,transcrib$ f ! #aijh ,a4 ,c4 ,fifield edition by ,david ,price1 email ccx#jgdpglaf4org ,,essays ,,on ,,life ,,art ,,& ,,sci5ce ,,by ,,samuel ,,butl] ,,au?or ,,( ,,ere:on1 ,,ere:on ,,re-,,visit$1 ,,! ,,way ,,( ,,all ,,fle%1 ,,etc4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,r4 ,a4 ,,/reatfeild ,,london ,a4 ,c4 ,,fifield #aijh ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co ,at ! ,ballantyne ,press1 ,ed9burgh4 ,cont5ts3 ,introduction ,quis ,desid]io8 ,rambl+s 9 ,*eapside ,! ,aunt1 ,! ,nieces1 & ! ,dog ,h[ to make ! be/ ( life ,! ,sanctu>y ( ,montrigone ,a ,m$ieval ,girl ,s*ool ,art 9 ! ,valley ( ,saas ,?\ght & ,language ,! ,deadlock 9 ,d>w9ism ,,introduction ,x is h>dly necess>y to apologise = ! miscellane\s "* ( ! foll[+ collection ( essays4 ,samuel ,butl] 0 a man ( su* unusual v]satility1 & 8 int]e/s 7 s _m & s v>i\s t 8 lit]>y rema9s 7 b\nd to cov] a wide field4 ,nev]!less x w be f\nd t sev]al ( ! subjects to :i* he devot$ mu* "t & lab\r are n repres5t$ 9 ^! pages4 ,i h n ?\ght x necess>y to repr9t any ( ! num]\s pamphlets & articles :i* he wrote ^u ! ,iliad & ,odyssey1 s9ce ^! 7 all m]g$ 9 ,! ,au?oress ( ! ,odyssey1 :i* gives 8 matur$ views ^u ev]y?+ relat+ to ! ,hom]ic poems4 ,= a simil> reason ,i h n includ$ an essay on ! evid5ce = ! ,resurrection ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* he pr9t$ 9 #ahfe = private circulation1 s9ce he subsequ5tly made ext5sive use ( x 9 ,! ,fair ,hav54 ,two ( ! essays 9 ?is collection 7 orig9ally deliv]$ z lectures2 ! rema9d] 7 publi%$ 9 ,! ,univ]sal ,review dur+ #ahhh1 #ahhi1 & #ahij4 ,i %\ld p]haps expla9 :y two o!r essays ( 81 :i* also appe>$ 9 ,! ,univ]sal ,review1 h be5 omitt$4 ,! fir/ ( ^!1 entitl$ ,l',affaire ,holbe9-,rippel1 relates to a draw+ ( ,holbe9's ,danse des ,paysans1 9 ! ,basle ,museum1 :i* is usually describ$ z a copy1 b :i* ,butl] believ$ to be ! "w ( ,holbe9 himself4 ,?is essay requires to be illu/rat$ 9 s elaborate a mann] t x 0 impossible to include x 9 a book ( ?is size4 ,! second essay1 :i* is a sket* ( ! c>e] ( ! sculptor ,taba*etti1 0 publi%$ z ! fir/ section ( an article entitl$ ,a ,sculptor & a ,%r9e1 ( :i* ! second section is "h giv5 "u ! title1 ,! ,sanctu>y ( ,montrigone4 ,! section devot$ to ! sculptor repres5ts all t ,butl] !n knew ab\t ,taba*etti1 b s9ce x 0 writt5 v>i\s docum5ts h come to light1 pr9cipally ow+ to ! inve/igations ( ,cavali]e ,francesco ,negri1 ( ,casale ,monf]rato1 :i* negative "s ( ,butl]'s mo/ *]i%$ conclusions4 ,_h ,butl] liv$ he w\ld ei!r h rewritt5 8 essay 9 accordance ) ,cavali]e ,negri's discov]ies1 ( :i* he fully recognis$ ! value1 or incorporat$ !m into ! revis$ edition ( ,ex ,voto1 :i* he int5d$ to publi%4 ,z x /&s1 ! essay requires s mu* revision t ,i h decid$ to omit x altoge!r1 & to po/pone giv+ ,engli% read]s a full acc\nt ( ,taba*etti's c>e] until a second edition ( ,ex ,voto is requir$4 ,mean:ile ,i h giv5 a brief summ>y ( ! ma9 facts ( ,taba*etti's life 9 a note 7page #aed7 to ! essay on ,art 9 ! ,valley ( ,saas4 ,any "o :o wi%es = fur!r details ( ! sculptor & 8 "w w f9d !m 9 ,cavali]e ,negri's pamphlet1 ,il ,santu>io di ,crea 7,aless&ria1 #aijb74 ,! ?ree essays gr\p$ toge!r "u ! title ( ,! ,deadlock 9 ,d>w9ism may be reg>d$ z a po/script to ,butl]'s f\r books on evolution1 viz41 ,life & ,habit1 ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 ,unconsci\s ,memory & ,luck or ,cunn+4 ,an occasion = ! publication ( ^! essays seem$ to be af=d$ by ! appe>ance 9 #ahhi ( ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace's ,d>w9ism2 & al?\gh ne>ly f\rte5 ye>s h elaps$ s9ce !y 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,univ]sal ,review1 ,i h no fe> t !y w be f\nd to be out ( date4 ,h[ f>1 inde$1 ! problem embodi$ 9 ! deadlock ( :i* ,butl] speaks is f solution 0 conclusively %[n by ! correspond5ce :i* appe>$ 9 ! ,times 9 ,may #aijc1 occasion$ by "s rem>ks made at ,univ]sity ,college by ,"l ,kelv9 9 mov+ a vote ( ?anks to ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ aft] 8 lecture on ,pres5t ,day ,rationalism4 ,"l ,kelv9's claim = a recognition ( ! fact t 9 organic nature sci5tific ?\ght is compell$ to accept ! idea ( "s k9d ( directive p[]1 & 8 /atem5t t biologi/s are com+ once m to a firm acceptance ( a vital pr9ciple1 drew f sev]al di/+ui%$ m5 ( sci5ce retorts heat$ en\gh to prove beyond a d\bt t ! gulf betwe5 ! two ma9 divisions ( evolutioni/s is z wide to-day z x 0 :5 ,butl] wrote4 ,x w be well1 p]haps1 = ! b5efit ( read]s :o h n foll[$ ! hi/ory ( ! !ory ( evolution dur+ its lat] developm5ts1 to /ate 9 a few words :at ^! two ma9 divisions are4 ,all evolutioni/s agree t ! diff]5ces betwe5 species are caus$ by ! accumulation & transmission ( v>iations1 b !y d n agree z to ! causes to :i* ! v>iations are due4 ,! view held by ! old] evolutioni/s1 ,buffon1 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck1 :o h be5 foll[$ by _m mod]n ?9k]s1 includ+ ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,butl]1 is t ! v>iations occur ma9ly z ! result ( ef=t & design2 ! opposite view1 :i* is t advocat$ by ,mr4 ,wallace 9 ,d>w9ism1 is t ! v>iations occur m]ely z ! result ( *ance4 ,! =m] is sometimes call$ ! !ological view1 because x recognises ! pres5ce 9 organic nature ( design1 :e!r x be call$ creative p[]1 directive =ce1 directivity1 or vital pr9ciple2 ! latt] view1 9 :i* ! exi/5ce ( design is absolutely negativ$1 is n[ usually describ$ z ,weismannism1 f ! "n ( ! writ] :o has be5 its pr9cipal advocate 9 rec5t ye>s4 ,9 conclusion1 ,i mu/ ?ank my fri5d ,mr4 ,h5ry ,fe/+ ,jones mo/ w>mly = ! invaluable assi/ance :i* he has giv5 me 9 prep>+ ^! essays = publication1 9 correct+ ! pro(s1 & 9 compil+ ! introduction & notes4 ,r4 ,a4 ,,/reatfeild4 ,,quis ,,desid]io 4 4 4 8 #a ,l ,mr4 ,wilkie ,coll9s1 ,i1 too1 h be5 ask$ to lay "s ( my lit]>y exp]i5ces be=e ! read]s ( ! ,univ]sal ,review4 ,x occurr$ to me t ! ,review mu/ be inde$ univ]sal be=e x c\ld op5 its pages to "o s obscure z myself2 b1 no?+ daunt$ by ! di/+ui%$ company among :i* ,i 0 = ! fir/ "t ask$ to move1 ,i resolv$ to d z ,i 0 told1 & w5t to ! ,briti% ,museum to see :at books ,i _h writt54 ,hav+ refre%$ my memory by a glance at ! catalogue1 ,i 0 ab\t to try & dim9i% ! l>ge & ev]-increas+ circle ( my non-read]s :5 ,i became aw>e ( a calamity t br\ght me to a /&/ill1 & inde$ bids fair1 s f> z ,i c see at pres5t1 to put an end to my lit]>y exi/5ce altoge!r4 ,i %\ld expla9 t ,i _c write unless ,i h a slop+ desk1 & ! read+-room ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 :]e alone ,i c compose freely1 is unprovid$ ) slop+ desks4 ,l e o!r organism1 if ,i _c get exactly :at ,i want ,i make %ift ) ! next ?+ to x2 true1 !re are no desks 9 ! read+-room1 b1 z ,i once he>d a visitor f ! c\ntry say1 x conta9s a l>ge numb] ( v int]e/+ works4 ,i "k x 0 n "r1 & hope ! ,museum au?orities w n be sev]e ^u me if any ( !m reads ?is confession2 b ,i want$ a desk1 & set myself to consid] :i* ( ! _m v int]e/+ works :i* a grateful nation places at ! disposal ( its w\ld-be au?ors 0 be/ suit$ = my purpose4 ,= m]e read+ ,i suppose "o book is pretty mu* z good z ano!r2 b ! *oice ( a desk-book is a m s]i\s matt]4 ,x mu/ be nei!r too ?ick nor too ?92 x mu/ be l>ge en\gh to make a sub/antial support2 x mu/ be /rongly b\nd s z n to yield or give2 x mu/ n be too tr\blesome to c>ry backw>ds & =w>ds2 & x mu/ live on %elf ,c1 ,d1 or ,e1 s t !re ne$ be no /oop+ or rea*+ too high4 ,^! are ! conditions :i* a really good book mu/ fulfil2 simple1 h[ev]1 z !y are1 x is surpris+ h[ few volumes comply ) !m satisfactorily2 moreov]1 be+ p]haps too s5sitively consci5ti\s1 ,i all[$ ano!r consid]ation to influ5ce me1 & 0 s9c]ely anxi\s n to take a book :i* w\ld be 9 con/ant use = ref]5ce by read]s1 m especially z1 if ,i did ?is1 ,i might f9d myself di/urb$ by ! (ficials4 ,= weeks ,i made exp]im5ts ^u sundry poetical & philosophical works1 ^: names ,i h =gott51 b c\ld n succe$ 9 f9d+ my ideal desk1 until at l5g?1 m by luck ?an cunn+1 ,i happ5$ to light ^u ,fro/'s ,lives ( ,em95t ,*ri/ians1 :i* ,i _h no soon] tri$ ?an ,i discov]$ x to be ! v p]fection & ne plus ultra ( ev]y?+ t a book %\ld be4 ,x liv$ 9 ,case ,no4 #bjjh1 & ,i accord+ly took at once to sitt+ 9 ,r[ ,b1 :]e = ! la/ doz5 ye>s or s ,i h sat ev] s9ce4 ,! fir/ ?+ ,i h done :5ev] ,i w5t to ! ,museum has be5 to take d[n ,fro/'s ,lives ( ,em95t ,*ri/ians & c>ry x to my seat4 ,x is n ! cu/om ( mod]n writ]s to ref] to ! works to :i* !y are mo/ deeply indebt$1 & ,i h nev]1 t ,i rememb]1 m5tion$ x by "n be=e2 b x is to ?is book alone t ,i h look$ = support dur+ _m ye>s ( lit]>y lab\r1 & x is r\nd ?is to me invaluable volume t all my own h page by page gr[n up4 ,!re is none 9 ! ,museum to :i* ,i h be5 "u any?+ l su* con/ant obligation1 none :i* ,i c s ill sp>e1 & none :i* ,i w\ld *oose s readily if ,i 7 all[$ to select "o s+le volume & keep x = my own4 ,on f9d+ myself ask$ = a contribution to ! ,univ]sal ,review1 ,i w5t1 z ,i h expla9$1 to ! ,museum1 & pres5tly repair$ to bookcase ,no4 #bjjh to get my fav\rite volume4 ,alas6 x 0 9 ! room no long]4 ,x 0 n 9 use1 = its place 0 fill$ up already2 besides1 no "o ev] us$ x b myself4 ,:e!r ! gho/ ( ! late ,mr4 ,fro/ has be5 s em95tly un*ri/ian z to int]f]e1 or :e!r ! au?orities h remov$ ! book 9 ignorance ( ! /eady dem& :i* !re has be5 = x on ! "p ( at lea/ "o read]1 are po9ts ,i _c det]m9e4 ,all ,i "k is t ! book is gone1 & ,i feel z ,wordswor? is g5]ally suppos$ to h felt :5 he became aw>e t ,lucy 0 9 h] grave1 & exclaim$ s emphatically t ?is w\ld make a consid]able diff]5ce to him1 or words to t effect4 ,n[ ,i ?9k ( x1 ,fro/'s ,lives ( ,em95t ,*ri/ians 0 v l ,lucy4 ,! "o resid$ at ,dov$ale 9 ,d]by%ire1 ! o!r 9 ,great ,russell ,/reet1 ,bloomsbury4 ,i admit t ,i d n see ! resemblance "h at ?is mom5t1 b if ,i try to develop my p]ception ,i %all d\btless ere long f9d a m>vell\sly /rik+ "o4 ,9 o!r respects1 h[ev]1 ?an m]e local habitat ! lik5ess is obvi\s4 ,lucy 0 n p>ticul>ly attractive ei!r inside or out--no m 0 ,fro/'s ,lives ( ,em95t ,*ri/ians2 !re 7 few to praise h]1 & ( ^? few /ill few] c\ld br+ !mselves to l h]2 inde$1 ,wordswor? himself seems to h be5 ! only p]son :o ?\ght mu* ab\t h] "o way or ! o!r4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i believe ,i 0 ! only read] :o ?\ght mu* "o way or ! o!r ab\t ,fro/'s ,lives ( ,em95t ,*ri/ians1 b ?is 9 itself 0 "o ( ! attractions ( ! book2 & z = ! grief we respectively felt & feel1 ,i believe my own to be z deep z ,wordswor?'s1 if n m s4 ,i said above1 z ,wordswor? is g5]ally suppos$ to h felt2 = any "o imbu$ ) ! _s ( mod]n sci5ce w read ,wordswor?'s poem ) diff]5t eyes f ^? ( a m]e lit]>y critic4 ,he w note t ,wordswor? is mo/ c>eful n to expla9 ! nature ( ! diff]5ce :i* ! dea? ( ,lucy w occasion to him4 ,he tells u t !re w be a diff]5ce2 b !re ! matt] ends4 ,! sup]ficial read] takes x t he 0 v sorry %e 0 dead2 x is1 ( c\rse1 possible t he may h actually be5 s1 b he has n said ?is4 ,on ! contr>y1 he has h9t$ pla9ly t %e 0 ugly1 & g5]ally dislik$2 %e 0 only l a violet :5 %e 0 half-hidd5 f ! view1 & only fair z a /> :5 !re 7 s few />s out t x 0 practically impossible to make an invidi\s comp>ison4 ,if !re 7 z _m z ev5 two />s ! lik5ess 0 felt to be at an end4 ,if ,wordswor? _h imprud5tly promis$ to m>ry ?is "y p]son dur+ a "t :5 he _h be5 unusually long 9 keep+ to good resolutions1 & _h aft]w>ds se5 "s "o :om he lik$ bett]1 !n ,lucy's dea? w\ld und\bt$ly h made a consid]able diff]5ce to him1 & ?is is all t he has ev] said t x w\ld d4 ,:at "r h we to put glosses ^u ! ma/]ly retic5ce ( a poet1 & cr$it him ) feel+s possibly ! v rev]se ( ^? he actually ent]ta9$8 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ,i h be5 incl9$ to ?9k t a my/]y is be+ h9t$ at m d>k ?an any critic has suspect$4 ,i d n happ5 to possess a copy ( ! poem1 b ! writ]1 if ,i am n mi/ak51 says t few c\ld "k :5 ,lucy ceas$ to be4 ,ceas$ to be is a suspici\sly euphemi/ic expression1 & ! words few c\ld "k are n applicable to ! ord9>y peaceful dea? ( a dome/ic s]vant su* z ,lucy appe>s to h be54 ,no matt] h[ obscure ! deceas$1 any numb] ( p commonly c "k ! day & h\r ( 8 or h] demise1 :]eas 9 ?is case we are expressly told x w\ld be impossible = !m to d s4 ,wordswor? 0 no?+ if n accurate1 & w\ld n h said t few c\ld "k1 b t few actually did "k1 unless he 0 aw>e ( circum/ances t preclud$ all b ^? implicat$ 9 ! crime ( h] dea? f kn[+ ! precise mom5t ( its occurr5ce4 ,if ,lucy 0 ! k9d ( p]son n obscurely p\rtray$ 9 ! poem2 if ,wordswor? _h murd]$ h]1 ei!r by cutt+ h] ?roat or smo!r+ h]1 9 conc]t1 p]haps1 ) 8 fri5ds ,s\!y & ,col]idge2 & if he _h ?us f\nd himself releas$ f an engagem5t :i* _h become irksome to him1 or possibly f ! ?reat ( an action = brea* ( promise1 !n !re is n a syllable 9 ! poem ) :i* he cr[ns 8 crime t is n alive ) mean+4 ,on any o!r supposition to ! g5]al read] x is un9telligible4 ,we _c be too gu>d$ 9 ! int]pretations we put ^u ! words ( great poets4 ,take ! "y lady :o nev] lov$ ! de> gazelle--& ,i don't believe %e did2 we are apt to ?9k t ,moore int5d$ u to see 9 ?is creation ( 8 fancy a sweet1 amiable1 b mo/ un=tunate "y woman1 :]eas all he has told u ab\t h] po9ts to an exactly opposite conclusion4 ,9 reality1 he wi%$ u to see a "y lady :o _h be5 an habitual compla9] f h] e>lie/ *ildhood2 ^: plants _h always di$ z soon z %e b\ght !m1 :ile ^? belong+ to h] neighb\rs _h fl\ri%$4 ,! inf]5ce is obvi\s1 nor c we reasonably d\bt t ,moore int5d$ u to draw x2 if h] plants 7 ! v fir/ to fade away1 %e 0 evid5tly ! v fir/ to neglect or o!rwise maltreat !m4 ,%e did n give !m en\gh wat]1 or left ! door ( h] f]n-ease op5 :5 %e 0 cook+ h] d9n] at ! gas /ove1 or kept !m too ne> ! p>aff9 oil1 or o!r l folly2 & z = h] temp]1 see :at ! gazelles did2 z long z !y did n "k h] well1 !y c\ld j manage to exi/1 b :5 !y got to und]/& h] real "*1 "o aft] ano!r felt t dea? 0 ! only c\rse op5 to x1 & accord+ly di$ r ?an live ) su* a mi/ress4 ,true1 ! "y lady h]self said ! gazelles lov$ h]2 b disagreeable p are apt to ?9k !mselves amiable1 & 9 view ( ! c\rse inv>iably tak5 by ! gazelles !mselves any "o accu/om$ to weigh evid5ce w hold t %e 0 probably mi/ak54 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 return to ,fro/'s ,lives ( ,em95t ,*ri/ians4 ,i w leave none ( ! ambiguity ab\t my words 9 :i* ,moore & ,wordswor? seem to h delight$4 ,i am v sorry ! book is gone1 & "k n :]e to turn = its successor4 ,till ,i h f\nd a sub/itute ,i c write no m1 & ,i d n "k h[ to f9d ev5 a tol]able "o4 ,i %\ld try a volume ( ,migne's ,complete ,c\rse ( ,patrology1 b ,i d n l books 9 m ?an "o volume1 = ! volumes v>y 9 ?ickness1 & "o nev] c rememb] :i* "o took2 ! f\r volumes1 h[ev]1 ( ,b$e 9 ,giles's ,anglican ,fa!rs are n op5 to ?is objection1 & ,i h res]v$ !m = fav\rable consid]ation4 ,ma!r's ,magnalia might d1 b ! b9d+ does n please me2 ,cureton's ,corpus ,ignatianum might also d if x 7 n too ?94 ,i d n l tak+ ,norton's ,g5u95ess ( ! ,gospels1 z x is j possible "s "o may be want+ to "k :e!r ! ,gospels are g5u9e or n1 & be unable to f9d out because ,i h got ,mr4 ,norton's book4 ,baxt]'s ,*ur* ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 ,l+>d's ,anglo-,saxon ,*ur*1 & ,c>dwell's ,docum5t>y ,annals1 ?\gh none ( !m z good z ,fro/1 are works ( consid]able m]it2 b on ! :ole ,i ?9k ,arv9e's ,cyclop$ia ( ,moral & ,religi\s ,anecdote is p]haps ! "o book 9 ! room :i* comes )9 measurable di/ance ( ,fro/4 ,i %\ld probably try ?is book fir/1 b x has a fatal objection 9 its too s$uctive title4 ,i am n curi\s1 z ,miss ,lottie ,v5ne says 9 "o ( h] p>ts1 b ,i l to "k1 & ,i might be tempt$ to p]v]t ! book f its natural uses & op5 x1 s z to f9d out :at k9d ( a ?+ a moral & religi\s anecdote is4 ,i "k1 ( c\rse1 t !re are a great _m anecdotes 9 ! ,bible1 b no "o ?9ks ( call+ !m ei!r moral or religi\s1 ?\gh "s ( !m c]ta9ly seem z if !y might fairly f9d a place 9 ,mr4 ,arv9e's "w4 ,!re are "s ?+s1 h[ev]1 :i* x is bett] n to "k1 & take x all r\nd ,i d n ?9k ,i %\ld be wise 9 putt+ myself 9 ! way ( temptation1 & adopt+ ,arv9e z ! successor to my belov$ & lam5t$ ,fro/4 ,"s successor ,i mu/ f9d1 or ,i mu/ give up writ+ altoge!r1 & ?is ,i %\ld be sorry to d4 ,i h only z yet writt5 ab\t a ?ird1 or f t--c\nt+ works writt5 b n publi%$--to a half1 ( ! books :i* ,i h set myself to write4 ,x w\ld n s mu* matt] if old age 0 n />+ me 9 ! face4 ,dr4 ,p>r said x 0 a bea/ly %ame = an old man n to h laid d[n a good cell> ( port 9 8 y\?2 ,i1 l ! great] numb]1 ,i suppose1 ( ^? :o write books at all1 write 9 ord] t ,i may h some?+ to read 9 my old age :5 ,i c write no long]4 ,i "k :at ,i %all l bett] ?an any "o c tell me1 & write accord+ly2 if my c>e] is nipp$ 9 ! bud1 z seems only too likely1 ,i really d n "k :]e else ,i c turn = pres5t agreeable occupation1 nor yet h[ to make suitable provision = my lat] ye>s4 ,o!r writ]s c1 ( c\rse1 make excell5t provision = _! own old ages1 b !y _c d s = m9e1 any m ?an ,i %\ld succe$ if ,i 7 to try to cat] = !irs4 ,x is "o ( ^? cases 9 :i* no man c make agreem5t = 8 bro!r4 ,i h no he>t = cont9u+ ?is article1 & if ,i _h1 ,i h no?+ ( int]e/ to say4 ,no "o's lit]>y c>e] c h be5 smoo!r or m un*equ]$ ?an m9e4 ,i h publi%$ all my books at my own exp5se1 & paid = !m 9 due c\rse4 ,:at c be conceivably m unromantic8 ,= "s ye>s ,i _h a little lit]>y grievance aga9/ ! au?orities ( ! ,briti% ,museum because !y w\ld insi/ on say+ 9 _! catalogue t ,i _h publi%$ ?ree s]mons on ,infidelity 9 ! ye> #ahbj4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h n1 & got !m out to see4 ,!y 7 r funny1 b !y 7 n m9e4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ?is grievance has be5 remov$4 ,i _h ano!r little qu>rel ) !m because !y w\ld describe me z ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge1 an e/abli%m5t = :i* ,i h ! mo/ pr(\nd v5]ation1 b ) :i* ,i h n _h ! hon\r to be connect$ = "s qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,at la/ !y said !y w\ld *ange ?is description if ,i w\ld only tell !m :at ,i 01 =1 ?\gh !y _h done _! be/ to f9d out1 !y _h !mselves fail$4 ,i repli$ ) mode/ pride t ,i 0 a ,ba*elor ( ,arts4 ,i keep all my o!r lett]s inside my "n1 n outside4 ,!y mus$ & said x 0 un=tunate t ,i 0 n a ,ma/] ( ,arts4 ,c\ld ,i n get myself made a ,ma/]8 ,i said ,i und]/ood t a ,ma/]%ip 0 an article ! ,univ]sity c\ld n d "u ab\t five p\nds1 & t ,i 0 n dispos$ to g sixp5ce high] ?an ?ree t54 ,!y aga9 said x 0 a pity1 = x w\ld be v inconv5i5t to !m if ,i did n keep to some?+ betwe5 a bi%op & a poet4 ,i might be any?+ ,i lik$ 9 reason1 provid$ ,i %[$ prop] respect = ! alphabet2 b !y _h got me betwe5 ,samuel ,butl]1 bi%op1 & ,samuel ,butl]1 poet4 ,x w\ld be v tr\blesome to %ift me1 & ba*elor came be=e bi%op4 ,?is 0 reasonable1 s ,i repli$ t1 "u ^? circum/ances1 if !y pleas$1 ,i ?\ght ,i w\ld l to be a philosophical writ]4 ,!y embrac$ ! solution1 &1 no matt] :at ,i write n[1 ,i mu/ rema9 a philosophical writ] z long z ,i live1 = ! alphabet w h>dly be alt]$ 9 my "t1 & ,i mu/ be some?+ betwe5 ,bis & ,poe4 ,if ,i c\ld get a volume ( my excell5t namesake's ,hudibras out ( ! li/ ( my works1 ,i %\ld be robb$ ( my la/ %r$ ( lit]>y grievance1 s ,i say no?+ ab\t ?is1 b keep x secret1 le/ "s worse ?+ %\ld happ5 to me4 ,besides1 ,i h a great respect = my namesake1 & always say t if ,ere:on _h be5 a racehorse x w\ld h be5 got by ,hudibras out ( ,analogy4 ,"s "o said ?is to me _m ye>s ago1 & ,i felt s mu* flatt]$ t ,i h be5 repeat+ ! rem>k z my own ev] s9ce4 ,b h[ small are ^! grievances z comp>$ ) ^? endur$ )\t a murmur by hundr$s ( writ]s f> m des]v+ ?an myself4 ,:5 ,i see ! scores & hundr$s ( work]s 9 ! read+-room :o h done s mu* m ?an ,i h1 b ^: "w is absolutely fruitless to !mselves1 & :5 ,i ?9k ( ! prompt recognition obta9$ by my own "w1 ,i ask myself :at ,i h done to be ?us rew>d$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! feel+ t ,i h succe$$ f> beyond my des]ts hi!rto1 makes x all ! h>d] = me to acquiesce )\t compla9t 9 ! ext9ction ( a c>e] :i* ,i hone/ly believe to be a promis+ "o2 & once m ,i repeat t1 unless ! ,museum au?orities give me back my ,fro/1 or put a lock$ clasp on ,arv9e1 my c>e] mu/ be ext+ui%$4 ,give me back ,fro/1 &1 if life & heal? are sp>$1 ,i w write ano!r doz5 ( volumes yet be=e ,i hang up my fiddle--if s s]i\s a confusion ( metaphors may be p>don$4 ,i "k f long exp]i5ce h[ k9d & consid]ate bo? ! late & pres5t sup]9t5d5ts ( ! read+-room 7 & are1 b ,i d\bt h[ f> ei!r ( !m w\ld be dispos$ to help me on ?is occasion2 cont9ue1 h[ev]1 to rob me ( my ,fro/1 &1 :atev] else ,i may d1 ,i w write no m books4 ,note by ,dr4 ,g>nett1 ,briti% ,museum4--,! fro/ has brok5 up4 ,mr4 ,butl] is re/or$ to lit]ature4 ,mr4 ,mudie may make himself easy4 ,engl& w /ill boa/ a hum\ri/2 & ! late ,mr4 ,d>w9 7to ^: po/hum\s ma*9ations ! removal ( ! book 0 ow+7 w cont9ue to be conf\nd$4--,r4 ,,gannett4 ,,rambl+s ,,9 ,,*eapside #b ,walk+ ! o!r day 9 ,*eapside ,i saw "s turtles 9 ,mr4 ,sweet+'s w9d[1 & 0 tempt$ to /ay & look at !m4 ,z ,i did s ,i 0 /ruck n m by ! def5ces ) :i* !y 7 h$g$ ab\t1 ?an by ! fatu\sness ( try+ to h$ge t 9 at all :i*1 if h$g$ ?or\ghly1 mu/ die ( its own def5cefulness4 ,! holes = ! head & feet ?r\gh :i* ! turtle leaks out1 z x 71 on to ! ext]ior _w1 & ?r\gh :i* x aga9 absorbs ! ext]ior _w into itself--cat*+ on ?r\gh !m to ?+s t are ?us bo? turtle & n turtle at "o & ! same "t--^! holes /ultify ! arm\r1 & %[ x to h be5 design$ by a creature ) m ( fai?fulness to a fix$ idea1 & h5ce "o-sid$ness1 ?an ( t quick s5se ( relative importances & _! *anges1 :i* is ! ma9 factor ( good liv+4 ,! turtle obvi\sly _h no s5se ( proportion2 x diff]$ s widely f myself t ,i c\ld n compreh5d x2 & z ?is ^w occurr$ to me1 x occurr$ also t until my body compreh5d$ its body 9 a physical mat]ial s5se1 nei!r w\ld my m9d be able to compreh5d its m9d ) any ?or\ghness4 ,= unity ( m9d c only be consummat$ by unity ( body2 ev]y?+1 !re=e1 mu/ be 9 "s respects bo? knave & fool to all t :i* has n eat5 x1 or by :i* x has n be5 eat54 ,z long z ! turtle 0 9 ! w9d[ & ,i 9 ! /reet outside1 !re 0 no *ance ( our compreh5d+ "o ano!r4 ,nev]!less ,i knew t ,i c\ld get x to agree ) me if ,i c\ld s effectually button-hole & fa/5 on to x z to eat x4 ,mo/ m5 h an easy me?od ) turtle s\p1 & ,i _h no misgiv+ b t if ,i c\ld br+ my fir/ premise to be> ,i %\ld prove ! bett] reason]4 ,my difficulty lay 9 ?is initial process1 = ,i _h n ) me ! argum5t t w\ld alone compel ,mr4 ,sweet+ ?9k t ,i ought to be all[$ to conv]t ! turtles--,i mean ,i _h no money 9 my pocket4 ,no mission>y ent]prise c be c>ri$ on )\t any money at all1 b ev5 s small a sum z half-a-cr[n w\ld1 ,i suppose1 h enabl$ me to br+ ! turtle p>tly r\nd1 & ) _m half-cr[ns ,i c\ld 9 "t no d\bt conv]t ! lot1 = ! turtle ne$s mu/ g :]e ! money drives4 ,if1 z is alleg$1 ! _w /&s on a turtle1 ! turtle /&s on money4 ,no money no turtle4 ,z = money1 t /&s on op9ion1 cr$it1 tru/1 fai?--?+s t1 ?\gh highly mat]ial 9 connection ) money1 are /ill ( immat]ial ess5ce4 ,! /eps are p]fectly pla94 ,! m5 :o caught ! turtles br\ght a fairly /rong & def9ite op9ion to be> ^u !m1 t pass$ into action1 & lat] on into money4 ,!y ?\ght ! turtles w\ld come t way1 & v]ifi$ _! op9ion2 on ?is1 w & action 7 g5]at$1 ) ! result t ! m5 turn$ ! turtles on _! backs & c>ri$ !m (f4 ,mr4 ,sweet+ t\*$ ^! m5 ) money1 :i* is ! outw>d & visible sign ( v]ifi$ op9ion4 ,! cu/om] t\*es ,mr4 ,sweet+ ) money1 ,mr4 ,sweet+ t\*es ! wait] & ! cook ) money4 ,!y t\* ! turtle ) skill & v]ifi$ op9ion4 ,f9ally1 ! cu/om] applies ! cl9*+ argum5t t bru%es all sophisms aside1 & bids ! turtle /& protoplasm to protoplasm ) himself1 to "k ev5 z x is kn[n4 ,b x mu/ be all t\*1 t\*1 t\*2 skill1 op9ion1 p[]1 & money1 pass+ 9 & out ) "o ano!r 9 any ord] we l1 b /ill l9k to l9k & t\* to t\*4 ,if !re is failure any:]e 9 respect ( op9ion1 skill1 p[]1 or money1 ei!r z reg>ds quantity or quality1 ! *a9 c be no /rong] ?an its weake/ l9k1 & ! turtle & ! cl9*+ argum5t w fly asund]4 ,( c\rse1 if !re is an initial failure 9 connection1 ?r\gh defect 9 any memb] ( ! *a91 or ( connection betwe5 ! l9ks1 x w no m be attempt$ to br+ ! turtle & ! cl9*+ argum5t toge!r1 ?an x w to *a9 up a dog ) two pieces ( brok5 *a9 t are disconnect$4 ,! contact ?r\gh\t mu/ be conceiv$ z absolute2 & yet p]fect contact is inconceivable by u1 = on becom+ p]fect x ceases to be contact1 & becomes ess5tial1 once = all insev]able1 id5tity4 ,! mo/ absolute contact %ort ( ?is is /ill contact by c\rtesy only4 ,s "h1 z ev]y:]e else1 ,eurydice glides (f z we are ab\t to grasp h]4 ,we c see no?+ face to face2 our utmo/ see+ is b a fumbl+ ( bl9d f+]-ends 9 an ov]cr[d$ pocket4 ,pres5tly my own bl9d f+]-ends fi%$ up ! conclusion1 t z ,i _h nei!r "t nor money to sp5d on p]fect+ ! *a9 t w\ld put me 9 full spiritual contact ) ,mr4 ,sweet+'s turtles1 ,i _h bett] leave !m to complete _! education at "s "o else's exp5se r ?an m9e1 s ,i walk$ on t[>ds ! ,bank4 ,z ,i did s x /ruck me h[ cont9ually we are met by ?is melt+ ( "o exi/5ce into ano!r4 ,! limits ( ! body seem well def9$ en\gh z def9itions g1 b def9itions seldom g f>4 ,:at1 = example1 c seem m di/9ct f a man ?an 8 bank] or 8 solicitor8 ,yet ^! are commonly s mu* p>ts ( him t he c no m cut !m (f & gr[ new ones1 ?an he c gr[ new legs or arms2 nei!r mu/ he w\nd 8 solicitor2 a w\nd 9 ! solicitor is a v s]i\s ?+4 ,z = 8 bank--failure ( 8 bank's action may be z fatal to a man z failure ( 8 he>t4 ,i h said no?+ ab\t ! m$ical or spiritual advis]1 b mo/ m5 gr[ into ! society t surr\nds !m by ! help ( ^! f\r ma9 tap-roots1 & n only into ! _w ( humanity1 b into ! univ]se at l>ge4 ,we c1 inde$1 gr[ but*]s1 bak]s1 & gre5groc]s1 almo/ ad libitum1 b ^! are l[ developm5ts1 & correspond to sk91 hair1 or f+]-nails4 ,^? ( u aga9 :o are n highly en\gh organis$ to h gr[n a solicitor or bank] c g5]ally repair ! loss ( :atev] social organisation !y may possess z freely z liz>ds are said to gr[ new tails2 b ?is ) ! high] social1 z well z organic1 developm5ts is only possible to a v limit$ ext5t4 ,! doctr9e ( metempsy*osis1 or transmigration ( s\ls--a doctr9e to :i* ! =ego+ consid]ations are = ! mo/ "p easy coroll>ies--crops up no matt] 9 :at direction we all[ our ?\ghts to w&]4 ,& we meet in/ances ( transmigration ( body z well z ( s\l4 ,i d n mean t bo? body & s\l h transmigrat$ toge!r1 f> f x2 b t1 z we c (t5 recognise a transmigrat$ m9d 9 an ali5 body1 s we n less (t5 see a body t is cle>ly only a transmigration1 l9k$ on to "s "o else's new & ali5 s\l4 ,we meet p e day ^: bodies are evid5tly ^? ( m5 & wom5 long dead1 b ^: appe>ance we "k ?r\gh _! portraits4 ,we see !m go+ ab\t 9 omnibuses1 railway c>riages1 & 9 all public places4 ,! c>ds h be5 %uffl$1 & !y h drawn fre% lots 9 life & nationalities1 b any "o fairly well up 9 m$iaeval & la/ c5tury portraiture kn[s !m at a glance4 ,go+ d[n once t[>ds ,italy ,i saw a "y man 9 ! tra9 :om ,i recognis$1 only he seem$ to h got y\ng]4 ,he 0 ) a fri5d1 & 8 face 0 9 cont9ual play1 b = "s little "t ,i puzzl$ 9 va9 to recollect :]e x 0 t ,i _h se5 him be=e4 ,all ( a sudd5 ,i rememb]$ he 0 ,k+ ,francis ,i4 ( ,france4 ,i _h hi!rto ?\ght ! face ( ?is k+ impossible1 b :5 ,i saw x 9 play ,i und]/ood x4 ,8 great contempor>y ,h5ry ,,viii4 keeps a re/aurant 9 ,ox=d ,/reet4 ,fal/aff drove "o ( ! ,/4 ,go?>d dilig5ces = _m ye>s1 & only retir$ :5 ! railway 0 op5$4 ,titian once made me a pair ( boots at ,vic5za1 & n v good ones4 ,at ,mod5a ,i _h my hair cut by a "y man :om ,i p]ceiv$ to be ,raffaelle4 ,! model :o sat to him = 8 celebrat$ ,madonnas is fir/ lady 9 a confection]y e/abli%m5t at ,montreal4 ,%e has a little mo!rly pimple on ! left side ( h] nose t is mislead+ at fir/1 b on exam9ation %e is readily recognis$2 probably ,raffaelle's model _h ! pimple too1 b ,raffaelle left x out--z he w\ld4 ,h&el1 ( c\rse1 is ,madame ,patey4 ,give ,madame ,patey ,h&el's wig & clo!s1 & !re w\ld be no tell+ h] f ,h&el4 ,x is n only t ! features & ! %ape ( ! head are ! same1 b !re is a c]ta9 imp]i\sness ( expression & attitude ab\t ,h&el :i* he h>dly attempts to conceal 9 ,madame ,patey4 ,x is a curi\s co9cid5ce t he %\ld cont9ue to be su* an incomp>able r5d]] ( 8 own music4 ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 0 ! late ,mr4 ,d>w94 ,rameses ,,ii4 is a bl9d woman n[1 & /&s 9 ,holborn1 hold+ a t9 mug4 ,i nev] c\ld und]/& :y ,i always f\nd myself humm+ ,!y oppress$ !m ) bur!ns :5 ,i pass$ h]1 till "o day ,i 0 look+ 9 ,mr4 ,spoon]'s w9d[ 9 ! ,/r&1 & saw a photograph ( ,rameses ,,ii4 ,m>y ,que5 ( ,scots we>s surgical boots & is subject to fits1 ne> ! ,horse ,%oe 9 ,tott5ham ,c\rt ,road4 ,mi*ael ,angelo is a commissionaire2 ,i saw him on bo>d ! ,gl5 ,rosa1 :i* us$ to run e day f ,london to ,clacton-on-,sea & back4 ,x gave me q a turn :5 ,i saw him com+ d[n ! /airs f ! upp] deck1 ) 8 bronz$ face1 flatt5$ nose1 & ) ! famili> b> ^u 8 =ehead4 ,i nev] lik$ ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & nev] %all1 b ,i am afraid ( him1 & 0 ne> try+ to hide :5 ,i saw him com+ t[>ds me4 ,he _h n got 8 commissionaire's uni=m on1 & ,i did n "k he 0 "o till ,i met him a mon? or s lat] 9 ! ,/r&4 ,:5 we got to ,blackwall ! music /ruck up & p began to dance4 ,i nev] saw a man dance s mu* 9 my life4 ,he did n miss a dance all ! way to ,clacton1 nor all ! way back aga91 & :5 n danc+ he 0 flirt+ & crack+ jokes4 ,i c\ld h>dly believe my eyes :5 ,i reflect$ t ?is man _h pa9t$ ! fam\s ,la/ ,judgm5t1 & _h made all ^? /atues4 ,dante is1 or 0 a ye> or two ago1 a wait] at ,brissago on ! ,lago ,maggiore1 only he is bett]-temp]$-look+1 & has a m intellectual expression4 ,he gave me 8 ideas ^u beauty3 ,tutto *' e v]o e bello1 he exclaim$1 ) all 8 old self-confid5ce4 ,i am n afraid ( ,dante4 ,i "k p by _! fri5ds1 & he w5t ab\t ) ,virgil1 s ,i said ) "s sev]ity1 ,no1 ,dante1 il naso della ,signora ,rob9son e v]o1 ma non e bello2 & he admitt$ ,i 0 "r4 ,beatrice's "n is ,t[l]2 %e is waitress at a small inn 9 ,g]man ,switz]l&4 ,i us$ to sit at my w9d[ & he> p call ,t[l]1 ,t[l]1 ,t[l]1 fifty times 9 a =5oon4 ,%e 0 ! exact anti!sis to ,abra2 ,abra1 if ,i rememb]1 us$ to come be=e !y call$ h] "n1 b no matt] h[ (t5 !y call$ ,t[l]1 e "o came be=e %e did4 ,i suppose !y spelt h] "n ,taula1 b to me x s\nd$ ,t[l]2 ,i nev]1 h[ev]1 met any "o else ) ?is "n4 ,%e 0 a sweet1 artless little hussy1 :o made me play ! piano to h]1 & %e said x 0 lovely4 ,( c\rse ,i only play$ my own compositions2 s ,i believ$ h]1 & x all w5t (f v nicely4 ,i ?\ght x might save tr\ble if ,i did n tell h] :o %e really 01 s ,i said no?+ ab\t x4 ,i met ,socrates once4 ,he 0 my mulete] on an excursion :i* ,i w n "n1 = fe> x %\ld id5tify ! man4 ,! mom5t ,i saw my guide ,i knew he 0 somebody1 b = ! life ( me ,i c\ld n rememb] :o4 ,all ( a sudd5 x fla%$ across me t he 0 ,socrates4 ,he talk$ en\gh = six1 b x 0 all 9 dialetto1 s ,i c\ld n und]/& him1 nor1 :5 ,i _h discov]$ :o he 01 did ,i mu* try to d s4 ,he 0 a good creature1 a trifle giv5 to /eal+ fruit & vegetables1 b an amiable man en\gh4 ,he _h _h a long day ) 8 mule & me1 & he only ask$ me five francs4 ,i gave him t51 = ,i piti$ 8 poor old pat*$ boots1 & !re 0 a meekness ab\t him t t\*$ me4 ,& n[1 ,socrates1 said ,i at p>t+1 we g on our sev]al ways1 y to /eal tomatoes1 ,i to fil* ideas f o!r p2 = ! re/--:i* ( ^! two roads w be ! bett] go+1 our fa!r :i* is 9 heav5 kn[s1 b we "k n4 ,i h nev] se5 ,m5delssohn1 b !re is a fresco ( him on ! t]race1 or op5-air d9+-room1 ( an inn at ,*iav5na4 ,he is n call$ ,m5delssohn1 b ,i knew him by 8 legs4 ,he is 9 ! co/ume ( a d&y ( "s five-&-=ty ye>s ago1 is smok+ a cig>1 & appe>s to be mak+ an (f] ( m>riage to 8 cook4 ,bee?ov5 bo? my fri5d ,mr4 ,h4 ,fe/+ ,jones & ,i h _h ! good =tune to meet2 he is an eng9e] n[1 & does n "k "o note f ano!r2 he has q lo/ 8 deafness1 is m>ri$1 & is1 ( c\rse1 a little squat man ) ! same refractory hair t he always _h4 ,x 0 v int]e/+ to wat* him1 & ,jones rem>k$ t be=e ! end ( d9n] he _h become positively po/hum\s4 ,"o morn+ ,i 0 told ! ,bee?ov5s 7 go+ away1 & be=e long ,i met _! two heavy boxes be+ c>ri$ d[n ! /airs4 ,! boxes 7 s squab & l _! own]s1 t ,i half ?\ght = a mom5t t !y 7 inside1 & %\ld h>dly h be5 surpris$ to see !m spr+ up l a c\ple ( ,jacks-9-!-box4 ,sono ind5tro8 said ,i1 ) a fr[n ( wond]1 po9t+ to ! boxes4 ,! port]s knew :at ,i meant1 & laugh$4 ,b !re is no end to ! li/ ( p :om ,i h be5 able to recognise1 & be=e ,i _h got ?r\gh x myself1 ,i f\nd ,i _h walk$ "s di/ance1 & _h involunt>ily paus$ 9 front ( a second-h& book/all4 ,i d n l books4 ,i believe ,i h ! smalle/ libr>y ( any lit]>y man 9 ,london1 & ,i h no wi% to increase x4 ,i keep my books at ! ,briti% ,museum & at ,mudie's1 & x makes me v angry if any "o gives me "o = my private libr>y4 ,i once he>d two ladies disput+ 9 a railway c>riage z to :e!r "o ( !m _h or _h n be5 wa/+ money4 ,i sp5t x 9 books1 said ! accus$1 & x's n wa/+ money to buy books4 ,inde$1 my de>1 ,i ?9k x is1 0 ! rejo9d]1 & 9 practice ,i agree ) x4 ,web/]'s ,diction>y1 ,:itak]'s ,almanack1 & ,brad%aw's ,railway ,guide %\ld be suffici5t = any ord9>y libr>y2 x w be "t en\gh to g beyond ^! :5 ! mass ( useful & ent]ta9+ matt] :i* !y provide has be5 ma/]$4 ,nev]!less1 ,i admit t sometimes1 if n p>ticul>ly busy1 ,i /op at a second-h& book/all & turn ov] a book or two f m]e =ce ( habit4 ,i "k n :at made me pick up a copy ( ,a,eschylus--( c\rse 9 an ,engli% v]sion--or r ,i "k n :at made ,a,eschylus take up ) me1 = he took me r ?an ,i him2 b no soon] _h he got me ?an he began puzzl+ me1 z he has done any "t ?is =ty ye>s1 to "k :]e9 8 transc5d5t m]it c be suppos$ to lie4 ,to me he is1 l ! great] numb] ( classics 9 all ages & c\ntries1 a lit]>y ,/ruldbrug1 r ?an a true ambrosia-f$ immortal4 ,!re are true immortals1 b !y are few & f> betwe52 mo/ classics are z great impo/ors dead z !y 7 :5 liv+1 & :ile pos+ z gods are1 five-sev5?s ( !m1 only ,/ruldbrugs4 ,x com=ts me to rememb] t ,ari/ophanes lik$ ,a,eschylus no bett] ?an ,i d4 ,true1 he praises him by comp>ison ) ,sophocles & ,euripides1 b he only does s t he may run d[n ^! la/ m effectively4 ,ari/ophanes is a safe man to foll[1 nor d ,i see :y x %\ld n be z correct to laugh ) him z to pull a long face ) ! ,greek ,pr(essors2 b ?is is nei!r "h nor !re1 = no "o really c>es ab\t ,a,eschylus2 ! m int]e/+ "q is h[ he contriv$ to make s _m p = s _m ye>s pret5d to c>e ab\t him4 ,p]haps he m>ri$ somebody's daught]4 ,if a man w\ld get hold ( ! public e>1 he mu/ pay1 m>ry1 or fight4 ,i h nev] und]/ood t ,a,eschylus 0 a man ( means1 & ! fight]s d n write poetry1 s ,i suppose he mu/ h m>ri$ a !atrical manag]'s daught]1 & got 8 plays br\ght out t way4 ,! e> ( any age or c\ntry is l its l&1 air1 & wat]2 x seems limitless b is really limit$1 & is already 9 ! keep+ ( ^? :o naturally en\gh w h no squatt+ on su* valuable prop]ty4 ,x is writt5 & talk$ up to z closely z ! means ( subsi/5ce are br$ up to by a teem+ population4 ,!re is n a squ>e in* ( x b is 9 private h&s1 & he :o w\ld freehold any "p ( x mu/ d s by pur*ase1 m>riage1 or fight+1 9 ! usual way--& fight+ gives ! longe/1 safe/ t5ure4 ,! public itself has h>dly m voice 9 ! "q :o %all h its e>1 ?an ! l& has 9 *oos+ its own]s4 ,x is f>m$ z ^? :o own x ?9k mo/ pr(itable to !mselves1 & small blame to !m2 nev]!less1 x has a residuum ( muli%ness :i* ! l& has n1 & does sometimes dispossess its t5ants4 ,x is 9 ?is residuum t ^? :o fight place _! hope & tru/4 ,or p]haps ,a,eschylus squ>$ ! lead+ critics ( 8 "t4 ,:5 "o comes to ?9k ( x1 he mu/ h done s1 = h[ is x conceivable t su* plays %\ld h _h su* runs if he _h n8 ,i met a lady "o ye> 9 ,switz]l& :o _h "s p>rots t always travell$ ) h] & 7 ! idols ( h] life4 ,^! p>rots w\ld n let any "o read al\d 9 _! pres5ce1 unless !y he>d _! own names introduc$ f "t to "t4 ,if ^! 7 freely int]polat$ into ! text !y w\ld rema9 z /ill z /ones1 = !y ?\ght ! read+ 0 ab\t !mselves4 ,if x 0 n ab\t !m x c\ld n be all[$4 ,! lead]s ( lit]ature are l ^! p>rots2 !y d n look at :at a man writes1 nor if !y did w\ld !y und]/& x mu* bett] ?an ! p>rots d2 b !y l ! s\nd ( _! own names1 & if ^! are freely int]polat$ 9 a tone !y take z fri5dly1 !y may ev5 give e> to an outsid]4 ,o!rwise !y w scream him (f if !y c4 ,i %\ld n advise any "o ) ord9>y indep5d5ce ( m9d to attempt ! public e> unless he is confid5t t he c out-lung & out-la/ 8 own g5]ation2 = if he has any =ce1 p w & ought to be on _! gu>d aga9/ him1 inasmu* z !re is no kn[+ :]e he may n take !m4 ,besides1 !y h /ak$ _! money on ! wrong m5 s (t5 )\t suspect+ x1 t :5 !re comes "o :om !y d suspect x w\ld be madness n to bet aga9/ him4 ,true1 he may die be=e he has out-scream$ 8 oppon5ts1 b t has no?+ to d ) x4 ,if 8 scream 0 well pit*$ x w s\nd cle>] :5 he is dead4 ,we d n "k :at dea? is4 ,if we "k s little ab\t life :i* we h exp]i5c$1 h[ %all we "k ab\t dea? :i* we h n--& 9 ! nature ( ?+s nev] c8 ,e "o1 z ,i said ye>s ago 9 ,alps & ,sanctu>ies1 is an immortal to himself1 = he _c "k t he is dead until he is dead1 & :5 dead h[ c he "k any?+ ab\t any?+8 ,all we "k is1 t ev5 ! humble/ dead may live long aft] all trace ( ! body has disappe>$2 we see !m do+ x 9 ! bodies & memories ( ^? t come aft] !m2 & n a few live s mu* long] & m effectually ?an is desirable1 t x has be5 necess>y to get rid ( !m by ,act ( ,p>liam5t4 ,x is love t alone gives life1 & ! true/ life is t :i* we live n 9 ourselves b vic>i\sly 9 o!rs1 & ) :i* we h no conc]n4 ,our conc]n is s to ord] ourselves t we may be ( ! numb] ( !m t ent] into life--al?\gh we "k x n4 ,a,eschylus did s ord] himself2 b 8 life is n ( t inspirit+ k9d t c be won ?r\gh fight+ ! good fight only--or be+ believ$ to h f\ght x4 ,8 voice is ! e*o ( a drone1 drone-begott5 & drone-su/a9$4 ,x is n a tone t a man mu/ utt] or die--nay1 ev5 ?\gh he die2 & likely en\gh half ! allusions & h>d passages 9 ,a,eschylus ( :i* we c make nei!r head nor tail are 9 reality only puffs ( "s ( ! lit]>y lead]s ( 8 "t4 ,! lady above ref]r$ to told me m ab\t h] p>rots4 ,%e 0 l a ,nasmy?'s hamm] go+ sl[--v g5tle1 b irresi/ible4 ,%e always read ! newspap] to !m4 ,:at 0 ! use ( hav+ a newspap] if "o did n read x to "o's p>rots8 ,& h y div9$1 ,i ask$1 to :i* side !y incl9e 9 politics8 ,!y d n l ,mr4 ,glad/one1 0 ! some:at freez+ answ]2 ?is is ! only po9t on :i* we disagree1 = ,i adore him4 ,don't ask m ab\t ?is1 x is a great grief to me4 ,i tell !m ev]y?+1 %e cont9u$1 & hide no secret f !m4 ,b c any p>rot be tru/$ to keep a secret8 ,m9e c4 ,& on ,sundays d y give !m ! same c\rse ( read+ z on a week- day1 or d y make a diff]5ce8 ,on ,sundays ,i always read !m a g5ealogical *apt] f ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t1 = ,i c ?us introduce _! names )\t pr(anity4 ,i always keep tea by me 9 case !y %\ld ask = x 9 ! night1 & ,i h an ,etna to w>m x = !m2 !y take milk & sug>4 ,! old :ite-head$ cl]gyman came to see !m la/ night2 x 0 v pa9ful1 = ,jocko rem9d$ him s /rongly ( 8 late 4 4 4 ,i ?\ght %e 0 go+ to say wife1 b x prov$ to h be5 only ( a p>rot t he _h once kn[n & lov$4 ,"o ev5+ %e 0 9 difficulties ab\t ! qu>ant9e1 :i* 0 en=c$ t ye> on ! ,italian fronti]4 ,! local doctor _h gone d[n t morn+ to see ! ,italian doctor & arrange "s details4 ,!n1 p]haps1 my de>1 %e said to h] husb&1 he is ! qu>ant9e4 ,no1 my love1 repli$ h] husb&4 ,! qu>ant9e is n a p]son1 x is a place :]e !y put p2 b %e w\ld n be com=t$1 & suspect$ ! qu>ant9e z an enemy t might at any mom5t p\nce out ^u h] & h] p>rots4 ,s a lady told me once t %e _h be5 9 l tr\ble ab\t ! an!m4 ,%e read 9 h] pray]- book t 9 *oirs & places :]e !y s+ "h foll[e? ! an!m1 yet ! p]son ) ?is mo/ my/]i\sly s\nd+ "n nev] did foll[4 ,!y _h a *oir1 & no "o c\ld say ! *ur* 0 n a place :]e !y sang1 = !y did s+--bo? *ants & hymns4 ,:y1 !n1 ?is p]si/5t slackness on ! "p ( ! an!m1 :o at ?is juncture %\ld foll[ h] papa1 ! rector1 into ! read+-desk8 ,no d\bt he w\ld come "s day1 & !n :at w\ld he be l8 ,fair or d>k8 ,tall or %ort8 ,w\ld he be bald & we> spectacles l papa1 or w\ld he be "y & good-look+8 ,anyh[1 !re 0 some?