 9 s _m words1 b ! g5]al t5or ( ! n>rative leads "o to suppose t ,mul9heim 7aft]w>ds ,selig5/adt7 is ! solit>y place 9 :i* he _h built ! *ur* :i* await$ d$ication4 #chd ,9 t case1 all ! p ab\t him w\ld "k t he desir$ t ! sa9ts %\ld g !re4 ,if a glimm]+ ( secul> s5se l$ him to be a little suspici\s ab\t ! real cause ( ! unanimity ( ! vision>y be+s :o manife/$ !mselves to 8 ent\rage 9 fav\r ( mov+ on1 he does n say s4 ,at ! end ( ! fir/ day's j\rney ! preci\s relics 7 deposit$ 9 ! *ur* ( ,/4 ,m>t91 9 ! village ( ,o/heim4 ,hi!r a p>alytic nun 7sanctimonialis qua$am p>alytica7 ( ! "n ( ,ruodlang 0 br\ght 9 a c> by h] fri5ds & relatives f a mona/]y a league (f4 ,%e sp5t ! night wat*+ & pray+ by ! bi] ( ! sa9ts2 & heal? return+ to all h] memb]s1 on ! morr[ %e w5t back to h] place :5ce %e came1 on h] feet1 nobody support+ h]1 or 9 any way giv+ h] assi/ance4 7,cap4 ii4 #ai47 ,on ! second day1 ! relics 7 c>ri$ to ,upp] ,mul9heim1 & f9ally1 9 accordance ) ! ord]s ( ! m>tyrs1 deposit$ 9 ! *ur* ( t place1 :i* 0 !re=e r5am$ ,selig5/adt4 ,"h1 ,daniel1 a begg> boy ( fifte51 & s b5t t he c\ld n look at ! sky )\t ly+ on 8 back1 collaps$ & fell d[n dur+ ! celebration ( ! ,mass4 ,?us he lay a long "t1 z if asleep1 & all 8 limbs /raight5+ & 8 fle% /r5g!n+ 7recepta firmitate n]vorum71 he arose be=e our eyes1 q well4 7,cap4 ii4 #bj47 ,"s "t aft]w>ds an old man ent]$ ! *ur* on 8 h&s & knees1 be+ unable to use 8 limbs prop]ly3-- #che ,he1 9 pres5ce ( all ( u1 by ! p[] ( ,god & ! m]its ( ! bless$ m>tyrs1 9 ! same h\r 9 :i* he ent]$ 0 s p]fectly cur$ t he walk$ )\t s mu* z a /ick4 ,& he said t1 ?\gh he _h be5 deaf = five ye>s1 8 deafness _h ceas$ along ) ! palsy4 7,cap4 iii4 #cc47 ,eg9h>d 0 n[ oblig$ to return to ! ,c\rt at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 :]e 8 duties kept him ?r\gh ! w9t]2 & he is c>eful to po9t out t ! lat] miracles :i* he proce$s to speak ( are kn[n to him only at second h&4 ,b1 z he naturally obs]ves1 hav+ se5 su* wond]ful ev5ts ) 8 own eyes1 :y %\ld he d\bt simil> n>rations :5 !y are receiv$ f tru/wor?y s\rces8 ,wond]ful /ories ^! are inde$1 b z !y are1 = ! mo/ "p1 ( ! same g5]al "* z ^? already rec\nt$1 !y may be pass$ ov]4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an acc\nt ( a possess$ maid5 :i* is wor? att5tion4 ,?is is set =? 9 a memoir1 ! pr9cipal cont5ts ( :i* are ! spee*es ( a demon :o decl>$ himself to possess ! s+ul> appellation ( ,wiggo1 & reveal$ himself 9 ! pres5ce ( _m witnesses1 be=e ! alt>1 close to ! relics ( ! bless$ m>tyrs4 ,x is notewor?y t ! revelations appe> to h be5 made 9 ! %ape ( replies to ! que/ions ( ! exorcis+ prie/1 & !re is no means ( judg+ h[ f> ! answ]s are1 really1 only ! que/ions to :i* ! pati5t repli$ yes or no4 ,! possess$ girl1 ab\t sixte5 ye>s ( age1 0 br\ght by h] p>5ts to ! basilica ( ! m>tyrs4 #chf ,:5 %e approa*$ ! tomb conta9+ ! sacr$ bodies1 ! prie/1 accord+ to cu/om1 read ! =mula ( exorcism ov] h] head4 ,:5 he began to ask h[ & :5 ! demon _h ent]$ h]1 %e answ]$1 n 9 ! tongue ( ! b>b>ians1 :i* alone ! girl knew1 b 9 ! ,roman tongue4 ,& :5 ! prie/ 0 a/oni%$ & ask$ h[ %e came to "k ,lat91 :5 h] p>5ts1 :o /ood by1 7 :olly ignorant ( x1 ,?\ ha/ nev] se5 my p>5ts1 0 ! reply4 ,to ?is ! prie/1 ,:5ce art ?\1 !n1 if ^! are n ?y p>5ts8 ,& ! demon1 by ! m\? ( ! girl1 ,i am a foll[] & disciple ( ,satan1 & = a long "t ,i 0 gatekeep] 7janitor7 9 hell2 b1 = "s ye>s1 along ) elev5 companions1 ,i h ravag$ ! k+dom ( ! ,franks4 7,cap4 v4 #di47 ,he !n goes on to tell h[ !y bla/$ ! crops & scatt]$ pe/il5ce among bea/s & m51 because ( ! preval5t wick$ness ( ! p4#ii ,! enum]ation ( all ^! iniquities1 9 oratorical /yle1 takes up a :ole octavo page2 & at ! end x is /at$1 ,all ^! ?+s ! demon spoke 9 ,lat9 by ! m\? ( ! girl4 ,& :5 ! prie/ imp]atively ord]$ him to come out1 ,i %all g1 said he1 n 9 ob$i5ce to y1 b on acc\nt ( ! p[] ( ! sa9ts1 :o d n all[ me to rema9 any long]4 ,&1 hav+ said ?is1 he ?rew ! girl d[n on ! floor & !re compell$ h] to lie pro/rate = a "t1 z ?\gh %e slumb]$4 ,aft] a little :ile1 h[ev]1 he go+ away1 ! girl1 by ! p[] ( ,*ri/ & ! m]its ( ! bless$ m>tyrs1 z x 7 awak+ f sleep1 rose up q well1 to ! a/oni%m5t ( all pres5t2 nor aft] ! demon _h gone out 0 %e able to speak ,lat93 s t x 0 pla9 en\gh t x 0 n %e :o _h spok5 9 t tongue1 b ! demon by h] m\?4 7,cap4 v4 #ea47 #chg ,if ! ,hi/oria ,translationis conta9$ no?+ m ?an has be51 at pres5t1 laid be=e ! read]1 disbelief 9 ! miracles ( :i* x gives s precise & full a record might well be reg>d$ z hyp]-scepticism4 ,x might fairly be said1 ,"h y h a man1 ^: high "*1 acute intellig5ce1 & l>ge in/ruction are c]tifi$ by em95t contempor>ies2 a man :o /ood high 9 ! confid5ce ( "o ( ! greate/ rul]s ( any age1 & ^: o!r works prove him to be an accurate & judici\s n>rator ( ord9>y ev5ts4 ,?is man tells y1 9 language :i* be>s ! /amp ( s9c]ity1 ( ?+s :i* happ5$ )9 8 own k1 or )9 t ( p]sons 9 ^: v]acity he has entire confid5ce1 :ile he appeals to 8 sov]eign & ! c\rt z witnesses ( o!rs2 :at possible gr\nd c !re be = disbeliev+ him8 ,well1 x is h>d ^u ,eg9h>d to say s1 b x is exactly ! hone/y & s9c]ity ( ! man :i* are 8 undo+ z a witness to ! miracul\s4 ,he himself makes x q obvi\s t :5 8 pr(\nd piety comes on ! /age1 8 good s5se & ev5 8 p]ception ( "r & wrong make _! exit4 ,let u g back to ! po9t at :i* we left him1 secretly p]us+ ! lett] ( ,deacon ,deusdona4 ,z he tells u1 its cont5ts 7 t he ! deacon _h _m relics ( sa9ts at home1 & t he w\ld give !m to me if ,i w\ld furni% him ) ! means ( return+ to ,rome2 he _h obs]v$ t ,i _h two mules1 & if ,i w\ld let him h "o ( !m & w\ld despat* ) him a confid5tial s]vant to take *>ge ( ! #chh relics1 he w\ld at once s5d !m to me4 ,?is plausibly express$ proposition pleas$ me1 & ,i made up my m9d to te/ ! value ( ! some:at ambigu\s promise at once2#ajj s giv+ him ! mule & money = 8 j\rney ,i ord]$ my not>y ,ratleig 7:o already desir$ to g to ,rome to (f] 8 devotions !re7 to g ) him4 ,!re=e1 hav+ left ,aix-la-,*apelle 7:]e ! ,emp]or & 8 ,c\rt resid$ at ! "t7 !y came to ,soissons4 ,"h !y spoke ) ,hildo91 abbot ( ! mona/]y ( ,/4 ,m$>dus1 because ! said deacon _h assur$ him t he _h ! means ( plac+ 9 8 possession ! body ( ! bless$ ,tiburtius ! ,m>tyr4 ,attract$ by :i* promises he 7,hildo97 s5t ) !m a c]ta9 prie/1 ,hunus by "n1 a %>p man 7hom9em callidum71 :om he ord]$ to receive & br+ back ! body ( ! m>tyr 9 "q4 ,& s1 resum+ _! j\rney1 !y proce$$ to ,rome z fa/ z !y c\ld4 7,cap4 i4 #c47 ,un=tunately1 a s]vant ( ! not>y1 "o ,reg9bald1 fell ill ( a t]tian fev]1 & imp$$ ! progress ( ! p>ty4 ,h[ev]1 ?is piece ( adv]sity _h its sweet uses2 = ?ree days be=e !y rea*$ ,rome1 ,reg9bald _h a vision4 ,somebody habit$ z a deacon appe>$ to him & ask$ :y 8 ma/] 0 9 su* a hurry to get to ,rome2 & :5 ,reg9bald expla9$ _! bus9ess1 ?is vision>y deacon1 :o seems to h tak5 ! measure ( 8 bro!r 9 ! fle% ) "s accuracy1 told him n by any means to expect t ,deusdona w\ld fulfil 8 promises4 ,moreov]1 tak+ ! s]vant by ! h&1 he l$ him to ! top ( a high m\nta9 &1 %[+ him ,rome 7:]e ! man _h nev] be571 po9t$ #chi out a *ur*1 add+ ,tell ,ratleig ! ?+ he wants is hidd5 !re2 let him get x z quickly z he c & g back to 8 ma/]2 &1 by way ( a sign t ! ord] 0 au?oritative1 ! s]vant 0 promis$ t f t "t =? 8 fev] %\ld disappe>4 ,& z ! fev] did vani% to return no m1 ! fai? ( ,eg9h>d's p 9 ,deacon ,deusdona naturally vani%$ ) x 7et fidem diaconi promissis non hab]5t74 ,nev]!less1 !y put up at ! deacon's h\se ne> ,/4 ,pet] ad ,v9cula4 ,b "t w5t on & no relics made _! appe>ance1 :ile ! not>y & ! prie/ 7 put (f ) all sorts ( excuses--! bro!r to :om ! relics _h be5 confid$ 0 gone to ,b5ev5tum & n expect$ back = "s "t1 & s on--until ,ratleig & ,hunus began to despair1 & 7 m9d$ to return1 infecto negotio4 ,b my not>y1 call+ to m9d 8 s]vant's dream1 propos$ to 8 companion t !y %\ld g to ! cemet]y :i* _! ho/ _h talk$ ab\t )\t him4 ,s1 hav+ f\nd & hir$ a guide1 !y w5t 9 ! fir/ place to ! basilica ( ! bless$ ,tiburtius 9 ! ,via ,labicana1 ab\t ?ree ?\s& paces f ! t[n1 & cauti\sly & c>efully inspect$ ! tomb ( t m>tyr1 9 ord] to discov] :e!r x c\ld be op5$ )\t any "o be+ ! wis]4 ,!n !y desc5d$ into ! adjo9+ crypt1 9 :i* ! bodies ( ! bless$ m>tyrs ( ,*ri/1 ,m>cell9us & ,petrus 7 buri$2 &1 hav+ made out ! nature ( _! tomb1 !y w5t away ?9k+ _! ho/ w\ld n "k :at !y _h be5 ab\t4 ,b ?+s fell out diff]5tly f :at !y _h imag9$4 7,cap4 i4 #g47 ,9 fact1 ,deacon ,deusdona1 :o d\btless kept an eye on 8 gue/s1 knew all ab\t _! manoeuvres & made ha/e to (f] 8 s]vices1 9 ord] t #cij ) ! help ( ,god 7si ,deus votis eorum fav]e dign>etur71 !y %\ld all "w toge!r4 ,! deacon 0 evid5tly al>m$ le/ !y %\ld succe$ )\t 8 help4 ,s1 by way ( prep>ation = ! contemplat$ vol avec effraction !y fa/$ ?ree days2 & !n1 at night1 )\t be+ se51 !y betook !mselves to ! basilica ( ,/4 ,tiburtius1 & tri$ to break op5 ! alt> erect$ ov] 8 rema9s4 ,b ! m>ble prov+ too solid1 !y desc5d$ to ! crypt1 & hav+ evok$ our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ & ador$ ! holy m>tyrs1 !y proce$$ to prise (f ! /one :i* cov]$ ! tomb1 & !reby expos$ ! body ( ! mo/ sacr$ m>tyr ,m>cell9us1 ^: head re/$ on a m>ble tablet on :i* 8 "n 0 inscrib$4 ,! body 0 tak5 up ) ! greate/ v5]ation1 wrapp$ 9 a ri* cov]+1 & giv5 ov] to ! keep+ ( ! deacon & 8 bro!r1 ,lunison1 :ile ! /one 0 replac$ ) su* c>e t no sign ( ! !ft rema9$4 ,z sacrilegi\s proce$+s ( ?is k9d 7 puni%able ) dea? by ! ,roman law1 x seems n unnatural t ,deacon ,deusdona %\ld h become uneasy1 & h urg$ ,ratleig to be satisfi$ ) :at he _h got & be (f ) 8 spoils4 ,b ! not>y hav+ ?us clev]ly captur$ ! bless$ ,m>cell9us1 ?\ght x a pity he %\ld be p>t$ f ! bless$ ,petrus1 side by side ) :om he _h re/$ = five hundr$ ye>s & m 9 ! same sepul*re 7z ,eg9h>d pa!tically #cia obs]ves72 & ! pi\s man c\ld nei!r eat1 dr9k1 nor sleep1 until he _h compass$ 8 desire to re-unite ! sa9tly colleagues4 ,?is "t1 app>5tly 9 consequ5ce ( ,deusdona's opposition to any fur!r resurrectioni/ do+s1 he took c\nsel ) a ,greek monk1 "o ,basil1 &1 accompani$ by ,hunus1 b say+ no?+ to ,deusdona1 !y committ$ ano!r sacrilegi\s burgl>y1 secur+ ?is "t1 n only ! body ( ! bless$ ,petrus1 b a quantity ( du/1 :i* !y agre$ ! prie/ %\ld take1 & tell 8 employ] t x 0 ! rema9s ( ! bless$ ,tiburtius4 ,h[ ,deusdona 0 squ>$1 & :at he got = 8 n v valuable complicity 9 ^! transactions1 does n appe>4 ,b at la/ ! relics 7 s5t (f 9 *>ge ( ,lunison1 ! bro!r ( ,deusdona1 & ! prie/ ,hunus1 z f> z ,pavia1 :ile ,ratleig /opp$ beh9d = a week to see if ! robb]y 0 discov]$1 &1 presumably1 to act z a bl9d if any hue & cry 0 rais$4 ,b1 z ev]y?+ rema9$ quiet1 ! not>y betook himself to ,pavia1 :]e he f\nd ,lunison & ,hunus await+ 8 arrival4 ,! not>y's op9ion ( ! "* ( 8 wor?y colleagues1 h[ev]1 may be ga!r$ f ! fact t1 hav+ p]suad$ !m to set out 9 advance along a road :i* he told !m he 0 ab\t to take1 he imm$iately adopt$ ano!r r\te1 &1 travell+ by way ( ,/4 ,maurice & ! ,lake ( ,g5eva1 ev5tually rea*$ ,soleure4 ,eg9h>d tells all ?is /ory ) ! mo/ naive air ( unconsci\sness t !re is any?+ rem>kable ab\t an abbot1 & a high (fic] ( /ate to #cib boot1 be+ an accessory1 bo? be=e & aft] ! fact1 to a mo/ gross & sc&al\s act ( sacrilegi\s & burgl>i\s robb]y4 ,& an amus+ sequel to ! /ory proves t1 :]e relics 7 conc]n$1 8 fri5d ,hildo91 ano!r high ecclesia/ical dignit>y1 0 ev5 less scrupul\s ?an himself4 ,on go+ to ! palace e>ly "o morn+1 aft] ! sa9ts 7 safely be/[$ at ,selig5/adt1 he f\nd ,hildo9 wait+ = an audi5ce 9 ! ,emp]or's ante*amb]1 & began to talk to him ab\t ! miracle ( ! bloody exudation4 ,9 ! c\rse ( conv]sation1 ,eg9h>d happ5$ to allude to ! rem>kable f95ess ( ! g>m5t ( ! bless$ ,m>cell9us4 ,:]eupon ,abbot ,hildo9 obs]v$ 7to ,eg9h>d's /upefaction7 t 8 obs]vation 0 q correct4 ,mu* a/oni%$ at ?is rem>k f a p]son :o 0 suppos$ n to h se5 ! relics1 ,eg9h>d ask$ him h[ he knew t8 ,^u ?is1 ,hildo9 saw t he _h bett] make a clean brea/ ( x1 & he told ! foll[+ /ory1 :i* he _h receiv$ f 8 prie/ly ag5t1 ,hunus4 ,:ile ,hunus & ,lunison 7 at ,pavia1 wait+ = ,eg9h>d's not>y1 ,hunus 7accord+ to 8 own acc\nt7 _h robb$ ! robb]s4 ,! relics 7 plac$ 9 a *ur* & a numb] ( laym5 & cl]ics1 ( :om ,hunus 0 "o1 und]took to keep wat* ov] !m4 ,"o night1 h[ev]1 all ! wat*]s1 save ! wide-awake ,hunus1 w5t to sleep2 & !n1 accord+ to ! /ory :i* ?is %>p ecclesia/ic foi/$ ^u 8 patron1 #cic x 0 borne 9 ^u 8 m9d t !re mu/ be "s great reason :y all ! p1 except himself1 _h sudd5ly become somnol5t2 &1 det]m9+ to avail himself ( ! opportunity ?us (f]$ 7oblata occasione ut5dum71 he rose &1 hav+ light$ a c&le1 sil5tly approa*$ ! *e/s4 ,!n1 hav+ burnt ?r\gh ! ?reads ( ! seals ) ! flame ( ! c&le1 he quickly op5$ ! *e/s1 :i* _h no locks2#aja &1 tak+ out portions ( ea* ( ! bodies :i* 7 ?us expos$1 he clos$ ! *e/s & connect$ ! burnt ends ( ! ?reads ) ! seals aga91 s t !y appe>$ n to h be5 t\*$2 &1 no "o hav+ se5 him1 he return$ to 8 place4 7,cap4 iii4 #bc47 ,hildo9 w5t on to tell ,eg9h>d t ,hunus at fir/ decl>$ to him t ^! purlo9$ relics belong$ to ,/4 ,tiburtius2 b aft]w>ds confess$1 z a great secret1 h[ he _h come by !m1 & he w\nd up 8 disc\rse ?us3 ,!y h a place ( hon\r beside ,/4 ,m$>dus1 :]e !y are wor%ipp$ ) great v5]ation by all ! p2 b :e!r we may keep !m or n is = y\r judgm5t4 7,cap4 iii4 #bc47 ,poor ,eg9h>d 0 ?r[n into a /ate ( great p]turbation ( m9d by ?is revelation4 ,an acqua9tance ( 8 _h rec5tly told him ( a rum\r t 0 spread ab\t t ,hunus _h contriv$ to ab/ract all ! rema9s ( ,,ss4 ,m>cell9us & ,petrus :ile ,eg9h>d's ag5ts 7 9 a drunk5 sleep2 & t1 :ile ! real relics 7 9 ,abbot ,hildo9's h&s at ,/4 ,m$>dus1 ! %r9e at ,selig5/adt conta9$ no?+ b a little du/4 ,?\gh greatly annoy$ by ?is execrable rum\r1 spread #cid ev]y:]e by ! subtlety ( ! devil1 ,eg9h>d _h d\btless com=t$ himself by 8 suppos$ k ( its falsity1 & he only n[ discov]$ h[ consid]able a f\ndation !re 0 = ! sc&al4 ,!re 0 no?+ = x b to insi/ ^u ! return ( ! /ol5 treasures4 ,"o w\ld h ?\ght t ! holy man1 :o _h admitt$ himself to be kn[+ly a receiv] ( /ol5 goods1 w\ld h made in/ant re/itution & begg$ only = absolution4 ,b ,eg9h>d intimates t he _h v great difficulty 9 gett+ 8 bro!r abbot to see t ev5 re/itution 0 necess>y4 ,hildo9's proce$+s 7 n ( su* a nature z to lead any "o to place implicit confid5ce 9 any?+ he might say2 /ill less _h 8 ag5t1 prie/ ,hunus1 e/abli%$ mu* claim to confid5ce2 & x is n surpris+ t ,eg9h>d %\ld h lo/ no "t 9 summon+ 8 not>y & ,lunison to 8 pres5ce1 9 ord] t he might he> :at !y _h to say ab\t ! bus9ess4 ,!y1 h[ev]1 at once prote/$ t prie/ ,hunus's /ory 0 a p>cel ( lies1 & t aft] ! relics left ,rome no "o _h any opportunity ( m$dl+ ) !m4 ,moreov]1 ,lunison1 ?r[+ himself at ,eg9h>d's feet1 confess$ ) _m te>s :at actually took place4 ,x w be rememb]$ t aft] ! body ( ,/4 ,m>cell9us 0 ab/ract$ f its tomb1 ,ratleig deposit$ x 9 ! h\se ( ,deusdona1 9 *>ge ( ! latt]'s bro!r1 ,lunison4 ,b ,hunus1 be+ v mu* disappo9t$ t he c\ld n get hold ( ! body ( ,/4 ,tiburtius1 & afraid to g back to 8 #cie abbot empty-h&$1 brib$ ,lunison ) f\r pieces ( gold & five ( silv] to give him access to ! *e/4 ,?is ,lunison did1 & ,hunus help$ himself to z mu* z w\ld fill a gallon measure 7vas sext>ii m5suram7 ( ! sacr$ rema9s4 ,eg9h>d's indignation at ! rap9e ( ?is nequissimus nebulo is exquisitely droll4 ,x w\ld appe> t ! adage ab\t ! receiv] be+ z bad z ! ?ief 0 n curr5t 9 ! n9? c5tury4 ,let u n[ briefly sum up ! hi/ory ( ! acquisition ( ! relics4 ,eg9h>d makes a contract ) ,deusdona = ! deliv]y ( c]ta9 relics :i* ! latt] says he possesses4 ,eg9h>d makes no inquiry h[ he came by !m2 o!rwise1 ! transaction is innoc5t en\gh4 ,deusdona turns out to be a sw9dl]1 & has no relics4 ,!reupon ,eg9h>d's ag5t1 aft] due fa/+ & pray]1 breaks op5 ! tombs & helps himself4 ,eg9h>d discov]s by ! self-betrayal ( 8 bro!r abbot1 ,hildo91 t portions ( 8 relics h be5 /ol5 & convey$ to ! latt]4 ,) mu* ado he succe$s 9 gett+ !m back4 ,hildo9's ag5t1 ,hunus1 9 deliv]+ ^! /ol5 goods to him1 at fir/ decl>$ !y 7 ! relics ( ,/4 ,tiburtius1 :i* ,hildo9 desir$ him to obta92 b aft]w>ds inv5t$ a /ory ( _! be+ ! product ( a !ft1 :i* ! provid5tial dr[s9ess ( 8 companions enabl$ him to p]petrate1 f ! relics :i* ,hildo9 well knew 7 ! prop]ty ( 8 fri5d4 #cif ,lunison1 on ! contr>y1 swe>s t all ?is /ory is false1 & t he himself 0 brib$ by ,hunus to all[ him to /eal :at he pleas$ f ! prop]ty confid$ to 8 own & 8 bro!r's c>e by _! gue/ ,ratleig4 ,& ! hone/ not>y himself seems to h no hesitation ab\t ly+ & /eal+ to any ext5t1 :]e ! acquisition ( relics is ! object 9 view4 ,= a p>allel to ^! transactions "o mu/ read a police report ( ! do+s ( a long firm or ( a set ( horse-c\p]s2 yet ,eg9h>d seems to be aw>e ( no?+1 b t he has be5 r badly us$ by 8 fri5d ,hildo91 & ! nequissimus nebulo ,hunus4 ,x is n easy = a mod]n ,prote/ant1 /ill less = any "o :o has ! lea/ t9cture ( sci5tific culture1 :e!r physical or hi/orical1 to picture to himself ! /ate ( m9d ( a man ( ! n9? c5tury1 h[ev] cultivat$1 enlight5$1 & s9c]e he may h be54 ,8 deepe/ convictions1 8 mo/ *]i%$ hopes1 7 b\nd up ) ! belief 9 ! miracul\s4 ,life 0 a con/ant battle betwe5 sa9ts & demons = ! possession ( ! s\ls ( m54 ,! mo/ sup]/iti\s among our mod]n c\ntrym5 turn to sup]natural ag5cies only :5 natural causes seem insuffici5t2 to ,eg9h>d & 8 fri5ds ! sup]natural 0 ! rule1 & ! suffici5cy ( natural causes 0 all[$ only :5 !re 0 no?+ to sugge/ o!rs4 ,moreov]1 x mu/ be recollect$ t ! possession ( miracle-work+ relics 0 greatly covet$1 #cig n only on high1 b on v l[ gr\nds4 ,to a man l ,eg9h>d1 ! m]e satisfaction ( ! religi\s s5tim5t 0 obvi\sly a p[]ful attraction4 ,b1 m ?an ?is1 ! possession ( su* a treasure 0 an imm5se practical advantage4 ,if ! sa9ts 7 duly flatt]$ & wor%ipp$1 !re 0 no tell+ :at b5efits might result f _! int]position on y\r behalf4 ,= physical evils1 access to ! %r9e 0 l ! grant ( ! use ( a univ]sal pill & o9tm5t manufactory2 & pilgrimages !reto might suffice to cleanse ! p]=m]s f any am\nt ( s94 ,a lett] to ,lupus1 subsequ5tly ,abbot ( ,f]r>a1 writt5 :ile ,eg9h>d 0 sm>t+ "u ! grief caus$ by ! loss ( 8 mu*-lov$ wife ,imma1 af=ds a /rik+ insight into ! curr5t view ( ! relation betwe5 ! glorifi$ sa9ts & _! wor%ipp]s4 ,! writ] %[s t he is any?+ b satisfi$ ) ! way 9 :i* he has be5 treat$ by ! bless$ m>tyrs ^: rema9s he has tak5 su* pa9s to convey to ,selig5/adt1 & to hon\r !re z !y w\ld nev] h be5 hon\r$ 9 _! ,roman obscurity4 ,x is an aggravation ( my grief & a reop5+ ( my w\nd1 t our v[s h be5 ( no avail1 & t ! fai? :i* we plac$ 9 ! m]its & int]v5tion ( ! m>tyrs has be5 utt]ly disappo9t$4 ,we may admit1 !n1 )\t impea*m5t ( ,eg9h>d's s9c]ity1 or ( 8 hon\r "u all ord9>y circum/ances1 t :5 piety1 self-int]e/1 ! glory ( ! ,*ur* 9 g5]al1 & t ( ! *ur* at ,selig5/adt 9 p>ticul>1 all pull$ "o way1 #cih ev5 ! workaday pr9ciples ( morality 7 disreg>d$2 &1 a =tiori1 any?+ l prop] inve/igation ( ! reality ( alleg$ miracles 0 ?r[n to ! w9ds4 ,& if ?is 0 ! condition ( m9d ( su* a man z ,eg9h>d1 :at is x n legitimate to suppose may h be5 t ( ,deacon ,deusdona1 ,lunison1 ,hunus1 & ,company1 ?ieves & *eats by _! own confession1 or ( ! probably hy/]ical nun1 or ( ! pr(essional begg>s1 = ^: incapacity to walk & /raight5 !mselves !re is no gu>antee b _! own8 ,:o is to make sure t ! exorci/ ( ! demon ,wiggo 0 n j su* ano!r prie/ z ,hunus2 & is x n at lea/ possible1 :5 ,eg9h>d's s]vants dream$1 night aft] night1 9 su* a curi\sly co9cid5t fa%ion1 t a c>eful inquir] might h f\nd !y 7 v anxi\s to please _! ma/]8 ,q ap>t f delib]ate & consci\s fraud 7:i* is a r>] ?+ ?an is (t5 suppos$71 p1 ^: my?opoeic faculty is once /irr$1 are capable ( say+ ! ?+ t is n1 & ( act+ z !y %\ld n1 to an ext5t :i* is h>dly imag9able by p]sons :o are n s easily affect$ by ! contagion ( bl9d fai?4 ,!re is no falsity s gross t hone/ m5 &1 /ill m1 virtu\s wom51 anxi\s to promote a good cause1 w n l5d !mselves to x )\t any cle> consci\sness ( ! moral be>+s ( :at !y are do+4 ,! cases ( miracul\sly-effect$ cures ( :i* ,eg9h>d is ocul> witness appe> to belong to classes #cii ( disease 9 :i* mal+]+ is possible or hy/]ia presumable4 ,)\t mod]n means ( diagnosis1 ! names giv5 to !m are q wor?less4 ,"o miracle1 h[ev]1 9 :i* ! pati5t1 a woman1 0 cur$ by ! m]e sight ( ! *ur* 9 :i* ! relics ( ! bless$ m>tyrs lay1 is an unmi/akable case ( dislocation ( ! l[] jaw2 & x is obvi\s t1 z n unfrequ5tly happ5s 9 su* accid5ts 9 weakly subjects1 ! jaw slipp$ sudd5ly back into place1 p]haps 9 consequ5ce ( a jolt1 z ! woman rode t[>ds ! *ur*4 7,cap4 v4 #ec47ajb ,!re is also a good deal said ab\t a v que/ionable bl9d man--"o ,albricus 7,alb]i*87--:o1 hav+ be5 cur$1 n ( 8 bl9dness1 b ( ano!r disease "u :i* he lab\r$1 took up 8 qu>t]s at ,selig5/adt1 & came out z a prophet1 inspir$ by ! ,ar*angel ,gabriel4 ,eg9h>d intimates t 8 prophecies 7 fulfill$2 b z he does n /ate exactly :at !y 7 or h[ !y 7 accompli%$1 ! /atem5t mu/ be accept$ ) mu* caution4 ,x is obvi\s t he 0 n ! man to hesitate to ease a prophecy until x fitt$1 if ! cr$it ( ! %r9e ( 8 fav\rite sa9ts c\ld be increas$ by su* a proc$ure4 ,!re is no impea*m5t ( 8 hon\r 9 ! supposition4 ,! logic ( ! matt] is q simple1 if some:at sophi/ical4 ,! hol9ess ( ! *ur* ( ! m>tyrs gu>antees #djj ! reality ( ! appe>ance ( ! ,ar*angel ,gabriel !re1 & :at ! ar*angel says mu/ be true4 ,!re=e1 if any?+ seem to be wrong1 t mu/ be ! mi/ake ( ! transmitt]2 &1 9 ju/ice to ! ar*angel1 x mu/ be suppress$ or set "r4 ,?is sort ( reconciliation is n unkn[n 9 q mod]n times1 & among p :o w\ld be v mu* %ock$ to be comp>$ ) a b5ight$ papi/ ( ! n9? c5tury4 ,! read]s ( ?is essay are1 ,i imag9e1 v l>gely compos$ ( p :o w\ld be %ock$ to be reg>d$ z any?+ b enlight5$ ,prote/ants4 ,x is n unlikely t ^? ( !m :o h accompani$ me ?us f> may be dispos$ to say1 ,well1 ?is is all v amus+ z a /ory1 b :at is ! practical int]e/ ( x8 ,we are n likely to believe 9 ! miracles work$ by ! spolia ( ,,ss4 ,m>cell9us & ,petrus1 or by ^? ( any o!r sa9ts 9 ! ,roman ,cal5d>4 ,! practical int]e/ is ?is3 if y d n believe 9 ^! miracles rec\nt$ by a witness ^: "* & compet5cy are firmly e/abli%$1 ^: s9c]ity _c be d\bt$1 & :o appeals to 8 sov]eign & o!r contempor>ies z witnesses ( ! tru? ( :at he says1 9 a docum5t ( :i* a ,,ms4 copy exi/s1 probably dat+ )9 a c5tury ( ! au?or's dea?1 :y d y pr(ess to believe 9 /ories ( a l "*1 :i* are f\nd 9 docum5ts ( ! dates & ( ! au?or%ip ( :i* no?+ is c]ta9ly det]m9$1 & no kn[n copies ( :i* come )9 two or ?ree c5turies ( ! #dja ev5ts !y record4 ,if x be true t ! f\r ,gospels & ! ,acts 7 writt5 by ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 all t we "k ( ^! p]sons comes to no?+ 9 comp>ison ) our k ( ,eg9h>d2 & n only is !re no pro( t ! traditional au?ors ( ^! works wrote !m1 b v /rong reasons to ! contr>y may be alleg$4 ,if1 !re=e1 y refuse to believe t ,wiggo 0 ca/ out ( ! possess$ girl on ,eg9h>d's au?ority1 ) :at ju/ice c y pr(ess to believe t ! legion ( devils 7 ca/ out ( ! man among ! tombs ( ! ,gad>5es8 ,& if1 on ! o!r h&1 y accept ,eg9h>d's evid5ce1 :y d y laugh at ! suppos$ efficacy ( relics & ! sa9t-wor%ip ( ! mod]n ,romani/s8 ,x _c be pret5d$1 9 ! face ( all evid5ce1 t ! ,jews ( ! ye> #cj ,a4,d41 or !reab\ts1 7 less imbu$ ) ! belief 9 ! sup]natural ?an 7 ! ,franks ( ! ye> #hjj ,a4,d4 ,! same influ5ces 7 at "w 9 ea* case1 & x is only reasonable to suppose t ! results 7 ! same4 ,if ! evid5ce ( ,eg9h>d is insuffici5t to lead reasonable m5 to believe 9 ! miracles he relates1 a =tiori ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! ,gospels & ! ,acts mu/ be s4#ajc ,b x may be said t no s]i\s critic d5ies ! g5u95ess ( ! f\r great ,paul9e ,epi/les--,galatians1 ,fir/ & ,second ,cor9?ians1 & #djb ,romans--& t 9 ?ree out ( ^! f\r ,paul lays claim to ! p[] ( work+ miracles4#ajd ,mu/ we suppose1 !re=e1 t ! ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles has /at$ t :i* is false8 ,b to h[ mu* does ?is s-call$ claim am\nt8 ,x may mean mu* or little4 ,paul n[h]e tells u :at he did 9 ?is direction2 &1 9 8 sore ne$ to ju/ify 8 assumption ( apo/le%ip aga9/ ! sne]s ( 8 enemies1 x is h>dly likely t if he _h any v /rik+ cases to br+ =w>d he w\ld h neglect$ evid5ce s well calculat$ to put !m to %ame4 ,&1 )\t ! slighte/ impea*m5t ( ,paul's v]acity1 we mu/ fur!r rememb] t 8 /rongly-m>k$ m5tal *>act]i/ics1 display$ 9 unmi/akable fa%ion 9 ^! ,epi/les1 are any?+ b ^? :i* w\ld ju/ify u 9 reg>d+ him z a critical witness respect+ matt]s ( fact1 or z a tru/wor?y int]pret] ( _! significance4 ,:5 a man te/ifies to a miracle1 he n only /ates a fact1 b he adds an int]pretation ( ! fact4 ,we may admit 8 evid5ce z to ! =m]1 & yet ?9k 8 op9ion z to ! latt] wor?less4 ,if ,eg9h>d's calm & objective n>rative ( ! hi/orical ev5ts ( 8 "t is no gu>antee = ! s\ndness ( 8 judgm5t :]e ! sup]natural is conc]n$1 ! heat$ rhetoric ( ! ,apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles1 8 absolute confid5ce 9 ! inn] light1 & ! extraord9>y conceptions ( ! nature & requirem5ts ( logical pro( :i* he betrays1 9 page aft] page ( 8 ,epi/les1 af=d /ill less security4 #djc ,!re is a comp>atively mod]n man :o %>$ to ! full ,paul's tru/ 9 ! inn] light1 & :o1 ?\gh widely diff]5t f ! fi]y evangeli/ ( ,t>sus 9 v>i\s obvi\s p>ticul>s1 yet1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 %>es 8 deepe/ *>act]i/ics4 ,i speak ( ,george ,fox1 :o sep>at$ himself f ! curr5t ,prote/antism ( ,engl&1 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 z ,paul sep>at$ himself f ! ,judaism ( ! fir/ c5tury1 at ! bidd+ ( ! inn] light2 :o w5t ?r\gh p]secutions z s]i\s z ^? :i* ,paul enum]ates2 :o 0 beat51 /on$1 ca/ out = dead1 imprison$ n9e times1 sometimes = long p]iods2 :o 0 9 p]ils on l& & p]ils at sea4 ,george ,fox 0 an ev5 m widely travell$ mission>y2 :ile 8 success 9 f\nd+ congregations1 & 8 en]gy 9 visit+ !m1 n m]ely 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel& & ! ,we/ ,india ,isl&s1 b on ! cont95t ( ,europe & t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 0 no less rem>kable4 ,a few ye>s aft] ,fox began to prea*1 !re 7 reckon$ to be a ?\s& ,fri5ds 9 prison 9 ! v>i\s gaols ( ,engl&2 at 8 dea?1 less ?an fifty ye>s aft] ! f\ndation ( ! sect1 !re 7 #gj1jjj ,quak]s 9 ! ,unit$ ,k+dom4 ,! *e]fulness ) :i* ^! p--wom5 z well z m5--und]w5t m>tyrdom 9 ?is c\ntry & 9 ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts 9 ! hi/ory ( religion4 ,no "o :o reads ! volum9\s autobiography ( ,hone/ ,george c d\bt ! man's utt] tru?fulness2 & ?\gh1 9 8 multitud9\s lett]s1 #djd he b r>ely rises f> above ! incoh]5t commonplaces ( a /reet prea*]1 !re c be no "q ( 8 p[] z a speak]1 nor any d\bt z to ! dignity & attractiv5ess ( 8 p]sonality1 or ( 8 possession ( a l>ge am\nt ( practical good s5se & gov]n+ faculty4 ,b t ,george ,fox _h full fai? 9 8 own p[]s z a miracle-work]1 ! foll[+ passage ( 8 autobiography 7to :i* o!rs might be add$7 demon/rates3-- ,n[ aft] ,i 0 set at lib]ty f ,nott+ham gaol 7:]e ,i _h be5 kept a prison] a pretty long "t7 ,i travell$ z be=e1 9 ! "w ( ! ,"l4 ,& com+ to ,mansfield ,woodh\se1 !re 0 a di/ract$ woman1 "u a doctor's h&1 ) h] hair let loose all ab\t h] e>s2 & he 0 ab\t to let h] blood1 %e be+ fir/ b\nd1 & _m p be+ ab\t h]1 hold+ h] by viol5ce2 b he c\ld get no blood f h]4 ,& ,i desir$ !m to unb9d h] & let h] alone2 = !y c\ld n t\* ! _s 9 h] by :i* %e 0 torm5t$4 ,s !y did unb9d h]1 & ,i 0 mov$ to speak to h]1 & 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l to bid h] be quiet & /ill4 ,& %e 0 s4 ,& ! ,"l's p[] settl$ h] m9d & %e m5d$2 & aft]w>ds receiv$ ! tru? & cont9u$ 9 x to h] dea?4 ,& ! ,"l's "n 0 hon\r$2 to :om ! glory ( all 8 works belongs4 ,_m great & wond]ful ?+s 7 wr\ght by ! heav5ly p[] 9 ^? days4 ,= ! ,"l made b>e 8 omnipot5t arm & manife/$ 8 p[] to ! a/oni%m5t ( _m2 by ! heal+ virtue :]e( _m h be5 deliv]$ f great infirmities1 & ! devils 7 made subject ?r\gh 8 "n3 ( :i* p>ticul> in/ances might be giv5 beyond :at ?is unbeliev+ age is able to receive or be>4#aje ,x ne$s no long /udy ( ,fox's writ+s1 h[ev]1 #dje to arrive at ! conviction t ! di/9ction betwe5 subjective & objective v]ities _h n ! same place 9 8 m9d z x has 9 t ( ord9>y mortals4 ,:5 an ord9>y p]son w\ld say ,i ?\ght s & s1 or ,i made up my m9d to d s & s1 ,george ,fox says1 ,x 0 op5$ to me1 or at ! comm& ( ,god ,i did s & s4 ,!n at ! comm& ( ,god1 on ! n9? day ( ! sev5? mon? #afdc 7,fox be+ j n9ete571 ,i left my relations & brake (f all famili>ity or fri5d%ip ) "y or old4 ,ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! ye> #afdg ,i 0 mov$ ( ! ,"l to g into ,d>by%ire4 ,fox he>s voices & he sees visions1 "s ( :i* he br+s be=e ! read] ) apocalyptic p[] 9 ! simple & /rong ,engli%1 alike untutor$ & undefil$1 ( :i*1 l ,john ,bunyan1 8 contempor>y1 he 0 a ma/]4 ,& "o morn+1 z ,i 0 sitt+ by ! fire1 a great cl\d came ov] me & a temptation beset me2 & ,i sate /ill4 ,& x 0 said1 ,all ?+s come by ,nature4 ,& ! elem5ts & />s came ov] me2 s t ,i 0 9 a mann] q cl\d$ ) x4444 ,& z ,i sate /ill "u x1 & let x alone1 a liv+ hope arose 9 me1 & a true voice arose 9 me :i* said1 ,!re is a liv+ ,god :o made all ?+s4 ,& imm$iately ! cl\d & ! temptation vani%$ away1 & life rose ov] x all1 & my he>t 0 glad & ,i prais$ ! liv+ ,god 7p4 #ac74 ,if ,george ,fox c\ld speak1 z he proves 9 ?is & "s o!r passages he c\ld write1 8 #djf a/\nd+ influ5ce on ! contempor>ies ( ,milton & ( ,cromwell is no my/]y4 ,b ?is mod]n reproduction ( ! anci5t prophet1 ) 8 ,?us sai? ! ,"l1 ,?is is ! "w ( ! ,"l1 /eep$ 9 sup]naturalism & glory+ 9 bl9d fai?1 is ! m5tal antipodes ( ! philosoph]1 f\nd$ 9 naturalism & a fanatic = evid5ce1 to :om ^! affirmations inevitably sugge/ ! previ\s "q3 ,h[ d y "k t ! ,"l sai? x3 ,h[ d y "k t ! ,"l doe? x8 & :o is compell$ to dem& t rational gr\nd = belief )\t :i*1 to ! man ( sci5ce1 ass5t is m]ely an immoral pret5ce4 ,& x is ?is rational gr\nd ( belief :i* ! writ]s ( ! ,gospels1 no less ?an ,paul1 & ,eg9h>d1 & ,fox1 s little dream ( (f]+ t !y w\ld reg>d ! dem& = x z a k9d ( blasphemy4 99 99 99 99 99 #djg ,,xi ,,agno/icism3 ,a ,,rejo9d] ,^? :o pass$ f ,dr4 ,wace's article 9 ! la/ numb] ( ?is ,review to ! anticipatory confutation ( x :i* foll[$ 9 ,! ,new ,re=mation1 mu/ h enjoy$ ! pleasure ( a dramatic surprise--j z :5 ! fif? act ( a new play proves unexpect$ly bright & int]e/+4 ,mrs4 ,w>d w1 ,i hope1 p>don ! comp>ison1 if ,i say t h] effective cle>+ away ( antiquat$ incumbrances f ! li/s ( ! controv]sy1 rem9ds me ( no?+ s mu* z ( ! action ( "s neat-h&$1 b /rong-wri/$1 ,phyllis1 :o1 gracefully wield+ h] long-h&l$ ,turk's head1 sweeps away ! accumulat$ results ( ! toil ( g5]ations ( spid]s4 ,i am ! m indebt$ to ?is lum9\s sket* ( ! results ( critical inve/igation1 z x is c>ri$ out among ^? !ologians :o are m5 ( sci5ce & n m]e c\nsel = cre$s1 s9ce x has reliev$ me f ! necessity ( deal+ ) ! great] "p ( ,dr4 ,wace's polemic1 & enables me to devote m space to ! really important issues :i* h be5 rais$4#ajf #djh ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 x may be well = me to obs]ve t approbation ( ! mann] 9 :i* a great biblical s*ol>1 = in/ance1 ,reuss1 does 8 "w does n commit me to ! adoption ( all1 or inde$ any ( 8 views2 &1 fur!r1 t ! disagreem5ts ( a s]ies ( inve/igators d n 9 any way int]f]e ) ! fact t ea* ( !m has made important contributions to ! body ( tru? ultimately e/abli%$4 ,if ,i cite ,buffon1 ,l9naeus1 ,lam>ck1 & ,cuvi]1 z hav+ ea* & all tak5 a lead+ %>e 9 build+ up mod]n biology1 ! /atem5t t e "o ( ^! great naturali/s disagre$ )1 & ev5 m or less contradict$1 all ! re/ is q true2 b ! supposition t ! latt] ass]tion is 9 any way inconsi/5t ) ! =m]1 w\ld betray a /range ignorance ( ! mann] 9 :i* all true sci5ce advances4 ,dr4 ,wace takes a great deal ( tr\ble to make x appe> t ,i h desir$ to evade ! real que/ions rais$ by 8 attack ^u me at ! ,*ur* ,congress4 ,i assure ! rev]5d ,pr9cipal t 9 ?is1 z 9 "s o!r respects1 he has ent]ta9$ a v errone\s conception ( my int5tions4 ,?+s w\ld assume m accurate proportions 9 ,dr4 ,wace's m9d if he w\ld k9dly rememb] t x is j ?irty ye>s s9ce ecclesia/ical ?und]bolts #dji began to fly ab\t my e>s4 ,i h _h ! ,lion & ! ,be> to deal )1 & x is long s9ce ,i got q us$ to ! ?reat5+s ( episcopal ,golia?s1 ^: crozi]s 7 l unto a weav]'s beam4 ,s t ,i almo/ ?9k ,i might n h notic$ ,dr4 ,wace's attack1 p]sonal z x 02 & al?\gh1 z he is good en\gh to tell u1 sep>ate copies are to be _h = ! mode/ equival5t ( twop5ce1 z a matt] ( fact1 x did n come "u my notice = a long "t aft] x 0 made4 ,may ,i fur!r v5ture to po9t out t 7reckon+ po/age7 ! exp5diture ( twop5ce-halfp5ny1 or1 at ! mo/1 ?reep5ce1 w\ld h enabl$ ,dr4 ,wace s f> to comply ) ord9>y conv5tions1 z to direct my att5tion to ! fact t he _h attack$ me be=e a meet+ at :i* ,i 0 n pres5t8 ,i really am n responsible = ! five mon?s' neglect ( :i* ,dr4 ,wace compla9s4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 ! ,engli%ry :o sw>m$ ab\t ! ,engad9e1 dur+ ! ?ree mon?s t ,i 0 be+ br\ght back to life by ! glori\s air & p]fect com=t ( ! ,maloja1 did n1 9 my he>+1 say any?+ ab\t ! important ev5ts :i* _h tak5 place at ! ,*ur* ,congress2 & ,i ?9k ,i c v5ture to affirm t !re 0 n a s+le copy ( ,dr4 ,wace's pamphlet 9 any ( ! hotel libr>ies :i* ,i rummag$ 9 se>* ( some?+ m edify+ ?an dull ,engli% or que/ionable ,fr5* novels4 ,& n[1 hav+1 z ,i hope1 set myself "r ) ! public z reg>ds ! s9s ( commission & #daj omission ) :i* ,i h be5 *>g$1 ,i feel free to deal ) matt]s to :i* "t & type may be m pr(itably devot$4 ,i believe t !re is n a solit>y argum5t ,i h us$1 or t ,i am ab\t to use1 :i* is orig9al1 or has any?+ to d ) ! fact t ,i h be5 *iefly occupi$ ) natural sci5ce4 ,!y are all1 facts & reason+ alike1 ei!r id5tical )1 or consequ5tial ^u1 propositions :i* are to be f\nd 9 ! works ( s*ol>s & !ologians ( ! highe/ repute 9 ! only two c\ntries1 ,holl& & ,g]many1#ajg 9 :i*1 at ! pres5t "t1 pr(essors ( !ology are to be f\nd1 ^: t5ure ( _! po/s does n dep5d ^u ! results to :i* _! inquiries lead !m4#ajh ,x is true t1 to ! be/ ( my ability1 ,i h satisfi$ myself ( ! s\ndness ( ! f\ndations on :i* my argum5ts are built1 & ,i desire to be held fully #daa responsible = ev]y?+ ,i say4 ,b1 nev]!less1 my position is really no m ?an t ( an expositor2 & my ju/ification = und]tak+ x is simply t conviction ( ! supremacy ( private judgm5t 7inde$1 ( ! impossibility ( escap+ x7 :i* is ! f\ndation ( ! ,prote/ant ,re=mation1 & :i* 0 ! doctr9e accept$ by ! va/ majority ( ! ,anglicans ( my y\?1 be=e t backslid+ t[>ds ! begg>ly rudim5ts ( an effete & idolatr\s sac]dotalism :i* has1 ev5 n[1 provid$ u ) ! sadde/ spectacle :i* has be5 (f]$ to ! eyes ( ,engli%m5 9 ?is g5]ation4 ,a high c\rt ( ecclesia/ical jurisdiction1 ) a ho/ ( great lawy]s 9 battle array1 is &1 = ,heav5 kn[s h[ long1 w be1 occupi$ ) ^! v que/ions ( wa%+ ( cups & pots & braz5 vessels1 :i* ! ,ma/]1 ^: pr(ess$ repres5tatives are r5d+ ! ,*ur* ov] ^! squabbles1 _h 9 8 m9d :51 z we are told1 he utt]$ ! sca?+ rebuke3-- ,well did ,isaiah prophesy ( y hypocrites1 z x is writt51 ,?is p hon\re? me ) _! lips1 ,b _! he>t is f> f me4 ,b 9 va9 d !y wor%ip me1 ,tea*+ z _! doctr9es ! precepts ( m54 7,m>k vii4 #f-g47 ,m5 :o c be absorb$ 9 bick]+s ov] mis]able disputes ( ?is k9d c h b little sympa?y ) ! old evangelical doctr9e ( ! op5 ,bible1 or any?+ b a grave misgiv+ ( ! results ( dilig5t read+ ( ! ,bible1 )\t ! #dab help ( ecclesia/ical spectacles1 by ! mass ( ! p4 ,greatly to ! surprise ( _m ( my fri5ds1 ,i h always advocat$ ! read+ ( ! ,bible1 & ! diffusion ( ! /udy ( t mo/ rem>kable collection ( books among ! p4 ,its tea*+s are s inf9itely sup]ior to ^? ( ! sects1 :o are j z busy n[ z ! ,ph>isees 7 eighte5 hundr$ ye>s ago1 9 smo!r+ !m "u ! precepts ( m52 x is s c]ta91 to my m9d1 t ! ,bible conta9s )9 itself ! refutation ( n9e-t5?s ( ! mixture ( sophi/ical metaphysics & old-_w sup]/ition :i* has be5 pil$ r\nd x by ! s-call$ ,*ri/ians ( lat] times2 x is s cle> t ! only imm$iate & ready antidote to ! poison :i* has be5 mix$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 to ! intoxication & delusion ( mank9d1 lies 9 copi\s draughts f ! undefil$ spr+1 t ,i ex]cise ! "r & duty ( free judgm5t on ! "p ( e man1 ma9ly = ! purpose ( induc+ o!r laym5 to foll[ my example4 ,if ! ,new ,te/am5t is translat$ into ,zulu by ,prote/ant mission>ies1 x mu/ be assum$ t a ,zulu conv]t is compet5t to draw f its cont5ts all ! tru?s :i* x is necess>y = him to believe4 ,i tru/ t ,i may1 )\t immode/y1 claim to be put on ! same foot+ z ! ,zulu4 ,! mo/ con/ant reproa* :i* is laun*$ aga9/ p]sons ( my way ( ?9k+ is t x is all v well = u to talk ab\t ! d$uctions ( sci5tific ?\ght1 b :at are ! poor & ! #dac un$ucat$ to d8 ,has x ev] occurr$ to ^? :o talk 9 ?is fa%ion1 t _! cre$s & ! articles ( _! sev]al confessions1 _! det]m9ation ( ! exact nature & ext5t ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus1 _! expositions ( ! real mean+ ( t :i* is writt5 9 ! ,epi/les 7to leave aside all que/ions conc]n+ ! ,old ,te/am5t71 are no?+ m ?an d$uctions :i*1 at any rate1 pr(ess to be ! result ( /rictly sci5tific ?9k+1 & :i* are n wor? att5d+ to unless !y really possess t "*8 ,if x is n hi/orically true t su* & su* ?+s happ5$ 9 ,pale/9e eighte5 c5turies ago1 :at becomes ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,& :at is hi/orical tru? b t ( :i* ! evid5ce be>s /rict sci5tific inve/igation8 ,i d n call to m9d any problem ( natural sci5ce :i* has come "u my notice :i* is m difficult1 or m curi\sly int]e/+ z a m]e problem1 ?an t ( ! orig9 ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels & t ( ! hi/orical value ( ! n>ratives :i* !y conta94 ,! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,*ur*es /&s or falls by ! results ( ! purely sci5tific inve/igation ( ^! que/ions4 ,!y 7 fir/ tak5 up 9 a purely sci5tific _s j ab\t a c5tury ago2 !y h be5 /udi$ ov] & ov] aga9 by m5 ( va/ k & critical acum52 b he w\ld be a ra% man :o %\ld ass]t t any solution ( ^! problems1 z yet =mulat$1 is exhau/ive4 ,! mo/ t c be said is t c]ta9 preval5t solutions are c]ta9ly false1 :ile o!rs are m or less probably true4 #dad ,if ,i am do+ my be/ to r\se my c\ntrym5 out ( _! dogmatic slumb]s1 x is n t !y may be amus$ by see+ :o gets ! be/ ( x 9 a conte/ betwe5 a sci5ti/ & a !ologian4 ,! s]i\s "q is :e!r !ological m5 ( sci5ce1 or !ological special plead]s1 are to h ! confid5ce ( ! g5]al public2 x is ! "q :e!r a c\ntry 9 :i* x is possible = a body ( excell5t cl]ical & lay g5tlem5 to discuss1 9 public meet+ assembl$1 h[ mu* x is desirable to let ! congregations ( ! fai?ful "k ( ! results ( biblical criticism1 is likely to wake up ) any?+ %ort ( ! grasp ( a r\gh lay h& ^u its %\ld]2 x is ! "q :e!r ! ,new ,te/am5t books1 be+1 z ,i believe !y 71 writt5 & compil$ by p :o1 accord+ to _! lights1 7 p]fectly s9c]e1 w n1 :5 prop]ly /udi$ z ord9>y hi/orical docum5ts1 af=d u ! means ( self-criticism4 ,& x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ,new ,te/am5t books are n responsible = ! doctr9e inv5t$ by ! ,*ur*es t !y are any?+ b ord9>y hi/orical docum5ts4 ,! au?or ( ! ?ird gospel tells u1 z /raight=w>dly z a man c1 t he has no claim to any o!r "* ?an t ( an ord9>y compil] & editor1 :o _h be=e him ! works ( _m & v>i\sly qualifi$ pr$ecessors4 ,9 my =m] pap]s1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,wace1 ,i h evad$ giv+ an answ] to 8 ma9 proposition1 :i* he /ates z foll[s-- #dae ,ap>t f all disput$ po9ts ( criticism1 no "o practically d\bts t our ,"l liv$1 & t ,he di$ on ! cross1 9 ! mo/ int5se s5se ( filial relation to ,8 ,fa!r 9 ,heav51 & t ,he bore te/imony to t ,fa!r's provid5ce1 love1 & grace t[>ds mank9d4 ,! ,"l's ,pray] af=ds a suffici5t evid5ce on ^! po9ts4 ,if ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt alone be add$1 ! :ole unse5 _w1 ( :i* ! ,agno/ic refuses to "k any?+1 /&s unveil$ be=e u4444 ,if ,jesus ,*ri/ prea*$ t ,s]mon1 made ^? promises1 & taught t pray]1 !n any "o :o says t we "k no?+ ( ,god1 or ( a future life1 or ( an unse5 _w1 says t he does n believe ,jesus ,*ri/ 7pp4 #ced-cee74 ,aga9-- ,! ma9 "q at issue1 9 a ^w1 is "o :i* ,pr(essor ,huxley has *os5 to leave entirely on "o side--:e!r1 namely1 all[+ = ! utmo/ unc]ta9ty on o!r po9ts ( ! criticism to :i* he appeals1 !re is any reasonable d\bt t ! ,"l's ,pray] & ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt af=d a true acc\nt ( our ,"l's ess5tial belief & c>d9al tea*+ 7p4 #cee74 ,i c]ta9ly 0 n aw>e t ,i _h evad$ ! que/ions "h /at$2 inde$ ,i %\ld say t ,i h indicat$ my reply to !m pretty cle>ly2 b1 z ,dr4 ,wace wants a pla9] answ]1 he %all c]ta9ly be gratifi$4 ,if1 z ,dr4 ,wace decl>es x is1 8 :ole case is involv$ 9 ! argum5t z /at$ 9 ! latt] ( ^! two extracts1 s mu* ! worse = 8 :ole case4 ,= ,i am ( op9ion t !re is ! grave/ reason = d\bt+ :e!r ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 0 ev] prea*$1 & :e!r ! s-call$ ,"l's ,pray] 0 ev] pray$1 by ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,my reasons = ?is op9ion are1 among o!rs1 ^!3--,!re is n[ no d\bt t ! ?ree ,synoptic ,gospels1 s f> f be+ ! "w ( ?ree #daf indep5d5t writ]s1 are closely int]dep5d5t1#aji & t 9 "o ( two ways4 ,ei!r all ?ree conta91 z _! f\ndation1 v]sions1 to a l>ge ext5t v]bally id5tical1 ( "o & ! same tradition2 or two ( !m are ?us closely dep5d5t on ! ?ird2 & ! op9ion ( ! majority ( ! be/ critics has ( late ye>s m & m conv]g$ t[>ds ! conviction t our canonical second gospel 7! s-call$ ,m>k's ,gospel7 is t :i* mo/ closely repres5ts ! primitive gr\ndwork ( ! ?ree4#aaj ,t ,i take to be "o ( ! mo/ valid results ( ,new ,te/am5t criticism1 ( immeasurably great] importance ?an ! discussion ab\t dates & au?or%ip4 ,b if1 z ,i believe to be ! case1 beyond any rational d\bt or dispute1 ! second gospel is ! ne>e/ extant repres5tative ( ! olde/ tradition1 #dag :e!r writt5 or oral1 h[ comes x t x conta9s nei!r ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt nor ! ,"l's ,pray]1 ^? typical embodim5ts1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,wace1 ( ! ess5tial belief & c>d9al tea*+ ( ,jesus8 ,n only does ,m>k's gospel fail to conta9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 or any?+ b a v few ( ! say+s conta9$ 9 t collection2 b1 at ! po9t ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus :]e ! ,s]mon occurs 9 ,mat!w1 !re is 9 ,m>k an app>5tly unbrok5 n>rative f ! call+ ( ,james & ,john to ! heal+ ( ,simon's wife's "m4 ,?us ! olde/ tradition n only ignores ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 b1 by implication1 raises a probability aga9/ its be+ deliv]$ :5 & :]e ! lat] ,mat!w ins]ts x 9 8 compilation4 ,& /ill m weighty is ! fact t ! ?ird gospel1 ! au?or ( :i* tells u t he wrote aft] _m o!rs _h tak5 9 h& ! same ent]prise2 :o %\ld !re=e h kn[n ! fir/ gospel 7if x exi/$71 & 0 b\nd to pay to x ! def]5ce due to ! "w ( an apo/olic eye-witness 7if he _h any reason = ?9k+ x 0 s7--?is writ]1 :o exhibits f> m lit]>y compet5ce ?an ! o!r two1 ignores any ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 su* z t report$ by ,mat!w1 j z mu* z ! olde/ au?ority does4 ,yet ,luke has a great _m passages id5tical1 or p>allel1 ) ^? 9 ,mat!w's ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 :i* are1 = ! mo/ "p1 scatt]$ ab\t 9 a totally diff]5t connection4 #dah ,int]pos$1 h[ev]1 betwe5 ! nom9ation ( ! ,apo/les & a visit to ,cap]naum2 occupy+1 !re=e1 a place :i* answ]s to t ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 9 ! fir/ gospel1 !re is1 9 ! ?ird gospel1 a disc\rse :i* is z closely simil> to ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 9 "s p>ticul>s1 z x is widely unlike x 9 o!rs4 ,?is disc\rse is said to h be5 deliv]$ 9 a pla9 or level place 7,luke vi4 #ag71 & by way ( di/9ction we may call x ! ,s]mon on ! ,pla94 ,i see no reason to d\bt t ! two ,evangeli/s are deal+1 to a consid]able ext5t1 ) ! same traditional mat]ial2 & a comp>ison ( ! two ,s]mons sugge/s v /rongly t ,luke's v]sion is ! e>li]4 ,! correspond5ces betwe5 ! two =bid ! notion t !y are indep5d5t4 ,!y bo? beg9 ) a s]ies ( bless+s1 "s ( :i* are almo/ v]bally id5tical4 ,9 ! middle ( ea* 7,luke vi4 #bg-ch1 ,matt4 v4 #dc-dh7 !re is a /rik+ exposition ( ! e?ical _s ( ! comm& giv5 9 ,leviticus xix4 #ah4 ,& ea* ends ) a passage conta9+ ! decl>ation t a tree is to be kn[n by its fruit1 & ! p>able ( ! h\se built on ! s&4 ,b :ile !re are only #bi v]ses 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,pla9 !re are #ajg 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 ! excess 9 l5g? ( ! latt] be+ *iefly due to ! long int]polations1 "o ( #cj v]ses be=e & "o ( #cd v]ses aft]1 ! middlemo/ p>allelism ) ,luke4 ,"u ^! circum/ances x is q impossible to #dai admit t !re is m probability t ,mat!w's v]sion ( ! ,s]mon is hi/orically accurate ?an !re is t ,luke's v]sion is s2 & !y _c bo? be accurate4 ,luke ei!r knew ! collection ( loosely-connect$ & aphori/ic utt]ances :i* appe> "u ! "n ( ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 9 ,mat!w2 or he did n4 ,if he did n1 he mu/ h be5 ignorant ( ! exi/5ce ( su* a docum5t z our canonical ,mat!w1 a fact :i* does n make = ! g5u95ess1 or ! au?ority1 ( t book4 ,if he did1 he has %[n t he does n c>e = its au?ority on a matt] ( fact ( no small importance2 & t does n p]mit u to conceive t he believ$ ! fir/ gospel to be ! "w ( an au?ority to :om he ought to def]1 let alone t ( an apo/olic eye-witness4 ,! tradition ( ! ,*ur* ab\t ! second gospel1 :i* ,i believe to be q wor?less1 b :i* is all ! evid5ce !re is = ,m>k's au?or%ip1 w\ld h u believe t ,m>k 0 little m ?an ! m\?piece ( ! apo/le ,pet]4 ,consequ5tly1 we are to suppose t ,pet] ei!r did n "k1 or did n c>e v mu* =1 t acc\nt ( ! ess5tial belief & c>d9al tea*+ ( ,jesus :i* is conta9$ 9 ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt2 &1 c]ta9ly1 he c\ld n h %>$ ,dr4 ,wace's view ( its importance4#aaa #dbj ,i ?\ght t all fairly att5tive & intellig5t /ud5ts ( ! gospels1 to say no?+ ( !ologians ( reputation1 knew ^! ?+s4 ,b h[ c any "o :o does "k !m h ! consci5ce to ask :e!r !re is any reasonable d\bt t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt 0 prea*$ by ,jesus ( ,naz>e?8 ,if conjecture is p]missible1 :]e no?+ else is possible1 ! mo/ probable conjecture seems to be t ,mat!w1 hav+ a c5to ( say+s attribut$--rightly or wrongly x is impossible to say--to ,jesus1 among 8 mat]ials1 ?\ght !y 71 or might be1 records ( a cont9u\s disc\rse1 & put !m 9 at ! place he ?