,a ,biographical ,diction>y ( ,,free?9k]s ( ,all ,ages & ,nations4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,:eel]4 ,london3 ,progressive ,publi%+ ,company1 #bh ,/onecutt] ,/reet1 ,e4,c4 #ahhi4 ,,preface4 ,john ,/u>t ,mill 9 8 ,autobiography decl>es ) tru? t ! _w w\ld be a/oni%$ if x knew h[ great a proportion ( its brighte/ ornam5ts1 ( ^? mo/ di/+ui%$ ev5 9 popul> e/imation = wisdom & virtue are complete sceptics 9 religion4 ,_m ( ^!1 z ,mill po9ts out1 refra9 f v>i\s motives f speak+ out4 ,! "w ,i h und]tak5 w1 ,i tru/1 d some?+ to %[ h[ _m ( ! _w's wor?ie/ m5 & wom5 h be5 ,free?9k]s4 ,my ,diction>y does n pret5d to be a complete li/ ( ^? :o h r5d]$ s]vices to ,free?\ght4 ,to =m su* a compilation w\ld r be ! task ( an int]national society ?an ( an individual4 ,moreov] details conc]n+ _m wor?y work]s are n[ inaccessible4 ,free?\ght boa/s its noble army ( m>tyrs ( :om ! _w 0 n wor?y1 & :o paid ! p5alty ( _! fre$om 9 prison or at ! /ake4 ,"s ( ! names ( ^! are only kn[n by ! vitup]ation ( _! adv]s>ies4 ,i h done my be/ to pres]ve "s tru/wor?y record ( z _m z possible4 ,! only complete "w ) a simil> design ( :i* ,i h any k1 is ! ,dictionnaire des ,a?es anci5s et mod]nes1 by ,sylva9 ,m>*al ) its supplem5ts by ,j]ome de ,lal&e ! ,a/ronom]1 ,an4 ,,viii4 7#ahjj7-ahje4 ,t "w1 :i* is n[ extremely r>e1 gave sc>cely any biographical details1 & un=tunately foll[$ previ\s or?odox a!ograph]s1 su* z ,buddeus1 ,reimmann1 ,h>d\91 ,g>asse1 ,m]s5ne1 9 class+ z ,a!i/s ^? to :om ! title 0 inapplicable4 ,i h tak5 no names f ^! s\rces )\t exam9+ ! evid5ce4 ,a "w 0 issu$ by ,ri*>d ,c>lile 9 #ahbf1 entitl$ ,a ,diction>y ( ,mod]n ,anti-,sup]/ioni/s2 or1 an acc\nt1 arrang$ alphabetically1 ( ^? :o1 :e!r call$ ,a!i/s1 ,sceptics1 ,latitud9>ians1 ,religi\s ,re=m]s1 or etc41 h dur+ ! la/ t5 c5turies contribut$ t[>ds ! dim9ution ( sup]/ition4 ,compil$ by a se>*] aft] ,tru?4 ,! compil]1 z ,i h reason to "k1 0 ,julian ,hibb]t1 :o br\ght to 8 task adequate s*ol>%ip & leisure4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 conceiv$ on too ext5sive a scale1 & 9 #abh pages1 all t 0 issu$1 x only rea*$ to ! "n ( ,annet4 ,julian ,hibb]t also compil$ *ronological tables ( ,engli% ,free?9k]s1 :i* 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,reason] = #ahee4 ,( ! ,anti-,tr9it>ian ,biography ( ! ,rev4 ,rob]t ,wallace1 or ( ! previ\s compilations ( ,saudius & ,bock1 ,i h made b little use4 ,to include ! names ( all :o reject "s ( ! ,*ri/ian dogmas 0 q beside my purpose1 ?\gh ,i h includ$ ^? ( e>ly ,unit>ians & ,univ]sali/s :o1 ,i conceive1 exhibit$ ! true _s ( free inquiry 9 ! face ( p]secution4 ,to ! ,freyd5k] ,lexikon ( ,j4 ,a4 ,tr9ius 7#agei7 my obligations are slight1 b %\ld be ackn[l$g$4 ,to ,bayle's ,diction>y1 ,hoef]'s ,n\velle ,biographie ,g5]ale1 ,mey]'s ,konv]sations ,lexikon1 ,franck's ,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces ,philosophiques1 & to ,l>\sse's ,gr& ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel ,i mu/ also express my indebt$ness4 ,9 ! case ( disput$ dates ,i h usually f\nd ,haydn's ,diction>y ( ,biography 7#ahhf7 mo/ tru/wor?y1 b ,i h also consult$ ,oett+]'s valuable ,moniteur des ,dates4 ,! p>ticul>s h 9 all cases be5 drawn f ! be/ available s\rces4 ,i h n attempt$ to give a full view ( any ( ! lives dealt )1 b m]ely s\ght to give "s idea ( _! s]vices & relation to ,free?\ght4 ,nor h ,i enum]at$ ! :ole ( ! works ( au?ors :o h (t5 dealt ) a v>iety ( subjects4 ,z full a li/ z is feasible has1 h[ev]1 be5 giv5 ( _! di/9ctive ,free?\ght works2 & ! book w1 ,i hope1 be useful to anyone wi%+ in=mation z to ! bibliography ( ,free?\ght4 ,! only "w ( a bibliographical k9d is ! ,guide du ,libre ,p5seur1 by ,m4 ,alfr$ ,v]lire1 b 8 li/ is v f> f complete ev5 ( ! ,fr5* au?ors1 ) :om x is almo/ entirely occupi$4 ,i %\ld also m5tion ,la ,lorgnette ,philosophique1 by ,m4 ,paquet1 z giv+ lively sket*es1 ?\gh n biographies1 ( "s mod]n ,fr5* ,free?9k]s4 ,9 ! compilation ( my li/ ( names ,i h receiv$ assi/ance f my fri5ds1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,w4 ,foote 7to :om ,i am also indebt$ = ! opportunity ( publication71 ,mr4 ,w4 ,j4 ,bir*1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,truelove & ,mr4 ,f4 ,malibran4 ,= p>ticul>s 9 reg>d to "s ,engli% ,free?9k]s ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,*>les ,bradlaugh1 ,mr4 ,george ,jacob ,holyoake & ,mr4 ,e4 ,t4 ,craig1 :ile ,pr(essor ,dalla ,volta1 ( ,flor5ce1 has k9dly assi/$ me ) "s ( ! ,italian names4 ,i mu/ also express my indebt$ness to ,a4 de ,gub]natis1 ^: ,dizion>io ,biografico degli ,scrittori ,contemporanei ,i h f\nd ( consid]able s]vice4 ,my ?anks are also due to ,g4 ,k4 ,=tescue1 ,esq41 = p]mission to exam9e ! titles ( all ,free?\ght works 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,"s read]s may ?9k my li/ conta9s names bett] omitt$1 :ile omitt+ o!rs well des]v+ a place4 ,i h1 = in/ance1 omitt$ _m =eign ,lib]al ,prote/ants :ile includ+ ,bi%op ,col5so1 :o1 o/5sibly1 did n g s f>4 ,b my ju/ification1 if any1 mu/ be f\nd 9 my purpose1 :i* is to record ! names ( ^? :o h contribut$ 9 _! g5]ation to ! advance ( ,free?\ght4 ,no "o c be m consci\s ( ! imp]fections ( my "w ?an myself1 b ,i console myself ) ! reflection ( ,plato1 t ?\gh x be ! m]it ( a good huntsman to f9d game 9 a wide wood1 x is no discr$it if he d n f9d x all2 & ! hope t :at ,i h attempt$ "s o!r w complete4 ,! mo/ on]\s "p ( my task has be5 ! exam9ation ( ! claims ( "s ?\s& names1 mo/ly =eign1 :i* f9d no place 9 ?is diction>y4 ,b ! "w ?r\gh\t has be5 a labor ( love4 ,i design$ x z my humble contribution to ! cause ( ,free?\ght1 & leave x ) ! hope t x w contribute t[>ds ! hi/ory ( ! good old cause2 a hi/ory :i* has yet to be writt51 & = :i*1 p]haps1 ! "t is n yet ripe4 ,%\ld ?is volume be receiv$ ) an enc\rag+ %>e ( favor1 ,i hope to foll[ x ) a ,hi/ory ( ,free?\ght 9 ,engl&1 = :i* ,i h long be5 collect+ mat]ials4 ,a ,,biographical ,,diction>y ,,( ,,free?9k]s4 ,abl>dus 7,petrus71 b4 #ajgi4 ,a tea*] ( philosophy at ,p>is1 r5[n$ = be+ lov$ by ! celebrat$ ,eloise4 ,he 0 accus$ ( tea*+ errone\s op9ions1 *iefly ab\t ! ,creation & ! ,tr9ity1 & 0 condemn$ by a c\ncil at ,soissons 9 #aaba & by t ( ,s5s #aadj1 at ! in/igation ( ,/4 ,b]n>d4 ,he 0 hunt$ ab\t1 b sp5t 8 la/ days z a monk at ,cluni4 ,he di$ #ba ,april1 #aadb4 ,abel>d1 obs]ves ,hallam1 0 almo/ ! fir/ :o awak5$ mank9d1 9 ! age ( d>kness1 to a sympa?y ) intellectual excell5ce4 ,abano 7,petrus de74 ,see ,petrus1 de ,abano4 ,abauzit 7,firm971 a ,fr5* writ]1 desc5d$ f an ,arabian family :i* settl$ 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france e>ly 9 ! n9? c5tury1 b4 ,uzes1 #aa ,nov4 #afgi4 ,he travell$ 9 ,holl& & became acqua9t$ ) ,bayle1 atta9$ a reputation = philosophy1 & 0 consult$ by ,voltaire & ,r\sseau4 ,among 8 works are1 ,reflections on ! ,gospels1 & an essay on ! ,apocalypse1 9 :i* he que/ions ! au?ority ( t "w4 ,di$ at ,g5eva #bj ,m>*1 #agfg4 ,8 ,miscellanies 7 translat$ 9 ,engli% by ,e4 ,h>wood1 #aggd4 ,abbot 7,francis ,ell+wood74 ,am]ican ,free?9k]1 b4 ,bo/on1 #f ,nov4 #ahcf4 ,he graduat$ at ,h>v>d ,univ]sity #ahei1 began life z a ,unit>ian m9i/]1 b becom+ too broad = t ,*ur*1 resign$ 9 #ahfi4 ,he />t$ ! ,index1 a j\rnal ( free religi\s inquiry & anti-sup]naturalism1 at ,tol$o1 b s9ce #ahgd at ,bo/on4 ,?is he edit$ #ahgj-hj4 ,9 #ahgb appe>$ 8 ,impea*m5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 addition to 8 "w on ! ,index1 ,mr4 ,abbot has lectur$ a great deal1 & has contribut$ to ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review & o!r p]iodicals4 ,he 0 ! fir/ presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,national ,lib]al ,league4 ,mr4 ,abbot is an evolutioni/ & ,!i/1 & def5ds 8 views 9 ,sci5tific ,!ism1 #ahhf4 ,abla+ van ,giess5burg 7,r4,c47 ,see ,giess5burg4 ,abu ,bakr ,ibn ,al-,tufail 7,abu ,j'af>7 ,al ,isbili4 ,spani% ,arabian philosoph]1 b4 at ,guadys1 wrote a philosophical romance ( pan!i/ic t5d5cy ,hai ,ibn ,yakdan1 translat$ into ,lat9 by ,pocock1 ,ox=d #afga1 & into ,engli% by ,s4 ,ockley1 #agaa1 "u ! title ( ,! ,improvem5t ( ,human ,reason4 ,di$ at ,morocco #aahe4 ,abu-,fazil 7,abu al ,fadhl ibn ,mub>ak1 call$ ,al ,h9di71 vizi] to ! great ,emp]or ,akb> f #aegb4 ,al?\gh by bir? a ,muhammadan1 8 inve/igations into ! religions ( ,india made him see equal wor? 9 all1 &1 l 8 ma/]1 ,akb>1 he 0 tol]ant ( all sects4 ,8 *ief "w is ! ,ay9 ,akb>y1 a /ati/ical acc\nt ( ! ,indian ,empire4 ,x 0 translat$ by ,f4 ,gladw91 #aggg4 ,he 0 assass9at$ #afjd4 ,abul-,abbas-,abdallah ,,iii4 7,al ,mam\n71 ! sev5? ,abbasside1 caliph1 son ( ,h>\n al ,ra%id1 0 b4 at ,bagdad #af ,sept4 #ghf4 ,he 0 a patron ( sci5ce & lit]ature1 collect$ ,greek & ,hebrew manuscripts1 & invit$ ! s*ol>s ( all nations to 8 capital4 ,he wrote sev]al treatises & poems4 ,di$ 9 w> ne> ,t>sus1 #i ,aug4 #hcc4 ,abul-,ola 7,ahmad ibn ,abd ,allah ibn ,sulaiman71 celebrat$ ,arabian poet1 b4 at ,ma>i1 9 ,syria1 ,dec41 #igc4 ,8 free op9ions gave mu* sc&al to dev\t ,moslems4 ,he 0 bl9d ?r\gh small-pox f ! age ( f\r ye>s1 b 8 poems exhibit mu* k4 ,he call$ himself ! d\bly imprison$ captive1 9 allusion to 8 seclusion & loss ( sight4 ,he took no pa9s to conceal t he believ$ 9 no reveal$ religion4 ,di$ ,may1 #ajeg1 & ord]$ ! foll[+ v]se to be writt5 on 8 tomb3--,i owe ?is to ! fault ( my fa!r3 none owe ! l to m9e4 ,abu ,tahir 7al ,k>matti71 ! *ief ( a free?9k+ sect at ,bahre91 on ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 :o ) a comp>atively small numb] ( foll[]s captur$ ,mecca 7#icj71 & took away ! black /one4 ,he sudd5ly attack$1 defeat$1 & took prison] ,abissaj :om1 at ! head ( ?irty ?\s& m51 ! caliph _h s5t aga9/ him4 ,di$ 9 #idc4 ,a*ill9i 7,aless&ro71 ,italian physician & philosoph] b4 ,bologna #bi ,oct4 #adfc4 ,he exp\nd$ ! doctr9es ( ,av]roes1 & wrote l>gely ^u anatomy4 ,di$ #b ,aug4 #aeab4 ,8 collect$ works 7 publi%$ at ,v5ice1 #aede4 ,ack]mann 7,l\ise-,victor9e1 ne ,*oquet71 ,fr5* poetess1 b4 ,p>is #cj ,nov4 #ahac4 ,%e travell$ to ,g]many & !re m>ri$ 7#ahec7 a "y !ologian1 ,paul ,ack]man1 :o 9 prep>+ = ! m9i/ry lo/ 8 ,*ri/ian fai?1 & :o1 aft] becom+ tea*] to ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,william 7aft]w>ds ,fr$]ick ,,iii471 di$ at ! age ( ?irty-f\r 7#ahdf74 ,bo? 7 fri5ds ( ,pr\dhon4 ,madame ,ack]mann's poems 7,p>is #ahfc-gd & #he7 exhibit h] z a philosophic pessimi/ & ,a!i/4 ,god is de?ron$1 says ,m4 ,c>o ( h] poems 7,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 #ae ,may1 #ahgd74 ,%e pr(esses hatr$ ( ,*ri/ianity & its int]e/$ pr(essors4 ,%e has also publi%$ ,?\ghts ( a ,solit>y4 ,sa9te ,beuve calls h] ! le>n$ solit>y ( ,nice4 ,acollas 7,pi]re ,anto9e ,r5 ,paul ,emile71 ,fr5* jurisconsult & political writ]1 b4 ,la ,*tre #be ,june1 #ahbf1 /udi$ law at ,p>is4 ,= p>ticipat+ 9 ! ,g5eva congress ( ! ,int]national ,society 9 #ahfg he 0 condemn$ to "o ye>'s imprisonm5t4 ,9 #ahga he 0 appo9t$ head ( ! law faculty by ! ,commune4 ,he has publi%$ sev]al manuals popul>is+ ! legal rights ( ! p1 & has writt5 on ,m>riage its ,pa/1 ,pres5t1 & ,future1 #ahhj4 ,mrs4 ,besant has translat$ 8 monograph on ,! ,idea ( ,god 9 ! ,revolution1 publi%$ 9 ! ,droits de l',homme4 ,acontius 7,jacobus--,italian1 ,giacomo ,aconzio74 ,born at ,tr5t e>ly 9 sixte5? c5tury4 ,aft] receiv+ ord9ation 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,rome he rel9qui%$ t fai? & fl$ to ,switz]l& 9 #aeeg4 ,he subsequ5tly came to ,engl& & s]v$ ,que5 ,elizabe? z a milit>y eng9e]4 ,to h] he d$icat$ 8 ,/rategems ( ,satan1 publi%$ at ,basle #aefe4 ,?is 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ latitud9>ian works1 & 0 plac$ ^u ! ,index4 ,x 0 also bitt]ly assail$ by ,prote/ant div9es1 bo? 9 ,engl& & on ! ,cont95t4 ,an ,engli% translation appe>$ 9 #afdh4 ,"s proce$+s 7 tak5 aga9/ ,acontius be=e ,bi%op ,gr9dall1 ( ! result ( :i* no acc\nt is giv54 ,"s passages ( ,milton's ,areopagitica may be trac$ to ,acontius1 :o1 ,*eynell in=ms u1 liv$ till #afbc4 ,/eph5's ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography says he is believ$ to h di$ %ortly aft] #aeff4 ,aco/a 7,uriel74 ,born at ,oporto #aeig1 ! son ( a ,*ri/ianis$ ,jew2 he 0 br\ght up z a ,*ri/ian1 b on rea*+ maturity1 reject$ t fai?4 ,he w5t to ,holl&1 :]e he publi%$ a "w equally criticis+ ,moses & ,jesus4 ,= ?is he 0 excommunicat$ by ! ,synagogue1 f9$ & put 9 prison by ! ,am/]dam au?orities1 & 8 "w suppress$4 ,aft] suff]+ _m indignities f bo? ,jews & ,*ri/ians1 he committ$ suicide #afdg4 ,adams 7,george71 ( ,bri/ol1 s5t5c$ 9 #ahdb to "o mon?'s imprisonm5t = sell+ ! ,oracle ( ,reason4 ,adams 7,rob]t ,c471 ,canadian ,free?\ght writ] & lectur]4 ,au?or ( ,travels 9 ,fai? f ,tradition to ,reason 7,new ,york1 #ahhd71 also ,evolution1 a ,summ>y ( ,evid5ce4 ,adl] 7,felix7 ,ph4 ,d4 ,am]ican ,free?9k]1 ! son ( a ,jewi% rabbi1 0 b4 9 ,alzey1 ,g]many1 #ac ,aug4 #ahea4 ,he graduat$ at ,columbia ,college1 #ahgj1 0 pr(essor ( ,hebrew & ,ori5tal lit]ature at ,cornell ,univ]sity f '#gd to ,may '#gf1 :5 he e/abli%$ 9 ,new ,york ! ,society ( ,e?ical ,culture1 to :i* he disc\rses on ,sundays4 ,9 #ahgg he publi%$ a volume entitl$ ,cre$ & ,de$1 9 :i* he rejects sup]natural religion4 ,dr4 ,adl] has also contribut$ _m pap]s to ! ,radical lit]ature ( ,am]ica4 nesidemus4 ,a ,cretan sceptical philosoph] ( ! fir/ c5tury4 ,he adopt$ ! pr9ciple ( ,h]aclitus1 t all ?+s 7 9 c\rse ( *ange1 & argu$ aga9/ our k ( ultimate causes4 ,airy 7,sir ,george ,biddell74 ,engli% ,a/ronom] ,royal1 b4 ,alnwick #bg ,july1 #ahja4 ,educat$ at ,cambridge1 :]e he became s5ior wrangl] #ahbc4 ,dur+ a long life ,pr(essor ,airy did mu* to advance a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,8 ,notes on ! ,e>li] ,hebrew ,scriptures #ahgf1 proves him to h be5 a ?or\gh-go+ ,free?9k]4 ,aitk5head 7,?omas71 an ,ed9burgh /ud5t ag$ eighte51 :o 0 indict$ = blasphemy1 by ord] ( ! ,privy ,c\ncil1 = hav+ call$ ! ,old ,te/am5t ,ezra's ,fables1 & hav+ ma9ta9$ t ,god & nature 7 ! same4 ,he 0 f\nd guilty #bd ,dec4 #afif1 & hang$ = blasphemy1 #h ,jan4 #afig4 ,aitzema 7,lieuwe van71 a nobleman ( ,friesl&1 b4 at ,dorckum #ai ,nov4 #afjj1 au?or ( a suppress$ ,hi/ory ( ! ,ne!rl&s1 betwe5 #afba-fh4 ,is class$ by ,reimmann z an ,a!i/4 ,di$ at ! ,hague #bc ,feb4 #affi4 ,akb> 7,jalal-ed-d9 ,muhammad71 ! greate/ ( ! emp]ors ( ,h9do/an1 b4 #ae ,oct4 #aedb1 0 fam\s = 8 wide adm9i/ration & improvem5t ( ! empire4 ,akb> %[$ tol]ation alike to ,*ri/ians1 ,muhammadans1 & to all =ms ( ! ,h9du fai?4 ,he _h ! ,*ri/ian gospels & sev]al ,brahmanical treatises translat$ into ,p]sian4 ,! result ( 8 _m conf]5ces on religion betwe5 le>n$ m5 ( all sects1 are collect$ 9 ! ,dabi/an4 ,akb> 0 br\ght up z a ,muhammadan1 b became a ,!i/1 ackn[l$g+ "o ,god1 b reject+ all o!r dogmas4 ,di$ ,sept4 #afje4 ,alb]g] 7,john74 ,am]ican au?or ( ,monks1 ,popes1 & _! ,political ,intrigues 7,baltimore1 #ahga7 & ,antiquity ( ,*ri/ianity 7,new ,york1 #ahgd74 ,alb9i 7,giuseppe74 ,italian physiologi/1 b4 ,milan4 ,9 #ahde he /udi$ m$ic9e 9 ,p>is4 ,he has writt5 on embryology & _m o!r physiological subjects4 ,al*9dus4 ,yakub ibn ,is'hak ibn ,subbah 7,ab ,ysuf7 call$ ,al ,k9di1 ,arab physician & philosoph]1 ! great gr&son ( "o ( ! companions ( ,muhammad1 ! prophet1 fl\ri%$ f #had to ab\t #hdj4 ,he 0 a rationali/ 9 religion1 & = 8 sci5tific /udies he 0 set d[n z a magician4 ,alciati 7,giovanni ,paolo74 ,a ,milanese ( noble family4 ,at fir/ a ,romani/1 he resign$ t fai? = ,calv9ism1 b gradually advanc$ to ,anti-tr9it>ianism1 :i* he def5ds 9 two lett]s to ,gregorio ,pauli1 dat$ ,au/]litz #aefd & #aefe4 ,beza says t ,alciati des]t$ ! ,*ri/ian fai? & became a ,muhammadan1 b ,bayle takes pa9s to disprove ?is4 ,di$ at ,dantzic ab\t #aegj4 ,ale>di 7,gaetano74 ,italian poet1 kn[n z ,ale>do ,ale>di1 b4 ,v]ona1 #d ,nov4 #ahab4 ,he 0 engag$ 9 a life-long /ruggle aga9/ ! ,au/rian dom9ion1 & 8 patriotic poems 7 mu* admir$4 ,9 #ahei he 0 elect$ deputy to ,p>liam5t = ,brescia4 ,di$ ,v]ona1 #af ,july1 #ahgh4 ,alemb]t 7,jean le ,rond d'71 ma!matician & philosoph]1 b4 at ,p>is #af ,nov4 #agag4 ,he 0 an illegitimate son ( ,canon ,de/\*es & ,mme4 ,t5c91 & receiv$ 8 ,*ri/ian "n f a *ur* ne> :i* he 0 expos$ z a f\ndl+4 ,he aft]w>ds resid$ = =ty ye>s ) 8 nurse1 nor w\ld he leave h] = ! mo/ tempt+ (f]s4 ,9 #agda1 he 0 admitt$ a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,9 #agdi1 he obta9$ ! prize m$al f ! ,academy ( ,b]l91 = a disc\rse on ! !ory ( w9ds4 ,9 #agdi1 he solv$ ! problem ( ! procession ( ! equ9oxes & expla9$ ! mutation ( ! e>?'s axis4 ,he next engag$ ) ,did]ot1 ) ^: op9ions he 0 9 complete accord1 9 compil+ ! fam\s ,encyclopdie1 = :i* he wrote ! prelim9>y disc\rse4 ,9 addition to ?is great "w he publi%$ _m hi/orical1 philosophical & sci5tific essays1 & l>gely correspond$ ) ,voltaire4 ,8 "w on ! ,de/ruction ( ! ,jesuits is a cau/ic & f>-rea*+ production4 ,9 a lett] to ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 he says3 ,z = ! exi/5ce ( a supreme intellig5ce1 ,i ?9k t ^? :o d5y x advance m ?an !y c prove1 & scepticism is ! only reasonable c\rse4 ,he goes on to say1 h[ev]1 t exp]i5ce inv9cibly proves ! mat]iality ( ! s\l4 ,di$ #bi ,oct4 #aghc4 ,9 #agii two volumes ( 8 po/hum\s essays 7 pr9t$ 9 ,p>is4 ,8 works prove d',alemb]t to h be5 ( broad _s & ( mo/ ext5sive k4 ,alfi]i 7,vittorio71 ,c\nt4 ,fam\s ,italian poet & dramati/1 b4 ,a/i1 ,pi$mont1 #ag ,jan4 #agdi1 ( a noble family4 ,8 trag$ies are ju/ly celebrat$1 & 9 8 ,essay on ,tyranny he %[s himself z favorable to religi\s z to political lib]ty4 ,writt5 9 8 y\?1 ?is "w 0 revis$ at a m advanc$ age1 ! au?or rem>k+ t if he _h no long] ! c\rage1 or r ! fire1 necess>y to compose x1 he nev]!less reta9$ intellig5ce1 indep5d5ce & judgm5t en\gh to approve x1 & to let x /& z ! la/ ( 8 lit]>y productions4 ,8 attack is *iefly direct$ aga9/ ,ca?olicism1 b he does n sp>e ,*ri/ianity4 ,born among a p1 he says1 slavi%1 ignorant1 & already entirely subjugat$ by prie/s1 ! ,*ri/ian religion kn[s only h[ to enjo9 ! bl9de/ ob$i5ce1 & is unacqua9t$ ev5 ) ! "n ( lib]ty4 ,alfi]i's trag$y ( ,saul has be5 prohibit$ on ! ,engli% /age4 ,di$ ,flor5ce1 #h ,oct4 #ahjc4 ,alfonso ,x41 surnam$ ! ,wise1 ,k+ ( ,ca/illo & ( ,leon2 b4 9 #abbc1 cr[n$ #abeb4 ,a patron ( sci5ce & lov] ( a/ronomy4 ,he compil$ a complete dige/ ( ,roman1 feudal & canon law1 & _h drawn up ! a/ronomical tables call$ ,alfons9e ,tables4 ,by 8 lib]ality & example he gave a great impulse to ,spani% lit]ature4 ,= 8 int]c\rse ) ,jews & ,arabians1 8 indep5d5ce t[>ds ! ,pope & 8 free disposal ( ! cl]ical rev5ues1 he has be5 /igmatis$ z an ,a!i/4 ,to him is attribut$ ! well-kn[n rem>k t _h he be5 pres5t at ! creation ( ! _w he w\ld h propos$ "s improvem5ts4 ,fa!r ,l5fant adds ! pi\s lie t ,! k+ _h sc>cely pron\nc$ ?is blasphemy :5 a ?und]bolt fell & r$uc$ 8 wife & two *ildr5 to a%es4 ,alfonso ,x4 di$ #d ,april1 #abhd4 ,alg>otti 7,francesco71 ,c\nt4 ,italian writ] & art critic1 b4 at ,v5ice1 #aa ,dec4 #agab4 ,a visit to ,engl& l$ him to write ,newtonianism = ! ,ladies4 ,he aft]w>ds visit$ ,b]l9 & became ! fri5d bo? ( ,voltaire & ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 :o appo9t$ him 8 ,*amb]la94 ,di$ ) philosophical composure at ,pisa1 #c ,may1 #agfd4 ,alg] 7,william ,r\nseville71 b4 at ,freet[n1 ,massa*usetts1 #cj ,dec4 #ahbb1 educat$ at ,h>v>d1 became a ,unit>ian prea*] ( ! advanc$ type4 ,8 ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,doctr9e ( a ,future ,life1 ) a complete bibliography ( ! subject by ,ezra ,abbot1 is a /&>d "w1 writt5 f ! ,univ]sali/ po9t ( view4 ,all5 7,*>les ,grant ,blairf9die71 naturali/ & au?or1 b4 9 ,k+/on1 ,canada1 #bd ,feb4 #ahdh4 ,he /udi$ at ,m]ton ,college1 ,ox=d1 & graduat$ ) honors #ahga4 ,9 #ahgc appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,logic 9 ,que5's ,college1 ,spani% t[n1 ,jamaica2 f #ahgd to '#gg he 0 its pr9cipal4 ,s9ce !n he has resid$ 9 ,engl&1 & become kn[n by 8 popul> expositions ( ,d>w9ism4 ,8 publi%$ works include ,physiological /hetics 7#ahgg71 ,! ,evolutioni/ at ,l>ge 7#ahha71 ,nature ,/udies 7#ahhc71 ,*>les ,d>w9 7#ahhe71 & sev]al novels4 ,grant ,all5 has also edit$ ! miscellane\s works ( ,buckle1 & has writt5 on ,=ce & ,en]gy 7#ahhh74 ,all5 7,e?an7 ,col41 ,am]ican soldi]1 b4 at ,lit*field1 ,connecticut1 #aj ,jan4 #agcg4 ,"o ( ! mo/ active ( ! revolution>y h]oes1 he rais$ a company ( volunte]s kn[n z ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9 ,boys1 & took by surprise ! ,briti% =tress ( ,ticond]oga1 captur+ #ajj guns1 #aj ,may1 #agge4 ,he 0 decl>$ an outlaw & #ajj (f]$ = 8 arre/ by ,gov4 ,tryon ( ,new ,york4 ,aft]w>ds he 0 tak5 prison] & s5t to ,engl&4 ,at fir/ treat$ ) cruelty1 he 0 ev5tually ex*ang$ = ano!r (fic]1 #f ,may1 #aggh4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! /ate legislature1 & succe$$ 9 obta9+ ! recognition ( ,v]mont z an indep5d5t /ate4 ,he publi%$ 9 #aghd ,reason ! only ,oracle ( ,man1 ! fir/ publication 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates op5ly direct$ aga9/ ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly repr9t$ & is /ill popul> 9 ,am]ica4 ,di$ ,burl+ton1 ,v]mont1 #ac ,feb4 #aghi4 ,a /atue is erect$ to him at ,montpeli]1 ,v]mont4 ,allsop 7,?omas74 ,! favorite disciple ( ,col]idge1 b4 #aj ,april1 #agid1 ne> ,wirkswor?1 ,d]by%ire1 he liv$ till #ahhj4 ,a fri5d ( ,rob]t ,ow5 & ! ,*>ti/s4 ,he 0 implicat$ 9 ! attempt ( ,ors9i aga9/ ,napoleon ,,iii4 ,9 8 ,lett]s1 ,conv]sations & ,recollections ( ,samuel ,taylor ,col]idge1 he has import$ _m ( 8 ,free?\ght views4 ,alm 7,ri*>d von d]74 ,see ,ghillany 7,f4 ,w47 ,alph>abius 7,muhammad ibn ,muhammad ibn ,t>khan7 7,abu ,nasr71 call$ ,al ,f>abi1 ,turki% philosoph]1 t]m$ by ,ibn ,khallikan ! greate/ philosoph] ! ,moslems ev] _h1 travell$ to ,bagdad1 ma/]$ ! works ( ,ari/otle1 & became ma/] ( ,avic5na4 ,al ,f>abi is said to h taught ! et]nity ( ! _w & to h d5i$ ! p]man5t individuality ( ! s\l4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is a sort ( encyclopdia4 ,rnan says he expressly reject$ all sup]natural revelation4 ,di$ at ,damascus ,dec4 #iej1 ag$ upw>ds ( eighty4 ,amaury or ,amalric de ,*>tres1 a h]etic ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 0 a native ( ,b5e1 ne> ,*>tres1 & liv$ at ,p>is1 :]e he gave lessons 9 logic4 ,9 a "w be>+ ! title ( ,physion1 condemn$ by a bull ( ,pope ,innoc5t ,,iii4 7#abjd71 he is said to h taught a k9d ( ,pan!ism1 & t ! reign ( ! ,fa!r & ,son mu/ give place to t ( ! ,holy ,_s4 ,t5 ( 8 disciples 7 burnt at ,p>is #bj ,dec4 #abaj1 & ! bones ( ,amaury 7 exhum$ & plac$ 9 ! flames4 ,amb]ley 7,john ,russell7 ,visc\nt1 elde/ son ( ,e>l ,russell1 b4 #ahdc4 ,educat$ at ,h>r[1 ,ed9burgh & ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e ill-heal? prev5t$ him read+ = honors4 ,he ent]$ ,p>liam5t 9 #ahff z ,radical memb] = ,nott+ham4 ,"l ,amb]ley contribut$ ?\ghtful articles to ! ,nor? ,briti%1 ! ,=tnightly & ,!ological ,reviews1 & w be rememb]$ by 8 bold ,analysis ( ,religi\s ,belief 7#ahgf71 9 :i* he exam9es1 comp>es & criticises ! v>i\s fai?s ( ! _w4 ,"l ,amb]ley left 8 son to be br\ght up by ,mr4 ,spald+1 a self-taught man ( great ability & =ce ( "*2 b ! w 0 set aside1 on appeal to ! ,c\rt ( ,*anc]y1 9 consid]ation ( ,mr4 ,spald+'s h]etical views4 ,di$ #h ,jan4 #ahgf4 ,amman 7,hans ,jacob71 ,g]man surgeon & travell]1 b4 ,lake ,zuri* #aehf4 ,9 #afab he w5t to ,con/ant9ople1 ,pale/9e & ,egypt1 & aft]w>ds publi%$ a curi\s book call$ ,voyage 9 ! ,promis$ ,l&4 ,di$ at ,zuri*1 #afeh4 ,ammianus 7,m>cell9us74 ,roman soldi]-hi/orian ( ! f\r? c5tury1 b4 at ,antio*4 ,he wrote ! ,roman hi/ory f ! reign ( ,n]va to ! dea? ( ,val5s 9 ?irty-"o books1 ( :i* ! fir/ ?irte5 are lo/4 ,8 hi/ory is e/eem$ imp>tial & tru/wor?y4 ,he s]v$ "u ,julian1 & comp>es ! rancor ( ! ,*ri/ians ( ! p]iod to t ( wild bea/s4 ,gibbon calls him an accurate & fai?ful guide4 ,di$ ab\t #cie ,a4,d4 ,ammonius1 surnam$ ,saccas or ! ,port]1 f 8 hav+ be5 oblig$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( 8 life to adopt t call+1 0 born ( ,*ri/ian p>5ts 9 ,alex&ria dur+ ! second c5tury4 ,he1 h[ev]1 turn$ ,pagan & op5$ a s*ool ( philosophy4 ,among 8 pupils 7 ,orig51 ,long9us & ,plot9us4 ,he und\bt$ly orig9at$ ! ,neo-,platonic movem5t1 :i* =m$ ! mo/ s]i\s opposition to ,*ri/ianity 9 its e>ly c>e]4 ,ammonius di$ ,a4,d4 #bdc1 ag$ ov] eighty ye>s4 ,anaxagoras1 a ,greek philosoph] ( ! ,ionic s*ool1 b4 ab\t #dii ,b4,c41 liv$ at ,a!ns & enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,p]icles4 ,9 #dej ,b4,c4 he 0 accus$ ( ,a!ism = ma9ta9+ ! et]nity ( matt] & 0 bani%$ to ,lampsacus1 :]e he di$ 9 #dbh ,b4,c4 ,x is relat$ t1 be+ ask$ h[ he desir$ to be honor$ aft] dea?1 he repli$1 ,only let ! day ( my dea? be obs]v$ z a holiday by ! boys 9 ! s*ools4 ,he taught t g5]ation & de/ruction are only ! union & sep>ation ( elem5ts :i* c nei!r be creat$ nor annihilat$4 ,&re-,nuytz 7,l\is71 au?or ( ,positivism = ,all1 an elem5t>y exposition ( ,positive philosophy1 to :i* ,littr wrote a preface1 #ahfh4 ,&rews 7,/eph5 ,pe>l74 ,am]ican ,sociologi/1 b4 ,templeton1 ,mass41 #bb ,m>*1 #ahab4 ,he 0 an ard5t ,abolitioni/1 an eloqu5t speak]1 & ! inv5tor ( a univ]sal language call$ ,alwato4 ,8 pr9ciple "w is entitl$ ,! ,basic ,outl9e ( ,univ]sology 7,n4 ,y41 #ahgb74 ,he also wrote ,! ,*ur* & ,religion ( ! ,future 7#ahhf74 ,he 0 a prom95t memb] & vice-presid5t ( ! ,lib]al ,club ( ,new ,york1 a contributor to ! ,london ,times1 ! ,new ,york ,tru?seek]1 & _m o!r j\rnals4 ,di$ at ,new ,york1 #ba ,may1 #ahhf4 ,&rieux 7,l\is74 ,fr5* deputy1 b4 ,trv\x #bj ,july1 #ahdj4 ,0 call$ to ! b> at ,lyons1 :]e he became fam\s = 8 political plead+4 ,he took "p 9 ! ,free?\ght ,congress at ,naples 9 #ahfi1 & 9 ,june ( ! foll[+ ye> he 0 imprison$ = ?ree mon?s = 8 attack on ! ,empire4 ,on ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,republic he 0 nom9at$ procureur at ,lyons4 ,he 0 on ! municipal c\ncil ( t city1 :i* he has also repres5t$ 9 ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies4 ,9 #ahgi he became ,prefect ( ,police at ,p>is1 b retir$ 9 #ahha & 0 elect$ deputy by 8 con/itu5ts at ,lyons4 ,he has writt5 ,s\v5irs ( a ,prefect ( ,police 7#ahhe74 ,angelucci 7,teodoro74 ,italian poet & philosoph]1 b4 ne> ,tol5t9o #aedi4 ,he advocat$ ,ari/otle aga9/ ,f4 ,patrizi1 & 0 bani%$ f ,rome4 ,"o ( ! fir/ emancipators ( mod]n ?\ght 9 ,italy1 he also made an excell5t translation ( ! neid ( ,virgil4 ,di$ ,montagnana1 #afjj4 ,angiulli 7,&rea74 ,italian ,positivi/1 b4 ,ca/ellana #ab ,feb4 #ahcg1 au?or ( a "w on philosophy & ,positive rese>*1 ,naples #ahfh4 ,he became pr(essor ( ,an?ropology at ,naples 9 #ahgf1 & edits a philosophical review publi%$ 9 t city s9ce #ahha4 ,annet 7,pet]74 ,"o ( ! mo/ =cible writ]s among ! ,engli% ,dei/s1 b4 at ,liv]pool 9 #afic4 ,he 0 at "o "t a s*oolma/] & inv5t$ a sy/em ( %or?&4 ,prie/ley le>nt x at s*ool & correspond$ ) ,annet4 ,9 #agci he publi%$ a pamphlet on ,free?9k+ ! ,great ,duty ( ,religion1 by ,p4 ,a41 m9i/] ( religion4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ! ,conception ( ,jesus z ! ,f\ndation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 9 :i* he boldly attacks ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation z a leg5d ( ! ,romani/s1 & ,! ,resurrection ( ,jesus ,consid]$ 7#agdd7 9 answ] to ,bi%op ,%]lock's ,trial ( ! ,witnesses4 ,?is controv]sy 0 cont9u$ 9 ,! ,resurrection ,reconsid]$ & ,! ,resurrection ,def5d]s ,/ript ( all ,def5ce4 ,9 ,an ,exam9ation ( ! ,hi/ory & ,"* ( ,/4 ,paul he attacks ! s9c]ity ( ! apo/le to ! ,g5tiles & ev5 que/ions ! au!nticity ( 8 epi/les4 ,9 ,sup]naturals ,exam9$ 7#agdg7 he argues t all miracles are incr$ible4 ,9 #agfa he issu$ n9e numb]s ( ! ,free ,inquir]1 9 :i* he attack$ ! au!nticity & cr$ibility ( ! ,p5tateu*4 ,= ?is he 0 br\ght be=e ! ,k+'s ,b5* & s5t5c$ to suff] "o mon?'s imprisonm5t 9 ,newgate1 to /& twice 9 ! pillory1 once at ,*>+ ,cross & once at ! ,ex*ange1 ) a label ,= ,blasphemy1 !n to h a ye>'s h>d labor 9 ,bridewell & to f9d sureties = good behavior dur+ ! re/ ( 8 life4 ,x is relat$ t a woman see+ ,annet 9 ! pillory said1 ,graci\s6 pillori$ = blasphemy4 ,:y1 don't we blaspheme e day6 ,aft] 8 release ,annet set up a s*ool at ,lambe?4 ,be+ ask$ 8 views on a future life he repli$ by ?is apologue3 ,"o ( my fri5ds 9 ,italy1 see+ ! sign ( an inn1 ask$ if t 0 ! ,angel4 ,no1 0 ! reply1 d y n see x is ! sign ( a dragon4 ,ah1 said my fri5d1 z ,i h nev] se5 ei!r angel or dragon1 h[ c ,i tell :e!r x is "o or ! o!r8 ,di$ #ah ,jan4 #agfi4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,man aft] ,god's ,own ,he>t 7#agfa7 ascrib$ to ,annet1 0 m probably writt5 by ,ar*ibald ,campbell4 ,! ,view ( ! ,life ( ,k+ ,david 7#agfe7 by ,w4 ,skilton1 ,horologi/1 is also falsely attribut$ to ,annet4 ,an!ro de ,qu5tal1 ,portuguese writ]1 b4 ,san ,miguel #ahdc4 ,educat$ = ! law at ! ,univ]sity ( ,coimbra1 he has publi%$ bo? poetry & prose1 %[+ him to be a /ud5t ( ,h>tmann1 ,pr\dhon & ,rnan1 & "o ( ! mo/ advanc$ m9ds 9 ,portugal4 ,an?ony 7,susan ,br[nell74 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 ( a ,quak] family at ,s\? ,adams1 ,massa*usetts1 #ae ,feb4 #ahbj4 ,%e became a tea*]1 a temp]ance re=m]1 an oppon5t ( slav]y1 & an ard5t advocate ( wom5's rights4 ,( ! la/ movem5t %e became secret>y4 ,9 conjunction ) ,mrs4 ,e4 ,c4 ,/anton & ,p>k] ,pillsbury %e conduct$ ,! ,revolutioni/ f\nd$ 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahfh1 & ) ,mrs4 ,/anton & ,matilda ,joslyn ,gage %e has edit$ ! ,hi/ory ( ,woman's ,suffrage1 #ahha4 ,miss ,an?ony is a decl>$ ,agno/ic4 ,anto9e 7,nicolas74 ,m>tyr4 ,d5i$ ! ,messiah%ip & div9ity ( ,jesus1 & 0 /rangl$ & burnt at ,g5eva1 #bj ,april1 #afcb4 ,antonelle 7,pi]re ,anto9e7 ,m>quis d'1 ,fr5* political economi/1 b4 ,arles #agdg4 ,he embrac$ ! revolution ) ardor1 & 8 article 9 ! ,j\rnal des ,hommes ,libres occasion$ 8 arre/ ) ,baboeuf4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 acquitt$4 ,di$ at ,arles1 #bf ,nov4 #ahag4 ,anton9us 7,m>cus ,aurelius74 ,see ,aurelius4 ,apelt 7,ern/ ,fri$ri*71 ,g]man philosoph]1 b4 ,rei*5au #c ,m>*1 #ahab4 ,he criticis$ ! philosophy ( religion f ! /&po9t ( reason1 & wrote _m works on metaphysics4 ,di$ ne> ,gorlitz1 #bg ,oct4 #ahei4 ,aquila1 a ,jew ( ,pontus1 :o became a proselyte to ,*ri/ianity1 b aft]w>ds left t religion4 ,he publi%$ a ,greek v]sion ( ! ,hebrew scriptures to %[ t ! prophecies did n apply to ,jesus 7,a4,d4 #abh74 ,! "w is lo/4 ,he has be5 id5tifi$ by ,e4 ,deuts* ) ! au?or ( ! ,t>gum ( ,onkelos4 ,arago 7,dom9ique ,franois ,jean71 ,fr5* academician1 politician1 physici/ & a/ronom]1 b4 ,e/agel1 #bf ,feb4 #aghf4 ,he 0 elect$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree4 ,he made sev]al optical & electro-magnetic discov]ies1 & advocat$ ! undulatory !ory ( light4 ,he 0 an ard5t ,republican & ,free?9k]1 & took "p 9 ! provisional ,gov]nm5t ( #ahdh4 ,he oppos$ ! election ( ,l\is ,napoleon1 & refus$ to take ! oa? ( allegiance aft] ! c\p d'tat ( ,decemb]1 #ahea4 ,di$ #b ,oct4 #ahec4 ,humboldt calls him a zeal\s def5d] ( ! int]e/s ( ,reason4 ,ardigo 7,rob]to71 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 at ,ca/eldidone 7,cremona7 #bh ,jan4 #ahbh1 0 int5d$ = ! ,*ur*1 b took to philosophy4 ,9 #ahfi he publi%$ a disc\rse on ,peitro ,pomponazzi1 foll[$ next ye> by ,psy*ology z a ,positive ,sci5ce4 ,signor ,ardigo has also writt5 on ! =mation ( ! sol> sy/em & on ! hi/orical =mation ( ! ideas ( ,god & ! s\l4 ,an edition ( 8 philosophical works 0 comm5c$ at ,mantua 9 #ahhb4 ,ardigo is "o ( ! lead]s ( ! ,italian ,positivi/s4 ,8 ,positivi/ ,morals appe>$ 9 ,padua #ahhe4 ,arg5s 7,jean ,bapti/e de ,boy]7 ,m>quis d'1 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 at ,aix1 9 ,prov5ce1 #bd ,june #agjd4 ,he adopt$ a milit>y life & s]v$ ) di/9ction4 ,on ! accession ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great he invit$ d',arg5s to 8 c\rt at ,b]l91 & made him "o ( 8 *amb]la9s4 ,"h he resid$ tw5ty-five ye>s & !n return$ to ,aix1 :]e he resid$ till 8 dea? #aa ,june1 #agga4 ,8 works 7 publi%$ 9 #agfh 9 tw5ty-f\r volumes4 ,among !m are ,lettres ,juives1 ,lettres ,*9oises & ,lettres ,cabali/iques1 :i* 7 jo9$ to ,la ,philosophie du bon s5s4 ,he also translat$ ,julian's disc\rse aga9/ ,*ri/ianity & ,ocellus ,lucanus on ! ,et]nity ( ! ,_w4 ,arg5s took ,bayle z 8 model1 b he 0 inf]ior to t philosoph]4 ,arg5tal 7,*>les ,augu/9 de ,f]riol7 ,c\nt d'1 ,fr5* diplomat1 b4 ,p>is #bj ,dec4 #agjj1 0 a nephew ( ,mme4 de ,t5c91 ! "m ( ,d',alemb]t4 ,he is kn[n = 8 long & en?usia/ic fri5d%ip = ,voltaire4 ,he 0 said to be ! au?or ( ,mmoires du ,comte de ,comm+e & ,anecdotes de la c\r d',ed\>d4 ,di$ #e ,jan4 #aghh4 ,ari/ophanes1 great ,a!nian comic poet1 contempor>y ) ,socrates1 ,plato1 & ,euripides1 b4 ab\t #ddd ,b4,c4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 life4 ,he wrote fifty-f\r plays1 ( :i* only elev5 rema91 & 0 cr[n$ 9 a public assembly = 8 attacks on ! olig>*s4 ,) ! utmo/ boldness he satiris$ n only ! ! political & social evils ( ! age1 b also ! philosoph]s1 ! gods1 & ! !ology ( ! p]iod4 ,plato is said to h di$ ) ,ari/ophanes' works "u 8 pill[4 ,di$ ab\t #chj ,b4,c4 ,ari/otle1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s ( anci5t philosoph]s1 0 born at ,/agyra1 9 ,?race1 #chd ,b4,c4 ,he 0 employ$ by ,philip ( ,mac$on to in/ruct 8 son ,alex&]4 ,8 inculcation ( e?ics z ap>t f all !ology1 ju/ifies 8 place 9 ?is li/4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,alex&]1 he 0 accus$ ( impiety & )drew to ,*alcis1 :]e he di$ ,b4,c4 #cbb4 ,grote says3 ,9 ! publi%$ writ+s ( ,ari/otle ! accus]s f\nd v>i\s h]etical doctr9es suitable = su/a9+ _! indictm5t2 z1 = example1 ! decl>ation t pray] & sacrifices to ! gods 7 ( no avail4 ,8 influ5ce 0 pr$om9ant ^u philosophy = ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s4 ,dante speaks ( him z ! ma/] ( ^? t "k4 ,arnold ( ,brescia1 a pupil ( ,abel>d4 ,he prea*$ aga9/ ! papal au?ority & ! temporal p[]1 & ! vices ( ! cl]gy4 ,he 0 condemn$ = h]esy by a ,lat]an ,c\ncil 9 #aaci1 & retir$ f ,italy4 ,he aft]w>ds return$ to ,rome & r5ew$ 8 ex]tions aga9/ sac]dotal oppression1 & 0 ev5tually seiz$ & burnt at ,rome 9 #aaee4 ,b>onius calls him ! patri>* ( political h]etics4 ,arnold 7,mat!w71 ,,ll4,d4 poet & critic1 son ( ,dr4 ,arnold ( ,rugby1 b4 at ,laleham #bd ,dec4 #ahbb4 ,educat$ at ,w9*e/]1 ,rugby1 & ,ox=d1 :]e he won ! ,newdigate prize4 ,9 #ahdh he publi%$ ! ,/ray$ ,revell]1 & o!r ,poems1 sign$ ,a4 ,9 #ahea he m>ri$ & became an inspector ( s*ools4 ,9 #ahec appe>$ ,emp$ocles on ,etna1 a poem 9 :i*1 "u ! guise ( anci5t tea*+ he gives mu* secul> philosophy4 ,9 #aheg he 0 elect$ ,pr(essor ( ,poetry at ,ox=d4 ,9 #ahga he publi%$ an essay entitl$ ,/4 ,paul & ,prote/antism2 9 #ahgc ,lit]ature & ,dogma1 :i*1 f its rejection ( sup]naturalism1 occasion$ mu* /ir & 0 foll[$ by ,god & ! ,bible4 ,9 #ahgg ,mr4 ,arnold publi%$ ,la/ ,essays on ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,mr4 ,arnold has a lucid /yle & is abrea/ ( ! ?\ght ( 8 age1 b he curi\sly unites rejection ( sup]naturalism1 includ+ a p]sonal ,god1 ) a fond reg>d = ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 ,he may be said 9 8 own words to w&] betwe5 two worlds1 "o dead1 ! o!r p[]less to be born4 ,di$ #ae ,april1 #ahhh4 ,arn\ld 7,ar?ur71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,dieuze #g ,april1 #ahcc4 ,z j\rnali/ he wrote on l',op9ion ,nationale1 ! ,rappel1 ,re=me & o!r pap]s4 ,9 #ahfd he publi%$ a "w on ,b]ang]1 & 9 '#fi a ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition4 ,9 ,jan4 #ahgj he f\nd$ ,la ,m>seillaise ) ,h4 ,ro*e=t1 & aft]w>ds ! ,j\rnal du ,peuple ) ,jules ,valles4 ,he 0 elect$ to ! ,national ,assembly & 0 memb] ( ! ,commune1 ( :i* he has writt5 a hi/ory 9 ?ree volumes4 ,he has also writt5 _m novels & dramas4 ,arn\ld 7,victor71 ,belgian ,free?9k]1 b4 ,mae/ri*t1 #g ,nov4 #ahch1 advocate at ! ,c\rt ( ,appeal1 ,brussels4 ,au?or ( a ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ur* #ahgd1 & a little "w on ! ,philosophy ( ,lib]alism #ahgg4 ,ar\et 7,franois ,m>ie74 ,see ,voltaire4 ,arpe 7,pet] ,fri$ri*74 ,philosoph]1 b4 ,kiel1 ,hol/e91 #aj ,may1 #afhb4 ,wrote an apology = ,van9i dat$ ,cosmopolis 7i4e41 ,rott]dam1 #agab74 ,a reply to ,la ,monnoye's treatise on ! book ,de ,tribus ,impo/oribus is attribut$ to him4 ,di$1 ,hamburg1 #d ,nov4 #agdj4 ,ar?ur 7,john7 is ins]t$ 9 ,m>*al's ,dictionnaire des ,a?es z a me*anic f ne> ,birm+ham1 :o took a prize at ,p>is & republi%$ ! ,invocation to ,nature 9 ! la/ pages ( ! ,sy/em ( ,nature4 ,julian ,hibb]t ins]t$ 8 "n 9 8 ,*ronological ,tables ( ,anti-,sup]/itioni/s1 ) ! date ( dea? #agib4 ,assel9e 7,l\is74 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 at ,v]sailles 9 #ahbi1 became an advocate 9 #ahea4 ,9 #ahff he e/abli%$ ,la ,libre ,p5se1 a weekly j\rnal ( sci5tific mat]ialism1 & :5 t 0 suppress$ ,la ,p5se ,n\velle4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,encyclopdie ,gnrale4 ,he wrote ,did]ot & ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & contribut$ to _m j\rnals4 ,aft] ! revolution ( #d ,sept4 #ahgj he 0 elect$ mayor ( ! f\rte5? arrondissem5t ( ,p>is1 & 0 aft]w>ds "o ( ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( t city4 ,di$ #f ,april1 #ahgh4 ,assezat 7,jules74 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 at ,p>is #ba ,jan4 #ahcb 0 a son ( a compositor on ! ,j\rnal des ,debats1 on :i* ,jules obta9$ a position & work$ 8 way to ! editorial *air4 ,he 0 secret>y ( ! ,p>is ,society ( ,an?ropology1 contribut$ to ,la ,p5se ,n\velle1 edit$ ! ,man ,ma*9e ( ,lamettrie1 & edit$ ! complete works ( ,did]ot 9 tw5ty volumes4 ,di$ #bd ,june1 #ahgf4 ,assollant 7,jean1 ,bapti/e ,alfr$74 ,fr5* noveli/1 b4 #bj ,m>*1 #ahbg4 ,l>\sse says he has all ! scepticism ( ,voltaire4 ,a/ 7,georg ,anton ,fri$ri*74 ,g]man ,platoni/1 b4 ,go?a #bi ,dec4 #aggh4 ,0 pr(essor ( classical lit]ature at ,l&%ut & ,muni*4 ,wrote ,elem5ts ( ,philosophy1 #ahji1 etc4 ,di$ ,muni* #ca ,dec4 #ahda4 ,atk9son 7,h5ry ,george74 ,philosophic writ]1 b4 9 #ahah4 ,0 educat$ at ! ,*>t]h\se1 gave att5tion to mesm]ism1 & wrote 9 ! ,zoi/4 ,9 #ahea he issu$ ,lett]s on ! ,laws ( ,man's ,nature & ,developm5t1 9 conjunction ) ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 to :om he s]v$ z philosophic guide4 ,?is "w occasion$ a consid]able outcry4 ,mr4 ,atk9son 0 a frequ5t contributor to ! ,national ,re=m] & o!r ,secul> j\rnals4 ,he di$ #bh ,dec4 #ahhd1 at ,b\logne1 :]e he _h resid$ s9ce #ahgj4 ,aub]t de ,v]se 7,noel74 ,a ,fr5* advocate ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o wrote a hi/ory ( ! ,papacy 7#afhe7 & 0 accus$ ( blasphemy4 ,audeb]t 7,l\ise74 ,fr5* au?oress ( ! ,romance ( a ,free?9k] & ( an able ,reply ( a ,"m to ! ,bi%op ( ,orleans1 #ahfh4 ,audiff]5t 7,georges74 ,positivi/ & executor to ,augu/e ,comte1 0 born at ,sa9t ,pi]re 7,m>t9que7 9 #ahbc1 settl$ at ,m>seilles1 & is ! au?or ( sev]al m$ical & sci5tific works4 ,aurelius 7,m>cus ,anton9us74 ,roman ,emp]or & ,/oic philosoph]1 b4 at ,rome #bf ,april1 #aba4 ,0 c>efully educat$1 & liv$ a labori\s1 ab/emi\s life4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 uncle ,anton9us ,pius1 #afa1 ! ,s5ate oblig$ him to take ! gov]nm5t1 b he associat$ ) himself ,l4 ,v]us4 ,on ! dea? ( ,v]us 9 #afi ,anton9us possess$ sole au?ority1 :i* he ex]cis$ ) wise discretion & great glory4 ,mu* ( 8 "t 0 employ$ 9 def5d+ ! nor!rn fronti]s ( ! empire aga9/ ,teutonic b>b>ians4 ,he _h no high op9ion ( ,*ri/ians1 speak+ ( _! ob/9acy1 & x is pret5d$ _m 7 put to dea? 9 ! reign ( "o ( ! be/ emp]ors t ev] rul$4 ,if s we may be assur$ x 0 = _! crimes4 ,ecclesia/ical hi/orians h inv5t$ ano!r pi\s miracle 9 a victory ga9$ ?r\gh ! pray]s ( ! ,*ri/ians4 ,anton9us held t duty 0 indisp5sable ev5 7 !re no gods4 ,8 ,m$itations1 writt5 9 ! mid/ ( a mo/ active life1 brea! a l(ty morality1 & are a /&+ refutation ( ! view t pure e?ics dep5d ^u ,*ri/ian belief4 ,di$ #ag ,m>*1 #ahj4 ,au/9 7,*>les71 lawy] & disciple ( ,b5?am1 b4 ,suffolk #agii4 ,at ,cambridge1 :]e he graduat$ ,b4,a4 9 #ahbd & ,m4,a4 9 #ahbg1 he won1 mu* to ! amazem5t ( 8 fri5ds1 :o knew 8 het]odox op9ions1 ! ,hulsean prize = an essay on ,*ri/ian evid5ces4 ,= ?is he 0 sorry aft]w>ds1 & told ,"l ,/anley ( ,ald]ley ,i c\ld h writt5 a mu* bett] essay on ! o!r side4 ,he aft]w>ds wrote on ! o!r side 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review4 ,successful z a lawy]1 he retir$ 9 ill-heal?4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill writes highly ( 8 influ5ce4 ,! ,hon4 ,l4 ,a4 ,tollema*e gives a full acc\nt ( 8 h]etical op9ions4 ,he says ,he incl9$ to ,d>w9ism1 because z he said1 x is s antec$5tly probable2 b1 long be=e ?is !ory broke ! back ( f9al causes1 he himself _h giv5 !m up4 ,di$ #ba ,dec4 #ahgd4 ,au/9 7,john71 juri/1 bro!r ( above1 0 born #c ,m>*1 #agij4 ,a fri5d ( ,james ,mill1 ,grote & ,b5?am1 ^: op9ions he %>$1 he is *iefly kn[n by 8 pr(\nd works on jurisprud5ce4 ,di$ #ag ,dec4 #ahei4 ,avempace1 i4e41 ,muhammad ibn ,yahya ibn ,bajjat 7,abu ,bekr71 call$ ,ibn al-,saigh 7! son ( ! goldsmi?71 ,arabian philosoph] & poet1 b4 at ,s>agossa1 practis$ m$ic9e at ,seville #aaah1 :i* he quitt$ ab\t #aabj1 & became vizi] at ! c\rt ( ,fez1 :]e he di$ ab\t #aach4 ,an admir] ( ,ari/otle1 he 0 "o ( ! tea*]s ( ,av]roes4 ,al-,fa? ,ibn ,khkn repres5ts him z an infidel & ,a!i/1 & says3 ,fai? disappe>$ f 8 he>t & left n a trace beh9d2 8 tongue =got ! ,m]ciful1 nei!r did ! holy "n cross 8 lips4 ,he is said to h suff]$ imprisonm5t = 8 het]odoxy4 ,av5el 7,georges71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 at ,*aumont #ca ,dec4 #ahbh4 ,"o ( ! promot]s ( ! ,encyclopdie ,gnrale4 ,8 v9dication ( ,cloots 7#ahfe7 is a solid "w ( erudition4 ,he became editor ( la ,rpublique ,franaise & edit$ ! edition ( ,voltaire publi%$ by ,le ,sicle 7#ahfg-gj74 ,di$ at ,b\gival1 ne> ,p>is1 #a ,july1 #ahgf1 & 01 by 8 express wi%1 buri$ )\t religi\s c]emony4 ,av]roes 7,muhammad ,ibn-,ahmad ,ibn ,ru%d71 ,abu al ,walid1 ,arabian philosoph]1 b4 at ,cordova 9 #aabf1 & di$ at ,morocco #aj ,dec4 #aaih4 ,he translat$ & comm5t$ ^u ! works ( ,ari/otle1 & resolutely plac$ ! claims ( sci5ce above ^? ( !ology4 ,he 0 prosecut$ = 8 h]etical op9ions by ! ,muhammadan doctors1 0 spat ^u by all :o ent]$ ! mosque at ! h\r ( pray]1 & aft]w>ds bani%$4 ,8 philosophical op9ions1 :i* incl9e t[>ds mat]ialism & pan!ism1 _h ! honor ( be+ condemn$ by ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 9 #abdj4 ,!y 7 oppos$ by ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 & :5 pr(\ndly influ5c+ ,europe at ! ,r5aissance ?r\gh ! ,paduan s*ool 7 aga9 condemn$ by ,pope ,leo ,x4 9 #aeac4 ,avic5na 7,husa9 ,ibn ,abdallah1 call$ ,ibn ,s9a71 ,arabian physician & philosoph]1 b4 ,aug4 #ihj 9 ! di/rict ( ,bokh>a4 ,f 8 e>ly y\? he 0 a wond]ful /ud5t1 & at 8 dea? #ae ,june1 #ajcg1 he left beh9d him above a hundr$ treatises4 ,he 0 ! sov]eign au?ority 9 m$ical sci5ce until ! days ( ,h>vey4 ,8 philosophy 0 pan!i/ic 9 tone1 ) an attempt at compromise ) !ology4 ,aymon 7,jean71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,dauph9 #affa4 ,br\ght up 9 ! ,*ur*1 he abjur$ ,ca?olicism at ,g5eva1 & m>ri$ at ! ,hague4 ,he publi%$ ,metamorphoses ( ! ,romi% ,religion1 & is said to h put =w>d a v]sion ( ! ,esprit de ,sp9oza "u ! fam\s title ,treatise ( ,?ree ,impo/ors4 ,di$ ab\t #agcd4 ,bagehot 7,walt]71 economi/ & j\rnali/1 b4 ( ,unit>ian p>5ts1 ,langport1 ,som]set%ire1 #c ,feb4 #ahbf2 he di$ at ! same place #bd ,m>*1 #ahgg4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,london ,univ]sity1 ( :i* he became a fell[4 ,= ! la/ sev5te5 ye>s ( 8 life he edit$ ! ,economi/ newspap]4 ,8 be/-kn[n works are ,! ,engli% ,con/itution1 ,lomb>d ,/reet & ,lit]>y ,/udies4 ,9 ,physics & ,politics 7#ahgb71 a s]ies ( essays on ! ,evolution ( ,society1 he applies ,d>w9ism to politics4 ,bagehot 0 a bold1 cle>1 & v orig9al ?9k]1 :o reject$ hi/oric ,*ri/ianity4 ,bagges5 7,j5s ,immanuel71 ,dani% poet1 b4 ,ksor1 ,zeal&4 #ae ,feb4 #agfd4 ,9 #aghi he visit$ ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,switz]l&2 at ,b]ne he m>ri$ ! gr&-daught] ( ,hall]4 ,he wrote popul> poems bo? 9 ,dani% & ,g]man1 among o!rs ,adam & ,eve1 a humor\s mock epic 7#ahbf74 ,he 0 an admir] ( ,voltaire4 ,di$ ,hamburg1 #c ,oct4 #ahbf4 ,bahns5 7,julius ,fri$ri* ,augu/71 pessimi/1 b4 ,tond]n1 ,s*leswig-,hol/e91 #cj ,m>4 #ahcj4 ,/udi$ philosophy at ,keil1 #ahdg4 ,he f\ght aga9/ ! ,danes 9 '#di1 & aft]w>ds /udi$ at ,tb+54 ,bahns5 is an indep5d5t foll[] ( ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann1 jo9+ monism to ! idealism ( ,hegel4 ,he has writt5 sev]al works1 among :i* we m5tion ,! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 ,b]l91 #ahgb1 & ,! ,contradiction betwe5 ! ,k & ! ,nature ( ! ,_w 7#b vols71 ,b]l9 #ahhj-hb4 ,bahrdt 7,k>l ,fri$ri*71 ,g]man dei/1 b4 9 ,saxony1 #be ,aug4 #agda4 ,educat$ = ! ,*ur*1 9 #agff he 0 made pr(essor ( biblical philology4 ,he 0 condemn$ = h]esy1 & w&]$ f place to place4 ,he publi%$ a k9d ( expurgat$ ,bible1 call$ ,new ,revelations ( ,god3 ,a ,sy/em ( ,moral ,religion = ,d\bt]s & ,?9k]s1 ,b]l91 #aghg1 & a ,cate*ism ( ,natural ,religion1 ,halle1 #agij4 ,di$ ne> ,halle1 #bc ,april1 #agib4 ,bailey 7,james ,napi]71 ,sociali/1 edit$ ! ,model ,republic1 #ahdc1 ! ,tor*1 & ! ,mon?ly ,mess5g]4 ,he publi%$ ,geh5na3 its ,mon>* & ,inhabitants2 ,sophi/ry ,unmask$1 & sev]al o!r tracts 9 ! ,social ,re=m]'s ,cab9et ,libr>y1 & "s int]e/+ ,essays on ,miscellane\s ,subjects1 at ,le$s1 #ahdb4 ,bailey 7,samuel71 philosophical writ]1 ( ,%effield1 b4 9 #agia4 ,8 essay on ! ,=mation & ,publication ( ,op9ions appe>$ 9 #ahba4 ,he vigor\sly cont5ds t man is n responsible = 8 op9ions because !y are indep5d5t ( 8 w1 & t op9ions %\ld n be ! subject ( puni%m5t4 ,ano!r anonym\s ,free?\ght "w 0 ,lett]s f an ,egyptian ,kaffir on a ,visit to ,engl& 9 ,se>* ( ,religion4 ,?is 0 at fir/ issu$ privately #ahci1 b aft]w>ds pr9t$ z a ,reason] tract4 ,he also wrote ,! ,pursuit ( ,tru?1 #ahbi1 & a ,!ory ( ,reason+1 #ahea4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) bo? ,james & ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 & %>$ 9 mo/ ( ! views ( ! philosophical ,radicals ( ! p]iod4 ,di$ #ah ,jan4 #ahgj1 leav+ #ij1jjj to 8 native t[n4 ,bailey 7,william ,s471 editor ( ! ,lib]al1 publi%$ 9 ,na%ville1 ,t5nessee1 0 an ,a!i/ up till ! day ( dea?1 ,m>*1 #ahhf4 ,9 a slave-hold+ ,/ate1 he 0 ! e>ne/ advocate ( abolition4 ,baillie 7,george71 ( ,g>net ,hill1 ,glasg[4 ,_h be5 a %]iff 9 "o ( ! ,scot* c\nties4 ,he 0 a lib]al subscrib] to ! ,glasg[ ,eclectic ,in/itute4 ,9 #ahed he (f]$ a prize = ! be/ essay on ,*ri/ianity & ,infidelity1 :i* 0 ga9$ by ,miss ,s>a ,h5nell4 ,9 #aheg ano!r prize 0 re/rict$ to ! "q :e!r ,jesus prophesi$ ! com+ ( ! end ( ! _w 9 ! life-"t ( 8 foll[]s4 ,x 0 ga9$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,p4 ,m]$i?1 & is incorporat$ 9 8 ,prophet ( ,naz>e?4 ,9 #ahfc ,mr4 ,baillie dive/$ himself ( 8 =tune 7#ah1jjj7 :i* 0 to be appli$ to ! erection & end[m5t ( an in/itution to aid ! culture ( ! op]ative classes by means ( free libr>ies & unsect>ian s*ools1 reta9+ only ! int]e/ = himself z curator4 ,he only surviv$ a few ye>s4 ,baillire 7,gu/ave-,g]m]71 ,fr5* sci5tific publi%]1 b4 at ,p>is #bf ,dec4 #ahcg4 ,/udi$ m$ic9e1 b devot$ himself to br++ out sci5tific publications su* z ! ,libr>y ( ,contempor>y ,philosophy1 & ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 ,he 0 elect$ #bi ,nov4 #ahgd z ,republican & anti-cl]ical memb] ( ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,p>is4 ,ba9 7,alex&]7 ,,ll4,d4 ,scot* philosoph]1 b4 at ,ab]de5 9 #ahah4 ,he began life z a weav] b /udi$ at ,m>is*al ,college #ahcf-dj1 & graduat$ ,m4,a4 9 #ahdj4 ,he !n began to contribute to ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 & became acqua9t$ ) ,john ,/u>t ,mill1 ^: ,logic he discuss$ 9 manuscript4 ,9 #ahee he publi%$ ,! ,s5ses & ,! ,intellect1 & 9 #ahei ,! ,emotions & ! ,w1 con/itut+ toge!r a sy/ematic exposition ( ! human m9d4 ,f #ahfj to #ahhj he occupi$ ! ,*air ( ,logic 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 8 accession be+ mo/ obnoxi\s to ! or?odox1 & provok+ disord] among ! /ud5ts4 ,9 #ahfi he receiv$ ! degree ( ,,ll4,d4 ,9 addition to num]\s educational works ,dr4 ,ba9 publi%$ a ,comp5dium ( ,m5tal & ,moral ,sci5ce 7#ahfh71 ,m9d & ,body 7#ahge71 & ,education z a ,sci5ce 7#ahgi71 = ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 ,9 #ahhb he publi%$ ,james ,mill1 a ,biography1 & ,john ,/u>t ,mill3 a ,criticism1 ) ,p]sonal ,recollections4 ,9 #ahha he 0 elect$ ,"l ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ab]de51 & ?is honor 0 r5ew$ 9 #ahhd1 9 :i* ye> he publi%$ ,practical ,essays4 ,ba9ham 7,james71 m>tyr4 ,he m>ri$ ! wid[ ( ,simon ,fi%1 au?or ( ! ,supplycacion ( ,begg>s1 an attack ^u ! cl]gy ( ! p]iod4 ,9 #aeca he 0 accus$ ( h]esy1 hav+ among o!r ?+s d5i$ transub/antiation1 ! confessional1 & ! p[] ( ! keys4 ,x 0 ass]t$ t he _h said t he w\ld z lief pray to 8 wife z to our lady1 & t ,*ri/ 0 b a man4 ,?is he d5i$1 b admitt$ hold+ ! salvation ( unbeliev]s4 ,he 0 burnt #cj ,april1 #aecb4 ,baissac 7,jules71 ,fr5* littrateur1 b4 ,vans1 #ahbg1 au?or ( sev]al /udies 9 philology & my?ology4 ,9 #ahgh he publi%$ ,les ,orig9es de la ,religion 9 ?ree volumes1 :i* h ! honor ( be+ put ^u ! ,roman ,index4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by l',age de ,dieu1 a /udy ( cosmical p]iods & ! fea/ ( ,ea/]4 ,9 #ahhb he began to publi% ,hi/oire de la ,diabl]ie ,*rti5ne1 ! fir/ "p ( :i* is devot$ to ! p]son & p]sonnel ( ! devil4 ,bakun9 7,mikhail ,aleks&rovi*71 ,russian ,nihili/1 b4 ,tor%ok 7,tv]7 #ahad1 ( an anci5t ari/ocratic family4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & ent]$ z an ensign 9 ! artill]y4 ,"h he became embu$ ) revolution>y ideas4 ,he w5t to ,b]l9 9 #ahda1 /udi$ ! ,hegelian philosophy1 & publi%$ "s philosophical writ+s "u ! "n ( ,jules ,elis>d4 ,9 '#dc he visit$ ,p>is & became a disciple ( ,pr\dhon4 ,9 '#dh he 0 expell$ f ,france at ! dem& ( ,russia1 ^: gov]nm5t set ! price ( #aj1jjj silv] r\bles on 8 head1 w5t to ,dresd5 & became a memb] ( ! insurrection>y gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 arre/$ & condemn$ to dea?1 ,may '#ej1 b 8 s5t5ce 0 commut$ to imprisonm5t = life4 ,he escap$ into ,au/ria1 0 aga9 captur$ & s5t5c$ to dea?1 b 0 h&$ ov] to ,russia & deport$ to ,sib]ia4 ,aft] sev]al ye>s' p5al s]vitude he escap$1 travell$ ov] a ?\s& miles "u extreme h>d%ip1 rea*$ ! sea & sail$ to ,japan4 ,!nce he sail$ to ,cali=nia1 !nce to ,new ,york & ,london1 :]e ) ,h]z5 he publi%$ ! ,kolokol4 ,he took "p 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,int]national ,society1 b be+ at issue ) ,k>l ,m>x ab&on$ t body 9 #ahgc4 ,he di$ at ,b]ne #a ,july #ahgf1 leav+ beh9d a "w on ,god & ! ,/ate1 bo? be+ vigor\sly attack$4 ,laveleye writes ( him z ! apo/le ( univ]sal de/ruction4 ,ball 7,william ,platt71 b4 at ,birm+ham #bh ,nov4 #ahdd4 ,educat$ at ,birkbeck ,s*ool1 ,london4 ,became s*oolma/] b retir$ r ?an tea* religi\s doctr9es4 ,matriculat$ at ,london ,univ]sity #ahff4 ,taught pyrote*ny 9 ! ,sultan's s]vice #ahgj-ga4 ,receiv$ ! ord] ( ! ,m$jidieh aft] n>r[ escape f dea? by ! bur/+ ( a mort>4 ,^u 8 return publi%$ ,poems f ,turkey 7#ahgb74 ,mr4 ,ball has contribut$ to ! ,national ,re=m] s9ce #ahgh & s9ce #ahhd has be5 on ! /aff ( ! ,free?9k]4 ,he has publi%$ pamphlets on ,religion 9 ,s*ools1 ! ,t5 ,comm&m5ts & ,mrs ,besant's ,socialism1 & has compil$ ) ,mr4 ,foote ! ,bible ,h&book4 ,mr4 ,ball is a close ?9k] & a firm support] ( ,evolutional ,mal?usianism1 :i* he has ably def5d$ 9 ! pages ( ,progress4 ,he has ( late be5 engag$ ^u ! "q3 ,are ! ,effects ( ,use & ,disuse ,inh]it$8 ,ballance 7,john71 ,new ,zeal& /atesman1 b4 ,gl5>y1 ,antrim1 ,irel&1 ,m>* #ahci4 ,go+ out to ,new ,zeal& he became a j\rnali/ & />t$ ! ,wanganui ,h]ald4 ,he ent]$ ,p>liam5t 9 #ahge & became ,colonial ,treasur] 9 '#gh4 ,) ,sir ,rob]t ,/\t he has be5 a great support to ! ,free?\ght cause 9 ,new ,zeal&4 ,baltz] 7,wilhelm ,edu>d74 ,g]man rationali/1 b4 #bd ,oct4 #ahad1 at ,hoh5le9e 9 ,saxony4 ,he 0 educat$ z a ,prote/ant m9i/]1 b resign$ & f\nd$ at ,nordhaus5 9 #ahdg a free community4 ,he took "p 9 ! ,p>liam5t ( ,frank=t 9 '#dh2 has translat$ ! life ( ,apollonius ( ,tyana1 & is ! au?or ( a hi/ory ( religion & num]\s o!r works4 ,di$ #bd ,june1 #ahhg4 ,bancel 7,franois ,dsir74 ,fr5* politician1 b4 ,le ,ma/re1 #b ,feb4 #ahbb4 ,became an advocate4 ,9 #ahdi1 he 0 elect$ to ! ,legislative ,assembly4 ,aft] ! c\p d'tat he retir$ to ,brussels1 :]e he became ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity4 ,9 #ahfi he 0 elect$ deputy at ,p>is 9 opposition to ,m4 ,ollivi]4 ,he translat$ ! "w on ,rationalism by ,ausonio ,fran*i1 & wrote on ,my/]ies1 #ahga1 besides _m political works4 ,di$ #bc ,june1 #ahga4 ,b>bi] 7,edmond74 ,fr5* translator ( ! works ( ,d>w91 ,lubbock1 & ,tylor4 ,di$ #ahhc4 ,b>bi] d',auc\r 7,jean74 ,fr5* critic & academician1 b4 ,langres1 #afdb4 ,mo/ ( 8 writ+s are direct$ aga9/ ! ,jesuits4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #ac ,sept4 #afid4 ,b>l[ 7,george74 ,poet1 b4 9 ,london1 #ai ,june1 #ahdg4 ,9 8 volumes1 ,"u ! ,dawn & ,poems1 ,real & ,ideal1 he gives utt]ance to _m ,free?\ght s5tim5ts4 ,b>l[ 7,joel74 ,am]ican /atesman1 writ] & poet1 b4 ,read+1 ,connecticut1 #bd ,m>*1 #aged4 ,s]v$ z a volunte] 9 ! revolution>y w>1 became a *apla91 b resign$ t pr(ession1 tak+ to lit]ature4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 #agia1 he publi%$ ,advice to ! ,privileg$ ,ord]s4 ,9 ,france he translat$ ,volney's ,ru9s ( ,empires1 & contribut$ to ! political lit]ature ( ! ,revolution4 ,pa9e entru/$ him ) ! ,,ms4 ( ! fir/ "p ( ! ,age ( ,reason4 ,8 *ief "w is entitl$ ! ,columbiad1 #ahjh4 ,he 0 s5t z m9i/] to ,france1 #ahaa1 & be+ involv$ 9 ! mis=tunes foll[+ ! retreat f ,mosc[1 di$ ne> ,crac[1 ,pol&1 #bd ,dec4 #ahab4 ,b>ni 7,jules ,roma974 ,fr5* philosophic writ]1 b4 ,lille1 #a ,june1 #ahah4 ,he became secret>y to ,victor ,c\s91 & translat$ ! works ( ,kant into ,fr5*4 ,he contribut$ to ,la ,lib]t de ,p5s] 7#ahdg-ea7 & to l',av5ir 7#ahee74 ,dur+ ! ,empire he liv$ 9 ,switz]l& & publi%$ ,m>tyrs de la ,libre ,p5se 7#ahfb71 ,la ,morale dans la ,dmocratie 7#ahfd71 & a "w on ! ,fr5* ,morali/s ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 7#ahgc74 ,he 0 elect$ to ! ,national ,assembly1 #ahgb2 & to ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies1 #ahgf4 ,di$ at ,m]s1 #d ,july1 #ahgh4 ,a /atue is erect$ to him at ,ami5s4 ,b>n\t 7,hippolyte74 ,fr5* ar*itect & writ]1 b4 ,p>is #ahaf1 publi%$ a ,rational ,cal5d> #ahei & #ahfj4 ,9 ,may #ahgj he e/abli%$ a j\rnal entitl$ ,l',a?e1 ! ,a!i/1 :i* ! cl]ical j\rnals decl>$ drew ,god's v5geance ^u ,france4 ,he is also au?or ( a "w on a]ial navigation4 ,b>ot 7,franois ,odysse74 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 at ,mirabeau #ahcj4 ,he has be5 a j\rnali/ on sev]al ,radical pap]s1 0 secret>y to ,gu/ave ,fl\r5s1 & has writt5 on ! ,bir? ( ,jesus 7#ahfd7 & ,contempor>y ,lit]ature 9 ,engl& 7#ahgd74 ,b>rett 7,?omas ,squire74 ,born #i ,sept4 #ahdb1 ( ,quak] p>5ts1 bo? gr&fa!rs be+ m9i/]s ( t body2 educat$ at ,que5wood ,college1 obta9$ diploma ( ,associate 9 ,arts f ,ox=d ) honors 9 ,natural ,sci5ce & ,ma!matics1 contribut$ to ! ,national ,re=m] betwe5 #ahfe & #ahgj1 publi%$ an acute exam9ation ( ,gillespie's argum5t1 priori1 = ! exi/5ce ( ,god 7#ahfi71 :i* 9 #ahga rea*$ a second edition4 ,he also wrote ,a ,new ,view ( ,causation 7#ahga71 & an ,introduction to ,logic & ,metyphysics 7#ahgg74 ,mr4 ,b>rett has be5 hon4 sec4 ( ! ,london ,dialectical ,society1 & edit$ a %ort-liv$ publication1 ,! ,pres5t ,day1 #ahhf4 ,b>ri] 7,f4 ,m474 ,fr5* ,f\ri]i/1 b4 ,sa9t ,eti5ne #ahae1 became pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,lyons1 wrote ,a ,sket* ( ! ,analogy ( ,man & ,humanity 7,lyons #ahdf71 & ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology 7,p>is #ahfg71 & an abridgm5t ( ?is entitl$ ,cate*ism ( ,lib]al & ,rational ,socialism4 ,di$ ,mont=t-,l',amaury #ahgj4 ,b>rillot 7,franois74 ,fr5* au?or1 b4 ( poor p>5ts at ,lyons 9 #ahah4 ,an orphan at sev5 ye>s ( age1 he le>nt to read f %op signs1 & became a pr9t] & j\rnali/4 ,_m ( 8 songs & satires acquir$ popul>ity4 ,he has also wrote a lett] to ,pope ,pius ,,ix4 on ! ,o,ecumenical ,c\ncil 7#ahga71 sign$ ,jean ,populus1 & a philosophical "w entitl$ ,love is ,god4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #aa ,dec4 #ahgd4 ,b>!z 7,paul ,joseph71 ,fr5* physician1 b4 ,montpeli] #aa ,dec4 #agcd4 ,a fri5d ( ,d',alemb]t1 he became associate editor ( ! ,j\rnal des ,savants & ,encyclopdie ,m?odique4 ,he 0 made consult+ physician to ! k+ & a c\ncillor ( ,/ate4 ,%[n by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,s5s a numb] ( works relat+ to ! rites ( 8 see he said1 ,^! are ! c]emonies ( ,s5s1 b c y %[ me ! s5se ,s5s ( c]emonies4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ,new ,elem5ts ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,man4 ,di$ #ae ,oct4 #ahjf4 ,bas$[ 7,johann ,b]nh>d71 ,g]man ,rationali/ & educational re=m]1 b4 at ,hamburg #aa ,sept4 #agbc4 ,he /udi$ !ology at ,leipsic1 became pr(essor at ! ,academy ( ,sora1 9 ,d5m>k1 #agec-agfa1 & at ,altona1 #agfa-agfh4 ,:ile "h he publi%$ ,philale!a1 ! ,gr\nds ( ,religion1 & o!r het]odox works1 :i* excit$ s mu* prejudice t he 0 9 dang] ( be+ /on$4 ,he devot$ mu* att5tion to improv+ me?ods ( tea*+4 ,di$ at ,magdeburg #be ,july1 #agij4 ,bask]ville 7,john71 fam\s pr9t]1 b4 ,sion ,hill1 ,wolv]ley1 ,worce/]%ire1 #bh ,jan4 #agjf4 ,liv$ at ,birm+ham4 ,he 0 at fir/ a /one-mason1 !n made money z an arti/ic japann]1 & devot$ x to p]fect+ ! art ( type-f\nd+ & pr9t+4 ,z a pr9t]-publi%] he produc$ at 8 own risk beautiful editions ( ,milton1 ,addison1 ,%aftesbury1 ,congreve1 ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,lucretius1 ,t]5ce1 etc4 ,he 0 made pr9t] to ,cambridge ,univ]sity #ageh4 ,wilkes once visit$ him & 0 %ock$ at 8 infidelity 767 ,he di$ #h ,jan4 #agge1 & 0 buri$ 9 a tomb 9 8 own g>d54 ,he _h design$ a monum5tal urn ) ?is inscription3 ,/rang]1 b5ea? ?is cone 9 unconsecrat$ gr\nd a fri5d to ! lib]ties ( mank9d direct$ 8 body to be inurn$4 ,may ! example contribute to emancipate ?y m9d f ! idle fe>s ( sup]/ition & ! wick$ arts ( prie/hood4 ,8 w expresses ! utmo/ contempt = ,*ri/ianity4 ,8 type 0 appropriately pur*as$ to produce a complete edition ( ,voltaire4 ,bassus 7,aufidus74 ,an ,epicurean philosoph] & fri5d ( ,s5eca 9 ! "t ( ,n]o4 ,s5eca praises 8 pati5ce & c\rage 9 ! pres5ce ( dea?4 ,bate 7,fr$]ick71 ,sociali/1 au?or ( ,! ,/ud5t #ahdb1 a drama 9 :i* ! au?or's sceptical views are put =w>d4 ,mr4 ,bate 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! social exp]im5t at ,new ,h>mony1 n[ ,que5swood ,college1 ,hants1 & engrav$ a view repres5t+ ! ,ow5ite s*eme ( community4 ,baudelaire 7,*>les ,pi]re71 ,fr5* poet1 b4 ,p>is1 #i ,april #ahba1 ! son ( a di/+ui%$ fri5d ( ,cabanis & ,condorcet4 ,he fir/ became fam\s by ! publication ( ,fleurs du ,mal1 #aheg1 9 :i* appe>$ ,les ,litanies de ,satan4 ,! "w 0 prosecut$ & suppress$4 ,baudelaire translat$ "s ( ! writ+s ( ,e4 ,a4 ,poe1 a poet :om he resembl$ mu* 9 life & "*4 ,! div9e beauty ( 8 face has be5 celebrat$ by ! ,fr5* poet1 ,?odore de ,banville1 & 8 g5ius 9 "s magnific5t /anzas by ! ,engli% poet1 ,alg]non ,sw9burne4 ,di$ ,p>is #ca ,aug4 #ahfg4 ,baudon 7,p4 ,l471 ,fr5* au?or ( a "w on ! ,*ri/ian ,sup]/ition1 publi%$ at ,brussels 9 #ahfb & d$icat$ to ,bi%op ,dupanl\p "u ! pseudonym ( ,ari/ide4 ,bau] 7,bruno71 "o ( ! bolde/ biblical critics ( ,g]many1 b4 ,eis5b]g1 #f ,sept4 #ahji4 ,educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 9 #ahcd he receiv$ a pr(essor%ip ( !ology4 ,he fir/ atta9$ celebrity by a review ( ! ,life ( ,jesus by ,/rauss 7#ahce74 ,?is 0 foll[$ by 8 ,j\rnal ( ,speculative ,!ology & ,critical ,exposition ( ! ,religion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he !n proce$$ to a ,review ( ! ,gospel ,hi/ory1 ^u ! publication ( :i* 7#ahdj7 he 0 depriv$ ( 8 pr(essor%ip at ,bonn4 ,to ?is foll[$ ,*ri/ianity ,unveil$ 7#ahdc71 :i* 0 de/roy$ at ,zuri* be=e its publication4 ,?is "w cont9u$ 8 opposition to religion1 :i* 0 c>ri$ /ill fur!r 9 ironical /yle 9 8 ,proclamation ( ! ,day ( ,judgem5t conc]n+ ,hegel ! ,a!i/4 ,bau]'s h]esy deep5$ ) age1 & 9 8 ,review ( ! ,gospels & ,hi/ory ( _! ,orig9 7#ahej71 to :i* ,apo/olical ,hi/ory is a supplem5t1 he attack$ ! hi/orical tru? ( ! ,new ,te/am5t n>ratives4 ,9 8 ,review ( ! ,epi/les attribut$ to ,/4 ,paul 7#aheb7 he tries to %[ t ! fir/ f\r epi/les1 :i* _h h>dly ev] be=e be5 que/ion$1 7 n writt5 by ,paul1 b are ! production ( ! second c5tury4 ,9 8 ,*ri/ & ! ,cs>s he %[s ! influ5ce ( ,s5eca & ,greco-,roman ?\ght ^u e>ly ,*ri/ianity4 ,he di$ ne> ,b]l91 #ac ,april1 #ahhb4 ,bau] 7,edg>71 b4 ,*>lott5burg1 #g ,oct4 #ahbj1 bro!r ( ! prec$+1 collaborat$ 9 "s ( 8 works4 ,8 bro*ure entitl$ ,bruno ,bau] & 8 ,oppon5ts 7#ahdb7 0 seiz$ by ! police4 ,= 8 next publication1 ,! ,/rife ( ,criticism ) ,*ur* & ,/ate 7#ahdc71 he 0 imprison$ = f\r ye>s4 ,he has also writt5 on ,engli% fre$om1 ,capital1 etc4 ,baume-,desdossat 7,jacques ,franois1 de la71 b4 #agje1 a ,canon ( ,avignon :o wrote ,la ,*ri/iade 7#agec71 a satire on ! gospels1 9 :i* ,jesus is tempt$ by ,m>y ,magdal5e4 ,x 0 suppress$ by ! ,fr5* ,p>liam5t & ! au?or f9$4 ,he di$ #cj ,april1 #agef4 ,baur 7,f]d9& ,*ri/ian von71 di/+ui%$ !ological critic1 b4 #ba ,june1 #agib1 ne> ,/uttg>t4 ,8 fa!r 0 a cl]gyman4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,tb+51 :]e 9 #ahbf he became pr(essor ( ,*ur* hi/ory4 ,baur is ! au?or ( num]\s works on dogmatic & hi/oric !ology1 9 :i* he subv]ts all ! fundam5tal positions ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he 0 an ,hegelian ,pan!i/4 ,among 8 m important works are ,*ri/ianity & ! ,*ur* 9 ! ,fir/ ,?ree ,c5turies & ,paul3 ,8 ,life & ,works4 ,^! are translat$ into ,engli%4 ,he ackn[l$ges only f\r ( ! epi/les ( ,paul & ! ,revelation z g5u9e products ( ! apo/olic age1 & %[s h[ v f> f simplicity 7 ! times & doctr9es ( primitive ,*ri/ianity4 ,aft] a life ( great lit]>y activity he di$ at ,tb+51 #b ,dec4 #ahfj4 ,bayle 7,pi]re71 le>n$ ,fr5* writ]1 b4 #ah ,nov4 #afdg1 at ,c>lat1 ,france1 :]e 8 fa!r 0 a ,prote/ant m9i/]4 ,he 0 conv]t$ to ,romanism :ile /udy+ at ! ,jesuit ,college1 ,t\l\se1 #affi4 ,8 ,romanism only la/$ sev5te5 mon?s4 ,he abjur$1 & fl$ to ,switz]l&1 becom+ a sceptic1 z is evid5t f ,?\ghts on ! ,comet1 9 :i* he comp>es ! suppos$ mis*iefs ( ,a!ism ) ^? ( fanaticism1 & f _m articles 9 8 fam\s ,dictionnaire ,critique1 a "w /ill ( value = its curi\s le>n+ & %rewd obs]vation4 ,9 8 j\rnal ,n\velles de la ,rpublique des ,lettres he advocates religi\s tol]ation on ! gr\nd ( ! difficulty ( di/+ui%+ tru? f error4 ,8 criticism ( ,maimb\rg's ,hi/ory ( ,calv9ism 0 ord]$ to be burnt by ! hangman4 ,jurieu p]secut$ him1 & he 0 ord]$ to be m c>eful 9 prep>+ ! second edition ( 8 diction>y4 ,he di$ at ,rott]dam1 #bh ,dec4 #agjf4 ,bayle has be5 call$ ! fa!r ( free discussion 9 mod]n times4 ,bayrh(f] 7,k>l ,!odor71 ,g]man philosoph]1 b4 ,m>burg1 #ad ,oct41 #ahab1 wrote ,! ,idea & ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 7#ahch71 took "p 9 ! revolution ( '#dh1 emigrat$ to ,am]ica1 & wrote _m polemical works4 ,di$ ne> ,monroe1 ,wiscons91 #c ,feb4 #ahhh4 ,beau*amp 7,philip74 ,see ,b5?am & ,grote4 ,beausobre 7,l\is de71 b4 at ,b]l91 #bb ,aug4 #agcj1 0 adopt$ by ,fr$]ick ! ,great out ( e/eem = 8 fa!r1 ,isaac ,beausobre1 ! au?or ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,mani*eanism4 ,he 0 educat$ fir/ at ,frank=t-on-,od]1 !n at ,p>is4 ,he wrote on ! scepticism ( ! wise 7,pyrrhonisme du ,sage1 ,b]l91 #aged71 a "w condemn$ to be burnt by ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is4 ,he also wrote anonym\sly ,! ,dreams ( ,epicurus1 & an essay on ,happ9ess 7,b]l91 #ageh71 repr9t$ ) ! ,social ,sy/em ( ,holba* 9 #agie4 ,di$ at ,b]l91 #c ,dec4 #aghc4 ,bebel 7,f]d9& ,augu/74 ,g]man ,sociali/1 b4 ,cologne1 #bb ,feb4 #ahdj4 ,br\ght up z a turn] 9 ,leipsic4 ,s9ce '#fc1 he became di/+ui%$ z an expon5t ( social democracy1 & 0 elect$ to ! ,g]man ,rei*/ag 9 '#ga4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 condemn$ 7#f ,m>*7 to two ye>s' imprisonm5t = high treason4 ,he 0 re-elect$ 9 '#gd4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ,woman 9 ! ,pa/1 ,pres5t & ,future :i* is translat$ by ,h4 ,b4 ,a4 ,wal!r1 #ahhe4 ,he has also writt5 on ! ,mohamm$an ,culture ,p]iod 7#ahhd7 & on ,*ri/ianity & ,socialism4 ,becc>ia 7,bonesana ,ces>e71 an ,italian m>quis & writ]1 b4 at ,milan1 #ae ,m>*1 #agch4 ,a fri5d ( ,voltaire1 :o prais$ 8 treatise on ,crimes & ,puni%m5ts 7#agfi71 a "w :i* did mu* to improve ! crim9al codes ( ,europe4 ,di$ ,milan1 #bh ,nov4 #agid4 ,beesly 7,edw>d ,sp5c]71 ,positivi/1 b4 ,feck5ham1 ,worce/]%ire1 #ahca4 ,educat$ at ,wadham ,college1 ,ox=d1 :]e he took ,b4,a4 9 #ahed1 & ,m4,a4 9 '#eg4 ,appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory1 ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 9 #ahfj4 ,he is "o ( ! translators ( ,comte's ,sy/em ( ,positive ,polity1 & has publi%$ sev]al pamphlets on political & social que/ions4 ,bee?ov5 7,ludwig van71 "o ( ! greate/ ( musical compos]s1 b4 ,bonn #af ,dec4 #aggj4 ,8 g5ius e>ly display$ itself1 & at ! age ( five he 0 set to /udy ! works ( ,h&el & ,ba*4 ,8 _m compositions are ! glory ( music4 ,!y include an op]a ,fidelio1 two masses1 oratorios1 symphonies1 conc]tos1 ov]tures & sonatas1 & are *>act]is$ by p5etrat+ p[]1 ri* imag9ation1 int5se passion1 & t5d]ness4 ,:5 ab\t ! age ( =ty he became totally deaf1 b cont9u$ to compose till 8 dea? at ,vi5na1 #bf ,m>*1 #ahbg4 ,he reg>d$ ,goe! ) mu* ! same e/eem z ,wagn] %[$ = ,s*op5hau]1 b he dislik$ 8 c\rtl9ess4 ,8 ,republican s5tim5ts are well kn[n1 & ,sir ,george ,macf>r51 9 8 life 9 ! ,imp]ial ,diction>y ( ,univ]sal ,biography1 speaks ( him z a ,free?9k]1 & says ! rem>kable mass 9 ,c4 might sc>cely h proce$$ f an entirely or?odox ?9k]4 ,sir ,george ,grove1 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,music & ,musicians1 says3 ,=mal religion he app>5tly _h none1 & ! ,bible does n appe> to h be5 "o ( 8 favorite books4 ,at ! end ( 8 arrangem5t ( ,fidelio ,mos*eles _h writt51 ,f9e4 ,) ,god's help4 ,to ?is ,bee?ov5 add$1 ,o man1 help ?yself4 ,bekk] 7,bal?as>71 ,dut* ,rationali/1 b4 ,metslawi] 7,friesl&7 #bj ,m>*1 #afcd4 ,he /udi$ at ,gronig51 became a doctor ( div9ity1 & liv$ at ,franck]1 b 0 accus$ ( ,soc9ianism1 & _h to fly to ,am/]dam1 :]e he rais$ ano!r /orm by 8 ,_w ,bewit*$ 7#afia71 a "w 9 :i* wit*craft & ! p[] ( demons are d5i$4 ,8 book1 :i* conta9s mu* curi\s in=mation1 rais$ a ho/ ( adv]s>ies1 & he 0 depos$ f 8 place 9 ! ,*ur*4 ,x appe>$ 9 ,engli% 9 #afie4 ,di$1 ,am/]dam1 #aa ,june1 #afih4 ,bekk] 0 rem>kably ugly1 & he is said to h look$ l ! devil1 ?\gh he did n believe 9 him4 ,bel9sky 7,viss>ion ,grigorevi*71 ,russian critic1 b4 ,p5sa #ahaa1 educat$ at ,p5sa & ,mosc[1 adopt$ ! ,pan!i/ic philosophy ( ,hegel & ,s*ell+4 ,di$ ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #bh ,may1 #ahdh4 ,8 works 7 issu$ 9 #ab volumes1 #aheg-fa4 ,bell 7,?omas ,evans71 ,major 9 ,madras ,army1 :i* he ent]$ 9 #ahdb4 ,he 0 employ$ 9 ! suppression ( ,?ugee4 ,he wrote ! ,task ( ,to-,day1 #aheb1 & assi/$ ! ,reason]1 bo? ) p5 & purse1 writ+ ov] ! signature ,undecimus4 ,he contemplat$ sell+ 8 commission to devote himself to ,free?\ght propag&a1 b by ! advice ( 8 fri5ds 0 det]r$4 ,he return$ to ,india at ! ,mut9y4 ,9 ,janu>y1 #ahfa1 he became ,deputy-,commission] ( ,police at ,madras4 ,he retir$ 9 ,july1 #ahfe1 & has writt5 _m works on ,indian affairs4 ,di$ #ab ,sept4 #ahhg4 ,bell 7,william ,s471 b4 9 ,allegh5y city1 ,p5nsylvania1 #aj ,feb4 #ahcb4 ,br\ght up z a ,me?odi/ m9i/]1 0 d5\nc$ = mix+ politics ) religion1 & = 8 anti-slav]y views4 ,9 #ahgc he prea*$ 9 ! ,univ]sali/ ,*ur* ( ,new ,b$=d1 b 9 ,dec4 '#gd1 r5\nc$ ,*ri/ianity & has s9ce be5 a ,free?\ght lectur]4 ,he has publi%$ a little book on ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & "s pamphlets4 ,b5d] 7,wilhelm71 ,g]man ,rationali/1 pr(essor ( !ology at ,bonn1 b4 #ae ,jan4 #ahde1 :o creat$ a s5sation at ! ,lu!r c5t5>y1 #ahhc1 by decl>+ t ! "w ( ! ,re=mation 0 incomplet$ & mu/ be c>ri$ on by ! ,rationali/s4 ,b5nett 7,de ,robigne ,mortim]71 f\nd] & editor ( ! ,new ,york ,tru?seek]1 b4 ( poor p>5ts1 ,spr+field 7,n4,y471 #bc ,dec4 #ahah4 ,at ! age ( fifte5 he jo9$ ! ,%ak] ,society 9 ,new ,lebanon4 ,"h he /ay$ ?irte5 ye>s & !n m>ri$4 ,hav+ lo/ fai? 9 ! ,%ak] cre$1 he w5t to ,l\isville1 ,k5tucky1 :]e he />t$ a drug /ore4 ,! p]usal ( ,pa9e1 ,volney1 & simil> works made him a ,free?9k]4 ,9 #ahgc1 8 lett]s to a local j\rnal 9 answ] to "s m9i/]s hav+ be5 refus$1 he resolv$ to />t a pap] ( 8 own4 ,! result 0 ! ,tru?seek]1 :i* 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgf became a weekly1 & has s9ce become "o ( ! pr9cipal ,free?\ght organs 9 ,am]ica4 ,9 #ahgi he 0 s5t5c$ to ?irte5 mon?s' imprisonm5t = s5d+ ?r\gh ! po/ a pamphlet by ,ezra ,h4 ,heywood on ! m>riage "q4 ,a tract1 entitl$ ,an ,op5 ,lett] to ,jesus ,*ri/1 0 read 9 c\rt to bias ! jury4 ,a petition be>+ #bjj1jjj names 0 pres5t$ to ,presid5t ,hayes ask+ 8 release1 b 0 n acc$$ to4 ,^u 8 release 8 admir]s s5t him = a voyage r\nd ! _w4 ,he wrote ,a ,tru?seek]'s ,voyage ,r\nd ! ,_w1 ,lett]s f ,albany ,p5it5ti>y1 ,answ]s to ,*ri/ian ,que/ions & ,argum5ts1 two l>ge volumes on ,! ,gods1 ano!r on ! ,_w's ,sages1 ,infidels & ,?9k]s1 & publi%$ 8 discussions ) ,humphrey1 ,mair1 & ,te$1 & num]\s tracts4 ,he di$ #f ,dec4 #ahhb4 ,b5?am 7,j]emy71 writ] on e?ics1 jurisprud5ce1 & political economy1 b4 #ae ,feb4 #agdh4 ,a gr& uncle nam$ ,woodw>d 0 ! publi%] ( ,t9dal's ,*ri/ianity z ,old z ! ,creation4 ,0 educat$ at ,we/m9/] & ,ox=d1 :]e he graduat$ ,m4,a4 #agfg4 ,b5?am is ju/ly reg>d$ z ! fa!r ( ! s*ool ( philosophical ,radicalism4 ,9 philosophy he is ! great tea*] ( ,utilit>ianism2 z a juri/ he did mu* to disclose ! defects ( & improve our sy/em ( law4 ,macaulay says he f\nd jurisprud5ce a gibb]i% & left x a sci5ce4 ,8 mo/ pron\nc$ ,free?\ght "w 0 t writt5 9 conjunction ) ,grote1 publi%$ z ,an ,analysis ( ! ,influ5ce ( ,natural ,religion1 by ,philip ,beau*amp1 #ahbb4 ,among 8 num]\s o!r works we c only m5tion ,deontology1 or ! ,sci5ce ( ,mortality1 an exposition ( utilit>ianism2 ,*ur* ( ,engl&ism & its ,cate*ism ,exam9$2 ,n ,paul1 b ,jesus1 publi%$ "u ! pseudonym ( ,gamaliel ,smi?4 ,di$ #f ,june1 #ahcb1 leav+ 8 body = ! purposes ( sci5ce4 ,brang] 7,jean ,pi]re de71 celebrat$ ,fr5* lyrical poet1 b4 ,p>is1 #ai ,aug4 #aghj4 ,8 satire on ! ,b\rbons twice ensur$ = him imprisonm5t4 ,he 0 elect$ to ! ,con/ituant ,assembly #ahdh4 ,brang] has be5 comp>$ n inaptly to ,burns4 ,all 8 songs brea! ! _s ( lib]ty1 & sev]al h be5 *>act]is$ z impi\s4 ,he di$ #af ,july1 #aheg4 ,b]gel 7,joseph71 ,jewi% ,rationali/1 au?or ( ,heav5 & ,its ,wond]s1 ,leipsic1 #ahha1 & ,my?ology ( ! ,anci5t ,hebrews1 #ahhb4 ,b]g] 7,moriz71 au?or ( a "w on ,mat]ialism 9 ,conflict ) ,spiritualism & ,idealism1 ,trie/e1 #ahhc4 ,b]g]ac de 7,sav9i5 ,cyrano74 ,see ,cyrano4 ,b]gk 7,johann ,adam71 ,g]man philosoph]1 b4 ,ha9e*51 ,zeitz1 #bg ,june1 #agfi2 became a private tea*] at ,leipsic & wrote _m works1 bo? "u 8 own "n & pseudonyms4 ,he publi%$ ! ,art ( ,?9k+1 ,leipsic1 #ahjb1 conduct$ ! ,asiatic ,magaz9e1 #ahjf1 & wrote "u ! "n ( ,frey ! ,true ,religion1 recomm5d$ to rationali/s & de/9$ = ! ,radical cure ( sup]naturali/s1 my/ics1 etc4 ,di$ ,leipsic1 #bg ,oct4 #ahcd4 ,b]gk 7,!odor71 ,g]man humani/1 son ( ! above1 b4 ,leipsic1 #bb ,may1 #ahab1 au?or ( a good ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,lit]ature1 #ahgb4 ,b]ig>dus 7,claudius71 or ,beaureg>d 7,claude ,guill]met71 ,fr5* physician & philosoph]1 b4 at ,m\l9s ab\t #aeia4 ,he became a pr(essor at ,pisa f #afbh till #afdj1 & !n w5t to ,padua4 ,8 ,circulus ,pisanus1 publi%$ 9 #afdc1 0 consid]$ an ,a!i/ic "w4 ,9 ! =m ( a dialogue he exhibits ! v>i\s hypo!ses ( ! =mation ( ! _w4 ,! "w 0 =bidd5 & is v r>e4 ,8 book entitl$ ,dubitationes 9 ,dialogum ,galili1 also br\ght on him a *>ge ( scepticism4 ,di$ 9 #affd4 ,b]k5h\t 7,dr4 ,john71 physician & miscellane\s writ]1 b4 #agca1 ! son ( a ,dut* m]*ant :o settl$ at ,le$s4 ,9 e>ly life he _h be5 a capta9 bo? 9 ! ,prussian & ,engli% s]vice1 & 9 #agfe took 8 ,m4,d4 degree at ,leyd54 ,he publi%$ _m books on m$ical sci5ce1 a synopsis ( ! natural hi/ory ( ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 & sev]al humor\s pieces1 anonym\sly4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is entitl$ ,biographia ,lit]>ia1 a biographical hi/ory ( ,engli% lit]ature1 #aggg4 ,?r\gh\t ! "w he loses no opportunity ( display+ 8 ho/ility to ! !ologians1 & is l\d 9 8 praises ( ,voltaire4 ,di$ #c ,april1 #agia4 ,b]lioz 7,l\is ,hector74 ,! mo/ orig9al ( ,fr5* musical compos]s1 b4 ,isre1 #aa ,dec4 #ahjc4 ,he obta9$ fame by 8 dramatic symphony ( ,romeo & ,juliet 7#ahci71 & 0 made *evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,among 8 works is "o on ! ,infancy ( ,*ri/4 ,9 8 ,memoirs he relates h[ he sc&alis$ ,m5delssohn by laugh+ at ! ,bible4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #i ,m>*1 #ahfi4 ,b]n>d 7,claude71 ,fr5* physiologi/1 b4 ,sa9t ,juli5 #ab ,july1 #ahac4 ,w5t to ,p>is #ahcb1 /udi$ m$ic9e1 became memb] ( ! ,in/itute & pr(essor at ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 wrote ,la ,sci5ce ,exp]im5tale1 & o!r works on physiology4 ,di$ #aj ,feb4 #ahgh1 & 0 buri$ at ! exp5se ( ! ,republic4 ,paul ,b]t calls him ! introduc] ( det]m9ism 9 ! doma9 ( physiology4 ,b]ni] 7,abb74 ,see ,holba*4 ,b]ni] 7,franois71 ,fr5* physician & travell]1 b4 ,ang]s ab\t #afbe4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,gass5di1 ^: works he abridg$1 & he def5d$ ,desc>tes aga9/ ! !ologians4 ,he is kn[n z le joli philsophe4 ,9 #afed he w5t to ,syria & ,egypt1 & f !nce to ,india1 :]e he became physician to ,aurungzebe4 ,on 8 return he publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 travels & ( ! ,empire ( ! ,great ,mogul1 & di$ at ,p>is #bb ,sept4 #afhh4 ,b]n/e9 7,a>on71 a rationali/1 b4 ( ,jewi% p>5ts ,dantzic #ahab4 ,8 fir/ "w 0 a translation ( ! ,song ( ,songs1 publi%$ "u ! pseudonym ( ,a4 ,reb5/e9 7#ahcd74 ,he devot$ himself to natural sci5ce & publi%$ works on ,! ,rotation ( ,planets1 ,humboldt & ! ,_s ( ! ,"t1 etc4 ,8 essay on ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,leg5ds ( ,abraham1 ,isaac1 & ,jacob 0 translat$ by a ,g]man lady & publi%$ by ,?omas ,scott ( ,ramsgate 7#ahgb74 ,di$ ,b]l91 #ab ,feb4 #ahhd4 ,b]qu9 7,l\is de71 ,fr5* m>tyr1 b4 9 ,artois1 #adhi4 ,erasmus1 8 fri5d1 says 8 great crime 0 op5ly pr(ess+ hatr$ ( ! monks4 ,9 #aebc 8 works 7 ord]$ to be burnt1 & he 0 comm&$ to abjure 8 h]esies4 ,s5t5ce ( p]petual bani%m5t 0 pron\nc$ on him on ,april #af1 #aebi4 ,he imm$iately appeal$ to ! ,p>liam5t4 ,8 appeal 0 he>d & reject$ on ! morn+ ( ! #ag?4 ,! ,p>liam5t re=m$ ! judgm5t & condemn$ him to be burnt alive1 & ! s5t5ce 0 c>ri$ out on ! same aft]noon at ! ,place de la ,grve4 ,he di$ ) great con/ancy & resolution4 ,b]t 7,paul71 ,fr5* sci5ti/ & /atesman1 b4 at ,aux]re1 #ag ,oct4 #ahcc4 ,9 ,p>is he /udi$ bo? law & m$ic9e1 & aft] be+ ,pr(essor 9 ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ce at ,bordeaux1 he 9 #ahfi obta9$ ! *air ( physiology 9 ! ,faculty ( ,sci5ce at ,p>is1 & di/+ui%$ himself by 8 sci5tific exp]im5ts4 ,9 '#gj he (f]$ 8 s]vices to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,national ,def5ce1 & 9 '#gb 0 elect$ to ! ,national ,assembly1 :]e he signalis$ himself by 8 ,radical op9ions4 ,gambetta recognis$ 8 wor? & made him ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 9 :i* capacity he organis$ ,fr5* education on a ,secul> basis4 ,8 ,fir/ ,ye> ( ,sci5tific ,in/ruction is almo/ univ]sally us$ 9 ! ,fr5* prim>y s*ools4 ,x has be5 translat$ into ,engli% by ,joseph9e ,clayton 7,madame ,paul ,b]t74 ,8 /rong anti-cl]ical views induc$ mu* opposition4 ,he publi%$ sev]al sci5tific & educational works & attack$ ,! ,morality ( ! ,jesuits1 '#hj4 ,9 '#hf he 0 appo9t$ ,fr5* ,resid5t ,m9i/] at ,tonqu91 :]e he di$ #aa ,nov4 '#hf4 ,8 body 0 br\ght ov] to ,france & giv5 a ,/ate fun]al1 a p5sion be+ also accord$ to 8 wid[4 ,b]tani 7,ago/9o71 ,italian patriot1 b4 #ai ,oct4 #ahab1 became a physician at ,g5oa1 took "p ) ,g>ibaldi & ,mazz9i1 organis+ ! ambulance s]vices4 ,a decl>$ ,free?9k]1 he 0 elect$ deputy to ! ,italian ,p>liam5t4 ,di$ ,rome #cj ,april1 '#hf4 ,b]ti 7,antonio71 ,italian physician1 b4 ,v5ice #bj ,june1 #ahaf4 ,au?or ( _m sci5tific works1 memb] ( ! ,v5ice ,municipal ,c\ncil & ( ! ,italian ,s5ate4 ,di$ ,v5ice #bd ,m>*1 #ahgi4 ,b]tillon 7,l\is ,adolphe71 ,fr5* ,an?ropologi/ & physician1 b4 ,p>is #a ,april1 #ahba4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is a /ati/ical /udy ( ! ,fr5* population1 ,p>is '#gd4 ,he edits 9 conjunction ) ,a4 ,hovelacque & o!rs1 ! ,diction>y ( ! ,an?ropological ,sci5ces 7'#hc etc47 ,8 sons1 ,jacques 7b4 '#ea7 & ,alphonse 7b4 '#ec71 prosecute simil> /udies4 ,b]tr& de ,sa9t-,g]ma9 7,guillaume ,scipion71 ,fr5* physician1 b4 ,puy-en-,velay #be ,oct4 #ahaj4 ,became ,m4,d4 #ahdj1 wrote on ,! ,orig9al ,div]sity ( ,human ,races 7#ahdg71 & a mat]iali/ic "w on ,manife/ation ( ,life & ,intellig5ce ?r\gh ,organisation1 #ahdh4 ,has also writt5 on ,desc>tes z a ,physiologi/1 #ahfi4 ,b]wick 7,george ,j47 ,m4,d41 appo9t$ surgeon to ! ,ea/ ,india ,company 9 #ahbh1 retir$ 9 '#eb4 ,au?or ( ,awas-i-h9d1 or a ,voice f ! ,ganges2 be+ a solution ( ! true s\rce ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,by an ,indian ,(fic]2 ,london1 #ahfa4 ,also ( a "w on ,! ,=ces ( ! ,univ]se1 '#gj4 ,di$ ab\t #ahgb4 ,besant 7,annie7 ne ,wood4 ,b4 ,london1 #a ,oct4 #ahdg4 ,educat$ 9 ,evangelicalism by ,miss ,m>ryat1 si/] ( noveli/1 b turn$ to ! ,high ,*ur* by read+ ,pusey & o!rs4 ,9 ,holy ,week ( #ahff %e resolv$ to write ! /ory ( ! week f ! gospel4 ,_! contradictions />tl$ h] b %e reg>d$ h] d\bts z s94 ,9 ,dec4 '#fg %e m>ri$ ! ,rev4 ,f4 ,besant1 & read & wrote ext5sively4 ,! torm5t a *ild und]w5t 9 :oop+-c\gh caus$ d\bts z to ! goodness ( ,god4 ,a /udy ( ,greg's ,cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom & ,arnold's ,lit]ature & ,dogma increas$ h] scepticism4 ,%e became acqua9t$ ) ! ,rev4 ,c4 ,voysey & ,?omas ,scott1 = :om %e wrote an ,essay on ! ,deity ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 by ! wife ( a b5efic$ cl]gyman4 ,?is l$ to h] husb& insi/+ on h] tak+ communion or leav+4 ,%e *ose ! latt] c\rse1 tak+ by agreem5t h] daught] ) h]4 ,?r[n on h] own res\rces1 %e wrote fur!r tracts = ,mr4 ,scott1 repr9t$ 9 ,my ,pa? to ,a!ism 7'#gg74 ,jo9$ ! ,national ,secul> ,society1 & 9 '#gd wrote 9 ! ,national ,re=m] ov] ! signature ( ,ajax4 ,next ye> %e took to ! plat=m & be+ naturally eloqu5t soon won h] way to ! front rank z a ,free?\ght lecturess1 & became jo9t editor ( ! ,national ,re=m]4 ,"s lectures on ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7 republi%$ 9 book =m4 ,9 ,april1 '#gg1 %e 0 arre/$ ) ,mr4 ,bradlaugh = publi%+ ! ,fruits ( ,philosophy4 ,aft] a brilliant def5ce1 ! jury exon]at$ ! def5dants f any corrupt motives1 & al?\gh !y 7 s5t5c$ ! indictm5t 0 qua%$ 9 ,feb4 '#gh1 & ! case 0 n r5ew$4 ,9 ,may1 '#gh1 a petition 9 ,*anc]y 0 pres5t$ to deprive ,mrs4 ,besant ( h] *ild on ! gr\nd ( h] ,a!i/ic & ,mal?usian views4 ,sir ,g4 ,jessell grant$ ! petition4 ,9 '#hj ,mrs4 ,besant matriculat$ at ! ,london ,univ]sity & took #a/ ,b4,sc4 ) honors 9 '#hb4 ,%e has debat$ mu* & issu$ _m pamphlets to be f\nd 9 ,!ological ,essays & ,debates4 ,%e wrote ! second "p ( ! ,free?9k]s' ,text ,book deal+ ) ,*ri/ian evid5ce2 has writt5 on ! ,s9s ( ! ,*ur*1 #ahhf1 & ! ,evolution ( ,society4 ,%e has translat$ ,jules ,s\ry's ,religion ( ,israel1 & ,jesus ( ! ,gospels2 ,dr4 ,l4 ,b*n] on ! ,influ5ce ( ,h]$ity & ,m9d 9 ,animals1 & f ! fifte5? edition ( ,=ce & ,matt]4 ,f '#hc to '#hh %e edit$ ,our ,corn]1 & s9ce '#he has giv5 mu* "t to ,sociali/ propag&a1 & has writt5 _m ,sociali/ pamphlets4 ,9 ,dec4 '#hh1 ,mrs4 ,besant 0 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,london ,s*ool ,bo>d4 ,bev]l& 7,hadrianus71 ,dut* classical s*ol> & nephew ( ,isaac ,vossius1 b4 ,middleburg #afed4 ,he took ! degree ( doctor ( law & became an advocate1 b devot$ himself to lit]ature4 ,he 0 at ! univ]sity ( ,ox=d 9 #afgb4 ,8 treatise on ,orig9al ,s91 ,peccatum ,orig9ale 7,eleu!ropoli1 #afgh71 9 :i* he cont5ds t ! s9 ( ,adam & ,eve 0 sexual incl9ation1 caus$ a great outcry4 ,x 0 burnt1 ,bev]l& 0 imprison$ & 8 "n /ruck f ! rolls ( ,leyd5 ,univ]sity4 ,he wrote "s o!r curi\s works & di$ ab\t #agab4 ,bev+ton 7,l\isa ,s471 aft]w>ds ,gugg5b]g]2 ,engli% poetess & au?oress ( ,key ,notes1 #ahgi2 ,poems1 ,lyrics & ,sonnets1 '#hb2 wrote ,mod]n ,a!ism & ,mr4 ,mallock 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 7,oct4 & ,dec4 '#gi71 & on ,! ,moral ,dem]its ( ,or?odoxy 9 ,progress1 ,sept4 '#hd4 ,beyle 7,m>ie ,h5ri71 ,fr5* man ( lett]s1 fam\s "u ! "n ( de ,/5dhal1 b4 ,gr5oble1 #bc ,jan4 #aghc4 ,pa9t]1 soldi]1 m]*ant & consul1 he travell$ l>gely1 a w&]+ life be+ cong5ial to 8 broad & sceptical _s4 ,8 book1 ,de l',am\r is 8 mo/ notable "w4 ,he 0 an orig9al & gift$ critic & romanc]4 ,balzac e/eem$ him highly4 ,he di$ at ,p>is1 #bc ,m>*1 #ahdb4 ,prosp] ,m]ime has publi%$ 8 correspond5ce4 ,"o ( 8 say+s 0 ,ce qui excuse ,dieu1 c'e/ qu'il n'exi/e pas--,god's excuse is t he does n exi/4 ,bian*i 7,angelo71 kn[n z ,bian*i-,giov9i 7,aurelio7 ,italian man ( lett]s1 b4 ( poor p>5ts at ,como1 #be ,nov4 #agii4 ,he conduct$ sev]al pap]s 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,pi$mont & ,switz]l&4 ,8 ,life ( ,fa!r ,paoli ,s>pi1 #ahcf1 0 put on ! ,index1 & !nce=w>d he 0 9 con/ant /rife ) ! ,roman ,*ur*4 ,= 8 attacks on ! cl]gy 9 ,il ,republicano1 at ,lugano1 he 0 proscrib$1 & _h to seek refuge at ,zuri*1 #ahci4 ,he w5t !nce to ,milan & !re wrote a ,hi/ory ( ! ,hebrews1 a monograph on ,pope ,joan1 & an acc\nt ( ! ,revolution4 ,8 pr9cipal works are ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes until ! great s*ism ( ! ,we/ 7,tur91 #ahej-fd7 & a ,criticism ( ! ,gospels1 #ahec1 :i* has gone ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,di$ #af ,may1 #ahfb4 ,bi&rata or ,bl&rata 7,giorgio71 ,italian anti-tr9it>ian re=m]1 b4 ,saluzzo ab\t #aeae4 ,graduat$ 9 arts & m$ic9e at ,montpelli]1 #aecc4 ,he 0 ?r[n into ! prison ( ! ,inquisition at ,pavia1 b contriv$ to escape to ,g5eva1 :]e he become obnoxi\s to ,calv94 ,he left ,g5eva 9 #aeeh & w5t to ,pol& :]e he became a lead] ( ! ,soc9ian p>ty4 ,he 0 assass9at$ #aeia4 ,bi*at 7,m>ie ,franois ,xavi]71 a fam\s ,fr5* anatomi/ & physiologi/1 b4 ,?oirette 7,jura71 #aa ,nov4 #agga4 ,8 "w on ! ,physiology ( ,life & ,dea? 0 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,he di$ a m>tyr to 8 zeal = sci5ce1 #bb ,july1 #ahjb4 ,biddle or ,bidle 7,john71 call$ ! fa!r ( ,engli% ,unit>ianism1 b4 ,wotton-"u-,edge1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 #ad ,jan4 #afae4 ,he took 8 ,m4,a4 degree at ,ox=d1 #afda1 & became ma/] ( ! ,gl\ce/] ,gramm> ,s*ool1 b lo/ ! situation = d5y+ ! ,tr9ity4 ,he 0 also imprison$ !re = "s "t1 & aft]w>ds cit$ at ,we/m9/]4 ,he appeal$ to ! public 9 def5ce1 & 8 pamphlet 0 ord]$ to be burnt by ! hangman1 #f ,sept4 #afdg4 ,he 0 deta9$ 9 prison till #afeb1 aft] :i* he publi%$ sev]al pamphlets1 & 0 aga9 imprison$ 9 #afed4 ,9 ,oct4 #afee1 ,cromwell bani%$ him to ! ,scilly ,isles1 mak+ him an all[ance4 ,he return$ to ,london #afeh1 b aft] ! publication ( ! ,acts ( ,uni=mity 0 aga9 seiz$1 & di$ 9 prison #bb ,sept4 #affb4 ,bi]ce 7,m4 ,h47 see ,grile 7,dod74 ,billaud-,v>5ne 7,jean ,nicolas71 ,fr5* conv5tionali/ b4 ,la ,ro*elle1 #bc ,april1 #agef4 ,ab\t #aghe became advocate to ,p>liam5t2 d5\nc$ ! gov]nm5t & cl]gy #aghi4 ,propos$ abolition ( ! mon>*y #a ,july1 #agia1 & wrote ,elem5ts ( ,republicanism1 #agic4 ,)drew f ,robespi]re aft] ! fea/ ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 say+ ,?\ beg9ne/ to sick5 me ) ?y ,supreme ,be+4 ,0 exil$ #a ,april1 #agie1 & di$ at ,/4 ,dom+o1 #c ,june1 #ahai4 ,bion1 ( ,bory/h5es1 ne> ! m\? ( ! ,dneip]4 ,a ,scy?ian philosoph] :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #bej ,b4,c4 ,he 0 sold z a slave to a rhetorician1 :o aft]w>ds gave him fre$om & made him 8 heir4 ,^u ?is he w5t to ,a!ns & appli$ himself to ! /udy ( philosophy4 ,he _h sev]al tea*]s1 b atta*$ himself to ,!odorus ! ,a!i/4 ,he 0 fam\s = 8 k ( music1 poetry1 & philosophy4 ,"s %rewd say+s ( 8 are pres]v$1 z t only ! votive tablets ( ! pres]v$ are se5 9 ! temples1 n ^? ( ! dr[n$ & x is useless to te> our hair :5 9 grief s9ce sorr[ is n cur$ by baldness4 ,bir* 7,william ,john71 ,engli% ,free?9k]1 b4 ,london #d ,jan4 #ahaa4 ,educat$ at ,baliol ,college1 ,ox=d1 graduat$ ,m4,a4 at ,new ,inn ,hall4 ,au?or ( ,an ,inquiry into ! ,philosophy & ,religion ( ,%akespe>e1 #ahdh2 ,an ,inquiry into ! ,philosophy & ,religion ( ! ,bible1 #ahef2 ?is "w 0 translat$ into ,dut* by ,rudolf ,*>les2 ,paul an ,idea1 n a ,fact2 & ! ,real & ,ideal4 ,9 ! /ormy "t ( '#db ,mr4 ,bir* did mu* to support ! prosecut$ publications4 ,he br\ght out ! ,libr>y ( ,reason & support$ ,! ,reason] & ,inve/igator ) bo? p5 & purse4 ,mr4 ,bir* has resid$ mu* 9 ,italy & prov$ himself a fri5d to ,italian unity & ,fre$om4 ,he is a memb] ( ! ,italian ,asiatic ,society4 ,mr4 ,bir* has be5 a contributor to ,notes & ,qu]ies & o!r j\rnals1 & has devot$ mu* att5tion to ! e>ly days ( ,*ri/ianity1 hav+ _m manuscripts ^u ! subject4 ,bi!ll 7,ri*>d71 ,agno/ic1 b4 ,lewes1 ,sussex1 #bb ,m>* #ahba1 ( pi\s p>5ts4 ,became tea*] ( ma!matics & *emi/ry4 ,is ,ph4,d4 ( ,gott+5 & ,b4,sc4 ( ,london ,univ]sity4 ,9 '#fe he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,ro?s*ilds4 ,has writt5 ,cre$ ( a ,mod]n ,agno/ic1 #ahhc2 & ,agno/ic ,problems1 #ahhg4 ,bjrnson 7,bjrn/j]ne71 ,norwegian writ]1 b4 ,quickne #h ,dec4 #ahcb4 ,8 fa!r 0 a ,lu!ran cl]gyman4 ,has done mu* to create a national lit]ature = ,norway4 ,= 8 free?9k+ op9ions he 0 oblig$ to leave 8 c\ntry & reside 9 ,p>is4 ,_m ( 8 tales h be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,9 #ahhb ,bjrnson publi%$ at ,*ri/iania1 ) a %ort introduction1 a resum ( ,c4 ,b4 ,waite's ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 "u ! title ( ,:5ce come ! ,miracles ( ! ,new ,te/am5t8 ,?is 0 ! fir/ attack ^u dogmatic ,*ri/ianity publi%$ 9 ,norway1 & creat$ mu* discussion4 ,! foll[+ ye> he publi%$ a translation ( ,colonel ,+]soll's article 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review ^u ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 ) a long preface1 9 :i* he attacks ! ,/ate ,*ur* & ,mon>*y4 ,! translation 0 entitl$ ,?9k = ,y\rself4 ,! fir/ edition rapidly sold out & a second "o appe>$4 ,he has s9ce1 bo? 9 spee* & writ+1 repeat$ly av[$ 8 ,free?\ght1 & has _h sev]al controv]sies ) ! cl]gy4 ,blagosvyetlov 7,grigorevi* ,e471 ,russian au?or1 b4 9 ! ,caucasus1 #ahbf4 ,has writt5 on ,%elley1 ,buckle1 & ,mill1 ^: ,subjection ( ,wom5 he translat$ into ,russian4 ,he edit$ a magaz9e ,djelo 7,cause74 ,di$ ab\t #ahhe4 ,blanqui 7,l\is ,augu/e71 ,fr5* politician1 b4 ne> ,nice1 #g ,feb4 #ahje1 a y\ng] bro!r ( ,j]ome ,adolphe ,blanqui1 ! economi/4 ,becom+ a ,communi/1 8 life 0 sp5t 9 conspiracy & imprisonm5t "u successive gov]nm5ts4 ,9 '#ci he 0 condemn$ to dea?1 b 8 s5t5ce commut$ to imprisonm5t = life1 & 0 subject to brutal treatm5t till ! revolution ( '#dh set him at lib]ty4 ,he 0 soon aga9 imprison$4 ,9 '#fe he wrote "s rem>kable articles on ,mono!ism 9 ,le ,c&ide4 ,aft] ! revolution ( #d ,sept4 '#gj1 ,blanqui dem&$ ! suppression ( wor%ip4 ,he 0 aga9 imprison$1 b 0 lib]at$ & elect$ memb] ( ! ,commune1 & arre/$ by ,?i]s4 ,9 8 la/ imprisonm5t he wrote a curi\s book1 ,et]nity & ! ,/>s1 9 :i* he argues f ! et]nity & inf9ity ( matt]4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #ca ,dec4 #ahhj4 ,blanqui took z 8 motto ,ni ,dieu ni matre--,nei!r ,god nor ma/]4 ,blas*e 7,b]nh>d ,he9ri*71 ,g]man ,pan!i/1 b4 ,j5a #i ,april1 #aggf4 ,8 fa!r 0 a pr(essor ( !ology & philosophy4 ,he wrote ,kritik des ,mod]n5 ,gei/]glaub5s 7,criticism ( ,mod]n ,gho/ ,belief71 ,philosophis*e ,un/]bli*keitslehre 7,tea*+ ( ,philosophical ,immortality71 & o!r works4 ,di$ ne> ,go?a #bf ,nov4 #ahcb4 ,bligni]es 7,cle/9 de71 ,fr5* ,positivi/1 ( ! ,polyte*nic s*ool4 ,has writt5 a popul> exposition ( ,positive philosophy & religion1 ,p>is #aheg2 ,! ,positive ,doctr9e1 #ahfg2 ,/udies ( ,positive ,morality1 #ahfh2 & o!r works4 ,bl9d 7,k>l71 ,g]man ,republican1 b4 ,mannheim1 #d ,sept4 #ahbf4 ,/udi$ at ,heidelb]g & ,bonn4 ,9 #ahdh he became a revolution>y lead] among ! /ud5ts & populace1 0 w\nd$ at ,frank=t1 & proscrib$4 ,9 ,sept4 '#dh he l$ ! second republican revolution 9 ! ,black ,=e/4 ,he 0 made prison] & s5t5c$ to eight ye>'s imprisonm5t4 ,9 ! spr+ ( '#di he 0 lib]at$ by ! p break+ op5 8 prison4 ,be+ s5t on a mission to ,l\is ,napoleon1 !n presid5t ( ! ,fr5* ,republic at ,p>is1 he 0 arre/$ & bani%$ f ,france4 ,he w5t to ,brussels1 b s9ce '#eb has liv$ 9 9 ,engl&1 :]e he has writt5 l>gely on politics1 hi/ory1 & my?ology4 ,8 daught] ,ma?ilde1 b4 at ,mannheim1 op5$ h] lit]>y c>e] by publi%+ a volume ( poems 9 #ahfg "u ! "n ( ,claude ,lake4 ,%e has s9ce translat$ ,/raus's ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 & writt5 ! volumes on ,george ,eliot & ,madame ,rol& 9 ! ,em95t ,wom5 s]ies4 ,bl\nt 7,*>les71 ,engli% ,dei/ ( noble family1 b4 at ,holl[ay #bg ,april1 #afed4 ,8 fa!r1 ,sir ,h5ry ,bl\nt1 probably %>$ 9 8 op9ions1 & help$ him 9 8 anti-religi\s "w1 ,anima ,mundi1 #afgh4 ,?is "w ,bi%op ,compton desir$ to see suppress$4 ,9 #afhj he publi%$ ,great is ,diana ( ! ,ephesians1 or ! ,orig9 ( ,idolatry1 & ! two fir/ books ( ,apollonius ,tyanius1 ) notes1 9 :i* he attacks prie/craft & sup]/ition4 ,?is "w 0 condemn$ & suppress$4 ,bl\nt also publi%$ ,! ,oracles ( ,reason1 a numb] ( ,free?\ght ,essays4 ,by 8 ,v9dication ( ,le>n+ & ,lib]ty ( ! ,press1 & /ill m by 8 hoax on ,bohun entitl$ ,william & ,m>y ,conqu]ors1 he 0 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 do+ away ) ! c5sor%ip ( ! press4 ,he %ot himself1 x is said1 because he c\ld n m>ry 8 deceas$ wife's si/] 7,augu/1 #afic74 ,8 miscellane\s works 7 pr9t$ 9 "o volume1 #afie4 ,blum5feld 7,j4 ,c471 wrote ,! ,new ,ecce ,homo or ! ,self ,r$emption ( ,man1 #ahci4 ,he is also cr$it$ ) ! au?or%ip ( ,! ,exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ ,disprov$ 9 a s]ies ( ,lett]s by ,a ,g]man ,jew1 ,london1 #ahda4 ,bo]ne 7,ludwig71 ,g]man man ( lett]s & politician1 b4 ,frank=t #bb ,may1 #aghf4 ,9 #ahah he gave up ! ,jewi% religion1 9 :i* he _h be5 br$1 nom9ally = ,prote/antism1 b really he _h1 l 8 fri5d ,he9e1 become a ,free?9k]4 ,he wrote _m works 9 favor ( political lib]ty & translat$ ,lamm5ais' ,p>oles d'un ,croyant4 ,di$ #ab ,feb4 #ahcg4 ,bod9 7,jean71 ,fr5* political writ]1 b4 ,ang]s #aecj4 ,he /udi$ at ,t\l\se & is said to h be5 a monk b turn$ to ! law1 & became secret>y to ! ,duc d',al5on4 ,8 book ,de la ,republique is highly prais$ by ,hallam1 & is said to h conta9$ ! g]m ( ,montesquieu's ,_s ( ! ,laws4 ,he wrote a "w on demonomania1 9 :i* he seems to h believ$1 b 9 8 ,colloquium ,heptaplom]on coloquies ( sev5 p]sons3 a ,ca?olic1 a ,lu!ran1 a ,calv9i/1 a ,pagan1 a ,muhammadan1 a ,jew1 & a ,dei/1 :i* he left 9 manuscript1 he put "s sev]e attacks on ,*ri/ianity4 ,di$ ( ! plague at ,laon 9 #aeif4 ,boggis 7,john7 is m5tion$ by ,edw>ds 9 8 ,gangr5a1 #afde1 z an ,a!i/ & disbeliev] 9 ! ,bible4 ,boi*ot 7,jean ,bapti/e71 b4 ,villi] sur ,suize #bj ,aug4 #ahbj1 ent]$ ! army4 ,9 '#di he 0 *os5 repres5tative ( ! p4 ,aft] ! c\p d'tat he came to ,engl&1 return$ to ,france 9 '#ed1 0 arre/$ & imprison$ at ,belle ,isle4 ,s9ce !n he has liv$ at ,brussels1 :]e he has writt5 sev]al works & is "o ( ! c\ncil ( ,int]national ,free?9k]s4 ,bo9d9 7,nicolas7 ,fr5* litt]ateur1 wit1 playwright & academician1 b4 ,p>is #bi ,may1 #afgf4 ,he publicly pr(ess$ ,a!ism1 & resort$ ) o!r ,free?9k]s to ! fam\s caf ,procope4 ,!re1 9 ord] to speak freely1 !y call$ ! s\l ,m>got1 religion ,javotte1 lib]ty ,jeanneton1 & ,god ,m4 de l',etre4 ,"o day a spy ask$ ,bo9d91 ,:o is ?is ,m4 de l',etre ) :om y seem s displeas$8 ,monsieur1 repli$ ,bo9d91 he is a police spy4 ,di$ #cj ,nov4 #agea4 ,8 corpse 0 refus$ ,*ri/ian burial4 ,boissi]e 7,jean ,bapti/e ,prud5ce71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,valognes ,dec4 #ahjf1 0 = a "t tea*] 9 ,engl&4 ,he compil$ an analogical diction>y ( ! ,fr5* language4 ,"u ! "n ( ,sirebois he has publi%$ ! ,autopsy ( ! ,s\l & a "w on ! f\ndations ( morality1 :i* he traces to int]e/4 ,he has also writt5 a book entitl$ ,! ,me*anism ( ,?