,,! ,,c5tury ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies ,,edit$ ,,by ,,sir ,,h5ry ,e4 ,,roscoe1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,,*>les ,,lyell ,,& ,,mod]n ,,geology ,! ,c5tury ,sci5ce ,s]ies4 ,,edit$ ,,by ,,sir ,,h5ry ,e4 ,,roscoe1 ,d4,c4,l41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,m4,p4 99 99 99 99 99 ,john ,dalton & ! ,rise ( ,mod]n ,*emi/ry4 ,by ,sir ,,h5ry ,e4 ,,roscoe1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,major ,r5nell1 ,f4,r4,s41 & ! ,rise ( ,engli% ,geography4 ,by ,,clem5ts ,r4 ,,m>kham1 ,c4,b41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,geographical ,society4 ,ju/us von ,liebig3 8 ,life & ,"w 7#ahjc-ahgc74 ,by ,w4 ,a4 ,,%5/one1 ,f4,i4,c41 ,lectur] on ,*emi/ry 9 ,clifton ,college4 ,! ,h]s*els & ,mod]n ,a/ronomy4 ,by ,,agnes ,m4 ,,cl]ke1 ,au?or ( ,a ,popul> ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy dur+ ! #ai? ,c5tury1 c4 ,*>les ,lyell & ,mod]n ,geology4 ,by ,rev4 ,pr(essor ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,cl]k ,maxwell & ,mod]n ,physics4 ,by ,r4 ,t4 ,,glazebrook1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,9 ,prep>ation4 ,mi*ael ,f>aday3 8 ,life & ,"w4 ,by ,pr(essor ,,silvanus ,p4 ,,?ompson1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,humphry ,davy4 ,by ,t4 ,e4 ,,?orpe1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr9cipal ,*emi/ ( ! ,gov]nm5t ,laboratories4 ,pa/eur3 8 ,life & ,"w4 ,by ,m4 ,,arm& ,,ruff]1 ,m4,d41 ,director ( ! ,briti% ,in/itute ( ,prev5tive ,m$ic9e4 ,*>les ,d>w9 & ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,by ,,edw>d ,b4 ,,p\lton1 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,hope ,pr(essor ( ,zoology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,h]mann von ,helmholtz4 ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,r,ue,c,k,e,r1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,pr(essor ( ,physics 9 ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,london4 ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,london2 ,p>is ,melb\rne ,illu/ration3 ,,hw3 ,*>les ,lyell ,,! ,,c5tury ,,sci5ce ,,s]ies ,,*>les ,,lyell ,,& ,,mod]n ,,geology ,,by ,,pr(4 ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney ,d4,,sc41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,etc4 ,new ,york ,,macmillan ,,co4 #ahie ,,preface4 ,! life ( ,*>les ,lyell is s+ul>ly free f mov+ accid5ts by flood & field4 ,?\gh he travell$ mu*1 he nev]1 s f> z c be asc]ta9$1 0 9 dang] ( life or limb1 ( brig& or bea/4 ,at home 8 c>e] 0 n hamp]$ by s]i\s difficulties or block$ by =midable ob/acles2 n a few circum/ances 7 di/9ctly fav\rable to success4 ,?us 8 biography _c (f] ! read] ei!r ! excitem5t ( adv5ture1 or ! int]e/ ( an unwe>i$ /ruggle ) adv]se conditions4 ,b = all t1 z x seems to me1 x c tea* a lesson ( no little value4 ,lyell1 :ile /ill a "y man1 det]m9$ t he w\ld endeav\r to put geology--!n only beg9n+ to rank z a sci5ce--on a m s\nd & philosophical basis4 ,to accompli% ?is purpose1 he sp>$ no lab\r1 grudg$ no exp5diture1 %rank f no fatigue4 ,= ye>s he 0 tra9+ himself by obs]vation & travel2 he 0 /udi\sly aim+ at precision ( ?\ght & expression1 till ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology _h be5 complet$ & publi%$4 ,b ev5 !n1 ?\gh he might h c\nt$ 8 "w done1 he sp>$ no pa9s to make x bett]1 & w5t on at ! task ( improvem5t till ! close ( 8 long life4 ,my *ief aim1 9 writ+ ?is little volume1 has be5 to br+ out ?is lesson z /rongly & z cle>ly z possible4 ,i h /riv5 to %[ h[ ,*>les ,lyell /udi$1 h[ he work$1 h[ he accumulat$ obs]vations1 h[ ea* j\rney _h its def9ite purposes4 ,accord+ly1 ,i h (t5 giv5 8 words 9 pref]5ce to any phrases ( my own1 & h quot$ freely f 8 lett]s1 di>ies1 & books1 because ,i wi%$ to %[ exactly h[ ?+s pres5t$ !mselves to 8 eyes1 & h[ ideas 7 matur+ 9 8 m9d4 ,reg>d$ 9 ?is light1 ,lyell's life becomes an apologue1 sett+ =? ! b5eficial results ( conc5trat+ ! :ole en]gy on "o def9ite object1 & ! moral gr&eur ( a calm1 judicial1 tru?-seek+ _s4 ,9 writ+ ! foll[+ pages ,i h1 ( c\rse1 ma9ly drawn ^u ! ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 edit$ by ,mrs4 ,lyell2 b ,i h also made use ( 8 books1 especially ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 & ! two t\rs 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,i am "u occasional obligations to ! excell5t life1 contribut$ by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,a4 ,j4 ,cole to ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 & h to ?ank my fri5d ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,judd = "s important details :i* he _h le>nt ?r\gh 8 intimacy ) ! vet]an geologi/4 ,he also k9dly l5t ! engrav+ 7execut$ 9 ,am]ica f a dagu]reotype7 :i* has be5 copi$ = ! frontispiece ( ?is volume4 ,t4 ,g4 ,,bonney4 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4--,,*ildhood ,,& ,,s*ooldays #i ,,ii4--,,und]graduate ,,days #ai ,,iii4--,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,a ,,purpose #bg ,,iv4--,,! ,,purpose ,,develop$ ,,& ,,accompli%$ #dd ,v4--,,! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,place ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,geology #gc ,,vi4--,,eight ,,ye>s ,,( ,,quiet ,,progress #ajj ,,vii4--,,geological ,,"w ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica #acj ,,viii4--,,ano!r ,,epo* ,,( ,,"w ,,& ,,travel #aeb ,,ix4--,,/eady ,,progress #afh ,x4--,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man #ahd ,,xi4--,,! ,,ev5+ ,,( ,,life #ahi ,,xii4--,,summ>y #bjf ,,*>les ,,lyell ,,& ,,mod]n ,,geology4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,*ildhood ,,& ,,s*ooldays4 ,cal$onia1 /]n & wild1 may be call$ meet nurse ( geologi/s z well z ( poets4 ,among ! mo/ rem>kable ( ! =m] is ,*>les ,lyell1 :o 0 born 9 ,=f>%ire on ,novemb] #ad?1 #agig1 at ,k9nordy1 ! family mansion4 ,8 fa!r1 :o also bore ! "n ( ,*>les1#a 0 bo? a lov] ( natural hi/ory & a man ( high culture4 ,he took an int]e/ at "o "t 9 entomology1 b ab&on$ ?is = botany1 devot+ himself m especially to ! /udy ( ! cryptogams4 ,( ^! he discov]$ sev]al new species1 besides "s o!r plants previ\sly unkn[n 9 ! ,briti% flora1 & he contribut$ ! article on ,li*5s to ,smi?'s ,engli% ,botany4 ,m ?an "o species 0 nam$ aft] him1 z well z a g5us ( mosses1 ,lyellia1 :i* is *iefly f\nd 9 ! ,himalayas4 ,lat] 9 8 life1 sci5ce1 on ! :ole1 0 supplant$ by lit]ature1 & he became engross$ 9 ! /udy ( ! works ( ,dante1 ( "s ( ^: poems#b he publi%$ translations & notes4 ,?us ! geologi/ & au?or is an in/ance ( h]$it>y g5ius4 ,*>les 0 ! elde/ ( a family ( t5--?ree sons & sev5 daught]s1 all ( :om grew up4 ,_! "m 0 ,engli%1 ! daught] ( ,?omas ,smi?1 ( ,mak] ,hall 9 ,york%ire1 a woman ( /rong s5se & t5d] anxiety = h] *ildr5's welf>e4 ,! front ( heav51 z ,lyell has writt5 9 a fragm5t ( autobiography1 0 n full ( fi]y %apes at 8 nativity1 b ! season 0 s exceptionally w>m t 8 "m's b$room-w9d[ 0 kept op5 all ! night--an appropriate bir?-om5 = ! geologi/1 :o _h a firm] fai? ?an "s ( 8 successors 9 ! value ( "w 9 ! op5 air4 ,he has put on record only two *>act]i/ics ( 8 infancy1 & z ^! c h>dly be p]sonal recollections1 we may assume !m to h be5 suffici5tly m>k$ to impress o!rs4 ,"o if n bo? 0 :olly physical4 ,he 0 v late 9 cutt+ 8 tee?1 n a s+le "o hav+ appe>$ 9 ! fir/ twelvemon?1 & ! h>dness ( 8 infant gums caus$ an old wife to progno/icate t he w\ld be ed5tul\s4 ,also1 8 lungs 7 s vigor\s & s habitually ex]cis$ t he 0 pron\nc$ ! l\de/ & mo/ indefatigable squall] ( all ! brats ( ,angus4 ,! geologi/ :o s emphatically affirm$ ! necessity ( travel1 e>ly became an unconsci\s practis] ( 8 own precept4 ,:5 he 0 ?ree mon?s old 8 p>5ts w5t f ,k9nordy to ,inv]>ay1 :5ce !y j\rney$ to ! s\? ( ,engl&1 z f> z ,ilfracombe4 ,f ?is place !y remov$ to ,weym\? & !nce to ,s\?ampton4 ,m ?an a ye> mu/ h be5 ?us sp5t1 = _! second *ild--also a son--0 born at ! la/-nam$ t[n4 ,mr4 ,lyell1 ! fa!r1 n[ took a lease ( ,b>tley ,lodge1 on ! ,new ,=e/--"s half-doz5 miles we/ ( ,s\?ampton1 :]e ! family liv$ = tw5ty-eight ye>s4 ,8 "m & si/]s also left ,k9nordy1 & r5t$ a h\se 9 ,s\?ampton4 ,_! frequ5t excursions to ,b>tley ,lodge1 z ,lyell obs]ves1 7 always welcome to ! *ildr51 = !y nev] came empty-h&$4 ,k9nordy1 h[ev]1 0 visit$ f "t to "t 9 ! summ]1 & on "o ( ^! occasions1 :5 ,*>les 0 9 8 fif? ye>1 "s ( ! family _h a n>r[ escape4 ,!y 7 ab\t a /age & a half f ,ed9burgh2 ! p>5ts & ! two boys 9 "o c>riage2 two nursemaids1 ! cook1 & ! two y\nge/ *ildr51 si/]s1 9 a *aise beh9d4 ,! horses ( ?is took fright on a n>r[ "p ( ! road & upset ! c>riage ov] a v /eep slope4 ,=tunately all escap$ unhurt1 except "o ( ! maids1 ^: arm 0 cut by ! spl9t]$ glass4 ,! p>5ts ran to ! rescue4 ,mean:ile1 ,tom & ,i 7 left 9 ! c>riage4 ,we ?\ght x f9e pa/ime1 & ,i am accus$ ( hav+ prompt$ ,tom to assi/ 9 plund]+ ! pockets ( ! c>riage ( all ! buns & o!r eatables1 :i* we demoli%$ ) great spe$ = fe> ( int]ruption4#c ,?is adv5ture1 h[ev]1 0 n q 8 e>lie/ rem9isc5ce2 = t 0 le>n+ ! alphabet :5 he 0 ab\t ?ree ye>s old4 ,*>les 0 kept at home till he _h ne>ly complet$ 8 eigh? ye>1 :5 he 0 s5t ) 8 bro!r ,tom to a bo>d+-s*ool at ,r+wood4 ,! ma/] 0 ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,s4 ,davies2 ! lads 7 "s fifty 9 numb]1 ! ,lyells be+ ab\t ! y\nge/4 ,!y seem1 h[ev]1 n to h be5 ill-treat$1 ?\gh _! companions 7 r a r\gh lot1 & !y 7 pett$ by ! s*oolma/]'s daught]4 ,! mo/ s5sational incid5t ( 8 /ay at ,r+wood 0 a m9iature t[n & g[n r[1 a set fight betwe5 ! lads ( ! place & ( ! s*ool1 f :i*1 h[ev]1 ! ,lyells 7 exclud$ z too "y to %>e 9 ! joys & ! p]ils ( w>4 ,b ! fray 0 br\ght to a r premature conclusion by ! jo9t int]v5tion ( =eign p[]s--! ma/]s ( ! s*ool & ! tradesm5 ( ! t[n4 ,9 ^? days smuggl+ 0 rife on ! s\? coa/1 & act+ ! "p ( rev5ue (fic]s & contrab&i/s 0 a fav\rite s*ool game2 d\btless ! m popul> because x af=d$ a legitimate pretext = some?+ l a fight4 ,! fe> ( a ,fr5* invasion also kept ?is "p ( ,engl& on ! qui vive1 & ,lyell well rememb]$ ! excitem5t caus$ by a false al>m t ! enemy _h l&$4 ,he fur!r recollect$ ! m+l$ joy & sorr[ :i* 7 caus$ by ! victory ( ,trafalg> & ! dea? ( ,nelson4 ,! bro!rs rema9$ at ,r+wood only = ab\t two ye>s1 = nei!r ! society nor ! in/ruction c\ld be call$ fir/-class2 & !y 7 s5t1 aft] a r long holiday at home1 to ano!r s*ool ( ab\t ! same size1 b mu* high] "*1 9 ,salisbury4 ,! ma/]1 ,dr4 ,radcliffe1 an ,ox=d man1 0 a good classical s*ol>1 & 8 pupils came f ! be/ families 9 t "p ( ,engl&4 ,9 "o respect1 ! "y ,lyells f\nd x a *ange = ! worse4 ,at ,r+wood !y _h an ample playgr\nd1 close to :i* 0 ! ,avon1 glid+ cle> & cool to ! sea1 a delightful place = a ba!4 ,9 a few m9utes' walk f ! t[n !y 7 among pleasant lanes2 9 a %ort "t !y c\ld rea* ! bord] ( ! ,new ,=e/4 ,b at ,salisbury ! s*ool 0 9 ! he>t ( ! t[n1 its playgr\nd a small y>d surr\nd$ by walls1 &1 z he says1 we only walk$ out twice or ?ree times 9 a week1 :5 x did n ra91 & 7 oblig$ to keep 9 ranks along ! endless /reets & du/y roads ( ! suburbs ( a city4 ,x seem$ a k9d ( prison by comp>ison1 especially to me1 accu/om$ to lib]ty 9 su* a wild place z ! ,new ,=e/4 ,"o c sympa?ise ) 8 feel+s1 = a procession ( s*oolboys1 walk+ two & two along ! /reets ( a t[n1 is a dre>y spectacle4 ,b an occasional holiday br\ght "s com=t1 = !n !y 7 s5t on a long] excursion4 ,! fav\rite "o 0 to ! curi\s e>?works ( ,old ,s>um1 !n 9 its glory z a rott5 bor\gh1 "o aleh\se1 ) its tea-g>d5s atta*$1 s5d+ two memb]s to ,p>liam5t4 ,on ^! excursions m lib]ty seems to h be5 p]mitt$4 ,! boys broke up ! l>ge fl9ts t lay all ab\t ! gr\nd1 to f9d 9 !m cavities l9$ ) *alc$ony or drusy cry/als ( qu>tz4 ,b ! *ief int]e/ c5tr$ ar\nd a my/]i\s excavation 9 ! e>?work1 a deep1 long subt]ranean tunnel1 said to h be5 us$ by ! g>rison to get wat] f a riv] 9 ! pla9 bel[4 ,to ?is all new-com]s 7 tak5 to li/5 to ! tale ( its enorm\s dep? & subt]ranean pool4 ,!n1 :5 duly ov]aw$1 !y felt _! hats fly (f _! heads & saw !m roll+ out ( sight d[n ! tunnel4 ,an int]val foll[$ ( blank dismay1 embitt]$1 no d\bt1 by dismal anticipations ( :at w\ld probably happ5 :5 !y got back to ! s*ool-h\se4 ,!n "o ( ! old] boys volunte]$ to act ! sybil & lead ! way to ! ne!r _w4 ,( c\rse !y rega9$ _! felt & felt :at !y rega9$--lit]ally1 = ! hole 0 d>k en\gh1 ?\gh we may set d[n ! _m hundr$ y>ds 7:i* ,lyell says t he desc5d$ be=e he recov]$ 8 lo/ hat7 z an in/ance ( ! p]man5t effect ( a boyi% illusion on ev5 a sci5tific m9d4 ,b ! re/rictions ( ,salisbury made ! lib]ty ( ! ,new ,=e/ yet m de>4 ,b>tley 0 an ideal home = boys4 ,x 0 surr\nd$ by mead[s & p>k-l timb]4 ,a two-mile walk br\ght ! lads to ,rufus ,/one1 & on ! wild] p>ts ( ! ,=e/4 ,!re !y c\ld ramble ov] undulat+ moors1 cov]$ ) hea? & f]n1 div]sifi$ by m>%y tracts1 sweet ) bog-myrtle1 or by pat*es ( furze1 gold5 9 season ) fl[]s2 or !y c\ld w&] b5ea? ! %ad[s ( its great woods ( oak & bee*1 ov] ! ru/l+ leaves1 among ! flick]+ lights & %ad[s1 w9d+ "h & !re among tufts ( holly scrub1 always l$ on by ! hope ( "s novelty--a r>e insect flutt]+ by1 a liz>d or a snake glid+ into ! f]n1 /range birds circl+ 9 ! air1 a pheasant or ev5 a woodcock spr++ up almo/ "u ! feet4 ,! rabbits scamp]$ to _! holes among ! furze2 a fox n[ & aga9 /ole sil5tly away to cov]1 or a /ag--= ! de] _h n yet be5 de/roy$--0 espi$ among ! tall brake4 ,^?1 too1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 7 ! days :5 boys got _! holidays 9 ! prime ( ! summ]1 at ! season ( haymak+ & ( ripe /rawb]ries4 ,!y 7 n kept /ew+ 9 hot s*ool-rooms all ?r\gh ,july1 until ! fl[]s are ne>ly ov] & ! bright gre5 ( ! foliage is dull$1 until ! romance ( ! summ]'s y\? has giv5 place to ! dulness ( its middle age4 ,9 ^! days x is our pleasure to d ! "r ?+ 9 ! wrong place--a truly national *>act]i/ic4 ,we all--"y & old--toil ?r\gh ! heat & ! long days1 & take holiday :5 ! autumn is draw+ nigh & ,nature writes ,i*abod on ! beauty ( ! wan+ ye>4 ,at ,salisbury1 ,lyell _h two new exp]i5ces--! sorr[s ( ! ,lat9 ,gramm> & ! joys ( a bol/]-fight4 ,b 8 heal? 0 n good2 a sev]e attack ( measles 9 ! fir/ ye> 0 foll[$ 9 ! second by a g5]al breakd[n1 ) symptoms ( weakness ( ! lungs4 ,s he 0 tak5 home = ?ree mon?s to recruit4 ,?is 0 at fir/ a welcome *ange f ! re/rictions ( ,salisbury2 b1 z 8 lessons necess>ily 7 light1 he began to mope = want ( occupation2 =1 z he says1 ,i 0 always mo/ exce$+ly mis]able if unemploy$1 ?\gh ,i _h an excessive av]sion to "w unless =c$ to x4 ,s he began to collect insects--a pursuit :i*1 z he rem>ks1 exactly suit$ him1 = x 0 r desultory1 gave employm5t to bo? m9d & body1 & gratifi$ ! collect+ in/9ct1 :i* is /rong 9 mo/ boys4 ,he began ) ! lepidopt]a1 b be=e long took an int]e/ 9 o!r insects1 especially ! aquatic4 ,=tunately 8 fa!r _h be5 = a "t a collector1 & possess$ "s good books on entomology1 f ! pictures 9 :i* ,*>les nam$ 8 captures4 ,?is 01 ( c\rse1 an unsci5tific me?od1 b x taught him to recognise ! species & to "k _! habits4 ,!re are few bett] localities = lepidopt]a1 z e collector kn[s1 ?an ! ,new ,=e/1 & "s ( ! s*oolboy's f9ds aft]w>ds prov$ welcome to s well kn[n an entomologi/ z ,curtis4 ,b :5 ,*>les return$ to s*ool he _h to lay aside1 = a season1 ! new hobby2 = 9 ^? days a s*oolboy's int]e/ 9 natural hi/ory did n ext5d beyond birds'-ne/+1 & 8 little _w 0 n less1 p]haps ev5 m frank & demon/rative ?an n[1 9 its criticism ( any innovation or peculi>ity on ! "p ( "o ( its memb]s4 ,! s*ool at ,salisbury appe>s to h be5 a prep>atory "o1 s be=e v long ano!r _h to be s\ght4 ,mr4 ,lyell wi%$ to s5d 8 two boys to ,w9*e/]1 b f\nd to 8 disappo9tm5t t !re w\ld n be a vacancy = a c\ple ( ye>s2 s aft] in/ruct+ !m at home = six mon?s1 he cont5t$ himself ) ! ,gramm> ,s*ool at ,midhur/1 9 ,sussex1 at ! head ( :i* 0 "o ,dr4 ,bayley1 =m]ly an "u-ma/] at ,w9*e/]4 ,*>les1 n[ 9 8 ?irte5? ye>1 f\nd ?is1 at fir/1 a great *ange4 ,! s*ool conta9$ ab\t sev5ty boys1 big z well z little1 & its g5]al sy/em resembl$ t ( "o ( ! great public s*ools4 ,he rem>ks ( ?is p]iod ( 8 life3 ,:atev] "s may say or s+ ( ! happy recollections ( _! s*ooldays1 ,i believe ! g5]ality1 if !y told ! tru?1 w\ld n l to h !m ov] aga91 or w\ld consid] !m z less happy ?an ^? :i* foll[4 ,he 0 n ! k9d ( boy to f9d ! life ( a public s*ool v cong5ial4 ,evid5tly he 0 a quietly-dispos$ lad1 c>+ m = a c\ntry ramble ?an = games2 p]haps a little old-fa%ion$ 9 8 ways2 n pugnaci\s1 b pref]r+ a quiet life to ! tr\ble ( self-ass]tion4 ,s1 9 8 second half-ye>1 :5 he 0 left to %ift entirely = himself1 8 life 0 n a happy "o1 = a good deal ( ! primeval savage l+]s 9 ! boys ( a civilis$ race4 ,x requir$1 z he said1 a good deal to "w him up to ! po9t ( def5d+ 8 indep5d5ce2 ?us he 0 deem$ incapable ( resi/ance & 0 plagu$ accord+ly4 ,b at la/ he turn$ ^u a torm5tor1 & a fight 0 ! result4 ,x 0 ( ,hom]ic proportions1 = x la/$ two days1 dur+ five or six h\rs on ea*1 ! combatants be+ pretty ev5ly mat*$2 = ?\gh ,lyell's adv]s>y 0 r ! small] & weak]1 he knew bett] h[ to use 8 fi/s4 ,/r5g? at ! end prevail$ ov] sci5ce1 ?\gh bo? p>ties 7 ab\t equally damag$4 ,! vanqui%$ pugili/ 0 put to b$1 be+ sorely bruis$ 9 ! visible p>ts4 ,lyell1 ^: hurts 7 mo/ly hidd51 made light ( !m1 by ! advice ( fri5ds1 b he owns t he a*$ 9 e bone = a week1 & 0 black & blue all ov] 8 body4 ,/ill he _h n f\ght 9 va91 =1 ?\gh ! combat won him little hon\r1 x deliv]$ him f sundry torm5tors4 ,! educational sy/em ( ! s*ool /imulat$ 8 ambition to rise 9 ! classes4 ,by ?is feel+1 he says1 mu* ( my natural antipa?y to "w1 & extreme abs5ce ( m9d1 0 conqu]$ 9 a great measure1 & ,i acquir$ habits ( att5tion :i*1 h[ev]1 7 v pa9ful to me1 & only su/a9$ :5 ,i _h an object 9 view4 ,!re 0 an annual spee*-day1 & ,*>les1 on ! fir/ occasion1 obta9$ a prize = 8 p]=mance4 ,e ye> aft]w>ds1 he cont9ues1 ,i receiv$ inv>iably a prize = speak+1 until high en\gh to c>ry (f ! prizes = ,lat9 & ,engli% orig9al composition4 ,my inv5tive tal5ts 7 n quick1 b to h any is s r>e a qualification t x is sure to obta9 a boy at our great s*ools 7& aft]w>ds z an au?or7 "s di/9ction4 ,evid5tly he gave pro(s ( orig9ality beyond 8 fell[s2 s9ce he won a prize = ,engli% v]se1 ?\gh he _h writt5 9 ! metre ( ! ,lady ( ! ,lake in/ead ( ! ord9>y t5-syllabic rhyme4 ,on ano!r occasion he commemorat$1 9 8 weekly ,lat9 copy1 ! de/ruction ( ! rats 9 a neighb\r+ pond1 writ+ 9 mock h]oics1 aft] ! /yle ( ,hom]'s battle ( ! frogs & mice4 ,! s*ool1 l all o!r collections ( boys1 _h its epidemic hobbies4 ,! game ( draughts1 c\pl$ un=tunately ) gambl+ on a small scale1 0 foll[$ by *ess1 & t by music4 ,to ea* ( ^! ,*>les 0 m or less a victim1 & 8 progress up ! s*ool 0 n !reby accel]at$4 ,birds'-ne/+ also _h a turn 9 its season4 ,8 love = natural hi/ory made him s ke5 9 ?is pursuit t he became an exp]t climb] ( trees4 ,b 8 s*ooldays on ! :ole 7 unev5tful1 & he w5t to ,ox=d at a r e>ly age1 8 bro!r ,tom hav+ already left ,midhur/ 9 ord] to ent] ! ,navy4 ,,footnotes3 #a ,born #agfg1 di$ #ahdi 7also son ( a ,*>les ,lyell72 educat$ at ,/4 ,&rew's & at ,/4 ,pet]'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 :]e he proce$$ to ! degree ( ,b4,a4 9 #agia & ,m4,a4 9 #agid4 #b ,9 #ahce1 ! ,canzoni]e1 includ+ ! ,vita ,nuova & ,convito2 a second edition 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdb2 9 #ahde a translation ( ! ,lyrical ,poems ( ,dante4 #c ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #c4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,und]graduate ,,days4 ,lyell matriculat$ at ,exet] ,college1 & appe>s to h begun resid5ce 9 ,janu>y1 #ahaf--t is1 soon aft] complet+ 8 eighte5? ye>4 ,at ,ox=d1 ?\gh n a h>d read]1 he 0 evid5tly f> f idle1 & wrote = "s ( ! ,univ]sity prizes1 ?\gh )\t success4 ,sev]al ( 8 lett]s to 8 fa!r h be5 pres]v$4 ,9 ^! he talks ab\t 8 /udies1 ma!matical & classical2 criticises ,col]idge's ,*ri/abel1 & praises ,kirke ,:ite's poetry2 describes ! fritill>ies blossom+ 9 ! ,*ri/*ur* mead[s1 & ref]s occasionally to political matt]s4 ,! lett]s are well express$1 & indicate a ?\ghtful & obs]vant m9d4 ,:ile yet a s*oolboy he _h /umbl$ ^u a copy ( ,bakewell's ,geology 9 8 fa!r's libr>y1 :i* _h s f> awak5$ 8 int]e/ t 9 ! e>li] "p ( 8 resid5ce at ,ox=d he att5d$ a c\rse ( ,pr(essor ,buckl&'s lectures1 & took c>eful notes4 ,! new /udy is briefly m5tion$ 9 a lett]1 dat$ ,july #bj?1 #ahag4 ,?is is writt5 f ,y>m\?1 :]e he is visit+ ,mr4 ,dawson ,turn]1 ! well-kn[n antiqu>ian & botani/4 ,he /ates t1 on 8 way ?r\gh ,london1 he w5t to see ! elephant at ,exet] ,*ange1 ,bullock's ,museum1 & ,francillon's collection ( insects4 ,at ,norwi* also he saw m insects1 ! ca!dral1 & "s *alk pits1 9 :i* he f\nd an imm5se numb] ( belemnites1 e*9ites1 & bivalves4 ,he 0 also greatly int]e/$ by ! fossils 9 ,dr4 ,arnold's collection at ,y>m\?1 p>ticul>ly by ! alcyonia f\nd 9 fl9ts4#d ,a few days lat] he aga9 dwells on geology1 & speculates %rewdly on ! =mation ( ! l[l& ar\nd ,y>m\? & ! anci5t c\rse ( ! riv]4 ,9 "o p>agraph a g]m ( ! future ,pr9ciples may be detect$4 ,x runs ?us3 ,dr4 ,arnold & ,i exam9$ ye/]day ! pit :i* is dug out = ! f\ndation ( ! ,nelson monum5t1 & f\nd t ! fir/ b$ ( %+le is eight feet d[n4 ,n[ ?is 0 ! la/ /ratum br\ght by ! sea2 all s9ce 0 driv5 up by w9d & kept !re by ! ',re/-h>r[' & o!r plants4 ,x is m]e s&4 ,!re=e1 ?irty-five ye>s ago ! ,de5s 7 ne>ly z l[ z ! la/ /ratum left by ! sea2 & z ! w9d w\ld naturally h begun add+ f ! v fir/1 x is cle> t )9 fifty ye>s ! sea fl[$ ov] t "p4 ,?is1 ev5 ,mr4 ,t4 all[s1 is a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! rec5cy ( ! *anges4 ,dr4 ,arnold surpris$ me by tell+ me t he ?\ght t ! ,/raits ( ,dov] 7 =m]ly jo9$1 & t ! great curr5t & tides ( ! ,nor? ,sea be+ held back1 ! sea fl[$ high] ov] ^! p>ts ?an n[4 ,if he _h ?\ght a little m he w\ld h f\nd no necessity = all ?is1 = all ^? t[ns on ?is ea/]n coa/1 :i* h no riv] god to /& _! fri5d1 h necess>ily be5 los+ 9 ! same proportion z ,y>m\? ga9s--viz4 ,crom]1 ,pakefield1 ,dunwi*1 ,aldbor\gh1 etc41 etc4 ,) ,dunwi* ,i believe x is ,fuit ,ilium4#e ,evid5tly ,lyell by ?is "t _h become deeply int]e/$ 9 geology1 = 8 j\rnal conta9s sev]al notes made on ! road f ,london to ,k9nordy1 & records1 dur+ 8 /ay !re1 n only ! capture ( insects1 b also visits to qu>ries1 & ! discov]y ( cry/allis$ sulphate ( b>ytes at ,kirriemuir & else:]e4 ,t[>ds ! end ( 8 fir/ long vacation he travell$1 9 company ) two fri5ds ( 8 own age1 f ,=f>%ire across by ,lo* ,tay1 ,tyndrum1 & ,lo* ,awe1 to ! we/]n coa/ at ,oban1 :5ce !y visit$ ,/affa & ,iona4 ,) ! caves 9 ! =m] isl& he 0 greatly impress$2 & he not$ ! columns ( basalt1 :i*1 he said1 7 p5tagonal 9 =m1 q diff]5t f ! f\r-squ>e jo9t+ ( ! r$ granite at ! s\?-we/ end ( ,mull4 ,) ! ru9s ( ,iona he 0 a little disappo9t$1 = he wrote 9 8 di>y t !y are b poor aft] all4 ,! wond]s ( ,f+al's ,cave appeal$ to 8 poetical z well z to 8 geological in/9cts1 = 9 ,octob]1 aft] 8 return to ,ox=d1 he s5t to 8 fa!r "s /anzas on ?is subject :i* are n )\t a c]ta9 m]it4 ,b ! cov]+ lett] 0 mo/ly devot$ to geology4 ,! next ye>1 #ahah1 m>k$ an important /ep 9 8 education z a geologi/1 = he accompani$ 8 fa!r1 "m1 & two elde/ si/]s on a ,cont95tal t\r4 ,/>t+ e>ly 9 ,june1 !y drove 9 a ram%ackle c>riage1 :i* frequ5tly broke d[n1 f ,calais to ,p>is1 along mu* ! same r\te z ! railway n[ takes2 !y visit$ ! sights ( ! capital1 n =gett+ ei!r ! arti/ic treasures ( ! ,l\vre or ! collections ( ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes1 p>ticul>ly ! fossils ( ! ,p>is bas94 ,!nce !y j\rney$ by ,fonta9ebleau & ,aux]re to ,dole1 & he makes c>eful & %rewd notes on ! geology1 = ! c>riage travell+ ( ^? days1 ?\gh sl[1 0 n )\t its advantages--& 9 cross+ ! ,jura he obs]ves ! nodul> fl9ts 9 a lime/one1 & ! contra/ betwe5 ^! m\nta9s & ! ,grampians ( 8 native l&4 ,z !y desc5d$ ! well-kn[n road :i* leads d[n to ,gex 9 ,switz]l&1 !y _h ! good =tune to obta9 a spl5did view ( ,mont ,blanc & ! ,alps4 ,f ,g5eva1 :]e he notes ! mo/ peculi> deep blue col\r ( ! ,rhone1 !y visit$ ,*am\ni by ! usual r\te4 ,at ?is "t ! pr9cipal glaci]s 7 advanc+ r rapidly4 ,! ,glaci] des ,bossons1 he rem>ks1 has trodd5 d[n ! talle/ p9es ) z mu* ease z an elephant c\ld ! h]bage ( a mead[4 ,"s trunks are /ill se5 project+ f ! rock ( ice1 all ! heads be+ embodi$ 9 ?is mass1 :i* %oots out at ! top into tall pyramids & p9nacles ( ice1 ( beautiful %apes & a v pure :ite4444 ,x has be5 press$ on n only ?r\gh ! =e/1 b ov] "s cultivat$ fields1 :i* are utt]ly lo/4#f ,at ,*am\ni1 ,lyell made ! mo/ ( 8 "t1 = 9 ?ree days he walk$ up to ! ,col de ,balme1 climb$ ! ,brev5t1 & made 8 fir/ glaci] exp$ition1 to ! well-kn[n oasis among ! great fields ( sn[ & ice :i* is call$ ! ,j>d94 ,ev]y:]e he notes ! fl[]s1 :i* at t season 7 9 full beauty2 & ! insects1 captur+ no less ?an sev5 specim5s ( t r>e insect1 ,papilio ,apollo4#g ,he feels all ! surprise & all ! delight :i* ?rills ! entomologi/ f ! ,briti% ,isles :5 he fir/ sets foot on ! slopes ( ! high] ,alps1 & sees 9 abundance ! r>ities ( 8 own c\ntry1 besides n a few new species4 ,b ,lyell does n neglect ! rocks & m9]als1 or ! r$ sn[1 or ! wond]s ( ! ice _w4 ,*am\ni1 we are told1 0 !n p]fectly inundat$ ) ,engli%1 = fifty arriv$ 9 "o day4 ,! previ\s ye> !y _h numb]$ "o ?\s& out ( a total ( f\rte5 hundr$ visitors4 ,s9ce !n1 times & ! village h *ang$4 ,return+ to ,g5eva1 ! p>ty travell$ by ,lausanne & ,neu*atel to ,bale1 & !n foll[$ ! picturesque r\te along ! riv]1 by ! tumultu\s rapids ( ,lauf5burg & ! gr& falls ( ! ,rh9e1 to ,s*affhaus51 :5ce !y turn$ (f to ,zuri*4 ,"h he writes ( ! pr9cipal inn t x p>took m ?an any ( a fault too common 9 ,switz]l&4 ,!y h _! /ables & c[-h\ses "u ! same ro(1 & ! unavoidable consequ5ces may be conceiv$1 till !y c fall 9 ) a man z able--z ',h]cules to cleanse a /able4' ,f ,zuri* !y cross$ ! ,albis to ,zug4 ,! o!r memb]s ( ! p>ty w5t direct to ,luc]ne1 b ,lyell turn$ aside to visit ! spot :]e twelve ye>s previ\sly an enorm\s mass ( pudd+-/one _h come cra%+ d[n f ! ,rossb]g1 _h de/roy$ ! village ( ,goldau1 & _h conv]t$ a great tract ( f]tile l& into a wild]ness ( brok5 rock4 ,he diagnos$ correctly ! cause ( ! cata/rophe1 & !n asc5d$ ! ,rigi4 ,"h he sp5t a flea-bitt5 night at ! ,kulm ,hotel1 b 0 rew>d$ by a f9e sunset & a yet f9] sunrise4 ,at ,luc]ne he rejo9$ 8 relatives1 & !y drove toge!r ov] ! ,bru5ig ,pass to ,meyr+54 ,f ?is place !y made an excursion to ! ,giessba* ,falls1 & saw ! ,alpba* 9 flood aft] a d[np\r ( ra94 ,?is1 l "s o!r ,alp9e /reams1 becomes at su* times a rag+ mass ( liquid mud & %att]$ slate1 & ,lyell c>efully notes ! action ( ! torr5t "u ^! novel circum/ances1 & its increas$ p[] ( transport4 ,p>t+ f 8 relatives at ! ,h&eck ,falls1 he walk$ up ! valley ( ! ,a> to ! ,grimsel ,hospice1 :]e he pass$ ! night1 & ! next morn+ cross$ ov] into ! valley ( ! ,rhone to ! foot ( its glaci]1 & !n walk$ back aga9 to ,meyr+54 ,he rem>ks t on ! way to ! ,hospice we pass$ "s extraord9>y l>ge b>e planks ( granite rock above our track1 ! appe>ance ( :i* ,i c\ld n acc\nt =4 ,?is is n surpris+1 = he _h n yet le>nt to read ! h&writ+ on ! wall ( a vani%$ glaci]4 ,its int]pretation 0 n to come = ano!r tw5ty ye>s1 :5 ^! w\ld be recognis$ z p]haps ! f9e/ examples ( ice-worn rocks 9 ,switz]l&4 ,lyell 0 evid5tly a good p$e/rian2 = ! v next day he walk$ f ,meyr+5 ov] ! two ,s*eideggs to ,laut]brunn51 ultimately jo9+ 8 relatives at ,?un1 f :i* t[n !y w5t on to ,b]ne1 :]e !y 7 s =tunate z to see1 f ! well-kn[n t]race1 ! sn[y peaks ( ! ,ob]l& 9 all ! beauty ( ! sunset gl[4 ,!n !y j\rney$ ov] ! pleasant upl&s to ,vevay1 & s by ! %ore ( ! ,lake ( ,g5eva & ! pla9 ( ! ,rhone valley to ,m>tigny1 turn+ aside to visit ! salt m9es ne> ,bex4 ,!y rea*$ ,m>tigny a little m ?an sev5 weeks aft] ! lake1 =m$ 9 ! valley ( ! ,dranse by ! =w>d movem5t ( ! ,gietroz ,glaci]1 _h bur/ its icy b>ri]1 & !y saw ev]y:]e ! ru9s left by ! ru% ( ! flood4 ,! road z !y approa*$ ,m>tigny 0 ev5 !n1 9 "s places1 "u wat]2 9 o!rs x 0 completely buri$ b5ea? s&4 ,! l[] /orey ( ! hotel _h be5 fill$ ) mud & debris1 :i* 0 /ill pil$ up to ! c\rty>d4 ,lyell w5t up ! valley ( ! ,dranse to ! sc5e ( ! cata/rophe1 & wrote 9 8 j\rnal an int]e/+ description ( bo? ! effects ( ! flood & ! remnants ( ! ice-b>ri]4 ,be=e return+ to ,m>tigny he also walk$ up to ! ,hospice on ! ,great ,/4 ,b]n>d1 & !n ! :ole p>ty cross$ by ! ,simplon ,pass into ,italy1 foll[+ ! accu/om$ r\te & visit+ ! usual sights till !y arriv$ at ,milan4 ,! next /age on _! t\r--& ?is mu/ h be5 9 ^? days a little t$i\s--br\ght !m to ,v5ice4 ,! ,campanile ,lyell does n greatly admire1 & ( ,/4 ,m>k's he says r oddly1 ,! =m is v *e]ful & gay2 b on ! :ole he is mu* impress$ ) ! build+s ( ,v5ice1 & especially ) ! pictures4 ,on _! return !y w5t to ,bologna1 & !n cross$ ! ,ap5n9es to ,flor5ce4 ,ev]y:]e little t\*es 9 ! di>y indicate a m9d exceptionally obs]vant--su* z notes on ! fir/ firefly1 ! fields ( millet1 ! fe/oon$ v9es se5 on ! pla91 or ! peculi> s&y zone on ! nor!rn slopes ( ! hills4 ,he also m5tions t %ortly aft] cross+ ! fronti] ( ,tuscany !y pass$ ne> ,coviliajo1 a volcanic fire :i* proce$$ f a neighb\r+ m\nta94#h ,?is !y int5d$ to visit on _! return4 ,b at ,flor5ce ! di>y ends abruptly1 = ! note-book :i* conta9$ ! re/ ( x 0 un=tunately lo/4 ,we h giv5 ?is summ>y ( ,lyell's j\rnal 9 "s detail1 b ev5 ?us x b>ely suffices to convey an adequate idea ( ! cultur$ ta/es1 wide int]e/s1 & habits ( close & accurate obs]vation disclos$ by its pages4 ,x %[s1 bett] p]haps ?an any o!r docum5ts1 ! m5tal developm5t ( ! future au?or ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,few ?+s1 z he j\rneys1 escape 8 notice2 he describes facts c>efully & speculates b little4 ,z he w&]s among ! ,alp9e peaks1 he makes no ref]5ce to convulsions ( ! e>?'s cru/2 z he views ! ru9 wr\ght by ! ,dranse1 he says naught ( deluges4 ,! travell]s got back to ,engl& 9 ,septemb]1 & at ! end ( ! ,long ,vacation ,lyell return$ to ,ox=d4 ,!re he rema9$ till ,decemb]1 #ahai1 :5 he proce$$ to ! degree ( ,ba*elor ( ,arts1 obta9+ a second class 9 ,classical ,hon\rs4 ,consid]+ t he _h nev] be5 a h>d read]1 & t he appe>s to h sp5t mu* ( 8 longs 9 travel--a practice :i*1 ?\gh good = g5]al education1 c\nts = little 9 ! s*ools--! position indicates t he possess$ r exceptional abilities & a good am\nt ( s*ol>%ip4 ,?\gh ,ox=d _h be5 unable to be/[ ^u him a sy/ematic tra9+ 9 sci5ce1 %e _h giv5 a def9ite bias to 8 incl9ation1 & _h fo/]$ & cultivat$ a ta/e = lit]ature :i* 9 ! future br\ght =? a ri* fruitage4 ,,footnotes3 #d ,probably !y 7 fossil sponges4 #e ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #dc4 #f ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #fi4 #g ,n[ g5]ally call$ ,p>nassius ,apollo2 b v likely he captur$ m ?an "o species ( ! g5us4 #h ,probably x 0 a bitum9\s %ale :i* _h become ignit$1 z 0 ! case at ,r+/ead ,bay1 ,dorset1 ) ! ,kim]idge clay4 ,! same (t5 happ5s ) ! banks ( coal-pits4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,gr[? ,,( ,a ,,purpose4 ,%ortly aft] he _h donn$ ! ba*elor's hood ,lyell came to ,london1 0 ent]$ at ,l9coln's ,inn1 & /udi$ law 9 ! (fice ( a special plead]4 ,sci5ce 0 n =sak51 = 9 ,m>*1 #ahai1 he 0 elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,geological ,society1 & ab\t ! same "t jo9$ ! ,l9nean ,society4 ,be=e v long 8 legal /udies 7 int]rupt$4 ,8 eyes became s weak t a complete re/ 0 prescrib$2 accord+ly1 9 ! autumn ( #ahbj1 he accompani$ 8 fa!r on a j\rney to ,rome4 ,dur+ ?is b little 0 done 9 geology1 = ! travell]s sp5t almo/ all _! "t 9 t[ns4 ,on 8 return1 s f> z c be inf]r$ f ! few lett]s :i* h be5 publi%$1 ,lyell cont9u$ to "w at geology1 & at ,*ri/mas1 #ahba1 0 seek+ 9 va9 = fre%wat] fossils 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b>tley4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahbb he inve/igat$ ! ,sussex coa/ f ,ha/+s to ,dung5ess1 & /udi$ ! effects ( ! sea at ,w9*elsea & ,rye4 ,9 ! e>ly summ] ( #ahbc he visit$ ! ,isle ( ,wight1 & 9 a lett] to ,dr4 ,mantell sugge/$ t ! blue m>l#i 9 ,compton ,*9e is id5tical ) t at ,folke/one1 & comp>$ ! und]ly+ /rata ) ^? 9 ,sussex1 cle>+ up "s confusions1 into :i* e>li] obs]v]s _h fall51 ab\t ! ,weald5 & ,l[] ,gre5s&4 ,he 0 n[ evid5tly beg9n+ to get a firm grip on ! subject--a ?+ f> f easy 9 days :5 s little _h be5 asc]ta9$--& ?is ye> he read 8 fir/ pap]s to ! ,geological ,society--"o1 9 ,janu>y1 writt5 9 conjunction ) ,dr4 ,mantell1 ,on ! ,lime/one & ,clay ( ! ,irons& 9 ,sussex2 ! o!r 9 ,june1 ,on ! ,sections pres5t$ by ,"s ,=f>%ire ,riv]s4 ,also1 on ,febru>y #g?1 he 0 elect$ "o ( ! secret>ies ( t ,society1 an (fice :i* he reta9$ till #ahbf4 ,?is is a pretty cle> pro( t he _h begun to make 8 m>k among geologi/s1 & 0 well e/eem$ by ! lead]s ( ! sci5ce4 ,no soon] _h he return$ f ! ,isle ( ,wight ?an he />t$ = ,p>is1 go+ direct f ,london to ,calais1 9 ! ,e>l ( ,liv]pool /eam packet1 9 #aa h\rs6 #abj miles6 eng9es #hj horse-p[] = #bdj tons4 ,9 ! la/ lett] writt5 to 8 fa!r be=e quitt+ ,engl& he ref]s to our neighb\rs across ! ,*annel 9 ! foll[+ t]ms3 ,my op9ion ( ! ,fr5* p is t !y are mu* too corrupt = a free gov]nm5t & mu* too enlight5$ = a despotic "o4 ,t 0 writt5 full sev5ty ye>s ago2 p]haps ev5 n[1 7 he alive1 he w\ld n be dispos$ to )draw ! words4 ,at ,p>is he 0 well receiv$ by ,cuvi]1 ,humboldt1 & o!r m5 ( sci5ce1 att5d$ lectures at ! ,j>d9 du ,roi1 & saw a good deal ( society4 ,8 lett]s home (t5 conta9 int]e/+ ref]5ces to matt]s political & social--su* z1 = example1 ! foll[+ rem>ks :i* he he>d f ! m\? ( ,humboldt3 ,y _c conceive h[ /rik+ & ludicr\s a feature x is 9 ,p>isian society at pres5t t e o!r man "o meets is ei!r m9i/] or ex-m9i/]4 ,s frequ5t h be5 ! *anges4 ,! in/ant a new m9i/ry is =m$1 a body ( sapp]s & m9]s is organis$4 ,!y "w indu/ri\sly night & day4 ,at la/ ! m9i/]s f9d t !y are supplant$ by ! v arts by :i* a few mon?s ago !y rais$ !mselves to p[]4#aj ,lyell m ?an once expresses a regret1 :i*1 inde$1 0 g5]ally felt 9 sci5tific circles1 t ,cuvi] _h lo/ ca/e by dabbl+ s mu* ) ! dirty pool ( politics2 & himself works away at geology1 /udy+ ! fossils ( ! ,p>is bas9 9 ! museums1 & visit+ ! mo/ not$ sections 9 ord] to add to 8 own collection & obs]ve ! relations ( ! /rata4 ,he return$ to ,engl& t[>ds ! end ( ,septemb]1 & no d\bt sp5t ! next few mon?s 9 work+ at geology z f> z 8 eyes1 :i* 7 becom+ /rong]1 p]mitt$4 ,! summ] ( #ahbd 0 devot$ to geological exp$itions4 ,9 ! e>li] "p he took ,mons4 ,con/ant ,prevo/1 "o ( ! lead]s ( geology 9 ,france1 to ! we/ ( ,engl&4 ,_! special purpose 0 to exam9e ! ,jurassic rocks1 b !y ext5d$ _! t\r z f> z ,cornwall4 ,aft]w>ds ,lyell w5t to ,scotl&1 :]e he 0 jo9$ by ,pr(essor ,buckl&2 & ! two fri5ds1 aft] sp5d+ a few days 9 ,ross-%ire1 w5t to ,brora1 & !n return$ f ,inv]ness by ! ,cal$onian canal4 ,?is gave !m ! opportunity ( exam9+ ! fam\s p>allel roads ( ,gl5roy1 :i* 7 ! m int]e/+ because !y _h already se5 some?