,! ,complete ,"w f :i* ?is ,h&book is extract$ ,! ,k]amic ,gall]y ,,by ,,william ,,*aff]s ,conta9+ sev]al hundr$ illu/rations1 "s 9 col\r1 ( r>e1 curi\s1 & *oice examples ( ,pott]y & ,porcela9 f ! e>lie/ times to ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ,,new ,,edition1 ,,revis$ ,,& ,,edit$ ,,by ,h4 ,m4 ,,cundall1 ,i4,s4,o41 ,f4,s4,a4 ,royal #hvo1 clo? extra1 top edge gilt1 to range ) ! same au?or's ,m>ks & ,monograms on ,pott]y ,?is important book1 :i* 0 long out ( pr9t & sc>ce1 is n repr9t$ because ( its r>ity1 b because x is an indisp5sable companion to ! same au?or's ,m>ks & ,monograms on ,pott]y & ,porcela94 ,z orig9ally publi%$ 9 two volumes at #d gu9eas1 ) ! examples reproduc$ by ! ,woodbury process1 x 0 an inconv5i5t book = ref]5ce1 ! examples be+ sep>at$ f ! text4 ,9 ?is edition ! illu/rations are all pr9t$ 9 ! lett]press1 & are se5 9 conjunction ) ! hi/ory & description ( ! diff]5t pott]ies4 ,! book is n a b>e repr9t1 b has be5 ?or\ghly edit$1 9 _m cases new or additional specim5 pieces giv51 & ! ref]5ces made to ! late/ edition ( ! ,m>ks & ,monograms1 s t ! book is ( ! utmo/ use = ! pres5t day4 ,?is "w 0 und]tak5 by ,mr4 ,h4 ,m4 ,cundall1 ,i4,s4,o41 ,f4,s4,a41 & no pa9s h be5 sp>$ to make x wor?y to be 9 ! h&s ( e collector z well z e libr>y4 ,,h&book ,,to ,,k]amics ,illu/ration3 ,,*elsea ,,/atuette1 ,,melpom5e ,,! ,,collector',s ,,h&book ,,to ,k]amics ,( ! ,r5aissance & ,mod]n ,p]iods ,,select$ ,,f ,,8 ,,l>g] ,,"w1 ,,entitl$ ,! ,k]amic ,gall]y ,,) #cej ,,illu/rations ,,by ,,william ,,*aff]s ,,au?or ,,( ,,m>ks ,,& ,,monograms ,,on ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9 ,,hall ,,m>ks ,,on ,,gold ,,& ,,silv] ,,plate1 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,,london ,,gibb+s ,,& ,,company1 ,,limit$ ,,new ,,york3 ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons #aiji ,pr9t$ by ,,ballantyne1 ,,hanson ,,co4 ,at ! ,ballantyne ,press1 ,ed9burgh ,,preface ,z ,,! ,,k]amic ,,gall]y by ! late ,william ,*aff]s =ms a pictorial supplem5t to 8 book ,,m>ks ,,& ,,monograms ,,on ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela91 s likewise ?is "w1 ,,h&book ,,to ,,k]amics1 :i* is an abridg$ edition ( ,,! ,,k]amic ,,gall]y1 is int5d$ to =m a companion volume ( illu/rations to ,,! ,,collector',s ,,h&book ,,( ,,m>ks ,,& ,,monograms ,,on ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela94 ,:il/ x has be5 f\nd necess>y on acc\nt ( _! size to omit "s ( ! l>g] illu/rations1 :i* appe> 9 ! second edition ( ,,! ,,k]amic ,,gall]y1 c>e has be5 tak5 to give repres5tations1 z f> z possible1 ( ea* individual k9d ( pott]y & porcela91 :i* h be5 produc$ 9 ! v>i\s =eign & ,engli% manufactories f ! ,r5aissance p]iod d[n to ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,brief acc\nts1 extract$ f ! l>g] volume1 ( ! v>i\s manufactories are also giv51 ) a view to help 9 e/abli%+ ! p]iod to :i* any specim5 may belong4 ,x is hop$ t ?is little "w may prove to be ( assi/ance to ! ,collector 9 id5tify+ ^? specim5s ( ,k]amics be>+ no m>ks1 :i* may1 f "t to "t1 be br\ght "u 8 notice4 ,h4 ,m4 ,c4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,maiolica-- ,,italy #a ,,spa9 #da ,,cont95tal ,,fay5ce-- ,,france #ej ,,g]many #hd ,,holl& ,,& ,,luxemburg #ajj ,,russia ,,& ,,sw$5 #ajg ,,cont95tal ,,porcela9-- #aaj ,,italy #aab ,,spa9 #abg ,,g]many #acj ,,au/ria #afj ,,switz]l& #afh ,,holl& #agj ,,belgium ,,& ,,luxemburg #age ,,russia #agi ,,sw$5 #ahd ,,d5m>k #ahe ,,france #ahg ,,great ,,brita9-- ,,pott]y #baf ,,porcela9 #bee ,,ori5tal ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9-- ,,*9a #bhe ,,japan #bie ,,p]sia1 ,,syria1 ,,& ,,turkey #cjd ,,index #cac ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,,*elsea ,,/atuette1 ,,melpom5e ,frontispiece ,,maiolica ,,italy ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,,urb9o--,plateau4 ,m>riage ( ,alex&] & ,roxana #b #b4 ,plateau1 ) ,l$a & ! ,swan 9 ! c5tre #c #c4 ,plateau4 ,by ,alfonso ,patanazzi1 #afjf #d #d4 ,vase4 ,apollo & ,daphne4 ,circa #aehj #e #e4 ,cruet4 ,circa #aegj #f #f4 ,plate4 ,! ,/ream ( ,life2 sign$ ,mo4 ,giorgio #g #g4 ,vase1 ) ,%ield ( ,arms1 by ,mo4 ,giorgio4 #af? c5tury #g #h4 ,,pes>o--,drug ,vase1 inscrib$ ,sir di ,c$ro4 #ag? c5tury #i #i4 ,b[l1 ,cov]1 & ,di%1 #ah? c5tury #aj #aj4 ,,ca/el ,,durante--,vase4 ,circa #aefj #aa #aa4 ,plate4 ,circa #aecj #aa #ab4 ,,fa5za--,plaque2 inscrib$ ,&rea di ,bono1 #adia #ab #ac4 ,plate1 ) motto ,en ,piu4 #ae? c5tury #ac #ad4 ,plaque4 ,joseph ,sold by ,8 ,bre?r54 #af? c5tury #ad #ae4 ,plate1 ) ,arms & ,arabesques1 #af? c5tury #ae #af4 ,,diruta--,plate4 ,circa #aebj #af #ag4 ,plate2 inscrib$ ,sura ,fiore4 ,circa #aebj #af #ah4 ,,=l--,plate4 ,*ri/ among ! ,doctors4 #af? c5tury #ag #ai4 ,,vit]bo--,plateau4 ,diana & ,acton4 ,dat$ #aedd #ah #bj4 ,,cafaggiolo--,plateau4 ,/4 ,george4 ,circa #aebj #ai #ba4 ,,si5a--,plate4 ,by ,mo4 ,b5$etto4 ,circa #aebj #ba #bb4 ,plate4 ,woman & ,two ,peacocks4 #ah? c5tury #bb #bc4 ,plate4 ,v9tage2 sign$ ,f]d9&o ,ma4 ,campani1 #agdg #bb #bd4 ,plate4 ,galatea4 ,e>ly #ah? c5tury #bc #be4 ,,v5ice--,plate4 ,ar*itectural ,subject4 ,circa #agjj #bd #bf4 ,,nove--,ture5 & ,cov]4 #ah? c5tury #be #bg4 ,,flor5ce--,cup & ,sauc] #bf #bh4 ,,padua--,plate4 ,myrrha ,flee+ f h] ,fa!r #bg #bi4 ,,ca/elli--,b[l & ,cov]4 #ah? c5tury #bh #cj4 ,ew] & ,bas94 #ah? c5tury #bi #ca4 ,,monte ,,lupo--,plate4 ,?ree ,cavali]s #ca #cb4 ,,milan--cuelle & ,di%4 #ah? c5tury #cb #cc4 ,ew] & ,di%4 #ah? c5tury #cb #cd4 ,cup & ,plate4 #ah? c5tury #cb #ce4 ,,tur9--,di% ) pi]c$ ,bord]4 ,dat$ #aegg #cc #cf4 ,,f]r>a--,plateau4 ,triumph ( ,bac*us4 ,fir/ half ( #ah? c5tury #cd #cg4 ,,g5oa--,bottle4 #ah? c5tury #ce #ch4 ,,savona--,basket4 #ah? c5tury #cf #ci4 ,,loreto--,two ,b[ls #cg #dj4 ,,sgraffiato or ,,incis$ ,,w>e--,b[l4 ,ab\t #adfj #ch #da4 ,plate4 ,ab\t #aedj #ch #db4 ,basket4 #ai? c5tury #ci ,,spa9 #dc4 ,,hispano-,,moresque--,vase4 #ae? c5tury #dj #dd4 ,azulejo4 #ad? c5tury #da #de4 ,plateau4 #ae? or #af? c5tury #dc #df4 ,plateau4 #ae? or #af? c5tury #dd #dg4 ,,val5cia--,di% #de #dh4 ,,manises--,vase #df #di4 ,,triana--,bottle 9 ,=m ( a ,lady #dg #ej4 ,di%4 ,dat$ #aggd #dg #ea4 ,,alcora--,plaque ) ,rococo ,frame #dh #eb4 ,,talav]a--,b[l #di ,,cont95tal ,,fay5ce ,,france #ec4 ,,sa9t ,,por*aire--,c&le/ick #ea #ed4 ,bib]on #eb #ee4 ,,apt--,vase #ec #ef4 ,,blois--,c&le/ick #ed #eg4 ,,avignon--,ew]4 ,ab\t #afjj #ee #eh4 ,,palissy ,,w>e--,di%1 ) ,reptiles1 ,fi%1 c4 #af? c5tury #ef #ei4 ,,nev]s--,pilgrim's ,bottle4 ,second half ( #ag? c5tury #eg #fj4 ,ew]4 ,second half ( #ag? c5tury #eh #fa4 ,pilgrim's ,bottle #ei #fb4 ,,r\5--,ew] #fj #fc4 ,ew] #fa #fd4 ,plate #fa #fe4 ,compoti] #fb #ff4 ,compoti] #fb #fg4 ,,/rassburg--,f\nta9 #fc #fh4 ,clock & ,bracket #fd #fi4 ,,m\/i]s--,plateau #fe #gj4 ,compoti] #ff #ga4 ,plate #fg #gb4 ,b>b]'s ,bas9 #fg #gc4 ,,v>ages--,plate #fh #gd4 ,,m>seilles--,ture5 #fi #ge4 ,,s9c5y--,b[l & ,cov] #ga #gf4 ,,lun,,ville--,pair ( ,ru/ic ,figures #gc #gg4 ,di% #gc #gh4 ,,aprey--,plate #gd #gi4 ,,man]be--,f9ial #ge #hj4 ,,/4 ,,cl,,m5t--cuelle #gf #ha4 ,,nid]vill]--,vase #gg #hb4 ,,/4 ,,arm&-,,les-,,eaux--,ink/& #gi #hc4 ,,sceaux ,,p5?i,,vre--,plate #hj #hd4 ,,creil--,plate #ha #he4 ,,lille--,di% #hb ,,g]many #hf4 ,,nuremb]g--,jug4 #ae? c5tury #he #hg4 ,di% #hf #hh4 ,,bayreu?--,c(fee-pot #hh #hi4 ,,limburg--,cru*e #ij #ij4 ,,ra]5--,cru*e #ij #ia4 ,,seigburg--,canette #ia #ib4 ,,gr5zhaus5--,jug #ib #ic4 ,f\nta9 #ic #id4 ,,kreuss5--,tank>d #id #ie4 ,,h>burg--,cru*e #ie #if4 ,,dresd5--,btt*] ,c(fee-pot #ig #ig4 ,,te9itz--,plate #ih #ih4 ,,kiel--,bi%op ,mitre ,b[l #ii ,,holl& #ii4 ,,delft--,cru*e #aja #ajj4 ,teapot #ajb #aja4 ,vase #ajc #ajb4 ,plate #ajd #ajc4 ,,am/]dam--,di% #aje ,,sw$5 #ajd4 ,r,,r/r&--,butt]boat #ajh #aje4 ,,m>ieb]g--,vase & ,cov] #ajh #ajf4 ,plate #aji ,,cont95tal ,,porcela9 ,,italy #ajg4 ,,flor5ce--,cruet #aab #ajh4 ,b[l #aac #aji4 ,,doccia--,teapot #aac #aaj4 ,bas9 #aad #aaa4 ,,naples--,,capo ,,di ,,monte--,vase #aae #aab4 ,sauc] #aae #aac4 ,cup & ,sauc] #aaf #aad4 ,c(fee-pot #aaf #aae4 ,,treviso--cuelle #aag #aaf4 ,cup & ,sauc] #aah #aag4 ,,tur91 ,,v9ovo--cuelle #aah #aah4 ,,v5ice--,vase & ,cov] #abj #aai4 ,vase #aba #abj4 ,,nove--,j>d9ire #abc #aba4 ,vase #abd #abb4 ,vase #abe #abc4 ,milk-pot #abe ,,spa9 #abd4 ,,madrid--,,bu5 ,,retiro--,gr\p #abg #abe4 ,vase #abh #abf4 ,vase #abh #abg4 ,,alcora--,plaque #abi ,,g]many #abh4 ,,dresd5--,vase #aca #abi4 ,sucri]1 ,cup1 & ,sauc] #acb #acj4 ,cup & ,sauc] #acb #aca4 ,vase & ,cov] #acc #acb4 ,bu/ ( a ,girl #acd #acc4 ,teapot & ,sauc] #acd #acd4 ,,b]l9--,gr\p #ace #ace4 ,gr\p #acf #acf4 ,milk-pot1 ,cup1 & ,sauc] #acg #acg4 ,h,,*/--,lamp-/& #ach #ach4 ,tray & ,sucri] #aci #aci4 ,,frank5?al--,plate #adj #adj4 ,djeun] ,s]vice #ada #ada4 ,,nymph5burg--,tank>d #adb #adb4 ,cup & ,sauc] #adc #adc4 ,,anspa*--,cup & ,sauc] #adc #add4 ,,bayreu?--,cup #add #ade4 ,,kel/]ba*--,h>lequ9 #ade #adf4 ,,?ur+ia--,cup & ,sauc] #adf #adg4 ,,clo/] ,,veilsdorf--,teapot #adf #adh4 ,tray #adg #adi4 ,,rudol/adt--,milk-pot1 ,cup1 & ,sauc] #adg #aej4 ,,fulda--,a ,peasant #adh #aea4 ,a ,peasant #adh #aeb4 ,cup & ,sauc] #adi #aec4 ,c(fee-pot #adi #aed4 ,f,,r/5b]g--,bu/ ( ,augu/a1 ,du*ess ( ,brunswick #aej #aee4 ,m$allions #aej #aef4 ,,ludwigsburg--,*ocolate-pot #aea #aeg4 ,c(fee-pot #aeb #aeh4 ,,reg5sburg--,cup & ,sauc] #aec #aei4 ,,grossbreit5ba*--,milk-pot #aec #afj4 ,,limba*--,sucri]1 ,cov]1 & ,/& #aed #afa4 ,,g]a--,sug> ,bas9 #aee #afb4 ,cup1 ,cov]1 & ,sauc] #aef #afc4 ,,go?a--,figure ( ,bac*us #aeg #afd4 ,,rau5/e9--,cup & ,sauc] #aeh #afe4 ,,wall5dorf--,vase #aei ,,au/ria #aff4 ,,vi5na--,cab>et #afa #afg4 ,milk-pot #afb #afh4 ,plate #afc #afi4 ,cup & ,sauc] #afd #agj4 ,,s*lagg5wald--,cup & ,sauc] #aff #aga4 ,,h]5d--,cab>et1 portion ( a #afg ,,switz]l& #agb4 ,,nyon--,cup & ,sauc] #afh #agc4 #afi #agd4 ,,zuri*--,gr\p #afi ,,holl& #age4 ,,weesp--,ew] #agj #agf4 ,c(fee-pot #agj #agg4 ,,oude ,,loosdre*t--,vase #aga #agh4 ,panel #agb #agi4 ,,am/]dam--,pair ( ,bottles #agb #ahj4 ,,oude ,,am/el--,teapot & ,sucri] #agc #aha4 ,sucri] #agc #ahb4 ,,! ,,hague--,plate #agd ,,belgium ,,& ,,luxemburg #ahc4 ,,t\rnai--,cup & ,sauc] #age #ahd4 ,plate #agf #ahe4 ,,t\rnai--,salt-cell> #agf #ahf4 ,,brussels--,milk ,jug #agg #ahg4 ,teapot #agg #ahh4 ,,luxemburg--,two figures ( ,! ,seasons #agh ,,russia #ahi4 ,,/4 ,,pet]sburg--,cup & ,sauc] #agi #aij4 ,v]rire #agi #aia4 ,,mosc[--,/atuette #ahj #aib4 ,cup & ,sauc] #aha #aic4 ,,korzec--,cup & ,sauc] #ahb #aid4 ,,b>an[ka--,milk ,jug #ahc ,,sw$5 #aie4 ,,m>ieb]g--,cu/>d ,cup & ,cov] #ahd ,,d5m>k #aif4 ,,cop5hag5--,cab>et #ahe #aig4 ,cab>et #ahf ,,france #aih4 ,,/4 ,,cl\d--,jug #ahg #aii4 ,/atuette #ahh #bjj4 ,,*antilly--,di% #ahi #bja4 ,pair ( ,figures #aij #bjb4 ,,m5necy-,,vill]oy--,sug> ,bas9 & ,/& #aia #bjc4 ,gr\p #aib #bjd4 ,,sceaux ,,p5?i,,vre--,cup & ,sauc] #aic #bje4 ,milk-pot #aic #bjf4 ,,arras--,sceau #aic #bjg4 ,,b\logne-,,sur-,,m]--,plaque #aid #bjh4 ,sucri] #aid #bji4 ,,tiolles--,cup & ,sauc] #aie #baj4 ,,lille--,cup & ,sauc] #aie #baa4 ,,b\rg-,,la-,,re9e--,cu/>d ,pot #aif #bab4 ,,clignanc\rt--,milk-pot & ,cov] #aig #bac4 ,cup & ,di% #aig #bad4 ,milk ,jug #aig #bae4 ,,orleans--,b[l1 ,cov]1 & ,/& #aii #baf4 ,,nid]vill]--,milk-pot & ,cov] #bjj #bag4 ,,boissette--,teapot #bja #bah4 ,,ca5--,cup & ,sauc] #bja #bai4 ,,val5ci5nes--,cup & ,sauc] #bjb #bbj4 ,,/rassburg--,cup & ,sauc] #bjc #bba4 ,,p>is3 ,,rue ,,?ir\x--,sucri] #bjd #bbb4 ,,rue ,,de ,,bondy--,ew] & ,bas9 #bjd #bbc4 ,,rue ,,fonta9e ,,au ,,roi--,"p ( a ,tea ,s]vice #bje #bbd4 ,,faub\rg ,,/4 ,,honor--,teapot #bjf #bbe4 ,,pont-,,aux-,,*\x--,teapot #bjf #bbf4 ,,rue ,,de ,,crussol--,cup #bjg #bbg4 ,,belleville--,wat*-/& #bjg #bbh4 ,,v9c5nes--,cup & ,sauc] #bjh #bbi4 7,royal ,factory7--,vase #baj #bcj4 ,cup & ,sauc] #baa #bca4 ,s,,vres--,vase #bab #bcb4 cuelle #bac #bcc4 ,gr\p #bad ,,great ,,brita9 ,,pott]y #bcd4 ,,/af=d%ire--,tyg #bah #bce4 ,mug #bah #bcf4 ,plateau #bai #bcg4 ,,etruria--,w$gwood ,vase #bbj #bch4 #bbb #bci4 ,! ,portl& ,vase #bbc #bdj4 ,teapot1 ,caddy1 & ,plate #bbd #bda4 ,six ,jasp] ,cameos #bbe #bdb4 ,vase #bbe #bdc4 ,ew] #bbe #bdd4 ,,burslem--,obelisk1 by ,ralph ,wood1 & ,tea ,set1 by ,a>on ,wood #bbf #bde4 ,/atuette ( ,*auc]1 by ,ralph ,wood #bbg #bdf4 ,vase1 by ,moses ,/eel #bbh #bdg4 ,,%elton--,b[l1 by ,s4 ,holl9s #bbi #bdh4 ,bas91 by ,t4 ,j4 ,holl9s #bbi #bdi4 ,,new ,,hall ,,*9a ,,works--,cup & ,sauc] #bcj #bej4 ,,bradwell--,teapot1 by ,el]s #bca #bea4 ,,hanley--,b>rel1 by ,miles #bca #beb4 ,vase1 by ,elijah ,may] #bcb #bec4 ,j>d9ire #bcc #bed4 ,vase #bcc #bee4 ,,tun/all--,jug1 by ,w4 ,adams #bcd #bef4 ,,lane ,,end--,sug> ,bas9 #bce #beg4 ,teapot #bce #beh4 ,,longport--,cup1 ,cov]1 & ,sauc] #bce #bei4 ,di% #bce #bfj4 ,,lane ,,delph--,cup1 ,cov]1 & ,sauc] #bcf #bfa4 ,,liv]pool--,mug #bcg #bfb4 ,pun* ,b[l #bch #bfc4 ,tiles1 by ,j4 ,sadl] #bci #bfd4 ,teapot #bci #bfe4 ,,jackfield--,teapot #bda #bff4 ,,fulham--,lydia ,dwight #bdb #bfg4 ,,lambe?--,di% #bdc #bfh4 ,,don ,,pott]y--,tea-caddy #bde #bfi4 ,,le$s--,*e/nut ,b[l & ,cov] #bdf #bgj4 ,,ca/le=d--,teapot #bdf #bga4 ,,sw9ton--,teapot #bdg #bgb4 ,,newca/le-,,on-,,tyne--,di% #bdh #bgc4 ,mug #bdh #bgd4 ,,/4 ,,an?ony',s--,jug #bdi #bge4 ,,nott+ham--,mug #bdi #bgf4 ,jug 9 ! =m ( a ,be> #bej #bgg4 ,,great ,,y>m\?--,plate #bej #bgh4 ,,l[esby--,g>d5 ,pot #bea #bgi4 ,vase #bea #bhj4 ,,bri/ol--,tiles #beb #bha4 ,,cadbor\gh--,vessel 9 ! =m ( a ,pig #bec #bhb4 ,,swansea--,di% #bed ,,porcela9 #bhc4 ,,worce/]--,a ,cup & ,sauc] #bef #bhd4 ,portion ( a ,tea ,s]vice 7,japan patt]n7 #beh #bhe4 7) col\r$ transf]7 #beh #bhf4 ,,rock+ham--,plate #bei #bhg4 ,vase #bei #bhh4 ,,d]by--,gr\p4 ,*elsea-,d]by #bfj #bhi4 ,pair ( ,vases #bfa #bij4 ,plate1 by ,bill+sley #bfa #bia4 ,cup1 ,cov]1 & ,sauc]4 ,cr[n-,d]by #bfb #bib4 ,sc5t ,vase #bfb #bic4 ,cup1 ,cov]1 & ,sauc] #bfc #bid4 ,,burton-,,on-,,tr5t--,comport #bfd #bie4 ,,wirkswor?--,cup & ,cov] #bfd #bif4 ,,p9xton--,j>d9ire #bfe #big4 ,sug> ,b[l & ,cov] #bfe #bih4 ,,plym\?--,c(fee-pot #bff #bii4 ,beak] & ,cov] #bff #cjj4 ,c5trepiece #bfg #cja4 ,a ,%eph]dess #bfh #cjb4 ,a ,%eph]d #bfh #cjc4 ,,bri/ol--,b[l & ,cov] #bfi #cjd4 ,di% #bfi #cje4 ,,caughley--,mug #bgj #cjf4 ,plate #bgj #cjg4 ,,coalport--,di% #bga #cjh4 ,,/oke-,,on-,,tr5t--,spode ,cup1 ,cov]1 & ,sauc] #bgb #cji4 ,vase #bgc #caj4 ,m9ton ,b[l #bgd #caa4 ,,longton ,,hall--,vase #bge #cab4 ,,b[--,teapot #bgd #cac4 ,b[l #bgf #cad4 ,plate #bgf #cae4 ,/atuette1 ,flora #bgg #caf4 ,bu/ ( ,k+ ,george ,,ii4 #bgh #cag4 ,gr\p1 ,a ,tea ,p>ty #bgi #cah4 ,,*elsea--,/atuette1 ,m>%al ,conway #bhj #cai4 ,%eph]d #bhj #cbj4 ,,*elsea--,vase #bha #cba4 ,,swansea--,plate #bhb #cbb4 ,plate #bhb #cbc4 ,,nantg>w--,plate #bhc #cbd4 ,cup & ,sauc] #bhc #cbe4 ,vase #bhd ,,ori5tal #cbf4 ,,*9a--,/onew>e ,vase #bhf #cbg4 #bhg #cbh4 ,porcela9 ,vase #bhh #cbi4 ,ew] #bhi #ccj4 ,bottle #bij #cca4 ,j> #bia #ccb4 ,plate4 ,egg%ell porcela9 #bib #ccc4 #bic #ccd4 ,,japan--,vase4 ,hiz5 w>e #bif #cce4 ,figure ( ,fukurokuji #big #ccf4 ,sak ,cup & ,/& #bih #ccg4 ,j>4 to w>e #bii #cch4 ,vase4 ,ki%9 w>e #cjj #cci4 ,c&le/ick4 ,tozan porcela9 #cjj #cdj4 ,flask4 ,satsuma w>e #cja #cda4 ,inc5se ,burn]4 ,im>i porcela9 #cjb #cdb4 ,,p]sia--,wall ,tile4 #ac? c5tury #cje #cdc4 ,wat]-bottle4 ,) metallic lu/re #cjf #cdd4 ,di% = ,rice #cjg #cde4 ,rose wat] ,spr9kl] #cjh #cdf4 #cji #cdg4 ,,damascus--,plate #caj #cdh4 ,di% #caa #cdi4 ,,rhodian--,plate #cab ,,h&book ,,to ,,k]amics ,,maiolica ,,italy ,! pa9t$ pott]y ( ,italy1 ev] s9ce its introduction into t c\ntry 9 ! #ae? c5tury1 has be5 call$ by ! ,italians !mselves ,maiolica4 ,9 ,engl& x 0 9 ! #ah? c5tury call$ ,raphael w>e1 on acc\nt ( an impression :i* exi/$ t ,raphael himself condesc5d$ to pa9t on "s ( ! w>e4 ,! idea probably orig9at$ f ! fact t _m designs 7 reproduc$ on maiolica by ! k]amic arti/s f engrav+s ( ,raphael & o!r great ma/]s4 ,! be/ p]iod ( ?is pott]y 01 h[ev]1 subsequ5t to 8 dea?1 :i* took place 9 #aebj4 ,! t]m maiolica appe>s to be d]iv$ or r corrupt$ f ,maiorca1 "o ( ! ,bale>ic ,isl&s1 not$ = its pott]y f a v e>ly p]iod4 ,x 0 9 ! #af? c5tury call$ ,maiorica1 & subsequ5tly ,maiolica4 ,,urb9o ,urb9o 0 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( all ! ,italian fabriques1 & mu/ h _h by f> ! mo/ trade1 al?\gh no d\bt _m ( ! specim5s n[ attribut$ to ?is city 7 ! works ( o!r manufactories2 !re are1 h[ev]1 a consid]able numb] ( sign$ & dat$ pieces1 & ! /yle & t\* ( ! pr9cipal arti/s engag$ !re may easily be detect$4 ,! be/ kn[n ( all ! k]amic arti/s ( ,urb9o 0 ,francesco ,xanto ,avelli da ,rovigo1 ^: works are n[ s highly appreciat$2 he usually pa9t$ aft] ! designs & engrav+s ( ,raphael & o!r great ma/]s1 b seldom adh]$ /rictly to ! gr\p+ ( ! orig9als2 he also pa9t$ subjects f ,virgil1 ,ovid1 & o!r poets4 ,! m>ks :i* he plac$ ^u 8 works consi/$ ( "o or m initial lett]s ( 8 "n1 ,f4,x4,a4,r41 b usually ! ,x4 only1 or sometimes ,xanto1 ) ! date4 7,see ,fig4 #a47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,,plateau4 ,,m>riage ,,( ,,alex&] ,,& ,,roxana4 ,aft] ,raphael4 ,sign$ & dat$ ,,xanto1 #aecc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,plateau1 ,,) ,,l$a ,,& ,,! ,,swan ,,9 ,,c5tre4 #af? ,c5tury4 ,ano!r celebrat$ arti/ ( ,urb9o1 :o fl\ri%$ 9 ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury1 0 ,orazio ,fontana1 ^: family "n 0 ,pellip>io2 ,fontana be+ a "n tak5 9 consequ5ce ( sev]al ( ! family be+ manufactur]s ( vases z well z arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,,plateau4 ,,by ,,alfonso ,,patanazzi1 #afjf4 ,! family ( ,patanazzi work$ 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,alfonso ,patanazzi sign$ 8 pieces ( ! ye>s #afjf & #afjg 9 full1 z well z ,alf4 ,p4 & ,a4 ,p4 7,see ,fig4 #c47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,vase4 ,,apollo ,,& ,,daphne4 ,circa #aehj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,cruet4 ,ab\t #aegj4 ,,gubbio ,gubbio1 9 ! ,du*y ( ,urb9o1 is kn[n pr9cipally by ! works ( ,mae/ro ,giorgio ,&reoli1 :o seems to h monopolis$ ! secret ( ! ruby & yell[ metallic lu/re1 ) :i* he enri*$ n only 8 own productions b put ! f9i%+ t\*es 9 lu/re on ! plates ( ,xanto & o!r arti/s f ,urb9o1 z well z f ,ca/el ,durante4 ,!re is no d\bt t ! pa9t+ ( ! piece & ! application ( ! metallic lu/re col\rs 7 two di/9ct op]ations1 & t x 0 pa9t$ & ! col\rs fix$ 9 ! muffle kiln "s mon?s be=e x 0 t\*$ ) ! lu/re pigm5ts1 & aga9 subject$ to ano!r bak+4 ,giorgio 0 a /atu>y z well z a pa9t] ( maiolica1 sev]al ( 8 sculptures 9 m>ble be+ yet extant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,,plate4 ,,/ream ,,( ,,life4 #af? ,c5tury4 ,sign$ by ,m,o ,,giorgio4 ,diam4 #g-c_/d 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,vase4 ,,by ,m,o ,,giorgio4 ,h4 #aj-a_/b 94 #af? ,c5tury4 ,ano!r pa9t] 9 lu/re1 ( ! s*ool ( ,mo ,giorgio1 has sign$ 8 pieces ) ! lett] ,n41 :i* is suppos$ by "s to be a monogram ( ,v9c5zio1 ! son ( ,mo ,giorgio2 & a pa9t] nam$ ,p]e/9o1 ( ,gubbio1 produc$ "s v beautiful pieces1 dat$ #aecc & #aecf4 ,,pes>o ,guido ,ubaldo ,,ii4 della ,rov]e1 :o became ,duke ( ,urb9o 9 #aech1 0 a patron ( ! fabrique ( ,pes>o4 ,! maiolica ) yell[ lu/re1 blue outl9es & imbricat$ bord]s1 :i* are assign$ to ,pes>o1 belong to ! fir/ "p ( ! #af? c5tury2 _m ( ^! h portraits & scrolls inscrib$ ) ! "n ( ! p]son to :om !y 7 d$icat$4 ,:5 ,pass]i visit$ ! t[n 9 #agah1 !re 0 only "o pott]1 mak+ ord9>y vessels4 ,"s ye>s aft]1 9 #ageg1 he s5t pott]s f ,urbania & recomm5c$ ! manufacture4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,a4 ,jacquem>t1 two arti/s ( ,lodi--,filippo ,antonio ,calleg>i & ,antonio ,casali--7 also e/abli%$ "h ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! b[l & cov] & di%1 ,fig4 #i1 pa9t$ & gilt ) fl[]s1 are sign$ by !m ) _! initials4 ,!re 0 ano!r fabrique1 e/abli%$ by ,giuseppe ,b]tolucci ( ,urbania 9 #ageg2 ,pietro ,lei1 a pa9t] ( ,sassuolo1 0 engag$ !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--;,,drug ,,vase4 #ag? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,,b[l1 ,,cov]1 ,,& ,,di%4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,,ca/el ,,durante ,ca/el ,durante1 a small t[n ne> ,urb9o1 _h a v ext5sive manufactory ( maiolica2 mo/ ( its e>ly productions ( ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury are (t5 conf\nd$ ) ^? ( ,urb9o1 b !re is evid5ce en\gh to %[ ! beautiful "* ( ! decorations employ$ !re4 ,piccolpassi1 director ( a bottega = maiolica1 at ,ca/el ,durante1 circa #aeej1 wrote a treatise on ! art ( mak+ & decorat+ x1 :il/ "u ! patronage ( ,guidobaldo ,,ii4 ,! manuscript is 9 ! ,art ,libr>y ( ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,?is int]e/+ "w is illu/rat$ ) p5-&-ink sket*es ( all ! details ( manufacture & patt]ns ( ! w>e1 & ! prices at :i* !y 7 to be obta9$2 allusions are also made 9 x to o!r t[ns celebrat$ = ! same indu/ry2 & ! pr9cipal =ms ( ! vessels are describ$ by "n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,,vase4 ,ab\t #aefj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,plate4 ,ab\t #aecj4 ,9 ! ye> #afce ! "n ( ! fabrique 0 *ang$ to ,,urbania 9 complim5t to ,pope ,urban ,,viii42 & 9 #agbb x 0 ! only "o :i* rema9$ 9 ! ,du*y ( ,urb9o1 :]e articles ( utility alone 7 made4 ,a great trade 0 c>ri$ on 9 ph>macy vases or ,vasi da ,spezi]ia1 cov]$ ) grotesque heads1 cornucopi1 c41 design$ & %ad$ ) light blue1 t\*$ ) yell[1 orange1 br[n & gre51 ! patt]ns be+ mo/ly 9 a bold /yle4 ,,fa5za ,if n ! mo/ anci5t1 ,fa5za 0 "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! manufactories ( maiolica 9 ,italy4 ,x 0 ?is t[n t gave to ! ,fr5* ! "n by :i* !y h to ! pres5t day di/+ui%$ _! enamell$ pott]y1 z ,spa9 _h previ\sly suppli$ ! "n to ,italy4 ,?us 9 ,italy x 0 call$ maiolica f ,maiorca1 & 9 ,france1 faence f ,fa5za4 ,! e>lie/ dat$ piece n[ extant is probably a plate 9 ! ,muse de ,cluny1 dat$ #adge1 made by ,nicolaus de ,ragnolis4 ,ano!r specim51 9 ! ,svres ,museum1 is inscrib$ ,nicolaus ,ors9i1 #adgg2 & 9 ! same collection is a plate1 sign$ ,don ,giorgio1 #adhe1 probably by ,mae/ro ,giorgio4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,plaque4 ,,&rea ,,di ,,bono1 #adia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,,plate4 ,,) ,,an ,,emblem ,,( ,,two ,,he>ts ,,pi]c$ ,,) ,,arr[s ,,& ,,! ,,motto ,,en ,,piu4 #ae? ,c5tury4 ,! products ( ?is fabrique reta9$ = a long "t a special "* by :i* !y are easily id5tifi$2 at fir/ ! outl9es ( ! figures 7 v simple & =mal2 ! yell[ lu/re does n appe> to h be5 adopt$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,plaque4 ,,joseph ,,sold ,,by ,,8 ,,bre?r54 #af? ,c5tury4 ,9 ! #af? c5tury a fav\rite decoration 0 grotesques & arabesques 9 blue camaeu on yell[ gr\nd1 or alt]nately on ! two col\rs 7see ,fig4 #ae74 ,! rev]ses ( ! ,fa5za plates are frequ5tly light blue1 ) conc5tric circles or a spiral l9e 9 a d>k] col\r2 :5 :ite1 ) imbrications or zones alt]nately blue & yell[4 ,ano!r peculi>ity by :i* ! ,fa5za w>e is kn[n1 is ! pres5ce ( r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,plate4 ,,arms ,,& ,,arabesques4 #af? ,c5tury4 ,,diruta ,_m ( ! lu/r$ pieces ( maiolica1 ) light yell[ lu/re edg$ ) blue1 :i* 7 attribut$ =m]ly to ,pes>o1 h be5 n[ class$ among ! w>es made at ,diruta1 f ! circum/ance ( a plate 9 ! ,p\rtals ,collection--subject1 "o ( ,ovid's ,metamorphoses1 be+ simil>ly decorat$ ) ! yell[ lu/re1 & sign$ by ,el ,frate ( ,diruta1 #aeda4 ,"s specim5s h ,9 ,d]uta inscrib$ at l5g?2 o!rs h simply ! lett] ,d ) a b> ?r\gh x2 & e>ly pieces h ! signature ( ! pa9t]1 ,el ,frate1 b )\t ! yell[ lu/re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,plate4 ,,blue ,,& ,,:ite4 #af? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,plate4 ,,inscrib$ ,,sura ,,fiore4 ,ab\t #aebj4 ,,=l ,accord+ to ,pass]i !re 7 fabriques ( maiolica at ,=l 9 ! #ad? c5tury4 ,its contiguity to ,fa5za ex]cis$ a great influ5ce on ! decoration ( ! w>e1 & ! patt]ns on ! obv]ses & rev]ses are simil>4 ,fig4 #ah has on ! back ,9 la botega di ,mo4 ,j]onimo da ,=li4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,,plate4 ,,*ri/ ,,among/ ,,! ,,doctors4 ,diam4 #ad 94 #af? ,c5tury4 ,,rim9i is only kn[n by a few specim5s1 :i* are actually sign$1 & by ! m5tion made ( its fabriques by ,piccolpassi4 ,! pieces are dat$ #aece1 & z late z #afce4 ,,vit]bo1 ,,rav5na1 ,,& ,,treviso ,!re 7 manufactories at ^! ?ree places 9 ! #af? c5tury1 b few specim5s ( _! productions n[ exi/4 7,see ,*aff]s' ,m>ks & ,monograms1 p4 #aab47 ,! fir/ nam$ is illu/rat$ 7,fig4 #ai7 by a plateau2 a man at ! bottom holds a scroll inscrib$ ,,vit]bo ,,diom$1 #aedd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,,plateau4 ,,diana ,,& ,,act,,on4 ,dat$ #aedd4 ,,cafaggiolo ,?is fabrique1 e/abli%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! #ae? c5tury1 became v important1 la/+ probably ?r\gh\t ! #af? c5tury4 ,! "n is spelt 9 diff]5t ways1 su* z ,*affagiuolo1 b ,cafaggiolo is ! g5]al =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,plateau4 ,,/4 ,,george4 ,circa #aebj4 ,among ! ornam5ts on ?is w>e are frequ5tly tablets ) ,,spqr & ,,spqf 7,flor5t9us71 & on sev]al ! motto ,semp]1 adopt$ by ,pietro de' ,m$ici 9 #adgj1 & cont9u$ by ,lor5zo il ,magnifico4 ,! device ( a triangle & ! ^w ,glovis1 mean+ :5 read backw>ds si volge 7x turns71 0 us$ by ,giuliano de' ,m$ici 9 #aeaf1 allud+ to 8 *ange ( =tune4 ,ano!r *>act]i/ic ( ?is fabrique is ! d>k blue backgr\nd ( _m ( ! pieces1 & ! me?od 9 :i* x 0 co>sely appli$ by ! bru%4 ,fig4 #bj repres5ts ! ,/4 ,george ( ,donatello1 f ! bronze /atue 9 ! *ur* ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele1 at ,flor5ce4 ,,si5a ,! e>lie/ specim5s kn[n ( ?is important manufactory are "s wall or floor tiles ( ! comm5cem5t ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,!y are ( maiolica1 ornam5t$ ) poly*rome designs ( *im]1 dragons1 amor9i1 masks1 birds1 c41 beautifully pa9t$ 9 brilliant col\rs1 especially orange & yell[ on a black gr\nd4 ,!y v>y 9 %ape1 be+ triangul>1 p5tagonal1 or squ>e1 to suit ! geometrical designs ( ! wall or floor !y cov]$2 ! av]age diamet] is #e in*es4 ,! plate 9 blue camaeu on :ite gr\nd1 9 ! accompany+ illu/ration 7,fig4 #ba7 is sign$ on ! rev]se fata 9 ,si5a da ,mo4 ,b5$etto4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,plate4 ,,by ,m,o4 ,,b5$etto4 ,ab\t #aebj4 ,aft] a long int]val1 ! "n ( ! t[n aga9 appe>s on maiolica ( a v *>act]i/ic description1 accompani$ by ! names ( ! arti/s3 ,b>tolomeo ,t]5ze 7or ,t]*i7 ,romano 9 #agbg1 & ,f]d9&o ,m>ia ,campani1 #agcc to #agdg1 ! subjects be+ tak5 f ,raphael1 ,annibale ,c>acci1 & o!r ma/]s 7see ,figs4 #bb-bd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,plateau4 ,,woman ,,& ,,peacocks4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,,plate4 ,,v9tage4 ,sign$ ,,f]d9&o ,m,a ,,campani1 ,,si5a1 #agdg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,,plate4 ,,galatea4 ,aft] ,,annibale ,,c>acci4 ,e>ly #ah? ,c5tury4 ,,pisa ,?is city 01 ab\t ! middle ( ! #af? c5tury1 ! c5tre ( a consid]able trade 9 ! exportation ( ,italian fay5ce into ,spa91 & especially to ,val5cia1 9 ex*ange = ! gold5 metallic lu/re w>e ( t c\ntry4 ,antonio ,beut]1 a travell]1 ab\t #aeej1 praises ! fay5ce ( ,pisa z well z ^? ( ,pes>o & ,ca/elli4 ,a specim5 be>+ ! "n ,,pisa1 a l>ge vase ( f9e =m1 cov]$ ) arabesques on :ite gr\nd1 0 9 ! collection ( ! late ,b>on ,alphonse de ,ro?s*ild4 ,,v5ice ,little is kn[n respect+ ! ,v5etian maiolica ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies1 b num]\s pieces exi/ be>+ m>ks ) ,v5ice record$ on !m4 ,^! are specim5s ( ! #ag? c5tury ) a m>k ( a fi%hook1 & f ! long int]vals betwe5 its use1 x evid5tly belongs to a fabrique & n a pa9t]4 ,z an example ( ,v5etian maiolica1 circa #agjj1 see ,fig4 #be1 a plate pa9t$ ) an ar*itectural subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,plate4 ,circa #agjj4 ,9 #agec1 ! ,s5ate ( ,v5ice conc$$ to ! bro!rs ,b]tol9i ! e/abli%m5t at ,murano ( a kiln = mak+ fay5ce4 ,b x did n succe$ s well z ! promot]s anticipat$1 & x 0 probably discont9u$ ab\t #agfj1 z ! concession 0 annull$ by a decree ( ,april #agfc4 ,,nove ,9 #agbh1 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,antonibon e/abli%$ 9 ! village ( ,nove1 ne> ,bassano1 a manufactory ( e>!nw>e1 & 9 #agcb he op5$ a %op 9 ,v5ice = ! sale ( 8 w>es4 ,9 #agda ! factory 0 /ill 9 a prosp]\s /ate1 & c>ri$ on by 8 son1 ,pasqual ,antonibon4 ,9 #agff ,pasqual took 8 son1 ,giovanni ,batti/a ,antonibon1 into p>tn]%ip1 & 9 #agha ,sig4 ,p>ol9i jo9$ ! conc]n1 cont9u+ ! fabrication ) great success until #ahjb1 :5 !y leas$ ! premises to ,giovanni ,b>oni1 & ! bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on "u ! "n ( ,fabbrica ,b>oni ,nove4 ,x 0 prosp]\s = a %ort "t1 & "s beautiful examples 7 produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,ture5 ,,& ,,cov]4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,maiolica f9a or fay5ce only is /ill cont9u$ to be made1 ! manufacture ( porcela91 = :i* at "o "t ! works 7 s fam$1 n hav+ be5 reviv$4 ,,flor5ce ,( ! e>ly maiolica made "h little is kn[n1 b fay5ce ( ! #ah? c5tury is occasionally met )1 m>k$ ) ! lett] ,f or ,fl4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,,padua ,9 a /reet :i* /ill reta9s ! "n ( ,boccal]i 7mak]s ( vases7 7 discov]$ traces ( anci5t pott]s' kilns1 & "s triangul> wall tiles1 ( blue & :ite maiolica alt]nately1 ( ! end ( ! #ae? or beg9n+ ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,among ^! 0 a plaque1 #bj 94 9 diamet]1 ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild betwe5 two sa9ts1 surr\nd$ by angels4 ,! subject is tak5 f a c>toon by ,nicolo ,pizzolo1 a pa9t] ( ,padua & a pupil ( ,squ>cione2 on ! summit ( ! ?rone is writt5 ,,nicoleti1 ! "n he usually adopt$4 ,! plaque is n[ pres]v$ 9 ! ,museum ( t city4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,plate4 ,,myrrha ,,flee+ ,,f ,,h] ,,fa!r4 ,fig4 #bh1 a plate1 pa9t$ on grey gr\nd1 is inscrib$ on ! rev]se ) ! "n ( ! place & ! date #aedh4 ,,ca/elli ,! manufactory ( ,ca/elli1 a small t[n 9 ! ,abruzzi1 nor? ( ! city ( ,naples1 0 /ill fl\ri%+ t[>ds ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,francesco ,sav]io ,grue1 a man ( lett]s & sci5ce1 became ab\t ?is "t director ( ?is ,neapolitan maiolica fabrique4 ,! w>e 0 boldly ornam5t$ ) subjects1 correctly design$ & well pa9t$2 sometimes ! l&scapes 7 delicately height5$ ) gold4 ,8 sons & bro!rs cont9u$ to add lu/re to 8 "n = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,francesco ,antonio ,grue's works1 :i* h dates1 range f #afgg to #agbb1 ! subjects be+ pr9cipally scriptural & my?ological4 ,luigi ,grue1 ab\t #agbj-agdj1 pa9t$ l&scapes & figures4 ,ioanes ,grue or ,grua pa9t$ scriptural subjects f ab\t #agcj to #agej4 ,sav]io ,grue 0 ! re-inv5tor ( gild+ on fay5ce2 "s ( 8 pieces are dat$ #agdi & #agec4 ,8 e>lie/ pa9t+s are )\t gold1 consi/+ ( classical subjects & mottoes on plaques4 ,c4 ,a4 ,grue 0 a pa9t] ab\t ! same "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,,b[l ,,& ,,cov]4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,ew] ,,& ,,bas94 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,fig4 #bi1 a b[l & cov]1 pa9t$ ) nude figures aft] ,annibale ,c>acci2 & fill$ 9 ) fruit1 foliage1 & c>t\*es1 is sign$ ,liborius ,grue ,p4 ,,naples ,maiolica 0 made 9 ! city ( ,naples 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 b little is kn[n respect+ x4 ,examples ( ! fay5ce ( ! #ah? c5tury are frequ5tly met )1 sign$ ,,fdv--,f4 del ,vec*io2 ,giu/9iani2 ! lett] ,n cr[n$1 & sometimes ! lett]s ,h4,f4 ,,monte ,,lupo ,! plates & di%es ( co>se heavy e>!nw>e1 rudely pa9t$ ) l>ge c>icature figures ( soldi]s & m5 9 curi\s ,italian co/umes ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies1 9 m5ac+ & w>like attitudes1 /rid+ across ! plates1 hold+ swords1 spe>s1 & o!r weapons1 are usually attribut$ to ,monte ,lupo1 ne> ,flor5ce4 ,! manufactory is /ill 9 exi/5ce4 ,fig4 #ca1 is sign$ on ! back ,raffaello ,girolamo fecit ,monte ,lupo #afci4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,,plate4 ,,?ree ,,cavali]s4 ,,milan ,no specim5s c be id5tifi$ ( an e>li] date ?an ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! fay5ce is usually pa9t$ ) grotesque figures1 b sometimes ) fl[]s & scrolls 9 relief1 also ) ,watteau or ,*9ese subjects4 7,see ,fig4 #cc47 ,"s pieces1 app>5tly ( a lat] date1 are f ! manufactory ( ,pasquale ,rubati1 & usually sign$ ) 8 initials4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,,cuelle ,,& ,,di%4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,,ew] ,,& ,,di%4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,,cup ,,& ,,plate4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,,tur9 ,t !re 0 a manufactory ( maiolica at ,tur9 9 ! #af? c5tury is prov$ by a di% ) pi]c$ bord]1 pa9t$ on ! inside ) a boy c>ry+ two birds on a long pole2 x is m>k$ und]nea?--,fatta 9 ,tor9o adi #ab di ,setebre #aegg 7see ,fig4 #ce74 ,! manufactory 0 9 exi/5ce 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #ah? c5tury & 0 "u ,royal patronage1 z a l>ge di% :i* 0 9 ! collection ( ! ,m>quis ,d',azeglio is inscrib$ on ! back ( ! rim3 ,fabrica ,reale di ,tor9o ,,gr #agcg4 ,9 ! c5tre ( ! rev]se is a monogram compos$ ( ,f4 ,r4 ,t4 7,fabbrica ,reale ,tor9o74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,,di%4 ,dat$ #aegg4 ,,f]r>a ,alfonso ,i41 ,duke ( ,f]r>a1 himself occasionally work$ 9 a room atta*$ to 8 palace1 & is said to h discov]$ a f9e :ite col\r1 :i* 0 adopt$ by ! fabriques ( ,urb9o4 ,he di$ 9 #aecd4 ,8 successor1 ,duke ,alfonso ,,ii41 summon$ ,camillo ,fontana 7son ( ! celebrat$ ,orazio ,fontana ( ,urb9o7 9 #aefg to give new life to ! manufactory4 ,all ! well-kn[n pieces be>+ ! impresa ( ! ,duke1 a flame ( fire & ! motto ,,ardet ,,et]num1 7 produc$ at ?is fabrique1 ab\t #aegi4 ,at a mu* lat] p]iod1 probably late 9 ! #ag? c5tury1 !re 0 /ill a manufactory "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,,plateau4 ,,! ,,triumph ,,( ,,bac*us4 ,fir/ ,half ( ! #ah? ,c5tury4 ,,bassano1 ,,ne> ,,v5ice ,a fabrique 7accord+ to ,v4 ,lazori7 0 f\nd$ "h ab\t #aedj1 by ,simone ,m>9oni1 b x is n kn[n h[ long x la/$4 ,lat] pieces ( ! #ag? c5tury be> a c]ta9 resemblance to ! ,ca/elli w>e4 ,9 #agbh1 a manufactory ( maiolica 0 set on foot by ! si/]s ,man>di1 :i* 0 cont9u$ 9 #agce by ,giovanni ,antonio ,caffo2 & "s "t aft]1 b previ\s to #agec1 ano!r 0 c>ri$ on by ,giovanni ,m>ia ,salmazzo4 ,,g5oa ,piccolpassi speaks ( ,g5oa z a great m>t = maiolica ab\t ! ye> #aedj4 ,he tells u ! patt]ns pa9t$--arabesques1 leaves1 l&scapes1 c4--& ! prices *>g$1 b no specim5s ( ?is e>ly date h hi!rto be5 id5tifi$4 ,! fay5ce ( ! #ah? c5tury1 h[ev]1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce2 its decoration is mu* ! same z t ( ,savona1 viz4 rude & ha/y sket*es 9 blue camaeu1 sometimes ) small c>icature figures 9 ! /yle ( ,callot4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ,g5oa's m>itime position1 ! m>k select$ = ?is w>e 0 a beacon1 by "s errone\sly call$ a ligh?\se1 f :i* "s object is susp5d$ on a pole4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,,bottle4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,fig4 #cg1 a bottle1 pa9t$ 9 blue ) birds & scroll ornam5ts1 has ?is m>k4 ,,savona ,! manufactory ( ,savona 0 f\nd$ 9 ! #ag? c5tury at ! village ( ,albissola1 situat$ on ! coa/1 ne> ,savona4 ,! w>e is g5]ally ornam5t$ 9 blue on :ite gr\nd1 ! designs are r\ghly execut$1 & ! m>k1 consi/+ ( a %ield ( arms ( ! t[n1 is (t5 se5 on ! rev]se4 ,!re are "s o!r m>ks attribut$ to ,savona3 a d\ble triangle ) ! lett] ,s1 call$ ! knot ( ,solomon 7,salomone71 ! sun ) ,g4,s41 ! falcon m>k1 ! t[] m>k1 & ! an*or m>k1 s call$ f ^! emblems be+ depict$ on ! w>e4 ,fig4 #ch1 a basket1 p]=at$ & ) two h&les1 is rudely pa9t$ ) scrolls 9 yell[1 blue1 & gre52 9 ! c5tre is a c>t\*e ) ! lett]s ,s4,a4,g4,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--;,,basket4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,,loreto ,al?\gh ,santa ,casa at ,loreto is n /rictly speak+ a fabrique ( maiolica1 yet maiolica is actually made )9 ! prec9cts ( ! sanctu>y4 ,b[ls are made ( clay1 mix$ ) ! du/ %ak5 f ! dress ( ! ,virg9 & walls ( ! sanctu>y1 & 9 ?is =m are pres]v$ by ! fai?ful z tok5s ( _! visit to ! %r9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,,two ,,b[ls4 ,,sgraffiato ,,or ,,incis$ ,,w>e ,! e>!nw>e vessels ) /annif]\s enamel1 call$ 9 ,italy sgraffiato w>e1 h be5 attribut$ to ,,citt ,,di ,,ca/ello4 ,!y are engrav$ 9 outl9e & decorat$ en engobe--t is1 ! object be=e be+ glaz$ is cov]$ ) a second coat+ ( col\r$ slip or engobe1 on :i* is grav$ ! ornam5t or design aft] x has be5 m]ely dri$ by ! air1 leav+ a sort ( *amp lev1 & aft]w>ds bak$ 9 ! kiln4 ,^! fay5ce vases are g5]ally enamell$ 9 yell[1 gre51 & br[n4 ,fig4 #dj1 a b[l1 is decorat$ ) foliage1 on ! /em are ?ree lions seat$1 9 full relief2 r\nd ! b[l runs a wrea? ( yell[ fl[]s2 & )9 is a man wre/l+ ) a dragon1 surr\nd$ by a wrea?4 ,!re 0 a manufactory ( ?is sgraffiato w>e at ,,la ,,fratta1 ne> ,p]ugia1 :i* 0 cont9u$ d[n to a late p]iod4 ,fig4 #db1 a basket-%ap$ pot1 has ornam5ts 9 relief4 ,simil> w>e 0 also made at ,,pavia 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,,b[l ,,( ,,incis$ ,,w>e4 ,ab\t #adfj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,plate4 ,diam41 #aa-a_/b 94 ,ab\t #aedj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,r$ ,,glaz$ ,,e>!nw>e ,,basket4 #ai? ,c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hispano-,,moresque ,,fig4 #dc4--,,vase4 ,height #bj-c_/d 94 #ae? ,c5tury4 ,,spa9 ,! exact date ( ! introduction ( enamell$ pott]y ) lu/re-pigm5t into ,spa9 is unkn[n1 b ! exi/5ce ( manufactures ( gold5 pott]y at ,calatayud1 9 ,aragon1 is te/ifi$ to by ! ,mohamm$an geograph] ,edrisi 9 ! #ab? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,,azulejo4 ,! ,hispano-,moresque p]iod1 :i* is be/ kn[n to u f ! num]\s specim5s pres]v$ to our "t1 comm5ces ) ! #ad? c5tury1 :5 ! ,alhambra ( ,granada 0 erect$ by ! ,moors4 ,! e>li] pieces ( ! #ad? & #ae? c5turies may be di/+ui%$ by a gold5 yell[ metallic lu/re1 & blue enamel on a :ite gr\nd4 ,! designs are ,moori%1 consi/+ ( diap] patt]ns1 foliage1 fanta/ic & o!r animals1 %ields ( arms ( ,spani% pr9ces1 c41 & sometimes ,arabic inscriptions1 trans=m$ into ornam5tal designs4 ,fig4 #dc1 a vase1 is decorat$ ) leaves & conv5tional fl[]s1 9 r$di% yell[ lu/re & blue4 ,! azulejos or enamell$ tiles ( ! ,alhambra1 be>+ passages f ! ,koran1 %ields & o!r devices1 are well kn[n2 !y date f ! beg9n+ ( ! #ad? c5tury 7see ,fig4 #dd74 ,,malaga4 ,! pr9cipal z well z ! e>lie/ c5tre = ! manufacture ( fay5ce 0 9 ?is city1 & ! f9e/ kn[n specim5 ( ,moori% fay5ce is ! celebrat$ vase ( ! ,alhambra1 :i* is suppos$ to be z e>ly z ! palace itself1 viz4 ! #ad? c5tury1 & 0 probably made "h4 ,! col\rs ( ! decoration are a pure blue enamel1 surr\nd$ or height5$ ) a yell[ lu/re on :ite gr\nd4 ,figs4 #de & #df are o!r specim5s ( ! ,spani% lu/re w>e1 ) %ields ( arms1 ( ! #ae? or #af? c5tury4 ,,majorca 0 ! next 9 importance z reg>ds its anci5t manufacture1 b x mu/ also h _h a v ext5sive trade 9 fay5ce1 = x 0 export$ to almo/ e "p ( ! globe4 ,giovanni de' ,b]n>di da ,uzzano1 writ+ 9 #addb ab\t ! productions ( ! ,bale>ic ,isles1 says ! fay5ce ( ,majorca has a v ext5sive sale 9 ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,plateau4 ,z ! k]amic art 9 ,spa9 decl9$1 ! ,arabic inscriptions1 :i* 7 p]fect on ! e>ly vases l t ( ! ,alhambra1 7 copi$1 b ! pa9t]1 n kn[+ _! signification1 employ$ !m z ornam5ts1 until at la/ !y became altoge!r confus$ & illegible4 ,! arabesques 7 no long] 9 su* elegant ta/e1 & l>ge coats ( arms entirely fill$ ! c5tres ( vases & plates4 ,,val5cia 0 also celebrat$ = its fay5ce1 :i* may be trac$ back to ,roman times1 = ,saguntum1 n[ ,murvi$ro1 is m5tion$ by ,pl9y & o!rs z not$ = its jasp] r$ pott]y4 ,x is impossible to discov] ! orig9 ( ! lu/r$ pott]y ( ,val5cia1 b x probably dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! #ae? c5tury1 :5 x became ! mo/ important 9 ,spa94 ,! pieces attribut$ to ?is place h ,*ri/ian devices2 _m ( !m be> ! inscription1 ,9 pr9cipio erat ,v]bum et ,v]bum erat apud ,deum1 f ! fir/ *apt] ( ,/4 ,john1 & ! eagle display$ 7n 9 an escut*eon z 9 ! arms ( ,aragon71 = ,/4 ,john 0 p>ticul>ly v5]at$ at ,val5cia4 ,( its e>li] productions ( ! ,moori% p]iod no?+ is kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,plateau4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--;,,di%4 ,val5cia has f "t immemorial be5 celebrat$ = its azulejos or enamell$ tiles4 ,!re are _m h\ses ( ! #ae? & #af? c5turies /ill exi/+ 9 ! anci5t cities ( ,spa91 ! walls ( ^: rooms are cov]$ ) tiles ornam5t$ ) bord]s1 scrolls1 & geometrical designs4 ,! celebrity ( ?is manufacture is ma9ta9$ to ! pres5t day4 ,fay5ce ( all descriptions 0 ext5sively made at ,val5cia ?r\gh\t ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies4 ,fig4 #dg1 a di%1 is blue & :ite ) a lion 9 ! c5tre4 ,,manises1 ne> ,val5cia1 0 also celebrat$ f ! #af? to ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! decorations appe> to be ( ,ori5tal design1 execut$ = ! mo/ "p 9 a ri* copp]-col\r$ lu/re4 ,"s di%es ) copp]-col\r lu/re h ^u !m a m>k ( an op5 h&1 :i* may be ! emblem ( ! place1 & are dat$ #afaj & #afaa4 ,fig4 #dh1 a vase1 is pa9t$ 9 lu/re1 ) foliage1 birds & animals1 & ) a rudely execut$ %ield ( arms1 seem+ly ( ,sicily or ,portugal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,vase4 ,,triana1 ne> ,seville4 ,!re 7 sev]al fabriques "h1 "o = ! manufacture ( spires or ornam5ts ( e>!nw>e1 ) :i* ! gables ( ! build+s 7 cr[n$2 o!rs = ! azulejos or tiles s mu* us$ 9 ,spa91 & = fay5ce vessels ( all descriptions4 ,fig4 #di is a bottle 9 ! =m ( a lady 9 ! co/ume ( ! p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 en gr&e t5ue2 inside ! fontange or top-knot ( ! headdress1 :i* =ms ! sp\t1 is writt5 ,victor4 ,i4 ,viva4 ,mi4 ,arno4 ,don4 ,damian4 ,sant4 cross4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,,bottle4 ,height #ad 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,,di%4 ,dat$ #aggd4 ,,alcora4 ,!re 0 a v important fabrique ( fay5ce at ?is place1 c>ri$ on by ! ,c\nt ,d',ar&a1 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! usual m>k ^u ?is fay5ce is ! lett] ,a 9 gold or col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,,plaque4 ,,talav]a1 ne> ,tol$o1 0 "o ( ! mo/ important manufactories 9 ,spa9 9 ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies1 & ! ^w talav]a 0 us$ to indicate all fay5ce 9 ! same mann] z fay5ce 9 ,france & delft 9 ,engl&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,,b[l4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,fig4 #eb1 a b[l1 is glaz$1 decorat$ )9 & )\t ) a bull fight1 /orks1 & trees1 9 gre51 orange & manganese4 ,,cont95tal ,,fay5ce ,,france ,maiolica & ,fay5ce are ess5tially ! same1 be+ compos$ ( ! same mat]ial & cov]$ ) a t9 glaze or opaque :ite enamel1 :i* s]ves to hide ! d+y col\r ( ! clay1 & =ms a f9e gr\nd = ! reception ( col\rs4 ,,sa9t ,,por*aire4 ,all ! e>lie/ writ]s on ! subject appe> to h ?\ght t x 0 made 9 ,t\ra9e1 & x 0 call$ ,,h5ri ,,deux w>e4 ,! w>e next became kn[n z ,,fa,,ence ,d',,oiron1 b 9 #ahhh x 0 affirm$ t ! factory ( ?is pott]y 0 at ,sa9t ,por*aire4 ,! di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ics ( ?is curi\s w>e are1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! body1 :i* is ( a creamy :ite pipeclay1 v compact & ( f9e texture1 s t x does n1 l ! ord9>y fay5ce1 require an opaque :ite enamel1 b m]ely a transp>5t glaze2 & secondly1 t in/ead ( be+ pa9t$ ) enamel col\rs ov] ! surface1 x is inlaid ) col\r$ plates1 9 ! same mann] z ! *amp lev enamels or niello "w 9 metal4 ,fig4 #ec1 a c&le/ick ( cream-col\r$ w>e1 is inlaid ) arabesques & o!r patt]ns1 9 d>k br[n & r$di% br[n1 ) reliefs ( ?ree boys1 tragic masks1 %ields ( arms ( ,france1 & ! ciph] ( ,h5ri ,,ii42 above are ?ree t]m9al figures ( satyrs2 date ab\t #aedj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,,c&le/ick4 ,fig4 #ed1 a bib]on1 is inlaid ) int]lac$ b&s & scrolls1 rosettes1 guillo*es1 masks1 c41 9 a r$di% col\r2 a curv$ b& on ! neck has a r[ ( ciph]s1 ^! be+ ! lett]s ,a4 ,m41 elegantly arrang$ z a decorative monogram1 probably t ( ! ,con/able ,anne de ,montmor5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,,bib]on4 ,height #i-a_/d 94 ,,beauvais 0 celebrat$ = ! manufacture ( decorative pott]y 9 ! #ad? c5tury1 & descriptions ( cups ( ! t]re de ,beauvais frequ5tly occur 9 e>ly inv5tories4 ,sev]al specim5s ( x are /ill 9 exi/5ce2 !y are ( r$1 gre51 or blue glaze1 ) go?ic inscriptions & arms ( v>i\s prov9ces ( ,france 9 relief4 ,,apt4 ,! fabrication ( fay5ce is said to h comm5c$ "h ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury1 pr9cipally 9 imitation ( jasp] & brocatelle m>ble4 ,! manufactory ( ,m4 ,bonnet 0 e/abli%$ ab\t #aghj1 & m>bl$ w>e & vases ( a yell[ col\r 7 produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,vase4 ,fig4 #ee is a yell[ vase ) masks & v9e leaves4 ,,blois4 ,a manufactory ( fay5ce 0 9 exi/5ce "h ?r\gh\t ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies4 ,x 0 simil> to t ( ,nev]s & ,r\54 ,"s specim5s are sign$ ,leb>quet4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,,c&le/ick4 ,,avignon4 ,a manufactory ( pott]y fl\ri%$ "h f ab\t #afej to #aghj1 b !re 7 also pott]ies e>ly 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,! pott]y is ( a *ocolate br[n1 ) a f9e metalloid glaze l bronze or tortoise%ell4 ,! ew]s & bottles are ( elegant =ms1 resembl+ ^? ( ,italy1 sometimes p]=at$ & ornam5t$ ) masks & fl[]s 9 relief1 or pa9t$ yell[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,,ew]4 ,ab\t #afjj4 ,,b]n>d ,,palissy1 born #aeaj1 succe$$1 aft] _m ye>s ( dilig5t rese>*1 9 discov]+ ! enamel :i* decorates 8 w>e4 ,8 e>!nw>e1 z well z 8 /yle ( decoration & 8 beautiful modell+1 7 q orig9al4 ,! natural objects repres5t$ ^u 8 w>e are true 9 =m & col\r1 be+ mo/ly modell$ f nature2 ! %ells are copi$ f t]ti>y fossils f\nd 9 ! ,p>is bas92 ! fi% are ^? ( ! ,se9e1 & ! reptiles & plants su* z he f\nd 9 ! environs ( ,p>is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--;,,di%4 #af? ,c5tury4 ,,nev]s4 ,! e>lie/ evid5ce ( ! mak+ ( fay5ce at ,nev]s is ! f\ndation ( a fabrique by ,dom9ique ,conrade1 9 ! latt] half ( ! #af? c5tury1 :i* 0 c>ri$ on by 8 son & gr&son4 ,9 #afeb1 ,pi]re ,cu/ode e/abli%$ ano!r fabrique1 :i* 0 equally successful1 & sev5 g5]ations ( 8 family 7 employ$ 9 x4 ,o!r manufactories 7 />t$ 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! fay5ces ( ! fir/ epo*1 #afjj to #affj1 h frequ5tly be5 conf\nd$ ) ,italian maiolica1 b a little att5tion w %[ ! po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,9 ! ,nev]s w>e ! figures are always yell[ on blue gr\nd2 ! ,italian figures are usually blue on yell[4 ,at ,nev]s r$ or metallic lu/re 0 nev] employ$1 & ! outl9es are always trac$ 9 manganese violet1 nev] 9 purple or black4 ,dur+ ! second epo*1 ! gr\nd 0 a peculi> lapis-lazuli blue1 l ! ,p]sian col\r call$ bleu de ,p]se2 x entirely cov]$ ! piece1 0 spott$ or pa9t$ ) :ite1 or sometimes 9 yell[ & orange1 & decorat$ ) fl[]s & birds4 ,! ,*9ese patt]ns are 9 light blue en camaeu1 sometimes int]mix$ ) a sort ( br[n lilac4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,,pilgrim',s ,,bottle4 ,bleu de ,p]se4 #bnd half ( #ag? ,c5tury4 ,height #aa-a_/b 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,ew]4 ,pa9t$ ) ,japanese figures1 #bnd half ( #ag? ,c5tury4 ,height #ae-c_/h 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--,,pilgrim',s ,,bottle4 ,,apollo ,,& ,,daphne2 rev4 ,a ,,bac*analian ,,sc5e4 ,9 blue & yell[4 ,height #ab-a_/d 94 ,,r\54 ,!re 0 a manufactory ( pott]y at ,r\5 e>ly 9 ! #af? c5tury1 & t[>ds ! end ( ! next c5tury !re 7 _m e/abli%m5ts4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ah? c5tury1 ! ,*9ese /yle p]vad$ all ! ,r\5 fay5ce1 b x 0 trans=m$ or trave/i$ & possess$ a special physiognomy2 ! subjects 7 l&scapes & build+s ) figures1 fanta/ic birds1 dragons1 c41 9 blue1 gre51 yell[1 & r$1 bord]$ ) ! squ>e ,*9ese ornam5ts4 ,at a lat] date ! decoration consi/s pr9cipally ( fl[]s issu+ f cornucopi & rococo ornam5ts2 ?is sort ( /yle is call$ 9 ,france la corne4 ,! pa/e ( ! ,r\5 fay5ce is heavi] & ?ick] ?an t ( ,delft1 b ! designs & ornam5ts are full ( ta/e1 decorat$ 9 blue camaeu & 9 poly*rome1 "s 9 ! /yle ( ,nev]s1 ) :ite on bleu de ,p]se1 b ( pal] col\r4 ,! pieces 7 frequ5tly ( l>ge size1 & includ$ f\nta9s1 consoles1 vases1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,,ew]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--;,,ew]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,,plate4 ,fig4 #fb is pa9t$ ) poly*rome decoration ( l&scapes1 c42 p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xiv42 height #bf-c_/h 94 ,fig4 #fc is pa9t$ 9 blue ) arabesques & fl[]s2 p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xiv42 height #i-c_/d 94 ,fig4 #fd is pa9t$ 9 ! c5tre ) a rose ornam5t1 ) m$allions & scrolls r\nd ! rim1 9 blue & orange2 p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xiv42 diam4 #aj 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--;,,compoti]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,,compoti]4 ,fig4 #fe is pa9t$ 9 poly*rome2 p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xv42 diam4 #i-e_/h 94 ,fig4 #ff is pa9t$ ) ,*9ese figures1 c41 9 poly*rome2 p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xv42 diam4 #aj 94 ,,/rassburg#a & ,,hag5au 7 not$ = ! manufacture ( fay5ce1 e/abli%$ by ,*>les ,franois ,hannong ab\t #agji4 ,x 0 call$ 9 ,france pot]ie du ,rh91 & is ( a peculi> "*1 & easily kn[n1 be+ g5]ally decorat$ ) fl[]s & scrolls 9 r$1 rose col\r1 & gre54 ,*>les ,f4 ,hannong 0 succe$$ by 8 sons ,paul & ,bal?as>4 ,! =m] took *>ge ( ! ,/rassburg works1 & ! latt] ! factory :i* _h be5 />t$ at ,hag5au4 ,! ,/rassburg fay5ce works 7 clos$ 9 #aghj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,,f\nta94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--;,,clock ,,& ,,bracket4 ,fig4 #fg1 poly*rome decoration1 be>s ! initials ( ,paul ,hannong2 ab\t #agej2 height #bb-a_/d 94 ,fig4 #fh1 9 ?ree pieces1 col\r$ 9 m>oon1 yell[1 blue & gre51 be>s ! m>k ( ,paul ,hannong2 ab\t #agej2 height #c ft4 #i 94 ,,m\/i]s4 ,! products ( ! ,m\/i]s fabriques may be divid$ into ?ree p]iods3-- #a/ ,epo*4 ,t[>ds ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury4 ,! subjects are hunt+ sc5es1 c41 pa9t$ 9 blue2 *amptre sc5es & figures 9 co/umes ( ! p]iod ( ,l\is ,,xiv42 & my?ological & biblical subjects ) arabesque bord]s4 ,! outl9es are sometimes lightly indicat$ 9 violet ( manganese4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,,plateau4 #bnd ,epo*4 ,f ! comm5cem5t ( ! #ah? c5tury to ab\t #agde4 ,! specim5s ( ?is p]iod are 9 blue camaeu ) highly f9i%$ & graceful int]lac$ patt]ns1 among :i* are cupids1 satyrs1 nymphs1 t]m9al figures1 fl[]s1 masks1 c42 canopies ) drap]ies re/+ ^u consoles1 vases1 f\nta9s1 c4 #crd ,epo*4 ,f #agde to #aghi4 ,! fay5ce is mo/ly pa9t$ 9 poly*rome2 ! col\rs are blue1 br[n1 yell[1 gre51 & violet4 ,! decorations are fl[]s1 fruit1 & foliage1 & sometimes my?ological subjects4 ,o!r patt]ns ( ?is p]iod consi/ ( grotesque figures1 & c>icatures4 ,! outl9es ( ! designs 7 transf]r$ to ! surface ( ! w>e by means ( pap] patt]ns1 prick$ ) a f9e ne$le & p[d]$ ov] ) *>coal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,,compoti]4 ,fig4 #fi1 pa9t$ 9 gre5 camaeu ) a ru/ic subject 9 ! /yle ( ,b\*]1 ) poly*rome floral bord]2 #agbj to #agfj2 diam4 #aa-a_/h 94 ,fig4 #gj4 ,compoti]1 pa9t$ ) a c5tral hunt+ subject1 aft] ,tempe/a1 surr\nd$ by a floral bord]1 & out] bord] ( g>l&s1 9 poly*rome2 #afhj to #agbj2 diam4 #aj-c_/h 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,,b>b]',s ,,bas94 ,fig4 #ga4 ,plate1 octagonal1 ) curv$ outl9e1 pa9t$ ) c5tral m$allion ( ,juno /&+ 9 a l&scape1 surr\nd$ by a g>l&1 & r\nd ! bord] ! bu/s ( div9ities )9 m$allions1 & g>l&s1 9 poly*rome2 #afhj to #agbj2 diam4 #aj 94 ,fig4 #gb4 ,b>b]'s bas91 pa9t$ 9 poly*rome ) ! subject ( ,diana & ,acton2 #afhj to #agbj2 l5g? #ae 94 ,,v>ages also possess$ manufactories 9 ! #ah? c5tury = fay5ce 9 ! /yle ( ,m\/i]s1 f :i* x is only a few miles 9 di/ance4 ,"s ( ?is w>e be>s ! m>k ( a cross1 & 0 call$ ,faence la ,croix4 ,fig4 #gc is pa9t$ ) ru/ic figures 9 l&scape1 aft] ,w\v]man2 crimson & gre5 fl[] bord]1 & m>k$ ) a cross4 #ah? c5tury4 ,diam4 #aa-a_/b 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,,plate4 ,,m>seilles4 ,! manufacture ( fay5ce at ,m>seilles1 & else:]e 9 ! ,s\? ( ,france1 0 9 activity e>ly 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,a little aft] #agej1 twelve fabriques ( pott]y 7 9 exi/5ce4 ,9 #agij !re 7 elev5 manufactories exi/+1 b mo/ ( !m ceas$ ab\t #agic1 on acc\nt ( ! ,treaty ( ,comm]ce ) ,engl&4 ,! ,revolution ( #agic gave an additional bl[ to ! k]amic indu/ry ( ,m>seilles4 ,9 #ahje !re 7 only ?ree factories at "w1 employ+ tw5ty h&s4 ,9 #ahji only "o rema9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,,ture54 ,! fay5ce is mu* ! same 9 "* z t ( ,m\/i]s1 & sometimes resembles t ( ,/rassburg4 ,! decorations are frequ5tly 9 r$ or gre51 sometimes ) ,*9ese designs4 ,!re is "o peculi>ity ab\t ! ,m>seillaise fay5ce :i* at once fixes its id5tity1 & ?is is1 ?ree gre5 leaves or m>ks pa9t$ on ! backs ( plates & di%es to hide ! imp]fections 9 ! enamel caus$ by ! p]nettes or po9ts ( support on :i* !y re/$ 9 ! kiln4 ,!re is also a great resemblance betwe5 ! e>ly w>e made "h & at ,g5oa1 9 consequ5ce ( ! emigration ( _m workm54 ,we le>n f a compla9t made on ! subject by ! pott]s ( ,m>seilles to ! ,int5dant ( ,prov5ce 9 #agfb1 f :i* x seems !y took a great numb] ( appr5tices at v l[ wages1 & ! wages 7 paid 9 fay5ce1 :i* mode ( paym5t !y said det]iorat$ ! quality1 & caus$ ! workm5 to emigrate to ,g5oa4 ,also !y compla9$ t great quantities ( ,g5oese fay5ce 7 import$ into ,langu$oc & ,prov5ce1 & spread ov] ,france1 :i* 0 absolutely ru9\s to ! trade ( ! two prov9ces1 & especially to ,m>seilles4 ,fig4 #gd4 ,s\p ture51 cov]1 & /&1 ) poly*rome fl[] decoration & gild+1 0 made by ,savy1 ab\t #agej2 l5g? ( ture51 #ae-a_/b 94 ,,s9c5y 9 ,pic>dy4 ,a manufactory 0 e/abli%$ "h 9 #agcc1 by ,jean ,bapti/e de ,fay>d1 ,g\v]neur de ,*aunay et ,seigneur de ,s9c5y4 ,dr4 ,w>mont 7,re*]*es ,hi/oriques sur les faences de ,s9c5y1 c41 ,p>is1 #ahfd7 divides ! products ( ?is manufactory into ?ree p]iods3-- #a4 ,r\5naise1 #agcd to #agge4 #b4 ,faence au feu de rv]bre1 #agge to #aghi4 #c4 ,dcad5ce de l',art1 #aghi to #ahfd4 ,! e>lie/ pieces 7 pa9t$ 9 blue2 ! next 9 blue t\*$ ) r$ or gre5 & yell[1 decorat$ ) lambrequ9s 7mantl+s71 la corne 7cornucopi71 birds1 & butt]flies4 ,*9ese figures 7 d\btless /5cill$ by prick$ pap]s & *>coal p[d]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,,b[l ,,& ,,cov]4 ,ab\t #agge a great improvem5t 0 p]ceptible 9 ! fay5ce ( ,s9c5y2 ! pa/e became f9] 9 quality1 ! col\rs bright] & m v>i$1 9 m exact imitation ( ! porcela9 ( ,japan4 ,?is 0 accompli%$ by :at is call$ le feu de rv]bre1 9 contradi/9ction to ! old process au gr& feu2 ! latt] includ$ only "o bak+1 :ile 9 ! o!r ! w>e 0 plac$ a second "t 9 ! kiln1 & ! pigm5ts 7 n expos$ to s great a heat1 :i* all[$ ! employm5t ( bright] col\rs4 ,table s]vices decorat$ 9 poly*rome1 ) bran*es ( roses1 sometimes 9 gre5 camaeu2 delicate wick] baskets1 wat* /&s1 c41 7 produc$2 !y 7 pa9t$ ) ,*9ese figures1 rococo scrolls1 & o!r ornam5ts4 ,f #agij ! fay5ce au feu de rv]bre 0 l>gely discont9u$ on acc\nt ( its exp5sive "* & ! introduction ( ,engli% w>e at a l[] price2 b /ill1 bo? descriptions 7 occasionally made4 ,fig4 #ge is a b[l & cov]1 pa9t$ 9 col\rs inside ) a coronet1 support$ by two cupids on cl\ds ) a flam+ he>t b5ea?1 #ah? c5tury4 ,,lun,,ville4 ,f\nd$ 9 #agca by ,jacques ,*ambrette1 x 0 call$ ,la ,manufacture ,/anislas2 ,jacques 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,gabriel & 8 son-9-law ,*>les ,loyal4 ,!y made fay5ce ( blue decoration l ,nev]s1 & sometimes ) rose & gre5 col\rs l ! old ,/rassburg w>e4 ,l>ge figures ( lions1 dogs1 & o!r animals1 ( natural size1 are sometimes met )4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,a ,,pair ,,( ,,ru/ic ,,figures4 ,) poly*rome decoration4 ,ab\t #agge4 ,height #h-c_/d 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,,di%4 ,9 poly*rome4 ,ab\t #agfj4 ,l5g? #ac-a_/d 94 ,,aprey1 ne> ,langres4 ,e/abli%$1 ab\t #agej1 by ,lallem&1 ,b>on d',aprey4 ,ab\t #aghj x 0 conduct$ by ,m4 ,vilhault1 :o made a sup]ior k9d ( fay5ce4 ,! e>ly /yle is t ( ,/rassburg ) rose col\r1 gre5 & yell[ pr$om9at+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,,plate4 ,9 poly*rome4 ,diam4 #i-c_/h 94 ,at ,,man]be1 ne> ,lisieux 9 ,norm&y1 & at ,,malicorne1 ,,infreville1 ,,*,,teau-,,la-,,lune & ,,arm5ti,,res1 ^? elegant glaz$ e>!nw>e p9nacles or f9ials :i* adorn ! gables ( old mansions 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,norm&y 7 con/ruct$4 ,!y are #e or #f feet 9 height1 be+ a s]ies ( small ornam5ts plac$ "o above ano!r on an iron rod2 !y p>take ( ! "* ( ! figul9es ru/iques ( ,palissy1 & h frequ5tly be5 sold z su*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--;,,f9ial4 ,ab\t #afjj4 ,,/4 ,,cl,,m5t4 ,e/abli%$ ab\t #agej4 ,little is kn[n ( ?is fabrique4 ,!re are "s specim5s ( ! #ah? c5tury 9 ! ,svres ,museum2 also "s o!rs ( lat] date1 #ahai & #ahbc4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--;,,cuelle4 ,) gilt scrolls on :ite gr\nd4 ,,t\l\se4 ,e/abli%$ 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! w>e is v simil> 9 /yle to e>ly ,r\5 pott]y4 ,a l>ge hunt+ bottle1 ) loops = susp5sion1 pa9t$ ) blue fl[]s1 & be>+ r\nd ! neck ! inscription ,laur5s ,basso a ,t\l\sa ,le #ad ,ma #agef1 0 =m]ly 9 ! possession ( ! late ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,reynolds4 ,,nid]vill]4#b ,e/abli%$ 9 #agfj1 by ,jean ,l\is1 ,b>on ,bey]l4 ,! w>e is 9 ! ,g]man /yle1 pott]s f ,g]many hav+ be5 employ$ 9 its production1 & is rem>kable = ! ri*ness & delicacy ( its decoration1 :i* mo/ frequ5tly consi/s ( fl[]s 9 b\quets & g>l&s4 ,8 fay5ce figures & gr\ps are well modell$4 ,ab\t #aghj1 f\r ye>s be=e ,bey]l's dea?1 ! factory 0 pur*as$ by ,g5]al ,c\nt ,cu/9e1 & c>ri$ on by him "u ,m4 ,lanfray1 pr9cipally = ! manufacture ( porcela91 :i* w be subsequ5tly ref]r$ to4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,,vase4 ,fig4 #ha4 ,vase ) cov]1 "o ( a pair2 urn %ape1 pa9t$ to resemble deal1 ) m$allions conta9+ l&scapes 9 rose camaeu1 & bord]s ( bay leaves4 ,x be>s ! m>k ( ,c\nt ,cu/9e2 date ab\t #aggd2 height #ag-c_/h in*es4 ,,d\ai4 ,two bro!rs ( ! "n ( ,lee*1 f ,engl&1 7 engag$1 9 #aghb1 by ,m4 ,george ,bris1 ( ,d\ai1 to sup]9t5d ! manufacture ( ,engli% pott]y on a l>ge scale1 9 a factory 7n[ a ,normal ,s*ool7 9 ! ,rue des ,c>mes4 ,x 0 "o ( ! fir/ ( ! k9d e/abli%$ 9 ,france4 ,! *ief workm51 :o came orig9ally f ,engl&1 in/ruct$ pupils1 :o c>ri$ ! new process to ,*antilly1 ,=ges1 & o!r places 9 ,france4 ,,v9c5nes4 ,9 #agfh ,m4 ,maur9 des ,abiez und]took a manufacture ( fay5ce 9 ! mann] ( ,/rassburg1 x be+ well kn[n t !re did n exi/ 9 ,france any fay5ce comp>able to x 9 beauty & solidity2 he _h pur*as$ ! secret1 & br\ght to ,p>is a /aff ( workm5 :o _h be5 engag$ at ,/rassburg4 ,he acquir$ possession ( ! ,*teau de ,v9c5nes = tw5ty ye>s4 ,pi]re ,anto9e ,hannong 0 engag$ z director1 & ! works 7 c>ri$ on = f\r ye>s1 until #agga1 :5 ! factory got into difficulties & 0 clos$4 ,,s>reguem9es4#c ,e/abli%$ ab\t #aggj by ,paul ,utzs*neid]4 ,! beautiful fay5ce produc$ "h is 9 imitation ( porphyry1 jasp]1 granite1 & o!r v>iegat$ h>d m>bles1 & 0 sometimes cut & poli%$ by ! la!2 x 0 also made ) :ite rais$ figures on blue 9 ! /yle ( ,w$gwood1 & a ?ird k9d 0 r$ w>e l ! ,japanese4 ,! "n is impress$ on ! w>e4 ,,/4 ,,am&-,,les-,,eaux1 ne> ,val5ci5nes4 ,f\nd$ ab\t #agej by ,m4 ,fauquet1 & cont9u$ by 8 son4 ,! latt] occupi$ himself especially ) ! gild+ ( 8 w>e1 :i* gave 8 neighb\rs ! opportunity ( say+ he melt$ all 8 l\is-d'ors 9 mak+ 8 exp]im5ts & ru9$ himself4 ,9 ! revolution ( #aghi he emigrat$1 & all 8 goods 7 confiscat$4 ,9 #ahjg he attempt$ to revive ! fabrique1 & adv]tis$ t ! ,/4 ,am& works 7 9 full activity1 mak+ :ite fay5ce 9 ! /yle ( ,r\54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--;,,ink/&4 ,fig4 #hb1 an ink/&1 ) ink & p\nce pots & draw]1 pa9t$ on a grey gr\nd ) blue & :ite fl[]s "u ! glaze2 ab\t #agfj-hj4 ,,sceaux ,,p5?i,,vre4 ,9 #agec1 ,jacques de ,*apelle e/abli%$ a manufactory ( a p>ticul> sort ( fay5ce1 ( :i* he alone possess$ ! secret4 ,! w>e is 9 ! /yle ( ,/rassburg1 its prevail+ col\rs be+ p9k & gre52 x is pa9t$ ) fl[]s1 b m c>efully f9i%$1 & ) l&scapes & o!r =ms ( decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,,plate4 ,,b\rg-,,la-,,re9e4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #aggc by ,messrs4 ,jacques & ,julli51 :o remov$ hi!r f ,m5necy4 ,! e>ly w>e is v simil> to t ( ,sceaux4 ,besides ! :ite fay5ce = dome/ic use1 m arti/ic pieces 7 produc$1 pa9t$ on ! enamel aft] x _h receiv$ a slight bak+2 ?is w>e is pr9cipally 9 imitation ( ! ,italian4 ,,creil4 ,a manufactory ( f9e fay5ce1 work$ 9 ! #ah? c5tury by ,m4 ,st ,criq1 made opaque porcela9 & /onew>e 9 ! ,engli% /yle1 & transf]r$ pr9ts on to ! w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,,plate4 ,) a yell[ bord] & transf]-pr9t$ l&scape4 ,,mont]eau4 ,9 #agge1 ,messrs4 ,cl>k1 ,%aw1 ,co41 obta9$ lett]s pat5t to c>ry on a manufactory ( ,engli% fay5ce1 call$ ,que5's w>e1 f clay f\nd 9 ! vic9ity4 ,?is w>e _h a v ext5sive sale1 & dealt a sev]e bl[ to ! manufacture ( ,fr5* fay5ce4 ,x soon spread ov] ,france1 & 0 ext5sively made at ,t\l\se1 ,creil1 ,s>reguem9es1 & o!r places4 ,,lille4 ,a manufactory ( fay5ce1 0 f\nd$ 9 #afif1 by ,jacques ,feburi]1 ( ,t\rnai1 & ,jean ,bossu1 ( ,gh5t1 :o made a w>e la faon de ,holl&e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #he4--;,,di%4 ,ano!r important manufactory ( fay5ce 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agaa1 by ,b>?lemy ,dorez & ,pi]re ,palissi]2 x cont9u$ 9 active "w = ne>ly a c5tury4 ,a ?ird fay5ce manufactory 0 f\nd$ 9 #agdj by ,j4 ,masqueli]1 & 0 cont9u$ 9 ! same family until #ahbg4 ,a f\r? 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agdd1 by ,m4 ,*an\1 :o made a br[n e>!nw>e call$ t]re du ,/4 ,esprit1 9 ! ,engli% fa%ion4 ,!re 7 also two o!r factories "h 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,,g]many ,! pott]y ( ,g]many consi/s ( two di/9ct classes3 ! fay5ce ) opaque :ite /annif]\s glaze1 & t :i* to a great ext5t is call$ 9 ,engl& /onew>e1 9 ,g]many ,/e+ut1 & 9 ,france grs or s&/one4 ,^! epi!ts exactly describe ! quality ( ! latt] w>e4 ,x is v s]viceable = dome/ic ut5sils1 su* z dr9k+ bottles & vessels ( ev]yday use1 & is cov]$ ) a ?9 transp>5t glaze1 effect$ by ?r[+ common salt into ! kiln :5 ! w>e is ne>ly bak$--! salt vaporis$ by ! heat surr\nds ! vessels1 & act+ ^u ! silica ( _! surfaces produces a ?9 gloss ( silicate ( soda ov] ! w>e1 r5d]+ x p]fectly imp]vi\s4 ,,nuremb]g 7,nrnb]g74 ,! celebrat$ ,veit ,hirs*vogel1 ( ,s*lett/adt1 0 born 9 #adda1 & di$ 9 #aebe2 he 0 a great pott]1 contempor>y ) ,luca della ,robbia1 ( ,flor5ce4 ,! e>ly pieces ( pott]y are some:at l maiolica1 b ! col\rs are bright]1 gre5 pr$om9at+ 9 _m specim5s2 figures 9 relief 9 ni*es are frequ5tly se5 on vases4 ,sev]al *imney-pieces ( ?is w>e ( ! #ae? c5tury are /ill 9 exi/5ce1 "o is 9 ! ca/le ( ,salzburg1 & _m pieces treasur$ up 9 museums are suppos$ to h be5 made by ,hirs*vogel himself4 ,! ,nuremb]g pott]y ( ! #af? & #ag? c5turies is n uncommon4 ,hirs*vogel 0 succe$$ by 8 sons & a ho/ ( cont9uators4 ,fay5ce ( ! #ah? c5tury is also met )1 pa9t$ ) scriptural subjects1 sometimes 9 blue camaeu1 sometimes 9 o!r col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hf4--;,,jug4 #ae? ,c5tury4 ,fig4 #hf4 ,jug1 ( enamell$ e>!nw>e1 9 v>i\s col\rs1 ) figures 9 l[ relief2 attribut$ to ,veit ,hirs*vogel2 height #ac 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hg4--;,,di%4 ,fig4 #hg4 ,di%1 pa9t$ 9 ! c5tre ) ,*ri/ ris+ f ! tomb2 sign$ ) ! pa9t]'s "n ,gler1 #agbc4 ,,leipzig4 ,9 ! conv5t ( ,/4 ,paul1 :i* 0 built 9 #abjg1 !re 0 a frieze ( bricks1 cov]$ ) t9 enamel glaze1 repres5t+ 9 relief ! heads ( ,sa9ts & ,apo/les1 #bj 94 by #ae 941 #b-a_/b 94 ?ick4 ,on ! demolition ( ! conv5t a selection ( ^! 0 deposit$ 9 ! ,dresd5 ,museum2 !y are ( ,byzant9e "*1 9 gre5 enamel %ad$ ) black2 ! hair1 be>d1 & eyes ( ! figures are col\r$4 ,,/rehla4 ,a manufactory = e>!nw>e 0 9 exi/5ce "h = _m c5turies4 ,a pulpit ( enamell$ e>!nw>e /ill exi/s1 support$ by a life-size figure ( ,moses1 ornam5t$ ) eight plaques ( religi\s subjects & figures ( ! f\r ,evangeli/s1 be>+ ! "n ( ! pott] & ! date #aefe4 ,,ob]dorf4 ,a factory 0 c>ri$ on by a pott] nam$ ,hans ,seltzman2 a v f9e /ove made by him1 ) an inscription & dat$ #aead1 is 9 ! ,palace at ,fss51 9 ,bav>ia4 ,_m o!r places ?r\gh\t ,g]many 7 equally fam\s 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies1 = ! manufacture ( /oves1 z ,,augsburg1 ,,memm+51 c4 ,,bayreu?4 ,! manufacture ( a br[n /onew>e ) ,r5aissance m$allions1 arabesques1 c41 9 relief fl\ri%$ "h 9 ! #af? c5tury4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 f9e fay5ce 0 produc$1 pa9t$ 9 blue camaeu4 ,! designs are delicately trac$ ) a bru% on a f9e pa/e2 ! =ms are canettes1 j>d9ires1 c4 ,at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury a fabrique ( fay5ce 0 c>ri$ on by a ,h]r ,s*midt1 :o assidu\sly copi$ ! ,engli% w>e2 !re are specim5s 9 ! ,svres ,museum be>+ ! c\nt]feit m>k ( ,w$gwood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hh4--;,,c(fee-,,pot4 ,fig4 #hh4 ,c(fee-pot & cov]1 *ocolate col\r$ gr\nd1 decorat$ ) gilt scrolls2 ,f1 ! cyph] ( ,fr$]ick ! ,great1 "u a cr[n 9 front2 ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury2 height #i 94 ,,cologne 7,kln74 ,! /onew>e made "h 9 ! #af? c5tury is bett] kn[n ?r\gh\t ,europe ?an any o!r description ( pott]y2 its durability = dome/ic uses & ! elegant "* ( its ornam5tation 9 relief1 caus$ x to be s\ght = ev]y:]e4 ,! grs de ,cologne has be5 conf\nd$ ) ! grs de ,fl&res1 :i* latt] "n is giv5 errone\sly & indiscrim9ately to all /onew>e ( ,g]man manufacture1 not)/&+ ! ,g]man inscriptions ! pieces be> & ! arms ( ,g]man cities & families4 ,! be/ & mo/ highly f9i%$ decorative grs or /onew>e cru*es 7 und\bt$ly made 9 ,g]many1 if n at ,cologne4 ,! clay = mak+ ! ,cologne w>e came f ,lang]wehe betwe5 ,dr5 & ,aix-la-,*apelle4 ,! manufactory 0 n actually 9 ,cologne1 b 9 ! vic9ity1 possibly at ,,fre*51 & at ,,lau5/e91 :]e a factory 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,!re 7 also factories at ,,siegburg & ,,limburg4 ,all ! w>e 0 made 9 m\lds1 & x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t ! vessels 7 n always made at ! date indicat$ ^u !m1 = ! m\lds 7 us$ successively ?r\gh a s]ies ( ye>s1 & x is no uncommon occurr5ce to f9d two diff]5t dates ^u ! same piece4 ,"s ( ! f9e/ specim5s kn[n be> ! "n ( ,baldem ,m5nick51 a pott] dwell+ at ,,ra]5 9 ! anci5t ,du*y ( ,limburg1 :i* t[n until ! treaty ( #ahad 0 "p ( ,holl&1 & x is probable t ! /onew>e produc$ "h indicates ! orig9 ( grs de ,fl&res4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hi4--,,limburg ,,cru*e4 ,grey & blue4 ,height #h-c_/d 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ij4--,,ra]5 ,,cru*e4 ,grey & blue4 ,height #g-a_/d 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ia4--,,siegburg ,,canette4 ,cream col\r4 ,dat$ #aegd4 ,height #ag-a_/d 94 ,,gr5zhaus51 9 ,nassau4 ,!re 0 a factory "h ab\t #aghj1 :]e grs or /onew>e 0 made2 x is ( a f9e quality & easily mi/ak5 = ! m anci5t grs4 ,! =ms are usually plates1 di%es1 & jugs1 9 :i* ! decoration consi/s ( a f9e blue enamel on grey gr\nd1 ) incuse ornam5ts execut$ by h&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ib4--;,,jug4 ,fig4 #ib1 a jug ( reticulat$ patt]n1 is eng9e-turn$1 & enri*$ ) brilliant enamel col\rs1 #ah? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ic4--;,,f\nta94 ,fig4 #ic1 a l>ge f\nta91 is purple blue & :ite1 #af? c5tury2 height #cj 94 ,,kreuss51 a t[n ( ,bav>ia1 has long be5 not$ = its pott]y4 ,! grs ( ! #ag? c5tury1 call$ ,kreuss5] ,/e+ut1 is ( a d>k br[n col\r1 9 ! =ms ( cyl9drical mugs1 tank>ds1 c41 ) figures 9 relief r\nd !m1 pa9t$ 9 bright col\r$ enamel4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #id4--,,tank>d4 ,fig4 #id1 a tank>d1 has a *ocolate-col\r$ gr\nd1 ) col\r$ enamel ornam5ts & figures ( ! ,emp]or & ! ,electors ( ,g]many on horseback1 dat$ #afif4 ,,bunzlau1 9 ,silesia4 ,grs 0 made "h 9 ! #af? & #ag? c5turies4 ,! products ( ! #ah? c5tury are di/+ui%$ by ornam5ts 9 relief1 fl[]s1 coats ( arms1 c41 sometimes gilt4 ,at ! pres5t "t an ext5sive trade is /ill c>ri$ on 9 ! manufacture ( *ocolate & c(fee pots1 usually cov]$ ) a br[n glaze1 & l9$ ) :ite4 ,!re is pres]v$ a mon/] c(fee-pot1 #ae feet high1 made at ?is place 9 ! #ah? c5tury4 ,,h>burg1 on ! ,elbe1 opposite ,hamburg1 is not$ z ! resid5ce ( ,johann ,s*ap]1 :o 0 born t[>ds ! end ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,8 exquisite pa9t+s ( l&scapes & figures are usually 9 ,indian ink or sepia en grisaille1 ! col\rs be+ fix$ by heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ie4--;,,cru*e4 ,fig4 #ie1 a cru*e ( f9e fay5ce1 pa9t$ ) a l&scape 9 grey camaeu1 is sign$ ,joh4 ,s*ap]2 x has a :ite gr\nd ) fl[]s & fruit 9 natural col\rs2 date ab\t #afdj2 height #h-a_/b 94 ,,s*]zheim1 9 ,wrtemb]g4 ,! ,w9t]gur/s1 fa!r & son1 7 celebrat$ pott]s "h1 & made fay5ce f ! beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury2 x is f _! manufactory t ! table s]vices1 ( :i* ea* piece repres5ts an animal or a vegetable1 7 made4 ,,lau5/e91 ne> ,cobl5z4 ,a manufactory 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agfj2 ! grs or /onew>e made "h 0 ( grey & blue1 ornam5t$ ) incuse patt]ns2 x 0 made 9 l>ge quantities1 & c>ri$ by ! ,rh9e boats to ! m>kets 9 ,holl&1 :]e x met ) a ready sale4 ,h,,*/1 ne> ,ma9z4 ,enamell$ fay5ce 0 made "h 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury1 at a factory f\nd$ by ,gelz ( ,frank=t4 ,! manufactory ceas$ 9 #agid1 b a pott] nam$ ,dahl e/abli%$ "o 9 ! vic9ity4 ,he made /atuettes & o!r ornam5ts4 ,,dresd54 ,a manufactory 0 e/abli%$ at ,meiss51 on ! ,elbe1 ab\t #ab miles f ,dresd51 by ,augu/us ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,pol& & ,elector ( ,saxony1 = ! manufacture ( h>d pa/e1 or true porcela94 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,ts*irnhaus & ,btt*] comm5c$ ab\t #agjf2 to ! latt] is attribut$ ! inv5tion ( h>d pa/e4 ,8 fir/ attempt produc$ a r$ w>e1 l jasp]1 :i* 0 cut & poli%$ by ! lapid>y & gilt by ! goldsmi?4 ,x 0 made f a k9d ( br[n clay f\nd at ,meiss54 ,?is r$ w>e1 made by ,btt*]1 0 a f9e /onew>e1 hav+ opacity1 gra91 & t\ghness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #if4--;,b,,tt*] ,,c(fee-,,pot4 ,ano!r k9d ( pott]y 0 made at ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury1 9 imitation ( ! ,japanese2 x 0 call$ ! r$ pott]y ( ,dresd54 ,,te9itz 7,bohemia74 ,a manufactory 0 c>ri$ on 9 ?is small t[n 9 ! #ah? c5tury by a pott] nam$ ,welby4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig #ig4--,,plate4 ,fig4 #ig4 ,a plate pa9t$ 9 bi/re camaeu ) ! ,discov]y ( ,cali/o by ,diana4 ,x has an elegant bord] 9 grey1 ) ri*ly gilt designs1 resembl+ ! gild+ ( ,vi5na4 ,date ab\t #ahjj4 ,,frank5?al4 ,paul ,hannong1 driv5 f ,/rassburg 9 #agec1 9 consequ5ce ( ! ,v9c5nes monopoly1 f\nd$ a manufactory "h 9 ! foll[+ ye> = h>d pa/e porcela92 he also made great quantities ( fay5ce1 usually decorat$ ) fl[]s1 z at ,/rassburg4 ,x 0 call$ ,pot]ie du ,rh94 ,,arn/adt 7,go?a74 ,a factory 0 e/abli%$ "h ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,a fay5ce jug1 pa9t$ 9 blue camaeu1 ) ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon1 col\r$ fl[]s on ! sides1 & a purple & gre5 *eck bord]1 is 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,,kiel 0 not$ = its fay5ce ab\t #aggj2 ! factory 0 "u ! direction ( ,j4 ,bu*wald1 :o _h be5 ma/] pott] at ,m>ieb]g1 #agfa to #agfe2 a few ye>s aft]1 probably 9 #agfg or #agfh1 he became director ( ! ,kiel manufactory4 ,! pa9t+s ( l&scapes & fl[]s 9 col\rs are well f9i%$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ih4--;,,bi%op',s ,,mitre ,,b[l4 ,,holl& ,,& ,,luxemburg ,,holl& ,delft1 a t[n betwe5 ! ,hague & ,rott]dam1 0 celebrat$ = its e>!nw>e at a v e>ly p]iod4 ,! exact date ( its comm5cem5t is n kn[n1 b !re is a record ( a c]ta9 ,h]man ,piet]sz1 a fay5ce mak]1 be+ m>ri$ 9 #aehd1 consequ5tly pott]y 0 be+ made 9 ! t[n t[>ds ! end ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,at ?is p]iod ! decorat$ ,dut* pott]y %[$ ,italian influ5ce 9 its design1 & x is record$ t a pa9t] on pott]y nam$ ,vroom /udi$ 8 art 9 ,italy4 ,aft] ! middle ( ! #ag? c5tury ! indu/ry increas$ rapidly1 & rea*$ its greate/ prosp]ity ab\t #afhj1 :5 !re 7 ab\t ?irty diff]5t factories1 & ! w>e 0 decorat$ by highly skill$ arti/s4 ,no "o 0 all[$ to e/abli% a factory unless he _h obta9$ a lic5ce f ! ,guild ( ,st4 ,luc4 ,to ?is p]iod belong fam\s pott]s1 su* z ,p4 ,j4 ,van ,kessel ( ,! ,metal ,pot2 ,abram de ,kooge ( ,! ,old ,moor's ,head1 :o decorat$ l&scapes 9 blue camaeu2 & ,albre*t de ,keiz]1 ) 8 two sons-9-law1 ,jacob & ,adrian ,pynak]1 ( ,! ,?ree ,porcela9 ,bottles1 :o 7 ! fir/ to imitate ori5tal porcela94 ,o!r pott]s ( note at ?is "t 7 ! ,e5horns1 fa!r & two sons1 ! ,kleftyns1 & ! five ,kams4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ii4--;,,cru*e4 ,by ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury1 ow+ to ! competition ( ,engli% pott]y1 ! ,delft indu/ry 0 already on ! wane4 ,9 #aghj ! factories 7 r$uc$ to "o half _! =m] numb]1 & by #ahjh only sev5 exi/$4 ,all ^! gradually succumb$1 & n[ only "o factory1 ,! ,old ,porcela9 ,bottle1 rema9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajj4--,,teapot4 ,! =ms ( ! ,delft w>e are v v>i$2 among o!r curi\s ef=ts ! pott]s produc$ musical in/rum5ts4 ,!re are f\r fay5ce viol9s extant1 all pa9t$ 9 blue camaeu1 ) figures 9 ,dut* co/ume ( ! #ag? c5tury1 danc+ & s++1 musicians & k]mess sc5es1 9 ! mann] ( ,g]>d ,lairesse1 ) cupids & ,r5aissance ornam5ts z bord]s4 ,! decorat$ pieces ( ,t] ,himpel51 al?