\ght likelie/4 ,anci5t hi/orians ( ! highe/ "* saw no h>m 9 compos+ long spee*es :i* nev] 7 spok51 & putt+ !m into ! m\?s ( /atesm5 & w>riors2 & ,i presume t :oev] is repres5t$ by ,mat!w w\ld h be5 griev\sly a/oni%$ to f9d t any "o object$ to 8 foll[+ ! example ( ! be/ models accessible to him4 ,s ) ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,abs5t 9 our repres5tative ( ! olde/ tradition1 x appe>s 9 bo? ,mat!w & ,luke4 ,!re is reason to believe t e pi\s ,jew1 at ! comm5cem5t ( our era1 pray$ ?ree times a day1 accord+ to a =mula :i* is embodi$ 9 ! pres5t ,s*mone-,esre#aab ( #dba ! ,jewi% pray]-book4 ,jesus1 :o 0 assur$ly1 9 all respects1 a pi\s ,jew1 :atev] else he may h be51 d\btless did ! same4 ,:e!r he modifi$ ! curr5t =mula1 or :e!r ! s-call$ ,"l's ,pray] is ! pray] sub/itut$ = ! ,s*mone-,esre 9 ! congregations ( ! ,g5tiles1 is a "q :i* c h>dly be answ]$4 ,9 a subsequ5t passage ( ,dr4 ,wace's article 7p4 #cef7 he adds to ! li/ ( ! v]ities :i* he imag9es to be unassailable1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,passion4 ,i am n q sure :at he means by ?is4 ,i am n aw>e t any "o 7) ! exception ( c]ta9 anci5t h]etics7 has prop\nd$ d\bts z to ! reality ( ! crucifixion2 & c]ta9ly ,i h no incl9ation to argue ab\t ! precise accuracy ( e detail ( t pa!tic /ory ( suff]+ & wrong4 ,b1 if ,dr4 ,wace means1 z ,i suppose he does1 t t :i*1 accord+ to ! or?odox view1 happ5$ aft] ! crucifixion1 & :i* is1 9 a dogmatic s5se1 ! mo/ important "p ( ! /ory1 is f\nd$ on solid hi/orical pro(s1 ,i mu/ beg leave to express a diametrically opposite conviction4 ,:at d we f9d :5 ! acc\nts ( ! ev5ts 9 "q1 conta9$ 9 ! ?ree ,synoptic gospels1 are comp>$ toge!r8 ,9 ! olde/1 !re is a simple1 /raight=w>d /atem5t :i*1 = any?+ t ,i h to urge to ! contr>y1 may be exactly true4 ,9 ! o!r two1 !re is1 r\nd ?is possible & probable nucleus1 a mass ( accretions ( ! mo/ que/ionable "*4 #dbb ,! cruelty ( dea? by crucifixion dep5d$ v mu* ^u its l+]+ "*4 ,if !re 7 a support = ! weight ( ! body1 z n unfrequ5tly 0 ! practice1 ! pa9 dur+ ! fir/ h\rs ( ! infliction 0 n1 necess>ily1 extreme2 nor ne$ any s]i\s physical symptoms1 at once1 arise f ! w\nds made by ! nails 9 ! h&s & feet1 suppos+ !y 7 nail$1 :i* 0 n inv>iably ! case4 ,:5 exhau/ion set 91 & hung]1 ?ir/1 & n]v\s irritation _h done _! "w1 ! agony ( ! suff]] mu/ h be5 t]rible2 & ! m t]rible t1 9 ! abs5ce ( any effectual di/urbance ( ! ma*9]y ( physical life1 x might be prolong$ = _m h\rs1 or ev5 days4 ,temp]ate1 /rong m51 su* z 7 ! ord9>y ,galilean peasants1 might live = sev]al days on ! cross4 ,x is necess>y to be> ^! facts 9 m9d :5 we read ! acc\nt conta9$ 9 ! fifte5? *apt] ( ! second gospel4 ,jesus 0 crucifi$ at ! ?ird h\r 7xv4 #be71 & ! n>rative seems to imply t he di$ imm$iately aft] ! n9? h\r 7v4 #cd74 ,9 ?is case1 he w\ld h be5 crucifi$ only six h\rs2 & ! "t sp5t on ! cross _c h be5 mu* long]1 because ,joseph ( ,arima?aea mu/ h gone to ,pilate1 made 8 prep>ations1 & deposit$ ! body 9 ! rock-cut tomb be=e sunset1 :i*1 at t "t ( ! ye>1 0 ab\t ! twelf? h\r4 ,t any "o %\ld die aft] only six h\rs' crucifixion c\ld n h be5 at all 9 accordance ) ,pilate's l>ge exp]i5ce ( ! effects ( t me?od ( #dbc puni%m5t4 ,x1 !re=e1 q agrees ) :at might be expect$ if ,pilate m>vell$ if he 7 already dead & requir$ to be satisfi$ on ?is po9t by ! te/imony ( ! ,roman (fic] :o 0 9 comm& ( ! execution p>ty4 ,^? :o h paid att5tion to ! extraord9>ily difficult "q1 ,:at are ! indisputable signs ( dea?8--w be able to e/imate ! value ( ! op9ion ( a r\gh soldi] on su* a subject2 ev5 if 8 report to ! ,procurator 7 9 no wise affect$ by ! fact t ! fri5d ( ,jesus1 :o anxi\sly await$ 8 answ]1 0 a man ( influ5ce & ( weal?4 ,! inanimate body1 wrapp$ 9 l951 0 deposit$ 9 a spaci\s1#aac cool rock *amb]1 ! entrance ( :i* 0 clos$1 n by a well-fitt+ door1 b by a /one roll$ aga9/ ! op5+1 :i* w\ld ( c\rse all[ free passage ( air4 ,a little m ?an ?irty-six h\rs aft]w>ds 7,friday #f ,p4,m41 to ,sunday #f ,a4,m41 or a little aft]7 ?ree wom5 visit ! tomb & f9d x empty4 ,& !y are told by a "y man array$ 9 a :ite robe t ,jesus is gone to 8 native c\ntry ( ,galilee1 & t ! disciples & ,pet] w f9d him !re4 ,?us x /&s1 pla9ly record$1 9 ! olde/ tradition t1 = any evid5ce to ! contr>y1 ! sepul*re may h be5 vacat$ at any "t dur+ ! ,friday or ,saturday nights4 ,if x is said t no ,jew w\ld h violat$ ! ,sabba? by tak+ ! =m] c\rse1 x is to be recollect$ t ,joseph ( #dbd ,arima?aea might well be famili> ) t wise & lib]al int]pretation ( ! f\r? comm&m5t1 :i* p]mitt$ works ( m]cy to m5--nay ev5 ! draw+ ( an ox or an ass out ( a pit--on ! ,sabba?4 ,at any rate1 ! ,saturday night 0 free to ! mo/ scrupul\s ( obs]v]s ( ! ,law4 ,^! are ! facts ( ! case z /at$ by ! olde/ extant n>rative ( !m4 ,i d n see :y any "o %\ld h a ^w to say aga9/ ! inh]5t probability ( t n>rative2 &1 = my "p1 ,i am q ready to accept x z an hi/orical fact1 t s mu* & no m is positively kn[n ( ! end ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,on :at gr\nds c a reasonable man be ask$ to believe any m8 ,s f> z ! n>rative 9 ! fir/ gospel1 on ! "o h&1 & ^? 9 ! ?ird gospel & ! ,acts1 on ! o!r1 g beyond :at is /at$ 9 ! second gospel1 !y are hopelessly discrepant ) "o ano!r4 ,& ?is is ! m significant because ! pregnant phrase "s d\bt$1 9 ! fir/ gospel1 is ignor$ 9 ! ?ird4 ,b x is said t we h ! witness ,paul speak+ to u directly 9 ! ,epi/les4 ,!re is little d\bt t we h1 & a v s+ul> witness he is4 ,accord+ to 8 own %[+1 ,paul1 9 ! vig\r ( 8 manhood1 ) e means ( becom+ acqua9t$1 at fir/ h&1 ) ! evid5ce ( eyewitnesses1 n m]ely refus$ to cr$it !m1 b p]secut$ ! *ur* ( ,god & made havoc ( x4 ,! reason+ ( ,/eph5 fell dead ^u ! acute intellect ( ?is zealot = ! traditions ( #dbe 8 fa!rs3 8 eyes 7 bl9d to ! ec/atic illum9ation ( ! m>tyr's c\nt5ance z x _h be5 ! face ( an angel2 & :51 at ! words ,behold1 ,i see ! heav5s op5$ & ! ,son ( ,man /&+ on ! "r h& ( ,god1 ! murd]\s mob ru%$ ^u & /on$ ! rapt disciple ( ,jesus1 ,paul o/5tati\sly made himself _! (ficial accomplice4 ,yet ?is /range man1 because he has a vision "o day1 at once1 & ) equally headlong zeal1 flies to ! opposite pole ( op9ion4 ,& he is mo/ c>eful to tell u t he ab/a9$ f any re-exam9ation ( ! facts4 ,imm$iately ,i conf]r$ n ) fle% & blood2 nei!r w5t ,i up to ,j]usalem to !m :i* 7 ,apo/les be=e me2 b ,i w5t away into ,arabia4 7,galatians i4 #af1 #ag47 ,i d n presume to qu>rel ) ,paul's proc$ure4 ,if x satisfi$ him1 t 0 8 affair2 &1 if x satisfies any else1 ,i am n call$ ^u to dispute ! "r ( t p]son to be satisfi$4 ,b ,i c]ta9ly h ! "r to say t x w\ld n satisfy me1 9 l case2 t ,i %\ld be v mu* a%am$ to pret5d t x c\ld1 or ought to1 satisfy me2 & t ,i c ent]ta9 b a v l[ e/imate ( ! value ( ! evid5ce ( p :o are to be satisfi$ 9 ?is fa%ion1 :5 que/ions ( objective fact1 9 :i* _! fai? is int]e/$1 are conc]n$4 ,s t :5 ,i am call$ ^u to believe a great deal m ?an ! olde/ gospel tells me ab\t ! f9al ev5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ,jesus on ! au?ority ( ,paul 7#a ,cor9?ians xv4 #e-h7 ,i mu/ pause4 ,did he ?9k x1 #dbf at any subsequ5t "t1 wor? :ile to conf] ) fle% & blood1 or1 9 mod]n phrase1 to re-exam9e ! facts = himself8 or 0 he ready to accept any?+ t fitt$ 9 ) 8 preconceiv$ ideas8 ,does he mean1 :5 he speaks ( all ! appe>ances ( ,jesus aft] ! crucifixion z if !y 7 ( ! same k9d1 t !y 7 all visions1 l ! manife/ation to himself8 ,&1 f9ally1 h[ is ?is acc\nt to be reconcil$ ) ^? 9 ! fir/ & ?ird gospels--:i*1 z we h se51 disagree ) "o ano!r8 ,until ^! que/ions are satisfactorily answ]$1 ,i am afraid t1 s f> z ,i am conc]n$1 ,paul's te/imony _c be s]i\sly reg>d$1 except z x may af=d evid5ce ( ! /ate ( traditional op9ion at ! "t at :i* he wrote1 say betwe5 #ee & #fj ,a4,d42 t is1 m ?an tw5ty ye>s aft] ! ev5t2 a p]iod mu* m ?an suffici5t = ! developm5t ( any am\nt ( my?ology ab\t matt]s ( :i* no?+ 0 really kn[n4 ,a few ye>s lat]1 among ! contempor>ies & neighb\rs ( ! ,jews1 &1 if ! mo/ probable int]pretation ( ! ,apocalypse c be tru/$1 among ! foll[]s ( ,jesus also1 x 0 fully believ$1 9 spite ( all ! evid5ce to ! contr>y1 t ! ,emp]or ,n]o 0 n really dead1 b t he 0 hidd5 away some:]e 9 ! ,ea/1 & w\ld spe$ily come aga9 at ! head ( a great army1 to be rev5g$ ^u 8 enemies4#aad ,?us1 ,i conceive t ,i h %[n cause = ! #dbg op9ion t ,dr4 ,wace's *all5ge t\*+ ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 & ! ,passion 0 m valor\s ?an discreet4 ,aft] all ?is discussion1 ,i am /ill at ! agno/ic po9t4 ,tell me1 fir/1 :at ,jesus c be prov$ to h be51 said1 & done1 & ,i w say :e!r ,i believe him1 or 9 him1#aae or n4 ,z ,dr4 ,wace admits t ,i h dissipat$ 8 l+]+ %ade ( unbelief ab\t ! b$evilm5t ( ! ,gad>5e pigs1 he might h done some?+ to help m9e4 ,in/ead ( t1 he manife/s a total want ( conception ( ! nature ( ! ob/acles :i* imp$e ! conv]sion ( 8 infidels4 ,! tru? ,i believe to be1 t ! difficulties 9 ! way ( arriv+ at a sure conclusion z to ^! matt]s1 f ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 or any o!r data (f]$ by ! ,synoptic gospels 7& a =tiori f ! f\r? gospel71 are insup]able4 ,e "o ( ^! records is col\r$ by ! prepossessions ( ^? among :om ! primitive traditions arose1 & ( ^? by :om !y 7 collect$ & edit$2 & ! difficulty ( mak+ all[ance = ^! prepossessions is enhanc$ by our ignorance ( ! exact dates at :i* ! docum5ts 7 fir/ put toge!r2 ( ! ext5t to #dbh :i* !y h be5 subsequ5tly work$ ov] & int]polat$2 & ( ! hi/orical s5se1 or want ( s5se1 & ! dogmatic t5d5cies ( _! compil]s & editors4 ,let u see if !re is any o!r road :i* w take u into some?+ bett] ?an negation4 ,!re is a widespread notion t ! primitive ,*ur*1 :ile "u ! guidance ( ! ,apo/les & _! imm$iate successors1 0 a sort ( dogmatic dovecot1 p]vad$ by ! mo/ lov+ unity & doctr9al h>mony4 ,prote/ants1 especially1 are fond ( attribut+ to !mselves ! m]it ( be+ ne>] ! ,*ur* ( ! ,apo/les ?an _! neighb\rs2 & !y are ! less to be excus$ = _! /range delusion because !y are great read]s ( ! docum5ts :i* prove ! exact contr>y4 ,! fact is t1 9 ! c\rse ( ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( its exi/5ce1 ! ,*ur* rapidly und]w5t a process ( evolution ( ! mo/ rem>kable "*1 ! f9al /age ( :i* is f> m diff]5t f ! fir/ ?an ,anglicanism is f ,quak]ism4 ,! key to ! compreh5sion ( ! problem ( ! orig9 ( t :i* is n[ call$ ,*ri/ianity1 & its relation to ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 lies "h4 ,nor c we arrive at any s\nd conclusion z to :at x is probable t ,jesus actually said & did )\t be+ cle> on ?is head4 ,by f> ! mo/ important & subsequ5tly influ5tial /eps 9 ! evolution ( ,*ri/ianity took place 9 ! c\rse ( ! c5tury1 m or less1 :i* foll[$ ^u ! crucifixion4 ,x is almo/ ! d>ke/ p]iod ( ,*ur* #dbi hi/ory1 b1 mo/ =tunately1 ! beg9n+ & ! end ( ! p]iod are brightly illum9at$ by ! contempor>y evid5ce ( two writ]s ( ^: hi/orical exi/5ce !re is no d\bt1#aaf & aga9/ ! g5u95ess ( ^: mo/ important works !re is no widely-admitt$ objection4 ,^! are ,ju/91 ! philosoph] & m>tyr1 & ,paul1 ! ,apo/le to ! ,g5tiles4 ,i %all call ^u ^! witnesses only to te/ify to ! condition ( op9ion among ^? :o call$ !mselves disciples ( ,jesus 9 _! "t4 ,ju/91 9 8 ,dialogue ) ,trypho ! ,jew1 :i* 0 writt5 some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 enum]ates c]ta9 categories ( p]sons :o1 9 8 op9ion1 w1 or w n1 be sav$4#aag ,^! are3-- #a4 ,or?odox ,jews :o refuse to believe t ,jesus is ! ,*ri/4 ,n sav$4 #b4 ,jews :o obs]ve ! ,law2 believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/2 b :o insi/ on ! obs]vance ( ! ,law by ,g5tile conv]ts4 ,n sav$4 #c4 ,jews :o obs]ve ! ,law2 believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/1 & hold t ,g5tile conv]ts ne$ n obs]ve ! ,law4 ,sav$ 79 ,ju/9's op9ion2 b "s ( 8 fell[-,*ri/ians ?9k ! contr>y74 #d4 ,g5tile conv]ts to ! belief 9 ,jesus z ! ,*ri/1 :o obs]ve ! ,law4 ,sav$ 7possibly74 #e4 ,g5tile believ]s 9 ,jesus z ! ,*ri/1 :o d #dcj n obs]ve ! ,law !mselves 7except s f> z ! refusal ( idol sacrifices71 b d n consid] ^? :o d obs]ve x h]etics4 ,sav$ 7?is is ,ju/9's own view74 #f4 ,g5tile believ]s :o d n obs]ve ! ,law1 except 9 refus+ idol sacrifices1 & hold ^? :o d obs]ve x to be h]etics4 ,sav$4 #g4 ,g5tiles :o believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/ & call !mselves ,*ri/ians1 b :o eat meats sacrific$ to idols4 ,n sav$4 #h4 ,g5tiles :o disbelieve 9 ,jesus z ! ,*ri/4 ,n sav$4 ,ju/9 does n consid] ,*ri/ians :o believe 9 ! natural bir? ( ,jesus1 ( :om he implies t !re is a respectable m9ority1 to be h]etics1 ?\gh he himself /rongly holds ! pret]natural bir? ( ,jesus & 8 pre-exi/5ce z ! ,logos or ,^w4 ,he conceives ! ,logos to be a second ,god1 inf]ior to ! fir/1 unkn[able1 ,god1 ) respect to :om ,ju/91 l ,philo1 is a complete agno/ic4 ,! ,holy ,_s is n reg>d$ by ,ju/9 z a sep>ate p]sonality1 & is (t5 mix$ up ) ! ,logos4 ,! doctr9e ( ! natural immortality ( ! s\l is1 = ,ju/91 a h]esy2 & he is z firm a believ] 9 ! resurrection ( ! body1 z 9 ! spe$y ,second ,com+ & e/abli%m5t ( ! mill5nium4 ,?is pill> ( ! ,*ur* 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury--a mu*-travell$ native ( ,sam>ia--0 c]ta9ly well acqua9t$ ) ,rome1 probably ) ,alex&ria1 & x is likely t he knew #dca ! /ate ( op9ion ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! ,*ri/ian _w z well z any man ( 8 "t4 ,if ! v>i\s categories above enum]at$ are arrang$ 9 a s]ies ?us3-- ,ju/9's ,*ri/ianity _/---------------- ,or?odox ,judaeo-,*ri/ianity ,idolo?ytic ,judaism _/--------- ,*ri/ianity ,paganism ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 x is obvi\s t !y =m a gradational s]ies f or?odox ,judaism1 on ! extreme left1 to ,paganism1 :e!r philosophic or popul>1 on ! extreme "r2 & x w fur!r be obs]v$ t1 :ile ,ju/9's conception ( ,*ri/ianity is v broad1 he rigor\sly excludes two classes ( p]sons :o1 9 8 "t1 call$ !mselves ,*ri/ians2 namely1 ^? :o insi/ on circumcision & o!r obs]vances ( ! ,law on ! "p ( ,g5tile conv]ts2 t is to say1 ! /rict ,judaeo-,*ri/ians 7,,ii472 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? :o ass]t ! lawfulness ( eat+ meat (f]$ to idols--:e!r !y are ,gno/ic or n 7,,vii47 ,^! la/ ,i h call$ idolo?ytic ,*ri/ians1 because ,i _c devise a bett] "n1 n because x is /rictly def5sible etymologically4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 ,i d n suppose !re is an ,engli% mission>y 9 any hea!n l& :o w\ld tr\ble himself :e!r ! mat]ials ( 8 d9n] _h be5 previ\sly (f]$ to idols or n4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,i suppose !re is no ,prote/ant sect )9 ! pale ( or?odoxy1 to say no?+ ( ! ,roman & ,greek ,*ur*es1 :i* w\ld hesitate to decl>e ! practice ( circumcision & ! #dcb obs]vance ( ! ,jewi% ,sabba? & diet>y rules1 %ock+ly h]etical4 ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity has1 9 fact1 n only %ift$ f> to ! "r ( ,ju/9's position1 b x is ( mu* n>r[] compass4 ,ju/9 _/------------------- ,judaeo-,*ri/ianity ,mod]n ,*ri/ianity ,paganism ,judaism _/-------------- _/------------------- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,,vii4 ,,viii4 ,=1 ?\gh x includes ,,vii41 & ev51 9 sa9t & relic wor%ip1 cuts a mon/r\s cantle out ( paganism1 x excludes1 n only all ,judaeo-,*ri/ians1 b all :o d\bt t su* are h]etics4 ,ev] s9ce ! ?irte5? c5tury1 ! ,inquisition w\ld h *e]fully burn$1 & 9 ,spa9 did abundantly burn1 all p]sons :o came "u ! categories ,,ii41 ,,iii41 ,,iv41 ,v4 ,& ! wolf w\ld play ! same havoc n[1 if x c\ld only get its blood-/a9$ jaws free f ! muzzle impos$ by ! secul> arm4 ,fur!r1 !re is n a ,prote/ant body except ! ,unit>ian1 :i* w\ld n decl>e ,ju/9 himself a h]etic1 on acc\nt ( 8 doctr9e ( ! inf]ior god%ip ( ! ,logos2 :ile ,i am v mu* afraid t1 9 /rict logic1 ,dr4 ,wace w\ld be "u ! necessity1 s pa9ful to him1 ( call+ him an infidel1 on ! same & on o!r gr\nds4 ,n[ let u turn to our o!r au?ority4 ,if !re is any result ( critical inve/igations ( ! s\rces ( ,*ri/ianity :i* is c]ta91#aah x is t ,paul ( #dcc ,t>sus wrote ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians some:]e betwe5 ! ye>s #ee & #fj ,a4,d41 t is to say1 r\ghly1 tw5ty1 or five-&-tw5ty ye>s aft] ! crucifixion4 ,if ?is is s1 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians is "o ( ! olde/1 if n ! v olde/1 ( extant docum5t>y evid5ces ( ! /ate ( ! primitive ,*ur*4 ,&1 be x obs]v$1 if x is ,paul's writ+1 x unque/ionably furni%es u ) ! evid5ce ( a p>ticipator 9 ! transactions n>rat$4 ,) ! exception ( two or ?ree ( ! o!r ,paul9e epi/les1 !re is n "o solit>y book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ( ! au?or%ip & au?ority ( :i* we h su* good evid5ce4 ,& :at is ! /ate ( ?+s we f9d disclos$8 ,a bitt] qu>rel1 9 8 acc\nt ( :i* ,paul by no means m9ces matt]s1 or hesitates to hurl defiant s>casms aga9/ ^? :o 7 reput$ to be pill>s3 ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 ,pet]1 ! rock on :om ,jesus is said to h built 8 ,*ur*1 & ,john1 ! belov$ disciple4 ,& no def]5ce t[>d ! rock )holds ,paul f *>g+ ,pet] to 8 face ) dissimulation4 ,! subject ( ! hot dispute 0 simply ?is4 ,7 ,g5tile conv]ts b\nd to obey ! ,law or n8 ,paul answ]$ 9 ! negative2 &1 act+ ^u 8 op9ion1 _h creat$ at ,antio* 7& else:]e7 a specifically ,*ri/ian community1 ! sole qualifications = admission into :i* 7 ! confession ( ! belief t ,jesus 0 ! ,messiah1 & baptism ^u t confession4 ,9 ! epi/le 9 "q1 ,paul puts ?is--8 gospel1 z he calls #dcd x--9 its mo/ extreme =m4 ,n only does he d5y ! necessity ( con=mity ) ! ,law1 b he decl>es su* con=mity to h a negative value4 ,behold1 ,i1 ,paul1 say unto y1 t if ye receive circumcision1 ,*ri/ w pr(it y no?+ 7,galatians v4 #b74 ,he calls ! legal obs]vances begg>ly rudim5ts1 & ana!matises e "o :o prea*es to ! ,galatians any o!r gospel ?an 8 own4 ,t is to say1 by direct consequ5ce1 he ana!matises ! ,naz>5es ( ,j]usalem1 ^: zeal = ! ,law is te/ifi$ by ,james 9 a passage ( ! ,acts cit$ fur!r on4 ,9 ! fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians1 deal+ ) ! "q ( eat+ meat (f]$ to idols1 x is cle> t ,paul himself ?9ks x a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 b he advises t x %\ld n be done1 = ! sake ( ! weak] bre?r54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,naz>5es ( ,j]usalem mo/ /r5u\sly oppos$ ,paul's gospel1 insi/+ on e conv]t becom+ a regul> ,jewi% proselyte1 & consequ5tly on 8 obs]vance ( ! :ole ,law2 & ?is p>ty 0 l$ by ,james & ,pet] & ,john 7,galatians ii4 #i74 ,paul does n sugge/ t ! "q ( pr9ciple 0 settl$ by ! discussion ref]r$ to 9 ,galatians4 ,all he says is t x end$ 9 ! practical agreem5t t he & ,b>nabas %\ld d z !y _h be5 do+1 9 respect to ! ,g5tiles2 :ile ,james & ,pet] & ,john %\ld deal 9 _! own fa%ion ) ,jewi% conv]ts4 ,aft]w>ds1 he compla9s bitt]ly ( ,pet]1 because1 :5 on a visit to ,antio*1 he at fir/ incl9$ to ,paul's view1 & ate ) ! ,g5tile conv]ts2 b :5 c]ta9 came f ,james1 #dce drew back1 & sep>at$ himself1 fe>+ !m t 7 ( ! circumcision4 ,& ! re/ ( ! ,jews dissembl$ likewise ) him2 insomu* t ev5 ,b>nabas 0 c>ri$ away ) _! dissimulation 7,galatians ii4 #ab-ac74 ,!re is b "o conclusion to be drawn f ,paul's acc\nt ( ?is fam\s dispute1 ! settlem5t ( :i* det]m9$ ! =tunes ( ! nasc5t religion4 ,x is t ! disciples at ,j]usalem1 head$ by ,james1 ! ,"l's bro!r1 & by ! lead+ apo/les1 ,pet] & ,john1 7 /rict ,jews1 :o _h object$ to admit any conv]ts into _! body1 unless ^!1 ei!r by bir?1 or by becom+ proselytes1 7 also /rict ,jews4 ,9 fact1 ! sole diff]5ce betwe5 ,james & ,pet] & ,john1 ) ! body ( ! disciples :om !y l$1 & ! ,jews by :om !y 7 surr\nd$1 & ) :om !y = _m ye>s %>$ ! religi\s obs]vances ( ! ,temple1 0 t !y believ$ t ! ,messiah1 :om ! lead]s ( ! nation yet look$ =1 _h already come 9 ! p]son ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les is h>dly a v tru/wor?y hi/ory2 x is c]ta9ly ( lat] date ?an ! ,paul9e ,epi/les1 suppos+ !m to be g5u9e4 ,& ! writ]'s v]sion ( ! conf]5ce ( :i* ,paul gives s graphic a description1 if t is correct1 is unmi/akably col\r$ ) all ! art ( a reconcil]1 anxi\s to cov] up a sc&al4 ,b x is none ! less in/ructive on ?is acc\nt4 ,! judgm5t ( ! c\ncil deliv]$ by ,james is t ! ,g5tile conv]ts %all m]ely ab/a9 f ?+s #dcf sacrific$ to idols1 & f blood & f ?+s /rangl$1 & f =nication4 ,b not)/&+ ! accommodation 9 :i* ! writ] ( ! ,acts w\ld h u believe1 ! ,j]usalem ,*ur* held to its endeav\r to reta9 ! obs]vance ( ! ,law4 ,long aft] ! conf]5ce1 "s "t aft] ! writ+ ( ! ,epi/les to ! ,galatians & ,cor9?ians1 & imm$iately aft] ! despat* ( t to ! ,romans1 ,paul makes 8 la/ visit to ,j]usalem1 & pres5ts himself to ,james & all ! eld]s4 ,& ?is is :at ! ,acts tells u ( ! int]view3-- ,& !y said unto him1 ,?\ see/1 bro!r1 h[ _m ?\s&s or myriads !re are among ! ,jews ( !m :i* h believ$2 & !y are all zeal\s = ! law2 & !y h be5 in=m$ conc]n+ !e1 t ?\ tea*e/ all ! ,jews :i* are among ! ,g5tiles to =sake ,moses1 tell+ !m n to circumcise _! *ildr51 nei!r to walk aft] ! cu/oms4 7,acts xxi4 #bj1 #ba47 ,!y !re=e reque/ t he %\ld p]=m a c]ta9 public religi\s act 9 ! ,temple1 9 ord] t all %all "k t !re is no tru? 9 ! ?+s :]e( !y h be5 in=m$ conc]n+ !e2 b t ?\ ?yself walke/ ord]ly1 keep+ ! law 7ibid4 #bd74aai ,h[ f> ,paul c\ld d :at he is "h reque/$ to d1 & :i* ! writ] ( ! ,acts goes on to say he did1 ) a cle> consci5ce1 if he wrote ! ,epi/les to ! ,galatians & ,cor9?ians1 ,i may leave any c&id read] ( ^! epi/les to decide4 ,! #dcg po9t to :i* ,i wi% to direct att5tion is ! decl>ation t ! ,j]usalem ,*ur*1 l$ by ! bro!r ( ,jesus & by 8 p]sonal disciples & fri5ds1 tw5ty ye>s & m aft] 8 dea?1 consi/$ ( /rict & zeal\s ,jews4 ,t]tullus1 ! orator1 c>+ v little ab\t ! int]nal diss5sions ( ! foll[]s ( ,jesus1 speaks ( ,paul z a r+lead] ( ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es 7,acts xxiv4 #e71 :i* mu/ h affect$ ,james mu* 9 ! same way z x w\ld h mov$ ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 9 ,george ,fox's day1 to he> ! latt] call$ a r+lead] ( ! sect ( ,anglicans4 ,9 fact1 ,naz>5e 01 z is well kn[n1 ! di/9ctive appellation appli$ to ,jesus2 8 imm$iate foll[]s 7 kn[n z ,naz>5es2 :ile ! congregation ( ! disciples1 &1 lat]1 ( conv]ts at ,j]usalem--! ,j]usalem ,*ur*--0 emphatically ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es1 no m 9 itself to be reg>d$ z any?+ outside ,judaism ?an ! sect ( ! ,sadducees or ( ! ,ess5es4#abj ,9 fact1 ! t5ets ( bo? ! ,sadducees & ! ,ess5es div]g$ mu* m widely f ! ,ph>isaic /&>d ( or?odoxy ?an ,naz>5ism did4 ,let u consid] ! position ( affairs n[ 7,a4,d4 #ej-fj7 9 relation to t :i* obta9$ 9 ,ju/9's "t1 a c5tury lat]4 ,x is pla9 t ! ,naz>5es--presid$ ov] by ,james1 ! bro!r ( ! ,"l1 & compris+ )9 _! body all ! twelve #dch apo/les--belong$ to ,ju/9's second category ( ,jews :o obs]ve ! ,law1 believe ,jesus to be ! ,*ri/1 b :o insi/ on ! obs]vance ( ! ,law by ,g5tile conv]ts1 up till ! "t at :i* ! controv]sy report$ by ,paul arose4 ,!y !n1 accord+ to ,paul1 simply all[$ him to =m 8 congregations ( non-legal ,g5tile conv]ts at ,antio* & else:]e2 & x w\ld seem t x 0 to ^! conv]ts1 :o w\ld come "u ,ju/9's fif? category1 t ! title ( ,*ri/ian 0 fir/ appli$4 ,if any ( ^! ,*ri/ians _h act$ ^u ! m ?an half-p]mission giv5 by ,paul1 & _h eat5 meats (f]$ to idols1 !y w\ld h belong$ to ,ju/9's sev5? category4 ,h5ce1 x appe>s t1 if ,ju/9's op9ion1 :i* 0 probably t ( ! ,*ur* g5]ally 9 ! middle ( ! second c5tury1 0 correct1 ,james & ,pet] & ,john & _! foll[]s c\ld n be sav$2 nei!r c\ld ,paul1 if he c>ri$ into practice 8 views z to ! indiff]5ce ( eat+ meats (f]$ to idols4 ,or1 to put ! matt] ano!r way1 ! c5tre ( gravity ( or?odoxy1 :i* is at ! extreme "r ( ! s]ies 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 0 at ! extreme left1 j be=e ! middle ( ! fir/ c5tury1 :5 ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es con/itut$ ! :ole *ur* f\nd$ by ,jesus & ! apo/les2 :ile1 9 ! "t ( ,ju/91 x lay midway betwe5 ! two4 ,x is !re=e a pr(\nd mi/ake to imag9e t ! ,judaeo-,*ri/ians 7,naz>5es & ,ebionites7 ( lat] times 7 h]etical outgr[?s f a primitive univ]sali/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,on ! #dci contr>y1 ! univ]sali/ ,*ri/ianity is an outgr[? f ! primitive1 purely ,jewi%1 ,naz>5ism2 :i*1 gradually elim9at+ all ! c]emonial & diet>y p>ts ( ! ,jewi% law1 has ?ru/ aside its p>5t1 & all ! int]m$iate /ages ( its developm5t1 into ! position ( damnable h]esies4 ,su* be+ ! case1 we are 9 a position to =m a safe judgm5t ( ! limits )9 :i* ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? mu/ h be5 conf9$4 ,ecclesia/ical au?ority w\ld h u believe t ! words :i* are giv5 at ! end ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 ,g ye1 !re=e1 & make disciples ( all ! nations1 baptiz+ !m 9 ! "n ( ! ,fa!r & ( ! ,son & ( ! ,holy ,gho/1 are "p ( ! la/ comm&s ( ,jesus1 issu$ at ! mom5t ( 8 p>t+ ) ! elev54 ,if s1 ,pet] & ,john mu/ h he>d ^! words2 !y are too pla9 to be misund]/ood2 & ! occasion is too solemn = !m ev] to be =gott54 ,yet ! ,acts tell u t ,pet] ne$$ a vision to enable him s mu* z to baptize ,cornelius2 & ,paul1 9 ! ,galatians1 kn[s no?+ ( words :i* w\ld h completely borne him out z aga9/ ^? :o1 ?\gh !y he>d1 mu/ be suppos$ to h ei!r =gott5 or ignor$ !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,pet] & ,john1 :o are suppos$ to h he>d ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 "k no?+ ( ! say+ t ,jesus _h n come to de/roy ! ,law1 b t e jot & tittle ( ! ,law mu/ be fulfill$1 :i* surely w\ld h be5 pretty good evid5ce = _! view ( ! "q4 #ddj ,we are sometimes told t ! p]sonal fri5ds & daily companions ( ,jesus rema9$ zeal\s ,jews & oppos$ ,paul's innovations1 because !y 7 h>d ( he>t & dull ( compreh5sion4 ,?is hypo!sis is h>dly 9 accordance ) ! concomitant fai? ( ^? :o adopt x1 9 ! miracul\s insight & sup]human sagacity ( _! ,ma/]2 nor d ,i see any way ( gett+ x to h>monise ) ! or?odox po/ulate2 namely1 t ,mat!w 0 ! au?or ( ! fir/ gospel & ,john ( ! f\r?4 ,if t is s1 !n1 mo/ assur$ly1 ,mat!w 0 no dull>d2 & z = ! f\r? gospel--a !osophic romance ( ! fir/ ord]--x c\ld h be5 writt5 by none b a man ( rem>kable lit]>y capacity1 :o _h drunk deep ( ,alex&rian philosophy4 ,moreov]1 ! doctr9e ( ! writ] ( ! f\r? gospel is m remote f t ( ! sect ( ! ,naz>5es ?an is t ( ,paul himself4 ,i am q aw>e t or?odox critics h be5 capable ( ma9ta9+ t ,john1 ! ,naz>5e1 :o 0 probably well pa/ fifty ye>s ( age :5 he is suppos$ to h writt5 ! mo/ ?or\ghly ,judais+ book 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t--! ,apocalypse--9 ! r\ghe/ ( ,greek1 und]w5t an a/\nd+ metamorphosis ( bo? doctr9e & /yle by ! "t he rea*$ ! ripe age ( n9ety or s1 & provid$ ! _w ) a hi/ory 9 :i* ! acute/ critic _c always make out :]e ! spee*es ( ,jesus end & ! text ( ! n>rative beg9s2 :ile t n>rative is utt]ly irreconcilable1 9 reg>d to matt]s ( fact1 ) t ( 8 fell[-apo/le1 ,mat!w4 #dda ,! end ( ! :ole matt] is ?is3--,! sect ( ! ,naz>5es1 ! bro!r & ! imm$iate foll[]s ( ,jesus1 commission$ by him z apo/les1 & ^? :o 7 taught by !m up to ! ye> #ej ,a4,d41 7 n ,*ri/ians 9 ! s5se 9 :i* t t]m has be5 und]/ood ev] s9ce its ass]t$ orig9 at ,antio*1 b ,jews--/rict or?odox ,jews--^: belief 9 ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus nev] l$ to _! exclusion f ! ,temple s]vices1 nor w\ld h %ut !m out f ! wide embrace ( ,judaism4#aba ,! op5 proclamation ( _! special view ab\t ! ,messiah 0 d\btless (f5sive to ! ,ph>isees1 j z rampant ,l[ ,*ur*ism is (f5sive to bigot$ ,high ,*ur*ism 9 our own c\ntry2 or z any k9d ( diss5t is (f5sive to f]vid religioni/s ( all cre$s4 ,to ! ,sadducees1 no d\bt1 ! political dang] ( any ,messianic movem5t 0 s]i\s2 & !y w\ld h be5 glad to put d[n ,naz>5ism1 le/ x %\ld end 9 useless rebellion aga9/ _! ,roman ma/]s1 l t o!r ,galilean movem5t head$ by ,judas1 a g5]ation e>li]4 ,galilee 0 always a hotb$ ( s$iti\s en?usiasm aga9/ ! rule ( ,rome2 & high prie/ & procurator alike _h ne$ to keep a %>p eye ^u natives ( t di/rict4 ,on ! :ole1 h[ev]1 ! ,naz>5es 7 b little tr\bl$ = ! fir/ tw5ty ye>s ( _! exi/5ce2 & ! undy+ hatr$ ( ! ,jews aga9/ ^? lat] #ddb conv]ts1 :om !y reg>d$ z apo/ates & fautors ( a %am ,judaism1 0 awak5$ by ,paul4 ,f _! po9t ( view1 he 0 a m]e r5egade ,jew1 oppos$ alike to or?odox ,judaism & to or?odox ,naz>5ism1 & ^: tea*+s ?reat5$ ,judaism ) de/ruction4 ,&1 f _! po9t ( view1 !y 7 q "r4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a c5tury1 ,paul9e influ5ces _h a l>ge %>e 9 driv+ primitive ,naz>5ism f be+ ! v he>t ( ! new fai? into ! position ( sc\t$ error2 & ! _s ( ,paul's doctr9e cont9u$ its "w ( driv+ ,*ri/ianity f>!r & f>!r away f ,judaism1 until meats (f]$ to idols might be eat5 )\t scruple1 :ile ! ,naz>5e me?ods ( obs]v+ ev5 ! ,sabba?1 or ! ,passov]1 7 br&$ ) ! m>k ( ,judais+ h]esy4 ,b if ! primitive ,naz>5es ( :om ! ,acts speaks 7 or?odox ,jews1 :at sort ( probability c !re be t ,jesus 0 any?+ else8 ,h[ c he h f\nd$ ! univ]sal religion :i* 0 n he>d ( till tw5ty ye>s aft] 8 dea?8#abb ,t ,jesus possess$ 9 a r>e degree ! gift ( atta*+ m5 to 8 p]son & to 8 =tunes2 t he 0 ! au?or ( _m a /rik+ say+1 & ! advocate ( equity1 ( love1 & ( humility2 t he may h disreg>d$ ! subtleties ( ! bigots = legal obs]vance1 & appeal$ r to ^? noble #ddc conceptions ( religion :i* con/itut$ ! pi? & k]nel ( ! tea*+ ( ! great prophets ( 8 nation sev5 hundr$ ye>s e>li]2 & t1 9 ! la/ sc5es ( 8 c>e]1 he may h embodi$ ! ideal suff]] ( ,isaiah1 may be1 z ,i ?9k x is1 extremely probable4 ,b all ?is involves n a /ep beyond ! bord]s ( or?odox ,judaism4 ,aga91 :o is to say :e!r ,jesus proclaim$ himself ! v]itable ,messiah1 expect$ by 8 nation s9ce ! appe>ance ( ! pseudo-prophetic "w ( ,daniel1 a c5tury & a half be=e 8 "t2 or :e!r ! en?usiasm ( 8 foll[]s gradually =c$ him to assume t position8 ,b "o ?+ is q c]ta93 if t belief 9 ! spe$y second com+ ( ! ,messiah :i* 0 %>$ by all p>ties 9 ! primitive ,*ur*1 :e!r ,naz>5e or ,paul9e2 :i* ,jesus is made to prophesy1 ov] & ov] aga91 9 ! ,synoptic gospels2 & :i* dom9at$ ! life ( ,*ri/ians dur+ ! fir/ c5tury aft] ! crucifixion2--if he believ$ & taught t1 !n assur$ly he 0 "u an illusion1 & he is responsible = t :i* ! m]e effluxion ( "t has demon/rat$ to be a prodigi\s error4 ,:5 ,i v5tur$ to d\bt :e!r any ,prote/ant !ologian :o has a reputation to lose w say t he believes ! ,gad>5e /ory1 x appe>s t ,i reckon$ )\t ,dr4 ,wace1 :o1 ref]r+ to ?is passage 9 my pap]1 says3-- ,he w judge :e!r ,i fall "u 8 description2 b ,i repeat t ,i believe x1 & t he has remov$ ! only objection to my believ+ x 7p4 #cfc74 #ddd ,f> be x f me to set myself up z a judge ( any su* delicate "q z t put be=e me2 b ,i ?9k ,i may v5ture to express ! conviction t1 9 ! matt] ( c\rage1 ,dr4 ,wace has rais$ = himself a monum5t a]e p]5nius4 ,= really1 9 my poor judgm5t1 a c]ta9 spl5did intrepidity1 su* z "o admires 9 ! lead] ( a =lorn hope1 is manife/$ by ,dr4 ,wace :5 he solemnly affirms t he believes ! ,gad>5e /ory on ! evid5ce (f]$4 ,i feel less complim5t$ p]haps ?an ,i ought to d1 :5 ,i am told t ,i h be5 an accomplice 9 ext+ui%+ 9 ,dr4 ,wace's m9d ! la/ glimm] ( d\bt :i* common s5se may h sugge/$4 ,9 fact1 ,i mu/ disclaim all responsibility = ! use to :i* ! in=mation ,i suppli$ has be5 put4 ,i =mally decl9e to admit t ! expression ( my ignorance :e!r devils1 9 ! exi/5ce ( :i* ,i d n believe1 if !y did exi/1 might or might n be made to g out ( m5 into pigs1 c1 z a matt] ( logic1 h be5 ( any use :atev] to a p]son :o already believ$ 9 devils & 9 ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! gospels4 ,( ! ,gad>5e /ory1 ,dr4 ,wace1 ) all solemnity & twice ov]1 affirms t he believes x4 ,i am sorry to tr\ble him fur!r1 b :at does he mean by x8 ,because !re are two /ories1 "o 9 ,m>k & ,luke1 & ! o!r 9 ,mat!w4 ,9 ! =m]1 :i* ,i quot$ 9 my previ\s pap]1 !re is "o possess$ man2 9 ! latt] !re are two4 ,! /ory is told fully1 ) ! vigor\s homely diction & ! #dde picturesque details ( a piece ( folklore1 9 ! second gospel4 ,! imm$iately antec$5t ev5t is ! /orm on ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>et4 ,! imm$iately consequ5t ev5ts are ! message f ! rul] ( ! synagogue & ! heal+ ( ! woman ) an issue ( blood4 ,9 ! ?ird gospel1 ! ord] ( ev5ts is exactly ! same1 & !re is an extremely close g5]al & v]bal correspond5ce betwe5 ! n>ratives ( ! miracle4 ,bo? agree 9 /at+ t !re 0 only "o possess$ man1 & t he 0 ! resid5ce ( _m devils1 ^: "n 0 ,legion4 ,9 ! fir/ gospel1 ! ev5t :i* imm$iately prec$es ! ,gad>5e affair is1 z be=e1 ! /orm2 ! message f ! rul] & ! heal+ ( ! issue are sep>at$ f x by ! acc\nts ( ! heal+ ( a p>alytic1 ( ! call+ ( ,mat!w1 & ( a discussion ) "s ,ph>isees4 ,aga91 :ile ! second gospel speaks ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,g]as5es z ! locality ( ! ev5t1 ! ?ird gospel has ,g]as5es1 ,g]ges5es1 & ,gad>5es 9 diff]5t anci5t ,,mss42 :ile ! fir/ has ,gad>5es4 ,! really important po9ts to be notic$1 h[ev]1 9 ! n>rative ( ! fir/ gospel1 are ^!--t !re are two possess$ m5 in/ead ( "o2 & t :ile ! /ory is abbreviat$ by omissions1 :at !re is ( x is (t5 v]bally id5tical ) ! correspond+ passages 9 ! o!r two gospels4 ,! mo/ unaba%$ ( reconcil]s _c well say t "o man is ! same z two1 or two z "o2 &1 #ddf ?\gh ! sugge/ion really has be5 made1 t two diff]5t miracles1 agree+ 9 all ess5tial p>ticul>s1 except ! numb] ( ! possess$1 7 effect$ imm$iately aft] ! /orm on ! lake1 ,i %\ld be sorry to accuse any "o ( s]i\sly adopt+ x4 ,nor w x be pret5d$ t ! allegory refuge is accessible 9 ?is p>ticul> case4 ,s1 :5 ,dr4 ,wace says t he believes 9 ! synoptic evangeli/s' acc\nt ( ! miracul\s b$evilm5t ( sw9e1 ,i may fairly ask :i* ( !m does he believe8 ,does he hold by ! "o evangeli/'s /ory1 or by t ( ! two evangeli/s8 ,& hav+ made 8 election1 :at reasons has he to give = 8 *oice8 ,if x is sugge/$ t ! witness ( two is to be tak5 aga9/ t ( "o1 n only is ! te/imony dealt ) 9 t commons5se fa%ion aga9/ :i* ! !ologians ( 8 s*ool prote/ s w>mly2 n only is all "q ( inspiration at an end1 b ! fur!r inquiry arises1 ,aft] all1 is x ! te/imony ( two aga9/ "o8 ,are ! au?ors ( ! v]sions 9 ! second & ! ?ird gospels really indep5d5t witnesses8 ,9 ord] to answ] ?is "q1 x is only ne$ful to place ! ,engli% v]sions ( ! two side by side1 & comp>e !m c>efully4 ,x w !n be se5 t ! co9cid5ces betwe5 !m1 n m]ely 9 sub/ance1 b 9 arrangem5t1 & 9 ! use ( id5tical words 9 ! same ord]1 are su*1 t only two alt]natives are conceivable3 ei!r "o evangeli/ freely copi$ f ! o!r1 or bo? bas$ !mselves ^u a common s\rce1 :i* may ei!r h be5 a writt5 #ddg docum5t1 or a def9ite oral tradition le>n$ by he>t4 ,assur$ly1 ^! two te/imonies are n ^? ( indep5d5t witnesses4 ,fur!r1 :5 ! n>rative 9 ! fir/ gospel is comp>$ ) t 9 ! o!r two1 ! same fact comes out4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t ,dr4 ,wace is "r 9 8 assumption t ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke wrote ! works :i* we f9d attribut$ to !m by tradition1 :at is ! value ( _! agreem5t1 ev5 t some?+ m or less l ?is p>ticul> miracle occurr$1 s9ce x is demon/rable1 ei!r t all dep5d on "s antec$5t /atem5t1 ( ! au?or%ip ( :i* no?+ is kn[n1 or t two are dep5d5t ^u ! ?ird8 ,dr4 ,wace says he believes ! ,gad>5e /ory2 :i*ev] v]sion ( x he accepts1 !re=e1 he believes t ,jesus said :at he is /at$ 9 all ! v]sions to h said1 & !reby virtually decl>$ t ! !ory ( ! nature ( ! spiritual _w involv$ 9 ! /ory is true4 ,n[ ,i hold t ?is !ory is false1 t x is a mon/r\s & mis*iev\s fiction2 & ,i unhesitat+ly express my disbelief 9 any ass]tion t x is true1 by :omsoev] made4 ,s t1 if ,dr4 ,wace is "r 9 8 belief1 he is also q "r 9 class+ me among ! p he calls infidels2 & al?\gh ,i _c fulfil ! ecc5tric expectation t ,i %all glory 9 a title :i*1 f my po9t ( view1 x w\ld be simply silly to adopt1 ,i c]ta9ly %all rejoice n to be reckon$ among ,*ri/ians s long z ! pr(ession ( belief 9 su* /ories z ! ,gad>5e pig affair1 on ! #ddh /r5g? ( a tradition ( unkn[n orig91 ( :i* two discrepant reports1 also ( unkn[n orig91 alone rema91 =ms any "p ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,&1 al?\gh ,i h1 m ?an once1 repudiat$ ! gift ( prophecy1 yet ,i ?9k ,i may v5ture to express ! anticipation1 t if ,*ri/ians g5]ally are go+ to foll[ ! l9e tak5 by ,dr4 ,wace1 x w n be long be=e all m5 ( common s5se qualify = a place among ! infidels4 99 99 99 99 99 #ddi ,,xii ,,agno/icism ,,& ,,*ri/ianity ,nemo ergo ex me scire qua]at1 quod me nescire scio1 nisi =te ut nescire discat4--,,augu/9us1 ,de ,civ4 ,dei1 xii4 #g4 #abc,! pres5t discussion has aris5 out ( ! use1 :i* has become g5]al 9 ! la/ few ye>s1 ( ! t]ms ,agno/ic & ,agno/icism4 ,! p :o call !mselves ,agno/ics h be5 *>g$ ) do+ s because !y h n ! c\rage to decl>e !mselves ,infidels4 ,x has be5 ins9uat$ t !y h adopt$ a new "n 9 ord] to escape ! unpleasantness :i* atta*es to _! prop] d5om9ation4 ,to ?is :olly errone\s imputation1 ,i h repli$ by %[+ t ! t]m ,agno/ic did1 z a matt] ( fact1 arise 9 a mann] :i* negatives x2 & my /atem5t has n be51 & _c be1 refut$4 ,moreov]1 speak+ = myself1 & )\t impugn+ ! "r ( any o!r p]son to use ! t]m 9 ano!r s5se1 ,i fur!r say t ,agno/icism #dej is n prop]ly describ$ z a negative cre$1 nor inde$ z a cre$ ( any k9d1 except 9 s f> z x expresses absolute fai? 9 ! validity ( a pr9ciple1 :i* is z mu* e?ical z intellectual4 ,?is pr9ciple may be /at$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b !y all am\nt to ?is3 t x is wrong = a man to say t he is c]ta9 ( ! objective tru? ( any proposition unless he c produce evid5ce :i* logically ju/ifies t c]ta9ty4 ,?is is :at ,agno/icism ass]ts2 &1 9 my op9ion1 x is all t is ess5tial to ,agno/icism4 ,t :i* ,agno/ics d5y & repudiate1 z immoral1 is ! contr>y doctr9e1 t !re are propositions :i* m5 ought to believe1 )\t logically satisfactory evid5ce2 & t reprobation ought to atta* to ! pr(ession ( disbelief 9 su* inadequately support$ propositions4 ,! ju/ification ( ! ,agno/ic pr9ciple lies 9 ! success :i* foll[s ^u its application1 :e!r 9 ! field ( natural1 or 9 t ( civil1 hi/ory2 & 9 ! fact t1 s f> z ^! topics are conc]n$1 no sane man ?9ks ( d5y+ its validity4 ,/ill speak+ = myself1 ,i add1 t ?\gh ,agno/icism is n1 & _c be1 a cre$1 except 9 s f> z its g5]al pr9ciple is conc]n$2 yet t ! application ( t pr9ciple results 9 ! d5ial (1 or ! susp5sion ( judgm5t conc]n+1 a numb] ( propositions respect+ :i* our contempor>y ecclesia/ical gno/ics pr(ess entire c]ta9ty4 ,&1 9 s f> z ^! ecclesia/ical p]sons c be ju/ifi$ 9 _! old-e/abli%$ #dea cu/om 7:i* _m n[adays ?9k m hon\r$ 9 ! brea* ?an ! obs]vance7 ( us+ opprobri\s names to ^? :o diff] f !m1 ,i fully admit _! "r to call me & ^? :o ?9k ) me ,infidels3 all ,i h v5tur$ to urge is t !y mu/ n expect u to speak ( ourselves by t title4 ,! ext5t ( ! region ( ! unc]ta91 ! numb] ( ! problems ! inve/igation ( :i* ends 9 a v]dict ( n prov51 w v>y accord+ to ! k & ! intellectual habits ( ! individual ,agno/ic4 ,i d n v mu* c>e to speak ( any?+ z unkn[able4 ,:at ,i am sure ab\t is t !re are _m topics ab\t :i* ,i "k no?+2 & :i*1 s f> z ,i c see1 are out ( rea* ( my faculties4 ,b :e!r ^! ?+s are kn[able by any "o else is exactly "o ( ^? matt]s :i* is beyond my k1 ?\gh ,i may h a tol]ably /rong op9ion z to ! probabilities ( ! case4 ,relatively to myself1 ,i am q sure t ! region ( unc]ta9ty--! nebul\s c\ntry 9 :i* words play ! "p ( realities--is f> m ext5sive ?an ,i c\ld wi%4 ,mat]ialism & ,idealism2 ,!ism & ,a!ism2 ! doctr9e ( ! s\l & its mortality or immortality--appe> 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy l ! %ades ( ,sc&9avian h]oes1 et]nally slay+ "o ano!r & et]nally com+ to life aga9 9 a metaphysical ,nifelheim4 ,x is gett+ on = tw5ty-five c5turies1 at lea/1 s9ce mank9d began s]i\sly to give _! m9ds to ^! topics4 #deb ,g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 philosophy has be5 doom$ to roll ! /one uphill2 &1 j z all ! _w swore x 0 at ! top1 d[n x has roll$ to ! bottom aga94 ,all ?is is writt5 9 innum]able books2 & he :o w toil ?r\gh !m w discov] t ! /one is j :]e x 0 :5 ! "w began4 ,hume saw ?is2 ,kant saw x2 s9ce _! "t1 m & m eyes h be5 cleans$ ( ! films :i* prev5t$ !m f see+ x2 until n[ ! weight & numb] ( ^? :o refuse to be ! prey ( v]bal my/ifications has begun to tell 9 practical life4 ,x 0 inevitable t a conflict %\ld arise betwe5 ,agno/icism & ,!ology2 or r1 ,i ought to say1 betwe5 ,agno/icism & ,ecclesia/icism4 ,= ,!ology1 ! sci5ce1 is "o ?+2 & ,ecclesia/icism1 ! *ampion%ip ( a =egone conclusion#abd z to ! tru? ( a p>ticul> =m ( ,!ology1 is ano!r4 ,) sci5tific ,!ology1 ,agno/icism has no qu>rel4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,agno/ic1 kn[+ too well ! influ5ce ( prejudice & idiosyncrasy1 ev5 on ^? :o desire mo/ e>ne/ly to be imp>tial1 c wi% = no?+ m urg5tly ?an t ! sci5tific !ologian %\ld n only be at p]fect lib]ty to ?re% out ! matt] 9 8 own fa%ion2 b t he %\ld1 if he c1 f9d flaws 9 ! ,agno/ic position2 &1 ev5 if demon/ration is n to be _h1 t he %\ld put1 9 _! full =ce1 ! gr\nds ( ! conclusions he ?9ks probable4 ,! #dec sci5tific !ologian admits ! ,agno/ic pr9ciple1 h[ev] widely 8 results may diff] f ^? rea*$ by ! majority ( ,agno/ics4 ,b1 z betwe5 ,agno/icism & ,ecclesia/icism1 or1 z our neighb\rs across ! ,*annel call x1 ,cl]icalism1 !re c be nei!r peace nor truce4 ,! ,cl]ic ass]ts t x is morally wrong n to believe c]ta9 propositions1 :atev] ! results ( a /rict sci5tific inve/igation ( ! evid5ce ( ^! propositions4 ,he tells u t religi\s error is1 9 itself1 ( an immoral nature4#abe ,he decl>es t he has prejudg$ c]ta9 conclusions1 & looks ^u ^? :o %[ cause = arre/ ( judgm5t z emiss>ies ( ,satan4 ,x necess>ily foll[s t1 = him1 ! atta9m5t ( fai?1 n ! asc]ta9m5t ( tru?1 is ! highe/ aim ( m5tal life4 ,&1 on c>eful analysis ( ! nature ( ?is fai?1 x w too (t5 be f\nd to be1 n ! my/ic process ( unity ) ! ,div9e1 und]/ood by ! religi\s en?usia/--b t :i* ! c&id simplicity ( a ,sunday s*ol> once def9$ x to be4 ,fai?1 said ?is unconsci\s plagi>i/ ( ,t]tullian1 is ! p[] ( say+ y believe ?+s :i* are incr$ible4 ,n[ ,i1 & _m o!r ,agno/ics1 believe t fai?1 9 ?is s5se1 is an abom9ation2 & ?\gh we d n indulge 9 ! luxury ( self-righte\sness s f> z to call ^? :o are n ( our way ( ?9k+ h>d names1 we d feel t ! disagreem5t betwe5 ourselves & ^? :o hold ?is #ded doctr9e is ev5 m moral ?an intellectual4 ,x is desirable !re %\ld be an end ( any mi/akes on ?is topic4 ,if our cl]ical oppon5ts 7 cle>ly aw>e ( ! real /ate ( ! case1 !re w\ld be an end ( ! curi\s delusion1 :i* (t5 appe>s betwe5 ! l9es ( _! writ+s1 t ^? :om !y are s fond ( call+ ,infidels are p :o n only ought to be1 b 9 _! he>ts are1 a%am$ ( !mselves4 ,x w\ld be disc\rte\s to d m ?an h9t ! antipodal opposition ( ?is pleasant dream ( !irs to facts4 ,! cl]ics & _! lay allies commonly tell u1 t if we refuse to admit t !re is good gr\nd = express+ def9ite convictions ab\t c]ta9 topics1 ! bonds ( human society w dissolve & mank9d lapse into savag]y4 ,!re are sev]al answ]s to ?is ass]tion4 ,"o is t ! bonds ( human society 7 =m$ )\t ! aid ( _! !ology2 &1 9 ! op9ion ( n a few compet5t judges1 h be5 weak5$ r ?an /r5g!n$ by a good deal ( x4 ,greek sci5ce1 ,greek art1 ! e?ics ( old ,israel1 ! social organisation ( old ,rome1 contriv$ to come into be+ )\t ! help ( any "o :o believ$ 9 a s+le di/9ctive article ( ! simple/ ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$s4 ,! sci5ce1 ! art1 ! jurisprud5ce1 ! *ief political & social !ories1 ( ! mod]n _w h gr[n out ( ^? ( ,greece & ,rome--n by fav\r (1 b 9 ! tee? (1 ! fundam5tal tea*+s ( e>ly ,*ri/ianity1 to :i* sci5ce1 art1 & any s]i\s occupation ) ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 7 alike despicable4 #dee ,aga91 all t is be/ 9 ! e?ics ( ! mod]n _w1 9 s f> z x has n gr[n out ( ,greek ?\ght1 or ,b>b>ian manhood1 is ! direct developm5t ( ! e?ics ( old ,israel4 ,!re is no code ( legislation1 anci5t or mod]n1 at once s j & s m]ciful1 s t5d] to ! weak & poor1 z ! ,jewi% law2 &1 if ! ,gospels are to be tru/$1 ,jesus ( ,naz>e? himself decl>$ t he taught no?+ b t :i* lay implicitly1 or explicitly1 9 ! religi\s & e?ical sy/em ( 8 p4 ,& ! scribe said unto him1 ,( a tru?1 ,tea*]1 ?\ ha/ well said t ,he is "o2 & !re is none o!r b ,he & to love ,him ) all ! he>t1 & ) all ! und]/&+1 & ) all ! /r5g?1 & to love 8 neighb\r z himself1 is mu* m ?an all :ole burnt (f]+s & sacrifices4 7,m>k xii4 #cb1 #cc74 ,"h is ! briefe/ ( summ>ies ( ! tea*+ ( ! prophets ( ,israel ( ! eigh? c5tury2 does ! ,tea*]1 ^: doctr9e is ?us set =? 9 8 pres5ce1 repudiate ! exposition8 ,nay2 we are told1 on ! contr>y1 t ,jesus saw t he answ]$ discreetly1 & repli$1 ,?\ art n f> f ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,s t ,i ?9k t ev5 if ! cre$s1 f ! s-call$ ,apo/les' to ! s-call$ ,a?anasian1 7 swept into oblivion2 & ev5 if ! human race %\ld arrive at ! conclusion t1 :e!r a bi%op wa%es a cup or leaves x unwa%$1 is n a matt] ( ! lea/ consequ5ce1 x w get on v well4 ,! causes :i* h l$ to ! developm5t ( morality 9 mank9d1 :i* h guid$ or #def impell$ u all ! way f ! savage to ! civilis$ /ate1 w n cease to op]ate because a numb] ( ecclesia/ical hypo!ses turn out to be baseless4 ,&1 ev5 if ! absurd notion t morality is m ! *ild ( speculation ?an ( practical necessity & inh]it$ in/9ct1 _h any f\ndation2 if all ! _w is go+ to ?ieve1 murd]1 & o!rwise misconduct itself z soon z x discov]s t c]ta9 portions ( anci5t hi/ory are my?ical2 :at is ! relevance ( su* argum5ts to any "o :o holds by ! ,agno/ic pr9ciple8 ,surely1 ! attempt to ca/ out ,beelzebub by ! aid ( ,beelzebub is a hopeful proc$ure z comp>$ to t ( pres]v+ morality by ! aid ( immorality4 ,= ,i suppose x is admitt$ t an ,agno/ic may be p]fectly s9c]e1 may be compet5t1 & may h /udi$ ! "q at issue ) z mu* c>e z 8 cl]ical oppon5ts4 ,b1 if ! ,agno/ic really believes :at he says1 ! dreadful consequ5ce argufi] 7consi/5tly1 ,i admit1 ) 8 own pr9ciples7 virtually asks him to ab/a9 f tell+ ! tru?1 or to say :at he believes to be untrue1 because ( ! suppos$ injuri\s consequ5ces to morality4 ,belov$ bre?r51 t we may be spotlessly moral1 be=e all ?+s let u lie1 is ! sum total ( _m an exhortation address$ to ! ,infidel4 ,n[1 z ,i h already po9t$ out1 we _c oblige our exhort]s4 ,we leave ! practical application ( ! conv5i5t doctr9es ( ,res]ve & ,non-natural int]pretation to ^? :o inv5t$ !m4 #deg ,i tru/ t ,i h n[ made am5ds = any ambiguity1 or want ( fulness1 9 my previ\s exposition ( t :i* ,i hold to be ! ess5ce ( ! ,agno/ic doctr9e4 ,h5ce=w>d1 ,i might hope to he> no m ( ! ass]tion t we are necess>ily ,mat]iali/s1 ,ideali/s1 ,a!i/s1 ,!i/s1 or any o!r i/s1 if exp]i5ce _h l$ me to ?9k t ! prov$ falsity ( a /atem5t 0 any gu>antee aga9/ its repetition4 ,& ^? :o appreciate ! nature ( our position w see1 at once1 t :5 ,ecclesia/icism decl>es t we ought to believe ?is1 t1 & ! o!r1 & are v wick$ if we don't1 x is impossible = u to give any answ] b ?is3 ,we h n ! slighte/ objection to believe any?