+ ( ! k9d ne> ,c[l1 9 ,ross-%ire4 ,aft]w>ds !y w5t up ,gl5 ,spean & cross$ ! m\nta9s to ,blair ,a?ol1 visit+ ! not$ locality 9 ,gl5 ,tilt1 :]e ,hutton made 8 fam\s discov]y ( ve9s ( granite intrusive 9 ! s*i/s ( t valley1 & !n !y made _! way to ,ed9burgh4 ,"h mu* "w 0 done1 bo? among collections & 9 ! field1 & x 0 light5$--z might be expect$ 9 a place s hospitable--by social pleasures & fri5dly conv]se ) "s ( ! lead+ lit]>y & sci5tific m54 ,f\r ye>s ( comp>ative re/ & frequ5t *ange ( sc5e _h produc$ su* an improvem5t 9 ! condition ( 8 eyes t he 0 able to resume 8 /udy ( ! law1 & 0 call$ to ! ,b> 9 #ahbe4 ,= two ye>s he w5t on ! ,we/]n ,circuit1 hav+ *amb]s 9 ! ,temple & gett+ a little bus9ess4 ,b1 z 8 correspond5ce %[s1 geology /ill held ! fir/ place 9 8 affections1#aa & pap]s 7 read to ! ,society f "t to "t4 ,among !m "o ( ! mo/ important1 ?\gh x 0 n pr9t$ 9 _! j\rnal1 describ$ a dyke ( s]p5t9e :i* cut ?r\gh ! ,old ,r$ ,s&/one on ! ,k9nordy e/ate4#ab ,b1 z is %[n by a lett] to 8 si/]1 writt5 9 ! mon? ( ,novemb]1 he _h n lo/ 8 int]e/ 9 entomology4 ,at t "t ! collectors ( insects 9 ,scotl& 7 v few 9 numb]1 & ! ,engli% lepidopt]i/s welcom$ ! specim5s :i* ,lyell & 8 si/] _h caught 9 ,=f>%ire4 ,! family _h left ,b>tley ,lodge 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! ye> & _h settl$ 9 ! old home at ,k9nordy4 ,ab\t ?is "t also ,lyell began to contribute to ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 writ+ articles on educational & sci5tific topics4 ,?is l$ to a fri5d%ip ) ,lockh>t1 :o became editor at ! end ( #ahbe1 & gave him an introduction to ,sir ,walt] ,scott4 ,a ,*ri/mas visit to ,cambridge introduc$ him to ! social life ( t univ]sity4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahbg 8 ideas z to 8 future "w appe> to h begun to assume a def9ite =m4 ,to ,dr4 ,mantell#ac he writes t he has be5 read+ ,lam>ck1 & is n conv9c$ by t au?or's !ories ( ! developm5t ( species1 :i* w\ld prove t m5 may h come f ! ourang-outang1 ?\gh he makes ?is admission3 ,aft] all1 :at *anges a species may really und]go6 ,h[ impossible w x be to di/+ui% & lay d[n a l9e1 beyond :i* "s ( ! s-call$ ext9ct species h nev] pass$ into rec5t ones6 ,! next s5t5ce is significant3 ,t ! e>? is q z old z he ,lam>ck supposes has long be5 my cre$1 & ,i w try be=e six mon?s are ov] to conv]t ! read]s ( ! ,qu>t]ly to t het]odox op9ion4#ad ,a few l9es fur!r on come "s s5t5ces :i* indicate t ! lead+ idea ( ! ,pr9ciples 0 ev5 !n float+ 9 8 m9d4 ,i am go+ to write 9 confirmation ( anci5t causes hav+ be5 ! same z mod]n1 & to %[ t ^? plants & animals1 :i* we "k are becom+ pres]v$ n[1 are ! same z 7 =m]ly4 ,h5ce1 he proce$s to argue1 x is n safe to inf] t because ! rema9s ( c]ta9 classes ( plants or animals are n f\nd 9 p>ticul> /rata1 ! creatures !mselves did n !n exi/4 ,y see ! drift ( my argum5t1 he cont9ues2 ergo1 mammalia exi/$ :5 ! oolite & coal1 etc41 7 =m$4#ae ,! fir/ ( ^! quotations /rikes ! keynote ( mod]n geology z oppos$ to ! old] notions ( ! sci5ce2 :at foll[s sugge/s a caution1 to :i* ,d>w9 aft]w>ds drew m p>ticul> att5tion1 ?\gh he turn$ ! weapon aga9/ ,lyell himself1 viz4 ! imp]fection ( ! geological record4 ,a lett] to 8 fa!r1 also writt5 9 ! mon? ( ,april1 %[s t1 :ile he has an imm$iate purpose ( op5+ fire on ,mac,culloch1#af :o _h bitt]ly attack$ 9 ! ,we/m9/] ,review ,scrope's book ^u ,volcanoes1 he has come to ! conclusion t some?+ ( a m sci5tific "* is want$1 = :i* ! pages ( a p]iodical are n fitt$4 ,he might1 he says1 write an elem5t>y book1 l ,mrs4 ,m>cet's ,conv]sations on ,*emi/ry1 b some?+ on a mu* l>g] scale evid5tly is float+ on 8 m9d4 ,9 ?is lett] also he discusses 8 prospects ) 8 fa!r1 :o app>5tly _h sugge/$ t he %\ld cease f go+ on circuit2 & argues t he ga9s "t by appe>+ to be engag$ 9 a pr(ession1 = fri5ds h no m]cy on ! man :o is suppos$ to h "s leisure "t1 & heap ^u him all k9ds ( unremun]ative duties4 ,lyell 0 n devoid ( ,scot* %rewdness1 & d\btless e>ly le>nt t :5 x is all "w & no pay m5 see y\r m]its ?r\gh a magnify+ glass1 b :5 x comes to ! "q ( a rew>d1 !y %ift ! in/rum5t to y\r defects4 ,gradually ! plan ( ! future book assum$ a m def9ite %ape 9 8 m9d1 z we c see f a lett] to ,dr4 ,mantell e>ly 9 #ahbh4 ,ab\t ?is "t also ,mur*ison1 ) :om he 0 plann+ a long visit to ,auv]gne1#ag appe>s among 8 correspond5ts4 ,h]s*el#ah tells him h[ he & ,f>aday _h melt$ 9 a furnace granite into a slag-l lava2 ,hook]#ai begs him to notice ! connection betwe5 plants & soils z he travels2 8 fa!r urges him to take 8 cl]k ) him to act z amanu5sis & save 8 eyes1 :i* might be affect$ by ! gl>e ( ! sun1 & to help him g5]ally 9 collect+ specim5s & c>ry+ ! b>omet]s4 ,e>ly 9 ! mon? ( ,may he />t$ = ,p>is1 :]e he met ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,mur*ison1 & ! p>ty left = ,cl]mont ,f]r& 9 a light op5 c>riage1 ) po/ horses4 ,z f> z ,m\l9s ! roads 7 bad1 b z !y rec$$ f ,p>is & approa*$ ! m\nta9s ! roads & ! rates ( po/+ improv$1 s t we av]ag$ n9e miles an h\r1 & ! *ange ( horses 0 almo/ z quick z 9 ,engl&4 ,! polit5ess ( ! p has mu* delight$ u1 & !y are s intellig5t t we get mu* geology f !m4 ,cl]mont ,f]r& became _! headqu>t]s = "s "t1 & ,lyell's lett]s to 8 fa!r are full ( notes on ! geology ( ! di/rict1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ 9 ,europe4 ,! great plateau :i* rises on ! we/]n side ( ! broad valley ( ! ,alli] is /udd$ ) cones & crat]s--"s s fre% t "o might imag9e _! la/ eruptions to h happ5$ dur+ ! decl9e ( ! ,roman empire2#bj o!rs 9 almo/ e /age ( dissection by ! scalpels ( nature4 ,/reams ( lava1 /ill r\gh & cl9k]y1 h p\r$ !mselves ov] ! plateau & h run d[n ! valleys till !y h rea*$ ! pla9 ( ! ,alli]1 :ile huge fragm5ts ( fl[s f> l>g] & m anci5t h be5 c>v$ by ! action ( ra9 & riv]s into natural ba/ions1 & n[ may be se5 re/+ ^u /ratifi$ m>ls1 cr[d$ ) fre%wat] %ells & o!r organisms1--! remnants ( deposits accumulat$ 9 great lakes1 :i* _h be5 already dra9$ 9 ages long be=e man appe>$ on ! e>?4 ,! two geologi/s work$ h>d1 = :o c\ld be idle 9 su* a c\ntry z ?is8 ,!y (t5 began at six 9 ! morn+ & re/$ n till ev5+1 ?\gh ! summ]s are hot 9 ,auv]gne1 & ?is "o 0 exceptionally s4 ,lyell writes home1 ,i nev] did s mu* real geology 9 s _m days4 ,mrs4 ,mur*ison also 0 v dilig5t1 sket*+1 labell+ specim5s1 & mak+ out %ells1 9 :i* la/ %e is a valuable assi/ant4 ,sometimes !y w5t f>!r afield1 visit+ ,pontgibaud & ! gorge ( ! ,si\l1 :]e !y f\nd a section previ\sly unnotic$1 :i* gave !m a cle> pro( t a lava-/ream _h damm$ up ! c\rse ( a riv] by fl[+ d[n into its valley1 & _h conv]t$ ! "p above into a lake4 ,?is aga9 _h be5 dra9$ z ! riv] _h c>v$ = itself a new *annel1 p>tly 9 ! basalt1 p>tly 9 ! und]ly+ gneiss4 ,"h1 !n1 0 a cle> pro( t a riv] c\ld cut out a pa? = itself1 & t =ces /ill 9 op]ation 7 suffici5t1 giv5 "t en\gh1 to sculpture ! features ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,not)/&+ ! h>d "w1 ! outdoor life suit$ ,lyell1 :o writes t 8 eyes 7 nev] 9 su* condition be=e4 ,mur*ison1 too1 0 g5]ally 9 good heal?1 b w\ld h be5 bett]1 accord+ to 8 companion1 if he _h be5 a little m ab/emi\s at table & a worse cu/om] to ! druggi/4 ,f ,cl]mont ,f]r& ! travell]s mov$ on to ! ,cantal1 :]e !y inve/igat$ ! lacu/r9e deposits b5ea? ! lava-/reams all ar\nd ,aurillac4 ,^! deposits exhibit$ on a gr& scale ! ph5om5a :i* ,lyell _h already obs]v$ on a small "o 9 ! m>ls ( ! lo* at ,k9nordy4 ,!nce !y w5t on ?r\gh ! ,arde*e & exam9$ ! pet volcanoes ( ! ,viv>ais1 z !y _h be5 t]m$ by ,scrope4 ,! ,mur*isons n[ began to suff] f ! heat1 = x 0 ! middle ( ,july4 ,nev]!less1 !y /ill pu%$ on s\?w>ds1 & aft] visit+ ! old t[ns ( ,g>d & ! ,b\*es du ,rhone1 w5t along ! ,rivi]a to ,nice1 hav+ be5 delay$ = a "t at ,frejus1 :]e ,mur*ison _h a %>p attack ( mal>i\s fev]4 ,x 0 an exceptionally dry summ]1 & ! t[n 9 consequ5ce 0 malodor\s2 s aft] a %ort halt1 !y mov$ on to ,milan & at la/ arriv$ at ,padua1 work+ at geology z !y w5t along1 & con/antly accumulat+ new facts4 ,f ,padua !y visit$ ,monte ,bolca1 not$ = its fossil fi%1 ! ,vic5t91 ) its %eets ( basalt1 & ! ,euganean ,hills1 :]e ! volcanic ph5om5a 7 j ,auv]gne ov] aga94 ,!n ! travell]s p>t$1 ! ,mur*isons turn+ nor?w>d to ! ,tyrol1 :ile ,lyell cont9u$ on 8 j\rney s\?w>d to ,naples & ,sicily4 ,"s f\r mon?s _h n[ be5 sp5t1 almo/ )\t int]ruption1 9 h>d "w & ! daily que/ion+ ( ,nature4 ,! results _h surpass$ ev5 ,lyell's anticipations2 !y _h ?r[n light ^u ! geological ph5om5a ( ! remote pa/1 & cle>$ up _m difficulties :i*1 hi!rto1 _h imp$$ ! pa? ( ! inve/igators4 ,on ! coa/ ( ! ,m>itime ,alps ,lyell _h f\nd huge b$s ( conglom]ate1 p>t$ "o f ano!r by lam9at$ %ales full ( fossils1 mo/ ( :i* 7 id5tical ) creatures /ill liv+ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,^! masses atta9$ a ?ickness ( #hjj feet1 & 7 display$ 9 ! sides ( a valley fifte5 miles 9 l5g?4 ,!y suppli$ a case p>allel ) t ( ! conglom]ates & s&/ones ( ,angus1 & indicat$ t no extraord9>y conditions--no deluges or e>? %att]+s--_h be5 ne$$ 9 ord] to =m !m4 ,if ! torr5ts f ! ,m>itime ,alps1 z !y plung$ into ! ,m$it]ranean1 c\ld build up ^! masses ( /ratifi$ pebbles1 :y n appeal to ! same ag5cy 9 ,scotl&1 ?\gh ! m\nta9s f :i* !y fl[$1 & ! %eet ( wat] into :i* !y plung$1 h alike vani%$8 ,! great fl[s ( basalt--"s fre% & intact1 "s only giant fragm5ts ( yet va/] masses--! brok5 cones ( scoria1 & ! r\nd$ hills ( tra*yte 9 ,auv]gne1 _h suppli$ him ) l9ks betwe5 exi/+ volcanoes & ! huge masses ( trap ) :i* ,scotl& _h made him famili>2 :ile ^! basalt fl[s--mod]n 9 a geological s5se1 b c>v$ & furr[$ by ! /reams :i* /ill 7 fl[+ 9 _! gorges--%[$ t ra9 & riv]s 7 mo/ pot5t1 if n exclusive1 ag5ts 9 ! excavation ( valleys4 ,! :ole t\r1 ?us he wrote to 8 fa!r1 has be5 ri*1 z ,i _h anticipat$ 7& 9 a mann] :i* ,mur*ison _h n71 9 ^? analogies betwe5 exi/+ nature & ! effects ( causes 9 remote eras :i* x w be ! great object ( my "w to po9t out4 ,i sc>cely despair n[1 s mu* d ^! evid5ces ( mod]n action increase ^u u z we g s\? 7t[>ds ! m rec5t volcanic seat ( action7 ( prov+ ! positive id5tity ( ! causes n[ op]at+ ) ^? ( =m] times4#ba ,"o important result ( ?is j\rney 0 a conjo9t pap] on ! excavation ( valleys 9 ,auv]gne1 :i* 0 writt5 be=e ! fri5ds p>t$1 & 0 read at ! ,geological ,society 9 ! lat] "p ( ! ye>4 ,lyell writes ?us to "o ( 8 si/]s f ,rome1 on 8 return ?i!r1 9 ! foll[+ ,janu>y#bb3-- ,my lett]s f geological fri5ds are v satisfactory z to ! unusual int]e/ excit$ 9 ! ,geological ,society by our pap] on ! excavation ( valleys 9 ,auv]gne4 ,sev5ty p]sons pres5t ! second ev5+1 & a w>m debate4 ,buckl& & ,gre5\gh furi\s1 contra ,scrope1 ,s$gwick1 & ,w>burton support+ u4 ,^! 7 ! fir/ two nights 9 our new magnific5t ap>tm5ts at ,som]set ,h\se4 ,he adds1 ,longman has paid d[n #ejj gu9eas to ,mr4 ,ure1 ( ,dubl91 = a popul> "w on geology1 j com+ out4 ,x is to prove ! ,hebrew cosmogony1 & t we ought all to be burnt 9 ,smi?field4 ,on ! way to ,naples1 ,lyell made sev]al halts3 at ,p>ma1 ,bologna1 ,flor5ce1 ,si5a1 ,vit]bo1 & ,rome2 visit+ local geologi/s1 /udy+ _! collections ( fossil %ells1 keep+ 8 eye m especially on ! relations :i* ! species exhibit$ ) ! fauna /ill exi/+ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 & los+ no opportunity ( exam9+ ! anci5t volcanic v5ts & ! crat] lakes1 :i* =m 9 places su* rem>kable features 9 ! l&scape4 ,! %ells 9 ! trav]t9e1 he writes1 are all real species liv+ 9 ,italy1 s y p]ceive t ! volcanoes _h ?r[n out _! a%1 pumice1 etc41 & ^! _h become cov]$ ) lakes1 & !n ! valleys _h be5 holl[$ out1 all be=e ,rome 0 built1 #b1ejj ye>s & m ago4 ,on rea*+ ,naples1 he climb$ ,vesuvius1 & saw = ! fir/ "t ! lava-/reams & piles ( scoria ( a volcano /ill active2 :ile ! wond]ful sections ( ! old crat] ( ,somma furni%$ a l9k betwe5 ! liv+ pres5t & ! remote pa/--betwe5 ,italy & ,auv]gne4 ,he visit$ ,is*ia1 :]e ano!r delightful surprise await$ him1 = on its old volcano1 ,monte ,epomeo1 he f\nd1 at a height ( #b1jjj feet above ! sea1 m>9e %ells :i* belong$ to ! same class z ^? 9 ! l[] regions ( ,is*ia4 ,!y 7 conta9$ 9 a mass ( clay1 & 7 q unalt]$4 ,?is 0 a great discov]y1 = ! exi/5ce ( ^! fossils _h n be5 dreamt (1 & x %[$ t ! l& _h be5 elevat$ to ?is ext5t )\t any appreciable *ange 9 ! fauna inhabit+ ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,except = ?is1 ! isl& 0 an admirable illu/ration ( ,mont ,dore4 ,he made an excursion also to ! ,temples ( ,pae/um1 wond]ful f ! weird beauty ( _! ru9s1 on ! flat pla9 betwe5 ! ,ap5n9es & ! sea1 b ) int]e/ geological z well z ar*aeological1 because ( ! blocks ( r\gh trav]t9e ) :i* _! columns are built4 ,^! he /udi$1 & he visit$ ! qu>ries f :i* !y 7 hewn4 ,8 lett]s frequ5tly conta9 int]e/+ ref]5ces to ! tyranny ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 ! inquisitorial suppression ( all cultivation ( sci5ce1 :e!r moral or physical1 ! idle1 happy-g-lucky habits ( ! common p1 ! preval5t m5dicancy1 univ]sal di%one/y1 & g5]al corruption4 ,"o in/ance may be wor? quot+--x indicates ! mat]ial ) :i* ,unit$ ,italy has _h to deal4 ,he want$ to pre-pay ! po/age ( a lett] to ,engl&4 ,! head wait] at 8 hotel _h said to him1 ',m9d1 if x is to ,engl& y only pay fifte5 gra9s' 7s\s74 ,i ?\ght ! h9t a trait ( "*1 z !y are all suspici\s ( "o ano!r4 ,! cl]k dem&$ tw5ty-five4 ,i remon/rat$1 b he insi/$1 &1 z he 0 dress$ & _h ! mann]s ( a g5tleman1 ,i paid4 ,:5 ,i f\nd on my return t ,i _h be5 coz5$1 ,i ask$ ! head wait]1 ) "s indignation1 ',is x possible t ! ,gov]nm5t (fic]s are all knaves8' ',sono ,napolitani1 ,signor2 la sua eccell5za mi scus]a1 ma io sono ,romano6'#bc ,! old prov]b1 :at is br$ 9 ! bone w out 9 ! fle%1 /ill holds good2 b we may d\bt :e!r ! /&>d ( virtue is q s high z ! speak] intimat$ 9 c]ta9 o!r prov9ces :i* ,pi$mont has acquir$ at ! price ( ! cradle ( ! royal h\se & "s ( ! be/ blood ( ! nation4 ,at ,naples1 ,lyell 0 deta9$ long] ?an he _h expect$1 wait+ = a ,gov]nm5t /eam]4 ,!re 01 he says1 no o!r way ( go+1 = ! pirates ( ,tripoli h tak5 s _m ,neapolitan vessels t no "o :o has n a fancy to see ,africa w v5ture4 ,b he arriv$ 9 ,sicily be=e ! end ( ,novemb]1 & succe$$ 9 rea*+ ! summit ( ,etna on ! fir/ ( ,decemb]4 ,he 0 only j 9 "t1 = ! next day bad wea!r set 91 sn[ fell heavily1 & ! summit ( ! m\nta9 became practically inaccessible = ! w9t]4 ,b z x 01 he 0 able to exam9e c>efully ano!r active volcano1 ! ph5om5a ( :i* correspond$ ) ^? ( ,vesuvius1 ?\gh on a gr&] scale4 ,f ,nicolosi1 :]e he 0 delay$ a day or two by ! wea!r1 ,lyell w5t along ! ,catanian pla9 to ,syracuse & s\?w>d to ! extreme po9t ( ! isl&1 ,cape ,pass>o4 ,f ?is headl& he foll[$ ! coa/ we/w>d z f> z ,girg5ti1 & !n /ruck across ! isl& 9 an ea/]ly direction till he came )9 ab\t a day's j\rney ( ,catania1 & !n he turn$ (f 9 a nor?-we/]ly direction ?r\gh ! isl& to ,pal]mo4 ,9 ?is zigzag j\rney1 :i* occupi$ ab\t five weeks1 he succe$$ 9 obta9+ a good g5]al k ( ! geology ( ! ea/]n "p ( ! isl&2 he exam9$ _m sections & collect$ _m fossils1 ?us obta9+ mat]ial = an accurate classification ( ! little-kn[n deposits ( ! ,sicilian l[l&1 & 9 addition he lo/ no opportunity ( /udy+ ! relations ( ! volcanic masses1 :]ev] !y occurr$1 to ! s$im5t>y /rata4 ,z 8 lett]s %[1 bad roads1 poor f>e1 & mis]able accommodation made ! j\rney any?+ b "o ( pleasure2 b its results1 z he wrote to ,mur*ison1 exce$$ 8 w>me/ expectations 9 ! way ( mod]n analogies4 ,by ,decemb] #aj? he 0 once m back 9 ! ,bay ( ,naples4 ,z he return$ ?r\gh ,rome he avail$ himself ( ! opportunity ( exam9+ ! trav]t9es ( ,tivoli1 :i*1 z he rem>k$1 pres5t$ m analogies ) ^? ( ,sicily ?an ( ,auv]gne1 & welcom$ ! news t ! bones ( an elephant _h be5 f\nd 9 an alluvial deposit :i* lay b5ea? ! lava ( an ext9ct ,tuscan volcano4 ,8 notes also prove t he 0 beg9n+ to see 8 way to ! classification ( ! ext5sive deposits ( s& & m>l 9 ,italy & ,sicily1 :i* 7 subsequ5tly recognis$ z belong+ to ! ,plioc5e era4 ,e>ly 9 ,febru>y ,lyell rea*$ ,g5eva on 8 homew>d j\rney1 aft] cross+ ! ,mont ,c5is1 & by ! #ai? 0 back 9 ,p>is among 8 geological fri5ds1 pump+ !m1 z he says1 & be+ well pump$ 9 return4 ,"s ( !m1 he f9ds1 h come by mo/ opposite r\tes to ! same conclusions z myself1 & we h felt mutually confirm$ 9 our views1 al?\gh ! new op9ions mu/ br+ ab\t an amaz+ ov]?r[ 9 ! sy/ems :i* we 7 c>efully taught t5 ye>s ago4 ,! accurate k ( ,de%ayes1 "o ( ! mo/ em95t con*ologi/s ( t day1 0 especially helpful 9 br++ 8 field "w 9 ,italy & ,sicily into cle> & def9ite ord]1 & he obta9$ f him a promise ( tables ( m ?an #b1jjj species ( ,t]ti>y %ells1 f :i* 7he writes to 8 si/] ,c>ol9e1 :o %>$ 8 entomological ta/es7 ,i w build up a sy/em on data nev] be=e obta9$1 by comp>+ ! cont5ts ( ! pres5t ) m anci5t seas1 & ! latt] ) ea* o!r4#bd ,by ! end ( ,febru>y he is back 9 ,london & at ! ,geological ,society1 def5d+ 8 views on ! con/ancy ( ,nature's op]ations--views :i* seem$ rank h]esy to ! old] s*ool1 :o s\ght to solve e difficulty by a convulsion1 & 7 fett]$ 9 _! int]pretation ( ! records ( geology by suppos$ !ological necessities4 ,9 ,april ,lyell writes ?us to ,dr4 ,mantel#be3-- ,a spl5did meet+ at ! ,geological ,society la/ night1 ,s$gwick 9 ! *air4 ,conybe>e's pap] on ,valley ( ! ,?ames1 direct$ aga9/ ,messrs4 ,lyell & ,mur*ison's =m] pap]1 0 read 9 "p4 ,buckl& pres5t to def5d ! ',diluviali/s1' z ,conybe>e /yles 8 sect2 & u he t]ms ',fluviali/s4' ,gre5\gh assi/$ u by mak+ an ultra spee* on ! importance ( mod]n causes4444 ,mur*ison & ,i f\ght /\tly1 & ,buckl& 0 v piano4 ,conybe>e's memoir is n /rong by any means4 ,he admits ?ree deluges be=e ! ,noa*ian6 & ,buckl& adds ,god kn[s h[ _m cata/rophes besides2 s we h driv5 !m out ( ! ,mosaic record fairly4 ,aga91 9 ! mon? ( ,june1 he writes to ! same correspond5t 9 reg>d to ! second portion ( ! same pap]#bf3-- ,! la/ dis*>ge ( ,conybe>e's artill]y1 s]v$ by ! great ,ox=d eng9e] aga9/ ! ,fluviali/s1 z !y are pleas$ to t]m u1 drew ^u !m on ,friday a %>p volley ( musketry f all sides1 & su* a broadside1 at ! f9ale1 f ,s$gwick z 0 en\gh to s9k ! ',reliquiae ,diluvianae'#bg = ev]1 & make ! second volume %y ( v5tur+ out to sea4 ,9 a ?ird lett]1 writt5 to ,dr4 ,flem+1 he gives a simil> acc\nt ( ! battle betwe5 ! ,diluviali/s & ,fluviali/s1 & concludes ) ^! words#bh3-- ,i am prep>+ a g5]al "w on ! y\ng] epo*s ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 :i* ,i hope to be out ) next spr+4 ,i beg9 ) ,sicily1 :i* has almo/ entirely ris5 f ! sea1 to ! height ( ne>ly #d1jjj feet1 s9ce all ! pres5t animals exi/$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean6 ,,footnotes3 #i ,n[ recognis$ z gault4 ,! id5tification nam$ above 0 soon f\nd to be correct4 #aj ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #abg4 ,"s s5t5ces 7= ! sake ( brevity7 are omitt$ f ! quotation4 #aa ,he 0 also elect$ a ,fell[ ( ! ,royal ,society 9 #ahbf4 #ab ,x appe>$ 9 ! ,ed94 ,j\rn4 ,sci41 iii4 7#ahbe7 p4 #aab1 be+ 8 fir/ actual publication4 ,its importance consi/$ 9 prov+ t s]p5t9e 01 or r _h be51 an igne\s rock4 ,if prop] att5tion _h be5 paid to x1 few] mi/ak5 /atem5ts & hypo!ses w\ld h atta9$ ! dignity ( appe>+ 9 pr9t4 #ac ,dr4 ,gideon ,a4 ,mantell1 a surgeon by pr(ession1 at t "t resid5t 9 ,lewes1 :o made valuable contributions to ! geology ( ,s\?-,ea/ ,engl&1 & 0 also di/+ui%$ = 8 popul> lectures & books4 ,he di$ 9 #aheb4 #ad ,probably ref]r+ to an article on ,scrope's ,geology ( ,c5tral ,france1 9 :i* he %[s t he fully accept$ ! ,huttonian doctr9e ( int]pret+ ! geology ( pa/ ages by ref]5ce to ! causes /ill at "w4 ,x appe>$ 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 ,oct4 #ahbg1 vol4 xxxvi4 p4 #dcg4 #ae ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #afi4 #af ,dr4 ,john ,mac,culloch1 au?or 7among o!r works7 ( ! ,highl&s & ,we/]n ,isles ( ,scotl&4 ,he 0 an excell5t geologi/ on ! m9]alogical side1 b _h little sympa?y ) palaeontology or ) ! views to :i* ,lyell incl9$4 ,he di$ 9 #ahce4 #ag ,?is di/rict _h be5 already explor$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,p4 ,scrope1 ! fir/ edition ( ^: classic "w1 ,! ,volcanoes ( ,c5tral ,france1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbf4 #ah ,sir ,john ,f4 ,w4 ,h]s*el1 ! second ( ! illu/ri\s a/ronom]s ( t "n4 #ai ,sir ,w4 ,j4 ,hook]4 #bj ,c]ta9 passages 9 a lett] ( ,sidonius ,apoll9>is1 ,bi%op ( ,cl]mont1 dat$ ab\t #dfj ,a4,d41 & 9 ! works ( ,alcimus ,avitus1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,vi5ne1 ab\t half a c5tury lat]1 h be5 int]pret$ z ref]r+ to volcanic eruptions some:]e 9 ,auv]gne4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is disput$ by _m au?orities4 7,see ,geological ,magaz9e1 #ahfe1 p4 #bda47 #ba ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #aii4 #bb ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #bch4 #bc ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #bae4 #bd ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #beb4 #be ,ibid4 #bf ,ut supra1 p4 #bec4 #bg ,reliquiae ,diluvianae1 or ,obs]vations on ,organic ,rema9s conta9$ 9 ,caves1 ,fissures1 & ,diluvial ,gravel1 & on o!r ,geological ,ph5om5a atte/+ ! ,action ( an ,univ]sal ,deluge4 ,by ,pr(essor ,buckl&4 #ahbc4 #bh ,ut supra1 p4 #bed4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,purpose ,,develop$ ,,& ,,accompli%$4 ,! summ] ( #ahbi 0 sp5t at ,k9nordy1 :5 ! qu>ries ( ,kirriemuir & ! neighb\r+ di/ricts 7 visit$ f "t to "t1 ! workm5 be+ enc\rag$ to look out = ! rema9s ( plants & ! scales ( fi%es4 ,mur*ison1 h[ev]1 0 aga9 travell+ on ! ,cont95t1 &1 9 company ) ,s$gwick1 0 explor+ ! geological /ructure ( ! ,ea/]n ,alps & ! bas9 ( ! ,danube4 ,!y appe> to h kept up communication ) ,lyell1 :o he>s ) satisfaction ( ! results ( _! "w1 s9ce ^! _c fail to keep ,mur*ison s\nd 9 ! ,uni=mit>ian fai? & to complete ! conv]sion ( ,s$gwick4#bi ,! latt] 7,lyell writes to ,dr4 ,flem+7 0 a/oni%$ at f9d+ :at ,i _h satisfi$ myself ( ev]y:]e1 t 9 ! m rec5t t]ti>y gr\ps great masses ( rock1 l ! diff]5t memb]s ( our second>ies1 are to be f\nd4 ,!y call ! gr& =mation 9 :i* !y h be5 work+ sub-,ap5n9e4 ,vi5na falls into x4 ,i suspect x is a %ade old]1 z ! sub-,ap5n9es are sev]al %ades old] ?an ! ,sicilian t]ti>ies4 ,!y h discov]$ an imm5sely ?ick conglom]ate1 #ejj feet ( compact m>ble-l lime/one1 a great ?ickness ( oolite1 n di/+ui%able f ,ba? oolite1 an upp] r$ s& & conglom]ate1 etc4 etc41 all memb]s ( t gr\p zoologically sub-,ap5n9e4 ,?is is glori\s news = me4444 ,x *imes 9 well ) mak+ old r$ transition m\nta9 lime/one & coal1 & z mu* m z we c1 "o epo*1 = :5 ,nature sets ab\t build+ 9 "o place1 %e makes a great bat* !re4444 ,all ! fre%wat]1 m>9e1 & o!r gr\ps ( ! ,p>is bas9 are "o epo*1 at ! f>!/ n m sep>at$ ?an ! upp] & l[] *alk4 ,a lett] to ! same correspond5t1 writt5 ne>ly ?ree weeks lat]1 at ! end ( ,octob]1 & aft] 8 return to ,london1 ref]s to ! consequ5ces ( ?is j\rney4#cj ,s$gwick & ,mur*ison are j return$1 ! =m] full ( magnific5t views4 ,?r[s ov]bo>d all ! diluvian hypo!sis2 is vex$ he ev] lo/ "t ab\t su* a complete humbug2 says he lo/ two ye>s by hav+ also />t$ a ,w]n]ian4 ,he says prim>y rocks are n prim>y1 b1 z ,hutton suppos$1 "s igne\s1 "s alt]$ second>y4 ,mica s*i/ 9 ,alps lies ov] organic rema9s4 ,no rock 9 ! ,alps old] ?an lias4#ca ,mu* ( ,buckl&'s da%+ pap] on ,alps wrong4 ,a =mation 7m>9e7 f\nd at foot ( ,alps1 betwe5 ,danube & ,rh9e1 ?ick] ?an all ! ,engli% second>ies unit$4 ,muni* is 9 x4 ,its age probably betwe5 *alk & our olde/ t]ti>ies4 ,i h ?is mom5t receiv$ a note f ,c4 ,prevo/ by ,mur*ison4 ,he has he>d ) delight & surprise ( _! ,alp9e novelties1 &1 allud+ to !m & o!r discov]ies1 he says3 ',comme n\s allons rire de nos vieilles idees6 ,comme n\s allons n\s moqu] de n\s-memes6' ,at ! same "t he says3 ',if 9 y\r book y are too h>d on u on ?is side ! ,*annel1 we w ?r[ at y "s ( old ,brongni>t's metric & pepon>y blocks :i* float 9 t g5]al & univ]sal diluvium1 & h be5 !re depuis le gr& j\r qui a sep>e1 d'une mani]e si tran*ee1 les temps ante-des-temps ,po/-,diluvi5s4' ,a %ort "t aft]w>ds1 9 a lett] address$ to ,mr4 ,leon>d ,horn]1 ,lyell decl9es to become a c&idate = ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,geology & ,m9]alogy at ! ,london ,univ]sity1#cb :i* 0 fir/ op5$ 9 ! autumn ( ! previ\s ye>4 ,evid5tly he consid]s himself to be too fully occupi$1 = he writes to ,dr4 ,mantell on ,decemb] #e? t 8 book has tak5 a def9ite %ape4#cc ,i am b\nd h& & foot4 ,9 ! press on ,monday next ) my "w1 :i* ,murray is go+ to publi%--#b vols4--! title1 ',pr9ciples ( ,geology3 be+ an ,attempt to ,expla9 ! ,=m] ,*anges ( ! ,e>?'s ,surface by ,ref]5ce to ,causes n[ 9 ,op]ation4' ,! fir/ volume w be q f9i%$ by ! end ( ! mon?4 ,! second is1 9 a mann]1 writt51 b w require great reca/+4 ,i />t = ,icel& by ! end ( ,april1 s "t is preci\s4 ,! process ( incubation 0 cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! w9t]4 ,on ,febru>y #crd1 #ahcj1 he _h correct$ ! press z f> z ! eightie? page1 gett+ on sl[ly1 b ) satisfaction to himself4 ,h[ mu* m difficult x is1 he rem>ks1 to write = g5]al read]s ?an = ! sci5tific _w2 yet half our savants ?9k t to write popul>ly w\ld be a condesc5sion to :i* !y might b5d if !y w\ld4 ,he fully expects t ! publication ( 8 book w br+ a hornet's ne/ ab\t 8 head1 b he has det]m9$ t1 :5 ! fir/ volume is attack$1 he w wa/e no money on pamphlete]+1 b w "w on /eadily at ! second volume1 & !n1 if ! book is a success1 at ! second edition1 = controv]sy is int]m9able "w4 ,he felt n[ t ! facts ( nature 7 on 8 side1 & 8 conclusions "r 9 ! ma92 s1 l mo/ /rong m51 he adopt$ ! same c\rse z did ! f\nd] ( ,m>is*al ,college1 ,ab]de51 & wrote ov] ! door ( 8 /udy1 ,lat !m say4 ,! plan ( a summ] t\r 9 ,icel& fell ?r\gh2 s did ano!r = a long j\rney f ,/4 ,pet]sburg by ,mosc[ to ! ,sea ( ,az(1 to be foll[$ by an exam9ation ( ! ,crimea & ! ,great ,/eppe1 & a return up ! ,danube to ,vi5na2 b by ! middle ( ,june ! fir/ volume ( ! ,pr9ciples 0 ne>ly f9i%$2 & 9 a lett] to ,scrope1#cd to :om advance %eets ( ! book _h be5 =w>d$1 9 ord] t he might review x 9 ! ,qu>t]ly1 ,lyell expla9s concisely ! position :i* he has tak5 9 reg>d to cosmology & ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,probably !re 0 a beg9n+--x is a metaphysical "q1 wor?y a !ologian--probably !re w be an end4 ,species1 z y say1 h begun & end$--b ! analogy is fa9t & di/ant4 ,p]haps x is an analogy1 b all ,i say is1 !re are1 z ,hutton said1 'no signs ( a beg9n+1 no prospect ( an end4' ,h]s*el ?\ght ! nebulae became worlds4 ,davy said 9 8 la/ book1 ',x is always m probable t ! new />s become visible1 & !n invisible1 & pre-exi/$1 ?an t !y are creat$ & ext+ui%$4' ,s ,i ?9k4 ,all ,i ask is1 t at any giv5 p]iod ( ! pa/1 don't /op inquiry :5 puzzl$ by refuge to a beg9n+1 :i* is all "o ) 'ano!r /ate ( nature1' z x appe>s to me4 ,b !re is no h>m 9 y\r attack+ me1 provid$ y po9t out t x is ! pro( ,i d5y1 n ! probability ( a beg9n+4 ,m>k1 too1 my argum5t1 t we are call$ ^u to say 9 ea* case1 ',:i* is n[ mo/ probable1 my ignorance ( all possible effects ( exi/+ causes1' or t '! beg9n+' is ! cause ( ?is puzzl+ ph5om5on8 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! lett] he ref]s to 8 !ory ( ! dep5d5ce ( ! climate ( a region ^u ! geography1 n only ^u its latitude1 b also ^u ! di/ribution ( l& & sea1 & t ( ! co9cid5ce ( "t betwe5 zoological & geographical *anges 9 ! pa/1 z ! mo/ novel p>ts ( ! book2 /at+ also t he has be5 c>eful to ref] to all au?ors f :om he has borr[$1 & t to ,scrope himself he is "u m obligation1 s f> z he kn[s1 ?an to any o!r geologi/4 ,! conclud+ words also are int]e/+3-- ,i conceiv$ ! idea five or six ye>s ago1 t if ev] ! ,mosaic geology c\ld be set d[n )\t giv+ (f5ce1 x w\ld be 9 an hi/orical sket*1 & y mu/ ab/ract m9e 9 ord] to h z little to say z possible y\rself4 ,let !m feel x1 & po9t ! moral4 ,! la/-nam$ difficulty1 to :i* ,lyell ref]s 9 ano!r "p ( ?is lett]1 0 und\bt$ly "o ( ! mo/ =midable rocks ahead 9 ! pa? ( 8 new book4 ,up to t "t ! progress ( geology _h be5 mo/ s]i\sly imp$$ by ! suppos$ necessity ( mak+ its results h>monise ) ! ,mosaic cosmogony4 ,x 0 assum$ z an axiom t ! op5+ *apt]s ( ,g5esis 7 to be und]/ood 9 ! /rict lit]al s5se ( ! words1 & t to admit ! possibility ( misconceptions or mi/akes 9 matt]s :olly beyond ! cognisance ( ! writ]s1 0 a d5ial ( ! inspiration ( ,scripture1 & 0 rank blasphemy4 ,a l>ge numb] ( p]sons--among :om are ! great mass ( amateur !ologians1 toge!r ) "s exp]ts--are always v prone to assume ! mean+ ( c]ta9 fundam5tal t]ms to be exactly t :i* !y desire1 & !n to proce$ d$uctively to a conclusion z if _! que/ionable po/ulates 7 axiomatic tru?s4 ,!y fur!r assume1 v commonly1 t ! possession ( !ological k--scanty & sup]ficial ?\gh x may be--enables !m to disp5se ) any /udy ( sci5ce1 & to pron\nce au?oritatively on ! value ( evid5ce :i* !y are incapable ( weigh+1 & ( conclusions :i* !y are too ignorant to te/4 ,be+ ?us1 9 _! own op9ion1 infallible1 a fre$om ( expression is1 = !m1 m ?an p]missible1 :i*1 9 mo/ o!r matt]s1 w\ld be g5]ally held to transgress ! limits ( c\rtesy & to trespass on ^? ( vitup]ation4 ,lyell _h p]ceiv$ t little real progress c\ld be made till geologi/s 7 free to look facts 9 ! face & to foll[ _! guidance to :atev] conclusions ^! might lead1 irrespective ( suppos$ consequ5ces2 or t1 9 o!r words1 que/ions ( sci5ce mu/ be settl$ by inductive reason+ f accurate obs]vations1 & n by an appeal to ! op9ions ( ! m5 ( old5 "t1 h[ev] great might be ! sanctity ( _! *>act]s or ! hon\r due to _! memories4 ,wisely1 h[ev]1 he det]m9$ to pref] an indirect to a direct me?od ( attack1 & to avoid1 s f> z 0 possible1 giv+ ne$lessly any cause ( (f5ce by abruptness ( /atem5t or by intemp]ance ( language4 ,9 deluges1 ! fav\rite resort ( e cata/rophic geologi/1 ,lyell _h long lo/ fai?1 & he laughs 9 "o ( 8 lett]s at ! idea ( a ,fr5* geologi/1 t a sudd5 upheaval ( ,s\? ,am]ica may h be5 ! cause ( ! ,noa*ian flood4 ,to ! breaks 9 ! succession ( /rata1 a fact ^u :i* ! cata/rophi/s mu* reli$1 he atta*$ comp>atively little value1 insi/+ on _! m or less local "*4 ,9 ! records ( ! rocks he f9ds no trace ( a clean sweep ( liv+ creatures or ( any?+ l a g5]al cle>ance ( ! e>?'s surface1 & no corroboration ( ! ,mosaic cosmogony4 ,he is b5t on int]pret+ ! "w ( ,nature 9 ! pa/ by ! "w ( ,nature 9 ! pres5t1 & n by ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs1 or ev5 by ! words ( ,scripture itself4 ,"s "t 9 ! mon? ( ,june ! la/ %eet ( ! ,pr9ciples mu/ h be5 s5t to press2 = on ! #be? ( t mon? ,lyell writes f ,havre on 8 way to ,bordeaux1 ?r\gh "p ( ,norm&y1 ,brittany1 & ,la ,v5dee4 ,?is j\rney took him1 z he says1 ?r\gh "s ( ! f9e/ c\ntries & mo/ dete/able roads he ev] saw4 ,on ?is occasion he 0 accompani$ by a ,capta9 ,cooke1 a comm&] 9 ! ,royal ,navy2 a man well in=m$1 acqua9t$ ) ,spa9 7! end ( _! j\rney71 a botani/1 & n :olly ignorant ( geology--9 %ort1 an excell5t companion1 ^: only fault 0 be+ a little too fond ( lagg+ a day = re/1 ev5 9 places :]e no?+ is to be done4 ,writ+ f ,bordeaux to a si/]1 ,lyell expresses a hope t at ,bagn]es de ,lu*on he may he> :e!r 8 book is out4#ce ,two passages 9 8 lett] are n )\t a m g5]al int]e/4 ,"o repeats a rem>k made to him by ,d',aubuisson1 :om he describes z a great gun ( ! old ,w]n]ian s*ool1 :o 444 ?9ks ! int]e/ ( ! subject greatly de/roy$ by our new innovation1 especially our hav+ almo/ cut m9]alogy & turn$ x into a zoological sci5ce4#cf ,d',aubuisson also said1 ,we ,ca?olic geologi/s flatt] ourselves t we h kept cle> ( ! mix+ ( ?+s sacr$ & pr(ane1 b ! ?ree great ,prote/ants1 ,de ,luc1 ,cuvi]1 & ,buckl&1 h n done s2 h !y done good to sci5ce or to religion8 ,no1 b "s say !y h to !mselves by x4 ,! o!r rem>k is int]e/+ 9 its ref]5ce to ,fr5* politics1 see+ t x is dat$ on ! #i? ( ,july1 #ahcj4 ,x runs ?us#cg3-- ,! quiet & p]fect ord] & calmness t reign$ at ,b\rbon1 ,v5dee1 & ,bordeaux & ,t\l\se dur+ ! heat ( ! elections1 af=d a noble example to u--nev] 7 p 9 a great] /ate ( excitem5t on political gr\nds ?an ! ,fr5* at ?is mom5t1 yet nev] 9 our c\ntry t[ns 7 ,assizes conduct$ ) m s]i\sness & quiet4 ,!re is no occasion to make ! rabble drunk4 ,all ! vot]s ( ! little colleges are ( ! rank ( %opkeep]s at lea/1 ^? ( ! highe/ are g5tlem5--only #bj1jjj ( !m out ( ! #cj millions ( ,fr5*4 ,!y are too _m = su* jobb+ z 9 a ,scot* c\nty1 & too indep5d5t & ri* to h ! feel+s ( a mob4 ,yet at ! end ( ?is mon? came ! ?ree days ( ,july2 p]fect ord] & calmness 7 at an end2 ,*>les ,x4 abdicat$ ! ?rone1 & ! ,b\rbons aga9 became exiles f ,france4 ,f ,t\l\se ,lyell & 8 companion j\rney$ by ! banks ( ! ,ariege to ! picturesque old t[n ( ,foix1 & f ?is place to ,ax1 a wat]+-place on "o ( ! tribut>ies to t riv]1 9 ! he>t ( ! ,pyr5ees4 ,8 ke5 eye notes at once ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! sc5]y ( ?is *a9 & t ( ! ,alps4 ,ap>t f ! diff]5t "* ( ! vegetation--! m luxuriant flora1 ! ext5sive =e/s ( bee* & oak at elevations :]e 9 ,switz]l& only ! p9es & l>*es w\ld fl\ri%--! valleys are n>r[]1 ! m\nta9s m precipit\s--! sc5]y1 9 %ort1 is m l t ar\nd ,int]lak5 or 9 ! valley ( ,laut]brunn51 )\t ! lakes ( ! "o or ! gr& backgr\nd ( sn[y peaks 9 ! o!r4 ,9 ! ,pyr5ees ! inf]ior height & ! m s\!rn position ( ! *a9 dim9i%es ! sn[fields & curtails ! glaci]s1 s t ! torr5ts run ) pur] wat]s1 l !y d 9 ! ,alps ab\t ! bir?place ( ! ,po4 ,9 ord] to acquire a cle> idea ( ! /ructure ( ! ,pyr5ees ! travell]s cross$ f ,ax to ! s\!rn side ( ! wat]%$1 ?\gh !y /ill rema9$ on ,fr5* t]ritory2 = "h1 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,&orre1 ! fronti] cuts (f ! heads ( "o or two valleys :i* geographically =m "p ( ,spa94 ,into ?is c\ntry !y _h purpos$ to desc5d1 b ! ob/acles int]pos$ by ! reaction>y jeal\sy ( local ,dogb]ries & ! possible risks f political complications 7 s great1 t !y judg$ x wis] to ab&on ! attempt4 ,s ! travell]s sep>at$ = a "t1 ,capta9 ,cooke1 :o fe>$ ! heat ( ! l[] c\ntry1 go+ ea/w>ds ?r\gh ! curi\s little m\nta9 republic ( ,&orre to ,lu*on2 :ile ,lyell1 :o seems to h be5 pro( aga9/ ! sun1 recross$ ! wat]%$ into ! valley ( ! ,tet & desc5d$ x to ,p]pignan4 ,in=mation obta9$ 9 ?is t[n enc\rag$ him to g direct to ,b>celona1 :]e ! ,capta9-,g5]al1 ! ,conde ,d',espagne1 a di/+ui%$ soldi] & diplomati/1 gave him a c\rte\s reception1 & did ev]y?