,the ,garden-,craft ,series ,,edited ,,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,,the ,,practical ,,garden-,,book ,,the ,,practical ,,garden-,,book ,,containing ,,the ,,simplest ,,directions ,,for ,,the ,,growing ,,of ,,the ,,commonest ,,things ,,about ,,the ,,house ,,and ,,garden ,,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,hunn ,,and ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey ,,third ,,edition ,new ,york ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company ,,london3 ,,macmillan ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #aijc ,all rights reserved ,,copyright1 #aijj ,,by ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company 999999 ,set up and electrotyped ,march1 #aijj ,reprinted ,february1 #aija1 and ,june1 #aijc ,mount ,pleasant ,press ,j4 ,horace ,mc,farland ,company ,harrisburg1 ,pennsylvania ,like the love of music1 books and pictures1 the love of gardens comes with culture and leisure and with the ripening of the home life4 ,the love of gardens1 as of every other beautiful and refining thing1 must increase to the end of time4 ,more and more must the sympathies enlarge4 ,there must be more points of contact with the world4 ,life ever becomes richer4 ,gardening is more than the growing of plants3 it is the expression of desire4 ,as there must be many gardeners1 so there must be many books4 ,there must be books for different persons and different ideals4 ,the garden made by one's own hands is always the best garden1 because it is a part of oneself4 ,a garden made by another may interest1 but it is another person's individuality4 ,a poor garden of one's own is better than a good garden in which one may not dig4 ,many a poor soul has more help in a plant in the window than another has in a plantation made by a gardener4 ,i would emphasize the home garden1 made by the members of the family4 ,i would preach the beauty of the common plants and the familiar places4 ,these things are never old4 ,many times ,i have noted how intently an audience of plant-lovers will listen to the most commonplace details respecting the cultivation of plants with which they have been always familiar4 ,there was nothing new in what they heard2 but they liked to have the old story told over again1 and every detail called up a memory4 ,the same questions are asked every year1 and they always will be asked1--the questions about the simplest garden operations4 ,upon this desire for commonplace advice the horticultural journals live4 ,a journal which publishes only things that are new would find little support4 ,some of these common questions ,i have tried to answer in this little book4 ,i wish them answered in the simple and direct phrase of the gardener4 ,therefore ,i asked my friend ,c4 ,e4 ,hunn1 gardener to the ,horticultural ,department of ,cornell ,university1 who lives with plants1 to write advice for one who would make a garden2 and this he did in a summer vacation4 ,these notes1 edited and amplified1 now make this book4 ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,,horticultural ,,department1 ,,cornell ,,university4 ,,ithaca1 ,n4 ,y41 ,february #bb1 #aijj4 ,,the ,,practical ,,garden-,,book 999999 ,,abobra ,,viridiflora4 ,a handsome tender climber with tuberous roots1 that may be taken up in the fall and stored in a cellar4 ,the foliage is dark and glossy1 the flowers small and inconspicuous2 but the small scarlet fruits are very effective in contrast to the leaves1 making it a desirable screen plant4 ,it is sold by seedsmen4 ,seeds sown as soon as warm weather comes will give plants which bloom in the open 7in a warm soil and exposure71 and which reach a height of #e-h ft4 ,it is sometimes grown as a glasshouse plant4 ,it is cucurbitaceous 7allied to melons and gourds74 ,,abronia4 ,californian trailing perennials1 but treated as hardy annuals4 ,they thrive in any warm1 open garden soil1 and are very satisfactory for the margins of beds or borders4 ,the little flowers are borne in clusters4 ,a4 latifolia or arenaria 7yellow7 and ,a4 umbellata or grandiflora 7pink7 are the leading kinds4 ,usually sown where they are to bloom4 ,peel the husk off the seed before sowing4 ,illustration3 ,abutilon striatum ,,abutilons1 or ,,flowering ,,maples as they are called by many1 make fine house or bedding plants4 ,common kinds may be grown from seed or from cuttings of young wood4 ,if the former1 the seed should be sown in ,february or ,march in a temperature of not less than #fj deg4 ,the seedlings should be potted when from four to six leaves have grown1 in a rich1 sandy soil4 ,frequent pottings should be made to insure a rapid growth1 making plants large enough to flower by fall4 ,or1 the seedlings may be planted out in the border when danger of frost is over1 and taken up in the fall before frost3 these plants will bloom all winter4 ,about one-half of the newer growth should be cut off when they are taken up1 as they are very apt to spindle up when grown in the house4 ,when grown from cuttings1 young wood should be used1 which1 after being well rooted1 may be treated in the same manner as the seedlings4 ,the varieties with variegated leaves have been improved until the foliage effects are equal to the flowers of some varieties2 and1 these are a great addition to the conservatory or window garden4 ,the staple spotted-leaved type is ,a4 ,thompsoni4 ,a compact form1 now much used for bedding and other outdoor work1 is ,savitzii1 which is a horticultural variety1 not a distinct species4 ,the old-fashioned green-leaved ,a4 striatum1 from which ,a4 ,thompsoni has probably sprung1 is one of the best4 ,a4 megapotamicum or vexillarium is a trailing or drooping red-and-yellow-flowered species1 which is excellent for baskets4 ,it propagates readily from seed4 ,abutilons are most satisfactory for house plants when they are not much more than a year old4 ,they need no special treatment4 ,,aconitum4 ,,monk',s ,,hood4 ,,wolf',s ,,bane4 ,hardy herbaceous perennials allied to larkspurs4 ,they are showy border plants1 usually flowering the first year from seed1 if the seed is started early1 and bearing panicles of quaint hood-shaped1 rich flowers4 ,the colors have a wide range1 but are usually deep blue4 ,the improved varieties are much superior in size and markings4 ,aconitums are most effective when planted in a mixed border3 the flower stalks being held well up1 show the blossoms to good advantage4 ,seed may be sown every two years1 as the plants in their year-old and #b-year-old stage have the largest blossoms4 ,sow in gentle heat in ,march1 transplanting to border when the weather is settled4 ,roots may be divided if desired1 but best results are to be expected from seedlings4 ,a4 ,napellus is the commonest one4 ,the plants are very poisonous if eaten4 ,bloom in early summer4 #b-c ft4 ,,acroclinium4 ,a low-growing everlasting annual flower1 white1 violet1 or rose in color4 ,seeds should preferably be started in a hotbed or window1 and planted out when danger of frost is past2 the flowers should be gathered when half expanded and hung in the shade to dry4 ,half-hardy4 ,plant #a foot apart4 ,grow #aj-ae in4 high4 ,see ,everlastings4 ,illustration3 ,adlumia cirrhosa ,,adlumia4 ,,mountain ,,fringe4 ,,allegheny ,,vine4 ,one of the daintiest of climbers1 making a very rapid growth1 and when once established seeding itself and thriving for years1 growing #aj or #ae feet in a season4 ,give rich1 rather moist soil4 ,it is biennial1 blooming the second year4 ,flowers like those of the bleeding heart and other dicentras4 ,it is native4 ,,adonis4 ,a low-growing hardy annual or perennial of the easiest culture4 ,it makes a fine mass effect1 as the flowers are a striking dark scarlet or crimson color1 and the plants are very free and continuous bloomers4 ,sow early in the spring where wanted4 ,the perennial yellow-flowered sorts sometimes bloom the first year from seed4 ,adonises are very neat in habit1 and the foliage is fine and interesting4 #aj-ae in4 ,,agapanthus4 ,,african ,,lily4 ,a tuberous-rooted1 well known conservatory or window plant4 ,it lends itself to many conditions and proves satisfactory a large part of the year1 the leaves forming a green arch over the pot1 covering it entirely in a well grown specimen4 ,the flowers are borne in a large cluster on stems growing from #b to #c ft4 high1 as many as two or three hundred bright blue flowers often forming on a single plant4 ,a large1 well grown plant throws up a number of flower-stalks through the early season4 ,the one essential to free growth is an abundance of water and an occasional application of manure water4 ,propagation is effected by division of the offsets1 which may be broken from the main plant in early spring4 ,after flowering1 gradually lessen the quantity of water until they are placed in winter quarters1 which should be a position free from frost and moderately dry4 ,the ,agapanthus1 being a heavy feeder1 should be grown in strong loam to which is added well rotted manure and a little sand4 ,illustration3 ,ageratum ,,ageratum4 ,a half-hardy annual1 used as a border plant1 for ribbon bedding for mass effect1 or in mixed beds of geranium1 coleuses and other plants4 ,the seeds germinate readily1 but as the plant is only half-hardy and is usually wanted in flower when planted out1 it is usual to sow the seed in boxes placed in hotbeds or windows in ,march1 transplanting the seedlings to small boxes or pots and growing the young plants on until the #ast of ,may1 when they may be planted out4 ,pieces of young wood root very easily1 and the gardener usually increases his stock by cuttings4 ,the dwarf varieties are the most desirable1 and the two colors1 blue and white1 may be planted together4 #b-c ft4 ,plants may be taken up in the fall and set in the house2 cut them back severely4 ,,allegheny ,,vine4 ,see ,adlumia4 ,,almond is about as hardy as the peach1 but it blooms so early in the spring that it is little grown east of the ,pacific slope4 ,it is an interesting ornamental tree1 and its early bloom is a merit when the fruit is not desired4 ,the ,almonds commonly sold by nurserymen in the east are hard-shell varieties1 and the nuts are not good enough for commerce4 ,the ,almond fruit is a drupe1 like the peach1 but the flesh is thin and hard and the pit is the ,almond of commerce4 ,culture the same as for peach4 ,flowering ,almond is a very early-flowering bush1 excellent for shrub-borders4 ,it is usually grafted on plum stock1 and one must take care to keep down the plum sprouts which sometimes spring from the root4 ,,aloe4 ,succulent tropical plants1 sometimes seen in window gardens4 ,of easy culture4 ,see that the pots have perfect drainage4 ,make a soil of sandy loam1 with one-third or one-fourth part of broken brick4 ,pot firmly4 ,water whenever needed1 but the soil and drainage should be such that the earth does not remain soggy or become sour4 ,aloes thrive year after year without repotting4 ,usually propagated by cuttings4 ,a4 variegata is the commonest species4 ,,alonsoa4 ,tender annual4 ,not very well known1 but a bright plant for second-row border or a low bedding plant4 ,planted against shrubbery or other protection after danger of frost is over1 it lightens up a dark corner4 #b-c ft4 ,plant #aj-ae in4 apart1 in a warm place protected from wind4 ,,alstromeria4 ,the ,alstromerias belong to the amaryllis family1 being tuberous-rooted plants1 having leafy stems and terminating in a cluster of from #aj to #ej small lily-shaped flowers of rich colors4 ,most of the kinds should be given pot culture1 as they are easily grown and are not hardy in the open in the north4 ,the culture is nearly that of the amaryllis1--a good1 fibrous loam with a little sand1 potting the tubers in early spring or late fall4 ,start the plants slowly1 giving only water enough to cause root growth2 but after growth has become established1 a quantity of water may be given4 ,after flowering they may be treated as are amaryllis or agapanthus4 ,the plants grow #a to #b-a_/b ft4 high4 ,the flowers often have odd colors4 ,,althaea4 ,see ,hollyhock4 ,illustration3 ,sweet ,alyssum ,,alyssum1 ,,sweet4 ,a low-growing1 hardy1 white-flowered1 very fragrant annual which is much used for edgings1 window boxes1 and the like4 ,it is of the easiest culture in any soil1 but thrives best in a garden loam of moderate fertility4 ,seeds may be sown as early as the ground can be well prepared in spring4 ,the plant will begin to bloom when #b or #c inches high1 and continue to bloom1 as it grows1 until after the first hard frosts4 ,it makes a mat #a to #b ft4 across4 ,if immediate effects are not desired1 the plants should be thinned out or transplanted to stand half a foot apart4 ,it rarely stands more than a foot high4 ,in the fall1 plants may be cut back and put into pots or boxes1 and they will bloom in the window4 ,better results in winter blooming are secured by starting seeds in boxes in ,august1 ,september or ,october4 ,there are certain hardy perennial yellow-flowered ,alyssums which are useful for prominent edgings and for rockwork4 ,illustration3 ,prince's ,feather ,,amarantus4 ,decorative annuals4 ,one species 7with erect spikes7 is known as ,,prince',s ,,feather1 another 7with variegated foliage7 as ,,joseph',s ,,coat1 and still another 7with drooping spikes7 as ,,love-,,lies-,,bleeding4 ,probably the finest of the list is ,a4 salicifolius1 often called ,fountain ,plant4 ,this has graceful willow-shaped leaves1 banded and tipped with carmine1 bronze and orange4 ,the tall kinds make fine screens for unsightly objects4 ,they may also be used against masses of green to add color4 ,the ,amaranths are half-hardy or tender plants1 and should be sown in boxes in ,march or ,april1 to be planted out after all danger of frost is past4 ,seeds may also be sown where the plants are to stand4 ,they were once among the most popular of garden plants1 but for a few years have been neglected4 ,fine colors have recently been developed1 and they are again becoming favorites4 ,as they are rather coarse and weedy plants1 do not use them with dainty flowers4 ,most kinds grow #b-c ft4 high and spread #b-c ft4 ,,amaryllis4 ,popular name of a variety of house or conservatory tender bulbs1 but properly applied only to the ,belladonna ,lily4 ,most of them are hippeastrums1 but the culture of all is similar4 ,they are satisfactory house plants4 ,the one objection to their culture is the habit of the flower-stalk starting into growth before the leaves start4 ,this is caused in most cases by stimulating root growth before the bulb has had sufficient rest4 ,the bulbs should be dormant for four or five months in a dry place with a temperature of about #ej deg4 ,when wanted to be brought into flower1 the bulbs1 if to be repotted1 should have all the dirt shaken off and potted in soil composed of fibrous loam and leaf-mold1 to which should be added a little sand4 ,if the loam is a heavy one1 place the pot in a warm situation2 a spent hotbed is a good place4 ,water as needed1 and as the flowers develop liquid manure may be given4 ,if large clumps are well established in #h- or #aj-;inch pots1 they may be top-dressed with new soil containing rotted manure1 and as growth increases liquid manure may be given twice a week until the flowers open4 ,after flowering1 gradually withhold water until the leaves die4 ,the most popular species for window gardens is ,a4 ,johnsoni 7properly a hippeastrum71 with red flowers4 ,,amethyst4 ,see ,browallia4 ,,ammobium4 ,a half-hardy perennial everlasting with white flowers4 ,thrives best in sandy soil4 ,sow seeds where plants are to stand4 ,although perennial1 it blooms the first year from seed1 and is usually treated as an annual4 #b-c ft4 high4 ,plant #ab-ah in4 apart4 ,,ammoniacal ,,carbonate ,,of ,,copper4 ,see under ,bordeaux ,mixture4 ,,anchusa4 ,hardy annuals and perennials1 fit for heavy borders4 ,the plants grow to the height of #b to #c feet and bear purple or blue flowers1 which are showy either on the plant or in bouquets4 ,propagated from seed sown in early spring1 either where the plants are to stand or in boxes or hotbeds4 ,the common kind is annual4 ,blooms in summer4 ,,anemone4 ,,wind ,,flower4 ,a group of hardy perennials4 ,the best known of this genus is ,a4 ,japonica alba1 or ,honorine ,jobert4 ,this species blooms from ,august to ,november1 and is at that season the finest of border plants4 ,the pure white flowers1 with lemon-colored stamens1 are held well up on stalks #b-c ft4 high4 ,the flower stems are long and excellent for cutting4 ,this species may be propagated by division of the plants or by seed4 ,the former method should be put into practice in the spring2 the latter as soon as the seeds are ripe in the fall4 ,sow the seed in boxes in a warm1 sheltered situation in the border or under glass4 ,the seed should be covered lightly with soil containing a quantity of sand and not allowed to become dry4 ,a well enriched1 sheltered position in a border should be given4 ,there are red-flowered varieties4 ,illustration3 ,spray of ,anemone ,japonica ,the varieties of ,a4 coronaria are tuberous-rooted plants4 ,the tubers of these should be planted in the fall1 late in ,september or early in ,october1 in a well enriched1 sheltered border1 setting the tubers #c in4 deep and from #d-f in4 apart4 ,the surface of the border should be mulched with leaves or strawy manure through the severe winter weather1 uncovering the soil in ,march4 ,the flowers will appear in ,april or ,may1 and in ,june or ,july the tubers should be taken up and placed in a dry place in sand until the following fall4 ,this section is not as well known as it should be4 ,the range of color is very wide4 ,the flowers are often #b in4 across1 and are lasting4 ,these tubers may be planted in pots in the same manner as in the border1 bringing them into the conservatory or house at intervals through the winter1 where they make an excellent showing when in bloom4 ,the little wild ,wind ,flowers are easily colonized in a hardy border4 ,,annuals4 ,the annual flowers of the seedsmen are those which give their best bloom in the very year in which the seeds are sown4 ,true annuals are those plants which complete their entire life-cycle in one season4 ,some of the so-called annual flowers will continue to bloom the second and third years1 but the bloom is so poor and sparse after the first season that it does not pay to keep them4 ,most annuals will bloom in central ,new ,york if the seeds are sown in the open ground when the weather becomes thoroughly settled4 ,but there are some kinds1 as ,cosmos and ,moonflowers1 for which our season is commonly too short to give good bloom4 ,these kinds may be started early in the house or in hotbeds2 and similar treatment may be given any plants of which it is desired to secure blooms before the normal time4 ,illustration3 ,a box garden ,prepare the ground thoroughly and deep4 ,annuals must make a quick growth4 ,see that the soil contains enough humus or vegetable mold to make it rich and to enable it to hold moisture4 ,if the ground is not naturally rich1 spade in well-rotted manure or mold from the woods4 ,a little commercial fertilizer may help in starting off the plants quickly4 ,prepare the land as early in spring as it is in fit condition1 and prevent evaporation by keeping the surface loose by means of raking4 ,if the flowers are to be grown about the edges of the lawn1 make sure that the grass roots do not run underneath them and rob them of food and moisture4 ,it is well to run a sharp spade deep into the ground about the edges of the bed every two or three weeks for the purpose of cutting off any grass roots which may have run into the bed4 ,if beds are made in the turf1 see that they are #c ft4 or more wide1 so that the grass roots will not undermine them4 ,against the shrub borders1 this precaution may not be necessary4 ,in fact1 it is desirable that the flowers fill all the space between the overhanging branches and the sod4 ,sow the seeds freely4 ,many will not germinate4 ,even if they do all germinate1 the combined strength of the rising plantlets will break the crust on the hard soils2 and in the thinning which follows1 only strong and promising plants are allowed to remain4 ,better effects are also often secured when the colors are in masses1 especially if the flowers are thrown into the bays of heavy shrub borders4 ,illustration3 ,flowers against a border ,plants continue to bloom for a longer period if they are not allowed to produce seeds4 ,the flowers should be picked1 if possible1 as soon as they begin to fade4 ,in the selection of the kinds of annuals1 one's personal preference must be the guide4 ,yet there are some groups which may be considered to be standard or general-purpose plants4 ,they are easily grown almost anywhere1 and are sure to give satisfaction4 ,the remaining plants are mostly such as have secondary value1 or are adapted to particular purposes or uses4 ,the groups which most strongly appeal to the writer as staple or general-purpose types are the following3 ,petunias1 phloxes1 pinks or dianthuses1 larkspurs or delphiniums1 calliopsis or coreopsis1 pot marigold or calendula1 bachelor's button or ,centaurea ,cyanus1 clarkias1 zinnias1 marigolds or tagetes1 collinsias1 gilias1 ,california poppies or eschscholtzias1 verbenas1 poppies1 ,china asters1 sweet peas1 nemophilas1 portulacas1 silenes1 candytufts or iberis1 alyssum1 stocks or matthiolas1 morning-glories1 nasturtiums or tropaeolums4 ,annual flowers possess a great advantage over perennials in the fact that they appeal strongly to the desire for experiment4 ,the seeds are sown every year1 and there is sufficient element of uncertainty in the results to make the effort interesting2 and new combinations can be tried each year4 ,do not cut the old stalks down in the fall4 ,they will stand in the snow all through the winter1 and remind you of the bursting summer time and the long-ripening fall2 and the snow-birds will find them in the short days of winter4 ,some of the most reliable and easily grown annuals for the north are given in the following lists 7under the common trade names73 ,,white ,,flowers ,ageratum ,mexicanum album4 ,alyssum1 ,common ,sweet4 ,alyssum1 ,sweet1 compacta4 ,centranthus macrosiphon albus4 ,convolvulus major4 ,dianthus1 ,double ,white ,margaret4 ,iberis amara4 ,iberis coronaria1 ,white ,rocket4 ,ipomoea hederacea4 ,lavatera alba4 ,malope grandiflora alba4 ,matthiola 7,stocks71 ,cut and ,come ,again4 ,matthiola1 ,dresden ,perpetual4 ,matthiola1 ,giant ,perfection4 ,matthiola1 ,white ,pearl4 ,mirabilis longiflora alba4 ,nigella4 ,papaver 7,poppy71 ,flag of ,truce4 ,papaver1 ,shirley4 ,papaver1 ,the ,mikado4 ,phlox1 ,dwarf ,snowball4 ,phlox1 ,leopoldii4 ,zinnia4 ,,yellow ,,flowers ,cacalia lutea4 ,calendula officinalis1 ,common4 ,calendula officinalis1 ,meteor4 ,calendula sulphurea4 ,calendula suffruticosa4 ,calliopsis bicolor marmorata4 ,calliopsis cardaminaefolia4 ,calliopsis elegans picta4 ,cosmidium ,burridgeanum4 ,erysimum ,peroffskianum4 ,eschscholtzia ,californica4 ,hibiscus ,africanus4 ,hibiscus1 ,golden ,bowl4 ,ipomoea coccinea lutea4 ,loasa tricolor4 ,tagetes1 various kinds4 ,thunbergia alata ,fryeri4 ,thunbergia alata aurantiaca4 ,tropaeolum1 ,dwarf1 ,lady ,bird4 ,tropaeolum1 ,tall1 ,schulzi4 ,zinnia4 ,,blue ,,flowers ,ageratum ,mexicanum4 ,ageratum ,mexicanum1 ,dwarf4 ,browallia ,czerniakowski4 ,browallia elata4 ,centaurea ,cyanus1 ,victoria ,dwarf ,compact4 ,centaurea ,cyanus minor4 ,china ,asters of several varieties4 ,convolvulus minor4 ,convolvulus minor unicaulis4 ,gilia achilleaefolia4 ,gilia capitata4 ,iberis umbellata4 ,iberis umbellata lilacina4 ,kaulfussia amelloides4 ,kaulfussia atroviolacea4 ,lobelia ,erinus4 ,lobelia ,erinus1 ,elegant4 ,nigella4 ,phlox variabilis atropurpurea4 ,salvia farinacea4 ,specularia4 ,verbena1 ,black-blue4 ,verbena coerulea4 ,verbena1 ,golden-leaved4 ,whitlavia gloxinoides4 ,,red ,,flowers ,cacalia1 ,scarlet4 ,clarkia elegans rosea4 ,convolvulus tricolor roseus4 ,dianthus1 ,half ,dwarf ,early ,margaret4 ,dianthus1 ,dwarf ,perpetual4 ,dianthus ,chinensis1 ,double4 ,gaillardia picta4 ,ipomoea coccinea4 ,ipomoea volubilis4 ,matthiola annuus 7,stocks74 ,matthiola1 ,blood-red ,ten ,weeks4 ,matthiola grandiflora1 ,dwarf4 ,papaver 7,poppy7 cardinale4 ,papaver1 ,double4 ,papaver1 ,mephisto4 ,phaseolus multiflorus4 ,phlox1 ,large-flowering ,dwarf4 ,phlox1 ,dwarf ,fireball4 ,phlox1 ,black ,warrior4 ,salvia coccinea4 ,saponaria4 ,tropaeolum1 ,dwarf1 ,tom ,thumb4 ,tropaeolum1 ,dwarf4 ,verbena hybrida4 ,verbena hybrida1 ,scarlet ,defiance4 ,zinnia4 ,,good ,,for ,,edgings ,,of ,,beds ,,and ,,walks ,alyssum1 ,sweet4 ,brachycome4 ,collinsias4 ,dianthuses or ,pinks4 ,gypsophila muralis4 ,iberis or ,candytufts4 ,leptosiphons4 ,lobelia ,erinus4 ,nigellas4 ,nemophilas4 ,portulacas or ,rose ,moss4 ,saponaria ,calabrica4 ,specularia4 ,,kinds ,,which ,,continue ,,to ,,bloom ,,after ,,frost ,abronia umbellata4 ,adonis aestivalis4 ,adonis autumnalis4 ,argemone grandiflora4 ,calendulas4 ,callirrhoe4 ,carduus ,benedictus4 ,centaurea ,cyanus4 ,centauridium4 ,centranthus macrosiphon4 ,cerinthe retorta4 ,cheiranthus ,cheiri4 ,chrysanthemums4 ,convolvulus minor4 ,convolvulus tricolor4 ,dianthus of various kinds4 ,elscholtzia cristata4 ,erysimum ,peroffskianum4 ,erysimum ,arkansanum4 ,eschscholtzias1 in several varieties4 ,gaillardia picta4 ,gilia ,achilleaefolia4 ,gilia capitata4 ,gilia laciniata4 ,gilia tricolor4 ,iberis affinis4 ,lavatera alba4 ,matthiolas or ,stocks4 ,oenothera rosea4 ,oenothera ,lamarckiana4 ,oenothera ,drummondii4 ,phlox ,drummondii4 ,podolepis affinis4 ,podolepis chrysantha4 ,salvia coccinea4 ,salvia farinacea4 ,salvia ,horminum4 ,verbenas4 ,vicia ,gerardii4 ,virginian ,stocks4 ,viscaria elegans4 ,viscaria oculata4 ,viscaria coeli-rosa4 ,,antirrhinum4 ,see ,snapdragon4 ,,apple1 the ,king of ,fruits1 thrives over a wider range of territory and under more varied conditions than any other tree fruit4 ,this means that it is easy to grow4 ,in fact1 it is so easy to grow that it usually is neglected2 and people wonder why the trees do not bear4 ,the selection of varieties of ,apples for home use is1 to a large extent1 a personal matter2 and no one may say what to plant4 ,a variety that is successfully grown in one section may prove disappointing in another4 ,one should study the locality in which he wishes to plant and choose those varieties which are the most successfully grown there1--choosing from amongst the successful kinds those which he likes best and which seem best to meet the purposes for which he is to grow them4 ,when the selection is made1 the trees should be procured from a near-by nurseryman1 if possible1 as one is then able to select his own trees1 receive them in the shortest time1 and plant them before they have become dry4 ,the land on which an orchard is to be planted should have been in cultivation at least two years previous to setting the trees and be in a fine physical condition4 ,dig the hole broad and deep enough to take in all the roots left after pruning off the bruised ends caused by digging up the tree1 and trim back the branches at least two-thirds1 making a smooth cut4 ,set the trunk in the center of the hole1 and sift the fine dirt down through the roots1 slightly lifting the tree once or twice in order that the fine soil may settle under the roots1 making congenial soil for the new roots to run through4 ,fill in over the roots1 gradually firming the soil above with the feet4 ,when the hole is full1 firm the soil around the trunk to prevent whipping by the wind1 leaving the surface level4 ,if the trees are set in the fall a slight earthing up to the trunk may be beneficial in certain soils1 and if set in a dry spring a mulch of straw or grass will benefit them4 ,two- or #c-year-old trees 7usually the latter7 are the most desirable for planting in home grounds4 ,commercial orchards are often planted exclusively with #b-year-olds4 ,illustration3 ,spray of ,apples ,in orchard cultivation1 ,apple trees are usually planted #ce to #dj ft4 apart each way4 ,in home grounds they may be placed somewhat closer than this1 especially if they are planted upon the boundaries1 so that the limbs may project freely in one direction4 ,it is ordinarily advisable1 especially in the humid climates east of the ,great ,lakes1 to have the body of the tree #c-a_/b to #d-a_/b ft4 long4 ,the limbs should be trimmed up to this point when the tree is set4 ,from three to five main branches may be left to form the framework of the top4 ,these should be shortened back one-fourth or one-half when the tree is set4 ,subsequent pruning should keep the top of the tree open and maintain it in more or less symmetrical form4 ,see ,pruning4 ,in orchard conditions1 the trees should be kept in clean culture1 especially for the first few years2 but this is not always possible in home yards4 ,in lieu of tillage1 the sward may be mulched each fall with stable manure1 and commercial fertilizer may be applied each fall or spring4 ,if fruit is wanted rather than foliage and shade1 care should be taken not to make ground too rich but to keep it in such condition that the tree is making a fairly vigorous growth1 with good strong foliage1 but is not overgrowing4 ,an ,apple tree in full bearing is usually in good condition if the twigs grow from #aj to #ah in4 each season4 ,all leaf-eating insects may be kept off by spraying with ,paris green4 ,the ,appleworm or codlin-moth may be kept in check by spraying with ,paris green as soon as the blossoms fall1 and again a week or ten days later4 ,the leaf blight or apple-scab fungus may be kept in check by spraying with ,bordeaux mixture just before the flowers open1 and again after they fall 7see ,spraying74 ,a close watch should be kept for borers4 ,whenever the bark appears to be dead or sunken in patches1 remove it and search for the cause4 ,a borer will usually be found underneath the bark4 ,about the base of the tree the most serious injury occurs from borers1 since the insect which enters there bores into the hard wood4 ,his presence can be determined by the chips which are cast from his burrows4 ,the only remedy is to dig out the larvae4 ,if they have got far into the wood1 they can be killed by running a flexible wire into the burrows4 ,apple trees should begin to bear when three to five years planted1 and at ten years should be bearing good crops4 ,with good treatment1 they should continue to bear for thirty or more years4 ,it is cheaper to buy trees from the nursery than to attempt to raise them for oneself4 ,the dwarf ,apples are secured by grafting any variety on the ,paradise or ,doucin stocks1 which are simply small-growing varieties of ,apples4 ,dwarfs are much used in the ,old ,world4 ,there is no reason why they should not be used for home gardens in this country4 ,they may be planted #h to #aj ft4 apart1 and trained in various ways4 ,the body or trunk should not be more than #a or #b ft4 long4 ,the top should be headed-in each year a third or a half of the annual growth4 ,dwarfs bear sooner than standards4 ,a dwarf in full bearing should produce from a peck to a bushel of apples4 ,usually only the finer or dessert variety of ,apples should be grown on dwarf trees4 ,many of the local varieties of ,apples are excellent for home use4 ,from the following list of dessert varieties1 one can select a good assortment for the home garden3 ,summer4--,early ,joe1 ,primate1 ,garden ,royal1 ,summer ,pearmain1 ,early ,harvest1 ,summer ,rose1 ,sweet ,bough1 ,summer ,queen1 ,early ,strawberry1 ,williams ,favorite4 ,fall4--,chenango1 ,dyer1 ,jefferis1 ,jersey ,sweet1 ,maiden ,blush1 ,gravenstein1 ,fall ,pippin1 ,mother 7late fall to winter71 ,twenty ,ounce4 ,winter4--,newtown ,pippin1 ,golden ,russet1 ,bellflower1 ,belmont1 ,king 7late fall ,s4 of ,n4 ,y471 ,grimes ,golden1 ,melon1 ,hubbardston 7,nonesuch71 ,northern ,spy1 ,jonathan1 ,fameuse or ,snow1 ,lady1 ,rambo1 ,canada ,red1 ,york ,imperial1 ,pomme ,gris1 ,esopus ,spitzenburg1 ,swaar1 ,peck ,pleasant1 ,rhode ,island ,greening1 ,tallman ,sweet1 ,sutton ,beauty1 ,wagener1 ,seek-no-further4 ,,apricot4 ,this fruit1 usually thought to be too tender for the winters in the latitude of ,new ,york1 has proved as hardy as the peach4 ,given the right conditions as to soil and exposure1 it will yield abundant crops1 ripening its fruits about three weeks in advance of early peaches4 ,it would seem that more attention should be given to its cultivation4 ,in western ,new ,york commercial orchards are now producing crops of as fine fruit as that brought from ,california4 ,the introduction of the ,russian varieties1 a few years ago1 added to the list several desirable kinds that have proved hardier and a little later in blooming than the old kinds4 ,the fruits of the ,russian varieties1 while not as large as the other varieties1 fully equal many of them in flavor1 and they are very productive4 ,the soil for ,apricots should be rather dry2 especially should the subsoil be such that no water may stand around the roots4 ,the exposure should be to the north or west to retard the blooming period1 as the one great drawback to their successful fruiting is the early blooming and subsequent freezing of the flowers or small fruits4 ,the two serious difficulties in the growing of ,apricots are the ravages of the curculio 7see ,plum7 and the danger to the flowers from the spring frosts4 ,it is usually almost impossible to secure fruits from one or two isolated ,apricot trees1 because the curculios will take them all4 ,it is possible1 also1 that some of the varieties need cross-pollination4 ,the ,apricot usually thrives best on strong soil2 but otherwise the treatment which is given the peach suits the ,apricot very well4 ,the ,russian varieties bear more profusely and with less care than the old-fashioned and larger kinds4 ,amongst the best kinds of ,apricots are ,montgamet1 ,jackson1 ,royal1 ,st4 ,ambroise1 ,early ,golden1 ,harris1 ,roman and ,moorepark4 ,in the east1 ,apricots are commonly worked on plums1 but they also thrive on the peach4 ,,aquarium4 ,a pleasant adjunct to a living room or conservatory is a large glass globe or glass box containing water1 in which plants and animals are living and growing4 ,a solid glass tank or globe is better than a box with glass sides1 because it does not leak1 but the box must be used if one wants a large ,aquarium4 ,for most persons it is better to buy the ,aquarium box than to attempt to make it4 ,four things are important in making and keeping an ,aquarium 7according to ,miss ,rogers1 in ,cornell ,nature-,study ,leaflet ,no4 #aa73 7#a7 ,the equilibrium between plant and animal life must be secured and maintained4 ,animals do not thrive in water where no plants are growing4 ,nature keeps plants and animals in the same pond1 and we must follow her lead4 ,the plants have three valuable functions in the ,aquarium4 ,first1 they supply food for the herbivorous creatures4 ,second1 they give off a quantity of oxygen which is necessary to the life of the animals4 ,third1 they take up from the water the poisonous carbonic acid gas which passes from the bodies of the animals4 ,just how the plants do this is another story4 7#b7 ,the ,aquarium must be ventilated4 ,every little fish1 snail and insect wants air4 ,a certain quantity of air is mixed with the water1 and the creatures must breathe that or come to the surface for their supply4 ,how does ,mother ,nature manage the ventilation of her aquaria1 the ponds and streams8 ,the plants furnish part of the air1 as we have seen4 ,the open pond1 whose surface is ruffled by every passing breeze1 is constantly being provided with fresh air4 ,a tadpole or a fish can no more live in a long-necked bottle than a boy can live in a chimney4 7#c7 ,the temperature should be kept between #dj deg4 and #ej deg4 ,fahr4 ,both nature and experience teach us this4 ,a shady corner is a better place for the ,aquarium than a sunny window on a warm day4 7#d7 ,it is well to choose such animals for the ,aquarium as are adapted to life in still water4 ,unless one has an arrangement of water pipes to supply a constant flow of water through the ,aquarium1 it is best not to try to keep creatures that we find in swift streams4 ,practical experience shows that there are certain dangers to guard against4 ,perhaps the most serious results come from overstocking4 ,it is better to have too few plants or animals than too many of either4 ,a great deal of light1 especially bright sunlight1 is not good for the ,aquarium4 ,a pond that is not shaded soon becomes green with a thick growth of slime1 or algae4 ,this does not look well in an ,aquarium1 and is apt to take up so much of the plant-food that the other plants are starved out4 ,the plants in the school-room window will shade the ,aquarium nicely1 just as the trees and shrubs on its banks shade the pond4 ,if we find this slime forming on the light side of our miniature pond we put it in a darker place1 shade it heavily so that the light comes in from the top only1 and put in a few more snails4 ,these will make quick work of the green slime1 for they are fond of it1 if we are not4 ,the aquatic plants of the neighborhood may be kept in the ,aquarium1--such things as myriophyllums1 charas1 eel-grass1 duckmeats or lemnas1 cabomba or fish grass1 arrowleafs or sagittaria1 and the like2 also the parrot's feather1 to be bought of florists 7a species of myriophyllum74 ,of animals1 there are fishes 7particularly minnows71 water insects1 tadpoles1 clams1 snails4 ,if the proper balance is maintained between plant and animal life1 it will not be necessary to change the water so frequently4 ,,aquatics ,,and ,,bog ,,plants4 ,many water plants are easily grown1 and make a fine addition to the home garden4 ,the sedges and other bog plants1 the cyperus or umbrella plant1 the common wild water lily1 and in large grounds the nelumbium or ,egyptian lotus1 all may be grown with ease4 ,for restricted grounds any of these1 with the exception of the nelumbium1 may be grown in tubs made by sawing an oaken barrel in two1 filling each half from one-third to one-half with soil composed of good loam1 sand and leaf-mold1 setting the plants well into the soil and filling the tubs with water4 ,these tubs should be sunk to the rim in the borders or lawn1 both for a good appearance and to prevent too great evaporation4 ,by a little care in filling with water1 these plants may be well grown through the hottest weather4 ,most of the foreign water lilies are not hardy1 but some of them may be grown with ease if the pond is covered in winter4 ,native ,aquatics may be colonized in streams or ponds4 ,if artificial ponds are to be made1 do not get them too deep4 ,a foot or #ae inches is sufficient depth of water to stand above the crowns of the plants2 and the greatest depth of water should not be more than #b-a_/b ft4 for all kinds of water lilies4 ,half this depth is often sufficient4 ,the soil should be #a to #b ft4 deep1 and very rich4 ,cow manure may be mixed with rich loam4 ,roots of hardy water lilies may be planted as soon as the pond is clear of frost1 but the tender kinds 7which are also to be taken up in the fall7 should not be planted till it is time to plant out geraniums4 ,sink the roots into the mud so that they are just buried1 and weight them down with a stone or clod4 ,in cold climates1 protect the pond of hardy ,aquatics by throwing boards over the pond and covering with hay1 straw or evergreen boughs4 ,it is well to supply an additional depth of water as a further protection4 ,,aquilegia4 ,,columbine4 ,these hardy perennials are general favorites for borders and rockwork4 ,blooming early in the season1 they may be said to head the procession of the perennials4 ,the ease with which they may be cultivated1 their freedom of bloom1 their varied colors and odd shape entitle them to the front rank among hardy plants4 ,they are propagated by division of the plants in the spring or from seed sown in the fall4 ,seedlings may be expected to bloom well the second year4 ,they require a moist1 partially sheltered situation1 with exposure to the sun4 ,the common wild ,columbine 7often called honeysuckle7 is easily grown and is very attractive4 ,clumps of ,columbine should stand #ab-ah in4 apart4 #b-c ft4 high4 ,,araucaria1 or ,,norfolk ,,island ,,pine1 is now sold in pots by florists as a window plant4 ,the common species 7,a4 excelsa7 is most excellent for this purpose1 making a symmetrical evergreen subject4 ,it keeps well in a cool window1 or on the veranda in the summer4 ,protect it from direct sunlight1 and give plenty of room4 ,if the plant begins to fail1 return it to the florist for recuperation4 ,,argemone4 ,see ,prickly ,poppy4 ,,aristolochia1 or ,,dutchman',s ,,pipe4 ,a strong1 woody twiner with very large1 heavy leaves1 forming a dense screen and having peculiarly shaped flowers4 ,but one species is considered hardy north1 ,a4 ,sipho4 ,this will grow without special treatment and prove a satisfactory ornamental screen or porch plant4 ,reaches a height of #bj or #cj ft4 ,young plants need some protection in cold winters4 ,,artichoke4 ,a tall1 coarse perennial of the thistle tribe1 producing flower-heads which are edible4 ,when once established1 it will last in bearing for a number of years4 ,while this plant is not generally grown in this country1 its merit as a supplementary vegetable for salads or cooking is great4 ,it is usually grown from suckers from the root1 but a start can be made by sowing the seed4 ,sow in a border or seed box and transplant to the garden in early summer2 and the following year a crop may be had4 ,the parts of the plant used are the flower-heads and the young suckers1 the former boiled or eaten raw as a salad4 ,the young shoots may be tied together and blanched1 using them like asparagus or ,swiss chard4 ,the fleshy scales of the head and the soft bottom of the head are the parts used4 ,but few of these plants would be needed for a family1 as they produce a number of flower-heads to a plant and a quantity of suckers4 ,the plants should be set from #b to #c ft4 apart in the row1 the rows being #c ft4 apart4 ,this vegetable is not quite hardy in the north1 but a covering of leaves or barnyard litter to the depth of a foot will protect them well4 ,the plant1 being a perennial1 will continue to yield for a number of years under good cultivation4 ,these plants make no mean decorative subjects1 either massed or in a mixed border1 and from the rarity of their culture are always objects of interest4 ,,artichoke1 ,,jerusalem1 is a wholly different plant from the above1 although it is commonly known as ,artichoke in this country4 ,it is a species of sunflower which produces potato-like tubers4 ,these tubers may be used in lieu of potatoes4 ,they are very palatable to hogs2 and when the plant becomes a weed--as it often does--it may be exterminated by turning the hogs into it4 ,hardy4 ,,arundo1 or ,,reed1 is one of the best of bold and ornamental grasses1 excellent for the center of a large formal bed1 or for emphatic points in a mixed border4 ,it is perennial and hardy in the northern states1 but it is advisable to give it a mulch on the approach of winter4 ,thrives in any rich soil1 doing best where somewhat moist4 #h-ab ft4 ,the clumps enlarge year by year4 ,,asparagus4 ,a hardy herbaceous perennial1 much grown for the soft1 edible1 early spring shoots4 ,the culture of this1 the finest of early vegetables1 has been simplified in the past few years1 and at present the knowledge required to successfully plant and grow a good supply need not be that of a professional4 ,the old method of excavating to the depth of #c ft4 or more1 throwing in from #d to #f in4 of broken stone or bricks for drainage1 then filling to within #af to #ah in4 of the surface with well rotted manure1 with #f in4 of soil upon which to set the roots1 has given place to the simple practice of plowing or digging a trench from #ad to #af in4 deep1 spreading well rotted manure in the bottom to the depth of #c or #d in42 when well trodden down covering the manure with #c or #d in4 of good garden soil1 then setting the plants1 with the roots well spread out1 covering carefully with soil to the level of the garden1 and firming the soil with the feet4 ,this will leave the crowns of the plants from #d to #e in4 below the surface4 ,in setting1 #a-year-old plants will prove more satisfactory than older ones1 being less liable to suffer from injury to the root system than those which have made a larger growth4 ,two years after setting the crop may be cut1 but not sooner if a lasting bed is desired1 as the effort to replace the stalks has a tendency to weaken the plant unless the roots are well established4 ,the yearly treatment of an ,asparagus bed consists of cleaning off tops and weeds in the fall and adding a dressing of well rotted manure to the depth of #c or #d in41 this manure to be lightly forked into the bed the following spring2 or1 the tops may be allowed to stand for winter protection and the mulch left off4 ,a top-dressing of nitrate of soda1 at the rate of #bjj pounds per acre1 is often beneficial as a spring stimulant1 especially in the case of an old bed4 ,good results will also follow an application of bone meal or superphosphate at the rate of from #cjj to #ejj pounds per acre4 ,the practice of sowing salt on an ,asparagus bed is almost universal4 ,still1 beds that have never received a pound of salt are found to be as productive as those having received an annual dressing4 ,nevertheless1 a salt dressing is recommended4 ,in stubborn1 heavy soil the best method to pursue in making a permanent bed would be to throw out all the dirt from the trench and replace with good1 fibrous loam4 ,two rows of ,asparagus #be ft4 long and #c ft4 apart would supply a large family with an abundance throughout the season1 and if well taken care of will last a number of years4 ,conover's ,colossal is the variety most generally grown1 and is perhaps the most satisfactory sort4 ,palmetto1 a variety originating at the south1 is also very popular4 ,a newer variety1 called ,donald ,white1 originating near ,elmira1 ,n4 ,y41 is recommended by the trade4 ,,asperula4 ,hardy annuals and perennials4 ,the low-growing ,asperula1 with its blue or white flowers1 is not as often used as it should be4 ,the profusion of small flowers and the long season entitle it to a place in low borders4 ,the flowers have a pleasing fragrance4 ,asperulas may be used effectively on rockwork4 ,the common white species1 or ,woodruff1 grows less than #a foot4 ,grown readily from seeds1 and blooms the first year4 ,all ,asperulas thrive best in a rather moist soil4 ,,asters1 ,,china4 ,half-hardy annuals1 of easy culture4 ,the ,china ,aster has been for years a great favorite in both old-fashioned and modern gardens4 ,with the improvements in shapes and colors1 they are now the rivals of the chrysanthemum4 ,as early as #agca single white and red ,asters were grown and described in ,england1 and by #ahde they are mentioned as being very numerous in ,new ,england4 ,the ,germans were1 perhaps1 the first to improve the ,asters1 and the type most admired and sought fifty years ago was the full-quilled varieties4 ,now1 however1 the informal type replaces the stiff1 formal quilled flowers of that period4 ,compare the ,comet ,aster of to-day with the ,asters of even twenty years ago1 and note the looseness of its broad rays1 giving an artistic value far beyond the tall1 stiff1 purple-blue or whites of that period4 ,illustration3 ,china ,aster ,the early ,asters will bloom in ,august if the seed is sown in the open early in the season4 ,they are represented by the ,queen of the ,market and ,queen of ,spring1 either of which1 if started in a hotbed or window1 will begin to bloom the last of ,july4 ,the ,queen of the ,market is probably the freest of growth1 and with its long stems makes a very desirable variety for cut-flowers4 ,in fact1 in the rich1 mellow soil in which ,asters delight1 this variety is likely to have its large flowers on stems so long and slender that the plants will need stakes4 ,the ,victoria ,asters hold a well deserved place among the leading varieties1 and with high culture will generally lead in size and profusion of bloom1 the colors ranging from white to the darkest blue4 ,the plants are also well adapted to pot culture4 ,the chrysanthemum-flowered ,asters1 both tall and dwarf1 are excellent1 as are the ,truffaut ,perfection and ,peony-flowered4 ,the ,comet ,asters are amongst the best4 ,the ,new ,branching type is now in great favor4 ,the culture of ,china ,asters is easy4 ,for early bloom the seeds should be sown in ,march in boxes of light soil and covered one-quarter of an inch with soil1 the soil pressed down or firmed over them and the boxes placed in a hotbed or a sunny window and attention given to watering4 ,when the seedlings are one inch high they should be transplanted to other boxes1 setting the plants #c inches apart or put into #b-;inch pots4 ,these should be again placed in a frame and grown along until the ground has become comparatively warm4 ,the soil will need to be well enriched1 mellow1 and if slightly moist under the surface the results will be all that could be wished4 ,asters will grow fairly well on rather light soil1 even if not very rich1 but the best results can only be obtained when the highest culture is given4 ,if the rust attacks the plants1 spray with ammoniacal carbonate of copper4 ,illustration3 ,spray of wild ,aster ,,aster1 ,,native4 ,wild ,asters are one of the glories of the ,american autumn4 ,they grow almost everywhere in the north and east1--along roadsides1 in meadows and swales4 ,their colors range from pure white to pink1 and purple1 and blue4 ,from ,august until winter closes in1 they are conspicuous features of the landscape1 vying with the goldenrods in form and color1 but surpassing them in color-range4 ,most of them are greatly improved when transferred to the border4 ,they become more attractive in general habit1 and the flowers are usually more profuse and sometimes larger4 ,they are of the easiest possible culture4 ,they can be removed to home grounds in the fall or spring1 and1 with little care until they are established1 will make most attractive displays of autumn color4 ,the species are numerous and much confused1 and it is not necessary to make a list of them here4 ,because of their free and careless habit1 they are better adapted to planting in borders than in the formal flower beds4 ,illustration3 ,wild ,asters ,,aubrietia ,,deltoidea4 ,a very handsome little trailing hardy perennial1 covered with attractive purple flowers in early spring4 ,should be planted in masses for best effect4 ,propagated by cuttings or seeds1 usually the latter4 ,excellent for rockwork and permanent low edgings4 ,,auricula4 ,a half-hardy perennial of the ,primrose tribe 7,primula ,auricula71 very popular in ,europe1 but little grown in this country on account of the hot1 dry summers4 ,in this country usually propagated by seed1 as for ,cineraria2 but special varieties are perpetuated by offsets4 ,seeds sown in ,february or ,march should give blooming plants for the next ,february or ,march4 ,keep the plants cool and moist1 and away from the direct sun during the summer4 ,gardeners usually grow them in frames4 ,in the fall1 they are potted into #c-;inch or #d-;inch pots1 and made to bloom either in frames as for violets or in a cool conservatory or greenhouse4 ,in ,april1 after blooming has ceased1 repot the plants and treat as the previous year4 ,from the best plants1 offsets may be taken and treated the same as seedlings4 ,as with most annual-blooming perennials1 best results are to be expected with year-old or #b-year-old plants4 ,auriculas grow #f-h in4 high4 ,colors white and many shades of red and blue4 ,,azaleas are less grown in this country than in ,europe1 largely because of our hot1 dry summers and severe winters4 ,there are two common types or classes1--the hardy or ,ghent ,azaleas1 and the ,indian ,azaleas4 ,ghent ,azaleas thrive in the open along the seacoast as far north as southern ,new ,england4 ,they require a sandy1 peaty soil1 and are treated as other shrubs are4 ,the large flower-buds are liable to injury from the warm suns of late winter and early spring1 and to avoid this injury the plants are often protected by covers or shades of brush4 ,in the interior country1 little attempt is made to flower ,azaleas permanently in the open1 although they may be grown if carefully tended and well protected4 ,both ,ghent and ,indian ,azaleas are excellent pot-plants1 for bloom in late winter and spring4 ,the plants are imported in great numbers from ,europe1 and it is better to buy these plants than to attempt to propagate them4 ,pot them up in large-sized pots1 keep them cool and backward for a time until they are established1 then take them into a conservatory temperature1 in which carnations and roses thrive4 ,they should be potted in a soil made of half peat or well decayed mold and half rich loam2 add a little sand4 ,pot firmly1 and be sure to provide sufficient drainage4 ,keep off red spider by syringing4 ,after blooming1 the plants may be thinned by pruning out the straggling growths1 and repotted4 ,set them in a frame or in a semi-shaded place during summer1 and see that they make a good growth4 ,the wood should be well ripened in the fall4 ,after cold weather sets in1 keep the ,indian or evergreen kinds half-dormant by setting them in a cool1 dull-lighted cellar or pit1 bringing them in when wanted for bloom4 ,the ,ghent or deciduous kinds may be touched with frost without injury2 and they may be stored in a cellar until wanted4 ,,bachelor',s ,,button4 ,centaurea ,cyanus and also ,gomphrena4 ,sometimes applied to double-flowered ,crowfoots4 ,illustration3 ,balloon ,vine ,,balloon ,,vine1 or ,,cardiospermum4 ,annual tender tendril climber of very rapid growth4 ,seed should not be planted until the soil becomes warm4 ,a very pretty effect can be had by allowing the vine to run over some coarser vine1 or into an evergreen tree4 ,the balloon-like capsules show to good advantage between the leaves4 ,it is also useful for covering piles of brush4 ,grows #h-ab ft4 high4 ,give a warm1 sunny place4 ,,balsams1 or ,,impatiens4 ,tender annuals1 producing both single and double flowers of many colors4 ,these well known favorites are usually to be found in old-fashioned gardens4 ,they are very likely to seed themselves1 coming up in unexpected places and flourishing in neglect4 ,they do best1 however1 in rich1 sandy soil4 ,if the seed is sown in boxes late in ,april and the plants transplanted several times they will be much dwarfer and the flowers much more double4 ,a stately1 though very formal and stiff1 effect may be had by planting a row of ,balsams in the rear of a low border1 pinching off all the side shoots as they start and growing the plant to a single stem4 ,this will become covered with the large blooms1 giving it the appearance of a perfect column of flowers4 ,balsams are injured by the slightest frost4 ,seeds germinate quickly4 ,plants should stand #ab-ah in4 apart4 ,they grow #ah-cj in4 high4 ,,bartonia4 ,hardy annual1 with golden yellow1 brilliant flowers4 ,the tall-growing ,bartonia 7,b4 aurea7 may be used in a mixed border to good advantage4 ,it is a bushy plant1 reaching #b-c ft4 high4 ,the dwarf kind may be used as a border plant or in a rock garden1 or as an edging4 ,the fragrance of both tall and dwarf is very pronounced in the evening4 ,the ,bartonias are very easy to grow in a warm soil and sunny exposure4 ,their numerous thread-like1 long stamens are very interesting4 ,,basket ,,plants4 ,in order to have a good hanging basket1 it is necessary that some provision be made to prevent too rapid drying out of the earth4 ,it is customary1 therefore1 to line the pot or basket with moss4 ,open wire baskets1 like a horse muzzle1 are often lined with moss and used for the growing of plants4 ,prepare the earth by mixing some well decayed leaf-mold with rich garden loam1 thereby making an earth which will retain moisture4 ,hang the basket in a light place1 but still not in a direct sunlight2 and1 if possible1 avoid putting it where it will be exposed to drying wind4 ,in order to water the basket1 it is often advisable to sink it into a pail or tub of water4 ,various plants are well adapted to hanging baskets4 ,among the drooping or vine-like kinds are the strawberry geranium1 ,kenilworth ivy1 maurandya1 ,german ivy1 canary-bird flower1 ,asparagus ,sprengeri1 ivy geranium1 trailing fuchsia1 wandering ,jew1 and othonna4 ,among the erect-growing plants which produce flowers1 ,lobelia ,erinus1 sweet alyssum1 petunias1 oxalis1 and various geraniums are to be recommended4 ,among foliage plants such things as coleus1 dusty miller1 begonia1 and some geraniums are adaptable4 ,illustration3 ,climax basket ,,baskets4 ,for the picking and handling of fruit in the home garden1 the common ,climax basket1 in various sizes1 is the best receptacle4 ,in these baskets the products may be sold4 ,when the baskets are sent to market or to a friend1 they should be neat and new looking2 therefore keep them in a dry1 dark place1 as in an attic or loft1 to prevent them from becoming warped and discolored4 ,,bean4 ,under the general name of ,bean1 many kinds of plants are cultivated4 ,they are all tender1 and the seeds1 therefore1 should not be planted until the weather is thoroughly settled2 and the soil should be warm and loose4 ,they are all annuals in northern countries1 or treated as such4 ,the ,bean plants may be classified in various ways4 ,in respect to stature1 they may be thrown into three general categories2 viz41 the pole or climbing ,beans1 the bush ,beans1 and the strict-growing or upright ,beans 7as the ,broad or ,windsor ,bean74 ,in respect to their uses1 ,beans again may be divided into three categories2 viz41 those which are used as string or snap ,beans1 the entire pod being eaten2 those which are used as shell ,beans1 the full-size but immature ,beans being shelled from the pod and cooked2 dry ,beans1 or those which are eaten in their dry or winter condition4 ,the same variety of ,bean may be used for all of these three purposes at different stages of its development2 but as a matter of fact1 there are varieties which are better for one purpose than the other4 ,again1 ,beans may be classified in respect to their species4 ,those species which are best known are as follows3 7#a7 ,common ,bean1 or ,phaseolus vulgaris1 of which there are both tall and bush forms4 ,all the common snap and string ,beans belong here1 as also the ,speckled ,cranberry types of pole ,beans1 and the common field ,beans4 7#b7 ,the ,lima ,beans1 or ,phaseolus lunatus4 ,the larger part of these are pole ,beans1 but lately dwarf or bush varieties have appeared4 7#c7 ,the ,scarlet ,runner1 ,phaseolus multiflorus1 of which the ,scarlet ,runner and ,white ,dutch ,runner are familiar examples4 ,the ,scarlet ,runner is usually grown as an ornamental vine1 and it is perennial in warm countries1 but the ,beans are edible as shelled ,beans4 ,the ,white ,dutch ,runner is oftener cultivated for food4 7#d7 ,the ,yard-,long1 or ,asparagus ,bean1 ,dolichos sesquipedalis1 which produces long and weak vines and very long1 slender pods4 ,the green pods are eaten1 and also the shelled ,beans4 ,the ,french ,yard-,long is the only variety of this type which is commonly known in this country4 ,this type of ,bean is popular in the ,orient4 7#e7 ,the ,broad ,beans1 of which the ,windsor is the common type4 ,these are much grown in the ,old ,world for stock feed1 and they are sometimes used for human food4 ,they grow to one strict1 central1 stiff stalk1 to a height of #b-d or #e ft41 and they are very unlike other kinds of ,beans in appearance4 ,in this country1 they are very little grown on account of our hot and dry summers4 ,in ,canada they are somewhat grown1 and are sometimes used in the making of ensilage4 ,the culture of the ,bean1 while of the easiest1 often proves a failure as far as the first crop is concerned1 because of planting the seed before the ground has become warm and dry4 ,no vegetable seed will decay quicker than ,beans1 and the delay caused by waiting for the soil to become warm and free from excessive moisture will be more than made up by the rapidity of growth when finally they are planted4 ,beans will grow in most any soil1 but the best results may be obtained by having the soil well enriched and in good physical condition4 ,from the #eth to the #ajth of ,may in the latitude of central ,new ,york1 it will be safe to plant ,beans for an early crop4 ,the ,beans may be dropped #b inches deep in shallow drills1 the seeds to lie #c inches apart4 ,cover to the surface of the soil1 and if the ground be dry1 firm it with the foot or the back of the hoe4 ,for the bush varieties1 allow #b ft4 between the drill-rows1 but for the dwarf ,limas #b-a_/b ft4 is better4 ,pole ,limas are usually planted in hills #b-c ft4 apart in the rows4 ,dwarf ,limas may be sown thinly in drills4 ,a large number of the varieties of both the green-podded and the wax-podded ,beans are used almost exclusively as snap ,beans1 to be eaten with the pod while tender4 ,the various strains of the ,black ,wax are the most popular string ,beans4 ,the pole or running ,beans are used either green or dried1 and the ,limas1 both tall and dwarf1 are well known for their superior flavor either as shelled or dry ,beans4 ,the old-fashioned ,cranberry or ,horticultural ,lima type 7a pole form of ,phaseolus vulgaris7 is probably the best shell ,bean1 but the trouble of poling makes it unpopular4 ,dwarf ,limas are much more desirable for small gardens than the pole varieties1 as they may be planted much closer1 the bother of procuring poles and twine is avoided1 and the garden will have a more sightly appearance4 ,both the dwarf ,limas and pole ,limas