+ y l1 if y w give u good gr\nds = belief2 b1 if y _c1 we mu/ respectfully refuse1 ev5 if t refusal %\ld wreck morality & insure our own damnation sev]al times ov]4 ,we are q cont5t to leave t to ! decision ( ! future4 ,! c\rse ( ! pa/ has impress$ u ) ! firm conviction t no good ev] comes ( falsehood1 & we feel w>rant$ 9 refus+ ev5 to exp]im5t 9 t direction4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t discussion x has be5 ass]t$ t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt & ! ,"l's ,pray] furni% a summ>y & cond5s$ view ( ! ess5tials ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 set =? by himself4 ,n[ ?is suppos$ ,summa ( ,naz>5e !ology di/9ctly affirms ! exi/5ce ( a spiritual _w1 ( a ,heav51 & ( a #deh ,hell ( fire2 x tea*es ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god & ! malignity ( ! ,devil2 x decl>es ! sup]9t5d+ provid5ce ( ! =m] & our ne$ ( deliv]ance f ! ma*9ations ( ! latt]2 x affirms ! fact ( demoniac possession & ! p[] ( ca/+ out devils by ! fai?ful4 ,&1 f ^! premises1 ! conclusion is drawn1 t ^? ,agno/ics :o d5y t !re is any evid5ce ( su* a "* z to ju/ify c]ta9ty1 respect+ ! exi/5ce & ! nature ( ! spiritual _w1 contradict ! express decl>ations ( ,jesus4 ,i h repli$ to ?is argum5tation by %[+ t !re is /rong reason to d\bt ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! attribution to ,jesus ( ei!r ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt or ! ,"l's ,pray]2 &1 !re=e1 t ! conclusion 9 "q is n w>rant$1 at any rate on ! gr\nds set =?4 ,b1 :e!r ! ,gospels conta9 tru/wor?y /atem5ts ab\t ?is & o!r alleg$ hi/orical facts or n1 x is q c]ta9 t f !m1 tak5 toge!r ) ! o!r books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 we may collect a pretty complete exposition ( t !ory ( ! spiritual _w :i* 0 held by bo? ,naz>5es & ,*ri/ians2 & :i* 0 und\bt$ly suppos$ by !m to be fully sanction$ by ,jesus1 ?\gh x is j z cle> t !y did n imag9e x conta9$ any revelation by him ( some?+ h]et(ore unkn[n4 ,if ! pneumatological doctr9e :i* p]vades ! :ole ,new ,te/am5t is n[h]e sy/ematically /at$1 x is ev]y:]e assum$4 ,! writ]s ( #dei ! ,gospels & ( ! ,acts take x = grant$1 z a matt] ( common k2 & x is easy to ga!r f ^! s\rces a s]ies ( propositions1 :i* only ne$ arrangem5t to =m a complete sy/em4 ,9 ?is sy/em1 ,man is consid]$ to be a duality =m$ ( a spiritual elem5t1 ! s\l2 & a corporeal#abf elem5t1 ! body4 ,& ?is duality is repeat$ 9 ! ,univ]se1 :i* consi/s ( a corporeal _w embrac$ & int]p5etrat$ by a spiritual _w4 ,! =m] consi/s ( ! e>?1 z its pr9cipal & c5tral con/itu5t1 ) ! subsidi>y sun1 planets1 & />s4 ,above ! e>? is ! air1 & bel[ x ! wat]y abyss4 ,:e!r ! heav51 :i* is conceiv$ to be above ! air1 & ! hell 91 or bel[1 ! subt]ranean deeps1 are to be tak5 z corporeal or incorporeal is n cle>4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! heav5 & ! air1 ! e>? & ! abyss1 are peopl$ by innum]able be+s analog\s 9 nature to ! spiritual elem5t 9 man1 & ^! spirits are ( two k9ds1 good & bad4 ,! *ief ( ! good spirits1 inf9itely sup]ior to all ! o!rs1 & _! creator1 z well z ! creator ( ! corporeal _w & ( ! bad spirits1 is ,god4 ,8 resid5ce is heav51 :]e he is #dfj surr\nd$ by ! ord]$ ho/s ( good spirits2 8 angels1 or mess5g]s1 & ! executors ( 8 w ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! *ief ( ! bad spirits is ,satan1 ! devil p> excell5ce4 ,he & 8 company ( demons are free to roam ?r\gh all p>ts ( ! univ]se1 except ! heav54 ,^! bad spirits are f> sup]ior to man 9 p[] & subtlety1 & _! :ole en]gies are devot$ to br++ physical & moral evils ^u him1 & to ?w>t+1 s f> z _! p[] goes1 ! b5evol5t int5tions ( ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,9 fact1 ! s\ls & bodies ( m5 =m bo? ! !atre & ! prize ( an incessant w>f>e betwe5 ! good & ! evil spirits--! p[]s ( light & ! p[]s ( d>kness4 ,by lead+ ,eve a/ray1 ,satan br\ght s9 & dea? ^u mank9d4 ,z ! gods ( ! hea!n1 ! demons are ! f\nd]s & ma9ta9]s ( idolatry2 z ! p[]s ( ! air !y afflict mank9d ) pe/il5ce & fam9e2 z unclean spirits !y cause disease ( m9d & body4 ,! significance ( ! appe>ance ( ,jesus1 9 ! capacity ( ! ,messiah or ,*ri/1 is ! rev]sal ( ! satanic "w by putt+ an end to bo? s9 & dea?4 ,he ann\nces t ! k+dom ( ,god is at h&1 :5 ! ,pr9ce ( ?is _w %all be f9ally ca/ out 7,john xii4 #ca7 f ! cosmos1 z ,jesus1 dur+ 8 e>?ly c>e]1 ca/ him out f individuals4 ,!n w ,satan & all 8 devilry1 along ) ! wick$ :om !y h s$uc$ to _! de/ruction1 be hurl$ into ! abyss ( #dfa unqu5*able fire--!re to endure cont9ual torture1 )\t a hope ( w9n+ p>don f ! m]ciful ,god1 _! ,fa!r2 or ( mov+ ! glorifi$ ,messiah to "o m act ( pitiful int]cession2 or ev5 ( int]rupt+1 by a mom5t>y sympa?y ) _! wret*$ness1 ! h>moni\s psalmody ( _! bro!r angels & m51 et]nally lapp$ 9 bliss unspeakable4 ,! /raite/ ,prote/ant1 :o refuses to admit ! exi/5ce ( any s\rce ( ,div9e tru?1 except ! ,bible1 w n d5y t e po9t ( ! pneumatological !ory "h set =? has ample scriptural w>ranty4 ,! ,gospels1 ! ,acts1 ! ,epi/les1 & ! ,apocalypse ass]t ! exi/5ce ( ! devil1 ( 8 demons & ( ,hell1 z pla9ly z !y d t ( ,god & 8 angels & ,heav54 ,x is pla9 t ! ,messianic & ! ,satanic conceptions ( ! writ]s ( ^! books are ! obv]se & ! rev]se ( ! same intellectual co9age4 ,if we turn f ,scripture to ! traditions ( ! ,fa!rs & ! confessions ( ! ,*ur*es1 x w appe> t1 9 ?is "o p>ticul>1 at any rate1 "t has br\ght ab\t no important deviation f primitive belief4 ,f ,ju/9 onw>ds1 x may (t5 be a fair "q :e!r ,god1 or ! devil1 occupies a l>g] %>e ( ! att5tion ( ! ,fa!rs4 ,x is ! devil :o in/igates ! ,roman au?orities to p]secute2 ! gods & goddesses ( paganism are devils1 & idolatry itself is an inv5tion ( ,satan2 if a sa9t falls away f grace1 x is by ! s$uction ( ! demon2 if h]esy arises1 ! devil has sugge/$ x2 #dfb & "s ( ! ,fa!rs#abg g s f> z to *all5ge ! pagans to a sort ( exorcis+ mat*1 by way ( te/+ ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,m$iaeval ,*ri/ianity is at "o ) patri/ic on ?is head4 ,! masses1 ! cl]gy1 ! !ologians1 & ! philosoph]s alike1 live & move & h _! be+ 9 a _w full ( demons1 9 :i* sorc]y & possession are ev]yday occurr5ces4 ,nor did ! ,re=mation make any diff]5ce4 ,:atev] else ,lu!r assail$1 he left ! traditional demonology unt\*$2 nor c\ld any "o h ent]ta9$ a m he>ty & uncompromis+ belief 9 ! devil1 ?an he &1 at a lat] p]iod1 ! ,calv9i/ic fanatics ( ,new ,engl& did4 ,f9ally1 9 ^! la/ ye>s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! demonological hypo!ses ( ! fir/ c5tury are1 explicitly or implicitly1 held & occasionally act$ ^u by ! imm5se majority ( ,*ri/ians ( all confessions4 ,only "h & !re has ! progress ( sci5tific ?\ght1 outside ! ecclesia/ical _w1 s f> affect$ ,*ri/ians1 t !y & _! tea*]s fight %y ( ! demonology ( _! cre$4 ,!y are fa9 to conceal _! real disbelief 9 "o half ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e by judici\s sil5ce ab\t x2 or by flight to ^? refuges = ! logically de/itute1 accommodation or allegory4 ,b ! fai?ful :o fly to allegory 9 ord] to escape absurdity resemble no?+ s #dfc mu* z ! %eep 9 ! fable :o--to save _! lives--jump$ into ! pit4 ,! allegory pit is too commodi\s1 is ready to swall[ up s mu* m ?an "o wants to put into x4 ,if ! /ory ( ! temptation is an allegory2 if ! e>ly recognition ( ,jesus z ! ,son ( ,god by ! demons is an allegory2 if ! pla9 decl>ation ( ! writ] ( ! fir/ ,epi/le ( ,john 7iii4 #h71 ,to ?is end 0 ! ,son ( ,god manife/$1 t ,he might de/roy ! works ( ! devil1 is allegorical1 !n ! ,paul9e v]sion ( ! ,fall may be allegorical1 & /ill m ! words ( consecration ( ! ,eu*>i/1 or ! promise ( ! second com+2 9 fact1 !re is n a dogma ( ecclesia/ical ,*ri/ianity ! scriptural basis ( :i* may n be :ittl$ away by a simil> process4 ,z to accommodation1 let any hone/ man :o c read ! ,new ,te/am5t ask himself :e!r ,jesus & 8 imm$iate fri5ds & disciples c be di%on\r$ m grossly ?an by ! supposition t !y said & did t :i* is attribut$ to !m2 :ile1 9 reality1 !y disbeliev$ 9 ,satan & 8 demons1 9 possession & 9 exorcism8#abh ,an em95t !ologian has ju/ly obs]v$ t we h no "r to look at ! propositions ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? ) "o eye op5 & ! o!r %ut4 7,tract #he1 p4 #bi47 ,x really is n p]missible to see1 ) "o eye1 t ,jesus is affirm$ to decl>e ! p]sonality & ! ,fa!rhood ( ,god1 ,8 lov+ provid5ce & ,8 accessibility to pray]2 & to #dfd %ut ! o!r to ! no less def9ite tea*+ ascrib$ to ,jesus 9 reg>d to ! p]sonality & ! misan?ropy ( ! devil1 8 malignant wat*fulness1 & 8 subjection to exorci/ic =mulae & rites4 ,jesus is made to say t ! devil 0 a murd]] f ! beg9n+ 7,john viii4 #dd7 by ! same au?ority z t ^u :i* we dep5d = 8 ass]t$ decl>ation t ,god is a _s 7,john iv4 #bd74 ,to ^? :o admit ! au?ority ( ! fam\s ,v9c5tian dictum t ! doctr9e :i* has be5 held always1 ev]y:]e1 & by all is to be receiv$ z au?oritative1 ! demonology mu/ possess a high] sanction ?an any o!r ,*ri/ian dogma1 except1 p]haps1 ^? ( ! ,resurrection & ( ! ,messiah%ip ( ,jesus2 = x w\ld be difficult to "n any o!r po9ts ( doctr9e on :i* ! ,naz>5e does n diff] f ! ,*ri/ian1 & ! diff]5t hi/orical /ages & contempor>y subdivisions ( ,*ri/ianity f "o ano!r4 ,&1 if ! demonology is accept$1 !re c be no reason = reject+ all ^? miracles 9 :i* demons play a "p4 ,! ,gad>5e /ory fits into ! g5]al s*eme ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ! evid5ce = ,legion & _! do+s is j z good z any o!r 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t = ! doctr9e :i* ! /ory illu/rates4 ,x 0 ) ! purpose ( br++ ?is great fact into prom95ce2 ( gett+ p to op5 bo? _! eyes :5 !y look at ,ecclesia/icism2 t ,i devot$ s mu* space to t miracul\s /ory :i* happ5s to be "o ( ! be/ types ( its class4 ,& #dfe ,i c\ld n wi% = a bett] ju/ification ( ! c\rse ,i h adopt$1 ?an ! fact t my h]oically consi/5t adv]s>y has decl>$ 8 implicit belief 9 ! ,gad>5e /ory & 7by necess>y consequ5ce7 9 ! ,*ri/ian demonology z a :ole4 ,x mu/ be obvi\s1 by ?is "t1 t1 if ! acc\nt ( ! spiritual _w giv5 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 pr(ess$ly on ! au?ority ( ,jesus1 is true1 !n ! demonological half ( t acc\nt mu/ be j z true z ! o!r half4 ,&1 !re=e1 ^? :o "q ! demonology1 or try to expla9 x away1 d5y ! tru? ( :at ,jesus said1 & are1 9 ecclesia/ical t]m9ology1 ,infidels j z mu* z ^? :o d5y ! spirituality ( ,god4 ,?is is z pla9 z any?+ c well be1 & ! dilemma = my oppon5t 0 ei!r to ass]t t ! ,gad>5e pig-b$evilm5t actually occurr$1 or to write himself d[n an ,infidel4 ,z 0 to be expect$1 he *ose ! =m] alt]native2 & ,i may express my great satisfaction at f9d+ t !re is "o spot ( common gr\nd on :i* bo? he & ,i /&4 ,s f> z ,i c judge1 we are agre$ to /ate "o ( ! broad issues betwe5 ! consequ5ces ( agno/ic pr9ciples 7z ,i draw !m71 & ! consequ5ces ( ecclesia/ical dogmatism 7z he accepts x71 z foll[s4 ,ecclesia/icism says3 ,! demonology ( ! ,gospels is an ess5tial "p ( t acc\nt ( t spiritual _w1 ! tru? ( :i* x decl>es to be c]tifi$ by ,jesus4 ,agno/icism 7me judice7 says3 ,!re is no good #dff evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a demonic spiritual _w1 & mu* reason = d\bt+ x4 ,h]eupon ! ecclesia/ic may obs]ve3 ,y\r d\bt means t y disbelieve ,jesus2 !re=e y are an ,infidel in/ead ( an ,agno/ic4 ,to :i* ! agno/ic may reply3 ,no2 = two reasons3 fir/1 because y\r evid5ce t ,jesus said :at y say he said is wor? v little2 & secondly1 because a man may be an agno/ic1 9 ! s5se ( admitt+ he has no positive k1 & yet consid] t he has m or less probable gr\nd = accept+ any giv5 hypo!sis ab\t ! spiritual _w4 ,j z a man may frankly decl>e t he has no means ( kn[+ :e!r ! planets g5]ally are inhabit$ or n1 & yet may ?9k "o ( ! two possible hypo!ses m likely ?an ! o!r1 s he may admit t he has no means ( kn[+ any?+ ab\t ! spiritual _w1 & yet may ?9k "o or o!r ( ! curr5t views on ! subject1 to "s ext5t1 probable4 ,! second answ] is s obvi\sly valid t x ne$s no discussion4 ,i draw att5tion to x simply 9 ju/ice to ^? agno/ics :o may atta* great] value ?an ,i d to any sort ( pneumatological speculations1 & n because ,i wi% to escape ! responsibility ( decl>+ t1 :e!r ,jesus sanction$ ! demonological "p ( ,*ri/ianity or n1 ,i unhesitat+ly reject x4 ,! fir/ answ]1 on ! o!r h&1 op5s up ! :ole "q ( ! claim ( ! biblical & o!r s\rces1 f :i* hypo!ses conc]n+ ! spiritual _w are d]iv$1 to be #dfg reg>d$ z unimpea*able hi/orical evid5ce z to matt]s ( fact4 ,n[1 9 respect ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,gospel n>ratives1 ,i 0 anxi\s to get rid ( ! common assumption t ! det]m9ation ( ! au?or%ip & ( ! dates ( ^! works is a matt] ( fundam5tal importance4 ,t assumption is bas$ ^u ! notion t :at contempor>y witnesses say mu/ be true1 or1 at lea/1 has always a prima facie claim to be s reg>d$2 s t if ! writ]s ( any ( ! ,gospels 7 contempor>ies ( ! ev5ts 7& /ill m if !y 7 9 ! position ( eye-witnesses7 ! miracles !y n>rate mu/ be hi/orically true1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! demonology :i* !y involve mu/ be accept$4 ,b ! /ory ( ! ,translation ( ! bless$ m>tyrs ,m>cell9us & ,petrus1 & ! o!r consid]ations 7to :i* endless additions might h be5 made f ! ,fa!rs & ! m$iaeval writ]s7 set =? 9 a prec$+ essay1 yield1 9 my judgm5t1 satisfactory pro( t1 :]e ! miracul\s is conc]n$1 nei!r consid]able intellectual ability1 nor und\bt$ hone/y1 nor k ( ! _w1 nor prov$ fai?fulness z civil hi/orians1 nor pr(\nd piety1 on ! "p ( eye-witnesses & contempor>ies1 af=ds any gu>antee ( ! objective tru? ( _! /atem5ts1 :5 we "k t a firm belief 9 ! miracul\s 0 +ra9$ 9 _! m9ds1 & 0 ! pre-supposition ( _! obs]vations & reason+s4 ,!re=e1 al?\gh x be1 z ,i believe1 demon/rable t we h no real k ( ! #dfh au?or%ip1 or ( ! date ( composition ( ! ,gospels1 z !y h come d[n to u1 & t no?+ bett] ?an m or less probable guesses c be arriv$ at on t subject1 ,i h n c>$ to exp5d any space on ! "q4 ,x w be admitt$1 ,i suppose1 t ! au?ors ( ! works attribut$ to ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 ,luke1 & ,john1 :oev] !y may be1 are p]sonages ^: capacity & judgm5t 9 ! n>ration ( ord9>y ev5ts are n q s well c]tifi$ z ^? ( ,eg9h>d2 & we h se5 :at ! value ( ,eg9h>d's evid5ce is :5 ! miracul\s is 9 "q4 ,i h be5 c>eful to expla9 t ! argum5ts :i* ,i h us$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?is discussion are n new2 t !y are hi/orical & h no?+ to d ) :at is commonly call$ sci5ce2 & t !y are all1 to ! be/ ( my belief1 to be f\nd 9 ! works ( !ologians ( repute4 ,! position :i* ,i h tak5 up1 t ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( su* miracles z ^? record$ by ,eg9h>d1 & consequ5tly ( m$iaeval demonology1 is q z good z t 9 fav\r ( su* miracles z ! ,gad>5e1 & consequ5tly ( ,naz>5e demonology1 is none ( my discov]y4 ,its /r5g? 01 witt+ly or unwitt+ly1 sugge/$1 a c5tury & a half ago1 by a !ological s*ol> ( em95ce2 & x has be51 if n exactly occupi$1 yet s =tifi$ ) ba/ions & r$\bts by a liv+ ecclesia/ical ,vauban1 t1 9 my judgm5t1 x has be5 r5d]$ impregnable4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( #dfi ! la/ c5tury1 ! ecclesia/ical m9d 9 ?is c\ntry 0 mu* ex]cis$ by ! "q1 n exactly ( miracles1 ! occurr5ce ( :i* 9 biblical times 0 axiomatic1 b by ! problem3 ,:5 did miracles cease8 ,anglican div9es 7 q sure t no miracles _h happ5$ 9 _! day1 nor = "s "t pa/2 !y 7 equally sure t !y happ5$ sixte5 or sev5te5 c5turies e>li]4 ,& x 0 a vital "q = !m to det]m9e at :at po9t ( "t1 betwe5 ?is t]m9us a quo & t t]m9us ad quem1 miracles came to an end4 ,! ,anglicans & ! ,romani/s agre$ 9 ! assumption t ! possession ( ! gift ( miracle-work+ 0 prima facie evid5ce ( ! s\ndness ( ! fai? ( ! miracle-work]s4 ,! supposition t miracul\s p[]s might be wield$ by h]etics 7?\gh x might be support$ by high au?ority7 l$ to consequ5ces too frightful to be ent]ta9$ by p :o 7 busi$ 9 build+ _! dogmatic h\se on ! s&s ( e>ly ,*ur* hi/ory4 ,if1 z ! ,romani/s ma9ta9$1 an unbrok5 s]ies ( g5u9e miracles adorn$ ! records ( _! ,*ur*1 ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( its exi/5ce1 no ,anglican c\ld lightly v5ture to accuse !m ( doctr9al corruption4 ,h5ce1 ! ,anglicans1 :o indulg$ 9 su* accusations1 7 b\nd to prove ! mod]n1 ! m$iaeval ,roman1 & ! lat] ,patri/ic1 miracles false2 & to %ut (f ! wond]-work+ p[] f ! ,*ur* at ! exact po9t ( "t :5 ,anglican doctr9e ceas$ & ,roman doctr9e #dgj began4 ,) a little adju/m5t--a squeeze "h & a pull !re--! ,*ri/ianity ( ! fir/ ?ree or f\r c5turies might be made to fit1 or seem to fit1 pretty well into ! ,anglican s*eme4 ,s ! miracles1 f ,ju/9 say to ,j]ome1 might be recognis$2 :ile1 9 lat] times1 ! ,*ur* hav+ become corrupt--t is to say1 hav+ pursu$ "o & ! same l9e ( developm5t fur!r ?an 0 pleas+ to ,anglicans--its alleg$ miracles mu/ ne$s be %ams & impo/ures4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x may be imag9$ t ! e/abli%m5t ( a sci5tific fronti] betwe5 ! e>li] realm ( suppos$ fact & ! lat] ( ass]t$ delusion1 _h its difficulties2 & torr5ts ( !ological special plead+ ab\t ! subject fl[$ f cl]ical p5s2 until t le>n$ & acute ,anglican div9e1 ,cony]s ,middleton1 9 8 ,free ,inquiry1 tore ! sophi/ical web !y _h labori\sly wov5 to pieces1 & demon/rat$ t ! miracles ( ! patri/ric age1 e>ly & late1 mu/ /& or fall toge!r1 inasmu* z ! evid5ce = ! lat] is j z good z ! evid5ce = ! e>li] wond]s4 ,if ! "o set are c]tifi$ by contemporane\s witnesses ( high repute1 s are ! o!r2 &1 9 po9t ( probability1 !re is n a p9 to *oose betwe5 ! two4 ,t is ! solid & irrefragable result ( ,middleton's contribution to ! subject4 ,b ! ,free ,inquir]'s fre$om _h its limits2 & he draws a %>p l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! patri/ic & ! ,new ,te/am5t miracles--on ! pr(ess$ gr\nd t ! acc\nts ( ! #dga latt]1 be+ inspir$1 are out ( ! rea* ( criticism4 ,a c5tury lat]1 ! "q 0 tak5 up by ano!r div9e1 ,middleton's equal 9 le>n+ & acut5ess1 & f> 8 sup]ior 9 subtlety & dialectic skill2 :o1 ?\gh an ,anglican1 scorn$ ! "n ( ,prote/ant2 &1 :ile yet a ,*ur*man1 made x 8 bus9ess to p>ade1 ) inf9ite skill1 ! utt] holl[ness ( ! argum5ts ( ^? ( 8 bro!r ,*ur*m5 :o dream$ t !y c\ld be bo? ,anglicans & ,prote/ants4 ,! argum5t ( ! ,essay on ! ,miracles record$ 9 ! ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>ly ,ages1#abi by ! pres5t ,roman ,c>d9al1 b !n ,anglican ,doctor1 ,john ,h5ry ,newman1 is comp5di\sly /at$ by himself 9 ! foll[+ passage3-- ,if ! miracles ( ,*ur* hi/ory _c be def5d$ by ! argum5ts ( ,leslie1 ,lyttleton1 ,paley1 or ,d\glas1 h[ _m ( ! ,scripture miracles satisfy _! conditions8 7p4 cvii74 ,&1 al?\gh ! answ] is n giv5 9 s _m words1 little d\bt is left on ! m9d ( ! read]1 t1 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]1 x is3 ,none4 ,9 fact1 ?is conclusion is "o :i* _c be resi/$1 if ! argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! ,scripture miracles is bas$ ^u t :i* laym51 :e!r lawy]s1 or m5 ( sci5ce1 or hi/orians1 or ord9>y m5 ( affairs1 call evid5ce4 ,b !re is some?+ really impressive #dgb 9 ! magnific5t contempt ) :i*1 at times1 ,dr4 ,newman sweeps aside alike ^? :o (f] & ^? :o dem& su* evid5ce4 ,"s infidel au?ors advise u to accept no miracles :i* w\ld n h a v]dict 9 _! fav\r 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice2 t is1 !y employ aga9/ ,scripture a weapon :i* ,prote/ants w\ld conf9e to attacks ^u ! ,*ur*2 z if moral & religi\s que/ions requir$ legal pro(1 & evid5ce 7 ! te/ ( tru?#acj 7p4 cvii74 ,z if evid5ce 7 ! te/ ( tru?6--al?\gh ! tru? 9 "q is ! occurr5ce1 or ! non-occurr5ce ( c]ta9 ph5om5a at a c]ta9 "t & 9 a c]ta9 place4 ,?is sudd5 revelation ( ! great gulf fix$ betwe5 ! ecclesia/ical & ! sci5tific m9d is en\gh to take away ! brea? ( any "o unfamili> ) ! cl]ical organon4 ,z if1 "o may retort1 ! assumption t miracles may1 or h1 s]v$ a moral or a religi\s end1 9 any way alt]s ! fact t !y pr(ess to be hi/orical ev5ts1 ?+s t actually happ5$2 &1 z su*1 mu/ ne$s be exactly ^? subjects ab\t :i* evid5ce is appropriate & legal pro(s 7:i* are su* m]ely because !y af=d adequate evid5ce7 may be ju/ly dem&$4 ,! ,gad>5e miracle ei!r happ5$1 or x did n4 ,:e!r ! ,gad>5e "q is moral or religi\s1 or n1 has no?+ to d ) ! fact t x is a purely #dgc hi/orical "q :e!r ! demons said :at !y are decl>$ to h said1 & ! devil-possess$ pigs did1 or did n1 ru% ov] ! cliffs b\nd+ ! ,lake ( ,g5nes>et on a c]ta9 day ( a c]ta9 ye>1 aft] ,a4,d4 #bf & be=e ,a4,d4 #cf3 = vague & unc]ta9 z ,new ,te/am5t *ronology is1 ,i suppose x may be assum$ t ! ev5t 9 "q1 if x happ5$ at all1 took place dur+ ! procurator%ip ( ,pilate4 ,if t is n a matt] ab\t :i* evid5ce ought to be requir$1 & n only legal1 b /rict sci5tific pro( dem&$ by sane m5 :o are ask$ to believe ! /ory--:at is8 ,is a reasonable be+ to be s]i\sly ask$ to cr$it /atem5ts1 :i*1 to put ! case g5tly1 are n exactly probable1 & on ! acceptance or rejection ( :i* 8 :ole view ( life may dep5d1 )\t ask+ = z mu* legal pro( z w\ld s5d an alleg$ pickpocket to gaol1 or z w\ld suffice to prove ! validity ( a disput$ w8 ,infidel au?ors 7if1 z ,i am assur$1 ,i may answ] = !m7 w decl9e to wa/e "t on m]e d>k5+s ( c\nsel ( ?is sort2 b to ^? ,anglicans :o accept 8 premises1 ,dr4 ,newman is a truly =midable antagoni/4 ,:at1 inde$1 are !y to reply :5 he puts ! v p]t95t "q3-- :e!r p]sons :o n m]ely "q1 b prejudge ! ,ecclesia/ical miracles on ! gr\nd ( _! want ( resemblance1 :atev] t be1 to ^? conta9$ 9 ,scripture--z if ! ,almighty c\ld n d 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* :at ,he _h n already done at ! "t ( its f\ndation1 or "u ! ,mosaic ,cov5ant--:e!r su* reason]s are n sid+ ) ! sceptic1 #dgd & :e!r x is n a happy inconsi/5cy by :i* !y cont9ue to believe ! ,scriptures :ile !y reject ! ,*ur*#aca 7p4 liii74 ,aga91 ,i invite ,anglican or?odoxy to consid] ?is passage3-- ! n>rative ( ! combats ( ,/4 ,antony ) evil spirits1 is a developm5t r ?an a contradiction ( revelation1 viz4 ( su* texts z speak ( ,satan be+ ca/ out by pray] & fa/+4 ,to be %ock$1 !n1 at ! miracles ( ,ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 or to ridicule !m = _! /rang5ess1 is no "p ( a scriptural philosophy 7pp4 liii-liv74 ,fur!r on1 ,dr4 ,newman decl>es t x has be5 admitt$ t a di/9ct l9e c be drawn 9 po9t ( "* & circum/ance betwe5 ! miracles ( ,scripture & ( ,*ur* hi/ory2 b ?is is by no means ! case 7p4 lv7 444 specim5s are n want+ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1 ( miracles z awful 9 _! "* & z mom5t\s 9 _! effects z ^? :i* are record$ 9 ,scripture4 ,! fire int]rupt+ ! rebuild+ ( ! ,jewi% temple1 & ! dea? ( ,arius1 are in/ances1 9 ,ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 ( su* solemn ev5ts4 ,on ! o!r h&1 difficult in/ances 9 ! ,scripture hi/ory are su* z ^!3 ! s]p5t 9 ,ed51 ! ,ark1 ,jacob's vision = ! multiplication ( 8 cattle1 ! speak+ ( ,balaam's ass1 ! axe swimm+ at ,eli%a's ^w1 ! miracle on ! sw9e1 & v>i\s in/ances ( pray]s or prophecies1 9 :i*1 z 9 t ( ,noah's bless+ & curse1 words :i* seem ! result ( private feel+ are expressly or virtually ascrib$ to a ,div9e sugge/ion 7p4 lvi74 ,:o is to ga9say our ecclesia/ical au?ority #dge "h8 ,infidel au?ors might be accus$ ( a wi% to ridicule ! ,scripture miracles by putt+ !m on a level ) ! rem>kable /ory ab\t ! fire :i* /opp$ ! rebuild+ ( ! ,temple1 or t ab\t ! dea? ( ,arius--b ,dr4 ,newman is above suspicion4 ,! pity is t 8 li/ ( :at he delicately t]ms difficult in/ances is s %ort4 ,:y omit ! manufacture ( ,eve out ( ,adam's rib1 on ! /rict hi/orical accuracy ( :i* ! *ief argum5t ( ! def5d]s ( an iniquit\s portion ( our pres5t m>riage law dep5ds8 ,:y leave out ! acc\nt ( ! ,b5e ,elohim & _! gallantries1 on :i* a l>ge "p ( ! wor/ practices ( ! m$iaeval inquisitors into wit*craft 0 bas$8 ,:y =get ! angel :o wre/l$ ) ,jacob1 &1 z ! acc\nt sugge/s1 some:at ov]/epp$ ! b\nds ( fair play1 at ! end ( ! /ruggle8 ,surely1 we mu/ agree ) ,dr4 ,newman t1 if all ^! camels h gone d[n1 x sav\rs ( affectation to /ra9 at su* gnats z ! sudd5 ailm5t ( ,arius 9 ! mid/ ( 8 deadly1 if1 pray]ful1#acb enemies2 & ! fi]y explosion :i* #dgf /opp$ ! ,julian build+ op]ations4 ,?\gh ! words ( ! ,conclusion ( ! ,essay on ,miracles may1 p]haps1 be quot$ aga9/ me1 ,i may express my satisfaction at f9d+ myself 9 sub/antial accordance ) a !ologian above all suspicion ( het]odoxy4 ,) all my he>t1 ,i c decl>e my belief t !re is j z good reason = believ+ 9 ! miracul\s slay+ ( ! man :o fell %ort ( ! ,a?anasian p[] ( affirm+ contradictories1 ) respect to ! nature ( ! ,godhead1 z !re is = believ+ 9 ! /ories ( ! s]p5t & ! ark told 9 ,g5esis1 ! speak+ ( ,balaam's ass 9 ,numb]s1 or ! float+ ( ! axe1 at ,eli%a's ord]1 9 ! second book ( ,k+s4 ,x is "o ( ! peculi>ities ( a really s\nd argum5t t x is susceptible ( ! fulle/ developm5t2 & t x sometimes leads to conclusions unexpect$ by ^? :o employ x4 ,to my m9d1 x is impossible to refuse to foll[ ,dr4 ,newman :5 he ext5ds 8 reason+ f ! miracles ( ! patri/ic & m$iaeval ages backw>d 9 "t z f> z miracles are record$4 ,b1 if ! rules ( logic are valid1 ,i feel compell$ to ext5d ! argum5t =w>d to ! alleg$ ,roman miracles ( ! pres5t day1 :i* ,dr4 ,newman might n h admitt$1 b :i* ,c>d9al ,newman may h>dly reject4 ,beyond "q1 !re is z good1 or p]haps bett]1 evid5ce = ! miracles work$ by our ,lady ( ,l\rdes1 z !re is = ! float+ ( ,eli%a's axe1 #dgg or ! speak+ ( ,balaam's ass4 ,b we mu/ g /ill fur!r2 !re is a mod]n sy/em ( ?aumaturgy & demonology :i* is j z well c]tifi$ z ! anci5t4#acc ,v]aci\s1 excell5t1 sometimes le>n$ & acute p]sons1 ev5 philosoph]s ( no mean pret5sions1 te/ify to ! levitation ( bodies mu* heavi] ?an ,eli%a's axe2 to ! exi/5ce ( spirits :o1 to ! m]e tactile s5se1 h be5 indi/+ui%able f fle% & blood1 &1 occasionally1 h wre/l$ ) all ! vig\r ( ,jacob's oppon5t2 yet1 fur!r1 to ! spee*1 9 ! language ( raps1 ( spiritual be+s1 ^: disc\rses1 9 po9t ( coh]5ce & value1 are f> inf]ior to t ( ,balaam's humble b sagaci\s /e$4 ,i h n ! smalle/ d\bt t1 if ^! 7 p]secut+ times1 !re is _m #dgh a wor?y spirituali/ :o w\ld *e]fully g to ! /ake 9 support ( 8 pneumatological fai?1 & furni% evid5ce1 aft] ,paley's own he>t1 9 pro( ( ! tru? ( 8 doctr9es4 ,n a few mod]n div9es1 d\btless /ruck by ! impossibility ( refus+ ! spirituali/ evid5ce1 if ! ecclesia/ical evid5ce is accept$1 & depriv$ ( any a priori objection by _! implicit belief 9 ,*ri/ian ,demonology1 %[ !mselves ready to take poor ,sludge s]i\sly1 & to believe t he is possess$ by o!r devils ?an ^? ( ne$1 gre$1 & va+lory4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 x 0 to be expect$1 ?\gh x is none ! less int]e/+ to note ! fact1 t ! argum5ts ( ! late/ s*ool ( spirituali/s pres5t a wond]ful family lik5ess to ^? :i* adorn ! subtle disquisitions ( ! advocate ( ecclesia/ical miracles ( =ty ye>s ago4 ,x is un=tunate = ! spirituali/s t1 ov] & ov] aga91 celebrat$ & tru/$ m$ia1 :o really1 9 "s respects1 call to m9d ! ,montani/#acd & gno/ic se]s ( ! second c5tury1 are ei!r prov$ 9 c\rts ( law to be fraudul5t impo/ors2 #dgi or1 9 %e] we>9ess1 z x w\ld seem1 ( ! hone/ dupes :o swe> by !m1 spontane\sly confess _! long-cont9u$ iniquities1 z ! ,fox wom5 did ! o!r day 9 ,new ,york4#ace ,b1 :5ev] a cata/rophe ( ?is k9d takes place1 ! believ]s are no wise dismay$ by x4 ,!y freely admit t n only ! m$ia1 b ! spirits :om !y summon1 are sadly apt to lose sight ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( "r & wrong2 & !y triumphantly ask3 ,h[ does ! occurr5ce ( occasional impo/ures disprove ! g5u9e manife/ations 7t is to say1 all ^? :i* h n yet be5 prov$ to be impo/ures or delusions78 ,&1 9 ?is1 !y unconsci\sly plagi>ise f ! *ur*man1 :o j z freely admits t _m ecclesia/ical miracles may h be5 =g$2 & asks1 ) calm contempt1 n only ( legal pro(s1 b ( common-s5se probability1 ,:y does x foll[ t none are to be suppos$ g5u9e8 ,i mu/ say1 h[ev]1 t ! spirituali/s1 s f> z ,i "k1 d n v5ture to outrage "r reason s boldly z ! ecclesia/ics4 ,!y d n sne] at evid5ce2 nor repudiate ! requirem5t ( legal pro(s4 ,9 fact1 !re c be no d\bt t ! spirituali/s produce bett] evid5ce = _! manife/ations ?an c be %[n ei!r = ! miracul\s dea? ( ,arius1 or = ! ,inv5tion ( ! ,cross4#acf #dhj ,f ! levitation ( ! axe at "o end ( a p]iod ( ne> ?ree ?\s& ye>s to ! levitation ( ,sludge ,co4 at ! o!r end1 !re is a complete cont9uity ( ! miracul\s1 ) e gradation f ! *ildi% to ! /up5d\s1 f ! gratification ( a caprice to ! illu/ration ( sublime tru?4 ,!re is no draw+ a l9e 9 ! s]ies t might be set out ( plausibly atte/$ cases ( spiritual int]v5tion4 ,if "o is true1 all may be true2 if "o is false1 all may be false4 ,?is is1 to my m9d1 ! inevitable result ( t me?od ( reason+ :i* is appli$ to ! confutation ( ,prote/antism1 ) s mu* success1 by "o ( ! acute/ & subtle/ disputants :o h ev] *ampion$ ,ecclesia/icism--& "o _c put 8 claims to acut5ess & subtlety high]4 444 ! ,*ri/ianity ( hi/ory is n ,prote/antism4 ,if ev] !re 7 a safe tru? x is ?is4444 ,to be deep 9 hi/ory is to cease to be a ,prote/ant4#acg ,i h n a %ad[ ( d\bt t ^! anti-,prote/ant epigrams are pr(\ndly true4 ,b ,i h z little t1 9 ! same s5se1 ! ,*ri/ianity ( hi/ory is n ,romanism2 & t to be deep] 9 hi/ory is to cease to be a ,romani/4 ,! reasons :i* compel my d\bts ab\t ! compatibility ( ! ,roman doctr9e1 or any o!r =m #dha ( ,ca?olicism1 ) hi/ory1 arise out ( exactly ! same l9e ( argum5t z t adopt$ by ,dr4 ,newman 9 ! fam\s essay :i* ,i h j cit$4 ,if1 ) "o h&1 ,dr4 ,newman has de/roy$ ,prote/antism1 he has annihilat$ ,romanism ) ! o!r2 & ! total result ( 8 ambidextral ef=ts is to %ake ,*ri/ianity to its f\ndations4 ,nor 0 any "o bett] aw>e t ?is mu/ be ! inevitable result ( 8 argum5ts--if ! _w %\ld refuse to accept ,roman doctr9es & ,roman miracles--?an ! writ] ( ,tract #he4 ,dr4 ,newman made 8 *oice & pass$ ov] to ! ,roman ,*ur* half a c5tury ago4 ,"s ( ^? :o 7 ess5tially 9 h>mony ) 8 views prec$$1 & _m foll[$ him4 ,b _m rema9$2 &1 z ! quondam ,puseyite & pres5t ,rituali/ic p>ty1 !y are cont9u+ t "w ( sapp+ & m9+ ! ,prote/antism ( ! ,anglican ,*ur* :i* he & 8 fri5ds s ably comm5c$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 !y h no little claim to be consid]$ victori\s all along ! l9e4 ,i am old en\gh to recollect ! small beg9n+s ( ! ,tract>ian p>ty2 & ,i am amaz$ :5 ,i consid] ! pres5t position ( _! heirs4 ,_! little leav5 has leav5$1 if n ! :ole1 yet a v l>ge lump ( ! ,anglican ,*ur*2 :i* is n[ pretty mu* ( a prep>atory s*ool = ,papi/ry4 ,s t x really behoves ,engli%m5 7:o1 z ,i h be5 in=m$ by high au?ority1 are all1 legally1 memb]s ( ! ,/ate ,*ur*1 if !y pr(ess to belong to no o!r sect7 to wake up to :at t #dhb p[]ful organisation is ab\t1 & :i!r x is t5d+4 ,on ?is po9t1 ! writ+s ( ,dr4 ,newman1 :ile he /ill rema9$ )9 ! ,anglican fold1 are a va/ /ore ( ! be/ & ! mo/ au?oritative in=mation4 ,8 doctr9es on ,ecclesia/ical miracles & on ,developm5t are ! corn]-/ones ( ! ,tract>ian fabric4 ,he believ$ t 8 argum5ts l$ ei!r ,romew>d1 or to :at ecclesia/ics call ,infidelity1 & ,i call ,agno/icism4 ,i believe t he 0 q "r 9 ?is conviction2 b :ile he *ooses ! "o alt]native1 ,i *oose ! o!r2 z he rejects ,prote/antism on ! gr\nd ( its incompatibility ) hi/ory1 s1 a =tiori1 ,i conceive t ,romanism ought to be reject$1 & t an imp>tial consid]ation ( ! evid5ce mu/ refuse ! au?ority ( ,jesus to any?+ m ?an ! ,naz>5ism ( ,james & ,pet] & ,john4 ,& let x n be suppos$ t ?is is a m]e infidel p]v]sion ( ! facts4 ,no "o has m op5ly & cle>ly admitt$ ! possibility t !y may be fairly int]pret$ 9 ?is way ?an ,dr4 ,newman4 ,if1 he says1 !re are texts :i* seem to %[ t ,jesus contemplat$ ! evangelisation ( ! hea!n3 444 ,did n ! ,apo/les he> our ,"l8 & :at 0 _! impression f :at !y he>d8 ,is x n c]ta9 t ! ,apo/les did n ga!r ?is tru? f ,8 tea*+8 7,tract #he1 p4 #fc74 ,he said1 ,prea* ! ,gospel to e creature4 ,^! words ne$ h only meant ,br+ all m5 to ,*ri/ianity ?r\gh ,judaism4 ,make !m ,jews1 t !y may enjoy ,*ri/'s privileges1 :i* are lodg$ 9 ,judaism2 tea* !m ^? rites & c]emonies1 circumcision & ! l1 :i* #dhc hi!rto h be5 dead ord9ances1 & n[ are liv+3 & s ! ,apo/les seem to h und]/ood !m 7ibid4 p4 #fe74 ,s f> z ,naz>5ism diff]5tiat$ itself f contempor>y or?odox ,judaism1 x seems to h t5d$ t[>ds a revival ( ! e?ical & religi\s _s ( ! prophetic age1 accompani$ by ! belief 9 ,jesus z ! ,messiah1 & by v>i\s accretions :i* _h gr[n r\nd ,judaism subsequ5tly to ! exile4 ,to ^! belong ! doctr9es ( ! ,resurrection1 ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 ( ,heav5 & ,hell2 ( ! hi]>*y ( good angels2 ( ,satan & ! hi]>*y ( evil spirits4 ,& !re is v /rong gr\nd = believ+ t all ^! doctr9es1 at lea/ 9 ! %apes 9 :i* !y 7 held by ! po/-exilic ,jews1 7 d]iv$ f ,p]sian & ,babylonian#ach s\rces1 & are ess5tially ( hea!n orig94 ,h[ f> ,jesus positively sanction$ all ^! indra9+s ( circumjac5t ,paganism into ,judaism2 h[ f> any "o has a "r to decl>e1 t ! refusal to accept "o or o!r ( ^! doctr9es1 z asc]ta9$ v]ities1 comes to ! same ?+ z contradict+ ,jesus1 x appe>s to me n easy to say4 ,b x is h>dly less difficult to conceive t he c\ld h di/9ctly negativ$ any ( !m2 &1 m especially1 t demonology :i* has be5 accept$ by #dhd ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*es 9 e age & "u all _! mutual antagonisms4 ,b1 ,i repeat my conviction t1 :e!r ,jesus sanction$ ! demonology ( 8 "t & nation or n1 x is doom$4 ,! future ( ,*ri/ianity1 z a dogmatic sy/em & ap>t f ! old ,israeliti% e?ics :i* x has appropriat$ & develop$1 lies 9 ! answ] :i* mank9d w ev5tually give to ! "q :e!r !y are prep>$ to believe su* /ories z ! ,gad>5e & ! pneumatological hypo!ses :i* g ) x1 or n4 ,my belief is !y w decl9e to d any?+ ( ! sort1 :5ev] & :]ev] _! m9ds h be5 discipl9$ by sci5ce4 ,& t discipl9e mu/1 & w1 at once foll[ & lead ! foot/eps ( advanc+ civilisation4 ,! prec$+ pages 7 writt5 be=e ,i became acqua9t$ ) ! cont5ts ( ! ,may numb] ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 :]e9 ,i discov] _m ?+s :i* are decid$ly n to my advantage4 ,x w\ld appe> t evasion is my *ief res\rce1 incapacity = /rict argum5t & rott5ness ( ratioc9ation my ma9 m5tal *>act]i/ics1 & t x is b>ely cr$ible t a /atem5t :i* ,i pr(ess to make ( my own k is true4 ,all :i* ?+s ,i notice1 m]ely to illu/rate ! great tru?1 =c$ on me by long exp]i5ce1 t x is only f ^? :o enjoy ! bless+ ( a firm hold ( ! ,*ri/ian fai? t su* manife/ations ( meekness1 pati5ce1 & *>ity are to be expect$4 #dhe ,i _h imag9$ t no "o :o _h read my prec$+ pap]s1 c\ld ent]ta9 a d\bt z to my position 9 respect ( ! ma9 issue z x has be5 /at$ & re/at$ by my oppon5t3 an ,agno/icism :i* kn[s no?+ ( ! relation ( man to ,god mu/ n only refuse belief to our ,"l's mo/ und\bt$ tea*+1 b mu/ d5y ! reality ( ! spiritual convictions 9 :i* ,he liv$4#aci ,t is said to be ! simple "q :i* is at issue betwe5 u1 & ! ?ree te/imonies to t tea*+ & ^? convictions select$ are ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 ! ,"l's ,pray]1 & ! ,/ory ( ! ,passion4 ,my answ]1 r$uc$ to its briefe/ =m1 has be53 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! evid5ce is su* t ! exact nature ( ! tea*+s & ! convictions ( ,jesus is extremely unc]ta91 s t :at ecclesia/ics are pleas$ to call a d5ial ( !m may be no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,&1 9 ! second place1 if ,jesus taught ! demonological sy/em involv$ 9 ! ,gad>5e /ory--if a belief 9 t sy/em =m$ a "p ( ! spiritual convictions 9 :i* he liv$ & di$--!n ,i1 = my "p1 unhesitat+ly refuse belief 9 t tea*+1 & d5y ! reality ( ^? spiritual convictions4 ,& ,i g fur!r & add1 t1 exactly 9 s f> z x c be prov$ t ,jesus sanction$ ! ess5tially pagan demonological !ories curr5t among ! ,jews ( 8 age1 exactly 9 s f>1 = me1 w 8 au?ority 9 any matt] t\*+ ! spiritual _w be weak5$4 #dhf ,) respect to ! fir/ half ( my answ]1 ,i h po9t$ out t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt1 z giv5 9 ! fir/ ,gospel1 is1 9 ! op9ion ( ! be/ critics1 a mosaic "w ( mat]ials d]iv$ f diff]5t s\rces1 & ,i d n und]/& t ?is /atem5t is *all5g$4 ,! only o!r ,gospel1 ! ?ird1 :i* conta9s some?+ l x1 makes1 n only ! disc\rse1 b ! circum/ances "u :i* x 0 deliv]$1 v diff]5t4 ,n[1 x is "o ?+ to say t !re 0 some?+ real at ! bottom ( ! two disc\rses--:i* is q possible2 & ano!r to affirm t we h any "r to say :at t some?+ 01 or to fix ^u any p>ticul> phrase & decl>e x to be a g5u9e utt]ance4 ,^? :o pursue !ology z a sci5ce1 & br+ to ! /udy an adequate k ( ! ways ( anci5t hi/orians1 w f9d no difficulty 9 provid+ illu/rations ( my mean+4 ,i may supply "o :i* has come )9 range ( my own limit$ vision4 ,9 ,josephus's ,hi/ory ( ! ,w>s ( ! ,jews 7*ap1 xix471 t writ] reports a spee* :i* he says ,h]od made at ! op5+ ( a w> ) ! ,arabians4 ,x is 9 ! fir/ p]son1 & w\ld naturally be suppos$ by ! read] to be int5d$ = a true v]sion ( :at ,h]od said4 ,9 ! ,antiquities1 writt5 "s sev5te5 ye>s lat]1 ! same writ] gives ano!r report1 also 9 ! fir/ p]son1 ( ,h]od's spee* on ! same occasion4 ,?is second oration is twice z long z ! fir/1 & ?\gh ! g5]al t5\r ( ! two spee*es is #dhg pretty mu* ! same1 !re is h>dly any v]bal id5tity1 & a good deal ( matt] is introduc$ into ! "o1 :i* is abs5t f ! o!r4 ,josephus prides himself on 8 accuracy2 p ^: fa!rs might h he>d ,h]od's oration 7 8 contempor>ies2 & yet 8 hi/orical s5se is s curi\sly undevelop$ t he c1 q innoc5tly1 p]petrate an obvi\s lit]>y fabrication2 = "o ( ! two acc\nts mu/ be incorrect4 ,n[1 if ,i am ask$ :e!r ,i believe t ,h]od made "s p>ticul> /atem5t on ?is occasion2 :e!r1 = example1 he utt]$ ! pi\s aphorism1 ,:]e ,god is1 !re is bo? multitude & c\rage1 :i* is giv5 9 ! ,antiquities1 b n 9 ! ,w>s1 ,i am compell$ to say ,i d n "k4 ,"o ( ! two reports mu/ be errone\s1 possibly bo? are3 at any rate1 ,i _c tell h[ mu* ( ei!r is true4 ,&1 if "s f]v5t admir] ( ! ,idumean %\ld build up a !ory ( ,h]od's piety ^u ,josephus's evid5ce t he prop\nd$ ! aphorism1 is x a m]e evasion to say1 9 reply1 t ! evid5ce t he did utt] x is wor?less8 ,x appe>s aga9 t1 adopt+ ! tactics ( ,cona*> :5 br\ght face to face ) ,hal o' ! ,wynd1 ,i h be5 try+ to get my simplem9d$ adv]s>y to foll[ me on a wild-goose *ase ?r\gh ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 ! hope ( escap+ imp5d+ defeat on ! ma9 issue4 ,b ,i may be p]mitt$ to po9t out t !re is an alt]native hypo!sis :i* equally fits ! facts2 & t1 aft] all1 !re #dhh may h be5 me?od 9 ! madness ( my suppos$ panic4 ,= suppose x to be e/abli%$ t ,g5tile ,*ri/ianity 0 a totally diff]5t ?+ f ! ,naz>5ism ( ,jesus & 8 imm$iate disciples2 suppose x to be demon/rable t1 z e>ly z ! six? decade ( our era at lea/1 !re 7 viol5t div]g5cies ( op9ion among ! foll[]s ( ,jesus2 suppose x to be h>dly d\btful t ! ,gospels & ! ,acts took _! pres5t %apes "u ! influ5ce ( ^! div]g5cies2 suppose t _! au?ors1 & ^? ?r\gh ^: h&s !y pass$1 _h notions ( hi/orical v]acity n m ecc5tric ?an ^? :i* ,josephus occasionally displays3 surely ! *ances t ! ,gospels are altoge!r tru/wor?y records ( ! tea*+s ( ,jesus become v sl5d]4 ,& s9ce ! :ole ( ! case ( ! o!r side is bas$ on ! supposition t !y are accurate records 7especially ( spee*es1 ab\t :i* anci5t hi/orians are s curi\sly loose71 ,i really d v5ture to submit t ?is "p ( my argum5t be>s v s]i\sly on ! ma9 issue2 &1 z ratioc9ation1 is s\nd to ! core4 ,aga91 :5 ,i pass$ by ! topic ( ! spee*es ( ,jesus on ! ,cross1 x appe>s t ,i c\ld h _h no o!r motive ?an ! dictates ( my native evasiv5ess4 ,an ecclesia/ical dignit>y may h respectable reasons = decl9+ a f5c+ mat* 9 sight ( ,ge?semane & ,calv>y2 b an ecclesia/ical ,infidel6 ,nev]4 ,x is obvi\sly impossible t1 9 ! belief t ! great] includes ! less1 #dhi ,i1 hav+ decl>$ ! ,gospel evid5ce 9 g5]al1 z to ! say+s ( ,jesus1 to be ( que/ionable value1 ?\ght x ne$less to select = illu/ration ( my views1 ^? p>ticul> in/ances :i* 7 likely to be mo/ (f5sive to p]sons ( ano!r way ( ?9k+4 ,b any supposition t may h be5 ent]ta9$ t ! old famili> tones ( ! ecclesia/ical w>-drum w tempt me to engage 9 su* ne$less discussion _h bett] be r5\nc$4 ,i %all d no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,let x suffice t ,i ask my read]s to turn to ! tw5ty-?ird *apt] ( ,luke 7revis$ v]sion71 v]se ?irty-f\r1 & he w f9d 9 ! m>g9 ,"s anci5t au?orities omit3 ,& ,jesus said ,fa!r =give !m1 = !y "k n :at !y d4 ,s t1 ev5 z late z ! f\r? c5tury1 !re 7 anci5t au?orities1 inde$ "s ( ! mo/ anci5t & weightie/1 :o ei!r did n "k ( ?is utt]ance1 s (t5 quot$ z *>act]i/ic ( ,jesus1 or did n believe x _h be5 utt]$4 ,_m ye>s ago1 ,i receiv$ an anonym\s lett]1 :i* abus$ me he>tily = my want ( moral c\rage 9 n speak+ out4 ,i ?\ght t "o ( ! odde/ *>ges an anonym\s lett]-writ] c\ld br+4 ,b ,i am n sure t ! pl5tiful s[+ ( ! pages ( ! article ) :i* ,i am deal+ ) accusations ( evasion1 may n seem odd] to ^? :o consid] t ! ma9 /r5g? ( ! answ]s ) :i* ,i h be5 fav\r$ 79 ?is review & else:]e7 is devot$1 n to any?+ 9 #dij ! text ( my fir/ pap]1 b to a note :i* occurs at p4 #aga4 ,9 ?is ,i say3 ,dr4 ,wace tells u3 ,x may be ask$ h[ f> we c rely on ! acc\nts we possess ( our ,"l's tea*+ on ^! subjects4 ,& he seems to ?9k ! "q appropriately answ]$ by ! ass]tion t x ought to be reg>d$ z settl$ by ,m4 ,r5an's practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se case4 ,i reque/$ ,dr4 ,wace to po9t out ! passages ( ,m4 ,r5an's works 9 :i*1 z he affirms1 ?is practical surr5d] 7n m]ely z to ! age & au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels1 be x obs]v$1 b z to _! hi/orical value7 is made1 & he has be5 s good z to d s4 ,n[ let u consid] ! p>ts ( ,dr4 ,wace's citation f ,r5an :i* are relevant to ! issue3-- ,! au?or ( ?is ,gospel ,luke is c]ta9ly ! same z ! au?or ( ! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,n[ ! au?or ( ! ,acts seems to be a companion ( ,/4 ,paul--a "* :i* accords completely ) ,/4 ,luke4 ,i "k t m ?an "o objection may be oppos$ to ?is reason+2 b "o ?+1 at all ev5ts1 is beyond d\bt1 namely1 t ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel & ( ! ,acts is a man :o belong$ to ! second apo/olic g5]ation2 & ?is suffices = our purpose4 ,?is is a curi\s practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se case4 ,m4 ,r5an ?9ks t !re is no d\bt t ! au?or ( ! ?ird ,gospel is ! au?or ( ! ,acts--a conclusion 9 :i* ,i suppose critics g5]ally agree4 ,he goes on to rem>k t ?is p]son seems to be a companion ( ,/4 ,paul1 & adds t ,luke 0 a companion ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,!n1 some:at ne$lessly1 ,m4 ,r5an po9ts out t !re is m ?an "o objection to jump+1 f su* data z ^!1 to #dia ! conclusion t ,luke is ! writ] ( ! ?ird ,gospel4 ,&1 f9ally1 ,m4 ,r5an is cont5t to r$uce t :i* is beyond d\bt to ! fact t ! au?or ( ! two books is a man ( ! second apo/olic g5]ation4 ,well1 x seems to me t ,i c\ld agree ) all t ,m4 ,r5an consid]s beyond d\bt "h1 )\t surr5d]+ any?+1 ei!r practically or !oretically4 ,dr4 ,wace 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>*1 p4 #cfc7 /ates t he d]ives ! above citation f ! preface to ! #ae? edition ( ! ,vie de ,jesus4 ,my copy ( ,les ,evangiles1 dat$ #ahgg1 conta9s a li/ ( ,r5an's ,oeuvres ,completes1 at ! head ( :i* ,i f9d ,vie de ,jesus1 #ae;e edition4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a lat] "w ?an ! edition ( ! ,vie de ,jesus :i* ,dr4 ,wace quotes4 ,n[ ,les ,evangiles1 z its "n implies1 treats fully ( ! que/ions respect+ ! date & au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels2 & any "o :o desir$1 n m]ely to use ,m4 ,r5an's expressions = controv]sial purposes1 b to give a fair acc\nt ( 8 views 9 _! full significance1 w\ld1 ,i ?9k1 ref] to ! lat] s\rce4 ,if ?is c\rse _h be5 tak51 ,dr4 ,wace might h f\nd "s z decid$ expressions ( op9ion 9 fav\r ( ,luke's au?or%ip ( ! ?ird ,gospel z he has discov]$ 9 ,! ,apo/les4 ,i m5tion ?is circum/ance because ,i desire to po9t out t1 tak+ ev5 ! /ronge/ ( ,r5an's /atem5ts1 ,i am /ill at a loss to see h[ x ju/ifies t l>ge-s\nd+ phrase1 practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se case4 ,=1 on p4 #dch ( ,les ,evangiles1 ,r5an speaks ( ! way 9 #dib :i* ,luke's excell5t int5tions h l$ him to torture hi/ory 9 ! ,acts2 he decl>es ,luke to be ! f\nd] ( t et]nal fiction :i* is call$ ecclesia/ical hi/ory2 &1 on ! prec$+ page1 he talks ( ! my? ( ! ,asc5sion--) its mise en sc5e v\lue4 ,at p4 #dce1 ,i f9d ,luc1 ou l'auteur quel qu'il soit du troisieme ,evangile2 at p4 #bhj1 ! acc\nts ( ! ,passion1 ! dea? & ! resurrection ( ,jesus1 are said to be peu hi/oriques2 at p4 #bhc1 ,la valeur hi/orique du troisieme ,evangile e/ surem5t mo9dre que celles des deux premi]s4 ,a ,pyrrhic sort ( victory = or?odoxy ?is surr5d]6 ,&1 all ! :ile1 ! sci5tific /ud5t ( !ology kn[s t ! m reason !re may be to believe t ,luke 0 ! companion ( ,paul1 ! m d\btful becomes 8 cr$ibility1 if he really wrote ! ,acts4 ,=1 9 t case1 he c\ld n fail to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ,paul's acc\nt ( ! ,j]usalem conf]5ce1 & he mu/ h consci\sly misrepres5t$ x4 ,we may next turn to ! ess5tial "p ( ,dr4 ,wace's citation 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 p4 #cfe7 t\*+ ! fir/ ,gospel3-- ,/4 ,mat!w evid5tly des]ves peculi> confid5ce = ! disc\rses4 ,"h are ! oracles--! v notes tak5 :ile ! memory ( ! in/ruction ( ,jesus 0 liv+ & def9ite4 ,m4 ,r5an "h expresses ! v g5]al op9ion z to ! exi/5ce ( a collection ( logia1 hav+ a diff]5t orig9 f ! text 9 :i* !y are emb$d$1 9 ,mat!w4 ,notes are some:at sugge/ive ( a %or?& writ]1 b ! sugge/ion is #dic un9t5tional1 = ,m4 ,r5an assumes t ^! notes 7 tak51 n at ! "t ( ! deliv]y ( ! logia b subsequ5tly1 :ile 7z he assumes7 ! memory ( !m 0 liv+ & def9ite2 s t1 9 ?is v citation1 ,m4 ,r5an leaves op5 ! "q ( ! g5]al hi/orical value ( ! fir/ ,gospel1 :ile x is obvi\s t ! accuracy ( notes tak51 n at ! "t ( deliv]y1 b f memory1 is a matt] ab\t :i* m ?an "o op9ion may be fairly held4 ,moreov]1 ,r5an expressly calls att5tion to ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ ! au!ntic logia f lat] additions ( ! same k9d 7,les ,evangiles1 p4 #bja74 ,! fact is1 !re is no contradiction "h to t op9ion ab\t ! fir/ ,gospel :i* is express$ 9 ,les ,evangiles 7p4 #age74 ,! text ( ! s-call$ ,mat!w supposes ! pre-exi/5ce ( t ( ,m>k1 & does little m ?an complete x4 ,he completes x 9 two fa%ions--fir/1 by ! ins]tion ( ^? long disc\rses :i* gave _! *ief value to ! ,hebrew ,gospels2 !n by add+ traditions ( a m mod]n =mation1 results ( successive developm5ts ( ! leg5d1 & to :i* ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness already atta*$ inf9ite value4 ,m4 ,r5an goes on to sugge/ t besides ,m>k1 pseudo-,mat!w us$ an ,aramaic v]sion ( ! ,gospel orig9ally set =? 