+ 9 8 p[] to smoo? ! way = a visit to ,olot1 a region ( ext9ct volcanoes1 :i* _h be5 "o ( ! *ief ends ( ,lyell's j\rney4 ,! exp$ition 0 successful2 he did n fall among ?ieves1 & 0 only annoy$ by ! t$i\s =malities & petty imp]t95ces ( ! local function>ies ( nor!rn ,spa92 & he return$ to ,france by a pass on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,canig\4 ,he 0 n a little a/oni%$1 z might be expect$ f ! rem>ks already quot$1 :5 he f\nd on arriv+ 9 t c\ntry t ! reign ( ! ,b\rbons & ! prie/s 0 ov]1 ! tricolor flag 0 hoi/$ on all ! *ur*es1 & ! royali/ (ficials _h be5 replac$ by ! nom9ees ( ! ,national ,gov]nm5t4 ,! visit to ,olot amply repaid him = ! toil & tr\ble ( ! j\rney4 ,an acc\nt ( ! di/rict 0 ins]t$ 9 ! conclud+ volume ( ! ,pr9ciples1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds incorporat$ into ! ,elem5ts ( ,geology4 ,! foll[+ summ>y is quot$ f a lett] to ,scrope1 :o _h sugge/$ ! visit1 :i* 0 writt5 f ,lu*on1 :]e he arriv$ a few days aft] 8 return into ,france#ch3-- ,l ^? ( ! ,viv>ais ! volcanoes ( ,catalonia are all1 bo? cones & crat]s1 subsequ5t to ! exi/5ce ( ! actual hills & dales1 or1 9 o!r words1 no alt]ation ( previ\sly exi/+ levels accompani$ or has foll[$ ! introduction ( ! volcanic matt]1 except su* z ! matt] erupt$ necess>ily occasion$4 ,! cones1 at lea/ f\rte5 ( !m mo/ly ) crat]s1 /& l ,monpezat1 & z p]fect2 ! curr5ts fl[ d[n :]e ! riv]s w\ld be if n displac$4 ,b "h1 z 9 ! ,viv>ais1 deep sections h be5 cut ?r\gh ! lava by /reams mu* small] 9 g5]al1 & at c]ta9 po9ts ! lava is fairly cut ?r\gh1 & ev5 9 two or ?ree cases ! subjac5t rock4 ,?us at ,ca/el ,follet1 a great curr5t ne> its t]m9ation is cut ?r\gh1 & eighty or n9ety feet ( column> basalt laid op51 re/+ on an old alluvium1 n conta9+ volcanic pebbles2 & bel[ t1 nummulitic lime/one is erod$ to ! dep? ( tw5ty-five feet1 ! riv] n[ be+ ab\t ?irty-five feet l[] ?an :5 ! lava fl[$1 ?\gh mo/ ( ! old valley is /ill occupi$ by ! lava curr5t4 ,!re are ab\t f\rte5 or p]haps tw5ty po9ts ( eruption )\t crat]s4 ,9 all cases !y bur/ ?r\gh second>y lime/one & s&/one1 no alt]$ rocks ?r[n up1 z f> z ,i c\ld le>n1 n a dike expos$4 ,a l9e> direction 9 ! cones & po9ts ( eruption f nor? to s\?4 ,until "s rema9s ( quadrup$s are f\nd1 or o!r organic m$als f\nd1 no guess c be made z to _! geological date1 unless anyone w und]take to say :5 ! valleys ( t di/rict 7 excavat$4 ,z to hi/orical dates1 t is all a fudge 444 ,i c assure y t !re nev] 0 an eruption )9 memory ( man4 ,at ,lu*on ,lyell rejo9$ ,capta9 ,cooke1 & !y visit$ "o or two int]e/+ spots 9 ! m we/]n "p ( ! ,pyr5ees1 su* z ! ,cirque de ,gav>nie & ! ,bre*e de ,rol&4 ,! =m] w\ld af=d object-lessons on ! erosive action ( cascades2 ! latt] w\ld set him speculat+ on ! causes :i* c\ld h fa%ion$ t /range portal 9 ! lime/one cre/ ( ! m\nta94 ,!y desc5d$ "s di/ance on ! ,spani% side ( ! ,bre*e1 9 ord] to make a m complete inve/igation ( ! /ructure ( ! *a91 sleep+ at a %eph]d's hut & return+ across ! sn[fields next day4 ,x is evid5t t :5ev] !re 0 a hope ( secur+ any geological in=mation or ( see+ "s rem>kable aspect ( nature1 ,lyell 0 almo/ ins5sible ei!r to heat or to fatigue4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ,septemb] he _h rea*$ ,bayonne1 f :i* place ano!r v int]e/+ lett] is despat*$ to ,scrope4#ci ,9 ?is he gives sugge/ions = mak+ a numb] ( exp]im5ts 9 ord] to produce by artificial means su* rock-/ructures z lam9ation1 ripple-m>k1 & curr5t-b$d+1 & describes briefly a s]ies ( obs]vations be>+ on ^! que/ions1 :i* _h be5 c>ri$ out bo? dur+ 8 late j\rney & on o!r occasions4 ,i h1 he says1 = a long "t be5 mak+ m9ute draw+s ( ! lam9ation & /ratification ( b$s1 9 =mations ( v diff]5t ages1 fir/ ) a view to prove to demon/ration t at e epo* ! same id5tical causes 7 9 op]ation4 ,i 0 next l$ 9 ,scotl& to a suspicion1 s9ce confirm$1 t all ! m9ute regul>ities & irregul>ities ( /ratification & lam9ation 7 pres]v$ 9 prim>y clay-slate1 mica-slate1 gneiss1 etc41 %[+ t !y _h be5 subject$ to ! same g5]al & ev5 accid5tal circum/ances att5d+ ! s$im5t>y accumulation ( second>y & fossil-be>+ =mations4#dj ,la/ly1 ,i came to f9d out t all ^! v>i\s *>act]s 7 id5tical ) ^? pres5t$ by ! b>s1 deltas1 etc41 ( exi/+ riv]s1 e/u>ies1 etc4 ,e>ly 9 ,octob] ,lyell is back aga9 9 ,p>is1 to f9d ,l\is ,philippe seat$ on ! ?rone 9 ! place ( ,*>les ,x41 & a w> p>ty pray+ night & day = ! entry ( ! ,prussians into ,belgium 9 ! hope ( ! ,fr5* be+ drawn into ! affair4 ,a f9] opportunity1 !y say1 c\ld n h happ5$ = resum+ our natural limits on ! ,rh9e4 ,9 ! mid/ ( political *anges & w>like aspirations geology1 he obs]ves1 is n mak+ mu* progress 9 ,p>is4 ,"s ( ! naturali/s h got _! heads too full ( politics2 o!rs are =c$ to "w z lit]>y hacks 9 ord] to live4 ,books on natural hi/ory & m$ic9e h no sale2 !re is a dem& only = political pamphlets4 ,s ,lyell ent]s into an engagem5t ) ,de%ayes1 :o1 l s _m o!rs1 has to live by 8 p5 le/ he %\ld />ve by sci5ce1 = a private c\rse ( fossil con*ology1 & = two mon?s' "w aft] ,lyell has return$ to ,engl&1 to be sp5t 9 tabulat+ ! species ( ,t]ti>y %ells 9 8 own 7,de%ayes'7 & ! o!r great collections ( ,p>is4 ,i %all ?us1 ,lyell says1 be giv+ ! subject a decid$ pu% by r5d]+ ! great] weal? ( ! ,fr5* collectors available 9 illu/rat+ ! great] exp]i5ce ( ! ,engli% geologi/s 9 actual obs]vation2 = "h !y sit /ill & buy %ells1 & "w indoors1 z mu* z we travel4 ,he also rem>ks to ! same correspond5t 7a si/]73 ,i am ne>ly sure n[ t my gr& !ory ( temp]ature w c>ry ! day4444 ,i w treat our geologi/s ) a !ory = ! new] deposits 9 next volume1 :i*1 al?\gh n half s orig9al1 w p]haps surprise !m m4#da ,he 0 expect+1 z ano!r lett] %[s1 to prove ! gradual approximation ( ! fauna pres]v$ 9 ! ,t]ti>y deposits to t :i* /ill exi/s1 & to settle1 z he hopes = ev]1 ! "q :e!r species come 9 all at a bat* or are always go+ out & com+ 94 ,already he is 9 a position to affirm t ! ,t]ti>y =mations ( ,sicily 9 all probability are m rec5t ?an ! crags ( ,engl&1 =1 among ! sixty-?ree species :i* he _h collect$ f ! b$s und]ly+ ,etna1 only ?ree 7 n kn[n to be /ill inhabitants ( ! ,m$it]ranean2 & besides ?is1 betwe5 ^! crags & ! ,london clay a s]ies ( =mations c be int]calat$4 ,9 ! same lett] 7to ,scrope7#db he /ates t ,de%ayes has f\nd1 at ,/4 ,mihiel on ! ,meuse1 ?ree old ne$les ( lime/one1 l ^? 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight1 r\nd :i* run ?ree di/9ct l9es ( p]=ations1 l ^? on ! columns ( ! ,temple ( ,s]apis2 ^! holl[s be+ sometimes empty1 b ?\s&s ( !m fill$ ) saxicavas4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 0 a pro( t !re _h be51 9 comp>atively rec5t times1 important *anges 9 ! level ( ! l& & sea4 ,e>ly 9 ,novemb] ,lyell is back 9 ,london1 at 8 *amb]s 9 ,cr[n ,(fice ,r[1 ,temple1 to f9d t ,scrope's review ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,pr9ciples has be5 mu* admir$1 t ! book is sell+ /eadily1 & is likely to prove z good z an annuity2 t x has n be5 s]i\sly attack$ by ! ,diluviali/s1 :ile x has be5 highly prais$ by ! bulk ( geologi/s4 ,he is ab\t to move1 he writes1 into *amb]s 9 ,raymond ,build+s1 ,gray's ,inn1 :i* are v light1 heal?y & good1 on ! same /aircase z ,brod]ip4 ,invitations to d9n] are becom+ frequ5t1 b he wisely det]m9es to g b little into society4 ,all my fri5ds1 he says1 :o are 9 practice d ?is all ! ye> & e ye>1 & ,i d n see :y ,i %\ld n be privileg$1 n[ t ,i h ! moral c]ta9ty ( e>n+ a small b hon\rable indep5d5ce if ,i lab\r z h>d = ! next t5 ye>s z dur+ ! la/ ?ree4 ,i 0 nev] 9 bett] heal?1 r>ely s good1 & aft] s long a fall[ ,i feel t a good crop w be yield$ & t ,i am 9 good tra9 = composition4#dc ,! second volume1 he hopes1 w be out 9 six mon?s2 ?is w include ! hi/ory ( ! globe to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t]ti>y era1 :5 ! fir/ ( exi/+ species appe>$4 ,! next ye>1 #ahca1 0 an epo* m>k$ by m ?an "o *ange4 ,to take ! smalle/ fir/1 he 0 made a deputy-lieut5ant ( ! c\nty ( ,=f>2 next1 9 ,m>*1 he 0 elect$ ,pr(essor ( ,geology at ,k+'s ,college1 ,london1 :i* _h be5 rec5tly f\nd$ by memb]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& z an educational c\nt]poise to ! ,univ]sity ( ,london 7,univ]sity ,college74 ,to ,lyell himself ! appo9tm5t 0 comp>atively unimportant1 b x indicat$ t wid] views on sci5tific que/ions & a m tol]ant _s 7 ga9+ gr\nd among ! high] ranks ( ! cl]gy 9 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*4 ,! appo9tm5t 0 9 ! h&s1 exclusively1 ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury1 ! ,bi%ops ( ,london & ( ,ll&aff1 & two /rictly or?odox doctors4 ,ll&aff1 ,lyell 0 in=m$1 hesitat$1 b ,conybe>e1#dd ?\gh oppos$ to ,lyell's !ories1 v\*$ = 8 or?odoxy4 ,s ! prelates decl>$ t !y consid]$ "s ( my doctr9es />tl+ en\gh1 b c\ld n f9d t !y 7 come by o!rwise ?an 9 a /raight-=w>d mann]1 & 7z ,i appe>$ to ?9k7 logically d$ucible f ! facts2 s t :e!r ! facts 7 true or n1 or my conclusions logical or o!rwise1 !re 0 no reason to inf] t ,i _h made my !ory f any ho/ile feel+ t[>ds revelation#de--;a conclusion1 m>k$ by a wise caution1 :i* repres5tatives ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& w\ld h done well to be> 9 m9d on m ?an "o subsequ5t occasion--su* z1 = example1 :5 ! "q ( ! antiquity ( man or t ( ! orig9 ( species 0 rais$4 ,b support]s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& may fairly ma9ta9 t 9 difficult crises1 especially 9 ^? connect$ ) discov]ies 9 sci5ce or 9 hi/ory1 ! utt]ances ( h] bi%ops h be5 g5]ally cauti\s & f>-see+2 displays ( confid5t ignorance & ra% d5unciations are m common among ! inf]ior cl]gy4 ,z a comm5t on ! mod]ation indicat$ by 8 election1 ,lyell says t a fri5d 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates affirms t !re he c\ld h>dly d>e to approve ( ! doctr9es ev5 9 a review1 su* a /orm w\ld ! or?odox raise aga9/ him4 ,s mu* = tol]ation ( ,*ur* ,e/abli%m5t & ,no ,*ur* ,e/abli%m5t c\ntries4 ,a ?ird ev5t ( ! ye>--:i* also happ5$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( x--0 de/9$ to ex]cise a mu* m la/+ influ5ce ^u 8 life4 ,?is 0 8 engagem5t to ,miss ,m>y ,horn]1 elde/ daught] ( ,mr4 ,leon>d ,horn]1 ! y\ng] & h>dly less di/+ui%$ bro!r ( ,francis ,horn]1 :o1 :ile almo/ z en?usia/ic a geologi/ z 8 future son-9-law1 took an active int]e/ 9 educational que/ions1 & aft]w>ds did public s]vice z ,inspector ( ,factories4 ,by ! middle ( ,june ,lyell _h advanc$ z f> z page #aaj 9 pr9t+ ! second volume ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 not)/&+ int]ruptions1 su* z a visit to ,cambridge1 :]e he took an ad eundem degree1#df & ! pres5ce ( 8 fa!r & bro!r1 z well z ( 8 fri5d ,conybe>e1 9 ,london1 all ( :om requir$ to be lionis$4 ,! lett]#dg 7to ,mantell7 :i* ref]s to ^! imp$im5ts1 passes abruptly f ,fitton's brok5 arm to ! giant femur ( a new reptile1 & incid5tally m5tions ! discov]y ( a section :i* has s9ce become a c5tre ( geological controv]sy4 ,mur*ison & 8 wife1 he writes1 are gone to make a t\r 9 ,wales1 :]e a c]ta9 ,trimm] has f\nd ne> ,sn[don 'crag' %ells at a height ( #a1jjj feet1 :i* ,buckl& & he convey ?i!r by ! deluge4 ,! %ells are at an altitude above sea-level consid]ably high] ?an ,lyell suppos$4 ,moel ,tryfa5 is a massive1 r outly+ hill1 ab\t five miles we/ ( ! peak ( ,sn[don1 & at ab\t ! same di/ance f ! ne>e/ "p ( ! sea-coa/4 ,its b>e summit rises g5tly to a scatt]$ gr\p ( project+ crags1 ! highe/ ( :i* is #a1dja feet above ! sea4 ,on ! ea/]n side are ext5sive slate qu>ries1 & 9 work+ ^! ! %ell b$s are disclos$ a %ort di/ance bel[ ! summit4 ,!y consi/ ( well-/ratifi$ s&s1 ) occasional gravelly b$s1 & conta9 a fair numb] ( %ells1 bo? brok5 & :ole1 ! fauna be+ slightly m arctic ?an t :i* /ill inhabits ! neighb\r+ sea4 ,! deposit is n[ recognis$ z m rec5t ?an ! crags ( ,ea/ ,anglia1 = none ( ! species are ext9ct1 & is assign$ to "s "p ( ! s-call$ ,glacial ,epo*4 ,x 0 be=e long reg>d$ z an indication t1 at no v remote date aft] ,nor? ,wales _h assum$ or v ne>ly assum$ its pres5t outl9es1 ! :ole di/rict 0 depress$ = at lea/ #a1chj feet1 s t ! sea broke ov] ! summit crags ( ,moel ,tryfa54 ,= _m ye>s ?is int]pretation pass$ unque/ion$2 b a mod]n s*ool ( geologi/s has f\nd x to be su* an inconv5i5t ob/acle to c]ta9 hypo!ses ab\t ! =m] ext5t ( l&-ice1 t !y ma9ta9 ^! %ells 7 collect$ f ! b$ ( ! ,iri% ,sea 7!n suppos$ to be above wat]7 by an ice-%eet z x 0 on its way f ! nor? to invade ! ,pr9cipality1 & 7 convey$ by x1 ) all c>e1 up ! slopes ( ,moel ,tryfa51 till !y 7 f9ally deposit$ on its summit1 9 b$s :i* someh[ or o!r 7 /ratifi$4 ,"o may v5ture to d\bt :e!r ! hypo!sis ( a rampant & con*ologically-dispos$ ice-%eet w\ld h f\nd mu* m fav\r ) ! cauti\sly inductive m9d ( ,lyell ?an t ( a deluge4 ,%ortly aft] ?is lett]1 ,lyell1 ?\gh all ! manuscript ( 8 second volume _h n yet be5 s5t to ! pr9t]s1 & pro(-%eets foll[$ him1 refre%$ himself ) a t\r ( f\r or five weeks 9 ! volcanic di/rict ( ! ,eifel4 ,"h ! cones1 all comp>atively l[1 are scatt]$ sporadically ov] a roll+ upl& :i* occupies ! angle betwe5 ! ,rh9e & ! ,moselle4 ,! valleys = ! mo/ "p are c>v$ out ( slaty rocks mu* ( ! same age z ^? ( ,devon%ire2 & ! crat]s1 /range holes1 ea* eruption hav+ be5 almo/ inv>iably at "s new po9t1 are n[ v commonly occupi$ by quiet pools ( wat]1 su* z ,lyell _h already se5 9 ! old volcanic di/ricts ( ! ,papal ,/ates4 ,among ^! crat]s1 compos$ sometimes ( loose & light scoria1 f :i* no lava-/ream ev] fl[$1 he f\nd fre% evid5ce--z at ! ,ro!rb]g--aga9/ ! diluvian hypo!sis4 ,x is1 z he writes to 8 fri5d1 ,dr4 ,flem+1 "o ( ! t5 ?\s& pro(s ( ! incubus t ! ,mosaic deluge has be51 & is1 ,i fe>1 long de/9$ to be1 on our sci5ce4 ,n[1 ,i am fully det]m9$ to op5 my /ronge/ fire aga9/ ! new diluvial !ory ( swamp+ our cont95ts by waves rais$ by p>oxysmal e>?quakes4 ,i c prove by ref]5ce to cones 7hundr$s ( un9jur$ cones7 ( loose volcanic scoriae & a%es1 ( v>i\s & "s ( great antiquity 7z prov$ by associat$ organic rema9s71 t no su* g5]al waves h swept ov] ,europe dur+ ! ,t]ti>y era--cones at almo/ e height1 f ne> ! sea1 to ?\s&s ( feet above x4#dh ,b e>ly 9 ,augu/ he 0 back 9 ,london1 h>d at "w 9 writ+ & correct+ pro(s4 ,?is bus9ess deta9$ him long] ?an he anticipat$1 b 8 lab\rs 7 *e]$ by ! news ( ! eruption ( ,graham's ,isl&4 ,"h 0 ano!r case 9 support ( ! !sis :i* he 0 ready to ma9ta9 aga9/ all com]s4 ,b a few mon?s s9ce !re _h be5 a dep? ( eighty fa?oms1 z 0 prov$ by s\nd+1 on ! site ( ?is isl&4 ,n[ ! cone is #bjj feet above wat] & is /ill gr[+4#di ,"h is a hill #fhj feet1 ) hope ( m1 & ! probability ( mu* hav+ be5 done be=e ! ',britannia' s\nd$4 ,surely ,nature h]self 0 te/ify+ h] approbation ( ! advocates ( mod]n causes6 ,0 ! cross :i* ,con/ant9e saw 9 ! heav5s a m cle> indication ( ! approa*+ conv]sion ( a wav]+ _w8 ,b 9 ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] ,lyell broke away f ! emiss>ies ( ! press & took passage by sea to ,ed9burgh1 !re to comb9e bus9ess ) a fair am\nt ( bo? sci5tific "w & social pleasure4 ,?is visit af=d$ him an opportunity ( he>+ ,*alm]s prea*4 ,9 a lett] to ,miss ,horn] he gives a brief ab/ract1 & expresses 8 g5]al op9ion ( ! s]mon#ej3-- ,x 0 a v long disc\rse1 b admirable4 ,! subject 0 'rep5tance1' a hackney$ "o en\gh4444 ,he expla9$ ! effect ( habit1 & its increas+ p[] ov] ! m9d1 z a law ( our nature1 ) z mu* cle>ness & z philosophically z he c\ld h done _h he be5 expla9+ ! doctr9e to a class ( univ]sity /ud5ts 9 a lecture on ! philosophy ( ! human m9d4 ,b !n ! practical application 0 en=c$ by a /ra9 ( real eloqu5ce1 ( a v en]getic1 natural1 & /rik+ description4444 ,b1 un=tunately1 e "h & !re he seem$ to feel t he 0 s9n+ aga9/ "s ( ! ,calv9i/ic doctr9es ( 8 s*ool1 & all at once !re 0 "s dext]\s plead+ ab\t 'orig9al s91' :i* int]f]$ a little ) ! free curr5t ( ! disc\rse4444 ,^u ! :ole1 h[ev]1 judg+ f ?is s+le specim51 ,i ?9k ,i w\ld soon] he> him aga9 ?an any prea*] ,i ev] he>d1 ,reg9ald ,heb] n except$4 ,at ?is "t ,lyell 0 keep+ a j\rnal1 :i* 0 =w>d$ to ,miss ,horn]1 !n 9 ,g]many1 to s]ve app>5tly z a sub/itute = ord9>y lett]s2 home news1 di/urbances aris+ f ! /ruggle ov] ! ,re=m ,bill1 visits ( fri5ds1 geological rese>*es1 walks on ! hills to se>* = plants or = insects1 ! habits ( ! ,k9nordy bees1 or ! accompli%m5ts ( two p>rots1 br\ght f ,africa by 8 naval bro!r--all be+ jott$ d[n j z !y occurr$4 ,among ?is f>rago--?\gh n ( nons5se--geological topics1 s9ce ,miss ,horn] _h simil> ta/es1 occupy a consid]able space4 ,%e1 h[ev]1 evid5tly 01 comp>atively speak+1 a beg9n]1 & 9 "o or two *>act]i/ic s5t5ces h] lov] & preceptor passes f in=mation to c\nsel3 ,if y are n fright5$ by ,de la ,be*e1 ,i ?9k y are 9 a fair way to be a geologi/2 ?\gh x is 9 ! field only t a p]son c really get to l ! /iff "p ( x4 ,n t !re is really any?+ 9 x t is n v easy1 :5 put into pla9] language ?an sci5tific writ]s *oose (t5 unnecess>ily to employ4 ,he also records#ea a piece ( advice f 8 old fri5d1 ,dr4 ,flem+1 :i* is en\gh to make a mod]n pr(essor ( geology sigh = ! good old times4 ,he said to ,lyell3 ,if y lecture once a ye> = a %ort c\rse1 ,i am sure y w d]ive advantage f x4 ,a %ort practice ( lectur+ is a rehe>sal ( :at y may aft]w>ds publi%1 & tea*es y by ! contact ) pupils h[ to in/ruct1 & 9 :at y are obscure4 ,a little ( ?is w improve y\r p[]1 p]haps z an au?or4 ,!n1 z y are pursu+ a pa? ( orig9al & purely indep5d5t discov]y & obs]vation1 x increases mu* y\r public usefulness 9 a sci5ce s unavoidably controv]sial to h ?r[n ov] y ! moral protection ( be+ 9 a public & responsible situation1 connect$ ) a body l ,k+'s ,college4 ,b !n y mu/ /ipulate t y are to be free to travel1 & mu/ only be b\nd to give "o %ort c\rse annually4 ,truly ^? mu/ h be5 halcyon days = pr(essors6 ,! j\rnal also proves1 by its brief acc\nt ( a ,scot* fe/ival1 :i* accords ) little h9ts dropp$ else:]e 9 x or 9 lett]s1 t our =efa!rs1 n :olly exclud+ m5 ( sci5ce1 "s sixty ye>s ago habitually consum$ mu* m /rong dr9k ?an w\ld be consid]$ correct at ! pres5t day3-- ,x 0 j an ,angus set-to ( ! old regime4 ,!y arriv$ at half-pa/ six o'clock & wait$ d9n] "o h\r4 ,g5tlem5 rejo9$ ! ladies at half-pa/ twelve o'clock6 ,!y1 9 ! meantime1 _h _h tea1 & a regul> supp] laid out 9 ! draw+-room4 ,aft] an h\r ) ! ladies !y return$ to ! d9+-room to supp] at half-pa/ "o o'clock1 & my fa!r left !m at half-pa/ two o'clock6 ,! ladies did n g to ?is supp]4 ,! j\rnal1 9 %ort1 l ! well-kn[n ,scot* di%1 af=ds a great deal ( confus$ fe$+ ( a pleasant sort1 b no samples ( love-mak+4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to x is 9 ! foll[+ passage1 :i* is wor? quot+1 n = t reason1 b z incid5tally disclos+ ! /r5g? ( ! au?or's "*3-- ,i %all write a few words be=e ,i get into ! /eamboat j to tranquillise my m9d a little1 aft] read+ sev]al controv]sial articles by ,elie de ,beaumont & o!rs aga9/ my sy/em4 ,if ,i f9d myself gr[+ too w>m or annoy$ at su* ho/ile demon/rations ,i %all always retreat to y4 ,y w be my h>b\r ( peace to retire to1 & :]e ,i may =get ! /orm4 ,i "k t by p]sev]+ /eadily ,i %all "s ye>s h5ce /& v diff]5tly f :]e ,i n[ am 9 sci5ce2 & my only dang] is ! be+ impati5t1 & tempt$ to wa/e my "t on petty controv]sies & qu>rels ab\t ! priority ( ! discov]y ( ?is or t fact or !ory4#eb ,fri5ds 9 pl5ty 7 await+ him 9 ,london1 :i* 0 rea*$ ab\t ! fir/ ( ,novemb]3 ! ,mur*isons & ,som]villes1 ,brod]ip1 ,curtis1 ,basil ,hall1 & ,hook]1 ) ,neck] f ,switz]l&1 & _m m4 ,he is also *e]$ by f9d+ t 8 ideas are /eadily ga9+ gr\nd among geologi/s1 conv]ts becom+ m confid5t1 unbeliev]s m uneasy4 ,he made good progress ) 8 book1 & realis$1 be=e ! end ( ! ye>1 t 8 mat]ials c\ld n be compress$ into a s+le volume2 s he det]m9$ to issue ! "p already complet$ z a second volume1 & to f9i% ! "w 9 a ?ird4 ,f "t to "t ! di>y conta9s ref]5ces to a rec5t conte/ = ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,royal ,society1 & to political matt]s su* z ! ,re=m ,bill2 b1 ?\gh 9 fav\r ( ! latt]1 he is n v en?usia/ic on ! subject1 = on "o occasion he expresses regret at hav+ be5 abs5t1 ?r\gh =getfulness1 f a meet+ ( ! ,geographical ,society1 :]e he w\ld h got "s s\nd in=mation in/ead ( he>+ politicians discuss ! int]m9able bill4 ,! lectures at ,k+'s ,college evid5tly weigh$ ^u 8 m9d z !y drew ne>1 & he 0 n /irr$ to en?usiasm by ! prospect ( tea*+2 = t[>ds ! close ( ! ye> he m ?an once debat$ ) 8 fri5ds ! "q :e!r or no he %\ld reta9 ! appo9tm5t4 ,mur*ison 0 9 fav\r ( resignation2 ,conybe>e took ! opposite view4 ,( 8 advice ,lyell rem>ks1 ,! fact is1 ,conybe>e's notion ( ^! ?+s is :at ! ,engli% public h n yet come up to1 :i*1 if !y _h1 ! geological pr(essor%ip 9 ,london w\ld be a wor?y aim = any man's ambition1 :]eas x is n[ "o t ! multitude w\ld r wond] at "o's accept+4#ec ,! ,briti% public app>5tly /ill lags a long way beh9d ! ,conybe>ian ideal1 & reta9s its contempt = all ^? :o1 by presum+ to tea*1 ins9uate d\bts z to its innate omnisci5ce4 ,lyell1 h[ev]1 cle>ly p]ceiv$ t x 0 absolutely necess>y t e tea*] ( pr(essorial rank %\ld be himself a pione] 9 8 subject--a fact ( :i* gov]nm5t (ficials1 z a rule1 seem to be totally ignorant4 ,8 comm5ts1 a little lat] 9 ! ye>1 on ! arrangem5ts at ! ,univ]sity ( ,bonn are wor? record+4 ,! ,pr(essors h to lecture = n9e mon?s 9 ! ye>--too mu*1 ,i %\ld ?9k1 = all[+ "t = due advancem5t ( ! tea*]4 ,lyell's desires 9 reg>d to remun]ation seem reasonable en\gh4 ,he is anxi\s to e>n by 8 sci5tific "w en\gh to provide = ! extra exp5ses :i* ?is "w entails1 & yet to comm& suffici5t "t to advance 8 k & reputation4 ,! fates prov$ m propiti\s to him ?an !y are g5]ally to m5 ( sci5ce1 = he succe$$ 9 accompli%+ bo? ( 8 desires4 ,little ( importance happ5$ dur+ ! e>ly "p ( #ahcb4 ,!re 0 pl5ty ( h>d "w 9 collect+ facts1 9 consult+ fri5ds ab\t special difficulties1 & 9 work+ at ! manuscript = ! ?ird volume ( ! ,pr9ciples1 = ! second made its appe>ance almo/ ) ! new ye>4 ,toil 0 sweet5$ by occasional pleasures1 su* z an ev5+ ) ! ,som]villes1 or a d9n] p>ty at ! ,mur*isons1 a talk ) ,babbage or ,fitton1 or a symposium at ! ,geological ,club1 at :i* x is sometimes evid5t t good c>e 0 tak5 le/ sci5ce %\ld become too dry4 ,"o passage 9 8 di>y indicates t sixty ye>s h consid]ably *ang$ ! habits ( life 9 t[n & 9 ! c\ntry1 = at ! pres5t day mo/ p w\ld express !mselves 9 ! opposite s5se4 ,i h enjoy$ p>ties & two plays ?is mon? v mu*1 because x 0 recreation /ol5 f "w2 b ! difficulty 9 ! c\ntry is t1 on ! contr>y1 "o's h\rs ( "w are /ol5 f dissipation4 ,! lectures at ,k+'s ,college 7 begun 9 ,may4 ,lyell evid5tly 0 n a n]v\s man1 b he reg>d$ ! ne> approa* ( ?is new k9d ( "w ) "s trepidation1 & admits t he slept ill be=e ! fir/ lecture4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 a decid$ success 9 e respect1 & ! audi5ce 0 a l>ge "o1 = ! ,c\ncil1 aft] "s hesitation1 _h p]mitt$ ! att5dance ( ladies4 ,ea* lecture 0 pron\nc$ by ! he>]s to be bett] ?an ! la/1 & ,lyell uses ! opportunity1 z he says1 to fire occasional %ots at ,buckl&1 ,s$gwick1 & o!rs :o are /ill hank]+ aft] cata/rophic convulsions & all-b univ]sal deluges4 ,z a fur!r enc\ragem5t1 8 publi%]1 ,murray1 agrees will+ly to a repr9t ( ! fir/ volume ( ! ,pr9ciples1 & only hesitates betwe5 an edition ( #gej or ( #a1jjj copies4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 also1 he 0 ask$ to und]take ! presid5cy ( ! ,geological ,society1 b t1 not)/&+ ,mur*ison's urg5cy1 he firmly decl9$ = ! pres5t2 writ+ ( x to ,miss ,horn]1 ,x is j "o ( ^? temptations ! resi/+ ( :i* decides :e!r a man %all really rise high or n 9 sci5ce4 ,= two m ye>s ,i am free f les affaires adm9i/ratives1 :i*1 said old ,bro*>t 9 8 late lett] to me1 h prev5t$ me f /udy+ geology d'une mani]e suivie1 :]eby y h already c>ri$ x s f>4 ,he 01 h[ev]1 soon to be engross$ 9 an affair ( ano!r k9d2 "o :i* has prov$ v detrim5tal to ! progress ( _m m5 ( sci5ce1 b :i*1 9 ,lyell's case1 _h ! happie/ results1 & smoo!d r ?an x imp$$ 8 pa? to fame2 = 9 ! summ]--on ,july #ab?--he ceas$ to be a ba*elor4 ,! m>riage 0 celebrat$ at ,bonn1 :]e ,miss ,horn]'s family 7 /ill resid5t4 ,a ,lu!ran cl]gyman seems to h (ficiat$1 & ! c]emony 0 a v quiet "o2 ! di/ance f home prev5t+ ! att5dance ( ,engli% fri5ds or ev5 ( relations ( ! bridegroom4 ,! newly-m>ri$ c\ple dep>t$ f ,bonn up ! ,rh9e1 & travell$ by successive /ages to ,heidelb]g1 b !y 7 n =getful ( geology1 ev5 9 ! fir/ week ( ! honeymoon1 = !y visit$ z !y j\rney$ m ?an "o int]e/+ section on ! we/]n edge ( ! ,od5wald4 ,!n !y made excursions to ,c>lsruhe & ,bad5-,bad51 & ultimately travell$ f ,freiburg to ,s*affhaus5 ?r\gh ! romantic defiles ( ! ,hoell5?al1 & across ! corn] ( ! ,black ,=e/4 ,a j\rnal 0 n[ ne$less1 & probably ! newly-m>ri$ c\ple 7 too mu* engross$ ) _! own happ9ess to write _m lett]s1 = few details h be5 pres]v$ ab\t _! ,swiss t\r4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 comp>atively a %ort "o1 = !y rema9$ less ?an a =tnight 9 ! c\ntry4 ,/ill ,lyell probably f\nd x useful 9 refre%+ recollections & te/+ 8 e>ly impressions by greatly increas$ k & exp]i5ce4 ,f ! valley ( ! ,rhone !y cross$ ! ,simplon ,pass into ,italy & foll[$ ! usual road to ,milan along ! %ore ( ! ,lago ,maggiore4 ,h[ long !y rema9$ 9 ,italy1 or by :at r\te !y return$ to ,engl&1 is n /at$2 inde$1 = ne>ly six mon?s next to no?+ is on record conc]n+ ,lyell's movem5ts or "w1 b 9 ! beg9n+ ( #ahcc he & 8 wife 7 settl$ 9 ,london at ,no4 #af1 ,h>t ,/reet1 ,bloomsbury1 :i* became _! resid5ce = "s ye>s4 ,a /ate ( happ9ess is n always indicat$ by mu* correspond5ce3 probably x 0 s ) ,lyell2 at any rate1 a s+le lett]1 dat$ ,janu>y #e?1 gives ! only in=mation ( 8 do+s betwe5 ,septemb]1 #ahcb1 & ,april1 #ahcc4 ,9 ?is lett]1 h[ev]1 he m5tions t ! ,c\ncil ( ,k+'s ,college _h decid$ t 9 future ladies %\ld n be admitt$ to ,lyell's lectures1 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 he _h receiv$ a press+ invitation f ! manag]s ( ! ,royal ,in/itution to give1 aft] ,ea/]1 a c\rse ( six or eight lectures 9 _! !atre1 c\pl$ ) ! (f] ( a sub/antial remun]ation4 ,at ! end ( ,april1 z he tells 8 old fri5d ,mantell1 bo? ^! c\rses _h be5 begun4 ,! "o at ! ,royal ,in/itution 0 att5d$ by an audi5ce ( ab\t #bej1 t at ,k+'s ,college1 aft] ! op5+ lecture1 dropp$ d[n to a class ( fifte54 ,! fall+-(f 0 entirely due to ! above-nam$ resolution4 ,= ?is ! ,c\ncil _h assign$ a reason1 :i*1 p]haps1 0 n a prud5t c\rse1 = bodies ( t k9d1 :5 !y give reasons1 (t5 succe$ only 9 giv+ !mselves away4 ,! pres5ce ( ladies 0 =bidd51 because x div]t$ ! att5tion ( ! "y /ud5ts1 ( :om1 ,lyell rem>ks s>ca/ically1 ,i _h two 9 numb] f ! college la/ ye> & two ?is4 ,_h ! ,c\ncil /at$ boldly t ! ,college did n appo9t pr(essors to lecture urbi et orbi1 _! policy1 ?\gh x w\ld h appe>$ a little selfi% & might h prov$ %ortsight$1 w\ld h be5 def5sible1 because ! in/itution 0 f\nd$ = ! education ( a p>ticul> class4 ,b ! reason assign$ 0 op5 to ,lyell's retort1 & gave ! impression ( unreality4 ,x is n impossible t ! decision 0 ! result ( secret wire-pull+1 & repres5t$ n s mu* a fe> ( ! di/urb+ influ5ce ( ! fair sex z a dread ( ! popul>ity ( ! subject4 ,geology 0 /ill reg>d$ ) grave di/ru/ by a v l>ge numb] ( p1 & ,k+'s ,college1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 0 f\nd$ 9 ! suppos$ int]e/s ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl& & 9 ! hope ( neutralis+ ! effects ( ! unsect>ian in/itution 9 ,g[] ,/reet4 ,_m ( its support]s may h be5 *>act]is$ r by ! ard\r ( _! dislikes ?an by ! wid? ( _! sympa?ies1 & may h put pressure on ! ,c\ncil1 s t ?is body may h consid]$ x saf] to risk driv+ a popul> man f _! /aff ?an to ali5ate an important section ( _! adh]5ts & to expose ! ,college to ! dang] ( be+ *>g$ ) l5d+ itself to h]etical tea*+4#ed ,! prep>ation ( ^! lectures mu/ h be5 att5d$ ) "s difficulty1 = ,lyell writes t1 l all ! _w1 he & 8 h\sehold--ev]yone except 8 wife--_h be5 d[n ) ! influ5za1 :i* 9 t ye> 0 ev5 m rampant 9 ,london ?an x has be5 9 any ( its rec5t visits4 ,b1 not)/&+ ?is & any o!r int]ruptions1 ! ?ird & f9al volume ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology made its appe>ance 9 ! mon? ( ,may1 #ahcc4 ,,footnotes3 #bi ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #bee4 #cj ,ut supra1 p4 #bef4 #ca ,fur!r "w has n v]ifi$ "s ( ^! /atem5ts4 ,!re c be no "q t a great deal ( rock 9 ! ,alps is mu* old] ?an ev5 ! ,trias4 ,! app>5t sup]position ( cry/all9e s*i/s to rocks ) fossils is due to ov]-fold+ or ov]-?ru/ fault+--i4e4 ! s*i/s are ! old] rocks4 ,?\gh ! ,second>y rocks ( ! ,alps h und]gone1 9 places1 "s modification & m9]al *anges1 ^! are v diff]5t f ! metamorphism ( ^? cry/all9e s*i/s :i* h a /ratifi$ orig94 #cb ,n[ ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 hav+ be5 incorporat$ by ,royal ,*>t] "u t title 9 ,novemb]1 #ahcf4 #cc ,ut supra1 p4 #beh4 #cd ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 pp4 #bfi-bga4 #ce ,:5 he left ! publi%] _h n decid$ :e!r x %\ld be issu$ at once or kept back till ,octob]4 #cf ,d',aubuisson1 z "t has %[n1 =esaw a real dang]4 ,! neglect (1 if n contempt =1 m9]alogy1 :i* became conspicu\s betwe5 ! ye>s #ahdj & #ahgj1 or !reab\ts1 s]i\sly imp$$ ! progress ( geology1 at any rate 9 ,engl&4 #cg ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #bgf4 #ch ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #bhc4 #ci ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #bif4 #dj ,subsequ5t exp]i5ce has %[n t1 :ile ! above obs]vations are beyond all "q 9 ! case ( ord9>y s$im5t>y rocks1 /ructures curi\sly resembl+ lam9ation & ripple-m>k may be produc$ 9 c]ta9 gneisses & cry/all9e s*i/s by o!r causes4 ,/ill1 9 _m s*i/s1 !y h orig9at$ 9 ! way sugge/$ by ,lyell1 & indicate t ! rock =m]ly 0 deposit$ by wat]4 #da ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #cjc4 #db ,ut supra1 p4 #cje4 #dc ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #cac4 #dd ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,conybe>e1 aft]w>ds ,dean ( ,ll&aff1 an em95t geologi/1 r s5ior to ,lyell4 #de ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #caf4 #df ,x 0 =m]ly conc$$ by ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d1 ,cambridge1 & ,dubl9 t a ,ma/] ( ,arts 9 any "o c\ld assume1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 ! same position 9 ! o!rs4 ,?is c>ri$ ) x "s privileges1 ?\gh n ! suffrage & ! full rights ( ! degree4 ,lyell _h proce$$ to ! degree ( ,m4,a4 at ,ox=d 9 #ahba4 #dg ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #cah4 #dh ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #cbh4 #di ,ut supra1 p4 #cbi4 ,by ! end ( ,octob] x _h n only ceas$ to gr[1 b also _h be5 ne>ly wa%$ away by ! sea4 ,n[ its position is m>k$ by a %oal4 #ej ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #cca4 #ea ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdb4 #eb ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #cdg4 #ec ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #ceh4 #ed ,lyell resign$ ! ,pr(essor%ip aft] he _h f9i%$ ! c\rse4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,place ,,9 ,,sci5ce ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,geology4 ,! publication ( ! la/ volume ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology =m$ an important epo* 9 ,lyell's life4 ,x br\ght to a successful close a "w on :i* 8 en]gies _h be5 def9itely conc5trat$ = ne>ly five ye>s1 & = :i* he _h be5 prep>+ himself dur+ a consid]ably long] "t4 ,x plac$ him1 be=e 8 f\r? decade 0 complet$1 at once & beyond all "q 9 ! front rank ( ,briti% geologi/s2 x c>ri$ 8 reputation to e c\ntry :]e t sci5ce 0 cultivat$4 ,x prov$ ! writ] to be n only a c>eful obs]v] & a reason] ( exceptional inductive p[]1 b also a man ( g5]al culture & a ma/] ( 8 "m tongue4 ,! book1 moreov]1 m>k$ an epo* 9 geology n less important2 x produc$ an influ5ce on ! sci5ce great] & m p]man5t ?an any "w :i* _h be5 previ\sly writt51 or has s9ce appe>$--great] ev5 ?an ! fam\s ,orig9 ( ,species by ,natural ,selection1 = t dealt only ) "o portion ( geology--viz4 ) palaeontology1 :ile ! me?od ( ! ,pr9ciples affect$ ! sci5ce 9 e "p4 ,= a brief int]val1 !n1 we may des]t ! biography ( ! au?or = t ( ! book--! p>5t = 8 (fspr+--& call att5tion to "o or two topics :i* are m imm$iately connect$ ) ! book itself4 ,a brief sket* ( its future hi/ory may be plac$ fir/2 =1 z its au?or 0 con/antly lab\r+ to improve & p]fect 8 "w1 x und]w5t _m *anges 9 =m & arrangem5t dur+ ! rema9d]--"s two-&-=ty ye>s--( 8 life1 :i* w be bett] und]/ood f a connect$ /atem5t ?an if !y h to be ga!r$ f scatt]$ ref]5ces 9 ! o!r *apt]s ( 8 biography4 ,! fir/ volume ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology appe>$1 z has be5 m5tion$1 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcj2 ! second 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcb2 & ! ?ird 9 ,may1 #ahcc4 ,b a second edition ( ! fir/ volume 0 issu$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahcb1 & "o ( ! second volume 9 ! same mon? ( #ahcc2 ^! 7 all 9 #hvo size4 ,a new edition ( ! :ole "w 0 publi%$ 9 ,may1 #ahcd4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 took ! =m ( f\r volumes #abmo4 ,?is edition 0 call$ ! ?ird1 because ! fir/ two volumes ( ! orig9al "w _h gone ?r\gh second editions4 ,a f\r? edition foll[$ 9 ,june1 #ahce1 & a fif? 9 ,m>*1 #ahcg4 ,?us f> ! ,pr9ciples cont9u$ )\t any sub/antial alt]ation1 b ! au?or made an important *ange 9 prep>+ ! next edition4 ,he deta*$ f x ! latt] "p--practically1 ! matt] compris$ 9 ! ?ird volume ( ! orig9al "w4 ,?is he rewrote & publi%$ sep>ately z a s+le volume 9 ,july1 #ahch1 "u ! title ( ,elem5ts ( ,geology2 a six? edition ( ! ,pr9ciples1 ?us curtail$1 appe>$ 9 ?ree volumes #abmo1 9 ,june1 #ahdj4 ,! effect ( ! *ange 0 to re/rict ! ,pr9ciples ma9ly to ! physical side ( geology--to ! subjects connect$ ) ! morphological *anges :i* ! e>? & its inhabitants alike und]go4 ,?us x made ! cont5ts ( ! book accord m /rictly ) its title1 :ile ! ,elem5ts indicat$ ! work+ out ( ! a=esaid pr9ciples 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>? & its inhabitants--t is1 ! latt] book deals ) ! classification ( rocks & fossils1 or ) petrology & hi/orical geology4 ,! subsequ5t hi/ory ( ! ,elem5ts may be left = ! pres5t4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahdg1 ! sev5? edition ( ! ,pr9ciples appe>$1 9 :i* ano!r *ange 0 made4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 9 =m r ?an 9 sub/ance1 = ! book 0 n[ issu$ 9 a s+le ?ick #hvo volume4 ,! eigh? edition1 publi%$ 9 ,may1 #ahej2 & ! n9?1 9 ,june1 #ahec1 foll[$ ! same patt]n4 ,a long] int]val elaps$ be=e ! appe>ance ( ! t5? edition1 & ?is 0 publi%$ 9 two volumes1 ! fir/ be+ issu$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahff1 & ! second 9 #ahfh4 ,9 ?is int]val--m ?an ?irte5 ye>s--! sci5ce _h made rapid progress1 & ! process ( revision _h be5 9 consequ5ce m ?an usually se>*+4 ,! au?or1 z he /ates 9 ! preface1 _h f\nd x necess>y entirely to rewrite "s *apt]s1 & reca/ o!rs1 & to modify or omit "s passages giv5 9 =m] editions4 ,_m new in/ances 7 giv5 to illu/rate ! effect :i* =ces /ill at "w _h produc$ ^u ! e>?'s cru/1 & ^! /r5g!n$ ! evid5ce :i* _h be5 already advanc$4 ,into ! acc\nts ( ,vesuvius & ,etna mu* important matt] 0 introduc$1 ! result ( visits :i*1 z we %all f9d1 ,lyell made 9 #aheg & #aheh2 ! *apt]s relat+ to ! vicissitudes ( climate 9 pa/ geological ages 7 entirely rewritt51 toge!r ) t discuss+ ! connection betwe5 climate & ! geography ( ! e>?'s surface2 & a *apt]1 practically new1 0 ins]t$1 :i* consid]$ h[ f> =m] vicissitudes 9 climate may h be5 influ5c$ by a/ronomical *anges2 su* z v>iations 9 ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 *anges 9 ! obliquity ( ! ecliptic1 & diff]5t phases ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes4 ,b ! mo/ important *ange 0 made 9 ! lat] "p ( ! book--! la/ fifte5 *apt]s4#ee ,^! ei!r 7 entirely new1 or pres5t$ ! orig9al mat]ial 9 a new aspect4 ,9 ! e>li] editions ( 8 "w1 ,lyell _h express$ himself dissatisfi$1 z we h already se51 ) ! idea ( ! d]ivation ( species f antec$5t =ms by "s process ( modification1 & _h po9t$ out ! weak places 9 ! argum5ts :i* 7 advanc$ 9 its fav\r4 ,b ! evid5ce adduc$ by ,d>w9 & ,wallace 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( species by natural selection1 /r5g!n$ by ! support ( ,hook] on ! botanical side1 _h remov$ ! difficulties :i* ! crud] /atem5ts ( ,lam>ck & o!r pr$ecessors _h sugge/$ to 8 m9d1 s t ,lyell n[ appe>s z a conv9c$ evolutioni/4 ,! "q also ( ! antiquity ( man is mu* m fully discuss$ ?an x _h be5 9 ! e>li] editions4 ,consid]able *anges 7 introduc$ into ! elev5? edition1 :i* appe>$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgb1 b ^! 