\gh r>ely sign$1 are mu* priz$2 he pa9t$ fairs & m>9e subjects on squ>e plaques1 ab\t ! ye> #afej4 ,s also are ^? ( ,piet ,vise]1 a celebrat$ col\ri/1 :o fl\ri%$ ab\t #agej2 & ( ,van ,domela>1 :o pa9t$ ,*9ese l&scapes1 c41 ab\t #aehj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aja4--,,vase4 ,fig4 #ii1 a cru*e1 is pa9t$ 9 blue camaeu1 ) a musical p>ty1 9 ! co/ume ( ab\t #afgj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajb4--,,plate4 ,fig4 #ajj1 a teapot1 is pa9t$ 9 poly*rome ) ,*9ese l&scapes & fl[]s on a black gr\nd4 ,x has ! m>k ( ,l\wys ,fictoor4 ,late #ag? or e>ly #ah? c5tury4 ,fig4 #aja1 a vase1 is pa9t$ 9 blue ) fl[]s1 9 imitation ( a ,*9ese type4 ,! m>k ( ,ghisbre*t ,lambre*tse ,kruyk4 ,lat] half ( #ag? c5tury4 ,fig4 #ajb1 a plate pa9t$ ) figures 9 blue1 is "o ( a set ( twelve repres5t+ ! tobacco indu/ry4 ,,utre*t4 ,!re 0 a manufactory ( tiles "h1 f\nd$ 9 #agfj2 !y 7 decorat$ 9 blue or violet1 en camaeu1 9 imitation ( ,delft2 ! manufactory 0 clos$ 9 #ahee4 ,,am/]dam4 ,a ,g]man ,jew ( ,breslau1 nam$ ,h>tog1 kn[n z ,h>tog ,van ,laun1 & ano!r1 nam$ ,br&eis1 e/abli%$ a manufactory ( fay5ce ne> ! gate ( ,weesp1 at ,am/]dam4 ,! w>e is heavy1 n v arti/ic1 & usually 9 blue camaeu4 ,fig4 #ajc1 a fruit di%1 is pa9t$ 9 blue1 ) a man & woman seat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajc4--;,,di%4 ,,ov]toom4 ,a manufactory ( f9e fay5ce 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aged1 9 ! p>i% ( ,am/elve51 ne> ,am/]dam2 x la/$ t5 ye>s4 ,! ,b>ons ,van ,ha]5 & ,van ,pall& 7 ! proprietors1 & ,ariel ,blank]s 0 ! director4 ,! fay5ce1 ?\gh heavy1 0 ( a f9e :ite enamel & ( good =ms2 besides table & tea s]vices1 gr\ps ( birds1 modell$ f nature1 /atuettes1 c41 7 made4 ,,luxemburg ,an important fabrique 0 e/abli%$ at ,luxemburg by ! bro!rs ,bo*1 9 #agfg1 :o _h remov$ f ,audun le ,ri*e 9 ,france4 ,!y made v>i\s descriptions ( e>!nw>e1 z well z f9e fay5ce1 & l>gely imitat$ ! ,engli% ,que5's w>e4 ,,russia ,,& ,,sw$5 ,,russia ,,/4 ,,pet]sburg4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agjj1 ,pet] ! ,great1 dur+ 8 /ay at ,sa>dam1 induc$ "s pott]s ( ,delft to emigrate to ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 :]e he e/abli%$ a manufactory4 ,we h no in=mation on ! subject1 except a notice ( x 9 ! ,connaissances ,politiques1 ( ,beausobre1 publi%$ at ,riga 9 #aggc3 ,!re is also among ! porcela9 manufactories at ,/4 ,pet]sburg a fabrique ( fay5ce1 on ! o!r side ( ! ,neva1 :]e !y make e description ( vessels ( correct design & 9 good ta/e4 ,a private g5tleman ( ,revel has also e/abli%$ at 8 own co/1 ne> ?is city1 a fabrique ( fay5ce1 & has obta9$ pa9t]s & pott]s f ,g]many4 ,,sw$5 ,r,,r/r&1 a suburb ( ,/ockholm1 :]e a factory = e>!nw>e 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agbf4 ,! works 7 at fir/ "u ! direction ( ,jean ,wolf4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,c4 ,c4 ,hng]4 ,9 #aggb !y 7 manag$ by ,nord5/ople1 & lat] by ,gey]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajd4--;,,butt]boat4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m>ieb]g ,,fig4 #aje4--,,vase ,,& ,,cov]4 ,fig4 #ajd1 a butt]boat1 leaf-%ap$1 is pa9t$ ) fl[]s2 dat$ #agga4 ,,/ockholm is ! same manufactory z ,rr/r&1 b ! m>k 0 alt]$ :5 ! latt] t[n 0 unit$ to ! capital4 ,,m>ieb]g1 ne> ,/ockholm4 ,! second ,sw$i% pott]y 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agej1 on ! expiration ( ! monopoly ( ,rr/r&1 by ,m4 ,ehr5rei*1 "u ! patronage ( ,c\nt ,s*eff]1 ,c\ncillor ( ,/ate4 ,! fay5ce 0 some?+ l ,delft w>e1 & x 0 also ornam5t$ ) transf] pr9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajf4--,,plate4 ,fig4 #aje1 a vase & cov]1 is col\r$ 9 relief2 date ab\t #aggj4 ,fig4 #ajf1 a plate ) pi]c$ bord]1 has a %ield ( arms & fl[]s2 dat$ #agfh4 ,,cont95tal ,,porcela9 ,porcela9 has ?is di/+ui%+ *>act]i/ic1 t :5 held up to a /rong light x appe>s transluc5t1 unlike fay5ce1 :i* is p]fectly opaque4 ,its fracture is h>d & :ite int]nally1 l a brok5 piece ( alaba/]4 ,porcela9 ( s(t pa/e has ! appe>ance ( an unctu\s :ite enamel l cream2 x is also to ! t\* ( a s(t1 w>m1 & soapy nature1 some?+ l ! surface ( f9e fay5ce4 ,! pte t5dre is also s(t 9 ano!r s5se1 be+ unable to be> s great a degree ( heat 9 ! furnace z h>d porcela94 ,! s(t pa/e may1 !re=e1 be easily cut or scrat*$ ) a /eel po9t or a file1 :i* w\ld h no effect ^u ! h>d pa/e2 x is consequ5tly liable to become mu* scrat*$ by frequ5t use4 ,! h>d pa/e or true porcela9 is ( ! :it5ess ( milk2 x feels to ! t\* ( a h>d & cold nature1 & is some:at heavi] ?an ! s(t2 und]nea? ! plates & o!r pieces ! rim or edge is left unpoli%$1 or )\t glaze4 ,! pa9t+ ^u porcela9 is execut$ aft] ! w>e has be5 bak$4 ,:il/ 9 a biscuit /ate1 ! piece to be pa9t$ is dipp$ into a dilut$ glaze2 x readily absorbs ! wat]1 leav+ on ! surface a ?9 coat+ ( compon5ts :i* quickly dries into a solid %ell1 uni=mly ?ick ov] all its p>ts1 & suffici5tly firm to be> h&l+ )\t be+ rubb$ (f dur+ removal into ! segg> or case :i* protects x 9 ! kiln4 ,! amateur mu/ be ^u 8 gu>d 9 collect+ porcela91 & n place too mu* reliance on ! m>ks :i* he may f9d ^u ! w>e4 ,:5 ! m>k is n ind5t$ on ! pa/e1 or bak$ ) ! porcela9 :5 at its greate/ heat 7au gr& feu71 x gives no gu>antee ( its g5u95ess4 ,! m>k 0 ne>ly always affix$ be=e glaz+4 ,x is necess>y 9 =m+ a correct judgm5t ( ! au!nticity ( a piece ( valuable *9a1 su* z ,svres1 t _m ?+s be tak5 into consid]ation3 ,fir/1 above all x is mo/ important to be satisfi$ :e!r ! porcela9 be ( h>d or s(t pa/e1 & :e!r su* description ( pa/e 0 made at ! p>ticul> epo* repres5t$ by ! m>k2 !n1 if ! decoration be 9 keep+ ) ! /yle adopt$ at ! "t indicat$1 ! col\rs1 ! f9i%1 & v>i\s o!r indicia mu/ also be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,,italy ,,flor5ce4 ,! fir/ successful attempt 9 ,europe to imitate porcela9 0 made at ,flor5ce z e>ly z #aehj1 "u ! auspices ( ,francesco ,i4 de' ,m$ici1 b x 0 n s h>d z t ( ,*9a2 t is to say1 x 0 n compos$ ( kaol9 & petuntse1 b 0 a s(t pa/e & transluc5t1 :i* is "o ( ! pr9cipal te/s ( porcela94 ,= "s reason1 ! manufacture ( ?is porcela9 0 ab&on$ aft] ! dea? ( ! inv5tor4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajg4--;,,cruet4 ,fig4 #ajg1 a cruet = oil & v9eg>1 has scroll ornam5t 9 blue2 on ei!r sp\t ,a & ,o 7,aceto & ,olio74 ,ab\t #afjj4 ,fig4 #ajh1 a b[l1 is pa9t$ inside & out ) blue fl[]s4 ,ab\t #afjj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ajh4--;,,b[l4 ,,doccia4 ,! manufactory 0 f\nd$ 9 #agce by ! ,m>quis ,c>lo ,g9ori1 contemporane\sly ) ! manufactory at ,svres4 ,ab\t #agfj x rose to great importance1 & l>ge gr\ps 7 execut$ f ! models ( ! mo/ celebrat$ sculptors4 ,9 #ahba ! m\lds ( ! ,capo di ,monte porcela9 7 transf]r$ to ,doccia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aji4--,,teapot4 ,ab\t #ahfj ! fabrication ( ! imitative ,capo di ,monte w>e ( ! #ah? c5tury1 9 col\r$ mezzo-rilievo1 0 br\ght to great p]fection1 z well z ! successful imitation ( ! maiolica ( ,xanto & ,mae/ro ,giorgio ( ! #af? c5tury1 by ! inv5tion & introduction ( metallic lu/res 9 ! col\r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaj4--;,,bas94 ,fig4 #aji1 a teapot1 is pa9t$ ) fl[]s & purple bord]4 ,fig4 #aaj1 a bas91 has a b& ( fl[]s 9 relief4 ,diamet] #e-a_/b 94 ,,naples--,,capo ,,di ,,monte4 ,?is manufactory 0 f\nd$ by ,*>les ,,iii4 9 #agcf4 ,x is consid]$ ( native orig91 z ! art1 :i* 0 kept s pr(\nd a secret 9 ,dresd51 c\ld1 at t e>ly p]iod1 h sc>cely _h "t to be introduc$ "h1 & ! "* ( its productions are also ess5tially diff]5t4 ,! k+ himself took great int]e/ 9 x1 & is said to h work$ occasionally 9 ! manufactory4 ,! beautiful ,capo di ,monte s]vices & gr\ps 9 col\r$ relief are ( ! second p]iod1 circa #agfj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaa4--,,vase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aab4--,,sauc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aac4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aad4--;,,c(fee-,,pot4 ,fig4 #aaa1 a vase1 has gre5 ornam5ts1 on gold gr\nd1 & m$allions ( figures4 ,fig4 #aab1 a sauc]1 be>s a portrait ( ,f]d9& ,,iv4 & leg5d4 ,fig4 #aac1 a cup & sauc]1 is pa9t$ ) l&scape & figures4 ,fig4 #aad1 a c(fee-pot1 has classical subjects4 ,,treviso4 ,!re 0 a manufactory ( s(t porcela9 probably e/abli%$ t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 c>ri$ on by ! bro!rs ,giuseppe & ,&rea ,fontebasso4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aae4--;,,cuelle4 ,fig4 #aae1 an cuelle1 ) blue gr\nd1 has gold fret bord]s & oval m$allions ( ,italian build+s1 l&scapes1 & figures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aaf4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,fig4 #aaf1 ! cup is pa9t$ ) a g>d5 sc5e1 ) a man & woman hold+ fl[]s1 ! =m] also hold+ a bird1 ! latt] a cage4 ,,tur9--,,v9ovo4 ,vittorio ,am$eo ,gioanetti e/abli%$ a manufactory ( porcela9 at ,v9ovo or ,v9euf 9 #aggj4 ,attempts 9 ?is direction _h be5 previ\sly made1 b !y 7 unsuccessful1 & x 0 n until ,gioanetti appli$ himself to ! manufacture t x succe$$4 ,! w>e 0 not$ = its f9e gra9 & ! :it5ess ( its glaze1 z well z = ! col\rs employ$ 9 its decoration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aag4--;,,cuelle4 ,fig4 #aag1 an cuelle1 is ornam5t$ 9 gold1 ) initials & ! ,royal ,arms4 ,,v5ice4 ,porcela9 ( s(t pa/e 0 made "h probably ab\t #agbj4 ,! ,casa eccell5tissima ,vezzi 0 f\nd$ by ,francesco ,vezzi1 a goldsmi? ( ,v5ice4 ,he inve/$ ! sum ( #cj1jjj ducats 9 a porcela9 company1 among/ ^: %>ehold]s 7 ,luca ,mantovani & o!rs4 ,! site ( ! ,vezzi manufactory ( porcela9 0 at ,s4 ,nicolo 9 ,v5ice4 ,h[ long aft] ,vezzi's dea? x 0 c>ri$ on does n appe>1 b judg+ f ! /atem5ts made to ! ,s5ate 9 #agfe1 x did n long survive him1 & ! secret ( 8 process = mak+ porcela9 _h evid5tly n be5 disclos$4 ,mat]ials = mak+ porcela9 7 to be obta9$ 9 ! ,v5etian dom9ions1 b n su* z to produce ! h>d or ,ori5tal porcela92 !y 7 !re=e procur$ f ,saxony1 z 7 probably also "s ( ! workm51 :i* w acc\nt = ! fact t ! ,casa eccell5tissima ,vezzi produc$ bo? h>d & s(t pa/e4 ,! pieces made at ! ,vezzi manufactory are pa9t$ ) masqu]ades1 grotesque ,*9ese figures & decorations 9 relief1 fl[]s1 birds1 arabesques1 & geometrical patt]ns & col\rs1 /atuettes1 c41 especially 9 ! ,v5etian r$ :i* p]vades all ! decorations1 ! h&les1 bord]s1 & m\ld+s be+ sometimes cov]$ ) silv] or plat9um1 produc+ ! effect ( oxidis$ metal m\nt+s4 ,ano!r /rik+ peculi>ity 9 ! decoration ( porcela9 ( ?is p]iod is a bord] ( black or col\r$ diap] "w =m$ by cross$ l9es1 hav+ 9 ! int]/ices small gilt po9ts or crosses bord]$ by scrolls4 ,^! specim5s are mo/ly ( h>d pa/e 9 ! =m ( b[ls1 plates1 ture5s1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aah4--,,vase ,,& ,,cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aai4--,,vase4 ,cozzi p]iod4 ,height #ag 94 ,a beautiful example ( ?is porcela9 is repres5t$ 9 ,fig4 #aah1 a vase & cov] ( h>d pa/e pa9t$ 9 lake camaeu1 height5$ by gold1 ) a cont9u\s l&scape2 ! peculi> bord]1 notic$ above1 ) m>ks & int]lac$ b&s1 is %[n on ! cov]2 ! edges1 knob1 & flut+s are rais$ & plat$ ) silv] or plat9um4 ,aft] ! ,vezzi manufactory _h ceas$ to exi/ we h no docum5ts to prove t any ef=ts 7 made to introduce ! manufacture ( porcela9 into ,v5ice until ,decemb] #ageg1 :5 a petition 0 pres5t$ to ! ,v5etian ,college by ,fr$]ick ,hewelcke ,co41 :o /at$ t ! sale introduc$ & direct$ by !m 9 ,dresd5 ( ,saxon porcela9 _h be5 c>ri$ on 9 a v fl\ri%+ mann]1 b t 9 consequ5ce ( ! !n exi/+ w> 7! ,sev5 ,ye>s' ,w>1 :i* comm5c$ 9 #agef71 !y _h be5 oblig$ to ab&on ,saxony & to seek refuge 9 a =eign c\ntry4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,m>* #ageh1 a decree grant$ to ! ,hewelckes ! privileges !y _h reque/$4 ,x seems t ! und]tak+ prov$ ev5tually to be un=tunate1 & at ! t]m9ation ( t w>1 :i* _h br\ght !m to ,v5ice1 !y return$ to _! native c\ntry4 ,9 #agfe1 ! ,s5ate grant$ to ,gim9iano ,cozzi1 9 ! ,contrada di ,san ,giobbe1 ,v5ice1 protection & pecuni>y assi/ance 9 c>ry+ out a manufacture ( porcela94 ,cozzi's fir/ ef=ts 7 direct$ t[>ds ! imitation ( ! ,ori5tal w>e2 & a v l>ge trade 0 c>ri$ on by him = ne>ly fifty ye>s4 ,he produc$ /atuettes 9 biscuit1 9 glaz$ :ite porcela91 & col\r$ gr\ps1 vases1 c4 ,! gild+ on ,cozzi's porcela9 is especially f9e1 ! pure gold ( ! sequ9 hav+ be5 us$ 9 its decoration4 ,! manufactory ceas$ to exi/ 9 #ahab4 ,,nove4 ,! manufacture ( porcela9 at ,nove may be trac$ back z f> z ! #ab? ,janu>y #ageb1 :5 ,pasqual ,antonibon br\ght f ,dresd5 a c]ta9 ,sigismund ,fis*] to con/ruct a furnace = mak+ porcela9 9 ! ,saxon /yle4 ,f ?is "t =w>d he cont9u$ 8 exp]im5ts1 & mu/ h made great progress 9 ! art1 = 9 ,febru>y #agfa he _h ?ree furnaces1 ( :i* "o 0 = ,saxon 7ad uso di ,sassonia71 ! o!r two = ,fr5* porcela9 7ad uso di ,francia74 ,9 #agfb1 ,antonibon submitt$ specim5s ( 8 porcela9 to ! ,bo>d ( ,trade1 & petition$ t ! pat5t rights :i* _h be5 conc$$ to ,hewelcke %\ld be ext5d$ to him4 ,at t "t1 ! report /ates1 ,antonibon _h at ,nove a manufactory1 ri* 9 build+s1 ma*9]y1 & tools4 ,! capital emb>k$ 9 x 0 e/imat$ at #hj1jjj ducats1 & s great 0 ! sale ( 8 products t he gave employm5t to #aej m5 & _! families1 9 addition to #ajj p employ$ 9 8 retail bus9ess1 c>ri$ on at 8 ?ree %ops 9 ,v5ice4 ,?is ext5sive manufactory 01 h[ev]1 pr9cipally = maiolica4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abj4--;,,j>d9i,,re4 ,by ,,antonibon4 ,on ! #g? ,april #agfc1 a decree 0 made 9 8 fav\r2 & he appe>s to h set e>ne/ly to "w 9 8 manufacture ( porcela94 ,8 competitor1 ,hewelcke1 %ortly aft] des]t$ ,v5ice2 b he _h a m =midable rival 9 ,gim9iano ,cozzi1 :o obta9$ a decree = mak+ porcela9 9 #agfe1 9 :i* ,pasqual ,antonibon's manufacture is notic$1 ! ,s5ate decl>+ x to be ! duty ( ! magi/rate to make su* arrangem5ts z w\ld lead to an amicable und]/&+ betwe5 ! rival manufactur]s & _! workm54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aba4--,,vase4 ,pasqual ,antonibon & 8 son ,giovanni ,batti/a cont9u$ ! fabrication ( porcela9 until ! #f? ,febru>y #agha1 :5 !y ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,signor ,p>ol9i4 ,! same manufacture1 con sommo onore dell'arte1 0 cont9u$ by !m until ! #f? ,febru>y #ahjb1 :5 x 0 leas$ to ,giovanni ,b>oni1 :o produc$ "s v *>m+ pieces bo? 9 =m & decoration2 b 9 a few ye>s1 f be+ badly conduct$1 x began to fall (f1 & by degrees x w5t to decay & 0 ab&on$4 ,! ,fabbrica ,b>oni1 h[ev]1 l+]$ on = m ?an tw5ty ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abb4--,,vase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abc4--,,milk-,,pot4 ,an example ( ! ,b>oni fabrique1 9 porcela91 ) female figure h&les1 & pa9t$ ) classical subjects1 is giv54 7,see ,fig4 #aba47 ,on #ba/ ,may #ahbe1 ! old firm ( ,pasqual ,antonibon & ,sons resum$ ! works1 ! actual proprietors be+ ,gio4 ,batt4 ,antonibon & 8 son ,francesco2 !y cont9u$ ! manufacture ( porcela9 until #ahce1 b all _! ef=ts to su/a9 x 7 ineffectual2 !y c\ld n compete ) ! porcela9 manufactories ( ,france & ,g]many1 s !y 7 compell$ to ab&on ! factory4 ,,spa9 ,,madrid--,,bu5 ,,retiro4 ,?is manufactory 7,s(t ,pa/e71 call$ ,la ,*9a1 0 f\nd$ by ,*>les ,,iii4 9 #agei1 9 ! g>d5s atta*$ to 8 palace1 ,,el ,,bu5 ,,retiro1 at ,madrid4 ,x 0 organis$ by workm5 :om he br\ght ) him f ,naples4 ,! e>ly w>e produc$ "h consequ5tly resembles t ( ,capo di ,monte4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abd4--;,,gr\p4 ,! royal manufactory 0 tak5 possession ( by ! ,fr5*1 & ! place conv]t$ into a =tification1 :i* surr5d]$ 9 #ahab to ! ,duke ( ,well+ton4 ,x 0 subsequ5tly bl[n up by ,"l ,hill :5 ! misconduct or p]fidy ( ,balla/]os compell$ him to evacuate ,madrid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abe4--,,vase4 ,height #bb 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abf4--,,vase4 ,) sc5es f ,don ,quixote4 ,height #ag 94 ,f]d9& ,,vii41 on 8 re/oration1 recreat$ ,la ,*9a1 at ,la ,man*a1 once a villa ( ! ,alva family on ! ,manzan>es2 b ?is factory also has ceas$ to exi/1 at lea/ z reg>ds arti/ic m]it4 ,,alcora4 ,! ,comte de ,laborde1 9 8 ,view ( ,spa91 9 #ahjh1 says1 ,on ne fait de ,porcela9e 7en ,espagne7 qu' ,alcora et ,madrid3 celle d',alcora e/ trs commune1 on en fait trs peu4 ,9 confirmation ( ?is ass]tion ,m4 ,*as4 ,davilli]1 on a visit to ,spa91 saw an engrav+ ( a furnace = bak+ porcela9 ) ?is inscription3 ,modele de f\r p\r la porsel5e naturele1 fait p> ,haly p\r ,m4 le ,comte d',ar&a ,alcora1 #bi ,ju9 #agef4 ,! works are also notic$ by ,don ,antonio ,ponz1 ,viaje de ,espaa1 9 #agic4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abg4--,,plaque4 ,,g]many ,,dresd54 ,! celebrat$ porcela9 manufactory at ,dresd51 or r at ,meiss5 79 its vic9ity71 0 e/abli%$ by ,augu/us ,,ii41 ,elector ( ,saxony1 = ! manufacture ( true porcela91 t is1 h>d pa/e4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,ts*irnhaus & ,btt*] comm5c$ ab\t #agjf1 & to ! latt] is attribut$ ! inv5tion ( h>d pa/e4 ,8 fir/ attempt 0 a r$ w>e1 l jasp]1 :i* 0 cut & poli%$ by ! lapid>y1 & ornam5t$ by gild+2 x 0 a f9e /onew>e1 hav+ ! opacity1 gra91 & t\ghness ( pott]y4 ,lat]1 ,btt*] succe$$ 9 discov]+ ! mode ( mak+ true porcela9 by ! accid5tal detection ( ! kaol9 necess>y = ! purpose4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is important discov]y1 ,augu/us ,,ii4 e/abli%$ ! great manufactory at ,meiss51 ( :i* ,btt*] 0 appo9t$ ,director 9 #agaj1 & ab\t #agae he succe$$ 9 mak+ a f9e :ite porcela94 ,! fir/ decorations ^u ?is w>e 7 v imp]fect1 consi/+ ( a blue col\r "u ! glaze1 9 imitation ( ,nank9 blue porcela94 ,x 0 "u ,horoldt's direction1 9 #agbj1 t pa9t+s ( a sup]ior "*1 accompani$ by gild+1 & m$allions ( ,*9ese figures 7 introduc$1 & magnific5t s]vices complet$4 ,9 #agca1 ,kndl]1 a sculptor1 sup]9t5d$ ! modell+ ( animals1 gr\ps1 vases1 c41 :ile o!r arti/s pa9t$ birds1 insects1 & copies ( pa9t+s pr9cipally ( ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,! be/ productions emanat$ f ! ,dresd5 manufactory f #agca to #agef4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abh4--,,vase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #abi4--,,sucri]1 ,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,et*$ by ,,bus*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acj4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,( ! ,m>col9i p]iod1 ) gros bleu gr\nd4 ,kndl] modell$ m5 & animals ( ! natural size1 z well z peacocks1 h]ons1 pelicans1 & o!r birds4 ,among ! pieces produc$ ab\t ?is "t by1 or "u ! direction (1 ,kndl]1 at ,meiss5 0 ,c\nt ,bruhl's tailor m\nt$ ^u a goat1 ) all ! implem5ts ( 8 trade ab\t him4 ,?is va9 man _h a great desire t 8 lik5ess %\ld be execut$ 9 porcela9 at ! royal manufactory1 & 8 reque/ 0 compli$ )1 b probably n 9 su* a way z to gratify 8 vanity1 = n only ! tailor b 8 wife 7 ?us immortalis$1 a]e p]5nius1 9 porcela94 ,9 #aged ,dietri* became ,director1 & he 0 succe$$ 9 #agif by ,m>col9i1 ^: beautiful productions are well kn[n4 ,porcela9 ( 8 p]iod is always di/+ui%$ by a /> und]nea? cross$ swords4 ,9 spite ( ! precautions tak5 at ,meiss5 to prev5t ! secret becom+ kn[n--! p5alty be+ dea?1 or p]petual imprisonm5t 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,knig/e9--"s workm5 escap$ to reveal x else:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aca4--,,vase ,,& ,,cov]4 ,pa9t$ ) views ( public build+s 9 ,dresd54 ,! :ite ,meiss5 porcela9 0 sometimes ornam5t$ by private p]sons1 especially by a ,b>on ,bus*1 ,canon ( ,hilde%eim1 :o 0 ! only p]son possess$ ( ! secret ( engrav+ ) a diamond on *9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acb4--;,,bu/ ,,( ,a ,,girl4 ,:ite porcela94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acc4--,,teapot ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,p9k gr\nd1 pa9t$ ) l&scapes & figures4 ,,b]l94 ,?is manufactory = ,h>d ,pa/e 0 e/abli%$ by ,wilhelm ,casp> ,wegeli 9 #agea1 9 ! ,neue ,fri$ri*s/rasse4 ,x 0 c>ri$ on = ab\t t5 ye>s1 b x nev] remun]at$ ! orig9ator1 & he ab&on$ x 9 #agfa1 :5 ,gottsk[ski1 a celebrat$ bank]1 became ! pur*as]1 & remov$ ! works to ,leipzig] ,/rasse2 assi/$ by 8 capital1 !y 7 br\ght to great p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acd4--;,,gr\p4 ,9 pla9 :ite4 ,wegeli p]iod4 ,height #i 94 ,johann ,ern/ ,gottsk[ski obta9$ ! secret ( porcela9 f ,ern/ ,he9ri* ,ri*>d1 :o _h be5 employ$ by ,wegeli4 ,gottsk[ski did n p]sonally manage ! manufactory1 b plac$ x "u ! managem5t ( ! ,commission] ,grun5g]1 :i* l$ to 8 employm5t f ! ye> #agfc to #aghf z ! head ( ! royal porcela9 manufactory at ,b]l94 ,9 #agfc1 ,gottsk[ski gave up to ! k+ ! :ole ( 8 factory ( porcela91 receiv+ #bbe1jjj doll>s1 & ent]+ into a contract = ! sale ( 8 secrets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ace4--;,,gr\p4 ,wegeli p]iod4 ,height #f-c_/d 94 ,) a view to enc\rag+ ! manufacture 9 8 k+dom1 ! k+ made pres5ts ( sup]b s]vices ( ,b]l9 *9a to sev]al ,g]man pr9ces 9 ! ye> #agff4 ,:5 ,fr$]ick ! ,great occupi$ ,dresd51 9 ! sev5 ye>s' w>1 he expatriat$ _m ( ! be/ modell]s & pa9t]s to =m 8 royal manufactory2 among ^! 7 ,mey]1 ,klipsel1 & ,bhme4 ,! k+ also transport$ great quantities ( ! clay & a portion ( ! collection4 ,indep5d5tly ( ?is1 & ! bett] to insure employm5t = ! five hundr$ p]sons engag$ 9 ! processes1 he re/rict$ ! ,jews resid5t 9 any "p ( 8 dom9ions f ent]+ into ! m>riage /ate1 until ea* man _h obta9$ a c]tificate f himself1 :i* 0 only grant$ on ! production ( a v\*] f ! ,director ( ! manufactory t porcela9 to a giv5 am\nt _h be5 pur*as$1 & t !re 0 reasonable cause = grant+ ! indulg5ce4 ,( c\rse ! ,jews m readily dispos$ ( _! pur*ases ?an ! g5]al deal]s1 & ! device 0 att5d$ ) fav\rable results4 ,to insure ! success ( ! e/abli%m5t & ext5d its op]ations1 ,fr$]ick embrac$ e opportunity t 0 pres5t$2 & x 0 s well support$ t 9 #aggf sev5 hundr$ m5 7 con/antly employ$1 & x is said t ?ree ?\s& pieces ( porcela9 7 made daily4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acf4--,,milk-,,pot1 ,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,9 #agfi an ord] 0 publi%$ p]mitt+ a lott]y company to pur*ase annually to ! am\nt ( #ij1jjj doll>s4 ,ab\t #ahgb1 ! ,b]l9 ,royal ,porcela9 ,manufactory 0 work+ sev5 kilns1 & employ+ ?ree hundr$ workm52 ! annual produce am\nt$ on an av]age to half a million f9i%$ articles1 value #aej1jjj ,prussian doll>s4 ,! sup]9t5d5ce 0 entru/$ to ,h]r ,kolbe 7:o succe$$ ,h]r ,frick 9 ! direction71 "u :om 7 ,dr4 ,eisn] z *emi/1 ,h]r ,mantel z ma/] modell]1 & ,h]r ,loos*5 z head pa9t]4 ,h,,*/1 a t[n situat$ on ! ,ma91 & n[ 9 ,nassau1 belong$ to ! ,electors ( ,ma9z4 ,a manufactory 0 f\nd$ 9 #agdf by ,j4 ,c4 ,gltz & ,j4 ,f4 ,cl>us1 two m]*ants ( ,frank=t1 assi/$ by ,a4 von ,lw5f9ck1 b !y 7 unsuccessful1 & call$ 9 ,r+l]1 ( ,vi5na1 :o _h escap$ f ! manufactory4 ,dur+ ! ,electorate ( ,johann ,fri$ri* ,k>l1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,ma9z1 _! porcela9 rank$ among ! fir/ 9 ,europe4 ,ab\t #agfj ! celebrat$ modell] ,mel*ior 0 engag$1 & "s v elegant /atuettes & designs = vases1 c41 7 produc$4 ,mel*ior left ! manufactory ab\t #aghe1 & 8 successor1 ,ries1 0 n s skilful1 & all 8 figures hav+ disproportionate heads1 ! s-call$ ?ick-head p]iod comm5c$4 ,*ri/ian ,gottlieb ,kuntze 0 ano!r celebrat$ work] 9 ?is fabrique4 ,on ! invasion ( ! ,fr5* "u ,g5]al ,cu/9e 9 #agid1 all ! mat]ials 7 sold by auction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #acg4--,,lamp-,,/&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ach4--,,tray ,,& ,,sucri]4 ,,frank5?al1 9 ,bav>ia4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #aged1 by ,paul ,hannong1 :o1 hav+ discov]$ ! secret ( h>d porcela91 (f]$ x to ! royal manufactory at ,svres1 b ! au?orities n agree+ z to ! price1 ! (f] 0 decl9$1 & !y comm5c$ p]secut+ him--= 9 t ye> a decree =bade ! mak+ ( transluc5t w>e 9 ,france except at ,svres--& ,hannong 0 compell$ to g to ,frank5?al1 leav+ 8 fay5ce manufactory at ,/rassburg 9 *>ge ( 8 sons4 ,9 #agfa ! factory 0 pur*as$ by ! ,elector ,c>l ,!odore1 & x atta9$ great celebrity1 :i* x ma9ta9$ until he became ,elector ( ,bav>ia1 9 #aggg4 ,x !n decl9$1 & all ! /ock & ut5sils 7 sold 9 #ahjj & remov$ to ,gre9/adt4 ,! foll[+ *ronogram d5otes ! ye> #agge3-- ,,v>iantibvs ,,floscvlis ,,div]si ,,colores ,,fabric ,,svb ,,revivisc5tis ,,solis ,,hvivs ,,radiis ,,exvltantis ,,9,,frank5?al /> ,x occurs on a porcela9 plate1 ,fig4 #aci1 hav+ 9 ! c5tre ! initials ( ,c>l ,!odore1 int]lac$ & cr[n$1 )9 a gold /> ( flam+ rays2 radiat+ f ?is are ?irty divisions1 & on ! bord] ?irty m1 all numb]$ & pa9t$ ) small b\quets1 en camaeu1 ( all ! v>i\s %ades ( col\r employ$ 9 ! manufactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aci4--,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adj4--;,a ,d,,jeun] ,,s]vice4 ,,neudeck1 on ! ,au1 & ,,nymph5burg4 ,?is factory 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agdg1 by a pott] nam$ ,ni$]may]4 ,graf von ,ha9%aus5 became its patron 9 #aged1 & 9 #agef he s5t = ,r+l]1 :o organis$ ! e/abli%m5t1 & x 0 !n plac$ "u ! protection ( ! ,elector ,maximilian ,joseph4 ,on ! dea? ( 8 successor1 ,c>l ,!odore1 9 #agii1 ! ,frank5?al manufactory 0 ab&on$1 & transf]r$ to ,nymph5burg1 :i* is /ill a royal e/abli%m5t1 & well support$4 ,! pieces are manufactur$ 9 :ite at ,nymph5burg1 b *iefly decorat$ at ,muni* & else:]e2 t is ! reason :y on ! same piece ! ,nymph5burg m>k is frequ5tly f\nd impress$1 ) ! m>k ( "s o!r factory pa9t$ 9 col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ada4--,,tank>d4 ,fig4 #ada1 m\ld$ 9 relief & pa9t$ ) fl[]s2 m>ks1 ! coat ( ,bav>ia1 #agfe 9 gold1 two leaves & ,i4 ,a4 ,h4 9 gre52 height #g-a_/d 94 ,fig4 #adb1 pa9t$ 9 col\rs2 m>ks1 ! coat ( arms ( ,bav>ia1 & ,a incis$2 diamet] #c-a_/d 94 & #e-a_/d 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adb4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adc4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,,anspa*1 a t[n :i* belong$ to ! ,m>graves ( ,anspa* & is n[ 9 ,bav>ia4 ,!re 0 a factory "h ab\t #agfj4 ,fig4 #adc is pa9t$ ) figures 9 col\r2 sign$ ,s*elk1 p9x42 m>k ,a 9 blue2 diamet] #c ins4 & #e-a_/d 94 ,,bayreu? 