\ght1 '#hd4 ,boissonade 7,j4 ,a471 au?or ( ,! ,bible ,unveil$1 ,p>is1 #ahga4 ,boito 7,arrigo71 ,italian poet & musician1 b4 at ,padua1 ^: op]a ,mefi/(ele1 has creat$ consid]able s5sation by its boldness4 ,bol+broke 7,h5ry ,sa9t ,john7 ,"l1 ,engli% /atesman & philosoph]1 b4 at ,batt]sea1 #a ,oct4 #afgb4 ,8 political life 0 a /ormy "o4 ,he 0 ! fri5d ( ,swift & ( ,pope1 :o 9 8 ,essay on ,man av[$ly puts =w>d ! views ( ,sa9t ,john4 ,he di$ at ,batt]sea #ab ,dec4 #agea1 leav+ by w 8 ,,mss4 to ,david ,mallet1 :o 9 #aged publi%$ 8 works1 :i* includ$ ,essays ,writt5 to ,a4 ,pope1 ,esq41 on ,religion & ,philosophy1 9 :i* he attacks ,*ri/ianity ) bo? wit & eloqu5ce4 ,bol+broke 0 a ,dei/1 believ+ 9 ,god b scornfully reject+ revelation4 ,he mu* influ5c$ ,voltaire1 :o reg>d$ him ) e/eem4 ,bonav9o 7,francesco ,cri/(oro7 see ,fran*i 7,ausonio74 ,boni 7,filippo de71 ,italian man ( lett]s1 b4 ,feltre1 #ahbj4 ,editor ( a /&>d ,biography ( ,arti/s1 publi%$ at ,v5ice1 #ahdj4 ,he also wrote on ! ,roman ,*ur* & ,italy & on ,reason & ,dogma1 ,si5a1 '#ff1 & contribut$ to ,/efanoni's ,lib]o ,p5si]o4 ,de ,boni 0 elect$ deputy to ! ,italian ,p>liam5t4 ,he has writt5 on ,italian ,unbelief 9 ! ,middle ,ages 9 ! ,annu>io ,filos(ico del ,lib]o ,p5si]o1 '#fh4 ,boniface ,,viii41 ,pope 7,b5$etto ,gaetano71 elect$ head ( ,*ri/5dom1 #bd ,dec4 #abid4 ,dur+ 8 qu>rel ) ,philip ! ,fair ( ,france *>ges 7 sworn on oa? aga9/ ,pope ,boniface t he nei!r believ$ 9 ! ,tr9ity nor 9 ! life to come1 t he said ! ,virg9 ,m>y 0 no m a virg9 ?an my "m2 t he did n obs]ve ! fa/s ( ! ,*ur*1 & t he spoke ( ! c>d9als1 monks1 & fri>s z hypocrites4 ,x 0 9 evid5ce t ! ,pope _h said ,god may d ! wor/ ) me t he pleases 9 ! future life2 ,i believe z e educat$ man does1 ! vulg> believe o!rwise4 ,we h to speak z !y d1 b we mu/ believe & ?9k ) ! few4 ,di$ #aa ,oct4 #acjc4 ,bonnyca/le 7,john71 ma!matician1 b4 ,:it*ur*1 ,bucks1 ab\t #agej4 ,he wrote sev]al works on elem5t>y ma!matics & became ,pr(essor ( ma!matics at ! ,royal ,milit>y ,academy1 ,woolwi*1 :]e he di$ #ae ,may1 #ahba4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,fuseli1 & private in=mation assures me he 0 a ,free?9k]4 ,booms 7,m>9us ,adriaansz71 ,dut* ,sp9ozi/1 a %oemak] by trade1 :o wrote e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 & on #a ,jan4 #agad1 0 bani%$4 ,bonnot de ,condillac 7,eti5ne7 see ,condillac4 ,bon/ett5 7,k>l ,victor von71 ,swiss ,dei/1 b4 ,b]ne1 #c ,sept #agde4 ,acqua9t$ ) ,voltaire & ,r\sseau he w5t to ,leyd5 & ,engl& to f9i% 8 education4 ,among 8 works are ,rese>*es on ! ,nature & ,laws ( ! ,imag9ation1 #ahjg2 & ,/udies on ,man1 #ahba4 ,di$ ,g5eva1 #c ,feb4 #ahcb4 ,borde 7,frdric71 editor ( ,la ,philosophie de l',av5ir1 ,p>is1 #ahge1 etc4 ,born ,la ,ro*elle #ahda4 ,has writt5 on ,lib]ty ( ,in/ruction1 etc4 ,born 7,ignaz von7 b>on1 b4 ,c>lsruhe1 #bf ,dec4 #agdb4 ,br$ by ! ,jesuits1 he became an ard5t sci5ti/ & a favorite ( ! ,empress ,m>ie ,!resa1 "u ^: patronage he publi%$ works on ,m9]alogy4 ,he 0 active z a ,freemason1 & ,illum9ati1 & publi%$ ) ! "n ,joannes ,physiophilus a /++ illu/rat$ satire entitl$ ,mon*alogia1 or ! natural hi/ory ( monks4 ,bosc 7,l\is ,augu/9 ,guillaume71 ,fr5* naturali/1 b4 ,p>is1 #bi ,jan4 #agei2 0 tutor & fri5d to ,madame ,rol& ^: ,memoirs he publi%$4 ,he wrote _m works on natural hi/ory4 ,di$ #aj ,july1 #ahbh4 ,b\*] 7,e4 ,m>t971 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,beaulieu1 #ahji2 contribut$ to ! ,rationali/ ( ,g5eva1 :]e he di$ #ahhb4 ,au?or ( a "w on ,revelation & ,rationalism1 entitl$ ,se>* = ! ,tru?1 ,avignon1 #ahhd4 ,b\ga9ville 7,l\is ,anto9e de7 ,c\nt1 ! fir/ ,fr5* voyag] :o made ! t\r ar\nd ! _w2 b4 ,p>is1 #aa ,nov4 #agbi4 ,di$ #ca ,aug4 #ahaa4 ,he wrote an int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 travels4 ,b\illi] 7,francisque71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,lyons #ab ,july #ahac1 has writt5 sev]al works on psy*ology1 & contribut$ to la ,lib]t de ,p5s]4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is a ,hi/ory ( ! ,c>tesian ,philosophy4 ,he is a memb] ( ! ,in/itute & writes 9 ! lead+ reviews4 ,b\is 7,casimir71 ,fr5* j\rnali/1 b4 ,t\lon #ahdh1 edit$ ,la ,libre ,p5se & wrote a satire on ! ,jesuits entitl$ ,calottes et ,s\tanes1 #ahgj4 ,s5t to ,new ,cal$onia = 8 p>ticipation 9 ! ,commune1 he has s9ce 8 return publi%$ a volume ( political v]ses entitl$ ,aprs le ,naufrage1 ,aft] ! ,%ipwreck1 #ahhj4 ,b\la9villi]s 7,h5ri de71 ,comte de ,/4 ,saire1 ,fr5* hi/orian & philosoph]1 b4 #aa ,oct4 #afeh4 ,8 pr9cipal hi/orical "w is an acc\nt ( ! anci5t ,fr5* ,p>liam5ts4 ,he also wrote a def5ce ( ,sp9ozism "u pret5ce ( a refutation ( ,sp9oza1 an analysis ( ,sp9oza's ,tractus ,!ologico-,politicus1 pr9t$ at ! end ( ,d\bts ^u ,religion1 ,londres1 #agfg4 ,a ,life ( ,muhammad1 ! fir/ ,european "w do+ ju/ice to ,islam1 & a ,hi/ory ( ! ,arabs also proce$$ f 8 p51 & he is "o ( ^? to :om is attribut$ ! treatise ) ! title ( ! ,?ree ,impo/ors1 #agee4 ,di$ #bc ,jan4 #agbb4 ,b\lang] 7,nicolas-,anto9e71 ,fr5* ,dei/1 b4 #aa ,nov4 #agbb4 ,di$ #af ,sept4 #agei4 ,he 0 = "s "t 9 ! army z eng9e]1 & aft]w>ds became surveyor ( public works4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 works 7 publi%$ by ,d',holba* :o rewrote !m4 ,8 pr9cipal works are ,antiquity ,unveil$ & ,rese>*es on ! ,orig9 ( ,ori5tal ,despotism4 ,*ri/ianity ,unveil$1 attribut$ to him & said by ,voltaire to h be5 by ,damilavile1 0 probably writt5 by ,d',holba*1 p]haps ) "s assi/ance f ,naigeon4 ,x 0 burnt by ord] ( ! ,fr5* ,p>liam5t #ah ,aug4 #aggj4 ,a ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,life & ,works ( ,/4 ,paul1 attribut$ to ,b\lang]1 0 really made up by d',holba* f ! "w ( ,annet4 ,b\lang] wrote diss]tations on ,eli%a1 ,eno* & ,/4 ,pet]1 & "s articles = ! ,encyclopdie4 ,b\rdet 7,dr47 ,eug5e1 ,fr5* ,positivi/1 b4 ,p>is1 #ahah4 ,au?or ( sev]al works on m$ic9e & ,positivi/ philosophy & education4 ,b\reau-,desl&s 7,a4 ,f47 ,see ,desl&es4 ,b\rget 7,paul71 ,fr5* littrateur1 b4 at ,ami5s 9 #aheb4 ,has made himself fam\s by 8 novels1 essays on contempor>y psy*ology1 /udies ( ,m4 ,rnan1 etc4 ,he belongs to ! ,naturali/ ,s*ool1 b 8 me?ods are less crude ?an ^? ( "s ( 8 colleagues4 ,8 insight is mo/ subtle1 & 8 /yle is exquisite4 ,b\tteville 7,m>c ,luci571 ,fr5* writ]1 pr(essor at ! ,lyce ,bonap>te2 has made translations f ,less+ & publi%$ an able "w on ! ,morality ( ! ,*ur* & ,natural ,morality1 #ahff1 = :i* ! cl]gy turn$ him out ( a pr(essor%ip he held at ,sa9te-,b>be4 ,bovio 7,giovanni71 ,pr(essor ( ,political ,economy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,naples & deputy to ! ,italian p>liam5t2 is an ard5t ,free?9k]4 ,bo? 9 8 writ+s & 9 p>liam5t ,pr(4 ,bovio opposes ! p[] ( ! ,vatican & ! reconciliation betwe5 ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,he has con/antly advocat$ lib]ty ( consci5ce & has promot$ ! in/itution ( a ,dante *air 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome4 ,he has writt5 a "w on ,! ,hi/ory ( ,law1 a copy ( :i* he pres5t$ to ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,free?9k]s1 #ahhg4 ,b[r+ 7,sir ,john1 ,k4,b41 ,,ll ,d471 politician1 l+ui/ & writ]1 b4 ,exet]1 #ag ,oct41 #agib4 ,9 e>ly life a pupil ( ,dr4 ,lant ,c>p5t] & lat] a disciple ( ,j]emy ,b5?am1 ^: pr9ciples he ma9ta9$ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 ( :i* he 0 editor1 #ahbe4 ,arre/$ 9 ,france 9 #ahbb1 aft] a =tnight's imprisonm5t he 0 releas$ )\t trial4 ,he publi%$ ,b5?am's ,deontology 7#ahcd71 & n9e ye>s aft] edit$ a complete collection ( ! works ( ,b5?am4 ,return$ to ,p>liam5t 9 '#ce1 & aft]w>ds 0 employ$ 9 important gov]nm5t missions4 ,9 '#ee he visit$ ,siam1 & two ye>s lat] publi%$ an acc\nt ( ,! ,k+dom & ,p ( ,siam4 ,he translat$ ,goe!1 ,s*ill]1 ,he9e1 & ! poems ( _m c\ntries2 0 an active memb] ( ! ,briti% ,association & ( ! ,social ,sci5ce ,association1 & did mu* to promote rational views on ! ,sunday "q4 ,di$ #bc ,nov4 #ahgb4 ,boyle 7,humphrey71 "o ( ! m5 :o left ,le$s = ! purpose ( s]v+ 9 ,r4 ,c>lile's %op :5 ! "r ( free publication 0 attack$ 9 #ahba4 ,boyle gave no "n1 & 0 indict$ & tri$ z a man ) "n unkn[n = publi%+ a blasphem\s & s$iti\s libel4 ,9 8 def5ce he ably ass]t$ 8 "r to hold & publi% 8 op9ions4 ,he read portions ( ! ,bible 9 c\rt to prove he 0 ju/ifi$ 9 call+ x obsc5e4 ,^u be+ s5t5c$1 #bg ,may1 #ahbb1 to eighte5 mon?s' imprisonm5t & to f9d sureties = five ye>s1 he rem>k$ ,i h a m9d1 my "l1 t c be> su* a s5t5ce ) =titude4 ,bradlaugh 7,*>les74 ,born ,ea/ ,london1 #bf ,sept4 #ahcc4 ,educat$ 9 ,be?nal ,gre5 & ,hackney4 ,he 0 turn$ f 8 ,sunday-s*ool tea*]%ip & f 8 fir/ situation ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,pack]1 & f\nd refuge ) ! wid[ ( ,r4 ,c>lile4 ,9 ,dec4 #ahej he ent]$ ! ,dragoon ,gu>ds & proce$$ to ,dubl94 ,"h he met ,james ,?omson1 ! poet1 & contract$ a fri5d%ip :i* la/$ = _m ye>s4 ,he got 8 dis*>ge1 & 9 '#ec return$ to ,london & became a solicitor's cl]k4 ,he began to write & lecture "u ! nom de gu]re ( ,iconocla/1 edit$ ! ,inve/igator1 '#ei2 & _h num]\s debates ) m9i/]s & o!rs4 ,9 #ahfj he began edit+ ! ,national ,re=m]1 :i* 9 '#fh-i he successfully def5d$ aga9/ a prosecution ( ! ,attorney ,g5]al1 :o wi%$ securities aga9/ blasphemy4 ,9 '#fh he began 8 ef=ts to ent] ,p>liam5t1 & 9 #ahhj 0 return$ = ,nor?ampton4 ,aft] a long /ruggle ) ! ,h\se1 :i* w\ld n admit ! ,a!i/1 he at l5g? took 8 seat 9 #ahhe4 ,he 0 f\r times re-elect$1 & ! litigation into :i* he 0 plung$ w become z hi/oric z t ( ,john ,wilkes4 ,prosecut$ 9 '#gf = publi%+ ,! ,fruits ( ,philosophy1 he succe$$ 9 qua%+ ! indictm5t4 ,mr4 ,bradlaugh has _h num]\s debates1 sev]al ( :i* are publi%$4 ,he has also writt5 _m pamphlets1 ( :i* we m5tion ,new ,lives ( ,abraham1 ,david1 & o!r sa9ts1 ,:o 0 ,jesus ,*ri/8 ,:at did ,jesus ,tea*8 ,has ,man a ,s\l1 ,is !re a ,god8 etc4 ,8 ,plea = ,a!ism rea*$ its #bj? ?\s& 9 #ahhj4 ,mr4 ,bradlaugh has also publi%$ ,:5 7 our ,gospels ,writt581 #ahfg2 ,h]esy1 its ,utility & ,morality1 #ahgj2 ,! ,inspiration ( ! ,bible1 #ahgc2 ,! ,free?9k]'s ,text ,book1 "p i41 deal+ ) natural religion1 #ahgf2 ,! ,laws ,relat+ to ,blasphemy & ,h]esy1 #ahgh2 ,sup]natural & ,rational ,morality1 #ahhf4 ,9 #aheg ,mr4 ,bradlaugh comm5c$ a comm5t>y on ! ,bible1 entitl$ ,! ,bible1 ,:at is x8 ,9 #ahfe ?is appe>$ 9 enl>g$ =m1 deal+ only ) ! ,p5tateu*4 ,9 #ahhb he publi%$ ,g5esis1 ,its ,au?or%ip & ,au!nticity4 ,9 ,p>liam5t ,mr4 ,bradlaugh has become a conspicu\s figure1 & has introduc$ _m important measures4 ,9 #ahhh he succe$$ 9 pass+ an ,oa?s ,bill1 mak+ affirmations p]missible in/ead ( oa?s4 ,8 eld] daught]1 ,alice1 b4 #cj ,april1 #ahef1 has writt5 on ,m9d ,consid]$ z a ,bodily ,function1 #ahhd4 ,di$ #b ,dec4 #ahhh4 ,8 second daught]1 ,hypatia ,bradlaugh ,bonn]1 b4 #ca ,m>*1 #aheh1 has writt5 ,pr9cess ,v]a & o!r /ories1 ,*emi/ry ( ,home1 etc4 ,brk/ad 7,hans ,li571 b4 ,?rondhjem1 ,norway1 #g ,sept4 #ahde4 ,has made ,engli% translations f ,bjrnson1 ,asbjrns51 ,&]s51 etc41 & has contribut$ to ,h>p]'s ,magaz9e & o!r p]iodical lit]ature4 ,br&es 7,georg ,morris ,coh571 ,dani% writ]1 by bir? a ,jew1 b4 ,cop5hag51 #d ,feb4 #ahdb4 ,9 #ahfi he translat$ ,j4 ,s4 ,mills' ,subjection ( ,wom51 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> took a doctor's degree = a philosophical treatise4 ,8 *ief "w is entitl$ ! ,ma9 ,curr5t ( ,lit]ature 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,8 bro!r1 ,dr4 ,edv>d ,br&es1 0 elect$ to ! ,dani% ,p>liam5t 9 #ahha1 despite 8 decl>ation t he did n believe ei!r 9 ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians or ( ! ,jews4 ,bray 7,*>les71 philosophic writ]1 b4 ,cov5try1 #ca ,jan4 #ahaa4 ,he 0 br\ght up z an ,evangelical1 b f\nd 8 way to ,free?\ght4 ,e>ly 9 life he took an active "p 9 promot+ unsect>ian education4 ,8 fir/ "w 7#ahce7 0 on ,! ,education ( ! ,body4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ,! ,education ( ! ,feel+s1 ( :i* !re 7 sev]al editions4 ,9 #ahcf he m>ri$ ,miss ,h5nell1 si/] ( ,c4 ,c4 ,h5nell1 & took ! ,sy/em ( ,nature & ,volney's ,ru9s ( ,empires to enliv5 ! honeymoon4 ,among 8 fri5ds 0 ,m>y ,ann ,evans 7,george ,eliot71 :o accompani$ ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,bray to ,italy4 ,8 works on ,! ,philosophy ( ,necessity 7#ahda7 & ,c]ebral ,psy*ology 7#ahge7 give ! key to all 8 ?\ght4 ,he wrote a numb] ( ,?omas ,scott's s]ies ( tracts3 ,illusion & ,delusion1 ,! ,reign ( ,law 9 ,m9d z 9 ,matt]1 ,tol]ation ) rem>ks on ,pr(essor ,tyndall's ,address1 & a little book1 ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,light ( our ,pres5t ,k & ,moral ,s5se 7#ahgf74 ,he also wrote ,a ,manual ( ,an?ropology & simil> works4 ,9 a po/script to 8 la/ volume1 ,phases ( ,op9ion & ,exp]i5ce ,dur+ a ,long ,life1 dat$ #ah ,sept4 #ahhd1 he /at$ t he has no hope or expectation or belief ev5 9 ! possibility ( cont9u$ individuality aft] dea?1 & t z 8 op9ions h done to live by !y w d to die by4 ,he di$ #e ,oct4 #ahhd4 ,bresson 7,lopold71 ,fr5* ,positivi/1 b4 ,lam>*e1 #ahag4 ,educat$ at ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 :i* he left 9 #ahdj & s]v$ on public works4 ,= sev5te5 ye>s 0 director ( an ,au/rian ,railway ,company4 ,wrote ,ides ,mod]nes1 #ahhj4 ,bridges 7,john ,h5ry71 ,m4,d4 ,engli% ,positivi/1 b4 #ahcc1 graduat$ ,b4,a4 at ,ox=d #ahee1 & ,b4,m4 #ahei2 has writt5 on ,religion & ,progress1 contribut$ to ! ,=tnightly ,review1 & translat$ ,comte's ,g5]al ,view ( ,positivism 7#ahfe7 & ,sy/em ( ,positive ,polity 7#ahgc74 ,bril 7,jakob71 ,dut* my/ical ,pan!i/1 b4 ,leyd51 #ba ,jan4 #afci4 ,di$ #agjj4 ,8 works 7 publi%$ at ,am/]dam1 #agje4 ,brissot 7,jean ,pi]re7 de ,w>ville1 active ,fr5* revolutioni/1 b4 ,*>tres1 #ad ,jan4 #aged4 ,he 0 br$ to ! law1 b took to lit]ature4 ,he wrote = ! ,c\ri] de l',europe1 a revolution>y pap] suppress$ = its boldness1 publi%$ a treatise on ,tru?1 & edit$ a ,philosophical ,law ,libr>y1 #aghb-he4 ,he wrote aga9/ ! legal au?ority ( ,rome1 & is cr$it$ ) ,philosophical ,lett]s ^u ,/4 ,paul & ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 ,neuf*atel1 #aghc4 ,9 #aghd he 0 imprison$ 9 ! ,ba/ille = 8 writ+s4 ,to avoid a second imprisonm5t he w5t to ,engl& & ,am]ica1 return+ to ,france at ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution4 ,he wrote _m political works1 became memb] ( ! ,legislative ,assembly1 =m$ ! ,girondi/ p>ty1 prote/$ aga9/ ! execution ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 & ^u ! triumph ( ! ,m\nta9 0 execut$ ) tw5ty-"o ( 8 colleagues1 #ca ,oct41 #agic4 ,brissot 0 a volum9\s writ]1 hone/1 unselfi%1 & an e>ne/ lov] ( fre$om 9 e =m4 ,bri/ol 7,augu/a71 ne ,coop]1 ,am]ican educator1 b4 ,croydon1 ,new ,hav51 #ag ,april1 #ahce4 ,9 #ahej became tea*] & ga9$ repute by h] ,poems4 ,9 ,sept4 #ahhj1 %e repres5t$ ,am]ican ,free?9k]s at ! ,int]national ,conf]5ce at ,brussels4 ,%e has writt5 on ,sci5ce & its ,relations to ,human ,"* & o!r works4 ,broca 7,pi]re ,paul71 ,fr5* an?ropologi/1 b4 #bh ,june1 #ahbd4 ,a h>d-work+ sci5ti/1 he paid special att5tion to craniology4 ,9 #ahge he f\nd$ ! ,s*ool ( ,an?ropology & _h among 8 pupils ,gratiolet1 ,top9>d1 ,hovelacque & ,dr4 ,c>t] ,blake1 :o translat$ 8 treatise on ,hybridity4 ,he e/abli%$ ,! ,review ( ,an?ropology1 publi%$ num]\s sci5tific works & 0 made a memb] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,9 philosophy he incl9$ to ,positivism4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #i ,july1 #ahhj4 ,brooksbank 7,william71 b4 ,nott+ham #f ,dec4 #ahja4 ,9 #ahbd he wrote 9 ,c>lile's ,lion1 & has s9ce contribut$ to ! ,reason]1 ! ,pa?f9d]1 & ! ,national ,re=m]4 ,he 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,james ,watson4 ,he wrote ,a ,sket* ( ! ,religions ( ! ,e>?1 ,revelation ,te/$ by ,a/ronomy1 ,geography1 ,geology1 etc41 #ahef1 & "s o!r pamphlets4 ,mr4 ,brooksbank is /ill liv+ 9 honor$ age at ,nott+ham4 ,bro?i] 7,lon71 au?or ( a ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 #ahfa1 & o!r works 9 ! ,biblio?que ,utile4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,rationali/ ( ,g5eva4 ,br\ssais 7,franois ,joseph ,victor71 ,fr5* physician & philosoph]1 b4 ,sa9t ,malo1 #ag ,dec4 #aggb4 ,educat$ at ,d9an1 9 #agib he s]v$ z volunte] 9 ! army ( ! ,republic4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,/4 ,malo & ,bre/1 & became a naval surgeon4 ,a disciple ( ,bi*at1 he did mu* to re=m m$ical sci5ce by 8 ,exam9ation ( ,receiv$ ,m$ical ,doctr9es & to f9d a basis = m5tal & moral sci5ce 9 physiology by 8 _m sci5tific works4 ,despite 8 bold op9ions1 he 0 made ,comm&] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,he di$ poor at ,/4 ,malo #ag ,nov4 #ahch1 leav+ beh9d a pr(ession ( fai?1 9 :i* he decl>es 8 disbelief 9 a creator & 8 be+ )\t hope or fe> ( ano!r life4 ,br[n 7,george ,william71 ,dr41 ( ,rock=d1 ,ill9ois1 b4 9 ,essex ,co41 ,n4,y41 ,oct4 #ahbj1 ( ,bapti/ p>5ts4 ,at #ag ye>s ( age he 0 expell$ ! *ur* = repudiat+ ! dogma ( an endless hell4 ,dr4 ,br[n edit$ ! ,h]ald ( ,fre$om1 ,kansas4 ,9 #ahef 8 (fice 0 de/roy$ by a pro-slav]y mob1 8 type ?r[n into ! riv]1 & himself & o!rs arre/$ b 0 releas$ )\t trial4 ,dr4 ,br[n has contribut$ l>gely to ! ,ironclad ,age & o!r ,am]ican ,free?\ght pap]s1 & is br++ out a "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,br[n 7,titus ,l471 ,dr41 b4 #af ,oct4 #ahbc1 at ,hillside 7,n4,y474 ,/udi$ at ! ,m$ical ,college ( ,new ,york & graduat$ at ! ,homoeopa?ic ,college1 ,philadelphia4 ,he settl$ at ,b+hamton :]e he _h a l>ge practice4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator & 9 #ahgg 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,free?9k]s ,association4 ,di$ #ag ,aug4 #ahhg4 ,br[ne 7,sir ,?omas71 physician & writ]1 b4 ,london1 #ai ,oct4 #afje4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e & travell$ on ! ,cont95t1 tak+ 8 doctor's degree at ,leyd5 7#afcc74 ,he f9ally settl$ at ,norwi*1 :]e he _h a good practice4 ,8 treatise ,religio ,m$ici1 fam\s = its f9e /yle & curi\s mixture ( fai? & scepticism1 0 surreptiti\sly publi%$ 9 #afdb4 ,x ran ?r\gh sev]al editions & 0 plac$ on ! ,roman ,index4 ,8 ,pseudodoxia ,epidemica2 ,enquiries into ,vulg> & ,common ,errors1 appe>$ 9 #afdf4 ,:ile disput+ _m popul> sup]/itions he %[$ he p>took ( o!rs4 ,?is curi\s "w 0 foll[$ by ,hydriotaphia1 or ,urn-,burial1 9 :i* he treats ( cremation among ! anci5ts4 ,to ?is 0 add$ ,! ,g>d5 ( ,cyrus4 ,he di$ #ai ,oct4 #afhb4 ,bruno 7,giordano71 ,free?\ght m>tyr1 b4 at ,nola1 ne> ,naples1 ab\t #aedh4 ,he 0 *ri/5$ ,filippo :i* he *ang$ to ,filoteo1 tak+ ! "n ( ,giordano :5 he ent]$ ! ,dom9ican ord]4 ,religi\s d\bts & bold /rictures on ! monks oblig$ him to quit ,italy1 probably 9 #aehj4 ,he w5t to ,g5eva b soon f\nd x no safe abid+ place1 & quitt$ x = ,p>is1 :]e he taught1 b refus$ to att5d mass4 ,9 #aehc he visit$ ,engl&1 liv+ ) ! ,fr5* ambassador ,ca/elnau4 ,hav+ =m$ a fri5d%ip ) ,sir ,philip ,sidney1 he d$icat$ to him 8 ,spaccio della ,be/ia ,triomfante1 a satire on all my?ologies4 ,9 #aehe he took "p 9 a logical t\rnam5t1 su/a9+ ! ,cop]nican !ory aga9/ ! doctors ( ,ox=d4 ,! foll[+ ye> he return$ to ,p>is1 :]e he aga9 attack$ ! ,ari/otelians4 ,he !n travell$ to v>i\s cities 9 ,g]many1 ev]y:]e prea*+ ! broade/ h]esy4 ,he publi%$ sev]al ,pan!i/ic1 sci5tific & philosophical works4 ,he 0 h[ev] induc$ to return to ,italy1 & arre/$ z an h]esi>* & apo/ate at ,v5ice1 ,sept4 #aeib4 ,aft] be+ conf9$ = sev5 ye>s by ! ,inquisitors1 he 0 tri$1 & burnt at ,rome #ag ,feb4 #afjj4 ,at 8 la/ mom5ts a crucifix 0 (f]$ him1 :i* he nobly reject$4 ,bruno 0 va/ly be=e 8 age 9 8 conception ( ! univ]se & 8 rejection ( !ological dogmas4 ,a /atue ( ?is h]oic apo/le ( lib]ty & light1 execut$ by "o ( ! fir/ sculptors ( ,italy1 is to be erect$ on ! spot :]e he p]i%$1 ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,rome hav+ grant$ ! site 9 face ( ! bitt]e/ opposition ( ! ,ca?olic p>ty4 ,! li/ ( subscrib]s to ?is memorial comprises ! pr9cipal advanc$ ?9k]s 9 ,europe & ,am]ica4 ,brzesky 7,casimir ,liszynsky ,pods$ek74 ,see ,lisz9ski4 ,bucali or ,busali 7,leon>do71 a ,calabrian abbot ( ,spani% desc5t1 :o became a foll[] ( ,s]vetus 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 & _h to seek among ! ,turks ! safety d5i$ him 9 ,*ri/5dom4 ,he di$ at ,damascus4 ,bu*anan 7,george71 ,scot* hi/orian & s*ol>1 b4 ,kille>n1 ,feb4 #aejf4 ,ev9c+ an e>ly love ( /udy1 he 0 s5t to ,p>is at ! age ( f\rte54 ,he return$ to ,scotl& & became di/+ui%$ = 8 le>n+4 ,james ,v4 appo9t$ him tutor to 8 natural son4 ,he compos$ 8 ,franciscanus et ,fratres1 a satire on ! monks1 :i* ha/5$ ! ,scotti% re=mation4 ,?is expos$ him to ! v5geance ( ! cl]gy4 ,n cont5t ) call+ him ,a!i/1 ,ar*bi%op ,beaton _h him arre/$ & conf9$ 9 ,/4 ,&rew's ,ca/le1 f :5ce he escap$ & fl$ to ,engl&4 ,"h he f\nd1 z he said1 ,h5ry ,,viii4 burn+ m5 ( opposite op9ions at ! same /ake = religion4 ,he return$ to ,p>is1 b 0 aga9 subject$ to ! p]secution ( ,beaton1 ! ,scotti% ,ambassador4 ,on ! dea? ( a patron at ,bordeaux1 9 #aedh1 he 0 seiz$ by ! ,inquisition & immur$ = a ye> & a half 9 a mona/]y1 :]e he translat$ ! ,psalms into ,lat94 ,he ev5tually return$ to ,scotl&1 :]e he esp\s$ ! p>ty ( ,moray4 ,aft] a mo/ active life1 he di$ #bh ,sept4 #aehb1 leav+ a ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&1 besides num]\s poems1 satires1 & political writ+s1 ! mo/ important ( :i* is a "w ( republican t5d5cy1 ,de ,jure ,regni1 ! ,rights ( ,k+s4 ,bu*anan 7,rob]t71 ,sociali/1 b4 ,ayr1 #ahac4 ,he 0 successively a s*oolma/]1 a ,sociali/ mission>y & a j\rnali/4 ,he settl$ 9 ,man*e/]1 :]e he publi%$ works on ! ,religion ( ,! ,pa/ & ,pres5t1 #ahci2 ! ,orig9 & ,nature ( ,gho/s1 #ahdj4 ,an ,exposure ( ,joseph ,b>k]1 & a ,concise ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,prie/craft also be> ! latt] date4 ,at ?is "t ! ,sociali/s 7 prosecut$ = lectur+ on ,sunday1 & ,bu*anan 0 f9$ = refus+ to take ! oa? ( supremacy1 etc4 ,aft] ! decl9e ( ,ow5ism1 he wrote = ! ,nor!rn ,/>1 & edit$ ! ,glasg[ ,s5t9el4 ,he di$ at ! home ( 8 son1 ! poet1 at ,bexhill1 ,sussex1 #d ,m>*1 #ahff4 ,bu*anan 7,joseph ,rhodes71 ,am]ican physician1 b4 ,frank=t1 ,k5tucky1 #aa ,dec4 #ahad4 ,he graduat$ ,m4,d4 at ,l\isville ,univ]sity1 #ahdb1 & has be5 ! tea*] ( physiology at sev]al colleges4 ,f #ahdi-ef he publi%$ ,bu*anan's ,j\rnal ( ,man1 & has writt5 sev]al works on ,an?ropology4 ,bu*n] 7,ludwig74 ,see ,bue*n]4 ,buckle 7,h5ry ,?omas71 philosophical hi/orian1 b4 ,lee1 ,k5t1 #bd ,nov4 #ahba4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 delicate heal? he 0 educat$ at home4 ,8 "m 0 a /rict ,calv9i/1 8 fa!r a /rong ,tory1 b a visit to ! ,cont95t made him a ,free?9k] & ,radical4 ,he ev] aft]w>ds held travell+ to be ! be/ education4 ,x 0 8 ambition to write a ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation 9 ,engl&1 b s va/ 0 8 design t 8 ?ree notable volumes ) t title =m only "p ( ! introduction4 ,! fir/ appe>$ 9 #aheh1 & creat$ a great s5sation by its boldness4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he *ampion$ ! cause ( ,pooley1 :o 0 condemn$ = blasphemy1 & d>$ ! prosecution ( infidels ( /&+4 ,9 #ahfa he visit$ ! ,ea/1 9 ! hope ( improv+ 8 heal?1 b di$ at ,damascus1 #bi ,may1 #ahfb4 ,mu* ( ! mat]ial collect$ = 8 ,hi/ory has be5 publi%$ 9 8 ,miscellane\s & ,po/hum\s ,works1 edit$ by ,hel5 ,taylor1 #ahgb4 ,an abridg$ edition1 edit$ by ,grant ,all51 appe>$ 9 #ahhf4 ,bue*n] 7,fri$ri* ,k>l ,*ri/ian ,ludwig71 ,g]man mat]iali/1 b4 ,d>m/adt1 #bi ,m>*1 #ahbd4 ,/udi$ m$ic9e 9 ,geiss51 ,/rassburg & ,vi5na4 ,9 '#ee he />tl$ ! _w ) 8 bold "w on ,=ce & ,matt]1 :i* has gone ?r\gh num]\s editions & be5 translat$ into ne>ly all ! ,european languages4 ,?is "w lo/ him ! place ( pr(essor :i* he held at ,tb+51 & he has s9ce practis$ 9 8 native t[n4 ,b*n] has develop$ 8 ideas 9 _m o!r works su* z ,nature & ,_s 7#aheg71 ,physiological ,sket*es1 '#fa2 ,nature & ,sci5ce1 '#fb2 ,conf]5ces on ,d>w9ism1 '#fi2 ,man 9 ! ,pa/1 ,pres5t & ,future1 '#fi2 ,mat]ialism its ,hi/ory & ,influ5ce on ,society1 '#gc2 ,! ,idea ( ,god1 '#gd2 ,m9d 9 ,animals1 '#hj2 & ,light & ,life1 '#hb4 ,he also contributes to ! ,freid5k]1 ! ,dag]aad1 & o!r j\rnals4 ,buffon 7,georges ,l\is ,lecl]c71 ,c\nt de1 ,fr5* naturali/1 b4 ,mont=d1 ,burgundy1 #g ,sept4 #agjg4 ,an incessant work]4 ,8 ,natural ,hi/ory 9 #cf volumes be>s witness to ! f]tility ( 8 m9d & 8 capacity = mak+ sci5ce attractive4 ,buffon liv$ mu* 9 seclusion1 & atta*$ himself to no sect or religion4 ,"s ( 8 s5t5ces 7 attack$ by ! ,sorbonne4 ,hrault de ,s*elles says t ,buffon said3 ,i h nam$ ! ,creator1 b x is only necess>y to take out ! ^w & sub/itute ! p[] ( nature4 ,di$ at ,p>is #af ,april1 #aghh4 ,buit5dijk or ,buyt5dyck 7,gosu9us van71 ,dut* ,sp9ozi/1 :o wrote an ,apology at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury & 0 bani%$ #agaf4 ,bufal9i 7,maurizio71 ,italian doctor1 b4 ,ces5a #b ,june1 #aghg4 ,9 #ahac he publi%$ an essay on ! ,doctr9e ( ,life 9 opposition to vitalism1 & h5ce=w>d 8 life 0 a conflict ) ! uphold]s ( t doctr9e4 ,he 0 accus$ ( mat]ialism1 b became a pr(essor at ,flor5ce & a memb] ( ! ,italian ,s5ate 9 #ahfj4 ,di$ at ,flor5ce #ca ,m>*1 #ahge4 ,burda* 7,k>l ,fri$ri*71 ,g]man physiologi/1 b4 ,leipsic #ab ,june1 #aggf4 ,he occupi$ a *air at ! ,univ]sity ( ,breslau4 ,8 works on physiology & an?ropology did mu* to popul>ise ^? sci5ces1 & ! =m] is plac$ on ! ,index ,librorum ,prohibitorum = its mat]iali/ic t5d5cy4 ,he di$ at ,konigsb]g1 #af ,july1 #ahdg4 ,burdon 7,william71 ,m4,a41 writ]1 b4 ,newca/le1 #aa ,sept4 #agfd4 ,graduat$ at ,emmanuel ,college1 ,cambridge1 #aghh4 ,he 0 int5d$ = a cl]gyman1 b want ( fai? made him decl9e t pr(ession4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is entitl$ ,mat]ials = ,?9k+4 ,colton l>gely avail$ himself ( ?is "w 9 8 ,lacon4 ,x w5t ?r\gh five editions 9 8 lifetime1 & portions 7 repr9t$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,reason4 ,he also address$ ,?ree ,lett]s to ! ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff1 wrote a ,life & ,"* ( ,bonap>te1 translat$ an acc\nt ( ! ,revolution 9 ,spa91 edit$ ! ,memoirs ( ,c\nt ,boruwlaski1 & wrote "s objections to ! annual subscription to ! ,sons ( ! ,cl]gy4 ,di$ 9 ,london1 #cj ,may1 #ahah4 ,burigny 7,jean ,levesque de71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,rheims1 #afib4 ,he became a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 wrote a treatise on ! ,au?ority ( ! ,pope1 a ,hi/ory ( ,pagan ,philosophy & o!r works1 & is cr$it$ ) ! ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,apologi/s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,fr]et by ,naigeon1 #agff4 ,levesque de ,burigny wrote a lett] 9 answ] to ,b]gi]'s ,pro(s ( ,*ri/ianity1 :i* is publi%$ 9 ,naigeon's ,recueil ,philosophique4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #h ,oct4 #aghe4 ,burmei/] 7,h]mann71 ,g]man naturali/1 b4 ,/ralsund1 #ae ,jan4 #ahjg4 ,9 #ahbg he became a doctor at ,halle4 ,9 '#dh he 0 elect$ to ! ,national ,assembly4 ,9 #ahej he w5t to ,brazil4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ,! ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 #ahdc4 ,burmei/] or ,baurmei/] 7,johann ,pet] ,!odor7 a ,g]man ,rationali/ & colleague ( ,ronge4 ,born at ,fl5sburg1 #ahje4 ,he resid$ 9 ,hamburg1 & wrote 9 ! middle ( ! pres5t c5tury "u ! "n ( ,j4 ,p4 ,lys]4 ,burnet 7,?omas71 b4 ab\t #afce at ,cr(t1 ,york%ire4 ,?r\gh ! int]e/ ( a pupil1 ! ,duke ( ,ormonde1 he obta9$ ! ma/]%ip ( ! ,*>t]h\se1 #afhe4 ,9 #afha ! fir/ "p ( 8 ,telluris ,!oria ,sacra1 or ,sacr$ ,!ory ( ! ,e>?1 appe>$ 9 ,lat91 & 0 translat$ & modifi$ 9 #afhd4 ,9 #afib ,burnet publi%$1 bo? 9 ,engli% & 9 ,lat91 8 ,ar*ologi ,philosophic1 or ! ,anci5t ,doctr9e ( ! ,orig9 ( ,?+s4 ,he pr(esses 9 ?is to reconcile 8 !ory ) ,g5esis1 :i* receives a figurative int]pretation2 & a ludicr\s dialogue betwe5 ,eve & ! s]p5t gave great (f5ce4 ,9 a popul> ballad ,burnet is repres5t$ z say+-- ,t all ! books ( ,moses ,7 no?+ b supposes4 ,he _h to resign a position at c\rt4 ,9 lat] life he wrote ,de ,fide et ,(ficiis ,*ri/ianorum 7on ,*ri/ian ,fai? & ,duties71 9 :i* he reg>ds hi/orical religions z bas$ on ! religion ( nature1 & rejects orig9al s9 & ! magical !ory ( sacram5ts2 & ,de ,/atu ,mortuorum et ,resurg5tium1 on ! ,/ate ( ! ,dead & ,resurrect$1 9 :i* he oppos$ ! doctr9e ( et]nal puni%m5t & %ad[$ =? a s*eme ( ,deism4 ,^! books he kept to himself to avoid a prosecution = h]esy1 b _h a few copies pr9t$ = private fri5ds4 ,he di$ 9 ! ,*>t]h\se #bg ,sept4 #agae4 ,a tract entitl$ ,hell ,torm5ts n ,et]nal 0 publi%$ 9 #agci4 ,burnett 7,james71 ,"l ,monboddo1 a le>n$ ,scot* writ] & judge1 0 b4 ,monboddo1 ,oct4 #agad4 ,he adopt$ ! law z 8 pr(ession1 became a celebrat$ advocate1 & 0 made a judge 9 #agfg4 ,8 "w on ! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,language 7publi%$ anonym\sly #aggc-ib71 excit$ mu* d]ision by 8 /udy+ man z "o ( ! animals & collect+ facts ab\t savage tribes to ?r[ light on civilisation4 ,he fir/ ma9ta9$ t ! orang-outang 0 alli$ to ! human species4 ,he also wrote on ,anci5t ,metaphysics4 ,he 0 a ke5 debat] & discuss$ ) ,hume1 ,adam ,smi?1 ,rob]tson1 & ,"l ,kames4 ,di$ 9 ,ed9burgh1 #bf ,may1 #agii4 ,burn\f 7,emile ,l\is71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,valonges1 #be ,aug4 #ahba4 ,he became pr(essor ( anci5t lit]ature to ! faculty ( ,nancy4 ,au?or ( _m works1 includ+ a translation ( selections f ! ,novum ,organum ( ,bacon1 ! ,bhagvat-,gita1 an ,introduction to ! ,v$as1 a hi/ory ( ,greek ,lit]ature1 ,/udies 9 ,japanese1 & articles 9 ! ,revue des deux ,mondes4 ,8 h]esy is pron\nc$ 9 8 "w on ! ,sci5ce ( ,religions1 #ahgh1 9 8 ,contempor>y ,ca?olicism1 & ,life & ,?\ght1 #ahhf4 ,burn\f 7,eugne71 ,fr5* ,ori5tali/1 c\s9 ( ! prec$+2 b4 ,p>is1 #ab ,aug4 #ahja4 ,he op5$ up to ! ,we/]n _w ! ,pali language1 & ) x ! treasures ( ,buddhism1 ^: ess5tially ,a!i/ic "* he ma9ta9$4 ,to him also we are l>gely indebt$ = a k ( ,z5d & ( ! ,ave/a ( ! ,zoroa/rians4 ,he translat$ num]\s ,ori5tal works & wrote a valuable ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,indian ,buddhism4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #bh ,may1 #aheb4 ,burns 7,rob]t71 ,scotl&'s greate/ poet1 b4 ne> ,ayr1 #be ,jan4 #agei4 ,8 fa!r 0 a small f>m]1 ( enlight5$ views4 ,! life & works ( ,burns are kn[n ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,8 ,free?\ght is evid5t f su* productions z ! ,holy ,fair1 ,! ,kirk's ,al>m1 & ,holy ,willie's ,pray]1 & _m passages 9 private lett]s to 8 mo/ famili> male fri5ds4 ,di$ at ,dumfries1 #ba ,july1 #agif4 ,burr 7,william ,h5ry71 ,am]ican au?or1 b4 #ahai1 ,glov]sville1 ,n4,y41 graduat$ at ,union ,college1 ,s*5ectady1 became a %or?& report] to ! ,s5ate4 ,9 #ahfi he retir$ & devot$ himself to lit]>y rese>*4 ,he is ! anonym\s au?or ( ,revelations ( ,anti*ri/1 a le>n$ book :i* exposes ! obscurity ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & seeks to %[ t ! hi/orical ,jesus liv$ almo/ a c5tury be=e ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,he has also writt5 sev]al pamphlets3 ,?omas ,pa9e 0 ,junius1 #ahhj3 ,self ,contradictions ( ! ,bible2 ,is ! ,bible a ,ly+ ,humbug8 ,a ,roman ,ca?olic ,can>d1 etc4 ,he has also frequ5tly contribut$ to ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator1 ! ,new ,york ,tru?seek]1 & ! ,ironclad ,age ( ,indianapolis4 ,burton 7,sir ,ri*>d ,francis71 travell]1 l+ui/1 & au?or1 b4 ,b>ham ,h\se1 ,h]ts1 #ai ,m>*1 #ahba4 ,int5d$ = ! ,*ur*1 he matriculat$ at ,ox=d1 b 9 #ahdb ent]$ ! ,ea/ ,india ,company's s]vice1 s]v$ on ! /aff ( ,sir ,c4 ,napi]1 & soon acquir$ reputation z an intrepid explor]4 ,9 '#ea he return$ to ,engl& & />t$ = ,mecca & ,m$9a1 visit+ ^? %r9es unsuspect$1 z a ,moslem pilgrim4 ,he 0 *ief ( ! /aff ( ! ,osmanli cavalry 9 ! ,crimean w>1 & has made _m rem>kable & dang]\s exp$itions 9 unkn[n l&s2 he discov]$ & op5$ ! lake regions 9 ,c5tral ,africa & explor$ ! highl&s ( ,brazil4 ,he has be5 consul at ,f]n&o ,po1 ,santos1 ,damascus1 & s9ce #ahgb at ,trie/e1 & speaks ov] ?irty languages4 ,8 late/ "w is a new translation ( ,! ,?\s& ,nights & a ,night 9 #aj vols4 ,be+ ?reat5$ ) a prosecution1 he int5d$ ju/ify+ lit]al naturalism f ! ,bible4 ,burton's k ( ,arabic is s p]fect t :5 he us$ to read ! tales to ,arabs1 !y w\ld roll on ! gr\nd 9 fits ( laught]4 ,butl] 7,samuel71 poet1 b4 9 ,/r5%am1 ,worce/]%ire1 ,feb4 #afab4 ,9 e>ly life he came "u ! influ5ce ( ,seld54 ,he /udi$ pa9t+1 & is said to h pa9t$ a head ( ,cromwell f life4 ,he became cl]k to ,sir ,samuel ,luke1 "o ( ,cromwell's ,g5]als1 :om he has satiris$ z ,hudibras4 ,?is celebrat$ burlesque poem appe>$ 9 #affc & became fam\s1 b1 al?\gh ! k+ & c\rt 7 *>m$ ) its wit1 ! au?or 0 all[$ to rema9 9 pov]ty & obscurity till he di$ at ,cov5t ,g>d51 ,london1 #be ,sept4 #afhj4 ,butl] express$ ! op9ion t ,religion is ! int]e/ ( *ur*es ,t sell 9 o!r worlds 9 ?is to pur*ase4 ,buttmann 7,philipp ,k>l71 ,g]man philologi/1 b4 ,frank=t1 #e ,dec4 #agfd4 ,became libr>ian ( ! ,royal ,libr>y at ,b]l94 ,he edit$ _m ( ! ,greek ,classics1 wrote on ! ,my? ( ! ,deluge1 #ahai1 & a le>n$ "w on ,my?ology1 #ahbh4 ,di$ ,b]l91 #ba ,june1 #ahbi4 ,buzot 7,franois ,lon>d ,nicolas71 ,fr5* ,girond91 di/+ui%$ z an ard5t ,republican & a fri5d & lov] ( ,madame ,rol&4 ,born at ,evreux1 #a ,m>*1 #agfj2 he di$ f />vation :5 hid+ aft] ! suppression ( 8 p>ty ,june1 #agic4 ,byel9sky 7,viss>ion ,g47 ,see ,bel9sky4 ,byron 7,george ,gordon ,noel7 ,"l1 b4 ,london1 #bb ,jan4 #aghh4 ,he succe$$ 8 gr&-uncle ,william 9 #agih2 0 s5t to ,h>r[ & ,cambridge4 ,9 #ahjg he publi%$ 8 ,h\rs ( ,idl5ess1 & awoke "o morn+ to f9d himself fam\s4 ,8 p[] 01 h[ev]1 fir/ %[n 9 8 ,engli% ,b>ds & ,scot* ,review]s1 9 :i* he satiris$ 8 critics1 #ahji4 ,he !n travell$ on ! ,cont95t1 ! result ( :i* 0 se5 9 8 ,*ilde ,h>old's ,pilgrimage & o!r works4 ,he m>ri$ #b ,jan4 #ahae1 b a sep>ation took place 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,"l ,byron !n resid$ 9 ,italy1 :]e he made ! acqua9tance ( ,%elley4 ,9 #ahbc he devot$ 8 "n & =tune to ! cause ( ! ,greek revolution1 b 0 seiz$ ) fev] & di$ at ,missolonghi1 #ai ,april1 #ahbd4 ,8 drama ( ,ca93 a ,my/]y1 #ahbb1 is 8 mo/ s]i\s utt]ance1 & x %[s a pr(\nd contempt = religi\s dogma4 ,?is feel+ is also exhibit$ 9 8 magnific5t burlesque poem1 ,! ,vision ( ,judgm5t1 :i* places him at ! head ( ,engli% satiri/s4 ,9 8 lett]s to ! ,rev4 ,francis ,hodgson1 #ahaa1 he di/9ctly says3 ,i d n believe 9 any reveal$ religion4444 ,i w h no?+ to d ) y\r immortality2 we are mis]able en\gh 9 ?is life1 )\t ! absurdity ( speculat+ ^u ano!r4444 ,! basis ( y\r religion is inju/ice2 ! ,son ( ,god1 ! pure1 ! immaculate1 ! innoc5t1 is sacrific$ = ! guilty1 etc4 ,cabanis 7,pi]re ,jean ,george71 call$ by ,lange ! fa!r ( ! mat]iali/ic physiology1 b4 ,conac1 #e ,june1 #ageg4 ,became pupil ( ,condillac & fri5d ( ,mirabeau1 :om he att5d$ 9 8 la/ illness1 ( :i* he publi%$ an acc\nt #agia4 ,he 0 also intimate ) ,turgot1 ,condorcet1 ,holba*1 ,did]ot1 & o!r di/+ui%$ ,free?9k]s1 & 0 elect$ memb] ( ! ,in/itute & ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,five ,hundr$ 9 ! ,revolution4 ,8 works are mo/ly m$ical1 ! *ief be+ ,des ,rapports du ,physique et du ,morale de l',homme1 9 :i* he cont5ds t ?\ghts are a secretion ( ! bra94 ,di$ ,rueil1 ne> ,p>is1 #e ,may1 #ahjh4 ,csalp9us 7,&reas71 ,italian philosoph] ( ! ,r5aissance1 b4 ,arezzo1 ,tuscany1 #aeai4 ,he became ,pr(essor ( ,botany at ,pisa1 & ,l9nu admits 8 obligations to 8 "w1 ,de ,plantis1 #aehc4 ,he also wrote works on metals & m$ic9e1 & %[$ acqua9tance ) ! circulation ( ! blood4 ,9 a "w entitl$ ,demonum ,inve/igatio1 he cont5ds t possession by devils is am5able to m$ical treatm5t4 ,8 ,qu/ionum ,p]ipatetic>um1 9 five books1 ,g5eva1 #aefh1 0 condemn$ z tea*+ a ,pan!i/ic doctr9e simil> to t ( ,sp9oza4 ,bi%op ,p>k] d5\nc$ him4 ,di$ #bc ,feb4 #afjc4 ,cs> 7,caius ,julius71 ! =emo/ man ( all ?is _w1 equally r5[n$ z soldi]1 /atesman1 orator1 & writ]1 b4 #ab ,july1 #ajj ,b4,c41 ( noble family4 ,8 life1 ! p>ticul>s ( :i* are well kn[n1 0 an extraord9>y display ( v]satility1 en]gy1 c\rage1 & magnanimity4 ,he ju/ifi$ ! well-kn[n l9e ( ,pope1 ,cs> ! _w's great ma/] & 8 own4 ,8 milit>y tal5ts elevat$ him to ! po/ ( dictator1 b ?is s]v$ to raise aga9/ him a b& ( ari/ocratic conspirators1 by :om he 0 assass9at$1 #ae ,m>*1 #dd ,b4,c4 ,8 ,comm5t>ies are a model ( insight & cle> expression4 ,sallu/ relates t he que/ion$ ! exi/5ce ( a future /ate 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,roman s5ate4 ,fr\de says3 ,8 own writ+s conta9 no?+ to indicate t he himself _h any religi\s belief at all4 ,he saw no evid5ce t ! gods practically int]f]$ 9 human affairs4444 ,he held to ! facts ( ?is life & to 8 own convictions2 & z he f\nd no reason = suppos+ t !re 0 a life beyond ! grave he did n pret5d to expect x4 ,cahuac 7,john71 booksell]1 revis$ an edition ( ,palm]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,nature1 #ahai4 ,= ?is he 0 prosecut$ at ! in/ance ( ! ,vice ,society1 b ! matt] 0 compromis$4 ,he 0 also prosecut$ = sell+ ! ,republican1 #ahbj4 ,cald]9o 7,domizio71 a le>n$ writ] ( ! ,r5aissance1 b4 9 #adde1 9 ! t]ritory ( ,v]ona1 & liv$ at ,rome1 :]e he 0 pr(essor ( lit]ature1 9 #adgg4 ,he edit$ & comm5t$ ^u _m ( ! ,lat9 poets4 ,bayle says he 0 )\t religion4 ,di$ 9 #adgh4 ,cal5zio 7,eliseo71 an ,italian writ]1 b4 9 ! k+dom ( ,naples ab\t #addj4 ,he 0 preceptor to ,pr9ce ,fr$]ic1 ! son ( ,f]d9&1 ! ,k+ ( ,naples4 ,he di$ 9 #aejc1 leav+ beh9d a numb] ( satires1 fables & epigrams1 "s ( :i* are direct$ aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,call 7,wa!n ,m>k ,wilks71 ,engli% au?or1 b4 #g ,june1 #ahag4 ,educat$ at ,cambridge1 ent]$ ! m9i/ry 9 #ahdc1 b resign$ 8 curacy ab\t #ahef on acc\nt ( 8 *ange ( op9ions1 :i* he rec\nts 9 8 preface to ,rev]b]ations1 #ahgf4 ,mr4 ,call is ( ! ,positivi/ s*ool1 & has contribut$ l>gely to ! ,=tnightly & ,we/m9/] ,reviews4 ,callet 7,pi]re ,augu/e71 ,fr5* politician1 b4 ,/4 ,eti5ne1 #bg ,oct4 #ahab2 became editor ( ! ,gazette ( ,france till #ahdj4 ,9 #ahdh he 0 nom9at$ ,republican repres5tative4 ,at ! c\p d'tat ( #b ,dec4 #ahea1 he took refuge 9 ,belgium4 ,he return$ to ,france1 b 0 imprison$ = writ+ aga9/ ! ,empire4 ,9 #ahga1 ,callet 0 aga9 elect$ repres5tative = ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,loire4 ,8 *ief ,free?\ght "w is ,l',enf]1 an attack ^u ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( hell1 #ahfa4 ,camisani 7,gregorio71 ,italian writ]1 b4 at ,v5ice1 #ahaj4 ,a ,pr(essor ( ,languages 9 ,milan4 ,he has translat$ ! ,upas ( ,capta9 ,r4 ,h4 ,dyas & o!r works4 ,campanella 7,tommaso71 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 ,/ilo1 ,calabria1 #e ,sept4 #aefh4 ,he ent]$ ! ,dom9ican ord]1 b 0 too mu* attract$ by ! works ( ,telesio to please 8 sup]iors4 ,9 #aeij 8 ,philosophia ,s5sibus ,demon/ratio 0 pr9t$ at ,naples4 ,be+ prosecut$1 he fl$ to ,rome1 & !nce to ,flor5ce1 ,v5ice1 & ,padua4 ,at ,bologna "s ( 8 ,,ms4 fell into ! h&s ( ! ,inquisition1 & he 0 arre/$4 ,he ably def5d$ himself & 0 acquitt$4 ,return+ to ,calabria 9 #aeii1 he 0 arre/$ on *>ges ( h]esy & conspiracy aga9/ ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t ( ,naples1 & hav+ appeal$ to ,rome1 0 s5t5c$ to p]petual imprisonm5t 9 ! prison ( ! ,holy ,(fice4 ,he 0 put to ! torture sev5 times1 8 torm5ts on "o occasion ext5d+ ov] =ty h\rs1 b he refus$ to confess4 ,he 0 dragg$ f "o prison to ano!r = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 dur+ :i* he wrote "s sonnets1 a hi/ory ( ! ,spani% mon>*y1 & sev]al philosophical works4 ,on #ae ,may1 #afbf1 he 0 releas$ by ! int]v5tion ( ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 ,he 0 oblig$ to fly f ,rome to ,france1 :]e he met ,gass5di4 ,he also visit$ ,desc>tes 9 ,holl&4 ,julian ,hibb]t rem>k$ t 8 ,a!ismus ,triumphatus--,a!ism ,subdu$1 #afca1 w\ld be bett] entitl$ ,a!ismus ,triumphans--,a!ism ,triumphant--z ! au?or puts 8 /ronge/ argum5ts on ! het]odox side4 ,9 8 ,city ( ! ,sun1 ,campanella foll[s ,plato & ,m 9 depict+ an ideal republic & a "t :5 a new era ( e>?ly felicity %\ld beg94 ,hallam says ,! /r5g? ( ,campanella's g5ius lay 9 8 imag9ation4 ,8 ,sonnets h be5 translat$ by ,j4 ,a4 ,symonds4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #ba ,may1 #afci4 ,campbell 7,alex&]71 ,sociali/ ( ,glasg[1 b4 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! c5tury4 ,he e>ly became a ,sociali/1 & 0 manag] at ! exp]im5t at ,orbi/on "u ,abram ,combe1 ( :om he wrote a memoir4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,combe1 #ahbg1 he became a ,sociali/ mission>y 9 ,engl&4 ,he took an active "p 9 ! co-op]ative movem5t1 & 9 ! agitation = an un/amp$ press1 = :i* he 0 tri$ & imprison$ at ,ed9burgh1 #ahcc-d4 ,ab\t #ahdi he return$ to ,glasg[ & wrote on ! ,s5t9el4 ,9 #ahfg he 0 pres5t$ ) a te/imonial & purse ( #ij sov]eigns by admir]s ( 8 ex]tions 9 ! cause ( progress4 ,di$ ab\t #ahgc4 ,campion 7,william71 a %oemak]1 :o became "o ( ,r4 ,c>lile's %opm52 tri$ #h ,june1 #ahbd1 = sell+ ,pa9e's ,age ( ,reason4 ,aft] a spirit$ def5ce he 0 f\nd guilty & s5t5c$ to ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,9 prison he edit$1 9 conjunction ) ,j4 ,cl>ke1 ,e4 ,hassell1 & ,t4 ,r4 ,p]ry1 ! ,newgate ,mon?ly ,magaz9e1 to :i* he contribut$ "s ?\ghtful pap]s1 f ,sept4 #ahbd1 to ,aug4 #ahbf1 :5 he 0 remov$ to ! ,compt]4 ,cane/r9i 7,giovanni71 ,italian naturali/1 b4 ,r]1 #ahce4 ,he /udi$ at ,vi5na1 & 9 '#fj 0 nom9at$ ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,g5eva4 ,signor ,cane/r9i contribut$ to ! ,annu>io ,filos(ico del ,lib]o ,p5si]o1 & is kn[n = 8 popul>isation ( ! works ( ,d>w91 :i* he has translat$ into ,italian4 ,he has writt5 ^u ! ,orig9 ( ,man1 :i* has gone ?r\gh two editions1 ,milan1 '#ff-'gj1 & on ! ,!ory ( ,evolution1 ,tur91 '#gg4 ,he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,zoology1 ,anatomy & ,comp>ative ,physiology at ,padua1 :]e he has publi%$ a ,memoir ( ,*>les ,d>w91 '#hb4 ,c>dano 7,girolamo71 bett] kn[n z ,j]ome ,c>dan1 ,italian ma!matician1 & physician1 b4 ,pavia1 #bd ,sept4 #aeja4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e1 b 0 exclud$ f ! ,milan ,college ( ,physicians on acc\nt ( illegitimate bir?4 ,he & 8 "y wife 7 at "o "t compell$ to take refuge 9 ! workh\se4 ,x is n /range t 8 fir/ "w 0 an exposure ( ! fallacies ( ! faculty4 ,a =tunate cure br\ght him into notice & he j\rney$ to ,scotl& z ! m$ical advis] ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,/4 ,&rews1 #aeea4 ,9 #aefc he 0 arre/$ at ,bologna = h]esy1 b 0 releas$1 al?\gh depriv$ ( 8 pr(essor%ip4 ,he di$ at ,rome1 #bj ,sept4 #aegf1 hav+1 x is said1 />v$ himself to v]ify 8 own pr$iction ( 8 dea?4 ,despite "s sup]/ition1 ,c>dano did mu* to =w>d sci5ce1 especially by 8 "w on ,algebra1 & 9 8 works ,de ,subtilitate ,r]um & ,de ,v>ietate ,r]um1 amid mu* t is fanciful1 p]ceiv$ ! univ]sality ( natural law & ! progressive evolution ( life4 ,scalig] accus$ him ( ,a!ism4 ,pnj] says ,c>danus des]ves to be nam$ along ) ,telesius z "o ( ! pr9cipal f\nd]s ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,c>ducci 7,giosu71 ,italian poet & ,pr(essor ( ,italian ,lit]ature at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna1 b4 ,pietrasantra1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,lucca1 #bg ,july1 #ahcf4 ,z e>ly z '#di he cri$1 ,abasso tutti i re6 viva la republica--,d[n ) all k+s6 ,long live ! republic6 ,sprung into fame by 8 ,hymn to ,satan1 '#fi1 by :i* he int5d$ ! _s ( resi/ance4 ,he has writt5 _m poems & satires 9 :i* he exhibits himself an ard5t ,free?9k] & ,republican4 ,at ! end ( '#eg he wrote 8 fam\s v]se ,il secoletto vil *e cri/ianeggia--,?is vile *ri/ianis+ c5tury4 ,9 '#fj he became pr(essor ( ,greek 9 ,bologna ,univ]sity1 be+ susp5d$ = a %ort :ile 9 '#fg = an address to ,mazz9i4 ,9 '#gf he 0 elect$ z republican deputy to ! ,italian ,p>liam5t = ,lugo di ,romagna4 ,c>lile 7,eliza ,%>ples71 second wife ( ,ri*>d ,c>lile1 came f ,lanca%ire dur+ ! imprisonm5t ( ,c>lile & ,taylor1 #ahca1 deliv]$ disc\rses at ! ,rotunda1 & />t$ a j\rnal1 ! ,isis1 :i* la/$ f #aa ,feb4 to #ae ,dec4 #ahcb4 ,! ,isis 0 d$icat$ to ! "y wom5 ( ,engl& until sup]/ition is ext9ct1 & conta9$ ,frances ,wright's disc\rses1 9 addition to ^? by ,mrs4 ,c>lile1 :o surviv$ till '#fa4 ,mr4 ,bradlaugh lodg$ ) ,mrs4 ,c>lile at ! ,w>n] ,place ,in/itute1 9 #ahdi4 ,%e _h ?ree *ildr51 ,hypatia1 ,!ophila & ,julian1 ( :om ! second is /ill liv+4 ,c>lile 7,jane71 fir/ wife ( ,r4 ,c>lile1 :o c>ri$ on 8 bus9ess dur+ 8 imprisonm5t1 0 proce$$ aga9/1 & s5t5c$ to two ye>s' imprisonm5t1 #ahba4 ,%e _h ?ree *ildr51 ,ri*>d1 ,alfr$1 & ,?omas ,pa9e ,c>lile1 ! la/ ( :om edit$ ! ,reg5]ator1 a ,*>ti/ pap] publi%$ at ,man*e/]1 #ahci4 ,c>lile 7,ri*>d71 =emo/ among ! brave uphold]s ( an ,engli% free press1 b4 ,a%burton1 ,devon1 #h ,dec4 #agij4 ,he 0 appr5tic$ to a t9-plate work]1 & foll[$ t bus9ess till he 0 tw5ty-six1 :51 hav+ read ! works ( ,pa9e1 he began sell+ works l ,wool]'s ,black ,dw>f1 :i* ,gov]nm5t endeavor$ to suppress4 ,%]w9 (f]$ him ! dang]\s po/ ( publi%] ( ! ,republican1 :i* he accept$4 ,he !n publi%$ ,s\!y's ,wat ,tyl]1 repr9t$ ! political works ( ,pa9e & ! p>odies = :i* ,hone 0 tri$1 b :i* co/ ,c>lile eighte5 weeks' imprisonm5t4 ,9 #ahah he publi%$ ,pa9e's ,!ological ,works4 ,! prosecution in/itut$ induc$ him to g on pr9t+ simil> works1 su* z ,palm]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,nature1 ,watson ,refut$1 ,jehovah ,unveil$1 etc4 ,by ,oct4 #ahai1 he _h six indictm5ts to answ]1 on two ( :i* he 0 tri$ f #ab to #af ,octob]4 ,he read ! :ole ( ! ,age ( ,reason 9 8 def5ce1 9 ord] to h x 9 ! report ( ! trial4 ,he 0 f\nd guilty & s5t5c$ 7#af ,nov47 to fifte5 hundr$ p\nds f9e & ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t 9 ,dor*e/] ,gaol4 ,dur+ 8 imprisonm5t 8 bus9ess 0 kept on by a succession ( %opm54 ,refus+ to f9d securities n to publi%1 he 0 kept 9 prison till #ah ,nov4 #ahce1 :5 he 0 lib]at$ unconditionally4 ,dur+ 8 imprisonm5t he edit$ ! ,republican1 :i* ext5d$ to f\rte5 volumes4 ,he also edit$ ! ,dei/1 ! ,morali/1 ! ,lion 7f\r volumes71 ! ,prompt] 7= ,no4 #c ( :i* he aga9 suff]$ ?irty-two mon?s' imprisonm5t71 & ! ,gauntlet4 ,among/ 8 writ+s are ,an ,address to ,m5 ( ,sci5ce1 ,! ,gospel accord+ to ,r4 ,c>lile1 ,:at is ,god8 ,e ,woman's ,book1 etc4 ,he publi%$ ,d\bts ( ,infidels1 ,janus on ,sion1 ,seph] ,toldo? ,je%u1 ,d',holba*'s ,good ,s5se1 ,volney's ,ru9s1 & _m o!r ,free?\ght works4 ,he di$ #aj ,feb4 #ahdc1 bequea?+ 8 body to ,dr4 ,lawr5ce = sci5tific purposes4 ,c>lyle 7,?omas71 "o ( ! mo/ gift$ & orig9al writ]s ( ! c5tury1 b4 #d ,dec4 #agie1 at ,ecclefe*an1 ,dumfries%ire1 :]e 8 fa!r1 a man ( intellect & piety1 held a small f>m4 ,%[+ e>ly ability he 0 int5d$ = ! ,kirk1 & educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh4 ,he1 h[ev]1 became a tutor1 & occupi$ 8 leisure 9 translat+ f ! ,g]man4 ,he m>ri$ ,jane ,wel% #ag ,oct4 #ahbf1 & wrote 9 ! ,london ,magaz9e & ,ed9burgh ,review _m ma/]ly critical articles1 notably on ,voltaire1 ,did]ot1 ,burns1 & ,g]man lit]ature4 ,9 #ahcc-d 8 ,s>tor ,res>tus appe>$ 9 ,fras]'s ,magaz9e4 ,9 '#cd he remov$ to ,london & began writ+ ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 ! ,,ms4 ( ! fir/ vol4 ( :i* he confid$ to ,mill1 ) :om x 0 accid5tally burnt4 ,he re-wrote ! "w )\t compla9t1 & x 0 publi%$ 9 '#cg4 ,he !n deliv]$ a c\rse ( lectures on ,g]man ,lit]ature & on ,h]oes1 ,h]o-,wor%ip1 & ! ,h]oic 9 ,hi/ory1 9 :i* he treats ,mahomet z ! prophet we are free/ to speak (4 ,8 ,pa/ & ,pres5t 0 publi%$ 9 '#dc4 ,9 '#de appe>$ ,oliv] ,cromwell's ,lett]s & ,spee*es4 ,9 '#ej he publi%$ ,latt]-,day ,pamphlets1 :i* conta9s 8 mo/ di/9ctive political & social doctr9es1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> 8 ,life ( ,john ,/]l+1 9 :i* 8 h]esy cle>ly appe>s4 ,8 l>ge/ "w is 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,life & ,times ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 9 #aj vols4 ,he 0 elect$ rector ( ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity 9 '#fe4 ,di$ #e ,feb4 #ahha4 ,mr4 ,fr\de1 9 8 ,biography ( ,c>lyle1 says1 ,we h se5 him confess+ to ,irv+ t he did n believe z 8 fri5d did 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 444 ! special miracul\s occurr5ces ( sacr$ hi/ory 7 n cr$ible to him4 ,c>neades1 sceptical philosoph]1 b4 ,cyr5e ab\t ,b4,c4 #bac4 ,he w5t e>ly to ,a!ns1 & att5d$ ! lectures ( ! ,/oics1 le>n+ logic f ,diog5es4 ,9 ! ye> #aee1 he 0 *os5 ) o!r deputies to g to ,rome to deprecate a f9e :i* _h be5 plac$ on ! ,a!nians4 ,dur+ 8 /ay at ,rome he attract$ great att5tion by 8 philosophical orations4 ,c>neades attack$ ! v idea ( a ,god at once inf9ite & an individual4 ,he d5i$ provid5ce & design4 ,_m ( 8 argum5ts are pres]v$ 9 ,cic]o's ,academics & ,de ,natura ,deorum4 ,c>neades left no writt5 works2 8 views seem to h be5 sy/ematis$ by 8 foll[] ,clitoma*us4 ,he di$ ,b4,c4 #abi4 ,c>neades is describ$ z a man ( unwe>i$ indu/ry4 ,8 e?ics 7 ( elevat$ "*4 ,c>n]i 7,b>?olomu von71 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,trie/e1 #c ,nov4 #ahba4 ,educat$ at ,vi5na4 ,9 #ahgj he sat 9 ! ,au/rian ,p>liam5t ) ! ,lib]als4 ,au?or ( an able "w on ,morality & ,d>w9ism1 ,vi5na1 #ahga4 ,has also writt5 ,d] ,m5s* als ,selb/weck1 ,humanity z its own prop] object1 #ahgg2 ,grundlegung d] ,e?ik1 ,f\ndation ( ,morals1 #ahha2 & ,e?ical ,essays on ,evolution & ,happ9ess1 ,/uttg>t1 #ahhf4 ,c>ra 7,jean ,l\is71 ,fr5* man ( lett]s & ,republican1 b4 #agdc at ,pont de ,veyle4 ,he travell$ 9 ,g]many1 ,italy1 ,turkey1 ,russia1 & ,moldavia1 :]e he became secret>y to ! hospod>4 ,on return+ to ,france he became employ$ 9 ! ,k+'s libr>y & wrote a ,hi/ory ( ,moldavia & an ,essay on ,a]ial ,navigation4 ,he w>mly esp\s$ ! revolution & 0 "o ( ! mo/ ard5t orators ( ! ,jacob9 club4 ,9 ! ,national ,assembly he vot$ = ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 b 0 execut$ ) ! ,girond9s1 #ca ,oct4 #agic4 ,8 ,free?\ght s5tim5ts are evid5t f 8 ,sy/em ( ,reason1 #aggc2 8 ,_s ( ,morality & ,philosophy1 #aggg2 ,new ,pr9ciples ( ,physic1 #aghb-c1 & o!r works4 ,c>rel 7,jean ,bapti/e ,nicolas ,arm&71 call$ by ,sa9t ,beuve ! ,junius ( ! ,fr5* press1 b4 ,r\51 #h ,may1 #ahjj4 ,he became a soldi]1 b1 be+ a ,republican1 f\ght on behalf ( ! ,spani% revolution4 ,be+ tak5 prison]1 he 0 condemn$ to dea?1 b escap$ ?r\gh "s in=mality4 ,he became secret>y to ,?i]ry1 edit$ ! works ( ,p4 ,l4 ,c\ri]1 & e/abli%$ ! ,nation 9 conjunction ) ,?i]s & ,mignet4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mill writes ( him 9 t]ms ( high praise4 ,! lead+ j\rnali/ ( 8 "t1 8 sla%+ articles l$ to sev]al duels1 & 9 an enc\nt] ) ,emile de ,gir>d9 7#bb ,july1 #ahcf7 he 0 fatally w\nd$4 ,on 8 dea?-b$1 says ,m4 ,littr1 he said ,po9t de prtres1 po9t d'glise--no prie/s nor *ur*4 ,di$ #bd ,july1 #ahcf4 ,he wrote a ,hi/ory ( ! ,c\nt]-,revolution 9 ,engl&1 ) an eye to ev5ts 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,c>us 7,julius ,viktor71 ,g]man zoologi/1 b4 ,leipsic1 #be ,aug4 #ahbe4 ,has be5 keep] ( anatomical museum at ,ox=d1 & has translat$ ,d>w9's works & ! philosophy ( ,g4 ,h4 ,lewes4 ,c>us 7,k>l ,gu/av71 ,g]man physiologi/ & ,pan!i/1 b4 ,leipsic1 #c ,jan4 #aghi4 ,he taught comp>ative anatomy at ! univ]sity ( t t[n1 & publi%$ a /&>d introduction to t subject4 ,he also wrote ,psy*e1 a hi/ory ( ! developm5t ( ! human s\l1 #ahdf1 & ,nature & ,idea1 #ahfa4 ,di$ at ,dresd51 #bh ,july1 #ahfi4 ,ca/el> y ,ripoll 7,emilio71 ,spani% /atesman1 b4 ,cadiz1 #h ,sept4 #ahcb4 ,he began z a j\rnali/1 & became kn[n by 8 novel ,erne/o1 #ahee4 ,z pr(essor ( hi/ory & philosophy1 he deliv]$ lectures on ,civilisation dur+ ! fir/ ?ree c5turies ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,la ,=mula del ,progresso conta9s a sket* ( democratic pr9ciples4 ,on ! outbreak ( ! revolution ( '#fh he advocat$ a ,f$]al ,republic 9 a magnific5t oration4 ,! ,cr[n 0 h[ev] (f]$ to ,amadeus ( ,savoy4 ,glass1 ) c>e1 0 ,ca/el>'s v]dict on ! new dyna/y1 & 9 ,feb4 '#gc ,ca/el> drew up a ,republican ,con/itution2 & = a ye> 0 ,dictator ( ,spa94 ,^u 8 retirem5t to ,france he wrote a sket*y ,hi/ory ( ! ,republican ,movem5t 9 ,europe4 ,9 '#gf he return$ to ,spa9 & took "p 9 ! ,cortes1 :]e he has cont9u$ to advocate ,republican views4 ,8 ,old ,rome & ,new ,italy1 & ,life ( ,"l ,byron h be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,ca/elli 7,david71 ,italian writ]1 b4 ,livorno1 #cj ,dec4 #ahcf4 ,s9ce #ahgc he has held ! *air ( ,hebrew 9 ! ,in/itute ( ,sup]ior ,/udies at ,flor5ce4 ,he has translat$ ! book ( ,ecclesia/es ) notes1 & writt5 rationali/ic works on ,talmudic ,leg5ds1 #ahfi2 ,! ,messiah ,accord+ to ! ,hebrews1 '#gd2 ! ,bible ,prophets1 '#hb2 & ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,israelites1 #ahhg4 ,ca/ilhon 7,jean ,l\is71 ,fr5* man ( lett]s1 b4 at ,t\l\se 9 #agbj4 ,he wrote 9 num]\s publications1 & edit$ ! ,j\rnal ( ,jurisprud5ce4 ,8 hi/ory ( dogmas & philosophical op9ions _h "s celebrity1 & he %[s himself a ,free?9k] 9 8 ,essay on ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,errors & ,sup]/itions1 ,am/]dam1 #agfe2 8 ,philosophical ,almanack1 #agfg2 & 8 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophical ,op9ions1 #agfi4 ,di$ #agic4 ,cattell 7,*ri/oph] ,*>les71 writ] 9 ,engli% ,secul> j\rnals1 au?or ( ,se>* = ! ,fir/ ,man2 ,aga9/ ,*ri/ianity2 ,! ,religion ( ?is ,life1 etc4 ,caumont 7,georges71 ,fr5* writ] ( g5ius1 b4 ab\t #ahde4 ,suff]+ f consumption1 he wrote ,judgm5t ( a ,dy+ ,man ^u ,life1 & humor\s & famili> ,conv]sations ( a ,sick ,p]son ) ! ,div9ity4 ,di$ at ,madeira1 #ahge4 ,cavalcante 7,guido71 noble ,italian poet & philosoph]1 b4 ,flor5ce1 #abcj4 ,a fri5d ( ,dante1 & a lead] ( ! ,ghibbel9 p>ty4 ,he m>ri$ a daught] ( ,f>9ata delgi ,ub]ti4 ,bayle says1 x is said 8 speculation has z _! aim to prove !re is no ,god4 ,dante places 8 fa!r 9 ! hell ( ,epicureans1 :o d5i$ ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,guido di$ 9 #acjj4 ,an edition ( 8 poems 0 publi%$ 9 #ahac4 ,cavallotti 7,felice ,c>lo ,emanuel71 ,italian poet & j\rnali/1 b4 ,milan1 #f ,nov4 #ahdb1 celebrat$ = 8 patriotic poems2 is a pron\nc$ ,a!i/4 ,he 0 elect$ memb] ( ! ,italian p>liam5t 9 #ahgc4 ,cayla 7,jean ,mam]t71 ,fr5* man ( lett]s & politician b4 ,vigan 7,lot7 #ahab4 ,became 9 '#cg editor ( ! ,emancipator ( ,t\l\se1 a city ( :i* he wrote ! hi/ory4 ,at ,p>is he wrote to ! ,sicle1 ! ,rpublique ,franaise & o!r j\rnals1 & publi%$ ,european ,celebrities & num]\s anti-cl]ical bro*ures1 su* z ,! ,cl]ical ,conspiracy1 '#fa2 ,! ,devil1 8 ,gr&eur & ,decay1 '#fd2 ,hell ,demoli%$1 '#fe2 ,suppression ( ,religi\s ,ord]s1 '#gj2 & ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,mass1'#gd4 ,he di$ #b ,may1 #ahgg4 ,cazelles 7,emile71 ,fr5* translator ( ,b5?am's ,influ5ce ( ,natural ,religion1 ,p>is1 #ahge4 ,has also translat$ ,mill's ,subjection ( ,wom5 & 8 ,autobiography & ,essays on ,religion4 ,cecco d',ascoli1 i4e41 ,/abili 7,francesco degli71 ,italian poet1 b4 ,ascoli1 #abeg4 ,he taught a/rology & philosophy at ,bologna4 ,9 #acbd he 0 arre/$ by ! ,inquisition = hav+ spok5 aga9/ ! fai?1 & 0 condemn$ to f9e & p5it5ce4 ,he 0 aga9 accus$ at ,flor5ce1 & 0 publicly burnt z an h]etic #af ,sept4 #acbg4 ,8 be/ kn[n "w is entitl$ ,ac]ba1 a sort ( encyclopdia 9 rhyme4 ,cell>ius 7,m>t971 ,anabapti/1 :o des]ves m5tion z ! fir/ av[$ ,prote/ant ,anti-tr9it>ian4 ,he /udi$ ,ori5tal languages ) ,reu*l9 & ,melanc?on1 b hav+ discuss$ ) ,anabapti/s ackn[l$g$ himself conv]t$1 #aebb1 & aft]w>ds gave up ! deity ( ,*ri/4 ,he 0 imprison$1 & on 8 release w5t to ,switz]l&1 :]e he di$ #aa ,oct4 #aefd4 ,celsus1 a ,pagan philosoph]1 :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,lucian1 :o d$icat$ to him 8 treatise on ! ,false ,prophet4 ,he wrote an attack on ,*ri/ianity1 call$ ,! ,true ,^w4 ,! "w 0 de/roy$ by ! e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,! passages giv5 by 8 oppon5t1 ,orig51 suffice to %[ t he 0 a man ( high atta9m5ts1 well acqua9t$ ) ! religion he attack$1 & t 8 p[] ( logic & irony 0 mo/ damag+ to ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,c]utti 7,giuseppe ,antonio ,gioa*9o71 poet1 conv]t$ ,jesuit1 b4 ,tur91 #ac ,june1 #agch4 ,he became a ,jesuit1 & wrote a def5ce ( ! ,society4 ,he aft]w>ds became a fri5d ( ,mirabeau1 adopt$ ! pr9ciples ( #aghi1 wrote 9 def5ce ( ! ,revolution1 & wrote & publi%$ a ,philosophical ,brevi>y1 or hi/ory ( ,judaism1 ,*ri/ianity1 & ,deism1 :i* he attribut$ to ,fr$]ick ( ,prussia4 ,8 op9ions may also be ga!r$ f 8 poem1 ,les ,j>d9s de ,betz1 #agib4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #c ,feb4 #agib4 ,*aho 7,j4 ,augu/971 ,basque man ( lett]s1 b4 ,t>dets1 ,basses-,pyrnes1 #aj ,oct4 #ahaa4 ,8 pr9cipal works are a ,philosophy ( ,comp>ative ,religion1 & a ,basque diction>y4 ,at ,bayonne he edit$ ! ,ariel4 ,9 #aheb ?is 0 suppress$ & he 0 exil$4 ,di$ #bc ,oct4 #aheh4 ,*alon] 7,?omas71 ,m4,p41 ,regicide1 b4 ,/eeple ,claydon1 ,bucks1 #aeie4 ,educat$ at ,ox=d1 he became memb] = ,ri*mond 7,yorks71 #afde4 ,0 a witness aga9/ ,ar*bi%op ,laud1 & "o ( ,k+ ,*>les's ,judges4 ,9 #afea he 0 made ,c\ncillor ( ,/ate4 ,wood says he 0 z f> f be+ a ,puritan z ! ea/ is f ! we/1 & t he 0 ( ! natural religion4 ,he wrote a pret5d$ ,true & ,exact ,relation ( ! ,f9d+ ( ,moses ,8 ,tomb1 #afeg1 be+ a satire direct$ aga9/ ! ,presbyt]ians4 ,^u ! ,re/oration he fl$ to ! ,l[ ,c\ntries1 & di$ at ,middelburg1 ,zeel&1 9 #affa4 ,*amb]s 7,ephraim71 orig9ator ( ! ,cyclopdia ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1 b4 ,k5dal ab\t #afhj4 ,! fir/ edition ( 8 "w appe>$ 9 #agbh1 & procur$ him admission to ! ,royal ,society4 ,a ,fr5* translation gave rise to ,did]ot & ,d',alemb]t's ,encyclopdie4 ,*amb]s also edit$ ! ,lit]>y ,magaz9e1 #ahcf1 etc4 ,8 infidel op9ions 7 well kn[n1 & ! ,cyclopdia 0 plac$ ^u ! ,index1 b he 0 buri$ 9 ! cloi/]s ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,di$ #ae ,may1 #agdj4 ,*am=t 7,sba/i5 ,ro* ,nicolas71 ,fr5* man ( lett]s1 b4 9 ,auv]gne1 ne> ,cl]mont1 #agda4 ,he knew no p>5t b 8 "m1 a peasant girl1 to supply ^: wants he (t5 d5i$ himself necess>ies4 ,at ,p>is he ga9$ a prize f ! ,academy = 8 eulogy on ,molire4 ,ab\t #aggf he publi%$ a ,dramatic ,diction>y & wrote sev]al plays4 ,9 #agha he obta9$ a seat 9 ! ,academy1 be+ patronis$ by ,mme4 ,helvetius4 ,he became a fri5d ( ,mirabeau1 :o call$ him une tte lectrique4 ,9 #agij he comm5c$ a "w call$ ,pictures ( ! ,revolution4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he became secret>y ( ! ,jacob9 ,club & ,national ,libr>ian4 ,arre/$ by ,robespi]re1 he desp]ately1 b va9ly1 endeavor$ to commit suicide4 ,he di$ #ac ,april1 #agid1 leav+ beh9d num]\s works & a collection ( ,maxims1 ,?\ghts1 ,*>act]s1 & ,anecdotes1 :i* %[ pr(\nd g5ius & k ( human nature4 ,*apman 7,john71 ,m4,r4,c4,s41 b4 #ahci4 ,has writt5 l>gely 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 ( :i* he is proprietor4 ,*appellsmi? 7,m>g>et71 ne ,reynolds1 b4 ,aldgate1 #bb ,feb4 #ahjf4 ,e>ly 9 life %e read ! writ+s ( ,cobbett4 ,9 '#cf %e began writ+ political articles 9 ! ,dispat*1 & aft]w>ds became a ,sociali/ & ,free?\ght lecturess4 ,%e m>ri$ ,john ,*appellsmi? 9 '#ci1 & 9 '#db %e began bus9ess z a booksell]4 ,9 '#cg %e express$ a pref]5ce = ! developm5t !ory be=e t ( creation4 ,9 '#ej !y emigrat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ,mrs4 ,*appellsmi? contribut$ _m articles to ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator4 ,*>les 7,rudolf74 ,see ,giess5burg4 ,*>ma 7,anto9e71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 #ae ,jan4 #ahja4 ,9 '#cj he 0 nom9at$ to ! ,*air ( ,philosophy at ,ca54 ,he 0 d5\nc$ = 8 impiety by ! ,c\nt de ,montalemb]t 9 ! ,*amb] ( pe]s1 & an endeavor 0 made to unseat him4 ,he wrote _m philosophical works1 & an acc\nt ( ,didron's ,hi/oire de ,dieu4 ,di$ #e ,aug4 #ahfi4 ,*>ron 7,pi]re71 ,fr5* prie/ & sceptic1 b4 ,p>is1 #aeac4 ,he 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,montaigne4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is a ,treatise on ,wisdom1 #afja1 :i* 0 c5sur$ z irreligi\s by ! ,jesuits4 ,franck says ! scepticism ( ,*>ron incl9es visibly to 's5sualisme' & ev5 to mat]ialism4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #af ,nov4 #afjc4 ,*asseboeuf de ,volney 7,con/ant9 ,franois74 ,see ,volney4 ,*a/elet du or ,*atelet ,lomont 7,gabrielle ,emilie le ,tonneli] de ,breteuil71 ,m>quise1 ,fr5* savante1 b4 ,p>is1 #ag ,dec #agjf4 ,%e 0 le>n$ 9 ma!matics & o!r sci5ces1 & 9 ,lat91 ,engli% & ,italian4 ,9 #agdj %e publi%$ a "w on physical philosophy entitl$ ,in/itutions de ,physique4 ,%e aft]w>ds made a good ,fr5* translation ( ,newton's ,pr9cipia4 ,%e liv$ "s ye>s ) ,voltaire at ,cirey betwe5 #agce & #agdg1 & address$ to him ,d\bts on ,reveal$ ,religions1 publi%$ 9 #agib4 ,%e also wrote a ,treatise on ,happ9ess1 :i* 0 prais$ by ,condorcet4 ,*a/ellux 7,franois ,jean de71 ,m>quis4 ,a soldi]1 travell] & writ]1 b4 ,p>is #agcd4 ,wrote ,on ,public ,happ9ess 7#b vols41 ,am/4 #aggf71 a "w ,voltaire e/eem$ highly4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,encyclopdie2 "o article on ,happ9ess1 be+ suppress$ by ! c5sor because x did n m5tion ,god4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #bh ,oct4 #aghh4 ,*att]ton 7,?omas71 ! m>vell\s boy poet1 b4 ,bri/ol1 #bj ,nov1 #ageb4 ,8 poems1 :i* he pret5d$ 7 writt5 by "o ,?omas ,r[ley 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury & discov]$ by him 9 an old *e/ 9 ,r$cliffe ,*ur*1 attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,9 #agfi he visit$ ,london 9 hopes ( ris+ by 8 tal5ts1 b aft] a bitt] exp]i5ce ( writ+ = ! magaz9es1 de/roy$ himself 9 a fit ( despair #be ,aug4 #aggj4 ,sev]al ( 8 poems betray dei/ic op9ions4 ,*auc] 7,ge(frey71 ! morn+ /> ( ,engli% poetry & fir/ ,engli% ,humani/1 b4 ,london ab\t #acdj4 ,9 #aceg he 0 atta*$ to ! h\sehold ( ,lionel1 ?ird son ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 ,he accompani$ ! exp$ition to ,france #acei-fj1 0 captur$ by ! ,fr5*1 & ransom$ by ! k+4 ,he 0 patronis$ by ,john ( ,gaunt1 & "s =eign missions 7 entru/$ to him1 "o ( !m be+ to ,italy1 :]e he met ,petr>*4 ,all 8 writ+s %[ ! influ5ce ( ! ,r5aissance1 & 9 8 ,cant]bury ,pilgrims he boldly attacks ! vices ( ! ecclesia/ics4 ,di$ #be ,oct4 #adjj1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,*aumette 7,pi]re ,gasp>d71 aft]w>ds ,anaxagoras1 ,fr5* revolution>y1 b4 ,nev]s1 #bd ,may1 #agfc4 ,! son ( a %oemak]1 he 0 9 turn cab9 boy1 /e]sman1 & attorney's cl]k4 ,9 e>ly y\? he receiv$ lessons 9 botany f ,r\sseau4 ,he embrac$ ! revolution ) ardor1 0 ! fir/ to assume ! tri-color cockade1 became popul> orator at ! club ( ! ,cordeli]s1 & 0 associat$ ) ,pr\dhomme 9 ! j\rnal ,les ,revolutions de ,p>is4 ,nom9at$ memb] ( ! ,commune #aj ,aug4 #agib1 he took ! "n ( ,anaxagoras to %[ 8 little reg>d = 8 baptismal sa9ts4 ,he 0 elect$ ,procureur ,syndic1 9 :i* capacity he display$ great activity4 ,he aboli%$ ! rod 9 s*ools1 suppress$ lott]ies1 in/itut$ work%ops = fall5 wom51 e/abli%$ ! fir/ ly+-9-hospital1 _h books s5t to ! hospitals1 sep>at$ ! insane f ! sick1 f\nd$ ! ,cons]vatory ( ,music1 op5$ ! public libr>ies e day 7"u ! anci5 rgime !y 7 only op5 two h\rs p] week71 replac$ books ( sup]/ition by works ( morality & reason1 put a graduat$ tax on ! ri* to provide = ! burial ( ! poor1 & 0 ! pr9cipal mov] 9 ! fea/s ( ,reason & clos+ ( ! *ur*es4 ,he 0 accus$ by ,robespi]re ( conspir+ ) ,cloots to efface all idea ( ! ,deity1 & 0 guillot9$ #ac ,april1 #agid4 ,*auss>d 7,pi]re ,jean ,bapti/e71 ,fr5* man ( lett]s1 b4 ,p>is1 #h ,oct4 #agff4 ,at ! ,revolution he took ! "n ( ,publicola1 & publi%$ patriotic odes1 ,esprit de ,mirabeau1 & o!r works4 ,he 0 prea*] to ! ,!ophilan?ropi/s1 & became pr(essor ( belles lettres at ,orleans4 ,di$ #i ,jan4 #ahbc4 ,*em9-,dupontes 7,jean ,bapti/e71 b4 #agfa4 ,"o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,fr5* ,!ophilan?ropy2 publi%$ _m writ+s1 ! be/ kn[n ( :i* is entitl$ ,:at is ,!ophilan?ropy8 ,*5i] 7,m>ie ,&r de71 ,fr5* poet1 b4 ,con/ant9ople1 #bi ,oct4 #agfb4 ,8 "m1 a ,greek1 inspir$ him ) a love = anci5t ,greek lit]ature4 ,s5t to college at ,p>is1 he soon manife/$ 8 g5ius by writ+ eclogues & elegies ( antique simplicity & s5sibility4 ,9 #aghg he came to ,engl& z ,secret>y ( ,legation4 ,he took "p 9 ! legal def5ce ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 eulogis$ ,*>lotte ,corday1 & gave fur!r (f5ce by "s lett]s 9 ! ,j\rnal de ,p>is4 ,he 0 committ$ to prison1 & "h met 8 ideal 9 ! ,comtesse de ,coigny4 ,conf9$ 9 ! same prison1 to h] he address$ ! t\*+ v]ses1 ,! ,"y ,captive 7,la jeune ,captive74 ,he 0 execut$ #be ,july1 #agid1 leav+ beh9d1 among o!r poems1 an imitation ( ,lucretius1 entitl$ ,h]mes1 :i* w>rants ! affirmation ( de ,*n$olle1 t ,&r ,*ni] tait a?e avec dlices4 ,*5i] 7,m>ie ,joseph de71 ,fr5* poet & miscellane\s writ]1 bro!r ( ! prec$+1 b4 ,con/ant9ople1 #bh ,aug4 #agfd4 ,he s]v$ two ye>s 9 ! army1 & !n appli$ himself to lit]ature4 ,8 fir/ successful drama1 ,*>les ,,ix41 0 produc$ 9 #aghi1 & 0 foll[$ by o!rs4 ,he wrote _m patriotic songs1 & 0 made memb] ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,he 0 a ,voltairean1 & 9 8 ,n\veaux ,sa9ts 7#ahja7 satiris$ ^? :o return$ to ! old fai?4 ,he wrote _m poems & an acc\nt ( ,fr5* lit]ature4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #aj ,jan4 #ahaa4 ,*]nui%evsky or ,t*]ny*eiosky 7,nikolai ,g]asimovi*71 ,russian ,nihili/1 b4 ,s>at(1 #ahbi4 ,educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 translat$ ,mill's ,political ,economy1 & wrote on ,sup]/ition & ! ,pr9ciples ( ,logic1 '#ei4 ,8 bold romance1 ,:at is to be ,done8 0 publi%$ '#fc4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 s5t5c$ to ! ,sib]ian m9es1 :]e1 aft] he>tr5d+ cruelties1 he has become insane4 ,*esneau ,du ,m>sais 7,cs>74 ,see ,dum>sais4 ,*evali] 7,joseph ,philippe71 ,fr5* *emi/1 b4 ,sa9t ,pol1 #ba ,m>*1 #ahjf1 is ! au?or ( an able book on ,! ,s\l f ! /&po9t ( ,reason & ,sci5ce1 ,p>is1 '#fa4 ,he di$ at ,ami5s 9 #ahfe4 ,*ies y ,gomez 7,ramon71 ,spani% ,free?9k]1 b4 ,m$9a de ,pom>1 ,burgos1 #ac ,oct4 #ahde4 ,8 fa!r1 a di/+ui%$ ,republican1 educat$ him )\t religion4 ,9 '#fe ,*ies w5t to ,madrid1 & foll[$ a c\rse ( law & philosophy at ! ,univ]sity1 & soon aft] wrote = a ,madrid pap] ,la ,discusion4 ,he took an active "p 9 ! ,revolution ( '#fe1 & at ! proclamation ( ! ,republic1 '#gc1 became civil gov]nor ( ,val5cia4 ,9 '#ha he f\nd$ a newspap] ,el ,voto ,nacional1 & s9ce '#hc has edit$ ,las ,dom9icales del ,libre ,p5sami5to1 :i* he also f\nd$4 ,ramon ,*ies is "o ( ! =emo/ ,free?\ght *ampions 9 ,spa9 & lectures z well z writes4 ,*ild 7,lydia ,m>ia7 ne ,francis1 ,am]ican au?oress1 b4 ,m$=d1 ,mass41 #aa ,feb4 #ahjb4 ,%e e>ly comm5c$ writ+1 publi%+ ,hobomok1 a ,tale ( ,e>ly ,times1 9 '#ba4 ,f '#be %e kept a private s*ool 9 ,wat]t[n until '#bh1 :5 %e m>ri$ ,david ,lee ,*ild1 a ,bo/on lawy]4 ,%e1 ) him1 edit$ ! ,anti-,slav]y ,/&>d1 '#da1 etc41 & by h] num]\s writ+s did mu* to =m ! op9ion :i* ultimately prevail$4 ,%e 01 h[ev]1 long subject$ to public odium1 h] het]odoxy be+ well kn[n4 ,h] pr9cipal "w is ,! ,progress ( ,religi\s ,ideas1 #c vols42 '#ee4 ,di$ ,wayl&1 ,mass41 #bj ,oct4 #ahhj4 ,%e 0 highly eulogis$ by ,w5dell ,phillips4 ,*ilton 7,william71 ( ,bri/ol1 0 born 9 #ahae4 ,9 e>ly life he 0 a bricklay]1 b 9 '#da he 0 conc]n$ ) ,*>les ,s\?well 9 />t+ ! ,oracle ( ,reason1 :i* he set up 9 type1 & ( :i* he became "o ( ! editors4 ,he contribut$ "s ?\ghtful articles on ! ,!ory ( ,developm5t to ! ,libr>y ( ,reason1 & wrote 9 ! ,movem5t & ! ,reason]4 ,di$ at ,bri/ol1 #bh ,may1 #ahee4 ,*ubb 7,?omas71 ,engli% ,dei/1 b4 ,ea/ ,h>nham1 ne> ,salisbury1 #bi ,sept4 #afgi1 0 "o ( ! fir/ to %[ ,rationalism among ! common p4 ,beg9n+ by cont5d+ = ! ,supremacy ( ! ,fa!r1 he gradually rel9qui%$ sup]natural religion1 & consid]$ t ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 ( ! religion ( ,?omas ,*ubb4 ,di$ #h ,feb4 #agdg1 leav+ beh9d two vols4 :i* he calls ,a ,f>ewell to 8 ,read]s1 f :i* x appe>s t he reject$ bo? revelation & special provid5ce4 ,*ur* 7,h5ry ,tyrell71 lectur] & writ]1 edit$ ,tallis's ,%akespe>e1 wrote ,woman & h] ,fail+s1 #aheh1 & contribut$ to ! ,inve/igator :5 edit$ by ,mr4 ,bradlaugh4 ,di$ #ai ,july1 #ahei4 ,clapi]s 7,luc de74 ,see ,vauv5>gues4 ,cl>etie 7,jules ,arm& ,arsne71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,limoges1 #c ,dec4 #ahdj4 ,a prolific writ]1 ( ^: works we only cite ,free ,spee*1 '#fh2 8 biographies ( contempor>y celebrities2 & 8 "w ,camille ,desm\l9s1 '#ge4 ,cl>ke 7,john71 br\ght up 9 ! ,me?odi/ connection1 *ang$ 8 op9ion by /udy+ ! ,bible1 & became "o ( ,c>lile's %opm54 ,he 0 tri$ #aj ,june1 #ahbd1 = sell+ a blasphem\s libel 9 numb] #ag1 vol4 ix41 ( ,! ,republican1 & aft] a spirit$ def5ce1 9 :i* he read _m ( ! wor/ passages 9 ! ,bible1 0 s5t5c$ to ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t1 & to f9d securities = good behavior dur+ life4 ,he wrote :ile 9 prison1 ,a ,critical ,review ( ! ,life1 ,"*1 & ,miracles ( ,jesus1 a "w %[+ ) "s bitt]ness mu* bold criticism & ,biblical k4 ,x fir/ appe>$ 9 ! ,newgate ,magaz9e & 0 aft]w>ds publi%$ 9 book =m1 #ahbe & '#ci4 ,cl>ke 7,m>cus71 ,au/ralian writ]1 b4 ,k5s+ton1 #ahdg4 ,w5t to ,victoria1 '#fc2 jo9$ ! /aff ( ,melb\rne ,argus4 ,9 '#gf 0 made assi/ant libr>ian ( ! ,public ,libr>y4 ,he has compil$ a hi/ory ( ,au/ralia1 & writt5 ,! ,p]ipatetic ,philosoph] 7a s]ies ( clev] sket*es71 ,8 ,natural ,life 7a p[]ful novel71 & "s poems4 ,an able ,free?\ght pap]1 ,civilisation )\t ,delusion1 9 ! ,victoria ,review1 ,nov4 '#gi1 0 repli$ to by ,bi%op ,moorh\se4 ,! reply1 ) ,cl>ke's answ]1 :i* 0 suppress$1 0 publi%$ 9 '#hj4 ,di$ #ahhd4 ,claude-,con/ant1 au?or ( a ,free?9k]s' ,cate*ism publi%$ at ,p>is 9 #ahge4 ,clavel 7,adolphe71 ,fr5* ,positivi/ & physician1 b4 ,gr5oble1 #ahae4 ,he has writt5 on ! ,pr9ciples ( #aghi1 on ^? ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 on ,positive ,morality1 & "s educational works4 ,clavel 7,f4 ,t4 ,b471 ,fr5* au?or ( a ,picturesque ,hi/ory ( ,freemasonry1 & also a ,picturesque ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 #ahdd1 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity takes a subord9ate place4 ,clayton 7,rob]t71 successively ,bi%op ( ,killala1 ,cork1 & ,clogh]1 b4 ,dubl91 #afie4 ,by 8 b5evol5ce attract$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,samuel ,cl>ke1 & adopt$ ,arianism1 :i* he ma9ta9$ 9 sev]al publications4 ,9 #agef he propos$1 9 ! ,iri% ,h\se ( ,lords1 ! omission ( ! ,nic5e & ,a?anasian ,cre$s f ! ,liturgy1 & /at$ t he !n felt m reliev$ 9 8 m9d ?an = tw5ty ye>s be=e4 ,a legal prosecution 0 in/itut$1 b he di$1 x is said1 f n]v\s agitation 7#bf ,feb4 #ageh7 be=e ! matt] 0 decid$4 ,cleave 7,john71 booksell]1 & "o ( ! pione]s ( a *eap political press4 ,/>t$ ! ,london ,satiri/1 & ,cleave's ,p5ny ,gazette ( ,v>iety1 ,oct4 #ad1 #ahcg1 to ,jan4 #bj1 '#dd4 ,he publi%$ _m ,*>ti/ & ,sociali/ic works1 & an abridgm5t ( ,h[itt's ,hi/ory ( ,prie/craft4 ,9 ,may1 '#dj1 he 0 s5t5c$ to f\r mon?s' imprisonm5t = sell+ ,haslam's ,lett]s to ! ,cl]gy4 ,clem5ceau 7,georges ,b5jam9 ,eug5e71 ,fr5* politician1 b4 ,m\ll]on-en-,p>$s1 #bh ,sept4 #ahda4 ,educat$ at ,nantes & ,p>is1 he took 8 doctor's degree 9 '#fe4 ,8 activity z ,republican ensur$ him a ta/e ( gaol4 ,he visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates & act$ z correspond5t on ! ,temps4 ,he return$ at ! "t ( ! w> & 0 elect$ deputy to ! ,assembly4 ,9 ,jan4 #ahhj he f\nd$ ,la ,ju/ice1 hav+ z collaborateurs ,m4 ,c4 ,pelletan1 ,pr(4 ,acollas & ,dr4 ,c4 ,let\rneau4 ,z "o ( ! *iefs ( ! ,radical p>ty he 0 l>gely in/rum5tal 9 gett+ ,m4 ,c>not elect$ ,presid5t4 ,clemet%aw 7,c471 ,fr5* writ]1 us+ ! "n ,cilwa4 ,b4 #ad ,sept4 #ahfd ( ,engli% p>5ts2 has contribut$ to _m j\rnals1 0 delegate to ! ,int]national ,congress1 ,london1 ( '#hg1 & is editor ( ,le ,danton4 ,clem5s 7,samuel ,langhorne71 ,am]ican humori/1 bett] kn[n z ,m>k ,twa91 b4 ,florida1 ,miss\ri1 #cj ,nov4 #ahce4 ,9 '#ee he s]v$ z ,mississippi pilot1 & takes 8 p5 "n f ! phrase us$ 9 s\nd+4 ,9 ,innoc5ts ,abroad1 or ! ,new ,pilgrim's ,progress1 '#fi1 by :i* he made 8 "n1 !re is mu* je/+ ) sacr$ subjects4 ,mr4 ,clem5s is an ,agno/ic4 ,clif=d 7,m>t971 ,engli% ,rationali/4 ,0 ,ma/] ( ! ,*>t]h\se1 #afga1 & publi%$ anonym\sly a treatise ( ,human ,reason1 ,london1 '#gd1 :i* 0 repr9t$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> ) ! au?or's "n4 ,a %ort :ile aft] its publication ,laney1 ,bi%op ( ,ely1 0 d9+ 9 ,*>t]h\se & rem>k$1 n kn[+ ! au?or1 'twas no matt] if all ! copies 7 burnt & ! au?or ) !m1 because x made e man's private fancy judge ( religion4 ,clif=d di$ #aj ,dec4 #afgg4 ,9 ! ,n\velle ,biographie ,gnrale ,clif=d is amus+ly describ$ z an ,engli% !ologian ( ! ord] des ,*>treux1 :o1 x is add$1 0 prior ( 8 ord]4 ,clif=d 7,william ,k+don71 ma!matician1 philosoph]1 & morali/1 ( r>e orig9ality & boldness1 b4 ,exet] #d ,may1 #ahde4 ,at ! age ( fifte5 he 0 s5t to ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 :]e he %[$ an e>ly g5ius = ma!matics1 publi%+ ! ,analogues ( ,pascal's ,!orem at ! age ( eighte54 ,ent]$ ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge1 9 '#fc4 ,9 '#fg he 0 second wrangl]4 ,elect$ fell[ ( 8 college1 he rema9$ at ,cambridge till #ahgj1 :5 he accompani$ ! eclipse exp$ition to ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,! next ye> he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,london ,univ]sity1 a po/ he held till 8 dea?4 ,he 0 *os5 ,f4,r4,s4 '#gd4 ,m>ri$ ,miss ,lucy ,lane 9 ,april1 '#ge4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> symptoms ( consumption appe>$1 & he visit$ ,alg]ia & ,spa94 ,he resum$ "w1 b 9 '#gi took a voyage to ,madeira1 :]e he di$ #c ,m>*4 ,n long be=e 8 dea? appe>$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 great ma!matical "w1 ,elem5ts ( ,dynamic4 ,s9ce 8 dea? h be5 publi%$ ,! ,common ,s5se ( ! ,exact ,sci5ces1 & ,lectures & ,essays1 9 two volumes1 edit$ by ,leslie ,/eph5 & ,mr4 ,f4 ,pollock4 ,^! volumes include 8 mo/ /rik+ ,free?\ght lectures & contributions to ! ,=tnightly & o!r reviews4 ,he int5d$ to =m !m into a volume on ,! ,cre$ ( ,sci5ce4 ,clif=d 0 an outspok5 ,a!i/1 & he wrote ( ,*ri/ianity z a religion :i* wreck$ "o civilisation & v ne>ly wreck$ ano!r4 ,cloots or ,clootz 7,johann ,bapti/1 aft]w>ds ,ana*>sis7 ,b>on du ,val de ,grce1 ,prussian en?usia/1 b4 ne> ,cleves1 #bd ,june1 #agee1 0 a nephew ( ,cornelius de ,pauw4 ,9 #aghj he publi%$ ! ,! ,c]ta9ty ( ! ,pro(s ( ,mohamm$anism1 "u ! pseudonym ( ,ali-gi]-b]1 an anagram ( ,b]gi]1 ^: ,c]ta9ty ( ! ,pro(s ( ,*ri/ianity he p>odies4 ,he travell$ widely1 b became a resid5t ( ,p>is & a w>m p>tisan ( ! ,revolution1 to :i* he devot$ 8 l>ge =tune4 ,he wrote a reply to ,burke1 & cont9ually wrote & spoke 9 favor ( a ,univ]sal ,republic4 ,on #ai ,june1 #agij1 he1 at ! head ( m5 ( all c\ntries1 ask$ a place at ! fea/ ( ,f$]ation1 & h5ce=w>d 0 /yl$ orator ( ! human race4 ,he 01 ) ,pa9e1 ,prie/ley1 ,wa%+ton & ,klop/ock1 made a ,fr5* citiz51 & 9 #agib 0 elect$ to ! ,conv5tion by two dep>tm5ts4 ,he debaptis$ himself1 tak+ ! "n ,ana*>sis1 0 a prime mov] 9 ! ,anti-,ca?olic p>ty1 & induc$ ,bi%op ,gobel to resign4 ,he decl>$ !re 0 no o!r ,god b ,nature4 ,incurr+ ! enmity ( ,robespi]re1 he & ,pa9e 7 arre/$ z =eign]s4 ,aft] two & a half mon?s' imprisonm5t at ,/4 ,laz>e1 he 0 br\ght to ! scaffold ) ! ,hb]ti/es1 #bd ,m>*1 #agid4 ,he di$ calmly1 utt]+ mat]iali/ s5tim5ts to ! la/4 ,cl\gh 7,ar?ur ,hugh71 poet1 b4 ,liv]pool1 #a ,jan4 #ahai4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,rugby1 "u ,dr4 ,arnold1 & at ,ox=d1 :]e he %[$ himself ( ! ,broad ,s*ool4 ,leslie ,/eph5 says1 ,he nev] became bitt] aga9/ ! ,*ur* ( 8 *ildhood1 b he came to reg>d its dogmas z imp]fect & unt5able4 ,9 '#dh he visit$ ,p>is1 & ! same ye> produc$ 8 ,bo?ie ( ,top]-na-,fuosi*3 a ,long-,vacation ,pa/oral4 ,betwe5 '#di & '#eb he 0 pr(essor ( ,engli% lit]ature 9 ,london ,univ]sity4 ,9 '#eb he visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e he ga9$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,em]son & ,longfell[1 & revis$ ! ,dryd5 translation ( ,plut>*'s ,lives4 ,di$ at ,flor5ce1 #ac ,nov4 #ahfa4 ,8 ,rema9s are publi%$ 9 two volumes1 & include an essay on ,religi\s ,tradition & "s notable poems4 ,he is ! ,?yrsis ( ,mat!w ,arnold's exquisite ,monody4 ,cnuzius 7,mat?ias74 ,see ,knutz54 ,coke 7,h5ry71 au?or ( ,cre$s ( ! ,day1 or collat$ op9ions ( reputable ?9k]s1 9 #b vols1 ,london1 #ahhc4 ,cole 7,pet]71 a tann] ( ,ipswi*1 0 burnt = blasphemy 9 ! ca/le dit*1 ,norwi*1 #aehg4 ,a ,dr4 ,beamond prea*$ to him be=e ! mayor1 %]iffs1 & ald]m51 b he w\ld n recant4 ,see ,hamont4 ,col5so 7,john ,william71 b4 #bd ,jan4 #ahad4 ,0 educat$ at ,/4 ,john's1 ,cambridge1 & became a ma/] at ,h>r[4 ,aft] acquir+ fame by 8 valuable ,treatise on ,algebra1 '#di1 he became fir/ ,bi%op ( ,natal1 '#ed4 ,besides o!r works1 he publi%$ ,! ,p5tateu* & ,book ( ,jo%ua ,critically ,exam9$1 #ahfb-gi1 :i* made a great /ir1 & 0 condemn$ by bo? ,h\ses ( ,convocation & its au?or decl>$ depos$4 ,! ,privy ,c\ncil1 ,m>* '#fe1 decl>$ ?is deposition null & void 9 law4 ,col5so plead$ ! cause ( ! natives at ! "t ( ! ,zulu ,w>4 ,he di$ #bj ,june1 #ahhc4 ,col9s 7,jean ,guillaume ,cs> ,alex&re ,hippolyte7 ,b>on de1 ,belgian ,sociali/ & f\nd] ( ,collectivism1 b4 ,brussels1 #bd ,dec4 #aghc4 ,au?or ( n9ete5 volumes on ,social ,sci5ce4 ,he d5i$ alike ,mono!ism & ,pan!ism1 b taught ! natural immortality ( ! s\l4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #ab ,nov4 #ahei4 ,a numb] ( disciples propagate 8 op9ions 9 ! ,philosophie de l',av5ir4 ,coll9s 7,an?ony71 ,engli% ,dei/1 b4 ,he/on1 ,middlesex1 #ba ,june1 #afgf4 ,he /udi$ at ,cambridge & aft]w>ds at ! ,temple1 & became ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace & ,treasur] ( ! ,c\nty ( ,essex4 ,he 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,locke1 :o highly e/eem$ him & made him 8 executor4 ,he wrote an ,essay on ,reason1 #agjg2 ,prie/craft 9 ,p]fection1 #agaj2 a ,v9dication ( ! ,div9e ,attributes1 & a ,disc\rse on ,free?9k+1 #agac4 ,?is la/ occasion$ a great outcry1 z x argu$ t all belief mu/ be bas$ on free inquiry1 & t ! use ( reason w\ld involve ! ab&onm5t ( sup]natural revelation4 ,9 #agai he publi%$ ,an ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ,human ,lib]ty1 a brief1 pi?y def5ce ( necessit>ianism1 & 9 #agbi ,a ,disc\rse on ,lib]ty & ,necessity4 ,9 #agbd appe>$ 8 ,disc\rse on ! ,gr\nds & ,reasons ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 & ?is 0 foll[$ by ,! ,s*eme ( ,lit]al ,prophecy ,consid]$1 #agbf4 ,he 0 a skilful disputant1 & wrote ) great ability4 ,he is also cr$it$ ) ,a ,disc\rse ,conc]n+ ,ridicule & ,irony 9 ,writ+4 ,di$ at ,london1 #ac ,dec4 #agbi4 ,coll9s1 says ,mr4 ,leslie ,/eph51 appe>s to h be5 an amiable & upright man1 & to h made all read]s welcome to ! use ( a free libr>y4 ,pr(essor ,fras] calls him a rem>kable man1 praises 8 love ( tru? & moral c\rage1 & all[s t 9 answ]+ ,dr4 ,samuel ,cl>ke on ! "q ( lib]ty & necessity he /ates ! argum5ts aga9/ human fre$om ) a logical =ce unsurpass$ by any necessit>ian4 ,a simil> te/imony to ,coll9s z a ?9k] & dialectician is borne by ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,colman 7,lucy ,n471 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 #bf ,july1 #ahag1 has sp5t mo/ ( h] life advocat+ ! abolition ( slav]y1 wom5's rights1 & ,free?\ght4 ,%e has lectur$ widely1 writt5 ,rem9is5ces 9 ! ,life ( a ,re=m] ( ,fifty ,ye>s1 & contribut$ to ! ,tru?seek] & ,bo/on ,inve/igator4 ,colotes1 ( ,lampsacus1 a he>] & disciple ( ,epicurus1 ) :om he 0 a favorite4 ,he wrote a "w 9 favor ( 8 ma/]'s tea*+s4 ,he held x 0 unwor?y ( a philosoph] to use fables4 ,combe 7,abram71 "o ( a not$ ,scot* family ( sev5te51 b4 ,ed9burgh1 #ae ,jan4 #aghe4 ,he trad$ z a tann]1 b1 becom+ acqua9t$ ) ,rob]t ,ow51 f\nd$ a community at ,orbi/on ^u ! pr9ciple ( ,ow5's ,new ,lan>k1 devot+ ne>ly ! :ole ( 8 l>ge =tune to ! s*eme4 ,b 8 heal? gave way & he di$ #aa ,aug4 #ahbg4 ,he wrote ,metaphysical ,sket*es ( ! ,old & ,new ,sy/ems & o!r works advocat+ ,ow5ism4 ,combe 7,&rew71 physician1 bro!r ( ! above1 b4 ,ed9burgh1 #bg ,oct4 #agig2 /udi$ !re & 9 ,p>is2 aid$ 8 bro!r ,george 9 f\nd+ ! ,phr5ological ,society2 wrote popul> works on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,physiology & ! ,managem5t ( ,infancy4 ,di$ ne> ,ed9burgh1 #i ,aug4 #ahdg4 ,combe 7,george71 phr5ologi/ & educationali/1 b4 ,ed9burgh1 #ba ,oct4 #aghh4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! law4 ,became acqua9t$ ) ,spurzheim1 & publi%$ ,essays on ,phr5ology1 #ahai1 & f\nd$ ! ,phr5ological ,j\rnal4 ,9 '#bh he publi%$ ! ,con/itution ( ,man1 :i* excit$ great controv]sy especially = remov+ ! *im]as ( special provid5ce & efficacy ( pray]4 ,9 '#cc he m>ri$ a daught] ( ,mrs4 ,siddons4 ,he visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates & lectur$ on ,moral ,philosophy & ,secul> ,education4 ,8 la/ "w 0 ,! ,relations betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,religion1 '#eg1 9 :i* he cont9u$ to uphold ,secul> ,!ism4 ,he also publi%$ _m lectures & essays4 ,among 8 fri5ds 7 ,miss ,evans 7,george ,eliot71 :o sp5t a =tnight ) him 9 '#eb4 ,he did m ?an any man ( 8 "t1 save ,rob]t ,ow51 = ! cause ( ,secul> education4 ,di$ at ,moor ,p>k1 ,surrey1 #ad ,aug4 #aheh4 ,combes 7,paul71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,p>is1 #ac ,june1 #ahef4 ,has writt5 on ,d>w9ism1 '#hc1 & o!r works popul>is+ sci5ce4 ,commazzi 7,gian-,batti/a71 ,c\nt au?or ( ,politica e religione trovate insieme nella p]sona di ,gies ,cri/o1 ,nicopoli ,vi5na #d vols41 #agjf-g1 9 :i* he makes ,jesus to be a political impo/or4 ,x 0 rigor\sly confiscat$ at ,rome & ,vi5na4 ,comp>etti 7,dom5ico71 ,italian philologi/1 b4 ,rome 9 #ahce4 ,signor ,comp>etti is ,pr(essor at ! ,in/itute ( ,sup]ior ,/udies1 ,rome1 & has writt5 _m works on ! classic writ]s1 9 :i* he ev9ces 8 ,pagan p>tialities4 ,comte 7,isidore ,augu/e ,m>ie ,franois ,xavi]71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 ma!matician & re=m]1 b4 at ,montpeli]1 #ab ,jan4 #agih4 ,educat$ at ,p>is 9 ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool1 :]e he di/+ui%$ himself by 8 ma!matical tal5t4 ,9 #ahag he made ! acqua9tance ( ,/4 ,simon1 agree+ ) him z to ! necessity ( a ,social r5ovation bas$ ^u a m5tal revolution4 ,on ! dea? ( ,/4 ,simon 7'#be7 ,comte devot$ himself to ! elaboration ( an orig9al sy/em ( sci5tific ?\ght1 :i*1 9 ! op9ion ( "s able judges1 entitles him to be call$ ! ,bacon ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,mill speaks ( him z ! sup]ior ( ,desc>tes & ,leibniz4 ,9 '#be he m>ri$1 b ! union prov$ unhappy4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he lectur$1 b broke d[n "u an attack ( bra9 fev]1 :i* occasion$ 8 det5tion 9 an asylum4 ,he spe$ily recov]$1 & 9 '#bh resum$ 8 lectures1 :i* 7 att5d$ by m5 l ,humboldt1 ,ducrotay1 ,br\ssais1 ,c>not1 etc4 ,9 '#cj he put =w>d ! fir/ volumes ( 8 ,c\rse ( ,positive ,philosophy1 :i* 9 '#db 0 complet$ by ! publication ( ! six? volume4 ,a cond5s$ ,engli% v]sion ( ?is "w 0 made by ,h>riet ,m>t9eau1 '#ec4 ,9 '#de ,comte =m$ a passionate ,platonic atta*em5t to ,mme4 ,clotilde de ,vaux1 :o di$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 hav+ pr(\ndely influ5c$ ,comte's life4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 op9ions1 he lo/ 8 pr(essor%ip1 & 0 support$ by 8 disciples--,mill1 ,moleswor? & ,grote1 9 ,engl&1 assi/+4 ,among o!r works1 ,comte publi%$ ,a ,g5]al ,view ( ,positivism1 '#dh1 translat$ by ,dr4 ,bridges1 '#fe2 ,a ,sy/em ( ,positive ,polity1 '#ea1 translat$ by ,drs4 ,bridges1 ,beesley1 ,f4 ,h>rison1 etc41 '#ge-gi2 & ,a ,positive ,cate*ism1 '#ed1 translat$ by ,dr4 ,congreve1 '#eh4 ,he also wrote on ,positive ,logic1 :i* he int5d$ to foll[ ) ,positive ,morality & ,positive ,indu/rialism4 ,comte 0 a pr(\nd & sugge/ive ?9k]4 ,he resolutely sets aside all !ology & metaphysics1 coord9ates ! sci5ces & sub/itutes ! s]vice ( man = ! wor%ip ( ,god4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,cott] ,morison says ,he belong$ to t small class ( r>e m9ds1 ^: errors are (t5 m valuable & /imulat+ ?an o!r m5's tru?s4 ,he di$ ( canc] 9 ! /oma* at ,p>is1 #e ,sept4 #aheg4 ,condillac 7,eti5ne ,bonnot de71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,gr5oble1 ab\t #agae4 ,8 life 0 v retir$1 b 8 works %[ mu* acut5ess4 ,!y are 9 #bc vols41 ! pr9cipal be+ ,a ,treatise on ! ,s5sations1 #agfd2 ,a ,treatise on ,animals1 & ,an ,essay on ! ,orig9 ( ,human ,k4 ,9 ! fir/-nam$ he %[s t all m5tal life is gradually built up out ( simple s5sations4 ,di$ #c ,aug4 #aghj4 ,condorcet 7,m>ie ,jean ,anto9e ,nicolas ,c>itat1 ,m>quis de71 ,fr5* philosoph] & politician1 b4 ,ribemont1 ,pic>dy1 #ag ,sept4 #agdc4 ,d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 by a pi\s "m1 he 0 kept 9 girl's clo!s until ! age ( #aa4 ,s5t to a ,jesuit's s*ool1 he soon gave up religion4 ,at sixte5 he ma9ta9$ a ma!matical !sis 9 ! pres5ce ( ,alemb]t4 ,9 ! next ye> he d$icat$ to ,turgot a ,pr(ession ( ,fai?4 ,aft] "s ma!matical works1 he 0 made memb] ( ! ,academy1 ( :i* he 0 appo9t$ p]petual secret>y1 #aggc4 ,9 #aggf he publi%$ 8 a!i/ic ,lett]s ( a ,!ologian4 ,he also wrote biographies ( ,turgot & ,voltaire1 & 9 favor ( ,am]ican indep5d5ce & aga9/ negro slav]y4 ,9 #agia he repres5t$ ,p>is 9 ! ,national ,assembly1 ( :i* he became ,secret>y4 ,x 0 on 8 motion t1 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 all ord]s ( nobility 7 aboli%$4 ,vot+ aga9/ ! dea? ( ! k+ & sid+ ) ! ,gironde drew on him ! v5geance ( ! extreme p>ty4 ,he took %elt] ) ,madame ,v]net1 b fe>+ to br+ into tr\ble h] & 8 wife1 at ^: in/igation he wrote 8 f9e ,sket* ( ! ,progress ( ! ,human ,m9d :ile 9 hid+1 he left1 b1 be+ arre/$1 di$ ( exhau/ion or by poison self-adm9i/]$1 at ,b\rg la ,re9e1 #bg ,m>*1 #agid4 ,condorcet 7,sophie de ,gr\*y ,c>itat1 ,m>quise de71 wife ( above1 & si/] ( ,g5]al ,gr\*y & ( ,mme4 ,cabanis1 b4 #agfe4 ,%e m>ri$ ,condorcet #aghf1 & 0 consid]$ "o ( ! mo/ beautiful wom5 ( h] "t4 ,%e %>$ h] husb&'s s5tim5ts & op9ions &1 :ile he 0 proscrib$1 support$ h]self by portrait pa9t+4 ,%e 0 arre/$1 & only came out ( prison aft] ! fall ( ,robespi]re4 ,%e translat$ ,adam ,smi?'s ,!ory ( ! ,moral ,s5tim5ts1 :i* %e accompani$ ) eight lett]s on ,sympa?y1 address$ to ,cabanis4 ,%e di$ #h ,sept4 #ahbb4 ,h] only daught] m>ri$ ,g54 ,ar?ur ,o',connor4 ,confucius 7,kung ,kew7 or ,kung-foo-tsze1 ! philosoph] ,kung1 a ,*9ese sage1 b4 9 ! ,/ate ( ,loo1 n[ "p ( ,%antung1 ab\t ,b4,c4 #eea4 ,he 0 di/+ui%$ by filial piety & le>n+4 ,9 8 n9ete5? ye> he m>ri$1 & ?ree ye>s aft] began z a tea*]1 reject+ none :o came to him4 ,he travell$ ?r\gh _m /ates4 ,:5 pa/ middle age he 0 appo9t$ *ief m9i/] ( ,loo1 b f9d+ ! ,duke desir$ ! r5[n ( 8 "n )\t adopt+ 8 c\nsel1 he retir$1 & devot$ 8 old age to edit+ ! sacr$ classics ( ,*9a4 ,he di$ ab\t ,b4,c4 #dgh4 ,8 tea*+1 *iefly f\nd 9 ! ,lun-,yu1 or ,confucian ,analects1 0 ( a practical moral "*1 & did n include any religi\s dogmas4 ,congreve 7,ri*>d71 ,engli% ,positivi/1 born 9 #ahai4 ,educat$ at ,rugby "u ,t4 ,arnold1 & ,ox=d #ahdj1 ,m4,a4 #ahdc2 0 fell[ ( ,wadham ,college #ahdd-ed4 ,9 '#ee he publi%$ 8 edition ( ,ari/otle ,politics4 ,he became a foll[] ( ,comte & influ5c$ _m to embrace ,positivism4 ,translat$ ,comte's ,cate*ism ( ,positive ,philosophy1 #aheh1 & has writt5 _m bro*ures4 ,dr4 ,congreve is consid]$ ! head ( ! /rict or ,engli% ,comti/s1 & has long conduct$ a small ,*ur* ( ,humanity4 ,connor 7,b]n>d71 a physician1 b4 ,co4 ,k]ry1 ( ,ca?olic family1 #afff4 ,he travell$ widely1 & 0 made c\rt physician to ,john ,sobieski1 ,k+ ( ,pol&4 ,he wrote a "w entitl$ ,evangelium ,m$ici 7#afig71 9 :i* he attempts to acc\nt = ! ,*ri/ian miracles on natural pr9ciples4 ,= ?is he 0 accus$ ( ,a!ism4 ,he di$ 9 ,london #bg ,oct4 #afih4 ,con/ant de ,rebecque 7,h5ri ,b5jam971 ,swiss writ]1 b4 ,lausanne1 #be ,oct4 #agfg1 & educat$ at ,ox=d1 ,erlang5 & ,ed9burgh4 ,9 #agie he ent]$ ,p>is z a protg ( ,mme4 de ,/ael1 & 9 #agii became a memb] ( ! ,tribunal4 ,he oppos$ ,buonap>te & wrote on ,roman ,poly!ism & an important "w on ,religion ,consid]$ 9 its ,s\rce1 its ,=ms & its ,developm5ts 7#f vols42 #ahbd-cb74 ,di$ #h ,dec4 #ahcj4 ,con/ant pr(ess$ ,prote/antism1 b 0 at he>t a sceptic1 & has be5 call$ a second ,voltaire4 ,a son 0 executor to ,augu/e ,comte4 ,conta 7,basil71 ,r\manian philosoph]1 b4 ,neamtza #bg ,nov4 #ahde4 ,/udi$ 9 ,italy & ,belgium1 & became pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,jassy1 ,moldavia4 ,9 '#gg he publi%$ 9 ,brussels1 9 ,fr5*1 a !ory ( fatalism1 :i* creat$ "s /ir by its boldness ( ?\ght4 ,conway 7,moncure ,daniel71 au?or1 b4 9 ,fr$]icksburg1 ,/af=d co4 ,virg9ia1 #ag ,m>*1 #ahcb4 ,he ent]$ ! ,me?odi/ m9i/ry '#ej1 b *ang+ 8 convictions ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,em]son & ,hicksite ,quak]s1 ent]$ ! div9ity s*ool at ,cambridge1 :]e he graduat$ 9 '#ed & became pa/or ( a ,unit>ian *ur* until dismiss$ = 8 anti-slav]y disc\rses4 ,9 '#eg he prea*$ 9 ,c9c9nati & !re publi%$ ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,devil1 & o!r pamphlets4 ,9 '#fc ,mr4 ,conway came to ,engl& & 0 m9i/] ( ,s\? ,place f ! close ( '#fc until 8 return to ! ,/ates 9 '#hd4 ,mr4 ,conway is a frequ5t contributor to ! press4 ,he has also publi%$ ,! ,e>?w>d ,pilgrimage1 #ahgj1 a !ory rev]s+ ,bunyan's ,pilgrim's ,progress2 collect$ a ,sacr$ ,an?ology f ! v>i\s sacr$ books ( ! _w #ahgc1 :i* he us$ 9 8 pulpit2 has writt5 on ,human ,sacrifices1 #ahgf1 & ,idols & ,ideals1 #ahgg4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ,demonology & ,devil ,lore1 #ahgh1 conta9+ mu* in=mation on my?ology4 ,he also issu$ 8 s]mons "u ! title ( ,lessons = ! ,day1 two vols41 #ahhc1 & has publi%$ a monograph on ! ,w&]+ ,jew1 a biography ( ,em]son1 & is at pres5t engag$ on a life ( ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,cook 7,k5n+ale ,rob]t71 ,,ll4,d41 b4 9 ,lanca%ire #bf ,sept4 #ahde1 son ( ! vic> ( ,/allbridge4 ,:5 a boy he us$ to puzzle 8 "m by su* que/ions z1 ,if ,god 0 omnipot5t c\ld he make :at _h happ5$ n h happ5$4 ,he 0 int5d$ = ! ,*ur*1 b decl9$ to subscribe ! articles4 ,graduat$ at ,dubl9 9 '#ff1 & took ,,ll4,d4 9 '#ge4 ,9 '#gg he became editor ( ! ,dubl9 ,univ]sity ,magaz9e1 9 :i* appe>$ "s /udies ( ! l9eage ( ,*ri/ian doctr9e & traditions aft]w>ds publi%$ "u ! title ( ,! ,fa!rs ( ,jesus4 ,dr4 ,cook wrote sev]al volumes ( *oice poems4 ,di$ ,july1 #ahhf4 ,coop] 7,an?ony ,a%ley71 see ,%aftesbury4 ,coop] 7,h5ry71 b>ri/]1 b4 ,norwi* ab\t #aghd4 ,he 0 a s*oolfell[ ( ,wm4 ,taylor ( ,norwi*4 ,he s]v$ z mid%ipman at ! battle ( ! ,nile1 b dislik+ ! s]vice became a b>ri/]1 & acquir$ "s fame by 8 spirit$ def5ce ( ,m>y ,ann ,c>lile1 #ba ,july1 #ahba1 = :i* ! report ( ! trial 0 d$icat$ to him by ,r4 ,c>lile4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,"l ,ersk9e1 ^: biography he comm5c$4 ,di$ #ai ,sept4 #ahbd4 ,coop] 7,john ,gilb]t71 poet1 b4 ,?urgaton ,priory1 ,notts1 #agbc4 ,educat$ at ,we/m9/] ,s*ool & ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,an en?usia/ic disciple ( ,"l ,%aftesbury4 ,"u ! "n ( ,phil>etes he contribut$ to ,dodsley's ,museum4 ,9 #agdi he publi%$ a ,life ( ,socrates1 = :i* he 0 co>sely attack$ by ,w>burton4 ,he wrote "s poems "u ! signature ( ,ari/ippus4 ,di$ ,mayfair1 ,london1 #ad ,april1 #agfi4 ,coop] 7,pet]71 a b5evol5t manufactur]1 b4 ,n4 ,york1 #ab ,feb4 #agia4 ,he devot$ ov] half a million doll>s to ! ,coop] ,in/itute1 = ! secul> in/ruction & elevation ( ! work+ classes4 ,di$ #d ,april1 #ahhc4 ,coop] 7,rob]t71 ,secul>i/ writ] & lectur]1 b4 #bi ,dec4 #ahai1 at ,b>ton-on-,irwell1 ne> ,man*e/]4 ,he _h ! advantage ( be+ br\ght up 9 a ,free?\ght family4 ,at f\rte5 he became tea*] 9 ! ,co-op]ative ,s*ools1 ,sal=d1 lectur$ at fifte51 & by sev5te5 became an ackn[l$g$ advocate ( ,ow5ism1 hold+ a public discussion ) ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,bromley4 ,"s ( 8 lectures 7 publi%$--"o on ,orig9al ,s9 sold twelve ?