mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47     
,,"s ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,! ,,poison ,,ivy
 ,,plant 7,,rhus ,,toxicod5dron7        
,,diss]tation  ,,submitt$ ,,to ,,!      
,,bo>d ,,( ,,univ]sity ,,/udies ,,( ,,! 
,,johns ,,hopk9s ,,univ]sity ,,9        
,,con=mity ,,) ,,! ,,requirem5ts ,,= ,,!
 ,,degree ,,( ,,doctor ,,( ,,philosophy 
,,by ,,william ,,&]son ,,syme  #aijf    
#aijf ,,! ,,sun ,,job ,,pr9t+ ,,(fice   
,,baltimore  ,transcrib]'s ,note3       
,und]scores ar\nd words indicates       
italics :ile an und]score & curly       
brackets 9 an equation indicates a      
subscript4     ,,cont5ts4               
,ackn[l$gm5ts                           
#d  ,lit]ature                          
#e  ,introduction                       
#g  ,"w ( ,khittel                      
#aa  ,"w ( ,mais*                       
#ab  ,"w ( ,pfaff                       
#ac  ,exp]im5tal                        
#ad    ,gallic ,acid                    
#ah    ,fiset9                          
#bj    ,rhamnose                        

#bc    ,! ,poison                       
#bh    ,potassium ,p]manganate z a      
,rem$y = ,rhus ,poison+        #ce      
,summ>y                                 
#cg  ,biography                         
#ch     ,,ackn[l$gm5ts4   ,! au?or      
desires to avail himself ( ?is          
opportunity to t5d] 8 ?anks to ^? "u ^: 
guidance he has work$ :ile a /ud5t at ! 
,johns ,hopk9s ,univ]sity1 namely to    
,pr(essors ,rems51 ,morse1 ,jones1 &    
,&rews1 & to ,doctors ,acree & ,t+le =  
in/ruction 9 lecture room & laboratory4 
,he is especially indebt$ to ,dr4 ,s4   
,f4 ,acree1 at ^: sugge/ion ?is rese>*  
"w 0 und]tak51 = c\nsel & assi/ance 9   
its prosecution4  ,he w\ld also ?ank    
,messrs4 ,p>ke1 ,davis & ,co41 (        
,detroit1 ,mi*41 = ! prep>ation ( !     
crude mat]ial us$ 9 ?is inve/igation1 & 
! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1     
,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 = electrotypes (     
figures #ag1 #ah1 & #ai 9 ,bullet9 ,no4 
#bj1 ,division ( ,botany4               
,,lit]ature4   ,acides ,gummiques1      

,g>ros 7,diss]tation7 #ahie4  ,am]ican  
,*emical ,j\rnal4  ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ! 
,m$ical ,sci5ces4  ,am]ican ,j\rnal (   
,ph>macy4  ,annal5 d] ,*emie und d]     
,ph>macie 7,liebig74  ,annales de ,*imie
 et de ,physique4  ,b]i*te d] deuts*5   
*emis*5 ,gesells*aft4  ,bio*emie d]     
,pflanz5 7,czapek7 #aije4  ,brooklyn    
,m$ical ,j\rnal4  ,bullet9 de la        
,societe ,*imique4  ,bullet9s #bj & #bf 
,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1       
,division ( ,botany4  ,*emie d]         
,zuck]>t51 ,von ,lippmann1 #aijd4       
,*emik]-,zeitung4  ,comptes r5dus4      
,indu/ries ( ,japan1 ,j4 ,j4 ,re94      
,j\rnal ( ! ,*emical ,society4  ,j\rnal 
( ,exp]im5tal ,m$ic9e4  ,les ,sucres1   
,maqu5ne1 #aijj4  ,manual ( ,botany1 #f?
 ,edition1 ,gray4  ,m$ical & ,surgical  
,report]4  ,new ,york ,m$ical ,record4  
,proce$+s ( ! ,am]ican ,ph>maceutical   
,association4  ,treatise on ,*emi/ry1   
,roscoe & ,s*orlemm]4  ,ueb]            
,mateg]b/(f1 ,reu*l9 7,diss]tation7     
#aijd4     ,,"s ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,!    

,,poison ,,ivy ,,plant4  7,,rhus        
,,toxicod5dron7     ,,introduction4     
,plants belong+ to ! natural ord]       
,anac>diaciae 7,ca%ew family or ,suma*  
family7 are f\nd 9 all ! temp]ate       
climates ( ! _w & q frequ5tly 9         
semi-tropical climates4 ,_m ( ^! plants 
play important p>ts 9 economic botany1  
yield+ dye-/uffs1 tann+ mat]ial1 wax1   
v>ni%1 & drugs4 ,sev]al species are     
poison\s4 ,at lea/ ?ree poison\s species
 ( ! g5us ,rhus are f\nd 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,^! ?ree are all common &       
well-kn[n plants1 b confusion frequ5tly 
arises conc]n+ !m on acc\nt ( ! diff]5t 
names by :i* !y are kn[n 9 diff]5t      
localities4 ,= example1 poison ivy      
7,rhus toxicod5dron or ,rhus radicans7  
probably ! be/ kn[n poison\s plant 9    
,am]ica1 be+ f\nd 9 all ! ,/ates except 
^? 9 ! extreme ,we/1 is (t5 conf\nd$ ) &
 popul>ly call$ poison oak4 ,! true     
poison oak is ! ,rhus div]siloba ( !    
,we/]n ,/ates4#a ,! ?ird & mo/ poison\s 
species ( ?is plant is ,rhus v55ata or  

,rhus v]nix2 x is ! ,rhus v]nicif]a (   
,japan1 f :i* ,japanese lac is obta9$4  
,x is popul>ly kn[n 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates z 
poison suma*1 poison dogwood & poison   
eld]4 ,x gr[s 9 swamps f ,canada to     
,florida4  ,z ! poison ivy is by f> !   
mo/ common ( ^! plants 9 ! ,ea/]n       
,/ates1 a brief description ( x is giv5 
"h3#b ,a %rub climb+ by rootlets ov]    
rocks1 etc41 or asc5d+ trees1 or        
sometimes l[ & erect2 leaflets #c1      
rhombic-ovate1 mo/ly po9t$1 & r d[ny    
b5ea?1 v>i\sly not*$1 s9uate1 or        
cut-lob$2 high climb+ plants 7,r4       
radicans7 hav+ usually m entire leaves4 
,x is f\nd 9 ?ickets1 l[ gr\nds1 etc4   
,gre5i% fl[]s appe> 9 ,june4            
,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--,poison ivy    
7,rhus radicans or ,rhus toxicod5dron74 
a1 spray %[+ a]ial rootlets & leaves2 b1
 fruit--bo? "o-f\r? natural size4       
7,*esnut1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bj1 ,division (
 ,botany1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t (           
,agriculture47  ,illu/ration3 ,fig4     
#b4--,poison oak 7,rhus div]siloba7 %[+ 

leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 "o-?ird natural 
size4  7,*esnut1 ,bullet9 ,no4 #bj1     
,division ( ,botany1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t (
 ,agriculture47  ,9 ! g5]al description 
( ! ord] ,anac>diaciae1 ,gray#c says3   
,juice or exhalations (t5 poison\s4     
,:e!r x is contact ) "s "p ( ! plant1 or
 ) ! exhalation f ! plant1 t causes !   
well-kn[n sk9 eruption has be5 a topic =
 discussion ev] s9ce its s\rce 0 kn[n4  
,on acc\nt ( its intangible nature !re  
has be5 m speculation ?an exp]im5tal    
evid5ce be>+ on ?is "q1 al?\gh a few    
inve/igations h be5 made ) ! object (   
isolat+ ! poison4 ,x is mo/ g5]ally     
believ$ t ! exhalations are poison\s4   
,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,hunt#d /ates t !          
exhalations h be5 collect$ 9 a j> & f\nd
 to be capable ( inflam+ & bli/]+ ! sk9 
( an arm plung$ into x4  ,illu/ration3  
,fig4 #c--,poison suma* 7,rhus v]nix71  
%[+ leaves1 fruit1 & leaf-sc>s1 "o-f\r? 
natural size4  7,*esnut1 ,bullet9 ,no4  
#bj1 ,division ( ,botany1 ,u4 ,s4       
,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture47  ,pr(4 ,j4   

,j4 ,re91#e 9 8 treatise on ,lacqu] ,"w1
 describes ! poison ( ! ,japanese lac   
tree1 ,rhus v]nicif]a1 z be+ volatile1 z
 d also ! ,japanese *emi/ ,yo%ida#f & ! 
,fr5* *emi/ ,b]tr&4#g ,rec5t "w by ,pr(4
 ,a4 ,b4 ,/ev5s1#h h[ev]1 seems to %[ t 
?is poison is n volatile1 & is simil>   
to1 if n id5tical ) t obta9$ by ,pfaff#i
 f ,rhus toxicod5dron & ,rhus v55ata4   
,n _m cases ( int]nal poison+ by ,rhus  
toxicod5dron are on record 9 m$ical     
lit]ature4 ,two cases ( poison+ f eat+ !
 fruit ( ?is plant h be5 describ$4#aj ,!
 subjects ( ^! cases 7 two *ildr5 :o _h 
eat5 ne>ly a p9t ( ! fruit4 ,! symptoms 
are describ$ 9 detail1 be+ 9 g5]al1     
simil> to ^? ( alkaloidal poison+4 ,w>m 
wat] 0 giv5 to promote emesis2 aft]w>ds 
l>ge quantities ( c>bonate ( soda 7 giv5
 9 solution "u ! belief t x 0 an        
antidote to ! poison4 ,o!rwise !y 7     
treat$ on g5]al pr9ciples4 ,bo? *ildr5  
recov]$4  ,ano!r case ( int]nal poison+ 
is ! foll[+3#aa ,?ree *ildr5 drank an   
infusion ( ! root ( poison ivy ?9k+ x 0 

sassafras tea4 ,! fir/ ( ^! cases 0     
diagnos$ z measles1 b on ! appe>ance (  
simil> symptoms 9 ! si/]s ( ! fir/      
pati5t1 ! cause ( ! tr\ble 0 f\nd4 ,all 
recov]$4  ,dr4 ,pfaff#ab expla9s ! few  
fatal cases t h foll[$ ,rhus poison+ on 
! assumption t en\gh ( ! poison 0       
absorb$ ?r\gh ! sk9 to cause r5al       
complications 9 p]sons hav+ *ronic      
kidney tr\ble4 ,he %[$ t ! poison1 :5   
giv5 int]nally1 produces a m>k$ effect  
on ! kidneys1 caus+ nephritis & fatty   
deg5]ation ( ?is organ4  ,! irritat+    
action ( poison ivy has be5 attribut$ at
 diff]5t times to ! exhalation1 to a    
volatile alkaloid1 to a volatile acid1 &
 to a non-volatile oil4 ,pfaff1#ac :o   
made ! mo/ rec5t inve/igation ( ?is     
poison1 obta9$ f ! plant a non-volatile 
oil hav+ ! same action on ! sk9 z !     
plant itself4 ,he f\nd ?is oil 9 all    
p>ts ( ! plant & conclud$ t x 0 ! active
 pr9ciple1 & t "o c\ld be poison$ only  
by actual contact ) "s "p ( ! plant4 ,he
 assum$ m9ute quantities ( poll5 du/ to 

be 9 ! air to acc\nt = ! cases ( action 
at a di/ance s frequ5tly quot$4 ,pfaff  
says3 ,9 my op9ion1 x is m ?an d\btful  
if ev] a case ( ivy poison+ has occurr$ 
)\t direct contact ) ! plant or ) "s    
article t has be5 9 contact ) ! plant4  
,! long lat5t p]iod ( ! eruption 9 "s   
cases may obvi\sly r5d] mi/akes         
extremely easy z to ! occasion :5       
contact ) ! plant really occurr$4       
,grant+1 h[ev]1 t ! active pr9ciple is  
practically non-volatile :5 isolat$ f ! 
plant1 we _c say positively t x is n    
volatile 9 ! juices ( ! plant1 or "u !  
influ5ce ( vital =ces4 ,x is q          
conceivable t ! wat] transpir$ by !     
leaves ( ! plant may c>ry ) x a quantity
 ( ! poison suffici5t to produce !      
d]matitis on a p]son v susceptible to   
its action4 ,x is also conceivable t a  
volatile poison manufactur$ by a liv+   
plant c\ld become non-volatile by *anges
 9 x consequ5t ^u ! dea? ( ! plant4  ,up
 to ! pres5t "t1 only ?ree important    
*emical inve/igations ( ! active        

pr9ciple ( ,rhus toxicod5dron h appe>$ 9
 m$ical & *emical lit]ature1 ^! be+ !   
rese>*es ( ,dr4 ,j4 ,khittel1 ,j4 ,m4   
,mais*1 a ph>maci/1 & ,dr4 ,franz       
,pfaff1 ( ! ,h>v>d ,univ]sity ,m$ical   
,s*ool1 to ^: "w ref]5ce has be5        
frequ5tly made4 ,! *emical "w ( ^!      
inve/igators & _! conclusions are giv5  
"h 9 "s detail = ! sake ( complet5ess4  
,,footnotes3  #a ,*esnut4 ,bull4 ,no4   
#bj1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ( ,agr41 ,div4 (    
,botany4  #b ,man4 ( ,bot41 p4 #aai4  #c
 ,man4 ( ,bot41 p4 #aai4  #d ,brook4    
,m$4 ,j\r41 ,june1 #ahig4  #e ,re91 ,!  
,ind4 ( ,jap41 p4 #cch1 et seq4  #f ,h4 
,yo%ida on ,uru%i ,lacqu]1 ,j\r4 ,*em4  
,soc41 #ahhc1 p4 #dgb4  #g ,ann4 de     
,*em4 et de ,phys41 ,s]ies ,,vii1 ,vol4 
#ab1 p4 #abe1 #ahig4  #h ,am]4 ,j\r4    
,ph>m4 #gh1 p4 #ec1 ,feb41 #aijf4  #i   
,an acc\nt ( ,pfaff's "w w be f\nd 9    
ano!r "p ( ?is pap]4  #aj ,am]4 ,j\r4   
,m$4 ,sci4 #ea 7#ahff71 p4 #efj4  #aa   
,m$4 & ,surg4 ,rep4 #ag1 ,nov41 #ahfg4  
#ab ,j\r4 ,exp4 ,m$4 #b 7#ahig71 p4     