7 *iefly additions :i* 7 made possible by ! rapidly increas+ /ore ( k1 z1 = in/ance1 mu* important in=mation conc]n+ ! deep] p>ts ( ! ocean4 ,on ?is int]e/+ subject great light _h be5 ?r[n by ! cruises ( ! sev]al explor+ vessels1 notably ^? ( ! ,lightn+1 ! ,bulldog1 & ! ,porcup9e1 commission$ by ! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t--cruises 9 ! c\rse ( :i* s\nd+s _h be5 tak5 & temp]atures obs]v$ 9 ! ,nor? ,atlantic d[n to dep?s ( ab\t #b1ejj fa?oms2 & 9 ! l[e/ p>ts ( ! we/]n bas9 ( ! ,m$it]ranean4 ,samples also ( ! bottom _h be5 obta9$1 &1 9 _m cases1 ev5 dr$g]s _h be5 successfully employ$ at ^! dep?s4 ,?anks to ! skill ( ! me*anician1 ! way _h be5 op5$ :i* l$ into a new fairyl& ( sci5ce4 ,?is 0 n1 l "s fabl$ ,p>adise1 gu>d$ by m\nta9 fa/nesses & precipit\s ramp>ts ( et]nal sn[2 x 0 n encircl$ by /orm-swept des]ts1 or seclud$ 9 ! fur!/ recesses ( =e/s1 hi!rto imp5etrable2 b x lay deep 9 ! sil5t abysses ( ocean--on ^? va/ pla9s1 :i* are unruffl$ by ! mo/ furi\s gale1 or by ! wilde/ waves4 ,9 ^! dep?s1 b5ea? ! trem5d\s pressure ( s va/ a ?ickness ( wat]1 & f> bel[ ! limits at :i* ! exi/5ce ( life _h be5 suppos$ to be possible1 numb]s ( creatures _h be5 discov]$--_m ( !m /range & novel3 molluscs1 sea-lilies1 glassy sponges ( unusual beauty--creatures (t5 ( anci5t aspect1 relics ( a fauna else:]e ext9ct2 & ! ocean floor1 on & above :i* !y mov$1 0 /rewn ) ! :ite du/ ( c\ntless cov]+s ( t9y =am9if]a1 :i*1 ev5 if none 7 actually liv+1 _h fall5 l a g5tle b incessant ra9 f ! ov]hang+ mass ( wat]4 ,simil> *anges 7 introduc$ into ! twelf? edition ( ! ,pr9ciples1 ^u :i* ! au?or 0 engag$ ev5 up to ! la/ few weeks ( 8 life4 ,! ,*all5g]1 x w be rememb]$1 />t$ on h] memorable voyage ( exploration at ! close ( ! ye> 9 :i* ! elev5? edition _h appe>$2 & ?\gh %e did n actually return till aft] ,lyell's dea?1 notes ( "s ( h] mo/ int]e/+ discov]ies _h be5 communicat$ f "t to "t to ! sci5tific j\rnals ( ?is c\ntry4 ,! edition1 h[ev]1 0 left incomplete4 ,! fir/ volume _h be5 pass$ = ! press1 b ! second 0 /ill unf9i%$2 s t ?is twelf? edition 0 po/hum\s1 ! "w ( revision hav+ be5 f9i%$ by ! au?or's nephew & heir1 ,mr4 ,leon>d ,lyell4 ,by su* consci5ti\s & unremitt+ lab\r1 ! sci5tific value ( ! ,pr9ciples 0 imm5sely increas$2 x kept always 9 /ep ) ! advance ( ! sci5ce1 b at ! same "t x lo/1 z 0 inevitable1 a little ( t lit]>y *>m & t s5se ( fre%ness :i* 0 at fir/ s m>k$ a *>act]i/ic4 ,books1 l *ildr51 are apt to lose "s ( _! beauty z !y increase 9 size & /r5g?4 ,"o mu/ comp>e an e>ly & a late edition1 su* z ! fir/ or ?ird & ! t5? or elev5?1 9 ord] to realise h[ great 7 ! *anges 9 ?is passage f *ildhood to adolesc5ce4 ,new mat]ial 0 incorporat$ into e "p2 x makes its appe>ance sometimes on e page2 *anges are made 9 ! ord] ( ! subjects2 _m *apt]s are entirely rewritt52 nev]!less1 a consid]able portion corresponds almo/ ^w = ^w 9 ! two editions4 ,lyell 0 no hurri$ writ]1 or scamp] ( "w2 he paid great att5tion to composition1 s t :5 ! facts :i* he desir$ to cite _h und]gone no *ange1 he v seldom f\nd any to make 9 8 language4 ,nev]!less1 "h & !re1 "s small modification1 a slight v]bal diff]5ce1 a trifl+ alt]ation 9 ! ord] ( a s5t5ce1 ! ins]tion ( a %ort clause to secure great] p]spicuity1 %[s to h[ c>eful & close a revision ! :ole _h be5 subject$4 ,9 ! sub/ance ( ! "w1 besides ! excision ( ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! mat]ial & ! complete recon/ruction ( ! "p relat+ to ! antiquity ( man & ! orig9 ( species1 already m5tion$1 ! foll[+ are ! mo/ important *anges4 ,! *apt]s :i* discuss ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( pa/ mutations ( climate & ! causes to :i* ^! are due1 are rewritt5 & greatly enl>g$4 ,9 ! e>li] editions1 ! effects ( geographical *anges 7 reg>d$ z suffici5t to acc\nt = all ! climatal v>iations t geology requires2 9 ! lat] editions1 ! possible co-op]ation ( a/ronomical *anges is admitt$4 ,great additions also are made to ! p>ts ref]r+ to ! condition ( ! b$ ( ! ocean1 & mu* new & important in=mation is incorporat$ into ! sections deal+ ) volcanoes & e>?quakes2 includ+ _m valuable obs]vations :i* _h be5 made dur+ visits to ,vesuvius & to ,etna 9 ! autumns ( #aheg & #aheh4 ,! section on ! action ( ice is s alt]$ & enl>g$ z to be practically new2 = :5 ! fir/ edition ( ! ,pr9ciples 0 publi%$ comp>atively little 0 kn[n ( ! effects ( l&-ice1 & ! art ( foll[+ ! trail ( vani%$ glaci]s _h yet to be le>nt4 ,b1 ) ?is exception1 ! "p ( ! book deal+ ) ! action ( ! =ces ( ,nature--heat & cold1 ra91 riv]s1 & sea--rema9s comp>atively unalt]$1 z d ! fir/ five *apt]s1 :i* give a sket* ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! sci5ce ( geology4 ,)\t "s k ( ?is hi/ory x is h>dly possible to appreciate ! true greatness ( ! ,pr9ciples1 & its unique value z an influ5ce on sci5tific ?\ght at ! "t x appe>$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 to "s ext5t may be inf]r$ f ^? *apt]s :i* we h m5tion$2 b ! p]spective ( half a c5tury enables u to und]/& x bett] at ! pres5t "t2 = ! au?or1 ( c\rse1 _h to deal ) contempor>y "w & op9ion only 9 a v indirect way4 ,we may dismiss briefly ! crude speculations ( ! e>lie/ obs]v]s--^? ant]ior to ! ,*ri/ian era--( :i* ! au?or gives a summ>y 9 ! second *apt] ( ! ,pr9ciples2 = at t e>ly date few p]sons _h made any ef=t to arrange ! facts ( ,nature 9 a connect$ sy/em4 ,^! 7 too scanty & too disconnect$ = any su* ef=t to be successful4 ,! g5]al result _c be bett] summ$ up ?an 9 ,lyell's own words3-- ,al?\gh no p>ticul> inve/igations _h be5 made = ! express purpose ( int]pret+ ! monum5ts ( anci5t *anges1 !y 7 too obvi\s to be entirely disreg>d$2 & ! obs]vation ( ! pres5t c\rse ( ,nature pres5t$ too _m pro(s ( alt]ations cont9ually 9 progress on ! e>? to all[ philosoph]s to believe t ,nature 0 9 a /ate ( re/1 or t ! surface _h rema9$ & w\ld cont9ue to rema91 unalt]$4 ,b !y _h nev] comp>$ att5tively ! results ( ! de/roy+ & ! reproductive op]ations ( mod]n times ) ^? ( remote eras2 nor _h !y ev] ent]ta9$ s mu* z a conjecture conc]n+ ! comp>ative antiquity ( ! human race1 or ( liv+ species ( animals & plants1 ) ^? belong+ to =m] conditions ( ! organic _w4 ,!y _h /udi$ ! movem5ts & positions ( ! heav5ly bodies ) labori\s indu/ry1 & made "s progress 9 inve/igat+ ! animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al k+doms2 b ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! globe 0 to !m a seal$ book1 & ?\gh writt5 9 *>act]s ( ! mo/ /rik+ & impos+ k9d1 !y 7 unconsci\s ev5 ( its exi/5ce4#ef ,! above rem>ks hold good = ! c5turies imm$iately succe$+ ! ,*ri/ian era2 & ! influ5ce ( ! new fai?1 :5 x ceas$ to be p]secut$ & became a p[] 9 ! /ate1 0 adv]se on ! :ole to progress 9 physical or natural sci5ce4 ,) ! decl9e ( ! ,roman empire a great d>kness fell ^u ! civilis$ _w2 art1 sci5ce1 lit]ature )]$ be=e ! hot brea? ( w> & rap9e1 z ! nor!rn b>b>ians swept d[n ^u _! enfeebl$ ma/] on _! err& ( de/ruction4 ,x 0 well nigh eight c5turies f ! ,*ri/ian era be=e ! _s ( sci5tific enquiry & ! love ( lit]ature began to awak5 f _! long torpor2 & x 0 !n among p ( an ,ea/]n race & an ali5 cre$4 ,! caliphs ( ,bagdad enc\rag$ le>n+1 & ! /ud5ts ( ! ,ea/ became famili> by means ( translations ) ! ?\ghts & que/ion+s ( anci5t ,greece & ,rome4 ,! ef=ts ( _! e>lie/ inve/igators h n be5 pres]v$1 b 9 treatises ( ! t5? c5tury--writt5 by "o ,avic5na1 a c\rt physician1 ! ,=mation & ,classification ( ,m9]als is discuss$1 z well z ! ,cause ( ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ! latt] att5tion is call$ to ! effect ( e>?quakes1 & to ! excavatory action ( /reams4 ,9 ! same c5tury also1 ,om> ! ,le>n$ wrote a book on ! retreat ( ! sea1 9 :i* he prov$ by ref]5ce to anci5t *>ts & by o!r less direct argum5ts t *anges ( importance _h occurr$ 9 ! =m ( ! coa/ ( ,asia4 ,b ev5 among ! foll[]s ( ,mohamm$ !ology decl>$ itself ho/ile to sci5ce2 ! ,moslem doctors ( div9ity deem$ ! pages ( ! ,koran1 n ! book ( ,nature1 man's prop] sph]e ( rese>*1 & consid]$ ^! difficulties ought to be settl$ by a quotation f ! "o r ?an by facts f ! o!r4 ,s progress 9 sci5ce 0 imp$$1 & recantations at ! bidd+ ( ecclesia/ics are n re/rict$ to ! annals ( ,*ri/ian races4 ,b m5 seem to h gone on speculat+1 & ,mohamm$ ,kazw9i1 9 a /rik+ allegory :i* is quot$ by ,lyell1 tells 8 read]s h[ 7to use ! words ( ,t5nyson7#eg3-- ,!re rolls ! deep :]e grew ! tree4 ,o ,e>?1 :at *anges ?\ ha/ se56 ,!re1 :]e ! long /reet ro>s1 ha? be5 ,! /illness ( ! c5tral sea4 ,9 ,europe geological ph5om5a d n appe> to h attract$ s]i\s att5tion till ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! significance ( fossils became ! subject ( an animat$ controv]sy 9 ,italy4 ,at t epo* ?is c\ntry held ! front rank 9 le>n+ & ! arts1 & an inquiry ( t nature arose almo/ z a matt] ( c\rse1 because ! m>ls1 s&s1 & s(t lime/ones ( its l[] di/ricts teem 9 _m places ) %ells & o!r m>9e organisms 9 a s+ul> /ate ( p]fection & pres]vation4 ,x is int]e/+ to rem>k1 t among ! =emo/ 9 appeal+ to inductive processes = ! explanation ( ^! enigmas 0 t extraord9>y & almo/ univ]sal g5ius1 ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,he ridicul$ ! curr5t idea t ^! %ells 7 =m$ by ! influ5ce ( ! />s1 call+ att5tion to ! mud by :i* !y 7 fill$1 & ! gravel b$s among :i* !y 7 int]calat$1 z pro( t !y _h once la9 ^u ! b$ ( ! sea at no great di/ance f ! coa/4 ,8 induction re/$ on ! evid5ce ( sections :i* _h be5 expos$ dur+ 8 con/ruction ( c]ta9 navigable canals 9 ! nor? ( ,italy4 ,%ortly aft]w>d1 ! conclusions ( ,leon>do 7 amplifi$1 & /r5g!n$ on simil> gr\nds by ,frascatoro4 ,he1 h[ev]1 n only demon/rat$ ! absurdity ( expla9+ ^! organic /ructures by ! pla/ic =ce ( ,nature--a fav\rite refuge = ! intellectually de/itute ( t & ev5 a lat] age1 b he also %[$ t !y c\ld n ev5 be relics ( ! ,noa*ian deluge4 ,t inundation1 he obs]v$1 0 too transi5t2 x _h consi/$ pr9cipally ( fluviatile wat]s2 & if x _h transport$ %ells to great di/ances1 mu/ h /rew$ !m ov] ! surface1 n buri$ !m at va/ dep?s 9 ! int]ior ( m\nta9s4 ,z ,lyell truly rem>ks1 ,8 cle> exposition ( ! evid5ce w\ld h t]m9at$ ! discussion = ev]1 if ! passions ( man _h n be5 enli/$ 9 ! dispute2 & ev5 ?\gh d\bts %\ld = a "t h rema9$ 9 "s m9ds1 !y w\ld spe$ily h be5 remov$ by ! fre% in=mation obta9$ almo/ imm$iately aft]w>ds1 respect+ ! /ructure ( fossil rema9s1 & ( _! liv+ analogues4 ,b ! difficulties rais$ by !ologians1 & ! g5]al pref]5ce = d$uctive ov] inductive reason+1 greatly imp$$ progress4 ,x 0 n till ! me?ods ( ! s*oolm5 yield$ place to ^? ( ! natural philosoph]s t ! tide ( battle began to turn1 & sci5ce to possess ! doma9s f :i* %e _h be5 unju/ly exclud$4 ,= ab\t a c5tury ! we>y w> w5t on2 ! philosoph]s ( ,italy lead+ ! van1 ^? ( ,engl&1 x mu/ be admitt$1 = long lagg+ beh9d !m1 be=e ! spectre ( pla/ic =ce 0 f9ally dismiss$ to ! limbo ( explod$ hypo!ses 9 ,engl&4 ,= in/ance1 x 0 s]i\sly ma9ta9$ by ! well-kn[n writ] on c\nty hi/ory1 ,dr4 ,plot1 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 ?\gh its absurdity _h be5 demon/rat$ by 8 ,italian contempor>ies2 z by ,scilla1 9 8 treatise on ! fossils ( ,calabria1 & by ,/5o1 9 t on ,gems1 cry/als1 & organic petrifactions enclos$ 9 solid rocks4 ,! latt] _h prov$ by dissect+ a %>k rec5tly captur$ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean1 t its tee? & bones correspond$ exactly ) simil> objects f a fossil 9 ,tuscany1 & t ! %ells discov]$ 9 sundry ,italian /rata 7 id5tical ) liv+ species1 except = ! loss ( _! animal glut5 & "s slight m9]al *ange4 ,moreov]1 he _h di/+ui%$1 by means ( _! organic rema9s1 betwe5 deposits ( a m>9e & ( a fluviatile "*4 ,b n[1 z ! pla/ic =ce dogma lo/ its hold on ! m9ds ( m51 its place 0 tak5 by t :i* reg>d$ all fossils z ! relics ( an univ]sal deluge4 ,! !ologians :o n[ ent]$ ! field 9 ,italy1 ,g]many1 ,france1 & ,engl&1 7 innum]able2 & h5ce=w>d1 !y :o refus$ to subscribe to ! position t all m>9e organic rema9s 7 pro(s ( ! ,mosaic deluge1 7 expos$ to ! imputation ( disbeliev+ ! :ole ( ! sacr$ writ+s4 ,sc>ce any /ep _h be5 made 9 approximat+ to s\nd !ories s9ce ! "t ( ,frascatoro1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s hav+ be5 lo/ 9 writ+ d[n ! dogma t organis$ fossils 7 m]e sports ( ,nature4 ,an additional p]iod ( a c5tury & a half 0 n[ de/9$ to be consum$ 9 explod+ ! hypo!sis t organis$ fossils _h all be5 buri$ 9 ! solid /rata by ,noah's flood4#eh ,into ! v>y+ =tunes ( ?is second /ruggle x is ne$less to ent] at any l5g?4 ,x 0 ! old conflict betwe5 !ology & sci5ce 9 a yet m acute =m2 ! old w>f>e betwe5 d$uctive & inductive reason+2 betwe5 dogmatic ignorance & an hone/ se>* = tru?4 ,prote/ants & ,romani/s alike seem$ to claim ! gift ( infallibility1 ) ! "r to decide ex ca!dra on que/ions ( :i* !y 7 pr(\ndly ignorant1 & to pron\nce s5t5ce 9 causes :]e !y c\ld n ev5 appreciate ! evid5ce4 ,ecclesia/ics scold$2 well-mean+ ?\gh incompet5t laym5 e*o$ _! cry2 ! m timor\s among sci5tific m5 wa/$ _! "t 9 devis+ elaborate b futile s*emes ( accommodation betwe5 ! discov]ies ( geology & ! suppos$ revelations ( ! ,scriptures2 ! /rong] lab\r$ on pati5tly1 ga!r+ evid5ce1 /r5g!n+ _! argum5ts & dissect+ ! fallacies by :i* !y 7 assail$1 until ! popul> prejudice %\ld be allay$ & m5 be calm en\gh to li/5 to ! voice ( tru?4 ,x 0 a long & we>y /ruggle1 :i* is n[ ne>ly1 ?\gh n q1 end$2 = !re are /ill a few :o mi/ake = an impregnable rock t :i* is m]ely ! %ift+-s& ( popul> op9ion1 & _c realise t ! prov9ce ( revelation is 9 ! spiritual r ?an 9 ! mat]ial1 9 ! moral r ?an 9 ! sci5tific ord]4 ,! outbur/s ( d5unciation ar\s$ by ! ass]tion ( ! antiquity ( man & ! publication ( ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 :i* _m /ill 9 ! full vig\r ( _! p[]s c well rememb]1 7 b a recrudesc5ce ( ! same _s1 a reappe>ance ( an old foe ) a new face4 ,b :5 ,lyell 0 "y & ! idea ( ! ,pr9ciples began to g]m9ate 9 8 m9d1 popul> prejudice aga9/ ! free ex]cise ( inquiry 9 geology 0 /ill /rong2 ?is diluvial hypo!sis /ill hamp]$1 if x did n fully satisfy1 ! majority ( sci5tific work]s4 ,"h & !re1 x is true1 "s isolat$ pione] demon/rat$ ! impossibility ( ref]r+ ! fossil cont5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/ to a s+le deluge1 or prote/$ aga9/ ! s+ul> mixture ( actual obs]vation1 patri/ic quotation1 & d$uctive reason+ :i* commonly pass$ curr5t = geological sci5ce4 ,*ief & e>lie/ among ^! m51 ,vallisn]i1 also an ,italian1 ab\t a c5tury be=e ,lyell's bir?1 0 cle>sight$ en\gh to see h[ mu* ! int]e/s ( religion z well z ^? ( s\nd philosophy _h suff]$ by p]petually mix+ up ! sacr$ writ+s ) que/ions 9 physical sci5ce2 inde$1 he 0 s f> advanc$ z to attempt a g5]al sket* ( ! m>9e deposits ( ,italy1 ) _! organic rema9s1 & to arrive at ! conclusion t ! ocean =m]ly _h ext5d$ ov] ! :ole e>? & aft] rema9+ !re = a long "t _h gradually subsid$4 ,?is conclusion1 ?\gh inadequate z an expression ( ! tru?1 0 mu* m philosophical ?an t ( an univ]sal & comp>atively rec5t deluge4 ,moro & ,g5]elli1 9 ! same c\ntry1 foll[$ ! lead ( ,vallisn]i1 9 seek+ = hypo!ses :i* 7 consi/5t ) ! facts ( ,nature1 ,g5]elli ev5 arriv+ at conclusions :i*1 9 effect1 7 ^? adopt$ by ,lyell1 & h be5 ?us translat$ by him3 ,is x possible t ?is wa/e %\ld h cont9u$ = six ?\s& & p]haps a great] numb] ( ye>s1 & t ! m\nta9s %\ld rema9 s great unless _! ru9s h be5 repair$8 ,is x cr$ible t ! ,au?or ( ,nature %\ld h f\nd$ ! _w ^u su* laws z t ! dry l& %\ld be = ev] gr[+ small]1 & at la/ become :olly subm]g$ b5ea? ! wat]s8 ,is x cr$ible t1 amid s _m creat$ ?+s1 ! m\nta9s alone %\ld daily dim9i% 9 numb] & bulk1 )\t !re be+ any repair ( _! losses8 ,?is w\ld be contr>y to t ord] ( ,provid5ce :i* is se5 to reign 9 all o!r ?+s 9 ! univ]se4 ,:]e=e ,i deem x j to conclude t ! same cause :i*1 9 ! beg9n+ ( "t1 rais$ m\nta9s f ! abyss1 has d[n to ! pres5t day cont9u$ to produce o!rs1 9 ord] to re/ore f "t to "t1 ! losses ( all su* z s9k d[n 9 diff]5t places1 or are r5t asund]1 or 9 o!r ways suff] dis9tegration4 ,if ?is be admitt$1 we c easily und]/& :y !re %\ld n[ be f\nd ^u _m m\nta9s s great a numb] ( cru/acea & o!r m>9e animals4 ,?is attempt at a sy/em ( rational geology 0 a great advance 9 ! "r direction1 ?\gh _m gaps /ill rema9$ to be fill$ up & "s errors to be correct$2 su* = in/ance z ! idea adopt$ by ,g5]elli f ,moro1 & ma9ta9$ 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 "w1 t all ! /ratifi$ rocks are d]iv$ f volcanic ejections4 ,nev]!less1 geology1 by ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 _h evid5tly begun to pass gradually1 ?\gh v sl[ly1 f ! /age ( crude & fanciful hypo!ses to t ( an inductive sci5ce4 ,b ev5 !n ! obs]v]s _h only succe$$ 9 sett+ foot on ! l[] slopes ( a peak1 ! summit ( :i* w n be rea*$1 if inde$ x ev] be1 = _m a long ye> to come4 ,dur+ ! next half ( ! c5tury progress 0 made1 n[ 9 ?is direction1 n[ 9 t2 sl[ly tru?s 7 e/abli%$1 sl[ly errors dispell$2 & z ! close ( t c5tury approa*$1 ! f\ndations ( mod]n geology began to be securely laid4 ,a great impulse 0 giv5 to ! "w1 ?\gh to "s ext5t ! app>5t help prov$ to be a real h9drance1 by t fam\s tea*]1 ,w]n] ( ,freib]g1 9 ,saxony4 ,8 influ5ce 0 highly b5eficial1 because he insi/$ n only on a c>eful /udy ( ! m9]al "* ( rocks1 b also on att5d+ to _! gr\p+1 geographical di/ribution1 & g5]al relations4 ,x 0 hurtful almo/ to z great a degree1 because he ma9ta9$1 & succe$$ by 8 en?usiasm & eloqu5ce 9 impress+ on 8 disciples1 mo/ errone\s notions z to ! orig9 ( basalts & ^? o!r igne\s rocks :i* 7 =m]ly compreh5d$ "u ! "n trap4 ,su* rocks he /\tly ass]t$ to be *emical precipitates f wat]1 &1 besides ?is1 he held views 9 g5]al /rongly oppos$ to any?+ l ! action ( uni=m causes 9 ! e>?'s hi/ory4 ,9 %ort1 ! ,saxon ,pr(essor 0 9 _m respects ! exact anti!sis ( ,lyell1 & ! po9ts ( ess5tial contra/ _c be bett] indicat$ ?an 9 ! words ( ! latt]4#ei ,if x be true t deliv]y be ! fir/1 second1 & ?ird requisite 9 a popul> orator1 x is no less c]ta9 t to travel is ( fir/1 second1 & ?ird importance to ^? :o desire to orig9ate j & compreh5sive views conc]n+ ! /ructure ( our globe4 ,n[ ,w]n] _h n travell$ to di/ant c\ntries2 he _h m]ely explor$ a small portion ( ,g]many1 & conceiv$1 & p]suad$ o!rs to believe1 t ! :ole surface ( our planet & all ! m\nta9-*a9s 9 ! _w 7 made aft] ! model ( 8 own prov9ce4 ,x became a rul+ object ( ambition 9 ! m9ds ( 8 pupils to confirm ! g5]alisations ( _! great ma/]1 & to discov] 9 ! mo/ di/ant p>ts ( ! globe 8 'univ]sal =mations1' :i* he suppos$ _h be5 ea* 9 succession simultane\sly precipitat$ ov] ! :ole e>? f a common m5/ruum or *aotic fluid4 ,^! wild g5]alisations1 z ,lyell po9ts out1 _h n ev5 ! m]it ( be+ really 9 accordance ) ! evid5ce af=d$ by "s p>ts ( ,saxony itself4 ,w]n]1 9 fact1 0 a conspicu\s example ( a t5d5cy1 :i* p]haps ev5 n[ is n q ext9ct1 to "w too mu* b5ea? a ro( & too little 9 ! op5 air2 to f\nd great g5]alisations on ! m9ute results ( rese>* 9 a laboratory1 )\t subject+ !m to actual te/s by ! /udy ( rocks 9 ! field4 ,?is error on ,w]n]'s "p 0 ! less excusable1 because1 ev5 be=e he began to lecture1 ! true nature ( basalts & traps g5]ally _h be5 recognis$ by sev]al obs]v]s ( diff]5t nationalities4 ,9 ! ,hebrides & 9 ,icel&1 9 ! ,vic5t9 & 9 ,auv]gne1 ev5 9 ,hesse & 9 ! ,rhe+au1 pro( aft] pro( _h be5 cit$1 & ! evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! igne\s orig9 ( ^! rocks _h become irresi/ible1 z "o might suppose1 )9 "s half doz5 ye>s ( ,w]n]'s appo9tm5t z pr(essor at ,freib]g4 ,faujas1 9 #aggi1 publi%$ a description ( ! volcanoes ( ! ,viv>ais & ,velay1 9 :i* he %[$ h[ ! /reams ( basalt _h p\r$ out f crat]s :i* /ill rema9 9 a p]fect /ate4 ,desm>e/ also po9t$ out t 9 ,auv]gne fir/ came ! mo/ rec5t volcanoes1 :i* _h _! crat]s /ill entire & _! /reams ( lava con=m+ to ! level ( ! pres5t riv] c\rses4 ,he !n %[$ t !re 7 o!rs ( an int]m$iate epo*1 ^: crat]s 7 ne>ly effac$1 & ^: lavas 7 less intimately connect$ ) ! pres5t valleys2 & la/ly1 t !re 7 volcanic rocks /ill m anci5t )\t any disc]nible crat]s or scoriae1 & be>+ ! close/ analogy to rocks 9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe1 ! igne\s orig9 ( :i* 0 d5i$ by ! s*ool ( ,freib]g4 ,desm>e/ ev5 con/ruct$ & publi%$ a geological map ( ,auv]gne1 ( :i* ,lyell speaks 9 t]ms ( high comm5dation4 ,!y alone :o h c>efully /udi$ ,auv]gne1 & trac$ ! diff]5t lava /reams f _! crat]s to _! t]m9ation--! v>i\s isolat$ basaltic capp+s--! relation ( "s lavas to ! pres5t valleys--! abs5ce ( su* relations 9 o!rs--c appreciate ! extraord9>y fidelity ( ?is elaborate "w4#fj ,b be=e ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 two *ampions _h already /epp$ into ! ar5a to )/& ! ,w]n]ian hypo!sis1 :i*1 l a swell+ tide1 0 spread+ ov] ,europe1 & ?reat5+ to sweep away ev]y?+ be=e x4 ,^! 7 ,james ,hutton & ,william ,smi?2 ! "o born nor?1 ! o!r s\? ( ! ,twe$4 ,f ! "n ( ! =m] t ( 8 fri5d & expositor1 ,john ,playfair1 mu/ nev] be sep>at$4 ,!y 7 ! ,socrates & ! ,plato ( t s*ool ( ?\ght f :i* mod]n geology has be5 develop$4#fa ,to quote ! eloqu5t words ( ,sir ,ar*ibald ,geikie#fb3-- ,on look+ back to ! beg9n+ ( ?is c5tury we see ! geologi/s ( ,brita9 divid$ into two ho/ile camps1 :i* wag$ aga9/ ea* o!r a ke5 & ev5 an embitt]$ w>f>e4 ,on ! "o h& 7 ! foll[]s ( ,hutton ( ,ed9burgh1 call$ f him ! ,vulcani/s1 or ,plutoni/s2 on ! o!r1 ! disciples ( ,w]n] 444 :o w5t by ! "n ( ,w]n]ians1 or ,neptuni/s4444 ,! ,huttonians1 :o adh]$ to ! pr9ciples laid d[n by _! great f\nd]1 ma9ta9$1 z _! fundam5tal doctr9e1 t ! pa/ hi/ory ( our planet is to be expla9$ by :at we c le>n ( ! economy ( ,nature at ! pres5t "t4 ,unlike ! cosmogoni/s1 !y did n tr\ble !mselves ) :at 0 ! fir/ condition ( ! e>?1 nor try to trace e subsequ5t phase ( its hi/ory4 ,!y held t ! geological record does n g back to ! beg9n+1 & t !re=e any attempt to trace t beg9n+ f geological evid5ce 0 va94 ,mo/ /rongly1 too1 did !y prote/ aga9/ ! introduction ( causes :i* c\ld n be %[n to be a "p ( ! pres5t economy4 ,!y nev] we>i$ ( insi/+ t to ! ev]yday work+s ( air1 e>?1 & sea1 mu/ be our appeal = an explanation ( ! old] revolutions ( ! globe4 ,! fall ( ra91 ! fl[ ( riv]s1 ! sl[ly crumbl+ decay ( m\nta91 valley1 & %ore1 7 "o by "o summon$ z witnesses to be> te/imony to ! mann] 9 :i* ! mo/ /up5d\s geological *anges are sl[ly & sil5tly br\ght ab\t4 ,! wa/e ( ! l&1 :i* !y trac$ ev]y:]e1 0 f\nd to give bir? to soil--r5ovation ( ! surface ?us spr++ ,pho5ix-l out ( its decay4 ,9 ! desc5t ( wat] f ! cl\ds to ! m\nta9s1 & f ! m\nta9s to ! sea1 !y recognis$ ! p[] by :i* valleys are c>v$ out ( ! l&1 & by :i* also ! mat]ials worn f ! l& are c>ri$ out to ! sea1 !re to be ga!r$ into solid /one--! framework ( new cont95ts4 ,9 ! rocks ( ! hills & valleys !y recognis$ abundantly ! traces ( old sea-bottoms4 ,!y /\tly ma9ta9$ t ^! old sea-bottoms _h be5 rais$ up into dry l& f "t to "t by ! p[]ful action ( ! same int]nal heat to :i* volcanoes owe _! bir?1 & !y po9t$ to ! way 9 :i* granite & o!r cry/all9e rocks occur z conv9c+ evid5ce ( ! ext5t to :i* ! solid e>? has be5 alt]$ & upheav$ by ! action ( ^! subt]ranean fires4 ,su* 7 ! lead+ pr9ciples ( ! ,huttonian !ory1 ?\gh p]haps !y are /at$ "h 9 a slightly m develop$ =m ?an :5 x 0 fir/ pres5t$ by its illu/ri\s au?or4 ,b x 0 defective 9 "o important respect1 on a side f :i* x might h obta9$ ! /ronge/ support1 & h lib]at$ itself f ! bondage ( deluges2 9 o!r words1 ( convulsive action1 by :i* x 0 /ill fett]$1 = x took no acc\nt ( ! fossil rema9s ( plants & animals4 ,h5ce x ignor$ ! long succession ( life ^u ! e>? :i* ^? rema9s h s9ce made kn[n1 z well z ! evid5ce !reby obta9able z to ! nature & ord] ( physical *anges1 su* z alt]nations ( sea & l&1 revolutions ( climate1 & su*like4 ,?is defect 0 suppli$ by ,william ,smi?4 ,he _h le>nt1 by pati5t lab\r among ! /ratifi$ rocks ( ,engl&1 to recognise _! fossils1 _h asc]ta9$ t c]ta9 assemblages ( ! latt] *>act]is$ ea* gr\p ( /rata1 & by ?is means _h trac$ su* gr\ps ?r\gh ! c\ntry1 & _h plac$ !m 9 ord] ( sup]position4 ,s e>ly z #agij1 he publi%$ a ,tabul> ,view ( ! ,briti% ,/rata1 & f t "t 0 engag$ at e sp>e mom5t 9 con/ruct+ a geological map ( ,engl&1 all ! :ile freely communicat+ ! results ( 8 rese>*es to 8 bre?r5 ( ! hamm]4 ,! execution ( 8 map 0 complet$ 9 #ahae1 & x rema9s a la/+ monum5t ( orig9al tal5t & extraord9>y p]sev]ance2 = he _h explor$ ! :ole c\ntry on foot )\t ! guidance ( previ\s obs]v]s1 or ! aid ( fell[ lab\r]s1 & _h succe$$ 9 ?r[+ into natural divisions ! :ole complicat$ s]ies ( ,briti% rocks4#fc ,a mo/ important /ep 9 view ( future progress1 at any rate 9 our own c\ntry1 0 tak5 by ! f\ndation ( ! ,geological ,society ( ,london 9 #ahjg1 ! memb]s ( :i* devot$ !mselves at fir/ r to ! collection ( facts ?an to ! con/ruction ( !ories1 :ile 9 ,france ! lab\rs ( ,brongni>t & ,cuvi] 9 comp>ative o/eology1 & ( ,lam>ck 9 rec5t & fossil %ells1 smoo!d ! way t[>d ! d[nfall ( cata/rophic geology4 ,^? m51 ) _! disciples1 rais$ ^! dep>tm5ts ( /udy to a rank ( :i* !y _h nev] be=e be5 deem$ susceptible4 ,_! inve/igations _h ev5tually a p[]ful effect 9 dispell+ ! illusion :i* _h long prevail$ conc]n+ ! abs5ce ( analogy betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n /ate ( our planet4 ,a close comp>ison ( ! rec5t & fossil species1 & ! inf]5ces drawn 9 reg>d to _! habits1 accu/om$ ! geologi/ to contemplate ! e>? z hav+ be5 at successive p]iods ! dwell+-place ( animals & plants ( diff]5t races--"s t]re/rial1 & o!rs aquatic2 "s fitt$ to live 9 seas1 o!rs 9 ! wat]s ( lakes & riv]s4 ,by ! consid]ation ( ^! topics ! m9d 0 sl[ly & ins5sibly )drawn f imag9>y pictures ( cata/rophes & *aotic confusion1 su* z haunt$ ! imag9ation ( ! e>ly cosmogoni/s4 ,num]\s pro(s 7 discov]$ ( ! tranquil deposition ( s$im5t>y matt]1 & ! sl[ developm5t ( organic life4#fd ,su* 0 ! e>li] hi/ory ( ,geology2 su* 7 ! influ5ces :i* _h m\ld$ its ideas till )9 a few ye>s ( ! date :5 ,lyell began to make x a subject ( s]i\s /udy4 ,at t "t1 namely ab\t ! ye> #ahbj1 ! ,geological ,society ( ,london _h become ! c5tre & meet+-po9t ( a b& ( e>ne/ & en?usia/ic work]s1 ^: names w always hold an hon\r$ place 9 ! annals ( ! ,sci5ce4 ,among ! old] memb]s--mo/ ( :om1 h[ev]1 7 /ill 9 ! prime ( life1 7 su* m5 z ,buckl&1 ,conybe>e1 ,fitton1 ,gre5\gh1 ,horn]1 ,mac,culloch1 ,w>burton & ,wolla/on2 among ! y\ng]1 ,de la ,be*e & ,scrope1 ,s$gwick & ,:ewell4 ,mur*ison1 ?\gh a few ye>s ,lyell's s5ior1 0 by almo/ z _m 8 junior z a geologi/1 = he did n jo9 ! ,society till ! end ( #ahbd1 & 0 actually admitt$ on ! ev5+ :5 ,lyell1 !n "o ( its honor>y secret>ies1 read 8 fir/ pap]--on ! m>l-lake at ,k9nordy4 ,su* m5 also z ,babbage1 ,h]s*el1 ,w>burton1 ,sir ,philip ,eg]ton1 ! ,e>l ( ,enniskill5 7!n ,visc\nt ,cole71 mu/ n be =gott51 :o 7 ei!r less frequ5t visitors or m directly devot$ to o!r /udies4 ,at ?is "t geology 0 pass+ into a phase :i* endur$ = "s =ty ye>s--! exaltation ( ! palaeontological1 ! depreciation ( ! m9]alogical side4 ,if x be true1 z x has be5 m ?an once rem>k$1 t ! fa!r ( ! geologi/ 0 a m9]alogi/1 x is no less true t 8 "m 0 a palaeontologi/2 b at ?is p>ticul> epo* ! pat]nal influ5ce obvi\sly decl9$1 :ile t ( ! "m became inord9ately /rong4 ,wolla/on & ,mac,culloch1 inde$1 7 geologi/s ( ! old s*ool2 excell5t m9]alogi/s & petrologi/s 7to use ! m mod]n t]m7 z accurate z x 0 possible to be ) ! appliances at _! disposal1 b among ! y\ng] m5 ,de la ,be*e1 accompani$ to a c]ta9 ext5t by ,scrope & ,s$gwick1 0 almo/ alone 9 foll[+ _! lead4 ,b al?\gh palaeontology & /ratigraphical geology z its associate 7 cle>ly mak+ progress1 ! s*ool ( ?\ght1 ( :i* ,lyell became ! *ampion1 c\nt$ at ?is "t b few adh]5ts1 = ! old] geologi/s 7 almo/ to a man cata/rophi/s4 ,a few1 l ,mac,culloch1 und]valu$ palaeontological rese>*1 & ?us 7 d\bly prejudic$ aga9/ ! uni=mit>ian views4 ,buckl&1 ,conybe>e1 ,gre5\gh1 z we h already se5 f incid5tal rem>ks 9 ,lyell's lett]s1 _h put _! tru/ 9 deluges1 & imag9$ t by su* an ag5cy ! e>? _h be5 prep>$ = a new creation ( liv+ ?+s & a new gr\p ( geological =mations4 ,s$gwick ev5 0 to a great ext5t on _! side4 ,he _h spe$ily em]g$ f ! wat]s ( ,w]n]ism1 9 :i* at fir/ he _h be5 = a %ort "t imm]s$1 b he did n escape s easily f ! ro>+ floods ( diluviali/s1 & ! gr&eur ( cata/rophic *anges 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>? fasc9at$ 8 en?usia/ic1 almo/ poetic1 nature4 ,ev5 s late z #ahcj1 we f9d him criticis+ f ! *air ( ! ,geological ,society ! lead+ argum5t ( ,lyell's ,pr9ciples ( ,geology 9 no fri5dly _s1 & be/[+ high praise on ,elie de ,beaumont's !ory ( ,p>allel ,m\nta9-*a9s4 ,a brief summ>y ( ! views advocat$ by ?is em95t ,fr5* geologi/ may s]ve to indicate1 p]haps bett] ?an any g5]al /atem5ts1 ! influ5ces aga9/ :i* ,lyell _h to cont5d at ! outset ( 8 c>e] z a geologi/4 ,) ! omission ( c]ta9 p>ts1 to :i* no exception w\ld be tak51 or :i* h no v direct be>+ ^u ! imm$iate "q1 !y are z foll[s#fe3 7#a7 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>? !re h be5 long p]iods ( comp>ative repose1 dur+ :i* ! s$im5t>y /rata h be5 cont9u\sly deposit$1 & %ort p]iods ( p>oxysmal viol5ce1 dur+ :i* t cont9uity has be5 int]rupt$4 7#b7 ,at ea* ( ^! p]iods ( viol5ce or revolution 9 ! /ate ( ! e>?'s surface1 a great numb] ( m\nta9-*a9s h be5 =m$ sudd5ly1 & ^! *a9s1 if contemporane\s1 are p>allel2 b if n s1 g5]ally diff] 9 direction4 7#c7 ,ea* revolution or great convulsion has co9cid$ ) ! date ( ano!r geological ph5om5on1 namely1 ! passage f "o indep5d5t s$im5t>y =mation to ano!r1 *>act]is$ by a consid]able diff]5ce 9 organic types4 7#d7 ,!re has be5 a recurr5ce ( ^! p>oxysmal movem5ts f ! remote/ geological p]iods2 & !y may /ill be produc$4 ,?us ! =ce ( au?ority1 :i* has to be reckon$ ) 9 geology1 if n 9 o!r bran*es ( sci5ce1 0 9 ! ma9 adv]se to ,lyell1 :o c\ld c\nt on b few to jo9 him 9 8 attack on cata/rophism4 ,"o inde$ !re 01 a ho/ 9 himself1 :o1 ?\gh 8 contempor>y 9 ye>s1 _h devot$ himself :olly to geology at a slightly e>li] date & _h already become conv9c$1 by 8 field-"w 9 ,italy & ,france1 ( ! efficacy ( exi/+ =ces to "w mighty *anges1 if "t 7 giv51 9 ! configuration ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,?is 0 ,george ,p\lett ,scrope1 a man ( broad culture1 great tal5ts1 & s+ul> indep5d5ce ( ?\ght1 :o _h conv9c$ himself ( ! errors ( ! ,w]n]ian !ory by 8 /udies 9 ,italy 9 ! ye>s #ahag-ai1 & _h ?or\ghly explor$ ! volcanic di/rict ( ,auv]gne 9 #ahba4 ,8 "w on ! ,ph5om5a ( ,volcanoes1 publi%$ 9 #ahbc1 & t on ! ,geology ( ,c5tral ,france1 publi%$ 9 #ahbf1 _h giv5 ! c\p de grace to ,w]n]'s hypo!sis & _h made ! fir/ brea* 9 ! =tress ( ! cata/rophi/s4 ,= a complete solution ( ! problem to :i* ,lyell _h address$ himself1 two me?ods ( inve/igation 7 necess>y4 ,x mu/ be demon/rat$ t 9 trac+ back ! life hi/ory ( ! e>? f ! pres5t age to a comp>atively remote pa/ no brea* ( cont9uity c\ld be detect$1 & t ! =ces :i* 7 /ill engag$ 9 sculptur+ & modify+ ?is e>?'s surface 7 adequate1 giv5 "t en\gh1 to produce all ^? *anges to :i* ! cata/rophi/ appeal$ z pro(s ( 8 hypo!ses4 ,to e/abli% ! "o conclusion1 x 0 necess>y to make a c>eful /udy ( ! ,t]ti>y =mations1 :i* 7 /ill 9 a condition ( comp>ative confusion2 to arrange !m 9 an ord] no less cle> & def9ite ?an t ( ! ,second>y sy/ems2 & to %[1 by work+ d[nw>d f ! pres5t fauna1 n only t _m liv+ species _h be5 long 9 exi/5ce1 b also t ^! _h appe>$ gradually1 n simultane\sly1 & _h 9 l mann] replac$ =ms :i* _h "o aft] ano!r vani%$--to prove1 9 %ort1 t pa/ & pres5t are b\nd toge!r by an unsev]$ cord ( life1 ^: int]lac+ /r&s c>ry u back 9 ord]ly *ange f age to age4 ,to e/abli% ! o!r conclusion x 0 necess>y to %[ t1 ev5 9 hi/orical times1 consid]able *anges _h occurr$ 9 ! outl9es ( coa/s1 & t heat & cold1 ! sea1 or ra9 & riv]s--especially ! la/--_h be5 ag5ts ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! sculpture ( cliffs1 valleys1 & hills4 ,= bo? ^! purposes c>eful /udy1 n only 9 ,brita91 b also /ill m 9 o!r regions1 0 absolutely necess>y1 & x 0 ) !m 9 view t ,lyell und]took 8 j\rneys1 f ! "t :5 8 geological ideas began to assume a def9ite %ape until ! la/ volume ( ! ,pr9ciples 0 publi%$4 ,by t date1 z has be5 /at$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]s1 he _h made himself famili> 9 ! c\rse ( 8 geological education ) _m p>ts ( ,brita91 _h labori\sly inve/igat$ ! m important collections & museums ( ,france & ,italy1 & _h c>efully /udi$ 9 ! field ! pr9cipal ,t]ti>y deposits n only 9 ^! c\ntries b also 9 ,sicily & 9 p>ts ( ,switz]l& & ,g]many4 ,to obta9 evid5ce be>+ on ! physical aspect ( ! "q on a scale gr&] ?an 0 af=d$ by ! undulat+ l[l&s1 or worn-d[n highl& regions ( ,brita9 & ! neighb\r+ p>ts ( ,europe1 he _h rambl$ among ! ,alps & ,pyr5ees1 exam9+ _! peaks & precipices1 _! sn[fields1 glaci]s1 lakes1 & torr5ts1 & wat*+ ! processes ( de/ruction1 transportation1 & deposition ( :i* crag1 /ream1 & pla9 af=d a nev]-end+ object-lesson4 ,9 ord] to /udy volcanoes /ill 9 activity1 he _h climb$ ,vesuvius & ,etna2 9 ord] to scrut9ise m m9utely ! /ructure ( cones1 crat]s1 & lava /reams1 he _h visit$ ,auv]gne1 ,catalonia1 & ! ,eifel2 :ile 9 all 8 go+s & com+s ?r\gh sc5es :]e ,nature work$ m unobtrusively1 he _h wat*$ h] nev]-end+ toil1 z %e de/roy$ ) ! "o h& & built ) ! o!r4 ,he 0 ?us able to write ) ! au?ority ( "o :o has se51 n ( "o :o m]ely quotes2 ( "o :o knew1 n ( "o :o _h le>nt by rote4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 ?