+ wrong1 = x 0 ann\nc$ t he w\ld foll[1 & he nev] did foll[2 !re=e !re 0 no kn[+ :at he might n d next4 ,i he>d ( ! p>rots a ye> or two lat] z giv+ lessons 9 ,italian to an ,engli% maid4 ,i d n "k :at _! t]ms 74 ,alas6 s9ce !n bo? !y & _! mi/ress h jo9$ ! majority4 ,:5 ! poor lady felt h] end 0 ne> %e desir$ 7& ! responsibility = ?is mu/ re/ ) h]1 n me7 t ! birds might be de/roy$1 z fe>+ t !y might come to be neglect$1 & kn[+ t !y c\ld nev] be lov$ aga9 z %e _h lov$ !m4 ,on be+ told t all 0 ov]1 %e said1 ,?ank y1 & imm$iately expir$4 ,reflect+ 9 su* r&om fa%ion1 & /roll+ ) no great] me?od1 ,i work$ my way back ?r\gh ,*eapside & f\nd myself once m 9 front ( ,sweet+'s w9d[4 ,aga9 ! turtles attract$ me4 ,!y 7 alive1 & s f> at any rate !y agre$ ) me4 ,nay1 !y _h eyes1 m\?s1 legs1 if n arms1 & feet1 s !re 0 mu* 9 :i* we 7 bo? ( a m9d1 b surely !y mu/ be mi/ak5 9 arm+ !mselves s v heavily4 ,any creature on gett+ :at ! turtle aim$ at w\ld ov]rea* itself & be l&$ n 9 safety b annihilation4 ,x %\ld h no communion ) ! outside _w at all1 = dea? c\ld creep 9 :]ev] ! creature c\ld creep out2 & x mu/ creep out some:]e if x 0 to hook on to outside ?+s4 ,:at dea? c be m absolute ?an su* absolute isolation8 ,p]fect dea?1 inde$1 if x 7 atta9able 7:i* x is n71 is z ne> p]fect security z we c rea*1 b x is n ! k9d ( security aim$ at by any animal t is at ! pa9s ( def5d+ itself4 ,= su* want to h ?+s bo? ways1 desir+ ! liv+ness ( life )\t its p]ils1 & ! safety ( dea? )\t its deadness1 & "s ( u d actually get ?is = a consid]able "t1 b we d n get x by plat+ ourselves ) arm\r z ! turtle does4 ,we tri$ ?is 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 & no long] mock ourselves ) ! weight ( arm\r t our =efa!rs c>ri$ 9 battle4 ,inde$ ! m deadly ! weapons ( attack become ! m we g into ! fight slug-wise4 ,slugs h ridd5 _! contempt = def5sive arm\r z mu* to dea? z ! turtles _! pursuit ( x4 ,!y h h>dly m ?an sk9 en\gh to hold !mselves toge!r2 !y c\rt dea? e "t !y cross ! road4 ,yet dea? comes n to !m m ?an to ! turtle1 ^: def5ces are s great t !re is little left inside to be def5d$4 ,moreov]1 ! slugs f>e be/ 9 ! long run1 = turtles are dy+ out1 :ile slugs are n1 & !re mu/ be millions ( slugs all ! _w ov] = e s+le turtle4 ,( ! two vanities1 !re=e1 t ( ! slug seems mo/ sub/antial4 ,9 ei!r case ! creature ?9ks itself safe1 b is sure to be f\nd out soon] or lat]2 nor is x easy to expla9 ?is mock]y save by reflect+ t ev]y?+ mu/ h its meat 9 due season1 & t meat c only be f\nd = su* a multitude ( m\?s by giv+ ev]y?+ z meat 9 due season to some?+ else4 ,?is is l ! ,kilk5ny cats1 or robb+ ,pet] to pay ,paul2 b x is ! way ( ! _w1 & z e animal mu/ contribute 9 k9d to ! picnic ( ! univ]se1 "o does n see :at bett] arrangem5t c\ld be made ?an ! provid+ ea* race ) a h]$it>y fallacy1 :i* %all 9 ! end get x into a scrape1 b :i* %all g5]ally /& ! we> & te> ( life = "s "t4 ,d ut des is ! writ+ on all fle% to him t eats x2 & no creature is de>] to itself ?an x is to "s o!r t w\ld dev\r x4 ,nor is !re any /atem5t or proposition m invuln]able ?an liv+ =ms are4 ,propositions prey ^u & are gr\nd$ ^u "o ano!r j l liv+ =ms4 ,!y support "o ano!r z plants & animals d2 !y are bas$ ultimately on cr$it1 or fai?1 r ?an ! ca% ( irrefragable conviction4 ,! :ole univ]se is c>ri$ on on ! cr$it sy/em1 & if ! mutual confid5ce on :i* x is bas$ 7 to collapse1 x mu/ itself collapse imm$iately4 ,j or unju/1 x lives by fai?2 x is bas$ on vague & impalpable op9ion t by "s inscrutable process passes into w & action1 & is made manife/ 9 matt] & 9 fle%3 x is meteoric--susp5d$ 9 midair2 x is ! baseless fabric ( a vision s va/1 s vivid1 & s gorge\s t no base c seem m broad ?an su* /up5d\s baselessness1 & yet any man c br+ x ab\t 8 e>s by be+ ov]-curi\s2 :5 fai? fails a sy/em bas$ on fai? fails also4 ,:e!r ! univ]se is really a pay+ conc]n1 or :e!r x is an inflat$ bubble t mu/ bur/ soon] or lat]1 ?is is ano!r matt]4 ,if p 7 to dem& ca% paym5t 9 irrefragable c]ta9ty = ev]y?+ t !y h tak5 hi!rto z pap] money on ! cr$it ( ! bank ( public op9ion1 is !re money en\gh beh9d x all to /& s great a dra9 ev5 on s great a res]ve8 ,probably !re is n1 b happily !re c be no su* panic1 = ev5 ?\gh ! cultur$ classes may d s1 ! uncultur$ are too dull to h bra9s en\gh to commit su* /up5d\s folly4 ,x takes a long c\rse ( academic tra9+ to educate a man up to ! /&>d :i* he mu/ rea* be=e he c ent]ta9 su* que/ions s]i\sly1 & by a m]ciful disp5sation ( ,provid5ce1 univ]sity tra9+ is almo/ z co/ly z x is unpr(itable4 ,! majority w ?us be always unable to af=d x1 & w base _! op9ions on "m wit & curr5t op9ion r ?an on demon/ration4 ,s ,i turn$ my /eps homew>ds2 ,i saw a good _m m ?+s on my way home1 b ,i 0 told t ,i 0 n to see m ?is "t ?an ,i c\ld get into twelve pages ( ! ,univ]sal ,review2 ,i mu/ !re=e res]ve any rem>k :i* ,i ?9k might p]haps ent]ta9 ! read] = ano!r occasion4 ,,! ,,aunt1 ,,! ,,nieces1 ,,& ,,! ,,dog #c ,:5 a ?+ is old1 brok51 & useless we ?r[ x on ! du/-heap1 b :5 x is suffici5tly old1 suffici5tly brok51 & suffici5tly useless we give money = x1 put x into a museum1 & read pap]s ov] x :i* p come long di/ances to he>4 ,by-&-by1 :5 ! :irligig ( "t has br\ght on ano!r rev5ge1 ! museum itself becomes a du/-heap1 & rema9s s till aft] long ages x is re-discov]$1 & valu$ z belong+ to a neo-rubbi% age--conta9+1 p]haps1 traces ( a /ill old] paleo-rubbi% civilisation4 ,s :5 p are old1 indig5t1 & 9 all respects incapable1 we hold !m 9 great] & great] contempt z _! pov]ty & impot5ce increase1 till !y rea* ! pit* :5 !y are actually at ! po9t to die1 :]eon !y become sublime4 ,!n we place e res\rce our hospitals c comm& at _! disposal1 & %[ no /9t 9 our consid]ation = !m4 ,x is ! same ) all our int]e/s4 ,we c>e mo/ ab\t extremes ( importance & ( unimportance2 b extremes ( importance are ta9t$ ) fe>1 & a v imp]fect fe> ca/e? out love4 ,extremes ( unimportance _c hurt u1 !re=e we are well dispos$ t[>ds !m2 ! means may come to d s1 !re=e we d n love !m4 ,h5ce we pick a fly out ( a milk-jug & wat* ) pleasure ov] its recov]y1 = we are confid5t t "u no conceivable circum/ances w x want to borr[ money f u2 b we feel less sure ab\t a m\se1 s we %[ x no qu>t]4 ,! compil]s ( our almanacs well "k ?is t5d5cy ( our natures1 s !y tell u1 n :5 ,noah w5t into ! ark1 nor :5 ! temple ( ,j]usalem 0 d$icat$1 b t ,l9dley ,murray1 gramm>ian1 di$ ,janu>y #af1 #ahbf4 ,?is is n because !y c\ld n f9d s _m z ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five ev5ts ( consid]able int]e/ s9ce ! creation ( ! _w1 b because !y well "k we w\ld r he> ( some?+ less int]e/+4 ,we c>e mo/ ab\t :at conc]ns u ei!r v closely1 or s little t practically we h no?+ :atev] to d ) x4 ,i once ask$ a "y ,italian1 :o pr(ess$ to h a consid]able k ( ,engli% lit]ature1 :i* ( all our poems pleas$ him be/4 ,he repli$ )\t a mom5t's hesitation3-- ,hey diddle diddle1 ! cat & ! fiddle1 ,! c[ jump$ ov] ! moon2 ,! little dog laugh$ to see su* sport1 ,& ! di% ran away ) ! spoon4 ,he said ?is 0 bett] ?an any?+ 9 ,italian4 ,!y _h ,dante & ,tasso1 & ev] s _m m great poets1 b !y _h no?+ comp>able to ,hey diddle diddle1 nor _h he be5 able to conceive h[ any "o c\ld h writt5 x4 ,did ,i "k ! au?or's "n1 & _h we giv5 him a /atue8 ,on ?is ,i told him ( ! "y lady ( ,h>r[ :o w\ld g to *ur* 9 a b>r[1 & pli$ him ) :atev] rhym+ nons5se ,i c\ld call to m9d1 b x 0 no use2 all ( ^! ?+s _h an elem5t ( reality t robb$ !m ( half _! *>m1 :]eas ,hey diddle diddle _h no?+ 9 x t c\ld conceivably conc]n him4 ,s aga9 x is ) ! ?+s t gall u mo/4 ,:at is x t rises up aga9/ u at odd times & smites u 9 ! face aga9 & aga9 = ye>s aft] x has happ5$8 ,t we sp5t all ! be/ ye>s ( our life 9 le>n+ :at we h f\nd to be a sw9dle1 & to h be5 kn[n to be a sw9dle by ^? :o took money = mislead+ u8 ,t ^? on :om we mo/ lean$ mo/ betray$ u8 ,t we h only come to feel our /r5g? :5 !re is little /r5g? left ( any k9d to feel8 ,^! ?+s w h>dly mu* di/urb a man ( ord9>y good temp]4 ,b t he %\ld h said ?is or t little unk9d & wanton say+2 t he %\ld h gone away f ?is or t hotel & giv5 a %ill+ too little to ! wait]2 t 8 clo!s 7 %abby at su* or su* a g>d5-p>ty--^! ?+s gall u z a corn w sometimes d1 ?\gh ! loss ( a limb way n be s]i\sly felt4 ,i h be5 rem9d$ lately ( ^! consid]ations ) m ?an common =ce by read+ ! v volum9\s correspond5ce left by my gr&fa!r1 ,dr4 ,butl]1 ( ,%rewsbury1 ^: memoirs ,i am engag$ 9 writ+4 ,i h f\nd a l>ge numb] ( int]e/+ lett]s on subjects ( s]i\s import1 b mu/ confess t x is to ! h>dly less num]\s light] lett]s t ,i h be5 mo/ attract$1 nor d ,i feel sure t my em95t namesake did n %>e my pr$ilection4 ,among o!r lett]s 9 my possession ,i h "o bundle t has be5 kept ap>t1 & has evid5tly no connection ) ,dr4 ,butl]'s own life4 ,i _c use ^! lett]s1 !re=e1 = my book1 b ov] & above ! *>m ( _! inspir$ spell+1 ,i f9d !m ( su* an extremely trivial nature t ,i incl9e to hope ! read] may d]ive z mu* amusem5t f !m z ,i h done myself1 & v5ture to give !m ! publicity "h :i* ,i mu/ refuse !m 9 my book4 ,! dates & signatures h1 ) ! exception ( ,mrs4 ,newton's1 be5 c>efully eras$1 b ,i h collect$ t !y 7 writt5 by ! two s]vants ( a s+le lady :o resid$ at no great di/ance f ,london1 to two nieces ( ! said lady :o liv$ 9 ,london itself4 ,! aunt nev] writes1 b always gets "o ( ! s]vants to d s = h]4 ,%e appe>s ei!r z y\r aunt or z ,%e2 h] "n is n giv51 b %e is evid5tly look$ ^u ) a good deal ( awe by all :o _h to d ) h]4 ,! lett]s almo/ all ( !m relate to visits ei!r ( ! aunt to ,london1 or ( ! nieces to ! aunt's home1 :i*1 f occasional allusions to hopp+1 ,i ga!r to h be5 9 ,k5t1 ,sussex1 or ,surrey4 ,i h arrang$ !m to ! be/ ( my p[]1 & take ! foll[+ to be ! e>lie/4 ,x has no signature1 b is n 9 ! h&writ+ ( ! s]vant :o /yles h]self ,elizabe?1 or ,mrs4 ,newton4 ,x runs3-- ,,madam1--,y\r ,aunt ,wi%es me to in=m y %e w be glad if y w let hir "k if y ?9k ( com+ ,to hir ,h\se ?iss mon? or ,next z %e _c h y 9 ,septemb] on a k\nt ( ! ,hop+ ,if y ar com+ %e ?9kes %e _h batt] ,g to ,london on ! ,day y com to hir ,h\se ! says y %all h ev]ry ,?+ raddy = y at hir ,h\se & ,mrs4 ,newton to meet y & /ay ) y till ,%e returnes a gann4 if y arnot ,com+ ?iss ,summ] ,%e w be 9 ,london be=e ?iss ,mon? is out & w ,sleep on ! ,s(y ,z ,%e willnot be 9 ,london m ?ann two nits4 & ,%e ,says %e willnot truble y on anny a k\nt z ,%e ,w returne ! ,same ,day be=e ,%e w plage y anny m4 b ,%e ?anks y = ask+ hir to ,london4 b ,%e says ,%e _c leve ! h\se at prassant ,%e sayhir ,survants ar to d = y z %e _c lodge y\rs nor %e willnot h ?im 9 at ! h\se anny m to brake & de/roy hir ?9ks & beslive hir & make up ,lies by hir & ,sk&el z y\r too did ,%e says %e m5s to pay =e #b ,nits & "o day1 ,%e says ! ,pepelwill let hir h x if y ask ?im to let hir3 y ,w be s good z to let hir "k sun3 wi% ,%e is to d1 z ,%e says ,%e dos n c>e anny ?+ a b\t x4 :i* way tiss %e is batt] ?an ,%e 0 & desirs hir ,love to b\? b\?4 ,y\r aunt wises to "k h[ ! silk ,clocks ar madup h[ ! silk cloaks are made up ) a ,cape or a wood z %e is a go9 to h "o madeup to ride\t 9 9 hir littel %as *aise4 ,*>les is a butty & s good4 ,mr ,mrs ,newton ar q wall desires to be rememb]$ to y4 ,i c ?r[ no light on ! mean+ ( ! v]b to beslive4 ,ea* lett] 9 ! ,,ms4 is s admirably =m$ t !re c be no "q ab\t ! ^w be+ z ,i h giv5 x4 ,nor h ,i be5 able to discov] :at is ref]r$ to by ! words ,*>les is a butty & s good4 ,we %all pres5tly meet ) a ,*>les :o flies 9 ! ,fi]1 b t ,*>les appe>s to h be5 9 ,london1 :]eas ?is "o is evid5tly 9 ,k5t1 or :]ev] ! aunt liv$4 ,! next lett] is f ,mrs4 ,newton ,,d] ,,miss ---1 ,i ,receve y\r ,lett] y\r ,aunt is v>y ,ill & ,l[spiret$ ,i ,donte ?9k y\r ,aunt wood ,git up all ,day if ,my ,si/] ,wasnot to ,p]sage h] ,we all ,?9k hir lif is two monopol\s4 y ,wi% to "k ,:o ,0 ,live+ ,) y\r ,aunt4 t is ,my ,si/] & ,willian--& ,c>il9e--z ,cock & ,old ,poll ,pepp] is ,come to ,/ay ,) h] a ,littel ,wile & ,i hop$ hopp$ = ,y\r ,aunt1 & ,h>ry has ,work$ = y\r ,aunt all ! ,summ]4 ,y\r ,aunt & ,h>ry ,:5t to ! ,wells ,races & ,sp5t a v ,pleasant ,day y\r ,aunt has ,lo/ ,old ,fanney ,s[ ,%e ,di$ ab\t a ,week a ,g ,h>ry he ,want$ y\r ,aunt to h h] kill$ & s5d h] to ,london & ,%ee ,wold ,fe* h] #aa p\nds ! ,f>m]s h ,lo/ a ,greet ,deal ( ,cattel su* z ,hogs & ,c[s ,:at !ay call ! ,plage ,i ,:5t to y\r ,aunt z y ,wi% ,mee to ,d ,b ,%e ,told ,mee ,%e ,did n wont aney ,boddy ,%e ,told ,mee ,%e ,%\ld ,l to ,come up to see y ,b ,%e ,cant ,come "k = %e is ,boddyley ill & ,h>ry ,donte ,"w !re "k ,b he ,g up !re ,once 9 ,two or ,?ree ,day ,h>ry ,(f]$ is self to ,g up to ,live ,) y\r ,aunt ,b ,%e ,made him "k ,anc]4 ,i hay ,be5 up to y\r ,aunt at ,"w = #e ,weeks ,hopp+ & ,raglut+ ,y\r ,aunt ,donte ,eat nor ,dr9k ,b v>y ,littel inde$4 ,i am ,happy to ,say ,we are ,bo? ,q ,well & ,i am ,glad no he> y are ,bo? ,q ,well ,,mrs ,,newton4 ,?is seems to h made ! nieces propose to pay a visit to _! aunt1 p]haps to try & relieve ! monopoly ( h] exi/5ce & *e] h] up a little4 ,9 _! lett]1 d\btless1 ! dog motive is introduc$ t is s f9ely develop$ pres5tly by ,mrs4 ,newton4 ,i %\ld l to h be5 able to give ! !me z en\nc$ by ! nieces !mselves1 b _! lett]s are n be=e me4 ,mrs4 ,newton writes3-- ,,my ,,de> ,,girls1--,y\r ,aunt receiv y\r ,lett] y\r ,aunt w ,be v>y glad to see y z x q a greeable if x tis to y & ,%ee is ,q ,will+ to ,eair ! b$s & ! ,rooms if y ,l to ,tru/ to hir & ! ,s]vantes2 if n ,i may ,g up !re z y ,wi%4 ,my ,si/] ,sleeps 9 ! ,be/ ,room z %e allways ,did & ! ,coock 9 ! g>ret & y ,c h ! ,rooms ! same z y allways ,did z y\r ,aunt ,donte set 9 ! ,p>l\r ,%e ,cont9l]y ,sets 9 ! ,ci*+4 y\r ,aunt says %e ,_c ,"p f ! dog "k h[s & ,%e ,says he w n hurt y = he is ,l a ,*ild & ,i c safeley say ,my ,self he wonte hurt y z ,%e ,_c ,sleep 9 ! ,room ,) out him z he all,way ,sleep 9 ! ,same ,room z ,%e ,dose4 y\r ,aunt is agreeable to ,git 9 ,:at ,coles & ,wood y ,wi% = ,i am "k happy to say y\r ,aunt is 9 z ,good heal? z ev] ,%e ,0 & ,%e is happy to he> y are ,bo? ,well y\r ,aunt ,wi%es = ,anc] ,by ,return ( ,po/4 ,! nieces repli$ t _! aunt mu/ *oose betwe5 ! dog & !m1 & ,mrs4 ,newton s5ds a second lett] :i* br+s h] developm5t to a climax4 ,x runs3-- ,,de> ,,miss ---1 ,i h ,receve y\r ,lett] & i ,:5t up to y\r ,aunt z y ,wi% me & i ,try to ,p]veal ,) h] ab\t ! ,dog ,b %e ,wold n ,put ! ,dog away nor x al[ him to ,be ,ti$ up ,b ,%e ,/ill ,wi%es y to ,come z ,%ee says ! ,dog ,%all n int]rup y = ,%e ,donte al[ ! ,dog nor x ! ,cats to ,g 9 ! ,p>l\r nev] s5ce ,%e has _h x ,donup f]f]e ( ,spoil+ ! ,pa9t y\r ,aunt ?9k x v>y ,/range y ,%\ld ,be s v>y ,mu* afraid ( a ,dog & ,%e says y ,cant ,g out 9 ,london ,b ,:at y are up a gance "o & ,%e says ,%e ,wonte ,tru/ ! ,dog 9 "k "o h&s ,b h] ,owne = ,%e is afraid !ay ,w n fill is ,belley z he ,lives ^u ,ro/ ,beeff & ,ro/ & ,boil ,m\tt5 ,wi* he ,eats ,m !n ! ,s]vantes 9 ! ,h\se !re is n aney ,"o ,wold ,beable to ,give ,sattefacktion ^u t acc\nt ,h>ry (f]d to ,take ! ,dog ,b ,%e ,wood n ,tru/ him 9 our h&s s ,i ,cold n ,d aney ?+ ,) h] y\r ,aunt y\se to ,tell ,me ,:5 we 0 at y\r ,h\se 9 ,london ,%e ,did n "k h[ to make y am5s & i ,told h] "k x 0 ! ,"t to ,d x ,b i ,considd] ,%e sets ! ,dog ,be=e y y\r ,aunt keep "k ,be] "k ,sprits "k ,w9es 9 ! ,h\se ( aney ,sort ,oneley a ,little ,b>l ( ,w9e ,i made h] 9 ! ,summ] ! ,workm5 & s]vantes are a ,blige to ,dr9k waut] ,morn+ ,noon & ,night y\r ,aunt ! ,same ,%e ,donte ,l[ h] ,self aney ,tee nor ,c(fee ,b is ,loock+ ,wond]ful ,well ,i ,/ill ,remane y\r ,humble ,s]vant ,mrs ,newton ,i am v>y sorry to ?9k ! ,dog ,p]v5tes y\r ,come+ ,i am ,glad to he> y are ,bo? ,well & we are ! same4 ,! nieces rema9$ firm1 & f ! foll[+ lett] x is pla9 ! aunt gave way4 ,! dog motive is repeat$ pianissimo1 & is n return$ to--n at lea/ by ,mrs4 ,newton4 ,,de> ,,miss ---1 ,i ,receve y\r ,lett] on ,?ursday i ,:5t to y\r ,aunt & i see h] & ,%e is a ,greable to ev]ry ?+ i ask$ h] & seme s v>y ,mu* ,please to see y ,bo? ,next ,tus$ay & %e has s5t = ! ,faggots to ,day & %e ,w ,s5d = ! ,coles to ,morr[ & i w ,g up !re to ,morr[ ,morn+ & ,make ! ,fi]s & ,t5d to ! ,b$s & sleep 9 x ,till y ,come ,d[n y\r ,aunt s5ds h] ,love to y ,bo? & %e is ,q well y\r ,aunt ,wi%es y wold ,write aga9e ,be=e y ,come z %e ma ,expeckye & ! ,dog is n to ,go9to ! ,p>lor a ,tall y\r ,aunt k9d ,love to y ,bo? hopes y ,wonte ,fail 9 ,com+ accord+ to ,prommis ,,mrs ,,newton4 ,f a lat] lett] x appe>s t ! nieces did n pay _! visit aft] all1 & :at is worse a lett] _h misc>ri$1 & ! aunt sat up expect+ !m f sev5 till twelve at night1 & ,h>ry _h paid = ,faggots & ,coles qu>t] ( ,hund4 ,faggots ,half tun ( ,coles #al4 #as4 #c;d4 ,%ortly aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 ,%e aga9 talks ( com+ up to ,london h]self & writes ?r\gh h] s]vant-- ,my ,de> girls i ,receve y\r k9d lett] ,i am happy to he> y ar bo? ,well & ,i ,0 9 hopes ( see+ ( y ,bo? ,d[n at ,my ,h\se ?is spr+ to /ay a ,wile ,i am ,q well my self 9 ,hel? ,b v>y ,l[ ,spiret$ ,i am v>y sorry to he> ! ,mis=t+ ( ,poor *>les h[ he cum to flie 9 ! ,fi] ,i _c ?9k4 ,i %\ld l to "k if he is dead or a ,live1 & ,i %all come to ,london 9 ,augu/ /ay ?ree or f\r daies if x is agreable to y4 ,mrs4 ,newton has lo/ h] "m 9 ,law #d day ,m>* ,i hope y s5d me ^w ,wa!r *>les is ,dead or a ,live z soon z possible1 & w y s5d me ^w :at ,little ,betty is = ,i _c make h] out4 ,! next lett] is a new h&writ+1 & tells ! nieces ( _! aunt's dea? 9 ! ! foll[+ t]ms3-- ,,de> ,,miss ---1 ,x is my mo/ pa9ful duty to in=m y t y\r de> aunt expir$ ?is morn+ comp>atively easy z ,hannah in=ms me & 9 s do+ re/or$ h] s\l to ! cu/ody ( him :om %e consid]$ to be alone wor?y ( its c>e4 ,! doctor _h visit$ h] ab\t five m9utes previ\sly & _h appli$ a bli/]4 ,y & y\r si/] w ,i am sure excuse fur!r details at pres5t & believe me ) k9de/ remembrances to rema9 ,y\rs truly1 c4 ,aft] a few days a lawy]'s lett] in=ms ! nieces t _! aunt _h left !m ! bulk ( h] n v consid]able prop]ty1 b _h *>g$ !m ) an annuity ( #a p\nd a week to be paid to ,h>ry & ,mrs4 ,newton s long z ! dog liv$4 ,! only o!r lett]s by ,mrs4 ,newton are writt5 on pap] ( a diff]5t & m mod]n size2 !y leave an impression ( hav+ be5 writt5 a good _m ye>s lat]4 ,i take !m z !y come4 ,! fir/ is v %ort3-- ,,de> ,,miss ---1 i write to say i _c possiblely come on ,w$nesday z we h kill$ a pig4 y\r's truely1 ,,elizabe? ,,newton4 ,! second runs3-- ,,de> ,,miss ---1 i hope y are bo? q well 9 heal? y\r ,leg mu* bett] i am happy to say i am gett+ q well aga9 i hope ,am&y has rea*$ y safe by ?is "t i s5t a small p>cle by ,am&y1 !re 0 half a doz5 ,pats ( butt] ! ,cakes 0 v homely & n s light z i c\ld wi% i hope by ?is "t ,s>ah ,ann has promis$ %e w /ay untill next monday z i ?9k a few daies long] w n make mu* dif]ance & z h] "y man has be5 v consid]ate to wait s long z he has i ?9k he w\ld = a few days ,long] de> ,miss --- ,i wa% = ,william & i h n got 8 clo!s yet z x has be5 delay$ by ! c>ri] i _c possiblely get x done be=e ,sunday & i d n ,l travil+ on a ,sunday b to oblige y i w\ld come b to come soon] i _c possiblely b i hope ,s>ah ,ann w be prevail$ on once m z ,%e has s _m times i feel sure if %e tells h] "y man he w h pati5t = he is a v k9d "y man i rema9 y\r s9c]ely ,,elizabe? ,,newton4 ,! la/ lett] 9 my collection seems writt5 almo/ )9 measurable di/ance ( ! ,*ri/mas-c>d era4 ,! %eet is head$ by a beautifully emboss$ device ( "s holly 9 r$ & gre51 wi%+ ! recipi5t ( ! lett] a m]ry ,xmas & a happy new ye>1 :ile ! bord] is crimp$ & edg$ ) blue4 ,i "k n :at x is1 b !re is some?+ 9 ! writ]'s highly f9i%$ /yle t rem9ds me ( ,m5delssohn4 ,x w\ld almo/ d = ! words ( "o ( 8 celebrat$ ,li$] ohne ,worte3 ,,de> ,,miss ,,m>ia1--,i ha/5 to ackn[l$ge ! receipt ( y\r k9d note ) ! inclosure = :i* ,i return my be/ ?anks4 ,i ne$ sc>cely say h[ glad ,i 0 to "k t ! volumes secur$ y\r approval1 & t ! ann\ncem5t ( ! improvem5t 9 ! condition ( y\r ,si/]'s legs af=d$ me inf9ite pleasure4 ,! gratify+ news enc\rag$ me 9 ! hope t n[ ! nature ( ! disord] is compreh5d$ h] legs w--not)/&+ ! process may be gradual--ultimately get q well4 ,! pretty ,rob9 ,r$brea/ :i* lay ensconc$ 9 y\r epi/le1 convey$ to me1 9 t]ms m eloqu5t ?an words1 h[ mu* y desir$ me ^? ,complim5ts :i* ! little missive he bore 9 8 bill express$2 ! emblem is sweetly pretty1 & n[ t we are aga9 all[$ to felicitate ea* o!r on ano!r recurr5ce ( ! season ( ! ,*ri/ian's rejoic+1 p]mit me to t5d] to y\rself1 & by y to y\r ,si/]1 m9e & my ,wife's he>tfelt congratulations & w>me/ wi%es ) respect to ! com+ ye>4 ,x is a common belief t if we take a retrospective view ( ea* dep>t+ ye>1 z x behoves u annually to d1 we %all f9d ! bless+s :i* we h receiv$ to immeasurably outnumb] our causes ( sorr[4 ,speak+ = myself ,i c fully subscribe to t s5tim5t1 & d\btless nei!r ,miss --- nor y\rself are exceptions4 ,miss ---'s illness & consequ5t conf9em5t to ! h\se has be5 a sev]e trial1 b 9 t tr\ble an opportunity 0 af=d$ y to prove a ,si/]'s devotion & %e has be5 enabl$ to realise a l>g] 7if possible7 display ( si/]ly affection4 ,a happy ,*ri/mas to y bo?1 & may ! new ye> prove a ,cornucopia f :i* /ill great] bless+s ?an ev5 ^? we h hi!rto receiv$1 %all issue1 to b5efit u all by contribut+ to our temporal happ9ess &1 :at is ( high] importance1 conduc+ to our felicity h]eaft]4 ,i 0 sorry to he> t y 7 s annoy$ ) mice & rats1 & if ,i %\ld h an opportunity to obta9 a nice cat ,i w d s & s5d my boy to y\r h\se ) x4 ,i rema91 ,y\rs truly4 ,h[ little :at is commonly call$ education c d aft] all t[>ds ! =mation ( a good /yle1 & :at a delightful volume might n be entitl$ ,half ,h\rs ) ! ,wor/ ,au?ors4 ,:y1 ! f9e/ ^w ,i "k ( 9 ! ,engli% language 0 co9$1 n by my poor old gr&fa!r1 ^: education _h left little to desire1 nor by any ( ! admirable s*ol>s :om he 9 8 turn educat$1 b by an old matron :o presid$ ov] "o ( ! halls1 or h\ses ( 8 s*ool4 ,?is good lady1 ^: "n by ! way 0 ,bromfield1 _h a f9e high temp] ( h] own1 or ?\ght x politic to affect "o4 ,"o night :5 ! boys 7 p>ticul>ly noisy %e bur/ l a hurricane into ! hall1 coll>$ a y\ng/]1 & told him he 0 ! ramp-+e/-scamp+e/-rackety-tackety-t[-r[- ro>+e/ boy 9 ! :ole s*ool4 ,w\ld ,mrs4 ,newton h be5 able to set ! aunt & ! dog be=e u s vividly if %e _h be5 m highly educat$8 ,w\ld ,mrs4 ,bromfield h be5 able to =ge & hurl h] ?und]bolt ( a ^w if %e _h be5 taught h[ to d s1 or inde$ be5 at mu* pa9s to create x at all8 ,x came4 ,x 0 h] ,greek text4 ,%e did n probably "k t %e _h done :at ! greate/ s*ol> w\ld h _h to rack 8 bra9s ov] = _m an h\r be=e he c\ld ev5 approa*4 ,tradition says t hav+ br\ght d[n h] boy %e look$ r\nd ! hall 9 triumph1 & !n aft] a mom5t's lull said1 ,"y g5tlem51 pray]s are excus$1 & left !m4 ,i h sometimes ?\ght t1 aft] all1 ! ma9 use ( a classical education consi/s 9 ! *eck x gives to orig9ality1 & ! way 9 :i* x prev5ts an inconv5i5t numb] ( p f us+ _! own eyes4 ,t we w n be at ! tr\ble ( look+ at ?+s = ourselves if we c get any "o to tell u :at we ought to see goes )\t say+1 & x is ! bus9ess ( s*ools & univ]sities to assi/ u 9 ?is respect4 ,! !ory ( evolution tea*es t any p[] n work$ at pretty high pressure w det]iorate3 orig9ality & fre$om f affectation are all v well 9 _! way1 b we c easily h too mu* ( !m1 & x is bett] t none %\ld be ei!r orig9al or free f cant b ^? :o insi/ on be+ s1 no matt] :at h9drances ob/ruct1 nor :at inc5tives are (f]$ !m to see ?+s ?r\gh ! regulation m$ium4 ,to insi/ on see+ ?+s = oneself is to be 9 ,greek text1 or 9 pla9 ,engli%1 an idiot2 nor d ,i see any saf] *eck aga9/ g5]al vig\r & cle>ness ( ?\ght1 ) consequ5t t]s5ess ( expression1 ?an t provid$ by ! curricula ( our univ]sities & s*ools ( public in/ruction4 ,if a "y man1 9 spite ( e ef=t to fit him ) bl9k]s1 w insi/ on gett+ rid ( !m1 he mu/ d s at 8 own risk4 ,he w n be long 9 f9d+ out 8 mi/ake4 ,our public s*ools & univ]sities play ! b5efic5t "p 9 our social s*eme t cattle d 9 =e/s3 !y br[se ! se$l+s d[n & prev5t ! gr[? ( all b ! luckie/ & /urdie/4 ,( c\rse1 if !re are too _m ei!r cattle or s*ools1 !y br[se s effectually t !y f9d no m food1 & />ve till equilibrium is re/or$2 b x seems to be a provision ( nature t !re %\ld always be ^! alt]nate p]iods1 dur+ :i* ei!r ! cattle or ! trees are gett+ ! be/ ( x2 &1 inde$1 )\t su* provision we %\ld h nei!r ! "o nor ! o!r4 ,at ?is mom5t ! cattle1 d\btless1 are 9 ! asc5dant1 & if univ]sity ext5sion proce$s mu* f>!r1 we %all assur$ly h no m ,mrs4 ,newtons & ,mrs4 ,bromfields2 b :atev] is is be/1 &1 on ! :ole1 ,i %\ld propose to let ?+s f9d pretty mu* _! own level4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 :o c "q t ! treasures hidd5 9 _m a c\ntry h\se conta9 sleep+ beauties ev5 fair] ?an ^? t ,i h endeav\r$ to wak5 f long sleep 9 ! =ego+ article8 ,h[ _m ,mrs4 ,quicklys are !re n liv+ 9 ,london at ?is pres5t mom5t8 ,= t ,mrs4 ,quickly 0 an inv5tion ( ,%akespe>e's ,i w n believe4 ,! old woman f :om he drew said e ^w t he put into ,mrs4 ,quickly's m\?1 & a great deal m :i* he did n & p]haps c\ld n make use (4 ,?is "q1 h[ev]1 w\ld aga9 lead me f> f my subject1 :i* ,i %\ld m> 7 ,i to dwell ^u x long]1 & !re=e leave ) ! hope t x may give my read]s absolutely no food :atev] = reflection4 ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,! ,,be/ ,,( ,,life #d ,i h be5 ask$ to speak on ! "q h[ to make ! be/ ( life1 b may z well confess at once t ,i "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,i _c ?9k t ,i h made ! be/ ( my own life1 nor is x likely t ,i %all make mu* bett] ( :at may or may n rema9 to me4 ,i d n ev5 "k h[ to make ! be/ ( ! tw5ty m9utes t y\r committee has plac$ at my disposal1 & z = life z a :ole1 :o ev] yet made ! be/ ( su* a colossal opportunity by consci\s ef=t & delib]ation8 ,9 little ?+s no d\bt delib]ate & consci\s ef=t w help u1 b we are speak+ ( l>ge issues1 & su* k+doms ( heav5 z ! mak+ ! be/ ( ^! come n by obs]vation4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 on :i* ,i h und]tak5 to address y is1 z y mu/ all "k1 fatu\s1 if x be fac$ s]i\sly4 ,life is l play+ a viol9 solo 9 public & le>n+ ! in/rum5t z "o goes on4 ,"o _c make ! be/ ( su* impossibilities1 & ! "q is d\bly fatu\s until we are told :i* ( our two lives--! consci\s or ! unconsci\s--is held by ! ask] to be ! tru] life4 ,:i* does ! "q contemplate--! life we "k1 or ! life :i* o!rs may "k1 b :i* we "k n8 ,dea? gives a life to "s m5 & wom5 comp>$ ) :i* _! s- call$ exi/5ce "h is z no?+4 ,:i* is ! tru] life ( ,%akespe>e1 ,h&el1 t div9e woman :o wrote ! ,odyssey1 & ( ,jane ,au/5--! life :i* palpitat$ ) s5sible w>m motion )9 _! own bodies1 or t 9 virtue ( :i* !y are /ill palpitat+ 9 ours8 ,9 ^: consci\sness does _! true/ life consi/--_! own1 or ours8 ,c ,%akespe>e be said to h begun 8 true life till a hundr$ ye>s or s aft] he 0 dead & buri$8 ,8 physical life 0 b z an embryonic /age1 a com+ up out ( d>kness1 a twilight & dawn be=e ! sunrise ( t life ( ! _w to come :i* he 0 to enjoy h]eaft]4 ,we all live = a :ile aft] we are gone h5ce1 b we are = ! mo/ "p /illborn1 or at any rate die 9 infancy1 z reg>ds t life :i* e age & c\ntry has recognis$ z high] & tru] ?an ! "o ( :i* we are n[ s5ti5t4 ,z ! life ( ! race is l>g]1 long]1 & 9 all respects m to be consid]$ ?an t ( ! individual1 s is ! life we live 9 o!rs l>g] & m important ?an ! "o we live 9 ourselves4 ,?is appe>s n[h]e p]haps m pla9ly ?an 9 ! case ( great tea*]s1 :o (t5 9 ! lives ( _! pupils produce an effect t rea*es f> beyond any?+ produc$ :ile _! s+le lives 7 yet unsupplem5t$ by ^? o!r lives into :i* !y infus$ _! own4 ,dea? to su* p is ! end+ ( a %ort life1 b x does n t\* ! life !y are already liv+ 9 ^? :om !y h taught2 & happily1 z none c "k :5 he %all die1 s none c make sure t he too %all n live long beyond ! grave2 = ! life aft] dea? is l money be=e x--no "o c be sure t x may n fall to him or h] ev5 at ! elev5? h\r4 ,money & immortality come 9 su* odd unacc\ntable ways t no "o is cut (f f hope4 ,we may n h made ei!r ( !m = ourselves1 b yet ano!r may give !m to u 9 virtue ( 8 or h] love1 :i* %all illum9e u = ev]1 & e/abli% u 9 "s heav5ly mansion :]e( we nei!r dream$ nor %all ev] dream4 ,look at ! ,doge ,lor$ano ,lor$ani1 ! old man's smile ^u ^: face has be5 reproduc$ s fai?fully 9 s _m l&s t x c nev] h5ce=? be =gott5--w\ld he h _h "o hundr$? "p ( ! life he n[ lives _h he n be5 l9k$ a:ile ) "o ( ^? heav5-s5t m5 :o "k *e cosa e amor8 ,look at ,rembr&t's old woman 9 our ,national ,gall]y2 _h %e di$ be=e %e 0 eighty-?ree ye>s old %e w\ld n h be5 liv+ n[4 ,!n1 :5 %e 0 eighty-?ree1 immortality p]*$ ^u h] z a bird on a )]$ b\gh4 ,i seem to he> "s "o say t ?is is a mock]y1 a piece ( special plead+1 a giv+ ( /ones to ^? t ask = bread4 ,life is n life unless we c feel x1 & a life limit$ to a k ( su* fraction ( our "w z may happ5 to survive u is no true life 9 o!r p2 salve x z we may1 dea? is n life any m ?an black is :ite4 ,! objection is n s true z x s\nds4 ,i d n d5y t we _h r n die1 nor d ,i pret5d t mu* ev5 9 ! case ( ! mo/ fav\r$ few c survive !m beyond ! grave4 ,x is only because ?is is s t our own life is possible2 o!rs h made room = u1 & we %\ld make room = o!rs 9 our turn )\t undue rep9+4 ,:at ,i ma9ta9 is t a n inconsid]able numb] ( p d actually atta9 to a life beyond ! grave :i* we c all feel =cibly en\gh1 :e!r !y c d s or n--t ?is life t5ds ) increas+ civilisation to become m & m pot5t1 & t x is bett] wor? consid]+1 9 spite ( its be+ unfelt by ourselves1 ?an any :i* we h felt or c ev] feel 9 our own p]sons4 ,take an extreme case4 ,a gr\p ( p are photograph$ by ,edison's new process--say ,titi5s1 ,trebelli1 & ,j5ny ,l9d1 ) any two ( ! f9e/ m5 s+]s ! age has kn[n--let !m be photograph$ incessantly = half an h\r :ile !y p]=m a sc5e 9 ,loh5gr92 let all be done /]eoscopically4 ,let !m be phonograph$ at ! same "t s t _! m9ute/ %ades ( intonation are pres]v$1 let ! slides be col\r$ by a compet5t arti/1 & !n let ! sc5e be call$ sudd5ly into sight & s\nd1 say a hundr$ ye>s h5ce4 ,are ^? p dead or alive8 ,dead to !mselves !y are1 b :ile !y live s p[]fully & s liv+ly 9 u1 :i* is ! great] p>adox--to say t !y are alive or t !y are dead8 ,to myself x seems t _! life 9 o!rs w\ld be m truly life ?an _! dea? to !mselves is dea?4 ,grant$ t !y d n pres5t all ! ph5om5a ( life--:o ev] does s ev5 :5 he is held to be alive8 ,we are held to be alive because we pres5t a suffici5t numb] ( liv+ ph5om5a to let ! o!rs g )\t say+2 ^? :o see u take ! "p = ! :ole "h z 9 ev]y?+ else1 & surely1 9 ! case suppos$ above1 ! ph5om5a ( life pr$om9ate s p[]fully ov] ^? ( dea?1 t ! p !mselves mu/ be held to be m alive ?an dead4 ,our liv+ p]sonality is1 z ! ^w implies1 only our mask1 & ^? :o /ill own su* a mask z ,i h suppos$ h a liv+ p]sonality4 ,grant$ aga9 t ! case j put is an extreme "o2 /ill _m a man & _m a woman has s /amp$ him or h]self on 8 "w t1 ?\gh we w\ld gladly h ! aid ( su* accessories z we d\btless pres5tly %all h to ! liv+ness ( our great dead1 we c see !m v suffici5tly ?r\gh ! ma/] pieces !y h left u4 ,z = _! own unconsci\sness ,i d n d5y x4 ,! life ( ! embryo 0 unconsci\s be=e bir?1 & s is ! life--,i am speak+ only ( ! life reveal$ to u by natural religion--aft] dea?4 ,b z ! embryonic & infant life ( :i* we 7 unconsci\s 0 ! mo/ pot5t factor 9 our aft] life ( consci\sness1 s ! effect :i* we may unconsci\sly produce 9 o!rs aft] dea?1 & x may be ev5 be=e x on ^? :o h nev] se5 u1 is 9 all sob] s]i\sness our tru] & m abid+ life1 & ! "o :i* ^? :o w\ld make ! be/ ( _! soj\rn "h w take mo/ into _! consid]ation4 ,unconsci\sness is no b> to liv+ness4 ,our consci\s actions are a drop 9 ! sea z comp>$ ) our unconsci\s ones4 ,c\ld we "k all ! life t is 9 u by way ( circulation1 nutrition1 brea?+1 wa/e & repair1 we %\ld le>n :at an inf9itesimally small "p consci\sness plays 9 our pres5t exi/5ce2 yet our unconsci\s life is z truly life z our consci\s life1 & ?\gh x is unconsci\s to itself x em]ges into an indirect & vic>i\s consci\sness 9 our o!r & consci\s self1 :i* exi/s b 9 virtue ( our unconsci\s self4 ,s we h also a vic>i\s consci\sness 9 o!rs4 ,! unconsci\s life ( ^? t h gone be=e u has 9 great "p m\ld$ u into su* m5 & wom5 z we are1 & our own unconsci\s lives w 9 l mann] h a vic>i\s consci\sness 9 o!rs1 ?\gh we be dead en\gh to x 9 ourselves4 ,if x is aga9 urg$ t x matt]s n to u h[ mu* we may be alive 9 o!rs1 if we are to "k no?+ ab\t x1 ,i reply t ! common in/9ct ( all :o are wor? consid]+ gives ! lie to su* cynicism4 ,i see "h pres5t "s :o h a*iev$1 & o!rs :o no d\bt w a*ieve1 success 9 lit]ature4 ,w "o ( !m hesitate to admit t x is a lively pleasure to h] to feel t on ! o!r side ( ! _w "s "o may be smil+ happily ov] h] "w1 & t %e is ?us liv+ 9 t p]son ?\gh %e kn[s no?+ ab\t x8 ,"h x seems to me t true fai? comes 94 ,fai? does n consi/1 z ! ,sunday ,s*ool pupil said1 9 ! p[] ( believ+ t :i* we "k to be untrue4 ,x consi/s 9 hold+ fa/ t :i* ! heal?ie/ & mo/ k9dly in/9cts ( ! be/ & mo/ s5sible m5 & wom5 are intuitively possess$ (1 )\t c>+ to require mu* evid5ce fur!r ?an ! fact t su* p are s conv9c$2 & = my own "p ,i f9d ! be/ m5 & wom5 ,i "k unanim\s 9 feel+ t life 9 o!rs1 ev5 ?\gh we "k no?+ ab\t x1 is nev]!less a ?+ to be desir$ & gratefully accept$ if we c get x ei!r be=e dea? or aft]4 ,i obs]ve also t a l>ge numb] ( m5 & wom5 d actually atta9 to su* life1 & 9 "s cases cont9ue s to live1 if n = ev]1 yet to :at is practically mu* ! same ?+4 ,our life !n 9 ?is _w is1 to natural religion z mu* z to reveal$1 a p]iod ( probation4 ,! use we make ( x is to settle h[ f> we are to ent] into ano!r1 & :e!r t o!r is to be a heav5 ( j affection or a hell ( righte\s condemnation4 ,:o1 !n1 are ! mo/ likely s to run t !y may obta9 ?is v]itable prize ( our high call+8 ,sett+ aside su* lucky numb]s drawn z x 7 9 ! lott]y ( immortality1 :i* ,i h ref]r$ to casually above1 & sett+ aside also ! *ances & *anges f :i* ev5 immortality is n exempt1 :o on ! :ole are mo/ likely to live anew 9 ! affectionate ?\ghts ( ^? :o nev] s mu* z saw !m 9 ! fle%1 & "k n ev5 _! names8 ,!re is a nisus1 a /ra9+ 9 ! dull dumb economy ( ?+s1 9 virtue ( :i* "s1 :e!r !y w x & "k x or no1 are m likely to live aft] dea? ?an o!rs1 & :o are ^!8 ,^? :o aim$ at x z by "s great ?+ t !y w\ld d to make !m fam\s8 ,^? :o h liv$ mo/ 9 !mselves & = !mselves1 or ^? :o h be5 mo/ ens\l$ consci\sly1 b p]haps bett] unconsci\sly1 directly b m (t5 indirectly1 by ! mo/ liv+ s\ls pa/ & pres5t t h flitt$ ne> !m8 ,c we ?9k ( a man or woman :o grips u firmly1 at ! ?\ght ( :om we k9dle :5 we are alone 9 our hone/ daw's plumes1 ) none to admire or %rug 8 %\ld]s1 c we ?9k ( "o su*1 ! secret ( ^: p[] does n lie 9 ! *>m ( 8 or h] p]sonality--t is to say1 9 ! wid5ess ( 8 or h] sympa?y )1 & !re=e life 9 & communion ) o!r p8 ,9 ! wreckage t comes a%ore f ! sea ( "t !re is mu* t9sel /uff t we mu/ pres]ve & /udy if we w\ld "k our own times & p2 grant$ t _m a dead *>latan lives long & ent]s l>gely & necess>ily into our own lives2 we use !m & ?r[ !m away :5 we h done ) !m4 ,i d n speak ( ^!1 ,i d n speak ( ! ,virgils & ,alex&] ,popes1 & :o c say h[ _m m ^: names ,i d>e n m5tion = fe> ( (f5d+4 ,!y are z /uff$ birds or bea/s 9 a ,museum1 s]viceable no d\bt f a sci5tific /&po9t1 b ) no vivid or vivify+ hold ^u u4 ,!y seem to be alive1 b are n4 ,i am speak+ ( ^? :o d actually live 9 u1 & move u to high] a*ievem5ts ?\gh !y be long dead1 ^: life ?ru/s out our own & ov]rides x4 ,i speak ( ^? :o draw u ev] m t[>ds !m f y\? to age1 & to ?9k ( :om is to feel at once t we are 9 ! h&s ( ^? we love1 & :om we w\ld mo/ wi% to resemble4 ,:at is ! secret ( ! hold t ^! p h ^u u8 ,is x n t :ile1 conv5tionally speak+1 alive1 !y mo/ m]g$ _! lives 91 & 7 9 fulle/ communion ) ^? among :om !y liv$8 ,!y f\nd _! lives 9 los+ !m4 ,we nev] love ! memory ( any "o unless we feel t he or %e 0 himself or h]self a lov]4 ,i h se5 x urg$1 aga91 9 qu]ul\s acc5ts1 t ! s-call$ immortality ev5 ( ! mo/ immortal is n = ev]4 ,i see a passage to ?is effect 9 a book t is mak+ a /ir z ,i write4 ,i w quote x4 ,! writ] says3-- ,s1 x seems to me1 is ! immortality we s glibly pr$icate ( dep>t$ arti/s4 ,if !y survive at all1 x is b a %ad[y life !y live1 mov+ on ?r\gh ! gradations ( sl[ decay to di/ant b inevitable dea?4 ,!y c no long]1 z h]et(ore1 speak directly to ! he>ts ( _! fell[-m51 evok+ _! te>s or laught]1 & all ! pleasures1 be !y sad or m]ry1 ( :i* imag9ation holds ! secret4 ,driv5 f ! m>ketplace !y become fir/ ! companions ( ! /ud5t1 !n ! victims ( ! speciali/4 ,he :o w\ld /ill hold famili> int]c\rse ) !m mu/ tra9 himself to p5etrate ! veil :i* 9 ev]-?ick5+ folds conceals !m f ! ord9>y gaze2 he mu/ cat* ! tone ( a vani%$ society1 he mu/ move 9 a circle ( ali5 associations1 he mu/ ?9k 9 a language n 8 own4 #e ,?is is cry+ = ! moon1 or r pret5d+ to cry = x1 = ! writ] is obvi\sly ins9c]e4 ,i see ! ,saturday ,review says ! passage ,i h j quot$ rea*es almo/ to poetry1 & inde$ ,i f9d _m blank v]ses 9 x1 "s ( !m v aggressive4 ,no prose is free f an occasional blank v]se1 & a good writ] w n g hunt+ ov] 8 "w to r\t !m out1 b n9e or t5 9 little m ?an z _m l9es is inde$ rea*+ too ne> to poetry = good prose4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is a trifle1 & might pass if ! tone ( ! writ] 0 n s obvi\sly t ( *eap pessimism4 ,i "k n :i* is *eape/1 pessimism or optimism4 ,"o =ces lights1 ! o!r d>ks2 bo? are equally untrue to good art1 & equally sure ( _! effect ) ! gr\ndl+s4 ,! "o ext5uates1 ! o!r sets d[n 9 malice4 ,! fir/ is ! m amiable lie1 b bo? are lies1 & are kn[n to be s by ^? :o utt] !m4 ,talk ab\t cat*+ ! tone ( a vani%$ society to und]/& ,rembr&t or ,giovanni ,bell9i6 ,x's nons5se--! folds d n ?ick5 9 front ( ^! m52 we und]/& !m z well z ^? among :om !y w5t ab\t 9 ! fle%1 & p]haps bett]4 ,hom] & ,%akespe>e speak to u probably f> m effectually ?an !y did to ! m5 ( _! own "t1 & mo/ likely we h !m at _! be/4 ,i _c ?9k t ,%akespe>e talk$ bett] ?an we he> him n[ 9 ,hamlet or ,h5ry ! ,f\r?2 l en\gh he w\ld h be5 f\nd a v disappo9t+ p]son 9 a draw+-room4 ,p /amp !mselves on _! "w2 if !y h n done s !y are naught2 if !y h we h !m2 & = ! mo/ "p !y /amp !mselves deep] 9 _! "w ?an on _! talk4 ,no d\bt ,%akespe>e & ,h&el w be "o day clean =gott51 z ?\gh !y _h nev] be5 born4 ,! _w w 9 ! end die2 mortality !re=e itself is n immortal1 & :5 dea? dies ! life ( ^! m5 w die ) x--b n soon]4 ,x is en\gh t !y %\ld live )9 u & move u = _m ages z !y h & w4 ,su* immortality1 !re=e1 z "s m5 & wom5 are born to1 a*ieve1 or h ?ru/ ^u !m1 is a practical if n a te*nical immortality1 & he :o w\ld h m let him h no?+4 ,i see ,i h drift$ into speak+ r ( h[ to make ! be/ ( dea? ?an ( life1 b :o c speak ( life )\t 8 ?\ghts turn+ in/antly to t :i* is beyond x8 ,he or %e :o has made ! be/ ( ! life aft] dea? has made ! be/ ( ! life be=e x2 :o c>es "o /raw = any su* *ances & *anges z w commonly befall him "h if he is upheld by ! full & c]ta9 hope ( ev]la/+ life 9 ! affections ( ^? t %all come aft]8 ,if ! life aft] dea? is happy 9 ! he>ts ( o!rs1 x matt]s little h[ unhappy 0 ! life be=e x4 ,& n[ ,i leave my subject1 n )\t misgiv+ t ,i %all h disappo9t$ y4 ,b = ! great att5tion :i* is be+ paid to ! "w f :i* ,i h quot$ above1 ,i %\ld n h ?