0 "u ! same rul]s z ,anspa*1 & is n[ also 9 ,bav>ia4 ,!re 0 a manufactory "h 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 b little appe>s to be kn[n respect+ x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #add4--;,,cup4 ,fig4 #add is pa9t$ 9 col\rs1 & gilt inside2 m>k1 ,metzs* #agdh ,bayr2 diamet] #b-c_/d 94 ,,kel/]ba*1 9 ,hesse4 ,a manufactory = pott]y 0 f\nd$ "h ab\t #ageh1 :]e lat] porcela9 0 also made4 ,! works only la/$ ab\t sixte5 ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ade4--;,,h>lequ94 ,fig4 #ade is pa9t$ 9 col\rs2 m>k1 ,h4 ,d4 "u a cr[n1 9 blue2 height #f-c_/d 94 ,,?ur+ia4 ,9 ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury a numb] ( small porcela9 factories sprang up 9 ?is di/rict4 ,x is said t !y owe _! orig9 to a *emi/ nam$ ,ma*eleid1 :o discov]$ by accid5t a deposit ( kaol91 & obta9$ p]mission f ! ,pr9ce ( ,s*w>zburg to e/abli% a factory at ,,sitz5roda1 :i* 9 #agfb 0 remov$ to ,volk/$t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adf4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,diam4 #b-c_/d 94 & #e-c_/d 94 ,,clo/]1 or ,,klo/]1 ,,veilsdorf1 or ,,volk/$t4 ,! porcela9 manufactory ( ,sitz5roda 0 transf]r$ to ,volk/$t1 9 ,?ur+ia1 9 #agfb1 :]e x 0 f>m$ by a m]*ant nam$ ,nonne1 ( ,erfurt1 :o greatly enl>g$ & improv$ ! works4 ,ab\t ! ye> #aggj x 0 c>ri$ on by ,gre9]4 ,9 #agie m ?an #abj workm5 7 employ$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adg4--,,teapot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adh4--,,tray4 ,fig4 #adh is m\ld$ 9 rococo /yle1 & pa9t$ ) fl[]s2 m>k1 %ield ( ,saxe-,me9+5 betwe5 ,c4 ,v42 l5g? #ab-a_/b 94 ,,rudol/adt4 ,! factory at ,volk/$t 0 aft]w>ds remov$ to ,rudol/adt1 ne> ,j5a4 ,got!lf ,gre9] _h ! direction ( sev]al ( ! o!r ,?ur+ian manufactories2 he di$ 9 #agig4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #adi4--,,milk-,,pot ,,& ,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,,fulda1 9 ,hesse4 ,a factory 0 e/abli%$ "h ab\t #agfc by ,arn&us1 ,pr9ce-,bi%op ( ,fulda1 = ! manufacture ( porcela94 ,! be/ arti/s 7 employ$1 & _m gr& vases1 figures1 & s]vices ( a f9e :ite pa/e & h&somely decorat$ 7 produc$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aej4--;,a ,,peasant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aea4--;,a ,,peasant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeb4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aec4--;,,c(fee-,,pot4 ,f,,r/5b]g4 ,9 ,brunswick1 e/abli%$ 9 #agej1 by ! help ( ,b5graf1 :o came f ,h*/2 he di$ ! same ye>1 & ,b>on von ,lang1 a di/+ui%$ *emi/1 und]took ! direction ( ! works1 "u ! patronage ( ,c>l1 ,duke ( ,brunswick4 ,! manufactory 0 c>ri$ on by ! ,gov]nm5t up to ! middle ( la/ c5tury4 ,fig4 #aed1 a bu/ ( ,augu/a1 ,du*ess ( ,brunswick1 gr&-daught] ( ,k+ ,george ,,ii41 is 9 :ite biscuit2 m>k1 ,f 9 blue1 a runn+ horse1 & ,w2 height #bj-a_/b 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aed4--;,,bu/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aee--,,m$allions4 ,9 :ite biscuit4 ,fig4 #aee4 ,portraits ( ,o4 ,d4 ,beckmann & ,a4 ,l4 ,s*ltz]2 m>k$ ) a runn+ horse & ,f2 l5g? #b-g_/h 94 ,,ludwigsburg1 9 ,wrtemb]g4 ,e/abli%$ by ,j4 ,j4 ,r+l] 9 #ageh1 "u ! patronage ( ,c>l ,eug5e1 ! reign+ duke4 ,x 0 celebrat$ = ! excell5ce ( its productions & ! f9e pa9t+s on its vases & s]vices1 z well z = its excell5t gr\ps4 ,?is factory ceas$ 9 #ahbd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aef4--;,,*ocolate-,,pot4 ,fig4 #aef is pa9t$ ) figures ( ,hope & ,music 9 panels2 m>k1 d\ble ,c "u a cr[n1 9 blue2 height #e-a_/d 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeg4--;,,c(fee-,,pot4 ,fig4 #aeg is pa9t$ 9 lake camaeu1 ) a l&scape & build+s aft] ,claude1 & has a gilt1 arabesque & scroll bord]4 ,,reg5sburg1 or ,,ratisbon4 ,?is factory 0 e/abli%$ ab\t #agfj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aeh4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,,grossbreit5ba*4 ,a factory 0 e/abli%$ "h ab\t #aggj by ,gre9]4 ,! dem& = 8 porcela9 0 s great1 t n be+ able to enl>ge 8 works at ,limba*1 he />t$ ?is z well z ,veilsdorf & ,volk/$t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aei4--,,milk-,,pot4 ,fig4 #aei is grey blue w>e 9 imitation ( ,w$gwood1 ) classical gr\p 9 :ite relief1 be>+ a wrea? ) ! cyph] ,f4 ,g4 ,c4 "u a cr[n2 m>ks1 ,breit5ba* et ,limba*1 & ,grub]2 height #d 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,limba* ,,fig4 #afj4--,,sucri]1 ,,cov]1 ,,& ,,/&4 ,,limba*1 ,saxe-,me9+54 ,?is manufactory 0 also "u ! direction ( ,got!lf ,gre9]4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ ab\t #agfb4 ,fig4 #afj is pa9t$ ) fl[]s2 m>k1 two lett]s ,l cross$2 diamet]s #d-g_/h & #h-a_/d 94 ,,g]a4 ,a manufactory 0 f\nd$ "h ab\t #aghj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afa4--,,sug> ,,bas94 ,fig4 #afa is pa9t$ ) fe/oons ( p9k fl[]s2 m>k1 ,g 9 blue2 height #f-a_/d 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afb4--;,,cup1 ,,cov]1 ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,fig4 #afb is gra9$ 9 imitation ( oak1 ) m$allions pa9t$ ) views1 ,s*loss aus dem ,kohl5h(e on cup1 & ,lau*/a$t vor dem ,brunn5 on sauc]2 sign$1 ,rhlig ,fec2 m>k1 ,g 9 blue2 diamet]s #c & #e-a_/d 94 ,,bad5-,,bad54 ,a porcela9 manufactory 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agec by ! wid[ ,sp]l & workm5 f ,h*/1 ) ! patronage ( ! reign+ ,m>grave1 "u ,pflz]4 ,x ceas$ 9 #aggh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,go?a ,,fig4 #afc4--;,,figure ,,( ,,bac*us4 ,9 :ite biscuit4 ,height #aa 94 ,,go?a4 ,f\nd$ 9 #aghj by ,ro!nb]g1 & aft]w>ds 7#ahjb7 conduct$ by ,h5neb]g4 ,,rau5/e91 9 ,saxe-,me9+54 ,a factory = h>d pa/e 0 e/abli%$ "h 9 #agfj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afd4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,fig4 #afd is pa9t$ ) fl[]s2 m>k1 ,r--n2 diamet]s #c & #e 94 ,,wall5dorf1 9 ,saxe-,coburg4 ,!re 0 also a factory = h>d pa/e e/abli%$ by ,gre9] & ,haman "h 9 #agfb4 ,fig4 #afe is pa9t$ 9 d>k blue1 & ) leaves 9 relief2 m>k1 ,w1 9 blue2 height #aj 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afe4--,,vase4 ,,au/ria ,,vi5na ,?is manufactory = h>d pa/e 0 f\nd$ ab\t #agag4 ,!re are sev]al traditions z to its orig93 "o is t a musician nam$ ,la ,france1 & a billi>d-m>k]1 nam$ ,dupuis1 br\ght ) !m to ,vi5na1 9 ,octob] #agag1 a c]ta9 ,cri/(le ,conrad ,hng]1 :o _h be5 employ$ at ,meiss5 z an enamel pa9t] & gild]1 & t 9 ! foll[+ ye> !y 7 jo9$ by a man nam$ ,/lzel ( ,meiss51 :o 0 possess$ ( ! secret1 & became director4 ,ano!r t x 0 a private ent]prise set on foot by ,claude du ,pasqui]1 :o obta9$ f ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,,vii4 a privilege = tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,major ,byng ,hall 7,adv5tures ( a ,bric--,brac ,hunt]71 h[ev]1 says t x 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agah by ,claude ,innoc5z de ,blaqui]1 :o engag$ "o ,/5zel or ,/lzel to co-op]ate ) him4 ,) ?is object 9 view ,de ,blaqui] proce$$ secretly to ,meiss51 :]e he contriv$ to scrape acqua9tance ) ! arcani/ 9 a c(fee-h\se4 ,he engag$ ) ,/5zel 9 a game ( billi>ds1 tak+ c>e to lose1 & ?us he secur$ 8 object4 ,/5zel aft] "s slight hesitation1 accept$ an (f] ( a ?\s& doll>s to be paid ye>ly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aff4--;,,cab>et4 ,de ,blaqui] _h to cont5d ) _m difficulties ow+ to 8 n be+ possess$ ( ! secret1 & at ! end ( ! second ye> ,/5zel n hav+ be5 paid regul>ly accord+ to 8 contract1 return$ to ,meiss51 aft] hav+ malici\sly de/roy$ _m ( ! models4 ,! works _h consequ5tly to be susp5d$4 ,b ,de ,blaqui]1 be+ a man ( en]gy & det]m9ation1 endeav\r$ by num]\s exp]im5ts to discov] ! porcela9 mixture1 & 8 ef=ts 7 f9ally cr[n$ ) success4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afg4--,,milk-,,pot4 ,aft] tw5ty-five ye>s' lab\r ,de ,blaqui] decid$ 9 #agdd to (f] ! works to ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,! "y ,empress ,m>ia ,!resa resolv$ to support ! factory1 :i* promis$ to give occupation & pr(it to h] subjects1 hon\r & ga9 to ! ,/ate4 ,%e !re=e comm&$ t x %\ld be tak5 by ,/ate contract f its own]1 & t ,de ,blaqui] %\ld receive ! direction ) a sal>y ( #aejj flor9s a ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afh4--,,plate4 ,f #agdg to #agij 0 ! be/ p]iod = figures & gr\ps1 :ile f #aghj to #ahbj pa9t+ on *9a became celebrat$1 ! subjects be+ tak5 f pa9t+s by ,watteau1 ,lancret1 ,b\*]1 ,angelica ,kauffmann1 & o!rs4 ,9 #aghe ! mo/ important improvem5ts 7 made "u ! ,b>on de ,lorg5?al or ,sorg5?al2 arti/s ( ! highe/ tal5ts 7 employ$1 a fir/-rate *emi/ nam$ ,lei?n] 0 engag$ to prep>e ! col\rs & gild+1 ! *efs d'oeuvre ( ! e>ly ma/]s 7 copi$1 :ile ! gild+ 0 br\ght to a p]fection :i* has nev] be5 surpass$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #afi4--;,,cup ,,& ,,trembleuse ,,sauc]4 #ah? ,c5tury4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ! ,b>on 9 #ahje1 ,neid]may] became ,director4 ,! manufacture cont9u$ 9 its fl\ri%+ condition until ab\t #ahae4 ,f ! ye> #aghd to ! date ( its ext9ction1 x 0 ! cu/om to m>k e piece ) ! numb] ( ! ye>1 :i* circum/ance may be ( great s]vice to ! connoisseur :o seeks e>ly specim5s ( ,vi5na porcela94 ,x is /amp$ )\t col\r und]nea? ! piece--or r ind5t$1 ! fir/ num]al be+ omitt$2 ?us ! numb] #gib /&s = #agib2 #hjb = #ahjb2 & s on4 ,f #ahbg1 "u ! direction ( ,s*oltz1 :o foll[$ ,ni$]may]1 ! manufactory began to decl9e1 & :at ) economy1 indiff]5t workm51 & bad arti/s copy+ f ,fr5* models its doom 0 seal$4 ,x gradually dw9dl$ d[n to a second-rate factory1 & 9 consequ5ce ( ! great annual exp5se x 0 discont9u$ 9 #ahfd4 ,! books on art belong+ to ! factory1 & all ! draw+s ( its mo/ successful p]iod1 toge!r ) _m ( ! models1 ! libr>y1 & ! k]amic collection1 7 giv5 to ! ,imp]ial ,museum 9 ,vi5na1 to be reta9$ z a la/+ memorial ( its celebrity4 ,fig4 #aff is pa9t$ 9 camaeu on purple gr\nd1 & gilt2 m>k1 %ield cr[n$2 l5g? ( tray #ab 94 ,fig4 #afg is pa9t$ 9 col\rs & gilt1 ) bu/s ( ladies1 entitl$ ,l',hrisson & ,fantaisie ,mod]ne2 m>k1 ! %ield 9 blue2 height #f 94 ,fig4 #afh is pa9t$ 9 col\rs1 ) two nymphs 9 a l&scape play+ ) ! infant ,bac*us2 m>k1 ! ,au/rian %ield ( arms1 9 blue2 ! pa9t+ attribut$ to ,fr/l]4 ,,s*lagg5wald1 9 ,bohemia4 ,?is manufactory 0 e/abli%$ 9 ! ye> #ahaj4 ,george ,lipp]t 0 ! own] 9 #ahdb1 & mu* improv$ ! indu/ry4 ,"s pieces are m>k$ ,lipp]t ,haas4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agj4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,fig4 #agj is pa9t$ 9 col\rs1 ) m$allions conta9+ figures ( ,ju/ice2 m>k1 ,s2 diam4 #b-a_/b & #e 94 ,,h]5d1 9 ,hung>y4 ,!re 0 a manufactory ( porcela9 "h t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury1 b p>ticul>s conc]n+ its orig9 are n kn[n4 ,fig4 #aga is pa9t$ 9 ori5tal /yle1 ) fl[]s1 c42 late #ah? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aga4--,,portion ,,( ,a ,,cab>et ,,or ,,breakfa/ ,,s]vice4 ,,switz]l& ,,nyon1 on ! lake ( ,g5eva4 ,a manufactory 0 9 full "w "h t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,x is said to h be5 e/abli%$ by a ,fr5* fl[] pa9t] nam$ ,maubre1 & sev]al ,g5evese arti/s pa9t$ on ! porcela91 occasionally m>k+ x ) a ,g or ,g5eva 9 full2 b !re nev] 0 a manufactory ( *9a at ,g5eva itself4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agb4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,z,,ri*4 ,e/abli%$ "h 9 #agfc by a few ,zri* g5tlem51 ) ! aid ( a workman1 nam$ ,sp5gl]1 f ,h*/4 ,ano!r ,g]man1 ,sonn5s*e91 a sculptor1 0 employ$ to model figures & gr\ps4 ,! factory 0 n a f9ancial success4 ,9 #agic ! works 7 sold to a pott] nam$ ,nehra*]1 & on 8 dea? 9 #ahjj ! works ceas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,nyon ,,fig4 #agc4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,) m>k1 fi% 9 blue4 ,fig4 #agd repres5ts a soldi] trampl+ on a ,turk & unveil+ a lady1 m>tial & love trophies on ! gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agd4--;,a ,,gr\p4 ,,holl& ,,weesp4 ,! fir/ manufactory = porcela9 9 ,holl& 0 at ,weesp1 ne> ,am/]dam4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agfd by ! ,c\nt ,cronsfeldt-,diep5broick1 :o _h by "s means obta9$ ! secret ( ! composition ( h>d pa/e4 ,aft] exi/+ sev5 ye>s1 ! factory 0 clos$ 9 #agga4 ,not)/&+ ! unsuccessful result f a comm]cial po9t ( view1 x 0 reop5$ by a ,prote/ant m9i/]1 ! ,rev4 ,de ,moll1 ( ,oude ,loosdre*t1 associat$ ) "s capitali/s ( ,am/]dam1 b ! next ye> x 0 remov$ to ,loosdre*t4 ,! decorations are v mu* ( ! ,saxon "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #age4--;,,ew]4 ,) m>k1 ,w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agf4--;,,c(fee-,,pot4 ,m>k1 a cross & dots4 ,,oude ,,loosdre*t1 situat$ betwe5 ,utre*t & ,am/]dam1 0 ! next t[n :]e porcela9 0 successfully made4 ,x sprang f ! a%es ( ,weesp1 & 9 #aggb became a company1 ) ! ,rev4 ,de ,moll at its head2 aft] 8 dea?1 9 #aghb1 ! conc]n pass$ into ! h&s ( 8 p>tn]s1 ,j4 ,r5dorp1 ,a4 ,d$el1 ,c4 ,van d] ,hoop1 ,gysbz1 & ,j4 ,hope1 & 0 by !m remov$1 9 #aghd1 to ,oude ,am/el4 ,! w>e is ( f9e quality1 decorat$ 9 ! ,saxon /yle2 specim5s are frequ5tly met )1 hav+ gilt bord]s & a light blue fl[] betwe5 gre5 leaves4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agg4--,,vase4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agh4--,,panel4 ,m>k1 ,m 3 o ,l4 9 blue4 ,wid? #ab-c_/d 94 ,,am/]dam4 ,fig4 #agi4 ,pa9t$ 9 lake camaeu ) birds & trees2 ! m>k1 lion1 9 blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #agi4--;,a ,,pair ,,( ,,bottles4 ,,oude ,,am/el4 ,on ! dea? ( ! ,rev4 ,de ,moll 9 ! ye> #aghb1 ! manufactory ( ,loosdre*t 0 remov$ to ,oude ,am/el 7,old ,am/el71 ne> ,am/]dam1 & c>ri$ on ) r$\bl$ zeal by ! same company1 direct$ by a ,g]man nam$ ,dub]1 ab\t #aghd4 ,x fl\ri%$ "u 8 direction = a few ye>s1 & produc$ a f9e description ( porcela91 b x gradually decl9$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! l>ge importations f ,engl& :i* inundat$ ! c\ntry4 ,9 #aghi x came into ! h&s ( ,j4 ,r5dorp1 ,c4 ,van d] ,hoop1 & ,gysbz1 /ill rema9+ "u ,dub]'s direction1 b x 0 entirely demoli%$ at ! close ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahj4--,,teapot ,,& ,,sucri]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aha4--,,sucri]4 ,,! ,,hague4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agge1 a porcela9 manufactory = bo? h>d & s(t pa/e 0 op5$ at ,! ,hague1 "u ! direction ( a ,g]man nam$ ,lei*n] or ,lynk]4 ,! works ceas$ 9 #aghe or #aghf4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahb4--,,plate4 ,( s(t pa/e4 ,fig4 #ahb be>s ! m>k ( a /ork 9 blue2 diam4 #i-a_/b 94 ,,belgium ,,& ,,luxemburg ,,belgium ,,t\rnai4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #agej by ,pet]9ck4 ,= "s "t previ\s to #ahae ! works 7 c>ri$ on by ,m4 ,maximili5 de ,bettignies1 :o1 9 consequ5ce ( ! annexation ( ,t\rnai to ,belgium1 c$$ x 9 t ye> to 8 bro!r ,h5ri1 & e/abli%$ ano!r factory at ,/4 ,am&-les-,eaux4 ,s(t pa/e1 :i* has be5 discont9u$ = _m ye>s 9 e o!r fabrique 9 ,france1 is /ill made at bo? places1 & !y consequ5tly produce ! close/ imitations ( old ,svres pte t5dre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahc4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,) ! e>ly m>k 9 gold4 ,fig4 #ahd is pa9t$ 9 blue2 m>k1 cross$ swords & ?ree crosses2 diam4 #i-a_/b 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahd4--,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahe4--,,salt-,,cell>4 ,fig4 #ahe is pa9t$ ) birds2 m>k1 cross$ swords & f\r crosses1 9 gold2 height #d-c_/h 94 ,,brussels4 ,!re 0 a manufactory ( h>d pa/e porcela9 "h t[>ds ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahf4--,,milk ,,jug4 ,sign$ ,l4 ,crett4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahg4--,,teapot4 ,,luxemburg ,a factory = h>d pa/e porcela9 0 e/abli%$ at ,sept ,fonta9es ab\t #ahjf1 by ! bro!rs ,bo*4 ,bo? pott]y & porcela9 7 made "h1 includ+ plates1 vases1 figures1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,luxemburg ,,fig4 #ahh4--,,two ,,figures ,,( ,,! ,,seasons4 ,) m>k1 ,b4 ,l4 ,,russia ,at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 an ,imp]ial *9a manufactory 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agdd1 by ! ,empress ,elizabe? ,petr[na1 ) workm5 f ,meiss54 ,ca!r9e ,,ii4 patronis$ ! works1 & 9 #agfe enl>g$ !m consid]ably1 "u ! direction ( ! m9i/]1 ,j4 ,a4 ,ols\fieff1 s9ce :i* ?is fabrique has held a di/+ui%$ place among ,european manufactories4 ,! pa/e is h>d & ( a bluei% ca/1 f9ely glaz$1 & x betrays its ,dresd5 orig94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ahi4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,) ! m>k ( ! ,emp]or ,paul4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aij4--,,v]ri,,re4 ,,mosc[1 #agbj4 ,! pott] ,eggebre*t1 :o _h und]tak5 a manufactory ( delft at ,dresd51 by direction ( ,btt*]1 _h1 aft] t 0 discont9u$1 left to g to ,mosc[1 &1 be+ acqua9t$ ) "s ( ! processes = mak+ porcela91 comm5c$ manufactur+ x at ,mosc[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aia4--,,/atuette4 ,m>k1 ,g 9 blue4 ,height #h 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aib4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,) view ( ,mosc[4 ,m>k1 ,a4 ,pop(fe's initials4 ,a porcela9 manufactory 0 e/abli%$ at ,,tw]1 by an ,engli%man nam$ ,g>dn]1 9 #aghg1 & ano!r by ,a4 ,pop(f4 ,,korzec1 9 ,volhynia4 ,ab\t #ahjc1 ,mrault1 a *emi/ ( ! ,svres manufactory1 w5t to direct ! fabrique at ,korzec1 tak+ ) him a laboratory assi/ant nam$ ,ption4 ,aft] c>ry+ x on = a few ye>s1 ,mrault ab&on$ ! direction1 & return$ to ,france4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aic4--,pte dure ,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,pa9t$ ) a portrait ( a lady1 en grisaille1 ) gilt bord]s4 ,m>k1 ,eye )9 a triangle4 ,,b>an[ka1 9 ,volhynia4 ,a small factory exi/$ "h at :i* ! porcela9 clay f\nd 9 ! neighb\rhood 0 us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aid4--,,milk ,,jug4 ,m>k1 ! "n ( ! t[n4 ,,sw$5 ,,m>ieb]g4 ,?is manufactory produc$ porcela9 7s(t pa/e71 z well z fay5ce4 ,9 quality z well z 9 decoration ! porcela9 is l t ( ,m5necy-,vill]oy 9 ,france4 ,! indu/ry 0 e/abli%$ by ,ehr5rei*1 "u ! patronage ( ,c\nt ,s*eff]1 ,c\ncillor ( ,/ate1 9 #agej1 & altoge!r ceas$ ab\t #aghj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aie4--;,,cu/>d ,,cup ,,& ,,cov]4 ,m>k1 ,m4,b4 comb9$4 ,height #c-a_/d 94 ,,d5m>k ,,cop5hag54 ,?is manufactory 0 comm5c$ by an apo!c>y ( ! "n ( ,mll]1 9 #aggb1 & ,b>on von ,lang1 f ! ,fr/5b]g manufactory1 is said to h be5 in/rum5tal 9 =m+ x4 ,! capital 0 rais$ 9 %>es1 b ! factory n be+ successful1 ! ,gov]nm5t int]f]$1 & x became a royal e/abli%m5t 9 #agge1 & has rema9$ s ev] s9ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aif4--;,,cab>et4 ,) portraits ( ,raphael1 & o!r celebrat$ pa9t]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aig4--;,,cab>et4 ,,france ,,/4 ,,cl\d4 ,a factory 0 e/abli%$ "h ab\t #afie = ! production ( porcela91 at :i* "t ,m4 ,mor9 0 proprietor1 & ,m4 ,*icanneau director ( ! works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aih4--;,,jug4 ,accord+ to lett]s pat5t ( #agjb1 grant$ to ! heirs ( ,*icanneau1 8 wid[1 ,b>be ,c\rdray1 & h] *ildr51 7 int]e/$ 9 ! works2 _! fa!r _h made _m exp]im5ts & attempts to discov] ! secret ( true porcela91 & f ! ye> #afif _h produc$ "s ne>ly equal to ! porcela9 ( ,*9a4 ,8 *ildr51 to :om he imp>t$ ! secret1 successfully cont9u$ ! fabrication1 & 7 p]mitt$ to manufacture porcela9 at ,/4 ,cl\d1 or 9 any o!r "p or p>ts ( ! k+dom1 except ,r\5 & its faub\rgs4 ,9 #agab a r5ewal ( ! pat5t took place = t5 ye>s1 & 9 ! meantime ! wid[ ,b>be ,c\rdray m>ri$ a ,m4 ,tr\4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aii4--,,/atuette4 ,a/ronomy seat$1 hold+ ! sun4 ,9 #agbb lett]s pat5t 7 grant$ = tw5ty ye>s m to ,jean & ,jean ,bapti/e ,*icanneau1 ,m>ie ,moreau1 ! wid[ ( ,pi]re ,*icanneau 7?ird son7 & ,h5ri & ,gabriel ,tr\1 *ildr5 ( ,b>be ,c\rdray by h] second m>riage4 ,ab\t ?is "t s]i\s disagreem5ts occurr$ betwe5 ! two families1 & !y sep>at$1 ,gabriel & ,h5ri ,tr\ rema9+ at ,/4 ,cl\d1 patronis$ by ! ,duke ( ,orleans2 :ile ,m>ie ,moreau op5$ ano!r e/abli%m5t 9 ! ,rue de la ,ville l'vque1 ,faub\rg ,/4 ,honor1 direct$ by ,dom9ique ,franois ,*icanneau4 ,9 #agdb ano!r arrt grant$ privileges = tw5ty ye>s to bo? ^! e/abli%m5ts1 & ,m>ie ,moreau dy+ 9 #agdc left ,dom9ique h] bus9ess4 ,! manufactory at ,/4 ,cl\d 0 de/roy$ by fire 7! act ( an inc5di>y7 9 #aggc1 & ! manufacture ceas$1 ! proprietors n be+ able to raise suffici5t funds to rebuild x4 ,,*antilly4 ,?is manufactory 0 f\nd$ 9 #agbe by ,ciquaire ,cir\1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,pr9ce de ,cond1 z appe>s by lett]s pat5t dat$ #agce1 :o 0 succe$$ by ,an!aume & o!rs4 ,! porcela9 0 highly e/eem$1 & !re 0 h>dly any object :i* !y did n produce1 f ! l(ty vase to ! simple/ knife h&le4 ,! ,*antilly patt]n 0 a great fav\rite = ord9>y s]vices2 x 0 call$ ,b>beau1 & consi/$ ( a small blue fl[] runn+ ov] ! :ite pa/e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjj4--;,,di%4 ,m>k1 hunt+ horn & ,p1 9 gold4 ,diamet] #ab 94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bja4--,,pair ,,( ,,figures4 ,,r\54 ,l\is ,pot]at1 ,sieur de ,/4 ti5ne1 ( ,/4 ,sev]1 at ,r\51 obta9$ lett]s pat5t 9 #afgc1 /at+ t he _h discov]$ processes = fabricat+ porcela9 simil> to t ( ,*9a1 & w>es resembl+ ^? ( ,delft2 b ! =m] 0 ( a v rude "* & nev] arriv$ at any p]fection4 ,aft] ! e/abli%m5t at ,/4 ,cl\d _h comm5c$ sell+ porcela91 ! proprietors ( ! ,r\5 manufactory appe> to h reviv$ _! porcela9 9 ! hopes ( compet+ ) !m1 b ) no good result4 ,,m5necy-,,vill]oy4 ,?is important manufactory 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agce by ,franois ,b>b91 "u ! patronage ( ! ,duc de ,vill]oy4 ,! e>ly specim5s are simil> to ! porcela9e t5dre ( ,/4 ,cl\d1 ( a milky transluc5t appe>ance4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjb4--,,sug> ,,bas9 ,,& ,,/&4 ,b>b9 0 succe$$ ab\t #agdh by ,messieurs ,jacques & ,julli51 & ! manufactory cont9u$ 9 a fl\ri%+ /ate until #aggc1 :5 on ! expiration ( ! lease x 0 remov$ to ,b\rg-la-,re9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjc4--;,,gr\p ,,( ,,*ildr54 ,,sceaux ,,p5?i,,vre1 ne> ,p>is4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #agej by ,jacques ,*apelle2 x 0 situat$ opposite ! ,petit ,*telet1 & 0 "u ! patronage ( ! ,duc de ,p5?ivre4 ,x 0 c>ri$ on by ,glot 9 #aggc4 ,! ,pr9ce-,protector di$ 9 #agid1 b ! production ( pte t5dre ceas$ be=e t "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjd4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bje4--,,milk-,,pot4 ,m>k1 ,s4 ,x4 ,,arras4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #aghb by ! ,demoiselles ,del5eur1 "u ! patronage ( ,m4 de ,calonne1 ,int5dant de ,fl&re et de l',artois2 x only la/$ a few ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjf4--,,seau4 ,m>k1 ,a4 ,r4 ,,b\logne-,,sur-,,m]4 ,e/abli%$ by ,m4 ,haffr+ue1 9 ! #ai? c5tury1 ) ! kaol9 ( ,limoges4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjg4--,,plaque4 ,:ite biscuit4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bjh4--,,sucri]4 ,:ite biscuit4 ,,tiolles 7,se9e-et-,oise71 ne> ,corbeil4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #agfh1 by ,monni]1 = s(t pa/e porcela94 ,! works la/$ only a %ort "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bji4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,m>k1 ,e4 ,pellev1 #aggj4 ,diamet] #b-a_/b & #e 94 ,,lille4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #agaa by ,b>?lemy ,dorez & ,pi]re ,pelissi]1 8 nephew1 natives ( ,lille4 ,! porcela9 7pte t5dre7 ( ?is "t 0 l t ( ,/4 ,cl\d1 b 9 ! ,delft /yle1 ! fav\rite ornam5tation be+ ,*9ese designs4 ,at a lat] p]iod 79 #aghd7 a manufactory ( h>d porcela9 0 e/abli%$ by ,lep]re ,durot1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,dauph92 x 0 /yl$ ,manufacture ,royale de ,monseigneur le ,dauph94 ,! porcela9 ( ,lep]re ,durot is ri*ly adorn$ ) gold & ) c>efully pa9t$ b\quets ( fl[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baj4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,) m>k1 cr[n$ ,dolph94 ,m4 ,rog] succe$$ ,lep]re ,durot1 & 9 #agib he sold 8 int]e/ 9 ! works to ,messieurs ,regnault & ,gra9dorge2 !y 71 h[ev]1 soon ru9$1 & ! e/abli%m5t 0 clos$4 ,,b\rg-,,la-,,re9e4 ,/>t$ 9 #aggc by ,messieurs ,jacques & ,julli51 :o remov$ ?i!r on ! expiration ( _! lease at ,m5necy4 ,x 0 9 active exi/5ce1 mak+ *9a purely ( an indu/rial "*1 9 #aghh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baa4--;,,cu/>d ,,cup4 ,m>k1 ,b4 ,r4 ,height #c-a_/d 94 ,,clignanc\rt4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #agge by ,pi]re ,d]uelle1 "u ! patronage ( ,monsieur le ,comte de ,prov5ce1 bro!r ( ! k+ 7aft]w>ds ,l\is ,,xviii474 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bab4--,,milk-,,pot ,,& ,,cov]4 ,,fig4 #bac4--;,,cup ,,& ,,di%4 ,,fig4 #bad4--,,milk ,,jug4 ,,lun,,ville4 ,a factory call$ ,manufacture ,/anislas 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agca4 ,x la/$ only a %ort "t1 b a lat] manufactory1 f\nd$ ab\t #agfi1 0 celebrat$ = its productions4 ,paul ,l\is ,cyffl1 sculptor1 obta9$1 9 #agfh1 lett]s pat5t = fifte5 ye>s1 by virtue ( :i* he e/abli%$ ano!r manufactory = sup]ior vessels ( ! mat]ial call$ t]re de ,lorra9e1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> a new privilege 0 grant$ = mak+ gr\ps & /atuettes ) 8 improv$ pa/e1 "u ! "n ( pte de m>bre4 ,,orleans4 ,e/abli%$ by ,m4 ,g]rault 9 #agec1 "u ! protection ( ! ,duc de ,p5?ivre2 ! porcela9 fir/ made "h 0 ( ! s(t pa/e1 b h>d pa/e 0 subsequ5tly produc$4 ,g]rault 0 succe$$ by ,b\rdon fils ab\t #aghh1 ,pidor1 ,dubois1 & la/ly1 ,le ,brun1 f #ahjh to #ahaa4 ,,nid]vill]4 ,e/abli%$ ab\t #agfj by ,b>on de ,bey]l4 ,aft] successfully c>ry+ on ?is bran* = sev]al ye>s1 he attempt$ h>d porcela9 9 #agfh1 & procur$ pott]s & arti/s f ,saxony4 ,?ree or f\r ye>s be=e 8 dea?1 :i* happ5$ 9 #aghd1 ! e/ate 0 b\ght by ,g5]al de ,cu/9e4 ,?is new proprietor cont9u$ ! fabrique1 "u ! direction ( ,m4 ,lanfray1 :o paid especial att5tion to ! production ( f9e porcela92 ! fabrication ( /atuettes 0 greatly increas$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,orleans ,,fig4 #bae4--;,,b[l1 ,,cov]1 ,,& ,,/&4 ,m>k1 h]aldic label 9 blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #baf4--,,milk-,,pot ,,& ,,cov]4 ,m>k1 d\ble ,c "u coronet1 9 blue4 ,height #f-a_/b 94 ,aft] ! decapitation ( ! un=tunate de ,cu/9e1 8 e/ates1 be+ =feit$ to ! ,republic1 7 sold on ! #be ,g]m9al1 ,an ,x 7#ahjb71 to ,m4 ,lanfray1 & c>ri$ on by him until 8 dea? 9 #ahbg1 :5 ! manufactory 0 sold to ,l4 ,g4 ,dry&]1 ( ,sa>brck54 ,= _m ye>s he cont9u$ to make porcela91 z well z fay5ce gr\ps & /atuettes1 b ! di/ance ( 8 fabrique f ! kaol9 ( ,/4 ,yrieix prev5t$ him f compet+ successfully ) ^? ( ,limoges1 & ?is bran* 0 ab&on$4 ,,boissette1 ne> ,melun4 ,a factory 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aggg by ,jacques ,v]monet pre et fils1 b x la/$ only a %ort "t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bag4--,,teapot4 ,,ca51 ,norm&y4 ,e/abli%$ & support$ by "s ( ! pr9cipal inhabitants1 at ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 7ab\t #agic71 :5 sev]al workm5 f ,svres came to jo9 x4 ,x 0 c>ri$ on = a few ye>s1 b no m>ket be+ f\nd = ! w>e1 ! factory 0 discont9u$ at ! comm5cem5t ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,x is h>d pa/e1 & equal to t ( ,svres1 & ( ! same =ms4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bah4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,) ,ca5 /5cill$ 9 r$4 ,,val5ci5nes 7,nord74 ,by an ,ord] ( ,c\ncil1 dat$ #bd? ,may #aghe1 ,m4 ,fauquet 0 p]mitt$ to c>ry on a manufacture ( porcela9 at ,val5ci5nes4 ,he 0 orig9ally e/abli%$ at ,/4 ,am& 9 ! manufacture ( fay5ce z e>ly z #agge1 & probably c>ri$ on bo? works simultane\sly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bai4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,m>k1 ,f4 ,l4 ,v41 9 ciph]1 9 blue4 ,diam4 #c-c_/d & #f-a_/d 94 ,,/4 ,,am&-,,les-,,eaux4 ,f\nd$ by ,m4 ,maximili5 de ,bettignies 9 #ahae1 = ! manufacture ( pte t5dre porcela9 l ! old ,svres4 ,he 0 =m]ly proprietor ( ! ,t\rnai manufactory1 :i* he c$$ to 8 bro!r ,h5ri :5 t city became re-annex$ to ,belgium4 ,,/rassburg4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ageb1 ,paul ,hannong obta9$ ! secret ( true porcela9 f ,r+l]1 & />t$ a factory "h1 b 9 consequ5ce ( ! monopoly ( ,svres he 0 compell$ to rel9qui% x1 & 9 #agec remov$ to ,frank5?al1 :]e he greatly fl\ri%$ "u ! protection ( ! ,elector ,palat9e ,c>l ,!odore4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bbj4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,m>k1 ,j4 ,h4 ,diam4 #b-e_/h & #e-e_/h 94 ,,m>seilles4 ,an important manufactory ( porcela9 0 e/abli%$ "h by ,jacques ,gasp>d ,rob]t ab\t #agff4 ,porcela9 0 made also by ,honor ,savy & ,veuve ,p]r91 b 0 only ( second>y importance4 ,! works 7 clos$ ab\t ! p]iod ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution 9 #agic4 ,,p>is4 ,rue ,?ir\x4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #aggh by ,&r ,m>ie ,lebeuf1 & ! w>e 0 call$ ,porcela9e de la ,re9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bba4--,,sucri]4 ,m>k1 cr[n$ ,a4 ,,p>is4 ,rue de ,bondy4 ,op5$ 9 #aghj by ,dihl & ,gu]h>d1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,duc d',ang\lme1 & ! w>e 0 call$ ,porcela9e d',ang\lme4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbb4--;,,ew] ,,& ,,bas94 ,,p>is4 ,rue ,fonta9e au ,roi4 ,?is factory1 call$ ,de la ,c\rtille1 0 e/abli%$ 9 #aggc by ,jean ,bapti/e ,locr1 :o 0 aft]w>ds jo9$ by ,russ+] 9 #aghd4 ,! latt] dur+ ! ,revolution became sole director4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbc4--,,"p ,,( ,a ,,tea ,,s]vice4 ,,p>is4 ,faub\rg ,/4 ,honor4 ,a factory 0 e/abli%$ "h by ,veuve ,*icanneau1 ne ,m>ie ,moreau4 ,! teapot1 ,fig4 #bbd1 0 probably made at ^! works4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbd4--,,teapot4 ,m>k1 ,ve ,m4 ,c4 ,,p>is4 ,pont-aux-,*\x4 ,9 #aghd1 ,l\is ,honor de la ,m>re de ,vill>s op5$ an e/abli%m5t = ! manufacture ( porcela9 9 ! ,rue des ,b\lets1 ,faub\rg ,/4 ,anto9e4 ,x 0 aft]w>ds dispos$ ( to ,jean ,bapti/e ,outrequ9 de ,mont>cy & ,edm ,t\l\se1 :o 9 #aghf obta9$ a brvet f ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 ,l\is ,philippe ,joseph1 & au?ority to sign ! productions ) ! lett]s ,l4 ,p41 & to take ! title ( ,manufacture de ,m4 le ,duc d',orlans4 ,!y 7 aft]w>ds e/abli%$ 9 ,rue ,amelot1 au ,pont-aux-,*\x1 by :i* "n ! porcela9 is g5]ally kn[n4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbe4--,,teapot4 ,! =m] "n ceas$ 9 #agic1 ) ! condemnation ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 & ! objects subsequ5tly produc$ 7 inscrib$ m]ely ,fabrique du ,pont-aux-,*\x4 ,,p>is4 ,rue de ,crussol4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #aghi by ,*>les ,pott]1 an ,engli%man1 & ! w>e 0 call$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales's ,*9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbf4--;,,cup4 ,,p>is4 ,belleville4 ,orig9ally e/abli%$ 9 #agij by ,jacob ,petit2 b lat] remov$ to ,fonta9ebleau4 ,! products ( ! fir/ p]iod 7 mu* e/eem$1 be+ well pa9t$ & well modell$1 be>+ ,petit's m>k2 b ! proprietor unwisely alt]$ 8 orig9al plan & imitat$ ,dresd51 c\nt]feit+ also ! m>k ( ! cross$ swords4 ,jacob ,petit also made biscuit figures1 birds' ne/s1 fl[]s1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbg4--,,wat*-,,/&4 ,pla9 :ite ( rococo =m4 ,m>k1 ,j4 ,p4 9 blue4 ,height #e 94 ,,p>is4 ,rue du ,faub\rg ,/4 ,d5is4 ,fabrique de ,*>les ,philippe ,comte d',artois1 aft]w>ds ,*>les ,x4 ,?is manufacture 0 ! mo/ anci5t ( all ^? e/abli%$ 9 ,p>is4 ,hannong ( ,/rassburg1 :o br\ght into ,france ! secret ( h>d porcela91 =m$ ! fir/ e/abli%m5t 9 #agfi4 ,hav+ obta9$ ! protection ( ,*>les ,philippe1 ,comte d',artois1 x 0 call$ by 8 "n4 ,! factory belong$ actually to ,b\rdon des ,plan*es1 :o cont9u$ ! manufacture ( h>d porcela91 c41 b ! works 7 clos$ 9 #ahaj4 ,,v9c5nes4 ,!re 0 a porcela9 manufactory "h 9 #aghf1 q ap>t f ! royal factory4 ,x 0 direct$ by ,m4 ,le ,maire1 probably ! same :o f\nd$ t 9 ,rue ,pop9c\rt1 :i* 0 c$$ to ,m4 ,na/ 9 #aghc4 ,!re 7 f\r e/abli%m5ts at ,v9c5nes2 ! fir/ by ! bro!rs ,dubois1 subsequ5tly transf]r$ to ,svres2 ! second by ,maur9 des ,aubiez1 9 #agfg2 ! ?ird by ,pi]re ,anto9e ,hannong2 & ! f\r? t describ$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbh4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,m>k1 ,h4 ,l4 ,l41 9 gold4 ,diam4 #b-a_/b & #e 94 ,,v9c5nes ,,& ,s,,vres ,! hi/ory ( ! celebrat$ manufactory at ,svres mu/ be trac$ back to t ( ,/4 ,cl\d1 :i* 0 f\nd$ z e>ly z #afie4 ,"h ,l\is ,,xiv4 accord$ 8 patronage & fav\r by grant+ exclusive privileges4 ,9 #agce ! secret ( ! manufacture 0 c>ri$1 by "s ( ! workm51 to ,*antilly1 & = a "t cont9u$ !re by ! bro!rs ,dubois4 ,!y left 9 a few ye>s1 tak+ ) !m _! secret1 & settl$ at ,v9c5nes1 :]e a laboratory 0 grant$ !m1 b aft] ?ree ye>s !y 7 dismiss$4 ,9 #agde1 a sculptor1 nam$ ,*>les ,adam1 =m$ a company1 & ! s*eme 0 approv$ ( by ! k+1 privileges be+ accord$ !m = ?irty ye>s1 & a place grant$ = _! works 9 ! ,*teau de ,v9c5nes4 ,9 #agec ! privileges ( ,*>les ,adam 7 pur*as$ by ,eloy ,bri*>d1 & ,l\is ,,xv4 took a ?ird %>e2 h5ce ! factory became a royal e/abli%m5t4 ,madame de ,pompad\r consid]ably enc\rag$ ! c]amic art1 & x arriv$ at ! height ( p]fection4 ,! build+s 7 f\nd too small to meet ! increas+ dem&s = ! beautiful productions1 & 9 #agef ! works 7 remov$ to a l>ge edifice at ,s,,vres built expressly = ! company4 ,a fav\rite decoration ( ,v9c5nes porcela9 0 fl[]s & birds1 on a beautiful bleu de roi gr\nd1 & cupids pa9t$ 9 camaeu ( a s+le col\r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bbi4--,,vase4 ,bleu de roi gr\nd1 ) panels ) birds 9 gold4 ,m>k1 d\ble ,l enclos+ a dot1 9 gold4 ,height #i-a_/d 94 ,9 #agfj ! k+ became sole proprietor1 & ,m4 ,boileau 0 appo9t$ director4 ,9 #agfi1 aft] ,macqu] _h br\ght ! mak+ ( h>d pa/e to p]fection1 ! manufacture 0 successfully e/abli%$ at ,svres1 & bo? descriptions ( *9a cont9u$ to be made until #ahjd1 :51 ,brongni>t be+ director1 s(t pa/e 0 altoge!r discont9u$1 & decl>$ to be useless 9 art1 ( exp5sive manipulation1 dang]\s to ! workm51 subject to great risk 9 ! furnace1 c4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcj4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,bleu de roi gr\nd1 ) :ite m$allions enclos+ birds 9 gold4 ,m>k1 d\ble ,l1 9 blue4 ,diam4 #b-e_/h & #e-c_/h 94 ,! pr9cipal col\rs us$ 9 decorat+ ! gr\nd ( ! ,svres vases 73-- #a4 ,! bleu cle/e1 or turquoise1 inv5t$ 9 #ageb by ,hellot4 #b4 ,! ri* cobalt blue1 call$ bleu de roi1 ( :i* !re 7 two v>ieties1 ! d>k] be+ designat$ gros bleu4 #c4 ,! violet p5se1 a beautiful violet f a mixture ( manganese1 "o ( ! r>e/ decorations ( ! pte t5dre4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bca4--,,vase4 #d4 ,! rose ,pompad\r 7call$ 9 ,engl& rose ,du-,b>ry71 a *>m+ p9k or rose col\r inv5t$ 9 #ageg by ,xhr\et ( ,svres4 #e4 ,! cle> yell[ or jonquille1 a sort ( can>y col\r4 #f4 ,! v]t pr1 or bright grass gre54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcb4--;,,cuelle4 ,dat$ #agga4 #g4 ,! v]t pomme1 or apple gre54 #h4 ,! r\ge de f]1 a brilliant r$4 #i4 ,! oeil de p]drix 0 at a lat] p]iod a fav\rite ornam5t = ! gr\nds ( vases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcc4--;,,biscuit ,,gr\p4 ,,cupid ,,& ,,psy*e4 ,! =ms are exce$+ly v>i$1 b names are assign$ to ea*1 ei!r f ! design]s ( ! models or _! special %apes or ornam5tation2 ^! may be f\nd at l5g? 9 ,m>ks & ,monograms on ,pott]y & ,porcela91 #aj? edition4 ,! beautiful pte t5dre w>e ( ,svres 0 always mu* e/eem$1 & nev] c\ld h be5 produc$ at a reasonable price ev5 at ! "t x 0 made1 ! exp5se ( decoration z well z ! risk 9 fir+ be+ s great4 ,x 0 manufactur$ = royal pres5ts or occasionally sold by express p]mission at exorbitant prices1 :i* bore a m approximate value to ! pres5t exorbitant prices ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,pott]y ,! e>!nw>e vessels made 9 ,engl& previ\s to ! #af? c5tury 7 ( a v co>se description1 rudely fa%ion$ & usually devoid ( ornam5t1 sometimes ca/ 9 a m\ld 9 grotesque =ms1 & occasionally cov]$ ) a yell[ or gre5 glaze4 ,num]\s specim5s ( e>ly ,engli% cups are f\nd 9 excavations 9 ,london & o!r p>ts ( ,engl&1 & may be id5tifi$ by comp>ison ) ! vessels 9 ,norman & m$ival manuscripts4 ,al?\gh inexp5sive1 !y 7 badly burn$1 & n v durable2 & ! ,g]man /onew>e ) a salt glaze 0 eag]ly s\ght aft] ?r\gh\t ! #af? c5tury1 & import$ 9 l>ge quantities4 ,^! /one pots 7 usually impress$ ) ! arms ( ,g]man t[ns2 a rose or o!r device 9 front1 & a f]oci\s be>d$ visage "u ! sp\t4 ,!y 7 d]isively call$ bell>m9es1 aft] ! celebrat$ ,c>d9al ,bell>m91 :o 9 ! #af? c5tury made himself s conspicu\s by 8 zeal\s opposition to ! ,re=m$ religion4 ,^! bell>m9es 7 9 g5]al use ?r\gh\t ,engl& 9 ! #af? & beg9n+ ( ! #ag? c5tury at inns & public-h\ses = s]v+ ale to ! cu/om]s4 ,! importation ( ^! /one pots 0 always monopolis$ by ! pott]s ( ,cologne1 ne> :i* city !y 7 made4 ,9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe? we f9d "o ,william ,simpson pres5t+ a memorial t he may be all[$ to br+ ! dr9k+ /one pottes made at ,cullo9 into ?is c\ntry1 & reque/+ p]mission to make simil> /one pots 9 ,engl&2 b he 0 n successful 9 8 suit4 ,9 #afbf1 h[ev]1 two o!r pott]s1 nam$ ,r\s & ,cullyn1 m]*ants ( ! city ( ,london1 obta9$ ! exclusive privilege ( mak+ /one pots & jugs 9 ?is c\ntry1 & a pat5t 0 grant$ !m = f\rte5 ye>s2 ! preamble /ates t h]et(ore1 & at ?is pres5t1 our k+dom ( ,engl& has be5 s]v$ ) /one pottes1 /one jugges1 & /one bottells1 out ( =eign p>ts1 f beyond ! seas4 ,,/af=d%ire ,:5 ,dr4 ,plot wrote 8 natural hi/ory ( ?is c\nty 9 #afhf !re 7 v few manufactories ( pott]y2 he only speaks ( "o at ,amblecott & ano!r at ,w$nesbury2 b he says3 ,! greate/ pott]y !y h 9 ?is c\ntry is c>ri$ on at ,burslem1 ne> ,newca/le-"u-,lyme4 ,! e>!nw>e made "h t[>ds ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury 0 ( a v co>se "*1 & ! decoration extremely rude1 consi/+ m]ely ( patt]ns trail$ ov] ! surface 9 col\r$ clay1 te*nically t]m$ slip1 dilut$ to ! consi/5ce ( syrup1 s t x c\ld run out ?r\gh a quill4 ,! usual col\rs ( ^! slips 7 orange1 :ite1 & r$1 ! orange =m+ ! gr\nd & ! :ite & r$ ! pa9t4 ,aft] ! di%es _h be5 ?us ornam5t$ !y 7 glaz$ ) lead ore beat5 into du/1 f9ely sift$1 & /rew$ ov] ! surface1 :i* gave x ! gloss b n ! col\r4 ,! vessels rema9$ tw5ty-f\r h\rs 9 ! kiln1 & 7 !n drawn = sale1 pr9cipally to poor cratem51 :o hawk$ !m at _! backs all ov] ! c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcd4--,,tyg4 ,) f\r h&les4 ,dat$ #afba4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bce4--,,mug4 ,) two h&les4 ,dat$ #afhb4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcf4--,,plateau4 ,) ,*>les ,,ii4 & 8 ,que51 9 relief4 ,by ,,ralph ,,t(t4 #afgg4 ,! =ms ( ^! vessels 7 tygs or mugs1 ) two or m h&les = pass+ r\nd a table1 c&le/icks1 di%es1 c4 ,! e>lie/ names f\nd ^u !m are ,?omas & ,ralph ,t(t1 ,william ,talor1 ,joseph ,glass2 all names /ill kn[n 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,,burslem4 ,! family ( ,,w$gwood 0 ( long /&+ at ,burslem1 & _m memb]s ( x 7 employ$ 9 mak+ pott]y long be=e ! bir? ( ! great pott]1 ,josiah ,w$gwood4 ,8 fa!r1 gr&fa!r1 & great-gr&fa!r1 z well z _m ( 8 o!r relations1 7 all engag$ 9 ! trade4 ,josiah ,w$gwood 0 born 9 #agcj1 at ,burslem2 he 0 ! y\nge/ ( ?irte5 *ildr52 8 fa!r1 ,?omas ,w$gwood1 di$ :5 ,josiah 0 only n9e ye>s old4 ,8 elde/ bro!r1 ,?omas1 succe$$ 8 fa!r z a pott]1 & ,josiah 0 b\nd appr5tice to him 9 #agdd1 aft] ! expiration ( :i* he left 8 bro!r's h\se to make knife h&les1 imitation agate1 & tortoise%ell small w>es1 at ,/oke4 ,"h1 9 #ageb1 he ent]$ into p>tn]%ip ) ,john ,h>rison1 :i* only la/$ two ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bcg4--,,vase4 ,pale blue jasp]1 ) subjects 9 relief4 ,next ,josiah ,w$gwood w5t into p>tn]%ip ) ,?omas ,:ieldon ( ,f5ton ,l[1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t pott]s ( 8 day1 & !y rema9$ toge!r five ye>s2 :ile "h ,w$gwood also produc$ t f9e gre5 glaze :i* cov]$ 8 dess]t s]vices1 9 imitation ( leaves4 ,at ! expiration ( ! p>tn]%ip 9 #agei ,w$gwood return$ to ,burslem1 & comm5c$ bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt at ! ,*ur*y>d works4 ,he soon became s successful t he 0 compell$ to enl>ge 8 e/abli%m5t1 & to take ov] ! ,ivy ,h\se works4 ,he engag$ ! s]vices ( 8 c\s91 ,?omas ,w$gwood1 :o _h ga9$ 8 exp]i5ce at ! ,worce/] works1 & 9 #agfe he took him into p>tn]%ip1 & ?ree ye>s lat] ,?omas ,b5tley jo9$ ! firm4 ,! fir/ w>e :i* ga9$ him reputation 0 8 f9e cream-col\r$ w>e1 :i* rema9$ a /aple article f #agfb d[n to ! "t ( 8 decease1 & aft] royalty _h approv$ ( x ! "n 0 *ang$ to ,que5's w>e4 ,w$gwood also produc$1 ab\t ?is date1 a sort ( r$ w>e1 =m$ ( ! same o*re\s clay z 0 us$ by ! ,el]s ne>ly a c5tury be=e2 x requir$ no glaze except :at x d]iv$ f friction on ! :eel & la!1 & 0 cov]$ ) eng9e-turn$ ornam5t2 & 9 #agff he began to make a black w>e1 :i* he call$ basaltes or black ,egyptian4 ,! bus9ess increas$ s mu* t he 0 oblig$ to op5 a new manufactory at ,,etruria 9 #agfi4 ,9 #aggc he made a f9e :ite t]ra-cotta ( great beauty & delicacy1 suitable = cameos1 portraits1 & bas-reliefs2 ?is 0 ! =]unn] ( ! jasp] w>e1 :i* became by con/ant att5tion & successive improvem5ts ! mo/ beautiful ( all 8 w>es4 ,9 #aggf ! solid jasp] w>e 0 inv5t$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 atta9$ its greate/ p]fection t5 ye>s lat]4 ,9 ! manufacture ( ?is elegant w>e ,w$gwood l>gely employ$ sulphate ( b>ytes1 & = _m ye>s d]iv$ great pr(its1 none ( ! workm5 hav+ any idea ( ! nature ( ! mat]ial ^u :i* !y 7 op]at+1 until a lett] conta9+ a bill ( p>cels ref]r+ to a quantity ( ! article fell into ! h&s ( a di%one/ s]vant1 :o told ! secret1 & depriv$ ! inv5tor ( t p>ticul> s\rce ( emolum5t3 = :5 ! same article 0 made by ^? :o employ$ inf]ior workm51 to :om !y only paid "o-f\r? ( ! sal>y giv5 by ,w$gwood1 ! price ( jasp] w>e became s r$uc$ t he 0 unable to employ ^? exquisite modell]s :om he _h =m]ly engag$ to sup]9t5d t bran* ( ! manufacture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bch4--,,vase4 ,( basaltes w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bci4--,,! ,,portl& ,,vase4 ,( black & :ite jasp]4 ,9 #aghe a jasp] dip 0 introduc$1 9 :i* ! :ite clay vessels 7 dipp$1 & receiv$ a coat+ ( jasp]1 in/ead ( be+ jasp] ?r\gh\t4 ,?is 0 consid]$ a great improvem5t1 & caus$ an increase ( #bj p] c5t4 9 ! price4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdj4--,,teapot1 ,,caddy1 ,,& ,,plate4 ,) pr9t$ transf]4 ,flaxman 0 engag$ by ,w$gwood & ,b5tley z e>ly z #agge1 & he furni%$ !m ) draw+s & models4 ,aft] ,b5tley's dea? 9 #aghj ,flaxman's fame z a sculptor obta9$ him m important "w1 b /ill1 z "t p]mitt$1 he work$ = ,w$gwood up to ! "t ( 8 dep>ture = ,rome 9 #aghg4 ,josiah ,w$gwood di$ on ! #crd ( ,janu>y #agie1 9 8 #fe? ye>4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bda4--,,six ,,jasp] ,,cameos4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdb4--,,vase4 ,granite gr\nd1 ) gilt fe/oons & h&les4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdc4--;,,ew]4 ,( agate w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdd4--;,,an ,,obelisk1 by ,,ralph ,,wood1 & ,a ,,tea ,,set1 by ,,a>on ,,wood4 ,9 #aggc ,,ralph ,,%awe ( ,burslem took out a pat5t = *ocolate-col\r$ w>e1 /rip$ ) :ite & l9$ ) :ite1 glaz$ ) salt4 ,he aft]w>ds transf]r$ 8 factory to ,france4 ,,ralph ,,wood 0 e/abli%$ at ,burslem ab\t #agcj1 & 0 succe$$ ab\t #agej by 8 son ,,a>on ,,wood1 :o s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip to ,?os4 ,w$gwood2 he 0 a v clev] cutt] ( m\lds = /onew>e plates & di%es1 ) rais$ patt]n bord]s1 c41 :i* h be5 errone\sly t]m$ ,elizabe?an4 ,cream w>e is said to h be5 inv5t$ by him4 ,he 0 succe$$1 ab\t #aggj1 by 8 son ,,eno* ,,wood1 :o 0 also a sculptor1 & made _m bu/s ( em95t m54 ,8 successors 7 ,wood & ,caldwell1 :o cont9u$ ! manufacture ( bu/s & gr\ps4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bde4--,,/atuette4 ,*auc]1 by ,,ralph ,,wood4 ,,moses ,,/eel 0 a manufactur] at ,burslem 9 #agae4 ,! "n ( a desc5dant is f\nd on a vase1 ) blue gr\nd & :ite figures 9 relief1 9 ! /yle ( ,w$gwood1 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdf4--,,vase4 ,,%elton4 ,,a/bury ( ,%elton1 e>ly 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 made r$ cr\*1 & :ite /onew>e4 ,x is said he d]iv$ 8 k ( mix+ ! clays by pret5d+ to be an idiot & obta9+ employm5t at ! ,el]s' manufactory at ,bradwell2 aft] ga9+ _! secret1 he set up 9 bus9ess aga9/ !m4 ,! fir/ use ( calc9$ fl9ts z an +r$i5t 9 ! composition ( pott]y is attribut$ to ! y\ng] ,a/bury2 x l$ to ! manufacture ( f9e fay5ce1 & pav$ ! way = ! great improvem5ts aft]w>ds a*iev$ by ,w$gwood4 ,,samuel ,,holl9s ( ,%elton e/abli%$ ab\t #agfj a manufactory ( f9e r$ w>e teapots2 he procur$ ! clay f ,bradwell4 ,he 0 succe$$ ab\t #aggg by ,t4 & ,j4 ,,holl9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdg4--;,,gre5 ,,b[l4 ,) ornam5ts 9 relief4 ,sign$ ,s4 ,holl9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdh4--;,,bas94 ,) :ite gr\nd & blue figures 9 relief4 ,/amp$ ,t4 & ,j4 ,holl9s4 ,! ,,new ,,hall ,,*9a ,,works at ,%elton ow$ _! orig9 to ! pur*ase ( ,*ampion's 7,cookwor?y's7 pat5t by a company ( pott]s 9 #aggg1 & 7 ! fir/ porcela9 manufactory 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,! w>e made "h 0 n ( a f9e "*2 inf]ior arti/s 7 employ$ 9 its production1 & x 0 nev] held 9 any great e/eem4 ,! manufacture consequ5tly soon fell to decay1 aft] _m *anges4 ,! m>k is ! "n ( ! works 9 a d\ble r+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bdi4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,pa9t$ ) fl[]s4 ,,bradwell4 ,a pott] to :om ,/af=d%ire 0 indebt$ = great improvem5ts 9 ! w>e 0 ,,john ,,philip ,,el]s1 :o ab\t #afij came ov] f ,holl& & settl$ at ,bradwell4 ,he 0 desc5d$ f a noble family ( ,saxony4 ,el]s 0 a clev] *emi/1 & discov]$ ! art ( mix+ ! clays ( ,/af=d%ire to great] p]fection ?an _h ev] be=e be5 atta9$4 ,he manufactur$ to a consid]able ext5t an improv$ k9d ( r$ pott]y1 9 imitation ( t ( ,japan1 :ile by ! addition ( manganese to ! clays1 he made a f9e black w>e1 :i* a c5tury aft]w>ds 0 adopt$ & improv$ by ,w$gwood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bej4--,,teapot4 ,( r$ w>e1 ) fl[]s 9 relief4 ,,hanley4 ,%aw m5tions a ,mr4 ,,miles ( ,miles's ,bank1 ,hanley1 :o produc$ ! br[n /onew>e ab\t #agjj4 ,!re is 9 ! ,victoria & ,alb]t ,museum a fay5ce b>rel ( br[n glaze ) gilt hoops1 dat+ app>5tly f ! fir/ half ( ! #ah? c5tury1 & x is impress$ ) ! "n ( ,miles 7see ,fig4 #bea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bea4--;,,b>rel4 ,,elijah ,,may] ( ,hanley 0 a contempor>y ( ,w$gwood4 ,he 0 not$ = 8 cream-col\r$ w>e & br[n-l9e w>e1 b he produc$ _m o!r v>ieties4 ,a vase ( unglaz$ drab t]ra-cotta1 ) fe/oons1 c41 9 relief1 col\r$ 7see ,fig4 #beb74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beb4--,,vase4 ,he also produc$ basaltes w>e tea s]vices1 ) animals1 c41 9 relief4 ,,palm] ( ,hanley 0 a great pirate ( ,w$gwood's inv5tions1 & ,mrs4 ,palm]1 :o seems to h be5 ! active manag] ( h] husb&'s bus9ess1 engag$ p]sons surreptiti\sly to obta9 ,w$gwood & ,b5tley's new patt]ns z soon z !y arriv$ at ! ,london w>eh\se1 = ! purpose ( copy+ !m4 ,palm] _h a ,london p>tn] ( ! "n ( ,,neale4 ,!y imitat$ ,w$gwood's black ,egyptian vases & o!r inv5tions1 & ev5tually 8 ,etruscan pa9t$ vases4 ,9 #aggf ,palm] fail$1 & ! bus9ess 0 c>ri$ on by ,neale ,co41 :o by "s means discov]$ ! secret ( ! jasp] body4 ,!y became =midable rivals ( ,w$gwood4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bec4--;,,j>d9i,,re4 ,( blue & :ite jasp]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bed4--,,vase4 ,j4 ,,voyez ( ,hanley 0 a clev] arti/2 he 0 employ$ by ,w$gwood & aft]w>ds by ,neale & ,palm]4 ,,f5ton4 ,,?omas ,,:ieldon ( ,f5ton e/abli%$ a pott]y 9 #agdj2 besides ! common h\sehold articles1 he made fancy m>bl$ w>e4 ,a>on ,wood & ,josiah ,spode 7 8 appr5tices1 & ,josiah ,w$gwood 0 9 p>tn]%ip ) him until #agei4 ,,tun/all4 ,,eno* ,,boo? ( ,tun/all1 & ,,john ,,w>burton ( ,,cobridge 9 ! same c\nty1 7 ext5sive pott]s1 & fir/ made cream-col\r$ pott]y by ! use ( fluid glaze introduc$ by ,boo?4 ,,william ,,adams ( ,tun/all 0 a fav\rite pupil ( ,w$gwood1 & :ile ) him execut$ "s ( 8 f9e/ specim5s ( jasp] w>e4 ,he aft]w>ds w5t into bus9ess on 8 own acc\nt1 & c>ri$ on an ext5sive trade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bee4--;,,jug4 ,( blue jasp]4 ,,lane ,,end4 ,,john ,,turn] ( ,lane ,end made a f9e description ( w>e1 & 8 productions 7 ! mo/ successful imitation ( ,w$gwood's jasp]1 ) ornam5ts 9 relief1 & only second to ! latt]'s 9 excell5ce2 he also made a f9e :ite /onew>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bef4--,,sug> ,,bas94 ,( yell[ clay1 ) figures 9 relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beg4--,,teapot4 ,) m$allion1 figures 9 relief4 ,,longport4 ,! ,messrs4 ,,dav5port ( ,longport made great improvem5ts 9 ! manufacture ( e>!nw>e2 !y 7 celebrat$ especially = _! /one *9a4 ,! manufactory 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agic1 & has be5 successfully c>ri$ on up to ! pres5t day 9 ! same family4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #beh4--;,,cup1 ,,cov]1 ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bei4--;,,di%4 ,,lane ,,delph 7n[ ,middle ,f5ton74 ,,miles ,,mason ( ,lane ,delph e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury produc$ "s f9e w>e4 ,! iron/one *9a 0 br\ght to great p]fection by ,*>les ,james ,mason1 & ! =ms 7 ( a high quality1 v mu* resembl+ porcela94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfj4--;,,cup1 ,,cov]1 ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,,/oke-,,on-,,tr5t4 ,,?omas ,,m9ton e/abli%$ a manufactory at ,/oke-^u-,tr5t 9 #agia2 he 0 appr5tic$ to ,turn] ( ,caughley z an engrav]4 ,8 productions 7 ( ! useful k9d1 viz41 s]vices = ! table1 9 imitation ( common nank94 ,he di$ 9 #ahcf1 & 0 succe$$ by 8 second son1 ! celebrat$ ,h]b]t ,m9ton1 :o br\ght ! pott]'s art to great p]fection4 ,he l>gely increas$ ! bus9ess1 & manufactur$ articles 9 e>!nw>e1 h>d & s(t porcela91 & p>ian4 ,reproductions ( ,italian maiolica1 ,delia ,robbia1 ,palissy1 & ,h5ri ,,ii4 w>e 7 also ext5sively made by him4 ,he di$ 9 #aheh1 & 0 succe$$ by ,mi*ael ,da9try ,holl9s & ,col9 ,m9ton ,campbell1 8 nephew & heir4 ,! f\nd]'s gr&sons aft]w>ds succe$$ to ! bus9ess2 ! firm ( ,messrs4 ,m9ton ,co4 /ill exi/s1 b !re are no memb]s ( ! family n[ connect$ ) x4 ,,liv]pool4 ,e>ly 9 ! #ah? c5tury1 & probably mu* be=e t1 ,liv]pool 0 not$ = ! manufacture ( pott]y4 ,little is kn[n ( its e>ly hi/ory1 & x 0 n until ,mr4 ,jos4 ,may] rescu$ f oblivion _m int]e/+ p>ticul>s t any?