#aha4  #ac ,ibid4     ,,khittel',s      
,,inve/igation4   ,! fir/ attempt to f9d
 ! poison\s con/itu5t ( ?is plant 0 made
 by ,khittel 9 #aheg4 ,8 "w 0 publi%$ 9 
,witt/e9's ,vi]teljahrress*rift fu]     
praktis*e ,ph>macie1 ,,vii1 #cdh-cei4ad 
,khittel obta9$ #cg-a_/b ounces ( fre%  
leaves ( poison ivy f ! botanical g>d5 9
 ,muni*1 dri$ !m1 & got a residue (     
#i-a_/b ounces :i* he analyz$4 ,n       
detect+ any?+ to :i* ! poison\s         
qualities ( ! plant c\ld be attribut$1  
he made ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts :i*1 z  
he ?\ght1 %[$ t a volatile alkaloid is !
 poison\s con/itu5t4 ,x 0 obta9$ by !   
foll[+ process3 #c ounces ( ! p[d]$     
leaves 7 infus$ ) hot di/ill$ wat]1 aft]
 ?ree days /ra9$1 express$1 ! liquid    
evaporat$ to #c ounces1 & ) ! addition (
 potassa1 c>efully di/ill$ to "o-half4  
,! cle>1 colorless di/illate _h an      
alkal9e reaction1 & an odor resembl+    
h5bane or hemlock4 ,x 0 saturat$ )      
sulphuric acid1 evaporat$1 & treat$ ) a 
mixture ( equal quantities ( alcohol &  

e!r :i* left sulphate ( ammonia beh9d1 !
 solution 0 evaporat$ spontane\sly1     
di/ill$ ) potassa1 ! alkal9e di/illate  
neutraliz$ ) hydro*loric acid1 & a      
precipitate c\ld n[ be obta9$ ) *loride 
( plat9um4 ,want ( mat]ial prev5t$ fur!r
 exp]im5ts4  ,! editor ( ! ,am]ican     
,j\rnal ( ,ph>macy ins]ts ! foll[+ note3
 ,x w\ld h be5 m satisfactory if ! au?or
 _h giv5 "s physiological evid5ce ( !   
poison\s nature ( ! alkaloid sub/ance   
obta9$4 ,x is q int]e/+ to he> t !      
hi!rto intangible v5om ( ?is plant has  
at la/ be5 detect$4  ,,footnotes3  #ad  
,a free translation ( ?is pap] is giv5 9
 ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m4 = #aheh1 p4 #edb4   
,,"w ,,( ,,mais*4#ae   ,! next          
inve/igation ( ?is plant 0 made by      
,mais* 9 #ahfd4 ,he criticizes          
,khittel's exp]im5ts z foll[s3 ,x is    
well kn[n t ! exhalations ( ,rhus       
toxicod5dron ex]t a poison\s influ5ce on
 ! human body2 ! poison\s pr9ciple mu/1 
!re=e1 be volatile &1 at ! same "t1 be  
naturally 9 su* a loose /ate (          

comb9ation z to be cont9ually elim9at$ &
 sep>at$ ) ! usual products ( vegetable 
exhalations4 ,x is natural to suppose t 
dur+ ! process ( dry+1 ! greate/ portion
 ( ! poison\s pr9ciple %\ld be lo/4 ,!  
loss mu/ be /ill great] if ! dri$ leaves
 are p[d]$1 a hot infusion prep>$ f !m1 
& ?is infusion evaporat$ d[n to !       
orig9al weight ( ! dri$ leaves4 ,x is   
obvi\s t ,dr4 ,khittel c\ld n h select$ 
a bett] me?od = obta9+ ! lea/ possible  
quantity ( ! poison\s pr9ciple1 if1     
inde$1 x c\ld be obta9$ by ?is process  
at all4  ,mais* !n work$ up #h-c_/d     
ounces ( ! leaves ( ! plant 9 a way to  
get ! alkaloid1 mak+ "s improvem5ts on  
,khittel's me?od1 b fail$ to f9d x4     
,believ+ t ! poison 0 a volatile acid1  
he enclos$ "s fre% leaves ( ! plant 9 a 
t9 box ) sev]al te/ pap]s4 ,! blue      
litmus pap] became r$ %[+ ! pres5ce ( an
 acid4 ,he conclud$ f ?is exp]im5t t !  
exhalations ( ! leaves conta9$ a        
volatile organic acid :i* he ?\ght 0 !  
poison\s sub/ance4 ,to det]m9e ?is po9t1

 he prep>$ ! acid 9 l>g] quantity by    
mac]at+ ! leaves ) wat]1 express+ &     
di/ill+ ! express$ juice4 ,he 0 poison$ 
9 do+ ?is "w al?\gh he _h n be5 affect$ 
by h&l+ ! liv+ plant & _h consid]$      
himself immune4 ,he obta9$ an acid :i*  
inve/igation %[$ to be some:at l =mic   
acid1 m l acetic acid1 b hav+ "s        
reactions diff]5t f bo?4 ,tak+ all !    
reactions toge!r1 x is unque/ionably a  
new organic acid = :i* ,i propose ! "n (
 ,toxicod5dric ,acid1 writes ,mais*4 ,he
 fur!r says3 ,t x is ! pr9ciple to :i*  
poison oak owes its effects on ! human  
sy/em 0 prov$ to my entire satisfaction 
by ! copi\s eruption & =mation ( num]\s 
vesicles on ! back ( my h&1 on ! f+]s1  
wri/s1 & b>e arms :ile ,i 0 di/ill+ &   
op]at+ ) x4 ,sev]al p]sons com+ into !  
room :ile ,i 0 engag$ ) x 7 m or less   
poison$ by ! vap\rs diffus$ 9 ! room2 & 
,i ev5 transf]r$ ! poison\s effects to  
"s p]sons1 m]ely by %ak+ h&s ) !m4  ,!  
dilut$ acid1 z obta9$ by me1 & /rong]   
solutions ( its salts1 7 appli$ to      

sev]al p]sons1 & eruptions 7 produc$ 9  
sev]al in/ances1 probably by ! =m]1 ?\gh
 n always1 :i* 0 mo/ likely ow+ to !    
dilute /ate ( ! acid4 ,:5ev] ?is 0      
boil$1 ,i always felt ! same it*+       
s5sation 9 ! face1 & on ! b>e arms1 :i* 
,i exp]i5ce on cont9ual exposure ( my   
h&s to ! juice ( ! plant4  ,toxicod5dric
 acid 0 ?\ght to be ! active pr9ciple f 
! "t ( ,mais*'s "w until ! inve/igation 
by ,pfaff 9 #ahie4  ,,footnotes3  #ae   
,proc4 ,am]4 ,ph>m4 ,assn4 #ahfe1 p4    
#aff1 & ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m4 #ahff1 p4 #d4
     ,,pfaff',s ,,"w4   ,by f> ! mo/    
valuable "w on ,rhus toxicod5dron is t (
 ,pfaff4 ,f a cl9ical /udy ( ,rhus      
poison+1 ,pfaff came to ! conclusion t !
 poison mu/ be a non-volatile sk9       
irritant4 ,! m volatile ! irritant1 !   
quick] is its action on ! sk94 ,=mic    
acid acts v quickly2 acetic acid1 less  
volatile ?an =mic1 acts m sl[ly1 b /ill 
mu* m quickly ?an poison ivy1 ! lat5t   
p]iod ( :i* is usually f two to five    
days4 ,pfaff ?\ght t ! volatile acid    

obta9$ by ,mais* might h conta9$ "s ( ! 
poison\s pr9ciple z an impurity1 b t x  
w\ld n produce ! d]matitis if prep>$ 9 a
 pure /ate4 ,he !re=e prep>$ a quantity 
( ! acid by di/ill+ ! f9ely divid$ fre% 
plant ) /eam4 ,! yield 0 increas$ by    
acidulat+ ! mixture ) sulphuric acid    
be=e ! di/illation4 ,! acid di/illate s 
obta9$ 0 fre$ f a non-poison\s oily     
sub/ance by %ak+ ! solution ) e!r4      
,b>ium & sodium salts 7 made by         
neutraliz+ ! acid1 & 7 purifi$ by       
cry/allization4 ,analysis %[$ !m to be  
salts ( acetic acid1 & !y gave !        
*>act]i/ic te/s = ?is acid4 ,!          
toxicod5dric acid ( ,mais* 0 ?us %[n to 
be acetic acid1 & 0 !re=e n ! poison\s  
pr9ciple ( ! plant4  ,pfaff obta9$ !    
active pr9ciple by ! foll[+ process3 ,! 
plant 0 extract$ ) alcohol1 ! alcohol 0 
di/ill$ (f1 & ! residue 0 tak5 up 9 e!r4
 ,! e!r solution 0 wa%$ ) wat] & dilute 
sodium c>bonate solution1 & ! e!r 0     
evaporat$4 ,an oily1 black1 poison\s    
sub/ance p>tly soluble 9 alcohol 0      

obta9$4 ,to get ! active pr9ciple 9 a   
pure /ate1 ?is residue 0 extract$ )     
alcohol & filt]$ & ! filtrate 0         
precipitat$ fractionally by lead        
acetate4 ,! f9al precipitates consi/$ ( 
! lead comp\nd ( ! poison 9 a pure /ate4
 ,on decompos+ ! lead comp\nds )        
ammonium sulphide1 %ak+ out ) e!r1 &    
lett+ ! e!r evaporate spontane\sly1 a   
non-volatile oil 0 obta9$ :i* gave !    
*>act]i/ic sk9 eruptions4 ,! pure lead  
comp\nds made 9 diff]5t prep>ations 7   
analyz$ & assign$ ! =mula               
,c#ba;,h#cj,o#d,pb4 ,! oil itself 0 n   
analyz$4 ,pfaff propos$ ! "n            
,toxicod5drol = ! oil4 ,he f\nd t x 0 n 
volatile1 0 decompos$ by heat1 0 soluble
 9 alcohol1 e!r1 *lor(orm1 b5z5e1 etc41 
b insoluble 9 wat]4 ,its effects ^u !   
human sk9 7 /udi$ 9 _m exp]im5ts ^u     
himself & o!rs4 ,x 0 %[n t an exce$+ly  
m9ute quantity ( ! poison w produce !   
d]matitis1 ev5 #a_/ajjj milligram appli$
 9 olive oil be+ active4 ,! oil 0 giv5  
int]nally to rabbits1 its effects be+   

mo/ m>k$ on ! kidneys4  ,! oil obta9$ by
 ,pfaff f ,rhus v55ata seem$ to be      
id5tical ) t f ,rhus toxicod5dron4      
,,exp]im5tal4   ,! writ]'s inve/igation 
0 und]tak5 ) ! object ( attempt+ to ?r[ 
m light on ! *emical nature ( ! poison\s
 sub/ance f\nd 9 ,rhus toxicod5dron4    
,soon aft] comm5c+ "w1 h[ev]1 x became  
app>5t t ! poison c\ld be m intellig5tly
 /udi$ if ! sub/ances associat$ ) x 9 ! 
plant 7 fir/ id5tifi$2 ! scope ( ! "w 0 
!re=e ext5d$ to an inve/igation ( ! o!r 
con/itu5ts ( ! plant1 & x 0 hop$ t a k (
 ! prop]ties ( ^! con/itu5ts w\ld sugge/
 a m economical way ( gett+ ! poison ?an
 ! me?od ( fractional precipitation4  ,!
 crude mat]ial = ?is "w 0 prep>$ by     
,messrs4 ,p>ke1 ,davis  ,co41 (         
,detroit1 ,mi*41 accord+ to special     
in/ructions submitt$ to !m3 #fg-a_/b    
p\nds ( fre% leaves & fl[]s ( poison ivy
 7 collect$ ne> ,detroit & c>efully     
inspect$ by a compet5t botani/4 ,?is    
mat]ial 0 ?or\ghly mac]at$ & put into   
t5-lit] bottles ) e!r4 ,! mass 0        