9 t dialect4 ,f9ally1 z to ! second ,gospel 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 p4 #cfe73-- ,he ,m>k is full ( m9ute obs]vations1 proce$+1 beyond d\bt1 f an eye-witness4 ,!re is no?+ to conflict ) ! supposition t ?is eye-witness 444 0 ! ,apo/le ,pet] himself1 z ,papias has x4 ,let u consid] ?is citation by ! light ( ,les ,evangiles3-- #did ,?is "w1 al?\gh compos$ aft] ! dea? ( ,pet]1 01 9 a s5se1 ! "w ( ,pet]2 x repres5ts ! way 9 :i* ,pet] 0 accu/om$ to relate ! life ( ,jesus 7p4 #aaf74 ,m4 ,r5an goes on to say t1 z an hi/orical docum5t1 ! ,gospel ( ,m>k has a great sup]iority 7p4 #aaf72 b ,m>k has a motive = omitt+ ! disc\rses1 & he atta*es a pu]ile importance to miracles 7p4 #aag74 ,! ,gospel ( ,m>k is less a leg5d ?an a biography writt5 ) cr$ulity 7p4 #aah74 ,x w\ld be ra% to say t ,m>k has n be5 int]polat$ & ret\*$ 7p4 #abj74 ,if any "o ?9ks t ,i h n be5 w>rant$ 9 draw+ a %>p di/9ction betwe5 sci5tific !ologians & c\nsels = cre$s2 or t my w>n+ aga9/ ! too ready acceptance ( c]ta9 decl>ations z to ! /ate ( biblical criticism 0 ne$less2 or t my anxiety z to ! s5se ( ! ^w practical 0 sup]flu\s2 let him comp>e ! /atem5t t ,m4 ,r5an has made a practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se case ) ! facts j set =?4 ,= :at is ! adv]se case8 ,! "q1 z ,dr4 ,wace puts x1 is1 ,x may be ask$ h[ f> c we rely on ! acc\nts we possess ( our ,"l's tea*+ on ^! subjects4 ,x w be obvi\s t ,m4 ,r5an's /atem5ts am\nt to an adv]se answ]--to a practical d5ial t any great reliance c be plac$ on ^! acc\nts4 ,he does n believe t ,mat!w1 ! apo/le1 wrote ! fir/ ,gospel2 he does n pr(ess to "k :o is responsible = ! collection ( logia1 or h[ _m ( !m are au!ntic2 ?\gh he calls ! second ,gospel ! #die mo/ hi/orical1 he po9ts out t x is writt5 ) cr$ulity1 & may h be5 int]polat$ & ret\*$2 &1 z to ! au?or1 quel qu'il soit1 ( ! ?ird ,gospel1 :o is to rely on ! acc\nts ( a writ] :o des]ves ! cavali] treatm5t :i* ,luke meets ) at ,m4 ,r5an's h&s8 ,i repeat :at ,i h already m ?an once said1 t ! "q ( ! age & ! au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels has n1 9 my judgm5t1 ! importance :i* is s commonly assign$ to x2 = ! simple reason t ! reports1 ev5 ( eye-witnesses1 w\ld n suffice to ju/ify belief 9 a l>ge & ess5tial "p ( _! cont5ts2 on ! contr>y1 ^! reports w\ld discr$it ! witnesses4 ,! ,gad>5e miracle1 = example1 is s extremely improbable1 t ! fact ( its be+ report$ by ?ree1 ev5 indep5d5t1 au?orities c\ld n ju/ify belief 9 x unless we _h ! cle>e/ evid5ce z to _! capacity z obs]v]s & z int]pret]s ( _! obs]vations4 ,b x is evid5t t ! ?ree au?orities are n indep5d5t2 t !y h simply adopt$ a leg5d1 ( :i* !re 7 two v]sions2 & in/ead ( _! prov+ its tru?1 x sugge/s _! sup]/iti\s cr$ulity3 s t if ,mat!w1 ,m>k1 & ,luke are really responsible = ! ,gospels1 x is n ! bett] = ! ,gad>5e /ory1 b ! worse = !m4 ,a wond]ful am\nt ( controv]sial capital has be5 made out ( my ass]tion 9 ! note to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 z an obit] dictum ( no consequ5ce #dif to my argum5t1 t if ,r5an's "w#adj 7 non-extant1 ! ma9 results ( biblical criticism1 z set =? 9 ! works ( ,/rauss1 ,baur1 ,reuss1 & ,volkm>1 = example1 w\ld n be s5sibly affect$4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h expla9$ x satisfactorily already1 b x seems t my explanation has only exhibit$ /ill m ( my native p]v]sity1 s ,i ask = "o m *ance4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( any bran* ( sci5ce1 :at is univ]sally obs]v$ is ?is3 t ! m5 :o make epo*s1 & are ! real ar*itects ( ! fabric ( exact k1 are ^? :o introduce fruitful ideas or me?ods4 ,z a rule1 ! man :o does ?is pu%es 8 idea1 or 8 me?od1 too f>2 or1 if he does n1 8 s*ool is sure to d s1 & ^? :o foll[ h to r$uce 8 "w to its prop] value1 & assign x its place 9 ! :ole4 ,n unfrequ5tly !y1 9 _! turn1 ov]do ! critical process1 &1 9 try+ to elim9ate error1 ?r[ away tru?4 ,?us1 z ,i said1 ,l9naeus1 ,buffon1 ,cuvi]1 ,lam>ck1 really set =? ! results ( a develop+ sci5ce1 al?\gh !y (t5 he>tily contradict "o ano!r4 ,not)/&+ ?is circum/ance1 mod]n classificatory me?od & nom5clature h l>gely gr[n out ( ! "w ( ,l9naeus2 ! mod]n conception ( biology1 z a sci5ce1 & ( its relation to climatology1 geography1 & geology1 are z l>gely root$ 9 ! results ( ! lab\rs ( ,buffon2 comp>ative #dig anatomy & palaeontology owe a va/ debt to ,cuvi]'s results2 :ile inv]tebrate zoology & ! revival ( ! idea ( evolution are intimately dep5d5t on ! results ( ! "w ( ,lam>ck4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ma9 results ( biology up to ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury are to be f\nd 91 or spr+ out (1 ! works ( ^! m54 ,s1 if ,i mi/ake n1 ,/rauss1 if he did n orig9ate ! idea ( tak+ ! my?opoeic faculty into acc\nt 9 ! developm5t ( ! ,gospel n>ratives1 & ?\gh he may h exagg]at$ ! influ5ce ( t faculty1 oblig$ sci5tific !ology h]eaft] to take t elem5t into s]i\s consid]ation2 s ,baur1 9 giv+ prom95ce to ! c>d9al fact ( ! div]g5ce ( ! ,naz>5e & ,paul9e t5d5cies 9 ! primitive ,*ur*2 s ,reuss1 9 sett+ a m>vell\s example ( ! cool & dispassionate application ( ! pr9ciples ( sci5tific criticism ov] ! :ole field ( ,scripture2 s ,volkm>1 9 8 cle> & =cible /atem5t ( ! ,naz>5e limitations ( ,jesus1 contribut$ results ( p]man5t value 9 sci5tific !ology4 ,i took ^! names z !y occurr$ to me4 ,und\bt$ly1 ,i might h advantage\sly add$ to !m2 p]haps ,i might h made a bett] selection4 ,b x really is absurd to try to make out t ,i did n "k t ^! writ]s widely disagree2 & ,i believe t no sci5tific !ologian w d5y t1 9 pr9ciple1 :at ,i h said is p]fectly correct4 ,ecclesia/ical advocates1 ( c\rse1 _c be expect$ to take ?is view ( ! matt]4 ,to !m1 ^! m]e seek]s aft] tru?1 9 s f> z #dih _! results are unfav\rable to ! cre$ ! cl]ics h to support1 are m or less infidels1 or fav\r]s ( infidelity2 & ! only ?+ !y c>e to see1 or probably c see1 is ! fact t1 9 a great _m matt]s1 ! tru?-seek]s diff] f "o ano!r1 & !re=e c easily be exhibit$ to ! public1 z if !y did no?+ else2 z if any "o :o ref]r$ to _! hav+1 ea* & all1 contribut$ 8 %>e to ! results ( !ological sci5ce1 0 m]ely %[+ 8 ignorance2 & z if a *>ge ( inconsi/5cy c\ld be bas$ on ! fact t he himself (t5 disagrees ) :at !y say4 ,i h nev] l5t a %ad[ ( f\ndation to ! assumption t ,i am a foll[] ( ei!r ,/rauss1 or ,baur1 or ,reuss1 or ,volkm>1 or ,r5an2 my debt to ^! em95t m5--s f> my sup]iors 9 !ological k--is1 inde$1 great2 yet x is n = _! op9ions1 b = ^? ,i h be5 able to =m = myself1 by _! help4 ,9 ,agno/icism3 a ,rejo9d] 7p4 #daj71 ,i h ref]r$ to ! difficulties "u :i* ^? pr(essors ( ! sci5ce ( !ology1 ^: t5ure ( _! po/s dep5ds on ! results ( _! inve/igations1 mu/ lab\r2 &1 9 a note1 ,i add-- ,imag9e t all our *airs ( ,a/ronomy _h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & t _! incumb5ts 7 b\nd to sign ,ptolemaic articles4 ,9 t case1 ) e respect = ! ef=ts ( p]sons ?us hamp]$ to atta9 & exp\nd ! tru?1 ,i ?9k m5 ( common s5se w\ld g else:]e to le>n a/ronomy4 ,i did n write ?is p>agraph )\t a #dii k t its s5se w\ld be op5 to ! k9d ( p]v]sion :i* x has suff]$2 b1 if t 0 cle>1 ! necessity = ! /atem5t 0 /ill cle>]4 ,x is my delib]ate op9ion3 ,i reit]ate x2 & ,i say t1 9 my judgm5t1 x is extremely inexp$i5t t any subject :i* calls itself a sci5ce %\ld be entru/$ to tea*]s :o are deb>r$ f freely foll[+ out sci5tific me?ods to _! legitimate conclusions1 :atev] ^? conclusions may be4 ,if ,i may borr[ a phrase p>ad$ at ! ,*ur* ,congress1 ,i ?9k x ought to be unpleasant = any man ( sci5ce to f9d himself 9 ! position ( su* a tea*]4 ,human nature is n alt]$ by seat+ x 9 a pr(essorial *air1 ev5 ( !ology4 ,i h v little d\bt t if1 9 ! ye> #ahei1 ! t5ure ( my (fice _h dep5d$ ^u my adh]5ce to ! doctr9es ( ,cuvi]1 ! objections to ^? set =? 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species w\ld h _h a halo ( gravity ab\t !m t1 be+ free to tea* :at ,i pleas$1 ,i fail$ to discov]4 ,&1 9 mak+ t /atem5t1 x does n appe> to me t ,i am confess+ t ,i %\ld h be5 deb>r$ by selfi% int]e/s f mak+ c&id inquiry1 or t ,i %\ld h be5 biass$ by sordid motives4 ,i hope t ev5 su* a fragm5t ( moral s5se z may rema9 9 an ecclesia/ical infidel might h got me ?r\gh ! difficulty2 b x w\ld be unwor?y to d5y or disguise ! fact t a v s]i\s difficulty mu/ h be5 creat$ = me by ! nature ( my t5ure4 ,& let x be obs]v$ t #ejj ! temptation1 9 my case1 w\ld h be5 f> slight] ?an 9 t ( a pr(essor ( !ology2 :atev] biological doctr9e ,i _h repudiat$1 nobody ,i c>$ = w\ld h ?\ght ! worse ( me = s do+4 ,no sci5tific j\rnals w\ld h h[l$ me d[n1 z ! religi\s newspap]s h[l$ d[n my too hone/ fri5d1 ! late ,bi%op ( ,natal2 nor w\ld my colleagues ( ! ,royal ,society h turn$ _! backs ^u me1 z 8 episcopal colleagues boycott$ him4 ,i say ^! facts are obvi\s1 & t x is :olesome & ne$ful t !y %\ld be /at$4 ,x is 9 ! int]e/s ( !ology1 if x be a sci5ce1 & x is 9 ! int]e/s ( ^? tea*]s ( !ology :o desire to be some?+ bett] ?an c\nsel = cre$s1 t x %\ld be tak5 to he>t4 ,! seek] aft] !ological tru? & t only1 w no m suppose t ,i h insult$ him1 ?an ! prison] :o works 9 fett]s w try to pick a qu>rel ) me1 if ,i sugge/ t he w\ld get on bett] if ! fett]s 7 knock$ (f2 unless inde$1 z x is said does happ5 9 ! c\rse ( long captivities1 t ! victim at l5g? ceases to feel ! weight ( 8 *a9s1 or ev5 takes to hugg+ !m1 z if !y 7 hon\rable ornam5ts4#ada 99 99 99 99 99 #eja ,,xiii ,,! ,,lights ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,& ,,! ,,light ,,( ,,sci5ce ,!re are ?ree ways ( reg>d+ any acc\nt ( pa/ occurr5ces1 :e!r deliv]$ to u orally or record$ 9 writ+4 ,! n>rative may be exactly true4 ,t is to say1 ! words1 tak5 9 _! natural s5se1 & int]pret$ accord+ to ! rules ( gramm>1 may convey to ! m9d ( ! he>]1 or ( ! read]1 an idea precisely correspond5t ) "o :i* w\ld h rema9$ 9 ! m9d ( a witness4 ,= example1 ! /atem5t t ,k+ ,*>les ! ,fir/ 0 behead$ at ,:itehall on ! #cj? day ( ,janu>y #afdi1 is z exactly true z any proposition 9 ma!matics or physics2 no "o d\bts t any p]son ( s\nd faculties1 prop]ly plac$1 :o 0 pres5t at ,:itehall ?r\gh\t t day1 & :o us$ 8 eyes1 w\ld h se5 ! ,k+'s head cut (f2 & t !re w\ld h rema9$ 9 8 m9d an idea ( t occurr5ce :i* he w\ld h put into words ( ! same value z ^? :i* we use to express x4 #ejb ,or ! n>rative may be p>tly true & p>tly false4 ,?us1 "s hi/ories ( ! "t tell u :at ! ,k+ said1 & :at ,bi%op ,juxon said2 or report royali/ conspiracies to effect a rescue2 or detail ! motives :i* induc$ ! *iefs ( ! ,commonweal? to resolve t ! ,k+ %\ld die4 ,"o acc\nt decl>es t ! ,k+ knelt at a high block1 ano!r t he lay d[n ) 8 neck on a m]e plank4 ,& !re are contempor>y pictorial repres5tations ( bo? ^! modes ( proc$ure4 ,su* n>ratives1 :ile v]aci\s z to ! ma9 ev5t1 may & d exhibit v>i\s degrees ( unconsci\s & consci\s misrepres5tation1 suppression1 & inv5tion1 till !y become h>dly di/+ui%able f pure fictions4 ,?us1 !y pres5t a transition to n>ratives ( a ?ird class1 9 :i* ! fictiti\s elem5t pr$om9ates4 ,"h1 aga91 !re are all imag9able gradations1 f su* works z ,defoe's quasi-hi/orical acc\nt ( ! ,plague ye>1 :i* probably gives a tru] conception ( t dreadful "t ?an any au!ntic hi/ory1 ?r\gh ! hi/orical novel1 drama1 & epic1 to ! purely phantasmal creations ( imag9ative g5ius1 su* z ! old ,arabian ,nights1 or ! mod]n ,%av+ ( ,%agpat4 ,x is n /rictly ne$ful = my pres5t purpose t ,i %\ld say any?+ ab\t n>ratives :i* are pr(ess$ly fictiti\s4 ,yet x may be well1 p]haps1 if ,i disclaim any int5tion ( d]ogat+ f _! value1 :5 ,i insi/ ^u ! p>am\nt necessity ( recollect+ t !re is no sort ( relation betwe5 ! e?ical1 or ! ae/hetic1 or ev5 #ejc ! sci5tific importance ( su* works1 & _! wor? z hi/orical docum5ts4 ,unque/ionably1 to ! poetic arti/1 or ev5 to ! /ud5t ( psy*ology1 ,hamlet & ,macbe? may be bett] in/ructors ?an all ! books ( a wild]ness ( pr(essors ( ae/hetics or ( moral philosophy4 ,b1 z evid5ce ( occurr5ces 9 ,d5m>k1 or 9 ,scotl&1 at ! times & places indicat$1 !y are out ( c\rt2 ! pr(\nde/ admiration = !m1 ! deepe/ gratitude = _! influ5ce1 are consi/5t ) ! k t1 hi/orically speak+1 !y are wor?less fables1 9 :i* any f\ndation ( reality t may exi/ is subm]g$ b5ea? ! imag9ative sup]/ructure4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 ,i am n conc]n$ to dwell ^u ! importance ( fictiti\s lit]ature & ! imm5sity ( ! "w :i* x has effect$ 9 ! education ( ! human race4 ,i propose to deal ) ! mu* m limit$ inquiry3 ,are !re two o!r classes ( consecutive n>ratives 7z di/9ct f /atem5ts ( individual facts71 or only "o8 ,is !re any kn[n hi/orical "w :i* is ?r\gh\t exactly true1 or is !re n8 ,9 ! case ( ! great majority ( hi/ories ! answ] is n d\btful3 !y are all only p>tially true4 ,ev5 ^? v5]able works :i* be> ! names ( "s ( ! greate/ ( anci5t ,greek & ,roman writ]s1 & :i* h be5 accept$ by g5]ation aft] g5]ation1 d[n to mod]n times1 z /ores ( unque/ionable tru?1 h be5 compell$ by sci5tific criticism1 aft] a long battle1 to desc5d to ! common level1 & to confess to a l>ge admixture ( error4 ,i might #ejd fairly take ?is = grant$2 b x may be well t ,i %\ld entr5* myself beh9d ! v apposite words ( a hi/orical au?ority :o is c]ta9ly n obnoxi\s to ev5 a suspicion ( sceptical t5d5cies4 ,"t 0--& t n v long ago--:5 all ! relations ( anci5t au?ors conc]n+ ! old _w 7 receiv$ ) a ready belief2 & an unreason+ & uncritical fai? accept$ ) equal satisfaction ! n>rative ( ! campaigns ( ,caes> & ( ! do+s ( ,romulus1 ! acc\nt ( ,alex&]'s m>*es & ( ! conque/s ( ,semiramis4 ,we c mo/ ( u rememb] :51 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! :ole /ory ( regal ,rome1 & ev5 ! leg5d ( ! ,trojan settlem5t 9 ,latium1 7 s]i\sly plac$ be=e boys z hi/ory1 & disc\rs$ ( z unhesitat+ly & 9 z dogmatic a tone z ! tale ( ! ,catil9e ,conspiracy or ! ,conque/ ( ,brita94444 ,b all ?is is n[ *ang$4 ,! la/ c5tury has se5 ! bir? & gr[? ( a new sci5ce--! ,sci5ce ( ,hi/orical ,criticism4444 ,! :ole _w ( pr(ane hi/ory has be5 revolutionis$4444#adb ,if ^! utt]ances 7 true :5 !y fell f ! lips ( a ,bampton lectur] 9 #ahei1 ) h[ mu* great] =ce d !y appeal to u n[1 :5 ! imm5se lab\rs ( ! g5]ation n[ pass+ away con/itute "o va/ illu/ration ( ! p[] & fruitfulness ( sci5tific me?ods ( inve/igation 9 hi/ory1 no less ?an 9 all o!r dep>tm5ts ( k4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ,i suppose1 !re is no "o :o d\bts t hi/ories :i* app]ta9 to any #eje o!r p ?an ! ,jews1 & _! spiritual prog5y 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 fall )9 ! second class ( ! ?ree enum]at$4 ,l ,goe!'s ,autobiography1 !y might all be entitl$ ,wahrheit und ,di*tung--,tru? & ,fiction4 ,! proportion ( ! two con/itu5ts *anges indef9itely2 & ! quality ( ! fiction v>ies ?r\gh ! :ole gamut ( unv]acity4 ,b ,di*tung is always !re4 ,= ! mo/ acute & le>n$ ( hi/orians _c rem$y ! imp]fections ( 8 s\rces ( in=mation2 nor c ! mo/ imp>tial :olly escape ! influ5ce ( ! p]sonal equation g5]at$ by 8 temp]am5t & by 8 education4 ,!re=e1 f ! n>ratives ( ,h]odotus to ^? set =? 9 ye/]day's ,times1 all hi/ory is to be read subject to ! w>n+ t fiction has its %>e !re94 ,! mod]n va/ developm5t ( fugitive lit]ature _c be ! unmitigat$ evil t "s d va9ly say x is1 s9ce x has put an end to ! popul> delusion ( less press-ridd5 times1 t :at appe>s 9 pr9t mu/ be true4 ,we %\ld r hope t "s b5efic5t influ5ce may create among ! erudite a l heal?y suspicion ( manuscripts & inscriptions1 h[ev] anci5t2 = a bullet9 may lie1 ev5 ?\gh x be writt5 9 cunei=m *>act]s4 ,hotspur's />l+1 t 0 to be taught to speak no?+ b ,mortim] into ! e>s ( ,k+ ,h5ry ! ,f\r?1 might be a useful inmate ( e hi/orian's libr>y1 if ,fiction 7 sub/itut$ = ! "n ( ,h>ry ,p]cy's fri5d4 #ejf ,b x 0 ! *ief object ( ! lectur] to ! congregation ga!r$ 9 ,/4 ,m>y's1 ,ox=d1 ?irty-"o ye>s ago1 to prove to !m1 by evid5ce ga!r$ ) no little lab\r & m>%all$ ) mu* skill1 t "o gr\p ( hi/orical works 0 exempt f ! g5]al rule2 & t ! n>ratives conta9$ 9 ! canonical ,scriptures are free f any admixture ( error4 ,) ju/ice & c&\r1 ! lectur] impresses ^u 8 he>]s t ! special di/9ction ( ,*ri/ianity1 among ! religions ( ! _w1 lies 9 its claim to be hi/orical2 to be surely f\nd$ ^u ev5ts :i* h happ5$1 exactly z !y are decl>$ to h happ5$ 9 its sacr$ books2 :i* are true1 t is1 9 ! s5se t ! /atem5t ab\t ! execution ( ,*>les ! ,fir/ is true4 ,fur!r1 x is affirm$ t ! ,new ,te/am5t presupposes ! hi/orical exactness ( ! ,old ,te/am5t2 t ! po9ts ( contact ( sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory are innum]able2 & t ! demon/ration ( ! falsity ( ! ,hebrew records1 especially 9 reg>d to ^? n>ratives :i* are assum$ to be true 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 w\ld be fatal to ,*ri/ian !ology4 ,my utmo/ +5uity does n enable me to discov] a flaw 9 ! argum5t ?us briefly summ>is$4 ,i am fairly at a loss to compreh5d h[ any "o1 = a mom5t1 c d\bt t ,*ri/ian !ology mu/ /& or fall ) ! hi/orical tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,jewi% ,scriptures4 ,! v conception ( ! ,messiah1 or ,*ri/1 is inextricably int]wov5 ) ,jewi% hi/ory2 ! id5tification #ejg ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e? ) t ,messiah re/s ^u ! int]pretation ( passages ( ! ,hebrew ,scriptures :i* h no evid5tial value unless !y possess ! hi/orical "* assign$ to !m4 ,if ! cov5ant ) ,abraham 0 n made2 if circumcision & sacrifices 7 n orda9$ by ,jahveh2 if ! t5 words 7 n writt5 by ,god's h& on ! /one tables2 if ,abraham is m or less a my?ical h]o1 su* z ,!seus2 ! /ory ( ! ,deluge a fiction2 t ( ! ,fall a leg5d2 & t ( ! ,creation ! dream ( a se]2 if all ^! def9ite & detail$ n>ratives ( app>5tly real ev5ts h no m value z hi/ory ?an h ! /ories ( ! regal p]iod ( ,rome--:at is to be said ab\t ! ,messianic doctr9e1 :i* is s mu* less cle>ly enunciat$8 ,& :at ab\t ! au?ority ( ! writ]s ( ! books ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :o1 on ?is !ory1 h n m]ely accept$ flimsy fictions = solid tru?s1 b h built ! v f\ndations ( ,*ri/ian dogma ^u leg5d>y quicks&s8 ,b ^! may be said to be m]ely ! c>p+s ( t c>nal reason :i* ! pr(ane call common s5se2 ,i ha/51 !re=e1 to br+ up ! =ces ( unimpea*able ecclesia/ical au?ority 9 support ( my position4 ,9 a s]mon prea*$ la/ ,decemb]1 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1#adc ,canon ,liddon decl>es3-- #ejh ,= ,*ri/ians x w be en\gh to "k t our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ set ! seal ( ,8 infallible sanction on ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he f\nd ! ,hebrew ,canon z we h x 9 our h&s to-day1 & he treat$ x z an au?ority :i* 0 above discussion4 ,nay m3 ,he w5t out ( ,8 way--if we may rev]5tly speak ?us--to sanction n a few portions ( x :i* mod]n scepticism rejects4 ,:5 he w\ld w>n ,8 he>]s aga9/ ! dang]s ( spiritual relapse1 ,he bids !m rememb] ,lot's wife4#add ,:5 ,he w\ld po9t out h[ worldly engagem5ts may bl9d ! s\l to a com+ judgm5t1 ,he rem9ds !m h[ m5 ate1 & drank1 & m>ri$1 & 7 giv5 9 m>riage1 until ! day t ,noah ent]$ into ! ark1 & ! ,flood came & de/roy$ !m all4#ade ,if ,he w\ld put ,8 f+] on a fact 9 pa/ ,jewi% hi/ory :i*1 by its admitt$ reality1 w\ld w>rant belief 9 ,8 own com+ ,resurrection1 ,he po9ts to ,jonah's be+ ?ree days & ?ree nights 9 ! :ale's belly 7p4 #bc74adf ,! prea*] proce$s to bru% aside ! common--,i _h almo/ said vulg>--apologetic pretext t ,jesus 0 us+ ad hom9em argum5ts1 or accommodat+ 8 bett] k to popul> ignorance1 z well z to po9t out ! inadmissibility ( ! o!r alt]native1 t he %>$ ! popul> ignorance4 ,& to ^? :o hold ! latt] view s>casm is dealt out ) no nigg>d h&4 ,b !y w f9d x difficult to p]suade mank9d t1 if ,he c\ld be mi/ak5 on a matt] ( su* /rictly religi\s importance z ! value ( ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ,8 c\ntrym51 ,he c be safely tru/$ ab\t any?+ else4 ,! tru/wor?9ess ( ! ,old ,te/am5t is1 9 fact1 insep>able f ! tru/wor?9ess ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/2 & if we believe t ,he is ! true ,light ( ! _w1 we %all close our e>s aga9/ sugge/ions impair+ ! cr$it ( ^? ,jewi% ,scriptures :i* h receiv$ ! /amp ( ,8 ,div9e au?ority 7p4 #be74 #eji ,moreov]1 ,i le>n f ! public j\rnals t a brilliant & %>ply-cut view ( or?odoxy1 ( l hue & patt]n1 0 only ! o!r day exhibit$ 9 t great !ological kaleidoscope1 ! pulpit ( ,/4 ,m>y's1 recall+ ! "t s long pa/ by1 :5 a ,bampton lectur]1 9 ! same place1 p]=m$ ! unusual feat ( leav+ ! fai? ( old-fa%ion$ ,*ri/ians undi/urb$4 ,yet _m ?+s h happ5$ 9 ! int]v5+ ?irty-"o ye>s4 ,! ,bampton lectur] ( #ahei _h to grapple only ) ! infant ,h]cules ( hi/orical criticism2 & he is n[ a full-gr[n a?lete1 be>+ on 8 %\ld]s ! spoils ( all ! lions t h /ood 9 8 pa?4 ,surely a m>tyr's c\rage1 z well z a m>tyr's fai?1 is ne$$ by any "o :o1 at ?is "t1 is prep>$ to /& by ! foll[+ plea = ! v]acity ( ! ,p5tateu*3-- ,adam1 accord+ to ! ,hebrew orig9al1 0 = #bdc ye>s contempor>y ) ,me?uselah1 :o conv]s$ = a hundr$ ye>s ) ,%em4 ,%em 0 = fifty ye>s contempor>y ) ,jacob1 :o probably saw ,jo*eb$1 ,moses's "m4 ,?us1 ,moses might by oral tradition h obta9$ ! hi/ory ( ,abraham1 & ev5 ( ! ,deluge1 at ?ird h&2 & t ( ! ,temptation & ! ,fall at fif? h&4444 ,if x be grant$--z x seems to be--t ! great & /irr+ ev5ts 9 a nation's life w1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 be rememb]$ 7ap>t f all writt5 memorials7 = ! space ( #aej ye>s1 be+ h&$ d[n ?r\gh five g5]ations1 x mu/ be all[$ 7ev5 on m]e human gr\nds7 t ! acc\nt :i* ,moses gives ( ! ,temptation & ! ,fall is to be dep5d$ ^u1 if x pass$ ?r\gh no m ?an f\r h&s betwe5 him & ,adam4#adg #eaj ,if ! tru/wor?9ess ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ is to /& or fall ) ! belief 9 ! sudd5 transmutation ( ! *emical compon5ts ( a woman's body into sodium *loride1 or on ! admitt$ reality ( ,jonah's ejection1 safe & s\nd1 on ! %ores ( ! ,levant1 aft] ?ree day's sea-j\rney 9 ! /oma* ( a gigantic m>9e animal1 :at possible pretext c !re be = ev5 h9t+ a d\bt z to ! precise tru? ( ! longevity attribut$ to ! ,patri>*s8 ,:o t has swall[$ ! camel ( ,jonah's j\rney w be guilty ( ! affectation ( /ra9+ at su* a hi/orical gnat--nay midge--z ! supposition t ! "m ( ,moses 0 told ! /ory ( ! ,flood by ,jacob2 :o _h x /raight f ,%em2 :o 0 on fri5dly t]ms ) ,me?uselah2 :o knew ,adam q well8 ,yet1 by ! /range irony ( ?+s1 ! illu/ri\s bro!r ( ! div9e :o prop\nd$ ?is rem>kable !ory1 has be5 ! guide & =emo/ work] ( t b& ( inve/igators ( ! records ( ,assyria & ( ,babylonia1 :o h op5$ to our view1 n m]ely a new *apt]1 b a new volume ( primeval hi/ory1 relat+ to ! v p :o h ! mo/ num]\s po9ts ( contact ) ! life ( ! anci5t ,hebrews4 ,n[1 :atev] imp]fections may yet obscure ! full value ( ! ,mesopotamian records1 ev]y?+ t has be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$ t5ds to ! conclusion t ! assignm5t ( no m ?an #djjj ye>s to ! p]iod betwe5 ! "t ( ! orig9 ( mank9d & t ( ,augu/us ,caes>1 is :olly inadmissible4 ,!re=e ! ,biblical #eaa *ronology1 :i* ,canon ,rawl9son tru/$ s implicitly 9 #ahei1 is relegat$ by all s]i\s critics to ! doma9 ( fable4 ,b if sci5tific me?od1 op]at+ 9 ! region ( hi/ory1 ( philology1 ( ar*aeology1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ ?irty or =ty ye>s1 has become ?us =midable to ! !ological dogmati/1 :at may n be said ab\t sci5tific me?od work+ 9 ! prov9ce ( physical sci5ce8 ,=1 if x be true t ! ,canonical ,scriptures h innum]able po9ts ( contact ) civil hi/ory1 x is no less true t !y h almo/ z _m ) natural hi/ory2 & _! accuracy is put to ! te/ z sev]ely by ! latt] z by ! =m]4 ,! orig9 ( ! pres5t /ate ( ! heav5s & ! e>? is a problem :i* lies /rictly )9 ! prov9ce ( physical sci5ce2 s is t ( ! orig9 ( man among liv+ ?+s2 s is t ( ! physical *anges :i* ! e>? has und]gone s9ce ! orig9 ( man2 s is t ( ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s races & nations ( m51 ) all _! v>ieties ( language & physical con=mation4 ,:e!r ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun or ! contr>y2 :e!r ! bodily & m5tal diseases ( m5 & animals are caus$ by evil spirits or n2 :e!r !re is su* an ag5cy z wit*craft or n--all ^! are purely sci5tific que/ions2 & to all ( !m ! canonical ,scriptures pr(ess to give true answ]s4 ,& ?\gh no?+ is m common ?an ! assumption t ^! books come into conflict only ) ! speculative "p ( mod]n physical sci5ce1 no assumption c h less f\ndation4 #eab ,! antagonism betwe5 natural k & ! ,p5tateu* w\ld be z great if ! speculations ( our "t _h nev] be5 he>d (4 ,x arises out ( contradiction ^u matt]s ( fact4 ,! books ( ecclesia/ical au?ority decl>e t c]ta9 ev5ts happ5$ 9 a c]ta9 fa%ion2 ! books ( sci5tific au?ority say !y did n4 ,z x seems t ?is unque/ionable tru? has n yet p5etrat$ among _m ( ^? :o speak & write on ^! subjects1 x may be useful to give a full illu/ration ( x4 ,& = t purpose ,i propose to deal1 at "s l5g?1 ) ! n>rative ( ! ,noa*ian ,deluge giv5 9 ,g5esis4 ,! ,bampton lectur] 9 #ahei1 & ! ,canon ( ,/4 ,paul's 9 #ahij1 are 9 full agreem5t t ?is hi/ory is true1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i h def9$ hi/orical tru?4 ,! =m] is ( op9ion t ! acc\nt attribut$ to ,b]osus records a tradition-- n drawn f ! ,hebrew record1 mu* less ! f\ndation ( t record2 yet co9cid+ ) x 9 ! mo/ rem>kable way4 ,! ,babylonian v]sion is trick$ out ) a few extravagances1 z ! mon/r\s size ( ! vessel & ! translation ( ,xisu?ros2 b o!rwise x is ! ,hebrew hi/ory d[n to its m9utiae 7p4 #fd74 ,moreov]1 correct+ ,niebuhr1 ! ,bampton lectur] po9ts out t ! n>rative ( ,b]osus implies ! univ]sality ( ! ,flood4 ,x is pla9 t ! wat]s are repres5t$ z prevail+ above ! tops ( ! l(tie/ m\nta9s 9 ,arm5ia--a height :i* mu/ h be5 se5 to involve ! subm]sion ( all ! c\ntries ) :i* ! ,babylonians 7 acqua9t$ 7p4 #ff74 #eac ,i may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t _m p ?9k ! size ( ,noah's ark mon/r\s1 consid]+ ! probable /ate ( ! art ( %ipbuild+ only #afjj ye>s aft] ! orig9 ( man2 :ile o!rs are s unreasonable z to inquire :y ! translation ( ,eno* is less an extravagance ?an t ( ,xisu?ros4 ,x is m important1 h[ev]1 to note t ! univ]sality ( ! ,deluge is recognis$1 n m]ely z a "p ( ! /ory1 b z a necess>y consequ5ce ( "s ( its details4 ,! late/ expon5t ( ,anglican or?odoxy1 z we h se51 insi/s ^u ! accuracy ( ! ,p5tateu*al hi/ory ( ! ,flood 9 a /ill m =cible mann]4 ,x is cit$ z "o ( ^? v n>ratives to :i* ! au?ority ( ! ,f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity is pl$g$1 & ^u ! accuracy ( :i* ! tru/wor?9ess ( our ,"l ,jesus ,*ri/ is /ak$1 j z o!rs h /ak$ x ^u ! tru? ( ! hi/ories ( demoniac possession 9 ! ,gospels4 ,n[1 :5 ^? :o put _! tru/ 9 sci5tific me?ods ( asc]ta9+ ! tru? 9 ! prov9ce ( natural hi/ory f9d !mselves confront$ & oppos$1 on _! own gr\nd1 by ecclesia/ical pret5sions to bett] k1 x is1 und\bt$ly1 mo/ desirable = !m to make sure t _! conclusions1 :atev] !y may be1 are well f\nd$4 ,&1 if !y put aside ! unau?oris$ int]f]5ce ) _! bus9ess & relegate ! ,p5tateu*al hi/ory to ! region ( pure fiction1 !y are b\nd to assure !mselves t !y d s because ! pla9e/ tea*+s ( ,nature 7ap>t f all d\btful #ead speculations7 are irreconcilable ) ! ass]tions :i* !y reject4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 x is difficult to p]suade s]i\s sci5tific inquir]s to occupy !mselves1 9 any way1 ) ! ,noa*ian ,deluge4 ,!y look at y ) a smile & a %rug1 & say !y h m important matt]s to att5d to ?an m]e antiqu>ianism4 ,b x 0 n s 9 my y\?4 ,at t "t1 geologi/s & biologi/s c\ld h>dly foll[ to ! end any pa? ( inquiry )\t f9d+ ! way block$ by ,noah & 8 ark1 or by ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis2 & x 0 a s]i\s matt]1 9 ?is c\ntry at any rate1 = a man to be suspect$ ( d\bt+ ! lit]al tru? ( ! ,diluvial or any o!r ,p5tateu*al hi/ory4 ,! fiftie? anniv]s>y ( ! f\ndation ( ! ,geological ,club 79 #ahbd71 01 if ,i rememb] rightly1 ! la/ occasion on :i* ! late ,sir ,*>les ,lyell spoke to ev5 s small a public z ! memb]s ( t body4 ,our vet]an lead] light$ up once m2 &1 ref]r+ to ! difficulties :i* beset 8 e>ly ef=ts to create a rational sci5ce ( geology1 spoke1 ) 8 wont$ cle>ness & vig\r1 ( ! social o/racism :i* pursu$ him aft] ! publication ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 9 #ahcj1 on acc\nt ( ! obvi\s t5d5cy ( t noble "w to discr$it ! ,p5tateu*al acc\nts ( ! ,creation & ! ,deluge4 ,if my y\ng] contempor>ies f9d ?is h>d to believe1 ,i may ref] !m to a grave book1 ,on ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,deluge1 publi%$ eight ye>s lat]1 & d$icat$ by its au?or to 8 fa!r1 ! !n ,ar*bi%op ( ,york4 ,! fir/ *apt] #eae ref]s to ! treatm5t ( ! ,mosaic ,deluge1 by ,dr4 ,buckl& & ,mr4 ,lyell1 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,_! respect = reveal$ religion has prev5t$ !m f array+ !mselves op5ly aga9/ ! ,scriptural acc\nt ( x--mu* less d !y d5y its tru?--b !y are 9 a great hurry to escape f ! consid]ation ( x1 & evid5tly concur 9 ! op9ion ( ,l9naeus1 t no pro(s :atev] ( ! ,deluge are to be discov]$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! e>? 7p4 #a74 ,& aft] an attempt to reply to "s ( ,lyell's argum5ts1 :i* x w\ld be cruel to reproduce1 ! writ] cont9ues3-- ,:51 !re=e1 ^u su* sl5d] gr\nds1 x is det]m9$1 9 answ] to ^? :o insi/ ^u its univ]sality1 t ! ,mosaic ,deluge mu/ be consid]$ a pret]natural ev5t1 f> beyond ! rea* ( philosophical inquiry2 n only z to ! causes employ$ to produce x1 b z to ! effects mo/ likely to result f x2 t det]m9ation we>s an aspect ( scepticism1 :i*1 h[ev] mu* soev] x may be un9t5tional 9 ! m9d ( ! writ]1 yet _c b produce an evil impression on ^? :o are already pr$ispos$ to c>p & cavil at ! evid5ces ( ,revelation 7pp4 #h-i74 ,! k9dly & c\rte\s writ] ( ^! curi\s passages is evid5tly unwill+ to make ! geologi/s ! victims ( g5]al opprobrium by press+ ! obvi\s consequ5ces ( _! tea*+ home4 ,"o is !re=e pa9$ to ?9k ( ! feel+s ) :i*1 if he liv$ s long z to become acqua9t$ ) ! ,diction>y ( ! ,bible1 he mu/ h p]us$ ! article ,noah1 writt5 by a dignit>y ( ! ,*ur* = t /&>d comp5dium & publi%$ 9 #ahfc4 ,= ! doctr9e ( ! univ]sality ( ! ,deluge is !re9 altoge!r giv5 up2 & ,i #eaf p]mit myself to hope t a long criticism ( ! /ory f ! po9t ( view ( natural sci5ce1 ) :i*1 at ! reque/ ( ! le>n$ !ologian :o wrote x1 ,i suppli$ him1 may1 9 "s degree1 h contribut$ t[>ds ?is happy result4 ,not)/&+ dilig5t se>*1 ,i h be5 unable to discov] t ! univ]sality ( ! ,deluge has any def5d] left1 at lea/ among ^? :o h s f> ma/]$ ! rudim5ts ( natural k z to be able to appreciate ! weight ( evid5ce aga9/ x4 ,= example1 :5 ,i turn$ to ! ,speak]'s ,bible1 publi%$ "u ! sanction ( high ,anglican au?ority1 ,i f\nd ! foll[+ judicial & judici\s deliv]ance1 ! skilful word+ ( :i* may adorn1 b does n hide1 ! complet5ess ( ! surr5d] ( ! old tea*+3-- ,)\t pron\nc+ too ha/ily on any fair inf]5ces f ! words ( ,scripture1 we may reasonably say t _! mo/ natural int]pretation is1 t ! :ole race ( man _h become griev\sly corrupt$ s9ce ! fai?ful _h int]m+l$ ) ! ungodly2 t ! inhabit$ _w 0 consequ5tly fill$ ) viol5ce1 & t ,god _h decre$ to de/roy all mank9d except "o s+le family2 t1 !re=e1 all t portion ( ! e>?1 p]haps z yet a v small portion1 into :i* mank9d _h spread 0 ov]:elm$ ) wat]4 ,! ark 0 orda9$ to save "o fai?ful family2 & le/ t family1 on ! subsid5ce ( ! wat]s1 %\ld f9d ! :ole c\ntry r\nd !m a des]t1 a pair ( all ! bea/s ( ! l&1 & ( ! f[ls ( ! air 7 pres]v$ along ) !m1 & along ) !m w5t =? to repl5i% ! n[ desolat$ cont95t4 ,! words ( ,scripture 7confirm$ z !y are by univ]sal tradition7 appe> at lea/ to mean z mu* z ?is4 ,!y d n necess>ily mean m4#adh #eag ,9 ! ?ird edition ( ,kitto's ,cyclopa$ia ( ,biblical ,lit]ature 7#ahgf71 ! article ,deluge1 writt5 by my fri5d1 ! pres5t di/+ui%$ head ( ! ,geological ,survey ( ,great ,brita91 ext+ui%es ! univ]sality doctr9e z ?or\ghly z might be expect$ f its au?or%ip2 &1 s9ce ! writ] ( ! article ,noah ref]s 8 read]s to t entitl$ ,deluge1 x is to be suppos$1 not)/&+ 8 g5]ally or?odox tone1 t he does n diss5t f its conclusions4 ,aga91 ! writ]s 9 ,h]zog's ,real-,encyclopa$ie 7,bd4 ,x4 #ahhb7 & 9 ,riehm's ,h&wo]t]bu* 7#ahhd7--;bo? works ) a cons]vative lean+--are on ! same side2 & ,die/el1#adi 9 8 full discussion ( ! subject1 remorselessly rejects ! univ]sality doctr9e4 ,ev5 t /aun* oppon5t ( sci5tific rationalism--may ,i say rationality--,zoeckl]1#aej fl9*es f a di/9ct def5ce ( ! !sis1 any opposition to :i*1 well )9 my recollection1 0 h[l$ d[n by ! or?odox z m]e infidelity4 ,all t1 9 8 sore /raits1 ,dr4 ,zoeckl] is able to d1 is to pron\nce a fa9t comm5dation ^u a p>ticul>ly absurd attempt at reconciliation1 :i* w\ld make out ! ,noa*ian ,deluge to be a cata/rophe :i* occurr$ at ! end ( ! ,glacial ,epo*4 ,?is hypo!sis involves only ! trifle ( a physical revolution ( :i* geology kn[s no?+2 & :i*1 if x secur$ ! accuracy ( ! ,p5tateu*al writ] ab\t ! fact ( ! ,deluge1 w\ld leave ! details ( 8 #eah acc\nt z irreconcilable ) ! tru?s ( elem5t>y physical sci5ce z ev]4 ,?us ,i may be p]mitt$ to sp>e myself & my read]s ! we>9ess ( a recapitulation ( ! ov]:elm+ argum5ts aga9/ ! univ]sality ( ! ,deluge1 :i* !y w n[ f9d = !mselves /at$1 z fully & =cibly z c\ld be wi%$1 by ,anglican & o!r !ologians1 ^: or?odoxy & cons]vative t5d5cies h1 hi!rto1 be5 above suspicion4 ,yet _m fully admit 7&1 inde$1 no?+ c be pla9]7 t ! ,p5tateu*al n>rator means to convey t1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! :ole e>? kn[n to him 0 inundat$2 nor is x less obvi\s t1 unless all mank9d1 ) ! exception ( ,noah & 8 family1 7 actually de/roy$1 ! ref]5ces to ! ,flood 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t are un9telligible4 ,b ,i am q aw>e t ! /r5g? ( ! demon/ration t no univ]sal ,deluge ev] took place has produc$ a *ange ( front 9 ! army ( apologetic writ]s4 ,!y h imag9$ t ! sub/itution ( ! adjective p>tial = univ]sal1 w save ! cr$it ( ! ,p5tateu*1 & p]mit !m1 aft] all1 )\t too _m blu%es1 to decl>e t ! progress ( mod]n sci5ce only /r5g!ns ! au?ority ( ,moses4 ,n[h]e h ,i f\nd ! case ( ! advocates ( ?is me?od ( escap+ f ! difficulties ( ! actual position bett] put ?an 9 ! lecture ( ,pr(essor ,die/el to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,aft] frankly admitt+ t ! old doctr9e ( univ]sality involves physical impossibilities1 he cont9ues3-- #eai ,all ^! difficulties fall away z soon z we give up ! univ]sality ( ! ,deluge1 & imag9e a p>tial flood+ ( ! e>?1 say 9 we/]n ,asia4 ,b h we a "r to d s8 ,! n>rative speaks ( ! :ole e>?4 ,b :at is ! mean+ ( ?is expression8 ,surely n ! :ole surface ( ! e>? accord+ to ! ideas ( mod]n geograph]s1 b1 at mo/1 accord+ to ! conceptions ( ! ,biblical au?or4 ,?is v simple conclusion1 h[ev]1 is nev] drawn by too _m read]s ( ! ,bible4 ,b "o ne$ only ca/ "o's eyes ov] ! t5? *apt] ( ,g5esis 9 ord] to become acqua9t$ ) ! geographical horizon ( ! ,jews4 ,9 ! nor? x 0 b\nd$ by ! ,black ,sea & ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia2 ext5d$ t[>ds ! ea/ v little beyond ! ,tigris2 h>dly rea*$ ! apex ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf2 pass$1 !n1 ?r\gh ! middle ( ,arabia & ! ,r$ ,sea2 w5t s\?w>d ?r\gh ,abyss9ia1 & !n turn$ we/w>d by ! fronti]s ( ,egypt1 & inclos$ ! ea/]nmo/ isl&s ( ! ,m$it]ranean 7p4 #aa74 ,! ju/ice ( ?is obs]vation mu/ be admitt$1 no less ?an ! fur!r rem>k t1 9 /ill e>li] times1 ! pa/oral ,hebrews v probably _h yet m re/rict$ notions ( :at con/itut$ ! :ole e>?4 ,moreov]1 ,i1 = "o1 fully agree ) ,pr(essor ,die/el t ! motive1 or g5]ative incid5t1 ( ! :ole /ory is to be s\ght 9 ! occasionally excessive & desolat+ floods ( ! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris4 ,let u1 provisionally1 accept ! !ory ( a p>tial deluge1 & try to =m a cle> m5tal picture ( ! occurr5ce4 ,let u suppose t1 = =ty days & =ty nights1 su* a va/ quantity ( wat] 0 p\r$ ^u ! gr\nd t ! :ole surface ( ,mesopotamia 0 cov]$ by wat] to a dep? c]ta9ly great]1 probably mu* great]1 ?an fifte5 cubits1 or #ebj tw5ty feet 7,g54 vii4 #bj74 ,! inundation prevails ^u ! e>? = "o hundr$ & fifty days2 & !n ! flood gradually decreases1 until1 on ! sev5te5? day ( ! sev5? mon?1 ! ark1 :i* _h previ\sly float$ on its surface1 gr\nds ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,ar>at#aea 7,g54 viii4 #cd74 ,!n1 z ,die/el has acutely po9t$ out 7,s9tflut1 p4 #ac71 we are to imag9e ! fur!r subsid5ce ( ! flood to take place s gradually t x 0 n until ne>ly two mon?s & a-half aft] ?is "t 7t is to say1 on ! fir/ day ( ! t5? mon?7 t ! tops ( ! m\nta9s became visible4 ,h5ce x foll[s t1 if ! ark drew ev5 z mu* z tw5ty feet ( wat]1 ! level ( ! inundation fell v sl[ly--at a rate ( only a few in*es a day--until ! top ( ! m\nta9 on :i* x re/$ became visible4 ,?is is an am\nt ( movem5t :i*1 if x took place 9 ! sea1 w\ld be ov]look$ by ord9>y p on ! %ore4 ,b ! ,mesopotamian pla9 slopes g5tly1 f an elevation ( #ejj or #fjj feet at its nor!rn end1 to ! sea1 at its s\!rn end1 ) h>dly s mu* z a notable ridge to break its uni=m flatness1 = #cjj to #djj miles4 ,^! be+ ! conditions ( ! case1 ! foll[+ inquiry naturally pres5ts itself3 n1 be x obs]v$1 z a recondite problem1 g5]at$ by mod]n speculation1 b z a pla9 sugge/ion fl[+ out ( t v ord9>y & ar*aic piece ( k t wat] _c be pil$ up #eba 9 a heap1 l s&2 or t x seeks ! l[e/ level4 ,:51 aft] #aej days1 ! f\nta9s also ( ! deep & ! w9d[s ( heav5 7 /opp$1 & ! ra9 f heav5 0 re/ra9$ 7,g54 viii4 #b71 :at prev5t$ ! mass ( wat]1 sev]al1 possibly v _m1 fa?oms deep1 :i* cov]$1 say1 ! pres5t site ( ,bagdad1 f sweep+ seaw>d 9 a furi\s torr5t2 &1 9 a v few h\rs1 leav+1 n only ! tops ( ! m\nta9s1 b ! :ole pla91 save any m9or depressions1 b>e8 ,h[ c\ld its subsid5ce1 by any possibility1 be an affair ( weeks & mon?s8 ,& if ?is difficulty is n en\gh1 let any "o try to imag9e h[ a mass ( wat] sev]al1 p]haps v _m1 fa?oms deep1 c\ld be accumulat$ on a flat surface ( l& ris+ well above ! sea1 & sep>at$ f x by no sort ( b>ri]4 ,mo/ p "k ,"l's ,cricket-gr\nd4 ,w\ld x n be an absurd contradiction to our common k ( ! prop]ties ( wat] to imag9e t1 if all ! ma9s ( all ! wat]works ( ,london 7 turn$ on to x1 !y c\ld ma9ta9 a heap ( wat] tw5ty feet deep ov] its level surface8 ,is x n obvi\s t ! wat]1 :atev] mom5t>y accumulation might take place at fir/1 w\ld n /op !re1 b t x w\ld da%1 l a mighty mill-race1 s\?w>ds d[n ! g5tle slope :i* ends 9 ! ,?ames8 ,& is x n fur!r obvi\s1 t :atev] dep? ( wat] might be ma9ta9$ ov] ! cricket-gr\nd s long z all ! ma9s p\r$ on to x1 any?+ :i* float$ !re w\ld be spe$ily :irl$ away by ! curr5t1 l a cork 9 a gutt] :5 ! ra9 p\rs8 #ebb ,b if ?is is s1 !n x is no less c]ta9 t ,noah's deeply lad51 sailless1 o>less1 & rudd]less craft1 if by good =tune x escap$ capsiz+ 9 :irlpools1 or hav+ its bottom knock$ into holes by snags 7l ^? :i* prove fatal ev5 to well-built /eam]s on ! ,mississippi 9 our day71 w\ld h spe$ily f\nd itself a good way d[n ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 & n long aft] 9 ! ,indian ,ocean1 some:]e betwe5 ,arabia & ,h9do/an4 ,ev5 if1 ev5tually1 ! ark might h gone a%ore1 ) o!r jetsam & flotsam1 on ! coa/s ( ,arabia1 or ( ,h9do/an1 or ( ! ,maldives1 or ( ,madagasc>1 its return to ! m\nta9s ( ,ar>at w\ld h be5 a miracle m /up5d\s ?an all ! re/4 ,?us1 ! la/ /ate ( ! w\ld-be reconcil]s ( ! /ory ( ! ,deluge ) fact is worse ?an ! fir/4 ,all t !y h done is to transf] ! contradictions to e/abli%$ tru? f ! region ( sci5ce prop] to t ( common in=mation & common s5se4 ,=1 really1 ! ass]tion t ! surface ( a body ( deep wat]1 to :i* no addition 0 made1 & :i* !re 0 no?+ to /op f runn+ into ! sea1 sank at ! rate ( only a few in*es or ev5 feet a day1 simply outrages ! mo/ ord9>y & famili> tea*+s ( e man's daily exp]i5ce4 ,a *ild may see ! folly ( x4 ,9 addition1 ,i may rem>k t ! necess>y assumption ( ! p>tial ,deluge hypo!sis 7if x is conf9$ to ,mesopotamia7 t ! ,hebrew writ] mu/ h meant l[ hills :5 he said high m\nta9s1 is q unt5able4 ,on ! ea/]n side ( ! #ebc ,mesopotamian pla91 ! sn[y peaks ( ! fronti] ranges ( ,p]sia are visible f ,bagdad1#aeb & ev5 ! mo/ ignorant h]dsm5 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ur ( ! ,*aldees1 ne> its we/]n limit1 c\ld h>dly h be5 unacqua9t$ ) ! comp>atively elevat$ plateau ( ! ,syrian des]t :i* lay close at h&4 ,b1 surely1 we mu/ suppose ! ,biblical writ] to be acqua9t$ ) ! highl&s ( ,pale/9e & ) ! masses ( ! ,s9aitic p59sula1 :i* so> m ?an #hjjj feet above ! sea1 if he knew ( no high] elevations2 &1 if s1 he c\ld n well h meant to ref] to m]e hillocks :5 he said t all ! high m\nta9s :i* 7 "u ! :ole heav5 7 cov]$ 7,g5esis vii4 #ai74 ,ev5 ! hill-c\ntry ( ,galilee rea*es an elevation ( #djjj feet2 & a flood :i* cov]$ x c\ld by no possibility h be5 o!r ?an univ]sal 9 its sup]ficial ext5t4 ,wat] really _c be got to /& at1 say1 #djjj feet above ! sea-level ov] ,pale/9e1 )\t cov]+ ! re/ ( ! globe to ! same height4 ,ev5 if1 9 ! c\rse ( ,noah's six hundr$? ye>1 "s prodigi\s convulsion _h sunk ! :ole region inclos$ )9 ! horizon ( ! geographical k ( ! ,israelites by t mu*1 & ano!r _h pu%$ x up aga91 j 9 "t to cat* ! ark ^u ! m\nta9s ( ,ar>at1 matt]s are n mu* m5d$4 ,i am afraid to ?9k ( :at w\ld h become ( a vessel s little seawor?y z ! ark & ( its v num]\s pass5g]s1 #ebd "u ! peculi> ob/acles to quiet flotation :i* su* rapid movem5ts ( depression & upheaval w\ld h g5]at$4 ,?us1 9 view1 n1 ,i repeat1 ( ! recondite speculations ( infidel philosoph]s1 b 9 ! face ( ! pla9e/ & mo/ commonplace ( asc]ta9$ physical facts1 ! /ory ( ! ,noa*ian ,deluge has no m claim to cr$it ?an has t ( ,deucalion2 & :e!r x 01 or 0 n1 sugge/$ by ! famili> acqua9tance ( its orig9ators ) ! effects ( unusually great ov]fl[s ( ! ,tigris & ,euphrates1 x is utt]ly devoid ( hi/orical tru?4 ,t is1 9 my judgm5t1 ! necess>y result ( ! application ( criticism1 bas$ ^u assur$ physical k1 to ! /ory ( ! ,deluge4 ,& x is satisfactory t ! criticism :i* is bas$1 n ^u lit]>y & hi/orical speculations1 b ^u well-asc]ta9$ facts 9 ! dep>tm5ts ( lit]ature & hi/ory1 t5ds to exactly ! same conclusion4 ,= ,i f9d ?is mu* agre$ ^u by all ,biblical s*ol>s ( repute1 t ! /ory ( ! ,deluge 9 ,g5esis is sep>able into at lea/ two sets ( /atem5ts2 & t1 :5 ! /atem5ts ?us sep>at$ are recomb9$ 9 _! prop] ord]1 ea* set furni%es an acc\nt ( ! ev5t1 coh]5t & complete )9 itself1 b 9 "s respects discordant ) t af=d$ by ! o!r set4 ,?is fact1 z ,i und]/&1 is n disput$4 ,:e!r "o ( ^! is ! "w ( an ,elohi/1 & ! o!r ( a ,jehovi/ n>rator2 :e!r ! two h be5 piec$ toge!r 9 ?is #ebe /range fa%ion because1 9 ! e/imation ( ! compil]s & editors ( ! ,p5tateu*1 !y _h equal & indep5d5t au?ority1 or n2 or :e!r !re is "s o!r way ( acc\nt+ = x--are que/ions ! answ]s to :i* d n affect ! fact4 ,if possible ,i avoid a priori argum5ts4 ,b /ill1 ,i ?9k x may be urg$1 )\t imprud5ce1 t a n>rative hav+ ?is /ructure is h>dly su* z might be expect$ f a writ] possess$ ( full & infallibly accurate k4 ,once m1 x w\ld seem t x is n necess>ily ! m]e incl9ation ( ! sceptical _s to "q ev]y?+1 or ! wilful bl9dness ( infidels1 :i* prompts grave d\bts z to ! value ( a n>rative ?us curi\sly unlike ! ord9>y run ( v]aci\s hi/ories4 ,b ! voice ( ar*aeological & hi/orical criticism /ill has to be he>d2 & x gives =? no unc]ta9 s\nd4 ,! m>vell\s recov]y ( ! records ( an antiquity1 f> sup]ior to any t c be ascrib$ to ! ,p5tateu*1 :i* has be5 effect$ by ! deciph]]s ( cunei=m *>act]s1 has put u 9 possession ( a s]ies1 once m1 n ( speculations1 b ( facts1 :i* h a mo/ rem>kable be>+ ^u ! "q ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( ! n>rative ( ! ,flood4 ,x is e/abli%$1 t = c5turies be=e ! ass]t$ migration ( ,t]ah f ,ur ( ! ,*aldees 7:i*1 accord+ to ! or?odox int]pret]s ( ! ,p5tateu*1 took place aft] ! ye> #bjjj ,b4,c47 ,l[] ,mesopotamia 0 ! seat ( a civilisation 9 :i* art & sci5ce & lit]ature _h atta9$ a developm5t =m]ly unsuspect$1 or1 #ebf if !re 7 fa9t reports ( x1 treat$ z fabul\s4 ,& x is also no matt] ( speculation1 b a fact1 t ! libr>ies ( ^! p conta9 v]sions ( a long epic poem1 "o ( ! twelve books ( :i* tells a /ory ( a deluge1 :i*1 9 a numb] ( its lead+ features1 corresponds ) ! /ory attribut$ to ,b]osus1 no less ?an ) ! /ory giv5 9 ,g5esis1 ) curi\s exactness4 ,?us1 ! correctness ( ,canon ,rawl9son's conclusion1 cit$ above1 t ! /ory ( ,b]osus 0 nei!r drawn f ! ,hebrew record1 nor is ! f\ndation ( x1 c h>dly be que/ion$4 ,x is highly probable1 if n c]ta91 t ,b]osus reli$ ^u "o ( ! v]sions 7= !re seem to h be5 sev]al7 ( ! old ,babylonian epos1 extant 9 8 "t2 &1 if t is a reasonable conclusion1 :y is x unreasonable to believe t ! two /ories1 :i* ! ,hebrew compil] has put toge!r 9 su* an in>ti/ic fa%ion1 7 ultimately d]iv$ f ! same s\rce8 ,i say ultimately1 because x does n at all foll[ t ! two v]sions1 possibly trimm$ by ! ,jehovi/ic writ] on ! "o h&1 & by ! ,elohi/ic on ! o!r1 to suit ,hebrew requirem5ts1 may n h be5 curr5t among ! ,israelites = ages4 ,& !y may h acquir$ great au?ority be=e !y 7 comb9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,look+ at ! conv]g5ce ( all ^! l9es ( evid5ce to ! "o conclusion--t ! /ory ( ! ,flood 9 ,g5esis is m]ely a ,b[dl]is$ v]sion ( "o ( ! olde/ pieces ( purely fictiti\s lit]ature extant2 t :e!r ?is is1 or is n1 its orig91 ! #ebg ev5ts ass]t$ 9 x to h tak5 place assur$ly nev] did take place2 fur!r1 t1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! /ory1 9 ! pla9 & logically necess>y s5se ( its words1 has long s9ce be5 giv5 up by or?odox & cons]vative comm5tators ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*--,i c b admire ! c\rage & cle> =esight ( ! ,anglican div9e :o tells u t we mu/ be prep>$ to *oose betwe5 ! tru/wor?9ess ( sci5tific me?od & ! tru/wor?9ess ( t :i* ! ,*ur* decl>es to be ,div9e au?ority4 ,=1 to my m9d1 ?is decl>ation ( w> to ! knife aga9/ secul> sci5ce1 ev5 9 its mo/ elem5t>y =m2 ?is rejection )\t a mom5t's hesitation ( any & all evid5ce :i* conflicts ) !ological dogma--is ! only position :i* is logically reconcilable ) ! axioms ( or?odoxy4 ,if ! ,gospels truly report t :i* an inc>nation ( ! ,god ( ,tru? communicat$ to ! _w1 !n x surely is absurd to att5d to any o!r evid5ce t\*+ matt]s ab\t :i* he made any cle> /atem5t1 or ! tru? ( :i* is di/9ctly impli$ by 8 words4 ,if ! exact hi/orical tru? ( ! ,gospels is an axiom ( ,*ri/ianity1 x is z j & "r = a ,*ri/ian to say1 ,let u close our e>s aga9/ sugge/ions ( sci5tific critics1 z x is = ! man ( sci5ce to refuse to wa/e 8 "t ^u circle-squ>]s & flat-e>? fanatics4 ,x is commonly report$ t ! manife/o by :i* ! ,canon ( ,/4 ,paul's proclaims t he nails ! col\rs ( ! /raite/ ,biblical infallibility to ! ma/ ( ! %ip ecclesia/ical1 0 put =? z a #ebh c\nt]bla/ to ,lux ,mundi2 & t ! passages :i* ,i h m p>ticul>ly quot$ are direct$ aga9/ ! essay on ,! ,holy ,_s & ,inspiration 9 t collection ( treatises by ,anglican div9es ( high /&+1 :o mu/ assur$ly be acquitt$ ( consci\s infidel proclivities4 ,i fancy t rum\r mu/1 = once1 be "r1 = x is impossible to imag9e a m direct & diametrical contradiction ?an t betwe5 ! passages f ! s]mon cit$ above & ^? :i* foll[3-- ,:at is que/ion$ is t our ,"l's words =eclose c]ta9 critical positions z to ! "* ( ,old ,te/am5t lit]ature4 ,= example1 does ,8 use ( ,jonah's resurrection z a type ( ,8 own1 dep5d 9 any real degree ^u :e!r x is hi/orical fact or allegory8444 ,once m1 our ,"l uses ! "t be=e ! ,flood1 to illu/rate ! c>elessness ( m5 be=e ,8 own com+4444 ,9 ref]r+ to ! ,flood ,he c]ta9ly sugge/s t ,he is treat+ x z typical1 = ,he introduces circum/ances--eat+ & dr9k+1 m>ry+ & giv+ 9 m>riage--:i* h no c\nt]p>t 9 ! orig9al n>rative 7p4 #ceh-i74 ,:ile insi/+ on ! fl[ ( inspiration ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! essayi/ does n admit its univ]sality4 ,"h1 also1 ! new apologetic dem&s a p>tial flood3 ,b does ! inspiration ( ! record] gu>antee ! exact hi/orical tru? ( :at he records8 ,&1 9 matt] ( fact1 c ! record1 ) due reg>d to legitimate hi/orical criticism1 be pron\nc$ true8 ,n[1 to ! latt] ( ^! two que/ions 7& !y are q di/9ct que/ions7 we may reply t !re is no?