\gh ( c\rse x _h to rely n seldom on ! "w ( o!rs1 bore ! /amp ( ! au?or's exp]i5ce1 & 0 r$ol5t1 n ( ! du/ ( libr>ies1 b ( ! sweetness ( ! op5 air4 ,t fact add$ no little =ce to its cauti\s & cle> inductive reason+2 t fact did mu* to dis>m opposition1 & to op5 ! way to victory4 ,,footnotes3 #ee ,/rictly speak+1 fifte5 out ( ! la/ sixte5 *apt]s1 = ! f9al "o 7deal+ ) coral reefs7 is sub/antially a repr9t4 #ef ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 vol4 i4 p4 #bf 7elev5? edition74 #eg ,9 ,memoriam1 cxxiii4 #eh ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *ap4 iii4 p4 #cg4 #ei ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *ap4 iv4 #fj ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *ap4 iv4 #fa ,hutton's ,!ory ( ! ,e>? 0 fir/ publi%$ 9 #aghh1 & 9 an enl>g$ =m 9 #agie4 ,playfair's ,illu/rations ( ! ,huttonian ,!ory appe>$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahjb4 #fb ,geikie's ,life ( ,mur*ison1 *ap4 vii4 #fc ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *ap4 iv4 #fd ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *ap4 iv4 #fe ,abridg$ f ,lyell's summ>y3 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *ap4 vii4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,eight ,,ye>s ,,( ,,quiet ,,progress4 ,bo? c\rses ( lectures end$#ff & ! ?ird volume ( ! ,pr9ciples successfully laun*$1 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,lyell left ,london 9 ,june1 #ahcc1 = ano!r ,cont95tal t\r4 ,dur+ _! fir/ halt1 at ,p>is1 %e 0 duly introduc$ to ! fam\s qu>ries ( ,montm>tre1 & _h an opportunity ( collect+ a fossil %ell or two = ! fir/ "t4 ,!nce !y made _! way to ,bonn1 :i* %e _h left z a bride ! previ\s summ]1 &1 aft] ano!r %ort halt1 proce$$ up ! gorge ( ! ,rh9e to ,b+51 visit+ on ! way ! ironworks at ,sayn1 & exam9+ ! /ratifi$ volcanic deposits on ! pla9 betwe5 ! riv] & t t[n4 ,! ,t]ti>y bas9 at ,may5ce 0 next visit$1 & f x !y w5t leisurely to ,heidelb]g4 ,f ! picturesque old t[n by ! ,neck> !y /ruck (f to ,/uttg>t & to ,papp5heim1 exam9+ "o or two collections at ! =m] place1 & ! qu>ries ( ,sol5h(51 ne> ! latt]4 ,^! 7 already not$ = ! abundant & well-pres]v$ fossils obta9$ 9 ! qu>ries work$ = ! well-kn[n li?ographic /one1 ?\gh ! fam\s ,ar*aeopt]yx _h yet to be f\nd2 t /range creature1 fea!r$ & l a bird1 b ) tee? 9 its beak & a tail l a reptile1 :i* has suppli$ su* an important l9k 9 ! *a9 ( evid5ce 9 fav\r ( progressive developm5t4 ,!nce !y travell$ to ,nu]nb]g & ,bayreu?1 visit+ on _! way ! not$ caves at ,mugg5dorf1 & return$ to ,bonn by way ( ,bamb]g1 ,wu]tzburg1 ,as*aff5b]g1 & ,frankfurt4 ,9 ?is j\rney1 few localities ( special int]e/ 7 inve/igat$1 b1 z ,lyell's lett]s %[1 no opportunity 0 lo/ ( discuss+ important que/ions ) local geologi/s1 or ( exam9+ sections 9 ! field4 ,b on ! way back to ,engl& ?r\gh ,belgium a halt 0 made at ,liege1 to inspect ,dr4 ,s*m]l+'s gr& collection ( cave-rema9s4 ,x is evid5t1 ?\gh b a %ort notice ( x has be5 pres]v$1 t ?is visit k9dl$ an en?usiasm :i* 0 to produce important results 9 lat] ye>s4 ,lyell writes 7to ,mantell1 aft] 8 return to ,engl&73-- ,i saw at ,liege ! collection ( ,dr4 ,s*m]l+1 :o 9 ?ree ye>s has1 by 8 own ex]tion & ! incessant lab\rs ( a clev] amateur s]vant1 cle>$ out "s tw5ty caves unt\*$ by any previ\s se>*]1 & has fill$ a truly spl5did museum4 ,he numb]s already ?rice ! numb] ( fossil cav]n mammalia kn[n :5 ,buckl& wrote 8 ',idola ,specus'2 & su* is ! prodigi\s numb] ( ! individuals ( "s species--! be>s1 = example1 ( :i* he has five species1 "o l>ge1 "o new--t sev]al entire skeletons w be con/ruct$4 ,oh1 t ! ,lewes *alk _h be5 cav]n\s6 ,& he has ^!1 & a numb] ( yet unexplor$ & %ortly to be inve/igat$ holes1 all to himself3 b envy him n--y _c imag9e :at he feels at be+ f> f a metropolis :i* c af=d him sympa?y2 & hav+ n "o cong5ial s\l at ,liege1 & none :o take any int]e/ 9 8 discov]ies save ! prie/s--& :at k9d !y take y may guess1 m especially z he has f\nd human rema9s 9 breccia1 emb$d$ ) ! ext9ct species1 "u circum/ances f> m difficult to get ov] ?an any ,i h previ\sly he>d (4 ,! ?ree coats or lay]s ( /alagmite cit$ by me at ,*oqui] are q true4#fg ,v probably among ^! human relics 0 "o :i* 0 de/9$ to become fam\s--! skull f\nd 9 ! cave at ,engis--= ?is 0 describ$ by ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ 9 8 ,re*]*es sur les ossem5ts fossiles dec\v]ts dans les cav]nes de la ,prov9ce de ,liege1 a book publi%$ 9 #ahcc4 ,x 0 f\nd at a dep? ( ne>ly five feet1 hidd5 "u an osse\s breccia1 compos$ ( ! rema9s ( small animals1 & conta9+ "o rh9oc]os tusk ) sev]al tee? ( horses & ( rum9ants4 ,! e>? 9 :i* x 0 ly+ did n %[ ! slighte/ trace ( di/urbance1 & tee? ( rh9oc]os1 horse1 hya5a1 & be> surr\nd$ x on all sides4#fh ,?is relic prov$--& s9ce !n numb]s ( simil> cases h be5 discov]$--t if ! man ( ,engis 7 an ant$iluvian1 & 8 corpse _h be5 wa%$ into ! cave toge!r ) ! dr[n$ bodies ( rh9oc]os1 & o!r animals1#fi t ev5t1 at any rate1 mu/ h correspond$ ) a great *ange 9 ! habits ( ! l>g] mammalia1 = !y _h be5 unable to return to haunts :i* once _h be5 cong5ial4 ,9 o!r words1 ! f\ndation 0 be+ laid1 n[ 9 #ahcc1 = ! next great advance 9 geological sci5ce1 ! contemporaneity ( man & sev]al ext9ct species ( mammals1 indicat+1 ( c\rse1 ! antiquity ( ! human race4 ,to ?is po9t1 h[ev]1 public att5tion 0 n direct$ = ne>ly tw5ty ye>s4 ,!n v>i\s causes1 especially an exam9ation into ! evid5ce discov]$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,abbeville & ,ami5s by ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 br\ght ! "q to ! front4 ,b ?\gh ! controv]sy 0 %>p & bitt] = a "t1 x 0 spe$ily ov]1 & ! "q :i* is /ill agitat$--?\gh mildly & 9 a s5se :olly sci5tific--is :e!r man appe>$ 9 ?is "p ( ,europe & 9 correspond+ regions ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 be=e1 dur+1 or aft] ! glacial epo*8 ,b ! ,engis skull is a relic exceptionally int]e/+4 ,?\gh ! h&iwork ( primaeval man is common en\gh--rudely *ipp$ in/rum5ts or weapons ( fl9t or o!r /one1 work$ portions ( bones & antl]s1 & su* l--yet 8 bones are f> less common ?an ^? ( o!r mammals1 &1 mo/ ( all1 skulls are r>e4 ,pr(essor ,huxley1 9 8 "w f :i* we h already quot$1 /ates t ,dr4 ,s*m]l+ f\nd a bone implem5t 9 ! ,engis cave1 & work$ fl9ts 9 all ! ossif]\s ,belgian caves1 yet ?is 0 ! only skull 9 any?+ l a p]fect condition1 ?\gh ano!r cav]n furni%$ two fragm5ts ( p>ietal bones4 ,yet f ! latt] num]\s bones ( ! extremities 7 obta9$1 & ^! _h belong$ to ?ree individuals4 ,:at inf]5ces1 !n1 c be drawn f ?is skull z to ! intellectual rank ( primaeval man8 ,?is "q 0 discuss$ by its discov]]1 & ! evid5ce has be5 also consid]$ by ,pr(essor ,huxley4 ,! =m] ?us express$ 8 op9ion1 t ?is cranium has belong$ to a p]son ( limit$ intellectual faculties1 & we conclude !nce t x belong$ to a man ( a l[ degree ( civilisation2 a d$uction :i* is borne out by contra/+ ! capacity ( ! frontal ) t ( ! occipital region4 ,pr(essor ,huxley sums up a c>eful discussion ( ! evid5ce1 9 :i* he calls special att5tion to po9ts :]e x happ5s to be defective1 by /at+ t ! specim5 agrees 9 c]ta9 respects ) ,au/ralian skulls1 9 o!rs ) "s ,european1 b t he c f9d 9 ! rema9s no "* :i*1 if x 7 a rec5t skull1 w\ld give any tru/wor?y clue to ! race to :i* x might app]ta94 ,assur$ly !re is no m>k ( degradation ab\t any "p ( its /ructure4 ,x is1 9 fact1 a fair av]age human skull1 :i* might h belong$ to a philosoph]1 or might h conta9$ ! ?\ghtless bra9s ( a savage4#gj ,! w9t] ( #ahcc & ! spr+ ( ! foll[+ ye> 7 sp5t 9 ,london4 ,x 0 evid5tly a busy1 ?\gh unev5tful1 "t3 a new edition ( ! ,pr9ciples 0 be+ prep>$ & pr9t$1 a pap] read to ! ,geological ,society on a fre%wat] =mation at ,c]dagne 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 & in=mation collect$ = a summ]'s j\rney4 ,?is 0 to be 9 a new direction--to ,sc&9avia--) ! m especial int5t ( /udy+ ! evid5ce on :i* x has be5 ass]t$ t ! %ores ( ! ,baltic _h *ang$ _! level )9 rec5t times4 ,b on ?is occasion ,mrs4 ,lyell rema9$ at home1 z ! travell+ might occasionally h be5 too r\gh = h] s we f9d1 9 a j\rnal writt5 = h] p]usal1 a full sket* ( a t\r :i* prov$1 z he _h anticipat$1 to be fruitful 9 sci5tific results4 ,8 fir/ halt 0 at ,hamburg1 :]e1 on 8 arrival1 ) *>act]i/ic en]gy he da%$ (f at once 9 a c>riage to exam9e a section bel[ ,altona :i* he _h m>k$ d[n on 8 voyage up ! ,elbe4 ,?is is 8 brief summ>y3 ,cliffs sixty or sev5ty feet high4 ,fill$ ?ree pages ( note-book4 ,saw ! s\rce ( ! great ,hol/e9 granite blocks4 ,ga!r$ %ells ?r[n a%ore by ! ,elbe4 ,f ,hamburg he drove to ,luebeck1 along "o ( ! wor/ ( roads4 ,! prim>y cause ( its badness 0 geological--a loose s& int]sp]s$ ) granite b\ld]s2 ! second>y1 ! royal rev5ues2 = ^! l>gely dep5d$ on ! tolls paid by vessels on ent]+ ! s\nd1 & if a good road _h connect$ ! two t[ns mu* m]*&ise w\ld h gone ov]l&1 to ! k+'s loss4 ,at ,luebeck ,lyell = ! fir/ "t /ood ^u ! %ore ( ! ,baltic1 & utilis$ ! half-h\r be=e 8 /eam] />t$ = ,cop5hag5 by hunt+ = %ells4 ,z a rew>d1 he f\nd a well-kn[n fre%wat] g5us 7,palud9a7 among common m>9e =ms4#ga ,f ,cop5hag5 a rapid j\rney 9 ,seel& & to ,moe5 introduc$ him to a numb] ( int]e/+ ,sections ( ! drift1 acc\nts ( :i* 7 aft]w>ds work$ into 8 books1 & %[$ him at ,faxoe & else:]e lime/ones ov]ly+ ! upp] *alk1 l ^? at ,mae/ri*t 9 ,holl&1 & at ,meudon ne> ,p>is4 ,all ^! lime/ones possess an exceptional int]e/1 = !y conta9 a mixture ( ,second>y ) ,t]ti>y fossils1 & ?us help to fill up ! wide gap betwe5 ^! two great divisions 9 ,brita9 & ! adjac5t p>ts ( ,europe4 ,on 8 return to ,cop5hag5 ,lyell 0 v k9dly receiv$ by ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 :o 0 an ard5t naturali/1 & all[$ him to exam9e a f9e collection ( m9]als & fossils accumulat$ by himself4 ,aft] cross+ ! ,s\nd to ,malmoe1 ,lyell sp5t ab\t a =tnight 9 driv+ along an inl& r\te ?r\gh ! s\!rn "p ( ,sw$5 to ,norrkoep+1 :ile a halt at ,lund af=d$ ! opportunity ( pleasant talks ) ! pr(essors ( ! ,univ]sity1 & ( see+ "s =mations ( :i* hi!rto he _h n _h mu* exp]i5ce4 ,! t]ms 9 :i* he ref]s to ^! indirectly proves :at /rides geology has tak5 9 ! la/ sixty ye>s4 ,we made an excursion toge!r ?r\gh a c\ntry ( greywacke ) or?oc]atite lime/one & s*i/1#gb conta9+ a curi\s zoophyte call$ graptolite 9 great abundance1 & a few %ells4 ,on ! j\rney also he f\nd mu* to int]e/ a geologi/--b\ld]s almo/ ev]y:]e1 "s ( huge size1 ly+ on ! surface or scatt]$ 9 ! s& 9 "o place an outcrop ( ,cretace\s gre5s&1 full ( belemnites1 :i* 7 popul>ly reg>d$ z wit*es' c&les4 ,!n ov] a picturesque granite region--a c\ntry ( rock1 fir-wood1 & peasants--till he arriv$ at ,norrkoep+1 & made 8 way 9 a /eam] d[n "o fjord & up ano!r until he came into ! ,mal> ,lake4 ,^! la/ /ages introduc$ him to a k9d ( sc5]y ( :i* ,sc&9avia af=ds su* /rik+ & innum]able examples--! m>g9 ( a subm]g$ m\nta9 l&4 ,we ent]$1 he says1 a passage betwe5 an endless /r+ ( islets & ! ma9l&1 ! wat] "h smoo? z a millpond4 ,we pass$ swiftly on 9 deep wat] close to ! rocks1 on ! b>e/ ( :i* are a few firs 9 ! clefts4 ,^! are evid5tly ! summits ( subm>9e m\nta9s4 ,at ,/ockholm he f\nd pl5ty to be done4 ,"s ( ! evid5ce1 :i* _h be5 br\ght =w>d to prove a ris+ ( ! l&1 0 obvi\sly weak4 ,= in/ance1 on "o ( 8 fir/ visits to a place :]e ! upw>d movem5t 0 said to be comp>atively rapid1 he f\nd a f9e oak-tree1 p]haps a c\ple ( c5turies old1 gr[+ eight feet above high-wat] m>k1 & ?us indicat+ ei!r t oak-trees _h rec5tly *ang$ _! habits or t ! *ange ( level _h be5 sl[4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is "q x is necess>y1 he writes1 to cross-exam9e bo? nature & man4 ,! te/imony ( ! =m] is /rong2 ( ! latt]1 ,i mu/ say1 s weak & contradictory t ,i require to "k ! m5 & f9d h[ !y got _! views4 ,a valuable precaution ?is1 :i* might be rememb]$ ) advantage 9 days :5 /ay-at-home geologi/s are f> too num]\s4 ,if ?is 7 done1 ! pap] curr5cy ( ! sci5ce w\ld be consid]ably r$uc$ 9 quantity1 & !re w\ld be a clos] correspond5ce betwe5 its real & its nom9al value4 ,a little scepticism 0 c]ta9ly ju/ifiable1 = "o w\ld-be savant /ood him out t a b$ ( ,c>dium edule 7! common cockle7 #ajj feet high proves t ! fre% wat] ( ,lake ,mal> 0 once t mu* high]4 ,lyell adds no?+ to ?is rem>k1 b 8 sil5ce is eloqu5t4 ,?is exp$ition1 h[ev]--to ,so$]telje--gave results yet m /rik+ ?an m>9e %ells #ajj feet above ! pres5t level ( ! ,baltic4 ,:at ?9k y1 he writes1 ( %ips 9 ! same =mation1 nay1 a h\se8 ,x is z true z ! ,temple ( ,s]apis4#gc ,i d n mean t ,i discov]$ all ?is1 b ,i %all be ! fir/ to give a geological acc\nt ( x4 ,i am 9 high spirits at ! prize4 ,upsala also1 to :i* he next mov$1 increas$ 8 /ores ( k & ( fossils4 ,i w5t to ! hill1 a hundr$ feet high1 on :i* ! t[] /&s1 to exam9e m>9e %ells4 ,all ( ,baltic species4 ,y rememb] t 9 ! half-h\r betwe5 ! two /eamboats at ,luebeck1 or r ,travemunde1 ,i collect$ %ells by ! quay4 ,n "o fossil h ,i f\nd new] ?an ! *alk 9 ,sw$51 t 0 n 9 ! numb] ( ^? f\nd liv+ 9 t half-h\r4 ,m localities = %ells 7 visit$1 erratics 7 exam9$1 & pilots 7 que/ion$ closely ab\t ! ag5cy ( ice1 9 :i* !y believe4 ,) _! op9ion ,lyell incl9$ to agree2 at any rate1 he 0 conv9c$ t 8 obs]vations w\ld q ov]set ! debacle !ory1 &1 z he expect$1 br+ 9 ice c>riage z ! cause4 ,on ! coa/ fur!r nor? at ,oregrund & ,gefle1 b5*-m>ks _h be5 cut "s ye>s previ\sly 9 ord] to apply a m exact te/ to ! "q ( ! *ange 9 levels4 ,^! he visit$1 & ! =m] seem$ to prove z ,galileo said 9 a diff]5t s5se1 t '! e>? moves4' ,! m>ks ne> ,gefle af=d$ simil> te/imony1 s t he felt n[ t ! ma9 object ( 8 j\rney 0 accompli%$1 & ins]t$ ?is pregnant note 9 8 j\rnal3--,i feel n[ :at ,i 0 v s5sible ( :5 correct+ my la/ edition1#gd t ,i 0 n ju/ifi$ 9 writ+ any m until ,i _h done all 9 my p[] to asc]ta9 ! tru? 9 reg>d to ! 'great nor!rn ph5om5on1' z ! gradual rise ( "p ( ,sw$5 has be5 v naturally call$4 ,y w see by-&-by h[ important a po9t x 01 & h[ mat]ially x w modify my mode ( treat+ ! sci5ce1 & h[ mu* x w advance ! !ory ( ! ag5cy ( exi/+ causes z a key to expla9 geological ph5om5a4#ge ,b ! "w at sea-m>ks 0 n yet q end$1 & !re 0 besides ano!r classic spot to be visit$--,uddevalla1 betwe5 ,lake ,w]n] & ! we/]n coa/4 ,"h are deposits 9 :i* sea-%ells are abundant at a height ( ab\t two hundr$ feet above ! sea4 ,no?+ b a subm]g5ce c acc\nt = _! pres5ce1 = polyzoa & b>nacles are f\nd atta*$ to ! solid rock4 ,"s ( ! latt]1 adh]+ to ! gneiss1 7 collect$ by ,lyell on ?is occasion4#gf ,fossil %ells 7( exi/+ species7 7 s num]\s t1 he says1 ! deposit 0 work$ = mak+ lime1 & he comp>es x ) a well-kn[n b$ 9 ! ,t]ti>ies ( ! ,p>is ,bas94 ,! %ells1 h[ev]1 at ,uddevalla1 z he po9ts out1 are n ( t bracki%-wat] "* peculi> to ! ,baltic1 b su* z n[ live 9 ! ,nor!rn ,ocean4#gg ,on rea*+ ! coa/ he made an exp$ition by boat1 & saw ! b5*-m>k at ,gullholm51 & rocks :i* _h em]g$ f ! sea )9 ! memory ( p /ill liv+4 ,"h1 by way ( complet+ 8 "w1 he hir$ ! s]vices ( a smi? to make a m>k at ! wat]'s edge3-- ,c4 #ah4 ,l4 ------ #ah4 #g4 #cd4 ----------- ,s he br\ght 8 j\rney 9 ,sc&9avia to a close1 & by ! end ( ,july _h rea*$ ,k9nordy1 :]e ,mrs4 ,lyell await$ 8 com+4 ,!n he set to "w to prep>e a brief sket* ( 8 inve/igations = ! approa*+ meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association 9 ,ed9burgh1 & a m elaborate pap]1 to be communicat$ to ! ,royal ,society 9 ,london1 9 :i* he set =? ! reasons :i* _h conv9c$ him t 9 ,sw$51 bo? on ! ,baltic & ocean side1 "p ( t c\ntry is really und]go+ a gradual & ins5sibly sl[ rise4 ,x affects an area measur+ ab\t "o ?\s& miles nor? & s\?1 & is believ$ to rea* a maximum at ! ,nor? ,cape4 ,!re x is said1 b ! /atem5t ne$s v]ification1 to am\nt to five feet 9 a c5tury2 at ,gefle1 n9ety miles nor? ( ,/ockholm1 x _c be m ?an two or ?ree feet 9 ! same "t2 :ile at ,/ockholm itself x c h>dly exce$ six in*es4 ,fur!r s\?1 9 ,scania prop]1 z at ,malmoe1 ,skano]1 ,trelleborg1 & ,y/ad1 ! movem5t is di/9ctly 9 an opposite direction4#gh ,?is pap] 0 aft]w>ds accept$ by ! ,royal ,society z ! ,bak]ian lecture = ! ye>4 ,b ! prep>ation ( ?is 0 n ,lyell's only occupation4 ,9 ,octob] he _h begun fossil i*?yology1 0 att5d+ lectures 9 *emi/ry1 & _h made "s progress1 z he writes to ,mantell1 9 a s+le volume :i* two ye>s ago ,i promis$ ,murray1 a purely elem5t>y "w = beg9n]s 9 geology1 & :i* ,i f9d m agreeable "w ?an ,i _h expect$4 ,s 8 h&s 7 pretty full4 ,a pleasant surprise came 9 ! clos+ mon?s ( ! ye>1 namely ! aw>d ( "o ( ! ,royal ,m$als by t ,society 9 ackn[l$gm5t ( ! m]its ( 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,9 ! e>li] "p ( #ahce ,lyell accept$ ! presid5cy ( ! ,geological ,society1 an (fice :i*1 x w be rememb]$1 he _h virtually refus$ a c\ple ( ye>s be=e1 :5 he 0 busy ) 8 great book4 ,) ?is exception1 no?+ wor?y ( record appe>s to h happ5$ 9 ! fir/ six mon?s ( ! ye>1 b 9 ,july ,mrs4 ,lyell & he left ,engl& = a j\rney to ,france1 ,g]many1 & ,switz]l&4 ,by t date1 z he m5tions 9 a lett] to a fri5d1 #a1gej copies ( ! la/ edition ( ! ,pr9ciples _h be5 sold1 a dem& t puts him 9 good he>t z to ! future ( ! book1 & proves t 8 lab\rs on x _h n be5 9 va94 ,b he did n p]mit himself to be idle4 ,z a lett] writt5 to ,s$gwick f ,p>is %[s1 he 0 /ill work+ away at ! classification ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits2 = 9 ?is lett] he discusses ! relation ( ! corall9e & ! r$1 or %elly ,crag ( ,suffolk4 ,mr4 ,*>leswor?1 subsequ5tly well kn[n z a collector1 _h be5 obta9+ a numb] ( fossil %ells f ! =m] deposit1 & ! "* ( ^! sugge/$ t x 0 di/9ctly ! old] ( ! two1 z is n[ univ]sally admitt$4 ,9 discuss+ ?is "q ,lyell lays d[n a pr9ciple ( classification ! s\ndness ( :i* has be5 prov$ by exp]i5ce1 namely1 t ! age ( a ,t]ti>y deposit is to be det]m9$ by ! proportion ( rec5t species & ! relation ( ^! to ! =ms /ill liv+ 9 ! neighb\r+ seas4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! rec5t %ells 9 a =mation1 am\nt+ to "o-half1 or ev5 z few z "o-?ird1 ( ! total numb] c be ?us f\nd1 ! =mation w be ,plioc5e 9 age1 :ile ! rec5t %ells ( ! ,mioc5e h a m exotic & tropical =m4 ,to ?is conclusion he _h be5 l$1 by an exam9ation1 ) ! help ( ,de%ayes1 ( a typical collection ( ,crag fossils :i* he _h c>ri$ ) him to ,p>is4 ,z to o!r matt]s1 ! lead+ ,fr5* geologi/s 7 /ill w>r+ vigor\sly 9 def5ce ( deluges1 & none ( 8 num]\s h]esies1 he rem>ks1 appe>s to h excit$ s mu* hone/ indignation z 8 rec5t attempt to convey "s ( ! huge ,sc&9avian blocks to _! pres5t de/9ation by means ( ice4 ,he _h prov$1 he rem9ds ,s$gwick1 t "s ( ! great blocks ne> ,upsala mu/ h travell$ to _! pres5t de/9ation s9ce ! ,baltic 0 a bracki% wat] sea1 s t ^? :o ma9ta9 t !re 0 "o1 & "o only1 ru% ( wat]1 :i* scatt]$ all ! blocks ( ,sw$5 & ! ,alps1 mu/ make out ?is cata/rophe to be1 z x 71 an affair ( ye/]day4 ,geology1 ev5 at t date1 _h advanc$ f> en\gh = ?is admission to h l&$ ! diluviali/s 9 "s awkw>d dilemmas1 to say no?+ ( ! physical difficulties :i* !y w\ld f9d 9 acc\nt+ = ! exi/5ce ( waves or curr5ts pot5t en\gh to b[l ! ,pi]re a bot f ! aiguilles r\nd ! ,tri5t glaci] to ! slopes ( ! ,jura1 or to fl+ ! erratics ( ,sc&9avia broadca/ ov] ! l[l&s ar\nd ! ,baltic4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! only lo/ cause ov] :i* ! ,fr5* geologi/s 7 hold+ _! %ield4 ,lyell goes on to write1 ) a t\* ( quiet s>casm3 ,z to ! elevation crat] bus9ess1 ,von ,bu*1 de ,beaumont1 & ,dufresnoy are to write & prove t ,somma & ,etna are elevation crat]s1 & ,von ,bu* himself has j gone to ,auv]gne to prove t ,mont ,dore is "o also4 ,lyell's special int5tion 9 visit+ ! ,alps 0 to obta9 evid5ce z to ! relation ( ! metamorphic & s$im5t>y rocks4 ,geologi/s ( ! ,w]n]ian ,s*ool1 ) sundry o!rs :o h>dly w5t s f> z ! ,freib]g pr(essor1 ma9ta9$ t ! cry/all9e s*i/s1 includ+ gneiss1 _h be5 produc$1 (t5 z precipitates1 9 a primaeval ocean1 ! wat]s ( :i* 7 f> too hot to all[ ( ! exi/5ce ( life4 ,at a lat] "t1 z ! temp]ature fell1 ! great masses ( slightly alt]$ slates & grits 7 deposit$--! region ( greywacke1 ! transitional rocks z !y 7 commonly call$4 ,^! = ! mo/ "p 7 unfossilif]\s1 at any rate 9 _! e>lie/ /ages4 ,to ?is view1 ( c\rse1 ! ,huttonian dictum1 :i* ,lyell s\ght to e/abli%1 0 diametrically oppos$1 viz4 t ! e>? %[$ no signs ( a beg9n+4 ,n[ he _h be5 in=m$ t 9 ! ,alps c]ta9 slaty rocks conta9$ fossils :i* indicat$ an age correspond+ g5]ally ) ! *alk ( ,engl&1 & t 9 o!r p>ts ( t *a9 ev5 cry/all9e s*i/s c\ld be f\nd int]b$d$ ) fossilif]\s /rata ( ,second>y age4 ,to settle ! =m] "q he int5d$ to visit ! fam\s qu>ries ( ,gl>us1 b 0 ultimately compell$ to leave ?is = ano!r ye>1 z he took ! latt] po9t fir/ 9 ord] ( "t1 & ! inve/igation ( x involv$ m "w ?an he _h anticipat$4 ,9 reg>d to ?is1 ! mo/ important sections 7 to be f\nd on ! precipit\s nor!rn slopes ( ! ,jungfrau & 9 ! upp] "p ( ! ,urba*-?al1 a lonely gl5 :i* desc5ds into ! ma9 valley ( ! ,a> at ,imh(1 above ,meyr+54 ,9 bo? ^! localities gneiss appe>s to ov]lie fossilif]\s lime/one1 & ,lyell1 aft] visit+ !m1 return$ satisfi$ t he _h se5 alt]nations ( ! gneiss ) lime/one ( ! lias or some?+ new] 9 ! highe/ regions ( ! ,alps4 ,t und\bt$ly he saw1 b he did n suspect t ! appe>ance 0 illusory4 ,?is 0 n 9 ! lea/ surpris+2 ! ,alps 7 /ill almo/ a t]ra incognita2 ! processes ( m\nta9 mak+ z yet 7 unkn[n2 _m /atem5ts 9 common curr5cy z to ! passage ( s$im5t>y into cry/all9e rocks 7 errone\s & di/9ctly mislead+4 ,only by degrees 0 x discov]$ t ?is sup]position ( gneiss or cry/all9e s*i/ to ,second>y rock 0 due to fold+ on a scale s gigantic t ! old] _h be5 d\bl$ ov] ^u ! y\ng] rock & ! app>5t ord] ( succession 0 ! conv]se ( ! true "o4 ,! int]calation also ( ! gneiss & ! ,jurassic lime/one 0 a result ( a simil> action1 b c>ri$1 if possible1 to an ev5 great] extreme1 = "h ! h>d gneiss _h be5 ?ru/ 9 w$ge-l slabs betwe5 ! s(t] masses ( s$im5t>y rock1 l a pap]-knife betwe5 ! leaves ( a book2 t is to say1 ! gneiss & cry/all9e s*i/s 9 bo? cases 7 va/ly m anci5t ?an ! fossilif]\s lime/one4 ,x is only ( late ye>s t ?is />tl+ fact has be5 e/abli%$ beyond "q2 & ev5 n[ !re are _m geologi/s :o d n appe> to recognise h[ s]i\sly ! ,huttonian dictum !re is no sign ( a beg9n+ has be5 %ak5 by ! collapse ( ?is evid5ce4 ,at ! pres5t "t ! "q is 9 ?is position2 all ! attempts to prove cry/all9e s*i/s to be ( ! same age z1 or y\ng] ?an1 fossilif]\s s$im5t>y rocks ei!r h be5 complete failures or h prov$ to be v dubi\s1 :ile 9 _m cases ^! s*i/s are demon/rably e>li] ?an ! olde/ rocks ( ! di/rict to :i* a date c be assign$4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh possibly x may turn out t ! disciples ( ,hutton 7 "r1 & t1 z ,lyell ?\ght1 a metamorphic rock may be ( almo/ any geological age1 8 hypo!sis n only is unprov$1 b also ! evid5ce :i* has be5 br\ght =w>d 9 its fav\r has turn$ out aft] a /rict scrut9y to be exce$+ly dubi\s1 if n absolutely contr>y4 ,9 reg>d to ?is "q we may feel a little surprise t "o difficulty did n occur to ,lyell's sceptical m9d1 namely3 :at c\ld be ! nature & cause ( a process ( metamorphism :i* c\ld conv]t "o s$im5t into a cry/all9e s*i/--*ang$ practically pa/ recognition--& leave its neighb\r s f> unalt]$ t its *>act]i/ic fossils c\ld be readily recognis$8 ,b ?\gh he 0 unable to inve/igate ! "q ( ,second>y or p]haps e>ly ,t]ti>y fossils 9 ! transition-l rock ( ,gl>us1 8 /udy ( ! s$im5t>y deposits ( ! ,b]nese ,ob]l&1 :i* _h =m$ a necess>y prelim9>y to ! o!r inquiry1 rais$ "s difficulties 9 8 m9d z to ! orig9 ( slaty cleavage4 ,at a meet+ ( ! ,geological ,society 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 ,pr(essor ,s$gwick _h read 8 classic pap]#gi on ?is subject1 9 :i* he e/abli%$ ! indep5d5ce ( cleavage & b$d+4 ,?is pap] laid ! f\ndation = ! discov]y ( ! true cause ( ! =m] /ructure1 ?\gh its au?or 0 unable1 ) ! in=mation !n at 8 comm&1 to d m ?an sugge/ an hypo!sis1 :i* aft]w>ds prov$ to be incorrect4 ,he _h %[n t bo? ! /rike & ! dip ( cleavage-planes 7 p]si/5t ov] l>ge areas1 & t :ile ! "o might gradually *ange its direction & ! o!r its angle ( incl9ation1 if !y 7 foll[$ f> en\gh1 yet ?is angle usually rema9$ unalt]$ = consid]able di/ances1 & appe>$ to be q unaffect$ by any v>iation 9 ! slope ( ! /rata4 ,f ^! obs]vations x foll[$ t ! planes ( cleavage ought n to be co9cid5t ) ^? ( b$d+4 ,lyell1 h[ev]1 writes to tell ,s$gwick#hj3-- ,i f\nd ! cleavage or slaty /ructure ( f9e draw+ slate 9 ! great qu>ry ( ! ,nies51 on ! ea/ s\? side ( ! ,lake ( ,?un1 q co9cid$ ) ! dip ( ! /rata asc]ta9$ by alt]nate b$s ( greywacke4444 ,z x is ! be/ description ( draw+ slate1 & z divisible almo/ z mica into ?9 plates1 ,i _c make out h[ to di/+ui% su* a /ructure f any :i* c be call$ slaty1 & su* an attempt w\ld1 ,i fe>1 involve ! subject 9 great confusion4 ,! obs]vation 0 p]fectly correct1 & _m l in/ances c\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,alps2 nev]!less1 ,s$gwick 0 "r 9 8 g5]alisation1 & ! two /ructures are p]fectly indep5d5t1 ?\gh ! difficulty rais$ by ,lyell did n disappe> till ! true cause ( slaty cleavage 0 recognis$--viz4 t x is a result ( pressure4 ,?us1 9 a region l ! ,alps1 :]e ! /rata (t5 h be5 s completely fold$ z to be b5t1 s to say1 back to back1 ! planes ( cleavage1 :i* are produc$ :5 ! rocks c no long] yield to ! pressure by b5d+1 necess>ily co9cide ) ^? ( b$d+4 ,/ill1 ev5 9 ^! cases1 if c>eful se>* be made 9 ! vic9ity1 "s m9or flexure g5]ally betrays ! secret1 & exhibits ! cleavage /ructure cutt+ across t ( b$d+4 ,! next ye>1 #ahcf1 fl[$ on1 l ! la/1 quietly & unev5tfully2 a fif? edition ( ! ,pr9ciples 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press2 ! ,elem5ts ( ,geology 0 mak+ progress1 ?\gh sl[ly2 & ,lyell's duties z ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society1 :i* involv$ ! deliv]y ( an address 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y & ! prep>ation ( ano!r "o = ! same season 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 occupi$ a good deal ( 8 "t4 ,! summ] 0 sp5t 9 a long visit to 8 p>5ts at ,k9nordy1 aft] :i* he & ,mrs4 ,lyell made "s /ay 9 ! ,isle ( ,arran be=e !y return$ to ,london4 ,! latt] seem+ly _h be5 r out ( heal?1 & ?is may h be5 ! reason :y a long] j\rney 0 n und]tak51 b %e mu/ h f\nd ! ,scot* air a complete re/orative1 = aft] h] return to ,london 9 ! autumn ,lyell writes to 8 fa!r t ev]yone is mu* /ruck ) ! improvem5t 9 ,m>y's heal? & appe>ance4 ,b "o lett]1 ( ! few :i* h be5 pres]v$ f ^? writt5 9 #ahcf1 possesses a special int]e/1 = x expresses 8 ideas1 at ?is epo*1 9 reg>d to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( species1 & indicates 8 fre$om f prejudice & ! op5ness ( 8 m9d4 ,x is address$ to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 !n engag$ 9 8 memorable inve/igations at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 :o _h fav\r$ him ) "s valuable comm5ts & criticisms on ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ^! _h correct$ a mi/ake :i* ,lyell _h made 9 reg>d to a r difficult physical "q4 ,9 ref]r+ to ?is1 ! latt] rem>ks t ! cle>ness ( ! ma!matical reason+ 7to quote 8 words7 made me regret t ,i _h n giv5 "s ( ! ye>s :i* ,i devot$ to ,greek plays & ,ari/otle at ,ox=d1 & aft]w>ds to law & o!r desultory pursuits1 to ma!matics4 ,d\btless !re is h>dly any bett] f\ndation = geology ?an a c\rse ( ma!matics2 at ! same "t1 classical /udies did mu* to give ,lyell 8 lucidity & elegance ( /yle1 & ?us to ensure ! success ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology4 ,x w be be/ to give ,lyell's own words1 = ! docum5t =ms an app5dix or l5g?y po/script4 ,z is incid5tally m5tion$1 x 0 n 9 8 own h&writ+1#ha & ?us probably 0 drawn up ) r m ?an usual c>e4 ,9 reg>d to ! orig9ation ( new species1 ,i am v glad to f9d t y ?9k x probable x may be c>ri$ on ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( int]m$iate causes4 ,i left ?is r to be inf]r$1 n ?9k+ x wor? :ile to (f5d a c]ta9 class ( p]sons by embody+ 9 words :at w\ld only be a speculation4444 ,:5 ,i fir/ came to ! notion--:i* ,i nev] saw express$ else:]e1 ?\gh ,i h no d\bt x _h all be5 ?\ght out be=e--( a succession ( ext9ction ( species1 & creation ( new ones1 go+ on p]petually n[1 & ?r\gh an indef9ite p]iod ( ! pa/1 & to cont9ue = ages to come1 all 9 accommodation to ! *anges :i* mu/ cont9ue 9 ! inanimate & habitable e>?1 ! idea /ruck me z ! gr&e/ :i* ,i _h ev] conceiv$1 s f> z reg>ds ! attributes ( ! ,presid+ ,m9d4 ,= "o c 9 imag9ation summon be=e u a small "p#hb at lea/ ( ! circum/ances :i* mu/ be contemplat$ & =ekn[n1 be=e x c be decid$ :at p[]s & qualities a new species mu/ h 9 ord] to enable x to endure = a giv5 "t1 & to play its "p 9 due relation to all o!r be+s de/9$ to coexi/ ) x1 be=e x dies out4 ,x might be necess>y1 p]haps1 to be able to "k ! numb] by :i* ea* species w\ld be repres5t$ 9 a giv5 region #aj1jjj ye>s h5ce1 z mu* z = ,babbage to f9d :at w\ld be ! place ( e :eel 9 8 new calculat+ ma*9e at ea* movem5t4 ,x may be se5 t unless "s slight additional precaution be tak51 ! species ab\t to be born w\ld at a c]ta9 era be r$uc$ to too l[ a numb]4 ,!re may be a ?\s& modes ( ensur+ its duration beyond t "t2 "o1 = example1 may be ! r5d]+ x m prolific1 b ?is w\ld p]haps make x press too h>d ^u o!r species at o!r times4 ,n[1 if x be an insect x may be made 9 "o ( its trans=mations to resemble a dead /ick1 or a li*51 or a /one1 s z to be less easily f\nd by its enemies2 or if ?is w\ld make x too /rong1 an occasional v>iety ( ! species may h ?is advantage conf]r$ ^u x2 or if ?is w\ld be /ill too mu*1 "o sex ( a c]ta9 v>iety4 ,probably !re is sc>cely a da% ( col\r on ! w+ or body1 ( :i* ! *oice w\ld be q arbitr>y1 or :at might n affect its duration = ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,i h be5 told t ! leaf-l expansions ( ! abdom5 & ?ighs ( a c]ta9 ,brazilian ,mantis turn f gre5 to yell[ z autumn advances1 toge!r ) ! leaves ( ! plants among :i* x seeks = its prey4 ,n[ if species come 9 9 succession1 su* contrivances mu/ sometimes be made1 & su* relations pr$et]m9$ betwe5 species1 z ! ,mantis = example1 & plants n !n exi/+1 b :i* x 0 =ese5 w\ld exi/ toge!r ) "s p>ticul> climate at a giv5 "t4 ,b ,i _c d ju/ice to ?is tra9 ( speculation 9 a lett]1 & w only say t x seems to me to (f] a m beautiful subject = reason+ & reflect+ on1 ?an ! notion ( great bat*es ( species all com+ 91 & aft]w>ds go+ out at once4 ,e>ly 9 ,octob] ,*>les ,d>w91 = ^: return f 8 not$ voyage on ! ,beagle ,lyell _h m ?an once express$ an e>ne/ desire1 arriv$ 9 ,engl&1 br++ ) him a l>ge collection ( specim5s & almo/ innum]able facts1 geological & biological1 ! fruits ( 8 travels4 ,! biological obs]vations sl[ly rip5$ 9 ,d>w9's m9d till !y _h = _! f9al result ! ,orig9 ( ,species4 ,! geological /irr$ ,lyell to imm$iate en?usiasm1 = !y af=d$ a valuable support to "s ( ! ideas :i* he _h put =w>d to ! ,pr9ciples4 ,! idea ( ! ,pampas go+ up1 he writes to ,d>w91 at ! rate ( an in* a c5tury1 :ile ! ,we/]n ,coa/ & ,&es rise _m feet & unequally1 has long be5 a dream ( m9e4 ,:at a spl5did field y h to write ^u6 ,! en?usiasm evid5tly 0 n conf9$ to words1 = ,d>w9 himself says 9 writ+ to ,pr(essor ,h5sl[1 ,mr4 ,lyell has ent]$ 9 ! mo/ good-natur$ mann]1 & almo/ )\t be+ ask$1 into all my plans4#hc ,! lett] to ,d>w91#hd :i* is quot$ above1 also conta9s a *>act]i/ic piece ( advice4 ,don't accept any (ficial sci5tific place if y c avoid x1 & tell no "o ,i gave y ?is advice1 z !y w\ld all cry out aga9/ me z ! prea*] ( anti-patriotic pr9ciples4 ,i f\ght aga9/ ! calamity ( be+ ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society z long z ,i c\ld4 ,all has gone on smoo?ly1 & x has n co/ me m "t ?an ,i anticipat$2 b my "q is1 :e!r ! "t annihilat$ by le>n$ bodies 7'p> les affaires adm9i/ratives'7 is balanc$ by any good !y d4 ,fancy ex*ang+ ,h]s*el at ! ,cape = ,h]s*el z ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,society1 :i* he s n>r[ly escap$ be+1 & ,i vot+ = him too6 ,i hope to be =giv5 = t4 ,at lea/1 "w z ,i did1 exclusively = y\rself & = ,sci5ce = _m ye>s1 & d n prematurely incur ! hon\r or ! p5alty ( (ficial dignities4 ,!re are p :o may be pr(itably employ$ 9 su* duties1 because !y w\ld n "w if n s engag$4 ,n v altrui/ic advice1 x may be fe>$1 b nev]!less be>+ ! /amp ( practical wisdom4 ,committee-"w & o!r (ficial duties are t]rible wa/]s ( "t1 & ?us1 al?\gh (t5 necess>y & inevitable1 are rightly reg>d$ z evils4 ,_m m51 z ,lyell intimates1 h be5 s]i\sly h9d]$ 9 rese>*es = :i* !y 7 exceptionally fitt$ by all[+ !mselves to be at ev]yone's beck & call1 & gett+ _! days cut to %r$s by meet+s4 ,s f> has ?is gone 9 "s cases1 t ! high promise ( e>ly days has be5 v inadequately fulfill$1 & "s great piece ( "w has be5 nev] complet$4 ,if ! _s 9 :i* ,lyell writes 7 m frequ5t1 ! common illusion t work]s 9 sci5ce belong to "s inf]ior bran* ( ! public s]vice w\ld be dispell$1 & ! bus9ess ( sci5tific societies w\ld sometimes run m smoo?ly2 at any rate1 x w\ld be f9i%$ m quickly1 because no "o w\ld c>e to wa/e "t ov] splitt+ hairs1 & hunt+ = knots 9 a bullru%4#he ,! ye> #ahcg1 l ! prec$+ "o1 0 sp5t 9 quiet "w1 ?