+ l a succ9ct acc\nt 0 publi%$4 ,9 8 int]e/+ notice ( ! ,art ( ,pott]y 9 ,liv]pool1 we le>n t ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ! e>ly pott]s 0 ,ald]man ,?omas ,%aw1 :o _h works = mak+ pott]y 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! #ah? c5tury2 sev]al l>ge plaques & monum5tal slabs ( 8 make are 9 exi/5ce1 dat$ f #agaf to #agef4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 !re seems to h be5 a l>ge dem& = pun* b[ls2 z ^! =m$ ! pr9cipal ornam5ts on ! sidebo>ds ( ! middle classes1 & especially on bo>d ! %ips1 :i* 7 con/antly go+ & com+ 9 ! port1 consid]able pa9s 7 tak5 9 decorat+ !m1 & _m are /ill 9 exi/5ce pa9t$ ) %ips1 convivial mottoes1 & inscriptions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfa4--,,mug4 ,ano!r important e/abli%m5t 0 f\nd$ by ,mr4 ,john ,sadl]1 ! son ( a pa9t]1 :o _h le>nt ! art ( engrav+4 ,he 0 ! inv5tor1 ab\t #ageb1 ( ! me?od ( transf]r+ pr9ts f engrav$ copp] plates ^u pott]y1 & 9 conjunction ) ,guy ,gre51 propos$ to take out a pat5t 9 #agef1 ! draft ( :i* is /ill pres]v$1 b !y pref]r$ keep+ ! inv5tion secret to ! d\btful security ( pat5t rights4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfb4--,,pun* ,,b[l4 ,w$gwood avail$ himself ( ?is new mode ( decoration1 & s5t 8 ,que5's w>e weekly to ,messrs4 ,sadl] & ,gre5 to be pr9t$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfc4--,,tiles4 ,by ,j4 ,,sadl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfd4--,,teapot4 ,) portrait ( ,wesley4 ,,ri*>d ,,*aff]s 0 ! pr9cipal manufactur] ( ,liv]pool2 he s]v$ 8 appr5tice%ip ) ,ald]man ,%aw1 & 9 #ageb e/abli%$ a bank = ! manufacture ( blue & :ite e>!nw>e & f9e porcela91 :i* ga9$ him great reputation2 !y 7 l>gely export$ to our ,am]ican ,colonies 7n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates74 ,8 porcela9 works 7 e/abli%$ ab\t ! same "t z ^? ( ,worce/] & ,d]by1 & 8 productions _h a great sale 9 ,engl&4 ,! ,liv]pool e/abli%m5ts ( ,,p5n+ton1 ,,philip ,,*ri/ian & ,,ri*>d ,,abbey 7 on an ext5sive scale1 b t[>ds ! end ( ! eighte5? c5tury only "o ( any importance surviv$1 & t belong$ to ,messrs4 ,,wor?+ton1 ,,humble & ,,holl&1 :o 9 #agif e/abli%$ a l>ge manufactory on ! s\? bank ( ! ,m]sey4 ,z ,w$gwood _h *ri/5$ 8 settlem5t ,etruria !y call$ !irs ,h]culaneum4 ,a l>g] capital be+ requir$1 9 #ahjf an increase ( proprietors took place4 ,! fir/ w>es made "h 7 ,que5's & blue pr9t$ w>e4 ,ab\t #ahjj ! production ( porcela9 0 comm5c$1 ! m>k us$ be+ ,h]culaneum1 or ,h]culaneum ,pott]y4 ,ab\t #ahcf1 :5 ! factory came into possession ( ,messrs4 ,case1 ,mort ,co41 ! m>k us$ 0 a bird call$ ! liv]1 :i* =ms ! cre/ ( ! ,bor\gh ( ,liv]pool4 ,,jackfield1 ne> ,?ursfield1 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,!re 0 an old pott]y "h ab\t #agfj4 ,! w>e 0 ( a r$ clay1 ) a brilliant black glaze1 sometimes ) scrolls & fl[]s 9 relief4 ,tea s]vices are frequ5tly se54 ,! jugs 7 kn[n 9 ! locality z black decant]s4 ,ab\t #aghj ! works 7 tak5 by ,mr4 ,john ,rose1 & subsequ5tly remov$ to ,,coalport1 on ! opposite side ( ! ,sev]n1 :]e ! well-kn[n ,salopian porcela9 0 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfe4--,,teapot4 ,fig4 #bfe4 ,a black glaz$ teapot inscrib$ ,ri*>d & ,ru? ,good91 #agfi4 ,,fulham4 ,! fir/ successful imitation ( ! grs de ,cologne 0 made by ,,john ,,dwight1 an ,ox=d%ire g5tleman1 & 9 c\rse ( "t x almo/ entirely sup]s$$ ! importation f abroad4 ,?is great pott] took out 8 fir/ pat5t 9 #afga1 & probably e/abli%$ a manufactory at ,fulham 9 t ye>1 :i* 0 successfully c>ri$ on ?r\gh two pat5ts ( f\rte5 ye>s ea*4 ,! ,fulham /onew>e is ( exce$+ly h>d & close texture1 v compact & sonor\s1 cov]$ ) a salt glaze1 ( grey col\r1 ornam5t$ ) a brilliant blue enamel 9 b&s1 leaves1 & fl[]s1 hav+ m$allions ( k+s & que5s ( ,engl& 9 front1 ) ,lat9 names & titles1 or _! initials only4 ,dwight produc$ a great v>iety ( objects1 & br\ght ! pott]'s art to a great p]fection4 ,! figures1 bu/s1 & gr\ps are exquisitely modell$1 & w be> comp>ison ) any contempor>y manufactures ( ,europe4 ,a c>eful inspection w conv9ce any unprejudic$ m9d ( ! errone\s impression :i* exi/s1 t until ! "t ( ,w$gwood ! pott]'s art 9 ,engl& 0 at a v l[ ebb1 & t none b ! rude/ description ( pott]y 0 made1 )\t any attempt to display arti/ic excell5ce4 ,= "h1 a c5tury be=e ,josiah ,w$gwood's "t1 we h examples ( ,engli% pott]y :i* w\ld d cr$it to ! ateli] ( t di/+ui%$ pott] himself4 ,john ,dwight di$ 9 ! ye> #agcg1 & ) him also dep>t$ ! glory ( 8 manufactory at ,fulham4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bff4--,,lydia ,,dwight4 ,dy$ ,m>* #c1 #afgc4 ,,lambe?4 ,! next important pott]y 9 ,engl& 9 ! #ag? c5tury 0 t ( ,lambe?4 ,9 ! ,hi/ory ( ,lambe? x is relat$ t ab\t #afej "s ,dut* pott]s e/abli%$ !mselves "h1 & by degrees ! indu/ry became important1 = ! village conta9$ no less ?an tw5ty manufactories1 9 :i* 7 made ! glaz$ pott]y & tiles us$ 9 ,london & v>i\s p>ts ( ,engl&4 ,! w>e 0 v mu* ( ! "* ( ,delft1 ) a f9e :ite creamy glaze1 pa9t$ ) l&scapes & figures 9 blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfg4--;,,di%4 ,! :ite bottles or jugs1 ^u :i* are writt5 ! names ( w9es accompani$ by dates1 7 made "h4 ,! trade fl\ri%$ "h = m ?an a c5tury1 until ab\t #aghj or #agij1 at :i* "t ! ,/af=d%ire pott]s1 by ! great improvem5ts !y _h made 9 ! quality ( _! w>e1 & hav+ coal & clay ready to _! h&1 7 enabl$ to produce x at a *eap] rate1 & ev5tually beat ! ,lambe? pott]s out ( ! field4 ,! ,lambe? pott]s1 ab\t ! end ( ! #ag? c5tury1 appe> also to h copi$ ! =ms ( ! ,palissy w>e1 especially 9 l>ge oval di%es ) initials & dates4 ,fig4 #bfg is an example ( "o ( ^! di%es4 ,,ye>sley1 9 ,york%ire4 ,a pott]y ( co>se "* 0 made "h 9 ! #ag? c5tury4 ,a factory 0 e/abli%$ by an ance/or ( ,josiah ,w$gwood ab\t ! ye> #agjj2 & on ! e/ate ( ,sir ,george ,wombwell fragm5ts ( pott]y1 ( a co>se br[n w>e1 ) lead glaze1 h be5 frequ5tly f\nd on ! site ( ! old manufactory4 ,!re 0 also a manufactory e/abli%$ at ! ,manor-h\se1 ,,york1 ab\t #affe1 ( :i* little is kn[n except ! m5tion ( its exi/5ce by ,ralph ,?oresby & ,horace ,walpole2 al?\gh x is by ! =m] errone\sly call$ porcela91 ! w>e 0 actually a f9e /onew>e1 ) a salt glaze4 ,,don ,,pott]y4 ,!re 0 a pott]y on ! riv] ,don1 ne> ,donca/]1 e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,john ,gre5 ( ,new-hill1 :o came f ! ,le$s pott]y ab\t #agij4 ,9 #ahjg "s o!r memb]s ( 8 family jo9$ ! firm1 & x 0 = a %ort "t ,gre5s1 ,cl>k1 ,co4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfh4--,,tea ,,caddy4 ,( yell[ clay1 ornam5t$ ) *ocolate br[n appliqu m$allions ( female figures 9 relief4 ,! ,don ,pott]y 0 v simil> to t ( ,le$s1 frequ5tly produc+ pi]c$ "w-baskets1 vases1 d9n]1 dess]t & tea s]vices1 c4 ,,le$s4 ,?is w>e 0 made by ,messrs4 ,h>tley1 ,gre5s1 ,co4 9 #aggj4 ,x is ( a sort ( cream col\r1 & has mu* p]=at$ or basket-"w1 %>ply cut out ( ! bord]s 9 v>i\s patt]ns4 ,important c5tre-pieces ) figures 7 also made "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bfi4--;,,*e/nut ,,b[l ,,& ,,cov]4 ,,ca/le=d1 ab\t twelve miles f ,le$s4 ,"h ,david ,dund]dale e/abli%$ works 9 #agij = ! f9] k9ds ( pott]y1 especially ,que5's w>e & ! black ,egyptian4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgj4--,,teapot4 ,) ornam5ts 9 relief1 ( :ite w>e edg$ ) blue4 ,,sw9ton1 ne> ,ro!rham4 ,initiat$ by ,edw>d ,butl] 9 #ageg1 on ! e/ate ( ! ,m>quis ( ,rock+ham4 ,9 #agfe x 0 c>ri$ on by ,william ,malpas1 & 9 #aggh by ,messrs4 ,b+ley1 ,brameld1 ,co41 :o enl>g$ ! works1 & made e>!nw>e ( a v sup]ior quality4 ,rock+ham teapots1 ( a mottl$ *ocolate col\r1 glaz$ inside ) :ite1 7 9 great repute4 ,b ! aims ( ! ,messrs4 ,brameld 7 ( a high] "*1 & "s works ( arti/ic m]it 7 produc$4 ,:5 ! ,rock+ham works 7 clos$ 9 #ahdb _m ( ! m\lds 7 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,john ,re$1 & transf]r$ to ! ,mexbor\gh pott]y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bga4--,,teapot4 ,,newca/le-,,on-,,tyne4 ,!re 7 "s ext5sive manufactories "h at ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury = mak+ ,que5's w>e1 "s ( :i* is p]=at$ l t ( ,le$s1 & has wick] patt]n bord]s4 ,"s ( ! e>!nw>e mugs h a p9k metallic lu/re1 & are ornam5t$ ) transf] engrav+s4 ,on ! inside 0 usually a toad 9 relief4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgb4--;,,di%4 ,( ,que5's w>e1 m>k$ fell4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgc4--,,mug4 ,) pr9t$ monum5t ( ,"l ,nelson2 inside is a toad2 m>k$ ,fell ,co41 ,newca/le ,pott]y4 ,,/4 ,,an?ony',s1 ab\t #b-a_/b miles f ,newca/le-^u-,tyne4 ,e/abli%$ by ,sewell ,donk9 9 #aghj4 ,que5's w>e & p9k metallic lu/re1 also pr9t$ subjects1 7 produc$2 pi]c$ wick] baskets1 l t ( ,le$s1 7 also made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgd4--;,,jug4 ,) cupids 9 relief1 col\r$ ) p9k metallic lu/r$ cl\ds4 ,,nott+ham4 ,/onew>e 0 made "h 9 ! fir/ half ( ! #ah? c5tury2 x usually has a d>k br[n glaze1 ) a slightly metallic lu/re1 is v h>d & durable1 & is frequ5tly ornam5t$ ) outl9es ( /alks & fl[]s1 especially ! p9k4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bge4--,,mug4 ,inscrib$1 ,made at ,nott+ham1 ! #ag? ,augu/ #agga4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgf4--;,,jug4 ,9 ! =m ( a ,be>4 ,,great ,,y>m\?4 ,a pott] nam$ ,absolon ab\t #agij decorat$ pott]y ( ! cream col\r4 ,! fav\rite subjects are s+le fl[]s & plants1 ) _! names on ! back ( ! piece4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgg4--,,plate4 ,,l[esby1 9 ,leice/]%ire4 ,a pott]y 0 e/abli%$ by ,sir ,francis ,f[kes1 ab\t ! ye> #ahce4 ,r$ t]ra-cotta ) black enamell$ ornam5ts1 9 imitation ( ,w$gwood1 0 made4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgh4--;,,g>d5 ,,pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bgi4--,,vase4 ,,bri/ol4 ,at ,,r$cliffe ,,backs a manufactory ( ,delft w>e 0 c>ri$ on 9 ! #ah? c5tury by ,ri*>d ,frank4 ,at ,,temple ,,backs1 ,bri/ol1 ,joseph ,r+1 son-9-law ( ,cookwor?y 7aft] ! porcela9 works _h be5 rel9qui%$ 9 #aggg71 op5$ a manufactory call$ ! ,bri/ol ,pott]y4 ,x 0 cont9u$ = _m ye>s1 & ab\t #ahbj x 0 occupi$ by ,messrs4 ,p\ntney ,allies4 ,! articles produc$ 7 simil> to ^? ( ! sup]ior pott]ies 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bri/ol 7,r$cliffe ,backs7 ,,fig4 #bhj4--,,tiles4 ,/4 ,m>y ,r$cliffe ,*ur*4 ,,cadbor\gh1 ne> ,rye 9 ,sussex4 ,a pott]y 0 e/abli%$ "h e>ly 9 ! #ai? c5tury = ! manufacture ( common sorts ( pott]y1 b "s vases ( glaz$ w>e ( elegant =ms 7 also produc$4 ,! works are n[ c>ri$ on at ,bellevue ,pott]y1 ,rye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bha4--,,vessel4 ,9 =m ( a pig4 ,,swansea4 ,e/abli%$ ab\t #agej2 x 0 greatly enl>g$ by ,george ,haynes 9 #aghj1 :o /yl$ x ! ,cambrian ,pott]y4 ,9 #ahjb ! works 7 pur*as$ by ,lewis ,we/on ,dillwyn1 & ab\t #ahaj an improv$ w>e 0 made :i* 0 t]m$ opaque porcela92 ) ! assi/ance ( ,"y1 a draughtsman employ$ 9 del9eat+ natural hi/ory1 ! w>e became rem>kable = its beautiful & tru?ful pa9t+s4 ,! e>ly ,swansea w>e 0 elegant 9 =m1 & frequ5tly cov]$ ) a deep blue glaze4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhb4--;,,di%4 ,m>k1 ,swansea & lett] ,c4 ,,great ,,brita9 ,,porcela9 ,! manufacture ( porcela9 9 ,engl& began mu* e>li] ?an has be5 g5]ally suppos$1 & ! inv5tion 0 pat5t$ 9 ,engl& by ,john ,dwight ( ,fulham 9 #afga1 :ile t at ,/4 ,cl\d 0 n pat5t$ until #agjb1 ?irty ye>s aft]w>ds4 ,,worce/]4 ,al?\gh ?is manufactory orig9at$ m ?an a c5tury & a half ago1 & has always be5 c>ri$ on by private ent]prise1 x is /ill 9 a fl\ri%+ /ate4 ,x 0 e/abli%$ 9 #agea1 *iefly ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( ,dr4 ,wall1 a physician & a good practical *emi/1 :o 9 conjunction ) o!rs =m$ ! ,worce/] ,porcela9 ,company4 ,! e>ly productions 7 pr9cipally ( ! useful description1 & 7 sold at a *eap] rate ?an ! w>es ( ,b[ & ,*elsea4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ageg1 ! important me?od ( multiply+ designs ^u ! biscuit w>e by means ( transf]r+ impressions ( engrav$ copp] plates to ! surface1 0 adopt$ at ,worce/] almo/ at ! same "t z at ,liv]pool1 ! inv5tion be+ 9 fact claim$ by bo?2 b specim5s are f\nd be>+ ! names ( ,sadl] & ,gre5 ( ,liv]pool1 & ,ri*>d ,hold%ip & ,rob]t ,hancock ( ,worce/]1 dat$ 9 ! same ye>4 ,bat pr9t+ succe$$ ! pr9t+ f engrav$ or et*$ plates4 ,?is new /yle 0 accompli%$ ?us3 in/ead ( ! design be+ fir/ pr9t$ ^u pap] & !n transf]r$1 ! plate 0 /ippl$ ) a f9e po9t by ,london arti/s aft] designs ( l&scapes1 %ells1 fruit1 & fl[]s by ,cipriani1 ,b>tolozzi1 ,cosway1 & ,angelica ,kauffmann1 :o 7 s fa%ionable ab\t ! end ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,! copp] plate be+ c>efully clean$1 a ?9 coat+ ( l9se$ oil 0 laid ^u x1 & remov$ by ! palm ( ! h& f ! surface1 leav+ ! oil 9 ! engrav$ spots2 in/ead ( pap]1 bats ( glue 7 us$1 cut into squ>es ( ! size ( ! engrav+2 "o ( ^! bats 0 press$ on to ! plate1 s z to receive ! oil out ( ! engrav$ holes1 & laid on to ! *9a1 transf]r+ ! oil to ! surface2 x 0 !n du/$ ) ! col\r requir$1 ! sup]flu\s col\r be+ remov$ c>efully ) cotton wool1 & ! *9a 0 !n plac$ 9 ! kiln4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhc4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,9 #aghc ! ,worce/] porcela9 works 7 pur*as$ by ,mr4 ,?omas ,flight1 f :om !y aft]w>ds pass$ to ,messrs4 ,flight & ,b>r2 ! pr9cipal pa9t]s at ?is "t 73 ,j4 ,p5n+ton1 :o pa9t$ figures2 ,s4 ,a/les1 fl[]s2 ,g4 ,davis1 exotic birds 9 ! ,*elsea /yle2 ,web/]1 l&scapes & fl[]s2 ,j4 ,b>k]1 %ells2 ,brew] ( ,d]by1 l&scapes2 :ile ,?omas ,baxt]1 an accompli%$ arti/1 pa9t$ figure subjects4 ,! ,worce/] works rema9$ ) ,messrs4 ,flight ,b>r until #ahdj1 :5 ! two pr9cipal manufactories ( ,worce/]--t ( ,flight ,b>r1 & t ( ! ,messrs4 ,*amb]la91 7 amalgamat$2 ! plant & /ock 7 remov$ to ! premises ( ! latt]1 & ! new firm 0 /yl$ ,*amb]la9 ,co4 ,! la/-nam$ works 7 e/abli%$ by ,rob]t ,*amb]la9 9 #aghf2 he 0 ! fir/ appr5tice at ! ,old ,worce/] ,porcela9 ,company1 & he & 8 bro!r ,humphrey took premises 9 ,high ,/reet4 ,at fir/ !y only decorat$ porcela91 :i* !y b\ght ( ,turn] ( ,caughley2 b !y aft]w>ds manufactur$ l>gely on _! own acc\nt1 & _! bus9ess increas$ to a great ext5t1 be+ patronis$ by ! royal family4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhd4--,,portion ,,( ,a ,,tea ,,s]vice4 ,japanese patt]n1 blue1 r$1 & gold4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhe4--,,portion ,,( ,a ,,tea ,,s]vice4 ,transf] col\r$1 & p>tly gilt4 ,^! two works :i* 7 unit$ 9 #ahdj1 rema9$ s until #aheb1 :5 ,messrs4 ,k]r ,b9ns became ! o/5sible proprietors4 ,9 #ahfb ano!r ,jo9t ,/ock ,company 0 =m$1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,w4 ,b9ns hav+ ! direction ( ! arti/ic dep>tm5t & ,mr4 ,edw>d ,phillips be+ g5]al sup]9t5d5t4 ,,sw9ton1 ne> ,ro!rham4 ,! manufacture ( porcela9 at ! ,,rock+ham ,,works 0 introduc$1 "u ! patronage ( ! ,e>l ,fitzwilliam1 ab\t ! ye> #ahbc by ,?omas ,brameld1 :o sp>$ no exp5se 9 endeav\r+ to br+ x to p]fection4 ,! *9a 0 ( a sup]ior description1 & ! pa9t+ & decoration 7 ( a high "*4 ,9 #ahcb royal patronage 0 obta9$ & a magnific5t s]vice 0 ord]$ by ,k+ ,william ,,iv42 in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( plac+ ! firm 9 a fl\ri%+ condition1 x 0 actually ! cause ( its ru91 = ! exp5se incurr$ by ! engagem5t ( fir/-class arti/s1 & ! sup]-abundance ( gold employ$ 9 decorat+ ! s]vice1 result$ 9 s great a loss t ! manufacture 0 totally discont9u$ a few ye>s aft]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhf4--,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhg4--,,vase4 ,c5tre-piece ( ! s]vice made = ,k+ ,william ,,iv4 ,height #ad 94 ,,d]by4 ,! e>lie/ manufactory 0 call$ ,! ,d]by ,pot ,works1 & 0 c>ri$ on at ,cock ,pit ,hill by ,messrs4 ,john & ,*ri/oph] ,hea? = pott]y & porcela94 ,x is said to h be5 on an ext5sive scale1 b little is kn[n ( its op]ations4 ,! proprietors1 :o 7 bank]s 9 ,full ,/reet1 became bankrupt 9 #aghj1 :5 ! /ock 0 sold & ! works discont9u$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhh4--;,,gr\p4 ,*elsea ,d]by4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bhi4--,,pair ,,( ,,vases4 ,*elsea ,d]by4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bij4--,,plate4 ,) fl[]s by ,bill+sley4 ,! ,d]by ,porcela9 ,manufactory 0 f\nd$ 9 #agea by ,william ,duesbury2 ! fir/ productions 7 *imney ornam5ts1 lambs1 %eep1 & s]vices = ! table1 b x 0 probably n until he pur*as$ ! ,*elsea works 9 #agfi t any great reputation 0 acquir$1 & few if any ( ! e>ly specim5s c be id5tifi$4 ,"s beautiful examples ( porcela9 pa9t$ 9 ! ,*9ese /yle 7 produc$ ab\t ?is "t1 b z ! rage = ori5tal w>e seem$ s preval5t1 ! proprietor1 to insure ! sale ( 8 *9a1 copi$ ! ,*9ese m>ks z well z ! /yle ( decoration4 ,cr[n ,d]by 0 produc$ f #aghj1 & 0 cont9u$ by ,bloor1 ! successor ( ,duesbury1 z late z #ahcj4 ,aft] ! pur*ase ( ! ,*elsea & ,b[ works1 ! ,d]by porcela9 manufactory rose to great importance1 ! proprietors hav+ ( c\rse reta9$ ! be/ workm5 :o _h be5 engag$ !re4 ,9 fact1 ) all ! models & m\lds1 ! mix]s1 ?r[]s1 & pa9t]s ( ^? two great e/abli%m5ts1 ! manufactory may be consid]$ z ! ,*elsea & ,b[ works cont9u$ 9 ano!r locality4 ,^u ! dea? ( ,william ,duesbury1 9 #aghe1 8 son ,william cont9u$ ! bus9ess1 & a ?ird ,william ,duesbury succe$$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,ab\t #ahae1 ,rob]t ,bloor took ov] ! works1 :i* 7 altoge!r clos$ 9 #ahdh4 ,an (f%oot1 h[ev]1 is /ill c>ri$ on4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bia4--;,,cup1 ,,cov]1 ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,cr[n ,d]by4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bib4--,,sc5t ,,vase4 ,cr[n ,d]by4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bic4--;,,cup1 ,,cov]1 ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,cr[n ,d]by4 ,,burton-,,on-,,tr5t4 ,a manufactory ( e>!nw>e 0 e/abli%$ "h e>ly 9 ! la/ c5tury1 & f ab\t #ahci porcela9 0 made = sev5 ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bid4--;,,comport4 ,,wirkswor?4 ,a manufactory ( *9a z well z pott]y1 e/abli%$ by a ,mr4 ,gill1 exi/$ "h ab\t #aggj1 & cont9u$ = ab\t tw5ty ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bie4--;,,cup4 ,,p9xton 9 ,d]by%ire4 ,e/abli%$ ab\t #agie1 by ,bill+sley 9 p>tn]%ip ) ,john ,coke2 ! =m] 0 a practical pott]1 hav+ be5 engag$ at ! ,d]by works z a fl[] pa9t]1 9 :i* capacity he excell$2 he br\ght ) him a /aff ( workm5 & _! families1 & ! factory w5t on successfully = ab\t five or six ye>s1 :5 ,bill+sley left2 x 0 cont9u$ by ,coke1 & aft]w>ds by ,cutts ! =eman1 b 0 altoge!r discont9u$ ab\t #ahab4 ,! w>e made "h by ,bill+sley 0 ( a peculi> transp>5t "*2 & a fav\rite patt]n 0 ! ,fr5* sprig or ,*antilly1 be+ an imitation ( ! ,ang\lme *9a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bif4--;,,j>d9i,,re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #big4--,,sug> ,,b[l ,,& ,,cov]4 ,,l[e/(t4 ,accord+ to ,gill+ham's ,hi/ory ( ,l[e/(t1 writt5 9 #agij1 an attempt 0 made to manufacture porcela9 !re 9 #agef by ,mr4 ,hewl9 ,luson ( ,gunton ,hall1 he hav+ f\nd "s f9e clay on 8 e/ate suitable = ! purpose1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> ,messrs4 ,gill+wat]1 ,walk]1 ,br[ne1 ,aldr$1 & ,ri*man1 e/abli%$ ! ,l[e/(t porcela9 works1 :i* exi/$ until #ahjb4 ,! porcela9 0 ( s(t pa/e1 & 9 #aijb fragm5ts ( x & m\lds 7 f\nd on ! site ( ! factory4 ,! !ory t h>d pa/e 0 made at ,l[e/(t or t ,*9ese porcela9 0 pa9t$ !re has n[ be5 ab&on$4 ,,plym\?4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agee ,william ,cookwor?y comm5c$ 8 exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 ! nature ( true porcela9 ( h>d pa/e1 & se>*$ ) great p]sev]ance ?r\gh\t ,engl& = ! mat]ials :i* 7 ! con/itu5t p>ts ( ,*9ese porcela94 ,at l5g? a fri5d ( 8 discov]$ on ! e/ate ( ,"l ,camel=d1 9 ! p>i% ( ,/4 ,/eph5's1 ,cornwall1 a c]ta9 :ite saponace\s clay1 & close by x a species ( granite or moor/one1 :ite ) gre5i% spots1 :i* he imm$iately p]ceiv$ to be ! two long s\ght-= +r$i5ts1 ! "o giv+ :it5ess & body to ! pa/e1 ! o!r vitrification & transp>5cy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bih4--;,,c(fee-,,pot4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bii4--;,,beak] ,,& ,,cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjj4--;,,c5trepiece4 ,! pat5t 0 obta9$ 9 #agfh1 & ! mat]ials 7 describ$ z gr[an /one & gr[an clay4 ,! works 7 c>ri$ on = ne>ly six ye>s1 & consequ5tly a consid]able quantity ( w>e 0 made4 ,cookwor?y engag$ ! s]vices ( a ,fr5* arti/1 ,m4 ,soqui1 ^: ornam5tal del9eations on ! articles produc$ "h 7 v beautiful4 ,"s elegant salt-cell>s & table ornam5ts 9 ! =m ( op5 con* %ells re/+ on a b$ ( coral1 c41 all well modell$ 9 h>d pa/e1 7 fav\rites = ! table4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cja4--;,a ,,%eph]dess4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjb4--;,a ,,%eph]d4 ,cookwor?y & ,"l ,camel=d cont9u$ to "w ?is manufactory until #aggd1 :5 ! pat5t "r 0 sold & transf]r$ to ,ri*>d ,*ampion4 ,,bri/ol4 ,a manufactory ( s(t pa/e porcela9 0 f\nd$ at ,bri/ol ab\t #agej4 ,lat] ,ri*>d ,*ampion1 hav+ 9 #aggd pur*as$ ,cookwor?y's pat5t1 op5$ a manufactory = h>d pa/e4 ,! w>e 0 br\ght to great p]fection1 b ! l>ge outlay prev5t$ its be+ remun]ative1 & 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s he sold 8 int]e/ 9 ! pat5t to a company ( ,/af=d%ire pott]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjc4--;,,b[l ,,& ,,cov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjd4--;,,di%4 ,,caughley1 ne> ,broseley1 ,salop4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #agea by a ,mr4 ,br[n1 & aft]w>ds c>ri$ on by a ,mr4 ,gallimore4 ,x 0 n until #aggb t x rose to any importance1 :5 ,?omas ,turn] comm5c$ op]ations4 ,he came f ! ,worce/] porcela9 manufactory2 he 0 an engrav]1 & probably le>nt 8 art f ,rob]t ,hancock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cje4--,,mug4 ,pa9t$ 9 blue4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjf4--,,plate4 ,blue will[ patt]n4 ,! excell5ce ( ,turn]'s porcela9 ga9$ him great patronage4 ,9 #aghj he produc$ ! celebrat$ will[ patt]n1 & complet$ ! fir/ blue pr9t$ table s]vice made 9 ,engl&4 ,?omas ,m9ton ( ,/oke assi/$ 9 ! completion ( x1 be+ articl$ z an engrav] at ,caughley4 ,9 #agii ,turn] retir$ & ,john ,rose became proprietor2 ! latt] remov$ ! works to ,coalport ab\t #ahad or #ahae4 ,,coalport1 9 ,%rop%ire4 ,! porcela9 works "h 7 e/abli%$ ab\t #aghj by ,john ,rose1 :o _h remov$ 8 manufactory f ,jackfield4 ,he c>ri$ on ?is & ! ,caughley works simultane\sly4 ,9 #ahbj1 bo? ! ,swansea & ! ,nantg>w manufactories hav+ be5 pur*as$1 !y 7 incorporat$ ) ,coalport1 & ,bill+sley ( ,nantg>w 0 engag$ z mix] ( ! clays2 he rema9$ at ,coalport until 8 dea? 9 #ahbh4 ,! worm sprig & ! ,t\rnay sprig 7 mu* made at ,coalport4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjg4--;,,di%4 ,m>k$ ,coalport improv$ ,feltsp> 7sic7 ,porcela94 ,,colebrook ,,dale is ano!r "n = ! ,coalport works4 ,,/oke-,,on-,,tr5t4 ,! fir/ ,josiah ,spode _h a factory "h 9 #aghd = ! production ( e>!nw>e4 ,he di$ 9 #agig & 0 succe$$ by 8 son ,josiah1 :o comm5c$ ! manufacture ( porcela9 ab\t #ahjj4 ,he 0 a mo/ successful man ( bus9ess & 0 appo9t$ pott] to ! ,pr9ce ( ,wales4 ,josiah ,spode took ,william ,copel& into p>tn]%ip1 & ! works are /ill c>ri$ on by ,messrs4 ,copel& ,sons4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cjh4--;,,cup1 ,,cov]1 ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cji4--,,vase4 ,,h]b]t ,,m9ton :5 he succe$$ to ! bus9ess at ,/oke-on-,tr5t 7see page #bcf71 greatly develop$ ! manufacture ( h>d & s(t porcela91 & copies 7 made ( ,svres porcela9 vases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caj4--;,,b[l4 ,blue & gold1 pa9t$ ) fl[]s4 ,,longton ,,hall4 ,a porcela9 factory 0 e/abli%$ "h ab\t #ageb by ,william ,littl]4 ,! w>e appe>s to h be5 r vitre\s 9 "*1 & some:at resembles ,*elsea & ,b[ porcela94 ,! works clos$ ab\t #agei1 & ! m\lds1 c41 are believ$ to h be5 pur*as$ by ,duesbury ( ,d]by4 ,illu/ration3 ,,longton ,,hall ,,fig4 #caa4--,,vase4 ,,b[4 ,! manufactory ( porcela9 at ,/rat=d-le-,b[ 0 e/abli%$ ab\t ! middle ( ! #ah? c5tury4 ,?omas ,frye1 an em95t pa9t]1 appe>s to h be5 in/rum5tal 9 br++ ! *9a to t p]fection = :i* ! manufactory 0 celebrat$4 ,he took out two pat5ts = ! improvem5t ( porcela92 ! fir/ 9 #agdd 0 9 conjunction ) ,edw>d ,heylyn1 ! second 9 #agdi4 ,9 #agej ! works 7 dispos$ ( to ,messrs4 ,wea!rby ,cr[!