\s& copies--:5 he 0 sc>cely eighte54 ,! ,holy ,scriptures ,analys$ 7#ahcb7 0 d5\nc$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,exet] 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords4 ,coop] 0 dismiss$ f a situation he _h held t5 ye>s1 & 9 #ahda became a ,sociali/ mission>y 9 ! ,nor? ( ,engl& & ,scotl&4 ,at ,ed9burgh 7#ahde7 he wrote ,free ,ag5cy & ,or?odoxy1 & compil$ ! ,infidel's ,text ,book4 ,ab\t '#ej he came to ,london1 lectur+ ) success at ,john ,/reet ,in/itution4 ,9 '#ed he />t$ ! ,london ,inve/igator1 :i* he edit$ = ?ree ye>s4 ,9 x appe>s 8 lectures on ,sci5ce v4 ,!ology1 ,admissions ( ,di/+ui%$ ,m51 etc4 ,fail+ heal? oblig$ him to retire leav+ ! ,inve/igator to ,an?ony ,coll9s 7,w4 ,h4 ,johnson71 & aft]w>ds to ,iconocla/ 7,c4 ,bradlaugh74 ,at 8 la/ lecture he fa9t$ on ! plat=m4 ,9 #aheh he remodell$ 8 ,infidel ,text-,book into a "w on ,! ,bible & ,its ,evid5ces4 ,he devot$ himself to political re=m until 8 dea?1 #c ,may1 #ahfh4 ,coop] 7,?omas71 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 natural philosoph]1 politician1 juri/ & au?or1 b4 ,london1 #bb ,oct4 #agei4 ,educat$ at ,ox=d1 he aft]w>ds /udi$ law & m$ic9e2 0 admitt$ to ! b> & liv$ at ,man*e/]1 :]e he wrote a numb] ( tracts on ,mat]ialism1 ,:e!r ,deity be a ,free ,ag5t1 etc41 #aghi4 ,deput$ ) ,james ,watt1 ! inv5tor1 by ! ,con/itutional clubs to congratulate ! ,democrats ( ,france 7,april1 #agib71 he 0 attack$ by ,burke & repli$ 9 a vigor\s pamphlet4 ,9 '#id he publi%$ ,in=mation ,conc]n+ ,am]ica1 & 9 ! next ye> foll[$ 8 fri5d ,prie/ly to ,philadelphia1 e/abli%$ himself z a lawy] & 0 made judge4 ,he also conduct$ ! ,emporium ( ,arts & ,sci5ces 9 t city4 ,he 0 ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,c>lisle ,college1 '#ab1 & aft]w>ds held ! *airs bo? ( ,*emi/ry & ,political ,economy 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a ,college1 ( :i* he became ,presid5t1 #ahbj-cd4 ,?is position he 0 =c$ to resign on acc\nt ( 8 religi\s views4 ,he translat$ f ,ju/9ian & ,br\ssais1 & dige/$ ! ,/atutes ( ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,9 philosophy a ,mat]iali/1 9 religion a ,free?9k]1 9 politics a ,democrat1 he urg$ 8 views 9 _m pamphlets4 ,"o on ,! ,"r ( ,free ,discussion1 & a little book on ,geology & ! ,p5tateu*1 9 reply to ,pr(4 ,silliman1 7 republi%$ 9 ,london by ,james ,watson4 ,di$ at ,columbia1 #aa ,may1 #ahdj4 #a #a ,s v>i$ 0 ! activity ( ,t4 ,coop] dur+ 8 long life t 8 works 9 ! ,briti% ,museum 7 catalogu$ z by six diff]5t p]sons ( ! same "n4 ,i po9t$ ?is out1 & ! six s+le g5tlem5 w be roll$ into "o4 ,coornh]t 7,dirk ,volk]tszoon71 ,dut* humani/1 poet & writ]1 b4 ,am/]dam1 #aebb4 ,he travell$ 9 8 y\? ?r\gh ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,he set up z an engrav] at ,ha>lem1 & became !reaft] not>y & secret>y ( ! city ( ,ha>lem4 ,he _h a pr(\nd horror ( intol]ance1 & def5d$ lib]ty aga9/ ,beza & ,calv94 ,! cl]gy vitup]at$ him z a ,judas & z in/igat$ by ,satan1 etc4 ,bayle1 :o writes ( him z ,!odore ,koornh]t1 says he commun$ nei!r ) ,prote/ants nor ,ca?olics4 ,! magi/rates ( ,delft drove him out ( _! city4 ,he translat$ ,cic]o's ,de ,(ficiis1 & o!r works4 ,di$ at ,g\da1 #bj ,oct4 #aeij4 ,cordonni] de ,sa9t ,hyac9!4 ,see ,sa9t-,hyac9! 7,!miseuil de74 ,corv9-,wi]sbitski 7,otto ,julius ,b]nh>d von71 ,prussian ,pole ( noble family1 :o trac$ _! desc5t f ! ,roman ,corv9ii1 b4 ,gumb9n51 #ab ,oct4 #ahab4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! ,prussian army1 :]e he met 8 fri5d ,fri$ri* von ,sallet2 retir$ into ! ,l&wehr #ahce1 w5t to ,leipsic & ent]$ ^u a lit]>y c>e]1 wrote ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,dut* ,revolution1 #ahda2 ! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ian ,fanaticism1 #ahde1 :i* 0 suppress$ 9 ,au/ria4 ,he took "p ) ! democrats 9 '#dh2 0 condemn$ to be %ot #ae ,sept4 '#di1 b ! s5t5ce 0 commut$2 sp5t six ye>s' solit>y conf9em5t 9 prison2 came to ,london1 became correspond5t to ! ,times2 w5t ?r\gh ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 & aft]w>ds ,franco-,prussian ,w>1 z a special correspond5t4 ,he has writt5 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,"t1 #ahdh-ga4 ,di$ s9ce #ahhf4 ,cotta 7,b]nh>d71 ,g]man geologi/1 b4 ,little ,zillba*1 ,?ur+ia1 #bd ,oct4 #ahjh4 ,he /udi$ at ! ,academy ( ,m9+1 9 ,freib]g1 :]e he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor 9 '#db4 ,8 fir/ production1 ,! ,d5droli?s1 '#cb1 prov$ him a dilig5t inve/igator4 ,x 0 foll[$ by _m geological treatises4 ,cotta did mu* to support ! nebul> hypo!sis & ! law ( natural developm5t )\t miracul\s ag5cy4 ,he also wrote on phr5ology4 ,di$ at ,freiburg1 #ac ,sept #ahgi4 ,cotta 7,c4 ,aurelius71 ,roman philosoph]1 orator & /atesman1 b4 ,b4,c4 #abd4 ,9 '#ge he became ,consul4 ,on ! expiration ( 8 (fice he obta9$ ,gaul z a prov9ce4 ,cic]o _h a high op9ion ( him & gives 8 sceptical argum5ts 9 ! ?ird book ( 8 ,de ,natura ,deorum4 ,c\ri] 7,paul ,l\is71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,p>is1 #d ,jan4 #aggb4 ,he ent]$ ! army & became an (fic] ( artill]y1 s]v+ ) di/9ction 9 ! ,army ( ! ,republic4 ,he wrote _m pamphlets1 direct$ aga9/ ! cl]ical re/oration1 :i* place him =emo/ among ! lit]>y m5 ( ! g5]ation4 ,8 writ+s are n[ classics1 b !y br\ght him no?+ b imprisonm5t1 & he 0 app>5tly assass9at$1 #aj ,april1 #ahbe4 ,he _h a pres5tim5t t ! bigots w\ld kill him4 ,cov5try 7,h5ry71 a native ( ,cambridge%ire1 b4 ab\t #agaj1 ,fell[ ( ,magdal5e ,college1 au?or ( ,lett]s ( ,philemon to ,hydaspus on ,false ,religion 7#agcf74 ,di$ #bi ,dec4 #ageb4 ,c[>d 7,william71 ,m4,d41 b4 ,w9*e/]1 #afef4 ,graduat$ at ,wadham ,college1 ,ox=d1 #afgg4 ,settl$ fir/ at ,nor?ampton1 aft]w>ds at ,london4 ,publi%$1 besides "s m$ical works1 ,second ,?\ghts ,conc]n+ ,human ,s\l1 :i* excit$ mu* indignation by d5y+ natural immortality4 ,! ,h\se ( ,commons 7#ag ,m>*1 #agjd7 ord]$ 8 "w to be burnt4 ,he di$ 9 #agbe4 ,cox 7! ,"r ,rev4 ,sir ,george ,william71 b4 #ahbg1 0 educat$ at ,rugby & ,ox=d1 :]e he took ,b4,c4,l4 9 #ahdi4 ,ent]$ ! ,*ur*1 b has devot$ himself to hi/ory & my?ology4 ,8 mo/ pret5ti\s "w is ,my?ology ( ! ,aryan ,nations 7#ahgj74 ,he has also writt5 an ,introduction to ,comp>ative ,my?ology & sev]al hi/orical works4 ,9 #ahhf he became ,bi%op ( ,bloemfonte94 ,he is cr$it$ ) ! au?or%ip ( ! ,engli% ,life ( ,jesus1 publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,?omas ,scott4 ,at ! ,*ur* ,congress ( #ahhh he read an h]etical pap] on ,biblical ,es*atology4 ,8 la/ production is a ,life ( ,bi%op ,col5so1 #b vols1 #ahhh4 ,coyteux 7,f]n&71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,ruffec1 #ahjj4 ,au?or ( a mat]iali/ic sy/em ( philosophy1 ,brussels1 #ahec ,/udies on physiology1 ,p>is1 #ahge1 etc4 ,craig 7,edw>d ,?omas71 social re=m]1 b4 at ,man*e/] #d ,aug4 #ahjd4 ,he 0 pres5t at ! ,pet]loo massacre '#ai2 help$ to =m ! ,sal=d ,social ,in/itute & became a pione] ( co-op]ation4 ,9 '#ca he became editor ( ! ,lanca%ire ,co-op]ator4 ,9 ,nov4 ( ! same ye> he und]took ! managem5t ( a co-op]ative f>m at ,rahal9e1 co4 ,cl>e4 ,( ?is exp]im5t he has writt5 an hi/ory1 '#gb4 ,mr4 ,craig has edit$ sev]al j\rnals & contribut$ l>gely to ,radical & co-op]ative lit]ature4 ,he has publi%$ a memoir ( ,dr4 ,travis & at ! age ( #hd he wrote on ,! ,sci5ce ( ,prolong+ ,life4 ,cram] 7,johan ,nicolai71 ,sw$i% writ]1 b4 ,wisby1 ,gottl&1 #ah ,feb4 #ahab4 ,he /udi$ at ,upsala & became ,doctor ( ,philosophy '#cf2 orda9$ prie/ 9 '#db2 he resign$ 9 '#eh4 ,9 religion he d5ies revelation & insi/s on ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,among 8 works we m5tion ,sep>ation f ! ,*ur*1 a ,free?9k]'s annotations on ! read+ ( ! ,bible1 ,/ockholm1 #ahei4 ,a ,confession ( ,fai?2 ,=w>d or ,back8 7#ahfb74 ,he has also writt5 on ! ,puni%m5t ( ,dea? 7#ahfh71 & o!r topics4 ,cranbrook 7,rev4 ,james47 ,born ( /rict ,calv9i/ic p>5ts ab\t #ahag4 ,mr4 ,cranbrook gradually emancipat$ himself f dogmas1 became a tea*]1 & = sixte5 ye>s 0 m9i/] ( an ,indep5d5t ,*ur* at ,lisc>d1 ,*e%ire4 ,he also 0 pr(essor at ! ,ladies' ,college1 ,liv]pool1 "s ( 8 lectures !re be+ publi%$ '#eg4 ,9 ,jan4 '#fe1 he w5t to ,albany ,*ur*1 ,ed9burgh1 b 8 views be+ too broad = t congregation1 he left 9 ,feb4 '#fg b cont9u$ to give ,sunday lectures until 8 dea?1 #f ,june1 #ahfi4 ,9 '#ff he publi%$ ,cr$ibilia3 an ,inquiry into ! gr\nds ( ,*ri/ian fai? & two ye>s lat] ,! ,f\nd]s ( ,*ri/ianity1 disc\rses on ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,o!r lectures on ,human ,depravity1 ,positive ,religion1 etc41 7 publi%$ by ,?omas ,scott4 ,cran* 7,*ri/oph] ,pe>se71 ,am]ican pa9t] & poet1 b4 ,alex&ria1 ,virg9ia1 #h ,m>*1 #ahac1 graduat$ at div9ity s*ool1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 '#ce1 b left ! m9i/ry 9 '#db4 ,he %[s 8 ,free?\ght s5tim5ts 9 ,satan1 a ,libretto1 ,bo/on1 '#gd1 & o!r works4 ,crav5 7,m4 ,b471 ,am]ican1 au?or ( a critical "w on ! ,bible entitl$ ,triumph ( ,criticism1 publi%$ at ,philadelphia1 #ahfi4 ,cremon9i 7,ces>e71 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 ,c5to1 ,f]r>a1 #aeej1 0 pr(essor ( philosophy at ,padua f #aeia to #afca1 :5 he di$4 ,a foll[] ( ,ari/otle1 he excit$ suspicion by 8 want ( religion & 8 tea*+ ! mortality ( ! s\l4 ,he 0 frequ5tly ord]$ by ! ,jesuits & ! ,inquisition to refute ! errors he gave curr5cy to1 b he 0 protect$ by ! ,v5etian ,/ate1 & refus$4 ,l mo/ ( ! philosoph]s ( 8 "t1 he di/+ui%$ betwe5 religi\s & philosophic tru?4 ,bayle says4 ,il a pass p\r un esprit =t1 qui ne croyait po9t l'immortalit de l'me4 ,l>\sse says1 ,on peut dire qu'il n'tait pas *rti54 ,ladvocat says 8 works conta9 _m ?+s contr>y to religion4 ,cross 7,m>y ,ann74 ,see ,eliot 7,george74 ,cr\sse 7,l\is ,d471 ,fr5* ,pan!i/ic philosoph]1 au?or ( ,pr9ciples1 or ,fir/ ,philosophy1 #ahci1 & ,?\ghts1 #ahde4 ,curtis 7,s4 ,e471 ,engli% ,free?9k]1 au?or ( ,!ology ,display$1 #ahdb4 ,he has be5 cr$it$ ) ,! ,prote/ant's ,progress to ,infidelity4 ,see ,griffi? 7,rees74 ,di$ #ahdg4 ,croly 7,david ,goodman71 ,am]ican ,positivi/1 b4 ,new ,york1 #c ,nov4 #ahbi4 ,he graduat$ at ,new ,york ,univ]sity 9 '#ed1 & 0 subsequ5tly a report] on ! ,new ,york ,h]ald4 ,he became editor ( ! ,new ,york ,_w until '#gb4 ,f '#ga to '#gc he edit$ ,! ,mod]n ,?9k]1 an organ ( ! mo/ advanc$ ?\ght1 & aft]w>ds ! ,new ,york ,graphic4 ,mr4 ,croly has writt5 a ,prim] ( ,positivism1 '#gf1 & has contribut$ _m articles to p]iodicals4 ,8 wife1 ,jane ,cunn+ham1 :o calls h]self ,j5nie ,june1 b4 #ahca1 also wrote 9 ,! ,mod]n ,?9k]4 ,cross 7,m>y ,ann71 see ,eliot 7,george74 ,crozi] 7,john ,beattie71 ,engli% writ] ( ,scotti% bord] p>5tage1 b4 ,galt1 ,ont>io1 ,canada1 #bc ,april1 #ahdi4 ,9 y\? he won a s*ol>%ip to ! gramm> s*ool ( ! t[n1 & !nce won ano!r s*ol>%ip to ! ,toronto ,univ]sity1 :]e he graduat$ '#gb1 tak+ ! ,univ]sity & ,/>r m$als4 ,he !n came to ,london det]m9$ to /udy ! great problems ( religion & civilisation4 ,he took 8 diploma f ! ,london ,college ( ,physicians 9 '#gc4 ,9 '#gg he wrote 8 fir/ essay1 ,god or ,=ce1 :i*1 be+ reject$ by all ! magaz9es1 he publi%$ z a pamphlet4 ,o!r essays on ! ,con/itution ( ! ,_w1 ,c>lyle1 ,em]son1 & ,sp5c] be+ also reject$1 he publi%$ !m 9 a book entitl$ ,! ,religion ( ! ,future1 '#hj1 :i* fell flat4 ,he !n />t$ 8 "w ,civilisation & ,progress1 :i* appe>$ 9 '#he1 & 0 also unsuccessful until republi%$ ) a few notices 9 '#hg1 :5 x receiv$ a *orus ( applause1 = its cle> & orig9al ?\ghts4 ,mr4 ,crozi] is n[ engag$ on 8 ,autobiography1 aft] :i* he proposes to deal ) ! ,social "q4 ,cuffel] 7,abraham ,johann71 a ,dut* philosoph] & doctor ( law1 :o 0 "o ( ! fir/ p>tizans ( ,sp9oza4 ,he liv$ at ,utre*t t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & wrote a "w on logic 9 ?ree p>ts entitl$ ,specim5 ,artis ,ratioc9&i1 etc41 publi%$ o/5sibly at ,hamburg1 b really at ,am/]dam or ,utre*t1 #afhd4 ,x 0 )\t "n b ) ! au?or's portrait4 ,cup] 7,frans71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,rott]dam4 ,cup] is suspect$ to h be5 "o ( ^? foll[]s ( ,sp9oza1 :o "u pret5ce ( refut+ him1 set =? & su/a9$ 8 argum5ts by feeble opposition4 ,8 "w entitl$ ,arcana ,a!ismi ,revelata1 ,rott]dam #afgf1 0 d5\nc$ z writt5 9 bad fai?4 ,cup] ma9ta9$ t ! exi/5ce ( ,god c\ld n be prov$ by ! light ( reason4 ,cyrano de ,b]g]ac 7,sav9i571 ,fr5* comic writ]1 b4 ,p>is #f ,m>*1 #afai4 ,aft] f9i%+ 8 /udies & s]v+ 9 ! army 9 8 y\? he devot$ himself to lit]ature4 ,8 trag$y ,agripp9e is full ( :at a booksell] call$ belles impits1 & ,la ,monnoye relates t at its p]=mance ! pit %\t$ ,oh1 ! wret*6 ,! ,a!i/6 ,h[ he mocks at holy ?+s6 ,cyrano knew p]sonally ,campanella1 ,gass5di1 ,lamo! ,le ,vay]1 ,l9ire1 ,rohault1 etc4 ,8 o!r works consi/ ( a %ort fragm5t on ,physic1 a collection ( ,lett]s1 & a ,comic ,hi/ory ( ! ,/ates & ,empires ( ! ,moon & ! ,sun4 ,cyrano took ! idea ( ?is book f ,f4 ,godw9's ,man 9 ! ,moon1 #aehc1 & x 9 turn gave rise to ,swift's ,gulliv]'s ,travels & ,voltaire's ,micromegas4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #afee4 ,czolbe 7,he9ri*71 ,g]man ,mat]iali/1 b4 ne> ,dantzic1 #cj ,dec4 #ahai1 /udi$ m$ic9e at ,b]l91 writ+ an inaugural diss]tation on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,physiology1 '#dd4 ,9 '#ee he publi%$ 8 ,new ,exposition ( ,s5sationalism1 9 :i* ev]y?+ is resolv$ into matt] & motion1 & 9 '#fe a "w on ,! ,limits & ,orig9 ( ,human ,k4 ,he 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,ueb]weg4 ,di$ at ,knigsb]g1 #ai ,feb4 #ahgc4 ,lange says 8 life 0 m>k$ by a deep & g5u9e morality4 ,d',abla+4 ,see ,giess5burg4 ,dale 7,antonius van71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,ha>lem1 #h ,nov4 #afch4 ,8 "w on oracles 0 erudite b lumb]some1 & to x ,font5elle gave ! *>m ( /yle4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,engli% by ,mrs4 ,aphra ,behn1 "u ! title ( ,! ,hi/ory ( ,oracles & ! ,*eats ( ,pagan ,prie/s1 #afii4 ,van ,dale1 9 ano!r "w on ,! ,orig9 & ,progress ( ,idolatry & ,sup]/ition1 appli$ ! hi/orical me?od to 8 subject1 & %[$ t ! belief 9 demons 0 z old & z ext5sive z ! human race4 ,he di$ at ,ha>lem1 #bh ,nov4 #agjh4 ,damilaville 7,eti5ne ,nol71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 at ,bordeaux1 #agba4 ,at fir/ a soldi]1 !n a cl]k1 he did "s s]vice = ,voltaire1 :o became 8 fri5d4 ,he also made ! fri5d%ip ,did]ot1 d',alemb]t1 ,grimm1 & d',holba*4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,encyclopdie1 & 9 #agfg publi%$ an attack on ! !ologians1 entitl$ ,!ological ,hone/y4 ,! book entitl$ ,*ri/ianity ,unveil$ see ,b\lang] & ,holba* 0 attribut$ by ,voltaire1 :o call$ x ,impiety ,unveil$1 & by ,la ,h>pe & ,lal&e to ,damilaville4 ,voltaire call$ him "o ( our mo/ le>n$ writ]s4 ,l>\sse says he 0 an ard5t enemy ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he has also be5 cr$it$ ) a %>e 9 ! ,sy/em ( ,nature4 ,di$ #ae ,dec4 #agfh4 ,d&olo 7,v9c5zo7 ,c\nt1 ,italian *emi/1 b4 ,v5ice1 #bf ,oct4 #ageh1 wrote ,pr9ciples ( ,physical ,*emi/ry1 a "w 9 ,fr5* on ,! ,new ,m51 9 :i* he %[s 8 antagonism to religion1 & _m useful works on v9e1 timb]1 & silk culture4 ,di$ ,v>essa1 #ac ,dec4 #ahai4 ,danton 7,georges ,jacques71 ,fr5* revolutioni/1 b4 ,arcis sur ,aube1 #bh ,oct4 #agei4 ,an uncle wi%$ him to ent] into ord]s1 b he pref]r$ to /udy law4 ,dur+ ! ,revolution 8 eloqu5ce made him conspicu\s at ! ,club ( ,cordeli]s1 & 9 ,feb4 #agia1 he became "o ( ! adm9i/rators ( ,p>is4 ,"o ( ! fir/ to see t aft] ! flight ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 he c\ld no long] be k+1 he dem&$ 8 susp5sion1 & became "o ( ! *ief organis]s ( ! ,republic4 ,9 ! al>m caus$ by ! invasion he urg$ a bold & resolute policy4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,conv5tion & ( ! ,committee ( ,public ,safety4 ,at ! crisis ( ! /ruggle ) ,robespi]re1 ,danton decl9$ to /rike ! fir/ bl[ & disda9$ to fly4 ,arre/$ ,m>*1 #agid1 he said :5 int]rogat$ by ! judge1 ,my "n is ,danton1 my dwell+ w soon be 9 annihilation2 b my "n w live 9 ! ,pan!on ( hi/ory4 ,he ma9ta9$ 8 l(ty be>+ on ! scaffold1 :]e he p]i%$ #e ,april1 #agid4 ,= 8 kn[n scepticism ,danton 0 call$ fils de ,did]ot4 ,c>lyle calls him a v ,man4 ,dapp] 7,olf]t71 ,dut* physician1 :o occupi$ himself ) hi/ory & geography1 on :i* he produc$ important works4 ,he _h no religion & 0 suspect$ ( ,a!ism4 ,he travell$ ?r\gh ,syria1 ,babylonia1 etc41 9 #afej4 ,he translat$ ,h]odotus 7#affd7 & ! orations ( ! late ,pr(4 ,casp> v4 ,ba]li 7#affc71 & wrote a ,hi/ory ( ! ,city ( ,am/]dam1 #affc4 ,di$ at ,am/]dam #afij4 ,d>get 7,eti5ne71 b4 ,p>is1 #agab2 w5t to ,b]l9 9 #agdd & became read] & private secret>y to ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7#agde-eb71 :o correspond$ ) him aft]w>ds4 ,di$ #aggh4 ,d>w9 7,*>les ,rob]t71 ,engli% naturali/1 b4 ,%rewsbury1 #ab ,feb4 #ahji4 ,educat$ at ,%rewsbury1 ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 & ,cambridge4 ,he e>ly ev9c$ a ta/e = collect+ & obs]v+ natural objects4 ,he 0 int5d$ = a cl]gyman1 b1 incit$ by ,humboldt's ,p]sonal ,n>rative1 resolv$ to travel4 ,he accompani$ ,capta9 ,fitzroy 9 ! ,beagle on a voyage ( exploration1 '#ca-cf1 :i* he n>rat$ 9 8 ,voyage ( a ,naturali/ ,r\nd ! ,_w1 :i* obta9$ great popul>ity4 ,9 '#ci he m>ri$1 & 9 '#db left ,london & settl$ at ,d[n1 ,k5t4 ,8 /udies1 comb9$ ) ! read+ ( ,lam>ck & ,mal?us1 l$ to 8 great "w on ,! ,orig9 ( ,species by means ( ,natural ,selection1 '#ei1 :i* made a great outcry & m>k$ an epo*4 ,d>w9 took no "p 9 ! controv]sy rais$ by ! !ologians1 b foll[$ 8 "w ) ,! ,f]tilisation ( ,or*ids1 '#fb2 ,cross & ,self ,f]tilisation ( ,plants1 '#fg2 ,v>iations ( ,plants & ,animals "u ,dome/ication1 '#fe2 & 9 '#ga ,! ,desc5t ( ,man & ,selection 9 relation to ,sex1 :i* caus$ yet great] con/]nation 9 or?odox circles4 ,! foll[+ ye> he issu$ ,! ,expression ( ! ,emotions ( ,m5 & ,animals4 ,he also publi%$ works on ! ,movem5ts ( ,plants1 ,insectivor\s ,plants1 ! ,=ms ( ,fl[]s1 & ,e>?worms4 ,he di$ #ai ,april1 #ahhb1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 despite 8 express$ unbelief 9 revelation4 ,to a ,g]man /ud5t he wrote1 9 '#gi1 ,sci5ce has no?+ to d ) ,*ri/1 except 9 s f> z ! habit ( sci5tific rese>* makes a man cauti\s 9 admitt+ evid5ce4 ,= myself ,i d n believe t !re ev] has be5 any revelation4 ,9 8 ,life & ,lett]s he relates t betwe5 #ahcf & #ahdb he _h come to see t ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 no m to be tru/$ ?an ! sacr$ books ( ! ,h9doos4 ,he reject$ design & said ,i = "o mu/ be cont5t to rema9 an ,agno/ic4 ,d>w9 7,erasmus71 ,dr41 poet1 physiologi/ & philosoph]1 gr&fa!r ( ! above1 0 born at ,el/on1 ne> ,new>k1 #ab ,dec4 #agca4 ,educat$ at ,*e/]field & ,cambridge he became a physician1 fir/ at ,li*field & aft]w>ds at ,d]by4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) ,r\sseau1 ,watt & ,w$gwood4 ,8 pr9cipal poem1 ,! ,botanic ,g>d5 0 publi%$ 9 #agia1 & ,! ,temple ( ,nature 9 #ahjc4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ,zoomania1 or ! laws ( organic life 7#agid71 = :i* he 0 accus$ ( ,a!ism4 ,he 0 actually a ,dei/4 ,he also wrote on female education & "s pap]s 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions4 ,di$ at ,d]by1 #ah ,april1 #ahjb4 ,daub]mesnil 7,franois ,anto9e71 ,fr5* conv5tionali/4 ,elect$ deputy ( ,t>n 9 #agib4 ,aft]w>ds became a memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,five ,hundr$4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,!ophilan?ropy4 ,di$ at ,p]pignan #ahjb4 ,daudet 7,alphonse71 ,fr5* noveli/1 b4 at ,nmes1 #ac ,may #ahdj1 au?or ( _m popul> romances1 ( :i* we m5tion ,l',evangeli/e1 '#hb1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli% "u ! title ,port ,salvation4 ,daun\ 7,pi]re ,claude ,franois71 ,fr5* politician & hi/orian1 b4 ,b\logne1 #ah ,aug4 #agfa4 ,8 fa!r ent]$ him 9 ! congregation ( ! ,fa!rs ( ! ,oratory1 :i* he left at ! ,revolution4 ,! dep>tm5t ( ,calais elect$ him ) ,c>not & ,?omas ,pa9e to ! ,conv5tion4 ,aft] ! ,revolution he became libr>ian at ! ,pan!on4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,g>at1 ,cabanis1 ,*5i]1 ,de/utt ,tracy1 ,g+u5 & ,b5j4 ,con/ant4 ,wrote ,hi/orical ,essay on ! ,temporal ,p[] ( ! ,popes1 #ahaj4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #bj ,june1 #ahdj1 not$ = 8 b5evol5ce4 ,dav5port 7,all571 social re=m]1 b4 #aggc4 ,he contribut$ to ,c>lile's ,republican2 wrote an acc\nt ( ! ,life1 ,writ+s & ,pr9ciples ( ,?omas ,sp5ce1 ! re=m] 7#ahbf72 & publi%$ a volume ( v]se1 entitl$ ,! ,muses' ,wrea? 7#ahbg74 ,di$ at ,highbury1 ,london1 #ahdf4 ,dav5port 7,john71 ,dei/1 b4 ,london1 #h ,june1 #aghi1 became a tea*]4 ,he wrote ,an ,apology = ,mohamm$ & ! ,koran1 #ahfi2 ,curiositates ,eroticoe ,physiolog1 or ,taboo$ ,subjects ,freely ,treat$1 & sev]al educational works4 ,di$ 9 pov]ty #aa ,may1 #ahgg4 ,david ( ,d9ant1 9 ,belgium1 ,pan!i/ic philosoph] ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,he is said to h visit$ ! ,papal ,c\rt ( ,innoc5t ,,iii4 ,he %>$ 9 ! h]esies ( ,amalric ( ,*rtres1 & 8 "w ,quat]9i 0 condemn$ & burnt 7#abji74 ,he only escap$ ! /ake by rapid flight4 ,accord+ to ,alb]t ! ,great he 0 ! au?or ( a philosophical "w ,de ,tomis1 ,( ,subdivisions1 9 :i* he taught t all ?+s 7 "o4 ,8 sy/em 0 simil> to t ( ,sp9oza4 ,david 7,jacques ,l\is71 ,fr5* pa9t]1 born at ,p>is1 #ca ,aug4 #agdh1 0 made pa9t] to ! k+1 b jo9$ ! ,jacob9 ,club1 became a memb] ( ! ,conv5tion1 vot$ = ! k+'s dea? & = ! civic fe/ivals1 = :i* he made designs4 ,on ! re/oration he 0 bani%$4 ,di$ at ,brussels1 #bi ,dec4 #ahbe4 ,david 0 an hone/ en?usia/ & a ?or\gh ,free?9k]4 ,davidis or ,david 7,f]5cz71 a ,transylvanian div9e1 b4 ab\t #aeaj4 ,he 0 successively a ,roman ,ca?olic1 a ,lu!ran & an ,antitr9it>ian4 ,he w5t fur!r ?an ,f4 ,soc9us & decl>$ !re 0 z mu* f\ndation = pray+ to ! ,virg9 ,m>y & o!r dead sa9ts z to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he 0 9 consequ5ce accus$ ( ,judais+ & ?r[n into prison at ,deva1 :]e he di$ #f ,june1 #aegi4 ,davies 7,john ,c471 ( ,/ockport1 an ,engli% ,jacob91 :o 9 #agig publi%$ a li/ ( contradictions ( ! ,bible "u ! title ( ,! ,scripturian's ,cre$1 = :i* he 0 prosecut$ & imprison$4 ,! "w 0 republi%$ by ,c>lile1 #ahbb1 & also at ,man*e/]1 #ahci4 ,davidson 7,?omas71 booksell] & publi%]1 0 prosecut$ by ! ,vice ,society 9 ,oct4 #ahbj1 = sell+ ! ,republican & a publication ( 8 own1 call$ ! ,dei/'s ,magaz9e4 ,= obs]vations made 9 8 def5ce he 0 summon$ & f9$ #ajj1 & he 0 s5t5c$ to two ye>s' imprisonm5t 9 ,oakham ,gaol4 ,he di$ #af ,dec4 #ahbf4 ,debi]re 7,*>les71 ,fr5* writ]1 au?or ( ,man ,be=e ,hi/ory1 #ahhh4 ,de ,dom9icis4 ,see ,dom9icis4 ,de ,felice 7,francesco71 ,italian writ]1 b4 ,catania1 ,sicily1 #ahba1 took "p 9 ! revolution ( '#dc1 & :5 ,g>ibaldi l&$ 9 ,sicily 0 appo9t$ presid5t ( ! provisional c\ncil ( w>4 ,has writt5 on ! re=mation ( elem5t>y s*ools4 ,de ,greef 7,guillaume ,joseph71 advocate at ,brussels ,c\rt ( ,appeal1 b4 at ,brussels1 #i ,oct4 #ahdb4 ,au?or ( an important ,introduction to ,sociology1 #ahhf4 ,wrote 9 ,la ,lib]t1 #ahfg-gc1 & n[ writes 9 ,la ,societ ,n\velle4 ,de ,gub]natis 7,angelo71 ,italian ,ori5tali/ & writ]1 b4 ,tur91 #g ,april1 #ahdj2 /udi$ at ,tur9 ,univ]sity & became doctor ( philosophy4 ,he /udi$ ,sanskrit "u ,bopp & ,web] at ,b]l94 ,sig4 de ,gub]natis has adorn$ ,italian lit]ature ) _m important works1 ( :i* we m5tion 8 volumes on ,zoological ,my?ology1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 '#gb3 & on ! ,my?ology ( ,plants4 ,he has compil$ & 9 l>ge "p writt5 a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory ( ,lit]ature1 #ah vols4 '#hb-he2 edit$ ,la ,revi/a ,europea & ! ,revue ,int]nationale1 & contribut$ to _m publications4 ,he is a brilliant writ] & a v]satile s*ol>4 ,de ,h>v5 7,emile ,jean ,alex&re71 b4 ,antw]p1 #bc ,sept4 #ahcg1 ! anonym\s au?or ( a "w on ,! ,s\l3 its ,orig9 & ,de/9y 7,antw]p1 #ahgi74 ,dekk] 7,edu>d ,d\wes71 ! greate/ ,dut* writ] & ,free?9k] ( ?is c5tury1 b4 ,am/]dam1 #b ,m>*1 #ahbj4 ,9 '#ci he accompani$ 8 fa!r1 a %ip's capta91 to ! ,malayan ,ar*ipelago4 ,he became (fic] "u ! ,dut* gov]nm5t 9 ,sumatra1 ,ambo9a1 & ,assi/ant-,resid5t at ,lebac1 ,java4 ,he desir$ to free ! ,javanese f ! oppression ( _! pr9ces1 b ! gov]nm5t w\ld n help him & he resign$ & return$ to ,holl&1 '#ef4 ,! next f\r ye>s he sp5t1 9 pov]ty1 va9ly seek+ ju/ice = ! ,javanese4 ,9 '#fj he publi%$ "u ! p5 "n ( ,multatuli ,max ,havela>1 a ma/]ly indictm5t ( ! ,dut* rule 9 ,india1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,g]man1 ,fr5* & ,engli%4 ,!n foll[ 8 *oice ,m9nebriev5 7,love ,lett]s71 '#fa2 ,vor/5s*ool 7,a ,s*ool = ,pr9ces71 & ,millio55 ,/udin 7,/udies on ,millions74 ,8 ,iden1 #g vols4 '#fb-gi1 are full ( ! bolde/ h]esy4 ,9 mo/ ( 8 works religion is attack$1 b 9 ! ,ideas fai? is criticis$ ) mu* m pung5cy & satire4 ,he wrote ,fai? is ! volunt>y prison-cell ( reason4 ,he 0 an honor>y memb] ( ! ,free?\ght ,society1 ,de ,dag]aad1 & contribut$ to its organ4 ,dur+ ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life he liv$ at ,wiesbad51 :]e he di$ #ai ,feb4 #ahhg4 ,8 corpse 0 burn$ 9 ! crematory at ,go?a4 ,de ,lal&e 7see ,lal&e74 ,delambre 7,jean ,bapti/e ,joseph71 ,fr5* a/ronom]1 b4 ,ami5s1 #ai ,sept4 #agdi1 /udi$ "u ,lal&e & became1 l 8 ma/]1 an ,a!i/4 ,8 ,tables ( ! ,orbit ( ,uranus 7 cr[n$ by ! ,academy1 #agij4 ,9 #ahjg he succe$$ ,lal&e z ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at ! ,collge de ,france4 ,he is ! au?or ( a ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy 9 five volumes1 & ( a numb] ( a/ronomical tables & o!r sci5tific works ,he 0 appo9t$ p]petual secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,di$ #ai ,aug4 #ahbb1 & 0 buri$ at ,pre la ,*aise4 ,cuvi] pron\nc+ a disc\rse ov] 8 grave4 ,de la ,ramee4 ,see ,rame4 ,delboeuf 7,joseph ,remi ,lopold71 ,belgian writ]1 b4 ,lige1 #cj ,sept4 #ahca2 is ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,lige1 & has writt5 ,psy*ology z a ,natural ,sci5ce1 its ,pres5t & its ,future2 ,application ( ! ,exp]im5tal ,me?od to ! ,ph5om5a ( ! ,s\l1 '#gc1 & o!r works4 ,9 8 ,philosophical ,prolegom5a to ,geometry he sugge/s t ev5 ma!matical axioms may h an empirical orig94 ,delbos 7,lon71 l+ui/1 b4 #bj ,sept4 #ahdi ( ,spani% fa!r & ,scot* "m4 ,educat$ 9 ,p>is1 ,lyce ,*>lemagne4 ,is an ,m4,a4 ( ,p>is & (fici] d',acadmie4 ,speaks _m languages1 & is a good ,arabic & ,sanskrit s*ol>4 ,has travell$ widely & s]v$ 9 ! ,franco-,g]man ,w>4 ,besides _m educational works1 ,m4 ,delbos has writt5 ,l',a?e1 ! ,a!i/1 a ,free?\ght romance '#gi1 & 9 ,engli% ,! ,fai? 9 ,jesus n a ,new ,fai?1 '#he4 ,he has contribut$ to ! ,agno/ic ,annual1 & is a decid$ ,agno/ic4 ,delepi]re 7,joseph ,octave71 ,belgian bibliophile1 b4 ,bruges1 #ab ,m>*1 #ahjb4 ,0 = ?irty-five ye>s secret>y ( ,legation to ,engl&4 ,8 daught] m>ri$ ,n4 ,truebn]1 :o publi%$ 8 "w ,l',enf]1 #ahgf1 & _m o!r bibliographical /udies4 ,di$ ,london1 #ah ,aug4 #ahgi4 ,delescluze 7,l\is ,*>les71 ,fr5* j\rnali/ & revolution>y1 b4 ,dreux1 #b ,oct4 #ahji1 0 arre/$ 9 '#cd = s$ition4 ,implicat$ 9 a plot 9 '#ce1 he took refuge 9 ,belgium4 ,9 '#dh he issu$ at ,p>is ,la ,revolution ,dmocratique et ,sociale1 b 0 soon aga9 9 prison4 ,he 0 bani%$1 came to ,engl& ) ,l$ru ,roll91 b return+ to ,france 9 '#ec 0 arre/$4 ,9 '#fh he publi%$ ! ,rveil1 = :i* he 0 aga9 f9$ & s5t5c$ to prison = t5 ye>s4 ,9 '#ei he 0 amne/i$ & imprison$4 ,he became head ( ! ,commune ,committee ( ,public ,safety1 & di$ at ! b>ricade1 #be ,may1 #ahga4 ,deleyre 7,alex&re71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,porbats1 ne> ,bordeaux1 #f ,jan4 #agbf4 ,e>ly 9 life he ent]$ ! ord] ( ,jesuits1 b *ang$ 8 fai? & became ! fri5d ( ,r\sseau & ,did]ot4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,encyclopdie1 notably ! article ,fanatisme1 & publi%$ an analysis ( ,bacon & works on ! g5ius ( ,montesquieu & ,sa9t ,evremond1 & a ,hi/ory ( ,voyages4 ,he embrac$ ! ,revolution ) ardor1 0 made deputy to ! ,conv5tion1 & 9 #agie 0 made memb] ( ! ,in/itute4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #bg ,m>*1 #agig4 ,delisle de ,sales4 ,see ,iso>d ,delisle 7,j4 ,b4 ,c47 ,dell 7,john ,h5ry71 arti/ & poet1 b4 #aa ,aug4 #ahcb4 ,contribut$ to ,progress1 wrote ,nature ,pictures1 '#ga1 & ,! ,dawn+ ,grey1 '#he1 a volume ( vigor\s v]se1 imbu$ ) ! _s ( democracy & free?\ght4 ,di$ #ca ,jan4 #ahhh4 ,deluc 7,adolphe71 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,brussels1 b4 ,p>is1 #a ,sept4 #ahaa4 ,collaborat$ on ,la ,libre ,re*]*e4 ,de ,maillet4 ,see ,maillet 7,b5ot de74 ,democritus1 a weal?y ,a!i/ic philosoph]1 b4 ,abd]a1 ,?race1 ,b4,c4 #dfj4 ,he travell$ to ,egypt & ov] a great "p ( ,asia1 & is also said to h visit$ ,india4 ,he is suppos$ to h be5 acqua9t$ ) ,leucippus1 & sixty works 7 ascrib$ to him4 ,di$ ,b4,c4 #ceg4 ,he taught t all exi/5ce consi/$ ( atoms1 & made ! discov]y ( causes ! object ( sci5tific inquiry4 ,he is said to h laugh$ at life 9 g5]al1 :i* ,montaigne says is bett] ?an to imitate ,h]aclitus & weep1 s9ce mank9d are n s unhappy z va94 ,democritus 0 ! =]unn] ( ,epicurus1 :o improv$ 8 sy/em4 ,demonax1 a cynical philosoph] :o liv$ 9 ! second c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era & reject$ all religion4 ,an acc\nt ( him 0 writt5 by ,lucian4 ,demora 7,gianbatti/a71 director ( ! ,lib]o ,p5satore ( ,milan1 & au?or ( "s dramatic works4 ,d5is 7,hector71 ,belgian advocate & pr(essor ( political economy & philosophy at ,brussels ,univ]sity1 b4 ,bra9e-le-,comte1 #bi ,april1 #ahdb4 ,has writt5 l>gely on social que/ions & contribut$ to ,la ,lib]t1 la ,philosophie ,positive1 etc4 ,is "o ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,free?9k]s4 ,d5sl[ 7,van ,bur571 ,am]ican writ]1 au?or ( essays on ,mod]n ,?9k]s1 #ahhj1 to :i* ,colonel ,+]soll wrote an introduction4 ,he contribut$ a pap] on ! value ( irreligion to ! ,religio ,philosophic j\rnal ( ,am]ica1 ,jan4 '#gh1 & has writt5 9 ! ,tru?seek] & o!r j\rnals4 ,d5ton 7,william ,f471 poet1 geologi/1 & lectur]1 b4 ,d>l+ton1 ,durham1 #h ,jan4 #ahbc4 ,aft] atta9+ manhood he emigrat$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 '#dh1 & 9 '#ef publi%$ ,poems = ,re=m]s4 ,he 0 a prolific writ]1 & con/ant lectur] on temp]ance1 psy*ology1 geology1 & ,free?\ght4 ,9 '#gb he publi%$ ,radical ,disc\rses on ,religi\s ,subjects 7,bo/on1 '#gb71 & ,radical ,rhymes1 '#gi4 ,he travell$ to ,au/ralasia1 & di$ ( a fev] :ile conduct+ sci5tific explorations 9 ,new ,gu9ea #bf ,aug4 #ahhc4 ,de ,paepe 7,cs>7 ,dr41 ,belgian ,sociali/1 b4 ,o/5d1 #ab ,july1 #ahdb4 ,he 0 s5t to ! college ( ,/4 ,mi*el1 ,brussels4 ,he obta9$ ! ,diploma ( ,c&idate ( ,philosophy1 b on ! dea? ( 8 fa!r became a pr9t] ) ,dsir ,brisme 7f\nd] ( ,les ,solidaires1 a ,rationali/ society74 ,pr\dhon confid$ to him ! correction ( 8 works4 ,he became a physician & is popul> ) ! workm5's societies4 ,he 0 "o ( ! =emo/ memb]s ( ! ,int]national & att5d$ all its congresses1 z well z ^? ( ! ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,free?9k]s4 ,he has writt5 mu* on public hygi5e1 political economy1 & psy*ology1 collaborat+ 9 a great numb] ( ! mo/ advanc$ j\rnals4 ,dr4 ,de ,paepe is a %ort1 fair1 en]getic man1 capable bo? z a speak] & writ]4 ,depasse 7,hector71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 at ,arm5tires 9 #ahdc1 is editor ( ,la ,rpublique ,franaise1 & memb] ( ! ,p>is ,municipal ,c\ncil4 ,he has writt5 a /rik+ "w on ,cl]icalism1 9 :i* he urges ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 #ahgg2 & is au?or ( _m little books on ,contempor>y ,celebrities1 among !m are ,gambetta1 ,b]t1 ,ranc1 etc4 ,de ,ponnat4 ,see ,ponnat 7--de71 ,b>on4 ,de ,pontan4 ,see ,ponnat4 ,de ,pott] 7,aga?on ,l\is71 ,belgian economi/1 b4 ,brussels1 #aa ,nov4 #ahbg4 ,has writt5 _m works on ,social ,sci5ce1 & has collaborat$ to ,la ,ragione 7,reason71 '#ef1 & ,la ,philosophie de l',av5ir4 ,de ,pott] 7,l\is ,anto9e ,joseph71 ,belgian politician & writ]1 fa!r ( ! above1 b4 ( noble family1 ,bruges1 #bf ,april1 #aghf4 ,9 #ahaa he w5t to ,italy & liv$ t5 ye>s at ,rome4 ,9 '#ba he wrote ! ,_s ( ! ,*ur*1 9 #f vols41 :i* are put on ! ,roman ,index4 ,a /rong uphold] ( secul> education 9 ,belgium1 he 0 arre/$ m ?an once = 8 radicalism1 be+ imprison$ = eighte5 mon?s 9 '#bh4 ,9 ,sept4 '#cj he became a memb] ( ! provisional gov]nm5t4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds exil$ & liv$ 9 ,p>is1 :]e he wrote a philosophical & anti-cl]ical ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 #h vols41 #ahcf-cg4 ,he also wrote a ,rational ,cate*ism1 #ahed1 & a ,rational ,diction>y1 #ahei1 & num]\s bro*ures4 ,di$ ,bruges1 #bb ,july1 #ahei4 ,d]aismes 7,m>ia71 ,fr5* writ] & lectur]1 b4 ,p>is1 #ae ,aug4 #ahce4 ,%e fir/ made h] "n z a writ] ( com$ies4 ,%e wrote an appeal on behalf ( h] sex1 ,aux ,femmes ,ri*es1 '#fe4 ,! ,masonic ,lodge ( ,le ,pecq1 ne> ,p>is1 invit$ h] to become a memb]1 & %e 0 duly in/all$ "u ! ,gr& ,ori5t ( ,france4 ,! fir/ female ,freemason1 0 presid5t ( ! ,p>is ,anti-cl]ical ,congress ( #ahha1 & has writt5 mu* 9 h] j\rnal1 ,le ,rpublica9 de ,se9e et ,oise4 ,de ,rob]ty 7,eug5e74 ,see ,rob]ty4 ,desb>reaux 7,jacques ,valle71 ,seigneur1 ,fr5* poet & sceptic1 b4 ,p>is1 #afjb1 great-nephew ( ,ge(frey ,valle1 :o 0 burnt 9 #aegd4 ,_m /ories are relat$ ( 8 impiety1 e4g4 ! well-kn[n "o ( 8 hav+ a fea/ ( eggs & bacon4 ,x ?und]$1 & ,des ,b>reaux1 ?r[+ ! plate out ( w9d[1 exclaim$1 ,:at an am\nt ( noise ov] an omelette4 ,x 0 said he recant$ & wrote a poem beg9n+1 ,great ,god1 h[ j are ?y *a/isem5ts4 ,voltaire1 h[ev]1 assigns ?is poem to ! ,abb ,levau4 ,di$ at ,*alons1 #i ,may1 #afgc4 ,desc>tes 7,r571 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 at ,la ,haye1 #ca ,m>*1 #aeif4 ,aft] leav+ college he ent]$ ! army 9 '#af1 & f\ght 9 ! battle ( ,prague4 ,he travell$ 9 ,france & ,italy1 & 9 '#bi settl$ 9 ,holl&4 ,9 '#cg he produc$ 8 fam\s ,disc\rses ^u ! ,me?od ( ,reason+ ,well1 etc41 & 9 '#da 8 ,m$itations ^u ,fir/ ,philosophy4 ,?is "w gave su* (f5ce to ! cl]gy t he 0 =c$ to fly 8 c\ntry p>ce qu'il y fait trop *aud p\r lui4 ,he burnt 8 ,traite du ,monde 7,treatise on ! ,_w7 le/ he %\ld incur ! fate ( ,gallilei4 ,?\gh a ,!i/1 l ,bacon1 he puts aside f9al causes4 ,he 0 (f]$ an asylum by ,*ri/9a1 ,que5 ( ,sw$51 & di$ at ,/ockholm #aa ,feb4 #afej4 ,des*amps 7,lg]-,m>ie71 kn[n also z ,dom ,des*amps1 a ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,r5nes1 ,poiti]s1 #aj ,jan4 #agaf4 ,he ent]$ ! ,ord] ( ,b5$ict9es1 b lo/ 8 fai? by read+ an abridgm5t ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he became correspond5t ( ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 d',alemb]t1 ,helvetius1 & o!r philosoph]s4 ,ce prtre a?e1 z ,ad4 ,franck calls him1 0 ! au?or ( a treatise entitl$ ,la ,vrit1 ou le ,vrai ,sy/me1 9 :i* he appe>s to h anticipat$ all ! lead+ ideas ( ,hegel4 ,god1 he says1 z sep>at$ f exi/+ ?+s1 is pure no?+ness4 ,an analysis ( 8 rem>kable "w1 :i* rema9$ 9 manuscript = ?ree-qu>t]s ( a c5tury1 has be5 publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,beaussire 7,p>is1 #ahee74 ,di$ at ,montreuil-,bellay1 #ai ,april #aggd4 ,desl&es 7,&r ,franois ,b\reau71 b4 ,pondi*]y1 #afij4 ,became memb] ( ! ,b]l9 ,academy & wrote num]\s works1 mo/ly "u ! veil ( anonymity1 ! pr9cipal be+ ,a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 #c vols7#agcg74 ,8 ,pygmalion1 a philosophical romance1 0 condemn$ by ! p>liam5t ( ,dijon1 #agdb4 ,8 ,reflexions sur les gr&s hommes qui sont mort en ,plaisantant 7,am/]dam1 #agcb7 0 translat$ into ,engli% & publi%$ 9 #agde "u ! title1 ,dy+ ,m]rily4 ,ano!r "w direct$ aga9/ religion 0 ,on ! c]ta9ty ( ,human ,k1 a philosophical exam9ation ( ! diff]5t pr]ogatives ( reason & fai? 7,london1 #agda74 ,di$ ,p>is1 #aa ,april1 #ageg4 ,des ,maizeaux 7,pi]re71 miscellane\s writ]1 b4 ,auv]gne1 #afgc4 ,he /udi$ at ,b]ne & ,g5eva1 & became kn[n to ,bayle :o introduc$ him to ,"l ,%aftesbury1 ) :om he came to ,london1 #afii4 ,he edit$ ! works ( ,bayle1 ,sa9t ,evremond & ,tol&1 ^: lives he wrote1 z well z ^? ( ,hales & ,*ill+wor?4 ,an?ony ,coll9s 0 8 fri5d1 & at 8 dea? left him 8 manuscripts4 ,^! he transf]r$ to ,coll9s's wid[ & !y 7 burnt4 ,he rep5t$ & return$ ! money1 #f ,jan4 #agcj1 z ! wages ( iniquity4 ,he became ,secret>y ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london1 :]e he di$1 #aa ,july1 #agde4 ,desm\l9s 7,luci ,simplice ,camille ,b5x71 ,fr5* revolution>y writ]1 b4 ,guise1 #b ,m>*1 #agfj4 ,he 0 a fell[-/ud5t ( ,robespi]re at ,p>is1 & became an advocate & an en?usia/ic re=m]4 ,9 ,july '#hi he incit$ ! p to ! siege ( ! ,ba/ille1 & ?us began ! ,revolution4 ,on #bi ,dec4 #agij he m>ri$ ,lucile ,l>idon-,duplessis4 ,he edit$ ,le ,vieux ,cordeli] & ! ,rvolutions de ,france et de ,brabant1 9 :i* he /at$ t ,mohamm$anism 0 z cr$ible z ,*ri/ianity4 ,he 0 a ,dei/1 pref]r+ ,paganism to ,*ri/ianity4 ,bo? cre$s 7 m or less unreasonable2 b1 folly = folly1 he said1 ,i pref] ,h]cules slay+ ! ,eryman!an bo> to ,jesus ( ,naz>e? dr[n+ two ?\s& pigs4 ,he 0 execut$ ) ,danton1 #e ,april #agid4 ,8 amiable wife1 ,lucile1 :o 0 an ,a!i/ 7b4 #aggj71 9 a few days %>$ 8 fate 7,april #ac74 ,c>lyle calls ,desm\l9s a man ( g5ius1 a fell[ ( inf9ite %rewdness1 wit--nay1 humor4 ,des ,p]i]s 7,jean ,bonav5ture71 ,fr5* poet & sceptic1 b4 ,arnay le ,duc1 ab\t #aeaj4 ,he 0 br\ght up 9 a conv5t1 only to dete/ ! vices ( ! monks4 ,9 #aece he liv$ 9 ,lyons & assi/$ ,dolet4 ,he probably knew ,rabelais1 :om he m5tions z ,francoys ,insigne4 ,atta*$ to ! c\rt ( ,m>gu]ite ( ,valois1 he def5d$ ,clem5t ,m>ot :5 p]secut$ = mak+ a ,fr5* v]sion ( ! ,psalms4 ,he wrote ! ,cymbalum ,mundi1 a satire ^u religion1 publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,?omas de ,cl5i] ,pi]re ,tryocan1 i4e41 ,?omas ,incrdule ,pi]re ,croyant1 #aecg4 ,x 0 suppress$ & ! pr9t]1 ,jehan ,mor91 imprison$4 ,des ,p]i]s fl$ & di$ 7probably by suicide1 to escape p]secution7 #aedd4 ,an ,engli% v]sion ( ,cymbalum ,mundi 0 publi%$ 9 #agab4 ,p4 ,g4 ,brunet1 ! bibliograph]1 conjectures t ,des ,p]i]s 0 ! au?or ( ! fam\s ,a!i/ic treatise1 ,! ,?ree ,impo/ors4 ,de/riveaux 7,pi]re ,joseph71 ,belgian lawy] & politician1 b4 ,lige1 #ac ,m>*1 #aghj4 ,au?or ( sev]al works on public "r4 ,di$ ,s*a]beck 7,brussels71 #c ,feb4 #ahec4 ,de/utt de ,tracy 7,anto9e ,l\is de ,claude7 ,c\nt1 ,fr5* mat]iali/ philosoph]1 b4 #bj ,july1 #aged4 ,8 family 0 ( ,scot* orig94 ,at fir/ a soldi]1 he 0 "o ( ! fir/ noblem5 at ! ,revolution to despoil himself ( 8 title4 ,a fri5d ( ,lafayette1 ,condorcet1 & ,cabanis1 he 0 a complete sceptic 9 religion2 made an analysis ( ,dupuis' ,orig9e de t\s les ,cultes 7#ahjd71 edit$ ,montesquieu & ,cabanis1 0 made a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy 7#ahjh71 & wrote sev]al philosophical works1 ( :i* ! pr9cipal is ,elem5ts ( ,ideology4 ,he 0 a great admir] ( ,hobbes4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #i ,m>*1 #ahcf4 ,des ,vignes 7,pietro71 secret>y to ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7#abde-di74 ,mazzu*elli attributes to him ! treatise ,de ,tribus ,impo/oribus4 ,detrosi] 7,r[l&71 social re=m] & lectur]1 b4 #agif1 ! illegitimate son ( a ,man*e/] man nam$ ,morris & a ,fr5*woman4 ,9 8 e>ly ye>s he 0 = :ole days )\t food4 ,self-educat$1 he e/abli%$ ! fir/ ,me*anics' ,in/itute 9 ,engl& at ,hulme1 gave ,sunday sci5tific lectures1 & publi%$ sev]al disc\rses 9 favor ( secul> education4 ,he became secret>y ( ! ,national ,political ,union4 ,he 0 a ,dei/4 ,l ,b5?am1 :o became 8 fri5d1 he bequea!d 8 body = sci5tific purposes4 ,di$ 9 ,london1 #bc ,nov4 #ahcd4 ,deubl] 7,konrad74 ,! son ( poor p>5ts1 b4 ,gois]n1 ne> ,is*l1 ,upp] ,au/ria1 #bf ,nov4 #ahad4 ,self-taught amid difficulties1 he became ! fri5d ( ,feu]ba* & ,/rauss1 & 0 kn[n z ! ,peasant ,philosoph]4 ,9 #ahed he 0 indict$ = blasphemy1 & 0 s5t5c$ to two ye>s' h>d labor & imprisonm5t dur+ pleasure4 ,he 0 inc>c]at$ f #g ,dec4 '#ed1 till ,nov4 '#ef at ,brnn1 & aft]w>ds at ,olmutz1 :]e he 0 releas$ #bd ,m>*1 #aheg4 ,he return$ to 8 native place1 & 0 visit$ by ,feu]ba*4 ,9 '#gj he 0 made ,burgoma/] by 8 fell[-t[nsm54 ,di$ #cj ,m>*1 #ahhd4 ,deurh(f 7,willem71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,am/]dam1 ,m>* #afej4 ,educat$ = ! ,*ur*1 he gave himself to philosophy1 translat$ ! works ( ,desc>tes1 & 0 accus$ ( be+ a foll[] ( ,sp9oza4 ,=c$ to leave 8 c\ntry1 he took refuge 9 ,brabant1 b return$ to ,holl&1 :]e he di$ #aj ,oct4 #agag4 ,he left "s foll[]s4 ,de ,wette4 7,see ,wette ,m4 ,l4 de74 ,d',holba*4 ,see ,holba* 7,p4 ,h4 ,d4 von71 ,b>on4 ,diagoras1 ,greek poet1 philosoph]1 & orator1 kn[n z ! ,a!i/1 b4 ,melos4 ,a pupil ( ,democritus1 :o is said to h fre$ him f slav]y4 ,a d\btful tradition reports t he became an ,a!i/ aft] be+ ! victim ( an unpuni%$ p]jury4 ,he 0 accus$ 7,b4,c4 #daa7 ( impiety1 & _h to fly f ,a!ns to ,cor9?1 :]e he di$4 ,a price 0 put ^u ! ,a!i/'s head4 ,8 works are n extant1 b sev]al anecdotes are relat$ ( him1 z t he ?rew a wood5 /atue ( ,h]cules into ! fire to cook a di% ( l5tils1 say+ ! god _h a ?irte5? task to p]=m2 & t1 be+ on 8 flight by sea ov]tak5 by a /orm1 he>+ 8 fell[-pass5g]s say x 0 because an ,a!i/ 0 on bo>d1 he po9t$ to o!r vessels /ruggl+ 9 ! same /orm )\t be+ lad5 ) a ,diagoras4 ,di ,cagno ,politi 7,niccola ,annibale71 ,italian ,positivi/1 b4 ,b>i1 #aheg4 ,/udi$ at ,naples "u ,angiulli1 has writt5 on mod]n culture & on exp]im5tal philosophy 9 ,italy1 & contribut$ articles on ,positivism to ! ,rivi/a ,europea4 ,did]ot 7,d5is71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,langres1 #f ,oct4 #agac4 ,8 fa!r1 a cutl]1 int5d$ him = ! ,*ur*4 ,educat$ by ,jesuits1 at ! age ( twelve he receiv$ ! tonsure4 ,he _h a passion = books1 b1 in/ead ( becom+ a ,jesuit1 w5t to ,p>is1 :]e he support$ himself by tea*+ & translat+4 ,9 #agdf he publi%$ ,philosophic ,?\ghts1 :i* 0 condemn$ to be burnt4 ,x did mu* to advance fre$om ( op9ion4 ,?ree ye>s lat] 8 ,lett]s on ! ,bl9d occasion$ 8 imprisonm5t at ,v9c5nes = its mat]iali/ic ,a!ism4 ,r\sseau1 :o call$ him a transc5d5t g5ius1 visit$ ,did]ot 9 prison1 :]e he rema9$ ?ree ye>s4 ,did]ot project$ ! fam\s ,encyclopdie1 :i* he edit$ ) ,alemb]t1 & he contribut$ "s ( ! mo/ important articles4 ,) v inadequate recomp5se1 & amid/ difficulties t w\ld h appall$ an ord9>y editor1 ,did]ot sup]9t5d$ ! und]tak+ = _m ye>s 7#agea-fe74 ,he also contribut$ to o!r important works1 su* z ,raynal's ,philosophic ,hi/ory1 ,l',esprit1 by ,helvetius1 & ,! ,sy/em ( ,nature & o!r works ( 8 fri5d ,d',holba*4 ,did]ot's f]tile m9d also produc$ dramas1 essays1 sket*es1 & novels4 ,di$ #cj ,july1 #aghd4 ,comte calls ,did]ot ! greate/ ?9k] ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,di]cks 7,gu/av71 ,g]man au?or ( able works on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,developm5t ( ,human ,_s 7,b]l91 #ahha-b7 & on ,arabian ,culture 9 ,spa91 #ahhg4 ,is a memb] ( ! ,g]man ,free?9k]s' ,union4 ,dilke 7,a%ton ,w5twor?71 b4 #ahej4 ,educat$ at ,cambridge1 travell$ 9 ,russia & ,c5tral ,asia1 & publi%$ a translation ( ,turg5ev's ,virg9 ,soil4 ,he pur*as$ & edit$ ! ,weekly ,dispat*2 0 return$ z ,m4,p4 = ,newca/le 9 #ahhj1 b1 ow+ to ill heal?1 resign$ 9 favor ( ,john ,morley1 & di$ at ,algi]s #ab ,m>*1 #ahhc4 ,d9t] 7,gu/av ,fri$ri*71 ,g]man educationali/1 b4 ,borna1 ne> ,leipsic1 #bi ,feb4 #agfj4 ,8 ,bible = ,s*oolma/]s is 8 be/-kn[n "w4 ,x s\ght to give rational notes & explanations ( ! ,jew books1 & excit$ mu* controv]sy4 ,di$ at ,konigsb]g1 #bi ,may1 #ahca4 ,dippel 7,johann ,konrad71 ,g]man al*emi/ & physician1 b4 #aj ,aug4 #afgb1 at ,frank5/e91 ne> ,d>m/adt4 ,8 ,papismus vapulans ,prote/antium 7#afih7 drew on him ! wra? ( ! !ologians ( ,giess51 & he _h to flee = 8 life4 ,attempt+ to f9d out ! philosoph]'s /one1 he discov]$ ,prussian blue4 ,9 #agje he publi%$ 8 satires aga9/ ! ,prote/ant ,*ur*1 ,hirt und e9e ,he]de1 "u ! "n ( ,*ri/ianus ,democritos4 ,he d5i$ ! inspiration ( ! ,bible1 & aft] an adv5tur\s life 9 _m c\ntries di$ #be ,april1 #agcd4 ,dobrolyubov 7,nikolai ,aleks&rovi*71 ,russian au?or1 b4 #ahcf1 at ,nijni ,novgorod1 ! son ( a prie/4 ,educat$ at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 he became a radical j\rnali/4 ,8 works 7 edit$ 9 f\r vols4 by ,*]nui%evsky4 ,di$ #ag ,nov4 #ahfa4 ,dodel-,port 7,pr(4 ,arnold71 ,swiss sci5ti/1 b4 ,affeltrang51 ,?urgau1 #af ,oct4 #ahdc4 ,educat$ at ,kreuzl+51 he became 9 '#fc tea*] 9 ! ,ob]s*ule 9 ,hauptweil2 !n /udi$ f '#fd-'fi at ,g5eva1 ,zri*1 & ,muni*1 becom+ privat doc5t 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,zri*1 '#gj4 ,9 '#ge he publi%$ ,! ,new ,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,9 '#gh he issu$ 8 _w-fam\s ,botanical ,atlas1 & 0 9 '#hj made ,pr(essor ( ,botany 9 ! ,zri* ,univ]sity & ,director ( ! ,botanical ,laboratory4 ,he has also writt5 ,biological ,fragm5ts 7#ahhe71 ! ,life & ,lett]s ( ,konrad ,deubl]1 ! peasant philosoph] 7#ahhf71 & has j publi%$ ,moses or ,d>w98 a ,s*ool ,"q1 #ahhi4 ,dr4 ,dodel-,port is an hon4 memb] ( ! ,london ,royal ,society & ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,g]man ,free?9k]s' ,union4 ,dodwell 7,h5ry71 elde/ son ( ! !ologian ( t "n1 0 b4 ,%ottesbrooke1 ,b]k%ire1 ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,magdal5 ,hall1 :5 he proce$$ ,b4,a41 #i ,feb4 #agbf4 ,9 '#db he publi%$ a pamphlet entitl$ ,*ri/ianity n ,f\nd$ on ,argum5t1 :i* 9 a tone ( grave irony cont5ds t ,*ri/ianity c only be accept$ by fai?4 ,he 0 br\ght up to ! law & 0 a zeal\s fri5d ( ! ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,arts1 ,manufactures1 & ,comm]ce4 ,di$ #aghd4 ,doeb]e9] 7,johann ,wolfgang71 ,g]man *emi/1 b4 ,bav>ia1 #ae ,dec4 #aghj4 ,9 #ahaj he became ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry at ,j5a1 :]e he add$ mu* to sci5ce4 ,di$ #bd ,m>*1 #ahdi4 ,he 0 fri5d & in/ructor to ,goe!4 ,dolet 7,eti5ne71 a le>n$ ,fr5* humani/1 b4 ,orleans #c ,aug4 #aeji4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,p>is1 ,padua & ,v5ice4 ,= 8 h]esy he _h to fly f ,t\l\se & liv$ = "s "t at ,lyons1 :]e he e/abli%$ a pr9t+-press & publi%$ "s ( 8 works1 = :i* he 0 imprison$4 ,he 0 acqua9t$ ) ,rabelais1 ,des ,p]i]s1 & o!r advanc$ m5 ( ! "t4 ,9 #aedc ! ,p>liam5t condemn$ 8 books to be burnt1 & 9 ! next ye> he 0 arre/$ on a *>ge ( ,a!ism4 ,aft] be+ kept two ye>s 9 prison he 0 /rangl$ & burnt1 #c ,aug4 #aedf4 ,x is relat$ t see+ ! sorr[ ( ! cr[d1 he said3 ,non dolet ipe ,dolet1 s$ pia turba dolet4--,dolet grieves n1 b ! g5]\s cr[d grieves4 ,8 goods be+ confiscat$1 8 wid[ & *ildr5 7 left to begg>y4 ,! ,fr5* language1 says ,a4 ,f4 ,didot1 owes him mu* = 8 treatises1 translations1 & poesies4 ,dolet's biograph]1 ,m4 ,joseph ,b\lmi]1 calls him le ,*ri/ de la p5se libre4 ,philosophy has alone ! "r1 says ,h5ri ,m>t91 to claim ,dolet on its side4 ,8 ,engli% biograph]1 ,r4 ,c4 ,*ri/ie1 says he 0 nei!r a ,ca?olic nor a ,prote/ant4 ,dom9icis 7,sav]io ,fau/o de71 ,italian ,positivi/ philosoph]1 b4 ,buonalb]go1 #ahdf4 ,is ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,b>i1 & has writt5 on ,education & ,d>w9ism4 ,dondorf 7,dr4 ,a471 ,see ,&]son 7,m>ie7 9 ,supplem5t4 ,doray de ,longrais 7,jean ,paul71 ,fr5* man ( lett]s4 b4 ,manvieux1 #agcf4 ,au?or ( a ,free?\ght romance1 ,fau/91 or ! ,philosophical ,age4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #ahjj4 ,dors* 7,edu>d71 ,g]man ,am]ican ,free?9k]1 b4 ,w>zburg #aj ,jan4 #ahbb4 ,he /udi$ at ,muni* & ,vi5na4 ,9 '#di he w5t to ,am]ica & settl$ 9 ,monroe1 ,mi*igan1 :]e he publi%$ a volume ( poems1 "s be+ translations f ,sw9burne4 ,di$ #aj ,jan4 #ahhg4 ,dorsey 7,j4 ,m471 au?or ( ! ,! ,true ,hi/ory ( ,moses1 & o!rs1 an attack on ! ,bible1 publi%$ at ,bo/on 9 #ahee4 ,drap>naud 7,jacques ,philippe ,raymond71 ,fr5* doctor1 b4 #c ,june1 #aggb1 at ,montpeli]1 :]e he became ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,8 disc\rses on ,life & ,vital ,functions1 & on ! ,philosophy ( ! ,sci5ces & ,*ri/ianity 7#ahja71 %[ 8 scepticism4 ,di$ #a ,feb4 #ahje4 ,drap] 7,john ,william71 sci5ti/ & hi/orian1 b4 ,/4 ,hel5s1 ne> ,liv]pool1 #e ,may #ahaa4 ,! son ( a ,wesleyan m9i/]1 he 0 educat$ at ,london ,univ]sity4 ,9 '#cb he emigrat$ to ,am]ica1 :]e he 0 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,new ,york ,univ]sity4 ,he 0 "o ( ! inv5tors ( photography & ! fir/ :o appli$ x to a/ronomy4 ,he wrote _m sci5tific works1 notably on ,human ,physiology4 ,8 hi/ory ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> is an important "w1 b he is *iefly kn[n by 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,intellectual ,developm5t ( ,europe & ,hi/ory ( ! ,conflict ( ,religion & ,sci5ce1 :i* la/ has gone ?r\gh _m editions & be5 translat$ into all ! pr9cipal languages4 ,di$ #d ,jan4 #ahhb4 ,dreyfus 7,f]d9& ,camille71 au?or ( an able "w on ! ,evolution ( ,worlds & ,societies1 #ahhh4 ,droys5 7,johann ,gu/av71 ,g]man hi/orian1 b4 ,treptoir1 #f ,july1 #ahjh4 ,/udi$ at ,b]l92 wrote 9 ! ,hallis*e ,jahrb*]2 0 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory at ,keil1 #ahdj2 ,j5a '#ea & ,b]l9 '#ei4 ,has edit$ ,fr$]ick ! ,great's ,correspond5ce1 & writt5 o!r important works1 "s 9 conjunction ) 8 fri5d ,max ,dunck]4 ,di$ #ae ,june1 #ahhb4 ,drummond 7,sir ,william71 ( ,logie ,almond1 antiqu>y & au?or1 b4 ab\t #aggj2 ent]$ ,p>liam5t z memb] = ,/4 ,mawes1 ,cornwall1 #agie4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he became envoy to ! c\rt ( ,naples1 & 9 #ahja ambassador to ,con/ant9ople4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ,orig9es1 or ,rem>ks on ! ,orig9 ( sev]al ,empires1 ,/ates1 & ,cities 7#d vols4 #ahbd-bi74 ,he also pr9t$ privately ,! ,o,edipus ,judaicus1 #ahaa4 ,x calls 9 "q1 ) mu* boldness & le>n+1 _m leg5ds ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 to :i* x gave an a/ronomical signification4 ,x 0 repr9t$ 9 '#ff4 ,sir ,william ,drummond also wrote anonym\sly ,philosophical ,sket*es ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,society1 #agie4 ,di$ at ,rome1 #bi ,m>*1 #ahbh4 ,duboc 7,julius7 ,g]man writ] & doctor ( philosophy b4 ,hamburg1 #aj ,oct4 #ahbi4 ,educat$ at ,frankfurt & ,giess51 is a clev] j\rnali/1 & has translat$ ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,press4 ,has writt5 an ,a!i/ic "w1 ,das ,leb5 ,ohne ,gott 7,life )\t ,god71 ) ! motto f ,feu]ba* ,no religion is my religion1 no philosophy my philosophy1 #ahge4 ,he has also writt5 on ! ,psy*ology ( ,love1 & o!r important works4 ,dubois 7,pi]re71 a ,fr5* sceptic1 :o 9 #ahce publi%$ ,! ,true ,cate*ism ( ,believ]s--a "w ord]$ by ! ,c\rt ( ,assizes to be suppress$1 & = :i* ! au?or 7,sept4 '#ce7 0 condemn$ to six mon?s' imprisonm5t & a f9e ( "o ?\s& francs4 ,he also wrote ,! ,believ] ,undeceiv$1 or ,evid5t ,pro(s ( ! ,falsity & ,absurdity ( ,*ri/ianity2 a "w put on ! ,index 9 '#cf4 ,du ,bois-,reymond 7,emil71 biologi/1 ( ,swiss fa!r & ,fr5* "m1 b4 ,b]l91 #g ,nov4 #ahah4 ,he /udi$ at ,b]l9 & ,bonn = ! ,*ur*1 b left x to foll[ sci5ce1 '#cg4 ,has become fam\s z a physiologi/1 especially by 8 ,rese>*es 9 ,animal ,electricity1 '#dh-fj4 ,) ,helmholtz he has done mu* to e/abli% ! new era ( positive sci5ce1 wrongly call$ by oppon5ts ,mat]ialism4 ,du ,bois-,reymond holds t ?\ght is a function ( ! bra9 & n]v\s sy/em1 & t s\l has aris5 z ! gradual results ( natural comb9ations1 b 9 8 ,limits ( ! ,k ( ,nature1 '#gb1 he cont5ds t we mu/ always come to an ultimate incompreh5sible4 ,du ,bois-,reymond has writt5 on ,voltaire & ,natural ,sci5ce1 '#fh2 ,la ,mettrie1 '#ge2 ,d>w9 v]sus ,galiani1 '#gh2 & ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 & ,r\sseau1 '#gi4 ,s9ce '#fg he has be5 p]petual secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 ,b]l94 ,dubuisson 7,paul ,ulri*71 ,fr5* dramati/ & revolution>y1 b4 ,lauat1 #agdf4 ,a fri5d ( ,cloots he suff]$ ) him on ! scaffold1 #bd ,m>*1 #agid4 ,dubuisson 7,paul71 liv+ ,fr5* ,positivi/1 au?or ( ,gr& ,types ( ,humanity4 ,du ,*atelet ,lomont4 ,see ,*a/elet4 ,duclos 7,*>les ,p9ot71 witty ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,d9an1 #ab ,feb4 #agjd4 ,he 0 admitt$ into ! ,fr5* ,academy1 #agdg & became its secret>y1 #agee4 ,a fri5d ( ,did]ot & d',alemb]t4 ,8 ,consid]ations sur les ,moeurs is /ill a readable "w4 ,di$ #bg ,m>*1 #aggb4 ,ducos 7,jean ,franois71 ,fr5* ,girondi/1 b4 ,bordeaux 9 #agfe4 ,elect$ to ! ,legislative ,assembly1 he1 on ! #bf? ,oct4 #agia1 dem&$ ! complete sep>ation ( ! ,/ate f religion4 ,he %>$ ! fate ( ! ,girond9s1 #ca ,oct4 #agic1 cry+ ) 8 la/ brea?1 ,vive la ,republique6 ,du ,deff& 7,m>ie71 ,m>*ioness1 witty lit]>y ,fr5*woman1 b4 #afig4 ,*am=t relates t :5 "y & 9 a conv5t %e prea*$ irreligion to h] "y comrades4 ,! abbess call$ 9 ,massillon1 to :om ! little sceptic gave h] reasons4 ,he w5t away say+ ,%e is *>m+4 ,h] h\se 9 ,p>is 0 = fifty ye>s ! resort ( em95t au?ors & /atesm54 ,%e correspond$ = _m ye>s ) ,horace ,walpole1 ,d',alemb]t & ,voltaire4 ,_m anecdotes are told ( h]2 ?us1 to ! ,c>d9al de ,polignac1 :o spoke ( ! miracle ( ,/4 ,d5is walk+ :5 behead$1 %e said ,il n'y a que le premi] pas qui cote4 ,di$ #bd ,sept4 #aghj4 ,to ! cur ( ,sa9t ,sulpice1 :o came to h] dea?-b$1 %e said ,ni que/ions1 ni raisons1 ni s]mons4 ,l>\sse calls h] ,belle1 in/ruite1 spirituelle mais sceptique et mat]iali/e4 ,dudgeon 7,william71 a ,b]wick%ire ,dei/1 ^: works 7 publi%$ 7privately pr9t$ at ,ed9burgh7 9 #agfe4 ,dudnevant 7,a4 ,l4 ,a4 ,dup971 ,b>oness4 ,see ,s& 7,georges74 ,duehr+ 7,eug5 ,k>l71 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,b]l91 #ab ,jan4 #ahcc2 /udi$ law4 ,he has1 ?\gh bl9d1 writt5 _m works on sci5ce & political economy1 also a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 '#fi-gh1 & ,sci5ce ,revolutioniz$1 '#gh4 ,9 ,oct4 #ahgi1 8 dea? 0 malici\sly report$4 ,dulaure 7,jacques ,anto9e71 ,fr5* ar*ologi/ & hi/orian1 b4 ,cl]mont-,f]r&1 #c ,dec4 #agee4 ,9 #aghh-ij he publi%$ six volumes ( a description ( ,france4 ,he wrote _m pamphlets1 includ+ "o on ! private lives ( ecclesia/ics4 ,elect$ to ! ,conv5tion 9 #agib1 he vot$ = ! dea? ( ! ,k+4 ,proscrib$ z a ,girondi/1 ,sept4 #agic1 he fl$ to ,switz]l&4 ,he 0 "o ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,five ,hundr$1 #agif-ih4 ,dulaure wrote a le>n$ ,treatise on ,sup]/itions1 b he is be/ kn[n by 8 ,hi/ory ( ,p>is1 & 8 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,diff]5t ,wor%ips1 #ahbe1 9 :i* he deals ) anci5t feti%ism & phallic wor%ip4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #i ,aug4 #ahce4 ,dulaur5s 7,h5ri ,joseph74 ,fr5* satiri/1 b4 ,d\ay1 #bg ,m>*1 #agai4 ,he 0 br\ght up 9 a conv5t1 & made a prie/ #ab ,nov4 #agbg4 ,publi%$ a satire aga9/ ! ,jesuits1 #agfa1 he 0 compell$ to fly to ,holl&1 :]e he liv$ 9 pov]ty4 ,he edit$ ,l',evangile de la ,raison1 a collection ( anti-,*ri/ian tracts by ,voltaire & o!rs1 & wrote ,l',antipapisme rvel 9 #agfg4 ,he 0 9 t ye> condemn$ to p]petual imprisonm5t = h]esy1 & %ut 9 ! conv5t ( ,m>iabaum1 :]e he di$ #agig4 ,dulaur5s 0 cau/ic1 cynical & vivaci\s4 ,he is also cr$it$ ) ! ,portfolios ( a ,philosoph]1 mo/ly tak5 f ! ,analysis ( ,bayle1 ,cologne1 #aggj4 ,dulk 7,alb]t ,fri$ri* ,b5no71 ,g]man poet & writ]1 b4 ,konigsb]g1 #ag ,june1 #ahai2 he became a physician1 b 0 expell$ = aid+ 9 ! ,revolution ( '#dh4 ,he travell$ 9 ,italy & ,egypt4 ,9 '#fe he publi%$ ,jesus d] ,*ri/1 embody+ rationalism 9 prose & v]se4 ,he has also writt5 ,/imme d] ,m5s*heit1 #b vols41 '#gf1 '#hj1 & ,d] ,irrgang des ,leb5s ,jesu1 '#hd1 besides num]\s plays & pamphlets4 ,di$ #bi ,oct4 #ahhd4 ,dumont 7,lon71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,val5ci5nes1 #ahcg4 ,/udi$ = ! b>1 b took to philosophy & lit]ature4 ,he e>ly embrac$ ,d>w9ism1 & wrote on ,hckel & ! ,!ory ( ,evolution1 '#gc4 ,he wrote 9 ,la ,revue ,philosophique1 & o!r j\rnals4 ,di$ ,val5ci5nes1 #ag ,jan4 #ahgg4 ,dum>sais 7,cs> ,*esneau71 ,fr5* gramm>ian & philosoph]1 b4 ,m>seilles1 #ag ,july1 #afgf4 ,:5 "y he ent]$ ! congregation ( ! oratory4 ,?is society he soon quitt$1 & w5t to ,p>is1 :]e he m>ri$4 ,a fri5d ( ,bo9d9 & ,alemb]t1 he wrote aga9/ ! pret5sions ( ,rome & contribut$ to ! ,encyclopdie4 ,he is cr$it$ ) ,an ,analysis ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion & ) ! celebrat$ ,essai sur les ,prjugs1 p> ,mr4 ,d4 ,m41 b ! latt] 0 probably writt5 by ,holba*1 ) notes by ,naigeon4 ,le ,philosophe1 publi%$ 9 ,l',evangile de la ,raison by ,dulaur5s1 0 writt5 by ,voltaire4 ,di$ #aa ,june1 #agef4 ,dum>sais 0 v simple 9 "*1 & 0 /yl$ by ,d',alemb]t ! ,la ,fonta9e ( philosoph]s4 ,dumont 7,pi]re ,eti5ne ,l\is71 ,swiss writ]1 b4 ,g5eva1 #ah ,july1 #agei4 ,0 br\ght up z a m9i/]1 b w5t to ,france & became secret>y to ,mirabeau4 ,aft] ! ,revolution he came to ,engl&1 :]e he became acqua9t$ ) ,b5?am1 ^: works he translat$4 ,di$ ,milan1 #bi ,sept4 #ahbi4 ,dunck] 7,maximilian ,wolfgang71 ,g]man hi/orian1 b4 ,b]l91 #ae ,oct4 #ahaa4 ,8 *ief "w1 ! ,hi/ory ( ,antiquity1 #aheb-eg1 ?or\ghly aboli%es ! old di/9ction ( sacr$ & pr(ane hi/ory1 & freely criticises ! ,jewi% records4 ,a translation 9 six volumes has be5 made by ,e4 ,abbot4 ,dunck] took an active "p 9 ! ev5ts ( '#dh & '#ej1 & 0 appo9t$ ,director-,g5]al ( ! ,/ate ,ar*ives4 ,di$ #bd ,july1 #ahhf4 ,dupont 7,jacob ,l\is71 a ,fr5* ma!matician & memb] ( ! ,national ,conv5tion1 kn[n z ! ,abb ,dupont1 :o1 #ad ,dec4 #agib1 decl>$ himself an ,a!i/ f ! tribune ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,di$ at ,p>is 9 #ahac4 ,dupont de ,nem\rs 7,pi]re ,samuel71 ,fr5* economi/1 b4 ,p>is1 #ad ,dec4 #agci4 ,he became ,presid5t ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly1 & 0 a ,!ophilantrophi/4 ,di$ ,delaw>e1 ,u4,s4,a41 #f ,aug4 #ahag4 ,dupuis 7,*>les ,franois71 ,fr5* a/ronom] & philosoph]1 b4 ,trie-le-,*ateau1 #af ,oct4 #agdb4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! ,*ur*1 :i* he left1 & m>ri$ 9 #agge4 ,he /udi$ "u ,lal&e1 & wrote on ! orig9 ( ! con/ellations1 #agha4 ,9 #aghh he became a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,inscriptions4 ,at ! ,revolution he 0 *os5 a memb] ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,dur+ ! ,reign ( ,t]ror he sav$ _m lives at 8 own risk4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds "o ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,five ,hundr$1 & presid5t ( ! legislative body4 ,8 *ief "w is on ! ,orig9 ( ,religions1 #g vols41 #agie1 9 :i* he traces sol> wor%ip 9 v>i\s fai?s1 includ+ ,*ri/ianity4 ,?is has be5 describ$ z a monum5t ( ! erudition ( unbelief4 ,dupuis di$ ne> ,dijon1 #bi ,sept4 #ahji4 ,dutrieux 7,pi]re ,joseph71 ,belgian physician1 b4 ,t\rnai1 #ai ,july1 #ahdh4 ,w5t to ,cairo & became a ,bey4 ,di$ #a ,jan4 #ahhi4 ,dutton 7,?omas71 ,m4,a41 !atrical critic1 b4 ,london1 #agfg4 ,educat$ by ! ,moravians4 ,9 #agie he publi%$ a ,v9dication ( ! ,age ( ,reason by ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,he translat$ ,kotzebue's ,piz>ro 9 ,p]u1 #agii1 & edit$ ! ,dramatic ,c5sor1 #ahjj1 & ! ,mon?ly ,!atrical ,report]1 #ahae4 ,duv]net 7,?ophile ,im>igeon71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 at ,amb]t #agcj4 ,he 0 br\ght up a ,jesuit1 became an ,abb1 b mock$ at religion4 ,duv]net became tutor to ,sa9t ,simon4 ,= a political pamphlet he 0 imprison$ 9 ! ,ba/ille4 ,:ile "h he wrote a curi\s & r>e romance1 ,les ,devotions de ,mme4 de ,be?zamoo?4 ,he wrote on ,religi\s ,intol]ance1 #aghj1 & a ,hi/ory ( ! ,sorbonne1 #agij1 b is be/ kn[n by 8 ,life ( ,voltaire 7#aghg74 ,9 #agic he wrote a lett] to ! ,conv5tion1 9 :i* he decl>es t he r5\nces ! religion born 9 a /able betwe5 an ox & an ass4 ,di$ 9 #agif4 ,dyas 7,ri*>d ,h471 capta9 9 ! army4 ,au?or ( ,! ,upas4 ,he resid$ long 9 ,italy & translat$ sev]al ( ! works ( ,c4 ,voysey4 ,eaton 7,daniel ,isaac71 booksell]1 b4 ab\t #ageb1 0 educat$ at ! ,jesuits' ,college1 ,/4 ,om]4 ,be+ advis$ to /udy ! ,bible1 he did s1 ) ! result ( disc>d+ x z a revelation4 ,9 #agib he 0 prosecut$ = publi%+ ,pa9e's ,rights ( ,man1 b ! prosecution fell ?r\gh4 ,he aft]w>ds publi%$ ,politics = ! ,p1 :i* 0 also prosecut$1 #agic1 z 0 8 ,political ,diction>y1 #agif4 ,to escape puni%m5t1 he fl$ to ,am]ica1 & liv$ !re = ?ree ye>s & a half4 ,^u return+ to ,engl&1 8 p]son & prop]ty 7 seiz$4 ,books to ! value ( #b1hjj 7 burnt1 & he 0 imprison$ = fifte5 mon?s4 ,he translat$ f ,helvetius & sold at 8 ,rationc9atory or ,magaz9e = ,tru?s & ,good ,s5se1 #h ,cornhill1 9 #ahaj1 ,! ,true ,s5se & ,mean+ ( ! ,sy/em ( ,nature4 ,! ,law ( ,nature _h be5 previ\sly translat$ by him4 ,9 '#aa he issu$ ! fir/ & second p>ts ( ,pa9e's ,age ( ,reason1 & on #f ,m>*1 '#ab1 0 tri$ be=e ,"l ,ell5bor\gh on a *>ge ( blasphemy = issu+ ! ?ird & la/ "p4 ,he 0 s5t5c$ to eighte5 mon?s' imprisonm5t & to /& 9 ! pillory4 ,! s5t5ce evok$ ,%elley's spirit$ ,lett] to ,"l ,ell5bor\gh4 ,eaton translat$ & publi%$ ,fr]et's ,pres]vative aga9/ ,religi\s ,prejudices1 #ahab1 & %ortly be=e 8 dea?1 at ,dept=d1 #bb ,aug4 #ahad1 he 0 aga9 prosecut$ = publi%+ ,george ,h\/on's ,ecce ,homo4 ,eb]h>d 7,johann ,augu/71 ,g]man ,dei/1 b4 ,halb]/adt1 #ca ,aug4 #agci1 0 br\ght up 9 ! *ur*1 b p]secut$ = h]esy 9 8 ,new ,apology = ,socrates1 #aggb1 0 patronis$ by ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,halle1 :]e he oppos$ ! idealism ( ,kant & ,fi*te4 ,he wrote a ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 #aghh4 ,di$ ,halle1 #g ,jan4 #ahji4 ,eb]ty 7,gu/av71 ,g]man ,free?9k]1 b4 #b ,july1 #ahjf4 ,au?or ( "s controv]sial works4 ,di$ ,b]l91 #aj ,feb4 #ahhg4 ,e*t]mey] 7,ern/ ,!odor71 ,g]man critic1 b4 ,lieb5w]da1 #ahje4 ,he /udi$ at ,halle & ,b]l91 & f\nd$1 ) ,a4 ,ruge1 ! ,hallis*e ,jahrb*]1 :i* conta9$ _m ,free?\ght articles1 #ahcg-db4 ,he taught at ,halle & ,dresd51 :]e he di$1 #f ,may1 #ahdd4 ,edelmann 7,johann ,*ri/ian71 ,g]man ,dei/1 b4 ,weiss5fels1 ,saxony1 #i ,july1 #afih2 /udi$ !ology 9 ,j5a1 jo9$ ! ,moravians1 b left !m & e =m ( ,*ri/ianity1 becom+ an adh]5t ( ,sp9ozism4 ,8 pr9cipal works are 8 ,uns*uldige ,wahrheit51 #agce 7,innoc5t ,tru?s71 9 :i* he argues t no religion is ( importance1 & ,moses mit ,aufg$ecktem ,angesi*t 7,moses ,unmask$71 #agdj1 an attack on ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i*1 he believ$1 proce$$ f ,ezra2 ,die ,gttli*keit d] ,v]nunft 7,! ,div9ity ( ,reason71 #agda1 & ,*ri/ & ,belial4 ,8 works excit$ mu* controv]sy1 & 7 publicly burnt at ,frank=t1 #i ,may1 #agej4 ,edelmann 0 *as$ f ,brunswick & ,hamburg1 b 0 protect$ by ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & di$ at ,b]l91 #ae ,feb4 #agfg4 ,mirabeau prais$ him1 & ,guizot calls him a fameux esprit =t4 ,edison 7,?omas ,alva71 ,am]ican inv5tor1 b4 ,milan1 ,ohio1 #aj ,feb4 #ahdg4 ,z a boy he sold fruit & pap]s at ! tra9s4 ,he read1 h[ev]1 ,gibbon1 ,hume & o!r important works be=e he 0 t54 ,he aft]w>ds set up a pap] ( 8 own1 !n became telegraph op]ator1 /udi$ electricity1 inv5t$ electric light1 ! electric p51 ! telephone1 microphone1 phonograph1 etc4 ,edison is kn[n to be an ,agno/ic & to pay no att5tion to religion4 ,e55s 7,f]d9&71 ,belgian writ]1 b4 ,brussels1 #g ,dec4 #ahaa4 ,e55s 0 an (fic] 9 ! ,belgian army1 & wrote _m political & anti-cl]ical pamphlets4 ,he also wrote ,la ,vrit1 a "w on ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 #ahei2 ,le ,p>adis ,t]re/re1 '#fj1 an exam9ation ( ! leg5d ( ,ed51 & ,du ,dieu ,?aumaturge1 '#gf4 ,he us$ ! p5 names ,le ,pre ,nicaise1 ,nicodme ,polyc>pe & ,timon ,,iii4 ,di$ at ,brussels 9 #ahhc4 ,eff5 7,ju/us van71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,utre*t1 #aa ,feb4 #afhd4 ,edit$ ! ,misan?rope1 ,am/]dam1 #agab-af2 translat$ ,rob9son ,crusoe1 ,swift's ,tale ( a ,tub1 & ,m&eville's ,?\ghts on ,religion1 #agbb2 publi%$ ! ,dut* ,spectator1 #agca-ce4 ,di$ at ,bois-le-,duc1 #ah ,sept4 #agce4 ,ei*horn 7,johann ,gottfri$71 ,g]man ,ori5tali/ & rationali/1 b4 #af ,oct4 #ageb1 became ,pr(essor ( ,ori5tal ,lit]ature & aft]w>ds ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,gott+54 ,he publi%$ ,introductions to ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts & ,a ,comm5t>y on ! ,apocalypse1 9 :i* 8 criticism t5ds to uproot belief 9 ! ,bible z a div9e revelation4 ,he lectur$ e day = fifty-two ye>s4 ,di$ #be ,june1 #ahbg4 ,elbor* 7,conrad von71 ! pseudonym ( a liv+ le>n$ ,dut* writ]1 ^: position does n p]mit him to reveal 8 true "n4 ,born #ad ,jan4 #ahfe1 he has contribut$ to ,de ,dag]aad 7,! ,daybreak71 "u v>i\s p5-names1 z ,fra ,diavolo1 ,d5is ,bontemps1 ,j4 ,van d5 ,ende1 etc4 ,he has giv51 9 '#hh1 a translation ( ! r>e & fam\s ,lat9 treatise1 ,de ,tribus ,impo/oribus 7,on ,?ree ,impo/ors7 ,jesus1 ,moses1 & ,muhammad1 ) an important bibliographic & hi/orical introduction4 ,eliot 7,george71 ! p5-"n ( ,m>y ,ann ,lewes 7ne ,evans7 "o ( ! greate/ noveli/s ( ! c5tury1 b4 at ,arbury ,f>m1 ne> ,griff1 ,w>wick%ire1 #bb ,nov4 #ahai4 ,9 '#da ! family remov$ to ,fole%ill1 ne> ,cov5try4 ,"h %e made ! fri5d%ip ( ! h\sehold ( ,*>les ,bray1 & *ang$ h] views f ,evangelical ,*ri/ianity to philosophical scepticism4 ,influ5c$ by ,! ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 by ,c4 ,c4 ,h5nell 7,bray's bro!r-9-law71 %e made an analysis ( t "w4 ,h] fir/ lit]>y v5ture 0 translat+ ,/rauss' ,leb5 ,jesu1 publi%$ 9 #ahdf4 ,aft] ! dea? ( h] fa!r 7'#di7 %e travell$ ) ! ,brays ^u ! ,cont95t1 & ^u h] return assi/$ ,dr4 ,*apman 9 ! editor%ip ( ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 to :i* %e contribut$ sev]al articles4 ,%e translat$ ,feu]ba*'s ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 '#ed1 ! only "w publi%$ ) h] real "n1 & also translat$ f ,sp9oza's ,e?ics4 ,introduc$ by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] to ,george ,h5ry ,lewes1 %e l9k$ h] life ) 8 9 defiance ( ! conv5tions ( society1 ,july1 '#ed4 ,bo? 7 poor1 b by 8 advice %e turn$ to fiction1 9 :i* %e soon a*iev$ success4 ,h] ,sc5es ( ,cl]ical ,life1 ,adam ,b$e1 ,mill on ! ,floss1 ,silas ,m>n]1 ,romola1 ,felix ,holt1 ,middlem>*1 ,daniel ,d]onda1 & ,!ophra/us ,su* h become classics4 ,z a poet1 ,george ,eliot does n rank s high1 b h] little piece1 ,oh1 may ,i jo9 ! *oir invisible1 well expresses ! emotion ( ! ,religion ( ,humanity1 & h] ,spani% ,gipsy %e all[$ 0 a mass ( ,positivism4 ,lewes di$ 9 #ahgh1 & )9 two ye>s %e m>ri$ 8 fri5d1 ,j4 ,w4 ,cross4 ,h] new happ9ess 0 %ort-liv$4 ,%e di$ #bb ,dec4 #ahhj1 & is buri$ ) ,lewes at ,highgate4 ,ell]o 7,pietro7 ,italian jurisconsult1 b4 ,pord5one1 #h ,oct4 #ahcc1 ,c\nsellor ( ! ,high ,c\rt ( ,rome1 has be5 ,pr(essor ( ,crim9al ,law 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna4 ,au?or ( _m works on legal & social que/ions4 ,8 ,scritti ,m9ori1 ,scritti ,politici & ,la ,"q ,sociale h ! honor ( a place on ! ,roman ,index4 ,elliotson 7,john1 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s471 an em95t m$ical man1 b4 ,london1 #agia4 ,he became physician at ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital 9 #ahbb1 & made _m contributions to m$ical sci5ce4 ,by new prescriptions ( qu99e1 creasote1 etc41 he excit$ mu* ho/ility 9 ! pr(ession4 ,he 0 ! fir/ 9 ?is c\ntry to advocate ! use ( ! /e?oscope4 ,he 0 also ! fir/ physician to disc>d knee-bree*es & silk /ock+s1 & to we> a be>d4 ,9 '#ca he 0 *os5 ,pr(essor at ,univ]sity ,college1 b1 becom+ an advocate ( curative mesm]ism1 he resign$ 8 appo9tm5ts1 '#ch4 ,he 0 f\nd] & ,presid5t ( ! ,london ,phr5ological ,society1 &1 9 addition to _m m$ical works1 edit$ ! ,zoi/ 7?irte5 vols471 translat$ ,blum5ba*'s ,physiology1 & wrote an introduction to ,engl$ue's ,c]ebral ,physiology1 def5d+ mat]ialism4 ,?ack]ay d$icat$ ,p5d5nis to him1 '#ej1 & he receiv$ a tribute ( praise f ,dick5s4 ,di$ at ,london1 #bi ,july1 #ahfh4 ,ei*?al 7,gu/ave d'71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ( ,jewi% family1 ,nancy1 #bb ,m>*1 #ahjd4 ,he became a foll[] ( ,sa9t ,simon1 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,socit d',e?nologie1 & publi%$ ,les ,evangiles1 a critical analysis ( ! gospels1 #b vols1 ,p>is1 '#fc4 ,?is he foll[$ by ,! ,?ree ,great ,m$it]ranean ,nations & ,*ri/ianity & ,socrates & our ,"t1 '#hd4 ,he di$ at ,p>is1 ,april1 #ahhf1 & 8 son publi%$ 8 ,mlanges de ,critique ,biblique 7,miscellanies ( ,biblical ,criticism71 9 :i* !re is an able /udy on ! "n & "* ( ,jahveh4 ,em]son 7,ralph ,waldo71 ,am]ican essayi/1 poet1 & philosoph]1 b4 ,bo/on #be ,may1 #ahjc4 ,he came ( a l9e ( m9i/]s1 & 0 br\ght up l 8 fa!r1 educat$ at ,h>v>d ,college1 & orda9$ z a ,unit>ian m9i/]1 #ahbi4 ,becom+ too broad = ! ,*ur*1 he resign$ 9 '#cb4 ,9 ! next ye> he came to ,europe1 visit+ ,c>lyle4 ,on 8 return he settl$ at ,concord1 giv+ occasional lectures1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 publi%$4 ,he wrote to ! ,dial1 a transc5d5tali/ pap]4 ,t5d+ to ideali/ic pan!ism1 b )\t sy/ematic philosophy1 all 8 writ+s are mo/ sugge/ive1 & he is always ! *ampion ( m5tal fre$om1 self-reliance1 & ! free pursuit ( sci5ce4 ,di$ at ,concord1 #bg ,april1 #ahhb4 ,mat!w ,arnold has pron\nc$ 8 essays ! mo/ important "w done 9 prose 9 ?is c5tury4 ,em]son 7,william71 ,engli% ma!matician1 b4 ,hurwor?1 ne> ,d>l+ton1 #ad ,may1 #agja4 ,he conduct$ a s*ool & wrote num]\s works on ,ma!matics4 ,8 vigor\s1 if ecc5tric1 individuality attract$ ,c>lyle1 :o said to ,mrs4 ,gil*ri/1 ,em]son 0 a ,free?9k] :o look$ on 8 neighbor1 ! p>son1 z a humbug4 ,he seems to h def5d$ himself 9 sil5ce ! be/ way he c\ld aga9/ ! noisy clamor & unreal /uff go+ on ar\nd him4 ,di$ #ba ,may1 #aghb4 ,he compil$ a li/ ( ,bible contradictions4 ,emmet 7,rob]t71 ,iri% revolutioni/1 b4 9 ,dubl9 #aggh1 0 educat$ z a b>ri/]4 ,expell$ f ,dubl9 ,univ]sity = 8 sympa?y ) ! ,national ,cause 9 #agih2 he w5t to ! ,cont95t1 b return$ 9 #ahjb to plan an ill-/>r$ insurrection1 = :i* he 0 execut$ #bj ,sept4 #ahjc4 ,emmet made a ?rill+ spee* be=e receiv+ s5t5ce1 & on ! scaffold refus$ ! s]vices ( a prie/4 ,x is well kn[n t 8 desire to see once m 8 swee!>t1 ! daught] ( ,curran1 0 ! cause ( 8 capture & execution4 ,engl$ue 7,william ,coll9s71 ,m4,d41 b4 ,portsea #ahac4 ,aft] tak+ 8 degree at ,ed9burgh1 he became assi/ant to ,dr4 ,liz>s & 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,m$ical ,society ( ,ed9burgh4 ,he return$ to ,portsm\? 9 #ahce2 orig9at$ ! ,royal ,portsm\? ,hospital & e/abli%$ public ba?s & wa%h\ses4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,zoi/ & publi%$ an exposition ( mat]ialism "u ! title ( ,c]ebral ,physiology1 #ahdb1 republi%$ by ,j4 ,watson1 #aheg4 ,di$ ,jan4 #ahei4 ,engli% 7,george ,be?une71 ,am]ican writ] & l+ui/1 b4 ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #g ,m>*1 #aghg4 ,he /udi$ law & div9ity1 & graduat$ at ,h>v>d1 #ahjg1 b becom+ sceptical publi%$ ,gr\nds ( ,*ri/ianity ,exam9$1 #ahac4 ,! "w excit$ "s controv]sy1 & has be5 repr9t$ at ,toronto1 #ahci4 ,he jo9$ ! ,egyptian s]vice & became ,g5]al ( ,artill]y4 ,he _h a v>iable g5ius & a gift ( languages4 ,at ,m>seilles he pass$ = a ,turk ) a ,turki% ambassador2 & at ,wa%+ton he surpris$ a delegation ( ,*]okees by disput+ ) !m 9 _! own tongue4 ,he wrote a reply to 8 critics1 entitl$ ,five ,smoo? ,/ones out ( ! ,brook1 & two lett]s to ,*ann+ on 8 s]mons aga9/ infidelity4 ,di$ at ,wa%+ton1 #bj ,sept4 #ahbh4 ,ense 7,v>nhag5 von74 ,see ,v>nhag54 ,ensor 7,george71 an ,iri% writ]1 b4 ,l\ghgall1 #agfi4 ,educat$ at ,tr9ity ,college2 he became ,b4,a4 #agij4 ,he travell$ l>gely1 & 0 a fri5d ( lib]ty 9 e c\ntry4 ,besides o!r political works he publi%$1 ,! ,indep5d5t ,man1 #ahjf2 ,on ,national ,gov]nm5t1 #ahaj2 ,a ,review ( ! ,miracles1 ,prophecies & ,my/]ies ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 fir/ pr9t$ z ,janus on ,sion1 #ahaf1 & republi%$ #ahce2 & ,natural ,!ology ,exam9$1 #ahcf1 ! la/ be+ republi%$ 9 ,! ,libr>y ( ,reason4 ,b5?am describ$ him z clev] b impracticable4 ,di$ ,ardress1 ,co4 ,armagh1 #c ,dec4 #ahdc4 ,epicurus1 ,greek philosoph]1 b4 ,samos1 ,b4,c4 #cdb4 ,he repair$ to ,a!ns1 ,b4,c4 #cbc4 ,influ5c$ by ! works ( ,demokritos1 he occupi$ himself ) philosophy4 ,he pur*as$ a g>d5 9 ,a!ns1 9 :i* he e/abli%$ 8 s*ool4 ,al?\gh mu* calumniat$1 he is n[ admitt$ to h be5 a man ( blameless life4 ,accord+ to ,cic]o1 he _h no belief 9 ! gods1 b did n attack _! exi/5ce1 9 ord] n to (f5d ! prejudices ( ! ,a!nians4 ,9 physics he adopt$ ! atomic !ory1 & d5i$ immortality4 ,he taught t pleasure is ! sov]eign good2 b by pleasure he meant no transi5t s5sation1 b p]man5t tranquility ( m9d4 ,he wrote l>gely1 b 8 works are lo/4 ,8 pr9ciples are exp\nd$ 9 ! great poem ( ,lucretius1 ,de ,r]um ,natura4 ,di$ ,b4,c4 #bgj1 leav+ _m foll[]s4 ,erdan 7,alex&re71 ! p5-"n ( ,alex&re ,&re ,jacob1 a ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,angles #ahbf4 ,he 0 ! natural son ( a di/+ui%$ prelate4 ,educat$ at ,sa9t ,sulpice = ! ,*ur*1 he read ,pr\dhon1 & refus$ to take holy ord]s4 ,he became a j\rnali/ & an advocate ( phonography4 ,8 "w1 ,la ,france ,my/ique 7#ahee71 9 :i* he gives an acc\nt ( ,fr5* religi\s ecc5tricities1 0 condemn$ = its scepticism :i* appe>s on e page4 ,s5t5c$ to a ye>'s imprisonm5t & a f9e ( ?ree ?\s& francs1 he took refuge 9 ,italy4 ,di$ at ,frascati1 ne> ,rome1 #bd ,sept4 #ahgh4 ,erne/i 7,johann ,augu/71 ,g]man critic1 b4 ,t5n/adt1 #d ,aug4 #agjg4 ,/udi$ at ,witt5b]g & ,leipsic1 :]e he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( classical lit]ature4 ,r5[n$ z a philologi/1 he insi/$ t ! ,bible mu/ be int]pret$ l any o!r book4 ,di$ ,leipsic1 #aa ,sept4 #agha4 ,es*]ny 7,franois ,l\is d'7 ,c\nt1 ,swiss litt]ateur1 b4 ,neuf*atel1 #bd ,nov4 #agcc4 ,he sp5t mu* ( 8 life 9 travel4 ,at ,p>is he became ! associate ( ,helvetius1 ,did]ot1 & p>ticul>ly ,r\sseau1 :om he mu* admir$4 ,he wrote ,lacunes de la ,philosophie 7,am/]dam1 #aghc7 & a "w on ,equality 7#agie71 9 :i* he displays 8 ,free?\ght4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #ae ,july1 #ahae4 ,esp9as 7,alfr$71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,sa9t-,flor5t91 #ahdd4 ,has translat$1 ) ,?4 ,ribot1 ,h4 ,sp5c]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 & has writt5 /udies on ,exp]im5tal ,philosophy 9 ,italy1 & on ,animal ,societies 7#ahgg74 ,espronc$a 7,jos71 popul> ,spani% poet1 b4 ,alm5dralejo 7,e/remadura7 9 #ahaj4 ,aft] ! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce he w5t to ,madrid & /udi$ "u ,alb]to ,li/a1 ! poet & ma!matician4 ,he became s obnoxi\s to ! gov]nm5t by 8 radical pr9ciples t he 0 imprison$ ab\t ! age ( fifte51 & bani%$ a few ye>s lat]4 ,he pass$ sev]al ye>s 9 ,london & ,p>is1 & 0 br\ght "u ! influ5ce ( ,byron & ,hugo4 ,he f\ght ) ! p 9 ! ,p>is ,revolution ( ,july1 #ahcj4 ,on ! dea? ( ! ,spani% ,k+ 9 '#cc he return$ to ,madrid1 b 0 aga9 bani%$ = too free expression ( 8 op9ions4 ,he return$ & took "p 9 ! revolution>y conte/ ( '#ce-cf4 ,he 0 elect$ to ! ,cortes 9 '#da1 & appo9t$ secret>y ( embassy to ,! ,hague4 ,di$ #bc ,may1 #ahdb4 ,among 8 works are lyrical poems1 :i* (t5 rem9d u ( ,he9e2 an unf9i%$ epic1 ,el ,pelayo2 & ,el ,diablo-,mundo 7! ,devil-,_w71 a f9e poem1 due to ! inspiration ( ,fau/ & ,don ,juan4 ,espronc$a 0 a ?or\gh sceptic4 ,9 8 ,song ( ! ,pirate he asks1 ,:o is my ,god8--,lib]ty2 & 9 8 conclud+ l9es to a /> he says3 ,i unhe$+ly foll[ my pa?1 ,at ! m]cy ( w9ds & ( waves4 ,wrapt ?us )9 ! arms ( ,fate1 ,:at c>e ,i if lo/ or sav$4 ,e/i5ne 7,h5ri71 ! able/ ( a family ( le>n$ ,fr5* pr9t]s1 kn[n 9 ,engl& z ,/eph5s2 b4 ,p>is1 #aebh4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 he assi/$ 8 fa!r 9 collat+ ! ,,mss4 ( ,dionysius ( ,halic>nassus4 ,9 #aeeg he e/abli%$ a pr9t+ (fice ( 8 own1 & issu$ _m ,greek au?ors2 & 9 #aegb ! ,!saurus ,l+u ,grc4 ,8 ,apologie p\r ,h]odote 7,engli%$ z a ,_w ( ,wond]s7 is design$ z a satire on ,*ri/ian leg5ds1 & direct$ aga9/ prie/s & prie/craft4 ,he 0 driv5 f place to place4 ,sir ,philip ,sidney highly e/eem$ him1 & k9dly ent]ta9$ him 9 8 travaile4 ,di$ #aeih4 ,g>asse classes him ) ,a!i/s4 ,e/eve 7,pi]re71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,montpeli] at ! beg9n+ ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he wrote a ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy & an anonym\s "w on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,univ]se expla9$ f a ,pr9ciple ( ,matt]2 ,b]l91 #agdh4 ,ettel 7,konrad71 ,au/rian ,free?9k]1 b4 #ag ,jan4 #ahdg1 at ,neuh(1 ,/]nb]g4 ,/udi$ at ! ,gymnasium ,kremsi]1 & at ! wi% ( 8 p>5ts at ! ,!ological ,sem9>y ,olmtz1 :i* he left to /udy philosophy at ,vi5na4 ,he has writt5 _m poems & dramas4 ,8 ,grundzuge d] ,natrli*5 ,weltans*auung 7,sket* ( a ,natural ,view ( ! ,_w71 a ,free?9k]'s cate*ism1 #ahhf1 has rea*$ a f\r? edition4 ,evans 7,george ,h5ry71 b4 at ,bromy>d1 ,h]e=d%ire1 #be ,m>*1 #ahjc4 ,:ile a *ild1 8 p>5ts emigrat$ to ,new ,york4 ,he set up z a pr9t]1 & publi%$ ! ,correspond5t1 ! fir/ ,am]ican ,free?\ght pap]4 ,he also publi%$ ! ,work+ ,man's ,advocate1 ,man1 ,"y ,am]ica1 & ! ,radical4 ,he labor$ = ! transportation ( mails on ,sundays1 ! limitation ( ! "r to hold l&s1 ! abolition ( slav]y1 & o!r re=ms4 ,8 bro!r became "o ( ! *ief eld]s ( ! ,%ak]s4 ,di$ 9 ,granville1 ,new ,j]sey1 #b ,feb4 #ahee4 ,evans 7,william71 b4 ,swansea1 #ahaf1 became a foll[] ( ,rob]t ,ow54 ,he e/abli%$ ,! ,pott]'s ,exam9] & ,workman's ,advocate1 '#dc1 & wrote 9 ! ,co-op]ative j\rnals "u ! anagram ( ,millway ,vanes4 ,di$ #ad ,m>*1 #ahhg4 ,evanson 7,edw>d71 !ological critic1 b4 ,w>r+ton1 ,lanca%ire1 #ba ,april1 #agca4 ,he graduat$ at ,cambridge1 became vic> ( ,s\? ,mimms1 & aft]w>ds rector ( ,tewkesbury4 ,ent]ta9+ d\bts on ! ,tr9ity1 he submitt$ !m to ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury )\t obta9+ satisfaction4 ,he made "s *anges 9 read+ ! ,litany1 & = express+ h]etical op9ions 9 a s]mon 9 #agga1 he 0 prosecut$1 b escap$ 9 consequ5ce ( "s irregul>ity 9 ! proce$+s4 ,9 #aggb he publi%$ an anonym\s tract on ! ,tr9ity4 ,9 #agig he address$ a lett] to ! ,bi%op ( ,li*field on ! ,prophecies ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 9 :i* he tri$ to %[ t ei!r ,*ri/ianity 0 false or ! or?odox *ur*es4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he resign$ bo? 8 liv+s & took pupils4 ,9 #agib he publi%$ 8 pr9cipal "w1 ,! ,dissonance ( ! ,f\r ,g5]ally-,receiv$ ,evangeli/s1 9 :i* he reject$ all ! gospels1 except ,luke1 z unau!ntic4 ,?is "w involv$ him 9 a controv]sy ) ,dr4 ,prie/ley1 & br\ght a consid]able %>e ( obloquy & p]secution f ! or?odox4 ,di$ #be ,sept4 #ahje4 ,eve'm]us or ,euhem]us1 a ,sicilian au?or ( ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 :o s\ght to rationalise religion1 & treat$ ! gods z dead h]oes4 ,he is usually repres5t$ z an ,a!i/4 ,eudes 7,emile ,franois ,dsir71 ,fr5* ,communi/1 b4 ,roncey1 #ahdd4 ,he became a *emi/1 & 0 condemn$1 ) ,rgn>d1 to ?ree mon?s' imprisonm5t = writ+ 9 ,la ,libre ,p5se1 '#fg1 ( :i* he 0 director4 ,he jo9$ ! ranks ( ! ,commune & became a g5]al4 ,:5 ! ,v]sailles troops ent]$ ,p>is he escap$ to ,switz]l&4 ,on 8 return aft] ! ,amne/y1 he wrote ) ,blanqui4 ,di$ at a public meet+ 9 ,p>is1 #e ,aug4 #ahhh4 ,ew]beck 7,augu/ ,h]mann71 ,dr41 b4 ,dantzic4 ,aft] ! ev5ts ( #ahdh1 he liv$ at ,p>is4 ,he translat$ into ,g]man ,cabet's ,voyage en ,ic>ie1 & 9 an important "w entitl$ ,qu'e/ ce que ,la ,religion8 7,:at is ,religion71 '#ej1 translat$ into ,fr5* ,feu]ba*'s ,ess5ce ( ,religion1 ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ,dea? & ,immortality4 ,9 a succe$+ volume ,:at is ! ,bible8 he translat$ f ,daum]1 ,ghillany1 ,luetzelb]g] & ,b4 ,bau]4 ,ew]beck also wrote 9 ,fr5* an hi/orical "w on ,g]many & ! ,g]mans2 ,p>is1 #ahea4 ,fabre ,d',eglant9e 7,philippe ,franois ,nazaire71 ,fr5* revolutioni/ & playwrit]1 b4 ,c>cassonne1 #bh ,dec4 #agee4 ,aft] "s success z a poet & playwright he 0 *os5 z deputy to ! ,national ,conv5tion4 ,he vot$ = ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xvi41 & propos$ ! sub/itution ( ! republican = ! ,*ri/ian cal5d>1 ,sept4 #agic4 ,he 0 execut$ ) 8 fri5d ,danton1 #e ,april1 #agid4 ,fabricatore 7,bruto71 ,italian writ]1 b4 ,s>no1 ,naples1 #ahbd4 ,8 fa!r ,antonio _h ! honor ( hav+ a political "w plac$ on ! ,index1 #ahba4 ,he took "p 9 ! anti-papal ,free?\ght ,c\ncil ( #ahfi1 & has writt5 works on ,dante1 etc4 ,f>9ata4 ,see ,ub]ti 7,f>9ata degli74 ,fau*e 7,hippolyte71 ,fr5* ,ori5tali/1 b4 ,aux]re1 #bb ,may1 #agig4 ,translations ( ! ,mahabh>ata1 ! ,ramayana1 & ! plays ( ,kalidasa1 atte/ 8 indu/ry & erudition4 ,he contribut$ to ,la ,lib]t de ,p5s]4 ,di$ at ,juilly1 #bh ,feb4 #ahfi4 ,fau/o 7,seba/iano71 ,da ,longiano1 ,italian ( ! beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury1 :o is said to h project$ a "w ,! ,temple ( ,tru?1 ) ! int5tion ( ov]turn+ all religions4 ,he translat$ ! ,m$itations ( ,anton9us1 also wrote obs]vations on ,cic]o1 #aeff4 ,fe] 7,h5ri ,lon71 ,fr5* ,ori5tali/1 b4 ,r\51 #bg ,nov4 #ahcj1 is *iefly kn[n by 8 ,buddhi/ic ,/udies1 #ahga-ge4 ,fell5s 7,jean ,bapti/e71 ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory1 b4 ,b>-sur-,aube1 #agid4 ,au?or ( a "w on ,pan!ism1 ,p>is1 #ahgc4 ,fell[es 7,rob]t71 ,,ll4,d41 b4 ,norfolk #agga1 educat$ at ,ox=d4 ,he took ord]s 9 #agie1 & wrote _m books1 b gradually quitt$ ! doctr9es ( ! ,*ur* & adopt$ ! ,dei/ic op9ions ma9ta9$ 9 8 "w entitl$ ,! ,religion ( ! ,univ]se 7#ahcf74 ,dr4 ,fell[es 0 proprietor ( ! ,exam9] & a great support] ( ! ,london ,univ]sity4 ,di$ #e ,feb4 #ahdg4 ,f5zi 7,seba/iano71 ,italian writ]1 b4 ,flor5ce1 #bb ,oct4 #ahbb4 ,educat$ by ! ,jesuits 9 ,vi5na1 ,engl& & ,p>is4 ,f\nd$ 9 '#di ! ,revi/a ,britannica1 writ] on ! j\rnal ,l',italiano1 & has writt5 a cr$o :i* is a non-cr$o4 ,f]+a 7,fr$]ik71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,gron+51 #af ,april1 #ahdj4 ,/udi$ ma!matics4 ,a contributor to ,de ,dag]aad 7,! ,daybreak7 ov] ! signature1 ,muricatus2 he has writt5 important /udies1 entitl$ ,democratie en ,wet5s*ap 7,democracy & ,sci5ce71 #ahga1 also wrote 9 ,de ,vrije ,g$a*te 7,free?\ght74 ,f]nau 7,rudolf71 ,dr41 ,g]man au?or ( ,*ri/ianity & ,practical ,life1 ,leipsic1 #ahfh2 ,! ,alpha & ,omega ( ,reason1 ,leipsic1 #ahgj2 ,zoologica ,humori/ica1 #ahhb2 & a rec5t "w on ,religion z ,gho/ & ,god ,wor%ip4 ,f]on 7,emile71 ,belgian advocate1 b4 ,brussels1 #aa ,july1 #ahda4 ,c\ncillor ( ! ,int]national ,free?\ght ,f$]ation4 ,f]r>i 7,giuseppe71 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 ,milan #g ,m>*1 #ahaa4 ,a disciple ( ,romagnosi1 a /udy ( ^: philosophical writ+s he publi%$ '#ce4 ,he also publi%$ ! works ( ,vico1 & 9 '#ci a "w entitl$ ,vico & ,italy1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ano!r on ! ,religi\s ,op9ions ( ,campanella4 ,attack$ by ! ,ca?olic p>ty1 he 0 exil$1 liv+ 9 ,p>is1 :]e he became a collaborator ) ,pr\dhon & a contributor to ! ,revue de ,deux ,mondes4 ,9 '#db he 0 made ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,/rasb\rg1 b appo9tm5t 0 soon cancell$ on acc\nt ( 8 op9ions4 ,he wrote a ,hi/ory ( ! ,revolution ( ,italy1 '#ee1 & a "w on ,*9a & ,europe4 ,8 hi/ory ( ! ,reason ( ! ,/ate1 '#fj1 is 8 mo/ pron\nc$ "w4 ,9 '#ei1 he 0 elect$ to ! ,italian ,p>liam5t1 :]e he rema9$ "o ( ! mo/ radical memb]s until 8 dea? at ,rome #a ,july1 #ahgf4 ,f]ri 7,enrico71 ,memb] ( ! ,italian ,p>liam5t1 =m]ly pr(essor ( crim9al law at ! ,univ]sity ( ,si5a1 /udi$ at ,mantua "u ,pr(essor ,ardigo4 ,has writt5 a l>ge "w on ! ,non-,exi/5ce ( ,free ,w1 & is ) ,pr(essor ,lombroso1 lead] ( ! new ,italian s*ool ( crim9al law re=m4 ,f]ri 7,luigi71 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 ,bologna1 #ae ,june #ahbf4 ,/udi$ 9 ,p>is & became lic5tiate ( lett]s 9 #ahej4 ,au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy 9 ,italy1 ,p>is #ahfh2 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,pomponazzi1 etc4 ,f]rire 7,emile71 ,fr5* writ] & lic5tiate ( lett]s1 b4 ,p>is1 #ahcj2 au?or ( ,lit]ature & ,philosophy1 #ahfe2 ,d>w9ism1 #ahgb1 :i* has gone ?r\gh sev]al editions2 ,! ,apo/les1 a "w *all5g+ e>ly ,*ri/ian ,morality1 #ahgi2 ,! ,s\l ! ,function ( ! ,bra91 a sci5tific "w ( popul> "* 9 two vols41 #ahhc2 & ,paganism ( ! ,hebrews until ! ,babylonian ,captivity1 #ahhd4 ,all ^! are works ( pron\nc$ ,free?\ght4 ,m4 ,f]rire has also ann\nc$ a "w ,jesus b> ,joseph4 ,feu]ba* 7,fri$ri* ,he9ri*71 son ( a fam\s ,g]man juri/1 0 b4 at ,ansba* #bi ,sept4 #ahjf4 ,he /udi$ philology1 b set himself to prea* :at 8 bro!r ,ludwig taught4 ,he wrote ,!an?ropos1 a s]ies ( ,aphorisms 7,zuri*1 '#ch71 & an able "w on ! ,religion ( ! ,future1 '#dc-dg2 & ,?\ghts & ,facts1 ,hamburg1 '#fb4 ,di$ ,nur5b]g1 #bd ,jan4 #ahhj4 ,feu]ba* 7,ludwig ,&reas71 bro!r ( ! prec$+1 b4 ,l&%ut1 ,bav>ia1 #bh ,july #ahjd4 ,he /udi$ !ology ) a view to ! ,*ur*1 b "u ! influ5ce ( ,hegel ab&on$ x = philosophy4 ,9 '#bh he 0 made pr(essor at ,erlang51 b 0 dismiss$ 9 consequ5ce ( 8 fir/ publi%$ "w1 ,?\ghts ^u ,dea? & ,immortality1 '#cj1 9 :i* he limit$ immortality to p]sonal influ5ce on ! human race4 ,aft] a w&]+ life he m>ri$ 9 '#cg1 & settl$ ne> ,anspa*4 ,he publi%$ !re a hi/ory ( mod]n philosophy f ,bacon to ,sp9oza4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by a "w on ,pet] ,bayle4 ,9 '#ch he wrote on philosophy & ,*ri/ianity1 & 9 '#da 8 "w call$ ! ,! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 :i* he resolves !ology into an?ropology4 ,?is book 0 translat$ by ,m>y ,ann ,evans1 '#ec4 ,he also wrote ,pr9ciples ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,future4 ,aft] ! revolution ( '#dh he 0 invit$ to lecture by ! /ud5ts ( ,heidelb]g1 & gave 8 c\rse on ,! ,ess5ce ( ,religion1 publi%$ 9 '#ea4 ,9 '#eg he publi%$ ,!ogony f ! ,s\rces ( ,classical1 ,hebrew1 & ,*ri/ian ,antiquity1 & 9 '#ff ,!ism1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality f ! ,/&po9t ( ,an?ropology4 ,di$ at ,re*5b]g1 ne> ,nur5b]g1 #ac ,sept4 #ahgb4 ,8 complete works 7 publi%$ at ,leipsic 9 #ahgf4 ,he 0 a deep ?9k] & lucid writ]4 ,fi*te 7,johann ,gottlieb71 "o ( ! greate/ ,g]man ?9k]s1 b4 #ai ,may1 #agfb4 ,he /udi$ at ! ,univ]sities ( ,j5a1 ,leipsic1 & ,witt5b]g1 embrac$ det]m9ism1 became acqua9t$ ) ,kant1 & publi%$ anonym\sly1 ,a ,criticism ( all ,revelation4 ,he obta9$ a *air ( philosophy at ,j5a1 :]e he develop$ 8 doctr9es ( sci5ce1 ass]t+ t ! problem ( philosophy is to seek on :at f\ndations k re/s4 ,he gave moral disc\rses 9 ! lecture-room on ,sunday1 & 0 accus$ ( hold+ a!i/ical op9ions4 ,he 0 9 consequ5ce bani%$ f ,saxony1 #agii4 ,he appe>s to h held t ,god 0 n a p]sonal be+1 b a sy/em ( intellectual1 moral1 & spiritual laws4 ,fi*te took deep int]e/ 9 ! cause ( ,g]man indep5d5ce1 & did mu* to r\se 8 c\ntrym5 aga9/ ! dom9ation ( ! ,fr5* dur+ ! conque/ :i* l$ to ! fall ( ,napoleon4 ,besides _m publications1 9 :i* he exp\nds 8 philosophy1 he wrote eloqu5t treatises on ,! ,vocation ( ,man1 ,! ,nature & ,vocation ( ! ,s*ol>1 ,! ,way ,t[>ds ! ,bless$ ,life1 etc4 ,di$ ,b]l9 #bg ,jan4 #ahad4 ,fig>o4 ,see ,l>ra 7,m>iano ,jos de74 ,figui]a 7,guillem71 ,prov5al tr\bad\r & precursor ( ! ,r5aissance1 b4 ,t\l\se ab\t #aaij4 ,8 poems 7 direct$ aga9/ ! prie/s & ,c\rt ( ,rome4 ,filangi]i 7,gaetano71 an ,italian writ] on legislation1 b4 ,naples1 #ah ,aug4 #ageb4 ,he 0 pr(essor at t city4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ,la ,sci5za della ,legislazione1 #aghj4 ,9 ! fif? volume he deals ) pre-,*ri/ian religions4 ,! "w 0 put on ! ,index4 ,di$ #ba ,july1 #aghh4 ,fior5t9o 7,francesco71 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 ,sambiasa1 ,nica/ro1 #a ,may1 #ahcd4 ,9 #ahfj he became ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,spoletto1 9 '#fb at ,bologna1 & 9 '#ga at ,naples4 ,he 0 elect$ deputy to ,p>liam5t1 ,nov4 '#gj4 ,a disciple ( ,felice ,tocco1 he paid special att5tion to ! e>ly ,italian ,free?9k]s1 writ+ ^u ,! ,pan!ism ( ,giordano ,bruno1 ,naples1 '#fa2 ,pietro ,pomponazzi1 ,flor5ce1 '#fh2 ,b]n>dius ,telesio1 ,flor5ce1 #b vols41 '#gb-gd4 ,he has also writt5 on ,/rauss & ,sp9oza4 ,9 ! ,nuova ,antologia he wrote on ,j4 ,c4 ,van9i1 & on ,csalp9us1 ,campanella1 & ,bruno4 ,a fri5d ( ,b]tr&o ,spav5ta1 he succe$$ to 8 *air at ,naples 9 '#hc4 ,di$ #bb ,dec4 #ahhd4 ,fis*>t 7,johann71 ,g]man satiri/ call$ ,m5tz]1 b4 ,/rasb\rg ab\t #aede4 ,8 satires 9 prose & v]se rem9d "o ( ,rabelais1 :om he 9 "p translat$1 & are (t5 direct$ aga9/ ! ,*ur*4 ,di$ at ,=ba* 9 #afad4 ,fis*] 7,j4 ,c471 ,g]man mat]iali/1 au?or ( a "w on ! fre$om ( ! w #aheh1 a criticism ( ,h>tmann's ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s1 '#gb2 ,das ,bewus/se91 '#gd4 ,di$ #ahhh4 ,fis*] 7,kuno71 ,g]man philosoph]1 b4 #bc ,july1 #ahbd1 at ,s&ewald1 ,silesia4 ,educat$ at ,leipsic & ,halle1 9 #ahef he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,j5a4 ,8 *ief works are ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 '#eb-gb2 ,life & ,"* ( ,sp9oza2 ,francis ,bacon1 '#ef2 & ,less+1 '#ha4 ,fiske 7,john71 ,am]ican au?or1 b4 ,h>t=d1 ,connecticut1 #cj ,m>*1 #ahdb4 ,graduat$ at ,h>v>d1 '#fc4 ,9 '#fi-ga 0 ,lectur] on ,philosophy at t ,univ]sity1 & f '#gb-i ,libr>ian4 ,mr4 ,fiske has lectur$ l>gely1 & has writt5 ,my?s & ,my?mak]s1 '#gb2 ,outl9es ( ,cosmic ,philosophy1 #b vols4 '#gd2 ,d>w9ism1 & o!r essays1 '#gi2 ,excursions ( an ,evolutioni/1 '#hc2 ,! ,idea ( ,god z ,affect$ by ,mod]n ,k1 '#he4 ,flaub]t 7,gu/ave71 ,fr5* noveli/1 b4 ,r\51 #ab ,dec4 #ahba4 ,! son ( a di/+ui%$ surgeon1 he ab&on$ 8 fa!r's pr(ession = lit]ature4 ,8 ma/]piece1 ,madame ,bov>y1 publi%$ 9 '#ef 9 ! ,revue de ,p>is1 drew a prosecution ^u t j\rnal :i* end$ 9 a triumph = ! au?or4 ,= 8 next great "w1 ,salammb1 '#fb1 an epic ( ,c>?age1 he prep>$ himself by long antiqu>ian /udies4 ,8 intellectual t5d5cies are display$ 9 ,! ,temptation ( ,sa9t ,an?ony4 ,he /&s em95t among ! naturali/ s*ool = 8 arti/ic fidelity4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,?ophile ,gauti]1 ,ivan ,turg5ev1 ,emile ,zola & ,george ,s&4 ,8 correspond5ce ) ! la/ ( ^! has be5 publi%$4 ,he di/9ctly /ates !re9 t on subjects l immortality m5 *eat !mselves ) words4 ,di$ at ,r\51 #i ,may1 #ahhj4 ,fl\r5s 7,m>ie ,jean ,pi]re71 ,fr5* sci5ti/1 b4 ne> ,bzi]s1 #ae ,april1 #agid4 ,9 #ahbh he 0 admitt$ into ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces1 aft] hav+ publi%$ a "w on ! n]v\s sy/em ( v]tebrates2 he became p]petual secret>y 9 '#cc4 ,a "w on ,human ,longevity & ! ,quantity ( ,life on ! ,globe 0 v popul>4 ,di$ ne> ,p>is1 #f ,dec4 #ahfg4 ,fl\r5s 7,gu/ave71 elde/ son ( ! prec$+1 b4 ,p>is1 #d ,aug4 #ahch4 ,9 '#fc he took 8 fa!r's *air at ! ,college ( ,france1 & 8 c\rse on ,e?nography attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he publi%$ 8 "w on ,! ,sci5ce ( ,man4 ,8 bold h]esy lo/ him 8 *air1 & he collaborat$ on ,l>\sse's ,gr& ,dictionnaire4 ,9 '#fe he left ,france = ,crete1 :]e = ?ree ye>s he f\ght 9 ! m\nta9s aga9/ ! ,turki% troops4 ,^u 8 return he 0 arre/$ = presid+ at a political meet+4 ,he %[$ himself an ard5t ,revolutioni/1 & 0 kill$ 9 a skirmi% ne> ,nant]re1 #c ,april1 #ahga4 ,fonblanque 7,albany ,william71 ,engli% j\rnali/1 b4 ,london1 #agic2 ! son ( an em95t lawy]4 ,9 #ahbj he 0 on ! /aff ( ! ,times1 & contribut$ to ! ,we/m9/] ,review4 ,9 '#cj he became editor ( ! ,exam9]1 & reta9$ 8 po/ until '#dg4 ,8 cau/ic wit & lit]>y atta9m5ts did mu* to =w>d advanc$ lib]al views4 ,a selection ( 8 editorials 0 publi%$ "u ! title1 ,engl& "u ,sev5 ,adm9i/rations4 ,di$ #ac ,oct4 #ahgb4 ,fontani] 7,jean71 ,fr5* writ]1 :o 0 burnt at ! ,place de ,grve1 #afba1 = blasphemies 9 a book entitl$ ,le ,tresor ,ine/imable4 ,g>asse1 ) little reason1 calls him an ,a!i/4 ,font5elle 7,b]n>d le ,bovi] de71 nephew ( ,corneille1 call$ by ,voltaire ! mo/ univ]sal g5ius ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 b4 ,r\51 #aa ,feb4 #afeg4 ,d$icat$ to ! ,virg9 & ,/4 ,b]n>d1 he 0 educat$ at ! ,jesuits' ,college4 ,he w5t to ,p>is 9 #afgd2 wrote "s plays & ,dialogues ( ! ,dead1 #afhc4 ,9 #afhf appe>$ 8 ,conv]sations on ! ,plurality ( ,worlds1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> 8 ,hi/ory ( ,oracles1 bas$ on ! "w ( ,van ,dale1 = :i* he 0 w>mly attack$ by ! ,jesuit ,baltus1 z impugn+ ! ,*ur* ,fa!rs4 ,he 0 made secret>y to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #afii1 a po/ he held =ty-two ye>s4 ,he wrote ,d\bts on ! ,physical ,sy/em ( ,occasional ,causes1 & is also cr$it$ ) a lett] on ! ,resurrection ( ! ,body1 a piece on ,! ,inf9ite1 & a ,treatise on ,lib]ty2 b1 says l',abb ,ladvocat1 z ^! books conta9 _m ?+s contr>y to religion1 x is to be hop$ !y are n 84 ,font5elle ne>ly rea*$ ! age ( "o hundr$4 ,a %ort "t be=e he di$ 7#i ,jan4 #ageg71 be+ ask$ if he felt any pa91 ,i only feel1 he repli$1 a difficulty ( exi/+4 ,foote 7,george ,william71 writ] & orator1 b4 ,plym\?1 #aa ,jan4 #ahej4 ,0 conv]t$ 9 y\?1 b became a ,free?9k] by read+ & indep5d5t ?\ght4 ,came to ,london 9 #ahfh1 & 0 soon a lead+ memb] ( ! ,"y ,m5's ,secul> ,association4 ,he taught 9 ! ,hall ( ,sci5ce ,sunday ,s*ool1 & became secret>y ( ! ,republican ,league4 ,devot+ 8 "t to propagat+ 8 pr9ciples1 he wrote 9 ! ,secul> ,*ronicle & ,national ,re=m]1 & 9 '#gf />t$ ! ,secul>i/ 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,holyoake1 & aft] ! n9? numb] conduct+ x alone4 ,?is aft]w>ds m]g$ 9 ! ,secul> ,review4 ,9 '#gi ,mr4 ,foote edit$ ! ,lib]al1 & 9 ,sept4 '#ha1 />t$ ! ,free?9k]1 :i* he /ill edits4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> a prosecution 0 comm5c$ by ! ,public ,prosecutor1 :o attempt$ to connect ,mr4 ,bradlaugh ) x4 ,undaunt$1 ,mr4 ,foote issu$ a ,*ri/mas numb] ) an illu/rat$ ,comic ,life ( ,*ri/4 ,= ?is a prosecution 0 />t$ by ! ,city au?orities aga9/ him & 8 publi%] & pr9t]1 & ! trial came on fir/ 9 ,m>*1 '#hc4 ,! jury disagre$1 b ,judge ,nor? refus$ to dis*>ge ! prison]s1 & !y 7 tri$ aga9 on ! #e? ,m>*2 ,judge ,nor? direct+ t a v]dict ( guilty mu/ be return$1 & s5t5c+ ,mr4 ,foote to "o ye>'s imprisonm5t z an ord9>y crim9al subject to ! same discipl9e z burgl>s4 ,i ?ank y1 my "l2 y\r s5t5ce is wor?y ( y\r cre$1 he rem>k$4 ,on #bd ,april1 '#hc1 ,mr4 ,foote 0 br\ght f prison be=e ,"l ,col]idge & a special jury on ! fir/ *>ge1 & aft] a spl5did def5ce1 ^u :i* he 0 highly complim5t$ by ! judge1 ! jury disagre$4 ,he has debat$ ) ,dr4 ,mc,cann1 ,rev4 ,a4 ,j4 ,h>rison1 ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,h[>d1 ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,*apman1 & o!rs4 ,mr4 ,foote has writt5 mu*1 & lectures cont9ually4 ,among 8 works we m5tion ,h]oes & ,m>tyrs ( ,free?\ght 7#ahgf72 ,god1 ! ,s\l1 & a ,future ,/ate2 ,secul>ism ! ,true ,philosophy ( ,life 7#ahgi72 ,a!ism & ,morality2 ,! ,futility ( ,pray]2 ,bible ,romances2 ,dea?'s ,te/1 aft]w>ds enl>g$ into ,infidel ,dea?-,b$s2 ,! ,god ,*ri/ians ,swe> by2 ,0 ,jesus ,insane8 ,blasphemy ,no ,crime2 ,arr[s ( ,free?