?or\ghly %ak51 wat] be+ add$ to make x m
 mobile4 ,! e!r 0 !n sep>at$ (f & !     
extraction 0 repeat$ ?ree times 9 ! same
 way to insure complete removal ( !     
toxicod5drol4 ,! e!r extracts 7 comb9$1 
?or\ghly dri$ ) anhydr\s sodium         
sulphate1 & ! e!r 0 di/ill$ (f1 !       
temp]ature be+ kept bel[ #dj deg4 ,c4   
dur+ ! entire di/illation4 ,! residue   
aft] ! removal ( ! e!r 0 a ?ick1 black1 
t>-l mass1 weigh+ #c p\nds #aa ounces4  
,9 extract+ ! plant1 ab\t tw5ty-f\r     
gallons ( e!r 7 us$4 ,x is a significant
 fact 9 reg>d to ! volatility ( ! poison
 t dur+ ! process ( prep>+ ?is mat]ial  
none ( ! employees engag$ 9 ! "w 7 9 any
 way affect$1 s9ce prop] precautions 7  
tak5 & ! ut5sils 7 h&l$ ) rubb] gloves4 
,! crude e!r extract1 :i* w be designat$
 z ! orig9al mat]ial1 0 %ipp$ to        
,baltimore 9 ,augu/ & 0 kept 9 a cool   
place until ,novemb] :5 ! inve/igation 0
 begun4 ,:5 ! bottle 0 op5$1 !re seem$  
to be an escape ( a vapor1 & a nauseat+ 
odor sugge/+ cru%$ gre5 leaves p]vad$ ! 

atmosph]e4 ,"s days lat]1 irregul> r$   
pat*es appe>$ on ! face ?\gh a mask (   
cotton clo? 0 worn dur+ ! "w1 & ! h&s 7 
protect$ by rubb] gloves4  ,assum+ f    
,pfaff's "w t ?is orig9al mat]ial       
conta9$ ! non-volatile oil toxicod5drol1
 ! fir/ exp]im5t 0 to try to di/il x out
 "u dim9i%$ pressure4 ,= ?is purpose1 an
 ,ans*uetze di/ill+ bulb conta9+ t5     
grams ( ! t> 0 connect$ ) a vacuum pump4
 ,aft] a pressure ( #b mm4 _h be5       
e/abli%$ ! bulb 0 gradually heat$ 9 a   
ba? ( ,wood's metal4 ,no?+ di/ill$ ov]4 
,! mat]ial began to c>bonize at a       
temp]ature ( #adj deg4 to #aej deg4  ,x 
0 !n ?\ght t p]haps ! oil c\ld be       
conv]t$ into an e/] :i* might be m      
volatile & c\ld be di/ill$ out4 #bj     
grams ( ! orig9al mat]ial 7 dissolv$ 9  
#ajj cc4 ( absolute alcohol conta9+ #c  
gra9s ( hydro*loric acid gas1 & !       
mixture 0 heat$ #aj h\rs on a wat]-ba?  
"u a return cond5s]4 ,aft] ! heat+1 !   
mixture _h a delightful e!real odor4 ,! 
flask 0 cork$ & left /&+ sev]al weeks   

:ile o!r "w 0 9 progress4 ,! e/]        
solution 0 !n put 9 a vacuum desiccator 
ov] sulphuric acid & ! alcohol          
evaporat$4 ,a black1 t>ry1 solid mass 0 
left hav+ ! e/] odor4 ,x 0 extract$ )   
w>m wat] & filt]$ f insoluble t>4 ,!    
filtrate _h a gre5 color & ! e!real     
odor4 ,x 0 %ak5 out ) e!r2 ! e!r lay] _h
 a blood-r$ color :ile ! wat] lay] 0    
deep gre54 ,! extraction ) e!r 0 cont9u$
 until ! wat] lay] 0 no long] gre54 ,!  
comb9$ e!r extracts 7 evaporat$ 9 a     
desiccator )\t heat4 ,a black t>-l solid
 0 left v mu* l ! orig9al mat]ial1 b x  
_h ! e/] odor4 ,x 0 p>tly soluble 9 wat]
 & readily soluble 9 alcohol4 ,!        
alcoholic solution 0 te/$ on ! sk9 &    
f\nd to be n poison\s4 ,! e/]1 or       
mixture ( e/]s1 0 n inve/igat$ fur!r 9  
?is connection1 b 0 lat] %[n to give !  
reactions = gallic acid & me?yl         
furfurol4 ,^! reactions w be ref]r$ to 9
 connection ) o!r exp]im5ts4  ,aft] a   
few o!r prelim9>y exp]im5ts1 x became   
evid5t t ! orig9al mat]ial 0 a complex  

mixture ( sub/ances & t x w\ld h to be  
fractionat$ by "s means & ! fractions   
/udi$ sep>ately4  ,a portion ( ! orig9al
 sub/ance 0 treat$ ) #ej p] c5t4 alcohol
 & 0 f\nd to be p>tly soluble 9 ?is     
m$ium4 ,! solution 0 filt]$ f insoluble 
t>4 ,a portion ( ! yell[ filtrate gave a
 r$di% yell[ precipitate ) lead acetate4
 ,! alcoholic solution 0 di/ill$ 9 an   
,ans*uetze flask "u dim9i%$ pressure2 a 
yell[ liquid cond5s$ 9 ! arm ( ! flask  
:ile mo/ ( ! alcohol 0 collect$ 9 a     
bottle connect$ ) ! arm4 ,! yell[ liquid
 0 acid to litmus4 ,wat] 0 add$1 !      
solution 0 %ak5 out ) e!r & ! e!r 0     
evaporat$4 ,:5 ! small residue 0        
completely dry1 x 0 a yell[ solid       
soluble 9 dilute alcohol & acid to      
litmus4 ,! sub/ance 0 n volatile en\gh  
to ju/ify ! use ( ?is me?od = gett+ x4  
,*lorophyll c\ld n be remov$ f ! orig9al
 sub/ance because ! solv5ts = *lorophyll
 su* z alcohol1 e!r1 fats1 petroleum1 & 
c>bon bisulphide dissolve l>ge          
quantities ( ! mixture4  ,a precipitate 

obta9$ by add+ lead acetate to a filt]$ 
solution ( ! orig9al sub/ance 9 #ej p]  
c5t4 alcohol 0 susp5d$ 9 wat]1 decompos$
 by hydrog5 sulphide1 %ak5 out ) e!r & !
 e!r evaporat$4 ,! residue appe>$ at    
fir/ to be a yell[ oil1 b on complete   
evaporation ( ! e!r 9 a desiccator1 a   
yell[ solid 0 obta9$--app>5tly ! same z 
t obta9$ by vacuum di/illation4  ,a     
solution ( ! orig9al mat]ial 9 #ej p]   
c5t4 alcohol 0 filt]$ ?r\gh bone-black &
 ! filtrate 0 colorless4 ,exam9ation %[$
 t ev]y?+ _h be5 remov$ by ! bone-black 
& ! filtrate 0 app>5tly pure alcohol &  
wat]4  ,9 precipitat+ an alcoholic      
solution ( ! crude mat]ial ) a solution 
( lead acetate1 x 0 notic$ t at lea/ two
 k9ds ( precipitates 7 =m$4 ,! "p t w5t 
d[n fir/ 0 d>k] 9 color ?an t ?r[n d[n  
lat]4 ,pfaff us$ ! la/ fractions 9      
obta9+ 8 oil & /at$ t ^! precipitates   
consi/$ ( ! lead comp\nd ( ! oil 9 a    
pure /ate4 ,x 0 f\nd by exp]im5t t !    
d>k] "p 0 soluble 9 e!r :ile ! light] "p
 0 n4 ,?is indicat$ t ! d>k] "p consi/$ 

( t>ry matt] :i* 0 br\ght d[n           
me*anically or sep>at$ out :5 !         
alcoholic solution 0 dilut$ by ! lead   
acetate solution1 or 0 p]haps a lead    
comp\nd soluble 9 e!r4 ,to te/ ?is po9t 
an exp]im5t 0 made z foll[s3 ,"s ( !    
crude mat]ial 0 ?or\ghly extract$ ) #ej 
p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! t> insoluble 9 #ej  
p] c5t4 alcohol 0 !n treat$ ) #ie p]    
c5t4 alcohol2 mo/ ( x dissolv$2 !       
solution 0 filt]$ & lead acetate 9 #ej  
p] c5t4 alcohol 0 add$4 ,a gre5i% color$
 precipitate 0 =m$ :i* 0 filt]$ (f &    
f\nd to be completely soluble 9 e!r &   
soluble to a consid]able ext5t 9 /rong  
alcohol4 ,^! exp]im5ts sugge/$ t ! light
 color$ lead comp\nd :i* 0 ?\ght to     
conta9 ! poison c\ld be purifi$ by      
extraction ) e!r 9 a ,soxhlet app>atus m
 conv5i5tly ?an by ! t$i\s process (    
fractional precipitation4 ,fur!r        
prelim9>y exp]im5ts %[$ t #ej p] c5t4   
alcohol extract$ f ! orig9al mat]ial all
 ( ! sub/ance or sub/ances :i* gave !   
light color$ precipitate & dissolv$ only

 a small am\nt ( ! t>4  ,two hundr$ &   
eighty-eight grams ( ! crude mat]ial 7  
!n extract$ sev]al times ) #ej p] c5t4  
alcohol & filt]$2 ! insoluble t> 0 wa%$ 
& sav$ = exam9ation4 ,to ! filtrate 0   
add$ an excess ( a solution ( lead      
acetate 9 #ej p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! l>ge  
precipitate1 :i* w be designat$ z       
precipitate ,a1 0 filt]$ & dra9$ by     
suction 9 a ,bue*n] funnel4 ,! alcoholic
 filtrate ,a 0 sav$4 ,precipitate ,a 0  
extract$ ) e!r 9 ,soxhlet extractors    
until ! e!r came ov] practically        
colorless1 ! op]ation be+ int]rupt$ f "t
 to "t to /ir up ! precipitate 9 !      
?imble4 ,! gre5 color$ e!r solution 0   
sav$ = future exam9ation4 ,! lead       
precipitate1 aft] extraction ) e!r &    
dry+1 weigh$ ab\t #aaf grams4 ,a portion
 ( ?is lead comp\nd 0 decompos$ by      
hydrog5 sulphide 9 a mixture ( wat] &   
e!r :i* 0 well %ak5 dur+ ! op]ation4 ,! 
e!r 0 sep>at$1 filt]$1 & evaporat$ "u   
dim9i%$ pressure )\t heat1 & !re rema9$ 
a yell[ oily look+ residue hav+ a       

pleasant odor4 ,:5 ! e!r & wat] 7       
completely remov$ 9 a vacuum desiccator1
 a h>d1 brittle1 yell[ res9 weigh+ ab\t 
#af grams 0 obta9$4 ,x 0 soluble 9      
alcohol1 _h a /rong acid reaction & 0   
free f nitrog5#af & sulphur4 ,! nitrog5 
te/s 7 made by ! ,lassaign & soda lime  
me?ods1#ag & ! sulphur te/ 0 made )     
sodium nitroprusside aft] fus+ ! residue
 ) sodium4 ,! ma9 portion ( ! lead      
comp\nd 0 decompos$ "u alcohol by       
hydrog5 sulphide1 filt]$1 & ! alcoholic 
filtrate evaporat$ 9 vacuo4 ,! same     
yell[ acid res9 0 obta9$4 ,exp]im5ts    
cont9u+ ?r\gh sev]al weeks 7 made 9     
apply+ solutions ( ?is res9 to rats1    
rabbits & gu9ea pigs4 ,f9d+ x to be )\t 
effect ^u ^! animals x 0 tri$ on ! writ]
 & f\nd to be n poison\s4#ah ,9 !       
meantime ! res9 0 be+ /udi$ 9 !         
laboratory4   ,,gallic ,,acid4  ,an     
alcoholic solution ( ! res9 0 j         
neutraliz$ ) potassium hydroxide4 ,dur+ 
! titration1 ! solution rapidly became  
d>k br[n4 ,aft] neutralization x 0 %ak5 