require a longer season in which to mature than the bush varieties1 and only one planting is usually made4 ,but the bush varieties may be planted at intervals of two weeks from the first planting until the #ajth of ,august4 ,each planting may be made on ground previously occupied by some early-maturing crop4 ,thus1 the first to third plantings may be on ground from which has been harvested a crop of spinach1 early radish or lettuce2 after that1 on ground where early peas have been grown2 and the later sowings where beets or early potatoes have grown4 ,string ,beans for canning are usually taken from the last crop4 ,one quart of seed will plant #ajj ft4 of drill2 or #a quart of ,limas will plant #ajj hills4 ,limas are the richest of ,beans1 but they often fail to mature in the northern states4 ,the land should not be very rich in nitrogen 7or stable manure71 else the plants will run too much to vine and be too late4 ,select a fertile sandy or gravelly soil with warm exposure1 use some soluble commercial fertilizer to start them off1 and give them the best of culture4 ,aim to have the pods set before the droughts of midsummer come4 ,good trellises for ,beans are made by wool twine stretched between two horizontal wires1 one of which is drawn a foot above the ground and the other #f or #g ft4 high4 ,bean plants are not troubled by insects to any extent1 but they are sometimes attacked by blight4 ,when this occurs1 do not plant the same ground to ,beans again for a year or two4 ,,bedding4 ,this term is used to designate the massing of plants in the open ground for the purpose of making a bold display of color4 ,this color may be obtained with flowers or with strong effects of foliage4 ,bedding is ordinarily a temporary species of planting2 that is1 the bed is filled anew each year4 ,however1 the term may be used to designate a permanent plantation of plants which are heavily massed so as to give one continuous or emphatic display of form or color4 ,some of the best permanent bedding masses are made of the various hardy ornamental grasses1 as eulalias1 arundo1 and the like4 ,some bedding is very temporary in its effect4 ,especially is this true of spring ,bedding1 in which the plants used are tulips1 hyacinths1 crocuses or other early-flowering bulbous plants4 ,in this case1 the ground is usually occupied later in the season by other plants4 ,these later plants are usually annuals1 the seeds of which are sown amongst the bulbs as soon as the season is far enough advanced2 or the annuals may be started in boxes and the plants transplanted amongst the bulbs as soon as the weather is fit4 ,many of the low-growing and compact1 continuous-flowering annuals are excellent for summer ,bedding effects4 ,some of the best plants for this purpose are mentioned in the following list3 ,adonis aestivalis4 ,adonis autumnalis4 ,ageratum ,mexicanum4 ,ageratum ,mexicanum1 dwarf4 ,bartonia aurea4 ,cacalia4 ,calendula officinalis1 in several forms4 ,calendula pluvialis4 ,calendula ,pongei4 ,calendula sulphurea1 fl4 pl4 ,calendula suffruticosa4 ,calliopsis bicolor marmorata4 ,calliopsis cardaminaefolia4 ,calliopsis elegans picta4 ,callirrhoe involucrata4 ,callirrhoe pedata nana4 ,callirrhoe pedata4 ,centaurea ,americana4 ,centaurea ,cyanus1 ,victoria ,dwarf ,compact4 ,centaurea ,cyanus minor4 ,centaurea suaveolens4 ,chrysanthemum ,burridgeanum4 ,chrysanthemum carinatum4 ,chrysanthemum coronarium4 ,chrysanthemum tricolor4 ,convolvulus minor4 ,convolvulus tricolor4 ,cosmidium ,burridgeanum4 ,delphinium1 single4 ,delphinium1 double4 ,dianthus1 ,double ,white ,half ,dwarf ,margaret4 ,dianthus1 ,dwarf ,perpetual4 ,dianthus ,caryophyllus semperflorens4 ,dianthus ,chinensis1 double4 ,dianthus dentosus hybridus4 ,dianthus ,heddewigii4 ,dianthus imperialis4 ,dianthus laciniatus1 ,salmon ,queen4 ,dianthus plumarius4 ,dianthus superbus1 dwarf fl4 pl4 ,dianthus1 ,picotee4 ,elscholtzia cristata4 ,eschscholtzia ,californica4 ,eschscholtzia crocea4 ,eschscholtzia1 ,mandarin4 ,eschscholtzia tenuifolia4 ,gaillardia picta4 ,gaillardia picta ,lorenziana4 ,gilia achilleaefolia4 ,gilia capitata4 ,gilia laciniata4 ,gilia linifolia4 ,gilia nivalis4 ,gilia tricolor4 ,godetia ,whitneyi4 ,godetia grandiflora maculata4 ,godetia rubicunda splendens4 ,hibiscus ,africanus4 ,hibiscus1 ,golden ,bowl4 ,iberis affinis4 ,iberis amara4 ,iberis coronaria4 ,iberis umbellata4 ,impatiens or ,balsam4 ,lavatera alba4 ,lavatera trimestris4 ,linum grandiflorum4 ,madia elegans4 ,malope grandiflora4 ,matricaria eximia plena4 ,matthiola or ,stock1 in many forms4 ,matthiola1 ,wallflower-leaved4 ,matthiola bicornis4 ,nigella or ,love-in-a-,mist4 ,oenothera ,drummondii4 ,oenothera ,lamarckiana4 ,oenothera rosea4 ,oenothera tetraptera4 ,papaver or ,poppy1 of many kinds4 ,papaver cardinale4 ,papaver glaucum4 ,papaver umbrosum4 ,petunia1 ,ring of ,emerald4 ,phlox ,drummondii1 in many varieties4 ,portulaca4 ,salvia farinacea4 ,salvia ,horminum4 ,salvia splendens4 ,schizanthus papilionaceus4 ,schizanthus pinnatus4 ,silene ,armeria4 ,silene pendula4 ,tagetes or ,marigold1 in many forms4 ,tagetes erecta4 ,tagetes patula4 ,tagetes signata4 ,tropaeolum1 ,dwarf4 ,verbena auriculaeflora4 ,verbena ,italica striata4 ,verbena hybrida4 ,verbena coerulea4 ,verbena1 ,golden-leaved4 ,viscaria coeli-rosa4 ,viscaria elegans picta4 ,viscaria oculata4 ,zinnia1 ,dwarf4 ,zinnia elegans alba4 ,zinnia1 ,tom ,thumb4 ,zinnia ,haageana4 ,zinnia coccinea plena4 ,summer bedding is often made by perennial plants which are carried over from the preceding year1 or better1 which are propagated for that particular purpose in ,february and ,march4 ,such plants as geranium1 coleus1 alyssum1 scarlet salvia1 ageratum and heliotrope may be used for these beds4 ,it is a common practice to use geranium plants which are in bloom during the winter for bedding out during the summer1 but such plants are tall and ungainly in form and have expended the greater part of their energies4 ,it is better to propagate new plants by taking cuttings or slips late in the winter and setting out young1 fresh1 vigorous subjects4 ,very bold and subtropical effects can be made by planting in the open such things as palms1 bananas1 crotons1 araucarias1 caladiums and cannas4 ,plants like bananas and palms1 which are kept normally in pots1 would better be left in the pots and plunged to the rims rather than turned out directly into the soil4 ,in order to attain quick and continuous effects1 it is advisable to set the plants rather close4 ,as such plants are likely to be injured by strong winds1 it is well to have subtropical beds in a somewhat protected place4 ,another type of bed is that which attempts to make patterns or designs1 or carpet-bedding4 ,there are comparatively few plants which are adapted to this purpose1 for the plants must be such as will stand shearing and which have very strong and constant colors of foliage4 ,the most popular bedding plants are coleus 7particularly the yellow ,golden ,bedder7 achyranthes1 alternanthera1 ,centaurea gymnocarpa1 and such succulent plants as the house leeks4 ,some of the annual flowers may also be used for strong color effects1 as ,lobelia ,erinus and sweet alyssum4 ,ordinarily the making of carpet-beds should be left to professional gardeners1 since it requires much skill and care to make and keep the beds in perfect condition2 and a ragged or imperfect carpet-bed is worse than no bed at all4 ,carpet-beds are really curiosities1 and they have no more legitimate place in the general pictorial landscape design area than painted stones or sheared evergreens4 ,therefore1 they should be placed by themselves at one side1 where they do not interfere with the general design of the place4 ,in public parks they make a very useful attraction when set off by themselves1 the same as zoological gardens or other attractions do4 ,,beefsteak ,,geranium is ,begonia4 ,,beets4 ,being one of the hardiest of spring vegetables1 the seed may be sown as early in the spring as the ground can be worked4 ,a light1 sandy soil is the best on which to grow ,beets to perfection1 but any well tilled garden soil will raise satisfactory crops4 ,on heavy soil the turnip ,beet gives the best results1 as the growth is nearly all at or above the surface4 ,the long varieties1 having tapering roots running deep into the soil1 are apt to be misshapen unless the physical condition of the soil is such that the roots meet with little obstruction4 ,a succession of sowings should be made1 at intervals of from two to three weeks1 until late summer1 as the ,beets are much more desirable in their young stage than when they have become old and woody4 ,the ,mangel-,wurzel and the ,sugar ,beet are usually grown as a field crop1 and will not enter into the calculations of the home garden4 ,illustration3 ,early ,beets ,in order to hasten the season of the extra-early crop of ,beets1 the seeds may be sown in boxes or in the soil of a hotbed in ,february or ,march1 transplanting the small plants to the open ground at the time the first sowing of seed is made4 ,as the flat or turnip-rooted varieties grow at the surface of the ground1 the seed may be sown thickly1 and as the more advanced roots are large enough to use they may be pulled1 leaving room for the later ones to develop1 thus growing a quantity in a small area and having a long season of small ,beets from one sowing4 ,for winter use the late ,july sown seed will give the best roots1 growing through the cool months of the fall to a medium size and remaining firm without being tough or stringy4 ,these may be dug up after light frosts and before any severe cold weather1 and stored in barrels or boxes in the cellar1 using enough dry dirt to fill spaces between the roots and cover them to the depth of #f inches4 ,these roots1 thus packed in a cool cellar1 will be fit to use through the entire winter months4 ,when it can be had1 florists' or sphagnum moss is an excellent medium in which to pack roots for winter4 ,the early round or turnip varieties are best for early and summer use4 ,the ,long ,blood ,beets may be used for storing1 but these require a longer season of growth4 ,,begonias4 ,tender bedding and house plants4 ,next to the geranium1 ,begonias are probably the most popular for house culture of the entire plant list4 ,the ease of culture1 profusion of bloom or richness of foliage1 together with their adaptability to shade1 make them very desirable4 ,begonias may be divided into three sections3 the fibrous-rooted class1 which contains the winter-flowering varieties2 the tuberous-rooted1 those which bloom through the summer1 the tuber resting through the winter2 and the ,rex forms1 or ,beefsteak ,geraniums1 having large ornamental leaves4 ,illustration3 ,fibrous-rooted ,begonia ,the fibrous-rooted kinds may be propagated by seed or cuttings1 the latter being the usual method4 ,cuttings of half-ripened wood root easily1 making a rapid growth1 the plants flowering in a few months4 ,the tuberous-rooted varieties are propagated by division of the tuber or from seed1 the former being rarely done except to increase the stock of some extra fine variety4 ,the seeds1 like those of all ,begonias1 are very small1 and should be sown with great care4 ,simply sprinkle them on the surface of the soil1 which should be a mixture of leaf-mold and sand1 with the addition of a small amount of fibrous loam4 ,watering should be done by setting the pot or box in which the seeds are sown in water1 allowing the moisture to ascend through the soil4 ,when the soil has become completely saturated1 set the box in a shady situation1 covering it with glass or some other object until the tiny seedlings appear4 ,never allow the soil to become dry4 ,the seedlings should be transplanted1 as soon as they can be handled1 into boxes or pots containing the same mixture of soil1 setting each plant down to the seed-leaf4 ,they will need three or four transplantings before they reach the blooming stage1 and at each one after the first1 the amount of fibrous loam may be increased until the soil is composed of one-third each of loam1 sand and leaf-mold4 ,the addition of a little well rotted manure may be made at the last transplanting4 ,these tuberous-rooted ,begonias make superior bedding plants if given a shady situation and deep soil2 but for the amateur they are perhaps better grown as pot-plants1 for one is able to give them better conditions by that method4 ,the flowers are both double and single1 ranging in color from pure white and yellow to pink and red4 ,after flowering the plants will die down and the tubers1 after drying off1 may be placed in a dry1 warm place until spring4 ,illustration3 ,rex ,begonia ,the ,rex type1 having no branches1 is propagated from the leaves4 ,the large mature leaves are used4 ,the leaf may be cut into sections having at the base a union of two ribs4 ,these pieces of leaves may be inserted in the sand as any other cutting4 ,or a whole leaf may be used1 cutting through the ribs at intervals and laying the leaf flat on the propagating bench or other warm1 moist place4 ,in a short time young plants having roots of their own will form4 ,these may be potted when large enough to handle1 and will soon make good sized plants4 ,rex ,begonias usually grow little during winter4 ,be sure that the pots are well drained1 so that the soil does not become sour4 ,new plants--those a year or so old--are usually most satisfactory4 ,keep them away from direct sunlight4 ,an insidious disease of ,begonia leaves has recently made its appearance4 ,the best treatment yet known is to propagate fresh plants1 throwing away the old stock and the dirt in which it is grown4 ,,bellis ,,perennis4 ,see ,daisy4 ,illustration3 ,ancient ,briton ,blackberry ,,blackberries4 ,the one essential to the successful growing of ,blackberries is a moist soil1--not one in which water will stand1 but one rich enough in humus to hold sufficient moisture to carry the crop through the growing season4 ,it is usually found best to plant in the fall1 earthing up slightly around the plants4 ,the distance between the plants should be regulated by the variety4 ,the smaller-growing kinds 7as ,early ,harvest and ,wilson7 may be planted #d x #g ft41 the rank-growing varieties 7as ,snyder7 #f x #h ft4 ,thorough cultivation throughout the season will help in a material degree to hold the moisture necessary to perfect a good crop4 ,the soil should be cultivated very shallow1 however1 so as not to disturb the roots1 as the breaking of the roots starts a large number of suckers that have to be cut out and destroyed4 ,illustration3 ,shears for cutting out old canes ,blackberries1 like dewberries and raspberries1 bear but one crop on the cane4 ,that is1 canes which spring up this year bear next year4 ,from #c to #f canes are sufficient to be left in each hill4 ,the superfluous ones are thinned out soon after they start from the ground4 ,the old canes should be cut out soon after fruiting and burned4 ,the new shoots should be pinched back at the height of #b or #c ft4 if the plants are to support themselves4 ,if to be fastened to wires1 they may be allowed to grow throughout the season and be cut back when tied to the wires in winter or early spring4 ,tools for the cutting out of the old canes are well represented in the pictures4 ,shears are used for shortening-in the canes4 ,illustration3 ,shears for heading-in bushes ,blackberry plants are sometimes laid down in cold climates1--the tops being bent over and held to the ground by earth or sods thrown on their tips4 ,illustration3 ,knife hook for cutting out old canes ,snyder is the most popular commercial variety2 but ,agawam1 ,ancient ,briton1 ,taylor1 and others are better in quality4 ,a new patch should be planted every five or six years4 ,,blue ,,bottle4 ,see ,centaurea ,cyanus4 ,,bordeaux ,,mixture is a fungicide1 used to combat mildews1 leaf-diseases1 blights1 etc4 ,it is sprayed on the plants with a spray pump or syringe1 or it may be applied with a whisk broom4 ,apply enough of it so that the foliage looks blue4 ,it is made as follows3 ,copper sulfate1 #f pounds2 quicklime1 #d pounds2 water1 #dj to #ej gallons4 ,dissolve the copper sulfate by putting it into a bag of coarse cloth and hanging this in a vessel holding at least four gallons1 so that it is just covered by the water4 ,use an earthen or wooden vessel4 ,slake the lime in an equal amount of water4 ,then mix the two and add enough water to make #dj gallons4 ,it is then ready for immediate use1 but will keep for some time4 ,if the mixture is to be used on peach foliage1 it is advisable to add an extra pound of lime to the above formula4 ,when applied to such plants as carnations or cabbages1 it will adhere better if a pound of hard soap is dissolved in hot water and added to the mixture4 ,for rots1 molds1 mildews1 and all fungous diseases4 ,whilst ,bordeaux ,mixture is the best general fungicide1 it discolors the plants until it washes off4 ,on ornamental plants1 therefore1 a colorless fungicide may be preferable4 ,in such cases1 use the ammoniacal carbonate of copper solution1 as follows3 ,copper carbonate1 #a ounce2 ammonia1 #a volume #bf deg4 ,baume1 #g_/h volumes water 7enough to dissolve the copper72 water1 #i gallons4 ,the copper carbonate is best dissolved in large bottles1 where it will keep indefinitely1 and it should be diluted with water as required4 ,for the same purposes as ,bordeaux ,mixture4 ,,border4 ,the word border is used to designate the heavy or continuous planting about the boundaries of a place1 or along the walks and drives1 or against the buildings1 in distinction from planting on the lawn or in the interior spaces4 ,a border receives different designations1 depending upon the kinds of plants which are grown therein2 that is1 it may be a shrub border1 a flower border1 a hardy border for native and other hardy plants1 a vine border1 and the like4 ,as a rule1 the most effective planting is that which is thrown into masses1 for one plant reinforces the other1 and the flowers have a good setting or background4 ,very striking displays of foliage and flowers and plant forms can be made when massed together4 ,as a rule1 plants are more easily grown when planted in a border1 since the whole area can be kept cultivated with ease2 and if a plant becomes weak or dies1 its place is readily filled by the neighboring plants spreading into it4 ,planting in masses is also essential to the best arrangement of the yard1 since the basis of any landscape is a more or less continuous greensward 7see ,lawn74 ,the house occupies the central part of the area1 and the sides are heavily massed or planted so as to make a framework for the whole place4 ,the border may be mixed1--that is1 composed of a great variety of plants1--or it may be made up of one continuous thing4 ,in long and very striking borders1 it is often best to have the background--that is1 the back row--of one general type of plant in order to give continuity and strength to the whole group4 ,in front of this a variety of plants may be set1 if one desire4 ,illustration3 ,planting by the steps ,the land should be rich4 ,the whole ground should be plowed or spaded and the plants set irregularly in the space2 or the back row may be set in a line4 ,if the border is composed of shrubs1 and is large1 a horse cultivator may be run in and out between the plants for the first two or three years1 since the shrubs will be set from #b to #d ft4 apart4 ,ordinarily1 however1 the cultivating is done by hand tools4 ,after the plants are once established and the border is filled1 it is best to dig up as little as possible1 for the digging disturbs the roots and breaks off the crowns4 ,it is usually best to pull out the weeds and give the border a top-dressing each fall of well rotted manure4 ,if the ground is not very rich1 a sprinkling of ashes or some commercial fertilizer may be given from time to time4 ,the border should be planted so thick as to allow the plants to run together1 thereby giving one continuous effect4 ,most shrubs should be set #c feet apart4 ,things as large as lilacs may go #d feet and sometimes even more4 ,common herbaceous perennials1 like bleeding heart1 delphiniums1 hollyhocks1 and the like1 should go from #ab to #ah inches4 ,on the front edge of the border is a very excellent place for annual and tender flowering plants4 ,here1 for example1 one may make a fringe of asters1 geraniums1 coleus1 or anything else which he may choose 7see ,flower ,beds74 ,the border is an excellent place in which to colonize native or other interesting plants4 ,a person comes across an attractive plant on his tramp and wishes it were in his garden4 ,whatever the time of year1 he may break off the top close to the ground1 take up the roots and plant them in the border4 ,if a little attention is given to the plant for the first two or three weeks1 as watering or mulching or shading1 it should become established and give satisfactory bloom the following year4 ,two-thirds of the herbs which one would take up in this way1 even in midsummer1 should grow4 ,into the heavy borders about the boundaries of the place the autumn leaves will drift and afford an excellent mulch4 ,if these borders are planted with shrubs1 the leaves may be left there to decay1 and not be raked off in the spring4 ,the general outline of the border facing the lawn should be more or less wavy or irregular1 particularly if it is on the boundary of the place4 ,alongside a walk or drive1 the margins may follow the general directions of the walk or drive4 ,there are three rules for the choosing of plants for a hardy border4 ,choose 7#a7 those which you like best1 7#b7 those which are adapted to the climate and soil1 7#c7 those which are in place or in keeping with that part of the grounds4 ,see ,herbs1 ,shrubs1 ,trees4 ,,borecole is ,kale4 ,,borers4 ,there is no sovereign remedy for borers except to dig them out4 ,do not rely upon washes or other applications4 ,if trees are examined two or three times a year1 it is not a laborious undertaking to dig them out1 as they will not be deep in the wood4 ,if they do get deep in the wood1 thrust a wire into the burrow4 ,by the chips cast from the holes1 or by the dead bark1 the presence of borers may be detected4 ,apple and peach trees are particularly liable to attack4 ,the flat-headed apple-tree borer works just underneath the bark on any part of the trunk or large branches4 ,the round-headed apple-tree borer eats into the wood at the crown4 ,,boxes of many sizes can be utilized in which to grow plants4 ,excellent effects of bulbs and annuals may be had in old soap boxes4 ,the boxes may be placed in the best situations for the growth of the plants1 and they can receive better attention than the large flower bed4 ,vines planted about the edge will hide the sides1--such vines as ,kenilworth ivy1 moneywort1 maurandya1 trailing fuchsia1 and the like4 ,,brachycome4 ,see ,swan ,river ,daisy4 ,,broccoli4 ,this is almost identical with the ,cauliflower1 except that it usually requires a longer season and matures in the fall4 ,it is grown more generally in ,europe than in this country4 ,the special merit of ,broccoli is its adaptability for late summer planting and its rapid growth in the late fall4 ,it is said that a large proportion of ,broccoli is used in the manufacture of pickles4 ,the culture is the same as for ,cauliflower1--deep1 moist soil well enriched1 cool weather1 and the destruction of the cabbage worm4 ,the young plants may be grown in a coldframe or in a well protected border1 sowing the seed about the #aeth of ,may1 transplanting into rows in ,july4 ,in sections in which early fall frosts are not to be feared1 the plants may be set two weeks later1 say ,august #a1 as all vegetables of the cabbage family make the best growth through the cool months of ,september and ,october4 ,the plants should be set #ah in4 apart in the rows1 the rows being from #b-a_/b ft4 to #c ft4 apart4 ,,browallia ,,elata is a very fine tender annual1 giving a border or mixed bed a dash of amethyst blue not often found in flowers4 ,it is a strong-growing plant with a profusion of bloom1 and no doubt one of the choicest plants of its color in cultivation4 ,there are other species with white flowers that serve as contrast1 and may be grown with this4 ,all of the kinds may be taken up and potted in the fall1 cutting the plant well back1 and a profusion of bloom may be obtained through the winter months if attention is given to pinching off the seed pods4 ,in the garden1 let the plants stand #ab in4 apart4 ,the plants grow #a-b ft4 high4 ,,brussels ,,sprouts4 ,this is a vegetable that should be more generally known1 as it is one of the choicest of the cabbage family1 and may be had at its best after the season for cauliflower has passed4 ,it is the better for being touched by the fall frosts4 ,the parts used are the buttons or sprouts 7miniature cabbage heads7 that grow thickly along the stem4 ,these should be cut off rather than broken4 ,the very small hard sprouts or buttons are the best4 ,the culture is essentially the same as for late cabbage or broccoli4 ,one ounce will sow #ajj ft4 of drill1 or make upward of #b1jjj plants4 ,set plants in field #b-c ft4 apart4 ,they require the entire season in which to grow4 ,,budding4 ,see ,grafting4 ,,bulbs4 ,the outdoor culture of bulbs is extremely simple4 ,they care for themselves throughout a greater part of the year1 many of them flowering when no other plants are able to grow and bloom out of doors4 ,while all the so-called ,holland bulbs will thrive in any kind of soil1 they will all do better by being planted in a deep1 sandy soil well enriched with well rotted manure4 ,but do not let the manure come into direct contact with the bulb4 ,even heavy clay soil may be fitted for the growing of bulbs by the addition of sharp sand1 either worked into the soil or placed directly under the bulb when planted4 ,to make a bulb bed1 choose1 if possible1 a sandy soil and throw out the top soil to the depth of #f in4 ,put into the bottom of the bed about #b in4 of well rotted manure and spade it into the soil4 ,throw back half of the top soil1 level it off nicely1 set the bulbs firmly on this bed and then cover them with the balance of the soil2 in this way one will have the bulbs from #c to #d in4 below the surface4 ,in the fall months the top of the ground is cooler than at the depth of #e or #f in4 and the top of the bulb will not want to grow1 while the bottom1 which is always in a hurry1 will send out roots1 to push out the leaves and flowers the next spring4 ,when the weather is cold enough to freeze a hard crust on the soil1 the bed should have its winter overcoat4 ,this may be straw1 hay1 cornstalks or leaves spread over the bed to the depth of #f in4 if the material is coarse2 but if leaves are used1 #c in4 will be enough1 because the leaves lay close together and may smother out the frost that is in the ground and let the bulbs start4 ,what we want is to keep them asleep until spring1 because if they start too early the hard freezes of ,march and early ,april will spoil their beauty if the leaves or flowers are near or above the surface4 ,early in ,april1 in ,new ,york1 the covering may be removed gradually1 and should all be off the beds before the leaves show above the ground4 ,if there is no sandy place for the beds1 make them as directed1 leaving the stones in the bottom of the bed for drainage4 ,then1 when ready to set the bulb1 place a large handful of sand where the bulb is to go and set the bulb on it4 ,this will keep the water from standing around the bulb4 ,very fine results may be had on heavy soil by this method4 ,as to kinds of bulbs1 select hyacinths1 tulips or narcissus or daffodils1 with snowdrops or crocuses of various colors around the edge4 ,for the culture of these and other bulbs1 see the various articles throughout the book4 ,the growing of flowering bulbs through the winter adds to the list of house plants a charming variety4 ,the labor1 time and skill required is much less than that of growing many of the larger plants more commonly used for winter decorations4 ,the larger number of winter bulbs may be left out of doors until within four to six weeks of the time when they are wanted in flower4 ,hyacinths1 narcissus1 tulips1 and crocus can be made to flower in the winter without difficulty4 ,secure the bulbs so as to be able to pot them by the middle or last of ,october1 or if earlier all the better4 ,the soil should be rich1 sandy loam1 if possible2 if not1 the best one can get1 to which add about one-fourth the bulk of sand and mix thoroughly4 ,if ordinary flower pots are to be used1 put in the bottom a few pieces of broken pots1 charcoal or small stones for drainage1 then fill the pot with dirt so that when the bulbs are set on the dirt the top of the bulb is even with the rim of the pot4 ,fill around it with soil1 leaving just the tip of the bulb showing above the dirt4 ,if the soil is heavy1 a good plan is to sprinkle a small handful of sand under the bulb to carry off the water1 the same as is done in the beds outdoors4 ,if one does not have pots he may use boxes4 ,starch boxes are a good size to use1 as they are not heavy to handle2 and excellent flowers are sometimes obtained from bulbs planted in old tomato cans4 ,if boxes or cans are used1 care must be taken to have holes in the bottoms to let the water run out4 ,a large size hyacinth bulb will do well in a #e-;inch pot4 ,the same size pot will do for three or four narcissuses or eight to twelve crocuses4 ,after the bulbs are planted in the pots or other receptacles1 they should be placed in a cool place1 either in a cold pit or cellar1 or on the shady side of a building1 or1 better yet1 plunged or buried up to the rim of the pot in a shady border4 ,this is done to force the roots to grow while the top stands still2 as only the bulbs with good roots will give good flowers4 ,when the weather gets so cold that a crust is frozen on the soil1 the pots should be covered with a little straw1 and as the weather gets colder more straw must be used4 ,in from six to eight weeks after planting the bulbs1 they should have made roots enough to grow the plant1 and they may be taken up and placed in a cool room for a week or so1 after which1 if they have started into growth1 they may be taken into a warmer room where they can have plenty of light4 ,they will grow very rapidly now and will want lots of water1 and after the flowers begin to show1 the pots may stand in a saucer of water all the time4 ,when just coming into bloom the plants may have full sunlight part of the time to help bring out the color of the flowers4 ,,bushes4 ,see ,shrubs4 ,,cabbage4 ,for an early crop1 the plants must be started either in ,february or early ,march1 or the previous ,september and wintered over in coldframes4 ,this latter method was once a common practice by gardeners near large cities1 but the building of greenhouses to replace the many hotbeds of the market-gardener has changed the practice in many localities1 and now most of the early ,cabbages in the north are grown from seed sown in ,january1 ,february or ,march4 ,the plants are hardened off in ,march and early ,april and planted out as early as possible4 ,the private grower1 or one with a small garden1 may often procure his early plants from the market-gardener much cheaper than he can grow them1 as usually only a limited number of early ,cabbage plants are wanted2 but for the midseason and main crop1 the seed may be sown in ,may or ,june1 setting the plants in ,july4 ,illustration3 ,early ,cabbage ,for early planting1 the number of varieties is limited to three or four4 ,for an intermediate crop the list is more extended1 and the late varieties are very numerous4 ,the early list is headed by the ,jersey ,wakefield1 a variety which heads very quickly1 and1 although not one of the solid kinds1 is generally grown4 ,the ,early ,york and ,winnigstadt are good varieties to follow it4 ,the latter especially is solid and of very good quality4 ,for the midseason1 the ,succession and ,all ,season are of the best1 and for the winter supply the ,drumhead1 ,danish ,ball and ,flat ,dutch types are the leaders4 ,one of the best of the ,cabbages for table use is seldom seen in the garden--the ,savoy ,cabbage4 ,it is a type with netted leaves1 making a large1 low-growing head1 the center of which is very solid and of excellent flavor1 especially late in the fall1 when the heads have had a slight touch of frost4 ,savoy should be grown in every private garden4 ,the seed-bed should be made mellow and rich4 ,a good border will do4 ,the seed is sown preferably in rows1 thus allowing thinning of the plants and the pulling of any weeds that germinate4 ,the young plants will well repay attention to watering and thinning4 ,the rows should be #c or #d in4 apart4 ,when the plants are large enough to transplant1 they may be planted where early vegetables have been grown4 ,set the plants from #ah to #bd in4 apart in the row1 the rows being #c ft4 apart for the medium-growing kinds4 ,one ounce of seed will furnish about two thousand plants4 ,all ,cabbages require deep and rich soil1 and one that holds moisture well4 ,the best remedy for the ,cabbage worm is to kill the first brood on the very young plants with ,paris green4 ,after the plants begin to head1 pyrethrum or salt water may be used4 ,on a small area1 hand-picking may be recommended4 ,the maggot is the most serious ,cabbage pest4 ,after studying the seventy odd remedies proposed1 ,slingerland concludes that #f are efficient and practicable3 growing the young plants in closely covered frames2 tarred paper cards placed snugly about the base of the plants to keep the fly away2 rubbing the eggs from the base of the plant2 hand-picking of the maggots2 treating the plants with emulsion of carbolic acid2 treating them with carbon bisulfide4 ,the insecticidal materials are injected or poured into the soil about the base of the plant4 ,respecting these two insecticides1 ,slingerland remarks3 ,always use the crude carbolic acid1 as it is much cheaper than the purified and is nearly1 if not quite1 as effective4 ,it will probably be safer if used as an emulsion than if simply diluted with water4 ,we would advise that it be made by the follow formula3 #a pound of hard soap or #a quart of soft soap dissolved in #a gallon of boiling water1 into which #a pint of crude carbolic acid is then poured and the whole mass agitated into an emulsion1 which will remain in this condition for a long time4 ,in treating the plants1 take one part of this standard emulsion and dilute it with #cj equal parts of water2 it probably can be used stronger without injury to the plants4 ,if the emulsion is cold and semi-solid1 use several parts of warm water at first4 ,begin the treatment early1 a day or two after the plants are up1 or in the case of ,cabbages and ,cauliflowers the next day after they are set in the field1 and repeat it once each week or #aj days until about ,may #bj in our state4 ,while we have little faith in the preventive effects of the early treatments1 we do believe that the emulsion will then kill many of the eggs and recently hatched maggots4 ,if it could be applied with some force through a syringe or force pump1 it might not be necessary to go to the trouble of first removing some of the earth from about the plants4 ,it must be remembered that its success will depend on the eggs or maggots being hit with it4 ,none of the ,cabbages in our experiment were injured in the least by an application containing nearly twice as much of the acid1 and there is but little danger of its injuring the tenderest foliage of radishes1 turnips or onions2 if any injury manifests itself on these crops1 dilute the emulsion with #dj or #ej or more parts of water1 instead of #cj4 ,a knapsack or wheelbarrow sprayer would prove a very useful instrument in applying the emulsion on a large scale4 ,the carbon bisulfide is best injected into the soil by means of a long-nosed syringe4 ,slingerland 7,cornell ,bulletin #gh7 illustrates a specially made syringe or injector for this purpose3 ,thus ,cabbage plants can be treated once1 and once is usually sufficient1 at the rate of about #aj plants for #a cent for the liquid1 using about #a teaspoonful to each plant4 ,as the injector will last for years1 and several neighbors might join in the purchase and use of one instrument1 its cost would practically not influence this estimate of the cost of killing the maggots4 ,we believe it is the cheapest1 most effective1 and most practicable method yet devised for fighting this pest on crops of ,cabbages and cauliflowers2 on crops of radishes1 turnips1 or onions it will probably be too expensive except where choice or new varieties are attacked4 ,the carbolic acid emulsion will prove the most practicable on these last crops4 ,the club-root1 which causes the roots to become greatly thickened and distorted1 is difficult to manage if ,cabbages or allied plants are grown continuously on land in which diseased plants have been raised4 ,changing the location of the ,cabbage or ,cauliflower patch is the best procedure4 ,if very different crops1 as corn1 potatoes1 peas1 tomatoes1 etc41 are grown on the land1 the disease will be starved out in two or three years4 ,,cacalia4 ,,tassel ,,flower4 ,,ladies' ,,paint ,,brush4 ,a quaint old annual1 in two colors1 scarlet and orange4 ,it is easily grown1 and makes a fine second-row plant for a border1 contrasting well with ,browallia or ,ageratum4 ,sow where the plants are to stand4 ,let plants stand #aj-ab inches apart4 ,grow #a-a_/b to #b ft4 high4 ,,cactus4 ,this class of plants is often seen in small collections of house plants1 to which they add interest1 being altogether different from other plants4 ,all ,cacti are easy to grow1 requiring but little care and enduring the heat and dryness of a living room much better than most other plants4 ,their requirements are ample drainage and a sandy soil4 ,cactus growers usually make a soil by mixing pulverized plaster or lime refuse with garden loam1 using about two-thirds of the loam4 ,the very fine parts1 or dust1 of the plaster1 are blown out1 else the soil is likely to cement4 ,they may be rested at any season by simply setting them away in a dry place for two or three months1 and bringing them into heat and light when they are wanted4 ,as new growth advances they should have water occasionally1 and when in bloom they should be watered freely4 ,withhold water gradually after blooming until they are to be rested4 ,some of the most common species in cultivation are the ,phyllocactus species1 often called the ,night-blooming ,cereus4 ,these are not the true ,night-blooming ,cereuses1 which have angular or cylindrical stems1 covered with bristles1 while this has flat1 leaf-like branches2 the flowers of these1 however1 are very much like the ,cereus1 opening at evening and closing before morning1 and as the ,phyllocacti may be grown with greater ease1 blooming on smaller and younger plants1 they are to be recommended4 ,see ,cereus4 ,the ,epiphyllum1 or ,lobster ,cactus1 is one of the best of the family1 easy of culture4 ,it bears bright-colored blossoms at the end of each joint4 ,when in flower1 which will be through some of the winter months1 this requires a richer soil than the other ,cacti4 ,opuntias1 or prickly pears1 are often grown as border plants through the summer4 ,in fact1 all the family may be planted out1 and if a number of varieties are set in a bed together they make a striking addition to the garden4 ,be very careful not to bruise the plants4 ,it is better to plunge them in the pots than to turn them out of the pots4 ,illustration3 ,caladium or ,colocasia ,,caladium4 ,tuberous-rooted1 tender perennial plants which are used for conservatory decorations1 and also for subtropical and bold effects in the lawn4 ,the plants which are commonly known under this name are really ,colocasias4 ,the plants should be rested during the winter1 being kept in a warm cellar or under a greenhouse bench1 where they are not liable to frost or dampness4 ,the roots are usually kept covered with earth during the winter1 but they are kept dry4 ,early in the spring the roots are put into boxes or pots and are started into growth1 so that by the time settled weather comes they will be #a or #b feet high and ready to set directly into soil4 ,when set out of doors1 they should be given a place which is protected from strong winds1 and one which does not receive the full glare of direct sunlight4 ,the soil should be rich and deep1 and the plants should have an abundance of water4 ,caladiums are most excellent plants for striking effects1 especially against a house1 high shrubbery or other background4 ,if they are planted by themselves1 they should be in clumps rather than scattered as single specimens1 as the effect is better4 ,see that they get a good start before they are planted in the open ground4 ,,calceolaria4 ,small greenhouse herbs which are sometimes used in the window-garden4 ,they are not very satisfactory plants for window treatment1 however1 since they suffer from dry atmosphere and from sudden changes of temperature4 ,in the window-garden they should be protected from strong1 direct sunlight4 ,they are grown from seeds4 ,if the seeds are sown in early summer and the young plants are transplanted as they need1 flowering specimens may be had for the late fall and early winter4 ,in the growing of the young plants1 always avoid exposing them to direct sunlight2 but they should be given a place which has an abundance of screened or tempered light4 ,a new crop of plants should be raised each year4 ,there is a race of shrubby ,calceolarias1 but it is little known in this country4 ,one or two species are annuals which are adaptable to cultivation in the open garden1 and their little1 ladyslipper-like flowers are attractive4 ,however1 they are of secondary importance as annual garden flowers4 ,,calendula4 ,these are the well known ,,pot ,,marigolds1 and add a bright spot to any garden4 ,annual4 ,especially are they fine in the cool days of the fall1 when many of the annual flowers have gone to seed4 ,the places of short-lived plants may be filled by sowing seed of ,calendulas in ,may1 scattering them through the border and allowing the plants to grow where they come up4 ,easy of growth and hardy4 #a-b ft4 high4 ,should stand #h-ab in4 apart4 ,colors1 yellow and orange4 ,illustration3 ,california ,poppy ,,california ,,poppy 7,eschscholtzia ,californica74 ,low perennial1 poppy-like plant1 grown as a hardy annual4 ,it is certainly one of the best low-growing annuals1 blooming through a long season and being at its best through the cool days of fall1 after touched by frost4 ,most of the varieties have flowers of fine shades of orange or yellow1 making a bright spot in the border at all times4 ,they are like the pot marigolds1 in that once planted they seed themselves4 ,they are never out of place1 and should be left to bloom wherever they may be4 ,flowers open only in sunshine4 ,as cut-flowers they are excellent1 a large bowl of them glowing like a golden ball1 especially if they are emphasized by a few blue larkspurs or bachelor's buttons4 ,propagated by seed1 which would best be sown as soon as ripe1 thus giving the plant an early start1 and having bloom through the season4 ,they make attractive mats of foliage4 #ab-ah in4 high4 ,let the plants stand #aj-bj in4 apart4 ,,calla 7properly ,richardia74 ,,egyptian ,,lily4 ,all things considered1 this is one of the most satisfactory of winter house plants1 lending itself to various conditions4 ,the requirements of the ,calla are rich soil and an abundance of water1 with the roots confined in as small a space as possible4 ,if a too large pot is used the growth of foliage will be very rank1 at the expense of the flowers1 but by using a smaller sized pot and applying liquid manure the flowers will be produced freely4 ,a #f-;inch pot will be large enough for all but an exceptionally large bulb4 ,if desired1 a number of bulbs may be grown together in a larger pot4 ,the soil should be very rich but fibrous--at least one-third well rotted manure will be none too much1 mixed with equal parts of fibrous loam and sharp sand4 ,the tubers should be planted firmly and the pots set in a cool place to make roots4 ,after the roots have partially filled the pot1 the plant may be brought into heat and given a sunny position and an abundance of water4 ,an occasional sponging or washing of the leaves will free them from dust4 ,no other treatment will be required until the flowers appear1 when liquid manure may be given4 ,the plant will thrive all the better at this time if the pot is placed in a saucer of water4 ,in fact1 the ,calla will grow finely in an aquarium4 ,the ,calla may be grown through the entire year1 but it will prove more satisfactory1 both in leaf and flower1 if rested through part of the summer4 ,this may be done by laying the pots on their sides in a dry1 shady place under shrubbery1 or if in the open slightly covered with straw or other litter to keep the roots from becoming extremely dry4 ,in ,september or ,october they may be shaken out1 cleaning off all the old soil1 and repotted1 as already mentioned4 ,the offsets may be taken off and set in small pots and given a year's growth1 resting them the second year and having them in flower that winter4 ,the spotted ,calla has variegated foliage and is a fine plant for mixed collections4 ,this blooms in the spring1 which will lengthen the season of ,calla bloom4 ,the treatment of this is similar to that of the common ,calla4 ,,calliopsis is a garden name for ,coreopsis4 ,,callirrhoe4 ,c4 pedata is a hardy annual which has large1 graceful blossoms of violet or red4 ,is it a very free-blooming plant4 ,should be started in a frame and planted out where wanted4 #b-c ft4 high and grows bushy4 ,plants should stand #a-a_/b to #b ft4 apart4 ,,camellia4 ,years ago ,camellias were very popular1 but they have been crowded out by the informal flowers of recent times4 ,their time will come again4 ,they are half-hardy woody plants1 blooming in late winter and spring4 ,during the blooming season keep them cool--say not over #ej deg4 at night and a little higher by day4 ,when blooming is done they begin to grow1 then give them more heat and plenty of water4 ,see that they are well ripened by winter4 ,always screen them from direct sunlight4 ,do not try to force them in early winter1 after the growth has ceased4 ,their summer quarters may be in a protected place in the open air4 ,propagated by cuttings in winter1 which should give blooming plants in two years4 ,use a porous soil for ,camellias1 with considerable leaf-mold4 ,,campanula4 ,,bell ,,flower4 ,but one of the ,campanulas commonly listed by seedsmen is an annual1--,c4 macrostyla1 a clean-leaved plant1 growing #b feet high1 spreading over the ground1 and bearing a profusion of large1 violet1 bell-shaped flowers4 ,the ,canterbury ,bell is the best known4 ,it is biennial1 but if started early and transplanted will bloom the first season4 ,the perennial ,campanulas are most excellent for borders4 ,c4 ,carpatica is particularly good for edgings4 ,,canary ,,bird ,,flower4 ,see ,nasturtium4 ,illustration3 ,candytuft ,,candytuft4 ,well known sweet-scented hardy annuals1 in red1 purple1 and white2 easy of culture and fine for cutting4 ,one of the best of edging plants for the front row4 ,the plants grow from #f in4 to #a ft4 tall4 ,sow seeds where the plants are to grow1 letting plants stand #f-ab in4 apart4 ,they do not last the entire season1 and successive sowings may well be made4 ,there are also perennial kinds4 ,,canna is now the favorite bedding plant4 ,the improvements made in the past ten years1 in size and markings of the flowers1 have created a liking for the plant4 ,the tropical effect of a large bed of ,cannas1 either mixed or of one color1 is not surpassed by any other plant used for bedding purposes4 ,illustration3 ,canna ,the ,canna may be grown from seed and had in bloom the first year by sowing in ,february or ,march1 in boxes or pots placed in hotbeds or warmhouse1 first soaking the seeds in warm water for a short time4 ,attention to transplanting as needed and removal to the ground only when it is well warmed are the necessary requirements4 ,the majority of ,cannas1 however1 are grown from pieces of the roots 7rhizomes71 each piece having a bud4 ,the roots may be divided at any time in the winter1 and if early flowers and foliage are wanted the pieces may be planted in a hotbed or warmhouse in early ,april1 started into growth and planted out where wanted as soon as the ground has warmed and all danger of frost is over4 ,a hardening of the plants1 by leaving the sash off the hotbeds1 or setting the plants in shallow boxes and placing the boxes in a sheltered position through ,may1 not forgetting a liberal supply of water1 will fit the plants to take kindly to the final planting out4 ,after frost has injured the tops1 the roots may be dug1 choosing1 if possible1 a dry day4 ,the soil is shaken off and the roots stored in a warm1 dry place through the winter4 ,if the cellar is too dry the roots are liable to shrivel1 in which case it would be best to cover them with soil or sand1 filling in around the roots to exclude the drying air4 ,cannas grow #c to #g ft4 high4 ,for dense mass effects1 plant #ab-ah in4 apart4 ,for individual plants1 or for best bloom1 give more room4 ,fine clumps may be had by planting out the entire old root1 not dividing it4 ,cannas want a rich1 warm soil and a sunny place4 ,they are very easy to grow4 ,,canterbury ,,bell is a ,campanula4 ,,carbonate ,,of ,,copper4 ,see ,bordeaux ,mixture4 ,,cardiospermum4 ,see ,balloon ,vine4 ,,carnations are of two types1 the outdoor or garden varieties1 and the indoor or forcing kinds4 ,normally1 the ,carnation is a hardy perennial1 but the garden kinds1 or ,marguerites1 are usually treated as annuals4 ,the forcing kinds are flowered but once1 new plants being grown each year from cuttings4 ,marguerite ,carnations bloom the year the seed is sown1 and with a slight protection will bloom freely the second year4 ,they make attractive house plants if potted in the fall4 ,the seeds of these ,carnations should be sown in boxes in ,march and the young plants set out as early as possible1 pinching out the center of the plant to make them branch freely4 ,give the same space as for garden pinks4 ,illustration3 ,carnation ,the winter-flowering ,carnations have become prime favorites with all flower lovers1 and a collection of winter house plants seems incomplete without them4 ,carnations grow readily from cuttings made of the suckers that form around the base of the stem1 the side shoots of the flowering stem1 or the main shoots before they show flower buds4 ,the cuttings from the base make the best plants in most cases4 ,these cuttings may be taken from a plant at any time through the fall or winter1 rooted in sand and potted up1 to be held in pots until the planting out time in the spring1 usually in ,april1 or any time when the ground is ready to handle4 ,care should be taken to pinch out the tops of young plants while growing in the pot1 and later while in the ground1 causing them to grow stocky and send out new growths along the stem4 ,the young plants should be grown cool1 a temperature of #de deg4 suiting them well4 ,attention should be given to spraying the cuttings each day while in the house to keep down the red spider1 which is very partial to the ,carnation4 ,in the summer1 the plants are grown in the field1 and not in pots4 ,the soil in which they are to be planted should be moderately rich and loose4 ,clean cultivation should be given throughout the summer4 ,frequently pinch out the tops4 ,the plants are taken up in ,september and potted firmly1 and well watered2 then set in a cool1 partially shaded situation until root growth has started1 spraying the foliage often1 and watering the plant only as it shows need of water4 ,illustration3 ,carnation cutting ,the usual living-room conditions as to moisture and heat are not such as the ,carnation demands1 and care must be taken to overcome the dryness by spraying the foliage and setting the plant in a position not exposed to the direct heat of a stove or the sun4 ,in commercial houses1 it is not often necessary to spray established plants4 ,pick off most or all of the side buds1 in order to add to the size of the leading flowers4 ,after all is said1 it is probably advisable in most cases to purchase the plants when in bloom from a florist1 and after blooming either throw them away or store them for planting in the spring1 when they will bloom throughout the summer4 ,,carpet ,,bedding4 ,see ,bedding4 ,illustration3 ,early ,carrots ,,carrot1 while essentially a farm crop in this country1 is nevertheless a most acceptable garden vegetable4 ,it is hardy and easily grown4 ,the extra-early varieties may be forced in a hotbed1 or seed may be sown as soon as the ground is fit to work in the spring4 ,the stump-rooted1 or half-long varieties1 are sown for the general garden crop4 ,well enriched1 mellow loam1 deeply dug or plowed1 is best suited to the requirements of ,carrots4 ,the seed for the main crop may be sown as late as ,july #a4 ,sow thickly1 thinning to #c-d in4 in the row4 ,the rows1 if in a garden that is hand-worked1 may be #ab in4 apart4 ,if the cultivation is done by a horse1 the rows should be from #b to #c ft4 apart4 ,one ounce will sow #ajj feet of drill4 ,illustration3 ,castor ,bean ,,castor ,,oil ,,plant4 ,in the entire list of quick-growing plants there is none that excels this for rapidity of growth1 grace of foliage and rich effect4 ,used either as a specimen plant1 with cannas1 caladiums1 or for a tropical bed1 or as a screen1 it gives the most satisfactory results4 ,seeds sown early in the house1 and the plants grown in the full light1 make fine1 stocky plants to set out about the middle of ,may4 ,with rich soil and plenty of water1 they will grow without a check until frost4 ,height1 #e-ab ft4 ,for screens1 plant #c-d ft4 apart4 ,there are varieties with differing shades of foliage4 ,,cauliflower4 ,the general culture of ,cauliflower is much like that of cabbage1 except that the ,cauliflower1 being more tender1 should be more thoroughly hardened off before setting out4 ,still1 it is essential that the plants be set out as early as possible1 as the warm weather of ,june causes them to make imperfect heads unless the soil is filled with moisture4 ,no garden crop will as well repay the cost and time of thorough irrigation1 either by running the water between the rows or applying it directly to the plants4 ,when it is impossible to furnish water1 it would be a good plan to mulch heavily with straw or some other substance4 ,this mulch1 if put on just after a heavy rain1 will hold the moisture for a long time4 ,when the heads begin to form the outside leaves may be brought together and tied above the head1 excluding the direct sunshine and keeping the head white and tender4 ,no vegetable will respond more quickly to good culture and well manured soil than the ,cauliflower1 and none will prove such an utter failure when neglected4 ,it is imperative that care be taken to destroy all the cabbage worms before the leaves are tied in1 as after that it will be impossible to see or reach them4 ,cauliflower prospers best in moist soil and a cool climate4 ,from #a1jjj to #a1ejj plants may be grown from #a ounce of seed4 ,good ,cauliflower seed is very expensive4 ,illustration3 ,cauliflower ,for winter crop1 seeds may be started in ,june or ,july1 as for late cabbage4 ,erfurt1 ,snowball and ,paris are popular early varieties4 ,nonpareil and ,algiers are good late kinds4 ,,celeriac1 or ,,turnip-,,rooted ,,celery4 ,this tuber has the celery flavor in a pronounced degree1 and is used for flavoring soups and for celery salad4 ,it may be served raw1 sliced in vinegar and oil1 or boiled4 ,the culture is the same as given for celery1 except that no earthing or blanching is required4 ,about an equal number of plants are obtained from the same weight of seed as from celery seed4 ,celeriac is extensively used abroad1 but1 unfortunately1 is little grown in ,america4 ,,celery has become one of the favorite relish and salad vegetables1 and is now very generally grown4 ,the self-blanching varieties have simplified the culture so that the amateur1 as well as the expert1 may have a supply through at least six months of the year4 ,the so-called new culture1 which consists of setting the plants close together and causing them to shade each other1 can be recommended for the garden when a supply of well rotted manure is to be had1 and when any amount of water is available4 ,this method is as follows3 ,fork or spade into the soil a large quantity of manure to the depth of #aj-ab in41 pulverize the soil until the ground for the depth of #d-f in4 is in very fine condition4 ,then set the plants in rows #aj in4 apart and the plants but #e or #f in4 apart in the rows4 ,it will be seen that plants set as close as this will soon fill the soil with a mass of roots and must have large amounts of plant-food1 as well as a large quantity of water2 and the making of such a bed can be recommended only to those who can supply these needs4 ,illustration3 ,celery ,the common practice in home gardens is to plow or dig a shallow trench1 setting the plants in the bottom and hoeing in the soil as the plants grow4 ,the distance apart of the rows and plants will depend on the varieties4 ,for the dwarf varieties1 such as ,white ,plume1 ,golden ,self-blanching and others of that type1 the rows may be as close as #c ft4 and the plants #f in4 in the rows4 ,for the large-growing varieties1 as ,kalamazoo1 ,giant ,pascal and1 in fact1 most of the late varieties1 the rows may be from #d-a_/b to #e ft4 apart and the plants #g or #h in4 in the row4 ,the seed for an early crop should be sown in ,february or early in ,march in shallow boxes1 which may be placed in a hotbed or sunny window1 or sown directly in the soil of a hotbed4 ,cover the seeds thinly and press the soil firmly over them4 ,when the seedling plants are about one inch high they should be transplanted to other boxes or hotbeds1 setting the plants #a in4 apart in rows #c in4 apart4 ,at this transplanting1 as with the following ones1 the tall leaves should be cut or pinched off1 leaving only the upright growth1 as with the utmost care it is almost impossible to prevent the outside leafstalks from wilting down and dying4 ,the roots of the plants should also be trimmed back at each transplanting in order to increase the feeding roots4 ,the plants should be set as deep as possible1 care being taken1 however1 not to allow the heart of the plant to be covered up4 ,the varieties usually grown for an early crop are the so-called self-blanching varieties4 ,they may be made fit for the table with much less labor than the late crop1 the shade required to blanch the stalks being much less4 ,when only a few short rows are grown in a private garden1 screens of lath may be made by driving stakes on each side of the row and tacking lath on1 leaving spaces of an inch or more for the light to enter2 or each head may be wrapped in paper1 or a tile drain pipe may be set over the plant4 ,in fact1 any material that will exclude the light will render the stalks white and brittle4 ,the seed for the main or fall crop should be sown in ,april or early ,may in a seed bed prepared by forking fine1 well rotted manure into a fine soil1 sowing the seed thinly in rows #h or #aj in4 apart1 covering the seed lightly and firming over the seed with the feet1 hoe or back of a spade4 ,this seed bed should be kept moist at all times until the seed germinates1 either by close attention to watering or by a lath screen4 ,the use of a piece of cloth laid directly on the soil1 and the bed wet through the cloth1 is often recommended1 and if the cloth is always wet and taken off the bed as soon as the seed sprouts it can be used4 ,after the young plants have grown to the height of #a or #b in4 they must be thinned out1 leaving the plants so that they do not touch each other1 and transplanting those thinned--if wanted--to other ground prepared in the same manner as the seed bed4 ,all these plants may be sheared or cut back to induce stockiness4 ,if in a private garden1 the ground on which the fall crop is usually set will likely be land from which a crop of some early vegetable has been taken4 ,this land should be again well enriched with fine1 well rotted manure1 to which may be added a liberal amount of wood ashes4 ,if the manure or ashes are not easily obtained1 a small amount may be used by plowing or digging out a furrow #h or #ab in4 deep1 scattering the manure and ashes in the bottom of the trench and filling it up almost level with the surface4 ,the plants should be set about the middle of ,july1 preferably just before a rain4 ,the plant bed should have a thorough soaking shortly before the plants are lifted1 and each plant be trimmed1 both top and root1 before setting4 ,the plants should be set from #e to #f in4 apart in the rows and the earth well firmed around each one4 ,the after-cultivation consists in thorough tillage until the time of handling or earthing up the plants4 ,this process of handling is accomplished by drawing up the earth with one hand while holding the plant with the other1 packing the soil well around the stalks4 ,this process may be continued until only the leaves are to be seen4 ,for the private grower1 it is much easier to blanch the ,celery with boards or paper1 or if the ,celery is not wanted until winter1 the plants may be dug up1 packed closely in boxes1 covering the roots with soil1 and placed in a dark1 cool cellar1 where the stalks will blanch themselves4 ,in this manner ,celery may be stored in boxes in the house cellar4 ,put earth in the bottom of a deep box1 