\ght2 ,prison] = ,blasphemy 7#ahhd72 ,lett]s to ,jesus ,*ri/2 ,:at ,0 ,*ri/8 ,bible ,h]oes2 & has edit$ ,! ,bible ,h&-book ) ,mr4 ,w4 ,p4 ,ball1 & ! ,jewi% ,life ( ,*ri/ ) ! pres5t writ]1 9 conjunction ) :om he has writt5 ,! ,crimes ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,f #ahhc-hg he edit$ ,progress1 9 :i* appe>$ _m important articles f 8 p54 ,mr4 ,foote is ,presid5t ( ! ,london ,secul> ,f$]ation1 & a ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,national ,secul> ,society4 ,f\illee 7,alfr$71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,la ,p\ze1 ne> ,ang]s1 #ah ,oct4 #ahch4 ,has be5 tea*] at sev]al lyceums1 notably at ,bordeaux4 ,he 0 cr[n$ by ! ,academy ( ,moral ,sci5ces = two works on ! ,philosophy ( ,plato & ,socrates4 ,elect$ ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ! ,sup]ior ,normal ,s*ool1 ,p>is1 he su/a9$ a !sis at ! ,sorbonne on ,lib]ty & ,det]m9ism1 :i* 0 viol5tly attack$ by ! ,ca?olics4 ,?is "w has gone ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,m4 ,fonille has also writt5 an able ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 #ahge1 ,contempor>y ,social ,sci5ce1 & an important ,critique ( ,contempor>y ,moral ,sy/ems 7#ahhc74 ,he has writt5 mu* 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 & is consid]$1 ) ,ta9e1 ,ribot1 & ,r5an1 ! pr9cipal repres5tative ( ,fr5* philosophy4 ,8 sy/em is kn[n z t ( ides-=ces1 z he holds t ideas are !mselves =ces4 ,8 late/ "w exp\nds ! views ( ,m4 ,guyau4 ,=b]g 7,fri$ri* ,k>l71 ,g]man philosoph]1 b4 ,meuselwitz1 #cj ,aug4 #aggj1 /udi$ !ology at ,leipsic1 & became private doc5t at ,j5a4 ,becom+ atta*$ to ,fi*te's philosophy1 he wrote ) ,fi*te 9 ,nie?amm]'s ,philosophical ,j\rnal on ,! ,developm5t ( ,religi\s ,ideas1 & an article on ,! ,gr\nd ( our ,fai? 9 ,div9e ,provid5ce1 :i* br\ght on !m a *>ge ( ,a!ism1 & ! j\rnal 0 confiscat$ by ! ,electorate ( ,saxony4 ,=b]g held religion to consi/ 9 devotion to morality1 & wrote ,an ,apology = ,alleg$ ,a!ism1 #agii4 ,9 #ahjg he became libr>ian at ,coburg1 & devot$ himself to ! classics1 issu+ a ,manuel d',erotologie ,classique4 ,di$ ,hildburghaus5 #a ,jan4 #ahdh4 ,=d] 7,rob]t71 b4 ,y>m\?1 #ad ,oct4 #ahdd4 ,com+ to to ,woolwi*1 he became kn[n z a political & ,free?\ght lectur]4 ,he took "p 9 ! movem5t to save ,plum/ead ,common f ! enclos]s1 & 0 s5t to trial = riot\s proce$+s1 b 0 acquitt$4 ,9 '#gg he 0 appo9t$ paid secret>y to ! ,national ,secul> ,society1 a po/ he has ev] s9ce occupi$4 ,dur+ ! imprisonm5t ( ,messrs4 ,foote1 ,ramsey1 & ,kemp1 9 '#hc1 ,mr4 ,=d] und]took *>ge ( ! publi%+ bus9ess4 ,he has lectur$ l>gely1 & writt5 "s pamphlets4 ,=long 7,james ,george ,ro*e74 ,major ,g5]al1 ,h4,b4,a41 b4 ,lan>k%ire1 ,scotl&1 ,nov4 #ahbd4 ,educat$ z an eng9e]1 jo9$ ! ,indian army '#dc1 f\ght 9 ! ,s4 ,mahrata campaign '#de-f1 & 9 ! second ,burmese w>4 ,on ! annexation ( ,b>ma he became head ( ! ,survey1 ,roads & canal bran*es4 ,9 '#eh-i he travell$ ext5sively ?r\gh ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 ,turkey1 ,greece1 ,italy1 ,spa91 etc4 ,f '#fa-ga 0 a sup]9t5d+ eng9e] ( ,calcutta1 & 9 ,upp] ,b5gal1 ,nor?-we/ ,prov9ces1 & ,rajputana1 & '#gb-gf 0 ,secret>y & ,*ief ,eng9e] to ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,oudh4 ,he retir$ 9 '#gg aft] an active s]vice ( #cc ye>s1 dur+ :i* he frequ5tly receiv$ ! ?anks ( ! ,indian & ,home ,gov]nm5ts4 ,9 8 y\? he 0 an active ,evangelical1 prea*+ to ! natives 9 _! own tongues4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 giv5 8 te/imony t dur+ 8 long exp]i5ce he has kn[n no "o conv]t$ solely by =ce ( reason+ or ,*ri/ian evid5ces4 ,a great /ud5t ( ,ea/]n religions1 ar*ology1 & languages1 he has writt5 9 v>i\s p]iodicals ( ! ,ea/ & ,we/1 & has embodi$ ! result ( _m ye>s rese>*es 9 two illu/rat$ qu>to volumes call$ ,riv]s ( ,life1 sett+ =? ! evolution ( all religions f _! radical objective basis to _! pres5t spiritualis$ developm5ts4 ,9 an elaborate *>t he %[s by /reams ( color ! movem5ts ( ?\ght f #aj1jjj ,b4,c4 to ! pres5t "t4 ,f\ri] 7,franois ,m>ie ,*>les71 ,fr5* sociali/1 b4 ,besanon1 #g ,april1 #aggb4 ,he pass$ "s ( ! e>ly ye>s ( 8 life z a common soldi]4 ,8 num]\s works amid mu* t is vision>y h valuable criticisms ^u society1 & sugge/ions = its amelioration4 ,he believ$ 9 ! transmigration ( s\ls4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #h ,oct4 #ahcg4 ,fox 7,william ,johnson71 orator & political writ]1 b4 ne> ,wr5?am1 ,suffolk1 #aghf4 ,int5d$ = ! ,congregational ,m9i/ry1 he became a ,unit>ian1 & = _m ye>s prea*$ at ,s\? ,place1 ,f9sbury1 :]e he introduc$ ! plan ( tak+ texts f o!r books besides ! ,bible4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ publi%$ s]mons 0 on behalf ( tol]ation = ,dei/s at ! "t ( ! ,c>lile prosecutions #ahai4 ,he gradually advanc$ f ! acceptance ( miracles to _! complete rejection4 ,dur+ ! ,anti-,corn ,law agitation he 0 a frequ5t & able speak]4 ,9 #ahdg he became ,m4,p4 = ,oldham1 & reta9$ 8 seat until 8 retirem5t 9 '#fa4 ,he 0 a prom95t work] = ,radicalism1 contribut+ to ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,weekly ,dispat*1 & ,daily ,news4 ,= "s ye>s he edit$ ! ,mon?ly ,repository4 ,8 works1 :i* include spirit$ ,lectures to ! ,work+ ,classes1 & a philosophical /atem5t ( ,religions ,ideas1 7 publi%$ 9 twelve volumes1 '#fe-fh4 ,di$ #c ,june1 #ahfd4 ,fran*i 7,ausonio71 ! p5 "n ( ,francesco ,cri/(oro ,bonav9o1 ,italian ex-prie/1 b4 ,pegli1 #bd ,feb4 #ahba4 ,br\ght up 9 ! ,*ur* & orda9$ prie/ 9 '#dd1 ! practice ( ! confessional made him sceptical & he quitt$ x = philosophy1 hav+ ceas$ to believe 9 its dogmas1 '#di4 ,9 '#eb he publi%$ 8 pr9cipal "w1 entitl$ ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,italian ,s*ools4 ,! foll[+ ye> he publi%$ ,! ,religion ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,he e/abli%$ ,la ,razione 7,reason7 & ,il ,lib]o ,p5si]o at ,tur91 '#ed-eg2 wrote on ! ,rationalism ( ! ,p1 ,g5eva1 '#ef1 & became an active organis] ( anti-cl]ical societies4 ,9 '#ff he publi%$ a criticism ( ,positivism1 & has s9ce writt5 ,critical & ,polemical ,essays1 #c vols4 ,milan1 '#gj-gb4 ,9 '#fh 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,academy ( ,milan by ,t]5zio ,mamiani4 ,francis 7,samuel71 ,m4,d41 au?or ( ,watson ,refut$1 publi%$ by ,c>lile1 #ahai4 ,francois de ,neuf*ateau 7,nicolas ,l\is71 ,c\nt1 ,fr5* /atesman1 poet1 & academician1 b4 ,lorra9e1 #ag ,april1 #agej4 ,9 8 y\? he became secret>y to ,voltaire1 :o reg>d$ him z 8 successor4 ,he favor$ ! ,revolution1 & 0 elect$ to ! ,legislative ,assembly 9 '#ia4 ,z ,memb] ( ! ,directory1 '#ig1 he circulat$ d',holba*'s ,contagion ,sacre4 ,he became ,presid5t ( ! ,s5ate1 '#ad-af4 ,he wrote num]\s pieces4 ,di$ at ,p>is #aj ,jan4 #ahbh4 ,frankl9 7,b5jam971 ,am]ican patriot & philosoph]1 b4 ,bo/on #ag ,jan4 #agjf4 ,he 0 appr5tic$ to 8 uncle z a pr9t]1 came to ,engl& & work$ at 8 trade '#bd-bf2 return$ to ,philadelphia1 :]e he publi%$ a pap] & became kn[n by 8 ,poor ,ri*>d's ,almanack4 ,he f\nd$ ! public libr>y at ,philadelphia1 & made ! discov]y ( ! id5tity ( lightn+ ) ! electric fluid4 ,he became memb] ( ! ,prov9cial ,assembly & 0 s5t to ,engl& z ag5t4 ,:5 exam9$ be=e ! ,h\se ( ,commons he spoke boldly aga9/ ! ,/amp ,act4 ,he 0 active dur+ ! w> ) ?is c\ntry1 & 0 elect$ memb] ( ,congress4 ,became envoy to ,france1 & effect$ ! treaty ( alliance ) t c\ntry1 #f ,feb4 '#gh1 :i* secur$ ! indep5d5ce ( ! ,am]ican colonies4 ,turgot summ$ up 8 s]vices 9 ! f9e l9e ,eripuit clo fulm51 sceptrumque tyrannis4 ,he wre/$ ! ?und]bolt f heav5 & ! sceptre f k+s4 ,di$ at ,philadelphia1 #ag ,april1 #agij4 ,fran%am 7,john71 a native ( ,norwi*1 b4 #agcj1 became a tea*] ( ma!matics1 r5\nc$ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & pr(ess$ ,paganism1 writ+ sev]al treatises 9 favor ( disbelief4 ,di$ #ahaj4 ,frau5/a$t 7,*ri/ian ,m>t9 ,julius71 ,dr41 philosoph] & disciple ( ,s*op5hau]1 b4 #ag ,april1 #ahac1 at ,bojan[o1 ,pos54 ,he /udi$ philosophy & !ology at ,b]l91 b meet+ ,s*op5hau] at ,frank=t 9 '#dg he adopt$ ! views ( ! pessimi/1 :o made him 8 lit]>y executor4 ,among ,frau5/dt's works are ,lett]s on ,natural ,religion1 '#eh1 ,! ,lib]ty ( ,m5 & ! ,p]sonality ( ,god1 '#ch2 ,lett]s on ! ,philosophy ( ,s*op5hau]1 '#ed1 etc4 ,di$ at ,b]l91 #ac ,jan4 #ahgi4 ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 7,emp]or ( ,g]many71 ! greate/ man ( ! ?irte5? c5tury & f\nd] ( ! ,r5aissance1 b4 #bf ,dec4 #aaid4 ,0 elect$ to ! ?rone 9 #abaj4 ,he promot$ le>n+1 sci5ce1 & art1 f\nd$ ! ,univ]sities ( ,vi5na & ,naples1 _h ! works ( ,ari/otle & ,av]roes translat$1 & 0 ! patron ( all ! able m5 ( 8 "t4 ,= 8 resi/ance to ! tyranny ( ! ,*ur* he 0 twice excommunicat$4 ,he answ]$ by a lett] attack+ ! ,pope 7,gregory ,,ix471 :om he expell$ f ,rome 9 '#bh4 ,he made a treaty ) ! ,sultan ( ,egypt1 by :i* he became ma/] ( ,j]usalem4 ,= "s h]etical words 9 8 lett]1 9 :i* he associates ! names ( ,*ri/1 ,moses1 & ,mohamm$1 he 0 report$ au?or ( ! fam\s "w ,de ,tribus ,impo/oribus4 ,he address$ a s]ies ( philosophical que/ions to ,ibn ,sab91 a ,moslem doctor4 ,he is said to h call$ ! ,eu*>i/ truffa i/a1 & is cr$it$ also ) ! say+ ,ignorance is ! "m ( devotion4 ,di$ at ,flor5ce1 #ac ,dec4 #abej4 ,fr$]ick ! ,great 7,k+ ( ,prussia71 b4 #bd ,jan4 #agab1 0 educat$ 9 a v rigid fa%ion by 8 fa!r1 ,fr$]ick ,william ,i4 ,he asc5d$ ! ?rone & soon display$ 8 political & milit>y ability4 ,by a w> ) ,au/ria he acquir$ ,silesia4 ,he wrote sev]al dei/ical pieces1 & tol]at$ all religions & no religion say+ e man mu/ get to heav5 8 own way4 ,he attract$ to 8 c\rt m5 l ,lamettrie1 ,d',arg5s1 ,maup]tuis1 & ,voltaire1 :o1 says ,c>lyle1 cont9u$ all 8 days ,fri$ri*'s *ief ?9k]4 ,9 #agef ,france1 ,au/ria1 ,sw$51 & ,russia unit$ aga9/ him1 b he held 8 own aga9/ a _w 9 arms4 ,aft] a mo/ active life ,fr$]ick di$ at ,potsdam1 #ag ,aug4 #aghf4 ,! ,philosophical ,brevi>y attribut$ to him 0 really writt5 by ,crutti4 ,fr$9 7,nils ,edv>d71 ,sw$i% writ]1 b4 #aheg4 ,has publi%$ translation ( mod]n poets1 & also ( ,col4 ,+]soll's writ+s4 ,9 '#hj he 0 aw>d$ fir/ prize by ! ,sw$i% ,academy = an orig9al poem4 ,freeke 7,william71 b4 ab\t #affc1 wrote ,a ,brief b ,cle> ,confutation ( ! ,tr9ity1 :i* be+ br\ght be=e ! notice ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords x 0 on #c ,jan4 #afic ord]$ to be burnt by ! common hangman1 & ! au?or be+ prosecut$ by ! ,attorney ,g5]al 0 f9$ #ejj4 ,freiligra? 7,f]d9&7 ,g]man poet1 b4 ,detmold #ag ,june1 #ahaj4 ,9 '#ce he acquir$ notice by "s poems4 ,9 '#dd he publi%$ 8 pr(ession ( fai? ,me9 ,glaub5sbek5ntniss1 & 0 =c$ to fly ! c\ntry4 ,9 '#dh he return$ & jo9$ ,k>l ,m>x on ! ,neue ,rhe9is*e ,zeitung4 ,aga9 prosecut$ he took refuge 9 ,london1 devot+ 8 leisure to poetry & translation4 ,freiligra? holds a high place among ! poets ( 8 "t4 ,di$ ,kann/adt1 ne> ,/uttg>t1 #ah ,m>* #ahgf4 ,frret 7,nicolas71 ,fr5* hi/orical critic1 b4 #ae ,feb4 #afhh4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,roll91 & 0 patronis$ by ,b\la9villi]s4 ,di/+ui%$ by 8 atta9m5ts 9 anci5t hi/ory1 philosophy & *ronology1 he became memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,inscriptions #agad4 ,= a ,disc\rse on ! ,orig9 ( ! ,franks1 he 0 inc>c]at$ = f\r mon?s 9 ! ,ba/ille4 ,:ile "h he read ,bayle s (t5 t he c\ld repeat mu* f memory4 ,he 0 an unbeliev]1 & ! au?or ( ! a!i/ic ,lett]s f ,?rasybulus to ,leucippe on ,natural & ,reveal$ ,religion1 & p]haps ( ,la ,moisade1 a criticism ( ! ,p5tateu*1 translat$ by ,d4 ,i4 ,eaton1 z ,a ,pres]vative aga9/ ,religi\s ,prejudices4 ,! ,lett]s to ,eug5ie1 attribut$ to ,frret1 7 writt5 by ,d',holba*1 & ! ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,apologi/s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion by ,j4 ,levesque de ,burigny4 ,a ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #aggg :i* long circulat$ 9 ,,ms4 has also be5 wrongly attribut$ to ,frret4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #h ,m>*1 #agdi4 ,frey 7,william71 ! adopt$ "n ( a ,russian ,positivi/ & philan?ropi/1 b4 ( noble family1 ! son ( a g5]al1 #ahci4 ,educat$ at ! high] milit>y s*ool1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 he became tea*] 9 a ,gov]nm5t ,high ,s*ool1 & disgu/$ ) ! oppression & degradation ( 8 c\ntry he w5t to ,new ,york 9 #ahff :]e he e/abli%$ co-op]ative communities & also ,russian colonies 9 ,kansas & ,oregon4 ,9 #ahhd he came to ,london 9 ord] to influ5ce 8 c\ntrym54 ,9 '#hg he revisit$ ,russia4 ,di$ #f ,nov4 #ahhh4 ,fries 7,jacob ,fri$ri*71 ,g]man philosoph]1 b4 ,b>by1 #bc ,aug4 #aggc4 ,br\ght up z a ,moravian1 he became a ,dei/4 ,fries is ( ! ,neo-,kantian rationali/ic s*ool4 ,among 8 writ+s are a ,sy/em ( ,metaphysics1 #ahbd2 a ,manual ( ! ,philosophy ( ,religion & ,philosophical /hetics1 ,heidelb]g '#cb2 9 :i* he resolves religion into poetry4 ,he criticis$ ,kant's pro(s ( ,god & immortality1 & wrote a ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,di$ ,j5a1 #aj ,aug4 #ahdc4 ,fro?+ham 7,octavius ,brooks71 ,am]ican au?or1 b4 ,bo/on1 #bf ,nov4 #ahbb4 ,graduat$ at ,h>v>d1 '#dc1 & became ,unit>ian m9i/]4 ,9 '#fj he became pa/or ( ! mo/ radical ,unit>ian congregation 9 ,new ,york4 ,9 '#fg he became fir/ presid5t ( ! ,free ,religi\s ,association1 b1 becom+ too advanc$1 resign$ 9 '#gi & came to ,europe4 ,s9ce 8 return to ,bo/on1 '#ha1 he has devot$ himself to lit]ature4 ,he has publi%$ ,! ,religion ( ,humanity1 ,n4,y41 '#gc2 ,life ( ,!odore ,p>k]1 '#gd2 ,! ,cradle ( ! ,*ri/1 '#gg2 ,life ( ,g]rit ,smi?1 #gh2 & num]\s s]mons4 ,fr\de 7,james ,an?ony71 man ( lett]s & hi/orian1 ! son ( an ,ar*deacon ( ,totnes1 0 b4 ,d>t+ton1 ,devon1 #bc ,april1 #ahah1 & educat$ at ,we/m9/] & ,ox=d1 :]e he took 8 degree 9 '#dj1 0 elect$ fell[ ( ,exet] ,college & receiv$ deacon's ord]s4 ,at fir/1 "u ! influ5ce ( ! ,romanis+ movem5t1 he became a rationali/ & ab&on$ 8 fell[%ip & cl]ical life4 ,8 ,nemesis ( ,fai?1 '#dh1 %[$ ! nature ( 8 objections4 ,mr4 ,fr\de devot$ 8 abilities to a lit]>y c>e]1 & fell "u ! influ5ce ( ,c>lyle4 ,= _m ye>s he edit$ ,fras]'s ,magaz9e1 9 :i* he wrote l>gely4 ,8 essays are collect$ "u ! title ( ,%ort ,/udies on ,great ,subjects1 '#ga-hc4 ,8 l>ge/ "w is ! ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 f ! ,fall ( ,wolsey to ! ,defeat ( ! ,spani% ,armada1 '#ef-gf4 ,8 ,life ( ,c>lyle1 '#hb1 & publication ( ,c>lyle's ,rem9isc5ses provok$ mu* controv]sy4 ,8 magical translation ( ,lucian's mo/ *>act]i/ic ,dialogue ( ! ,gods is done ) too mu* v]ve to all[ ( ! supposition t ! translator is n 9 sympa?y ) 8 au?or4 ,fry 7,john71 a colonel 9 ! ,p>liam5t>y army4 ,9 #afdj he 0 elect$ "o ( ! burgesses ( ,%aftesbury1 b 8 return 0 decl>$ void4 ,aft] s]v+ ) di/9ction 9 ! army1 he 0 call$ to ! ,h\se ( ,commons by ! ,indep5d5ts 9 #afdh4 ,he vot$ = ,*>les ,i4 be+ put on trial2 & sat 9 judgm5t :5 s5t5ce 0 pass$ on him4 ,he 0 *>g$ ) blasphemy & wrote ,! ,accus] ,%am$1 #afdi1 :i* 0 ord]$ to be burnt = speak+ aga9/ t *affie & absurd op9ion ( ?ree p]sons 9 ! ,godhead4 ,he also wrote ,! ,cl]gy 9 _! ,colors1 #afej4 ,full] 7,s>ah ,m>g>et71 ,am]ican au?oress1 b4 ,cambridgeport1 ,massa*usetts1 #bc ,may1 #ahaj4 ,9 '#dj-db %e edit$ ! ,dial4 ,%e also publi%$ ,woman 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 '#dd4 ,among fri5ds %e c\nt$ ,em]son1 ,haw?orne1 ,*ann+1 & ,mazz9i4 ,%e visit$ ,europe & m>ri$ at ,rome ! ,m>quis ,d',ossoli4 ,return+ %e 0 %ipwreck$ & dr[n$ (f ! coa/ ( ,new ,j]sey1 #af ,july1 #ahej4 ,furnemont 7,lon71 ,belgian advocate1 b4 ,*>l]oi1 #ag ,april1 #ahfa4 ,ent]$ ! s*ool ( ,m9es ,lige 9 '#gf1 & f\nd$ ! ,circle ( ,progressive ,/ud5ts4 ,became presid5t ( ,int]national ,congress ( ,/ud5ts1 '#hd1 & repres5t$ ,"y ,belgium at ! fun]al ( ,victor ,hugo4 ,radical c&idate at ! ,brussels municipal elections1 he obta9$ #c1ejj votes1 b 0 n elect$4 ,he is a ,c\ncillor ( ! ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,free?9k]s & director ( a mon?ly j\rnal1 ,la ,raison1 #ahhi4 ,gab>ro 7,b>tolom7 ,dr41 ,spani% writ]1 b4 ,ygualade1 ,b>celona1 #bg ,sept4 #ahdf1 0 educat$ 9 a cl]ical college ) a view to tak+ ! cl]ical habit1 he refus$ & w5t to ,am]ica4 ,aft] travell+ mu*1 he e/abli%$ a day s*ool 9 ,b>celona & f\nd$ an ,anti-cl]ical ,league ( ,free?9k]s pl$g$ to live )\t prie/s4 ,?is induc$ mu* cl]ical wra?1 especially :5 ,dr4 ,gab>ro f\nd$ "s #bjj ,anti-cl]ical gr\ps & ov] #ajj lay s*ools4 ,= d5\nc+ ! assass9s ( a ,free?9k] he 0 pursu$ = libel1 s5t5c$ to f\r ye>s' imprisonm5t1 & =c$ to fly to ,c]b]e on ! fronti]1 :]e he cont9ues 8 anti-cl]ical j\rnal ,la ,tronada4 ,he has writt5 _m anti-cl]ical bro*ures & an important "w on ,pius ,,ix4 & ,hi/ory4 ,gabelli 7,ari/ide71 ,italian writ]1 b4 ,belluno1 #bb ,m>*1 #ahcj4 ,au?or ( ,! ,religi\s ,"q 9 ,italy1 '#fd1 ,man & ! ,moral ,sci5ces1 '#fi1 9 :i* he rejects all metaphysics & sup]naturalism1 & ,?\ghts1 #ahhf4 ,gage 7,matilda ,joslyn71 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 ,cic]o1 ,new ,york1 #bd ,m>*1 #ahbf4 ,h] fa!r1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,joslyn1 0 an active abolitioni/4 ,educat$ at ,de ,pey/] & ,hamilton1 ,n4,y41 9 '#de %e m>ri$ ,h5ry ,h4 ,gage4 ,f '#eb till '#fa %e wrote & spoke aga9/ slav]y4 ,9 '#gb %e 0 made ,presid5t ( ! ,national ,woman's ,suffrage ,association4 ,%e is jo9t au?or ( ,! ,hi/ory ( ,woman ,suffrage ) ,miss ,an?ony & ,mrs4 ,/anton1 & ) !m consid]s ! ,*ur* ! great ob/acle to woman's progress4 ,gag]n 7,c>los von71 b4 ,rehdorf1 ,neum>k1 #ab ,dec4 #ahbf4 ,educat$ at ,b]l91 travell$ 9 '#dg to ,p>is :]e he became acqua9t$ ) ,humboldt4 ,he w5t to ,spa9 & /udi$ ,basque life 9 ! ,pyr5ees2 s]v$ 9 ! ,prussian army1 became a fri5d ( ,wislic5us & ! free-religi\s movem5t4 ,9 '#eb he w5t to ,mexico2 "h he _h an appo9tm5t "u ,g5]al ,miramon4 ,9 ! ,fr5*-,mexican exp$ition he 0 tak5 prison] 9 '#fc2 releas$ 9 '#fe he w5t to ,new ,york4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds milit>y atta* = ,mexico at ,b]l94 ,8 free?\ght appe>s 9 8 memoirs entitl$ ,dead & ,liv+1 #ahhd1 & 9 8 volume ,sword & ,tr[el1 #ahhh4 ,di$ ,madrid #ai ,dec4 #ahhe4 ,gall 7,franz ,joseph71 f\nd] ( phr5ology1 b4 ,bad51 #f ,m>*1 #ageh4 ,he practis$ z a physician 9 ,vi5na1 devot+ mu* "t to ! /udy ( ! bra91 & began to lecture on craniology 9 t city4 ,9 #ahjb he 0 prohibit$ f lectur+4 ,he jo9$ ,dr4 ,spurzheim & !y taught _! sy/em 9 v>i\s cities ( ,europe4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #bb ,aug4 #ahbh4 ,galton 7,francis71 gr&son ( ,erasmus ,d>w91 0 born 9 #ahbb4 ,educat$ at ,birm+ham1 he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 & graduat$ at ,cambridge1 '#bd4 ,9 '#dh & '#ej he travell$ 9 ,africa4 ,he wrote a popul> ,art ( ,travel1 & has di/+ui%$ himself by _m writ+s be>+ on h]$ity1 ( :i* we "n ,h]$it>y ,g5ius1 '#fi1 ,engli% ,m5 ( ,sci5ce1 '#gj4 ,9 8 ,inquiries into ,human ,faculty & ,developem5t1 '#hc1 he gives /ati/ical refutation ( ! !ory ( pray]4 ,mr4 ,galton 0 ,secret>y ( ! ,briti% ,association f '#fc-fh1 ,presid5t ( ! ,geographical ,section 9 '#fb & '#gb1 & ( ! ,an?ropological ,section 9 '#gg & '#he4 ,he is ,presid5t ( ! ,an?ropological ,in/itute4 ,gambetta 7,lon ,mi*el71 ,fr5* orator & /atesman1 b4 ,cahors1 #cj ,oct4 #ahch4 ,8 uncle 0 a prie/ & 8 fa!r wi%$ him to become "o4 ,educat$ at a cl]ical sem9>y1 he decid$ to /udy = ! law4 ,9 '#ei he 0 enroll$ at ! b>4 ,8 def5ce ( ,delescluze 7#ad ,nov4 #ahfh71 9 :i* he vigor\sly attack$ ! ,empire1 made him fam\s4 ,elect$ to ! ,assembly by bo? ,p>is & ,m>seilles1 he became ! life & lead] ( ! ,opposition4 ,aft] ,s$an he proclaim$ ! ,republic & organis$ ! national def5ces1 leav+ ,p>is1 !n inve/$ by ! ,g]mans1 9 a balloon4 ,f ,t\rs he invigorat$ e dep>tm5t1 & 0 ! inspiration ( ! few successes won by ! ,fr5*4 ,gambetta pres]v$ ! ,republic aga9/ all ma*9ations1 & compell$ ,mac,mahon to accept ! second ( ! alt]natives1 ,se s\mettre ou se demettre4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,republique ,franaise1 & became ,presid5t ( ! ,*amb]4 ,gambetta 0 a pr(ess$ disciple ( ,voltaire1 an admir] ( ,comte1 & an op5 oppon5t ( cl]icalism4 ,all ! memb]s ( 8 ,cab9et 7 ,free?9k]s4 ,di$ #ca ,dec4 #ahhb4 ,8 public secul> fun]al 0 "o ( ! l>ge/ ga!r+s ev] witness$4 ,gambon 7,f]d9& ,*>les71 ,fr5* ,communi/1 b4 ,b\rges1 #ai ,m>*1 #ahbj4 ,9 #ahci he became an ,advocate1 & he f\nd$ ! ,j\rnal des ,ecoles4 ,9 '#dh he 0 elect$ repres5tative4 ,! ,empire drove him into exile1 he return$ at amne/y ( '#ei4 ,9 '#fi he refus$ to pay taxes4 ,9 '#ga 0 elect$ deputy at ,p>is1 & 0 "o ( ! la/ def5d]s ( ! ,commune4 ,imprison$1 he 0 releas$ 9 '#hb4 ,=m$ a ,league = aboli%+ /&+ army4 ,di$ #ag ,sept4 #ahhg4 ,g>at 7,dom9ique ,joseph71 ,c\nt1 ,fr5* revolutioni/1 orator & writ]1 b4 ne> ,bayonne1 #h ,septemb]1 #agdi4 ,he became a fri5d ( d',alemb]t1 ,did]ot & ,cond]cet1 & 9 #aghi 0 elect$ to ! ,assembly1 :]e he spoke 9 favor ( ! abolition ( religion4 ,z m9i/] ( ju/ice he _h to notify to ,l\is ,,xvi 8 condemnation4 ,he aft]w>ds taught at ! ,normal ,s*ool1 & became a s5ator1 c\nt1 & presid5t ( ! ,in/itute4 ,di$ at ,urda9s #i ,decemb]1 #ahcc4 ,g>borg 7,arne71 b4 ,we/]n ,coa/ ( ,norway1 #be ,jan4 #ahea4 ,br\ght up z a tea*] at ! public s*ools1 he ent]$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,*ri/iania 9 #ahge4 ,f\nd$ a weekly pap] ,f$raheim51 writt5 9 ! dialect ( ! peasantry4 ,held an appo9tm5t = "s ye>s 9 ! ,gov]nm5t ,audit ,(fice4 ,9 '#ha he publi%$ a p[]fully writt5 tale1 ,a ,free?9k]1 :i* creat$ a deal ( att5tion4 ,s9ce he has publi%$ ,peasant ,/ud5ts1 ,tales & ,leg5ds1 ,y\?1 ,m51 etc4 ,he is "o ( ! wittie/ & clev]e/ controv]siali/s on ! ,norwegian press4 ,g>cia-,vao 7,antonio ,rodriguez71 ,spani% poet & miscellane\s writ]1 b4 ,manzan>es1 #ahfb4 ,educat$ at ! in/itute ( ,c>d9al ,cisn]os1 :]e he made brilliant /udies4 ,he aft]w>ds /udi$ at ! ,madrid ,univ]sity & became a lawy]4 ,aft] edit+ sev]al pap]s1 he atta*$ himself to ! /aff ( ,las ,dom9icales del ,libre ,p5siam5to4 ,among 8 num]\s works are a volume ( poems1 ,e*oes ( a ,free ,m9d1 ,love & ! ,monks1 a satire1 a /udy ( ,greco-,roman philosophy1 etc4 ,?is promis+ /ud5t 0 /abb$ 9 ! back at ,madrid1 #ah ,decemb]1 #ahhf4 ,g>de 7,jehan de la71 booksell]1 burnt toge!r ) f\r little blasphem\s books at ,p>is 9 #aecg4 ,g>ibaldi 7,guiseppe71 ,italian patriot & g5]al1 b4 ,nice1 #d ,july1 #ahjg4 ,8 fa!r1 a small %ipma/]1 hop$ he w\ld become a prie/4 ,"y ,g>ibaldi object$1 pref]r+ a sailor's life4 ,a trip to ,rome made him long to free 8 c\ntry4 ,he jo9$ ,mazz9i's movem5t1 ,"y ,italy1 & be+ implicat$ 9 ! ,g5oese revolt ( '#cc1 he fl$ at risk ( 8 life to ,m>seilles1 :]e he le>nt he 0 s5t5c$ to dea?4 ,he w5t to ,s\? ,am]ica & f\ght on behalf ( ! republic ( ,uruguay4 ,"h he met ,anita ,riv]a1 8 beautiful & brave wife1 :o accompani$ him 9 num]\s adv5tures4 ,return+ to ,italy he f\ght aga9/ ! ,au/rians 9 '#dh1 & next ye> 0 ! s\l ( resi/ance to ! ,fr5* troops1 :o came to re/ore ,papal au?ority4 ,g>ibaldi _h to retire2 8 wife di$1 & he escap$ ) difficulty to ,g5oa1 :5ce he w5t to ,new ,york1 work+ = an ,italian soap & c&lemak] at ,/at5 ,isl&4 ,9 '#ed he return$ & b\ght a f>m on ! isle ( ,capr]a4 ,9 '#ei he aga9 f\ght ! ,au/rians1 & 9 ,may1 '#fj1 l&$ at ,m>sala1 ,sicily1 took ,pal]mo1 & drove ,francis ,,ii4 f ,naples4 ,?\gh a ,republican he salut$ ,victor ,emanuel z ,k+ ( ,italy4 ,vex$ by ! cessation ( ,nice to ,france1 he m>*$ to ,rome1 b 0 w\nd$ by ,victor ,emanuel's troops1 & tak5 prison] to ,v>ign>o4 ,"h he wrote 8 ,rule ( ! ,monk1 a "w exhibit+ 8 love ( lib]ty & hatr$ ( ! prie/hood4 ,9 '#fd he visit$ ,engl&1 & 0 en?usia/ically receiv$4 ,9 '#fg he aga9 took "p 9 an attempt to free ,rome f ! ,papal gov]nm5t4 ,9 '#ga he plac$ 8 sword at ! s]vice ( ! ,fr5* ,republic1 & ! only /&>d tak5 f ! ,g]mans 0 captur$ by 8 m54 ,elect$ ,memb] ( ! ,italian ,p>liam5t 9 8 lat] ye>s he did mu* to improve ! city ( ,rome4 ,9 "o ( 8 laconic lett]s ( '#hj1 he says ,de> ,fri5d1--,man has creat$ ,god1 n ,god man1--,y\rs ev]1 ,g>ibaldi4 ,he di$ #b ,june1 '#hb1 & direct$ 9 8 w t he %\ld be cremat$ )\t any religi\s c]emony4 ,g>rison 7,h4 ,d471 ,dr4 ( ,*icago4 ,au?or ( an able pamphlet on ,! ,abs5ce ( ,design 9 ,nature1 #ahgf4 ,g>? 7,sir ,samuel71 ,engli% poet1 wit1 & physician1 b4 ,york%ire1 #afgb1 & educat$ at ,cambridge4 ,he help$ to e/abli% disp5s>ies1 & la%$ ! opposition 9 8 poem ,! ,disp5s>y4 ,he 0 made physician to ,k+ ,george ,i4 ,di$ #ah ,june #agai4 ,ga/on 7,h471 ,fr5* au?or ( a bro*ure ) ! title ,dieu1 voila1 l'ennemi1 ,god ! enemy1 #ahhb4 ,gatt9a 7,f4 ,p4 della74 ,see ,petruccelli4 ,gautama 7call$ also ,gotama1 ,buddha1 & ,sakyamuni71 great ,h9du re=m] & f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 b4 ,kapilava/u1 #fbd ,b4,c4 ,_m leg5ds are told ( 8 bir? & life4 ,he is said to h be5 a pr9ce1 :o1 pa9$ ) human mis]y1 left 8 home to d$icate himself to emancipation4 ,8 sy/em 0 r a moral discipl9e ?an a religion4 ,?\gh he did n d5y ! ,h9du gods he ass]t$ t all be+s 7 subject to ,k>ma1 ! result ( previ\s actions4 ,he said1 ,if a man = a hundr$ ye>s wor%ip ,agni 9 ! =e/1 & if he b = "o mom5t pay homage to a man ^: s\l is gr\nd$ 9 true k1 bett] is t homage ?an sacrifice = a hundr$ ye>s4 ,accord+ to ,ceylonese writ]s ,gautama ,buddha di$ at ,kus9ag>a1 ,b4,c4 #edc4 ,gauti] 7,?ophile71 exquisite ,fr5* poet & prose writ]1 b4 ,t>bes1 #ca ,aug4 #ahaa4 ,he wrote no def9ite "w aga9/ prie/craft or sup]/ition1 b ! :ole t5d5cy ( 8 writ+s is ,pagan4 ,8 romanticism is n ,*ri/ian1 & he made m]ry ) sacr$ !mes z well z conv5tional morality4 ,baudelaire call$ him an impeccable ma/] ( ,fr5* lit]ature1 & ,balzac said t ( ! two m5 :o c\ld write ,fr5*1 "o 0 ,?ophile ,gauti]4 ,di$ #bb ,oct4 #ahgb4 ,geij] 7,erik ,gu/af71 em95t ,sw$i% hi/orian1 poet1 & critic1 b4 ,w]ml&1 #ab ,jan4 #aghc4 ,at ! age ( #bj he 0 aw>d$ ! ,sw$i% ,academy's fir/ prize = a patriotical poem4 ,at fir/ a ,cons]vative 9 religi\s1 philosophical1 & political matt]s he became ?r\gh 8 hi/orical rese>*es an ard5t adh]5t ( ! pr9ciples ( ! ,fr5* revolution4 ,8 hi/orical "w & indictm5t aga9/ ,! ,prote/ant cre$ 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbj 9 a philosophical treatise1 ,?orild1 :i* 0 prosecut$4 ,8 acquittal by an enlight5$ jury /ay$ religi\s prosecutions 9 ,sw$5 = ov] sixty ye>s4 ,he di$ #bc ,april #ahdg4 ,a monum5t 0 erect$ to him la/ ye> at ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala1 :]e he 0 pr(essor ( hi/ory4 ,8 works h be5 republi%$4 ,geij]/am 7,gu/af71 ,sw$i% noveli/1 b4 #aheh4 ,is "o ( ! ,free?9k+ gr\p ( ,"y ,sw$54 ,geism> 7,m>t9 von71 editor ( a ,libr>y ( ,g]man ,rationali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 five p>ts1 includ+ "s ( ! works ( ,bahrdt1 ,eb]h>dt1 ,knoblau*1 etc1 #ahdf-g4 ,he also add$ pamphlets entitl$ ,g]many 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury4 ,gellion-,dangl> 7,eugne71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,p>is1 #ahbi4 ,became ,pr(essor ( ,languages at ,cairo1 wrote 9 ,la ,p5se ,n\velle1 0 made s\s prfect ( ,compigne1 '#ga1 wrote ,hi/ory ( ! ,revolution ( #ahcj1 & ,a ,/udy ( ! ,semites1 '#hb4 ,gemi/os 7,georgios71 surnam$ ,ple?on1 a philosophic reviv] ( ,pagan le>n+1 b4 ( noble p>5ts at ,byzantium ab\t #acee4 ,he e>ly lo/ 8 fai? 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & 0 attract$ to ! ,moslem c\rt at ,brusa4 ,he w5t to ,italy 9 ! tra9 ( ,john ,pallogus 9 #adch1 :]e he attract$ mu* att5tion to ! ,platonic philosophy1 by :i* he s\ght to re=m ! religi\s1 political & moral life ( ! "t4 ,g5nadius1 ! patri>* ( ,con/ant9ople1 r\ndly accus$ him ( ,paganism4 ,di$ #adej4 ,g5>d 7,franois71 ,fr5* satiri/1 b4 ,p>is ab\t #agbb4 ,he wrote an irreligi\s "w call$ ,a ,p>allel ( ! ,portraits ( ! ,age1 ) ! ,pictures ( ! ,holy ,scriptures1 = :i* he 0 plac$ 9 ! ,ba/ille1 :]e x is believ$ he f9i%$ 8 days4 ,g5dre 7,b>be71 ,russian writ] 9 ,fr5*1 b4 ,cron/adt1 #ae ,dec4 #ahdb4 ,%e 0 well educat$ at ,kief1 :]e %e obta9$ a gold m$al4 ,by read+ ! works ( ,b*n]1 ,buckle1 & ,d>w9 %e became a ,free?9k]4 ,settl+ 9 ,p>is1 %e contribut$ to ! ,revue ,int]nationale des ,sci5ces1 to ,la ,ju/ice & ! ,n\velle ,revue1 etc4 ,"s ( h] pieces h be5 repr9t$ "u ! title ,etudes ,sociales 7,social ,/udies1 ,p>is1 #ahhf71 edit$ by ,dr4 ,c4 ,let\rneau4 ,di$ ,dec4 #ahhd4 ,g5] 7,pompeyo71 ,spani% philosoph]1 b4 ,b>celona1 #ahdi1 is a memb] ( ! ,society ( ,an?ropology1 & au?or ( a /udy ( ! evolution ( ideas entitl$ ,dea? & ! ,devil1 ,p>is1 '#hj4 ,?is able "w is d$icat$ to ,r5an & has a preface by ,littr4 ,! au?or has s9ce translat$ x into ,spani%4 ,g5e/et 7,petrus ,augu/us de71 ,dut* poet & ,agno/ic1 b4 ,am/]dam1 #ba ,nov4 #ahbi4 ,he /udi$ !ology1 & = "s ye>s 0 a ,prote/ant m9i/]4 ,8 v]ses %[ him to be a ,free?9k]4 ,di$ at ,roz5daal1 #b ,july1 #ahfa4 ,g59 7,franois71 ,fr5* philologi/1 b4 ,ami5s1 #af ,feb4 #ahjc4 ,he became "o ( ! editors ( ! ,national1 ( ,p>is1 ab\t '#cg1 & wrote = x spirit$ articles aga9/ ! ,jesuits4 ,he publi%$ works on ,! ,jesuits & ! ,univ]sities1 ,! ,*ur* or ! ,/ate1 etc4 ,9 '#de ! ,fr5* ,academy aw>d$ a prize to 8 ,lexicon ( ! ,language ( ,molire4 ,he edit$ ,did]ot1 '#dg1 & is kn[n = 8 rese>*es into ! orig9 ( ! ,fr5* language & lit]ature4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #bj ,dec4 #ahef4 ,g5ovesi 7,antonio71 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 ,ca/iglione1 #a ,nov4 #agab4 ,he read lectures 9 philosophy at ,naples1 b by 8 sub/itution ( d\bt = traditional belief he drew ^u himself _m attacks f ! cl]gy4 ,! book by :i* he is be/ kn[n is 8 ,italian ,morality4 ,di$ at ,naples1 #bj ,sept4 #agfi4 ,g5sonne 7,arm&71 ,fr5* lawy] & "o ( ! lead]s ( ! ,girondi/s1 b4 ,bordeaux1 #aj ,aug4 #ageh4 ,he 0 elect$ to ! ,legislative ,assembly 9 #agia1 & to ! ,conv5tion 9 #agib4 ,9 ! /ruggle ) ! ,jacob9s1 ,g5sonn 0 "o ( ! mo/ active & eloqu5t *ampions ( 8 p>ty4 ,he 0 execut$ ) 8 colleagues #ca ,oct4 #agic4 ,g5tilis 7,giovanni ,val5t9o71 ,italian h]etic1 b4 ,cons5za1 ,naples1 ab\t #aebj4 ,he fl$ to avoid p]secution to ,g5eva1 :]e 9 #aeeh he 0 ?r[n into prison at ! in/igation ( ,calv94 ,fe> ( %>+ ! fate ( ,s]vetus made him recant4 ,he w&]$ to ,pol&1 :]e he jo9$ ,alciati & ,bi&rata1 b he 0 bani%$ = 8 innovations4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,calv9 he return$ to ,switz]l&1 :]e he 0 arre/$ = h]esy1 #aa ,june1 #aeff4 ,aft] a long trial he 0 condemn$ = attack+ ! ,tr9ity1 & behead$ at ,b]ne1 #bf 787 ,sept4 #aeff4 ,ladvocat says ,he di$ v impi\sly1 say+ he ?\ght himself honor$ 9 be+ m>tyr$ = ! glory ( ! ,fa!r1 :]eas ! apo/les & o!r m>tyrs only di$ = ! glory ( ! ,son4 ,ge(fr9 7,m>ie ,!rse1 ne ,rodet71 a ,fr5* lady di/+ui%$ z a patroness ( le>n+ & ! f9e arts1 b4 ,p>is1 #b ,june1 #afii4 ,%e 0 a fri5d ( ,alemb]t1 ,voltaire1 ,m>montel1 ,montesquieu1 ,did]ot1 & ! encyclopdi/s1 & 0 not$ = h] b5evol5ce4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #f ,oct4 #aggg4 ,g]h>d 7,h471 ,dut* sociali/1 b4 ,delft1 #aa ,june1 #ahbi4 ,educat$ at an orphanage he became a tailor1 travell$ ?r\gh ,france1 ,italy1 & ,switz]l&1 & 9 '#fa return$ to ,am/]dam4 ,he wrote = ,de ,dag]aad1 & 0 correspond5t ( ! ,int]nationale4 ,di$ #e ,july1 #ahhf4 ,g]h>d 7,a4 ,h471 son ( =ego+1 b4 ,lausanne1 ,switz]l&1 #g ,april1 #aheh4 ,is headma/] ( a public s*ool1 & "o ( ! editors ( ,de ,dag]aad4 ,g]mond 7,j4 ,b4 ,l471 editor ( ,m>*al's ,dictionnaire des ,a?es1 ,brussels1 #ahcc4 ,g]ts5 7,aleks&r ,ivanovi*74 ,see ,h]z54 ,ghillany 7,fri$ri* ,wilhelm71 ,g]man critic1 b4 at ,erlangan1 #ah ,april1 #ahjg4 ,9 '#ce he became ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory at ,nur5b]g4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is on ,human ,sacrifices among ! ,anci5t ,jews1 ,nurnb]g1 '#db4 ,he also wrote on ! ,pagan & ,*ri/ian writ]s ( ! fir/ f\r c5turies4 ,"u ! pseudonym ( ,ri*>d von d] ,alm he wrote ,!ological ,lett]s1 #ahfb2 ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 #ahfh2 & a collection ( ! op9ions ( hea!n & ,jewi% writ]s ( ! fir/ f\r c5turies ^u ,jesus & ,*ri/ianity4 ,di$ #be ,june1 #ahgf4 ,giannone 7,pietro71 ,italian hi/orian1 b4 ,is*itella1 ,naples1 #g ,may1 #afgf4 ,he devot$ _m ye>s to a ,hi/ory ( ! ,k+dom ( ,naples1 9 :i* he attack$ ! papal p[]4 ,he 0 excommunicat$ & fl$ to ,vi5na1 :]e he receiv$ a p5sion f ! ,emp]or1 :i* 0 remov$ on 8 av[al ( het]odox op9ions4 ,he 0 driv5 f ,au/ria & took refuge 9 ,v5ice3 "h also 0 an ,inquisition4 ,giannone 0 seiz$ by night & ca/ be=e sunrise on ! papal %ore4 ,he f\nd means1 h[ev]1 ( escap+ to ,g5eva4 ,hav+ be5 entic$ into ,savoy 9 #agcf1 he 0 arre/$ by ord] ( ! ,k+ ( ,s>d9ia1 & conf9$ 9 prison until 8 dea?1 #g ,m>*1 #agdh4 ,gibbon 7,edw>d71 probably ! greate/ ( hi/orians1 b4 ,putney1 #bg ,april #agcg4 ,at ,ox=d be became a ,romani/1 b be+ s5t to a ,calv9i/ at ,lausanne1 0 br\ght back to ,prote/antism4 ,:5 visit+ ! ru9s ( ! ,capitol at ,rome1 he conceiv$ ! idea ( writ+ ! ,decl9e & ,fall ( t empire4 ,= tw5ty-two ye>s be=e ! appe>ance ( 8 fir/ volume he 0 a prodigy ( ardu\s application1 8 inve/igations ext5d+ ov] ! :ole range ( intellectual & political activity = ne>ly fifte5 hundr$ ye>s4 ,8 monum5tal "w1 bridg+ ! old _w & ! new1 is an hi/oric exposure ( ! crimes & futility ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,gibbon 0 elect$ to ,p>liam5t 9 '#gd1 b did n di/+ui% himself4 ,he di$ ( dropsy1 9 ,london1 #af ,jan4 #agid4 ,gibson 7,ell5 ,elvira71 ,am]ican lecturess1 b4 ,w9*5d51 ,mass4 #h ,may1 #ahba1 & became a public s*ool tea*]4 ,/udy ( ! ,bible br\ght h] to ! ,free?\ght plat=m4 ,at ! outbreak ( ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w> %e organis$ ,ladies' ,soldi]s' ,aid ,societies1 & 0 elect$ *apla9 to ! #a/ ,wiscons9 ,volunte] ,artill]y4 ,presid5t ,l9coln endors$ ! appo9tm5t1 :i* 0 que/ion$4 ,%e has writt5 anonym\sly ,godly ,wom5 ( ! ,bible1 & has contribut$ to ! ,tru?seek]1 ,bo/on ,inve/igator1 & ,ironclad ,age1 "u h] own signature & t ( ,lilian4 ,giess5burg 7,rudolf ,*>les d',abla+ van71 "o ( ! mo/ notable ( ,dut* ,free?9k]s1 b4 ( noble family1 #bf ,april1 #ahbf4 ,an unbeliev] 9 y\?1 9 '#dg he w5t to ,batavia1 & ^u 8 return set up z a booksell] "u ! "n ( ,r4 ,c4 ,meij]4 ,) ,junghuhn & ,gn/1 he />t$ de ,dag]aad1 & f '#ef-fh 0 "o ( ! contributors1 usually "u 8 "n ,rudolf ,*>les4 ,he is a man ( great erudition1 has writt5 ,het v]bond d] vrije g$a*te 7,! ,alliance ( ,free?\ght72 de ,tydg5oot op het gebi$ d] ,r$e 7,! ,contempor>y 9 ! ,field ( ,reason72 ,de ,regtbank des ,ond]zoeks 7,! ,tribunal ( ,inquiry72 ,z$ekunde en ,*ri/5dom 7,e?ics & ,*ri/ianity72 ,curiositeit5 van all]lei a>d 7,curiosities ( ,v>i\s ,k9ds74 ,he has also publi%$ ! ,religion & ,philosophy ( ! ,bible by ,w4 ,j4 ,bir* & ,brooksbank's "w on ,revelation4 ,he 0 ! fir/ :o publi%$ a complete edition ( ! fam\s ,te/am5t du ,cur ,jean ,mesli] 9 ?ree p>ts 7'#fd71 has publi%$ ! works ( ,d\wes ,dekk] & o!r writ]s1 & also ,curieuse ,gebruik54 ,gilb]t 7,claude71 ,fr5* advocate1 b4 ,dijon1 #g ,june1 #afeb4 ,he _h pr9t$ at ,dijon1 9 #agjj1 ,hi/oire de ,calejava1 ou de l'isle des hommes raisonables1 avec le p>alelle de leur ,morale et du ,*ri/ianisme4 ,! book has nei!r ! "n ( au?or or pr9t]4 ,x 0 suppress$1 & only "o copy escap$ de/ruction1 :i* 0 b\ght 9 #aghd by ! ,duc de ,la ,vallire = #abj livres4 ,x 0 9 =m ( a dialogue 7#cbi pp471 & attack$ bo? ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,gilb]t m>ri$ 9 #agjj1 & di$ at ,dijon #ah ,feb4 #agbj4 ,gill 7,*>les71 b4 ,dubl91 #h ,oct4 #ahbd1 0 educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( t city4 ,9 '#hc he publi%$ anonym\sly a "w on ,! ,evolution ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x 0 quot$ by ,mr4 ,foote 9 8 def5ces be=e ,judge ,nor? & ,"l ,col]idge1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he put 8 "n to a second edition4 ,mr4 ,gill has also writt5 a pamphlet on ! ,blasphemy ,laws1 & has edit$1 ) an introduction1 ,ar*bi%op ,laur5ce's ,book ( ,eno*1 #ahhc4 ,giles 7,rev4 ,john ,all51 ,d4,ph471 b4 ,m>k1 ,som]set%ire1 #bf ,oct4 #ahjh4 ,educat$ at ! ,*>t]h\se & ,ox=d1 :]e he graduat$ ,b4,a4 z a d\ble fir/-class 9 '#bh4 ,he 0 appo9t$ head-ma/] ( ! ,city ( ,london ,s*ool1 :i* po/ he left = ! ,*ur*4 ,! au?or ( ov] #aej volumes ( educational works1 includ+ ! ,keys to ! ,classics2 privately he 0 a confirm$ ,free?9k]1 intimate ) ,bir*1 ,scott1 etc4 ,8 works be>+ on !ology %[ 8 h]esy1 ! pr9cipal be+ ,hebrew ,records #ahej1 ,*ri/ian ,records #ahed4 ,^! two 7 publi%$ toge!r 9 am5d$ =m 9 #ahgg4 ,he also wrote ,codex ,apocryphus ,novi ,te/am5ti #aheb1 ,writ+s ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians ( ! ,second ,c5tury #aheg1 & ,apo/olic ,records1 publi%$ po/hum\sly 9 #ahhf4 ,di$ #bd ,sept #ahhd4 ,g+u5e 7,pi]re ,l\is71 ,fr5* hi/orian b4 ,r5nes1 #be ,april1 #agdh4 ,educat$1 ) ,p>ny1 by ,jesuits4 ,at ,p>is he became a tea*]1 embrac$ ! ,revolution1 wrote on ,r\sseau & ,rabelais1 & collaborat$ ) ,*am=t 9 ! ,hi/oric ,pictures ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,?r[n into prison dur+ ! ,t]ror1 he escap$ on ! fall ( ,robespi]re1 & became ,director ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,italy4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #aa ,nov4 #ahaf4 ,gillil& 7,m4 ,s47 ,miss1 b4 ,londond]ry #ahec1 au?oress ( a little "w on ,! ,future ( ,morality1 f ! ,agno/ic /&po9t1 #ahhh4 ,gioja 7,mel*iorre71 ,italian political economi/1 b4 ,piaz5za1 #bj ,sept4 #agfg4 ,he advocat$ republicanism1 & 0 appo9t$ head ( a bureau ( /ati/ics4 ,= 8 bro*ure ,la ,sci5za del ,pov]o ,diavolo he 0 expell$ f ,italy 9 #ahji4 ,he publi%$ works on ,m]it & ,rew>ds & ,! ,philosophy ( ,/ati/ics4 ,di$ at ,milan #b ,jan4 #ahbi4 ,gir>d 7,/eph571 ,am]ican philan?ropi/1 b4 ne> ,bordeaux ,france1 #bd ,may1 #agej4 ,he sail$ z cab9 boy to ! ,we/ ,indies ab\t #agfj2 rose to be ma/] ( a coa/+ vessel & e>n$ en\gh to settle 9 bus9ess 9 ,philadelphia 9 #agfi4 ,he became "o ( ! ri*e/ m]*ants 9 ,am]ica1 & dur+ ! w> ( #ahab he took ! :ole ( a ,gov]nm5t loan ( five million doll>s4 ,he call$ 8 vessels aft] ! names ( ! philosoph]s ,helvetius1 ,montesquieu1 ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 etc4 ,he contribut$ lib]ally to all public improvem5ts & radical movem5ts4 ,on 8 dea? he left l>ge beque/s to ,philadelphia1 ! pr9cipal be+ a munific5t end[m5t ( a college = orphans4 ,by a provision ( 8 w1 no ecclesia/ic or m9i/] ( any sect :atev] is to hold any connection ) ! college1 or ev5 be admitt$ to ! premises z a visitor2 b ! (fic]s ( ! in/itution are requir$ to in/ruct ! pupils 9 secul> morality & leave !m to adopt _! own religi\s op9ions4 ,?is w has be5 mo/ %amefully p]v]t$4 ,di$ ,philadelphia1 #bf ,dec4 #ahca4 ,gla9 7,d4 de ,sa9t74 ,see ,sa9t ,gla94 ,gl5nie 7,john ,/u>t ,/u>t71 liv+ ,engli% b>ri/] & writ]1 au?or ( ,9 ! ,morn+l&1 or ! law ( ! orig9 & trans=mation ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ahgc1 ! mo/ important *apt] ( :i* 0 repr9t$ by ,?omas ,scott1 "u ! title1 ,*ri/ & ,osiris4 ,he has also writt5 ,pilgrim ,memories1 or travel & discussion 9 ! bir?-c\ntries ( ,*ri/ianity ) ! late ,h4 ,t4 ,buckle1 #ahge4 ,glisson 7,francis71 ,engli% anatomi/ & physician1 b4 ,rampi%am1 ,dorset%ire1 #aeig4 ,he took 8 degree at ,cambridge1 & 0 !re appo9t$ ,regius ,pr(essor ( ,physic1 an (fice he held =ty ye>s4 ,he discov]$ ,glisson's capsule 9 ! liv]1 & 0 ! fir/ to attribute irritability to muscul> fibre4 ,9 8 ,tractatus de natura sub/anti en]getica1 #afgb1 he anticipates ! natural s*ool 9 consid]+ matt] end[$ ) native en]gy suffici5t to acc\nt = ! op]ations ( nature4 ,dr4 ,glisson 0 eulogis$ by ,h>vey1 & ,bo]haave call$ him ! mo/ accurate ( all anatomi/s t ev] liv$4 ,di$ 9 #afgg4 ,godw9 7,m>y74 ,see ,woll/onecraft4 ,godw9 7,william71 ,engli% hi/orian1 political writ] & noveli/1 b4 ,wisbea*1 ,cambridge%ire1 #c ,m>*1 #agef4 ,! son ( a ,diss5t+ m9i/]1 he 0 design$ = ! same call+4 ,he /udi$ at ,hoxton ,college1 & came out1 z he ent]$1 a ,tory & ,calv9i/2 b mak+ ! acqua9tance ( ,holcr(t1 ,pa9e1 & ! ,engli% ,jacob9s1 8 views develop$ f ! ,unit>ianism ( ,prie/ley to ! rejection ( ! sup]natural4 ,9 '#ic he publi%$ 8 republican "w on ,political ,ju/ice4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he issu$ 8 p[]ful novel ( ,caleb ,williams4 ,he m>ri$ ,m>y ,woll/onecraft1 '#if2 wrote1 9 addition to sev]al novels & educational works1 ,on ,population1 9 answ] to ,mal?us1 #ahbj2 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,commonweal?1 '#bd-bh2 ,?\ghts on ,man1 '#ca2 ,lives ( ! ,necromanc]s1 '#cd4 ,"s ,free?\ght essays1 :i* he _h int5d$ to =m into a book entitl$ ,! ,g5ius ( ,*ri/ianity ,unveil$1 7 fir/ publi%$ 9 '#gc4 ,!y comprise pap]s on su* subjects z future retribution1 ! atonem5t1 miracles1 & "* ( ,jesus1 & ! hi/ory & effects ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,di$ #g ,april1 #ahcf4 ,goe! 7,johann ,wolfgang von71 ,g]many's greate/ poet1 b4 ,frank=t-on-,ma91 #bh ,aug4 #agdi4 ,he records t e>ly 9 8 sev5? ye> 7#a ,nov4 #ageh7 ! great ,lisbon e>?quake fill$ 8 m9d ) religi\s d\bt4 ,be=e he 0 n9e he c\ld write sev]al languages4 ,educat$ at home until sixte51 he !n w5t to ,leipsic ,univ]sity4 ,at ,/rasburg he became acqua9t$ ) ,h]d]1 :o direct$ 8 att5tion to ,%akespe>e4 ,he took ! degree ( doctor 9 #agga1 & 9 ! same ye> compos$ 8 drama ,goetz von ,b]li*+54 ,he w5t to ,wetzl>1 :]e he wrote ,sorr[s ( ,w]!r1 #aggd1 :i* at once made him fam\s4 ,he 0 invit$ to ! c\rt ( ! ,duke ( ,saxe-,weim> & load$ ) honors1 becom+ ! c5tre ( a galaxy ( di/+ui%$ m54 ,"h he br\ght out ! works ( ,s*ill] & 8 own dramas1 ( :i* ,fau/ is ! greate/4 ,8 *ief prose "w is ,wilhelm ,mei/]'s ,appr5tice%ip4 ,8 works are volum9\s4 ,he decl>$ himself decid$ly non-,*ri/ian1 & said 8 objects ( hate 7 ! cross & bugs4 ,he 0 av]se to ab/ractions & refus$ to recognise a ,deity di/9ct f ! _w4 ,9 philosophy he foll[$ ,sp9oza1 & he dislik$ & disc\nt5anc$ ! popul> cre$4 ,writ+ to ,lavat] 9 #aggb he said3 ,y look ^u ! gospel z x /&s z ! div9e/ tru?3 b ev5 a voice f heav5 w\ld n conv9ce me t wat] burns & fire qu5*es1 t a woman conceives )\t a man1 & t a dead man c rise aga94 ,to y1 no?+ is m beautiful ?an ! ,gospel2 to me1 a ?\s& writt5 pages ( anci5t & mod]n inspir$ m5 are equally beautiful4 ,goe! 0 oppos$ to asceticism1 & ,pfleid]] admits /ood 9 opposition to ,*ri/ianity n m]ely on po9ts ( !ological =m1 b to a c]ta9 ext5t on po9ts ( sub/ance too4 ,goe! devot$ mu* att5tion to sci5ce1 & he attempt$ to expla9 ! metamorphosis ( plants on evolution>y pr9ciples 9 #agij4 ,di$ #bb ,m>*1 #ahcb4 ,gold/ueck] 7,!odor71 ,sanskrit s*ol>1 ( ,jewi% bir?1 b a ,free?9k] by conviction1 b4 ,konigsb]g #ah ,jan4 #ahba2 /udi$ at ,bonn "u ,s*legel & ,lass51 & at ,p>is "u ,burn\f4 ,e/abli%+ himself at ,b]l91 he 0 engag$ z tutor 9 ! ,univ]sity & assi/$ ,humboldt 9 ! matt] ( ,h9du philosophy 9 ! ,cosmos4 ,a democrat 9 politics1 he left ,b]l9 at ! reaction ( '#di & came to ,engl&1 :]e he assi/$ ,pr(essor ,wilson 9 prep>+ 8 ,sanskrit-,engli% ,diction>y4 ,he contribut$ important articles on ,indian lit]ature to ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 ! ,read]1 ! ,a!num & ,*amb]s' ,encyclopdia4 ,di$ 9 ,london1 #f ,m>*1 #ahgb4 ,goldzih] 7,ignacz71 ,hung>ian ,ori5tali/1 b4 ,/uhlweiss5burg1 #ahej4 ,is s9ce #ahgf ,doctor ( ,semitic ,philology 9 ,buda-pe/h2 is au?or ( ,my?ology ,among ! ,hebrews1 :i* has be5 translat$ by ,russell ,m>t9eau1 '#gg1 & has writt5 _m /udies on ,semitic !ology & lit]ature4 ,gordon 7,?omas71 ,scot* ,dei/ & political re=m]1 0 b4 ,kells1 ,kirkcudbright1 ab\t #afhd1 b settl$ e>ly 9 ,london1 :]e he support$ himself z a tea*] & writ]4 ,he fir/ di/+ui%$ himself by two pamphlets 9 ! ,bangorian controv]sy1 :i* recomm5d$ him to ,tr5*>d1 to :om he became amanu5sis1 & ) :om he publi%$ ,cato's ,lett]s & a p]iodical entitl$ ,! ,indep5d5t ,:ig1 :i* he cont9u$ "s ye>s aft] ,tr5*>d's dea?1 m>ry+ t writ]'s wid[4 ,he wrote _m pamphlets1 & translat$ f ,b>beyrac ,! ,_s ( ! ,ecclesia/ics ( ,all ,ages4 ,he also translat$ ! hi/ories ( ,tacitus & ,sallu/4 ,he di$ #bh ,july1 #agej1 leav+ beh9d him po/hum\s works entitl$ ,a ,cordial = ,l[ ,spirits & ,! ,pill>s ( ,prie/craft & ,or?odoxy ,%ak54 ,gorlu 7,david71 a ,dut* philosoph]1 b4 at ,utre*t1 t[>ds ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 has be5 accus$ ( ,a!ism on acc\nt ( 8 speculations 9 a "w publi%$ aft] 8 dea? entitl$ ,ex]citationes ,philosophic1 ,leyd5 #afbj4 ,govea or ,g\vea ,lat9 ,goveanus 7,antonio71 ,portugese juri/ & poet1 b4 #aeje1 /udi$ 9 ,france & ga9$ great reputation by 8 legal writ+s4 ,calv9 classes him ) ,dolet1 ,rabelais1 & ,des ,p]i]s1 z an ,a!i/ & mock]4 ,he wrote elegant ,lat9 poems4 ,di$ at ,tur91 #e ,m>*1 #aefe4 ,gratiolet 7,l\is-,pi]re71 ,fr5* naturali/1 b4 ,sa9te ,foy1 #f ,july #ahae1 not$ = 8 rese>*es on ! comp>ative anatomy ( ! bra94 ,di$ at ,p>is #ae ,feb4 #ahfe4 ,graves 7,k]sey71 ,am]ican1 au?or ( ,! ,biography ( ,satan1 #ahfe1 & ,! ,_w's ,sixte5 ,crucifi$ ,saviors1 #ahgf4 ,works ( "s vogue1 b little value4 ,gray 7,asa71 ,am]ican naturali/1 b4 #ah ,nov4 #ahaj1 ,p>is1 ,oneida ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,/udi$ at ,fairfield & became physician #ahca4 ,wrote ,elem5ts ( ,botany1 #ahcf1 became ,pr(essor ( ,nat4 ,hi/4 at ,h>v>d1 & 0 ! fir/ to introduce ,d>w9ism to ,am]ica4 ,wrote an ,exam9ation ( ,d>w9's ,treatise #ahfa4 ,succe$$ ,agassiz z ,gov]nor ( ,smi?sonian ,in/itute1 & work$ on ,am]ican ,flora4 ,di$ at ,cambridge1 ,mass41 #cj ,jan4 #ahhh4 ,gre5 7,h4 ,l471 ,am]ican ,free?9k]1 b4 #ah ,feb4 #ahbh4 ,edits ! ,free?9k]'s ,magaz9e publi%$ at ,buffalo1 ,new ,york4 ,greg 7,william ,ra?bone71 ,engli% ,writ]1 b4 ,man*e/] #ahji4 ,educat$ at ,ed9burgh univ]sity1 he became attract$ to economic /udies & lit]>y pursuits4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,man*e/] ,/ati/ical ,society1 a w>m support] ( ! ,anti-,corn ,law ,league1 & au?or ( "o ( its prize essays4 ,9 '#dj he wrote on ,ef=ts = ! ,ext9ction ( ! ,african ,slave ,trade4 ,9 '#ej he publi%$ 8 ,cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom1 :i* has gone ?r\gh eight editions1 & 9 #ahgb 8 ,enigmas ( ,life1 ( :i* !re 7 ?irte5 editions 9 8 life4 ,he publi%$ also ,essays on ,political & ,social ,sci5ce1 & 0 a regul> contributor to ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,8 works exhibit a c>eful yet bold ?9k] & close reason]4 ,di$ at ,wimbl$on #ae ,nov4 #ahha4 ,gr5i] 7,pi]re ,jules71 ,fr5* ,positivi/1 b4 ,beaumont1 ,p]igord1 #ahch1 au?or ( a m$ical exam9ation ( ! doctr9e ( free w1 '#fh1 :i* drew out lett] f ,mgr4 ,dupanl\p1 ,bi%op ( ,orleans1 implor+ him to repudiate 8 impi\s doctr9es4 ,also au?or ( ,aphorisms on ! ,fir/ ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 #ahgc4 ,grile 7,dod71 p5 "n ( ,ambrose ,bi]ce1 ,am]ican humori/1 :o wrote on ! ,san ,francisco ,news-,lett]4 ,8 ,nuggets & ,du/ & ,fi5d's ,delight1 7 blasphem\s2 has also writt5 9 ,fun1 & publi%$ ,cobwebs f an ,empty ,skull1 #ahgc4 ,grimm 7,fri$ri* ,mel*ior von71 ,b>on4 ,g]man philosophic writ] 9 ,fr5*1 b4 ,ratisbon1 #bf ,dec4 #agbc4 ,go+ to ,france he became acqua9t$ ) ,d',holba* & ) ,r\sseau1 :o 0 at fir/ 8 fri5d1 b aft]w>ds 8 enemy4 ,he became secret>y to ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 & wrote 9 conjunction ) ,did]ot & ,raynal cau/ic lit]>y bullet9s conta9+ criticisms on ,fr5* lit]ature & art4 ,9 #aggf he 0 envoy f ! ,duke ( ,saxe ,go?a to ! ,fr5* ,c\rt1 & aft] ! ,fr5* ,revolution 0 appo9t$ by ,ca!r9e ( ,russia h] m9i/] at ,hamburg4 ,grimm di$ at ,go?a1 #ai ,dec4 #ahjg4 ,he is *iefly kn[n by 8 lit]>y correspond5ce ) ,did]ot publi%$ 9 sev5te5 vols4 #ahab-ahac4 ,gr+ore 7,pi]re71 ,fr5* poet & dramati/1 b4 ab\t #adge1 satiris$ ! pope & cl]gy z well z ! e>ly re=m]s4 ,di$ ab\t #aedd4 ,griseba* 7,edu>d71 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,gott+5 #i ,oct4 #ahde4 ,/udi$ law1 b ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,/ate & became ,consul at ,bu*>e/1 ,pet]sburg1 ,milan & ,hayti4 ,has writt5 _m poems1 ( :i* ! be/ kn[n is ,! ,new ,tanhus]1 fir/ publi%$ anonym\sly 9 '#fi1 & foll[$ by ,tanhus] 9 ,rome1 '#ge4 ,has also translat$ ,k9 ,ku ,ki ,kuan1 ,*9ese novels4 ,is a foll[] ( ,s*op5hau]1 ^: bibliography he has compil$1 #ahhh4 ,grote 7,george71 ! hi/orian ( ,greece1 b4 ne> ,beck5ham1 ,k5t1 #ag ,nov4 #agid4 ,desc5d$ f a ,dut* family4 ,he 0 educat$ = ! employm5t ( a bank] & 0 put to bus9ess at ! age ( sixte54 ,he 0 h[ev] addict$ to lit]>y pursuits1 & became a fri5d & disciple ( ,james ,mill & ,j]emy ,b5?am4 ,9 #ahbj he m>ri$ a cultur$ lady1 ,h>riet ,lew91 & 9 '#bb 8 ,analysis ( ! ,influ5ce ( ,natural ,religion 0 publi%$ by ,c>lile1 "u ! p5 "n ( ,philip ,beau*amp4 ,he also wrote 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review4 ,9 '#cc he 0 elect$ z ,radical ,m4,p4 = ! ,city ( ,london & reta9$ 8 seat till '#da4 ,he 0 *iefly kn[n 9 ,p>liam5t = 8 advocacy ( ! ballot4 ,9 '#df-'ef he publi%$ 8 fam\s ,hi/ory ( ,greece1 :i* co/ him ! be/ ye>s ( 8 life2 ?is 0 foll[$ by ,plato & ! o!r ,companions ( ,socrates4 ,8 review ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mill's ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 '#fa1 %[$ he reta9$ 8 ,free?\ght until ! end ( 8 life4 ,he di$ #ah ,june '#ga1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,grote 7,h>riet7 nee ,lew91 wife ( ! above1 b4 #agib1 %>$ 9 8 op9ions & wrote 8 life4 ,di$ #bi ,dec4 #ahgh4 ,gru5 7,k>l7 ,g]man au?or1 b4 #cj ,sept4 #ahag1 ,ld5s*i$1 ,we/phalia1 /udi$ at ,bonn & ,b]l94 ,9 '#dd he came to ,p>is1 0 a fri5d to ,pr\dhon & translat$ 8 ,philosophy ( ,mis]y1 0 arre/$ 9 '#di & condemn$ to exile2 liv$ at ,brussels till '#fb1 :5 he 0 made pr(essor at ,frank=t4 ,he became pr(essor ( ,engli% at ! ,college ( ,colm>1 e/abli%$ a ,radical j\rnal ! ,mannheim ,ev5+ ,news & he wrote ,biographical ,/udies ( ,s*ill]1 '#dd1 & ,feu]ba*1 '#ga4 ,a ,culture ,hi/ory ( ! #af?-#ag? ,c5turies1 & ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,pres5t1 '#gf4 ,di$ at ,vi5na #ag ,febru>y1 #ahhg4 ,gruet 7,jacques71 ,swiss ,free?9k]1 tortur$ & put to dea? = blasphemy by ord] ( ,calv9 at ,g5eva1 #bf ,july1 #aedg4 ,aft] 8 dea? pap]s 7 f\nd 9 8 possession direct$ aga9/ religion4 ,!y 7 burnt by ! common hangman1 ,april1 #aeej4 ,gruy] 7,l\is ,augu/e ,jean ,franois-,philippe71 ,belgian philosoph]1 b4 ,brussels1 #ae ,nov4 #aggh4 ,he wrote an ,essay ( ,physical ,philosophy1 #ahbh1 ,tabletts ,philosophiques1 '#db4 ,pr9ciples ( ,physical ,philosophy1 '#de1 etc4 ,he held ! atomic doctr9e1 & t matt] 0 et]nal4 ,di$ ,brussels #ae ,oct4 #ahff4 ,guadet 7,m>gu]ite ,elie71 ,girond91 b4 ,sa9t ,emilion 7,gironde71 #bj ,july1 #ageh4 ,he /udi$ at ,bordeaux1 & became an advocate 9 '#ha4 ,he ?rew himself en?usia/ically into ! ,revolution1 & 0 elect$ ,deputy = ! ,gironde4 ,8 vehem5t attacks on ! ,jacob9s contribut$ to ! de/ruction ( 8 p>ty1 aft] :i* he took refuge1 b 0 arre/$ & behead$ at ,bordeaux1 #ae ,june1 #agid4 ,gub]natis 7,angelo de71 see ,de ,gub]natis4 ,gup9 7,ange71 ,fr5* physician1 b4 ,pontivy1 #cj ,aug4 #ahje4 ,he became ,m4,d4 9 '#bh4 ,aft] ! revolution ( ,july1 '#cj1 ,dr4 ,gup9 0 made ,pr(essor at ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e at ,nantes4 ,he =m$ ! fir/ sci5tific & philosophical congress1 held !re 9 '#cc4 ,9 '#dh he became ,commissaire ( ! ,republic at ,nantes1 & 9 '#ej 0 depriv$ ( 8 situation4 ,9 '#ed he publi%$ 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,aft] ! fall ( ! ,empire1 ,m4 ,gup9 became ,prefet ( ,la ,loire ,infrieure1 b _h to resign f ill-heal?4 ,di$ at ,nantes1 #ba ,may1 #ahgc1 & 0 buri$ )\t any religi\s c]emony4 ,gu]\lt 7,adolphe71 ,fr5* au?or1 b4 ,radepont 7,eure71 #bi ,jan4 #ahaj4 ,e>ly 9 life he became a foll[] ( ,sa9t ,simon4 ,he wrote to ! ,j\rnal des ,debats1 ! ,republique1 ,cr$it & ,indu/rie1 & f\nd$ l',op9ion ,national4 ,he 0 elect$ to ! ,legislature 9 '#fc1 :5 he advocat$ ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,di$ at ,vi*y1 #ba ,july1 #ahgb4 ,gu]ra ,junqueiro4 ,portuguese poet1 b4 #ahej4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is a poem on ,! ,dea? ( ,don ,juan1 b he has also writt5 ,! ,dea? ( ,jehovah1 an assault ^u ! ,ca?olic fai? f ! /&po9t ( ,pan!ism4 ,portuguese critics speak highly ( 8 p[]s4 ,gu]r9i 7,ol9do71 ,italian poet1 b4 ,=li1 #d ,oct4 #ahde4 ,educat$ at ,rav5na1 ,tur91 & ,bologna ,univ]sity2 he has writt5 _m f9e poems "u ! "n ( ,lor5zo ,/ec*etti4 ,9 ! preface to ,nova ,polemica he decl>es ,primo di tutto dice1 non cr$o 9 ,dio 7,fir/ ( all ,i say d n believe 9 ,god47 ,gueudeville 7,nicolas71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,r\51 #afed4 ,he became a ,b5$ict9e monk1 & 0 di/+ui%$ z a prea*]1 b ! boldness ( 8 op9ions drew on him ! puni%m5t ( 8 sup]iors4 ,he escap$ to ,holl&1 & publicly abjur$ ,ca?olicism4 ,he taught lit]ature & philosophy at ,rott]dam1 wrote ! ,dialogue ( ! ,b>on de la ,hontan ) an ,am]ican ,savage ,am/4 #agjd1 app5d$ to ! ,travels ( ,la ,hontan1 #agbd1 edit$ by ,gueudeville4 ,?is dialogue is a bitt] criticism ( ,*ri/ian usages4 ,he translat$ ,erasmus's ,praise ( ,folly 7#agac71 ,m's ,utopia 7#agae71 & ,c4 ,agrippa1 ,( ! ,unc]ta9ty & ,vanity ( ,sci5ces 7#agbf74 ,di$ at ! ,hague1 #agbj4 ,gui*>d 7,victor71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,p>is1 #ae ,aug4 #ahjc4 ,he became ,mayor ( ,s5s1 & 0 elect$ deputy = ! ,yonne dep>tm5t4 ,he 0 exil$ 9 '#eb1 b aga9 elect$ 9 '#ga4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ,la ,lib]t de ,p5s]1 f9 du ,p\voir ,spirituel 7#ahfh74 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #aa? ,nov4 #ahhd4 ,guild 7,e4 ,e471 b4 9 ,connecticut1 #f ,may1 #ahaa4 ,9 '#ce he became a ,*ri/ian m9i/]1 b aft] num]\s debates became turn$ ,univ]sali/4 ,9 '#dd he publi%$ ,! ,univ]sali/ ,book ( ,ref]5ce1 :i* w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,x 0 foll[$ by ,pro & ,con1 9 :i* he gives ! argum5ts = & aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,guirl&o 7,giulio7 di ,treviso4 ,italian h]etic1 put to dea? at ,v5ice = anti-tr9it>ian h]esy1 #ai ,oct4 #aefb4 ,gundl+ 7,nicolaus ,hi]onymus71 ,g]man s*ol> & ,dei/ic philosoph]1 b4 ne> ,nuremb]g1 #be ,feb4 #afga4 ,he wrote a ,hi/ory ( ! ,philosophy ( ,morals1 #agjf1 & ,! ,way to ,tru?1 #agac4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ,g]man eclectics1 he took mu* f ,hobbes & ,locke1 ) :om he d]iv$ all ideas f exp]i5ce4 ,di$ at ,halle1 #af ,dec4 #agbi4 ,gunn+ 7,william ,d471 ,am]ican sci5tific pr(essor1 b4 ,bloom+burg1 ,ohio4 ,graduat$ at ,ob]l9 & /udi$ "u ,agassiz4 ,he wrote ,life ,hi/ory ( our ,planet1 ,*icago1 #ahgf1 & contribut$ to ,! ,op5 ,c\rt4 ,di$ ,greeley1 ,colorado1 #h ,m>*1 #ahhh4 ,gn/ 7,dr4 ,frans ,*ri/iaan71 ,dut* writ] & publi%]1 b4 ,am/]dam1 #ai ,aug4 #ahbc4 ,he 0 int5d$ = a ,ca?olic cl]gyman2 /udi$ at ,b]ne1 :]e he 0 promot$ '#dg4 ,return+ to ,holl& he became booksell] & editor at ,am/]dam4 ,he 0 = _m ye>s secret>y ( ! ,city ,!atre4 ,gn/ contribut$ to _m p]iodicals1 & became a fri5d ( ,junghuhn1 ) :om he />t$ ,de ,dag]aad1 ! organ ( ! ,dut* ,free?9k]s1 :i* he edit$ f '#ee to '#fg4 ,he usually contribut$ "u pseudonyms z ,mephi/ho or 7!re=e74 ,he 0 = _m ye>s ,presid5t ( ! ,indep5d5t ,lodge ( ,freemasons1 ,po/ ,nubila ,lux1 & wrote on ,adon ,hiram1 ! olde/ leg5d ( ! ,freemasons4 ,he also wrote ,wijwat] voor ,rooms* ,ka?oliek5 7,holy ,wat] = ! ,roman ,ca?olics72 ,de ,blo$getuig5 d] ,spaans*e ,inquisitie 7,! ,m>tyrs ( ! ,spani% ,inquisition1 '#fc72 & ,heid55 en ,jezuiet51 e5e v]gelijk+ van hunne z$ele] 7,pagans & ,jesuits1 a comp>ison ( _! morals1 '#fg74 ,9 8 life & conv]sation he 0 frat] gaud5s4 ,di$ #bi ,dec4 #ahhf4 ,guyau 7,m>ie ,jean71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 #ahed1 0 cr[n$ at ! age ( #ai by ! ,in/itute ( ,france = a monograph on ,utilit>ian morality4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he _h *>ge ( a c\rse ( philosophy at ! ,condorcet lyce at ,p>is4 ,ill heal?1 br\ght on by excess ( "w1 oblig$ him to retire to ,m5tone1 :]e he occupi$ himself ) lit]ature4 ,8 pr9cipal works are ,la ,morale d',epicure 7! morality ( ,epicurus71 9 relation to pres5t day doctr9es1 #ahgh1 ,la ,morale ,anglaise ,contempora9e 7,contempor>y ,engli% ,e?ics71 '#gi1 cr[n$ by ! ,academy ( ,moral ,sci5ces4 ,v]ses ( a philosoph]1 '#ha4 ,esquisse d'une morale sans obligation ni sanction 7,sket* ( morality )\t obligation or sanction17 '#hd1 & ,l',irreligion de l',av5ir 7! ,irreligion ( ! ,future7 '#hg4 ,m4 ,guyau 0 a foll[] ( ,m4 ,f\ille1 b all 8 works be> ! impress ( pr(\nd ?\ght & orig9ality4 ,a *ief doctr9e is ! expansion ( life4 ,di$ ,m5tone1 #ca ,m>*1 #ahhh4 ,guyot 7,yves71 ,fr5* writ] & /atesman1 b4 ,d9an1 #ahdc4 ,he wrote ) ,sigismond ,lacroix a ,/udy ( ! ,social ,doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity1 '#gc1 & a "w on morality 9 ! ,biblio?que ,matriali/e4 ,elect$ on ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,p>is '#gd-gh1 he has s9ce be5 a deputy to ! ,*amb]1 & is n[ a memb] ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,he has writt5 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,social ,economy1 '#hd1 & _m works on t topic2 has edit$ ,did]ot's ,la ,religieuse & ! j\rnals ,droits de l'homme & le ,bi5 public4 ,gwynne 7,george71 ,free?\ght writ] 9 ! ,reason] & ,national ,re=m]1 "u ! p5-"n ( ,aliquis4 ,8 reply to ,j4 ,h4 ,newman's ,gramm> ( ,ass5t %ew$ mu* acut5ess4 ,he s]v$ ! cause bo? by p5 & purse4 ,di$ #be ,sept4 #ahgc4 ,gyll5borg 7,gu/af ,fr$rik71 ,c\nt4 ,sw$i% poet1 b4 #f ,dec4 #agca1 0 "o ( ! fir/ memb]s ( ! ,academy ( ,/ockholm & ,*ancellor ( ,upsala ,univ]sity4 ,he publi%$ satires1 fables1 odes1 etc41 among :i* may be nam$ ,! ,passage ( ! ,belt4 ,8 op9ions 7 ,dei/ic4 ,di$ #cj ,m>*1 #ahjh4 ,haeckel 7,ern/ ,he9ri* ,philipp ,augu/71 ,g]man sci5ti/1 b4 ,potsdam1 #af ,feb4 #ahcd2 /udi$ m$ic9e & sci5ce at ,wrzburg1 ,b]l91 & ,vi5na4 ,9 '#ei he w5t to ,italy & /udi$ zoology at ,naples1 & two ye>s lat] 0 made ,pr(essor ( ,zoology at ,j5a4 ,betwe5 '#ff & '#ge he travell$ ov] ,europe besides visit+ ,syria & ,egypt1 & lat] he visit$ ,india & ,ceylon1 writ+ an int]e/+ acc\nt ( 8 travels4 ,he is ! =emo/ ,g]man support] ( evolution2 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 '#fh1 hav+ gone ?r\gh _m editions1 & be5 translat$ into ,engli% '#gf1 z h also 8 ,evolution ( ,man1 #b vols4 '#gi1 & ,p$igree ( ,man1 '#hc4 ,besides num]\s monographs & an able "w on ,cellul> ,psy*ology1 ,pr(essor ,haeckel has publi%$ important ,popul> ,lectures on ,evolution1 '#gh1 & on ,fre$om 9 ,sci5ce & ,tea*+1 publi%$ ) a prefatory note by ,pr(essor ,huxley1 '#gi4 ,hag5 7,b5jam9 ,olive71 ,sociali/1 b4 #be ,june1 #agia4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahda 8 att5tion 0 attract$ to ! ,sociali/s by ! abuse !y receiv$4 ,l$ ?us to inquire1 he embrac$ ! views ( ,rob]t ,ow51 & 0 _! *ief uphold] = _m ye>s 9 ! t[n ( ,d]by1 :]e he liv$ to be upw>ds ( sev5ty ye>s ( age4 ,8 wife also des]ves m5tion z an able lady ( ,free?\ght views4 ,halley 7,edmund71 em95t ,engli% a/ronom]1 kn[n 9 8 lifetime z ! ,infidel ,ma!matician1 b4 ,hagg]/on1 ,london1 #bi ,oct4 #afef2 educat$ at ,ox=d4 ,at tw5ty he _h made obs]vations ( ! planets & ( ! spots on ! sun4 ,9 ,nov4 '#gf he w5t to ,/4 ,hel5a :]e he prep>$ 8 ,catalogue ( ,s\!rn ,/>s1 '#gi4 ,he also f\nd h[ to take ! sun's p>allax by means ( ! transits ( ,m]cury or ,v5us4 ,9 '#gh he 0 elect$ a ,f4,r4,s4 ,two ye>s lat] he made obs]vation on ,halley's comet1 & 9 '#hc publi%$ 8 !ory ( ! v>iation ( ! magnet4 ,he became a fri5d ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 :om he p]suad$ to publi% 8 ,pr9cipia4 ,9 '#ih he comm&$ a sci5tific exp$ition to ! ,s\? ,atlantic4 ,9 #agac he 0 made sec4 ( ! ,royal ,society & 9 #agbj ,a/ronom]-royal4 ,he !n und]took a task :i* requir$ n9ete5 ye>s to p]=m1 viz3 to obs]ve ! moon ?r\gh\t an entire revolution ( h] nodes4 ,he liv$ to f9i% ?is task4 ,di$ #ad ,jan4 #agdb4 ,halley 0 ! fir/ :o conceiv$ t fix$ />s _h a prop] motion 9 space4 ,*alm]s 9 8 ,biographical ,diction>y says1 ,x mu/ be deeply regrett$ t he _c be numb]$ ) ^? illu/ri\s *>act]s :o ?\ght x n b5ea? !m to be ,*ri/ians4 ,hammon 7,w471 pseudonym ( ,turn] ,william1 q4 v4 ,hamond or ,hamont 7,mat!w71 ,engli% h]etic1 by trade a pl\ghwright1 ( ,he!rsett1 ,norfolk1 burnt at ,norwi*1 ,may #aegi1 = hold+ t ! ,new ,te/am5t & ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/ 7 pure folly1 a human inv5tion1 a m]e fable4 ,he _h previ\sly be5 set 9 ! pillory & _h bo? 8 e>s cut (f4 ,hannot9 7,emile71 ,fr5* ,dei/1 b4 ,b> le ,duc 9 #ahab1 & "s "t editor ( ! ,j\rnal de la ,meuse4 ,au?or ( ,new ,philosophical ,!ology1 '#df2 ,great ,que/ions1 '#fg2 ,t5 ,ye>s ( ,philosophical ,/udies1 '#gb2 & an ,essay on ,man1 9 :i* he seeks to expla9 life by s5sibility4 ,hanson 7,sir ,ri*>d ,davies71 ,*ief ,ju/ice ( ,s\? ,au/ralia1 b4 ,london1 #e ,dec4 #ahje4 ,he practis$ z attorney = a %ort "t 9 ,london1 & wrote = ! ,globe & ,morn+ ,*ronicle4 ,9 #ahcj he took "p 9 ! attempt to f\nd a colony 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,9 #ahea he became ,advocate-,g5]al ( ! colony1 & subsequ5tly 9 #ahfa ,*ief ,ju/ice4 ,9 #ahfi he 0 knight$4 ,he wrote on ,law 9 ,nature #ahfe1 ,! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory #ahfi1 & ,/4 ,paul #ahge4 ,hanson wrote ,lett]s to & f ,rome ,a4,d4 #fa1 #fb & #fc4 ,select$ & translat$ by ,c4,v4,s4 #ahgc4 ,di$ at ,adelaide #aj ,m>4 #ahgf4 ,h>dwicke 7,edw>d ,ar?ur71 ,m4,d41 elde/ son ( ,junius ,h>dwicke1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ( ,ro!rham1 ,yorks4 ,9 '#ge he qualifi$ z a surveyor1 & 9 '#hf z a physician4 ,= twelve ye>s he 0 ,surgeon ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,emigration ,s]vice4 ,he is an ,agno/ic ( ! s*ool ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 & has contribut$ to ,free?\ght & sci5tific p]iodicals4 ,h>dwicke 7,h]b]t ,junius71 ,m4,d41 bro!r ( above1 b4 ,%effield1 #bf ,jan4 #ahej4 ,/udi$ at ,london1 ,ed9burgh & ,p>is4 ,9 '#gh he became a memb] ( ! ,ed9burgh ,college ( ,physicians4 ,next ye> he 0 ! pr9cipal ag5t 9 e/abli%+ ! ,%effield ,public ,hospital = ,sk9 ,diseases4 ,besides num]\s m$ical works1 ,dr4 ,h>dwicke set up a press ( 8 own 9 ord] to pr9t ,! ,popul> ,fai? ,unveil$1 ! publi%]s requir+ gu>antee 9 consequ5ce ( ! prosecution ( ,mr4 ,foote 7'#hd71 & ,evolution & ,creation 7'#hg74 ,he has contribut$ to ! ,agno/ic ,annual1 & has rec5tly writt5 ,rambles 9 ,spa91 ,italy & ,morocco 7'#hi74 ,h>riot 7,?omas71 ,engli% ma!matician1 b4 ,ox=d1 #aefj1 accompani$ ,raleigh to ,virg9ia & publi%$ an acc\nt ( ! exp$ition4 ,he 0 not$ = 8 skill 9 algebra1 & ,a4 ,wood says ,he 0 a ,dei/4 ,di$ #ba ,july #afba4 ,h>rison 7,fr$]ic71 ,m4,a41 ,engli% ,positivi/1 b4 ,london #ah ,oct4 #ahca1 educat$ at ,london & ,ox=d1 :5 he 0 #a/ class 9 classics4 ,he 0 call$ to ! b> 9 '#eh4 ,he has s9ce be5 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,jurisprud5ce & ,int]national ,law4 ,he has writt5 _m important articles 9 ! high-class reviews1 & has publi%$ ,! ,mean+ ( ,hi/ory1 ,ord] & ,progress1 & on ,! ,*oice ( ,books & ,o!r ,lit]>y ,pieces1 '#hf1 & has translat$ vol4 ii ( ,comte's ,positive ,polity4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,positivi/ s*ool1 '#gj1 & ( ,newton ,hall 9 '#ha4 ,a f9e /yli/1 8 addresses & magaz9e articles be> ! /amp ( a cultur$ man ( lett]s4 ,h>tmann 7,k>l ,rob]t ,edu>d71 ,g]man pan!i/ic pessimi/ philosoph]1 b4 ,b]l91 #bc ,feb4 #ahdb4 ,9 '#eh he ent]$ ! ,prussian army1 b an affection ( ! knee made him resign 9 '#fe4 ,by ! publication ( 8 ,philosophy ( ! ,unconsci\s 9 '#fi1 he became fam\s1 ?\gh x 0 n translat$ into ,engli% until '#hd4 ,he has s9ce writt5 num]\s works ( :i* we "n ,self-,dissolution ( ,*ri/ianity & ,! ,religion ( ! ,future1 '#ge1 ,! ,crisis ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,mod]n ,!ology1 '#hj1 ,! ,religi\s ,consci\sness ( ,mank9d1 '#ha1 & ,mod]n ,problems1 '#hf4 ,latt]ly ,h>tmann has turn$ 8 att5tion to ! philosophy ( politics4 ,h>togh ,heys van ,z\teve5 7,dr4 ,h]man71 a le>n$ ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,delft #ac ,feb4 #ahda4 ,he /udi$ law & natural philosophy at ,leyd51 & graduat$ doctor ( law 9 '#fd & doctor ( natural philosophy 9 '#ff4 ,9 '#ff he receiv$ a gold m$al f ! k+ ( ,holl& = a treatise on ! syn!sis ( organic bodies4 ,dr4 ,h>togh 0 "s "t pr(essor ( *emi/ry & natural hi/ory at ! ,hague1 b liv$ at ,delft1 :]e he 0 made city c\ncillor & 9 '#fi & '#gj travell$ ?r\gh ,egypt & ,nubia z correspond5t ( ,het ,vad]l& & 0 ! gue/ ( ! ,kh$ive4 ,he translat$ into ,dut* ,d>w9's ,desc5t ( ,man & ,expressions ( ! ,emotions1 bo? ) valuable annotations ( 8 own4 ,he has also translat$ & annotat$ "s ( ! works ( ,ludwig ,b*n] & ,c>us ,/]ne1 f ! ,g]man1 & works f ! ,fr5*1 besides writ+ sev]al orig9al essays on an?ropology1 natural hi/ory1 geology1 & alli$ sci5ces1 contribut+ l>gely to ! spread ( ,d>w9ian ideas 9 ,holl&4 ,9 '#gb he visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates & ! ,pacific coa/4 ,s9ce '#gc he has resid$ at ,ass51 ( :i* he 0 nam$ memb] ( ! city c\ncil1 b c\ld n take 8 seat because he refus$ ! oa?4 ,he is a director ( ! ,prov9cial ,ar*ological ,museum at ,ass51 & a memb] ( ! ,dut* ,lit]>y ,society ! ,royal ,in/itution ( ,ne!rl&s1 ,india1 & o!r sci5tific associations4 ,= a long :ile he 0 a memb] ( ! ,dut* ,free?9k]s' ,society1 ,de ,dag]aad1 ( :i* he became presid5t4 ,to ! organ ,de ,dag]aad he contribut$ important works1 su* z ,jewi% ,reports ,conc]n+ ,jesus ( ,naz>e? & ! ,orig9 ( ,religi\s ,ideas1 ! la/ ( :i* has be5 publi%$ sep>ately4 ,haslam 7,*>les ,junius71 b4 ,widd+ton1 ,nor?umb]l&1 #bd ,april1 #ahaa4 ,he sp5t mo/ ( 8 life ne> ,man*e/]1 :]e he became a ,sociali/ & publi%$ ,lett]s to ! ,cl]gy ( all ,d5om9ations1 %[+ ! errors1 absurdities1 & irrationalities ( _! doctr9es1 '#ch4 ,?is "w w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions1 & ! publi%]s 7 prosecut$ = blasphemy4 ,he foll[$ x by ,lett]s to ! ,bi%op ( ,exet]1 conta9+ mat]ials = decid+ ! "q :e!r or n ! ,bible is ! ^w ( ,god1 '#da1 & a pamphlet ,:o are ! ,infidels8 ,9 '#fa he remov$ to ,b5ton1 :]e he has s9ce liv$4 ,9 '#he he issu$ a pamphlet entitl$ ,! ,suppression ( ,w>4 ,hassell 7,ri*>d71 "o ( ,c>lile's %opm51 s5t5c$ to two ye>s imprisonm5t 9 ,newgate = sell+ ,pa9e's ,age ( ,reason1 #bh ,may1 #ahbd4 ,he di$ 9 ,octob] #ahbf4 ,hattem 7,pontiaam van71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,b]g5 #afda4 ,he 0 a foll[] ( ,sp9oza1 incl9$ to ,pan!i/ic my/icism1 & _h sev]al foll[]s4 ,di$ #agjf4 ,haureau 7,jean ,b>!lemy71 ,fr5* hi/orian1 b4 ,p>is #ahab4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty he %[$ 8 sympa?y ) ! ,revolution by a "w on ,! ,m\nta94 ,9 turn j\rnali/ & libr>ian he has produc$ _m important works1 ( :i* we "n 8 ,manual ( ! ,cl]gy1 '#dd1 :i* drew on him attacks f ! cl]icals1 & 8 erudite ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy1 '#ej4 ,hauy 7,val5t9e71 ,fr5* philan?ropi/1 b4 ,sa9t-,j #ac ,nov4 #agde4 ,he devot$ mu* att5tion to enabl+ ! bl9d to read & f\nd$ ! in/itute = ! "y bl9d 9 #aghd4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ,!ophilantropy4 ,9 #ahjg he w5t to ,russia1 :]e he /ay$ till #ahag1 devot+ himself to ! bl9d & to telegraphy4 ,di$ at ,p>is #ah ,m>*1 #ahbb4 ,havet 7,erne/ ,augu/ ,eugne71 ,fr5* s*ol> & critic1 b4 ,p>is1 #aa ,april1 #ahac4 ,9 '#dj he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( ,greek lit]ature at ! ,normal ,s*ool4 ,9 '#ee he 0 made pr(essor ( ,lat9 eloqu5ce at ! ,collge de ,france4 ,9 '#fc an article on ,r5an's ,vie de ,jesus 9 ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes excit$ mu* att5tion1 & 0 aft]w>ds publi%$ sep>ately4 ,8 "w on ,*ri/ianity & its ,orig9s1 #d vols4 #ahgb-hd1 is a ma/]piece ( rational criticism4 ,hawkeswor? 7,john71 ,engli% essayi/ & noveli/1 b4 9 ,london ab\t #agae4 ,became contributor to ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e & editor ( ! ,adv5tur]4 ,9 '#fa he edit$ ,swift's works ) a life ( t au?or4 ,he compil$ an acc\nt ( ! voyages ( ,byron1 ,wallis1 ,c>t]et1 & ,cook = gov]nm5t1 = :i* he receiv$ #f1jjj2 b ! "w 0 c5sur$ z incid5tally attack+ ! doctr9e ( ,provid5ce4 ,8 novel ,almoran & ,hamet 0 v popul>4 ,di$ at ,bromley1 ,k5t1 #ag ,nov4 #aggc4 ,hawley 7,h5ry71 a ,scot* major-g5]al1 :o di$ 9 #agfe1 & by ! t]ms ( 8 w prohibit$ ,*ri/ian burial4 ,heb]t 7,jacques ,r571 ,fr5* revolutioni/1 b4 ,al5on #ae ,nov4 #ageg1 publi%$ ! notori\s ,pre ,du*sne1 & ) ,*aumette in/itut$ ! ,fea/s ( ,reason4 ,he 0 d5\nc$ by ,sa9t ,j1 & guillot9$ #b ,m>* #agid4 ,8 wid[1 :o _h be5 a nun1 0 execut$ a few days lat]4 ,hegel 7,georg ,wilhelm ,fri$ri*71 ,g]man metaphysician b4 ,/uttg>t1 #bg ,aug4 #aggj4 ,he /udi$ !ology at ,tb+51 b1 becom+ acqua9t$ ) ,s*ell+1 devot$ 8 att5tion to philosophy4 ,8 ,encyclopdia ( ! ,philosophical ,sci5ces made a deep impression 9 ,g]many1 & two s*ools sprang up1 "o claim+ x z a philosophical /atem5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! o!r z ,pan!ism ho/ile to revelation4 ,hegel said /ud5ts ( philosophy mu/ beg9 ) ,sp9ozism4 ,he is said to h rem>k$ t ( all 8 _m disciples only "o und]/ood him1 & he und]/ood him falsely4 ,he 0 pr(essor at ,j5a1 ,heidelb]g1 & ,b]l91 9 :i* la/ city he di$ #ad ,nov4 #ahca1 & 0 buri$ beside ,fi*te4 ,he9e 7,he9ri*71 ,g]man poet & littrateur1 b4 ( ,jewi% p>5ts at ,dusseldorf1 #ca ,dec4 #agig4 ,he /udi$ law at ,bonn1 ,b]l91 & ,gtt+52 became acqua9t$ ) ! philosophy ( ,sp9oza & ,hegel2 graduat$ ,,ll4,d41 & 9 ,june #ahbe r5\nc$ ,judaism & 0 baptis$4 ,! *ange 0 only =mal4 ,he satiris$ all =ms ( religi\s fai?4 ,8 f9e ,pictures ( ,travel 0 receiv$ ) favor & translat$ by himself into ,fr5*4 ,8 o!r pr9cipal works are ! ,book ( ,songs1 ,hi/ory ( ,rec5t ,lit]ature 9 ,g]many1 ,! ,romantic ,s*ool1 ,! ,wom5 ( ,%akespe>e1 ,atta ,troll & o!r poems4 ,9 #ahce he m>ri$ a ,fr5* lady1 hav+ settl$ 9 ,p>is1 :]e ! ,voltaire ( ,g]many became m ,fr5* ?an ,g]man4 ,ab\t #ahdh he became p>alys$ & lo/ 8 eyesight1 b he /ill employ$ himself 9 lit]>y composition ) ! aid ( an amanu5sis4 ,aft] an illness ( eight ye>s1 mo/ly pass$ 9 extreme suff]+ on 8 mattress grave1 he di$ #ag ,feb4 #ahef4 ,he9e 0 ! greate/ & mo/ influ5tial ,g]man writ] s9ce ,goe!4 ,he call$ himself a ,soldi] ( ,fre$om1 & 8 f>-fla%+ sword play$ havoc ) ! =ces ( reaction4 ,he9z5 7,k>l ,pet]7 ,g]man-,am]ican poet1 orator & politician1 b4 ne> ,dusseldorf1 #bb ,feb4 #ahji4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,bonn1 & travell$ to ,batavia1 an acc\nt ( :i* he publi%$ 7,cologne #ahdb74 ,a /aun* democrat1 9 #ahde he publi%$ at ,d>m/adt a "w on ! ,prussian ,bureaucracy1 = :i* he 0 prosecut$ & _h to seek %elt] 9 ,switz]l&4 ,at ,zuri* he edit$ ! ,g]man ,tribune & ! ,democrat4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( '#dh he visit$ ,new ,york b return$ to p>ticipate 9 ! attempt$ ,g]man ,revolution4 ,aga9 ! regicide _h to fly & 9 ,augu/ '#ej return$ to ,new ,york4 ,he wrote on _m pap]s & e/abli%$ ! ,pione] 7n[ ,freid5k]71 fir/ 9 ,l\isville1 !n 9 ,c9c9nati1 !n 9 ,new ,york1 & f '#ei 9 ,bo/on4 ,he wrote _m works1 includ+ ,lett]s on ,a!ism1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,! ,reason] #ahef1 ,poems1 ,g]man ,revolution1 ,! ,h]oes ( ,g]man ,communism1 ,! ,rights ( ,wom51 ,mank9d ! ,crim9al1 ,six ,lett]s to a ,pi\s ,man 7,bo/on #ahfi71 ,lessons ( a ,c5tury1 & ,:at is ,humanity8 7#ahgg47 ,di$ ,bo/on #ab ,nov4 #ahhj4 ,hellwald 7,fri$ri* von71 ,g]man geograph]1 b4 ,padua #bi ,m>* #ahdb1 & 9 addition to _m works on v>i\s c\ntries has writt5 an able ,culture ,hi/ory1 #ahge4 ,helmholtz 7,h]mann ,ludwig ,f]d9& von7 ,g]man sci5ti/1 b4 ,potsdam #ca ,aug4 #ahba4 ,di/+ui%$ = 8 discov]ies 9 ac\/ics1 optics & electricity1 he is ( ! =emo/ rank among natural philosoph]s 9 ,europe4 ,among 8 works we m5tion ,! ,cons]vation ( ,=ce 7#ahdg71 & ,popul> ,sci5tific ,lectures 7#ahfe-gf47 ,pr(essor ,helmholtz rejects ! design hypo!sis4 ,helvetius 7,claude ,adri57 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,p>is #ah ,jan4 #agae4 ,desc5d$ f a l9e ( celebrat$ physicians1 he _h a l>ge =tune :i* he disp5s$ 9 works ( b5evol5ce4 ,attract$ by read+ ,locke he resign$ a lucrative situation z f>m]-g5]al to devote himself to philosophy4 ,9 ,augu/ #ageh he publi%$ a "w ,on ! ,m9d 7,de ,l',esprit7 :i* 0 condemn$ by ,pope ,clem5t ,,xiii1 #ca ,jan4 #agei1 & burnt by ! ord] ( ,p>liam5t #f ,feb4 #agei = ! h>dihood ( 8 mat]iali/ic op9ions4 ,mme4 ,du ,deff& said he told ev]ybody's secret4 ,x 0 republi%$ at ,am/]dam & ,london4 ,he also wrote a poem ,on ,happ9ess & a "w on ,man 8 ,faculties & ,education4 ,he visit$ ,engl& & ,prussia & became an honor$ gue/ ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,di$ #bf ,dec4 #agga4 ,8 wife1 ne ,anne ,ca!r9e ,de ,l+ville1 b4 #agai1 aft] 8 dea? retir$ to ,auteuil1 :]e h] h\se 0 ! r5dezv\s ( ,condillac1 ,turgot1 d',holba*1 ,morellet1 ,cabanis1 ,de/utt de ,tracy1 etc4 ,?is re-union ( ,free?9k]s 0 kn[n z ! ,socit d',auteuil4 ,madame ,helvetius di$ #ab ,augu/ #ahjj4 ,h5ault1 or ,hesnault 7,jean71 ,fr5* ,epicurean poet ( ! #ag? c5tury1 son ( a ,p>is bak]1 0 a pupil ( ,gass5di1 & w5t to ,holl& to see ,sp9oza4 ,bayle says he pr(ess$ ,a!ism1 & _h compos$ ?ree diff]5t sy/ems ( ! mortality ( ! s\l4 ,8 mo/ fam\s sonnet is on ,! ,abortion4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #afhb4 ,h59 de ,cuvill]s 7,eti5ne ,felix71 ,b>on1 ,fr5* g5]al & writ]1 b4 ,balloy1 #bg ,april1 #agee4 ,he s]v$ z diplomati/ 9 ,engl&1 ,v5ice1 & ,con/ant9ople4 ,employ$ 9 ! army ( ,italy1 he 0 w\nd$ at ,arcola1 #bf ,sept4 '#if4 ,he 0 made ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor 9 #ahaa4 ,he wrote mu*1 p>ticul>ly on magnetism4 ,9 ! #h? vol4 ( 8 ,ar*ives du ,magntisme ,animal1 he sugge/s t ! miracles ( ,jesus 7 n sup]natural1 b wr\ght by means ( magnetism le>nt 9 ,egypt4 ,9 o!r writ+s1 especially 9 reflections on ! crimes committ$ 9 ! "n ( religion1 '#bb1 he %[s himself ! enemy ( fanaticism & intol]ance4 ,di$ #b ,augu/1 #ahda4 ,h5nell 7,*>les ,*ri/ian71 ,engli% ,free?9k]1 b4 #i ,m>*1 #ahji1 au?or ( an able ,inquiry conc]n+ ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 fir/ publi%$ 9 '#ch1 a "w :i* p[]fully influ5c$ ,george ,eliot1 & a translation ( :i* 0 introduc$ to ,g]man read]s by ,dr4 ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss4 ,x 0 ,h5nell :o induc$ ,george ,eliot to translate ,/rauss's ,life ( ,jesus4 ,he also wrote on ,*ri/ian ,!ism4 ,h5nell liv$ mo/ ( 8 "t 9 ,cov5try4 ,he 0 m>ri$ at ,london 9 '#ci1 & di$ #b ,sept4 #ahej4 ,h]ault de ,se*elles 7,m>ie ,jean71 ,fr5* revolutioni/1 b4 ( noble family1 ,p>is1 #agfj4 ,br\ght up z a fri5d ( ,buffon & ,mirabeau1 he ga9$ di/9ction z a lawy] & orator be=e ! ,revolution4 ,elect$ to ! ,legislative ,assembly 9 '#ia1 he 0 made ,presid5t ( ! ,conv5tion1 #b ,nov4 #ib4 ,he edit$ ! docum5t kn[n z ! ,con/itution ( #agic1 & 0 presid5t & *ief speak] at ! national fe/ival1 #aj ,aug4 '#ic4 ,he drew on himself ! enmity ( ,robespi]re1 & 0 execut$ ) ,danton & ,camille ,desm\l9s1 #e ,april1 #agid4 ,h]b>t 7,johann ,fri$ri*71 b4 ,old5burg #d ,may #aggf4 ,9 #ahje he 0 made pr(essor ( philosophy at ,gtt+51 & 9 #ahjh became ,kant's successor at ,knigsb]g & oppos$ 8 philosophy4 ,?\gh religi\sly dispos$1 8 philosophy has no room = ! notion ( a ,god4 ,he 0 recall$ to ,gtt+51 :]e he di$ #ad ,aug4 #ahda4 ,h]b]t 7,edw>d71 ,"l ( ,*]bury1 9 ,%rop%ire1 b4 ,montgom]y ,ca/le1 #aeha4 ,educat$ at ,ox=d1 aft] :i* he w5t on 8 travels4 ,on 8 return he 0 made "o ( ! k+'s c\nsellors1 & soon aft] s5t z ambassador to ,france to int]c$e = ! ,prote/ants4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! ,ne!rl&s1 & di/+ui%$ himself by romantic brav]y4 ,9 #afbe he 0 made a pe] ( ,irel&1 & 9 '#ca an ,engli% pe]4 ,dur+ ! civil w>s he esp\s$ ! side ( ,p>liam5t4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is entitl$ ,de ,v]itate1 ! object ( :i* 0 to ass]t ! suffici5cy ( natural religion ap>t f revelation4 ,he also wrote ,lay ,religion1 8 own ,memoirs1 a ,hi/ory ( ,h5ry ,,viii41 etc4 ,di$ #bj ,aug4 #afdh4 ,h]tell 7,?omas71 judge ( ! ,m>9e ,c\rt ( ,new ,york1 & = "s ye>s ,memb] ( ! ,legislature ( 8 ,/ate4 ,he wrote two or ?ree small works criticis+ ,*ri/ian ,!ology1 & ex]t$ 8 influ5ce 9 fav\r ( ,/ate secul>ization4 ,h]tz5 or ,g]ts5 7,aleks&r ,ivanovi*71 ,russian patriot1 *ief ( ! revolution>y p>ty1 b4 ,mosc[1 #be ,m>*1 #ahab4 ,he /udi$ at ,mosc[ ,univ]sity1 :]e he obta9$ a high degree4 ,9 '#cd he 0 arre/$ = ,sa9t ,simonian op9ions & soon aft]w>ds bani%$ to ,viatka1 :5ce he 0 p]mitt$ to return 9 '#cg4 ,he 0 expell$ f ,russia 9 '#db1 visit$ ,italy1 jo9$ ! ,r$s at ,p>is 9 '#dh1 took refuge at ,g5eva1 & soon aft] came to ,engl&4 ,9 '#eg he set up 9 ,london a ,russian pr9t+ press = ! publication ( works prohibit$ 9 ,russia1 & 8 publications pass$ into t c\ntry 9 l>ge numb]s4 ,among 8 writ+s are ,dilettantism 9 ,sci5ce1 '#db2 ,lett]s on ! ,/udy ( ,nature1 '#de-df2 ,:o's to ,blame8 '#eg2 ,memoirs ( ! ,empress ,ca!r9e1 & ,my ,exile1 '#ee4 ,9 '#eg ,h]z5 />t$ ! magaz9e ! ,kolokol or ,bell4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #ba ,jan4 #ahgj4 ,8 son1 ,aless&ro ,h]z51 b4 ,wladim>1 #ahci1 foll[$ 8 fa!r's =tunes1 le>nt mo/ ( ! ,european languages & settl$ at ,flor5ce1 :]e he did mu* to popul>ise physiological sci5ce4 ,he has translat$ ,maudsley's ,physiology ( ,m9d1 & publi%$ a physiological analysis ( human free w4 ,h]wegh 7,georg71 ,g]man ,radical & poet1 b4 ,/uttg>t1 #ca ,may1 #ahag4 ,int5d$ = ! ,*ur*1 he left t bus9ess = ,lit]ature4 ,8 ,g$i*te e9es ,leb5dig5 7,poems ( a ,liv+ ,man7 ar\s$ att5tion by _! boldness4 ,9 '#dh he rais$ a troop & invad$ ,bad51 b fail$1 & took refuge 9 ,switz]l& & ,p>is4 ,di$ at ,bad5-,bad51 #g ,april1 #ahge4 ,he!r+ton 7,h5ry71 ,engli% uphold] ( a free press1 b4 ,soho1 ,london1 #agib4 ,he became a pr9t]1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ en]getic ( work+ m5 engag$ 9 ! f\ndation ( me*anics' in/itutes4 ,he also f\nd$ ! ,metropolitan ,political ,union 9 ,m>*1 #ahcj1 :i* 0 ! g]m bo? ( trades' unionism & ( ! ,*>ti/ movem5t4 ,he resi/$ ! taxes ^u k by issu+ un/amp$ ,! ,poor ,man's ,gu>dian1 a weekly newspap] = ! p1 e/abli%$1 contr>y to law1 to try ! p[] ( might aga9/ "r1 '#ca-ce4 ,= ?is he twice suff]$ s5t5ces ( six mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,he aft]w>ds publi%$ ,! ,un/amp$1 & 8 p]si/5cy _h mu* to d 9 remov+ ! taxes4 ,:ile 9 prison he wrote 8 ,*eap ,salvation 9 consequ5ce ( conv]sation ) ! *apla9 ( ,cl]k5well ,gaol4 ,on ,dec4 #h1 '#dj1 he 0 tri$ = blasphem\s libel = publi%+ ,haslam's ,lett]s to ! ,cl]gy1 & receiv$ f\r mon?'s imprisonm5t4 ,he!r+ton publi%$ ,a ,few ,hundr$ ,bible ,contradictions1 & o!r ,free?\ght works4 ,mu* ( 8 life 0 devot$ to ! propag&a ( ,*>tism4 ,he di$ #bd ,aug4 #ahdi1 leav+ a w decl>+ himself an ,a!i/4 ,hetz] 7,ludwig71 anti-,tr9it>ian m>tyr1 b4 ,bis*opzell1 ,switz]l&2 0 an ,anabapti/ m9i/] at ,zuri*4 ,he op5ly d5i$ ! doctr9e ( ! ,tr9ity1 & 0 condemn$ to dea? by ! magi/rates ( ,con/ance on a *>ge ( blasphemy4 ,! s5t5ce 0 c>ri$ out #d ,feb4 #aebi4 ,heusd5 7,c4 ,j4 van71 ,dut* writ] 9 ,de ,dag]aad4 ,has writt5 sev]al works1 ,?\ghts on a ,com+ ,m ,univ]sal ,doctr9e1 by a ,believ]1 etc4 ,hibb]t 7,julian71 ,free?\ght philan?ropi/1 b4 #ahja4 ,dur+ ! imprisonm5t ( ,ri*>d ,c>lile he 0 active 9 su/a9+ 8 publications4 ,le>n+ t a di/+ui%$ political prison] _h receiv$ a gift ( #a1jjj1 he rem>k$ t a ,free?9k+ prison] %\ld n want equal fri5ds1 & gave ,c>lile a *eque = ! same am\nt4 ,julian ,hibb]t sp5t ne>ly #a1jjj 9 fitt+ up ,c>lile's %op 9 ,fleet ,/reet4 ,he contribut$ ,!ological ,dialogues to ! ,republican1 & also contribut$ to ! ,poor ,man's ,gu>dian4 ,hibb]t set up a private press & pr9t$ 9 uncial ,greek ! ,orphic ,hymns1 '#bg1 & also ,plut>* & ,!ophra/us on ,sup]/ition1 to :i* he wrote a life ( ,plut>* & app5d$ valuable essays on ! suppos$ necessity ( deceiv+ ! vulg>2 v>i\s def9itions ( an important ^w ,god1 & a catalogue ( ! pr9cipal mod]n works aga9/ ,a!ism4 ,he also comm5c$ a ,diction>y ( ,anti-,sup]/itioni/s1 & ,*ronological ,tables ( ,briti% ,free?9k]s4 ,he wrote a %ort life ( ,holba*1 publi%$ by ,james ,watson1 to :om1 & to ,h5ry ,he!r+ton1 he left #ejj ea*4 ,di$ ,decemb] #ahcd4 ,h$9 7,sv5 ,adolph71 ,sw$i% memb] ( ! ,&ra ,kamm>5 ,h\se ( ,commons1 b4 #ahcd4 ,/udi$ at ,upsala & became philosophical c&idate1 '#fa4 ,edit$ ! ,aftonbladet1 '#gd-gf4 ,has writt5 _m radical works4 ,higg9s 7,godfrey71 ,engli% ar*ologi/1 b4 ,skell[ ,grange1 ne> ,donca/]1 #agga4 ,educat$ at ,cambridge & /udi$ = ! b>1 b nev] practis$4 ,be+ ! only son he inh]it$ 8 fa!r's prop]ty1 m>ri$1 & act$ z magi/rate1 9 :i* capacity he re=m$ ! treatm5t ( lunatics 9 ,york ,asylum4 ,8 fir/ "w 0 entitl$ ,hor ,sabbatic1 #ahac1 a manual on ! ,sunday ,"q4 ,9 '#bi he publi%$ ,an ,apology = ! ,life & ,"* ( ,mohamm$ & ,celtic ,druids1 :i* occasion$ "s /ir on acc\nt ( ! exposure ( prie/craft4 ,he di$ #i ,aug4 #ahcc1 leav+ beh9d a "w on ! orig9 ( religions1 to ! /udy ( :i* he devot$ t5 h\rs daily = ab\t tw5ty ye>s4 ,! "w 0 publi%$ 9 two volumes 9 #ahbf1 "u ! title ( ,anacalypsis1 an attempt to draw aside ! veil ( ! ,saitic ,isis2 or an ,inquiry into ! ,orig9 ( ,languages1 ,nations1 & ,religions4 ,hillebr& 7,k>l71 cosmopolitan writ]1 b4 #ag ,sept4 #ahbi1 at ,giess54 ,8 fa!r1 ,joseph ,hillebr&1 succe$$ ,hegel z pr(essor at ,heidelb]g4 ,involv$ 9 ! revolution>y movem5t 9 ,g]many1 ,k>l 0 imprison$ 9 ! =tress ( ,ra/adt1 :5ce he escap$ to ,france4 ,he taught at ,/rasb\rg & ,p>is1 :]e he became secret>y to ,he9e4 ,on ! poet's dea? he remov$ to ,bordeaux1 :]e he became a naturalis$ ,fr5*man4 ,he became pr(essor ( lett]s at ,d\ay4 ,dur+ ! ,franco-,prussian w> he 0 correspond5t to ! ,times1 & 0 tak5 = a ,prussian spy4 ,9 #ahga he settl$ at ,flor5ce1 :]e he translat$ ! poems ( ,c>ducci4 ,hillebr& 0 a contributor to ! ,=tnightly ,review1 ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,revue des deux ,mondes1 ,nor? ,am]ican ,review1 etc4 ,8 be/ kn[n "w is on ,france & ! ,fr5* 9 ! second half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,di$ at ,flor5ce1 #ah ,oct4 #ahhd4 ,h9s 7,eugne71 ,belgian writ]1 ,dr4 ( ,philosophy1 ,pr(essor at ,royal ,a!num1 ,*>l]oi1 b4 ,/4 ,trond1 #ahdb4 ,z g5]al secret>y ( ! ,int]national1 he edit$ ,l',int]nationale1 9 :i* he laid /ress on anti-religi\s tea*+4 ,he contribut$ to ,la ,lib]t1 & 0 "o ( ! prom95t lectur]s ( ! ,societies ,les ,solidaires1 & ,la ,libre-p5se ( ,brussels4 ,he has writt5 ,la ,russie d voile au moy5 de sa littrature populaire1 #ahhc1 & o!r works4 ,hippel 7,!odor ,gottlieb von71 ,g]man humori/ic poet1 b4 ,g]dau51 ,prussia1 #ca ,jan4 #agda4 ,he /udi$ !ology1 b resign$ x = law1 & became 9 #aghj burgoma/] ( ,knigsb]g4 ,8 writ+s1 :i* 7 publi%$ anonym\sly1 betray 8 advanc$ op9ions4 ,di$ ,bromb]g1 #bc ,april1 #agif4 ,hittell 7,john ,s471 ,am]ican ,free?9k]1 au?or ( ! ,evid5ces aga9/ ,*ri/ianity 7,new ,york1 #aheg73 has also writt5 ,a ,plea = ,pan!ism1 ,a ,new ,sy/em ( ,phr5ology1 ,! ,res\rces ( ,cali=nia1 a ,hi/ory ( ,san ,francisco1 ,a ,brief ,hi/ory ( ,culture 7,new ,york1 #ahge71 & ,/4 ,pet]'s ,cate*ism 7,g5eva1 #ahhc74 ,hoadley 7,george71 ,am]ican juri/1 b4 ,new ,hav51 ,conn41 #ca ,july1 #ahcf4 ,he /udi$ at ,h>v>d1 & 9 '#dg 0 admitt$ to ! b>1 & 9 '#ea 0 elect$ judge ( ! sup]ior c\rt ( ,c9c9nati4 ,he aft]w>ds resign$ 8 place & e/abli%$ a law firm4 ,he 0 "o ( ! c\nsel t successfully oppos$ compulsory ,bible read+ 9 ! public s*ools4 ,hobbes 7,?omas71 ,engli% philosoph]1 b4 ,malmesbury1 #e ,april1 #aehh4 ,9 #afjh he became tutor to a son ( ! ,e>l ( ,devon%ire1 ) :om he made ! t\r ( ,europe4 ,at ,pisa 9 #afbh he made ! acqua9tance ( ,galileo4 ,9 #afdb he pr9t$ 8 "w ,de ,cive4 ,9 #afej appe>$ 9 ,engli% 8 "w on ,human ,nature1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> 8 fam\s ,levia?an4 ,at ! ,re/oration he receiv$ a p5sion1 b 9 #afff ,p>liam5t1 9 a ,bill aga9/ ,a!ism & pr(an5ess1 pass$ a c5sure on 8 writ+s1 :i* mu* al>m$ him4 ,! latt] ye>s ( 8 life 7 sp5t at ! seat ( ! ,duke ( ,devon%ire1 ,*atswor?1 :]e he di$ #d ,dec4 #afgi4 ,hodgson 7,william1 ,m4,d471 ,engli% ,jacob91 translator ( d',holba*'s ,sy/em ( ,nature 7#agie74 ,9 #agid he 0 conf9$ 9 ,newgate = two ye>s = dr9k+ to ! success ( ! ,fr5* ,republic4 ,9 prison he wrote ,! ,commonweal? ( ,reason4 ,hoeld]l9 7,johann ,*ri/ian ,fri$ri*71 ,g]man pan!i/ic poet1 b4 ,lauf51 #bj ,m>*1 #aggj4 ,ent]$ z a !ological /ud5t at ,tb+51 b nev] took to ! bus9ess4 ,he wrote ,hyp]ion1 a f9e romance 7#agig-ii71 & ,lyric ,poems1 admir$ = _! dep? ( ?\ght4 ,di$ ,tb+51 #g ,june1 #ahdc4 ,hoij] 7,b5jam9 ,c>l ,h5rik71 ,sw$i% philosoph]1 b4 ,great ,sk$vi1 ,delec>lia1 #a ,june1 #agfg4 ,0 /ud5t at ,upsala ,univ]sity '#hc1 & tea*] ( philosophy '#ih4 ,8 promotion 0 h9d]$ by 8 lib]al op9ions4 ,by 8 p]sonal influ5ce & publi%$ treatises he contribut$ mu* to ,sw$i% emancipation4 ,9 #ahjh he became ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,upsala4 ,di$ #h ,june1 #ahab4 ,holba* 7,paul ,he9ri* ,dietri* von7 ,b>on1 b4 ,heidel%eim ,jan4 #agbc4 ,br\ght up at ,p>is :]e he sp5t mo/ ( 8 life4 ,ri* & g5]\s he 0 ! patron ( ! ,encyclopdi/s4 ,buffon1 ,did]ot1 d',alemb]t1 ,helvetius1 ,r\sseau1 ,grimm1 ,raynal1 ,m>montel1 ,condillac1 & o!r au?ors (t5 met at 8 table4 ,hume1 ,g>rick1 ,frankl91 & ,prie/ley 7 also among 8 visitors4 ,he translat$ f ! ,g]man sev]al works on *emi/ry & m9]alogy1 & f ! ,engli%1 ,m>k ,ak5side's ,pleasures ( ! ,imag9ation4 ,he contribut$ _m articles to ! ,encyclopdie4 ,9 #agfe he visit$ ,engl&1 & f ?is "t 0 untir+ 9 8 issue ( ,free?\ght works1 usually put out "u pseudonyms4 ,?us he wrote & _h publi%$ at ,am/]dam ,*ri/ianity ,unveil$1 attribut$ to ,b\lang]4 ,! ,_s ( ! ,cl]gy1 translat$1 f ! ,engli% ( ,tr5*>d & ,gordon1 0 p>tly rewritt5 by d',holba*1 #agfg4 ,8 ,sacr$ ,contagion or ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,sup]/ition1 0 also wrongly attribut$ to ,tr5*>d & ,gordon4 ,?is "w 0 condemn$ to be burnt by a decree ( ! ,fr5* p>liam5t1 #h ,aug4 #aggj4 ,d',holba* also wrote & publi%$ ,! ,hi/ory ( ,david1 #agfh1 ,! ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 ,lett]s to ,eug5ia1 attribut$ to ,fr]et1 ,portable ,!ology1 attribut$ to ,b]ni]1 an ,essay on ,prejudices1 attribut$ to ,m4 ,du ,m arsais1 ,religi\s ,cruelty1 ,hell ,de/roy$1 & o!r works1 said to be f ! ,engli%4 ,he also translat$ ! ,philosophical ,lett]s ( ,tol&1 & ,coll9s's ,disc\rses on ,prophecy1 & attribut$ to ! latt] a "w ) ! title ,! ,_s ( ,judaism4 ,^! works 7 mo/ly convey$ to ! pr9t]1 ,m4 ,rey1 at ,am/]dam1 by ,naigeon1 & ! secret ( _! au?or%ip 0 c>efully pres]v$4 ,h5ce d',holba* escap$ p]secution4 ,9 #aggj he publi%$ 8 pr9cipal "w ,! ,sy/em ( ,nature1 or ,! ,laws ( ! ,physical & ,moral ,_w4 ,?is text-book ( a!i/ic philosophy1 9 :i* d',holba* 0 assi/$ by ,did]ot1 pr(ess$ to be ! po/hum\s "w ( ,mirabaud4 ,x made a great s5sation4 ,)9 two ye>s he publi%$ a sort ( summ>y "u ! title ( ,good ,s5se1 attribut$ to ! cur ,mesli]4 ,9 #aggc he wrote on ,natural ,politics & ! ,social ,sy/em4 ,8 la/ important "w 0 ,univ]sal ,morality2 or ! ,duties ( ,man f\nd$ ^u ,nature4 ,d',holba*1 ^: p]sonal good qualities 7 te/ifi$ to by _m1 0 depict$ 9 ,r\sseau's ,n\velle ,hloise z ! b5evol5t ,a!i/ ,wolm>4 ,di$ #ba ,jan4 #aghi4 ,holcr(t 7,?omas71 ,engli% au?or1 b4 #aj ,dec4 #agde1 0 successively a groom1 %oemak]1 s*oolma/]1 actor & au?or4 ,8 com$ies ,duplicity1 #agha1 & ,! ,road to ,ru91 #agib1 7 v successful4 ,he translat$ ! ,po/hum\s ,works ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 #aghi4 ,= 8 active sympa?y ) ! ,fr5* ,republicans he 0 indict$ = high treason ) ,h>dy & ,horne ,tooke 9 #agid1 b 0 dis*>g$ )\t a trial4 ,di$ #bc ,m>*1 #ahji4 ,holl& 7,fr$]ic ,may71 ,am]ican au?or1 b4 ,bo/on1 #b ,may1 #ahcf1 graduat$ at ,h>v>d 9 '#di1 & 9 '#fc 0 orda9$ ,unit>ian m9i/] at ,rock=d1 ,ill4 ,becom+ broad] 9 8 views1 he resign$1 & has s9ce writt5 9 ! ,tru?seek]1 ! ,free?9k]s' ,magaz9e1 etc4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is entitl$ ,! ,rise ( ,intellectual ,lib]ty1 #ahhe4 ,hollick 7,dr4 ,fr$]ick71 ,sociali/1 b4 ,birm+ham1 #bb ,dec4 #ahac4 ,he 0 educat$ at ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute ( t t[n1 & became "o ( ! ,sociali/ lectur]s "u ,rob]t ,ow54 ,he held a public discussion ) ,j4 ,br9dley at ,liv]pool1 9 #ahdj1 on ,:at is ,*ri/ianity8 ,on ! failure ( ,ow5ism he w5t to ,am]ica1 :]e "s ( 8 works popul>is+ m$ical sci5ce h _h a l>ge circulation4 ,hollis 7,john71 ,engli% sceptic1 b4 #ageg4 ,au?or ( ,sob] & ,s]i\s ,reasons = ,scepticism1 #agif2 ,an ,apology = ,disbelief 9 ,reveal$ ,religion1 #agii2 & ,free ,?\ghts1 #ahab4 ,di$ at ,high ,wycombe1 ,bucks #bf ,nov4 #ahbd4 ,hollis1 :o came ( an opul5t diss5t+ family1 0 di/+ui%$ by 8 love ( tru?1 8 zeal 9 ! cause ( fre$om1 & by 8 b5efic5ce4 ,holmes 7,william ,vamplew71 "o ( ,c>lile's brave %opm5 :o came up f ,le$s to uphold ! "r ( free publication4 ,he 0 s5t5c$ to two ye>s' imprisonm5t1 #a ,m>*1 '#bb1 = sell+ blasphem\s & s$iti\s libels 9 ,an ,address to ! ,re=m]s ( ,great ,brita91 & :5 9 prison 0 told t if h>d labor 0 n express$ 9 8 s5t5ce1 x 0 impli$4 ,on 8 release ,holmes w5t to ,%effield & comm5c$ ! op5 sale ( all ! prohibit$ publications4 ,holwell 7,john ,zephaniah71 not$ z "o ( ! survivors ( ! ,black ,hole ( ,calcutta1 b4 ,dubl91 #g ,sept4 #agaa4 ,he practis$ z a surgeon1 w5t to ,india z a cl]k1 def5d$ a =t at ,calcutta aga9/ ,surajah ,d[lah1 0 imprison$ ) "o hundr$ & =ty-five o!rs 9 ! ,black ,hole1 #bj? ,june1 #agef1 ( :i* he publi%$ a ,n>rative4 ,he succe$$ ,clive z gov]nor ( ,b5gal4 ,on return+ to ,engl& he publi%$ a diss]tation direct$ aga9/ belief 9 a special provid5ce1 & advocat+ ! application ( *ur* end[m5ts to ! exig5cies ( ! ,/ate 7,ba?1 #aghf74 ,di$ #e ,nov4 #agih4 ,holyoake 7,au/971 ,engli% ,free?9k]1 b4 ,birm+ham1 #bg ,oct4 #ahbf4 ,8 m5tal emancipation came f he>+ ! lectures ( ,rob]t ,ow5 & 8 disciples4 ,he took "p 9 ! agitation = ! abolition ( ! newspap] /amp--assi/+ :5 risk & dang] _h to be met--& he co-op]at$ ) 8 bro!r 9 ! production ( ! ,reason] & o!r publications f '#de till '#fb4 ,soon aft] ?is he pr9t$ & sub-edit$ ! ,national ,re=m]1 9 :i* _m ( 8 ,free?\ght articles appe>$4 ,among 8 pamphlets may be m5tion$ ,heav5 & ,hell1 ,ludicr\s ,aspects ( ,*ri/ianity1 ,?\ghts on ,a!ism1 ! ,book ( ,e/h]1 & ,daniel ! ,dream]4 ,he also compos$ a ,secul> ,burial ,s]vice4 ,au/9 ,holyoake took pride 9 ! "* ( ,free?\ght1 & 0 ev] zeal\s 9 promot+ its welf>e4 ,8 amiable _s ende>$ him to all :o knew him4 ,he di$ #aj ,april1 #ahgd1 leav+ beh9d ?\ghts writt5 on 8 dea?b$1 9 :i* he repudiat$ all belief 9 !ology4 ,holyoake 7,george ,jacob71 b4 ,birm+ham1 #ac ,april #ahag4 ,became ma!matical tea*] ( ! ,me*anics' ,in/itution4 ,influ5c$ by ,combe & ,ow5 he became a ,free?9k]1 & 9 '#dj a ,sociali/ mission>y4 ,9 '#db1 :5 ,s\?well 0 imprison$ = writ+ 9 ! ,oracle ( ,reason1 ,mr4 ,holyoake took *>ge ( t j\rnal1 & wrote ,! ,_s ( ,bonn] 9 ! ,disciples ( ,jesus4 ,he 0 soon arre/$ = a spee* at ,*elt5ham1 hav+ said1 9 answ] to a "q1 t he w\ld put ! ,deity on half-pay4 ,tri$ ,aug4 '#db1 he 0 s5t5c$ to six mon?s imprisonm5t1 ( :i* he gave a full acc\nt 9 8 ,la/ ,trial by ,jury = ,a!ism 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,dec4 '#dc he edit$ ) ,m4 ,q4 ,ryall ! ,movem5t1 be>+ ! motto f ,b5?am1 ,maximise morals1 m9imise religion4 ,! same policy 0 pursu$ 9 ,! ,reason]1 :i* he edit$ f #ahdf till #ahfa4 ,among 8 _m pamphlets we mu/ notice ! ,logic ( ,dea?1 '#ej1 :i* w5t ?r\gh num]\s editions1 & 0 includ$ 9 8 mo/ important ,free?\ght "w1 ,! ,trial ( ,!ism4 ,9 '#di he publi%$ a brief memoir ( ,r4 ,c>lile4 ,9 '#ea he fir/ us$ ! t]m ,secul>i/1 & 9 ,oct4 '#eb ! fir/ ,secul> ,conf]5ce 0 held at ,man*e/] ,mr4 ,holyoake presid+4 ,9 ,jan4 '#ec he held a six nights discussion ) ! ,rev4 ,brew9 ,grant1 & aga9 9 ,oct4 '#ed4 ,he pur*as$ ! bus9ess ( ,james ,watson1 & issu$ _m ,free?\ght works1 notably ,! ,libr>y ( ,reason--a s]ies1 ,! ,cab9et ( ,reason1 8 own ,secul>ism1 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,p1 etc4 ,9 '#fj he 0 ,secret>y to ! ,briti% ,legion s5t out to ,g>ibaldi4 ,mr4 ,holyoake did mu* to remove ! taxes ^u k1 & has devot$ mu* att5tion to ,co-op]ation1 hav+ writt5 a hi/ory ( ! movem5t & contribut$ to mo/ ( its j\rnals4 ,home 7,h5ry71 ,scotti% judge1 0 b4 #afif4 ,8 legal ability 0 made kn[n by 8 publication ( ,rem>kable ,decisions ( ! ,c\rt ( ,session1 #agbh4 ,9 #ageb he 0 rais$ to ! b5* z ,"l ,kames4 ,he publi%$ ,essays on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morality & ,natural ,religion 7#agea71 ,elem5ts ( ,criticism 7#agfb71 & ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,man1 9 :i* he prov$ himself 9 advance ( 8 age4 ,di$ #bg ,dec4 #aghb4 ,hon1 ,le 7,h5ri74 ,see ,le ,hon4 ,hook] 7,sir ,joseph ,dalton71 ,engli% naturali/1 b4 #ahag4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,glasg[1 graduat+ ,m4,d '#ci4 ,9 '#ee he became assi/ant-director ( ,kew ,g>d5s1 & f '#fe-he sole director4 ,r5[n$ z a botani/1 he 0 ! fir/ em95t man ( sci5ce to proclaim 8 adoption ( ,d>w9ism4 ,hope 7,?omas71 noveli/ & antiqu>ian1 b4 #aggj4 ,fam\s = 8 anonym\s ,ana/asius1 or ,memories ( a ,mod]n ,greek1 he also wrote an orig9al "w on ,! ,orig9 & ,prospects ( ,man '#ca4 ,di$ at ,london #c ,feb4 #ahca4 ,h\t5 7,samuel van71 ,dut* ,free?9k]1 b4 ,gron+54 #ag ,feb4 #ahcg2 he /udi$ law & became a lawy] 9 t city4 ,9 '#fi he 0 *os5 memb] ( ! ,dut* ,p>liam5t4 ,has publi%$ _m writ+s on political economy4 ,9 '#hh he wrote a book entitl$ ,das ,causalittgesetz 7,! ,law ( ,causality74 ,h\/on 7,george74 ,0 ! translator ( d',holba*'s ,ecce ,homo1 fir/ publi%$ 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #agii1 & sometimes ascrib$ to ,joseph ,webb4 ,a second edition 0 issu$ 9 #ahac4 ,h\/on 0 prosecut$ & 0 imprison$ two ye>s 9 ,newgate1 ) a f9e ( #bjj4 ,he aft]w>ds w5t to ,new ,york1 :]e he edit$ ! ,m9]va 7#ahbb74 ,9 ,jan4 #ahbg1 he />t$ ,! ,correspond5ce1 :i*1 we believe1 0 ! fir/ weekly ,free?