+ to prev5t our believ+1 z our fai? /rongly disposes u to believe1 t ! record f ,abraham d[nw>d is1 9 sub/ance1 9 ! /rict s5se hi/orical 7p4 #cea74 ,x w\ld appe>1 !re=e1 t !re is no?+ #ebi to prev5t our believ+ t ! record1 f ,abraham upw>d1 consi/s ( /ories 9 ! /rict s5se unhi/orical1 & t ! pre-,abrahamic n>ratives are m]e moral & religi\s types & p>ables4 ,i confess ,i soon lose my way :5 ,i try to foll[ ^? :o walk delicately among types & allegories4 ,a c]ta9 passion = cle>ness =ces me to ask1 bluntly1 :e!r ! writ] means to say t ,jesus did n believe ! /ories 9 "q1 or t he did8 ,:5 ,jesus spoke1 z ( a matt] ( fact1 t ! ,flood came & de/roy$ !m all1 did he believe t ! ,deluge really took place1 or n8 ,x seems to me t1 z ! n>rative m5tions ,noah's wife1 & 8 sons' wives1 !re is good scriptural w>ranty = ! /atem5t t ! ant$iluvians m>ri$ & 7 giv5 9 m>riage2 & ,i %\ld h ?\ght t _! eat+ & dr9k+ might be assum$ by ! firme/ believ] 9 ! lit]al tru? ( ! /ory4 ,moreov]1 ,i v5ture to ask :at sort ( value1 z an illu/ration ( ,god's me?ods ( deal+ ) s91 has an acc\nt ( an ev5t t nev] happ5$8 ,if no ,flood swept ! c>eless p away1 h[ is ! w>n+ ( m wor? ?an ! cry ( ,wolf :5 !re is no wolf8 ,if ,jonah's ?ree days' resid5ce 9 ! :ale is n an admitt$ reality1 h[ c\ld x w>rant belief 9 ! com+ resurrection8 ,if ,lot's wife 0 n turn$ into a pill> ( salt1 ! bidd+ ^? :o turn back f ! n>r[ pa? to rememb] x is1 morally1 ab\t on a level ) tell+ a naughty *ild t a bogy is #ecj com+ to fet* x away4 ,suppose t a ,cons]vative orator w>ns 8 he>]s to bew>e ( great political & social *anges1 le/ !y end1 z 9 ,france1 9 ! dom9ation ( a ,robespi]re2 :at becomes1 n only ( 8 argum5t1 b ( 8 v]acity1 if he1 p]sonally1 does n believe t ,robespi]re exi/$ & did ! de$s attribut$ to him8 ,l all o!r attempts to reconcile ! results ( sci5tifically-conduct$ inve/igation ) ! dem&s ( ! outworn cre$s ( ecclesia/icism1 ! essay on ,inspiration is j su* a failure z mu/ await m$iation1 :5 ! m$iator is unable prop]ly to appreciate ! weight ( ! evid5ce = ! case ( "o ( ! two p>ties4 ,! "q ( ,inspiration really possesses no int]e/ = ^? :o h ca/ ecclesia/icism & all its works aside1 & h no fai? 9 any s\rce ( tru? save t :i* is rea*$ by ! pati5t application ( sci5tific me?ods4 ,!ories ( inspiration are speculations z to ! means by :i* ! au?ors ( /atem5ts1 9 ! ,bible or else:]e1 h be5 l$ to say :at !y h said--& x assumes t natural ag5cies are insuffici5t = ! purpose4 ,i pref] to /op %ort ( ?is problem1 f9d+ x m pr(itable to und]take ! inquiry :i* naturally prec$es x--namely1 ,are ^! /atem5ts true or false8 ,if !y are true1 x may be wor? :ile to g into ! "q ( _! sup]natural g5]ation2 if !y are false1 x c]ta9ly is n wor? m9e4 ,n[1 n only d ,i hold x to be prov5 t ! /ory ( ! ,deluge is a pure fiction2 b ,i h no #eca hesitation 9 affirm+ ! same ?+ ( ! /ory ( ! ,creation4#aec ,betwe5 ^! two lies ! /ory ( ! creation ( man & woman & _! fall f primitive innoc5ce1 :i* is ev5 m mon/r\sly improbable ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two1 ?\gh1 f ! nature ( ! case1 x is n s easily capable ( direct refutation4 ,x c be demon/rat$ t ! e>? took long] ?an six days 9 ! mak+1 & t ! ,deluge1 z describ$1 is a physical impossibility2 b !re is no prov+1 especially to ^? :o are p]fect 9 ! art ( clos+ _! e>s to t :i* !y d n wi% to he>1 t a snake did n speak1 or t ,eve 0 n made out ( "o ( ,adam's ribs4 ,! compil] ( ,g5esis1 9 its pres5t =m1 evid5tly _h a def9ite plan 9 8 m9d4 ,8 c\ntrym51 l all o!r m51 7 d\btless curi\s to "k h[ ! _w began2 h[ m51 & especially wick$ m51 came into be+1 & h[ exi/+ nations & races arose among ! desc5dants ( "o /ock2 &1 f9ally1 :at 0 ! hi/ory ( _! own p>ticul> tribe4 ,!y1 l ourselves1 desir$ to solve ! f\r great problems ( cosmog5y1 an?ropog5y1 e?nog5y1 & g5eog5y4 ,! ,p5tateu* #ecb furni%es ! solutions :i* appe>$ satisfactory to its au?or4 ,"o ( ^!1 z we h se51 0 borr[$ f a ,babylonian fable2 & ,i "k ( no reason to suspect any diff]5t orig9 = ! re/4 ,n[1 ,i w\ld ask1 is ! /ory ( ! fabrication ( ,eve to be reg>d$ z "o ( ^? pre-,abrahamic n>ratives1 ! hi/orical tru? ( :i* is an op5 "q1 9 face ( ! ref]5ce to x 9 a spee* unhappily fam\s = ! legal oppression to :i* x has be5 wrongfully =c$ to l5d itself8 ,h ye n read1 t he :i* made !m f ! beg9n+ made !m male & female1 & said1 ,= ?is cause %all a man leave 8 fa!r & "m1 & cleave to 8 wife2 & ! twa9 %all become "o fle%8 7,matt4 xix4 #e74 ,if div9e au?ority is n "h claim$ = ! tw5ty-f\r? v]se ( ! second *apt] ( ,g5esis1 :at is ! value ( language8 ,& aga91 ,i ask1 if "o may play fa/ & loose ) ! /ory ( ! ,fall z a type or allegory1 :at becomes ( ! f\ndation ( ,paul9e !ology8-- ,= s9ce by man came dea?1 by man came also ! resurrection ( ! dead4 ,= z 9 ,adam all die1 s also 9 ,*ri/ %all all be made alive 7#a ,cor9?ians xv4 #ba1 #bb74 ,if ,adam may be held to be no m real a p]sonage ?an ,prome!us1 & if ! /ory ( ! ,fall is m]ely an in/ructive type1 comp>able to ! pr(\nd ,prome!an my?us1 :at value has ,paul's dialectic8 ,:ile1 !re=e1 e "r-m9d$ man mu/ sympa?ise ) ! ef=ts ( ^? !ologians1 :o #ecc h n be5 able altoge!r to close _! e>s to ! /ill1 small voice ( reason1 to escape f ! fett]s :i* ecclesia/icism has =g$1 ! melan*oly fact rema9s1 t ! position !y h tak5 up is hopelessly unt5able4 ,x is rak$ alike by ! old-fa%ion$ artill]y ( ! ,*ur*es & by ! fatal weapons ( precision ) :i* ! enfants p]dus ( ! advanc+ =ces ( sci5ce are arm$4 ,!y mu/ surr5d]1 or fall back into a m %elt]$ position4 ,& x is possible t !y may long f9d safety 9 su* retreat4 ,x is1 inde$1 probable t ! proportional numb] ( ^? :o w di/9ctly pr(ess _! belief 9 ! transub/antiation ( ,lot's wife1 & ! anticipatory exp]i5ce ( subm>9e navigation by ,jonah2 9 wat] /&+ fa?oms deep on ! side ( a declivity )\t any?+ to hold x up2 & 9 devils :o ent] sw9e--w n increase4 ,b nei!r is !re gr\nd = mu* hope t ! proportion ( ^? :o ca/ aside ^! fictions & adopt ! consequ5ce ( t repudiation1 are1 = "s g5]ations1 likely to con/itute a majority4 ,our age is a day ( compromises4 ,! pres5t & ! ne> future seem giv5 ov] to ^? happily1 if curi\sly1 con/itut$ p :o see z little difficulty 9 ?r[+ aside any am\nt ( po/-,abrahamic ,scriptural n>rative1 z ! au?ors ( ,lux ,mundi see 9 sacrific+ ! pre-,abrahamic /ories2 &1 hav+ di/ill$ away e inconv5i5t matt] ( fact 9 ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 cont9ue to pay div9e hon\rs to ! residue4 ,!re really seems to be no reason :y ! next g5]ation #ecd %\ld n li/5 to a ,bampton ,lecture modell$ ^u t address$ to ! la/3-- ,"t 0--& t n v long ago--:5 all ! relations ( ,biblical au?ors conc]n+ ! old _w 7 receiv$ ) a ready belief2 & an unreason+ & uncritical fai? accept$ ) equal satisfaction ! n>rative ( ! ,captivity & ! do+s ( ,moses at ! c\rt ( ,ph>aoh1 ! acc\nt ( ! ,apo/olic meet+ 9 ! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians1 & t ( ! fabrication ( ,eve4 ,we c mo/ ( u rememb] :51 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! :ole /ory ( ! ,exodus1 & ev5 ! leg5d ( ,jonah1 7 s]i\sly plac$ be=e boys z hi/ory1 & disc\rs$ ( 9 z dogmatic a tone z ! tale ( ,ag9c\rt or ! hi/ory ( ! ,norman ,conque/4 ,b all ?is is n[ *ang$4 ,! la/ c5tury has se5 ! gr[? ( sci5tific criticism to its full /r5g?4 ,! :ole _w ( hi/ory has be5 revolutionis$ & ! my?ology :i* emb>rass$ e>ne/ ,*ri/ians has vani%$ z an evil mi/1 ! lift+ ( :i* has only m fully reveal$ ! l9eam5ts ( infallible ,tru?4 ,no long] 9 contact ) fact ( any k9d1 ,fai? /&s n[ & = ev] pr\dly inaccessible to ! attacks ( ! infidel4 ,s f> ! apologi/ ( ! future4 ,:y n8 ,cantabit vacuus4 99 99 99 99 99 #ece ,,xiv ,,! ,,keep]s ,,( ,,! ,,h]d ,,( ,,sw9e ,i _h fondly hop$ t ,mr4 ,glad/one & ,i _h come to an end ( disputation1 & t ! hat*et ( w> 0 f9ally sup]s$$ by ! calumet1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,glad/one1 ,i believe1 objects to tobacco1 ,i 0 q will+ to smoke = bo?4 ,b ,i h _h1 once aga91 to discov] t ! adage t :oso seeks peace w ensue x1 is a some:at ha/y g5]alisation4 ,! r5[n$ w>rior ) :om x is my mis=tune to be oppos$ 9 mo/ ?+s has dug up ! axe & is on ! w>-pa? once m4 ,! weapon has be5 wield$ ) all ! dext]ity :i* long practice has conf]r$ on a pa/ ma/] 9 craft1 :e!r ( wood or /ate4 ,& ,i h reason to believe t ! simpl] sort ( ! great tribe :i* he heads imag9e t my scalp is already on its way to adorn _! big *ief's wigwam4 ,i am glad !re=e to be able to relieve any anxieties :i* my fri5ds may ent]ta9 )\t delay4 ,i assure !m t my skull reta9s its normal cov]+1 & t ?\gh1 naturally1 ,i may h felt al>m$1 no?+ s]i\s has happ5$4 ,my d\ghty #ecf adv]s>y has m]ely p]=m$ a w> dance1 & 8 bl[s h = ! mo/ "p cut ! air4 ,i regret to add1 h[ev]1 t by misadv5ture1 & ,i am afraid ,i mu/ say c>elessness1 he has inflict$ "o or two sev]e contusions on himself4 ,:5 ! noise ( approa*+ battle r\s$ me f ! dreams ( peace :i* occupy my retirem5t1 ,i 0 glad to obs]ve 7s9ce ,i mu/ fight7 t ! campaign 0 to be op5$ ^u a new field4 ,:5 ! conte/ rag$ ov] ! ,p5tateu*al my? ( ! creation1 ,mr4 ,glad/one's manife/ want ( acqua9tance ) ! facts & pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! discussion1 no less ?an ) ! be/ lit]ature on 8 own side ( ! subject1 gave me ! uncom=table feel+ t ,i _h my adv]s>y at a disadvantage4 ,! sun ( sci5ce1 at my back1 0 9 8 eyes4 ,b1 on ! pres5t occasion1 we are happily on an equality4 ,hi/ory & ,biblical criticism are z mu*1 or z little1 my vocation z !y are t ( ,mr4 ,glad/one2 ! bl9d+ f too mu* light1 or ! bl9dness f too little1 may be presum$ to be equally %>$ by bo? ( u4 ,mr4 ,glad/one takes up 8 new position 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es4 ,8 /rategic s5se ju/ly leads him to see t ! au?ority ( ! tea*+s ( ! synoptic ,gospels1 t\*+ ! nature ( ! spiritual _w1 turns ^u ! acceptance or ! rejection ( ! ,gad>5e & o!r l /ories4 ,z we accept or repudiate su* hi/ories z t ( ! possess$ pigs1 s %all we #ecg accept or reject ! witness ( ! synoptics to su* miracul\s int]v5tions4 ,x is exactly because ^! /ories con/itute ! key-/one ( ! or?odox ar*1 t ,i orig9ally drew att5tion to !m2 &1 9 spite ( my long+ = peace1 ,i am truly oblig$ to ,mr4 ,glad/one = compell+ me to place my case be=e ! public once m4 ,x may be ?\ght t ?is is a "w ( sup]]ogation by ^? :o are aw>e t my essay is ! subject ( attack 9 a "w s l>gely circulat$ z ! ,impregnable ,rock ( ,holy ,scripture2 & :o may possibly1 9 _! simplicity1 assume t x mu/ be tru?fully set =? 9 t "w4 ,b ! w>me/ admir]s ( ,mr4 ,glad/one w h>dly be prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ma!matical accuracy 9 /at+ ! op9ions ( an oppon5t is ! mo/ prom95t feature ( 8 controv]sial me?od4 ,& :at foll[s w %[ t1 9 ! pres5t case1 ! desire to be fair & accurate1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* ,i am b\nd to assume1 has n borne z mu* fruit z might h be5 expect$4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! /atem5t ( ! n>rators t ! h]d ( sw9e p]i%$ 9 consequ5ce ( ! entrance into !m ( ! demons by ! p]mission1 or ord]1 ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 ,i said3 ,ev]y?+ t ,i "k ( law & ju/ice conv9ces me t ! wanton de/ruction ( o!r p's prop]ty is a misdemean\r ( evil example 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,febru>y #ahhi1 p4 #agb74 ,mr4 ,glad/one has n f\nd x conv5i5t to cite ?is passage2 &1 9 view ( v>i\s consid]ations1 #ech ,i d>e n assume t he w\ld ass5t to x1 )\t sundry subtle modifications :i*1 = me1 might possibly rob x ( its argum5tative value4 ,b1 until ! proposition is s]i\sly controv]t$1 ,i %all assume x to be true1 & cont5t myself ) w>n+ ! read] t nei!r he nor ,i h any gr\nds = assum+ ,mr4 ,glad/one's concurr5ce4 ,) ?is caution1 ,i proce$ to rem>k t ,i ?9k x may be grant$ t ! p ^: h]d ( #bjjj sw9e 7m or few]7 0 sudd5ly de/roy$ suff]$ great loss & damage4 ,& x is q c]ta9 t ! n>rators ( ! ,gad>5e /ory d n1 9 any way1 ref] to ! po9t ( morality & legality ?us rais$2 z ,i said1 !y %[ no inkl+ ( ! moral & legal difficulties :i* arise4 ,su* be+ ! facts ( ! case1 ,i submit t = ^? :o admit ! pr9ciple laid d[n1 ! conclusion :i* ,i h drawn necess>ily foll[s2 ?\gh ,i repeat t1 s9ce ,mr4 ,glad/one does n explicitly admit ! pr9ciple1 ,i am f> f sugge/+ t he is b\nd by its logical consequ5ces4 ,h[ev]1 ,i di/9ctly repeat ! op9ion t any "o :o act$ 9 ! way describ$ 9 ! /ory w\ld1 9 my judgm5t1 be guilty ( a misdemean\r ( evil example4 ,ab\t t po9t ,i desire to leave no ambiguity :atev]2 & x foll[s t1 if ,i believ$ ! /ory1 ,i %\ld h no hesitation 9 apply+ ?is judgm5t to ! *ief actor 9 x4 ,b if any "o w d me ! fav\r to turn to ! pap] 9 :i* ^! passages occur1 he w f9d t a consid]able "p ( x is devot$ to ! #eci exposure ( ! famili> trick ( ! c\nsel = cre$s1 :o1 :5 !y wi% to pr(it by ! easily /irr$ odium !ologicum1 are c>eful to confuse disbelief 9 a n>rative ( a man's act1 or disapproval ( ! acts z n>rat$1 ) disbeliev+ & vilip5d+ ! man himself4 ,if ,i say t accord+ to p>agraphs 9 sev]al newspap]s1 my valu$ ,sep>ati/ fri5d ,a4 ,b4 has h\gh$ a lot ( cattle :i* he consid]$ to be unlawfully 9 ! possession ( an ,iri% l&-grabb]2 t 9 my op9ion any su* act is a misdemean\r ( evil example2 b t ,i utt]ly disbelieve ! :ole /ory & h no d\bt t x is a m]e fabrication3 x really appe>s to me t1 if any "o *>ges me ) call+ ,a4 ,b4 an immoral misdemeanant1 ,i %\ld be ju/ifi$ 9 us+ v /rong language respect+ ei!r 8 sanity or 8 v]acity4 ,&1 if an analog\s *>ge has be5 br\ght 9 ref]5ce to ! ,gad>5e /ory1 !re is c]ta9ly no excuse producible on acc\nt ( any lack ( pla9 spee* on my "p4 ,surely no language c be m explicit ?an t :i* foll[s3 ,i c disc]n no escape f ?is dilemma2 ei!r ,jesus said :at he is report$ to h said1 or he did n4 ,9 ! =m] case1 x is inevitable t 8 au?ority on matt]s connect$ ) ! 'unse5 _w' %\ld be r\ghly %ak52 9 ! latt]1 ! bl[ falls ^u ! au?ority ( ! synoptic ,gospels 7p4 #agc74 ,! *oice !n lies betwe5 discr$it+ ^? :o compil$ ! gospel biographies & disbeliev+ ! ,ma/]1 :om #edj !y1 simple s\ls1 ?\ght to hon\r by pres]v+ su* traditions ( ! ex]cise ( 8 au?ority ov] ,satan's invisible _w 7p4 #agd74 ,& ,i leave no %ad[ ( d\bt z to my own *oice3 ,aft] :at has be5 said1 ,i d n ?9k t any s5sible man1 unless he happ5 to be angry1 w accuse me ( 'contradict+ ! ,"l & 8 ,apo/les' if ,i reit]ate my total disbelief 9 ! :ole ,gad>5e /ory 7p4 #agh74 ,i am afraid1 !re=e1 t ,mr4 ,glad/one mu/ h be5 exce$+ly angry :5 he committ$ himself to su* a /atem5t z foll[s3 ,s1 !n1 aft] eighte5 c5turies ( wor%ip (f]$ to our ,"l by ! mo/ cultivat$1 ! mo/ develop$1 & ! mo/ progressive portion ( ! human race1 x has be5 res]v$ to a sci5tific inquir] to discov] t ,he 0 no bett] ?an a law-break] & an evil-do]4444 ,h[1 9 su* a matt]1 came ! hon\rs ( orig9ality to be res]v$ to our "t & to ,pr(essor ,huxley8 7pp4 #bfi1 #bgj47 ,truly1 ! hat*et is h>dly a weapon ( precision1 b w\ld seem to h r m ! "* ( ! boom]ang1 :i* returns to damage ! reckless ?r[]4 ,d\btless su* incid5ts are some:at ludicr\s4 ,b !y h a v s]i\s side2 &1 if ,i rat$ ! op9ion ( ^? :o bl9dly foll[ ,mr4 ,glad/one's lead+1 b n light1 9 ^! matt]s1 mu* high] ?an ! great ,duke ( ,well+ton's fam\s /&>d ( m9imum value1 ,i ?9k ,i might fairly beg !m to reflect ^u ! g5]al be>+s ( ?is p>ticul> example ( 8 controv]sial me?od4 ,i imag9e x c h>dly comm5d itself to _! cool judgm5t4 #eda ,aft] ?is tragi-comical end+ to :at an old hi/orian calls a robu/i\s & r\gh com+ on2 & aft] "s praises ( ! provisions ( ! ,mosaic law 9 ! matt] ( n eat+ pork--9 :i*1 z pork disagrees ) me & = "s o!r reasons1 ,i am mu* dispos$ to concur1 ?\gh ,i d n see :at !y h to d ) ! matt] 9 h&--comes ! s]i\s onslaught4 ,mr4 ,huxley1 ex]cis+ 8 rapid judgm5t on ! text1 does n appe> to h encumb]$ himself ) ! lab\r ( inquir+ :at anybody else _h kn[n or said ab\t x4 ,he has ?us miss$ a po9t :i* might h be5 set up 9 support ( 8 accusation aga9/ our ,"l 7p4 #bgc74 ,unhappily = my com=t1 ,i h be5 mu* ex]cis$ 9 controv]sy dur+ ! pa/ ?irty ye>s2 & ! only comp5sation = ! loss ( "t & ! trials ( temp] :i* x has inflict$ ^u me1 is t ,i h come to reg>d x z a bran* ( ! f9e arts1 & to take an imp>tial & ae/hetic int]e/ 9 ! way x is conduct$1 ev5 by ^? ^: ef=ts are direct$ aga9/ myself4 ,n[1 f ! purely arti/ic po9t ( view 7:i*1 z we are all be+ told1 has no?+ to d ) morals71 ,i consid] x an axiom1 t "o %\ld nev] appe> to d\bt t ! o!r side has p]=m$ ! elem5t>y duty ( acquir+ prop] elem5t>y in=mation1 unless !re is demon/rative evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,& ,i ?9k1 ?\gh ,i admit t ?is may be a purely subjective appreciation1 t 7unless y are q c]ta97 !re is a want ( f9i%1 z a great #edb ma/] ( disputation once put x1 ab\t ! sugge/ion t y\r oppon5t has miss$ a po9t on 8 own side4 ,because x may happ5 t he has n miss$ x at all1 b only ?\ght x unwor?y ( s]i\s notice4 ,& if he proves t1 ! sugge/ion looks fooli%4 ,m]ely not+ ! c>eful repetition ( a *>ge1 ! absurdity ( :i* has be5 suffici5tly expos$ above1 ,i n[ ask my read]s to accompany me on a little voyage ( discov]y 9 se>* ( ! side on :i* ! rapid judgm5t & ! ignorance ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject lie4 ,i ?9k ,i may promise !m v little tr\ble1 & a good deal ( ent]ta9m5t4 ,mr4 ,glad/one is ( op9ion t ! ,gad>5e sw9efolk 7 ,hebrews b\nd by ! ,mosaic law 7p4 #bgd71 & he conceives t x has n occurr$ to me to le>n :at may be said 9 fav\r ( & aga9/ ?is view4 ,he tells u t ,"s comm5tators h alleg$ ! au?ority ( ,josephus = /at+ t ,gad>a 0 a city ( ,greeks r ?an ( ,jews1 f :5ce x might be inf]r$ t to keep sw9e 0 innoc5t & lawful 7p4 #bgc74 ,mr4 ,glad/one !n goes on to in=m 8 read]s t 9 8 pa9/ak+ se>* aft] tru? he has submitt$ to ! lab\r ( p]sonally exam9+ ! writ+s ( ,josephus4 ,moreov]1 9 a note1 he positively exhibits an acqua9tance1 9 addition1 ) ! works ( ,bi%op ,wordswor? & ( ,ar*bi%op ,tr5*2 & ev5 %[s t he has read ,hudson's comm5t>y on ,josephus4 ,& yet p say t #edc our ,biblical critics d n equal ! ,g]mans 9 rese>*6 ,b ,mr4 ,glad/one's citation ( ,cuvi] & ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ab\t ! ,creation my?1 & 8 ignorance ( all ! be/ mod]n writ+s on 8 own side1 produc$ a great impression on my m9d4 ,i h _h ! audacity to suspect t 8 acqua9tance ) :at has be5 done 9 biblical hi/ory might /& at no high] level ?an 8 in=mation ab\t ! natural sci5ces4 ,h[ev] unwill+ly1 ,i h felt b\nd to consid] ! possibility t ,mr4 ,glad/one's lab\rs 9 ?is matt] may h c>ri$ him no fur!r ?an ,josephus & ! wor?y1 b some:at antique1 episcopal & o!r au?orities to :om he ref]s2 t ev5 8 read+ ( ,josephus may h be5 ( ! mo/ cursory nature1 direct$ n to ! und]/&+ ( 8 au?or1 b to ! discov]y ( useful controv]sial matt]2 & t1 9 view ( ! n inconsid]able misrepres5tation ( my /atem5ts to :i* ,i h drawn att5tion1 x might be t ,mr4 ,glad/one's exposition ( ! evid5ce ( ,josephus 0 n m tru/wor?y4 ,i proce$ to %[ t my previsions h be5 fully ju/ifi$4 ,i d\bt if controv]sial lit]ature conta9s any?+ m piquant ?an ! /ory ,i h to unfold4 ,t ,i %\ld be reprov$ = rapidity ( judgm5t is v j3 h[ev] qua9t ! situation ( ,mr4 ,glad/one1 z ! reprov]1 may seem to p bless$ ) a s5se ( hum\r4 ,b x is a quality1 ! defects ( :i* h be5 pa9fully obvi\s to me all my life2 & ,i try to keep my ,pegasus--at #edd be/ a poor ,%etl& v>iety ( t species ( quadrup$--at a respectable jog-trot1 by load+ him heavily ) bales ( read+4 ,^? :o took ! tr\ble to /udy my pap] 9 good fai?1 & n = m]e controv]sial purposes1 h a "r to "k1 t some?+ m ?an a ha/y glimpse ( two or ?ree passages ( ,josephus 7ev5 ) z _m episcopal works ?r[n 97 lay at ! back ( ! few p>agraphs ,i devot$ to ! ,gad>5e /ory4 ,i proce$ to set =?1 z briefly z ,i c1 "s results ( t prep>atory "w4 ,my arti/ic pr9ciples d n p]mit me1 at pres5t1 to express a d\bt t ,mr4 ,glad/one 0 acqua9t$ ) ! facts ,i am ab\t to m5tion :5 he und]took to write4 ,b1 if he did "k !m1 !n bo? :at he has said & :at he has n said1 8 ass]tions & 8 omissions alike1 w require a p>agraph to !mselves4 ,! common cons5t ( ! synoptic ,gospels affirms t ! miracul\s transf]5ce ( devils f a man1 or m51 to sundry pigs took place some:]e on ! ea/]n %ore ( ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias2 on ! o!r side ( ! sea ov] aga9/ ,galilee1 ! we/]n %ore be+1 )\t d\bt1 includ$ 9 ! latt] prov9ce4 ,b !re is no su* concord :5 we come to ! "n ( ! "p ( ! ea/]n %ore on :i*1 accord+ to ! /ory1 ,jesus & 8 disciples l&$4 ,9 ! revis$ v]sion ,mat!w calls x ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es3 ,luke & ,m>k h ,g]as5es4 ,9 sundry v anci5t manuscripts ,g]ges5es occurs4 #ede ,! exi/5ce ( any place call$ ,g]gesa1 h[ev]1 is decl>$ by ! weightie/ au?orities :om ,i h consult$ to be v que/ionable2 & no su* t[n is m5tion$ 9 ! li/ ( ! cities ( ! ,decapolis1 9 ! t]ritory ( :i* 7z x w\ld seem f ,m>k v4 #bj7 ! transaction 0 suppos$ to take place4 ,ab\t ,g]asa1 on ! o!r h&1 !re hangs no su* d\bt4 ,x 0 a l>ge & important memb] ( ! gr\p ( ! ,decapolitan cities4 ,b ,g]asa is m ?an ?irty miles di/ant f ! ne>e/ "p ( ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias1 :ile ! city m5tion$ 9 ! n>rative c\ld n h be5 v f> (f ! sc5e ( ! ev5t4 ,h[ev]1 z ,g]asa 0 a v important ,hell5ic city1 n mu* m ?an a score ( miles f ,gad>a1 x is easily imag9able t a locality :i* 0 "p ( ,decapolitan t]ritory may h be5 spok5 ( z belong+ to "o ( ! two cities1 :5 x really app]ta9$ to ! o!r4 ,aft] weigh+ all ! argum5ts1 no d\bt rema9s on my m9d t ,gad>5e is ! prop] read+4 ,at ! p]iod "u consid]ation1 ,gad>a appe>s to h be5 a good-siz$ =tifi$ t[n1 ab\t two miles 9 circumf]5ce4 ,x 0 a place ( consid]able /rategic importance1 inasmu* z x lay on a high ridge at ! po9t ( int]section ( ! roads f ,tib]ias1 ,scy?opolis1 ,damascus1 & ,g]asa4 ,?ree miles nor? f x1 :]e ! ,tib]ias road desc5d$ into ! valley ( ! ,hi]omices1 lay ! fam\s hot spr+s & ! fa%ionable ba?s ( ,ama?a4 ,on ! nor?-ea/ side1 ! rema9s ( ! ext5sive necropolis ( ,gad>a are /ill to be se54 #edf ,innum]able sepul*ral *amb]s are excavat$ 9 ! lime/one cliffs1 & _m ( !m /ill conta9 s>cophaguses ( basalt2 :ile n a few are conv]t$ into dwell+s by ! inhabitants ( ! pres5t village ( ,um ,keis4 ,! di/ance ( ,gad>a f ! s\?-ea/]n %ore ( ! ,lake ( ,tib]ias is less ?an sev5 miles4 ,! ne>e/ ( ! o!r cities ( ! ,decapolis1 to ! nor?1 is ,hippos1 :i* also lay "s sev5 miles (f on ! s\?-ea/]n corn] ( ! %ore ( ! lake4 ,9 accordance ) ! anci5t ,hell5ic practice t ea* city %\ld be surr\nd$ by a c]ta9 am\nt ( t]ritory am5able to its jurisdiction1#aed & on ! o!r gr\nds1 x may be tak5 = c]ta9 t ! int]m$iate c\ntry 0 divid$ betwe5 ,gad>a & ,hippos1 & t ! citiz5s ( ,gad>a _h free access to a port on ! lake4 ,h5ce ! title ( c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es appli$ to ! locality ( ! porc9e cata/rophe becomes easily intelligible4 ,! sw9e may well be imag9$ to h be5 fe$+ 7z !y d n[ 9 ! adjac5t region7 on ! hillsides1 :i* slope some:at /eeply d[n to ! lake f ! nor!rn b\nd>y wall ( ! valley ( ! ,hi]omices 7,nahr ,y>muk71 ab\t half-way betwe5 ! city & ! %ore1 & d\btless lay well )9 ! t]ritory ( ! polis ( ,gad>a4 ,! pro( t ,gad>a 01 to all int5ts & purposes1 a ,g5tile & n a ,jewi% city is complete4 #edg ,! date & ! occasion ( its f\ndation are unkn[n2 b x c]ta9ly exi/$ 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,antio*us ! ,great annex$ x to 8 dom9ions 9 ,b4,c4 #aih4 ,aft] ?is1 dur+ ! brief revival ( ,jewi% autonomy1 ,alex&] ,jannaeus took x2 & = ! fir/ "t1 s f> z ! records g1 x fell "u ,jewi% rule4#aee ,f ?is x 0 rescu$ by ,pompey 7,b4,c4 #fc71 :o rebuilt ! city & incorporat$ x ) ! prov9ce ( ,syria4 ,9 gratitude to ! ,romans = ! dissolution ( a hat$ union1 ! ,gad>5es adopt$ ! ,pompeian era on _! co9age4 ,gad>a 0 a comm]cial c5tre ( "s importance1 & !re=e1 x may be assum$1 ,jews settl$ 9 x1 z !y settl$ 9 almo/ all consid]able ,g5tile cities4 ,b a :olly mi/ak5 e/imate ( ! magnitude ( ! ,jewi% colony has be5 bas$ ^u ! notion t ,gab9ius1 proconsul ( ,syria 9 #eg-ee ,b4,c41 seat$ "o ( ! five sanh$rims 9 ,gad>a4 ,s*u]] has po9t$ out t :at he really did 0 to lodge "o ( !m 9 ,gaz>a1 f> away on ! o!r side ( ! ,jordan4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m errors :i* h aris5 out ( ! confusion ( ! names ,gadara1 ,gazara1 & ,gabara4 ,augu/us made a pres5t ( ,gad>a to ,h]od ! ,great1 z an appanage p]sonal to himself2 &1 ^u ,h]od's dea?1 recognis+ x to be a ,grecian city l ,hippos & ,gaza1#aef he transf]r$ x back to its =m] #edh place 9 ! prov9ce ( ,syria4 ,t ,h]od made no ef=t to judaise 8 tempor>y possession1 b r ! contr>y1 is obvi\s f ! fact t ! co9s ( ,gad>a1 :ile "u 8 rule1 be> ! image ( ,augu/us ) ! sup]scription ,greek3 ,seba/os--a fly+ 9 ! face ( ,jewi% prejudices :i* ev5 he did n d>e to v5ture ^u 9 ,judaea4 ,& ,i may rem>k t1 if my co-tru/ee ( ! ,briti% ,museum _h tak5 ! tr\ble to visit ! spl5did numismatic collection "u our *>ge1 he might h se5 two co9s ( ,gad>a1 "o ( ! "t ( ,tib]ius & ! o!r ( t ( ,titus1 ea* be>+ ! effigies ( ! emp]or on ! obv]se3 :ile ! p]sonifi$ g5ius ( ! city is on ! rev]se ( ! =m]4 ,fur!r1 ! well-kn[n works ( ,de ,saulcy & ( ,ekhel w\ld h suppli$ ! in=mation t1 f ! "t ( ,augu/us to t ( ,gordian1 ! ,gad>5e co9age _h ! same ?or\ghly ,g5tile "*4 ,curi\s t a city ( ,hebrews b\nd by ! ,mosaic law %\ld tol]ate su* a m9t6 ,:atev] increase 9 population ! ,ghetto ( ,gad>a may h und]gone betwe5 ,b4,c4 #d & ,a4,d4 #ff1 x n[ise affect$ ! ,g5tile & anti-,judaic "* ( ! city at ! outbreak ( ! great w>2 = ,josephus tells u t imm$iately aft] ! great massacre at ,caes>ea1 ! revolt$ ,jews laid wa/e ! villages ( ! ,syrians & _! neighb\r+ cities1 ,philadelphia & ,sebonitis & ,g]asa & ,pella & ,scy?opolis1 & aft] !m ,gad>a & ,hippos 7,w>s1 ,,ii4 xviii4 #a74 ,i submit t if ,gad>a _h be5 a city ( ,hebrews b\nd by ! #edi ,mosaic law1 ! ravag+ ( _! t]ritory by _! bro!r ,jews 9 rev5ge = ! massacre ( ! ,caes>ean ,jews by ! ,g5tile population ( t place1 w\ld surely h be5 a some:at unacc\ntable proce$+4 ,b :5 we proce$ a little fur!r1 to ! fif? section ( ! *apt] 9 :i* ?is /atem5t occurs1 ! :ole affair becomes intelligible en\gh4 ,besides ?is murd] at ,scy?opolis1 ! o!r cities rose up aga9/ ! ,jews t 7 among !m3 ^? ( ,askelon slew two ?\s& five hundr$1 & ^? ( ,ptolemais two ?\s&1 & put n a few into bonds2 ^? ( ,tyre also put a great numb] to dea?1 b kept a great] numb] 9 prison2 moreov]1 ^? ( ,hippos & ^? ( ,gad>a did ! l1 :ile !y put to dea? ! bolde/ ( ! ,jews1 b kept ^? ( :om !y 7 mo/ afraid 9 cu/ody2 z did ! re/ ( ! cities ( ,syria accord+ z !y e "o ei!r hat$ !m or 7 afraid ( !m4 ,josephus is n always tru/wor?y1 b he has no conceivable motive = alt]+ facts "h2 he speaks ( contempor>y ev5ts1 9 :i* he himself took an active "p1 & he *>act]ises ! cities 9 ! way famili> to him4 ,= ,josephus1 ,gad>a is j z mu* a ,g5tile city z ,ptolemais2 x 0 res]v$ = 8 late/ comm5tator1 ei!r ignor+1 or ignorant (1 all ?is1 to tell u t ,gad>a _h a ,hebrew population b\nd by ! ,mosaic law4 ,9 ! face ( all ?is evid5ce1 mo/ ( :i* has be5 put be=e s]i\s /ud5ts1 ) full ref]5ce to ! ne$ful au?orities & 9 a ?or\ghly judicial mann]1 by ,s*u]] 9 8 classical "w1#aeg "o reads #eej ) /upefaction ! /atem5t :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one has ?\ght fit to put be=e ! un9/ruct$ public3 ,"s comm5tators h alleg$ ! au?ority ( ,josephus = /at+ t ,gad>a 0 a city ( ,greeks r ?an ( ,jews1 f :5ce x might be inf]r$ t to keep sw9e 0 innoc5t & lawful4 ,?is is n q ! place = a critical exam9ation ( ! matt]2 b ,i h exam9$ x1 & h satisfi$ myself t ,josephus gives no reason :atev] to suppose t ! population ( ,gad>a1 & /ill less 7if less may be7 ! population ( ! neighb\rhood1 & lea/ ( all ! sw9e-h]d+ or l[] portion ( t population1 7 o!r ?an ,hebrews b\nd by ! ,mosaic law4 7,pp4 #cgc-d47 ,ev5 rapid judgm5t _c be plead$ 9 excuse = ?is surpris+ /atem5t1 because a ,note on ! ,gad>5e miracle is add$ 79 a special app5dix71 9 :i* ! ref]5ces are giv5 to ! passages ( ,josephus1 by ! improv$ int]pretation ( :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one has ?us contriv$ to satisfy himself ( ! ?+ :i* is n4 ,"o ( ^! is ,antiquities1 ,,xvii4 xiii4 #d1 9 :i* section ,i regret to say ,i c f9d no m5tion ( ,gad>a4 ,9 ,antiquities1 ,,xvii4 xi4 #d1 h[ev]1 !re is a passage :i* w\ld appe> to be t :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one means1 & ,i w give x 9 full1 al?\gh ,i h already cit$ "p ( x3 ,!re 7 also c]ta9 ( ! cities :i* paid tribute to ,ar*elaus2 ,/rato's t[]1 & ,seba/e1 ) ,joppa & ,j]usalem2 =1 z to ,gaza1 ,gad>a1 & ,hippos1 !y 7 ,grecian cities1 :i* ,caes> sep>at$ f 8 gov]nm5t1 & add$ !m to ! prov9ce ( ,syria4 ,t is to say1 ,augu/us simply re/or$ ! /ate ( ?+s :i* exi/$ be=e he gave ,gad>a1 !n c]ta9ly a ,g5tile city1 ly+ outside ,judaea1 to #eea ,h]od z a m>k ( great p]sonal fav\r4 ,yet ,mr4 ,glad/one c gravely tell ^? :o are n 9 a position to *eck 8 /atem5ts3 ,! s5se seems to be n t ^! cities 7 inhabit$ by a ,greek population1 b t !y _h politically be5 tak5 out ( ,judaea & add$ to ,syria1 :i* ,i presume 0 classifi$ z simply ,hell5ic1 a portion ( ! great ,greek empire erect$ by ,alex&]4 7,pp4 #bie-f47 ,mr4 ,glad/one's next ref]5ce is to ! ,w>s1 ,,iii4 vii4 #a3 ,s ,vespasian m>*$ to ! city ,gad>a1 & took x ^u ! fir/ onset1 because he f\nd x de/itute ( a consid]able numb] ( m5 gr[n up fit = w>4 ,he !n came into x1 & slew all ! y\?1 ! ,romans hav+ no m]cy on any age :atsoev]2 & ?is 0 done out ( ! hatr$ !y bore ! nation1 & because ( ! iniquity !y _h be5 guilty ( 9 ! affair ( ,ce/ius4 ,obvi\sly1 !n1 ,gad>a 0 an ultra-,jewi% city4 ,q4,e4,d4 ,b a /ud5t tra9$ 9 ! use ( weapons ( precision1 r ?an 9 t ( rhetorical tomahawks1 has _h _m & pa9ful w>n+s to look well ab\t him be=e tru/+ an argum5t to ! m]cies ( a passage1 ! context ( :i* he has n c>efully consid]$4 ,if ,mr4 ,glad/one _h n be5 too mu* 9 a hurry to turn 8 imag9>y prize to acc\nt--if he _h paus$ j to look at ! prec$+ *apt] ( ,josephus--he w\ld h discov]$ t 8 mu* ha/e meant v little spe$4 ,he w\ld h f\nd 7,w>s1 ,,iii4 vi4 #b7 t ,vespasian m>*$ f 8 base1 ! port ( ,ptolemais 7,acre71 on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 into ,galilee2 &1 hav+ dealt ) ! s-call$ ,gad>a1 0 m9d$ #eeb to f9i% ) ,jotapata1 a /rong place ab\t f\rte5 miles s\?-ea/ ( ,ptolemais1 into :i* ,josephus1 :o at fir/ _h fl$ to ,tib]ias1 ev5tually ?rew himself--,vespasian arriv+ be=e ,jotapata ! v next day4 ,n[1 if any "o w take a dec5t map ( ,anci5t ,pale/9e 9 h&1 he w see t ,jotapata1 z ,i h said1 lies ab\t f\rte5 miles 9 a /raight l9e ea/-s\?-ea/ ( ,ptolemais1 :ile a c]ta9 t[n1 ,gab>a 7:i* 0 also held by ! ,jews71 is situat$ ab\t ! same di/ance to ! ea/ ( t port4 ,no?+ c be m obvi\s ?an t ,vespasian1 wi%+ to advance f ,ptolemais into ,galilee1 c\ld n af=d to leave ^! /rongholds 9 ! possession ( ! enemy2 & z ,gab>a w\ld lie on 8 left flank :5 he mov$ to ,jotapata1 he took t city1 :5ce 8 communications ) 8 base c\ld easily be ?reat5$1 fir/4 ,x might really h be5 fair evid5ce ( demoniac possession1 if ! be/ g5]al ( ,rome _h m>*$ =ty odd miles1 z ! cr[ flies1 ?r\gh ho/ile ,galilee1 to take a city 7:i*1 moreov]1 _h j tri$ to aboli% its ,jewi% population7 on ! o!r side ( ! ,jordan2 & !n m>*$ back aga9 to a place f\rte5 miles (f 8 />t+-po9t4#aeh ,"o w\ld ?9k t ! mo/ c>eless ( read]s mu/ be />tl$ by ?is incongruity into inquir+ :e!r !re might n be some?+ wrong ) ! text2 & if he _h done s he w\ld #eec h easily discov]$ t s9ce ! "t ( ,rel&1 a c5tury & a half ago1 c>eful s*ol>s h read ,gabara = ,gadara4#aei ,once m1 ,i v5ture to po9t out t tra9+ 9 ! use ( ! weapons ( precision ( sci5ce may h its value 9 hi/orical /udies1 if only 9 prev5t+ ! occurr5ce ( droll blund]s 9 geography4 ,9 ! ?ird citation 7,w>s1 ,,iv4 vii47 ,josephus tells u t ,vespasian m>*$ aga9/ ,gad>a1 :i* he calls ! metropolis ( ,p]aea 7x 0 possibly ! seat ( a common fe/ival ( ! ,decapolitan cities71 & ent]$ x )\t opposition1 ! weal?y & p[]ful citiz5s hav+ op5$ negotiations ) him )\t ! k ( an opposite p>ty1 :o1 z be+ inf]ior 9 numb] to _! enemies :o 7 )9 ! city1 & see+ ! ,romans v ne> ! city1 resolv$ to fly4 ,be=e do+ s1 h[ev]1 !y1 aft] a fa%ion un=tunately too common among ! ,zealots1 murd]$ & %ock+ly mutilat$ ,dolesus1 a man ( ! fir/ rank1 :o _h promot$ ! embassy to ,vespasian1 & !n ran out ( ! city4 ,h]eupon ! p ( ,gad>a 7surely n ?is "t ,hebrews b\nd by ! ,mosaic law7 receiv$ ,vespasian ) joyful acclamations1 volunt>ily pull$ d[n _! wall1 s t ! city c\ld n 9 future be us$ z a =tress by ! ,jews1 & accept$ a ,roman g>rison = _! future protection4 ,grant+ t ?is ,gad>a really is ! city ( ! ,gad>5es1 ! ref]5ce1 )\t citation1 to #eed ! passage 9 support ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's cont5tion seems r rem>kable4 ,tak5 9 conjunction ) ! %ortly antec$5t ravag+ ( ! ,gad>5e t]ritory by ! ,jews1 9 fact1 bett] pro( c\ld h>dly be expect$ ( ! real /ate ( ! case2 namely1 t ! population ( ,gad>a 7& notably ! weal?y & respectable "p ( x7 0 ?or\ghly ,hell5ic2 ?\gh1 z 9 ,caes>ea & else:]e among ! ,pale/9ian cities1 ! rabble conta9$ a consid]able body ( fanatical ,jews1 ^: reckless f]ocity made !m1 ev5 ?\gh a m]e m9ority ( ! population1 a /&+ dang] to ! city4 ,?us ,mr4 ,glad/one's conclusion f 8 /udy ( ,josephus1 t ! population ( ,gad>a 7 ,hebrews b\nd by ! ,mosaic law1 turns out to dep5d ^u no?+ bett] ?an a m>vell\sly complete mis9t]pretation ( :at t au?or says1 comb9$ ) equally m>vell\s geographical misund]/&+s1 long s9ce expos$ & rectifi$2 :ile ! positive evid5ce t ,gad>a1 l o!r cities ( ! ,decapolis1 0 ?or\ghly ,hell5ic 9 organisation & ess5tially ,g5tile 9 population is ov]:elm+4 ,&1 t be+ ! fact ( ! matt]1 pat5t to all :o w take ! tr\ble to inquire ab\t :at has be5 said ab\t x1 h[ev] obscure to ^? :o m]ely talk ( s do+1 ! !sis t ! ,gad>5e sw9eh]ds1 or own]s1 7 ,jews violat+ ! ,mosaic law %[s itself to be an empty & mo/ un=tunate guess4 ,b really1 :e!r !y t kept ! sw9e 7 ,jews1 or :e!r !y 7 ,g5tiles1 is a #eee consid]ation :i* has no relevance :atev] to my case4 ,! legal provisions :i* alone _h au?ority ov] an inhabitant ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es 7 ! ,g5tile laws sanction$ by ! ,roman suz]a9 ( ! prov9ce ( ,syria1 j z ! only law :i* has au?ority 9 ,engl& is t recognis$ by ! sov]eign ,legislature4 ,jewi% communities 9 ,engl& may h _! private code1 z !y d\btless _h 9 ,gad>a4 ,b an ,engli% magi/rate1 if call$ ^u to en=ce _! peculi> laws1 w\ld dismiss ! compla9ants f ! judgm5t seat1 let u hope ) m polit5ess ?an ,gallio did 9 a l case1 b q z firmly4 ,moreov]1 9 ! matt] ( keep+ pigs1 we may be q c]ta9 t ,gad>5e law left ev]ybody free to d z he pleas$1 inde$ enc\rag$ ! practice r ?an o!rwise4 ,n only 0 pork "o ( ! commone/ & "o ( ! mo/ fav\rite articles ( ,roman diet2 b1 to bo? ,greeks & ,romans1 ! pig 0 a sacrificial animal ( high importance4 ,suck+ pigs play$ an important "p 9 ,hell5ic purificatory rites2 & ev]ybody kn[s ! significance ( ! ,roman suovetaurilia1 depict$ on s _m bas-reliefs4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 only ! extreme ne$ ( a despair+ reconcil] dr[n+ 9 a sea ( adv]se facts1 c expla9 ! cat*+ at su* a poor /raw z ! reckless guess t ! sw9eh]ds ( ! c\ntry ( ! ,gad>5es 7 err+ ,jews1 do+ a little cl&e/9e bus9ess on _! own acc\nt4 ,! endeav\r to ju/ify ! ass]t$ de/ruction ( ! sw9e by ! analogy ( break+ op5 a cask ( #eef smuggl$ spirits1 & wa/+ _! cont5ts on ! gr\nd1 is curi\sly un=tunate4 ,does ,mr4 ,glad/one mean to sugge/ t a ,fr5*man l&+ at ,dov]1 & com+ ^u a cask ( smuggl$ br&y 9 ! c\rse ( a /roll along ! cliffs1 has ! "r to break x op5 & wa/e its cont5ts on ! gr\nd8 ,yet ! p>ty ( ,galileans :o1 accord+ to ! n>rative1 l&$ & took a walk on ! ,gad>5e t]ritory1 7 z mu* =eign]s 9 ! ,decapolis z ,fr5*m5 w\ld be at ,dov]4 ,h]od ,antipas1 _! sov]eign1 _h no jurisdiction 9 ! ,decapolis--!y 7 /rang]s & ali5s1 ) no m "r to int]f]e ) a pig-keep+ ,hebrew ?an ,i h a "r to int]f]e ) an ,engli% pr(essor ( ! ,israelitic fai?1 if ,i see a slice ( ham on 8 plate4 ,accord+ to ! law ( ! c\ntry 9 :i* ^! ,galilean =eign]s f\nd !mselves1 m5 might keep pigs if !y pleas$4 ,if ! m5 :o kept !m 7 ,jews1 x might be p]missible = ! /rang]s to in=m ! religi\s au?ority ackn[l$g$ by ! ,jews ( ,gad>a1 b to int]f]e !mselves 9 su* a matt] 0 a /ep devoid ( ei!r moral or legal ju/ification4 ,suppose a mod]n ,engli% ,sabbat>ian fanatic1 :o believes1 on ! /r5g? ( 8 int]pretation ( ! f\r? comm&m5t1 t x is a deadly s9 to "w on ! ,"l's ,day1 sees a fell[ ,puritan yield+ to ! temptation ( gett+ 9 8 h>ve/ on a f9e ,sunday morn+--is ! =m] ju/ifi$ 9 sett+ fire to ! latt]'s corn8 ,w\ld n an ,engli% c\rt ( ju/ice spe$ily tea* him bett]8 #eeg ,9 tru?1 ! gov]nm5t :i* p]mits private p]sons1 on any pretext 7especially pi\s & patriotic pretexts71 to take ! law into _! own h&s1 fails 9 ! p]=mance ( ! prim>y duties ( all gov]nm5ts2 :ile ^? :o set ! example ( su* acts1 or :o approve !m1 or :o fail to disapprove !m1 are do+ _! be/ to dissolve civil society--!y are compass]s ( illegality & fautors ( immorality4 ,i fully und]/& t ,mr4 ,glad/one may n see ! matt] 9 ?is light4 ,he may possibly consid] t ! union ( ,gad>a ) ! ,decapolis by ,augu/us 0 a blackgu>d transaction1 :i* depriv$ ,hell5ic ,gad>5e law ( all moral =ce2 & t x 0 q prop] = a ,jewi% ,galilean1 go+ back to ! "t :5 ! l& ( ! ,girga%ites 0 giv5 to 8 ance/ors1 "s #aejj ye>s be=e1 to act z if ! /ate ( ?+s :i* ought to obta9 9 t]ritory :i* traditionally1 at any rate1 belong$ to 8 =efa!rs1 did really exi/4 ,&1 t be+ s1 ,i c only say ,i d n agree ) him1 b leave ! matt] to ! appreciation ( ^? ( our c\ntrym51 happily n yet ! m9ority1 :o believe t ! fir/ condition ( endur+ lib]ty is ob$i5ce to ! law ( ! l&4 ,! end ( ! mon? draw+ nigh1 ,i ?\ght x well to s5d away ! manuscript ( ! =ego+ pages ye/]day1 leav+ op51 9 my own m9d1 ! possibility ( add+ a succ9ct *>act]isation ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's controv]sial me?ods z illu/rat$ #eeh !re94 ,?is morn+1 h[ev]1 ,i _h ! pleasure ( read+ a spee* :i* ,i ?9k mu/ satisfy ! requirem5ts ( ! mo/ fa/idi\s ( controv]sial arti/s2 & !re occurs 9 x s concise1 yet s complete1 a del9eation ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's way ( deal+ ) disput$ que/ions ( ano!r k9d1 t no poor ef=t ( m9e c\ld bett] x z a description ( ! aspect :i* 8 treatm5t ( sci5tific1 hi/orical1 & critical que/ions pres5ts to me4 ,! smalle/ exam9ation w\ld h told a man ( 8 capacity & ( 8 exp]i5ce t he 0 utt]+ ! grosse/ exagg]ations1 t he 0 bas+ argum5ts ^u ! slighte/ hypo!ses1 & t 8 discussions only _h to be critically exam9$ by ! mo/ c>eless critic 9 ord] to %[ _! intr9sic holl[ness4 ,^? :o h foll[$ me ?r\gh ?is pap] w h>dly dispute ! ju/ice ( ?is judgm5t1 sev]e z x is4 ,b ! ,*ief ,secret>y = ,irel& has sci5ce 9 ! blood2 & has ! advantage ( a natural1 z well z a highly cultivat$1 aptitude = ! use ( me?ods ( precision 9 inve/igation1 & = ! exact enunciation ( ! results !reby obta9$4 99 99 99 99 99 #eei ,,xv ,,illu/rations ,,( ,,mr4 ,,glad/one',s ,,controv]sial ,,me?ods ,! s]ies ( essays 9 def5ce ( ! hi/orical accuracy ( ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,scriptures contribut$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one to ,good ,words1 hav+ be5 revis$ & enl>g$ by _! au?or1 appe>$ la/ ye> z a sep>ate volume1 "u ! some:at defiant title ( ,! ,impregnable ,rock ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,! la/ ( ^! essays1 entitl$ ,conclusion1 conta9s an attack1 or r sev]al attacks1 c\*$ 9 language :i* c]ta9ly does n err ^u ! side ( mod]ation or ( c\rtesy1 ^u /atem5ts & op9ions ( m9e4 ,"o ( ^! assaults is a delib]ately devis$ attempt1 n m]ely to r\se ! !ological prejudices +ra9$ 9 ! majority ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's read]s1 b to hold me up z a p]son :o has endeav\r$ to besmir* ! p]sonal "* ( ! object ( _! v5]ation4 ,= ,mr4 ,glad/one ass]ts t ,i h und]tak5 to try ! "* ( our ,"l 7p4 #bfh72 & he tells ! _m :o are1 z ,i ?9k un=tunately1 pr$ispos$ #efj to place implicit cr$it 9 8 ass]tions1 t x has be5 res]v$ = me to discov] t ,jesus 0 no bett] ?an a law-break] & an evil-do]6 7p4 #bfi74 ,x 0 extremely easy = me to prove1 z ,i did 9 ! pages ( ?is ,review la/ ,decemb]1 t1 "u ! mo/ fav\rable int]pretation1 ?is amaz+ decl>ation mu/ be ascrib$ to extreme confusion ( ?\ght4 ,&1 by br++ an abundance ( good-w to ! consid]ation ( ! subject1 ,i h n[ conv9c$ myself t x is "r = me to admit t a p]son ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's intellectual acut5ess really did mi/ake ! reprobation ( ! c\rse ( conduct ascrib$ to ,jesus1 9 a /ory ( :i* ,i expressly say ,i d n believe a ^w1 = an attack on 8 "* & a decl>ation t he 0 no bett] ?an a law-break] & evil-do]4 ,at any rate1 s f> z ,i c see1 ?is is :at ,mr4 ,glad/one wi%$ to be believ$ :5 he wrote ! foll[+ passage3-- ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 9 pass+1 make ! confession t ,i did n /ate ) accuracy1 z ,i ought to h done1 ! precise =m ( ! accusation4 ,i treat$ x z an imputation on ! action ( our ,"l2 he replies t x is only an imputation on ! n>rative ( ?ree evangeli/s respect+ ,him4 ,! diff]5ce1 f 8 po9t ( view1 is probably mat]ial1 & ,i !re=e regret t ,i ov]look$ x4#afj ,consid]+ ! gravity ( ! error :i* is "h admitt$1 ! fa%ion ( ! )drawal appe>s m s+ul> ?an admirable4 ,f my po9t ( view--n f ,mr4 ,glad/one's app>5tly--! little discrepancy betwe5 ! facts & ,mr4 ,glad/one's #efa c>efully (f5sive trave/y ( !m is probably 7only probably7 mat]ial4 ,h[ev]1 z ,mr4 ,glad/one concludes ) an (ficial expression ( regret = 8 error1 x is my bus9ess to return an equally (ficial expression ( gratitude = ! att5uat$ rep>ation ) :i* ,i am fav\r$4 ,hav+ cle>$ ?is specim5 ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's controv]sial me?od out ( ! way1 ,i may proce$ to ! next assault1 t on a passage 9 an article on ,agno/icism 7,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,febru>y #ahhi71 publi%$ two ye>s ago4 ,i !re said1 9 ref]r+ to ! ,gad>5e /ory1 ,ev]y?+ ,i "k ( law & ju/ice conv9ces me t ! wanton de/ruction ( o!r p's prop]ty is a misdemean\r ( evil example4 ,on ?is1 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 cont9u+ 8 c&id & urbane obs]vations1 rem>ks 7,impregnable ,rock1 p4 #bgc7 t1 ,ex]cis+ 8 rapid judgm5t on ! text1 & n inquir+ :at anybody else _h kn[n or said ab\t x1 ,i _h miss$ a po9t 9 support ( t accusation aga9/ our ,"l :i* he has n[ be5 con/ra9$ to admit ,i nev] made4 ,! po9t 9 "q is t ,gad>a 0 a city ( ,greeks r ?an ( ,jews1 f :5ce x might be inf]r$ t to keep sw9e 0 innoc5t & lawful4 ,i conceive t ,i h abundantly prov$ t ,gad>a answ]$ exactly to ! description "h giv5 ( x2 & ,i %all %[1 by-&-by1 t ,mr4 ,glad/one has us$ language :i*1 to my m9d1 involves ! admission t ! au?orities ( ! city 7 n ,jews4 ,b ,i h also tak5 a #efb good deal ( pa9s to %[ t ! "q ?us rais$ is ( no importance 9 relation to ! ma9 issue4#afa ,if ,gad>a 01 z ,i ma9ta9 x 01 a city ( ! ,decapolis1 ,hell5i/ic 9 con/itution & conta9+ a pr$om9antly ,g5tile population1 my case is sup]abundantly =tifi$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! hypo!sis t ,gad>a 0 "u ,jewi% gov]nm5t1 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one seems sometimes to def5d & sometimes to give up1 7 accept$1 my case w\ld be n[ise weak5$4 ,at any rate1 ,gad>a 0 n includ$ )9 ! jurisdiction ( ! tetr>* ( ,galilee2 if x _h be51 ! ,galileans :o cross$ ov] ! lake to ,gad>a _h no (ficial /atus2 & !y _h no m civil "r to puni% law-break]s ?an any o!r /rang]s4 ,9 my turn1 h[ev]1 ,i may rem>k t !re is a po9t :i* appe>s to h escap$ ,mr4 ,glad/one's notice4 ,& t is some:at un=tunate1 because 8 :ole argum5t turns ^u x4 ,mr4 ,glad/one assumes1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t pig-keep+ 0 an (f5ce aga9/ ! ,law ( ,moses2 &1 !re=e1 t ,jews :o kept pigs 7 z mu* liable to legal pa9s & p5alties #efc z ,engli%m5 :o smuggle br&y 7,impregnable ,rock1 p4 #bgd74 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 accord+ to ! ,law1 z x is def9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ! pig 0 an unclean animal1 & t pork 0 a =bidd5 article ( diet4 ,moreov]1 s9ce pigs are h>dly likely to be kept = ! m]e love ( ^? unsav\ry animals1 pig-own+1 or sw9e-h]d+1 mu/ h be51 & evid5tly 01 reg>d$ z a suspici\s & degrad+ occupation by /rict ,jews1 9 ! fir/ c5tury ,a4,d4 ,b ,i %\ld l to "k on :at provision ( ! ,mosaic ,law1 z x is laid d[n 9 ! ,p5tateu*1 ,mr4 ,glad/one bases ! assumption1 :i* is ess5tial to 8 case1 t ! possession ( pigs & ! call+ ( a sw9eh]d 7 actually illegal4 ,! inquiry 0 put to me ! o!r day2 &1 z ,i c\ld n answ] x1 ,i turn$ up ! article ,s*we9 9 ,riehm's /&>d ,h&wo]t]bu*1 = help out ( my difficulty2 b un=tunately )\t success4 ,aft] speak+ ( ! m>tyrdom :i* ! ,jews1 "u ,antio*us ,epiphanes1 pref]r$ to eat+ pork1 ! writ] proce$s3-- ,x may be1 nev]!less1 t ! practice ( keep+ pigs may h f\nd its way into ,pale/9e 9 ! ,graeco-,roman "t1 9 consequ5ce ( ! great increase ( ! non-,jewi% population2 yet !re is no evid5ce ( x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t2 ! great h]d ( sw9e1 #bjjj 9 numb]1 m5tion$ 9 ! n>rative ( ! possess$1 0 fe$+ 9 ! t]ritory ( ,gad>a1 :i* belong$ to ! ,decapolis2 & ! prodigal son became a sw9eh]d ) ! native ( a f> c\ntry into :i* he _h w&]$2 9 nei!r ( ^! cases is !re #efd reason = ?9k+ t ! possessors ( ^! h]ds 7 ,jews4#afb ,hav+ fail$ 9 my se>*1 s f>1 ,i took up ! next "w ( ref]5ce at h&1 ,kitto's ,cyclopa$ia 7vol4 iii4 #ahgf74 ,!re1 "u ,sw9e1 ! writ]1 ,colonel ,hamilton ,smi?1 seem$ at fir/ to give me :at ,i want$1 z he says t sw9e appe> to h be5 repeat$ly introduc$ & re>$ by ! ,hebrew p1#afc not)/&+ ! /rong prohibition 9 ! ,law ( ,moses 7,is4 lxv4 #d74 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,isaiah's writ+s =m no "p ( ! ,law ( ,moses2 &1 9 ! second place1 ! p d5\nc$ by ! prophet 9 ?is passage are nei!r ! possessors ( pigs1 nor sw9eh]ds1 b ^? :i* eat sw9e's fle% & bro? ( abom9able ?