\ght x well to insi/ on po9ts ) :i* y are1 ,i d\bt n1 z fully impress$ z ,i am3 b t book weak5s ! sanctions ( natural religion1 & m9imises ! com=t :i* x af=ds u1 :ile x does m to und]m9e ?an to support ! f\ndations ( :at is commonly call$ belief4 ,!re=e ,i 0 glad to embrace ?is opportunity ( prote/+4 ,o!rwise ,i %\ld n h be5 s s]i\s on a matt] t transc5ds all s]i\sness4 ,"l ,beaconsfield cut x %ort] ) m effect4 ,:5 ask$ to give a rule ( life = ! son ( a fri5d he said1 ,d n let him try & f9d out :o wrote ! lett]s ( ,junius4 ,press$ = fur!r c\nsel he add$1 ,nor yet :o 0 ! man 9 ! iron mask--& he w\ld say no m4 ,don't bore p4 ,& yet ,i am by no means sure t a good _m p d n ?9k !mselves ill-us$ unless he :o addresses !m has ?or\ghly well bor$ !m--especially if !y h paid any money = he>+ him4 ,my great namesake said1 ,surely ! pleasure is z great ( be+ *eat$ z to *eat1 & great z ! pleasure bo? ( *eat+ & bor+ und\bt$ly is1 ,i believe he 0 "r4 ,s ,i rememb] a poem :i* came out "s ?irty ye>s ago 9 ,pun*1 ab\t a "y lady :o w5t =? 9 que/ to ,"s burd5 make or burd5 be>1 b :i* %e did n greatly c>e1 oh ,mis]ie4 ,s1 aga91 all ! holy m5 & wom5 :o 9 ! ,middle ,ages pr(ess$ to h discov]$ h[ to make ! be/ ( life took c>e t be+ bor$1 if n *eat$1 %\ld h a l>ge place 9 _! programme4 ,/ill !re are limits1 & ,i close n )\t fe> t ,i may h exce$$ !m4 ,,! ,,sanctu>y ,,( ,,montrigone #f ,! only place 9 ! ,valsesia1 except ,v>allo1 :]e ,i at pres5t suspect ! pres5ce ( ,taba*etti #g is at ,montrigone1 a little-kn[n sanctu>y d$icat$ to ,/4 ,anne1 ab\t ?ree-qu>t]s ( a mile s\? ( ,borgo-,sesia /ation4 ,! situation is1 ( c\rse1 lovely1 b ! sanctu>y does n (f] any features ( ar*itectural int]e/4 ,! sacri/an told me x 0 f\nd$ 9 #afca2 & 9 #afdd ,giovanni d',enrico1 :ile engag$ 9 sup]9t5d+ & complet+ ! "w und]tak5 "h by himself & ,giacomo ,f]ro1 fell ill & di$4 ,i d n "k :e!r or no !re 0 an e>li] sanctu>y on ! same site1 b 0 told x 0 built on ! demolition ( a /ronghold belong+ to ! ,c\nts ( ,bi&rate4 ,! incid5ts :i* x illu/rates are treat$ ) ev5 m ?an ! homel9ess usual 9 works ( ?is description :5 n deal+ ) su* solemn ev5ts z ! dea? & passion ( ,*ri/4 ,except :5 ^! subjects 7 be+ repres5t$1 some?+ ( ! latitude1 & ev5 hum\r1 all[$ 9 ! old my/]y plays 0 p]mitt$1 d\btless f a desire to r5d] ! "w m attractive to ! peasants1 :o 7 ! mo/ num]\s & mo/ important pilgrims4 ,x is n until fai? beg9s to be weak t x fe>s an occasionally light] treatm5t ( semi-sacr$ subjects1 & x is impossible to convey an accurate idea ( ! _s prevail+ at ?is hamlet ( sanctu>y )\t attun+ oneself some:at to ! m pagan "* ( ! place4 ,( irrev]5ce1 9 ! s5se ( a desire to laugh at ?+s t are ( high & s]i\s import1 !re is n a trace1 b at ! same "t !re is a c]ta9 unb5d+ ( ! b[ at ,montrigone :i* is n p]ceivable at ,v>allo4 ,! fir/ *apel to ! left on ent]+ ! *ur* is t ( ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg94 ,/4 ,anne is sitt+ up 9 b$4 ,%e is n at all ill--9 fact1 consid]+ t ! ,virg9 has only be5 born ab\t five m9utes1 %e is wond]ful2 /ill ! doctors ?9k x may be p]haps bett] t %e %\ld keep h] room = half an h\r long]1 s ! b$ has be5 fe/oon$ ) r$ & :ite pap] roses1 & ! c\nt]pane is cov]$ ) b\quets 9 baskets & 9 vases ( glass & *9a4 ,^! _c h be5 !re dur+ ! actual bir? ( ! ,virg91 s ,i suppose !y _h be5 9 read9ess1 & 7 br\ght 9 f an adjo9+ room z soon z ! baby _h be5 born4 ,a lady on h] left is br++ 9 "s m fl[]s1 :i* ,/4 ,anne is receiv+ ) a smile & mo/ graci\s ge/ure ( ! h&s4 ,! fir/ ?+ %e ask$ =1 :5 ! bir? 0 ov]1 0 = h] ?ree silv] he>ts4 ,^! 7 imm$iately br\ght to h]1 & %e has got !m all on1 ti$ r\nd h] neck ) a piece ( blue silk ribbon4 ,de> mamma has come4 ,we felt sure %e w\ld1 & t any little misund]/&+s betwe5 h] & ,joa*im w\ld ere long be =gott5 & =giv54 ,!y are bo? s good & s5sible if !y w\ld only und]/& "o ano!r4 ,at any rate1 "h %e is1 9 high /ate at ! "r h& ( ! b$4 ,%e is dress$ 9 black1 = %e has lo/ h] husb& "s few ye>s previ\sly1 b ,i d n believe a sm>t]1 spri] old lady = h] ye>s c\ld be f\nd 9 ,pale/9e1 nor yet t ei!r ,giovanni d',enrico or ,giacomo ,f]ro c\ld h conceiv$ or execut$ su* a "*4 ,! sacri/an want$ to h x t %e 0 n a woman at all1 b 0 a portrait ( ,/4 ,joa*im1 ! ,virg9's fa!r4 ,sembra una donna1 he plead$ m ?an once1 ma non e donna4 ,surely1 h[ev]1 9 works ( art ev5 m ?an 9 o!r ?+s1 !re is no is b seem+1 & if a figure seems female x mu/ be tak5 z su*4 ,besides1 ,i ask$ "o ( ! lead+ doctors at ,v>allo :e!r ! figure 0 man or woman4 ,he said x 0 evid5t ,i 0 n m>ri$1 = t if ,i _h be5 ,i %\ld h se5 at once t %e 0 n only a woman b a "m-9-law ( ! fir/ magnitude1 or1 z he call$ x1 una suoc]a trem5da1 & ?is )\t kn[+ t ,i want$ h] to be a "m-9- law myself4 ,un=tunately %e _h no real drap]y1 s ,i c\ld n settle ! "q z my fri5d ,mr4 ,h4 ,f4 ,jones & ,i _h be5 able to d at ,v>allo ) ! figure ( ,eve t _h be5 turn$ into a ,roman soldi] assi/+ at ! capture ( ,*ri/4 ,i am n1 h[ev]1 dispos$ to wa/e m "t ^u any?+ s obvi\s1 & w cont5t myself ) say+ t we h "h ! ,virg9's gr&mo!r4 ,i _h nev] _h ! pleasure1 s f> z ,i rememb]$1 ( meet+ ?is lady be=e1 & 0 glad to h an opportunity ( mak+ h] acqua9tance4 ,tradition says t x 0 %e :o *ose ! ,virg9's "n1 & if s1 :at a debt ( gratitude d we n owe h] = h] judici\s selection6 ,x makes "o %udd] to ?9k :at might h happ5$ if %e _h nam$ ! *ild ,k]5-,happu*1 z poor ,job's daught] 0 call$4 ,h[ c\ld we h said1 ,ave ,k]5-,happu*6 ,:at w\ld ! musicians h done8 ,i =get :e!r ,mah]-,%alal-,ha%-,baz 0 a man or a woman1 b !re 7 pl5ty ( names q z unmanageable at ! ,virg9's gr&mo!r's option1 & we _c suffici5tly ?ank h] = hav+ *os5 "o t is s euphoni\s 9 e language :i* we ne$ take into acc\nt4 ,= ?is reason alone we %\ld n grudge h] h] portrait1 b we %\ld try to draw ! l9e "h4 ,i d n ?9k we ought to give ! ,virg9's great-gr&mo!r a /atue4 ,:]e is x to end8 ,x is l ,mr4 ,crookes's ultimissimate atoms2 we us$ to draw ! l9e at ultimate atoms1 & n[ x seems we are to g a /ep f>!r back & h ultimissimate atoms4 ,h[ long1 ,i wond]1 w x be be=e we feel t x w be a mat]ial help to u to h ultimissimissimate atoms8 ,quav]s /opp$ at demi-semi-demi1 b !re is no reason to suppose t ei!r atoms or ance/resses ( ! ,virg9 w be s complac5t4 ,i h said t on ,/4 ,anne's left h& !re is a lady :o is br++ 9 "s fl[]s4 ,/4 ,anne 0 always passionately fond ( fl[]s4 ,!re is a pretty /ory told ab\t h] 9 "o ( ! ,fa!rs1 ,i =get :i*1 to ! effect t :5 a *ild %e 0 ask$ :i* %e lik$ be/--cakes or fl[]s8 ,%e c\ld n yet speak pla9ly & lisp$ out1 ,oh f[ses1 pretty f[ses2 %e add$1 h[ev]1 ) a sigh & z a k9d ( wi/ful coroll>y1 b cakes are v nice4 ,%e is n to h any cakes1 j n[1 b z soon z %e has done ?ank+ ! lady = h] beautiful nosegay1 %e is to h a c\ple ( nice new-laid eggs1 t are be+ br\ght h] by ano!r lady4 ,valsesian wom5 imm$iately aft] _! conf9em5t always h eggs beat5 up ) w9e & sug>1 & "o c tell a ,valsesian ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 f a ,v5etian or a ,flor5t9e by ! pres5ce ( ! eggs4 ,i le>n$ ?is f an em95t ,valsesian pr(essor ( m$ic9e1 :o told me t1 ?\gh n accord+ to receiv$ rules1 ! eggs nev] seem$ to d any h>m4 ,"h !y are evid5tly to be beat5 up1 = !re is nei!r spoon nor egg-cup1 & we _c suppose t !y 7 h>d-boil$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! ,middle ,ages ,italians nev] us$ egg-cups & spoons = boil$ eggs4 ,! m$iaeval boil$ egg 0 always eat5 by dipp+ bread into ! yolk4 ,beh9d ! lady :o is br++ 9 ! eggs is ! "u-"u-nurse :o is at ! fire w>m+ a t[el4 ,9 ! =egr\nd we h ! regulation midwife hold+ ! regulation baby 7:o1 by ! way1 0 an a/oni%+ly f9e *ild = only five m9utes old74 ,!n comes ! "u-nurse--a good buxom creature1 :o1 z usual1 is feel+ ! wat] 9 ! ba? to see t x is ( ! "r temp]ature4 ,next to h] is ! head-nurse1 :o is arrang+ ! cradle4 ,beh9d ! head-nurse is ! "u-"u-nurse's drudge1 :o is j go+ out ^u "s err&s4 ,la/ly--= by ?is "t we h got all r\nd ! *apel--we arrive at ! ,virg9's gr&mo!r's-body-gu>d1 a /ately1 responsible-look+ lady1 /&+ 9 wait+ ^u h] mi/ress4 ,i put x to ! read]--is x conceivable t ,/4 ,joa*im %\ld h be5 all[$ 9 su* a room at su* a "t1 or t he %\ld h _h ! c\rage to avail himself ( ! p]mission1 ev5 ?\gh x _h be5 ext5d$ to him8 ,at any rate1 is x conceivable t he %\ld h be5 all[$ to sit on ,/4 ,anne's "r h&1 lay+ d[n ! law ) a ,m>ry1 come up "h1 & a ,m>ry1 g-d[n !re1 & a c\ple ( su* unaba%$ coll>s z ! old lady has put on = ! occasion8 ,moreov] 7= ,i may z well demoli% ?is mis*iev\s confusion betwe5 ,/4 ,joa*im & 8 "m-9-law once & = all71 ! m]e/ tyro 9 hagiology kn[s t ,/4 ,joa*im 0 n at home :5 ! ,virg9 0 born4 ,he _h be5 hu/l$ out ( ! temple = hav+ no *ildr51 & _h fl$ desolate & dismay$ into ! wild]ness4 ,x %[s h[ silly p are1 = all ! "t he 0 go+1 if !y _h only wait$ a little1 to be ! fa!r ( ! mo/ rem>kable p]son ( purely human orig9 :o _h ev] be5 born1 & su* a p>5t z ?is %\ld surely n be hurri$4 ,! /ory is told 9 ! frescoes ( ! *apel ( ,loreto1 only a qu>t] ( an h\r's walk f ,v>allo1 & no "o c h kn[n x bett] ?an ,d',enrico4 ,! frescoes are expla9$ by writt5 passages t tell u h[1 :5 ,joa*im 0 9 ! des]t1 an angel came to him 9 ! guise ( a fair1 civil "y g5tleman1 & told him ! ,virg9 0 to be born4 ,!n1 lat] on1 ! same "y g5tleman appe>$ to him aga91 & bade him 9 ,god's "n be com=t$1 & turn aga9 to 8 cont5t1 = ! ,virg9 _h be5 actually born4 ,on :i* ,/4 ,joa*im1 :o seems to h be5 ( op9ion t m>riage aft] all 0 r a failure1 said t1 z ?+s 7 go+ on s nicely )\t him1 he w\ld /ay 9 ! des]t j a little long]1 & (f]$ up a lamb z a pretext to ga9 "t4 ,p]haps he guess$ ab\t 8 "m-9-law1 or he may h ask$ ! angel4 ,( c\rse1 ev5 9 spite ( su* evid5ce z ?is ,i may be mi/ak5 ab\t ! ,virg9's gr&mo!r's sex1 & ! sacri/an may be "r2 b ,i c only say t if ! lady sitt+ by ,/4 ,anne's b$side at ,montrigone is ! ,virg9's fa!r--well1 9 t case ,i mu/ reconsid] a good deal t ,i h be5 accu/om$ to believe 0 beyond "q4 ,tak5 s+ly1 ,i suppose t none ( ! figures 9 ! *apel1 except ! ,virg9's gr&mo!r1 %\ld be rat$ v highly4 ,! "u-nurse is ! next be/ figure1 & might v well be ,taba*etti's1 = nei!r ,giovanni d',enrico nor ,giacomo ,f]ro 0 successful ) 8 female *>act]s4 ,!re is n a s+le really com=table woman 9 any *apel by ei!r ( !m on ! ,sacro ,monte at ,v>allo4 ,taba*etti1 on ! o!r h&1 delight$ 9 wom52 if !y 7 "y he made !m comely & engag+1 if !y 7 old he gave !m dignity & individual "*1 & ! "u-nurse is mu* m 9 accordance ) ,taba*etti's habitual m5tal attitude ?an ) ,d',enrico's or ,giacomo ,f]ro's4 ,/ill !re are only f\r figures out ( ! elev5 t are m]e otiose sup]s1 & tak+ ! "w z a :ole x leaves a pleasant impression z be+ ?r\gh\t naive & homely1 & sometimes1 :i* is ( less importance1 te*nically excell5t4 ,all[ance mu/1 ( c\rse1 be made = tawdry accessories & repeat$ coats ( %9y oleag9\s pa9t--v disagreeable :]e x has peel$ (f & almo/ m s :]e x has n4 ,:at "w c\ld /& aga9/ su* treatm5t z ! ,valsesian t]ra-cotta figures h _h to put up )8 ,take ! ,v5us ( ,milo2 let h] be done 9 t]ra-cotta1 & h run1 n mu*1 b /ill some?+1 9 ! bak+2 pa9t h] p9k1 two oils1 all ov]1 & !n v>ni% h]--x w help to pres]ve ! pa9t2 glue a lot ( horsehair on to h] pate1 half ( :i* %all h come (f1 leav+ ! glue /ill %[+2 scrape h]1 n too ?or\ghly1 get ! village draw+-ma/] to pa9t h] aga91 & ! draw+-ma/] 9 ! next prov9cial t[n to put a =e/ backgr\nd beh9d h] ) ! brighte/ em]ald-gre5 leaves t he c d = ! money2 let ?is pa9t+ & scrap+ & repa9t+ be repeat$ sev]al times ov]2 fe/oon h] ) p9k & :ite fl[]s made ( tissue pap]2 surr\nd h] ) ! *eape/ ,g]man imitations ( ! *eape/ decorations t ,birm+ham c produce2 let ! night air & w9t] fogs get at h] = ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 & h[ easy1 ,i wond]1 w x be to see ! goddess :o w be /ill 9 great "p !re8 ,true1 9 ! case ( ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 *apel at ,montrigone1 !re is no real hair & no fresco backgr\nd1 b "t has _h abundant opportunities )\t ^!4 ,i w conclude my notice ( ?is *apel by say+ t on ! left1 above ! door ?r\gh :i* ! "u-"u-nurse's drudge is ab\t to pass1 !re is a good pa9t$ t]ra-cotta bu/1 said--b ,i believe on no au?ority--to be a portrait ( ,giovanni d',enrico4 ,o!rs say t ! ,virg9's gr&mo!r is ,giovanni d',enrico1 b ?is is ev5 m absurd ?an suppos+ h] to be ,/4 ,joa*im4 ,! next *apel to ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 is t ( ! ,sposalizio4 ,!re is no figure "h :i* sugge/s ,taba*etti1 b /ill !re are "s v good ones4 ,! be/ h no ta9t ( b>occo2 ! man :o did !m1 :oev] he may h be51 _h evid5tly a good deal ( life & g1 0 tak+ reasonable pa9s1 & did n "k too mu*4 ,:]e ?is is ! case no "w c fail to please4 ,"s ( ! figures h real hair & "s t]ra cotta4 ,!re is no fresco backgr\nd wor? m5tion+4 ,a man sitt+ on ! /eps ( ! alt> ) a book on 8 lap1 & hold+ up 8 h& to ano!r1 :o is lean+ ov] him & talk+ to him1 is among ! be/ figures2 "s ( ! disappo9t$ suitors :o are break+ _! w&s are also v good4 ,! angel 9 ! ,annunciation *apel1 :i* comes next 9 ord]1 is a f9e1 burly1 %ip's-figurehead1 comm]cial-hotel sort ( be+ en\gh1 b ! ,virg9 is v ord9>y4 ,!re is no real hair & no fresco backgr\nd1 only ?ree d+y old bli/]$ pictures ( no int]e/ :atev]4 ,9 ! visit ( ,m>y to ,elizabe? !re are ?ree pleas+ subord9ate lady att5dants1 two to ! left & "o to ! "r ( ! pr9cipal figures2 b ^! figures !mselves are n satisfactory4 ,!re is no fresco backgr\nd4 ,"s ( ! figures h real hair & "s t]ra cotta4 ,9 ! ,circumcision & ,purification *apel--= bo? ^! ev5ts seem contemplat$ 9 ! "o t foll[s--!re are doves1 b !re is nei!r dog nor knife4 ,/ill ,simeon1 :o has ! infant ,savi\r 9 8 arms1 is look+ at him 9 a way :i* c only mean t1 knife or no knife1 ! matt] is n go+ to end "h4 ,at ,v>allo !y h n[ got a dreadful knife = ! ,circumcision *apel4 ,!y _h none la/ w9t]4 ,:at !y h n[ got w\ld d v well to kill a bullock )1 b c\ld n be us$ pr(essionally ) safety = any animal small] ?an a rh9oc]os4 ,i imag9e t "s "o 0 s5t to ,nov>a to buy a knife1 & t1 ?9k+ x 0 = ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts *apel1 he got ! bigge/ he c\ld see4 ,!n :5 he br\ght x back p said *[ sev]al times1 & put x ^u ! table & w5t away4 ,return+ to ,montrigone1 ! ,simeon is an excell5t figure1 & ! ,virg9 is fairly good1 b ! prophetess ,anna1 :o /&s j beh9d h]1 is by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ! gr\p1 & is alone en\gh to make me feel sure t ,taba*etti gave m or less help "h1 z he _h done ye>s be=e at ,orta4 ,%e1 too1 l ! ,virg9's gr&mo!r1 is a wid[ lady1 & we>s coll>s ( a cut t seems to h prevail$ ev] s9ce ! ,virg9 0 born "s tw5ty ye>s previ\sly4 ,!re is a l>g5ess & simplicity ( treatm5t ab\t ! figure to :i* none b an arti/ ( ! highe/ rank c rea*1 & ,d',enrico 0 n m ?an a second or ?ird-rate man4 ,! hood is l ,h&el's ,tru? sail+ ^u ! broad w+s ( ,"t1 a prophetic /ra9 t no?+ b ! old exp]i5ce ( a great poet c rea*4 ,! lips ( ! prophetess are = ! mom5t clos$1 b %e has be5 prophesy+ all ! morn+1 & ! p r\nd ! wall 9 ! backgr\nd are 9 ec/asies at ! lucidity ) :i* %e has expla9$ all sorts ( difficulties t !y _h nev] be5 able to und]/& till n[4 ,!y are putt+ _! =ef+]s on _! ?umbs & _! ?umbs on _! =ef+]s1 & say+ h[ cle>ly !y see x all & :at a wond]ful woman ,anna is4 ,a prophet inde$ is n g5]ally )\t hon\r save 9 8 own c\ntry1 b !n a c\ntry is g5]ally n )\t hon\r save ) its own prophet1 & ,anna has be5 glorify+ h] c\ntry r ?an revil+ x4 ,besides1 ! rule may n h appli$ to prophetesses4 ,! ,dea? ( ! ,virg9 is ! la/ ( ! six *apels inside ! *ur* itself4 ,! ,apo/les1 :o ( c\rse are pres5t1 h all ( !m real hair1 b1 if ,i may say s1 !y want a wa% & a bru%-up s v badly t ,i _c feel any confid5ce 9 writ+ ab\t !m4 ,i %\ld say t1 take !m all r\nd1 !y are a good av]age sample ( apo/le z apo/les g5]ally g4 ,two or ?ree ( !m are n]v\sly anxi\s to f9d appropriate quotations 9 books t lie op5 be=e !m1 :i* !y are se>*+ ) eag] ha/e2 b ,i d n see "o figure ab\t :i* ,i %\ld l to say positively t x is ei!r good or bad4 ,!re is a good bu/ ( a man1 mat*+ ! "o 9 ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 *apel1 :i* is said to be a portrait ( ,giovanni d',enrico1 b x is n kn[n :om x repres5ts4 ,outside ! *ur*1 9 ?ree contigu\s cells t =m "p ( ! f\ndations1 are3-- #a4 ,a dead ,*ri/1 ! head ( :i* is v impressive :ile ! re/ ( ! figure is poor4 ,i exam9$ ! treatm5t ( ! hair1 :i* is t]ra- cotta1 & comp>$ x ) all o!r l hair 9 ! *apels above describ$2 ,i c\ld f9d no?+ l x1 & ?9k x mo/ likely t ,giacomo ,f]ro did ! figure1 & got ,taba*etti to d ! head1 or t !y br\ght ! head f "s unus$ figure by ,taba*etti at ,v>allo1 = ,i "k no o!r arti/ ( ! "t & neighb\rhood :o c\ld h done x4 #b4 ,a ,magdal5e 9 ! des]t4 ,! des]t is a little coal-cell> ( an ar*1 conta9+ a skull & a pr(usion ( p9k & :ite pap] b\quets1 ! two l>ge/ ( :i* ! ,magdal5e is hugg+ :ile %e is say+ h] pray]s4 ,%e is a v self-suffici5t lady1 :o we may be sure w n /ay 9 ! des]t a day long] ?an %e c help1 & :ile !re w flirt ev5 ) ! skull if %e c f9d no?+ bett] to flirt )4 ,i _c ?9k t h] rep5tance is z yet g5u9e1 & z = h] pray+ !re is no object 9 h] do+ s1 = %e does n want any?+4 #c4 ,9 ! next des]t !re is a v beautiful figure ( ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/ kneel+ & look+ upw>ds4 ,?is figure puzzles me m ?an any o!r at ,montrigone2 x appe>s to be ( ! fifte5? r ?an ! sixte5? c5tury2 x h>dly rem9ds me ( ,gaud5zio1 & /ill less ( any o!r ,valsesian arti/4 ,x is a "w ( unusual beauty1 b ,i c =m no idea z to its au?or%ip4 ,i wrote ! =ego+ pages 9 ! *ur* at ,montrigone itself1 hav+ br\ght my camp-/ool ) me4 ,x 0 ,sunday2 ! *ur* 0 op5 all day1 b !re 0 no mass said1 & h>dly any "o came4 ,! sacri/an 0 a k9d1 g5tle1 little old man1 :o let me d :atev] ,i want$4 ,he sat on ! door/ep ( ! ma9 door1 m5d+ ve/m5ts1 & to ?is end 0 cutt+ up a f9e piece ( figur$ silk f "o to two hundr$ ye>s old1 :i*1 if ,i c\ld h got x1 = half its value1 ,i %\ld mu* l to h b\ght4 ,i sat 9 ! cool ( ! *ur* :ile he sat 9 ! doorway1 :i* 0 /ill 9 %ad[1 snipp+ & snipp+1 & !n sew+1 ,i am sure ) admirable neatness4 ,he made a *>m+ picture1 ) ! ar*$ portico ov] 8 head1 ! gre5 grass & l[ *ur* wall beh9d him1 & !n a lovely l&scape ( wood & pa/ure & valleys & hillside4 ,e n[ & !n he w\ld come & *irrup ab\t ,joa*im1 = he 0 pa9$ & %ock$ at my hav+ said t 8 ,joa*im 0 "s "o else & n ,joa*im at all4 ,i said ,i 0 v sorry1 b ,i 0 afraid ! figure 0 a woman4 ,he ask$ me :at he 0 to d4 ,he _h kn[n x1 man & boy1 ?is sixty ye>s1 & _h always %[n x z ,/4 ,joa*im2 he _h nev] he>d any "o b myself "q 8 ascription1 & c\ld n sudd5ly *ange 8 m9d ab\t x at ! bidd+ ( a /rang]4 ,at ! same "t he felt x 0 a v s]i\s ?+ to cont9ue %[+ x z ! ,virg9's fa!r if x 0 really h] gr&mo!r4 ,i told him ,i ?\ght ?is 0 a case = 8 spiritual director1 & t if he felt uncom=table ab\t x he %\ld consult 8 p>i% prie/ & d z he 0 told4 ,on leav+ ,montrigone1 ) a pleasant s5se ( hav+ made acqua9tance ) a new &1 9 _m respects1 int]e/+ "w1 ,i c\ld n get ! sacri/an & our diff]5ce ( op9ion out ( my head4 ,:at1 ,i ask$ myself1 are ! diff]5ces t unhappily divide ,*ri/5dom1 & :at are ^? t divide ,*ri/5dom f mod]n s*ools ( ?\ght1 b a see+ ( ,joa*ims z ! ,virg9's gr&mo!rs on a l>g] scale8 ,true1 we _c call figures ,joa*im :5 we "k p]fectly well t !y are no?+ ( ! k9d2 b ,i regi/]$ a v[ t h5ce=w>d :5 ,i call$ ,joa*ims ! ,virg9's gr&mo!rs ,i w\ld be> m 9 m9d ?an ,i h p]haps always hi!rto done1 h[ h>d x is = ^? :o h be5 taught to see !m z ,joa*ims to ?9k ( !m z some?+ diff]5t4 ,i tru/ t ,i h n be5 unfai?ful to ?is v[ 9 ! prec$+ article4 ,if ! read] diff]s f me1 let me ask him to rememb] h[ h>d x is = "o :o has got a figure well into 8 head z ! ,virg9's gr&mo!r to see x z ,joa*im4 ,a ,,m$ieval ,,girl ,,s*ool #h ,?is la/ summ] ,i revisit$ ,oropa1 ne> ,biella1 to see :at connection ,i c\ld f9d betwe5 ! ,oropa *apels & ^? at ,v>allo4 ,i w take ?is opportunity ( describ+ ! *apels at ,oropa1 & m especially ! rem>kable fossil1 or petrifi$ girl s*ool1 commonly kn[n z ! ,dimora1 or ,soj\rn ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 9 ! ,temple4 ,if ,i d n take ^! works s s]i\sly z ! read] may expect1 let me beg him1 be=e he blames me1 to g to ,oropa & see ! orig9als = himself4 ,h ! good p ( ,oropa !mselves tak5 !m v s]i\sly8 ,are we 9 an atmosph]e :]e we ne$ be at mu* pa9s to speak ) bat$ brea?8 ,we1 z is well kn[n1 love to take ev5 our pleasures sadly2 ! ,italians take ev5 _! sadness allegram5te1 & comb9e devotion ) amusem5t 9 a mann] t we %all d well to /udy if n imitate4 ,= ?is be/ agrees ) :at we ga!r to h be5 ! cu/om ( ,*ri/ himself1 :o1 inde$1 nev] speaks ( au/]ity b to condemn x4 ,if ,*ri/ianity is to be a liv+ fai?1 x mu/ p5etrate a man's :ole life1 s t he c no m rid himself ( x ?an he c ( 8 fle% & bones or ( 8 brea?+4 ,! ,*ri/ianity t c be tak5 up & laid d[n z if x 7 a wat* or a book is ,*ri/ianity 9 "n only4 ,! true ,*ri/ian c no m "p f ,*ri/ 9 mir? ?an 9 sorr[4 ,&1 aft] all1 :at is ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,:at is ! k]nel ( ! nut8 ,surely common s5se & *e]fulness1 ) unfl9*+ opposition to ! *>latanisms & ,ph>isaisms ( a man's own times4 ,! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity lies nei!r 9 dogma1 nor yet 9 abnormally holy life1 b 9 fai? 9 an unse5 _w1 9 do+ "o's duty1 9 speak+ ! tru?1 9 f9d+ ! true life r 9 o!rs ?an 9 oneself1 & 9 ! c]ta9 hope t he :o loses 8 life on ^! behalfs f9ds m ?an he has lo/4 ,:at c ,agno/icism d aga9/ su* ,*ri/ianity z ?is8 ,i %\ld be %ock$ if any?+ ,i _h ev] writt5 or %all ev] write %\ld seem to make light ( ^! ?+s4 ,i %\ld be %ock$ also if ,i did n "k h[ to be amus$ ) ?+s t amiable p obvi\sly int5d$ to be amus+4 ,! read] may ne$ to be rem9d$ t ,oropa is among ! some:at infrequ5t sanctu>ies at :i* ! ,madonna & infant ,*ri/ are n :ite1 b black4 ,i %all return to ?is peculi>ity ( ,oropa lat] on1 b w leave x = ! pres5t4 ,= ! g5]al *>act]i/ics ( ! place ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to my book1 ,alps & ,sanctu>ies4 #i ,i propose to conf9e myself "h to ! t5 or a doz5 *apels conta9+ life-siz$ t]ra-cotta figures1 pa9t$ up to nature1 t =m "o ( ! ma9 features ( ! place4 ,at a fir/ glance1 p]haps1 all ^! *apels w seem un9t]e/+2 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 h[ev]1 t "s1 if n mo/ ( !m1 ?\gh fall+ a good deal %ort ( ! be/ "w at ,v>allo & ,crea1 are /ill 9 _! own way ( consid]able importance4 ,! fir/ *apel ) :i* we ne$ conc]n ourselves is numb]$ #d1 & %[s ! ,conception ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,x repres5ts ,/4 ,anne z kneel+ be=e a t]rific dragon or1 z ! ,italians call x1 insect1 ab\t ! size ( a ,cry/al ,palace pleiosaur4 ,?is insect is suppos$ to h j _h its head badly cru%$ by ,/4 ,anne1 :o seems to be begg+ its p>don4 ,! text ,ipsa cont]et caput tuum is writt5 outside ! *apel4 ,! figures h no arti/ic int]e/4 ,z reg>ds dragons be+ call$ insects1 ! read] may p]haps rememb] t ! isl& ( ,s4 ,giulio1 9 ! ,lago d',orta1 0 infe/$ ) insetti1 :i* ,s4 ,giulio de/roy$1 & :i* appe>1 9 a fresco und]nea? ! *ur* on ! isl&1 to h be5 mon/r\s & f]oci\s dragons2 b ,i _c rememb] :e!r _! bodies are divid$ into ?ree sections1 & :e!r or no !y h exactly six legs--)\t :i*1 ,i am told1 !y _c be true insects4 ,! fif? *apel repres5ts ! bir? ( ! ,virg94 ,hav+ obta9$ p]mission to g inside x1 ,i f\nd ! date #agae cut l>ge & deep on ! back ( "o figure be=e bak+1 & ,i imag9e t ?is date cov]s ! :ole4 ,!re is a ,que5 ,anne feel+ ?r\gh\t ! composition1 & if we 7 told t ! sculptor & ,francis ,bird1 sculptor ( ! /atue 9 front ( ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 _h /udi$ "u ! same ma/]1 we c\ld v well believe x4 ,! ap>tm5t 9 :i* ! ,virg9 0 born is spaci\s1 & 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! "o 9 :i* %e h]self gave bir? to ! ,r$eem]4 ,/4 ,anne occupies ! c5tre ( ! composition1 9 an enorm\s b$2 on h] "r !re is a lady ( ! ,george ,cruik%ank /yle ( beauty1 & on ! left an old] p]son4 ,bo? are ge/iculat+ & impress+ ^u ,/4 ,anne ! enorm\s obligation %e has j conf]r$ ^u mank9d2 !y seem also to be implor+ h] n to ov]tax h] /r5g?1 b1 /range to say1 !y are giv+ h] nei!r fl[]s nor any?+ to eat & dr9k4 ,i "k no o!r bir? ( ! ,virg9 9 :i* ,/4 ,anne wants s little keep+ up4 ,i h expla9$ 9 my book ,ex ,voto1 #aj b %\ld p]haps repeat "h1 t ! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic ( ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg91 z r5d]$ by ,valsesian arti/s1 is t ,/4 ,anne always has eggs imm$iately aft] ! infant is born1 & usually a good deal m1 :]eas ! ,madonna nev] has any?+ to eat or dr9k4 ,! eggs are 9 accordance ) a cu/om t /ill prevails among ! peasant classes 9 ! ,valsesia1 :]e wom5 on giv+ bir? to a *ild g5]ally are giv5 a sabaglione--an egg beat5 up ) a little w9e1 or rum1 & sug>4 ,ea/ ( ,milan ! ,virg9's "m does n h eggs1 & ,i suppose1 f ! abs5ce ( ! eggs at ,oropa1 t ! cu/om above ref]r$ to does n prevail 9 ! ,biellese di/rict4 ,! ,virg9 also is inv>iably wa%$4 ,/4 ,john ! ,bapti/1 :5 he is born at all1 :i* is n v (t51 is also wa%$2 b ,i h n obs]v$ t ,/4 ,elizabe? has any?+ l ! att5tion paid h] t is giv5 to ,/4 ,anne4 ,:at1 h[ev]1 is want+ "h at ,oropa 9 meat & dr9k is made up 9 ,cupids2 !y sw>m l flies on ! walls1 cl\ds1 cornices1 & capitals ( columns4 ,aga9/ ! "r-h& wall are two lady-helps1 ea* w>m+ a t[el at a gl[+ fire1 to be ready aga9/ ! baby %\ld come out ( its ba?2 :ile 9 ! "r-h& =egr\nd we h ! levatrice1 :o hav+ dis*>g$ h] task1 & be+ n[ s dispos$1 has remov$ ! bottle f ! *imney-piece1 & put x ne> "s bread1 fruit & a *ick51 ov] :i* %e is ab\t to discuss ! conf9em5t ) two o!r gossips4 ,! levatrice is a v *>act]i/ic figure1 b ! be/ 9 ! *apel is ! "o ( ! head nurse1 ne> ! middle ( ! composition2 %e has n[ ! infant 9 full *>ge1 & is %[+ x to ,/4 ,joa*im1 ) an expression z ?\gh %e 7 tell+ him t h] husb& 0 a m]ry man4 ,i am afraid ,%akespe>e 0 dead be=e ! sculptor 0 born1 o!rwise ,i %\ld h felt c]ta9 t he _h drawn ,juliet's nurse f ?is figure4 ,z = ! little ,virg9 h]self1 ,i believe h] to be a f9e boy ( ab\t t5 mon?s old4 ,view+ ! "w z a :ole1 if ,i only felt m sure :at arti/ic m]it really is1 ,i %\ld say t1 ?\gh ! *apel _c be rat$ v highly f "s /&po9ts1 !re are o!rs f :i* x may be prais$ w>mly en\gh4 ,x is innoc5t ( anatomy-wor%ip1 free f affectation or swagg]1 & n devoid ( a good deal ( homely naivete4 ,x c no m be comp>$ ) ,taba*etti or ,donatello ?an ,hog>? c ) ,rembr&t or ,giovanni ,bell9i2 b z x does n transc5d ! limitations ( its age1 s nei!r is x want+ 9 :atev] m]its t age possess$2 & !re is no age )\t m]its ( "s k9d4 ,!re is no inscription say+ :o made ! figures1 b tradition gives !m to ,pietro ,aureggio ,t]m9e1 ( ,biella1 commonly call$ ,aureggio4 ,?is is confirm$ by _! /rong resemblance to ^? 9 ! ,dimora ,*apel1 9 :i* !re is an inscription t names ,aureggio z ! sculptor4 ,! six? *apel deals ) ! ,pres5tation ( ! ,virg9 9 ! ,temple4 ,! ,virg9 is v small1 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t %e is only sev5 ye>s old1 & %e is n ne>ly s small z %e is at ,crea1 :]e1 ?\gh a life-siz$ figure is int5d$1 ! head is h>dly bigg] ?an an apple4 ,%e is ru%+ up ! /eps ) op5 arms t[>ds ! ,high ,prie/1 :o is /&+ at ! top4 ,= h] x is no?+ al>m+2 x is ! ,high ,prie/ :o appe>s fright5$2 b x w all come "r 9 "t4 ,! ,virg9 seems to be say+1 ,:y1 don't y "k me8 ,i'm ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,b ! ,high ,prie/ does n feel s sure ab\t t1 & w make fur!r inquiries4 ,! sc5e1 :i* comprises "s tw5ty figures1 is animat$ en\gh1 & ?\gh x h>dly k9dles en?usiasm1 /ill does n fail to please4 ,x looks z ?\gh ( some:at old] date ?an ! ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 *apel1 & ,i %\ld say %[s m signs ( direct ,valsesian influ5ce4 ,9 ,m>occo's book ab\t ,oropa x is ascrib$ to ,aureggio1 b ,i f9d x difficult to accept ?is4 ,! sev5?1 & 9 _m respects mo/ int]e/+ *apel at ,oropa1 %[s :at is 9 reality a m$ieval ,italian girl s*ool1 z ne>ly l ! ?+ itself z ! arti/ c\ld make x2 we are expect$1 h[ev]1 to see 9 ?is ! high-class k9d ( ,girton ,college = "y g5tlewom5 t 0 atta*$ to ! ,temple at ,j]usalem1 "u ! direction ( ! ,*ief ,prie/'s wife1 or "s "o ( 8 ne> female relatives4 ,"h all well-to-d ,jewi% "y wom5 complet$ _! education1 & "h accord+ly we f9d ! ,virg91 ^: p>5ts desir$ %e %\ld %9e 9 e accompli%m5t1 & enjoy all ! advantages _! ample means comm&$4 ,i h met ) no traces ( ! ,virg9 dur+ ! ye>s betwe5 h] ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple & h] becom+ head girl at ,temple ,college4 ,^! ye>s1 we may be assur$1 c h>dly h be5 o!r ?an ev5tful2 b incid5ts1 or bits ( life1 are l liv+ =ms--x is only "h & "h1 z by r>e *ance1 t "o ( !m gets arre/$ & fossilis$2 ! great] numb] disappe> l ! great] numb] ( ant$iluvian molluscs1 & no "o c say :y "o ( ^! flies1 z x 71 ( life %\ld get pres]v$ 9 amb] m ?an ano!r4 ,talk1 inde$1 ab\t luck & cunn+2 :at a gra9 ( s& z aga9/ a hundr$weight is cunn+'s %>e "h z aga9/ luck's4 ,:at mom5t c\ld be m humdrum & unwor?y ( special record ?an ! "o *os5 by ! arti/ = ! *apel we are consid]+8 ,:y %\ld ?is "o get arre/$ 9 its flight & made immortal :5 s _m wor?i] ones h p]i%$8 ,yet pres]v$ x assur$ly is2 x is z ?\gh "s fairy's w& _h /ruck ! m$ieval ,miss ,p9k]ton1 ,amelia ,s$ley1 & o!rs :o d duty in/ead ( ! ,hebrew orig9als4 ,x has lock$ !m up z sleep+ beauties1 ^: *>ms all may look ^u4 ,surely ! h\rs are l ! wom5 gr9d+ at ! mill--! "o is tak5 & ! o!r left1 & none c give ! reason m ?an he c say :y ,gallio %\ld h won immortality by c>+ = none ( ^! ?+s4 ,x seems to me1 moreov]1 t fairies h *ang$ _! practice n[ 9 ! matt] ( sleep+ beauties1 mu* z %opkeep]s h done 9 ,reg5t ,/reet4 ,=m]ly ! %opkeep] us$ to %ut up 8 goods beh9d /rong %utt]s1 s t no "o might see !m aft] clos+ h\rs4 ,n[ he leaves ev]y?+ op5 to ! eye & turns ! gas on4 ,s ! fairies1 :o us$ to lock up _! sleep+ beauties 9 imp5etrable ?ickets1 n[ leave !m 9 ! mo/ public places !y c f9d1 z kn[+ t !y w !re mo/ c]ta9ly escape notice4 ,look at ,de ,hooghe2 look at ,! ,pilgrim's ,progress1 or ev5 ,%akespe>e himself--h[ long !y slept unawak5$1 ?\gh !y 7 9 broad daylight & on ! public ?or\ghf>es all ! "t4 ,look at ,taba*etti1 & ! ma/]pieces he left at ,v>allo4 ,8 figures !re are expos$ to ! gaze ( e pass]-by2 yet :o he$s !m8 ,:o1 save a v few1 ev5 "k ( _! exi/5ce8 ,look aga9 at ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i1 or ! ,danse des ,paysans1 by ,holbe91 to :i* ,i v5tur$ to call att5tion 9 ! ,univ]sal ,review4 ,no1 no2 if a ?+ be 9 ,c5tral ,africa1 x is ! glory ( ?is age to f9d x out2 s ! fairies ?9k x saf] to conceal _! proteges "u a %[ ( op5ness2 = ! s*oolma/] is mu* abroad1 & !re is no h$ge s ?ick or s ?orny z ! dulness ( culture4 ,x may be1 aga91 t ev] s _m ye>s h5ce1 :5 ,mr4 ,d>w9's e>?- worms %all h buri$ ,oropa hundr$s ( feet deep1 "s "o s9k+ a well or mak+ a railway-cutt+ w une>? ^! *apels1 & w believe !m to h be5 h\ses1 & to conta9 ! exuviae ( ! liv+ =ms t t5ant$ !m4 ,9 ! meantime1 h[ev]1 let u return to a consid]ation ( ! *apel z x may n[ be se5 by any "o :o c>es to pass t way4 ,! "w consi/s ( ab\t =ty figures 9 all1 n c\nt+ ,cupids1 & is divid$ into f\r ma9 divisions4 ,fir/1 !re is ! l>ge public sitt+-room or draw+-room ( ! ,college1 :]e ! eld] "y ladies are engag$ 9 v>i\s elegant employm5ts4 ,?ree1 at a table to ! left1 are mak+ a mitre = ! ,bi%op1 z may be se5 f ! model on ! table4 ,"s are m]ely sp9n+ or ab\t to sp94 ,"o "y lady1 sitt+ r ap>t f ! o!rs1 is do+ an elaborate piece ( ne$lework at a tamb\r-frame ne> ! w9d[2 o!rs are mak+ lace or slipp]s1 probably = ! new curate2 ano!r is /ruggl+ ) a lett]1 or p]haps a !me1 :i* seems to be giv+ h] a good deal ( tr\ble1 b :i*1 :5 done1 w1 ,i am sure1 be beautiful4 ,"o de> little girl is simply read+ ,paul & ,virg9ia und]nea? ! w9d[1 & is s conceal$ t ,i h>dly ?9k %e c be se5 f ! outside at all1 ?\gh f inside %e is delightful2 x 0 ) great regret t ,i c\ld n get h] into any photograph4 ,"o mo/ amiable "y woman has got a *ild's head on h] lap1 ! *ild hav+ play$ itself to sleep4 ,all are indu/ri\sly & agreeably employ$ 9 "s way or o!r2 all are plump2 all are nice look+2 !re is n "o ,becky ,%>p 9 ! :ole s*ool2 on ! contr>y1 z 9 ,pi\s ,orgies1 all is pi\s--or sub-pi\s--& all1 if n great1 is at lea/ em95tly respectable4 ,"o feels t ,/4 ,joa*im & ,/4 ,anne c\ld n h *os5 a s*ool m judici\sly1 & t if "o _h daught] oneself ?is is exactly :]e "o w\ld wi% to place h]4 ,if !re is a fault ( any k9d 9 ! arrangem5ts1 x is t !y d n keep cats en\gh4 ,! place is ov]run ) mice1 ?\gh :at ^! c f9d to eat ,i "k n4 ,x occurs to me also t ! "y ladies might be kept a little m free ( spid]s' webs2 b 9 all ^! *apels1 bats1 mice & spid]s are tr\blesome4 ,(f ! ma9 draw+-room on ! side fac+ ! w9d[ !re is a dais1 :i* is approa*$ by a l>ge rais$ semicircul> /ep1 high] ?an ! re/ ( ! floor1 b l[] ?an ! dais itself4 ,! dais is1 ( c\rse1 res]v$ = ! v5]able ,lady ,pr9cipal & ! "u-mi/resses1 "o ( :om1 by ! way1 is a little m monda9e ?an might h be5 expect$1 & is admir+ h]self 9 a look+-glass--unless1 inde$1 %e is only look+ to see if !re is a spot ( ink on h] face4 ,! ,lady ,pr9cipal is seat$ ne> a table1 on :i* lie "s books 9 exp5sive b9d+s1 :i* ,i imag9e to h be5 pres5t$ to h] by ! p>5ts ( pupils :o 7 leav+ s*ool4 ,"o has giv5 h] a photographic album2 ano!r a l>ge scrap-book1 = illu/rations ( all k9ds2 a ?ird volume has r$ edges1 & is presumably ( a devotional "*4 ,if ,i d>$ v5ture ano!r criticism1 ,i %\ld say x w\ld be bett] n to keep ! ink-pot on ! top ( ^! books4 ,! ,lady ,pr9cipal is be+ read to by ! monitress = ! week1 ^: duty x 0 to recite select$ passages f ! mo/ approv$ ,hebrew writ]s2 %e appe>s to be a good deal outrag$1 possibly at ! faulty intonation ( ! read]1 :i* %e has long tri$ va9ly to correct2 or p]haps %e has be5 he>+ ( ! atroci\s way 9 :i* h] =efa!rs _h treat$ ! prophets1 & is expla9+ to ! "y ladies h[ impossible x w\ld be1 9 _! own m enlight5$ age1 = a prophet to fail ( recognition4 ,on ! half-dais1 z ,i suppose ! l>ge semicircul> /ep betwe5 ! ma9 room & ! dais %\ld be call$1 we f9d1 fir/1 ! monitress = ! week1 :o /&s up :ile %e recites2 & secondly1 ! ,virg9 h]self1 :o is ! only pupil all[$ a seat s ne> to ! augu/ pres5ce ( ! ,lady ,pr9cipal4 ,%e is o/5sibly do+ a piece ( embroid]y :i* is /ret*$ on a cu%ion on h] lap1 b ,i %\ld say t %e 0 *iefly int]e/$ 9 ! ne>e/ ( f\r pretty little ,cupids1 :o are all try+ to attract h] att5tion1 ?\gh !y pay no c\rt to any o!r "y lady4 ,i h sometimes wond]$ :e!r ! obvi\sly sc&alis$ ge/ure ( ! ,lady ,pr9cipal might n be direct$ at ^! ,cupids1 r ?an at any?+ ! monitress may h be5 read+1 = %e w\ld surely f9d !m disquiet+4 ,or %e may be say+1 ,:y1 bless me6 ,i d decl>e ! ,virg9 has got ano!r hamp]1 & ,/4 ,anne's cakes are always s t]ribly ri*6 ,c]ta9ly ! hamp] is !re1 close to ! ,virg91 & ! ,lady ,pr9cipal's action may be well direct$ at x1 b x may h be5 s5t to "s o!r "y lady1 & be put on ! sub-dais = public exhibition4 ,x looks z if x might h come f ,=tnum & ,mason's1 & ,i half expect$ to f9d a label1 address+ x to ,! ,virg9 ,m>y1 ,temple ,college1 ,j]usalem1 b if ev] !re 0 "o ! mice h long s9ce eat5 x4 ,! ,virg9 h]self does n seem to c>e mu* ab\t x1 b if %e has a fault x is t %e is g5]ally a little apa!tic4 ,^: ! hamp] 01 h[ev]1 is a po9t we %all nev] n[ c]ta9ly det]m9e1 = ! be/ fossil is worse ?an ! wor/ liv+ =m4 ,:y1 alas6 0 n ,mr4 ,edison alive :5 ?is *apel 0 made8 ,we might !n h _h a daily phonographic recital ( ! conv]sation1 & an ann\ncem5t might be put outside ! *apels1 tell+ u at :at h\rs ! figures w\ld speak4 ,on ei!r ( side ! ma9 room !re are two annexes op5+ out f x2 ^! are res]v$ *iefly = ! y\ng] *ildr51 "s ( :om1 ,i ?9k1 are little boys4 ,9 ! left-h& annex1 beh9d ! ladies :o are mak+ a mitre1 !re is a *ild :o has got a cake1 & ano!r has "s fruit--possibly giv5 !m by ! ,virg9--& a ?ird *ild is begg+ = "s ( x4 ,! light fail$ s completely "h t ,i 0 n able to photograph any ( ^! figures4 ,x 0 a dull ,septemb] aft]noon1 & ! cl\ds _h settl$ ?ick r\nd ! *apel1 :i* is nev] v light1 & is ne>ly #djjj feet above ! sea4 ,i wait$ till su* twilight z made x hopeless t m detail c\ld be got--& a que] gho/ly place en\gh x 0 to wait 9--b aft] giv+ ! plate an exposure ( fifty m9utes1 ,i saw ,i c\ld get no m1 & desi/$4 ,^! long photographic exposures h ! advantage t "o is compell$ to /udy a "w 9 detail ?r\gh m]e lack ( o!r employm5t1 & t "o c take "o's notes 9 peace )\t be+ tempt$ to hurry ov] !m2 b ev5 s ,i cont9ually f9d ,i h omitt$ to note1 & h clean =gott51 mu* t ,i want lat] on4 ,9 ! o!r annex !re are also "o or two y\ng] *ildr51 b x seems to h be5 set ap>t = conv]sation & relaxation m ?an any o!r "p ( ! e/abli%m5t4 ,i h already said t ! "w is sign$ by an inscription inside ! *apel1 to ! effect t ! sculptures are by ,pietro ,aureggio ,t]m9e di ,biella4 ,x w be se5 t ! "y ladies are exce$+ly l "o ano!r1 & t ! arti/ aim$ at no?+ m ?an a fai?ful r5d]+ ( ! life ( 8 own times4 ,let u be ?ankful t he aim$ at no?+ less4 ,p]haps 8 wife kept a girls' s*ool2 or he may h _h a l>ge family ( fat1 good-natur$ daught]s1 ^: little ways he _h /udi$ att5tively2 at all ev5ts ! "w is full ( spontane\s incid5t1 & _c fail to become m & m int]e/+ z ! age x r5d]s falls f>!r back into ! pa/4 ,x is to be regrett$ t _m arti/s1 bett] kn[n m51 h n be5 satisfi$ ) ! humbl] ambitions ( ?is mo/ amiable & int]e/+ sculptor4 ,if he has left u no lab\r$ life-/udies1 he has at lea/ done some?+ = u :i* we c f9d n[h]e else1 :i* we %\ld be v sorry n to h1 & ! fidelity ( :i* to ,italian life at ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury w n be disput$4 ,! eigh? *apel is t ( ! ,sposalizio1 is c]ta9ly n by ,aureggio1 & ,i %\ld say 0 ma9ly by ! same sculptor :o did ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple4 ,on go+ inside ,i f\nd ! figures _h come f m ?an "o s\rce2 "s ( !m are con/ruct$ s absolutely on ,valsesian pr9ciples1 z reg>ds te*nique1 t x may be assum$ !y came f ,v>allo4 ,ea* ( ^! la/ figures is 9 ?ree pieces1 t are bak$ sep>ately & cem5t$ toge!r aft]w>ds1 h5ce !y are m easily transport$2 no m clay is us$ ?an is absolutely necess>y2 & ! (f-side ( ! figure is neglect$2 !y w be f\nd *iefly1 if n entirely1 at ! top ( ! /eps4 ,! o!r figures are m solidly built1 & d n rem9d me 9 _! bus9ess features ( any?+ 9 ! ,valsesia4 ,!re 0 a sculptor1 ,francesco ,sala1 ( ,loc>no 7d\btless ! village a %ort di/ance bel[ ,v>allo1 & n ! ,loc>no on ! ,lago ,maggiore71 :o made designs = "s ( ! ,oropa *apels1 & "s ( ^: lett]s are /ill pres]v$1 b :e!r ! ,valsesian figures 9 ?is pres5t "w are by him or n ,i _c say4 ,! /atues are tw5ty-five 9 numb]2 ,i c\ld f9d no date or signature2 ! "w rem9ds me ( ,montrigone2 sev]al ( ! figures are n at all bad1 & sev]al h horsehair = hair1 z at ,v>allo4 ,! effect ( ! :ole composition is bett] ?an we h a "r to expect f any sculpture dat+ f ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,! n9? *apel1 ! ,annunciation1 pres5ts no feature ( int]e/2 nor yet does ! t5?1 ! ,visit ( ,m>y to ,elizabe?4 ,! elev5?1 ! ,nativity1 ?