\ght j\rnal publi%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,x la/$ till ,july #ahbh4 ,he also republi%$ ,ecce ,homo4 ,h\/on help$ to e/abli% 9 ,am]ica a ,free ,press ,association & a ,society ( ,free ,inquir]s4 ,hovelacque 7,abel71 ,fr5* sci5ti/1 b4 ,p>is #ad ,nov4 #ahdc4 ,he /udi$ law & made "p ( ! gr\pe ( la ,p5se ,n\velle1 ) ,assel9e1 ,let\rneau1 ,lefevre1 etc4 ,he also /udi$ an?ropology "u ,broca & publi%$ _m articles 9 ! ,revue d',an?ropologie4 ,he f\nd$ ) ,let\rneau1 ,?uli1 ,assel9e1 etc4 ,! ,biblio?que des sci5ces contempora9s & publi%$ !re9 ,la ,l+ui/ique4 ,he also f\nd$ ) ! same ! libr>y ( an?ropological sci5ce & publi%$ 9 collaboration ) ,g4 ,h]v a prcis ( ,an?ropology & a /udy ( ! ,negroes ( ,africa4 ,he has also contribut$ to ! ,diction>y ( ,an?ropology4 ,= ! ,biblio?que ,mat]iali/e he wrote a "w on ,primitive man4 ,he has also publi%$ *oice extracts f ! works ( ,voltaire1 ,did]ot & ,r\sseau1 a gramm> ( ! ,z5d language1 & a "w on ! ,ave/a ,zoroa/] & ,mazdaism4 ,9 '#gh he 0 made a memb] ( ! municipal c\ncil ( ,p>is1 & 9 '#ha 0 elect$ deputy to ! *amb] :]e he sits ) ! autonomi/ sociali/ gr\p4 ,h[don 7,john71 au?or ( ,a ,rational ,inve/igation ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy1 ,physical & ,moral1 pr9t$ at ,hadd+ton1 #ahdj1 9 :i* he attacks belief 9 ! ,bible4 ,hub] 7,m>ie71 ,swiss ,dei/1 b4 ( ,prote/ant p>5ts1 ,g5eva1 #afid4 ,9 a "w on ! ,sy/em ( ,!ologians1 #agca1 %e oppos$ ! dogma ( et]nal puni%m5t4 ,9 '#ch publi%$ ,lett]s on ! ,religion ess5tial to ,man4 ,?is 0 translat$ into ,engli% 9 ! same ye>4 ,o!r works %[ ,engli% read+4 ,%e translat$ selections f ! ,spectator4 ,di$ at ,lyons1 #ac ,june1 #agec4 ,hudail 7,abul74 ,see ,muhammad ibn ,hudail 7,al ,allaf47 ,huet 7,co5raad ,busk571 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ! ,hague1 #bh ,dec4 #ahbf4 ,he became m9i/] ( ! ,walloon ,*ur* at ,ha>lem1 b ?r\gh 8 ,free?\ght left ! *ur* 9 '#fc1 & became editor ( v>i\s newspap]s1 aft]w>ds liv+ 9 ,p>is4 ,he wrote _m works ( lit]>y value1 & publi%$ ,lett]s on ! ,bible1 '#eg1 etc4 ,di$ #ahhg4 ,hugo 7,victor ,m>ie71 ,fr5* poet & noveli/1 b4 ,besanon1 #bf ,feb4 #ahjb4 ,0 fir/ not$ = 8 ,odes1 publi%$ 9 '#ba4 ,8 dramas ,h]nani1 '#cj1 & ,m>ion ,delorme1 '#ca1 7 highly successful4 ,he 0 admitt$ into ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 '#da1 & made a pe] 9 '#de4 ,he gave 8 cordial adhesion to ! ,republic ( '#dh1 & 0 elect$ to ! ,assembly by ! vot]s ( ,p>is4 ,he attack$ ,l\is ,napoleon1 & aft] ! c\p d'tat 0 proscrib$4 ,he fir/ w5t to ,brussels1 :]e he publi%$ ,napoleon ! ,little1 a bit+ satire4 ,he aft]w>ds settl$ at ,gu]nsey1 :]e he rema9$ until ! fall ( ! ,empire1 produc+ ,! ,leg5d ( ! ,ages1 '#ei1 ,les ,mis]ables1 '#fb1 ,toil]s ( ! ,sea1 '#fi1 & o!r works4 ,aft] 8 return to ,p>is he produc$ a new s]ies ( ! ,leg5d ( ! ,ages1 ,! ,pope1 ,religions & ,religion1 ,torquemada1 & o!r poems4 ,he di$ #bb ,may1 #ahhe1 & x be+ decid$ he %\ld h a national fun]al1 ! ,pan!on 0 secul>is$ = t purpose1 ! cross be+ remov$4 ,s9ce 8 dea? a poem entitl$ ,! ,end ( ,satan has be5 publi%$4 ,hugues 7,clovis71 ,fr5* ,sociali/1 poet1 & deputy1 b4 ,m5]bes1 #c ,nov4 #ahej4 ,9 y\? he desir$ to become a prie/1 b "u ! influ5ce ( ,hugo left ! black bus9ess4 ,9 '#ga he became head ( ! ,communi/ movem5t at ,m>seilles4 ,he 0 s5t5c$ to ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t4 ,9 '#ha he 0 elect$ deputy1 & sits on ! extreme left4 ,humboldt 7,fri$ri* ,he9ri* ,alex&] von71 illu/ri\s ,g]man naturali/ & travell]1 b4 ,b]l91 #ad ,sept4 #agfi4 ,he /udi$ "u ,heyne & ,blum5ba*1 travell$ 9 ,holl&1 ,france & ,engl& ) ,george ,=/]1 ! naturali/1 & became director-g5]al ( m9es4 ,9 #agii he set out to explore ,s\? ,am]ica & ,mexico1 & 9 #ahjd return$ ) a ri* collection ( animals1 plants & m9]als4 ,humboldt became a resid5t ( ,p>is1 :]e he enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,lal&e1 ,delambre1 ,arago1 & all ! liv+ di/+ui%$ ,fr5* sci5ti/s4 ,aft] num]\s important contributions to sci5tific k1 at ! age ( sev5ty-f\r he compos$ 8 celebrat$ ,cosmos1 ! fir/ volume ( :i* appe>$ 9 '#de & ! f\r? 9 '#eh4 ,to ,v>nhag5 von ,ense he wrote 9 #ahda3 ,bruno ,bau] has f\nd me pre-adamatically conv]t$4 ,_m ye>s ago ,i wrote1 ',t\tes les rligions positives (fr5t trois p>ties di/9ctes2 un trait de moeurs p>t\t le mme et trs pur1 un rve gologique1 et un my! ou petit roman hi/orique2 le d]ni] lm5t obti5t le plus d'importance4' ,lat] on he says t ,/rauss disposes ( ! ,*ri/ian my?s4 ,humboldt 0 an unwe>i$ /ud5t ( sci5ce1 pay+ no att5tion to religion1 & oppos$ 8 bro!r 9 reg>d to 8 essay ,on ! ,prov9ce ( ! ,hi/orian1 because he consid]$ x to ackn[l$ge ! belief 9 ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 :i* seem$ to him z complete a delusion z ! hypo!sis ( a pr9ciple ( life4 ,he di$ 9 ,b]l91 #f ,may1 #ahei1 9 8 n9etie? ye>4 ,humboldt 7,k>l ,wilhelm von71 ,prussian /atesman & philosoph]1 b4 ,potsdam1 #bb ,june1 #agfg4 ,he 0 educat$ by ,campe4 ,w5t to ,p>is 9 #aghi1 & hail$ ! revolution ) en?usiasm4 ,9 '#ib he publi%$ ,ideas on ! ,organization ( ! ,/ate4 ,he became a fri5d ( ,s*ill] & ,goe!1 & 9 #ahji 0 ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction4 ,he took "p 9 f\nd+ ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l94 ,he repres5t$ ,prussia at ! ,congress ( ,vi5na1 '#ad4 ,he advocat$ a lib]al con/itution1 b f9d+ ! ,k+ av]se1 retir$ at ! end ( '#ai1 & devot$ himself to ! /udy ( comp>ative philology4 ,he said !re 7 ?ree ?+s he c\ld n compreh5d--or?odox piety1 romantic love1 & music4 ,he di$ #h ,april1 #ahce4 ,8 works 7 collect$ & edit$ by 8 bro!r4 ,hume 7,david71 philosoph] & hi/orian1 b4 ,ed9burgh1 #bf ,april1 #agaa4 ,9 #agce he w5t to ,france to /udy1 & !re wrote 8 ,treatise on ,human ,nature1 publi%$ 9 #agci4 ,?is "w !n excit$ no int]e/ fri5dly or ho/ile4 ,hume's ,essays ,moral & ,political appe>$ 9 #agdb1 & 9 #ageb 8 ,inquiry ,conc]n+ ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals :i* ( all 8 writ+s he consid]$ ! be/4 ,9 #agee he publi%$ 8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 :i* 0 furi\sly attack$ by ,w>burton 9 an anonym\s tract4 ,9 #aged he publi%$ ! fir/ volume ( 8 ,hi/ory ( ,engl&1 :i* he did n complete till #agfa4 ,he became secret>y to ! ,e>l ( ,h]t=d1 ambassador at ,p>is1 :]e he 0 cordially welcom$ by ! philosoph]s4 ,he return$ 9 #agff1 br++ ,r\sseau ) him4 ,hume became ,"u ,secret>y ( ,/ate 9 #agfg1 & 9 #agfi retir$ to ,ed9burgh1 :]e he di$ #be ,aug4 #aggf4 ,aft] 8 dea? 8 ,dialogues on ,natural ,religion 7 publi%$1 & also "s unpubli%$ essays on ,suicide1 ! ,immortality ( ! ,s\l1 etc4 ,hume's la/ days 7 s+ul>ly *e]ful4 ,8 fri5d1 ! fam\s ,dr4 ,adam ,smi?1 consid]$ him z approa*+ z ne>ly to ! idea ( a p]fectly wise & virtu\s man z p]haps ! nature ( human frailty w p]mit4 ,hunt 7,james71 ,ph4,d41 physiologi/1 b4 #ahcc1 0 ! f\nd] ( ! ,an?ropological ,society1 ( :i* he 0 ! fir/ presid5t1 '#fc4 ,he 0 ! au?or ( ! ,negro's ,place 9 ,nature1 a "w on ,/amm]+1 etc4 ,di$ #bh ,aug4 #ahfi4 ,hunt 7,james ,h5ry ,leigh71 poet1 essayi/ & critic1 b4 ,s\?gate1 ,middlesex1 #ai ,oct4 #aghd4 0 educat$ ) ,lamb & ,col]idge at ,*ri/'s ,hospital1 ,london4 ,he jo9$ 8 bro!r ,john 9 edit+ fir/ ! ,sunday ,news1 #ahje1 & !n ! ,exam9]1 #ahjh4 ,!y 7 condemn$ to pay a f9e1 ea* ( #ejj1 & to be imprison$ = two ye>s1 #ahab-ad1 = a satirical article1 9 :i* ! pr9ce reg5t 0 call$ an ,adonis ( fifty4 ,?is imprisonm5t procur$ him ! fri5d%ip ( ,%elley & ,byron1 ) :om1 aft] edit+ ! ,indicator he 0 associat$ 9 edit+ ! ,lib]al4 ,he wrote _m *oice books ( poems & criticisms1 & 9 8 ,religion ( ! ,he>t1 '#ec1 repudiates or?odoxy4 ,di$ #bh ,aug4 #ahei4 ,hutt5 7,ulri* von71 ,g]man poet & re=m]1 b4 ( noble family ,/eckelb]g1 ,hesse ,cassel1 #bb ,april #adhh4 ,he 0 s5t to ,fulda to become a monk1 b fl$ 9 #aejd to ,erfurt1 :]e he /udi$ humaniora4 ,aft] "s wild adv5tures he w5t to ,witt5b]g 9 #aeaj1 & ,vi5na #aeab1 & also /udi$ at ,pavia & ,bologna4 ,he return$ to ,g]many 9 #aeag z a common soldi] 9 ! army ( ,maximilian4 ,8 great object 0 to free 8 c\ntry f sac]dotalism1 & mo/ ( 8 writ+s are satires aga9/ ! ,pope1 monks & cl]gy4 ,p]secution drove him to ,switz]l&1 b ! ,c\ncil ( ,zuri* drove him out ( _! t]ritory & he di$ on ! isle ( ,ufnau1 ,lake ,zri*1 #bi ,aug4 #aebc4 ,hutton 7,james71 ,scot* geologi/ & philosoph]1 b4 at ,ed9burgh #c ,june1 #agcf4 ,he graduat$ z ,m4,d4 at ,leyd5 9 #agdi1 & inve/igat$ ! /rata ( ! nor? ( ,scotl&4 ,he publi%$ a diss]tation on ,light1 ,heat1 & ,fire1 & 9 8 ,!ory ( ! ,_w1 #agie1 attributes geological ph5om5a to ! action ( fire4 ,he also wrote a "w entitl$ ,an ,inve/igation ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,k1 ! op9ions ( :i*1 says ,*alm]s1 ab\nd 9 sceptical boldness & philosophical infidelity4 ,di$ #bf ,m>* #agig4 ,huxley 7,?omas ,h5ry71 ,,ll4,d41 ,ph4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 b4 ,eal+1 #d ,may1 #ahbe4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e1 & 9 '#df took ,m4,r4,c4,s41 & 0 appo9t$ assi/ant naval surgeon4 ,8 cruises af=d$ opportunities = 8 /udies ( natural hi/ory4 ,9 '#ea he 0 elect$ ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society1 & 9 '#ed 0 made ,pr(essor at ! ,s*ool ( ,m9es4 ,9 '#fj he lectur$ on ,! ,relation ( ,man to ! ,l[] ,animals1 & aft]w>ds publi%$ ,evid5ce z to ,man's ,place 9 ,nature 7#ahfc74 ,9 addition to num]\s sci5tific works1 ,pr(essor ,huxley has writt5 num]\s =cible articles1 addresses1 etc41 collect$ 9 ,lay ,s]mons1 '#gj2 ,critiques & ,addresses1 '#gc2 & ,am]ican ,addresses1 '#gi4 ,a vigor\s writ]1 8 ,hume 9 ! ,engli% ,m5 ( ,lett]s s]ies is a model ( cle> exposition4 ,9 8 controv]sies ) ,mr4 ,glad/one1 9 8 articles on ! ,evolution ( ,!ology1 & 9 8 rec5t polemic ) ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,wace 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,pr(essor ,huxley %[s all 8 fre%ness1 & proves himself z ready 9 demoli%+ !ological fictions z 9 demon/rat+ sci5tific facts4 ,he /ates z 8 own life aims ,! popul>is+ ( sci5ce & untir+ opposition to t ecclesia/ical _s1 t cl]icalism1 :i* 9 ,engl&1 z ev]y:]e else1 & to :atev] d5om9ation x may belong1 is ! deadly enemy ( sci5ce4 ,hypatia1 ,pagan philosoph] & m>tyr1 b4 ,alex&ria e>ly 9 ! second half ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,%e became a di/+ui%$ lectur] & head ( ! ,neo-,platonic s*ool 7c4 #djj74 ,! *>ms ( h] eloqu5ce br\ght _m disciples4 ,by a ,*ri/ian mob1 incit$ by ,/4 ,cyril1 %e 0 9 ,l5t #dae torn f h] *>iot1 /ripp$ nak$1 cut ) oy/]-%ells & f9ally burnt piecemeal4 ,?is true /ory ( ,*ri/ian p]secution has be5 disguis$ into a leg5d relat$ ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e 9 ! ,roman brevi>y 7,nov4 #be74 ,ibn ,bajjat4 ,see ,av5pace4 ,ibn ,mass>a4 ,see ,mass>a 9 ,supplem5t4 ,ibn ,ru%d4 ,see ,av]roes4 ,ibn ,sabn4 ,see ,sab94 ,ibn ,s9a4 ,see ,avic5na4 ,ibn ,t(ail4 ,see ,abu ,bakr4 ,ibs5 7,h5rik71 an em95t ,norwegian dramati/ & poet1 b4 ,ski51 #bj ,m>*1 #ahbh4 ,at fir/ he /udi$ m$ic9e1 b he turn$ 8 att5tion to lit]ature4 ,9 '#eb1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,ole ,bull1 he became director ( ! !atre at ,b]g51 = :i* he wrote a great deal4 ,f '#eg to '#fc he direct$ ! !atre at ,*ri/iania4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he w5t to ,rome4 ,! ,/or?+ accord$ him an annual p5sion = 8 s]vices to lit]ature4 ,8 dramas1 ,br&1 7,pe] ,gynt71 ,kejs] og ,galilr 7,cs> ,julian & ! ,galilean71 ,nora1 & ,samfundets ,/otl] 7! ,pill>s ( ,society71 & ,gho/s exhibit 8 unconv5tional _s4 ,ibs5 is an op5 unbeliev] 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,he looks =w>d to social reg5]ation ?r\gh lib]ty1 individuality1 & education )\t sup]/ition4 ,ilive 7,jacob71 ,engli% pr9t] & lett] f\nd]1 b4 ,bri/ol ab\t #agaj4 ,he publi%$ a pret5d$ translation ( ! ,book ( ,ja%]1 #agea1 & "s o!r curi\s works4 ,he 0 prosecut$ = blasphemy 9 ,"s ,mode/ ,rem>ks on ! late ,bi%op ,%]lock's ,s]mons1 & s5t5c$ to two ye>s' imprisonm5t1 #ae ,june1 #agef-aj ,june1 #ageh4 ,he 0 conf9$ 9 ! ,cl]k5well ,h\se ( ,correction & publi%$ "s pamphlets expos+ ! bad condition ( ! prison & sugge/+ means = its improvem5t4 ,he di$ 9 #agfh4 ,imray 7,i4 ,w471 au?or1 b4 #ahjb4 ,wrote 9 ,c>lile's ,republican & ,lion1 & publi%$ ,altamont1 an a!i/ic drama1 9 #ahbh4 ,+]soll 7,rob]t ,gre571 ,am]ican orator1 b4 ,dresd51 ,new ,york1 #aa ,aug4 #ahcc4 ,8 fa!r 0 a ,congregationali/ cl]gyman4 ,he /udi$ law1 & op5$ an (fice 9 ,%awneet[n1 ,ill9ois4 ,9 '#fb he became colonel ( ! #aa? ,ill9ois ,cavalry1 & s]v$ 9 ! w>1 be+ tak5 prison]4 ,9 '#ff he 0 appo9t$ attorney-g5]al = ,ill9ois4 ,at ! ,national ,republican ,conv5tion1 '#gf1 he propos$ ,bla9e = ,presid5t 9 a spee* t attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,9 '#gg he refus$ ! po/ ( ,m9i/] to ,g]many4 ,he has conduct$ _m important cases1 & def5d$ ,c4 ,b4 ,reynolds :5 tri$ = blasphemy 9 '#hf4 ,col4 ,+]soll is ! mo/ popul> speak] 9 ,am]ica4 ,eloqu5ce1 humor1 & pa?os are alike at 8 comm&4 ,he is well kn[n by 8 books1 pamphlets1 & spee*es direct$ aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,he _h publi%$ ! ,gods1 ,gho/s1 ,"s ,mi/akes ( ,moses1 & a collection ( 8 ,lectures1 '#hc1 & ,prose ,poems & ,extracts1 '#hd4 ,mo/ ( 8 lectures h be5 republi%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,we m5tion ,:at mu/ ,i d to be ,sav$8 ,hell1 ,! ,dy+ ,cre$1 ,my? & ,miracle1 ,d ,i ,blaspheme8 ,real ,blasphemy4 ,9 ! pages ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review ,col4 ,+]soll has def5d$ ,free?\ght aga9/ ,judge ,black1 ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,field1 ,mr4 ,glad/one1 & ,c>d9al ,mann+4 ,inman 7,?omas71 ,b4,a41 physician & ar*ologi/1 b4 #ahbj4 ,educat$ at ,london ,univ]sity1 he settl$ at ,liv]pool1 be+ connect$ ) ! well-kn[n %ipp+ family ( t port4 ,he is *iefly kn[n by 8 "w on ,anci5t ,fai?s ,embodi$ 9 ,anci5t ,names1 9 :i* he deals ) ! evid5ces ( phallic wor%ip among/ ,jews & o!r nations4 ,x 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 '#fi4 ,a second edition appe>$ 9 '#gc4 ,he also wrote ,anci5t ,pagan & ,mod]n ,*ri/ian ,symbolism ,expos$ & ,expla9$1 '#fi1 & a controv]sial ,free?\ght "w1 entitl$ ,anci5t ,fai?s & ,mod]n1 publi%$ at ,new ,york '#gf4 ,dr4 ,inman 0 = "s "t ,presid5t ( ! ,liv]pool ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society1 & 0 physician to ! ,royal ,infirm>y ( t city4 ,8 pr(essional life 0 "o ( untir+ indu/ry4 ,he wrote sev]al m$ical works1 includ+ two volumes on ! ,pres]vation & ,re/oration ( ,heal?4 ,di$ at ,clifton1 #c ,may4 #ahgf4 ,iron 7,ralph71 pseudonym ( ,olive ,s*re9]1 q4v4 ,isn>d 7,felix71 ,fr5* physician1 b4 ,grasse #ahbi4 ,au?or ( a "w on ,spiritualism & ,mat]ialism1 #ahgi4 ,isn>d 7,maxim971 ,girond9 revolutioni/1 b4 ,grasse #af ,feb4 #agea4 ,he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,assembly1 9 :i* he decl>$1 ,! ,law1 behold my ,god4 ,i "k no o!r4 ,he vot$ = ! dea? ( ! ,k+1 & 0 nom9at$ presid5t ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,on ! fall ( ! ,girond9s he made 8 escape1 & reappe>$ aft] ! fall ( ,robespi]re4 ,9 #agif he 0 "o ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,five ,hundr$4 ,di$ #ahcj4 ,iso>d 7,eric ,mi*el ,anto9e71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,p>is1 #ahbf4 ,0 naval (fic] 9 '#dh b arre/$ z sociali/ 9 '#di4 ,9 '#gj he 0 made s\s-prefet ( ,cambrai & wrote ,gu]re aux ,jsuites4 ,iso>d ,delisle 7,jean ,bapti/e ,claude71 call$ also ,delisle de ,sales1 ,fr5* man ( lett]s1 b4 ,lyons #agdc4 ,:5 "y he ent]$ ! ,congregation ( ! ,oratory1 b left !ology = lit]ature4 ,9 #agfi he publi%$ ! ,philosophy ( ,nature1 :i* 9 #agga 0 discov]$ to be irreligi\s1 & he 0 condemn$ to p]petual bani%m5t4 ,:ile 9 prison he 0 visit$ by _m ( ! philosoph]s1 & a subscription 0 op5$ = him1 to :i* ,voltaire gave five hundr$ francs4 ,he w5t to ! c\rt ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 & subsequ5tly publi%$ _m works ( little importance4 ,di$ at ,p>is #bb ,sept4 #ahaf4 ,jacob 7,&re ,alex&re74 ,see ,erdan 7,a47 ,jacobson 7,augu/us71 ,am]ican1 au?or ( ,:y ,i d n ,believe1 ,*icago #ahha1 & ,! ,bible ,inquir]4 ,jacobus 7,dom7 ,pseudonym ( ,potv9 7,*>les7 q4v4 ,jacoby 7,leopold7 ,g]man au?or ( ,! ,idea ( ,developm5t4 #b vols4 ,b]l9 #ahgd-gf4 ,jacolliot 7,l\is71 ,fr5* ori5tali/1 b4 ,sa9t ,eti5ne1 #ahjf4 ,br\ght up to ! law1 9 '#dc he 0 made judge at ,pondi*]y4 ,he fir/ ar\s$ att5tion by 8 "w1 ,! ,bible 9 ,india1 '#gj4 ,he also has writt5 on ,g5esis ( ,humanity1 '#gf4 ,! ,religions ,legislators1 ,moses1 ,manu & ,muhammad1 '#hj1 & ,! ,natural & ,social ,hi/ory ( ,humanity1 '#hd1 & sev]al works ( travel4 ,jantet 7,*>les & ,hector71 two doctors ( ,lyons1 b4 ! fir/ 9 #ahbf1 ! second 9 '#bh1 h publi%$ toge!r able ,ap]u ,philosophiques on ,rnan's ,life ( ,jesus1 '#fd1 & ,doctr9e ,m$icale ,matriali/e1 #ahff4 ,jauc\rt 7,l\is de71 ,*evali]1 ,fr5* s*ol> & memb] ( ! ,royal ,society ( ,london & ( ! academies ( ,b]l9 & ,/ockholm1 b4 ,p>is #bg ,sept4 #agjd4 ,he /udi$ at ,g5eva1 ,cambridge1 & ,leyd51 furni%$ ! ,encyclopdie ) _m articles1 & conduct$ ! ,biblio?que ,raisonne4 ,di$ at ,compigne1 #c ,feb4 #aggi4 ,jeff]ies 7,ri*>d71 ,engli% writ]1 b4 #ahdh1 fam\s = 8 descriptions ( nature 9 ,! ,gamekeep] at ,home1 ,wild ,life 9 a ,s\!rn ,c\ntry1 etc4 ,9 8 autobiographical ,/ory ( ,my ,he>t 7#ahhc7 ,mr4 ,jeff]ies %[s himself a ?or\gh ,free?9k]4 ,di$ ,gor+-on-,?ames1 #ad ,aug4 #ahhg4 ,jeff]son 7,?omas71 ,am]ican /atesman1 b4 ,%adwell1 ,virg9ia1 #b ,april #agdc4 ,he /udi$ law & 0 admitt$ to ! b> 9 #agfg4 ,he became a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,burgesses1 #agfi-ge4 ,9 #aggd he publi%$ 8 ,summ>y ,views ( ! ,rights ( ,briti%-,am]icans4 ,he draft$ & report$ to ,congress ! ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce :i* 0 unanim\sly adopt$1 #d ,july #agff4 ,he 0 ,gov]nor ( ,virg9ia f #agai to #agha1 & orig9at$ a sy/em ( education 9 ! ,/ate4 ,he 0 ,ambassador to ,p>is f #aghe-hi1 secret>y ( /ate f #aghi-ic1 vice-presid5t #agia-ahja & ?ird presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates #ahja-i4 ,9 '#ai he f\nd$ ! ,univ]sity ( ,virg9ia1 ( :i* he 0 rector till 8 dea?1 #d ,july #ahbf4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,?omas 9 8 ,diction>y ( ,biography says ,9 religion he 0 :at is d5om9at$ a free?9k]4 ,he spoke 9 old age ( ! hocus-pocus phantom ( ,god1 :i* l ano!r ,c]b]us _h "o body & ?ree heads4 ,see 8 life by ,j4 ,p>ton4 ,johnson 7,ri*>d ,m5tor71 ,colonel1 ,am]ican soldi] & /atesman1 b4 ,bryant's ,/ation1 ,k5tucky1 #ag ,oct4 #agha4 ,0 educat$ at ,lex+ton1 /udi$ law1 & practic$ ) success4 ,became memb] ( ! ,k5tucky ,legislature 9 #ahje1 & rais$ a regim5t ( cavalry '#ab4 ,f\ght ) di/9ction aga9/ ,briti% & ,indians4 ,0 memb] ( ,congress f #ahjg-ai1 & f '#bi-cg2 a ,unit$ ,/ates ,s5ator f '#ai-bi1 & ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 '#cg-dj4 ,is rememb]$ by 8 report aga9/ ! susp5sion ( ,sunday mails & 8 spee*es 9 favor ( rights ( consci5ce4 ,di$ at ,frank=t1 ,k5tucky1 #ai ,nov4 #ahej4 ,johnson 7,samuel71 ,am]ican au?or1 b4 ,salem1 ,massa*usetts1 #aj ,oct4 #ahbb4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,h>v>d1 & became pa/or ( a ,free ,*ur* at ,lynn 9 '#ec4 ,he nev] atta*$ himself to any d5om9ation1 al?\gh 9 "s po9ts 8 views 7 l ^? ( ! ,unit>ians & ,univ]sali/s4 ,ab\t '#df he publi%$1 9 conjunction ) ,s4 ,longfell[1 bro!r ( ! poet1 ,hymns ( ! ,_s1 ,ori5tal ,religions 9 relation to ,univ]sal ,religion1 ( :i* ! volume on ,india appe>$ 9 '#gb1 ,*9a '#gg1 & ,p]sia '#hd4 ,di$ ,&ov]1 #ai ,feb4 #ahhb4 ,jones 7,erne/ ,*>les71 b>ri/] & political orator1 b4 ,b]l91 #be ,jan4 #ahai4 ,8 fa!r 0 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,k+ ( ,hanov]1 :o became 8 godfa!r4 ,call$ to ! b> 9 '#dd 9 ! foll[+ ye> he jo9$ ! ,*>ti/ movem5t1 edit+ ! ,p's ,pap]1 ,notes to ! ,p1 & o!r ,*>ti/ p]iodicals4 ,9 '#dh he 0 tri$ = mak+ a s$iti\s spee*1 & condemn$ to two ye>s' imprisonm5t1 dur+ :i* he wrote ,beldagon ,*ur* & o!r poems4 ,he /ood = ,halifax 9 '#dg1 & ,nott+ham 9 '#ec & '#eg1 )\t success4 ,he 0 mu* e/eem$ by ! work+ classes 9 ,man*e/]1 :]e he di$ #bf ,jan4 #ahfi4 ,jones 7,john ,gale71 ,political orator1 b4 #agga4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution he became a lead+ memb] ( ! ,london ,correspond+ ,society4 ,arre/$ at ,birm+ham = s$ition1 he obta9$ a v]dict ( acquittal4 ,he 0 subsequ5tly committ$ to ,newgate 9 ,feb4 #ahaj1 = impugn+ ! proce$+s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons1 & !re rema9$ till 8 lib]ation 0 effect$ by ! prorogation ( ,p>liam5t1 ,june #ba4 ,on #bf ,dec4 '#aa he 0 aga9 convict$ = a s$iti\s & blasphem\s libel4 ,he 0 a resolute advocate ( ! rights ( free publication dur+ ! trials ( ,c>lile & 8 %opm54 ,di$ ,som]s ,t[n1 #d ,april1 #ahch4 ,jones 7,lloyd71 ,sociali/1 b4 ( ,ca?olic p>5ts at ,br&on1 co4 ,cork1 ,irel&1 9 ,m>*1 #ahaa4 ,9 '#bg he came ov] to ,man*e/]1 & 9 '#cb jo9$ ! foll[]s ( ,rob]t ,ow54 ,he became a social mission>y1 & _h num]\s debates ) m9i/]s1 notably "o on ,! ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity ) ,j4 ,b>k]1 !n a ,me?odi/1 at ,man*e/]1 9 '#ci4 ,lloyd ,jones 0 an active support] ( co-op]ation & trades-unionism1 & frequ5tly act$ z arbitrator 9 disputes betwe5 ma/]s & m54 ,he contribut$ to ! ,new ,moral ,_w1 ,_s ( ! ,age1 ,glasg[ ,s5t9el1 ,le$s ,express1 ,nor? ,briti% ,daily ,mail1 ,newca/le ,*ronicle1 & ,co-op]ative ,news4 ,di$ at ,/ockwell1 #bb ,may1 #ahhf1 leav+ beh9d a ,life ( ,rob]t ,ow54 ,joseph ,,ii41 ,emp]or ( ,g]many1 son ( ,francis ,i4 & ,m>ia ,!resa1 b4 ,vi5na #ac ,m>* #agda4 ,9 #agfd he 0 elect$ k+ ( ! ,romans1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> succe$$ to ! ?rone ( ,g]many4 ,he wr\ght _m re=ms1 suppress$ ! ,jesuits #aggc1 travell$ 9 ,france z ,c\nt ,falk5/e91 saw d',alemb]t b did n visit ,voltaire4 ,he aboli%$ s]fdom1 all[$ lib]ty ( consci5ce1 suppress$ sev]al conv5ts1 regulat$ o!rs1 abridg$ ! p[] ( ! pope & ! cl]gy1 & mitigat$ ! condition ( ! ,jews4 ,c>lyle says a mighty re=m] he _h be51 ! greate/ ( 8 day4 ,au/ria gaz$ on him1 its admiration n unmix$ ) t]ror4 ,he ru%$ incessantly ab\t1 h>dy z a ,*>les ,twelf?2 slept on 8 be>sk9 on ! floor ( any inn or hut2--flew at ! ?roat ( e absurdity1 h[ev] broad & bas$ or dang]\sly arm$4 ',disappe> ,i say4' ,a mo/ prompt1 sev]e1 & yet b5efic5t & *>itable k9d ( man4 ,imm5sely ambiti\s1 t mu/ be said )al4 ,a great admir] ( ,fri$ri*2 b5t to imitate him ) pr(it4 ',v clev] inde$' says ,fri$ri*1 'b has ! fault 7a t]ribly grave "o67 ( g5]ally tak+ ! second /ep )\t hav+ tak5 ! fir/4' ,di$ ,vi5na #bj ,feb4 #agij4 ,j\y 7,victor ,joseph ,eti5ne de71 ,fr5* au?or b4 ,j\y ne> ,v]sailles #agfd4 ,he s]v$ z soldi] 9 ,india & aft]w>ds 9 ! w>s ( ! ,republic4 ,a disciple ( ,voltaire to :om he erect$ a temple1 he 0 a prolific writ]1 8 plays be+ mu* e/eem$ 9 8 own day4 ,di$ #d ,sept4 #ahdf4 ,julianus 7,flavius ,claudius71 ,roman ,emp]or1 b4 ,con/ant9ople #ag ,nov4 #cca4 ,9 ! massacre ( 8 family by ! sons ( ,con/ant9e he escap$4 ,he 0 educat$ 9 ! t5ets ( ,*ri/ianity b return$ to an eclectic ,paganism4 ,9 #ced he 0 decl>$ ,cs>4 ,he made successful campaigns aga9/ ! ,g]mans :o _h ov]run ,gaul & 9 #cfa 0 made ,emp]or4 ,he proclaim$ lib]ty ( consci5ce & s\ght to uproot ! ,*ri/ian sup]/ition by 8 writ+s1 ( :i* only fragm5ts rema94 ,z ,emp]or he exhibit$ great tal5t1 tact1 indu/ry1 & skill4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ gift$ & le>n$ ( ! ,roman ,emp]ors1 & 8 %ort reign 7,dec4 #cfa--bf ,june1 #cfc71 compreh5d$ ! plans ( a life-long adm9i/ration4 ,he di$ :ile seek+ to repel a ,p]sian invasion1 & 8 dea? 0 foll[$ by ! triumph ( ,*ri/ianity & ! long night ( ! d>k ages4 ,junghuhn 7,franz ,wilhelm71 travell] & naturali/1 b4 ,mansfeld1 ,prussia #bi ,oct #ahab4 ,8 fa!r 0 a b>b] & surgeon4 ,franz /udi$ at ,halle & ,b]l94 ,he di/+ui%$ himself by love = botany & geology4 ,9 a duel ) ano!r /ud5t he kill$ him & 0 s5t5c$ to imprisonm5t at ,ehr5breit/] = #bj ye>s4 ,!re he simulat$ madness & 0 remov$ to ! asylum at ,cobl5tz1 :5ce he escap$ to ,algi]s4 ,9 '#cd he jo9$ ! ,dut* ,army 9 ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,he travell$ ?r\gh ! isl& ( ,java mak+ a botanical & geological survey4 ,9 '#ed he publi%$ 8 ,li*t en ,s*aduwbeeld5 uit de b9n5l&5 van ,java 7,light & ,%ad[ pictures f ! int]ior ( ,java71 :i* conta9s 8 ideas ( ,god1 religion & sci5ce1 toge!r ) sket*es ( nature & ( ! mann]s ( ! inhabitants4 ,?is book ar\s$ mu* indignation f ! pi\s1 b also mu* agreem5t among free?9k]s1 & l$ to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,de ,dag]aad 7,! ,daybreak17 ! organ ( ! ,dut* ,free?9k]s ,union4 ,junghuhn aft]w>ds return$ to ,java & di$ #ba ,april1 '#fd at ,lemb]g1 ,preanges1 ,reg5ts*4 ,8 ,light & ,%ad[ pictures h be5 sev]al times repr9t$4 ,kalis* 7,moritz ,m>cus71 ,ph4,d41 b4 ( ,jewi% p>5ts 9 ,pom]ania1 #af ,may1 #ahbh4 ,educat$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 :]e he /udi$ "u ,vatke & o!rs4 ,e>ly 9 '#di he came to ,engl& z a political refugee1 & f\nd employm5t z tutor to ! ,ro?s*ild family4 ,8 critical ,comm5t>y on ! ,p5tateu* comm5c$ ) a volume on ,exodus1 '#ee1 ,g5esis '#eh1 ,leviticus 9 two vols4 9 '#fg & '#gb respectively4 ,8 rational criticism anticipat$ ! s*ool ( ,wellhaus54 ,he publi%$ ,bible ,/udies on ,balaam & ,jonah '#gg1 & discussions on philosophy & religion 9 a v able & le>n$ "w entitl$ ,pa? & ,goal1 '#hj4 ,kalis* also contribut$ to ,scott's s]ies ( ,free?\ght tracts4 ,di$ at ,basl[1 ,d]by%ire1 #bc ,aug4 #ahhe4 ,kames 7,"l74 ,see ,home 7,h5ry74 ,kant 7,immanuel71 ,g]man critical philosoph]1 b4 ,knigsb]g1 #bb ,april1 #agbd4 ,he became pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 #aggj4 ,9 #agha he publi%$ 8 great "w1 ,! ,critick ( ,pure ,reason1 :i* d5i$ all k ( ! ,?+ itself1 & ov]?rew ! dogmatism ( e>li] metaphysics4 ,9 #agib ! philosoph] fell "u ! royal c5sor%ip = 8 ,religion )9 ! ,limits ( ,pure ,reason4 ,kant effect$ a complete revolution 9 philosophy1 & 8 imm$iate influ5ce is n yet exhau/$4 ,di$ at ,knigsb]g1 #ab ,feb4 #ahjd4 ,kapila4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ ,h9du ?9k]s4 ,8 sy/em is kn[n z ! ,a!i/ic philosophy4 ,x is exp\nd$ 9 ! ,sankhya ,k>ika1 an important relic ( bold rationali/ic ,indian ?\ght4 ,8 aphorisms h be5 translat$ by ,j4 ,r4 ,ballantyne4 ,k>neades4 ,see ,c>neades4 ,keel] 7,bronson ,c47 ,am]ican au?or ( an able ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ! ,bible1 be+ a popul> acc\nt ( ! =mation & developm5t ( ! canon1 publi%$ at ,*icago #ahha4 ,keim 7,k>l ,!odor71 ,g]man rationali/1 b4 ,/uttg>t1 #ag ,dec4 #ahbe4 ,0 educat$ at ,tb+51 & became pr(essor ( !ology at ,zri*4 ,is *iefly kn[n by 8 ,hi/ory ( ,jesus ( ,naz>a 7'#fg-'gb74 ,he also wrote a /rik+ "w on ,primitive ,*ri/ianity 7'#gh71 & endeavor$ to reproduce ! lo/ "w ( ,celsus4 ,8 rationalism h9d]$ 8 promotion1 & he 0 an invalid mo/ ( 8 days4 ,di$ at ,giess51 :]e he 0 pr(essor1 #ag ,nov4 #ahgh4 ,kei? 7,george71 ,"l ,m>%all1 ,scot* soldi]1 b4 ,k9c>d9e #afhe1 0 appo9t$ by ,que5 ,anne capta9 ( ,gu>d4 ,8 prop]ty be+ confiscat$ = aid+ ! ,pret5d]1 he w5t to ! ,cont95t1 & l 8 bro!r1 0 9 high favor ) ,fr$]ick ! ,great4 ,di$ ,b]l91 #be ,may1 #aggh4 ,kei? 7,james ,francis ,edw>d71 em95t milit>y comm&]1 b4 ,inv]ugie1 ,scotl&1 #aa ,june1 #afif4 ,jo9$ ! army ( ! ,pret5d] & 0 w\nd$ at ,%]iffmuir1 #agae4 ,he aft]w>ds s]v$ ) di/9ction 9 ,spa9 & 9 ,russia1 :]e he rose to high favor "u ! ,empress ,elizabe?4 ,9 #agdg he took s]vice ) ,fr$]ick ! ,great z field-m>%al1 & became ,gov]nor ( ,b]l94 ,c>lyle calls him a v cle>-ey$1 s\nd obs]v] ( m5 & ?+s4 ,fr$]ick1 ! m he kn[s him1 likes him ! bett]4 ,f _! correspond5ce x is evid5t ,kei? %>$ ! sceptical op9ions ( ,fr$]ick4 ,aft] brilliant exploits 9 ! sev5 ye>s' w> at ,prague1 ,rossba*1 & ,olmutz1 ,m>%al ,kei? fell 9 ! battle ( ,ho*kir*1 #ad ,oct4 #ageh4 ,k5rick 7,william71 ,,ll4,d41 ,engli% au?or1 b4 ne> ,wat=d1 ,h]ts1 ab\t #agbj4 ,9 #agea he publi%$1 at ,dubl91 "u ! p5-"n ( ,ontologos1 an essay to prove t ! s\l is n immortal4 ,8 fir/ poetic production 0 a volume ( ,epi/les1 ,philosophical & ,moral 7#agei71 address$ to ,lor5zo2 an av[$ def5ce ( scepticism4 ,9 #agge he comm5c$ ! ,london ,review1 & ! foll[+ ye> attack$ ,soame ,j5yns's "w on ,*ri/ianity4 ,he translat$ "s ( ! works ( ,buffon1 ,r\sseau1 & ,voltaire4 ,di$ #aj ,june #aggi4 ,k]r 7,mi*ael ,craw=d7 ,am]ican /atesman1 b4 ,titusville1 ,we/]n ,p5nsylvania1 #ae ,m>* #ahbg4 ,he 0 memb] ( ! ,indiana ,legislature '#ef1 & elect$ to ,congress 9 '#gd & endeav\r$ to revise ! t>iff 9 ! direction ( free-trade4 ,di$ ,rockbridge1 ,virg9ia1 #ai ,aug4 #ahgf1 a confirm$ ,free?9k] & ,mat]iali/4 ,ket1 ,kett1 or ,knight 7,francis71 ( ,norfolk1 a relative ( ! rebelli\s tann]4 ,he 0 ( ,w9dham & 0 an ,m4,a4 ,he 0 prosecut$ = h]esy & burnt 9 ! ca/le dit*1 ,norwi*1 #ad ,jan4 #aehh4 ,/[e says he 0 burnt = div]s dete/able op9ions aga9/ ,*ri/ our ,savi\r4 ,khayyam 7,om>7 or ,um> ,khaiyam1 ,p]sian a/ronom]1 poet1 b4 ,nai%apur ,khorassan1 9 ! second half ( ! elev5? c5tury1 & 0 di/+ui%$ by 8 re=mation ( ! cal5d> z well z by 8 v]ses 7,rubiyat71 :i* ,e4 ,fitzg]ald has s f9ely r5d]$ 9 ,engli%4 ,he al>m$ 8 contempor>ies & made himself obnoxi\s to ! ,sufis4 ,di$ ab\t #aabc4 ,om> laugh$ at ! prophets & prie/s1 & told m5 to be happy in/ead ( worry+ !mselves ab\t ,god & ! ,h]eaft]4 ,he makes 8 s\l say1 ,i myself am ,heav5 & ,hell4 ,kiell& 7,alex&] ,lange71 ,norwegian noveli/1 b4 ,/avang]1 #ah ,feb4 #ahdi4 ,he /udi$ law at ,*ri/iania1 b nev] practis$4 ,8 /ories1 ,workpeople1 ,skipp] ,worse1 ,poison1 & ,sn[ exhibit 8 bold op9ions4 ,klean!s4 ,see ,clean!s4 ,kl+] 7,fri$ri* ,maximilian von71 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,frank=t1 #ai ,feb4 #agec4 ,w5t to ,russia 9 #aghj1 & became read] to ! ,gr& ,duke ,paul4 ,publi%$ poems1 dramas1 & romances1 exhibit+ ! revolt ( nature aga9/ conv5tionality4 ,goe! call$ him a true apo/le ( ! ,gospel ( nature4 ,di$ at ,pet]sburg1 #be ,feb4 #ahca4 ,kneel& 7,abn]71 ,am]ican writ]1 b4 ,g>dn]1 ,mass41 #g ,april1 #aggd1 became a ,bapti/ & aft]w>ds a ,univ]sali/ m9i/]4 ,he inv5t$ a new sy/em ( or?ography1 publi%$ a translation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 #ahbc1 ,! ,dei/ 7#b ,vols471 '#bb1 edit$ ! ,olive ,bran* & ! ,*ri/ian ,inquir]4 ,he wrote ,! ,f\r? ,epi/le ( ,pet]1 '#bi1 & a ,review ( ! ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 be+ a s]ies ( lectures deliv]$ 9 ,new ,york 9 '#bi4 ,9 t ye> he remov$ to ,bo/on1 & 9 ,april '#ca comm5c$ ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator1 ! olde/ ,free?\ght j\rnal4 ,9 '#cc he 0 indict$ & tri$ = blasphemy = say+ t he did n believe 9 ! ,god :i* ,univ]sali/s did4 ,he 0 s5t5c$ #ba ,jan4 '#cd1 to two mon?s' imprisonm5t & f9e ( five hundr$ doll>s4 ,! v]dict 0 confirm$ 9 ! ,c\rts ( ,appeal 9 '#cf1 & he receiv$ two mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,kneel& 0 a ,pan!i/4 ,he took ,frances ,wright z an associate editor1 & soon aft] left ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator 9 ! h&s ( ,p4 ,m5dum & ,seav]1 & retir$ to a f>m at ,salubria1 :]e he di$ #bg ,augu/1 #ahdd4 ,8 edition1 ) notes1 ( ,voltaire's ,philosophical ,diction>y1 0 publi%$ 9 two volumes 9 #aheb4 ,knoblau* 7,k>l von71 ,g]man au?or1 b4 ,dill5burg1 #c ,nov4 #ageg4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,mauvillon & publi%$ sev]al works direct$ aga9/ sup]naturalism & sup]/ition4 ,di$ at ,b]nburg1 #f ,sept4 #agid4 ,kn[lton 7,*>les7 ,dr41 ,am]ican physician & au?or1 b4 ,templeton1 ,mass41 #aj ,may1 #ahjj4 ,he publi%$ ! ,fruits ( ,philosophy1 = :i* he 0 imprison$ 9 '#cb4 ,he 0 a frequ5t correspond5t ( ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator1 & held a discussion on ! ,bible & ,*ri/ianity ) ! ,rev4 ,mr4 ,?a*] ( ,h>ley4 ,ab\t '#bi he publi%$ ,! ,elem5ts ( ,mod]n ,mat]ialism4 ,di$ 9 ,w9*e/]1 ,mass41 #bj ,feb4 #ahej4 ,knutz5 7,mat?ias71 b4 ,old5swor?1 9 ,hol/e91 #afde4 ,he e>ly lo/ 8 p>5ts1 & 0 br\ght to an uncle at ,knigsb]g1 :]e he /udi$ philosophy4 ,he took to ! adv5tur\s life ( a w&]+ s*ol> & propagat$ 8 pr9ciples 9 _m places4 ,9 #afgd he prea*$ ,a!ism publicly at ,j5a1 9 ,g]many1 & _h foll[]s :o 7 call$ ,gewiss5]1 f _! ackn[l$g+ no o!r au?ority b consci5ce4 ,x is said !re 7 sev5 hundr$ 9 ,j5a alone4 ,:at became ( him & !m is unkn[n4 ,a lett] dat$ f ,rome gives 8 pr9ciples4 ,he d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( ei!r ,god or ,devil1 deem$ *ur*es & prie/s useless1 & held t !re is no life beyond ! pres5t1 = :i* consci5ce is a suffici5t guide1 tak+ ! place ( ! ,bible1 :i* conta9s great contradictions4 ,he also wrote two dialogues4 ,ko]bagh 7,adriaan71 ,dut* m>tyr1 b4 ,am/]dam1 #afcb or #afcc4 ,he became a doctor ( law & m$ic9e4 ,9 #affh he publi%$ ,a ,fl[] ,g>d5 ( all ,lovel9ess1 a diction>y ( def9itions 9 :i* he gave bold explanations4 ,! "w 0 rigidly suppress$1 & ! writ] fl$ to ,culemborg4 ,!re he translat$ a book ,de ,tr9itate1 & began a "w entitl$ ,a ,light ,%9+ 9 ,d>k ,places1 to illum9ate ! *ief ?+s ( !ology & religion by ,vr$]ijk ,wa>mond1 inquisitor ( tru?4 ,betray$ = a sum ( money1 ,ko]bagh 0 tri$ = blasphemy1 heavily f9$ & s5t5c$ to be imprison$ = t5 ye>s1 to be foll[$ by t5 ye>s bani%m5t4 ,he di$ 9 prison1 ,oct4 #affi4 ,kolb 7,georg ,fri$ri*71 ,g]man /ati/ician & au?or1 b4 ,spires #ad ,sept4 #ahjh1 au?or ( an able ,hi/ory ( ,culture1 #ahfi-gj4 ,di$ at ,muni* #ae ,may1 #ahhd4 ,koornh]t 7,!odore74 ,see ,coornh]t 7,dirk ,volk]tszoon47 ,korn 7,selig71 le>n$ ,g]man ,ori5tali/ ( ,jewi% bir?1 b4 ,prague1 #bf ,april1 #ahjd4 ,a conv]t to ,free?\ght1 "u ! "n ( ,f4 ,nork1 he wrote _m works on my?ology :i* may /ill be consult$ ) pr(it4 ,a li/ is giv5 9 ,fu]/'s ,biblio!ca ,judaica4 ,we m5tion ,*ri/mas & ,ea/] ,expla9$ by ,ori5tal ,sun ,wor%ip1 ,leipsic1 '#cf2 ,brahm9s & ,rabb9s1 ,weiss51 '#cf2 ,! ,prophet ,elijah z a ,sun ,my?1 '#cg2 ,! ,gods ( ! ,syrians1 '#db2 ,biblical ,my?ology ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5t1 #b vols4 ,/uttg>t1 '#db-'dc4 ,di$ at ,teplitz1 ,bohemia1 #af ,oct4 #ahej4 ,krause 7,ern/ ,h4 ,ludwig71 ,g]man sci5tific writ]1 b4 ,ziel5zig #bb ,nov4 #ahci4 ,he /udi$ sci5ce & contribut$ to ! ,vossis*e ,zeitung & ,g>t5laube4 ,9 '#fc he publi%$1 "u ! p5-"n ( ,c>us ,/]ne1 a "w on ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,gho/s1 & 9 '#gf a "w on ,gr[? & ,decay1 a hi/ory ( evolution4 ,9 '#gg he e/abli%$ ) ,hckel1 ,dr4 ,otto ,casp>i1 & ,pr(essor ,gu/av ,jaeg]1 ! mon?ly magaz9e ,kosmos1 devot$ to ! spread ( ,d>w9ism4 ,?is he conduct$ till '#hb4 ,9 ,kosmos appe>$ ! g]m ( 8 little book on ,erasmus ,d>w91 '#gi1 to :i* ,*>les ,d>w9 wrote a prelim9>y notice4 ,z ,c>us ,/]ne he has also writt5 essays entitl$ ,prattle f ,p>adise1 ,! ,cr[n ( ,creation1 '#hd1 & an illu/rat$ "w 9 p>ts on ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,ideas ( ! ,_w1 '#hg1 etc4 ,krekel 7,arnold71 ,am]ican judge1 b4 ,lang5field1 ,prussia #ad ,m>*1 #ahae4 ,w5t ) p>5ts to ,am]ica 9 '#cb & settl$ 9 ,miss\ri4 ,9 '#db he 0 elect$ ,ju/ice ( ! ,peace & aft]w>ds c\nty attorney4 ,9 '#eb he 0 elect$ to ! ,miss\ri ,/ate ,legislature4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! civil w> be+ elect$ colonel1 0 presid5t ( ! con/itutional conv5tion ( '#fe & sign$ ! ord9ance ( emancipation by :i* ! slaves ( ,miss\ri 7 set free4 ,he 0 appo9t$ judge by ,presid5t ,l9coln #i ,m>*1 '#fe4 ,a pron\nc$ ,agno/ic1 :5 he realiz$ he 0 ab\t to die he reque/$ 8 wife n to we> m\rn+1 say+ t dea? 0 z natural z bir?4 ,di$ at ,kansas #ad ,july1 #ahhh4 ,krekel 7,mattie ,h4 ,hulett71 b4 ( free?9k+ p>5ts1 ,elkh>t ,indiana #ac ,april1 #ahdj4 ,educat$ at ,rock=d1 ,ill9ois1 9 h] #af? ye> became a tea*]4 ,m>ri$ ,judge ,krekel1 aft] ^: dea?1 %e devot$ h] s]vices to ! ,free?\ght plat=m4 ,kropotk9 7,petr ,aleksyeevi*7 ,pr9ce1 ,russian an>*i/1 b4 ,mosc[ #i ,dec #ahdb4 ,aft] /udy+ at ! ,royal ,college ( ,pages he w5t to ,sib]ia = five ye>s to pursue geological rese>*es4 ,9 '#ga he w5t to ,belgium & ,switz]l& & jo9$ ! ,int]national4 ,arre/$ 9 ,russia1 he 0 condemn$ to ?ree ye>s imprisonm5t1 escap$ '#gf & came to ,engl&4 ,9 '#gi he f\nd$ at ,g5eva1 ,le ,rvolt 0 expell$4 ,accus$ 9 ,france 9 '#hc ( complicity 9 ! outrage at ,lyons1 he 0 condemn$ to five ye>s imprisonm5t1 b 0 releas$ 9 '#hf1 s9ce :i* he has liv$ 9 ,engl&4 ,a bro!r :o translat$ ,h]b]t ,sp5c]'s ,biology into ,russian1 di$ 9 ,sib]ia 9 ! autumn ( #ahhf4 ,laas 7,ern/7 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,fur/5walde1 #af ,june1 #ahcg4 ,he has writt5 ?ree volumes on ,idealism & ,positivism1 #ahgi-'hd1 & also on ,kant's ,place 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,conflict betwe5 ,fai? & ,sci5ce1 ,b]l91 #ahhb4 ,he 0 pr(essor ( philosophy at ,/rassburg1 :]e he di$ #be ,july1 #ahhe4 ,labanca 7,baldass>re71 pr(essor ( moral philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,pisa1 b4 ,agnone1 #ahbi4 ,he took "p 9 ! national movem5t ( '#dh1 & 9 '#ea 0 imprison$ & aft]w>ds expell$ f ,naples4 ,he has writt5 on progress 9 philosophy & also a /udy on primitive ,*ri/ianity1 d$icat$ to ,giordano ,bruno1 ! m>tyr ( ,free?\ght1 '#hf4 ,la*atre 7,maurice71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,iss\dun #ahad1 edits a ,libr>y ( ,progress1 9 :i* has appe>$ 8 own ,hi/ory ( ! ,inquisition1 & ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 '#hc4 ,lacroix 7,sigismund71 ! p5 "n ( ,sigismund ,juli5 ,adolph ,krzyzan[ski1 b4 ,w>saw #bf ,may1 #ahde4 ,8 fa!r 0 a refugee4 ,he wrote ) ,yves ,guyot ,! ,social ,doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 '#gd he 0 elect$ a municipal c\ncillor ( ,p>is4 ,9 '#gg he 0 s5t5c$ to ?ree mon?s' imprisonm5t = call+ ,jesus enfant adult]9 9 ,le ,radical4 ,9 ,feb4 '#ha he 0 elect$ presid5t ( ! municipal c\ncil1 & 9 '#hc deputy to ! ,fr5* p>liam5t4 ,laffitte 7,pi]re71 ,fr5* ,positivi/ philosoph]1 b4 #ba ,feb4 #ahbc at ,beguey 7,gironde71 became a disciple ( ,comte & "o ( 8 executors4 ,he 0 pr(essor ( ma!matics1 b s9ce ! dea? ( 8 ma/] has giv5 a weekly c\rse ( in/ruction 9 ! =m] ap>tm5t ( ,comte4 ,m4 ,laffitte has publi%$ disc\rses on ,! ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ,humanity1 '#ei1 & ,! ,great ,types ( ,humanity1 '#ge-f4 ,9 '#gh he f\nd$ ,la ,revue ,occid5tale4 ,lagrange 7,joseph ,l\is71 ,c\nt1 em95t ma!matician1 b4 ,tur91 #be ,jan4 #agcf4 ,he publi%$ 9 #aghh 8 ,analytical ,me*anics1 :i* is consid]$ "o ( ! ma/]pieces ( ! human intellect4 ,he became a fri5d ( ,d',alemb]t1 ,did]ot1 ,condorcet1 & ,delambre4 ,he said he believ$ x impossible to prove !re 0 a ,god4 ,di$ #aj ,april #ahac4 ,la ,hontan 7,jean71 e>ly ,fr5* travell] 9 ,canada1 b4 #afff4 ,9 8 acc\nt ( ,dialogues ) an ,am]ican ,savage1 #agjd1 :i* 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 he /ates objections to religion4 ,di$ 9 ,hanov]1 #agae4 ,la9ez 7,alex&re71 ,fr5* poet1 b4 ,*imay1 ,ha9ault1 #afej1 ( ! same family ) ! g5]al ( ! ,jesuits4 ,he liv$ a w&]+ ,bohemian life & w5t to ,holl& to see ,bayle4 ,di$ at ,p>is #ah ,april1 #agaj4 ,la+ 7,samuel71 politician & writ]1 b4 ,ed9burgh #ahab1 ! son ( ,s4 ,la+ ( ,orkney4 ,educat$ at ,cambridge1 :]e he took 8 degree '#cb2 call$ to ! b> '#db2 became secret>y ( ! railway dep>tm5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,trade2 return$ z ,lib]al ,m4,p4 = ,kirkwall '#eb2 help$ repeal duty on adv]tisem5ts 9 newspap]s4 ,9 '#fj he became f9ance m9i/] = ,india4 ,8 ,mod]n ,sci5ce & ,mod]n ,?\ght1 '#he1 is a pla9 exposition ( ! incompatibility ( ! old & new view ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! ,mod]n ,zoroa/rian1 '#hg1 he gives ! philosophy ( pol>ity1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 he 0 anticipat$ by ,mr4 ,crozi]1 :o 9 turn 0 anticipat$ by ,em]son4 ,9 '#hh he ent]$ into a fri5dly correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,glad/one on ! subject ( ,agno/icism 8 portion ( :i* has be5 publi%$4 ,lakanal 7,joseph71 ,fr5* educator1 b4 ,s]res1 #ad ,july1 #agfb4 ,/udi$ = prie/hood1 b gave up t c>e]4 ,he ent]$ ) ardor into ! ,revolution1 0 a memb] ( ! ,conv5tion #agib-e1 & !re protect$ ! int]e/s ( sci5ce4 ,at ! re/oration 9 #ahad he retir$ to ,am]ica1 & 0 welcom$ by ,jeff]son & became presid5t ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\isiana4 ,he return$ to ,france aft] ! ,revolution ( '#cj1 & di$ 9 ,p>is #ad ,feb4 #ahde4 ,lal&e 7,joseph ,jrome le ,francais de71 di/+ui%$ ,fr5* a/ronom]1 b4 ,b\rg en ,bresse1 #aa ,july #agcb4 ,educat$ by ! ,jesuits1 he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 8 #bj? ye>4 ,9 #agfb he became ,pr(essor ( ,a/ronomy at ! ,college ( ,france4 ,9 #agfd he publi%$ 8 ,treatise ( ,a/ronomy1 to :i* ,dupuis subjo9$ a memoir1 :i* =m$ ! basis ( 8 ,orig9 ( all ,religions1 ! idea ( :i* he _h tak5 f ,lal&e4 ,9 ,aug #agic ,lal&e haz>d$ 8 own life to save ,dupont de ,nem\rs1 & "s prie/s :om he conceal$ 9 ! obs]vatory ( ,maz>9 college4 ,x 0 ^u ,lal&e's obs]vations t ! ,republican cal5d] 0 drawn up4 ,at ,lal&e's in/igation ,sylva9 ,m>*al publi%$ 8 ,diction>y ( ,a!i/s1 to :i* ! a/ronom] contribut$ supplem5ts aft] ,m>*al's dea?4 ,lal&e pr(ess$ himself pr\d] ( be+ an ,a!i/ ?an ( be+ an a/ronom]4 ,8 ,bibliographie ,a/ronomique is call$ by ,pr(4 de ,morgan a p]fect model ( sci5tific bibliography4 ,x 0 said t nev] did a "y man address himself to ,lal&e )\t receiv+ pro( ( 8 g5]osity4 ,he di$ at ,p>is #d ,april1 #ahjg4 ,lam>ck 7,jean ,bapti/e ,pi]re ,anto9e de ,monet7 ,fr5* naturali/1 b4 ,pic>dy #a ,aug4 #agdd1 educat$ = ! ,*ur*1 b ent]$ ! army 9 #agfa1 & f\ght ) di/9ction4 ,hav+ be5 disabl$1 he w5t to ,p>is1 /udi$ ,botany1 & publi%$ ,fr5* ,flora 9 #aghh1 :i* op5$ to him ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,he became assi/ant at ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 & 9 #ahji prop\nd$1 9 8 ,zoological ,philosophy1 a !ory ( transmutation ( species4 ,8 ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,inv]tebrate ,animals 7#ahae-bb7 0 ju/ly celebrat$4 ,he became bl9d sev]al ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 #ah ,dec4 #ahbi4 ,lamborelle 7,l\is74 ,belgian au?or ( books on ,! ,good ,old ,times1 ,brussels1 #ahgd2 ,! ,apo/les & ,m>tyrs ( ,lib]ty ( ,consci5ce1 ,antw]p1 #ahhb1 & o!r anti-cl]ical works4 ,lamborelle lo/ a po/ "u gov]nm5t ?r\gh 8 anticl]ical views1 & is "o ( ! c\ncil ( ! ,belgian ,free?\ght p>ty4 ,lamettrie 7,julian ,(fray de74 ,fr5* physician & philosoph]1 b4 ,/4 ,malo1 #be ,dec4 #agji4 ,de/9$ = ! ,*ur*1 he 0 educat$ "u ! ,jesuits at ,ca54 ,he1 h[ev]1 became a physician1 /udy+ "u ,bo]haave1 at ,leyd54 ,return+ to ,france1 he became surgeon to ! ,fr5* ,gu>d1 & s]v$ at ! battles ( ,font5oy & ,dett+54 ,fall+ ill1 he notic$ t 8 faculties fluctuat$ ) 8 physical /ate1 & drew !refrom mat]iali/ic conclusions4 ,! boldness ) :i* he made 8 ideas kn[n lo/ him 8 place1 & he took refuge 9 ,holl&4 ,"h he publi%$ ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ! ,s\l1 "u ! pret5ce ( its be+ a translation f ! ,engli% ( ,*>p ,%>p1 #agde4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ,man a ,ma*9e 7#agdh71 a "w :i* 0 publicly burnt at ,leyd51 & ord]s giv5 = ! au?or's arre/4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 & rea*$ a second edition 7,london1 #agej74 ,x 0 (t5 attribut$ to ,d',arg5s4 ,lamettrie held t ! s5ses are ! only av5ues to k1 & t x is absurd to assume a god to expla9 motion4 ,only "u ,a!ism w religi\s /rife cease4 ,lamettrie f\nd an asylum ) ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 to :om he became physician & read] 7,feb4 #agdh74 ,"h he publi%$ ,philosophical ,reflections on ! ,orig9 ( ,animals 7#agej71 translat$ ,s5eca on ,happ9ess1 etc4 ,he di$ #aa ,nov4 #agea1 & desir$ by 8 w to be buri$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,"l ,tyrconnel4 ,! great k+ ?\ght s well ( him t he compos$ 8 fun]al eulogy4 ,la ,mo! ,le ,vay] 7,franois de74 ,fr5* sceptical philosoph]1 b4 ,p>is1 #aehh1 0 patronis$ by ,l\is ,,xiv41 & 0 preceptor to ! ,duke ( ,anj\4 ,publi%$ ,! ,virtue ( ,pagans & ,dialogues aft] ! ,mann] ( ! ,anci5ts1 9 :i* he gave scope to 8 scepticism4 ,two editions ( 8 collect$ works appe>$1 b nei!r ( ^! conta9s ,! ,dialogues ( ,orasius ,tub]o 7,frank=t #afjf1 probably a false date74 ,di$ #afgb4 ,lancel9 7,pi]re ,f471 ,fr5* mat]iali/1 b4 ab\t #aggj4 ,became a con/ructive eng9e] 9 ! ,fr5* navy1 wrote an able ,introduction to ! ,analysis ( ,sci5ce1 #c vols4 #ahja-c1 & a physico-ma!matical !ory ( ! organisation ( worlds1 #ahje4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #ahji4 ,l& 7,jan ,piet] ,nicolaus71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,delft1 #bc ,april1 #ahcd4 ,has writt5 critical /udies on ,sp9oza1 & br\ght out an edition ( ! philosoph]'s works 9 conjunction ) ,j4 van ,vlot54 ,l&esmann 7,he9ri*74 ,see ,lorm4 ,l&or 7,walt] ,savage71 ,engli% poet1 b4 ,ipsley ,c\rt1 ,w>wick%ire1 #cj ,jan4 #agge4 ,he 0 educat$ at ,rugby & ,ox=d1 &1 inh]it+ a =tune1 c\ld indulge 8 ta/es z an au?or4 ,he publi%$ a volume ( poems 9 #agie1 & ,gebir 9 #agih4 ,an ard5t ,republican1 he s]v$ z a volunte] colonel 9 ! ,spani% ,army aga9/ ,napoleon f #ahjh to #ahad1 besides devot+ a consid]able sum ( money to ! ,spani% cause4 ,he became a resid5t ( ,flor5ce ab\t #ahaf4 ,8 reputation *iefly re/s on 8 great ,imag9>y ,conv]sations1 9 :i* _m bold ideas are pres5t$ 9 beautiful language4 ,l&or 0 unque/ionably ! greate/ ,engli% writ] ( 8 age4 ,:ile nom9ally a ,*ri/ian1 he has scatt]$ _m ,free?\ght s5tim5ts ov] 8 v>i\s works4 ,di$ at ,flor5ce1 #ag ,sept4 #ahfd4 ,lanessan 7,jean ,l\is de71 ,fr5* naturali/1 b4 at ,sa9t ,&r de ,cubzac 7,gironde71 #ac ,july1 #ahdc4 ,at #ai he became a naval physician1 & ,m4,d4 9 '#fh4 ,he 0 elect$ 9 '#gi z ,radical memb] ( ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,p>is1 & re-elect$ 9 '#ha4 ,9 ,augu/ ( ! same ye> he 0 elect$ ,deputy = ! ,dep>tm5t ( ! ,se9e4 ,he f\nd$ ,le ,reveil1 edit$ ! ,m>seillaise1 & />t$ ! ,int]national ,biological ,libr>y1 to :i* he contribut$ a /udy on ! doctr9e ( ,d>w94 ,he has writt5 a /&>d "w on botany1 & has writt5 vol4 iii4 ( ! ,mat]iali/s' ,libr>y1 on ! ,evolution ( ,matt]4 ,lanfrey 7,pi]re71 ,fr5* au?or & s5ator1 b4 ,*ambry1 #bf ,oct4 #ahbh1 became kn[n by a book on ,! ,*ur* & ! ,philosoph]s ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 '#ee1 & celebrat$ by 8 ,hi/ory ( ,napoleon ,i4 '#fg-ge4 ,m4 ,lanfrey also wrote ,! ,political ,hi/ory ( ! ,popes1 a "w plac$ on ! ,index4 ,di$ at ,pau1 #ae ,nov4 #ahgg4 ,lang 7,&rew71 man ( lett]s1 b4 ,selkirk1 #ca ,m>*1 #ahdd4 ,educat$ at ,/4 ,&rews & ,ox=d4 ,mr4 ,lang made 8 "n by 8 translation ( ! ,odyssey ) ,mr4 ,but*]1 & by 8 graceful poems & ballads4 ,he has writt5 ,9 ! ,wrong ,p>adise1 & _m o!r pleasant sket*es4 ,m s]i\s "w is %[n 9 ,cu/om & ,my?1 '#hd1 & ,my?1 ,ritual & ,religion1 '#hg4 ,a disciple ( ,e4 ,b4 ,tylor1 ,mr4 ,lang successfully upholds ! evolution>y view ( my?ology4 ,lang 7,he9ri*71 ,g]man ,rationali/1 b4 #ad ,nov4 #ahbf4 ,/udi$ !ology "u ,baur at ,tb+51 & became tea*] at ,zri*1 :]e he di$1 #ac ,jan4 #ahgf4 ,lange 7,fri$ri* ,alb]t71 ,g]man philosoph] & writ]1 b4 ,wald1 ne> ,solix1 #bh ,sept4 #ahbh4 ,he /udi$ at ,bonn1 & became tea*] 9 ! gymnasium ( ,cologne1 '#eb4 ,9 '#ec he return$ to ,bonn z tea*] ( philosophy1 & !re enjoy$ ! fri5d%ip ( ,ueb]weg4 ,he became proprietor & editor ( ! democratic ,l&bote1 & fill$ v>i\s municipal (fices4 ,9 '#gj he 0 call$ to ! *air ( philosophy at ,zri*1 b resign$ 9 '#gb & accept$ a simil> po/ at ,m>burg1 :]e he di$ #ba ,nov4 #ahge4 ,8 fame re/s on 8 important ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,langsdorf 7,k>l ,*ri/ian71 ,g]man ,dei/1 b4 #ah ,may1 #ageg1 au?or ( ,god & ,nature1 a "w on ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & "s ma!matical books4 ,di$ ,heidelb]g1 #aj ,june1 #ahcd4 ,lanke/] 7,edw9 ,ray71 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,ll4,d41 ,engli% sci5ti/1 b4 ,london1 #ae ,may1 #ahdg1 & educat$ at ,/4 ,paul's ,s*ool & ,ox=d4 ,has publi%$ _m sci5tific memoirs1 revis$ ! translation ( ,haeckel's ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 & has done mu* to =w>d evolution>y ideas4 ,9 #ahgf he expos$ ! spiriti/ m$ium ,slade1 & procur$ 8 conviction4 ,he is ,pr(essor ( ,zoology & ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,la ,place 7,pi]re ,simon74 ,"o ( ! greate/ a/ronom]s1 b4 ,beaumont-en-,auge1 #bc ,m>*1 #agdi4 ,8 fa!r 0 a poor peasant4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,d',alemb]t1 ,la ,place became pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! milit>y s*ool1 #agfh4 ,by 8 extraord9>y abilities he became 9 #aghe memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 :i* he enri*$ ) _m memoirs4 ,9 #agif he publi%$ 8 ,exposition ( ! ,sy/em ( ! ,univ]se1 a popul>isation ( 8 great] "w on ,cele/ial ,me*anics1 #agii-ahbe4 ,among 8 say+s 71 ,:at we "k is b little1 :at we "k n is imm5se4 ,!re is no ne$ = ! hypo!sis ( a ,god4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #e ,m>*1 #ahbg4 ,l>evelli]e-,lepaux 7,l\is ,m>ie ,,de71 ,fr5* politician1 b4 ,montaigu #be ,aug4 #agec4 ,atta*$ f y\? to ! ideas ( ,r\sseau1 he 0 elect$ ) ,volney to repres5t ,ang]s 9 ! national assembly4 ,he 0 a mod]ate ,republican1 def5d$ ! proscrib$ ,girond9s1 0 doom$ himself b escap$ by concealm5t1 & di/+ui%$ himself by seek+ to replace ,ca?olicism ) !ophilan?ropy or natural religion4 ,he wrote ,reflections on ,wor%ip & ! ,national ,ftes4 ,he became ,presid5t ( ! ,directory1 & aft] ! #ah ,brumaire retir$1 refus+ to swe> fealty to ! empire ?\gh (f]$ a p5sion by ,napoleon4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #bg ,m>*1 #ahbd4 ,l>\sse 7,pi]re ,a?anase71 ,fr5* lexicograph]1 b4 ( poor p>5ts1 #bc ,oct4 #ahag1 at ,t\cy1 ,yonne1 :]e he became tea*]4 ,he edit$ _m s*ool books & f\nd$ ! ,gr& ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel du ,x,i,xe4 ,siecle1 #ahfd-gg4 ,?is is a collection ( diction>ies1 & may be call$ ! ,encyclop$ie ( ?is c5tury4 ,mo/ ( ,m4 ,l>\sse's colleagues 7 also ,free?9k]s4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #c ,jan4 #ahge4 ,l>ra 7,m>iano ,jos de71 di/+ui%$ ,spani% au?or1 b4 ,madrid1 #d ,m>*1 #ahji4 ,he w5t ) 8 family to ,france & complet$ 8 education4 ,he return$ to ,spa9 9 '#bb4 ,at eighte5 he publi%$ a collection ( poems1 :i* 0 foll[$ by ,el ,du5de ,satirico 7,! ,satirical ,gobl974 ,9 '#ca appe>$ 8 ,pobrecito ,hablador 7,poor ,gossip71 a pap] 9 :i* he unm]cifully satiris$ ! public affairs & m5 ( ,spa94 ,x 0 suppress$ aft] its f\rte5? numb]4 ,he edit$ 9 ! foll[+ ye> ! ,revi/a ,espaola1 sign+ 8 articles ,fig>o4 ,he travell$ ?r\gh ,europe1 & on 8 return to ,madrid edit$ ,el ,mundo4 ,l>ra wrote also "s dramas & translat$ ,lam5nais' ,p>oles d'un ,croyant4 ,be+ disappo9t$ 9 love he %ot himself1 #ac ,april1 #ahcg4 ,*4 de ,mazade1 aft] speak+ ( ,l>ra's scepticism1 adds1 ,l>ra c\ld see too deep to possess any fai? :atev]4 ,all ! tru?s ( ?is _w1 he 0 wont to say1 c be wrapp$ 9 a cig>ette pap]6 ,l>roque 7,patrice71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,beaume1 #bg ,m>*1 #ahja4 ,he became a tea*] & 0 inspector ( ! academy ( ,t\l\se1 #ahcj-cf1 & rector ( ! academies ( ,cahors1 ,limoges1 & ,lyons1 #ahcf-di4 ,9 ! latt] ye> he 0 d5\nc$ = 8 opposition to cl]ical ideas & lo/ 8 place4 ,among 8 num]\s works we m5tion ,de l',esclavage *ez les ,nations ,*rti5nes1 '#eg1 9 :i* he proves t ,*ri/ianity did n aboli% slav]y4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by an ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 '#ei1 & a "w on ,religi\s ,r5ovation1 '#ei1 :i* proposes a moral sy/em f\nd$ ^u pure deism4 ,bo? 7 = a :ile prohibit$ 9 ,france4 ,m4 ,l>roque also wrote on ,religion & ,politics1 '#gh4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #ae ,june1 #ahgi4 ,lassalle 7,f]d9& ,johann ,gottlieb71 f\nd] ( ,g]man ,social ,democratic p>ty1 b4 ( ,jewi% p>5ts1 #aa ,april1 #ahbe1 9 ,breslau1 /udi$ philosophy & law at ,breslau & ,b]l94 ,he became a foll[] ( ,hegel & ,feu]ba*4 ,he9e1 at ,p>is1 '#df1 0 *>m$ ) him4 ,humboldt call$ him ,wund]k9d4 ,9 #aheh he publi%$ a pr(\nd "w on ! philosophy ( ,h]aclitus4 ,= plann+ an insurrection aga9/ ! ,prussian ,gov]nm5t he 0 arre/$1 b won 8 acquittal4 ,di$ ?r\gh a duel1 #ca ,aug4 #ahfd4 ,la/>ria 7,jos ,victor9o71 ,*ilian /atesman & ,positivi/1 b4 ,rancagua1 #ahab4 ,f y\? he appli$ himself to tea*+ & j\rnalism1 & 9 '#ch 0 appo9t$ tea*] ( civil law & lit]ature 9 ! ,national ,in/itute4 ,he has f\nd$ sev]al j\rnals & lit]>y societies4 ,f '#dc he has be5 at diff]5t times deputy to ! legislature & secret>y to ! republic ( ,*ili4 ,he has also s]v$ z m9i/] to ,p]u & ,brazil4 ,9 '#gc he f\nd$ ! ,santiago ,academy ( ,sci5ce & ,lit]ature2 has writt5 _m works1 & 8 ,lecciones de ,politicia ,positiva has be5 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,e4 de ,rivire & o!rs1 #ahgi4 ,lau 7,!odor ,ludwig71 ,g]man philosoph]1 b4 at ,knigsb]g1 #ae ,june #afgj1 /udi$ at ,knigsb]g & ,halle1 & ab\t #afie travell$ ?r\gh ,holl&1 ,engl&1 & ,france4 ,9 #agag he publi%$ 9 ,lat91 at ,frank=t1 ,philosophical ,m$itations on ,god1 ! ,_w1 & ,man1 :i* excit$ an outcry = its mat]iali/ic t5d5cy & 0 suppress$4 ,he 0 a foll[] ( ,sp9oza1 & held sev]al (ficial positions f :i* he 0 depos$ on acc\nt ( 8 presum$ a!ism4 ,di$ at ,altona1 #h ,feb4 #agdj4 ,laur5t 7,franois71 ,belgian jurisconsult1 b4 ,luxemb\rg1 #h ,july1 #ahaj4 ,/udi$ law & became an advocate4 ,9 '#ce he 0 made ,pr(essor ( ,civil ,law 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,gh5t1 a po/ he held1 despite cl]ical prote/s1 till 8 retirem5t 9 '#hj4 ,a volum9\s au?or on civil & int]national law1 8 pr9cipal "w is entitl$ ,/udies 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,humanity4 ,he 0 a /rong advocate ( ! sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 ^u :i* he wrote1 #aheh-fj4 ,he also wrote ,lett]s on ! ,jesuits1 '#fe4 ,di$ 9 #ahhg4 ,law 7,h>riet71 ,engli% lecturess1 :o = _m ye>s occupi$ ! secul> plat=m1 & engag$ 9 num]\s debates4 ,%e edit$ ! ,secul> ,*ronicle1 #ahgf-ahgi4 ,lawr5ce 7,james71 ,knight ( ,malta1 b4 ,fairfield1 ,jamaica1 #aggc1 ( good ,lanca%ire family4 ,educat$ at ,eton & ,gott+52 became acqua9t$ ) ,s*ill] & ,goe! at ,/uttg>t & ,weim>1 0 deta9$ ) ,engli% prison]s at ,v]dun4 ,9 #ahjg he publi%$ 8 ,! ,empire ( ! ,nairs1 or ! ,rights ( ,wom51 a free-love romance :i* he wrote 9 ,g]man1 ,fr5*1 & ,engli%4 ,he also wrote 9 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 a curi\s booklet ,! ,*ildr5 ( ,god1 ,london1 #ahec4 ,he address$ a poem on ,tol]ance to ,mr4 ,ow51 on ! occasion ( 8 d5\nc+ ! religions ( ! _w4 ,x appe>s 9 ,! ,etonian ,out ( ,b\nds4 ,di$ at ,london #bf ,sept4 #ahda4 ,lawr5ce 7,sir ,william71 surgeon1 b4 ,cir5ce/]1 #aghc4 ,admitt$ ,m4,r4,c4,s41 #ahje1 9 '#ac he 0 *os51 ,f4,r4,s41 & two ye>s lat] 0 nam$ ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy & ,surg]y at ! ,royal ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,:ile he held t *air he deliv]$ 8 ,lectures on ,man1 :i* on _! publication 9 #ahai r\s$ a /orm ( bigotry4 ,9 8 e>ly manhood1 ,lawr5ce 0 an e>ne/ advocate ( radical re=m2 b not)/&+ 8 e>ly unpopul>ity1 he acquir$ a lucrative practice4 ,di$ ,london1 #e ,july1 #ahfg4 ,layton 7,h5ry71 educat$ at ,ox=d1 & /udi$ at ,gray's ,inn1 be+ call$ to ! b>4 ,he wrote anonym\sly obs]vations on ,dr4 ,b5tley's ,confutation ( ,a!ism 7#afic71 & a ,se>* ,aft] ,s\ls1 & ,spiritual ,obs]vations 9 ,man 7#agjj74 ,leblais 7,alphonse71 ,fr5* pr(essor ( ma!matics1 b4 ,mans1 #ahbj4 ,au?or ( a /udy 9 ,positivi/ philosophy entitl$ ,mat]ialism & ,spiritualism 7#ahfe71 to :i* ,littr contribut$ a preface4 ,le ,bovi] de ,font5elle4 ,see ,font5elle4 ,lecky 7,william ,edw>d ,h>tpole71 hi/orian1 b4 ne> ,dubl91 #bf ,m>*1 #ahch4 ,educat$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 ,8 works1 :i* are *>act]is$ by great boldness & orig9ality ( ?\ght1 are ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,rise & ,_s ( ,rationalism 9 ,europe 7'#fe71 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,european ,morals f ,augu/us to ,*>lemagne 7'#fi71 & ,a ,hi/ory ( ,engl& 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 7#ahgh-hg74 ,lecl]c 7,georges ,l\is74 ,see ,buffon4 ,lecl]c de ,sept*5es 7,n471 b4 at ,p>is4 ,became secret>y to ,l\is ,,xvi41 translat$ ! fir/ ?ree vols4 ( ,gibbon1 & wrote an essay on ! religion ( ! anci5t ,greeks 7#aghg74 ,a fri5d ( ,lal&e1 he prep>$ an edition ( ,fr]et1 publi%$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,di$ at ,plombi]es1 #i ,june1 #aghh4 ,leconte de ,lisle 7,*>les ,m>ie ,r571 ,fr5* poet1 b4 ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 #bc ,oct4 #ahah4 ,aft] travell+ 9 ,india1 return$ to ,p>is1 & took "p 9 ! revolution ( '#dh1 b has s9ce devot$ himself ma9ly to poetry1 ?\gh he has writt5 also ,a ,republican ,cate*ism & ,a ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity 7'#ga74 ,"o ( 8 f9e/ poems is ,ka94 ,on be+ elevat$ to ! seat ( ,victor ,hugo at ! ,academy 9 '#hg1 he gave umbrage to ,jews & ,ca?olics by incid5tally speak+ ( ,moses z ! *ief ( a horde ( f]oci\s nomads4 ,lec\nt 7,pet]71 lieut5ant 9 ! ,fr5* navy4 ,he 0 engag$ 9 ! battle ( ,nav>9o4 ,came to ,engl& z a ma!matician 9 ! con/ruction ( ! ,london & ,birm+ham ,railway1 ( :i* he wrote a hi/ory 7#ahci74 ,he wrote a curi\s book 9 ?ree volumes entitl$ ,a ,few ,hundr$ ,bible ,contradictions2 ,a ,hunt ,aft] ! ,devil & o!r ,old ,matt]s1 by ,john ,p4 ,y41 ,m4,d42 publi%$ by ,h4 ,he!r+ton 7'#dc74 ,! au?or's "n occurs on p4 #add1 vol i41 z ! ,rev4 ,pet] ,lec\nt4 ,le5h( 7,fr$]ick van71 b4 ,middelburg 7,zeal&71 ,aug4 #afdg4 ,became a m9i/] ( ,zwolle1 :]e he publi%$ a "w entitl$ ,heav5 on ,e>? 7#agjc71 :i* subject$ him to accusations ( ,a!ism4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,g]man 9 #agjf4 ,lefevre 7,&r71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,prov9s1 #i ,nov4 #ahcd4 ,he became1 at ! age ( tw5ty-?ree1 "o ( ! editors ( ! ,magas9 ,pittoresque4 ,he wrote mu* 9 ,la ,libre ,p5se & ,la ,p5se ,n\velle2 has translat$ ,lucretius 9 v]se 7'#gf71 & writt5 ,religions & ,my?ologies ,comp>$ 7'#gg72 contribut$ a sket*y ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy to ! ,libr>y ( ,contempor>y ,sci5ce 7'#gh72 has writt5 ,man ,across ! ,ages 7'#hj7 & ! ,r5aissance ( ,mat]ialism 7'#ha74 ,he has also edit$ ! ,lettres ,p]sanes ( ,montesquieu1 "s ,dialogues ( ,voltaire1 & ,did]ot's ,la ,religieuse 7'#hf74 ,le=t 7,cs>71 disciple ( ,comte4 ,has publi%$ a "w on ! me?od ( mod]n sci5ce 7,p>is1 #ahfd74 ,lefrancais de ,lal&e4 ,see ,lal&e4 ,legate 7,b>?olomew71 ,antitr9it>ian native ( ,essex1 b4 ab\t #aegb1 0 ?r[n into prison on a *>ge ( h]esy1 #afaa4 ,k+ ,james _h _m p]sonal int]views ) him4 ,on "o occasion ! k+ ask$ him if he did n pray to ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,he repli$ t he _h done s 9 ! days ( 8 ignorance1 b n = ! la/ sev5 ye>s4 ,away1 base fell[6 said ,8 ,maje/y1 ,x %all nev] be said t "o /aye? 9 my pres5ce :o ha? nev] pray$ to ! ,savior = sev5 ye>s toge!r4 ,he 0 burnt at ,smi?field by ! ,k+'s writ1 ,de ,hretico ,combur5do1 #ah ,m>*1 #afab1 be+ "o ( ! la/ p]sons s puni%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,leguay de ,premontval4 ,see ,premontval4 ,le ,hon 7,h5ri7 ,belgian sci5ti/1 b4 ,ville-,pomm]oeul 7,ha9ault7 #ahji1 0 capta9 9 ! ,belgian army1 pr(essor at ! milit>y s*ool ( ,brussels1 & ,*evali] ( ! ,ord] ( ,leopold4 ,au?or ( ,l',homme ,fossile en ,europe1 '#ff4 ,translat$ ,pr(essor ,omboni's exposition ( ,d>w9ism4 ,di$ at ,san ,remo1 #ahgb4 ,leidy 7,joseph71 ,m4,d41 ,am]ican naturali/1 b4 ,philadelphia1 #i ,sept4 #ahbc4 ,he became pr(essor ( biology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,philadelphia1 & is em95t = 8 contributions to ,am]ican palontology4 ,leigh 7,h5ry ,/one71 ,engli% au?or ( a ,dei/ic "w on ! ,religions ( ! ,_w1 #ahfi4 ,lel& 7,!ron ,c471 ,am]ican j\rnali/1 b4 #i ,april1 #ahba4 ,he edit$ ) ,wakeman ! j\rnal ,man4 ,di$ #b ,june1 #ahhe4 ,lemaire 7,*>les71 memb] ( ! ,academical ,society ( ,sa9t ,qu5t91 au?or ( an a!i/ic philosophical "w1 9 two vols41 entitl$ ,initiation to ! ,philosophy ( ,lib]ty1 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 ,lemonni] 7,camille71 ,belgian writ]1 b4 ,ixel les ,bruxelles1 #ahde1 au?or ( /ories & works on ,hy/]ia1 ,dea?1 etc41 9 :i* he ev9ces 8 free?\ght s5tim5ts4 ,l5au 7,nicolaus71 i4e4 ,nicolaus ,franz ,niembs* von ,/rehl5au1 ,hung>ian poet1 b4 ,czatad1 #ae ,aug4 #ahjb4 ,8 poems1 writt5 9 ,g]man1 are pessimi/ic1 & 8 con/itutional melan*oly deep5$ into insanity4 ,di$ ,ob]-,dbl+1 ne> ,vi5na1 #bb ,aug4 #ahej4 ,l5n/r& 7,viktor ,e471 ,sw$i% writ] & orator1 b4 ,gefle1 #cj ,jan4 #ahfa4 ,educat$ at ,upsala ,univ]sity4 ,f\nd$ ! ,sw$i% ,utilit>ian ,society1 ,m>* '#hh1 & 9 ,may 0 s5t5c$ to a f9e ( #bej cr[ns = d5ial ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,on ! #bi? ,nov4 he 0 imprison$ = ?ree mon?s = ! same (f5ce4 ,has writt5 sev]al pamphlets & has incurr$ sev]al fre% prosecutions4 ,9 company ) ,a4 ,l9dkvi/ he has f\nd$ ! ,fritank>5 z ! organ ( ,sw$i% free?\ght4 ,leontium1 ,a!nian ,hetra1 disciple & mi/ress ( ,epicurus 7q4v47 ,%e acquir$ di/9ction z a philosoph]1 & wrote a treatise aga9/ ,!ophra/us1 :i* is prais$ by ,cic]o z writt5 9 a skilful & elegant mann]4 ,leop>di 7,giacomo71 c\nt1 ,italian pessimi/ poet1 b4 ,recanati 7,ancona71 #bi ,june1 #agih4 ,9 #ahah he won a high place among poets by 8 l9es address$ ,to ,italy4 ,8 ,canti1 '#ca1 are di/+ui%$ by eloqu5ce & pa?os1 :ile 8 prose essays1 ,op]ette ,morali1 '#bg1 are e/eem$ ! f9e/ models ( ,italian prose ( ?is c5tury4 ,leop>di's %ort life 0 "o long disease1 b x 0 full ( "w ( ! highe/ "*4 ,z a poet1 philologi/1 & philosoph]1 he is among ! greate/ ( mod]n ,italians4 ,di$ at ,naples1 #ad ,july1 #ahcg4 ,lequ9io 7,joseph ,m>ie71 ,fr5* writ] & ,conv5tionnel1 b4 ,s>zeau1 #agdj4 ,elect$ ,mayor ( ,r5nes1 #agij1 & ,deputy f ,morbih> to ! ,legislative ,assembly4 ,he !n pr(ess$ ,a!ism4 ,he vot$ ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xvi4 regrett+ t ! safety ( ! /ate did n p]mit 8 be+ condemn$ to p5al s]vitude = life4 ,9 #agib he publi%$ ,prejudices ,de/roy$1 sign$ ,citiz5 ( ! ,_w1 9 :i* he consid]$ religion z a political *a94 ,he took "p 9 ! ,fea/s ( ,reason1 & wrote ,philosophy ( ! ,p1 #agif4 ,di$ #ahac4 ,l]m9a 7,jules ,hippolyte71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 #bg ,m>*1 #ahci4 ,f\nd$ ! ,corsair & ,satan1 & has publi%$ an illu/rat$ biographical diction>y ( contempor>y ,france1 #ahhd-e4 ,l]montov 7,mikhail ,yur'evi*71 ,russian poet & noveli/1 b4 ,mosc[1 #c ,oct4 #ahad4 ,said to h come ( a ,scot* family1 he /udi$ at ,mosc[ ,univ]sity1 f :i* he 0 expell$4 ,9 '#cb he ent]$ ! ,milit>y ,academy at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & aft]w>ds jo9$ ! ,huss>s4 ,9 '#cg "s v]ses on ! dea? ( ,pu%k9 occasion$ 8 be+ s5t to ! ,caucasus1 :i* he describes 9 a "w translat$ into ,engli%1 '#ec4 ,8 poems are mu* admir$4 ,! ,demon1 exhibit+ ,satan 9 love1 has be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 & s has 8 romance entitl$ ,a ,h]o ( ,our ,times4 ,he fell 9 a duel 9 ! ,caucasus1 #ae ,july1 #ahdj4 ,l]\x 7,pi]re71 ,fr5* ,sociali/ & philosophic writ]1 b4 ,b]cy1 ne> ,p>is1 #f ,april1 #agig4 ,at fir/ a mason1 !n a typograph]1 he inv5t$ an e>ly compos+ ma*9e :i* he call$ ! pianotype4 ,9 #ahbd he became editor ( ! ,globe4 ,becom+ a ,sa9t ,simonian1 he made ?is pap] ! organ ( ! sect4 ,he />t$ ) ,reynaud ,l',encyclopdie ,n\velle1 & aft]w>ds ) ,l4 ,vi>dot & ,mme4 ,george ,s& ! ,revue ,indp5dante 7'#da71 :i* became not$ = its pung5t attacks on ,ca?olicism4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ,de l',humanite 7'#dj74 ,9 ,june '#dh ,m4 ,l]\x 0 elect$ to ! ,assembly4 ,aft] ! c\p d'tat he return$ to ,london & ,j]sey4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #ab ,april1 #ahga4 ,l]oy 7,*>les ,georges71 lieut5ant rang] ( ! p>k ( ,v]sailles1 b4 #agbc1 "o ( ! writ]s on ! ,encyclopdie4 ,he def5d$ ! "w ( ,helvetius on ! ,m9d aga9/ ,voltaire1 & wrote ,philosophical ,lett]s on ! ,intellig5ce & ,p]fectibility ( ,animals 7#agfh71 a "w translat$ into ,engli% 9 #ahgj4 ,di$ at ,p>is #aghi4 ,lesp9asse 7,adolf ,fr$]ik ,h5ri de74 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,delft1 #ad ,may1 #ahai4 ,/udi$ m$ic9e1 & e/abli%$ himself fir/ at ,dev5t] & aft]w>ds at ,zw>tsluis1 ,vaass51 & ,hasselt4 ,9 ! ,dag]aad he wrote _m int]e/+ /udies "u ! p5-"n ( ,titus1 & translat$ ! "w ( ,dupuis into ,dut*4 ,9 #ahgj he emigrat$ to ,am]ica & became director ( a l>ge f>m 9 ,i[a4 ,di$ 9 ,orange ,city 7,i[a7 #ahha4 ,l',esp9asse 7,julie ,jeanne ,elonore de74 ,fr5* beauty & wit1 b4 ,lyons1 #i ,nov4 #agcb4 ,%e became ! protg ( ,madame du ,deff&1 & ga9$ ! favor ( ,d',alemb]t4 ,h] lett]s are models ( s5sibility & _s4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #bc ,may1 #aggf4 ,less+ 7,got?old ,ephraim74 ,g]man critic & dramatic poet1 b4 ,kam5z1 #bb ,jan4 #agbi4 ,he /udi$ at ,leipsic1 & at ,b]l9 became acqua9t$ ) ,voltaire & ,m5delssohn4 ,made libr>ian at ,wolf5bttel he publi%$ ,fragm5ts ( an ,unkn[n 7#aggg71 really ! ,v9dication ( ,rational ,wor%ipp]s ( ,god1 by ,reim>us1 9 :i* x 0 cont5d$ t ,*ri/ian evid5ces are s clad 9 sup]/ition z to be unwor?y cr$5ce4 ,among 8 writ+s 7 ,! ,free?9k] & ,na?an ! ,wise1 8 noble/ play1 9 :i* he en=ces lessons ( tol]ation & *>ity to all fai?s4 ,! effect ( 8 writ+s 0 decid$ly sceptical4 ,he9e calls ,less+1 aft] ,lu!r1 ! greate/ ,g]man emancipator4 ,di$ at ,brunswick #ae ,feb4 #agha4 ,lessona 7,mi*ele74 ,italian naturali/1 b4 #bj ,sept41 #ahbc2 has translat$ "s ( ! works ( ,d>w94 ,leucippus4 ,greek f\nd] ( ! atomic philosophy4 ,l',e/range 7,?omas71 writ]1 b4 #ag ,jan4 #ahbb4 ,) a view to ent]+ ! ,*ur* he graduat$ at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 #bf ,feb4 '#dd1 b became an attorney4 ,hav+ read ,f4 ,a4 ,paley's ,introduction to ! ,iliad1 he became conv9c$ t ! cook+ process !re describ$1 has be5 und]gone by all sacr$ books n[ extant4 ,he wrote = ,?omas ,scott's s]ies valuable tracts on ,our ,fir/ ,c5tury1 ,primitive ,*ur* ,hi/ory1 ,ir5u1 ,ord]1 ,! ,eu*>i/4 ,he also edit$ ,hume's ,dialogues on ,natural ,religion1 & wrote ,! ,fir/ ,t5 ,alleg$ ,p]secutions4 ,levallois 7,jules71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,r\5 #ah ,may1 #ahbi4 ,9 '#ee he became secret>y to ,sa9te ,beuve4 ,wrote ,disme et ,*ri/ianisme1 #ahff4 ,lewes 7,george ,h5ry71 ,engli% man ( lett]s1 b4 9 ,london1 #ah ,april1 #ahag1 he became a j\rnali/ & dramatic critic4 ,9 #ahde-f appe>$ 8 ,biographical ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 :i* %[$ high] p[]4 ,?is has be5 republi%$ z ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy f ,?ales to ,comte4 ,lewes 0 "o ( ! fir/ to introduce ,engli% read]s to ,comte 9 8 acc\nt ( ,comte's ,philosophy ( ! ,sci5ces1 '#dg4 ,9 '#di he became "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,lead]1 = :i* he wrote till '#ed4 ,9 t ye> he began 8 association ) ,george ,eliot 7q4v474 ,8 ,life ( ,goe! appe>$ 9 '#ee1 & f ?is "t he began to give 8 att5tion to sci5tific1 especially biological1 /udies4 ,9 '#fd he publi%$ an important essay on ,ari/otle4 ,on ! f\ndation ( ! ,=tnightly ,review1 '#fe1 ,lewes 0 appo9t$ editor4 ,8 la/ "w1 ,problems ( ,life & ,m9d1 #e vols4 '#gd-gi1 0 nev] complet$ ow+ to 8 dea?1 #bh ,nov4 #ahgh4 ,he bequea!d 8 books to ,dr4 ,williams's libr>y4 ,li*t5b]g 7,georg ,*ri/oph71 ,g]man satirical writ] & sci5ti/1 b4 ,ob]-,ram/dt1 #a ,july1 #agdb2 a fri5d ( ,g4 ,=/]1 he left _m ?\ghts %[+ 8 advanc$ op9ions4 ,di$ ,gtt+51 #bd ,feb4 #agii4 ,lick 7,james71 ,am]ican philan?ropi/1 b4 ,fr$]icksburg1 ,pa41 #be ,aug4 #agif4 ,9 #ahdg he settl$ 9 ,cali=nia & made a l>ge =tune by inve/+ 9 real e/ate4 ,he 0 a ,mat]iali/ & bequea!d l>ge sums to ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 ,m\nt ,hamilton1 & = o!r philan?ropic purposes4 ,di$ ,san ,francisco1 #a ,oct4 #ahgf4 ,lilja 7,nicolai71 ,sw$i% writ]1 b4 ,ro/anga1 #ah ,oct4 #ahjh4 ,/udi$ at ,lund & became p>i% cl]k 9 ! ,lund diocese4 ,he wrote1 on ,man2 8 ,life & ,de/9y4 ,di$ ,lund #ahgj4 ,l9coln 7,abraham71 sixte5? ,presid5t ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 b4 ,k5tucky1 #ab ,feb4 #ahji4 ,an uncompromis+ oppon5t ( slav]y1 8 election 7,nov4 '#fj7 l$ to ! civil w> & ! emancipation ( slaves4 ,w>d ,h4 ,lamon1 :o knew him well1 says he read ,volney & ,pa9e & !n wrote a delib]ate & labor$ essay1 :]e9 he rea*$ conclusions simil> to !irs4 ,! essay 0 burnt1 b he nev] d5i$ or regrett$ its composition4 ,mrs4 ,l9coln said1 ,mr4 ,l9coln _h no hope & no fai? 9 ! usual acceptance ( ^? words4 ,assass9at$ #ad ,april1 #ahfe1 he expir$ ! foll[+ morn+4 ,l9det 7,rob]t ,?omas71 apo/ate ,fr5* bi%op1 b4 ,b]nay1 #agdc4 ,0 elect$ to ! ,/ates-,g5]al by ! cl]gy ( 8 di/rict4 ,he embrac$ ,republican pr9ciples1 & 9 ,m>*1 #agia1 0 made ,bi%op ( ,l',eure4 ,9 ,nov4 #agib he publicly m>ri$4 ,on #g ,nov4 #agic1 r5\nc$ 8 bi%opric4 ,he propos$ t civil fe/ivals %\ld take ! place ( religi\s ones4 ,he became memb] ( ! ,conseil des ,anci5s4 ,di$ ,b]nay1 #aj ,aug4 #ahbc1 & 0 buri$ )\t religi\s s]vice4 ,l9dh 7,!odor ,&]s71 b4 ,borgo 7,f9l&71 #ac ,jan4 #ahcc4 ,/udi$ at ,hels+=s ,univ]sity1 '#ea-eg2 became lawy] 9 '#ga1 & is n[ a memb] ( ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,borgo4 ,he has writt5 _m poems 9 ,sw$i%1 & also translat$ f ! ,engli% poets1 & has publi%$ ,free?\ght essays1 :i* h br\ght him into controv]sy ) ! cl]gy4 ,l9dkvi/ 7,alfr$71 ,sw$i% writ]1 b4 ,gefle1 #ba ,oct4 #ahfj1 ( pi\s p>5ts4 ,at ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala he /udi$ ,european lit]ature1 & became acqua9t$ ) ! works ( ,mill1 ,d>w91 & ,sp5c]4 ,he has publi%$ two volumes ( poems1 ,sn[ ,drops & ,april ,days1 & lo/ a /ip5d at ! ,univ]sity by translat+ f ! ,dani% a rationali/ic life ( ,jesus entitl$ ,! ,re=m] f ,galilee4 ,mr4 ,l9dkvi/ has visit$ ,p>is1 & collaborat$ on a ,/ockholm daily pap]4 ,9 '#hh he jo9$ 8 fri5d ,l5n/r& 9 propagat+ ,free?\ght1 & 9 ,nov4 receiv$ a mon?'s imprisonm5t = hav+ translat$ "o ( ,j4 ,symes's anti-,*ri/ian pamphlets4 ,he n[ edits ,fritank>5 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,l5n/r&4 ,l9dn] 7,ern/ ,otto ,timo!us71 ,g]man physician1 b4 ,breslau1 #bh ,nov4 #ahbj4 ,a fri5d ( ,s*op5hau]1 ^: philosophy he ma9ta9$ 9 sev]al works on music4 ,he edit$ ! ,vossis*e ,zeitung f '#fc4 ,di$ at ,b]l91 #g ,aug4 #ahfg4 ,l9i]e 7,franois ,payot de71 ,fr5* satiric poet1 b4 ,p>is1 #afbh2 kn[n z ! ,a!i/ ( ,s5lis4 ,boileau says ! only act ( piety he ev] did 0 dr9k+ holy wat] because 8 mi/ress dipp$ h] f+] 9 x4 ,wrote _m songs & sm>t epigrams1 & is said to h und]tak5 a criticism ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,di$ at ,p>is 9 #agjd4 ,l9ton 7,eliza1 ne ,lynn7 noveli/ & j\rnali/1 daught] ( vic> ( ,cro/hwaite1 ,cumb]l&1 b4 ,keswick1 #ahbb4 ,has contribut$ l>gely to ! lead+ ,radical j\rnals1 & has writt5 num]\s works ( fiction1 ( :i* we mu/ m5tion ,"u :i* ,"l8 & ,! ,rebel ( ! ,family4 ,9 '#gb %e publi%$ ,! ,true ,hi/ory ( ,jo%ua ,davidson1 ,*ri/ian & ,communi/1 & 9 '#he ! ,autobiography ( ,*ri/oph] ,kirkl&4 ,%e has also writt5 on ! woman "q1 & contribut$ l>gely to p]iodical lit]ature4 ,l9ton 7,william ,james71 poet1 engrav]1 & au?or1 b4 at ,london1 #ahab4 ,a ,*>ti/ 9 e>ly life1 he 0 intimately associat$ ) ! *ief political refugees4 ,he contribut$ to ! democratic press1 & also1 we believe1 to ! ,oracle ( ,reason4 ,he wrote ! ,reason] tract on ,! ,wor? ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,lead]1 has edit$ ! ,tru?seek]1 ! ,national & ! ,engli% ,republic1 & has publi%$ ,fam9e a ,masque1 a ,life ( ,pa9e1 & a memoir ( ,james ,watson & "s volumes ( poems4 ,9 '#fg he w5t to ,am]ica1 b has rec5tly return$4 ,lisc[ 7,*ri/ian ,ludwig71 "o ( ! greate/ ,g]man satiri/s1 b4 ,witt5b]g1 #bi ,april1 #agja4 ,he /udi$ law 9 ,j5a1 & became acqua9t$ ) ,hag$orn 9 ,hamburg4 ,9 #agde he 0 ,c\ncillor ( ,w> at ,dresd54 ,?is po/ he ab&on$1 occupy+ himself ) lit]ature until 8 dea?1 #cj ,oct4 #agfj4 ,lisc['s pr9cipal satires are ,! ,uselessness ( ,good ,works = our ,salvation & ,! ,excell5ce & ,utility ( ,bad ,writ]s4 ,he has be5 call$ ! ,g]man ,swift1 & 8 works %[ him to h be5 an outspok5 ,free?9k]4 ,lisle 7,lionel71 au?or ( ,! ,two ,te/s3 ! ,sup]natural ,claims ( ,*ri/ianity ,tri$ by ,two ( its own ,rules 7,london1 #ahgg74 ,lisz9ski 7,casimir71 ,poli% m>tyr ( noble bir?4 ,d5\nc$ z an ,a!i/ 9 #afhh by ! ,bi%op ( ,wilna & ,posnovia1 he 0 decapitat$ & burnt at ,grodno #cj ,m>*1 #afhi4 ,8 a%es 7 plac$ 9 a cannon & scatt]$ abroad4 ,among ! /atem5ts 9 ,lisz9ski's pap]s 0 t man 0 ! creator ( ,god1 :om he _h =m$ out ( no?+4 ,littre 7,maximilian ,paul ,emile71 ,fr5* philologi/ & philosoph]1 b4 ,p>is1 #a ,feb4 #ahja4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e1 lit]ature & mo/ ( ! sci5ces4 ,an advanc$ ,republican1 he 0 "o ( ! editors ( ! ,national4 ,8 edition ( ! works ( ,hippocrates 7#ahci-fa7 prov$ ! ?or\ghness ( 8 le>n+4 ,he embrac$ ! doctr9es ( ,comte1 & 9 '#de publi%$ a lucid analysis ( ! ,positive ,philosophy4 ,he translat$ ! ,life ( ,jesus1 by ,/rauss1 & wrote ! ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ,france4 ,8 ,diction>y ( ! ,fr5* ,language1 9 :i* he appli$ ! hi/orical me?od to philology1 is "o ( ! mo/ colossal works ev] p]=m$ by "o man4 ,he wrote on ,comte & ,positive ,philosophy1 ,comte & ,mill1 etc41 b refus$ to foll[ ,comte 9 8 lat] vag>ies4 ,f '#fg till 8 dea? he conduct$ ,la ,philosophie ,positive4 ,littr also wrote ,sci5ce f ! ,/&po9t ( ,philosophy1 '#gc2 ,lit]ature & ,hi/ory1 '#ge2 ,fragm5ts ( ,positive ,philosophy & ,contempor>y ,sociology1 '#gf4 ,he 0 propos$ = ! ,academy 9 '#fc1 b 0 bitt]ly oppos$ by ,bi%op ,dupanl\p1 & 0 elect$ 9 '#ga4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 elect$ to ! ,national ,assembly1 & 9 '#ge 0 *os5 s5ator4 ,"u ! ,empire he twice refus$ ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,aft] a long life ( incessant labor1 he di$ at ,p>is1 #b ,june #ahha4 ,lloyd 7,john ,william71 ,am]ican poet & writ]1 b4 ( ,wel%-,engli% /ock at ,we/field1 ,new ,j]sey1 #d ,june1 #aheg4 ,is mo/ly self-educat$4 ,aft] s]v+ appr5tice%ip z a c>p5t]1 became assi/ant to ,dr4 ,trall4 ,br\ght up z an or?odox ,*ri/ian he became an ,agno/ic & ,an>*i/1 & has writt5 mu* 9 ,lib]ty & ,lucif]4 ,lohmann 7,h>twic71 a native ( ,hol/e91 :o 9 #afaf occupi$ a good position 9 ,fl5sburg4 ,he 0 accus$ ( ,a!ism4 ,9 #afce he practis$ m$ic9e at ,cop5hag54 ,he wrote a "w call$ ! ,mirror ( ,fai?4 ,di$ #afdb4 ,loll>d 7,walt]71 h]etic & m>tyr1 b4 ,engl&1 t[>ds end ( ?irte5? c5tury1 began to prea* 9 ,g]many 9 #acae4 ,he reject$ ! sacram5ts & c]emonies ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is said he *ose twelve apo/les to propagate 8 doctr9es & t he _h _m foll[]s4 ,arre/$ at ,cologne 9 #acbb1 he 0 burnt to dea?1 dy+ ) great c\rage4 ,loman 7,abraham ,dirk71 ,dut* rationali/1 b4 ,! ,hague #af ,sep4 #ahbc4 ,he holds ! entire ,new ,te/am5t to be unhi/orical1 & ! ,paul9e ,epi/les to belong to ! second c5tury1 & has writt5 _m critical works4 ,lombroso 7,ces>e74 ,italian writ] & sci5ti/1 b4 ,nov4 #ahcf1 has be5 a soldi] & milit>y physician4 ,introduc$ ,d>w9ism to ,italy4 ,has writt5 sev]al works1 mo/ly 9 relation to ! physiology ( crim9als4 ,longet 7,franois ,a*ille71 ,fr5* physiologi/1 b4 ,/4 ,g]ma9-en-,laye1 #ahaa1 publi%$ a ,treatise on ,physiology 9 #c vols4 & sev]al m$ical works4 ,di$ ,bordeaux1 #bj ,april1 #ahga4 ,longiano 7,seba/iano74 ,see ,fau/o4 ,longue 7,l\is ,pi]re de71 ,fr5* ,dei/1 writ] 9 ! s]vice ( ! h\se ( ,conti2 wrote ,les ,pr9cesses de ,malab>es1 ,adrianople1 #agcd1 9 :i* he satiris$ religion4 ,x 0 condemn$ to be burnt #ca ,dec4 #agcd1 & a new edition publi%$ 9 ,holl& ) ! impr9t ,tranqueb>1 #agce4 ,lor& 7,georges71 ,belgian j\rnali/1 b4 ,namur1 #ahea1 /udi$ law at ,bologna 7,italy7 & soon became an active propagator ( ,a!i/ic doctr9es among ! y\? ( ! ,univ]sity & 9 workm5 associations4 ,he edits ,la ,r=me at ,brussels1 ! able/ daily expon5t ( ,free?\ght & ,democratic doctr9es 9 ,belgium4 ,he has lately head$ an association = ! suppression ( ! /&+ army4 ,lorm 7,hi]onymus71 ! p5 "n ( ,he9ri* ,l&esmann4 ,g]man pessimi/ic poet1 b4 ,nikolsb]g1 #i ,aug4 #ahba4 ,9 addition to _m philosophical poems1 he has writt5 essays entitl$ ,nature & ,_s1 ,vi5na1 '#hd4 ,lozano 7,f]n&o71 ,spani% writ] 9 ,las ,dom9icales dal ,libre ,p5sami5to1 :]e he uses ! signature ,dem(ilo4 ,he has writt5 ,battles ( ,free?\ght1 ,possess$ by ! ,devil1 ,! ,*ur* & ,galeote1 etc4 ,lubbock 7,sir ,john71 bank]1 ar*ologi/1 sci5ti/ & /atesman1 b4 9 ,london1 #cj ,april1 #ahcd4 ,educat$ at ,eton1 he 0 tak5 into 8 fa!r's bank at ! age ( f\rte51 & became a p>tn] 9 '#ef4 ,by 8 ar*ological works he has mo/ di/+ui%$ himself4 ,he has writt5 ,prehi/oric ,times z ,illu/rat$ by ,anci5t ,rema9s1 & ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ,mod]n ,savages 7'#fe71 & ,! ,orig9 ( ,civilisation & ! ,primitive ,condition ( ,man 7'#gj74 ,lucretius ,c>us 7,titus74 ,roman philosophical poet1 b4 ab\t ,b4,c4 #ii4 ,little is kn[n ( 8 life1 b 8 "n is immortalis$ by 8 a!i/ic "w1 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 9 six books1 :i* is ! f9e/ didactic poem 9 any language4 ,lucretius has be5 said to h believ$ 9 "o god1 ,epicurus1 ^: sy/em he exp\nds4 ,full ( animation1 dignity1 & sublimity1 he inve/s philosophy ) ! grace ( g5ius4 ,is said to h di$ by 8 own h& ,b4,c4 #ee4 ,luetzelb]g] 7,ern/ ,k>l ,julius71 ,g]man controv]siali/ b4 ,ditt]sw9d1 #ai ,oct4 #ahjb4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ! ,feu]ba*s4 ,he wrote on ,! ,*ur* ,tradition ( ! ,apo/le ,john4 ,he also wrote a "w on ,jesus1 translat$ 9 ,ew]beck's ,qu'e/ ce que la ,religion4 ,9 '#ef he 0 appo9t$ t[n libr>ian at ,nuremb]g4 ,lunn 7,edw971 ,ow5ite lectur]4 ,publi%$ pamphlets ,on ,pray]1 its ,folly1 ,inutility1 etc4 #ahci1 & ,div9e ,revelation ,exam9$1 #ahda4 ,luys 7,jules ,b]n>d71 ,fr5* ali5i/1 b4 ,p>is1 #ahbh4 ,is physician at l',hopital de la ,*>it1 ,p>is1 & au?or ( a "w on ,! ,bra9 & its ,functions 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 ,lyell 7,sir ,*>les71 geologi/1 b4 ,k9nordy1 ,=f>%ire1 #ad ,nov4 #agig4 ,0 educat$ at ,exet] ,college1 ,ox=d1 & devot$ himself to geology4 ,9 #ahcj-cc appe>$ 8 great "w1 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 :i* w5t ?r\gh num]\s editions4 ,8 la/ important "w 0 ,geological ,evid5ces ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man1 9 :i* he accepts ! ,d>w9ian !ory4 ,di$ #bb ,feb4 #ahge4 ,maccall 7,william71 writ]1 b4 ,l>gs4 ,scotl&1 #ahab4 ,educat$ at ,glasg[1 he f\nd 8 way to ! ,unit>ian ,*ur* :i* he left z insuffici5tly broad4 ,he wrote ,elem5ts ( ,individualism 7'#dg71 translat$ ,sp9oza's ,treatise on ,politics 7'#ed71 wrote to ! ,critic z ,atticus1 contribut$ to ! ,national ,re=m]1 ,secul> ,review1 etc41 publi%$ ,=eign ,biographies 7'#gc71 & translat$ ,dr4 ,let\rneau's ,biology & o!r works4 ,maccall 0 an ideali/ic ,pan!i/ ( /rong individual "*4 ,di$ at ,bexley1 #ai ,nov4 #ahhh4 ,mac*i 7,mauro71 ,italian writ]1 b4 ,milan1 #a ,july1 #ahah4 ,became pr(essor ( rhetoric at ! age ( tw5ty-f\r1 :51 becom+ obnoxi\s to ! ,au/rians by ! lib]ty ( 8 op9ions1 he 0 depriv$ ( 8 position4 ,he betook himself to radical j\rnalism1 f\nd$ l',italia1 a ,republican j\rnal1 = :i* he 0 exil$4 ,he 0 associat$ ) ,ausonio ,fran*i & ,luigi ,/efanoni 9 ! ,lib]o ,p5si]o & ! ,lib]o ,p5satore1 & f\nd$ an ,italian ,association ( ,free?9k]s4 ,9 '#fa he 0 elect$ deputy to ,p>liam5t = ,cremona1 & 9 '#gi 0 elevat$ to ! ,s5ate4 ,di$ at ,rome1 #bd ,dec4 #ahhj4 ,"o ( 8 pr9cipal works is on ! ,c\ncil ( ,t54 ,macdonald 7,eug5e ,montague71 editor ( ! ,new ,york ,tru?seek]1 b4 ,*elsea1 ,ma9e1 #d ,feb4 #ahee4 ,he le>n$ ! pr9t]'s trade 9 ,new ,york1 :]e he became =eman to ,d4 ,m4 ,b5nett1 & contribut$ to ! pap]1 :i* he has conduct$ s9ce ,mr4 ,b5nett's dea?4 ,macdonald 7,george71 bro!r ( ! prec$+4 ,wrote on ! ,tru?seek]1 & n[ conducts ,free?\ght1 ( ,san ,francisco1 9 company ) ,s4 ,p4 ,putnam4 ,george ,macdonald is a g5u9e humori/ & a s\nd ,free?9k]4 ,mc,donnell 7,william71 ,am]ican noveli/1 b4 #ae ,sept4 #ahbd4 ,au?or ( ,! ,hea!ns ( ! ,hea? & ,exet] ,hall1 '#gc1 bo? ,free?\ght romances4 ,mackay 7,rob]t ,william71 au?or ( ,! ,progress ( ! ,intellect1 #ahej1 ,sket* ( ! ,rise & ,progress ( ,*ri/ianity1 '#ec1 & ,! ,tub+5 ,s*ool1 '#fc4 ,mackey 7,sampson ,arnold71 a/ronom] & %oemak]1 ( ,norwi*1 :o is said to h con/ruct$ an orr]y out ( lea!r4 ,he wrote ,! ,my?ological ,a/ronomy ( ! ,anci5ts1 ,norwi*1 #ahbb-bd1 ,pi\s ,frauds1 '#bf1 ,a ,lecture on ,a/ronomy & ,geology1 edit$ by ,w4 ,d4 ,saull1 '#cb1 ,urania's ,key to ! ,revelation1 '#cc1 & ,! ,age ( ,m5tal ,emancipation1 '#cf-ci4 ,mackey also wrote ! ,sph9xiad1 a r>e book4 ,di$ #ahdf4 ,mack9to% 7,?omas ,simmons71 au?or ( ,! ,electrical ,!ory ( ! ,univ]se1 #ahdh1 & ,an ,inquiry into ! ,nature ( ,responsibility4 ,di$ #ahej4 ,mac,sweeney 7,myles71 my?ologi/1 b4 at ,enniskill5 #ahad4 ,he came to ,london1 & he>+ ,rob]t ,taylor at ! ,rotunda 9 #ahcj1 adopt$ 8 views4 ,he held t ,jesus nev] exi/$1 & wrote 9 ! ,national ,re=m]1 ,secul> ,*ronicle1 & o!r pap]s4 ,he publi%$ a pamphlet on ,moses & ,bac*us 9 #ahgd4 ,di$ ,jan4 #ahha4 ,mada* 7,imr71 ,hung>ian patriot & poet1 b4 #ba ,jan4 #ahbc1 at ,sztregova1 /udi$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,buda ,pe/h1 & aft]w>ds liv$ at ,cseszlova4 ,he 0 9 '#eb inc>c]at$ = a ye> = hav+ giv5 asylum at 8 ca/le to a political refugee4 ,he became 9 '#fa delegate at ,pe/h4 ,9 ?is ye> he publi%$ 8 f9e poem ,az ,emb] ,tragdija 7,! ,human ,trag$y71 9 :i* mank9d is p]sonifi$ z ,adam1 ) ,lucif] 9 8 company4 ,_m ,free?\ght views occur 9 ?is poem4 ,di$ #e ,oct4 #ahfd4 ,8 works 7 publi%$ 9 #c vols41 #ahhj4 ,mai] 7,lodewyk74 ,see ,mey]4 ,maillet 7,b5x de74 ,fr5* au?or1 b4 ,sa9t ,mi*iel1 #ab ,april1 #afef4 ,he 0 successively consul 9 ,egypt & at ,leghorn2 & di$ at ,m>seilles1 #cj ,jan4 #agch4 ,aft] 8 dea? 0 publi%$ ,telliam$ 7! anagram ( 8 "n71 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ t all l& 0 orig9ally cov]$ ) wat] & t e species ( animal1 man includ$1 owes its orig9 to ! sea4 ,ma9la5d] 7,philipp71 pseudonym ( ,philipp ,batz1 ,g]man pessimi/1 au?or ( a pr(\nd "w entitl$ ! ,philosophy ( ,r$emption1 ! fir/ "p ( :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgf4 ,x 0 said t ,ma9lnd] committ$ suicide 9 t ye>1 b ! second "p ( 8 "w has come out #ahhb-hf4 ,he holds t ,poly!ism gives place to ,mono!ism & ,pan!ism1 & ^! aga9 to ,a!ism4 ,god is dead1 & 8 dea? 0 ! life ( ! _w4 ,malh]be 7,franois de74 ,fr5* poet1 b4 ,ca51 #aeee4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! civil w>s ( ! ,league1 & enjoy$ ! patronage ( ,h5ry ,,iv4 ,he 0 call$ ! pr9ce ( poets & ! poet ( pr9ces4 ,_m /ories are told illu/rat+ 8 sceptical raill]y4 ,:5 told ^u 8 dea?-b$ ( p>adise & hell he said he _h liv$ l o!rs & w\ld g :]e o!rs w5t4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #af ,oct4 #afbh4 ,mallet 7,mme4 ,joseph9e74 ,fr5* au?oress ( a "w on ,! ,bible1 its orig91 errors & contradictions 7#ahhb74 ,malon 7,b5ot74 ,fr5* ,sociali/1 b4 ne> ,/4 ,eti5ne1 #ahda4 ,"o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,int]national2 he has writt5 a "w on t organisation1 its hi/ory & pr9ciples 7,lyons1 #ahgb74 ,he is editor on ,l',intransigeant1 conduct$ ! ,revue ,sociali/e1 & has writt5 on ! religion & morality ( ! ,sociali/s & o!r works4 ,malvez9 7,pi]re74 ,fr5* j\rnali/1 b4 ,junhac1 #bf ,june #ahda4 ,au?or ( ,la ,bible ,f>ce 7,brussels1 #ahgi47 ,?is "w 0 condemn$ & suppress$1 #ahhj1 & ! au?or s5t5c$ to ?ree mon?'s imprisonm5t4 ,he conducts ! review ,la ,frat]nit4 ,m&eville 7,b]nh>d71 b4 ,dort4 #afgj4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e1 0 made a doctor 9 ,holl&1 & emigrat$ to ,london4 ,9 #agje he publi%$ a poetical satire1 ,! ,grumbl+ ,hive1 or ,knaves ,turn$ ,hone/4 ,9 #agji1 he publi%$ ,! ,virg9 ,unmask$1 & 9 #agbc1 ,free ,?\ghts on ,religion ! ,*ur* & ,national ,happ9ess4 ,9 ! same ye> appe>$ 8 ,fables ( ! ,bees or ,private ,vices1 ,public ,b5efits4 ,?is "w 0 pres5t$ by ! gr& jury ( ,middlesex1 #agbc & #agbh4 ,x 0 attack$ by ,law1 ,b]keley1 & o!rs4 ,m&eville repli$ to ,b]keley 9 ,a ,lett] to ,dion1 occasion$ by a book call$ ,alciphron1 or ! ,m9ute ,philosoph]1 #agcb4 ,he also wrote ,an ,inquiry ( ,honor1 & ,usefulness ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,w>1 #agca4 ,di$1 ,london1 #ai ,jan4 #agcc4 ,mantegazza 7,paolo71 ,italian an?ropologi/1 b4 ,monza1 #ca ,oct4 #ahca4 ,/udi$ m$ic9e at ,milan1 ,pisa1 & ,p>ia1 & travell$ consid]ably ?r\gh ,europe1 & produc$ at ,p>is 9 #ahed 8 fir/ book ,! ,physiology ( ,pleasure4 ,he has also writt5 on ! physiology ( pa91 spontane\s g5]ation1 an?ropological works on ,ec/acy1 ,love & o!r topics1 & a f9e romance ,il ,dio ,ignoto1 ! unkn[n god 7#ahgf74 ,mantegazza is "o ( ! mo/ popul> & able ( ,italian writ]s4 ,manzoni 7,romeo71 ,dr4 ,italian physician1 b4 ,arogno1 #ahdg1 /udi$ philosophy at ,milan1 & graduat$ at ,naples4 ,he has writt5 on ! doctr9e ( love ( ,bruno & ,s*op5hau] ,a ,life ( ,jesus1 also ,il ,prete1 a "w translat$ into ,g]man ) ! title ,religion z a ,pa?ological ,ph5om5on1 etc4 ,m>*5a 7,jos71 ,spani% writ]1 b4 ,utr]a1 ,&alusia1 #agfh4 ,br\ght up = ! *ur*1 read+ ! writ+s ( ! ,fr5* philosoph]s br\ght on him ! ,inquisition4 ,he fl$ to ,france :]e he became a fri5d ( ,brissot & ! ,girond9s4 ,he wrote a pron\nc$ ,essai de ,?ologie1 #agig1 & translat$ into ,spani% ,molire's ,t>tufe1 & "s works ( ,voltaire4 ,he translat$ ,dupuis' ,orig9e de t\s les ,cultes1 became secret>y to ,murat1 & di$ #aj ,jan4 #ahba4 ,m>e*al 7,pi]re ,sylva971 ,fr5* au?or1 b4 ,p>is1 #ae ,aug4 #agej2 0 br\ght up to ! ,b>1 :i* he quitt$ = ! pursuit ( lit]ature4 ,he 0 libr>ian to ! ,maz>9 ,college1 b lo/ 8 place by 8 ,book ,escap$ f ! ,deluge1 ,psalms1 by ,s4 ,ar4 ,lame* 7anagram71 #aghd4 ,?is 0 a p>ody ( ! /yle ( ! prophets4 ,9 #agha he wrote ,le ,n\veau ,lucrece4 ,9 #aghh appe>$ 8 ,almanack ( ,hone/ ,p1 9 :i* ! "n ( ,jesus ,*ri/ 0 f\nd beside t ( ,epicurus4 ,! "w 0 d5\nc$ to ,p>liam5t1 burnt at ! h&s ( ! hangman1 & ,m>*al imprison$ = f\r mon?s4 ,he welcom$ ! ,revolution1 & publi%$ a republican almanack1 #agic4 ,9 #agig & #agih he publi%$ 8 ,code ( a ,society ( ,m5 )\t ,god1 & ,free ,?\ghts on ! ,prie/s4 ,9 #agii appe>$ 8 mo/ le>n$ "w1 ,travels ( ,py?agoras 9 ,egypt1 ,*aldea1 ,india1 ,rome1 ,c>?age1 ,gaul1 etc4 #f vols4 ,into ?is fiction ,m>*al puts a ho/ ( bold philosophical1 political1 & social doctr9es4 ,9 #ahjj he publi%$ 8 fam\s ,diction>y ( ,a!i/s1 :i* ! ,gov]nm5t prohibit$ & int]dict$ j\rnals f notic+4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> appe>$ 8 ,= & ,aga9/ ! ,bible4 ,di$ at ,montr\ge1 #ah ,jan4 #ahjc4 ,8 b5efic5ce is highly spok5 ( by ,lal&e4 ,m>et 7,h5ry71 ,fr5* j\rnali/ & deputy1 b4 ,sant]re1 #d ,m>*1 #ahch4 ,he ably combatt$ aga9/ ! ,empire1 & edits ,le ,radical2 0 elect$ deputy 9 '#ha4 ,m>gu]ite1 ( ,valois1 ,que5 ( ,nav>re1 si/] to ,francis ,i4 b4 at ,ang\leme1 #aa ,april1 #adib4 ,des]ves place = h] protection to religi\s re=m]s4 ,di$ #ba ,dec4 #aedi4 ,m>guetel de ,sa9t ,d5is4 ,see ,sa9t ,evremond 7,c47 ,m>io 7,alb]to71 ,italian patriot1 b4 #c ,june1 #ahbe4 ,he edit$ ! ,tribune & ,free ,italy1 became aide-de-camp to ,g>ibaldi & m>ri$ ,jessie ,:ite1 an ,engli% lady4 ,9 '#fj he wrote a polemic aga9/ ! papacy entitl$ ,slav]y & ,?\ght4 ,di$ #b ,june1 #ahhc4 ,m>l[ 7,*ri/oph]71 ,engli% poet & dramati/1 b4 ,cant]bury1 #h ,feb4 #aefd4 ,educat$ at ,b5et ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he took 8 degree 9 #aehg4 ,he devot$ himself to dramatic writ+ & accord+ to "s became an actor4 ,he 0 kill$ 9 a brawl at ,dept=d1 #a ,june1 #aeic1 9 "t to escape be+ tri$ on an in=mation laid aga9/ him = ,a!ism & blasphemy4 ,! audacity ( 8 g5ius is display$ 9 ,tamburla9e & ,dr4 ,fau/us4 ,( ! latt]1 ,goe! said ,h[ greatly is x all plann$4 ,sw9burne says ,he is ! greate/ discov]]1 ! mo/ d>+ & inspir$ pione] 9 all our poetic lit]ature4 ,m>r 7,wilhelm71 ,g]man sociali/1 au?or ( ,religi\s ,excursions1 #ahgf1 & sev]al anti-,semitic tracts4 ,m>sais 7,ces> ,*esneau du74 ,see ,du ,m>sais4 ,m>selli 7,niccola71 ,italian writ]1 b4 ,naples1 #e ,nov4 #ahcb4 ,au?or ( advanc$ works on ! ,sci5ce ( ,hi/ory1 ,nature & ,civilisation1 ! ,orig9 ( ,humanity1 ! ,great ,races ( ,humanity1 etc4 ,m>/on 7,philip ,b\rke71 ,engli% poet1 b4 ,london1 #ac ,aug4 #ahej4 ,he became bl9d 9 *ildhood1 & devot$ to poetry4 ,a fri5d ( ,d4 ,g4 ,rossetti1 ,sw9burne1 & ,?omson1 8 poems are sad & s9c]e4 ,di$ #ad ,feb4 #ahhg1 & 0 buri$ 9 accordance ) 8 own wi%es 9 unconsecrat$ gr\nd at ,highgate1 & )\t religi\s s]vice4 ,m>sy 7,franois ,m>ie de71 b4 ,p>is1 #agad1 educat$ z a ,jesuit4 ,he br\ght out an analysis ( ,bayle1 #agee1 = :i* he 0 conf9$ 9 ! ,ba/ile4 ,di$ #af ,dec4 #agfc4 ,m>t5 7,h5ry71 regicide1 b4 ,ox=d1 #afjb4 ,educat$ at ,ox=d1 :]e he proce$$ ,b4,a41 #afai4 ,he 0 elect$ to ,p>liam5t 9 #afdj1 & expell$ = 8 republican s5tim5ts 9 #afdc4 ,he resum$ 8 seat #f ,jan4 #afdf1 took "p 9 ! civil w>1 sat z "o ( ,k+ ,*>les's judges1 & became "o ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,/ate4 ,he propos$ ! repeal ( ! /atute ( bani%m5t aga9/ ! ,jews1 & :5 x 0 s\ght to expel all pr(ane p]sons1 propos$ to add ! words & all fools4 ,tri$ = regicide #aj ,oct4 #affj1 he 0 kept 9 ,*ep/[ ,ca/le till 8 dea?1 ,sep4 #afhj4 ,c>lyle calls him sworn foe ( ,cant 9 all its figures2 an indomitable little ,pagan if n bett]4 ,m>t9 7,emma71 ,engli% writ] & lecturess1 b4 ,bri/ol1 #ahab4 ,br\ght up z a ,bapti/1 %e1 = a "t1 edit$ ! ,bri/ol ,magaz9e4 ,%e wrote ! ,exiles ( ,pi$mont & translat$ f ! ,italian ! ,maxims ( ,guicci>d9i4 ,! trials ( ,holyoake & ,s\?well = blasphemy l$ h] to inquire & embrace ! ,free?\ght cause4 ,:ile ,holyoake & ,pat]son 7 9 gaol1 ,mrs4 ,m>t9 w5t ab\t committ+ ! crime = :i* !y 7 imprison$4 ,9 '#dc %e publi%$ ,baptism ,a ,pagan ,rite4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ,tracts = ! ,p on ! ,bible no ,revelation1 ,religion ,sup]s$$1 ,pray]1 ,god's ,gifts & ,m5's ,duties1 a conv]sation on ! be+ ( ,god1 etc4 ,%e also lectur$ & wrote on ! ,puni%m5t ( ,dea?1 to :i* %e 0 e>ne/ly oppos$4 ,di$ ,oct4 #ahea4 ,m>t9 7,bon ,l\is ,h5ri71 ,fr5* hi/orian1 b4 ,/4 ,qu5t91 #bj ,feb4 #ahaj4 ,he 0 s5t to ,p>is to /udy law1 b ab&on$ x = hi/ory4 ,8 ,hi/ory ( ,france1 9 n9ete5 vols4 7#ahch-ec71 is a monum5tal "w ( erudition4 ,a confirm$ ,republican1 he w>mly oppos$ ! ,second ,empire & aft] its fall became memb] ( ! ,national ,assembly1 '#ga1 & s5ator1 '#gf4 ,he 0 elect$ memb] ( ! ,academy1 '#gh4 ,9 addition to 8 hi/orical works he contribut$ to le ,siecle1 la ,lib]t de p5s]1 & l',encyclopdie ,n\velle1 etc4 ,di$ #ad ,dec4 #ahhc4 ,m>t9 7,l\is71 au?or ( ,les ,evangiles ,sans ,dieu 7call$ by ,victor ,hugo cette noble page71 ,p>is1 #ahhg1 describes himself z an ,a!i/ ,sociali/4 ,m>t9 7,l\is ,augu/e74 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,p>is1 #be ,april1 #ahaa1 editor ( ! ,morale ,indep5dante & memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,g5eva4 ,= 8 ,true & ,false ,ca?olics 7'#eh71 he 0 f9$ ?ree ?\s& francs & imprison$ = six mon?s4 ,he publi%$ ! ,annuaire ,philosophique4 ,sev]al ( 8 works are plac$ on ! ,roman ,index4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #f ,april1 #ahge4 ,m>t9aud 7,m471 an ex-abb :o refus$ ord9ation1 & wrote ,lett]s ( a "y prie/1 :o is an ,a!i/ & ,mat]iali/1 to 8 bi%op1 ,p>is1 #ahfh1 9 :i* he says1 ,religion is ! infancy ( peoples1 ,a!ism _! maturity4 ,m>t9eau 7,h>riet71 b4 ,norwi* #ab ,june1 #ahjc1 desc5d$ f a ,hugu5ot family4 ,br\ght up z a ,unit>ian1 %e began writ+ ,devotional ,ex]cises = ,"y ,p]sons1 &1 tak+ to lit]ature z a means ( liv+1 di/+ui%$ h]self by popul>isations ( political economy4 ,! ,lett]s on ! ,laws ( ,man's ,nature & ,developm5t1 :i* pass$ betwe5 h] & ,h4 ,g4 ,atk9son1 appe>$ 9 '#ea1 & disclos$ h] advance to ! ,positivi/ s*ool ( ,?\ght4 ,9 '#ec %e issu$ a cond5s$ acc\nt ( ,comte's philosophy4 ,%e wrote a ,hi/ory ( ,engl& dur+ ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,peace1 & num]\s o!r works4 ,di$ at ,ambleside #bg ,june1 #ahgf4 ,h] ,autobiography1 publi%$ aft] h] dea?1 %[s ! full ext5t ( h] unbelief4 ,masqu]i] 7,lewis71 ,am]ican l& re=m] ( ,hugu5ot desc5t1 b4 #a ,m>*1 #ahjb4 ,wrote ,! ,sataniad1 e/abli%$ ,gre5po9t ,gazette1 & contribut$ to ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator4 ,di$ #g ,jan4 #ahhh4 ,mass5et 7,jules ,emile ,frd]ic71 ,fr5* musical compos]1 b4 ,mont>d1 #ab ,may1 #ahdb4 ,has writt5 a d>+ & popul> oratorio on ,m>ie ,magdele9e1 & an op]a1 ,h]odiade4 ,massey 7,g]ald71 poet & ar*ologi/1 b4 ( poor p>5ts at ,tr+1 9 ,h]ts1 #bi ,may1 #ahbh4 ,at eight ye>s ( age he 0 s5t to a factory to e>n a mis]able pittance4 ,at ! age ( fifte5 he came to ,london z an err& boy1 read all t came 9 8 way1 & became a ,free?9k] & political re=m]4 ,inspir$ by ! m5 ( '#dh1 he />t$ ,! ,_s ( ,fre$om1 '#di4 ,x co/ him five situations 9 elev5 mon?s4 ,9 '#ec 8 ,ballad ( ,babe ,*ri/abel1 ) o!r ,lyrical ,poems at once gave him position z a poet ( f9e ta/e & s5sibility4 ,mr4 ,massey devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ,egyptology1 ! result ( :i* is se5 9 8 ,book ( ,beg9n+s & ,natural ,g5esis1 '#ha-hc1 9 :i* he %[s ! my?ical nature ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,mr4 ,massey has also lectur$ widely on su* subjects z ,:y ,don't ,god ,kill ! ,devil8 ,! ,hi/orical ,jesus & ! ,my?ical ,*ri/1 ,! ,devil ( ,d>kness 9 ! ,light ( ,evolution1 ,! ,com+ ,religion1 etc4 ,8 poems are be+ re-publi%$ "u ! title ,my ,lyrical ,life4 ,massey 7,james74 ,see ,tyssot4 7,s47 ,massol 7,m>ie ,alex&re71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,bezi]s1 #ah ,m>*1 #ahje4 ,he /udi$ "u ,raspail1 w5t to ,p>is 9 '#cj & became a ,sa9t ,simonian4 ,9 '#dh he wrote on ,lam5nais' ,la ,r=me1 & on ! ,voix du ,peuple ) 8 fri5d ,pr\dhon1 to :om he became executor4 ,9 '#fe he e/abli%$ ,la ,morale ,indep5dante ) ! object ( %[+ morality _h no?