and plant the ,celery in it4 ,an ounce of seed will furnish about three thousand plants4 ,,centaurea4 ,showy annuals and perennials4 ,c4 ,cyanus is the ,,corn ,,flower or ,,bachelor ,,button1 familiar to every flower lover1 and always seen in old-fashioned gardens4 ,this is a fine plant for borders or mixed beds1 and also gives good flowers for bouquets4 ,a bunch of the ,corn ,flower1 with a sprinkling of yellow marigolds or ,california poppy1 makes a rich effect4 ,these ,centaureas are easy of culture1 seeding themselves after once being planted1 and coming up year after year in great profusion4 ,there are blue1 white and rose varieties4 ,annuals4 #b-c ft4 ,hardy4 ,the silver-leaved ,centaureas are used only for foliage effects4 ,they are excellent for ribbon beds or border lines4 ,the seed of these should be started in a hotbed or box in ,march1 the young plants being set out where wanted when the ground becomes warm4 ,these species are perennials1 and are sometimes grown from cuttings4 ,c4 candidissima and ,c4 gymnocarpa are among the best white-leaved bedders4 ,,centranthus4 ,low-growing hardy annuals in two colors1 red and white4 ,they make very effective covering for low rockwork1 and are also suitable for vases or lawn baskets4 ,sow where the plants are to stand1 or start indoors if early bloom is wanted4 #a ft4 ,thin to #aj-ab in4 apart4 ,,century ,,plant1 or ,,agave4 ,these are fine ornamental plants for the window-garden or conservatory1 requiring but little care and growing slowly1 thus needing repotting only at long intervals4 ,when the plants have outgrown their usefulness as house plants1 they are still valuable as porch decorations1 for plunging in rockwork or about rustic nooks4 ,the striped-leaved variety is the most desirable1 but the common type1 with its blue-gray leaves1 is highly ornamental4 ,there are a number of dwarf-growing species of ,agave that are not so common1 although they may be grown with ease4 ,such plants add novelty to a collection1 and may be used through the summer as noted above or plunged with cactus in a bed of tropical plants4 ,all succeed well in loam and sand in equal parts1 adding a little leaf-mold in the case of the small varieties4 ,the more common species are propagated by suckers from around the base of the established plants4 ,a few kinds having no suckers must be grown from seed4 ,as to watering1 they demand no special care4 ,agaves will not stand frost4 ,,cereus4 ,under the name of ,,night-,,blooming ,,cereuses1 several species of ,cacti are cultivated4 ,the name is sometimes applied to species of ,phyllocactus1 the flowers of which1 in white and shades of red1 sometimes open at nightfall4 ,phyllocactuses are easy to grow4 ,see ,cactus4 ,the true ,night-blooming ,cereuses1 however1 are species of the genus ,cereus4 ,the commonest one is ,c4 nycticalus1 but ,c4 grandiflorus1 ,c4 triangularis and others are occasionally seen4 ,these true ,night-blooming ,cereuses all have long rod-like stems1 which are cylindrical or angular4 ,these stems often reach a height of #aj to #cj ft41 and they need support4 ,they should be trained along a pillar or tied to a stake4 ,they are uninteresting leafless things during a large part of the year2 but in midsummer1 after they are three or more years old1 they throw out their great tubular flowers1 which open at nightfall and wither and die when the light strikes them next morning4 ,they are very easily grown1 either in pots or planted in the natural soil in the conservatory4 ,the only special care they need is good drainage at the roots1 so that the soil will not become soggy4 ,,cherry4 ,of ,cherries there are two common types1 the sweet ,cherries and the sour ,cherries4 ,the sweet ,cherries are larger and taller-growing trees4 ,they comprise the varieties known as the ,hearts1 ,bigarreaus and ,dukes4 ,the sour ,cherries include the various kinds of ,morellos and pie ,cherries1 and these usually ripen after the sweet ,cherries4 ,the sour ,cherries make low1 round-headed trees4 ,the fruits are extensively used for canning4 ,cherry trees should be planted when #b and #c years old4 ,too rich soil tends to make growth at the expense of fruit1 particularly in the sweet ,cherries4 ,for the sweet types1 a strong1 gravelly loam is best4 ,sour ,cherries thrive well on clay loams4 ,trees of the sour ,cherry should be planted #ah by #ah ft4 apart1 in well prepared under-drained soil4 ,the trees may be slightly trimmed back each year1 keeping the head low and bushy4 ,illustration3 ,sweet ,cherry ,the sweet ,cherries have proved disappointing in many instances from the rotting of the fruit4 ,this may never be entirely avoided1 but good cultivation1 soil not too rich in nitrogen1 attention to spraying1 and picking the fruit when dry1 will lessen the loss very much4 ,in years of severe rotting1 the fruit should be picked before it becomes fully ripe1 placed in a cool1 airy room and allowed to color4 ,it will be nearly as well flavored as if left on the tree2 and1 as the fungus usually attacks only the ripe fruit1 a considerable part of the crop may be saved4 ,set the trees #be or #cj ft4 apart4 ,illustration3 ,black ,tartarian ,cherry ,leaf-blight is readily controlled by timely spraying with ,bordeaux mixture4 ,the curculio or fruit worm is best controlled by jarring1 as for plums 7which see74 ,of sweet ,cherries1 ,windsor is the most popular variety4 ,other good kinds are ,napoleon1 ,governor ,wood1 ,dikeman1 ,black ,tartarian4 ,of sour ,cherries1 ,ostheim and ,early ,richmond are very early and productive1 but better kinds are ,montmorency and ,english ,morello4 ,,chervil4 ,the curled ,chervil is a good addition to the list of garnishing vegetables1 and adds flavor to dishes when it is used to season4 ,sow seeds and cultivate the same as parsley4 ,the tuberous ,chervil resembles a short carrot or parsnip4 ,it is much esteemed in ,france and ,germany4 ,the tubers have somewhat the flavor of a sweet potato1 perhaps a little sweeter4 ,they are perfectly hardy1 and1 like the parsnip1 the better for frosts4 ,the seed may be sown in ,september or ,october1 as it does not keep well2 or as soon as the ground is fit to work in the spring1 it being slow to germinate after the weather becomes hot and dry4 ,one packet of seed will give all the plants necessary4 ,,chestnuts4 ,of ,chestnuts there are three types in cultivation3 the ,european1 the ,japanese1 and the ,american4 ,the ,american1 or native ,chestnuts1 of which there are several improved varieties1 are the hardiest and most reliable1 and the nuts are the sweetest1 but they are also the smallest4 ,the ,japanese varieties are usually injured by the winter in central ,new ,york4 ,the ,european varieties are somewhat hardier1 and some of the varieties will thrive in the northern states4 ,chestnuts are very easily grown4 ,they usually bear better when two or more trees are planted near each other4 ,there are few really good ,chestnut orchards in ,north ,america1 but ,chestnut planting is now considerably agitated4 ,sprouts in old ,chestnut clearings are often allowed to remain1 and sometimes they are grafted to the improved varieties4 ,the young trees may be grafted in the spring by the whip-graft or cleft-graft method2 but the cions should be perfectly dormant1 and the operation should be very carefully done4 ,even with the best workmanship1 a considerable percentage of the grafts are likely to fail or to break off after two or three years4 ,the most popular single variety of ,chestnut is the ,paragon1 which bears large and excellent nuts when the tree is very young4 ,when the home ground is large enough1 two or three of these trees should be planted near the borders4 ,,chicory4 ,the ,magdeburg ,chicory is the variety usually spoken of1 it being the one most extensively grown4 ,the roots of this1 after being ground and roasted1 are used either as a substitute or an adulterant of coffee4 ,the ,witloof1 a form of ,chicory1 is used as a salad1 or boiled and served in the same manner as ,cauliflower4 ,the plants should be thinned to #f in4 ,in the latter part of summer they should be banked up like celery1 and the leaves used after becoming white and tender4 ,this and the common wild ,chicory are often dug in the fall1 the leaves cut off1 the roots packed in sand in a cellar and watered until a new growth of leaves starts4 ,these leaves grow rapidly and are very tender1 making a fine salad vegetable4 ,one packet of seed of the ,witloof will furnish plants enough for a large family4 ,illustration3 ,chrysanthemum ,,chrysanthemums are both annual and perennial4 ,the annual ,chrysanthemums must not be confounded with the well known fall-flowering kinds1 as they will prove a disappointment if one expects large flowers of all colors and shapes4 ,the annuals are mostly coarse-growing plants1 with an abundance of bloom and a rank smell4 ,the flowers are single in most cases1 and not very lasting4 ,they are useful for massing and also for cut-flowers4 ,they are among the easiest of hardy annuals to grow4 ,the stoniest part of the garden will usually suit them4 #a-b ft4 ,colors white and shades of yellow1 the flowers daisy-like4 ,amongst perennial kinds1 ,chrysanthemum frutescens is the well known ,paris ,daisy or ,marguerite1 one of the most popular of the genus4 ,this makes a very fine pot-plant for the window-garden1 blooming throughout the winter and spring months4 ,it is usually propagated by cuttings1 which1 if taken in spring1 will give large blooming plants for the next winter4 ,gradually transfer to larger pots or boxes1 until the plants finally stand in #f-;inch or #h-;inch pots or in small soap boxes4 ,there is a fine yellow-flowered variety4 ,illustration3 ,chrysanthemums in a box ,in variety of form and color1 and in size of bloom1 the florists' ,chrysanthemum is one of the most wonderful of plants4 ,it is a late autumn flower1 and it needs little artificial heat to bring it to perfection4 ,the great blooms of the exhibitions are produced by growing only one flower to a plant and by feeding the plant heavily4 ,it is hardly possible for the amateur to grow such specimen flowers as the professional florist or gardener does2 neither is it necessary4 ,a well-grown plant with fourteen to twenty flowers is far more satisfactory as a window plant than a long1 stiff stem with only one immense flower at the apex4 ,their culture is simple1 much more so than that of many of the plants commonly grown for house decoration4 ,although their season of bloom is short1 the satisfaction of having a fall display of flowers before the geraniums1 begonias and other house plants have recovered from their removal from out of doors1 repays all efforts4 ,illustration3 ,cutting of ,chrysanthemum ,cuttings taken in ,march or ,april1 planted out in the border in ,may1 well tended through the summer and lifted before frost in ,september1 will bloom in ,october or ,november4 ,the ground in which they are planted should be moderately rich and moist4 ,the plants may be tied to stakes4 ,when the buds show1 all but the center one of each cluster on the leading shoots should be picked off1 as also the small lateral branches4 ,a thrifty bushy plant thus treated will usually have flowers large enough to show the character of the variety1 also enough flowers to make a fine display4 ,as to the receptacle into which to put them when lifted from the border1 it need not be a flower pot4 ,a pail or soap box1 with holes bored for drainage1 will suit the plant just as well1 and by covering the box with cloth or paper the difference will not be noticed4 ,if cuttings are not to be had1 young plants may be bought of the florists and treated in the manner described4 ,buy them in midsummer or earlier4 ,illustration3 ,vase of small ,chrysanthemums ,it is best not to attempt to flower the same plant two seasons4 ,after the plant has bloomed1 the top may be cut down1 and the box set in a cellar and kept moderately dry4 ,in ,february or ,march1 bring the plant to the sitting-room window and let the shoots start from the root4 ,these shoots are taken for cuttings to grow plants for the fall bloom4 ,illustration3 ,hardy ,chrysanthemum ,there is a hardy race of ,chrysanthemums1 very excellent for the border4 ,mulch in winter4 ,the best bloom is usually given the first and second years4 ,,cineraria4 ,a tender greenhouse plant4 ,it may be grown as a house plant1 although the conditions necessary to the best results are hard to obtain outside of a greenhouse4 ,the conditions for their growing are a cool temperature1 frequent repotting and guarding against the attacks of the greenfly4 ,perhaps the last is the most difficult1 and with one having no facilities for fumigating1 it will be almost impossible to prevent the difficulty4 ,a living room usually has too dry air for ,cinerarias4 ,the seed1 which is very minute1 should be sown in ,august or ,september to have plants in bloom in ,january or ,february4 ,sow the seed on the surface of fine soil and water very lightly to settle the seeds into the soil4 ,a piece of glass or a damp cloth may be spread over the pot or box in which the seeds are sown1 to remain until the seeds are up4 ,always keep the soil damp1 but not wet4 ,when the seedlings are large enough to repot1 they should be potted singly in #b- or #c-;inch pots4 ,before the plants have become pot-bound1 they should again be repotted into larger pots1 until they are in at least a #f-;inch pot in which to bloom4 ,in all this time1 they should be grown cool and1 if not possible to fumigate them with tobacco smoke1 the pots should stand on tobacco stems1 which should be moist at all times4 ,the general practice1 in order to have bushy plants1 is to pinch out the center when the flower buds show1 causing the lateral branches to start1 which they are slow to do if the central stem is allowed to grow4 ,plants bloom but once4 ,,cives4 ,these belong to the onion family1 and are propagated by division of the root4 ,they may be planted in a permanent place in the border1 and1 being hardy1 will remain for years4 ,the leaves are the parts used1 as the roots are very rank in flavor4 ,the leaves may be cut frequently1 as they readily grow again4 ,,clarkia4 ,the ,clarkias are among the popular hardy edging and vase annuals1 bearing rose1 white or bordered flowers in great profusion4 ,the double-flowering varieties are the most showy1 but the single ones will prove very satisfactory4 ,the seeds may be sown where the plants are wanted1 or started in frames for earlier flowers4 #f-ah in4 high4 ,thin to #f-ab in4 apart4 ,plant in a warm soil and sunny place4 ,,clematis4 ,one of the best of woody climbing vines4 ,the common ,c4 ,flammula1 ,virginiana1 paniculata and others are used frequently to cover division walls or fences1 growing year after year without any care and producing quantities of flowers4 ,c4 paniculata is now planted very extensively4 ,the panicles of star-shaped flowers entirely cover the vine and have a pleasant fragrance4 ,one of the best of all fall-flowering vines1 and hardy ,north4 ,clings well to a chicken-wire trellis4 ,the large-flowered section1 of which ,jackmani is perhaps the best known1 is very popular for pillar or porch climbers4 ,the flowers of this section are large and showy1 running from pure white1 through blue1 to scarlet4 ,of this class1 the most serviceable purple is ,jackmani2 white1 ,henryi2 blue1 ,ramona2 crimson1 ,madame ,e4 ,andre4 ,the ,flammula class may be propagated by division of the roots4 ,the large-flowered kinds are propagated by layers or root-grafting on ,c4 ,flammula and others4 ,illustration3 ,clematis paniculata ,a deep1 mellow1 rich soil1 naturally moist1 will suit the requirements of ,clematis4 ,in dry times apply water freely1 particularly for the large-flowered kinds4 ,also provide trellis or other support as soon as they begin to run4 ,clematis usually blooms on the wood of the season3 therefore prune in winter or early spring1 in order to secure strong new flowering shoots4 ,the large-flowered kinds should be cut back to the ground each year2 and other kinds may be similarly treated unless they are wanted for permanent bowers4 ,the ,clematis root disease is the depredation of a nematode or eel-worm4 ,it is seldom troublesome in ground which thoroughly freezes4 ,,climbers4 ,treated under ,vines4 ,,cobaea4 ,this is most commonly seen in the greenhouse1 although it is one of the best of tender climbers for porches4 ,seed sown in ,february or ,march1 and grown in gentle heat1 will make suitable plants for setting out by ,june4 ,it may also be grown from cuttings of the young wood1 taken in ,february and rooted in brisk heat4 ,the flowers of ,c4 scandens are shaped very much like those of the ,campanulas1 but are larger4 ,they open a greenish white and deepen to a dark purple in the course of a few days4 ,the vines in full bloom have a gradation of colors as the flowers are in different stages of development4 ,the variegated form of ,c4 scandens should be propagated by cuttings to hold the variegation4 ,grows #aj-ae ft4 ,tender4 ,climbs by means of tendrils4 ,,cockscomb4 ,celosia cristata is the well known ,cockscomb1 having combs or heads of scarlet1 crimson1 rose and yellow4 ,the combs are often saved for winter bouquets by cutting them off before thoroughly ripe and drying them4 ,the feathered section comprises tall-growing plants with plumes of various colors which1 with the colored leaves of some varieties1 make a striking feature in a border4 ,the ,celosias1 being tender1 should be started in a hotbed or frame1 potted off when out of the seed-leaf1 and planted out in well enriched soil after danger of frost is past1 #a-a_/b to #b-a_/b ft4 high4 ,,coldframe4 ,a ,coldframe is a simple1 low structure1 covered with glass or oiled paper or cloth1 in which plants are grown without artificial heat4 ,it differs from the hotbed in the fact that it has no bottom heat4 ,the atmosphere in the ,coldframe is warmer than that outside1 because it is protected from the winds and because there is more or less of the sun's heat stored up in the earth4 ,for the details of construction of the ,coldframe1 see ,hotbed4 ,a ,coldframe is ordinarily used for later work than the hotbed3 that is1 seeds may be sown in a ,coldframe from two to three and sometimes four weeks in advance of their sowing in the open2 whereas in a hotbed the seeds may be started from one to three months earlier than they may be out of doors4 ,coldframes are sometimes used for the wintering over of hardy plants which are started in the fall4 ,for example1 cabbage seed may be sown in ,september in a ,coldframe and the young plants may be protected therein during the winter4 ,if they are properly grown and hardened off1 they will not be injured by the winter1 even though they freeze4 ,lettuce and sometimes cauliflowers are carried over in the same way4 ,coldframes are also used to receive plants which have outgrown the hotbed and must be transplanted4 ,plants which need hardening off may also be transplanted from the hotbed into the ,coldframe4 ,the ,coldframe in these cases is an intermediate stage between the hotbed and the open field4 ,,coleus4 ,a well known foliage plant for pot culture or bedding4 ,it was used very extensively at one time in ornamental bedding and ribbon borders1 but owing to its being tender has lost in favor1 and its place is largely taken by other plants4 ,cuttings root very readily4 ,it may also be grown from seed1 although the types have not become fixed1 and a large number of differently marked plants may be had from the same packet4 ,this would not be a drawback in the window-garden1 unless a uniform effect is wished4 ,sow the seed in gentle heat in ,march4 ,make new plants from cuttings each year1 and throw the old ones away4 ,,collards4 ,this is a name given to a kind of kale1 used when young as greens2 also to young cabbages used in the same way4 ,the seed of any early cabbage may be sown thickly in rows #ah inches apart1 from early spring to late fall4 ,the plants are cut off when #f or #h inches high and boiled as are other greens4 ,the kale ,collards is grown in the ,south1 where cabbages fail to head4 ,it grows to the height of #b to #f feet1 furnishing a large quantity of leaves4 ,,collinsia4 ,a hardy annual that should be sown in the fall1 where wanted1 if early flowers are desired4 ,the flowers of all the varieties are showy1 either in masses or planted in a border4 ,give them a position near the front1 as the plants rarely exceed #ah inches in height4 ,,columbine4 ,see ,aquilegia4 ,,compost4 ,see ,manure4 ,,convolvulus4 ,see ,morning-,glory4 ,,coreopsis1 or ,,calliopsis4 ,very showy hardy annuals1 growing from #a to #c feet high1 and covered throughout the season with a profusion of bloom4 ,the colors range from lemon-yellow to dark velvety brown4 ,excellent for cutting1 and very effective in mixed borders4 ,they thrive in any garden soil if they have full sunlight4 ,sow where they are to grow1 letting the plants stand #f-ab in4 apart for mass effects4 ,,corn ,,salad4 ,this is one of the earliest spring salad vegetables1 coming into condition to use with spinach1 and needing the same culture4 ,sown in the fall1 and covered with straw or hay when cold weather sets in1 it will start into rapid growth when the covering is removed in ,march or ,april4 ,or the seed may be sown in early spring1 and plants will be fit to use in six or eight weeks4 ,one packet of seed will suffice for a small family4 ,,corn1 ,,sweet1 is not so generally used as it should be4 ,usually when planted at all1 only one planting of one kind is made4 ,the ears come to edible maturity almost simultaneously1 and a short season of ,sweet ,corn is the result4 ,the first planting should be made from ,may #a to #aj1 planting early1 intermediate and late varieties at the same time1 then at intervals of two weeks until the middle of ,july1 when the late varieties should be planted1 thus having a succession from the first crop until ,october4 ,the soil for ,corn should be rich in plant-food1 and the coarser manure left from the preparation of the ground for small crops may be used to good advantage4 ,corn for the garden is better planted in drills1 the drills #c feet apart1 dropping the seed from #aj to #ab inches apart in the drills4 ,one quart of seed will plant #bjj hills4 ,for extra early1 ,marblehead1 ,adams1 ,vermont1 ,minnesota and ,early ,cory are favorites4 ,for later crop1 ,crosby1 ,hickox1 ,shoe ,peg and ,stowell ,evergreen are now popular4 ,,cosmos4 ,the ,cosmos grown in a locality free from early fall frosts is certainly a beautiful thing1 but there are probably few flowers that have caused so much disappointment to the flower lover in the ,north4 ,the seed germinates very freely4 ,the plants grow with great vigor1 and if the season permits1 an abundance of bloom may be had in ,september4 ,an early-flowering strain of dwarf ,cosmos has been offered by the trade for several years2 and each year there seems to be an improvement in the size and colors1 so the time may shortly come when this will equal the late-flowering varieties1 making the culture of ,cosmos more satisfactory4 ,cosmos flowers are borne on long stems1 and the colors are in white and fine shades of red4 ,the foliage is also fine4 ,seed should be sown in gentle heat1 in the greenhouse1 hotbed or window in early ,april1 and the young plants transplanted when #b inches high1 setting the plants well down in the soil and giving at least #c inches between the plants1 as they are very likely to spindle up1 with weak stems1 if crowded4 ,when danger of frost is over1 set them out in a warm1 well sheltered position1 #c feet apart4 ,after the plants start into growth1 pinch out the top to induce a bushy growth4 ,if situated where the wind can whip them1 they should have a stake driven close to the stem1 and be tied to it for support4 ,flowers of ,cosmos are on the order of single ,dahlias4 ,,cranberry4 ,the growing of ,cranberries in artificial bogs is an ,american industry4 ,the common large ,cranberry of markets is also a peculiarly ,american fruit1 since it is unknown in other countries except as the fruit is shipped there4 ,cranberries are grown in bogs1 which may be flooded4 ,the whole area is kept under water during the winter time1 largely to prevent the plants from winter injury by the heaving and freezing and thawing of the bogs4 ,flooding is also employed at intervals for the purpose of drowning out insects1 mitigating drought1 and protecting against frost and fires4 ,every good ,cranberry bog should have facilities for flooding4 ,the ordinary practice is to choose a bog which has a creek running through it1 or through which some creek or ditch may be diverted4 ,at the lower side of the bog flood gates are provided1 so that when the gates are shut the water backs up and floods the area4 ,it is best that the bog be comparatively flat1 so that the water will be of approximately equal depth over the whole area4 ,at the shallowest places the water should stand about a foot above the plants4 ,the water is usually let on the bog early in ,december and kept on until ,april or early ,may4 ,no flooding is done during the rest of the year unless there is some particular occasion therefor4 ,all the wild and turfy growth should be taken off the bog before the vines are set4 ,this is done either by digging it off and removing it bodily1 or by drowning it out by means of a year's flooding4 ,the former method is generally considered to be the better4 ,after the turfy growth is removed1 the bog is smoothed and covered #b or #c in4 deep with clean sand4 ,the vines are now set1 the lower ends of them being shoved through the sand into the richer earth4 ,in order to prevent a too rapid and tangled growth of vine1 it is customary to resand the bog every three or four years to a depth of one-fourth or one-half inch4 ,when sanding is not practicable1 the vines may be mown off when they become too luxuriant4 ,the plants for setting are merely cuttings or branches of the vines4 ,these cuttings may be from #e to #aj in4 long4 ,they are inserted into the ground in a hole made by a crowbar or stick4 ,they are usually planted at distances of #ab to #ah in4 each way1 and the vines are allowed to cover the entire ground as with a mat4 ,in three years a good crop should be secured1 if the weeds and wild growth are kept down4 ,a crop ranges between #ej to #ajj barrels per acre4 ,,cress4 ,the ,upland ,cress1 or the true ,,pepper ,,grass1 may be grown on any garden soil4 ,sow early in the spring4 ,it makes a rapid growth and can be cut from four to five weeks4 ,succession of sowings must be made1 as it runs quickly to seed4 ,the curled variety is the one usually grown1 as the leaves may be used for garnishing as well as for salads4 ,one packet of seed will be sufficient for each sowing4 ,any good soil will do4 ,sow thickly in drills #ab-ah in4 apart4 ,in summer it runs to seed quickly1 so that it is usually grown in spring and fall4 ,the ,water ,cress is more exacting in its culture1 and can only be successfully grown in moist places1 such as edges of shallow1 slow-running creeks1 open drains1 or beds excavated near such streams4 ,a few plants for private use may be grown in a frame1 provided a retentive soil is used and attention given to watering the bed often4 ,water ,cress may be propagated from pieces of the stem1 used as cuttings4 ,if one is fond of ,water ,cress1 it is well to colonize it in some clean creek or pool4 ,it will take care of itself year by year4 ,seeds may also be used for propagating it4 ,,crocus4 ,a hardy bulb1 easily grown and giving good satisfaction either in the border or scattered through the lawn4 ,they are also forced for winter 7see ,bulbs74 ,they are so cheap and lasting that they may be used in quantity4 ,a border of them along the edges of walks1 little clumps of them in the lawn1 or masses in a bed1 give the first touch of color as the spring opens4 ,they may be forced with ease planted in pots or shallow boxes1 put away in a cool place and brought into the house at any time through the winter4 ,a low temperature will bring them into bloom in perfection in about four weeks from the time they are brought in4 ,they can be had in the window-garden in this way4 ,a sandy soil suits the ,crocus admirably4 ,plant in the fall1 in the open1 setting them #c to #d inches deep4 ,when they show signs of failing1 take up the bulbs and reset them4 ,they tend to rise out of the ground1 because the new bulb or corm forms on the top of the old one4 ,if best results are desired1 it is well to renew the bed occasionally by buying new bulbs4 ,crocus beds may be filled later in the season with quick-growing annuals4 ,,croton4 ,under this name many varieties and so-called species of ,codiaeum are grown for conservatory decoration1 and latterly for foliage bedding in the open4 ,the colors and shapes of the leaves are very various and attractive4 ,the ,crotons make good window-garden subjects1 although they are very liable to the attack of the mealy bug4 ,they are propagated readily by cuttings of half-ripened wood any time during winter or spring4 ,the plants should be given an abundance of light in order to bring out their fine colors2 but it is usually advisable to screen them from the direct rays of the sun when they are grown under glass4 ,if the red spider or the mealy bug attack them1 they may be syringed with tobacco water4 ,plants which are propagated indoors during the winter may be massed in beds out of doors during the summer1 where they make very striking effects4 ,give them rich1 deep soil1 and be sure that they are syringed frequently enough on the under side of the leaves to keep down the red spider4 ,if the plants have been gradually subjected to strong light before they are taken out of doors1 they will stand the full sunlight and will develop their rich colors to perfection4 ,in the fall they may be taken up1 cut back and used for window-garden or conservatory subjects4 ,crotons are shrubs or small trees1 and they may be transferred into large pots or tubs and grown on into large tree-like specimens4 ,,cucumber4 ,for early use1 the ,cucumber is usually started in a hotbed or coldframe by sowing the seed on pieces of sod #d to #f inches square1 turned grass side down4 ,three or four seeds are placed on or pushed into each piece of sod and covered with #a to #b inches of fine soil4 ,the soil should be well watered and the glass or cloth placed over the frame4 ,the roots will run through the sod4 ,when the plants are large enough to set out1 a flat trowel or a shingle may be slipped under the sod and the plants moved to the hill without check4 ,in place of sod1 old quart berry boxes are good2 after setting in the hill the roots may force their way through the cracks in the baskets4 ,the baskets also decay rapidly4 ,flower pots may be used4 ,these plants from the frames may be set out when danger of frost is over1 usually by the #ajth of ,may1 and should make a very rapid growth1 yielding good-sized fruits in two months4 ,the hills should be made rich by forking in a quantity of well rotted manure1 and given a slight elevation above the garden--not high enough to allow the wind to dry the soil1 but slightly raised so that water will not stand around the roots4 ,one ounce of seed will plant fifty hills4 ,the hills may be #d-e ft4 apart each way4 ,illustration3 ,cucumbers ,the ,white ,spine is the leading general-purpose variety4 ,for very early or pickling sorts1 the ,chicago1 ,russian1 and other picklings are good4 ,the striped beetle is an inveterate pest on ,cucumbers and squashes4 ,following is the latest advice 7,hall and ,sirrine1 ,new ,york ,state ,experiment ,station73 ,poisons can be used with success against these beetles for only a short time in the spring1 when they begin to feed2 and again1 in the fall1 against beetles of the new brood4 ,this fall poisoning will succeed only where there is not an abundance of wild fall flowers2 for the beetles will desert any poisoned crop for the unpoisoned flowers and will feed upon the flowers to a considerable extent1 anyhow1 if they are to be found4 ,green arsenite1 dry1 gave best results4 ,it was found a waste of the poisons to apply them in ,bordeaux mixture1 as the mixture so repelled the insects that they would not eat the sprayed vines to secure the poison4 ,these poisons1 applied in water1 are liable to burn or stunt the plants4 ,it is necessary1 then1 if we wish to poison the beetles1 to use a trap crop to attract the insects and to apply the poison to this crop instead of to the plants we design to protect4 ,on small areas it may be advisable to shut in the small plants of the growing crop by the well known cloth-topped boxes2 by the tent-like cloth covers spread over arched hoops or wires2 by boxes made from a rectangular piece of cloth and two short #f-;inch boards with cleats attached to insert in the soil and hold the boards upright2 or even #f-;inch wire plate-covers4 ,covers1 however1 are too expensive on large areas1 and they have the disadvantage of frequently making the plants weak1 so that winds will snap them off or twist and ruin them when the covers have to be removed4 ,if covers are used alone1 their removal leaves the unprotected vines not only for feeding places but for breeding places for the beetles4 ,bordeaux mixture1 if thoroughly and frequently applied1 makes as efficient a protection as the covers1 is much cheaper1 and at the same time protects the plants from diseases4 ,this mixture 7#a-to-#aa formula7 should be sprayed upon the ,cucumbers when they are just well up1 again when they show the third leaf1 and the third time just before the plants commence to form runners4 ,the early application can probably best be made with a knapsack sprayer1 and later ones by any good pump sprayer4 ,the three applications should not cost over #b per acre4 ,the ,bordeaux mixture is a much better repellant1 according to station tests1 than kerosene1 turpentine1 tobacco dust1 cow manure1 burdock infusion1 slug shot1 bug death1 or any other known compound4 ,indeed1 all materials of this class1 supposed to drive away the beetles by their distasteful odor1 proved failures when used alone4 ,air-slaked lime1 dusted over the vines1 will make them unpalatable to the beetles1 but the lime is liable to stunt the plants4 ,it may be used1 with care1 by those whose crop is not large enough to warrant purchase of a spraying outfit4 ,all of these appliances or applications1 covers1 ,bordeaux mixture or lime1 merely protect the young plants until they are strong enough to stand the injury from the beetles2 they do not kill the insects4 ,to do this1 trap crops are needed4 ,as the squash is the beetle's favorite food plant1 this vegetable should be planted--in single rows along the margins of small patches1 in several rows around large fields--about four days before the ,cucumbers or melon seeds are sown4 ,when these trap plants are up and the beetles appear about them1 dust about half the plants with green arsenite1 reserving the other half for use if rain or heavy dew makes the poison soluble and kills the vines first treated4 ,the beetles1 attracted by their favorite tidbit1 will feed upon the squash vines and be poisoned by the arsenite4 ,when the ,cucumbers or melons are up1 unless they are protected by covers1 spray with ,bordeaux1 and poison more of the squash vines4 ,when the beetles commence to pair1 the squashes may be cultivated up1 leaving only a few vines for the beetles to feed upon at flowering time1 as the insects prefer the squash flowers and will not molest the others4 ,beans may be used with some success as a fall catch crop1 where wild flowers are not too plentiful4 ,they should be planted on the ,cucumber or melon fields2 and when the beetles leave the old vines to feed upon the fresh bean plants1 they should be treated to liberal doses of poison as well4 ,the mildew on the vines can be prevented by ,bordeaux mixture spray4 ,illustration3 ,currants ,,currants4 ,the ,currant1 being one of the hardiest and most productive of fruits1 is often neglected1 the patch allowed to become foul with grass1 never thinned or trimmed1 the worms eating the leaves until1 in the course of time1 the plants weaken and die4 ,along the fence is no place to plant ,currants1 or1 indeed1 any other fruit2 plant out in the open1 at least #e feet from anything that will interfere with cultivation4 ,no fruit crop will respond more readily to good care than the ,currant4 ,clean cultivation and a liberal use of manure or fertilizers will certainly be followed by well paying crops4 ,one- or two-year-old plants may be set #d by #f feet4 ,trim the bush by cutting off most of the suckers below the surface of the ground4 ,if the season is dry1 a mulch of straw or leaves will assist the plants to establish themselves4 ,the red and white ,currants bear mostly on two-year-old or older wood4 ,a succession of young shoots should be allowed to grow to take the place of the old bearing wood4 ,cut out the canes as they grow older4 ,the partial shade afforded by a young orchard suits the ,currant well1 and if the ground is in good condition no bad results will follow to the orchard1 provided the ,currants are removed before the trees need the entire feeding space4 ,a ,currant patch should continue in good bearing for #aj to #bj years1 if properly handled4 ,one very important point is to keep the old1 weak canes cut out1 and a succession of two to four new ones coming from the root each year4 ,for home use1 ,white ,imperial and ,moore's ,ruby are excellent4 ,prince of ,wales is a heavy bearer and excellent for cooking4 ,wilder1 ,victoria1 ,cherry and ,white ,grape are meritorious varieties4 ,to combat the ,currant worm1 spray thoroughly with ,paris green to kill the first brood1 just as soon as holes can be seen in the lower leaves--usually before the plants are in bloom4 ,for the second brood1 if it appear1 spray with white hellebore4 ,for borers1 cut out and burn the affected canes4 ,,cuttings4 ,cuttings are parts of plants which are inserted in soil or water with the intention that they shall grow and make new plants4 ,they are of various kinds4 ,they may be classified1 with reference to the age of the wood or tissue1 into two classes2 viz41 those made from perfectly hard or dormant wood 7taken from the winter twigs of trees and bushes71 and those made from more or less immature or growing wood4 ,they may be classified again in respect to the part of the plants from which they are taken1 as root ,cuttings1 tuber ,cuttings 7as the ordinary seed planted for potatoes71 stem ,cuttings and leaf ,cuttings4 ,illustration3 ,the planting of dormant wood ,cuttings ,dormant wood ,cuttings are used for grapes1 currants1 gooseberries1 willows1 poplars and many other kinds of soft-wooded trees and shrubs4 ,cuttings are ordinarily taken in fall or winter1 but cut into the proper lengths and then buried in sand or moss where they do not freeze1 in order that the lower end may heal over or callus4 ,in the spring these ,cuttings are set in the ground1 preferably in a rather sandy and well drained place4 ,usually1 hardwood ,cuttings are made with two to four joints or buds1 and when they are planted1 only the upper bud projects above the ground4 ,they may be planted erect1 as the picture shows1 or somewhat slanting4 ,in order that the ,cutting may reach down to moist earth1 it is desirable that it should not be less than #f inches long2 and it is sometimes better if it is #h to #ab inches4 ,if the wood is short-jointed1 there may be several buds on a ,cutting of this length2 and1 in order to prevent too many shoots from arising from these buds1 the lowermost buds are often cut out4 ,roots will start as readily if the lower buds are removed1 since the buds grow into shoots and not into roots4 ,cuttings of currants1 grapes1 gooseberries1 and the like may be set in rows which are far enough apart to admit of easy tillage either with horse or hand tools1 and the ,cuttings may be placed from #c to #h inches apart in the row4 ,after the ,cuttings have grown for one season1 the plants are usually transplanted and given more room for the second year's growth1 after which time they are ready to be set in permanent plantations4 ,in some cases1 the plants are set at the end of the first year2 but two-year plants are stronger and usually preferable4 ,illustration3 ,root ,cutting1 which has given rise to a shoot ,root ,cuttings are used for blackberries1 raspberries1 and a few other things4 ,they are ordinarily made of roots from the size of a lead pencil to one's little finger1 and are cut in lengths from #c to #e inches long4 ,the ,cuttings are stored the same as stem ,cuttings and allowed to callus4 ,in the spring they are planted in a horizontal or nearly horizontal position in moist1 sandy soil1 being entirely covered to a depth of #a or #b inches4 ,softwood or greenwood ,cuttings are always rooted under cover2 that is1 in a greenhouse1 coldframe or dwelling house4 ,they are usually made of wood which is mature enough to break when it is bent sharply4 ,when the wood is so soft that it will bend and not break1 it is too immature1 in the majority of plants1 for the making of good ,cuttings4 ,one to two joints is the proper length of a greenwood ,cutting4 ,if of two joints1 the lower leaf should be cut off and the upper leaves cut in two1 so that they do not present their entire surface to the air and thereby evaporate the plant juices too rapidly4 ,if the ,cutting is of only one joint1 the lower end is usually cut just above a joint4 ,in either case1 the ,cuttings are usually inserted in sand or well washed gravel1 nearly or quite up to the leaves4 ,keep the bed uniformly moist throughout its depth1 but avoid any soil which holds so much moisture that it becomes muddy and sour4 ,these ,cuttings should be shaded until they begin to emit their roots4 ,coleus1 geraniums1 fuchsias1 and nearly all the common greenhouse and house plants1 are propagated by these ,cuttings or slips4 ,leaf ,cuttings are often used1 for the fancy-leaved begonias1 gloxinias1 and a few other plants4 ,the young plant usually arises most readily from the leaf-stalk or petiole4 ,the leaf1 therefore1 is inserted into the ground much as a green ,cutting is4 ,begonia leaves1 however1 will throw out young plants from the main veins when these veins or ribs are cut4 ,therefore1 well-grown and firm begonia leaves are sometimes laid flat on the sand and the main veins cut2 then the leaf is weighted down with pebbles or pegs so that these cut surfaces come into intimate contact with the soil beneath4 ,the begonia leaf may be treated in various other ways and still give good results4 ,see ,begonia4 ,in the growing of all greenwood ,cuttings1 it is well to remember that they should have a gentle bottom heat2 the soil should be such that it will hold moisture and yet not remain wet2 the air about the tops should not become close and stagnant1 else the plants will damp off2 and the tops should be shaded for a time4 ,illustration3 ,cuttings inserted in a double pot ,an excellent method of starting ,cuttings in the living room is to make a double pot1 as shown in the picture4 ,inside a #f-;inch pot1 set a #d-;inch pot4 ,fill the bottom1 a1 with gravel or bits of brick1 for drainage4 ,plug the hole in the inside pot4 ,fill the spaces between1 c1 with earth1 and in this set the ,cuttings4 ,water may be poured into the inner pot1 b1 to supply the moisture4 ,,cutworms4 ,probably the remedy for ,cutworms most often practiced in gardens1 and which cannot fail to be effective when faithfully carried out1 is hand-picking with lanterns at night or digging them out from around the base of the infested plants during the day4 ,bushels of ,cutworms have been gathered in this way1 and with profit4 ,when from some cause success does not attend the use of the poisoned baits1 discussed next1 hand-picking is the only other method yet recommended which can be relied upon to check ,cutworm depredations4 ,by far the best methods yet devised for killing ,cutworms in any situation are the poisoned baits2 hand-picking is usually unnecessary where they are thoroughly used4 ,poisoned bunches of clover or weeds have been thoroughly tested1 even by the wagon-load1 over large areas1 and nearly all have reported them very effective2 lamb's quarters 7pigweed71 pepper-grass and mullein are among the weeds especially attractive to ,cutworms4 ,on small areas the making of the baits is done by hand1 but they have been prepared on a large scale by spraying the plants in the field1 cutting them with a scythe or machine1 and pitching them from wagons in small bunches wherever desired4 ,distributed a few feet apart between rows of garden plants at nightfall1 they have attracted and killed enough ,cutworms often to save a large proportion of the crop2 if the bunches can be covered with a shingle1 they will keep fresher much longer4 ,the fresher the baits1 and the more thoroughly the baiting is done1 the more ,cutworms one can destroy4 ,however1 it may sometimes happen that a sufficient quantity of such green succulent plants cannot be obtained early enough in the season in some localities4 ,in this case1 and we are not sure but in all cases1 the poisoned bran mash can be used to the best advantage4 ,it is easily made and applied at any time1 is not expensive1 and thus far the results show that it is a very attractive and effective bait4 ,a tablespoonful can be quickly dropped around the base of each cabbage or tomato plant1 small amounts can be easily scattered along the rows of onions1 turnips1 etc41 or a little dropped on a hill of corn1 cucumbers1 etc4 ,it was used on sweet potato hills in ,new ,jersey last year1 and served as a complete protection1 the ,cutworms preferring the bran4 ,it is well to apply it on the evening of the day the plants are set out4 ,the best time to apply these poisoned baits is two or three days before any plants have come up or been set out in the garden4 ,if the ground has been properly prepared1 the worms will have had but little to eat for several days and they will thus seize the first opportunity to appease their hunger upon the baits1 and wholesale destruction will result4 ,the baits should always be applied at this time wherever ,cutworms are expected4 ,but it is not too late usually to save most of a crop after the pests have made their presence known by cutting off some of the plants4 ,act promptly and use the baits freely4--,m4 ,v4 ,slingerland4 ,illustration3 ,protection from cutworms ,cutworms may be kept away from plants by making a collar of stiff paper or tin about the base1 as in the picture2 but this is not practicable on a large scale4 ,,cyclamen4 ,a tender greenhouse tuberous plant1 sometimes seen in the window-garden4 ,cyclamens may be grown from seed sown in ,april or ,september in soil containing a large proportion of sand and leaf-mold4 ,if sown in ,september1 they should be wintered in a coolhouse4 ,in ,may they should be potted into larger pots and placed in a shaded frame1 and by ,july will have become large enough for their flowering pot1 which should be either a #e- or #f-;inch one4 ,they should be brought into the house before danger of frost1 and grown cool until through flowering4 ,a temperature of #ee deg4 suits them while in flower4 ,after flowering1 they will need a rest for a short time1 but should not become very dry1 or the bulb will be injured4 ,when they start into growth1 they should have the old soil shaken off and be potted into smaller pots4 ,at no time should more than half the tuber be under the soil4 ,tubers large enough to flower the first year may be obtained from the seedsmen at moderate prices2 and unless one has facilities for growing the seedlings for a year1 purchase of the tubers will give the best satisfaction4 ,the soil best suited to the ,cyclamen is one containing two parts leaf-mold1 #a part each of sand and loam4 ,,daffodils are a kind of ,narcissus4 ,they are hardy1 and require the treatment recommended for ,crocus4 ,they may be naturalized in the grass1 but they usually do not persist long on account of our hot1 dry summers4 ,daffodils have been much improved of late4 ,plant in the fall1 #d-f in4 deep4 ,excellent old garden plants4 ,,dahlia4 ,the ,dahlia is an old favorite which1 on account of its formal flowers1 has been in disfavor for a few years1 although it has always held a place in the rural districts4 ,now1 however1 with the advent of the cactus and semi-cactus types 7or loose-flowered forms71 and the improvement of the singles1 it again has taken a front rank among late summer flowers1 coming in just in advance of the ,chrysanthemum4 ,illustration3 ,dahlia ,the single varieties may be grown from seed1 but the double sorts should be grown from cuttings of young stems or from division of the roots4 ,if cuttings are to be made1 it will be necessary to start the roots early either in a hotbed or house4 ,when the growth has reached #d or #e inches1 they may be cut from the plant and rooted in sand4 ,care should be taken to cut just below the joint1 as a cutting made between two joints will not form tubers4 ,the most rapid method of propagation of named varieties is to grow from cuttings in this way4 ,in growing the plants from roots1 the best plan is to place the whole root in gentle heat1 covering slightly4 ,when the young growth has started1 the roots may be taken up1 divided1 and planted out #c to #d feet apart4 ,this plan will ensure a plant from each piece of root1 whereas if the roots are divided while dormant1 there is danger of not having a bud at the end of each piece1 in which case no growth will start4 ,illustration3 ,dahlia ,the ,dahlia flourishes best in a deep1 rich1 moist soil1 although very good results can be had on sandy soil1 provided plant-food and moisture are furnished4 ,clay should be avoided4 ,if the plants are to be grown without stakes1 the center of each plant should be pinched out after making two or three joints4 ,by doing this the lateral branches will start near the ground and be stiff enough to withstand the winds4 ,in most home gardens the plants are allowed to reach their full height1 and are tied to stakes if necessary4 ,dahlias are very susceptible to frost4 ,the tall kinds reach a height of #e-h feet4 ,after the first frost1 lift the roots1 let them dry in the sun1 shake off the dirt1 trim off tops and broken parts1 and store them in a cellar as you would potatoes4 ,cannas may be stored in the same place4 ,,daisy4 ,the perennial ,english ,daisy1 or ,bellis perennis1 is a prime favorite as an edging plant4 ,the cheerful little flowers show early in the spring1 and with a little care bloom continuously through a long season4 ,they should be given well enriched1 moist soil1 and be mulched through hot weather4 ,the usual method of propagation is by division of the crowns1 made in cool weather4 ,they may also be grown from seed1 but the chances are that many inferior flowers will be produced4 ,set the plants #c or #d inches apart4 ,height #c to #e inches4 ,the colors are white1 pink and red4 ,hardy if mulched in winter1 but best results are obtained if plants are renewed frequently4 ,many other plants are called ,daisy1 particularly the wild ,asters1 the ,ox-eye ,daisy or ,whiteweed1 and the ,paris ,daisy 7,chrysanthemum frutescens74 ,,damping ,,off is the rotting off of cuttings or young plants near the surface of the soil4 ,it is the work of fungi2 but these fungi are injurious because they find conditions congenial to their rapid growth4 ,prevention is worth more than cure4 ,see that the soil is wet clear through1 not wet on top and dry beneath4 ,keep it as dry as possible on the surface4 ,avoid soggy soils4 ,on peaty soils1 sprinkle sand or coal ashes to keep the top dry4 ,give the plants free circulation of air4 ,give them abundance of room4 ,if ,damping ,off threatens1 transplant4 ,,dandelion4 ,this common weed would hardly be recognized if seen under cultivation in the vegetable garden4 ,the plants attain a large size and the leaves are much more tender4 ,the seed may be selected from the best field-growing plants1 but it is better to buy the ,french seed of the seedsmen4 ,sow in spring in well manured soil1 either in drills or in hills #a foot apart4 ,a cutting of leaves may be had in ,september or ,october1 and some of the stools may stand until spring4 ,the delicacy of the leaves may be improved by blanching them1 either by the use of boards or earth4 ,one trade packet of seed will supply a large number of plants4 ,the whole plant is destroyed when the crop of leaves is taken4 ,,datura4 ,,brugmansia4 ,large-growing annuals with large1 trumpet-shaped flowers4 ,the coloring of some of the flowers is very attractive1 but the odor of the plant is unpleasant4 ,plants should be set #d feet apart4 ,they grow #c-d feet high1 bear large leaves1 and therefore make good low screens4 ,frost kills them4 ,sow seed where plants are to grow2 or1 better1 start them in the house three or four weeks before the weather is fit for planting outside4 ,some of the ,daturas are weeds4 ,the great spiny seed pods are interesting4 ,,delphinium4 ,see ,larkspur4 ,,dewberry4 ,the ,dewberry may be called an early trailing blackberry4 ,the culture of this1 as of the blackberry1 is very simple2 but1 unlike the latter1 some support should be given to the canes1 as they are very slender and rank growers4 ,a wire trellis or large-meshed fence-wire answers admirably2 or 7and this is the better general method7 they may be tied to stakes4 ,the fruits are large and showy1 which1 combined with their earliness1 makes them desirable2 but they are usually deficient in flavor4 ,the ,lucretia is the leading variety in cultivation4 ,illustration3 ,lucretia ,dewberry ,lay the canes on the ground in winter4 ,in the spring tie all the canes from each plant to a stake4 ,after fruiting1 cut the old canes and burn them 7as for blackberries74 ,in the meantime1 the young canes 7for next year's fruiting7 are growing4 ,these may be tied up as they grow1 to be out of the way of the cultivator4 ,dewberries are one to two weeks earlier than blackberries4 ,,dianthus1 or ,,pink4 ,under this head are included ,chinese ,pinks1 ,sweet ,william1 ,picotee1 ,carnation 7which see71 and the perennial or ,grass ,pinks4 ,all of them are general favorites4 ,the ,chinese ,pinks 7,dianthus ,chinensis1 or ,heddewigii7 are now very popular4 ,they are biennials1 but flower the first year from seed1 and are treated as hardy annuals4 ,they have a wide range of color and markings4 ,some of them are as double as a rose1 and are edged1 splashed or lined with other colors4 ,the single ones are very brilliant and are profuse bloomers4 ,sow seeds where plants are to stand1 or if early bloom is desired1 start in the house4 ,set the plants #f-aj in4 apart4 ,they grow #h-ae in4 high4 ,they bloom until after frost4 ,of easiest culture in any good soil1 and should be even more popular4 ,the petals are often quite deeply and oddly cut4 ,the ,sweet ,william is an old-fashioned perennial1 having flowers of many combinations of color1 growing for several years when once planted1 but being the better for renewal every two years4 ,raising new stock from seeds is usually better than dividing old plants4 ,of late years1 the ,sweet ,william has been much improved4 ,the perennial garden or ,grass ,pinks are low-growing1 with highly perfumed flowers4 ,they are very useful for permanent edgings1 although the grass is likely to run them out unless a clean strip is kept on either side4 ,divide the old plants when the edging begins to fail2 or raise new plants from seed4 ,seedlings usually do not bloom much the first year4 ,usually perfectly hardy4 ,illustration3 ,dibbers ,,dibbers are hand tools used for making holes in which to set plants or to drop seeds4 ,they are better than a hoe or a spade for most transplanting4 ,for small plants1 as cabbages and tomatoes1 a cylindrical ,dibber is generally used4 7,see the lower one in the cut47 ,it can be made from an old spade handle or any hardwood stick4 ,when broad holes are wanted1 the triangular iron ,dibber 7sold by dealers7 is excellent4 ,it is particularly useful in hard soils4 ,,dicentra includes the ,bleeding ,heart2 also the native little ,dutchman's ,breeches and ,squirrel ,corn1 and a few other species4 ,all are hardy perennials of the easiest culture1 blooming in spring4 ,in common with all perennial herbs1 they are benefited by a winter mulch of leaves or litter4 ,propagated by dividing the clumps4 ,,dictamnus4 ,,fraxinella or ,,gas ,,plant4 ,an old border plant 7perennial herb7 with white or pale red flowers4 ,the leaves of the plant emit a strong odor when rubbed1 likened to that of the lemon verbena4 ,it has been advertised as the ,gas ,plant from the fact that the plant exudes an oily matter that may be ignited1 especially in warm1 dry weather4 ,propagated by seeds1 which should be sown as soon as ripe4 ,the plant blooms the third year1 and improves with age4 ,set plants #c feet apart4 ,height #b to #c feet4 ,,dill4 ,an annual aromatic herb that will seed itself if seeds are left to ripen1 and an abundance of plants may always be had4 ,the culture is of the easiest4 ,the seeds are often used to flavor pickles4 ,,diseases4 ,diseases of plants may be caused by some physiological disturbance to the plant system1 or by the incursions of some parasitic organism1 as insects or fungi4 ,the work of insects1 however1 is ordinarily not classed with plant ,diseases 7see ,insects74 ,of ,diseases which are caused by plant parasites or by physiological disturbances1 there are two general groups3 7#a7 ,parasitic fungous ,diseases1 such as the apple-scab1 black-rot and mildew of the grape1 leaf-blight of the plum and pear1 black-knot1 and the like4 ,these ,diseases are characterized by definite spots1 discolorations or excrescences1 which are more or less scattered over the surface of the leaf1 fruit or branch4 ,as a rule1 the leaves and fruits which are attacked have a tendency to drop from the tree4 ,the general treatment for these ,diseases is to spray with some fungicidal mixture1 like the ,bordeaux mixture or the ammoniacal carbonate of copper4 ,the treatment is useful in proportion as it is applied early and thoroughly4 ,after the fungus once gets into the tissues of the host-plant1 it is difficult1 if not impossible1 to kill it4 ,if1 however1 the fungicide is upon the plant before the fungus is1 the parasite may not be able to obtain a foothold4 ,even after it does obtain a foothold1 it is probable1 however1 that the spray will check its spread by preventing the development of its external parts4 7#b7 ,the physiological and bacterial ,diseases1 or those which are termed constitutional troubles4 ,in these cases there are rarely any definite spots1 as in the attacks of parasitic fungi1 but the entire leaf1 or even the entire plant1 or a large part of it1 shows a general weakening and ,disease1 as if there were some cutting off of the accustomed source of nourishment4 ,such ,diseases are very likely to be seen in a general yellowing and death of the leaf1 in the dying of the leaf along the main veins and around the edges1 showing that the difficulty is one which affects the entire leaf1 and not any particular part of it4 ,in general1 there is a tendency for the foliage in plants so attacked to wither up and hang on the tree for a time4 ,the peach-yellows and pear blight are ,diseases of this kind4 ,there are no specific treatments for troubles of this sort4 ,they must be approached by what physicians call prophylaxis--that is1 by methods of sanitation and prevention4 ,the diseased plants or parts are cut away and burned4 ,all those conditions which seem to favor the development of the ,disease are removed4 ,varieties which are particularly susceptible are discarded4 ,careful management in matters of this sort is often much more important than any attempt at specific treatment4 ,,dolichos4 ,mentioned under ,hyacinth ,bean4 ,,dracaenas of the conservatories 7properly mostly ,,cordylines7 are sometimes used as house plants4 ,protect from direct sunlight1 keep an even and fairly high temperature1 water freely when they are growing4 ,when the plants begin to fail1 return them to the florist for recuperation1 where they may have equable conditions4 ,they are handsome long-leaved foliage plants1 excellent for jardinieres4 ,,drainage serves two purposes3 first1 to carry superfluous water from the land2 second1 to lower the water-table or hard-pan1 and to make the soil loose and friable above4 ,nearly all hard clay lands are much benefited by draining1 even though they are not too wet4 ,the region of free or standing water is lowered and air is admitted into the soil1 rendering it fine and mellow4 ,for carrying off mere surface water1 surface or open ditches are sufficient2 but if the soil is to be ameliorated1 the drain must be beneath the surface4 ,the best underdrains are those which use hollow or cylindrical tiles1 but very good results may be had by making drains from stones4 ,in regions where there are many flat stones1 a very good conduit may be laid with them1 but they are likely to get out of order4 ,if there is considerable fall to the ditch1 the bottom may be filled for the space of #aj inches or a foot with common stones rolled in1 and the water will find its way between them4 ,if the stones are even deeper than this1 the results will be better2 and such ditches also provide place for disposing of superfluous stones4 ,the deeper the ditch the further it will draw on either side4 ,it should always be deep enough to be protected from freezing1 particularly if tiles are used4 ,three feet should be the least depth1 and #c-a_/b feet is a good average depth4 ,drains as deep as this need not be placed oftener than #b to #c rods apart1 unless1 in garden conditions1 it is desired to very