\gh r bett]1 is /ill n rem>kable4 ,! twelf?1 ! ,purification1 is absurdly bad1 b ,i d n "k :e!r ! expression ( /rong p]sonal dislike to ! ,virg9 :i* ! ,high ,prie/ we>s is int5d$ z prophetic1 or :e!r x is ! result ( incompet5ce1 or :e!r x is m]ely a smile gone wrong 9 ! bak+4 ,x is amus+ to f9d ,m>occo1 :o has n be5 /rict ab\t ar*aeological accuracy hi!rto1 compla9 "h t !re is an ana*ronism1 inasmu* z "s "y ecclesia/ics are dress$ z !y w\ld be at pres5t1 & "o ( !m actually c>ries a wax c&le4 ,?is is n z x %\ld be2 9 works l ^? at ,oropa1 :]e implicit reliance is ju/ly plac$ on ! e>ne/ endeav\rs t h be5 s successfully made to ?or\ghly & c>efully & pati5tly ensure ! accuracy ( ! m9ute/ details1 x is a pity t ev5 a s+le error %\ld h escap$ detection2 ?is1 h[ev]1 has mo/ un=tunately happ5$ "h1 & ,m>occo feels x 8 duty to put u on our gu>d4 ,he expla9s t ! mi/ake arose f ! sculptor's hav+ tak5 bo? 8 g5]al arrangem5t & 8 details f "s picture ( ! f\rte5? or fifte5? c5tury1 :5 ! value ( ! /ricte/ hi/orical accuracy 0 n yet s fully und]/ood4 ,x seems to me t 9 ! matt] ( accuracy1 prie/s & m5 ( sci5ce :e!r lay or regul> on ! "o h&1 & pla9 p :e!r lay or regul> on ! o!r1 are try+ to play a diff]5t game1 & fail to und]/& "o ano!r because !y d n see t _! objects are n ! same4 ,! cl]ic & ! man ( sci5ce 7:o is only ! cl]ic 9 8 late/ developm5t7 are try+ to develop a ?roat ) two di/9ct passages--"o t %all refuse to pass ev5 ! smalle/ gnat1 & ano!r t %all gracefully gulp ev5 ! l>ge/ camel2 :]eas we m5 ( ! /reet desire b "o ?roat1 & are cont5t t ?is %all swall[ no?+ bigg] ?an a pony4 ,e "o kn[s t !re is no su* effectual means ( develop+ ! p[] to swall[ camels z incessant wat*fulness = opportunities ( /ra9+ at gnats1 & ?is %\ld expla9 _m passages t puzzle u 9 ! "w bo? ( our cl]ics & our sci5ti/s4 ,i1 n be+ a man ( sci5ce1 /ill cont9ue to d :at ,i said ,i did 9 ,alps & ,sanctu>ies1 & make x a rule to e>ne/ly & pati5tly & c>efully swall[ a few ( ! smalle/ gnats ,i c f9d sev]al times a day1 z ! be/ a/r+5t = ! ?roat ,i "k (4 ,! ?irte5? *apel is ! ,m>riage ,fea/ at ,cana ( ,galilee4 ,?is is ! be/ *apel z a "w ( art2 inde$1 x is ! only "o :i* c claim to be tak5 q s]i\sly4 ,n t all ! figures are v good2 ^? to ! left ( ! composition are commonplace en\gh2 nor are ! ,*ri/ & ! giv] ( ! fea/ at all rem>kable2 b ! t5 or doz5 figures ( gue/s & att5dants at ! "r-h& end ( ! "w are z good z any?+ ( _! k9d c be1 & rem9d me s /rongly ( ,taba*etti t ,i _c d\bt !y 7 done by "s "o :o 0 indirectly influ5c$ by t great sculptor's "w4 ,x is n likely t ,taba*etti 0 alive long aft] #afdj1 by :i* "t he w\ld h be5 ab\t eighty ye>s old2 & ! f\ndations ( ?is *apel 7 n laid till ab\t #afij2 ! /atues are probably a few ye>s lat]2 !y c h>dly1 !re=e1 be by "o :o _h ev5 /udi$ "u ,taba*etti2 b until ,i f\nd out ! dates1 & w5t inside ! *apel to see ! way 9 :i* ! figures _h be5 con/ruct$1 ,i 0 incl9$ to ?9k !y might be by ,taba*etti himself1 ( :om1 inde$1 !y are n unwor?y4 ,on exam9+ ! figures ,i f\nd !m m heavily con/ruct$ ?an ,taba*etti's are1 ) small] holes = tak+ out sup]flu\s clay1 & m f9i%$ on ! (f-sides4 ,m>occo says ! sculptor is n kn[n4 ,i look$ 9 va9 = any date or signature4 ,possibly ! "r-h& figures 7= ! left-h& ones c h>dly be by ! same h&7 may be by "s sculptor f ,crea1 :i* is at no v great di/ance f ,oropa1 :o 0 p5etrat$ by ,taba*etti's influ5ce2 b :e!r z reg>ds action & conc]t ) "o ano!r1 or z reg>ds excell5ce 9 detail1 ,i d n see h[ any?+ c be m reali/ic1 & yet m h>moni\sly compos$4 ,! plac+ ( ! musicians 9 a m9/rels' gall]y helps ! effect2 ^! musicians are six 9 numb]1 & ! o!r figures are tw5ty-?ree4 ,"u ! table1 betwe5 ,*ri/ & ! giv] ( ! fea/1 !re is a cat4 ,! f\rte5? *apel1 ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 is )\t int]e/4 ,! fifte5?1 ! ,coronation ( ! ,virg91 conta9s =ty-six angels1 tw5ty-six *]ubs1 fifty-six sa9ts1 ! ,holy ,tr9ity1 ! ,madonna h]self1 & tw5ty-f\r innoc5ts1 mak+ #aef /atues 9 all4 ,( ^! ,i am afraid !re is n "o ( m ?an ord9>y m]it2 ! mo/ int]e/+ is a half-l5g? nude life-/udy ( ,disma--! good ?ief4 ,aft] :at _h be5 promis$ him x 0 impossible to exclude him1 b x 0 felt t a half-l5g? nude figure w\ld be z mu* z he c\ld reasonably expect4 ,beh9d ! sanctu>y !re is a semi-ru9\s & :olly valueless "w1 :i* %[s ! f9d+ ( ! black image1 :i* is n[ 9 ! *ur*1 b is only %[n on great fe/ivals4 ,?is leads u to a consid]ation t ,i h delay$ till n[4 ,! black image is ! c5tral feature ( ,oropa2 x is ! raison d'etre ( ! :ole place1 & all else is a m]e incru/ation1 s to speak1 ar\nd x4 ,accord+ to ?is image1 !n1 :i* 0 c>v$ by ,/4 ,luke himself1 & ?an :i* no?+ c be bett] au!nticat$1 bo? ! ,madonna & ! infant ,*ri/ 7 z black z any?+ c be conceiv$4 ,x is n likely t !y 7 z black z !y h be5 pa9t$2 no "o yet ev] 0 s black z t2 yet1 ev5 all[+ = "s exagg]ation on ,/4 ,luke's "p1 !y mu/ h be5 exce$+ly black if ! portrait is to be accept$2 & uncompromis+ly black !y accord+ly are on mo/ ( ! wayside *apels = _m a mile ar\nd ,oropa4 ,yet 9 ! *apels we h be5 hi!rto consid]+--works 9 :i*1 z we "k1 ! mo/ punctili\s reg>d has be5 %[n to accuracy--bo? ! ,virg9 & ,*ri/ are uncompromis+ly :ite4 ,z 9 ! %ops "u ! ,colonnade :]e devotional knick-knacks are sold1 y c buy a black *9a image or a :ite "o1 :i*ev] y l2 s ) ! pictures--! black & :ite are plac$ side by side--pag&o il dan>o si puo scegli]e4 ,x re/s n ) hi/ory or ) ! ,*ur* to say :e!r ! ,madonna & ,*ild 7 black or :ite1 b y may settle x = y\rself1 :i*ev] way y please1 or r y are requir$1 ) ! acquiesc5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 to hold t !y 7 bo? black & :ite at "o & ! same "t4 ,x _c be ma9ta9$ t ! ,*ur* leaves ! matt] undecid$1 & by tol]at+ bo? types proclaims ! "q an op5 "o1 = %e acquiesces 9 ! portrait by ,/4 ,luke z g5u9e4 ,h[1 !n1 ju/ify ! :it5ess ( ! ,holy ,family 9 ! *apels8 ,if ! portrait is n kn[n z g5u9e1 :y set su* a /umbl+-block 9 our pa?s z to %[ u a black ,madonna & a :ite "o1 bo? z hi/orically accurate1 )9 a few y>ds ( "o ano!r8 ,i ask ?is n 9 mock]y1 b z kn[+ t ! ,*ur* mu/ h an explanation to give1 if %e w\ld only give x1 & z myself unable to f9d any1 ev5 ! mo/ f>fet*$1 t c br+ :at we see at ,oropa1 ,loreto & else:]e into h>mony ) mod]n consci5ce1 ei!r intellectual or e?ical4 ,i see1 inde$1 f an int]e/+ article 9 ! ,atlantic ,mon?ly = ,septemb] #ahhi1 entitl$ ,! ,black ,madonna ( ,loreto1 t black ,madonnas 7 s frequ5t 9 anci5t ,*ri/ian art t "s ( ! e>ly writ]s ( ! ,*ur* felt oblig$ to acc\nt = x by expla9+ t ! ,virg9 0 ( a v d>k complexion1 z might be prov$ by ! v]se ( ,canticles :i* says1 ',i am black1 b comely1 ,o ye daught]s ( ,j]usalem4' ,o!rs ma9ta9$ t %e became black dur+ h] soj\rn 9 ,egypt4 4 4 4 ,prie/s1 ( to-day1 say t extreme age & exposure to ! smoke ( c\ntless alt>-c&les h caus$ t *ange 9 complexion :i* ! m naive fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* attribut$ to ! p[] ( an ,egyptian sun2 b ! writ] ru?lessly disposes ( ?is supposition by po9t+ out t 9 ne>ly all ! in/ances ( black ,madonnas x is ! fle% alone t is entirely black1 ! crimson ( ! lips1 ! :ite ( ! eyes1 & ! drap]ies hav+ pres]v$ _! orig9al col\r4 ,! au?oress ( ! article 7,mrs4 ,hilli>d7 goes on to tell u t ,pausanias m5tions two /atues ( ! black ,v5us1 & says t ! olde/ /atue ( ,c]es among ! ,phigal5ses 0 black4 ,%e adds t ,m9]va ,aglaurus1 ! daught] ( ,cecrops1 at ,a!ns1 0 black2 t ,cor9? _h a black ,v5us1 z also ! ,!spians2 t ! oracles ( ,dodona & ,delphi 7 f\nd$ by black doves1 ! emiss>ies ( ,v5us1 & t ! ,isis ,multimammia 9 ! ,capitol at ,rome is black4 ,sometimes ,i h ask$ myself :e!r ! ,*ur* does n int5d to sugge/ t ! :ole /ory falls outside ! doma9 ( hi/ory1 & is to be held z ! "o great epos1 or my?1 common to all mank9d2 adaptable by ea* nation accord+ to its own sev]al ne$s2 translatable1 s to speak1 into ! facts ( ea* individual nation1 z ! writt5 ^w is translatable into its language1 b app]ta9+ to ! realm ( ! imag9ation r ?an to t ( ! und]/&+1 & preci\s = spiritual r ?an lit]al tru?s4 ,m briefly1 ,i h wond]$ :e!r %e may n int5d t su* details z :e!r ! ,virg9 0 :ite or black are ( v little importance 9 comp>ison ) ! bas+ ( e?ics on a /ory t %all appeal to black races z well z to :ite ones4 ,if s1 x is "t we 7 made to und]/& ?is m cle>ly4 ,if ! ,*ur*1 :e!r ( ,rome or ,engl&1 w\ld lean to "s su* view z ?is--ta9t$ ?\gh x be ) my/icism--if we c\ld see ei!r great bran* ( ! ,*ur* make a frank1 au?oritative attempt to br+ its tea*+ into great] h>mony ) ! educat$ und]/&+ & consci5ce ( ! "t1 in/ead ( try+ to fett] t und]/&+ ) bonds t gall x daily m & m pr(\ndly2 !n ,i1 = "o1 9 view ( ! difficulty & graci\sness ( ! task1 & 9 view ( ! great importance ( hi/orical cont9uity1 w\ld gladly s9k mu* ( my own private op9ion z to ! value ( ! ,*ri/ian ideal1 & w\ld gratefully help ei!r ,*ur* or bo?1 accord+ to ! be/ ( my v feeble ability4 ,on ^! t]ms1 inde$1 ,i c\ld swall[ n a few camels myself *e]fully en\gh4 ,c we1 h[ev]1 see any signs z ?\gh ei!r ,rome or ,engl& w /ir h& or foot to meet u8 ,c any /ep be po9t$ to z ?\gh ei!r ,*ur* wi%$ to make ?+s easi] = m5 hold+ ! op9ions held by ! late ,mr4 ,d>w91 or by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] & ,pr(essor ,huxley8 ,h[ c ^? :o accept evolution ) any ?or\ghness accept su* doctr9es z ! ,inc>nation or ! ,r$emption ) any b a quasi-allegorical & poetical int]pretation8 ,c we conceivably accept ^! doctr9es 9 ! lit]al s5se 9 :i* ! ,*ur* advances !m8 ,& c ! lead]s ( ! ,*ur* be bl9d to ! resi/lessness ( ! curr5t t has set aga9/ ^? lit]al int]pretations :i* %e seems to hug m & m closely ! m religi\s life is awak5$ at all8 ,! cl]gyman is want$ z supplem5t+ ! doctor & ! lawy] 9 all civilis$ communities2 ^! ?ree keep wat* on "o ano!r1 & prev5t "o ano!r f becom+ too p[]ful4 ,i1 :o di/ru/ ! doctr9aire 9 sci5ce ev5 m ?an ! doctr9aire 9 religion1 %\ld view ) dismay ! abolition ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 z kn[+ t a blatant ba/>d sci5ce w\ld in/antly /ep into h] %oes2 b if "s su* deplorable consummation is to be avoid$ 9 ,engl&1 x c only be ?r\gh m evid5t lean+ on ! "p ( our cl]gy to su* an int]pretation ( ! ,sacr$ ,hi/ory z ! pres5ce ( a black & :ite ,madonna almo/ side by side at ,oropa appe>s to sugge/4 ,i fe> t 9 ^! la/ p>agraphs ,i may h tr5*$ on dang]\s gr\nd1 b x is n possible to g to su* places z ,oropa )\t ask+ oneself :at !y mean & involve4 ,z = ! av]age ,italian pilgrims1 !y d n appe> to give ! matt] s mu* z a ?\ght4 ,!y love ,oropa1 & flock to x 9 ?\s&s dur+ ! summ]2 ! ,presid5t ( ! ,adm9i/ration assur$ me t !y lodg$1 aft] a fa%ion1 z _m z t5 ?\s& pilgrims on ! #ae? ( la/ ,augu/4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ liv+ ! /atues are to ^! p1 & h[ ! wick$ are upbraid$ & ! good applaud$4 ,at ,v>allo1 s9ce ,i took ! photographs ,i publi%$ 9 my book ,ex ,voto1 an angry pilgrim has sma%$ ! nose ( ! dw>f 9 ,taba*etti's ,j\rney to ,calv>y1 = no o!r reason ?an inability to re/ra9 8 indignation aga9/ "o :o 0 help+ to inflict pa9 on ,*ri/4 ,x is ! real hair & ! pa9t+ up to nature t does ?is4 ,"h at ,oropa ,i f\nd a pap] on ! floor ( ! ,sposalizio ,*apel1 :i* ran z foll[s3-- ,by ! grace ( ,god & ! w ( ! adm9i/rative *apt] ( ?is sanctu>y1 !re h come "h to "w --- ---1 mason --- ---1 c>p5t]1 & --- --- plumb]1 all ( ,*iavazza1 on ! tw5ty-fir/ day ( ,janu>y #ahhf1 full ( cold 7pi5i di fr$do74 ,!y write ^! two l9es to record _! visit4 ,!y pray ! ,bless$ ,virg9 t %e w ma9ta9 !m safe & s\nd f ev]y?+ equivocal t may befall !m 7sempre sani e salvi da ogni equivoco li possa accad]e74 ,oh1 f>ewell6 ,we rev]5tly salute all ! pres5t /atues1 & especially ! ,bless$ ,virg91 & ! read]4 ,?r\gh ! ,univ]sal ,review1 ,i suppose1 all its read]s are to consid] !mselves salut$2 at any rate1 ^! good fell[s1 9 ! effusiv5ess ( _! he>ts1 actually wrote ! above 9 p5cil4 ,i 0 sorely tempt$ to /eal x1 b1 aft] copy+ x1 left x 9 ! ,*ief ,prie/'s h&s in/ead4 ,,art ,,9 ,,! ,,valley ,,( ,,saas #aa ,hav+ be5 told by ,mr4 ,=tescue1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 t !re 7 "s *apels at ,saas-,fee :i* bore analogy to ^? at ,v>allo1 describ$ 9 my book ,ex ,voto1 #ab ,i w5t to ,saas dur+ ?is la/ summ]1 & v5ture n[ to lay my conclusions be=e ! read]4 ,! *apels are fifte5 9 numb]1 & lead up to a l>g] & s+ul>ly graceful "o1 r m ?an half-way betwe5 ,saas & ,saas-,fee4 ,?is is commonly b wrongly call$ ! *apel ( ,/4 ,joseph1 = x is d$icat$ to ! ,virg91 & its situation is ( su* extreme beauty--! great ,fee glaci]s %[+ ?r\gh ! op5 portico--t x is 9 itself wor? a pilgrimage4 ,x is surr\nd$ by noble l>*es & ov]hung by rock2 9 front ( ! portico !re is a small op5 space cov]$ ) grass1 & a huge l>*1 ! /em ( :i* is girt by a rude /one seat4 ,! portico itself conta9s seats = wor%ipp]s1 & a pulpit f :i* ! prea*]'s voice c rea* ! _m :o mu/ /& outside4 ,! walls ( ! inn] *apel are hung ) votive pictures1 "s ( !m v qua9t & pleas+1 & n ov]weight$ by ^? qualities t are usually dubb$ by ! "n ( arti/ic m]it4 ,innum]able wood5 & wax5 repres5tations ( arms1 legs1 eyes1 e>s & babies tell ( ! cures t h be5 effect$ dur+ two c5turies ( devotion1 & c h>dly fail to awak5 a k9dly sympa?y ) ! long dead & =gott5 folks :o plac$ !m :]e !y are4 ,! ma9 int]e/1 h[ev]1 despite ! extreme lovel9ess ( ! ,/4 ,m>y's ,*apel1 c5tres r 9 ! small & outw>dly unimportant oratories 7if !y %\ld be s call$7 t lead up to x4 ,^! beg9 imm$iately ) ! asc5t f ! level gr\nd on :i* ! village ( ,saas-im-,grund is plac$1 & conta9 sc5es 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,r$emption1 repres5t$ by rude b spirit$ wood5 figures1 ea* ab\t two feet high1 pa9t$1 gilt1 & r5d]$ z life-l 9 all respects z circum/ances w\ld p]mit4 ,! figures h suff]$ a good deal f neglect1 & are /ill n a little misplac$4 ,) ! assi/ance1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,j4 ,selwyn1 ,engli% ,*apla9 at ,saas-im-,grund1 ,i h be5 able to replace _m ( !m 9 _! orig9al positions1 z indicat$ by ! p>ts ( ! figures t are left r\gh-hewn & unpa9t$4 ,!y v>y a good deal 9 int]e/1 & c be easily sne]$ at by ^? :o make a trade ( sne]+4 ,^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o rema9 unsophi/icat$ by ov]mu* art-culture w f9d !m full ( "* 9 spite ( n a little rud5ess ( execution1 & w be surpris$ at com+ across su* works 9 a place s remote f any art- c5tre z ,saas mu/ h be5 at ! "t ^! *apels 7 made4 ,x w be my bus9ess !re=e to ?r[ :at light ,i c ^u ! que/ions h[ !y came to be made at all1 & :o 0 ! arti/ :o design$ !m4 ,! only docum5t>y evid5ce consi/s 9 a *ronicle ( ! valley ( ,saas writt5 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ?is c5tury by ! ,rev4 ,pet] ,jos4 ,rupp51 & publi%$ at ,sion 9 #ahea4 ,?is "w makes frequ5t ref]5ce to a manuscript by ! ,rev4 ,pet] ,joseph ,clem5s ,lommatt]1 cure ( ,saas-,fee f #agch to #agea1 :i* has un=tunately be5 lo/1 s t we h no means ( kn[+ h[ closely x 0 adh]$ to4 ,! ,rev4 ,jos4 ,ant4 ,rupp51 ! pres5t excell5t cure ( ,saas-im-,grund1 assures me t !re is no ref]5ce to ! ,saas-,fee oratories 9 ! ,actes de l',eglise at ,saas1 :i* ,i und]/& g a long way back2 b ,i h n se5 ^! myself4 ,practically1 !n1 we h no m docum5t>y evid5ce ?an is to be f\nd 9 ! publi%$ *ronicle above ref]r$ to4 ,we !re f9d x /at$ t ! l>ge *apel1 commonly1 b z above expla9$1 wrongly call$ ,/4 ,joseph's1 0 built 9 #afhg1 & enl>g$ by subscription 9 #agdg4 ,^! dates appe> on ! build+ itself1 & are no d\bt accurate4 ,! writ] adds t !re 0 no actual edifice on ?is site be=e ! "o n[ exi/+ 0 built1 b !re 0 a miracul\s picture ( ! ,virg9 plac$ 9 a mural ni*e1 be=e :i* ! pi\s h]dsm5 & dev\t inhabitants ( ! valley wor%ipp$ "u ! vault ( heav54 #ac ,a miracul\s 7or miracle-work+7 picture 0 always m or less r>e & important2 ! pres5t site1 !re=e1 seems to h be5 long "o ( peculi> sanctity4 ,possibly ! "n ,fee may po9t to /ill e>li] ,pagan my/]ies on ! same site4 ,z reg>ds ! fifte5 small *apels1 ! writ] says !y illu/rate ! fifte5 my/]ies ( ! ,psalt]1 & 7 built 9 #agji1 ea* h\sehold] ( ! ,saas-,fee contribut+ "o *apel4 ,he adds t ,he9ri* ,&5matt51 aft]w>ds a bro!r ( ! ,society ( ,jesus1 0 an especial b5efactor or promot] ( ! und]tak+4 ,"o ( ! *apels1 ! ,asc5sion 7,no4 #ab ( ! s]ies71 has ! date #agji pa9t$ on x2 b !re is no date on any o!r *apel1 & !re seems no reason :y ?is %\ld be tak5 z gov]n+ ! :ole s]ies4 ,ov] & above ?is1 !re exi/s 9 ,saas a tradition1 z ,i 0 told imm$iately on my arrival1 by an ,engli% visitor1 t ! *apels 7 built 9 consequ5ce ( a flood1 b ,i h va9ly endeav\r$ to trace ?is /ory to an indig5\s s\rce4 ,! int]nal evid5ce ( ! wood5 figures !mselves--no?+ analog\s to :i*1 x %\ld be rememb]$1 c be f\nd 9 ! *apel ( #afhg--po9ts to a mu* e>li] date4 ,i h met ) no s*ool ( sculpture belong+ to ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury to :i* !y c be plausibly assign$2 & ! supposition t !y are ! "w ( "s unkn[n local g5ius :o 0 n l$ up to & left no successors may be dismiss$1 = ! "w is too s*ol>ly to h come f any "o b a tra9$ sculptor4 ,i ref] ( c\rse to ^? figures :i* ! arti/ mu/ be suppos$ to h execut$ ) 8 own h&1 z1 = example1 ! c5tral figure ( ! ,crucifixion gr\p & ^? ( ! ,magdal5e & ,/4 ,john4 ,! great] numb] ( ! figures 7 probably1 z 0 sugge/$ to me by ,mr4 ,ran%aw1 ( ,l[?1 execut$ by a local woodc>v] f models 9 clay & wax furni%$ by ! arti/ himself4 ,^? :o exam9e ! play ( l9e 9 ! hair1 mantle1 & sleeve ( ! ,magdal5e 9 ! ,crucifixion gr\p1 & contra/ x ) ! great] "p ( ! rema9+ drap]ies1 w f9d little hesitation 9 conclud+ t ?is 0 ! case1 & w ere long readily di/+ui% ! two h&s f :i* ! figures h ma9ly come4 ,i say ma9ly1 because !re is at lea/ "o o!r sculptor :o may well h belong$ to ! ye> #agji1 b :o =tunately has left u little4 ,examples ( 8 "w may p]haps be se5 9 ! ne>e/ villa9 ) a big hat 9 ! ,flagellation *apel1 & 9 two *]ubs 9 ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 ,we may say1 !n1 ) "s c]ta9ty1 t ! design] 0 a cultivat$ & practis$ arti/4 ,we may also n less c]ta9ly conclude t he 0 ( ,flemi% orig91 = ! horses 9 ! ,j\rney to ,calv>y & ,crucifixion *apels1 :]e alone !re are any horses at all1 are ( ,flemi% bre$1 ) no trace ( ! ,arab blood adopt$ by ,gaud5zio at ,v>allo4 ,! "*1 moreov]1 ( ! villa9s is ,nor!rn--( ! ,qu5t9 ,matsys1 ,m>t9 ,s*ongau] type1 r ?an ,italian2 ! same sub- ,rub5sesque feel+ :i* is app>5t 9 m ?an "o *apel at ,v>allo is n less evid5t "h--especially 9 ! ,j\rney to ,calv>y & ,crucifixion *apels4 ,!re c h>dly1 !re=e1 be a d\bt t ! arti/ 0 a ,flem+ :o _h work$ = sev]al ye>s 9 ,italy4 ,x is also evid5t t he _h ,taba*etti's "w at ,v>allo well 9 8 m9d4 ,= n only does he adopt c]ta9 details ( co/ume 7,i ref] p>ticul>ly to ! treatm5t ( soldi]s' tunics7 :i* are peculi> to ,taba*etti at ,v>allo1 b :5ev] he treats a subject :i* ,taba*etti _h treat$ at ,v>allo1 z 9 ! ,flagellation1 ,cr[n+ ) ,?orns1 & ,j\rney to ,calv>y *apels1 ! "w at ,saas is evid5tly no?+ b a some:at modifi$ abridgem5t ( t at ,v>allo4 ,:51 h[ev]1 z 9 ! ,annunciation1 ! ,nativity1 ! ,crucifixion1 & o!r *apels1 ! "w at ,v>allo is by ano!r ?an ,taba*etti1 no allusion is made to x4 ,! ,saas arti/ has ,taba*etti's ,v>allo "w at 8 f+]-ends1 b betrays no acqua9tance :atev] ) ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i1 ,gio4 ,ant4 ,p>acca1 or ,giovanni ,d',enrico4 ,ev51 moreov]1 :5 ,taba*etti's "w at ,v>allo is be+ mo/ obvi\sly drawn f1 z 9 ! ,j\rney to ,calv>y *apel1 ! ,saas v]sion diff]s mat]ially f t at ,v>allo1 & is 9 "s respects an improvem5t on x4 ,! idea ( %[+ o!r horsem5 & foll[]s com+ up f beh9d1 ^: heads c be se5 ov] ! cr[n ( ! int]pos+ hill1 is s+ul>ly effective z sugge/+ a numb] ( o!rs t are unse51 nor c ,i conceive t any "o b ! orig9al design] w\ld foll[ ,taba*etti's ,v>allo design ) z mu* clos5ess z x has be5 foll[$ "h1 & yet make su* a brilliantly successful modification4 ,! /umbl+1 aga91 ( "o horse 7a detail almo/ hidd51 accord+ to ,taba*etti's wont7 is a t\* :i* ,taba*etti himself might add1 b :i* no ,saas woodc>v] :o 0 m]ely adapt+ f a rem9isc5ce ( ,taba*etti's ,v>allo *apel w\ld be likely to introduce4 ,^! consid]ations h conv9c$ me t ! design] ( ! *apels at ,saas is none o!r ?an ,taba*etti himself1 :o1 z has be5 n[ conclusively %[n1 0 a native ( ,d9ant1 9 ,belgium4 ,! ,saas *ronicl]1 inde$1 av]s t ! *apels 7 n built till #agji--;a /atem5t app>5tly corroborat$ by a date n[ visible on "o *apel2 b we mu/ rememb] t ! *ronicl] did n write until a c5tury or s lat] ?an #agji1 & ?\gh1 inde$1 8 /atem5t may h be5 tak5 f ! lo/ e>li] manuscript ( #agch1 we "k no?+ ab\t ?is ei!r "o way or ! o!r4 ,! writ] may h gone by ! /ill exi/+ #agji on ! ,asc5sion *apel1 :]eas ?is date may 9 fact h ref]r$ to a re/oration1 & n to an orig9al con/ruction4 ,!re is no?+1 z ,i h said1 9 ! *oice ( ! *apel on :i* ! date appe>s1 to sugge/ t x 0 int5d$ to gov]n ! o!rs4 ,i h expla9$ t ! "w is isolat$ & exotic4 ,x is by "o 9 :om ,flemi% & ,italian influ5ces are alike equally pr$om9ant2 by "o :o 0 saturat$ ) ,taba*etti's ,v>allo "w1 & :o c improve ^u x1 b ov] :om ! o!r ,v>allo sculptors h no p[]4 ,! /yle ( ! "w is ( ! sixte5? & n ( ! eighte5? c5tury--) a few obvi\s exceptions t suit ! ye> #agji exce$+ly well4 ,aga9/ su* consid]ations z ^!1 a /atem5t made at ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury ref]r+ to a c5tury e>li]1 & a promiscu\s date ^u "o *apel1 c c>ry b little weight4 ,i %all assume1 !re=e1 h5ce=w>d1 t we h "h gr\ps design$ 9 a pla/ic mat]ial by ,taba*etti1 & reproduc$ 9 wood by ! be/ local wood-sculptor available1 ) ! exception ( a few figures cut by ! arti/ himself4 ,we ask1 !n1 at :at p]iod 9 8 life did ,taba*etti design ^! *apels1 & :at l$ to 8 com+ to su* an out-(-!-way place z ,saas at all8 ,we %\ld rememb] t1 accord+ bo? to ,fassola & ,torrotti 7writ+ 9 #afga & #afhf respectively71 ,taba*etti #ad became insane ab\t ! ye> #aehf or e>ly 9 #aehg1 aft] hav+ j begun ! ,salutation *apel4 ,i h expla9$ 9 ,ex ,voto t ,i d n believe ?is /ory4 ,i h no d\bt t ,taba*etti 0 decl>$ to be mad1 b ,i believe ?is to h be5 due to an intrigue1 set on foot 9 ord] to get a =eign arti/ out ( ! way1 & to secure ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts *apel1 at t precise "t und]tak51 = ,gio4 ,ant4 ,p>acca1 :o 0 an ,italian4 ,or he may h be5 sacrific$ 9 ord] to facilitate ! return ( ! work]s 9 /ucco :om he _h sup]s$$ on ! ,sacro ,monte4 ,he may h be5 goad$ into "s imprud5ce :i* 0 seiz$ ^u z a pretext = %utt+ him up2 at any rate1 ! fact t :5 9 #aehg he inh]it$ 8 fa!r's prop]ty at ,d9ant1 8 tru/ee 7he be+ expressly /at$ to be expatrie7 0 datif1 dativus1 appo9t$ n by himself b by ! c\rt1 l5ds col\r to ! /atem5t t he 0 n 8 own ma/] at ! "t2 = 9 lat] k9dr$ de$s1 n[ at ,namur1 he appo9ts 8 own tru/ee4 ,i suppose1 !n1 t ,taba*etti 0 %ut up 9 a madh\se at ,v>allo = a consid]able "t1 dur+ :i* ,i c f9d no trace ( him1 b t ev5tually he escap$ or 0 releas$4 ,:e!r he 0 a fugitive1 or :e!r he 0 let out f prison1 he w\ld 9 ei!r case1 9 all reasonable probability1 turn 8 face homew>d4 ,if he 0 escap+1 he w\ld make imm$iately = ! ,savoy fronti]1 )9 :i* ,saas !n lay4 ,he w\ld cross ! ,b>anca above ,fobello1 com+ d[n on to ,ponte ,gr&e 9 ! ,val ,anzasca4 ,he w\ld g up ! ,val ,anzasca to ,macugnaga1 & ov] ! ,monte ,moro1 :i* w\ld br+ him imm$iately to ,saas4 ,saas1 !re=e1 is ! ne>e/ & mo/ natural place = him to make =1 if he 7 fly+ f ,v>allo1 & "h ,i suppose him to h halt$4 ,x s happ5$ t on ! #i? ( ,septemb]1 #aehi1 !re 0 "o ( ! ?ree great outbreaks ( ! ,mattm>k ,see t h f "t to "t deva/at$ ! valley ( ,saas4 #ae ,x is probable t ! *apels 7 decid$ ^u 9 consequ5ce ( "s grace %[n by ! miracul\s picture ( ! ,virg91 :i* _h mitigat$ a disa/] occurr+ s soon aft] ! anniv]s>y ( h] own ,nativity4 ,taba*etti1 arriv+ at ?is juncture1 may h (f]$ to und]take !m if ! ,saas p w\ld give him an asylum4 ,"h1 at any rate1 ,i suppose him to h /ay$ till "s "t 9 #aeij1 probably ! second half ( x1 8 design ( ev5tually return+ home1 if he ev] ent]ta9$ x1 be+ !n int]rupt$ by a summons to ,crea ne> ,casale1 :]e ,i believe him to h work$ ) a few brief int]ruptions !nce=w>d = little if at all %ort ( half a c5tury1 or until ab\t ! ye> #afdj4 ,i admit1 h[ev]1 t ! evid5ce = assign+ him s long a life re/s solely on ! suppos$ id5tity ( ! figure kn[n z ,il ,vec*ietto1 9 ! ,v>allo ,desc5t f ! ,cross *apel1 ) ! portrait ( ,taba*etti himself 9 ! ,ecce ,homo *apel1 also at ,v>allo4 ,i f9d additional reason = ?9k+ ! *apels owe _! orig9 to ! inundation ( ,septemb] #i1 #aehi1 9 ! fact t ! #h? ( ,septemb] is made a day ( pilgrimage to ! ,saas-,fee *apels ?r\gh\t ! :ole valley ( ,saas4 ,x is true ! #h? ( ,septemb] is ! fe/ival ( ! ,nativity ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 s t "u any circum/ances ?is w\ld be a great day1 b ! fact t n only ! p ( ,saas1 b ! :ole valley d[n to ,visp1 flock to ?is *apel on ! #h? ( ,septemb]1 po9ts to ! belief t "s special act ( grace on ! "p ( ! ,virg9 0 v\*saf$ on ?is day 9 connection ) ?is *apel4 ,a belief t x 0 ow+ to ! int]v5tion ( ,/4 ,m>y ( ,fee t ! inundation 0 n att5d$ ) loss ( life w\ld be v likely to lead to ! f\ndation ( a s]ies ( *apels lead+ up to ! place :]e h] miracul\s picture 0 plac$1 & to ! m special celebration ( h] ,nativity 9 connection ) ?is spot ?r\gh\t ! valley ( ,saas4 ,i h discuss$ ! subject ) ! ,rev4 ,jos4 ,ant4 ,rupp51 & he told me he ?\ght ! fact t ! great fete ( ! ye> 9 connection ) ! ,saas-,fee *apels 0 on ! #h? ( ,septemb] po9t$ r /rongly to ! supposition t !re 0 a connection betwe5 ^! & ! record$ flood ( ,septemb] #i1 #aehi4 ,turn+ to ! individual *apels !y are z foll[s3-- #a4 ,! ,annunciation4 ,! treatm5t "h pres5ts no m analogy to t ( ! same subject at ,v>allo ?an is inevitable 9 ! nature ( ! subject4 ,! ,annunciation figures at ,v>allo h prov$ to be m]e drap$ dummies ) wood5 heads2 ,taba*etti1 ev5 ?\gh he did ! heads1 :i* he v likely did1 w\ld take no int]e/ 9 ! ,v>allo "w ) ! same subject4 ,! ,annunciation1 f its v simplicity z well z f ! transc5d5tal nature ( ! subject1 is s+ul>ly h>d to treat1 & ! "w "h1 :atev] x may once h be51 is n[ no long] rem>kable4 #b4 ,! ,salutation ( ,m>y by ,elizabe?4 ,?is gr\p1 aga91 be>s no analogy to ! ,salutation *apel at ,v>allo1 9 :i* ,taba*etti's %>e 0 s small t x _c be consid]$ z 9 any way 84 ,x is n to be expect$1 !re=e1 t ! ,saas *apel %\ld foll[ ! ,v>allo "o4 ,! figures1 f\r 9 numb]1 are pleas+ & well arrang$4 ,/4 ,joseph1 ,/4 ,elizabe?1 & ,/4 ,za*>ias are all talk+ at once4 ,! ,virg9 is alone sil5t4 #c4 ,! ,nativity is mu* damag$ & h>d to see4 ,! treatm5t be>s no analogy to t adopt$ by ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i at ,v>allo4 ,!re is "o pleas+ "y %eph]d /&+ aga9/ ! wall1 b "s figures h no d\bt 7z 9 o!rs ( ! *apels7 disappe>$1 & ^? t rema9 h be5 s %ift$ f _! orig9al positions t v little idea c be =m$ ( :at ! gr\p 0 l :5 ,taba*etti left x4 #d4 ,! ,purification4 ,i c h>dly say :y ?is *apel %\ld rem9d me1 z x does1 ( ! ,circumcision *apel at ,v>allo1 = !re are m figures "h ?an space at ,v>allo w all[4 ,x _c be pret5d$ t any s+le figure is ( extraord9>y m]it1 b among/ !m !y tell _! /ory ) excell5t effect4 ,two1 ^? ( ,/4 ,joseph & ,/4 ,anna 7871 t d\btless 7 once m important factors 9 ! drama1 are n[ s mu* 9 corn]s ne> ! w9d[ t !y c h>dly be se54 #e4 ,! ,dispute 9 ! ,temple4 ,?is subject is n treat$ at ,v>allo4 ,"h at ,saas !re are only six doctors n[2 :e!r or no !re 7 orig9ally m _c be det]m9$4 #f4 ,! ,agony 9 ! ,g>d54 ,taba*etti _h no *apel ) ?is subject at ,v>allo1 & !re is no resemblance betwe5 ! ,saas *apel & t by ,d',enrico4 ,! figures are no d\bt approximately 9 _! orig9al positions1 b ,i h no confid5ce t ,i h re>rang$ !m correctly4 ,!y 7 9 su* confusion :5 ,i fir/ saw !m t ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,j4 ,selwyn & myself det]m9$ to re>range !m4 ,!y h d\btless be5 %ift$ m ?an once s9ce ,taba*etti left !m4 ,! sleep+ figures are all good4 ,/4 ,james is p]haps a little prosaic4 ,"o ,roman soldi] :o is com+ into ! g>d5 ) a lant]n1 & motion+ sil5ce ) 8 h&1 does duty = ! o!rs t are to foll[ him4 ,i %\ld ?9k m ?an "o ( ^! figures is actually c>v$ 9 wood by ,taba*etti1 all[ance be+ made = ! fact t he 0 work+ 9 a mat]ial ) :i* he 0 n famili>1 & :i* no sculptor ( ! highe/ rank has ev] f\nd cong5ial4 #g4 ,! ,flagellation4 ,taba*etti has a *apel ) ?is subject at ,v>allo1 & ! ,saas gr\p is obvi\sly a desc5t ) modification f 8 "w !re4 ,! figure ( ,*ri/ is s l ! "o at ,v>allo t ,i ?9k x mu/ h be5 c>v$ by ,taba*etti himself4 ,! man ) ! hook$ nose1 :o at ,v>allo is /oop+ to b9d 8 rods1 is "h upright3 x 0 probably ! int5tion to emphasise him 9 ! succe$+ sc5es z well z ?is1 9 ! same way z he has be5 emphasis$ at ,v>allo1 b 8 nose got p>$ d[n 9 ! cutt+ ( lat] sc5es1 & c\ld n easily be add$ to4 ,! man b9d+ ,*ri/ to ! column at ,v>allo is repeat$ 7longo int]vallo7 "h1 & ! :ole "w is "o inspir$ by t at ,v>allo1 ?\gh no s+le figure except t ( ! ,*ri/ is adh]$ to ) any v great clos5ess4 ,i ?9k ! ne>] malefactor1 ) a goitre1 & we>+ a l>ge black hat1 is ei!r an addition ( ! ye> #agji1 or 0 done by ! j\rneyman ( ! local sculptor :o c>v$ ! great] numb] ( ! figures4 ,! man /oop+ d[n to b9d 8 rods c h>dly be by ! same h& z ei!r ( ! two black-hatt$ malefactors1 b x is impossible to speak ) c]ta9ty4 ,! g5]al effect ( ! *apel is excell5t1 if we consid] ! mat]ial 9 :i* x is execut$1 & ! rud5ess ( ! audi5ce to :om x addresses itself4 #h4 ,! ,cr[n+ ) ,?orns4 ,"h aga9 ! inspiration is d]iv$ f ,taba*etti's ,cr[n+ ) ,?orns at ,v>allo4 ,! ,*ri/s 9 ! two *apels are /rik+ly alike1 & ! g5]al effect is t ( a residu>y impression left 9 ! m9d ( "o :o _h kn[n ! ,v>allo ,flagellation exce$+ly well4 #i4 ,/a4 ,v]onica4 ,?is & ! next succe$+ *apels are ! mo/ important ( ! s]ies4 ,taba*etti's ,j\rney to ,calv>y at ,v>allo is aga9 ! s\rce f :i* ! pres5t "w 0 tak51 b1 z ,i h already said1 x has be5 modifi$ 9 reproduction4 ,m\nt ,calv>y is /ill %[n1 z at ,v>allo1 t[>ds ! left-h& corn] ( ! "w1 b at ,saas x is m t[>ds ! middle ?an at ,v>allo1 s t horsem5 & soldi]s may be se5 com+ up beh9d x--a /roke t des]ves ! "n ( g5ius none ! less = ! manife/ imp]fection ) :i* x has be5 c>ri$ into execution4 ,!re are only ?ree horses fully %[n1 & "o p>tly %[n4 ,!y are all ( ! heavy ,flemi% type adopt$ by ,taba*etti at ,v>allo4 ,! man kick+ ! fall5 ,*ri/ & ! goitr$ man 7) ! same tee? miss+71 :o are s conspicu\s 9 ! ,v>allo ,j\rney to ,calv>y1 reappe> "h1 only ! kick+ man has mu* less nose ?an at ,v>allo1 probably because 7z expla9$7 ! nose got :ittl$ away & c\ld n be :ittl$ back aga94 ,i obs]ve t ! k9d ( lapell$ tunic :i* ,taba*etti1 & only ,taba*etti1 adopts at ,v>allo1 is adopt$ = ! c5turion 9 ?is *apel1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! ,saas *apels ?is p>ticul> =m ( tunic is ! mo/ usual = a ,roman soldi]4 ,! "w is /ill a v /rik+ "o1 not)/&+ its translation into wood & ! decay into :i* x has be5 all[$ to fall2 nor c x fail to impress ! visitor :o is famili> ) ?is class ( art z com+ f a man ( extraord9>y dramatic p[] & comm& ov] ! almo/ impossible art ( compos+ _m figures toge!r effectively 9 all-r\nd sculpture4 ,:e!r all ! figures are ev5 n[ z ,taba*etti left !m ,i _c det]m9e1 b ,mr4 ,selwyn has re/or$ ,simon ! ,cyr5ian to ! position 9 :i* he obvi\sly ought to /&1 & betwe5 u we h got ! *apel into some?+ m l ord]4 #aj4 ,! ,crucifixion4 ,?is subject 0 treat$ at ,v>allo n by ,taba*etti b by ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i4 ,x confirms !re=e my op9ion z to ! design] ( ! ,saas *apels to f9d 9 !m no trace ( ! ,v>allo ,crucifixion1 :ile ! k9d ( tunic :i* at ,v>allo is only f\nd 9 *apels :]e9 ,taba*etti work$ aga9 appe>s "h4 ,! "w is 9 a deplorable /ate ( decay4 ,mr4 ,selwyn has greatly improv$ ! arrangem5t ( ! figures1 b ev5 n[ !y are n1 ,i imag9e1 q z ,taba*etti left !m4 ,! figure ( ,*ri/ is greatly bett] 9 te*nical execution ?an t ( ei!r ( ! two ?ieves2 ! folds ( ! drap]y alone w %[ ?is ev5 to an unpractis$ eye4 ,i d n ?9k !re c be a d\bt b t ,taba*etti cut ?is figure himself1 z also ^? ( ! ,magdal5e & ,/4 ,john1 :o /& at ! foot ( ! cross4 ,! ?ieves are co>sely execut$1 ) no v obvi\s di/9ction betwe5 ! p5it5t & ! imp5it5t "o1 except t !re is a fi5d pa9t$ on ! ceil+ ov] ! imp5it5t ?ief4 ,! "o horse introduc$ into ! composition is aga9 ( ! heavy ,flemi% type adopt$ by ,taba*etti at ,v>allo4 ,!re is great diff]5ce 9 ! c>e ) :i* ! folds on ! sev]al drap]ies h be5 cut1 "s be+ /iff & poor en\gh1 :ile o!rs are done v suffici5tly4 ,9 spite ( smallness ( scale1 ignoble mat]ial1 dis>rangem5t & decay1 ! "w is /ill /rik+4 #aa4 ,! ,resurrection4 ,!re be+ no *apel at ,v>allo ) any ( ! rema9+ subjects treat$ at ,saas1 ! sculptor has /ruck out a l9e = himself4 ,! ,*ri/ 9 ! ,resurrection ,*apel is a c>efully modell$ figure1 & if bett] pa9t$ might n be ineffective4 ,?ree soldi]s1 "o sleep+1 alone rema94 ,!re 7 probably o!r figures t h be5 lo/4 ,! sleep+ soldi] is v pleas+4 #ab4 ,! ,asc5sion is n rem>kably int]e/+2 ! ,*ri/ appe>s to be1 b p]haps is n1 a mu* m mod]n figure ?an ! re/4 #ah4 ,! ,desc5t ( ! ,holy ,gho/4 ,"s ( ! figures along ! end wall are v good1 & 71 ,i %\ld imag9e1 cut by ,taba*etti himself4 ,^? aga9/ ! two side walls are n s well cut4 #ad4 ,! ,assumption ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,! two l>ge *]ubs "h are obvi\sly by a lat] h&1 & ! small ones are n good4 ,! figure ( ! ,virg9 h]self is unexceptionable4 ,!re 7 d\btless once o!r figures ( ! ,apo/les :i* h disappe>$2 ( ^! a s+le ,/4 ,pet] 7871 s hidd5 away 9 a corn] ne> ! w9d[ t x c only be se5 ) difficulty1 is ! sole survivor4 #ae4 ,! ,coronation ( ! ,virg9 is ( lat] date1 & has probably sup]s$$ an e>li] "w4 ,x c h>dly be by ! design] ( ! o!r *apels ( ! s]ies4 ,p]haps ,taba*etti _h to leave = ,crea be=e all ! *apels at ,saas 7 f9i%$4 ,la/ly1 we h ! l>g] *apel d$icat$ to ,/4 ,m>y1 :i* cr[ns ! s]ies4 ,"h !re is no?+ ( m ?an common arti/ic int]e/1 unless we except ! /one alt> m5tion$ 9 ,rupp5's *ronicle4 ,?is is ( c\rse classical 9 /yle1 & is1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 v good4 ,once m ,i mu/ caution ! read] aga9/ expect+ to f9d highly-f9i%$ gems ( art 9 ! *apels ,i h be5 describ+4 ,a wood5 figure n m ?an two feet high clogg$ ) _m coats ( pa9t c h>dly claim to be tak5 v s]i\sly1 & ev5 ^? few t 7 cut by ,taba*etti himself 7 n meant to h att5tion conc5trat$ on !mselves alone4 ,z m]e wood-c>v+ ! ,saas-,fee *apels w n /& comp>ison1 = example1 ) ! tripty* ( unkn[n au?or%ip 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,anne at ,gliss1 close to ,brieg4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! "w at ,gliss is wor?y ( ,holbe9 himself3 ,i "k no wood-c>v+ t c s rivet ! att5tion2 moreov] x is col\r$ ) wat]-col\r & n oil1 s t x is t9t$1 n pa9t$2 &1 9 ! second place1 ! ,gliss tripty* belongs to a date 7#aeai7 :5 arti/s held nei!r "t nor impressionism z objects1 & h5ce1 ?\gh greatly bett] ?an ! ,saas-,fee *apels z reg>ds a c]ta9 ,japanese curi\sness ( f9i% & naivete ( lit]al transcription1 x _c ev5 ent] ! li/s ) ! ,saas "w z reg>ds elan & dramatic effectiv5ess4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two classes ( "w is mu* t betwe51 say1 ,john ,van ,eyck or ,meml+ & ,rub5s or ,rembr&t1 or1 aga91 betwe5 ,giovanni ,bell9i & ,t9toretto2 ! aims ( ! "o class ( "w are incompatible ) ^? ( ! o!r4 ,moreov]1 9 ! ,gliss tripty* ! int5tion ( ! design] is c>ri$ out 7:e!r by himself or no7 ) admirable skill2 :]eas at ,saas ! wisdom ( ! workman is r ( ,ob]-,amm]gau ?an ( ! ,egyptians1 & ! voice ( ! poet is n a little dr[n$ 9 t ( 8 m\?piece4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! read] w be> 9 m9d ^! some:at obvi\s consid]ations1 & w also rememb] ! pa!tic circum/ances "u :i* ! *apels 7 design$--= ,taba*etti :5 he rea*$ ,saas 0 no d\bt %att]$ 9 body & m9d by 8 f\r ye>s' imprisonm5t--he w probably be n less attract$ to !m ?an ,i obs]v$ 7 _m ( ! visitors bo? at ,saas-,grund & ,saas-,fee ) :om ,i _h ! pleasure ( exam9+ !m4 ,i w n[ run briefly ?r\gh ! o!r pr9cipal works 9 ! neighb\rhood to :i* ,i ?9k ! read] w\ld be glad to h 8 att5tion direct$4 ,at ,saas-,fee itself ! ma9 alt>-piece is )\t int]e/1 z also "o ) a figure ( ,/4 ,seba/ian4 ,! ,virg9 & ,*ild above ! rema9+ alt> are1 s f> z ,i rememb] !m1 v good1 & greatly sup]ior to ! small] figures ( ! same alt>-piece4 ,at ,almagel1 an h\r's walk or s above ,saas-,grund--a village1 ! "n ( :i*1 l ^? ( ! ,alphubel1 ! ,monte ,moro1 & m ?an "o o!r neighb\r+ site1 is suppos$ to be ( ,s>ac5ic orig9--! ma9 alt>-piece repres5ts a female sa9t ) fold$ arms be+ behead$ by a vigor\s man to ! left4 ,^! two figures are v good4 ,!re are two some:at inf]ior eld]s to ! "r1 & ! composition is cr[n$ by ! ,assumption ( ! ,virg94 ,i l ! "w1 b h no idea :o did x4 ,two bi%ops flank+ ! composition are n s good4 ,!re are two o!r alt>s 9 ! *ur*3 ! "r-h& "o has "s pleas+ figures1 n s ! left-h&4 ,9 ,/4 ,joseph's ,*apel1 on ! mule-road betwe5 ,saas-,grund & ,saas-,fee1 ! ,/4 ,joseph & ! two *ildr5 are r nice4 ,9 ! *ur*es & *apels :i* ,i look$ into betwe5 ,saas & ,/ald51 ,i saw _m florid extravagant alt>-pieces1 b no?+ t impress$ me fav\rably4 ,9 ! p>i% *ur* at ,saas-,grund !re are two alt>-pieces :i* des]ve att5tion4 ,9 ! "o ov] ! ma9 alt> ! arrangem5t ( ! ,la/ ,supp] 9 a deep recess half-way up ! composition is v pleas+ & effective2 9 t above ! "r-h& alt> ( ! two t /& 9 ! body ( ! *ur* !re are a numb] ( r\nd lunettes1 ab\t eight in*es 9 diamet]1 ea* conta9+ a small b spirit$ gr\p ( wood5 figures4 ,i h lo/ my notes on ^! alt>-pieces & c only rememb] t ! ma9 "o has be5 re/or$1 & n[ belongs to two diff]5t dates1 ! e>li] date be+1 ,i %\ld imag9e1 ab\t #afgj4 ,a simil> treatm5t ( ! ,la/ ,supp] may be f\nd ne> ,brieg 9 ! *ur* ( ,nat]s1 & no d\bt ! two alt>-pieces are by ! same man4 ,!re are1 by ! way1 two v ambiti\s alt>s on ei!r side ! ma9 ar* lead+ to ! *ance 9 ! *ur* at ,nat]s1 ( :i* ! "o on ! s\? side conta9s obvi\s rem9isc5ces ( ,gaud5zio ,f]r>i's ,/a4 ,m>ia frescoes at ,v>allo2 b none ( ! f\r alt>-pieces 9 ! two transepts tempt$ me to give !m mu* att5tion4 ,z reg>ds ! small] alt>-piece at ,saas-,grund1 analog\s "w may be f\nd at ,cravagliana1 half-way betwe5 ,v>allo & ,fobello1 b ?is la/ has suff]$ ?r\gh ! invet]ate habit :i* ,italians h ( %[+ _! hatr$ t[>ds ! enemies ( ,*ri/ by mutilat+ ! figures t repres5t !m4 ,:e!r ! ,saas "w is by a ,valsesian arti/ :o came ov] to ,switz]l&1 or :e!r ! ,cravagliana "w is by a ,swiss :o _h come to ,italy1 ,i _c say )\t fur!r consid]ation & clos] exam9ation ?an ,i h be5 able to give4 ,! alt>-pieces ( ,mair5go1 ,*iggiogna1 &1 ,i am told1 ,lav]tezzo1 all 9 ! ,canton ,tic9o1 are by a ,swiss or ,g]man arti/ :o has migrat$ s\?w>d2 b ! rev]se migration 0 equally common4 ,be+ 9 ! neighb\rhood1 & wi%+ to assure myself :e!r ! sculptor ( ! ,saas-,fee *apels _h or _h n come l[] d[n ! valley1 ,i exam9$ e *ur* & village :i* ,i c\ld he> ( z conta9+ any?+ t might ?r[ light on ?is po9t4 ,i 0 ?us l$ to ,visp]tim551 a village "s ?ree h\rs above ei!r ,visp or ,/ald54 ,x /&s v high1 & is an almo/ unt\*$ example ( a m$ieval village4 ,! alt>-piece ( ! ma9 *ur* is ev5 m floridly ambiti\s 9 its abundance ( c>v+ & gild+ ?an ! _m o!r ambiti\s alt>-pieces ) :i* ! ,canton ,valais ab\nds4 ,! ,apo/les are receiv+ ! ,holy ,gho/ on ! fir/ /orey ( ! composition1 & !y c]ta9ly are receiv+ x ) an ov]joy$ alacrity & hil>i\s ec/asy ( allegria spirituale :i* x w\ld n be easy to surpass4 ,above ! village1 rea*+ almo/ to ! limits beyond :i* !re is no cultivation1 !re /&s a s]ies ( *apels l ^? ,i h be5 describ+ at ,saas-,fee1 only mu* l>g] & m ambiti\s4 ,!y are twelve 9 numb]1 includ+ ! *ur* t cr[ns ! s]ies4 ,! figures !y conta9 are ( wood 7s ,i 0 assur$1 b ,i did n g inside ! *apels73 !y are life-size1 & 9 "s *apels !re are z _m z a doz5 figures4 ,i %\ld ?9k !y belong$ to ! lat] half ( ! la/ c5tury1 & "h1 "o w\ld say1 sculpture t\*es ! gr\nd2 at lea/1 x is n easy to see h[ *eap exagg]ation c s9k an art m deeply4 ,! only ?