+ to d ) !ology4 ,di$ at ,p>is #bj ,april1 #ahge4 ,maub]t de ,g\ve/ 7,jean ,h5ri71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,r\51 #bj ,nov4 #agba4 ,br\ght up z a monk1 he fl$ & took s]vice 9 ! ,saxon army4 ,he 0 ?r[n into prison by ! ,k+ ( ,pol&1 b ! ,papal nuncio procur$ 8 release on condition ( retak+ 8 habit4 ,?is he did & w5t to ,rome to be reliev$ ( 8 v[s4 ,fail+ ?is he w5t to ,switz]l& & ,engl&1 :]e he 0 well receiv$ by ,"l ,bol+broke4 ,he publi%$ ,lettres ,iroquoises1 ,irocopolis1 #ageb1 & o!r anonym\s works4 ,at ,frank=t 9 #agfd he 0 arre/$ z a fugitive monk & vagabond1 & 0 imprison$ elev5 mon?s4 ,di$ at ,altona1 #ba ,nov4 #agfg4 ,maudsley 7,h5ry71 ,m4,d41 b4 ne> ,giggleswick1 ,york%ire1 #e ,feb4 #ahce4 ,educat$ at ,london ,univ]sity1 :]e he graduat$ ,m4,d4 9 #aheg4 ,tak+ m5tal pa?ology z 8 speciality1 he soon rea*$ em95ce 9 8 pr(ession4 ,f '#fi-'gi he 0 pr(essor ( m$ical jurisprud5ce at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london4 ,8 works on ,! ,physiology & ,pa?ology ( ! ,m9d 7'#fg71 ,body & ,m9d 7'#gj71 ,responsibility 9 ,m5tal ,disease 7'#gc71 & ,body & ,w 7'#hc7 h attract$ mu* att5tion4 ,8 ,natural ,laws & ,sup]natural ,seem+s 7'#hj7 is a p[]ful exposure ( ! ess5ce ( all sup]/ition4 ,mauvillon 7,jakob von71 b4 ,leipzig1 #h ,m>*1 #agdc4 ,?\gh feeble 9 body1 he _h a p5*ant = ! army1 & jo9$ ! eng9e] corps ( ,hanov]1 & aft]w>ds became lieut5ant-colonel 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,duke ( ,brunswick4 ,a fri5d & admir] ( ,mirabeau1 he def5d$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 ,g]many4 ,he wrote anonym\sly ,p>adoxes ,moraux 7,am/]dam1 #agfh7 & ,! ,only ,true ,sy/em ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion 7,b]l91 #aghg71 at fir/ compos$ "u ! title ( ,false ,reason+s ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,di$ 9 ,brunswick1 #aa ,jan4 #agid4 ,mazz9i 7,giuseppe71 ,italian patriot1 b4 ,g5oa1 #bh ,june #ahjh4 ,9 '#bf he graduat$ ,,ll4,d41 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,g5oa1 & plung$ into politics1 becom+ ! lead] ( ,"y ,italy1 ) ! object ( unit+ ! nation4 ,condemn$ to dea? 9 '#cc1 he w5t to ,switz]l& & 0 expell$1 !n came to ,engl& 9 '#cg4 ,9 '#dh he return$1 & 9 ,m>* '#di 0 made triumvir ( ,rome ) ,saffi & ,armell9i4 ,compell$1 aft] a desp]ate resi/ance1 to retire1 he return$ to ,london4 ,he wrote 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review & o!r p]iodicals & 8 works are num]\s ?\gh mo/ly ( a political "*4 ,!y are di/+ui%$ by highm9d$ness1 love ( tol]ation & eloqu5ce4 ,c>lyle call$ ,mazz9i a man ( g5ius & virtue1 a man ( /]l+ v]acity1 humanity & nobl5ess ( m9d4 ,di$ at ,pisa #aj ,m>*1 #ahgb4 ,he 0 a ,dei/4 ,meissn] 7,alfr$71 ,g]man poet1 b4 ,teplitz1 #ae ,oct4 #ahbb4 ,has writt5 ,ziska1 an epic poem1 ,! ,son ( ,atta ,troll1 ,recollections ( ,he9e1 etc4 ,di$ ,teplitz1 #bj ,may1 #ahhe4 ,mei/] 7,jacques ,h5ri71 ,swiss writ]1 b4 ,bckeburg1 #f ,aug4 #agdd4 ,int5d$ = a religi\s c>e]1 he w5t to ,france1 & became acqua9t$ ) ,d',holba* & ,did]ot1 ( :om he wrote a %ort life1 & 0 secret>y to ,grimm4 ,he wrote ! ,orig9 ( ,religi\s ,pr9ciples1 #agfb1 & ,natural ,morality1 #aghg4 ,m5>d 7,l\is71 ,fr5* au?or & pa9t]1 b4 ,p>is1 #ahbb4 ,9 '#dh-'di he wrote ,prologue ( a ,revolution1 = :i* he 0 oblig$ to leave ,france4 ,has writt5 on ,morality be=e ! ,philosoph]s1 '#fj1 ,/udies on ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 '#fg1 & ,free?9k]s' ,religi\s ,cate*ism1 '#ge4 ,m5doza 7,diego ,hurtado de71 fam\s & le>n$ ,spani% au?or1 b4 ( di/+ui%$ family1 ,granada1 #aejc4 ,int5d$ = ! *ur*1 he /udi$ ,lat91 ,greek1 ,arabic1 & ,hebrew1 b on leav+ ! univ]sity he jo9$ ! army4 ,at s*ool he wrote 8 well kn[n comic novel1 ,laz>illo de ,tormes1 :i* 0 condemn$ by ! ,inquisition4 ,s5t on an embassy to ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 ! latt] 0 greatly %ock$ at 8 audacity & vehem5ce ( spee*4 ,8 *ief "w is 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,moori% ,w>s1 :i* rema9$ unpr9t$ ?irty ye>s1 ?r\gh ! intol]ant policy ( ,philip ,,ii4 ,m5doza's satires & burlesques 7 also prohibit$ by ! ,inquisition4 ,he comm5t$ ,ari/otle & translat$ 8 ,me*anics4 ,di$ at ,valladolid1 ,april1 #aege4 ,m5dum 7,josiah ,p471 publi%] & proprietor ( ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator1 b4 ,k5nebunk1 ,ma9e1 #g ,july1 #ahaa4 ,he became a pr9t]1 & 9 #ahcc became acqua9t$ ) ,abn] ,kneel& & aft] 8 imprisonm5t engag$ to pr9t ! ,inve/igator1 & :5 ,kneel& left ,bo/on = ! ,we/ to recruit 8 heal?1 he c>ri$ on ! pap] toge!r ) ,mr4 ,horace ,seav]4 ,mr4 ,m5dum 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,pa9e ,memorial ,hall1 ,bo/on1 & a *ief support ( ,free?\ght 9 t city4 ,m5telle 7,edme71 ,fr5* geograph] & hi/orian1 b4 ,p>is1 #aa ,oct4 #agcj4 ,/udi$ at ! ,college de ,beauvais "u ,crvi]4 ,8 ,prcis de l',hi/oire des ,hbreux 7#agih71 & ,prcis de l',hi/oire ,univ]selle are ?or\ghly anti-,*ri/ian4 ,he d\bt$ if ,jesus ev] exi/$4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,in/itute & ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #bh ,dec4 #ahae4 ,m]ci] 7,l4 ,a471 au?or ( ,la ,libre ,p5se1 ,brussels1 #ahgi4 ,m]$i? 7,evan ,p[ell71 ,wel% writ]1 au?or ( ,! ,prophet ( ,naz>e? 7#ahfd71 an able "w expos+ ! prophecies ( ,jesus1 & ,amphilogia1 a reply 9 to ! ,bi%op ( ,l&aff & ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,f4 ,franckl91 '#fg4 ,m]$i? 7,george71 philosophical poet & noveli/1 b4 ,hamp%ire1 #ahbh1 & educat$ p>tly on ! ,cont95t4 ,int5d$ = ! law1 he adopt$ lit]ature 9 pref]5ce4 ,he fir/ appe>$ z a poet ) ,poems 7'#ea74 ,( 8 p[]ful novels we m5tion ! ,ordeal ( ,ri*>d ,fev]il 7'#ei71 ,emilia 9 ,engl& 7'#fd71 n[ ,s&ra ,belloni1 ) ,vittoria 7'#ff7 = a sequel4 ,rhoda ,flem+1 ,beau*amp's ,c>e] 7'#gf71 ,! ,egoi/ 7'#gi71 ,! ,tragic ,com$ians 7'#ha7 & ,diana ( ! ,crossways 7'#he74 ,deep ?\ght & f9e grace *>act]ise 8 writ+s4 ,z a poet ,mr4 ,m]$i? is n popul>1 b 8 volumes ( v]se are m>k$ by ! highe/ qualities1 & give him a place ap>t f ! ?rong ( contempor>y s+]s4 ,m]imee 7,prosp]71 le>n$ ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,p>is1 #bh ,sept4 #ahjh1 au?or ( num]\s essays & romances4 ,0 made ,inspector ,g5]al ( ,hi/oric ,monum5ts & 0 admitt$ to ! ,academy 9 '#dd4 ,9 8 anonym\s bro*ure on ,h7enri7 ,b7eyle71 ,eleu!ropolis 7,brussels71 '#fd1 !re is an op5 pr(ession ( ,a!ism4 ,di$ at ,cannes1 #bc ,sept4 #ahgj4 ,m]ritt 7,h5ry71 ,engli% pa9t] & writ]1 b4 ,ox=d1 #h ,june1 #ahbb4 ,on com+ to ,london he liv$ ) ,mr4 ,holyoake1 & contribut$ to ! ,reason]1 us+ ! signature ,*ri/oph]4 ,he wrote on ,dirt & ,pictures & ,rob]t ,dalby & 8 ,_w ( ,tr\bles1 etc4 ,di$ 9 ,london1 #aj ,july1 #ahgg4 ,mesli] or ,melli] 7,jean71 cur ( ,etrepigny1 ,*ampagne1 b4 ,maz]ny1 ,re!lois1 #ae ,june1 #affd4 ,di$ 9 #agbi4 ,aft] 8 dea? a w 0 discov]$ ( :i* he _h made ?ree copies1 9 :i* he repudiat$ ,*ri/ianity & reque/$ to be buri$ 9 8 own g>d54 ,8 prop]ty he left to 8 p>i%ion]s4 ,voltaire publi%$ x "u ! title ( ,extract f ! s5tim5ts ( ,jean ,mesli]4 ,to ,mesli] has be5 attribut$ ! "w entitl$ ,le ,bon ,s5s1 writt5 by ,b>on ,d',holba*4 ,le ,te/am5t de ,jean ,mesli] has be5 publi%$ 9 ?ree volumes at ,am/]dam1 #ahfd1 prec$$ by a /udy by ,rudolf ,*>les 7,r4 ,c4 d',abla+ van ,giess5burg74 ,x calls 9 "q all ! dogmas ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,ana*>sis ,clootz propos$ to ! ,national ,conv5tion to erect a /atue to ?is hone/ prie/4 ,met*nikov 7,lon71 ,russian writ] 9 ,fr5*2 au?or ( a "w on ,japan & ( able articles1 notably "o on ,*ri/ian ,communion 9 ! ,revue ,int]nationale des ,sci5ces ,biologiques1 tome #ab4 ,metrodorus ( ,lampsacus4 ,greek philosoph]1 b4 #ccj ,b4,c41 a disciple & intimate fri5d ( ,epicurus4 ,he wrote num]\s works1 ! titles ( :i* are pres]v$ by ,diog5es ,la]tius4 ,di$ ,b4,c4 #bgg4 ,mettrie1 see ,la ,mettrie4 ,meuni] 7,amde ,victor71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,p>is1 #b ,may1 #ahag4 ,has done mu* to popul>ise sci5ce by 8 ,sci5tific ,essays1 #ahea-eh1 ! ,ance/ors ( ,adam1 '#ge1 etc4 ,mey] 7,lodewijk71 a ,dut* physician1 a fri5d & foll[] ( ,sp9oza1 :o publi%$ ,ex]citatio ,p>adoxa on ! philosophical int]pretation ( scripture1 ,eleu!ropoli 7,am/471 #afff4 ,?is has be5 wrongly attribut$ to ,sp9oza4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,dut* 9 #affg4 ,he is also cr$it$ ) ,lucii ,anti/ic ,con/antes1 de jure ecclesia/icorum4 ,ale?opoli 7,am/471 #affe4 ,?is "w is also attribut$ to ano!r writ]1 viz4 ,p4 de la ,c\rt4 ,mialhe 7,hippolyte71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,roquec\rbe 7,t>n71 #ahcd4 ,f '#fj-fb he 0 ) ! ,fr5* army ( occupation at ,rome4 ,he has organis$ f$]ations ( ,free?9k]s 9 ,france1 edit$ ,l',union des ,libres-,p5seurs1 & has writt5 ,mmoires d'un libre ,p5seur 7,nev]s1 #ahhh74 ,mi*elet 7,jules71 ,fr5* hi/orian1 b4 ,p>is1 #ba ,aug4 #agih4 ,became a ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory 9 #ahba4 ,has writt5 a ,hi/ory ( ,france & ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution2 ,! ,jesuits1 ) 8 fri5d ,qu9et1 '#dc2 ,! ,prie/1 ,woman & ! ,family1 '#dd2 ,! ,sorc]ess1 deal+ ) wit*craft 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 '#fb2 ,! ,bible ( ,humanity1 '#fd4 ,8 lectures 7 int]dict$ by ! ,gov]nm5t ( ,l\is ,phillippe1 & aft] ! c\p d'tat he 0 depriv$ ( 8 *air4 ,all ,mi*elet's works gl[ ) eloqu5ce & imag9ation4 ,he nev] =got t he 0 a republican & ,free?9k] ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,di$ at ,hyres1 #i ,feb4 #ahgd4 ,mi*elet 7,k>l ,ludwig71 ,g]man philosoph] ( ,fr5* family1 b4 ,b]l91 #d ,dec4 #ahja4 ,9 '#bi he became ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy4 ,a disciple ( ,hegel1 he edit$ 8 ma/]'s works1 '#cb4 ,8 pr9ciple "w is ,a ,sy/em ( ,philosophy z an ,exact ,sci5ce1 '#gf-ha4 ,he has also writt5 on ! relation ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c] to ,g]man philosophy4 ,middleton 7,cony]s71 ,free?9k+ cl]gyman1 b4 ,york #afhc4 ,8 ,lett]s f ,rome1 #agbi1 %[$ h[ mu* ,roman ,*ri/ianity _h borr[$ f ,paganism1 & 8 ,free ,inquiry into ! ,miracul\s ,p[]s suppos$ to h subsi/$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 #agdi1 0 a sev]e bl[ to hi!rto receiv$ ,*ri/ian ,evid5ces4 ,he also wrote a classic ,life ( ,cic]o4 ,di$ at ,hild]%am ne> ,cambridge1 #bh ,july1 #agej4 ,mign>di 7,g471 ,italian writ]1 :o 9 #ahhd publi%$ ,memorie di un ,nuovo ,cr$5te 7,memoirs ( a ,new ,believ]74 ,milelli 7,dom5ico71 ,italian poet1 b4 ,catanz>o1 ,feb4 #ahda4 ,8 family int5d$ to make him a prie/1 b he turn$ out a rank ,pagan1 z may be se5 9 8 ,odi ,pagane1 '#gi1 ,canzoni]i1 '#hd1 & o!r works4 ,mill 7,james71 philosoph] & hi/orian1 b4 ,nor?wat]bridge1 ,montrose1 #f ,april1 #aggc4 ,/udi$ at ,ed9burgh1 & di/+ui%$ himself by 8 atta9m5ts 9 ,greek & moral philosophy4 ,he 0 lic5s$ z prea*] 9 ! ,scot* ,*ur*1 b remov$ to ,london 9 #ahjj1 & became editor ( ! ,lit]>y ,review1 & contribut$ to ! reviews4 ,he publi%$1 '#ag-'ai1 8 ,hi/ory ( ,briti% ,india4 ,he contribut$ _m articles to ! fif? edition ( ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,a fri5d ( ,b5?am1 he wrote l>gely 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 & did mu* to =w>d ! views ( ,philosophic ,radicalism4 ,8 ,analysis ( ! ,human ,m9d1 '#ci1 is a pr(\nd "w4 ,9 religion he 0 a complete sceptic4 ,read+ ,bi%op ,butl]'s ,analogy made him an ,a!i/4 ,di$ #bc ,june1 #ahcf4 ,mill 7,john ,/u>t71 em95t ,engli% writ]1 son ( ! prec$+1 b4 ,london1 #bj ,may1 #ahjf4 ,educat$ by 8 fa!r )\t religion1 he became cl]k 9 ! ,ea/ ,india ,h\se1 & e>ly 9 life contribut$ to ! ,we/m9/] & ,ed9burgh ,reviews4 ,( ! fir/ he became jo9t editor 9 '#ce4 ,8 ,sy/em ( ,logic1 '#dc1 fir/ made him g5]ally kn[n4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy4 ,9 '#ei appe>$ 8 small b valuable treatise ,on ,lib]ty1 9 :i* he def5ds ! unre/rict$ free discussion ( religion4 ,among subsequ5t works 7 ,utilit>ianism1 '#fc2 ,augu/e ,comte & ,positivism1 '#fg2 ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy '#fe2 ,diss]tations & ,discussions1 '#ei-'ge2 & ! ,subjection ( ,wom51 '#fi4 ,9 '#fe he 0 elect$ to ,p>liam5t = ,we/m9/]1 b lo/ 8 seat 9 '#fh4 ,9 '#fg he 0 *os5 ,rector ( ,/4 ,&rews1 & deliv]$ ! /ud5ts an able address4 ,pr(4 ,ba9 says 9 ev]y?+ *>act]i/ic ( ! cre$ ( ,*ri/5dom he 0 a ?or\gh-go+ negationi/4 ,he admitt$ nei!r its tru? nor its utility4 ,di$ at ,avignon1 #h ,may1 #ahgc1 leav+ beh9d 8 int]e/+ ,autobiography & ?ree essays on ,nature1 ,!ism1 & ,religion4 ,mille 7,con/ant971 ,r\manian writ]1 b4 at ,bu*>e/1 educat$ at ,p>is4 ,he lectur$ at ,jassy & ,bu*>e/ on ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 f a ,mat]iali/ic po9t ( view4 ,he 0 also active ) ,codreano1 & aft] ! latt]'s dea? 7'#gg71 9 spread+ ,socialism4 ,mill contributes to ! ,rivi/a ,sociala & ! ,vtorul1 edit$ by ,c4 ,pilitis4 ,milli]e 7,jean ,bapti/e71 ,sociali/1 b4 ( poor p>5ts1 ,lam>*e 7,cte d',or71 #ac ,dec4 #ahag4 ,he became an advocate1 & f\nd$ ! ,proletaire at ,cl]mont ,f]r&4 ,= writ+ ,revolution>y ,/udies he 01 aft] ! c\p d'tat1 bani%$ to ,alg]ia until ! amne/y ( '#ei4 ,9 '#fi ,millire />t$1 ) ,ro*e=t1 ! ,m>seillaise1 ( :i* he became "o ( ! pr9cipal directors4 ,at ! election = ! ,national ,assembly he 0 elect$ = ,p>is by #gc1jjj votes4 ,al?\gh he took no "p 9 ! ,commune1 b s\ght to act z an int]m$i>y1 he 0 arre/$ & summ>ily %ot ne> ! ,pan!on1 ,p>is1 #bf ,may1 #ahga4 ,he di$ cry+ ,vive l',humanit4 ,mirabaud 7,jean ,bapti/e de71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,p>is1 #afge4 ,he translat$ ,tasso & ,ario/o1 & became p]petual secret>y to ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,he wrote ,op9ions ( ! ,anci5ts on ! ,jews1 a ,critical ,exam9ation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 7publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,frret71 ,! ,_w3 its ,orig9 & ,antiquity1 #agea1 ,s5tim5ts ( a ,philosoph] on ! ,nature ( ! ,s\l ins]t$ 9 ! collection entitl$ ,n\velle lib]ts de ,p5s]1 ,am/4 7,p>is7 #agdc4 ,! ,sy/em ( ,nature1 attribut$ to ,mirabaud1 0 writt5 by d',holba*4 ,mirabaud di$ #bd ,june1 #agfj4 ,mirabeau 7,honor ,gabriel ,riquetti ,comte de71 ,fr5* /atesman & orator1 b4 at ! ,*ateau de ,bignon 7,loiret7 #i ,m>*1 #agdi4 ,he inh]it$ a passionate nature1 a frank /rong w1 g5]\s temp]1 & a m9d ( prodigi\s activity4 ,he ent]$ ! army 9 #agfg1 b by an amor\s intrigue provok$ ! ire ( 8 fa!r1 by :om he 0 m ?an once imprison$4 ,9 #aggf he w5t to ,am/]dam & employ$ himself 9 lit]>y "w4 ,9 #aghc appe>$ anonym\sly 8 ,erotika ,biblion1 deal+ ) ! obsc5ity ( ! ,bible4 ,9 #aghf he 0 s5t to ,b]l91 :]e he met ,fr$]ick & collect$ mat]ials = 8 "w on ,! ,prussian ,mon>*y4 ,he return$ to ! op5+ ( ! ,/ates ,g5]al & soon became lead] ( ! ,revolution1 be+ 9 ,jan4 #agia *os5 ,presid5t ( ! ,national ,assembly4 ,he advocat$ ! abolition ( ! d\ble ari/ocracy ( ,lords & bi%ops1 ! spoliation ( ! ,*ur* & ! ,national ,gu>d4 ,c>lyle calls him f> ! /ronge/1 be/ practical intellect ( t "t4 ,he di$ #b ,april1 #agia4 ,among 8 la/ words 71 ,envelop me ) p]fumes & cr[n me ) fl[]s t ,i may pass away into ev]la/+ sleep4 ,mir&a 7,don ,francisco74 ,s\? ,am]ican patriot & g5]al1 b4 ,c>acas #agej1 aid$ ! ,am]icans 9 _! ,w> ( ,indep5d5ce1 tri$ to free ,guatimalaus f ! ,spani%1 alli$ himself to ! ,girond9s & became second 9 comm& 9 ! army ( ,dum\riez4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,?omas ,pa9e4 ,9 #ahjf-aa he 0 engag$ seek+ to free ,p]u f ! ,spani>ds1 by :om he 0 made prison]1 & di$ 9 a dungeon at ,cadiz1 #af ,jan4 #ahaf4 ,x 0 said ,g5]al ,mir&a made a sceptic ( ,james ,mill4 ,miron4 ,see ,mor9 7,&r ,saturn947 ,mit*ell 7,j4 ,b>r71 ,dr41 anonym\s au?or ( ,dates & ,data 7#ahgf7 & ,*re/os2 a ,religi\s ,epi!t 7#ahhj74 ,dr4 ,mit*ell has also writt5 9 ! ,national ,re=m]1 us+ 8 initials only4 ,mit*ell 7,logan71 au?or ( ,lectures publi%$ z ,! ,*ri/ian ,my?ology ,unveil$4 ,?is "w 0 also issu$ "u ! title ,sup]/ition ,besieg$4 ,x is said t ,mit*ell committ$ suicide 9 ,nov4 #ahda4 ,he left by 8 w a sum ( #ejj to any booksell] :o _h ! c\rage to publi% 8 book4 ,x 0 fir/ publi%$ by ,b4 ,c\s5s1 & 0 republi%$ 9 '#ha4 ,mitt]mai] 7,k>l ,josef ,anton von71 ,g]man jurisconsult1 b4 ,muni*1 #e ,aug4 #aghg4 ,/udi$ law & m$ic9e at ,l&%ut1 :]e he became pr(essor4 ,8 works on ,law ga9$ him a high reputation4 ,he obta9$ a *air at ! ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity4 ,9 #ahca he repres5t$ ,bad5 9 ,p>liam5t4 ,he advocat$ ! unity ( ,g]many & took an active "p 9 ! ,radical movem5t ( '#dh4 ,8 writ+s are all 9 ! direction ( fre$om4 ,di$ #bh ,aug4 #ahfg4 ,mittie 7,/anilas71 9 #aghi propos$ ! tak+ ( *ur* bells to make money & cannon1 & dur+ ! revolution di/+ui%$ himself by o!r anti-cl]ical sugge/ions4 ,di$ #ahaf4 ,moc5icus 7,philippus71 ,ar*bi%op ( ,nicosia1 ,cyprus1 a ,v5etian philosoph]1 ^: h]etical ,contemplations 7 pr9t$ at ,g5eva1 #aehh1 ) ! ,p]ipatetic ,"q ( ,csalp9us & ! books ( ,telesio on ,! ,nature ( ,?+s 9 ! volume entitl$ ,tractationum ,philosophic>um4 ,moles*ott 7,jacob71 sci5tific ,mat]iali/1 b4 ( ,dut* p>5ts at 's ,h]tog5bos*1 #i ,aug4 #ahbb2 /udi$ at ,heidelburg :]e he graduat$ ,m4,d4 ,became ,pr(essor ( ,physiology at ,zuri* & aft]w>ds at ,tur94 ,becom+ a naturalis$ ,italian he 0 9 '#gf made a s5ator1 & 9 '#gh ,pr(essor ( ,physiology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome4 ,he has writt5 ,circulation ( ,life1 ,light & ,life1 ,physiological ,sket*es1 & o!r m$ical & sci5tific works4 ,lange calls him ! fa!r ( ! mod]n ,mat]iali/ic movem5t4 ,moleswor? 7,sir ,william71 /atesman & man ( lett]s1 ! eigh? b>onet ( 8 family1 b4 ,cornwall1 #bc ,may1 #ahaj4 ,9 '#cb he 0 return$ ,m4,p4 = ,ea/ ,cornwall1 & f '#cg-da sat = ,le$s4 ,9 '#ec he 0 ,fir/ ,commission] ( ,public ,works1 & 9 '#ee 0 ,secret>y = ! ,colonies4 ,he 0 = "s "t proprietor & conductor ( ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 9 :i* he wrote _m articles4 ,a noble edition ( ,hobbes 0 produc$ at 8 exp5se1 '#ci-de1 & he contribut$ to ! support ( ,augu/e ,comte4 ,di$ #bb ,oct4 #ahee4 ,momms5 7,!odor71 hi/orian1 b4 ,g>d+ 7,s*leswig71 #cj ,nov4 #ahag4 ,/udi$ at ,kiel1 & travell$ f '#dd to #dg4 ,he became ,pr(essor ( ,law ( ,leipsic1 ,zri* & ,b]l94 ,is be/ kn[n by 8 ,hi/ory ( ,rome1 '#ec-he1 a "w ( great rese>* & sugge/iv5ess 9 :i* he expresses ! op9ion t x is d\btful if ! _w 0 improv$ by ,*ri/ianity4 ,monboddo 7,"l74 ,see ,burnett 7,james74 ,monge 7,gasp>d71 ,fr5* sci5ti/1 b4 at ,beaume1 #aj ,may #agdf4 ,taught physics & ma!matics at ! milit>y s*ool ( ,mezi]es1 became a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces 9 #aghj1 & ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,condorcet 0 made ,m9i/] ( ! ,m>9e 9 #agib4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool4 ,napoleon made him a s5ator1 creat$ him ,c\nt ( ,pelusium1 & gave him an e/ate = 8 _m s]vices to ! ,fr5* nation4 ,on ! return ( ! ,b\rbons he 0 depriv$ ( all 8 emolum5ts4 ,di$ #bh ,july1 #ahah4 ,m>*al & ,lal&e ins]t 8 "n 9 _! li/ ( ,a!i/s4 ,mongez 7,anto9e71 ,fr5* ar*ologi/1 b4 ,lyons1 #cj ,june #agdg4 ,di/+ui%$ by 8 /udies1 he became a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,inscriptions & ( ! ,in/itute1 be=e :i* he said he _h ! honor to be an ,a!i/4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ ard5t memb]s ( ! ,conv5tion1 & wrote _m memoirs4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #cj ,july1 #ahce4 ,monroe 7,j4 ,r471 ,dr41 editor & proprietor ( ! ,ironclad ,age1 b4 ,monm\?1 co4 ,new ,j]sey1 ab\t #ahbe4 ,9 '#ej he w5t to ,ro*=d1 :]e he _h a good practice z a doctor4 ,9 '#ee he />t$ ! ,ro*=d ,h]ald1 & 9 ,july1 '#eg1 ! ,seym\r ,times4 ,dur+ ! ,civil ,w> he 0 appo9t$ surgeon to ! #aej? regim5t1 & aft] "s h>d s]vice 8 own heal? broke d[n4 ,9 '#ge ,dr4 ,monroe publi%$ 8 dramas & poems 9 a volume4 ,f ?is "t 8 pap] became m ,free?\ght & less political4 ,9 ,april1 '#hb1 he remov$ to ,indianapolis1 ,indiana1 & *ang$ ! "n to ,! ,age1 aft]w>ds ,monroe's ,ironclad ,age4 ,dr4 ,monroe is a clev] writ] & a mode/ man1 ) a rem>kable fund ( natural humor4 ,among 8 publications are poems on ,! ,orig9 ( ,man1 etc41 ,g5esis ,revis$1 & ,holy ,bible ,/ories4 ,montaigne 7,mi*el de71 ,fr5* philosophic essayi/1 b4 at ! family ca/le 9 ,p]igord1 #bh ,feb4 #aecc4 ,he /udi$ law & became a judge at ,bordeaux ab\t #aeed4 ,9 #aehj he produc$ 8 fam\s ,essays1 :i* indicate a sprightly humor alli$ to a mo/ indep5d5t _s4 ,! ,essays1 ,hallam says1 make 9 sev]al respects an epo* 9 lit]ature4 ,em]son says1 ,montaigne is ! franke/ & hone/e/ ( all writ]s4 ,montaigne took z 8 motto3 ,que sais-je8 ,:at "k ,i8 & said t all religi\s op9ions are ! result ( cu/om4 ,buckle says1 ,"u ! guise ( a m]e man ( ! _w1 express+ natural ?\ghts 9 common language1 ,montaigne conceal$ a _s ( l(ty & audaci\s inquiry4 ,montaigne seems to h be5 ! fir/ man 9 ,europe :o d\bt$ ! s5se & ju/ice ( burn+ p = a diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,8 d5unciation ( ! conduct ( ! ,*ri/ians 9 ,am]ica does him inf9ite honor4 ,di$ #ac ,sept4 #aeib4 ,monteil 7,*>les ,franois ,l\is ,edg>71 ,fr5* j\rnali/1 b4 ,vire1 #bf ,jan4 #ahde4 ,f\ght aga9/ ! ,empire1 writ+ 9 ,le ,rappel4 ,dur+ ! ,commune he 0 secret>y to ,delescluze4 ,= 8 ,hi/oire d'un ,frre ,ignorant91 '#gd1 he 0 prosecut$ by ! ,*ri/ian ,bro!rs1 & condemn$ to "o ye>'s imprisonm5t1 #b1jjj francs f9e1 & #aj1jjj francs damages4 ,9 '#gg he wrote a ,free?9k]'s ,cate*ism1 publi%$ at ,antw]p1 & 9 '#gi an edition ( ,la ,rpublique ,franaise4 ,9 '#hj he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,p>is1 & re-elect$ 9 '#hd4 ,9 '#hc he 0 made ,*evali] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,he has compil$ an excell5t secul> ,manual ( ,in/ruction = s*ools4 ,montesquieu 7,*>les de ,secondat71 ,b>on1 em95t ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ne> ,bordeaux1 #ah ,jan4 #afhi4 ,8 fir/ lit]>y p]=mance 0 entitl$ ,p]sian ,lett]s1 #agba4 ,9 #agbh he 0 admitt$ a memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 ?\gh oppos$ by ,c>d9al ,fleury on ! gr\nd t 8 writ+s 7 dang]\s to religion4 ,8 *ief "w is ! ,_s ( ,laws1 #agdh4 ,?is "w 0 "o ( ! fir/-fruits ( ! positive _s 9 hi/ory & jurisprud5ce4 ,! *apt]s on ,slav]y are writt5 9 a ve9 ( ma/]ly irony1 :i* ,voltaire pron\nc$ to be wor?y ( ,molire4 ,di$ #aj ,feb4 #agee4 ,montgom]y 7,edmund71 ,dr4 philosoph]1 b4 ( ,scot* p>5ts1 ,ed9burgh #ahce4 ,9 y\? he liv$ at ,frank=t1 :]e he saw ,s*op5hau]1 & aft]w>ds att5d$ at ,heidelb]g ! lectures ( ,moles*ott & ,kuno ,fis*]4 ,he became a fri5d ( ,feu]ba*4 ,he wrote 9 ,g]man & publi%$ at ,muni* 9 '#ga1 ,! ,kantian ,!ory ( ,k refut$ f ! ,empirical ,/&po9t4 ,9 '#fg he publi%$ a small book ,on ! ,=mation ( s-call$ ,cells 9 ,animal ,bodies4 ,9 '#ga he w5t to ,texas & prosecut$ 8 sci5tific /udies on life4 ,he has writt5 9 ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,! ,index1 & ,! ,op5 ,c\rt & ,m9d4 ,dr4 ,montgom]y holds n only t !re is no evid5ce ( a ,god1 b t !re is evid5ce to ! contr>y4 ,montgolfi] 7,mi*el ,joseph71 a]onaut1 b4 ,aug4 #agdj4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to asc5d 9 an air balloon1 #e ,june #aghc4 ,a fri5d ( ,delambre & ,la ,lal&e1 he 0 on ! te/imony ( ?is la/ an a!i/4 ,di$ #bf ,june #ahaj4 ,mook 7,fri$ri*7 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,b]gzab]n1 #bi ,sept4 #ahdd1 /udi$ philosophy & !ology at ,tb+51 b gave up ! latt] to /udy m$ic9e4 ,he liv$ z a writ] at ,heidelb]g & became lectur] to a free congregation at ,nr5burg1 & wrote a popul> ,life ( ,jesus1 publi%$ at ,zri*1 '#gb-c4 ,he travell$ abroad & 0 dr[n$ 9 ! riv] ,jordan1 #ac ,dec4 #ahhj4 ,8 bro!r ,kurt1 b4 #ab ,feb4 #ahdg1 is a physician :o has publi%$ "s poems4 ,moor 7,edmund71 ,major 9 ! ,ea/ ,indian ,company1 au?or ( ! ,h9du ,pan!on1 #ahaj & ,ori5tal ,fragm5ts1 '#cd4 ,di$ #ahdj4 ,moreau 7,hgsippe71 ,fr5* poet1 b4 ,p>is #i1 ,april #ahaj4 ,a radical & free?9k]1 he f\ght 9 ! b>ricades 9 '#cj4 ,wrote songs & satires ( consid]able m]it1 & a prose "w entitl$ ,! ,mi/letoe & ! ,oak4 ,8 life1 :i* 0 a cont9ual /ruggle ) mis]y1 t]m9at$ 9 a hospital1 #bj ,dec4 #ahch4 ,8 works h be5 collect$1 ) an introduction by ,sa9te-,beuve4 ,moreau 7,jacques ,joseph71 ,dr4 ( ,t\rs1 b4 ,montresor1 #ahjd4 ,he became a di/+ui%$ ali5i/ ( ! mat]iali/ s*ool1 & wrote on ,moral ,faculties f a m$ical po9t ( view1 '#cf1 & _m physiological works4 ,morelly1 ,fr5* sociali/ ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 b4 ,vitry-le-,franais1 au?or ( a "w call$ ,code de la ,nature1 sometimes attribut$ to ,did]ot4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 #agee1 & urges t man %\ld f9d circum/ances 9 :i* depravity is m9imis$4 ,morgan 7,?omas71 ,wel% ,dei/1 kn[n by ! title ( 8 book z ,! ,moral ,philosoph]1 #agcg4 ,0 a ,presbyt]ian1 b 0 depos$ = ,arianism ab\t #agbc1 & practis$ m$ic9e at ,bri/ol4 ,he edit$ ,radicati's ,diss]tation on ,dea?1 #agca4 ,8 ,moral ,philosoph] seeks to sub/itute morality = religion4 ,he calls ,moses a m fabul\s romantic writ] ?an ,hom] or ,ovid1 & attacks ! evid5ce ( miracles & prophecy4 ,?is 0 supplem5t$ by ,a ,fur!r ,v9dication ( ,moral ,tru? & ,reason1 #agci1 & ,sup]/ition & ,tyranny ,inconsi/5t ) ,!ocracy1 #agdj4 ,he repli$ to 8 oppon5ts ov] ! signature ,philale!s4 ,8 la/ "w 0 on ,physico-,!ology1 #agda4 ,le*l] calls ,morgan ! mod]n ,m>cion4 ,di$ at ,london1 #ad ,jan4 #agdc4 ,morgan 7,sir ,?omas ,*>les71 ,m4,d41 b4 #aghc4 ,educat$ at ,cambridge4 ,9 #ahaa he 0 made a b>onet1 & m>ri$ ,miss ,sidney ,ow5s54 ,a w>m fri5d ( civil & religi\s lib]ty & a sceptic1 he is au?or ( ,sket*es ( ! ,philosophy ( ,life1 '#ah1 & ! ,philosophy ( ,morals1 '#ai4 ,! ,exam9] says1 ,he 0 nev] at a loss = a witty or wise passage f ,rabelais or ,bayle4 ,di$ #bh ,aug4 #ahdc4 ,mor9 7,&r ,saturn971 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,*atres1 #bh ,nov4 #ahjg4 ,br\ght up to ! law1 & became an advocate4 ,9 '#cj he wrote def5d+ ! revolution aga9/ ! re/oration4 ,9 '#dh he 0 made s\s-prefet ( ,nog5t4 ,dur+ ! ,empire he combat$ vigor\sly = ,republicanism & ,free?\ght1 writ+ "u ! signature ,miron1 9 ! ,rationali/e ( ,g5eva1 ! ,libre ,p5se ( ,p>is1 ! ,lib]o-p5si]o ( ,milan1 & o!r pap]s4 ,he 0 intimately associat$ ) ,ausonio ,fran*i1 ,trezza1 ,/efanoni1 & ! ,italian ,free?9k]s4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is an ,exam9ation ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 ?ree volumes1 '#fb4 ,8 ,jesus ,r$uc$ to 8 ,true ,value has gone ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,8 ,essai de ,critique ,religieuse1 '#he1 is an able "w4 ,m4 ,mor9 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,biblio?que ,dmocratique1 to :i* he contribut$ sev]al anti-cl]ical volumes1 ! "o on ,confession be+ translat$ into ,engli% by ,dr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,be>d4 ,9 '#gf he 0 elect$ on ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,p>is1 :]e he br\ght =w>d ! "q ( e/abli%+ a crematorium4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #e ,july1 #ahhh1 & 0 cremat$ at ,milan4 ,morison 7,james ,augu/us ,cott]71 ,engli% ,positivi/ & man ( lett]s1 b4 ,london1 #ahca4 ,graduat$ at ,l9coln ,coll4 ,ox=d1 ,m4,a41 '#ei4 ,9 '#fc he publi%$ ! ,life & ,times ( ,sa9t ,b]n>d4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,=tnightly ,review1 9 :i* he wrote1 z well z 9 ! ,a!num4 ,he contribut$ monographs on ,gibbon & ,macaulay to ,morley's ,m5 ( ,lett]s ,s]ies4 ,9 '#hf he publi%$ 8 /rik+ "w ,! ,s]vice ( ,man1 an ,essay t[>ds ! ,religion ( ! ,future1 :i* %[s t ! b5efits ( ,*ri/ianity h be5 mu* exagg]at$ & its evils palpable4 ,all 8 writ+s are e>ne/ & ?\ghtful4 ,he collect$ books & /udi$ to write a ,hi/ory ( ,france1 :i* w\ld h be5 a noble contribution to lit]ature2 b ! possession ( a compet5ce seems to h weak5$ 8 indu/ry1 & he nev] did ju/ice to 8 p[]s4 ,ev5 ! ,s]vice ( ,man 0 po/pon$ until he 0 no long] able to complete x z he int5d$4 ,morison 0 a brilliant talk]1 & ! c5tre ( a wide circle ( fri5ds4 ,george ,m]$i? d$icat$ to him a volume ( poems4 ,di$ at ,hamp/ead1 #bf ,feb4 #ahhh4 ,morley 7,john71 ,engli% writ] & /atesman1 b4 ,blackburn1 #bd ,dec4 #ahch1 educat$ at ,ox=d4 ,among 8 fell[ /ud5ts 0 ,j4,c4 ,morison4 ,he contribut$ to ,! ,lead] & ! ,saturday ,review1 edit$ ! ,morn+ ,/>1 & ! ,=tnightly ,review1 '#fg-hb1 9 :i* appe>$ ! g]ms ( mo/ ( 8 works1 su* z ,on ,compromise1 ,voltaire1 '#gb2 ,r\sseau1 '#gc2 ,did]ot & ! ,encyclopdi/s '#gh4 ,dur+ 8 editor%ip important ,free?\ght pap]s appe>$ 9 t review4 ,f ,may1 '#hj till ,aug4 '#hc he edit$ ! ,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,a%ton ,dilke1 ,m4,p41 he 0 elect$ to ,p>liam5t = ,newca/le1 & 9 ,feb4 '#hf 0 appo9t$ by ,mr4 ,glad/one ,*ief ,secret>y = ,irel&4 ,morselli 7,enrico ,ago/9o71 ,italian doctor & sci5ti/1 b4 ,mod5a1 #aheb4 ,has writt5 _m an?ropological works1 notably "o on ,suicide 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 & a /udy on ,! ,religion ( ,mazz9i4 ,he edits ! ,rivi/a di ,filos(ia ,sci5tifica1 & has translat$ ,h]b]t ,sp5c] on ! pa/ & future ( religion4 ,mortillet 7,l\is ,laur5t ,gabriel de71 ,fr5* sci5ti/1 b4 ,meylan 7,isre71 #bi ,aug4 #ahba1 & 0 educat$ by ,jesuits4 ,condemn$ 9 '#di = 8 political writ+s he took refuge 9 ,switz]l&4 ,he has done mu* to promote prehi/oric /udies 9 ,france4 ,has writt5 ,mat]ials to s]ve = ! positive & philosophical hi/ory ( man1 '#fd4 ,! ,sign ( ! ,cross be=e ,*ri/ianity1 '#ff1 ,contribution to ! ,hi/ory ( ,sup]/ition1 & ,prehi/oric ,antiquity ( ,man1 '#hb4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,revue ,indp5dante1 ,p5se ,n\velle1 etc4 ,m4 de ,mortillet is curator ( ! ,museum ( ,/4 ,g]ma9 & 0 elect$ ,deputy 9 #ahhe4 ,moss 7,ar?ur ,b471 lectur] & writ]1 b4 #h ,may1 #ahee4 ,has writt5 num]\s pamphlets1 a numb] ( :i* are collect$ 9 ,waves ( ,free?\ght1 '#he4 ,o!rs are ,nature & ! ,gods1 ,man & ! ,l[] ,animals1 ,two ,revelations1 etc4 ,mr4 ,moss has be5 a contributor to ! ,secul> ,*ronicle1 ,secul> ,review1 ,free?9k]1 ,tru?seek]1 & o!r j\rnals1 & has _h a writt5 debate on ,0 ,jesus ,god or ,man4 ,a ,s*ool ,bo>d (fic]1 he 0 = a "t prohibit$ f lectur+ on ,sunday4 ,a collection ( 8 ,lectures & ,essays has be5 publi%$1 #ahhi4 ,mo! ,le ,vay]4 ,see ,la ,mo! ,le ,vay]4 ,mott 7,lucretia71 ,am]ican re=m]1 nee ,c(f91 b4 ,nantucket1 #c ,jan4 #agic4 ,%e 0 a ,quak]ess1 b on ! division ( ! ,society 9 #ahbg w5t ) ! p>ty :o pref]r$ consci5ce to revelation4 ,a /rong oppon5t ( slav]y1 %e took an active "p 9 ! abolitioni/ movem5t4 ,%e 0 delegat$ to ! ,_w's ,anti-slav]y ,conv5tion 9 ,london 9 #ahdj1 b exclud$ on acc\nt ( h] sex4 ,a fri5d ( ,mrs4 ,rose & ,mrs4 ,/anton4 ,took an active "p 9 ,wom5's ,rights conv5tions4 ,di$ at ,philadelphia1 #aa ,nov4 #ahhj4 ,muhammad ibn al ,hudail al ,basri1 philosoph] ( ,asia ,m9or1 f\nd] ( ! ,muhammadan ,free?9k+ sect ( ,mutazilah1 b4 ab\t #geg4 ,di$ ab\t #hdi4 ,muhammad ,ibn ,muhammad ,ibn ,t>khan 7,abu ,nasr47 ,see ,alph>abius4 ,muhammad ,ibn ,yahya ,ibn ,bajjat4 ,see ,avempace4 ,muhammad ,jalal ed d94 ,see ,akb>4 ,mull] 7,dr4 ,h4 ,c47 ,dut* writ]1 b4 #ca ,oct4 #ahee4 ,has contribut$ good articles to de ,dag]aad 7! ,daybreak71 & is n[ tea*] ( mod]n ,greek at ! ,univ]sity ( ,am/]dam4 ,murg] 7,h5ri71 ,fr5* au?or1 b4 ,p>is1 #ahbb1 contribut$ to ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 tales poems & dramas4 ,9 8 poem ,le ,te/am5t 9 ,w9t] ,nights he says 9 answ] to ! inquir+ prie/ ,reponds lui que j'ai lu ,voltaire4 ,8 mo/ popul> "w is entitl$ ,sc5es ( ,bohemian ,life4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #bh ,jan4 #ahfa4 ,musset 7,l\is ,*>les ,alfr$ de71 ,fr5* poet1 b4 ,p>is1 #aa ,nov4 #ahaj4 ,be=e ! age ( tw5ty he became "o ( ! lead]s ( ! ,romantic s*ool4 ,8 prose romance1 ,confession d'un ,enfant du ,sicle1 '#cf1 exhibits 8 intellectual developm5t & pessimi/ic moods4 ,among 8 f9e/ works are f\r poems entitl$ ,nuits4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 & 0 admitt$ into ! ,academy 9 '#eb4 ,di$ at ,p>is #a ,may1 #aheg4 ,nab] 7,samuel ,adriaan71 le>n$ ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,grav5hage1 #af ,july1 #ahbh4 ,/udi$ at ,leyd5 & became rector ( ! ,ha>lem gymnasium1 & head tea*] at ! ,am/]dam ,a!num4 ,he has edit$ a j\rnal ( lit]ature1 & is jo9t au?or ) ,dr4 ,a4 ,pi]son ( ,v]isimilia 7#ahhf71 a ,lat9 "w %[+ ! fragm5t>y & disjo9t$ "* ( ! ,epi/les attribut$ to ,paul4 ,na*tigal 7,gu/av471 ,dr41 ,g]man travell]1 b4 ,ei*/adt1 #bc ,feb4 #ahcd4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e1 w5t to ,algi]s & ,tunis1 became private physician to ! ,bey ( ,tunis1 explor$ ,nor? ,africa1 & wrote an acc\nt !re(1 ,sah>a und ,sudan4 ,he became ,g]man ,consul ,g5]al at ,tunis1 & di$ #bj ,april1 #ahhe4 ,naigeon 7,jacques ,&r71 ,fr5* a!i/1 b4 ,dijon #agbh4 ,at fir/ an art /ud5t1 he became a disciple & imitator ( ,did]ot4 ,he became copyi/ to & collaborator ) ,holba* & convey$ 8 works to ,am/]dam to be pr9t$4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,encyclopdie1 notably ! articles ,ame & ,unitaires & compos$ ! ,militaire ,philosophe1 or difficulties on religion propos$ to ,fa!r ,malebran*e1 #agfh4 ,?is 0 8 fir/ "w1 ! la/ *apt] be+ writt5 by ,holba*4 ,he took "s %>e 9 sev]al ( ! works ( t writ]1 notably 9 ! ,!ologie ,portative4 ,he publi%$ ! ,recuil ,philosophique1 #b vols41 ,londres 7,am/471 #aggj2 edit$ ,holba*'s ,essay on ,prejudices & 8 ,morale ,univ]selle4 ,he also edit$ ! works ( ,did]ot1 ! essays ( ,montaigne & a translation ( ,tol&'s philosophical lett]s4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ! ,diction>y ( ,anci5t & ,mod]n ,philosophy 9 ! ,encyclopdie ,m?odique 7,p>is #agia-id47 ,he address$ ! ,national ,assembly on ,lib]ty ( ,op9ion1 #agij1 & ask$ !m to )hold ! "n ( ,god & religion f _! decl>ation ( ! rights ( man4 ,naigeon 0 ( e/imable "*4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #bh ,feb4 #ahaj4 ,naquet 7,joseph ,alfr$74 ,fr5* mat]iali/1 b4 ,c>p5tras1 #f ,oct4 #ahcd1 became ,m4,d4 9 '#ei4 ,9 '#fg he receiv$ fifte5 mon?s imprisonm5t = belong+ to a secret society4 ,he f\nd$1 ) ,m4 ,regn>d1 ! ,revue ,encyclopdique1 :i* 0 suppress$ at once = conta9+ an attack on !ism4 ,9 '#fi he issu$ a "w on ,religion1 ,prop]ty1 & ,family1 :i* 0 seiz$ & ! au?or condemn$ to f\r mon?s imprisonm5t1 a f9e ( five hundr$ francs1 & ! p]petual int]dict ( civil rights4 ,he repres5t$ ,vaucluse 9 ! ,national ,assembly1 :]e he has vot$ ) ! extreme left4 ,he 0 re-elect$ 9 '#ha4 ,! new law ( divorce 9 ,france has be5 pass$ *iefly ?r\gh ,m4 ,naquet's en]getic advocacy4 ,9 '#hc he 0 elect$ to ! ,s5ate1 & ( late has di/+ui%$ himself by 8 advocacy ( ,g5]al ,b\lang]4 ,nascim5to 7,francisco ,manuel d74 ,portuguese poet1 b4 ,lisbon1 #bc ,dec1 #agcd4 ,he ent]$ ! ,*ur*1 b hav+ translat$ ,molire's ,t>tuffe1 0 accus$ ( h]esy 7#aggh71 & _h to fly = 8 life f ! ,inquisition4 ,he wrote _m poems & satires "u ! "n ( ,fil9to ,elysio4 ,di$ #be ,feb4 #ahai4 ,navez 7,napoleon71 ,belgian ,free?9k]1 presid5t ( ,la ,libre ,p5se1 ( ,antw]p1 & active memb] ( ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,free?9k]s4 ,nelson 7,gu/ave71 a writ] 9 ! ,new ,york ,tru?seek]1 conjectur$ to be ! au?or ( ,bible ,my?s & _! ,p>allels 9 o!r ,religions1 a l>ge & le>n$ "w1 %[+ h[ mu* ( ,*ri/ianity has be5 tak5 f ,paganism4 ,newcomb 7,simon71 ,,ll4,d41 ,am]ican a/ronom]1 b4 ,wallace1 7,nova ,scotia71 #ab ,m>*1 #ahce4 ,w5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates 9 '#ec1 & 0 appo9t$ computor on ! ,nautical ,almanack4 ,9 '#gg he became s5ior pr(essor ( ma!matics 9 ! ,u4 ,s4 navy4 ,he has be5 associat$ ) ! equipm5t ( ! ,lick obs]vatory1 & has writt5 _m works on ma!matics & a/ronomy1 z well z ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy1 #ahhe4 ,newman 7,francis ,william7 bro!r ( ,c>d9al ,newman1 b4 ,london #ahje4 ,educat$ at ,ox=d1 he 0 elect$ to a fell[%ip at ,balliol ,college '#bf1 b resign$ 9 '#cj1 be+ unable consci5ti\sly to comply ) ! regulations ( ! ,te/ ,act !n 9 =ce4 ,he !n w5t to ,bagdad ) ! object ( assi/+ 9 a ,*ri/ian mission1 b 8 fur!r /udies conv9c$ him he c\ld n consci5ti\sly und]take ! "w4 ,he return$ to ,engl& & became classical tea*] 9 ,bri/ol ,college1 & subsequ5tly ,lat9 ,pr(essor at ,london ,univ]sity4 ,9 ,! ,s\l3 its ,sorr[s & ,aspirations1 '#di1 he /ates 8 ,!i/ic position1 & 9 ,phases ( ,fai?1 '#ej1 he expla9s h[ he came to give up ,*ri/ianity4 ,he has also writt5 ,a ,hi/ory ( ! ,hebrew ,mon>*y1 '#dg1 ,!ism3 ,doctr9al & ,practical1 '#eh1 & a numb] ( ,scott's tracts on ! ,defective ,morality ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! ,hi/orical ,depravation ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! ,religi\s ,weakness ( ,prote/antism1 etc4 ,also ,religion n ,hi/ory1 '#gg2 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity )\t ,*ri/8 '#ha2 ,*ri/ianity 9 its ,cradle1 '#hd2 & ,life aft] ,dea?1 '#hf4 ,neymann 7,cl>a71 ,g]man ,am]ican ,free?\ght lecturess1 fri5d & colleague ( ,frau ,h$wig ,h5ri* ,wilhelmi4 ,ni*olson 7,william71 ,engli% writ] on *emi/ry & natural philosophy1 b4 ,london #agec4 ,he w5t to ,india at an e>ly age1 & ^u return+ settl$ at ,london z a ,ma!matical tea*]4 ,he publi%$ useful introductions to *emi/ry & natural philosophy4 ,conduct$ ! ,briti% ,encyclop$ia1 & ! ,j\rnal ( ,natural ,philosophy4 ,he also wrote ,! ,d\bts ( ! ,infidels1 submitt$ to ! ,b5* ( ,bi%ops by a weak ,*ri/ian1 #agha1 a "w republi%$ by ,c>lile & also by ,watson4 ,he di$ 9 poor circum/ances #ba ,may1 #ahae4 ,nicolai 7,*ri/oph ,fri$ri*71 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,b]l91 #ah ,m>*1 #agcc4 ,a fri5d ( ,less+1 & ,moses ,m5delssohn2 he 0 not$ = f\nd+ ,! ,univ]sal ,g]man ,libr>y4 ,he wrote anecdotes ( ,fri$ri* ,,ii41 & _m o!r works4 ,di$ at ,b]l91 #h ,jan4 #ahaa4 ,nietzs*e 7,fri$ri* ,wilhelm71 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,lutz51 #ae ,oct4 #ahdd1 au?or ( sket*es ( ,/rauss1 ,s*op5hau]1 & ,wagn]1 & ( ,morg5r!1 & o!r philosophical works4 ,di$ #ahhi4 ,nieuw5huis 7,f]d9& ,jakob ,domela71 ,dut* publici/1 b4 ,utre*t1 #c ,may1 #ahdh4 ,at fir/ a m9i/] ( ! ,lu!ran *ur*1 on ,nov4 #be1 '#gg1 he told 8 congregation t he _h ceas$ to believe 9 ,*ri/ianity1 & z an hone/ man resign$4 ,he !n contribut$ to ,de ,bani] 7,bann]7 de ,dag]aad 7,dawn7 & de ,vrag5 des ,tijds 7,que/ions ( ! "t47 ,on #a/ ,m>*1 '#gi he />t$ a ,sociali/ pap] ,re*t voor ,all51 n[ an important daily organ ( ,socialism & ,free?\ght4 ,8 pr9ciple writ+s are--,) ,jesus1 ,= or aga9/ ,socialism1 ,! ,religi\s ,oa? ,"q1 ,! ,religion ( ,reason1 ,! ,religion ( ,humanity4 ,on ,jan4 #ai1 '#hg1 he 0 s5t5c$ to "o ye>s' solit>y conf9em5t = an article he _h n writt51 & 0 h>%ly treat$ till ^u pressure ( public op9ion1 he 0 lib]at$ #cj ,aug4 #ahhg4 ,he is n[ memb] ( ! ,dut* ,p>liam5t4 ,noeldeke 7,!odor71 ,g]man ,ori5tali/1 b4 ,h>burg1 #b ,m>*1 #ahcf4 ,/udi$ at ,gott+51 ,vi5na1 ,leyd51 & ,b]l91 & has be5 pr(essor ( ori5tal /udies at ,gott+51 ,kiel1 & ,/rasburg4 ,he has writt5 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,koran1 '#ef2 a ,life ( ,mahomet1 '#fc2 & a ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,,mm4 ,d]emb\rg & ,j4 ,s\ry1 '#gc4 ,noire 7,ludwig71 ,g]man moni/1 b4 #bf ,m>*1 #ahbi4 ,/udi$ at ,geiss51 & became a tea*] at ,ma9z4 ,8 works %[ ! influ5ce ( ,sp9oza & ,s*op5hau]4 ,he is ! au?or ( ,aphorisms on ! ,moni/ philosophy1 '#gg1 & a "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,spee*1 '#gg4 ,he cont5ds t language orig9ates 9 in/9ctive s\nds accompany+ w 9 associative actions4 ,di$ #bf ,m>*1 #ahhi4 ,noor?\ck 7,john71 au?or ( a ,hi/ory ( ,london1 #aggc1 & an ,hi/orical & ,classical ,diction>y1 #aggf4 ,has be5 cr$it$ ) ! ,life ( ! ,man ,aft] ,god's ,own ,he>t4 ,see ,annet4 ,nordau 7,max ,simon71 b4 ( ,jewi% p>5ts at ,pe/h1 #bi ,july1 #ahdi4 ,he became a physician 9 '#gc4 ,he has writt5 sev]al books ( travels & made "s noise by 8 tr5*ant "w on ,conv5tial ,lies ( our ,civilisation4 ,he has s9ce writt5 on ,! ,sickness ( ! ,c5tury4 ,nork 7,felix74 ,see ,korn 7,selig74 ,nott 7,josiah ,cl>k71 ,dr41 ,am]ican e?nologi/1 b4 ,columbia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 #bd ,m>*1 #ahjd4 ,he wrote ,! ,physical ,hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% ,race1 ,types ( ,mank9d1 '#ed1 & ,indig5\s ,races ( ! ,e>?1 '#ee2 ! la/ two conjo9tly ) ,g4 ,r4 ,gliddon1 & ) ! object ( disprov+ ! !ory ( ! unity ( ! human race4 ,di$ at ,mobile1 #ca ,m>*1 #ahgc4 ,n\n 7,paul71 ,fr5* au?or ( ,! ,sci5tific ,errors ( ! ,bible1 #ahha4 ,noyes 7,?omas ,h]b]t71 au?or ( ,hymns ( ,mod]n ,man1 #ahgj4 ,nunez 7,rafael71 ,presid5t ( ,columbia1 b4 ,c>?ag5a1 #bh ,sept4 #ahbe4 ,he has writt5 _m poems & political articles1 & 9 philosophy is a foll[] ( ,mill & ,sp5c]4 ,nuytz 7,l\is ,&r74 ,see ,&re-,nuytz4 ,ny/rom 7,anton ,*ri/571 ,dr4 ,sw$i% ,positivi/1 b4 #ae ,feb4 #ahdb4 ,/udi$ at ,upsala & became a m$ical doctor 9 ,lund1 '#fh4 ,he s]v$ z assi/ant & field doctor 9 ! ,dano-,prussian w> ( '#fg1 & n[ practises an ali5i/ 9 ,/ockholm1 :]e he has e/abli%$ a ,positivi/ ,society & ,workm5's ,in/itute4 ,has writt5 a ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation4 ,ocellus ,lucanus1 e>ly ,greek philosoph]1 :o ma9ta9$ ! et]nity ( ! cosmos4 ,an edition ( 8 "w 0 publi%$ ) a translation by ! ,m>quis d',arg5s1 & ,?omas ,taylor publi%$ an ,engli% v]sion4 ,o*9o 7,b]n>d9o ,tommas9i71 ,italian re=m]1 b4 ,si5na1 #adhg4 ,a popul> prea*]1 he 0 *os5 g5]al ( ! ,capu*9s4 ,conv]t$ to ! ,re=mation by ,jean ,valdez1 he _h to fly to ,g5eva1 #aedb4 ,invit$ to ,engl& by ,cranm]1 he became preb5d ( ,cant]bury & prea*$ 9 ,london until ! accession ( ,m>y1 :5 he 0 expell$ & w5t to ,zuri*4 ,"h he became an ,antitr9it>ian1 & 0 bani%$ ab\t #aefb = ,?irty ,dialogues1 9 "o ( :i* he %[s t nei!r 9 ! ,bible nor ! ,fa!rs is !re any express prohibition ( polygamy4 ,he w5t to ,pol& & jo9$ ! ,soc9ians1 0 bani%$ !nce also1 & di$ ,slaukau1 ,moravia1 9 #aefd4 ,beza ascribes ! mis=tunes ( ,o*9us1 & p>ticul>ly ! accid5tal dea? ( 8 wife1 to ! special int]position ( ,god on acc\nt ( 8 errone\s op9ions4 ,o',connor 7,ar?ur1 aft]w>ds ,condorcet71 ,g5]al1 b4 ,mit*ells1 ne> ,b&on 7,cork71 #d ,july1 #agfh4 ,jo9$ ! ,unit$ ,iri%m5 & w5t to ,france to negotiate = milit>y aid4 ,9 ,may #agih he 0 tri$ = treason & acquitt$4 ,he ent]$ ! ,fr5* s]vice & rose to di/9ction4 ,9 #ahjg he m>ri$ ,elisa1 ! only daught] ( ,condorcet1 ^: "n he took1 & ^: works he edit$4 ,he also edit$ ! ,j\rnal ( ,religi\s ,fre$om4 ,di$ at ,bignon1 #be ,april1 #aheb4 ,o',donoghue 7,alfr$ ,h47 ,iri% ,am]ican c\nsellor at law1 b4 ab\t #ahdj4 ,educat$ = ! ,episcopal m9i/ry at ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl91 b became a sceptic & publi%$ ,!ology & ,my?ology1 an inquiry into ! claims ( ,biblical inspiration & ! sup]natural elem5t 9 religion1 at ,new ,york1 #ahhj4 ,oe/ 7,johann ,he9ri*7 ,g]man poet1 b4 ,cassel #agbg4 ,wrote poems publi%$ at ,hamburg1 #agea1 & 0 accus$ ( mat]ialism4 ,(f5 7,b5jam971 ,am]ican ,free?9k]1 b4 9 ,engl&1 #aggb4 ,he emigrat$ to ,new ,york1 :]e he became lectur] to ! ,society ( ,moral ,philantropi/s at ,tammany ,hall4 ,he wrote ,biblical ,criticism & ,a ,legacy to ! ,fri5ds ( ,free ,discussion1 & support$ ! ,correspond5t1 ,free ,inquir]1 & ,bo/on ,inve/igator4 ,di$ ,new ,york1 #ab ,may1 #ahdh4 ,(fray de la ,mettrie 7,julian74 ,see ,lamettrie4 ,o',keefe 7,j4 ,a471 ,m4,d4 ,educat$ 9 ,g]many2 au?or ( an essay ,on ! ,progress ( ! ,human ,und]/&+1 #agie1 9 :i* he speaks disp>ag+ly ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he 0 a foll[] ( ,kant1 & 0 class$ ) ,liv+ ,au?ors ( ,great ,brita9 9 #ahaf4 ,o',kelly 7,edmund de ,p5!ny71 a desc5dant ( ! ,o',kelly's2 au?or ( ,consci\sness1 or ! ,age ( ,reason1 #ahec2 ,!ological ,pap]s1 publi%$ by ,holyoake2 & ,!ology = ! ,p1 '#ee1 a s]ies ( %ort pap]s sugge/ive ( religi\s ,!ism4 ,ok5 7,lor5z71 ,g]man morphologi/ & philosoph]1 b4 ,(f5burg1 #b ,aug4 #aggi4 ,he /udi$ at ,gtt+5 & became a privat-doc5t 9 t univ]sity4 ,9 a rem>kable ,sket* ( ,natural ,philosophy1 #ahjb1 he advanc$ a s*eme ( evolution4 ,he develop$ 8 sy/em 9 a "w on ,g5]ation1 #ahje1 & a ,manual ( ,natural ,philosophy1 #ahji4 ,he 0 pr(essor at ,j5a1 b dismiss$ = 8 lib]al views4 ,f '#ag till '#dh he edit$ ! sci5tific j\rnal ,isis4 ,9 '#cb he became a pr(essor at ,zri*1 :]e he di$1 #aa ,aug4 #ahea4 ,oliv] 7,william71 ,m4,d41 ( ,ba?1 :o 0 accus$ ( ,a!ism4 ,di$ #agfd4 ,om> ,khayyam4 ,see ,khayyam4 ,omboni 7,giovanni71 ,lomb>d naturali/1 b4 ,abbiategrasso1 #bi ,june1 #ahbi4 ,is pr(essor ( geology at ,padua1 & au?or ( _m sci5tific works4 ,onimus 7,erne/ ,nicolas ,joseph71 ,dr41 ,fr5* ,positivi/1 b4 ne> ,mulh\se1 #f ,dec4 #ahdj4 ,/udi$ m$ic9e at ,/rasburg & ,p>is1 & wrote a treatise on ,! ,dynamical ,!ory ( ,heat 9 ,biological ,sci5ces1 #ahff4 ,9 '#gc he 0 "o ( ! jury ( ! ,vi5na ,exhibition1 & obta9$ ! ,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,is au?or ( ! ,psy*ology 9 ! ,plays ( ,%akesp]e1 '#gh1 & has writt5 9 ! ,revue ,positive & o!r p]iodicals4 ,oort 7,h5ricus71 ,dut* rationali/1 b4 ,eemnes1 #bg ,dec4 #ahcf4 ,/udi$ !ology at ,leyd51 & became tea*] at ,am/]dam4 ,has writt5 _m works1 ( :i* we m5tion ,! ,wor%ip ( ,baalim 9 ,israel1 translat$ by ,bp4 ,col5so1 #ahfe1 & ,! ,bible = ,"y ,p1 writt5 ) ,drs4 ,hooykaas & ,ku551 & translat$ by ,p4 ,h4 ,wick/ead1 #ahgc-gi4 ,orelli 7,johann ,kasp> von71 le>n$ ,swiss critic1 b4 ,zri*1 #ac ,feb4 #aghi4 ,edit$ _m classics1 & wrote a lett] 9 favor ( ,/rauss at ! "t :5 !re 0 an outcry at 8 be+ appo9t$ ,pr(essor at ,zri*4 ,di$ #f ,jan4 #ahdi4 ,osborne 7,francis71 ,engli% writ]1 b4 ,clucks&1 ,b$s4 #aehi4 ,0 an adh]5t ( ,cromwell 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,8 ,advice to a ,son1 #afef1 0 popul> ?\gh mu* c5sur$ by ! ,puritans :o drew up a compla9t aga9/ 8 works & propos$ to h !m burnt1 & an ord] 0 pass$ #bg ,july1 #afeh1 =bidd+ !m to be sold4 ,di$ #afei4 ,osc> 7,l471 ,swiss writ]1 au?or ( ,religion ,trac$ ,back to its ,s\rce1 ,basel1 #ahgd4 ,he consid]s religion a belief 9 conflict ) exp]i5ce & re/+ on exagg]at$ fancies ( animism & my?ology4 ,"o ( 8 *apt]s is entitl$ ,! ,crucifixion ( ! ,son ( ,god z ,*ri/ian my?ology4 ,ossoli 7,c\ntess d'74 ,see ,full] 7,m>g>et74 ,oswald 7,eug571 ,g]man tea*] 9 ,engl&4 ,au?or ( _m popul> s*ool books1 & a ,/udy ( ,positivism 9 ,engl&1 #ahhd4 ,oswald 7,felix ,leopold71 ,am]ican writ]1 b4 ,belgium1 #ahde4 ,educat$ z a physician1 he has devot$ 8 att5tion to natural hi/ory1 & 9 pursuit ( 8 /udies has travell$ ext5sively4 ,he has contribut$ to ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,! ,tru?seek] & o!r j\rnals1 & has publi%$ ,summ]l& ,sket*es1 or ,rambles 9 ! ,backwoods ( ,mexico & ,c5tral ,am]ica1 '#ha2 ,physical ,education1 '#hb2 ,! ,secrets ( ! ,ea/1 '#hc1 :i* argues t ,*ri/ianity is d]iv$ f ,buddhism1 & ,! ,bible ( ,nature or ! ,pr9ciples ( ,secul>ism1 '#hh4 ,dr4 ,oswald is n[ employ$ z ,curator ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,brazil4 ,o',toole 7,adam ,duff71 ,iri% ,free?\ght m>tyr1 burnt to dea? at ,hogg+ 7n[ ,college7 ,gre51 ,dubl91 9 #acbg4 ,hol9%$ says he d5i$ ob/9atelie ! inc>nation ( our savior1 ! tr9itie ( p]sons 9 ! vnitie ( ! ,godhead & ! resurrection ( ! fle%2 z = ! ,holie ,scripture1 he said x 0 b a fable2 ! ,virg9 ,m>ie he affirm$ to be a woman ( dissolute life1 & ! ,apo/olic see erroni\s4 ,ouida1 ,see ,rame 7,l\ise de la74 ,ouvry 7,h5ry ,aim71 ,col41 translator ( ,feu*t]sleb5s1 ,dietetics ( ! ,s\l & ,rau's ,unsect>ian ,cate*ism1 & au?or ( sev]al works on ! l& "q4 ,ov]ton 7,ri*>d71 ,engli% ,republican1 :o wrote a satire on relics1 #afdb1 & a treatise on ,man's ,mortality 7,london1 #afdc1 ,am/]dam1 #afdd7 a "w design$ to %[ man is naturally mortal4 ,ow5 7,rob]t71 social re=m]1 b4 ,newton1 ,montgom]y%ire1 ,wales1 #ad ,m>*1 #agga4 ,at #ah he 0 s di/+ui%$ by 8 bus9ess tal5ts t he became p>tn] 9 a cotton mill4 ,9 #agig he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,david ,dale1 & soon aft]w>ds became p>tn] & sole manag] at ,new ,lan>k ,mills1 :]e he built ! fir/ infant s*ools & improv$ ! dwell+s ( ! workm54 ,f #ahaj-ae he publi%$ ,new ,views on ,society1 or1 ,essays on ! ,=mation ( ,"*4 ,9 '#ag he caus$ mu* excitem5t by proclaim+ t ! religions ( ! _w 7 all false1 & t man 0 ! creature ( circum/ances4 ,9 '#bd he w5t to ,am]ica & pur*as$ ,new ,h>mony1 ,indiana1 f ! ,rappi/s to f\nd a new community1 b ! exp]im5t 0 a failure1 z 7 also o!rs at ,orbi/on1 ,lan]1 & ,que5swood1 ,hants4 ,9 '#bh he debat$ at ,c9c9atti ) ,alex4 ,campbell on ! ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he publi%$ a num]\s s]ies ( tracts1 ,rob]t ,ow5's ,j\rnal1 & ,! ,new ,moral ,_w1 '#ce4 ,he debat$ on 8 ,social ,sy/em ) ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,h4 ,roebuck1 ,r4 ,br9dley1 etc4 ,z 8 m9d began to fail he accept$ ! tea*+s ( ,spiritism4 ,di$ ,newton1 #ag ,nov4 #aheh4 ,ow5 pr(\ndly influ5c$ ! ?\ght ( 8 "t 9 ! direction ( social amelioration1 & he is ju/ly respect$ = 8 en]gy1 integrity & dis9t]e/$ philan?ropy4 ,ow5 7,rob]t ,dale71 son ( ! above1 b4 ,glasg[ #i ,nov4 #ahjj4 ,0 educat$ by 8 fa!r till #ahbj1 :5 he 0 s5t to ,fell5b]g's s*ool1 ne> ,b]ne1 ,switz]l&4 ,9 '#be he w5t to ,am]ica to aid 9 ! ef=ts to f\nd a colony at ,new ,h>mony1 ,indiana4 ,on ! failure ( t exp]im5t he began ) ,frances ,wright1 9 ,nov4 '#bh1 ! publication ( ! ,free ,inquir]1 :i* 0 cont9u$ till '#cb4 ,9 t ye> he _h a writt5 discussion ) ,o4 ,ba*elor on ! exi/5ce ( ,god1 & ! au!nticity ( ! ,bible1 9 :i* he ably *ampion$ ! ,free?\ght cause4 ,he wrote a numb] ( tracts ( :i* we m5tion ,situations1 #ahci2 ,address on ,free ,inquiry1 #ahdj2 ,prossimo's ,exp]i5ce1 ,consi/5cy1 ,galileo & ! ,inquisition4 ,he 0 elect$ to ,congress 9 '#dc4 ,aft] fifte5 ye>s ( labor he secur$ ! wom5 ( ,indiana indep5d5t rights ( prop]ty4 ,he became *>ge d'affaires at ,naples 9 '#ec4 ,dur+ ! civil w> he /rongly advocat$ slave emancipation4 ,l 8 fa!r he became a ,spirituali/4 ,di$ at ,lake ,george1 #ag ,june1 #ahgg4 ,paalz[ 7,*ri/ian ,ludwig71 ,g]man juri/1 b4 ,o/]burg 7,altm>k71 #bf ,nov4 #agec1 translat$ ,voltaire's comm5t>ies on ,! ,_s ( ! ,laws & ,burigny's ,exam9ation ( ! ,apologi/s ( ,*ri/ianity 7,leipzic1 #agic71 & wrote a ,hi/ory ( ,religi\s ,cruelty 7,ma9z1 #ahjj74 ,di$ #bj ,may1 #ahbd4 ,paepe 7,ces> de74 ,see ,de ,paepe4 ,pagano 7,francisco ,m>io ,sav]io ,antonio ,c>lo ,pasquale74 ,italian juri/1 philosoph] & patriot1 b4 ,bri5za1 #agdh4 ,he /udi$ at ,naples1 & became ! fri5d ( ,filangi]i4 ,0 made pr(essor ( crim9al law 9 #aghg4 ,= 8 ,political ,essays 9 ?ree volumes 7#aghc-ib7 he 0 accus$ ( ,a!ism & impiety4 ,he wrote on ,crim9al ,process & a "w on ,god & ,nature4 ,tak+ "p 9 ! ,provisional ,gov]nm5t ( ! ,neapolitan ,republic 9 #agia1 he 0 tak5 prison] by ! royali/s & execut$ #f ,oct4 #ahjj4 ,page 7,david74 ,scot* geologi/1 b4 #bi ,aug4 #ahad4 ,au?or ( introductory & advanc$ text-books ( geology1 :i* w5t ?r\gh _m editions4 ,he gave advanc$ lectures 9 ,ed9burgh1 & edit$ ,life ,lights ( ,song1 '#fd4 ,8 ,man ,:]e1 ,:5ce1 & ,:i!r81 '#fg1 advocat+ ,d>w9ian views1 made "s /ir 9 ,scotl&4 ,he became pr(essor ( geology at ,durham ,univ]sity4 ,a fri5d ( ,rob]t ,*amb]s1 he 0 = "s "t cr$it$ ) t writ]'s ,ve/iges ( ,creation1 9 ! sci5tific details ( :i* he assi/$4 ,di$ at ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 #i ,m>*1 #ahgi4 ,paget 7,violet74 ,engli% au?oress1 :o1 "u ! p5-"n ( ,v]non ,lee1 has writt5 ,/udies ( ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury 9 ,italy & ,baldw91 dialogues on views & aspirations #ahhf4 ,s9ce '#ga %e has liv$ *iefly 9 ,flor5ce1 & contributes to ! pr9cipal reviews1 an article 9 ! ,contempor>y 7,may '#hc7 on ,responsibilities ( ,unbelief be+ p>ticul>ly noticeable4 ,miss ,paget's writ+s %[ a cultivat$ m9d & true lit]>y in/9ct4 ,pageze 7,l47 ,fr5* ,sociali/2 has writt5 on ! ,concordat & ! ,budget des ,cultes1 '#hf1 ,sep>ation ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 '#hg1 etc4 ,pa9e 7,?omas71 ,dei/1 b4 ,!t=d1 ,norfolk1 #bi ,jan41 #agcg4 ,8 fa!r 0 a ,quak] & /aymak]1 & ,pa9e 0 br\ght up to ! trade4 ,he left home :ile /ill "y1 w5t to ,london & ,s&wi*1 :]e he m>ri$ ! daught] ( an exciseman1 & ent]$ ! excise4 ,he 0 select$ by 8 (ficial associates to embody _! wants 9 a pap]1 & on ?is "w he display$ su* tal5t t ,frankl91 !n 9 ,london1 sugge/$ ,am]ica z a good field = 8 abilities4 ,pa9e w5t 9 #aggd1 & soon f\nd "w = 8 p54 ,he became editor ( ! ,p5nsylvanian ,magaz9e & contribut$ to ! ,p5nsylvanian j\rnal a /rong anti-slav]y essay4 ,common ,s5se1 publi%$ e>ly 9 #aggf1 advocat+ absolute indep5d5ce = ,am]ica1 did m ?an any?+ else to precipitate ! great ev5ts ( t ye>4 ,ea* numb] ( ! ,crisis1 :i* appe>$ dur+ ! w>1 0 read by ,wa%+ton's ord] to ea* regim5t 9 ! s]vice4 ,pa9e subscrib$ l>gely to ! army1 & s]v$ = a %ort "t himself4 ,aft] peace 0 decl>$1 congress vot$ him ?ree ?\s& doll>s1 & ! /ate ( ,new ,york gave him a l>ge f>m4 ,pa9e turn$ 8 att5tion to me*anics1 & inv5t$ ! tubul> iron bridge1 :i* he endeavor$ to introduce 9 ,europe4 ,rea*+ ,france dur+ ! ,revolution1 he publi%$ a pamphlet advocat+ ! abolition ( royalty4 ,9 #agia he publi%$ 8 ,rights ( ,man1 9 reply to ,burke4 ,= ?is he 0 outlaw$4 ,escap+ f ,engl&1 he w5t to ,france1 :]e he 0 elect$ to ! ,conv5tion4 ,he /\tly oppos$ ! execution ( ! k+1 & 0 ?r[n by ,robespi]re into ! ,luxemb\rg prison1 :]e = ne>ly a ye> he await$ ! guillot9e4 ,dur+ ?is "t he wrote ! fir/ "p ( ! ,age ( ,reason1 :i* he complet$ on 8 release4 ,?is fam\s book1 ?\gh vuln]able 9 "s m9or po9ts ( criticism1 ?r[s a flood ( light on ,*ri/ian dogmas1 & has _h a m ext5d$ sale ?an any o!r ,free?\ght "w4 ,z a natural consequ5ce1 ,pa9e has be5 an object ( incessant sl&] by ! cl]gy4 ,pa9e di$ at ,new ,york #h ,june1 #ahji1 &1 by 8 own direction 0 buri$ on 8 f>m at ,new ,ro*elle4 ,cobbett is said to h dis9t]r$ him & br\ght 8 bones to ,engl&4 ,pajot 7,franois74 ,see ,l9i]e4 ,pale>io 7,aonio71 i4e41 ,antonio1 della ,paglia1 ,italian humani/ & m>tyr1 b4 ab\t #aejj at ,vroli 9 ! ,roman ,campagna4 ,9 #aebj he w5t to ,rome & took place among ! brilliant m5 ( lett]s ( c\rt ( ,leo ,x4 ,aft] ! tak+ ( ,rome by ,*>les ,v4 he retir$ to ,si5na4 ,9 #aecf he publi%$ at ,lyons an elegant ,lat9 poem on ! ,mortality ( ! ,s\l--model$ on ,lucretius4 ,he 0 ,pr(essor ( ,eloqu5ce at ,milan = t5 ye>s1 b 0 accus$ ( h]esy4 ,he _h call$ ! ,inquisition a poign>d direct$ aga9/ all m5 ( lett]s4 ,on #c ,july1 #aegj1 he 0 hung & 8 body ?r[n into ! flames4 ,a "w on ! ,b5efit ( ,*ri/'s ,dea? has be5 attribut$ to him on insuffici5t gr\nds4 ,x is attribut$ to ,b5$etto da ,mantova4 ,pallas 7,pet] ,simon71 ,g]man naturali/ & travell]1 b4 ,b]l91 #bb ,sept4 #agda4 ,educat$ z a physician at ,gott+5 & ,leyd51 he 0 invit$ by ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 to become ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,he travell$ ?r\gh ,sib]ia & settl$ 9 ! ,crimea4 ,9 #ahaj he return$ to ,b]l91 :]e he di$ #h ,sept4 #ahaa4 ,lal&e spoke highly ( him1 & ,cuvi] consid]$ him ! f\nd] ( mod]n geology4 ,pallavic9o 7,f]rante71 ,italian poet & wit1 b4 ,piac5za #afaf4 ,he became a canon ( ! ,lat]an congregation1 b = compos+ "s satirical pieces aga9/ ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 _h a price set on 8 head4 ,he fl$ to ,v5ice1 b a false fri5d betray$ him to ! ,inquisition1 & he 0 behead$ at ,avignon1 #e ,m>*1 #afdd4 ,palm] 7,c\rtl&t71 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 ,new ,york1 #be ,m>*1 #ahdc1 graduat$ at ! ,columbia law-s*ool 9 '#fi4 ,he 0 br\ght up 9 ! ,dut* ,re=m$ ,*ur*1 b became a ,free?9k] :ile /ill "y4 ,mr4 ,palm] did mu* to promote ,lib]al ideas4 ,9 '#hj he e/abli%$ & became ,presid5t ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,club1 = ! utmo/ lib]ty ( public discussion4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,free?9k]'s ,magaz9e1 ,tru?seek]1 etc4 ,a si/] m>ri$ ,pr(4 ,drap] ) :om he 0 intimate4 ,di$ at ,new ,york1 #bc ,july1 #ahhh1 & 0 cremat$ at ,fre% ,pond1 8 fri5d ,col4 ,r4 ,g4 ,+]soll deliv]+ an eulogium4 ,palm] 7,elihu71 ,am]ican au?or1 b4 ,cant]bury1 ,connecticut1 #agfd4 ,he graduat$ at ,d>tm\? 9 #aghg1 & /udi$ div9ity b became a dei/ 9 #agia4 ,9 #agic he became totally bl9d f an attack ( yell[ fev]4 ,9 #agig he lectur$ to a ,dei/ical ,society 9 ,new ,york4 ,aft] ?is he dictat$ 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,nature1 #ahjb1 a p[]ful anti-,*ri/ian "w1 repr9t$ by ,c>lile 9 '#ai4 ,he also wrote ,prospect or ,view ( ! ,moral ,_w f ! ye> #ahjd4 ,palm] 0 ! head ( ! ,society ( ,columbian ,illum9ati f\nd$ 9 ,new ,york 9 #ahja4 ,he di$ 9 ,philadelphia1 #g ,april1 #ahjf4 ,panaetius1 ,/oic philosoph]1 b4 ,rhodes1 a pupil ( ,diog5es ! ,/oic1 & p]haps ( ,c>neades4 ,ab\t #aej ,b4,c4 he visit$ ,rome & taught a mod]ate /oicism1 d5y+ ! doctr9e ( ! conflagration ( ! _w1 & plac+ physics be=e dialectics4 ,he wrote a "w ,on ,duties1 to :i* ,cic]o expresses 8 indebt$ness 9 8 ,de ,(ficiis4 ,di$ 9 ,a!ns #aaa ,b4,c4 ,panc\cke 7,*>les ,joseph71 em95t ,fr5* publi%]1 b4 ,lille1 #bf ,nov4 #agcf4 ,he settl$ at ,p>is & became acqua9t$ ) d',alemb]t1 ,g>at1 etc41 & 0 a correspond5t ( ,r\sseau1 ,buffon & ,voltaire1 ^: works he br\ght out4 ,he translat$ ,lucretius1 #agfh1 br\ght out ! ,m]cure de ,france1 project$ 9 #agha ! important ,encyclopdie ,m?odique1 ( :i* !re are #aff vols41 & f\nd$ ! ,moniteur1 #aghi4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #ai ,dec4 #agih4 ,pantano 7,edu>do71 ,italian au?or ( a little book on ! ,sicilian ,vesp]s & ! ,commune1 ,catania1 #ahhb4 ,papillon 7,j4 ,h5ri ,f]n&71 ,fr5* philosophic writ]1 b4 ,bel=t1 #e ,june1 #ahdg4 ,he wrote an ,introduction to ,*emical ,philosophy1 '#fe2 contribut$ to ! ,revue de ,philosophie ,positive & ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is entitl$ ,nature & ,life1 '#gc4 ,di$ at ,p>is #ca ,dec4 #ahgc4 ,paquet 7,h5ri ,remi ,r571 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,*>leville1 #bi ,sep4 #ahde4 ,aft] /udy+ "u ! ,jesuits he w5t to ,p>is1 :]e he became an advocate1 b devot$ 8 ma9 att5tion to lit]ature4 ,"u ! anagram ( ,nre ,qupat he has publi%$ ,la ,lorgnette ,philosophique1 '#gb1 a diction>y ( ! great & little philosoph]s ( our "t1 a /udy ( ,la ,mettrie entitl$ ,mat]iali/ ,philosophy 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury & o!r works4 ,p>e 7,william71 ,ow5ite ,social re=m]1 b4 ,birm+ham1 #aa ,aug4 #ahje4 ,wrote an abridgm5t ( ,?ompson's ,di/ribution ( ,weal?1 also works on ,capital & ,labor '#ed1 ,co-op]ative ,agriculture1 at ,rahal9e1 '#gj1 etc4 ,he compil$ vol4 #a ( ! ,biography ( ,rob]t ,ow54 ,di$ at ,croydon1 #ah ,june1 #ahgc4 ,p>fait 7,noel71 ,fr5* writ] & politician1 b4 ,*>tres1 #cj ,nov4 #ahad4 ,took "p 9 ! revolution ( '#cj1 & wrote _m radical bro*ures4 ,aft] ! c\p d'tat he took refuge 9 ,belgium4 ,9 '#ga 0 elect$ deputy & sat on ! extreme left4 ,p>fait 7,paul71 son ( ! =ego+1 b4 ,p>is1 #ahda4 ,au?or ( ,l',ars5al de la ,dvotion1 '#gf1 ,notes to s]ve = a hi/ory ( sup]/ition1 & a supplem5t ,le ,dossi] des ,pl]9ages1 '#gg1 & o!r pieces4 ,di$ #ahha4 ,p>isot 7,jean ,patrocle71 a ,fr5*man :o wrote ,la ,foy devoile p> la raison1 #afha ,fai? ,unveil$ by ,reason1 a "w ^: title seems to h occasion$ its suppression4 ,p>k] 7,!odore71 ,am]ican rationali/1 b4 ,lex+ton1 ,mass41 #bd ,aug4 #ahaj4 ,f 8 fa!r--a ,unit>ian--he inh]it$ indep5d5ce ( m9d1 c\rage1 & love ( speculation4 ,br\ght up 9 pov]ty he /udi$ h>d1 & acquir$ a ,univ]sity education :ile labor+ on ! f>m4 ,9 ,m>*1 '#ca1 he became an assi/ant tea*] at ,bo/on4 ,9 ,june1 '#cg1 he 0 orda9$ ,unit>ian m9i/]4 ,p>k] gradually became kn[n z an iconocla/1 & /udy ( ! ,g]man critics made him a complete rationali/1 s t ev5 ! ,unit>ian body reject$ him4 ,a society 0 e/abli%$ to give him a he>+ 9 ,bo/on1 & soon 8 fame 0 e/abli%$4 ,8 ,disc\rse on ,matt]s ,p]ta9+ to ,religion1 '#dg1 exhibit$ 8 fundam5tal views4 ,he translat$ & enl>g$ ,de ,wette's ,critical ,introduction to ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,a fe>less oppon5t ( ! ,fugitive ,slave ,law1 he %elt]$ slaves 9 8 own h\se4 ,e>ly 9 '#ei fail+ heal? compell$ him to rel9qui% 8 duties4 ,di$ at ,flor5ce1 #aj ,may1 #ahfj4 ,he bequea!d 8 libr>y ( #ac1jjj volumes to ! ,bo/on ,public ,libr>y4 ,p>m5ides1 a ,greek philosoph]1 b4 ,elea1 ,italy1 #eah ,b4,c4 ,is said to h be5 a disciple ( ,x5ophanes4 ,he develop$ 8 philosophy ab\t #dgj ,b4,c4 9 a didactic poem ,on ,nature1 fragm5ts ( :i* are pres]v$ by ,sextus ,empiricus4 ,he held to ,reason z our guide1 & consid]$ nature et]nal4 ,p>ny 7v>i/e ,dsir de ,=ges de71 ,visc\nt4 ,fr5* poet1 b4 ,/4 ,paul1 ,isle ( ,b\rbon1 #f ,feb4 #agec4 ,educat$ 9 ,france1 he *ose ! milit>y pr(ession4 ,a disappo9t$ passion = a creole inspir$ 8 ,amatory ,poems1 & he aft]w>ds wrote ! audaci\s ,w> ( ! ,gods1 ,p>adise ,lo/1 & ,! ,gallantries ( ! ,bible4 ,8 poems1 ?\gh erotic1 are full ( elegant *>m1 & he has be5 nam$ ! ,fr5* ,tibullus4 ,he 0 admitt$ into ! ,fr5* ,academy 9 #ahjc4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #e ,dec4 #ahad4 ,p>ton 7,james71 au?or1 b4 ,cant]bury1 ,engl&1 #i ,feb4 #ahbb4 ,0 tak5 to ! ,unit$ ,/ates :5 a *ild & educat$ at ,new ,york4 ,he m>ri$ ,miss ,willis1 ,fannie ,f]n1 & has writt5 _m biographies1 includ+ ,lives ( ,?omas ,jeff]son1 '#gd1 & ( ,voltaire1 '#ha4 ,he has also writt5 on ,topics ( ! ,"t1 '#ga1 & ,*ur* ,taxation4 ,he resid$ 9 ,new ,york till '#ge :5 he remov$ to ,newburyport1 ,massa*usetts4 ,p>vi% 7,samuel71 ,dei/ic au?or ( ,an ,inquiry into ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ,revelation 7,london1 #agci71 ( :i* a second edition 0 issu$ 9 #agdf4 ,pasqui] 7ti5ne74 ,fr5* j\rnali/1 b4 #g ,april1 #aebi1 at ,p>is4 ,br\ght up to ! b> he became a successful plead]4 ,he def5d$ ! ,univ]sities aga9/ ! ,jesuits1 :om he also attack$ 9 a bitt] satire1 ,cat*isme des ,jsuites4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #cj ,aug4 #afae4 ,pass]ano 7,alb]to ,radicati di7 c\nt4 ,italian philosoph] ( la/ c5tury1 atta*$ to ! c\rt ( ,victor ,am$e ,,ii4 ,= "s pamphlets writt5 aga9/ ! ,papal p[] he 0 pursu$ by ! ,inquisition & 8 goods seiz$4 ,he liv$ 9 ,engl& & made ! acqua9tance ( ,coll9s1 also 9 ,france & ,holl&1 :]e he di$ ab\t #agcf1 leav+ 8 goods to ! poor4 ,9 t ye> he publi%$ at ,rott]dam ,recueil de ,pices curieuses sur les mati]es les plus ntressantes1 etc41 :i* conta9s a ,p>allel betwe5 ,mahomet & ,sosem 7anagram ( ,moses71 an abridg$ hi/ory ( ! ,sac]dotal ,pr(ession1 & a ,fai?ful & comic recital ( ! religion ( mod]n cannibals1 by ,zel9 ,moslem2 also a ,diss]tation ^u ,dea?1 :i* 0 publi%$ sep>ately 9 #agcc4 ,! ,recueil 0 republi%$ at ,london 9 #agdi4 ,he also wrote a pret5d$ translation f an ,arabic "w on ,mohamm$anism1 satiris+ ! ,bible1 & a pret5d$ s]mon by ,elwall ! ,quak]4 ,pa/eur 7,l\is74 ,fr5* sci5ti/ b4 ,dle1 #bg ,dec #ahbb1 became doctor 9 '#dg & pr(essor ( physic at ,/rassburg 9 '#dh4 ,he receiv$ ! ,rum=d m$al ( ! ,royal ,society 9 '#ef = 8 discov]ies 9 pol>isation & molecul> *emi/ry4 ,decorat$ ) ! ,legion ( honor 9 '#ec1 he 0 made comm&] '#fh & gr& (fic] '#gh4 ,8 rese>*es into innoculation h be5 mu* conte/$1 b 8 admir]s h rais$ a l>ge in/itute = ! prosecution ( 8 treatm5t4 ,he 0 elect$ to ! ,academy z successor ( ,littr4 ,he gave 8 "n z ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,secul> ,union4 ,pa/oret 7,claude ,emmanuel ,joseph ,pi]re de71 ,m>quis1 ,fr5* /atesman & writ]1 b4 ( noble family at ,m>seilles1 #be ,oct4 #agef4 ,educat$ by ! ,oratorians at ,lyons1 9 #aggi he publi%$ an ,elege de ,voltaire4 ,by 8 works on ,zoroa/]1 ,confucius & ,mahomet 7#aghg7 & on ,moses ,consid]$ z ,legislator & ,morali/ 7#aghh7 he did some?+ = ! infant sci5ce ( comp>ative religion4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is a le>n$ ,hi/ory ( ,legislation1 9 #aa vols4 7#ahag-cg71 9 :i* he passes 9 review all ! anci5t codes4 ,he embrac$ ! ,revolution1 & became ,presid5t ( ! ,legislative ,assembly 7#c ,oct4 #agia74 ,he propos$ ! erection ( ! ,column ( ,july on ! ,place ( ! ,ba/ille1 & ! conv]sion ( ! *ur* ( ,/e ,g5evive into ! ,pan!on4 ,on ! #ai? ,june1 #agib1 he pres5t$ a motion = ! complete sep>ation ( ! /ate f religion4 ,he fl$ dur+ ! ,t]ror1 b return$ z deputy 9 #agie4 ,9 #ahbj he succe$$ 8 fri5d ,volney z memb] ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 9 '#bc receiv$ ! cross ( ! ,legion ( ,honor1 & 9 '#bi became ,*ancellor ( ,france4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #bh ,sept4 #ahdj4 ,pat] 7,walt] ,horatio71 ,engli% writ]1 b4 ,london1 #d ,aug4 #ahci4 ,b4,a4 at ,ox=d 9 '#fb1 ,m4,a4 9 '#fe4 ,has writt5 *>m+ essays 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 ,macmillan1 & ! ,=tnightly ,review4 ,9 '#gc he publi%$ ,! ,r5aissance1 & 9 '#he ,m>ius ! ,epicurean1 ,8 ,s5sations & ,ideas4 ,pat]son 7,?omas71 b4 ne> ,lan>k e>ly 9 ?is c5tury4 ,aft] ! imprisonm5t ( ,s\?well & ,holyoake he edit$ ! ,oracle ( ,reason4 ,= exhibit+ pr(ane plac>ds he 0 arre/$ & s5t5c$ #bg ,jan4 #ahdc to ?ree mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,8 trial 0 report$ "u ! title ,god v4 ,pat]son 7'#dc47 ,he insi/$ on consid]+ ,god z ! pla9tiff & 9 quot+ f ! ,jew book to %[ ! pla9tiff's bad "*4 ,:5 releas$ he w5t to ,scotl& to uphold ! "r ( free publication1 & 0 s5t5c$ #h ,nov4 '#dc to fifte5 mon?s' imprisonm5t = sell+ blasphem\s publications at ,ed9burgh4 ,on 8 release he 0 pres5t$ ) a te/imonial #f ,april1 #ahde1 ,h4 ,he!r+ton presid+4 ,pat]son w5t to ,am]ica4 ,pat9 7,gui71 ,fr5* physician1 writ]1 & wit1 b4 ne> ,beauvais #ca ,aug4 #afjb4 ,he became pr(essor at ! college ( ,france4 ,8 reputation is *iefly f\nd$ on 8 ,lett]s1 9 :i* he attack$ sup]/ition4 ,l>\sse says ,c'tait un libre p5seur de la famille de ,rabelais4 ,di$ at ,p>is #cj ,aug4 #afgb4 ,patot4 ,see ,tyssot de ,patot 7,s47 ,pauw 7,cornelius71 le>n$ ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,am/]dam1 #agci4 ,he wrote philosophical rese>*es on ! ,am]icans1 & also on ! ,egyptians1 ,*9ese1 & ,greeks4 ,0 e/eem$ by ,fr$]ick ! ,great = 8 +5uity & p5etration4 ,di$ at ,xant51 #g ,july1 #agii4 ,he 0 ! uncle ( ,ana*>sis ,clootz4 ,peacock 7,john ,macleay71 ,scot* poet1 b4 #ba ,m>*1 #ahag4 ,he wrote _m poems 9 ! ,national ,re=m]1 & 9 '#fg publi%$ ,h\rs ( ,rev]ie4 ,di$ #d ,may1 #ahgg4 ,peacock or ,pecock 7,reg9ald71 ! fa!r ( ,engli% rationalism1 b4 ab\t #acij1 & educat$ at ,oriel ,college ,ox=d1 ( :i* he 0 *os5 fell[ 9 #adag4 ,0 successively ,bi%op ( ,/ ,asaph1 #addd1 & ,*i*e/]1 #adej1 by ! favor ( ,humphrey1 ! good ,duke ( ,glo/]4 ,he decl>$ t ,scripture mu/ 9 all cases be accommodat$ to ! doom ( reason4 ,he que/ion$ ! g5u95ess ( ! ,apo/les' ,cre$4 ,9 #adeg he 0 accus$ ( h]esy1 recant$ f fe> ( m>tyrdom1 0 depriv$ ( 8 bi%opric1 & imprison$ 9 a mona/]y at ,cant]bury1 :]e he us$ to repeat to ^? :o visit$ him1 ,wit ha? wond]1 t reason _c skan1 ,h[ a ,mod] is ,mayd1 & ,god is ,man4 ,8 books 7 publicly burnt at ,ox=d4 ,he di$ 9 #adfj4 ,8 influ5ce d\btless contribut$ to ! ,re=mation4 ,pe>son 7,k>l71 au?or ( a volume ( essays entitl$ ,! ,e?ic ( ,free?\ght1 #ahhh4 ,educat$ at ,cambridge2 ,b4,a4 '#gi1 ,m4,a4 '#hb4 ,pe*meja 7,jean de71 ,fr5* writ]4 ,a fri5d ( ,raynal1 he wrote a sociali/ic romance 9 #ab books 9 ! /yle ( ,telema*us1 call$ ,tlphe1 #aghd4 ,di$ #aghe4 ,peck 7,john71 ,am]ican writ] 9 ! ,tru?seek]4 ,has publi%$ ,miracles & ,miracle ,work]s1 etc4 ,pecqueur 7,a471 contributor to ! ,rationali/e ( ,g5eva1 #ahfd4 ,pel9 7,gabriel71 ,fr5* au?or ( works on ,spiritism ,expla9$ & ,de/roy$1 #ahfd1 & ,god or ,sci5ce1 '#fg4 ,pelletan 7,*>les ,camille71 ,fr5* j\rnali/ & deputy1 son ( ! foll[+2 b4 ,p>is1 #bc ,june1 #ahdf4 ,/udi$ at ! ,lyce ,l\is le ,gr&4 ,he wrote 9 ,la ,tribune ,franaise1 & ,le ,rappel1 & s9ce '#hj has conduct$ ,la ,ju/ice ) 8 fri5d ,clm5ceau1 ( :om he has writt5 a sket*4 ,pelletan 7,pi]re ,clem5t ,eugne71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,sa9t-,palais-sur-,meir1 #bj ,oct4 #ahac4 ,z a j\rnali/ he wrote 9 ,la ,presse1 "u ! "n ( ,un ,inconnu1 articles di/+ui%$ by _! love ( lib]ty & progress4 ,he also contribut$ to ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes4 ,9 '#eb he publi%$ 8 ,pr(ession ( ,fai? ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & 9 '#eg ,! ,law ( ,progress & ,! ,philosophical ,k+s4 ,f '#ec-'ee he oppos$ ,napoleon 9 ! ,sicle1 & aft]w>ds e/abli%$ ,la ,tribune ,franaise4 ,9 '#fc he 0 elect$ deputy1 b 8 election be+ annull$1 he 0 re-elect$ 9 '#fd4 ,he took di/+ui%$ rank among ! democratic opposition4 ,aft] ! battle ( ,s$an he 0 made memb] ( ! ,committee ( ,national ,def5ce1 & 9 '#gf ( ! ,s5ate1 ( :i* he became vice-presid5t 9 '#gi4 ,9 '#gh he wrote a /udy on ,fr$]ick ! ,great entitl$ ,un ,roi ,philosophe1 & 9 '#hc ,is ,god ,dead8 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #ad ,dec4 #ahhd4 ,pemb]ton 7,*>les ,reece74 ,engli% actor & au?or1 b4 ,pontypool1 ,s4 ,wales1 #bc ,jan4 #agij4 ,he travell$ ov] mo/ ( ! _w & wrote ,! ,autobiography ( ,pel ,v]juice1 :i* ) o!r rema9s 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdc4 ,di$ #c ,m>*1 #ahdj4 ,p5neti] 7,georges71 ,dr41 b4 ,r\51 #ahcf1 ,director ( ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,r\54 ,au?or ( a "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,life1 '#fh1 9 :i* he cont5ds = spontane\s g5]ation4 ,to ?is "w ,f4 ,a4 ,p\*et contribut$ a preface4 ,p]fitt 7,philip ,william71 ,!i/1 b4 #ahbj1 edit$ ! ,pa?f9d]1 '#ei-fa4 ,prea*$ at ,s\? ,place ,*apel4 ,wrote ,life & ,tea*+s ( ,jesus ( ,naz>e?1 '#fa4 ,p]i]s 7,bonav5ture des74 ,see ,desp]i]s4 ,p]ot 7,jean ,m>ie ,alb]t71 ,fr5* bank]1 au?or ( a "w on ,man & ,god1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 #ahha1 & ,moral & ,philosophical ,allegories 7,p>is1 #ahhc74 ,p]ri] 7,edmond71 ,fr5* zoologi/1 ,curator at ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory1 ,p>is1 b4 ,tulle1 #ahdd4 ,au?or ( num]\s works on ,natural ,hi/ory1 & "o on ,trans=misme1 '#hh4 ,p]r9 7,raymond ,s471 ,am]ican au?or ( a bulky "w on ,! ,religion ( ,philosophy1 or ! ,unification ( ,k3 a comp>ison ( ! *ief philosophical & religi\s sy/ems ( ! _w1 #ahhe4 ,p]ry 7,?omas ,ryley71 "o ( ,c>lile's %opm51 s5t5c$ #ahbd to ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t 9 ,newgate = sell+ ,palm]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,nature4 ,he became a *emi/ at ,leice/] & 9 #ahdd petition$ ,p>liam5t = ! prison]s = blasphemy1 ,pat]son & ,roalfe1 /at+ t 8 own imprisonm5t _h n fulfill$ ! judge's hope ( 8 recantation4 ,petit 7,claude71 ,fr5* poet1 burnt on ! ,place de ,grve 9 #affe z ! au?or ( "s impi\s pieces4 ,petronius1 call$ ,arbit] 7,titus71 ,roman ,epicurean poet at ! ,c\rt ( ,n]o1 9 ord] to avoid ^: res5tm5t he op5$ 8 ve9s & bl$ to dea? 9 ,a4,d4 #ff1 conv]s+ mean:ile ) 8 fri5ds on ! gossip ( ! day4 ,to him we owe ! l9es on sup]/ition1 beg9n+ ,primus 9 orbe ,deos fecit timor4 ,petronius is fam\s = 8 pure ,lat9ity4 ,he is z pla9-spok5 z ,juv5al1 & ) ! same excuse1 8 romance be+ a satire on ,n]o & 8 c\rt4 ,petruccelli della ,gatt9a 7,f]d9&o7 ,italian writ]1 b4 ,naples1 #ahaf1 has travell$ mu* & writt5 _m works4 ,he 0 deputy to ! ,naples ,p>liam5t 9 '#dh1 & exil$ aft] ! reaction4 ,petrus de ,abano4 ,a le>n$ ,italian physician1 b4 ,abano #abej4 ,he /udi$ at ,p>is & became pr(essor ( m$ic9e at ,padua4 ,he wrote _m works & _h a great reputation4 ,he is said to h d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( spirits1 & to h ascrib$ all miracles to natural causes4 ,cit$ be=e ! ,inquisition 9 #acjf z a h]etic1 a magician & an ,a!i/1 he ably def5d$ himself & 0 acquitt$4 ,he 0 accus$ a second "t b dy+ 7#acbj7 :ile ! trial 0 prep>+1 he 0 condemn$ aft] dea?1 8 body dis9t]r$ & burnt1 & he 0 also burnt 9 effigy 9 ! public squ>e ( ,padua4 ,peyp]s 7,h4 ,f4 ,a471 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,de ,rijp1 #b ,jan4 #ahef1 /udi$ m$ic9e1 & is n[ ,m4,d4 at ,am/]dam4 ,he is a man ( erudition & good natur$ ?\gh satirical turn ( m9d4 ,he has contribut$ mu* to ,de ,dag]aad1 & is at pres5t "o ( ! five editors ( t ,free?\ght mon?ly4 ,peyr>d 7,franois71 ,fr5* ma!matician1 b4 ,vial 7,haute ,loire7 #agfj4 ,a w>m p>tisan ( ! revolution1 he 0 "o ( ^? :o 7#g ,nov4 #agic7 incit$ ,bi%op ,gobel to abjure 8 religion4 ,an intimate fri5d ( ,sylvian ,m>*al1 ,peyr>d furni%$ him ) notes = 8 ,dictionnaire des ,a?es4 ,he wrote a "w on ,nature & its ,laws1 #agic-d1 & propos$ ! pi]c+ ( ! ,i/hmus ( ,suez4 ,he translat$ ! works ( ,euclid & ,ar*im$es4 ,di$ at ,p>is #c ,oct4 #ahbb4 ,peyrat 7,alphonse71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,t\l\se1 #ba ,june1 #ahab4 ,he wrote 9 ! ,national & la ,presse1 & combat$ aga9/ ! ,second ,empire4 ,9 '#fe he f\nd$ l',av5ir ,national1 :i* 0 sev]al times condemn$4 ,9 ,feb4 '#ga1 he 0 elect$ deputy ( ! ,se9e1 & propos$ ! proclamation ( ! ,republic4 ,9 '#gf he 0 *os5 s5ator4 ,he wrote a ,hi/ory ( ! ,dogma ( ! ,immaculate ,conception1 '#ee2 ,hi/ory & ,religion1 '#eh2 ,hi/orical & ,religi\s ,/udies1 '#eh2 & an able & s*ol>ly ,elem5t>y & ,critical ,hi/ory ( ,jesus1 '#fd4 ,peyr]e 7,isaac de la71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,bordeaux1 #aeid1 & br\ght up z a ,prote/ant4 ,he ent]$ into ! s]vice ( ! h\se ( ,cond1 & became intimate ) ,la ,mo! de ,vay] & ,gass5di4 ,8 "w entitl$ ,pradamit1 #afec1 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ t m5 liv$ be=e ,adam1 made a great s5sation1 & 0 burnt by ! hangman at ,p>is4 ,! bi%op ( ,namur c5sur$ x1 & la ,peyrre 0 arre/$ at ,brussels1 #afef1 by ord] ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,mal9es1 b escap$ by favor ( ! ,pr9ce ( ,cond on condition ( retract+ 8 book at ,rome4 ,! foll[+ epitaph 0 nev]!less made on him3 ,la ,peyr]e ici gt1 ce bon ,israelite1 ,hug5ot1 ,ca?olique1 enf9 ,pre-adamite3 ,quatre religions lui plur5t la fois3 ,et son indiffr5ce tait si peu commune ,qu'aprs #hj ans qu'il eut faire un *oix ,le bon homme p>tit1 et n'en *oisit pas une4 ,di$ ne> ,p>is1 #cj ,jan4 #afgf4 ,pfeiff 7,johan ,gu/af ,viktor71 ,sw$i% b>on1 b4 ,upl&1 #ahbi4 ,editor ( ! free religi\s p]iodical1 ,! ,tru?seek]1 s9ce #ahhb4 ,he has also translat$ into ,sw$i% "s ( ! writ+s ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,ph>macopulo 7,a4,p47 ,greek translator ( ,b*n]'s ,=ce & ,matt]1 & correspond+ memb] ( ! ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,free?9k]s4 ,phillips 7,sir ,ri*>d71 indu/ri\s ,engli% writ]1 b4 ,london1 #agfg4 ,he 0 hosi]1 booksell]1 pr9t]1 publi%]1 republican1 ,%]iff ( ,london 7#ahjg-h71 & ,knight4 ,he compil$ _m s*oolbooks1 *iefly "u pseudonyms1 ( :i* ! mo/ popul> 7 ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,goldsmi? & ,rev4 ,d4 ,blair4 ,8 own op9ions are se5 mo/ 9 8 ,million ( ,facts4 ,di$ at ,brighton #b ,april1 #ahdj4 ,phillippo 7,william ,sk9n]71 f>m]1 ( ,wood ,norton1 ne> ,!t=d1 ,norfolk4 ,a dei/ :o wrote an ,essay on ,political & ,religi\s ,m$itations1 #ahfh4 ,pi-y ,m>gall 7,francisco71 ,spani% philosoph] & ,republican /atesman1 b4 ,b>celona1 #ahbj4 ,! fir/ book he le>nt to read 0 ! ,ru9s ( ,volney4 ,/udi$ law & became an advocate4 ,he has writt5 _m political works1 & translat$ ,pr\dhon1 = :om he has mu* admiration1 into ,spani%4 ,he has also introduc$ ! writ+s & philosophy ( ,comte into 8 own c\ntry4 ,he 0 associat$ ) ,ca/el> & ,figu]as 9 ! attempt to e/abli% a ,spani% ,republic1 be+ ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior1 & aft]w>ds ,presid5t 9 #ahgc4 ,pi*>d 7,prosp]74 ,fr5* ,positivi/1 au?or ( ,doctr9e ( ,reality1 a cate*ism = ! use ( p :o d n pay !mselves ) words1 to :i* ,littr wrote a preface1 #ahgc4 ,pi]son 7,all>d74 ,dut* rationali/ critic1 b4 ,am/]dam #h ,april1 #ahca4 ,educat$ 9 !ology1 he 0 m9i/] to ! ,evangelical congregation at ,leuv51 aft]w>ds at ,rott]dam & f9ally pr(essor at ,heidelb]g4 ,he resign$ 8 connection ) ! ,*ur* 9 '#fd4 ,he has writt5 _m works ( !ological & lit]>y value ( :i* we m5tion 8 ,poems '#hb1 ,new ,/udies on ,calv91 '#hc1 & ,v]isimilia1 writt5 9 conjunction ) ,s4 ,a4 ,nab]1 '#hf4 ,pigault-,lebrun 7,guillaume ,*>les ,anto9e71 witty ,fr5* au?or1 b4 ,calais1 #h ,april1 #agec4 ,he /udi$ "u ! ,oratorians ( ,b\logne4 ,he wrote num]\s com$ies & romances1 & ,le ,citateur1 #ahjc1 a collection ( objections to ,*ri/ianity1 borr[$ 9 "p f ,voltaire1 ^: _s he l>gely %>$4 ,9 #ahaa ,napoleon ?reat5$ ! prie/s he w\ld issue ?is "w :olesale4 ,x 0 suppress$ "u ! ,re/oration1 b has be5 frequ5tly repr9t$4 ,pigault-,lebrun became secret>y to ,k+ ,j]ome ,napoleon1 & di$ at ,la ,celle-,sa9t-,cl\d1 #bd ,july1 #ahce4 ,pike 7,j4 ,w47 ,am]ican lectur]1 b4 ,concord 7,ohio71 #bg ,june1 #ahbf1 wrote ,my ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce & ,:at ,i f\nd 9 ! ,bible1 #ahfg4 ,pillsbury 7,p>k]71 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 ,hamilton1 ,mass41 #bb ,sep4 #ahji4 ,0 employ$ 9 f>m "w till '#ce1 :5 he ent]$ ,gilm]ton !ological sem9>y4 ,he graduat$ 9 '#ch1 /udi$ a ye> at ,&ov]1 0 congregational m9i/] = "o ye>1 & !n1 p]ceiv+ ! *ur*es 7 ! bulw>k ( slav]y1 ab&on$ ! m9i/ry4 ,he became an abolitioni/ lectur]1 edit$ ! ,h]ald ( ,fre$om1 ,national ,anti-,slav]y ,/&>d1 & ! ,revolution4 ,he also prea*$ = free religi\s societies1 wrote ,pi\s ,frauds1 & contribut$ to ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator & ,free?9k]s' ,magaz9e4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is ,acts ( ! ,anti-,slav]y ,apo/les1 #ahhc4 ,piron 7,alexis71 ,fr5* comic poet1 b4 ,dijon1 #i ,july1 #afhi4 ,8 pieces 7 full ( wit & gaiety1 & _m anecdotes are told ( 8 pr(anity4 ,among 8 sallies 0 8 reply to a repro( = be+ drunk on ,good ,friday1 t fail+ mu/ be excus$ on a day :5 ev5 deity succumb$4 ,be+ bl9d 9 8 old age he affect$ piety4 ,worri$ by 8 confessor ab\t a ,bible 9 ! m>g9 ( :i* he _h writt5 p>odies & epigrams z ! be/ comm5t>y1 he ?rew ! :ole book 9 ! fire4 ,ask$ on 8 dea?-b$ if he believ$ 9 ,god he answ]$ ,p>bleu1 ,i believe ev5 9 ! ,virg94 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #ba ,jan4 #aggc4 ,pis>ev 7,dmitri ,ivanovi*7 ,russian critic1 j\rnali/1 & mat]iali/1 b4 #ahdj4 ,he fir/ became kn[n by 8 criticism on ! ,s*ola/ics ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,di$ ,bad51 ne> ,riga1 ,july #ahfh4 ,8 works are publi%$ 9 t5 vols4 ,pet]sburg1 #ahgj4 ,pitt 7,william74 ,e>l ( ,*a?am1 an illu/ri\s ,engli% /atesman & orator1 b4 ,boconnoc1 ,cornwall1 #ae ,nov4 #agjh4 ,! s]vices to 8 c\ntry ( ! ,great ,common]1 z he 0 call$1 are well kn[n1 b x is n s g5]ally recognis$ t 8 ,lett] on ,sup]/ition1 fir/ pr9t$ 9 ! ,london ,j\rnal 9 #agcc1 entitles him to be rank$ ) ! ,dei/s4 ,he says t ! m sup]/iti\s p are1 always ! m vici\s2 & ! m !y believe1 ! less !y practice4 ,a!ism furni%es no man ) argum5ts to be vici\s2 b sup]/ition1 or :at ! _w made by religion1 is ! greate/ possible enc\ragem5t to vice1 by sett+ up some?+ z religion1 :i* %all atone & commute = ! want ( virtue4 ,?is rem>kable lett] ends ) ! words ,rememb] t ! only true div9ity is humanity4 ,place 7,francis71 ,engli% ,radical re=m] & tailor2 b4 #aggi at ,*>+ ,cross4 ,he e>ly became a memb] ( ! ,london1 ,correspond+ ,society4 ,he wrote to ,c>lile's ,republican & ,lion4 ,a fri5d ( ,t4 ,h>dy1 ,h4 ,tooke1 ,james ,mill1 ,b5?am1 ,roebuck1 ,he!r+ton1 & ,hibb]t 7:o puts him 9 8 li/ ( ,engli% ,free?9k]s74 ,he 0 connect$ ) all ! advanc$ movem5ts ( 8 "t & has left _m manuscripts illu/rat+ ! politics ( t p]iod1 :i* are n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,he always pr(ess$ to be an ,a!i/--see ,reason]1 #bf ,m>*1 '#ed4 ,di$ at ,k5s+ton1 #a ,jan4 #ahed4 ,platt 7,james71 ,f4,s4,s41 a wool5 m]*ant & ,dei/ic au?or ( popul> works on ,bus9ess1 '#ge2 ,morality1 '#gh2 ,progress1 '#hj2 ,life1 '#ha2 ,god & ,mammon1 etc4 ,pl9y 7,caius ,pl9ius ,secundus71 ! eld]1 ,roman naturali/1 b4 ,v]ona1 ,a4,d4 #bb4 ,he di/+ui%$ himself 9 ! army1 0 admitt$ into ! college ( ,augurs1 appo9t$ procurator 9 ,spa91 & honor$ ) ! e/eem ( ,vespasian & ,titus4 ,he wrote ! hi/ory ( 8 own "t 9 #ca books1 n[ lo/1 & a ,natural ,hi/ory 9 #cg books1 "o ( ! mo/ preci\s monum5ts ( antiquity1 9 :i* 8 ,epicurean ,a!ism appe>s4 ,be+ ) ! fleet at ,mis5um1 #bd ,aug4 ,a4,d4 #gi1 he obs]v$ ! eruption ( ,m\nt ,vesuvius1 & l&+ to assi/ ! inhabitants 0 himself suffocat$ by ! noxi\s vapors4 ,pluma*] 7,olga71 ,g]man pessimi/1 foll[] ( ,h>tmann1 & au?oress ( a "w on ,pessimism 9 ! ,pa/ & ,future1 ,heidelb]g1 #ahhd4 ,%e has also def5d$ h] views 9 ,m9d4 ,plum] 7,william7 ,am]ican s5ator1 b4 ,newburyport1 ,mass4 #be ,june1 #agei4 ,9 #aghj he became a ,bapti/ prea*]1 b resign$ on acc\nt ( scepticism4 ,he rema9$ a dei/4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! ,legislature eight t]ms1 dur+ two ( :i* he 0 ,speak]4 ,he 0 gov]nor ( ,new ,hamp%ire1 #ahab-ah1 wrote to ! press ov] ! signature ,c9c9natus1 & publi%$ an ,address to ! ,cl]gy1 '#ad4 ,he liv$ till #bb ,june1 #ahej4 ,plut>*4 ,greek philosoph] & hi/orian1 b4 ,*]ona 9 ,boetia1 ab\t ,a4,d4 #ej4 ,he visit$ ,delphi & ,rome1 :]e he liv$ 9 ! reign ( ,trajan4 ,8 ,p>allel ,lives ( =ty-six ,greeks & ,romans h made him immortal4 ,he wrote num]\s o!r anecdotal & e?ical works1 includ+ a treatise on ,sup]/ition4 ,he condemn$ ! vulg> notions ( ,deity1 & rem>k$1 9 connection ) ! de$s popul>ly ascrib$ to ! gods1 t he w\ld r m5 said !re 0 no ,plut>* ?an traduce 8 "*4 ,9 o!r words1 sup]/ition is m impi\s ?an ,a!ism4 ,di$ ab\t ,a4,d4 #abj4 ,poe 7,edg> ,allan71 ,am]ican poet1 gr&son ( ,g5]al ,poe1 :o figur$ 9 ! w> ( indep5d5ce1 b4 ,bo/on1 #ai ,jan4 #ahji4 ,8 "m 0 an actress4 ,e>ly left an orphan4 ,aft] publi%+ ,tam]lane & o!r ,poems1 '#bg1 he enli/$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,army1 b 0 ca%i]$ 9 '#ca4 ,he !n took to lit]>y employm5t 9 ,baltimore & wrote _m /ories1 collect$ z ! ,tales ( ,my/]y1 ,imag9ation1 & ,humor4 ,9 '#de appe>$ ,! ,rav5 & o!r ,poems1 :i* prov$ him ! mo/ musical & dextr\s ( ,am]ican poets4 ,9 '#dh he publi%$ ,eureka1 a ,prose ,poem1 :i*1 ?\gh comp>atively little kn[n1 he e/eem$ 8 greate/ "w4 ,x indicates pan!i/ic views ( ! univ]se4 ,8 p]sonal appe>ance 0 /rik+ & "o ( 8 portraits is n unlike t ( ,james ,?omson4 ,di$ 9 ,baltimore1 #g ,oct4 #ahdi4 ,poey 7,&rs71 ,cuban meteorologi/ & ,positivi/ ( ,fr5* & ,spani% desc5t1 b4 ,havana1 #ahbf4 ,wrote 9 ! ,mod]n ,?9k]1 & is au?or ( _m sci5tific memoirs & a popul> exposition ( ,positivism 7,p>is1 #ahgf71 9 :i* he has a *apt] on ,d>w9ism & ,comtism4 ,pomp]y 7,ed\>d71 ,fr5* publici/1 b4 ,c\rcelles1 #ahab4 ,a foll[] ( ,f\ri]1 he has writt5 on ,blanquism & opportunism1 '#gi1 & a ,life ( ,voltaire1 '#hj4 ,pomponazzi 7,pietro7 ,lat4 ,pomponatius1 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 ,mantua1 ( noble family1 #af ,sept4 #adfb4 ,he /udi$ at ,padua1 :]e he graduat$ #adhg z laureate ( m$ic9e4 ,next ye> he 0 appo9t$ pr(essor ( philosophy at ,padua1 tea*+ 9 concurr5ce ) ,a*ill9i4 ,he aft]w>ds taught ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle at ,f]r>a & ,bologna4 ,8 treatise ,de ,immortalitate ,anim1 #aeaf1 gave great (f5ce by d5y+ ! philosophical f\ndation ( ! doctr9e ( ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! "w 0 burnt by ! hangman at ,v5ice1 & x is said ,c>d9al ,bembo's int]cession ) ,pope ,leo ,x4 only sav$ ,pomponazzi f ecclesia/ical proc$ure4 ,among 8 works is a treatise on ,fate1 ,free ,w1 etc4 ,pomponazzi 0 a dim9utive man1 & 0 nicknam$ ,p]etto4 ,he held t d\bt 0 necess>y = ! developm5t ( k1 & left an unsulli$ reputation = upright conduct & sweet temp]4 ,di$ at ,bologna1 #ah ,may1 #aebe1 & 0 buri$ at ,mantua1 :]e a monum5t 0 erect$ to 8 memory4 ,ponnat 7de71 ,b>on1 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ab\t #ahaj4 ,educat$ by ,jesuits1 he became a ?or\gh ,free?9k] & democrat & a fri5d ( ,a4 ,s4 ,mor91 ) :om he collaborat$ on ! ,rationali/e ( ,g5eva4 ,he wrote _m notable articles 9 ,la ,libre ,p5se1 ,le ,critique1 & ,le ,c&ide1 = writ+ 9 :i* la/ he 0 s5t5c$ to "o ye>'s imprisonm5t4 ,he publi%$1 "u ! anagram ( ,de ,pontan1 ,! ,cross or ,dea?1 a disc\rse to ! bi%ops :o assi/$ at ! ,ecum5ical ,c\ncil at ,rome 7,brussels1 '#fb74 ,8 pr9cipal "w is a hi/ory ( ! v>iations & contradictions ( ! ,roman ,*ur* 7,p>is1 '#hb74 ,di$ 9 #ahhd4 ,porphyry1 ,greek philosop] ( ! ,new ,platonic s*ool1 b4 ,s9ia1 #bcc ,a4,d4 ,8 orig9al "n 0 ,mal*us or ,mele*--a ,k+4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,long9us & p]haps ( ,orig54 ,"s h suppos$ t he 0 ( ,jewi% fai?1 & fir/ embrac$ & !n aft]w>ds reject$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is c]ta9 he 0 a man ( le>n+ & intellig5ce2 ! fri5d z well z ! disciple ( ,plot9us4 ,he wrote 79 ,greek7 a fam\s "w 9 fifte5 books aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 "s fragm5ts ( :i* alone rema9 9 ! writ+s ( 8 oppon5ts4 ,x is c]ta9 he %[$ acqua9tance ) ! ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian writ+s1 expos$ _! contradictions1 po9t$ out ! dispute betwe5 ,pet] & ,paul1 & ref]r$ ,daniel to ! "t ( ,antio*us ,epiphanes4 ,he wrote _m o!r works1 among :i* are lives ( ,plot9us & ,py?agorus4 ,di$ at ,rome ab\t #cje4 ,porzio 7,simone71 a disciple ( ,pomponazzi1 to :om1 :5 lectur+ at ,pisa1 ! /ud5ts cri$ ,:at ( ! s\l8 ,he frankly pr(ess$ 8 belief t ! human s\l diff]$ 9 no ess5tial po9t f ! s\l ( a lion or plant1 & t ^? :o ?\ght o!rwise 7 prompt$ by pity = our mean e/ate4 ,^! ass]tions are 9 8 treatise ,de ,m5te ,human4 ,posos 7,juan de71 an undiscov]$ au?or us+ ?is p5-"n1 express$ a!i/ic op9ions 9 a book ( imag9>y travels1 publi%$ 9 ,dut* at ,am/]dam 9 #agjh1 & translat$ into ,g]man at ,leipsic1 #agba4 ,po/ 7,amy71 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 #ahjc4 ,f '#bh %e 0 a lead+ advocate ( slav]y abolition1 temp]ance1 woman's suffrage & religi\s re=m4 ,di$ ,ro*e/]1 ,new ,york1 #bi ,jan4 #ahhi4 ,pott] 7,aga?on ,l\is de74 ,see ,de ,pott] 7,a4 ,l47 ,pott] 7,l\is ,anto9e ,joseph de74 ,see ,de ,pott] 7,l4 ,a4 ,j47 ,potv9 7,*>les71 ,belgian writ] b4 ,mons4 #b ,dec4 #ahah1 is memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy ( ,lett]s1 & pr(essor ( ! hi/ory ( lit]ature at ,brussels4 ,he wrote anonym\sly ,poesie et ,am\r '#eh1 & ,rome & ! ,family4 ,"u ! "n ( ,dom ,jacobus he has writt5 an able "w 9 two volumes on ,! ,*ur* & ,morality1 & also ,tablets ( a ,free?9k]4 ,he 0 presid5t ( ,la ,libre ,p5se ( ,brussels f '#gh to '#hc1 is director ( ! ,revue de ,belgique & has collaborat$ on ! ,national & o!r pap]s4 ,p\*et 7,felix ,ar*imde71 ,fr5* naturali/1 b4 ,r\5 #bf ,aug4 #ahjj4 ,/udi$ m$ic9e "u ,dr4 ,flaub]t1 fa!r ( ! au?or ( ,mme4 ,bov>y1 & became doctor 9 '#bg4 ,he 0 made pr(essor ( natural hi/ory at ! ,museum ( ,r\51 & by 8 exp]im5ts enri*$ sci5ce ) _m discov]ies4 ,he def5d$ spontane\s g5]ation & wrote _m monographs & books ( :i* ! pr9cipal is entitl$ ,! ,univ]se1 '#fe4 ,di$ at ,r\51 #f ,dec4 #ahgb4 ,p\*et 7,h5ri ,*>les ,george71 ,fr5* naturali/1 son ( ! proce$+1 b4 ,r\51 #ahcc1 made ,m4,d4 9 '#fd1 & 9 '#gi pr(essor ( comp>ative anatomy 9 ! museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,p>is4 ,9 '#hj he 0 decorat$ ) ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,he has writt5 on ,! ,plurality ( ! ,human ,race1 '#eh1 & collaborat$ on ! ,sicle1 & ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes & to la ,philosophie ,positive4 ,p\*k9e 7,a471 see ,pu%k94 ,p\g5s 7,m>ie ,*>les ,joseph de71 ,fr5* au?or1 a natural son ( ! ,pr9ce de ,conti1 b4 ,p>is1 #ae ,aug4 #agee4 ,ab\t ! age ( #bd he 0 bl9d$ by small pox4 ,he became an intimate fri5d ( ! philosoph]s1 &1 %>+ _! views1 embrac$ ! revolution ) ardor1 ?\gh x ru9$ 8 =tunes4 ,he wrote ,philosophical ,rese>*es1 #aghf1 edit$ ! po/hum\s works ( ,d',alemb]t1 #agii1 & work$ at a diction>y ( ! ,fr5* language4 ,8 ,jocko1 a tale ( a monkey1 exhibits 8 ke5 sympa?y ) animal intellig5ce1 & 9 8 ,philosophical ,lett]s1 #ahbf1 he gives anecdotes ( ,voltaire1 ,r\sseau1 ,d',alemb]t1 ,pe*meja1 ,frankl91 etc4 ,di$ at ,vauxbu91 ne> ,soissons1 #ai ,dec4 #ahcc4 ,p\l9 7,paul71 ,belgian foll[] ( ,b>on ,col9s & au?or ( ,:at is ,god8 ,:at is ,man8 a sci5tific solution ( ! religi\s problem 7,brussels1 #ahfe71 & re-issu$ z ,god ,accord+ to ,sci5ce1 '#ge1 9 :i* he ma9ta9s t man & ,god exclude ea* o!r1 & t ! only div9ity is moral h>mony4 ,p\lti] ,d',elmolte 7,franois ,m>t971 b4 ,montreuil-sur-,m]1 #ca ,oct4 #agec4 ,became a ,b5$ict9e monk1 b ca/ aside 8 frock at ! ,revolution1 m>ri$1 & became *ief ( a battalion ( volunte]s4 ,elect$ to ! ,conv5tion he vot$ = ! dea? ( ! ,k+4 ,he conduct$ ! j\rnal1 ,l',ami des lois1 & became "o ( ! ,c\ncil ( ,anci5ts4 ,exil$ 9 #ahaf1 he di$ at ,t\rnay 9 ,belgium1 #af ,feb4 #ahbg4 ,he wrote ,morceaux ,philosophiques 9 ! ,j\rnal ,encyclopdique2 ,victoire1 or ! ,confessions ( a ,b5$ict9e2 ,disc\rs ,dcadaires1 = ! use ( ,!ophilantropi/s1 & ,conjectures on ! ,nature & ,orig9 ( ,?+s1 ,t\rnay1 #ahba4 ,p[ell 7,b4 ,f471 compil] ( ! ,bible ( ,reason1 or ,scriptures ( ,anci5t ,morali/s2 publi%$ by ,he!r+ton 9 #ahcg4 ,prades 7,jean ,m>t9 de71 ,fr5* !ologian b4 ,ca/el-,s>ras91 ab\t #agbj4 ,br\ght up = ! *ur*1 he nev]!less became intimate ) ,did]ot & contribut$ ! article ,c]titude to ! ,encyclopdie4 ,on ! #ah? ,nov4 #agea he pres5t$ to ! ,sorbonne a !sis = ! doctorate1 rem>kable z ! fir/ op5 attack on ,*ri/ianity by a ,fr5* !ologian4 ,he ma9ta9$ _m propositions on ! s\l1 ! orig9 ( society1 ! laws ( ,moses1 miracles1 etc41 contr>y to ! dogmas ( ! ,*ur*1 & comp>$ ! cures record$ 9 ! ,gospels to ^? attribut$ to ,esculapius4 ,! !sis made a great sc&al4 ,8 op9ions 7 condemn$ by ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv41 & he fl$ to ,holl& = safety4 ,recomm5d$ to ,fr$]ick ! ,great by d',alemb]t he 0 receiv$ ) favor at ,b]l91 & became read] to t mon>*1 :o wrote a v anti-,*ri/ian preface to de ,prades' "w on ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 publi%$ z ,abrge de l',hi/oire ecclesia/ique de ,fleury1 ,b]ne 7,b]l97 #agff4 ,he retir$ to a b5efice at ,glogau 7,silesia71 giv5 him by ,fr$]ick1 & di$ !re 9 #aghb4 ,prat] 7,horatio71 a g5tleman ( "s =tune :o devot$ himself to ! propagation ( ,free?\ght ideas4 ,born e>ly 9 ! c5tury1 he wrote on ! ,physiology ( ! ,blood1 #ahcb4 ,he publi%$ ,lett]s to ! ,am]ican ,p1 & ,lit]>y ,essays1 '#ef4 ,di$ #bj ,july1 #ahhe4 ,he left ! bulk ( 8 money to b5evol5t objects1 & ord]$ a deep w\nd to be made 9 8 arm to insure t he 0 dead4 ,pr$a 7,pietro71 ,italian writ] ( ,milan1 au?or ( a "w on ,revelation & ,reason1 publi%$ at ,g5eva1 #ahfe1 "u ! pseudonym ( ,padre ,pietro4 ,premontval 7,&re ,pi]re ,le ,guay de71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,*>5ton1 #af ,feb4 #agaf4 ,at n9ete5 ye>s ( age1 :ile 9 ! college ( ,plessis ,sorbonne1 he compos$ a "w aga9/ ! dogma ( ! ,eu*>i/4 ,he /udi$ ma!matics & became memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces at ,b]l94 ,he wrote ,le ,diog5e de ,d',alemb]t1 or ,free?\ghts on ,man1 #aged1 ,panangiana ,panurgica1 or ! false ,evangeli/1 & ,vues ,philosophiques1 ,am/41 #b vols41 #ageg4 ,he also wrote ,de la ,?ologie de ,l',etre1 9 :i* he d5ies _m ( ! ord9>y pro(s ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,god4 ,di$ ,b]l91 #agfg4 ,prie/ley 7,joseph71 ,,ll4,d41 ,engli% philosoph]1 b4 ,fieldhead1 ne> ,le$s1 #ah ,m>*1 #agcc4 ,br\ght up z a ,calv9i/1 he f\nd 8 way to broad ,unit>ianism4 ,fam\s z a pneumatic *emi/1 he def5d$ ! doctr9e ( philosophical necessity1 & 9 a diss]tation annex$ to 8 edition ( ,h>tley express$ d\bts ( ! immat]iality ( ! s5ti5t pr9cipal 9 man4 ,?is doctr9e he =cibly support$ 9 8 ,disquisitions on ,matt] & ,_s1 #aggg4 ,?r\gh ! obloquy ^! works produc$1 he lo/ 8 position z libr>ian to ,"l ,%elburne4 ,he !n remov$ to ,birm+ham1 & became m9i/] ( an indep5d5t ,unit>ian congregation1 & occupi$ himself on 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,corruptions ( ,*ri/ianity & ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>ly ,op9ions ,conc]n+ ,jesus ,*ri/1 :i* involv$ him 9 controv]sy ) ,bi%op ,horsley & o!rs4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 sympa?y ) ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 8 h\se 0 burnt & sack$ 9 a riot1 #ad ,july1 #agia4 ,aft] ?is he remov$ to ,hackney1 & 0 f9ally goad$ to seek an asylum 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* he rea*$ 9 #agid4 ,ev5 9 ,am]ica he endur$ "s uneas9ess on acc\nt ( 8 op9ions until ,jeff]son became presid5t4 ,di$ #f ,feb4 #ahjd4 ,pr+le 7,all571 ,canadian ,free?9k]1 au?or ( ,+]soll 9 ,canada1 #ahhj4 ,proctor 7,ri*>d ,an?ony71 ,engli% a/ronom]1 b4 ,*elsea1 #bc ,m>*1 #ahcg4 ,educat$ at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 & at ,/4 ,john's1 ,cambridge1 :]e he became ,b4,a4 9 '#fj4 ,9 '#ff he became ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,a/ronomical ,society1 ( :i* he aft]w>ds became hon4 sec4 ,he ma9ta9$ 9 '#fi ! s9ce-e/abli%$ !ory ( ! sol> corona4 ,he wrote1 lectur$1 & edit$1 f> & wide1 & left ne>ly fifty volumes1 *iefly popul>is+ sci5ce4 ,attract$ by ,newman1 he 0 = a :ile a ,ca?olic1 b ?