\gh ?ree mon?s ( ! summ] 7 devot$ to a j\rney on ! ,cont95t4 ,z reg>ds ! =m]1 x is evid5t t ! book on :i* he 0 engag$ _h caus$ him m ?an ord9>y difficulty1 = x appe>s to h progress$ m sl[ly ?an c be expla9$ ei!r by ! duties ( ! ,presid5tial *air1 :i* he resign$ 9 ! mon? ( ,febru>y ( ?is ye>1 or by any di/raction caus$ by o!r sci5tific "w4 ,b a s5t5ce 9 a lett] writt5 to "o ( 8 si/]s at ! beg9n+ ( ,may ?r[s "s light on ! cause ( ! delay4 ,he says1 ,i h at la/ /ruck out a plan = ! future splitt+ ( ! ',pr9ciples' into ',pr9ciples' & ',elem5ts' z two sep>ate works1 :i* pleases me v mu*1 s n[ ,i %all get on rapidly4 ,! summ] j\rney 0 to ,d5m>k & ! s\? ( ,norway1 & ?is "t ,mrs4 ,lyell 0 able to be> him company4 ,!y left ,london e>ly 9 ,june = ,hamburg1 cross+ ,hol/e9 to ,kiel1 & travell+ !nce to ,cop5hag54 ,"h he set to "w at once ) ,dr4 ,beck to /udy fossil %ells1 9 ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce's cab9et & 9 ! o!r museums ( ! city4 ,que/ions _h aris5 z to ! nom5clature ( v>i\s fossil species to :i* ,lyell _h ref]r$ 9 8 book1 on :i* ,dr4 ,beck diff]$ f ,de%ayes1 s t ,lyell 0 anxi\s to inve/igate "s ( ! po9ts = himself1 & to see ! orig9al type-specim5s 9 ,l9naeus' collection1 s9ce ^!1 9 "s cases1 _h be5 wrongly id5tifi$ by ,lam>ck & o!r palaeontologi/s4 ,dur+ a drive ) ! ,cr[n ,pr9ce1 he _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ an int]e/+ section ( ! drift a few miles f ,cop5hag51 :]e x 0 compos$ to a great dep? ( innum]able roll$ blocks ( *alk ) a few ( granite int]mix$4 ,fossils 7 num]\s 9 ! *alk4444 ,pr9ce ,*ri/ian set f\r m5 to "w1 :ile ! horses 7 bait+1 to cle> away ! talus1 by :i* ,i saw t ! b\ld]s ( *alk 7 9 fact 9 b$s1 ) occasional lay]s ( s& betwe54 ,on rea*+ ,norway ,lyell made sev]al exp$itions f ,*ri/iania1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he exam9$ a clay :i* occupies valleys & o!r p>ts ( ! granite region4 ,?is1 :i* sometimes is f\nd m ?an #fjj feet above sea-level1 he /ates is a m>9e deposit conta9+ rec5t species ( %ells1 su* z n[ inhabit ! fjords ( ,norway4 ,?is visit to ,norway gave ,lyell ! opportunity ( dispell+ "s errone\s ideas z to ! relation ( ! granite to ! transition 7or l[] ,palaeozoic7 /rata4 ,?is granite he f\nd to be intrusive into ^! rocks1 & into ! mu* m anci5t gneiss on :i* !y re/$4 ,! s$im5t>y rocks ne> ! junction 7 mu* alt]$1 ! lime/ones be+ *ang$ into m>ble1 ! %ale into micace\s s*i/s2 ! fossils be+ m completely oblit]at$ 9 ! latt] ?an 9 ! =m] case4 ,"s rem>ks :i* he makes z to ! relations ( ! granite & gneiss indicate ! clos5ess & c>efulness ( 8 obs]vations4 ,?is gneiss 444 ?is mo/ anci5t rock is s beautifully sold]$ on to ! granite1 s nicely ?read$ by ve9s l>ge & small1 or 9 o!r cases s %ades into ! granite1 t _h y n kn[n ! imm5se diff]5ce 9 age1 y w\ld be half-/agg]$ ) ! suspicion t all 0 made at "o bat*4#hf ,f ,cop5hag51 on _! return1 !y w5t to ,luebeck & drove !nce to ,hamburg1 across ! s& & b\ld] =mation ( ! ,baltic1 & s ?r\gh ! nor? ( ,g]many4 ,among ^! b\ld]s ,lyell recognis$ ! r$ granite1 :i* he _h se5 9 ,norway s5d+ (f ve9s into ! or?oc]atite lime/ones & associat$ ,silurian rocks4 ,?is _h be5 c>ri$1 ) small gravel ( ! same1 by ice ( c\rse1 ov] ! s\? ( ,norway1 & !nce d[n ! s\?-we/ ( ,sw$51 & all ov] ,jutl& & ,hol/e9 d[n to ! ,elbe1 f :5ce !y come to ! ,wes]1 & s to ?is or ne> ?is 7,wesel-on-!-,rh9e74 ,b x is curi\s t ab\t ,mu5/] & ,osnabruck1 ! l[ ,second>y m\nta9s h /opp$ !m2 hills ( *alk1 ,mus*elkalk1 old coal1 etc41 :i* rise a few hundr$ feet 9 g5]al above ! great pla9 ( nor? & nor?-we/ ,g]many1 effectually arre/ _! passage4 ,?is !n 0 already dry l& :5 ,hol/e91 & all ! ,baltic z f> z ,osnabruck or ! ,teutob]g] ,waldhills1 0 subm]g$4#hg ,at ! end ( ,septemb] !y return$ to ,london ?r\gh ,p>is & ,norm&y1 & ! re/ ( ! ye> 0 ma9ly devot$ to ! completion ( ! ,elem5ts ( ,geology4 ,little seems to h happ5$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! next ye> 7#ahch72 & 9 ! summ] ,lyell w5t nor?w>d1 halt+ on ! way1 at ,newca/le-on-,tyne1 to att5d ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4 ,"h he 0 made ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,section1 :i* appe>s to h be5 v successful1 = he writes t ! section 0 cr[d$--f #a1jjj to #a1ejj p]sons always pres5t4 ,! meet+1 altoge!r1 0 a l>ge "o2 b z ! total numb] ( tickets issu$ only am\nt$ to #b1djj1 x seems probable t ! g5]al public 0 admitt$ m freely ?an is ! cu/om at ! pres5t day4 ,s$gwick also on "o occasion attract$ a l>ge cr[d1 = we are told t he deliv]$ a mo/ eloqu5t lecture to #c1jjj p on ! ,sea-%ore4 ,geology1 no d\bt1 has made great advances s9ce t day1 little m ?an half a c5tury ago1 b at ! co/ ( mu* loss ( attractiv5ess4 ,x 0 !n simple 9 its t]m9ology1 & fairly intelligible to p ( ord9>y education2 n[ ^! are fright5$ away by pap]s bri/l+ ) te*nical t]ms & ,greek-born words1 & no?+ b ! prospect ( a scrimmage w\ld draw toge!r #ejj p to a meet+ ( ,section ,c at ! pres5t day4 ,commonly ! audi5ce h>dly am\nts to "o-fif? ( t numb]4 ,geologi/s1 p]haps1 might consid] ) advantage :e!r a little ab/95ce f long words might n make ! sci5ce m g5]ally intelligible1 & ?us m attractive1 )\t any loss ( real precision4 ,! ,elem5ts ( ,geology 0 f9ally publi%$ a few weeks be=e ! ,newca/le meet+1 & ! "w ( reca/+ ! ,pr9ciples w5t on at int]vals 9 prep>ation = ! six? edition1 :i* appe>$ 9 #ahdj4 ,if1 9 accordance ) ! maxim1 a nation is happy :i* has no hi/ory1 ,lyell ought to h pass$ almo/ a ye> 9 a /ate ( felicity1 = no?+ is record$ betwe5 ,septemb] #f?1 #ahch1 :5 he writes to ,*>les ,d>w9 f ,k9nordy1 & ,augu/ #a/1 #ahci1 :5 he writes to ,dr4 ,fitton f ! same place4 ,bo? ^! lett]s are int]e/+4 ,! =m] discusses ! relation ( ,d>w9's !ory ( ! =mation ( coral isl&s ) ,e4 de ,beaumont's idea ( ! contemporaneity ( p>allel m\nta9 *a9s1 :i* has be5 already m5tion$4 ,"o passage also ?r[s light ^u ! difficulties ) :i* ! ,briti% ,association 9 its e>li] days _h to cont5d4 ,"s ( ! mo/ influ5tial newspap]s _h set !mselves to write x d[n--ne$less to say1 )\t success4 ,good s5se sometimes is too /rong ev5 = newspap]s4 ,b ,lyell ?us urges ,d>w9#hh3-- ,d n let ,brod]ip1 or ! ,times or ! ,age or ,john ,bull1 nor any pap]s1 :e!r ( sa9ts or s9n]s1 induce y to jo9 9 runn+ d[n ! ,briti% ,association4 ,i d n mean to ins9uate t y ev] did s1 b ,i h myself (t5 se5 its faults 9 a /rong light1 & am aw>e ( :at may be urg$ aga9/ philosoph]s turn+ public orators1 etc4 ,b ,i am conv9c$--al?\gh x is n ! way ,i love to sp5d my own "t--t 9 ?is c\ntry no importance is atta*$ to any body ( m5 :o d n make occasional demon/rations ( _! /r5g? 9 public meet+s4 ,x is a c\ntry :]e1 z ,tom ,moore ju/ly compla9$1 a mo/ exagg]at$ importance is atta*$ to ! faculty ( ?9k+ on y\r legs1 & :]e1 z ,dan ,o',connell v well kn[s1 no?+ is to be got 9 ! way ( homage or influ5ce1 or ev5 a fair %>e ( p[]1 )\t agitation4 ,f>-rea*+ words1 ! tru? ( :i* has be5 demon/rat$ aga9 & aga9 dur+ ! ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce !y 7 writt54 ,lyell lays 8 f+] on ! weake/ spot 9 ! nature ( ! true-born ,briton3 he is deaf to quiet reason+1 & fright5$ by l\d %\t+s4 ,! second lett]1 t ( #ahci1 is address$ to ,dr4 ,fitton1 :o _h writt5 = ! ,ed9burgh ,review a criticism ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 9 :i* he _h express$ ! op9ion t ,lyell _h insuffici5tly ackn[l$g$ ! value ( ,hutton's "w4 ,f ?is *>ge ,lyell def5ds himself1 po9t+ out t1 valuable z 7 ,hutton's contributions to ! philosophy ( geology1 he 0 by no means ! fir/ 9 ! field--t !re 7 also mighty m5 ( old to :om he felt b\nd to d ju/ice1 ev5 at ! risk ( seem+ to und]value ! great ,scot*man4 ,he po9ts out t ,hutton's "w occupies a fair am\nt ( space 9 ! section ( ! ,pr9ciples :i* is devot$ to an hi/orical sket* ( ! e>li] geologi/s3-- ,9 my fir/ *apt]1 he writes1 ,i gave ,hutton cr$it = fir/ sep>at+ geology f o!r sci5ces1 & decl>+ x to h no conc]n ) ! orig9 ( ?+s2#hi & aft] rapidly discuss+ a great numb] ( celebrat$ writ]s1 ,i pause to give1 comp>atively speak+1 full-l5g? portraits ( ,w]n] & ,hutton1 giv+ ! latt] ! decid$ palm ( !oretical excell5ce1 & allud+ to ! two gr& po9ts 9 :i* he advanc$ ! sci5ce--fir/1 ! igne\s orig9 ( granite2 secondly1 t ! s-call$ primitive rocks 7 alt]$ /rata4#ij ,i dwelt emphatically on ! complete revolution br\ght ab\t by 8 new views respect+ granite1 & ent]$ fully on ,playfair's illu/rations & def5ce ( ,hutton4444 ,! mottoes ( my fir/ two volumes 7 especially select$ f ,playfair's ',huttonian ,!ory' because--al?\gh ,i 0 br\ght r\nd sl[ly1 aga9/ "s ( my e>ly prejudices1 to adopt ,playfair's doctr9es to ! full ext5t--,i 0 desir\s to ackn[l$ge 8 & ,hutton's priority4 ,& ,i h a lett] ( ,basil ,hall's1 9 :i*1 aft] speak+ ( po9ts 9 :i* ,hutton approa*$ ne>] to my doctr9es ?an 8 fa!r1 ,sir ,james ,hall1 he comm5ts on ! mann] 9 :i* my v title-page did homage to ! ,huttonians1 & complim5t$ me = ?us disav[+ all pret5sions to be ! orig9ator ( ! !ory ( ! adequacy ( mod]n causes4#ia ,9 ! foll[+ mon? ,lyell att5d$ a meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,birm+ham1 & 0 invit$1 toge!r ) sev]al ( ! lead+ m5 ( sci5ce !re pres5t1 to d9e & sp5d ! night at ,drayton ,manor1 ! resid5ce ( ,sir ,r4 ,peel1 ne> ,tamwor?4 ,9 a lett] to "o ( 8 si/]s1 ,lyell gives an int]e/+ sket* ( 8 impressions ( ! great /atesman3-- ,"s ( ! p>ty said next day t ,peel nev] gave an op9ion = or aga9/ any po9t f extra-caution1 b ,i really ?\ght t he express$ himself z freely1 ev5 on subjects bord]+ on ! political1 z a well-br$ man c\ld d :5 talk+ to ano!r ) ^: op9ions he 0 unacqua9t$4 ,he 0 v curi\s to "k :at ,v]non ,h>c\rt ! ,presid5t = t ye> _h said on ! connection ( religion & sci5ce4 ,i told him ( x1 & my own ideas1 & 9 ! middle ( my /rictures on ! ,dean ( ,york's pamphlet#ib ,i exclaim$1 ',by-!-bye1 ,i h only j rememb]$ t he is y\r bro!r-9-law4' ,he said1 ',yes1 he is a clev] man & a good writ]1 b if m5 w n read any "o book writt5 by sci5tific m5 on su* a subject1 !y mu/ take ! consequ5ces4' 444 ,if ,i _h n kn[n ,sir ,rob]t's ext5sive acquirem5ts1 ,i %\ld only h ?\ght him an intellig5t1 well-in=m$ c\ntry g5tleman2 n sl[1 b )\t any quickness1 free f t k9d ( p>ty feel+ :i* prev5ts m5 f appreciat+ ^? :o diff] f !m1 tak+ pleasure 9 improvem5ts1 )\t en?usiasm1 n capable ( jo9+ 9 a he>ty laugh at a good joke1 b *e]ful1 & n prev5t+ ,"l ,nor?ampton1 ,:ewell1 & o!rs f mak+ m]ry4 ,he is )\t a t9cture ( sci5ce1 & int]e/$ 9 x only s f> z kn[+ its importance 9 ! arts1 & z a subject ) :i* a l>ge body ( p]sons ( tal5t are occupi$4#ic ,! next ye> 7#ahdj7 appe>s to h slipp$ away unev5tfully1 = only a s+le lett] s]ves z a record = ! twelvemon?1 & t is b a %ort "o address$ to ,babbage ask+ him to look up "o or two geological matt]s dur+ a j\rney ?r\gh ,norm&y to ,p>is4 ,z x is dat$ f ,london on ! #aa? ( ,augu/1 ?is looks z if ,lyell did n g dur+ ! summ] f>!r ?an ,scotl&1 :]e he presid$ ov] ! ,geological ,section at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association4#id ,! e>li] "p ( #ahda appe>s to h be5 equally unev5tful2 b ! summ] ( t ye> saw ! beg9n+ ( a long j\rney & ! op5+ ( a new geological horizon1 = ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,lyell cross$ ! ,atlantic on a visit to ,canada & ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,footnotes3 #ff ,at ,k+'s ,college & at ! ,royal ,in/itution4 ,see pp4 #ga1 #gb4 #fg ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #dja4 #fh ,huxley1 ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 p4 #aba4 #fi ,only ! skull 0 f\nd1 & t imp]fect2 moreov]1 ! miss+ "p c\ld n be discov]$4 ,! same is true ( ! o!r animal rema9s1 s t !y c\ld h>dly h be5 victims ( ! ,deluge4 #gj ,man's ,place 9 ,nature1 p4 #aef4 #ga ,turbo littoreus1 ,mytilus edulis1 ,c>dium edule4 #gb ,! t]m1 ( c\rse1 is us$ "h 9 ! s5se ( ei!r a slaty rock or a h>d %ale4 #gc ,! ru9s ( :i* 79 ! ,bay ( ,baiae7 gradually sank aft] ! middle ( ! fif? c5tury until 7probably t[>ds ! end ( ! fifte5? c5tury7 ! floor 0 m ?an tw5ty feet "u wat]4 ,s9ce !n x has ris5 up aga94--,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *ap4 xxx4 #gd ,he _h express$ 8 d\bts1 9 ?is & ! =m] editions1 z to ! validity ( ! pro(s ( a gradual rise ( l& 9 ,sw$54 #ge ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #dcf4 #gf ,lyell's specim5s appe> to h come f ,kur$1 two miles nor? ( ,uddevalla1 & only "o hundr$ feet above ! sea1 b b>nacles 7 obta9$ by ,brongni>t at two hundr$ feet4--,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *ap4 xxxi4 #gg ,antiquity ( ,man1 *ap4 iii4 #gh ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *4 xxxi4 ,antiquity ( ,man1 *4 iii4 #gi ,on ! ,/ructure ( ,l>ge ,m9]al ,masses1 etc4 ,trans4 ,geol4 ,soc4 ,lond41 iii4 p4 #dfa4 #hj ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #dfj4 #ha ,! weakness ( 8 eyes 0 always m or less ( a tr\ble4 #hb ,x is pa/ 9 ! text 7,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #dfh71 b ,i ?9k ?is an obvi\s mispr9t4 #hc ,life ( ,*>les ,d>w91 vol4 i4 p4 #bgc4 #hd ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 i4 p4 #dge4 #he ,x is b r>ely t1 s f> z ! writ] has se51 ?is rem>k applies to ! committees ( sci5tific societies 9 ,london1 b ! am\nt ( "t ?us wa/$ 9 ! univ]sities1 judg+ f 8 own exp]i5ce ( "o ( !m1 is really melan*oly4 #hf ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bb4 #hg ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #bj4 #hh ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 ii4 p4 #de4 #hi ,?\gh und\bt$ly ?is sev]ance ( geology & cosmogony 0 v helpful at ! "t to ! progress ( ! =m]1 ! ju/ice ( x may be que/ion$2 & ,lyell's approval w\ld n be endors$ by e geologi/ at ! pres5t day1 ?\gh probably x w\ld /ill comm5d itself to ! majority4 #ij ,:ile ?is is true ( _m ( ! s-call$ primitive rocks1 x is n[ g5]ally believ$ t no inconsid]able portion are really abnormal or modifi$ igne\s rocks4 #ia ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dh4 #ib ,! ,v ,rev]5d ,w4 ,cockburn1 ,d4,d41 :o te/ifi$ aga9/ ! ,association 9 a pamphlet entitl$ ,! ,dang]s ( ,p]ipatetic ,philosophy 7publi%$ 9 #ahch74 ,:5 ! ,association met at ,york 9 #ahdd1 he read a pap] be=e ! ,geological ,section1 criticis+ t sci5ce1 & prop\nd+ a cosmogonical !ory ( 8 own4 ,he 0 sev]ely h&l$ by ,pr(essor ,s$gwick1 b publi%$ 8 pap] "u ! title1 ,! ,bible def5d$ aga9/ ! ,briti% ,association4 ,?is1 ?\gh an exceptionally silly production1 _h a l>ge sale4 7,life & ,lett]s ( ,s$gwick1 vol4 ii4 p4 #gf47 #ic ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ea4 #id ,held at ,glasg[1 beg9n+ ,septemb] #ag?4 ,an allusion1 h[ev]1 dur+ 8 ,am]ican j\rney seems to imply a visit to ,france ?is ye>4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,geological ,,"w ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica4 ,?is is a summ>y ( _! do+s on ! opposite side ( ! ,atlantic 9 ,lyell's own words3 ,9 all1 we 7 abs5t ab\t ?irte5 mon?s1 less ?an "o ( !m be+ sp5t on ! ocean1 ne>ly t5 9 active geological field "w1 & a little m ?an two 9 cities1 dur+ :i* ,i gave by invitation "s geological lectures to l>ge & mo/ pati5t audi5ces4 ,to ?is may be add$ ?ree doz5 boxes ( specim5s1 & a mass ( notes on ! rais$ bea*es ( ! ,canadian lakes1 ! glacial drift1 ! falls ( ,niag>a1 & o!r que/ions ( po/-t]ti>y geology1 z well z on ! t]ti>y1 cretace\s1 coal1 & old] rocks4 ,^! aft]w>ds produc$ a crop ( ab\t tw5ty pap]s1 :i* appe>$ 9 v>i\s sci5tific p]iodicals4 ,! pr9cipal results & ! g5]al impressions ( ! j\rney 7 work$ up into a book entitl$ ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 #ahde4 ,a geologi/ :o has be5 tra9$ among ! sc5]y ( ,brita9 f9ds 8 fir/ view ( ! ,alps to be ! beg9n+ ( a new *apt] 9 ! ,book ( ,nature1 b a visit to ,am]ica m l ! beg9n+ ( a new volume4 ,!re almo/ ev]y?+ is on a colossal scale--riv]s1 lakes1 =e/s1 prairies1 di/ances1 su* z _c be mat*$1 at any rate 9 ! m accessible p>ts ( ,europe4 ,"o may read ( pla9s :]e ! sun rises & sets z f a sea2 ( lakes1 l ,sup]ior1 z big z ,irel&2 ( falls1 l ,niag>a1 :]e ! neighb\r+ gr\nd nev] ceases to quiv] ) ! ?ud ( ! precipitat$ wat]2 ( riv]s well nigh half a league wide :ile _! wat]s /ill are f> f ! sea4 ,b su* ?+s mu/ be se5 to be realis$4 ,9 our own isl& ,nature seems to be work+ at ! pres5t "t on a scale comp>atively puny2 %e mu/ be wat*$ z %e puts =? h] full /r5g? be=e ! adequacy ( mod]n causes c be duly appreciat$1 & ! hi/ory ( ! pa/ c be und]/ood by comp>+ x ) t ( ! pres5t4 ,! invitation to cross ! ,atlantic h>dly c\ld h rea*$ ,lyell at a m opportune epo* ( 8 life4 ,9 8 =ty-f\r? ye>1 he 0 9 full vig\r bo? ( m9d & ( body4 ,a long c\rse ( /udy & ( travel 9 ,europe _h tra9$ him to be a ke5 obs]v]1 _h enabl$ him to appreciate ! significance ( ph5om5a1 & _h suppli$ him ) /ores ( k on :i* he c\ld draw = ! int]pretation ( difficulties4 ,am]ica also (f]$ a spl5did field = "w4 ,mu* ( ! c\ntry _h be5 settl$ & br\ght "u cultivation at no di/ant date2 new tracts 7 be+ made accessible almo/ daily4 ,geologi/s ( m>k 7 few & f> betwe51 s t l>ge areas await$ exploration1 & 9 _m places ! travell] f\nd a virg9 field4 ,! ,geological ,survey ( ,canada 0 j !n be+ organis$1 ! lab\rs ( ! ,national ,survey 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates _h n yet begun1 ?\gh ,/ate surveys 7 at "w1 & _h already borne good fruit4 ,inde$1 :ile ,lyell 0 9 ! c\ntry1 ! ?ird meet+ ( ! ,association ( ,am]ican ,geologi/s 0 held at ,bo/on1 & among ^? pres5t 7 sev]al m5 ^: names w always occupy an hon\r$ place 9 ! hi/ory ( ! sci5ce4 ,/ill1 at almo/ e /ep ! obs]v] might be rew>d$ by "s discov]y or by "s fasc9at+ problem :i* w\ld give a direction to 8 future "w4 ,! ,lyells left ,liv]pool on ,july #bj?1 #ahda1 & rea*$ ,halifax on ! #ca/ ( ! mon?1 :5ce !y w5t on to ,bo/on1 arriv+ !re on ,augu/ #bnd4 ,! close resemblance ( ! %ells scatt]$ on ! %ore at ! latt] place to ^? 9 a simil> situation 9 ,brita9 0 "o ( ! fir/ ?+s :i* ,lyell not$2 = he f\nd t ab\t "o-?ird 7 actually id5tical1 a l>ge numb] ( ! rema9d] be+ geographical repres5tatives1 & only a few af=d+ *>act]i/ic or peculi> =ms4 ,= ?is correspond5ce1 :i*1 z he writes1 _h a geological significance1 he 0 n prep>$4 ,! drifts ar\nd ,bo/on1 good sections ( :i* _h be5 expos$ 9 mak+ cutt+s = railways1 resembl$ v closely ! deposits :i* he _h se5 9 ,sc&9avia4 ,7 x n1 he says1 = ! di/9ctness ( ! plants & ( ! birds1 he c\ld h believ$ himself 9 ,scotl&1 or 9 "s "p ( ,nor!rn ,europe4 ,^! masses ( s& & pebbles1 d]iv$ g5]ally f ! m imm$iate neighb\rhood1 ?\gh conta9+ sometimes huge blocks :i* _h travell$ f great di/ances1 occasionally exce$$ #bjj feet 9 dep?4 ,commonly1 h[ev]1 !y 7 only ( a mod]ate ?ickness1 & 7 f\nd to re/ ^u poli%$ & /riat$ surfaces ( granite1 gneiss1 & mica-s*i/4 ,! latt] effects1 at any rate1 w\ld n[ be g5]ally attribut$ to ! action ( l& ice1 b ,lyell ?\ght t ! great ext5t ( l[ c\ntry1 remote f any high m\nta9s1 made ?is ag5t practically impossible1 & suppos$ t ! "w bo? ( transport & ( attrition _h be5 done dur+ a p]iod ( subm]g5ce by float+ ice & gr\nd+ b]gs4 ,aft] a few days' halt at ,bo/on1 !y mov$ on to ,ne:av51 :]e ,pr(essor ,silliman %[$ him dykes & intrusive %eets ( column> gre5/one alt]+ r$ s&/one1 _! g5]al appe>ance & association recall+ ,salisbury ,crags & o!r famili> sections ne> ,ed9burgh4 ,9 ?is di/rict ,lyell f\nd ! gras%opp]s z num]\s & z noisy z 9 ,italy1 wat*$ ! fireflies sp>kl+ 9 ! d>kness1 & _h 8 fir/ sight ( a humm+-bird1 & ( a wildfl[] h>dly less gorge\s1 ! sc>let lobelia4 ,f ,ne:av5 !y w5t to ,new ,york1 & up ! ,hudson ,riv] 9 "o ( ! great /eam]s1 pa/ ! noble colonnade ( basalt call$ ! ,palisades1 & along ! w9d+ *annel ?r\gh ! gneissic hills to ,albany4 ,"h a geological survey _h be5 e/abli%$ by ! ,/ate1 & its memb]s _h already done good "w1 :i*1 h[ev]1 0 n altoge!r welcome to its employ]s1 = !y _h dispell$ all hopes ( f9d+ coal )9 ! limits ( ! ,/ate4 ,?is1 z ,lyell says1 0 a great disappo9tm5t to _m2 b x did good 9 *eck+ ! ra%ness ( private speculation1 & 9 prev5t+ ! wa/e ( ! l>ge sums ( money :i* _h be5 annually squ&]$ 9 trials to f9d coal 9 /rata :i* really lay bel[ ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em4 ,! advantage to ! rev5ues ( ! /ate by ! /oppage ( ?is outlay & ! m pr(itable direction giv5 to private ent]prise 7 suffici5t1 ,lyell rem>ks1 to indemnify ! c\ntry1 on m]e utilit>ian gr\nds1 = ! sum ( m ?an two hundr$ ?\s& doll>s s munific5tly exp5d$ on geological inve/igation4 ,f ,albany ,lyell travell$ to ,niag>a4 ,! j\rney 0 plann$ 9 ord] to give him an opportunity ( exam9+ a connect$ s]ies ( =mations f ! base ( ! ,palaeozoic1 :]e x re/$ on ! anci5t gneiss1 to ! coalfield ( ,p5nsylvania2 & he _h ! great advantage ( be+ accompani$ by "o ( ! mo/ em95t ( ,am]ican geologi/s1 ,mr4 ,james ,hall4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ?is ?ird t\r1 ,lyell writes1#ie ,i became conv9c$ t we mu/ turn to ! ,new ,_w if we want to see 9 p]fection ! olde/ monum5ts ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 s f> z relates to its e>lie/ inhabitants4 ,c]ta9ly 9 no o!r c\ntry are ^! anci5t /rata develop$ on a gr&] scale1 or m pl5tifully *>g$ ) fossils2 & z !y are ne>ly horizontal1 ! ord] ( _! relative position is always cle> & unequivocal4 ,!y exhibit1 moreov]1 9 _! range f ! ,hudson ,riv] to ! ,niag>a "s f9e examples ( ! gradual mann] 9 :i* c]ta9 sets ( /rata ?9 out :5 foll[$ = hundr$s ( miles2 :ile o!rs1 previ\sly want+1 become int]calat$ 9 ! s]ies4 ,he obs]v$1 also1 t :ile "s species ( ! fossils conta9$ 9 ^! rocks 7 common to bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic1 ! majority 7 diff]5t2 ?us disprov+ ! /atem5t :i* at t "t 0 (t5 made--namely1 t 9 ! rocks old] ?an ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em ! fossil fauna 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! globe 0 almo/ ev]y:]e ! same1 & %[+ t1 h[ev] close ! pres5t analogy ( =ms may be1 !re is evid5ce ( ! same law ( v>iation 9 space z n[ prevails 9 ! liv+ creation4 ,lyell made a ?or\gh /udy ( ! ,falls ( ,niag>a1 to :i* he paid a second visit be=e 8 return to ,engl&4 ,! fir/ view ( ^! ,falls1 l ! fir/ sight ( a great sn[-clad peak1 is "o ( ^? epo*s ( life ( :i* ! memory c nev] fade4 ,x /irr$ ,lyell to an unwont$ en?usiasm4 ,at ! fir/ view1 f a di/ance ( ab\t ?ree miles1 ) n a h\se 9 sight--x w\ld be impossible1 we ?9k1 to f9d su* a spot n[2 no?+ b ! gre5wood1 ! fall+ wat]1 & ! :ite foam--he ?\ght ! falls m beautiful b less gr& ?an he _h expect$2 b1 aft] sp5d+ "s days 9 ! neighb\rhood1 n[ wat*+ ! riv] sweep+ onw>ds to its f9al plunge1 "h 9 ! turmoil ( ! rapids1 !re 9 its glid+1 s smoo? b s irresi/ible2 n[ gaz+ at t mighty wall ( '%att]$ *rysoprase' & ra9b[-t9t$ spray1 :i* floats up l ! /eam ( ,etna2 n[ look+ d[n f ! br9k ( ! crags bel[ ! fall ^u ^? rapids1 :]e ! bill[s ( gre5 wat] roll & plunge l ! waves ( ! ocean1 he at la/ le>n$ by degrees to compreh5d ! wond]s ( ! sc5e1 & to feel its full magnific5ce4 ,b1 ke5ly z he might be impress$ ) ! poetic gr&eur ( ! falls1 he c\ld n =get ! sci5tific que/ions :i* 7 ev] pres5t to 8 m9d4 ,! gorge ( ,niag>a (f]$ a problem = solution :i* _h = him a special fasc9ation4 ,n only did x illu/rate on a gr& scale ! pot5cies ( wat] 9 rapid motion1 b also x furni%$ data = e/imat+ ! p]iod dur+ :i* ?is ag5t _h be5 at "w4 ,! gorge has be5 c>v$ 9 a plateau ( ,silurian rock1 :i* t]m9ates1 sev5 miles bel[ ! falls1 9 a precipit\s esc>pm5t ov]hang+ ,que5/[n4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 t gorge did n exi/1 :5 ! riv] fir/ took its c\rse along ! plateau on its way f ,lake ,erie1 & plung$ ov] ! br9k ( ! esc>pm5t4 ,! valley at fir/ 0 no?+ m ?an a %all[ tr5* excavat$ 9 ! drift :i* cov]s ! surface ( ! c\ntry--su* an "o z may /ill be se5 betwe5 ,lake ,erie & ! falls--b ! riv]1 sl[ly & /eadily1 has cut its way back ?r\gh ! rocky plateau f ! fir/ site ( ! falls ne> ,que5/[n to _! pres5t position4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is plateau consi/s ( a ?ick b$ ( h>d lime/one1 b b5ea? ?is ! deposits become s(t]2 & ! l[e/ b$ is ! mo/ p]i%able4 ,! wat]1 z x plunges d[n1 und]m9es ! ov]ly+ rock4 ,! gorge began at once to be develop$1 & x has ev] s9ce cont9u$ to retreat t[>ds ,lake ,erie4 ,e ye> makes "s slight *ange4 ,?is becomes m m>k$ :5 old hi/ories are consult$ & old draw+s comp>$ ) ! pres5t aspect ( ! sc5e4 ,fa!r ,h5nep9's sket*1 ( :i* ,lyell gives a copy1#if rude & incorrect z x is1 proves beyond all "q t ! *anges 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,table ,rock h be5 v consid]able1 = x %[s t on ?is side a ?ird & mu* n>r[] cascade fell a?w>t ! g5]al c\rse ( ! ma9 mass ( wat]4 ,?is cascade1 by ! "t ( ,kalm's#ig visit 9 #agea1 _h ceas$ to be conspicu\s1 & _h q disappe>$ be=e ! date ( ,lyell's visit4 ,! ,horse%oe ,fall also at ! pres5t "t is less wor?y ( ! "n ?an x 0 at t date1 = its symmetry has be5 s]i\sly m>r$ by a deep not* :i* ! nor!rn /ream has cut 9 ! m c5tral "p ( ! curve4#ih ,c>eful inquiry conv9c$ ,lyell t ! sl[ recession ( ! falls 0 an indubitable fact1 & t its rate1 on an av]age1 0 ab\t a foot a ye>4 ,z ! gorge is ab\t sev5 miles long1 ?is w\ld fix its beg9n+ ab\t #ce1jjj ye>s ago4#ii ,f ,niag>a ,falls !y travell$1 /ill 9 ,mr4 ,hall's company1 by ,buffalo to ,g5eva1 exam9+ on ! way "s r$1 gre51 & blui%-grey m>ls1 ) b$s ( gypsum & occasional salt spr+s1 :i*1 ?\gh old] ?an ! coal measures ( ,engl&1 closely resembl$ 9 appe>ance ! upp] "p ( ! ,new ,r$ ,s&/one ( ,brita94 ,f9ally1 aft] cross+ ! outcrops ( ! ,devonian sy/em1 !y rea*$ ,p5nsylvania1 :]e ,lyell obta9$ 8 fir/ view ( ! coal measures ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & 0 no less int]e/$ ?an surpris$ to f9d h[ closely ! :ole s]ies correspond$ ) t ( ,brita94 ,he saw s&/ones su* z are us$ = build+ 9 ,newca/le or ,ed9burgh1 d>k %ales (t5 full ( f]ns 'spread out z 9 a h]b>ium1' b$s & nodules ( clay-iron/one1 seams ( bitum9\s coal1 v>y+ 9 ?ickness f a few in*es to "s y>ds1 &1 beside ^!1 an und]ly+ co>se grit1 pass+ d[n into a conglom]ate1 :i* 0 v l ! mill/one grit ( ,engl&4 ,! und]clays b5ea? ! seam ( coal 7 full ( /ems & rootlets ( ,/igm>ia1 & ! sight ( ^! confirm$ him 9 ! op9ion t ! coal 0 =m$ ( ! rema9s ( plants :i* _h gr[n ^u ! spot4#ajj ,aft] exam9+ ! di/rict1 !y return$ to ,albany1 & w5t !nce to ,new ,york & ,philadelphia1 pick+ up on ! way z mu* geological in=mation z 0 possible4 ,new ,j]sey af=d$ "s highly int]e/+ sections ( rocks belong+ to ! ,cretace\s sy/em1 = ^!1 ?\gh 9 m9]al "* resembl+ ! gre5s&s on ! ea/]n side ( ! ,atlantic1 conta9$ fossils :i* correspond$ m closely ) ^? ( ! :ite *alk1 "s species be+ actually id5tical4 ,?is fact 0 ano!r pro( t1 ?\gh !re _h be5 9 pa/ ages a g5]al simil>ity 9 ! fauna ( any p]iod1 geographical prov9ces _h exi/$ no less ?an !y d at ! pres5t "t4 ,lyell _h exam9$1 z m5tion$ above1 ! bitum9\s coals 9 ! undi/urb$ region ( ,p5nsylvania1 ! next /ep 0 to /udy ! b$s ( an?racite1 ) ! associat$ /rata1 9 ! fold$ & brok5 ridges ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s4 ,9 ?is "p ( 8 "w he _h ! ine/imable advantage ( be+ guid$ by ,pr(essor ,h4 ,o4 ,rog]s1 ^: "n is insep>ably connect$ ) ! geology ( t classic region4 ,! ,alleghanies or ,appala*ians consi/ ( a s]ies ( ,silurian1 ,devonian1 & ,c>bonif]\s /rata 9 ord]ly sequ5ce1 fold$ 7to use ,lyell's words7 z if !y _h be5 subject$ to a great lat]al pressure :5 9 a s(t & yield+ /ate1 l>ge portions hav+ aft]w>ds be5 remov$ by d5udation4 ,! long uni=m1 p>allel ridges1 ) int]v5+ valleys l s _m gigantic wr9kles & furr[s1 are 9 close connection ) ! geological /ructure1 & ! rocks are mo/ di/urb$ on ! s\?-ea/]n flank ( ! *a91 :]e ! folds sometimes b5d ov] to ! we/2 9 o!r words1 ! greate/ di/urbances are on ! side ne>e/ to ! fundam5tal gneiss & ! bas9 ( ! ,atlantic--facts :i* probably /& 9 ! relation ( effect & cause4 ,x 0 a surprise to ,lyell1 on rea*+ ! an?racite di/rict ar\nd ,pottsville on ! ,s*uylkill1 to see a fl\ri%+ manufactur+ t[n ) ! tall *imneys ( a hundr$ furnaces1 burn+ night & day1 yet q free f smoke4 ,special contrivances1 ( c\rse1 are requisite to secure ! combu/ion ( an?racite1 especially 9 h\sehold fireplaces1 b he _h no hesitation 9 decl>+ t he pref]r$ ! use ( x1 not)/&+ ! /ove-l heat produc$1 to t ( ! bitum9\s coal consum$ 9 ,london1 ) ! p5alty ( liv+ 9 an atmosph]e d>k ) smoke & f\l ) smuts4 ,! seams ( an?racite 9 ?is di/rict are sometimes work$ 9 op5-air excavations1 b z ! /rata h be5 b5t into a v]tical position ! b$s above & bel[1 :5 ! an?racite has be5 qu>ri$ out1 are left l ! walls ( a fissure1 & ?us c be exam9$ ) ! greate/ ease4 ,"h also ! ro( ( ! seam prov$ to be a d>k %ale full ( ! usual plant-rema9s1 among :i* 7 "s ,briti% species ( f]ns1 & ! floor 0 an und]clay conta9+ ! /ems & rootlets ( ,/igm>ia4 ,lyell also obs]v$ t ! b$s ( detrital mat]ials--s&/ones1 %ales1 etc4--7 less p]si/5t ?an ^? ( coal1 & t ! way 9 :i* ! =m] became ?ick] t[>ds ! s\?-ea/ indicat$ t ?is 0 ! direction ( ! anci5t l& region f :i* !y _h be5 d]iv$4 ,! result ( 8 exam9ation satisfi$ him t ! an?racite ( ! ,appala*ians 0 id5tical 9 age1 g5]ally speak+1 ) ! bitum9\s coal :i* he _h previ\sly exam9$1 & 0 m]ely a fragm5t ( ! great cont9u\s coalfield ( ,p5nsylvania1 ,virg9ia1 & ,ohio1 :i* lies ab\t =ty miles away to ! we/w>d4 ,aft] return+ to ,philadelphia ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,lyell w5t1 via ,new ,york1 to ,bo/on1 :]e he _h be5 engag$ to deliv] a c\rse ( twelve lectures on geology at ! ,l[ell ,in/itute4 ,to ! c\rses "h admission 0 free1 b ! tickets 7 giv5 "u c]ta9 re/rictions4 ,= ,lyell's lectures ab\t #d1ejj 7 issu$1 & ! class1 he /ates1 usually consi/$ ( m ?an #c1jjj p]sons4 ,x _h !re=e to be sub-divid$ & ea* lecture to be repeat$4 ,! audi5ce 0 compos$ ( p]sons ( bo? sexes1 ( e /ation 9 society1 f ! mo/ afflu5t & em95t 9 ! v>i\s le>n$ pr(essions to ! humble/ me*anics1 all well-dress$1 & obs]v+ ! utmo/ decorum4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! lectures ! ,lyells travell$ s\?w>ds1 s t he might take advantage ( ! m g5ial climate & cont9ue 8 geological "w 9 ! op5 air4 ,he fir/ halt$ at ,ri*mond 9 ,virg9ia1 & f t place visit$ ! ,t]ti>y deposits 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,james ,riv]4 ,! m int]e/+ ( ^! are ( ,mioc5e age1 & he obs]v$ t ! fossils ( ,m>yl& & ,virg9ia resembl$ ^? ( ,t\ra9e & ! neighb\rhood ( ,bordeaux m closely ?an ^? f ! corall9e ,crag ( ,suffolk1 especially 9 ! pres5ce ( g5]a indicative ( a w>m climate4 ,f ?is place !y travell$ across ! p9e b>r5s--:]e _! tra9 0 /opp$ = ! night by ! slipp]y condition ( ! rails--to ,weldon 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,"h ,lyell saw ! ,great ,dismal ,swamp1 a morass :i* ext5ds = ab\t =ty miles f ! neighb\rhood ( ?is t[n to ,norfolk 9 ,virg9ia4 ,l ! bogs ( ,irel&1 ?is m>%y pla91 "s five-&-tw5ty miles across1 is r high] at ! middle ?an at ! edges4 ,its surface is c>pet$ ) mosses1 & d5sely cov]$ ) f]ns & re$s1 above :i* _m ev]gre5 %rubs & trees fl\ri%1 especially ! :ite c$> 7,cupressus ?yoides71 :i* /&s firmly support$ by its long tap-roots 9 ! s(te/ p>ts ( ! quagmire4 ,ov] ! :ole1 ! decidu\s cypress 7,taxodium di/i*um7 is se5 to t[] ) its spread+ top1 9 full leaf1 9 ! season :5 ! sun's rays are hotte/1 & :51 if n int]rupt$ by a scre5 ( foliage1 !y might soon cause ! fall5 leaves & dead plants ( ! prec$+ autumn to decompose1 in/ead ( add+ _! contributions to ! peaty mass4 ,on ! surface ( ! :ole morass lie innum]able trunks ( l>ge & tall trees1 bl[n d[n by ! w9ds1 :ile ?\s&s ( o!rs are buri$ at v>i\s dep?s 9 ! black mire bel[4 ,!y rem9d ! geologi/ ( ! pro/rate position ( l>ge /ems ( ,sigill>ia & ,lepidod5dron1 conv]t$ into coal 9 anci5t ,c>bonif]\s rocks4#aja ,at ,*>le/on !y _h practically pass$ beyond ! s\!rn limit ( ! w9t] sn[fall1 ! greate/ enemy ( ! field-geologi/1 & c\ld c>ry on "w )\t fe> ( int]ruption4 ,"h !y f\nd fl[]s at ! end ( ,decemb] /ill l+]+ 9 ! g>d5s1 & 7 9 ! region ( ! palmetto palm4 ,few ?