+s t at all pleas$ me 7 a smil+ donkey & an ec/atic c[ 9 ! ,nativity *apel4 ,^? :o are n allur$ by ! prospect ( see+ p]haps ! v wor/ t c be done 9 its own l9e1 ne$ n be at ! pa9s ( climb+ up to ,visp]tim554 ,^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o may f9d ?is suffici5t inducem5t w n be disappo9t$1 & !y w enjoy magnific5t views ( ! ,weis%orn & ! m\nta9s ne> ! ,dom4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! tripty* at ,gliss4 ,?is is figur$ 9 ,wolf's "w on ,*amonix & ! ,canton ,valais1 b a l>g] & cle>] reproduction ( su* an extraord9>y "w is greatly to be desir$4 ,! small wood5 /atues above ! tripty*1 z also ^? above its mod]n companion 9 ! s\? transept1 are n less admirable ?an ! tripty* itself4 ,i "k ( no o!r l "w 9 wood1 & h no clue :atev] z to :o ! au?or c h be5 beyond ! fact t ! "w is purely ,g]man & em95tly ,holbe9esque 9 "*4 ,i 0 told ( "s *apels at ,r>ogne1 five or six miles l[] d[n ! valley ?an ,visp4 ,i exam9$ !m1 & f\nd !y _h be5 /ripp$ ( _! figures4 ,! few t rema9$ satisfi$ me t we h _h no loss4 ,above ,brieg !re are two o!r l s]ies ( *apels4 ,i exam9$ ! high] & m promis+ ( ! two1 b f\nd n "o s+le figure left4 ,i 0 told by my driv] t ! o!r s]ies1 close to ! ,pont ,napoleon on ! ,simplon road1 _h be5 also /ripp$ ( its figures1 &1 !re be+ a heavy /orm at ! "t1 h tak5 8 ^w = x t ?is 0 s4 ,,?\ght ,,& ,,language #af ,?ree well-kn[n writ]s1 ,pr(essor ,max ,mull]1 ,pr(essor ,miv>t1 & ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace h lately ma9ta9$ t ?\gh ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification acc\nts = ! developm5t ( all vegetable life1 & ( all animals l[] ?an man1 yet t man _c--n at lea/ 9 respect ( ! :ole ( 8 nature--be held to h desc5d$ f any animal l[] ?an himself1 inasmu* z none l[] ?an man possesses ev5 ! g]ms ( language4 ,reason1 x is cont5d$--m especially by ,pr(essor ,max ,mull] 9 8 ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 to :i* ,i propose conf9+ our att5tion ?is ev5+--is s insep>ably connect$ ) language1 t ! two are 9 po9t ( fact id5tical2 h5ce x is argu$ t1 z ! l[] animals h no g]ms ( language1 !y c h no g]ms ( reason1 & ! inf]5ce is drawn t man _c be conceiv$ z hav+ d]iv$ 8 own reason+ p[]s & comm& ( language ?r\gh desc5t f be+s 9 :i* no g]m ( ei!r c be f\nd4 ,! relations !re=e betwe5 ?\ght & language1 int]e/+ 9 !mselves1 acquire additional importance f ! fact ( _! hav+ become ! battle-gr\nd betwe5 ^? :o say t ! !ory ( desc5t breaks d[n ) man1 & ^? :o ma9ta9 t we are desc5d$ f "s ape-l ance/or long s9ce ext9ct4 ,! cont5tion ( ^? :o refuse to admit man unres]v$ly into ! s*eme ( evolution is comp>atively rec5t4 ,! great prop\nd]s ( evolution1 ,buffon1 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck--n to m5tion a score ( o!rs :o wrote at ! close ( ! la/ & e>ly "p ( ?is pres5t c5tury--_h no qualms ab\t admitt+ man into _! sy/em4 ,!y h be5 foll[$ 9 ?is respect by ! late ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w91 & by ! greatly m influ5tial "p ( our mod]n biologi/s1 :o hold t :atev] loss ( dignity we may incur ?r\gh be+ prov$ to be ( humble orig91 is comp5sat$ by ! cr$it we may claim = hav+ advanc$ ourselves to su* a high pit* ( civilisation2 ?is bids u expect /ill fur!r progress1 & glorifies our desc5dants m ?an x abases our ance/ors4 ,b to :i*ev] view we may incl9e on s5tim5tal gr\nds ! fact rema9s t1 :ile ,*>les ,d>w9 decl>$ language to =m no impassable b>ri] betwe5 man & ! l[] animals1 ,pr(essor ,max ,mull] calls x ! ,rubicon :i* no brute d>e cross1 & d$uces h5ce ! conclusion t man _c h desc5d$ f an unkn[n b c]ta9ly spee*less ape4 ,x may p]haps be expect$ t ,i %\ld beg9 a lecture on ! relations betwe5 ?\ght & language ) "s def9ition ( bo? ^! ?+s2 b ?\ght1 z ,sir ,william ,grove said ( motion1 is a ph5om5on s obvi\s to simple appreh5sion1 t to def9e x w\ld make x m obscure4 #ag ,def9itions are useful :]e ?+s are new to u1 b !y are sup]flu\s ab\t ^? t are already famili>1 & mis*iev\s1 s f> z !y are possible at all1 9 respect ( all ^? ?+s t ent] s pr(\ndly & intimately into our be+ t 9 !m we mu/ ei!r live or be> no life4 ,to vivisect ! m vital processes ( ?\ght is to susp5d1 if n to de/roy !m2 = ?\ght c ?9k ab\t ev]y?+ m heal?ily & easily ?an ab\t itself4 ,x is l its in/rum5t ! bra91 :i* kn[s no?+ ( any injuries inflict$ ^u itself4 ,z reg>ds :at is new to u1 a def9ition w sometimes dilute a difficulty1 & help u to swall[ t :i* might *oke u undilut$2 b to def9e :5 we h once well swall[$ is to unsettle1 r ?an settle1 our dige/ion4 ,def9itions1 aga91 are l /eps cut 9 a /eep slope ( ice1 or %ells ?r[n on to a greasy pavem5t2 !y give u foo?old1 & enable u to advance1 b :5 we are at our j\rney's end we want !m no long]4 ,aga91 !y are useful z m5tal fluxes1 & z help+ u to fuse new ideas ) our old] ones4 ,!y pres5t u ) "s tags & ends ( ideas t we h already ma/]$1 on to :i* we c hit* our new ones2 b to multiply !m 9 respect ( su* a matt] z ?\ght1 is l scrat*+ ! bite ( a gnat2 ! m we scrat* ! m we want to scrat*2 ! m we def9e ! m we %all h to g on def9+ ! words we h us$ 9 our def9itions1 & %all end by sett+ up a s]i\s m5tal raw 9 ! place ( a small uneas9ess t 0 aft] all q endurable4 ,we "k too well :at ?\ght is1 to be able to "k t we "k x1 & ,i am p]suad$ !re is no "o 9 ?is room b und]/&s :at is meant by ?\ght & ?9k+ well en\gh = all ! purposes ( ?is discussion4 ,:oev] does n "k ?is )\t words w n le>n x = all ! words & def9itions t are laid be=e him4 ,! m1 inde$1 he he>s1 ! m confus$ he w become4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 m]ely premise t ,i use ! ^w ?\ght 9 ! same s5se z t 9 :i* x is g5]ally us$ by p :o say t !y ?9k ?is or t4 ,at any rate1 x w be en\gh if ,i take ,pr(essor ,max ,mull]'s own def9ition1 & say t its ess5ce consi/s 9 a br++ toge!r ( m5tal images & ideas ) d$uctions !refrom1 & ) a correspond+ p[] ( deta*+ !m f "o ano!r4 ,hobbes1 ! ,pr(essor tells u1 ma9ta9$ ?is long ago1 :5 he said t all our ?9k+ consi/s ( addition & subtraction--t is to say1 9 br++ ideas toge!r1 & 9 deta*+ !m f "o ano!r4 ,turn+ f ?\ght to language1 we obs]ve t ! ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,fr5* langue1 or tongue4 ,/rictly1 !re=e1 x means tonguage4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 takes acc\nt ( b a v small "p ( ! ideas t und]lie ! ^w4 ,x does1 inde$1 seize a famili> & important detail ( ev]yday spee*1 ?\gh x may be d\bt$ :e!r ! tongue has m to d ) speak+ ?an lips1 tee? & ?roat h1 b x makes no attempt at grasp+ & express+ ! ess5tial *>act]i/ic ( spee*4 ,any?+ done ) ! tongue1 ev5 ?\gh x involve no speak+ at all1 is tonguage2 eat+ oranges is z mu* tonguage z spee* is4 ,! ^w1 !re=e1 ?\gh x tells u 9 "p h[ spee* is effect$1 reveals no?+ ( t ult]ior mean+ :i* is nev]!less insep>able f any "r use ( ! words ei!r spee* or language4 ,x pres5ts u ) :at is inde$ a v frequ5t adjunct ( conv]sation1 b ! use ( writt5 *>act]s1 or ! f+]- spee* ( deaf mutes1 is en\gh to %[ t ! ^w language omits all ref]5ce to ! mo/ ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( ! idea1 :i* 9 practice x nev]!less v suffici5tly pres5ts to u4 ,i hope pres5tly to make x cle> to y h[ & :y x %\ld d s4 ,! ^w is incomplete 9 ! fir/ place1 because x omits all ref]5ce to ! ideas :i* words1 spee* or language are int5d$ to convey1 & !re c be no true ^w )\t its actually or pot5tially convey+ an idea4 ,secondly1 x makes no allusion to ! p]son or p]sons to :om ! ideas are to be convey$4 ,language is n language unless x n only expresses fairly def9ite & coh]5t ideas1 b unless x also conveys ^! ideas to "s o!r liv+ intellig5t be+1 ei!r man or brute1 t c und]/& !m4 ,we may speak to a dog or horse1 b n to a /one4 ,if we make pret5ce ( do+ s we are 9 reality only talk+ to ourselves4 ,! p]son or animal spok5 to is half ! battle--a half1 moreov]1 :i* is ess5tial to !re be+ any battle at all4 ,x takes two p to say a ?+--a sayee z well z a say]4 ,! "o is z ess5tial to any true say+ z ! o!r4 ,a4 may h spok51 b if ,b4 has n he>d1 !re has be5 no?+ said1 & he mu/ speak aga94 ,true1 ! belief on ,a4's "p t he _h a bona fide sayee 9 ,b41 saves 8 spee* qua him1 b x has be5 b>r5 & left no f]tile issue4 ,x has fail$ to fulfil ! conditions ( true spee*1 :i* involve n only t ,a4 %\ld speak1 b also t ,b4 %\ld he>4 ,true1 aga91 we (t5 speak ( loose1 incoh]5t1 indef9ite language2 b by do+ s we imply1 & rightly1 t we are call+ t language :i* is n true language at all4 ,p1 aga91 sometimes talk to !mselves )\t int5d+ t any o!r p]son %\ld he> !m1 b ?is is n well done1 & does h>m to ^? :o practise x4 ,x is abnormal1 :]eas our conc]n is ) normal & ess5tial *>act]i/ics2 we may1 !re=e1 neglect bo? deliri\s babbl+s1 & ! cases 9 :i* a p]son is reg>d+ him or h]self1 z x 71 f outside1 & treat+ himself z ?\gh he 7 "s "o else4 ,inquir+1 !n1 :at are ! ess5tials1 ! pres5ce ( :i* con/itutes language1 :ile _! abs5ce negatives x altoge!r1 we f9d t ,pr(essor ,max ,mull] re/ricts !m to ! use ( grammatical articulate words t we c write or speak1 & d5ies t any?+ c be call$ language unless x c be writt5 or spok5 9 articulate words & s5t5ces4 ,he also d5ies t we c ?9k at all unless we d s 9 words2 t is to say1 9 s5t5ces ) v]bs & n\ns4 ,inde$ he goes s f> z to say ^u 8 title-page t !re c be no reason--:i* ,i imag9e comes to mu* ! same ?+ z ?\ght--)\t language1 & no language )\t reason4 ,aga9/ ! ass]tion t !re c be no true language )\t reason ,i h no?+ to say4 ,b :5 ! ,pr(essor says t !re c be no reason1 or ?\ght1 )\t language1 8 oppon5ts cont5d1 z x seems to me1 ) great] =ce1 t ?\ght1 ?\gh inf9itely aid$1 ext5d$ & r5d]$ def9ite ?r\gh ! inv5tion ( words1 nev]!less exi/$ s fully z to des]ve no o!r "n ?\s&s1 if n millions ( ye>s be=e words _h ent]$ into x at all4 ,words1 !y say1 are a comp>atively rec5t inv5tion1 = ! full] expression ( some?+ t 0 already 9 exi/5ce4 ,*ildr51 !y urge1 are (t5 evid5tly ?9k+ & reason+1 ?\gh !y c nei!r ?9k nor speak 9 words4 ,if y ask me to def9e reason1 ,i answ] z be=e t ?is c no m be done ?an ?\ght1 tru? or motion c be def9$4 ,:o has answ]$ ! "q1 ,:at is tru?8 ,man _c see ,god & live4 ,we _c g s f> back ^u ourselves z to und]m9e our own f\ndations2 if we try to d we topple ov]1 & lose t v reason ab\t :i* we va9ly try to reason4 ,if we let ! f\ndations be1 we "k well en\gh t !y are !re1 & we c build ^u !m 9 all security4 ,we _c1 !n1 def9e reason nor crib1 cab9 & conf9e x )9 a ?us-f>-%alt-?\-g-&-no- fur!r4 ,:o c def9e heat or cold1 or night or day8 ,yet1 s long z we hold fa/ by curr5t cons5t1 our *ances ( error = want ( bett] def9ition are s small t no s5sible p]son w consid] !m4 ,9 l mann]1 if we hold by curr5t cons5t or common s5se1 :i* is ! same ?+1 ab\t reason1 we %all n f9d ! want ( an academic def9ition h9d] u f a reasonable conclusion4 ,:at nurse or "m w d\bt t h] infant *ild c reason )9 ! limits ( its own exp]i5ce1 long be=e x c =mulate its reason 9 articulately word$ ?\ght8 ,if ! developm5t ( any giv5 animal is1 z our oppon5ts !mselves admit1 an epitome ( ! hi/ory ( its :ole ant]ior developm5t1 surely ! fact t spee* is an accompli%m5t acquir$ aft] bir? s artificially t *ildr5 :o h gone wild 9 ! woods lose x if !y h ev] le>n$ x1 po9ts to ! conclusion t man's ance/ors only le>n$ to express !mselves 9 articulate language at a comp>atively rec5t p]iod4 ,grant$ t !y le>n to ?9k & reason cont9ually ! m & m fully = hav+ done s1 w common s5se p]mit u to suppose t !y c\ld nei!r ?9k nor reason at all till !y c\ld convey _! ideas 9 words8 ,i w return lat] to ! reason ( ! l[] animals1 b w n[ deal ) ! "q :at x is t con/itutes language 9 ! mo/ compreh5sive s5se t c be prop]ly atta*$ to x4 ,i h said already t language to be language at all mu/ n only convey fairly def9ite coh]5t ideas1 b mu/ also convey !m to ano!r liv+ be+4 ,:5ev] two liv+ be+s h convey$ & receiv$ ideas1 !re has be5 language1 :e!r looks or ge/ures or words spok5 or writt5 h be5 ! vehicle by means ( :i* ! ideas h travell$4 ,"s ideas crawl1 "s run1 "s fly2 & 9 ?is case words are ! w+s !y fly )1 b !y are only ! w+s ( ?\ght or ( ideas1 !y are n ! ?\ght or ideas !mselves1 nor yet1 z ,pr(essor ,max ,mull] w\ld h x1 insep>ably connect$ ) !m4 ,la/ summ] ,i 0 at an inn 9 ,sicily1 :]e !re 0 a deaf & dumb wait]2 he _h be5 born s1 & c\ld nei!r write nor read4 ,:at _h he to d ) words or words ) him8 ,are we to say1 !n1 t ?is mo/ active1 amiable & intellig5t fell[ c\ld nei!r ?9k nor reason8 ,"o day ,i _h _h my d9n] & _h left ! hotel4 ,a fri5d came 91 & ! wait] saw him look = me 9 ! place ,i g5]ally occupi$4 ,he in/antly came up to my fri5d1 & mov$ 8 two =ef+]s 9 a way t sugge/$ two p go+ ab\t toge!r1 ?is meant y\r fri5d2 he !n mov$ 8 =ef+]s horizontally across 8 eyes1 ?is meant1 :o we>s divid$ spectacles2 he made two fi]ce m>ks ov] ! sockets ( 8 eyes1 ?is meant1 ) ! heavy eyebr[s2 he pull$ 8 *91 & !n t\*$ 8 :ite %irt1 to say t my be>d 0 :ite4 ,hav+ ?us id5tifi$ me z a fri5d ( ! p]son he 0 speak+ to1 & z hav+ a :ite be>d1 heavy eyebr[s1 & we>+ divid$ spectacles1 he made a mun*+ movem5t ) 8 jaws to say t ,i _h _h my d9n]2 & f9ally1 by mak+ two f+]s imitate walk+ on ! table1 he expla9$ t ,i _h gone away4 ,my fri5d1 h[ev]1 want$ to "k h[ long ,i _h be5 gone1 s he pull$ out 8 wat* & look$ inquir+ly4 ,! man at once slapp$ himself on ! back1 & held up ! five f+]s ( "o h&1 to say x 0 five m9utes ago4 ,all ?is 0 done z rapidly z ?\gh x _h be5 said 9 words2 & my fri5d1 :o knew ! man well1 und]/ood )\t a mom5t's hesitation4 ,are we to say t ?is man _h no ?\ght1 nor reason1 nor language1 m]ely because he _h n a s+le ^w ( any k9d 9 8 head1 :i* ,i am assur$ he _h n2 =1 z ,i h said1 he c\ld n speak ) 8 f+]s8 ,is x possible to d5y t a dialogue--an intellig5t conv]sation--_h pass$ betwe5 ! two m58 ,& if conv]sation1 !n surely x is te*nical & p$antic to d5y t all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( language 7 pres5t4 ,! signs & tok5s us$ by ?is poor fell[ 7 z rude an in/rum5t ( expression1 9 comp>ison ) ord9>y language1 z go+ on "o's h&s & knees is 9 comp>ison ) walk+1 or z walk+ comp>$ ) go+ by tra92 b x is z great an abuse ( words to limit ! ^w language to m]e words writt5 or spok51 z x w\ld be to limit ! idea ( a locomotive to a railway eng9e4 ,?is may inde$ pass 9 ord9>y conv]sation1 :]e s mu* mu/ be suppress$ if talk is to be got ?r\gh at all1 b x is intol]able :5 we are inquir+ ab\t ! relations betwe5 ?\ght & words4 ,to d s is to let words become z x 7 ! ma/]s ( ?\ght1 on ! gr\nd t ! fact ( _! be+ only its s]vants & app5dages is s obvi\s t x is g5]ally all[$ to g )\t say+4 ,if all t ,pr(essor ,max ,mull] means to say is1 t no animal b man comm&s an articulate language1 ) v]bs & n\ns1 or is ev] likely to comm& "o 7& ,i "q :e!r 9 reality he means mu* m ?an ?is71 no "o w diff] f him4 ,no dog or elephant has "o ^w = bread1 ano!r = meat1 & ano!r = wat]4 ,yet1 :5 we wat* a cat or dog dream+1 z !y (t5 evid5tly d1 c we d\bt t ! dream is accompani$ by a m5tal image ( ! ?+ t is dream$ (1 mu* l :at we exp]i5ce 9 dreams ourselves1 & mu* d\btless l ! m5tal images :i* mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh ! m9d ( my deaf & dumb wait]8 ,if !y h m5tal images 9 sleep1 c we d\bt t wak+1 also1 !y picture ?+s be=e _! m9d's eyes1 & see !m mu* z we d--too vaguely inde$ to admit ( our ?9k+ t we actually see ! objects !mselves1 b def9itely en\gh = u to be able to recognise ! idea or object ( :i* we are ?9k+1 & to connect x ) any o!r idea1 object1 or sign t we may ?9k appropriate8 ,"h we h t\*$ on ! second ess5tial elem5t ( language4 ,we laid x d[n1 t its ess5ce lay 9 ! communication ( an idea f "o intellig5t be+ to ano!r2 b no ideas c be communicat$ at all except by ! aid ( conv5tions to :i* bo? p>ties h agre$ to atta* an id5tical mean+4 ,! agreem5t may be v in=mal1 & may pass s unconsci\sly f "o g5]ation to ano!r t its exi/5ce c only be recognis$ by ! aid ( mu* introspection1 b x w be always !re4 ,a say]1 a sayee1 & a conv5tion1 no matt] :at1 agre$ ^u betwe5 !m z insep>ably atta*$ to ! idea :i* x is int5d$ to convey--^! comprise all ! ess5tials ( language4 ,:]e ^! are pres5t !re is language2 :]e any ( !m are want+ !re is no language4 ,x is n necess>y = ! sayee to be able to speak & become a say]4 ,if he compreh5ds ! say]--t is to say1 if he atta*es ! same mean+ to a c]ta9 symbol z ! say] does--if he is a p>ty to ! b>ga9 :]eby x is agre$ ^u by bo? t any giv5 symbol %all be atta*$ inv>iably to a c]ta9 idea1 s t 9 virtue ( ! pr9ciple ( associat$ ideas ! symbol %all nev] be pres5t )\t imm$iately c>ry+ ! idea along ) x1 !n all ! ess5tials ( language are compli$ )1 & !re has be5 true spee* ?\gh nev] a ^w 0 spok54 ,! l[] animals1 !re=e1 _m ( !m1 possess a "p ( our own language1 ?\gh !y _c speak x1 & h5ce d n possess x s fully z we d4 ,!y _c say bread1 meat1 or wat]1 b !re are _m t readily le>n :at ideas !y ought to atta* to ^! symbols :5 !y are pres5t$ to !m4 ,x is idle to say t a cat does n "k :at ! cat's-meat man means :5 he says meat4 ,! cat kn[s j z well1 nei!r bett] nor worse ?an ! cat's-meat man does1 & a great deal bett] ?an ,i myself und]/& mu* t is said by "s v clev] p at ,ox=d or ,cambridge4 ,!re is m true employm5t ( language1 m bona fide curr5cy ( spee*1 betwe5 a say] & a sayee :o und]/& ea* o!r1 ?\gh nei!r ( !m c speak a ^w1 ?an betwe5 a say] :o c speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & ( angels )\t be+ cle> ab\t 8 own mean+1 & a sayee :o c himself utt] ! same words1 b :o is only 9 imp]fect agreem5t ) ! say] z to ! ideas :i* ! words or symbols t he utt]s are int5d$ to convey4 ,! nature ( ! symbols c\nts = no?+2 ! gi/ ( ! matt] is 9 ! p]fect h>mony betwe5 say] & sayee z to ! significance t is to be associat$ ) !m4 ,pr(essor ,max ,mull] admits t we %>e ) ! l[] animals :at he calls an emotional language1 & cont9ues t we may call _! int]jections & imitations language if we l1 z we speak ( ! language ( ! eyes or ! eloqu5ce ( mute nature1 b he w>ns u aga9/ mi/ak+ metaphor = fact4 ,x is inde$ m]e metaphor to talk ( ! eloqu5ce ( mute nature1 or ! language ( w9ds & waves4 ,!re is no int]communion ( m9d ) m9d by means ( a cov5ant$ symbol2 b x is only an app>5t1 n a real1 metaphor to say t two pairs ( eyes h spok5 :5 !y h signall$ to "o ano!r some?+ :i* !y bo? und]/&4 ,a s*oolboy at home = ! holidays wants ano!r plate ( pudd+1 & does n l to apply (ficially = m4 ,he cat*es ! s]vant's eye & looks at ! pudd+2 ! s]vant und]/&s1 takes 8 plate )\t a ^w1 & gets him "s4 ,is x metaphor to say t ! boy ask$ ! s]vant to d ?is1 or is x n r p$antry to insi/ on ! lett] ( a bond & d5y its _s1 by d5y+ t language pass$1 on ! gr\nd t ! symbols cov5ant$ ^u & ass5t$ to by bo? 7 utt]$ & receiv$ by eyes & n by m\? & e>s8 ,:5 ! lady drank to ! g5tleman only ) h] eyes1 & he pl$g$ ) 81 0 !re no conv]sation because !re 0 nei!r n\n nor v]b8 ,eyes are v]bs1 & glasses ( w9e are good n\ns en\gh z betwe5 ^? :o und]/& "o ano!r4 ,:e!r ! ideas und]ly+ !m are express$ & convey$ by eyeage or by tonguage is a detail t matt]s no?+4 ,b ev]y?+ we say is metaphorical if we *oose to be capti\s4 ,scrat* ! simple/ expressions1 & y w f9d ! metaphor4 ,writt5 words are h&age1 inkage & pap]age2 x is only by metaphor1 or sub/itution & transposition ( ideas1 t we c call !m language4 ,!y are inde$ pot5tial language1 & ! symbols employ$ presuppose n\ns1 v]bs1 & ! o!r p>ts ( spee*2 b = ! mo/ "p x is 9 :at we read betwe5 ! l9es t ! pr(\nd] mean+ ( any lett] is convey$4 ,!re are words unwritt5 & untranslatable into any n\ns t are nev]!less felt z above1 ab\t & und]nea? ! gross mat]ial symbols t lie scrawl$ ^u ! pap]2 & ! deep] ! feel+ ) :i* any?+ is writt5 ! m pregnant w x be ( mean+ :i* c be convey$ securely en\gh1 b :i* loses r ?an ga9s if x is squeez$ into a s5t5ce1 & limit$ by ! p>ts ( spee*4 ,! language is n 9 ! words b 9 ! he>t-to-he>tness ( ! ?+1 :i* is help$ by words1 b is ne>] & f>!r ?an !y4 ,a correspond5t wrote to me once1 _m ye>s ago1 ,if ,i c\ld ?9k to y )\t words y w\ld und]/& me bett]4 ,b surely 9 ?is he 0 ?9k+ to me1 & )\t words1 & ,i did und]/& him bett] 4 4 4 ,s x is n by ! words t ,i am too presumptu\sly v5tur+ to speak to-night t y\r op9ions w be =m$ or modifi$4 ,!y w be =m$ or modifi$1 if ei!r1 by some?+ t y w feel1 b :i* ,i h n spok51 to ! full z mu* z by any?+ t ,i h actually utt]$4 ,y may say t ?is bord]s on my/icism4 ,p]haps x does1 b _! really is "s my/icism 9 nature4 ,to return1 h[ev]1 to t]ra firma4 ,i believe ,i am "r 9 say+ t ! ess5ce ( language lies 9 ! int5tional conveyance ( ideas f "o liv+ be+ to ano!r ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( arbitr>y tok5s or symbols agre$ ^u1 & und]/ood by bo? z be+ associat$ ) ! p>ticul> ideas 9 "q4 ,! nature ( ! symbol *os5 is a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 x may be any?+ t appeals to human s5ses1 & is n too hot or too heavy2 ! ess5ce ( ! matt] lies 9 a mutual cov5ant t :atev] x is x %all /& inv>iably = ! same ?+1 or ne>ly s4 ,we %all see ?is m easily if we obs]ve ! diff]5ces betwe5 writt5 & spok5 language4 ,! writt5 ^w /one1 & ! spok5 ^w1 are ea* ( !m symbols arriv$ at 9 ! fir/ in/ance arbitr>ily4 ,!y are nei!r ( !m m l ! o!r ?an !y are to ! idea ( a /one :i* rises be=e our m9ds1 :5 we ei!r see or he> ! ^w1 or ?an ?is idea aga9 is l ! actual /one itself1 b nev]!less ! spok5 symbol & ! writt5 "o ea* alike convey ) c]ta9ty ! comb9ation ( ideas to :i* we h agre$ to atta* !m4 ,! writt5 symbol is =m$ ) ! h&1 appeals to ! eye1 leaves a mat]ial trace z long z pap] & ink la/1 c travel z f> z pap] & ink c travel1 & c be impr9t$ on eye aft] eye practically ad inf9itum bo? z reg>ds "t & space4 ,! spok5 symbol is =m$ by means ( v>i\s organs 9 or ab\t ! m\?1 appeals to ! e>1 n ! eye1 p]i%es in/antly )\t mat]ial trace1 & if x lives at all does s only 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :o he>d x4 ,! range ( its action is no wid] ?an t )9 :i* a voice c be he>d2 & e "t a fre% impression is want$ ! type mu/ be set up anew4 ,! writt5 symbol ext5ds inf9itely1 z reg>ds "t & space1 ! range )9 :i* "o m9d c communicate ) ano!r2 x gives ! writ]'s m9d a life limit$ by ! duration ( ink1 pap]1 & read]s1 z aga9/ t ( 8 fle% & blood body4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x takes long] to le>n ! rules s z to be able to apply !m ) ease & security1 & ev5 !n !y _c be appli$ s quickly & easily z ^? atta*+ to spok5 symbols4 ,moreov]1 ! spok5 symbol admits ( a hundr$ quick & subtle adjuncts by way ( action1 tone & expression1 s t no "o w use writt5 symbols unless ei!r = ! special advantages ( p]man5ce & travell+ p[]1 or because he is incapacitat$ f us+ spok5 ones4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is h>dly to ! po9t2 ! po9t is t ^! two conv5tional comb9ations ( symbols1 t are z unlike "o ano!r z ! ,hallelujah ,*orus is to ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 are ! "o z mu* language z ! o!r2 & we !re=e inquire :at ?is v pat5t fact reveals to u ab\t ! m ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( language itself4 ,:at is ! common bond t unites ^! two classes ( symbols t seem at fir/ sight to h no?+ 9 common1 & makes ! "o raise ! idea ( language 9 our m9ds z readily z ! o!r8 ,! bond lies 9 ! fact t bo? are a set ( conv5tional tok5s or symbols1 agre$ ^u betwe5 ! p>ties to :om !y appeal z be+ atta*$ inv>iably to ! same ideas1 & because !y are be+ made z a means ( communion betwe5 "o m9d & ano!r1--= a memor&um made = a p]son's own lat] use is no?+ b a communication f an e>li] m9d to a lat] & modifi$ "o2 x is !re=e 9 reality a communication f "o m9d to ano!r z mu* z ?\gh x _h be5 address$ to ano!r p]son4 ,we see1 !re=e1 t ! nature ( ! outw>d & visible sign to :i* ! inw>d & spiritual idea ( language is atta*$ does n matt]4 ,x may be ! fir+ ( a gun2 x may be an old semaphore telegraph2 x may be ! movem5ts ( a ne$le2 a look1 a ge/ure1 ! break+ ( a twig by an ,indian to tell "s "o t he has pass$ t way3 a twig brok5 design$ly ) ?is end 9 view is a lett] address$ to :omsoev] x may conc]n1 z mu* z ?\gh x _h be5 writt5 out 9 full on b>k or pap]4 ,x does n matt] "o /raw :at x is1 provid$ x is agre$ ^u 9 conc]t1 & /uck to4 ,j z ! l[e/ =ms ( life nev]!less pres5t u ) all ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( liv+ness1 & are z mu* alive 9 _! own humble way z ! mo/ highly develop$ organisms1 s ! rude/ int5tional & effectual communication betwe5 two m9ds ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( a conc]t$ symbol is z mu* language z ! mo/ f9i%$ oratory ( ,mr4 ,glad/one4 ,i demur !re=e to ! ass]tion t ! l[] animals h no language1 inasmu* z !y _c !mselves articulate a grammatical s5t5ce4 ,i d n inde$ pret5d t :5 ! cat calls ^u ! tiles x uses :at x consci\sly & introspectively recognises z language2 x says :at x has to say )\t introspection1 & 9 ! ord9>y c\rse ( bus9ess1 z "o ( ! common =ms ( c\rt%ip4 ,x no m kn[s t x has be5 us+ language ?an ,m4 ,j\rda9 knew he _h be5 speak+ prose1 b ,m4 ,j\rda9's kn[+ or n kn[+ 0 nei!r "h nor !re4 ,any?+ :i* c be made to hit* on inv>iably to a def9ite idea t c c>ry "s di/ance--say an in* at ! lea/1 & :i* c be repeat$ at pleasure1 c be press$ into ! s]vice ( language4 ,mrs4 ,b5tley1 wife ( ! fam\s ,dr4 ,b5tley ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 us$ to s5d h] snuff-box to ! college butt]y :5 %e want$ be]1 in/ead ( a writt5 ord]4 ,if ! snuff-box came ! be] 0 s5t1 b if !re 0 no snuff-box !re 0 no be]4 ,:]e9 did ! snuff-box diff] m f a writt5 ord]1 ?an a writt5 ord] diff]s f a spok5 "o8 ,! snuff-box 0 = ! "t be+ language4 ,x s\nds /range to say t "o might take a p9* ( snuff out ( a s5t5ce1 b if ! s]vant _h help$ him or h]self to a p9* :ile c>ry+ x to ! butt]y ?is is :at w\ld h be5 done2 = if a snuff-box c say ,s5d me a qu>t ( be]1 s effici5tly t ! be] is s5t1 x is impossible to say t x is n a bona fide s5t5ce4 ,z = ! recipi5t ( ! message1 ! butl] did n probably translate ! snuff- box into articulate n\ns & v]bs2 z soon z he saw x he j w5t d[n into ! cell> & drew ! be]1 & if he ?\ght at all1 x 0 probably ab\t some?+ else4 ,yet he mu/ h be5 ?9k+ )\t words1 or he w\ld h drawn too mu* be] or too little1 or h spilt x 9 ! br++ x up1 & we may be sure t he did none ( ^! ?+s4 ,y w1 ( c\rse1 obs]ve t if ,mrs4 ,b5tley _h s5t ! snuff-box to ! butt]y ( ,/4 ,john's ,college in/ead ( ,tr9ity1 x w\ld n h be5 language1 = !re w\ld h be5 no cov5ant betwe5 say] & sayee z to :at ! symbol %\ld repres5t1 !re w\ld h be5 no previ\sly e/abli%$ association ( ideas 9 ! m9d ( ! butl] ( ,/4 ,john's betwe5 be] & snuff-box2 ! connection 0 artificial1 arbitr>y1 & by no means "o ( ^? 9 respect ( :i* an impromptu b>ga9 might be propos$ by ! v symbol itself1 & ass5t$ to )\t previ\s =mality by ! p]son to :om x 0 pres5t$4 ,m briefly1 ! butl] ( ,/4 ,john's w\ld n h be5 able to und]/& & read x aright4 ,x w\ld h be5 a dead lett] to him--a snuff-box & n a lett]2 :]eas to ! butl] ( ,tr9ity x 0 a lett] & n a snuff-box4 ,y w also note t x 0 only at ! mom5t :5 he 0 look+ at x & accept+ x z a message t x fla%$ =? f snuff-box- hood into ! light & life ( liv+ utt]ance4 ,z soon z x _h k9dl$ ! butl] into s5d+ a s+le qu>t ( be]1 its =ce 0 sp5t until ,mrs4 ,b5tley ?rew h] s\l into x aga9 & *>g$ x anew by want+ m be]1 & s5d+ x d[n accord+ly4 ,aga91 take ! r+ :i* ! ,e>l ( ,essex s5t to ,que5 ,elizabe?1 b :i* ! que5 did n receive4 ,?is 0 int5d$ z a s5t5ce1 b fail$ to become effectual language because ! s5sible mat]ial symbol nev] rea*$ ^? s5ti5t organs :i* x 0 int5d$ to affect4 ,a book1 aga91 h[ev] full ( excell5t words x may be1 is n language :5 x is m]ely /&+ on a book%elf4 ,x speaks to no "o1 unless :5 be+ actually read1 or quot$ f by an act ( memory4 ,x is pot5tial language z a lucif]-mat* is pot5tial fire1 b x is no m language till x is 9 contact ) a recipi5t m9d1 ?an a mat* is fire till x is /ruck1 & is be+ consum$4 ,a piece ( music1 aga91 )\t any words at all1 or a song ) words t h no?+ 9 ! _w to d ) ! ideas :i* x is nev]!less made to convey1 is (t5 v effectual language4 ,mu* ly+1 & all irony dep5ds on tamp]+ ) cov5ant$ symbols1 & mak+ ^? t are usually associat$ ) "o set ( ideas convey by a sleight ( m9d o!rs ( a diff]5t nature4 ,t is :y irony is intol]ably fatigu+ unless v sp>+ly us$4 ,take ! song :i* ,blondel sang "u ! w9d[ ( ,k+ ,ri*>d's prison4 ,!re 0 n "o syllable 9 x to say t ,blondel 0 !re1 & 0 go+ to help ! k+ to get out ( prison4 ,x 0 ab\t "s silly love affair1 b x 0 a lett] all ! same1 & ! k+ made language ( :at w\ld o!rwise h be5 no language1 by guess+ ! mean+1 t is to say by p]ceiv+ t he 0 expect$ to ent] !n & !re into a new cov5ant z to ! mean+ ( ! symbols t 7 pres5t$ to him1 und]/&+ :at ?is cov5ant 0 to be1 & acquiesc+ 9 x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no +5uity c torture language into be+ a fit ^w to use 9 connection ) ei!r s\nds or any o!r symbols t h n be5 int5d$ to convey a mean+1 or aga9 9 connection ) ei!r s\nds or symbols 9 respect ( :i* !re has be5 no cov5ant betwe5 say] & sayee4 ,:5 we he> p speak+ a =eign language--we w say ,wel%--we feel t ?\gh !y are no d\bt us+ :at is v good language z betwe5 !mselves1 !re is no language :atev] z f> z we are conc]n$4 ,we call x l+o1 n language4 ,! ,*9ese lett]s on a tea-*e/ might z well n be !re1 = all t !y say to u1 ?\gh ! ,*9ese f9d !m v mu* to ! purpose4 ,!y are a cov5ant to :i* we h be5 no p>ties--to :i* our intellig5ce has affix$ no signature4 ,we h already se5 t x is 9 virtue ( su* an und]/ood cov5ant t symbols s unlike "o ano!r z ! writt5 ^w /one & ! spok5 ^w alike at once raise ! idea ( a /one 9 our m9ds4 ,see h[ ! same holds good z reg>ds ! diff]5t languages t pass curr5t 9 diff]5t nations4 ,! lett]s p1 i1 e1 r1 r1 e convey ! idea ( a /one to a ,fr5*man z readily z s1 t1 o1 n1 e d to ourselves4 ,& :y8 because t is ! cov5ant t has be5 /ruck betwe5 ^? :o speak & ^? :o are spok5 to4 ,our /one conveys no idea to a ,fr5*man1 nor 8 pi]re to u1 unless we h done :at is commonly call$ acquir+ "o ano!r's language4 ,to acquire a =eign language is only to le>n & adh]e to ! cov5ants 9 respect ( symbols :i* ! nation 9 "q has adopt$ & adh]es to4 ,till we h done ?is we nei!r ( u "k ! rules1 s to speak1 ( ! game t ! o!r is play+1 & _c1 !re=e1 play toge!r2 b ! conv5tion be+ once kn[n & ass5t$ to1 x does n matt] :e!r we raise ! idea ( a /one by ! ^w lapis1 or by li?os1 pietra1 pi]re1 /e91 /ane or /one2 we may *oose :at symbols writt5 or spok5 we *oose1 & "o set1 unless !y are ( unwieldy l5g? w d z well z ano!r1 if we c get o!r p to *oose ! same & /ick to !m2 x is ! accept+ & /ick+ to !m t matt]s1 n ! symbols4 ,! :ole p[] ( spok5 language is ve/$ 9 ! inv>iabl5ess ) :i* c]ta9 symbols are associat$ ) c]ta9 ideas4 ,if we are /rict 9 always connect+ ! same symbols ) ! same ideas1 we speak well1 keep our mean+ cle> to ourselves1 & convey x readily & accurately to any "o :o is also fairly /rict4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we use ! same comb9ation ( symbols = "o ?+ "o day & = ano!r ! next1 we abuse our symbols in/ead ( us+ !m1 & ^? :o indulge 9 slov5ly habits 9 ?is respect ere long lose ! p[] alike ( ?9k+ & ( express+ !mselves correctly4 ,! symbols1 h[ev]1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 may be any?+ 9 ! wide _w t we h a fancy =4 ,!y h no m to d ) ! ideas !y s]ve to convey ?an money has ) ! ?+s t x s]ves to buy4 ,! pr9ciple ( association1 z e "o kn[s1 involves t :5ev] two ?+s h be5 associat$ suffici5tly toge!r1 ! sugge/ion ( "o ( !m to ! m9d %all imm$iately raise a sugge/ion ( ! o!r4 ,x is 9 virtue ( ?is pr9ciple t language1 z we s call x1 exi/s at all1 = ! ess5ce ( language consi/s1 z ,i h said p]haps already too (t51 9 ! fixity ) :i* c]ta9 ideas are inv>iably connect$ ) c]ta9 symbols4 ,b ?is be+ s1 x is h>d to see h[ we c d5y t ! l[] animals possess ! g]ms ( a highly rude & unspecialis$1 b /ill true language1 unless we also d5y t !y h any ideas at all2 & ?is ,i ga!r is :at ,pr(essor ,max ,mull] 9 a quiet way r wi%es to d4 ,?us he says1 ,x is easy en\gh to %[ t animals communicate1 b ?is is a fact :i* has nev] be5 d\bt$4 ,dogs :o gr[l & b>k leave no d\bt 9 ! m9ds ( o!r dogs or cats1 or ev5 ( man1 ( :at !y mean1 b gr[l+ & b>k+ are n language1 nor d !y ev5 conta9 ! elem5ts ( language4 #ah ,i obs]ve ! ,pr(essor says t animals communicate )\t say+ :at x is t !y communicate4 ,i believe ?is to h be5 because if he said t ! l[] animals communicate _! ideas1 ?is w\ld be to admit t !y h ideas2 if s1 & if1 z !y pres5t e appe>ance ( do+1 !y c rememb]1 reflect ^u1 modify ^! ideas accord+ to modifi$ surr\nd+s1 & int]*ange !m ) "o ano!r1 h[ is x possible to d5y !m ! g]ms ( ?\ght1 language1 & reason--n to say a good deal m ?an ! g]ms8 ,x seems to me t n kn[+ :at else to say t animals communicat$ if x 0 n ideas1 & n kn[+ :at mess he might n get into if he admitt$ t !y _h ideas at all1 he ?\ght x saf] to omit 8 accusative case altoge!r4 ,t gr[l+ & b>k+ _c be call$ a v highly specialis$ language goes )\t say+2 !y are1 h[ev]1 s mu* div]sifi$ 9 "*1 accord+ to circum/ances1 t !y place a consid]able numb] ( symbols at an animal's comm&1 & he inv>iably atta*es ! same symbol to ! same idea4 ,a cat nev] purrs :5 %e is angry1 nor spits :5 %e is pleas$4 ,:5 %e rubs h] head aga9/ any "o affectionately x is h] symbol = say+ t %e is v fond ( him1 & %e expects1 & usually f9ds t x w be und]/ood4 ,if %e sees h] mi/ress raise h] h& z ?\gh to pret5d to /rike h]1 %e kn[s t x is ! symbol h] mi/ress inv>iably atta*es to ! idea ( s5d+ h] away1 & z su* %e accepts x4 ,grant$ t ! symbols 9 use among ! l[] animals are few] & less highly diff]5tiat$ ?an 9 ! case ( any kn[n human language1 & !re=e t animal language is incomp>ably less subtle & less capable ( express+ delicate %ades ( mean+ ?an our own1 ^! diff]5ces are nev]!less only ^? t exi/ betwe5 highly develop$ & in*oate language2 !y d n involve ^? t di/+ui% language f no language4 ,!y are ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! undiff]5tiat$ protoplasm ( ! amoeba & our own complex organisation2 !y are n ! diff]5ces betwe5 life & no life4 ,9 animal language z mu* z 9 human !re is a m9d int5tionally mak+ use ( a symbol accept$ by ano!r m9d z inv>iably atta*$ to a c]ta9 idea1 9 ord] to produce t idea 9 ! m9d :i* x is desir$ to affect--m briefly1 !re is a say]1 a sayee1 & a cov5ant$ symbol design$ly appli$4 ,our own spee* is v]tebrat$ & articulat$ by means ( n\ns1 v]bs1 & ! rules ( gramm>4 ,a dog's spee* is inv]tebrate1 b ,i d n see h[ x is possible to d5y t x possesses all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( language4 ,i h said no?+ ab\t ,pr(essor ,r4 ,l4 ,g>n]'s rese>*es into ! language ( apes1 because !y h n yet be5 s f> v]ifi$ & accept$ z to make x safe to rely ^u !m2 b :5 he lays x d[n t all volunt>y s\nds are ! products ( ?\ght1 & t1 if !y convey a mean+ to ano!r1 !y p]=m ! functions ( human spee*1 he says :at ,i believe w comm5d itself to any unsophi/icat$ m9d4 ,i c\ld h wi%$1 h[ev]1 t he _h n limit$ himself to s\nds1 & %\ld h pref]r$ 8 say+ :at ,i d\bt n he w\ld readily accept--,i mean1 t all symbols or tok5s ( :atev] k9d1 if volunt>ily adopt$ z su*1 are ! products ( ?\ght1 & p]=m ! functions ( human spee*2 b ,i _c too (t5 rem9d y t no?+ c be consid]$ z fulfill+ ! conditions ( language1 except a volunt>y application ( a recognis$ tok5 9 ord] to convey a m or less def9ite mean+1 ) ! int5tion d\btless ( ?us pur*as+ z x 7 "s o!r desir$ mean+ & consequ5t s5sation4 ,x is a/oni%+ h[ closely 9 ?is respect money & words resemble "o ano!r4 ,money inde$ may be consid]$ z ! mo/ univ]sal & expressive ( all languages4 ,= gold & silv] co9s are no m money :5 n 9 ! actual process ( be+ volunt>ily us$ 9 pur*ase1 ?an words n s 9 use are language4 ,p\nds1 %ill+s & p5ce are recognis$ cov5ant$ tok5s1 ! outw>d & visible signs ( an inw>d & spiritual pur*as+ p[]1 b till 9 actual use !y are only pot5tial money1 z ! symbols ( language1 :atev] !y may be1 are only pot5tial language till !y are pass+ betwe5 two m9ds4 ,x is ! p[] & w to apply ! symbols t alone gives life to money1 & z long z ^! are 9 abeyance ! money is 9 abeyance also2 ! co9s may be safe 9 "o's pocket1 b !y are z dead z a log till !y beg9 to burn 9 x1 & s are our words till !y beg9 to burn )9 u4 ,! real "q1 h[ev]1 z to ! sub/antial und]ly+ id5tity betwe5 ! language ( ! l[] animals & our own1 turns ^u t o!r "q :e!r or no1 9 spite ( an immeasurable diff]5ce ( degree1 ! ?\ght & reason ( man & ( ! l[] animals is ess5tially ! same4 ,no "o w expect a dog to ma/] & express ! v>i$ ideas t are incessantly aris+ 9 connection ) human affairs4 ,he is a paup] z aga9/ a millionaire4 ,to ask him to d s w\ld be l giv+ a /reet-boy sixp5ce & tell+ him to g & buy himself a f\nd]'s %>e 9 ! ,new ,riv] ,company4 ,he w\ld n ev5 "k :at 0 meant1 & ev5 if he did x w\ld take sev]al millions ( sixp5ces to buy "o4 ,x is a/oni%+ :at a clev] workman w d ) v mode/ tools1 or aga9 h[ f> a ?rifty h\sewife w make a v small sum ( money g1 or aga9 9 l mann] h[ _m ideas an intellig5t brute c receive & convey ) its v limit$ vocabul>y2 b no "o w pret5d t a dog's intellig5ce c ev] rea* ! level ( a man's4 ,:at we d ma9ta9 is t1 )9 its own limit$ range1 x is ( ! same ess5tial "* z our own1 & t ?\gh a dog's ideas 9 respect ( human affairs are bo? vague & n>r[1 yet 9 respect ( can9e affairs !y are precise en\gh & ext5sive en\gh to des]ve no o!r "n ?an ?\ght or reason4 ,we hold moreov] t !y communicate _! ideas 9 ess5tially ! same mann] z we d--t is to say1 by ! in/rum5tality ( a code ( symbols atta*$ to c]ta9 /ates ( m9d & mat]ial objects1 9 ! fir/ in/ance arbitr>ily1 b s p]si/5tly1 t ! pres5tation ( ! symbol imm$iately c>ries ) x ! idea :i* x is int5d$ to convey4 ,animals c ?us receive & imp>t ideas on all t mo/ conc]ns !m4 ,z my great namesake said "s two hundr$ ye>s ago1 !y "k :at's :at1 & t's z high z metaphysic wit c fly4 ,& !y n only "k :at's :at !mselves1 b c imp>t to "o ano!r any new :at's-:atness t !y may h acquir$1 = !y are notori\sly able to in/ruct & correct "o ano!r4 ,aga9/ ?is ,pr(essor ,max ,mull] cont5ds t we c "k no?+ ( :at goes on 9 ! m9d ( any l[] animal1 inasmu* z we are n l[] animals ourselves4 ,we c imag9e any?+ we l ab\t :at passes 9 ! m9d ( an animal1 he writes1 we c "k absolutely no?+4 #ai ,x is some?+ to h x 9 evid5ce t he conceives animals z hav+ a m9d at all1 b x is n easy to see h[ !y c be suppos$ to h a m9d1 )\t be+ able to acquire ideas1 & hav+ acquir$1 to read1 m>k1 le>n1 & inw>dly dige/ !m4 ,surely ! mi/ake ( requir+ too mu* evid5ce is h>dly less great ?an t ( be+ cont5t$ ) too little4 ,we1 too1 are animals1 & c no m refuse to inf] reason f c]ta9 visible actions 9 _! case ?an we c 9 our own4 ,if ,pr(essor ,max ,mull]'s plea 7 all[$1 we %\ld h to d5y our "r to inf] confid5tly :at passes 9 ! m9d ( any "o n ourselves1 inasmu* z we are n t p]son4 ,we nev]1 inde$1 c obta9 irrefragable c]ta9ty ab\t ?is or any o!r matt]1 b we c be sure en\gh 9 _m cases to w>rant our /ak+ all t is mo/ preci\s to u on ! s\ndness ( our op9ion4 ,moreov]1 if ! ,pr(essor d5ies our "r to inf] t animals reason1 on ! gr\nd t we are n animals en\gh ourselves to be able to =m an op9ion1 ) :at "r does he inf] s confid5tly himself t !y d n reason8 ,& h[1 if !y pres5t e "o ( ^? appe>ances :i* we are accu/om$ to connect ) ! communication ( an idea f "o m9d to ano!r1 c we d5y t !y h a language ( _! own1 ?