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cab4--,,teapot4 ,pr9t$ ) ,k+ ( ,prussia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cac4--;,,b[l4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cad4--,,plate4 ,pr9t$ ) neas & ,an*ises4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cae4--,,/atuette1 ,,flora4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #caf4--;,,bu/ ,,( ,,george ,,ii4 ,! int]e/+ b[l 7n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum71 made at ! ,b[ works 9 ! ye> #agfj1 & pa9t$ by ,?omas ,craft1 is accompani$ by a %ort hi/ory ( ! works1 :i* in=ms u t ! names ( ! proprietors 7 kn[n all ov] ! _w1 t !y employ$ #cjj p]sons1 ab\t #ij pa9t]s1 & #bjj turn]s1 ?r[]s1 c41 all "u "o ro(4 7,see ,fig4 #cac47 ,9 #agge or #aggf ! works 7 sold to ,duesbury1 & all ! m\lds & implem5ts 7 transf]r$ to ,d]by4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cag4--;,,gr\p3 ,a ,,tea ,,p>ty4 ,= a m detail$ acc\nt ( ! ,b[ porcela9 manufactory1 ! read] is ref]r$ to ,m>ks & ,monograms on ,pott]y & ,porcela91 by ,w4 ,*aff]s4 ,,*elsea4 ,?is celebrat$ porcela9 manufactory 0 e/abli%$ ab\t #agdj1 %ortly aft] t ( ,b[1 & ! e>ly productions ( ! two are frequ5tly mi/ak5 "o = ! o!r2 b1 =tunately1 ! ,*elsea w>es1 especially ! f9e/ pieces1 7 subsequ5tly m>k$ ) an an*or 9 gold or r$4 ,! p]iod ( its greate/ excell5ce 0 f #agej to #agfe4 ,! e>ly pieces 7 copi$ pr9cipally f ! ,ori5tal1 be+ decorat$ ) ,*9ese patt]ns1 & ^! 7 m>k$ ) an emboss$ an*or4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cah4--,,m>%al ,,conway4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cai4--,,%eph]d4 ,! beautiful vases 9 ! ,fr5* /yle1 9 imitation ( ,svres1 ) gros bleu1 crimson1 turquoise1 & apple-gre5 gr\nds 7 made f #agfj to #agfe4 ,9 #agfi1 by ord] ( ,m4 ,sprimont1 ! proprietor1 ! ,*elsea porcela9 manufactory 0 sold by auction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbj4--,,vase4 ,,dea? ,,( ,,cleopatra4 ,! works 7 pur*as$ by ,w4 ,duesbury ( ,d]by1 & c>ri$ on by him at ,*elsea until #aghd4 ,! lat] pieces made "h "u 8 direction are easily di/+ui%$2 ^! vessels are ( simple elegant =ms1 ) ! frequ5t recurr5ce ( gold /ripes1 & ! same =ms & /yle 7 adopt$ simultane\sly at ,d]by1 b !y are inf]ior to ! vases made :5 ,m4 ,sprimont _h ! works "u 8 direction4 ,,wales ,,swansea4 ,! manufacture ( porcela9 0 reviv$ at ,swansea 9 #ahad by ,l4 ,l4 ,dillwyn4 ,at t "t ,bill+sley _h comm5c$ mak+ 8 porcela9 at ,nantg>w2 x naturally attract$ ,dillwyn's att5tion1 & conceiv+ t ! kilns us$ by ,bill+sley ,walk] might be consid]ably improv$1 he made arrangem5ts ) !m to c>ry on _! process at ,swansea4 ,h5ce ! orig9 ( ! ,swansea porcela91 :i* obta9$ great repute1 & 0 cont9u$ = six or sev5 ye>s4 ,baxt]1 a clev] pa9t] ( figure subjects1 left ,worce/] & ent]$ ,dillwyn's s]vice 9 #ahaf & cont9u$ !re = ?ree ye>s1 return+ to ,worce/] 9 #ahai4 ,9 ! ye> #ahbj ! manufactory 0 discont9u$1 & all ! m\lds & appliances 7 pur*as$ by ,john ,rose1 :o remov$ !m to ,coalport ab\t ! same "t z ^? ( ,nantg>w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cba4--,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbb4--,,plate4 ,,nantg>w4 ,e/abli%$ 9 #ahac by ,bill+sley1 ! celebrat$ fl[] pa9t] ( ,d]by1 ) ,walk]1 aft] !y left ,worce/]4 ,!y produc$ "s v f9e porcela91 ( ! same peculi> "* z t ( ,p9xton1 ) a sort ( vitre\s appe>ance & a granulat$ fracture l t ( lump sug>4 ,be+ v s(t ! pa/e w\ld n 9 all cases /& ! heat ( ! kiln2 "s ( ! e>ly pieces are consequ5tly f\nd crack$ on ! glaze1 or slightly w>p$ & b5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbc4--,,plate4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbd4--;,,cup ,,& ,,sauc]4 ,! ,nantg>w porcela9 0 ( rem>kably f9e body & texture1 b its production 0 exp5sive4 ,ab\t ! ye> #ahbj ! manufacture 0 discont9u$2 ,bill+sley & ,walk] hav+ dispos$ ( _! int]e/ 9 ! conc]n to ,j4 ,rose1 ! m\lds & ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! works 7 remov$ to ,coalport4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbe4--,,vase4 ,,ori5tal ,,pott]y ,,& ,,porcela9 ,,*9a ,! porcela9 ( ,*9a is compos$ ( two e>?s1 ! "o a decompos$ felspa?ic rock call$ kaol91 & ! o!r a rock ( ! same geological orig91 mix$ ) qu>tz1 call$ petuntse4 ,!y bo? h>monise s completely t !y h an equally resi/+ p[] :5 plac$ 9 ! kiln4 ,! kaol9 us$ 9 mak+ porcela9 is mu* s(t] ?an petuntse :5 dug out ( ! qu>ry1 yet x is ?is :i*1 by its mixture ) ! o!r1 gives /r5g? & firmness to ! "w4 ,*9ese porcela9 0 classifi$ by ! late ,dr4 ,s4 ,w4 ,bu%ell1 ,c4,m4,g41 "u ! foll[+ p]iods3-- #a4 ,primitive p]iod1 includ+ ! ,sung dyna/y 7#ifj-abgi7 & ! ,yuan dyna/y 7#abhj-acfg74 #b4 ,m+ p]iod1 compris+ ! :ole ( ! ,m+ dyna/y 7#acfh-afdc74 #c4 ,k'ang ,hsi p]iod1 ext5d+ f ! fall ( ! ,m+ dyna/y to ! close ( ! reign ( ,k'ang ,hsi 7#affb-agbb74 #d4 ,yung ,*ng & ,*in ,lung p]iod 7#agbc-agie71 ! two reigns be+ conjo9$4 #e4 ,mod]n p]iod1 f ! beg9n+ ( ! reign ( ,*ia ,*'+ to ! pres5t day4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbf4--,,/onew>e ,,vase4 ,) ,cladon gre5 glaze4 ,m+ dyna/y4 ,! mo/ anci5t mode ( decoration 0 ! blue camaeu1 & x is /ill mu* e/eem$ 9 ,*9a2 x 0 execut$ on ! w>e1 simply dri$ be=e ! glaze 0 appli$1 & !n plac$ 9 ! kiln4 ,be+ all complet$ 9 "o bak+1 au gr& feu1 ! pa9t+ ?us execut$ became imp]i%able4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbg4--,,/onew>e ,,vase4 ,) ,cladon crackle glaze4 ,x is on ?is blue w>e t ! great] numb] ( ! ,*9ese *>act]s are f\nd d5ot+ ! p]iod 9 :i* ! porcela9 0 made4 ,! cobalt on ! e>li] pieces 0 n s f9e z on ^? ( ! ,si\5-te & ,*+-hoa p]iods1 :i* are n[ mu* s\ght aft]4 ,x is extremely difficult to tell ev5 ! approximate date ( ! col\r$ pieces1 especially z !re 0 a conv5tional me?od ( decorat+ !m :i* _h be5 practis$ f "t immemorial2 ! pa9t]s work$ accord+ to giv5 models or patt]ns1 & mon/]s1 deities1 or fl[]s & l&scapes1 ( ! same unc\? & rude designs1 7 plac$ 9 successive ages ^u ! w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbh4--,,porcela9 ,,vase4 ,pa9t$ 9 enamel col\rs4 ,! ,pre d',entrecolles tells u ! mann] ( pa9t+ vases 9 ,*9a1 & h[ ! diff]5t p>ts ( a l&scape on "o vase 7 intru/$ to v>i\s h&s accord+ to _! ability to pa9t special objects me*anically4 ,he says3 ,"o is employ$ solely to =m ! col\r$ circle :i* is se5 r\nd ! bord] ( ! w>e1 a second traces ! fl[]s 9 outl9e1 :i* a ?ird fills 9 ) col\r2 ano!r excels only 9 pa9t+ ! wat] & ! m\nta9s1 :ile ! next is only compet5t to portray birds or animals4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cbi4--,,porcela9 ,,ew]4 ,pa9t$ 9 enamel col\rs1 & m\nt$ ) ,flor5t9e copp] gilt4 #ag? c5tury4 ,a sort ( v h>d /onew>e1 cov]$ ) a ?ick glaze1 may be ! mo/ anci5t description se5 at ! pres5t day4 ,! surface is cov]$ ) a semi-opaque glaze :i* is call$ cladon by ! ,fr5*1 & :i* v>ies 9 col\r f a russet grey to a sea gre54 ,! glaze ( ?is w>e is frequ5tly se5 crackl$ all ov] 9 irregul> l9es1 :i* is t]m$ 9 ,engl& crackle4 ,?is crackle *9a is ! mo/ e/eem$ ( ,ori5tal porcela91 al?\gh x arises f a defective cause4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccj4--;,,bottle4 ,p[d] blue porcela94 ,m+ dyna/y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cca4--;,,j>4 ,pa9t$ ) plum blossoms4 ,m+ dyna/y4 ,! same effect may be easily produc$ ^u all t]ra-cottas ( :i* ! pa/e is m s5sible to ! *anges ( temp]ature ?an ! ext]ior coat+ or glaze4 ,9 fay5ce ?is accid5t is ( frequ5t occurr5ce2 ! r$ por\s clay1 be+ m expansive1 draws away ! enamel1 :i*1 be+ less ela/ic1 is sep>at$ into fragm5ts1 & ! great] ! resi/ance ! m !y are multipli$4 ,n[ "o ( ! qualities ( porcela9 is precisely to avoid ?is d\ble action4 ,its pa/e is compos$ ( a felspa?ic rock1 decompos$ & infusible1 call$ kaol92 ! cov] or glaze comes also f a felspa?ic rock1 slightly cry/allis$2 ^! melt & assimilate toge!r h>moni\sly 9 vitrification1 & a complete aff9ity is evid5t betwe5 ! two elem5ts ( porcela94 ,nev]!less ! ,*9ese1 9 modify+ ! glaze1 are able to r5d] x m or less expansive & to break ! h>mony betwe5 its own %r9kage & t ( ! pa/e or body :i* x cov]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccb4--,,plate4 ,egg %ell porcela94 ,h5ce ! crackle1 at ! option ( ! pott]1 is made ( l>ge1 middl+1 or small size4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( crackle are ?us produc$1 sometimes ^u "o & ! same piece1 z by expos+ ! porcela9 or portions ( x :5 at its greate/ heat to a sudd5 cold or contact ( wat]1 l>ge fissures may be obta9$4 ,^! cracks are sometimes fill$ 9 ) black1 r$1 *ocolate1 or purple col\rs4 ,o!rs may be class$ among ! curiosities ( porcela9--= example1 cups or b[ls :i* h an out] reticulat$ coat+1 pi]c$ or cut out into arabesques1 completely insulat$ f ! inn] vessel1 except at ! rim at top & bottom :]e x is jo9$2 ^! h be5 us$ = tea or hot liquids1 & may be held 9 ! h& ) impunity1 not)/&+ ! heat enclos$ )9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccc4--,,plate4 ,egg %ell porcela94 ,ano!r v>iety consi/s 9 cutt+ or pun*+ out pieces ( ! pa/e or body ( ! w>e 9 patt]ns be=e x is bak$2 ! pieces s cut out are small ovals l gra9s ( rice plac$ 9 m or less num]\s />s1 rosettes1 c4 ,! vase ?us ornam5t$ is dipp$ into ! glaze :i* fills up all ^! small holes1 & !n plac$ 9 ! kiln4 ,! patt]n1 be+ mu* m transp>5t ?an ! body ( ! w>e1 is di/9ctly se51 b especially s :5 held to ! light4 ,ano!r beautiful effect is produc$ by means ( ! glaze itself1 :i* is ( a light or d>k %ade accord+ to its int5sity or ?ickness2 = example3 a fi%1 animal1 or o!r object is /amp$ incuse on ! upp] surface ( a plate1 x is !n fill$ 9 ) a col\r$ glaze & vitrifi$1 & is consequ5tly %ad$ accord+ to ! ?ickness ( ! glaze on ea* portion ( ! design1 ! surface be+ p]fectly smoo?4 ,vases are sometimes se5 sep>at$ 9 ! middle into two pieces 7:i* mu/ h be5 cut :ile ! clay 0 s(t71 ! upp] half be+ completely divid$ f ! l[] half--9 arabesques & dove-tail patt]ns1 9 su* a mann]1 t al?\gh sep>ate1 !y _c be altoge!r remov$ f ea* o!r2 ! wond] is1 t 9 ! bak+1 ! edges 9 juxtaposition %\ld n h become aga9 cem5t$ toge!r4 ,! ,*9ese !mselves are great =g]s1 & endeav\r to impose n only ^u ! ,europeans1 b ^u _! own c\ntrym51 _m ( :om are great amateurs1 & are will+ to pay extravagant prices = anci5t examples ( porcela91 especially if made by a celebrat$ pott]4 ,,japan ,! in=mation conc]n+ ! orig9 ( mak+ porcela9 9 ,japan is v scanty4 ,dr4 ,h(fmann ( ,leyd5 publi%$ a hi/ory ( ! pr9cipal porcela9 manufactories 9 #agii1 :i* is app5d$ to ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5's acc\nt ( ^? ( ,*9a3 x 0 a translation f a ,japanese "w4 ,he says x 0 to a colony ( ,korans e/abli%$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,omi1 9 ! isl& ( ,nippon1 9 ! ye> #bg ,b4,c41 t ! introduction ( ?is art 0 attribut$4 ,ab\t ! same epo* !re liv$ 9 ! prov9ce ( ,idsumi1 situat$ l t ( ,omi 9 ! isl& ( ,nippon1 a man nam$ ,nom9o ,sukun1 :o made1 9 pott]y & porcela91 vases & notably figures ( ! size ( life1 to sub/itute = slaves1 :i* x _h be5 previ\sly ! cu/om to bury ) _! ma/]s4 ,nom9o receiv$ z a recomp5se au?orisation to take ! "n ( ,fazi1 9 ! ,koran language ,patzi1 arti/-workman4 ,"u ,sei-wa 7#hei-hgf ,a4,d47 ! numb] ( fabriques increas$ consid]ably4 ,"u ,syun-tok 7#abaa-abba71 a ,japanese pott] nam$ ,katosiro-uye-mon comm5c$ ! mak+ ( small vases 9 :i* to pres]ve tea1 b = want ( a bett] process he plac$ !m 9 ! kiln on _! orifices1 :i* consequ5tly appe>$ z if !y _h be5 us$1 & ! vases 7 little c>$ =4 ,desir\s ( improv+ himself 9 ! art1 ,katosiro1 accompani$ by a ,bonze or ,buddhi/ monk1 visit$ ,*9a 9 #abaa1 ) ord]s f 8 ,gov]nm5t to make himself acqua9t$ ) all ! secret processes ( ! manufacture1 :i* 0 at t "t br\ght to s great p]fection !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccd4--,,porcela9 ,,vase4 ,hiz5 w>e4 ,ab\t #afij4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cce4--;,,fukurokuji4 ,! god ( longevity4 ,on 8 return1 he made su* important improvem5ts 9 ! composition & decoration ( porcela9 t h5ce=? x became sup]ior 9 _m in/ances to ! ,*9ese1 especially 9 ! manufacture ( ! be/ specim5s1 ^u :i* mu* "t & lab\r 7 be/[$4 ,! porcela9 ( ,japan is v mu* l t ( ,*9a1 b ! col\rs are m brilliant on ! f9e pieces2 x has a bett] f9i%1 & ! designs are m ( ! ,european "*1 ! fl[]s1 birds1 c41 be+ m natural1 & ! ky-l9s1 dragons1 & o!r mon/]s less hide\s2 ! pa/e is ( bett] quality & a pur] :ite1 especially 9 w>e ( ! #ag? & #ah? c5turies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccf4--,,sak ,,cup ,,& ,,/&4 ,porcela9 gold ornam5t on r$ gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ccg4--,,/onew>e ,,j>4 to w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cch4--,,porcela9 ,,vase4 ,ki%9 w>e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cci4--;,,c&le/ick4 ,tozan porcela94 ,pa9t$ 9 blue4 ,p]haps ! mo/ beautiful ( all ! porcela9 made 9 ,japan is ! egg %ell1 s call$ because x is extremely ?9 & transluc5t1 yet s compact t x c be =m$ into l>ge vases1 z well z plates & b[ls or cups4 ,! small cups )\t sauc]s1 :i* are usually plac$ ^u prs5toirs ( lac1 are seldom pa9t$ on ! ext]ior2 b )9 is frequ5tly f\nd a fillet ( gold1 & slight sket*es 9 blue or gold indicat+ ! outl9e ( a m\nta91 ! sun1 cl\ds1 & a l9e ( birds tak+ flight1 or sometimes animals1 all 9 outl9e4 ,on o!r pieces are birds1 fl[]s1 & animals delicately pa9t$ 9 col\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdj4--;,,flask4 ,satsuma w>e4 ,! art has be5 cont9u$ to ! pres5t day2 ^? beautiful & extremely delicate cups & sauc]s1 ?9 z pap]1 are frequ5tly se5 cov]$ on ! outside ) a cas+ ( bamboo ?reads wov5 toge!r2 ! l>g] bas9s & cov]s are also made ( equally ?9 porcela94 ,all ^! are produc$ n[1 z !y 7 9 anci5t times1 at ,im>i1 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hiz54 ,x is n 9 ! village itself t ^! manufactories are e/abli%$1 b z _m z tw5ty-f\r or tw5ty-five are situat$ ne> ! m\nta9 ( ,idsumi-yama1 :5ce ! kaol9 is obta9$ ( :i* ! vessels are made4 ,crackle *9a 0 made 9 ,japan z well z 9 ,*9a f a v e>ly p]iod1 & 0 frequ5tly pa9t$ ) fl[]s1 l&scapes1 & birds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cda4--;,,inc5se-,,burn]4 ,im>i porcela94 #ah? c5tury4 ,accord+ to ! late ,sir ,augu/us ,w4 ,franks1 ,k4,c4,b41 ! c]amic w>es ( ,japan exhibit great diff]5ces 9 _! composition1 texture1 & appe>ance1 b may be r\ghly class$ "u ?ree pr9cipal heads3 7#a7 common pott]y & /onew>e1 g5]ally ornam5t$ simply by scor+ & glaz+ ! surface2 7#b7 a cream-col\r$ faence1 ) a glaze1 (t5 crackl$ & delicately pa9t$ 9 col\rs2 7#c7 h>d porcela94 ,to ! fir/ ( ^! classes belong ! w>es ( ,biz51 old ,seto1 ,%ig>aki1 & o!r small fabrics1 includ+ ! ,raku w>es4 ,! pr9cipal factories ( ! second class are ,awata1 ,satsuma1 & ! rec5t imitations ( ! latt] at ta & else:]e4 ,among ! porcela91 ! co>se/ is t made at ,kutani1 b ! mo/ celebrat$ fabrics are 9 ! prov9ce ( ,hiz51 at ,seto 9 ,ow>i1 & ,kiyomidzu ne> ,kito4 ,,p]sia1 ,,syria1 ,,& ,,turkey ,,p]sia ,silice\s-glaz$ w>es 7 produc$ 9 ,p]sia at a v e>ly p]iod1 & ! late ,mr4 ,c4 ,drury ,e4 ,=tnum1 9 8 ,hi/orical ,treatise on ,majolica1 /ates t ! decoration by means ( metallic lu/re 0 practis$ 9 t c\ntry 9 ! c\rse ( ! ?irte5? c5tury1 if n long be=e4 ,glass-glaz$ bricks1 tiles1 & o!r w>es1 7 made 9 ,babylon at a remote p]iod1 z well z 9 ,assyria & ,egypt2 & x is probable t ! art ( _! manufacture spread into ! surr\nd+ c\ntries4 ,! ,p]sian w>e is pr9cipally decorat$ ) blue & black4 ,! lu/res are a ri* orange gold1 a d>k copp] col\r1 & a brass lu/re4 ,! patt]ns ^u ! tiles & vases are simil>1 & consi/ ( elegant arabesques1 foliage1 & ornam5t$ fl[]s1 m or less 9 imitation ( nature4 ,among ^! we notice ! tulip1 ! ,indian p9k1 ! rose1 & o!r fl[]s4 ,! tulip 9 ,p]sia is ! emblem ( ,affection1 :i* is ?us symbolis$ at ! pres5t day4 ,! b[ls & vases are sometimes ornam5t$ ) fabul\s birds1 gazelles1 antelopes1 h>es1 c41 mix$ ) scrolls & foliage4 ,! =ms include hemisph]ical & cyl9drical cups1 vases1 & b[ls on conical feet2 common =ms are a bottle ) a v long neck1 probably us$ to hold w9e1 & ew]s & bas9s1 ! =m] l a bottle ) h&le & long sp\t1 us$ especially = ablutions1 ! latt] ) a pi]c$ cov]4 ,! tiles be+ mo/ly made to cov] walls1 =m cont9u\s arabesques :5 plac$ side by side4 ,*>d9 says ( !m1 ,9 tru?1 no?+ c be se5 m lively or m brilliant ?an ?is sort ( "w1 nor ( equally f9e design4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdb4--,,wall ,,tile4 ,glaz$ e>!nw>e4 #ac? c5tury4 ,! ,p]sian fay5ce 0 probably ! same z ! ,gombroon w>e1 :i* 0 %ipp$ by ! ,engli% ,ea/ ,india ,company f a port ( t "n 9 ! ,p]sian ,gulf1 :]e !y =m$ _! fir/ e/abli%m5t ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 & :5ce ! great bulk ( ,*9ese porcela9 0 export$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdc4--,,wat]-,,bottle4 ,) metallic lu/re4 #ae? or #af? c5tury4 ,x has long be5 a vexata qu/io :e!r porcela9 0 ev] made 9 ,p]sia2 "s say ! idea is altoge!r *im]ical1 b ,m4 ,jacquem>t endeav\rs to prove t bo? h>d & s(t porcela9 7 made at ,iran1 & has devot$ ?ree or f\r long *apt]s to ! support ( 8 !ory 7,les ,m]veilles de la ,cramique74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdd4--;,,di% ,,= ,,rice4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to porcela9 9 ,p]sian w>e is a sort ( silice\s frit or f9e /onew>e1 :i* possesses a v slight degree ( transluc5cy b is n true porcela9 compos$ ( kaol9 & petuntse l ,*9ese porcela94 ,small creamy :ite bas9s1 ) ! sides pi]c$ ) sla%es & fill$ ) transluc5t glazes1 are semi-transluc5t & h ! appe>ance ( porcela94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cde4--,,rose-,,wat] ,,spr9kl]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdf4--,,rose-,,wat] ,,spr9kl]4 ,,syria ,,& ,,turkey ,dr4 ,=tnum 0 ( op9ion t :at is g5]ally kn[n z ,,damascus w>e 0 probably made n only 9 t city b at ,con/ant9ople1 ,br\ssa1 & all ! pr9cipal sites ( manufactur+ indu/ry ?r\gh\t ,syria & ,asia ,m9or4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by ! great brilliancy ( its enamel col\rs1 ! pr9cipal ( :i* are a deep lapis-lazuli blue1 turquoise1 a vivid em]ald gre51 a brilliant r$ purple1 orange or buff1 olive gre5 & black4 ,! pieces consi/ pr9cipally ( circul> di%es1 jugs ) long cyl9drical necks & globul> bodies1 flasks1 c41 & ! be/ specim5s 7 probably produc$ dur+ ! fir/ half ( ! #af? c5tury4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdg4--;,,damascus ,,plate4 ,pa9t$ 9 col\rs4 ,rema9s ( pott]ies are /at$ to h be5 f\nd at ,l9dus on ! ,isl& ( ,rhodes1 & at "o p]iod all ! w>e ( ,asia ,m9or 0 attribut$ to ^? works & 0 call$ ,rhodian4 ,! pott]y actually manufactur$ !re appe>s1 h[ev]1 to h be5 ( a some:at co>s] "* ?an t made at ,damascus & else:]e4 ,ri*ly pa9t$ tiles ) diap]+ & conv5tional floral patt]ns "u a vitre\s glaze 7 us$ l>gely = ! decoration ( palaces1 mosques1 & tombs ?r\gh\t ,asia ,m9or & ,syria2 ^! tiles are also to be f\nd at ,con/ant9ople4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdh4--;,,damascus ,,di%4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cdi4--,,rhodian ,,plate4 ,,index ,adams1 ,william1 #bcd ,alcora1 #dg1 #abi ,am/el1 ,oude1 #agc ,am/]dam1 #aje1 #agb ,anspa*1 #adc ,aprey1 #gd ,apt1 #ec ,arm5tires1 #gd ,arn/adt1 #ih ,arras1 #aic ,asia ,m9or1 #caj ,a/bury1 #bbh ,avignon1 #ed ,bad5-,bad51 #aef ,b>an[ka1 #ahb ,bassano1 #ce ,bayreu?1 #hg1 #add ,beauvais1 #ec ,b]l91 #ace ,blois1 #ed ,boissette1 #bjj ,boo?1 ,eno*1 #bcd ,b\logne-sur-,m]1 #aid ,b\rg-la-,re9e1 #hj1 #aif ,b[1 #bgd ,bradwell1 #bcj ,bri/ol1 #bea1 #bfi ,br\ssa1 #caj ,brussels1 #agg ,bu5 ,retiro1 #abg ,bunzlau1 #ie ,burslem1 #bbj ,burton-on-,tr5t1 #bfd ,cadbor\gh1 #beb ,ca51 #bja ,cafaggiolo1 #ai ,capo di ,monte1 #aad ,ca/el ,durante1 #aj ,ca/elli1 #bg ,ca/le=d1 #bdf ,caughley1 #bgj ,*aff]s1 ,ri*>d1 #bdj ,*antilly1 #ahi ,*teau-la-,lune1 #gd ,*elsea1 #bgi ,*9a1 #bhe ,citt di ,ca/ello1 #cg ,clignanc\rt1 #aig ,clo/] ,veilsdorf1 #adf ,coalport1 #bda1 #bga ,cobridge1 #bcd ,colebrook ,dale1 #bgb ,cologne 7,kln71 #hh ,con/ant9ople1 #cab ,cop5hag51 #ahe ,creil1 #hj ,damascus1 #caj ,dav5port1 ,messrs41 #bce ,delft1 #ajj ,d]by1 #bfj ,diruta1 #ae ,doccia1 #aac ,don ,pott]y1 #bde ,d\ai1 #gh ,dresd51 #if1 #acj ,dwight1 ,john1 #bda ,el]s1 ,john ,philip1 #bcj tiolles1 #aie ,etruria1 #bba ,fa5za1 #ab ,faence d',oiron1 #ej ,f5ton1 #bcd ,f]r>a1 #cd ,flor5ce1 #bf1 #aab ,fonta9ebleau1 #bjg ,=l1 #ag ,frank5?al1 #ih1 #aci ,fre*51 #hi ,fulda1 #adh ,fulham1 #bda ,fr/5b]g1 #adi ,g5oa1 #ce ,g]a1 #aee ,go?a1 #aeh ,great ,y>m\?1 #bej ,gr5zhaus51 #ib ,grossbreit5ba*1 #aec ,gubbio1 #f ,hag5au1 #fc ,hague1 ,!1 #agd ,hanley1 #bca ,h>burg1 #ie ,h5ri ,deux w>e1 #ej ,h]5d1 #aff ,hispano-,moresque w>e1 #da ,h*/1 #if1 #ach ,holl9s1 ,samuel1 #bbi ,infreville1 #gd ,jackfield1 #bdj ,japan1 #bie ,kel/]ba*1 #add ,kiel1 #ii ,klo/] ,veilsdorf1 #adf ,korzec1 #ahb ,kreuss51 #id ,la ,fratta1 #ci ,lambe?1 #bdc ,lane ,delph1 #bcf ,lane ,end1 #bce ,lau5/e91 #hi1 #if ,le$s1 #bde ,leipzig1 #hf ,lille1 #ha1 #aie ,limba*1 #aee ,limburg1 #hi ,liv]pool1 #bcg ,longton ,hall1 #bgd ,longport1 #bce ,loosdre*t1 ,oude1 #aga ,loreto1 #cg ,l[esby1 #bea ,l[e/(t1 #bfe ,ludwigsburg1 #aea ,lunville1 #gb1 #aih ,luxemburg1 #ajf1 #agg ,madrid1 #abg ,majorca1 #db ,malaga1 #db ,malicorne1 #gd ,man]be1 #gd ,manises1 #df ,m>ieb]g1 #aji1 #ahd ,m>seilles1 #fi1 #bjb ,mason1 ,miles1 #bcf ,may]1 ,elijah1 #bcb ,meiss51 #acj ,m5necy-,vill]oy1 #aia ,milan1 #ca ,m9ton1 ,h]b]t1 #bcf1 #bgc ,m9ton1 ,?omas1 #bcf ,monte ,lupo1 #cj ,mont]eau1 #ha ,mosc[1 #ahj ,m\/i]s1 #fe ,murano1 #be ,nantg>w1 #bhc ,naples1 #cj1 #aad ,neale1 #bcc ,neudeck1 #ada ,nev]s1 #ef ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 #bdh ,new ,hall ,*9a ,works1 #bcj ,nid]vill]1 #gf1 #aih ,nott+ham1 #bdi ,nove1 #be1 #abb ,nuremb]g 7,nrnb]g71 #hd ,nymph5burg1 #ada ,nyon1 #afh ,ob]dorf1 #hg ,oiron1 ,faence d'1 #ej ,orleans1 #aih ,ov]toom1 #ajf ,oude ,am/el1 #agc ,oude ,loosdre*t1 #aga ,padua1 #bf ,palissy1 ,b]n>d1 #ee ,palm]1 #bcc ,p>is1 #bjc ,belleville1 #bjg ,faub\rg ,/4 ,honor1 #bje ,pont-aux-,*\x1 #bjf ,rue de ,bondy1 #bjd ,rue de ,crussol1 #bjg ,rue ,fonta9e au ,roi1 #bje ,rue du ,faub\rg ,/4 ,d5is1 #bjh ,rue ,?ir\x1 #bjc ,pavia1 #ci ,p]sia1 #cjd ,pes>o1 #h ,p9xton1 #bfd ,pisa1 #bc ,plym\?1 #bff ,ra]51 #hi ,ratisbon1 #aec ,rau5/e91 #aeh ,rav5na1 #ah ,reg5sburg1 #aec ,rhodes1 ,isl& (1 #caj ,rim9i1 #ah ,rock+ham1 #bdg1 #bfj ,rr/r&1 #ajg ,r\51 #ei1 #aij ,rudol/adt1 #adg ,/4 ,an?ony's1 #bdh ,/4 ,arm&-les-,eaux1 #gi1 #bjb ,/4 ,clm5t1 #gf ,/4 ,cl\d1 #ahg ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 #ajg1 #agi ,/4 ,por*aire1 #ej ,salopian1 #bgj ,s>reguem9es 7,sa>gemnd71 #gh ,savona1 #cf ,sceaux ,p5?ivre1 #gi1 #aib ,s*]zheim1 #if ,s*lagg5wald1 #aff ,svres1 #bji ,sgraffiato1 #cg ,%awe1 ,ralph1 #bbg ,%elton1 #bbh ,siegburg1 #hi 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