\ght out ! "q ( ,ca?olicism & sci5ce1 & 9 a lett] to ! ,new ,york ,tribune1 ,nov4 '#ge1 =mally r5\nc$ t religion z irreconcilable ) sci5tific facts4 ,8 rem>ks on ! s-call$ ,/> ( ,be?lehem 9 ,! ,univ]se ( ,suns1 & o!r ,sci5ce ,glean+s1 & 8 ,sunday lectures1 indicat$ 8 h]esy4 ,9 '#ha he />t$ ,k1 9 :i* appe>$ _m valuable pap]s1 notably "o 7,jan4 '#hg71 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he entirely reject$ ! miracul\s elem5ts ( ! gospels1 :i* he consid]$ l>gely a re*auff ( sol> my?s4 ,9 o!r articles 9 ! ,free?9k]s' ,magaz9e & ! ,op5 ,c\rt he po9t$ out ! co9cid5ce betwe5 ! ,*ri/ian /ories & sol> my?s1 & also ) /ories f\nd 9 ,josephus4 ,! v la/ article he publi%$ be=e 8 untimely dea? 0 a v9dication ( ,colonel ,+]soll 9 8 controv]sy ) ,glad/one 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review4 ,9 '#hd he settl$ at ,/4 ,josephs1 ,mobille1 :]e he contract$ yell[ fev] & di$ at ,new ,york1 #ab ,sep4 #ahhh4 ,pr\dhon 7,pi]re ,joseph71 ,fr5* an>*i/ & political ?9k]1 b4 ,besanon1 #ae ,jan4 #ahji4 ,self-educat$ he became a pr9t]1 & won a prize ( #a1ejj francs = ! p]son be/ fitt$ = a lit]>y or sci5tific c>e]4 ,9 '#dj appe>s 8 memoir1 ,:at is ,prop]ty8 9 :i* he made ! celebrat$ answ] ,c'e/ le vol4 ,9 '#dc ! ,creation ( ,ord] 9 ,humanity appe>$1 treat+ ( religion1 philosophy & logic4 ,9 '#df he publi%$ 8 ,sy/em ( ,economical ,contradictions1 9 :i* appe>$ 8 fam\s aphorism1 ,dieu1 c'e/ le mal4 ,9 '#dh he introduc$ 8 s*eme ( ! organisation ( cr$it 9 a ,bank ( ! ,p1 :i* fail$1 ?\gh ,pr\dhon saw t no "o lo/ any?+4 ,he attack$ ,l\is ,bonap>te :5 ,presid5t1 & 0 s5t5c$ to ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t & a f9e ( #aj1jjj francs4 ,on #b ,jan4 '#ej he m>ri$ by private contract :ile 9 prison4 ,= 8 "w on ,ju/ice 9 ! ,revolution & 9 ! ,*ur* he 0 condemn$ to ?ree ye>s' imprisonm5t & #d1jjj francs f9e 9 '#eh4 ,he took refuge 9 ,belgium & return$ 9 '#fc4 ,di$ at ,passy1 #ai ,jan4 #ahfe4 ,among 8 po/hum\s works 0 ,! ,gospels ,annotat$1 '#ff4 ,pr\dhon 0 a bold & pr(\nd ?9k] ( noble aspirations1 b he lack$ ! s5se ( art & practicability4 ,8 complete works h be5 publi%$ 9 #bf vols4 ,protagoras1 ,greek philosoph]1 b4 ,abd]a1 ab\t #dhj ,b4,c4 ,is said to h be5 a disciple ( ,democritus1 & to h be5 a port] be=e he /udi$ philosophy4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to call himself a sophi/4 ,he wrote 9 a book on ! gods1 ,respect+ ! gods1 ,i am unable to "k :e!r !y exi/ or d n exi/4 ,= ?is he 0 impea*$ & bani%$1 & 8 book burnt4 ,he w5t to ,epirus & ! ,greek ,isl&s1 & di$ ab\t #daa4 ,he believ$ all ?+s 7 9 flux1 & summ$ up 8 conclusions 9 ! proposition t man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 bo? ( t :i* exi/s & t :i* does n exi/4 ,grote1 :o def5ds ! ,sophi/s1 says 8 philosophy _h ! m]it ( br++ into =cible relief ! ess5tially relative nature ( cognition4 ,prudhomme 7,sully74 ,see ,sully ,prudhomme4 ,pckl] ,muskau 7,h]mann ,ludwig ,he9ri*71 ,pr9ce1 a ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,muskau1 #cj ,oct4 #aghe4 ,he travell$ widely & wrote 8 obs]vations 9 a "w entitl$ ,lett]s ( a ,defunct1 #ahcj2 ?is 0 foll[$ by ,tutti ,frutti1 '#cb2 ,semilasso 9 ,africa1 '#cf1 & o!r works4 ,di$ #d ,feb4 #ahga4 ,pu%k9 7,aleks&r ,s]gyeevi*71 em95t ,russian poet1 (t5 call$ ! ,russian ,byron1 b4 ,psk[1 #bf ,may1 #agii4 ,f y\? he 0 rem>kable = 8 turbul5t _s1 & 8 fir/ "w1 :i* circulat$ only 9 manuscript1 0 f\nd$ on ,p>ny's ,gu]re des ,dieux1 & entitl$ ! ,gabrielade1 ! ar*angel be+ ! h]o4 ,he 0 exil$ by ! ,emp]or1 b1 inspir$ l>gely by read+ ,voltaire & ,byron1 put =w>d num]\s poems & romances1 ( :i* ! mo/ popul> is ,eug5e ,ongu9e1 an imitation ( ,don ,juan4 ,he also wrote "s hi/ories & f\nd$ ! ,sovrem5nik 7,contempor>y71 #ahcf4 ,9 ,jan4 #ahcg he 0 mortally w\nd$ 9 a duel4 ,putnam 7,samuel ,p471 ,am]ican writ] & lectur]1 br\ght up z a m9i/]4 ,he left t pr(ession = ,free?\ght1 & became secret>y to ! ,am]ican ,secul> ,union1 ( :i* he 0 elect$ presid5t 9 ,oct4 #ahhg4 ,9 '#hh he />t$ ,free?\ght at ,san ,francisco 9 company ) ,g4 ,macdonald4 ,has writt5 poems1 ,prome!us1 ,+]soll & ,jesus1 ,adami & ,heva2 romances entitl$ ,gold5 ,?rone1 ,waifs & ,w&]+s1 & ,gottlieb1 & pamphlets on ! ,problem ( ! ,univ]se1 ,! ,new ,god1 & ,! ,glory ( ,infidelity4 ,putsage 7,jules71 ,belgian foll[] ( ,b>on ,col9s1 f\nd] ( ! ,col9s ,philosophical ,society at ,mons2 has writt5 on ,det]m9ism & ,rational ,sci5ce1 ,brussels #ahhe1 besides _m essays 9 ,la ,philosophie de ,l',av5ir ( ,p>is & ,la ,societe ,n\velle ( ,brussels4 ,pyat 7,felix7 ,fr5* sociali/1 writ] & orator1 b4 ,vi]zon1 #d ,oct4 #ahaj4 ,8 fa!r 0 religi\s & s5t him to a ,jesuit college at ,b\rges1 b he "h secretly read ! writ+s ( ,b]ang] & ,c\ri]4 ,he /udi$ law1 b ab&on$ x = lit]ature1 writ+ 9 _m pap]s4 ,he also wrote popul> dramas1 z ,! ,rag-pick] ( ,p>is1 '#dg4 ,aft] '#eb he liv$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e he wrote an apology = ! attempt ( ,ors9i1 publi%$ by ,truelove1 '#eh4 ,9 '#ga he f\nd$ ! j\rnal le ,combat4 ,elect$ to ! ,national ,assembly he prote/$ aga9/ ! treaty ( peace1 0 nam$ memb] ( ! ,commune & condemn$ to dea? 9 '#gc4 ,he return$ to ,france aft] ! armi/ice1 & has sat z deputy = ,m>seilles4 ,di$1 ,sa9t ,g]a9te ne> ,nice1 #c ,aug4 #ahhi4 ,pyrrho4 ,greek philosoph]1 a native ( ,elis1 9 ,peloponesus1 f\nd] ( a sceptical s*ool ab\t ! "t ( ,epicurus2 is said to h be5 attract$ to philosophy by ! books ( ,democritus4 ,he atta*$ himself to ,anax>*us1 & jo9$ h] 9 ! exp$ition ( ,alex&] ! ,great1 & became acqua9t$ ) ! philosophy ( ! ,magi & ! ,indian ,gymnosophi/s4 ,he taught ! wisdom ( d\bt1 ! unc]ta9ty ( all ?+s1 & ! rejection ( speculation4 ,8 disciples extoll$ 8 equanimity & indep5d5ce ( ext]nals4 ,x is relat$ t he kept h\se ) 8 si/]1 & %>$ ) h] 9 all dome/ic duties4 ,he rea*$ ! age ( n9ety ye>s1 & aft] 8 dea? ! ,a!nians honor$ him ) a /atue4 ,he left no writ+s1 b ! t5ets ( 8 s*ool1 :i* 7 mu* misrepres5t$1 may be ga!r$ f ,sextus & ,empiricus4 ,qu5tal4 ,see ,an!ro de ,qu5tal4 ,quepat 7,nre47 ,see ,paquet 7,r574 ,quesnay 7,franois71 ,fr5* economi/1 b4 ,mrey1 #d ,june #afid4 ,self educat$ he became a physician1 b is *iefly not$ = 8 ,tableau ,economique1 #agjh1 & 8 doctr9e ( ,laissez ,faire4 ,he d]iv$ moral & social rules f physical laws4 ,di$ ,v]sailles1 #af ,dec4 #aggd4 ,qu9et 7,edg>71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,b\rg5 ,bresse1 #ag ,feb4 #ahjc4 ,he attract$ ! notice ( ,c\s9 by a translation ( ,h]d]'s ,! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory4 ,) 8 fri5d ,mi*elet he made _m attacks on ,ca?olicism1 ! ,jesuits be+ _! jo9t "w4 ,he f\ght 9 ! ,revolution ( '#dh1 & oppos$ ! ,second ,empire4 ,8 "w on ,! ,g5ius ( ,religion1 '#db1 is pr(\nd1 ?\gh my/ical1 & 8 hi/orical "w on ,! ,revolution1 '#fe is a ma/]piece4 ,di$ at ,v]sailles1 #bg ,m>*1 #ahge4 ,qu9t9 7,jean71 ,h]etic ( ,pic>dy1 & alleg$ f\nd] ( ! ,lib]t9es4 ,he is said to h prea*$ 9 ,holl& & ,brabant 9 #aebe1 t religion 0 a human inv5tion4 ,qu9t9 0 arre/$ & burnt at ,t\rnay 9 #aecj4 ,quris 7,*>les71 ,fr5* advocate ( ,ang]s1 :o has publi%$ "s works on law & ,la ,df5se ,ca?olique et la ,critique1 ,p>is1 #ahfd4 ,rabelais 7,franois71 fam\s & witty ,fr5* satiri/ & philosoph]1 b4 ,*9on1 ,t\ra9e1 #g ,jan4 #adie4 ,at an e>ly age he jo9$ ! ord] ( ,franciscans1 b f9d+ mona/ic life incompatible ) 8 g5ial temp]1 quitt$ ! conv5t )\t ! leave ( 8 sup]ior4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,montpeli] ab\t #aecj1 aft] :i* he practis$ at ,lyons4 ,8 great humor\s "w1 publi%$ anonym\sly 9 #aece1 0 d5\nc$ z h]etical by ! cl]gy = its satires1 n only on _! ord] b _! cre$4 ,! au?or 0 protect$ by ,francis ,i4 & 0 appo9t$ cur ( ,meudon4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #i ,april1 #aeec4 ,8 writ+s %[ surpris+ f]tility ( m9d1 & ,col]idge says1 ,beyond a d\bt he 0 among ! deepe/ z well z bolde/ ?9k]s ( 8 age4 ,rad5haus5 7,*ri/ian71 ,g]man philosoph]1 b4 ,fri$ri*/adt1 #c ,dec4 #ahac4 ,at fir/ a m]*ant & !n a li?ograph]1 he resid$ at ,hamburg1 :]e he publi%$ ,isis1 ,mank9d & ! ,_w 7#d vols471 '#gj-gb2 ,osiris1 '#gd2 ,! ,new ,fai?1 '#gg2 ,*ri/ianity is ,hea!nism1 '#ha2 ,! ,true ,bible & ! ,false1 '#hg2 ,e/h]1 '#hg4 ,radicati 7,alb]to di71 ,c\nt4 ,see ,pass]ano4 ,ragon 7,jean ,m>ie de71 ,fr5* ,freemason1 b4 ,bray-sur-,se9e1 #agha4 ,by pr(ession a civil eng9e] at ,nancy1 aft]w>ds ,*ief ( ,bureau to ! ,m9i/] ( ! ,int]ior4 ,au?or ( _m works on ,freemasonry1 & ,! ,mass & its ,my/]ies ,comp>$ ) ! ,anci5t ,my/]ies1 #ahdd4 ,di$ at ,p>is1 #ahfb4 ,ram 7,joa*im ,g]h>d71 ,hol/e9 philosoph] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 :o 0 accus$ ( ,a!ism4 ,rama] 7,anton ,g]>d ,willem71 ,dut* writ] b4 ,jev]1 ,ea/ ,friesl&1 #b ,aug4 #ahab4 ,f '#bi he s]v$ z (fic] 9 ! ,dut* army4 ,he aft]w>ds became a tax collector1 & 9 '#fj 0 p5sion$4 ,he wrote on ,s*op5hau] & o!r able works1 & also contribut$ l>gely to ,de ,dag]aad1 (t5 "u ! pseudonym ( ,lahm4 ,he _h a noble m9d & sacrific$ mu* = 8 fri5ds & ! good cause4 ,di$ #af ,feb4 #ahfg4 ,ramee 7,l\ise de la71 ,engli% noveli/1 b41 ( ,fr5* extraction1 ,bury ,/4 ,edmunds1 #ahdj4 ,"u ! "n ( ,ouida1 a little si/]'s mispronunciation ( ,l\isa1 %e has publi%$ _m popul> novels1 exhibit+ h] free & pessimi/ic op9ions4 ,we m5tion ,tricot91 ,folle ,f>9e1 ,signa1 ,mo?s & ,a ,village ,commune4 ,%e has liv$ mu* 9 ,italy1 :]e ! sc5es ( sev]al novels are plac$4 ,ramee 7,pi]re de la7 call$ ,ramus1 ,fr5* humani/1 b4 ,cu? 7,v]m&ois7 #aeae4 ,he attack$ ! doctr9es ( ,ari/otle1 0 accus$ ( impiety1 & 8 "w suppress$ #aedc4 ,he lo/ 8 life 9 ! massacre ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew1 #bf ,aug4 #aegb4 ,ramsey 7,william ,james71 b4 ,london1 #h ,june1 #ahdd4 ,becom+ a ,free?9k] e>ly 9 life1 he = "s "t sold lit]ature at ! ,hall ( ,sci5ce & became manag] ( ! ,free?\ght ,publi%+ ,co4 ,/>t+ 9 bus9ess = himself he publi%$ ! ,free?9k]1 = :i* 9 '#hb he 0 prosecut$ ) ,mr4 ,foote & ,mr4 ,kemp4 ,tri$ 9 ,m>* '#hc1 aft] a good def5ce1 he 0 s5t5c$ to n9e mon?s' imprisonm5t1 & on ,mr4 ,foote's release act$ z pr9t] ( ! pap]4 ,ranc 7,ar?ur71 ,fr5* writ] & deputy1 b4 ,poiti]s1 #aj ,dec4 #ahca1 & 0 br\ght up a ,free?9k] & ,republican by 8 p>5ts4 ,he took ! prize = philosophy at ! ,college ( ,poiti]s1 & /udi$ law at ,p>is4 ,he conspir$ ) ,c4 ,delescluze aga9/ ! ,second ,empire & 0 imprison$1 b escap$ to ,g5eva4 ,he collaborat$ on ,la ,m>seillaise1 0 elect$ on ! ,municipal ,c\ncil ( ,p>is 9 '#ga1 & ,deputy1 '#gc4 ,has writt5 ,"u ! ,empire & _m o!r political works4 ,r&ello 7,cosimo71 ,italian au?or ( ,! ,simple ,/ory ( a ,great ,fraud1 be+ a criticism ( ! orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 direct$ aga9/ ,paul9e !ology1 publi%$ at ,milan1 #ahhb4 ,rapis>di 7,m>io71 ,italian poet1 b4 ,catania1 ,sicily1 #ahdc4 ,has translat$ ,lucretius1 '#hj1 & publi%$ poems on ,lucif]1 & ,! ,la/ ,pray] ( ,pius ,,ix41 '#ga1 etc4 ,raspail 7,franois ,v9c5t71 ,fr5* *emi/ & politician b4 ,c>p5tras #bd ,jan4 #agid1 0 br\ght up by ecclesia/ics & int5d$ = ! ,*ur*4 ,he became1 :ile q "y1 pr(essor ( philosophy at ! !ological sem9>y ( ,avignon b an exam9ation ( !ological dogmas l$ to _! rejection4 ,he w5t to ,p>is1 & f #ahae-bd gave lessons1 & aft]w>ds became a sci5tific lectur]4 ,he took "p 9 ! ,revolution ( '#cj4 ,l\is ,philippe (f]$ him ! ,legion ( ,honor b he refus$4 ,tak+ "p 9 all ! revolution>y outbreaks he 0 frequ5tly imprison$4 ,elect$ to ! *amb] 9 '#fi & sat on ! extreme left4 ,di$ at ,arcueil #f ,jan4 #ahgh4 ,rau 7,h]b]t71 ,g]man rationali/ b4 ,frank=t #aa ,feb4 #ahac4 ,he /udi$ !ology & became prea*] to free congregations 9 ,/uttg>t & ,mannheim4 ,he wrote ,gospel ( ,nature1 ,a ,cate*ism ( ! ,religion ( ! ,future1 & o!r works4 ,di$ ,frank=t #bf ,sept4 #ahgf4 ,rawson 7,alb]t ,leighton7 ,,ll4,d4 ,am]ican travell] & au?or1 b4 ,*e/]1 ,v]mont #ae ,oct4 #ahbi4 ,aft] /udy+ law1 !ology1 & art1 he made f\r visits to ! ,ea/1 & made 9 '#ea-b a pilgrimage f ,cairo to ,mecca1 disguis$ z a ,mohamm$an /ud5t ( m$ic9e4 ,he has publi%$ _m maps & typographical & philological works1 & illu/rat$ ,bee*]'s ,life ( ,jesus4 ,has also writt5 on ! ,antiquities ( ! ,ori5t1 ,new ,york1 '#gj1 & ,*orography ( ,pale/9e1 ,london1 '#hj4 ,has writt5 9 ! ,free?9k]s' ,magaz9e1 ma9ta9+ t ! ,bible acc\nt ( ! twelve tribes ( ,israel is non-hi/orical4 ,raynal 7,guillaume ,?omas ,franois7 l'abb1 ,fr5* hi/orian & philosoph]1 b4 ,sa9t ,g5iez1 #ab ,april1 #agac4 ,he 0 br\ght up z a prie/ b r5\nc$ t pr(ession soon aft] 8 removal to ,p>is1 #agdg1 :]e he became intimate ) ,helvetius1 ,holba*1 etc4 ,) ! assi/ance ( ^!1 & ,did]ot1 ,pe*meja1 etc41 he compil$ a philosophical ,hi/ory ( ,european e/abli%m5ts 9 ! two ,indies 7#d vols4 #aggj & #aghj71 a "w full ( reflections on ! religi\s & political in/itutions ( ,france4 ,x made a great outcry1 0 c5sur$ by ! ,sorbonne1 & 0 burnt by ord] ( ,p>liam5t #bi ,may1 #agha4 ,raynal escap$ & pass$ ab\t six ye>s 9 exile4 ,di$ ne> ,p>is1 #f ,m>*1 #agif4 ,reade 7,william ,w9wood71 ,engli% travell] & writ]1 nephew ( ,*>les ,reade ! noveli/1 b4 ,murrayfield1 ne> ,crieff1 ,scotl&1 #bf ,dec4 #ahbd4 ,he /udi$ at ,ox=d1 !n travell$ mu* 9 ! he>t ( ,africa1 & wrote ,savage ,africa1 '#fc1 ,! ,african ,sket* ,book1 & 9 '#gc1 ,! ,/ory ( ! ,a%antee ,campaign2 :i* he accompani$ z ,times correspond5t4 ,9 ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,man 7'#gb71 he rejects ! doctr9e ( a p]sonal creator4 ,x w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions & is /ill wor? read+4 ,he also wrote ,lib]ty ,hall1 a novel1 '#fj2 ,! ,veil ( ,isis1 '#fa1 & ,see ,saw1 a novel1 '#fe4 ,he wrote 8 la/ "w ,! ,outca/1 a ,free?\ght novel1 ) ! h& ( dea? ^u him4 ,di$ #bd ,april1 #ahge4 ,reb] 7,george71 ,am]ican au?or ( ,! ,*ri/ ( ,paul1 or ! ,enigmas ( ,*ri/ianity 7,new ,york1 #ahgf71 a "w 9 :i* he exposes ! frauds & follies ( ! e>ly fa!rs4 ,reclus 7,jean ,jacques ,elise71 ,fr5* geograph] & sociali/1 ! son ( a ,prote/ant m9i/]1 b4 ,sa9te-,foy-la-,gr&e 7,gironde71 #ae ,m>*1 #ahcj1 & educat$ by ! ,moravian bre?r51 & aft]w>ds at ,b]l94 ,he e>ly di/+ui%$ himself by 8 love = lib]ty1 & left ,france aft] ! c\p d'tat ( #b ,dec4 '#ea1 & travell$ till '#eg 9 ,engl&1 ,irel&1 & ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 devot+ himself to /udy+ ! social & political z well z physical condition ( ! c\ntries he visit$1 ! results be+ publi%$ 9 ! ,t\r du monde1 & ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 9 :i* he upheld ! cause ( ! ,nor? dur+ ! ,am]ican w>4 ,9 '#ga he support$ ! ,commune & 0 tak5 prison] & s5t5c$ to transportation = life4 ,_m em95t m5 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica int]c$$ & 8 s5t5ce 0 commut$ to bani%m5t4 ,at ! amne/y ( ,m>* '#gi1 he return$ to ,p>is1 & has devot$ himself to ! publication ( a /&>d ,univ]sal ,geography 9 #ac vols4 ,9 '#hb he gave two ( 8 daught]s 9 m>riage )\t ei!r religi\s or civil c]emony4 ,he has writt5 a preface to ,bak\n9's ,god & ! ,/ate1 & _m o!r works4 ,r$dalls 7,george ,holl&71 ,engli% ,secul>i/1 b4 ,birm+ham1 ,nov4 #ahdf4 ,he became a compositor on ! ,birm+ham ,daily ,po/1 b wi%+ to conduct a ,free?\ght pap] />t$ 9 bus9ess = himself1 & issu$ ! ,secul> ,*ronicle1 '#gc1 :i* 0 contribut$ to by ,francis ,neale1 ,h4 ,v4 ,may]1 ,g4 ,/&r+1 etc4 ,he di$ #ac ,oct4 #ahge4 ,reghill9i de ,s*io 7,m471 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,ma!matics1 b4 ( ,v5etian p>5ts at ,s*io 9 #agfj4 ,he wrote 9 ,fr5* an able exposition ( ,masonry1 #ahcc1 :i* he trac$ to ,egypt2 & an ,exam9ation ( ,mosaism & ,*ri/ianity1 '#cd4 ,he 0 mix$ 9 ! tr\bles ( ,v5ice 9 '#dh1 & fl$ to ,belgium1 dy+ 9 pov]ty at ,brussels ,aug4 #ahec4 ,regn>d 7,alb]t ,adri571 ,fr5* doctor & publici/1 b4 ,la*ante 7,nivre71 #bj ,m>*1 #ahcf1 au?or ( ,essais d',hi/oire et de ,critique ,sci5tifique 7,p>is1 '#fe7--;a "w = :i* he c\ld f9d no publi%]1 & _h to issue himself--9 :i* he proclaim$ sci5tific mat]ialism4 ,los+ 8 situation1 he />t$1 ) ,naquet & ,clem5ceau1 ! ,revue ,encyclopdique1 :i* be+ suppress$ on its fir/ numb]1 he />t$ ,la ,libre ,p5se ) ,assel9e1 ,cond]eau1 etc4 ,8 articles 9 ?is j\rnal drew on him & ,eudes a condemnation ( f\r mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,he wrote ,new ,rese>*es on ,c]ebral ,conge/ion1 '#fh1 & 0 "o ( ! ,fr5* delegates to ! anti-,c\ncil ( ,naples1 '#fi4 ,has publi%$ ,a!ism1 /udies ( political sci5ce1 dat$ ,londres1 '#gh2 a ,hi/ory ( ,engl& s9ce #ahae2 & has translat$ ,b*n]'s ,=ce & ,matt]1 '#hd4 ,he 0 delegate to ! ,free?9k]s' ,int]national ,congress at ,antw]p1 '#he4 ,regn>d 7,jean ,franois71 ,fr5* comic poet1 b4 ,p>is4 #h ,feb4 #afee4 ,he w5t to ,italy ab\t #afgf1 & on return+ home 0 captur$ by an ,alg]ian corsair & sold z a slave4 ,be+ caught 9 an intrigue ) "o ( ! wom51 he 0 requir$ to turn ,muhammadan4 ,! ,fr5* consul paid 8 ransom & he return$ to ,france ab\t #afha4 ,he wrote a numb] ( successful com$ies & poems1 & 0 made a treasur] ( ,france4 ,he di$ z an ,epicurean1 #d ,sept4 #agji4 ,regni] 7,ma?ur971 ,fr5* satirical poet1 b4 ,*>tres1 #ba ,dec4 #aegc4 ,br\ght up = ! ,*ur*1 he %[$ little incl9ation = its au/]ities1 & 0 9 fact a complete ,pagan1 ?\gh he obta9$ a canonry 9 ! ca!dral ( 8 native place4 ,di$ at ,r\51 #bb ,oct4 #afac4 ,rei* 7,edu>d7 ,dr41 ,g]man physician & an?ropologi/ ( ,sclav desc5t on 8 fa!r's side1 b4 ,olmtz1 #f ,m>* #ahci4 ,he /udi$ at ,j5a & has travell$ mu*1 & publi%$ ov] ?irty volumes besides edit+ ! ,a!num ( ,j5a '#ge1 & ,univ]sities ( ,gross5ba91 '#hc4 ,( 8 works we m5tion ,man & ! ,s\l1 '#gb2 ,! ,*ur* ( ,humanity1 '#gd2 ,life ( ,man z an ,individual1 '#ha2 ,hi/ory ( ! ,s\l1 '#hd2 ,! ,emancipation ( ,wom51 '#hd4 ,reil 7,johann ,*ri/ian71 ,g]man physician1 b4 ,raud51 ,ea/ ,friesl&1 #bj ,feb4 #ageh4 ,int5d$ = ! ,*ur*1 he took in/ead to m$ic9e2 aft] practis+ "s ye>s 9 8 native t[n he w5t 9 #aghg to ,halle1 & 9 #ahaj he 0 made ,pr(essor ( ,m$ic9e at ,b]l9 ,univ]sity4 ,he wrote _m m$ical works1 & mu* advanc$ m$ical sci5ce1 displac+ ! old ideas 9 a way :i* br\ght on him ! accusation ( pan!ism4 ,att5d+ a case ( typhus fev] at ,halle he 0 attack$ by ! malady1 & succumb$ #bb ,nov4 #ahac4 ,reim>us 7,h]mann ,samuel71 ,g]man philologi/1 b4 ,hamburg1 #bb ,dec4 #afid4 ,he 0 a son-9-law ( ,j4 ,a4 ,fabricus4 ,/udi$ at ,j5a & ,witt5b]g2 travell$ 9 ,holl& & ,engl&2 & 0 appo9t$ rector ( ! gymnasium 9 ,weim>1 #agbc1 & 9 ,hamburg1 #agbi4 ,he 0 "o ( ! mo/ radical among ,g]man rationali/s4 ,he publi%$ a "w on ,! ,pr9ciple ,tru?s ( ,natural ,religion1 #aged1 & left beh9d ! ,wolf5bttel ,fragm5ts1 publi%$ by ,less+ 9 #aggg4 ,di$ at ,hamburg1 #a ,m>*1 #agfh4 ,/rauss has writt5 an acc\nt ( 8 s]vices1 #ahfb4 ,reitzel 7,rob]t71 ,g]man ,am]ican revolution>y1 b4 ,bad51 #ahdi4 ,nam$ aft] ,blum1 /udi$ !ology1 w5t to ,am]ica1 walk$ f ,new ,york to ,baltimore1 & 0 m9i/] to an indep5d5t ,prote/ant *ur*4 ,/udi$ biology & resign$ z a m9i/]1 & became speak] ( a ,free?\ght congregation at ,wa%+ton = sev5 ye>s4 ,is n[ editor ( ,d] ,arme ,teufel ( ,detroit1 & says he %all be a poor man & a ,revolutionaire all my life4 ,remsburg 7,john ,e471 ,am]ican lectur] & writ]1 b4 #ahdh4 ,has writt5 a s]ies ( pamphlets entitl$ ,! ,image ,break]1 ,false ,claims ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 '#hc1 ,sabba? ,break+1 ,?omas ,pa9e1 & a vigor\s onslaught on ,bible ,morals1 in/anc+ tw5ty crimes & vices sanction$ by scripture1 '#he4 ,r5an 7,joseph ,erne/71 le>n$ ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,trgui] 7,brittany7 #bg ,feb4 #ahbc4 ,0 int5d$ = ! ,*ur* & w5t to ,p>is to /udy4 ,he became not$ = 8 l+ui/ic atta9m5t1 b 8 /udies & indep5d5ce ( ?\ght did n accord ) 8 int5d$ pr(ession4 ,my fai?1 he says 0 de/roy$ n by metaphysics nor philosophy b by hi/orical criticism4 ,9 '#de he gave up all ?\ghts ( an ecclesia/ic c>e] & became a tea*]4 ,9 '#dh he ga9$ ! ,volney prize1 = a memoir on ! ,semitic ,languages1 aft]w>ds amplifi$ into a "w on t subject4 ,9 '#eb he publi%$ 8 "w on ,av]ros & ,av]rosm4 ,9 '#ef 0 elect$ memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,inscriptions1 & 9 '#fj s5t on a mission to ,syria2 hav+ 9 ! meantime publi%$ a translation ( ,job & ,song ( ,songs4 ,"h he wrote 8 long contemplat$ ,vie de ,jesus1 '#fc4 ,9 '#fa he _h be5 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,hebrew 9 ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 b d5\nc$ by bi%ops & cl]gy he 0 depriv$ ( 8 *air1 :i* 01 h[ev]1 re/or$ 9 '#gj4 ,! ,pope did n disda9 to attack him p]sonally z a ,fr5* blasphem]4 ,! ,vie de ,jesus is "p ( a compreh5sive ,hi/ory ( ! ,orig9 ( ,*ri/ianity1 9 #h vols41 '#fc-hc1 :i* includes ,! ,apo/les1 ,/ ,paul1 ,anti-,*ri/1 ,! ,gospels1 ,! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*1 & ,m>cus ,aurelius1 & ! end ( ! ,antique ,_w4 ,among 8 o!r works we mu/ m5tion ,/udies on ,religi\s ,hi/ory 7'#eh71 ,philosophical ,dialogues & ,fragm5ts 7'#gf71 ,sp9oza 7'#gg71 ,caliban1 a satirical drama 7'#hj71 ! ,hibb]t ,lecture on ! ,influ5ce ( ,rome on ,*ri/ians1 ,s\v5irs1 '#hd2 ,new ,/udies ( ,religi\s ,hi/ory1'#hd2 ,! ,abbess ( ,j\>re1 a drama :i* made a great s5sation 9 '#hf2 & ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,p ( ,israel1 '#hg-hi4 ,r5& 7,paul71 ,belgian au?or ( a "w entitl$ ,n\velle ,symbolique1 on ! id5tity ( ,*ri/ianity & ,paganism1 publi%$ at ,brussels 9 #ahfa4 ,r5g>t 7,k>l ,fr471 ( ,b]l91 b4 #ahjc1 democrat & free?\ght fri5d ( ,c4 ,deubl]4 ,di$ ab\t #ahgi4 ,r5>d 7,georges71 ,fr5* pr(essor ( ! ,academie ( ,lausanne2 au?or ( ,man1 is he ,free8 #ahha1 & a ,life ( ,voltaire1 '#hc4 ,r5\vi] 7,*>les ,b]n>d71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,montpelli]1 #ahae4 ,an ard5t ,radical & foll[] ( ! critical philosophy4 ,among 8 works are ,manual ( ,anci5t ,philosophy 7#b vols41 '#dd72 ,republican ,manual1 '#dh2 ,essays ( ,g5]al ,criticism1 '#ed2 ,sci5ce ( ,morals1 '#fi2 a translation1 made ) ,f4 ,pillon1 ( ,hume's ,psy*ology1 '#gh2 & ,a ,sket* ( a ,sy/ematic ,classification ( ,philosophical ,doctr9es1 '#he4 ,r5ton 7,william71 ,engli% writ]1 b4 ,ed9burgh1 #aheb4 ,educat$ 9 ,g]many4 ,wrote poems entitl$ ,oil & ,wat] ,colors1 & a "w on ,! ,logic ( ,/yle1 '#gd4 ,at ,keswick he publi%$ ,jesus1 a psy*ological e/imate ( t h]o1 '#gf4 ,has s9ce publi%$ a romance ( ! la/ g5]ation call$ ,bi%opspool1 '#hc4 ,re?ore 7,franois71 ,fr5* pr(essor ( philosophy at ! ,lyceum ( ,m>seilles1 b4 ,ami5s1 #ahbb4 ,au?or ( a "w entitl$ ,condillac1 or ,empiricism & ,rationalism1 '#fd4 ,has translat$ ,h4 ,sp5c]'s ,classification ( ,sci5ces4 ,reus*le 7,k>l ,gu/av71 ,g]man geograph]1 b4 ,mehr/ett51 #ab ,dec4 #ahab4 ,he wrote on ,kepl] & ,a/ronomy1 '#ga1 & ,philosophy & ,natural ,sci5ce1 '#gd1 d$icat$ to ! memory ( ,d4 ,f4 ,/rauss4 ,di$ at ,/uttg>t1 #bb ,may1 #ahge4 ,revillon 7,anto9e1 call$ ,tony71 ,fr5* j\rnali/ & deputy1 b4 ,sa9t-,laur5t-les ,mcon 7,a971 #bi ,dec4 #ahcb4 ,at fir/ a lawy] 9 '#eg1 he w5t to ,p>is1 :]e he has writt5 on _m j\rnals1 & publi%$ _m romances & bro*ures4 ,9 '#ha he 0 elect$ deputy4 ,rey 7,m>c ,mi*el71 pr9t] & booksell] ( ,am/]dam4 ,he pr9t$ all ! works ( d',holba* & ,r\sseau & "s ( ,voltaire's1 & conduct$ ! ,j\rnal des ,savans4 ,reynaud 7,anto9e ,&re ,l\is71 ,b>on1 ,fr5* ma!matician1 b4 ,p>is1 #ab ,sept4 #aggg4 ,9 #agij he became "o ( ! ,national ,gu>d ( ,p>is4 ,he 0 tea*] & exam9] = ab\t ?irty ye>s 9 ! ,polyte*nic ,s*ool4 ,a fri5d ( ,lal&e4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #bd ,feb4 #ahdd4 ,reynaud 7,jean ,erne/71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,lyons1 #ad ,feb4 #ahjf4 ,= a "t he 0 a ,sa9t ,simonian4 ,9 '#cf he edit$ ) ,p4 ,l]\x ! ,encyclopdie ,n\velle4 ,he 0 a mod]ate ,democrat 9 ! ,assembly ( '#dh4 ,8 *ief "w1 entitl$ ,e>? & ,heav51 '#ed1 _h great success4 ,x 0 =mally condemn$ by a cl]ical c\ncil held at ,prigueux4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #bh ,june1 #ahfc4 ,reynolds 7,*>les ,b471 ,am]ican lectur]1 b4 #d ,aug4 #ahcb4 ,0 br\ght up religi\sly1 & became a ,sev5? ,day ,bapti/ prea*]1 b 0 conv]t$ to ,free?\ght4 ,he 0 prosecut$ = blasphemy at ,morri/[n1 ,new ,j]sey1 ,may #ai1 #bj1 #ahhg1 & 0 def5d$ by ,col4 ,+]soll4 ,! v]dict 0 "o ( guilty1 & ! s5t5ce 0 a paltry f9e ( #be doll>s4 ,has writt5 9 ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator1 ,tru?seek]1 & ,ironclad ,age4 ,reynolds 7,george ,william ,mac,arthur71 ,engli% writ]2 au?or ( _m novels4 ,wrote ,errors ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 #ahcb4 ,rialle 7,j4 ,gir>d de71 ,fr5* an?ropologi/1 b4 ,p>is #ahda4 ,he wrote 9 ,la ,p5se ,n\velle1 conduct$ ! ,revue de ,l+ui/ique et de ,philologie comp>e1 & has writt5 on ,comp>ative ,my?ology1 deal+ ) feti%ism1 etc41 '#gh1 & works on ,e?nology4 ,ribelt 7,lonce71 ,fr5* publici/1 b4 ,bordeaux #ahbd1 au?or ( sev]al political works & collaborator on ,la ,morale ,indp5dante4 ,ribeyrolles 7,*>les de71 ,fr5* politician1 b4 ne> ,m>tel 7,lot7 #ahab4 ,int5d$ = ! ,*ur*1 he became a social democrat2 edit$ ! ,emancipation ( ,t\l\se1 & ,la ,r=me 9 '#dh4 ,a fri5d ( ,v4 ,hugo1 he %>$ 9 8 exile at ,j]sey4 ,di$ at ,rio-,janeiro1 #ac ,june1 #ahfa4 ,ribot 7,?odule71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,gu+amp 7,ctes du-,nord7 #ahci2 has writt5 ,contempor>y ,engli% ,psy*ology '#gj1 a resume ( ! views ( ,mill1 ,ba91 & ,sp5c]1 ^: ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology he has translat$4 ,has also writt5 on ,h]$ity1 '#gc2 ,! ,philosophy ( ,s*op5hau]1 '#gd2 ,! maladies ( ,memory1 p]sonality & ,w1 #c vols42 & ,contempor>y ,g]man ,psy*ology4 ,he conducts ! ,revue ,philosophique4 ,ricci>di 7,giuseppe ,napoleone71 ,c\nt1 ,italian patriot1 b4 ,capodimonte 7,naples71 #ai ,july1 #ahjh1 son ( ,francesco ,ricci>di1 ,c\nt ( ,camaldoli1 #ageh-ahdb4 ,e>ly 9 life he publi%$ patriotic poems4 ,he says t nev] aft] he 0 n9ete5 did he kneel be=e a prie/4 ,9 '#cb he f\nd$ at ,naples ,il ,progresso1 a review ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 & art4 ,arre/$ 9 '#cd z a ,republican conspirator1 he 0 imprison$ eight mon?s & !n liv$ 9 exile 9 ,france until '#dh4 ,"h he wrote 9 ! ,revue ,indp5dante1 po9t+ out t ! ,papacy f its v ess5ce 0 incompatible ) lib]ty4 ,elect$ deputy to ! ,neapolitan ,p>liam5t1 he sat on ! extreme left4 ,he wrote a ,hi/ory ( ! ,revolution ( ,italy 9 '#dh 7,p>is '#di74 ,condemn$ to dea? 9 '#ec1 8 =tune 0 seiz$4 ,he wrote an ,italian ,m>tyrology f #agib-ahdg 7,tur9 '#ef71 & ,! ,pope & ,italy1 '#fb4 ,at ! "t ( ! ,ecum5ical ,c\ncil he call$ an ,anti-c\ncil ( ,free?9k]s at ,naples1 '#fi4 ,?is 0 dissolv$ by ! ,italian gov]nm5t1 b x l$ to ! ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,free?9k]s4 ,c\nt ,ricci>di publi%$ an acc\nt ( ! congress4 ,8 la/ "w 0 a life ( 8 fri5d ,mauro ,mac*i1 '#hb4 ,di$ #ahhd4 ,ri*ep9 7,jean71 ,fr5* poet1 noveli/1 & dramati/1 b4 ,mdah 7,alg]ia7 9 #ahdi4 ,he began life z a doctor1 & dur+ ! ,franco-,g]man w> took to j\rnalism4 ,9 '#gf he publi%$ ! ,song ( ! ,begg>s1 :i* 0 suppress$4 ,9 '#hd appe>$ ,les ,blasphmes1 :i* has gone ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,ri*] 7,lon71 ,fr5* ,dei/ & j\rnali/1 b4 ,laigh1 #ahbd4 ,he 0 ) ,a4 ,gur\lt editor ( l',op9ion ,nationale1 & 9 '#fi f\nd$ & edits ,l',av5ir des ,femmes4 ,9 '#fh he publi%$ ,lett]s ( a ,free?9k] to a ,village ,prie/1 & has writt5 _m volumes 9 favor ( ! emancipation ( wom51 collaborat+ ) ,mdlle4 ,desraismes 9 ! ,wom5's ,rights congresses held 9 ,p>is4 ,rickman 7,?omas ,clio71 ,engli% ,radical4 ,he publi%$ sev]al volumes ( poems & a life ( 8 fri5d ,?omas ,pa9e1 #ahai1 ( :om he also publi%$ an excell5t portrait pa9t$ by ,romney & engrav$ by ,%>pe4 ,riem 7,&reas71 ,g]man rationali/ b4 ,frank5?al #agdi4 ,he became a prea*]1 & 0 appo9t$ by ,fr$]ick ! ,great *apla9 ( a hospital at ,b]l94 ,?is he quitt$ 9 ord] to become secret>y ( ! ,academy ( ,pa9t+4 ,he wrote anonym\sly on ! ,aufkl>+4 ,di$ #ahjg4 ,ritt] 7,*>les71 ,swiss writ] b4 ,g5eva #ahch1 & has translat$ into ,fr5* ,/rauss's ,essay ( ,religi\s ,hi/ory1 ,george ,eliot's ,fragm5ts & ,?\ghts1 & ,zell]'s ,*ri/ian ,baur & ! ,tb+5 ,s*ool4 ,roalfe 7,matilda71 a brave woman1 b4 #ahac4 ,at ! "t ( ! blasphemy prosecutions 9 #ahdc1 %e w5t f ,london to ,ed9burgh to uphold ! "r ( free publication4 ,%e op5$ a %op & circulat$ a manife/o sett+ =? h] det]m9ation to sell works %e deem$ useful :e!r !y did or did n br+ into contempt ! ,holy ,scriptures & ! ,*ri/ian ,religion4 ,:5 prosecut$ = sell+ ,! ,age ( ,reason1 ,! ,oracle ( ,reason1 etc41 %e express$ h] int5tion ( cont9u+ h] (f5ce z soon z lib]at$4 ,%e 0 s5t5c$ to two mon?s imprisonm5t #bc ,jan4 '#dd1 & on h] lib]ation cont9u$ ! sale ( ! prosecut$ works4 ,%e aft]w>ds m>ri$ ,mr4 ,walt] ,s&]son & settl$ at ,gala%iels1 :]e %e di$ #bi ,nov4 #ahhj4 ,rob]t 7,pi]re ,franois ,joseph71 ,fr5* conv5tionnel & fri5d ( ,brissot & ,danton1 b4 ,gimne 7,ard5nes7 #ba ,jan4 #agfc4 ,br\ght up to ! law he became pr(essor ( public law to ! philosophical society4 ,he 0 nom9at$ deputy = ,p>is1 & wrote ,republicanism adapt$ to ,france1 #agij1 became secret>y to ,danton1 & vot$ = ! dea? ( ! k+4 ,he wrote 9 ,prudhomme's ,rvolutions de ,p>is4 ,di$ at ,brussels #ahbf4 ,rob]tson 7,a4 ,d471 editor ( ! ,free ,enquir]1 publi%$ at ,new ,york1 #ahce4 ,rob]tson 7,john ,mack9non71 ,scot* critic1 b4 ,arran1 #ad ,nov4 #ahef4 ,he became j\rnali/ on ! ,ed9burgh ,ev5+ ,news1 & aft]w>ds on ! ,national ,re=m]4 ,mr4 ,rob]tson has publi%$ a /udy ( ,walt ,:itman 9 ! ,r\nd ,table ,s]ies4 ,essays t[>ds a ,critical ,me?od1 '#hi1 & has contribut$ to ,our ,corn]1 ,"t1 notably an article on ,mi?raism1 ,m>*1 '#hi1 ,! ,we/m9/] ,review1 etc4 ,he has also issu$ pamphlets on ,socialism & ,mal?usianism1 & ,toryism & ,b>b>ism1 '#he1 & edit$ ,hume's ,essay on ,natural ,religion1 '#hi4 ,rob]ty 7,eugne de71 ,fr5* positivi/ writ]1 ( ,russian bir?1 b4 ,podolia 7,russia71 #ahdc2 au?or ( works on ,sociology1 ,p>is1 '#ha1 & ,! ,old & ! ,new ,philosophy1 an essay on ! g5]al laws ( philosophic developm5t1 '#hg4 ,he has rec5tly writt5 a "w entitl$ ,! ,unkn[able1 '#hi4 ,rob9 7,*>les ,philippe71 ,fr5* physician1 s5ator memb] ( ! ,in/itute & ( ! ,academy ( ,m$ec9e1 b4 ,jass]on 7,aix71 #d ,june1 #ahba4 ,became ,m4,d4 9 '#df1 & ,d4,sc4 '#dg4 ,9 company ) ,littr he ref\nd$ ,ny/5's ,diction>y ( ,m$ic9e1 & he has writt5 _m important m$ical works1 & "o on ,in/ruction4 ,9 '#gb 8 "n 0 /ruck out ( ! li/ ( jurors on ! gr\nd ( 8 unbelief 9 ,god1 & x ?us rema9$ despite _m prote/s until '#gf4 ,9 ! same ye> he 0 elect$ ,s5ator1 & sits ) ! ,republican ,left4 ,he has be5 decorat$ ) ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,rob9et 7,jean ,bapti/e ,r571 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,r5nes1 #bc ,june1 #agce4 ,he became a ,jesuit1 b gave x up & w5t to ,holl& to publi% 8 curi\s "w1 ,de la ,nature1 #aggf1 by "s attribut$ to ,t\ssa9t & to ,did]ot4 ,he cont9u$ ,m>sy's ,analysis ( ,bayle1 edit$ ! ,secret ,lett]s ( ,voltaire1 translat$ ,hume's ,moral ,essays1 & took "p 9 ! ,recueil ,philosophique1 publi%$ by ,j4 ,l4 ,ca/ilhon4 ,di$ at ,r5nes1 #bd ,m>*1 #ahbj4 ,rob9et 7,jean ,eugne ,franois71 ,fr5* physician & publici/1 b4 ,vic-sur-,seille1 #ahbe4 ,he e>ly atta*$ himself to ! p]son & doctr9e ( ,augu/e ,comte1 & became 8 physician & "o ( 8 executors4 ,dur+ ! w> ( '#gj he 0 made ,mayor ( ! ,six? ,arrondissem5t ( ,p>is4 ,he has writt5 a ,notice ( ! ,"w & ,life ( ,a4 ,comte1 '#fj1 a memoir ( ! private life ( ,danton1 '#fe1 ,! ,trial ( ! ,dantoni/s1 '#gi1 & contribut$ an acc\nt ( ! ,positive ,philosophy ( ,a4 ,comte & ,p4 ,lafitte to ! ,biblio?que ,utile1 vol4 #ff1 '#ha4 ,roell 7,h]mann ,alex&]71 ,g]man !ologian1 b4 #afec1 au?or ( a ,dei/ic diss]tation on natural religion1 publi%$ at ,frank=t 9 #agjj4 ,di$ ,am/]dam1 #ab ,july1 #agah4 ,roge>d 7,l\is ,augu/e71 ,fr5* publici/1 b4 ,*>tres1 #be ,april1 #ahbj4 ,became a tea*] b 0 dismiss$ = refus+ to att5d mass4 ,9 '#di he mov$ to ,p>is & took "p 9 ! revolution>y movem5t4 ,he 0 sev]al times imprison$ "u ! ,empire1 & 9 '#fe 0 s5t5c$ to five ye>s' imprisonm5t = writ+ ,les ,propos de ,labi5us 7,london1 i4e4 ,zri*71 '#fe4 ,he fl$ to ,belgium & wrote "s excell5t criticism on ! ,bible 9 ! ,rive ,gau*e4 ,9 '#ga he assi/$ ,pyat on ,le ,v5geur1 & 0 elect$ on ! ,commune b decl9$ to sit4 ,an incisive writ]1 he sign$ himself ,a!i/4 ,is /ill liv+ 9 ,p>is4 ,rokitansky 7,k>l71 ,g]man physician & sci5ti/1 f\nd] ( ! ,vi5nese s*ool 9 m$ic9e1 b4 ,kniggrtz 7,bohemia7 #aa ,feb4 #ahjd1 /udi$ m$ic9e at ,prague & ,vi5na1 & receiv$ 8 degree ( ,doctor 9 '#bh4 ,8 pr9cipal "w is a ,manual ( ,practical ,anatomy1 '#db-f4 ,di$ ,vi5na1 #bc ,july1 #ahgh4 ,rol& 7,m>ie ,jeanne71 ne ,phlipon1 ,fr5* patriot1 b4 ,p>is1 #ag ,m>*1 #aged4 ,fond ( read+1 ,plut>*'s ,lives influ5c$ h] greatly4 ,at a conv5t %e not$ ! names ( sceptics atta*$ & read _! writ+s1 be+1 %e says1 9 turn ,jans5i/1 /oic1 sceptic1 a!i/1 & dei/4 ,! la/ %e rema9$1 ?\gh ,miss ,bl9d classes h] ) ,agno/ics4 ,aft] h] m>riage 9 #aggi ) ,jean ,m>ie ,rol& de la ,platire 7b4 ,lyons1 #agcb71 ,madame ,rol& %>$ ! tasks & /udies ( h] husb&1 & ! ,revolution f\nd h] an ard5t consort4 ,on ! appo9tm5t ( h] husb& to ! m9i/ry1 %e became ! c5tre ( a ,girondi/ circle4 ,c>lyle calls h] ! creature ( ,simplicity & ,nature1 9 an age ( ,artificiality1 ,pollution1 & ,cant1 & ! noble/ ( all liv+ ,fr5*wom54 ,on ! fall ( h] p>ty %e 0 imprison$1 & f9ally execut$1 #h ,nov4 #agic4 ,h] husb&1 !n 9 hid+1 he>+ ( h] dea?1 delib]ately /abb$ himself1 #ae ,nov4 #agic4 ,rolph 7,william ,h5ry71 ,g]man philosoph]1 b4 ( ,engli% fa!r1 ,b]l91 #bf ,aug4 #ahdg4 ,he became privat-doc5t ( ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,leipsic1 & wrote an able "w on ,biological ,problems1 '#hd1 9 :i* he accepts evolution1 disc>ds !ology1 & places e?ics on a natural basis4 ,di$ #a ,aug4 #ahhc4 ,romagnosi 7,giovanni ,dom5ico71 ,italian philosoph] & juri/1 b4 ,salso ,maggiore1 #ac ,dec4 #agfa4 ,he publi%$ 9 #agia an able "w on p5al legislation1 ,g5esis ( ,p5al ,law1 _m pages ( :i* are borr[$ f d',holba*'s ,sy/em ( ,nature4 ,he became ,pr(essor ( ,law 9 ,p>ma1 ,milan1 & ,pavia4 ,a memb] ( ! ,italian ,academy1 he 0 nam$ pr(essor at ,corfu1 :]e he di$ #h ,june1 #ahce4 ,9 '#ba he wrote ,elem5ts ( ,philosophy1 foll[$ by ,:at is a ,s\nd ,m9d8 7'#bg7 & ,anci5t ,moral ,philosophy1 '#cb4 ,a some:at obscure writ]1 he nev]!less contribut$ to ! positive /udy ( sociology4 ,romiti 7,guglielmo71 ,italian ,positivi/4 ,pr(essor ( ,anatomy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,si5a4 ,has publi%$ ,anatomical ,notes1 & a ,disc\rse :i* excit$ "s commotion among ! !ologians4 ,romme 7,gilb]t71 ,fr5* ,ma!matician1 b4 ,ri\1 #agej1 became deputy to ! ,legislative ,assembly 9 #agia1 & to ! ,conv5tion 9 #agib4 ,9 ,sept4 #agic he introduc$ ! new ,republican ,cal5d>1 ! plan ( :i* 0 drawn by ,lal&e1 & ! names assign$ by ,fabre d',eglant9e4 ,he advocat$ ! ,ftes ( ,reason4 ,be+ condemn$ to dea?1 he committ$ suicide1 #ah ,june1 #agie4 ,8 bro!r ,*>les1 b4 #agdd1 0 also an em95t geometrician1 & a fri5d ( ,lal&4 ,he di$ #ae ,june1 #ahje4 ,ronge 7,johannes71 ,g]man religi\s re=m]1 b4 ,bis*opwalde 7,silesia71 #af ,oct4 #ahac4 ,he ent]$ ! sem9>y ( ,breslau1 & became a ,ca?olic prie/ 9 '#dj4 ,8 lib]al views & bold prea*+ soon l$ to 8 susp5sion4 ,9 '#dd 8 lett] d5\nc+ ! wor%ip ( ! holy coat1 exhibit$ by ,arnoldi1 ,bi%op ( ,treves1 made mu* clamor4 ,excommunicat$ by ! ,*ur*1 he f\nd _m free congregations1 b 0 proscrib$ aft] ! revolution ( '#di & took refuge 9 ,engl&4 ,9 '#ea he issu$ a revolution>y manife/o4 ,9 '#fa he return$ to ,frank=t1 & 9 '#gc settl$ at ,d>m/adt4 ,di$ at ,vi5na1 #be ,oct4 #ahhg4 ,rons>d 7,pi]re71 ,fr5* poet1 b4 ( noble family #aa ,sept4 #aebd4 ,he became page to ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 & aft]w>ds to ,james ,v4 ( ,scotl&4 ,return+ to ,france1 he 0 a great favorite at ! ,fr5* ,c\rt4 ,di$ #bg ,dec4 #aehe4 ,roorda van ,eys+a 7,sicco ,ern/ ,willem71 ,dut* positivi/1 b4 ,batavia 7,java71 #h ,aug4 #ahbe4 ,he s]v$ z eng9e] at ,java1 & 0 expell$ ab\t '#fd = writ+ on behalf ( ! ,javanese4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,de ,dag]aad & ,revue ,positive4 ,di$ ,cl>5s 7,switz]l&71 #bc ,oct4 #ahhg4 ,roquetaillade 7,jean de la71 also kn[n z ,rupesc9a1 e>ly ,fr5* re=m] ( ,auvillac 7,auv]gne71 :o ent]$ ! ord] ( ! ,franciscans4 ,8 bold disc\rses l$ to 8 imprisonm5t at ,avignon #acef1 by ord] ( ,innoc5t ,,vi41 :5 he wrote an apology4 ,accus$ ( ,magic1 ,no/radamus says he 0 burnt at ,avignon 9 #acfb1 b ?is has be5 disput$4 ,rose 7,*>les ,h471 =m]ly ( ,adelaide1 ,au/ralia1 au?or ( ,a ,light to ,light5 ! ,g5tiles1 #ahha4 ,rose 7,erne/9e ,l\ise7 ne ,ssmond ,pot[sky1 ,radical re=m] & orator1 b4 ,pet]kov 7,pol&71 #ac ,jan4 #ahaj4 ,h] fa!r 0 a ,jewi% ,rabbi4 ,f e>ly life %e 0 ( a bold & inquir+ disposition4 ,at ! age ( #ag %e w5t to ,b]l94 ,%e 0 9 ,p>is dur+ ! ,revolution ( '#cj4 ,soon aft] %e came to ,engl& :]e %e embrac$ ! views ( ,rob]t ,ow51 :o call$ h] 8 daught]4 ,"h %e m>ri$ ,mr4 ,william ,e4 ,rose1 a g5tleman ( broad ,lib]al views4 ,9 ,may '#cf1 !y w5t to ! ,unit$ ,/ates & became citiz5s ( ! ,republic4 ,mrs4 ,rose lectur$ 9 all ! /ates on ! social sy/em1 ! =mation ( "*1 prie/craft1 etc4 ,%e lectur$ aga9/ slav]y 9 ! slave-own+ /ates & s5t 9 '#ch ! fir/ petition to give m>ri$ wom5 ! "r to hold real e/ate4 ,%e 0 "o ( ! inaugurators ( ! ,woman's ,rights ,movem5t1 & a con/ant *ampion ( ,free?\ght4 ,an eloqu5t speak]1 "s ( h] addresses h be5 publi%$4 ,def5ce ( ,a!ism1 ,wom5's ,rights & ,spee* at ! ,h>t=d ,bible ,conv5tion 9 '#ed4 ,ab\t '#gc %e return$ to ,engl& :]e %e /ill lives4 ,"o ( h] la/ appe>ances at public 0 at ! ,conf]5ce ( ,lib]al ,?9k]s at ,s\? ,place ,*apel 9 '#gf1 :]e %e deliv]$ a po9t$ spee*4 ,mrs4 ,rose has a f9e face & head1 & ?\gh ag$ & suff]+1 reta9s ! utmo/ int]e/ 9 ! ,free?\ght cause4 ,rosk(f 7,georg ,gu/av71 ,g]man rationali/1 b4 ,presburg1 ,hung>y1 #cj ,aug4 #ahad4 ,he /udi$ !ology & philosophy at ,halle1 & has writt5 works on ,hebrew ,antiquity1 '#eg4 ,! ,samson leg5d & ,h]akles my?1 '#fj1 & a /&>d ,hi/ory ( ! ,devil 9 #b vols41 ,leipzig1 '#fi4 ,ross 7,william ,/ew>t71 ,scot* writ]1 b4 #bj ,m>4 #ahdd4 ,au?or ( poems & educational works1 & editor ( ,secul> ,review1 n[ ,! ,agno/ic ,j\rnal4 ,wrote ,god & 8 ,book1 '#hg1 & sev]al bro*ures publi%$ "u ! p5 "n ( ,salad94 ,rosseau 7,leon71 ,fr5* writ] 9 ! ,rationali/ ( ,g5eva "u ! "n ( ,l4 ,russelli4 ,he publi%$ sep>ately ! ,female ,foll[]s ( ,jesus1 f\nd$ ! ,horizon1 contribut$ to la ,libre ,p5se1 & 0 editor ( l',a?e4 ,di$ #ahgj4 ,rossetti 7,dante ,gabriel71 poet & pa9t]1 b4 ( ,italian p>5ts1 ,london1 #ab ,may1 #ahbh4 ,educat$ at ,k+'s ,college1 he became a /ud5t at ! ,royal ,academy & jo9$ ! pre-,raphaelites4 ,z a poet arti/ he exhibit$ ! ri*e/ gifts ( orig9ality1 e>ne/ness1 & spl5d\r ( expression4 ,di$ at ,we/gate on ,sea1 #i ,april1 #ahhb4 ,rossetti 7,william ,mi*ael7 critic & man ( lett]s1 bro!r ( ! prec$+1 b4 ,london1 #be ,sep4 #ahbi4 ,educat$ at ,k+'s ,college1 he became assi/ant secret>y 9 ! ,inl& ,rev5ue ,(fice4 ,he has act$ z critic = _m pap]s & edit$ _m works1 ! *ief be+ an edition ( ,%elley1 '#gj1 ) a memoir & num]\s notes4 ,he is ,*airman ( ! ,committee ( ! ,%elley ,society4 ,rossmaessl] 7,emil ,adolf71 ,g]man naturali/ b4 ,leipsic #c ,m>*1 #ahjf4 ,/udi$ !ology1 b ab&on$ x = sci5ce1 & wrote _m sci5tific works ( repute4 ,9 '#dh he 0 elect$ to ,p>liam5t4 ,among 8 writ+s are ,man 9 ! ,mirror ( ,nature4 '#di-ee4 ,! ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 '#fh4 ,di$ z a philosoph] #h ,april1 #ahfg4 ,ro? 7,julius71 ,dr41 ,g]man au?or ( ,religion & ,prie/craft1 ,leipzig1 #ahfi2 ,jesuitism1 '#ga4 ,ro!nbue*] 7,adolph71 ,dr41 ,g]man au?or ( an able little ,h&book ( ,morals1 writt5 f ! ,secul> /&po9t1 ,cottbus1 #ahhd4 ,rotteck 7,k>l ,w5ceslaus von71 ,g]man hi/orian & /atesman b4 ,freiburg #ah ,july1 #agge4 ,/udi$ 9 8 native t[n1 :]e 9 #agih be became ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory4 ,9 #ahai he repres5t$ 8 ,univ]sity 9 ! ,/ates ( ,bad51 :]e he di/+ui%$ himself by 8 lib]al views4 ,he 0 =bidd5 by gov]nm5t to edit any pap] & 0 depriv$ ( 8 *air4 ,?is p]secution ha/5$ 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ #bf ,nov #ahdj4 ,rotteck's ,g5]al ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w 7#i vols41 #ahbg7 0 v popul> & gave "o ( ! broade/ views ( hi/ory :i* _h !n appe>$4 ,r\sseau 7,jean ,jacques71 ,swiss philosoph]1 b4 ,g5eva1 #bh ,june1 #agab4 ,aft] a v>i$ c>e] he w5t to ,p>is 9 #agda & support$ himself4 ,9 #agea he obta9$ a prize f ! academy ( ,dijon = negative answ] to ! "q :e!r ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! arts & sci5ces has conduc$ to ! purity ( morals4 ,?is success prompt$ fur!r lit]>y ef=ts4 ,he publi%$ a diction>y ( music1 ! ,new ,heloise 7#agei71 a love /ory 9 ! =m ( lett]s1 :i* _h great success1 & ,emilius 7,may #agfb71 a moral romance1 9 :i* he condemns o!r education ?an t ( foll[+ nature4 ,9 ?is "w occurs 8 ,confession ( ,fai? ( a ,savoy>d ,vic>1 disc>d+ ! sup]natural elem5t 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,! ,fr5* p>liam5t condemn$ ! book #i ,june1 #agfb1 & prosecut$ ! writ]1 :o fl$ to ,switz]l&4 ,pope ,clem5t ,,xviii fulm9at$ aga9/ ,emile1 & ,r\sseau receiv$ s _m insults on acc\nt ( 8 pr9ciples t he return$ to ,p>is & on ! invitation ( ,hume came to ,engl& 9 ,jan4 #agff4 ,he knew little ,engli% & soon took (f5ce ) ,hume1 & ask$ p]mission to return to ,p>is1 :i* he obta9$ on condition ( nev] publi%+ any?+ m4 ,he h[ev] complet$ 8 ,confessions1 ( :i* he _h previ\sly compos$ ! fir/ six books 9 ,engl&4 ,r\sseau 0 a s9c]e s5tim5tali/1 an indep5d5t & eloqu5t1 b n deep ?9k]4 ,8 capti\s temp] spoil$ 8 own life1 b 8 influ5ce has be5 pr(\nd & f>-rea*+4 ,di$ ne> ,p>is1 #b ,july1 #aggh4 ,r\zade 7,leonie7 ,madame1 ,fr5* ,free?\ght lecturess4 ,has writt5 sev]al bro*ures & novels1 notably ,le ,monde ,r5v]s1 #ahgb1 & ,ci et ca1 ca et la1 ideas ^u moral philosophy & social progress4 ,writes 9 ,malon's ,revue ,sociali/e1 & is "o ( ! editors ( ,les ,droits des ,femmes4 ,roy 7,joseph71 ,fr5* translator ( ,feu]ba*'s ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity1 #ahfd1 & ,religion1 ,dea?1 ,immortality1 '#ff4 ,has also translat$ ,m>x's ,capital4 ,roy] 7,clem5ce ,augu/e71 ,fr5* au?oress1 b4 ,nantes1 #bd ,april1 #ahcj1 ( ,ca?olic royali/ family4 ,visit+ ,engl& 9 '#ed1 %e /udi$ our language & lit]ature4 ,go+ to ,switz]l&1 9 '#ei %e op5$ at ,lausanne a c\rse ( logic & philosophy = wom54 ,9 '#fj %e %>$ ) ,pr\dhon 9 a prize competition on ! subject ( taxation4 ,9 '#fb %e translat$ ,d>w9's ,orig9 ( ,species1 ) a bold preface & notes4 ,9 '#fd h] philosophical romance ,! ,tw9s ( ,hellas appe>$ at ,brussels1 & 0 int]dict$ 9 ,france4 ,h] able/ "w is on ,! ,orig9 ( ,man & ( ,societies1 '#fi4 ,9 ?is %e /ates ! sci5tific view ( human evolution1 & *all5ges ! ,*ri/ian cre$4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by _m memoirs1 ,pre-hi/oric ,fun]al ,rites1 '#gf2 ,two ,hypo!ses ( ,h]$ity1 '#gg2 ,! ,good & ! ,moral ,law1 '#ha4 ,mdlle4 ,roy] has contribut$ to ! ,revue ,mod]ne1 ,revue de ,philosophie1 ,positive1 ,revue d',an?ropologie1 etc41 & has assi/$ & spok5 at _m political1 social1 & sci5tific meet+s4 ,rdt 7,p4 ,a471 ,ph4 ,d41 ,g]man lectur] & apo/le ( unbelief1 b4 ,mannheim1 #h ,dec4 #ahdd4 ,educat$ at ,mannheim & ,c>lsruhe1 he /udi$ philosophy1 philology1 & jurisprud5ce at ,heidelb]g ,univ]sity1 '#fe-fi4 ,dr4 ,rdt became acqua9t$ ) ,lassalle1 & />t$ a pap]1 ,die ,waffe1 & 9 '#gj 0 imprison$ = p>ticipation 9 social democratic agitation4 ,f '#gd to '#hf he liv$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]sburg z tea*]1 & has s9ce devot$ himself to ,free?\ght propag&a4 ,sev]al ( 8 addresses h be5 publi%$4 ,ruelle 7,*>les ,claude71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,savigny1 #ahaj4 ,au?or ( ,! ,hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1 '#ff1 & ,la ,s*mita1 '#fi4 ,ruge 7,arnold71 ,g]man re=m]1 b4 ,b]g5 7,isle ,rg571 #ac ,sept4 #ahjb4 ,/udi$ at ,halle1 ,j5a1 & ,heidelb]g1 & z a memb] ( ! ,tug5bund 0 imprison$ = six ye>s4 ,aft] 8 lib]ation 9 '#cj he became pr(essor at ,halle1 & ) ,e*t]mey] f\nd$ ! ,hallis*e ,jahrb*]1 '#ch1 :i* oppos$ ,*ur* & ,/ate4 ,9 '#dh he />t$ ,die ,re=m4 ,elect$ to ! ,frank=t ,assembly1 he sat on ! ,extreme ,left4 ,:5 compell$ to fly he came to ,engl&1 :]e he wrote ,new ,g]many 9 ,cab9et ( ,reason s]ies1 & translat$ ,buckle's ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation4 ,he act$ z visit+ tutor at ,brighton1 :]e he di$ #cj ,dec4 #ahhj4 ,ruggi]i 7,cosmo71 ,flor5t9e philosoph] & a/rolog]1 patronis$ by ,ca!r9e de ,m$icis4 ,he began to publi% ,almana*s 9 #afjd1 :i* he issu$ annually4 ,he di$ at ,p>is 9 #afae1 decl>+ himself an ,a!i/1 & 8 corpse 0 9 consequ5ce d5i$ ,*ri/ian burial4 ,rumpf 7,johann ,wilhelm71 ,swiss au?or ( ,*ur*1 ,fai?1 & ,progress1 & ,! ,bible & ,*ri/1 a criticism 7,/rasburg1 #aheh74 ,edit$ ,das ,freire ,wort 7,basle1 '#ef74 ,russell 7,john74 ,see ,amb]ley4 ,ryall 7,mal?us ,que/ell71 0 secret>y ( ! ,anti-,p]secution ,union1 #ahdb1 & assi/$ 8 fri5d ,mr4 ,holyoake on ,! ,oracle ( ,reason & ,! ,movem5t4 ,di$ #ahdf4 ,rydb]g 7,abraham ,viktor71 ,sw$i% man ( ,lett]s1 b4 ,jnkp+1 #ah ,dec4 #ahbi4 ,he has writt5 _m works ( :i* we m5tion ,! ,la/ ,a!nian ,roman ,days1 & ,! ,magic ( ! ,middle ,ages1 :i* h be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,ry/wick 7,h]man van71 e>ly ,dut* h]etic :o d5i$ hell & taught t ! s\l 0 n immortal1 b ! elem5ts ( all matt] et]nal4 ,he 0 s5t to prison 9 #adii1 & set at lib]ty ^u abjur+ 8 op9ion1 b hav+ publi%$ !m a second "t1 he 0 arre/$ at ! ,hague1 & burnt to dea? 9 #aeaa4 ,sab9 7,ibn71 ,al ,mursi1 ,spani% ,arabian philosoph]1 b4 ,murcia ab\t #abah ( noble family4 ,ab\t #abdi he correspond$ ) ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 reply+ to 8 philosophical que/ions4 ,committ$ suicide ab\t #abga4 ,sadoc1 a le>n$ ,jewi% doctor 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,he d5i$ ! resurrection1 ! exi/5ce ( angels1 & ! doctr9e ( pr$e/9ation1 & oppos$ ! idea ( future rew>ds & puni%m5ts4 ,8 foll[]s 7 nam$ aft] him1 ,sadducees4 ,saga 7,francesco7 de ,rovigo1 ,italian h]etic1 put to dea? = ,anti-,tr9it>ianism at ,v5ice1 #be ,feb4 #aeff4 ,saigey 7,emile71 ,fr5* inspector ( telegraph wires4 ,wrote ,mod]n ,physics1 #ahfg1 & ,! ,sci5ces 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury3 ,physics ( ,voltaire1 '#gd4 ,di$ #ahge4 ,saill>d 7,f471 ,fr5* au?or ( ,! ,revolution & ! ,*ur* 7,p>is1 '#fi71 & ,! ,organisation ( ! ,republic1 '#hc4 ,sa9te ,beuve 7,*>les ,augu/971 ,fr5* critic & man ( lett]s b4 ,b\logne1 #bc ,dec4 #ahjd4 ,educat$ 9 ,p>is1 he /udi$ m$ic9e1 :i* he practis$ sev]al ye>s4 ,a favorable review ( ,v4 ,hugo's ,odes & ,ballades ga9$ him ! intimacy ( ! ,romantic s*ool4 ,z a critic he made 8 m>k 9 '#bh ) 8 ,hi/orical & ,critical ,picture ( ,fr5* ,poetry 9 ! ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,8 o!r pr9cipal works are 8 ,hi/ory ( ,port ,royal1 '#dj-fb2 ,lit]>y ,portraits1 '#cb-ci2 & ,caus]ies du ,lundi1 '#ea-eg4 ,9 '#de he 0 elect$ to ! ,academy1 & 9 '#fe 0 made a s5ator4 ,z a critic he 0 p5etrative1 compreh5sive1 & imp>tial4 ,sa9t ,evremond 7,*>les de ,m>guetel de ,sa9t ,d5is7 seigneur de1 ,fr5* man ( lett]s1 b4 ,/4 ,d5ys-le-,gua/ 7,norm&y71 #a ,april1 #agac4 ,he /udi$ law1 b subsequ5tly ent]$ ! army & became major-g5]al4 ,he 0 conf9$ 9 ! ,ba/ile = satiris+ ,c>d9al ,maz>94 ,9 ,engl& he 0 well receiv$ at ! c\rt ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,he di$ 9 ,london1 #bj ,sept4 #agjc1 & 0 buri$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,ask$ on 8 dea?-b$ if he wi%$ to reconcile himself to ,god1 he repli$1 he desir$ to reconcile himself to appetite4 ,8 works1 consi/+ ( essays1 lett]s1 poems1 & dramas1 7 publi%$ 9 #c vols4 #agje4 ,sa9t-,gla9 7,dom9ique de71 ,fr5* ,sp9ozi/1 b4 ,limoges1 ab\t #afbj4 ,he w5t into ,holl& t he might pr(ess ! ,prote/ant religion m freely2 0 capta9 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,/ates1 & assi/$ on ! ,rott]dam ,gazette4 ,read+ ,sp9oza1 he esp\s$ 8 sy/em1 & translat$ ! ,tractatus ,!ologico-,politicus into ,fr5*1 "u ! title ( ,la ,clef du ,sanctuaire1 #afgh4 ,?is mak+ mu* noise1 & be+ 9 dang] ( prosecution1 he *ang$ ! title to ,c]emonies ,sup]/itieuses des ,juifs1 & also to ,reflexions ,curieuses d'un ,esprit ,des9tress1 #afgh4 ,sa9t-,hyac9! 7,!miseul de ,cordonni] de71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,orleans1 #bd ,sept4 #afhd4 ,au?or ( ,philosophical ,rese>*es1 publi%$ at ,rott]dam1 #agdc4 ,di$ ne> ,br$a 7,holl&71 #agdf4 ,voltaire publi%$ 8 ,d9] ,du ,comte de ,b\la9villi]s "u ! "n ( ,/4 ,hyac9!4 ,sa9t ,john 7,h5ry74 ,see ,bol+broke1 ,"l4 ,sa9t ,lamb]t 7,*>les1 or r ,jean ,franois de71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,nancy1 #af ,dec4 #agag4 ,aft] be+ educat$ among ! ,jesuits he ent]$ ! army1 & 0 admir$ = 8 wit & gallantry4 ,he became a devot$ adh]5t ( ,voltaire & an admir] ( ,madame du ,*atelet4 ,he wrote "s articles 9 ! ,encyclopdie1 & _m fugitive pieces & poems 9 ! lit]>y j\rnals4 ,8 poem1 ! ,seasons1 #agfi procur$ him admission to ! ,academy4 ,he publi%$ essays on ,helvetius & ,bol+broke1 & ,le ,cat*isme ,univ]sel4 ,8 ,philosophical ,works 7 publi%$ 9 #ahja4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #i ,feb4 #ahjc4 ,sale 7,george71 ,engli% ,ori5tal s*ol>1 b4 ,k5t1 #afhj1 educat$ at ,cant]bury4 ,he 0 "o ( a society :i* und]took to publi% a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory1 & 0 also "o ( ! compil]s ( ! ,g5]al ,diction>y4 ,8 mo/ important "w 0 a translation ( ! ,koran1 ) a prelim9>y disc\rse & explanatory notes1 #agcd4 ,he 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,society = ! ,enc\ragem5t ( ,le>n+4 ,di$ #ad ,nov4 #agcf4 ,sali]es 7,a471 contributor to l',a?e1 #ahgj4 ,has writt5 a "w on ,patriotism1 #ahha4 ,sallet 7,fri$ri* von71 ,g]man pan!i/ poet ( ,fr5* desc5t1 b4 ,neisse 7,silesia71 #bj ,april1 #ahab4 ,an (fic] 9 ! army1 he 0 imprison$ = writ+ a satire on ! life ( a troop]4 ,9 '#cd he att5d$ ,hegel's lectures at ,b]l91 & 9 '#ch quitt$ ! army4 ,he wrote a curi\s long poem entitl$ ! ,layman's ,gospel1 9 :i* he takes ,new ,te/am5t texts & exp\nds !m pan!i/ically--! ,god :o is made fle% is replac$ by ! man :o becomes ,god4 ,di$ ,rei*au 7,silesia71 #ba ,feb4 #ahdc4 ,salm]on y ,alonso 7,nicolas71 ,spani% /atesman1 b4 ,alhama lo ,seco1 #ahch4 ,/udi$ law1 & became a ,democratic j\rnali/2 a deputy to ! ,cortes 9 #ahga1 & became ,presid5t !re( dur+ ! ,republic ( '#gc4 ,he wrote a prologue to ! "w ( ,g9] on ,philosophy & ,arts1 '#gh1 & 8 own works 7 issu$ 9 #ahha4 ,salt 7,h5ry ,/eph5s71 ,engli% writ]1 b4 ,india1 #bj ,sept4 #ahea2 educat$ at ,eton1 :]e he became assi/ant ma/]4 ,a contributor to ,progress1 he has writt5 ,lit]>y ,sket*es1 '#hh4 ,a monograph on ,%elley1 & a ,life ( ,james ,?omson1 ,b4,v41 #ahhi4 ,saltus 7,edg> ,ev]tson71 ,am]ican au?or1 b4 ,new ,york #h ,june #aheh4 ,/udi$ at ,concord1 ,p>is1 ,heidelb]g & ,muni*4 ,9 '#hd he publi%$ a sket* ( ,balzac4 ,next ye> appe>$ ,! ,philosophy ( ,dis5*antm5t1 appreciative & well writt5 views ( ,s*op5hau] & ,h>tmann4 ,?is 0 foll[$ by ,! ,anatomy ( ,negation1 a sket*y acc\nt ( "s a!i/s & sceptics f ,kapila to ,leconte de ,lisle1 '#hf4 ,has also writt5 sev]al novels1 & ,ed51 an episode1 '#hi4 ,8 bro!r ,francis is ! au?or ( ,honey & ,gall1 a book ( poems 7,philadelphia1 '#gc47 ,salv]te 7,anne ,joseph ,eusbe ,baconni]e de71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,p>is1 #ah ,july1 #agga4 ,he /udi$ among ! ,oratorians4 ,wrote ,epi/le to a ,reasonable ,woman1 an ,essay on ,:at %\ld be ,believ$1 #agic1 contribut$ to ,m>*al's ,dictionnaire des ,a?es1 publi%$ an eloge on ,did]ot1 #ahja1 & _m bro*ures1 among o!rs a trag$y on ! ,dea? ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,elect$ deputy 9 '#bh1 he 0 "o ( ! w>m p>tisans ( lib]ty1 & 9 '#cj1 dem&$ t ,ca?olicism %\ld n be recognis$ z ! /ate religion4 ,he is *iefly rememb]$ by 8 "w on ,! ,occult ,sci5ces1 '#bi1 :i* 0 translat$ into ,engli%1 '#df4 ,to ! ,fr5* edition ( '#ef ,littr wrote a ,preface4 ,he di$ #bg ,oct4 #ahci4 ,on 8 dea? b$ he refus$ religi\s (fices4 ,s& 7,george71 ! p5 "n ( ,am&9e ,lucile ,aurore ,dup91 aft]w>ds b>oness ,dudnevant1 ,fr5* noveli/1 b4 ,p>is1 #a ,july1 #ahjd1 & br\ght up by h] gr&mo!r at ! ,*teau de ,nohant4 ,read+ ,r\sseau & ! philosoph]s divorc$ h] f ,ca?olicism4 ,%e rema9$ a ,humanit>ian4 ,m>ri$ ,sept4 #ahbb1 ,b>on ,dudnevant1 an eld]ly man :o bo? neglect$ & ill-treat$ h]1 & f :om aft] "s ye>s %e 0 glad to sep>ate at ! sacrifice ( h] :ole =tune4 ,h] novels are too _m to enum]ate4 ,! ,revolution ( '#dh drew h] into politics1 & %e />t$ a j\rnal & translat$ ,mazz9i's ,republic & ,royalty 9 ,italy1 ,di$ at h] ,*ateau ( ,nohant1 #h ,june1 #ahgf4 ,h] "n 0 long obnoxi\s 9 ,engl&1 :]e %e 0 ?\ght ( z an assailant ( m>riage & religion1 b a bett] appreciation ( h] "w & g5ius is mak+ way4 ,s>cey 7,franscique71 ,fr5* critic1 b4 ,d\rdan1 #h ,oct4 #ahbh1 editor ( ,le ,x,i,xe4 ,sicle1 has writt5 plays1 novels1 & _m anti-cl]ical articles4 ,s>rasi1 pseudonym ( ,a4 de ,c44442 ,fr5* ,ori5tali/ b4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,t>n1 #ahcg1 au?or ( ,l',ori5t ,devoil1 '#hj1 9 :i* he %[s ! my?ical elem5ts 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,saull 7,william ,devon%ire71 ,engli% geologi/1 b4 #aghc4 ,he e/abli%$ a free geological museum1 contribut$ to ! erection ( ! ,john ,/reet ,in/itute1 & 0 pr9cipally in/rum5tal 9 op5+ ! old ,hall ( ,sci5ce1 ,city ,road4 ,he wrote on ! connection betwe5 a/ronomy1 geology1 etc4 ,he di$ #bf ,april1 #ahee1 & is buri$ 9 ,k5sal ,gre51 ne> 8 fri5ds1 ,all5 ,dav5port & ,h5ry ,he!r+ton4 ,saund]son 7,ni*olas71 ,engli% ma!matician b4 ,?urle/on 7,york%ire71 #b ,jan4 #afhb4 ,he lo/ bo? 8 eyes & 8 sight by small pox :5 b a ye> old1 yet he became conv]sant ) ,euclid1 ,ar*im$es1 & ,diophantus1 :5 read to him 9 ,greek4 ,he lectur$ at ,cambridge ,univ]sity1 expla9+ ,newton's ,ma!matical ,pr9ciples ( ,natural ,philosophy1 & ev5 8 works on light & color4 ,x 0 said1 ,!y h turn$ out ,:i/on = believ+ 9 b "o ,god1 & put 9 ,saund]son1 :o believes 9 no ,god at all4 ,saund]son said t to believe 9 ,god he mu/ fir/ t\* him4 ,di$ #ai ,april1 #agci4 ,sauve/re 7,*>les71 ,fr5* j\rnali/1 b4 ,mans4 #ahah1 "o ( ! editors ( ,l',op9ion ,nationale4 ,has writt5 on ,! ,cl]gy & ,education 7'#fa71 ,monita ,secreta ,societatis ,jesu2 ,secret ,in/ructions ( ! ,jesuits 7'#fe71 ,on ! ,knees ( ! ,*ur* 7'#fh71 ,religi\s ,congregations ,unveil$ 7'#gj71 & o!r anti-cl]ical works4 ,he di$ at ,p>is 9 #ahhc4 ,saville 7,sir ,george71 ,m>quis ( ,halifax1 ,engli% /atesman1 b4 ,york%ire1 #afcj4 ,he became ,presid5t ( ! ,c\ncil 9 ! reign ( ,james ,,ii41 b 0 dismiss$ = oppos+ ! repeal ( ! ,te/ ,acts4 ,he wrote sev]al pieces & memoirs4 ,burnet gives a curi\s acc\nt ( 8 op9ions1 :i* he probably tones d[n4 ,sawtelle 7,c4 ,m471 ,am]ican au?or ( ,reflections on ! ,sci5ce ( ,ignorance1 or ! art ( tea*+ o!rs :at y don't "k y\rself1 ,salem1 ,oregon1 #ahfh4 ,sb>b>o 7,pietro71 ,italian publici/ & re=m]1 b4 ,savona1 #ahch2 /udi$ jurisprud5ce4 ,he publi%$ a "w on ,! ,philosophy ( ,rese>*1 '#ff4 ,9 '#gj he d$icat$ to ,mauro ,mac*i a book on ,! ,task ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 & presid$ at a congress ( ,free?9k]s held at ,loreto4 ,has writt5 popul> works on ! ,conditions ( ,human ,progress1 ! ,ideal ( ,democracy1 & an essay entitl$ ,f ,soc9o to ,mazz9i1 '#hf4 ,s*ade 7,georg71 ,g]man ,dei/1 b4 ,ap5rade1 #agab4 ,he believ$ 9 ! immortality ( brutes4 ,9 #aggj he 0 imprison$ = 8 op9ions on ! ,isle ( ,*ri/iansoe4 ,he settl$ at ,kiel1 ,hol/e91 9 #agge1 :]e he di$ 9 #agie4 ,s*]] 7,edmond71 ,fr5* critic & publici/1 b4 ,p>is #h ,april1 #ahae4 ,( ,prote/ant family1 he became pr(essor ( exegesis at ,g5eva1 b 8 views becom+ too free1 he resign$ 8 *air & w5t to ,/rasburg1 :]e he became *ief ( ! ,s*ool ( ,lib]al ,prote/ants1 & 9 ! ,revue de ,?ologie et de ,philosophie ,*rti5ne1 '#ej-fj1 put =w>d views :i* drew d[n a tempe/ f ! or?odox4 ,he also wrote 9 ! ,biblio!que ,univ]selle & ,revue des ,deux-,mondes4 ,"s ( 8 articles h be5 collect$ z ,mlanges de ,critique ,religieuse1 '#fj2 & ,mlanges d',hi/oire ,religieuse1 '#fd4 ,he 0 elect$ deputy 9 '#ga1 & sat ) ! ,republicans ( ! ,left4 ,di$ #ahhi4 ,s*]r 7,johannes71 ,g]man au?or1 b4 ,hoh5re*b]g1 #c ,oct4 #ahag4 ,educat$ at ,zri* & ,tb+51 he wrote 9 '#dc ) 8 bro!r ,?omas a ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ,religi\s & ,philosophical ,ideas1 & 9 '#eg a ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 9 ?ree p>ts4 ,9 '#fj he became ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory & ,lit]ature at ,zri*1 & has writt5 _m able lit]>y /udies1 includ+ hi/ories ( ,g]man & ,engli% lit]ature4 ,di$ at ,zri*1 #ba ,nov4 #ahhg4 ,s*iff 7,johan ,moriz71 ,g]man physiologi/1 b4 ,frank=t1 #ahbc4 ,educat$ at ,b]l9 & ,gott+51 he became ,pr(essor ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy at ,b]ne1 '#ed-fc2 ( ,physiology at ,flor5ce1 '#fc-gf1 & at ,g5oa4 ,has writt5 _m physiological treatises1 :i* h be5 attack$ z mat]iali/ic4 ,s*ill] 7,johann ,*ri/oph ,fri$ri* von71 em95t ,g]man poet & hi/orian1 b4 ,m>be*1 #aj ,nov4 #agei4 ,8 "m wi%$ him to become a m9i/]1 b 8 ta/es l$ him 9 a diff]5t direction4 ,a fri5d ( ,goe!1 he enri*$ ,g]man lit]ature ) num]\s plays & poems1 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,ne!rl&s ,revolt1 & ( ! ,?irty ,ye>s' ,w>4 ,he di$ 9 ! prime ( m5tal life at ,weim>1 #i ,may1 #ahje4 ,s*midt 7,edu>d ,osk>71 ,g]man zoologi/1 b4 ,torgau1 #ba ,feb4 #ahbc4 ,he travell$ widely1 & became pr(essor ( natural hi/ory at ,j5a4 ,among ! fir/ ( ,g]mans to accept ,d>w9ism1 he has illu/rat$ its application 9 _m directions1 & publi%$ an able "w on ,! ,doctr9e ( ,desc5t & ,d>w9ism 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies4 ,di$ at ,/rasburg1 #ag ,jan4 #ahhf4 ,s*midt 7,kasp>71 ,g]man philosoph]1 b4 ,bayreu?1 #be ,oct4 #ahjf4 ,/udi$ at ,b]l91 ,erlang51 & ,knigsb]g1 fir/ !ology1 !n philosophy4 ,"u ! pseudonym ( ,max ,/irn] he wrote a sy/em ( individualism ,! ,only ,"o1 & ,8 ,possession 7,d] ,e9zige und se9 ,eig5?um71 '#de4 ,he also wrote a ,hi/ory ( ,reaction 9 two p>ts 7,b]l91 '#eb71 & translat$ ,smi?'s ,weal? ( ,nations & ,say's ,text-book ( ,political ,economy4 ,di$ at ,b]l91 #be ,june1 #ahef4 ,s*neeb]g] 7,f4 ,j471 ,au/rian writ]1 b4 ,vi5na1 #g ,sept1 #ahbg4 ,has writt5 "s popul> novels "u ! "n ( ,ar?ur ,/or*1 & 0 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,g]man ,free?9k]s' ,union4 ,s*oel*] 7 ,victor71 ,fr5* philosophi/1 b4 ,p>is1 #ba ,july #ahjd4 ,:ile /ill "y he jo9$ ! secret society ,aide-toi1 le ciel t'aid]a1 & /udi$ social que/ions4 ,he devot$ himself f ab\t '#bf to advocat+ ! abolition ( slav]y1 & wrote _m works on ! subject4 ,on #c ,m>*1 '#dh1 he 0 made ,"u ,secret>y ( ! ,navy1 & caus$ a decree to be issu$ by ! ,provisional ,gov]nm5t enfran*is+ all slaves on ,fr5* t]ritory4 ,he 0 elect$ ,deputy = ,m>t9ique '#dh & '#di4 ,aft] #b ,dec4 '#ea1 he came to ,london1 :]e he wrote occasionally 9 ! ,reason] & ,national ,re=m]4 ,he return$ to ,france dur+ ! w>1 & took "p 9 ! def5ce ( ,p>is4 ,9 '#ga he 0 aga9 return$ = ,m>t9ique1 & 9 '#ge he 0 elect$ a life s5ator4 ,s*oll 7,aurli571 ,fr5* j\rnali/1 b4 ,bordeaux1 #ad ,july1 #ahcc4 ,he began life z a writ] on ! ,corsaire1 f\nd$ ,satan1 ,le ,na9 ,jaune1 etc41 & writes on l',evnem5t4 ,has writt5 sev]al novels1 & le ,procs de ,jsus ,*ri/1 '#gg4 ,s*oll 7,k>l71 ,g]man writ] & prea*] to ! ,free religi\s bodies ( ,mannheim & ,heidelb]g1 b4 ,k>lsruhe1 #ag ,aug4 #ahbj4 ,he became a m9i/] '#dd1 b 0 susp5d$ = 8 free op9ions 9 '#de4 ,8 fir/ important "w 0 on ! ,messiah ,leg5d ( ! ,ea/ 7,hamburg1 '#eb71 & 9 '#fa he publi%$ a volume on ,free ,spee*1 a collection ( extracts f ,fr5*1 ,engli%1 & ,am]ican ,free?9k]s4 ,9 '#gj he />t$ a mon?ly j\rnal ( ! ,religion ( ,humanity1 ,es ,w]de ,li*t6 :i* cont9u$ = _m ye>s4 ,has publi%$ _m disc\rses1 & writt5 ,tru? f ,ru9s1 '#gc1 & on ,judaism & ! ,religion ( ,humanity1 '#gi4 ,s*op5hau] 7,ar?ur71 ,g]man pessimi/ philosoph]1 b4 ,danzig1 #bb ,feb4 #aghh4 ,! son ( a weal?y & well-educat$ m]*ant & a vivaci\s lady1 he 0 educat$ 9 ,fr5* & ,engli%1 & /udi$ at ,gtt+5 sci5ce1 hi/ory1 & ! religions & philosophies ( ! ,ea/4 ,aft] two visits to ,italy1 & an unsuccessful attempt to obta9 pupils at ,b]l91 he took up 8 abode at ,frank=t4 ,9 #ahae he wrote 8 *ief "w1 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea1 translat$ into ,engli% 9 '#hc4 ,8 philosophy is express$ 9 ! title1 w is ! "o reality1 all else appe>ance4 ,he also wrote ,! ,two ,gr\nd ,problems ( ,e?ics1 '#fa1 ,on ! ,fre$om ( ,w1 & a collection ( essays entitl$ ,p>ega & ,p>alipom5a 7'#ea74 ,di$ at ,frank=t1 #ba ,sept4 #ahfj4 ,s*op5hau] 0 a pron\nc$ ,a!i/1 & an enemy ( e =m ( sup]/ition4 ,he said t religions are l gl[-worms2 !y require d>kness to %9e 94 ,s*roet] 7,edu>d71 ,g]man ,am]ican writ]1 b4 ,hannov]1 #d ,june1 #ahaj1 /udi$ !ology at ,j5a2 ent]$ ! ,free-religi\s communion 9 '#de4 ,9 '#ej1 he w5t to ,am]ica1 liv+ s9ce '#ec 9 ,sauk ,city1 & frequ5tly lectur+ !re4 ,9 '#ha1 he att5d$ ! ,int]national ,conf]5ce ( ,free?9k]s at ,brussels4 ,he 0 a con/ant contributor to ! ,freid5k]1 ( ,milwaukee1 until 8 dea? #b ,april1 #ahhh4 ,s*root 7,a471 ,g]man au?or ( ,visions & ,ideas 7,b]l91 #ahfe71 ,natural ,law & ,human ,w2 ,creation & ,man1 & ,sci5ce & ,life 7,hamburg1 #ahgc74 ,s*u5emann ,pott 7,fri$ri*71 ,g]man ,am]ican1 b4 ,hamburg1 #c ,april1 #ahbf4 ,he jo9$ ! ,freie ,geme9de1 & 0 expell$ f ,prussia 9 '#dh4 ,aft] ! ,revolution he return$ to ,b]l9 & took "p 9 democratic agitation1 = :i* he 0 tri$ = high treason1 b acquitt$4 ,9 '#ed he remov$ to ,am]ica1 :]e he made lectur+ t\rs ov] ! ,/ates settl+ at ,san ,francisco4 ,s*ultze 7,k>l ,augu/ ,julius ,fritz71 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,celle1 #g ,may1 #ahdf1 /udi$ at ,j5a1 ,gtt+5 & ,mni*1 has writt5 an able /udy on ,feti%ism1 ,leipzig '#ga1 a pamphlet on ,religion 9 ,g]man ,s*ools1 '#gb1 a ,hi/ory ( ! ,philosophy ( ! ,r5aissance1 '#gd1 & ,kant & ,d>w91 '#ge4 ,9 '#gf1 he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy 9 ,j5a1 s9ce :i* he has writt5 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,mat]ialism1 '#hj1 ,philosophy ( ! ,natural ,sci5ces1 #b vols4 '#ha-hb1 & ,elem5ts ( ,spiritualism1 #ahhc4 ,s*umann 7,rob]t ,alex&]71 ,g]man musical compos]1 b4 ,nekau1 #h ,july1 #ahaj4 ,he /udi$ law at ,leipsic1 b =sook x = music4 ,he />t$ a musical j\rnal '#cd1 :i* he edit$ = "s ye>s4 ,8 lyrical compositions are unsurpass$1 & he also compos$ a pr(ane oratorio1 ,p>adise & ! ,p]i 7'#dj74 ,8 "* & op9ions are illu/rat$ by 8 ,lett]s4 ,di$ #bi ,july1 #ahef4 ,s*wei*el 7,georg ,julius ,rob]t71 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,knigsb]g1 #ab ,july1 #ahba4 ,he /udi$ jurisprud5ce1 b took to lit]ature4 ,tak+ "p 9 ! ev5ts ( '#dh1 aft] ! reaction he w5t to ,switz]l&4 ,has writt5 sev]al novels deal+ ) ,swiss life1 also a ,life ( ,au]ba*4 ,he wrote ! preface to ,dulk's ,irrgang des ,leb5's ,jesu1 #ahhd4 ,s*weitz] 7,jean ,bapti/a von71 ,g]man ,sociali/ poet1 b4 ,frank=t1 #ab ,july1 #ahcc4 ,he /udi$ law 9 ,b]l9 & ,heidelb]g2 became aft] ,lassalle's dea? presid5t ( ! ,g]man ,workm5's ,union1 & 0 s5t to ,p>liam5t 9 '#fg4 ,he wrote ! ,zeitgei/ & ,*ri/ianity1 '#fb1 ,! ,d>w9ians1 '#ge1 & sev]al o!r works4 ,di$ #bh ,july1 #ahge4 ,scot 7,reg9ald71 ,engli% rationali/1 au?or ( ,! ,discov]ie ( ,wit*craft1 #aehd1 ! fir/ ,engli% "w to "q ! exi/5ce ( wit*es4 ,x 0 burnt by ord] ( ,k+ ,james ,i1 & 0 republi%$ 9 #ahhf4 ,scot di$ 9 #aeii4 ,scott 7,?omas71 ,engli% s*ol>1 b4 #bh ,april #ahjh4 ,9 e>ly life he travell$ widely1 liv$ ) ,indians & _h be5 page to ,*as4 ,x1 ( ,france4 ,hav+ inve/igat$ ,*ri/ianity1 he 9 lat] life devot$ himself to ,free?\ght propag&a by s5d+ s*ol>ly pamphlets among ! cl]gy & cultur$ classes4 ,f '#fb-gg1 he issu$ f ,m\nt ,pleasant1 ,ramsgate1 ov] a hundr$ diff]5t pamphlets by ,bp4 ,h9ds1 ,f4 ,w4 ,newman1 ,kalis*1 ,le/range1 ,willis1 ,/range1 etc41 mo/ ( :i* 7 giv5 away4 ,he issu$ a *all5ge to ! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society1 & wrote ) ,sir ,g4 ,w4 ,cox1 ,! ,engli% ,life ( ,jesus '#ga4 ,altoge!r 8 publications ext5d to tw5ty volumes4 ,little kn[n outside 8 own circle1 ,?omas ,scott did a "w :i* %\ld secure him la/+ honor4 ,di$ at ,norwood1 #cj ,dec4 #ahgh4 ,seav] 7,horace ,holley71 ,am]ican j\rnali/1 b4 ,bo/on1 #be ,aug4 #ahaj4 ,9 '#cg he became a compositor on ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator1 & dur+ ,kneel&'s imprisonm5t took ! editor%ip1 :i* he cont9u$ = upw>ds ( fifty ye>s dur+ :i* he battl$ /r5u\sly = ,free?\ght 9 ,am]ica4 ,8 articles 7 always v pla9 & to ! po9t4 ,a selection ( !m has be5 publi%$ ) ! title ,occasional ,?\ghts 7,bo/on1 '#hh74 ,) ,mr4 ,m5dum1 he help$ ! erection ( ! ,pa9e ,memorial ,hall1 & won ! e/eem ( all ,free?9k]s 9 ,am]ica4 ,di$1 #ba ,aug4 #ahhi4 ,8 fun]al oration 0 deliv]$ by ,colonel ,+]soll4 ,sebille 7,adolphe71 ,fr5* writ]1 :o1 "u ! pseudonym ( ,dr4 ,fabricus1 publi%$ ,god1 ,man1 & 8 latt] end1 a m$ico-psy*ological /udy1 #ahfh1 & ,lett]s f a ,mat]iali/ to ,mgr4 ,dupanl\p1 #ahfh-i4 ,se*5ov or ,set*5(f 7,ivan71 ,russian philosoph]1 :o1 9 #ahfc1 publi%$ ,psy*ological ,/udies1 expla9+ ! m9d by physiology4 ,! "w made a great impression 9 ,russia1 & has be5 translat$ into ,fr5* by ,victor ,d]ly1 & publi%$ 9 '#hd ) an introduction by ,m4 ,g4 ,wyr\b(f4 ,secondat 7,*>les de74 ,see ,montesquieu4 ,seeley 7,john ,rob]t71 ,engli% hi/orian & man ( lett]s1 b4 ,london1 #ahcd1 educat$ at ,city ( ,london ,s*ool & ,cambridge1 :]e he graduat$ 9 '#eg4 ,9 '#fc1 he 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 ,london ,univ]sity4 ,9 '#ff1 appe>$ 8 ,ecce ,homo1 a survey ( ! ,life & ,"w ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 publi%$ anonym\sly1 & :i* ,"l ,%aftesbury d5\nc$ 9 unmeasur$ t]ms z vomitt$ f ! pit ( hell4 ,9 '#fi1 he became pr(essor ( mod]n hi/ory at ,cambridge1 & has s9ce writt5 "s important hi/orical works z well z ,natural ,religion 7'#hb74 ,pr(4 ,seeley is presid5t ( ! ,e?ical ,society4 ,segond 7,l\is ,augu/71 ,fr5* physician & ,positivi/1 au?or ( a plan ( a positivi/ s*ool to reg5]ate m$ic9e1 #ahdi1 & ( sev]al m$ical works4 ,seidel 7,m>t971 ,silesian ,dei/1 ( ,olhau1 liv$ at ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he held t ,jesus 0 n ! pr$ict$ ,messiah1 & endeavor$ to propagate 8 op9ion among ! ,poli% ,soc9ians4 ,he wrote ?ree ,lett]s on ! ,messiah1 ,! ,f\ndations ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion1 9 :i* he consid]$ ! quotation f ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ! new1 & po9t$ out ! errors ( ! latt]4 ,sellon 7,edw>d71 ,engli% ar*ologi/1 au?or ( ,! ,monoli?ic ,temples ( ,india2 ,annotations on ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s ( ! ,h9dus1 #ahfe1 & o!r sc>ce works1 privately pr9t$4 ,sem]ie 7,eugne71 ,fr5* ,positivi/1 b4 ,aix1 #f ,jan4 #ahcb4 ,becom+ physician at ,*>5ton1 he /udi$ m5tal maladies1 & 9 '#fg publi%$ a "w on ,intellectual ,symptoms ( ,madness1 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ t ! disord]$ m9d w5t back f ,positivism to metaphysics1 !ology1 & !n to feti%ism4 ,?is "w 0 d5\nc$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,orleans4 ,dr4 ,sem]ie wrote ,a ,simple ,reply to ,m4 ,dupanl\p1 '#fh4 ,dur+ ! sieges ( ,p>is he act$ z surgeon & director ( ! ambulance4 ,a fri5d ( ,pi]re ,lafitte1 he edit$ ! ,politique ,positive1 & wrote ,positivi/s & ,ca?olics1 '#gc1 & ,! ,law ( ! ,?ree ,/ates1 '#ge4 ,di$ at ,grasse1 ,may1 #ahhd4 ,seml] 7,johann ,salomo71 ,g]man critic1 b4 ,saalfeld1 #ah ,dec4 #agbe4 ,he 0 pr(essor ( !ology at ,halle & f\nd] ( hi/orical ,biblical criticism !re4 ,he translat$ ,simon's ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 & by ass]t+ ! "r ( free discussion drew d[n ! wra? ( ! or?odox4 ,di$ at ,halle1 #d ,m>*1 #agia4 ,s]af9i 7,m>ia ,alimonda71 ,italian au?oress ( a ,cate*ism = ,female ,free?9k]s 7,g5eva1 #ahfi71 & a "w on ,m>riage & ,divorce 7,sal]no1 '#gc74 ,s]veto y ,reves 7,miguel71 bett] kn[n z ,mi*ael ,s]vetus1 ,spani% m>tyr1 b4 ,villanova 7,aragon71 #aeji4 ,int5d$ = ! ,*ur*1 he left x = law1 :i* he /udi$ at ,t\l\se4 ,he aft]w>d /udi$ m$ic9e at ,p>is1 & correspond$ ) ,calv9 on ! subject ( ! ,tr9ity1 aga9/ :i* he wrote ,de ,tr9itatis ,erroribus & ,*ri/ianismi ,re/itutio1 :i* excit$ ! hatr$ ( bo? ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants4 ,to ,calv9 ,s]vetus s5t a copy ( 8 la/ "w4 ,calv91 ?r\gh "o ,trie1 d5\nc$ him to ! ,ca?olic au?orities at ,lyons4 ,he 0 imprison$1 b escap$1 & to get to ,naples pass$ ?r\gh ,g5eva1 :]e he 0 seiz$ at ! in/ance ( ,calv91 tri$ = blasphemy & h]esy1 & burnt alive at a sl[ fire1 #bf ,oct4 #aeec4 ,seume 7,johann ,gottfri$71 ,g]man poet1 b4 ne> ,weiss5fels1 #bi ,jan4 #agfc4 ,he 0 s5t to ,leipsic1 & int5d$ = a !ologian1 b ! dogmas disgu/$ him1 & he left = ,p>is4 ,he liv$ an adv5tur\s life1 travell$ ext5sively1 & wrote ,prom5ade to ,syracuse1 #ahjb1 & o!r works4 ,di$ at ,teplitz1 #ac ,june1 #ahaj4 ,sextus ,empiricus1 ,greek sceptical philosoph] & physician1 :o probably liv$ e>ly 9 ! ?ird c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,he left two works1 "o a summ>y ( ! doctr9es ( ! sceptics 9 ?ree books2 ! o!r an attack on all positive philosophy4 ,%adwell 7,?omas71 ,engli% dramati/1 b4 ,/raton ,hall1 ,norfolk1 #afdj4 ,al?\gh damn$ by ,dryd5 9 8 ,mac ,flecknoe1 ,%adwell's plays are n )\t m]it1 & illu/rate ! days ( ,*>les ,,ii4 ,di$ #f ,dec4 #afib4 ,%aftesbury 7,an?ony ,a%ley ,coop]71 ?ird ,e>l1 b4 ,london1 #bf ,feb4 #afga4 ,educat$ by ,locke1 9 #afic he 0 elect$ ,m4,p4 = ,poole1 & propos$ grant+ c\nsel to prison]s 9 case ( treason4 ,8 heal? suff]+1 he resign$ & w5t to ,holl&1 :]e he made ! acqua9tance ( ,bayle4 ,! excitem5t induc$ by ! ,fr5* ,prophets occasion$ 8 ,lett]s ^u ,en?usiasm1 #agjh4 ,?is 0 foll[$1 by 8 ,morali/s & ,s5sus ,communis4 ,9 #agaa he remov$ to ,naples1 :]e he di$ #d ,feb4 #agac4 ,8 collect$ works 7 publi%$ "u ! title ( ,*>act]i/ics1 #agcb4 ,!y w5t ?r\gh sev]al editions1 & did mu* to raise ! "* ( ,engli% ,deism4 ,%akespe>e 7,william74 ,! greate/ ( all dramati/s1 b4 ,/rat=d-on-,avon1 #bc ,april1 #aefd4 ,! mat]ials = writ+ 8 life are sl5d]4 ,he m>ri$ 9 8 #ai? ye>1 w5t to ,london1 :]e he became an actor & produc$ 8 m>vell\s plays1 ! et]nal honor ( ,engli% lit]ature4 ,%akespe>e ga9$ weal? & reputation & retir$ to 8 native t[n1 :]e he di$ ,april #bc1 #afaf4 ,8 dramas w>rant ! inf]5ce t he 0 a ,free?9k]4 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,r4 ,gre5 says1 ,(t5 z 8 que/ion+s turn$ to ! riddle ( life & dea?1 & leaves x a riddle to ! la/ )\t he$+ ! common !ological solutions ar\nd him4 ,8 compreh5sive m9d disda9$ endorsem5t ( religi\s dogmas & 8 wit delight$ 9 :at ! ,puritans call pr(anity4 ,mr4 ,bir* 9 8 ,inquiry into ! ,philosophy & ,religion ( ,%akespe>e1 su/a9s ! position t he 0 an ,a!i/4 ,%aw 7,james ,dickson71 ,am]ican writ]1 b4 ,texas1 #bg ,dec4 #ahda4 ,br\ght up on a cattle f>m1 at ! ,civil ,w> he jo9$ ! ,s\!rn ,army1 took "p 9 "s battles1 & 0 w\nd$4 ,he aft]w>ds ent]$ ! ,me?odi/ ,episcopal m9i/ry1 '#gj2 /udi$ biblical criticism to answ] sceptics1 & 8 own fai? gave way4 ,he left ! ,*ur* 9 ,m>*1 '#hc1 & />t$ ! ,indep5d5t ,pulpit at ,waco1 ,texas1 9 :i* he publi%es bold ,free?\ght articles4 ,he rejects all sup]naturalism1 & has writt5 ,! ,bible1 ,:at ,is ,x81 ,/udies 9 ,!ology1 ,! ,bible ,aga9/ ,itself1 etc4 ,%elley 7,p]cy ,bys%e71 ,engli% poet1 b4 ,field ,place 7,sussex71 #d ,aug4 #agib4 ,f ,eton1 :]e he refus$ to fag1 he w5t to ,ox=d4 ,"h he publi%$ a pamphlet on ! necessity ( ,a!ism1 = :i* he 0 expell$ f ! ,univ]sity4 ,8 fa!r1 ,sir ,timo?y ,%elley1 also =bade him 8 h\se4 ,he w5t to ,london1 wrote ,que5 ,mab1 & met ,miss ,we/brook1 :om1 9 #ahaa1 he m>ri$4 ,aft] two *ildr5 _h be5 born1 !y sep>at$4 ,9 '#af ,%elley le>n$ t 8 wife _h dr[n$ h]self4 ,he n[ claim$ ! cu/ody ( 8 *ildr51 b1 9 ,m>*1 '#ag1 ,"l ,eldon decid$ aga9/ him1 l>gely on acc\nt ( 8 op9ions4 ,%elley _h previ\sly writt5 ,a ,lett] to ,"l ,ell5bor\gh1 indignantly attack+ ! s5t5ce ! judge pass$ on ,d4 ,i4 ,eaton = publi%+ ,pa9e's ,age ( ,reason4 ,on #cj ,dec4 '#af1 ,%elley m>ri$ ,m>y1 daught] ( ,william ,godw9 & ,m>y ,woll/onecraft4 ,9 '#ah1 fe>+ _! son might also be tak5 f him1 he left ,engl& nev] to return4 ,he w5t to ,italy1 :]e he met ,byron1 compos$ ,! ,c5ci1 ! ,wit* ( ,atlas1 ,prome!us ,unb\nd1 ,adonais1 ,epipsy*idion1 ,hellas1 & _m m9or poems ( exquisite beauty1 ! glory ( our lit]ature4 ,he 0 dr[n$ 9 ! ,bay ( ,spezzia1 #h ,july1 #ahbb4 ,%elley nev] wav]$ 9 8 ,free?\ght4 ,trelawny1 :o knew him well1 says he 0 an ,a!i/ to ! la/4 ,siciliani 7,pietro71 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,bologna b4 ,galat9a1 #ai ,sep4 #ahce1 au?or ( works on ,positive ,philosophy1 ,socialism1 ,d>w9ism1 & ,mod]n ,sociology1 '#gi2 & ,mod]n ,psy*og5y1 ) a preface by ,j4 ,s\ry1 '#hb4 ,di$ #bh ,dec4 '#he4 ,sidney 7,alg]non71 ,engli% ,republican1 & second son ( ,rob]t1 ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 b4 #afag4 ,he became a colonel 9 ! ,army ( ,p>liam5t1 & a memb] ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,on ! ,re/oration he rema9$ abroad till #afgg1 b be+ implicat$ 9 ! ,rye ,h\se ,plot1 0 condemn$ by ,judge ,jeffreys to be execut$ on ,t[] ,hill1 #g ,dec4 #afgh4 ,si]ebois 7,p474 ,see ,boissire4 ,siffle 7,alex&] ,franois71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,middleburg1 #aa ,may1 #ahja4 ,/udi$ law at ,leyd51 & became not>y at ,middleburg4 ,he wrote sev]al poems & works ( lit]>y value1 & contribut$ to de ,dag]aad4 ,he 0 a man ( wide read+4 ,di$ at ,middleburg1 #g ,oct4 #ahgb4 ,sigw>d 7,m471 b4 ,/4 ,leg]-sur-,dhume1 ,france1 #ae ,april1 #ahag4 ,an active ,fr5* democrat & ,free?9k]1 & compil] ( a ,republican cal5d>4 ,he took "p 9 ! ,int]national ,congress at ,p>is '#hi1 & is "o ( ! editors ( ,le ,danton4 ,simcox 7,edi?71 au?or ( ,natural ,law 9 ! ,engli% & ,=eign ,philosophical ,libr>y2 also wrote on ! ,design ,argum5t 9 ! ,=tnightly ,review1 #ahgb1 "u ! signature ,h4 ,lawr5ny4 ,simon de ,t\rnai1 a ,pr(essor at ,p>is ,univ]sity e>ly 9 ! ,x,i,i,ith c5tury4 ,he said t ,?ree s$uc]s1 ,moses1 ,jesus1 & ,muhammad1 h my/ifi$ mank9d ) _! doctr9es4 ,he 0 said to h be5 puni%$ by ,god = 8 impiety4 ,simon 7,ri*>d71 le>n$ ,fr5* !ological critic1 b4 ,dieppe1 #ae ,may1 #afch4 ,br\ght up by ! ,congregation ( ! ,oratory1 he di/+ui%$ himself by bold erudition4 ,8 ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #afgh1 0 suppress$ by ,p>liam5t4 ,he foll[$ x ) a ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 :i* 0 also condemn$4 ,di$ at ,dieppe1 #aa ,april1 #agab4 ,simonis4--,a physician1 b4 at ,lucques & p]secut$ 9 ,pol& = 8 op9ions giv5 9 an ,a!i/ic "w1 entitl$ ,simonis ,religio1 publi%$ at ,crac[1 #aehh4 ,simpson 7,george71 ( ! ,glasg[ ,zetetic ,society1 :o 9 #ahch put =w>d a ,refutation ( ! ,argum5t a priori = ! be+ & attributes ( ,god1 9 reply to ,cl>ke & ,gillespie4 ,he us$ ! signature ,anti!os4 ,di$ ab\t #ahdd4 ,sjob]g 7,walt]71 b4 #bd ,may1 #ahfe1 at ,borgo 7,f9l&71 lives ne> ,hels+=s1 & took "p 9 f\nd+ ! ,utili/iska ,samfundet !re4 ,dur+ ! imprisonm5t ( ,mr4 ,l5n/r& he gave bold lectures at ,/ockholm4 ,sk9n] 7,william71 ( ,kirkcaldy1 ,dei/1 au?or ( ,?\ghts on ,sup]/ition or an attempt to ,discov] ,tru? 7,cup>1 #ahbb71 0 cr$it$ also ) ,jehovah ,unveil$ or ! ,god ( ! ,jews1 publi%$ by ,c>lile 9 #ahai4 ,slat] 7,?omas71 ,engli% lectur]1 b4 #ae ,sept4 #ahbj4 ,has = _m ye>s be5 an advocate ( ,secul>ism & ,co-op]ation4 ,he 0 on ! ,t[n ,c\ncil ( ,bury1 & n[ resides at ,leice/]4 ,sl5k] 7,elm9a71 ne ,drake1 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 ( ,quak] p>5ts1 #bc ,dec4 #ahbg4 ,at f\rte51 %e began notes = h] "w1 ,/udy+ ! ,bible1 aft]w>ds publi%$ at ,bo/on1 '#gj2 %e conducts ! ,*ildr5's ,corn] 9 ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator1 & has contribut$ to mo/ ( ! ,am]ican ,free?\ght pap]s4 ,has writt5 ,john's ,way 7'#gh71 ,m>y ,jones1 ,! ,infidel ,tea*] 7'#he71 ,! ,d>w9s 7'#gi71 ,free?\ght /ories4 ,resides at ,sn[ville1 ,virg9ia4 ,smi? 7,g]itt71 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 ,utica 7,n4,y471 #f ,m>*1 #agii1 graduat$ at ,hamilton's ,college4 ,he 0 elect$ to ,congress 9 #ahej1 b only s]v$ "o ,session4 ,?\gh ( a weal?y slavehold+ family1 he l>gely devot$ 8 =tune to ! ,anti-,slav]y cause4 ,9 religion1 orig9ally a ,presbyt]ian1 he came to give up all dogmas1 & wrote ,! ,religion ( ,reason1 '#fd1 & ,nature ! base ( a ,free ,!ology1 '#fg4 ,di$1 ,new ,york1 #bh ,dec4 #ahgd4 ,snoilsky 7,k>l ,johan ,gu/av71 ,c\nt1 ,sw$i% poet1 b4 ,/ockholm1 #h ,sept4 #ahda4 ,/udi$ at ,upsala1 '#fj4 ,displays 8 ,free?\ght 9 8 poems publi%$ "u ! "n ( ,sv5tr/4 ,soc9us ,ital4 ,sozz9i 7,fau/o71 anti-tr9it>ian1 b4 ,si5a1 #e ,dec4 #aeci4 ,he adopt$ ! views ( 8 uncle1 ,laelio1 7#aebe-aefb71 & taught !m ) m boldness4 ,9 #aegd he w5t to ,switz]l&1 & aft]w>ds to ,pol&1 :]e he made _m conv]ts1 & di$ #c ,m>*1 #afjd4 ,sohlman 7,p] ,augu/ ,f]d9&71 ,sw$i% publici/1 b4 ,n]ika1 #ahbd4 ,he edit$ ! ,aftonbladet1 ( ,/ockholm1 f '#eg1 & 0 a di/+ui%$ ,lib]al politician4 ,di$ at ,/ockholm1 #ahgd4 ,som]by 7,*>les ,pom]oy71 ,am]ican publi%]1 b4 #ahdc4 ,has issu$ _m important ,free?\ght works1 & is bus9ess manag] ( ! ,tru?seek]4 ,som]set 7,edw>d ,adolphus ,sa9t ,maur71 #ab? ,duke (1 b4 #bj ,dec4 #ahjd4 ,educat$ at ,eton & ,ox=d4 ,he m>ri$ a daught] ( ,?omas ,%]idan4 ,sat z ,m4,p4 = ,totnes1 '#cd-ce1 & 0 ,"l ( ! ,treasury1 '#ce-ci1 & ,fir/ ,"l ( ! ,admiralty1 '#ei-ff4 ,9 '#gb he />tl$ ! ari/ocratic _w by a tr5*ant attack on or?odoxy entitl$ ,*ri/ian ,!ology & ,mod]n ,scepticism4 ,he also wrote on ma!matics & on ,mon>*y & ,democracy4 ,di$ #bh ,nov4 #ahhe4 ,s\ry 7,augu/e ,jules71 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,p>is1 #ahdb4 ,9 '#fe he became libr>ian at ! ,biblio?que ,nationale4 ,he has contribut$ to ! ,revue des ,deux ,mondes1 ,revue ,n\velle1 & o!r j\rnals1 & has publi%$ important works on ,! ,bible & ,ar*ology1 '#gb2 ,hi/orical ,/udies on ,religions1 '#gg2 ,essays ( ,religi\s ,criticism1 '#gh2 ,jesus & ! ,gospels1 '#gh1 a "w 9 :i* he ma9ta9s t ,jesus suff]$ f c]ebral affection1 & :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 toge!r ) an essay on ,! ,religion ( ,israel f 8 ,hi/orical ,/udies4 ,/udies ( ,psy*ology1 '#gi1 indicat$ a new direction 9 ,m4 ,s\ry's ,free?\ght4 ,he has s9ce writt5 ,a ,brevi>y ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 '#hj2 ,naturali/ ,!ories ( ! ,_w & ( ,life 9 ,antiquity1 '#ha2 ,natural ,philosophy1 '#hb2 ,contempor>y ,psy*ological ,doctr9es1 '#hc4 ,he has translat$ ,noeldeke's ,lit]>y ,hi/ory ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 #gc2 ,haeckel's ,pro(s ( ,evolution1 '#gi2 & ,prey]'s ,elem5ts ( ,g5]al ,physiology1 '#hd4 ,s\?well 7,*>les71 ,engli% orator1 b4 ,london1 #ahad4 ,he s]v$ ) ! ,briti% ,legion 9 ,spa91 & became an actor & social mission>y4 ,9 ,nov4 '#da he />t$ ,! ,oracle ( ,reason at ,bri/ol1 = an article 9 :i* on ,! ,jew ,book he 0 tri$ = blasphemy #ad ,jan4 '#db1 & aft] an able def5ce s5t5c$ to twelve mon?s' imprisonm5t1 & a f9e ( "o hundr$ p\nds4 ,aft] com+ out he edit$ ! ,lanca%ire ,beacon4 ,he also lectur$ & debat$ bo? 9 ,engl& & ,scotl&2 wrote ,*ri/ianity ,prov$ ,idolatry1 '#dd2 ,apology = ,a!ism1 '#df2 ,difficulties ( ,*ri/ianity1 '#dh2 ,sup]/ition ,unveil$2 ,! ,impossibility ( ,a!ism :i* he held on ! gr\nd t ,!ism 0 unprov$1 & ,ano!r ,f\rp5ny ,wild]ness1 9 answ] to ,g4 ,j4 ,holyoake's criticism ( ! same4 ,he also wrote ab\t '#de1 ,confessions ( a ,free?9k]1 an acc\nt ( 8 own life4 ,9 '#ef he w5t to ,new ,zeal&1 & di$ at ,auckl& #g ,aug4 #ahfj4 ,s\v]a9 7,n471 ,fr5* au?or ( ,platonism ,unveil$ #agjj1 a po/hum\s "w4 ,he _h be5 a m9i/] 9 ,poit\ & 0 depos$ on acc\nt ( 8 op9ions4 ,sozz9i4 ,see ,soc9us4 ,spa9k 7,pi]re ,franois71 ,dut* physician1 b4 ,am/]dam1 #ac ,dec4 #ahfb1 & /udi$ at ! city1 wrote = a "t on ,de ,dag]aad1 ) ! p5 names ,a4 ,?4 ,ei/4 & ,f4,r4,s4 ,has translat$ ,romanes' ,sci5tific ,evid5ces ( ,organic ,evolution4 ,spav5ta 7,b]tr&o71 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 #ahag4 ,s9ce '#fa he has be5 pr(essor ( philosophy at ,naples4 ,has writt5 ^u ! ,philosophy ( ,kant1 ,giob]ti1 ,sp9oza1 ,hegel1 etc4 ,di$ #ahhh4 ,spe*t 7,k>l ,augu/71 ,dr4 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ,lhwe9a1 #b ,july1 #ahde4 ,has be5 = _m ye>s editor ( ,m5s*5?um at ,go?a1 & has writt5 on ,bra9 & ,s\l1 ,!ology & ,sci5ce & a ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ! ,_w's ,developm5t1 :i* has gone ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,dr4 ,spe*t is a lead+ memb] ( ! ,g]man ,free?9k]s' ,union4 ,sp5c] 7,h]b]t71 ,engli% philosoph]1 b4 ,d]by1 #ahbj4 ,he 0 articl$ to a civil eng9e]1 b drift$ into lit]ature4 ,he wrote 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review1 & at ! h\se ( ,dr4 ,*apman met ,mill1 ,lewes & ,george ,eliot4 ,8 fir/ important "w 0 ,social ,/ati/ics1 '#ea4 ,f\r ye>s lat] appe>$ 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 :i* ) ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 '#fb2 ,pr9ciples ( ,biology1 '#fd2 ,pr9ciples ( ,sociology1 '#gf-he1 & ,data ( ,e?ics1 '#gi1 =m "p ( 8 ,syn!tic ,philosophy 9 :i* he applies ! doctr9es ( evolution to ! ph5om5a ( m9d & society no less ?an to animal life4 ,he has also publi%$ ,essays1 #c vols1 '#eh-gd2 a "w on ,education '#fa2 ,rec5t ,discussions on ,sci5ce1 ,philosophy & ,morals1 '#ga2 ,! ,/udy ( ,sociology1 '#gb2 ,descriptive ,sociology1 '#gb-hf1 an imm5se "w compil$ "u 8 direction4 ,also pap]s direct$ aga9/ ,socialism2 ,! ,com+ ,slav]y1 '#hd2 & ,man & ! ,/ate1 '#he1 & has contribut$ _m articles to ! be/ reviews4 ,sp9oza 7,b>u*71 ,pan!i/ic philosoph]1 b4 ( ,jewi% p>5ts1 ,am/]dam1 #bd ,nov4 #afcb4 ,he e>ly engag$ 9 ! /udy ( !ology & philosophy1 &1 mak+ no secret ( 8 d\bts1 0 excommunicat$ by ! ,synagogue1 #bg ,july1 #afef4 ,ab\t ! same "t he n>r[ly escap$ dea? by a fanatic's dagg]4 ,to avoid p]secution1 he retir$ to ,rh9sburg1 & devot$ himself to philosophy1 e>n+ 8 liv+ by poli%+ l5ses4 ,ab\t #afgj he settl$ at ! ,hague1 :]e he rema9$ until 8 dea?4 ,9 #afgj he issu$ 8 ,tractatus ,!ologico-politicus1 :i* made a great outcry2 & = m ?an a c5tury ?is great ?9k]1 ^: life 0 g5tle & self-d5y+1 0 /igmatiz$ z an a!i/1 a mon/]1 & a blasphem]4 ,a re-action foll[$1 ) ,less+ & ,goe!1 ^u :om he _h great influ5ce4 ,?\gh =m]ly /igmatiz$ z an a!i/1 ,sp9oza is n[ g5]ally recognis$ z among ! greate/ philosoph]s4 ,he di$ 9 pov]ty at ! ,hague1 #ba ,feb4 #afgg4 ,8 ,e?ics 0 publi%$ ) 8 ,op]a ,po/huma4 ,! bi-c5t5>y ( 8 dea? 0 celebrat$ !re by an eloqu5t address f ,m4 ,rnan4 ,spoon] 7,lys&]71 ,am]ican writ]1 b4 ,a?ol 7,mass471 #ai ,jan4 #ahjh4 ,8 fir/ pamphlet 0 ,a ,dei/'s ,reply to ! alleg$ ,sup]natural ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he />t$ lett]-c>ry+ f ,bo/on to ,new ,york1 b 0 ov]:elm$ ) prosecutions4 ,he publi%$ _m works aga9/ slav]y1 & 9 favor ( ,individualism4 ,di$ at ,bo/on1 #ad ,may1 #ahhg4 ,/abili 7,francesco71 see ,cecco' d',ascoli4 ,/amm 7,augu/ ,!odor71 ,g]man ,humani/1 wrote ,! ,religion ( ,action1 translat$ into ,engli%1 #ahfj4 ,aft] ! ev5ts ( '#dh1 he came to ,engl&1 w5t to ,am]ica1 ,aug4 '#ed4 ,/&r+ 7,george71 ,engli% lectur] & writ]1 b4 #ah ,oct4 #ahee1 0 = "s ye>s *ori/] at a ,rituali/ic ,*ur*1 b disc>d$ !ology aft] indep5d5t inquiry 9 '#gc4 ,he became hon4 sec4 ( ! ,national ,secul> ,society ab\t '#ge1 resign+ on appo9tm5t ( paid sec41 0 auditor & subsequ5tly vice-presid5t4 ,/>t$ ,republican ,*ronicle1 ,april1 #ahge1 ?is 0 aft]w>ds call$ ,! ,republican1 & 9 ,sept4 '#hh ,! ,radical4 ,he is sec4 ( ! ,london ,secul> ,f$]ation1 & has contribut$ to ! ,national ,re=m]1 ,free?9k]1 ,progress1 ,our ,corn]1 ,reynolds's & ,pall ,mall ,gazette4 ,8 bro!r1 ,sam41 b4 #bg ,july1 #ahec1 is also an active ,free?9k]4 ,/anley 7,f4 ,lloyd71 ,am]ican au?or ( ,an ,outl9e ( ! ,future ,religion ( ! ,_w 7,new ,york & ,london1 #ahhd71 a ,dei/ic "w 9 :i* he criticises prec$+ religions4 ,/anton 7,elizabe?1 ne ,cady71 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 ,john/one1 ,new ,york1 #ab ,nov4 #ahae4 ,a fri5d ( ,erne/9e ,rose & ,lucretia ,mott1 %e 0 associat$ ) !m 9 ! ,anti-,slav]y & ! ,woman's ,rights crusades1 ( :i* la/ ! fir/ conv5tion 0 held at h] home 9 ,s5eca ,falls1 ,july '#dh4 ,%e edit$ ) h] fri5ds1 ,susan ,an?ony & ,p>k] ,pilsbury1 ,! ,revolution1 & is jo9t au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ,woman's ,suffrage 7'#hj-hf74 ,%e has writt5 9 ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,review notably on ,has ,*ri/ianity ,b5efit$ ,woman1 ,may1 #ahhe4 ,/ap 7,a471 au?or ( ,hi/oric ,/udies on ! orig9s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,bruxelles1 #ahfd1 & ,! ,immaculate ,conception1 #ahfi4 ,/>cke 7,c>l ,nicolay71 ,dr4 & tea*] ( philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag51 b4 #bi ,m>*1 #aheh4 ,a decid$ disciple ( ,feu]ba* on :om he publi%$ a diss]tation 9 '#hc4 ,?is able ,monograph on ! :ole doctr9e ( ! ,g]man philosoph] 0 9 '#he1 publi%$ 9 a ,g]man edition4 ,pr(4 ,/>cke has s9ce publi%$ 9 ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 a "w on ,! ,primitive ,family1 9 :i* he critically surveys ! views ( ,lubbock1 ,ma9e1 ,mc,lennan1 etc4 ,he is n[ engag$ on a "w on ,e?ics bas$ on ! doctr9es ( ,ludwig ,feu]ba*4 ,/ec*etti 7,lor5zo74 ,see ,gu]r9i 7,o47 ,/efanoni 7,luigi74 ,italian writ] & publici/1 b4 ,milan1 #ahdb4 ,9 '#ei1 8 fir/ ,romance1 ,! ,spani% 9 ,italy 0 suppress$ by ! ,au/rians4 ,he jo9$ ,g>ibaldi's volunte]s & contribut$ to ,unita ,italiana4 ,9 '#ff1 he f\nd$ at ,milan ! ,society ( ,free?9k]s & ! organ ,il ,lib]o ,p5si]o1 9 :i* he wrote ,a critical ,hi/ory ( ,sup]/ition1 aft]w>ds publi%$ sep>ately #b vols4 '#fi4 ,he also compil$ a ,philosophical ,diction>y1 '#gc-ge2 & wrote sev]al romances z ,l',inf]no1 ,! ,r$ & ,black ( ,rome1 etc4 ,he translat$ ,b*n]'s ,=ce & ,matt]1 ,mor9's ,jesus rduit1 ,la ,mettrie's ,man-ma*9e1 ,let\rneau's ,physiology ( ! ,passions1 & ,feu]ba*'s ,ess5ce ( ,religion4 ,/e9b>t 7,got!lf1 ,samuel71 ,g]man rationali/1 b4 ,zlli*au1 #ba ,sept4 #agch4 ,br\ght up 9 a pieti/ s*ool1 he became a ,free?9k] ?r\gh read+ ,voltaire4 ,9 '#gd1 he became ,pr(4 ( ,philosophy at ,frankfurt-on-!-,od]1 & wrote a ,sy/em ( ,pure ,philosophy1 '#gh4 ,di$1 #c ,feb4 #ahji4 ,/e9?al 7,hajjim71 ,g]man philologi/1 b4 ,grbzig1 #af ,may1 #ahbc1 has writt5 _m works on language & my?ology4 ,/ell] 7,johann71 ,advocate at ,leipsic1 publi%$ an h]etical "w1 ,pilatus lib]atoris ,jesu subsidio def5sus1 ,dresd51 #afgd4 ,/5dhal 7,m4 de71 ,pseud1 see ,beyle 7,m4 ,h47 ,/eph5 7,sir ,james ,fitz,james71 ,engli% judge & writ]1 b4 ,london1 #c ,m>*1 #ahbi4 ,/udi$ at ,cambridge1 graduat$ ,b4,a4 '#eb1 & 0 call$ to ! b> 9 '#ed4 ,he 0 c\nsel = ! ,rev4 ,r[l& ,williams :5 tri$ = h]esy = writ+ 9 ,essays & ,reviews1 & 8 spee* 0 repr9t$ 9 '#fb4 ,he wrote 9 ! ,saturday ,review1 & repr9t$ ,essays by a ,b>ri/]4 ,f ,dec4 '#fi1 to ,april1 '#gb1 he 0 ,legal ,memb] ( ! ,indian ,c\ncil1 & 9 '#gi 0 appo9t$ judge4 ,he is au?or ( ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 & ,frat]nity1 '#gc1 & "s valuable legal works4 ,he has writt5 mu* 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 notably on ! ,blasphemy ,law '#hc1 & ,mod]n ,ca?olicism1 ,oct4 '#hg4 ,/eph5 7,leslie71 ,engli% man ( lett]s1 bro!r ( prec$+1 b4 ,london1 #bh ,nov4 #ahcb4 ,educat$ at ,cambridge :]e he graduat$ ,m4,a41 '#eg4 ,he m>ri$ a daught] ( ,?ack]ay1 & became editor ( ! ,cornhill ,magaz9e f '#ga-hb1 :5 he resign$ to edit ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography4 ,mr4 ,/eph5 also contribut$ to ,macmillan1 ! ,=tnightly1 & o!r reviews4 ,"s ( 8 bolde/ writ+ is f\nd 9 ,essays on ,free?9k+ & ,pla9speak+1 '#gc4 ,he has also writt5 an important ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,?\ght 9 ! ,eighte5? ,c5tury1 '#gf1 deal+ ) ! ,dei/ic movem5t1 & ,! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics1 '#hb1 besides _m lit]>y works4 ,/]n 7,j741 ,rabb9]1 ,g]man writ]1 b4 ( ,jewi% p>5ts1 ,li$]/ett5 7,wurtemburg71 8 fa!r be+ ,rabbi ( ! t[n4 ,9 '#eh he w5t to ! ,talmud ,high ,s*ool1 ,presburg & /udi$ ! ,kabbalah1 :i* he int5d$ to translate into ,g]man4 ,to d ?is he /udi$ ,sp9oza1 ^: philosophy conv]t$ him4 ,9 '#fc he graduat$ at ,/uttg>t4 ,he f\nd$ a society1 to :i* he gave disc\rses collect$ 9 8 fir/ book1 ,gottesflamme1 '#gb4 ,8 ,old & ,new ,fai? ,among ! ,jews1 '#gh1 0 mu* attack$ by ! or?odox ,jews4 ,9 ,wom5 9 ! ,talmud1 '#gi1 he plead$ = mix$ m>riages4 ,he has also writt5 ,jesus z a ,jewi% ,re=m]1 ,! ,egyptian ,religion & ,positivism1 & ,is ! ,p5tateu* by ,moses8 ,9 '#ha he w5t to live at ,/uttg>t1 :]e he has translat$ ,sp9oza's ,e?ics1 & is engag$ on a hi/ory ( ,sp9ozism4 ,/]ne 7,c>us72 pseud4 ,see ,krause 7,e74 ,/ev5s 7,e4 ,a471 ( ,*icago1 late secret>y ( ,am]ican ,secul> ,union1 b4 #h ,june1 #ahdf4 ,au?or ( ,god 9 ! ,/ate1 & contributor to ! ,am]ican ,free?\ght j\rnals4 ,/ew>t 7,john71 commonly call$ ,walk+ ,/ew>t1 b4 ,london be=e #agej4 ,0 s5t out 9 #agfc z a writ] to ,madras4 ,he walk$ ?r\gh ,india1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica4 ,he 0 a ,mat]iali/4 ,di$ 9 ,london1 #bj ,feb4 #ahbb4 ,/irn] 7,max74 ,see ,s*midt 7,kasp>74 ,/os* 7,fri$ri* ,wilhelm71 call$ also ,/oss 7,johann ,fri$ri*71 b4 ,b]l91 #afdf1 & /udi$ at ,frank=t-on-!-,od]4 ,9 #afib he publi%$ a little book1 ,concordia rationis et fidei1 ,am/4 or r ,b]l94 ,x 0 rigor\sly suppress$1 & ! possession ( ! "w 0 ?reat5$ ) a p5alty ( five hundr$ ?al]s4 ,lange classes him ) ,g]man ,sp9ozi/s1 & says ,/os* curtly d5ies n only ! immat]iality1 b also ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,di$ #agjd4 ,/\t 7,sir ,rob]t71 ,new ,zeal& /atesman1 b4 ,l]wick 7,%etl& ,isles71 #ahde4 ,he became a pupil tea*]1 & 9 '#fc left = ,new ,zeal&4 ,9 '#fg he began ! /udy ( ! law1 0 elect$ to ! ,g5]al ,assembly 9 '#ge1 & became ,attorney-,g5]al 9 ,m>*1 '#gh4 ,he has s9ce be5 ,m9i/] ( ,education ( ! ,colony4 ,/range 7,?omas ,lumsd571 late ,madras ,civil ,s]vice1 & = _m ye>s a judge ( ! ,high ,c\rt1 ,madras4 ,a highly religi\s man1 & long an ,evangelical ,*ri/ian1 he jo9$ ! ,plym\? ,bre?r51 & end$ 9 be+ a /rong1 & !n weak ,!i/1 & always an e>ne/ advocate ( practical piety 9 life & conduct1 & a dilig5t /ud5t & writ]4 ,:5 judge1 he s5t5c$ a ,brahm9 to dea?1 & s\ght to br+ ! prison] to ,jesus4 ,he pr(ess$ himself influ5c$1 b at ! gall[s he proclaim$ 8 tru/ to be 9 ,rama & n 9 ,*ri/4 ,?is set ! judge ?9k+4 ,he inve/igat$ ,*ri/ianity's claims1 & has embodi$ ! result 9 8 works4 ,! ,bible1 ,is x ! ,^w ( ,god8 '#ga2 ,! ,speak]'s ,comm5t>y ,review$1 '#ga2 ,! ,developm5t ( ,creation on ! ,e>?1 '#gd2 ,! ,leg5ds ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 '#gd2 & ,! ,s\rces & ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity1 '#ge4 ,a fri5d ( ,t4 ,scott & ,g5]al ,=long1 he di$ at ,norwood1 #d ,sept4 #ahhd4 ,/rauss 7,david ,fri$ri*71 ,g]man critic1 b4 ,ludwigsburg 7,wurtemburg71 #bg ,jan4 #ahjh4 ,he /udi$ ,!ology at ,tb5g51 0 orda9$ 9 '#cj1 & 9 '#cb became assi/ant-tea*]4 ,8 ,life ( ,jesus ,critically ,treat$1 '#ce1 9 :i* he %[s ! my?ical "* ( ! ,gospels1 ar\s$ mu* controv]sy1 & he 0 depriv$ ( 8 position4 ,9 '#ci ! ,zri* ,gov]nm5t appo9t$ him pr(essor ( *ur* hi/ory1 b !y 7 oblig$ to repeal _! decision be=e ! /orm ( ,*ri/ian indignation4 ,8 next important "w 0 on ! ,*ri/ian ,doctr9es 7#b vols471 '#dj4 ,9 '#dg he wrote on ,julian ! ,apo/le1 & 9 '#eh an acc\nt ( ! ,life & ,"t ( ,ulri* von ,hutt54 ,he prep>$ a ,new ,life ( ,*ri/ = ! ,g]man ,p1 '#fd1 foll[$ by ! ,*ri/ ( ! ,cre$s & ! ,jesus ( ,hi/ory4 ,9 '#gj he publi%$ 8 lectures on ,voltaire1 & two ye>s lat] 8 la/ "w ,! ,old ,fai? & ! ,new1 9 :i* he entirely breaks n only ) ,*ri/ianity b ) ! belief 9 a p]sonal ,god & immortality4 ,a devot$ s]vant ( tru?1 8 m9d 0 always advanc+4 ,he di$ at 8 native place1 #h ,feb4 #ahgd4 ,/r9db]g 7,johan ,augu/71 ,sw$i% writ]1 kn[n z ! ,sc&9avian ,r\sseau1 b4 ,/ockholm1 #bb ,jan4 #ahdi4 ,he has publi%$ _m prom95t rationali/ic works1 z ,! ,r$ ,*amb] & ,m>riage4 ,! latt] 0 confiscat$4 ,he is "o ( ! mo/ popul> poets & noveli/s 9 ,sw$54 ,/rom] 7,hjalm>71 ,sw$i% a/ronom]1 b4 #ahdi4 ,he lectur$ on a/ronomy & publi%$ sev]al works !reon1 & also wrote ,confessions ( a ,free?9k]4 ,di$ #ahhg4 ,/rozzi 7,pi]o71 ,italian g5]al 9 ! s]vice ( ,france1 b4 ( noble ,flor5t9e family #aejj4 ,int5d$ = ! ,*ur* he ab&on$ x = a milit>y c>e]1 & 0 creat$ m>%al ( ,france by ,h5ry ,,ii4 ab\t #aeee4 ,he 0 kill$ at ! siege ( ,?ionville1 #bj ,june #aeeh1 & be+ exhort$ by ! ,duc de ,guise to ?9k ( ,jesus1 he calmly decl>$ himself an ,a!i/4 ,su>d 7,jean ,bapti/e ,antione71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,besanon1 #ae ,jan1 #agcd4 ,he became a devot$ fri5d ( ,b>on d',holba* & ( ,g>at1 & correspond$ ) ,hume & ,walpole4 ,he wrote ,miscellanies ( ,lit]ature1 etc4 ,he _h ! po/ ( c5sor ( !atres4 ,di$ at ,p>is #bj ,july1 #ahag4 ,sue 7,m>ie ,joseph1 call$ ,eugne71 ,fr5* noveli/1 b4 ,p>is1 #aj ,dec4 #ahjd4 ,he wrote _m romances1 ( :i* ,! ,my/]ies ( ,p>is & ,! ,w&]+ ,jew1 '#db-de1 7 ! mo/ popul>4 ,9 '#ej he 0 elect$ deputy & sat at ! extreme left1 b 0 exil$ by ! c\p d'etat4 ,he di$ z a ,free?9k] at ,annecy 7,savoy71 #c ,july #aheg4 ,sullivan 7,j471 au?or ( ,se>* = ,deity1 an inquiry z to ! orig9 ( ! conception ( ,god 7,london1 #ahei74 ,sully ,prudhomme 7,r5 ,franois ,arm&71 ,fr5* poet1 b4 ,p>is1 #af ,m>* #ahci4 ,he /udi$ law b took to poetry & has publi%$ _m volumes4 ,9 '#gh he 0 made ,*evali] ( ,honor1 & 9 '#hb memb] ( ! ,academy4 ,8 poems are ( pessimi/ic ca/1 & full ( delicacy ( philosophical sugge/ion4 ,sund]l& 7,la ,roy71 ,am]ican au?or & orator1 b4 ,exet] 7,rhode ,isl&71 #ah ,may1 #ahjc4 ,he became a ,me?odi/ prea*] & 0 prom95t 9 ! temp]ance & anti-slav]y movem5ts4 ,he came out ( ! ,*ur* z ! great bulw>k ( slav]y & oppos$ ,*ri/ianity dur+ ! =ty ye>s prec$+ 8 dea?4 ,he wrote _m works aga9/ slav]y & ,pa!tism1 '#dg2 ,book ( ,human ,nature1 '#ec1 & ,ideology1 #c vols41 '#hf-i4 ,di$ 9 ,qu9cy 7,mass47 #ae ,may1 #ahhe4 ,suttn] 7,b]?a von71 ,b>oness1 ,au/rian au?or ( ,inv5tory ( a ,s\l1 #ahhf1 & ( sev]al novels4 ,sutton 7,h5ry ,s471 anonym\s au?or ( ,qu9qu5]gia2 or1 ,proposals = a ,new ,practical ,!ology1 & ,lett]s f a ,fa!r to a ,son on ,reveal$ ,religion4 ,sw9burne 7,alg]non ,*>les71 ,engli% poet & critic1 b4 ,london1 #e ,april1 #ahcg1 educat$ at ,ox=d1 & w5t to ,flor5ce1 :]e he sp5t "s "t ) ,w4 ,s4 ,l&or4 ,atalanta 9 ,calydon1 a spl5did reproduction ( ,greek trag$y1 fir/ %[$ 8 g5ius4 ,poems & ,ballads1 #ahff1 ev9c$ 8 unconv5tional lyrical passion & p[]1 & provok$ "s outcry4 ,9 8 ,songs be=e ,sunrise1 #ahga1 he glorifies ,free?