) e!r2 ! wat] solution rema9$ br[n :ile 
! e!r lay] 0 ne>ly colorless & conta9$  
practically no dissolv$ sub/ance4 ,a    
portion ( ! wat] solution ( ! potassium 
salt on be+ acidifi$ ) sulphuric acid & 
/&+ ov] night1 deposit$ a slight        
precipitate4 ,! solution ( ! potassium  
salt gave a heavy precipitate ) lead    
acetate some:at simil> to ! orig9al lead
 precipitate ,a1 & also slight          
precipitates ) salts ( z9c1 m]cury1     
copp]1 & silv] 7) r$uction74 ,x gave a  
blui%-black color ) impure f]r\s        
sulphate & a d>k color ) f]ric *loride4 
,x r$uc$ ammoniacal silv] nitrate &     
,fehl+ solution4 ,^! exp]im5ts indicat$ 
! pres5ce ( a tann9 comp\nd4 ,an        
alcoholic solution ( ! res9 gave ! same 
color reactions ) iron salts z did !    
potassium salt4 ,to det]m9e :i* "o ( !  
tann9 comp\nds 0 pres5t 0 a matt] ( "s  
difficulty s9ce ! di- &                 
tri-hydroxyb5zoic acids h 9 g5]al ! same
 color reactions4 ,! pres5ce ( o!r plant
 sub/ances 9 ! solution also int]f]es ) 

! color te/s1 & f9ally1 a sub/ance :i*  
gives a blue color ) iron salts & "o    
giv+ a gre5 color may be f\nd toge!r 9 !
 same plant4#ai ,fur!r te/s ) a solution
 ( ! res9 9 dilute alcohol1 & ) a wat]  
solution ( ! acid precipitat$ by add+   
sulphuric acid to a solution ( ! res9 9 
potassium hydroxide1 l$ to ! conclusion 
t ! acid is gallic acid4 ,^! te/s 7 !   
foll[+3  7#a7 ,boil+ ) an excess (      
potassium hydroxide gave a black        
sub/ance 7tauromelanic acid74  7#b7 ,!  
acid 0 n precipitat$ by gelat94  7#c7   
,on addition ( potassium cyanide a      
transitory r$ color appe>$ :i* reappe>$ 
on %ak+ ) air4  ,gallic acid is di/+ui%$
 f tannic acid by te/s 7#b7 & 7#c74 ,at 
lat] /ages 9 ! "w ! potassium1 b>ium1 & 
sodium salts ( gallic acid 7 obta9$1 &  
f9ally ! pure acid 0 made by decompos+ !
 sodium salt ) sulphuric acid &         
cry/alliz+ f wat]4 ,a portion ( ! acid s
 obta9$ 0 fur!r purifi$ by dissolv+ 9   
absolute alcohol & p\r+ into absolute   
e!r4#bj ,! melt+ po9t behavior ( ! acid 

corresponds ) t ( gallic acid2 x melt$ )
 decomposition at ab\t #bcj deg4 ,=     
fur!r id5tification1 "s ( ! acid 0      
conv]t$ into an e/] by ! foll[+ process3
 x 0 dissolv$ 9 #hj p] c5t4 alcohol1    
hydro*loric acid gas 0 pass$ 91 & !     
solution 0 heat$ an h\r on ! wat] ba?4  
,x 0 !n evaporat$ to a small bulk1      
neutraliz$ ) b>ium c>bonate & extract$ )
 e!r4 ,! e!r1 on evaporation1 left ! e/]
 :i* 0 cry/alliz$ f wat] & dri$ 9 a     
desiccator ov] sulphuric acid4 ,!       
anhydr\s e/] agre$ 9 melt+ po9t 7#aef   
deg4 to #aei deg47 & o!r prop]ties ) !  
e/] ( gallic acid describ$ by           
,grimaux4#ba ,= ! sake ( comp>ison1 an  
e/] 0 made f gallic acid obta9$ f ano!r 
s\rce & ! two agre$ 9 prop]ties4 ,a     
mixture ( ! two e/]s melt$ )9 ! limits  
giv5 = ! e/] ( gallic acid4  ,:ile !    
te/s lead+ to ! id5tification ( gallic  
acid 7 be+ made1 ano!r s]ies ( exp]im5ts
 0 9 progress4 ,elev5 & "o-half grams ( 
! res9 obta9$ f lead precipitate ,a by  
decomposition ) hydrog5 sulphide 7      

treat$ ) #j4a n4 potassium hydroxide    
add$ f a burette until ! acid 0 exactly 
neutraliz$4 ,all w5t into solution4 ,on 
%ak+ ) e!r1 "s ( ! potassium salt       
sep>at$ out & 0 sav$ = exam9ation4 ,!   
solution became br[n on exposure to air 
& got d>k] z ! "w proce$$4 ,! acid 9    
solution z a potassium salt 0           
precipitat$ out 9 f\r fractions by add+ 
= ea* fraction "o-f\r? ! am\nt ( #j4a n4
 sulphuric acid requir$ to neutralize ! 
potassium hydroxide us$4 ,! precipitates
 7 filt]$ (f & exam9$4 ,! fir/ 0 small 9
 am\nt1 gummy & h>d to filt]4 ,!        
solution 0 %ak5 ) e!r aft] ea*          
precipitate _h be5 filt]$ (f4 ,! succe$+
 precipitates 7 9 bett] condition1 b 7 n
 pure4 ,all appe>$ to be impure gallic  
acid :i* _h become br[n by absorption ( 
oxyg54 ,!y 7 sav$1 h[ev]1 to be te/$ =  
poison4 ,aft] ! la/ fraction _h sep>at$1
 ! filtrate 0 %ak5 sev]al times ) e!r & 
sav$ = fur!r exam9ation1 :i* w be       
describ$ "u ,rhamnose4 ,?is filtrate is 
designat$ z ,b4  ,at ?is /age ( ! "w a  

portion ( ! res9 obta9$ f lead          
precipitate ,a 0 te/$ & f\nd to be n    
poison\s z already m5tion$4 ,by ?is te/1
 all ! sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! lead       
precipitate ,a aft] its extraction ) e!r
 9 ! ,soxhlet app>atus1 7 elim9at$ f !  
possible poison\s sub/ances4 ,! poison  
mu/ !re=e h be5 extract$ by ! e!r4  ,a  
fre% portion ( ! orig9al poison\s       
mat]ial 0 treat$ ) #ej p] c5t4 alcohol &
 filt]$ f insoluble t>4 ,! filtrate 0   
precipitat$ 9 six fractions by lead     
acetate4 ,! la/ fractions 7 light] 9    
color & app>5tly mu* pur] ?an ! fir/4 ,!
 six? lead precipitate 0 decompos$ by   
hydrog5 sulphide1 ! light-yell[ wat]    
solution 0 te/$ & f\nd to be n poison\s4
 ,x gave ! *>act]i/ic reactions = gallic
 acid4 ,! poison1 if precipitat$ at all 
by lead acetate1 mu/ h gone d[n 9 "o ( !
 prec$+ fractions4 ,lat] exp]im5ts %[$ t
 x is br\ght d[n p>tly me*anically &    
p>tly z a lead comp\nd 9 ! fir/         
precipitates4   ,,fiset94  ,hav+        
id5tifi$ gallic acid1 & n f9d+ any o!r  

ph5ol d]ivative 9 ! lead precipitate1 "s
 ( ! orig9al mat]ial 0 extract$ ) hot   
wat] to remove gallic acid & filt]$ f t>
 :ile hot4 ,! filtrate _h a deep yell[  
color4 ,on cool+ ov] night1 an olive    
gre5 precipitate sep>at$ out :i* 0 dri$ 
& f\nd to be a light p[d]4 ,x 0         
practically insoluble 9 cold wat]1      
soluble ) great difficulty 9 boil+ wat] 
f :i* x sep>at$ 9 yell[ flakes1 slightly
 soluble 9 e!r & 9 acetic acid1 b       
readily soluble 9 alcohol4 ,! solutions 
7 n acid to litmus1 gave a d>k color )  
f]ric *loride1 an orange-r$ precipitate 
) lead acetate :i* 0 easily soluble 9   
acetic acid1 & an orange-yell[          
precipitate ) /ann\s *loride4 ,^!       
prop]ties & reactions indicat$ t !      
sub/ance 0 ! dye-/uff fiset9 & t x      
occurs 9 ! free /ate 9 ?is plant ?\gh x 
is usually f\nd z a glucoside ( fiset9  
comb9$ ) tannic acid4 ,a comp\nd ( ?is  
k9d 0 f\nd 9 ,rhus cot9us & nam$        
fu/9-tannide by ,s*mid#bb4 ,he %[$ t !  
fu/9-tannide c\ld be decompos$ by acetic

 acid into tannic acid & a glucoside1   
fu/9 ,c#df;,h#db,o#ba4 ,fu/91 on heat+ )
 dilute sulphuric acid1 gave fiset9 & a 
sug> suppos$ to be rhamnose4 ,fiset9 0  
also f\nd z a glucoside comp\nd 9 ,rhus 
rhodan!ma by ,p]k94#bc  ,! yell[        
sub/ance :i* sep>at$ f ! boil+ wat]     
solution 0 fur!r purifi$ by dissolv+ 9 a
 small quantity ( hot alcohol & add+ hot
 wat]4 ,on cool+1 ! yell[ sub/ance      
sep>at$ out 9 a floccul5t condition4    
,exam9$ "u ! microscope1 ! flakes appe>$
 to be made up ( masses ( f9e cry/als4  
,an alcoholic solution ( ! sub/ance gave
 a black color ) ammonia :i* became r$  
on addition ( m ammonia4 ,conc5trat$    
acids int5sifi$ ! yell[ color ( !       
alcoholic solution4 ,fehl+ solution &   
ammoniacal silv] nitrate 7 r$uc$ by x4  
,potassium hydroxide add$ to an         
alcoholic solution gave at fir/ a deep  
r$ color accompani$ by a gre5           
fluoresc5ce :i* disappe>$1 leav+ a yell[
 liquid4 ,) an excess ( cau/ic pota%1 ! 
r$ color return$ & 0 p]man5t4 ,^!       

reactions are *>act]i/ic = fiset94#bd   
,fur!rmore1 fiset9 %\ld give            
protocate*uic acid & phlorogluc9ol by   
fusion ) cau/ic pota% "u prop]          
conditions4#be ,! exp]im5t 0 c>ri$ out z
 foll[s3 #b grams ( fiset9 7 g5tly heat$
 9 a nickel crucible ) #f grams ( cau/ic
 pota% dissolv$ 9 #f cc4 wat]4 ,an      
inflammable gas1 app>5tly hydrog51 0    
evolv$ dur+ ! fusion4 ,! pa/y mass 0    
dissolv$ 9 wat]1 acidifi$ ) sulphuric   
acid1 & filt]$4 ,! filtrate 0 %ak5 out )
 e!r conta9+ "o-f\r? its volume (       
alcohol4 ,! e!r 0 evaporat$ & ! residue 
0 extract$ ) w>m wat] & filt]$4 ,lead   
acetate 0 add$ to ! filtrate to         
precipitate protocate*uic acid1 :ile    
phlorogluc9ol rema9$ 9 ! filtrate f ?is 
precipitate4 ,! lead precipitate 0      
susp5d$ 9 wat]1 decompos$ by hydrog5    
sulphide1 filt]$1 & evaporat$ to obta9  
protocate*uic acid4 ,t ! sub/ance obta9$
 0 protocate*uic acid 0 %[n by ! foll[+ 
*>act]i/ic te/s3  7#a7 ,x gave a gre5i% 
br[n color ) f]ric *loride2 on addition 

( "o drop ( a dilute solution ( sodium  
c>bonate1 ! color became d>k blue2 on   
add+ m sodium c>bonate ! color became   
r$4  7#b7 ,a violet color 0 obta9$ :5 a 
solution ( ! acid 0 treat$ ) a drop (   
sodium c>bonate solution & !n ) a drop (
 f]r\s sulphate4  7#c7 ,x r$uc$         
ammoniacal silv] nitrate4  7#d7 ,x did n
 r$uce ,fehl+ solution4  ,! filtrate    
suppos$ to conta9 phlorogluc9ol 0 treat$
 ) hydrog5 sulphide to remove lead1     
filt]$1 & %ak5 ) e!r4 ,! residue left on
 evaporat+ ! e!r 0 tak5 up 9 wat]4 ,?is 
solution gave ! foll[+ reactions        
*>act]i/ic = phlorogluc9ol3  7#a7 ,x    
r$uc$ bo? silv] nitrate & ,fehl+        
solution4  7#b7 ,x color$ p9e wood      
moi/5$ ) hydro*loric acid r$4  7#c7 ,x  
gave a r$ color ) vanill9 & hydro*loric 
acid1 &  7#d7 ,a deep] r$ color ) oil ( 
cloves & hydro*loric acid1 becom+ purple
 on /&+4  7#e7 ,x gave a violet color ) 
f]ric *loride4  ,! sub/ance is !n1 )\t  
d\bt1 fiset94 ,! =mula#bf ( fiset9 is   
suppos$ to be ,c#ae;,h#aj,o#f4          