thoroughly ameliorate a heavy clay soil1 in which case they may be placed every #bj feet4 ,the better the fall the quicker the drain will act and the more permanent it will be1 as it will tend to clean itself and not fill up with silt4 ,it is important that the outlet be entirely free1 and it should be protected with stones or mason work4 ,the roots of some trees1 particularly of willows and elms1 are attracted by tile drains1 and often fill up the pipes4 ,when the drain goes near such trees1 therefore1 it is well to cement the joints4 ,in general practice1 however1 the joints should not be cemented1 because a large part of the drainage water enters at those places4 ,in laying the tiles1 it is well to cover the joints with inverted sod1 tarred paper1 wisps of straw1 stones or other material4 ,this prevents the fresh earth from falling in between the joints1 and by the time the material is decayed the earth will have become so thoroughly set that no further trouble will result4 ,although under-drains take off superfluous water1 nevertheless an under-drained soil will hold more moisture than one which is not drained1 particularly in the case of clay lands with high subsoils4 ,this is because fine1 mallow soils are able to hold more moisture than very loose and open or very dense and compact ones4 ,a well constructed underdrain should last indefinitely4 ,,dutchman',s ,,pipe4 ,see ,aristolochia4 ,,echeveria4 ,tender succulents largely used for carpet bedding and rock gardens4 ,echeveria secunda is sometimes called ,,old-,,hen-,,and-,,chickens1 from the little plants that grow out from the stem of the parent plant and show around the edges of the rosette top2 but the hardy ,hen-and-,chickens of old gardens is a different but closely allied plant 7,sempervivum tectorum74 ,all the species are of easy culture and thrive on sandy soil4 ,they should not be planted out until all danger of frost is over and the ground thoroughly warm4 ,propagated by the offsets4 ,height #c inches4 ,the name ,echeveria is now given up by botanists for ,cotyledon4 ,,egg-,,plant4 ,,guinea ,,squash4 ,unless one has a greenhouse or a very warm hotbed1 the growing of ,egg-plants in the ,north should be left to the professional gardener1 as the young plants are very tender1 and should be grown without a check4 ,the seed should be sown in the hotbed or greenhouse about ,april #aj1 keeping a temperature of from #fe deg4 to #gj deg4 ,when the seedlings have made three rough leaves1 they may be pricked out into shallow boxes1 or1 still better1 into #c-;inch pots4 ,the pots or boxes should be plunged to the rim in soil in a hotbed or coldframe so situated that protection may be given on chilly nights4 ,the #ajth of ,june is early enough to plant them out in central ,new ,york4 ,the soil in which they are to grow cannot well be made too rich1 as they have only a short season in which to develop their fruits4 ,the plants are usually set #c feet apart each way4 ,a dozen plants are sufficient for the needs of a large family1 as each plant should yield from two to six large fruits4 ,the fruits are fit to eat at all stages of growth1 from those the size of a large egg to their largest development4 ,one ounce of seed will furnish #fjj to #hjj plants4 ,illustration3 ,new ,york ,purple ,egg-plant ,the ,new ,york ,improved ,purple is the standard variety4 ,black ,pekin is good4 ,for early1 or for a short-season climate1 the ,early ,dwarf ,purple is excellent4 ,,endive4 ,as a fall salad vegetable1 this should be better known1 it being far superior to lettuce at that time and as easily grown4 ,for fall use1 the seed may be sown from ,june to ,august1 and as the plants become fit to eat about the same time from sowing as lettuce does1 a succession may be had until cold weather4 ,the plants will need protection from the severe fall frosts1 and this may be given by carefully lifting the plants and transplanting to a frame1 where sash or cloth may be used to cover them in freezing weather4 ,the leaves1 which constitute practically the whole plant1 are blanched before being used1 either by tying together with some soft material or by standing boards on each side of the row1 allowing the top of the boards to meet over the center of the row4 ,the rows should be #a-a_/b or #b feet apart1 the plants #a foot apart in the rows4 ,one ounce of seed will sow #aej feet of drill4 ,,eschscholtzia4 ,see ,california ,poppy4 ,,eutoca4 ,hardy early-flowering annuals having pink or blue flowers1 good for masses4 ,sow seed early where wanted4 ,height #a foot4 ,eutocas are properly classed with ,phacelias4 ,,evergreens4 ,evergreens are plants which hold their foliage in winter4 ,ordinarily1 however1 in this country the word ,evergreen is understood to mean coniferous trees with persistent leaves1 as pines1 spruces1 firs1 cedars1 junipers1 arborvitae1 retinosporas1 and the like4 ,these trees have always been favorites with plant lovers1 as they have very distinctive forms and other characteristics4 ,many of them are of the easiest culture4 ,it is a common notion that1 since spruces and other conifers grow so symmetrically1 they will not stand pruning2 but this is an error4 ,they may be pruned with as good effect as other trees1 and if they tend to grow too tall the leader may be cut out without fear4 ,a new leader will arise1 but in the meantime the upward growth of the tree will be somewhat checked1 and the effect will be to make the tree dense4 ,the tips of the branches may also be headed in with the same effect4 ,the beauty of an ,evergreen lies in its natural form2 therefore1 it should not be sheared into unusual shapes1 but a gentle trimming back1 as suggested1 will tend to prevent the ,norway spruce and others from growing open and ragged4 ,after the tree attains some age1 #d or #e inches may be taken off the ends of the main branches every year or two with good results4 ,this slight trimming is ordinarily done with ,waters' long-handled pruning shears4 ,there is much difference of opinion as to the proper time for the transplanting of ,evergreens1 which means that there is more than one season in which they may be moved4 ,it is ordinarily unsafe to transplant them in the fall in northern climates or bleak situations1 since the evaporation from the foliage during the winter is likely to injure the plant4 ,the best results are usually secured when they are transplanted just as new growth is beginning1 rather late in the spring4 ,some people also plant them in ,august1 and the roots secure a hold of the soil before winter4 ,in transplanting conifers1 it is very important that the roots be not exposed to the sun4 ,they should be moistened and covered with burlaps or other material4 ,the holes should be ready to receive them4 ,if the trees are large1 or if it has been necessary to trim in the roots1 the top should be cut when the tree is set4 ,large ,evergreens 7those #aj feet and more high7 are usually best transplanted late in winter1 at a time when a large ball of earth may be moved with them4 ,a trench is dug around the tree1 it being deepened a little day by day so that the frost can work into the earth and hold it in shape4 ,when the ball is thoroughly frozen1 it is hoisted onto a stone-boat and moved to its new position4 ,for low hedges or screens1 one of the most serviceable ,evergreens is the arborvitae in its various forms4 ,red cedars are also useful4 ,perhaps the handsomest of all of them for such purposes is the ordinary hemlock spruce2 but it is usually difficult to move4 ,transplanted trees from nurseries are usually safest4 ,if the trees are taken from the wild1 they should be selected from open and sunny places4 ,for neat and compact effects near porches and along walks1 the dwarf retinosporas are very useful4 ,most of the pines and spruces are too coarse for planting very close to the house4 ,they are better at some distance removed1 where they serve as a background to other planting4 ,if they are wanted for individual specimens1 they should be given plenty of room1 so that the limbs will not be crowded and the tree become misshapen4 ,whatever else is done to the spruces and firs1 the lower limbs should not be trimmed up1 at least not until the tree has become so old that the lowest branches die4 ,some species hold their branches much longer than others4 ,the oriental spruce 7,picea orientalis7 is one of the best in this respect4 ,the occasional slight heading-in1 which we have mentioned1 will tend to preserve the lower limbs1 and it will not be marked enough to alter the form of the tree4 ,,everlastings are flowers which retain their shape and usually their color when they are dried4 ,most of them are members of the composite family4 ,in order to have them hold shape and color1 cut them with very long stems just before they are fully expanded1 and hang them in an airy place away from the sun4 ,they are all annuals1 or grown as such1 and are of very easy culture4 ,sow seeds where the plants are to stand4 ,good kinds are ,ammobium1 ,gomphrena or ,bachelor's ,buttons1 ,rhodanthe1 ,helichrysum1 ,xeranthemum1 and ,acroclinium4 ,certain wild composites may be similarly used1 particularly ,anaphalis and species of ,gnaphalium4 ,some of the grasses make excellent additions to dry bouquets 7see ,grass74 ,with these dry bouquets1 various seed pods look well4 ,,fenzlia4 ,little hardy annuals1 having a profusion of bloom through the entire summer4 ,the flowers are a delicate pink1 with yellow throat surrounded by dark spots4 ,a charming edging plant or window box subject4 ,sow the seed in boxes or where plants are wanted1 and thin to the distance of #aj inches4 ,height #c to #d inches4 ,now classed with ,gilia4 ,,ferns4 ,probably the one ,fern grown most extensively as a house plant is the small-leaved ,maidenhair ,fern 7or ,adiantum gracillimum74 ,this and other species are among the finest of house plants1 when sufficient moisture can be given4 ,they make fine specimens1 as well as serving the purpose of greenery for cut-flowers4 ,other species often grown for house plants are ,a4 cuneatum and ,a4 ,capillus-,veneris4 ,all these do well in a mixture of fibrous sod1 loam1 and sand1 with ample drainage material4 ,they may be divided if an increase is wanted4 ,other ,ferns for house culture include ,nephrolepis exaltata4 ,this is no doubt the most easily grown of the list1 flourishing in a sitting-room4 ,the new variety of ,n4 exaltata1 called the ,boston ,fern 7see figure71 is a decided addition to this family1 having a drooping habit1 covering the pot and making a fine stand or bracket plant4 ,illustration3 ,boston ,fern ,several species of ,pteris1 particularly ,p4 serrulata1 are valuable house ,ferns1 but require a warmer situation than those mentioned above4 ,they will also thrive better in a shady or ill-lighted corner4 ,perfect drainage and care in watering have more to do with the successful growing of ,ferns than any special mixture of soils4 ,if the drainage material in the bottom of the pot or box is sufficient1 there is little danger of over-watering2 but water-logged soil is always to be avoided4 ,do not use clay soils4 ,ferns need protection from the direct sunshine1 and also a moist atmosphere4 ,they thrive well in a close glass box1 or window-garden1 if the conditions can be kept equable4 ,the native ,ferns transplant easily to the garden1 and they make an attractive addition to the side of a house1 or as an admixture in a hardy border4 ,the ,ostrich and ,cinnamon ,ferns are the best subjects4 ,give all outdoor ,ferns a place which is protected from winds1 otherwise they will shrivel and perhaps die4 ,screen them from the hot sun1 or give them the shady side of the building4 ,see that the soil is uniformly moist1 and that it does not get too hot4 ,mulch with leaf-mold in the fall4 ,,fertilizers4 ,soil is productive when it has good physical texture1 plant-food1 and a sufficient supply of moisture4 ,even though it has an abundance of plant-food1 if its texture is not good1 it will not raise a good crop4 ,soil has good texture when it is open1 mellow1 friable1 rather than loose and leachy1 or hard and cloddy4 ,commercial ,fertilizers add plant-food1 but usually they have only a small influence in correcting faulty texture4 ,therefore1 before concentrated ,fertilizers are applied to land1 it should be gotten into good physical condition by judicious tillage and by the incorporation of vegetable mold or humus4 ,the leading source of humus in most gardens is stable manure4 ,see ,manure4 ,the plant-food in commercial ,fertilizers is largely in a soluble or quickly available condition4 ,therefore1 a little ,fertilizer applied late in the fall or early in the spring will tend to start the plants off quickly in the spring and to cause them to become established before the trying weather of summer4 ,for garden purposes1 it is usually advisable to buy one of the so-called complete ,fertilizers2 that is1 one which contains nitrogen1 potash and phosphoric acid4 ,if a luxuriant growth of stalk and foliage is wanted rather than flowers or fruit1 an application of nitrogen alone is usually advisable4 ,the most readily available nitrogen in commercial form is that which is afforded by nitrate of soda and sulfate of ammonia4 ,in garden practice this may be applied at the rate of #cjj to #djj pounds an acre1 although this quantity is more than is profitable to use in most general field or agricultural conditions4 ,if it is desired to have stout1 stocky plants1 with early and profuse bloom1 it is ordinarily advisable to use somewhat sparingly of nitrogen and to use a little more heavily of potash and phosphoric acid4 ,this is especially true of the leguminous plants1 which have the power of appropriating atmospheric nitrogen1 and among such plants are sweet peas4 ,heavy fertilizing of sweet pea land with strong stable manure tends to make the vines grow too tall and to bear comparatively few flowers4 ,for dressing of lawns1 a ,fertilizer which is comparatively rich in nitrogen is usually to be advised4 ,an important value of commercial ,fertilizers is to use them to start off the plants quickly in the spring4 ,the food is available and acts at once4 ,when used for this purpose1 the ,fertilizer may be applied in the hill2 but when it is desired for the enriching of the land and for the support of the crop throughout the season1 it should be applied to the entire surface4 ,always avoid putting the ,fertilizer on the crown of the plant1 or directly in contact with it4 ,it is usually better to work the ,fertilizer in lightly4 ,for most garden operations1 it is better to apply in spring4 ,,feverfew4 ,see ,pyrethrum4 ,,fig4 ,the ,fig is little grown in the ,east except as a curiosity1 but on the ,pacific coast it has gained more or less prominence as an orchard fruit4 ,the trees are usually planted at distances of about #ah to #be feet apart4 ,figs will stand considerable frost1 and seedling or inferior varieties grow out of doors without protection as far north as ,virginia4 ,many of the varieties fruit on young sprouts1 and1 inasmuch as the roots will stand considerable cold1 these varieties will often give a few ,figs in the northern states4 ,figs have been fruited in the open ground in ,michigan4 ,in all frosty countries1 however1 the ,fig should be laid down during the winter time4 ,the following notes from ,professor ,massey1 of ,north ,carolina1 indicate how this may be done3 ,the light hoar-frosts that have occurred here affected vegetation only on low grounds1 and today 7,november #e7 our gardens on high ground show no signs of frost4 ,lima beans and tomato vines are as green as in summer time1 and this morning we gathered ripe ,figs from our trees in the garden--the latest ,i have ever known ,figs to ripen4 ,as the early crop of ,figs ripens in ,july 7if it escapes the winter frosts1 for the fruit is now set on the trees71 and the late crop begins in ,august and continues to ripen in succession till frost1 it is easy to see what a desirable fruit the ,fig is4 ,in this section it is easy to have a great abundance of ,figs1 and it is possible almost anywhere in the ,united ,states to have both early and late crops in abundance by taking a little trouble to protect the trees in winter4 ,years ago the writer grew ,figs in abundance in a very cold locality in northern ,maryland1 and never failed to get a good crop4 ,where the winter temperature seldom drops lower than #ah deg4 or #bj deg4 above zero1 ,figs will need no special protection if sheltered from cold winds4 ,in colder climates they should be branched from the ground1 and1 after the leaves have fallen1 be bent to the ground in four bundles and covered with earth1 making a sharp mound over the center and sloping off like a four-pointed star or cross1 as shown in the cuts1 taken from ,bulletin #gd of ,north ,carolina ,experiment ,station4 ,illustration3 ,branches of ,fig tree pegged down ,illustration3 ,fig branches covered with earth ,,flower ,,beds4 ,two classes of subjects are to be considered in the discussion of ,flower ,beds3 those concerned with the location of the bed2 those concerned with the actual making of the bed itself4 ,most persons do not consider the former subject4 ,if one wants a flower garden in which there is to be a collection of plants grown for the plants' sake1 the garden should be placed at the rear or one side1 and may be laid out in regular fashion like a vegetable garden4 ,if the flowers are to be a part of the home picture1--that is1 a part of the place itself1--then they may be freely distributed amongst the border planting1 or as edgings along groups of shrubbery4 ,it is rarely1 if ever1 allowable to place formal beds in the lawn in home grounds4 ,the place for carpet-bedding is usually in parks or other public areas1 in sections which are set aside and devoted to that particular purpose1 the same as another section may be devoted to a zoological garden1 play-ground or to other specific use4 ,flowers which are grown in the middle of the lawn have little relation to other planting1 and they have no background to show them off to good advantage4 ,it is also difficult to grow them in small beds in the grass1 since they are exposed to sun and wind1 and the grass roots absorb the food and moisture4 ,in the formal bed1 every effort must be made to keep it prim1 otherwise it becomes displeasing2 whereas1 if the flowers are planted more or less promiscuously in large1 irregular borders1 or along the edge of shrubbery1 the failure of one or even of a dozen plants is not a serious matter4 ,the growing of plants in formal designs requires so much care and attention that a large part of the fun of plant-growing is lost4 ,such plant-growing should ordinarily be left to those who make a business of it4 ,in making a ,flower ,bed1 see that the ground is well drained2 that the subsoil is deep2 that the land is in a mellow and friable condition1 and that it is rich4 ,each fall it may have a mulch of rotted manure or of leaf-mold1 which may be spaded under deeply in the spring2 or the land may be spaded and left rough in the fall1 which is a good practice when the soil has much clay4 ,make the ,flower ,beds as broad as possible1 so that the roots of the grass running in from either side will not meet beneath the flowers and rob them of food and moisture4 ,it is well to add a little commercial fertilizer each fall or spring4 ,,flowering ,,maple4 ,see ,abutilon4 ,,forget-,,me-,,not4 ,this old favorite grows so easily1 looks so cheerful1 and with a little care will bloom so long1 that it should have a place in every collection of flowering plants4 ,it is perennial1 but the best results may be had by dividing the roots as often as every other year2 or seedlings may be taken up from around the old plants4 ,they require a moist soil1 with shade a part of the day4 ,they will thrive exceedingly if grown in a frame like pansies4 ,easily grown from seeds1 usually blooming the first fall4 ,excellent for low edgings4 ,height #f inches4 ,,four-,o',,clock4 ,,mirabilis4 ,tender annual1 a plant of old-fashioned gardens1 and always interesting4 ,grows #b to #c feet high4 ,drop seeds where the plants are to stand1 thinning them to #ab to #ah inches apart4 ,the colors are white and pink4 ,there are variegated-leaved forms2 also dwarfs4 ,excellent for the back row in a bed of annuals4 ,illustration3 ,foxglove ,,foxglove1 or ,,digitalis4 ,foxgloves make most effective border plants1 either as a background or planted among other things4 ,the tall flower-spikes are covered during the blooming period with funnel-shaped drooping flowers in various colors and with fine markings4 ,some of the newer varieties have flowers that rival the ,gloxinias in shadings and markings4 ,the plants are perfectly hardy1 growing in one situation for a number of years2 but1 as with many other perennials1 they are all the better for being divided at intervals4 ,they may be grown readily from seed4 ,sow in boxes under glass or in the border where wanted4 ,they bloom the second year4 ,a rich1 deep soil and partial shade suit their requirements4 ,period of bloom1 ,july and ,august4 ,height #b to #d feet4 ,,frame4 ,see ,hotbed and ,coldframe4 ,,freesia4 ,one of the best and most easily handled winter-flowering bulbs4 ,the white or yellowish bell-shaped flowers are produced on slender stalks just above the foliage1 to the number of six to eight in a cluster4 ,they are very fragrant1 and last for a considerable time when picked4 ,the bulbs are small1 and look as though they could not produce a growth of foliage and flowers1 but even the smallest mature bulb will prove satisfactory4 ,several bulbs should be planted together in a pot1 box or pan1 in ,october1 if wanted for the holidays1 or later if wanted at ,easter4 ,the plants bloom from ten to twelve weeks from planting1 under ordinary care4 ,no special treatment is required2 keep the plants cool and moist through the growing season4 ,the soil should contain a little sand mixed with fibrous loam1 and the pot should be well drained4 ,after flowering1 gradually withhold water and the tops will die down1 after which the roots may be shaken out and rested until time to plant in fall4 ,care should be taken to keep them perfectly dry4 ,the bulbs increase rapidly from offsets4 ,plants may also be grown from seed1 which should be sown as soon as ripe1 giving blooming plants the second or third year4 ,height #ab or #ae inches4 ,easy to bloom in the window4 ,the white form 7,freesia refracta alba7 is the best4 ,see ,bulbs4 ,,fritillaria1 or ,,fritillary4 ,bulbous plants1 the commoner species hardy4 ,only the ,crown ,imperial is well known in this country4 ,this is an old-fashioned plant1 which takes care of itself when once planted4 ,the other hardy ,fritillarias are treated like tulips4 ,,frost4 ,the light frosts of late spring and of early fall may be prevented by any means which will keep the air in motion1 or which will fill the air with moisture or cloud-like vapor1 so that there is less radiation from the ground4 ,when frost is expected1 it is well to water the plants and the ground thoroughly4 ,this will ordinarily protect them from two or three degrees of still frost4 ,the water should be applied just at nightfall4 ,on larger areas1 it is often practicable to make a smudge4 ,in order to be effective1 the smudge must be rather dense and lie over the whole area1 and it should be kept up until the danger from frost is past4 ,material which burns very slowly and with much smoke is preferable4 ,moist manure or straw or other litter is useful4 ,materials which are dry enough to blaze are of little use4 ,ordinarily1 frost comes towards morning4 ,it is well to have the piles of rubbish ready at nightfall and have them lighted toward the latter part of the night1 when the frost is expected4 ,the smudge should be kept up until sunrise4 ,it is well to have these piles of smudge material on all sides of the area2 or if the area is on a slope1 it may be sufficient to have them on the upper side1 for there is usually a movement of air down the hillside and the area will thereby be covered with the smudge4 ,for a thorough protection1 it is best to have many small piles rather than a few large ones4 ,if the piles are placed every ten feet around the areas1 better results are to be expected4 ,there are especially prepared tar-like materials for use in smudging plantations1 but they are little used in this country1 although some of them are excellent4 ,illustration3 ,fuchsia ,,fuchsia4 ,well-known window or greenhouse shrub4 ,it is readily grown from cuttings4 ,soft1 green wood should be used for cuttings1 and it will root in about three weeks1 when the cuttings should be potted4 ,take care not to have them pot-bound while in growth1 but do not over-pot when bloom is wanted4 ,given warmth and good soil1 they will make fine plants in three months or less4 ,in well protected1 partially shady places they may be planted out1 growing into miniature bushes by fall4 ,plants may be kept on from year to year2 and if the branches are well cut back after blooming1 abundant new bloom will come4 ,but it is usually best to make new plants each year from cuttings1 since young plants usually bloom most profusely and demand less care4 ,fuchsias are amongst the best of window subjects4 ,,fumigation is mentioned under ,insects4 ,,fungi4 ,flowerless1 leafless plants1 living mostly on food 7either living or dead7 which has been prepared by other plants or by animals1 ,molds1 mushrooms and puff-balls are familiar examples4 ,some of the parasitic kinds cause great damage to the plants or animals on which they live4 ,examples of these injurious parasitic kinds are apple-scab fungus1 potato mildew1 grape mildew1 corn smut fungus1 and the like4 ,most of these are combated by spraying with materials containing copper or sulfur4 ,,funkia1 or ,,day ,,lily4 ,hardy perennial herbs1 growing in dense clumps and bearing attractive foliage4 ,they are of the easiest culture4 ,f4 subcordata1 the white-flowered species1 is commonest4 ,of blue-flowered forms there are several1 of which ,f4 ovata 7or ,f4 caerulca7 is perhaps the best4 ,funkias are excellent for borders1 or as a formal edging to long walks or drives4 ,there are variegated forms4 ,funkias grow #ab to #bd inches high1 and the flower clusters stand still higher4 ,propagated by dividing the roots4 ,day ,lily is a name applied also to species of ,hemerocallis1 which are yellow-flowered lilies4 ,,gaillardias are plants that should have a place in every garden1 either as border plants or for cutting4 ,the flowers are very showy and lasting in bouquets1 as well as on the plants4 ,the double form has perfect balls of color4 ,gaillardias are both annual and perennial4 ,the perennials usually have flowers much larger than the annuals2 and they bloom the first year if seed is started early4 ,these are also propagated by seed or cuttings4 ,if from seed1 it should be sown under glass in ,february or ,march1 setting out the young plants where wanted when danger of frost is over4 ,the cuttings may be made of the new growth in the fall and wintered over in the house4 ,set #b feet apart4 ,height #b feet1 blooming from ,july until hard frosts4 ,the perennials are usually orange4 ,illustration3 ,gaillardia picta ,the annual kind 7,gaillardia picta of florists7 is probably the best kind for the home garden4 ,it is of the easiest culture4 ,hardy4 ,two feet4 ,sow seeds where plants are to bloom4 ,the colors of the flowers are in rich shades of yellow and red4 ,,galanthus4 ,see ,snowdrop4 ,,garlic4 ,an onion-like plant1 the bulbs of which are used for flavoring4 ,little known in this country except amongst those of foreign birth4 ,it is multiplied the same as multiplier onions--the bulb is broken apart and each bulbule or clove makes a new compound bulb in a few weeks4 ,hardy2 plant in early spring1 or in the ,south in the fall4 ,plant #b to #c inches apart in the row4 ,,gas ,,plant is ,dictamnus4 ,,geranium4 ,what are generally known as ,geraniums are1 strictly speaking1 ,pelargoniums1 which see4 ,the true ,geraniums are mostly hardy plants1 and therefore should not be confounded with the tender ,pelargoniums4 ,geraniums are worthy a place in a border4 ,they are hardy perennials1 and may be transplanted early in the spring1 setting them #b feet apart4 ,height #aj to #ab inches4 ,the common wild ,cranesbill 7,geranium maculatum7 improves under cultivation1 and is an attractive plant when it stands in front of taller foliage4 ,,gilia4 ,low-growing hardy annuals1 good for front borders or rockwork1 growing from seed very quickly and continuing in flower a long season4 ,they will do well in light soil4 ,sow seed in the fall or early spring where plants are wanted4 ,gilia tricolor1 blue1 white and yellow1 is the best1 but there are excellent white and red sorts4 ,,gladiolus4 ,a popular summer-flowering bulbous plant1 thriving best in moist1 sandy loam1 that has had an application of well rotted manure the previous year4 ,no manure should be used the year of planting1 as it has a tendency to rot the bulbs4 ,plantings may be made from the time the ground is in condition to work in the spring until late in ,june4 ,in planting1 the bulbs should be set #c inches deep and #h to #aj inches apart1 unless they are to be grown in groups1 when they may be planted five or six in the space of #a foot4 ,stakes should be furnished each plant to support the flower-spike4 ,when in groups1 one stake may be used1 setting it in the middle of the circle4 ,gladioli are increased by bulblets formed around the old bulbs 7or corms71 or they may be grown from seed4 ,the bulblets should be planted in drills in ,april or ,may1 and will grow to flowering size in one or two years4 ,in the same way1 seed sown early in drills1 grown through the summer1 the little bulbs taken up and stored through the winter and again planted out1 will often make bulbs large enough to flower the second year4 ,care should be taken to lift all bulbs before freezing weather1 as most varieties are tender4 ,they should be harvested with the tops on1 and laid away in a cool1 dry place to ripen4 ,the tops are then cut off and the bulbs stored in a dry place 7fit for potatoes1 but drier7 until wanted the following spring4 ,see ,bulbs4 ,,glaucium1 or ,,horned ,,poppy4 ,the kind most cultivated 7,g4 luteum7 has bright yellow flowers in ,july and ,september4 ,the flowers1 contrasting with the deep cut glaucous leaves1 make a fine effect in the mixed or ribbon border4 ,seed may be sown in the open ground where wanted4 ,thin to #ab inches apart4 ,height #ab to #bj inches4 ,perennial2 but treated as a hardy annual4 ,,gloxinia4 ,choice greenhouse tuberous-rooted perennials1 sometimes seen in window gardens1 but really not adapted to them4 ,gloxinias must have a uniform moist and warm atmosphere and protection from the sun4 ,they will not stand abuse or varying conditions4 ,propagated often by leaf-cuttings1 which should give flowering plants in one year4 ,from the leaf1 inserted half its length in the soil 7or sometimes only the petiole inserted7 a tuber arises4 ,this tuber1 after resting until midwinter or later1 is planted and flowering plants soon arise4 ,gloxinias also grow readily from seeds1 which may be germinated in a temperature of about #gj deg4 ,flowering plants may be had in a year if seeds are sown in late winter or early spring4 ,this is the usual method4 ,soil should be porous and rich4 ,,godetia4 ,very free-blooming annuals in fine colors1 harmonizing well with the ,california poppy4 ,many of the varieties are beautifully blotched with contrasting colors4 ,they are very satisfactory plants for solid beds or border lines1 blooming from ,june to ,october4 ,seed may be sown in heat1 and seedlings planted in open ground at a distance of #ah inches apart when danger of frost is over4 ,a rather poor soil will cause them to bloom better than one very rich1 as they are inclined to make a rank growth4 ,height #a to #b feet4 ,,golden ,,feather4 ,see ,pyrethrum4 ,,goldenrod 7,solidago of many species74 ,the ,goldenrod of the wayside is so familiar that the thought of bringing it into the garden is distasteful to many persons4 ,but if given a suitable place in a well enriched border1 no plant has greater possibilities4 ,a large clump against a hedge of green1 or massed behind a well grown plant of the blue-flowering wild asters1 makes a striking contrast4 ,they bloom late in the season1 and the rich yellow and golden colors and the graceful forms are always pleasing4 ,illustration3 ,goldenrod ,goldenrods will grow more vigorously and the blooms be larger if the roots are divided every third or fourth year4 ,there are several species catalogued by nurserymen1 and some of the stock is superior to the wild type1 either having a larger truss of flowers or blooming later4 ,goldenrods range in height from #b to #f feet4 ,all are easily propagated by division4 ,transplant in the fall1 if convenient1 although spring planting may be equally successful4 ,,gomphrena4 ,,bachelor',s ,,button4 ,,globe ,,amaranth4 ,a useful everlasting for winter bouquets4 ,seed may be sown in heat in ,march1 the plants transplanted once before setting out to cause them to grow stocky and branching2 or seed may be sown in a warm place where the plants are to grow4 ,the flowers1 to retain their colors1 should be cut before fully expanded and dried in a dark1 airy place4 ,see ,everlastings4 ,set the plants #ah inches apart4 ,height #ab inches4 ,the heads resemble clover heads4 ,the term ,bachelor's ,button is also given to the cornflower 7,centaurea ,cyanus74 ,,gooseberry4 ,since the advent of the practice of spraying with fungicides to prevent mildew1 the culture of the ,gooseberry has increased4 ,there is now no reason why1 with a little care1 good crops of many of the best ,english varieties may not be grown4 ,the price for good fruits of ,gooseberry is usually remunerative1 as the market is rarely overstocked by the sudden ripening of the crop1 since the fruits ripen through a long season4 ,a large part of the crop is picked green for culinary purposes4 ,the leading market variety is ,downing1 a native sort1 which is little subject to mildew4 ,several of the ,english varieties have proved of value1 having larger fruits than the natives4 ,whitesmith1 ,chautauqua1 ,triumph and ,industry are among the best4 ,illustration3 ,gooseberries ,the propagation of the ,gooseberry is similar to that of the currant1 although the practice of earthing up a whole plant1 causing every branch thus covered to throw out roots1 is common with the ,european varieties4 ,the rooted branches are cut off the following spring and planted in nursery rows or sometimes directly in the field4 ,in order to succeed with this method1 the plant should have been cut back to the ground so that all the shoots are yearling4 ,pruning is essentially the same as for the currant 7which see72 and the treatment of the currant worm is the same as for that fruit4 ,gooseberries should be set 7either in fall or spring7 #c to #d feet apart2 rows #e to #g feet apart4 ,select a rich1 rather moist soil4 ,the tops need no winter protection4 ,if mildew and worms are to be kept in check1 spraying must be begun with the very first sign of trouble and be thoroughly done4 ,,gourds are valuable as rapid-growing screen vines1 the curious fruits of many varieties adding much to their attractiveness4 ,cultivation the same as for melons or squashes4 ,height #aj to #ae feet4 ,provide a chicken-wire trellis2 or let them run on a brush pile4 ,,grafting4 ,grafting is the operation of inserting a piece of a plant into another plant with the intention that it shall grow4 ,it differs from the making of cuttings in the fact that the severed part grows in another plant rather than in the soil4 ,there are two general kinds of ,grafting--one of which inserts a piece of branch in the stock 7,grafting proper71 and one which inserts only a bud with little or no wood attached 7budding74 ,in both cases the success of the operation depends upon the growing together of the cambium of the cion 7or cutting7 and that of the stock4 ,the cambium is the new and growing tissue which lies underneath the bark and on the outside of the growing wood4 ,therefore1 the line of demarcation between the bark and the wood should coincide when the cion and stock are joined4 ,the plant upon which the severed piece is set is called the stock4 ,the part which is removed and set into the stock is called a cion if it is a piece of a branch1 or a bud if it is only a single bud with a bit of tissue attached4 ,the greater part of ,grafting and budding is done when the cion or bud is nearly or quite dormant4 ,that is1 ,grafting is usually done late in winter and early in spring1 and budding may be done then1 or late in summer1 when the buds have nearly or quite matured4 ,the prime object of ,grafting is to perpetuate a kind of plant which will not reproduce itself from seed or of which seed is very difficult to obtain4 ,cions or buds are therefore taken from this plant and set into whatever kind of plant is obtainable and on which they will grow4 ,thus1 if one wants to propagate the ,baldwin apple1 he does not for that purpose sow seeds thereof1 but takes cions or buds from the tree and grafts them into some other apple tree4 ,the stocks are usually obtained from seeds4 ,in the case of the apple1 young plants are raised from seeds which are obtained mostly from cider factories1 without reference to the variety from which they came4 ,when the seedlings have grown to a certain age1 they are budded or grafted2 and thereafter they bear fruit like that of the tree from which the cions were taken4 ,illustration3 ,the bud severed from its twig ,illustration3 ,the bud tied ,illustration3 ,the bud inserted ,there are many ways in which the union between cion and stock is made4 ,budding may be first discussed4 ,it consists in inserting a bud underneath the bark of the stock1 and the commonest practice is that which is shown in the illustrations4 ,budding is mostly performed in ,july1 ,august and early ,september1 when the bark is still loose or will peel4 ,twigs are cut from the tree which it is desired to propagate1 and the buds are cut off with a sharp knife1 a shield-shaped bit of bark 7with possibly a little wood7 being left with them 7see illustration74 ,the bud is then shoved into a slit made in the stock1 and it is held in place by tying with some soft strand4 ,in two or three weeks the bud will have stuck 7that is1 it will have grown fast to the stock71 and the strand is cut to prevent its strangling the stock4 ,ordinarily the bud does not grow until the following spring1 at which time the entire stock or branch in which the bud is inserted is cut off an inch above the bud2 and the bud thereby receives all the energy of the stock4 ,budding is the commonest ,grafting operation in nurseries4 ,seeds of peaches may be sown in spring1 and the plants which result will be ready for budding that same ,august4 ,the following spring1 or a year from the planting of the seed1 the stock is cut off just above the bud 7which is inserted near the ground71 and in the fall of that year the tree is ready for sale2 that is1 the top is one season old and the root is two seasons old1 but in the trade it is known as a #a-year-old tree4 ,in apples and pears the stock is usually two years old before it is budded1 and the tree is not sold until the top has grown two or three years4 ,budding may be performed also in the spring1 in which case the bud will grow the same season4 ,budding is always done in young branches1 preferably in those not more than one year old4 ,illustration3 ,whip-graft ,grafting is the insertion of a small branch 7or cion71 usually bearing more than one bud4 ,if ,grafting is done on small stocks1 it is customary to employ the whip-graft1 which is illustrated in the margin4 ,both stock and cion are cut across diagonally1 and a split made in each1 so that one fits into the other4 ,the graft is tied securely with a string1 and then1 if it is above ground1 it is also waxed carefully4 ,in larger limbs or stocks1 the common method is to employ the cleft-graft4 ,this consists in cutting off the stock1 splitting it and inserting a wedge-shaped cion in one or both sides of the split1 taking care that the cambium layer of the cion matches that of the stock4 ,the exposed surfaces are then securely covered with wax4 ,grafting is usually performed early in the spring1 just before the buds swell4 ,the cions should have been cut before this time1 when they were perfectly dormant4 ,cions may be stored in sand in the cellar or in the ice house1 or they may be buried in the field4 ,the object is to keep them fresh and dormant until they are wanted4 ,illustration3 ,cleft-graft ,illustration3 ,cleft-grafting a ,cactus ,if it is desired to change the top of an old plum1 apple or pear tree to some other variety1 it is usually done by means of the cleft-graft4 ,if the tree is very young1 budding or whip-grafting may be employed4 ,on an old top the cions should begin to bear when three to four years old4 ,all the main limbs should be grafted4 ,it is important to keep down the suckers or water-sprouts from around the grafts1 and part of the remaining top should be cut away each year until the top is entirely changed over 7which will result in two to four years74 ,a good wax for covering the exposed parts is made as follows3 ,resin1 #d parts by weight2 beeswax1 #b parts2 tallow1 #a part4 ,in making the wax1 the materials are first broken up and melted together4 ,when thoroughly melted the liquid is poured into a pail or tub of cold water4 ,it soon becomes hard enough to handle1 and it is then pulled and worked over until it becomes tough or gets a grain1 at which stage it becomes the color of very light-colored manilla paper4 ,when wax is applied by hand1 the hands must be well greased4 ,hard cake tallow is the best material for this purpose4 ,in top-grafting large trees1 it is well to carry a supply of tallow when waxing1 by smearing the backs of the hands before entering the tree4 ,,grape4 ,one of the surest of fruit crops is the ,grape1 a crop each year being reasonably certain after the third year from the time of setting the vines4 ,the ,grape does well on any soil that is under good cultivation and well drained4 ,a soil with considerable clay is better under these circumstances than a light1 sandy loam4 ,the exposure should be to the sun2 and the place should admit of cultivation on all sides4 ,one- or #b-year-old vines should be planted1 either in the fall or early spring4 ,at planting the vine is cut back to #c or #d eyes1 and the roots are well shortened in4 ,the hole in which the plant is to be set should be large enough to allow a full spreading of the roots4 ,fine soil should be worked around the roots and firmed with the feet4 ,if the season should be dry1 a mulch of coarse litter may be spread around the vine4 ,if all the buds start1 the strongest one or two may be allowed to grow4 ,the canes arising from these buds should be staked and allowed to grow through the season2 or in large plantations the first-year canes may be allowed to lie on the ground4 ,the second year one cane should be cut back to the same number of eyes as the first year4 ,after growth begins in the spring1 two of the strongest buds should be allowed to remain4 ,these two canes now arising may be grown to a single stake through the second summer1 or they may be spread horizontally on a trellis4 ,these are the canes which form the permanent arms or parts of the vine4 ,from them start the upright shoots which1 in succeeding years1 are to bear the fruits4 ,illustration3 ,grape ,in order to understand the pruning of ,grapes1 the operator must fully grasp this principle3 ,fruit is borne on wood of the present season1 which arises from wood of the previous season4 ,to illustrate3 ,a growing shoot1 or cane of #ahii1 makes buds4 ,in #aijj a shoot arises from each bud2 and near the base of this shoot the ,grapes are borne 7#a to #d clusters on each74 ,while every bud on the #ahii shoot may produce shoots or canes in #aijj1 only the strongest of these new canes will bear fruit4 ,the skilled ,grape-grower can tell by the looks of his cane 7as he prunes it in winter7 which buds will give rise to the ,grape-producing wood the following season4 ,the larger and stronger buds usually give best results2 but if the cane itself is very big and stout1 or if it is very weak and slender1 he does not expect good results from any of its buds4 ,a hard1 well-ripened cane the diameter of a man's little finger is the ideal size4 ,another principle to be mastered is this3 ,a vine should bear only a limited number of clusters1--say from #cj to #hj4 ,a shoot bears clusters near its base2 beyond these clusters the shoot grows on into a long1 leafy cane4 ,an average of two clusters may be reckoned to a shoot4 ,if the vine is strong enough to bear #fj clusters1 #cj good buds must be left at the pruning 7which is done from ,december to late ,february74 ,the essential operation of pruning a ,grape vine1 therefore1 is each year to cut back a limited number of good canes to a few buds1 and to cut off entirely all the remaining canes or wood of the previous season's growth4 ,if a cane is cut back to #b or #c buds1 the stub-like part which remains is called a spur4 ,present systems1 however1 cut each cane back to #h or #aj buds 7on strong varieties71 and #c or #d canes are left1--all radiating from near the head or trunk of the vine4 ,the top of the vine does not grow bigger from year to year1 after it has once covered the trellis1 but is cut back to practically the same number of buds each year4 ,since these buds are on new wood1 it is evident that they are each year farther and farther removed from the head of the vine4 ,in order to obviate this difficulty1 new canes are taken out each year or two from near the head of the vine1 and the #b-year or #c-year-old wood is cut away4 ,the training of ,grapes is a different matter4 ,a dozen different systems of training may be practiced on the same trellis and from the same style of pruning1--for training is only the disposition or arrangement of the parts4 ,on arbors1 it is best to carry one permanent arm or trunk from each root over the framework to the peak4 ,each year the canes are cut back to short spurs 7of #b or #c buds7 along the sides of this trunk4 ,grapes are set from #f to #h feet apart in rows which are #h to #aj feet apart4 ,a trellis made of #b or #c wires is the best support4 ,slat trellises catch too much wind and blow down4 ,avoid stimulating manures4 ,in very cold climates1 the vines may be taken off the trellis in early winter and laid on the ground and lightly covered with earth4 ,along the boundaries of home lots1 where ,grapes are often planted1 little is to be expected in the way of fruit because the ground is not well tilled4 ,for mildew and rot1 spray with ,bordeaux mixture4 ,see ,spraying4 ,concord is the most cosmopolitan variety1 but its quality is not the best4 ,for the home garden1 a good selection may be made from the following list3 ,winchell or ,green ,mountain1 ,campbell ,early1 ,worden1 ,concord1 ,niagara1 ,moore ,diamond1 ,vergennes1 ,agawam1 ,salem1 ,wilder1 ,iona1 ,brighton1 ,delaware4 ,,grapery4 ,the ,european grapes rarely thrive out of doors in eastern ,america4 ,grape houses are necessary1 with or without artificial heat4 ,fruit for home use may be grown very satisfactorily in a cold ,grapery 7without artificial heat74 ,a simple lean-to against the south side of a building or wall is cheap and serviceable4 ,when a separate building is desired1 an even-span house running north and south is preferable4 ,there is no advantage in having a curved roof1 except as a matter of looks4 ,a compost of four parts rotted turf to one of manure is laid on a sloping cement bottom outside the house1 making a border #ab feet wide and #b feet deep4 ,the cement may be replaced with rubble on well drained soils1 but it is a poor makeshift4 ,every three years the upper #f inches of the border should be renewed with manure4 ,the border inside the house is prepared likewise4 ,two-year-old potted vines are planted about #d feet apart in a single row4 ,part of the roots go through a crevice in the wall to the outer border and part remain inside2 or all may go outside if the house is desired for other purposes4 ,one strong cane is trained to a wire trellis hanging at least #ah inches from the glass1 and is cut back to #c feet the first year1 #f the second1 and #i the third4 ,do not be in a hurry to get a long cane4 ,pruning is on the spur system1 as recommended for arbors on page #abj4 ,the vines are usually laid on the ground for winter and covered with leaves or wrapped with cloth4 ,as soon as the buds swell in early spring1 tie the vines to the trellis and start out one shoot from each spur1 rubbing off all others4 ,after the berries begin to color1 however1 it is better to leave all further growth to shade the fruit4 ,pinch back each of these laterals two joints beyond the second bunch4 ,to keep down red spider and thrips1 the foliage should be sprayed with water every bright morning except during the blooming season4 ,at least one-third of the berries should be thinned from each bunch2 do not be afraid of taking out too many4 ,water the inside border frequently all through the summer1 and the outside occasionally if the season is dry4 ,mildew may appear in ,july4 ,the best preventives are to syringe faithfully1 admit air freely1 and sprinkle sulfur on the ground4 ,fruit may be kept fresh on the vines in a warm 7or artificially heated7 ,grapery until late ,december3 in a coldhouse it must be picked before frost4 ,after the fruit is off1 ventilate from top and bottom and withhold water1 so as to thoroughly ripen the wood4 ,along in ,november the canes are pruned1 covered with straw or wrapped with mats and laid down till spring4 ,black ,hamburg is superior to all other varieties for a cold ,grapery2 ,bowood ,muscat1 ,muscat of ,alexandria and ,chasselas ,musque may be added in the warmhouse4 ,good vines will live and bear almost indefinitely4--,s4 ,w4 ,fletcher4 ,,grasses of various kinds are grown for ornament1 the most popular types being the hardy perennials1 which make attractive clumps in the lawn or border4 ,the best of the permanent kinds in the ,north are the various sorts of ,eulalia 7properly ,miscanthus74 ,when once established they remain for years1 making large and bold clumps4 ,the striped kind1 or zebra grass1 is particularly good4 ,these grasses thrive in any good soil4 ,they grow from #d to #g feet high4 ,the great reed1 or ,arundo ,donax1 is a bold subject and perfectly hardy4 ,in a rich and rather moist soil1 it grows #aj to #ab feet high when well established4 ,pampas ,grass is most excellent in the ,middle ,states and ,south4 ,some of the big native grasses and sedges make attractive lawn clumps4 ,grasses are also grown for dry or everlasting bouquets4 ,for this purpose1 small-growing delicate annual species are mostly used4 ,good types are species of agrostis1 briza1 bromus1 eragrostis1 and pennisetum4 ,seeds of these and of others are sold by seedsmen4 ,with ordinary treatment1 they thrive in any garden soil4 ,for notes on sod-making1 see ,lawn4 ,,greenhouse4 ,in ,america the word ,greenhouse has come to be applied to all kinds of glass-houses in which plants are grown4 ,originally the word was applied to those houses in which plants are merely preserved or kept green during the winter4 ,other types of glass-houses are the conservatory1 in which plants are displayed2 stove or hothouse1 in which plants are grown in a high temperature2 the propagating pit1 in which the multiplication of plants is carried forward2 and the houses which have various temperatures1 as cold1 cool and intermediate4 ,the principles which underlie the construction and management of glass-houses are too extensive to be discussed here4 ,the reader should refer to special books on the topic4 ,for the general subject1 ,taft's ,greenhouse ,construction and ,greenhouse ,management are excellent4 ,for particular applications to floriculture1 ,hunt's ,how to ,grow ,cut-flowers is a standard work4 ,for applications to the forcing of vegetable crops1 ,bailey's ,forcing-,book may perhaps be consulted4 ,the smaller the glass-house the more difficult it is to manage1 because it is likely to be more variable in temperature1 moisture and other conditions4 ,this is particularly true if the house is a small lean-to against the south side of a dwelling house1 for it becomes very hot at midday and comparatively cold at night4 ,in order to moderate the heat in these little houses1 it is ordinarily advisable to use ground glass for the roof or to whitewash it4 ,the house conservatory may be heated by a coal stove1 but the best results are rarely to be attained in this case4 ,a stove is likely to leak gas1 and the temperature is more or less uneven4 ,the best results are to be attained when the conservatory is heated by steam or hot water1 piped in the modern fashion with wrought iron pipes1 which go together with threads4 ,if the conservatory is heated from the heater which supplies the dwelling house1 it should have an extra amount of pipe2 otherwise it will be necessary to keep the dwelling house too hot for comfort in order to maintain the conservatory at its proper temperature4 ,it is always best1 when practicable1 to heat the conservatory with a separate apparatus4 ,there are various small hot water and steam heaters1 the size of coal stoves1 which are excellent for the purpose4 ,for a small conservatory1 hot water is usually preferable to steam1 since it is less likely to fluctuate4 ,for large establishments1 however1 the steam is usually the better4 ,for further discussions of related subjects1 see ,hotbed1 ,window ,garden1 ,potting and ,watering4 ,,grevillea4 ,a very graceful greenhouse plant1 suitable for house culture4 ,the plants grow freely from seed1 and until they become too large are as decorative as ferns4 ,grevilleas are really trees1 and are valuable in greenhouses and rooms only in their young state4 ,they withstand much abuse4 ,they are now very popular as jardiniere subjects4 ,seeds sown in spring will give handsome plants by the next winter4 ,,gypsophila4 ,,baby',s ,,breath4 ,gypsophila muralis is one of the dainty little plants called ,baby's ,breath4 ,it is a low-growing annual forming compact mounds of green1 thickly covered with little pink flowers4 ,it is one of the most attractive border plants in cultivation4 ,it is also a charming pot-plant4 ,g4 paniculata is a hardy perennial having panicles of bluish white flowers4 ,this is very graceful1 and the flowers are fine for cutting and for use with sweet pea bouquets or with other choice flowers4 ,the panicles are so lasting that they may be used in winter bouquets4 ,the annuals may be planted #a foot apart2 the perennials #c feet4 ,both are readily grown from seed1 and bloom the first year4 ,,hardy4 ,a relative term1 used to denote a plant which endures the climate 7particularly the winter climate7 of a given place4 ,half-hardy plants are those which withstand some frost or uncongenial conditions1 but will not endure the severity of the climate4 ,tender plants are those which are injured by light frosts4 ,,hedges4 ,hedges are much less used in this country than in ,europe1 and for several reasons4 ,our climate is dry1 and most ,hedges do not thrive so well here as there2 labor is high-priced1 and the trimming is therefore likely to be neglected2 our farms are so large that much fencing is required2 timber and wire are cheaper than live ,hedges4 ,however1 they are used with good effects about the home grounds4 ,in order to secure a good ,hedge1 it is necessary to have a thoroughly well-prepared1 deep soil1 to set the plants close1 and to shear them at least twice every year4 ,for evergreen ,hedges the most serviceable plant in general is the arborvitae4 ,the plants may be set at distances of #a to #b-a_/b feet apart4 ,for choice ,hedges about the grounds1 particularly outside the northern states1 some of the retinosporas are very useful4 ,one of the most satisfactory of all coniferous plants for ,hedges is the common hemlock1 which stands shearing well and makes a very soft and pleasing mass4 ,the plants may be set from #a to #c feet apart4 ,other plants which hold their leaves and are good for ,hedges are the common box and the privets4 ,box ,hedges are the best for very low borders about walks and flower beds4 ,the dwarf variety can be kept down to a height of #f inches to a foot for any number of years4 ,the larger-growing varieties make excellent ,hedges #c1 #d and #e feet high4 ,the ordinary privet or prim holds its leaves well into winter in the ,north4 ,the so-called ,californian privet holds its leaves rather longer and stands better along the seashore4 ,in the southern states1 nothing is better than ,citrus trifoliata4 ,for ,hedges of deciduous plants1 the most common species are the buckthorn1 the ,european thorn apple or crataegus1 osage orange1 and various kinds of roses4 ,hedges should be trimmed the year after they are set1 although they should not be trimmed very closely until they reach the desired or permanent height4 ,thereafter they should be sheared into the desired form in spring or fall4 ,if the plants are allowed to grow for a year or two without trimming1 they lose their lower leaves and become open and straggly4 ,osage orange and some other plants are plashed--that is1 the plants are set at an angle rather than perpendicularly1 and they are wired together in such a way that they make an impenetrable barrier just above the surface of the ground4 ,,helianthus4 ,see ,sunflower4 ,,helichrysum4 ,these are perhaps the most popular of the ,everlastings 7which see71 having large flowers of several colors4 ,they grow readily from seed1 blooming from ,july to ,october4 ,height #aj inches to #b feet4 ,should be planted or thinned to stand #ah inches apart4 ,,heliotrope4 ,a universal favorite house or border plant1 growing readily from cuttings or seeds1 and producing quantities of fragrant violet1 purple or white flowers4 ,one of the best methods of cultivation is to set a strong plant in the border and peg the new growths to the ground1 where they will root and form a perfect mat1 flowering profusely during the fall months until frost4 ,they will endure the temperature of a living room well if the room is not too dry4 ,red spider is a natural enemy of the ,heliotrope1 and when once it obtains a foothold is a very difficult pest to manage1 but frequent syringing with water will keep it in check4 ,a light1 rich soil and an abundance of heat are their requirements4 ,height #a to #c feet4 ,propagated by cuttings or layers4 ,,hellebore 7,white ,hellebore7 is often used for the killing of currant-worms and other insects 7see ,currant74 ,it is not so poisonous as the arsenites1 and therefore is to be preferred when it is necessary to apply a poison to nearly ripe fruit4 ,it is usually applied in a spray with water1 at the rate of #a_/c ounce to the gallon4 ,it is harmless to foliage4 ,,helleborus1 or ,,christmas ,,rose1 may be had in flower at the holidays if grown in a frame and protected4 ,the usual time for it to flower in the open border is in ,march or early ,april4 ,it will continue to bloom for many years if grown in a shady place4 ,roots may be divided as an increase is wanted4 ,it may also be grown from seeds2 and seedlings may be expected to bloom a year from the spring in which they are sown4 ,height #f to #aj inches4 ,,hemerocallis1 or ,,yellow ,,day ,,lily4 ,the advice given under ,funkia will apply to this4 ,,herbs are plants which die to the ground in winter4 ,they may be annual1 biennial1 or perennial4 ,for a list of annual ,herbs suitable for the flower garden1 see the articles on ,annuals and ,bedding4 ,a border or free mass of perennial ,herbs is one of the charms of any place4 ,it is informal1 easy of care1 and self-sustaining4 ,the large part of the mass should be composed of common and hardy things--wild or from gardens--and incidental features may be made of the choicer and rarer exotics4 ,in most cases1 plants look better when judiciously mixed than when planted one kind in a bed4 ,see ,border4 ,,hibiscus4 ,annuals and perennials1 some of them shrubs1 with showy1 hollyhock-like flowers4 ,the annual ,hibiscuses are very satisfactory4 ,they grow quickly and flower freely4 ,the flowers are usually white or yellow1 of large size1 and appear from ,july on4 ,the herbaceous perennial kinds are amongst the best of hardy border plants1 blooming in late summer and fall4 ,the commonest of these is ,hibiscus ,moscheutos4 ,give rich1 moist soil4 ,the greenhouse species are old favorites4 ,they may be used in outdoor bedding through the summer1 lifted in the fall and cut back4 ,keep rather dry and dormant during winter4 ,propagated by cuttings4 ,,hippeastrum4 ,consult ,amaryllis4 ,illustration3 ,common hoe ,illustration3 ,scarifier ,,hoes should be of several patterns if the most efficient work is to be done in the garden4 ,the ordinary ,hoe is adapted only to the rougher and coarser ,hoe-work1 such as digging and fitting the ground4 ,for much of the subsequent tillage1 some of the narrow-blade and pointed ,hoes are excellent4 ,for cutting off weeds1 the push ,hoe or scarifier is excellent4 ,illustration3 ,hollyhocks ,,hollyhock4 ,these old garden favorites have been neglected of late years1 primarily because the ,hollyhock rust has been so prevalent1 destroying the plants or making the unsightly4 ,the double varieties seem to suffer the most2 and for that reason1 and from the fact that the less formal type is in favor1 the single varieties are now the most generally grown4 ,their culture is very simple4 ,the seed is usually sown in ,july or ,august1 and the plants set