+s is 9 _! vessels4 ,& :51 9 despair1 ,i turn$ to ! provisions ( ! ,law itself1 my difficulty 0 n cle>$ up4 ,leviticus xi4 #h 7,revis$ ,v]sion7 says1 9 ref]5ce to ! pig & o!r unclean animals3 ,( _! fle% ye %all n eat1 & _! c>cases ye %all n t\*4 ,9 ! revis$ v]sion ( ,deut]onomy xiv4 #h ! words ( ! prohibition are id5tical1 & a skilful ref9] might possibly satisfy himself1 ev5 if he satisfi$ nobody else1 t c>case means ! body ( a live #efe animal z well z ( a dead "o2 & t1 s9ce sw9eh]ds c\ld h>dly avoid contact ) _! *>ges1 _! call+ 0 implicitly =bidd54#afd ,un=tunately1 ! au?oris$ v]sion expressly says dead c>case2 & ?us ! mo/ rabb9ically m9d$ ( reconcil]s might f9d 8 casui/ry foil$ by t great s\rce ( surprises1 ! orig9al ,hebrew4 ,t su* *eck is at any rate possible1 is cle> f ! fact t ! legal uncleanness ( "s animals1 z food1 did n int]f]e ) _! be+ lawfully possess$1 c>$ =1 & sold by ,jews4 ,! provisions = ! ransom+ ( unclean bea/s 7,lev4 xxvii4 #bg7 & = ! r$emption ( _! suckl+s 7,numb]s xviii4 #ae7 suffici5tly prove ?is4 ,z ! late ,dr4 ,kalis* has obs]v$ 9 8 ,comm5t>y on ,leviticus1 "p ii4 p4 #abi1 note3-- ,?\gh asses & horses1 camels & dogs1 7 kept by ! ,israelites1 !y 71 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 associat$ ) ! notion ( impurity2 !y might be turn$ to pr(itable acc\nt by _! lab\r or o!rwise1 b 9 respect to food !y 7 an abom9ation4 ,! same le>n$ comm5tator 7loc4 cit4 p4 #hh7 proves t ! ,talmudi/s =bade ! re>+ ( pigs by ,jews1 unconditionally & ev]y:]e2 & ev5 includ$ x "u ! same ban z ! /udy ( ,greek philosophy1 s9ce bo? alike 7 consid]$ to lead to ! des]tion ( ! ,jewi% fai?4 ,x is v possible1 inde$ probable1 t ! ,ph>isees ( ! f\r? decade ( our fir/ c5tury took z #eff /rong a view ( pig-keep+ z did _! spiritual desc5dants4 ,b1 = all t1 x does n foll[ t ! practice 0 illegal4 ,! /rict] ,jews c\ld n h despis$ & hat$ sw9eh]ds m ?an !y did publicans2 b1 s f> z ,i "k1 !re is no provision 9 ! ,law aga9/ ! practice ( ! call+ ( a tax-ga!r] by a ,jew4 ,! publican 0 9 fact v mu* 9 ! position ( an ,iri% process-s]v] at ! pres5t day--m1 r ?an less1 despis$ & hat$ on acc\nt ( ! p]fect legality ( 8 occupation4 ,except = c]ta9 sacrificial purposes1 pigs 7 held 9 su* abhorr5ce by ! anci5t ,egyptians t sw9eh]ds 7 n p]mitt$ to ent] a temple1 or to int]m>ry ) o!r ca/es2 & any "o :o _h t\*$ a pig1 ev5 accid5tally1 0 unclean4 ,b ^! v regulations prove t pig-keep+ 0 n illegal2 x m]ely involv$ c]ta9 civil & religi\s disabilities4 ,= ! ,jews1 dogs 7 typically unclean animals2 b1 :5 t em95tly pi\s ,hebrew1 ,tobit1 w5t =? ) ! angel ! "y man's dog w5t ) !m 7,tobit v4 #af7 )\t app>5t remon/rance f ! cele/ial guide4 ,i really d n see h[ an appeal to ! ,law c\ld h ju/ifi$ any "o 9 dr[n+ ,tobit's dog1 on ! gr\nd t 8 ma/] 0 keep+ & fe$+ an animal q z unclean z any pig4 ,c]ta9ly ! excell5t ,raguel mu/ h fail$ to see ! h>m ( dog-keep+1 = we are told t1 on ! travell]s' return homew>ds1 ! dog w5t aft] !m 7xi4 #d74 #efg ,until bett] light ?an ,i h be5 able to obta9 is ?r[n ^u ! subject1 !re=e1 x is obvi\s t ,mr4 ,glad/one's argum5tative h\se has be5 built ^u an extremely slipp]y quicks&2 p]haps ev5 has no f\ndation at all4 ,yet ano!r po9t does n seem to h occurr$ to ,mr4 ,glad/one1 :o is s mu* %ock$ t ,i atta* no ov]:elm+ weight to ! ass]tions conta9$ 9 ! synoptic ,gospels1 ev5 :5 all ?ree concur4 ,^! ,gospels agree 9 /at+1 9 ! mo/ express1 & to "s ext5t v]bally id5tical1 t]ms1 t ! devils ent]$ ! pigs at _! own reque/1#afe & ! ?ird ,gospel 7viii4 #ca7 tells u :at ! motive ( ! demons 0 9 ask+ ! s+ul> boon3 ,!y intreat$ him t he w\ld n comm& !m to dep>t into ! abyss4 ,f ?is1 x w\ld seem t ! devils ?\ght to ex*ange ! heavy puni%m5t ( transportation to ! abyss = ! light] p5alty ( imprisonm5t 9 sw9e4 ,& "s comm5tators1 m +5i\s ?an respectful to ! suppos$ *ief actor 9 ?is extraord9>y fable1 h dwelt1 ) satisfaction1 ^u ! v unpleasant qu>t] ( an h\r :i* ! evil spirits mu/ h _h1 :5 ! headlong ru% ( _! madd5$ t5em5ts conv9c$ !m h[ completely !y 7 tak5 94 ,9 ! :ole /ory !re is n "o solit>y h9t t ! de/ruction ( #efh ! pigs 0 int5d$ z a puni%m5t ( _! own]s1 or ( ! sw9eh]ds4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! concurr5t te/imony ( ! ?ree n>ratives is to ! effect t ! cata/rophe 0 ! consequ5ce ( diabolic sugge/ion4 ,&1 inde$1 no s\rce c\ld be m appropriate = an act ( su* manife/ inju/ice & illegality4 ,i c b m>vel t mod]n def5d]s ( ! fai? %\ld n be glad ( any reasonable excuse = gett+ rid ( a /ory :i*1 if x _h be5 inv5t$ by ,voltaire1 w\ld h ju/ly let loose floods ( or?odox indignation4 ,?us1 ! hypo!sis to :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one s fondly cl+s f9ds no support 9 ! provisions ( ! ,law ( ,moses z t law is def9$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*2 :ile x is :olly inconsi/5t ) ! concurr5t te/imony ( ! synoptic ,gospels1 to :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one atta*es s mu* weight4 ,9 my judgm5t1 x is directly contr>y to ev]y?+ :i* pr(ane hi/ory tells u ab\t ! con/itution & ! population ( ! city ( ,gad>a2 & x commits ^? :o accept x to a /ory :i*1 if x 7 true1 w\ld implicate ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity 9 an illegal & inequitable act4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ,i consid] myself excus$ f foll[+ ,mr4 ,glad/one ?r\gh all ! me&]+s ( 8 late attempt to extricate himself f ! maze ( hi/orical & exegetical difficulties 9 :i* he is entangl$4 ,i cont5t myself ) assur+ ^? :o1 ) my pap] 7n ,mr4 ,glad/one's #efi v]sion ( my argum5ts7 9 h&1 consult ! orig9al au?orities1 t !y w f9d full ju/ification = e /atem5t ,i h made4 ,b 9 ord] to dispose ^? :o _c1 or w n1 take t tr\ble1 to believe t ! prov]bial bl9dness ( "o t judges 8 own cause plays no "p 9 induc+ me to speak ?us decid$ly1 ,i beg _! att5tion to ! foll[+ exam9ation1 :i* %all be z brief z ,i c make x1 ( ! sev5 propositions 9 :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one pr(esses to give a fai?ful summ>y ( my errors4 ,:51 9 ! middle ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ! ,holy ,see decl>$ t c]ta9 propositions conta9$ 9 ! works ( ,bi%op ,jans5 7 h]etical1 ! ,jans5i/s ( ,port ,royal repli$ t1 :ile !y 7 ready to def] to ! ,papal au?ority ab\t que/ions ( fai? & morals1 !y mu/ be p]mitt$ to judge ab\t que/ions ( fact = !mselves2 & t1 really1 ! condemn$ propositions 7 n to be f\nd 9 ,jans5's writ+s4 ,z ev]ybody kn[s1 ,8 ,hol9ess & ! ,gr& ,mon>que repli$ to ?is1 surely n unreasonable1 plea aft] ! mann] ( ,"l ,pet] 9 ! ,tale ( a ,tub4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n )\t "s appreh5sion ( meet+ ) a simil> fate1 t ,i put 9 a l plea aga9/ ,mr4 ,glad/one's ,bull4 ,! sev5 propositions decl>$ to be false & condemnable1 9 t k9dly & g5tle way :i* s pleasantly comp>es ) ! au?oritative /yle ( ! ,vatican 7,no4 #e m p>ticul>ly71 may or may n be true4 ,b !y are n to be f\nd 9 any?+ ,i h writt54 #egj ,& "s ( !m diametrically contrav5e t :i* ,i h writt54 ,i proce$ to prove my ass]tions4 ,,prop4 #a4 ,?r\gh\t ! pap] he conf\nds toge!r :at ,i _h di/+ui%$1 namely1 ! city ( ,gad>a & ! vic9age atta*$ to x1 n z a m]e pomo]ium1 b z a rural di/rict4 ,9 my judgm5t1 ?is /atem5t is devoid ( f\ndation4 ,9 my pap] on ,! ,keep]s ( ! ,h]d ( ,sw9e ,i po9t out1 at "s l5g?1 t1 9 accordance ) ! anci5t ,hell5ic practice1 ea* city ( ! ,decapolis mu/ h be5 surr\nd$ by a c]ta9 am\nt ( t]ritory am5able to its jurisdiction3 &1 to en=ce ?is conclusion1 ,i quote :at ,josephus says ab\t ! villages t belong$ to ,gad>a & ,hippos4 ,z ,i und]/& ! t]m pom]ium or pomo]ium1#aff x means ! space :i*1 accord+ to ,roman cu/om1 0 kept free f build+s1 imm$iately )9 & )\t ! walls ( a city2 & :i* def9$ ! range ( ! auspicia urbana4 ,! conception ( a pomo]ium z a vic9age atta*$ to a city1 appe>s to be some?+ q novel & orig9al4 ,b !n1 to be sure1 ,i d n "k h[ _m s5ses ,mr4 ,glad/one may atta* to ! ^w vic9age4 ,:e!r ,gad>a _h a pomo]ium1 9 ! prop] te*nical s5se1 or n1 is a po9t on :i* ,i (f] no op9ion4 ,b t ! city _h a v consid]able rural di/rict atta*$ to x &1 not)/&+ #ega its di/9ctness1 am5able to ! jurisdiction ( ! ,g5tile municipal au?orities1 is "o ( ! ma9 po9ts ( my case4 ,,prop4 #b4 ,he m fatally conf\nds ! local civil gov]nm5t & its foll[+1 includ+1 p]haps1 ! :ole weal?y class & ^? atta*$ to x1 ) ! e?nical "* ( ! g5]al population4 ,hav+ surviv$ confusion ,no4 #a1 :i* turns out n to be on my side1 ,i am n[ confront$ 9 ,no4 #b ) a m fatal error--& s x is1 if !re be degrees ( fatality2 b1 aga91 x is ,mr4 ,glad/one's & n m9e4 ,x w\ld appe>1 f ?is proposition 7ab\t ! grammatical int]pretation ( :i*1 h[ev]1 ,i admit !re are difficulties71 t ,mr4 ,glad/one holds t ! local civil gov]nm5t & its foll[+ among ! weal?y1 7 e?nically diff]5t f ! g5]al population4 ,on p4 #cdh he fur!r admits t ! weal?y & ! local gov]n+ p[] 7 fri5dly to ! ,romans4 ,are we !n to suppose t x 0 ! p]sons ( ,jewi% e?nical "* :o fav\r$ ! ,romans1 :ile ^? ( ,g5tile e?nical "* 7 oppos$ to !m8 ,b if t supposition is absurd1 ! only alt]native is t ! local civil gov]nm5t 0 e?nically ,g5tile4 ,?is is exactly my cont5tion4 ,at pp4 #edg & #eec ( ! ,essay on ,! ,keep]s ( ! ,h]d ( ,sw9e ,i h fully discuss$ ! "q ( ! e?nical "* ( ! g5]al population4 ,i h %[n t1 accord+ to ,josephus1 :o surely ought to h kn[n1 ,gad>a 0 z mu* a ,g5tile #egb city z ,ptolemais2 ,i h prov$ t he includes ,gad>a among/ ! cities t rose up aga9/ ! ,jews t 7 among/ !m1 :i* is a pretty def9ite expression ( 8 belief t ! e?nical "* ( ! g5]al population 0 ,g5tile4 ,!re is no "q "h ( ,jews ( ! ,roman p>ty fight+ ) ,jews ( ! ,zealot p>ty1 z ,mr4 ,glad/one sugge/s4 ,x is ! non-,jewi% & anti-,jewi% g5]al population :i* rises up aga9/ ! ,jews :o _h settl$ among !m4 ,,prop4 #c4 ,8 "o item ( direct evid5ce z to ! ,g5tile "* ( ! city ref]s only to ! =m] & n to ! latt]4 ,m fatal /ill4 ,b1 once m1 n to me4 ,i adduce n "o1 b a v>iety ( items 9 pro( ( ! non-,judaic "* ( ! population ( ,gad>a3 ! evid5ce ( hi/ory2 t ( ! co9age ( ! city2 ! direct te/imony ( ,josephus1 j cit$--to m5tion no o!rs4 ,i repeat1 if ! weal?y p & ^? connect$ ) !m--! classes & ! hang]s on ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's well-kn[n taxonomy--71 z he appe>s to admit !y 71 ,g5tiles2 if ! civil gov]nm5t ( ! city 0 9 _! h&s1 z ! co9age proves x 02 :at becomes ( ,mr4 ,glad/one's orig9al proposition 9 ,! ,impregnable ,rock ( ,scripture t ! population ( ,gad>a1 & /ill less 7if less may be7 ! population ( ! neighb\rhood1 7 ,hebrews b\nd by ! ,mosaic law8 ,& :at is ! importance ( e/imat+ ! precise proportion ( ,hebrews :o may h resid$1 ei!r 9 ! city ( ,gad>a #egc or 9 its dep5dant t]ritory1 :51 z ,mr4 ,glad/one n[ seems to admit 7,i am c>eful to say seems71 ! gov]nm5t1 & consequ5tly ! law1 :i* rul$ 9 t t]ritory & def9$ civil "r & wrong 0 ,g5tile & n ,judaic8 ,b p]haps ,mr4 ,glad/one is prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ! ,g5tile local civil gov]nm5t ( a city ( ! ,decapolis adm9i/]$ ,jewi% ,law2 & %[$ _! respect = x1 m p>ticul>ly1 by /amp+ _! co9age ) effigies ( ! ,emp]ors4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 9 8 ha/e to attribute to me errors :i* ,i h n committ$1 ,mr4 ,glad/one has giv5 away 8 case4 ,,prop4 #d4 ,he fatally conf\nds ! "q ( political p>ty ) ^? ( nationality & ( religion1 & assumes t ^? :o took ! side ( ,rome 9 ! factions t prevail$ c\ld n be subject to ! ,mosaic ,law4 ,x w\ld seem t ,i h a fel9e t5acity ( life2 once m1 a fatal error4 ,b ,mr4 ,glad/one has =gott5 an excell5t rule ( controv]sy2 say :at is true1 ( c\rse1 b m9d t x is dec5tly probable4 ,n[ x is n dec5tly probable1 h>dly inde$ conceivable1 t any "o :o has read ,josephus1 or any o!r hi/orian ( ! ,jewi% w>1 %\ld be unaw>e t !re 7 ,jews 7( :om ,josephus himself 0 "o7 :o ,romanis$ &1 m or less op5ly1 oppos$ ! w> p>ty4 ,b1 h[ev] t may be1 ,i ass]t t ,mr4 ,glad/one nei!r has produc$1 nor c produce1 a passage ( my writ+ :i* af=ds ! slighte/ #egd f\ndation = ?is p>ticul> article ( 8 indictm5t4 ,,prop4 #e4 ,8 exam9ation ( ! text ( ,josephus is alike "o-sid$1 inadequate1 & errone\s4 ,easy to say1 h>d to prove4 ,s long z ! au?orities :om ,i h cit$ are on my side1 ,i d n "k :y ?is s+ul>ly temp]ate & conv9c+ dictum %\ld tr\ble me4 ,i h yet to become acqua9t$ ) ,mr4 ,glad/one's claims to speak ) an au?ority equal to t ( s*ol>s ( ! rank ( ,s*u]]1 ^: obvi\sly j & necess>y em5dations he s unc]emoni\sly pooh-poohs4 ,,prop4 #f4 ,f9ally1 he sets aside1 on gr\nds n critical or hi/orical1 b p>tly subjective1 ! prim>y hi/orical te/imony on ! subject1 namely1 t ( ! ?ree ,synoptic ,evangeli/s1 :o write z contempor>ies & deal directly ) ! subject1 nei!r ( :i* is done by any o!r au?ority4 ,really ?is is too mu*6 ,! fact is1 z anybody c see :o w turn to my article ( ,febru>y #ahhi1 out ( :i* all ?is discussion has aris51 t ! argum5ts ^u :i* ,i re/ ! /r5g? ( my case t\*+ ! sw9e-miracle1 are exactly hi/orical & critical4 ,expressly1 & 9 words t _c be misund]/ood1 ,i refuse to re/ on :at ,mr4 ,glad/one calls subjective evid5ce4 ,i ab/a9 f d5y+ ! possibility ( ! ,gad>5e occurr5ce1 & ,i ev5 g s f> z to speak ( "s physical analogies to possession4 ,9 fact1 my quondam oppon5t1 ,dr4 ,wace1 %rewdly1 b q fairly1 made ! mo/ ( ^! admissions1 & /at$ t ,i _h #ege remov$ ! only consid]ation :i* w\ld h be5 a s]i\s ob/acle 9 ! way ( 8 belief 9 ! ,gad>5e /ory4#afg ,s f> f sett+ aside ! au?ority ( ! synoptics on subjective gr\nds1 ,i h tak5 a great deal ( tr\ble to %[ t my non-belief 9 ! /ory is bas$ ^u :at appe>s to me to be evid5t2 fir/ly1 t ! acc\nts ( ! ?ree synoptic ,gospels are n indep5d5t1 b are f\nd$ ^u a common s\rce2 secondly1 t1 ev5 if ! /ory ( ! common tradition proce$$ f a contempor>y1 x w\ld /ill be wor?y ( v little cr$it1 see+ ! mann] 9 :i* ! leg5ds ab\t m$iaeval miracles h be5 prop\nd$ by contempor>ies4 ,& 9 illu/ration ( ?is position ,i wrote a special essay ab\t ! miracles report$ by ,eg9h>d4#afh ,9 tru?1 "o ne$ g no fur!r ?an ,mr4 ,glad/one's six? proposition to be conv9c$ t contempor>y te/imony1 ev5 ( well-kn[n & di/+ui%$ p]sons1 may be b a v frail re$ = ! support ( ! hi/orian1 :5 !ological prepossession bl9ds ! witness4#afi #egf ,,prop4 #g4 ,& he treats ! entire "q1 9 ! n>r[$ =m 9 :i* x arises ^u secul> te/imony1 z if x 7 capable ( a solution s cle> & summ>y z to w>rant ! use ( ! extreme/ weapons ( controv]sy aga9/ ^? :o presume to diff] f him4 ,! six h]etical propositions :i* h gone be=e are enunciat$ ) suffici5t cle>ness to enable me to prove )\t any difficulty t1 :osesoev] !y are1 !y are n m9e4 ,b numb] sev51 ,i confess1 is too h>d = me4 ,i _c und]take to contradict t :i* ,i d n und]/&4 ,:at is ! entire "q :i* arises 9 a n>r[$ =m ^u secul> te/imony8 ,aft] mu* guess+1 ,i am fa9 to give up ! conundrum4 ,! "q may be ! own]%ip ( ! pigs2 or ! e?nological "* ( ! #egg ,gad>5es2 or ! propriety ( m$dl+ ) o!r p's prop]ty )\t legal w>rant4 ,& ea* ( ^! que/ions might be s n>r[$ :5 x arose on secul> te/imony t ,i %\ld n "k :]e ,i 04 ,s ,i am sil5t on ?is "p ( ! proposition4 ,b ,i d dimly disc]n 9 ! latt] moiety ( ?is my/]i\s p>agraph a repro( ( t use ( ! extreme/ weapons ( controv]sy :i* is attribut$ to me4 ,^u :i* ,i h to obs]ve t ,i guide myself 9 su* matt]s v mu* by ! maxim ( a great /atesman1 ,d ut des4 ,if ,mr4 ,glad/one objects to ! employm5t ( su* weapons 9 def5ce1 he w\ld d well to ab/a9 f !m 9 attack4 ,he %\ld n frame *>ges :i* he has1 aft]w>ds1 to admit are errone\s1 9 language ( c>efully calculat$ (f5siv5ess 7,impregnable ,rock1 pp4 #bfi-gj72 he %\ld n assume t p]sons ) :om he disagrees are s recklessly unconsci5ti\s z to evade ! tr\ble ( inquir+ :at has be5 said or kn[n ab\t a grave "q 7,impregnable ,rock1 p4 #bgc72 he %\ld n qualify ! results ( c>eful ?\ght z h&-ov]-head reason+ 7,impregnable ,rock1 p4 #bgd72 he %\ld n1 z 9 ! extraord9>y propositions :i* ,i h j analys$1 make ass]tions respect+ 8 oppon5t's position & argum5ts :i* are contradict$ by ! pla9e/ facts4 ,p]sons :o1 l myself1 hav+ sp5t _! lives outside ! political _w1 yet take a mild & philosophical conc]n 9 :at goes on 9 x1 (t5 f9d #egh x difficult to und]/& :at our neighb\rs call ! psy*ological mom5t ( ?is or t p>ty lead] & are1 occasionally1 lo? to believe 9 ! seem+ conditions ( c]ta9 k9ds ( success4 ,& :5 "s *iefta91 fam\s 9 political w>f>e1 adv5tures into ! region ( lett]s or ( sci5ce1 9 full confid5ce t ! me?ods :i* h br\ght fame & hon\r 9 8 own prov9ce w answ] !re1 he is apt to =get t he w be judg$ by ^! p1 on :om rhetorical artifices h long ceas$ to take effect2 & to :om m]e dext]ity 9 putt+ toge!r clev]ly ambigu\s phrases1 & ev5 ! great art ( (f5sive misrepres5tation1 are unspeakably we>isome4 ,&1 if t we>9ess f9ds its expression 9 s>casm1 ! (f5d] really has no "r to cry out4 ,assur$ly1 ridicule is no te/ ( tru?1 b x is ! righte\s me$ ( "s k9ds ( error4 ,nor ought ! attempt to conf\nd ! expression ( a revolt$ s5se ( fair deal+ ) arrogant impati5ce ( contradiction1 to re/ra9 ^? to :om ! extreme weapons ( controv]sy come h&y f us+ !m4 ,! function ( police 9 ! intellectual1 if n 9 ! civil1 economy may sometimes be legitimately dis*>g$ by volunte]s4 ,"s "t ago1 9 "o ( ! _m criticisms ) :i* ,i am fav\r$1 ,i met ) ! rem>k t1 at our "t ( life1 ,mr4 ,glad/one & ,i might be bett] occupi$ ?an 9 fight+ ov] ! ,gad>5e pigs4 ,&1 if ^! too fam\s sw9e 7 ! only p>ties to ! suit1 ,i1 = my "p1 %\ld fully admit ! #egi ju/ice ( ! rebuke4 ,b1 "u ! b5efic5t rule ( ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y1 9 =m] times1 x 0 n uncommon t a qu>rel ab\t a few p]*es ( wor?less l& end$ 9 ! ru9 ( anci5t families & ! engulf+ ( great e/ates2 & ,i ?9k t our admoni%] fail$ to obs]ve ! analogy--to note ! mom5t\s consequ5ces ( ! judgm5t :i* may be aw>d$ 9 ! pres5t app>5tly insignificant action 9 re ! sw9eh]ds ( ,gad>a4 ,! imm$iate effect ( su* judgm5t w be ! decision ( ! "q :e!r ! m5 ( ! n9ete5? c5tury are to adopt ! demonology ( ! m5 ( ! fir/ c5tury z div9ely reveal$ tru?1 or to reject x z degrad+ falsity4 ,! rev]5d ,pr9cipal ( ,k+'s ,college has deliv]$ 8 judgm5t 9 p]fectly cle> & c&id t]ms4 ,two ye>s s9ce1 ,dr4 ,wace said t he believ$ ! /ory z x /&s2 & consequ5tly he holds1 z a "p ( div9e revelation1 t ! spiritual _w comprises devils1 :o1 "u c]ta9 circum/ances1 may ent] m5 & be transf]r$ f !m to f\r-foot$ bea/s4 ,= ! di/+ui%$ ,anglican div9e & ,biblical s*ol> t is "p & p>cel ( ! tea*+s respect+ ! spiritual _w :i* we owe to ! f\nd] ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is an insep>able "p ( t ,*ri/ian or?odoxy :i*1 if a man rejects1 he is to be consid]$ & call$ an infidel4 ,accord+ to ! ord9>y rules ( int]pretation ( language1 ,mr4 ,glad/one mu/ hold ! same view4 ,if antiquity & univ]sality are valid te/s ( ! tru? ( any belief1 no d\bt ?is is "o ( ! beliefs #ehj s c]tifi$4 ,!re are no kn[n savages1 nor p sunk 9 ! ignorance ( p>tial civilisation1 :o d n hold !m4 ,! great majority ( ,*ri/ians h held !m & /ill hold !m4 ,moreov]1 ! olde/ records we possess ( ! e>ly conceptions ( mank9d 9 ,egypt & 9 ,mesopotamia prove t exactly su* demonology1 z is impli$ 9 ! ,gad>5e /ory1 =m$ ! sub/ratum1 &1 among ! e>ly ,accadians1 app>5tly ! great] "p1 ( _! suppos$ k ( ! spiritual _w4 ,m4 ,l5ormant's pr(\ndly int]e/+ "w on ,babylonian magic & ! magical texts giv5 9 ! ,app5dix to ,pr(essor ,sayce's ,hibb]t ,lectures leave no d\bt on ?is head4 ,!y prove t ! doctr9e ( possession1 & ev5 ! p>ticul> case ( pig possession1#agj 7 firmly believ$ 9 by ! ,egyptians & ! ,mesopotamians be=e ! tribes ( ,israel invad$ ,pale/9e4 ,& x is evid5t t ^! beliefs1 f "s "t aft] ! exile & probably mu* e>li]1 completely int]p5etrat$ ! ,jewi% m9d1 & ?us became insep>ably int]wov5 ) ! fabric ( ! synoptic ,gospels4 ,!re=e1 beh9d ! "q ( ! acceptance ( ! doctr9es ( ! olde/ hea!n demonology z "p ( ! fundam5tal beliefs ( ,*ri/ianity1 !re lies ! "q ( ! cr$ibility ( ! ,gospels1 & ( _! claim to act z our in/ructors1 outside t e?ical #eha prov9ce 9 :i* !y appeal to ! consci\sness ( all ?\ghtful m54 ,& /ill1 beh9d ?is problem1 !re lies ano!r--h[ f> d ^! anci5t records give a sure f\ndation to ! prodigi\s fabric ( ,*ri/ian dogma :i* has be5 built ^u !m by ! cont9u\s lab\rs ( speculative !ologians dur+ eighte5 c5turies8 ,i submit t !re are few que/ions be=e ! m5 ( ! ris+ g5]ation on ! answ] to :i* ! future hangs m fatally ?an ?is4 ,we are at ! p>t+ ( ! ways4 ,:e!r ! tw5tie? c5tury %all see a recrudesc5ce ( ! sup]/itions ( m$iaeval papi/ry1 or :e!r x %all witness ! sev]ance ( ! liv+ body ( ! e?ical ideal ( prophetic ,israel f ! c>case1 f\l ) savage sup]/itions & cank]$ ) false philosophy1 to :i* ! !ologians h b\nd x1 turns ^u _! f9al judgm5t ( ! ,gad>5e tale4 ,! gravity ( ! problems ultimately involv$ 9 ! discussion ( ! leg5d ( ,gad>a w1 ,i hope1 excuse a p]si/5ce 9 return+ to ! subject1 to :i* ,i %\ld n h be5 mov$ by m]ely p]sonal consid]ations4 ,) respect to ! diluvial invective :i* ov]fl[$ ?irty-?ree pages ( ?is ,review la/ ,janu>y1 ,i d\bt n t x has a cata/rophic importance 9 ! e/imation ( its au?or4 ,i1 on ! o!r h&1 may be p]mitt$ to reg>d x z a m]e spate2 noisy & ?reat5+ :ile x la/$1 b =gott5 almo/ #ehb z soon z x 0 ov]4 ,)\t my help1 x w be judg$ by e in/ruct$ & cle>-head$ read]2 & t is =tunate1 because1 7 aid necess>y1 ,i h cog5t reasons = )hold+ x4 ,9 an article *>act]is$ by ! same qualities ( ?\ght & diction1 entitl$ ,a ,great ,lesson1 :i* appe>$ 9 ?is ,review = ,septemb] #ahhg1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 fir/ly1 *>g$ ! :ole body ( m5 ( sci5ce int]e/$ 9 ! "q ) hav+ conspir$ to ignore c]ta9 criticisms ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ( ! orig9 & coral reefs2 &1 secondly1 he ass]t$ t "s p]son unnam$ _h actually induc$ ,mr4 ,john ,murray to delay ! publication ( 8 views on t subject = two ye>s4 ,x 0 easy = me & = o!rs to prove t ! fir/ /atem5t 0 n only1 to use ! ,duke ( ,argyll's fav\rite expression1 contr>y to fact1 b t x 0 )\t any f\ndation :atev]4 ,! second /atem5t re/$ on ! ,duke ( ,argyll's p]sonal au?ority4 ,all ,i c\ld d 0 to dem& ! production ( ! evid5ce = x4 ,up to ! pres5t "t1 s f> z ,i "k1 t evid5ce has n made its appe>ance2 nor has !re be5 any )drawal (1 or apology =1 ! errone\s *>ge4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 mo/ p w und]/& :y ! ,duke ( ,argyll may feel q secure ( hav+ ! battle all to himself1 :5ev] x pleases him to attack me4 99 99 99 99 99 #ehc ,,xvi ,,hasisadra',s ,,adv5ture ,"s ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 !re 0 a city 9 ,mesopotamia call$ ,surippak4 ,"o night a /range dream came to a dwell] !re91 ^: "n1 if rightly report$1 0 ,hasisadra4 ,! dream =etold ! spe$y com+ ( a great flood2 & x w>n$ ,hasisadra to lose no "t 9 build+ a %ip1 9 :i*1 :5 notice 0 giv51 he1 8 family & fri5ds1 ) _! dome/ic animals & a collection ( ! wild creatures & se$ ( plants ( ! l&1 might take refuge & be rescu$ f de/ruction4 ,hasisadra awoke1 & at once act$ ^u ! w>n+4 ,a /rong deck$ %ip 0 built1 & h] sides 7 paid1 inside & out1 ) ! m9]al pit*1 or bitum51 ) :i* ! c\ntry ab\nd$2 ! vessel's seawor?9ess 0 te/$1 ! c>go 0 /[$ away1 & a tru/y pilot or /e]sman appo9t$4 ,! promis$ signal arriv$4 ,wife & fri5ds emb>k$2 ,hasisadra1 foll[+1 prud5tly %ut ! door1 or1 z we %\ld say1 put on ! hat*es2 & ,nes-,hea1 ! pilot1 0 left alone on deck to d #ehd 8 be/ = ! %ip4 ,!reupon a hurricane began to rage2 ra9 fell 9 torr5ts2 ! subt]ranean wat]s bur/ =?2 a deluge swept ov] ! l&1 & ! w9d la%$ x into waves sky high2 heav5 & e>? became m+l$ 9 *aotic gloom4 ,= six days & sev5 nights ! gale rag$1 b ! good %ip held out until1 on ! sev5? day1 ! /orm lull$4 ,hasisadra v5tur$ on deck2 &1 see+ no?+ b a wa/e ( wat]s /rew$ ) float+ corpses & wreck1 wept ov] ! de/ruction ( 8 l& & p4 ,f> away1 ! m\nta9s ( ,nizir 7 visible2 ! %ip 0 /e]$ = !m & ran agr\nd ^u ! high] l&4 ,yet ano!r sev5 days pass$ by4 ,on ! sev5?1 ,hasisadra s5t =? a dove1 :i* f\nd no re/+ place & return$2 !n he lib]at$ a swall[1 :i* also came back2 f9ally1 a rav5 0 let loose1 & t sagaci\s bird1 :5 x f\nd t ! wat] _h abat$1 came ne> ! %ip1 b refus$ to return to x4 ,^u ?is1 ,hasisadra lib]at$ ! re/ ( ! wild animals1 :i* imm$iately disp]s$ 9 all directions1 :ile he1 ) 8 family & fri5ds1 asc5d+ a m\nta9 h>d by1 (f]$ sacrifices ^u its summit to ! gods4 ,! /ory ?us giv5 9 summ>y ab/ract1 told 9 an anci5t ,semitic dialect1 is inscrib$ 9 cunei=m *>act]s ^u a tablet ( burnt clay4 ,_m ?\s&s ( su* tablets1 collect$ by ,assurbanipal1 ,k+ ( ,assyria 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury ,b4,c41 7 /or$ 9 ! libr>y ( 8 palace at #ehe ,n9eveh2 &1 ?\gh 9 a sadly brok5 & mutilat$ condition1 !y h yield$ a m>vell\s am\nt ( in=mation to ! pati5t & sagaci\s lab\r :i* mod]n s*ol>s h be/[$ ^u !m4 ,among ! multitude ( docum5ts ( v>i\s k9ds1 ?is n>rative ( ,hasisadra's adv5ture has be5 f\nd 9 a tol]ably complete /ate4 ,b ,assyriologi/s agree t x is only a copy ( a mu* m anci5t "w2 & !re are weighty reasons = believ+ t ! /ory ( ,hasisadra's flood 0 well kn[n 9 ,mesopotamia be=e ! ye> #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,no d\bt1 !n1 we are 9 pres5ce ( a n>rative :i* has all ! au?ority :i* antiquity c conf]2 & x is prop] to deal respectfully ) x1 ev5 ?\gh x is q z prop]1 & inde$ necess>y1 to act no less respectfully t[>ds ourselves2 &1 be=e pr(ess+ to put implicit fai? 9 x1 to inquire :at claim x has to be reg>d$ z a s]i\s acc\nt ( an hi/orical ev5t4 ,x is ( no use to appeal to contempor>y hi/ory1 al?\gh ! annals ( ,babylonia1 no less ?an ^? ( ,egypt1 g mu* fur!r back ?an #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,all t c be said is1 t ! =m] are h>dly consi/5t ) ! supposition t any cata/rophe1 compet5t to de/roy all ! population1 has befall5 ! l& s9ce civilisation began1 & t ! latt] are notori\sly sil5t ab\t deluges4 ,9 su* a case z ?is1 h[ev]1 ! sil5ce ( hi/ory does n leave ! inquir] :olly at fault4 ,natural sci5ce has some?+ to say :5 ! ph5om5a ( nature #ehf are 9 "q4 ,natural sci5ce may be able to %[1 f ! nature ( ! c\ntry1 ei!r t su* an ev5t z t describ$ 9 ! /ory is impossible1 or at any rate highly improbable2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 t x is consonant ) probability4 ,9 ! =m] case1 ! n>rative mu/ be suspect$ or reject$2 9 ! latt]1 no su* summ>y v]dict c be giv53 on ! contr>y1 x mu/ be admitt$ t ! /ory may be true4 ,& !n1 if c]ta9 /rangely preval5t canons ( criticism are accept$1 & if ! evid5ce t an ev5t might h happ5$ is to be accept$ z pro( t x did happ51 ,assyriologi/s w be at lib]ty to congratulate "o ano!r on ! confirmation by mod]n sci5ce ( ! au?ority ( _! anci5t books4 ,x w be int]e/+1 !re=e1 to inquire h[ f> ! physical /ructure & ! o!r conditions ( ! region 9 :i* ,surippak 0 situat$ are compatible ) su* a flood z is describ$ 9 ! ,assyrian record4 ,! sc5e ( ,hasisadra's adv5ture is laid 9 ! broad valley1 six or sev5 hundr$ miles long1 & h>dly any:]e less ?an a hundr$ miles 9 wid?1 :i* is trav]s$ by ! l[] c\rses ( ! riv]s ,euphrates & ,tigris1 & :i* is commonly kn[n z ! ,euphrates valley4 ,ris+1 at ! "o end1 into a hill c\ntry1 :i* gradually passes into ! ,alp9e heights ( ,arm5ia2 &1 at ! o!r1 dipp+ b5ea? ! %all[ wat]s ( ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 :i* cont9ues 9 ! same direction1 f nor?-we/ to s\?-ea/1 = "s eight hundr$ #ehg miles f>!r1 ! floor ( ! valley pres5ts a gradual slope1 f eight hundr$ feet above ! sea level to ! dep?s ( ! s\!rn end ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf4 ,! b\nd>y betwe5 sea & l&1 =m$ by ! extreme/ mudflats ( ! delta ( ! two riv]s1 is b vaguely def9$2 &1 ye> by ye>1 x advances seaw>d4 ,on ! nor?-ea/]n side1 ! we/]n fronti] ranges ( ,p]sia rise abruptly to great heights2 on ! s\?-we/]n side1 a m gradual asc5t leads to a table-l& ( less elevation1 :i*1 v broad 9 ! s\?1 :]e x is occupi$ by ! des]ts ( ,arabia & ( ,s\!rn ,syria1 n>r[s1 nor?w>ds1 into ! highl&s ( ,pale/9e1 & is cont9u$ by ! ranges ( ! ,lebanon1 ! ,antilebanon1 & ! ,taurus1 into ! highl&s ( ,arm5ia4 ,! wide & g5tly incl9$ pla91 ?us inclos$ betwe5 ! gulf & ! highl&s1 on ea* side & at its upp] extremity1 is di/+ui%able into two regions ( v diff]5t "*1 "o ( :i* lies nor?1 & ! o!r s\? ( ! p>allel ( ,hit1 on ! ,euphrates4 ,except 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! riv]1 ! nor!rn division is /ony & scantily cov]$ ) vegetation1 except 9 spr+4 ,ov] ! s\!rn division1 on ! contr>y1 spreads a deep alluvial soil1 9 :i* ev5 a pebble is r>e2 & :i*1 ?\gh1 "u ! exi/+ misrule1 ma9ly a wa/e ( m>% & wild]ness1 ne$s only intellig5t att5tion to become1 z x 0 ( old1 ! gran>y ( we/]n ,asia4 ,except 9 ! extreme s\?1 ! ra9fall is small & ! air dry4 ,! heat 9 summ] is int5se1 :ile bitt]ly cold nor!rn bla/s #ehh sweep ! pla9 9 w9t]4 ,:irlw9ds are n uncommon2 &1 9 ! int]vals ( ! p]iodical inundations1 ! f9e1 dry1 p[d]y soil is swept1 ev5 by mod]ate breezes1 into /ifl+ cl\ds1 or r fogs1 ( du/4 ,l[ inequalities1 elevations "h & depressions !re1 div]sify ! surface ( ! alluvial region4 ,! latt] are occupi$ by enorm\s m>%es1 :ile ! =m] support ! p]man5t dwell+s ( ! pres5t scanty & mis]able population4 ,9 antiquity1 s long z ! canalisation ( ! c\ntry 0 prop]ly c>ri$ out1 ! f]tility ( ! alluvial pla9 enabl$ great & prosp]\s nations to h _! home 9 ! ,euphrates valley4 ,its abundant clay furni%$ ! mat]ials = ! masses ( sun-dri$ & burnt bricks1 ! rema9s ( :i*1 9 ! %ape ( huge artificial m\nds1 /ill te/ify to bo? ! magnitude & ! indu/ry ( ! population1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,good cem5t is pl5tiful1 :ile ! bitum51 :i* wells f ! rocks at ,hit & else:]e1 n only answ]s ! same purpose1 b is us$ to ?is day1 z x 0 9 ,hasisadra's "t1 to pay ! inside & ! outside ( boats4 ,9 ! broad l[] c\rse ( ! ,euphrates1 ! /ream r>ely acquires a velocity ( m ?an ?ree miles an h\r1 :ile ! l[] ,tigris atta9s d\ble t rate 9 times ( flood4 ,! wat] ( bo? great riv]s is ma9ly d]iv$ f ! nor!rn & ea/]n highl&s 9 ,arm5ia & 9 ,kurdi/an1 & /&s at its l[e/ level 9 e>ly autumn & 9 ,janu>y4 #ehi ,b :5 ! sn[s accumulat$ 9 ! upp] bas9s ( ! great riv]s1 dur+ ! w9t]1 melt "u ! hot sun%9e ( spr+1 !y rapidly rise1#aga & at l5g? ov]fl[ _! banks1 cov]+ ! alluvial pla9 ) a va/ inl& sea1 int]rupt$ only by ! high] ridges & hummocks :i* =m isl&s 9 a seem+ly b\ndless expanse ( wat]4 ,9 ! occurr5ce ( ^! annual inundations lies "o ( sev]al resemblances betwe5 ! valley ( ! ,euphrates & t ( ! ,nile4 ,b !re are important diff]5ces4 ,! "t ( ! annual flood is rev]s$1 ! ,nile be+ highe/ 9 autumn & w9t]1 & l[e/ 9 spr+ & e>ly summ]4 ,! p]iodical ov]fl[s ( ! ,nile1 regulat$ by ! great lake bas9s 9 ! s\?1 are usually punctual 9 arrival1 gradual 9 gr[?1 & b5eficial 9 op]ation4 ,no lakes are int]pos$ betwe5 ! m\nta9 torr5ts ( ! upp] basis ( ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates & _! l[] c\rses4 ,h5ce1 heavy ra91 or an unusually rapid ?aw 9 ! upl&s1 gives rise to ! sudd5 irruption ( a va/ volume ( wat] :i* n ev5 ! rapid ,tigris1 /ill less its m sluggi% companion1 c c>ry (f 9 "t to prev5t viol5t & dang]\s ov]fl[s4 ,)\t an elaborate sy/em ( canalisation1 provid+ an escape = su* sudd5 excesses ( ! supply ( wat]1 ! annual floods ( ! ,euphrates1 & especially ( ! #eij ,tigris1 mu/ always be att5d$ ) risk1 & (t5 prove h>mful4 ,!re are o!r peculi>ities ( ! ,euphrates valley :i* may occasionally t5d to exac]bate ! evils att5dant on ! inundations4 ,x is v subject to seismic di/urbances2 & ! ord9>y consequ5ces ( a %>p e>?quake %ock might be s]i\sly complicat$ by its effect on a broad %eet ( wat]4 ,moreov]1 ! ,indian ,ocean lies )9 ! region ( typhoons2 & if1 at ! height ( an inundation1 a hurricane f ! s\?-ea/ swept up ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 driv+ its %all[ wat]s ^u ! delta & damm+ back ! outfl[1 p]haps = hundr$s ( miles up-/ream1 a diluvial cata/rophe1 fairly up to ! m>k ( ,hasisadra's1 might easily result4#agb ,?us !re seems to be no valid reason = reject+ ,hasisadra's /ory on physical gr\nds4 ,i d n ga!r f ! n>rative t ! m\nta9s ( ,nizir 7 suppos$ to be subm]g$1 b m]ely t !y came into view above ! di/ant horizon ( ! wat]s1 z ! vessel drove 9 t direction4 ,c]ta9ly ! %ip is n suppos$ to gr\nd on any ( _! high] summits1 = ,hasisadra has to asc5d a peak 9 ord] to (f] 8 sacrifice4 ,! c\ntry ( ,nizir lay on ! nor?-ea/]n side ( ! ,euphrates #eia valley1 ab\t ! c\rses ( ! two riv]s ,zab1 :i* ent] ! ,tigris :]e x trav]ses ! pla9 ( ,assyria "s eight or n9e hundr$ feet above ! sea2 &1 s f> z ,i c judge f maps#agc & o!r s\rces ( in=mation1 x is possible1 "u ! circum/ances suppos$1 t su* a %ip z ,hasisadra's might drive be=e a s\!rly gale1 ov] a cont9u\sly flood$ c\ntry1 until x gr\nd$ on "s ( ! l[ hills betwe5 :i* bo? ! l[] & ! upp] ,zab ent] ^u ! ,assyrian pla94 ,! tablet :i* conta9s ! /ory "u consid]ation is ! elev5? ( a s]ies ( twelve4 ,ea* ( ^! answ]s to a mon?1 & to ! correspond+ sign ( ! ,zodiac4 ,! ,assyrian ye> began ) ! spr+ equ9ox2 consequ5tly1 ! elev5? mon?1 call$ ! ra9y1 answ]s to our ,janu>y-,febru>y1 & to ! sign :i* corresponds ) our ,aqu>ius4 ,! aquatic adv5ture ( ,hasisadra1 !re=e1 is n inappropriately plac$4 ,x is curi\s1 h[ev]1 t ! season ?us indirectly assign$ to ! flood is n t ( ! pres5t highe/ level ( ! riv]s4 ,x is too late = ! w9t] rise & too e>ly = ! spr+ floods4 ,i ?9k x mu/ be admitt$ t1 s f>1 ! physical cross-exam9ation to :i* ,hasisadra has be5 subject$ does n break d[n 8 /ory4 ,on ! contr>y1 he proves to h kept x 9 all ess5tial respects#agd )9 ! b\nds ( probability or #eib possibility4 ,h[ev]1 we h n yet done ) him4 ,= ! conditions :i* obta9$ 9 ! ,euphrates valley1 f\r or five ?\s& ye>s ago1 may h diff]$ to su* an ext5t f ^? :i* n[ exi/ t we %\ld be able to convict him ( hav+ made up 8 tale4 ,b "h aga9 ev]y?+ is 9 fav\r ( 8 cr$ibility4 ,inde$1 he may claim v p[]ful support1 = x does n lie 9 ! m\?s ( ^? :o accept ! au?ority ( ! ,p5tateu* to d5y t ! ,euphrates valley 0 :at x is1 ev5 six ?\s& ye>s back4 ,accord+ to ! book ( ,g5esis1 ,phrat & ,hiddekel--! ,euphrates & ! ,tigris--are coeval ) ,p>adise4 ,an edition ( ! ,scriptures1 rec5tly publi%$ "u high au?ority1 ) an elaborate app>atus ( ,helps = ! use ( /ud5ts--& !re=e1 z ,i am b\nd to suppose1 purg$ ( all /atem5ts t c\ld by any possibility mislead ! "y--assigns ! ye> ,b4,c4 #djjd z ! date ( ,adam's too brief resid5ce 9 t locality4 ,b ,i am f> f dep5d+ on ?is au?ority = ! age ( ! ,mesopotamian pla94 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i v5ture to rely1 ) mu* m confid5ce1 on ano!r k9d ( evid5ce1 :i* t5ds to %[ t ! age ( ! great riv]s mu/ be c>ri$ back to a date e>li] ?an t at :i* our +5u\s y\? is in/ruct$ t ! e>? came into exi/5ce4 ,=1 ! alluvial deposit hav+ be5 br\ght d[n by ! riv]s1 !y mu/ ne$s be old] ?an ! pla9 x #eic =ms1 z navvies mu/ ne$s antec$e ! embankm5t pa9fully built up by ! cont5ts ( _! :eelb>r[s4 ,= ?\s&s ( ye>s1 heat & cold1 ra91 sn[1 & fro/1 ! scrubb+ ( glaci]s1 & ! sc\r+ ( torr5ts lad5 ) s& & gravel1 h be5 we>+ d[n ! rocks ( ! upp] bas9s ( ! riv]s1 ov] an area ( _m ?\s& squ>e miles2 & ^! mat]ials1 gr\nd to f9e p[d] 9 ! c\rse ( _! long j\rney1 h sl[ly subsid$1 z ! wat] :i* c>ri$ !m spread out & lo/ its velocity 9 ! sea4 ,x is because ?is process is /ill go+ on t ! %ore ( ! delta con/antly encroa*es on ! head ( ! gulf#age into :i* ! two riv]s are con/antly ?r[+ ! wa/e ( ,arm5ia & ( ,kurdi/an4 ,h5ce1 z might be expect$1 fluviatile & m>9e %ells are common 9 ! alluvial deposit2 & ,l(tus f\nd /rata1 conta9+ subfossil m>9e %ells ( species n[ liv+1 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 at ,w>ka1 two hundr$ miles 9 a /raight l9e f ! %ore ( ! delta4#agf ,x foll[s t1 if a tru/wor?y e/imate ( ! av]age rate ( gr[? ( ! alluvial c be =m$1 ! l[e/ limit 7by no means ! highe/ limit7 ( age ( ! riv]s c be det]m9$4 ,all su* e/imates are beset #eid ) s\rces ( error ( v v>i\s k9ds2 & ! be/ ( !m c only be reg>d$ z approximations to ! tru?4 ,b ,i ?9k x w be q safe to assume a maximum rate ( gr[? ( f\r miles 9 a c5tury = ! l[] half ( ! alluvial pla94 ,n[1 ! cycle ( n>ratives ( :i* ,hasisadra's adv5ture =ms a "p conta9s allusions n only to ,surippak1 ! exact position ( :i* is d\btful1 b to o!r cities1 su* z ,ere*4 ,! va/ ru9s at ! pres5t village ( ,w>ka h be5 c>efully explor$ & det]m9$ to be all t rema9s ( t once great & fl\ri%+ city1 ,ere* ! l(ty4 ,suppos+ t ! two hundr$ miles ( alluvial c\ntry1 :i* sep>ates !m f ! head ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf at pres5t1 h be5 deposit$ at ! v high rate ( f\r miles 9 a c5tury1 x w foll[ t #djjj ye>s ago1 or ab\t ! ye> #bajj ,b4,c41 ! city ( ,ere* /ill lay =ty miles inl&4 ,inde$1 ! city might h be5 built a ?\s& ye>s e>li]4 ,moreov]1 !re is pl5ty ( indep5d5t ar*aeological & o!r evid5ce t 9 ! :ole ?\s& ye>s1 #bjjj to #cjjj ,b4,c41 ! alluvial pla9 0 inhabit$ by a num]\s p1 among :om indu/ry1 art1 & lit]ature _h atta9$ a v consid]able developm5t4 ,& x c be %[n t ! physical conditions & ! climate ( ! ,euphrates valley1 at t "t1 mu/ h be5 extremely simil> to :at !y are n[4 ,?us1 once m1 we rea* ! conclusion t1 z a "q ( physical probability1 !re is no gr\nd = object+ to ! reality ( ,hasisadra's adv5ture4 #eie ,x w\ld be unreasonable to d\bt t su* a flood might h happ5$1 & t su* a p]son might h escap$ 9 ! way describ$1 any "t dur+ ! la/ #ejjj ye>s4 ,& if ! po/ulate ( loose ?9k]s 9 se>* ( sci5tific confirmations ( que/ionable n>ratives--pro( t an ev5t may h happ5$ is evid5ce t x did happ5--is to be accept$1 surely ,hasisadra's /ory is confirm$ by mod]n sci5tific inve/igation beyond all cavil4 ,h[ev]1 x may be well to pause be=e adopt+ ?is conclusion1 because ! orig9al /ory1 ( :i* ,i h set =? only ! broad outl9es1 conta9s a great _m /atem5ts :i* re/ ^u j ! same f\ndation z ^? cit$1 & yet are h>dly likely to meet ) g5]al acceptance4 ,! acc\nt ( ! circum/ances :i* l$ up to ! flood1 ( ^? "u :i* ,hasisadra's adv5ture 0 made kn[n to 8 desc5dant1 ( c]ta9 rem>kable incid5ts be=e & aft] ! flood1 are insep>ably b\nd up ) ! details already giv54 ,& ,i am unable to discov] any ju/ification = arbitr>ily pick+ out "s ( ^! & dubb+ !m hi/orical v]ities1 :ile reject+ ! re/ z leg5d>y fictions4 ,!y /& or fall toge!r4 ,be=e proce$+ to ! consid]ation ( ^! less satisfactory details1 x is ne$ful to rem>k t ,hasisadra's adv5ture is a m]e episode 9 a cycle ( /ories ( :i* a p]sonage1 ^: "n is provisionally read ,izdub>1 is ! c5tre4 ,! nature ( ,izdub> hov]s vaguely betwe5 ! h]oic & ! div9e2 sometimes he seems a m]e man1 sometimes #eif approa*es s closely to ! div9ities ( fire & ( ! sun z to be h>dly di/+ui%able f !m4 ,z ,i h already m5tion$1 ! tablet :i* sets =? ,hasisadra's p]ils is "o ( twelve2 &1 s9ce ea* ( ^! repres5ts a mon? & be>s a /ory appropriate to ! correspond+ sign ( ! ,zodiac1 great weight mu/ be atta*$ to ,sir ,h5ry ,rawl9son's sugge/ion t ! epos ( ,izdub> is a poetical embodim5t ( sol> my?ology4 ,9 ! e>li] books ( ! epos1 ! h]o1 n cont5t ) reject+ ! pr(f]$ love ( ! ,*aldaean ,aphrodite1 ,i/>1 freely expresses 8 v l[ e/imate ( h] "*2 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t1 ev5 9 ?is e>ly /age ( human exp]i5ce1 m5 _h rea*$ a conception ( t law ( nature :i* expresses ! inevitable consequ5ces ( an imp]fect appreciation ( fem99e *>ms4 ,! injur$ goddess makes ,izdub>'s life a burd5 to him1 until at la/1 sick 9 body & sorry 9 m9d1 he is driv5 to seek aid & com=t f 8 =be>s 9 ! _w ( spirits4 ,s ?is antitype ( ,odysseus j\rneys to ! %ore ( ! wat]s ( dea?1 & !re takes %ip ) a ,*aldaean ,*>on1 :o c>ries him )9 hail ( 8 ance/or ,hasisadra4 ,t v5]able p]sonage n only gives ,izdub> in/ructions h[ to rega9 8 heal?1 b tells him1 some:at a propos des bottes 7aft] ! mann] ( v5]able p]sonages71 ! long /ory ( 8 p]il\s adv5ture2 & h[ x befell t he1 8 wife1 & 8 /e]sman came to dwell among ! bless$ gods1 )\t pass+ ?r\gh ! portals ( dea? l ord9>y mortals4 #eig ,accord+ to ! full /ory1 ! s9s ( mank9d _h become griev\s2 &1 at a c\ncil ( ! gods1 x 0 resolv$ to extirpate ! :ole race by a great flood4 ,&1 once m1 let u note ! uni=mity ( human exp]i5ce4 ,x w\ld appe> t1 f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! obligations ( confid5tial int]c\rse ab\t matt]s ( /ate 7 sometimes violat$--( c\rse f ! be/ ( motives4 ,ea1 "o ( ! ?ree *iefs ( ! ,*aldaean ,pan!on1 ! god ( ju/ice & ( practical wisdom1 0 also ! god ( ! sea2 &1 yield+ to ! temptation to d a fri5d a good turn1 irresi/ible to k9dly seaf>+ folks ( all ranks1 he w>n$ ,hasisadra ( :at 0 com+4 ,:5 ,bel subsequ5tly reproa*$ him = ?is brea* ( confid5ce1 ,ea def5d$ himself by decl>+ t he did n tell ,hasisadra any?+2 he only s5t him a dream4 ,?is 0 und\bt$ly sail+ v ne> ! w9d2 b ! attribution ( a little b5evol5t obliquity ( conduct to "o ( ! highe/ ( ! gods is a trifle comp>$ ) ! truly ,hom]ic an?ropomorphism :i* *>act]ises o!r p>ts ( ! epos4 ,! ,*aldaean deities are1 9 tru?1 extremely human2 &1 occasionally1 ! n>rator does n scruple to repres5t !m 9 a mann] :i* is n only inconsi/5t ) our idea ( rev]5ce1 b is sometimes di/9ctly humor\s4#agg ,:5 ! /orm is at its height1 he exhibits !m fly+ 9 a /ate ( panic to ,anu1 ! god ( heav51 & cr\*+ #eih be=e 8 portal l fright5$ dogs4 ,z ! smoke ( ,hasisadra's sacrifice arises1 ! gods1 attract$ by ! sweet sav\r1 are comp>$ to sw>ms ( flies4 ,i h already rem>k$ t ! lady ,i/>'s reputation is torn to %r$s2 :ile %e & ,ea scold ,bel h&somely = 8 f]ocity & inju/ice 9 de/roy+ ! innoc5t along ) ! guilty4 ,"o is rem9d$ ( ,"h hung up ) weight$ heels2 ( mislead+ dreams s5t by ,zeus2 ( ,ares h[l+ z he flies f ! ,trojan battlefield2 & ( ! v que/ionable deal+s ( ,aphrodite ) ,hel5 & ,p>is4 ,b to return to ! /ory4 ,bel 01 at fir/1 exclud$ f ! sacrifice z ! au?or ( all ! mis*ief2 :i* really 0 some:at h>d ^u him1 s9ce ! o!r gods agre$ to 8 proposal4 ,b ev5tually a reconciliation takes place2 ! great b[ ( ,anu is display$ 9 ! heav5s2 ,bel agrees t he w be satisfi$ ) :at w>1 pe/il5ce1 fam9e1 & wild bea/s c d 9 ! way ( de/roy+ m52 & t1 h5ce=w>d1 he w n h rec\rse to extraord9>y measures4 ,f9ally1 x is ,bel himself :o1 by way ( mak+ am5ds1 transports ,hasisadra1 8 wife1 & ! fai?ful ,nes-,hea to ! abode ( ! gods4 ,x is z indubitable z x is incompreh5sible to mo/ ( u1 t1 = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 a great p1 q z intellig5t z we are1 & liv+ 9 z high a /ate ( civilisation z t :i* _h be5 atta9$ 9 ! great] "p ( ,europe a few c5turies ago1 ent]ta9$ n ! slighte/ d\bt t ,anu1 #eii ,bel1 ,ea1 ,i/>1 & ! re/1 7 real p]sonages1 possess$ ( b\ndless p[]s = good & evil4 ,! s9c]ity ( ! mon>*s ^: inscriptions gratefully attribute _! victories to ,m]oda*1 or to ,assur1 is z little to be que/ion$ z t ( ! au?ors ( ! hymns & p5it5tial psalms :i* give full expression to ! heights & dep?s ( religi\s devotion4 ,an infidel bold en\gh to d5y ! exi/5ce1 or to d\bt ! influ5ce1 ( ^! deities probably did n exi/ 9 all ,mesopotamia2 & ev5 con/ructive rebellion aga9/ _! au?ority 0 apt to end 9 ! deprivation1 n m]ely ( ! good "n1 b ( ! sk9 ( ! (f5d]4 ,! adh]5ts ( mod]n !ological sy/ems dismiss ^! objects ( ! love & fe> ( a hundr$ g5]ations ( _! equals1 (fh&1 z gods ( ! hea!n1 m]e creations ( a wick$ & idolatr\s imag9ation2 &1 along ) !m1 !y dis[n1 z s5seless1 ! crude !ology1 ) its gross an?ropomorphism & its l[ e?ical conception ( ! div9ity1 :i* satisfi$ ! pi\s s\ls ( ,*aldaea4 ,i imag9e1 ?