\gh x is "o :i* 9 mo/ cases we c nei!r speak nor und]/&8 ,h[ c we say t a s5t9el rook1 :5 x sees a man ) a gun & w>ns ! o!r rooks by a conc]t$ note :i* !y all %[ t !y und]/& by imm$iately tak+ flight1 %\ld n be cr$it$ bo? ) reason & ! g]ms ( language8 ,aft] all1 a pr(essor1 :e!r ( philology1 psy*ology1 biology1 or any o!r ology1 is h>dly ! k9d ( p]son to :om we %\ld appeal on su* an elem5t>y "q z t ( animal intellig5ce & language4 ,we might z well ask a botani/ to tell u :e!r grass gr[s1 or a meteorologi/ to tell u if x has left (f ra9+4 ,if x is necess>y to appeal to any "o1 ,i %\ld pref] ! op9ion ( an intellig5t gamekeep] to t ( any pr(essor1 h[ev] le>n$4 ,! keep]s1 aga91 at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 h exceptional opportunities = /udy+ ! m9ds ( animals--modifi$1 inde$1 by captivity1 b /ill m9ds ( animals4 ,grooms1 aga91 & dog-fanci]s1 are to ! full z able to =m an intellig5t op9ion on ! reason & language ( animals z any ,univ]sity ,pr(essor1 & s are cats'-meat m54 ,i h repeat$ly ask$ gamekeep]s & keep]s at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s :e!r animals c\ld reason & conv]se ) "o ano!r1 & h always f\nd myself reg>d$ some:at contemptu\sly = hav+ ev5 ask$ ! "q4 ,i once said to a fri5d1 9 ! he>+ ( a keep] at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 t ! p5gu9 0 v /upid4 ,! man 0 furi\s1 & jump$ ^u me at once4 ,he's n /upid at all1 said he2 he's v intellig5t4 ,:o has n se5 a cat1 :5 x wi%es to g out1 raise its =e paws on to ! h&le ( ! door1 or z ne> z x c get1 & look r\nd1 evid5tly ask+ "s "o to turn x = h]8 ,is x reasonable to d5y t a reason+ process is go+ on 9 ! cat's m9d1 :]eby %e connects h] wi% ) ! /eps necess>y = its fulfilm5t1 & also ) c]ta9 inv>iable symbols :i* %e kn[s h] ma/] or mi/ress w int]pret8 ,once1 9 company ) a fri5d1 ,i wat*$ a cat play+ ) a h\se-fly 9 ! w9d[ ( a gr\nd-floor room4 ,we 7 9 ! /reet1 :ile ! cat 0 inside4 ,:5 we came up to ! w9d[ %e gave u "o se>*+ look1 &1 hav+ satisfi$ h]self t we _h no?+ = h]1 w5t on ) h] game4 ,%e knew all ab\t ! glass 9 ! w9d[1 & 0 sure we c\ld d no?+ to mole/ h]1 s %e treat$ u ) absolute contempt1 nev] ev5 look+ at u aga94 ,! game 0 ?is4 ,%e 0 to cat* ! fly & roll x r\nd & r\nd "u h] paw along ! w9d[-sill1 b s g5tly z n to injure x nor prev5t x f be+ able to fly aga9 :5 %e _h done roll+ x4 ,x 0 v e>ly spr+1 & flies 7 sc>ce1 9 fact !re 0 n ano!r 9 ! :ole w9d[4 ,%e knew t if %e crippl$ ?is "o1 x w\ld n be able to amuse h] fur!r1 & t %e w\ld n readily get ano!r in/ead1 & %e lik$ ! feel ( x "u h] paw4 ,x 0 s(t & liv+1 & ! quiv]+ ( its w+s tickl$ ! ball ( h] foot 9 a mann] t %e f\nd p>ticul>ly grateful2 s %e roll$ x g5tly along ! :ole l5g? ( ! w9d[-sill4 ,x !n became ! fly's turn4 ,he 0 to get up & fly ab\t 9 ! w9d[1 s z to recov] himself a little2 !n %e 0 to cat* him aga91 & roll him s(tly all along ! w9d[-sill1 z %e _h done be=e4 ,x 0 pla9 t ! cat knew ! rules ( h] game p]fectly well1 & enjoy$ x ke5ly4 ,x 0 equally pla9 t ! fly c\ld n make head or tail ( :at x 0 all ab\t4 ,if x _h be5 able to d s x w\ld h gone to play 9 ! upp] "p ( ! w9d[1 :]e ! cat c\ld n rea* x4 ,p]haps x 0 always hop+ to get ?r\gh ! glass1 & escape t way2 anyh[1 x kept pretty mu* to ! same pane1 no matt] h[ (t5 x 0 roll$4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 ! fly1 = "s reason or ano!r1 did n reappe> on ! pane1 & ! cat began look+ ev]y:]e to f9d x4 ,h] annoyance :5 %e fail$ to d s 0 extreme4 ,x 0 n only t %e _h lo/ h] fly1 b t %e c\ld n conceive h[ %e %\ld h ev] come to d s4 ,pres5tly %e not$ a small knot 9 ! woodwork ( ! sill1 & x fla%$ ^u h] t %e _h accid5tally kill$ ! fly1 & t ?is 0 its dead body4 ,%e tri$ to move x g5tly ) h] paw1 b x 0 no use1 & = ! "t %e satisfi$ h]self t ! knot & ! fly _h no?+ to d ) "o ano!r4 ,e n[ & !n1 h[ev]1 %e return$ to x z ?\gh x 7 ! only ?+ %e c\ld ?9k (1 & %e w\ld try x aga94 ,%e seem$ to say %e 0 c]ta9 !re _h be5 no knot !re be=e--%e mu/ h se5 x if !re _h be52 & yet1 ! fly c\ld h>dly h got jamm$ s firmly into ! wood4 ,%e 0 puzzl$ & irritat$ beyond measure1 & kept look+ 9 ! same place aga9 & aga91 j z we d :5 we h mislaid some?+4 ,%e 0 rapidly los+ temp] & dignity :5 sudd5ly we saw ! fly reappe> f "u ! cat's /oma* & make = ! w9d[-pane1 at ! v mom5t :5 ! cat h]self 0 exclaim+ = ! fiftie? "t t %e wond]$ :]e t /upid fly ev] c\ld h got to4 ,no man :o has be5 hunt+ tw5ty m9utes = 8 spectacles c\ld be m delight$ :5 he sudd5ly f9ds !m on 8 own =ehead4 ,s t's :]e y 71 we seem$ to he> h] say1 z %e proce$$ to cat* x1 & aga9 began roll+ x v s(tly )\t hurt+ x1 "u h] paw4 ,my fri5d & ,i bo? notic$ t ! cat1 9 spite ( h] p]plexity1 nev] s mu* z h9t$ t we 7 ! culprits4 ,! "q :e!r any?+ outside ! w9d[ c\ld d h] good or h>m _h long s9ce be5 settl$ by h] 9 ! negative1 & %e 0 n go+ to reop5 x2 %e simply cut u dead1 & ?\gh h] annoyance 0 s great t %e 0 manife/ly ready to lay ! blame on anybody or any?+ ) or )\t reason1 & ?\gh %e mu/ h p]fectly well kn[n t we 7 wat*+ ! :ole affair ) amusem5t1 %e nev] ei!r ask$ u if we _h happ5$ to see su* a ?+ z a fly g d[n our way lately1 or accus$ u ( hav+ tak5 x f h]--bo? ( :i* ideas %e w\ld1 ,i am confid5t1 h be5 v well able to convey to u if %e _h be5 s m9d$4 ,n[ :at are ?\ght & reason if ! processes t 7 go+ ?r\gh ?is cat's m9d 7 n bo? "o & ! o!r8 ,x w\ld be *ildi% to suppose t ! cat ?\ght 9 words ( its own1 or 9 any?+ l words4 ,its ?9k+ 0 probably conduct$ ?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( a s]ies ( m5tal images4 ,we s habitually ?9k 9 words ourselves t we f9d x difficult to realise ?\ght )\t words at all2 our difficulty1 h[ev]1 9 imag9+ ! p>ticul> mann] 9 :i* ! cat ?9ks has no?+ to d ) ! matt]4 ,we mu/ answ] ! "q :e!r %e ?9ks or no1 n accord+ to our own ease or difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! p>ticul> mann] ( h] ?9k+1 b accord+ z h] action does or does n appe> to be ( ! same "* z o!r action t we commonly call ?\ghtful4 ,to say t ! cat is n intellig5t1 m]ely on ! gr\nd t we _c ourselves fa?om h] intellig5ce--?is1 z ,i h else:]e said1 is to make intellig5ce mean ! p[] ( be+ und]/ood1 r ?an ! p[] ( und]/&+4 ,?is nev]!less is :at1 = all our boa/$ intellig5ce1 we g5]ally d4 ,! m we c und]/& an animal's ways1 ! m intellig5t we call x1 & ! less we c und]/& ^!1 ! m /upid d we decl>e x to be4 ,z = plants--^: punctuality & att5tion to all ! details & r\t9e ( _! some:at re/rict$ l9es ( bus9ess is z obvi\s z x is beyond all praise--we und]/& ! work+ ( _! m9ds s little t by common cons5t we decl>e !m to h no intellig5ce at all4 ,be=e conclud+ ,i %\ld wi% to deal a little m fully ) ,pr(essor ,max ,mull]'s cont5tion t !re c be no reason )\t language1 & no language )\t reason4 ,surely :5 two practis$ pugili/s are fight+1 p>ry+ ea* o!r's bl[s1 & wat*+ ke5ly = an ungu>d$ po9t1 !y are ?9k+ & reason+ v subtly ! :ole "t1 )\t do+ s 9 words4 ,! ma*9ation ( _! ?\ghts1 z well z its expression1 is actual--,i mean1 effectuat$ & express$ by action & de$1 n words4 ,!y are unaw>e ( any logical sequ5ce ( ?\ght t !y c\ld foll[ 9 words z pass+ ?r\gh _! m9ds at all4 ,!y may p]haps ?9k consci\sly 9 words n[ & aga91 b su* ?\ght w be int]mitt5t1 & ! ma9 "p ( ! fight+ w be done )\t any int]nal concomitance ( articulat$ phrases4 ,yet we _c d\bt t _! action1 h[ev] mu* we may disapprove ( x1 is guid$ by intellig5ce & reason2 nor %\ld we d\bt t a reason+ process ( ! same "* goes on 9 ! m9ds ( two dogs or fight+-cocks :5 !y are /riv+ to ma/] _! oppon5ts4 ,d we ?9k 9 words1 aga91 :5 we w9d up our wat*es1 put on our clo!s1 or eat our breakfa/s8 ,if we d1 x is g5]ally ab\t some?+ else4 ,we d ^! ?+s almo/ z mu* )\t ! help ( words z we w9k or yawn1 or p]=m any ( ^? o!r actions t we call reflex1 z x w\ld almo/ seem because !y are done )\t reflection4 ,!y are n1 h[ev]1 ! less reasonable because wordless4 ,ev5 :5 we ?9k we are ?9k+ 9 words1 we d s only 9 half measure4 ,a runn+ accompanim5t ( words no d\bt frequ5tly att5ds our ?\ghts2 b1 unless we are writ+ or speak+1 ?is accompanim5t is ( ! vague/ & mo/ fitful k9d1 z we (t5 f9d out :5 we try to write d[n or say :at we are ?9k+ ab\t1 ?\gh we h a fairly def9ite notion ( x1 or fancy t we h "o1 all ! "t4 ,! ?\ght is n /eadily & coh]5tly gov]n$ by & m\ld$ 9 words1 nor does x /eadily gov]n !m4 ,words & ?\ght int]act ^u & help "o ano!r1 z any o!r me*anical appliances int]act on & help ! inv5tion t fir/ hit ^u !m2 b reason or ?\ght1 = ! mo/ "p1 flies along ov] ! heads ( words1 work+ its own my/]i\s way 9 pa?s t are beyond our k51 ?\gh :e!r "s ( our dep>tm5tal p]sonalities are z unconsci\s ( :at is pass+1 z t c5tral gov]nm5t is :i* we alone dub ) ! "n ( we or u1 is a po9t on :i* ,i w n n[ t\*4 ,i _c ?9k1 !n1 t ,pr(essor ,max ,mull]'s cont5tion t ?\ght & language are id5tical--& he has repeat$ly affirm$ ?is--w ev] be g5]ally accept$4 ,?\ght is no m id5tical ) language ?an feel+ is id5tical ) ! n]v\s sy/em4 ,true1 we c no m feel )\t a n]v\s sy/em ?an we c disc]n c]ta9 m9ute organisms )\t a microscope4 ,de/roy ! n]v\s sy/em1 & we de/roy feel+4 ,de/roy ! microscope1 & we c no long] see ! animalcules2 b our sight ( ! animalcules is n ! microscope1 ?\gh x is effectuat$ by means ( ! microscope1 & our feel+ is n ! n]v\s sy/em1 ?\gh ! n]v\s sy/em is ! in/rum5t t enables u to feel4 ,! n]v\s sy/em is a device :i* liv+ be+s h gradually p]fect$--,i believe ,i may say q truly--?r\gh ! w & p[] :i* !y h d]iv$ f a f\nta9-head1 ! exi/5ce ( :i* we c inf]1 b :i* we c nev] appreh5d4 ,by ! help ( ?is device1 & 9 proportion z !y h p]fect$ x1 liv+ be+s feel ev] ) great] def9it5ess1 & h5ce =mulate _! feel+s 9 ?\ght ) m & m precision4 ,! high] evolution ( ?\ght has react$ on ! n]v\s sy/em1 & ! consequ5t high] evolution ( ! n]v\s sy/em has aga9 react$ ^u ?\ght4 ,^! ?+s are z p[] & desire1 or supply & dem&1 ea* "o ( :i* is cont9ually out/ripp+1 & be+ 9 turn out/ripp$ by ! o!r2 b1 9 spite ( _! close connection & int]action1 p[] is n desire1 nor dem& supply4 ,language is a device evolv$ sometimes by leaps & b\nds1 & sometimes exce$+ly sl[ly1 :]eby we help ourselves alike to great] ease1 precision1 & complexity ( ?\ght1 & also to m conv5i5t int]*ange ( ?\ght among ourselves4 ,?\ght f\nd rude expression1 :i* gradually among o!r =ms assum$ t ( words4 ,^! react$ ^u ?\ght1 & ?\ght aga9 on !m1 b ?\ght is no m id5tical ) words ?an words are ) ! sep>ate lett]s ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,to sum up1 !n1 & to conclude4 ,i w\ld ask y to see ! connection betwe5 words & ideas1 z 9 ! fir/ in/ance arbitr>y4 ,no d\bt 9 "s cases an imitation ( ! cry ( "s bird or wild bea/ w\ld sugge/ ! "n t %\ld be atta*$ to x2 occasionally ! s\nd ( an op]ation su* z gr9d+ may h influ5c$ ! *oice ( ! lett]s g1 r1 z ! root ( _m words t d5ote a gr9d+1 grat+1 grasp+1 cru%+1 action2 b ,i und]/& t ! numb] ( words due to direct imitation is comp>atively few 9 numb]1 & t !y h be5 ma9ly co9$ z ! result ( connections s f>-fet*$ & fanciful z to am\nt practically to no connection at all4 ,once *os51 h[ev]1 !y 7 adh]$ to = a consid]able "t among ! dwell]s 9 any giv5 place1 s z to become ackn[l$g$ z ! vulg> tongue1 & raise readily 9 ! m9d ( ! inhabitants ( t place ! ideas ) :i* !y _h be5 artificially associat$4 ,z reg>ds our be+ able to ?9k & reason )\t words1 ! ,duke ( ,argyll has put ! matt] z s\ndly z ,i h yet se5 x /at$4 ,x seems to me1 he wrote1 q c]ta9 t we c & d con/antly ?9k ( ?+s )\t ?9k+ ( any s\nd or ^w z designat+ !m4 ,language seems to me to be necess>y = ! progress ( ?\ght1 b n at all = ! m]e act ( ?9k+4 ,x is a product ( ?\ght1 an expression ( x1 a vehicle = ! communication ( x1 & an embodim5t :i* is ess5tial to its gr[? & cont9uity2 b x seems to me altoge!r errone\s to reg>d x z an insep>able "p ( cogitation4 ,! foll[+ passages1 aga91 are quot$ f ,sir ,william ,hamilton 9 ,pr(essor ,max ,mull]'s own book1 ) s mu* approval z to lead "o to suppose t ! diff]5ces betwe5 himself & 8 oppon5ts are 9 reality less ?an he believes !m to be3-- ,language1 says ,sir ,w4 ,hamilton1 is ! attribution ( signs to our cognitions ( ?+s4 ,b z a cognition mu/ h already be5 !re be=e x c\ld receive a sign1 consequ5tly t k :i* is d5ot$ by ! =mation & application ( a ^w mu/ h prec$$ ! symbol t d5otes x4 ,a sign1 h[ev]1 is necess>y to give /ability to our intellectual progress--to e/abli% ea* /ep 9 our advance z a new />t+-po9t = our advance to ano!r beyond4 ,a c\ntry may be ov]run by an arm$ ho/1 b x is only conqu]$ by ! e/abli%m5t ( =tresses4 ,words are ! =tresses ( ?\ght4 ,!y enable u to realise our dom9ion ov] :at we h already ov]run 9 ?\ght2 to make e intellectual conque/ ! base ( op]ations = o!rs /ill beyond4 ,?is1 says ,pr(essor ,max ,mull]1 is a mo/ happy illu/ration1 & he proce$s to quote ! foll[+1 also f ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 :i* he decl>es to be ev5 happi] /ill4 ,y h all he>d1 says ,sir ,william ,hamilton1 ( ! process ( tunnell+ ?r\gh a s&bank4 ,9 ?is op]ation x is impossible to succe$ unless e foot1 nay1 almo/ e in* ( our progress be secur$ by an ar* ( masonry be=e we attempt ! excavation ( ano!r4 ,n[ language is to ! m9d precisely :at ! ar* is to ! tunnel4 ,! p[] ( ?9k+ & ! p[] ( excavation are n dep5d5t on ! words 9 ! "o case or on ! mason-"w 9 ! o!r2 b )\t ^! subsidi>ies nei!r c\ld be c>ri$ on beyond its rudim5t>y comm5cem5t4 ,?\gh1 !re=e1 we all[ t e movem5t =w>d 9 language mu/ be det]m9$ by an antec$5t movem5t =w>d 9 ?\ght1 /ill1 unless ?\ght be accompani$ at ea* po9t ( its evolutions by a correspond+ evolution ( language1 its fur!r developm5t is arre/$4 ,man has evolv$ an articulate language1 :]eas ! l[] animals seem to be )\t "o4 ,man1 !re=e1 has f> out/ripp$ !m 9 reason+ faculty z well z 9 p[] ( expression4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 does n b> ! communications :i* ! l[] animals make to "o ano!r f possess+ all ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( language1 & z a matt] ( fact1 :]ev] we c foll[ !m we f9d su* communications effectuat$ by ! aid ( arbitr>y symbols cov5ant$ ^u by ! liv+ be+s t wi% to communicate1 & p]si/5tly associat$ ) c]ta9 correspond+ feel+s1 /ates ( m9d1 or mat]ial objects4 ,human language is no?+ m ?an ?is 9 pr9ciple1 h[ev] mu* fur!r ! pr9ciple has be5 c>ri$ 9 our own case ?an 9 t ( ! l[] animals4 ,?is be+ admitt$1 we %\ld inf] t ! ?\ght or reason on :i* ! language ( m5 & animals is alike f\nd$ diff]s z betwe5 m5 & brutes 9 degree b n 9 k9d4 ,m ?an ?is _c be claim$ on behalf ( ! l[] animals1 ev5 by _! mo/ en?usia/ic admir]4 ,,! ,,deadlock ,,9 ,,d>w9ism #bj--,,"p ,i ,x w be readily admitt$ t ( all liv+ writ]s ,mr4 ,alfr$ ,russel ,wallace is ! "o ! peculi> turn ( ^: m9d be/ fits him to write on ! subject ( natural selection1 or ! accumulation ( =tunate b accid5tal v>iations ?r\gh desc5t & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,8 m9d 9 all its m ess5tial *>act]i/ics closely resembles t ( ! late ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 himself1 & x is no d\bt due to ?is fact t he & ,mr4 ,d>w9 elaborat$ _! fam\s !ory at ! same "t1 & indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,i %all h occasion 9 ! c\rse ( ! foll[+ article to %[ h[ misl$ & mislead+ bo? ^! di/+ui%$ m5 h be51 9 spite ( _! unque/ionable famili>ity ) ! :ole range ( animal & vegetable ph5om5a4 ,i believe x w be m respectful to bo? ( !m to d ?is 9 ! mo/ out-spok5 way4 ,i believe _! "w to h be5 z mis*iev\s z x has be5 valuable1 & z valuable z x has be5 mis*iev\s2 & high]1 :e!r praise or blame1 ,i "k n h[ to give4 ,nev]!less ,i w\ld 9 ! outset1 & ) ! utmo/ s9c]ity1 admit conc]n+ ,messrs4 ,wallace & ,d>w9 t nei!r c be held z ! m pr(\nd & consci5ti\s ?9k]2 nei!r c be put =w>d z ! m ready to ackn[l$ge obligation to ! great writ]s on evolution :o _h prec$$ him1 or to place 8 own developm5ts 9 clos] & m conspicu\s hi/orical connection ) e>li] ?\ght ^u ! subject2 nei!r is ! m ready to welcome criticism & to /ate 8 oppon5t's case 9 ! mo/ po9t$ & tell+ way 9 :i* x c be put2 nei!r is ! m quick to enc\rage new tru?2 nei!r is ! m g5ial1 g5]\s adv]s>y1 or has ! pr(\nd] horror ( any?+ ev5 approa*+ lit]>y or sci5tific want ( c&\r2 bo? display ! same inimitable p[] ( putt+ _! op9ions =w>d 9 ! way t %all be/ ensure _! acceptance2 bo? are equally unrivall$ 9 ! tact t tells !m :5 sil5ce w be gold51 & :5 on ! o!r h& a :ole volume ( facts may be advantage\sly br\ght =w>d4 ,less ?an ! =ego+ tribute bo? to ,messrs4 ,d>w9 & ,wallace ,i w n1 & m ,i _c pay4 ,let u n[ turn to ! mo/ au?oritative expon5t ( latt]-day evolution--,i mean to ,mr4 ,wallace1 ^: "w1 entitl$ ,d>w9ism1 ?\gh x %\ld h be5 entitl$ ,wallaceism1 is /ill s f> ,d>w9i/ic t x develops ! tea*+ ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 ! direction giv5 to x by ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself--s f>1 inde$1 z ?is c be asc]ta9$ at all--& n 9 t ( ,lam>ck4 ,mr4 ,wallace tells u1 on ! fir/ page ( 8 preface1 t he has no int5tion ( deal+ ev5 9 outl9e ) ! va/ subject ( evolution 9 g5]al1 & has only tri$ to give su* an acc\nt ( ! !ory ( natural selection z may facilitate a cle> conception ( ,d>w9's "w4 ,h[ f> he has succe$$ is a po9t on :i* op9ion w probably be divid$4 ,^? :o f9d ,mr4 ,d>w9's works cle> w also f9d no difficulty 9 und]/&+ ,mr4 ,wallace2 ^?1 on ! o!r h&1 :o f9d ,mr4 ,d>w9 puzzl+ are little likely to be less puzzl$ by ,mr4 ,wallace4 ,he cont9ues3-- ,! objections n[ made to ,d>w9's !ory apply solely to ! p>ticul> means by :i* ! *ange ( species has be5 br\ght ab\t1 n to ! fact ( t *ange4 ,b ,d>w9's !ory--z ,mr4 ,wallace has else:]e prov$ t he und]/&s--has no ref]5ce to ! fact ( t *ange--t is to say1 to ! fact t species h be5 modifi$ 9 c\rse ( desc5t f o!r species4 ,?is is no m ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ?an x is ! read]'s or my own4 ,d>w9's !ory is conc]n$ only ) ! p>ticul> means by :i* ! *ange ( species has be5 br\ght ab\t2 8 cont5tion be+ t ?is is ma9ly due to ! natural survival ( ^? individuals t h happ5$ by "s accid5t to be born mo/ fav\rably adapt$ to _! surr\nd+s1 or1 9 o!r words1 ?r\gh accumulation 9 ! common c\rse ( nature ( ! m lucky v>iations t *ance occasionally purveys4 ,mr4 ,wallace's words1 !n1 9 reality am\nt to ?is1 t ! objections n[ made to ,d>w9's !ory apply solely to ,d>w9's !ory1 :i* is all v well z f> z x goes1 b might h be5 m easily appreh5d$ if he _h simply said1 ,!re are sev]al objections n[ made to ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! passage quot$ above occurs on ! fir/ page ( a preface dat$ ,m>* #ahhi1 :5 ! writ] _h complet$ 8 task1 & 0 mo/ fully conv]sant ) 8 subject4 ,nev]!less1 x seems indisputable ei!r t he is /ill confus+ evolution ) ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory1 or t he does n "k :5 8 s5t5ces h po9t & :5 !y h none4 ,i %\ld p]haps expla9 to "s read]s t ,mr4 ,d>w9 did n modify ! ma9 !ory put =w>d1 fir/ by ,buffon1 to :om x indisputably belongs1 & adopt$ f him by ,erasmus ,d>w91 ,lam>ck1 & _m o!r writ]s 9 ! latt] half ( ! la/ c5tury & ! e>li] ye>s ( ! pres5t4 ,! e>ly evolutioni/s ma9ta9$ t all exi/+ =ms ( animal & vegetable life1 includ+ man1 7 d]iv$ 9 c\rse ( desc5t ) modification f =ms resembl+ ! l[e/ n[ kn[n4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 w5t z f> z ?is1 & f>!r no "o c g4 ,! po9t at issue betwe5 him & 8 pr$ecessors involves nei!r ! ma9 fact ( evolution1 nor yet ! geometrical ratio ( increase1 & ! /ruggle = exi/5ce consequ5t !reon4 ,messrs4 ,d>w9 & ,wallace h ea* ?r[n invaluable light ^u ^! la/ two po9ts1 b ,buffon1 z e>ly z #agef1 _h made !m ! key/one ( 8 sy/em4 ,! movem5t ( nature1 he !n wrote1 turns on two immovable pivots3 "o1 ! illimitable fecundity :i* %e has giv5 to all species3 ! o!r1 ! innum]able difficulties :i* r$uce ! results ( t fecundity4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,lam>ck foll[$ 9 ! same s5se4 ,!y ?us admit ! survival ( ! fitte/ z fully z ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself1 ?\gh !y d n make use ( ?is p>ticul> expression4 ,! dispute turns n ^u natural selection1 :i* is common to all writ]s on evolution1 b ^u ! nature & causes ( ! v>iations t are suppos$ to be select$ f & ?us accumulat$4 ,are ^! ma9ly attributable to ! inh]it$ effects ( use & disuse1 supplem5t$ by occasional sports & happy accid5ts8 ,or are !y ma9ly due to sports & happy accid5ts1 supplem5t$ by occasional inh]it$ effects ( use & disuse8 ,! ,lam>ckian sy/em has all along be5 ma9ta9$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 :o1 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 publi%$ 9 #ahfe1 %[$ h[ impossible x 0 t accid5tal v>iations %\ld accumulate at all4 ,i am n sure h[ f> ,mr4 ,sp5c] w\ld cons5t to be+ call$ a ,lam>ckian pure & simple1 nor yet h[ f> x is /rictly accurate to call him "o2 nev]!less1 ,i c see no important diff]5ce 9 ! ma9 positions tak5 by him & by ,lam>ck4 ,! "q at issue betwe5 ! ,lam>ckians1 support$ by ,mr4 ,sp5c] & a gr[+ b& ( ^? :o h ris5 9 rebellion aga9/ ! ,*>les-,d>w9ian sy/em on ! "o h&1 & ,messrs4 ,d>w9 & ,wallace ) ! great] numb] ( our m prom95t biologi/s on ! o!r1 involves ! v exi/5ce ( evolution z a workable !ory4 ,= x is pla9 t :at ,nature c be suppos$ able to d by way ( *oice mu/ dep5d on ! supply ( ! v>iations f :i* %e is suppos$ to *oose4 ,%e _c take :at is n (f]$ to h]2 & s aga9 %e _c be suppos$ able to accumulate unless :at is ga9$ 9 "o direction 9 "o g5]ation1 or s]ies ( g5]ations1 is little likely to be lo/ 9 ^? t pres5tly succe$4 ,n[ v>iations ascrib$ ma9ly to use & disuse c be suppos$ capable ( be+ accumulat$1 = use & disuse are fairly con/ant = long p]iods among ! individuals ( ! same species1 & (t5 ov] l>ge areas2 moreov]1 conditions ( exi/5ce involv+ *anges ( habit1 & ?us ( organisation1 come = ! mo/ "p gradually2 s t "t is giv5 dur+ :i* ! organism c endeav\r to adapt itself 9 ! requisite respects1 in/ead ( be+ %ock$ out ( exi/5ce by too sudd5 *ange4 ,v>iations1 on ! o!r h&1 t are ascrib$ to m]e *ance _c be suppos$ z likely to be accumulat$1 = *ance is notori\sly incon/ant1 & w\ld n purvey ! v>iations 9 suffici5tly unbrok5 succession1 or 9 a suffici5t numb] ( individuals1 modifi$ simil>ly 9 all ! necess>y correlations at ! same "t & place to admit ( _! be+ accumulat$4 ,x is vital !re=e to ! !ory ( evolution1 z 0 e>ly po9t$ out by ! late ,pr(essor ,fleem+ ,j5k9 & by ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 t v>iations %\ld be suppos$ to h a def9ite & p]si/5t pr9ciple und]ly+ !m1 :i* %all t5d to eng5d] simil> & simultane\s modification1 h[ev] small1 9 ! va/ majority ( individuals compos+ any species4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a pr9ciple & its p]man5ce is ! only ?+ t c be suppos$ capable ( act+ z rudd] & compass to ! accumulation ( v>iations1 & ( mak+ x hold /eadily on "o c\rse = ea* species1 till ev5tually _m hav5s1 f> remote f "o ano!r1 are safely rea*$4 ,x is obvi\s t ! hav+ fatally impair$ ! !ory ( 8 pr$ecessors c\ld n w>rant ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 claim+1 z he mo/ fatu\sly did1 ! !ory ( evolution4 ,t he is /ill g5]ally believ$ to h be5 ! orig9ator ( ?is !ory is due to ! fact t he claim$ x1 & t a p[]ful lit]>y back+ at once came =w>d to support him4 ,x seems at fir/ sight improbable t ^? :o too zeal\sly urg$ 8 claims 7 unaw>e t s mu* _h be5 writt5 on ! subject1 b :5 we f9d ev5 ,mr4 ,wallace himself z pr(\ndly ignorant on ?is subject z he /ill ei!r is1 or affects to be1 !re is no limit assignable to ! ignorance or affect$ ignorance ( ! k9d ( biologi/s :o w\ld write reviews 9 lead+ j\rnals ?irty ye>s ago4 ,mr4 ,wallace writes3-- ,a few great naturali/s1 /ruck by ! v slight diff]5ce betwe5 _m ( ^! species1 & ! num]\s l9ks t exi/ betwe5 ! mo/ diff]5t =ms ( animals & plants1 & also obs]v+ t a great _m species d v>y consid]ably 9 _! =ms1 col\rs & habits1 conceiv$ ! idea t !y might be all produc$ "o f ! o!r4 ,! mo/ em95t ( ^! writ]s 0 a great ,fr5* naturali/1 ,lam>ck1 :o publi%$ an elaborate "w1 ! ,philosophie ,zoologique1 9 :i* he endeav\r$ to prove t all animals :atev] are desc5d$ f o!r species ( animals4 ,he attribut$ ! *ange ( species *iefly to ! effect ( *anges 9 ! conditions ( life--su* z climate1 food1 c42 & especially to ! desires & ef=ts ( ! animals !mselves to improve _! condition1 lead+ to a modification ( =m or size 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 ow+ to ! well-kn[n physiological law t all organs are /r5g!n$ by con/ant use1 :ile !y are weak5$ or ev5 completely lo/ by disuse 4 4 4 ,! only o!r important "w deal+ ) ! "q 0 ! celebrat$ ',ve/iges ( ,creation1' publi%$ anonym\sly1 b n[ ackn[l$g$ to h be5 writt5 by ! late ,rob]t ,*amb]s4 ,none are s bl9d z ^? :o w n see1 & x w\ld be wa/e ( "t to argue ) ! inv9cible ignorance ( "o :o ?9ks ,lam>ck & ,buffon conceiv$ t all species 7 produc$ f "o ano!r1 m especially z ,i h already dealt at "s l5g? ) ! e>ly evolutioni/s 9 my "w1 ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 fir/ publi%$ t5 ye>s ago1 & n1 s f> z ,i am aw>e1 detect$ 9 s]i\s error or omission4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ,mr4 ,wallace /ill ?9ks x safe to presume s f> on ! ignorance ( 8 read]s z to say t ! only two important works on evolution be=e ,mr4 ,d>w9's 7 ,lam>ck's ,philosophie ,zoologique & ! ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 h[ fa?omable is ! ignorance ( ! av]age review] likely to h be5 ?irty ye>s ago1 :5 ! ,orig9 ( ,species 0 fir/ publi%$8 ,mr4 ,d>w9 claim$ evolution z 8 own !ory4 ,( c\rse1 he w\ld n claim x if he _h no "r to x4 ,!n by all means give him ! cr$it ( x4 ,?is 0 ! mo/ natural view to take1 & x 0 g5]ally tak54 ,x 0 n1 moreov]1 surpris+ t p fail$ to appreciate all ! niceties ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's di/9ctive feature :i*1 :e!r di/9ctive or no1 0 assur$ly n di/9ct1 & 0 nev] frankly contra/$ ) ! old] view1 z x w\ld h be5 by "o :o wi%$ x to be und]/ood & judge ^u its m]its4 ,x 0 9 consequ5ce ( ?is omission t p fail$ to note h[ fa/ & loose ,mr4 ,d>w9 play$ ) 8 di/9ctive feature1 & h[ readily he dropp$ x on occasion4 ,x may be said t ! "q ( :at 0 ?\ght by ! pr$ecessors ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 is1 aft] all1 p]sonal1 & ( no int]e/ to ! g5]al public1 comp>able to t ( ! ma9 issue--:e!r we are to accept evolution or n4 ,grant$ t ,buffon1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck bore ! burd5 & heat ( ! day be=e ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 0 born1 !y did n br+ p r\nd to _! op9ion1 :]eas ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,wallace did1 & ! public _c be expect$ to look beyond ?is broad & indisputable fact4 ,! answ] to ?is is1 t ! !ory :i* ,messrs4 ,d>w9 & ,wallace h p]suad$ ! public to accept is demon/rably false1 & t ! oppon5ts ( evolution are c]ta9 9 ! end to triumph ov] x4 ,paley1 9 8 ,natural ,!ology1 long s9ce br\ght =w>d f> too mu* evid5ce ( design 9 animal organisation to all[ ( our sett+ d[n its m>vels to ! accumulations ( =tunate accid5t1 undirect$ by w1 ef=t & intellig5ce4 ,^? :o exam9e ! ma9 facts ( animal & vegetable organisation )\t bias w1 no d\bt1 ere long conclude t all animals & vegetables are d]iv$ ultimately f unicellul> organisms1 b !y w n less readily p]ceive t ! evolution ( species )\t ! concomitance & direction ( m9d & ef=t is z inconceivable z is ! indep5d5t creation ( e individual species4 ,! two facts1 evolution & design1 are equally pat5t to pla9 p4 ,!re is no escap+ f ei!r4 ,accord+ to ,messrs4 ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 we may h evolution1 b are on no acc\nt to h x z ma9ly due to intellig5t ef=t1 guid$ by ev] high] & high] range ( s5sations1 p]ceptions1 & ideas4 ,we are to set x d[n to ! %uffl+ ( c>ds1 or ! ?r[+ ( dice )\t ! play1 & ?is w nev] /&4 ,accord+ to ! old] m51 c>ds did inde$ c\nt = mu*1 b play c\nt$ = m4 ,!y d5i$ ! teleology ( ! "t--t is to say1 ! teleology t saw all adaptation to surr\nd+s z "p ( a plan devis$ long ages s9ce by a quasi-an?ropomorphic be+ :o s*em$ ev]y?+ out mu* z a man w\ld d1 b on an inf9itely va/] scale4 ,?is conception !y f\nd repugnant alike to intellig5ce & consci5ce1 b1 ?\gh !y d n seem to h p]ceiv$ x1 !y left ! door op5 = a design m true & m demon/rable ?an t :i* !y exclud$4 ,by mak+ _! v>iations ma9ly due to ef=t & intellig5ce1 !y made organic developm5t run on all-f\rs ) human progress1 & ) inv5tions :i* we h wat*$ gr[+ up f small beg9n+s4 ,!y made ! developm5t ( man f ! amoeba "p & p>cel ( ! /ory t may be read1 ?\gh on an inf9itely small] scale1 9 ! developm5t ( our mo/ p[]ful m>9e eng9es f ! common kettle1 or ( our f9e/ microscopes f ! dew-drop4 ,! developm5t ( ! /eam-eng9e & ! microscope is due to intellig5ce & design1 :i* did inde$ utilise *ance sugge/ions1 b :i* improv$ on ^!1 & direct$ ea* /ep ( _! accumulation1 ?\gh nev] =esee+ m ?an a /ep or two ahead1 & (t5 n s mu* z ?is4 ,! fact1 z ,i h else:]e urg$1 t ! man :o made ! fir/ kettle did n =esee ! eng9es ( ! ,great ,ea/]n1 or t he :o fir/ not$ ! magnify+ p[] ( ! dew-drop _h no conception ( our pres5t microscopes--! v limit$ am\nt1 9 fact1 ( design & intellig5ce t 0 call$ into play at any "o po9t--?is does n make u d5y t ! /eam-eng9e & microscope owe _! developm5t to design4 ,if ea* /ep ( ! road 0 design$1 ! :ole j\rney 0 design$1 ?\gh ! p>ticul> end 0 n design$ :5 ! j\rney 0 begun4 ,& s is x1 accord+ to ! old] view ( evolution1 ) ! developm5t ( ^? liv+ organs1 or ma*9es1 t are born ) u1 z "p ( ! p]ambulat+ c>p5t]'s *e/ we call our bodies4 ,! old] view gives u our design1 & gives u our evolution too4 ,if x refuses to see a quasi-an?ropomorphic ,god modell+ ea* species f )\t z a pott] models clay1 x gives u ,god z vivify+ & indwell+ 9 all ,8 creatures--,he 9 !m1 & !y 9 ,him4 ,if x refuses to see ,god outside ! univ]se1 x equally refuses to see any "p ( ! univ]se z outside ,god4 ,if x makes ! univ]se ! body ( ,god1 x also makes ,god ! s\l ( ! univ]se4 ,! "q at issue1 !n1 betwe5 ! ,d>w9ism ( ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ! neo-,d>w9ism ( 8 gr&son1 is n a p]sonal "o1 nor any?+ l a p]sonal "o4 ,x n only involves ! exi/5ce ( evolution1 b x affects ! view we take ( life & ?+s 9 an endless v>iety ( mo/ int]e/+ & important ways4 ,x is imp]ative1 !re=e1 on ^? :o take any int]e/ 9 ^! matt]s1 to place side by side 9 ! cle>e/ contra/ ! views ( ^? :o ref] ! evolution ( species ma9ly to accumulation ( v>iations t h no o!r inception ?an *ance1 & ( t old] s*ool :i* makes design p]ceive & develop /ill fur!r ! goods t *ance provides4 ,b ov] & above ?is1 :i* w\ld be 9 itself suffici5t1 ! hi/orical mode ( /udy+ any "q is ! only "o :i* w enable u to compreh5d x effectually4 ,! p]sonal elem5t _c be elim9at$ f ! consid]ation ( works writt5 by liv+ p]sons = liv+ p]sons4 ,we want to "k :o is :o--:om we c dep5d ^u to h no o!r end ?an ! mak+ ?+s cle> to himself & 8 read]s1 & :om we %\ld mi/ru/ z hav+ an ult]ior aim on :i* he is m int5t ?an on ! fur!r+ ( our bett] und]/&+4 ,we want to "k :o is do+ 8 be/ to help u1 & :o is only try+ to make u help him1 or to bol/] up ! sy/em 9 :i* 8 int]e/s are ve/$4 ,!re is no?+ t w ?r[ m light ^u ^! po9ts ?an ! way 9 :i* a man behaves t[>ds ^? :o h work$ 9 ! same field ) himself1 &1 aga91 ?an 8 /yle4 ,a man's /yle1 z ,buffon long s9ce said1 is ! man himself4 ,by /yle1 ,i d n1 ( c\rse1 mean gramm> or rhetoric1 b t /yle ( :i* ,buffon aga9 said t x is l happ9ess1 & vi5t de la d\ceur de l'ame4 ,:5 we f9d a man conceal+ worse ?an nullity ( mean+ "u s5t5ces t s\nd plausibly en\gh1 we %\ld di/ru/ him mu* z we %\ld a fell[-travell] :om we caught try+ to /eal our wat*4 ,we (t5 _c judge ( ! tru? or falsehood ( facts = ourselves1 b we mo/ ( u "k en\gh ( human nature to be able to tell a good witness f a bad "o4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 & :atev] we may ?9k ( judg+ sy/ems by ! directness or indirectness ( ^? :o advance !m1 biologi/s1 hav+ committ$ !mselves too ra%ly1 w\ld h be5 m ?an human if !y _h n %[n "s pique t[>ds ^? :o d>$ to say1 fir/1 t ! !ory ( ,messrs4 ,d>w9 & ,wallace 0 unworkable2 & secondly1 t ev5 ?\gh x 7 workable x w\ld n ju/ify ei!r ( !m 9 claim+ evolution4 ,:5 biologi/s %[ pique at all !y g5]ally %[ a good deal ( pique1 b pique or no pique1 !y %unn$ ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s objection above ref]r$ to ) a p]si/5cy m unanim\s & ob/9ate ?an ,i ev] rememb] to h se5 display$ ev5 by pr(essional tru?-seek]s4 ,i f9d no rejo9d] to x f ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself1 betwe5 #ahfe :5 x 0 fir/ put =w>d1 & #ahhb :5 ,mr4 ,d>w9 di$4 ,x has be5 simil>ly o/ri*is$ by all ! lead+ apologi/s ( ,d>w9ism1 s f> at lea/ z ,i h be5 able to obs]ve1 & ,i h foll[$ ! matt] closely = _m ye>s4 ,mr4 ,sp5c] has repeat$ & amplifi$ x 9 8 rec5t "w1 ,! ,factors ( ,organic ,evolution1 b x /ill rema9s )\t s mu* z an attempt at s]i\s answ]1 = ! p]functory & illusory rem>ks ( ,mr4 ,wallace at ! end ( 8 ,d>w9ism _c be c\nt$ z su*4 ,! be/ pro( ( its irresi/ible weight is t ,mr4 ,d>w91 ?\gh ma9ta9+ sil5ce 9 respect to x1 retreat$ f 8 orig9al position 9 ! direction t w\ld mo/ obviate ,mr4 ,sp5c]'s objection4 ,yet ?is objection has be5 repeat$ly urg$ by ! m prom95t anti- ,*>les-,d>w9ian au?orities1 & !re is no sign t ! ,briti% public is becom+ less rigor\s 9 requir+ p ei!r to reply to objections repeat$ly urg$ by m5 ( ev5 mod]ate weight1 or to let judgm5t g by default4 ,z reg>ds ,mr4 ,d>w9's claim to ! !ory ( evolution g5]ally1 ,d>w9ians are beg9n+ n[ to p]ceive t ?is _c be admitt$1 & ei!r say ) "s h>dihood t ,mr4 ,d>w9 nev] claim$ x1 or aft] a few sav+ clauses to ! effect t ?is !ory ref]s only to ! p>ticul> means by :i* evolution has be5 br\ght ab\t1 imply =?) !reaft] none ! less t evolution is ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory4 ,mr4 ,wallace has done ?is repeat$ly 9 8 rec5t ,d>w9ism4 ,inde$1 ,i %\ld be by no means sure t on ! fir/ page ( 8 preface1 9 ! passage ab\t ,d>w9's !ory1 :i* ,i h already some:at sev]ely criticis$1 he 0 n int5d+ evolution by ,d>w9's !ory1 if 9 8 prec$+ p>agraph he _h n s cle>ly %[n t he knew evolution to be a !ory ( greatly old] date ?an ,mr4 ,d>w9's4 ,! hi/ory ( sci5ce--well exemplifi$ by t ( ! developm5t !ory--is ! hi/ory ( em95t m5 :o h f\ght aga9/ light & h be5 wor/$4 ,! t5acity ) :i* ,d>w9ians /ick to _! accumulation ( =tuit\s v>iations is on a p> ) ! l t5acity %[n by ! illu/ri\s ,cuvi]1 :o did 8 be/ to cru% evolution altoge!r4 ,x always has be5 ?us1 & always w be2 nor is x desirable 9 ! int]e/s ( ,tru? h]self t x %\ld be o!rwise4 ,tru? is l money--lightly come1 lightly g2 & if %e _c hold h] own aga9/ ev5 gross misrepres5tation1 %e is h]self n wor? hold+4 ,misrepres5tation 9 ! long run makes ,tru? z mu* z x m>s h]2 h5ce our law c\rts d n ?9k x desirable t plead]s %\ld speak _! bona fide op9ions1 mu* less t !y %\ld pr(ess to d s4 ,r let ea* side hoodw9k judge & jury z be/ x c1 & let tru? fla% out f collision ( def5ce & accusation4 ,:5 ei!r side w n collide1 x is an axiom ( controv]sy t x desires to prev5t ! tru? f be+ elicit$4 ,let u n[ note ! c\rses =c$ ^u biologi/s by ! difficulties ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's di/9ctive feature4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 & ,mr4 ,wallace1 z is well kn[n1 br\ght ! feature =w>d simultane\sly & indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 b ,mr4 ,wallace always believ$ 9 x m firmly ?an ,mr4 ,d>w9 did4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 z a "y man did n believe 9 x4 ,he wrote be=e #ahhi1 ,nature1 by mak+ habit omnipot5t & its effects h]$it>y1 has fitt$ ! ,fuegian = ! climate & productions ( 8 c\ntry1 #ba a s5t5ce ?an :i* no?+ c co9cide m fully ) ! old] view t use & disuse 7 ! ma9 purveyors ( v>iations1 or conflict m fatally ) 8 own subsequ5t di/9ctive feature4 ,moreov]1 z ,i %[$ 9 my la/ "w on evolution1 #bb 9 ! p]oration to 8 ,orig9 ( ,species1 he disc>d$ 8 accid5tal v>iations altoge!r1 & fell back on ! old] !ory1 s t ! body ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species supports "o !ory1 & ! p]oration ano!r t diff]s f x toto coelo4 ,f9ally1 9 8 lat] editions1 he retreat$ indef9itely f 8 orig9al position1 edg+ always m & m cont9ually t[>ds ! !ory ( 8 gr&fa!r & ,lam>ck4 ,^! facts conv9ce me t he 0 at no "t a ?or\gh- go+ ,d>w9ian1 b 0 ?r\gh\t an unconsci\s ,lam>ckian1 ?\gh ev] anxi\s to conceal ! fact alike f himself & f 8 read]s4 ,n s ) ,mr4 ,wallace1 :o 0 bo? m outspok5 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & :o has p]sev]$ along ! pa? ( ,wallaceism j z ,mr4 ,d>w9 ) great] sagacity 0 ev] on ! retreat f ,d>w9ism4 ,mr4 ,wallace's pr(\nd] fai? l$ him 9 ! outset to place 8 !ory 9 full] daylight ?an ,mr4 ,d>w9 0 incl9$ to d4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 j wav$ ,lam>ck aside1 & said z little ab\t him z he c\ld1 :ile 9 8 e>li] editions ,erasmus ,d>w9 & ,buffon 7 n s mu* z nam$4 ,mr4 ,wallace1 on ! contr>y1 at once rais$ ! ,lam>ckian spectre1 & decl>$ x exorcis$4 ,he said ! ,lam>ckian hypo!sis 0 q unnecess>y4 ,! giraffe did n acquire its long neck by desir+ to rea* ! foliage ( ! m l(ty %rubs1 & con/antly /ret*+ its neck = ?is purpose1 b because any v>ieties :i* occurr$ among its antitypes ) a long] neck ?an usual at once secur$ a fre% range ( pa/ure ov] ! same gr\nd z _! %ort]-neck$ companions1 & on ! fir/ sc>city ( food 7 ?us enabl$ to outlive !m4 #bc ,:i* occurr$ is evid5tly :i* happ5$ to occur by "s *ance or accid5t unconnect$ ) use & disuse4 ,! ^w accid5t is nev] us$1 b ,mr4 ,wallace mu/ be cr$it$ ) ?is in/ance ( a desire to give 8 read]s a *ance ( p]ceiv+ t accord+ to 8 di/9ctive feature evolution is an affair ( luck1 r ?an ( cunn+4 ,:e!r 8 read]s actually did und]/& ?is z cle>ly z ,mr4 ,wallace d\btless desir$ t !y %\ld1 & :e!r great] developm5t at ?is po9t w\ld n h help$ !m to full] appreh5sion1 we ne$ n n[ inquire4 ,:at 0 ga9$ 9 di/9ctness might h be5 lo/ 9 di/9ctiv5ess1 & aft] all he did te*nically put u ^u our gu>d4 ,nev]!less he too at a p9* takes refuge 9 ,lam>ckism4 ,9 relation to ! mann] 9 :i* ! eyes ( soles1 turbots1 & o!r flat-fi% travel r\nd ! head s z to become 9 ! end unsymmetrically plac$1 he says3-- ,! eyes ( ^! fi% are curi\sly di/ort$ 9 ord] t bo? eyes may be ^u ! upp] side1 :]e alone !y w\ld be ( any use4 4 4 4 ,n[ if we suppose ?is process1 :i* 9 ! "y is complet$ 9 a few days or weeks1 to h be5 spread ov] ?