where wanted the following spring4 ,they will bloom the same year in which they are transplanted--the year following the seed-sowing4 ,new plants should be set every two years1 as the old crowns are apt to rot or die after the first flowering4 ,for rust1 spray early with ,bordeaux mixture or ammoniacal carbonate of copper4 ,,hop1 ,,ornamental4 ,humulus ,japonicus1 or the annual ,,hop1 is one of the best rapid-growing screen vines in cultivation4 ,it makes a dense canopy of attractive foliage4 ,the leaves are finely cut1 and in one variety variegated with white4 ,this variegated variety is a fine vine for a porch or front screen1 always attracting attention to its markings4 ,this ,hop is propagated by seed sown in boxes in ,march4 ,when once established1 it will seed itself and start as soon as the soil becomes warm4 ,set plants #d to #h feet apart4 ,height #h to #bj feet4 ,,horseradish4 ,as a kitchen garden vegetable1 this is usually planted in some out-of-the-way spot and a piece of the root dug as often as needed1 the fragments of roots being left in the soil to grow for further use4 ,this method results in having nothing but tough1 stringy roots1 very unlike the product of a properly planted and well cared for bed4 ,the best roots are those planted in the spring at the time of setting early cabbage1 and dug as late the same fall as the weather will permit4 ,it becomes1 therefore1 an annual crop4 ,the roots for planting are small pieces1 from #d to #f inches long1 obtained when trimming the roots dug in the fall4 ,these pieces may be packed in sand and stored until wanted the following spring4 ,in planting1 the roots should be set with the upper end #c inches below the surface of the ground1 using a dibber or sharp-pointed stick in making the holes4 ,the crop may be planted between rows of early-sown beets1 lettuce or other crop1 and given full possession of the ground when these crops are harvested4 ,where the ground is inclined to be stiff or the subsoil is near the surface1 the roots may be set in a slanting position4 ,in fact1 many gardeners practice this method of planting1 thinking that the roots make a better growth and are more uniform in size4 ,,hotbed4 ,a ,hotbed is a frame or box which has artificial heat and a transparent covering and in which plants are grown4 ,it differs from a coldframe 7which see7 in the fact that it has artificial bottom heat4 ,this bottom heat is usually supplied by fermenting organic matter1 chiefly horse manure1 but hot air1 hot water or steam conveyed in pipes1 may be employed4 ,it is covered with sash of which the normal or standard size is #c feet wide and #f feet long4 ,these sashes are laid crosswise the box or frame4 ,the standard size of frame is #f feet wide and #ab feet long4 ,a frame1 therefore1 accommodates four sashes4 ,however1 the frame may be of any length desired4 ,this frame is ordinarily made of boards1 and the back of it is #c or #d inches higher than the front1 so that the sashes slope to the sun4 ,it is customary to have a space of #f to #aj inches between the earth and the sash on the lower or front side4 ,the manure which is used to heat the bed may be placed on top of the ground and the frame set on the pile1 or it may be placed in a pit4 ,if the land is warm and well drained1 it is ordinarily better to have a pit from #a to #b feet deep and to set the frame over it4 ,this is especially the case if it is desired to have a permanent ,hotbed yard4 ,the place in which the frames are set should be protected from the cold and prevailing winds by a rising slope1 a high board fence1 a building1 hedge1 or other obstruction4 ,if the frame yard is near the main buildings1 it will be much more accessible in rainy or snowy times1 and the plants are likely to have better care4 ,water should also be handy4 ,illustration3 ,section of a ,hotbed ,the time of starting a ,hotbed will depend upon the kinds of plants to be grown1 the amount of time which one wishes to gain1 and something1 also1 on the quality of the manure4 ,the hardier the plant the earlier it can be started4 ,in the latitude of ,new ,york1 from the first to the middle of ,march is the usual time for starting a ,hotbed4 ,in this bed are sown seeds of early flowers and such vegetables as cabbage1 cauliflower1 tomato1 etc4 ,in the raising of any plants in the ,hotbed1 it is very essential that they do not become drawn or leggy4 ,in order to prevent this1 they must be given plenty of room1 thorough ventilation on all pleasant days1 and not too great heat4 ,it is well to transplant them once or twice before they are finally set in the field1 especially if they are started1 in ,new ,york1 as early as the first or middle of ,march4 ,when they are transplanted1 they can be set in another ,hotbed or in a coldframe2 but it is important that the succeeding frames in which they are set should not be very much colder than the one in which they grew1 else they may become stunted4 ,it is well1 however1 to transplant them into a gradually cooler and freer atmosphere in order to harden them off1 so that they may go into the open ground without danger4 ,on every pleasant day1 raise the sash at the upper end #a or #b inches1 or if the sun shines brightly and the wind does not blow1 give even more air2 and eventually strip off the sashes entirely4 ,it is very important that the plants are not kept too close and grown too soft4 ,it is usually advisable to sow cabbage1 lettuce and other hardy plants in different frames from tomatoes and other tender things1 in order that the proper requirements may be given to each4 ,at night the ,hotbeds 7at least early in the season7 will need more protection than the glass sash4 ,it was formerly the custom to use thick rye-straw mats to cover ,hotbeds1 but it is now a common practice to use the straw matting which can be bought of carpet dealers4 ,this is rolled out on the sashes at night in one or two thicknesses2 and if the weather is sharp1 board shutters1 the size of the sash1 may be laid on top4 ,as the manure heat begins to fail give more and more air1 so that the plants may be able to shift for themselves when the bottom heat is finally exhausted4 ,fresh horse manure is the material which is commonly used for the heating of ,hotbeds4 ,if it can be secured from livery stables1 so that it is all of nearly or quite the same age1 better results may be expected4 ,manure from highly fed horses usually heats better than that from horses which receive little grain1 or in which there is very much litter4 ,put the manure in a pile1 preferably under cover1 and as soon as it shows signs of heating1 fork it over in order to mix the entire mass and to cause it to heat evenly4 ,when it is steaming throughout the whole mass1 it may be put in the bed4 ,assuming that the ,hotbed has a pit beneath it1 it is well to put in #b or #c inches of coarse litter in order to keep the manure off the cold ground4 ,the manure is then put in and tramped down1 in layers of #d to #f inches each4 ,if the manure is of the right consistency1 it will pack without becoming dense and soggy2 that is1 it will spring a little beneath the feet4 ,if it has too much litter1 it will fluff up under the feet and not pack well4 ,from #ah to #bd or even #cj inches of manure is placed in the pit4 ,on top1 an inch of dry straw or light leaf-mold may be placed to serve as a distributor of the heat to the earth above4 ,from #c to #d inches of rich1 light earth is placed upon this1 in which to sow the seed4 ,the manure will ordinarily heat violently for a few days4 ,place a soil thermometer in it1 and as soon as the temperature begins to fall below #ij deg4 the seeds of tomatoes and egg-plants may be sown2 and when it begins to fall below #hj deg41 the seeds of cabbages1 lettuce and cauliflower may be sown4 ,if the frame is not placed over a pit and the manure is put on top of the ground1 it will be necessary to allow the body of manure to project #a or #b feet in all directions in order to prevent the edges of the bed from freezing4 ,in starting plants in a ,hotbed1 one must not expect to gain as much time in the crop as he gains in the starting of the seeds3 that is1 if he starts the seeds two months ahead of the normal season1 he will not gain two months in the ripening of the crop4 ,ordinarily1 he cannot expect to gain much more than one-half the time1 particularly if the plants are transplanted to the field from the ,hotbed4 ,some plants may be grown to maturity in the ,hotbed1 particularly lettuce and radishes4 ,after ,hotbeds have been emptied of their plants1 the sashes may be stored away1 and the frames1 with their spent manure1 used for the growing of an early summer crop of melons or cucumbers4 ,,house ,,plants4 ,see ,window-,garden4 ,illustration3 ,hyacinth bean ,,hyacinth ,,bean 7,dolichos ,lablab74 ,a very rapid-growing twiner1 bearing fragrant flowers of purple or white4 ,it is a fine screen plant4 ,plant seeds when the ground is warm where the plants are to grow2 or they may be started early in pots4 ,height #aj feet4 ,,hyacinths are most popular winter- or spring-flowering bulbs4 ,hyacinths are hardy1 but they are often used as window or greenhouse plants4 ,they are easy to grow and very satisfactory4 ,for winter flowering the bulbs should be procured early in the fall1 potted in ,october in soil composed of loam1 leaf-mold and sand4 ,if ordinary flower pots are used1 put in the bottom a few pieces of broken pots1 charcoal or small stones for drainage2 then fill the pot with dirt1 so that when the bulb is planted the top will be on a level with the rim of the pot4 ,fill in around the bulb with soil1 leaving just the tip of the bulb showing4 ,these pots of bulbs should be placed in a cold pit1 cellar or on the shady side of a building4 ,in all cases1 plunge the pot in some cool material 7as cinders74 ,before the weather becomes cold enough to freeze a crust on the ground1 the pots should have a protection of straw or leaves to keep the bulbs from severe freezing4 ,in from six to eight weeks the bulbs should have made roots enough to grow the plant1 and the pots may be placed in a cool room for a short time4 ,when the plants have started into growth1 they may be placed in a warmer situation4 ,watering should be carefully attended to from this time1 and when the plant is in bloom the pot may be set in a saucer or other shallow dish containing water4 ,after flowering1 the bulbs may be ripened by gradually withholding water until the leaves die4 ,they may then be planted out in the border1 where they will bloom each spring for a number of years1 but will never prove satisfactory for forcing again4 ,the open ground culture of ,hyacinths is the same as for tulips1 which see4 ,see ,bulbs4 ,water ,culture of ,hyacinths4--,the ,hyacinth is the most popular of the ,dutch bulbs for growing in vases4 ,the ,narcissus may be grown in water1 and do just as well1 but it is not as pretty in glasses as the ,hyacinth4 ,glasses for ,hyacinths may be had of florists who deal in supplies1 and in various shapes and colors4 ,the usual form is tall and narrow1 with a cup-like mouth to receive the bulb4 ,they are filled with water1 so that it will just reach the base of the bulb when it has been placed in position in the cup above4 ,the vessels of dark-colored glass are preferable to those of clear glass1 as roots prefer darkness4 ,when the glasses1 or bowls as above mentioned1 have been arranged1 they are set away in a cool1 dark place to form roots like potted bulbs4 ,results are usually secured earlier in water than in soil4 ,to keep the water sweet1 a few lumps of charcoal may be put in the glass4 ,as the water evaporates1 add fresh2 add enough so that it runs over1 and thereby renews that in the glass4 ,do not disturb the roots by taking out the bulb4 ,,hydrangea4 ,one of the commonest lawn shrubs is ,hydrangea paniculata4 ,the commonest fault in growing it is scattering the plants over the lawn1 where they suffer in the competition with grass roots1 and do not show off to advantage4 ,it is far better to mass them in front of taller things4 ,the ,hydrangea blooms on wood of the season2 therefore it should be pruned after bloom--in winter or early spring 7see ,pruning74 ,cut back heavily1 in order to secure the strong new shoots upon which the flowers are borne4 ,,hyssop4 ,see ,sweet ,herbs4 ,,ice ,,plant1 or ,,mesembryanthemum4 ,fine little plants for rockwork or edging4 ,the majority of the species are greenhouse and window plants1 but a few can be recommended for outdoor planting4 ,a very sunny location1 with gravelly soil1 will give the best results1 either in the open or in the house4 ,easily propagated by pieces of the plant laid on moist sand in a somewhat sunny place4 ,the common ,ice ,plant of window-gardens is readily grown from seeds or slips4 ,it is prized for its glandular-glistening thick foliage 7whence the common name74 ,the little flowers1 which open in sunshine1 are also interesting4 ,,impatiens ,,sultani is a generally known conservatory plant1 making a charming pot subject for warm greenhouse or a room4 ,it is readily propagated from seed or cuttings1 seed being preferable4 ,flowers bright pink-red4 ,of easy culture in a fairly moist atmosphere4 ,height about #ah inches4 ,,insects4 ,for horticultural purposes1 ,insects might be grouped into three general classes3 borers1 or those which live inside the plant tissue2 chewing ,insects which live on the outside of the plant2 and the sucking ,insects4 ,as a general statement1 it may be said that the digging out of borers is the only complete remedy4 ,sometimes an application of something to the body of the tree may keep them out1 but it is always uncertain2 and it usually involves more work than to dig them out4 ,all trees which are subject to borers 7especially apples1 peaches and pears7 should be examined at least twice every year4 ,see ,borers4 ,illustration3 ,moth of one of the borers ,illustration3 ,a beetle borer ,the general run of chewing or biting ,insects may be killed by the arsenical poisons4 ,such ,insects are the common types of worms and beetles which feed on foliage4 ,the leading poison which is now used for this purpose is ,paris green 7which see74 ,hellebore and pyrethrum are useful when it is not advisable to use arsenical poisons4 ,the sucking ,insects include all the kinds of plant lice1 the squash bug and all the scale ,insects4 ,these are dispatched by some material which kills by external application1 especially material which has kerosene or petroleum in it4 ,the common material heretofore used for this purpose is kerosene and soap emulsion2 but it is now believed that the emulsion of kerosene and water is fully as efficient1 and since machines have been perfected for automatically mixing it1 it is a much more practicable remedy4 ,see ,kerosene ,emulsion4 ,illustration3 ,weevil--a chewing insect ,in the fighting of all ,insects1 success depends upon taking them in time4 ,if something is known of the life history of the ,insect1 very much will be gained1 for the operator may be on hand as soon as the ,insect is expected to appear4 ,insects on ,house ,plants4--,the most troublesome or common ,insects with which the amateur is likely to meet in the window-garden or conservatory are the red spider1 mite1 mealy bug1 aphis1 and scale4 ,the red spider is a very minute ,insect with a reddish body4 ,its presence may be suspected whenever plants are growing in a warm and dry place4 ,usually it first appears on the under side of leaves1 but it multiplies rapidly1 and will soon not be so choice of position4 ,it sucks the juices of the leaves1 and they soon indicate the injury by a dull appearance1 and also1 in many cases1 by small whitish or paler areas on the upper surfaces4 ,the mite is of similar habits and size1 but is of a pale color1 with black on its back4 ,it appears under the same conditions as the red spider4 ,these pests are small1 but are very serious if allowed to multiply unchecked4 ,they should be looked after as soon as their presence is detected4 ,the remedy is to arrange for keeping the air about the plants more moist1 and giving drenchings of the foliage with clear or soapy water4 ,the latter is most effective4 ,the soap used may be simply the common washing soap1 or that sold at drug stores known as whale-oil soap4 ,in fighting them1 care must be used not to keep the soil soaked with water1 or it will check the plants in vigor and only add to the strength of the enemy4 ,even florists sometimes get into just such a predicament4 ,flagging and extreme variations in dryness and humidity of the air1 checking the vigor of plants1 favor the appearance and presence of the red spider quite as much as extreme and continued dryness of the air4 ,the aphids or plant lice are readily discernable when they appear on plants1 as they are sure to do under nearly all conditions4 ,they are small1 have elongated1 succulent bodies1 move about slowly and awkwardly1 on rather long1 hairlike legs1 and are most commonly of a pale green color1 though often brown or reddish1 and sometimes of other shades4 ,fumigation of the plants in a closed box with burning tobacco stems will kill them4 ,latterly florists evaporate a liquid extract of tobacco 7which is sold by dealers in florists' supplies7 by dropping a hot iron into a pan of it4 ,a tea made by soaking tobacco stems in water for a few hours1 and applied with a syringe1 is effective1 and a safe remedy in inexperienced hands4 ,a tablespoonful of tobacco sheep-dip1 or extract of tobacco1 to a couple of gallons of water1 also makes an effective syringing or dipping solution4 ,as mentioned above1 we should use care1 especially in the winter time1 when the soil often dries out slowly1 to avoid soaking it when already wet or sufficiently moist4 ,illustration3 ,one of the kind which sucks its food ,mealy bug has a small1 flat1 tortoise-shaped body1 from about one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch long4 ,the ,insects collect in masses in the axils of the leaves4 ,they are covered with a white mealy or cottony substance1 and are readily recognized1 although persons unfamiliar with their appearance have sometimes mistaken them for bits of down or cotton lodged upon the foliage or in the axils of the leaves4 ,the young are small1 and likely to escape observation unless one looks closely4 ,they are flat1 of a creamy or pinkish tint1 and lie close to the surface of the leaves1 especially on the under surface4 ,coleus and bouvardias are among the plants upon which mealy bugs are most often found4 ,owing to the oily nature of their covering1 it is difficult to wet their bodies with any ordinary liquid that may be applied for the purpose of destroying them4 ,fir-tree oil is one of the most effective remedies for them4 ,this liquid is rather expensive1 but for a small collection a gallon can will last for a long time4 ,it is also effective against other ,insects4 ,for mealy bugs1 two tablespoonfuls of the oil to one pint of water will make an effective dipping or spraying solution4 ,soft or rain-water should be used1 and tin1 wooden1 or earthenware vessels4 ,galvanized iron vessels are to be avoided4 ,apply forcibly with a syringe or atomizer1 preferably in the evening4 ,if effective1 the mealy bug will turn buff-color4 ,for other ,insects1 except for the scale1 mentioned below1 the solution will not need to be more than half or a fourth so strong4 ,where there are only a few mealy bugs1 the plant may be gone over with a soft brush and the ,insects crushed4 ,illustration3 ,the codlin-moth ,scales are most commonly of a brown or whitish color1 flat or tortoise-shaped1 and easily seen4 ,they adhere closely by the under surface of their bodies to the stems1 branches1 and foliage of woody plants4 ,the mature ,insect is stationary1 and its body at length becomes a shell containing hundreds of eggs4 ,these hatch1 and the young emerge from the shell1 crawl about and settle1 to develop into the familiar form4 ,a strong solution of fir-tree oil1 like that used for mealy bugs1 is a good remedy4 ,a strong solution of whale-oil soap1 made by adding an ounce or more of the soap to three gallons of water1 even more if necessary1 is also useful in combating them4 ,after dipping or syringing the plants they may be allowed to stand over night1 when they should be rinsed off with clear water4 ,applications may need repeating every three or four days until the ,insects are gotten rid of4 ,it is difficult1 for a time1 to tell when they are dead4 ,if killed1 the bodies will fall off easily1 and in the case of the soft-shelled species shrivel up somewhat after a time4 ,kerosene and water emulsion 7see ,kerosene7 will kill them4 ,,insecticide4 ,a substance which will kill insects4 ,insecticides are of two general classes--those that kill by contact 7see ,kerosene71 and those that poison the insect 7see ,paris ,green and ,hellebore74 ,,iris4 ,many handsome perennials1 of which the ,blue ,flag is familiar to every old-fashioned garden4 ,most ,irises thrive best in a rather moist soil1 and some of them may be colonized in the water in margins of ponds4 ,gardeners usually divide them into two sections--the tuberous-rooted or rhizomatous1 and the bulbous4 ,a third division--the fibrous-rooted--is sometimes made4 ,the common and most serviceable species belong to the tuberous-rooted section4 ,here belongs the beautiful and varied ,japanese ,iris1 ,iris laevigata 7or ,i4 ,kaempferi71 which is among the most deserving of all hardy perennials4 ,most of these ,irises need no special care4 ,they are propagated by division of the rootstocks4 ,plant the pieces #a foot apart if a mass effect is desired4 ,when the plants begin to fail1 dig them up1 divide the roots1 discard the old parts and grow a new stock1 as before4 ,i4 ,susiana1 of this section1 is one of the oddest of ,irises1 but it is not quite hardy in the ,north4 ,of the bulbous section1 most species are not hardy in the ,north4 ,the bulbs should be taken up and replanted every two or three years4 ,the ,persian and ,spanish ,irises belong here4 ,the bulbs give rise to but a single stem4 ,,kale4 ,a low-growing1 spreading plant belonging to the cabbage family and extensively used for winter and spring greens4 ,the same culture as given to late cabbage is suitable4 ,at the approach of severe freezing weather a slight protection is given in the ,north4 ,the leaves remain green through the winter and may be gathered from under the snow at a time when material for greens is scarce4 ,some of the ,kales are very ornamental because of their blue and purple curled foliage4 ,the ,scotch ,curled is the most popular variety4 ,kales are extensively grown at ,norfolk1 ,va41 and southward1 and shipped north in winter4 ,let the plants stand #ah to #cj inches apart4 ,young cabbage plants are sometimes used as ,kale4 ,see ,collards4 ,borecole is a kind of ,kale4 ,sea ,kale is a wholly different vegetable 7which see74 ,,kerosene is fatal to insects4 ,it is likely to injure plants if applied full strength1 although if applied in full sunlight 7so that evaporation takes place rapidly7 it may do no harm4 ,it is safest to apply it in dilution4 ,of late1 there are pumps which mix or emulsify ,kerosene and water in definite proportions1 and this mixture 7in the proportion of #a_/e or #a_/d ,kerosene7 is fatal to insects and usually harmless to plants4 ,the standard ,kerosene emulsion is with soap1 but the perfection of mechanical devices for emulsifying it with water is probably destined to supplant the soap emulsion4 ,kerosene ,emulsion4--,hard soap1 #a_/b pound2 boiling soft water1 #a gallon2 ,kerosene1 #b gallons4 ,dissolve the soap in the water1 add the ,kerosene1 and churn with a pump for #e to #aj minutes4 ,dilute #aj to #be times before applying4 ,use strong emulsion1 diluted four times in winter1 for all scale insects4 ,for insects which suck1 as plant-lice1 mealy bugs1 red spider1 thrips1 bark-lice or scale4 ,cabbage-worms1 currant-worms1 and all insects which have soft bodies can also be successfully treated4 ,,kohlrabi4 ,this vegetable looks like a leafy turnip growing above ground4 ,if used when small 7#b to #c inches in diam471 and not allowed to become hard and tough1 it is of superior quality4 ,it should be more generally grown4 ,the culture is very simple4 ,a succession of sowings should be made from early spring until the middle of summer1 in drills #ah inches to #b feet apart1 thinning the young plants to #f or #h inches in the rows4 ,it matures as quickly as turnips4 ,one ounce of seed to #ajj feet of drill4 ,illustration3 ,lantana ,,lantana is a popular greenhouse pot-plant1 and is occasionally seen in window-gardens1 being grown for the profusion of its orange-red1 heliotrope-shaped flowers4 ,in the ,south1 and sometimes in the ,north1 it is planted out for the summer4 ,it is very easy to grow1 and also to propagate by means of cuttings4 ,although the flowers of the common species are ill-scented1 the profusion of bloom makes it desirable4 ,,larkspur4 ,,delphinium4 ,the ,larkspurs are among the very best hardy plants1 being free-flowering and having a good habit4 ,they should be in every mixed border1 particularly the perennial kinds4 ,the tall flower-spikes1 showing above the cut foliage1 give the plant a striking effect4 ,the flowers are in shades of blue in most varieties4 ,the plants are propagated by division of root or from seed4 ,the latter method will give good results1 although the resulting plants are not likely to be the same variety as the seed plant4 ,as winter approaches1 a covering of coarse litter should be thrown over the crowns of the perennial kinds4 ,the plants will come into bloom in late ,june and continue for a long season4 ,plants should be set #c to #e feet apart if in rows1 but they are seen to better advantage when mixed with other border plants4 ,height of plants from #c to #e feet4 ,the annual ,larkspur may be grown from seed sown in heat and transplanted to the ground in ,may2 or seed may be sown where the plants are wanted and the seedlings thinned to #a foot4 ,these seedlings will bloom in ,june1 and continue through the summer4 ,plants grow from #h to #ah inches high4 ,,lathyrus4 ,see ,pea1 ,everlasting2 also1 ,sweet ,pea4 ,,lawns4 ,in order to have a good ,lawn1 two things are essential3 first1 a pleasing surface or contour2 second1 a dense1 firm sod4 ,inasmuch as the ,lawn is1 or should be1 a permanent thing1 it is necessary that the greatest care be exercised to grade the land and to thoroughly prepare it before any seeds are sown4 ,about a new building the filling should be allowed to settle1 so that the finished surface will slope gradually away from the foundations and the steps4 ,if the land is very hard clay1 or if the place is rather low1 it is always well to lay tile under-drains at frequent intervals4 ,everything should be done to cause the land to be deep and loose1 so that the grass roots will run far into the soil and not be pressed for lack of moisture in a dry time4 ,if the land has not had applications of manure in recent years1 it is well to plow in1 or to spade in1 a liberal quantity of well-rotted litter from the barnyard4 ,work this into the soil as deeply as possible4 ,if the hardpan is rather high1 it is well to subsoil the area or to trench it 7that is1 to spade it up two or three spades deep74 ,if the land is apparently not fertile in plant-food1 it is well to add a dressing of some commercial fertilizer to the surface when the grass seed is sown4 ,this will start the grass quickly and allow it to get a foothold before the severe weather of midsummer comes4 ,illustration3 ,it is fun to make a garden ,illustration3 ,a garden corner ,the kind of grass seed to sow will depend upon the region and also upon the personal tastes of the owner4 ,the one standard ,lawn grass is ,june grass or blue grass 7,poa pratensis74 ,the seeds of this grass are sold in the hulls1 and therefore the bushel weighs only fourteen pounds4 ,not less than two and one-half to three bushels should be sown to the acre4 ,in the southern states1 ,june grass will not hold1 and ,bermuda grass is used1 being sown about as thick as recommended for the ,june grass4 ,there are various prepared ,lawn grass mixtures which are excellent1 but the ,june grass alone will give a very excellent ,lawn in a short time4 ,whether one shall sow white clover in his ,lawn depends mostly upon his personal taste4 ,if he likes the white clover1 it is well to put in a quart or two of seed to the acre1 sowing it separately from the ,june grass in order to get an even distribution4 ,some persons like to see the white clover in certain parts of the ,lawn4 ,it thrives very well where the land is rather moist4 ,in parts of the ,east1 ,rhode ,island bent grass is used for lawns4 ,illustration3 ,a nursery ,the grass seed should be sown in the cool of the year4 ,it may be sown in ,september and thereby become established before winter2 or it may be sown very early in the spring4 ,in newly made ,lawns1 it is a good plan to grade the area thoroughly in the fall1 allowing it to settle in the winter2 and then1 if the surface remains even1 to sow the grass seed on one of the latest snows in spring4 ,by sowing it on the snow1 one can see that it is distributed evenly2 and when the snow melts1 the seed is carried into the land and does not need covering4 ,it is well to sow three or four quarts per acre of timothy seed1 for the timothy germinates very quickly1 and makes a green area the first season1 but is killed out as soon as the ,june grass gains a foothold4 ,timothy will not stand the continued cutting1 whereas the ,june grass will4 ,the timothy1 therefore1 serves as a temporary covering to the land1 indicating where the borders are1 and thereby outlining the area for the ,lawn mower to cut4 ,the timothy seed should be sown separately from the ,june grass in order to insure even distribution4 ,on hard lands it is well to sow two or three quarts per acre of crimson clover seed4 ,the long roots of this plant tend to improve the physical condition of the soil2 and when they decay1 they leave nitrogen in the soil for the grass to use4 ,since crimson clover is an annual plant1 it will not do any permanent mischief in the ,lawn4 ,illustration3 ,a lawn1 with planting on the sides ,the first season the weeds will probably come up thickly1 especially if the land is rich4 ,these weeds should not be pulled1 for whenever one is pulled out of the ground1 many grass plants are rooted up and the surface is made uneven4 ,the only way in which to keep down weeds is to mow them frequently with a ,lawn mower4 ,they will not appear in any great numbers the second year1 unless there should be some perennial weeds1 like dandelion or dock2 and these may be pulled out the first fall or the following spring4 ,it is rare that one secures a perfectly good and uniform sod from one sowing of seed2 especially is this true if the soil varies in different parts of the area4 ,if the surface contour is satisfactory1 it is unwise to dig up the areas on which the seed has not caught4 ,it is best to rake them over with a steel rake in fall or spring1 sowing on a little commercial fertilizer rather rich in nitrogen1 and sow more seed4 ,nearly every ,lawn will need patching in this way from year to year4 ,if the ,lawn is attended to in fall and spring by sowing grass seed1 the weeds will rarely do serious mischief4 ,when weeds are troublesome on the ,lawn1 it means that there is not sufficient grass1 and every effort should be made to get more grass4 ,therefore1 when the perennial weeds are pulled out1 sow more grass seed4 ,illustration3 ,a picturesque rill on the lawn ,when narrow-leaved plantain bothers1 it is an indication that the land is too poor and dry for grass4 ,in such cases1 the land usually lacks humus or vegetable matter2 and in various severe incursions of the plantain1 it may be necessary to spade up the weedy areas and to work rotted manure into the soil4 ,usually1 however1 the plantain can be killed out by enriching the soil and sowing more grass seed4 ,the common practice of sprinkling ,lawns is nearly always pernicious1 since the water is not supplied in sufficient amount to wet down very far1 and the grass tends to make surface roots4 ,when the watering is omitted the plants suffer4 ,the more a ,lawn is sprinkled1 the more the grass depends upon the sprinkling4 ,if it is necessary to water the ,lawn1 the water should be allowed to run directly from the hose until the surface area is completely soaked4 ,it is best to do this at nightfall4 ,when the water is applied by means of a sprinkler1 a large part of it evaporates and does no good to the ground4 ,the fundamental treatment of the ,lawn is to have the land so deep and porous that the grass roots strike deep into the soil and do not need the surface water4 ,a ,lawn which is well made will need watering only in unusually dry times4 ,mow the ,lawn frequently when it is growing rapidly1--in spring and early summer4 ,in the fall mow less frequently1 and let it go into the winter with a long coat of grass4 ,if the ,lawn is mown as often as is needed1 it will not be necessary to rake off the trimmings4 ,in fall1 top-dress the ,lawn with commercial fertilizer at the rate of #ejj pounds to the acre4 ,if the ,lawn has not been raked clean of all the trimmings and decayed refuse which covers the surface of the ground1 it is not necessary to dress it with stable manure2 for manure is unsightly1 unsavory1 and often brings in weeds4 ,many persons make the mistake of raking the ,lawn clean in late fall4 ,closely associated with the making of the ,lawn is the general arrangement of the planting4 ,it is the common fault to scatter the planting4 ,much better effects are secured by massing or grouping the planting4 ,see ,borders and ,flower ,beds4 ,particularly along the boundaries and about the foundations of buildings1 the shrubbery and other plants may be massed to excellent effect4 ,in large places there should be more or less mass planting along the walks and drives4 ,in the curves and retreats of these plantings one will find many pleasant corners2 and here the children may have their play-houses and their pets4 ,a little brook winding across a corner or along one side of a ,lawn may make a pleasant picture if it is allowed to take on a half-wild character4 ,illustration3 ,a layer ,,layers are parts 7usually stems7 of plants laid down on the earth while still attached to the parent1 with the expectation that they will take root and can then be separated as independent plants4 ,all vine-like plants can be propagated readily by means of ,layers2 so can most soft-wooded plants1 as willows1 maples1 currants1 etc4 ,it is usual to put down the branches in the fall4 ,in a year they should be ready to be severed from the parent4 ,they may also be made in spring1 before growth starts4 ,see that the layered part rests in moist earth4 ,usually roots arise more freely if the shoot is cracked or notched at the buried point4 ,the ,layer may be held down by a forked stick 7pegged down71 or by a stone or clod4 ,see that the shoot does not throw up suckers behind the layered part4 ,illustration3 ,several layers from one vine ,,leek4 ,this belongs to the onion family1 and is used mostly as flavoring for soups4 ,well grown ,leeks have a very agreeable and not very strong onion flavor4 ,leek is of the easiest culture1 and is usually grown as a second crop1 to follow beets1 early peas1 and other early stuff4 ,the seed should be sown in a seed-bed in ,april or early ,may and the seedlings planted out in the garden in ,july1 in rows #b feet apart1 the plants being #f inches apart in the rows4 ,the plants should be set deep if the neck or lower part of the leaves is to be used in a blanched condition4 ,the soil may be drawn towards the plants in hoeing1 to further the blanching4 ,being very hardy1 the plants may be dug in late fall1 and stored in the same manner as celery1 in trenches or in a cool root-cellar4 ,one ounce of seed to #ajj feet of drill4 ,,lettuce is probably the most extensively grown salad vegetable4 ,it is now in demand1 and is procurable1 every month in the year4 ,the winter and early spring crops are grown in forcing-houses and coldframes1 but a supply from the garden may be had from ,april to ,november1 by the use of a cheap frame in which to grow the first and last crops1 relying on a succession of sowings for the intermediate supply4 ,seed for the first crop may be sown in a coldframe in ,march1 growing the crop thick and having many plants which are small and tender2 or1 by thinning out to the distance of #c inches and allowing the plants to make a larger growth1 the plants pulled up may be set in the open ground for the next crop4 ,sowings should be made in the garden from ,april to ,october1 at short intervals4 ,a moist location should be selected for the ,july and ,august sowings4 ,the early and late sowings should be of some loose-growing variety1 as they are in edible condition sooner than the cabbage or heading varieties4 ,illustration3 ,plant of heading lettuce ,the cabbage varieties are far superior to the loose-growing kinds for salads4 ,to be grown to perfection1 they should have very rich soil1 frequent cultivation and an occasional stimulant1 such as liquid manure or nitrate of soda4 ,the ,cos ,lettuce is an upright-growing type much esteemed in ,europe1 but less grown here4 ,the leaves of the full grown plants are tied together1 thus blanching the center1 making it a desirable salad or garnishing variety4 ,it thrives best in summer4 ,one ounce of seed will grow #c1jjj plants or sow #ajj feet of drill4 ,in the garden1 plants may stand #f inches apart in the rows1 and the rows may be as close together as the system of tillage will allow4 ,,lily4 ,bulbous plants of many kinds4 ,it has been said of this family of plants that it has no poor relations1 each of them being perfect in itself4 ,many of the choicest kinds are comparatively unknown1 although easy to cultivate4 ,in fact1 all of the ,lilies may be grown with comparative ease4 ,a light1 rich1 well-drained soil1 mellow to the depth of at least #a foot1 a handful of sand under each bulb if the soil is inclined to be stiff1 and planting so that the crown of the bulb will be at least #d inches below the surface1 are the general requirements4 ,one exception to the depth of planting is ,lilium auratum1 or ,golden-,banded ,lily4 ,this should be planted deeper--at least #h inches below the surface--as the new bulbs form over the old one and soon bring the bulbs to the surface if they are not planted deep4 ,while ,lilies may have partial shade1 they should never be planted near or under trees4 ,the shade or protection of tall-growing1 herbaceous plants is sufficient4 ,in fact1 the best results1 both as to growth and effect1 may be had by planting amongst low shrubbery or border plants4 ,most kinds are the better for remaining undisturbed for a number of years2 but if they are to be taken up and divided1 or moved to other quarters1 they should not be allowed to become dry4 ,the small bulbs1 or offsets1 may be planted in the border1 and if protected will grow to flowering size in two or three years4 ,in taking up bulbs for division it is best to do so soon after the tops die after blooming4 ,at least this should be done early in the fall1 not later than ,october1 giving the plants a chance to become established before freezing weather4 ,a mulch of coarse litter or evergreen boughs should be placed over the bulbs after the ground has become frozen1 to be gradually removed as the spring advances4 ,illustration3 ,easter ,lily ,as pot-plants some ,lilies are very satisfactory1 especially those that may be forced into bloom through the winter4 ,the best kinds for this purpose are ,l4 ,harrisii 7,easter ,lily71 ,l4 longiflorum1 and ,l4 candidum4 ,others may be forced with success1 but these are the ones most generally used4 ,the winter culture of these for forcing is the same as for ,hyacinths 7in pots71 which see4 ,the article on ,bulbs gives directions for both outdoor and indoor growing which are directly applicable to ,lilies4 ,,lily1 ,,chinese ,,sacred4 ,see ,narcissus4 ,,lily-,,of-,,the-,,valley4 ,a perfectly hardy little plant1 bearing racemes of small white bell-shaped flowers in early spring4 ,for ordinary cultivation1 sods or mats of roots may be dug from any place in which the plant is colonized4 ,usually it thrives best in partial shade2 and the leaves make an attractive mat on the north side of a building1 or other shady place1 in which grass will not grow4 ,the plants will take care of themselves year after year4 ,for forcing indoors1 imported roots or pips are used1 as the plants are grown for this particular purpose in parts of ,europe4 ,these roots may be planted in pots1 and treated as recommended for winter-flowering bulbs1 under ,bulbs4 ,florists force them in greater heat1 however1 often giving them a bottom heat of #hj deg4 or #ij deg42 but skill and experience are required in order to attain uniformly good results in this case4 ,,line4 ,a garden ,line is one of the most convenient things connected with garden operations4 ,it is always wanted when long rows of seed are to be sown1 and it is also necessary in laying out walks or drives4 ,a very simple1 yet handy1 holder for a line is shown on the margin4 ,the pin is driven in the soil at the starting point1 and the line is unwound as the operator walks towards the end of the row4 ,a line should be #ajj feet long for common garden operations4 ,illustration3 ,a garden ,line ,,lobelia4 ,some of these are well-known garden plants1 being used very freely as edging for ribbon beds or basket plants4 ,they require a loose1 rich soil1 and some stimulant when in full flower4 ,the flowers continue through a long season4 ,they propagate freely from seed4 ,lobelia ,erinus1 in blue1 #f inches high1 is one of the most popular of all annual edging plants4 ,in ,europe various perennial ,lobelias are popular1 but they are seldom seen in ,american gardens4 ,,london ,,purple4 ,discussed under ,paris ,green4 ,,love-,,lies-,,bleeding4 ,see ,amarantus4 ,,manure adds plant-food to the soil1 and it also improves the texture or physical condition of the soil4 ,this latter effect is often its greatest value4 ,if one wants mere plant-food alone1 he may often do better to add it in some more concentrated form4 ,see ,fertilizers4 ,manure1 when thoroughly incorporated with the soil1 makes the ground congenial for the plant4 ,it is important1 in garden operations1 that the ,manure be rotted or composted1 or short or fine1 as the gardeners say4 ,it then incorporates readily with the soil and quickly gives up its fertility4 ,manure is composted by letting it decay in piles4 ,the compost pile should be flat on top1 so that it will catch the rains1 and #c to #e feet high4 ,the most desirable ,manure for the garden and for house plants is probably old cow ,manure4 ,it does not burn or lose its strength4 ,it may be kept for a number of years if piled under shelter1 becoming more available each year4 ,it mixes well with soil and leaf-mold4 ,when once rotted1 this manure is very lasting and easily assimilated by plants4 ,horse ,manure is very likely to become overheated1 and to lose its value2 and it is too loose and dry for many purposes4 ,pig ,manure1 unless well composted with soil or refuse1 is usually too heavy and rich4 ,sheep ,manure is at its best when used in a liquid form1 although it is most excellent to mix with soil to loosen it4 ,all garden refuse1 such as vines1 leaves1 decaying vegetables1 will make ,manure if composted with soil2 and if the wash water is thrown on the compost pile much fertility will be added4 ,wood ashes from stoves1 the chip dirt from the woodshed--in fact1 almost any substance that will decay--will furnish plant-food1 and should be added to the compost pile4 ,this pile should be turned often1 to mix the material4 ,when practicable1 it is best to apply ,manure in the fall1 as it then has time to become incorporated with the soil before spring4 ,beds which are to be used for flowers next year may be dressed with ,manure in the fall and deeply spaded1 leaving the surface rough and loose4 ,it is well to be careful that the ,manure does not contain weed seeds4 ,,marigold4 ,the ,marigolds of the old-fashioned gardens are still among the best of plants for fall color4 ,they are hardy annuals of the easiest culture1 and are always certain of giving strong and excellent results4 ,they have been much improved of late years4 ,the old-fashioned ,african ,marigolds grow #b to #c feet high1 and they are useful for scattering in mixed borders or making large masses or displays of color in the remoter parts of the place4 ,the ,french or dwarf ,marigolds grow about #a foot high and are more tufty in their habit4 ,they are better adapted for edgings than for mass effects in the main parts of the grounds4 ,all ,marigolds may be sown where the plants are to stand1 since the flowers are usually not wanted until late summer or early fall1 at which time they usually give their best bloom4 ,if they are wanted earlier1 however1 the seeds may be started in the house or hotbed4 ,tall varieties may be allowed to stand from #aj to #ah inches apart and the dwarfs at somewhat less distances4 ,,matthiola will be found under ,stocks4 ,,mignonette4 ,probably no flower is more generally grown for its fragrance than this4 ,the ,mignonette needs a cool soil1 only moderately rich1 shade part of the day1 and careful attention to cutting the flower-stalks before the seeds are ripe4 ,if a sowing be made in late ,april1 followed by a second sowing in early ,july1 the season may be extended until severe frosts4 ,there are few flowers that will prove as disappointing if the treatment it needs is omitted4 ,height #a to #b feet4 ,treated as a half-hardy annual4 ,it can be sown in pots late in summer and had in the house in winter4 ,,moon-,,flowers are species of ,morning-,glories that open their flowers at night4 ,a well-grown plant trained over a porch trellis1 or allowed to grow at random over a low tree or shrub1 is a striking object when in full flower at dusk or through a moonlit evening4 ,in the southern states the ,moon-,flower is a perennial1 but even when well protected does not survive the winters in the ,north4 ,cuttings may be made before danger of frost and wintered in the house1 or the plants may be grown from seed sown in ,january or ,february4 ,cuttings usually give best results in the northern states1 as the seasons are not long enough for seed plants to give good bloom4 ,seeds should be scalded or filed just before sowing4 ,the true ,moon-,flower is ,ipomoea ,bona-,nox1 white-flowered2 but there are other kinds4 ,this grows #bj to #cj feet where the seasons are long enough4 ,illustration3 ,morning-,glories ,,morning-,,glory is perhaps the most popular of all twining herbs1 because of the ease with which it may be grown1 the quickness with which it covers the object1 and the quantities of bright1 cheerful flowers it bears4 ,many of the kinds--in fact all that are generally known--may be readily grown from seed1 flowering early in the summer4 ,tender annuals4 ,give rich soil and plenty of water4 ,the beautiful cypress vine belongs to this group4 ,it requires the same treatment as the ,morning-,glory1 but the seeds should be scalded just previous to sowing4 ,dwarf ,morning-,glories 7,convolvulus tricolor74 ,they come into flower much sooner than the tall climbing varieties1 and are covered with flowers through a long season4 ,they may be used with fine effect in vases or large hanging baskets4 ,give a full sunny exposure4 ,may thrive on soil that is not very rich4 ,they grow #a foot high4 ,half-hardy annuals4 ,,mulberry4 ,both for fruit and ornament the ,mulberry should be more generally planted4 ,even if the fruit is not to the taste1 the tree is naturally open-centered and round-headed1 and is an interesting subject2 some of the varieties have finely cut leaves4 ,the fruits are in great demand by the birds1 and after they begin to ripen the strawberry beds and cherry trees are free from robins and other fruit-eating birds4 ,for this reason alone they are a valuable tree for the fruit-grower4 ,trees may be purchased cheaper than one can propagate them4 ,if planted in orchard form1 place them #be to #cj feet apart4 ,about the borders of a place they can go closer4 ,the ,russian varieties are often planted for windbreaks1 for they are very hardy and thrive under the greatest neglect2 and for this purpose they may be planted #h to #bj feet apart4 ,the ,russians make excellent screens4 ,they stand clipping well4 ,new ,american1 ,trowbridge and ,thorburn are leading kinds of fruit-bearing ,mulberries for the ,north4 ,the true ,downing is not hardy in the northern states2 but ,new ,american is often sold under this name4 ,mulberries thrive in any good soil1 and need no special treatment4 ,,mulch is used both in protecting plants from the severe freezing of winter and the severe drought of summer4 ,the same material may be used in either case1 although it is now considered best to make an earth ,mulch to prevent evaporation and retain the moisture through the dry season4 ,this earth ,mulch is made by breaking the crust of the soil and leaving it in fine particles4 ,this may be done with a horse cultivator1 a hoe or a rake4 ,in fact1 any tool which leaves the top of the soil loose will be instrumental in preventing evaporation of soil water4 ,see ,tillage4 ,the ,mulching of the ground around blackberries1 currants1 gooseberries1 or raspberries with straw or hay is often practiced to keep the fruits clean2 and the winter ,mulch of strawberry beds is used between the rows for the same purpose1 as well as to retain moisture and to afford winter protection4 ,winter ,mulch usually consists of leaves1 straw1 hay1 rough manure1 boughs of evergreens1 or any coarse material that will protect the plants from severe freezing and the heaving caused by alternate freezing and thawing4 ,this winter ,mulch should be removed as spring advances1 unless it is of such a character as to be worked into the soil to add fertility or to loosen heavy lands4 ,near the seacoast salt hay is considered to be an ideal ,mulch4 ,the winter ,mulch must not contain too strong or heavy manures1 or plants may be injured by the leaching4 ,for flower borders and shrubbery1 muck or peat makes a good winter ,mulch4 ,ordinarily the ,mulch may be placed on to the depth of #d to #f inches1 and if it is of loose material it may be still deeper4 ,if dry and loose1 mice may nest in it and girdle the trees or bushes4 ,even perfectly hardy plants are benefited by a winter ,mulch1 because it improves the soil4 ,autumn leaves1 as they drift into shrubberies1 make an ideal ,mulch2 it is not always necessary to remove these leaves4 ,see ,lawn4 ,,mushroom4 ,there is no science of ,mushroom growing4 ,certain conditions have been found to give success1 but it is not known why4 ,these conditions may be imitated ever so closely and complete failure result4 ,there are many systems advised1 each system the result of somebody's success2 but one cannot be sure of success by following any one of them4 ,good results are frequently attained when all rules are broken4 ,the following paragraphs are from ,farmers' ,bulletin1 ,no4 #ec 7by ,william ,falconer71 of the ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture 7,march1 #ahig73 ,mushrooms are a winter crop1 coming in from ,september till ,april or ,may--that is1 the work of preparing the manure begins in ,september and ends in ,february1 and the packing of the crop begins in ,october or ,november and ends in ,may4 ,under extraordinary conditions the season may begin earlier and last longer1 and1 in fact1 it may continue all summer4 ,mushrooms can be grown almost anywhere out of doors1 and also indoors where there is a dry bottom in which to set the beds1 where a uniform and moderate temperature can be maintained1 and where the beds can be protected from wet overhead1 and from winds1 drought1 and direct sunshine4 ,among the most desirable places in which to grow ,mushrooms are barns1 cellars1 closed tunnels1 sheds1 pits1 greenhouses1 and regular ,mushroom houses4 ,total darkness is not imperative1 for ,mushrooms grow well in open light if shaded from sunshine4 ,the temperature and moisture are more apt to be equable in dark places than in open1 light ones1 and it is largely for this reason that ,mushroom houses are kept dark4 ,illustration3 ,mushroom ,the best fertilizer for ,mushrooms1 so far as the writer's experience goes1 is fresh horse manure4 ,get together a lot of this material 7short and strawy7 that has been well trampled and wetted in the stable4 ,throw it into a heap1 wet it well if it is at all dry1 and let it heat4 ,when it begins to steam turn it over1 shake it well so as to mix thoroughly and evenly1 and then tramp it down solid4 ,after this let it stand till it again gets quite warm1 then turn1 shake1 trample as before1 and add water freely if it is getting dry4 ,repeat this turning1 moistening and trampling as often as it is needful to keep the manure from burning4 ,if it gets intensely hot1 spread it out to cool1 after which again throw it together4 ,after being turned in this way several times1 and the heat in it is not apt to rise above #acj deg4 ,f41 it should be ready to make up in the beds4 ,by adding to the manure at the second or third turning one-fourth or one-fifth of its bulk of loam1 the tendency to intense heating is lessened and its usefulness not at all impaired4 ,some growers prefer short manure exclusively1 that is1 the horse droppings1 while others like a good deal of straw mixed in with this4 ,the writer's experience1 however1 is that1 if properly prepared1 it matters little which is used4 ,ordinarily the beds are only #h to #aj inches deep2 that is1 they are faced with #aj-;inch-wide hemlock boards1 and are only the depth of this board4 ,in such beds put a layer of fresh1 moist1 hot manure1 and trample it down firm until it constitutes half the depth of the bed2 then fill up with the prepared manure1 which should be rather cool 7#ajj deg4 to #aae deg4 ,f47 when used1 and pack all firmly4 ,if desired1 the beds can be made up entirely of the prepared manure4 ,shelf beds are usually #i inches deep2 that is1 the shelf is bottomed with #a-;inch boards and faced with #aj-;inch-wide boards4 ,this allows about #h inches for manure1 and #a inch rising to #b inches of loam on top4 ,in filling the shelf beds the bottom half may be of fresh1 moist or wettish1 hot manure1 packed down solid1 and the top half of rather cool prepared manure1 or it may be made up of all prepared manure4 ,as the shelf beds can not be trodden and can not be beaten very firm with the back of the fork1 a brick is used in addition to the fork4 ,the beds should be spawned after the heat in them has fallen below #ajj deg4 ,f4 ,the writer considers #ij deg4 ,f4 about the best temperature for spawning4 ,if the beds have been covered with hay1 straw1 litter or mats1 these should be removed4 ,break each brick into twelve or fifteen pieces4 ,the rows should be1 say1 #a foot apart1 the first one being #f inches from the edge1 and the pieces should be #i inches apart in the row4 ,commencing with the first row1 lift up each piece1 raise #b to #c inches of the manure with the hand1 and into this hole place the piece1 covering over tightly with the manure4 ,when the entire bed is spawned pack the surface all over4 ,it is well to cover the beds again with straw1 hay or mats1 to keep the surface equally moist4 ,the flake spawn is planted in the same way as the brick spawn1 only not quite so deep4 ,at the end of eight or nine days the mulching should be removed and the beds covered with a layer of good loam #b inches thick1 so that the ,mushrooms can come up in and through it4 ,this gives them a firm hold1 and to a large extent improves their quality and texture4 ,any fair loam will do4 ,that from an ordinary field1 wayside or garden is generally used1 and it answers admirably4 ,there exists an idea that garden soil surfeited with old manure is unfit for ,mushroom beds because it is apt to produce spurious fungi4 ,this1 however1 is not the case4 ,in fact1 it is the earth most commonly used4 ,for molding the beds the loam should be rather fine1 free and mellow1 so that it can be easily and evenly spread and compacted firmly into the manure4 ,if an even atmospheric temperature of from #ee deg4 to #fj deg4 ,f4 can be maintained1 and the house or cellar containing the ,mushroom beds is kept close and free from drafts1 the beds may be left uncovered1 and should be watered if they become dry4 ,but no matter where the beds are situated1 it is well to lay some loose hay or straw or some old matting or carpet over them to keep them moist4 ,the covering1 however1 should be removed just as soon as the young ,mushrooms begin to appear above ground4 ,if the atmosphere is dry1 the pathways and walls should be sprinkled with water4 ,the mulching should also be sprinkled1 but not enough to cause the water to soak into the bed4 ,however1 if the bed should get dry1 do not hesitate to water it4 ,,muskmelon4 ,the natural soil for melons is a light1 sandy loam1 well enriched with rotted manure1 although good crops may be grown on soil naturally heavy if the hills are prepared as they should be4 ,when only heavy soil is available1 the dirt where the seeds are to be planted should be thoroughly pulverized and mixed with fine1 well rotted manure4 ,a sprinkling of leaf-mold or chip-dirt will help to lighten it4 ,on this hill from ten to fifteen seeds may be sown1 thinning to four or five vines when danger of insects is over4 ,the season may be advanced and the damage from insects lessened by starting the plants in hotbeds4 ,this may be done by using fresh sod1 cut into #f-;inch pieces1 placing them grass-side down in the hotbed1 sowing eight to ten seeds on each piece1 and covering with #b inches of light soil4 ,when all danger of frost is over1 and the ground has become warm1 these sods may be carefully lifted and set in the prepared hills4 ,the plants usually grow without check1 and fruit from two to four weeks ahead of those from seed planted directly in the hill4 ,old quart berry boxes are excellent to plant seeds in1 as1 when they are set in the ground1 they very quickly decay1 causing no restriction to the roots4 ,netted ,gem1 ,hackensack1 ,emerald ,gem1 ,montreal1 ,osage1 and the ,nutmeg ,melon are popular varieties4 ,one ounce of seed will plant about fifty hills4 ,illustration3 ,muskmelon ,for insects1 see ,cucumber4 ,,musk ,,plant is an old-fashioned house plant of easy culture4 ,raise a new stock from seeds as soon as the plants begin to fail4 ,,narcissus4 ,hardy bulbous plants1 including the daffodils1 jonquils1 and other forms4 ,the ease with which these plants may be grown1 the beauty and fragrance of the flowers1 as well as their lasting qualities when cut1 would seem to make their culture in this country more popular than it is4 ,good bulbs planted in ,september or ,october are sure to bloom in ,april or ,may4 ,the bulbs may remain in the ground for a number of years1 although the best results will be had by digging them up every three years1 and resetting in a different location4 ,select a moist1 loamy soil1 slightly protected from the sun4 ,no manure should come directly in contact with the bulb1 but if needed to hold moisture the manure may be spaded down to the depth of twelve inches4 ,illustration3 ,narcissus ,narcissus may be forced into flower through the winter1 as described under ,bulbs4 ,the most popular for winter bloom is the ,chinese ,sacred ,lily4 ,this grows in water without any soil whatever4 ,secure a bowl or glass dish1 about three times the size of the bulb2 put some pretty stones in the bottom2 set in the bulb and build up around it with stones so as to hold it stiff when the leaves have grown2 tuck two or three small pieces of charcoal among the stones to keep the water sweet1 then fill up the dish with water and add a little every few days1 as it evaporates4 ,set the dish in a warm1 light place4 ,in about six weeks the fragrant1 fine white flowers will fill the room with perfume4 ,illustration3 ,nasturtium ,,nasturtiums 7,tropaeolums7 are both dwarf and climbing4 ,the ,dwarf ,nasturtiums make one of the most showy second-row plants for the border4 ,the colors of the flowers have a wide range and the plants bloom profusely4 ,it is not1 however1 the plant in flower that is the greatest consideration1 but the flowers themselves as cut-flowers4 ,no flower makes a finer display in vase or bowl than these rich colors1 all harmonizing well and lighting up a room as very few of the common easily grown flowers do4 ,the same may be said of the tall-growing ,nasturtiums1 although the flowers of these form part of their effectiveness as screen vines4 ,few climbers make a more rapid growth1 and none are better adapted to hide unsightly objects in our yards or gardens4 ,illustration3 ,dwarf ,nasturtium ,for a long season of flowers and a large growth of vine the seed should be sown late in ,march or early in ,april1 in boxes or pots1 the plants carried along until the first of ,may1 and planted out where wanted4 ,the dwarf varieties bloom more freely and the flowers are of better color in rather poor soils1 while for rapid growth of vine a well enriched border would be the best4 ,the dwarf varieties may be planted #b or #c feet apart1 and the tall ones as wanted to make a screen4 ,the tall kinds grow #e to #h feet4 ,all ,nasturtiums are tender4 ,,nicotiana4 ,tender annuals 7or grown as annuals74 ,they are fine plants for borders or pots1 the tall-growing varieties making a very fine show when in flower1 having pure white flowers with long1 tubular necks1 the season of bloom being from ,july to ,october4 ,the seeds