,,rhamnose4  ,x 0 /at$ above t ,s*mid   
obta9$ a sug> solution by !             
decomposition ( a fiset9-glucoside f    
,rhus cot9us1 & ,p]k9 obta9$ ! same f a 
glucoside 9 ,rhus rhodan!ma4 ,^!        
inve/igators ?\ght t ! sug> 0 isodulcite
 or rhamnose1 b !y did n isolate x on   
acc\nt ( ! small quantities ( mat]ial at
 _! disposal4 ,moreov]1 ! sug> is v h>d 
to cry/allize 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r soluble 
sub/ances & is n f\nd 9 l>ge quantity 9 
plants4 ,maqu5ne#bg c\ld obta9 only #ae 
to #bj gm4 ( rhamnose by work+ up #a    
kilogram ( ! b]ries ( ,rhamnus          
infectorius4 ,assum+ t ! free fiset9    
f\nd 9 poison ivy leaves _h its orig9 9 
! decomposition ( a fiset9-glucoside by 
natural processes1 x 0 reasonable to    
suppose t ! sug> w\ld also be f\nd 9 !  
free /ate1 al?\gh1 accord+ to ,roscoe & 
,s*orlemm]3#bh ,isodulcite does n occur 
9 ! free /ate 9 nature1 b is f\nd z a   
peculi> e!real salt belong+ to ! class (
 glucosides4 ,on boil+ ) dilute         
sulphuric acid1 ?is splits up into      

isodulcite & o!r bodies4444 ,! m rec5t  
works on ! sug>s & on plant *emi/ry#bi  
m5tion ! occurr5ce ( rhamnose only 9 !  
glucoside =m1 ) "o possible exception4  
,! exception ref]r$ to is ! occurr5ce ( 
a free sug>1 suppos$ to be rhamnose1 9 a
 c]ta9 palm-w9e4#cj ,czapek says3#ca ,! 
well-kn[n me?yl p5toses d n occur 9 !   
free /ate 9 plant organisms s f> z we   
"k4  ,s9ce rhamnose =ms a lead comp\nd1 
! sug>1 if pres5t1 %\ld be f\nd 9 ! fir/
 lead precipitate1 ,a1 & also 9 filtrate
 ,a 9 case x is n completely precipitat$
 9 ! pres5ce ( acetic acid & alcohol4   
,! filtrate ,a 7ab\t two lit]s7 0 exam9$
 fir/4 ,x _h a light yell[ color1       
conta9$ an excess ( lead acetate1 & 0   
acid f ! acetic acid lib]at$ 9 !        
precipitation ( ! lead comp\nd ,a4#cb   
,?is filtrate 0 evaporat$ to dryness "u 
dim9i%$ pressure to remove alcohol1     
wat]1 & acetic acid4 ,! cle> di/illate  
_h a peculi> odor sugge/+ bo? tea & amyl
 =mate4 ,x 0 sav$ = exam9ation & 0 f\nd 
to be n poison\s4 ,! residue 9 ! di%    

aft] evaporation 0 a t\gh r$di% br[n1   
gummy mass :i* c\ld be drawn out into   
f9e ?reads4 ,x _h a pleasant sweet odor4
 ,x 0 extract$ sev]al times ) hot wat]1 
ea* portion be+ filt]$4 ,a br[ni% yell[ 
p[d] rema9$ undissolv$ & 0 sav$4 ,!     
comb9$ filtrates deposit$ m ( ! yell[   
solid on /&+4 ,?is p[d] w be ref]r$ to  
lat] z ,p4 ,! filt]$ liquid 0 fre$ f    
lead by hydrog5 sulphide4 ,! solution !n
 _h a lemon yell[ color1 a sweet odor & 
0 acid f acetic acid4 ,on conc5trat+ !  
solution by evaporation & mak+ a small  
portion ( x alkal9e ) sodium hydroxide1 
! yell[ color came out v int5se#cc4 ,!  
alkal9e solution r$uc$ ,fehl+ solution &
 ammoniacal silv] nitrate1 indicat+ !   
pres5ce ( a sug>4 ,ano!r portion ( !    
solution gave a slight precipitate )    
ph5yl hydraz9e 9 ! cold4 ,! rema9d] ( ! 
solution 0 evaporat$ to dryness1        
extract$ ) wat]1 filt]$1 & aga9         
evaporat$4 ,a d>k /icky syrup 0 left :i*
 0 only p>tly soluble 9 wat]4 ,?is 0    
treat$ ) wat]1 filt]$1 & ! filtrate 0   

evaporat$1 ! wat] be+ replac$ f "t to "t
 to remove acetic acid4 ,f9ally ! liquid
 gave ! foll[+ te/s = rhamnose1 besides 
^? already m5tion$3  7#a7 ,)            
alpha-naph?ol#cd & sulphuric acid1 a    
purple violet color4  7#b7 ,) ?ymol#ce &
 sulphuric acid1 a r$ color4  7#c7 ,)   
resorc9ol#cf & sulphuric acid1 r$ color4
  7#d7 ,) orc9ol#cg & hydro*loric acid1 
r$ color4  7#e7 ,) ammonium picrate &   
sodium picrate1 yell[i% r$ color4  7#f7 
,) phlorogluc9ol & hydro*loric acid1 r$ 
color4  7#g7 ,x decoloriz$ an alkal9e   
solution ( potassium f]ricyanide4  7#h7 
,x gave a :ite precipitate ) lead       
acetate4  ,! filtrate ,b 7p4 #bj7 f :i* 
gallic acid 0 precipitat$ by sulphuric  
acid 9 f\r fractions 0 sav$ to exam9e = 
sug>4 ,to remove gallic acid completely1
 & o!r vegetable matt]1 x 0 %ak5 out    
sev]al times ) e!r1 & 0 kept at a l[    
temp]ature ) salt & ice = a long "t4 ,x 
0 left /&+ = sev]al weeks1 dur+ :i* "t m
 br[n matt] sep>at$ out & 0 filt]$ (f4  
,! filtrate 0 evaporat$ to a small bulk1

 cool$1 & filt]$ f cry/als ( potassium  
sulphate4 ,! filtrate 0 evaporat$ to    
dryness1 ! residue tak5 up 9 wat] &     
filt]$ ?r\gh bone-black4 ,addition (    
alcohol caus$ complete precipitation (  
potassium sulphate4 ,! solution !n gave 
! above m5tion$ *>act]i/ic te/s =       
rhamnose4  ,all attempts to get !       
osazone ( ! sug> by ! me?od ( ,fis*]#ch 
fail$1 probably on acc\nt ( ! small     
quantity ( ! sug> pres5t4 ,! plant1 x w 
be rememb]$1 0 orig9ally extract$ ) e!r 
9 :i* rhamnose is practically insoluble4
 ,! above describ$ te/s1 h[ev]1 c leave 
no d\bt z to ! id5tity ( ! sug>4        
,additional evid5ce t ! sug> is rhamnose
 0 obta9$ by a me?od describ$ by        
,maqu5ne#ci z foll[s3       ,!          
production ( me?yl furfurol 9 !         
dehydration (      isodulcite furni%es a
 v simple means ( *>act]iz+      ?is    
sug> 9 mixtures :i* conta9 x2 x is      
suffici5t1      = example1 to di/il #ej 
gm4 ( qu]citron wood ) z      mu*       
sulphuric acid & ab\t #aej gm4 ( wat]1  

!n to      rectify ! liquid obta9$ 9    
ord] to get sev]al drops (      ! crude 
furfurol1 :i* on addition ( alcohol &   
conc5trat$ sulphuric acid gives         
imm$iately ! gre5      coloration       
*>act]i/ic ( me?yl furfurol4 ,?is       
proc$ure      is applicable to extracts 
z well z to entire plants1 &      has ! 
advantage t x does n require ! sep>ation
 (      isodulcite1 ! cry/allization (  
:i* is (t5 v sl[      & at times        
impossible :5 x is mix$ ) o!r v         
soluble sub/ances4  ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$ )
 ! crude e!r extract ( ! plant accord+  
to ! directions ( ,maqu5ne1 & ! gre5    
color ) alcohol & sulphuric acid 0      
obta9$ f ! ?ick] oily portion ( !       
di/illate4 ,?is te/ c be made )         
hydro*loric acid#dj z well z )          
sulphuric4 ,!re=e ! color te/ 0 tri$ ) !
 e/] mixture prep>$ 9 "o ( ! e>ly       
exp]im5ts by boil+ ! orig9al plant      
mat]ial ) hydro*loric acid & alcohol4   
,me?yl furfurol 0 f\nd "h also1 ?is     
me?od inde$ giv+ bett] results ?an t (  

,maqu5ne4  ,! pres5ce ( free rhamnose   
has ?us be5 %[n 9 ! orig9al mat]ial1 9 !
 fir/ precipitate by lead acetate1 & 9 !
 filtrate f ?is precipitate4 ,exp]im5ts 
to be describ$ "u ,! ,poison %[$ t ! e!r
 extract f ! ,soxhlet app>atus conta9$ a
 sub/ance :i* yield$ rhamnose :5        
hydrolyz$ by dilute sulphuric acid4  ,! 
pres5ce ( free gallic acid1 fiset91 &   
rhamnose 9 ! plant c be readily expla9$ 
by a s]ies ( assumptions = :i* !re is a 
consid]able am\nt ( exp]im5tal evid5ce4 
,!re is reason to believe t tann9-l     
bodies are =m$ at ! exp5se (            
*lorophyll1#da t complex tann9 bodies c 
be brok5 d[n by acetic acid 7also f\nd 9
 ,rhus toxicod5dron7 into a tannic acid 
& a glucoside 7= example1 ! fu/9-tannide
 m5tion$ above yields tannic acid &     
fiset9-glucoside72 & f9ally t !         
glucoside c be hydrolyz$ by acids or    
enzymes giv+1 9 ! suma* plants1 fiset9 &
 rhamnose4  ,nitrog5\s f]m5ts :i* c     
effect ! hydrolysis ( glucosides & give 
rise to sug>s are frequ5tly f\nd 9      

plants1 = example1 emuls9 9 almonds1    
myros9 9 mu/>d1 & ery?rozym 9 madd]4    
,acree & ,h9k9s#db f\nd t dia/ase1      
pancreat91 & a numb] ( o!r enzymes cause
 hydrolysis ( triacetyl glucose ) !     
=mation ( glucose & acetic acid4        
,/ev5s#dc obta9$ a nitrog5\s oxidiz+    
enzyme f ,rhus v]nicif]a4 ,! close      
relation%ip betwe5 ! poison\s species ( 
,rhus w\ld lead u to suppose t ! same   
soluble f]m5t exi/s 9 poison ivy1 ?\gh x
 0 n detect$ 9 ! orig9al mat]ial us$ 9  
^! exp]im5ts1 probably because ! plant 0
 extract$ ) e!r 9 :i* ! enzyme is       
insoluble4 ,! exi/5ce ( su* a soluble   
f]m5t w\ld expla9 ! pres5ce ( free sug> 
& free fiset94   ,,evid5ce ,,( ,,!      
,,pres5ce ,,( ,a ,,fatty ,,acid ,,9     
,,filtrate ,a4  ,! br[n sub/ance ,p1    
obta9$ f filtrate ,a by evaporation &   
extract+ ! residue ) hot wat]1 0 susp5d$
 9 w>m wat] & dilute sulphuric 0 add$4  
,a :ite precipitate 0 =m$ & a /rong     
fatty acid odor 0 develop$4 ,aft] !     
mixture _h be5 heat$ = "s h\rs on ! wat]

 ba? a small portion 0 made alkal9e & x 
r$uc$ ,fehl+ solution4 ,! ma9 solution 0
 filt]$ & ! precipitate suppos$ to be a 
fatty acid 0 sav$4 ,! filtrate 0        
neutraliz$ ) b>ium c>bonate1 filt]$1    
evaporat$1 fre$ f c>amel1 & ! solution  
!n gave ! te/s m5tion$ above = rhamnose4
  ,a portion ( ! precipitate suppos$ to 
be a fatty acid 0 ignit$ 9 a porcela9   
spoon4 ,x fus$1 c>boniz$1 & burn$4 ,!   
rema9d] 0 heat$ ) alcoholic pota% &     
reprecipitat$ ) hydro*loric acid4 ,!    
precipitate 0 wa%$ & heat$ ) alcohol4   
,"p ( x dissolv$4 ,! insoluble "p 0 f\nd
 to be a lead comp\nd4 ,on boil+ x )    
hydro*loric acid & cool+1 lead *loride  
cry/alliz$ out4 ,?is 0 confirm$ by      
dissolv+ ! lead *loride 9 hot wat] &    
precipitat+ z lead sulphide4 ,^!        
exp]im5ts 7 n c>ri$ f>!r on acc\nt ( !  
small quantity ( mat]ial1 b !y %[ t !   
gummy sub/ance obta9$ f filtrate ,a     
conta9$ rhamnose 7ei!r z a lead comp\nd 
( free sug> or z a lead comp\nd ( a     
rhamnoside71 & also1 mo/ probably1 !    