\s&s ( g5]ations dur+ ! developm5t ( ^! fi%1 ^? usually surviv+ ^: eyes reta9$ m & m ( ! position into :i* ! "y fi% tri$ to twi/ !m italics m9e1 ! *ange becomes intelligible4 #bd ,:5 x 0 said by ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/]--:o kn[s z well z mo/ p :at ,lam>ck taught--t ?is 0 flat ,lam>ckism1 ,mr4 ,wallace rejo9$ t x 0 ! survival ( ! modifi$ individuals t did x all1 n ! ef=ts ( ! "y fi% to twi/ _! eyes1 & ! transmission to desc5dants ( ! effects ( ^? ef=ts4 ,b ?is1 z ,i said 9 my book1 ,evolution1 ,old & ,new1 #be is l say+ t horses are swift runn]s1 n by reason ( ! causes1 :atev] !y 71 t occasion$ ! direct l9e ( _! prog5itors to v>y t[>ds ev] great] & great] swiftness1 b because _! m sl[- go+ uncles & aunts g away4 ,pla9 p w pref] to say t ! ma9 cause ( any accumulation ( fav\rable modifications consi/s r 9 t :i* br+s ab\t ! initial v>iations1 & 9 ! fact t ^! c be inh]it$ at all1 ?an 9 ! fact t ! unmodifi$ individuals 7 n successful4 ,p d n become ri* because ! poor 9 l>ge numb]s g away1 b because !y h be5 lucky1 or provid5t1 or m commonly bo?4 ,if !y w\ld keep _! weal? :5 !y h made x !y mu/ exclude luck !nce=? to ! utmo/ ( _! p[]1 & _! *ildr5 mu/ foll[ _! example1 or !y w soon lose _! money4 ,! fact t ! weak] g to ! wall does n br+ ab\t ! great] /r5g? ( ! /rong]2 x is ! consequ5ce ( ?is la/ & n ! cause--unless1 inde$1 x be cont5d$ t a k t ! weak g to ! wall /imulates ! /rong to ex]tions :i* !y w\ld n o!rwise s make1 & t ^! ex]tions produce inh]itable modifications4 ,ev5 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x w\ld be ! ex]tions1 or use & disuse1 t w\ld be ! ma9 ag5ts 9 ! modification4 ,b x is n (t5 t ,mr4 ,wallace ?us backslides4 ,8 pres5t position is t acquir$ 7z di/+ui%$ f cong5ital7 modifications are n inh]it$ at all4 ,he does n inde$ put 8 fai? prom95tly =w>d & p9 himself to x z pla9ly z c\ld be wi%$1 b "u ! head+1 ,! ,non-,h]$ity ( ,acquir$ ,*>act]s1 he writes z foll[s on p4 #ddj ( 8 rec5t "w 9 ref]5ce to ,pr(essor ,weismann's ,!ory ( ,h]$ity3-- ,c]ta9 obs]vations on ! embryology ( ! l[] animals are held to af=d direct pro( ( ?is !ory ( h]$ity1 b !y are too te*nical to be made cle> to ord9>y read]s4 ,a logical result ( ! !ory is ! impossibility ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s1 s9ce ! molecul> /ructure ( ! g]m-plasm is already det]m9$ )9 ! embryo2 & ,weismann holds t !re are no facts :i* really prove t acquir$ *>act]s c be inh]it$1 al?\gh _! inh]itance has1 by mo/ writ]s1 be5 consid]$ s probable z h>dly to /& 9 ne$ ( direct pro(4 ,we h already se5 9 ! e>li] "p ( ?is *apt] t _m in/ances ( *ange1 imput$ to ! inh]itance ( acquir$ v>iations1 are really cases ( selection4 ,& ! re/ ( ! rem>ks t5d to convey ! impression t ,mr4 ,wallace adopts ,pr(essor ,weismann's view1 b1 curi\sly en\gh1 ?\gh ,i h gone ?r\gh ,mr4 ,wallace's book ) a special view to ?is p>ticul> po9t1 ,i h n be5 able to f9d him def9itely committ+ himself ei!r to ! ass]tion t acquir$ modifications nev] are inh]it$1 or t !y sometimes are s4 ,x is abundantly laid d[n t ,mr4 ,d>w9 laid too mu* /ress on use & disuse1 & a residu>y impression is left t ,mr4 ,wallace is endors+ ,pr(essor ,weismann's view1 b ,i h f\nd x impossible to collect any?+ t enables me to def9e 8 position confid5tly 9 ?is respect4 ,?is is natural en\gh1 = ,mr4 ,wallace has entitl$ 8 book ,d>w9ism1 & a "w d5y+ t use & disuse produc$ any effect c\ld n conceivably be call$ ,d>w9ism4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has rec5tly collect$ _m passages f ,! ,orig9 ( ,species & f ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication1 #bf :i* %[ h[ l>gely1 aft] all1 use & disuse ent]$ into ,mr4 ,d>w9's sy/em1 & we "k t 9 8 lat] ye>s he atta*$ /ill m importance to !m4 ,x 0 out ( ! "q1 !re=e1 t ,mr4 ,wallace %\ld categorically d5y t _! effects 7 inh]itable4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! temptation to adopt ,pr(essor ,weismann's view mu/ h be5 ov]:elm+ to "o :o _h be5 already incl9$ to m9imise ! effects ( use & disuse4 ,on ! :ole1 "o does n see :at ,mr4 ,wallace c\ld d1 o!r ?an :at he has done--unless1 ( c\rse1 he *ang$ 8 title1 or _h be5 no long] ,mr4 ,wallace4 ,besides1 ?anks to ! works ( ,mr4 ,sp5c]1 ,pr(essor ,miv>t1 ,pr(essor ,semp]1 & v _m o!rs1 !re has = "s "t be5 a gr[+ p]ception t ! ,d>w9ism ( ,*>les ,d>w9 0 doom$4 ,use & disuse mu/ ei!r d ev5 m ?an is (ficially recognis$ 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's lat] concessions1 or !y mu/ d a great deal less4 ,if !y c d z mu* z ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself said !y did1 :y %\ld !y n d m8 ,:y /op :]e ,mr4 ,d>w9 did8 ,& aga91 :]e 9 ! "n ( all t is reasonable did he really /op8 ,he drew no l9e1 & on :at pr9ciple c we say t s mu* is possible z effect ( use & disuse1 b s mu* m impossible8 ,if1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 cont5d$1 disuse c s f> r$uce an organ z to r5d] x rudim5t>y1 & 9 _m cases get rid ( x altoge!r1 :y _c use create z mu* z disuse c de/roy1 provid$ x has any?+1 no matt] h[ l[ 9 /ructure1 to beg9 )8 ,let u "k :]e we /&4 ,if x is admitt$ t use & disuse c d a good deal1 :at does a good deal mean8 ,& :at is ! proportion betwe5 ! %>es attributable to use & disuse & to natural selection respectively8 ,if we _c be told ) absolute precision1 let u at any rate h some?+ m def9ite ?an ! /atem5t t natural selection is ! mo/ important means ( modification4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 gave u no help 9 ?is respect2 & worse ?an ?is1 he contradict$ himself s flatly z to %[ t he _h v little def9ite idea ^u ! subject at all4 ,?us 9 respect to ! w+lessness ( ! ,madeira beetles he wrote3-- ,9 "s cases we might easily put d[n to disuse modifications ( /ructure1 :i* are :olly or ma9ly due to natural selection4 ,mr4 ,wolla/on has discov]$ ! rem>kable fact t #bjj beetles1 out ( ! #eej species 7b m are n[ kn[n7 inhabit+ ,madeira1 are s f> defici5t 9 w+s t !y _c fly2 & t ( ! #bi endemic g5]a no less ?an #bc h all _! species 9 ?is condition6 ,sev]al facts1--namely1 t beetles 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w are frequ5tly bl[n out to sea & p]i%2 t ! beetles 9 ,madeira1 z obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,wolla/on1 lie mu* conceal$ until ! w9d lulls & ! sun %9es2 t ! proportion ( w+less beetles is l>g] on ! expos$ ,des]tas ?an 9 ,madeira itself2 & especially ! extraord9>y fact1 s /rongly insi/$ on by ,mr4 ,wolla/on1 t c]ta9 l>ge gr\ps ( beetles1 else:]e excessively num]\s1 :i* absolutely require ! use ( _! w+s are "h almo/ entirely abs5t2--^! sev]al consid]ations make me believe t ! w+less condition ( s _m ,madeira beetles is ma9ly due to ! action ( natural selection1 comb9$ probably ) disuse italics m9e4 ,= dur+ _m successive g5]ations ea* individual beetle :i* flew lea/1 ei!r f its w+s hav+ be5 ev] s little less p]fectly develop$ or f indol5t habit1 w h _h ! be/ *ance ( surviv+1 f n be+ bl[n out to sea2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ^? beetles :i* mo/ readily took to flight w\ld (t5e/ h be5 bl[n to sea1 & ?us de/roy$4 #bg ,we %\ld l to "k1 fir/1 some:]e ab\t h[ mu* disuse 0 able to d aft] all1 & moreov] :y1 if x c d any?+ at all1 x %\ld n be able to d all4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 says3 ,any *ange 9 /ructure & function :i* c be effect$ by small /ages is )9 ! p[] ( natural selection4 ,& :y n1 we ask1 )9 ! p[] ( use & disuse8 ,moreov]1 on a lat] page we f9d ,mr4 ,d>w9 say+3-- ,x appe>s probable t disuse has be5 ! ma9 ag5t 9 r5d]+ organs rudim5t>y italics m9e4 ,x w\ld at fir/ lead by sl[ /eps to ! m & m complete r$uction ( a "p1 until at la/ x has become rudim5t>y--z 9 ! case ( ! eyes ( animals inhabit+ d>k cav]ns1 & ( ! w+s ( birds inhabit+ oceanic isl&s1 :i* h seldom be5 =c$ by bea/s ( prey to take flight1 & h ultimately lo/ ! p[] ( fly+4 ,aga91 an organ1 useful "u c]ta9 conditions1 might become injuri\s "u o!rs1 z ) ! w+s ( beetles liv+ on small & expos$ isl&s2 & 9 ?is case natural selection w h aid$ 9 r$uc+ ! organ1 until x 0 r5d]$ h>mless & rudim5t>y italics m9e4 #bh ,s t j z an undef9$ am\nt ( use & disuse 0 introduc$ on ! e>li] page to supplem5t ! effects ( natural selection 9 respect ( ! w+s ( beetles on small & expos$ isl&s1 we h "h an undef9$ am\nt ( natural selection introduc$ to supplem5t ! effects ( use & disuse 9 respect ( ! id5tical ph5om5a4 ,9 ! "o passage we f9d t natural selection has be5 ! ma9 ag5t 9 r$uc+ ! w+s1 ?\gh use & disuse h _h an appreciable %>e 9 ! result2 9 ! o!r1 x is use & disuse t h be5 ! ma9 ag5ts1 ?\gh an appreciable %>e 9 ! result mu/ be ascrib$ to natural selection4 ,besides1 :o has se5 ! uncles & aunts go+ away ) ! uni=mity t is necess>y = ,mr4 ,d>w9's cont5tion8 ,we "k t birds & insects d (t5 get bl[n out to sea & p]i%1 b 9 ord] to e/abli% ,mr4 ,d>w9's position we want ! evid5ce ( ^? :o wat*$ ! r$uction ( ! w+s dur+ ! _m g5]ations 9 ! c\rse ( :i* x 0 be+ effect$1 & :o c te/ify t all1 or ! ov]:elm+ majority1 ( ! beetles born ) fairly well-develop$ w+s got bl[n out to sea1 :ile ^? alone surviv$ ^: w+s 7 cong5itally deg5]ate4 ,:o saw !m g1 or c po9t to analog\s cases s conclusive z to compel ass5t f any equitable ?9k]8 ,d>w9ians ( ! /amp ( ,mr4 ,?iselton ,dy]1 ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/]1 or ,mr4 ,romanes1 insi/ on _! p\nd ( fle% 9 ! matt] ( irrefragable demon/ration4 ,!y compla9 ( u = n br++ =w>d "s "o :o has be5 able to detect ! movem5t ( ! h\r-h& ( a wat* dur+ a second ( "t1 & :5 we fail to d s1 decl>e triumphantly t we h no evid5ce t !re is any connection betwe5 ! beat+ ( a second & ! movem5t ( ! h\r-h&4 ,:5 we say t ra9 comes f ! cond5sation ( moi/ure 9 ! atmosph]e1 !y dem& ( u a ra9-drop f moi/ure n yet cond5s$4 ,if !y /ickle = pro( & cavil on ! n9? "p ( a hair1 z !y d :5 we br+ =w>d :at we deem excell5t in/ances ( ! transmission ( an acquir$ *>act]i/ic1 :y may n we1 too1 dem& at any rate "s evid5ce t ! unmodifi$ beetles actually did always1 or ne>ly always1 get bl[n out to sea1 dur+ ! r$uction above ref]r$ to1 & t x is to ?is fact1 & n to ! ma/]ly inactivity ( _! fa!rs & mo!rs1 t ! ,madeira beetles owe _! w+lessness8 ,if we began /ickl+ = pro( 9 ?is way1 our oppon5ts w\ld n be long 9 lett+ u "k t absolute pro( is unatta9able on any subject1 t reasonable presumption is our highe/ c]ta9ty1 & t cry+ out = too mu* evid5ce is z bad z accept+ too little4 ,tru? is l a photographic s5sitis$ plate1 :i* is equally ru9$ by ov] & by "u exposure1 & ! j exposure = :i* c nev] be absolutely det]m9$4 ,surely if disuse c be cr$it$ ) ! va/ p[]s involv$ 9 ,mr4 ,d>w9's /atem5t t x has probably be5 ! ma9 ag5t 9 r5d]+ organs rudim5t>y1 no limits are assignable to ! accumulat$ effects ( habit1 provid$ ! effects ( habit1 or use & disuse1 are suppos$1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 suppos$ !m1 to be inh]itable at all4 ,d>w9ians h at l5g? woke up to ! dilemma 9 :i* !y are plac$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ,mr4 ,d>w9 tri$ to sit on ! two /ools ( use & disuse1 & natural selection ( accid5tal v>iations1 at ! same "t4 ,! knell ( ,*>les-,d>w9ism is rung 9 ,mr4 ,wallace's pres5t book1 & 9 ! g5]al p]ception on ! "p ( biologi/s t we mu/ ei!r assign to use & disuse su* a pr$om9ant %>e 9 modification z to make x ! feature mo/ prop] to be insi/$ on1 or d5y t ! modifications1 :e!r ( m9d or body1 acquir$ dur+ a s+le lifetime1 are ev] transmitt$ at all4 ,if !y c be inh]it$ at all1 !y c be accumulat$4 ,if !y c be accumulat$ at all1 !y c be s1 = any?+ t appe>s to ! contr>y1 to ! ext5t ( ! specific & g5]ic diff]5ces ) :i* we are surr\nd$4 ,! only ?+ to d is to pluck !m out root & bran*3 !y are z a canc] :i*1 if ! smalle/ fibre be left unexcis$1 w gr[ aga91 & kill any sy/em on to :i* x is all[$ to fa/54 ,mr4 ,wallace1 !re=e1 may well be excus$ if he ca/s long+ eyes t[>ds ,weismannism4 ,& :at 0 ,mr4 ,d>w9's sy/em8 ,:o c make head or tail ( ! inextricable muddle 9 :i* he left x8 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species 9 its late/ %ape is ! r$uction ( h$g+ to an absurdity4 ,h[ did ,mr4 ,d>w9 himself leave x 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ! la/ edition ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species8 ,he wrote3-- ,i h n[ recapitulat$ ! facts & consid]ations :i* h ?or\ghly conv9c$ me t species h be5 modifi$ dur+ a long c\rse ( desc5t4 ,?is has be5 effect$ *iefly ?r\gh ! natural selection ( num]\s1 successive1 slight1 fav\rable v>iations2 aid$ 9 an important mann] by ! inh]it$ effects ( ! use & disuse ( p>ts1 & 9 an unimportant mann]--t is1 9 relation to adaptive /ructures :e!r pa/ or pres5t--by ! direct action ( ext]nal conditions1 & by v>iations :i* seem to u 9 our ignorance to arise spontane\sly4 ,x appe>s t ,i =m]ly und]rat$ ! frequ5cy & value ( ^! latt] =ms ( v>iation1 z lead+ to p]man5t modifications ( /ructure indep5d5tly ( natural selection4 ,! num]\s1 successive1 slight1 fav\rable v>iations above ref]r$ to are int5d$ to be =tuit\s1 accid5tal1 spontane\s4 ,x is ! ess5ce ( ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory t ?is %\ld be s4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's solemn /atem5t1 !re=e1 ( 8 !ory1 aft] he _h done 8 be/ or 8 wor/ ) x1 is1 :5 /ripp$ ( surplusage1 z foll[s3-- ,! modification ( species has be5 ma9ly effect$ by accumulation ( spontane\s v>iations2 x has be5 aid$ 9 an important mann] by accumulation ( v>iations due to use & disuse1 & 9 an unimportant mann] by spontane\s v>iations2 ,i d n ev5 n[ ?9k t spontane\s v>iations h be5 v important1 b ,i us$ once to ?9k !m less important ?an ,i d n[4 ,x is a disc\rag+ symptom ( ! age t su* a sy/em %\ld h be5 s long belaud$1 & x is a sign ( return+ intellig5ce t ev5 he :o has be5 m especially ! alt] ego ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 %\ld h felt con/ra9$ to close ! *apt] ( ,*>les-,d>w9ism z a liv+ !ory1 & relegate x to ! important b n v cr$itable place 9 hi/ory :i* x mu/ h5ce=? occupy4 ,x is a/oni%+1 h[ev]1 t ,mr4 ,wallace %\ld h quot$ ! extract f ! ,orig9 ( ,species j giv51 z he has done on p4 #dab ( 8 ,d>w9ism1 )\t betray+ any sign t he has caught its driftlessness--= drift1 o!r ?an a desire to h$ge1 x assur$ly has n got4 ,! battle n[ turns on ! "q :e!r modifications ( ei!r /ructure or in/9ct due to use or disuse are ev] inh]it$1 or :e!r !y are n4 ,c ! effects ( habit be transmitt$ to prog5y at all8 ,we "k t m usually !y are n transmitt$ to any p]ceptible ext5t1 b we believe also t occasionally1 & inde$ n infrequ5tly1 !y are inh]it$ & ev5 int5sifi$4 ,:at are our gr\nds = ?is op9ion8 ,x w be my object to put ^! =w>d 9 ! foll[+ numb] ( ! ,univ]sal ,review4 ,,! ,,deadlock ,,9 ,,d>w9ism--,,"p ,,ii #bi ,at ! close ( my article 9 la/ mon?'s numb] ( ! ,univ]sal ,review1 ,i said ,i w\ld 9 ?is mon?'s issue %[ :y ! oppon5ts ( ,*>les-,d>w9ism believe ! effects ( habits acquir$ dur+ ! lifetime ( a p>5t to produce an effect on _! subsequ5t (fspr+1 9 spite ( ! fact t we c r>ely f9d ! effect 9 any "o g5]ation1 or ev5 9 sev]al1 suffici5tly m>k$ to arre/ our att5tion4 ,i w n[ %[ t (fspr+ c be1 & n v infrequ5tly is1 affect$ by occurr5ces t h produc$ a deep impression on ! p>5t organism--! effect produc$ on ! (fspr+ be+ su* z leaves no d\bt t x is to be connect$ ) ! impression produc$ on ! p>5t4 ,hav+ ?us e/abli%$ ! g5]al proposition1 ,i w proce$ to ! m p>ticul> "o--t habits1 involv+ use & disuse ( special organs1 ) ! modifications ( /ructure !reby eng5d]$1 produce also an effect ^u (fspr+1 :i*1 ?\gh seldom p]ceptible z reg>ds /ructure 9 a s+le1 or ev5 9 sev]al g5]ations1 is nev]!less capable ( be+ accumulat$ 9 successive g5]ations till x am\nts to specific & g5]ic diff]5ce4 ,i h f\nd ! fir/ po9t z mu* z ,i c treat )9 ! limits ( ?is pres5t article1 & w avail myself ( ! hospitality ( ! ,univ]sal ,review next mon? to deal ) ! second4 ,! proposition :i* ,i h to def5d is "o :i* no "o till rec5tly w\ld h que/ion$1 & ev5 n[1 ^? :o look mo/ askance at x d n v5ture to dispute x unres]v$ly2 !y e n[ & !n admit x z conceivable1 & ev5 9 "s cases probable2 nev]!less !y seek to m9imise x1 & to make out t !re is little or no connection betwe5 ! great mass ( ! cells ( :i* ! body is compos$1 & ^? cells t are alone capable ( reproduc+ ! entire organism4 ,! t5d5cy is to assign to ^! la/ a life ( _! own1 ap>t f1 & unconnect$ ) t ( ! o!r cells ( ! body1 & to *eap5 all evid5ce t t5ds to prove any response on _! "p to ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! individual1 & h5ce ultimately ( ! race4 ,pr(essor ,weismann is ! =emo/ expon5t ( ^? :o take ?is l9e4 ,he has naturally be5 welcom$ by ,engli% ,*>les-,d>w9ians2 = if 8 view c be su/a9$1 !n x c be cont5d$ t use & disuse produce no transmissible effect1 & ! gr\nd is cut f "u ,lam>ck's feet2 if1 on ! o!r h&1 8 view is unf\nd$1 ! ,lam>ckian reaction1 already /rong1 w ga9 /ill fur!r /r5g?4 ,! issue1 !re=e1 is important1 & is be+ fi]cely conte/$ by ^? :o h inve/$ _! all ( reputation = disc]nm5t 9 ,*>les-,d>w9ian securities4 ,pr(essor ,weismann's !ory is1 t at e new bir? a "p ( ! sub/ance :i* proce$s f p>5ts & :i* goes to =m ! new embryo is n us$ up 9 =m+ ! new animal1 b rema9s ap>t to g5]ate ! g]m-cells--or p]haps ,i %\ld say g]m-plasm--:i* ! new animal itself w 9 due c\rse issue4 ,contra/+ ! g5]ally receiv$ view ) 8 own1 ,pr(essor ,weismann says t accord+ to ! fir/ ( ^! ! organism produces g]m- cells afre% aga9 & aga91 & t x produces !m entirely f its own sub/ance4 ,:ile by ! second ! g]m-cells are no long] look$ ^u z ! product ( ! p>5t's body1 at lea/ z f> z _! ess5tial "p--! specific g]m-plasm--is conc]n$2 !y are r consid]$ z some?+ :i* is to be plac$ 9 contra/ ) ! t\t ensemble ( ! cells :i* make up ! p>5t's body1 & ! g]m-cells ( succe$+ g5]ations /& 9 a simil> relation to "o ano!r z a s]ies ( g5]ations ( unicellul> organisms aris+ by a cont9u$ process ( cell-division4 #cj ,on ano!r page he writes3-- ,i believe t h]$ity dep5ds ^u ! fact t a small portion ( ! effective sub/ance ( ! g]m1 ! g]m-plasm1 rema9s un*ang$ dur+ ! developm5t ( ! ovum into an organism1 & t ?is "p ( ! g]m-plasm s]ves z a f\ndation f :i* ! g]m-cells ( ! new organism are produc$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 cont9uity ( ! g]m- plasm f "o g5]ation to ano!r4 ,"o might repres5t ! g]m-plasm by ! metaphor ( a long creep+ root-/ock f :i* plants arise at int]vals1 ^! latt] repres5t+ ! individuals ( successive g5]ations4 #ca ,mr4 ,wallace1 :o does n appe> to h read ,pr(essor ,weismann's essays !mselves1 b ^: rem>ks are1 no d\bt1 ultimately d]iv$ f ! sequel to ! passage j quot$ f page #bff ( ,pr(essor ,weismann's book1 cont5ds t ! impossibility ( ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s foll[s z a logical result f ,pr(essor ,weismann's !ory1 inasmu* z ! molecul> /ructure ( ! g]m-plasm t w g to =m any succe$+ g5]ation is already pr$et]m9$ )9 ! /ill un=m$ embryo ( its pr$ecessor2 & ,weismann1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,wallace1 holds t !re are no facts :i* really prove t acquir$ *>act]s c be inh]it$1 al?\gh _! inh]itance has1 by mo/ writ]s1 be5 consid]$ s probable z h>dly to /& 9 ne$ ( direct pro(4 #cb ,pr(essor ,weismann1 9 passages too num]\s to quote1 %[s t he recognises ?is necessity1 & ackn[l$ges t ! non-transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s =ms ! f\ndation ( ! views set =? 9 8 book1 p4 #bia4 ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] does n commit himself absolutely to ?is view1 b l5ds x support by say+ 7,nature1 ,decemb] #ab1 #ahhi73 ,x is h>dly necess>y to say t x has nev] yet be5 %[n exp]im5tally t any?+ acquir$ by "o g5]ation is transmitt$ to ! next 7putt+ aside diseases74 ,mr4 ,romanes1 writ+ 9 ,nature1 ,m>* #ah1 #ahij1 & oppos+ c]ta9 details ( ,pr(essor ,weismann's !ory1 s f> supports x z to say t !re is ! grave/ possible d\bt ly+ aga9/ ! supposition t any really inh]it$ decrease is due to ! inh]it$ effects ( disuse4 ,! grave/ possible d\bt %\ld mean t ,mr4 ,romanes reg>ds x z a moral c]ta9ty t disuse has no transmitt$ effect 9 r$uc+ an organ1 & x %\ld foll[ t he holds use to h no transmitt$ effect 9 its developm5t4 ,! sequel1 h[ev]1 makes me unc]ta9 h[ f> ,mr4 ,romanes int5ds ?is1 & ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ! article :i* ,mr4 ,romanes has j publi%$ on ,weismann 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review = ?is curr5t mon?4 ,! burd5 ( ,mr4 ,?iselton ,dy]'s controv]sy ) ! ,duke ( ,argyll 7see ,nature1 ,janu>y #af1 #ahij1 et seq47 0 t !re 0 no evid5ce 9 support ( ! transmission ( any acquir$ modification4 ,! or?odoxy ( sci5ce1 !re=e1 mu/ be held z giv+ at any rate a provisional support to ,pr(essor ,weismann1 b all ( !m1 includ+ ev5 ,pr(essor ,weismann himself1 %r9k f committ+ !mselves to ! op9ion t ! g]m-cells ( any organisms rema9 9 all cases unaffect$ by ! ev5ts t occur to ! o!r cells ( ! same organism1 & until !y d ?is !y h knock$ ! bottom out ( _! case4 ,f among ! passages 9 :i* ,pr(essor ,weismann himself %[s a desire to h$ge ,i may take ! foll[+ f page #agj ( 8 book3-- ,i am also f> f ass]t+ t ! g]m-plasm :i*1 z ,i hold1 is transmitt$ z ! basis ( h]$ity f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 is absolutely un*angeable or totally un9flu5c$ by =ces resid+ 9 ! organism )9 :i* x is trans=m$ into g]m-cells4 ,i am also compell$ to admit x z conceivable t organisms may ex]t a modify+ influ5ce ^u _! g]m-cells1 & ev5 t su* a process is to a c]ta9 ext5t inevitable4 ,! nutrition & gr[? ( ! individual mu/ ex]cise "s influ5ce ^u its g]m-cells 4 4 4 ,pr(essor ,weismann does inde$ g on to say t ?is influ5ce mu/ be extremely slight1 b we d n c>e h[ slight ! *anges produc$ may be provid$ !y exi/ & c be transmitt$4 ,on an e>li] page 7p4 #aja7 he said 9 reg>d to v>iations g5]ally t we %\ld n expect to f9d !m conspicu\s2 _! frequ5cy w\ld be en\gh1 if !y c\ld be accumulat$4 ,! same applies "h1 if /irr+ ev5ts t occur to ! somatic cells c produce any effect at all on (fspr+4 ,a v small effect1 provid$ x c be repeat$ & accumulat$ 9 successive g5]ations1 is all t ev5 ! mo/ exact+ ,lam>ckian w ask =4 ,hav+ n[ made ! read] acqua9t$ ) ! position tak5 by ! lead+ ,*>les-,d>w9ian au?orities1 ,i w return to ,pr(essor ,weismann himself1 :o decl>es t ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s at fir/ sight c]ta9ly seems necess>y1 & t x appe>s ra% to attempt to disp5se ) its aid4 ,he cont9ues3-- ,_m ph5om5a only appe> to be intelligible if we assume ! h]$it>y transmission ( su* acquir$ *>act]s z ! *anges :i* we ascribe to ! use or disuse ( p>ticul> organs1 or to ! direct influ5ce ( climate4 ,fur!rmore1 h[ c we expla9 in/9ct z h]$it>y habit1 unless x has gradually aris5 by ! accumulation1 ?r\gh h]$ity1 ( habits :i* 7 practis$ 9 succe$+ g5]ations8 #cc ,i may say 9 pass+ t ,pr(essor ,weismann appe>s to suppose t ! view ( in/9ct j giv5 is "p ( ! ,*>les-,d>w9ian sy/em1 = on page #hhi ( 8 book he says t _m obs]v]s _h foll[$ ,d>w9 9 expla9+ !m in/9cts z inh]it$ habits4 ,?is 0 n ,mr4 ,d>w9's own view ( ! matt]4 ,he wrote3-- ,if we suppose any habitual action to become inh]it$--& ,i ?9k x c be %[n t ?is does sometimes happ5--!n ! resemblance betwe5 :at orig9ally 0 a habit & an in/9ct becomes s close z n to be di/+ui%$4 4 4 ,b x w\ld be ! mo/ s]i\s error to suppose t ! great] numb] ( in/9cts h be5 acquir$ by habit 9 "o g5]ation1 & !n transmitt$ by inh]itance to succe$+ g5]ations4 ,x c be cle>ly %[n t ! mo/ wond]ful in/9cts ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 namely1 ^? ( ! hive-bee & ( _m ants1 c\ld n possibly h be5 ?us acquir$4--,orig9 ( ,species1 ed41 #ahei1 p4 #bji4 ,aga9 we read3 ,dome/ic in/9cts are sometimes spok5 ( z actions :i* h become inh]it$ solely f long-cont9u$ & compulsory habit1 b ?is1 ,i ?9k1 is n true4--,ibid41 p4 #bad4 ,aga93 ,i am surpris$ t no "o has advanc$ ?is demon/rative case ( neut] insects1 aga9/ ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( inh]it$ habit1 z advanc$ by ,lam>ck4--,orig9 ( ,species1 ed4 #ahgb1 p4 #bhc4 ,i am n aw>e t ,lam>ck advanc$ ! doctr9e t in/9ct is inh]it$ habit1 b he may h done s 9 "s "w t ,i h n se54 ,x is true1 z ,i h m ?an once po9t$ out1 t 9 ! lat] editions ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species x is no long] ! mo/ s]i\s error to ref] in/9cts g5]ally to inh]it$ habit1 b x /ill rema9s a s]i\s error1 & ?is slight relaxation ( sev]ity does n w>rant ,pr(essor ,weismann 9 ascrib+ to ,mr4 ,d>w9 an op9ion :i* he emphatically condemn$4 ,8 tone1 h[ev]1 is s (fh&1 t ^? :o h little acqua9tance ) ! lit]ature ( evolution w\ld h>dly guess t he is n mu* bett] in=m$ on ?is subject ?an !mselves4 ,return+ to ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]s1 ,pr(essor ,weismann says t ?is has nev] be5 prov$ ei!r by means ( direct obs]vation or by exp]im5t4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 he writes1 t !re are 9 exi/5ce num]\s descriptions ( cases :i* t5d to prove t su* mutilations z ! loss ( f+]s1 ! sc>s ( w\nds1 c41 are inh]it$ by ! (fspr+1 b 9 ^! descriptions ! previ\s hi/ory is inv>iably obscure1 & h5ce ! evid5ce loses all sci5tific value4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,m4 ,br[n-,sequ>d ?r[ s mu* light ^u ! "q at issue t ,i w quote at "s l5g? f ! summ>y giv5 by ,mr4 ,d>w9 9 8 ,v>iation ( ,animals & ,plants "u ,dome/ication4 #cd ,mr4 ,d>w9 writes3-- ,) respect to ! inh]itance ( /ructures mutilat$ by injuries or alt]$ by disease1 x 0 until lately difficult to come to any def9ite conclusion4 ,!n foll[ sev]al cases 9 :i* mutilations practis$ = _m g5]ations are n f\nd to be transmitt$4 ,not)/&+1 cont9ues ,mr4 ,d>w91 ! above sev]al negative cases1 we n[ possess conclusive evid5ce t ! effects ( op]ations are sometimes inh]it$4 ,dr4 ,br[n-,sequ>d gives ! foll[+ summ>y ( 8 obs]vations on gu9ea-pigs1 & ?is summ>y is s important t ,i w quote ! :ole3-- '#a/4 ,appe>ance ( epilepsy 9 animals born ( p>5ts hav+ be5 r5d]$ epileptic by an injury to ! sp9al cord4 '#bnd4 ,appe>ance ( epilepsy also 9 animals born ( p>5ts hav+ be5 r5d]$ epileptic by ! section ( ! sciatic n]ve4 '#crd4 ,a *ange 9 ! %ape ( ! e> 9 animals born ( p>5ts 9 :i* su* a *ange 0 ! effect ( a division ( ! c]vical sympa!tic n]ve4 '#d?4 ,p>tial closure ( ! eyelids 9 animals born ( p>5ts 9 :i* t /ate ( ! eyelids _h be5 caus$ ei!r by ! section ( ! c]vical sympa!tic n]ve or ! removal ( ! sup]ior c]vical ganglion4 '#e?4 ,exoph?almia 9 animals born ( p>5ts 9 :i* an injury to ! re/i=m body _h produc$ t protrusion ( ! eyeball4 ,?is int]e/+ fact ,i h witness$ a good _m times1 & ,i h se5 ! transmission ( ! morbid /ate ( ! eye cont9ue ?r\gh f\r g5]ations4 ,9 ^! animals modifi$ by h]$ity1 ! two eyes g5]ally protrud$1 al?\gh 9 ! p>5ts usually only "o %[$ exoph?almia1 ! lesion hav+ be5 made 9 mo/ cases only on "o ( ! corpora re/i=mia4 '#f?4 ,haematoma & dry gangr5e ( ! e>s 9 animals born ( p>5ts 9 :i* ^! e>-alt]ations _h be5 caus$ by an injury to ! re/i=m body ne> ! nib ( ! calamus4 '#g?4 ,abs5ce ( two toes out ( ! ?ree ( ! h9d leg1 & sometimes ( ! ?ree1 9 animals ^: p>5ts _h eat5 up _! h9d- leg toes :i* _h become anae/hetic f a section ( ! sciatic n]ve alone1 or ( t n]ve & also ( ! crural4 ,sometimes1 in/ead ( complete abs5ce ( ! toes1 only a "p ( "o or two or ?ree 0 miss+ 9 ! "y1 al?\gh 9 ! p>5t n only ! toes b ! :ole foot 0 abs5t 7p>tly eat5 (f1 p>tly de/roy$ by inflammation1 ulc]ation1 or gangr5e74 '#h?4 ,appe>ance ( v>i\s morbid /ates ( ! sk9 & hair ( ! neck & face 9 animals born ( p>5ts hav+ _h simil> alt]ations 9 ! same p>ts1 z effects ( an injury to ! sciatic n]ve4' ,x %\ld be especially obs]v$ t ,br[n-,sequ>d has br$ dur+ ?irty ye>s _m ?\s& gu9ea-pigs f animals :i* _h n be5 op]at$ ^u1 & n "o ( ^! manife/$ ! epileptic t5d5cy4 ,nor has he ev] se5 a gu9ea-pig born )\t toes1 :i* 0 n ! (fspr+ ( p>5ts :i* _h gnaw$ (f _! own toes ow+ to ! sciatic n]ve hav+ be5 divid$4 ,( ?is latt] fact ?irte5 in/ances 7 c>efully record$1 & a great] numb] 7 se52 yet ,br[n-,sequ>d speaks ( su* cases z "o ( ! r>] =ms ( inh]itance4 ,x is a /ill m int]e/+ fact1 't ! sciatic n]ve 9 ! cong5itally toeless animal has inh]it$ ! p[] ( pass+ ?r\gh all ! diff]5t morbid /ates :i* h occurr$ 9 "o ( its p>5ts f ! "t ( ! division till aft] its reunion ) ! p]iph]ic end4 ,x is n1 !re=e1 simply ! p[] ( p]=m+ an action :i* is inh]it$1 b ! p[] ( p]=m+ a :ole s]ies ( actions1 9 a c]ta9 ord]4' ,9 mo/ ( ! cases ( inh]itance record$ by ,br[n-,sequ>d only "o ( ! two p>5ts _h be5 op]at$ ^u & 0 affect$4 ,he concludes by express+ 8 belief t ':at is transmitt$ is ! morbid /ate ( ! n]v\s sy/em1' due to ! op]ation p]=m$ on ! p>5ts4 ,mr4 ,d>w9 proce$s to give o!r in/ances ( inh]it$ effects ( mutilations3-- ,) ! horse !re seems h>dly a d\bt t exo/oses on ! legs1 caus$ by too mu* travell+ on h>d roads1 are inh]it$4 ,blum5ba* records ! case ( a man :o _h 8 little f+] on ! "r h& almo/ cut (f1 & :i* 9 consequ5ce grew crook$1 & 8 sons _h ! same f+] on ! same h& simil>ly crook$4 ,a soldi]1 fifte5 ye>s be=e 8 m>riage1 lo/ 8 left eye f purul5t oph?almia1 & 8 two sons 7 microph?almic on ! same side4 ,! late ,pr(essor ,rolle/on1 ^: compet5ce z an obs]v] no "o is likely to dispute1 gave ,mr4 ,d>w9 two cases z hav+ fall5 "u 8 own notice1 "o ( a man ^: knee _h be5 sev]ely w\nd$1 & ^: *ild 0 born ) ! same spot m>k$ or sc>r$1 & ! o!r ( "o :o 0 sev]ely cut ^u ! *eek1 & ^: *ild 0 born sc>r$ 9 ! same place4 ,mr4 ,d>w9's conclusion 0 t ! effects ( injuries1 especially :5 foll[$ by disease1 or p]haps exclusively :5 ?us foll[$1 are occasionally inh]it$4 ,let u n[ see :at ,pr(essor ,weismann has to say aga9/ ?is4 ,he writes3-- ,! only cases wor?y ( discussion are ! well-kn[n exp]im5ts ^u gu9ea-pigs conduct$ by ! ,fr5* physiologi/1 ,br[n-,sequ>d4 ,b ! explanation ( 8 results is1 9 my op9ion1 op5 to discussion4 ,9 ^! cases we h to d ) ! app>5t transmission ( artificially produc$ mal=mations 4 4 4 ,all ^! effects 7 said to be transmitt$ to desc5dants z f> z ! fif? or six? g5]ation4 ,b we mu/ inquire :e!r ^! cases are really due to h]$ity1 & n to simple infection4 ,9 ! case ( epilepsy1 at any rate1 x is easy to imag9e t ! passage ( "s specific organism ?r\gh ! reproductive cells may take place1 z 9 ! case ( syphilis4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 entirely ignorant ( ! nature ( ! =m] disease4 ,?is sugge/$ explanation may n p]haps apply to ! o!r cases2 b we mu/ rememb] t animals :i* h be5 subject$ to su* sev]e op]ations ^u ! n]v\s sy/em h su/a9$ a great %ock1 & if !y are capable ( bre$+1 x is only probable t !y w produce weak desc5dants1 & su* z are easily affect$ by disease4 ,su* a result does n1 h[ev]1 expla9 :y ! (fspr+ %\ld suff] f ! same disease z t :i* 0 artificially induc$ 9 ! p>5ts4 ,b ?is does n appe> to h be5 by any means inv>iably ! case4 ,br[n-,sequ>d himself says3 ',! *anges 9 ! eye ( ! (fspr+ 7 ( a v v>iable nature1 & 7 only occasionally exactly simil> to ^? obs]v$ 9 ! p>5ts4' ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t ^! exp]im5ts dem& c>eful consid]ation1 b be=e !y c claim sci5tific recognition1 !y mu/ be subject$ to rigid criticism z to ! precautions tak51 ! nature & numb] ( ! control exp]im5ts1 c4 ,up to ! pres5t "t su* necess>y conditions h n be5 suffici5tly obs]v$4 ,! rec5t exp]im5ts !mselves are only describ$ 9 %ort prelim9>y notices1 :i*1 z reg>ds _! accuracy1 ! possibility ( mi/ake1 ! precautions tak51 & ! exact succession ( individuals affect$1 af=d no data on :i* a sci5tific op9ion c be f\nd$ 7pp4 #ha1 #hb74 ,! l9e ,pr(essor ,weismann takes1 !re=e1 is to discr$it ! facts2 yet on a lat] page we f9d t ! exp]im5ts h s9ce be5 repeat$ by ,ob]/e9]1 :o has describ$ !m 9 a v exact & unprejudic$ mann]1 & t ! fact--7,i imag9e t ,pr(essor ,weismann int5ds ! facts7--_c be d\bt$4 ,on a /ill lat] page1 h[ev]1 we read3-- ,if1 = in/ance1 x c\ld be %[n t artificial mutilation spontane\sly reappe>s 9 ! (fspr+ ) suffici5t frequ5cy to exclude all possibilities ( *ance1 !n su* pro( i4e41 t acquir$ *>act]s c be transmitt$ w\ld be =?com+4 ,! transmission ( mutilations has be5 frequ5tly ass]t$1 & has be5 ev5 rec5tly aga9 br\ght =w>d1 b all ! suppos$ in/ances h brok5 d[n :5 c>efully exam9$ 7p4 #cij74 ,"h1 !n1 we are told t pro( ( ! occasional transmission ( mutilations w\ld be suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact1 b on p4 #bfg we f9d t no s+le fact is kn[n :i* really proves t acquir$ *>act]s c be transmitt$1 = ! asc]ta9$ facts :i* seem to po9t to ! transmission ( artificially produc$ diseases _c be consid]$ z pro( ,italics m9e4 ,p]haps2 b x 0 mutilation 9 _m cases t ,pr(essor ,weismann practically admitt$ to h be5 transmitt$ :5 he decl>$ t ,ob]/e9] _h v]ifi$ ,br[n-,sequ>d's exp]im5ts4 ,t ,pr(essor ,weismann recognises ! vital importance to 8 own !ory ( ! "q :e!r or no mutilations c be transmitt$ "u any circum/ances1 is evid5t f a passage on p4 #dbe ( 8 "w1 on :i* he says3 ,x c h>dly be d\bt$ t mutilations are acquir$ *>act]s2 !y d n arise f any t5d5cy conta9$ 9 ! g]m1 b are m]ely ! reaction ( ! body "u c]ta9 ext]nal influ5ces4 ,!y are1 z ,i h rec5tly express$ x1 purely somatog5ic *>act]s--viz41 *>act]s :i* emanate f ! body 7soma7 only1 z oppos$ to ! g]m-cells2 !y are1 !re=e1 *>act]s t d n arise f ! g]m itself4 ,if mutilations mu/ necess>ily be transmitt$ :i* no "o t ,i "k ( has ma9ta9$1 or ev5 if !y might occasionally be transmitt$ :i* _c1 ,i imag9e1 be reasonably que/ion$1 a p[]ful support w\ld be giv5 to ! ,lam>ckian pr9ciple1 & ! transmission ( functional hyp]trophy or atrophy w\ld ?us become highly probable4 ,i h n f\nd any fur!r attempt 9 ,pr(essor ,weismann's book to deal ) ! evid5ce adduc$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 to %[ t mutilations1 if foll[$ by diseases1 are sometimes inh]it$2 & ,i mu/ leave x to ! read] to det]m9e h[ f> ,pr(essor ,weismann has %[n reason = reject+ ,mr4 ,d>w9's conclusion4 ,i d n1 h[ev]1 dwell ^u ^! facts n[ z evid5ce ( a transmitt$ *ange ( bodily =m1 or ( in/9ct due to use & disuse or habit2 :at !y prove is t ! g]m- cells )9 ! p>5t's body d n /& ap>t f ! o!r cells ( ! body s completely z ,pr(essor ,weismann w\ld h u believe1 b t1 z ,pr(essor ,h]+1 ( ,prague1 has aptly said1 !y e*o ) m or less frequ5cy & =ce to ! pr(\nd] impressions made ^u o!r cells4 ,i may say t ,pr(essor ,weismann does n m cavali]ly wave aside ! mass ( evid5ce collect$ by ,mr4 ,d>w9 & a ho/ ( o!r writ]s1 to ! effect t mutilations are sometimes inh]it$1 ?an does ,mr4 ,wallace1 :o says t1 z reg>ds mutilations1 x is g5]ally admitt$ t !y are n inh]it$1 & !re is ample evid5ce on ?is po9t4 ,x is inde$ g5]ally admitt$ t mutilations1 :5 n foll[$ by disease1 are v r>ely1 if ev]1 inh]it$2 & ,mr4 ,wallace's appeal to ! ample evid5ce :i* he alleges to exi/ on ?is head1 is mu* z ?\gh he %\ld say t !re is ample evid5ce to %[ t ! days are long] 9 summ] ?an 9 w9t]4 ,nev]!less1 he cont9ues1 a few cases ( app>5t inh]itance ( mutilations h be5 record$1 & ^!1 if tru/wor?y1 are difficulties 9 ! way ( ! !ory4 4 4 4 ,! (t5-quot$ case ( a disease induc$ by mutilation be+ inh]it$ 7,br[n-,sequ>d's epileptic gu9ea-pigs7 has be5 discuss$ by ,pr(essor ,weismann & %[n to be n conclusive4 ,! mutilation itself--a section ( c]ta9 n]ves--0 nev] inh]it$1 b ! result+ epilepsy1 or a g5]al /ate ( weakness1 de=mity1 or sores1 0 sometimes inh]it$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ! m]e injury introduc$ & enc\rag$ ! gr[? ( c]ta9 microbes1 :i*1 spread+ ?r\gh ! organism1 sometimes rea*$ ! g]m-cells1 & ?us transmitt$ a diseas$ condition to ! (fspr+4 #ce ,i suppose a microbe :i* made gu9ea-pigs eat _! toes (f 0 communicat$ to ! g]m-cells ( an un=tunate gu9ea-pig :i* _h be5 already microb$ by x1 & made ! (fspr+ bite its toes (f too4 ,! microbe has a good deal to answ] =4 ,on ! case ( ! det]ioration ( horses 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s aft] a few g5]ations1 ,pr(essor ,weismann says3-- ,9 su* a case we h only to assume t ! climate :i* is unfav\rable1 & ! nutrim5t :i* is insuffici5t = horses1 affect n only ! animal z a :ole b also its g]m-cells4 ,?is w\ld result 9 ! dim9ution 9 size ( ! g]m-cells1 ! effects ^u ! (fspr+ be+ /ill fur!r int5sifi$ by ! insuffici5t n\ri%m5t suppli$ dur+ gr[?4 ,b su* results w\ld n dep5d ^u ! transmission by ! g]m-cells ( c]ta9 peculi>ities due to ! unfav\rable climate1 :i* only appe> 9 ! full-gr[n horse4 ,b ,pr(essor ,weismann does n l su* cases1 & admits t he _c expla9 ! facts 9 connection ) ! climatic v>ieties ( c]ta9 butt]flies1 except by suppos+ ! passive acquisition ( *>act]s produc$ by ! direct influ5ce ( climate4 ,nev]!less 9 8 next p>agraph b "o he calls su* cases d\btful1 & proposes t = ! mom5t !y %\ld be left aside4 ,he accord+ly leaves !m1 b ,i h n yet f\nd :at o!r mom5t he consid]$ auspici\s = return+ to !m4 ,he tells u t new exp]im5ts w be necess>y1 & t he has himself already begun to und]take !m4 ,p]haps he w give u ! results ( ^! exp]im5ts 9 "s future book--= t !y w prove satisfactory to him c h>dly1 ,i ?9k1 be d\bt$4 ,he writes3-- ,leav+ on "o side1 = ! mom5t1 ^! d\btful & insuffici5tly inve/igat$ cases1 we may /ill ma9ta9 t ! assumption t *anges induc$ by ext]nal conditions 9 ! organism z a :ole are communicat$ to ! g]m-cells aft] ! mann] indicat$ 9 ,d>w9's hypo!sis ( pang5esis1 is :olly unnecess>y = ! explanation ( ^! ph5om5a4 ,/ill we _c exclude ! possibility ( su* a transmission occasionally occurr+1 = ev5 if ! great] "p ( ! effects mu/ be attributable to natural selection1 !re might be a small] "p 9 c]ta9 cases :i* dep5ds on ?is exceptional factor4 ,i repeat$ly tri$ to und]/& ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ( pang5esis1 & s (t5 fail$ t ,i long s9ce gave ! matt] up 9 despair4 ,i did s ) ! less unwill+ness because ,i saw t no "o else appe>$ to und]/& ! !ory1 & t ev5 ,mr4 ,d>w9's w>me/ adh]5ts reg>d$ x ) disfav\r4 ,if ,mr4 ,d>w9 means t e cell ( ! body ?r[s (f m9ute p>ticles t f9d _! way to ! g]m-cells1 & h5ce into ! new embryo1 ?is is inde$ difficult ( compreh5sion & belief4 ,if he means t ! rhy?ms or vibrations t g on ceaselessly 9 e cell ( ! body communicate !mselves ) great] or less accuracy or p]turbation1 z ! case may be1 to ! cells t g to =m (fspr+1 & t s9ce ! *>act]i/ics ( matt] are det]m9$ by vibrations1 9 communicat+ vibrations !y 9 effect communicate matt]1 accord+ to ! view put =w>d 9 ! la/ *apt] ( my book ,luck or ,cunn+1 #cf !n we c bett] und]/& x4 ,i h no?+1 h[ev]1 to d ) ,mr4 ,d>w9's !ory ( pang5esis beyond avoid+ ! pret5ce t ,i und]/& ei!r ! !ory itself or :at ,pr(essor ,weismann says ab\t x2 all ,i am conc]n$ ) is ,pr(essor ,weismann's admission1 made imm$iately aft]w>ds1 t ! somatic cells may1 & p]haps sometimes d1 imp>t *>act]i/ics to ! g]m-cells4 ,a complete & satisfactory refutation ( su* an op9ion1 he cont9ues1 _c be br\ght =w>d at pres5t2 s ,i suppose we mu/ wait a little long]1 b 9 ! meantime we may aga9 rem>k t1 if we admit ev5 occasional communication ( *anges 9 ! somatic cells to ! g]m-cells1 we h let 9 ! ?9 end ( ! w$ge1 z ,mr4 ,d>w9 did :5 he said t use & disuse did a good deal t[>ds modification4 ,buffon1 9 8 fir/ volume on ! l[] animals1 #cg dwells on ! impossibility ( /opp+ ! brea* once made by admission ( v>iation at all4 ,if ! po9t1 he writes1 7 once ga9$1 t among animals & vegetables !re _h be51 ,i d n say sev]al species1 b ev5 a s+le "o1 :i* _h be5 produc$ 9 ! c\rse ( direct desc5t f ano!r species2 if1 = example1 x c\ld be once %[n t ! ass 0 b a deg5]ation f ! horse--!n !re is no f>!r limit to be set to ! p[] ( ,nature1 & we %\ld n be wrong 9 suppos+ t ) suffici5t "t %e c\ld h evolv$ all o!r organis$ =ms f "o primordial type4 ,s ) use & disuse & transmission ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics g5]ally--once %[ t a s+le /ructure or in/9ct is due to habit 9 prec$+ g5]ations1 & we c impose no limit on ! results a*ievable by accumulation 9 ?is respect1 nor %all we be wrong 9 conceiv+ x z possible t all specialisation1 :e!r ( /ructure or in/9ct1 may be due ultimately to habit4 ,h[ f> ?is c be %[n to be probable is1 ( c\rse1 ano!r matt]1 b ,i am n imm$iately conc]n$ ) ?is2 all ,i am conc]n$ ) n[ is to %[ t ! g]m-cells n unfrequ5tly become p]man5tly affect$ by ev5ts t h made a pr(\nd impression ^u ! somatic cells1 9 s f> t !y transmit an obvi\s rem9isc5ce ( ! impression to ! embryos :i* !y g subsequ5tly t[>ds =m+4 ,?is is all t is necess>y = my case1 & ,i d n f9d t ,pr(essor ,weismann1 aft] all1 disputes x4 ,b "h1 aga91 comes ! difficulty ( say+ :at ,pr(essor ,weismann does1 & :at he does n1 dispute4 ,"o mom5t he gives all t is want$ = ! ,lam>ckian cont5tion1 ! next he d5ies common-s5se ! b>e necess>ies ( life4 ,= a m exhau/ive & detail$ criticism ( ,pr(essor ,weismann's position1 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to an admirably cle> article by ,mr4 ,sidney ,h4 ,v9es1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,nature1 ,octob] #bd1 #ahhi4 ,i c only say t :ile read+ ,pr(essor ,weismann's book1 ,i feel z ,i d :5 ,i read ^? ( ,mr4 ,d>w91 & ( a good _m o!r writ]s on biology :om ,i ne$ n "n4 ,i become l a fly 9 a w9d[-pane4 ,i see ! sun%9e & fre$om beyond1 & buzz up & d[n _! pages1 ev] hopeful to get ?r\gh !m to ! fre% air )\t1 b ev] kept back by a my/]i\s some?