are very fine1 and should be sown on the surface of the soil1 in boxes or pots4 ,when planted out they should be set from #b to #e feet apart1 according to kind4 ,some of the giant ,nicotianas are excellent subjects for temporary screens2 so is tobacco1 which is also a ,nicotiana4 ,illustration3 ,nicotiana affinis ,nicotiana affinis is one of the best of all garden flowers4 ,its long white flowers are fragrant at evening4 ,they close in the hot sun4 ,it is a half-hardy annual of easiest culture4 ,height #b to #c feet4 ,oe,n,o,t,h,e,r,a4 ,,evening ,,primrose4 ,a very interesting group of plants1 opening their flowers at evening4 ,many of them are fragrant and attract night insects1 especially the large moths1 seldom seen until dusk4 ,the opening of the flowers of the large-flowering varieties is a source of pleasure and surprise1 as one flower follows another in opening1 and in a large plant the late opening flowers seem to burst all at one time4 ,the perennial species may be propagated by division or seed1 the annuals by seed4 ,set the tall kinds #b to #c feet apart4 ,height #a to #c feet4 ,all of easy culture4 ,illustration3 ,okra or ,gumbo ,,okra4 ,from the green pods of this vegetable is made the well-known ,gumbo soup of the ,south1 where the plant is more extensively grown than in the ,north4 ,the pods are also used in their green state for stews1 and are dried and used in winter1 when they are nutritious1 and form no little part of the diet in certain sections of the country4 ,the seeds are very sensitive to cold and moisture1 and should not be sown until the ground has become warm--the last week in ,may or the first of ,june being early enough in ,new ,york4 ,the seed should be sown in a drill #a inch deep1 the plants thinned to stand #ab inches in the row4 ,give the same culture as for corn4 ,one ounce will sow #dj feet of drill4 ,dwarf varieties are best for the ,north4 ,green ,density and ,velvet are leading varieties4 ,,oleander4 ,while there are many named varieties of the ,oleander1 but two are often seen in general cultivation4 ,these are the common red and white varieties4 ,both these1 as well as the named varieties1 are of easy management and well adapted to home culture1 growing in pots or tubs for several years without special care4 ,well-grown specimens are very effective as porch or lawn plants1 or may be used to good advantage in mixed beds of tall-growing plants1 plunging the pot or tub to the rim in the soil4 ,the plants should be cut back after flowering4 ,they should be rested in any out-of-the-way place through the winter4 ,when brought out in the spring1 they should be given sun and air in order to make a sturdy growth4 ,propagation is effected by using well-ripened wood for cuttings1 placed in a close frame2 or the slips may be rooted in a bottle or can of water1 care being taken to supply water as evaporation takes place4 ,after being rooted1 they may be potted1 using soil with a large proportion of sand4 ,well established plants may be repotted in good loam and well rotted manure4 ,,onions are grown from seeds 7black seed7 for the main crop4 ,they are also grown from sets 7which are very small ,onions1 arrested in their development71 from tops 7which are bulblets produced in the place of flowers71 and from multipliers or potato onions1 which are compound bulbs4 ,illustration3 ,early ,onions ,the extremely early crop of ,onions is grown from sets1 and the late or fall crop is grown from seed sown in ,april or early ,may4 ,the sets may be saved from the crop harvested the previous fall1 saving no bulbs measuring over #c_/d of an inch in diameter1 or1 better1 they may be purchased from the seedsman4 ,these sets should be planted as early as possible in the spring1 preferably on land that has been manured and trenched in the fall4 ,plant in rows #ab inches apart1 the sets being #b or #c inches in the row4 ,push the sets well down into the ground and cover with soil1 firming them with the feet or a roller4 ,in cultivating1 the soil should be thrown towards the tops1 as the white stems are usually sought as an indication of mildness4 ,the crop will be in condition to use in from three to four weeks1 and may be made to last until small seed ,onions are to be had4 ,tops or multipliers may also be used for the early crop4 ,in growing ,onions from seed1 it is only necessary to say that the seed should be in the ground very early in order that the bulbs make their growth before the extreme hot weather of ,august1 when1 for want of moisture and because of the heat1 the bulbs will ripen up while small4 ,early in ,april1 in ,new ,york1 if the ground is in condition1 the seed should be sown thickly in drills from #ab to #af inches apart1 and the ground above the seeds well firmed4 ,good cultivation and constant weeding is the price of a good crop of ,onions4 ,in cultivating and hoeing1 the soil should be kept away from the rows1 not covering the growing bulbs1 but allowing them to spread over the surface of the ground4 ,when the crop is ready to be harvested1 the bulbs may be pulled or cultivated up1 left to dry in double rows for several days1 the tops and roots taken off1 and the bulbs stored in a dry place4 ,later in the season they may be allowed to freeze1 covering with chaff or straw to hold them frozen1 and kept until early spring2 but this method is usually unsafe with beginners1 and always so in a changeable climate4 ,onion seed should always be fresh when sown--preferably of the last year's crop4 ,one ounce of ,onion seed will sow #ajj feet of drill4 ,one of the recent methods of obtaining extra large bulbs from seed is to sow the seed in a hotbed in ,february or early ,march1 and transplant to the open ground in ,april4 ,the ,danvers1 ,prizetaker1 ,globe and ,wethersfield are favorite varieties1 with the addition of ,white ,queen or ,barletta for pickling4 ,,oxalis4 ,a number of hardy species of this are excellent plants for rockwork and edging4 ,the greenhouse species are very showy1 growing without extra care1 and blooming freely through the late winter and spring months2 these are mostly increased by bulbs1 a few by division of the root4 ,o4 violacea is one of the commonest of house-plants4 ,give a sunny window1 for the flowers open only in sun or very bright light4 ,the bulbous kinds are treated as recommended for ,bulbs1 except that the bulbs must not freeze4 ,,palms4 ,no more graceful plant for room decoration can be found than a well-grown specimen of some species of ,palms4 ,most ,palms are well adapted for this purpose when small1 and as the growth is usually very slow1 a plant may be used for many years4 ,again1 the plants thrive better in partial shade4 ,they may be grown in a sitting or drawing-room more satisfactorily than most house-plants4 ,one of the frequent causes of failure in the culture of the ,palm is the over-potting and subsequent over-watering4 ,a ,palm should not be repotted until the mass of roots fills the soil2 then a pot only a size larger should be used4 ,use ample drainage in the bottom to carry off excess of water4 ,although the plants need a moist soil1 water standing at their roots proves injurious4 ,a soil composed of well rotted sod1 leaf-mold and a little sand will meet their requirements4 ,among the best ,palms for house culture are ,arecas1 ,cocos ,weddelliana1 ,latania1 ,kentia1 ,chamaerops and ,phoenix4 ,cycas may also be regarded as a ,palm4 ,illustration3 ,palms ,the date ,palm may be grown from seed of the common commercial date4 ,seed of the other varieties may be purchased from leading seedsmen1 but1 as the seed germinates only under favorable conditions1 and the ,palm is a very slow-growing plant while young1 the best plan is to purchase the plants from a dealer when wanted4 ,when the plants become weak or diseased1 take them to a florist for treatment and recuperation4 ,illustration3 ,a table ,palm ,,pandanus1 or ,,screw ,,pine4 ,the ,pandanus utilis and ,p4 ,veitchii are exceedingly ornamental1 and are well adapted to house culture4 ,the singular habit of growth1 bright1 glossy leaves1 and the ability to withstand the dust and shade of a dwelling room1 make them a desirable addition to the house collection4 ,they are propagated by the offsets or young plants that grow around the base of the trunk2 or they may be increased by seed4 ,if by the former method1 the offsets should be cut off and set in sand1 at a temperature of #fe deg4 or #gj deg4 ,the cuttings root slowly and the plants for a time make a very slow growth4 ,the general cultural treatment is that of palms1 which see4 ,illustration3 ,pansies ,,pansy is without doubt the most popular spring flower in cultivation4 ,the strains of seed are many1 each containing great possibilities4 ,the culture is simple and the results are sure4 ,seed sown in ,august or ,september1 in boxes or a frame1 will make plants large enough to reset in ,november and bloom the following ,march2 or they may be left until ,march in open seed-beds before setting out4 ,also1 if they are sown very thinly in the frames they may remain undisturbed through the winter1 blooming very early the following spring4 ,the frame should be protected by mats1 boards or other covering through the severe cold1 and as the sun gains strength1 care should be taken to keep them from heaving by alternate thawing and freezing4 ,seed sown in boxes in ,january or ,february will make fine blooming plants by ,april1 taking the place of those blooming earlier4 ,the requisites for satisfactory ,pansy culture are rich1 moist1 cool soil1 protection from the noonday sun1 and attention to keeping them from going to seed4 ,as the ground becomes warm a mulch of leaf-mold or other light material should be spread over the bed to retain moisture and exclude heat4 ,spring and fall give the best bloom4 ,,paris ,,green is the leading arsenical insecticide4 ,it is usually applied in a water spray1 at the rate of #a pound of the poison to #aej to #bjj gallons of water4 ,add #a_/b pound of lime to prevent injury to foliage4 ,potatoes will usually stand a stronger mixture2 peaches and some other plants do not need one so strong4 ,make the ,paris ,green into a paste with water before adding it to the #bjj gallons1 that it may mix better4 ,paris ,green may be added to ,bordeaux mixture with excellent results1 counting the ,bordeaux as if it were so much water2 in this case it will not be necessary to add lime to the ,paris ,green4 ,the ,paris ,green is used only for chewing insects1 as worms and beetles4 ,london purple is used in the same way4 ,illustration3 ,parsley grown in a box ,,parsley4 ,the curled ,parsley is used almost exclusively as a garnish for meats and salads1 although the flavor in soups is fine4 ,the seed is slow to germinate1 and often the second or third sowing is made1 thinking the first is a failure2 but usually after what would seem a long time the young plants will be seen4 ,when sown in the open ground1 it should be thinned to stand #c or #d inches in the row1 the rows being #aj to #ab inches apart4 ,a few plants in a border will give a supply for a large family1 and with a little protection will live over winter4 ,roots may be lifted in the fall1 put into boxes or old cans1 and grown in a sunny window for winter use4 ,,parsnips are one of the vegetables that are the better for the winter's freeze1 although they are of good quality if taken up after the fall frosts and packed in soil1 sand or moss in the cellar4 ,the seed1 which must be not over one year old1 should be sown as early as possible in well prepared soil1 firmed with the feet or roller4 ,as the seed germinates rather slowly the ground often becomes crusted or baked over the seeds1 in which case it should be broken and fined with a garden rake4 ,this operation often means the success of the crop4 ,radish or cabbage seeds may be sown with the ,parsnip seed to mark the row and break the crust4 ,one ounce of seed will sow #bjj feet of drill4 ,thin to #f inches apart in the row4 ,,pea4 ,who does not long for the time when early ,peas are fit to use8 ,and how many know the great difference in quality between the smooth and the wrinkled ,peas8 ,the first are a little the earliest to be planted and to become fit for use1 and on that account should be planted in a small way4 ,for the kitchen-garden the dwarf and half-dwarf varieties are the best1 as the tall kinds will need brush or wire to support them1 causing considerable trouble and labor and not being as neat in appearance4 ,the tall varieties yield a larger crop than the dwarfs1 but as the rows must be made from #c to #e feet apart1 the dwarf ones1 which are planted only #f to #h inches apart1 will give as large a yield on the same area4 ,always plant double rows of the tall varieties3 that is1 two rows from #d to #f inches apart1 with the brush or wire between1 the double rows being from #c to #e feet apart1 according to varieties4 ,the dwarf varieties should be planted four rows in a block1 each row being only #f or #h inches apart4 ,the ,peas on the two center rows may be picked from the outside4 ,leave a space of #b feet and plant the same4 ,at the time of the first planting only the smooth varieties should be sown1 but by the middle of ,april in ,new ,york the ground will be warm and dry enough for the wrinkled sorts4 ,a succession should be sown that will come to maturity one after the other1 extending the season six or eight weeks4 ,if a further supply is wanted the early quick-maturing varieties may be sown in ,august1 usually giving a fair crop of ,peas in ,september and early ,october4 ,in the hot weather of midsummer they often do not thrive so well4 ,one quart of seed will plant about #ajj feet of drill4 ,,pea1 ,,everlasting 7,lathyrus latifolius74 ,these ,peas do not have the colors or fragrance of the ,sweet ,pea1 but are fine for planting against rocks1 stumps1 or fences4 ,they bloom through a long season1 and1 being perfectly hardy1 will live for years4 ,height #b to #f feet4 ,raised from seeds or from cuttings1 usually the former4 ,keep the seed pods picked off to lengthen period of bloom4 ,,pea1 ,,sweet4 ,see ,sweet ,pea4 ,,peach4 ,given the proper exposure1 ,peaches may be fruited in many sections where now it is thought impossible to have a crop4 ,it is usually the practice of the amateur to set ,peach trees in the shelter of some building1 exposed on the south or east to the sun1 and in a pocket as regards winds4 ,this should be reversed1 except in the close vicinity of large bodies of water4 ,the fruit buds of ,peaches will stand very cold weather when perfectly dormant1 often as low as #ab deg4 or #ah deg4 below zero in ,new ,york2 but if the buds once become swollen1 comparatively light freezing will destroy the crop4 ,therefore1 if the trees be set on elevations where a constant air drainage may be obtained1 sheltered1 if at all1 on the south and east1 from the warming influence of the sun1 the buds will remain dormant until the ground becomes warm1 and the chances of a failure will be lessened4 ,this advice applies mostly to interior sections4 ,a well drained1 sandy loam or gravelly soil suits the ,peach better than a heavy soil2 but if the heavier soil is well drained1 good crops may be obtained4 ,illustration3 ,peaches ,peaches are short-lived at best1 and one should be satisfied with three or four crops from each tree4 ,they bear young1 usually a partial crop the third year4 ,if a crop may be had every other year until the trees are eight or ten years old1 they will have well repaid the effort of cultivation4 ,but they often bear twice this long4 ,young trees may be set every four or five years to replace older ones1 thus having trees at a bearing age at all times on a small place4 ,trees should be set #ad to #ah feet apart each way4 ,a good selection of varieties for home use would be ,early ,york1 ,alexander1 ,halo ,early1 ,mountain ,rose1 ,early ,crawford1 ,wheatland1 ,stump1 ,elberta1 ,stevens1 ,oldmixon1 ,late ,crawford and ,smock4 ,peach trees are always bought when they are one year old1 that is1 one year from the bud4 ,for example1 the bud is set in the fall of #ahih4 ,it remains dormant until the spring of #ahii1 when it pushes into vigorous growth2 and in the fall of #ahii the tree is ready for sale4 ,peach trees which are more than a year old are scarcely worth the buying4 ,it is a common practice1 when setting ,peach trees1 to prune them back to a whip1 leaving a stub bearing not more than one bud where each branch is cut off4 ,the three great enemies of the ,peach are the borer1 the yellows and the curculio4 ,the borer is best handled by digging it out every spring and fall4 ,trees which are attacked by the borer have an exudation of gum about the crown4 ,if the borers are dug out twice a year they will not get sufficient start to make the operation very laborious4 ,it is the only sure way4 ,the yellows is a communicable disease1 the cause of which is not definitely known4 ,it shows itself in the fruit ripening prematurely1 with distinct red spots which extend through the flesh1 and later by the throwing out of fine1 branching1 twiggy tufts along the main branches4 ,the only treatment is to pull out the trees and burn them4 ,other trees may be set in the same places4 ,for a discussion of curculio1 see the remarks under ,plum4 ,,pear4 ,no fruit plantation should be considered complete without trees of various kinds of ,pears1 ripening fruits from early in ,august till winter4 ,the late varieties are generally good keepers1 and extend the season into ,february1 thus supplying fruit for six or seven months4 ,as the ,pear grows to perfection on quince1 the dwarf tree is peculiarly adapted to planting on small home grounds1 and is often used as a boundary plant1 or to serve the purpose of a screen4 ,these dwarf trees should be set deep--#d to #f inches below the union--to prevent the stock from growing4 ,dwarf trees may be set as near together as #aj to #af feet1 while the standard or tall-growing ,pears should be set #ah to #be feet apart4 ,trees are planted when two or three years old4 ,illustration3 ,bartlett ,pears ,the ,pear thrives on clay soil1 if well underdrained1 and for this reason may succeed in places where other fruits might fail4 ,a good1 steady growth should be maintained1 but the use of nitrogenous manures should be avoided1 as they tend to make a rank growth and invite attacks of ,pear blight1 which is the worst enemy of the ,pear4 ,for summer fruits3 ,osband's ,summer1 ,bartlett1 ,clapp and ,manning ,elizabeth are among the best4 ,for autumn3 ,duchess1 ,flemish ,beauty1 ,bosc1 ,louise ,bonne1 ,seckel and ,sheldon4 ,for winter fruit3 ,anjou1 ,clairgeau1 ,lawrence and ,winter ,nelis are excellent4 ,kieffer is an excellent commercial fruit1 but it is too poor to be given space in the home ground except as an ornamental tree4 ,of the ,pear blight1 ,duggar writes as follows3 ,,remedies4 7a7 ,the knife and the saw4--,with a disease working as this does1 it is very evident that there is no chance either for cure or prevention by means of spraying4 ,the heroic treatment of the knife and saw must be adopted and vigorously pursued1 as has been claimed from the beginning4 ,the blackened leaves alone must not serve as signs of the diseased area1 but one must examine carefully the branches and remove them #f inches or more below the lowest discolorations4 ,often before cutting1 pruners slice the bark downward to see where the injury ends4 ,this should not be done2 it is better to be sure that you are below the infected area1 and run no such risk of infecting anew the tissues below4 ,the cut surfaces of larger limbs and branches should be painted for protection against wound rots4 7b7 ,when to cut4--,cutting out diseased portions should be done whenever the disease is evident4 ,this may check the injuries temporarily2 but it has been shown that much can be done in the autumn to prevent the establishment of the disease the following spring4 ,it has long been known that the disease may pass the winter in the branches by a slow growth in the neighborhood of late infections4 ,thorough work of eradication should especially be performed after the season of growth4 ,then cut out every diseased branch and burn1 so that in the spring when the succulent growth begins again1 there will be few places in which insects may come in contact with the bacterial exudations4 7c7 ,conditions favoring the disease4--,the knife is our only hope of extermination2 but there are undoubtedly conditions which favor the disease4 ,in a succulent1 rapidly growing tree the bacteria find more favorable conditions for their development than in one which grows slowly1 yet with sufficient vigor4 ,for this reason1 too much nitrogenous manure is dangerous2 and1 for the same reason1 a succulent growth induced by severe pruning should be avoided4 ,illustration3 ,pelargonium1 or ,geranium ,,pelargoniums4 ,here belong the plants known as ,geraniums--the most satisfactory of house-plants1 and extensively used as bedding plants4 ,no plants will give better returns in leaf and flower2 and these features1 added to the ease of propagation1 make them general favorites4 ,cuttings of partially ripened wood root very easily1 grow to blooming size in a short time1 and1 either planted out or grown in a pot1 make fine decorations4 ,the common or ,fish ,geraniums are much more satisfactory when not more than a year old4 ,take cuttings from the old plants at least once a year4 ,in four or five months the young plants begin to bloom4 ,plants may be taken up from the garden and potted1 but they rarely give as much satisfaction as young1 vigorous subjects4 ,repot frequently until they are in #d- to #e-;inch pots2 then let them bloom4 ,the show ,pelargoniums are those commonly known as ,lady ,washington ,geraniums4 ,these have but one period of bloom1 usually in ,april1 but they make up in size and coloring4 ,this section is more difficult to manage as a house plant than the common ,geranium1 needing more direct light to keep it stocky1 and being troubled by insects4 ,still1 all the trouble taken to grow them will be well repaid by the handsome blossoms4 ,take cuttings in late spring1 after flowering1 and blooming plants may be had the following year4 ,good results are sometimes secured by keeping these plants two or three years4 ,cut back after each blooming season4 ,for house culture the ,geraniums need a rich1 fibrous loam1 with the addition of a little sand2 good drainage is also an essential4 ,,peony4 ,the herbaceous ,peony has long had a place in the garden1 and is now in general use as an early flowering plant4 ,it is perfectly hardy1 and free from the many diseases and insects that attack so many fine plants4 ,the single and semi-double varieties are very fine1 the flowers becoming large as the plant becomes well established4 ,the herbaceous section is readily increased by division4 ,the tree ,peonies are increased by grafting4 ,they grow in some cases to the height of #c or more feet1 and are covered with large1 very double flowers of rich colors4 ,height #b to #c feet4 ,,peppers are tender while young1 although they will endure a heavy frost in the fall4 ,their culture is that recommended for eggplants4 ,a small seedsman's packet of seed will be sufficient for a large number of plants1 say two hundred4 ,the large ,bell ,peppers are the mildest1 and are used for making stuffed ,peppers and other dishes4 ,the small1 hot ,peppers are used for seasoning and sauces4 ,illustration3 ,bell ,pepper ,,petunia4 ,the improvement made in the size and markings of the ,petunia has been marked of late4 ,now almost every shade of color may be found1 aside from yellow4 ,a bed of ,petunias makes a mass of color equaled by few other flowers4 ,they also make very fine single plants for pots1 baskets or window-boxes1 blooming freely through the winter1 and emitting a delicate fragrance4 ,the single varieties grow freely from seed1 but if plants of one special color are wanted cuttings should be made4 ,these cuttings root easily and bloom early4 ,cuttings will have to be made of the double varieties to increase their number4 ,for common ,petunias1 sow seeds where plants are to grow1 in a warm1 sunny place2 or1 for earlier bloom1 seeds may be started in the house4 ,thin to #h to #ab inches apart4 ,the season of bloom is cut short only by frost or other causes4 ,illustration3 ,petunia ,,phlox4 ,both the perennial and the annual ,phloxes are most valuable4 ,excepting the petunia1 no plant will give the profusion of bloom with as little care as the annual ,phlox 7,phlox ,drummondii74 ,masses of one color or of contrasting colors make very effective ribbon borders or edging beds4 ,the perennial species are very showy1 having almost as wide a range of color as the annuals4 ,they grow to the height of #c feet4 ,they are most effective in the back row of a border4 ,the perennials have been much improved of late4 ,they are hardy4 ,the annual ,phlox is propagated by seed sown early in the spring in the border1 or in ,march in boxes and transplanted4 ,the perennial ,phlox is increased by division of the roots1 the flowers being larger and more highly colored by dividing at least every three years4 ,the annual ,phlox blooms early1 and continues until late in the fall4 ,the perennial blooms from ,july to frost4 ,,pink4 ,see ,dianthus and ,carnation4 ,,plum4 ,of ,plums there are three general or common types3 first1 the common ,domestica or ,european ,plum1 which gives rise to all the older varieties1 like ,lombard1 ,bradshaw1 ,green ,gage1 the ,prunes1 the ,egg ,plums1 the ,damsons1 and the like2 second1 the ,japanese ,plums1 which have become popular within the last ten years1 and which are adapted to a wider range of country than the ,domesticas2 third1 the native ,plums of several species or types1 which are adapted to the plains1 the middle and southern states1 where the ,domestica ,plums do not thrive1 and some kinds to the cold ,north4 ,wherever the ,domestica and ,japanese ,plums can be grown1 the native ,plums are not destined to become popular2 but many of the natives are much hardier than others1 and are therefore adapted to regions in which the ,domestica and ,japanese are not safe4 ,others of them are well adapted to the middle and southern states4 ,the ,domestica and ,japanese ,plums are considerably hardier than peaches1 but not so hardy as the apple4 ,the northern limit of their general cultivation is the southern peninsula of ,michigan1 central and southern ,ontario1 central ,new ,york and central ,new ,england4 ,plums thrive on a great variety of soils1 but they do better1 as a rule1 on those which are rather heavy and have a considerable content of clay4 ,in fact1 many of the varieties will thrive on clay as hard as that upon which pears will grow4 ,on the other hand1 they often thrive well upon light1 and even almost sandy soils4 ,the trees are set when they are two and three years from the bud4 ,it is preferable to have ,plum trees on stocks of the same species1 but it is not always possible to secure them at the nurseries4 ,in the ,south1 ,plums are worked mostly on peach roots1 and these make excellent trees where the climate is not too severe1 and especially upon the lighter lands on which they are planted in the ,south4 ,in the ,north the larger part of the ,plum stocks are grown on the ,myrobalan ,plum roots4 ,this ,myrobalan is an ,old ,world species of ,plum1 of smaller growth than the ,domestica4 ,this stock1 therefore1 tends to dwarf the tree1 and it is also likely to throw up sprouts from the roots4 ,plum trees are set from #ab to #ah feet apart4 ,many growers like to set them #h feet apart in rows1 and have the rows from #af to #bj feet apart4 ,plums are pruned much the same as apples and pears4 ,that is1 the top is thinned out from year to year1 and all superfluous branches and broken or diseased wood are removed4 ,if the soil is very strong and the trees are close together1 it may be well to head them in a little each year1 especially those varieties which grow very strong and robust4 ,the varieties of ,plums are very numerous4 ,of the ,domestica or ,european type1 some of the best are ,bradshaw1 ,imperial ,gage1 ,jefferson1 ,reine ,claude1 ,coe ,golden ,drop1 ,quackenbos1 ,fellemburg1 ,german ,prune1 ,copper4 ,the ,lombard is the most cosmopolitan variety1 and is always sure to give a crop1 but the quality is not so good as that of the others mentioned4 ,for culinary purposes1 some of the ,damsons1 which are very small-fruited varieties1 are excellent4 ,of ,japanese ,plums1 the best so far tested for the ,north are ,red ,june1 ,abundance1 ,burbank1 ,chabot and ,satsuma4 ,for a very early cherry-like ,plum for home use1 the ,berger is excellent4 ,of the native ,plums1 the most cosmopolitan variety is ,wild ,goose4 ,excellent varieties are ,weaver1 ,quaker1 ,forest ,garden1 ,wayland1 and others4 ,illustration3 ,plums ,there are four leading difficulties in the growing of ,plums--leaf blight1 fruit rot1 black knot1 and curculio4 ,the leaf blight usually comes on about midsummer1 the leaves becoming spotted and dropping off4 ,the remedy for this trouble is to spray thoroughly with ,bordeaux mixture1 beginning soon after the fruits have set1 and before the trouble begins to show4 ,the fruit rot may be prevented by the same means--that is1 by spraying with ,bordeaux mixture4 ,it is usually best to begin just after the fruits are well set4 ,a very important consideration in the checking of this disease is to thin the fruit so that it does not hang in clusters4 ,if one fruit touches another1 the rot spreads from fruit to fruit in spite of the spraying4 ,some varieties1 like ,lombard and ,abundance1 are susceptible to this injury4 ,the black knot is best kept in check by cutting out the knots whenever they can be seen1 and burning them4 ,as soon as the leaves drop1 the orchard should be gone over and all knots taken out4 ,orchards which are thoroughly sprayed with ,bordeaux mixture for the leaf blight and fruit-rot fungus are less liable to attacks of black knot4 ,the curculio1 or the insect which is the parent of the worms in the fruit1 is the inveterate enemy of the ,plum and other stone fruits4 ,the mature beetle lays the eggs in the fruits when they are very small1 usually beginning its work about as soon as the flowers fall4 ,these eggs soon hatch1 and the little maggot bores into the fruit4 ,those fruits which are attacked whilst very young ordinarily fall from the tree1 but those which are attacked when they are half or more grown may adhere to the tree1 but are wormy and gummy at the picking time4 ,the mature beetles are sluggish in the mornings1 and are easily jarred from the trees4 ,taking advantage of this fact1 the fruit-grower may jar them into sheets2 or1 in large orchards1 into a large canvas hopper1 which is wheeled from tree to tree upon a wheelbarrow-like frame1 and under the apex of which is a tin can into which the insects roll4 ,there is a slit or opening in one side of the hopper1 which allows the tree to stand nearly in the middle of the canvas4 ,the operator then gives the tree two or three sharp jars with a padded pole or mallet4 ,the edges of the hopper are then quickly shaken with the hands and the insects roll down into the tin receptacle4 ,in this receptacle there is kerosene oil1 or it may be emptied from time to time4 ,just how long this machine is to be run in the orchard will depend entirely upon circumstances4 ,it is advisable to use the catcher soon after the blossoms fall1 for the purpose of finding out how abundant the insects are4 ,if a few insects are caught upon each tree1 there is indication that there are enough of the pests to make serious trouble4 ,if after a few days the insects seem to have disappeared1 it will not be necessary to continue the hunt4 ,in some years1 especially in those succeeding a very heavy crop1 it may be necessary to run the curculio-catcher every morning for four or five weeks2 but1 as a rule1 it will not be necessary to use it oftener than two or three times a week during that season2 and sometimes the season may be shortened by one-half4 ,the insects fall most readily when the weather is cool1 and it1 therefore1 is best to get through the whole orchard1 if possible1 before noon4 ,upon cloudy days1 however1 the insects may be caught all day4 ,a smart man can attend to #cjj to #djj full-bearing trees in six hours if the ground has been well rolled or firmed1 as it should be before the bugging operation begins4 ,but whether the operation is troublesome or not1 it is the price of ,plums1 and the grower must not expect to succeed long without it4 ,the same treatment is essential to the saving of peaches and rarely1 also1 of sour cherries4 ,,poppy4 ,these showy annuals and perennials should be more generally grown4 ,nothing will lighten up a corner better than the hardy oriental ,poppy1 or the solid crimson or scarlet annual ,poppies4 ,all of the varieties grow readily from seed1 which1 in most cases1 should be sown where the plants are to bloom4 ,the seeds of the oriental and the ,iceland ,poppy may be sown in pots1 the plants wintered over in a frame and carefully planted out the second spring4 ,the ,poppy is very impatient of root disturbance1 however1 and the safest method is to sow the seed where wanted4 ,,portulaca1 or ,,rose ,,moss4 ,brilliant little tender annuals1 low-growing and sun-loving4 ,they usually seed themselves1 and once established will continue for years4 ,many of the varieties will produce a good percentage of flowers as double as roses and of many colors4 ,seed should be sown where wanted4 ,they bloom freely in light1 sandy soil in the full blaze of the sun4 ,,potato4 ,the common practice of growing ,potatoes in ridges or elevated hills is wrong1 unless the soil is so wet that this practice is necessary to insure proper drainage2 but in this case the land is not adapted to the growing of ,potatoes4 ,if the land is elevated into ridges or hills1 there is a great loss of moisture by means of evaporation4 ,during the last cultivating the ,potatoes may be hilled up slightly in order to cover the tubers2 but the hills should not be made in the beginning4 ,land for ,potatoes should be rather loamy in character1 and ought to have a liberal supply of potash1 either naturally or supplied in the drill1 by means of an application of sulfate of potash4 ,see that the land is deeply plowed or spaded1 so that the roots can penetrate deeper4 ,plant the ,potatoes #c or #d inches below the natural surface of the ground4 ,it is ordinarily best to drop the pieces in drills4 ,a continuous drill may be made by means of dropping one piece every #f inches1 but it is usually thought best to drop two pieces about every #ab to #ah inches4 ,the drills are far enough apart to allow good cultivation4 ,if horse cultivation is used1 the drills should be at least #c feet apart4 ,illustration3 ,potatoes ,small ,potatoes are considered not to be so good as large ones for planting4 ,one reason is because too many sprouts arise from each one1 and these sprouts are apt to crowd each other4 ,the same is true of the tip end or seed end of the tuber4 ,even when it is cut off1 the eyes are so numerous that one secures many weak shoots rather than two or three strong ones4 ,it is ordinarily best to cut the ,potatoes to two or three eyes1 leaving as much tuber as possible with each piece4 ,from seven to eight bushels of ,potatoes are required to plant an acre4 ,for a very early crop in the garden1 tubers are sometimes sprouted in the cellar4 ,when the sprouts are #d to #f inches high the tubers are carefully planted4 ,it is essential that the sprouts are not broken in the handling4 ,in this practice1 also1 the tubers are first cut into large pieces1 so that they will not dry out too much4 ,the staple remedy for the ,potato bug is ,paris green1 #a pound of poison to #aej to #bjj gallons of water1 with a little lime 7see ,paris ,green74 ,for the blight1 spray with ,bordeaux mixture1 and spray thoroughly4 ,bordeaux mixture will also keep away the flea beetle to a large extent4 ,,potato1 ,,sweet4 ,see ,sweet ,potato4 ,,potting4 ,the operation of potting a plant1 while in itself simple1 is very often associated with success or failure in the growth of the plant4 ,the first and most common reason of failure is using too large a pot2 the second1 imperfect drainage2 and the third1 the poor physical condition of the soil4 ,illustration3 ,too deep ,illustration3 ,plant too high ,a small-rooted cutting or a feeble plant should have a pot only large enough to hold soil sufficient to surround the roots to the extent of #a or #b inches4 ,more soil would hold too much moisture1 thus excluding the air4 ,as the plants grow and the ball of dirt becomes well covered with white roots1 and before these roots become dark in color1 the plant should be repotted1 using a pot one size larger and usually a little richer soil4 ,this operation should continue until the plant has made the desired growth4 ,if it is desired to grow a geranium1 fuchsia1 begonia1 or plants of a similar character1 large enough for a window plant--say to the height or breadth of two feet1--a #f-;inch pot will be large enough1 provided the soil is rich enough to continue the growth of the plant while in flower4 ,it often happens that pots of the various sizes are not to hand2 and in case the pot is too large1 it should have the drainage increased until it will take up as much room in the bottom as the pot is too large4 ,bear in mind that the soil should not hold free water4 ,after the plant has filled the pot with roots it will often be necessary to supply more food as the soil becomes exhausted4 ,this may be done by digging out the top soil down to the young1 white roots1 replacing with new soil in which a little rotted manure1 a pinch of bone-meal or other plant-food1 has been added4 ,liquid manure may be used4 ,this liquid manure is made from well rotted cow-1 horse-1 or sheep-manure thrown into a tub or barrel1 covered with water1 and allowed to stand until the strength of the manure is soaked out4 ,this liquid should be diluted before using with clear water until it has the color of weak coffee4 ,if used with judgment1 nothing will cause a better growth or a greater quantity of flowers4 ,illustration3 ,too full ,illustration3 ,careless ,the drainage may consist of any coarse material1 such as old broken pots1 small stones1 pieces of charcoal1 and the like1 over which should be placed small broken sod or a little moss to keep the dirt from washing through and eventually stopping up the crevices through which the excess water should flow4 ,illustration3 ,good6 ,a safe rule to follow in first potting the majority of house-plants1 is to use one-third turf-loam1 one-third leaf-mold or decayed leaves1 and one-third sand1 thoroughly mixed4 ,reduce the amount of leaf-mold and sand at successive pottings1 adding a little well rotted manure1 until1 when the plants have been potted in #f-;inch pots1 at least four-fifths of the soil is turfy loam4 ,press the soil firmly in the pot and around the plant4 ,never fill the pot level full of soil1 else the plant cannot be watered4 ,,prickly ,,poppies1 or ,,argemones1 are hardy annuals1 with large1 bluish striking foliage and yellow flowers4 ,they are easily grown in a warm soil and sunny exposure4 ,sow the seeds where the plants are to stand4 ,thin to #ab to #ah inches apart4 ,they grow #b feet high4 ,,primulas1 or ,,primroses1 are of various kinds4 ,one of them is the ,auricula 7which see74 ,others are hardy border plants4 ,the true or ,english cowslip is one of these2 also the plants commonly known as ,polyanthus4 ,hardy ,primulas grow #f to #aj inches high1 sending up trusses of yellow and red flowers in early spring4 ,propagated by division1 or by seed sown a year before the plants are wanted4 ,give them rich1 moist soil4 ,the ,primula of the winter-garden is mostly the ,p4 ,sinensis 7,chinese ,primrose71 grown very extensively by florists as a ,christmas plant4 ,with the exception of the full double varieties1 it is usually grown from seed4 ,the seed sown in ,march or ,april will make large flowering plants by ,november or ,december1 if the young plants are shifted to larger pots as needed4 ,the seed should be sown on the flat surface of the soil1 composed of equal parts loam1 leaf-mold and sand4 ,the seed should be pressed down lightly and the soil watered carefully to prevent the seed from being washed into the soil4 ,very fine sphagnum moss may be sifted over the seed1 or the box set in a moist place1 where the soil will remain wet until the seeds germinate4 ,when the plants are large enough they should be potted separately or pricked out into shallow boxes4 ,frequent pottings or transplantings should be given until ,september1 when they should be in the pots in which they are to bloom4 ,the two essentials to successful growth through the hot summer are shade and moisture4 ,height #f to #h inches4 ,bloom in winter and spring4 ,at present the baby ,primrose 7,primula ,forbesi7 is popular4 ,it is treated in essentially the same way as the ,sinensis4 ,all ,primulas are impatient of a dry atmosphere and fluctuating conditions4 ,,prince',s ,,feather4 ,see ,amarantus4 ,,prunes are varieties of plums with firm1 meaty flesh1 and which readily make dried fruit4 ,some of the ,prunes are commercially grown in the ,east1 but they are sold in the green state as other plums are2 and they are adapted to all the uses of other plums4 ,prunes are cultivated like other plums4 ,,pruning4 ,there are two general types of inquiry connected with the question of ,pruning3 ,first1 that which has to do with the healing of the wounds2 and second1 that which has to do with the shaping of the top and the general welfare of the tree4 ,illustration3 ,improper way to make the wound ,illustration3 ,proper way ,illustration3 ,before ,illustration3 ,after ,when a limb is cut off1 it heals by being covered with callus tissue1 which grows out from the cambium zone between the bark and wood and rolls over the face of the wound4 ,the hard wood itself never heals2 that is1 the cells do not have the power of making new cells2 therefore the old wood is simply covered up1 or hermetically sealed as a cap is put on a fruit jar4 ,it is evident1 therefore1 that no kind of dressing will hasten the healing of this wound4 ,the merit of a dressing is to keep the wound sound and healthy until the callus naturally covers it over4 ,all things considered1 the best dressing is probably thick linseed-oil paint4 ,so far as the wound is concerned1 the best time for ,pruning is ordinarily in the spring1 when the vital activities are beginning2 but the season also influences fruit-bearing and wood-making1 and these questions should be considered4 ,those wounds heal best which are on strong main limbs1 where there is a full flow of nutritious sap4 ,the limb should be cut off so that the wound is parallel with the trunk upon which it sits1 and close to it4 ,that is to say1 the longer the stub1 the less rapid in general is the healing of the wound4 ,it is the custom to cut the limb just outside the bulge at its base2 but1 in most cases1 it is better to cut through this bulge1 and to have the wound close to the main trunk4 ,illustration3 ,before pruning ,illustration3 ,after pruning ,heavy ,pruning of the top tends to the production of wood2 therefore the severe ,pruning of orchard trees1 following three or four years of neglect1 sets the trees into heavy wood-bearing1 and makes them more vigorous4 ,such treatment generally tends away from fruit-bearing4 ,this heavy ,pruning is usually necessary in neglected orchards1 however1 to bring trees back into shape and to revitalize them2 but the best ,pruning-treatment of an orchard is to ,prune it a little every year4 ,it should be so ,pruned that the tops of the trees will be open1 that no two limbs will interfere with each other1 and so that the fruit itself will not be so abundant as to overload the tree4 ,pruning is a means of thinning4 ,in general1 it is best to prune orchard trees late in winter or early in spring4 ,it is ordinarily better1 however1 to leave peaches and other tender fruits until after the buds have swollen1 or even after the flowers have fallen1 in order that one may determine how much they have been injured by the winter4 ,grapevines should be ,pruned in winter or not later 7in ,new ,york7 than the first of ,march4 ,if ,pruned later than this1 they may bleed4 ,the above remarks will apply to other trees as well as to fruits4 ,illustration3 ,sickle saw ,illustration3 ,combined saw and knife4 ,goes on a long handle ,illustration3 ,curved ,pruning saw ,illustration3 ,common double edge saw ,it should be borne in mind that ,pruning has two objects3 one is to merely trim the tree or to make it assume some designed shape2 the other is to make the tree more vigorous or more fruitful1 or to make some other change in its character4 ,these ideals are well illustrated in the ,pruning of ornamental shrubs4 ,if one wants to have the shrubs sheared into some particular shape1 the shearing may be done at almost any time of the year2 in fact1 it is better to do it two or three times each year in order to keep the trees trim and neat4 ,if1 however1 the desire is to secure more flowers1 the case is a very different one4 ,some shrubs and trees bear their flowers on the wood of the preceding year4 ,such1 for example1 are the early flowering shrubs like lilacs and the snowballs4 ,the flower buds are made the fall before4 ,in this case1 ,pruning the shrub in winter cuts off the flower buds4 ,the ideal time for ,pruning them1 therefore1 is just after the flowers have passed4 ,the flower buds will form later in the season for the production of the flowers the following spring4 ,other shrubs1 however 7particularly those which blossom late in the season71 bear on wood of the current year's growth4 ,that is1 the clematis blossoms in late summer and fall on wood which grew that same season4 ,the greater the quantity of strong wood which grows in any season1 therefore1 the greater the quantity of bloom in that season4 ,with such shrubs1 it is well to ,prune in winter or early spring1 and to ,prune rather heavily4 ,the abundance of new shoots which arise may be expected to bear flowers later on in the same season4 ,following are some shrubs which1 for best results in flower-bearing1 may be ,pruned when dormant 7in winter73 camellia1 ,jackmani type of clematis1 cornus1 hibiscus 7shrubby71 hydrangea1 many loniceras or honeysuckles1 philadelphus or mock-orange1 some spireas4 ,shrubs which may be ,pruned when in leaf 7just after blooming73 lilac1 deutzia1 weigelas1 exochorda1 spring-flowering loniceras1 tree peony1 flowering almond1 some spireas and viburnums1 wistaria4 ,the marginal illustrations show how apple1 pear and plum trees may be ,pruned when received from the nursery4 ,cut back the roots to fresh1 unbroken wood4 ,illustration3 ,waters' tree ,pruner--for limbs out of reach ,illustration3 ,pruning shears ,illustration3 ,an excellent ,pruning saw4 ,the blade is on a swivel ,various kinds of useful tree ,pruners are shown in the margins4 ,see also ,scraping4 ,,pumpkin4 ,see ,squash4 ,,pyrethrum4 ,the little1 low-growing yellow-foliaged ,feverfew1 called ,golden ,feather1 is used extensively for edging and design beds4 ,propagated by cuttings1 as are geraniums4 ,the tall-growing species are very fine border plants1 being easy to grow and having showy flowers1 in colors ranging from white through lilac to crimson4 ,their flowers appear in ,june and last a month1 when1 if the plants are cut down1 they will flower again in the fall4 ,the ,persian insect powder is made from the dried flower heads of some of these species4 ,propagated by seed or division4 ,hardy and fine4 ,,radishes should be grown quickly in order to have them at their best4 ,they become tough and woody if grown slowly or allowed to stay in the ground too long4 ,a light soil1 well enriched1 will grow most of the early varieties to table size in from three to five weeks4 ,to have a supply through the early months1 sowings should be made every two weeks4 ,for summer1 the large white or gray varieties are best4 ,the winter varieties may be sown in ,september1 harvested before severe frosts1 and stored in sand in a cool cellar4 ,when they are to be used1 if thrown into cold water for a short time they will regain their crispness4 ,sow ,radishes thickly in drills1 #ab to #ah inches apart4 ,thin as needed4 ,illustration3 ,spring ,radishes ,,raspberry4 ,both the red and black ,raspberries are essentials of a good garden4 ,a few plants of each will produce a supply of berries for a family through six or eight weeks1 provided both early and late varieties are planted4 ,a cool situation1 soil that will hold moisture without being wet1 and a thorough preparation of the ground1 are the conditions necessary to success4 ,the black-cap ,raspberries should be set #c to #d feet apart1 the rows #f or #g feet2 the red varieties #c feet apart1 the rows #e feet apart4 ,spring setting is usually preferable4 ,as with blackberries and dewberries1 ,raspberries bear on last year's canes1 and these canes bear but once4 ,therefore cut out the old canes after fruiting1 or before the following spring1 thus destroying such insects and fungi as may have lodged on them4 ,new canes should have grown in the meantime1 #c to #f to a hill4 ,the first year after the plants are set the canes should be pinched back when they reach the height of from #cj to #cf inches4 ,if a very vigorous growth has been made the first season two canes may be left for fruiting1 but in the case of weak growth1 only one cane should be allowed to fruit4 ,in case of low-growing varieties--those that have been pinched back short--a mulch of straw or grass around the plants at fruiting time will help to hold the moisture1 and also serve to keep the fruits clean in case of heavy rains4 ,a ,raspberry plantation will last three to five years4 ,the black varieties are propagated by layers1 the tip of a cane being laid in the soil in midsummer2 by fall the tip will have taken root and may be separated4 ,the red varieties are propagated by suckers from the roots4 ,in nurseries both blacks and reds are often propagated by means of root-cuttings4 ,illustration3 ,black ,raspberries ,for red rust1 pull out the plant1 root and branch1 and burn it4 ,short rotations--fruiting the plants only two or three years--and burning the old canes and trimmings1 will do much to keep ,raspberry plantations healthy4 ,spraying will have some effect in combating anthracnose4 ,raspberries may be bent over to the ground so that the snow will protect them1 in severe climates4 ,varieties are always changing in favor4 ,good black-caps are ,gregg1 ,ohio1 and ,kansas4 ,good red and purple sorts are ,shaffer1 ,cuthbert1 ,loudon1 and others4 ,,rhododendrons are broad-leaved evergreen shrubs which require a fibrous or peaty soil and protection from bleak winds and hot suns in winter4 ,it is well to plant them amongst trees for protection4 ,in the ,north1 mulch heavily with leaves in the fall4 ,see that the soil is made fibrous with leaf-mold or other material4 ,rhododendrons bloom from winter buds3 therefore prune just after flowering1 if at all4 ,,rhubarb1 or ,,pie ,,plant4 ,this is usually propagated by division of the fleshy roots1 small pieces of which will grow if separated from the old1 established roots and planted in rich1 mellow soil4 ,poor soil should be made rich by spading out at least #c feet of the surface1 filling with well rotted manure to within #a foot of the level1 throwing in the top soil and setting the roots with the crowns #d inches below the surface1 firming them with the feet4 ,the stalks should not be cut for use until the second year1 but the first1 as well as the succeeding falls1 some coarse manure should be thrown over the crowns1 to be forked or spaded in lightly when spring opens4 ,in growing seedling ,rhubarb1 the seed may be sown in a coldframe in ,march or ,april1 protected from freezing1 and in two months the plants will be ready to set in rows1 #ab inches apart4 ,give the plants good cultivation1 and the following spring they may be set in a permanent place4 ,at this time the plants should be set in well prepared ground1 at a distance each way of from #d to #e feet1 and treated as those set with pieces of roots4 ,if given good care and well manured1 the plants will live for years and yield abundantly4 ,two dozen good roots will supply a large family4 ,,ricinus4 ,see ,castor ,oil ,plant4 ,,roses4 ,it seems to be the first desire of the home maker1 when he considers the planting of his grounds1 to set out ,roses4 ,as a matter of fact1 it should be one of the last things to do4 ,roses are essentially flower garden subjects1 rather than lawn subjects4 ,that is to say1 the flowers are their chief beauty4 ,they have very little to commend them in the way of foliage or habit1 and they are inveterately attacked by insects and sometimes by fungi4 ,in order to get the best results with ,roses1 they should be placed in a bed by themselves1 where they can be tilled and pruned and well taken care of2 and they should be grown as specimen plants1 as other flower garden plants are4 ,the ordinary garden ,roses should rarely be grown in mixed borders of shrubbery4 ,illustration3 ,wild ,roses ,if it is desired to have ,roses in mixed borders1 then the single and informal types should be chosen4 ,the best of all these is ,rosa rugosa4 ,this has not only attractive flowers through the greater part of the season1 but it also has very interesting foliage and a striking habit4 ,the great profusion of bristles and spines gives it an individual and strong character4 ,even without the flowers1 it is valuable to add character and cast to a foliage mass4 ,the foliage is not attacked by insects or fungi1 but remains green and glossy throughout the year4 ,the fruit is also very large and showy1 and persists on bushes well through the winter4 ,some of the wild ,roses are also very excellent for mixing into foliage masses1 but1 as a rule1 their foliage characteristics are rather weak1 and they are liable to be attacked by thrips4 ,probably the most extensively grown class of ,roses is the ,remontant or ,hybrid ,perpetual4 ,these1 while not constant bloomers1 are so easy of culture and give such good returns for the care and labor1 that their popularity grows each year4 ,the list of good varieties is very extensive1 and while a few1 such as ,general ,jacqueminot1 ,paul ,neyron1 ,marshall ,p4 ,wilder1 ,victor ,verdier1 ,anne de ,diesbach1 and ,ulrich ,brunner1 are seen in most collections1 one cannot go far wrong in planting any of the list4 ,two of the ,hybrid ,chinese ,roses may go with the ,remontants1 having the same season of bloom and being about as hardy4 ,these are ,magna ,charta and ,mme4 ,plantier4 ,the next group in point of hardiness1 and superior to the foregoing in continuity of bloom1 are the ,hybrid ,noisettes1 such as ,coquette des ,alpes1 ,coquette des ,blanches1 and ,elise ,boelle4 ,the blooms of these are white1 often tinted with pink1 very double and fragrant4 ,the ,hybrid ,tea section1 containing ,duchess of ,albany1 ,la ,france1 ,meteor and ,wootton1 is very fine4 ,these are not hardy in the ,north1 but if protected by a frame1 or if grown in pots1 wintered in a pit1 no class of ,roses will give more general satisfaction4 ,the ,bourbon section contains three of the best bedding ,roses1--,apolline1 ,hermosa1 and ,souvenir de la ,malmaison4 ,these will bloom continually through the fall months until severe frost1 and with a little protection will prove hardy4 ,the ,bengal ,roses1 of which ,agrippina is a leading variety1 bloom through a long season1 but are not hardy1 and should be protected in a pit4 ,they also make very fine pot-plants4 ,the ,moss ,roses are well known1 and are desirable in a general collection4 ,the little ,polyantha ,roses1 with ,cecile ,brunner and ,clothilde ,soupert as two of the best1 are always attractive1 either when planted out or grown in pots4 ,the climbing ,roses1 which bloom later in the season than the ,remontants1 are very useful as pillar and screen plants4 ,the old ,queen of the ,prairies and ,baltimore ,belle are still in favor4 ,a newer and better variety is the ,crimson ,rambler4 ,the ,tea ,roses have proved more disappointing to the amateur than any other4 ,no one can resist the temptation to try to have a few of these highly perfumed1 richly colored ,roses1 but unless one has a conservatory or an especially favored location in the house1 the results do not pay for the trouble4 ,a few blooms may be had outdoors with plants set in the spring1 but on the approach of winter they must be taken up and protected by more secure means than is taken with other ,roses4 ,if potted and grown in the house1 they are the first plants to become infested with red spider2 or if grown cool enough to escape that pest1 they will be subject to an attack of mildew4 ,still1 the results are well worth striving for1 and a few persons will find the proper conditions2 but the ,tea ,rose is essentially a florist's flower4 ,illustration3 ,hybrid ,tea ,rose ,all ,roses are heavy feeders and require rich1 moist soil4 ,a clay soil1 if well enriched and having perfect drainage1 is ideal4 ,pruning should be carefully done1 preferably in the spring4 ,all weak growth should be cut out and the balance well cut back4 ,the flowers of all ,roses1 except the ,yellow ,persian and the ,harrison's ,yellow1 being borne on the new wood1 the bushes should be cut back half or more of their growth4 ,in the majority of cases1 ,roses on their own roots will prove more satisfactory than budded stock4 ,on own-rooted stock1 the suckers or shoots from below the surface of the soil will be of the same kind1 whereas with budded ,roses there is danger of the stock 7usually ,manetti or ,dog ,rose7 starting into growth and1 not being discovered1 outgrowing the bud1 taking possession1 and finally killing out the weaker growth4 ,still1 if the plants are set deep enough to prevent adventitious buds of the stock from starting1 there is no question that finer ,roses may be grown than from plants on their own roots4 ,the summer insects that trouble the ,rose are best treated by a forceful spray of clear water4 ,this should be done early in the day and again at evening4 ,those having city water or good spray pumps will find this an easy method of keeping ,rose pests in check4 ,those without these facilities may use whale oil soap1 fir-tree oil1 good soap suds1 or ,persian insect powder4 ,,roses ,,in ,,winter4 ,although the growing of ,roses under glass is a business which would better be left to florists1 as already said1 the following advice may be useful to those who have conservatories3 ,when growing forcing ,roses for winter flowers1 florists usually provide raised beds1 in the best-lighted houses they have4 ,the bottom of the bed or bench is left with cracks between the boards for drainage2 the cracks are covered with inverted strips of sod1 and the bench is then covered with four or five inches of fresh1 fibrous loam4 ,this is made from rotted sods1 with decayed manure incorporated at the rate of about one part in four4 ,sod from any drained pasture-land makes good soil4 ,the plants are set on the bed in the spring or early summer1 from #ab to #ah inches apart1 and are grown there all summer4 ,during the winter they are kept at a temperature of #eh deg4 to #fj deg4 at night1 and from #e deg4 to #aj deg4 warmer during the day4 ,the heating pipes are often run under the benches1 not because the ,rose likes bottom heat1 but to economize space and to assist in drying out the beds in case of their becoming too wet4 ,the greatest care is required in watering1 in guarding the temperature and in ventilation4 ,draughts result in checks to the growth and in mildewed foliage4 ,dryness of the air1 especially from fire heat1 is followed by the appearance of the minute red spider on the leaves4 ,the aphis1 or green plant louse1 appears under all conditions1 and must be kept down by syringing with tobacco-tea or fumigation with tobacco stems4 ,an effectual and preferable method now employed for destroying the aphis is to fumigate with the vapor arising from a pan containing a gallon of water and a pint of strong extract of tobacco4 ,to generate the vapor1 a piece of red-hot iron is dropped into the pan4 ,from one to three or four pans are required to a house1 according to its size4 ,for the red spider1 the chief means of control is syringing with either clear or soapy water4 ,if the plants are intelligently ventilated and given1 at all times1 as much fresh air as possible1 the red spider is less likely to appear4 ,for mildew1 which is easily recognized by its white1 powdery appearance on the foliage1 accompanied with more or less distortion of the leaves1 the remedy is sulfur in some form or other4 ,the flowers of sulfur may be dusted thinly over the foliage2 enough merely to slightly whiten the foliage is sufficient4 ,it may be dusted on from the hand in a broadcast way1 or applied with a powder-bellows1 which is a better and less wasteful method4 ,again1 a paint composed of sulfur and linseed oil may be applied to a portion of one of the steam or hot-water heating pipes4 ,the fumes arising from this are not agreeable to breathe1 but fatal to mildew4 ,again1 a little sulfur may be sprinkled here and there on the cooler parts of the greenhouse flue4 ,under no circumstances1 however1 ignite any sulfur in a greenhouse4 ,the vapor of burning sulfur is death to plants4 ,illustration3 ,a ,hybrid ,perpetual ,rose ,propagation4--,the writer has known women who could root ,roses with the greatest ease4 ,they would simply break off a branch of the ,rose1 insert it in the flower-bed1 cover it with a bell-jar1 and in a few weeks they would have a strong plant4 ,again they