lead comp\nd ( an organic acid4#dd   ,,!
 ,,fragrant ,,di/illate4  ,sev]al times 
9 ! c\rse ( ?is "w1 extracts ( ! orig9al
 plant mat]ial 9 alcohol & 9 wat] 7     
di/ill$ "u dim9i%$ pressure = ! purpose 
( conc5trat+ ! solutions4 ,! di/illate1 
9 e case1 _h an e!real odor sugge/+ amyl
 =mate 9 v dilute solution1 b 0 m       
fragrant4 ,! di/illate f a wat] extract 
0 exam9$4 ,x 0 a cle> liquid1 a little  
d>k] ?an pure wat]1 0 n poison\s1 0     
neutral to litmus pap]1 gave no color ) 
f]ric *loride1 r$uc$ ammoniacal silv]   
nitrate1 b n ,fehl+ solution1 & gave a  
fa9t r$ color ) dilute ammonium         
hydroxide & ) sodium c>bonate4  ,a small
 quantity ( a f9ely divid$ black        
precipitate sep>at$ out f ! wat]        
di/illate on /&+4  ,! sub/ance ) !      
fragrant odor 0 extract$ by %ak+ !      
di/illate ) e!r & lett+ ! e!r evaporate 
spontane\sly4 ,a v small quantity ( a   
yell[ solid 0 deposit$ on ! sides ( !   
di%4 ,?is sub/ance _h a /rong & p]si/5t 
odor1 s sweet z to be almo/ nauseat+4 ,n

 en\gh 0 obta9$ = exam9ation or         
analysis4 ,?is fragrant residue 0       
difficultly soluble 9 wat] & ! solution 
r$uc$ silv] nitrate 9 ammonia4 ,a /eam  
di/illate ( ! orig9al plant mat]ial _h !
 same fragrant odor z ! di/illate f a   
wat] extract4   ,,! ,,poison4  #bhh     
grams ( ! orig9al poison\s mat]ial 7    
extract$ ) #ej p] c5t4 alcohol1 & ?is   
alcoholic solution 0 precipitat$ ) lead 
acetate 9 ! mann] already describ$ 7p4  
#ag74 ,! lead precipitate s obta9$ 0    
extract$ ) e!r 9 ,soxhlet extractors &  
aft] ! extraction 0 f\nd by te/ to be   
free f poison4 ,!re=e ! poison1 if      
precipitat$ by ! lead acetate1 mu/ h be5
 extract$ by ! e!r4 ,?is e!r solution _h
 a d>k gre5 color1 & 0 acid f acetic    
acid br\ght d[n 9 ! lead precipitate4 ,!
 e!r 0 evaporat$ 9 a vacuum desiccator  
)\t heat & !re rema9$ a small quantity (
 an acid mixture ( wat] & a s(t t>2 !   
wat]y "p 0 color$ gre51 %[+ t ! t> 0    
soluble to "s ext5t 9 dilute acetic     
acid4 ,! mixture _h ! peculi> odor ( !  

orig9al mat]ial4 ,a small drop ( ! gre5 
wat]y "p 0 appli$ to ! wri/1 all[$ to   
rema9 a few m9utes & 0 !n remov$ by     
absorb5t pap]1 b ! spot 0 n wa%$4 ,it*+ 
& r$d5+ ( ! sk9 comm5c$ )9 tw5ty-f\r    
h\rs4 ,at ! end ( =ty-eight h\rs1 !re 0 
a well develop$ case ( poison+4 ,h[ ?is 
0 cur$ w be describ$ 9 ano!r place4  ,a 
small portion ( ! poison\s mixture 0    
dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 & ?is solution 0    
divid$ into ?ree p>ts4 ,! fir/ "p 0     
treat$ ) f]ric *loride1 b x gave no     
color reaction4 ,ano!r portion ( !      
alcoholic solution 0 dilut$ ) wat]4 ,x  
became turbid4 ,! ?ird portion gave a   
dirty-gre5 precipitate ) lead acetate1  
:i* seem$ to come d[n m readily :5 !    
solution 0 dilut$ ) wat]4 ,! ma9 portion
 ( ! poison\s mixture 0 !n dissolv$ 9   
#ie p] c5t4 alcohol & lead acetate 9 #ej
 p] c5t4 alcohol 0 add$4 ,! precipitate 
0 filt]$1 wa%$1 & decompos$ by hydrog5  
sulphide 9 a mixture ( wat] & e!r4 ,!   
e!r solution 0 filt]$ & evaporat$4 ,!   
residue 0 a t> :i*1 on /&+ 9 a          

desiccator = "s "t1 became dry en\gh to 
break into /icky lumps4 ,an alcoholic   
solution ( ?is sub/ance gave a d>k color
 ) f]ric *loride & a light color$       
precipitate ) lead acetate4  ,to get m (
 ! poison\s t> = /udy1 #bcc grams (     
orig9al mat]ial 7 extract$ ) #ie p] c5t4
 alcohol4 ,/rong alcohol 0 us$ 9 ord] to
 dissolve z mu* ( ! t> z possible4 ,!   
solution _h a d>k gre5i% color1 b 0     
some:at yell[ 9 ?9 lay]s4 ,! undissolv$ 
t> 0 filt]$ (f & extract$ twice aga9 9 !
 same way4 ,! t> left aft] ! ?ird       
extraction 0 only slightly soluble 9    
alcohol1 & its solution 0 n poison\s4 ,!
 ?ree filtrates f ^! ?ree extractions 7 
precipitat$ sep>ately by lead acetate 9 
#ej p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! fir/ precipitate
 0 l>ge/1 d>ke/ 9 color1 & c>ri$ d[n m  
t>ry matt]4 ,! second 0 light gre51 & ! 
?ird 0 q small1 black1 & 0 n a lead     
comp\nd at all1 b "s ( ! t> :i* sep>at$ 
out on dilut+ ! /rong alcohol ) ! weak] 
grade conta9+ lead acetate4 ,x 0 soluble
 9 e!r & less soluble 9 alcohol4 ,!     

alcoholic solution ( ?is ?ird lot gave  
no precipitate ) hydrog5 sulphide4 ,!   
fir/ & second lead precipitates 7 filt]$
 by suction & wa%$ ) wat]4 ,!y 7 kept a 
day or two 9 a desiccator ov] sulphuric 
acid1 b did n become completely dry4 ,! 
weight ( ^! two moi/ precipitates toge!r
 0 #agb grams4 ,!y 7 comb9$ & extract$ )
 e!r 9 ,soxhlet extractors :i* 7 kept 9 
op]ation dur+ "w h\rs = ?ree days4  ,9 !
 meantime ! alcoholic filtrates f ^!    
lead precipitates 7 comb9$ & conc5trat$ 
on ! wat] ba? by di/ill+ (f two lit]s ( 
alcohol4 ,! alcohol obta9$ _h ! peculi> 
odor ( ! orig9al mat]ial1 b 0 n         
poison\s4  ,aft] a long extraction ( !  
lead precipitate 9 ! ,soxhlet           
extractors1 ! gre5 e!r solutions 7      
comb9$ & wa%$ by %ak+ !m ) wat] to      
remove lead acetate & acetic acid 9 case
 any %\ld h be5 held 9 ! lead           
precipitate4 ,! e!r 0 di/ill$ (f at a l[
 temp]ature & !re rema9$ a s(t t>1 a    
portion ( :i* 0 n completely soluble 9  
#ie p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,! alcoholic       

solution _h a gre5i% yell[ color & 0    
poison\s4 ,! t> 0 also p>tly soluble 9  
acetic acid1 & ?is solution 0 f\nd to   
conta9 lead4 ,?9k+ t ! lead acetate _h n
 be5 completely wa%$ out1 ! ma9 "p ( !  
t> 0 dissolv$ 9 e!r & %ak5 ) wat]4 ,!   
wa% wat] cont9u$ to give a te/ = lead z 
long z ! wa%+ 0 cont9u$4 ,?is indicat$  
probably ! hydrolysis ( an un/able lead 
comp\nd4 ,hydrog5 sulphide 0 pass$ into 
! e!r solution mix$ ) wat] to remove !  
lead4 ,lead sulphide 0 filt]$ (f1 & !   
e!r 0 evaporat$4 ,a small portion ( ! t>
 residue 9 alcoholic solution gave a    
color reaction ) f]ric *loride4 ,z ?is  
may h be5 due to traces ( lead gallate  
dissolv$ 9 ! extraction ) e!r & aft]w>ds
 decompos$ by hydrog5 sulphide1 ! ma9   
portion ( ! t> 0 r$issolv$ 9 e!r & %ak5 
) wat] until x no long] react$ ) f]ric  
*loride4 ,! e!r 0 !n evaporat$ & a s(t1 
black1 poison\s t> or gum ( uni=m       
consi/5cy 0 left :i* 0 %[n by te/s to be
 free f gallic acid & lead4 ,^!         
exp]im5ts %[$ t "s ( ! poison 0         

precipitat$ z a lead comp\nd soluble 9  
e!r & "s 0 br\ght d[n me*anically 9 !   
free /ate4 ,to see if ! extraction ) e!r
 9 ! ,soxhlet app>atus 0 complete1 !    
residue 9 ! ?imbles 0 decompos$ by      
hydrog5 sulphide & %ak5 ) e!r4 ,! d>k   
color$ e!r solution 0 fre$ f gallic acid
 by %ak+ ) wat] & dilute sodium c>bonate
 solution1 & 0 evaporat$4 ,a small      
quantity ( t> 0 obta9$ :i* 0 add$ to !  
ma9 portion4  ,a solution ( ! poison\s  
t> 9 #ie p] c5t4 alcohol did n r$uce    
,fehl+ solution & did n give a          
precipitate ) lead acetate except !     
sep>ation ( a small quantity ( t>1 :i* 0
 n a lead comp\nd4 ,! lead comp\nd ( !  
poison 0 app>5tly soluble 9 #ie p] c5t4 
alcohol z well z 9 e!r1 = x w\ld n      
precipitate 9 ?is m$ium1 al?\gh x 0 f\nd
 9 ! orig9al precipitate by lead        
acetate4 ,! alcoholic solution ( ! t>   
became turbid on dilut+ ) wat]4  ,9 ord]
 to see if ! poison is volatile ) vapor 
( acetic acid1 s9ce ?is acid is f\nd 9 !
 plant & x is ?\ght by "s t ! poison is 

volatile1 a portion ( ! t> 0 di/ill$ "u 
dim9i%$ pressure ) acetic acid4 ,x 0    
soluble to "s ext5t 9 ! acid4 ,!        
temp]ature did n g high] ?an #ee deg4   
dur+ ! di/illation4 ,a tube conta9+     
cotton wet ) sweet oil 0 plac$ betwe5 ! 
receiv] & ! wat] suction s t ! uncond5s$
 vapors w\ld h to pass ?r\gh ! cotton4  
,?is cotton 0 rubb$ on ! sk9 & 0 n      
poison\s4 ,! yell[ di/illate collect$ 9 
! receiv] 0 also te/$ & 0 n poison\s4   
,,hydrolysis ,,( ,,! ,,poison4  ,ab\t #e
 grams ( ! poison\s t> free f gallic    
acid & sug> 0 dissolv$ 9 alcohol1 &     
dilute 7#b p] c5t47 sulphuric acid 0    
add$4 ,"s ( ! t> sep>at$ out on dilut+ !
 alcohol ) ! acid4 ,! mixture 0 heat$ on
 a wat] ba? dur+ "w h\rs = f\r days4 ,a 
purple & gre5 fluoresc5t solution 0 =m$1
 ?\gh mu* t> 0 left app>5tly un*ang$4 ,!
 alcohol 0 evaporat$ (f & ! solution 0  
filt]$ f t>4 ,! fluoresc5t filtrate 0   
%ak5 ) e!r1 by :i* ! gre5 sub/ance 0    
remov$1 leav+ ! solution purple4 ,! e!r 
left1 on evaporation1 a small quantity (