\ght & ,republicanism1 ) unsurpass$ weal? ( diction & rhy?m4 ,mr4 ,sw9burne has put =w>d _m o!r volumes ( melodi\s & dramatic poems1 & also essays1 /udies1 & prose miscellanies4 ,symes 7,joseph71 ,engli% lectur] & writ]1 b4 ,portl&1 #bi ,jan4 #ahda1 ( pi\s ,me?odi/ p>5ts4 ,9 '#fd he (f]$ himself z c&idate = ! m9i/ry1 & 0 s5t to ! ,wesleyan ,college1 ,ri*mond1 & 9 '#fg w5t on circuit z prea*]4 ,hav+ come to d\bt or?odoxy1 he resign$ 9 '#gb1 prea*$ 8 fir/ op5 ,free?\ght lecture at ,newca/le1 #ag ,dec4 '#gf4 ,_h sev]al debates1 wrote ,philosophic ,a!ism1 ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 ,hospitals n ( ,*ri/ian ,orig91 ,*ri/ianity a ,p]secut+ ,religion1 ,bl[s at ! ,bible1 etc4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,free?9k]1 & 0 ready to conduct x dur+ ,mr4 ,foote's imprisonm5t4 ,he w5t to ,melb\rne1 ,dec4 '#hc1 & !re e/abli%$ ! ,lib]ator1 & has writt5 ,life & ,dea? ( ,my ,religion1 '#hd2 ,*ri/ianity & ,slav]y1 ,phallic ,wor%ip1 etc4 ,symonds 7,john ,add+ton71 ,engli% poet & au?or1 b4 ,bri/ol1 #e ,oct4 #ahdj1 educat$ at ,h>r[ & ,ox=d1 & 0 elect$ 9 '#fb to a ,fell[%ip at ,magdal5 ,college1 :i* he vacat$ on 8 m>riage4 ,8 *ief "w is on ! ,r5aissance 9 ,italy1 #g vols41 complet$ 9 '#hf4 ,he has also writt5 critical sket*es1 /udies1 & poems4 ,ill heal? compels 8 liv+ abroad4 ,ta9e 7,hippolyte ,adolphe71 ,d4,c4,l41 brilliant ,fr5* man ( lett]s1 b4 ,v\zi]s1 #ba ,april1 #ahbh4 ,educat$ at ! ,college ,b\rbon 7n[ ! ,condorcet ,lyceum71 9 '#ec he took ! degree ( ,doctor ( ,lett]s4 ,9 '#ef appe>s 8 ,fr5* ,philosoph]s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 9 :i* he %>ply criticis$ ! spirituali/ & religi\s s*ool4 ,he came to ,engl& & /udi$ ,engli% ,lit]ature2 8 ,h& ,hi/ory ( :i* 0 s5t 9 = ! ,academy prize1 '#fc1 b reject$ on ! motion ( ,bi%op ,dupanl\p on acc\nt ( its mat]iali/ op9ions4 ,also wrote on ,engli% ,positivism1 a /udy ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,9 '#ga ,ox=d made him ,d4,c4,l41 & 9 ,nov4 '#gh1 he 0 elect$ to ! ,fr5* ,academy2 8 late/ "w is ,! ,orig9s ( ,contempor>y ,france4 ,tal&i] 7,alfr$71 ,fr5* publici/1 b4 ,limoges1 #g ,sept4 #ahbh4 ,aft] ent]+ ! b>1 he became a sociali/ & took "p 9 ! revolution ( '#dh4 ,proscrib$ aft] #ab ,dec4 he came to ,engl&1 />t$ trades unions & co-op]ation1 translat$ ,smiles's ,self-,help1 & wrote 9 ! ,national ,re=m]4 ,return$ to ,p>is 9 '#gj & became pr(essor at ! ,lyce ,h5ri ,,iv4 ,9 '#gd he 0 depriv$ ( 8 *air1 b elect$ on ! ,municipal c\ncil ( ,p>is1 & two ye>s lat] *os5 z deputy1 & 0 re-elect$ 9 '#ha4 ,9 '#hc he publi%$ a ,popul> ,rabelais & has writt5 9 ,our ,corn] on t great ,free?9k]4 ,taub]t 7,a471 ! maid5 "n ( ,dr4 ,h>tmann's fir/ wife4 ,%e wrote ,! ,pessimi/s & _! ,oppon5ts1 #ahgc4 ,taule 7,f]d9&71 ,m4,d41 ( ,/rassburg1 au?or ( ,notions on ! ,nature & ,prop]ties ( ,organis$ ,matt]4 ,p>is1 #ahff4 ,taurellus 7,nicolaus71 ,g]man physician & philosoph]1 b4 ,montbh>d1 #bf ,nov4 #aedg1 /udi$ m$ic9e at ,tb+5 & ,basle4 ,= d>+ to ?9k = himself1 & ask+ h[ ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e ( ! et]nity ( ! _w c\ld be reconcil$ ) ! dogma ( creation1 he 0 /igmatis$ z an a!i/4 ,wrote _m works 9 ,lat91 ! pr9cipal ( :i* is ,philosophi ,triumphans1 #aegc4 ,he di$ ( ! plague #bh ,sept4 #afjf4 ,taylor 7,rob]t71 ex-m9i/]1 orator1 & critic1 b4 ,edmonton1 #ah ,aug4 #aghd4 ,9 #ahje he walk$ ,guy's & ,/4 ,?omas's ,hospital1 & became ,m4,r4,c4,s41 #ahjg4 ,p]suad$ to jo9 ! ,*ur*1 he ent]$ ,/4 ,john's1 ,cambridge1 ,oct4 #ahji1 9 ,jan4 '#ac graduat$ ,b4,a41 & soon aft] took holy ord]s4 ,he 0 curate at ,midhur/ till '#ah1 :5 he fir/ became sceptical ?r\gh discussions ) a tradesman4 ,he prea*$ a s]mon on ,jonah :i* a/oni%$ 8 flock1 & resign$4 ,he !n w5t to ,dubl9 & publi%$ ,! ,cl]ical ,review & />t$ ,! ,society ( ,univ]sal ,b5evol5ce4 ,9 '#bd he came to ,london & />t$ ,! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ce ,society1 & deliv]$ disc\rses ) discussion2 also edit$ ! ,philale?ian4 ,9 '#bg he 0 indict$ = blasphemy1 tri$ ,oct4 #bd1 aft] an able def5ce he 0 f\nd guilty1 & on #g ,feb4 '#bh s5t5c$ to "o ye>'s imprisonm5t 9 ,oakham ,gaol4 ,"h he wrote 8 ,syntagma on ! ,evid5ces ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 8 *ief "w1 ,! ,diegesis1 be+ a discov]y ( ! orig9s1 evid5ces1 & e>ly hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,he also contribut$ a weekly lett] to ,! ,lion1 :i* ,r4 ,c>lile />t$ on 8 behalf4 ,on 8 lib]ation !y bo? w5t on an infidel mission ab\t ! c\ntry1 & on ,may #cj ! ,rotunda1 ,blackfri>s1 0 tak51 :]e ,taylor attir$ 9 canonicals deliv]$ ! disc\rses publi%$ 9 ,! ,devil's ,pulpit4 ,he 0 aga9 prosecut$1 & on #d ,july1 '#ca1 0 s5t5c$ to two ye>'s imprisonm5t4 ,he 0 badly treat$ 9 gaol1 & soon aft] com+ out m>ri$ a weal?y lady & retir$4 ,di$ at ,j]sey1 #e ,june1 #ahdd4 ,taylor 7,?omas71 kn[n z ,! ,platoni/1 b4 ,london1 #ageh4 ,he devot$ 8 life to ! elucidation & propagation ( ! ,platonic philosophy4 ,he translat$ ! works ( ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,porphyry1 five books ( ,plot9us1 six books ( ,proclus1 ,gambli*us on ! ,my/]ies1 ,argum5ts ( ,celsus tak5 f ,orig51 ,argum5ts ( ,julian aga9/ ! ,*ri/ians1 ,orations ( ,julian1 etc4 ,he is said to h be5 s ?or\gh a ,pagan t he sacrific$ a bull to ,zeus4 ,di$ 9 ,walwor?1 #a ,nov4 #ahce4 ,taylor 7,william71 ( ,norwi*1 b4 #g ,nov4 #agfe4 ,he =m$ an acqua9tance ) ,s\!y1 ) :om he correspond$4 ,8 translations f ! ,g]man1 notably ,less+'s ,na?an ! ,wise1 br\ght him "s repute4 ,he also wrote a ,survey ( ,g]man ,poetry & ,engli% ,synonyms1 #ahcj4 ,he edit$ ! ,norwi* ,iris1 #ahjb1 :i* he made ! organ ( 8 political & religions views4 ,9 '#aj he publi%$ anonym\sly ,a ,lett] ,conc]n+ ! ,two ,fir/ ,*apt]s ( ,luke1 also entitl$ ,:o 0 ! ,fa!r ( ,jesus ,*ri/8 #ahaj1 9 :i* he argues t ,za*>ias 0 ! fa!r ( ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,also wrote l>gely 9 ! ,mon?ly ,review1 reply+ !re9 to ! ,abb ,b>ruel2 & ! ,critical ,review :5 edit$ by ,fell[es1 9 :i* he gave an acc\nt ( ! rationalism ( ,paulus4 ,di$ at ,norwi*1 #e ,m>*1 #ahcf4 ,t*]ny*ewsky 7,n4 ,g47 ,see ,*]nui%evsky4 ,tela 7,josephus71 ! ,lat9is$ "n ( ,joseph ,webbe :o 9 #ahah edit$ ! ,philosophical ,libr>y1 conta9+ ! ,life & ,morals ( ,confucius1 ,epicurus1 ,isoscrates1 ,mahomet1 etc41 & o!r pieces4 ,webbe is also ?\ght to h be5 conc]n$ 9 ! production ( ,ecce ,homo1 '#ac4 ,cu%+1 9 8 ,initials & ,pseudonyms1 ref]s ,tela to ,joseph ,webb1 #agce-hg2 an ,am]ican writ]2 ,gr& ,ma/] ( ,freemasons 9 ,am]ica2 di$ 9 ,bo/on4 ,i am n satisfi$ t ?is is ! same p]son4 ,telesio 7,b]n>d9o71 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 ( noble family at ,cos5za1 #aeji4 ,he /udi$ at ,padua1 & became fam\s = 8 le>n+1 optical discov]ies1 & new op9ions 9 philosophy4 ,he wrote 9 ,lat9 ,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s accord+ to ,prop] ,pr9ciples1 #aefe4 ,he oppos$ ! ,ari/otelian doctr9e 9 physics1 & employ$ ma!matical pr9ciples 9 expla9+ nature1 = :i* he 0 prosecut$ by ! cl]gy4 ,he di$ ,oct4 #aehh4 ,8 works 7 plac$ 9 ! ,index1 b ?is did n prev5t _! publication at ,v5ice1 #aeij4 ,telle 7,re9i]71 or ,regn]us ,vitellius1 ,dut* ,humani/1 b4 ,zi]ikzee1 #aegh4 ,he translat$ ,s]vetus ,on ! ,errors ( ! ,tr9ity1 publi%$ #afbj4 ,di$ at ,am/]dam1 #afah4 ,te/a 7,giac9to71 ( ,mess9a1 ,italian au?or ( a curi\s ,/oria di ,ges di ,naz>e?1 #ahgj1 9 :i* he ma9ta9s t ,jesus 0 ! son ( ,giuseppe ,p&]a1 a ,calabrian ( ,br9disi4 ,?a] 7,albre*t ,daniel74 ,g]man agriculturi/1 b4 ,celle1 #ad ,may1 #ageb4 ,/udi$ at ,gott+51 & is said to h inspir$ ,less+'s "w on ,! ,education ( ! ,human ,race4 ,di$ #bh ,oct4 #ahbh4 ,!odorus ( ,cyr5e1 a ,greek philosoph]1 ^: op9ions resembl$ ^? ( ,epicurus4 ,he 0 bani%$ = ,a!ism f 8 native city4 ,he resid$ at ,a!ns ab\t #cab ,b4,c4 ,:5 ?reat5$ ) crucifixion1 he said x matt]$ little :e!r he rott$ 9 ! gr\nd or 9 ! air4 ,!ophile de ,viau1 ,fr5* satiric poet1 b4 ,cl]ac1 #aeij4 ,= ! alleg$ publication ( ,le ,p>nasse ,satyriques1 he 0 accus$ ( ,a!ism1 condemn$ to dea?1 & burnt 9 effigy4 ,he fl$1 & 0 receiv$ by ! ,duc de ,montmor5cy at ,*antilly1 :]e he di$1 #be ,sept4 #afbf4 ,?ompson 7,daniel ,gre5leaf71 ,am]ican au?or ( works on ,! ,problem ( ,evil1 '#hg2 ,! ,religi\s ,s5tim5ts1 etc4 ,he is ,presid5t ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury ,club4 ,?omson 7,*>les ,otto71 ,capta91 b4 ,/ockholm1 #c ,jan4 #ahcc4 ,w5t to sea 9 '#di & became a m]*ant capta9 9 '#eg1 & 0 subsequ5tly manag] ( ! ,eskil/una gas works4 ,at ,eskil/una he />t$ a ,utilit>ian ,society 9 '#hh1 ( :i* he is presid5t4 ,he has done mu* to support ,mr4 ,l5n/r& 9 8 ,free?\ght "w 9 ,sw$52 has translat$ articles by ,+]soll1 ,foote & o!rs1 & has lectur$ on behalf ( ! movem5t4 ,he %>es 9 ! conduct ( ,fritnk>54 ,?omson 7,james71 ,pessimi/ic poet1 b4 ,port ,glasg[1 #bc ,nov4 #ahcd4 ,educat$ at ! ,cal$onian ,asylum1 ,london1 he became a s*oolma/] 9 ! army1 :]e he met ,mr4 ,bradlaugh1 :om he aft]w>ds assi/$ on ! ,national ,re=m]4 ,to ?is pap] he contribut$ _m valuable essays1 translations1 & poems1 includ+ 8 fam\s ,city ( ,dreadful ,night1 ! mo/ p[]ful pessimi/ic poem 9 ! ,engli% language1 7,april1 '#gd1 aft]w>ds publi%$ ) o!r poems 9 '#hj74 ,vane's ,/ory ) o!r poems 0 issu$ 9 '#ha1 & ,a ,voice f ! ,nile1 & ,%elley 7privately pr9t$ 9 '#hd74 ,?omson also contribut$ to ! ,secul>i/ & ,lib]al1 edit$ by 8 fri5d ,foote1 :o has publi%$ _m ( 8 articles 9 a volume entitl$ ,satires & ,pr(anities1 :i* includes ,! ,/ory ( a ,fam\s ,old ,jewi% ,firm1 also publi%$ sep>ately4 ,?omson employ$ mu* ( 8 g5ius 9 ! s]vice ( ,free?\ght4 ,di$ #c ,june1 #ahhb4 ,?omson 7,william71 ( ,cork4 ,a disciple ( ,b5?am1 & au?or ( ,! ,di/ribution ( ,weal?1 #ahbd2 ,appeal = ,wom51 '#be2 ,labor ,rew>d1 '#bg1 & 9 ! ,co-op]ative ,magaz9e4 ,?orild 7,?omas71 or ,?or51 ,sw$i% writ]1 b4 ,bohuslau1 #ah ,april1 #agei4 ,9 #agge he /udi$ at ,lund1 & 9 #aggi w5t to ,/ockholm1 & publi%$ _m poems & miscellane\s pieces 9 ,sw$i%1 ,lat91 ,g]man1 & ,engli%1 9 :i* he wrote ,cromwell1 an epic poem4 ,9 #aghf he wrote ,common ,s5se on ,lib]ty1 ) a view ( ext5d+ ! lib]ty ( ! press4 ,he 0 a p>tisan ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 & = a political "w 0 imprison$ & exil$4 ,he also wrote a ,s]mon ( ,s]mons1 attack+ ! cl]gy1 & a "w ma9ta9+ ! rights ( wom54 ,di$ at ,greifswald2 #a ,oct4 #ahjh4 ,he 0 a man f> 9 advance ( 8 "t1 & is n[ becom+ appreciat$4 ,?ulie 7,jean ,bapti/e ,h5ri71 ,fr5* physician & an?ropologi/1 b4 ,bordeaux1 #ahcb4 ,9 '#ef he f\nd$ a j\rnal1 ,realism4 ,9 '#ff he publi%$ a "w on ,madness & ! ,law4 ,he contribut$ to ,la ,p5se ,n\velle1 def5d+ ! views ( ,b*n]4 ,he has writt5 an able /udy1 ,la ,femme1 ,woman1 publi%$ 9 '#he4 ,m4 ,?ulie has be5 ,presid5t ( ! ,p>is ,municipal ,c\ncil4 ,tiele 7,cornelis ,petrus71 ,dut* s*ol>1 b4 ,leyd51 #af ,dec4 #ahcj4 ,al?\gh br\ght up 9 ! ,*ur*1 8 works all tell 9 ! s]vice ( ,free?\ght1 & he has %[n 8 lib]ality ( views 9 edit+ ! poems ( ,g5e/et toge!r ) 8 life1 '#fh4 ,he has writt5 _m articles on comp>ative religion1 & two ( 8 works h be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 viz41 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,religion1 a valuable sket* ( ! old fai?s1 f\r? ed4 '#hh2 & ,comp>ative ,hi/ory ( ! ,egyptian & ,mesopotamian ,religions1 '#hb4 ,tilli] 7,claude71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ( poor p>5ts1 ,clamecy1 #aa ,april1 #ahja4 ,he s]v$ z a conscript1 & wrote "s tell+ pamphlets direct$ aga9/ tyranny & sup]/ition1 & "s novels1 ( :i* we note ,my ,uncle ,b5jam94 ,di$ at ,nev]s1 #ab ,oct4 #ahdd4 ,8 works 7 edit$ by ,f4 ,pyat4 ,t9dal 7,mat!w71 ,,ll4,d41 ,engli% ,dei/1 b4 ,be]-f]ris1 ,devon1 #afeg4 ,educat$ at ,ox=d1 & at fir/ a ,high ,*ur*man1 he 0 induc$ to turn ,romani/ 9 ! reign ( ,james ,,ii41 b return$ to ,prote/antism & wrote ,! ,rights ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*4 ,?is "w 0 mu* attack$ by ! cl]gy1 :o ev5 indict$ ! v5dors4 ,a def5ce :i* he publi%$ 0 ord]$ to be burnt by ! ,h\se ( ,commons4 ,9 #agcj he publi%$ ,*ri/ianity z ,old z ! ,creation1 to :i* no less ?an #aej answ]s 7 publi%$4 ,he di$ #af ,aug4 #agcc1 & a second volume1 :i* he left 9 ,,ms41 0 de/roy$ by ord] ( ,gibson1 ,bi%op ( ,london4 ,tol& 7,john71 ,iri% writ]1 b4 ,r$ca/le1 ne> ,londond]ry1 #cj ,nov4 #affi4 ,educat$ z a ,ca?olic1 he r5\nc$ t fai? 9 e>ly y\?1 w5t to ,ed9burgh ,univ]sity1 :]e he became ,m4,a4 9 #afij1 & proce$$ to ,leyd51 /udy+ "u ,spanheim1 & becom+ a sceptic4 ,he also /udi$ at ,ox=d1 read+ deeply 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 & became ! correspond5t ( ,le ,cl]c & ,bayle4 ,9 #afif he />tl$ ! or?odox ) 8 ,*ri/ianity n ,my/]i\s1 :i* 0 pres5t$ by ! ,gr& ,jury ( ,middlesex & condemn$ by ! ,l[] ,h\se ( ,convocation4 ,! "w 0 also burnt at ,dubl91 ,sept4 #afig4 ,he wrote a ,life ( ,milton 7#afih71 9 :i*1 m5tion+ ,eikon ,basilike1 he ref]r$ to ! suppositi\s pieces "u ! "n ( ,*ri/1 8 apo/les & o!r great p]sons4 ,= ?is he 0 d5\nc$ by ,dr4 ,blackhall be=e ,p>liam5t4 ,he repli$ ) ,amytor1 9 :i* he gives a catalogue ( su* pieces4 ,he w5t abroad & 0 well receiv$ by ! ,que5 ( ,prussia1 to :om he wrote ,lett]s to ,s]5a 7#agjd71 :i*1 says ,lange1 h&les ! k]nel ( ! :ole "q ( ,mat]ialism4 ,9 #agji he publi%$ ,adeisidnon & ,orig9es ,judaic4 ,9 #agah ,naz>5us1 on ,jewi%1 ,g5tile & ,mahomm$an ,*ri/ianity1 9 :i* he gave an acc\nt ( ! ,gospel ( ,b>nabus4 ,he also wrote f\r pieces entitl$ ,tetradymus & ,pan!i/icon1 :i* describ$ a society ( ,pan!i/s ) a liturgy burlesqu+ t ( ! ,ca?olics4 ,tol& di$ ) ! calmness ( a philosoph]1 at ,putney1 #aa ,m>*1 #agbb4 ,lange praises him highly4 ,tollema*e 7,hon4 ,lionel ,ar?ur71 b4 #ahch1 son ( ,b>on ,tollema*e1 a fri5d ( ,c4 ,au/91 ( :om he has writt54 ,wrote _m articles 9 ,=tnightly ,review1 repr9t$ 7privately7 z ,/ones ( ,/umbl+1 '#hd4 ,has also writt5 ,safe ,/udies1 '#hd2 ,recollections ( ,pallison1 '#he2 & ,mr4 ,romanes's ,cate*ism1 '#hg4 ,tone 7,!obald ,wolfe71 ,iri% patriot1 b4 ,dubl91 #bj ,june1 #agfc4 ,educat$ at ,tr9ity ,college 9 #aghd1 he obta9$ a s*ol>%ip 9 #aghf1 ,b4,a4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,society ( ,unit$ ,iri%m51 #agia4 ,kept relations ) ! ,fr5* revolutioni/s1 & 9 #agif induc$ ! ,fr5* ,directory to s5d an exp$ition aga9/ ,engl&4 ,he 0 tak5 prison] & committ$ suicide 9 prison1 dy+ #ai ,nov4 #agih4 ,top9>d 7,paul71 ,m4,d41 ,fr5* an?ropologi/1 b4 ,isle-,adam #ahcj4 ,editor ( ! ,revue d',an?ropologie1 & au?or ( a /&>d "w on t subject publi%$ 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,contempor>y ,sci5ce4 ,t\lm9 7,george ,hogg>t71 ,m4,d41 ( ,wolv]hampton4 ,au?or ( ,! ,antiquity & ,duration ( ! ,_w1 #aghe2 ,! ,et]nity ( ! ,univ]se1 #aghi2 ! la/ be+ republi%$ 9 #ahbe4 ,t\rnai 7,simon de74 ,see ,simon4 ,tra9a 7,tommaso71 ,italian juri/4 ,au?or ( a "w on ,! ,e?ics ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,tur91 #ahha4 ,travis 7,h5ry71 ,dr41 b4 ,sc>bor\gh1 #ahjg4 ,he int]e/$ himself 9 ! sociali/ic aspect ( co-op]ation1 & became a fri5d & lit]>y executor to ,rob]t ,ow54 ,9 '#ea-ec he edit$ ,rob]t ,ow5's ,j\rnal4 ,he also wrote on ,effectual ,re=m1 ,free ,w & ,law1 ,moral ,fre$om & ,causation1 & ,a ,manual ( ,social ,sci5ce1 & contribut$ to ! ,national ,re=m]4 ,di$ #d ,feb4 #ahhd4 ,trelawny 7,edw>d ,john71 b4 ,cornwall1 ,nov4 #agib4 ,became intimate 9 ,italy ) ,%elley1 ^: body he recov]$ & cremat$ 9 ,augu/1 #ahbb4 ,he accompani$ ,byron on 8 ,greek exp$ition1 & m>ri$ a daught] ( a ,greek *ief4 ,he wrote ,adv5tures ( a ,y\ng] ,son1 '#ca2 & ,records ( ,%elley1 ,byron1 & ! ,au?or1 '#gh4 ,he di$ #ac ,aug4 #ahha1 & 0 cremat$ at ,go?a1 8 a%es be+ aft]w>ds plac$ beside ^? ( ,%elley4 ,trelawny 0 a vehem5t ,pagan despis+ ! cre$s & conv5tions ( society4 ,sw9burne calls him ,_w-wide lib]ty's lifelong lov]4 ,tr5*>d 7,john71 ,engli% ,dei/ & political writ]1 b4 ,som]set%ire1 #affi4 ,he /udi$ law1 b ab&on$ x1 & 0 appo9t$ ,commission] ( ,=feit$ ,e/ates 9 ,irel&4 ,9 conjunction ) ,gordon he wrote ,cato's ,lett]s on civil & religi\s lib]ty1 & conduct$ ,! ,indep5d5t ,:ig4 ,he sat 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons z ,m4,p4 = ,taunton2 he also wrote ! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,sup]/ition1 #agji2 b ,la ,contagion ,sacree1 attribut$ to him1 is really by d',holba*4 ,di$ #ag ,dec4 #agbc4 ,trevelyan 7,ar?ur71 ( ,tyneholm1 ,tran5t1 ,n4,b41 a writ] 9 ! ,reason] & ,national ,re=m]4 ,publi%$ ,! ,insanity ( ,mank9d 7,ed9burgh1 #ahej71 & "s tracts4 ,he 0 a ,vice-,presid5t ( ! ,national ,secul> ,society4 ,di$ at ,tyneholm1 #f ,feb4 #ahgh4 ,trezza 7,gaetano71 ,italian writ]1 b4 ,v]ona1 ,dec4 #ahbh4 ,0 br\ght up & orda9$ a prie/1 & 0 an eloqu5t prea*]4 ,/udy l$ him to resign ! cl]ical pr(ession4 ,he has publi%$ ,confessions ( a ,sceptic1 '#gh2 ,critical ,/udies1 '#gh2 ,new ,critical ,/udies1 '#ha4 ,he is ,pr(essor ( ,lit]ature at ! ,in/itute ( ,high ,/udies1 ,flor5ce4 ,to ! fir/ numb] ( ! ,revue ,int]nationale '#hc1 he contribut$ ,les ,dieux s'en vont4 ,he also wrote ,religion & ,religions1 '#hd2 & a "w on ,/4 ,paul4 ,a /udy on ,lucretius has rea*$ its ?ird edition1 '#hg4 ,tridon 7,edme ,m>ie1 ,gu/ave71 ,fr5* publici/1 b4 ,*atillon sur ,se9e1 ,burgundy1 #e ,june1 #ahda4 ,educat$ by 8 p>5ts :o 7 ri*1 he became a doctor ( law b nev] practis$4 ,9 '#fd he publi%$ 9 ,le ,j\rnal des ,ecoles1 8 rem>kable /udy ( revolution>y hi/ory ,les ,hb]ti/es4 ,9 ,may1 '#fe he f\nd$ ) ,blanqui1 etc41 ,le ,c&ide1 ! precursor ( ,la ,libre ,p5se1 '#ff1 9 bo? ( :i* ! doctr9es ( mat]ialism 7 exp\nd$4 ,delegat$ 9 '#fe to ! ,int]national ,/ud5ts ,congress at ,lige 8 spee* 0 furi\sly d5\nc$ by ,bi%op ,dupanl\p2 he got m ?an two ye>s' imprisonm5t = articles 9 ,le ,c&ide & ,la ,libre ,p5se1 & 9 ,/e ,pelagie contract$ ! malady :i* kill$ him4 ,:ile 9 prison he wrote ! great] "p ( 8 "w ,du ,molo*isme ,juif1 critical & philosophical /udies ( ! ,jewi% religion1 only publi%$ 9 '#hd4 ,aft] #d ,sept4 '#gj1 he f\nd$ ,la ,patrie en ,dang]4 ,9 ,feb4 '#ga he 0 elect$ deputy to ! ,bordeaux ,assembly1 b resign$ aft] vot+ aga9/ decl>ation ( peace4 ,he !n became a memb] ( ! ,p>is ,commune1 retir+ aft] ! collapse to ,brussels :]e he di$ #bi ,aug4 #ahga4 ,he receiv$ ! mo/ spl5did ,free?9k]'s fun]al witness$ 9 ,belgium4 ,truebn] 7,nicolas71 publi%]1 b4 ,heidelb]g1 #ag ,june1 #ahag4 ,aft] s]v+ ) ,longman & ,co41 he set up 9 bus9ess1 & di/+ui%$ himself by publi%+ works on ,free?\ght1 religions1 philosophy & ,ori5tal lit]ature4 ,di$ ,london1 #cj ,m>*1 #ahhd4 ,truelove 7,edw>d71 ,engli% publi%]1 b4 #bi ,oct4 #ahji4 ,e>ly 9 life he embrac$ ! views ( ,rob]t ,ow51 & = n9e ye>s 0 secret>y ( ! ,john ,/reet ,in/itution4 ,9 '#dd & '#de he ?rew 9 8 lot ) ! ,new ,h>mony ,community1 ,hamp%ire4 ,9 '#eb he took a %op 9 ! ,/r&1 :]e he sold advanc$ lit]ature4 ,he publi%$ ,voltaire's ,philosophical ,diction>y & ,romances1 ,pa9e's complete works1 ,d',holba*'s ,sy/em ( ,nature1 & ,taylor's ,syntagma & ,diegesis4 ,9 '#eh he 0 prosecut$ = publi%+ a pamphlet on ,tyrannicide1 by ,w4 ,e4 ,adams1 b ! prosecution 0 ab&on$4 ,9 '#gh he 01 aft] two trials1 s5t5c$ to f\r mon?s' imprisonm5t = publi%+ ,r4 ,d4 ,ow5's ,moral ,physiology4 ,^u 8 release he 0 pres5t$ ) a te/imonial & purse ( #bjj sov]eigns4 ,trumbull 7,mat!w ,m471 ,am]ican g5]al1 a native ( ,london1 b4 #ahbf4 ,ab\t ! age ( tw5ty he w5t to ,am]ica1 s]v$ 9 ! army 9 ,mexico1 & aft]w>ds 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,g5]al ,grant made him ,collector ( ,rev5ue = ,i[a4 ,he held t (fice eight ye>s1 & !n visit$ ,engl&4 ,9 #ahhb he w5t to ,*icago1 :]e he ex]t$ himself on behalf ( a fair trial = ! ,an>*i/s4 ,ts*irnhaus5 7,wal?i] ,ehr5fri$71 ,g]man ,c\nt1 b4 #afea4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,leibniz & ,wolff1 & 9 philosophy a foll[] ( ,sp9oza1 ?\gh he does n m5tion him4 ,di$ #agjh4 ,tuck] 7,b5jam9 ,r471 ,am]ican writ]1 b4 ,d>tm\?1 ,mass41 #ag ,april1 #ahed4 ,edits ,lib]ty1 ( ,bo/on4 ,turbiglio 7,seba/iano71 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 ,*iusa1 #g ,july1 #ahdb1 au?or ( a "w on ,sp9oza & ! ,trans=mation ( 8 ,?\ghts1 #ahge4 ,turg5ev 7,ivan ,s]gyeevi*71 ,russian noveli/1 b4 ,orel1 #bh ,oct4 #ahah4 ,9 8 novels1 ,fa!rs & ,sons & ,virg9 ,soil he has depict$ *>act]s ( ! ,nihili/ movem5t4 ,di$ at ,b\gival1 ne> ,p>is1 #c ,sept4 #ahhc4 ,turn] 7,william71 a surgeon ( ,liv]pool1 :o1 "u ! "n ( ,william ,hammon1 publi%$ an ,answ] to ,dr4 ,prie/ley's ,lett]s to a ,philosophical ,unbeliev]1 #aghb1 9 :i* he av[s himself an ,a!i/4 ,tuuk 7,titia1 ,van d]71 ,dut* lady1 b4 ,z&t1 #bg ,nov4 #ahed4 ,0 conv]t$ to ,free?\ght by read+ ,dekk]1 & is n[ "o ( ! editors ( ,de ,dag]aad4 ,twe/5 7,k>l71 ,g]man publici/ & writ]1 b4 ,kiel1 #bb ,april1 #ahbj4 ,/udi$ law1 '#ch-da1 9 ,b]l9 & ,heidelb]g1 & became magi/rate 9 ,b]l9 & "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,national ,lib]al ,p>ty4 ,wrote on ! religi\s1 political1 & social ideas ( ,asiatics & ,egyptians 7#b vols471 '#gb4 ,di$ ,b]l91 #ad ,oct4 #ahgj4 ,tylor 7,edw>d ,burnet71 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,engli% an?ropologi/1 b4 ,camb]well1 #b ,oct4 #ahcb4 ,he has devot$ himself to ! /udy ( ! races ( mank9d1 & is ! fir/ liv+ au?ority ^u ! subject4 ,he has wrote ,anahuac1 or ,mexico & ! ,mexicans1 '#fa2 ,rese>*es into ! ,e>ly ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 '#fe2 ,primitive ,culture2 be+ rese>*es into ! developm5t ( my?ology1 philosophy1 religion1 art1 & cu/om 7#b vols471 '#ga4 ,9 ?is spl5did "w he traces religion to animism1 ! belief 9 spirits4 ,he has also writt5 an excell5t h&book ( ,an?ropology1 an introduction to ! ,/udy ( ,man & ,civilisation1 '#ha2 & contribut$ to ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica1 z well z to p]iodical lit]ature4 ,he is ,presid5t ( ! ,an?ropological ,society4 ,tyndall 7,john71 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,iri% sci5ti/1 b4 ne> ,c>l[1 #ahbj4 ,9 '#dg he became a tea*] 9 ,que5swood ,college 7,hants71 & aft]w>ds w5t to ,g]many to /udy4 ,9 '#ef he w5t to ,switz]l& ) ,pr(essor ,huxley1 & !y wrote a jo9t "w on glaci]s4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,=tnightly ,review1 notably an article on ,miracles & ,special ,provid5ce1 '#ff4 ,9 '#gb he w5t on a lectur+ t\r 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & two ye>s lat] 0 presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,8 address at ,belfa/ made a great /ir1 & has be5 publi%$4 ,9 addition to o!r sci5tific works he has publi%$ popul> ,fragm5ts ( ,sci5ce1 :i* has gone ?r\gh sev]al editions4 ,tyrell 7,h5ry74 ,see ,*ur*4 ,tyssot de ,patot 7,simon71 b4 ( ,fr5* family 9 ,delft1 #afee4 ,he became pr(essor ( ma!matics at ,dev5t]4 ,"u ! p5 "n ( ,jacques ,mass he publi%$ ,voyages & ,adv5tures1 ,bordeaux1 #agaj1 a "w t]m$ a!i/ic & sc&al\s by ,reimmann4 ,x 0 translat$ into ,engli% by ,s4 ,:atley1 #agcc1 & has be5 attribut$ to ,bayle4 ,ueb]weg 7,fri$ri*71 ,g]man philosoph]1 b4 ,lei*l+5 #bb ,jan4 #ahbf2 /udi$ at ,gtt+5 & ,b]l91 & became ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,knigsb]g1 :]e he di$ #i ,june1 #ahga4 ,8 *ief "w is a ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,lange cites ,czolbe z say+ ,he 0 9 e way di/9ctly an ,a!i/ & ,mat]iali/4 ,uhli* 7,johann ,jacob ,m>cus ,leb]i*t71 ,g]man religi\s re=m]1 b4 ,k!n #bg ,feb4 #agii4 ,he /udi$ at ,halle & became a prea*]4 ,= 8 rationali/ic views he 0 susp5d$ 9 #ahdg1 & f\nd$ ! ,free ,congregation at ,magdeburg4 ,he wrote num]\s bro*ures def5d+ 8 op9ions4 ,8 ,religion ( ,common ,s5se has be5 translat$ & publi%$ 9 ,am]ica4 ,di$ at ,magdeburg1 #bc ,m>*1 #ahgb4 ,ule 7,otto71 ,g]man sci5tific writ]1 b4 ,loss[ #bb ,jan4 #ahbj4 ,/udi$ at ,halle & ,b]l94 ,9 '#eb he />t$ ! j\rnal ,die ,natur1 & wrote _m works popul>is+ sci5ce4 ,di$ at ,halle #f ,aug4 #ahgf4 ,und]wood 7,b5jam9 ,f474 ,am]ican lectur] & writ]1 b4 ,new ,york #f ,july1 #ahci4 ,has be5 a /ud5t & a soldi] 9 ! ,civil ,w>4 ,he f\ght at ,ball's ,bluff1 ,virg9ia1 #ba ,oct4 '#fa1 0 w\nd$ & held prison] 9 ,ri*mond = n9e mon?s4 ,9 '#ha he edit$ ! ,index 9 conjunction ) ,mr4 ,pott]1 & 9 '#hg />t$ ,! ,op5 ,c\rt at ,*icago4 ,he has _h num]\s debates2 ^? ) ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m>ples & ,o4 ,a4 ,burgess be+ publi%$4 ,he has also publi%$ ,essays & ,lectures1 ,! ,religion ( ,mat]ialism1 ,influ5ce ( ,*ri/ianity on ,civilisation1 etc4 ,8 si/]1 ,s>a ,a41 has writt5 ,h]o9es ( ,free?\ght1 ,new ,york1 #ahgf4 ,va*]ot 7,eti5ne71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,langres1 #bi ,july1 #ahji4 ,9 '#ci he replac$ ,victor ,c\s9 9 ! ,*air ( ,philosophy at ! ,sorbonne4 ,= 8 free op9ions express$ 9 8 ,critical ,hi/ory ( ! ,s*ool ( ,alex&ria1 a "w 9 ?ree vols4 cr[n$ by ! ,in/itute1 '#df-ea1 he 0 mu* attack$ by ! cl]gy & at ! ,empire lo/ 8 position4 ,he aft]w>ds wrote ,essays ( ,critical ,philosophy1 '#fd1 & ,la ,religion1 '#fi4 ,vacqu]ie 7,augu/e71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,villequi]1 #ahai4 ,a fri5d ( ,victor ,hugo4 ,he has writt5 _m dramas & novels ( m]it1 & 0 director ( ,le ,rappel4 ,vaillant 7,ed\>d ,m>ie71 ,fr5* publici/1 b4 ,vi]zon1 #bf ,jan4 #ahdj4 ,educat$ at ,p>is & ,g]many4 ,a fri5d ( ,tridon he took "p 9 ! ,commune1 & 9 '#hd 0 elect$ ,muncipal ,c\ncillor ( ,p>is4 ,vairasse 7,d5is7 d',alais1 ,fr5* writ] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,he became bo? soldi] & lawy]4 ,au?or ( ,hi/oire des ,sev>ambes1 #afgg2 imag9>y travels 9 :i* he introduc$ free op9ions & satiris$ ,*ri/ianity4 ,vale 7,gilb]t7 au?or1 b4 ,london1 #aghh4 ,he 0 int5d$ = ! *ur*1 b ab&on$ ! pr(ession & w5t to ,new ,york1 :]e he edit$ ! ,citiz5 ( ! ,_w & ! ,beacon4 ,he publi%$ ,fanaticism2 its ,s\rce & ,influ5ce1 ,n4,y4 #ahce1 & a ,life ( ,pa9e1 '#da4 ,di$ ,brooklyn1 ,n4,y4 #ag ,aug4 #ahff4 ,valk 7,t4 ,a4 ,f4 van d]71 ,dut* ,free?9k]1 :o1 aft] be+ a ,*ri/ian mission>y 9 ,java1 *ang$ 8 op9ions1 & wrote 9 ,de ,dag]aad betwe5 #ahfj-gj1 us+ ! p5 "n ( ,?omas4 ,valla 7,lor5zo71 ,italian critic1 b4 ,piac5za1 #adae4 ,hav+ haz>d$ "s free op9ions respect+ ,ca?olic doctr9es1 he 0 condemn$ to be burnt1 b 0 sav$ by ,alphonsus1 ,k+ ( ,naples4 ,valla 0 !n conf9$ 9 a mona/]y1 b ,pope ,ni*olas ,v4 call$ him to ,rome & gave him a p5sion4 ,he di$ !re1 #a ,aug4 #adeg4 ,vallee 7,ge(frey71 ,fr5* m>tyr1 b4 ,orleans1 #aeef4 ,he wrote ,la ,batitude des ,*r/i5s ou le ,flo de la ,foy1 = :i* he 0 accus$ ( blasphemy1 & hang$ on ! ,place de ,grve1 ,p>is1 #i ,feb4 #aegd4 ,valliss 7,rudolph71 ,g]man au?or ( works on ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,gods 7,leip41 #ahge72 ,! ,et]nity ( ! ,_w1 '#ge2 ,cate*ism ( ,human ,duty1 '#gf1 etc4 ,van ,caub]g 7,adolphe71 ,belgian advocate4 ,"o ( ! f\nd]s & presid5t ( ! ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,free?9k]s4 ,di$ #ahhf4 ,van ,eff54 ,see ,eff54 ,van9i 7,lucilio1 aft]w>ds ,julius ,cs>71 ,italian philosoph] & m>tyr1 b4 ,taurisano 7,otranto71 #aehe4 ,at ,rome & ,padua he /udi$ ,av]roism1 ent]$ ! ,c>melite ord]1 & travell$ 9 ,switz]l&1 ,g]many1 ,holl& & ,france mak+ himself admir$ & respect$ by 8 rationali/ic op9ions4 ,he return$ to ,italy 9 #afaa1 b ! ,inquisition 0 on 8 track & he took refuge at ,v5ice4 ,9 #afab he visit$ ,engl&1 & 9 #afad got lodg$ 9 ! ,t[]4 ,:5 releas$ he w5t to ,p>is & publi%$ a ,pan!i/ic "w 9 ,lat9 ,on ! ,admirable ,secrets ( ,nature1 ! ,que5 & ,goddess ( ,mortals4 ,x 0 condemn$ by ! ,sorbonne & burnt1 & he fl$ to ,t\l\se 9 #afag2 b !re 0 no repose = ,free?\ght4 ,he 0 accus$ ( in/ill+ ,a!ism into 8 s*ol>s1 tri$ & condemn$ to h 8 tongue cut out1 8 body burn$ & 8 a%es scatt]$ to ! f\r w9ds4 ,?is 0 done #ai ,feb4 #afai4 ,presid5t ,gramond1 au?or ( ,hi/ory ( ,france "u ,l\is ,,xiii41 writes ,i saw him 9 ! tumbril z !y l$ him to execution1 mock+ ! ,cordeli] :o _h be5 s5t to exhort him to rep5tance1 & insult+ our ,savior by ^! impi\s words4 ',he sweat$ ) fe> & weakness1 & ,i die undaunt$4' ,vap]eau 7,l\is ,gu/ave71 ,fr5* man ( lett]s1 b4 ,orleans #d ,april1 #ahai4 ,9 '#da he became ! secret>y ( ,victor ,c\s94 ,he collaborat$ on ! ,dictionnaire des ,sci5ces ,philosophiques & ! ,lib]t de ,p5s]1 b is be/ kn[n by 8 useful ,dictionnaire ,univ]sel des ,contempora9s4 ,9 '#gj he 0 nom9at$ prefect ( ,cantal1 b on acc\nt ( ! viol5t attacks ( ! cl]icals 0 susp5d$ 9 '#gc & resum$ 8 lit]>y labors1 compil+ a ,univ]sal ,diction>y ( ,writ]s1 '#gf1 & ,elem5ts ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,fr5* ,lit]ature1 #ahhc-he4 ,v>nhag5 von ,ense 7,e>l ,augu/ ,ludwig ,philipp71 ,g]man au?or1 b4 ,dusseldorf1 #ba ,feb4 #aghe4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e & philosophy1 ent]$ ! ,au/rian & ,russian armies1 & s]v$ 9 ! ,prussian diplomatic s]vice4 ,he 0 an intimate fri5d ( ,alex4 von ,humboldt1 & %>$ 8 ,free?9k+ op9ions4 ,di$ 9 ,b]l91 #aj ,oct4 #aheh4 ,he vividly depicts ! m5 & ev5ts ( 8 "t 9 8 ,di>y4 ,vauv5>gues 7,luc de ,clapi]s71 ,m>quis2 ,fr5* morali/1 b4 ,aix1 #f ,aug4 #agae4 ,at eighte5 he ent]$ ! army1 & left ! s]vice ) ru9$ heal? 9 #agdc4 ,he publi%$ 9 #agdf an ,introduction to ! ,k ( ! ,human ,m9d1 foll[$ by ,reflections & ,maxims1 :i* 0 des]v$ly prais$ by 8 fri5d ,voltaire4 ,di$ at ,p>is #bh ,may1 #agdg4 ,8 "w1 :i* ?\gh b mildly dei/ic1 0 rigor\sly suppress$1 & 0 repr9t$ ab\t #aggj4 ,vel?uys5 7,lamb]t71 ,dut* physician1 b4 ,utre*t1 #afbb4 ,he wrote _m works on !ology & philosophy 9 ,lat94 ,8 works1 ,de ,(ficio ,pa/orum & ,de ,idolatria et ,sup]/itione 7 proce$$ aga9/ 9 #affh1 b he 0 let (f ) a f9e4 ,di$ #afhe4 ,v5etian] 7,moritz71 ,g]man ,pan!i/1 au?or ( ,d] ,allgei/1 #ahgd1 & a "w on ,s*op5hau] z a ,s*ola/ic4 ,v]es*ag9 7,vasily71 ,russian pa9t]1 b4 ,novgorod1 #ahdb4 ,he /udi$ at ,p>is "u ,g]ome1 took "p 9 ! ,russo-,turki% w>1 & has travell$ widely4 ,! reali/ic & anti-religi\s conceptions ( 8 ,holy ,family & ,resurrection 7 ! cause ( _! be+ )drawn f ! ,vi5na ,exhibition 9 ,oct4 '#he1 by ord] ( ! ar*bi%op4 ,9 8 ,autobiographical ,sket*es1 translat$ into ,engli%1 '#hg1 he %[s 8 free op9ions4 ,v]gniaud 7,pi]re ,victurni571 ,fr5* ,girondi/ orator1 b4 ,limoges1 #ca ,may1 #agei4 ,he /udi$ law1 & became an advocate4 ,elect$ to ! ,legislative ,assembly 9 #agia1 he also became ,presid5t ( ! ,conv5tion4 ,at ! trial ( ! ,k+ he vot$ = ! appeal to ! p1 b t be+ reject$1 vot$ dea?4 ,) ,g5sonn & ,guadet1 he oppos$ ! sangu9>y measures ( ,robespi]re1 &1 be+ beat5 9 ! /ruggle1 0 execut$ ) ! ,girond9s1 #ca ,oct4 #agic4 ,v]gniaud 0 a brilliant speak]4 ,he said3 ,reason ?9ks1 ,religion dreams4 ,he _h prep>$ poison = himself1 b z !re 0 n en\gh = 8 comrades1 he resolv$ to suff] ) !m4 ,v]let 7,h5ri71 ,fr5* f\nd] & editor ( a j\rnal1 ,la ,libre ,p5se1 #ahga1 & au?or ( a pamphlet on ,a!ism & ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,v]li]e 7,alfr$71 ,fr5* au?or ( a ,guide du ,libre-,p5seur 7,p>is1 #ahfi72 collaborat$ ,la ,libre ,p5se1 ,rationali/e1 etc4 ,to ,bi%op ,dupanl\p's ,a?isme et ,p]il ,social he repli$ ) ,deisme et ,p]il ,social1 = :i* he 0 condemn$ to sev]al mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,v]m]s* 7,eugne71 ,fr5* j\rnali/1 b4 ,lille ab\t #ahdj4 ,took "p 9 ! ,commune1 & has writt5 on _m ,radical pap]s4 ,v]nes 7,maurice71 ,fr5* critic1 b4 ,mauroy1 #ahde4 ,has publi%$ ,melanges de ,critique ,religieuse1 & translat$ f ,ku55 & ,tiele4 ,v]on 7,eugne71 ,fr5* writ] & publici/1 b4 ,p>is1 #bi ,may1 #ahbe4 ,he wrote on _m j\rnals1 f\nd$ ,la ,france ,republica9e at ,lyons1 & l',art at ,p>is4 ,besides hi/orical works he has writt5 ,l',e/hetique 9 ! ,libr>y ( ,contempor>y ,sci5ce1 '#gh2 ,! ,natural ,hi/ory ( ,religions1 #b vols41 9 ! ,biblio?que ,mat]iali/e1 '#hd2 & ,la ,morale1 '#hd4 ,vi>dot 7,l\is71 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,dijon1 #ca ,july1 #ahjj4 ,he came to ,p>is & became an advocate1 b aft] a voyage 9 ,spa91 left ! b> = lit]ature1 writ+ on ! ,globe ,national & ,sicle4 ,9 '#da he f\nd$ ! ,revue ,indep5dante ) ,george ,s&1 & ,pi]re ,l]\x4 ,he made translations f ! ,russian1 & 9 addition to _m works on art he wrote ,! ,jesuits1 '#eg2 ,apology ( an ,unbeliev]1 translat$ into ,engli%1 '#fi1 & republi%$ z ,libre ,exam51 '#ga4 ,di$ #ahhc4 ,vico 7,giovanni ,batti/a71 ,italian philosoph]1 b4 ,naples #affh4 ,he became ,pr(essor ( ,rhetoric 9 ! ,univ]sity ( t city1 & publi%$ a ,new ,sci5ce ( ! ,common ,nature ( ,nations1 #agbe1 9 :i* he argues t ! ev5ts ( hi/ory are det]m9$ by immutable laws4 ,x pres5ts _m orig9al ?\ghts4 ,di$ ,naples1 #ba ,jan4 #agdc4 ,vir*[ 7,rudolf71 ,g]man an?ropologi/1 b4 ,s*ivelbe9 ,pom]ania1 #ac ,oct4 #ahba4 ,/udi$ m$ic9e at ,b]l9 & became lectur]1 memb] ( ! ,national ,assembly ( '#dh1 & ,pr(essor ( ,pa?ological ,anatomy at ,b]l94 ,8 ,cellul> ,pa?ology1 '#eh1 e/abli%$ 8 reputation4 ,he 0 *os5 deputy & rose to ! lead]%ip ( ! ,lib]al opposition4 ,8 sci5tific views are advanc$ al?\gh he oppos$ ! ,haeckel 9 reg>d to absolute tea*+ ( evolution4 ,vis*] 7,fri$ri* ,!odor71 ,g]man art critic1 b4 ,ludwigsburg1 #cj ,june1 #ahjg4 ,0 educat$ = ! ,*ur*1 became a m9i/]1 b r5\nc$ !ology & became pr(essor ( & is ,jahrb*] d] ,geg5w>t1 '#dd1 0 accus$ ( blasphemy & = 8 ,free?9k+ op9ions he 0 susp5d$ two ye>s4 ,at ! revolution ( '#dh he 0 elect$ to ! ,national ,assembly4 ,9 '#ee he became ,pr(essor at ,zri*4 ,8 "w on /hetic1 or ! ,sci5ce ( ! ,beautiful1 '#df-ed1 is consid]$ classic4 ,he has also writt51 ,old & ,new1 '#ha1 & sev]al anonym\s works4 ,di$ ,gmund51 #ad ,sept4 #ahhg4 ,vitry 7,gu>9 de7 ,fr5* au?or ( a ,rapid ,exam9ation ( ,*ri/ian ,dogma1 address$ to ! ,c\ncil ( #ahfi4 ,vlot5 7,johannes van71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,kamp51 #ah ,jan4 #ahah2 /udi$ !ology at ,leid5 & graduat$ ,d4,d4 9 '#dc4 ,he has1 h[ev]1 devot$ himself to lit]ature1 & produc$ _m works1 translat+ plays ( ,%akespe>e1 edit+ ,sp9oza1 & writ+ 8 life--translat$ into ,engli% by ,a4 ,m5zies4 ,he edit$ also ,de ,lev5sbode1 #ahfe1 etc4 ,voelkel 7,titus71 ,dr41 ,g]man lectur] & writ]1 b4 ,wirsitz 7,prussian ,pol&7 #ad ,dec4 #ahda4 ,/udi$ 7'#ei-fe7 !ology1 natural philosophy1 & ma!matics1 & sp5t "s ye>s 9 ,france4 ,he return$ '#gj1 & 0 = t5 ye>s employ$ z tea*] at high] s*ools4 ,s9ce '#hj has be5 spre*] ( ,free?\ght associations & s9ce '#he editor ( ! ,neues ,freireligises ,sonntags-,blatt1 at ,magdeburg4 ,9 '#hh he 0 sev]al times prosecut$ = blasphemy & ea* "t acquitt$4 ,he repres5t$ sev]al ,g]man societies at ! ,p>is ,congress ( ,free?9k]s1 '#hi4 ,voglet 7,prosp]71 ,belgian s+]1 b4 ,brussels1 #ahbe4 ,he 0 bl9d$ ?r\gh 8 baptism by a ,ca?olic prie/1 & has 9 consequ5ce to e>n 8 liv+ z a /reet s+]4 ,8 songs1 ( 8 own composition1 are anti-religi\s4 ,_m h appe>$ 9 ,la ,tribune du ,peuple1 :i* he edit$4 ,vogt 7,k>l71 ,g]man sci5ti/1 b4 ,giess51 #e ,july1 #ahag1 ! son ( a di/+ui%$ naturali/4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e & became acqua9t$ ) ,agassiz4 ,9 '#dh he 0 elect$ deputy to ! ,national ,assembly4 ,depriv$ ( 8 *air & exil$1 he became pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ,g5eva4 ,8 lectures on ,man1 ,8 ,position 9 ,creation & 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>?1 '#fc1 made a s5sation by _! endorsem5t ( ,d>w9ism4 ,!y 7 translat$ into ,engli% & publi%$ by ! ,an?ropological ,society4 ,he has also writt5 a ,manual ( ,geology1 ,physiological ,lett]s1 ,zoological ,lett]s1 ,bl9d ,fai? & ,sci5ce1 etc41 & has contribut$ to ! lead+ ,free?\ght j\rnals ( ,g]many & ,switz]l&4 ,volkm> 7,gu/av71 ,swiss critic1 b4 ,h]sfeld1 #aa ,jan4 #ahji4 ,/udi$ at ,m>burg '#bi-cb2 became privat doc5t at ,zuri*1 '#ec1 & pr(essor '#fc4 ,he has writt5 rationali/ works on ! ,gospel ( ,m>cion1 '#eb2 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 '#ec2 ! ,orig9 ( ! ,gospels1 '#ff2 ,jesus & ! fir/ ,*ri/ian ,ages1 '#hb1 etc4 ,volney 7,con/ant9 ,franois ,*asseb\f de71 ,c\nt1 ,fr5* philosoph]1 b4 ,craon 7,anj\7 #c ,feb4 #ageg4 ,hav+ /udi$ at ,anc5is & ,ang]s1 he w5t to ,p>is 9 #aggd4 ,"h he met ,d',holba* & o!rs4 ,9 #aghc he />t$ = ,egypt & ,syria1 & 9 #aghg publi%$ an acc\nt ( 8 travels4 ,made ,director ( ,comm]ce 9 ,corsica1 he resign$ on be+ elect$ to ! ,assembly4 ,?\gh a weal?y l&lord1 he wrote & spoke = division ( l&$ prop]ty4 ,9 #agia 8 eloqu5t ,ru9s appe>$4 ,dur+ ! ,t]ror he 0 imprison$ = t5 mon?s4 ,9 '#ie he visit$ ,am]ica4 ,return+ to ,france1 ,napoleon ask$ him to become colleague 9 ! consul%ip b ,volney decl9$4 ,he remon/rat$ ) ,napoleon :5 he re-e/abli%$ ,*ri/ianity by ! ,concordat1 ,april #ahjb4 ,among 8 o!r works 0 a ,hi/ory ( ,samuel & ! ,law ( ,nature4 ,di$ #be ,april1 #ahbj4 ,voltaire 7,franois ,m>ie4 ,ar\et de71 ,fr5* poet1 hi/orian & philosoph]1 b4 ,p>is #ba ,nov4 #afid4 ,educat$ by ! ,jesuits1 he e>ly di/+ui%$ himself by 8 wit4 ,= a satirical pamphlet on ! dea? ( ,l\is ,,xiv he 0 s5t to ! ,ba/ille = a ye> & 0 aft]w>ds committ$ aga9 = a qu>rel ) ! ,*evali] de ,rohan4 ,on 8 lib]ation he came to ,engl& at ! invitation ( ,"l ,bol+broke1 & became acqua9t$ ) ! ,engli% ,free?9k]s4 ,8 ,lettres ,philosophiques translat$ z ,lett]s on ! ,engli%1 #agcb1 gave great (f5ce to ! cl]gy & 0 condemn$ to be burnt4 ,ab\t #agce he retir$ to ! e/ate ( ! ,m>quise de ,*telet at ,cirey1 :]e he produc$ _m plays4 ,we may m5tion ,mahomet1 d$icat$ to ! ,pope1 :o 0 unable to see t its %afts 7 aim$ at ! pret5ces ( ! *ur*4 ,9 #agej he accept$ ! invitation ( ,fr$]ick ,,ii4 to reside at 8 c\rt4 ,b he c\ld n help laugh+ at ! great k+'s poetry4 ,! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life 0 pass$ at ,f]ney ne> ! ,g5evan t]ritory1 :i* ?r\gh 8 ex]tions became a ?riv+ village4 ,he did m ?an any o!r man ( 8 c5tury to aboli% torture & o!r relics ( b>b>ism1 & to give j notions ( hi/ory4 ,to ! la/ he cont9u$ to wage w> aga9/ intol]ance & sup]/ition4 ,8 works comprise ov] a ?\s& pieces 9 sev5ty volumes4 ,ov] fifty works 7 condemn$ by ! ,index1 & ,voltaire us$ no less ?an "o hundr$ & ?irty diff]5t p5-names4 ,8 "n has ris5 above ! cl\ds ( detraction made by 8 cl]ical enemies4 ,di$ #cj ,may1 #aggh4 ,voo 7,g4 ,w4 van d]71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 #f ,april1 #ahjf4 ,= m ?an half a c5tury he 0 s*oolma/] & tea*] ( ! ,fr5* language at ,rott]dam1 :]e he /ill lives4 ,he contribut$ _m articles to ,de ,dag]aad4 ,vosma] 7,c>el71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ! ,hague #bj ,m>*1 #ahbf4 ,/udi$ law at ,leyd54 ,he edit$ ! ,tyd/room 7#aheh-i7 & ,spectator 7#ahfj-gc71 & wrote sev]al works on ,dut* art & o!r subjects4 ,di$ at ,montreux 7,switz]l&71 #ab ,june1 #ahhh4 ,voysey 7,*>les71 ,engli% ,!i/1 b4 ,london #ah ,m>*1 #ahbh4 ,graduat$ ,b4,a4 at ,ox=d1 '#ea1 0 vic> ( ,healaugh1 ,york%ire1 '#fd-ga1 & depriv$ #aa ,feb4 '#ga = h]esy 9 s]mons publi%$ 9 ,! ,sl+ & ! ,/one4 ,he has s9ce e/abli%$ a ,!i/ic ,*ur* 9 ,swall[ ,/reet1 ,piccadilly1 & 8 s]mons are regul>ly publi%$4 ,he has also issu$ ,fragm5ts f ,reim>us1 '#gi1 edit$ ,! ,langham ,magaz9e & publi%$ ,lectures on ! ,bible & ! ,!i/ic ,fai?1 etc4 ,vulpian 7,edme ,felix ,alfr$71 ,fr5* physician1 b4 #e ,jan4 #ahbf4 ,wrote sev]al m$ical works & ^u be+ appo9t$ lectur] at ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e1 '#fi1 0 viol5tly oppos$ on acc\nt ( 8 ,a!ism4 ,he 0 aft]w>ds elect$ to ! ,academy ( ,sci5ces4 ,di$ #ag ,may1 #ahhg4 ,wagn] 7,wilhelm ,ri*>d71 ,g]man musical compos] & poet1 b4 ,leipsic1 #bb ,may1 #ahac4 ,f '#db-di he 0 conductor ( ! ,royal ,op]a1 ,dresd51 b 8 revolution>y s5tim5ts caus$ 8 exile to ,switz]l&1 :]e he produc$ 8 ,loh5gr94 ,9 '#fd he 0 patronis$ by ,ludwig ,,ii4 ( ,bav>ia1 & produc$ _m f9e op]as1 9 :i* he s\ght t poetry1 sc5]y1 & music %\ld aid ea* o!r 9 mak+ op]a dramatic4 ,9 philosophy he express$ himself a foll[] ( ,s*op5hau]4 ,di$ at ,v5ice1 #ac ,feb4 #ahhc4 ,waite 7,*>les ,burl+ame71 ,am]ican judge1 b4 ,wayne c\nty1 ,n4,y4 #bi ,jan4 #ahbd4 ,educat$ at ,knox ,college1 ,ill9ois1 he 0 admitt$ to ! ,b> 9 '#dg4 ,aft] successful practice 9 ,*icago1 he 0 appo9t$ by ,presid5t ,l9coln ,ju/ice ( ! ,supreme ,c\rt ( ,utah4 ,9 '#ha he issu$ 8 ,hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,religion to ! ye> ,a4,d4 #bjj1 a rationali/ic "w1 :i* explodes ! evangelical n>ratives4 ,wakeman 7,?addeus ,b471 ,am]ican lawy] & ,positivi/1 b4 #bi ,dec4 #ahcd1 0 "o ( ! editors ( ,man & a presid5t ( ! ,new ,york ,lib]al ,club4 ,a contributor to ! ,free?9k]s' ,magaz9e4 ,walf]d9 7,franois-,hippolyte71 b4 ,langres1 #h ,june1 #agie4 ,a fri5d ( ,arago he contribut$ ) him to ! enl>gem5t ( sci5ce1 & 0 decorat$ ) ! ,legion ( ,honor 9 #ahdd4 ,he publi%$ a f9e edition ( ! works ( ,did]ot 9 '#eg1 & left ! bu/ ( t philosoph] to ! ,l\vre4 ,di$ #be ,jan4 #ahhj4 ,walk] 7,e471 ( ,worce/]4 ,ow5ite au?or ( ,is ! ,bible ,true8 & ,:at is ,blasphemy8 #ahdc4 ,walk] 7,edw9 ,c471 editor ( ,lucif] & ,fair ,play1 ,valley ,falls1 ,kansas4 ,walk] 7,?omas71 orator1 b4 ,pre/on1 ,lanca%ire1 #e ,feb4 #aheh4 ,w5t to ,am]ica & at ! age ( sixte5 took to ! plat=m4 ,9 '#gg he w5t to ,au/ralia1 & = a :ile lectur$ at ! ,op]a1 ,melb\rne4 ,9 '#hb he />t$ ! ,au/ralian ,secul> ,association1 ( :i* he 0 presid5t = two ye>s :5 he w5t to ,sydney4 ,9 '#he he 0 convict$ = lectur+ on ,mal?usianism1 b ! conviction 0 qua%$ by ! ,supreme ,c\rt4 ,9 '#hg he 0 elect$ ,m4,p4 = ,nor?umb]l& di/rict4 ,is ,presid5t ( ,au/ralian ,free?\ght ,union4 ,wals] 7,george ,h471 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 ,de>born ,co4 ,indiana1 #bf ,may1 #ahcd4 ,became a lawy]1 & a memb] ( ! legislature ( 8 ,/ate4 ,he f\nd$ ! t[n ( ,lib]al ,b>ton ,co4 ,miss\ri1 to try ! exp]im5t ( a t[n )\t any prie/1 *ur*1 *apel or dr9k+ saloon4 ,mr4 ,wals] has also s\ght to e/abli% !re a ,free?\ght ,univ]sity4 ,w>d 7,le/] ,frank74 ,am]ican botani/1 b4 ,joliet1 ,ill9ois1 #ah ,june1 #ahda4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! ,national ,army dur+ ! civil w> & 0 w\nd$4 ,9 '#fe he settl$ at ,wa%+ton & became libr>ian ( ! ,u4,s4 bureau ( /ati/ics4 ,he is n[ curator ( botany & fossil plants 9 ! ,u4,s4 national museum4 ,has writt5 _m works on paleo-botany1 & two volumes ( sociological /udies entitl$ ,dynamic ,sociology4 ,he has contribut$ to ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly4 ,w>d 7,m>y ,a471 translator ( ,amiel's ,j\rnal1 & au?oress ( a popul> novel ,rob]t ,elsm]e1 #ahhh4 ,w>r5 7,josiah74 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 #bf ,june1 #agih4 ,he took an active "p 9 ,rob]t ,ow5's communi/ic exp]im5t at ,new ,h>mony1 ,indiana1 9 '#be-f4 ,8 own ideas he illu/rat$ by e/abli%+ a "t /ore at ,c9c9nati4 ,8 views are giv5 9 a "w entitl$ ,true ,civilisation4 ,di$ ,bo/on1 ,mass4 #ad ,april1 #ahgd4 ,wa%burn 7,l4 ,k471 ,am]ican lectur] & writ]1 b4 ,w>eham1 ,plym\?1 ,mass41 #be ,m>*1 #ahdf4 ,9 '#eg he w5t to ,b>re4 ,0 s5t to a ,unit>ian s*ool = m9i/]s1 & 0 orda9$ 9 ,ipswi*1 ,feb4 '#gj4 ,he read f ! pulpit extracts f ,p>k]1 ,em]son1 & o!rs in/ead ( ! ,bible4 ,he w5t to ,m9neapolis1 :]e he organis$ ! fir/ ,free?\ght ,society 9 ! ,/ate4 ,he aft]w>ds resid$ at ,rev]e1 & deliv]$ _m ,free?\ght lectures1 ( :i* sev]al h be5 publi%$4 ,he n[ edits ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator4 ,wat]s 7,na?aniel ,ramsey71 ,am]ican au?or ( ,rome v4 ,reason1 a memoir ( ,*ri/ian & extra ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce4 ,watson 7,james71 ,engli% uphold] ( a free press1 b4 ,malton 7,yorks71 #ba ,sept4 #agii4 ,dur+ ! prosecution ( ,c>lile & 8 %opm5 9 #ahbb he volunte]$ to come f ,london to ,le$s4 ,9 ,feb4 '#bc he 0 arre/$ = sell+ ,palm]'s ,pr9ciples ( ,nature1 tri$ #bc ,april1 & s5t5c$ to twelve mon?s' imprisonm5t1 dur+ :i* he read ,gibbon1 ,hume1 & ,mo%eim4 ,:5 lib]at$ he became a compositor on ! ,republican4 ,9 '#ca ,julian ,hibb]t gave him 8 type & presses1 & he issu$ ,volney's ,lectures on ,hi/ory4 ,9 ,feb4 '#cc he 0 s5t5c$ to six mon?s' imprisonm5t = sell+ ,! ,poor ,man's ,gu>dian4 ,hibb]t left him #dej1 :i* he us$ 9 pr9t+ d',holba*'s ,sy/em ( ,nature1 ,volney's ,ru9s1 ,f4 ,wright's ,lectures1 ,r4 ,d4 ,ow5's pamphlets1 ,pa9e's works1 & o!r volumes4 ,di$ at ,norwood1 #bi ,nov4 #ahgd4 ,watson 7,?omas71 au?or ( ,! ,my/agogue1 ,le$s1 #ahdg4 ,watts 7,*>les71 ,secul>i/ orator1 b4 ,bri/ol1 #bh ,feb4 #ahce4 ,conv]t$ to ,free?\ght by he>+ ,*>les ,s\?well1 he became a lectur] & assi/ant editor on ! ,national ,re=m]4 ,mr4 ,watts has _h num]\s debates1 bo? 9 ,engl& & ,am]ica1 ) ,dr4 ,sexton1 ,rev4 ,mr4 ,h>rison1 ,brew9 ,grant1 & o!rs4 ,he />t$ ! ,secul> ,review ) ,g4 ,w4 ,foote1 & aft]w>ds ,secul> ,?\ght ( ,toronto4 ,he wrote a portion ( ,! ,free?9k]'s ,text ,book1 & has publi%$ ,*ri/ianity3 its ,orig91 ,nature & ,influ5ce2 ,! ,tea*+s ( ,secul>ism comp>$ ) ,or?odox ,*ri/ianity1 & o!r bro*ures4 ,watts 7,*>les ,a471 a son ( above1 b4 #bg ,may1 #aheh4 ,conducts ,watts's ,lit]>y ,gazette & edits ! ,agno/ic ,annual4 ,watts 7,john71 bro!r ( ,*>les1 b4 ,b$m9/]1 ,bri/ol1 #b ,oct4 #ahcd4 ,8 fa!r 0 a ,wesleyan prea*]1 & he 0 conv]t$ to ,free?\ght by 8 bro!r ,*>les4 ,he became sub-editor ( ! ,reason]1 & aft]w>ds = a "t edit$ ! ,national ,re=m]4 ,he edit$ ,half ,h\rs ,) ,free?9k]s ) ,iconocla/1 & publi%$ sev]al pamphlets1 ,logic & ,philosophy ( ,a!ism1 ,orig9 ( ,man1 ,is ,man ,immortal8 ,! ,devil1 ,:o 7 ! ,writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 etc4 ,di$ #ca ,oct4 #ahff4 ,watts 7( ,lewes1 ,sussex71 au?or ( ! ,yahoo1 a satire 9 v]se 7fir/ publi%$ 9 #ahcc71 also ,! ,great ,dragon ,ca/ ,out4 ,webb] 7,za*>ias71 ,dut* pa9t]1 :o 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury wrote h]etical works ,on ! ,temptation ( ,*ri/ & ,! ,s$uction ( ,adam & ,eve1 etc4 ,he def5d$ ,bekk]1 :om he surpass$ 9 boldness4 ,"u ! p5 "n ,j4 ,adolphs he wrote ,! ,true ,orig91 ,cont9uance & ,de/ruction ( ,satan4 ,di$ 9 #afgi4 ,web] 7,k>l ,julius71 ,g]man au?or1 b4 ,lang5burg1 #af ,april1 #agfg4 ,/udi$ law at ,erlang5 & ,gtt+54 ,he liv$ = a :ile 9 ,switz]l& & /udi$ ,fr5* philosophy1 :i* suit$ 8 satirical turn ( m9d4 ,he wrote a hi/ory ( ,monk]y1 #ahah-bj2 ,lett]s ( ,g]mans ,travell+ 9 ,g]many1 '#bf-bh2 & ,demokritos1 or ! ,po/hum\s ,pap]s ( a ,laugh+ ,philosoph]1 '#cb-cf4 ,di$ ,kupf]zell1 #ai ,july1 #ahcb4 ,weitl+ 7,wilhelm71 ,g]man social democrat1 b4 ,magdeburg1 #ahjh4 ,he 0 a lead] ( ,d] ,bund d] ,g]e*t51 ! ,league ( ! ,j1 & publi%$ at ,zri* ,! ,gospel ( ,poor ,s9n]s4 ,he also wrote ,humanity1 ,z ,x ,is & ,z ,x ,%\ld ,be4 ,he emigrat$ to ,am]ica1 :]e he di$ #be ,jan4 #ahga4 ,wellhaus5 7,julius71 ,g]man critic1 b4 ,hameln #ag ,may1 #ahdd1 /udi$ !ology at ,gtt+51 & became pr(essor 9 ,griefswald1 ,halle1 & ,m>burg4 ,is r5[n$ = 8 ,hi/ory ( ,israel 9 progress1 '#gh1 etc41 & 8 ,prolegom5a to ! same1 & 8 contributions to ! ,encyclopdia ,britannica4 ,we/brook 7,ri*>d ,brodhead71 ,dr41 ,am]ican au?or1 b4 ,pike co41 ,p5nsylvania1 #h ,feb4 #ahbj4 ,he became a ,me?odi/ prea*] 9 '#dj1 & aft]w>ds jo9$ ! ,presbyt]ians1 b )drew ab\t '#fj1 & has s9ce writt5 ,! ,bible3 ,:5ce & ,:at8 & ,man3 ,:5ce & ,:i!r8 ,9 '#hh ,dr4 ,we/brook 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,am]ican ,secul> ,union1 & has s9ce (f]$ a prize = ! be/ essay on tea*+ morality ap>t f religion4 ,we/]man 7,w4 ,b47 ,dur+ _m ye>s1 f #ahef-fh1 an active co-op]ator on ,de ,dag]aad4 ,we/ra 7,p471 ,dut* ,free?9k]1 b4 #af ,m>*1 #ahea4 ,has = "s ye>s be5 active secret>y ( ! ,dut* ,free?\ght society1 ,de ,dag]aad4 ,wett/e9 7,otto71 ,g]man ,am]ican mat]iali/1 b4 ,b>m51 #g ,april1 #ahch4 ,ab\t '#dh 8 p>5ts emigrat$4 ,9 '#eh he set up 9 bus9ess z a jewell] at ,ro*elle4 ,he contribut$ to ! ,free?9k]s' ,magaz9e1 ,! ,ironclad ,age1 & o!r j\rnals1 & is treasur] ( ! ,national ,secul> ,union4 ,:ite 7,&rew ,dickson71 ,am]ican educator1 b4 ,hom]1 ,n4,y41 #g ,nov4 #ahcb4 ,he /udi$ at ,yale1 :]e he graduat$ 9 '#ec2 travell$ 9 ,europe1 & 9 '#eg 0 elect$ pr(essor ( hi/ory & ,engli% lit]ature 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,mi*igan4 ,he 0 elect$ to ! ,/ate ,s5ate1 & 9 '#fg became fir/ presid5t ( ,cornell1 a univ]sity :i* he has l>gely end[$4 ,among 8 works we mu/ m5tion ,! ,w>f>e ( ,sci5ce 7,n4,y41 '#gf7 & ,/udies 9 ,g5]al ,hi/ory & 9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,civilisation1 '#he4 ,:itman 7,walt71 ,am]ican poet1 b4 ,we/ ,hills1 ,long ,isl&1 ,n4,y41 #ca ,may1 #ahai4 ,educat$ 9 public s*ools1 he became a pr9t]1 & travell$ mu* ?r\gh ! ,/ates4 ,9 ! civil w> he s]v$ z a volunte] army nurse4 ,8 *ief "w1 ,leaves ( ,grass1 ) its noble preface1 appe>$ 9 '#ee1 & 0 acclaim$ by ,em]son z ! mo/ extraord9>y piece ( wit & wisdom t ,am]ica has yet contribut$4 ,x 0 foll[$ by ,drum ,taps1 ,novemb] ,b\ghs & ,s&s at ,sev5ty4 ,?is good gray poet has also writt5 prose essays call$ ,democratic ,vietas & ,specim5 ,days & ,collect4 ,wicksell 7,knut71 ,sw$i% au?or & lectur]1 b4 ,/ockholm1 #cj ,dec4 #ahea1 /udi$ at ,upsala1 & became lic5tiate ( philosophy 9 '#he4 ,has writt5 bro*ures on ,population1 ,emigration1 ,pro/itution1 etc41 & anonym\sly a satirical "w on ,bible ,/ories1 z by ,tante ,mal94 ,repres5t$ ,sw$5 at ! ,p>is ,conf]5ce ( '#hi4 ,wiel& 7,*ri/oph] ,m>t971 ,g]man poet & noveli/1 b4 ne> ,bib]a*1 #e ,sept4 #agcc4 ,a volum9\s writ]1 he 0 call$ ! ,voltaire ( ,g]many4 ,among 8 works we notice ,dialogues ( ! ,gods1 ,aga?on1 a novel1 & ,eu?anasia1 9 :i* he argues aga9/ immortality4 ,he translat$ ,horace1 ,lucian & ,%akespe>e4 ,di$ ,weim]1 #bj ,jan4 #ahac4 ,8 la/ words 7 ,to be or n to be4 ,wi5] 7,*ri/ian71 ,dr41 ,g]man au?or ( a mat]iali/ic "w on ! ,elem5ts ( ,natural ,laws1 #ahfc4 ,wiessn] 7,alex&]71 ,g]man writ]1 au?or ( an exam9ation ( spiritualism 7,leipsic1 #ahge74 ,wig& 7,otto ,fri$ri*71 ,g]man publi%]1 b4 ,gtt+51 #aj ,aug4 #agie4 ,9 #ahcb he e/abli%$ himself 9 ,leipsic1 :]e he issu$ ! works ( ,ruge1 ,bau]1 ,feu]ba*1 ,s*]r1 & o!r ,free?9k]s4 ,di$ #ca ,aug4 #ahgj4 ,wightman 7,edw>d71 ,engli% anti-,tr9it>ian m>tyr ( ,burton-on-,tr5t4 ,0 burnt at ,li*field #aa ,april1 #afab1 be+ ! la/ p]son burnt = h]esy 9 ,engl&4 ,wihl 7,ludwig71 ,g]man poet1 b4 #bd ,oct4 #ahjg4 ,di$ ,brussels1 #af ,jan4 #ahhb4 ,wilbr&t 7,adolf71 ,g]man au?or1 b4 ,rosbock1 #bd ,aug4 #ahcg4 ,has writt5 on ,he9ri* von ,klei/1 ,hld]l91 ! poet ( ,pan!ism1 & publi%$ _m plays1 ( :i* we may m5tion ,giordano ,bruno1 #ahgd1 & also "s novels4 ,wilhelmi 7,h$wig ,h5ri*71 ,g]man lecturess & au?or ( ,vortrage1 publi%$ at ,milwaukee1 #ahhi4 ,%e att5d$ ! ,p>is ,congress ( '#hi4 ,wilk9son 7,*ri/oph]71 ( ,brad=d1 b4 #ahjc4 ,wrote ) ,squire ,f>rah an able ,exam9ation ( ,dr4 ,godw9's ,argum5ts = ! ,exi/5ce ( ,god1 publi%$ at ,brad=d1 #ahec4 ,williams 7,david71 ,wel% dei/1 b4 ,c>digan%ire1 #agch4 ,he became a diss5t+ m9i/] b aft] publi%+ two volumes ( ,s]mons on ,religi\s ,hypocrisy1 #aggd1 dissolv$ ! connections4 ,9 conjunction ) ,frankl9 & o!rs he f\nd$ a club & drew up a ,liturgy on ! ,univ]sal ,pr9ciples ( ,religion & ,morality1 :i* he us$ at a ,dei/ic *apel op5$ 9 ,m>g>et ,/reet1 ,cav5di% ,squ>e1 #g ,april1 #aggf4 ,he wrote v>i\s political & educational works1 & e/abli%$ ! lit]>y fund 9 #aghi4 ,di$ ,soho1 ,london1 #bi ,june1 #ahaf4 ,willis 7,rob]t71 physician & writ]1 b4 ,ed9burgh1 #agii4 ,he /udi$ at ! ,univ]sity & became ,m4,d4 9 #ahai4 ,he soon aft] came to ,london1 & 9 '#bc became ,m4,r4,c4,s4 ,he became libr>ian to ! ,college ( ,surgeons4 ,besides _m m$ical works he wrote a ,life ( ,sp9oza1 '#gj1 & ,s]vetus & ,calv91 '#gg4 ,he also wrote on ,! ,p5tateu* & ,book ( ,jo%ua 9 ! face ( ! ,sci5ce & ,moral ,s5ses ( our ,age1 & ,a ,dialogue by ,way ( ,cate*ism1 bo? publi%$ by ,t4 ,scott4 ,di$ at ,b>nes1 #ba ,sept4 #ahgh4 ,wilson 7,john71 ,m4,a41 ( ,tr94 ,coll41 ,dubl91 au?or ( ,?\ghts on ,sci5ce1 ,!ology & ,e?ics1 #ahhe4 ,wirm>sius 7,h5rik71 ,dut* au?or ( ,d5 ,+ebeelde ,*aos1 #agaj4 ,wislic5us 7,gu/av ,adolf71 ,g]man rationali/1 b4 ,saxony1 #bj ,nov4 #ahjc4 ,he /udi$ !ology at ,halle1 & became a m9i/]1 b 9 consequ5ce ( 8 "w ,lett] or ,_s 7#ahde7 0 susp5d$ & f\nd$ ! ,free ,congregation4 ,= 8 "w on ,! ,bible 9 ! ,light ( ,mod]n ,culture he 01 9 ,sept4 '#ec1 s5t5c$ to prison = two ye>s4 ,he w5t to ,am]ica1 & lectur$ 9 ,bo/on & ,new ,york4 ,he return$ to ,europe 9 '#ef1 & /ay$ 9 ,zri*1 :]e he di$ #ad ,oct4 #aghe4 ,8 *ief "w1 ,! ,bible = ,?9k+ ,read]s1 0 publi%$ at ,leipsic 9 '#fc4 ,witti*ius 7,jacobus71 ,dut* ,sp9ozi/1 b4 ,ak51 #aa ,jan4 #afga4 ,wrote on ! ,nature ( ,god1 #agaa4 ,di$ #ah ,oct4 #agci4 ,wixon 7,susan ,h471 ,am]ican writ] & editor ( ! ,*ildr5's ,corn] 9 ! ,tru?seek]1 has = _m ye>s be5 an advocate ( ,free?\ght1 temp]ance1 & wom5's rights4 ,%e 0 a s*ool tea*] & memb] ( ! ,bo>d ( ,education ( ! ,city ( ,fall ,riv]1 ,mass41 :]e %e resides4 ,%e contributes to ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator4 ,wollny 7,dr4 ,f471 ,g]man au?or ( ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology 7,leipsic1 #ahhg71 9 ! preface to :i* he pr(esses himself an ,a!i/4 ,woll/onecraft 7,m>y71 ,engli% au?oress1 b4 ,hoxton1 #bg ,april1 #agei4 ,%e became a gov]ness4 ,9 #agif %e settl$ 9 ,london1 & began h] lit]>y labors ) ,?\ghts on ! ,education ( ,daught]s4 ,%e also wrote a ,v9dication ( ! ,rights ( ,man1 9 answ] to ,burke1 & ,v9dication ( ! ,rights ( ,woman4 ,9 #agig %e m>ri$ ,william ,godw91 & di$ 9 *ildbir?4 ,wooley 7,milton71 ,dr41 ,am]ican au?or ( ,sci5ce ( ! ,bible #ahgg2 ,c>e] ( ,jesus ,*ri/1 '#gg2 & a pamphlet on ! "n ,god4 ,di$ ,aug4 #ahhe4 ,wool/on 7,?omas71 ,rev4 ,engli% dei/1 b4 ,nor?ampton1 #affi4 ,he /udi$ at ,cambridge1 & became a ,fell[ at ,sydney ,college & a m9i/]4 ,he publi%$ 9 #agje ,! ,old ,apology1 :i* 0 foll[$ by o!r works 9 favor ( an allegorical int]pretation ( ,scripture4 ,9 #agbf he began 8 ,six ,disc\rses ^u ! ,miracles1 :i* 7 assail$ 9 =cible1 homely language4 ,?irty ?\s& copies are said to h be5 sold1 & sixty pamphlets 7 writt5 9 opposition4 ,wool/on 0 tri$ = blasphemy & s5t5c$ 7,m>*1 #agbi7 to "o ye>'s imprisonm5t & a f9e ( #ajj4 ,?is he c\ld n pay1 & di$ 9 prison #bi ,jan4 #agcc4 ,wright 7,elizur71 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 ,s\? ,canaan1 ,lit*field ,co41 ,connecticut1 #ab ,feb4 #ahjd4 ,he graduat$ at ,yale ,college1 '#bf4 ,hav+ w>mly embrac$ ! pr9ciples ( ! ,abolitioni/s1 he became secret>y ( ! ,am]ican ,anti-,slav]y ,society1 & edit$ ! ,abolitioni/ & ,commonweal?4 ,he 0 a firm & uncompromis+ ,a!i/1 & a contributor to ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator1 ! ,free?9k]'s ,magaz9e1 etc4 ,di$ at ,bo/on1 #ba ,dec4 '#he4 ,8 fun]al oration 0 deliv]$ by ,col4 ,+]soll4 ,wright 7,frances71 aft]w>ds ,d',arusmont1 writ] & lecturess1 b4 ,dundee1 #f ,sept4 #agie4 ,at ! age ( eighte5 %e wrote ,a ,few ,days 9 ,a!ns1 9 :i* %e exp\nds & def5ds ! ,epicurean philosophy4 ,%e visit$ ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & wrote ,views on ,society & ,mann]s 9 ,am]ica1 #ahbj4 ,%e b\ght #b1jjj acres 9 ,t5nessee1 & peopl$ x ) slave families %e pur*as$ & r$eem$4 ,%e aft]w>ds jo9$ ,ow5's exp]im5t2 9 "p edit$ ! ,new ,h>mony ,gazette1 & aft]w>ds ! ,free ,inquir]4 ,a ,c\rse ( ,popul> ,lectures 0 publi%$ at ,new ,york 9 '#bi1 9 :i* %e boldly gives h] views on religion4 ,%e also wrote a numb] ( fables & tracts1 & assi/$ 9 f\nd+ ! ,bo/on ,inve/igator4 ,di$ at ,c9c9nati1 #ad ,dec4 #aheb4 ,wright 7,h5ry ,cl>ke71 ,am]ican re=m]1 b4 ,%>on1 ,lit*field co4 ,connecticut1 #bi ,aug4 #agig4 ,a conspicu\s anti-slav]y orator1 he 0 a fri5d ( ,erne/9e ,rose1 ,lucretia ,mott1 etc4 ,he wrote ,! ,liv+1 ,pres5t & ! ,dead ,pa/4 ,di$ ,pawtucket1 ,rhode ,isl&1 #af ,aug4 #ahgj4 ,wright 7,susannah71 "o ( ,c>lile's %opwom54 ,tri$ #ad ,nov4 #ahbb1 = sell+ pamphlets by ,c>lile4 ,%e made a good def5ce1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* %e 0 cont9ually int]rupt$4 ,wundt 7,wilhelm ,max71 ,g]man sci5ti/1 b4 ,neck>an 7,bad571 #af ,aug4 #ahcb4 ,8 fa!r 0 a cl]gyman4 ,he /udi$ m$ic9e at ,tb+51 ,heidelb]g1 & ,b]l91 & became pr(essor ( physiology at ,heidelb]g 9 '#fd1 & has s9ce held *airs at ,zuri* & ,leipsic4 ,8 pr9cipal works are ,pr9ciples ( ,physiological ,psy*ology1 '#gd2 ,manual ( ,human ,physiology2 ,logic1 '#hc2 ,essays1 '#he2 ,e?ik1 '#hf4 ,wu5s* 7,*ri/ian ,erne/71 ,g]man physician1 b4 ,hoh5/e91 #agdd4 ,0 ,pr(essor ( ,ma!matics & ,physics 9 ,frank=t on ! ,od]1 #ahbh4 ,wyr\b(f 7,gr471 ,c\nt2 ,russian ,positivi/1 :o e/abli%$ ! ,revue de ,philosophie ,positive ) ,littr1 & edit$ x ) him f #ahfg-hc4 ,x5ophanes1 ,greek philosoph]1 b4 ,colophon1 ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,eleatic s*ool1 & wrote a poem on ,nature & ,eleaticism1 9 :i* he ridicul$ man mak+ gods 9 8 own image4 ,xim9es 7,augu/9 ,l\is71 ,m>quis de1 ,fr5* writ]1 b4 ,p>is1 #bf ,feb4 #agbf4 ,0 an intimate fri5d ( ,voltaire1 & wrote sev]al plays4 ,di$ ,p>is1 #ca ,may1 #ahag4 ,york 7,j4 ,l471 ,am]ican lectur]1 b4 ,new ,york1 #ahcj4 ,he became a blacksmi?1 !n a ,me?odi/ m9i/]1 !n ,unit>ian1 & f9ally ,free?\ght advocate4 ,he 0 = "s ye>s memb] ( ! ,cali=nia ,legislature1 & has made lectur+ t\rs 9 ,au/ralia & ?r\gh ! ,/ates4 ,yorke 7,j4 ,f471 au?or ( able ,notes on ,evolution & ,*ri/ianity1 ,london1 #ahhb4 ,y\mans 7,edw>d ,liv+/one71 ,am]ican sci5ti/1 b4 ,coeymans1 ,n4,y41 #c ,june1 #ahba4 ,?\gh p>tially bl9d he 0 a great /ud5t4 ,he became ,m4,d4 ab\t #ahea1 & began to lecture on sci5ce1 popul>ly exp\nd+ ! doctr9es ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy & evolution4 ,he popul>is$ ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 plann$ ! ,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies1 & 9 '#gb e/abli%$ ! ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 9 :i* he wrote l>gely4 ,di$ at ,new ,york1 #ah ,jan4 #ahhg4 ,zabor[ski ,mo9dr9 7,sigismond71 ,fr5* sci5tific writ]1 b4 ,la ,cr*e1 #ahea4 ,has writt5 on ,! ,antiquity ( ,man1 '#gd2 ,pre-hi/oric ,man1 '#gh2 ,orig9 ( ,languages1 '#gi2 ,! ,great ,apes1 '#ha2 ,sci5tific ,curiosities1 '#hc4 ,zambr9i 7,francesco71 ,italian writ]1 b4 ,fa5za1 #be ,jan4 #ahaj4 ,educat$ at ,rav5na & ,bologna4 ,he devot$ himself to lit]ature & produc$ a great numb] ( works4 ,di$ #i ,july1 #ahhg4 ,z>co 7,francisco71 ,mexican j\rnali/1 b4 ,durango1 #d ,dec4 #ahbi4 ,edit$ ,el ,siglo ,,xix & ,la ,ilu/racion1 9 :i* he us$ ! p5-"n ( ,=tun4 ,he 0 elect$ to ,congress 9 '#ee1 & imprison$ by ! reaction>ies 9 '#fj4 ,ju>ez made him ,secret>y ( ,/ate & ,presid5t ( ,c\ncil4 ,he 0 a fri5d ( ,gag]n4 ,di$ ,mexico1 #bi ,dec4 #ahfi4 ,zell] 7,edu>d71 ,g]man critic1 b4 ,kle9bottw> 7,wrtemb]g71 #bb ,jan4 #ahad4 ,/udi$ !ology at ,tb+5 & ,b]l91 became pr(essor at ,b]ne1 '#dg4 ,he m>ri$ a daught] ( ,baur2 gave up !ology = philosophy1 ( :i* he has be5 pr(essor at ,b]l9 s9ce '#gb4 ,has writt5 a memoir ( ,/rauss1 '#gd2 ,outl9es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,philosophy1 '#hc2 ,fr$]ick ! ,great z a ,philosoph]1 '#hf2 & o!r important works4 ,zijde 7,k>el van d]71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,ov]s*ie1 #ac ,july1 #ahch4 ,has be5 tea*] at ,rott]dam4 ,"u ! p5-"n ( ,m4 ,f4 t5 ,b]g5 he wrote ,! ,devil's ,burial1 #ahgd4 ,besides ?is he has writt5 _m lit]>y articles1 & is n[ tea*] ( ,dut* & ,g]man at ,za&am4 ,zimm]n 7,hel571 b4 ,hamburg1 #be ,m>*1 #ahdf4 ,has liv$ 9 ,engl& s9ce '#ej1 & is naturalis$4 ,%e has writt5 lives ( ,s*op5hau] & ,less+1 & a p>aphrase ( ,firdusi's ,%ah ,nahmeh4 ,zola 7,emile71 ,fr5* noveli/1 b4 ( ,italian fa!r1 ,p>is1 #b ,april1 #ahdj4 ,by 8 p[]ful collection ( romances kn[n z ,les ,r\gon ,macqu>t1 he made himself ! lead] ( ! naturali/ s*ool1 :i* claims to treat fiction sci5tifically1 repres5t+ life z x is )\t ! ideal4 ,zorrilla 7,manuel ,ruiz71 ,spani% /atesman1 b4 ,burgo-de-,osma1 #ahcd1 became a lawy]1 & 9 '#ef 0 return$ to ! ,cortes by ! ,progressive p>ty4 ,= a bro*ure aga9/ ! ,neo-,ca?olics he 0 prosecut$4 ,9 '#gj he became ,presid5t ( ! ,cortes1 & has s9ce be5 exil$ = 8 ,republicanism4 ,z\teve5 7,h4 ,h4 ,h4 van74 ,see ,h>togh4 ,zuppetta 7,luigi71 ,italian juri/ & patriot1 b4 ,ca/elnuovo1 #ba ,june1 #ahaj4 ,he /udi$ at ,naples1 took "p 9 ! democratic movem5t ( '#dh1 0 exil$ & return$ 9 #ahfj1 & has be5 ,pr(essor ( ,p5al ,law 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,pavia4 ,,supplem5t4 ,^? :i* h already appe>$ are m>k$ 99 ,abd al ,hakk ibn ,ibrahim ibn ,muhammad ibn ,sab94 ,see ,sab94 ,abu ,abd'allah ,muhammad ibn ,mass>a al ,jabali4 ,arabian pan!i/ b4 #hha4 ,he liv$ at ,cordova 9 ,spa9 & /udi$ ! works ( ,emp$ocles & o!r ,greek philosoph]s4 ,accus$ ( impiety1 he left ,spa9 & travell$ ?r\gh ! ,ea/4 ,return$ to ,spa9 & collect$ disciples :om he l$ to scepticism4 ,he 0 ! mo/ em95t pr$ecessor ( ,ibn ,ru%d or ,av]roes4 ,di$ ,oct4 #ica4 ,8 works 7 publicly burn$ at ,seville4 99 ,aco/a 7,uriel71 ! "n ( 8 "w 0 ,exam5 ,traditorum ,philosophic>um ad legem ,scriptam4 ,acuna 7,ros>io de71 ,spani% writ] & lecturess1 b4 ,madrid ab\t #ahed4 ,contributes to ,las ,dom9icales ( ,madrid4 ,has writt5 ,! ,doll's ,h\se1 & o!r educational works4 99 ,adams 7,rob]t ,c471 ,am]ican ,free?\ght writ] & lectur]1 ! son ( ! ,rev4 ,ne$ham ,adams1 b4 ,bo/on #ahci4 ,he became a sea-capta91 & 0 aft]w>ds %ipp] at ,montreal4 ,has writt5 9 ,secul> ,?\ght1 ! ,tru?seek] & ! ,free?9k]'s ,magaz9e1 & publi%$ rational lectures "u ! title ,pione] ,pi?1 '#hi4 ,9 '#hi he 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,canadian ,secul> ,union4 ,admiraal 7,a>t71 ,dut* writ]1 b4 ,go$]e$e1 #ac ,oct4 #ahcc4 ,at fir/ a s*oolma/]1 he became 9 '#fj director ( ! telegraph bureau at ,s*oonhov54 ,he wrote f '#ef = _m ye>s 9 ,de ,dag]aad ov] ! anagram ,aramaldi4 ,9 '#fg he publi%$ ,! ,religion ( ! ,p "u ! pseudonym ,bato van d] ,maas1 a "n he us$ 9 writ+ to _m p]iodicals4 ,a good m9d & he>t ) b feeble con/itution4 ,he di$ #ab ,nov4 #ahgh4 ,airoldi 7,j47 ,italian lawy]1 b4 ,lugano 7,switz]l&71 #ahbi2 a poet & writ] ( tal5t4 ,albaida 7,don ,jose ,m4 ,or5se71 ,spani% nobleman 7m>quis71 "o ( ! f\nd]s ( ! ,republican p>ty4 ,0 expell$ = 8 pr9ciples2 return$ to ,spa91 & 0 presid5t ( ! ,cortes 9 #ahfi4 99 ,al*9dus4 ,di$ ab\t #hfd4 99 ,ale>di _h bett] be delet$4 ,i am n[ told he 0 a ,*ri/ian4 ,alf>abi4 ,see ,alph>abius4 ,alg]i 7,pomponio71 a y\? ( ,nola4 ,/udi$ at ,padua1 & 0 accus$ ( h]esy & ,a!ism1 & burnt alive 9 a cauldron ( boil+ oil1 pit*1 & turp5t9e at ,rome 9 #aeff4 ,alkemade 7,a4 de ,mey van71 ,dut* nobleman1 :o contribut$ to ,de ,dag]aad1 & also publi%$ a "w conta9+ _m ,bible contradictions1 #ahfb2 & 9 '#ei a "w on ! ,bible "u ! p5 "n ,alex&] de ,m4 ,allais 7,d5is de74 ,see ,vairasse4 ,allais 7,giovanni71 ,italian doctor1 b4 ,ca/eldelf9o1 #ahdg4 ,almqui/ 7,h]man71 ,sw$i%1 b4 #ahci1 ori5tali/2 pr(essor ( philology at ! ,univ]sity ( ,upsala4 ,an active def5d] ( new ideas & ,free?\ght4 ,altmey] 7,jean ,jacques71 ,belgian au?or1 b4 ,luxemb\rg1 #bj ,jan4 #ahjd4 ,0 pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,brussels4 ,he wrote an ,introduction to ! ,philosophical ,/udy ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,humanity1 '#cf1 & o!r hi/orical works4 ,di$ #ae ,sept4 #ahgg4 ,am>i 7,mi*ele71 ,sicilian hi/orian & ori5tali/1 b4 ,palm]o1 #g ,july1 #ahjf4 ,9 '#cb he produc$ a v]sion ( ,scott's ,m>mion4 ,he wrote a /&>d ,hi/ory ( ! ,musulm5 9 ,sicily4 ,aft] ! l&+ ( ,g>ibaldi1 he 0 made head ( public in/ruction 9 ! isl&4 ,he took "p 9 ! anti-cl]ical c\ncil ( '#fi4 ,di$ at ,flor5ce1 ,july #ahhi4 99 ,amaury de ,*>tres4 ,accord+ to ,l',abb ,ladvocat 8 disciples ma9ta9$ t ! sacram5ts 7 useless1 & t !re 0 no o!r heav5 ?an ! satisfaction ( do+ "r1 nor any o!r hell ?an ignorance & s94 ,&]son 7,m>ie71 ,dut* lady ,free?9k]1 b4 ! ,hague1 #b ,aug4 #ahdb4 ,%e has writt5 _m good articles 9 de ,dag]aad1 & 0 = "s "t editress ( a p]iodical ,de ,tw9tig/e ,eeuw 7! tw5tie? c5tury74 ,%e has also writt5 "s novels4 ,%e resides n[ at ,wrzburg1 ,g]many1 & contributes /ill to de ,dag]aad4 ,z p5-"n %e =m]ly us$ t ( ,mevr\w ,qu>ls & n[ ,dr4 ,al4 ,dondorf4 99 ,an!ro de ,qu5tal4 ,?is "n w\ld be bett] "u ,qu5tal4 ,apono4 ,see ,petrus de ,abano4 ,?is w\ld probably be be/ "u ,abano4 99 ,aquila4 ,ju/9ian =bade ! ,jews to read ,aquila's v]sion ( ! ,scriptures4 ,ar&a 7,p$ro ,pablo ,ab>ca de ,bolea71 ,c\nt1 ,spani% /atesman1 b4 ( illu/ri\s family1 ,s>agossa1 #ah ,dec4 #agah4 ,0 soldi] & ambassador to ,pol&4 ,he imbib$ ! ideas ( ! ,encyclopdi/s1 & contribut$ to ! expulsion ( ! ,jesuits f ,spa9 9 #agfg4 ,he also dis>m$ ! ,inquisition4 ,9 #agib he 0 elect$ ,spani% m9i/] to ,france4 ,he 0 recall$ & exil$ to ,aragon1 :]e he di$ 9 #agii4 ,argill]es 7,anto9e71 at fir/ a ,jacob9 monk & aft]w>ds a ,prote/ant prea*]1 0 tortur$ sev]al times1 !n decapitat$ & 8 head nail$ to a gibbet at ,g5eva1 #aefa-b1 = hav+ eight ye>s previ\sly tak5 ! "p ( ,s]vetus aga9/ ,calv9 at ,pont-de-,veyle 9 ,bresse4 99 ,arn\ld 7,victor74 ,has cont9u$ 8 ,tableau 9 ! ,positivi/ ,revue & ,la ,societ ,n\velle4 ,f #ahfh to '#gc he edit$ ,la ,lib]t1 9 :i* _m a battle = ,free?\ght has be5 f\ght4 ,asc>ate 7,gumez9do de71 ,spani% pr(essor ( law at ! ,univ]sity ( ,madrid & ,republican deputy1 b4 ,leon ab\t #ahdd4 ,"o ( ! able/ ,radical p>liam5t>y orators2 9 philosophy1 he is a foll[] ( ,krause4 ,he has writt5 ,social ,/udies1 ,self-,gov]nm5t & ,mon>*y1 & o!r political works4 ,aszo y ,del ,rio 7,ignacio ,jordan de71 ,spani% juri/ & naturali/1 b4 ,s>agossa1 #agdb4 ,0 pr(essor at ,madrid1 & left _m important works on v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce4 ,9 8 political works he advocat$ ! abolition ( ecclesia/ical p[]4 ,di$ #ahad4 99 ,aub]t de ,v]se 7,noel7 _h probably bett] be omitt$1 al?\gh accus$ ( blasphemy himself1 ,i f9d he wrote an answ] to ,sp9oza1 :i* ,i h n be5 able to see4 ,au]ba* 7,b]?old71 ,g]man noveli/ ( ,jewi% extraction1 b4 ,nord/ett51 #bh ,feb4 #ahab4 ,devot$ to ,sp9oza1 9 '#da he publi%$ a life ( ! philosoph] & a translation ( 8 works1 hav+ previ\sly publi%$ an hi/orical romance on ! same subject4 ,di$ ,cannes1 #h ,feb4 #ahhb4 99 ,aymon 7,jean74 ,la vie et ,l',esprit de ,m4 ,b5oit ,sp9oza 7,la ,haye1 #agai7 0 aft]w>ds issu$ "u ! fam\s title ,treatise ( ,?ree ,impo/ors4 99 ,bahrdt 7,k>l ,fri$ri*74 ,! writ+s ( ?is enfant t]rible ( ! ,g]man ,aufkl>ung fill #abj volumes4 99 ,bailey 7,william ,%reeve7 0 born #aj ,feb4 #ahjf4 ,he suff]$ mu* on acc\nt ( 8 op9ions4 ,di$ ,na%ville1 #bj ,feb #ahhf4 ,photius ,fisk erect$ a monum5t to 8 memory4 99 ,bancel 7,francis ,dsir74 ,9 8 "w ,les ,h>angues de l',exil1 #c vols41 #ahfc1 8 ,free?\ght views are display$4 ,he also wrote 9 ,la ,revue ,critique4 ,b>naud 7,nicolas71 ( ,cre/ 9 ,dauph94 ,liv$ dur+ ! latt] half ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,he travell$ 9 ,france1 ,spa91 & ,g]many1 & to him is attribut$ ! au?or%ip ( a curi\s "w entitl$ ,le ,cab9et du ,roy de ,france1 :i* is l>gely direct$ aga9/ ! cl]gy4 ,b>reaux4 ,see des ,b>reaux4 ,b>? 7,f]d9&71 b4 ,mureck1 ,/ey]m>k ,au/ria1 #ahbh4 ,9 '#dh he atta9$ reputation z orator to work+ m5 & took "p 9 ! revolution4 ,:5 ,vi5na 0 retak5 he w5t to ,leipzig & ,zuri*1 :]e he di$ 9 #ahej1 leav+ a pr(ession ( 8 free?\ght4 ,b>tr9a1 ,spani% ,a!i/ic poet1 b4 ,b>celona1 #aheb1 :]e he di$ 9 #ahhj4 ,b$+field 7,ri*>d1 ,w4 ,t471 ,pan!i/ic writ]1 b4 ,may1 #ahbc1 wrote 9 ,national ,re=m] z ,b4,t4,w4,r41 e/abli%$ ,freelight1 '#gj4 ,di$ #ad ,feb4 #ahgf4 99 ,b]ig>dus 7,claudius71 b4 #ae ,aug4 #aegh4 99 ,b]tillon 7,l\is ,adolphe74 ,9 a lett] to ,bp4 ,dupanl\p1 ,april1 '#fh1 he said1 ,y hope to die a ,ca?olic1 ,i hope to die a ,free?9k]4 ,di$ #ahhc4 99 ,b]wick 7,george ,j47 ,m4,d41 ,dr4 ,b]wick1 ,i am in=m$1 0 ! au?or ( ! tracts issu$ by ,?omas ,scott ( ,ramsgate ) ! signature ( ,presbyt] ,anglicanus4 ,ble9 7,f4 ,a4 ,a471 ,b>on1 ,fr5* au?or ( ,essais ,philosophiques1 ,p>is1 #ahdc4 ,blum 7,rob]t71 ,g]man patriot & orator1 b4 ,cologne1 #aj ,nov4 #ahjg4 ,he took an active "p 9 progressive political & religi\s movem5ts1 & publi%$ ! ,*ri/mas ,tree & o!r publications4 ,9 '#dh he became deputy to ! ,frank=t ,p>liam5t & head ( ! ,republican p>ty4 ,he 0 "o ( ! promot]s at ! insurrection ( ,vi5na1 & %[$ great brav]y 9 ! fights ( ! /ud5ts ) ! troops4 ,%ot at ,vi5na1 #i ,nov4 #ahdh4 99 ,blum5fleld 7,j4 ,c471 ?is "n ,i suspect to be a pseudonym4 ,bol9 7,a4 ,w471 a philosophic writ] ( ,f9l&1 b4 #b ,aug4 #ahce4 ,/udi$ at ,hels+=d1 '#eb1 & became ,doctor ( ,philosophy 9 '#ff1 & ,pr(essor 9 '#gc4 ,he has writt5 on ! ,fre$om ( ! ,w1 ,! ,political ,doctr9es ( ,philosophy1 etc4 ,a subject ( ,russian ,f9l&2 he has be5 repeat$ly tr\bl$ by ! au?orities = 8 radical views on religi\s que/ions4 ,boliv> 7,ignacio71 ,spani% pr(essor ( natural hi/ory at ! ,univ]sity ( ,madrid1 & "o ( ! introduc]s ( ,d>w9ian ideas4 ,boppe 7,h]man ,c471 editor ( ,freid5k] ( ,milwaukee1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,bors>i 7,f]d9&71 ,italian geograph]1 b4 ,naples1 au?or ( a "w ( ! lit]ature ( ,am]ican aborig9es1 & a zeal\s propagator ( ,free?\ght4 ,bo/rom 7,*ri/oph] ,jacob71 ,sw$i% ,pr(essor at ,upsala1 b4 #d ,jan4 #agig4 ,besides _m philosophical works1 publi%$ tr5*ant criticism ( ! ,*ri/ian hell cre$4 ,di$ #bb ,m>*1 #ahff4 ,b\*] 7,e4 ,m>t971 b4 ,beaulieu #ahji4 ,conduct$ ! ,rationali/e at ,g5eva1 :]e he di$ #ahhb4 ,8 "w ,se>* = ! ,tru? 0 publi%$ at ,avignon1 #ahhd4 ,b\rneville 7,magloire ,dsir71 ,fr5* deputy & physician1 b4 ,g>ancires1 #ba ,oct4 #ahdj4 ,/udi$ m$ic9e at ,p>is1 & 9 '#gi 0 appo9t$ physician to ! asylum ( ,bictre4 ,he 0 ,municipal ,c\ncillor ( ,p>is f '#gf to '#hc4 ,on ! dea? ( ,l\is ,blanc he 0 elect$ deputy 9 8 place4 ,wrote ,sci5ce & ,miracle1 '#ge2 ,hy/]ia 9 ,hi/ory1 '#gf2 & a disc\rse on ,eti5ne ,dolet at ! erection ( ! /atue to t m>tyr1 #ah ,may #ahhi4 ,b\tteville 7,m>c ,luci571 ,fr5* writ]1 pr(essor at ! ,lycee ,bonap>te4 ,wrote to ,dupanl\p on 8 pamphlet aga9/ ,a!ism1 #ahfg2 wrote 9 ,la ,p5se ,n\velle1 '#fh2 is au?or ( a l>ge & able "w on ! ,morality ( ! ,*ur* & ,natural ,morality1 '#ff2 & has edit$ ! po/hum\s works ( ,pr\dhon1 #ahgj4 99 ,bovio 7,giovanni71 b4 ,trani1 #ahch1 ,dr4 ( law & advocate4 ,au?or ( a dramatic piece1 ,cri/o alla fe/a di ,purim1 & ( a ,hi/ory ( ,law 9 ,italy4 ,signor ,bovio deliv]$ ! address at unveil+ ! monum5t to ,bruno at ,rome1 #i ,june1 #ahhi4 ,boy]4 ,see ,arg5s4 99 ,bradlaugh 7,*>les71 ,m4,p4 ,9 ,april1 #ahhi1 he introduc$ a ,bill to repeal ! ,blasphemy ,laws4 ,braga 7,te(ilo71 ,portuguese ,positivi/1 b4 #bd ,feb4 #ahdc4 ,educat$ at ,coimbra4 ,has writt5 _m poems1 & a ,hi/ory ( ,portuguese ,lit]ature4 ,is "o ( ! ,republican lead]s4 ,brant+ 7,hjalm>71 ,sw$i% ,sociali/1 b4 #ahfj4 ,s5t5c$ 9 '#hh to ?ree mon?s' imprisonm5t = blasphemy 9 8 pap] ,social ,democrat54 ,braun 7,eug571 ,dr4 ,see ,f4 ,w4 ,ghillany4 ,braun 7,wilhelm von71 ,sw$i% humori/ic poet1 b4 #ahac4 ,he satiris$ _m ( ! ,bible /ories4 ,di$ #ahfj4 ,brew] 7,eb5ez] ,cobham71 ,engli% au?or4 ,has writt5 num]\s s*ool books1 & compil$ a ,diction>y ( ,miracles1 #ahhd4 ,brismee 7,desir71 ,belgian pr9t]1 b4 ,gh5t1 #bg ,july1 #ahbb4 ,z editor ( ,le ,drapeau he und]w5t eighte5 mon?s' imprisonm5t4 ,! pr9ciple f\nd] ( ,les ,solidaires1 he 0 ! life-long secret>y ( t society1 & 8 annual reports are a valuable contribution t[>ds ! hi/ory ( ,free?\ght 9 ,belgium4 ,an eloqu5t speak]1 _m ( 8 ,free?\ght orations 7 pr9t$ 9 ,la ,tribune du ,peuple4 ,di$ at ,brussels #ah ,feb4 #ahhh4 99 ,bro?i] 7,lon74 ,di$ ab\t #ahgd4 99 ,br[n 7,g4 ,w47 ,dr4 ,br[n's new "w is publi%$ at ,rock=d1 ,ill9ois1 & entitl$ ,rese>*es 9 ,jewi% ,hi/ory1 includ+ ! rise & developm5t ( ,zoroa/rianism & ! d]ivation ( ,*ri/ianity4 99 ,bruno 7,giordano71 b4 ,nola1 #ba ,m>*1 #aedh4 ,! ,avisso di ,roma ( #ai ,feb4 #afjj1 records ! fact ( 8 be+ burnt1 & t he di$ imp5it5t4 ,signor ,m>iotti1 ,/ate ,secret>y to ! ,m9i/] ( ,public ,in/ruction1 has f\nd a docum5t prov+ t ,bruno 0 /ripp$ nak$1 b\nd to a pole1 & burnt alive1 & t he bore 8 m>tyrdom ) great =titude4 ,bu5 7,odon de71 ,spani% writ] on ,las ,dom9icales1 ( ,madrid1 b4 ,aragon1 #ahhd4 ,pr(essor ( ,natural ,hi/ory at ! ,univ]sity ( ,b>celona4 ,has writt5 an acc\nt ( a sci5tific exp$ition ,f ,*ri/iania to ,treggurt1 has translat$ ,memoirs ( ,g>ibaldi4 ,he m>ri$ civilly ! daught] ( ,f4 ,lozano1 & 0 delegate to ! ,p>is ,free?\ght ,conf]5ce1 #ahhi4 ,cald]on 7,alfr$o71 ,spani% j\rnali/ & lawy]1 b4 #aheb4 ,he edits ,la ,ju/icia4 ,has writt5 sev]al books on law4 ,cald]on 7,lauresmo71 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,madrid1 b4 #ahdh4 ,is a propagator ( ,d>w9ian ideas4 ,cald]on 7,salvador71 ,spani% geologi/ & naturali/1 b4 #ahdf2 pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,seville4 ,has made sci5tific travels 9 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & writt5 l>gely on geological subjects4 ,calvo 7,rafael71 ,spani% actor & dramatic au?or1 b4 #aheb4 ,a pron\nc$ ,republican & ,free?9k]4 99 ,cane/r9i 7,giovanni71 b4 ,revo 7,tr5te71 #bf ,dec4 #ahce4 ,cassels 7,walt] ,ri*>d71 a nephew ( ,dr4 ,pusey1 is ! au?or ( ,sup]natural ,religion1 a critical exam9ation ( ! wor? ( ! ,gospels 7two vols4 #ahgd & ?ree '#gi74 ,has writt5 "u 8 own "n ,eidolon & o!r poems1 #ahej1 & ,poems1 '#ef4 ,9 '#hi he publi%$ ,a ,reply to ,dr4 ,lightfoot's ,essays4 ,ca/ro 7,f]n&o71 ,spani% philosoph] & hi/orian4 ,he 0 a prie/1 & on 8 dea?-b$ confess$ himself a ,free?9k]1 & _h a secul> burial4 ,di$ ab\t #ahgd1 ag$ #fj ye>s4 ,cavia 7,m>iano71 ,spani% j\rnali/ & critic1 b4 #ahei1 editor ( ! ,lib]al ( ,madrid4 99 ,coke 7,h5ry71 au?or ( ,cre$s ( ! ,day1 is ! ?ird son ( ! fir/ ,e>l ( ,leice/]1 & 0 born #c ,jan4 #ahbg4 ,he s]v$ 9 ! navy dur+ ! fir/ ,*9a ,w>1 #ahdj-db4 ,publi%$ acc\nts ( ! siege ( ,vi5na1 '#dh1 at :i* he 0 pres5t1 also ,ride ov] ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 :i* he accompli%$ ) great h>d%ips 9 '#ej4 ,0 private secret>y to ,mr4 ,horsman :5 ,*ief ,secret>y = ,irel& 9 '#ed-'eh4 ,m>ri$ ,lady ,k4 ,eg]ton1 #ahfa4 ,cornette 7,h5ri ,ar?ur ,m>ie71 ,belgian pr(essor ( ,flemi% lit]ature at ,antw]p1 b4 ,bruges1 #bg ,m>*1 #aheb4 ,a writ] 9 ,l',av5ir ( ,brussels & ! ,revue ,socialite1 he has publi%$ sep>ate works on ,freemasonry1 #ahgh2 ,pessimism & ,socialism1 '#hj2 ,free?\ght ,d>w9ism1 etc4 ,curros 7,enriquez71 liv+ ,spani% poet1 :o 0 prosecut$ by ! ,bi%op ( ,santiago1 ( ,galicia1 = 8 collection ( poems entitl$ ,airs ( my ,c\ntry1 b he 0 acquitt$ by ! jury4 ,cz]ski 7,johannes71 ,g]man re=m]1 b4 ,w>lubi51 ,we/ ,prussia1 #ab ,may1 #ahac4 ,he became a ,ca?olic prie/ 9 '#dd1 broke ) ! ,*ur*1 associat$ himself ) ,ronge1 m>ri$1 & 0 excommunicat$4 ,has writt5 sev]al works aga9/ ,roman ,ca?olicism1 & is /ill liv+ at ,s*neidemkl-,pos54 ,d',ercole 7,pasquale71 ,italian pr(essor ( philosophy 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,tur91 au?or ( a "w on ,*ri/ian ,!ism1 9 :i* he holds t ! pr9ciples ( philosophic ,!ism are undemon/rat$ & at v>iance bo? ) reality & ) !mselves4 ,des*anel 7,emile ,augu/e71 ,fr5* s5ator1 b4 ,p>is1 #ai ,nov4 #ahai4 ,he wrote 9 ! ,revue ,indep5dante1 ,revue des ,deux ,mondes & ,lib]t de ,p5s]2 = writ+ aga9/ cl]icalism 9 ! la/ he 0 depriv$ ( 8 *air4 ,aft] #b ,dec4 he w5t to ,belgium4 ,he has be5 ,pr(essor ( ,mod]n ,lit]ature at ! ,college ( ,france1 & writt5 _m important works4 ,desnoire/]res 7,gu/ave le ,brisoys71 ,fr5*man ( lett]s1 b4 ,bayeux1 #bj ,june1 #ahag1 au?or ( ,epicuri5es et ,lettres ,,xvii4 & ,,xviii4 ,sicles1 #ahha1 & ,voltaire et la ,socit ,franaise au ,,xviii4 ,sicle1 an important "w 9 eight vols4 99 ,desraimes 7,m>ia71 b4 #ae ,aug4 #ahce4 ,diog5es 7,apollo9ates71 a ,cretan1 natural philosoph]1 :o liv$ 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,he is suppos$ to h got into tr\ble at ,a!ns ?r\gh 8 philosophical op9ions be+ consid]$ dang]\s to ! ,/ate4 ,he held t no?+ 0 produc$ f no?+ or r$uc$ to no?+2 t ! e>? 0 r\nd & _h receiv$ its %ape f :irl+4 ,he made no di/9ction betwe5 m9d & matt]4 ,donius 7,augu/9us71 a ,mat]iali/1 ref]r$ to by ,bacon4 ,8 "w1 ,de ,natura ,dom9is1 9 two books1 #aeha1 ref]s ! p[] ( ! _s1 to motion4 ,! title ( 8 second book is ,omnes op]ationes spiritus esse motum et semum4 ,dosamantes 7,jesus ,ceballos71 ,mexican philosoph]2 au?or ( works on ,absolute ,p]fection1 ,mexico1 #ahhh1 & ,mod]n ,ph>isees & ,sadducees 7my/ics & mat]iali/s71 '#hi4 ,drusk[itz 7,hel5e71 ,dr41 b4 ,vi5na1 #b ,may1 #aheh4 ,miss ,drusk[itz is ,doctor ( philosophy at ,dresd51 & has writt5 a life ( ,%elley1 ,b]l91 '#hd2 a little book on ,freewill1 & ,! ,new ,doctr9es1 '#hc4 ,dufay 7,h5ri71 au?or ( ,la ,leg5de du ,*ri/1 #ahhj4 ,dull] 7,edu>d71 ,g]man poet & hi/orian1 b4 ,vi5na1 #ah ,nov4 #ahji4 ,he wrote a ,hi/ory ( ! ,jesuits 7,leipsic1 '#dj7 & ,! ,m5 ( ! ,p 7,frank=t1 '#dg-'ej74 ,di$ at ,wiesbad51 #bd ,july1 #ahec4 99 ,du ,m>sais 7,cs> ,*esneau74 ,he edit$ ,mirabaud's anonym\s "w on ,! ,_w & its ,antiquity & ,! ,s\l & its ,immortality1 ,londres1 #agea4 99 ,fell[es 7,r47 ,graduat$ ,b4,a4 at ,ox=d #agif1 ,m4,a4 #ahja4 ,di$ #f ,feb4 #ahdg4 ,figu]as-y-,moracas 7,e/anilas71 ,spani% /atesman & orator1 b4 ,b>celona1 #ac ,nov4 #ahaj4 ,/udi$ law & soon manife/$ ,republican op9ions4 ,9 '#ea he 0 elect$ to ! ,cortes1 0 exil$ 9 '#ff1 b return$ 9 '#fh4 ,he f\ght ! c&idature ( ! ,duc de ,montp5sir 9 '#fi1 & became ,presid5t ( ! ,spani% ,republic #ab ,feb4 '#gc4 ,di$ poor 9 #ahgi1 & 0 buri$ )\t religi\s c]emony1 accord+ to 8 wi%4 ,fitzg]ald 7,edw>d71 ,engli% poet & translator1 b4 ne> ,woodbridge1 ,suffolk1 #ca ,m>*1 #ahji4 ,educat$ at ,cambridge & took 8 degree 9 '#cj4 ,he liv$ ! life ( a recluse1 & produc$ a f9e translation ( ,cald]on4 ,8 fame re/s securely on 8 f9e r5d]+ ( ! ,quatra9s ( ,om> ,khayyam4 ,di$ #ad ,june1 #ahhc4 ,galletti 7,baldass>e71 cavali] ,pan!i/ ( ,pal]mo4 ,has translat$ ,feu]ba* on ,dea? & ,immortality1 & also translat$ f ,mor94 ,di$ ,rome1 #ah ,feb4 #ahhg4 ,ganeval 7,l\is71 ,fr5* pr(essor 9 ,egypt1 b4 ,veziat1 #ahae1 au?or ( a "w on ,egypt & ,jesus devant l'hi/oire n'a jamais vcu4 ,! fir/ "p1 publi%$ 9 '#gd1 0 prohibit$ 9 ,france1 & ! second "p 0 publi%$ at ,g5eva 9 '#gi4 ,g>rido 7,f]n&o71 ,spani% writ]1 au?or ( ,memoirs ( a ,sceptic1 ,cadiz #ahdc1 a "w on ,contempor>y ,spa91 publi%$ at ,brussels 9 '#fb1 ,! ,jesuits1 & a l>ge ,hi/ory ( ,political & ,religi\s ,p]secutions1 a "w r5d]$ into ,engli% 9 conjunction ) ,c4 ,b4 ,cayley4 ,di$ at ,cordova 9 #ahhd4 ,g]l+ 7,fr4 ,wilhelm71 ,g]man au?or ( ,lett] ( a ,mat]iali/ to an ,ideali/1 ,b]l9 #ahhh1 to :i* ,frau ,h$wig ,h5ri* ,wilhelmi contributes a preface4 ,g]\lt de ,pival1 ,fr5* libr>ian at ,r\52 probably ! au?or ( ,d\tes sur la ,religion1 ,londres1 #agfg4 ,di$ at ,p>is ab\t #aggb4 ,g(f9 7,nicolas71 f\nd] ( ! ,society ,la ,libre ( ,lige & ,presid5t ( ,la ,libre ,p5se ( ,brussels1 & "o ( ! ,g5]al ,c\ncil ( ! ,int]national ,f$]ation ( ,free?9k]s4 ,di$ #bc ,may1 #ahhd4 ,goldhawke 7,j4 ,h471 au?or ( ! ,sol> ,allegories1 prov+ t ! great] numb] ( p]sonages m5tion$ 9 ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts are allegorical be+s1 ,calcutta #ahec4 ,gorani 7,giuseppe71 c\nt1 b4 ,milan1 #agdd4 ,he 0 intimate ) ,becc>ia1 ,d',holba*1 & ,did]ot4 ,he wrote a treatise on ,despotism1 publi%$ anonym\sly1 #aggj2 def5d$ ! ,fr5* ,revolution & 0 made a ,fr5* citiz54 ,di$ poor at ,g5eva1 #ab ,dec4 #ahai4 ,govett 7,frank71 au?or ( ! ,pa9s ( ,life1 #ahhi1 a pessimi/ic reply to ,sir ,j4 ,lubbock's ,pleasures ( ,life4 ,mr4 ,govett rejects ! consolations ( religion4 ,guimet 7,eti5ne ,emile71 ,fr5* travell]1 musician1 an?ropologi/ & philan?ropi/1 b4 ,lyons1 #b ,june1 #ahcf1 ! son ( ! inv5tor ( ultram>9e1 ^: bus9ess he cont9u$4 ,he has visit$ mo/ p>ts ( ! _w & =m$ a collection ( objects illu/rat+ religions4 ,^! he =m$ into a museum 9 8 native t[n1 :]e he also f\nd$ a libr>y & a s*ool = ,ori5tal languages4 ,?is f9e museum :i* co/ sev]al million francs1 he pres5t$ to 8 c\ntry1 & x is n[ at ,p>is1 :]e ,m4 ,guimet acts z curator4 ,9 #ahhj he began publi%+ ,annales du ,muse ,guimet1 9 :i* orig9al articles appe> on ,ori5tal ,religions4 ,he has also writt5 _m works ^u 8 travels4 ,he att5d$ ! banquet 9 connection ) ! ,int]national ,congress ( ,free?9k]s at ,p>is1 #ahhi4 ,guynem] 7,a4 ,m4 ,a4 de71 ,fr5* au?or ( a diction>y ( a/ronomy1 #aheb1 & an anonym\s unbeliev]s' diction>y1 '#fi1 9 :i* _m po9ts ( !ology are discuss$ 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,ham]l+ 7,rob]t71 ,g]man poet1 b4 ,kir*b]g am ,wald1 #bd ,m>*1 #ahcj4 ,au?or ( _m f9e poems1 ( :i* we m5tion ,ahasu]us 9 ,rome '#ff4 ,! ,k+ ( ,sion2 ,danton & ,robespi]re a trag$y4 ,he translat$ ,leop>dis' poems '#hf4 ,di$ at ,gratz1 #ac ,july1 #ahhi4 ,heyse 7,paul ,johann ,ludwig71 ,g]man poet & noveli/1 b4 ,b]l91 #ae ,m>*1 #ahcj4 ,educat$ at ! ,univ]sity1 aft] travell+ to ,switz]l& & ,italy he settl$ at ,muni* 9 '#ed4 ,has produc$ _m popul> plays & romances1 ( :i* we specially m5tion ,! ,*ildr5 ( ! ,_w1 '#gc1 a novel describ+ social & religi\s life ( ,g]many at ! pres5t day1 & ,9 ,p>adise1 #ahge4 ,hicks 7,l4 ,e47 ,am]ican geologi/1 au?or ( ,a ,critique ( ,design ,argum5ts4 ,bo/on1 #ahhc4 ,hit*man 7,william71 ,engli% physician1 b4 ,nor?lea*1 ,gl\ce/]%ire1 #ahai1 became ,m4,r4,c4,s4 9 '#da1 ,m4,d4 at ,erlang51 ,bav>ia4 ,he e/abli%$ ,freelight1 & wrote a pamphlet1 ,fifty ,ye>s ( ,free?\ght4 ,di$ #ahhh4 ,hoeffd+ 7,h>ald71 ,dr41 ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,cop5hag51 b4 ,cop5hag51 #ahdc4 ,has be5 pr(essor s9ce '#hc4 ,is absolutely free 9 8 op9ion & has publi%$ works on ! new] philosophy 9 ,g]many1 '#gb1 & 9 ,engl&1 '#gd4 ,9 ! latt] "w special att5tion is devot$ to ! works ( ,mill & ,sp5c]4 ,g]man editions h be5 publi%$ ( 8 works ,grundlage d] human5 ,e?ik 7,basis ( ,human ,e?ics '#hj71 ,psy*ologie im ,umriss 7,outl9es ( ,psy*ology '#hg71 & ,e?ik #ahhh4 ,hol/ 7,nils ,olaf71 ,sw$i% geologi/1 b4 #ahdf4 ,*airman ( ! ,sw$i% ,society = ,religi\s ,lib]ty4 ,ignell 7,nils71 ,sw$i% rationali/1 b4 #ab ,july1 #ahjf4 ,br\ght up z a prie/1 8 free views gave great (f5ce4 ,he translat$ ,r5an's ,life ( ,jesus1 & did mu* to ar\se opposition to or?odox ,*ri/ianity4 ,di$ at ,/ockholm1 #c ,june1 #ahfd4 ,jacobs5 7,j5s ,pet]71 ,dani% noveli/ & botani/1 b4 ,?i/$e1 #g ,april1 #ahdg4 ,he did mu* to spread ,d>w9ian views 9 ,sc&9avia1 translat+ ! ,orig9 ( ,species & ,desc5t ( ,man4 ,among 8 novels we may "n ,fru ,m>ie ,grubbe1 sc5es f ! ,,xvii4 c5tury1 & ,niels ,lyhne1 9 :i* he develops ! philosophy ( ,a!ism4 ,?is able "y writ] di$ at 8 bir? place1 #c ,april #ahhe4 ,klei/ 7,he9ri* von71 ,g]man poet1 b4 ,frankfurt-on-,od]1 #ah ,oct4 #aggg4 ,left an orphan at elev51 he enli/$ 9 ! army 9 #agie1 quitt$ x 9 f\r ye>s & took to /udy4 ,kant's ,philosophy made him a complete sceptic4 ,9 #ahjj he w5t to ,p>is to tea* ,kantian philosophy1 b ! results 7 n enc\rag+4 ,committ$ suicide toge!r ) a lady1 ne> ,potsdam1 #ba ,nov4 #ahaa4 ,klei/ is *iefly kn[n by 8 dramas & a collection ( tales4 ,let\rneau 7,*>les ,jean ,m>ie71 ,fr5* sci5ti/1 b4 ,auray 7,morbihan71 #ahca4 ,educat$ z physician4 ,he wrote 9 ,la ,p5se ,n\velle1 & has publi%$ ,physiology ( ! ,passions1 '#fh2 ,biology1 '#ge1 translat$ into ,engli% by ,w4 ,maccall2 ,sci5ce & ,mat]ialism1 '#gi2 ,sociology bas$ on ,e?nography1 '#hj2 & ! ,evolution ( ,m>riage & ! ,family1 '#he4 ,he has also translat$ ,b*n]'s ,man ,accord+ to ,sci5ce1 ,light & ,life & ,m5tal ,life ( ,animals1 ,haeckel's ,hi/ory ( ,creation1 ,lett]s ( a ,travell] 9 ,india1 & ,h]z5's ,physiology ( ! ,w4 ,lipp]t 7,julius71 le>n$ ,g]man au?or ( works on ,s\l ,wor%ip1 ,b]l91 #ahha2 ,! ,univ]sal ,hi/ory ( ,prie/hoods1 '#hc2 & an important ,culture ,hi/ory ( ,mank9d1 '#hf-g4 ,lloyd 7,william ,watkiss71 au?or ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! ,c>toons1 ,london #ahfe1 9 :i* he criticises ,rafael & ! ,new ,te/am5t side by side4 ,he has also writt5 ,! ,age ( ,p]icles1 & sev]al works on ,%akespe>e4 ,lucian1 witty ,greek writ]1 b4 ( poor p>5ts1 ,samosata1 on ! ,euphrates1 & fl\ri%$ 9 ! reign ( ,m>cus ,aurelius & ,commodus4 ,he 0 made a sculptor1 b appli$ himself to rhetoric4 ,he travell$ mu*1 & at ,a!ns 0 intimate ) ,demonax4 ,8 pr9cipal works are dialogues1 full ( wit1 humor1 & satire1 (t5 direct$ aga9/ ! gods4 ,accord+ to ,suidas he 0 nam$ ! ,blasphem]1 & torn to pieces by dogs = 8 impiety1 b on ?is no reliance c be plac$4 ,on ! gr\nd ( ! dialogue ,philopatris1 he has be5 suppos$ an apo/ate ,*ri/ian1 b x is unc]ta9 if t piece is g5u9e4 ,x is c]ta9 t he 0 sceptical1 tru?-lov+1 & an enemy ( ! sup]/ition ( ! "t :i* he depicts 9 8 acc\nt ( ,alex&]1 ! false prophet4 ,maglia 7,adolfo de71 ,spani% j\rnali/1 b4 ,val5cia1 #c ,june1 #ahei1 began writ+ 9 ,la ,tronada at ,b>celona1 & aft]w>ds publi%$ ,l',union ,republicana4 ,he f\nd$ ! ,free?9k+ gr\p ,el ,indep5di5te & edits ,el ,clamor ,setab5se & ,el ,pueblo ,sob]ano4 ,0 secret>y = ,spa9 at ! ,anticl]ical ,congress at ,rome 9 '#he1 & 9 '#hi at ,p>is4 ,dur+ ?is ye> he has be5 condemn$ to six ye>s' imprisonm5t & a f9e ( #d1jjj francs = attack+ ,leo ,,xiii4 & ! ,ca?olic dogmas4 disciples1 :om he conduct$ f fai? to scepticism4 ,he 0 ! mo/ em95t pr$ecessor ( ,ibn ,ros*d or ,av]ros4 ,di$ ,oct4-,nov4 #ica4 ,8 works 7 publicly burn$ at ,seville4 ,mata 7,p$ro71 ,spani% physician1 pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,madrid4 ,au?or ( a poem1 ,glory & ,m>tyrdom1 #ahea2 a ,treatise on ,human ,reason1 '#eh-fd2 & on ,moral ,lib]ty & ,free ,w1 '#fh4 ,m5dizabal 7,juan ,alv>ez71 ,spani% ,lib]al /atesman1 b4 ,cadiz1 #agij4 ,0 m9i/] dur+ ! reign ( ,cri/9a1 & contribut$ to ! subjugation ( ! cl]ical p>ty4 ,he aboli%$ ! religi\s ord]s & proclaim$ _! goods z national prop]ty4 ,di$ at ,madrid1 #c ,nov4 #ahec4 99 ,m]$i? 7,evan ,p[ell71 b4 #ahaa4 ,educat$ at ,pontypool ,college1 he became a ,bapti/ m9i/]1 & 0 an eloqu5t prea*] 9 ! ,wel% tongue4 ,he translat$ ! ,bible into ,wel%4 ,inve/igation into ! claims ( ,*ri/ianity made him resign 8 m9i/ry4 ,9 8 ,prophet ( ,naz>e? he m5tion$ a purpose ( writ+ a "w on ! gospels1 b x nev] appe>$4 ,he di$ at ,monm\? #bc ,july1 #ahhi4 ,miralta 7,con/ancio71 ! p5 "n ( a popul> ,spani% writ]1 b4 ab\t #ahdi4 ,has be5 a prie/ & doctor ( !ology1 & is "o ( ! writ]s on ,las ,dom9icales4 ,8 mo/ notable works are ,memoirs ( a ,poor ,cl]ical1 ,! ,secrets ( ,confession1 & ,! ,sacram5t ,expos$4 ,8 "w on ,! ,doctr9e ( ,ca?olicism ^u ,matrimony has greatly enc\rag$ civil m>riages4 ,moraita 7,miguel71 ,spani% hi/orian1 b4 ab\t #ahde4 ,is ,pr(essor ( ,hi/ory at ,madrid1 & "o ( ! mo/ ard5t enemies ( cl]icalism4 ,has writt5 _m works1 includ+ a volum9\s ,hi/ory ( ,spa94 ,9 '#hd he made a disc\rse at ! ,univ]sity aga9/ ! pret5d$ antiquity ( ! ,mosaic leg5ds1 :i* caus$ 8 excommunication by sev]al bi%ops4 ,he 0 support$ by ! /ud5ts1 aga9/ :om ! milit>y 7 employ$4 ,he is ,gr& ,ma/] ( ! ,spani% ,freemasons4 ,moya 7,francisco ,xavi]71 ,spani% /ati/ician1 b4 ab\t #ahbe4 ,0 deputy to ! ,cortes ( #ahfi1 & has writt5 sev]al works on ! infallibility ( ! ,pope & on ! temporal p[]4 ,nak5s 7,jos71 ,spani% j\rnali/1 b4 #ahdf4 ,f\nd] & editor ( ,el ,mot91 a ,republican & ,free?\ght pap] ( ,madrid1 9 connection ) :i* !re is a libr>y1 9 :i* he has writt5 ,la ,piqueta--! ,pick-axe4 ,nees ,von ,es5beck 7,*ri/ian ,gottfri$71 ,g]man naturali/1 b4 ,od5wald1 #ad ,feb4 #aggf4 ,he became a doctor ( m$ic9e1 & 0 ,pr(essor ( ,botany at ,bohn1 #ahai1 & ,breslau1 '#ca4 ,he 0 lead] ( ! free religi\s movem5t 9 ,silesia1 & 9 '#dh1 took "p 9 ! political agitations1 & 0 depriv$ ( 8 *air4 ,wrote sev]al works on natural philosophy4 ,di$ at ,breslau1 #af ,m>*1 #aheh4 ,nyblaus 7,claes ,gudmund71 ,sw$i% booksell]1 b4 #ahag1 has publi%$ "s anti-,*ri/ian pamphlets4 ,(f5 7,b5jam971 ,am]ican lectur]1 b4 ,engl&1 #aggb4 ,he emigrat$ to ,am]ica & became lectur] to ! ,society ( ,moral ,philan?ropi/s at ,tammany ,hall1 ,new ,york1 & 0 connect$ ,) ! ,free ,discussion ,society4 ,he wrote ,a ,legacy to ! ,fri5ds ( ,free ,discussion1 a critical review ( ! ,bible4 ,di$ at ,new ,york1 #ab ,may1 #ahdh4 ,palma] 7,b]nh>d ,h5rik71 ,sw$i% satiri/1 b4 #ba ,aug4 #ahja4 ,au?or ( ,! ,la/ ,judgm5t 9 ! ,cr[ ,corn]4 ,di$ at ,l9kop+1 #g ,july1 #ahed4 ,panizza 7,m>io74 ,italian physiologi/ & philosoph]2 au?or ( a mat]iali/ "w on ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,n]v\s ,sy/em1 ,rome1 #ahhg4 ,p]ez ,galdos 7,b5ito71 em95t liv+ ,spani% noveli/1 b4 ,can>y ,isl&s1 liv$ s9ce 8 y\? 9 ,madrid4 ,( 8 novels we m5tion ,gloria1 :i* has be5 translat$ into ,engli%1 & ,la ,familia de ,leon ,ro*1 #ahgh1 9 :i* he /\tly attacks cl]icalism & religi\s intol]ance4 ,he has also writt5 ,episodes nacionales1 & _m hi/orical novels4 ,reg5bre*t 7,mi*ael ,edu>d71 ,g]man rationali/1 b4 ,brannsb]g1 #agib4 ,he left ! ,*ur* ) ,ronge1 & became lead] ( ! free religi\s movem5t at ,breslau1 :]e he di$ #i ,june1 #ahdi4 ,rob]t 7,rob]to74 ,spani% anti-cl]ical satiri/1 b4 #ahag4 ,became fam\s by 8 mordant /yle1 8 mo/ celebrat$ works be+ ,! ,rogues ( ,antonio1 ,! ,times ( ,m>i ,casania1 ,! ,skimm] ( ! ,c5turies4 ,di$ 9 #ahgj4 ,rupp 7,julius71 ,g]man re=m]1 b4 ,knigsb]g1 #ac ,aug4 #ahji4 ,/udi$ philosophy & !ology1 & became 9 '#db a m9i/]4 ,he prote/$ aga9/ ! cre$s1 & became lead] ( ! ,free-religi\s movem5t 9 ,ea/ ,prussia4 ,ryb]g 7,y4 ,e471 ,sw$i% m]*ant capta91 b4 #af ,oct4 #ahbh4 ,he has translat$ sev]al ( ,mr4 ,bradlaugh's pamphlets & o!r secul> lit]ature4 ,sa*se 7,he9ri* ,ern/71 ,g]man a!i/1 b4 #ahab4 ,at ,magdeburg he did mu* to demoli% ! rema9s ( !ism 9 ! ,free-religi\s communities4 ,di$ #ahhc4 ,sales y ,f]re 7,manuel71 ,spani% sci5ti/1 b4 ab\t #ahci4 ,pr(essor at ! ,univ]sity ( ,seville4 ,has publi%$ sev]al works on geology & prehi/oric times4 ,s*neid] 7,georg ,he9ri*71 ,g]man naturali/1 b4 ,mannheim1 #ahed4 ,au?or ( ,! ,human ,w f ! /&po9t ( ! ,new ,developm5t ,!ory 7,b]l91 #ahhb71 & o!r works4 ,s*re9] 7,olive71 ! daught] ( a ,g]man mission>y 9 ,s\? ,africa4 ,au?oress ( ,! ,/ory ( an ,african ,f>m1 #ahhc4 ,s]re 7444 de la71 au?or ( an ,exam9ation ( ,religion1 attribut$ to ,sa9t ,evremond1 #agde4 ,x 0 condemn$ to be burnt by ! ,p>liam5t ( ,p>is4 ,sun] y ,capd]ila4 ,spani% physician ( ,b>celona1 b4 #ahbh4 ,became deputy to ! ,cortes 9 #ahbi1 & is fam\s = 8 disc\rses aga9/ ,ca?olicism4 ,tocco 7,felice71 ,italian philosoph] & an?ropologi/1 b4 ,catanz>o1 #ab ,sept4 #ahde1 & /udi$ at ! ,univ]sity ( ,naples & ,bologna1 & became ,pr(essor ( ,philosophy at ,pisa4 ,he wrote 9 ! ,rivi/a ,bolognese on ,leop>di1 & on ,positivism 9 ! ,rivi/a ,contemporanea4 ,he has publi%$ works on ,a4 ,ba9's ,!ory ( ,s5sation1 '#gb2 ,?\ghts on ! ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 '#gg2 ,! ,h]esy ( ! ,middle ,ages1 '#hd2 & ,giordano ,bruno1 '#hf4 ,tommasi 7,salvatore71 ,italian evolutioni/1 au?or ( a "w on ,evolution1 ,sci5ce1 & ,naturalism1 ,naples #ahgg1 & a little pamphlet 9 commemoration ( ,d>w91 '#hb4 ,tub9o 7,francisco ,m>ia71 ,spani% positivi/1 b4 ,seville1 #ahch1 took "p 9 ,g>ibaldi's campaign 9 ,sicily1 & has contribut$ to ! ,rivi/a ,europea4 ,tu?ill 7,*>les ,a4 ,h471 au?or ( ,! ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ,*ri/ian ,dogma1 ,london1 #ahhi4 ,v]nial 7,paul71 ,fr5* doctor & memb] ( ! ,an?ropological ,society ( ,p>is1 au?or ( a "w on ! ,orig9 ( ,man1 #ahha4 ,:eel] 7,joseph ,mazz9i71 a!i/1 b4 ,london1 #bd ,jan41 #ahej4 ,conv]t$ f ,*ri/ianity by read+ ,newman1 ,mill1 ,d>w91 ,sp5c]1 etc4 ,has contribut$ to ! ,national ,re=m] ,secul>i/1 ,secul> ,*ronicle1 ,lib]al1 ,progress1 & ,free?9k] :i* he has sub-edit$ s9ce #ahhb1 us+ occasionally ! signatures ,laon1 ,lucianus & o!r pseudonyms4 ,has publi%$ ,frauds & ,follies ( ! ,fa!rs '#hh1 ,foot/eps ( ! ,pa/1 a collection ( essays 9 an?ropology & comp>ative religion '#hf2 & ,crimes ( ,*ri/ianity1 writt5 9 conjunction ) ,g4 ,w4 ,foote1 ) :om he has also edit$ ,seph] ,toldo? ,je%u4 ,! compil] ( ! pres5t "w is a will+ drudge 9 ! cause he loves1 & hopes to empty _m an ink/& 9 ! s]vice ( ,free?\ght4