would resort to layering2 in which case a branch1 notched half way through on the lower side1 was bent to the ground and pegged down so that the notched portion was covered with a few inches of soil4 ,the layered spot was watered from time to time4 ,after three or four weeks roots were sent forth from the notch and the branch or buds began to grow1 when it was known that the layer had formed roots4 ,several years ago a friend took a cheese-box1 filled it with sharp sand to the brim1 supported it in a tub of water so that the lower half inch of the box was immersed4 ,the sand was packed down1 sprinkled1 and single-joint ,rose cuttings1 with a bud and a leaf near the top1 were inserted almost their whole length in the sand4 ,this was in ,july1 a hot month1 when it is usually difficult to root any kind of cutting2 moreover1 the box stood on a southern slope1 facing the hot sun1 without a particle of shade4 ,the only attention given the box was to keep the water high enough in the tub to touch the bottom of the cheese-box4 ,in about three weeks he took out three or four dozen of as nicely rooted cuttings as could have been grown in the greenhouse4 ,illustration3 ,vase of ,roses ,the saucer system1 in which cuttings are inserted in wet sand contained in a saucer an inch or two deep1 to be exposed at all times to the full sunshine1 is of a similar nature4 ,the essentials are1 to give the cuttings the full sun and to keep the sand saturated with water4 ,whatever method is used1 if cuttings are to be transplanted after rooting1 it is important to pot them off in small pots as soon as they have a cluster of roots one-half inch or an inch long4 ,leaving them too long in the sand weakens the cutting4 ,,sage is a perennial1 but best results are secured by resowing every two or three years4 ,give a warm1 rich soil4 ,hardy4 ,,salpiglossis4 ,very fine half-hardy annuals4 ,the flowers1 which are borne in profusion1 are of many colors1 and rival in markings most other annuals4 ,the flowers are short-lived if left on the plant1 but will hold well if cut and placed in water4 ,seed should be sown in heat in ,february or ,march1 the seedlings grown along until ,may1 when they may be planted out4 ,it is usually best to pinch out the centers of the plants at this time to cause them to branch4 ,,salsify1 or ,,vegetable ,,oyster4 ,salsify is one of the best of winter and early spring vegetables1 and should be grown in every garden4 ,it may be cooked in several different ways4 ,the seed should be sown as early in the spring as possible4 ,handle the same as parsnips in every way4 ,the roots1 like parsnips1 are the better for the winter freeze1 but part of the crop should be dug in the fall1 and stored in soil or moss in a cellar for winter use4 ,illustration3 ,salsify ,,salvia4 ,the ,,scarlet ,,salvia 7or ,,sage7 is a well known tender perennial1 blooming late in the fall and making a fine effect in beds or borders4 ,it is easily transplanted1 and large plants removed to the house continue in bloom for some time4 ,the blue and white species are both desirable summer flowering plants1 and the low-growing ,silver ,leaf ,sage is well adapted for edging4 ,propagated from seed1 cuttings1 or by division4 ,height #b to #c feet4 ,illustration3 ,salvia coccinea ,,san ,,jose ,,scale has now become a wide-spread pest4 ,it has been introduced into the eastern states from the ,pacific slope4 ,it is a minute scale insect the size of a small pinhead1 shield-shaped1 with a raised center4 ,there are various native and comparatively harmless scales which look very much like it1 and an expert is usually needed to distinguish them4 ,the ,san ,jose ,scale can usually be distinguished1 however1 by its very serious results4 ,in favorable seasons it spreads with enormous rapidity1 covering the branches of many kinds of plants1 sapping their juices1 and either killing or reducing them to such a low state of vitality as to render them useless2 or they are killed by the winter4 ,the indications are that the scale will never be so serious in the moist1 cool climates of the northeastern states as it is in the hotter and drier climates of the ,west4 ,it has been found by careful experiments that it can be killed by a spray of kerosene and water 7see ,kerosene7 in a proportion of one part of kerosene to four or five of water4 ,this material is applied with a mechanical pump mixer1 and the application should be made on a sunny day so that evaporation soon takes place4 ,spraying with kerosene in cloudy weather is very likely to result in injury to the plants4 ,some experimenters have found crude petroleum to be a specific for the ,san ,jose ,scale4 ,it is not to be expected that the ,san ,jose ,scale can be exterminated any more than the tent caterpillar or apple scab can4 ,it follows1 therefore1 that we should spray for the ,san ,jose ,scale as we do for other pests4 ,it is such a serious pest1 however1 that the state or province should take measures to hold it in check4 ,some system of inspection should be inaugurated1 and it is probably best that nursery stock be fumigated with hydrocyanic gas before it is sold4 ,this gas is exceedingly poisonous1 however1 and should never be handled by the inexperienced4 ,whenever it is used1 it should be under the control of experts4 ,plants or plantations which are badly infested with the scale would better be destroyed4 ,,scabiosa4 ,,mourning ,,bride4 ,a useful annual1 producing a profusion of bloom through the greater part of the summer if not allowed to go to seed4 ,the flowers range in color from white to rich purple1 are borne on long stems1 and are very lasting4 ,the seed may be sown where the plants are wanted1 or to hasten the season of bloom may be sown in boxes in ,february and grown along to be planted out in ,april4 ,,scarlet ,,runner4 ,one of the pole or running beans 7,phaseolus multiflorus74 ,it is a great favorite with people from the ,old ,world1 especially ,english and ,germans4 ,this bean is used either as an ornamental vine for porches or trellises1 or as a screen to hide unsightly objects4 ,the red flowers are very showy1 either on the plant or in bouquets4 ,the green pods are excellent as string beans1 and the dried beans are of superior quality4 ,seed should not be sown until the ground has become thoroughly warm2 or the plants may be started in the house4 ,,scraping of trees is rarely to be advised1 except in fruit plantations4 ,the old and hanging bark on apple and pear trees may be taken off in order to destroy the hiding places of insects and the breeding places of fungi1 and also to make the plantation look more neat and kempt4 ,only the loose outer bark should be removed1 however4 ,trees should not be scraped to the quick4 ,if there is moss on trees1 it can be destroyed readily by a spray of ,bordeaux mixture4 ,a large part of the beauty of an ornamental tree lies in its characteristic bark1 and it is very rare that such trees should be scraped4 ,,screens4 ,see ,windbreak4 ,,screw ,,pine4 ,see ,pandanus4 ,,sea-,,kale shoots are very highly prized as a delicacy when blanched4 ,the seed should be sown in a hotbed early in the spring1 plants transplanted to the garden when from #b to #c inches high1 and given high cultivation through the season1 being covered with litter on the approach of winter4 ,the young stalks are blanched early the following spring by covering with large pots or boxes1 or by banking with sand or other clean material4 ,the ,dwarf ,green ,scotch1 ,dwarf ,brown1 and ,siberian are among the leading varieties4 ,sea-kale is eaten much as asparagus is4 ,highly prized by those who know it4 ,sea-,kale is also propagated by cuttings of the roots #d or #e inches long1 planted directly in the soil in spring4 ,the plant is perennial1 and the early shoots may be bleached year after year4 ,,seed ,,sowing4 ,the general rule in sowing seeds is to cover them twice or three times their thickness4 ,this rule will apply to the majority of seeds1 but in many plants of a naturally short season of bloom or growth1 an instance of which is the sweet pea1 it may be advisable to sow the seed deeper1 that the roots may have sufficient moisture and be in a cool temperature through the hot summer months4 ,also1 in sowing very minute seed1 as tobacco1 petunia1 begonia1 and others of like size1 care should be taken to have them only under the surface of the soil1--simply pressed down with a smooth surface or allowed to settle into the soil with the soaking in of the water4 ,the soil for all seeds should be loose and porous1 in order to allow the excessive moisture to escape and the warmth to penetrate1 but should be firmed directly over the seeds to induce an upward flow of moisture4 ,one of the most common mistakes in sowing seed is in sowing all kinds at the same time without regard to the season1 thus causing a failure with some1 while others grow freely4 ,all tender seed should be sown only when the ground has become thoroughly warm1 while seeds of the so-called hardy plants may be sown as early in the spring as the ground is fit to work4 ,a few kinds of seed are the better for soaking1 especially such as for some reason have been delayed in sowing4 ,sweet pea seed is benefited by soaking if not put into the ground until the soil is warm4 ,seed of canna1 moonflower and others with hard shells may be scraped until the outer shell is pierced or is very thin4 ,it is generally better to buy garden seeds than to grow them1 for those who make a business of seed-growing become expert in the cultivation and selection of the plants4 ,,seeds of most plants should be kept dry and also rather cool4 ,it is always better to rely upon fresh seeds4 ,test them in boxes in the house1 if possible1 before planting them in the open4 ,if beans1 peas1 corn or other ,seeds become buggy1 pour a little bisulfide of carbon 7very inflammable7 into them4 ,the material will not injure the ,seeds even if poured on them4 ,it soon evaporates4 ,a teaspoonful will kill the insects in four quarts of ,seeds1 if the receptacle is tight4 ,most tree ,seeds should be kept moist until planted4 ,they are usually buried or kept in sand4 ,,sensitive ,,plant 7,mimosa74 ,this curious plant is often grown for the amusement it affords by its habit of closing its leaves and dropping the leaf-stalk whenever the plant is touched4 ,seed should be sown in heat early in the season1 and the plants grown in pots or a protected border4 ,the seed is sold by all seedsmen4 ,the plant grows readily in a temperature suited to beans4 ,it will not stand frost4 ,the young plants are usually the most sensitive4 ,,shade ,,trees4 ,the best ,shade ,trees are usually those which are native to the particular region1 since they are hardy and adapted to the soil and other conditions4 ,elms1 maples1 basswoods1 and the like1 are nearly always reliable4 ,in regions in which there are serious insect enemies or fungous diseases1 the trees which are most likely to be attacked may be omitted4 ,for instance1 in parts of the ,east the elm leaf beetle is a very serious pest2 and it is a good plan in such places to plant other trees than elms4 ,amongst the best exotic trees for shade in the northern parts of the country are the ,norway maple1 ,european lindens1 horse chestnut1 and the ,european species of elm4 ,trees for shade should ordinarily be given sufficient room that they may develop into full size and symmetrical heads4 ,the trees may be planted as close as #aj or #ae feet apart for temporary effect2 but as soon as they begin to crowd they should be thinned4 ,,shelter-,,belts4 ,see ,windbreak4 ,,shrubbery4 ,shrubs have two kinds of values or uses3 first1 they are useful for their own sakes or as individual specimens2 and second1 for use in the making of foliage masses or groups4 ,ordinarily they are used only for the former purpose in home grounds2 but their greatest use is1 nevertheless1 in heavy masses about the borders of the place or in the angles of the building4 ,that is to say1 they should contribute to the general design of the place or to its pictorial effect4 ,if they are planted in ,shrubberies or masses1 the flowers are still as interesting and as showy as they are when the bushes are planted alone4 ,in fact1 the flowers usually show to better advantage1 since they have a heavy background of foliage4 ,in the ,shrubbery mass the bushes are more easily cared for than when they are scattered as single specimens over the lawn4 ,the single specimen which is irregular1 or ragged1 or untidy1 is an undesirable object2 but such a specimen may contribute an indispensable part to the border mass4 ,in the border they do not need the attention to pruning that they do in the lawn4 ,the main part of the ,shrubbery mass should be made of the stronger1 larger growing and coarser ,shrubs2 and the more delicate ones1 or those with highly colored leaves or showy flowers1 may be placed near the inner edge of the plantation4 ,shrubs which are valued chiefly for their flowers or showy foliage1 as1 for example1 the ,hydrangea paniculata1 may be planted just in front of a bold ,shrubbery mass1 so that they will have a background to show off their beauties4 ,further directions for the lay-out of the grounds will be found under the articles ,lawns and ,borders4 ,it is ordinarily best to plow or spade the entire area in which the ,shrubs are to be set4 ,for a year or two the ground should be tilled between the ,shrubs1 either by horse tools or by hoes and rakes4 ,if the place looks bare1 seeds of quick-growing flowers may be scattered about the edges of the mass4 ,the larger ,shrubs1 like lilacs and syringas1 may be set about #d feet apart2 but the smaller ones should be set about1 #b feet apart if it is desired to secure an immediate effect4 ,if after a few years the mass becomes too crowded1 some of the specimens may be removed4 ,throw the ,shrubs into an irregular plantation1 not in rows1 and make the inner edge of the mass more or less undulating and broken4 ,it is a good practice to mulch the plantation each fall with light manure1 leaf-mold or other material4 ,even though the ,shrubs are perfectly hardy1 this mulch greatly improves the land and promotes growth4 ,after the ,shrub borders have become two or three years old1 the drifting leaves of fall will be caught therein and will be held as a mulch4 ,it is often advisable not to remove these leaves1 but to allow them to remain year after year1 where they make a fine covering of leaf-mold4 ,when the ,shrubs are first planted1 they are headed back one-half or more2 but after they are established they are not to be pruned1 but allowed to take their own way1 and after a few years the outermost ones will droop and meet the greensward4 ,good ,shrubs are numerous4 ,some of the best are those to be found in woods and along roadsides4 ,they are hardy4 ,of ,shrubs which are generally adaptable for the ,north1 the following are excellent3 ,barberries4 ,box4 ,burning ,bush1 or ,euonymus4 ,bush ,honeysuckles4 ,bush ,willows4 ,caryopteris1 blooming in ,august and ,september4 ,cotoneasters4 ,desmodiums1 or ,lespedezas1 blooming in fall4 ,dwarf ,sumac4 ,rhus copallina4 ,elders4 ,native species are excellent4 ,exochorda1 with profuse white bloom in spring4 ,flowering ,almond4 ,flowering ,crabs4 ,flowering ,currants4 ,forsythias1 or ,golden ,bells4 ,fringe ,tree1 or ,chionanthus4 ,hawthorns4 ,hydrangeas4 ,indian ,currant4 ,symphoricarpos vulgaris4 ,japanese ,quince4 ,kerria1 or ,corchorus4 ,lilacs4 ,mock ,orange1 or ,philadelphus4 ,new ,jersey ,tea1 or ,ceanothus4 ,osiers1 or ,dogwoods4 ,privet4 ,rose ,acacia4 ,roses 7see ,roses74 ,smoke ,tree4 ,snowballs4 ,the ,japanese is preferable4 ,snowberry4 ,symphoricarpos racemosus4 ,spireas of many kinds4 ,viburnums of many kinds4 ,weigelas4 ,white ,alder4 ,clethra alnifolia4 ,witch ,hazel4 ,blooms on the eve of winter4 ,xanthoceras sorbifolia4 ,,silene1 or ,,catchfly4 ,some of the ,silenes are hardy annuals of very easy culture4 ,sow seeds where the plants are to stand2 or1 if early results are desired1 seeds may be started in boxes4 ,the plants thrive in any garden soil1 even if it is not very rich4 ,colors red1 or sometimes running to white4 ,one foot4 ,let plants stand #f to #aj inches apart4 ,,smilax of the florists is closely allied to asparagus4 ,while it cannot be recommended for house culture1 the ease with which it may be grown and the uses to which the festoons of leaves may be put1 entitle it to a place in the conservatory or greenhouse4 ,seed sown in pots or boxes in ,january or ,february1 the plants shifted as needed until planted on the bench in ,august1 will grow fine strings of green by the holidays4 ,the plants should be set on low benches1 giving as much room as possible overhead4 ,green-colored strings should be used for the vines to climb on1 the vines frequently syringed to keep down the red spider1 which is very destructive to this plant1 and liquid manure given as the vines grow4 ,the soil should contain a good proportion of sand and be enriched with well-rotted manure4 ,after the first strings are cut1 a second growth fully as good as the first may be had by cleaning up the plants and top-dressing the soil with rotted manure4 ,slightly shading the house through ,august will add to the color of the leaves4 ,the odor from a vine of ,smilax thickly covered with the small flowers is very agreeable4 ,,snapdragon1 or ,,antirrhinum4 ,an old garden favorite1 flowering freely through a long season4 ,the dwarf strain is well adapted for bedding or borders4 ,any light soil1 well enriched with rotted manure1 will grow ,snapdragons to perfection4 ,distinct varieties should be propagated by cuttings1 as they do not come true from seed4 ,sow seed early in the spring4 ,although bloom may be obtained the first year1 late sown plants sometimes persist over winter and bloom early in the spring4 ,snapdragons make good window plants4 ,,snowdrop 7,galanthus74 ,this is one of the earliest flowers of spring1 always welcome4 ,it should be planted in the edge of the border4 ,the bulbs may be planted in ,october in any good border soil and left undisturbed for years2 or they may be potted at that time1 and after forming roots be gently forced into bloom in winter4 ,,snowflake 7,leucoium74 ,culture same as for ,snowdrop4 ,,sodding4 ,in general1 the best way to secure a lawn is by the sowing of seed 7see ,lawn71 since it is the least expensive way4 ,for small areas1 and along the sides of walks and drives1 sods may be used4 ,the results are quicker4 ,unless the sod is of the right kind1 however1 and very carefully laid1 the results are not so good as with seed4 ,illustration3 ,sod-cutter1 for trimming sod edgings ,the sod which is best adapted to the ,sodding of lawns is that which comes from an old1 closely grazed pasture4 ,sod from a sheep pasture is supposed to be best4 ,such sod has been so closely grazed that it has made a very dense mat of roots1 and all the weeds have been destroyed4 ,the droppings of the animals also make the ground rich4 ,the sod should be cut in very thin strips4 ,it should not be more than an inch and one-half or two inches in thickness4 ,if it is thicker than that1 it is heavy and bulky to handle1 and is not so easily laid4 ,ordinarily1 the sod is cut in strips ten inches or a foot wide4 ,a board is laid on the sod and the strip is cut along either side of it with a sod cutter or a sharp spade4 ,two men then roll up the sod4 ,one stands on the strip of sod with his face toward the man who1 with the spade1 cuts it loose beneath4 ,as it is cut loose1 the man on the strip rolls the sod so that the upper surface is on the inside of the roll4 ,strips longer than ten or twelve feet make rolls which are too heavy to handle with ease4 ,illustration3 ,cutting sod ,the soil upon which the sod is to be placed should be very loose1 so that the sod1 can be pounded down firmly4 ,some heavy pounder should be used1 as a block of wood4 ,it is usually impossible to pound down sod with the back of a spade sufficiently firm unless the soil is very loose4 ,the sod should be pounded until the top is about level with the surrounding soil4 ,this insures contact with the soil beneath1 so that there are no air spaces and no likelihood of drying out4 ,sod pounded down as firmly as this should grow very readily4 ,if a sod edging is laid along walks and drives1 it should be pounded down an inch or more lower than the surrounding loose land which is seeded1 because the loose land will finally settle2 otherwise the sod border is likely to be higher than adjacent land after a year or two4 ,if there are uneven places on the sodded area1 these depressions can be filled in with very loose1 fine soil2 and the grass will grow through it4 ,in dry weather1 a sodded area may be mulched with a half inch of fine loam to protect it4 ,,soils4 ,soils are of many kinds4 ,the classification of soils depends upon one's point of view4 ,gardeners ordinarily call a good1 friable1 dark-colored1 rich ,soil a garden loam4 ,no ,soil is so good that it cannot be improved4 ,it is improved in two general ways3 by tilling 7see ,tillage71 and by the application of various substances4 ,in considering the improvement of lands by the application of foreign substances1 two distinct things are to be considered3 the improvement of the physical texture1 or tilth1 of the ,soil2 the increasing of its plant-food4 ,these are coordinate objects4 ,in some cases one may be of prime importance1 and in another case the other may be more necessary4 ,lands which have a fair store of available plant-food may be unproductive4 ,such lands may be very greatly benefited by stable manure1 even though that manure may have lost a large part of fertility by being baptized under the eaves of the barn4 ,if plant-food alone is needed1 then some concentrated or commercial fertilizer may be the best thing to apply4 ,in most cases the main or chief amelioration of the land is to be wrought by tillage1 stable manures1 mulches1 green crops1 and the like2 if special results are desired1 commercial fertilizers may be added more or less liberally1 as the case demands 7see ,manures1 ,fertilizers74 ,the top-dressing of ,soils is often very beneficial because it tends to prevent the escape of moisture1 and often improves the physical texture4 ,if the material contains plant-food1 the land will also be directly enriched4 ,the trimmings from lawns may be a distinct protection to lands if allowed to remain 7see ,lawns72 and the leaves which blow into clumps of shrubbery may often be allowed to remain with good results4 ,however1 if the leaves become too thick year after year1 they tend to induce a surface rooting of the shrubs4 ,this1 however1 may be no disadvantage unless the mulch were finally to be removed4 ,one of the very best top-dressings for borders and shrubbery is spent tan bark1 since it does not pile up on the ground1 but tends to work into it4 ,well-rotted sawdust often has the same effect4 ,these materials are much used by gardeners1 when they can be had1 since they can be raked into the soil in the spring1 and need not be removed4 ,,solidago4 ,see ,goldenrod4 ,illustration3 ,spade ,illustration3 ,shovel ,,spades and ,,shovels must be a part of every garden equipment4 ,the common and most useful forms are shown in the cuts1 but long-handled tools are more useful for the loading of earth1 the making of ditches1 the spreading of mulches1 and the like4 ,it pays to buy the steel tools1 with strongly strapped handles4 ,,spearmint is prized by many people as a seasoning1 particularly for the ,thanksgiving and holiday cookery4 ,it is a perennial and perfectly hardy1 and will live in the open garden year after year4 ,if a supply of the fresh herbage is wanted in winter1 remove sods of it to the house six weeks before wanted4 ,place the sods in boxes1 and treat as for house plants4 ,the plants should have been frosted and become perfectly dormant before removal4 ,,spinach4 ,probably the most extensively grown early spring vegetable1 being in great demand as greens4 ,the earliest crop that finds its way to market is gathered from seed sown in ,september or ,october1 often protected by frames or other means through the severe winter1 and cut soon after growth starts in early spring4 ,even as far north as ,new ,york ,spinach may stand over winter without protection4 ,spinach is forced by placing sash over the frames in ,february and ,march1 protecting the young leaves from severe freezing by mats or straw thrown over the frames4 ,seed may be sown in early spring for a succession2 later in the season seed of the ,new ,zealand ,summer ,spinach may be sown1 and this will grow through the heat of the summer and yield a fine quality of leaves4 ,the seed of this kind being very hard1 should be scalded and allowed to soak a few hours before sowing4 ,this seed is usually sown in hills about three feet apart1 sowing four to six seeds in each hill4 ,the spring and winter ,spinach should be sown in drills #ab to #ad inches apart1 one ounce being sufficient for #ajj feet of drill4 ,remember that common ,spinach is a cool-weather 7fall and spring7 crop4 ,,spraying4 ,of late years ,spraying has come to be one of the most important of all horticultural operations4 ,most kinds of injurious fungi and insects can be combated by a water spray in which various poisons or injurious substances are contained4 ,there are two general classes of ,spraying material3 first1 fungicides1 or those which are used for the control of fungi or plant diseases2 second1 insecticides1 or those which are used for the control of insect enemies4 ,the fungicides usually contain copper or sulfur1 or both4 ,the most popular and generally useful fungicide is the ,bordeaux mixture 7which see74 ,it should be borne in mind that most injurious fungi work on the interior of the leaf or stem1 and only the spore-bearing parts come to the surface4 ,it is therefore very important that ,spraying with fungicides be done very early in order to prevent the fungus from getting a hold4 ,it is much better to ,spray once very thoroughly than to ,spray a half dozen times carelessly4 ,it is important that the entire surface of the foliage or stems be covered with the material in order to prevent the access of the fungi4 ,of insecticides1 there are two general types3 those which kill by external contact and are applied to plant lice1 scale insects1 and all other insects which suck their food2 and the poisonous compounds which are used for the chewing insects1 as all the tribes of worms and beetles4 ,of the former class1 the most important material is kerosene in various forms 7which see74 ,of the latter kind is ,paris green 7which see74 ,for insects1 ,spray just as soon as the attack is evident4 ,paris green and ,bordeaux mixture may be used together4 ,the best pump for ,spraying is the one which throws the stream the greatest distance with the least amount of liquid1 and the best nozzle is that which distributes the material most finely and evenly4 ,for ,spraying plants close at hand1 the ,vermorel nozzle is now the most popular4 ,if it is desired to reach the tops of large trees1 some other nozzle should be used1 as the ,mc,gowen1 ,boss1 or other types4 ,every outfit should have two or three kinds of nozzles for different kinds of work4 ,get a pump with much power4 ,spray thoroughly4 ,the general rule is to spray the entire plant until the material begins to drip1 at which time it may be supposed that the plant is covered completely4 ,when and how often one should ,spray1 and what material he should use1 will depend entirely upon the difficulty which he is endeavoring to combat4 ,most fruit trees should be ,sprayed before they bloom and again just afterwards4 ,sometimes they will need ,spraying again4 ,,sprekelia4 ,culture of ,amaryllis4 ,,squash4 ,the time of planting1 method of preparing the hills and after culture are the same as for cucumbers and melons 7which see71 except that for the ,early ,bush varieties the hills should be #d or #e feet apart1 and for the later running varieties from #f to #h feet apart4 ,from eight to ten seeds should be planted in each hill1 thinning to four plants after danger from bugs is over4 ,of the early ,squashes1 one ounce of seed will plant fifty hills2 of the later varieties1 one ounce will plant but eighteen to twenty hills4 ,for winter use1 varieties of the ,hubbard type are best4 ,for summer use1 the ,crooknecks and ,scallop ,squashes are popular4 ,in growing winter ,squashes in a northern climate1 it is essential that the plants start off quickly and vigorously3 a little chemical fertilizer will help4 ,pumpkins are grown the same as ,squashes4 ,illustration3 ,hubbard ,squash ,illustration3 ,scallop or ,patty-pan ,summer ,squash ,,squills 7,scilla74 ,,blue ,,bell4 ,,wild ,,hyacinth4 ,well-known bulbous plants1 most of them hardy4 ,they plant well with snowdrops and crocus1 flowering at the same time1 but continuing longer in bloom4 ,the colors are red1 pink1 blue or white4 ,the blue varieties have very fine shades of color4 ,should be planted in ,october and remain undisturbed4 ,,stocks4 ,the ,ten-weeks and the biennial or ,brompton ,stocks1 are found in nearly all old-fashioned gardens4 ,most gardens are thought to be incomplete without ,stocks1 and the use of the biennial flowering species as house plants is increasing4 ,the ,ten-weeks ,stock is usually grown from seed sown in hotbed or boxes in ,march4 ,the seedlings are transplanted several times previous to being planted out in early ,may4 ,at each transplanting the soil should be made a little richer4 ,the double flowers will be more numerous when the soil is rich4 ,the biennial species should be sown the season previous to that in which flowers are wanted1 the plants wintered over in a cool house1 and grown on the following spring4 ,they may be planted out through the summer and lifted into pots in ,august or ,september for winter flowering4 ,these may be increased by cuttings taken from the side shoots2 but the sowing of seed is a surer method1 and unless an extra fine variety is to be saved1 it would be the best one to pursue4 ,height #aj to #ae inches4 ,,storing4 ,the principles which are involved in the ,storing of perishable products1 as fruits and vegetables1 differ with the different commodities4 ,all the root crops1 and most fruits1 need to be kept in a cool1 moist and uniform temperature if they are to be preserved a great length of time4 ,squashes1 sweet potatoes1 and some other things1 need to be kept in an intermediate and what might be called a high temperature2 and the atmosphere should be drier than for most other products4 ,the low temperature has the effect of arresting decomposition and the work of fungi and bacteria4 ,the moist atmosphere has the effect of preventing too great evaporation and the consequent shriveling4 ,in the ,storing of any commodity1 it is very important to see that the product is in proper condition for keeping4 ,discard all specimens which are bruised or which are likely to decay4 ,much of the decay of fruits and vegetables in ,storage is not the fault of the ,storage1 but is really the work of diseases with which the materials are infested before they are put into ,storage4 ,for example1 if potatoes and cabbages are affected with the rot1 it is practically impossible to keep them any length of time4 ,apples1 winter pears1 and all roots1 should be kept at a temperature somewhat near the freezing point4 ,it should not raise above #dj deg4 ,fahr4 for best results4 ,apples can even be kept at one or two degrees below the freezing point if the temperature is kept uniform4 ,cellars in which there are heaters are likely to be too dry and the temperature too high4 ,in such cases it is well to keep fresh vegetables and fruits in tight receptacles1 and pack the roots in sand or moss in order to prevent shriveling4 ,in these places1 apples usually keep better if headed up in barrels than if kept on racks or shelves4 ,in moist and cool cellars1 however1 it is preferable for the home supply to place them on shelves1 not piling them more than five or six inches deep1 for then they can be sorted over as occasion requires4 ,in case of fruits1 be sure that the specimens are not over-ripe when placed in storage4 ,if apples are allowed to lie in the sun for a few days without being packed1 they will ripen so much that it is very difficult to keep them4 ,illustration3 ,a good out-door cellar ,cabbages should be kept at a low and uniform temperature1 and water should be drained away from them4 ,they are ,stored in many ways in the field1 but success depends so much upon the season1 particular variety1 ripeness1 and the freedom from injuries by fungi and insects1 that uniform results are rarely secured by any method4 ,the best results are to be expected when they can be kept in a house which is built for the purpose1 in which the temperature can be kept uniform and the air fairly moist4 ,when ,stored out of doors1 they are likely to freeze and thaw alternately2 and if the water runs into the heads1 mischief is likely to result4 ,sometimes they are easily ,stored by being piled into a conical heap on well-drained soil and covered with dry straw1 and the straw covered with boards4 ,it does not matter if they are frosted1 provided they do not thaw out frequently4 ,sometimes cabbages are laid head down in a shallow furrow plowed in well-drained land1 and over them is thrown straw1 the stumps being allowed to project through the cover4 ,it is only in winters of rather uniform temperature that good results are to be expected from such methods4 ,in the ,storing of all things1 especially those which have soft and green matter1 as cabbages1 it is well to provide for the heating of the produce4 ,if the things are buried out of doors1 it is important to put on a very light cover at first so that the heat may escape4 ,cover them gradually as the cold weather comes on4 ,this is important with all vegetables that are placed in pits1 as potatoes1 beets and the like4 ,if covered deeply at once1 they are likely to heat and rot4 ,all pits made out of doors should be on well-drained and preferably sandy land4 ,when vegetables are wanted at intervals during the winter from pits1 it is well to make compartment pits1 each compartment holding a wagon load or whatever quantity will be likely to be wanted at each time4 ,these pits are sunk in well-drained land1 and between each of the two pits is left a wall of earth about a foot thick4 ,one pit can then be emptied in cold weather without interfering with the others4 ,an outside cellar is better than a house cellar in which there is a heater1 but it is not so handy4 ,if it is near the house1 it need not be inconvenient1 however4 ,a house is usually healthier if the cellar is not used for storage4 ,house cellars used for storage should have a ventilating shaft4 ,illustration3 ,strawberries ,,strawberry4 ,the saying that ,strawberries will grow on almost any soil is misleading1 although true4 ,some varieties of ,strawberries will grow on certain soils better than other varieties4 ,what these varieties are can only be determined by an actual test1 but it is a safe rule to select such varieties as prove good in many localities4 ,as to the methods of culture1 so much depends on the size of the plot1 the purpose for which the fruit is wanted1 and the amount of care one is willing to give1 that no set rule can be given for a garden in which but few plants are grown and extra care can be given4 ,large fruits and a number of them may be had by growing to the single plant1 keeping off all runners and relying on numerous fruit-crowns on one plant for the crop of berries4 ,or ,strawberries may be grown by the narrow matted-row system1 in which the runners1 before rooting1 should be turned along the rows at a distance of from #d to #f inches from the parent plant4 ,these runners should be the first ones made by the plant and should not be allowed to root themselves1 but set in4 ,this is not a difficult operation2 and if the runners are separated from the parent plant as soon as they become well established1 the drain on that plant is not great4 ,all other runners should be cut off as they start4 ,the row should be about #ab inches wide at fruiting time4 ,each plant should have sufficient feeding ground1 full sunlight1 and a firm hold in the soil4 ,this matted-row system is perhaps as good a method1 either in a private garden or field culture1 as could be practiced4 ,with a little care in hoeing1 weeding and cutting off runners1 the beds seem to produce as large crops the second year as the first4 ,illustration3 ,well planted ,strawberry ,the old way of growing a crop was to set the plants #aj to #ab inches apart1 in rows #c feet apart1 and allow them to run and root at will1 the results being a mass of small1 crowded plants1 each striving to obtain plant-food and none of them succeeding in getting enough4 ,the last1 or outside runners1 having but the tips of their roots in the ground1 are moved by the wind1 heaved by the frost1 or have the exposed roots dried out by the wind and sun4 ,illustration3 ,pot-grown ,strawberry ,ground rich in potash produces the firmest and best flavored berries4 ,excessive use of stable manure1 usually rich in nitrogen1 should be avoided1 as tending to make too rank growth of foliage and berries of a soft texture4 ,except in the case of a skillful grower in a favored locality1 the fall setting of plants is not to be recommended4 ,the preparation of the soil and care of the plants more than overbalance the partial crop obtained the following spring4 ,in the single-plant or hill system the plants should be set #ab inches apart1 in rows #c feet apart4 ,in the narrow matted row system the plants should be set #ah inches apart1 in rows #c-a_/b feet apart4 ,the first method requires about #ad1jjj plants per acre1 the second about #h1jjj plants4 ,the winter treatment of a ,strawberry bed should consist in covering the plants1 when the ground is frozen1 in ,november or ,december1 with straw or hay4 ,salt marsh hay1 if obtainable1 is the best1 as no weed seeds are introduced4 ,cover the soil and the plants to the depth of #c to #f inches4 ,as soon as growth begins in spring1 rake the mulch off1 allowing it to lie between the rows2 or1 if the soil is hard or weedy1 it may be taken off the patch entirely1 the ground tilled1 and then replaced for the purpose of holding moisture and keeping the berries clean4 ,usually1 ,strawberries may be fruited twice or three times2 but on rich soil1 with extra good care1 the first crop may be very heavy1 and the patch may be plowed up thereafter4 ,some varieties do not produce pollen1 and not more than two rows of these should be planted without a row of a pollen-bearing kind4 ,the rust and mildew may be held in check by ,bordeaux mixture4 ,it is usually sufficient to spray after the blooming season 7or at any time the first year the plants are set71 in order to secure healthy foliage for the next year4 ,,sunflower 7,helianthus74 ,people who know only the coarse annual ,sunflower are not aware of the beauty which it is possible to secure with the herbaceous perennials belonging to that family4 ,no border should be without a few of the hardy species4 ,their blooming period extends from early in ,august until heavy frost4 ,the color runs from light lemon to the richest orange1 and the range of growth from #c to #aj feet1 thus enabling one to scatter them through the border without any formal arrangement4 ,they are of the easiest culture4 ,plants may be dug in the wild or bought of nurserymen4 ,the domesticated double ,helianthus multiflorus is always valuable4 ,illustration3 ,double ,sunflower ,illustration3 ,orgyalis ,sunflower ,illustration3 ,wild ,sunflower ,plant ,of the annual ,sunflowers1 there are some which are not generally cultivated that should receive more attention4 ,the silver-leaved species from ,texas 7,h4 argophyllus71 and the small1 light lemon-yellow variety1 are two of the best4 ,illustration3 ,wild ,sunflower ,,swainsona4 ,this makes a very desirable house plant1 blooming through the late winter and early spring months4 ,the blossoms1 which resemble those of the pea1 are borne in long racemes4 ,the foliage is finely cut1 resembling small locust leaves1 and adds to the beauty of the plant1 the whole effect being exceedingly graceful4 ,it may be grown from seed or cuttings4 ,propagate a new stock each year4 ,the flowers are large and pure white4 ,the plant has been called the ,winter ,sweet ,pea1 but the flowers are not fragrant4 ,,swan ,,river ,,daisy 7,brachycome iberidifolia7 is a charming little border plant1 growing to the height of #ab to #ae inches1 and bearing quantities of blue or white flowers4 ,the flowers last a long time when cut1 and give a vase of flowers a light1 graceful effect4 ,the seed should be sown in boxes1 hotbed1 or windows2 or1 in warm garden soil1 the seed may be sown where the plants are to stand4 ,only half hardy1 and should not be planted out until settled weather4 ,annual4 ,,sweet ,,corn4 ,see ,corn4 ,,sweet ,,herbs4 ,the ,herb garden should find a place on all amateurs' grounds4 ,herbs may readily be made profitable by disposing of the surplus to the green grocer and the druggist4 ,the latter will often buy all that the housewife wishes to dispose of1 as the general supply of medicinal herbs is grown by specialists1 and goes into the hands of the wholesaler and is often old when received by the local dealer4 ,the seedsmen's catalogues mention upwards of forty different ,herbs1 medicinal and culinary4 ,the majority of them are perennial1 and will grow for many years if well taken care of4 ,however1 it is better to resow every three or four years4 ,the annual kinds are raised from seeds each year4 ,beds #d feet square of each of the ,herbs will supply an ordinary family4 ,,sweet ,,pea4 ,no annual receives greater attention these days than the ,sweet ,pea4 ,sweet ,pea exhibitions are held in several sections of the country1 the press gives considerable space to the discussion of varieties1 and the public generally is interested in the growing or buying of the flower4 ,on any occasion the ,sweet ,pea is in place4 ,a bouquet of shaded colors1 with a few sprays of galium or the perennial gypsophila1 makes one of the choicest of table decorations4 ,deep1 mellow soil1 early planting and heavy mulching suit them admirably4 ,sow the seeds as soon as the ground is fit to work in the spring1 making a drill #e inches deep4 ,sow thickly and cover with #b inches of soil4 ,when the plants have made #b or #c inches growth above the soil1 fill the drill nearly full1 leaving a slight depression in which water may be caught4 ,after the soil is thoroughly soaked with water1 a good mulch will hold the moisture4 ,to have the ground ready in early spring1 it is a good plan to trench the soil in the fall4 ,the top of the soil then dries out very quickly in the spring and is left in good physical condition4 ,frequent syringing with clear water will keep off the red spider that often destroys the foliage1 and attention to picking the seed pods will lengthen the season of bloom4 ,if the finest flowers are wanted1 do not let the plants stand less than #h-ab inches apart4 ,illustration3 ,sweet ,pea ,a succession of sowings may be made at intervals through ,may and ,june1 and a fair fall crop obtained if care is taken to water and mulch2 but the best results will be secured with the very early planting4 ,in the middle and southern states1 the seed may be planted in fall1 particularly in lighter soils4 ,it is easy to get soils too rich in nitrogen for ,sweet ,peas2 in such case1 they will run to vine at the expense of flowers4 ,if the plants are watered1 apply enough to soak the soil1 and do not water frequently4 ,,sweet ,,potatoes are grown from sprouts planted on ridges or hills1 not by planting the tubers1 as with the common or ,irish potato4 ,the method of obtaining these sprouts is as follows3 ,in ,april1 tubers of ,sweet ,potatoes are planted in a partially spent hotbed by using the whole tuber 7or if a large one1 by cutting it in two through the long way71 covering the tubers with #b inches of light1 well firmed soil4 ,the sash should be put on the frames and only enough ventilation given to keep the ,potatoes from decaying4 ,in ten or twelve days the young sprouts should begin to appear1 and the bed should be watered if dry4 ,the sprouts when pulled from the tuber will be found to have rootlets at the lower end and along the stems4 ,these sprouts should be about #c to #e inches long by the time the ground is warm enough to plant them out4 ,the ridges or hills should be prepared by plowing out a furrow #d to #f inches deep4 ,scatter manure in the furrow and plow back the soil so as to raise the center at least #f inches above the level of the soil4 ,on this ridge the plants are set1 placing the plants well in to the leaves1 and about #ab to #ah inches apart in the rows1 the rows being from #c to #d feet apart4 ,the after cultivation consists in stirring the soil between the ridges2 and as the vines begin to run they should be lifted frequently to prevent rooting at the joints4 ,when the tips of the vines have been touched by frost the crop may be harvested1 the tubers left to dry a few days1 and stored in a dry1 warm place4 ,to keep ,sweet ,potatoes1 store in layers in barrels or boxes in dry sand1 and keep them in a dry room4 ,see that all bruised or chilled potatoes are thrown out4 ,,syringing plants with water has two general offices3 to clean the plants of pests or of dirt2 to check evaporation or transpiration from the plant itself4 ,gardeners look upon water as a good insecticide4 ,that is1 if it can be thrown upon the plants somewhat forcibly by means of a syringe or pump1 or by the hydrant hose1 it will wash off the insects and drown many of them4 ,the water should be applied in a fine and somewhat forcible spray4 ,care should be taken that the plant is not torn or bruised4 ,the red spider is one of the most serious pests on house plants1 and1 in a dry season1 on plants about the lawn4 ,it thrives in a dry atmosphere4 ,it usually lives on the under sides of the leaves4 ,syringing the plants frequently will destroy the pests4 ,the thrips and slugs on rose bushes can nearly always be kept in check if one can spray or syringe his plants frequently4 ,see ,spraying4 ,syringing to check transpiration from the foliage is very useful with plants which are recently transplanted4 ,for instance1 when carnations are taken from the field and placed in the house1 it is well to syringe them occasionally until they have become established4 ,the same is true with cuttings4 ,in ,syringing plants1 it is well to take care that the ground does not become too wet2 otherwise the plant may suffer at its root4 ,in the house1 plants should rarely be syringed except when the weather is bright1 so that they may soon dry off4 ,the plant should not go into the night with wet foliage4 ,out of doors in hot weather1 it is best to syringe toward nightfall4 ,the foliage will ordinarily not suffer in such cases4 ,with plants in the house1 it is necessary to keep the leaves dry most of the time in order that fungi may not breed4 ,this is true of carnations1 which are very liable to attacks of the rust4 ,plants are sometimes syringed or sprayed to protect them from frost4 ,see ,frost4 ,,terraces may be desirable for two reasons3 to hold a very steep slope2 to afford an architectural base for a building4 ,it is rarely necessary to make a distinct ,terrace in the lawn4 ,even if the lawn is very steep1 it may be better to make a gradual slope than to cut the place in two with a ,terrace4 ,a ,terrace makes a place look smaller4 ,it is always difficult to make and to keep in repair4 ,the surface is not readily cut with a lawn mower4 ,unless the sod is very dense1 the upper corner tends to wash off with the rains and the foot tends to fill in4 ,nature does not have straight banks unless they are rock4 ,the illustration in the margin shows how it is possible to treat a sloping lawn4 ,in the distance is a distinct1 sharp-angled ,terrace2 but in the foreground this ,terrace has been carried out into the lawn1 so that the slope is an agreeable one4 ,illustration3 ,a slope is better than a terrace ,if it is necessary to ,terrace a yard in order to hold it1 the ,terrace would better be at one side rather than in the middle4 ,in that case1 one is able to secure a good breadth of lawn4 ,if the ,terrace is at the outer side next the street1 a perpendicular1 mason-work1 retaining wall may be constructed4 ,if it is on the inner side of the lawn1 it may be placed close to the building and be made to appear as a part of the architecture3 it may be made the base of the building4 ,if this is done1 there should be a balustrade around the edge of the ,terrace to give it architectural feeling4 ,the descent from the ,terrace to the lawn may be made by means of steps1 so as to add to the architectural aspect of the place4 ,terraces are most in place about buildings which have many strong horizontal lines2 they do not lend themselves so well to buildings in the ,gothic style4 ,the general tendency is to make too many ,terraces4 ,the cases are relatively few in which they may not be dispensed with4 ,,thinning of fruit has four general uses3 to cause the remaining fruit to grow larger2 to increase the chances of annual crops2 to save the vitality of the tree2 to enable one to combat insects and diseases by destroying the injured fruit4 ,the ,thinning of fruit is nearly always done soon after the fruit is thoroughly set4 ,it is then possible to determine which of the fruits are likely to persist4 ,peaches are usually ,thinned when they are the size of one's thumb4 ,if ,thinned before this time1 they are so small that it is difficult to pick them off2 and it is not so easy to see the work of the curculio and thereby to select the injured fruits4 ,similar remarks will apply to other fruits4 ,the general tendency is1 even with those who ,thin their fruits1 not to ,thin enough4 ,it is usually safer to take off what would seem to be too many than not to take off enough4 ,the remaining specimens are better4 ,varieties which tend to overbear profit very greatly by ,thinning4 ,this is notably the case with many ,japanese plums1 which1 if not ,thinned1 are very inferior4 ,thinning may also be accomplished by pruning4 ,if one knows where the fruit buds are1 cutting them off will have the effect of removing the fruit4 ,in the case of tender fruits1 like peaches1 however1 it may not be advisable to ,thin very heavily by means of pruning1 since the fruit may be still further ,thinned by the remaining days of winter1 by late spring frost1 or by the leaf-curl or other disease4 ,however1 the proper pruning of a peach tree in winter is1 in part1 a ,thinning of the fruit4 ,the peach is borne on the wood of the previous season's growth4 ,the best fruits are to be expected on the strongest and heaviest growth4 ,it is the practice of peach-growers to remove all the weak and immature wood from the inside of the tree4 ,this has the effect of ,thinning out the inferior fruit and allowing the energy of the tree to be expended on the remainder4 ,apples are rarely ,thinned2 but in many cases1 ,thinning can be done with profit4 ,on all home grounds1 fruits should be ,thinned whenever the trees are very full4 ,in general1 the best time to thin the fruit1 as already said1 is when the fruits have become large enough to be seen and handled4 ,the discarded fruits should be burned if they contain insects or fungi4 ,,thunbergia4 ,tender climbers1 making very pretty low screens4 ,they are at their best when grown along the ground where the moisture keeps them free from the attacks of red spider4 ,some of the kinds are very fine vase or basket plants4 ,all may be grown easily from seed4 ,annuals1 #d to #f feet4 ,flowers white and yellow4 ,illustration3 ,thunbergia alata ,,tillage4 ,by ,tillage is meant the stirring of the soil4 ,tillage is the fundamental operation in agricultural practice4 ,most farmers till for three reasons3 to get the seed into the land2 to keep the weeds down2 and to get the crop out of the land4 ,the real reason for ,tillage1 however1 is to ameliorate the land2 that is1 ,tillage makes the soil mellow and fine1 and an agreeable place in which plants may grow4 ,it enables the soil to hold moisture1 to present the greatest feeding surface to roots1 to allow the circulation of air1 and intensifies many chemical activities4 ,tilling the soil is the first means of making it productive4 ,if one understands the many forces that are set at work1 the ,tilling of the soil becomes one of the most interesting and exciting of all agricultural operations4 ,illustration3 ,for hand ,tilling ,the exact method of ,tilling the soil in any particular case must be determined by many circumstances4 ,light soils are handled differently from heavy soils2 and much depends also upon the season of the year in which the ,tillage is done4 ,in all ordinary soils1 the effort should be made to work them deep1 so that there is a deep reservoir for the storage of moisture and a large area in which roots can work4 ,subsequent ,tillage throughout the growing season is performed very largely for the purpose of keeping the top of the soil loose and fine so that the moisture from beneath cannot pass off into the atmosphere4 ,this loose layer of soil1 extending two or three inches from the surface1 may itself be very dry2 but it breaks up the capillary connection between the lower soil and the air1 and thereby prevents evaporation4 ,this surface layer of loose1 mellow soil is often spoken of as the earth-mulch4 ,it answers much the same purpose as a mulch of straw or leaves in interposing a material between the moist soil and the air through which the moisture cannot rise4 ,if this mulch is repaired as often as it should be1 weeds cannot grow2 but the object of the ,tilling is more to make and maintain the mulch than to destroy weeds4 ,the surface should be ,tilled shallow in the growing season as often as it tends to become compact or encrusted4 ,this will be after every rain1 and usually as often as once in ten days when there is no rain4 ,the tools to be used for this surface ,tillage are those which will comminute or fine the soil most completely without compacting it or leaving it in ridges or in furrows4 ,in garden work1 a fine rake is the ideal thing2 whereas in field work1 some of the wire-tooth weeders or smoothing harrows are excellent4 ,in fields which are hard and lumpy1 however1 it will be necessary to use heavier and rougher tools4 ,illustration3 ,steel rake ,in order to break down hard clay soils1 one must exercise great care not to work them when they are wet2 and also not to work them very much when they are dry4 ,there is a time1 shortly after a rain1 when clay lumps will break to pieces with a very slight blow4 ,at this time it is well to go over them with a harrow or a rake4 ,after the next rain1 they can be gone over again1 and before the end of the season the soil should be in fine condition4 ,an excellent way of breaking down clay land is to plow or spade it in the fall and allow it to weather in the winter4 ,in such cases the land should not be raked or harrowed1 but allowed to lie rough and loose4 ,very hard clay lands sometimes run together or cement if handled in this way1 but this will not occur if the land has stubble or sod or a dressing of manure1 for the fibrous matter will then prevent it from puddling4 ,lime sown on clay land at the rate of twenty to forty bushels to the acre also has a distinct effect in pulverizing it4 ,this may be sown in fall1 or preferably in spring when the land is plowed4 ,one of the most important ways of ameliorating land is to work vegetable matter into it so as to give it humus4 ,soils which are loose1 black and friable contain much of this vegetable mold4 ,in many cases the chief value of stable manure is to add this humus to the soil4 ,many soils need humus more than they need plant-food1 and hence stable manure gives better results in those cases than commercial fertilizers4 ,the farmer secures the humus by plowing under stubble and sod1 and occasional green crops4 ,,tomato4 ,the early fruits are very easily grown by starting the plants in a greenhouse1 hotbed or in shallow boxes placed in windows4 ,a pinch of seed sown in ,march will give all the early plants a large family can use4 ,when the plants have reached the height of two or three inches they should be transplanted into #c-;inch flower pots1 old berry boxes or other receptacles1 and allowed to grow slow and stocky until time to set them out1 which is from ,may #ae on 7in ,new ,york74 ,they should be set in rows four or five feet apart1 the plants being the same distance in the rows4 ,some support should be given to keep the fruits off the ground and to hasten the ripening4 ,a trellis of chicken-wire makes an excellent support1 as does the light lath fencing that may be bought or made at home4 ,stout stakes1 with wire strung the length of the rows1 afford an excellent support4 ,a very showy method is that of a frame made like an inverted ,v1 which allows the fruits to hang free2 with a little attention to trimming1 the light reaches the fruits and ripens them perfectly4 ,this support is made by leaning together two lath frames4 ,the late fruits may be picked green and ripened on a shelf in the sun2 or they will ripen if placed in a drawer4 ,illustration3 ,tomato ,one ounce of seed will be enough for from twelve to fifteen hundred plants4 ,a little fertilizer in the hill will start the plants off quickly4 ,the rot is less serious when the vines are kept off the ground and the rampant suckers are cut out4 ,,tools of many kinds1 and well chosen1 are one of the joys of a garden4 ,there is great satisfaction in a well-made1 clean tool which does its work well4 ,keep the tools bright4 ,they should be under cover1 and in place1 when not in use4 ,a cupboard may be built by the rear porch1 or in the barn or carriage house4 ,see that the cupboard is in a dry place4 ,various ,tools have been mentioned in the preceding pages1 and other useful kinds are shown in the article on ,weeds4 ,,transplanting4 ,this operation the gardener calls in one instance pricking out4 ,this means taking young seedling plants from the seed box as soon as they are large enough to be handled--usually when the first rough leaves have developed--and replanting them in other boxes or pots1 either singly or at a greater distance apart than they were when in the seed boxes4 ,the term is used in the operation of setting out plants from the hotbed1 frame or house to the garden2 also in removing shrubs or trees4 ,transplant on a cloudy day1 and just before a rain1 if possible4 ,,trimming is a term which is ordinarily confounded with pruning 7which see74 ,the word ,trimming1 however1 should be restricted to the shaping of the trees and not to the thinning of the tree or to pruning for wood1 fruit or other special object4 ,trimming is only one of the means of pruning4 ,trimming is mostly used in the case of hedges4 ,it is also used to keep evergreens in shape4 ,many ornamental plants are also ,trimmed into various forms1 although it is a question if such ,trimming is usually wise4 ,fruit trees should be pruned1 as a rule1 rather than ,trimmed3 that is1 they usually should be allowed to take their natural form1 the pruner taking out the superfluous wood and keeping them within manageable bounds4 ,,tropaeolum4 ,see ,nasturtium4 ,,tuberose4 ,the ,tuberose requires more heat to grow to perfection than it is usually possible to give here in the ,north4 ,if planted in the border they will not start into growth until the ground has become thoroughly warm--usually after the middle of ,june1--making the season before frost too short for their perfect growth and flower4 ,however1 if started in loose soil or moss in a warm room or on benches of a greenhouse1 the roots will soon start from the tuber and make a fine growth4 ,if planted out in ,june with a good ball of roots they are likely to bloom before frost4 ,if any danger of frost is feared they may be lifted into pots or boxes and taken into the house1 when they will bloom without a check4 ,as with other bulbs1 a sandy soil will suit4 ,,tuberous ,,begonia4 ,a large bed of these covered with crimson1 pink1 white1 or yellow flowers1 ranging from #b to #d and even #f inches in diameter1 some double1 some single1 is a striking sight4 ,yet such a sight is not uncommon about the large eastern cities where the ,tuberous ,begonia is now used somewhat for bedding4 ,our interior summers are more trying1 and so far1 few in the west have succeeded so well with the ,tuberous ,begonia as a bedding plant4 ,it makes a fine summer-blooming pot-plant1 however1 for the greenhouse or window1 and with due attention to its requirements1 it may be used as a bedding plant4 ,it properly falls under greenhouse plants in its requirements4 ,illustration3 ,double ,tuberous ,begonia ,c4 ,l4 ,allen1 writing of its culture in his work on ,bulbs and ,tuberous-,rooted ,plants1 says3 ,the principal point learned in regard to its culture is1 that it must be treated as a plant and not as a bulb4 ,the enthusiastic florist1 seeing the many good qualities of the plant1 has led amateurs to believe it could be treated as a bulb1 and planted out in the same manner as the gladiolus or tigridia and kept dormant during the winter in the same manner4 ,this is a great mistake1 as the tubers will not endure as long a period of rest and cannot be exposed to the air for a long time without seriously injuring their vitality4 ,the tubers must be kept in dry earth or sand1 until they show signs of growth1 which will be not later than the first of ,march2 then they may be started into rapid growth4 ,after the eyes are fully developed the tubers may be divided3 each eye will make