 a gre5 sub/ance hav+ a pleasant e/]    
odor4 ,x 0 n fur!r exam9$4 ,a portion ( 
! purple solution 0 exactly neutraliz$ )
 sodium c>bonate4 ,?is solution gave a  
blue-black color ) f]ric *loride :i*    
became r$ on addition ( ano!r drop (    
sodium c>bonate1 indicat+ gallic acid4  
,x also r$uc$ ,fehl+ solution4  ,ano!r  
portion ( ! purple solution 0 made      
alkal9e ) sodium c>bonate4 ,a r$di%-br[n
 floccul5t precipitate 0 =m$ & 0 filt]$ 
(f4 ,! filtrate did n give any color )  
f]ric *loride1 b x r$uc$ ,fehl+         
solution4 ,x also gave ! te/ = rhamnose 
) alpha-naph?ol4  ,! ma9 portion ( !    
purple solution 0 made alkal9e ) sodium 
c>bonate2 ! precipitate 0 filt]$ (f &   
dissolv$ 9 acetic acid4 ,?is solution 0 
yell[ & gave a reaction ) f]ric *loride 
simil> to t ( gallic acid4 ,! filtrate f
 ! precipitate by sodium c>bonate 0     
conc5trat$ by evaporation until sodium  
sulphate began to cry/allize out4       
,alcohol 0 add$ to precipitate ! sodium 
sulphate completely1 ! mixture 0 heat$ &

 filt]$4 ,! alcoholic filtrate 0        
conc5trat$ to a syrup :i* r$uc$ ,fehl+  
solution & gave ! *>act]i/ic te/s =     
rhamnose already describ$4 ,by ?is      
hydrolysis1 ! t> 0 split up into        
rhamnose & "s =m ( gallic acid :i* c\ld 
be precipitat$ by sodium c>bonate4 ,?is 
comp\nd1 ^: acetic acid solution 0      
yell[1 probably conta9$ fiset9 also4 ,! 
reason = ?is la/ /atem5t w appe> f !    
foll[+ exp]im5t3   ,,decomposition ,,(  
,,! ,,poison ,,) ,,acetic ,,acid4  ,a   
portion ( ! poison\s t> 0 heat$ 9 an op5
 di% ) /rong acetic acid4 ,! t> seem$ to
 be decompos$ to "s ext5t1 giv+ a yell[ 
sub/ance4 ,acetic acid 0 add$ f "t to "t
 z x evaporat$4 ,aft] sev]al            
evaporations1 wat] 0 add$1 ! mixture 0  
heat$ to boil+ & filt]$4 ,?is filtrate  
,no4 #a w be m5tion$ lat]4 ,! residue 9 
! di% consi/$ ( undecompos$ t> & an     
olive-gre5 flaky sub/ance4 ,?is sub/ance
 0 heat$ ) a fre% portion ( glacial     
acetic acid4 ,wat] 0 add$1 & ! mixture 0
 boil$ & filt]$4 ,! filtrate _h a deep  

yell[ color sugge/+ fiset94 ,x 0 %ak5   
out ) e?yl acetate :i* became color$    
yell[4 ,a portion ( ! e?yl acetate      
solution gave an orange r$ precipitate )
 lead acetate %[+ ! pres5ce ( fiset94 ,!
 e?yl acetate 0 remov$ f ! rema9d] ( !  
solution by evaporation & ! yell[       
residue 0 tak5 up 9 alcohol4 ,?is       
alcoholic solution gave ! *>act]i/ic    
reactions = fiset9 ) /ann\s *loride1 )  
potassium hydroxide1 ) f]ric *loride & )
 ,fehl+ solution4  ,filtrate ,no4 #a    
obta9$ by heat+ ! poison\s t> ) acetic  
acid & hot wat] z describ$ above 0      
inve/igat$ z foll[s3 ,a portion ( x gave
 a r$di% color$ precipitate ) sodium    
c>bonate z 9 ! case :5 ! t> 0 hydrolyz$ 
) sulphuric acid4 ,! rema9d] 0 ne>ly    
neutraliz$ ) sodium c>bonate & lead     
acetate 0 add$ 9 excess to remove gallic
 acid4 ,! excess ( lead 0 remov$ by     
sulphuric acid1 & ! sulphuric acid 0    
remov$ by b>ium c>bonate4 ,! solution on
 evaporation r$uc$ ,fehl+ solution to "s
 ext5t1 b a :ite precipitate 0 also =m$4

  ,9 ?is exp]im5t1 gallic acid & fiset9 
& probably sug> 7 =m$ by decomposition (
 ! poison\s gum ) acetic acid1 ! acid   
f\nd 9 ! plant by ,pfaff4 ,! pres5ce (  
free gallic acid1 fiset9 & rhamnose 9 ! 
plant c !re=e be expla9$ by ! natural   
hydrolysis ( a complex gum or t> or a   
con/itu5t !re(4 ,! poison\s prop]ty is  
lo/ 9 ! g5]al re>rangem5t :i* takes     
place dur+ hydrolysis4  ,! poison\s t> 0
 n hydrolyz$ by boil+ ) a dilute        
solution ( sodium c>bonate4  ,x 0 f\nd1 
z has be5 /at$ else:]e1 t ! lead comp\nd
 ( ! poison c\ld n be precipitat$ 9 #ie 
p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,fur!r exp]im5ts1      
h[ev]1 %[$ t on extract+ ! poison\s gum 
) #ej p] c5t4 alcohol1 a portion ( x    
dissolv$1 & ?is solution gave a         
precipitate ) lead acetate :i* 0 a true 
lead comp\nd4 ,! rema9d] ( ! purifi$ t> 
7ab\t #aj gm47 0 treat$ ) #ej p] c5t4   
alcohol & filt]$4 ,v little dissolv$ 9  
alcohol ( ?is /r5g?1 b on addition (    
lead acetate 9 #ej p] c5t4 alcohol to ! 
solution1 a light color$ precipitate 0  

=m$1 :i* became d>k on /&+4 ,x 0 filt]$ 
(f1 wa%$ free f lead acetate1 decompos$ 
by hydrog5 sulphide1 & %ak5 out ) e!r4  
,! e!r left1 on evaporation1 a yell[    
res9\s sub/ance hav+ a fa9t odor l      
g>lic4 ,by dry+ 9 a desiccator1 a small 
quantity ( a solid yell[ res9 0 obta9$  
:i* 0 completely soluble 9 alcohol4 ,a v
 small drop ( ?is solution appli$ to !  
sk9 on ! end ( a glass rod :i* _h be5   
drawn out to a po9t caus$ an eruption 9 
ab\t ?irty-six h\rs4 ,foll[+ !          
nom5clature us$ by ,mais* & ,pfaff1 ?is 
sub/ance w be designat$ z ,toxicod5dr91 
! end+ 9 indicat+ its glucoside nature4 
,! filtrate f ! lead precipitate j      
describ$ 0 fre$ f ! excess ( lead       
acetate by hydrog5 sulphide1 0 te/$ =   
poison1 & 0 f\nd to be poison\s1 %[+ t !
 precipitation by lead acetate 0 n      
complete ev5 9 #ej p] c5t4 alcohol4 ,on 
spontane\s evaporation ( ! solution1 a  
yell[1 sweet smell+ res9 0 left4  ,a    
portion ( ! alcoholic solution ( !      
toxicod5dr9 gave a d>k coloration )     

f]ric *loride1 did n r$uce ,fehl+       
solution & 0 slightly acid to litmus4   
,to see :e!r ! toxicod5dr9 c\ld be      
hydrolyz$1 ! rema9d] 0 dissolv$ 9       
alcohol & dilute sulphuric acid 0 add$4 
,a f9e1 :ite precipitate 0 =m$ at once  
:i* rose to ! surface on /&+ z a light  
floccul5t sub/ance4 ,! mixture 0 heat$ =
 sev]al days on a wat] ba?1 filt]$ f    
unhydrolyz$ res9 & ! filtrate 0         
neutraliz$ & conc5trat$ 9 ! way already 
describ$4 ,! solution obta9$ r$uc$      
,fehl+ solution4 ,n en\gh 0 obta9$ =    
fur!r sug> te/s1 b all ! hydrolysis     
exp]im5ts po9t to ! conclusion t !      
poison\s sub/ance is a rhamnoside1 & is 
! s\rce ( ! sug> 9 ! plant4  ,! reaction
 ) f]ric *loride obs]v$ :5ev] a lead    
comp\nd ( ! poison is decompos$ by      
hydrog5 sulphide may be expla9$ by !    
=mation ( traces ( gallic acid or fiset9
 ?r\gh ! action ( ! weak acids pres5t4  
,! supply ( purifi$ poison\s t> hav+ be5
 exhau/$ 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5ts1 fur!r    
/udy ( ! active pr9ciple is po/pon$     

until m c be prep>$4 ,x is highly       
desirable to inve/igate ! :ite          
precipitate =m$ by addition ( sulphuric 
acid to an alcoholic solution ( !       
toxicod5dr94   ,,oxidation ,,( ,,!      
,,purifi$ ,,t> ,,) ,,nitric ,,acid4  ,:5
 ! purifi$ poison\s mat]ial 7p4 #cb7 0  
extract$ ) #ej p] c5t4 alcohol1 only a  
small quantity 0 dissolv$ z 0 /at$      
above4 ,! insoluble residue 0 treat$ )  
fum+ nitric acid4 ,viol5t reaction took 
place at once ) copi\s evolution ( r$   
fumes & heat4 ,:5 ! reaction 0 ov]1 a   
/icky r$ gummy mass 0 left :i* 0        
slightly soluble 9 cold wat] & readily  
soluble 9 w>m alcohol4 ,! wat] extract 0
 yell[1 & ! alcoholic solution 0 r$4 ,t 
! wat] extract conta9$ picric acid 0 %[n
 by ! foll[+ exp]im5ts3       7#a7 ,a   
portion 0 g5tly w>m$ ) a few drops ( a  
/rong      solution ( potassium cyanide 
& two drops ( sodium      hydroxide4 ,! 
r$ color ( potassium isopurpurate 0     
=m$4       7#b7 ,a portion ( ! wat]     
solution 0 heat$ ) glucose      & a few 

drops ( sodium hydroxide4 ,! deep r$    
color (      picram9ic acid 0 produc$4  
7#c7 ,a few drops ( an ammoniacal       
solution ( copp] sulphate      0 add$ to
 ! wat] extract4 ,a yell[-gre5          
precipitate      0 =m$4       7#d7 ,!   
wat] extract dy$ silk1 b did n dye      
cotton      clo?4   ,,di/illation ,,(   
,,! ,,t> ,,) ,,soda ,,lime4  ,ab\t #be  
gm4 ( ! t> left aft] extract+ ! orig9al 
mat]ial ) hot wat] 0 dissolv$ 9 e!r &   
p\r$ into a glass retort conta9+ soda   
lime4 ,! e!r 0 di/ill$ out1 leav+ ! t>  
intimately mix$ ) ! soda lime4 ,! retort
 0 !n gradually heat$4 ,vapors & liquid 
7 giv5 (f1 bo? ( :i* turn$ r$ litmus    
blue & _h a /rong odor l tobacco smoke4 
,no odor ( ammonia 0 detect$4#de ,at !  
high temp]ature ( ! triple burn]1 a     
semi-solid1 r$1 greasy sub/ance collect$
 9 & clos$ ! cond5s] tube4 ,?is sub/ance
 _h ! same p[]ful odor z ! liquid       
portion ( ! di/illate4 ,! cle>1 wat]y   
portion ( ! di/illate 0 sep>at$ f !     
?ick] p>ts1 & 0 f\nd to conta9 pyrrol & 

pyrid9e d]ivatives by ! foll[+          
*>act]i/ic te/s3       7#a7 ,wood moi/5$
 ) hydro*loric acid 0 turn$ r$ by       
x4       7#b7 ,colorless fumes 7 =m$ :5 
br\ght ne>      hydro*loric acid2 mix$ )
 hydro*loric acid1 a r$      insoluble  
sub/ance 0 =m$4       7#c7 ,x           
precipitat$ ! hydroxides ( iron1 gave a 
light      blue precipitate ) copp]     
sulphate1 & a :ite      precipitate )   
m]curic *loride4  ,! greasy1 semi-solid 
mass 0 extract$ ) #aj p] c5t4           
hydro*loric acid & filt]$4 ,on addition 
( a solution ( m]curic *loride to ! r$  
filtrate1 a br[n floccul5t precipitate 0
 =m$4 ,x 0 filt]$ (f & di/ill$ ) cau/ic 
soda1 b ! di/illate did n conta9        
pyrid9e4   ,,potassium ,,p]manganate ,,z
 ,a ,,rem$y ,,= ,,rhus ,,poison+4#df  ,9
 ! e>ly /ages ( ?is "w "s exp]im5ts 7   
made to see if potassium p]manganate    
c\ld be us$ to purify ! lead precipitate
 by oxidiz+ ! t> br\ght d[n 9           
precipitation4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! p]manganate
 attack$ ! lead precipitate z well z !  