\gh ,i d n presume to be sure1 t any endeav\r to save ! intellectual & moral cr$it ( ,*aldaean religion1 by sugge/+ ! application to x ( t univ]sal solv5t ( absurdities1 ! allegorical me?od1 w\ld be sc\t$2 ,i w n ev5 sugge/ t any +5uity c be equal to ! discov]y ( ! antitypes ( ! p]sonifications effect$ by ! religi\s imag9ation ( lat] ages1 9 ! triad ,anu1 ,ea1 & ,bel1 /ill less 9 ,i/>4 ,!re=e1 unless "s plausible reconciliatory s*eme #fjj %\ld be prop\nd$ by a ,neo-,*aldaean devotee 7&1 ) ,neo-,buddhi/s to ! =e1 ?is supposition is n s wild z x looks71 ,i suppose ! mod]ns w cont9ue to smile1 9 a sup]ior way1 at ! griev\s absurdity ( ! poly!i/ic idolatry ( ^! anci5t p4 ,x is probably a cong5ital abs5ce ( "s faculty :i* ,i ought to possess :i* )holds me f adopt+ ?is summ>y proc$ure4 ,b ,i am n a%am$ to %>e ,david ,hume's want ( ability to discov] t poly!ism is1 9 itself1 altoge!r absurd4 ,if we are b\nd1 or p]mitt$1 to judge ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w by human /&>ds1 x appe>s to me t directorates are prov$1 by famili> exp]i5ce1 to conduct ! l>ge/ & ! mo/ complicat$ conc]ns q z well z solit>y despots4 ,i h nev] be5 able to see :y ! hypo!sis ( a div9e syndicate %\ld be f\nd guilty ( innate absurdity4 ,^? ,assyrians1 9 p>ticul>1 :o held ,assur to be ! "o supreme & creative deity1 to :om all ! o!r sup]nal p[]s 7 subord9ate1 might fairly ask t ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 _! sy/em & t :i* obta9s among ! great majority ( _! mod]n !ological critics %\ld be demon/rat$4 ,9 my appreh5sion1 x is n ! quantity1 b ! quality1 ( ! p]sons1 among :om ! attributes ( div9ity are di/ribut$1 :i* is ! s]i\s matt]4 ,if ! div9e might is associat$ ) no high] e?ical attributes ?an ^? :i* obta9 among ord9>y m52 if ! div9e intellig5ce is suppos$ to be s imp]fect #fja t x _c =esee ! consequ5ces ( its own contrivances2 if ! sup]nal p[]s c become furi\sly angry ) ! creatures ( _! omnipot5ce &1 9 _! s5seless wra?1 de/roy ! innoc5t along ) ! guilty2 or if !y c %[ !mselves to be z easily placat$ by pres5ts & gross flatt]y z any ori5tal or occid5tal despot2 if1 9 %ort1 !y are only /rong] ?an mortal m5 & no bett]1 z x mu/ be admitt$ ,hasisadra's deities prov$ !mselves to be--!n1 surely1 x is "t = u to look some:at closely into _! cr$5tials1 & to accept none b conclusive evid5ce ( _! exi/5ce4 ,to ! majority ( my respect$ contempor>ies ?is reason+ w d\btless appe> feeble1 if n worse4 ,h[ev]1 to my m9d1 su* are ! only argum5ts by :i* ! ,*aldaean !ology c be satisfactorily upset4 ,s f> f !re be+ any gr\nd = ! belief t ,ea1 ,anu1 & ,bel are1 or ev] 71 real entities1 x seems to me q inf9itely m probable t !y are products ( ! religi\s imag9ation1 su* z are to be f\nd ev]y:]e & 9 all ages1 s long z t imag9ation riots uncontroll$ by sci5tific criticism4 ,x is on ^! gr\nds t ,i v5ture1 at ! risk ( be+ call$ an a!i/ by ! gho/s ( all ! pr9cipals ( all ! colleges ( ,babylonia1 or by _! liv+ successors among ! ,neo-,*aldaeans1 if t sect %\ld arise1 to express my utt] disbelief 9 ! gods ( ,hasisadra4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s1 t ,i f9d ,hasisadra's acc\nt ( _! %>e 9 8 adv5ture #fjb incr$ible2 &1 z ! physical details ( ! flood are insep>able f its !ophanic accompanim5ts1 & are gu>ante$ by ! same au?ority1 ,i mu/ let !m g ) ! re/4 ,! consi/5cy ( su* details ) probability c\nts = no?+4 ,! inhabitants ( ,*aldaea mu/ always h be5 famili> ) inundations2 probably no g5]ation fail$ to witness an inundation :i* rose unusually high1 or 0 r5d]$ s]i\s by co9cid5t atmosph]ic1 or o!r1 di/urbances4 ,& ! memory ( ! g5]al features ( any exceptionally sev]e & deva/at+ flood1 w\ld be pres]v$ by popul> tradition = long ages4 ,:at1 !n1 c\ld be m natural ?an t a ,*aldaean poet %\ld seek = ! incid5ts ( a great cata/rophe among su* ph5om5a8 ,9 :at o!r way ?an by su* an appeal to _! exp]i5ce c\ld he s surely awak5 9 8 audi5ce ! tragic pity & t]ror8 ,:at possible gr\nd is !re = insi/+ t he mu/ h _h "s individual flood 9 view1 & t 8 hi/ory is hi/orical1 9 ! s5se t ! acc\nt ( ! effects ( a hurricane 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 9 ! ye> #ahge1 is hi/orical8 ,m ?an ?ree c5turies aft] ! "t ( ,assurbanipal1 ,b]osus ( ,babylon1 born 9 ! reign ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 wrote an acc\nt ( ! hi/ory ( 8 c\ntry 9 ,greek4 ,! "w ( ,b]osus has vani%$2 b extracts f x--h[ f> fai?ful is unc]ta9--h be5 pres]v$ by lat] writ]s4 ,among ^! occurs ! well-kn[n #fjc /ory ( ! ,deluge ( ,xisu?ros1 :i* is evid5tly built ^u ! same f\ndation z t ( ,hasisadra4 ,! incid5ts ( ! div9e w>n+1 ! build+ ( ! %ip1 ! s5d+ out ( birds1 ! asc5sion ( ! h]o1 betray _! common orig94 ,b /ories1 l ,madeira1 acquire a height5$ flav\r ) "t & travel2 & ! v]sion ( ,b]osus is *>act]is$ by ^? circum/antial improbabilities :i* habitually ga!r r\nd ! leg5d ( a leg5d4 ,! lat] n>rator kn[s ! exact day ( ! mon? on :i* ! flood began4 ,! dim5sions ( ! %ip are /at$ ) ,mun*aus5ian precision at five /adia by two--say1 half by "o-fif? ( an ,engli% mile4 ,! %ip runs agr\nd among ! ,gordaean m\nta9s to ! s\? ( ,lake ,van1 9 ,arm5ia1 beyond ! limits ( any imag9able real inundation ( ! ,euphrates valley2 &1 by way ( climax1 we h ! ass]tion1 wor?y ( ! sailor :o said t he _h br\ght up "o ( ,ph>aoh's *>iot :eels on ! fluke ( 8 an*or 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 t pilgrims visit$ ! locality & made amulets ( ! bitum5 :i* !y scrap$ (f f ! /ill extant rema9s ( ! mighty %ip ( ,xisu?ros4 ,suppose t "s lat] polyhi/or1 z devoid ( critical faculty z mo/ ( 8 tribe1 _h f\nd ! v]sion ( ,b]osus1 z well z ano!r mu* ne>] ! orig9al /ory2 t1 hav+ too mu* respect = 8 au?orities to make up a t]tium quid ( 8 own1 out ( ! mat]ials (f]$1 he foll[$ a practice1 common en\gh among anci5t &1 p>ticul>ly1 among ,semitic hi/orians1 ( divid+ #fjd bo? into fragm5ts & piec+ !m toge!r1 )\t tr\bl+ himself v mu* ab\t ! result+ repetitions & inconsi/5cies2 ! product ( su* a primitive editorial op]ation w\ld be a n>rative analog\s to t :i* treats ( ! ,noa*ian deluge 9 ! book ( ,g5esis4 ,= ! ,p5tateu*al /ory is indubitably a pat*work1 compos$ ( fragm5ts ( at lea/ two1 diff]5t & p>tly discrepant1 n>ratives1 quilt$ toge!r 9 su* an in>ti/ic fa%ion t ! seams rema9 conspicu\s4 ,&1 9 ! matt] ( circum/antial exagg]ation1 x 9 "s respects excels ev5 ! second-h& leg5d ( ,b]osus4 ,!re is a c]ta9 practicality ab\t ! notion ( tak+ refuge f floods & /orms 9 a %ip provid$ ) a /e]sman2 b1 surely1 no "o :o _h ev] se5 m wat] ?an he c\ld wade ?r\gh w\ld dream ( fac+ ev5 a mod]ate breeze1 9 a huge ?ree-/ori$ c(f]1 or box1 ?ree hundr$ cubits long1 fifty wide & ?irty high1 left to drift )\t rudd] or pilot4#agh ,n cont5t ) giv+ ! exact ye> ( ,noah's age 9 :i* ! flood began1 ! ,p5tateu*al /ory adds ! mon? & ! day ( #fje ! mon?4 ,x is ! ,deity himself :o %uts 9 ,noah4 ,! mode/ week assign$ to ! full deluge 9 ,hasisadra's /ory becomes =ty days1 9 "o ( ! ,p5tateu*al acc\nts1 & a hundr$ & fifty 9 ! o!r4 ,! flood1 :i*1 9 ! v]sion ( ,b]osus1 has gr[n s high z to ca/ ! %ip among ! m\nta9s ( ,arm5ia1 is improv$ ^u 9 ! ,hebrew acc\nt until x cov]s all ! high hills t 7 "u ! :ole heav52 &1 :5 x beg9s to subside1 ! ark is left /r&$ on ! summit ( ! highe/ peak1 commonly id5tifi$ ) ,ar>at itself4 ,:ile ! details ( ,hasisadra's adv5ture are1 at lea/1 compatible ) ! physical conditions ( ! ,euphrates valley1 &1 z we h se51 involve no cata/rophe great] ?an su* z might be br\ght "u ^? conditions1 _m ( ! v precisely /at$ details ( ,noah's flood contradict "s ( ! be/ e/abli%$ results ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,if x is c]ta9 t ! alluvium ( ! ,mesopotamian pla9 has be5 br\ght d[n by ! ,tigris & ! ,euphrates1 !n x is no less c]ta9 t ! physical /ructure ( ! :ole valley has p]si/$1 )\t mat]ial modification1 = _m ?\s& ye>s be=e ! date assign$ to ! flood4 ,if ! summits1 ev5 ( ! mod]ately elevat$ ridges :i* imm$iately b\nd ! valley1 /ill m ^? ( ! ,kurdi% & ,arm5ian m\nta9s1 7 ev] cov]$ by wat]1 = ev5 =ty days1 t wat] mu/ h ext5d$ ov] ! :ole e>?4 ,if ! e>? 0 ?us cov]$1 any:]e betwe5 #djjj & #ejjj ye>s ago1 or1 at any o!r "t1 s9ce ! #fjf high] t]re/rial animals came into exi/5ce1 !y mu/ h be5 de/roy$ f ! :ole face ( x1 z ! ,p5tateu*al acc\nt decl>es !y 7 ?ree sev]al times 7,g5esis vii4 #ba1 #bb1 #bc71 9 language :i* _c be made m emphatic1 or m solemn1 ?an x is2 & ! pres5t population mu/ consi/ ( ! desc5dants ( emigrants f ! ark4 ,&1 if t is ! case1 !n1 z has (t5 be5 po9t$ out1 ! slo?s ( ! ,brazilian =e/s1 ! kang>oos ( ,au/ralia1 ! great tortoises ( ! ,galapagos isl&s1 mu/ h respectively hobbl$1 hopp$1 & crawl$ ov] _m ?\s& miles ( l& & sea f ,ar>at to _! pres5t habitations4 ,?us1 ! unque/ionable facts ( ! geographical di/ribution ( rec5t l& animals1 alone1 =m an insup]able ob/acle to ! acceptance ( ! ass]tion t ! k9ds ( animals compos+ ! pres5t t]re/rial fauna h be51 at any "t1 univ]sally de/roy$ 9 ! way describ$ 9 ! ,p5tateu*4 ,x is ^u ?is & o!r unimpea*able gr\nds1 t1 z ,i v5tur$ to say "s "t ago1 p]sons :o are duly conv]sant ) ev5 ! elem5ts ( natural sci5ce decl9e to take ! ,noa*ian deluge s]i\sly2 & t1 z ,i also po9t$ out1 c&id !ologians1 :o1 )\t special sci5tific k1 h appreciat$ ! weight ( sci5tific argum5ts1 h long s9ce giv5 x up4 ,b1 z ,goe! has rem>k$1 !re is no?+ m t]rible ?an en]getic ignorance#agi2 & !re are1 ev5 yet1 v #fjg en]getic p1 :o are nei!r c&id1 nor cle>head$1 nor !ologians1 /ill less prop]ly in/ruct$ 9 ! elem5ts ( natural sci5ce1 :o make prodigi\s ef=ts to obscure ! effect ( ^! pla9 tru?s1 & to conceal _! real surr5d] ( ! hi/orical "* ( ,noah's deluge "u cov] ( ! smoke ( a great dis*>ge ( pseudosci5tific artill]y4 ,!y seem to imag9e t ! pro(s :i* ab\nd 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 ( l>ge oscillations ( ! relative level ( l& & sea1 comb9$ ) ! probability t1 :5 ! sea-level 0 ris+1 sudd5 incursions ( ! sea1 l t :i* broke 9 ov] ,holl& & =m$ ! ,zuyd] ,zee1 may h (t5 occurr$1 c be made to look l evid5ce t some?+ t1 by c\rtesy1 might be call$ a g5]al ,deluge has really tak5 place4 ,_! discursive en]gy drags misund]/ood tru? into _! s]vice2 & ! glacial epo* is z sure to crop up among !m z ,k+ ,*>les's head 9 a fam\s memorial--) ab\t z mu* appropriat5ess4 ,! old /ory ( ! rais$ bea* on ,moel ,tryfa5 is trott$ out2 ?\gh1 ev5 if ! facts are z yet rightly int]pret$1 !re is n a %ad[ ( evid5ce t ! *ange ( sea-level 9 t locality 0 sudd51 or t glacial ,wel%m5 w\ld h kn[n x 0 tak+ place4#ahj ,surely x is difficult to p]ceive ! relevancy ( br++ 9 some?+ t happ5$ 9 ! glacial #fjh epo* 7if x did happ57 to acc\nt = ! tradition ( a flood 9 ! ,euphrates valley betwe5 #bjjj & #cjjj ,b4,c4 ,b ! date ( ! ,noa*ian flood is solidly fix$ by ! sole au?ority = x2 no %uffl+ ( ! *ronological data w c>ry x s f> back z #cjjj ,b4,c42 & ! ,hebrew epos agrees ) ! ,*aldaean 9 plac+ x aft] ! developm5t ( a some:at advanc$ civilisation4 ,! only au?ority = ! ,noa*ian deluge assures u t1 be=e x visit$ ! e>?1 ,ca9 _h built cities2 ,jubal _h inv5t$ h>ps & organs2 :ile mank9d _h advanc$ s f> beyond ! neoli?ic1 nay ev5 ! bronze1 /age t ,tubal-ca9 0 a work] 9 iron4 ,!re=e1 if ! ,noa*ian leg5d is to be tak5 = ! hi/ory ( an ev5t :i* happ5$ 9 ! glacial epo*1 we mu/ revise our notions ( plei/oc5e civilisation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! ,p5tateu*al /ory only means some?+ q diff]5t1 t happ5$ some:]e else1 ?\s&s ( ye>s e>li]1 dress$ up1 :at becomes ( its cr$it z hi/ory8 ,i wond] :at w\ld be said to a mod]n hi/orian :o ass]t$ t ,pek9 0 burnt d[n 9 #ahhf1 & !n tri$ to ju/ify ! ass]tion by adduc+ evid5ce ( ! ,great ,fire ( ,london 9 #afff4 ,yet ! attempt to save ! cr$it ( ! ,noa*ian /ory by ref]5ce to some?+ :i* is suppos$ to h happ5$ 9 ! f> nor?1 9 ! glacial epo*1 is f> m prepo/]\s4 ,moreov]1 ^! du/-rais+ dialecticians ignore "s ( ! mo/ important & well-kn[n facts #fji :i* be> ^u ! "q4 ,any?+ m ?an a p>o*ial acqua9tance ) physical geography & geology w\ld suffice to rem9d its possessor t ! ,holy ,l& itself (f]s a /&+ prote/ aga9/ br++ su* a deluge z t ( ,noah any:]e ne> x1 ei!r 9 hi/orical times or 9 ! c\rse ( t plei/oc5e p]iod1 ( :i* ! great ice age =m$ a "p4 ,judaea & ,galilee1 ,moab & ,gilead1 occupy "p ( t ext5sive tablel& at ! summit ( ! we/]n b\nd>y ( ! ,euphrates valley1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,if t valley _h ev] be5 fill$ ) wat] to a height suffici5t1 n inde$ to cov] a ?ird ( ,ar>at1 9 ! nor?1 or half "s ( ! m\nta9s ( ! ,p]sian fronti] 9 ! ea/1 b to rea* ev5 f\r or five ?\s& feet1 x mu/ h /ood ov] ! ,pale/9ian hog's-back1 & h fill$1 up to ! brim1 e depression on its surface4 ,!re=e x c\ld n h fail$ to fill t rem>kable tr5* 9 :i* ! ,dead ,sea1 ! ,jordan1 & ! ,sea ( ,galilee lie1 & :i* is kn[n z ! ,jordan-,arabah valley4 ,?is long & deep holl[ ext5ds m ?an #bjj miles1 f ne> ! site ( anci5t ,dan 9 ! nor?1 to ! wat]-p>t+ at ! head ( ! ,wady ,arabah 9 ! s\?2 & its deepe/ "p1 at ! bottom ( ! bas9 ( ! ,dead ,sea1 lies #bejj feet bel[ ! surface ( ! adjac5t ,m$it]ranean4 ,! l[e/ portion ( ! rim ( ! ,jordan-,arabah valley is situat$ at ! village ( ,el ,fuleh1 #beg feet above ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,ev]y:]e else ! #faj circumjac5t heights rise to a v mu* great] altitude4 ,h5ce1 ( ! wat] :i* /ood ov] ! ,syrian tablel&1 :5 z mu* dra9$ (f z c\ld run away1 en\gh w\ld rema9 to =m a ,m]e )\t an outlet1 #bgeg feet deep1 ov] ! pres5t site ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,f ?is "t =?1 ! level ( ! ,pale/9ian m]e c\ld be l[]$ only by evaporation4 ,x is an extremely int]e/+ fact1 :i* has happily escap$ capture = ! purposes ( ! en]getic misund]/&+1 t ! valley1 at "o "t1 0 fill$1 c]ta9ly )9 #aej feet ( ?is height--probably high]4 ,& x is almo/ equally c]ta91 t ! "t at :i* ?is great ,jordan-,arabah m]e rea*$ its highe/ level co9cides ) ! glacial epo*4 ,b !n ! evid5ce :i* goes to prove ?is1 also leads to ! conclusion t ?is /ate ( ?+s obta9$ at a p]iod consid]ably old] ?an ev5 #djjd ,b4,c41 :5 ! _w1 accord+ to ! ,helps 7or %all we say ,h9drances7 provid$ = ! simple /ud5t ( ! ,bible1 0 creat$2 t x 0 n br\ght ab\t by any diluvial cata/rophe1 b 0 ! result ( a *ange 9 ! relative activities ( c]ta9 natural op]ations :i* are quietly go+ on n[2 & t1 s9ce ! level ( ! m]e began to s9k1 _m ?\s& ye>s ago1 no s]i\s cata/rophe ( any description has affect$ ! valley4 ,! evid5ce t ! ,jordan-,arabah valley really 0 once fill$ ) wat]1 ! surface ( :i* rea*$ )9 #afj feet ( ! level ( ! pass ( ,jezrael1 & possibly /ood high]1 is ?is3 ,rema9s #faa ( alluvial /rata1 conta9+ %ells ( ! fre%wat] mollusks :i* /ill inhabit ! valley1 worn d[n into t]races by waves :i* long rippl$ at ! same level1 & furr[$ by ! *annels excavat$ by mod]n ra9falls1 h be5 f\nd at ! =m] height2 & !y are repeat$1 at int]vals1 l[] d[n1 until ! ,ghor1 or pla9 ( ! ,jordan1 itself an alluvial deposit1 is rea*$4 ,^! /rata atta9 a consid]able ?ickness2 & !y indicate t ! epo* at :i* ! fre%wat] m]e ( ,pale/9e rea*$ its highe/ level is extremely remote2 t its dim9ution has tak5 place v sl[ly1 & ) p]iods ( re/1 dur+ :i* ! fir/ =m$ deposits 7 cut d[n into t]races4 ,?is conclusion is /rik+ly borne out by o!r facts4 ,a volcanic region /ret*es f ,galilee to ,gilead & ! ,hauran1 on ea* side ( ! nor!rn end ( ! valley4 ,"s ( ! /reams ( basaltic lava :i* h be5 ?r[n out f its crat]s & clefts 9 times ( :i* hi/ory has no record1 h run a?w>t ! c\rse ( ! ,jordan itself1 or ( t ( "s ( its tribut>y /reams4 ,! lava /reams1 !re=e1 mu/ be ( lat] date ?an ! depressions !y fill4 ,& yet1 :]e !y h ?us tempor>ily damm$ ! ,jordan & ! ,j]muk1 ^! /reams h _h "t to cut ?r\gh ! h>d basalts & lay b>e ! b$s1 ov] :i*1 be=e ! lava /reams invad$ !m1 !y fl[$4 ,9 fact1 ! antiquity ( ! pres5t ,jordan-,arabah valley1 z a holl[ 9 a tablel&1 out ( rea* ( ! sea1 & tr\bl$ by no diluvial or o!r #fab di/urbances1 beyond ! volcanic eruptions ( ,gilead & ( ,galilee1 is va/1 ev5 z e/imat$ by a geological /&>d4 ,no m>9e deposits ( lat] ?an mioc5e age occur 9 or ab\t x2 & !re is e reason to believe t ! ,syro-,arabian plateau has be5 dry l&1 ?r\gh\t ! plioc5e & lat] epo*s1 d[n to ! pres5t "t4 ,rais$ bea*es1 conta9+ rec5t %ells1 on ! ,levant9e %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean & on ^? ( ! ,r$ ,sea1 te/ify to a geologically rec5t *ange ( ! sea level to ! ext5t ( #bej or #cjj feet1 probably produc$ by ! sl[ elevation ( ! l&2 &1 z ,i h already rem>k$1 ! alluvial pla9 ( ! ,euphrates & ,tigris appe>s to h be5 affect$ 9 ! same way ?\gh seem+ly to a less ext5t4 ,b ( viol5t1 or cata/rophic1 *ange !re is no trace4 ,ev5 ! volcanic outbur/s h fl[$ 9 ev5 %eets ov] ! old l& surface2 & ! long l9es ( ! horizontal t]races :i* rema91 te/ify to ! geological insignificance ( su* e>?quakes z h tak5 place4 ,x is1 inde$1 possible t ! orig9al =mation ( ! valley may h be5 det]m9$ by ! well-kn[n fault1 along :i* ! we/]n rocks are relatively depress$ & ! ea/]n elevat$4 ,b1 :e!r t fault 0 effect$ sl[ly or quickly1 & :5ev] x came into exi/5ce1 ! excavation ( ! valley to its pres5t wid?1 no less ?an ! sculptur+ ( its /eep walls & ( ! innum]able deep rav9es :i* score !m d[n to ! v bottom1 are indubitably due to ! op]ation ( ra9 & /reams1 dur+ an enorm\s l5g? ( "t1 #fac )\t int]ruption or di/urbance ( any magnitude4 ,! alluvial deposits :i* h be5 m5tion$ are cont9u$ into ! lat]al rav9es1 & h m or less fill$ !m4 ,b1 s9ce ! wat]s h be5 l[]$1 ^! deposits h be5 cut d[n to great dep?s1 & are /ill be+ excavat$ by ! pres5t tempor>y1 or p]man5t1 /reams4 ,h5ce1 x foll[s1 t all ^! rav9es mu/ h exi/$ be=e ! "t at :i* ! valley 0 occupi$ by ! great m]e4 ,?is fact acquires a peculi> importance :5 we proce$ to consid] ! gr\nds = ! conclusion t ! old ,pale/9ian m]e atta9$ its highe/ level 9 ! cold p]iod ( ! plei/oc5e epo*4 ,x is well kn[n t glaci]s =m]ly came l[ d[n on ! flanks ( ,lebanon & ,antilebanon2 inde$1 ! old mora9es are ! haunts ( ! few survivors ( ! fam\s c$>s4 ,?is implies a p]5nial sn[cap ( great ext5t on ,h]mon2 !re=e1 a va/ly great] supply ( wat] to ! s\rces ( ! ,jordan :i* rise on its flanks2 &1 9 addition1 su* a total *ange 9 ! g5]al climate1 t ! innum]able ,wadys1 n[ trav]s$ only by occasional /orm torr5ts1 mu/ h be5 occupi$ by p]5nial /reams4 ,all ?is involves a l[] annual temp]ature & a moi/ & ra9y atmosph]e4 ,if su* a *ange ( meteorological conditions c\ld be effect$ n[1 :5 ! loss by evaporation f ! surface ( ! ,dead ,sea salt-pan balances all ! ga9 f ! ,jordan & o!r /reams1 ! scale w\ld be turn$ 9 ! o!r direction4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,dead ,sea w\ld become dilut$2 its level w\ld rise2 #fad x w\ld cov]1 fir/ ! pla9 ( ! ,jordan1 !n ! lake ( ,galilee1 !n ! middle ,jordan betwe5 ?is lake & t ( ,huleh 7! anci5t ,m]om72 &1 f9ally1 x w\ld encroa*1 nor?w>ds1 along ! c\rse ( ! upp] ,jordan1 &1 s\?w>ds1 up ! ,wady ,arabah1 until x rea*$ "s #bfj feet above ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :5 x w\ld atta9 a p]man5t level1 by s5d+ any sup]fluity ?r\gh ! pass ( ,jezrael to swell ! wat]s ( ! ,ki%on1 & fl[ !nce into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,rev]se ! process1 9 consequ5ce ( ! excess ( loss by evaporation ov] ga9 by infl[1 :i* mu/ h set 9 z ! climate ( ,syria *ang$ aft] ! end ( ! plei/oc5e epo*1 & 7)\t tak+ into consid]ation any o!r circum/ances7 ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s mu/ ev5tually be rea*$--a conc5trat$ sal9e solution 9 ! deepe/ "p ( ! valley--wat]1 r m *>g$ ) sal9e matt] ?an ord9>y fre% wat]1 9 ! l[] ,jordan & ! lake ( ,galilee--fre% wat]s1 /ill l>gely d]iv$ f ! sn[s ( ,h]mon1 9 ! upp] ,jordan & 9 ,lake ,huleh4 ,b1 if ! full /ate ( ,jordan valley m>ks ! glacial epo*1 !n x foll[s t ! excavation ( t valley by atmosph]ic ag5cies mu/ h occupi$ an imm5se antec$5t "t--a l>ge "p1 p]haps ! :ole1 ( ! plioc5e epo*2 & we are ?us =c$ to ! conclusion t1 s9ce ! mioc5e epo*1 ! physical con=mation ( ! ,holy ,l& has be5 sub/antially :at x is n[4 ,x has be5 m or less ra9$ ^u1 se>*$ by #fae e>?quakes "h & !re1 p>tially ov]fl[$ by lava /reams1 sl[ly rais$ 7relatively to ! sea-level7 a few hundr$ feet4 ,b !re is n a %ad[ ( gr\nd = suppos+ t1 ?r\gh\t all ?is "t1 t]re/rial animals h ceas$ to inhabit a l>ge "p ( its surface2 or t1 9 _m p>ts1 !y h be51 9 any respect1 incommod$ by ! *anges :i* h tak5 place4 ,! evid5ce ( ! g5]al /ability ( ! physical conditions ( ,we/]n ,asia1 :i* is furni%$ by ,pale/9e & by ! ,euphrates ,valley1 is only =tifi$ if we ext5d our view nor?w>ds to ! ,black ,sea & ! ,caspian4 ,! ,caspian is a sort ( magnifi$ replica ( ! ,dead ,sea4 ,! bottom ( ! deepe/ "p ( ?is va/ inl& m]e is #cjjj feet bel[ ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 :ile its surface is l[] by #he feet4 ,at pres5t1 x is sep>at$1 on ! we/1 by wide spaces ( dry l& f ! ,black ,sea1 :i* has ! same height z ! ,m$it]ranean1 &1 on ! ea/1 f ! ,aral1 #ach feet above t level4 ,! wat]s ( ! ,black ,sea1 n[ 9 communication ) ! ,m$it]ranean by ! ,d>danelles & ! ,bosphorus1 are salt1 b become bracki% nor?w>ds1 :]e ! riv]s ( ! /eppes p\r 9 a great volume ( fre% wat]4 ,^? ( ! %all[] nor!rn half ( ! ,caspian are simil>ly affect$ by ! ,volga & ! ,ural1 :ile1 9 ! %all[ bays ( ! s\!rn division1 !y become extremely sal9e 9 consequ5ce ( ! int5se evaporation4 ,! ,aral ,sea1 ?\gh suppli$ by ! ,jax>tes & ! ,oxus1 has bracki% wat]4 ,!re is evid5ce #faf t1 9 ! plioc5e & plei/oc5e p]iods1 to g no f>!r back1 ! /rait ( ! ,d>danelles did n exi/1 & t ! va/ area1 f ! valley ( ! ,danube to t ( ! ,jax>tes1 0 cov]$ by bracki% or1 9 "s p>ts1 fre% wat] to a height ( at lea/ #bjj feet above ! level ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! wat]-p>t+ :i* sep>ates ! nor!rn "p ( ! bas9 ( ! ,caspian f ! va/ pla9s trav]s$ by ! ,tobol & ! ,obi1 9 _! c\rse to ! ,arctic ,ocean1 appe>s to be less ?an #bjj feet above ! latt]4 ,x w\ld seem1 !re=e1 to be v probable t1 "u ! climatal conditions ( "p ( ! plei/oc5e p]iod1 ! valley ( ! ,obi play$ ! same "p 9 relation to ! ,ponto-,aralian sea1 z t ( ! ,ki%on may h done to ! great m]e ( ! ,jordan valley2 & t ! outfl[ =m$ ! *annel by :i* ! well-kn[n ,arctic elem5ts ( ! fauna ( ! ,caspian ent]$ x4 ,= ! fossil rema9s imb$d$ 9 ! /rata cont9u\sly deposit$ 9 ! ,aralo-,caspian area1 s9ce ! latt] end ( ! mioc5e epo*1 %[ no sign t1 f t "t onw>d1 x has ev] be5 cov]$ by sea wat]4 ,!re=e1 ! supposition ( a free infl[ ( ! ,arctic ,ocean1 :i* at "o "t 0 g5]ally receiv$1 z well z t ( v>i\s hypo!tical deluges f t qu>t]1 mu/ be s]i\sly que/ion$4 ,! ,caspian & ! ,aral /& 9 some:at ! same relation to ! va/ bas9 ( dry l& 9 :i* !y lie1 z ! ,dead ,sea & ! lake ( ,galilee to ! ,jordan valley4 ,!y are ! rema9s ( a va/1 #fag mo/ly bracki%1 m]e1 :i* has dri$ up 9 consequ5ce ( ! excess ( evaporation ov] supply1 s9ce ! cold & damp climate ( ! plei/oc5e epo* gave place to ! increas+ dryness & great summ] heats ( ,c5tral ,asia 9 m mod]n times4 ,! desiccation ( ! ,aralo-,caspian bas91 :i* communicat$ ) ! ,black ,sea only by a comp>atively n>r[ & %all[ /rait along ! pres5t valley ( ,manyts*1 ! bottom ( :i* 0 less ?an #ajj feet above ! ,m$it]ranean1 mu/ h be5 va/ly aid$ by ! erosion ( ! /rait ( ! ,d>danelles t[>ds ! end ( ! plei/oc5e epo*1 or p]haps lat]4 ,= ! result ( ?us op5+ a passage = ! wat]s ( ! ,black ,sea into ! ,m$it]ranean mu/ h be5 ! gradual l[]+ ( its level to t ( ! latt] sea4 ,:5 ?is process _h gone s f> z to br+ d[n ! ,black ,sea wat] to )9 less ?an a hundr$ feet ( its pres5t level1 ! /rait ( ,manyts* ceas$ to exi/2 & ! va/ body ( fre% wat] br\ght d[n by ! ,danube1 ! ,dniep]1 ! ,don1 & o!r ,s\? ,russian riv]s 0 cut (f f ! ,caspian1 & ev5tually deliv]$ into ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,?us1 !re is z conclusive evid5ce z "o c well hope to obta9 9 ^! matt]s1 t1 nor? ( ! ,euphrates valley1 ! physical geography ( an area z l>ge z all ,c5tral ,europe has rema9$ ess5tially un*ang$1 f ! mioc5e p]iod d[n to our "t2 j z1 to ! we/ ( ! ,euphrates valley1 ,pale/9e has exhibit$ a simil> p]si/5ce ( geographical type4 ,to ! s\?1 ! valley ( ! ,nile #fah tells exactly ! same /ory4 ,! holes bor$ by mioc5e mollusks 9 ! cliffs ea/ & we/ ( ,cairo be> witness t1 9 ! mioc5e epo*1 x conta9$ an arm ( ! sea1 ! bottom ( :i* has s9ce be5 gradually fill$ up by ! alluvium ( ! ,nile1 & elevat$ to its pres5t position4 ,b ! high] p>ts ( ! ,mokattam & ( ! des]t ab\t ,ghizeh1 h be5 dry l& f t "t to ?is4 ,too little is kn[n ( ! geology ( ,p]sia1 at pres5t1 to all[ any positive conclusion to be enunciat$4 ,b1 tak+ ! "n to indicate ! :ole cont95tal mass ( ,iran1 betwe5 ! valleys ( ! ,indus & ! ,euphrates1 ! supposition t its physical geography has rema9$ un*ang$ = an imm5sely long p]iod is h>dly ra%4 ,! c\ntry is1 9 fact1 an enorm\s bas91 surr\nd$ on all sides by a m\nta9\s rim1 & subdivid$ )9 by ridges into plateaus & holl[s1 ! bottom ( ! deepe/ ( :i*1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,sei/an1 probably desc5ds to ! level ( ! ,indian ,ocean4 ,^! depressions are occupi$ by salt m>%es & des]ts1 9 :i* ! wat]s ( ! /reams :i* fl[ d[n ! sides ( ! bas9 are n[ dissipat$ by evaporation4 ,i am acqua9t$ ) no evid5ce t ! pres5t ,iranian bas9 0 ev] occupi$ by ! sea2 b ! accumulations ( gravel ov] a great ext5t ( its surface indicate long-cont9u$ wat] action4 ,x is1 !re=e1 a fair presumption t l>ge lakes h cov]$ mu* ( its pres5t des]ts1 & t !y h dri$ up by ! op]ation ( ! same *ang$ climatal conditions z ^? :i* h #fai r$uc$ ! ,caspian & ! ,dead ,sea to _! pres5t dim5sions4#aha ,?us x w\ld seem t ! ,euphrates valley1 ! c5tre ( ! fabl$ ,noa*ian deluge1 is also ! c5tre ( a region cov]+ "s millions ( squ>e miles ( ! pres5t cont95ts ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,africa1 9 :i* all ! facts1 relevant to ! argum5t1 at pres5t kn[n1 conv]ge to ! conclusion t1 s9ce ! mioc5e epo*1 ! ess5tial features ( its physical geography h rema9$ un*ang$2 t x has nei!r be5 depress$ bel[ ! sea1 nor swept by diluvial wat]s s9ce t "t2 & t ! ,*aldean v]sion ( ! leg5d ( a flood 9 ! ,euphrates valley is1 ( all ^? :i* are extant1 ! only "o :i* is ev5 consi/5t ) probability1 s9ce x depicts a local inundation n m sev]e ?an "o :i* might be br\ght ab\t by a concurr5ce ( fav\rable conditions at ! pres5t day1 & :i* might probably h be5 m easily effect$ :5 ! ,p]sian ,gulf ext5d$ f>!r nor?4 ,h5ce1 ! rec\rse to ! glacial epo* = "s ev5t :i* might col\rably repres5t a flood1 di/9ctly ass]t$ by ! only au?ority = x to h occurr$ 9 hi/orical times1 is peculi>ly un=tunate4 ,ev5 a ,wel% antiqu>ian might hesitate ov] ! supposition t a tradition ( ! fate ( ,moel ,tryfa51 9 ! glacial epo*1 _h furni%$ ! basis ( fact = a leg5d #fbj :i* arose among p ^: own exp]i5ce abundantly suppli$ !m ) ! ne$ful prec$5ts4 ,moreov]1 if evid5ce ( int]*anges ( l& & sea are to be accept$ z confirmations ( ,noah's deluge1 !re are pl5ty ( s\rces = ! tradition to be _h mu* ne>] ?an ,wales4 ,! depression n[ fill$ by ! ,r$ ,sea1 = example1 appe>s to be1 geologically1 ( v rec5t orig94 ,! lat] deposits f\nd on its %ores1 two or ?ree hundr$ feet above ! sea level1 conta9 no rema9s old] ?an ^? ( ! pres5t fauna2 :ile1 z ,i h already m5tion$1 ! valley ( ! adjac5t delta ( ! ,nile 0 a gulf ( ! sea 9 mioc5e times4 ,b !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce t ! *ange ( relative level :i* admitt$ ! wat]s ( ! ,indian ,ocean betwe5 ,arabia & ,africa1 took place any fa/] ?an t :i* is n[ go+ on 9 ,gre5l& & ,sc&9avia1 & :i* has left _! inhabitants undi/urb$4 ,ev5 m rem>kable *anges 7 effect$1 t[>ds ! end (1 or s9ce1 ! glacial epo*1 ov] ! region n[ occupi$ by ! ,levant9e ,m$it]ranean & ! ,a,egean ,sea4 ,! ea/]n coa/ region ( ,asia ,m9or1 ! we/]n ( ,greece1 & _m ( ! int]m$iate isl&s1 exhibit ?ick masses ( /ratifi$ deposits ( lat] t]ti>y age & ( purely lacu/r9e *>act]s2 & x is rem>kable t1 on ! s\? side ( ! isl& ( ,crete1 su* masses pres5t /eep cliffs fac+ ! sea1 s t ! s\!rn b\nd>y ( ! lake 9 :i* !y 7 =m$ mu/ h be5 situat$ :]e ! sea n[ fl[s4 ,inde$1 !re are #fba valid reasons = ! supposition t ! dry l& once ext5d$ f> to ! we/ ( ! pres5t ,levant9e coa/1 & n improbably =c$ ! ,nile to seek an outlet to ! nor?-ea/ ( its pres5t delta--a possibility ( no small importance 9 relation to c]ta9 puzzl+ facts 9 ! geographical di/ribution ( animals 9 ?is region4 ,at any rate1 cont9u\s l& jo9$ ,asia ,m9or ) ! ,balkan p59sula2 & its surface bore deep fre%wat] lakes1 app>5tly disconnect$ ) ! ,ponto-,aralian sea4 ,?is /ate ( ?+s la/$ long en\gh to all[ ( ! =mation ( ! ?ick lacu/r9e /rata to :i* ,i h ref]r$4 ,i am n aw>e t !re is ! smalle/ gr\nd = ! assumption t ! ,a,egean l& 0 brok5 up 9 consequ5ce ( any ( ! cata/rophes :i* are s commonly invok$4#ahb ,= any?+ t appe>s to ! contr>y1 ! n>r[1 /eep-sid$1 /raits betwe5 ! isl&s ( ! ,a,egean ar*ipelago may h be5 orig9ally br\ght ab\t by ord9>y atmosph]ic & /ream action2 & !n fill$ f ! ,m$it]ranean1 dur+ a sl[ subm]g5ce proce$+ f ! s\? nor?w>ds4 ,! /rait ( ! ,d>danelles is b\nd$ by undi/urb$ plei/oc5e /rata =ty feet ?ick1 ?r\gh :i*1 to all appe>ance1 ! pres5t passage has be5 quietly cut4 ,t ,olympus & ,ossa 7 torn asund] & ! wat]s ( ! ,!ssalian bas9 p\r$ =?1 is a v anci5t notion1 & an (t5 cit$ confirmation ( ,deucalion's flood4 ,x has n yet ceas$ to #fbb be 9 vogue1 app>5tly because ^? :o ent]ta9 x are n aw>e t mod]n geological inve/igation has conclusively prov$ t ! gorge ( ! ,p5eus is z typical an example ( a valley ( erosion z any to be se5 9 ,auv]gne or 9 ,colorado4#ahc ,?us1 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! va/ expanse ( c\ntry :i* c be prov$ to h be5 unt\*$ by any cata/rophe be=e1 dur+1 & s9ce ! glacial epo*1 lie ! great areas ( ! ,a,egean & ! ,r$ ,sea1 9 :i*1 dur+ or s9ce ! glacial epo*1 *anges ( ! relative positions ( l& & sea h tak5 place1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ! subm]g5ce ( ,moel ,tryfa51 ) all ,wales & ,scotl& to boot1 does n come to mu*4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! relevancy ( talk ab\t ! glacial epo* to ! "q ( ! hi/orical v]acity ( ! n>rator ( ! /ory ( ! ,noa*ian deluge8 ,s f> z my k goes1 !re is n a p>ticle ( evid5ce t de/ructive inundations 7 m common ov] ! g5]al surface ( ! e>? 9 ! glacial epo* ?an !y h be5 be=e or s9ce4 ,no d\bt ! fr+e ( an ice-cov]$ region mu/ be always liable to !m2 b1 if we exam9e ! records ( su* cata/rophes 9 hi/orical times1 ^? produc$ 9 ! deltas ( great riv]s1 or 9 l[l&s l ,holl&1 by sudd5 floods1 comb9$ ) gales ( w9d or ) unusual tides1 f> excel all o!rs4 ,) respect to su* inundations z are ! #fbc consequ5ces ( e>?quakes1 & o!r slight movem5ts ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 ,i h nev] he>d ( any?+ to %[ t !y 7 m frequ5t & sev]] 9 ! quat]n>y or t]ti>y epo*s ?an !y are n[4 ,9 ! discussion ( ^!1 z ( all o!r geological problems1 ! appeal to ne$less cata/rophes is born ( t impati5ce ( ! sl[ & pa9ful se>* aft] suffici5t causes 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( nature :i* is a temptation to all1 ?\gh only en]getic ignorance n[adays completely succumbs to x4 ,,po/script4 ,my be/ ?anks are due to ,mr4 ,glad/one = 8 c\rte\s )drawal ( "o ( ! /atem5ts to :i* ,i h ?\ght x ne$ful to take exception4 ,! famili>ity ) controv]sy1 to :i* ,mr4 ,glad/one alludes1 w h accu/om$ him to ! misadv5tures :i* arise :51 z sometimes w happ5 9 ! heat ( f5ce1 ! buttons come (f ! foils4 ,i tru/ t any scrat* :i* he may h receiv$ w heal z quickly z my own fle% w\nds h done4 ,a contribution to ! la/ numb] ( ?is ,review ( a diff]5t ord] w\ld be left unnotic$1 7 x n t my sil5ce w\ld conv]t me into an accessory to misrepres5tations ( a v grave "*4 ,h[ev]1 ,i %all re/rict myself to ! b>e/ possible /atem5t ( facts1 leav+ my read]s to draw _! own conclusions4 ,9 an article entitl$ ,a ,great ,lesson1 publi%$ 9 ?is ,review = ,septemb] #ahhg3 7#a7 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll says ! ov]?r[ ( ,d>w9's speculations 7p4 #cja7 conc]n+ ! orig9 ( coral reefs1 :i* he fanci$ _h tak5 place1 _h be5 receiv$ by m5 ( sci5ce ) a grudg+ sil5ce z f> z public discussion is conc]n$ 7p4 #cja74 #fbd ,! tru? is t1 z e "o acqua9t$ ) ! lit]ature ( ! subject 0 well aw>e1 ! views suppos$ to h effect$ ?is ov]?r[ _h be5 fully & publicly discuss$ by ,dana 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 by ,geikie1 ,gre51 & ,pre/wi* 9 ?is c\ntry2 by ,lapp>5t 9 ,france2 & by ,cr$n] 9 ,g]many4 7#b7 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll says t no s]i\s reply has ev] be5 attempt$ 7p4 #cje74 ,! tru? is t ! highe/ liv+ au?ority on ! subject1 ,pr(essor ,dana1 publi%$ a mo/ weighty reply1 two ye>s be=e ! ,duke ( ,argyll committ$ himself to ?is /atem5t4 7#c7 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll uses ! prec$+ products ( defective k1 multipli$ by excessive imag9ation1 to illu/rate ! mann] 9 :i* c]ta9 accept$ op9ions e/abli%$ a sort ( ,reign ( ,t]ror 9 _! own behalf 7p4 #cjg74 ,! tru? is t no plea1 except t ( total ignorance ( ! lit]ature ( ! subject1 c excuse ! errors cit$1 & t ! ,reign ( ,t]ror is a purely subjective ph5om5on4 7#d7 ,! lett] 9 ,nature = ! #ag? ( ,novemb] #ahhg1 to :i* ,i am ref]r$1 conta9s nei!r sub/antiation1 nor retractation1 ( /atem5ts #a & #b4 ,nev]!less1 x repeats numb] #c4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll says ( 8 article t x has done :at ,i int5d$ x to d4 ,x has call$ wide att5tion to ! influ5ce ( m]e au?ority 9 e/abli%+ errone\s !ories & 9 ret>d+ ! progress ( sci5tific tru?4 7#e7 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll illu/rates ! influ5ce ( 8 fictiti\s ,reign ( ,t]ror by ! /atem5t t ,mr4 ,john ,murray 0 /rongly advis$ aga9/ ! publication ( 8 views 9 d]ogation ( ,d>w9's long-accept$ !ory ( ! coral isl&s1 & 0 actually induc$ to delay x = two ye>s 7p4 #cjg74 ,& 9 ,nature = ! #ag? ,novemb] #ahhg1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll /ates t he has se5 a lett] f ,sir ,wyville ,?omson 9 :i* he urg$ & almo/ insi/$ t ,mr4 ,murray %\ld )draw ! read+ ( 8 pap]s on ! subject f ! ,royal ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,?is 0 9 ,febru>y #ahgg4 ,! next p>agraph1 h[ev]1 conta9s ! confession3 ,no special reason 0 assign$4 ,! ,duke ( ,argyll proce$s to give a speculative op9ion t ,sir ,wyville #fbe dread$ "s injury to ! sci5tific reputation ( ! body ( :i* he 0 ! *ief4 ,truly1 a v probable supposition2 b z ,sir ,wyville ,?omson's t5d5cies 7 notori\sly anti-,d>w9ian1 x does n appe> to me to l5d ! slighte/ ju/ification to ! ,duke ( ,argyll's ins9uation t ! ,d>w9ian t]ror influ5c$ him4 ,h[ev]1 ! "q 0 f9ally set at re/ by a lett] :i* appe>$ 9 ,nature 7#bi? ( ,decemb] #ahhg71 9 :i* ! writ] says t3 talk+ ) ,sir ,wyville ab\t ,murray's new !ory1 ,i ask$ :at objection he _h to its be+ br\ght be=e ! public8 ,! answ] simply 03 he consid]$ t ! gr\nds ( ! !ory _h n1 z yet1 be5 suffici5tly inve/igat$ or suffici5tly corroborat$1 & t !re=e any immature1 dogmatic publication ( x w\ld d less ?an little s]vice ei!r to sci5ce or to ! au?or ( ! pap]4 ,sir ,wyville ,?omson 0 an intimate fri5d ( m9e1 & ,i am glad to h be5 af=d$ "o m opportunity ( cle>+ 8 "* f ! asp]sions :i* h be5 s recklessly ca/ ^u 8 good s5se & 8 sci5tific hon\r4 7#f7 ,z to ! ov]?r[ ( ,d>w9's !ory1 :i*1 accord+ to ! ,duke ( ,argyll1 0 pat5t to e unprejudic$ p]son f\r ye>s ago1 ,i h rec5tly become acqua9t$ ) a "w1 9 :i* a really compet5t au?ority1#ahd ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) all ! new lights :i* h be5 ?r[n ^u ! subject dur+ ! la/ t5 ye>s1 pron\nces ! judgm5t2 fir/ly1 t "s ( ! facts br\ght =w>d by ,messrs4 ,murray & ,guppy aga9/ ,d>w9's !ory are n facts2 secondly1 t ! o!rs are reconcilable ) ,d>w9's !ory2 &1 ?irdly1 t ! !ories ( ,messrs4 ,murray & ,guppy are contradict$ by a s]ies ( important facts 7p4 #ac74 ,p]haps ,i _h bett] draw att5tion to ! circum/ance t ,dr4 ,lang5beck writes "u %elt] ( ! guns ( ! =tress ( ,/rassburg2 & may !re=e be presum$ to be unaffect$ by ^? dreams ( a ,reign ( ,t]ror :i* seem to di/urb ! peace ( "s ( u 9 ^! isl&s 7,april #ahia74 ,pr9t$ by ,r4 ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,ed9burgh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,messrs4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,lay ,,s]mons1 ,,addresses1 ,,& ,,reviews4 #i? ,edition4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,critiques ,,& ,,addresses4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,/&>d--,! :ole book is well wor?y ( ! reputation ( a writ] :om all1 :e!r !y agree or n ) 8 views ^u education & ,d>w9ism1 w admit is "o ( our =emo/ ?9k]s4 ,,scotsman--,!re is s mu* t is sugge/ive 9 ! volume1 s mu* t is valuable 9 ! way ( sci5tific in=mation1 & s mu* t is good 9 po9t ( lit]>y /yle1 t ! volume %\ld be widely & g5]ally read4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,culture1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,academy--,"s ( ^! essays are among ! mo/ int]e/+ ( ,pr(essor ,huxley's contributions to ! lit]ature ( sci5ce4 ,,we/m9/] ,,review--,a mo/ valuable contribution to lit]ature1 & at ! same "t an excell5t enunciation ( ! relation ( le>n+ to sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,,social ,,diseases ,,& ,,worse ,,rem$ies3 ,,lett]s ,,to ,,! ,,times ,,on ,,mr4 ,,boo?',s ,,s*emes4 ,) a ,preface & ,introductory ,essay4 #b;d ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 sew$4 #as4 net4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,messrs4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,physiology4 ,) ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,new ,edition4 ,foolscap #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,spectator--,a v useful little manual :i* %\ld be receiv$ ) acclamation4 ,,m$ical ,,press--,x is an admirable illu/ration ( h[ ! greate/ ma/]s ( a sci5ce may tea* its elem5ts 9 ! mo/ simple mann]4 ,,lancet--,to int5d+ m$ical /ud5ts ?is "w w prove ( great value4444 ,we welcome ?is book !n z a valuable addition to elem5t>y education4 ,,physiography4 ,,an ,,introduction ,,to ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,nature4 #ac? ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,saturday ,,review--,writt5 9 t attractive /yle :i* is *>act]i/ic ( a great natural hi/ory demon/rator1 a /yle 9 :i* cle>ness & precision ( language are comb9$ ) a vivid survey ( ! v>i\s objects t\*$ ^u4 ,,academy--,x w\ld h>dly be possible to place a m useful or sugge/ive book 9 ! h&s ( le>n]s & tea*]s1 or "o t is bett] calculat$ to make physiography a fav\rite subject 9 ! sci5ce s*ools4 ,,am]ican ,,addresses4 ,,) ,a ,,lecture ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,biology4 #hvo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,briti% ,,qu>t]ly ,,review--,?is int]e/+ & in/ructive volume has all ! cle>ness & ! e>ne/ness ( hone/ conviction t *>act]ise ! writ+s ( its em95t au?or4 ,,scotsman--,^! lectures are models ( calm & dispassionate treatm5t ( ! subject reg>d$ z a "q ( hi/ory1 & conta9 ! cle>e/ exposition1 z well z ! be/ ju/ification t has yet appe>$ ( ! doctr9e ( evolution4 ,,sci5ce ,,prim]4 ,,introductory4 #ahmo4 clo?4 #as4 ,,gu>dian--,x is di/+ui%$ by ! p]fect lucidity & excell5t lit]>y /yle ( :i* he is s great a ma/]4 ,! elem5t>y conception ( nature & sci5ce ( mat]ial & immat]ial objects1 ( m9]al & liv+ bodies are expla9$ 9 ! fewe/ & cle>e/ words4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,messrs4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,by ! ,,bi%op ,,( ,,london4 ,,! ,,relations ,,betwe5 ,,religion ,,& ,,sci5ce4 ,bampton ,lectures1 #ahhd4 #g? & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,by ,,rev4 ,,pr(essor ,,salmon4 ,,non-,,miracul\s ,,*ri/ianity1 & o!r ,s]mons4 #bnd ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,gno/icism ,,& ,,agno/icism1 & o!r ,s]mons4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,by ! ,,au?or ,,( ,,ecce ,,homo4 ,,natural ,,religion4 ,by ! au?or ( ,ecce ,homo4 #crd ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 #fs4 ,by ,,pr(essors ,,tait & ,,balf\r ,,/ew>t4 ,,p>adoxical ,,philosophy3 ,a ,sequel to ,! ,unse5 ,univ]se4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,by ,r4 ,h4 ,,hutton4 ,,essays ,,on ,,"s ,,( ,,! ,,mod]n ,,guides ,,( ,,engli% ,,?\ght ,,9 ,,matt]s ,,( ,,fai?4 ,globe #hvo4 #fs4 ,,!ological ,,essays4 ,globe #hvo4 #fs4 ,by ,,rev4 ,t4 ,w4 ,,f[le4 ,a ,,new ,,analogy ,,betwe5 ,,reveal$ ,,religion ,,& ,,! ,,c\rse ,,& ,,con/itution ,,( ,,nature4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,by ,,canon ,,curteis4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,ob/acles ,,to ,,*ri/ian ,,belief4 ,! ,boyle ,lectures1 #ahhd4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,by ,,pr(4 ,,cald]wood4 ,,! ,,relations ,,( ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,religion4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,by ! late ,,pr(essor ,,birks4 ,,! ,,difficulties ,,( ,,belief ,,9 ,,connection ,,) ,,! ,,creation ,,& ,,! ,,fall1 ,,r$emption1 ,,& ,,judgm5t4 #bnd ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,sup]natural ,,revelation3 or1 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,moral ,!ology4 #hvo4 #hs4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,messrs4 ,,macmillan ,,co4',s ,,publications4 ,,works ,,by ,,dr4 ,a4 ,r4 ,,wallace4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,! ,,malay ,,ar*ipelago3 ,,! ,,l& ,,( ,,! ,,orang ,,utan ,,& ,,! ,,bird ,,( ,,p>adise4 ,a ,n>rative ( ,travel4 ,) ,/udies ( ,man & ,nature4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,russell ,,wallace1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,au?or ( ,d>w9ism1 etc4 ,) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 ,,glasg[ ,,h]ald--,!re is probably no m int]e/+ book ( travel 9 ! language4444 ,= "o-&-tw5ty ye>s x has held its place z a monograph 9 a region ( ! ,ea/ :i* is full ( fasc9ation1 n only = ! naturali/ & e?nograph]1 b = ! ord9>y read] ( travels4 ,new ,edition4 ,9 "o vol4 ,extra cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,contributions ,,to ,,! ,,!ory ,,( ,,natural ,,selection3 ,,& ,,tropical ,,nature ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,isl& ,,life3 ,,or1 ,,! ,,ph5om5a ,,& ,,causes ,,( ,,insul> ,,faunas ,,& ,,floras4 ,includ+ a ,revision & attempt$ solution ( ! problem ( ,geological ,climates4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,) ,illu/rations & ,maps4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #is4 ,,d>w9ism4 ,an ,exposition ( ! ,!ory ( ,natural ,selection1 ) "s ( its ,applications4 ,by ! same ,au?or4 ,illu/rat$4 ,,saturday ,,review--444 ,mr4 ,wallace's volume may be tak5 z a fai?ful exposition ( :at ,d>w9 meant4 ,x is writt5 ) p]fect cle>ness1 ) a simple beauty & attractiv5ess ( /yle n common to sci5tific works1 ) a dignity & fre$om f any?+ l p]sonal bitt]ness wor?y ( ,d>w9 himself1 & ) an ord]l9ess & complet5ess t mu/ r5d] misconception impossible4 ,,a!naeum--,mr4 ,wallace adds s mu* t is new1 & he writes 9 s *>m+ & simple a /yle1 t 8 read]s m ?an he are to be congratulat$ on ! late/ s]vice he has r5d]$ to ! sci5ce he has s]v$ s well4444 ,,scotsman--444 ,!re c be only "o op9ion ( ! great m5tal grasp & +5uity1 ! lucidity ( view1 & ! brilliancy ( exposition display$ by him 9 go+ ov] ?is imm5se & pr(\nd field ( inquiry4 ,,man*e/] ,,exam9]--,a s+ul>ly useful & timely contribution to ! high] lit]ature ( popul> sci5ce4444 ,x has ! weight & int]e/ :i* are giv5 by unwe>y+ rese>*1 pati5t inve/igation1 & %rewd vigor\s ?\ght4 ,,cambridge ,,review--,x is a "w ( ! mo/ admirable lucidity1 & x may be recomm5d$ z a *>m+ "o to ! g5]al read]4 ,s _m new facts & argum5ts h be5 discov]$ s9ce ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 t ! "w %\ld also be /udi$ by ! sci5tific speciali/4444 ,! f9al *apt]s on man are deeply int]e/+4 ,,works ,,by ,,sir ,,john ,,lubbock4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,orig9 ,,& ,,metamorphoses ,,( ,,insects4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,on ,,briti% ,,wild ,,fl[]s ,,consid]$ ,,9 ,,_! ,,relation ,,to ,,insects4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,fl[]s1 ,,fruits1 ,,& ,,leaves4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition1 revis$4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,sci5tific ,,lectures4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,political ,,& ,,educational ,,addresses4 ,gl4 #hvo4 ,,! ,,pleasures ,,( ,,life4 ,new ,edition4 #as4 #f;d42 sew$1 #as4 #fj? ,?\s&4 ,libr>y ,edition4 ,globe #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,globe #hvo4 #as4 #f;d42 sew$1 #as4 ,libr>y ,edition4 ,globe #cs4 #f;d4 ,two ,p>ts 9 "o vol4 ,gl4 #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,fifty ,,ye>s ,,( ,,sci5ce3 ,address to ! ,briti% ,association1 #ahha4 #e? ,edition4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,messrs4 ,,macmillan ,,co4',s ,,sci5tific ,,books4 ,,"s ,,volumes ,,( ,,nature ,,s]ies4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,clo?4 ,,see+ ,,& ,,?9k+4 ,by ,pr(4 ,w4 ,k4 ,,clif=d1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,diagrams4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,*>les ,,d>w94 ,memorial ,notices repr9t$ f ,nature4 ,by ,,?omas ,h4 ,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s42 ,g4 ,j4 ,,romanes1 ,f4,r4,s42 ,,ar*ibald ,,geikie1 ,f4,r4,s42 & ,w4 ,t4 ,,dy]1 ,f4,r4,s4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,on ,,! ,,col\rs ,,( ,,fl[]s4 ,by ,,grant ,,all54 ,illu/rat$4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,evid5ces ,,( ,,organic ,,evolution4 ,by ,,george ,j4 ,,romanes1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,popul> ,,lectures ,,& ,,addresses4 ,by ,"l ,,kelv91 ,p4,r4,s4 ,9 #c vols4 ,vol4 ,i4 ,con/itution ( ,matt]4 ,illu/rat$4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,vol4 ,,iii4 ,navigation4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,are ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,inh]it$8 ,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,view held by ,sp5c] & ,d>w94 ,by ,w4 ,,platt ,,ball4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,"r ,,h&3 ,,left-,,h&$ness4 ,by ,sir ,d4 ,,wilson4 ,illu/rat$4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,apodidae3 ,a ,,morphological ,,/udy4 ,by ,,h5ry ,,meyn]s ,,b]n>d1 ,m4,a41 ,cantab4 ,) #ga ,illu/rations4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,scotsman4--,a book :i* zoologi/s w v greatly prize4 ,! writ] has work$ out ! task he set be=e him ) ! greate/ c>e & 9 ! mo/ elaborate mann]1 & has pres5t$ ! fruits ( 8 lab\r 9 a volume :i* e lov] ( sci5tific inve/igation w ?or\ghly appreciate4444 ,a valuable contribution to zoological inve/igation4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,messrs4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co4',s ,,books ,,on ,,biology1 ,,anatomy1 ,,& ,,physiology4 ,,elem5t>y ,,biology4 ,by ,t4 ,h4 ,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,h4 ,n4 ,,m>t91 ,f4,r4,s4 ,new ,edition4 ,revis$ & ext5d$ by ,g4 ,b4 ,,h[es & ,d4 ,h4 ,,scott4 ,cr4 #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,an ,,atlas ,,( ,,practical ,,elem5t>y ,,biology4 ,by ,g4 ,b4 ,,h[es4 ,) a ,preface by ,t4 ,h4 ,,huxley1 ,f4,r4,s4 #dto4 #ads4 ,,comp>ative ,,embryology 7,a ,treatise on74 ,by ,f4 ,m4 ,,balf\r1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,9 #b ,vols4 ,vol4 ,i41 #ahs42 ,vol4 ,,ii41 #bas4 ,,! ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,embryology4 ,by ,pr(essor ,m4 ,,fo/]1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 & ! late ,,francis ,m4 ,,balf\r1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,?ird ,edition1 ,revis$4 ,edit$ by ,,adam ,,s$gwick1 ,m4,a41 & ,,walt] ,,heape4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy4 ,by ,dr4 ,,arnold ,,lang1 ,pr(essor ( ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,zuri*1 =m]ly ,ritt] ,pr(essor ( ,phylog5y 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,j5a4 ,) ,preface to ! ,engli% ,translation by ,pr(4 ,dr4 ,,ern/ ,,haeckel1 ,director ( ! ,zoological ,in/itute 9 ,j5a4 ,translat$ into ,engli% by ,,h5ry ,m4 ,,b]n>d1 ,m4,a41 ,cantab41 & ,,matilda ,,b]n>d4 ,"p ,i4 #hvo4 #ags4 net4 ,,text-,,book ,,( ,,physiology4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,mi*ael ,,fo/]1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,six? ,edition1 l>gely revis$4 ,9 ,f\r ,p>ts4 #hvo4 ,p>ts ,i4 & ,,ii41 #ajs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,"p ,,iii41 #gs4 #f;d4 ,"p ,,iv41 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,practical ,,physiology ,,& ,,hi/ology3 ,an ,elem5t>y ,c\rse4 ,by ,pr(essor ,m4 ,,fo/]1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ,j4 ,n4 ,,langley1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,cr4 #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,zootomy 7,v]tebrata73 ,a ,c\rse ( ,in/ruction 94 ,by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,j4 ,,p>k]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #hs4 #f;d4 ,,elem5t>y ,,lessons ,,9 ,,anatomy4 ,by ,,/4 ,,george ,,miv>t1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) #djj ,illu/rations4 #ahmo4 #fs4 #f;d4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,comp>ative ,,anatomy ,,( ,,v]tebrates4 ,adapt$ f ! ,g]man ( ,,rob]t ,,wi$]%eim4 ,by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,n4 ,,p>k]4 ,) #bgj ,illu/rations4 #hvo4 #abs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,o/eology ,,( ,,! ,,mammalia 7,an ,introduction to74 ,by ,,william ,,h5ry ,,f[l]1 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,revis$ ) ! assi/ance ( ,,hans ,,gad[1 ,ph4,d41 ,m4,a4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,myology ,,( ,,! ,,rav5 7,corvus corax s9uatus74 ,a ,guide to ! ,/udy ( ! ,muscul> ,sy/em 9 ,birds4 ,by ,r4 ,w4 ,,%ufeldt4 ,illu/rat$4 #hvo4 #acs4 net4 ,,elem5t>y ,,practical ,,hi/ology4 ,by ,,william ,,fe>nley4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #gs4 #f;d4 ,,lessons ,,9 ,,elem5t>y ,,biology4 ,by ,pr(essor ,t4 ,,jeffrey ,,p>k]1 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,diseases ,,( ,,field ,,& ,,g>d5 ,,crops1 *iefly su* z are caus$ by ,fungi4 ,by ,,wor?+ton ,g4 ,,smi?1 ,f4,l4,s4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,timb] ,,& ,,"s ,,( ,,its ,,diseases4 ,by ,h4 ,,m>%all ,,w>d1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,botany1 ,royal ,indian ,eng9e]+ ,college1 ,coop]'s ,hill4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #fs4 ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,,london4 99 99 99 99 99 ,notes #a ,) a few exceptions1 :i* are duly not$ :5 !y am\nt to m ?an v]bal corrections4 #b ,decl>ation on ! ,tru? ( ,holy ,scripture4 ,! ,times1 #ah? ,decemb] #ahia4 #c ,decl>ation1 ,article #aj4 #d ,ego v]o evangelio non cr$]em1 nisi ecclesiae ,ca?olicae me commov]et auctoritas4--,contra ,epi/olam ,mani*aei1 cap4 v4 #e ,i employ ! words ,sup]nature & ,sup]natural 9 _! popul> s5ses4 ,= myself1 ,i am b\nd to say t ! t]m ,nature cov]s ! totality ( t :i* is4 ,! _w ( psy*ical ph5om5a appe>s to me to be z mu* "p ( ,nature z ! _w ( physical ph5om5a2 & ,i am unable to p]ceive any ju/ification = cutt+ ! ,univ]se into two halves1 "o natural & "o sup]natural4 #f ,! g5]al read] w f9d an admirably cle> & concise /atem5t ( ! evid5ce 9 ?is case1 9 ,pr(essor ,fl[]'s rec5tly publi%$ "w ,! ,horse3 a ,/udy 9 ,natural ,hi/ory4 #g ,! ,s*ool ,bo>ds3 ,:at !y c d & :at !y may d1 #ahgj4 ,critiques & ,addresses1 p4 #ea4 #h ,de ,solido intra ,solidum1 p4 #e4--;,dato corpore c]ta figura pra$ito et juxta leges naturae producto1 9 ipso corpore argum5ta inv5ire locum et modum productionis deteg5tia4 #i ,corpora sibi invicem omn9o similia simili etiam modo producta sunt4 #aj ,sir ,j4 ,d4 ,hook]4 #aa ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 #ab ,e>li]1 if m rec5t ann\ncem5ts are correct4 #ac ,x may be object$ t ,i h n put ! case fairly1 inasmu* z ! solit>y insect's w+ :i* 0 discov]$ twelve mon?s ago 9 ,silurian rocks1 & :i* is1 at pres5t1 ! sole evid5ce ( insects old] ?an ! ,devonian epo*1 came f /rata ( ,middle ,silurian age1 & is !re=e old] ?an ! scorpions :i*1 )9 ! la/ two ye>s1 h be5 f\nd 9 ,upp] ,silurian /rata 9 ,sw$51 ,brita91 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,b no "o :o compreh5ds ! nature ( ! evid5ce af=d$ by fossil rema9s w\ld v5ture to say t ! non-discov]y ( scorpions 9 ! ,middle ,silurian /rata1 up to ?is "t1 af=ds any m gr\nd = suppos+ t !y did n exi/1 ?an ! non-discov]y ( fly+ insects 9 ! ,upp] ,silurian /rata1 up to ?is "t1 ?r[s any d\bt on ! c]ta9ty t !y exi/$1 :i* is d]iv$ f ! occurr5ce ( ! w+ 9 ! ,middle ,silurian4 ,9 fact1 ,i h /ret*$ a po9t 9 admitt+ t ^! fossils af=d a col\rable pretext = ! assumption t ! l& & air-population 7 ( contemporane\s orig94 #ad ,! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahhf4 #ae ,bo? dolph9s & dugongs occur 9 ! ,r$ ,sea1 porpoises & dolph9s 9 ! ,m$it]ranean2 s t ! ,mosaic writ] may well h be5 acqua9t$ ) !m4 #af ,i said no?+ ab\t ! great] numb] ( s*ools ( ,greek philosophy1 z ,mr4 ,glad/one implies t ,i did1 b expressly spoke ( ! f\nd]s ( ,greek philosophy4 #ag ,see ,he9ze1 ,die ,lehre vom ,logos1 p4 #i et seq4 #ah ,repr9t$ 9 ,lay ,s]mons1 ,addresses1 & ,reviews1 #ahgj4 #ai ,anci5t1 d\btless1 b 8 antiquity mu/ n be exagg]at$4 ,= example1 !re is no pro( t ! ,mosaic cosmogony 0 kn[n to ! ,israelites ( ,solomon's "t4 #bj ,:5 ,j]emiah 7iv4 #bc7 says1 ,i beheld ! e>?1 &1 lo1 x 0 wa/e & void1 he c]ta9ly does n mean to imply t ! =m ( ! e>? 0 less def9ite1 or its sub/ance less solid1 ?an be=e4 #ba ,9 look+ ?r\gh ! delightful volume rec5tly publi%$ by ! ,a/ronom] ,royal = ,irel&1 a day or two ago1 ,i f9d ! foll[+ rem>ks on ! nebul> hypo!sis1 :i* ,i %\ld h be5 glad to quote 9 my text if ,i _h kn[n !m soon]3-- ,nor c x be ev] m ?an a speculation2 x _c be e/abli%$ by obs]vation1 nor c x be prov$ by calculation4 ,x is m]ely a conjecture1 m or less plausible1 b p]haps1 9 "s degree1 necess>ily true1 if our pres5t laws ( heat1 z we und]/& !m1 admit ( ! extreme application "h requir$1 & if ! pres5t ord] ( ?+s has reign$ = suffici5t "t )\t ! int]v5tion ( any influ5ce at pres5t kn[n to u 7,! ,/ory ( ! ,heav5s1 p4 #ejf74 ,w\ld any prud5t advocate base a plea1 ei!r = or aga9/ revelation1 ^u ! co9cid5ce1 or want ( co9cid5ce1 ( ! decl>ations ( ! latt] ) ! requirem5ts ( an hypo!sis ?us gu>d$ly dealt ) by an a/ronomical exp]t8 #bb ,lectures on ,evolution deliv]$ 9 ,new ,york 7,am]ican ,addresses74 #bc ,reuss1 ,l',hi/oire ,sa9te et la ,loi1 vol4 i4 p4 #bge4 #bd ,= ! s5se ( ! t]m ,elohim1 see p4 #ada4 #be ,p]haps ev5 hippopotamuses & ott]s6 #bf ,ev5 ! mo/ /urdy believ]s 9 ! popul> !ory t ! prop] or titul> names atta*$ to ! books ( ! ,bible are ^? ( _! au?ors w h>dly be prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ,jeph?ah1 ,gideon1 & _! colleagues wrote ! book ( ,judges4 ,nor is x easily admissible t ,samuel wrote ! two books :i* pass "u 8 "n1 "o ( :i* deals entirely ) ev5ts :i* took place aft] 8 dea?4 ,9 fact1 no "o kn[s :o wrote ei!r ,judges or ,samuel1 nor :51 )9 ! range ( #ajj ye>s1 _! pres5t =m 0 giv5 to ^! books4 #bg ,my citations are tak5 f ! ,revis$ ,v]sion1 b = ,,"l & ,,god ,i h sub/itut$ ,jahveh & ,elohim4 #bh ,i ne$ h>dly say t ,i dep5d ^u au?oritative ,biblical critics1 :5ev] a "q ( int]pretation ( ! text arises4 ,z ,reuss appe>s to me to be "o ( ! mo/ le>n$1 acute1 & fair-m9d$ ( ^? ^: works ,i h /udi$1 ,i h made mo/ use ( ! comm5t>y & diss]tations 9 8 spl5did ,fr5* edition ( ! ,bible4 ,b ,i h also _h rec\rse to ! works ( ,dillman1 ,kalis*1 ,ku551 ,!nius1 ,tu*1 & o!rs1 9 cases 9 :i* ano!r op9ion seem$ desirable4 #bi ,see ,div9ation1 by ,hazoral1 ,j\rnal ( ,an?ropology1 ,bombay1 vol4 i4 ,no4 #a4 #cj ,see1 = example1 ! message ( ,jeph?ah to ! ,k+ ( ! ,ammonites3 ,s n[ ,jahveh1 ! ,elohim ( ,israel1 ha? dispossess$ ! ,amorites f be=e 8 p ,israel1 & %\lde/ ?\ possess !m8 ,wilt n ?\ possess t :i* ,*emo%1 ?y ,elohim1 give? !e to possess8 7,jud4 xi4 #bc1 #bd74 ,= ,jeph?ah1 ,*emo% is obvi\sly z real a p]sonage z ,jahveh4 #ca ,= example3 ,my oblation1 my food = my (f]+s made by fire1 ( a sweet sav\r to me1 %all ye obs]ve to (f] unto me 9 _! due season 7,num4 xxviii4 #b74 #cb ,9 #b ,samuel xv4 #bg ,david says to ,zadok ! prie/1 ,art ?\ n a se]8 & ,gad is call$ ,david's se]4 #cc ,?is w\ld at fir/ appe> to be inconsi/5t ) ! use ( ! ^w prophetess = ,deborah4 ,b x does n foll[ because ! writ] ( ,judges applies ! "n to ,deborah t x 0 us$ 9 h] day4 #cd ,samuel tells ! cook1 ,br+ ! portion :i* ,i gave !e1 ( :i* ,i said to !e1 ,set x by !e4 ,x 0 !re=e ,samuel's to give4 ,& ! cook took up ! ?igh 7or %\ld]7 & t :i* 0 ^u x & set x be=e ,saul4 ,b1 9 ! ,levitical regulations1 x is ! ?igh 7or %\ld]7 :i* becomes ! prie/'s own prop]ty4 ,& ! "r ?igh 7or %\ld]7 %all ye give unto ! prie/ = an heave-(f]+1 :i* is giv5 along ) ! wave brea/ unto ,a>on ! prie/ & unto 8 sons z a due = ev] f ! *ildr5 ( ,israel 7,lev4 vii4 #ca-cd74 ,reuss writes on ?is passage3 ,la cuisse n'e/ po9t agitee1 mais simplem5t prelevee sur ce que les convives mang]ont4 #ce ,see1 = example1 ,elkanah's sacrifice1 #a ,sam4 i4 #c-i4 #cf ,! gho/ 0 n suppos$ to be capable ( dev\r+ ! gross mat]ial sub/ance ( ! (f]+2 b 8 vapor\s body appropriat$ ! smoke ( ! burnt sacrifice1 ! visible & odor\s exhalations ( o!r (f]+s4 ,! blood ( ! victim 0 p>ticul>ly useful because x 0 ?\ght to be ! special seat ( its s\l or life4 ,a ,we/ ,african negro repli$ to an ,european sceptic3 ,( c\rse1 ! _s _c eat corporeal food1 b he extracts its spiritual "p1 &1 z we see1 leaves ! mat]ial "p beh9d 7,lipp]t1 ,seel5cult1 p4 #af74 #cg ,x is fur!r well wor? consid]ation :e!r indications ( =m] ance/or-wor%ip are n to be f\nd 9 ! s+ul> weight atta*$ to ! v5]ation ( p>5ts 9 ! f\r? comm&m5t4 ,x is ! only positive comm&m5t1 9 addition to ^? respect+ ! ,deity & t conc]n+ ! ,sabba?1 & ! p5alties = infr++ x 7 ( ! same "*4 ,9 ,*9a1 a correspond+ rev]5ce = p>5ts is "p & p>cel ( ance/or-wor%ip2 s 9 anci5t ,rome & 9 ,greece 7:]e p>5ts 7 ev5 call$ ,greek3 deut]oi kai epigeoi !oi74 ,! fif? comm&m5t1 z x /&s1 w\ld be an excell5t compromise betwe5 ance/or-wor%ip & mono!ism4 ,! l>g] h]$it>y %>e allott$ by ,israelitic law to ! elde/ son rem9ds "o ( ! privileges atta*$ to primog5iture 9 anci5t ,rome1 :i* 7 closely connect$ ) ance/or-wor%ip4 ,!re is a good deal to be said 9 fav\r ( ! speculation t ! ark ( ! cov5ant may h be5 a relic ( ance/or-wor%ip2 b t topic is too l>ge to be dealt ) incid5tally 9 ?is place4 #ch ,! ,sci5tific ,aspects ( ,positivism1 ,=tnightly ,review1 #ahfi1 republi%$ 9 ,lay ,s]mons4 #ci ,oeuvres de ,bossuet1 ed4 #ahjh1 t4 xxxv4 p4 #bhb4 #dj ,i %\ld l fur!r to add ! expression ( my indebt$ness to two works by ,h]r ,julius ,lipp]t1 ,d] ,seel5cult 9 se95 ,beziehung5 zur alt-hebrais*5 ,religion1 & ,die ,religion5 d] europaeis*5 ,culturvoelk]1 bo? publi%$ 9 #ahha4 ,i h f\nd !m full ( valuable sugge/ions4 #da ,see among o!rs ! rem>kable "w ( ,fu/el de ,c\langes1 ,la cite antique1 9 :i* ! social importance ( ! old ,roman ance/or-wor%ip is br\ght out ) great cle>ness4 #db ,suppos$ to be ! f9] or m a]i=m "p ( ! body1 /&+ 9 ! same relation to ! body z ! p]fume & ! m ess5tial qualities ( a fl[] d to ! m solid sub/ances 7,m>9]1 vol4 ii4 p4 #abg74 #dc ,a k9d ( cli5ts 9 ! ,roman s5se4 #dd ,x is wor?y ( rem>k t ,greek3 daimon among ! ,greeks1 & ,deus among ! ,romans1 _h ! same wide signification4 ,! dii manes 7 gho/s ( ance/ors ,atuas ( ! family4 #de ,voyages aux iles du ,gr& ,ocean1 t4 i4 p4 #dhb4 #df ,te ,ika a ,maui3 ,new ,zeal& & its ,inhabitants1 p4 #gb4 #dg ,comp>e3 ,& ,samuel said unto ,saul1 ,:y ha/ ?\ disquiet$ me8 7#a ,sam4 xxviii4 #ae74 #dh ,turn]1 ,n9ete5 ,ye>s 9 ,polynesia1 p4 #bch4 #di ,see ,lipp]t's excell5t rem>ks on ?is subject1 ,d] ,seel5cult1 p4 #hi4 #ej ,sciography has ! au?ority ( ,cudwor?1 ,intellectual ,sy/em1 vol4 ii4 p4 #hcf4 ,sciomancy 7,greek3 skiomanteia71 :i*1 9 ! s5se ( div9ation by gho/s1 may be f\nd 9 ,bailey's ,diction>y 7#agea71 also furni%es a prec$5t = my co9age4 #ea ,kami is us$ 9 ! s5se ( ,elohim2 & is also1 l our ^w ,"l1 employ$ z a title ( respect among m51 z inde$ ,elohim 04 #eb ,! ,assyrians ?us rais$ ,assur to a position ( pre-em95ce4 #ec ,i ref] ^? :o wi% to "k ! reasons :i* lead me to take up ?is position to ! works ( ,reuss & ,wellhaus51 & especially to ,/ade's ,ges*i*te des ,volkes ,israel4 #ed ,buns51 ,egypt's ,place1 vol4 v4 p4 #abi1 note4 #ee ,see ,bir*1 9 ,egypt's ,place1 vol4 v42 & ,brugs*1 ,hi/ory ( ,egypt4 #ef ,ev5 by ,graetz1 :o1 ?\gh a fair en\gh hi/orian1 _c be accus$ ( any desire to ov]-e/imate ! importance ( ,egyptian influ5ce ^u 8 p4 #eg ,graetz1 ,ges*i*te d] ,jud51 ,bd4 i4 p4 #cgj4 #eh ,see ! c>eful analysis ( ! "w ( ! ,alex&rian philosoph] & !ologian 7:o1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 0 a mo/ dev\t ,jew1 held 9 ! highe/ e/eem by 8 c\ntrym57 9 ,siegfri$'s ,philo von ,alex&ri51 #ahge4 ,also ,dr4 ,j4 ,drummond's ,philo ,judaeus1 #ahhh4 #ei ,i am n unaw>e ( ! exi/5ce ( _m & widely div]g5t sects & s*ools among ! ,jews at all p]iods ( _! hi/ory1 s9ce ! disp]sion4 ,b ,i imag9e t or?odox ,judaism is n[ pretty mu* :at x 0 9 ,philo's "t2 :ile ,pet] & ,paul1 if !y c\ld return to life1 w\ld c]ta9ly h to le>n ! cate*ism ( ei!r ! ,roman1 ,greek1 or ,anglican ,*ur*es1 if !y desir$ to be consid]$ or?odox ,*ri/ians4 #fj ,dante's description ( ,lucif] engag$ 9 ! et]nal ma/ication ( ,brutus1 ,cassius1 & ,judas ,isc>iot-- ,da ogni bocca dirompea co' d5ti ,un peccatore1 a guisa di maciulla1 ,si *e tre ne facea cosi dol5ti4 ,a quel d9anzi il mord]e era nulla1 ,v]so 'l graffi>1 *e tal volta la s*i5a ,rimanea della pelle tutta brulla-- is q 9 h>mony ) ! ,pisan picture & p]fectly ,polynesian 9 conception4 #fa ,see ! fam\s ,collection ( ,pap]s1 publi%$ by ,cl>ke 9 #agag4 ,leibnitz says3 ',tis also a sup]natural ?+ t bodies %\ld attract "o ano!r at a di/ance )\t any int]m$iate means4 ,& ,cl>ke1 on behalf ( ,newton1 caps ?is z foll[s3 ,t "o body %\ld attract ano!r )\t any int]m$iate means is1 inde$1 n a miracle1 b a contradiction2 = 'tis suppos+ some?+ to act :]e x is n4 #fb ,i may cite 9 support ( ?is obvi\s conclusion ( s\nd reason+1 two au?orities :o w c]ta9ly n be reg>d$ lightly by ,mr4 ,lilly4 ,^! are ,augu/9e & ,?omas ,aqu9as4 ,! =m] decl>es t ,fate is only an ill-*os5 "n = ,provid5ce4 ,prorsus div9a provid5tia regna con/ituuntur humana4 ,quae si propt]ea quisquam fato tribuit1 quia ipsam ,dei voluntatem vel pote/atem fati nom9e appellat1 s5t5tiam t5eat1 l+uam corrigat 7,augu/9us ,de ,civitate ,dei1 ,v4 c4 i47 ,! o!r great doctor ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 ,divus ,?omas1 z ,su>ez calls him1 ^: m>vell\s grasp & subtlety ( intellect seem to me to be almo/ )\t a p>allel1 puts ! :ole case into a nut%ell1 :5 he says t ! gr\nd = do+ a ?+ 9 ! m9d ( ! do] is z x 7 ! pre-exi/5ce ( ! ?+ done3 ,ratio autem alicujus fi5di 9 m5te actoris exi/5s e/ qua$am prae-exi/5tia rei fi5dae 9 eo 7,summa1 ,qu4 xxiii4 ,art4 i47 ,if ?is is n en\gh1 ,i may fur!r ask :at ,mat]iali/ has ev] giv5 a bett] /atem5t ( ! case = det]m9ism1 on !i/ic gr\nds1 ?an is to be f\nd 9 ! foll[+ passage ( ! ,summa1 ,qu4 xiv4 ,art4 xiii4 ,omnia quae sunt 9 tempore1 sunt ,deo ab aet]no praes5tia1 non solum ea ex ratione qua habet rationes r]um apud se pres5tes1 ut quidam dicunt1 s$ quia ejus intuitus f]tur ab aet]no supra omnia1 pr\t sunt 9 sua praes5tialitate4 ,unde manife/um e/ quod cont+5tia infallibilit] a ,deo cognoscuntur1 9 quantum subduntur div9o conspectui secundum suam praes5tialitatem2 et tam5 sunt futura cont+5tia1 suis causis proximis comp>ata4 ,z ,i h n said t ,?omas ,aqu9as is pr(ess$ly a det]m9i/1 ,i d n see ! be>+ ( citations f him :i* may be m or less inconsi/5t ) ! =ego+4 #fc ,!re is no exagg]ation 9 ?is brief & summ>y view ( ! ,ca?olic cosmos4 ,b x w\ld be unfair to leave x to be suppos$ t ! ,re=mation made any ess5tial alt]ation1 except p]haps = ! worse1 9 t cosmology :i* call$ itself ,*ri/ian4 ,! protagoni/ ( ! ,re=mation1 f :om ! :ole ( ! ,evangelical sects are l9eally desc5d$1 /ates ! case ) t pla9ness ( spee*1 n to say brutality1 :i* *>act]is$ him4 ,lu!r says t man is a bea/ ( burd5 :o only moves z 8 rid] ord]s2 sometimes ,god rides him1 & sometimes ,satan4 ,sic voluntas humana 9 m$io posita e/1 ceu jum5tum2 si ins$]it ,deus1 vult et vadit1 quo vult ,deus4444 ,si ins$]it ,satan1 vult et vadit1 quo vult ,satan2 nec e/ 9 ejus arbitrio ad utrum sessorem curr]e1 aut eum qua]]e1 s$ ipsi sessores c]tant ob ipsum obt95dum et possid5dum 7,de ,s]vo ,arbitrio1 ,m4 ,lu!ri ,op]a1 ed4 #aedf1 t4 ii4 p4 #dfh74 ,"o may he> sub/antially ! same doctr9e prea*$ 9 ! p>ks & at /reet-corn]s by zeal\s volunte] mission>ies ( ,evangelicism1 any ,sunday1 9 mod]n ,london4 ,:y ^! doctr9es1 :i* are conspicu\s by _! abs5ce 9 ! f\r ,gospels1 %\ld arrogate to !mselves ! title ( ,evangelical1 9 contradi/9ction to ,ca?olic1 ,*ri/ianity1 may well p]plex ! imp>tial inquir]1 :o1 if he 7 oblig$ to *oose betwe5 ! two1 might naturally pref] t :i* leaves ! poor bea/ ( burd5 a little fre$om ( *oice4 #fd ,i say s-call$ n by way ( (f5ce1 b z a prote/ aga9/ ! mon/r\s assumption t ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity is explicitly or implicitly conta9$ 9 any tru/wor?y record ( ! tea*+ ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?4 #fe ,x may be desirable to obs]ve t1 9 mod]n times1 ! t]m ,realism has acquir$ a signification :olly diff]5t f t :i* atta*$ to x 9 ! middle ages4 ,we commonly use x z ! contr>y ( ,idealism4 ,! ,ideali/ holds t ! ph5om5al _w has only a subjective exi/5ce1 ! ,reali/ t x has an objective exi/5ce4 ,i am n aw>e t any m$iaeval philosoph] 0 an ,ideali/ 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we apply ! t]m to ,b]keley4 ,9 fact1 ! c>d9al defect ( _! speculations lies 9 _! ov]sight ( ! consid]ations :i* lead to ,idealism4 ,if _m ( !m reg>d$ ! mat]ial _w z a negation1 x 0 an active negation2 n z]o1 b a m9us quantity4 #ff ,at any rate a cata/rophe great] ?an ! flood1 :i*1 z ,i obs]ve ) int]e/1 is z calmly assum$ by ! prea*] to be an hi/orical ev5t z if sci5ce _h nev] _h a ^w to say on t subject6 #fg ,les =mes des anci5s ou ,entele*ies ne sont autre *ose que les =ces 7,leibnitz1 ,lettre au ,p]e ,b\vet1 #afig74 #fh ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>* #ahhg4 #fi ,! ,duke ( ,argyll speaks ( ! rec5t date ( ! demon/ration ( ! fallacy ( ! doctr9e 9 "q4 ,rec5t is a relative t]m1 b ,i may m5tion t ! "q is fully discuss$ 9 my book on ,hume2 :i*1 if ,i may believe my publi%]s1 has be5 read by a good _m p s9ce x appe>$ 9 #ahgi4 ,moreov]1 ,i obs]ve1 f a note at page #hi ( ,! ,reign ( ,law1 a "w to :i* ,i %all h occasion to adv]t by & by1 t ! ,duke ( ,argyll draws att5tion to ! circum/ance t1 s long ago z #ahff1 ! views :i* ,i hold on ?is subject 7 well kn[n4 ,! ,duke1 9 fact1 writ+ ab\t ?is "t1 says1 aft] quot+ a phrase ( m9e3 ,! "q ( miracles seems n[ to be admitt$ on all h&s to be simply a "q ( evid5ce4 ,9 sci5ce we ?9k t a tea*] :o ignores views :i* h be5 discuss$ coram populo = tw5ty ye>s1 is h>dly up to ! m>k4 #gj ,see also vol4 i4 p4 #dfj4 ,9 ! n9? edition 7#ahec71 publi%$ tw5ty-?ree ye>s aft] ! fir/1 ,lyell deprives ev5 ! mo/ c>eless read] ( any excuse = misund]/&+ him3 ,s 9 reg>d to subt]ranean movem5ts1 ! !ory ( ! p]petual uni=mity ( ! =ce :i* !y ex]t on ! e>?-cru/ is q consi/5t ) ! admission ( _! alt]nate developm5t & susp5sion = indef9ite p]iods )9 limit$ geographical areas 7p4 #ahg74 #ga ,a great _m ye>s ago 7,presid5tial ,address to ! ,geological ,society1 #ahfi7 ,i v5tur$ to indicate t :i* seem$ to me to be ! weak po9t1 n 9 ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( uni=mit>ianism1 b 9 uni=mit>ianism z taught by ,lyell4 ,x lay1 to my m9d1 9 ! refusal by ,hutton1 & 9 a less degree by ,lyell1 to look beyond ! limits ( ! "t record$ by ! /ratifi$ rocks4 ,i said3 ,?is attempt to limit1 at a p>ticul> po9t1 ! progress ( inductive & d$uctive reason+ f ! ?+s :i* are to ! ?+s :i* 7--?is fai?lessness to its own logic1 seems to me to h co/ uni=mit>ianism ! place z ! p]man5t =m ( geological speculation :i* x might o!rwise h held 7,lay ,s]mons1 p4 #bfj74 ,! context %[s t uni=mit>ianism "h means t doctr9e1 z limit$ 9 application by ,hutton & ,lyell1 & t :at ,i mean by evolutionism is consi/5t & ?or\ghgo+ uni=mit>ianism4 #gb ,philosophy ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 vol4 i4 p4 #fgj4 ,new edition1 #ahdg4 #gc ,at ,glasg[ 9 #ahef4 #gd ,optics1 qu]y #ca4 #ge ,! au?or recognises ?is 9 8 ,explanations4 #gf ,! ,advance ( ,sci5ce4 ,?ree s]mons prea*$ 9 ,man*e/] ,ca!dral on ,sunday1 ,septemb] #d1 #ahhg1 dur+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association = ! ,advancem5t ( ,sci5ce1 by ! ,bi%op ( ,c>lisle1 ! ,bi%op ( ,b$=d1 & ! ,bi%op ( ,man*e/]4 #gg ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahhe1 p4 #aij4 #gh ,pr(essor ,geikie1 h[ev]1 ?\gh a /rong1 is a fair & c&id advocate4 ,he says ( ,d>w9's !ory1 ,t x may be possibly true1 9 "s in/ances1 may be readily grant$4 ,= ,pr(essor ,geikie1 !n1 x is n yet ov]?r[n--/ill less a dream4 #gi ,i f9d1 moreov]1 t ,i specially w>n$ my read]s aga9/ ha/y judgm5t4 ,aft] /at+ ! facts ( obs]vation1 ,i add1 ,i h1 hi!rto1 said no?+ ab\t _! mean+1 z1 9 an inquiry s difficult & fraught ) int]e/ z ?is1 x seems to me to be 9 ! highe/ degree important to keep ! que/ions ( fact & ! que/ions ( int]pretation well ap>t 7p4 #baj74 #hj ,see ! ,(ficial ,report ( ! ,*ur* ,congress held at ,man*e/]1 ,octob] #ahhh1 pp4 #bec1 #bed4 #ha ,9 ?is place & 9 ! elev5? essay1 !re are ref]5ces to ! late ,ar*bi%op ( ,york :i* are ( no importance to my ma9 argum5t1 & :i* ,i h expung$ because ,i desire to oblit]ate ! traces ( a tempor>y misund]/&+ ) a man ( r>e ability1 c&\r1 & wit1 = :om ,i ent]ta9$ a great lik+ & no less respect4 ,i rejoice to ?9k n[ ( ! 7!n7 ,bi%op's cordial hail ! fir/ "t we met aft] our little skirmi%1 ,well1 is x to be peace or w>8 ,i repli$1 ,a little ( bo?4 ,b !re 0 only peace :5 we p>t$1 & ev] aft]4 #hb ,dr4 ,wace tells u1 ,x may be ask$ h[ f> we c rely on ! acc\nts we possess ( our ,"l's tea*+ on ^! subjects4 ,& he seems to ?9k ! "q appropriately answ]$ by ! ass]tion t x ought to be reg>d$ z settl$ by ,m4 ,r5an's practical surr5d] ( ! adv]se case4 ,i ?\ght ,i knew ,m4 ,r5an's works pretty well1 b ,i h contriv$ to miss ?is practical 7,i wi% ,dr4 ,wace _h def9$ ! scope ( t useful adjective7 surr5d]4 ,h[ev]1 z ,dr4 ,wace c f9d no difficulty 9 po9t+ out ! passage ( ,m4 ,r5an's writ+s1 by :i* he feels ju/ifi$ 9 mak+ 8 /atem5t1 ,i %all wait = fur!r enlight5m5t1 cont5t+ myself1 = ! pres5t1 ) rem>k+ t if ,m4 ,r5an 7 to retract & d p5ance 9 ,notre-,dame to-morr[ = any contributions to ,biblical criticism t may be specially 8 prop]ty1 ! ma9 results ( t criticism1 z !y are set =? 9 ! works ( ,/rauss1 ,baur1 ,reuss1 & ,volkm>1 = example1 w\ld n be s5sibly affect$4 #hc ,see ,de ,gob9eau1 ,les ,religions et les ,philosophies dans l',asie ,c5trale2 & ! rec5tly publi%$ "w ( ,mr4 ,e4 ,g4 ,br[ne1 ,! ,episode ( ! ,bab4 #hd ,"h1 z always1 ! revis$ v]sion is cit$4 #he ,does any "o really mean to say t !re is any int]nal or ext]nal crit]ion by :i* ! read] ( a biblical /atem5t1 9 :i* sci5tific matt] is conta9$1 is enabl$ to judge :e!r x is to be tak5 au s]ieux or n8 ,is ! acc\nt ( ! ,deluge1 accept$ z true 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 less precise & specific ?an t ( ! call ( ,abraham1 also accept$ z true !re98 ,by :at m>k does ! /ory ( ! fe$+ ) manna 9 ! wild]ness1 :i* involves "s v curi\s sci5tific problems1 %[ t x is meant m]ely = edification1 :ile ! /ory ( ! inscription ( ! ,law on /one by ! h& ( ,jahveh is lit]ally true8 ,if ! /ory ( ! ,fall is n ! true record ( an hi/orical occurr5ce1 :at becomes ( ,paul9e !ology8 ,yet ! /ory ( ! ,fall z directly conflicts ) probability1 & is z devoid ( tru/wor?y evid5ce1 z t ( ! ,creation or t ( ! ,deluge1 ) :i* x =ms an h>moni\sly leg5d>y s]ies4 #hf ,see1 = an admirable discussion ( ! :ole subject1 ,dr4 ,abbott's article on ! ,gospels 9 ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica2 & ! rem>kable monograph by ,pr(essor ,volkm>1 ,jesus ,naz>5us und die er/e *ri/li*e ,zeit 7#ahhb74 ,:e!r we agree ) ! conclusions ( ^! writ]s or n1 ! me?od ( critical inve/igation :i* !y adopt is unimpea*able4 #hg ,not)/&+ ! h>d words %ot at me f beh9d ! h$ge ( anonymity by a writ] 9 a rec5t numb] ( ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,i repeat1 )\t ! slighte/ fe> ( refutation1 t ! f\r ,gospels1 z !y h come to u1 are ! "w ( unkn[n writ]s4 #hh ,_! argum5ts1 9 ! long run1 are always r$ucible to "o =m4 ,o!rwise tru/wor?y witnesses affirm t su* & su* ev5ts took place4 ,^! ev5ts are inexplicable1 except ! ag5cy ( spirits is admitt$4 ,!re=e spirits 7 ! cause ( ! ph5om5a4 ,& ! heads ( ! reply are always ! same4 ,rememb] ,goe!'s aphorism3 ,alles factis*e i/ s*on ,!orie4 ,tru/wor?y witnesses are con/antly deceiv$1 or deceive !mselves1 9 _! int]pretation ( s5sible ph5om5a4 ,no "o c prove t ! s5sible ph5om5a1 9 ^! cases1 c\ld be caus$ only by ! ag5cy ( spirits3 & !re is abundant gr\nd = believ+ t !y may be produc$ 9 o!r ways4 ,!re=e1 ! utmo/ t c be reasonably ask$ =1 on ! evid5ce z x /&s1 is susp5sion ( judgm5t4 ,&1 on ! necessity = ev5 t susp5sion1 reasonable m5 may diff]1 accord+ to _! views ( probability4 #hi ,yet ,i mu/ someh[ h laid hold ( ! pi? ( ! matt]1 =1 _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 :5 ,dean ,mansell's ,bampton lectures 7 publi%$1 x seem$ to me ,i already knew all t ?is em95tly agno/ic ?9k] _h to tell me4 #ij ,kritik d] re95 ,v]nunft4 ,edit4 ,h>t5/e91 p4 #bef4 #ia ,report ( ! ,*ur* ,congress1 ,man*e/]1 #ahhh1 p4 #beb4 #ib ,=tnightly ,review1 ,jan4 #ahhi4 #ic ,my citations are made f ,teulet's ,e9h>di omnia quae extant op]a1 ,p>is1 #ahdj-ahdc1 :i* conta9s a biography ( ! au?or1 a hi/ory ( ! text1 ) translations into ,fr5*1 & _m valuable annotations4 #id ,at pres5t includ$ 9 ! ,du*ies ( ,hesse-,d>m/adt & ,bad54 #ie ,?is took place 9 ! ye> #hbf ,a4,d4 ,! relics 7 br\ght f ,rome & deposit$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,m$>dus at ,soissons4 #if ,n[ includ$ 9 ,we/]n ,switz]l&4 #ig ,probably1 accord+ to ,teulet1 ! pres5t ,s&h(]-fahrt1 a little bel[ ! emb\*ure ( ! ,neck>4 #ih ,! pres5t ,mi*il/adt1 ?irty miles ,n4,e4 ( ,heidelb]g4 #ii ,9 ! ,middle ,ages "o ( ! mo/ fav\rite accusations aga9/ wit*es 0 t !y committ$ j ^! enormities4 #ajj ,x is pretty cle> t ,eg9h>d _h 8 d\bts ab\t ! deacon1 ^: pl$ges he qualifies z sponsiones inc]tae4 ,b1 to be sure1 he wrote aft] ev5ts :i* fully ju/ifi$ scepticism4 #aja ,! words are scr9ia s9e clave1 :i* seems to mean hav+ no key4 ,b ! circum/ances =bid ! idea ( break+ op54 #ajb ,eg9h>d speaks ) l(ty contempt ( ! vana ac sup]/itiosa praesumptio ( ! poor woman's companions 9 try+ to alleviate h] suff]+s ) h]bs & frivol\s incantations4 ,va9 en\gh1 no d\bt1 b ! muli]culae might h return$ ! epi!t sup]/iti\s ) int]e/4 #ajc ,( c\rse !re is no?+ new 9 ?is argum5t2 b x does n gr[ weak] by age4 ,& ! case ( ,eg9h>d is f> m in/ructive ?an t ( ,augu/9e1 because ! =m] has s v frankly1 ?\gh incid5tally1 reveal$ to u n only 8 own m5tal & moral habits1 b ^? ( ! p ab\t him4 #ajd ,see #a ,cor4 xii4 #aj-bh2 #b ,cor4 vi4 #ab2 ,rom4 xv4 #ai4 #aje ,a ,j\rnal or ,hi/orical ,acc\nt ( ! ,life1 ,travels1 ,suff]+s1 & ,*ri/ian ,exp]i5ces1 c41 ( ,george ,fox4 ,ed4 #afid1 pp4 #bg1 #bh4 #ajf ,i may p]haps return to ! "q ( ! au?or%ip ( ! ,gospels4 ,= ! pres5t ,i mu/ cont5t myself ) w>n+ my read]s aga9/ any reliance ^u ,dr4 ,wace's /atem5ts z to ! results arriv$ at by mod]n criticism4 ,!y are z gravely z surpris+ly errone\s4 #ajg ,! ,unit$ ,/ates ought1 p]haps1 to be add$1 b ,i am n sure4 #ajh ,imag9e t all our *airs ( ,a/ronomy _h be5 f\nd$ 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & t _! incumb5ts 7 b\nd to sign ,ptolemaic articles4 ,9 t case1 ) e respect = ! ef=ts ( p]sons ?us hamp]$ to atta9 & exp\nd ! tru?1 ,i ?9k m5 ( common s5se w\ld g else:]e to le>n a/ronomy4 ,zell]'s ,vortraege und ,abh&lung5 7 publi%$ & came into my h&s a qu>t] ( a c5tury ago4 ,! writ]'s rank1 z a !ologian to beg9 )1 & subsequ5tly z a hi/orian ( ,greek philosophy1 is ( ! highe/4 ,among ^! essays are two--,das ,ur*ri/5?um & ,die ,tueb+] hi/oris*e ,s*ule--:i* are likely to be ( m use to ^? :o wi% to "k ! real /ate ( ! case ?an all t ! (ficial apologi/s1 ) _! "o eye on tru? & ! o!r on ! t5ets ( _! sect1 h writt54 ,= ! op9ion ( a sci5tific !ologian ab\t !ologians ( ?is /amp see pp4 #bbe & #bbg ( ! ,vortraege4 #aji ,i suppose ?is is :at ,dr4 ,wace is ?9k+ ab\t :5 he says t ,i allege t !re is no visible escape f ! supposition ( an ,ur-,m>cus 7p4 #cfg74 ,t a !ologian ( repute %\ld conf\nd an indisputable fact ) "o ( ! modes ( expla9+ t fact is n s s+ul> z ^? :o are unaccu/om$ to ! ways ( !ologians might imag9e4 #aaj ,any exam9] ^: duty x has be5 to exam9e into a case ( copy+ w be p>ticul>ly well prep>$ to appreciate ! =ce ( ! case /at$ 9 t mo/ excell5t little book1 ,! ,common ,tradition ( ! ,synoptic ,gospels1 by ,dr4 ,abbott & ,mr4 ,ru%brooke 7,macmillan1 #ahhd74 ,to ^? :o h n pass$ ?r\gh su* pa9ful exp]i5ces ,i may recomm5d ! brief discussion ( ! g5u95ess ( ! ,casket ,lett]s 9 my fri5d ,mr4 ,skelton's int]e/+ book1 ,maitl& ( ,le?+ton4 ,! second edition ( ,holtzmann's ,lehrbu*1 publi%$ 9 #ahhf1 gives a rem>kably fair & full acc\nt ( ! pres5t results ( criticism4 ,at p4 #cff he writes t ! pres5t burn+ "q is :e!r ! relatively primitive n>rative & ! root ( ! o!r synoptic texts is conta9$ 9 ,mat!w or 9 ,m>k4 ,x is only on ?is po9t t prop]ly-in=m$ 7sa*kundige7 critics diff]1 & he decides 9 fav\r ( ,m>k4 #aaa ,holtzmann 7,die synoptis*5 ,evangeli51 #ahfc1 p4 #ge71 foll[+ ,ewald1 argues t ! ,s\rce ,a 7 ! ?reefold tradition1 m or less7 conta9$ some?+ t answ]$ to ! ,s]mon on ! ,pla9 imm$iately aft] ! words ( our pres5t ,m>k1 ,& he come? into a h\se 7iii4 #ai74 ,b :at conceivable motive c\ld ,m>k h = omitt+ x8 ,holtzmann has no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ! ,s]mon on ! ,m\nt is a compilation1 or1 z he calls x 9 8 rec5tly-publi%$ ,lehrbu* 7p4 #cgb71 an artificial mosaic "w4 #aab ,see ,s*u]]1 ,ges*i*te des ju$is*5 ,volkes1 ,zweit] ,!il1 p4 #chd4 #aac ,spaci\s1 because a "y man c\ld sit 9 x on ! "r side 7xv4 #e71 & !re=e ) pl5ty ( room to sp>e4 #aad ,k+ ,h]od _h n ! lea/ difficulty 9 suppos+ ! resurrection ( ,john ! ,bapti/--,john1 :om ,i behead$1 he is ris5 7,m>k vi4 #af74 #aae ,i am v sorry = ! int]polat$ 91 because citation ought to be accurate 9 small ?+s z 9 great4 ,b :at diff]5ce x makes :e!r "o believes ,jesus or believes 9 ,jesus mu* ?\ght has n enabl$ me to discov]4 ,if y believe him y mu/ believe him to be :at he pr(ess$ to be--t is1 believe 9 him2 & if y believe 9 him y mu/ necess>ily believe him4 #aaf ,true = ,ju/93 b !re is a s*ool ( !ological critics1 :o m or less "q ! hi/orical reality ( ,paul & ! g5u95ess ( ev5 ! f\r c>d9al epi/les4 #aag ,see ,dial4 cum ,tryphone1 ,sec4 #dg & ,sec4 #ce4 ,x is to be und]/ood t ,ju/9 does n arrange ^! categories 9 ord]1 z ,i h done4 #aah ,i gu>d myself aga9/ be+ suppos$ to affirm t ev5 ! f\r c>d9al epi/les ( ,paul may n h be5 s]i\sly tamp]$ )4 ,see note #aaf1 p4 #dbi above4 #aai ,paul1 9 fact1 is requir$ to commit 9 ,j]usalem1 an act ( ! same "* z t :i* he br&s z dissimulation on ! "p ( ,pet] 9 ,antio*4 #abj ,all ?is 0 q cle>ly po9t$ out by ,rits*l ne>ly =ty ye>s ago4 ,see ,die ,ent/ehung d] alt-ka?olis*5 ,kir*e 7#ahej71 p4 #ajh4 #aba ,if e "o 0 baptiz$ z soon z he ackn[l$g$ ,jesus to be ! ,messiah1 ! fir/ ,*ri/ians c h be5 aw>e ( no o!r ess5tial diff]5ces f ! ,jews4--,zell]1 ,vortraege 7#ahfe71 p4 #bf4 #abb ,dr4 ,h>nack1 9 ! lately-publi%$ second edition ( 8 ,dogm5ges*i*te1 says 7p4 #ci71 ,jesus ,*ri/ br\ght =w>d no new doctr9e2 & aga9 7p4 #fe71 ,x is n difficult to set aga9/ e portion ( ! utt]ances ( ,jesus an obs]vation :i* deprives him ( orig9ality4 ,see also ,zusatz #d1 on ! same page4 #abc ,! sub/ance ( a p>agraph :i* prec$es ?is has be5 transf]r$ to ! ,prologue4 #abd ,let u ma9ta91 be=e we h prov$4 ,?is seem+ p>adox is ! secret ( happ9ess 7,dr4 ,newman3 ,tract #he1 p4 #he74 #abe ,dr4 ,newman1 ,essay on ,developm5t1 p4 #ceg4 #abf ,x is by no means to be assum$ t spiritual & corporeal are exact equival5ts ( immat]ial & mat]ial 9 ! m9ds ( anci5t speculators on ^! topics4 ,! spiritual body ( ! ris5 dead 7#a ,cor4 xv47 is n ! natural fle% & blood body4 ,paul does n tea* ! resurrection ( ! body 9 ! ord9>y s5se ( ! ^w body2 a fact1 (t5 ov]look$1 b pregnant ) _m consequ5ces4 #abg ,t]tullian 7,apolog4 adv4 ,g5tes1 cap4 xxiii47 ?us *all5ges ! ,roman au?orities3 let !m br+ a possess$ p]son into ! pres5ce ( a ,*ri/ian be=e _! tribunal2 &1 if ! demon does n confess himself to be su*1 on ! ord] ( ! ,*ri/ian1 let ! ,*ri/ian be execut$ out ( h&4 #abh ,see ! expression ( or?odox op9ion ^u ! accommodation subt]fuge already cit$ above1 p4 #ccf4 #abi ,i quote ! fir/ edition 7#ahdc74 ,a second edition appe>$ 9 #ahgj4 ,tract #he ( ! ,tracts = ! ,times %\ld be read ) ?is ,essay4 ,if ,i 7 call$ ^u to compile a ,prim] ( ,infidelity1 ,i ?9k ,i %\ld save myself tr\ble by mak+ a selection f ^! works1 & f ! ,essay on ,developm5t by ! same au?or4 #acj ,yet1 :5 x suits 8 purpose1 z 9 ! ,introduction to ! ,essay on ,developm5t1 ,dr4 ,newman c dem& /rict evid5ce 9 religi\s que/ions z %>ply z any infidel au?or2 & he c ev5 pr(ess to yield to its =ce 7,essay on ,miracles1 #ahgj1 note1 p4 #cia74 #aca ,comp>e ,tract #he1 p4 #aaj3 ,i am p]suad$ t 7 m5 b consi/5t :o oppose ! ,*ur* doctr9es z be+ unscriptural1 !y w\ld v9dicate ! ,jews = reject+ ! ,gospel4 #acb ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,newman1 ,?is pray] t ( ,bi%op ,alex&]1 :o begg$ ,god to 'take ,arius away' is said to h be5 (f]$ ab\t #c ,p4,m4 on ! ,saturday2 t same ev5+ ,arius 0 9 ! great squ>e ( ,con/ant9e1 :5 he 0 sudd5ly seiz$ ) indisposition 7p4 clxx74 ,! infidel ,gibbon seems to h d>$ to sugge/ t an option betwe5 poison & miracle is pres5t$ by ?is case2 &1 x mu/ be admitt$1 t1 if ! ,bi%op _h be5 )9 ! rea* ( a mod]n police magi/rate1 ?+s might h gone h>dly ) him4 ,mod]n ,infidels1 possess$ ( a slight k ( *emi/ry1 are n unlikely1 ) no less audacity1 to sugge/ an option betwe5 fire-damp & miracle 9 seek+ = ! cause ( ! fi]y outbur/ at ,j]usalem4 #acc ,a writ] 9 a spirituali/ j\rnal takes me r\ndly to task = v5tur+ to d\bt ! hi/orical & lit]al tru? ( ! ,gad>5e /ory4 ,! foll[+ passage 9 8 lett] is wor? quotation3 ,n[ to ! mat]iali/ic & sci5tific m9d1 to ! un9itiat$ 9 spiritual v]ities1 c]ta9ly ?is /ory ( ! ,gad>5e or ,g]ges5e sw9e pres5ts insurm\ntable difficulties2 x seems grotesque & nons5sical4 ,to ! exp]i5c$1 tra9$1 & cultivat$ ,spirituali/ ?is miracle is1 z ,i am prep>$ to %[1 "o ( ! mo/ in/ructive1 ! mo/ pr(\ndly useful1 & ! mo/ b5efic5t :i* ,jesus ev] wr\ght 9 ! :ole c\rse ( ,8 pilgrimage ( r$emption on e>?4 ,j s4 ,& ! fir/ page ( ?is same j\rnal pres5ts ! foll[+ adv]tisem5t1 among o!rs ( ! same kidney3-- ,,to ,,weal?y ,,spirituali/s4--,a ,lady ,m$ium ( tri$ p[] wi%es to meet ) an eld]ly g5tleman :o w\ld be will+ to give h] a com=table home & ma9t5ance 9 ,ex*ange = h] ,spirituali/ic s]vices1 z h] guides consid] h] heal? is too delicate = public sitt+s3 ,london pref]r$4--,address ,m>y1 ,(fice ( ,light4 ,are we go+ back to ! days ( ! ,judges1 :5 weal?y ,micah set up 8 private ephod1 t]aphim1 & ,levite8 #acd ,consid] ,t]tullian's si/] 7hodie apud nos71 :o conv]s$ ) angels1 saw & he>d my/]ies1 knew m5's ?\ghts1 & prescrib$ m$ic9e = _! bodies 7,de ,anima1 cap4 #i74 ,t]tullian tells u t ?is woman saw ! s\l z corporeal1 & describ$ its col\r & %ape4 ,! infidel w probably be unable to refra9 f insult+ ! memory ( ! ec/atic sa9t by ! rem>k1 t ,t]tullian's kn[n views ab\t ! corporeality ( ! s\l may h _h some?+ to d ) ! rem>kable p]ceptive p[]s ( ! ,montani/ m$ium1 9 ^: revelations ( ! spiritual _w he took su* pr(\nd int]e/4 #ace ,see ! ,new ,york ,_w = ,sunday1 #ba/ ,octob] #ahhh2 & ! ,report ( ! ,seyb]t ,commission1 ,philadelphia1 #ahhg4 #acf ,dr4 ,newman's obs]vation t ! miracul\s multiplication ( ! pieces ( ! true cross 7) :i* ! :ole _w is fill$1 accord+ to ,cyril ( ,j]usalem2 & ( :i* "s say !re are en\gh extant to build a man-(-w>7 is no m wond]ful ?an t ( ! loaves & fi%es is "o t ,i d n see my way to contradict4 ,see ,essay on ,miracles1 #b;d ed4 p4 #afc4 #acg ,an ,essay on ! ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,doctr9e1 by ,j4 ,h4 ,newman1 ,d4,d41 pp4 #g & #h4 7#ahgh47 #ach ,dr4 ,newman faces ?is "q ) 8 cu/om>y ability4 ,n[1 ,i own1 ,i am n at all solicit\s to d5y t ?is doctr9e ( an apo/ate ,angel & 8 ho/s 0 ga9$ f ,babylon3 x might /ill be ,div9e nev]!less4 ,god :o made ! prophet's ass speak1 & !reby in/ruct$ ! prophet1 might in/ruct ,8 ,*ur* by means ( hea!n ,babylon 7,tract #he1 p4 #hc74 ,!re seems to be no end to ! apologetic burd5 t ,balaam's ass c c>ry4 #aci ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,may #ahhi 7p4 #gja74 #adj ,i tru/ x may n be suppos$ t ,i und]value ,m4 ,r5an's lab\rs1 or int5d$ to speak slight+ly ( !m4 #ada ,to-day's ,times conta9s a report ( a rem>kable spee* by ,pr9ce ,bism>ck1 9 :i* he tells ! ,rei*/ag t he has long giv5 up inve/+ 9 =eign /ock1 le/ s do+ %\ld mislead 8 judgm5t 9 8 transactions ) =eign /ates4 ,does ?is decl>ation prove t ! ,*ancellor accuses himself ( be+ sordid & selfi%1 or does x n r %[ t1 ev5 9 deal+ ) himself1 he rema9s ! man ( realities8 #adb ,bampton ,lectures 7#ahei71 on ,! ,hi/orical ,evid5ces ( ! ,tru? ( ! ,scripture ,records /at$ anew1 ) ,special ,ref]5ce to ! ,d\bts & ,discov]ies ( ,mod]n ,times1 by ! ,rev4 ,g4 ,rawl9son1 ,m4,a41 pp4 #e-f4 #adc ,! ,wor? ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 a ,s]mon prea*$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral on ! ,second ,sunday 9 ,adv5t1 #h? ,dec4 #ahhi1 by ,h4 ,p4 ,liddon1 ,d4,d41 ,d4,c4,l41 ,canon & ,*ancellor ( ,/4 ,paul's4 ,second edition1 revis$ & ) a new preface1 #ahij4 #add ,/4 ,luke xvii4 #cb4 #ade ,ibid4 #bg4 #adf ,/4 ,matt4 xii4 #dj4 #adg ,bampton ,lectures1 #ahei1 pp4 #ej-ea4 #adh ,comm5t>y on ,g5esis1 by ! ,bi%op ( ,ely1 p4 #gg4 #adi ,die ,s9tflut1 #ahgf4 #aej ,!ologie und ,naturwiss5s*aft1 ii4 #ghd-gia 7#ahgg74 #aea ,x is v d\btful if ?is means ! region ( ! ,arm5ian ,ar>at4 ,m probably x designates "s "p ei!r ( ! ,kurdi% range or ( its s\?-ea/]n cont9uation4 #aeb ,s ,reclus 7,n\velle ,geographie ,univ]selle1 ix4 #chf71 b ,i f9d ! /atem5t d\bt$ by an au?ority ( ! fir/ rank4 #aec ,s f> z ,i "k1 ! n>rative ( ! ,creation is n n[ held to be true1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ,i h def9$ hi/orical tru?1 by any ( ! reconcil]s4 ,z = ! attempts to /ret* ! ,p5tateu*al days into p]iods ( ?\s&s or millions ( ye>s1 ! v]dict ( ! em95t biblical s*ol>1 ,dr4 ,riehm 7,d] biblis*e ,s*oepfungsb]i*t1 #ahha1 pp4 #ae1 #af71 on su* pranks ( ,auslegungskun/ %\ld be f9al4 ,:y d ! reconcil]s take ,goe!'s advice s]i\sly8-- ,im ,ausleg5 seyd fris* und munt]6 ,legt ihr's ni*t aus1 s legt 0 unt]4 #aed ,?us ,josephus 7lib4 ix47 says t 8 rival1 ,ju/us1 p]suad$ ! citiz5s ( ,tib]ias to set ! villages t belong$ to ,gad>a & ,hippos on fire2 :i* villages 7 situat$ on ! bord]s ( ,tib]ias & ( ! region ( ,scy?opolis4 #aee ,x is said to h be5 de/roy$ by its captors4 #aef ,b z to ! ,grecian cities ,gaza & ,gad>a & ,hippos1 he cut !m (f f ! k+dom & add$ !m to ,syria4--,josephus1 ,w>s1 ,,ii4 vi4 #c4 ,see also ,antiquities1 ,,xvii4 xi4 #d4 #aeg ,ges*i*te des ju$is*5 ,volkes im ,zeitalt] ,*ri/i1 #ahhf-ij4 #aeh ,if ,william ! ,conqu]or1 aft] fight+ ! battle ( ,ha/+s _h m>*$ to capture ,*i*e/] & !n return$ to assault ,rye1 be+ all ! :ile anxi\s to rea* ,london1 8 proce$+s w\ld n h be5 m ecc5tric ?an ,mr4 ,glad/one mu/ imag9e ^? ( ,vespasian 74 #aei ,see ,rel&1 ,pale/9a 7#agad71 t4 ii4 p4 #gga4 ,also ,rob9son1 ,lat] ,biblical ,rese>*es 7#ahef71 p4 #hg note4 #afj ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,febru>y #ahia1 pp4 #cci-dj4 #afa ,nei!r is x ( any consequ5ce :e!r ! locality ( ! suppos$ miracle 0 ,gad>a1 or ,g]asa1 or ,g]gesa4 ,b ,i may say t ,i 0 well acqua9t$ ) ,orig5's op9ion respect+ ,g]gesa4 ,x is fully discuss$ & reject$ 9 ,riehm's ,h&wo]t]bu*4 ,9 ,kitto's ,biblical ,cyclopa$ia 7ii4 p4 #ea7 ,pr(essor ,port] rem>ks t ,orig5 m]ely conjectures t ,g]gesa 0 indicat$2 & he adds1 ,n[1 9 a "q ( ?is k9d1 conjectures _c be admitt$4 ,we mu/ implicitly foll[ ! mo/ anci5t & cr$itable te/imony1 :i* cle>ly pron\nces 9 fav\r ( ,greek3 ,gad>5on4 ,?is read+ is adopt$ by ,tis*5dorf1 ,al=d1 & ,tregelles4 #afb ,i may call att5tion1 9 pass+1 to ! fact t ?is au?ority1 at any rate1 has no sort ( d\bt ( ! fact t ,jewi% ,law did n rule 9 ,gad>a 7inde$1 "u ! head ( ,gad>a1 9 ! same "w1 x is expressly /at$ t ! population ( ! place consi/$ pr$om9antly ( hea!ns71 & t he sc\ts ! notion t ! ,gad>5e sw9eh]ds 7 ,jews4 #afc ,! evid5ce adduc$1 s f> z po/-exile times are conc]n$1 appe>s to me insuffici5t to prove ?is ass]tion4 #afd ,ev5 ,leviticus xi4 #bf1 cit$ )\t ref]5ce to ! context1 w n s]ve ! purpose2 because ! sw9e is clov5 foot$ 7,lev4 xi4 #g74 #afe #a/ ,gospel3 ,& ! devils bes\ght him1 say+1 ,if ,?\ ca/ u out s5d u away into ! h]d ( sw9e4 #b;d ,gospel3 ,!y bes\ght him1 say+1 ,s5d u into ! sw9e4 #c;d ,gospel3 ,!y intreat$ him t he w\ld give !m leave to ent] into !m4 #aff ,see ,m>qu>dt1 ,roemis*e ,/aatsv]waltung1 ,bd4 ,,iii4 p4 #djh4 #afg ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>* #ahhi 7p4 #cfb74 #afh ,! ,value ( ,witness to ! ,miracul\s4 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,m>* #ahhi4 #afi ,i _c ask ! ,editor ( ?is ,review to repr9t pages ( an old article1--b ! foll[+ passages suffici5tly illu/rate ! ext5t & ! "* ( ! discrepancy betwe5 ! facts ( ! case & ,mr4 ,glad/one's acc\nt ( !m3-- ,n[1 9 ! ,gad>5e affair1 ,i d n ?9k ,i am unreasonably sceptical if ,i say t ! exi/5ce ( demons :o c be transf]r$ f a man to a pig does ?us contrav5e probability4 ,let me be p]fectly c&id4 ,i admit ,i h no a priori objection to (f]4444 ,i decl>e1 z pla9ly z ,i c1 t ,i am unable to %[ cause :y ^! transf]able devils %\ld n exi/4444 7,agno/icism1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 #ahhi1 p4 #agg74 ,:at !n d we "k ab\t ! orig9ator1 or orig9ators1 ( ?is gr\ndwork--( t ?reefold tradition :i* all ?ree witnesses 79 ,paley's phrase7 agree ^u--t we %\ld all[ _! m]e /atem5ts to outweigh ! c\nt] argum5ts ( humanity1 ( common s5se1 ( exact sci5ce1 & to imp]il ! respect :i* all w\ld be glad to be able to r5d] to _! ,ma/]8 7ibid4 p4 #age74 ,i !n g on ?r\gh a c\ple ( pages to discuss ! value ( ! evid5ce ( ! synoptics on critical & hi/orical gr\nds4 ,mr4 ,glad/one cites ! essay f :i* ^! passages are tak51 :5ce ,i suppose he has read x2 ?\gh x may be t he %>es ! impati5ce ( ,c>d9al ,mann+ :]e my writ+s are conc]n$4 ,su* impati5ce w acc\nt =1 ?\gh x w n excuse1 8 six? proposition4 #agj ,! wick$1 be=e be+ annihilat$1 return$ to ! _w to di/urb m52 !y ent]$ into ! body ( unclean animals1 (t5 t ( a pig1 z on ! ,s>cophagus ( ,seti ,i4 9 ! ,soane ,museum4--,l5ormant1 ,*aldean ,magic1 p4 #hh1 ,editorial ,note4 #aga ,9 ,may #ahdi ! ,tigris at ,bagdad rose #bba_/b feet--#e feet above its usual rise--& ne>ly swept away ! t[n4 ,9 #ahca a simil>ly exceptional flood did imm5se damage1 de/roy+ #gjjj h\ses4 ,see ,l(tus1 ,*aldea & ,susiana1 p4 #g4 #agb ,see ! in/ructive *apt] on ,hasisadra's flood 9 ,suess1 ,das ,antlitz d] ,erde1 ,ab?4 ,i4 ,only fifte5 ye>s ago a cyclone 9 ! ,bay ( ,b5gal gave rise to a flood :i* cov]$ #cjjj squ>e miles ( ! delta ( ! ,ganges1 #c to #de feet deep1 de/roy+ #ajj1jjj p1 innum]able cattle1 h\ses1 & trees4 ,x broke inl&1 on ! ris+ gr\nd ( ,tipp]ah1 & may h swept a vessel f ! sea t f>1 ?\gh ,i d n "k t x did4 #agc ,see ,c]nik's maps 9 ,pet]manns ,mit!ilung51 ,erga5zung%efte #dd & #de1 #ahge-gf4 #agd ,i h n cit$ ! dim5sions giv5 to ! %ip 9 mo/ translations ( ! /ory1 because !re appe>s to be a d\bt ab\t !m4 ,haupt 7,keil9s*riftli*e ,s9dflu?-,b]i*t1 p4 #ac7 says t ! figures are illegible4 #age ,x is probable t a sl[ movem5t ( elevation ( ! l& at "o "t contribut$ to ! result--p]haps does s /ill4 #agf ,at a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 ! littoral m>g9 ( ! ,p]sian ,gulf ext5d$ c]ta9ly #bej miles f>!r to ! nor?-we/ ?an ! pres5t emb\*ure ( ! ,%att-el ,arab4 7,l(tus1 ,qu>t]ly ,j\rnal ( ! ,geological ,society1 #ahec1 p4 #bea47 ,! actual ext5t ( ! m>9e deposit inl& _c be def9$1 z x is cov]$ by lat] fluviatile deposits4 #agg ,tiele 7,babylonis*-,assyris*e ,ges*i*te1 pp4 #egb-c7 has "s v j rem>ks on ?is aspect ( ! epos4 #agh ,9 ! second volume ( ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,euphrates ,exp$ition1 p4 #fcg1 ,col4 ,*esney gives a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! simple & rapid mann] 9 :i* ! p ab\t ,tekrit & 9 ! m>%es ( ,lemlum con/ruct l>ge b>ges1 & make !m wat]tight ) bitum54 ,d\btless ! practice is extremely anci5t2 & z ,colonel ,*esney sugge/s1 may possibly h furni%$ ! conception ( ,noah's ark4 ,b x is "o ?+ to build a b>ge #dd ft4 long by #aa ft4 wide & #d ft4 deep 9 ! way describ$2 & ano!r to get a vessel ( t5 times ! dim5sions1 s con/ruct$1 to hold toge!r4 #agi ,es i/ ni*ts s*reckli*] als e9e ?aetige ,unwiss5heit4 ,maxim5 und ,reflexion51 iii4 #ahj ,! well-kn[n difficulties connect$ ) ?is case h rec5tly be5 c>efully discuss$ by ,mr4 ,bell 9 ! ,transactions ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,glasg[4 #aha ,an in/ructive p>allel is exhibit$ by ! ,great ,bas9 ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,see ! rem>kable memoir on ,lake ,bonneville by ,mr4 ,g4 ,k4 ,gilb]t1 ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 j publi%$4 #ahb ,x is true t e>?quakes are common en\gh1 b !y are incompet5t to produce su* *anges z ^? :i* h tak5 place4 #ahc ,see ,tell]1 ,geologis*e ,bes*reibung des sud-oe/li*5 ,!ssali53 ,d5ks*rift5 d4 ,akademie d] ,wiss5s*aft51 ,wi51 ,bd4 xl4 p4 #aii4 #ahd ,dr4 ,lang5beck1 ,die ,!ori5 ueb] die ,ent/ehung d] ,korall5-,inseln und ,korall5-,riffe 7p4 #ac71 #ahij4 99 99 99 99 99 ,*anges made aga9/ pr9t$ orig9al4 ,page #f4 des]v+ an ensu+ puni%m5t ( inf9ite sev]ity3 'des]v+ & ensu+' 9 orig9al4 ,page #gh4 ,i _c br+ myself to imag9e3 'cannnot' 9 orig9al4 ,page #bcj4 :i* has be5 causally associat$3 'casually' 9 orig9al4 ,page #cfd4 b :at w become ( x3 duplicat$ ':at' across l9e break 9 orig9al4 ,page #edj4 w accuse me ( 'contradict+ ! ,"l & 8 ,apo/les'3 'me' omitt$ 9 orig9al4 ,page #fjj4 by famili> exp]i5ce3 'famil>' 9 orig9al4