a plant4 ,then they are treated in all respects like greenhouse plants1 and grown on until the proper season for their planting out4 ,this is not before the first of ,june1 as ,begonias are quite sensitive to cold nights1 but not at all to heat4 ,at that time the plants should be fully #f inches in height and proportionately strong4 ,such plants will make a grand display the entire season1 rather delighting in great heat4 ,illustration3 ,tuberous ,begonia1 single4 ,in starting the tubers in ,march1 they should be placed in moist sand or moss in a temperature of #fj deg4 to #fe deg41 either in the greenhouse or window4 ,after the buds are well started the tubers may be divided as pointed out1 or planted whole4 ,they prefer a rich1 rather sandy soil4 ,when they are well under way give them all the light and air they will bear1 and keep them close to the glass to avoid legginess and to insure a firm1 sturdy growth4 ,a week before planting them out they should be given abundance of air and light to harden off the plants preparatory to setting them in sun and wind4 ,the beds should be in a somewhat sheltered place where they will be partially shaded from the hot midday sun4 ,let the soil be well enriched with old manure or humus and thoroughly worked over to a depth of one foot4 ,during dry periods the beds will need watering from time to time2 but never water them when the sun is shining full on them1 or the foliage may be scorched4 ,a mulch of leaf-mold or old manure will be helpful in keeping the soil moist and the roots cool4 ,before frost the tubers should be carefully taken up and gradually dried in the shade1 after which they are to be placed in dry sand or earth1 in shallow boxes1 and kept till time to start them in the spring4 ,they should be kept in a cool place1 secure from frost and away from stoves or heating pipes4 ,for amateurs it is better to recommend buying bulbs of the several colors1 instead of attempting to grow them from seeds1 which are extremely small and require early sowing1 warmth and close attention4 ,,tulips are hardy and easy to grow4 ,the advice given under ,bulbs1 ,crocus and ,hyacinth applies to ,tulips4 ,they may be forced for winter bloom 7see under ,window-,gardens74 ,the garden bed will last several years if well cared for1 but most satisfactory bloom is secured if the old bulbs are taken up every two or three years and replanted1 all the inferior ones being cast aside4 ,when the stock begins to run out1 buy anew4 ,plant in ,october1 #d to #f inches deep4 ,illustration3 ,tulip as a pot-plant ,,turnips and ,,rutabagas are usually a fall crop1 from seed sown in ,july and early ,august1 although many kitchen gardens have them from spring sown seed4 ,the culture is easy4 ,sow in drills #ab inches apart4 ,they will become edible in from six to eight weeks4 ,they are cool-weather crops1 and the tops stand much frost4 ,if maggots bother1 do not raise them on the same land again for three or four years4 ,bordeaux mixture repels the flea-beetles4 ,one ounce will sow #aej feet of drill4 ,,varieties4 ,it is usually one of the first desires of the intending planter to inquire about ,varieties4 ,it is one of the secondary things to be considered1 however1 for the first thing to do is to prepare the land1 to determine whether one's soil and site are adapted to the plant in question1 and to discuss other matters of a general nature4 ,when all the fundamental things are settled1 then the question of ,varieties1 which is a special matter1 may be taken up4 ,although the selection of ,varieties is a very special matter1 it is nevertheless essential to success or satisfaction in the growing of any plant4 ,it should first be considered that the selection of ,varieties is very largely a personal matter4 ,the man should grow the ,varieties which he likes4 ,this is especially true in the selection of ,varieties for the home grounds1 in which case the market ideals enter very little into the problem4 ,having satisfied one's own mind as to what kinds of ,varieties he would like1 he may then inquire of the neighbors and of experts if those ,varieties are adapted to the soil and climate4 ,if he intends to grow for market1 he should canvass the market demands thoroughly before choosing the ,varieties4 ,the lists of ,varieties in books1 bulletins1 and seedmen's catalogues are hints1 not rules4 ,as a general statement1 it may be said that the only way to determine the best variety for one's own conditions is to experiment4 ,there is intense satisfaction in the experimenting itself4 ,the best lists of ,varieties are those which are recommended for some specific purpose1 and which represent the combined opinions of many expert growers4 ,it is rare that one man's judgment should be final1 particularly with respect to fruits or plants which are grown in general outdoor conditions4 ,under glass a gardener can make his climate and conditions1 and therefore he can adapt his conditions to his plants4 ,the experiment station test usually represents but one man's opinion4 ,it may be a more valuable opinion than that of another man1 but it is not final4 ,it should be studied in connection with other lists1 particularly those made by practical growers4 ,if one desires to choose ,varieties1 therefore1 he should consult the best growers of those plants in his immediate neighborhood2 he should call upon the experiment station of his state or province2 and he should consult the most recent writings on the subject4 ,,vegetable ,,garden4 ,it is one of the choicest of pleasures to raise one's own vegetables4 ,make the ,vegetable ,garden ample1 but economize labor4 ,plant the things in rows1 not in beds4 ,then they can be tilled easily1 either by horse- or hand-tools4 ,wheel-hoes will accomplish most of the labor of tillage in a small garden4 ,have the rows long1 to avoid waste of time in turning and to economize the land4 ,one row can be devoted to one vegetable2 or two or more vegetables of like requirements 7as parsnips and salsify7 may comprise a row4 ,have the permanent vegetables1 as rhubarb and asparagus1 at one side1 where they will not interfere with the plowing or tilling4 ,the annual vegetables should be grown on different parts of the area in succeeding years1 thus practicing something like a rotation of crops4 ,if radish or cabbage maggots or club-root become thoroughly established in the plantation1 omit for a year or more the vegetables on which they live4 ,illustration3 ,lay-out of a farm ,vegetable ,garden ,make the soil deep1 mellow and rich before the seeds are sown4 ,time and labor will be saved4 ,rake the surface frequently to keep down weeds and to prevent the soil from baking 7see ,tillage74 ,radish seeds sown with celery or other slow-germinating seeds will come up quickly1 breaking the crust and marking the rows4 ,about the borders of the ,vegetable ,garden is a good place for flowers to be grown for the decoration of the house and to give to friends4 ,along one side of the area rows of bush fruits may be planted4 ,a home ,vegetable ,garden for a family of six would require1 exclusive of potatoes1 a space not over #ajj by #aej feet4 ,beginning at one side of the garden and running the rows the short way 7having each row #ajj feet long7 sowings may be made1 as soon as the ground is in condition to work1 of the following3 ,fifty feet each of parsnips and salsify4 ,one hundred feet of onions1 #be feet of which may be potato or set onions1 the balance black-seed for summer and fall use4 ,fifty feet of early beets1 #ej feet of lettuce1 with which radish may be sown to break the soil and be harvested before the lettuce needs the room4 ,one hundred feet of early cabbage1 the plants for which should be from a frame or purchased4 ,set the plants #ah inches to #b feet apart4 ,one hundred feet of early cauliflower2 culture same as for cabbage4 ,four hundred and fifty feet of peas1 sown as follows3 #ajj feet of extra early4 #ajj feet of intermediate4 #ajj feet of late4 #ajj feet of extra early1 sown late4 #ej feet of dwarf varieties4 ,if trellis or brush is to be avoided1 frequent sowings of the dwarfs will maintain a supply4 ,after the soil has become warm and all danger of frost has passed1 the tender vegetables may be planted1 as follows3 ,corn in five rows #c feet apart1 three rows to be early and intermediate1 and two rows late4 ,one hundred feet of string beans1 early to late varieties4 ,vines as follows3 #aj hills of cucumbers1 #f x #f feet4 #bj hills of muskmelon1 #f x #f feet4 #f hills of early squash1 #f x #f feet4 #aj hills of ,hubbard1 #f x #f feet4 ,one hundred feet of okra4 ,twenty eggplants4 ,one hundred ft4 7#be plants7 tomatoes4 ,six large clumps of rhubarb4 ,an asparagus bed #be feet long and #c feet wide4 ,late cabbage1 cauliflower and celery are to occupy the space made vacant by removing early crops of early and intermediate peas and string beans4 ,a border on one side or end will hold all herbs1 such as parsley1 thyme1 sage1 hyssop1 mints4 ,,verbena4 ,the ,verbena is one of the most satisfactory garden plants1 blooming early4 ,bloom continues through the dry1 hot days of summer4 ,as the cool weather of the fall comes on1 ,verbenas increase in size of plant and flower until killed by severe frost4 ,plants grown from seed sown in a hotbed or house early in the spring1 transplanted into pots or boxes when large enough1 and planted out as soon as the ground has become warm1 are more vigorous and seem to have more fragrance than those grown from cuttings4 ,many of the strains have become so well fixed that the colors come true from seed4 ,cuttings are often employed1 but the handling of stock plants is a difficult matter except in the hands of a professional1 and when plants are wanted in quantity it is cheaper to buy them of the plantsman than to grow them from seed or attempt to keep over stock plants4 ,therefore1 for the home garden1 seed-grown plants are usually most satisfactory4 ,give a sunny position4 ,thin to #aj to #ae inches apart each way4 ,illustration3 ,verbena ,,vinca1 or ,,periwinkle4 ,trailing plants4 ,useful in covering unsightly places1 for vases1 urns or baskets4 ,some of the species 7as the common evergreen1 mat-like running myrtle7 are hardy1 but the most useful ones need the protection of a house through the winter4 ,the variegated-leaved kinds are fine for winter decorations4 ,propagated mostly by cuttings4 ,perennials4 ,,vines4 ,the use of ,vines for screens and pillar decorations has increased in the last decade until now they may be seen in nearly all grounds4 ,the tendency has been towards using the hardy ,vines1 of which the ampelopsis1 or ,virginia creeper1 is one of the most common4 ,it is a very rapid grower1 and lends itself to training more readily than many others4 ,the ,japan ampelopsis 7,a4 tricuspidata or ,veitchii7 is a fine clinging ,vine1 growing very rapidly when once established1 and being brilliantly colored after the first fall frosts4 ,it clings closer than the other1 but is not so hardy4 ,either of these may be grown from cuttings or division of the plants4 ,two woody twiners of recent introduction are the actinidia and the akebia1 both from ,japan4 ,they are perfectly hardy1 and are rapid growers4 ,the former has large1 thick1 glossy leaves1 not affected by insects or disease1 growing thickly along the stem and branches1 making a perfect thatch of leaves4 ,it blooms in ,june4 ,the flowers1 which are white with a purple center1 are borne in clusters1 followed by round or longish edible fruits4 ,the akebia has very neat cut foliage1 quaint purple flowers1 and often bears ornamental fruit4 ,other hardy ,vines are the wistaria1 clematis1 tecoma 7or trumpet-flower71 aristolochia 7or ,dutchman's pipe71 hedera 7or ivy71 and loniceras 7or honeysuckles74 ,illustration3 ,a vine support for a porch ,of the tender ,vines1 the nasturtiums and ipomoeas are the most common1 while the adlumia 7p4 #c71 balloon vine 7p4 #bh71 passion vine1 and the gourds 7p4 #aae71 are frequently used4 ,one of the best of recent introduction is the annual hop1 especially the variegated variety4 ,this is a very rapid growing ,vine1 seeding itself each year1 and needing little care4 ,see ,hop4 ,all the tender ,vines should be planted after all danger of frost is over4 ,,annual ,,herbaceous ,,climbers ,tendril-climbers ,adlumia 7biennial74 ,balloon ,vine4 ,cobaea4 ,gourds4 ,nasturtiums4 ,sweet ,pea4 ,wild ,cucumber4 ,twiners ,beans1 ,flowering4 ,cypress ,vine4 ,dolichos4 ,hop1 ,japanese4 ,ipomoea4 ,moonflower4 ,morning-glory4 ,thunbergia4 ,yam1 ,chinese1 or ,cinnamon ,vine 7perennial from a hardy tuber74 ,,perennial ,,woody ,,climbers ,,for ,,the ,,open ,tendril-climbers ,ampelopsis tricuspidata4 ,clematis of many kinds4 ,grape of various kinds4 ,greenbrier4 ,ivy 7by roots74 ,roses 7scramblers74 ,trumpet ,creeper 7by roots74 ,virginia ,creeper4 ,twiners ,actinidia polygama4 ,akebia quinata4 ,aristolochia1 or ,dutchman's ,pipe4 ,bittersweet1 or ,celastrus4 ,honeysuckles4 ,moonseed4 ,wistaria4 ,illustration3 ,violets ,,violet4 ,while the culture of ,violets as house-plants rarely proves successful1 there is no reason why a good supply may not be had elsewhere through the greater part of the winter and the spring months4 ,a sheltered location being selected1 young plants from runners may be set in ,august or ,september4 ,have the ground rich and well drained4 ,these plants will make fine crowns by ,december1 and often will bloom before weather sufficiently cold to freeze them4 ,in order to have flowers through the winter1 it will be necessary to afford some protection to the plants4 ,this may best be done by building a frame of boards large enough to cover the plants1 making the frame in the same way as for a hotbed1 four to six inches higher at the back than the front4 ,cover the frame with sash or boards1 and as the weather becomes severe1 mats or straw should be placed over and around the frame to protect the plants from freezing4 ,whenever the weather will permit1 the covering should be removed and air admitted1 but no harm will come if the frames are not disturbed for several weeks4 ,a large amount of sunlight and a high temperature through the middle of winter are to be avoided1 for if the plants are stimulated a shorter period of bloom will result4 ,in ,april the frame may be removed1 the plants yielding the later part of the crop without protection4 ,violets belong with the cool plants of florists4 ,when well hardened off1 considerable frost does not harm them4 ,they should always be kept stocky4 ,start a new lot from runner-plants each year4 ,they thrive in a temperature of #ee deg4 to #fe deg4 ,,walks4 ,the place for a ,walk is where it is needed4 ,it should go directly between two points4 ,it need not be straight1 but if it is curved1 the curve should be direct4 ,that is1 the pedestrian should be conscious that he is going in the direction in which he desires to go1 and is not making a detour for the simple purpose of following the walk4 ,convenience should be the first thing to be considered4 ,after the ,walks have been laid in the most convenient places1 the question of ornamenting the borders may be considered4 ,it is always well to avoid1 so far as possible1 the bisecting of lawns by ,walks1 as that makes two lawns where there should be only one4 ,the larger a greensward can be made to look1 the more park-like and natural is the place4 ,avoid taking the ,walks circuitously around the borders unless they are laid for the simple purpose of making a ramble to show off the grounds4 ,all ,walks which are designed for serious use should appear to be necessary1 direct and convenient4 ,some soils which contain considerable loam and sand will pack with tramping and will make good ,walks1 but it is usually necessary to lay some material on the soil4 ,gravel1 cinders1 and the like1 may be better than the natural surface2 but in many cases they are worse1 since the surface is loose and is unpleasant to walk on4 ,in ,walks which are on decided slopes1 and down which the water is likely to run1 any loose material is very objectionable1 since it runs to the low places4 ,the best material for ,walks1 all things considered1 is cement1 or what is called artificial stone4 ,if well made1 it is as durable as flagging1 and is not so likely to get out of place4 ,it holds its surface perfectly year after year4 ,the only objection to cement ,walks is when they are more or less temporary1 for in such cases they cannot be moved4 ,there is often very serious difficulty in securing good cement ,walks1 but the difficulties are easily overcome4 ,they are chiefly two3 there is not sufficient draining material beneath the cement2 and the cement itself is not made strong enough4 ,there should be at least a foot of loose material1 as brickbats or cinders1 below the cement cover2 and if the place is low and likely to hold water1 there should be still greater drainage4 ,pound the material down1 or let it stand for some time until it becomes thoroughly settled together4 ,then lay the cement in two courses4 ,the first course may be three or four inches thick and made of well mixed mortar1 comprising three parts ,portland cement1 one part water lime1 and two to three times as much sharp sand as ,portland4 ,when this has become partially hardened1 but before it is set and while still moist1 put on a finishing layer of one inch1 made of one part ,portland cement1 one part water lime1 and one part sharp sand4 ,it is important that the materials be very thoroughly mixed4 ,see that the edges of the walk are made square and true by laying down a form of boards lengthwise the area before the cement is put on4 ,the edges should be as thick as the middle1 for a thin crust on the edge tends to snap off4 ,a walk made in this way on a well-drained foundation will last almost indefinitely4 ,it is best that it be made in such season that it can become thoroughly set before frosty weather comes4 ,,wallflower4 ,a favorite plant for pots or garden1 having a clove-like fragrance4 ,seed of most varieties should be sown the year before wanted4 ,one kind1 being an annual1 will flower the same season the seed is sown4 ,hardy4 ,two to #c feet4 ,,washing orchard trees is an old practice4 ,it usually results in making a tree more vigorous4 ,one reason is that it destroys insects and fungi which lodge underneath the bark2 but probably the chief reason is that it softens the bark and allows the trunk to expand4 ,it is possible1 also1 that the potash from the soap or lye eventually passes into the ground and affords some plant-food4 ,trees are ordinarily ,washed with soap suds or with a lye solution4 ,the material is usually applied with an old broom or a stiff brush4 ,the scrubbing of the tree is perhaps nearly or quite as beneficial as the application of the wash itself4 ,it is customary to wash trees late in spring or early in summer1 and again in the fall1 with the idea that such ,washing destroys the eggs and the young of borers4 ,it no doubt will destroy borers if they are just getting a start1 but it will not keep away the insects which lay the eggs1 and will not destroy the borers which have found their way underneath the bark4 ,it is perhaps quite as well to wash the trees very early in the spring1 when they are starting into growth4 ,it is an old practice to wash trees with strong lye when they are affected with the oyster-shell bark louse4 ,the modern method of treating these pests1 however1 is to spray with some kerosene compound when the young growth is starting1 for at that time the young insects are migrating to the new wood and they are very easily destroyed4 ,,watering ,,house ,,plants4 ,it is impossible to give rules for the ,watering of plants4 ,conditions that hold with one grower are different from those of another4 ,advice must be general4 ,give one good ,watering at the time of potting1 after which no water should be given until the plants really need it4 ,if1 on tapping the pot1 it gives out a clear ring1 it is an indication that water is needed4 ,in the case of a soft-wooded plant1 just before the leaves begin to show signs of wilt1 is the time for ,watering4 ,when plants are taken up from the ground1 or when plants have their roots cut back in repotting1 gardeners rely1 after the first copious ,watering1 on syringing the tops of the plants two or three times each day1 until a new root-growth has started1 ,watering at the roots only when absolutely necessary4 ,plants that have been potted into larger pots will grow without the extra attention of syringing1 but those from the borders1 that have had their roots mutilated or shortened1 should be placed in a cool1 shady spot and be syringed often4 ,one soon becomes familiar with the wants of individual plants1 and can judge closely as to need of water4 ,all soft-wooded plants with a large leaf-surface need more water than hard-wooded plants1 and a plant in luxuriant growth of any kind more than a plant that has been cut back or become defoliated4 ,when plants are grown in living-rooms1 moisture must be supplied from some source1 and if no arrangement has been made for having a moist air the plants should be syringed often4 ,see ,syringing4 ,illustration3 ,watering pot ,,watermelon4 ,the culture of this is essentially the same as that for muskmelons 7which see71 except that most varieties require a warmer place and longer period of growth4 ,give the hills a distance of from #f to #aj feet apart4 ,choose a warm1 quick soil and sunny exposure4 ,it is essential1 in the ,north1 that the plants grow rapidly and come into bloom early4 ,one ounce of seed will plant thirty hills4 ,,wax ,,plant4 ,the ,wax ,plant1 or ,,hoya1 is one of the commonest of window-garden plants1 and yet it is one which people usually have difficulty in flowering4 ,however1 it is one of the easiest plants to manage if a person understands its nature4 ,it is naturally a summer-blooming plant1 and should rest during the winter time4 ,in the winter1 keep it just alive in a cool and rather dry place4 ,if the temperature does not go above #ej deg4 ,fahr41 so much the better2 neither should it go much lower4 ,in late winter or spring1 the plant is brought out to warm temperature1 given water and started into growth4 ,the old flower-stems should not be cut off1 since new flowers come from them as well as from the new wood4 ,when it is brought out to be started into growth1 it may be repotted1 sometimes into a size larger pot1 but always with more or less fresh earth4 ,the plant should increase in value each year4 ,in conservatories1 it is sometimes planted out in the ground and allowed to run over a wall1 in which case it will reach a height of many feet4 ,,weeds4 ,many very strong ,weeds are a compliment to one's soil3 only good soil produces them4 ,but they are not a compliment to one's tillage4 ,if the soil is well prepared and well tilled to conserve moisture and to unlock plant-food 7see ,tillage71 ,weeds will find little chance of growing4 ,stir the ground often3 it benefits the ground and keeps out the ,weeds4 ,plant vegetables in long straight rows rather than in beds1 for thereby tillage is made easier4 ,for beds and for small plants1 the hand-weeders 7as shown in the margin7 are very efficient4 ,they save laborious finger-work4 ,weed seeds are often distributed in manure1 especially if ,weeds have been allowed to grow and ripen on the piles4 ,see that pernicious ,weeds do not seed about the premises4 ,for the treatment of weedy lawns1 see the article ,lawns4 ,illustration3 ,potato hook and weed-puller ,illustration3 ,finger-weeder ,illustration3 ,trowel and angle-weeder ,,windbreaks4 ,there is the greatest difference of opinion as to the value of ,windbreaks for fruit plantations4 ,these differences arise from the fact that a ,windbreak may be of great benefit in one place1 but a disadvantage in another4 ,it is always advisable to break the force of very strong winds1 for such winds tend to injure the trees when laden with fruit or ice1 and they blow off the fruit2 and in dry countries they cause the soil to become parched4 ,if the wind is usually warmer than the area1 however1 particularly in the winter time1 it is better not to stop it1 but to allow it to circulate through the plantation4 ,this is the case in areas which lie close to large bodies of water4 ,the wind coming off the water is warmer than that off the land1 and tends thereby to protect the fruit plantation from severe cold4 ,a circulation of air is desirable in late spring and early fall in order to avoid the still frosts4 ,therefore1 if the area is very closely surrounded by dense plantations1 it may have what the fruit-growers call stagnant air2 but thinning out the ,windbreak on one or two sides1 or cutting holes through it1 may allow the air to move through1 thereby affording atmospheric drainage and insuring greater immunity from the light local frosts4 ,it is ordinarily better to break the force of the winds than to stop or deflect them4 ,that is1 the ,windbreak may be thin enough to allow the wind to take its normal direction1 but its force is broken4 ,a stone wall or a very dense hedge of evergreens may cause the wind to rise over the plantation or to be deflected to one side2 and this1 in many cases1 as already said1 may be a decided disadvantage4 ,the philosophy of a good ,windbreak for fruit plantations may be summed up in this way3 the force of heavy winds should be broken2 warm winds should be allowed to circulate freely through the plantation2 still air should be avoided4 ,ordinarily1 one or two rows of deciduous trees are sufficient protection4 ,when the plantation is very much exposed to very cold or land winds1 a thick evergreen screen may be a decided advantage4 ,it is usually better to have the heavy ,windbreak on the upper side of the area1 so that it may not interfere with the natural drainage of the cold air down the slope4 ,in making a ,windbreak1 it is important that those trees be chosen which will not become harboring places for orchard enemies4 ,the wild cherry1 for example1 is inveterately attacked by the tent caterpillar1 and the wild crabs and wild plums are likely to breed orchard insects4 ,if the ,windbreak is planted some time in advance of the orchard1 the row of fruit trees next the ,windbreak will be very likely to suffer from lack of moisture and food4 ,a different type of ,windbreak is that which is desired for a shelter belt about the home grounds4 ,the matter of atmospheric drainage does not enter into this problem to any great extent4 ,such shelter belt is usually placed at the extreme edge of the home yard1 toward the heaviest or prevailing wind4 ,it may be a dense plantation of evergreens4 ,if so1 the ,norway spruce is one of the best for general purposes4 ,for a lower belt1 the arborvitae is excellent4 ,some of the pines1 as the ,scotch or ,austrian1 are also to be advised1 particularly if the belt is at some distance from the residence4 ,as a rule1 the coarser the tree the farther it should be placed from the house4 ,persons may desire to use the ,windbreak as a screen to hide undesirable objects4 ,if these objects are of a permanent character1 as a barn or an unkempt property1 evergreen trees should be used4 ,for temporary screens1 any of the very large-growing herbaceous plants may be used4 ,very excellent subjects are sunflowers1 the large-growing nicotianas1 castor beans1 large varieties of ,indian corn1 and plants of like growth4 ,very efficient summer screens may be made with ailanthus1 paulownia1 basswood1 sumac1 and other plants which tend to throw up succulent shoots from the base4 ,after these plants have been set a year or two1 they are cut back nearly to the ground every winter or spring1 and strong shoots are thrown up with great luxuriance during the summer1 giving a dense screen and presenting a semi-tropical effect4 ,for such purposes1 the roots should be planted only two or three feet apart4 ,if1 after a time1 the roots become so crowded that the shoots are weak1 some of the plants may be removed4 ,top-dressing the area every fall with manure will tend to make the ground rich enough to afford a very heavy summer growth4 ,,wind ,,flower4 ,see ,anemone4 ,,window-,,gardens4 ,the ,summer ,window ,garden4--,this type of gardening is particularly suited to those who live in the crowded city1 where the want of other space makes the ,window-,garden the only one possible4 ,illustration3 ,a summer window ledge ,handsomely finished boxes1 ornamental tiling1 and bracket work of wood and iron suitable for fitting out windows for the growing of plants1 are on the market2 but such1 while desirable1 are by no means necessary4 ,a stout pine box of a length corresponding to the width of the window1 about #aj inches wide and #f deep1 answers quite as well as a finer box1 since it will likely be some distance above the street1 and its sides1 moreover1 are soon covered by the vines4 ,a zinc tray of a size to fit into the wooden box may be ordered of the tinsmith4 ,it will tend to keep the soil from drying out so rapidly1 but it is not a necessity4 ,a few small holes in the bottom of the box will provide for drainage2 but with carefulness in watering these are not necessary1 since the box by its exposed position will dry out readily during summer weather1 unless the position is a shaded one4 ,in the latter case provision for good drainage is always advisable4 ,since there is more or less cramping of roots1 it will be necessary to make the soil richer than would be required were the plants to grow in the garden4 ,the most desirable soil is one that does not pack hard like clay1 nor contract much when dry1 but remains porous and springy4 ,such a soil is found in the potting soil used by florists1 and it may be obtained from them at from #ej cts4 to #a a barrel4 ,often the nature of the soil will be such as to make it desirable to have at hand a barrel of sharp sand for mixing with the soil1 to make it more porous and prevent baking4 ,some pot the plants and then set them in the window-box1 filling the spaces between the pots with moist moss4 ,again1 they are planted directly in the soil4 ,the former method1 as a general rule1 is to be preferred in the winter ,window-,garden2 the latter during the summer4 ,the plants most valuable for the purpose are those of drooping habit1 such as lobelias1 tropaeolums1 ,othonna crassifolia1 ,kenilworth ivy1 and sweet alyssum4 ,such plants may occupy the front row1 while back of them may be the erect-growing plants1 like geraniums1 heliotropes1 begonias1 etc4 ,just what plants will be most suitable will depend on the exposure4 ,for the shady side of the street1 the more delicate kinds of plants may be used4 ,for full exposure to the sun1 it will be necessary to select the more vigorous-growing kinds4 ,in the latter position1 suitable plants for drooping would be3 99tropaeolums1 99passifloras1 the single petunias1 sweet alyssum1 lobelias1 verbenas1 mesembryanthemums4 ,for erect-growing plants3 geraniums1 heliotropes1 etc4 ,if the position is a shaded one1 the drooping plants might be of the following3 tradescantia1 ,kenilworth ivy1 99senecio or parlor ivy1 sedums1 99moneywort1 vinca1 99smilax1 99lygodium or climbing fern4 ,erect-growing plants would be dracaenas1 palms1 ferns1 coleus1 centaurea1 spotted calla1 and others4 ,for shady situations the main dependence is upon plants of graceful form or handsome foliage2 while for the sunny window the selection may be of blooming plants4 ,of the plants above mentioned for these two positions1 those marked with an asterisk 7997 are of climbing habit1 and may be trained up about the sides of the window4 ,others will be found among the climbing plants mentioned under ,vines1 ,annuals and ,basket ,plants4 ,after the plants have filled the earth with roots1 it will be desirable to give the surface of the soil among the plants a very light sprinkling of bone-dust or a thicker coating of rotted manure from time to time during the summer2 or instead of this1 a watering with weak liquid manure about once a week4 ,this is not necessary1 however1 until the growth shows that the roots have about exhausted the soil4 ,in the fall the box may be placed on the inside of the window4 ,in this case it will be desirable to thin out the foliage somewhat1 shorten in some of the vines1 and perhaps remove some of the plants4 ,it will also be desirable to give a fresh coating of rich soil4 ,increased care will be necessary1 also1 in watering1 since the plants will have less light than previously1 and1 moreover1 there may be no provision for drainage4 ,the ,winter ,window-,garden may consist simply of a jardiniere1 or a few choice pot-plants on a stand at the window1 or of a considerable collection1 with more or less elaborate arrangements for their accommodation in the way of box1 brackets1 shelves and stands4 ,expensive arrangements are by no means necessary1 nor is a large collection4 ,the plants and flowers themselves are the main consideration1 and a small collection well cared for is better than a large one unless it can be easily accommodated and kept in good condition4 ,the window for plants should have a southern1 south-eastern or eastern exposure4 ,plants need all the light they can get in the winter1 especially those which are expected to bloom4 ,the window should be tight-fitting4 ,shutters and a curtain will be an advantage in cold weather4 ,plants like a certain uniformity in conditions4 ,it is very trying on them1 and often fatal to success1 to have them snug and warm one night and shivering in a temperature only a few degrees above freezing the next4 ,some plants will live in spite of it1 but they cannot be expected to prosper4 ,those whose rooms are heated with steam1 hot water or hot air will have to guard against keeping rooms too warm fully as much as keeping them too cool4 ,rooms in brick dwellings that have been warm all day1 if shut up and made snug in the evening will often keep warm over night without heat except in the coldest weather4 ,rooms in frame dwellings1 and exposed on all sides1 soon cool down4 ,it is difficult to grow plants in rooms lighted by gas1 as the burning gas vitiates the atmosphere4 ,most living-rooms have too dry air for plants4 ,in such cases the bow window may be set off from the room by glass doors2 one then has a miniature conservatory4 ,while keeping the plants at a suitable temperature1 we must not forget that plants love moisture1 or a humid atmosphere1 and that our living-rooms ordinarily are very dry4 ,a pan of water on the stove or on the register and damp moss among the pots1 will afford plants the necessary humidity4 ,the foliage will need cleansing from time to time to free it from dust4 ,a bath tub provided with a ready outlet for the water is an excellent place for this purpose4 ,the plants may be turned on their sides and supported on a small box above the bottom of the tub4 ,then they may be freely syringed without danger of making the soil too wet4 ,it is usually advisable not to wet the flowers1 however1 especially the white waxen kinds1 like hyacinths4 ,the foliage of ,rex begonias should be cleansed with a piece of dry or only slightly moist cotton4 ,but if the leaves can be quickly dried off by placing them in the open air on mild days1 or moderately near the stove1 the foliage may be syringed4 ,illustration3 ,a window-box ,the window-box in the room will be seen near at hand1 so may be more or less ornamental in character4 ,the sides may be covered with ornamental tile held in place by moulding2 or a light lattice-work of wood surrounding the box is pretty4 ,but a neatly made and strong box of about the dimensions mentioned on page #bdb1 with a strip of moulding at the top and bottom1 answers just as well2 and if painted green1 or some neutral shade1 only the plants will be seen or thought of4 ,brackets1 jardinieres and stands may be purchased of any of the larger florists4 ,the window-box may consist of merely the wooden box2 but a preferable arrangement is to make it about eight inches deep instead of six1 then have the tinsmith make a zinc tray to fit the box4 ,this is provided with a false wooden bottom1 with cracks for drainage1 two inches above the real bottom of the tray4 ,the plants will then have a vacant space below them into which drainage water may pass4 ,such a box may be thoroughly watered as the plants require without danger of the water running on the carpet4 ,of course1 a faucet should be provided at some suitable point on a level with the bottom of the tray1 to permit of its being drained every day or so if the water tends to accumulate4 ,it would not do to allow the water to remain long2 especially should it never rise to the false bottom1 as then the soil would be kept too wet4 ,some persons attach the box to the window1 or support it on brackets attached below the window-sill2 but a preferable arrangement is to support the box on a low and light stand of suitable height provided with rollers4 ,it may then be drawn back from the window1 turned around from time to time to give the plants light on all sides1 or turned with the handsome side in as may be desired1 and so on4 ,often the plants are set directly in the soil2 but if they are kept in pots they may be rearranged1 changed about to give those which need it more light1 etc4 ,larger plants which are to stand on shelves or brackets may be in porous earthenware pots2 but the smaller ones which are to fill the window-box may be placed in heavy paper pots4 ,the sides of these are flexible1 and the plants in them therefore may be crowded close together with great economy in space4 ,when pots are spaced1 damp sphagnum or other moss among them will hold them in place1 keep the soil from drying out too rapidly1 and at the same time give off moisture1 so grateful to the foliage4 ,in addition to the stand1 or box1 a bracket for one or more pots on either side of the window1 about one-third or half way up1 will be desirable4 ,the bracket should turn on a basal hinge or pivot1 to admit of swinging it forward or backward4 ,these bracket plants usually suffer for moisture1 and are rather difficult to manage4 ,florists now usually grow plants suitable for ,window-,gardens and winter flowering1 and any intelligent florist1 if asked1 will take pleasure in making out a suitable collection4 ,the plants should be ordered early in the fall2 the florist will then not be so crowded for time and can give the matter better attention4 ,most of the plants suitable for the winter ,window-,garden belong to the groups which florists grow in their medium and cool houses4 ,the former are given a night temperature of about #fj deg41 the latter about #ej deg4 ,in each case the temperature is #aj to #ae deg4 higher for the daytime4 ,five degrees of variation below these temperatures will be allowable without any injurious effects2 even more may be borne1 but not without more or less check to the plants4 ,in bright1 sunny weather the day temperature may be higher than in cloudy and dark weather4 ,,plants ,,for ,,an ,,average ,,night ,,temperature ,,of #fj deg4 ,upright flowering plants4--,abutilons1 browallias1 calceolaria ,lincoln ,park1 begonias1 bouvardias1 euphorbias1 scarlet sage1 richardia or calla1 heliotropes1 fuchsias1 ,chinese hibiscus1 jasmines1 single petunias1 swainsona1 billbergia1 freesias1 geraniums1 cupheas4 ,upright foliage plants4--,muehlenbeckia1 ,cycas revoluta1 ,dracaena fragrans and others1 palms1 cannas1 ,farfugium grande1 achyranthes1 ferns1 araucaria1 epiphyllums1 pandanus or screw pine1 ,pilea arborea1 ,ficus elastica1 ,grevillea robusta4 ,climbing plants4--,asparagus tenuissimus1 ,a4 plumosus1 ,cobaea scandens1 smilax1 ,japanese hop1 ,madeira vine 7,boussingaultia71 ,senecio mikanioides and ,s4 macroglossus 7parlor ivies74 ,see also list below4 ,low-growing1 trailing1 or drooping plants4--,these may be used for baskets and edgings4 ,flowering kinds are3 ,sweet alyssum1 lobelia1 ,fuchsia procumbens1 mesembryanthemum1 ,oxalis pendula1 ,o4 floribunda and others1 ,russelia juncea1 ,mahernia odorata or honey-bell4 ,foliage plants of drooping habit4--,vincas1 ,saxifraga sarmentosa1 ,kenilworth ivy1 tradescantia or ,wandering ,jew1 99,festuca glauca1 othonna1 99,isolepsis gracilis1 ,english ivy1 ,selaginella denticulata and others4 ,some of these plants flower quite freely1 but the flowers are small and of secondary consideration4 ,those with an asterisk 7997 droop but slightly4 ,,plants ,,for ,,an ,,average ,,night ,,temperature ,,of #ej deg4 ,upright flowering plants4--,azaleas1 cyclamens1 carnations1 chrysanthemums1 geraniums1 ,chinese primroses1 stevia1 marguerite or ,paris daisy1 single petunias1 ,anthemis coronaria1 camellias1 ardisia 7berries71 cineraria1 violets1 hyacinths1 narcissus1 tulips1 the ,easter lily when in bloom1 and others4 ,upright foliage plants4--,pittosporum1 palms1 aucuba1 euonymus 7golden and silvery variegated71 araucaria1 pandanus1 dusty miller4 ,climbing plants4--,english ivy1 maurandia1 senecio or parlor ivy1 lygodium 7climbing fern74 ,drooping or trailing plants4--,flowering kinds are3 ,sweet alyssum1 ,mahernia odorata1 ,russelia and ivy geranium4 ,bulbs in the ,window-,garden4--,the single ,roman hyacinth is an excellent house plant4 ,its flowers are small1 but they are graceful and especially well suited for cutting4 ,the bulbs are easily forced1 and are managed like other hyacinths4 ,the secret of forcing the ,dutch bulbs and most others is to pot them and then1 after watering the pots1 set them away in a cool1 dark place until the pot is filled with roots4 ,they may be placed in the cellar to root up1 or be buried #c or #d inches deep in the soil4 ,it is well to delay potting them until such time as they can be kept cool while forming their roots4 ,a temperature of about #dj deg4 to #de deg4 suits them during this period4 ,in most cases it is well to select pots #e or #f inches in diameter and place from three to six bulbs in a pot1 according to the size of the bulbs and the plants4 ,the pot having been filled with soil1 it is only necessary to press them down till the tip1 or about one-fourth1 shows above the soil4 ,after this a slight jarring or sharp rap will settle the soil4 ,they are then watered and set away1 as before mentioned4 ,if kept dark and cool they will need no more watering until they are brought out and begin to grow1 when they may be watered freely4 ,illustration3 ,window-garden ,hyacinths1 tulips and narcissus all require about the same treatment4 ,when well rooted1 which will be in six or eight weeks1 they are brought out and given a temperature of some #ee deg4 to #fj deg4 till the flowers appear1 when they should be kept in a cooler temperature1 say #ej deg4 ,the ,easter lily is managed the same way1 only1 to hasten its flowers1 it should be kept at not lower than #fj deg4 at night4 ,warmer will be better4 ,lilies may be covered an inch or more deep4 ,freesias may be potted six or more in a pot of mellow soil1 and then started into growth at once4 ,at first they might be given a night temperature of #ej deg41 and #ee deg4 to #fj deg4 when they have begun to grow4 ,bulbs like the snowdrop and crocus are planted several or a dozen in a pot and buried1 or treated like hyacinths2 but they are very sensitive to heat1 and require only to be given the light when they have started to grow1 without any forcing4 ,forty to #de deg4 will be as warm as they ever need be kept4 ,see the article on ,bulbs2 also1 the advice given for the various plants under their respective names4 ,pests4--,window-,garden pests are discussed under ,insects4 ,,winter-,,killing is induced by a late fall growth1 and also by a dry1 unprotected soil4 ,all tender woody plants should be well ripened before cold weather comes3 cease tillage early3 do not apply stimulating manures late in the season4 ,mulch all tender or half hardy plants 7see ,mulch74 ,even hardy plants are benefited by a mulch4 ,when possible1 it is better to bend plants to the ground and cover them than to wrap them up as they stand2 but this cannot be done with tall or stiff subjects4 ,wrapping in straw or burlaps affords excellent protection1 but it is possible to wrap too heavily4 ,a barrel1 less the heads1 may be set over small plants and then filled with leaves or other loose litter2 or a cylinder of wire chicken-screen may be substituted for the barrel4 ,remove the protection in the spring before the buds start4 ,see that mice do not nest in the barrel or in the mulch4 ,,zinnia4 ,showy hardy annuals4 ,the old formal type of ,zinnias has given place to a race of freer forms which are excellent plants either for color effect or for cutting4 ,the colors have been varied and brightened1 the flowers doubled and the plants dwarfed4 ,seed should be sown in a hotbed or house in ,march1 transplanted once at least before planting out1 and set in well enriched soil4 ,or1 the seed may be sown where the plants are to grow4 ,the tall varieties 7#c feet7 should stand #ah to #bd inches apart4 ,these are best for masses at a distance4 ,the ,best and ,newest ,rural ,books ,,books ,,on ,,leading ,,topics ,,connected ,,with ,,agricultural ,,and ,,rural ,,life ,,are ,,here ,,mentioned4 ,,each ,,book ,,is ,,the ,,work ,,of ,a ,,specialist1 ,,under ,,the ,,editorial ,,supervision ,,of ,,professor ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey1 ,,of ,,the ,,cornell ,,university1 ,,or ,,by ,,professor ,,bailey ,,himself1 ,,and ,,is ,,readable1 ,,clear-,,cut ,,and ,,practical4 ,,the ,,rural ,,science ,,series ,includes books which state the underlying principles of agriculture in plain language4 ,they are suitable for consultation alike by the amateur or professional tiller of the soil1 the scientist or the student1 and are freely illustrated and finely made4 ,the following volumes are now ready3 ,,the ,,soil4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,,king1 of the ,university of ,wisconsin4 #cjc pp4 #de illustrations4 #ge cents4 ,,the ,,fertility ,,of ,,the ,,land4 ,by ,i4 ,p4 ,,roberts1 of ,cornell ,university4 ,fifth edition4 #dba pp4 #de illustrations4 #a4be4 ,,the ,,spraying ,,of ,,plants4 ,by ,e4 ,g4 ,,lodeman1 late of ,cornell ,university4 #cii pp4 #ib illustrations4 #a4jj4 ,,milk ,,and ,,its ,,products4 ,by ,h4 ,h4 ,,wing1 of ,cornell ,university4 ,fifth edition4 #caa pp4 #dc illustrations4 #a4jj4 ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,fruit-,,growing4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,fourth edition4 #eaf pp4 #abj illustrations4 #a4be4 ,,bush-,,fruits4 ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,,card1 of ,rhode ,island ,college of ,agriculture and ,mechanic ,arts4 ,second edition4 #ecg pp4 #aac illustrations4 #a4ej4 ,,fertilizers4 ,by ,e4 ,b4 ,,voorhees1 of ,new ,jersey ,experiment ,station4 ,third edition4 #ccb pp4 #a4jj4 ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,agriculture4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,third edition4 #cjj pp4 #ib illustrations4 #a4be4 ,,irrigation ,,and ,,drainage4 ,by ,f4 ,h4 ,,king1 ,university of ,wisconsin4 #ejb pp4 #afc illustrations4 #a4ej4 ,,the ,,farmstead4 ,by ,i4 ,p4 ,,roberts4 #cej pp4 #ach illustrations4 #a4be4 ,,rural ,,wealth ,,and ,,welfare4 ,by ,,george ,t4 ,,fairchild1 ,ex-,president of the ,agricultural ,college of ,kansas4 #cha pp4 #ad charts4 #a4be4 ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,vegetable-,,gardening4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey #dfh pp4 #add illustrations4 #a4be4 ,,the ,,feeding ,,of ,,animals4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,jordan1 of ,new ,york ,state ,experiment ,station4 #dej pp4 #a4be net4 ,,farm ,,poultry4 ,by ,,george ,c4 ,,watson1 of ,pennsylvania ,state ,college4 #cda pp4 #a4be net4 ,new volumes will be added from time to time to the ,,rural ,,science ,,series4 ,the following are in preparation3 ,,physiology ,,of ,,plants4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,arthur1 ,purdue ,university4 ,,the ,,principles ,,of ,,stock ,,breeding4 ,by ,w4 ,h4 ,,brewer1 of ,yale ,university4 ,,plant ,,pathology4 ,by ,b4 ,t4 ,,galloway and associates1 of ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,,care ,,of ,,animals4 ,by ,n4 ,s4 ,,mayo1 of ,connecticut ,agricultural ,college4 ,,the ,,pome ,,fruits 7,apples1 ,pears1 ,quinces74 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,,the ,,farmer',s ,,business ,,handbook4 ,by ,i4 ,p4 ,,roberts1 of ,cornell ,university4 ,,the ,,garden-,,craft ,,series ,comprises practical hand-books for the horticulturist1 explaining and illustrating in detail the various important methods which experience has demonstrated to be the most satisfactory4 ,they may be called manuals of practice1 and though all are prepared by ,professor ,,bailey1 of ,cornell ,university1 they include the opinions and methods of successful specialists in many lines1 thus combining the results of the observations and experiences of numerous students in this and other lands4 ,they are written in the clear1 strong1 concise ,english and in the entertaining style which characterize the author4 ,the volumes are compact1 uniform in style1 clearly printed1 and illustrated as the subject demands4 ,they are of convenient shape for the pocket1 and are substantially bound in flexible green cloth4 ,,the ,,horticulturist',s ,,rule-,,book4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,fourth edition4 #cab pp4 #ge cts4 ,,the ,,nursery-,,book4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,fifth edition4 #cfe pp4 #aeb illustrations4 #a4jj4 ,,plant-,,breeding4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #bic pp4 #bj illustrations4 #a4jj4 ,,the ,,forcing-,,book4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #bff pp4 #hh illustrations4 #a4jj4 ,,garden-,,making4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,fifth edition4 #dag pp4 #bef illustrations4 #a4jj4 ,,the ,,pruning-,,book4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 ,fourth edition4 #ede pp4 #cca illustrations4 #a4ej4 ,,the ,,practical ,,garden-,,book4 ,by ,c4 ,e4 ,,hunn and ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #bej pp4 ,many marginal cuts4 #a4jj4 ,,works ,,by ,,professor ,,bailey ,,the ,,survival ,,of ,,the ,,unlike3 ,a ,collection of ,evolution ,essays ,suggested by the ,study of ,domestic ,plants4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey1 ,professor of ,horticulture in the ,cornell ,university4 ,,fourth ,,edition--#eae ,,pages--#bb ,,illustrations--#b4jj ,to those interested in the underlying philosophy of plant life1 this volume1 written in a most entertaining style1 and fully illustrated1 will prove welcome4 ,it treats of the modification of plants under cultivation upon the evolution theory1 and its attitude on this interesting subject is characterized by the author's well-known originality and independence of thought4 ,incidentally1 there is stated much that will be valuable and suggestive to the working horticulturist1 as well as to the man or woman impelled by a love of nature to horticultural pursuits4 ,it may well be called1 indeed1 a philosophy of horticulture1 in which all interested may find inspiration and instruction4 ,,the ,,survival ,,of ,,the ,,unlike comprises thirty essays touching upon ,the ,general ,fact and ,philosophy of ,evolution 7,the ,plant ,individual1 ,experimental ,evolution1 ,coxey's ,army and the ,russian ,thistle1 ,recent ,progress1 etc472 ,expounding the ,fact and ,causes of ,variation 7,the ,supposed ,correlations of ,quality in ,fruits1 ,natural ,history of ,synonyms1 ,reflective ,impressions1 ,relation of ,seed-bearing to ,cultivation1 ,variation after ,birth1 ,relation between ,american and ,eastern ,asian ,fruits1 ,horticultural ,geography1 ,problems of ,climate and ,plants1 ,american ,fruits1 ,acclimatization1 ,sex in ,fruits1 ,novelties1 ,promising ,varieties1 etc472 and ,tracing the ,evolution of ,particular ,types of ,plants 7the ,cultivated ,strawberry1 ,battle of the ,plums1 ,grapes1 ,progress of the ,carnation1 ,petunia1 ,the ,garden ,tomato1 etc474 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,our ,,native ,,fruits4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey1 ,professor of ,horticulture in the ,cornell ,university4 #dgb ,,pages--#abe ,,illustrations--#b4jj ,in this entertaining volume1 the origin and development of the fruits peculiar to ,north ,america are inquired into1 and the personality of those horticultural pioneers whose almost forgotten labors have given us our most valuable fruits is touched upon4 ,there has been careful research into the history of the various fruits1 including inspection of the records of the great ,european botanists who have given attention to ,american economic botany4 ,the conclusions reached1 the information presented1 and the suggestions as to future developments1 cannot but be valuable to any thoughtful fruit-grower1 while the terse style of the author is at its best in his treatment of the subject4 ,,the ,,evolution ,,of ,,our ,,native ,,fruits discusses ,the ,rise of the ,american ,grape 7,north ,america a ,natural ,vineland1 ,attempts to ,cultivate the ,european ,grape1 ,the ,experiments of the ,dufours1 ,the ,branch of ,promise1 ,john ,adlum and the ,catawba1 ,rise of ,commercial ,viticulture1 ,why ,did the ,early ,vine ,experiments ,fail8 ,synopsis of the ,american ,grapes72 ,the ,strange ,history of the ,mulberries 7,the ,early ,silk ,industry1 ,the ,multicaulis ,craze172 ,evolution of ,american ,plums and ,cherries 7,native ,plums in ,general1 ,the ,chickasaw1 ,hortulana1 ,marianna and ,beach ,plum ,groups1 ,pacific ,coast ,plum1 ,various ,other ,types of ,plums1 ,native ,cherries1 ,dwarf ,cherry ,group72 ,native ,apples 7,indigenous ,species1 ,amelioration has begun72 ,origin of ,american ,raspberry-growing 7,early ,american ,history1 ,present ,types1 ,outlying ,types72 ,evolution of ,blackberry and ,dewberry ,culture 7,the ,high-bush ,blackberry and ,its ,kin1 ,the ,dewberries1 ,botanical ,names72 ,various ,types of ,berry-like ,fruits 7,the ,gooseberry1 ,native ,currants1 ,juneberry1 ,buffalo ,berry1 ,elderberry1 ,high-bush ,cranberry1 ,cranberry1 ,strawberry72 ,various ,types of ,tree ,fruits 7,persimmon1 ,custard-,apple ,tribe1 ,thorn-,apples1 ,nut-,fruits72 ,general ,remarks on the ,improvement of our ,native ,fruits 7,what ,has ,been ,done1 ,what ,probably ,should ,be ,done74 ,,lessons ,,with ,,plants3 ,suggestions for ,seeing and ,interpreting ,some of the ,common ,forms of ,vegetation4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey1 ,professor of ,horticulture in the ,cornell ,university1 with delineations from nature by ,w4 ,s4 ,,holdsworth1 of the ,agricultural ,college of ,michigan4 ,,second ,,edition--#dia ,,pages--#ddf ,,illustrations--#ab ,,mo--,,cloth--#a4aj ,,net ,there are two ways of looking at nature4 ,the old way1 which you have found so unsatisfactory1 was to classify everything--to consider leaves1 roots1 and whole plants as formal herbarium specimens1 forgetting that each had its own story of growth and development1 struggle and success1 to tell4 ,nothing stifles a natural love for plants more effectually than that old way4 ,the new way is to watch the life of every growing thing1 to look upon each plant as a living creature1 whose life is a story as fascinating as the story of any favorite hero4 ,lessons with ,plants is a book of stories1 or rather1 a book of plays1 for we can see each chapter acted out if we take the trouble to look at the actors4 ,i have spent some time in most delightful examination of it1 and the longer ,i look1 the better ,i like it4 ,i find it not only full of interest1 but eminently suggestive4 ,i know of no book which begins to do so much to open the eyes of the student--whether pupil or teacher--to the wealth of meaning contained in simple plant forms4 ,above all else1 it seems to be full of suggestions that help one to learn the language of plants1 so they may talk to him4--,,darwin ,l4 ,,bardwell1 ,superintendent of ,schools1 ,binghamton4 ,it is an admirable book1 and cannot fail both to awaken interest in the subject1 and to serve as a helpful and reliable guide to young students of plant life4 ,it will1 ,i think1 fill an important place in secondary schools1 and comes at an opportune time1 when helps of this kind are needed and eagerly sought4--,professor ,v4 ,m4 ,,spalding1 ,university of ,michigan4 ,,first ,,lessons ,,with ,,plants ,an ,abridgement of the above4 #aag ,,pages--#aaf ,,illustrations--#dj ,,cents ,,net4 ,,botany3 ,an ,elementary ,text for ,schools4 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey4 #cee ,,pages--#ejj ,,illustrations--#a4aj ,,net ,this book is made for the pupil3 ',lessons ,with ,plants' was made to supplement the work of the teacher4 ,this is the opening sentence of the preface1 showing that the book is a companion to ,lessons ,with ,plants1 which has now become a standard teacher's book4 ,the present book is the handsomest elementary botanical text-book yet made4 ,the illustrations illustrate4 ,they are artistic4 ,the old formal and unnatural ,botany is being rapidly outgrown4 ,the book disparages mere laboratory work of the old kind3 the pupil is taught to see things as they grow and behave4 ,the pupil who goes through this book will understand the meaning of the plants which he sees day by day4 ,it is a revolt from the dry-as-dust teaching of botany4 ,it cares little for science for science's sake1 but its point of view is nature-study in its best sense4 ,the book is divided into four parts1 any or all of which may be used in the school3 the plant itself2 the plant in its environment2 histology1 or the minute structure of plants2 the kinds of plants 7with a key1 and descriptions of #cjj common species74 ,the introduction contains advice to teachers4 ,the book is brand new from start to finish4 ,an exceedingly attractive text-book4--,educational ,review4 ,it is a school book of the modern methods4--,the ,dial4 ,it would be hard to find a better manual for schools or for individual use4--,the ,outlook4 999999 ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company ,no4 #ff ,fifth ,avenue ,,new ,,york ,,the ,,cyclopedia ,,of ,,american ,,horticulture3 ,by ,l4 ,h4 ,,bailey1 of ,cornell ,university1 assisted by ,,wilhelm ,,miller1 and many expert cultivators and botanists4 #d ,,vols4--,,over #bhjj ,,original ,,engravings--,,cloth--,,octavo #bj4jj ,,net ,,per ,,set4 ,,half ,,morocco1 #cb4jj ,,net ,,per ,,set ,this great work comprises directions for the cultivation of horticultural crops and original descriptions of all the species of fruits1 vegetables1 flowers and ornamental plants known to be in the market in the ,united ,states and ,canada4 ,it has the unique distinction of presenting for the first time1 in a carefully arranged and perfectly accessible form1 the best knowledge of the best specialists in ,america upon gardening1 fruit-growing1 vegetable culture1 forestry1 and the like1 as well as exact botanical information4444 ,the contributors are eminent cultivators or specialists1 and the arrangement is very systematic1 clear and convenient for ready reference4 ,we have here a work which every ambitions gardener will wish to place on his shelf beside his ,nicholson and his ,loudon1 and for such users of it a too advanced nomenclature would have been confusing to the last degree4 ,with the safe names here given1 there is little liability to serious perplexity4 ,there is a growing impatience with much of the controversy concerning revision of names of organisms1 whether of plants or animals4 ,those investigators who are busied with the ecological aspects of organisms1 and also those who are chiefly concerned with the application of plants to the arts of agriculture1 horticulture1 and so on1 care for the names of organisms under examination only so far as these aid in recognition and identification4 ,to introduce unnecessary confusion is a serious blunder4 ,professor ,bailey has avoided the risk of confusion4 ,in short1 in range1 treatment and editing1 the ,cyclopedia appears to be emphatically useful2 444 a work worthy of ranking by the side of the ,century ,dictionary4--,the ,nation4 ,,this ,,work ,,is ,,sold ,,only ,,by ,,subscription1 ,,and ,,terms ,,and ,,further ,,information ,,may ,,be ,,had ,,of ,,the ,,publishers4 ,,the ,,macmillan ,,company ,no4 #ff ,fifth ,avenue ,,new ,,york ,transcriber's ,note3 ,extra1 missing1 or misprinted punctuation has been corrected without note4 ,variation in hyphenation 7e4g4 house plants vs4 house-plants71 and capitalization in some botanical names has been left as in the original4 ,in the ,,ascii version1 the degree symbol has been replaced with deg4 ,hyphens have been added to numbers with fractions 7e4g4 one and one half is #a-a_/b71 and hyphens indicating a range of heights were changed to the word to in the following passages3 grow #a to #b-a_/b ft4 high 7p4 #e72 ,grow #a-a_/b to #b ft4 high 7p4 #eb72 should stand #a-a_/b to #b ft4 apart 7p4 #ef72 #a-a_/b to #b-a_/b ft4 high 7p4 #gd74 ,accents and ligatures have also been removed4 ,the following changes were also made to the text3 p4 #i3 couservatory to conservatory p4 #ab3 ,burridgianum to ,burridgeanum 7,cosmidium ,burridgeanum7 p4 #ac3 autumnale to autumnalis 7,adonis autumnalis47 p4 #bc3 herbacous to herbaceous p4 #da3 ,beaume to ,baume 7#bf deg4 ,baume7 p4 #ee3 batchelor's to bachelor's 7bachelor's buttons7 p4 #ef3 ,callirhoe to ,callirrhoe p4 #hi3 rocommended to recommended 7the treatment recommended for ,crocus7 p4 #abb3 establishd to established 7when well established7 p4 #acb3 #hj1 deg4 to #hj deg41 7begins to fall below #hj deg417 p4 #acc3 witholding to withholding 7gradually withholding water7 p4 #bjg3 seed to seeds 7six seeds in each hill7 p4 #bcc3 ipomeas to ipomoeas and ,ipomea to ,ipomoea p4 #bcc3 ,cobea to ,cobaea ,advertisements 7end of book73 science' to science's 7science for science's sake71 and the repeated headings ,,works ,,by ,,professor ,,bailey removed4