+1 :i* ,i feel b _c ei!r grasp or see4 ,x 0 n ?us :5 ,i read ,buffon1 ,erasmus ,d>w91 & ,lam>ck2 x is n ?us :5 ,i read su* articles z ,mr4 ,v9es's j ref]r$ to4 ,love ( self-display1 & ! want ( s+l5ess ( m9d t x inevitably eng5d]s--^!1 ,i suppose1 are ! s9s t glaze ! casem5ts ( mo/ m5's m9ds2 & f ^!1 no matt] h[ h>d he tries to free himself1 nor h[ mu* he despises !m1 :o is altoge!r exempt8 ,f9ally1 !n1 :5 we consid] ! imm5se mass ( evid5ce ref]r$ to briefly1 b suffici5tly1 by ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w91 & ref]r$ to )\t o!r1 = ! mo/ "p1 ?an (f-h& dismissal by ,pr(essor ,weismann 9 ! la/ ( ! essays t h be5 rec5tly translat$1 ,i d n see h[ any "o :o br+s an unbias$ m9d to ! "q c hesitate z to ! side on :i* ! weight ( te/imony incl9es4 ,pr(essor ,weismann decl>es t ! transmission ( mutilations may be dismiss$ into ! doma9 ( fable4 #ch ,if s1 !n1 :om c we tru/8 ,:at is ! use ( sci5ce at all if ! conclusions ( a man z compet5t z ,i readily admit ,mr4 ,d>w9 to h be51 on ! evid5ce laid be=e him f c\ntless s\rces1 is to be set aside lightly & )\t giv+ ! cle>e/ & mo/ cog5t explanation ( ! :y & :]e=e8 ,:5 we see a p]son o/ri*is+ ! evid5ce :i* he has to meet1 z cle>ly z ,i believe ,pr(essor ,weismann to be do+1 we %all 9 n9e cases out ( t5 be "r 9 suppos+ t he kn[s ! evid5ce to be too /rong = him4 ,,! ,,deadlock ,,9 ,,d>w9ism--,,"p ,,iii ,n[ let me return to ! rec5t division ( biological op9ion into two ma9 /reams--,lam>ckism & ,weismannism ,bo? ,lam>ckians & ,weismanni/s1 n to m5tion mank9d 9 g5]al1 admit t ! bett] adapt$ to its surr\nd+s a liv+ =m may be1 ! m likely x is to outbre$ its compe]s4 ,! _w at l>ge1 aga91 ne$s n to be told t ! normal c\rse is n unfrequ5tly deflect$ ?r\gh ! =tunes ( w>2 nev]!less1 accord+ to ,lam>ckians & ,erasmus-,d>w9ians1 habitual ef=t1 guid$ by ev]-gr[+ intellig5ce--t is to say1 by cont9u$ increase ( p[] 9 ! matt] ( kn[+ our likes & dislikes--has be5 s mu* ! ma9 factor ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( organic developm5t1 t ! re/1 ?\gh n lo/ sight (1 may be all[$ to g )\t say+4 ,accord+1 on ! o!r h&1 to extreme ,*>les-,d>w9ians & ,weismanni/s1 habit1 ef=t & intellig5ce acquir$ dur+ ! exp]i5ce ( any "o life goes = no?+4 ,n ev5 a little fraction ( x endures to ! b5efit ( (fspr+4 ,x dies ) him 9 :om x is acquir$1 & ! heirs ( a man's body take no int]e/ !re94 ,to /ate ?is doctr9e is to ar\se in/9ctive loa?+2 x is my =tunate task to ma9ta9 t su* a nightm>e ( wa/e & dea? is z baseless z x is repulsive4 ,! split 9 biological op9ion occasion$ by ! deadlock to :i* ,*>les-,d>w9ism has be5 r$uc$1 ?\gh comp>atively rec5t1 wid5s rapidly4 ,t5 ye>s ago ,lam>ck's "n 0 m5tion$ only z a byword = extravagance2 n[1 we _c take up a numb] ( ,nature )\t see+ h[ hot ! cont5tion is betwe5 8 foll[]s & ^? ( ,weismann4 ,?is mu/ be ref]r$1 z ,i impli$ e>li]1 to gr[+ p]ception t ,mr4 ,d>w9 %\ld ei!r h gone f>!r t[>ds ,lam>ckism or n s f>4 ,9 admitt+ use & disuse z freely z he did1 he gave ,lam>ckians lev]age = ! ov]?r[ ( a sy/em bas$ o/5sibly on ! accumulation ( =tunate accid5ts4 ,9 assign+ ! lion's %>e ( developm5t to ! accumulation ( =tunate accid5ts1 he tempt$ =tuiti/s to try to cut ! gr\nd f "u ,lam>ck's feet by d5y+ t ! effects ( use & disuse c be inh]it$ at all4 ,:5 ! public _h once got to und]/& :at ,lam>ck _h int5d$1 & :]e9 ,mr4 ,*>les ,d>w9 _h diff]$ f him1 x became impossible = ,*>les-,d>w9ians to rema9 :]e !y 71 nor is x easy to see :at c\rse 0 op5 to !m except to ca/ ab\t = a !ory by :i* !y c\ld get rid ( use & disuse altoge!r4 ,weismannism1 !re=e1 is ! inevitable outcome ( ! /raits to :i* ,*>les-,d>w9ians 7 r$uc$ ?r\gh ! way 9 :i* _! lead] _h halt$ betwe5 two op9ions4 ,?is is :y ,*>les-,d>w9ians1 f ,pr(essor ,huxley d[nw>ds1 h kept ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,lam>ck's op9ions & ^? ( ,mr4 ,d>w9 s mu* 9 ! backgr\nd4 ,unwill+ness to make ?is und]/ood is n[h]e manife/$ m cle>ly ?an 9 ,dr4 ,francis ,d>w9's life ( 8 fa!r4 ,9 ?is "w ,lam>ck is sne]$ at once or twice1 & told to g away1 b !re is no attempt to /ate ! two cases side by side2 f :i*1 z f n a little else1 ,i conclude t ,dr4 ,francis ,d>w9 has desc5d$ f 8 fa!r ) s+ul>ly little modification4 ,proce$+ to ! evid5ce = ! transmissions ( acquir$ habits1 ,i w quote two rec5tly adduc$ examples f among ! _m t h be5 cr$ibly atte/$4 ,! fir/ 0 contribut$ to ,nature 7,m>* #ad1 #ahhi7 by ,pr(essor ,m>cus ,m4 ,h>tog1 :o wrote3-- ,a4 ,b4 is mod]ately myopic & v a/igmatic 9 ! left eye2 extremely myopic 9 ! "r4 ,z ! left eye gave su* bad images = ne> objects1 he 0 compell$ 9 *ildhood to mask x1 & acquir$ ! habit ( lean+ 8 head on 8 left arm = writ+1 s z to bl9d t eye1 or ( re/+ ! left temple & eye on ! h&1 ) ! elb[ on ! table4 ,at ! age ( fifte5 ! eyes 7 equalis$ by ! use ( suitable spectacles1 & he soon lo/ ! habit completely & p]man5tly4 ,he is n[ ! fa!r ( two *ildr51 a boy & a girl1 ^: vision 7te/$ repeat$ly & fully7 is emmetropic 9 bo? eyes1 s t !y h n inh]it$ ! cong5ital optical defect ( _! fa!r4 ,all ! same1 !y h bo? ( !m inh]it$ 8 e>ly acquir$ habit1 & ne$ con/ant wat*fulness to prev5t _! hid+ ! left eye :5 writ+1 by re/+ ! head on ! left =e>m or h&4 ,imitation is "h q out ( ! "q4 ,consid]+ t e habit involves *anges 9 ! proportional developm5t ( ! muscul> & osse\s sy/ems1 & h5ce probably ( ! n]v\s sy/em also1 ! importance ( inh]it$ habits1 natural or acquir$1 _c be ov]look$ 9 ! g5]al !ory ( inh]itance4 ,i am fully aw>e t ,i %all be accus$ ( flat ,lam>ckism1 b a nickname is n an argum5t4 ,to ?is ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] rejo9$ 7,nature1 ,m>* #ba1 #ahhi73-- ,x is n unusual = *ildr5 to re/ ! head on ! left =e>m or h& :5 writ+1 & ,i d\bt :e!r mu* value c be atta*$ to ! case describ$ by ,pr(essor ,h>tog4 ,! k9d ( obs]vation :i* 8 lett] sugge/s is1 h[ev]1 likely to lead to results ei!r = or aga9/ ! transmission ( acquir$ *>act]s4 ,an old fri5d ( m9e lo/ 8 "r arm :5 a s*oolboy1 & has ev] s9ce writt5 ) 8 left4 ,he has a l>ge family & gr&*ildr51 b ,i h n he>d ( any ( !m %[+ a disposition to left-h&$ness4 ,f ,nature 7,m>* #ba1 #ahhi7 ,i take ! second in/ance communicat$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j5n]-,weir1 :o wrote z foll[s3-- ,mr4 ,m>cus ,m4 ,h>tog's lett] ( ,m>* #f?1 ins]t$ 9 la/ week's numb] 7p4 #dfb71 is a v valuable contribution to ! gr[+ evid5ce t acquir$ *>act]s may be inh]it$4 ,i h long held ! view t su* is (t5 ! case1 & ,i h myself obs]v$ sev]al in/ances ( !1 at lea/ ,i may say1 app>5t fact4 ,_m ye>s ago !re 0 a v f9e male ( ! ,capra megac]os 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,zoological ,society4 ,to re/ra9 ?is animal f jump+ ov] ! f5ce ( ! enclosure 9 :i* he 0 conf9$1 a long1 & heavy *a9 0 atta*$ to ! coll> r\nd 8 neck4 ,he 0 con/antly 9 ! habit ( tak+ ?is *a9 up by 8 horns & mov+ x f "o side to ano!r ov] 8 back2 9 do+ ?is he ?rew 8 head v mu* back1 8 horns be+ plac$ 9 a l9e ) ! back4 ,! habit _h become q *ronic ) him1 & 0 v tiresome to look at4 ,i 0 v mu* a/oni%$ to obs]ve t 8 (fspr+ inh]it$ ! habit1 & al?\gh x 0 n necess>y to atta* a *a9 to _! necks1 ,i h (t5 se5 a "y male ?r[+ 8 horns ov] 8 back & %ift+ f side to side an imag9>y *a94 ,! action 0 exactly ! same z t ( 8 ance/or4 ,! case ( ! kid ( ?is goat appe>s to me to be p>allel to t ( *ild & p>5t giv5 by ,mr4 ,h>tog4 ,i ?9k at ! "t ,i made ?is obs]vation ,i in=m$ ,mr4 ,d>w9 ( ! fact by lett]1 & he did n accuse me ( 'flat ,lam>ckism4' ,to ?is lett] !re 0 no rejo9d]4 ,x may be said1 ( c\rse1 t ! action ( ! (fspr+ 9 ea* ( ^! cases 0 due to accid5tal co9cid5ce only4 ,any?+ c be said1 b ! "q turns n on :at an advocate c say1 b on :at a reasonably intellig5t & dis9t]e/$ jury w believe2 grant$ !y might be mi/ak5 9 accept+ ! =ego+ /ories1 b ! _w ( sci5ce1 l t ( comm]ce1 is bas$ on ! fai? or confid5ce1 :i* bo? creates & su/a9s !m4 ,inde$ ! univ]se itself is b ! creature ( fai?1 = assur$ly we "k ( no o!r f\ndation4 ,!re is no?+ s g5]ally & reasonably accept$--n ev5 our own cont9u$ id5tity--b que/ions may be rais$ ab\t x t w %ortly prove unansw]able4 ,we _c s te/ e sixp5ce giv5 u 9 *ange z to be sure t we nev] take a bad "o1 & _h bett] sometimes be *eat$ ?an r$uce caution to an absurdity4 ,moreov]1 we h se5 f ! evid5ce giv5 9 my prec$+ article t ! g]m-cells issu+ f a p>5t's body c1 & d1 respond to pr(\nd impressions made on ! somatic-cells4 ,?is be+ s1 :at impressions are m pr(\nd1 :at ne$s engage m assidu\s att5tion ?an ^? connect$ ) self-protection1 ! procur+ ( food1 & ! cont9uation ( ! species8 ,if ! m]e anxiety connect$ ) an ill-heal+ w\nd inflict$ on b "o g5]ation is sometimes f\nd to h s impress$ ! g]m-cells t !y h& d[n its sc>s to (fspr+1 h[ mu* m %all n anxieties t h direct$ action ( all k9ds f bir? till dea?1 n 9 "o g5]ation only b 9 a long] s]ies ( g5]ations ?an ! m9d c realise to itself1 modify1 & inde$ control1 ! organisation ( e species8 ,i see ,pr(essor ,s4 ,h4 ,v9es1 9 ! article on ,weismann's !ory ref]r$ to 9 my prec$+ article1 says ,mr4 ,d>w9 held t x 0 n ! sudd5 v>iations due to alt]$ ext]nal conditions :i* become p]man5t1 b ^? sl[ly produc$ by :at he t]m$ '! accumulative action ( *ang$ conditions ( life4' ,no?+ c be m s\ndly ,lam>ckian1 & no?+ %\ld m conclusively %[ t1 :atev] else ,mr4 ,d>w9 01 he 0 n a ,*>les-,d>w9ian2 b :at evid5ce o!r ?an inf]5tial c f ! nature ( ! case be adduc$ 9 support ( ?is1 z ,i believe1 p]fectly correct judgm5t8 ,none "k bett] ?an !y :o clam\r = direct evid5ce t _! ma/] 0 "r 9 tak+ ! position assign$ to him by ,pr(essor ,v9es1 t !y _c reasonably look = x4 ,) u1 z ) !mselves1 modification proce$s v gradually1 & x violates our pr9ciples z mu* z _! own to expect visible p]man5t progress1 9 any s+le g5]ation1 or inde$ 9 any numb] ( g5]ations ( wild species :i* we h yet _h "t to obs]ve4 ,occasionally we c f9d su* cases1 z 9 t ( ,bran*ipus /agnalis1 quot$ by ,mr4 ,wallace1 or 9 t ( ! ,new ,zeal& ,kea ^: sk91 ,i 0 assur$ by ! late ,sir ,julius von ,haa/1 has already be5 modifi$ z a consequ5ce ( its *ange ( food4 ,"h we c %[ t 9 ev5 a few g5]ations /ructure is modifi$ "u *ang$ conditions ( exi/5ce1 b z we believe ^! cases to occur comp>atively r>ely1 s x is /ill m r>ely t !y occur :5 & :]e we c wat* !m4 ,nature is em95tly cons]vative1 & fixity ( type1 ev5 "u consid]able *ange ( conditions1 is surely m important = ! well-be+ ( any species ?an an ov]-ready p[] ( adaptation to1 x may be1 pass+ *anges4 ,!re c\ld be no /eady progress if ea* g5]ation 7 n ma9ly b\nd by ! traditions ( ^? t h gone be=e x4 ,x is evolution & n incessant revolution t bo? p>ties are uphold+2 & ?is be+ s1 rapid visible modification mu/ be ! exception1 n ! rule4 ,i h quot$ direct evid5ce adduc$ by compet5t obs]v]s1 :i* is1 ,i believe1 suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact t (fspr+ c be & is sometimes modifi$ by ! acquir$ habits ( a prog5itor4 ,i w n[ proce$ to ! /ill m1 z x appe>s to me1 cog5t pro( af=d$ by g5]al consid]ations4 ,:at1 let me ask1 are ! pr9cipal ph5om5a ( h]$ity8 ,!re mu/ be physical cont9uity betwe5 p>5t1 or p>5ts1 & (fspr+1 s t ! (fspr+ is1 z ,erasmus ,d>w9 well said1 a k9d ( elongation ( ! life ( ! p>5t4 ,erasmus ,d>w9 put ! matt] s well t ,i may z well give 8 words 9 full2 he wrote3-- ,ow+ to ! imp]fection ( language ! (fspr+ is t]m$ a new animal1 b is 9 tru? a bran* or elongation ( ! p>5t1 s9ce a "p ( ! embryon animal is1 or 01 a "p ( ! p>5t1 & !re=e1 9 /rict language1 _c be said to be entirely new at ! "t ( its production2 & !re=e x may reta9 "s ( ! habits ( ! p>5t sy/em4 ,at ! e>lie/ p]iod ( its exi/5ce ! embryon w\ld seem to consi/ ( a liv+ filam5t ) c]ta9 capabilities ( irritation1 s5sation1 volition1 & association1 & also ) "s acquir$ habits or prop5sities peculi> to ! p>5t2 ! =m] ( ^! are 9 common ) o!r animals2 ! latt] seem to di/+ui% or produce ! k9d ( animal1 :e!r man or quadrup$1 ) ! simil>ity ( feature or =m to ! p>5t4 #ci ,^? :o accept evolution insi/ on unbrok5 physical cont9uity betwe5 ! e>lie/ kn[n life & ourselves1 s t we bo? are & are n p]sonally id5tical ) ! unicellul> organism f :i* we h desc5d$ 9 ! c\rse ( _m millions ( ye>s1 exactly 9 ! same way z an octog5>ian bo? is & is n p]sonally id5tical ) ! microscopic impregnate ovum f :i* he grew up4 ,ev]y?+ bo? is & is n4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z /rict id5tity betwe5 any two ?+s 9 any two consecutive seconds4 ,9 /rictness !y are id5tical & yet n id5tical1 s t 9 /rictness !y violate a fundam5tal rule ( /rictness--namely1 t a ?+ %all nev] be itself & n itself at "o & ! same "t2 we mu/ *oose betwe5 logic & deal+ 9 a practical _s ) "t & space2 x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t logic1 9 spite ( ! %[ ( respect outw>dly paid to h]1 is told to /& aside :5 p come to practice4 ,9 practice id5tity is g5]ally held to exi/ :]e cont9uity is only brok5 sl[ly & piecemeal1 nev]!less1 t occasional p]iods ( ev5 rapid *ange are n held to b> id5tity1 appe>s f ! fact t no "o d5ies ?is to hold betwe5 ! microscopically small impregnate ovum & ! born *ild t spr+s f x1 nor yet1 !re=e1 betwe5 ! impregnate ovum & ! octog5>ian into :i* ! *ild gr[s2 = bo? ovum & octog5>ian are held p]sonally id5tical ) ! newborn baby1 & ?+s t are id5tical ) ! same are id5tical ) "o ano!r4 ,! fir/1 !n1 & mo/ important elem5t ( h]$ity is t !re %\ld be unbrok5 cont9uity1 & h5ce sam5ess ( p]sonality1 betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+1 9 nei!r m nor less ?an ! same s5se z t 9 :i* any o!r two p]sonalities are said to be ! same4 ,! repetition1 !re=e1 ( its developm5tal /ages by any (fspr+ mu/ be reg>d$ z some?+ :i* ! embryo repeat+ !m has already done once1 9 ! p]son ( "o or o!r p>5t2 & if once1 !n1 z _m times z !re h be5 g5]ations betwe5 any giv5 embryo n[ repeat+ x1 & ! po9t 9 life f :i* we />t$--say1 = example1 ! amoeba4 ,9 ! case ( asexually & sexually produc$ organisms alike1 ! (fspr+ mu/ be held to cont9ue ! p]sonality ( ! p>5t or p>5ts1 & h5ce on ! occasion ( e fre% developm5t1 to be repeat+ some?+ :i* 9 ! p]son ( its p>5t or p>5ts x has done once1 & if once1 !n any numb] ( times1 already4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t ! g]m-plasm 7or :atev] ! fancy ^w = x may be7 ( any "o g5]ation is z physically id5tical ) ! g]m-plasm ( its pr$ecessor z any two ?+s c be4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ,pr(essor ,weismann &1 we w say1 ,h]+ians consi/s 9 ! fact t ! fir/ ma9ta9s ! new g]m-plasm :5 on ! po9t ( repeat+ its developm5tal processes to take practically no cognisance ( any?+ t has happ5$ to x s9ce ! la/ occasion on :i* x develop$ itself2 :ile ! latt] ma9ta9 t (fspr+ takes mu* ! same k9d ( acc\nt ( :at has happ5$ to x 9 ! p]sons ( its p>5ts s9ce ! la/ occasion on :i* x develop$ itself1 z p 9 ord9>y life take ( ?+s t happ5 to !m4 ,9 daily life p let fairly normal circum/ances come & g )\t mu* he$ z matt]s ( c\rse4 ,if !y h be5 lucky !y make a note ( x & try to repeat _! success4 ,if !y h be5 un=tunate b h recov]$ rapidly !y soon =get x2 if !y h suff]$ long & deeply !y grizzle ov] x & are sc>$ & sc>r$ by x = a long "t4 ,! "q is "o ( cognisance or non-cognisance on ! "p ( ! new g]ms1 ( ! m pr(\nd impressions made on !m :ile !y 7 "o ) _! p>5ts1 betwe5 ! occasion ( _! la/ prec$+ developm5t1 & ! new c\rse on :i* !y are ab\t to ent]4 ,^? :o accept ! !ory put =w>d indep5d5tly by ,pr(essor ,h]+ ( ,prague 7^: "w on ?is subject is translat$ 9 my book1 ,unconsci\s ,memory7 #dj & by myself 9 ,life & ,habit1 #da believe 9 cognizance1 z d ,lam>ckians g5]ally4 ,weismannites1 & ) !m ! or?odoxy ( ,engli% sci5ce1 f9d non-cognisance m acceptable4 ,if ! ,h]+ian view is accept$1 t h]$ity is only a mode ( memory1 & an ext5sion ( memory f "o g5]ation to ano!r1 !n ! repetition ( its developm5t by any embryo ?us becomes only ! repetition ( a lesson le>n$ by rote2 &1 z ,i h else:]e said1 our view ( life is simplifi$ by f9d+ t x is no long] an equation (1 say1 a hundr$ unkn[n quantities1 b ( n9ety-n9e only1 inasmu* z two ( ! unkn[n quantities prove to be sub/antially id5tical4 ,9 ?is case ! inh]itance ( acquir$ *>act]i/ics _c be disput$1 = x is po/ulat$ 9 ! !ory t ea* embryo takes note (1 rememb]s & is guid$ by ! pr(\nd] impressions made ^u x :ile 9 ! p]sons ( its p>5ts1 betwe5 its pres5t & la/ prec$+ developm5t4 ,to ma9ta9 ?is is to ma9ta9 use & disuse to be ! ma9 factors ?r\gh\t organic developm5t2 to d5y x is to d5y t use & disuse c h any conceivable effect4 ,= ! detail$ reasons :i* l$ me to my own conclusions ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to my books1 ,life & ,habit #db & ,unconsci\s ,memory1 #db ! conclusions ( :i* h be5 (t5 adopt$1 b nev]1 t ,i h se51 disput$4 ,a brief resume ( ! lead+ po9ts 9 ! argum5t is all t space w "h all[ me to give4 ,we h se5 t x is a fir/ requirem5t ( h]$ity t !re %all be physical cont9uity betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+4 ,?is holds good ) memory4 ,!re mu/ be cont9u$ id5tity betwe5 ! p]son rememb]+ & ! p]son to :om ! ?+ t is rememb]$ happ5$4 ,we _c rememb] ?+s t happ5$ to "s "o else1 & 9 our abs5ce4 ,we c only rememb] hav+ he>d ( !m4 ,we h se51 h[ev]1 t !re is z mu* bona-fide sam5ess ( p]sonality betwe5 p>5ts & (fspr+ up to ! "t at :i* ! (fspr+ quits ! p>5t's body1 z !re is betwe5 ! diff]5t /ates ( ! p>5t himself at any two consecutive mom5ts2 ! (fspr+ !re=e1 be+ "o & ! same p]son ) its prog5itors until x quits !m1 c be held to rememb] :at happ5$ to !m )91 ( c\rse1 ! limitations to :i* all memory is subject1 z mu* z ! prog5itors c rememb] :at happ5$ e>li] to !mselves4 ,:e!r x does s rememb] c only be settl$ by obs]v+ :e!r x acts z liv+ be+s commonly d :5 !y are act+ "u guidance ( memory4 ,i w endeav\r to %[ t1 ?\gh h]$ity & habit bas$ on memory g ab\t 9 diff]5t dresses1 yet if we cat* !m sep>ately--= !y are nev] se5 toge!r--& /rip !m !re is n a mole nor /rawb]ry-m>k1 nor trick nor le] ( ! "o1 b we f9d x 9 ! o!r also4 ,:at are ! moles & /rawb]ry-m>ks ( habitual action1 or actions rememb]$ & ?us repeat$8 ,fir/1 ! m (t5 we repeat !m ! m easily & unconsci\sly we d !m4 ,look at read+1 writ+1 walk+1 talk+1 play+ ! piano1 c42 ! long] we h practis$ any "o ( ^! acquir$ habits1 ! m easily1 automatically & unconsci\sly1 we p]=m x4 ,look1 on ! o!r h&1 broadly1 at ! ?ree po9ts to :i* ,i call$ att5tion 9 ,life & ,habit3-- ,i4 ,t we are mo/ consci\s ( & h mo/ control ov] su* habits z spee*1 ! upright position1 ! arts & sci5ces--:i* are acquisitions peculi> to ! human race1 always acquir$ aft] bir?1 & n common to ourselves & any ance/or :o _h n become entirely human4 ,,ii4 ,t we are less consci\s ( & h less control ov] eat+ & dr9k+ provid$ ! food be normal1 swall[+1 brea?+1 see+1 & he>+--:i* 7 acquisitions ( our prehuman ance/ry1 & = :i* we _h provid$ ourselves ) all ! necess>y app>atus be=e we saw light1 b :i* are /ill1 geologically speak+1 rec5t4 ,,iii4 ,t we are mo/ unconsci\s ( & h lea/ control ov] our dige/ion & circulation--p[]s possess$ ev5 by our inv]tebrate ance/ry1 &1 geologically speak+1 ( extreme antiquity4 ,i h put ! =ego+ v broadly1 b en\gh is giv5 to %[ ! read] ! gi/ ( ! argum5t4 ,let x be not$ t di/urbance & dep>ture1 to any s]i\s ext5t1 f normal practice t5ds to induce resumption ( consci\sness ev5 9 ! case ( su* old habits z brea?+1 see+1 & he>+1 dige/ion & ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,s x is ) habitual actions 9 g5]al4 ,let a play] be nev] s pr(ici5t on any in/rum5t1 he w be put out if ! normal conditions "u :i* he plays are too widely dep>t$ f1 & w !n d consci\sly1 if inde$ he c d x at all1 :at he _h hi!rto be5 do+ unconsci\sly4 ,x is an axiom z reg>ds actions acquir$ aft] bir?1 t we nev] d !m automatically save z ! result ( long practice2 ! /ages 9 ! case ( any acquir$ facility1 ! inception ( :i* we h be5 able to wat*1 h inv>iably be5 f a no?+ness ( ignorant impot5ce to a little some?+ness ( highly self-consci\s1 ardu\s p]=mance1 & !nce to ! unselfconsci\sness ( easy ma/]y4 ,i saw "o ye> a poor bl9d lad ( ab\t eighte5 sitt+ on a wall by ! wayside at ,v>ese1 play+ ! conc]t9a ) 8 :ole body1 & snort+ l a *ild4 ,! next ye> ! boy no long] snort$1 & he play$ ) 8 f+]s only2 ! ye> aft] t he seem$ h>dly to "k :e!r he 0 play+ or n1 x came s easily to him4 ,i "k no exception to ?is rule4 ,:]e is ! intricate & at "o "t difficult art 9 :i* p]fect automatic ease has be5 rea*$ except z ! result ( long practice8 ,if1 !n1 :]ev] we c trace ! developm5t ( automatism we f9d x to h tak5 ?is c\rse1 is x n mo/ reasonable to inf] t x has tak5 ! same ev5 :5 x has ris5 9 regions t are beyond our k58 ,ought we n1 :5ev] we see a difficult action p]=m$1 automatically to suspect antec$5t practice8 ,grant$ t )\t ! consid]ations 9 reg>d to id5tity pres5t$ above x w\ld n h be5 easy to see :]e a baby ( a day old c\ld h _h ! practice :i* enables x to d z mu* z x does unconsci\sly1 b ev5 )\t ^! consid]ations x w\ld h be5 m easy to suppose t ! necess>y opportunities _h n be5 want+1 ?an t ! easy p]=mance c\ld h be5 ga9$ )\t practice & memory4 ,:5 ,i wrote ,life & ,habit 7orig9ally publi%$ 9 #ahgg7 ,i said 9 slightly diff]5t words3-- ,%all we say t a baby ( a day old sucks 7:i* involves ! :ole pr9ciple ( ! pump & h5ce a pr(\nd practical k ( ! laws ( pneumatics & hydro/atics71 dige/s1 oxyg5ises its blood--millions ( ye>s be=e any "o _h discov]$ oxyg5--sees & he>s1 op]ations t involve an unconsci\s k ( ! facts conc]n+ optics & ac\/ics comp>$ ) :i* ! consci\s discov]ies ( ,newton are insignificant--%all we say t a baby c d all ^! ?+s at once1 do+ !m s well & s regul>ly )\t be+ ev5 able to give !m att5tion1 & yet )\t mi/ake1 & %all we also say at ! same "t t x has n le>nt to d !m1 & nev] did !m be=e8 ,su* an ass]tion w\ld contradict ! :ole exp]i5ce ( mank9d4 ,i h met ) no?+ dur+ ! ?irte5 ye>s s9ce ! =ego+ 0 publi%$ t has giv5 me any qualms ab\t its s\ndness4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ! law c\rts & ev]yday life x is1 ( c\rse1 nons5se2 b 9 ! k+dom ( ?\ght1 z 9 t ( heav51 !re are _m mansions1 & :at w\ld be extravagance 9 ! cottage or f>mh\se1 z x 71 ( daily practice1 is b common dec5cy 9 ! palace ( high philosophy1 :]e9 dwells evolution4 ,if we leave evolution alone1 we may /ick to common practice & ! law c\rts2 t\* evolution & we are 9 ano!r _w2 n high]1 n l[]1 b diff]5t z h>mony f c\nt]po9t4 ,z1 h[ev]1 9 ! mo/ absolute c\nt]po9t !re is /ill h>mony1 & 9 ! mo/ absolute h>mony /ill c\nt]po9t1 s high philosophy %\ld be /ill 9 t\* ) common s5se1 & common s5se ) high philosophy4 ,! common-s5se view ( ! matt] to p :o are n ov]-curi\s & to :om "t is money1 w be t a baby is n a baby until x is born1 & t :5 born x %\ld be born 9 w$lock4 ,nev]!less1 z a sop to high philosophy1 e baby is all[$ to be ! (fspr+ ( its fa!r & "m4 ,! high-philosophy view ( ! matt] is t e human be+ is /ill b a fre% edition ( ! primordial cell ) ! late/ additions & corrections2 !re has be5 no leap nor break 9 cont9uity any:]e2 ! man ( to-day is ! primordial cell ( millions ( ye>s ago z truly z he is ! himself ( ye/]day2 he c only be d5i$ to be ! "o on gr\nds t w prove him n to be ! o!r4 ,e "o is bo? himself & all 8 direct ance/ors & desc5dants z well2 !re=e1 if we w\ld be logical1 he is "o also ) all 8 c\s9s1 no matt] h[ di/ant1 = he & !y are alike id5tical ) ! primordial cell1 & we h already not$ x z an axiom t ?+s :i* are id5tical ) ! same are id5tical ) "o ano!r4 ,?is is practically mak+ him "o ) all liv+ ?+s1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 t ev] h exi/$ or ev] w--some?+ ( all :i* may h be5 9 ! m9d ( ,sophocles :5 he wrote3-- ,nor see/ ?\ yet ! ga!r+ ho/s ( ill ,t %all en-"o !e bo? ) ?9e own self ,& ) ?9e (fspr+4 ,& all ?is has come ( admitt+ t a man may be ! same p]son = two days runn+6 ,z = sopp+ common s5se x w be en\gh to say t ^! rem>ks are to be tak5 9 a /rictly sci5tific s5se1 & h no appreciable importance z reg>ds life & conduct4 ,true !y deal ) ! f\ndations on :i* all life & conduct are bas$1 b l o!r f\ndations !y are hidd5 out ( sight1 & ! s\nd] !y are1 ! less we tr\ble ourselves ab\t !m4 ,:at o!r ma9 common features betwe5 h]$ity & memory may we note besides ! fact t nei!r c exi/ )\t t k9d ( physical cont9uity :i* we call p]sonal id5tity8 ,fir/1 ! developm5t ( ! embryo proce$s 9 an e/abli%$ ord]2 s mu/ all habitual actions bas$ on memory4 ,di/urb ! normal ord] & ! p]=mance is arre/$4 ,! bett] we "k ,god save ! ,que51 ! less easily c we play or s+ x backw>ds4 ,! return ( memory aga9 dep5ds on ! return ( ideas associat$ ) ! p>ticul> ?+ t is rememb]$--we rememb] no?+ b = ! pres5ce ( ^!1 & :5 en\gh ( ^! are pres5t$ to u we rememb] ev]y?+4 ,s1 if ! developm5t ( an embryo is due to memory1 we %\ld suppose ! memory ( ! impregnate ovum to rev]t n to ye/]day1 :5 x 0 9 ! p]sons ( its p>5ts1 b to ! la/ occasion on :i* x 0 an impregnate ovum4 ,! return ( ! old environm5t & ! pres5ce ( old associations w\ld at once involve recollection ( ! c\rse t %\ld be next tak51 & ! same %\ld happ5 ?r\gh\t ! :ole c\rse ( developm5t4 ,! actual c\rse ( developm5t pres5ts precisely ! ph5om5a agreeable ) ?is4 ,= full] treatm5t ( ?is po9t ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! *apt] on ! abeyance ( memory 9 my book ,life & ,habit1 already ref]r$ to4 ,secondly1 we rememb] be/ our la/ few p]=mances ( any giv5 k9d1 s our pres5t p]=mance w probably resemble "s "o or o!r ( ^!2 we rememb] our e>li] p]=mances by way ( residuum only1 b e n[ & !n we rev]t to an e>li] habit4 ,?is feature ( memory is manife/$ 9 h]$ity by ! way 9 :i* (fspr+ commonly resembles mo/ its ne>] ance/ors1 b sometimes rev]ts to e>li] ones4 ,bro!rs & si/]s1 ea* z x 7 giv+ _! own v]sion ( ! same /ory1 b 9 diff]5t words1 %\ld g5]ally resemble ea* o!r m closely ?an m di/ant relations4 ,& ?is is :at actually we f9d4 ,?irdly1 ! introduction ( slightly new elem5ts into a me?od already e/abli%$ v>ies x b5eficially2 ! new is soon fus$ ) ! old1 & ! monotony ceases to be oppressive4 ,b if ! new be too =eign1 we _c fuse ! old & ! new--nature seem+ to hate equally too wide a deviation f ord9>y practice & none at all4 ,?is fact reappe>s 9 h]$ity z ! b5eficial effects ( occasional cross+ on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r1 9 ! g5]ally obs]v$ /]ility ( hybrids4 ,if h]$ity be an affair ( memory1 h[ c an embryo1 say ( a mule1 be expect$ to build up a mule on ! /r5g? ( b two mule-memories8 ,hybridism causes a fault 9 ! *a9 ( memory1 & x is to ?is cause t ! usual /]ility ( hybrids mu/ be ref]r$4 ,f\r?ly1 x requires _m repeat$ impressions to fix a me?od firmly1 b :5 x has be5 engra9$ into u we cease to h mu* recollection ( ! mann] 9 :i* x came to be s1 or inde$ ( any individual repetition1 b sometimes a s+le impression1 if prolong$ z well z pr(\nd1 produces a la/+ impression & is liable to return ) sudd5 =ce1 & !n to g on return+ to u at int]vals4 ,z a g5]al rule1 h[ev]1 abnormal impressions _c long hold _! own aga9/ ! ov]:elm+ prepond]ance ( normal au?ority4 ,?is appe>s 9 h]$ity z ! normal non-inh]itance ( mutilations on ! "o h&1 & on ! o!r z _! occasional inh]itance 9 ! case ( injuries foll[$ by disease4 ,fif?ly1 if h]$ity & memory are ess5tially ! same1 we %\ld expect t no animal w\ld develop new /ructures ( importance aft] ! age at :i* its species beg9s ord9>ily to cont9ue its race2 = we _c suppose (fspr+ to rememb] any?+ t happ5s to ! p>5t subsequ5tly to ! p>5t's ceas+ to conta9 ! (fspr+ )9 itself4 ,f ! av]age age1 !re=e1 ( reproduction1 (fspr+ %\ld cease to h any f>!r /eady1 cont9u\s memory to fall back ^u2 :at memory !re is %\ld be full ( faults1 & z su* unreliable4 ,an organism ought to develop z long z x is back$ by memory--t is to say1 until ! av]age age at :i* reproduction beg9s2 x %\ld !n cont9ue to g = a "t on ! impetus already receiv$1 & %\ld ev5tually decay ?r\gh failure ( any memory to support x1 & tell x :at to d4 ,?is corresponds absolutely ) :at we obs]ve 9 organisms g5]ally1 & expla9s1 on ! "o h&1 :y ! age ( pub]ty m>ks ! beg9n+ ( complet$ developm5t--a riddle hi!rto n only unexpla9$ b1 s f> z ,i h se51 unask$2 x expla9s1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ph5om5a ( old age--hi!rto )\t ev5 attempt at explanation4 ,six?ly1 ^? organisms t are ! longe/ 9 rea*+ maturity %\ld on ! av]age be ! longe/-liv$1 = !y w h receiv$ ! mo/ mom5t\s impulse f ! weight ( memory beh9d !m4 ,?is h>monises ) ! late/ op9ion z to ! facts4 ,9 8 article on ,weismann 9 ! ,contempor>y ,review = ,may #ahij1 ,mr4 ,romanes writes3 ,pr(essor ,weismann has %[n t !re is ?r\gh\t ! metazoa a g5]al correlation betwe5 ! natural lifetime ( individuals compos+ any giv5 species1 & ! age at :i* !y rea* maturity or fir/ become capable ( procreation4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 has be5 ! conclusion g5]ally arriv$ at by biologi/s = "s ye>s pa/4 ,lat5ess1 !n1 9 ! av]age age ( reproduction appe>s to be ! pr9ciple und]ly+ longevity4 ,!re does n appe> at fir/ sight to be mu* connection betwe5 su* di/9ct & app>5tly disconnect$ ph5om5a z #a1 ! ord]ly normal progress ( developm5t2 #b1 atavism & ! resumption ( f]al *>act]i/ics2 #c1 ! m ord9>y resemblance int] se ( ne>] relatives2 #d1 ! b5efit ( an occasional cross1 & ! usual /]ility ( hybrids2 #e1 ! unconsci\sness ) :i* alike bodily developm5t & ord9>y physiological functions proce$1 s long z !y are normal2 #f1 ! ord9>y non-inh]itance1 b occasional inh]itance ( mutilations2 #g1 ! fact t pub]ty indicates ! approa* ( maturity2 #h1 ! ph5om5a ( middle life & old age2 #i1 ! pr9ciple und]ly+ longevity4 ,^! ph5om5a h no conceivable be>+ on "o ano!r until h]$ity & memory are reg>d$ z "p ( ! same /ory4 ,id5tify ^! two ?+s1 & ,i "k no ph5om5on ( h]$ity t does n imm$iately become inf9itely m intelligible4 ,is x conceivable t a !ory :i* h>monises s _m facts hi!rto reg>d$ z )\t ei!r connection or explanation %\ld n des]ve at any rate consid]ation f ^? :o pr(ess to take an int]e/ 9 biology8 ,x is n z ?\gh ! !ory 7 unkn[n1 or _h be5 condemn$ by our lead+ m5 ( sci5ce4 ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] introduc$ x to ,engli% read]s 9 an appreciative notice ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s address1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,nature1 ,july #ah1 #ahgf4 ,he wrote to ! ,a!naeum1 ,m>* #bd1 #ahhd1 & claim$ cr$it = hav+ done s1 b ,i d n believe he has ev] said m 9 public ab\t x ?an :at ,i h "h ref]r$ to4 ,mr4 ,romanes did inde$ try to cru% x 9 ,nature1 ,janu>y #bg1 #ahha1 b 9 #ahhc1 9 8 ,m5tal ,evolution 9 ,animals1 he adopt$ its ma9 conclusion )\t ackn[l$gm5t4 ,! ,a!naeum1 to my unb\nd$ surprise1 call$ him to task = ?is 7,m>* #a1 #ahhd71 & s9ce t "t he has giv5 ! ,h]+ian !ory a suffici5tly wide b]?4 ,mr4 ,wallace %[$ himself fav\rably en\gh dispos$ t[>ds ! view t h]$ity & memory are "p ( ! same /ory :5 he review$ my book ,life & ,habit 9 ,nature1 ,m>* #bg1 #ahgi1 b he has nev] s9ce betray$ any sign ( be+ aw>e t su* a !ory exi/$4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] wrote to ! ,a!naeum 7,april #e1 #ahhd71 & claim$ ! !ory = himself1 b1 9 spite ( 8 do+ ?is1 he has nev]1 t ,i h se51 ref]r$ to ! matt] aga94 ,i h dealt suffici5tly ) 8 claim 9 my book1 ,luck or ,cunn+4 #dc ,la/ly1 ,pr(essor ,h]+ himself has nev] t ,i "k ( t\*$ 8 own !ory s9ce ! s+le %ort address read 9 #ahgj1 & translat$ by me 9 #ahha4 ,e "o1 ev5 its orig9ator1 except myself1 seems afraid to op5 8 m\? ab\t x4 ,( c\rse ! inf]5ce sugge/s itself t o!r p h m s5se ?an ,i h4 ,i readily admit x2 b :y h s _m ( our lead]s %[n su* a /rong hank]+ aft] ! !ory1 if !re is no?+ 9 x8 ,! deadlock t ,i h po9t$ out z exi/+ 9 ,d>w9ism w1 ,i d\bt n1 lead ere long to a consid]ation ( ,pr(essor ,h]+'s !ory4 ,engli% biologi/s are little likely to f9d ,weismann satisfactory = long1 & if he breaks d[n !re is no?+ left = !m b ,lam>ck1 supplem5t$ by ! important & elucidatory coroll>y on 8 !ory propos$ by ,pr(essor ,h]+4 ,:5 ! "t arrives = ?is to obta9 a he>+ x w be confirm$1 d\btless1 by argum5ts cle>] & m =cible ?an any ,i h be5 able to adduce2 ,i %all !n be delight$ to resign ! *ampion%ip :i* till !n ,i %all cont9ue1 z = "s ye>s pa/1 to h mu* pleasure 9 su/a9+4 ,h]et(ore my satisfaction has ma9ly la9 9 ! fact t m ( our prom95t m5 ( sci5ce h seem$ anxi\s to claim ! !ory ?an to refute x2 9 ! confid5ce ?us eng5d]$ ,i leave x to any full] consid]ation :i* ! outl9e ,i h above giv5 may incl9e ! read] to be/[ ^u x4 ,footnotes3 #a ,publi%$ 9 ! ,univ]sal ,review1 ,july #ahhh4 #b ,publi%$ 9 ! ,univ]sal ,review1 ,decemb] #ahij4 #c ,publi%$ 9 ! ,univ]sal ,review1 ,may #ahhi4 ,z ,i h sev]al times be5 ask$ if ! lett]s "h repr9t$ 7 n fabricat$ by ,butl] himself1 ,i take ?is opportunity ( /at+ t !y are au!ntic 9 e p>ticul>1 & t ! orig9als are n[ 9 my possession4--,r4 ,a4 ,s4 #d ,an address deliv]$ at ! ,som]ville ,club1 ,febru>y #bg1 #ahie4 #e ,! ,f\ndations ( ,belief1 by ! ,"r ,hon4 ,a4 ,j4 ,balf\r4 ,longmans1 #ahie1 p4 #dh4 #f ,publi%$ 9 ! ,univ]sal ,review1 ,novemb] #ahhh4 #g ,s9ce ?is essay 0 writt5 x has be5 asc]ta9$ by ,cavali]e ,francesco ,negri1 ( ,casale ,monf]rato1 t ,taba*etti di$ 9 #afae4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,sanctu>y ( ,montrigone 0 n f\nd$ until #afca1 x is pla9 t ,taba*etti _c h work$ !re4 ,all ! late/ discov]ies ab\t ,taba*etti's c>e] w be f\nd 9 ,cavali]e ,negri's pamphlet ,il ,santu>io di ,crea 7,aless&ria1 #aijb74 ,see also note on p4 #aed4--,r4 ,a4 ,s4 #h ,publi%$ 9 ! ,univ]sal ,review1 ,decemb] #ahhi4 #i ,longmans ,co41 #ahij4 #aj ,longmans ,co41 #ahij4 #aa ,publi%$ 9 ! ,univ]sal ,review1 ,novemb] #ahij4 #ab ,longmans ,co41 #ahij4 #ac ,m4 ,rupp5's words run3 #afhg wurde die ,kapelle zur hoh5 ,/iege gebaut1 #agdg dur* ,zusatz v]gross]t und #agee mit ,orgeln ausge/attet4 ,anton ,rupp51 e9 ges*ickt] ,/e9hau] mid ,maur]mei/] leitete d5 ,kapellebau1 und ma*te d>9 das kle9]e ,alt>le94 ,bei d] hoh5 ,/iege w> fruh] ke9 ,gebet%ausle92 nur e9 wund]?atiges ,bildle9 d] ,mutt] ,gottes /& da 9 e9] ,mau] vor dem fromme ,hirt5 und viel &a*tiges ,volk unt] freiem ,himmel betet54 #agji wurd5 die kle95 ,kapellele9 die #ae ,geheimnisse des ,psalt]s vor/ell& auf dem ,wege zur hoh5 ,/iege gebaut4 ,j$] ,hau%alt] des ,vi]tels ,fee ub]nahm d5 ,bau e9es dies] ,geheimnisskapell51 und e9 besond]] ,gut?at] dies] fromm5 ,unt]nehmung w> ,he9ri* ,&5matt51 na*h] ,brud] d] ,geselis*aft ,jesu4 #ad ,! /ory ( ,taba*etti's inc>c]ation is v d\btful4 ,cavali]e ,f4 ,negri1 to ^: book on ,taba*etti & 8 "w at ,crea ,i h already ref]r$ ! read]1 does n m5tion x4 ,taba*etti left 8 native ,d9ant 9 #aehe1 & f t date until 8 dea? 9 #afae he appe>s to h work$ *iefly at ,v>allo & ,crea4 ,!re is a docum5t 9 exi/5ce /at+ t 9 #aehh he execut$ a /atue = ! h]mitage ( ,s4 ,rocco1 at ,crea1 :i*1 if x is to be reli$ on1 disposes bo? ( ! inc>c]ation & ( ! visit to ,saas4 ,x is possible1 h[ev]1 t ! date is #aeih1 9 :i* case ,butl]'s !ory ( ! visit to ,saas may hold good4 ,9 #aeij ,taba*etti 0 c]ta9ly at ,v>allo1 & aga9 9 #aeid1 #aeii1 & #afjb4 ,he di$ 9 #afae1 possibly dur+ a visit to ,v>allo1 ?\gh 8 home at t "t 0 ,co/igliole1 ne> ,a/i4--,r4 ,a4 ,s4 #ae ,?is is ?us *ronicl$ by ,m4 ,rupp53 #aehi d5 #i ,septemb] w> e9e ,wass]grosse1 die viel ,s*ad5 v]ursa*te4 ,die ,?al/rasse1 die von d5 ,/e9matt5 an bis zur ,kir*e am ,uf] d] ,visp lag1 wurde ganz z]/ort4 ,man w>d gezwung5 e9e neue ,/rasse 9 e9ig] ,entf]nung vom ,wass] dur* e95 alt5 ,fussweg auszuhau5 wel*e vi] und e9]halb5 ,vi]tel d] ,klaft]1 od] #f ,s*uh und #i ,zoll breit soilte4 7p4 #dc74 #af ,a lecture deliv]$ at ! ,work+ ,m5's ,college 9 ,great ,ormond ,/reet1 ,m>* #ae1 #ahij2 rewritt5 & deliv]$ aga9 at ! ,som]ville ,club1 ,febru>y #ac1 #ahid4 #ag ,correlation ( ,=ces3 ,longmans1 #ahgd1 p4 #ae4 #ah ,?ree ,lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ,longmans1 #ahhi1 p4 #d4 #ai ,sci5ce ( ,?\ght1 ,longmans1 #ahhg1 p4 #i4 #bj ,publi%$ 9 ! ,univ]sal ,review1 ,april1 ,may1 & ,june #ahij4 #ba ,voyages ( ! ,adv5ture & ,beagle1 iii4 p4 #bcg4 #bb ,luck1 or ,cunn+1 z ! ma9 means ( ,organic ,modification8 7,longmans71 pp4 #agi1 #ahj4 #bc ,j\rnals ( ! ,proce$+s ( ! ,l9nean ,society 7,zoology1 vol4 iii471 #ahei1 p4 #fa4 #bd ,d>w9ism 7,macmillan1 #ahhi71 p4 #abi4 #be ,longmans1 #ahij1 p4 #cgf4 #bf ,see ,nature1 ,m>* #f1 #ahij4 #bg ,orig9 ( ,species1 six? edition1 #ahhh1 vol4 i4 p4 #afh4 #bh ,orig9 ( ,species1 six? edition1 #ahhh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bfa4 #bi ,mr4 ,j4 ,t4 ,cunn+ham1 ( ! ,m>9e ,biological ,laboratory1 ,plym\?1 has call$ my att5tion to ! fact t ,i h ascrib$ to ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] a criticism on ,mr4 ,wallace's rem>ks ^u ! eyes ( c]ta9 fiat-fi%1 :i* ,pr(essor ,ray ,lanke/] 01 9 reality1 only adopt+--) full ackn[l$gm5t--f ,mr4 ,cunn+ham4 ,mr4 ,cunn+ham has left x to me :e!r to correct my omission publicly or n1 b he w\ld s pla9ly pref] my do+ s t ,i consid] myself b\nd to ins]t ?is note4 ,curi\sly en\gh ,i f9d t 9 my book ,evolution ,old & ,new1 ,i gave :at ,lam>ck actually said ^u ! eyes ( flat-fi%1 & hav+ be5 l$ to return to ! subject1 ,i may z well quote 8 words4 ,he wrote3-- ,ne$--always occasion$ by ! circum/ances 9 :i* an animal is plac$1 & foll[$ by su/a9$ ef=ts at gratification--c n only modify an organ--t is to say1 augm5t or r$uce x--b c *ange its position :5 ! case requires its removal4 ,ocean fi%es h occasion to see :at is on ei!r side ( !m1 & h _! eyes accord+ly plac$ on ei!r side ( _! head4 ,"s fi%es1 h[ev]1 h _! abode ne> coa/s on subm>9e banks & incl9ations1 & are ?us =c$ to flatt5 !mselves z mu* z possible 9 ord] to get z ne> z !y c to ! %ore4 ,9 ?is situation !y receive m light f above ?an f bel[1 & f9d x necess>y to pay att5tion to :atev] happ5s to be above !m2 ?is ne$ has involv$ ! displacem5t ( _! eyes1 :i* n[ take ! rem>kable position :i* we obs]ve 9 ! case ( soles1 turbots1 plaice1 c4 ,! transf] ( position is n ev5 yet complete 9 ! case ( ^! fi%es1 & ! eyes are n1 !re=e1 symmetrically plac$2 b !y are s ) ! skate1 ^: head & :ole body are equally dispos$ on ei!r side a longitud9al section4 ,h5ce ! eyes ( ?is fi% are plac$ symmetrically ^u ! upp]mo/ side4--,philosophie ,zoologique1 tom4 i41 pp4 #bej1 #bea4 ,edition ,c4 ,m>t9s4 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 #cj ,essays on ,h]$ity1 c41 ,ox=d1 #ahhi1 p4 #aga4 #ca ,essays on ,h]$ity1 c41 ,ox=d1 #ahhi1 p4 #bff4 #cb ,d>w9ism1 #ahhi1 p4 #ddj4 #cc ,page #hc4 #cd ,vol4 i4 p4 #dff1 c4 ,ed4 #ahhe4 #ce ,d>w9ism1 p4 #ddj4 #cf ,longmans1 #ahij4 #cg ,tom4 iv4 p4 #chc4 ,ed4 #agec4 #ch ,essays1 c41 p4 #ddg4 #ci ,zoonomia1 #agid1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhj4 #dj ,longmans1 #ahij4 #da ,longmans1 #ahij4 #db ,longmans1 #ahij4 #dc ,longmans1 #ahij4