o!r organic matt] 9 ! vessel4 ,?is fact 
& ! well-kn[n value ( p]manganate 9     
treat+ sk9 diseases1 its use z an       
antidote = "s k9ds ( alkaloid           
poison+1#dg z an antidote giv5 to cattle
 poison$ by plants1#dh & z an antidote =
 snake bites1#di sugge/$ its use z a    
rem$y = ,rhus poison+4 ,mais*#ej m5tion$
 t he _h us$ x ) success1 b x nev] came 
into g5]al use1 probably on acc\nt ( its
 /a9+ ! sk9 & clo?+4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is "w
 abundant opportunities = te/+ its value
 z a rem$y = ! d]matitis caus$ by poison
 ivy 7 af=d$ by _m cases ( accid5tal &  
int5tional poison+4 ,! be/ example ( !  
latt] 0 obta9$ ) ! e!r solution f !     
extraction ( ! lead precipitate 9 !     
,soxhlet app>atus 7page #bh74 ,aft]     
remov+ ! e!r1 a small drop ( ! residue 0
 appli$ to ! wri/ z describ$4 ,an it*+  
r$ spot ab\t ! size ( a dime 0 notic$ 9 
?irty-six h\rs1 & x /eadily increas$ 9  
size4 ,ne>ly two days aft] ! application
 ( ! poison1 a dilute solution (        
potassium p]manganate conta9+ a little  

cau/ic pota% 0 rubb$ into ! spot until !
 pimples 7 de/roy$4 ,a little black spot
 0 left :]ev] !re _h be5 a pimple1 %[+ t
 ! p]manganate _h be5 r$uc$ to oxide 9 !
 sk94 ,! place 0 wa%$ & no?+ m 0 ?\ght (
 x until ! morn+ foll[+1 :5 x 0 notic$ t
 ! wri/ _h comm5c$ to swell dur+ !      
night1 & ! *>act]i/ic wat]y secretion 0 
runn+ f ! poison$ spot4 ,m p]manganate  
solution 0 appli$ )\t pota% & ! wri/ 0  
b&ag$1 ?9k+ t ?is w\ld prev5t ! spread+ 
( ! eruption1 b x really facilitat$     
spread+ by becom+ saturat$ ) ! poison\s 
fluid & keep+ x 9 contact ) a l>g]      
surface ( sk94 ,9 ! meantime ! swell+ & 
inflammation _h ext5d$ ne>ly to ! elb[4 
,! arm n[ _h ! appe>ance ( hav+ be5     
bitt5 by a snake4 ,to r$uce ! swell+ x 0
 imm]s$ 9 hot wat]4 ,?is seem$ to br+   
out ! eruption v quickly & ! bli/]s 7   
treat$ ) p]manganate z fa/ z !y appe>$4 
,! swell+ 0 r$uc$1 b return$ dur+ !     
night4 ,on ! ev5+ foll[+1 ! =e>m 0      
imm]s$ 9 a b[l ( hot p]manganate        
solution conta9+ a little cau/ic pota%4 

,! solution 0 kept z hot z c\ld be borne
 = ab\t half an h\r4 ,aft] ?is ba?1 !   
poison 0 completely oxidiz$1 = ! swell+ 
0 r$uc$ & did n return1 nor 0 !re any   
fre% eruption4 ,:at appe>$ to be a sev]e
 case ( poison+ 0 ?us cur$ v quickly4 ,!
 use ( hot wat] n only r$uces ! swell+1 
b also helps to de/roy ! poison4 ,!     
action ( p]manganate is also m rapid at 
high temp]atures4  ,! oxidiz+ p[] (     
p]manganate1 z is well kn[n1 is great] 9
 acid solution ?an 9 alkal9e1 five atoms
 ( oxyg5 be+ available 9 ! =m] & ?ree 9 
! latt]1 accord+ to ^! equations3       
#b ,k,mn,o#d  #c ,h#b,,s#d  ,k#b,,s#d   
#b ,mn,s,o#d  #c ,h#b,o  #e ,o4     #b  
,k,mn,o#d  ,h#b,o  #b ,mn,o#b  #b ,,koh 
#c ,o4  ,p]manganate 0 us$ z a rem$y 9  
"s cases mix$ ) dilute sulphuric acid1 &
 9 o!rs1 ) z9c sulphate2 also ) lime    
wat]4 ,x 0 f\nd to be satisfactory :e!r 
us$ alone or ) any ( ! sub/ances        
m5tion$1 provid$ x 0 well rubb$ into !  
sk94 ,! conc5tration ( ! solution us$ 0 
v>i$ accord+ to ! location & condition (

 ! eruption4 ,:]e ! sk9 0 ?9 or already 
brok51 dilute solutions 7"o p] c5t47 7  
us$4 ,9 "o case1 ! eruption appe>$ 9 !  
palm ( ! h& :]e ! sk9 0 s ?ick t x 0    
necess>y to op5 x be=e ! rem$ies c\ld   
rea* ! poison4 ,! difficulty ( gett+ !  
rem$y 9 contact ) ! poison 9 ! sk9 is ! 
reason :y ! eruption is h>d to cure4  ,!
 rem$y mo/ commonly us$ = ?is eruption  
is an alcoholic solution ( lead acetate4
 ,?is rem$y is unsatisfactory = ! reason
 t its action consi/s 9 deposit+ an     
un/able lead comp\nd ( ! poison 9 ! sk9 
:]e ! conditions ( moi/ure & temp]ature 
are favorable = its decomposition1      
lib]at+ ! poison ) all its irritant     
prop]ties4 ,moreov]1 alcoholic          
prep>ations %\ld n be us$ because !     
alcohol dissolves ! poison &1 on        
evaporation1 leaves x spread ov] a l>g] 
surface l a v>ni%4 ,potassium           
p]manganate1 h[ev]1 oxidizes ! poison   
completely4 ,! only objection to ! use (
 p]manganate ( :i* ! writ] is aw>e is t 
x /a9s ! sk94 ,! /a9 c be remov$ by     

vigor\s scrubb+ ) soap1 or x w we> (f   
gradually 9 a few days4 ,x c be remov$  
at once by c]ta9 acids1 b ^! %\ld n be  
us$ by p]sons n famili> ) _! action4  ,)
 ! k ( ! facts m5tion$1 _m solutions 7  
te/$ = poison by apply+ !m to ! sk91 &  
:5 an eruption appe>$1 x 0 cur$ quickly 
& p]man5tly by rubb+ 9 a p]manganate    
solution1 usually mix$ ) dilute         
sulphuric acid4  ,,footnotes3  #af      
,nitrog5 0 f\nd v readily by ! soda lime
 te/ 9 ! t> left aft] extract+ ! orig9al
 mat]ial ) #ej p] c5t4 alcohol1 b 0 n   
f\nd by ! ,lassaign te/4  #ag ,/ev5s4   
,am]4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m4 #gg1 #bee1 ,june1    
#aije4  #ah ,:5ev] x is /at$ 9 ?is pap] 
t a solution 0 poison\s or n poison\s1 !
 te/ 0 made by ! writ] ^u himself4  #ai 
,liebig's ,annal51 ,,cxi1 p4 #bae4  #bj 
,ueb] ,mateg]b/(f1 p4 #bj4  #ba ,bull4  
,soc4 ,*im4 7,,ii71 ,vol4 #b1 #ie       
7#ahfd74  #bb ,b]i*te #ai1 #agce        
7#ahhf74  #bc ,j\r4 ,*em4 ,soc4 #ga1    
#aaid 7#ahig74  #bd ,b]i*te #ai1 #agdj4 
#be ,ibid4 #agdg2 ,annal51 #aab1 #ig4   

#bf ,bio*em4 ,pflan4 ,,ii1 #eba4  #bg   
,ann4 de ,*im4 et de ,phys41 #f? ,s]ies1
 ,,xxii1 #gf 7#ahia74  #bh ,treatise on 
,*em41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 ,pt4 ,,iii1 #dib4   
#bi ,les ,sucres2 ,*em4 d] ,zuck42      
,bio*em4 d] ,pflan4  #cj ,*em4 ,zeit4   
#bc1 ,rep4 #agg4  #ca ,loc4 cit4 #a1    
#bji4  #cb ,on /&+ sev]al weeks1 a small
 quantity ( t> sep>at$ out on ! walls ( 
! vessel1 also a br[n precipitate :i* 0 
filt]$ (f1 susp5d$ 9 wat]1 & hydrog5    
sulphide 0 be+ pass$ 9 :5 an accid5t    
occurr$ & x 0 lo/4  #cc ,by w>m+ )      
alkalies or b>ium hydroxide1 rhamnose is
 color$ yell[4 ,*em4 d] ,zuck4 ,i1 #agg4
  #cd ,ibid4 #ahh4  #ce ,ibid4  #cf     
,rayman1 ,sur ,l',isodulcite1 ,bull4    
,soc4 ,*im4 #dg1 #ffh 7#ahhg74  #cg     
,acides ,gummiques4  #ch ,b]i*te ,,xx1  
pp4 #ajhi1 #ajia1 #aahh1 #beff4  #ci    
,ann4 de ,*im4 et de ,phys4 7#f7 ,,xxii1
 #ic 7#ahia74  #dj ,bio*em4 d] ,pflan4  
,i1 #baj4  #da ,comptes r5dus ,,cxv1    
#hib4  #db ,am]4 ,*em4 ,j\r4 #bh1 #cgj4 
#dc ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m4 #gg1 #bee 7,june1

 #aije72 #gh1 #ec 7,feb41 #aijf74  #dd  
,a wax obta9$ f ,rhus succ$anea 0 %[n by
 ,/ahm] to conta9 palmitic acid &       
glyc]ol 9 ! =m ( glyc]ol palmitate4     
,annal5 #dc1 #cdc1 7#ahdb74  #de ,see   
,am]4 ,j\r4 ,ph>m4 #gg1 #bef4  #df ,?is 
section is add$ 9 ! hope t x may be (   
use to o!rs :o are subject to ?is =m (  
poison+4  #dg ,moor1 ,n4 ,y4 ,m$4 ,rec4 
#de 7#ahid71 #bjj4  #dh ,bull4 ,no4 #bf1
 ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 ,agr41 ,div4 ( ,bot4    
#dg4  #di ,lac]da1 ,comptes r5dus #ic   
7#ahha7 #dff-dfi4  #ej ,am]4 ,j\r4 ,m$4 
,sci4 #eb 7#ahff71 #bhe4     ,,summ>y4  
,leaves & fl[]s ( ! poison ivy plant 7  
extract$ ) e!r & ! e!r 0 remov$ by      
evaporation4 ,9 ! residue1 ! foll[+     
sub/ances 7 f\nd & /udi$3 gallic acid1  
fiset91 ! sug> rhamnose1 & a poison\s   
t>1 gum1 or wax4  ,! lead comp\nd ( !   
poison 0 soluble 9 e!r2 ?is fact gave a 
means ( sep>at+ ! poison\s sub/ance f ! 
non-poison\s matt] 9 "o op]ation4  ,!   
poison 0 n volatile ) vapor ( acetic    
acid1 or ) vapor ( alcohol4  ,! poison\s

 t> or wax 0 decompos$ by acids & yield$
 gallic acid1 fiset91 & rhamnose1 %[+ ! 
probable s\rce ( ^! comp\nds 9 ! plant1 
& indicat+ t ! poison is a complex      
sub/ance ( a glucoside nature4  ,x 0    
f\nd t a portion ( ! poison\s sub/ance  
c\ld be precipitat$ by lead acetate f a 
solution ( ! purifi$ t> 9 #ej p] c5t4   
alcohol4  ,all cases ( poison+ develop$ 
on ! writ] 7 easily cur$ ) potassium    
p]manganate4  ,! foll[+ me?od is sugge/$
 = obta9+ ! poison\s sub/ance f ! plant3
 ,extract ! plant ) alcohol1 filt]1 &   
precipitate at once ) lead acetate4 ,wa%
 ! precipitate1 dry1 & extract ) e!r 9  
,soxhlet extractors 7loosely fill$74    
,comb9e ! e!r extracts1 mix ) wat]1 &   
pass 9 hydrog5 sulphide4 ,sep>ate ! wat]
 & ! e!r solution1 & filt] ! latt]4 ,wa%
 ! e!r solution ?or\ghly by %ak+ ) wat]1
 & !n evaporate at a l[ temp]ature4     
,,biography4   ,william ,&]son ,syme1 ! 
au?or ( ?is diss]tation1 0 born 9       
,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c41 on ,july #aa1 #ahgi4 
,he 0 prep>$ = college at ! ,raleigh    

,male ,academy1 ent]$ ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a   
,college ( ,agriculture & ,me*anic ,arts
 9 #ahif1 & 0 graduat$ 9 #ahii ) !      
degree ,b4 ,s4 ,he 0 an ,in/ructor 9    
,*emi/ry at ! same ,college f ,janu>y   
#a/1 #aijj1 until ,june1 #aijc1 :5 he   
receiv$ ! degree ,m4 ,s4 = graduate "w4 
,9 ,octob] foll[+1 he ent]$ ,johns      
,hopk9s ,univ]sity z a graduate /ud5t 9 
,*emi/ry1 & 0 aw>d$ "o ( ! ,nor? ,c>ol9a
 ,s*ol>%ips4 ,8 m9or subjects are       
,physical ,*emi/ry & ,biology4