+s dur+ ?is r l5g?y j\rney impress$ ,lyell m ?an ! facility ( locomotion 9 a di/rict :i*1 comp>atively speak+1 0 a new settlem5t1 & 0 /ill 9 places ?9ly peopl$1 toge!r ) ! g5]al good quality ( ! accommodation = travell]s4 ,9 ?is respect !y _h f>$ mu* worse dur+ ! previ\s ye>1 :5 !y 7 travell+ ?r\gh "s ( ! m popul\s p>ts ( ,france1 su* z ,t\ra9e & ,brittany4 ,aft] a j\rney ?r\gh ! p9ewoods1 !y rea*$ ,augu/a 9 ,georgia1 :]e ano!r gr\p ( ,t]ti>y deposits invit$ a halt4 ,^? belong+ to ! ,eoc5e p]iod lie fur!r d[n ! ,savannah ,riv]1 s t a j\rney 0 made = ! purpose ( exam9+ !m1 9 ! c\rse ( :i*1 ne> ! t[n ( ! same "n z ! riv]1 ,lyell also saw ! clay 9 :i* rema9s ( ! ma/odon & ( o!r ext9ct mammals _h be5 f\nd4 ,! muddy bea*1 ) ! tracks ( racoons & opossums1 gave him "s h9ts z to ! hi/ory ( fossil footpr9ts1 s t on ! :ole v mu* int]e/+ geology 0 ! rew>d ( a ?ree weeks' /ay 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,!n !y once m turn$ _! faces nor?w>d1 & made _! way1 work+ at geology z !y w5t1 to ,philadelphia1 :]e !y f\nd !mselves aga9 9 ! region ( cold] w9t]s at ! pres5t1 & ( erratic b\ld]s z memorials ( ! pa/4 ,six weeks 7 sp5t 9 ,philadelphia1 b ,lyell's "t 0 l>gely tak5 up by ! deliv]y ( a %ort c\rse ( lectures on geology4 ,p5nsylvania1 h[ev]1 add$ to 8 exp]i5ces 9 ano!r way1 = ! /ate _h pass$ ?r\gh a comm]cial crisis1 & 0 unable to pay ! int]e/ on its fund$ debt4 ,! sor5ess produc$ by ?is repudiation w n be readily =gott51 = ne>ly two-?irds ( ! /ock--! :ole am\nt ( :i* 0 eight millions /]l+--0 held by ,briti% own]s1 s t ! loss 0 felt heavily on ?is side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,9 8 ,travels ,lyell gives a brief hi/ory ( ?is transaction1 & discusses ! political causes ( a crisis :i* _h be5 h>dly less disa/r\s 9 ,am]ica ?an 9 ,engl&4 ,!y rea*$ ,new ,york 9 ! mon? ( ,m>*1 & sp5t sev]al weeks !re1 = 9 t neighb\rhood bo? ! anci5t cry/all9e rocks & ! mod]n drift1 ) its erratics1 af=d$ ,lyell ample mat]ials = /udy1 ea* ( ^! be+ !n reckon$ 7& !y h n ceas$ to be s c\nt$7 among ! mo/ difficult que/ions ( geology4 ,t[>ds ! middle ( ,april he proce$$ nor?w>d1 9 ord] to exam9e ! p]plex+ s*i/s & less alt]$ s$im5t>y deposits ( ! ,taconic range1 rocks :i* f t "t to ?is h giv5 ample employm5t to geologi/s4 ,aft] ?is he f\nd an opportunity ( mak+ use ( ! lessons le>nt on ! flats by ! ,james ,riv]1 = he w5t to ,spr+field & exam9$ ! fam\s footpr9ts 9 ! s&/one ( ,connecticut4 ,z ! deposit 0 ref]r$ to ! ,trias1 & ! footpr9ts to birds1 !y 7 suppos$ to indicate ! exi/5ce ( ?is class ( ! animal k+dom at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,second>y era4 ,!y h1 h[ev]1 n[ lo/ _! special int]e/1 s9ce !y are g5]ally assign$ to reptiles4 ,aft] ! middle ( ,april 0 pa/1 ! travell]s aga9 rea*$ ,bo/on1 f :i* city an excursion 0 made 9 ord] to /udy ! ,t]ti>y deposits ( ! isl& call$ ,m>?a's ,v9ey>d1 (f ! coa/ ( ,massa*usetts4 ,return+ to ,philadelphia e>ly 9 ,may1 !y w5t by ,baltimore we/w>d to ! valley ( ! ,ohio1 9 ord] to exam9e ! undi/urb$ c\ntry beyond ! fold$ di/rict ( ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s4 ,by ?is j\rney ano!r section 01 9 fact1 run across ! great coalfield ( ! ,ea/]n ,/ates1 b consid]ably to ! s\? ( t :i* _h be5 exam9$ 9 ! autumn ( ! prec$+ ye>4 ,?is prov$ no less int]e/+ ?an ! =m] "o4 ,at ,br[nsville1 to take "o in/ance only1 a seam ( bitum9\s coal1 t5 feet 9 ?ickness1 0 se5 cropp+ out 9 ! riv] cliff by ! side ( a l>ge tribut>y ( ! ,ohio1 :]e x 0 work$ by horizontal gall]ies4 ,pittsburg & o!r int]e/+ localities 9 ! neighb\rhood 7 also visit$1 & !n ! ,lyells desc5d$ ! ,ohio ,riv] to ,c9c9nati4 ,he _h ?us trav]s$ 9 desc5d+ ord] ! succession ( /rata f ! ,c>bonif]\s to ! ,l[] ,silurian or ,ordovician sy/em1 :i* is expos$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t t[n4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! only attraction (f]$ by ,c9c9nati4 ,"s two-&-tw5ty miles di/ant is ! fam\s ,big ,bone ,lick 9 ,k5tucky4 ,"h "s sal9e spr+s break out on a ne>ly level & boggy riv] pla91 :i* are /ill attractive to wild animals1 & (t5 9 pa/ "t lur$ !m to _! dea? 9 ! adjac5t quagmires4 ,"h ! bones ( ! ma/odon & ! elephant1 ( ! megalonyx1 /ag1 horse1 & bison1 h all be5 f\nd1 "s 9 great numb]s2 & ! la/-nam$ animals _h frequ5t$ ! spr+s )9 ! memory ( p]sons :o 7 liv+ at ! "t ( ,lyell's visit4 ,^! bones are g5]ally emb$d$ 9 a black mud1 at a dep? ( ab\t a doz5 feet bel[ ! surface ( ! creek4 ,lyell sugge/s t v probably ! heavy ma/odons & elephants 7 lo/ by %ov+ "o ano!r (f ! tracks & into ! m m>%y gr\nd z !y /ruggl$ to satisfy !mselves at ! spr+s2 j z horses1 cattle1 & de] get pu%$ into ! /ream 9 ?rong+ to ! riv]s on ! pampas ( ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,f ,c9c9nati ! travell]s /ruck nor?w>d to ,clevel& on ,lake ,erie1 go+ across a region :i* at t "t 0 /ill be+ cle>$ & settl$1 & gett+ an exp]i5ce ( t ,am]ican =m ( travell]s' torture call$ a corduroy road4 ,! lake-ridges--curi\s m\nds or t]races ( wat]-worn mat]ials--9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,clevel& af=d$ a new subject = an inve/igation :i* 0 cont9u$ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,ont>io4 ,b be=e rea*+ ?is lake ,lyell sp5t a week at ! ,falls ( ,niag>a1 revis+ & enl>g+ ! "w already done4 ,dur+ ! "t he inve/igat$ ! buri$ *annel :i* appe>s to lead f ! :irlpool to ,/4 ,davids1 a league or s to ! we/ ( ,que5/[n4 ,?is 0 suppos$ by ,lyell & _m subsequ5t geologi/s to indicate "p ( an old c\rse ( ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 :i* _h aft]w>ds be5 block$ up by glacial drifts4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,sp5c]1 only a bran* ( a buri$ valley1 outside ! ,niag>a canyon & mu* %all[] ?an x1 :i* has be5 cut ?r\gh by ! pres5t ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 & has m]ely produc$ an elongation ( ! *asm at ! ,:irlpool4#ajb ,ano!r s]ies ( lake-ridges 0 exam9$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,toronto4 ,"h ,lyell trac$ !m to a height ( #fhj feet above ! level ( ,ont>io1 see+ 9 all no less ?an elev51 "s ( !m mu* rem9d+ him ( ! oes> :i* he _h exam9$ 9 ,sw$54 ,9 reg>d to ^! lake-ridges he writes ?us3-- ,) ! exception ( ! p>allel roads or %elves ( ,gl5roy & "s neighb\r+ gl5s ( ! ,we/]n ,highl&s 9 ,scotl&1 ,i nev] saw s rem>kable an example ( banks1 t]races1 & accumulations ( /ratifi$ s& & gravel1 ma9ta9+1 ov] wide areas1 s p]fect a horizontality1 z 9 ! di/rict nor? ( ,toronto4#ajc ,leav+ ,toronto on ,june #ah?1 !y desc5d$ ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce to ,montreal & ,quebec4 ,! neighb\rhood ( ei!r t[n af=d$ opportunities = mu* int]e/+ "w1 especially 9 ! drift deposits2 ! und]ly+ ice-worn surfaces ( cry/all9e or ,palaeozoic rock rem9d+ ,lyell ( :at he _h se5 9 ,sc&9avia4 ,at ,montreal1 ! great hill1 :i* gives its "n to ! t[n built ^u its l[] slopes1 af=ds "s highly int]e/+ sections4 ,x is compos$ ( ,palaeozoic lime/one1 :i* has be5 pi]c$ by m ?an "o mass ( co>sely cry/all9e intrusive rock & cleft by _m dykes ( a m compact "*4 ,ne> ! junction ) ! l>g] intrusive masses ! lime/one becomes conspicu\sly cry/all9e1 & ! fossils disappe>1 j z 9 ! cases :i* ,lyell _h already se5 ab\t ! bord] ( granite 9 ,sc&9avia4 ,"s also ( ! igne\s rocks n[ possess a fur!r int]e/1 = !y conta9 nephel9e1 a m9]al n v common4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 _h n be5 recognis$ at ! "t ( ,lyell's visit4 ,! lime/one 9 "s ( ! qu>ries is wond]fully ice-worn1 & ! ov]ly+ drifts are 9 _m ways rem>kable4 ,( ^! drifts1 ,lyell exam9$ v>i\s sections1 at heights ( f #fj to #bjj feet above ! ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 f9d+ pl5ty ( sea-%ells1#ajd ! common mussel be+ 9 "o place especially abundant4 ,he also exam9$ "s sections ( /ratifi$ drifts betwe5 ,montreal & ,quebec1 b )\t obta9+ any fossils1 ?\gh !y _h be5 f\nd by ,capta9 ,bay=d & o!rs4 ,! drifts1 h[ev]1 ne> ! latt] city 7 m prolific4 ,) _! %ells1 inde$1 he 0 already1 to "s ext5t1 famili>1 = 9 ! ye> #ahce he _h receiv$ a collection f ,capta9 ,bay=d4 ,?is happ5$ to rea* ,london at a "t :5 ,dr4 ,beck ( ,cop5hag5 0 ) him1 & great 0 our surprise1 he writes1 on op5+ ! box to f9d t ne>ly all ! %ells agre$ specifically ) fossils :i*1 9 ! summ] ( ! prec$+ ye>1 ,i _h obta9$ at ,uddevalla 9 ,sw$54 ,! mo/ abundant species 7 /ill liv+ 9 nor!rn seas1 "s 9 ^? ( ,gre5l& & o!r high latitudes2 :ile 9 ,sw$5 !y 7 f\nd fossil betwe5 latitudes #eh deg4 & #fj deg4 ,n41 & "h 9 latitude #dg deg4 ,^! fossil %ells occur at ,beau=t1 ab\t a league bel[ ,quebec1 & ab\t a qu>t] ( a mile f ! riv]1 9 deposits :i* h fill$ an old rav9e 9 ! ,palaeozoic rock4 ,a lam9at$ clay =ms ! l[e/ b$1 above :i* comes a /ratifi$ s&1 & ?is is foll[$ by a clay conta9+ b\ld]s1 ea* ( ^! deposits be+ ab\t tw5ty-five feet ?ick4 ,!y are )\t fossils1 :i* beg9 ) ! next b$1 a /ratifi$ mass ( pebbly s& & loam1 & become m frequ5t1 till at la/ ?is passes into a mass ne>ly twelve feet ?ick1 consi/+ almo/ :olly ( ! well-kn[n bivalve ,saxicava rugosa4 ,?is deposit 0 ab\t #aej feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,aft]w>ds1 9 travell+ s\?w>ds f ,montreal1 :i!r he return$ f ,quebec1 ,lyell f\nd m>9e %ells on ! bord] ( ,lake ,*ampla91 ab\t eighty miles f ! =m] t[n4 ,"h !y occurr$ 9 a loam1 :i* 0 cov]$ by a s&1 & re/$ on a clay ab\t ?irty feet ?ick1 conta9+ b\ld]s1 "s ( !m n9e feet 9 diamet]4 ,lyell sums up ! results ( 8 inve/igations by /at+ t1 9 8 op9ion1 ! %ells c]ta9ly belong to ! same geological p]iod z d ! b\ld]s1 & occur bo? above & bel[ b$s conta9+ erratics2 :ile ! fundam5tal rocks bel[ ! drift are smoo!d & furr[$ on ! surface by glacial action4 ,?is effect ,lyell at t "t attribut$ to ! friction ( b]gs gr\nd+ z !y float$1 b x is n[ ref]r$ by ! majority ( geologi/s to ! action ( l& ice4 ,be ?is1 h[ev]1 z x may1 ! %ell-be>+ b$s mu/ h be5 deposit$ 9 ! sea2 s t ei!r ! l& mu/ h sunk z ! ice retreat$1 or ! latt] at ! "t ( its greate/ ext5sion mu/ h trespass$ on ! doma9 ( ! sea1 z x /ill does ar\nd p>ts ( ! ,ant>ctic cont95t4 ,f ,montreal !y w5t1 by way ( ,lake ,*ampla9 & ov] ! ,gre5 ,m\nta9s1 to ,bo/on1 :]e !y arriv$ ab\t ! middle ( ,july1 & proce$$ by /eam] to ,halifax4 ,"h began ! la/ /age ( ,lyell's j\rney1 ! exam9ation ( ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em 9 ,nova ,scotia1 to :i* "w a full mon? 0 devot$4 ,aft] /udy+ ! gypsum1 r$ m>l1 & s&/one ( ! l[] "p ( t sy/em1 :i* be>s "s resemblance to ! ,upp] ,trias 7,keup]7 ( ,brita91 he cross$ ! ,bay ( ,m9es to ,m9udie1 9 ! he>t ( ! ,nova ,scotian coalfield4 ,! cliffs by ! sea-%ore exhibit a f9e s]ies ( sections1 f ! gypse\s rocks up to ! coal measures1 un9t]rupt$ by faults1 ! b$s dipp+ /eadily at an angle ( ne>ly #cj deg4 ,s&/ones1 %ales1 & seams ( coal c\ld be se5 alt]nat+ 9 ! usual mann]2 & f ! la/-nam$1 /umps ( trees1 sometimes two or ?ree y>ds high1 7 se5 9 places1 z at ,s\? ,jogg9s1 project+ at "r angles to ! surface ( ! b$4 ,( su* /ems he obs]v$ at lea/ sev5te5 at t5 diff]5t levels4 ,! /umps nev] pi]c$ a coal-seam1 b always t]m9at$ d[nw>ds ei!r 9 x or 9 %ale1 & nev] 9 s&/one1 ?us indicat+ t !y 7 a "p ( ! vegetation f :i* ! coal _h be5 =m$1 & t x1 l a peat-bog 9 ,engl&1 requir$ a subsoil imp]vi\s to wat]4 ,lyell also m5tions t ,mr4 7n[ ,sir7 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 :o 0 8 companion = "p ( ! "t1 _h f\nd a b$ ( calamites 9 a simil> position ( gr[?4 ,b1 9 addition to mu* int]e/+ "w 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! ,nova ,scotian coalfield1 ,lyell _h ! opportunity ( witness+ ! not$ tides ( ! ,bay ( ,fundy1 :]e ! diff]5ce betwe5 high & l[ wat] is z great z1 if n great] ?an1 any:]e else on ! globe4 ,on ! muddy flats ?us left b>e he _h ano!r opportunity ( /udy+ ! tracks left by v>i\s animals1 m>9e & t]re/rial2 & 9 wat*+ h[ ^! 7 h>d5$ by ! action ( ! sun1 if !y _h be5 made ne> ! high-wat] m>k ( spr+-tides1 he ga9$ fur!r h9ts = int]pret+ ! fossil footpr9ts ( ,connecticut & o!r c\ntries4 ,on ! #ah? ( ,augu/ ! ,lyells left ,halifax = ,engl&1 ?us br++ to a close a ye> ( assidu\s field-"w1 long j\rneys1 & v>i$ exp]i5ces4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( ! mo/ cont9u\s outdoor lab\r1 & ?us ! mo/ fruitful 9 ! acquisition ( k :i* he _h sp5t s9ce 8 m>riage & ! publication ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology--a p]iod comp>able only ) 8 j\rney1 betwe5 ,may1 #ahbh1 & ,febru>y1 #ahbi1 9 ,france1 ,italy1 & ,sicily1 ?\gh x 0 /ill long] & m fruitful1 7 ?is possible1 9 v>i$ geological exp]i5ces4 ,he _h n1 inde$1 se5 9 ?is "p ( ,am]ica any volcanoes1 active or ext9ct--( :i*1 h[ev]1 he _h already exam9$ pl5ty2 b he _h /udi$ good & *>act]i/ic sections ( almo/ e =mation :i* occurr$ 9 ! m ea/]n /ates ( ,am]ica1 f ! mo/ anci5t cry/all9e masses1 ! f\ndation /ones ( ! cont95t1 to ! mo/ rec5t fossilif]\s drifts4 ,he _h travell$ f a region :i* resembl$ ,sc&9avia to "o :]e ! climate 0 m l t ( ! nor? coa/ ( ,africa1 & _h enl>g$ 8 conceptions ( ! scale on :i* ,nature work$4 ,b1 9 addition1 he _h be5 af=d$ an opportunity ( /udy+ ! social & political condition ( a "y & vigor\s nation z x 0 develop+1 unfett]$ by antiquat$ laws & h]$it>y cu/oms4 ,to ?is aspect ( ! t\r a brief ref]5ce w be made 9 a lat] *apt]2 n[ x is en\gh to say t ! long j\rney+ ( ! twelvemon? _h be5 happily end$1 )\t illness1 )\t ! slighte/ accid5t1 )\t any?+ t c\ld be call$ an adv5ture4 ,?is good =tune foll[$ !m to ! v end1 = ev5 ! homew>d passage is dismiss$ ) ! brief rem>k t x took n9e days & sixte5 h\rs2 s t x may be suppos$ to h be5 prosp]\sly unev5tful4 ,!n 9 eight h\rs aft] leav+ ,liv]pool ! travell]s 7 back once m 9 ,london4 ,,footnotes3 #ie ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 *ap4 i4 #if ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 *ap4 ii4 #ig ,see ! plate 9 ! ,g5tleman's ,magaz9e1 #agea4 #ih ,see map 9 ,man & ! ,glacial ,p]iod1 by ,dr4 ,g4 ,f4 ,wright 7,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies71 p4 #cch4 #ii ,! e/imates made by geologi/s h v>i$ f #ee1jjj ye>s 7,ellicott1 9 #agij7 to n m ?an #g1jjj ye>s 7,unit$ ,/ates ,geological ,survey1 #ahhf74 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,sp5c]1 :o has rec5tly inve/igat$ ! "q1 has arriv$1 by a diff]5t me?od1 at a date practically id5tical ) t assign$ by ,lyell 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc41 vol4 lvi4 7#ahid71 p4 #ade74 #ajj ,?is 0 /ill a moot po9t ) geologi/s4 ,lyell ref]s to ! confirmatory evid5ce :i* ,w4 ,logan _h rec5tly obta9$ 9 ! ,s\? ,wales coalfield ( ,brita94 #aja ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *ap4 xliv4 #ajb ,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 lvi4 7#ahid71 p4 #adf4 #ajc ,! lake-ridges & rais$ bea*es ar\nd ! ,great ,lakes1 indicat+ m>g9s ( ! wat] :5 x /ood at a high] level ?an n[1 h receiv$ mu* att5tion ( late ye>s f ,canadian & ,am]ican geologi/s4 ,!y are f\nd to v>y some:at 9 level1 ?us indicat+ unequal movem5ts ( ! e>?'s cru/4 ,ref]5ces to lit]ature prior to #ahij w be f\nd 9 a pap] by ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,sp5c]1 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 vol4 xlvi4 7#ahij71 p4 #ebc4 #ajd ,see1 = descriptions ( ^! sections & li/s ( ! fossils1 ,sir ,w4 ,dawson's ,! ,ice ,age 9 ,canada1 *aps4 vi4 & vii4 ,!y occur up to #efj feet above ! sea4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,ano!r ,,epo* ,,( ,,"w ,,& ,,travel4 ,v soon aft] _! arrival 9 ,engl& ! travell]s w5t nor? to ,k9nordy1 :]e !y rema9$ till ! end ( ,octob]1 :5 !y return$ aga9 to _! ,london home4 ,su* an accumulation ( specim5s & ( notes z _h be5 ga!r$ 9 ,am]ica made necess>y a long p]iod ( lab\r indoors1 unpack+1 classify+1 & arrang+2 :ile c]ta9 gr\ps ( fossils _h to be repack$ & s5t to fri5ds1 :o _h und]tak5 to "w !m out4 ,^! occupations app>5tly deta9$ ,lyell 9 ,london till ,augu/1 #ahdc1 :5 he />t$ = ,irel&1 indulg+ himself on ! way ) a %ort run 9 ,som]set%ire = "s geological "w ar\nd ,ba? & ,bri/ol1 exam9+ m p>ticul>ly ! dolomitic conglom]ate1 a %ore deposit ( ,keup] age1 9 :i* ! rema9s ( saurians _h be5 f\nd1 & ! ,rad/ock ,colli]ies1 :]e he sp5t m ?an five h\rs und]gr\nd trav]s+ miles ( gall]ies 9 ! coal1 & f9d+ "h1 z he _h done 9 ,am]ica1 ! /umps ( trees 9 an upright position & %ales full ( fossil f]ns z ro(s to ! seams4 ,!n1 9 company ) ,mrs4 ,lyell1 he cross$ ov] to ,cork1 :]e ! ,briti% ,association assembl$ on ,augu/ #ag?1 "u ! presid5cy ( ! late ,e>l ( ,rosse4 ,! meet+ 0 well att5d$ by sci5tific m51 b 0 coldly receiv$ by ! neighb\rhood & c\nty--p>tly1 z ,lyell says1 because ! g5try c>$ little = sci5ce2 p>tly because ! t[nspeople1 compris+ _m ri* m]*ants & mo/ ( ! tradesm51 7 ,repeal]s2 &1 ! agitation hav+ occurr$ s9ce we 7 invit$1 ! opposite p>ties c\ld nev]1 9 ,irel&1 act or pull toge!r4 ,x 0 impossible to visit ,cork )\t see+ ! beauties ( ! lakes & m\nta9s ( ,kill>ney2 & aft] ?is a %ort /ay 0 made at ,birr ,ca/le1 ,"l ,rosse's pleasant home at ,p>son/[n4 ,! huge reflect+ telescope1 :i* is n[ m ?an a local wond]1 0 n !n complet$2 b ! small] "o1 itself on a gigantic scale1 0 9 full work+ ord]1 & already _h l$ to gr& results by n only r$uc+ nebulae into clu/]s ( di/9ct />s1 b by %[+ t ! regul> geometric figures 9 :i* !y pres5t$ !mselves to ,h]s*el1 :5 view$ ) a glass ( less p[]1 disappe> & become v mu* l p>ts ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,!nce !y w5t nor?w>d to ! coa/ ( ,antrim1 to see ! waves break+ ^u ! colonnades ( basalt at ! ,giant's ,causeway1 & ! dykes ( t rock cutt+ ?r\gh & alt]+ ! :ite *alk4 ,evid5tly ! geology prov$ int]e/+1 z well x might1 = "h ,nature pres5ts a volume ( h] geological hi/ory1 t ( ! ,second>y era1 ) only ! op5+ & ! conclud+ *apt]s1 all ! record f ! e>ly "p ( ! ,lias to ! beg9n+ ( ! ,cretace\s hav+ be5 torn out4 ,! d>k-t9t$ gre5s&1 *ang+ almo/ imm$iately into ! pure :ite *alk1 (t5 pres5ts curi\s col\r-contra/s 9 a s+le section2 :ile ! classification ( ! sev]al deposits (f]$ a problem at :i* probably ,lyell ?\ght x wis] to look & pass on4 ,sev]al ( ! m int]e/+ facts obs]v$ dur+ ?is trip 7 aft]w>ds describ$ 9 ! ,elem5ts ( ,geology1#aje among !m ! b$s ( lignite :i* occur 9 ,antrim1 associat$ ) ! great fl[s ( basalt4 ,some:at simil> deposits 7 f\nd1 ab\t sev5 ye>s lat]1 at ,ardtun1 9 ,mull1 by ! ,duke ( ,argyll--a discov]y :i* l$ ,lyell to sugge/1 9 lat] editions ( ! above-nam$ "w1 ! probability t ! basalts ( ,antrim & ( ! ,inn] ,hebrides 7 ( ! same geological age1--an inf]5ce :i* s9ce !n has be5 abundantly confirm$ by ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essor ,judd & o!r geologi/s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ sections 9 ,scotl& faces ,antrim4 ,"h1 on ! ,ayr%ire coa/1 betwe5 ,girvan & ,ballantrae1 a complex ( sev]al k9ds ( igne\s rock & a region1 n a little di/urb$1 ( greywackes & o!r s$im5t>y deposits pres5t ! geologi/ ) problems m ?an suffici5tly p]plex+4 ,at ^! ,lyell took ! opportunity ( glanc+1 b a day's trip af=d$ no opportunity = any s]i\s attempt to read ! riddle4 ,t _h to be left to a lat] g5]ation1 & s x rema9$ = ov] =ty ye>s4 ,some?+ is n[ kn[n ab\t ! igne\s rocks1 ?\gh "h "w /ill rema9s to be done2 & ! s$im5t>y deposits h be5 br\ght into ord] by ! lab\rs ( ,pr(essor ,lapwor?4 ,!y exhibit1 accord+ to 8 description1#ajf an asc5d+ succession f ! ,ll&eilo to ! ,ll&ov]y gr\p1 & appe> to be m mod]n ?an "s1 if n all1 ( ! above-nam$ igne\s rocks4 ,aft] _! brief halt 9 ?is di/rict ! ,lyells w5t on to ,=f>%ire1 & sp5t ! re/ ( ! autumn at ,k9nordy4 ,! w9t] 0 a busy "t2 he 0 writ+ /eadily at 8 ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 & work+ up "s ( ! m di/9ctly sci5tific notes into =mal pap]s = ! ,geological & o!r societies4 ,?us occupi$1 m ?an a ye> slipp$ away1 div]sifi$ only by a summ] visit to ,scotl&1 att5d+ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,york1 & a j\rney to ! ,haswell ,colli]y1 ,durham1 toge!r ) ,f>aday1 z commission]s to exam9e into ! cause ( a rec5t disa/r\s explosion1 & see :e!r su* accid5ts c\ld be prev5t$4 ,"w at ! ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica took up all ,lyell's sp>e "t dur+ ! w9t]1 & ! book 0 publi%$ 9 ! e>li] "p ( #ahde4 ,x 0 only a few mon?s old :5 ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,lyell aga9 set (f = ano!r t\r 9 ,am]ica4 ,!y left ,liv]pool on ,septemb] #d?1 & l&$ at ,halifax on ! #ag?1 aft] a voyage div]sifi$ agreeably by ! sight ( an iceb]g & disagreeably by two gales4 ,!y w5t on at once to ,bo/on1 & !nce made a t\r ?r\gh ! ,/ate ( ,ma9e4 ,dur+ ?is sundry masses ( drift 7 exam9$1 :i* re/$ on poli%$ & groov$ surfaces ( cry/all9e rock1 & conta9$ ! usual %ells1 a/>te1 c>dium1 nucula1 saxicava1 etc41 & 9 "s places a fossil fi%#ajg 9 concretion>y nodules4 ,at ,portl& simil> %ells _h be5 f\nd 9 drifts :i* also conta9$ bones bo? ( ! bison & ( ! walrus4 ,^! drifts 9 "s places atta9$ a ?ickness ( #agj feet1 & 9 !m valleys #gj feet deep _h be5 excavat$ by /reams4 ,!n !y w5t to ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s1 & on approa*+ !m ,lyell did n fail to notice on ! l[ granite hills _m angul> fragm5ts ( t rock1 fifte5 to tw5ty feet 9 diamet]1 re/+ on heaps ( s&4 ,on _! way !y came to ! ,willey ,slide1 :]e a :ole family ( t "n _h be5 kill$ n9ete5 ye>s previ\sly 9 a l&slip4 ,lyell c>efully exam9$ ! sc5e ( ! accid5t1 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at effects 7 produc$ by a mass ( mud & /ones z x slid ov] a face ( rock1 & f\nd t x only made %ort scrat*es & grooves1 n long & /raight furr[s1 l ^? left by a glaci]4 ,!y halt$ at ,fabyan's ,hotel ne> ,m\nt ,wa%+ton1 & aft] wait+ = a fav\rable day rea*$ ! summit 7#f1bbe feet above ! sea7 on ,octob] #g?4 ,x is easily accessible on horseback4 ,! notes ( ?is excursion among ! m\nta9s %[ t ,lyell /ill reta9$ 8 old lik+ = natural hi/ory 9 g5]al1 = !y conta9 rem>ks on ! fl[]s1 ! insects1 & ! birds4 ,"s obs]vations on ! ,alp9e flora ( ! high] summits 9 ! ,:ite ,m\nta9s indicate 8 position at t "t 9 reg>d to ! orig9 ( species4 ,he adopts ! hypo!sis ( 'specific c5tres1' viz4 t ea* species _h its orig9 9 a s+le bir?place & spread gradually f its orig9al c5tre to all accessible spots1 fit = its habitation1 by means ( ! p[] ( migration giv5 x f ! fir/4 ,he suppos$ t ! plants common to ! m arctic regions & to ! high] gr\nd fur!r s\? 9 ,europe & ,nor!rn ,am]ica 7 disp]s$ by float+ ice dur+ ! glacial epo*1 :5 ! gr\nd /ood at a l[] level1 & t aft]w>ds1 :5 ! climate became w>m]1 !y gradually m\nt$ up ! slopes ( ! hills4 ,! possibility ( a migration by l& is n m5tion$1 ?\gh d\btless x w\ld h be5 admitt$1 because ! evid5ce :i* he _h s (t5 /udi$ po9t$ r to a d[nw>d ?an to an upw>d movem5t b he ass]ts ) "s emphasis t _m liv+ species are old] ?an ! exi/+ di/ribution ( sea & l&4 ,on 8 return to ,bo/on1 he _h o!r opportunities ( /udy+ ice-worn rocks & erratics1 & f ?is city made an excursion to ,plym\? 7,massa*usetts7 to see ! spot :]e1 on a mid-w9t] day1 ! ,pilgrim ,fa!rs _h l&$4 ,b ev5 "h he c\ld n neglect ! %ells ^u ! /r&1 & he records t eighte5 species 7 collect$1 "o-?ird ( :i* 7 common to ,europe4 ,/ill1 we may note t on ?is j\rney r m att5tion 0 paid ?an on ! =m] to que/ions political1 comm]cial1 educational1 & !ological1 & ^! occupy a l>g] space 9 ! ,second ,visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* may acc\nt = its great] popul>ity4 ,= example1 x conta9s a sket* ( ! wit*-f9d+ mania 9 ,massa*usetts late 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & a :ole *apt] on ! sea-s]p5t4 ,?is h>dy p]5nial _h appe>$ 9 ! ,gulf ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce 9 ! previ\s ,augu/ & 9 ,octob]1 #ahdd1ajh & _h repeat$ly visit$ ! ,new ,engl& coa/ f #ahae to #ahbe1 :5 x _h be5 se5 by _m cr$ible witnesses4 ,lyell appe>s to be satisfi$ t1 ?\gh all[ance _h to be made = exagg]ation & hone/ misconception1 "s big creature _h be5 se51 & sugge/s t x may h be5 an exceptionally l>ge specim5 ( ! bask+ %>k4#aji ,aft] a /ay ( ne>ly two mon?s 9 ,bo/on1 !y left = ! s\? e>ly 9 ,decemb]1 & f\nd a little difficulty at fir/1 z on a =m] occasion1 f ! slipp]y /ate ( ! rails4 ,!y j\rney$ by ,ne:av51 ,new ,york1 ,philadelphia1 & ,wa%+ton to ,ri*mond1 :]e a halt 0 made to exam9e ! coalfield "s sixte5 miles to ! s\?-we/ ( ! city4 ,! measures re/ on ! granite1 fill+ up inequalities on its surface1 & are occasionally cut by dykes1 :i* produce ! usual alt]ation 9 ! adjac5t coal4 ,! pr9cipal seam is f ?irty to =ty feet ?ick b ! field1 z a :ole1 rem9d$ ,lyell mo/ ( t at ,/4 ,eti5ne 7,france71 :i* he _h visit$ 9 #ahdc4aaj ,f ,ri*mond !y w5t1 z on ! =m] occasion1 by ,weldon to ,wilm+ton1 :]e ! cliffs ne> ! t[n yield$ "s ,t]ti>y fossils1 & on ,*ri/mas morn+ !y l&$ f a /eam] at ,*>le/on4 ,f ?is city ,lyell aga9 visit$ ! deposits ne> ,savannah1 :i* conta9$ rema9s ( mega!rium1 ma/odon1 & o!r l>ge quadrup$s1 z well z a second locality on ,skiddaway ,isl&1 & !n1 on ! la/ day ( ! ye>1 quitt$ ,*>le/on = ,d>i5 9 ,georgia4 ,"h also 7 "s m deposits ( ! same k9d1 :ile at ,/4 ,simon's ,isl& ,lyell exam9$ a v l>ge ,indian m\nd4 ,x 0 a mass ( %ells1 *iefly ( oy/]s1 & conta9$ fl9t arr[-heads1 /one axes1 & fragm5ts ( ,indian pott]y4 ,return+ to ,savannah1 !y travell$ t[>ds ! nor?-we/1 by ,macon to ,mill$geville4 ,= m ?an #aej miles ( ! fir/ "p ( ! j\rney ,lyell w5t along ! railway on a h&-c>1 s z to /udy ! cutt+s & obta9 ! mo/ cont9u\s section possible ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits f ! sea to ! inl& granite4 ,^! deposits consi/$ ( porcela9 clays1 yell[ & :ite s&s1 & burr/one1 a fl9ty grit us$ = mill/ones1 :i* (t5 0 full ( silicifi$ %ells & corals1 ) ! tee? ( %>ks & ! bones ( zeuglodon4 ,lyell m5tions t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,macon he saw blockh\ses su* z ^? describ$ by ,coop] 9 ! ,pa?f9d]1 :i* tw5ty-five ye>s e>li] _h be5 us$ = def5ce aga9/ ! ,indians be=e any :ite m5's h\ses _h be5 built 9 ! =e/4 ,ne> ,mill$geville ! granite1 gneiss1 etc41 is decompos$ 9 situ to a consid]able dep?1 & ! ra9-wat]1 :5 ! trees h be5 cut d[n1 quickly furr[s ! detrital deposits ( ! neighb\rhood4 ,a rem>kable in/ance ( ?is action _h occurr$ at ,pomona ,f>m1 :]e a rav9e #ahj feet broad & #ee feet deep _h be5 excavat$ 9 ! c\rse ( only tw5ty ye>s4#aaa ,f ,mill$geville !y return$ to ,macon1 & !nce travell$ we/w>d by ,columbus to ,montgom]y1 be+ mu* jolt$ 9 ! /age-coa*1 b secur+ z a rew>d "s ,t]ti>y fossils2 & at ! latt] place !y f\nd r$ clays & s&/ones1 :i*1 h[ev]1 7 ab\t ! same age z ! *alk ( ,engl&4 ,aft] ! coa* travell+1 a j\rney by /eam] d[n ! ,alabama ,riv] to ,mobile 0 a welcome *ange1 & ! n unfrequ5t halts = c>go or to take 9 wood gave opportunities = collect+ fossils f ! neighb\r+ bluffs4 ,"o night !y 7 />tl$ by l\d cra%+ noises & ! s\nd ( break+ glass1 & f\nd t ! /eam] _h run f\l ( ! trees gr[+ on ! bank4 ,_! bran*es t\*$ ! wat]1 z ! riv] 0 unusually high2 & ! vessel1 9 ! d>kness1 _h be5 /e]$ too ne> to ! %ore4 ,long] halts 7 made at ,claiborne1 to collect fossils f deposits correspond+ 9 age ) ^? at ,brackle%am 9 ,engl&2 & at ,macon 7,alabama7 to visit a place :]e "s rem>kable specim5s ( ! zeuglodon _h be5 discov]$4 ,f ,mobile also a long riv] j\rney 0 und]tak5 to ,tuscaloosa1 to visit a coalfield :i* suppli$ ! t[n ) fuel & ! mat]ials = gas4 ,! field1 a s\!rn prolongation ( ! great ,appala*ian coalfield1 is a l>ge "o1 be+ ab\t n9ety miles long & ?irty wide1 ) "s seams sixte5 feet ?ick work$ 9 op5 qu>ries4 ,he rem>ks t he made geological excursions ?r\gh =e/s rec5tly ab&on$ by ! ,indians1 & :]e _! pa?s may /ill be trac$4 ,! /rata on ! ,alabama ,riv] af=d$ a useful lesson on ! v>iability ( li?ological *>act]s4 ,7 x n = ! fossils1 ,lyell says1 ! ,l[] ,cretace\s b$s ( loose gravel might be tak5 = ! newe/ ,t]ti>y1 ! ma9 body ( ! ,*alk = ,lias1 & ! s(t ,t]ti>y lime/one = ! repres5tative ( ! ,*alk4 ,x 0 impossible to leave ,mobile )\t see+ some?+ ( ! ,gulf ( ,mexico2 s !y w5t 9 a /eam] d[n ! ,alabama ,riv] to ! seaside1 look$ ^u ! muddy banks1 ) ! %ells#aab :i* live 9 !m & ! quantities ( drift-timb] :i* be/rew !m1 & !n w5t across to "o ( ! m9or m\?s ( ! ,mississippi1 &1 pass+ up x1 l&$ at ,new ,orleans4 ,?is t[n1 ab\t #aaj miles by wat] f ! conflu5ce ( ! ma9 *annel ( ! ,mississippi ) ! sea1 af=d$ a conv5i5t opportunity = /udy+ ! "* ( ! l[] "p ( ! delta ( ! ,fa!r ( ,wat]s4 ,su* a region might be expect$ to supply facts :i* w\ld be helpful 9 ! int]pretation ( _m ph5om5a pres5t$ by ! coal measures4 ,accord+ly1 ,lyell made "o excursion to ,lake ,pont*>tra91 a great %eet ( fre% wat] no great di/ance f bo? ,new ,orleans & ! sea1 & ano!r d[n to ! m\? ( ! ,mississippi4 ,! road ?r\gh ! swamp to ! =m] 0 con/ruct$ ( a /range mat]ial--viz4 ! :ite valves ( a fre%wat] mollusc4#aac ,^! are obta9$ f a huge bank ov] a mile 9 l5g?1 & sometimes ab\t f\r y>ds 9 dep?1 at "o end ( ! lake4 ,h[ ?is _h be5 =m$ seem$ d\btful4 ,possibly ! %ells _h be5 pil$ up by ! waves dur+ a /orm2 possibly !re _h be5 "s slight *ange ( level4 ,! lake itself is ab\t fifte5 feet bel[ high-wat] m>k1 & is ab\t z _m deep2 b1 z x receives an arm ( ! ,mississippi1 silt is gradually rais+ ! bottom4 ,! sea sometimes1 :5 impell$ by a /rong s\?-ea/ w9d1 makes its way into ! lake4 ,among ! ,engli% coal measures--z1 = in/ance1 at ,coalbrook ,dale or 9 ,york%ire--b$s ( m>9e %ells are occasionally f\nd int]calat$ among or ev5 associat$ ) fre%wat] molluscs1 )\t any alt]ation 9 ! g5]al "* ( ! b$s 9 :i* !y lie4 ,h[ ?is might occur is illu/rat$ by ,lake ,pont*>tra9 9 ! swampy alluvial delta4 ,"h a v slight physical *ange might enable ! sea to take1 = a "t1 possession ( ! l&1 & ! d5iz5s ( its wat]1 l a b& ( pirates1 to dispossess ! usual inhabitants4 ,! o!r exp$ition also suppli$ n a few valuable facts relat+ to ! hi/ory ( riv] deltas1 :i* 7 aft]w>ds supplem5t$ z !y travell$ nor?w>ds = "s hundr$s ( miles up ! riv]1 foll[+ its s9u\s c\rse ?r\gh leagues ( m>%y pla91 d5sely ov]gr[n ) vegetation4 ,9 ! seaw>d rea*es1 re$1 & ru%1 & will[1 b above ,new ,orleans cypresses & o!r timb] trees1 rise above ! rank h]bage4 ,! m9or *annels1 block$ ) driftwood :i* =m$ natural rafts2 ! s&-b>s & mud-banks2 ! great curves ( ! riv]1 ! bay\s#aad & isolat$ pools2 ! natural banks built up by ! s$im5t arre/$ at flood-"t by ! h]bage ne> ! riv] br9k2 ! float+ timb] & ! snags--all provid$ valuable illu/rations ( ! physical features ( a great riv] delta1 & suppli$ him ) mat]ial :i* aft]w>ds 0 work$ up into new] editions ( ! ,pr9ciples & ! ,elem5ts4 ,f ,new ,orleans ,lyell w5t by /eam] to ,nat*ez1 halt+ on ! way to exam9e m closely c]ta9 localities ( int]e/ & to obta9 illu/rations ( h[ a coalfield might be =m$4 ,! bluffs ( ,nat*ez--almo/ ! fir/ place :]e di/9ctly high] gr\nd approa*es ! riv]-side--af=d$ pl5ty ( semi-fossil %ells1 specifically id5tical ) ^? /ill inhabit+ ! valley ( ! ,mississippi1 b ! loam 9 :i* !y 7 emb$d$--a loam :i* rem9d$ him ( ! loess ( ! ,rh9e--also conta9s ! rema9s ( ! ma/odon1 & ov]lies a clay ) bones ( ! megalonyx1 horse1 & o!r quadrup$s1 mo/ly ext9ct4 ,b5ea? ?is clay are s&s & gravel1 ! :ole =m+ a plat=m :i* rises ab\t #bjj feet above ! l[ riv] pla91 reveal+ an e>li] *apt] 9 ! hi/ory ( ! riv]4 ,simil> bluffs occur at ,vicksburg1 b ^! disclos$ ,eoc5e /rata b5ea? ! alluvial deposits1 & ?us invit$ a halt 9 ord] to explore ! neighb\rhood4 ,! next /age 0 to ,memphis1 ne>ly #djj miles4 ,lyell speaks highly ( ! accommodation g5]ally af=d$ by ! riv] /eam]s1 b f\nd ! inquisitiv5ess ( 8 ,am]ican fell[-travell]s r a nuisance1 & ! spoil$ *ildr5 a /ill great] "o4 ,! =m] drawback to pleasure has c]ta9ly abat$ dur+ ! la/ half-c5tury1 b :e!r ! latt] has done ! same may p]haps be disput$4 ,new ,madrid1 #agj miles above ,memphis1 call$ = a long] halt1 = ! neighb\r+ di/rict _h suff]$ f a great e>?quake 9 ! ye> #ahaa1 :5 %ocks 7 felt at int]vals = ab\t ?ree mon?s1 ! gr\nd 0 crack$1 wat] m+l$ ) s& 0 sp\t$ out1 yawn+ fissures op5$ 79 "o case dra9+ a lake71 portions ( ! riv] cliff 7 %ak5 d[n into ! /ream1 & a l>ge di/rict--ab\t #b1jjj squ>e miles 9 area--0 p]man5tly depress$4 ,"s traces ( ! e>?quake1 9 addition to ! la/-nam$1 c\ld /ill be recognis$ at ! "t ( ,lyell's visit1 ?\gh m ?an ?irty ye>s _h elaps$4 ,at ,cairo1 above ,new ,madrid1 ! ,ohio jo9s ! ,mississippi1 & x 0 asc5d$ to ,m\nt ,v]non4 ,! geology n[ became a little m v>i$1 = b5ea? ! %elly loam already m5tion$ ,c>bonif]\s /rata make _! appe>ance1 9 :i* fossil plants are sometimes abundant & upright trees n[ & !n occur4 ,= ne>ly #bjj miles high] up ! ,ohio1 rocks ( ?is age are expos$ at int]vals1 till at la/1 ne> ,l\isville1 ^? belong+ to ! ,devonian sy/em rise f b5ea? !m4 ,^!1 at ,new ,albany1 conta9 a fossil coral-reef1 expos$ 9 ! b$ ( ! riv] & cr[d$ ) specim5s 9 unusually good pres]vation4 ,at ,c9c9nati ! travell]s came at la/ ^u old gr\nd1 & j\rney$ !nce by /eam] to ,pittsburg4 ,ab\t ?irty-two miles f ?is t[n1 at a place call$ ,gre5sburg1 "s rem>kable footpr9ts _h be5 discov]$ on slabs ( /one n _m mon?s be=e ,lyell's visit1 b z ! b$s on :i* !y occurr$ belong$ to ! coal measures d\bt _h be5 express$ z to _! be+ g5u9e1 s he w5t ?i!r to satisfy himself on ?is po9t4 ,! footpr9ts _h di/urb$ ! peace ( ,pittsburg1 = !y _h />t$ discussions 9 :i* "o p>ty _h assum$1 z matt]s ( c\rse1 ! high antiquity ( ! e>? & ! great *anges 9 its liv+ t5ants1 & _h ?us incurr$ ! c5sure--:i* 9 "s cases 0 foll[$ by pr(essional injury--n only ( ! multitude1 b also ( "s ( ! ,roman ,ca?olic & ,lu!ran cl]gy4 ,comm5t+ on ?is episode1 ,lyell quotes ) approbation ! words ( a contempor>y au?or1#aae :i* ev5 at ! pres5t "t occasionally ne$ to be rememb]$3--,to no?+ b error c any tru? be dang]\s2 & ,i "k n :]e else !re is to be se5 s altoge!r tragical a spectacle1 z t religion %\ld be f\nd /&+ 9 ! highways to say ',let no man le>n ! simple/ laws ( ! univ]se1 le/ !y misle>n ! highe/4 ,9 ! "n ( ,god ! ,mak]1 :o said1 & h\rly yet says1 ,let !re be light1 we comm& t y cont9ue 9 d>kness6' ,! travell]s cross$ ! ,alleghany ,m\nta9s 9 _! way to ,philadelphia4 ,b a piece ( "w 9 ,virg9ia _h be5 left unf9i%$ on ! la/ occasion--! exam9ation ( ! ,jurassic coalfield ne> ,ri*mond4 ,s he set (f ?i!r1 leav+ ,mrs4 ,lyell 9 ,philadelphia1 & took ! opportunity ( exam9+ ! ,t]ti>y deposits ne> ! =m] t[n & ! ,eoc5e /rata on ! ,potomac ,riv]4 ,on 8 return !y w5t to ,burl+ton1 :i* !y rea*$ 9 ! fir/ week 9 ,may1 j z ! humm+-birds 7 arriv+ 9 hundr$s1 & by ! #g? ( ! mon? !y 7 9 ,new ,york4 ,! age ( ! s-call$ ,taconic ,gr\p--a "q ( :i* s mu* has be5 he>d ( late ye>s--0 !n beg9n+ to attract att5tion1 s ,lyell w5t 9 company ) "s ,am]ican geologi/s to ,albany 9 ! hope ( solv+ ! problem4 ,?is he tru/$ he _h done1 b z 8 conclusions n[ w\ld be deem$ unsatisfactory1 !y ne$ n be quot$4 ,9 reality1 ! "q at t "t 0 n ev5 ripe = discussion4 ,on ! homew>d j\rney he turn$ aside at ,bo/on to visit ,w5ham ,lake1 f :i* mu* ice 0 be+ suppli$ to ,london1 & !n !y left = ,engl& by a /eam packet :i* t\*$ at ,halifax4 ,f\r days aft] leav+ ?is place !y pass$ among a gr\p ( iceb]gs sev]al hundr$s 9 numb]1 v>y+ 9 height f #ajj to #bjj feet1 _m ( !m picturesque 9 =m1 "s ev5 fanta/ic4 ,/ones 7 re/+ on "o ( !m1 b z a rule !y 7 p]fectly clean & dazzl+ly :ite1 except on ! wave-worn p>ts1 :i*1 z usual1 7 a beautiful blue4 ,^!1 & a f9e aurora borealis on ! next night1 7 ! only incid5ts ( ! voyage1 & on ,june #ac?1 9 twelve & a half days f ,bo/on1 ! vessel rea*$ ,liv]pool4 ,! close ( ?is j\rney m>ks an epo* 9 ,lyell's life4 ,x 0 ! la/--unless we except 8 visit to ,madeira--( 8 long w&]+s = ! purpose ( que/ion+ ,nature face to face1 & ( /udy+ h] "u v>i\s aspects & div]se conditions4 ,he did n1 inde$1 cease to travel4 ,he twice return$ to ,am]ica1 he revisit$ ,sicily & v>i\s p>ts ( ,europe1 b ^! j\rneys n only occupi$ less "t b also l$ him among sc5es = ! mo/ "p n unfamili>4 ,he d\btless felt t on rea*+ 8 fiftie? ye> he might fairly reg>d ! m labori\s "p ( 8 education complet$1 al?\gh he nev] ceas$ to be a le>n]1 ev5 to ! late/ days ( 8 life1 :5 /r5g? _h fail$ & memory 0 becom+ weak4 ,an acc\nt ( ! above-nam$ j\rney 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdi1 "u ! title ( ,a ,second ,visit to ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,?is book1 9 addition to descriptions ( ! sc5]y & ! geology ( ! c\ntry1 conta9s mu* g5]al in=mation ab\t ! p1 ) rem>ks by ! au?or on v>i\s political que/ions1 su* z ! condition ( p>ties1 ! effects ( almo/ univ]sal suffrage1 p>ticul>ly on ! national s5se ( hon\r & morality1 ! exi/5ce & evils ( slav]y1 ! /ate ( religi\s feel+1 ! position ( ,*ur*es1 & ! sy/ems ( education1 especially :5 contra/$ ) ^? ( ,engl&4 ,"s ( ^! que/ions ab\t ?is "t 7 excit+ mu* att5tion 9 ,great ,brita91 & 9 reg>d to "o matt]--! delimitation ( ! t]ritories ( ! two nations 9 ! region we/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s--friction exi/$1 :i* 0 s s]i\s t m ?an once w> seem$ possible4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 probably1 ! ,second ,visit 0 a great] success1 comm]cially speak+1 ?an ! ,travels1 = x rea*$ a ?ird edition4 ,,footnotes3 #aje ,*apt]s xiv4 & xxix4 #ajf ,! ,girvan ,succession1 ,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 xxxviii4 7#ahhb71 p4 #ecg4 #ajg ,! capel9 7,mallotus villosus71 :i* /ill lives 9 ! ,atlantic4 #ajh ,x 0 also se5 ! foll[+ ye> on ! coa/ ( ,virg9ia1 & on t ( ,norway 9 bo? #ahde & #ahdf4 #aji ,he says t ! alleg$ sea-s]p5t wa%$ a%ore at ,/ronsa 7,orkneys7 9 #ahjh is prov$ by ! bones 7"s ( :i* are pres]v$7 to h be5 ?is animal4 #aaj ,! =mation1 h[ev]1 does n belong to ! ,c>bonif]\s sy/em1 b is %[n by its fossils to be ,jurassic 9 age4 #aaa ,x is describ$ & figur$ 9 lat] editions ( ! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 *ap4 xv4 7elev5? edition74 #aab ,a species ( ,gna?odon4 #aac ,gna?odon cuneatus4 #aad ,a bay\ is ! "n giv5 to an old *annel ( ! riv]4 ,:5 ! latt] is mak+ a s]ies ( horse%oe curves1 ! /ream (t5 cuts ?r\gh ! neck ( l& :i* sep>ates its ne>e/ p>ts4 ,! wat] !n takes ! %orte/ c\rse1 ! entrances to ! old *annel are silt$ up1 & x becomes a horse%oe-%ap$ pool4 #aae ,t4 ,c>lyle 7,lett] on ,secul> ,education74 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,/eady ,,progress4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,geology _h be5 complet$ & publi%$ = ?irte5 ye>s1 yet cata/rophism1 z we le>n f a correspond5ce ) ,edw>d ,=bes1#aaf dat$ ,septemb]1 #ahdf1 0 dy+ h>d4 ,agassiz1 ,alcide ,d',orbigny1 & _! foll[]s 7 /ill try+ to make out sudd5 revolutions 9 organic life 9 support ( equally hypo!tical cata/rophes 9 ! physical hi/ory ( ! globe4#aag ,a rem>k 9 ,=bes's reply is /rik+3-- ,y are pleas$ to complim5t my pap] on its orig9ality4 ,any praise f y mu/ ev] be among ! greate/ gratifications to me1 & to any hone/ lab\r] 9 ! great field ( ,nature4 ,b ,i _h r he> ! views ,i h set =w>d be prov$ n orig9al ?an ! contr>y4 ,x seems to me t ! sure/ pro( ( ! tru? ( su* conclusions z ,i h summ$ up at ! end ( my essay is ! fact ( _! n be+ orig9al s f> z "o p]son is conc]n$1 & ( _! hav+ become manife/ to m ?an "o m9d1 ei!r ab\t ! same "t or successively1 )\t communication4 ,i believe laws discov] !mselves to individuals1 & n t individuals discov] laws4 ,if a law h tru? 9 x1 _m w see x ab\t ! same "t4 ,9 ?is mon? also ! ,lyells remov$ f ,h>t ,/reet to #aa1 ,h>ley ,/reet4 ,! h\se :]e !y _h sp5t f\rte5 ye>s v happily 0 n left )\t regret1 b x _h become too small4 ,!y _h no *ildr51 b a rapidly increas+ geological collection takes up almo/ z mu* room z 7?\gh x is mu* m sil5t ?an7 a gr[+ family4 ,! removal ( a geological collection is a labori\s bus9ess2 &1 besides ?is1 ,lyell 0 prep>+ a new edition ( ! ,pr9ciples & writ+ a book ab\t 8 rec5t travels 9 ,am]ica4 ,/ill1 to judge f 8 lett]s1 he f\nd "t = "s pleasant social di/ractions2 = 8 lett]s to ! old home at ,k9nordy conta9 m (t5 ?an =m]ly int]e/+ ref]5ces to talks ) su* m5 z ,macaulay1 ,milman1 & ,rog]s1 ,"l ,cl>5don & ,"l ,lansd[ne4 ,! sev5? edition ( ! ,pr9ciples1 cond5s$ into a bulky s+le volume1 0 publi%$ e>ly 9 #ahdg1 & 9 ! foll[+ ,june ,lyell att5d$ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ox=d1 :i* appe>s to h be5 no less pleasant ?an successful1 al?\gh out ( tw5ty-f\r ,heads ( ,h\ses only f\r 7 at ,ox=d to receive ! ,association4 ,on ?is occasion1 he writes1 he became bett] acqua9t$ ) ,rusk91 :o 0 secret>y ( our ,geological ,section4 ,! rema9d] ( ?is summ] 0 sp5t 9 ,scotl&1 & ! re/ ( ! ye>1 ) mo/ ( ! foll[+ "o1 0 devot$ to quiet "w4 ,/ill1 ,lyell took an active "p 9 a crisis ?r\gh :i*1 ab\t ?is "t1 ! ,royal ,society 0 pass+4 ,a numb] ( ! ,fell[s1 includ+ mo/ ( ^? em95t 9 sci5ce1 7 anxi\s to raise ! /&>d = admission into ! ,society4 ,= _m ye>s pa/ ! ?ree lett]s _h (t5 signifi$ little m ?an an indication ( good means & social position1 c\pl$ ) a c]ta9 int]e/ 9 sci5tific pursuits4 ,! re=m]s prevail$1 aft] a long /ruggle ) a set ( ob/ructives comp>$ ) :om ,mett]ni* 0 a progressive animal1 & ! pres5t /atus ( ! society is ! result4 ,incid5tal rem>ks 9 ,lyell's lett]s to 8 relations also indicate t he 0 becom+ well kn[n 9 circles o!r ?an sci5tific1 ( :i* a fur!r pro( 0 giv5 9 ! autumn ( #ahdh1 :5 he receiv$ ! (f] ( knigh?ood4 ,( c\rse1 9 any c\ntry :]e ord]s ( m]it exi/1 o!r ?an ,great ,brita91 ,lyell w\ld h be5 decorat$ ye>s ago1 b we manage ?+s diff]5tly4 ,z a rule1 we let sci5ce & lit]ature be _! own rew>d1 &1 z an exception1 conf] ! same di/9ction on a man :o has won a _w-wide reputation 7provid$ he is fairly ri*7 & on an opul5t tradesman :o is accid5tly prom95t on "s auspici\s occasion1 or is a local wirepull] 9 p>ty politics4 ,lyell w5t ov] f ,k9nordy to ,balmoral to receive ! int5d$ hon\r1 & _h1 z he writes1 a mo/ agreeable geological explor+ on ! banks ( ! ,dee1 into :i* ,pr9ce ,alb]t ent]$ ) mu* _s4 ,9 ,febru>y1 #ahdi1 he 0 elect$ = ! second "t ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society1 & 9 ! autumn1 :5 at ,k9nordy1 0 aga9 invit$ to ,balmoral1 :]e he _h "s int]e/+ talks ) ,pr9ce ,alb]t on subjects rang+ f v>i\s educational & broad political que/ions to ! entomology ( ,switz]l&1 ,scotl&1 & ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,9 ! middle ( ,septemb] he att5d$ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,birm+ham1 :]e he 0 = ! ?ird "t ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,section4 ,a few weeks lat] 8 fa!r1 ^: heal? _h be5 = "s "t fail+1 di$ at ,k9nordy4#aah ,! latt] 0 a ri* man1 b z he made lib]al provision = 8 daught]s & y\ng] sons1 ,sir ,*>les1 ?\gh he succe$$ to a consid]able e/ate1 f\nd himself unable to af=d ! exp5se ( keep+ up ,k9nordy z well z a h\se 9 ,london4 ,:i*1 !n1 0 h5ce=? to be 8 home8 ,! attractions ( ,k9nordy 7 obvi\s1 b ! long di/ance f ! metropolis 0 a s]i\s drawback1 :ile ! duties ( a resid5t l&lord w\ld h int]f]$ mu* ) 8 geological "w1 :i* w\ld h be5 /ill m hamp]$ by ! sev]ance f libr>ies1 museums1 & int]c\rse ) fell[-work]s4 ,?us he felt x 8 duty to reta9 8 h\se 9 ,london & to let ,k9nordy1 ?\gh1 z 8 "m & si/]s retreat$ to ! d[] h\se1 he 0 able f "t to "t to visit ! old place4 ,! decision probably 0 less pa9ful ?an x o!rwise w\ld h be5 f ! fact t 8 boyhood _h be5 sp5t 9 ,engl&4 ,at any rate1 x 0 a wise "o1 9 reg>d to bo? 8 own reputation & ! progress ( sci5ce 9 g5]al4 ,9 ! summ] ( #ahej1 ,sir ,*>les augm5t$ 8 exp]i5ce & refre%$ old memories by a t\r 9 ,g]many4 ,dur+ ?is he saw = ! fir/ "t ! ,ro?-todt-lieg5de or ,l[] ,p]mian conglom]ates at ,halle & at ,eis5a*1 z well z ! great lava /reams :i* _h suppli$ !m ) s mu* ( _! mat]ials4 ,also he w5t to ! ,brock5 9 ord] to exam9e into ,von ,bu*'s extraord9>y ass]tion t ! granite _h come up 9 a bubble4 ,?is1 x is ne$less to say1 0 spe$ily prick$4 ,! loess also1 t s+ul> deposit :i* wraps l a mantle s mu* ( ! undulat+ gr\nd 9 ,nor!rn ,g]many1 evid5tly engag$ 8 att5tion1 & we f9d ! fruits ( ^! /udies 9 a lat] "w4 ,9 addition to all ?is1 he did m ?an glance at ! ,mae/ri*t ,*alk1 ! ,weald5 coal ( ,hanov]1 ! ,t]ti>y deposits ne> ,b]l91 ! ,palaeozoic rocks ( ! ,h>tz1 & ! sc5]y ( ! ,saxon ,switz]l&4 ,8 books1 8 sci5tific pap]s1 & ,presid5tial addresses to ! ,geological ,society1 8 duties z a commission]1 at fir/ = ! ,exhibition ( #ahea1 & some:at lat] = ! re=m ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 kept him pretty well employ$ till ,augu/1 #aheb1 :5 he = ! ?ird "t cross$ ! ,atlantic to deliv] ano!r c\rse ( lectures at ! ,l[ell ,in/itute1 ,bo/on4 ,?\gh he 0 back 9 ,engl& be=e ,*ri/mas1 he f\nd "t = "s geological "w 9 ,am]ica1 ! mo/ important item 9 :i* 0 an excursion f ,halifax 9 company ) 8 old acqua9tance1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 to ! ,nova ,scotian coalfield4 ,on ?is occasion he pass$ ?r\gh a fair am\nt ( c\ntry /ill uncle>$1 :i* made ! j\rney m int]e/+2 he _h also opportunities ( appreciat+ ! effects ( ice 9 mov+ & pil+ up b\ld]s on ! %ores ( lakes1 & obta9$ /ill m evid5ce 9 reg>d to ?is1 on rea*+ ! sea-coa/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! coalfield4 ,b _! lab\r 0 rew>d$ by "o discov]y ( exceptional importance4 ,9 ! trunk ( a tree :i* _h di$ & become holl[ 9 a =e/ ( ! ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 !y f\nd entomb$ ! skeleton ( an animal4 ,:e!r ?is 7 a fi% or a reptile 0 at fir/ hotly disput$1 b f9ally x prov$ to be an amphibian4 ,on 8 return to ,engl&1 ,sir ,*>les 0 kept = "s "t fully employ$ by ! prep>ation ( ! n9? edition ( ! ,pr9ciples1 b e>ly 9 ! summ] ( #ahec he w5t = ! f\r? "t to ,am]ica--on ?is occasion 9 company ) ,"l ,ellesm]e--z commission] to ! ,exhibition held at ,new ,york4 ,b n[ 8 "t 0 fully tak5 up by (ficial duties1 & 8 visit 0 a %ort "o1 = he return$ be=e ! end ( ,july1 & 0 soon aft]w>ds invit$ to visit ,osborne & give "s acc\nt ( 8 j\rney to ! ,que5 & ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,v e>ly 9 #ahed he aga9 left ,engl&1 9 company ) ,lady ,lyell & ,mr4 & ,mrs4 ,bunbury1 to visit ,madeira4 ,"s ?ree weeks 7 devot$ to a c>eful /udy ( ! geology ( t isl&1#aai p>tly ) ! view ( det]m9+ :e!r x af=d$ any support to ,von ,bu*'s fav\rite notion t volcanic cones 7 ma9ly =m$ by upheaval4 ,z might be anticipat$1 ! evid5ce 0 di/9ctly unfav\rable4 ,! isl& 0 prov$ to be ma9ly compos$ ( volcanic mat]ial1 cones ( basaltic scoria1 & great fl[s ( simil> lava1 :i* _h be5 pil$ successively "o on ano!r 9 ! op5 air to a dep? ( ab\t #d1jjj feet4 ,?is mass _h be5 subsequ5tly pi]c$ by dykes1 worn by /orm & /ream1 & 9 "o or two places deeply groov$ by riv]s4 ,!re 71 inde$1 "s und]ly+ b$s ( m>9e orig91 :i*1 9 "o "p ( ! isl&1 rose to a height ( #a1bjj feet above ! sea1 & ?us indicat$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( upheaval2 b ev5 ?is 0 n ( ! k9d :i* ,von ,bu*'s hypo!sis requir$1 :ile ! re/ ( ! evid5ce1 includ+ t af=d$ by "s tuffs conta9+ fossil plants1 prov$ t ! major "p ( ! isl& _h be5 =m$ above wat]4 ,f ,madeira !y w5t on to ,t5]iffe1 ,palma1 & ! ,gr& ,can>y4 ,( ?is "p ( ! j\rney few details are giv51 b ! results 7 aft]w>ds incorporat$ ) "o ( 8 books4#abj ,to ! ,peak ( ,t5]iffe ! ref]5ce is comp>atively brief4 ,( ,palma ! acc\nt is mu* full]1 = ?is isl& _h be5 reg>d$ by ,von ,bu*1 :o visit$ x 9 #ahbe1 z a type ( 8 crat]s ( elevation--an idea :i* 0 dispell$ by ,lyell's inve/igation4 ,! ,gr& ,can>y1 l ,madeira1 prov$ to be =m$ ( masses ( suba]ial volcanic rock1 p]haps ev5 ?ick] ?an ^? 9 ,madeira1 :i* also re/$ ^u "s uprais$ m>9e deposits ( ,mioc5e age4 ,9 ! c\rse ( #ahed ,sir ,*>les receiv$ f 8 own ,univ]sity ! honor>y degree ( ,d4,c4,l4 ,mu* "t 0 sp5t 9 work+ up ! results ( 8 la/ j\rney1 "s ( :i* 7 communicat$ to ! ,geological ,society4#aba ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahee he w5t to ! ,cont95t1 /udy+1 among o!r matt]s1 ! drifts 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b]l94 ,9 ! summ] he visit$ ,scotl&1 made ! acqua9tance ( ,hugh ,mill]1 work$ ov] ,ar?ur's ,seat1 ,black=d ,hill1 & ! coa/ ( ,fife f ,k+horn to ,kirkcaldy4 ,x w\ld be h>d to f9d a set ( sections bett] adapt$ = ! /udy ( anci5t volcanic rocks1 bo? contemporane\s & intrusive1 ?an ?is coa/ af=ds2 & 8 exp]i5ce 9 ,madeira & ! ,can>ies enabl$ him to reg>d ! ,ed9burgh & ,fife rocks ) v diff]5t eyes4 ,"o or two ( 8 publi%$ lett]s ab\t ?is p]iod h a special int]e/1 = !y %[ t 8 views on ! orig9 ( species 7 und]go+ a gradual modification4 ,speak+ ( "s /range v>iations 9 ! fl[] ( an or*ide\s plant1#abb he ref]s1 half 9 je/1 to ugly facts1 z ,hook]1 cl++ 7l me7 to ! or?odox fai?1 calls ^! & o!r abnormal vag>ies2 & aga91 ! foll[+ s5t5ces d n come f a man :o is firm 9 8 belief#abc3-- ,:5 ,huxley1 ,hook]1 & ,wolla/on 7 at ,d>w9's la/ week1 !y 7all f\r ( !m7 ran a tilt aga9/ species fur!r1 ,i believe1 ?an !y are delib]ately prep>$ to g--,wolla/on lea/ unor?odox4 ,i _c easily see h[ !y c g s f>1 & n embrace ! :ole ,lam>ckian doctr9e4 ,huxley held =? la/ week ab\t ! oxlip1 :i* he says is unkn[n on ! ,cont95t4 ,if we _h met ) x 9 ,madeira & n[h]e else1 or ! c[slip1 %\ld we n h vot$ !m true species8 ,d>w9 f9ds1 among 8 fifte5 v>ieties ( ! common pigeon1 ?ree good g5]a & ab\t fifte5 good species1 accord+ to ! receiv$ mode ( species & g5us-mak+ ( ! be/ orni?ologi/s1 & ! bony skeleton v>y+ ) ! re/6 ,aft] all1 did we n come f an ourang1 see+ t man is ( ! ,old ,_w1 & n f ! ,am]ican type ( an?ropomorph\s mammalia8 ,sir ,*>les & ,lady ,lyell 7 aga9 on ! ,cont95t 9 ! summ] ( #ahef1 exam9+ ! drifts ( ,nor!rn ,g]many1 visit+ ,humboldt at ,b]l91 discuss+ geological que/ions1 especially 9 reg>d to ,c>bonif]\s plants1 at ,breslau ) ,roem] & ,goepp]t2 work+ ov] ! ,ries5gebirge2 !n go+ on to ,dresd51 & pass+ ?r\gh ! ,saxon ,switz]l& to ,aussig4 ,! coalfield nor?-we/ ( ! =m] city 0 n neglect$1 ! great breccia b$s ( ! ,ro?lieg5de 7 aga9 exam9$1 & acc\nt 0 tak5 ( ,ramsay's op9ion t c]ta9 ,briti% ,p]mian breccias 7 glacial 9 orig94 ,close att5tion 0 also be/[$ ^u ! great masses ( h>d qu>tzose grit1 ?r\gh :i* ! ,elbe has c>v$ its way--! ,quad] ( ,saxony2 = ?is =mation1 a grit :olly defici5t 9 calc>e\s matt]1 corresponds to ! m purely calc>e\s rock 7,*alk7 ( ,great ,brita91 & yet conta9s "h & !re ! same %ells4 ,he did n neglect ! ,br[n ,coal#abd betwe5 ,toeplitz & ,aussig1 &1 on rea*+ ,prague1 made ! acqua9tance ( ,b>r&e1 :o took him to see ^? old] ,palaeozoic rocks among :i* ! great palaeontologi/ _h be5 lab\r+ = ne>ly a qu>t] ( a c5tury4 ,!n ! travell]s proce$$ to ,vi5na1 & aft] t to ! ,/yrian ,alps1 to visit v>i\s int]e/+ sections 9 ! ,salzkamm]gut1 su* z ! classic gr\nd at ,gosau & ! ,triassic lime/ones ne> ,hall/adt1 :]e ! la/ survivors ( ! ,palaeozoic ages are entomb$ ) ! repres5tatives ( ! p]iod4 ,8 lett]s1 l _m o!rs ( e>li] date1 indicate t1 not)/&+ ! fasc9ations ( geology1 nei!r liv+ molluscs1 nor insects1 nor plants _h ceas$ to int]e/4 ,!y return$ by way ( ,muni*1 ,ulm1 ,zu]i* & ,p>is1 rea*+ ,engl& ab\t ! end ( ,octob]4 ,! summ] ( #aheg 0 devot$ to ano!r ,cont95tal t\r1 r m re/rict$ ?an ! =m]1 b by no means unimportant4 ,!y w5t leisurely ?r\gh ,belgium & up ! ,rh9e into ,switz]l&1 halt+ at diff]5t places ei!r to /udy sections ( special int]e/ or to conf] ) em95t geologi/s4 ,"p ( a lett] writt5 at ?is "t#abe gives a valuable insight into ! int5tion ( ^! j\rneys & ! "* ( ! au?or1 :o 0 n[ 9 8 sixtie? ye>3-- ,i hope to cont9ue = ye>s travell+1 mak+ orig9al obs]vations1 &1 above all1 go+ to s*ool to ! y\ng]1 b n1 = all t1 "y geologi/s1 :om ,i meet ev]y:]e1 s f> ahead ( u old /ag]s t !y are famili> ) bran*es ( ! sci5ce1 fa/ ris+ into importance1 :i* 7 n ?\ght ( :5 ,i fir/ began4 ,switz]l&1 obvi\sly1 0 visit$ on ?is occasion ) a v def9ite purpose4 ,de ,*>p5ti]1 ,es*] von d] ,l9?1 & o!r local geologi/s1 _h be5 = "s "t ass]t+ t ! glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 at no remote epo* 9 geological hi/ory1 _h atta9$ to an enorm\s size1 _h buri$ ! ,swiss l[l& & cov]$ x ) mora9ic deposits1 & _h ev5 well$ up high aga9/ ! flanks ( ! ,jura1 :]e ! huge blocks ( protog9e f ! ,mont ,blanc range--su* z ,pi]re a bot & its companion erratics1 full #hjj feet above ! ,lake ( ,neu*atel--indicat$ "o position ( its t]m9al mora9e4 ,=m]ly1 9 common ) _m o!r geologi/s1 ,sir ,*>les _h suppos$ ^! blocks to h be5 transport$ f ! ,alp9e peaks by ice-rafts on ! sea1 at a "t :5 ! :ole region /ood at a consid]ably l[] level4 ,b n[1 aft] exam9+ ! erratics1 _! regul> & significant di/ribution1 ! o!r glacial debris1 ! ice-worn surfaces ( rock b5ea? x1 & asc]ta9+ ! di/9ctly t]re/rial "* ( ! deposits all ab\t ! m\nta9s1 he unres]v$ly admitt$ l&-ice to be ! only possible ag5t1 &1 9 accept+ ?is hypo!sis1 p]ceiv$ cle>ly t he mu/ n %r9k f apply+ x to ,scotl&4 ,!n he plung$ into ! m\nta9s to exam9e & foll[ ! track ( ! retreat+ ice-%eet up to ! glaci]s :i* are /ill at "w among ! high] peaks1 pass+ up ! valley ( ! ,reuss1 cross+ ! ,furka ,pass1 & desc5d+ ! ,rhone valley to ,visp1 b turn+ aside to exam9e ! e>? pill>s on ! flank ( ! ,eggi%orn4#abf ,ano!r1 & a l>g] gr\p ( ^! pill>s--in/ances ( ! erosive action ( ra9-wat] on mora9ic mat]ial--0 se5 ne> ,/ald51 9 ! ,visp-?al2 b ^! _h be5 damag$ by ! e>?quake :i* two ye>s be=e _h sev]ely %ak5 ?is "p ( ! ,alps4 ,at ,z]matt ! *>act]i/ics ( glaci]s & ! effects ( ice 7 c>efully /udi$ among ! gr&e/ ( ,alp9e sc5]y2 !n1 on return+ to ! ,rhone ,valley1 !y cross$ ! ,alps by ! ,simplon & w5t on to ,tur94 ,"h he took ! opportunity ( visit+ ! huge mora9e ne> ,ivrea1 :i* rises f ! l[l& l a range ( hills1 & ( inve/igat+ ! erratics ( ! ,sup]ga1 satisfy+ himself t !y really belong$ to ! ,mioc5e deposits ( t hill1 & 7 indicative ( ! exi/5ce ( glaci]s 9 ! ,alps ( t epo*1 :i* _h be5 l>ge en\gh to rea* ! sea-level1 & to s5d (f masses ( ice lad5 ) b\ld]s4 ,!n !y w5t on to ,g5oa1 & along ! beautiful ,rivi]a di ,levante to ,pisa2 !nce1 aft] a %ort visit to ,flor5ce1 proce$+ direct f ,leghorn to ,naples4 ,"h1 he once m exam9$ ,vesuvius1 & _h ! luck to see lava /reams actually 9 motion--"s go+ fa/1 o!rs go+ v sl[--a sight :i* gave him _m new ideas4 ,a /udy also ( ! dykes ( ,somma conv9c$ him t !y af=d$ no support to ,de ,beaumont's idea ( a di/5sion ( ! mass4#abg ,f ,naples he w5t to ,sicily1 9 ord] to make a second exam9ation ( ,etna1 & !n1 aft] rejo9+ ,lady ,lyell1 sp5t "s "t 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,rome1 visit+ ! old volcanic di/rict ( ! ,alban ,hills1 & mak+ excursions1 z !y travell$ nor?w>d1 into ! ,ap5n9es4 ,!y return$ ?r\gh ,france1 rea*+ ,london t[>ds ! end ( ,decemb]4 ,b1 = a work] s ?or\gh 9 8 me?ods1 ?is visit to ! volcanoes 0 n en\gh1 s next ye>1 aft] sp5d+ ! e>li] "p ( ! summ] ) 8 bro!r's#abh family 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,d>m/adt1 he left ,lady ,lyell !re1 & set (f t[>ds ! end ( ,augu/ = a ?ird exam9ation bo? ( ,vesuvius & ( ,etna4 ,travell+ rapidly up ! valley ( ! ,rh9e1 he w5t by ,g5eva to ,culoz1 & ov] ,mont ,c5is to ,tur9 & ,g5oa1 )\t halt+ = geological "w1 & !nce by sea to ,naples4 ,lava 0 /ill fl[+ f ,vesuvius1 t black mass1 ) its /range rope-l folds & slaggy wr9kles1#abi n[ s well kn[n to e visitor4 ,accompani$ by ,pr(essor ,guisc>di--"o ( ! mo/ g5ial & helpful ( lead]s--,sir ,*>les made 8 way to a v5t at ! base ( ! pr9cipal cone1 :]e ! lava 0 /ill well+ =? f a small grotto1 look+ z fluid z wat] :]e x fir/ issu$1 & mov+ at a pace :i* y w\ld call rapid 9 a riv]4 ,:ite-hot1 at fir/1 9 a canal f\r or five feet broad1 !n r$ be=e x _h got on a y>d1 !n 9 a few feet beg9n+ to be cov]$ by a d>k scum1 :i* ?ick5$ fa/ & 0 c>ri$ along on ! surface4 ,b ! great "q1 :e!r a volcano 0 ma9ly a crat] ( elevation or a crat] ( ejection1 0 ev] pres5t to 8 m9d2 s1 9 addition to /udy+ ! gr& sections display$ 9 ! crags ( ,monte ,somma1 he devot$ two days to ! exploration ( ! rav9es :i* furr[ its out] slopes4 ,he also f\nd "t to h ano!r look at ! ,temple ( ,s]apis1 & to exam9e ! ,solfat>a1 :i* is a /rik+ example ( a crat] at once broad & l[4 ,aft] a week's halt at ,naples1 ,sir ,*>les resum$ 8 j\rney to ,sicily1 l&+ at ,mess9a on ,septemb] #aj?4 ,by ! #ae? he 0 once m on ! slopes ( ,etna1 & _h begun a twelve-day p]iod ( h>d "w on ! m\nta91 pass+ five nights 9 v r\gh qu>t]s at ! ,casa degli ,+lesi1 #i1fjj feet above sea-level4 ,dur+ ?is /ay he asc5d$ ! pr9cipal cone1 c>efully exam9+ bo? ! l>g] & ! small] crat]s1 & desc5d$ into ! ,val del ,bove1 a labori\s exp$ition1 b "o :i* well repaid him by ?r[+ mu* light on ! /ructure ( ! volcanic mass4 ,/ill he 0 n yet satisfi$1 = aft] he _h desc5d$ to ,zaf>ana1 he return$ to sp5d ano!r night at ! ,casa degli ,+lesi 9 ord] to satisfy himself ab\t "o or two details4 ,f ,zaf>ana also he w5t aga9 to ! ,val del ,bove1 *eck+ & increas+ 8 notes1 & devot$ ano!r day to a mo/ int]e/+ excursion ?r\gh picturesque sc5]y z f> z ! wat]%$ betwe5 ?is va/ holl[ 9 ! m\nta9 side & ! neighb\r+ ,val di ,tripodo4 ,on all ^! excursions ,sir ,*>les1 z f> z possible1 rode1 rem>k+ to 8 wife1 ,i feel "h t a good mule is l pres5t+ an old geologi/ ) a "y pair ( legs4 ,"w on ! m\nta9 end$1 he sp5t a little "t 9 exam9+ ! ,t]ti>y b$s ( ! neighb\r+ l[l&1 & !n1 gett+ back to ,mess9a ab\t ! middle ( ,octob]1 return$ 9 due c\rse to ,engl&4 ,^! two j\rneys 9 succession greatly augm5t$ 8 k ( ! /ructure ( volcanic cones1 & enabl$ him to deal ! dea?-bl[ to ! crat] ( elevation hypo!sis :i* _h f\nd su* fav\r among ,cont95tal geologi/s4 ,he c\ld n[ prove t lava w\ld solidify 9 a compact =m on slopes ( ?irty-five or ev5 =ty degrees--a fact :i* _h be5 /\tly d5i$ by advocates ( t hypo!sis1 & 0 able to (f] an explanation ( ! s+ul> /ructure ( ! ,val del ,bove1 viz4 t x 0 a huge gulf1 =m$ by a s]ies ( mighty explosions1 simil> to ^? :i* %att]$ half ( ! old crat] ( ,vesuvius1#acj & s5t "o side ( ,b&ai ,san#aca fly+ ?r\gh ! air4 ,he return$ to ,engl& satisfi$ t 8 feet 7 on firm gr\nd1 if su* a phrase be p]missible 9 reg>d to a volcano1 & t ! results#acb ( ?is consci5ti\s lab\r 9 ! fulness ( 8 age _h /r5g!n$ him 9 ! position :i* he _h adopt$ 9 8 sci5tific y\?4 ,9 ! next ye> 7#ahei7 ,lyell also travell$1 ?\gh ! j\rneys 7 n s l5g?y z _! two pr$ecessors4 ,/ill1 9 ! spr+ he visit$ bo? ,holl& & ,le ,puy 9 ,auv]gne1 & 9 ! e>li] "p ( ! autumn att5d$ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ab]de51 "u ! presid5cy ( ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,a /rong body ( geologi/s 7 pres5t1 & ,lyell 0 = ! f\r? "t 9 ! *air ( ! ,geological ,section1 ! ,pr9ce com+ to he> 8 address4 ,among ! old fri5ds :om he met 0 "o :o w\ld h be5 a suitable husb& = ! fam\s ,c\ntess ( ,desmond1 = ,lyell writes ( him to ,mrs4 ,horn]1 8 wife's "m1 ,dr4 ,f4 at n9ety-f\r looks well en\gh1 b hav+ eat5 turtle-s\p1 & melon too close to ! r9d1 & o!r imprud5ces1 is n q well to-day6 ,o dura ,doctorum ilia6 ,! meet+ end$1 ,lyell ) "s geological fri5ds w5t (f to ,elg9 to exam9e ! s&/one qu>ri$ at ,cutties ,hillock1 ne> t t[n4 ,! rock closely resembles ! ord9>y ,old ,r$ ,s&/one2 x seem$ at fir/ sight to =m a cont9u\s mass1 yet 9 "o place x conta9$ a fossil fi% belong+ to t p]iod1 & 9 ano!r ! rema9s ( a reptile 7,tel]peton74 ,aft] "s days ( c>eful /udy1 ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,s4 ,symonds1 :o 0 "o ( ! p>ty1 came to ! conclusion 7:i* has be5 fully ratifi$ by lat] inve/igations7 t ! deposits 7 ( diff]5t ages2 ! "o ) ! fi% be+ truly ,old ,r$1 ! o!r1 ) ! reptile1 ,new ,r$4 ,! *ief cause ( ! puzzle is t ! s& :i* has be5 d]iv$ f ! old] rock has gone to =m ! new] "o1 & t ! usual indications ( a discont9uity are practically abs5t4 ,x af=ds a valuable caution1 = x %[s t ,nature sometimes does set traps1 :i* might well cat* ev5 ! mo/ w>y geologi/4 ,9 ! same autumn ,lyell read ,d>w9's great "w on ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 by :i* 8 sci5tific position 0 f9ally det]m9$1 = 8 lett]s %[ t1 if any objection to ! lead+ pr9ciples 9 8 fri5d's views _h /ill l+]$ 9 8 m9d1 !y 7 ov]come by ! p]usal ( ?is ma/]ly specim5 ( close reason+ & long su/a9$ argum5t4 ,,footnotes3 #aaf ,9 ref]5ce to an essay writt5 by him on ! connection betwe5 ! fauna & flora ( ! ,briti% ,isles & geological *anges4 7,memoirs ( ! ,geological ,survey1 i4 p4 #ccf47 #aag ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol ii4 p4 #aaj4 #aah ,he di$ ,novemb] #h?1 #ahdi4 #aai ,he _h ! advantage ( ! company ( ,mr4 ,c4 ,h>tung1 :o 0 an excell5t naturali/ & well acqua9t$ ) ! isl&4 #abj ,elem5ts ( ,geology 7six? edition71 pp4 #fba-fce4 #aba ,on ! ,geology ( ,"s ,p>ts ( ,madeira 7,qu>t4 ,j\r4 ,geol4 ,soc41 x4 p4 #cbe74 #abb ,9 a lett] to ,mr4 ,bunbury1 dat$ ,novemb] #ac?1 #ahed 7,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 ii4 p4 #aii74 ,x is writt5 f #ec1 ,h>ley ,/reet1 "o 9 ! previ\s ,augu/ be>+ ! sup]scription ( #aa1 ,h>ley ,/reet1 s t he appe>s 7?\gh !re is no allusion to ?is 9 8 publi%$ lett]s or j\rnals7 to h remov$ into ano!r h\se 9 ! same /reet4 ,! numb] ( ?is 0 subsequ5tly alt]$4 #abc ,ano!r lett] to ,mr4 ,bunbury1 dat$ ,april #cj?1 #ahef 7ibid41 p4 #bab74 #abd ,?is deposit belongs to ! ,t]ti>y era 7,oligoc5e sy/em74 #abe ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 ii4 p4 #bdc4 #abf ,! l>ge/1 call$ ! ,zw]gli?urn1 is ab\t "o & a half h\rs walk above ,vies*4 #abg ,?is _h be5 ass]t$ 9 support ( ! hypo!sis ( crat]s ( elevation4 #abh ,colonel ,lyell _h retir$ f ! army & return$ to ,engl& a %ort "t be=e ! outbreak ( ! ,indian ,mut9y4 #abi ,see ,pr(essor ,j4 ,w4 ,judd3 ,volcanoes 7,int]national ,sci5tific ,s]ies71 ,fig4 #bb4 #acj ,9 ! fam\s eruption ( ,a4,d4 #gi4 #aca ,a volcano ( ,japan4 #acb ,^! results are work$ into ! t5? edition ( ! ,pr9ciples 7*aps4 xxv4 & xxvi474 ,see also a pap] on ,/ony ,lava on ,/eep ,slopes ( ,etna 7,proc4 ,roy4 ,soc4 #aheh1 ix4 p4 #bdh74 ,he receiv$ ! ,copley ,m$al f ! ,royal ,society 9 ,novemb]4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,antiquity ,,( ,,man4 ,?\gh _m m5 on rea*+ _! sixty-?ird ye> are cont5t to re/ ^u _! o>s & n to attempt new v5tures1 ,lyell _h plung$ into a "q :i* 0 ar\s+ almo/ z mu* excitem5t z ! orig9 ( species--namely1 ! antiquity ( man4 ,x 0 a "q1 inde$1 :i* = a long "t mu/ h be5 be=e 8 m9d--witness 8 rem>ks on ,dr4 ,s*m]l+'s "w 9 ! caves ne> ,liege2 b x _h assum$ a special significance ow+ to ! fam\s discov]y ( fl9t implem5ts 9 ! valley ( ! ,somme4#acc ,! :ole subject also w\ld h a special int]e/ = ,lyell1 because he _h made ,t]ti>y deposits 8 special field 9 /ratigraphy1 & _h work$ at ?is subject d[nw>ds1 comp>+ ext9ct ) liv+ =ms1 s t he _h se5 m ?an o!rs ( ! bord]l& :i* bl5ds by an ins5sible transition ! prov9ce ( ! geologi/ ) t ( ! ar*aeologi/4 ,probably also ! ?\ght :i* he _h be5 giv+ to ! "q ( ! orig9 ( species w\ld br+ into no less vivid prom95ce t ( ! age & orig9 ( ! human race4 ,be ?is z x may1 he und]took a task comp>atively novel1 & = ! next ?ree ye>s 0 fully occupi$ 9 ! prep>ation ( 8 ?ird great book1 ,! ,antiquity ( ,man4 ,travel 0 necess>y = ?is purpose also2 b z ! j\rneys 7 less l5g?y ?an ^? already describ$1 & l$ him = ! mo/ "p ov] old gr\nd1 x is ne$less to ent] into details4 ,he visit$ ! gravels ( ! ,somme ,valley & ! caves on ! ,meuse1 besides o!r p>ts ( ,nor!rn ,france & ,belgium1#acd ! gravel pits ne> ,b$=d1 & v>i\s localities 9 ,engl&1 exam9+ into ! evid5ce = himself1 & pay+ p>ticul> att5tion1 n only to ! "q ( man's antiquity1 b also to ! suppos$ return ( a w>m] climate ?an n[ prevails aft] ! era ( glacial cold4 ,! book 0 publi%$ e>ly 9 #ahfc4 ,naturally its conclusions 7 />tl+ to _m & 7 vig\r\sly d5\nc$ by "s2 b x 0 a great success1 = x ran ?r\gh ?ree editions 9 ! c\rse ( ! ye>4 ,a f\r? & enl>g$ edition 0 publi%$ 9 #ahgc4 ,! book may seem1 f ! lit]>y critic's po9t ( view1 r composite 9 "*1 & ?is objection 0 made 9 a good-natur$ =m by a writ] 9 ! ,saturday ,review1#ace :o call$ x a trilogy on ! antiquity ( man1 ice1 & ,d>w94 ,t1 h[ev]1 is b a slight blemi%1 if blemi% x be1 & x 0 readily p>don$1 because ( ! g5]al int]e/ ( ! book1 ! cle>ness ( its /yle1 & ! lucidity ( its reason+4 ,9 accordance ) 8 usual plan ( "w--proce$+ t5tatively f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n--,lyell beg9s ) times ne>e/ to ! pres5t era & facts ( :i* ! int]pretation is lea/ op5 to dispute4 ,he conducts 8 read] at ! outset to ! peat mosses ( ,d5m>k1 :]e weapons ( iron1 bronze1 & /one lie 9 a k9d ( /ratifi$ ord]2 & to ^? m\nds ( %ells1 ! refuse heaps ( a rude p1 :i* are f\nd on ! ,baltic %ore4 ,next he places him on ! site ( ! pile-built villages :i* once fr+$ ! %ores ( ,swiss & ,italian lakes4 ,"h weapons ( iron1 ( bronze1 & ( /one are hidd5 9 peat or scatt]$ on ! lake-b$4 ,b ^! log-built settlem5ts1 su* z ^? :i* ,h]odotus describ$ at ,lake ,prasias 9 ,r\melia1 are n ! only remnants ( an almo/ prehi/oric p1 = ne>] home we f9d analog\s con/ructions 9 ! crannoges ( ,irel&--islets p>tly artificial1 built ( timb] & /one4 ,lyell !n passes on f ,europe to ! valleys ( ! ,nile & ,mississippi1 & s to ! c>ses ( ,scotl&4 ,9 ! la/ case canoes buri$ 9 ! alluvial deposits1 z 9 ! l[l& by ! ,clyde1 indicate t "s physical *anges1 slight ?\gh !y may be1 h occurr$ s9ce ! com+ ( man4 ,b none ( ^! rese>*es lead u back into a v remote pa/2 !y keep u /ill l+]+1 z x 71 on ! ?re%old ( hi/ory4 ,! weapons :i* h be5 describ$1 ev5 if made ( /one1 exhibit a consid]able am\nt ( me*anical skill1 = _m ( !m are fa%ion$ & poli%$ ) mu* c>e1 :ile !y are associat$ ) ! rema9s ( creatures :i* are /ill liv+ at no great di/ance1 if n 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity4 ,accord+ly he conducts 8 read]1 9 ! next place1 to ! localities :]e rud] weapons only h be5 f\nd1 fa%ion$ by *ipp+1 & nev] poli%$--namely1 to ! caves ( ,belgium & ( ,brita91 ( ,c5tral & ( ,s\!rn ,france1 & to ! gravel b$s 9 ! valleys ( ! ,somme & ! ,se9e1 ( ! ,ouse & o!r riv]s ( ,ea/]n & ,s\!rn ,engl&4 ,^! furni% abundant evid5ce t man 0 contempor>y ) sev]al ext9ct animals1 su* z ! mammo? & ! woolly rh9oc]os1 or ) o!rs :i* n[ inhabit only arctic regions1 su* z ! re9de] & ! musk%eep1 & t ! valleys s9ce !n h be5 deep5$ & alt]$ 9 cont\r4 ,?is evid5ce1 /ratigraphical z well z palaeontological1 proves t important *anges h occurr$ s9ce man fir/ appe>$1 n only 9 climate1 b also 9 physical geography4 ,! ,glacial ,epo* is ! subject ( ! second "p ( ! book4 ,its pages conta9 an admirable sket* ( ! deposits assign$ to t age 9 ,ea/]n ,engl&1 ,sc&9avia1 ! ,alps1 & ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) special descriptions ( ! loess ( ,nor!rn ,europe1 ! drifts ( ! ,dani% isl& ( ,moe51 s l ^? ne> ,crom]1 & ! p>allel roads ( ,gl5roy1 :i* ,lyell n[ supposes to h be5 =m$ 9 a mann] simil> to t ( ! little t]race by ! ,ma]jal5 ,see4 ,! ?ird "p deals ) ! orig9 ( species z be>+ on man's place 9 ,nature4 ,x is a recantation ( ! views :i* he _h =m]ly ma9ta9$4 ,9 all 8 e>li] writ+s1 includ+ ! n9? edition ( ! ,pr9ciples1 he _h express$ himself dissatisfi$ ) ! hypo!sis ( ! transmutation ( species1 & _h accept$1 ?\gh cauti\sly & n )\t all[+ = consid]able p[] ( v>iation1 t ( specific c5tres ( creation4 ,n[1 aft] a full review ( ! "q1 he gives 8 reasons = ab&on+ 8 e>li] op9ions & adopt+ 9 ! ma9 ^? advocat$ by ,d>w9 & ,wallace4 ,nev]!less1 ?r\gh frankly av[+ 8 *ange ( view1 he advances cauti\sly & t5tatively1 l a man ov] trea*]\s ice--s cauti\sly1 inde$1 t ,d>w9 is n :olly satisfi$ ) 8 conv]t1 & *ides him good-hum\r$ly = 8 sl[ progress & ov]-mu* hesitation4 ,b ?is v hesitation 0 z real z ! conv]sion3 ! "o 0 ! outcome ( ,lyell's ?or\ghly judicial habit ( m9d1 ! o!r 0 a pro(1 p]haps ! /ronge/ t c\ld be giv51 ( t m9d's fre%ness1 vig\r1 & c&\r4 ,! book ends ) a *apt] on man's place 9 ,nature4 ,on ?is burn+ "q ! au?or speaks ) great caution1 b comes to ! conclusion t man1 s f> z 8 bodily frame is conc]n$1 _c claim exception f ! law :i* gov]ns ! re/ ( ! animal k+dom & he ends#acf ) a few words on ! !ological aspect ( ! "q3 ,x may be said t1 s f> f hav+ a mat]iali/ic t5d5cy1 ! suppos$ introduction into ! e>?1 at successive geological p]iods1 ( life--s5sation--in/9ct--! intellig5ce ( ! high] mammalia bord]+ on reason--&1 la/ly1 ! improvable reason ( man himself1 pres5ts u ) a picture ( ! ev]-increas+ dom9ion ( m9d ov] matt]4 ,,footnotes3 #acc ,f\nd by ,m4 ,b\*] de ,p]!s1 :o _h publi%$ a book on ! subject 9 #ahdg1 & _h ann\nc$ ! discov]y ab\t sev5 ye>s e>li]2 b geologi/s1 = v>i\s reasons1 7 n fully satisfi$ on ! matt] till ! visit ( ,messrs4 ,pre/wi* & ,john ,evans 7n[ ,sir7 9 #aheg4 #acd ,he w5t to ,flor5ce 9 #ahfb1 b h[ f> ?is 0 = geological "w is n /at$4 #ace ,vol4 xv4 p4 #caa4 #acf ,antiquity ( ,man1 *ap4 xxiv4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,ev5+ ,,( ,,life4 ,! second & ?ird editions ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man 7 n m]e repr9ts1 s9ce new mat]ials 7 con/antly com+ 9 & rese>*es 7 cont9u$2 = dur+ ! summ] ( #ahfc ,sir ,*>les 0 rambl+ ab\t ,wales1 visit+ ! caves ( ,g[] 9 ,pembroke%ire1 & ( ,cefn 9 ,d5bigh%ire1 ! peats ( ,anglesea1 & ! b\ld] clay & %ell-be>+ s&s ne> ! top ( ,moel ,tryfa54 ,he also w5t ov] to ,p>is1 app>5tly ab\t ?is "t1 to inquire into ! au!nticity ( specim5s--bones ) not*es ^u !m--:i* 7 suppos$ to prove man contemporane\s ) ! ,crom] ,=e/ ,b$s ( ,engl&1 & !re=e pre-glacial4 ,%ort] j\rneys 7 to ,osborne 7by ,royal comm&71 to ,suffolk1 & to ,k5t4 ,:ile engag$ on ! above-nam$ book1 he _h p]si/5tly refus$ m ?an "o position ( hon\r--su* z a ,tru/ee%ip at ! ,briti% ,museum1 to be a c&idate = ! repres5tation ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london 9 ,p>liam5t1 ev5 an honor>y degree f ! ,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh because he 0 too busy to und]take ! j\rney4 ,9 #ahfa1 also1 he seems to h receiv$ a w>n+ t he 0 beg9n+ to gr[ old1 = he became r s]i\sly unwell1 & 0 ord]$ to ,kiss+5 9 ,bav>ia to take a c\rse ( ! wat]s4 ,b dur+ ! same p]iod two acceptable hon\rs 7 receiv$--namely1 ! ,correspond+ ,memb]%ip ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 9 #ahfb1 & an ord] ( ,sci5tific ,m]it f ! ,k+ ( ,prussia 9 ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! ye>s1 z mu/ be ! case :5 life's ev5+ %ad[s are l5g!n+1 beg9 to be m def9itely *equ]$ ) losses & ) rew>ds4 ,9 8 lett]s1 ref]5ces to ! dea? ( fri5ds become frequ5t4 ,9 #ahfb ,mrs4 ,horn]1 ,lady ,lyell's "m1 di$1 & 9 #ahfd h] fa!r1 ,leon>d ,horn]1 ) :om1 ev5 = "s ye>s be=e becom+ 8 son-9-law1 ,lyell _h be5 9 con/ant fri5dly correspond5ce1 pass$ away 9 8 eightie? ye>4 ,9 ! same ye> ,lyell 0 rais$ to ! rank ( b>onet1 & also occupi$ ! presid5tial *air at ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,ba?4 ,8 address deals pr9cipally ) two topics--"o local1 !rmal spr+s1 especially ^? ( ,ba?2 ! o!r g5]al1 ! glacial epo* & its relation to ! antiquity ( man4 ,he ref]s1 h[ev]1 9 ! conclud+ p>agraph to ! m>k$ *ange :i*1 )9 8 memory1 op9ion _h und]gone1 9 reg>d to cata/rophic *anges & ! orig9 ( species1 & to ! discov]y ( ! suppos$ fossil ,eozoon ,canad5se 9 ! cry/all9e ,laur5tian rocks ( ,canada4 ,?is s+ul> /ructure appe>$ to him--z x did to ,sir ,w4 ,logan1 :o _h br\ght specim5s = exhibition at ! meet+--to be a fossil organism1#acg & ?us to indicate ! exi/5ce ( liv+ creatures at a mu* e>li] p]iod ?an hi!rto _h be5 suppos$4 ,b 9 /at+ ?is op9ion he *ecks himself *>act]i/ically ) ^! words3 ,i w n v5ture on speculations respect+ '! signs ( a beg9n+1' or '! prospects ( an end' ( our t]re/rial sy/em--t wide ocean ( sci5tific conjecture on :i* s _m !ori/s be=e my "t h suff]$ %ipwreck4 ,! address conta9s m ?an "o passage t is well wor? quotation1 b ! foll[+ has s wide a be>+1 & is s significant z to ! effects ( e>ly influ5ces1 t x %\ld n be =gott53-- ,:5 speculations on ! long s]ies ( ev5ts :i* occurr$ 9 ! ,glacial & po/-,glacial p]iods are indulg$ 91 ! imag9ation is apt to take al>m at ! imm5sity ( ! "t requir$ to int]pret ! monum5ts ( ^! ages1 all ref]able to ! era ( exi/+ species4 ,9 ord] to abridge ! numb] ( c5turies :i* w\ld o!rwise be indisp5sable1 a disposition is %[n by _m to magnify ! rate ( *ange 9 prehi/oric times1 by inve/+ ! causes :i* h modifi$ ! animate & inanimate _w ) extraord9>y & excessive en]gy4 ,x is relat$ ( a great ,iri% orator ( our day1 t :5 he 0 ab\t to contribute some:at p>simoni\sly t[>ds a public *>ity1 he 0 p]suad$ by a fri5d to make a m lib]al donation4 ,9 do+ s1 he apologis$ = 8 fir/ app>5t want ( g5]osity by say+ t 8 e>ly life _h be5 a con/ant /ruggle ) scanty means1 & t '!y :o are born to afflu5ce _c easily imag9e h[ long a "t x takes to get ! *ill ( pov]ty out ( "o's bones4' ,9 l mann]1 we ( ! liv+ g5]ation1 :5 call$ ^u to make grants ( ?\s&s ( c5turies 9 ord] to expla9 ! ev5ts ( :at is call$ ! mod]n p]iod1 %r9k naturally at fir/ f mak+ :at seems to be s lavi% an exp5diture ( pa/ "t4 ,?r\gh\t our e>ly education we h be5 accu/om$ to su* /rict economy 9 all t relates to ! *ronology ( ! e>? & its inhabitants 9 remote ages1 s fett]$ h we be5 by old traditional beliefs1 t ev5 :5 our reason is conv9c$ & we are p]suad$ t we ought to make m lib]al grants ( "t to ! geologi/1 we feel h[ h>d x is to get ! *ill ( pov]ty out ( our bones4#ach ,a presid5tial address to ! ,briti% ,association is no light task2 b1 9 addition to ?is1 ,lyell 0 n[ engag$ ^u a new edition ( ! ,elem5ts 7or ,manual7 ( ,geology1 :i* = "s "t _h be5 urg5tly dem&$2 ! la/ edition also ( ! ,pr9ciples--?\gh #e1jjj copies _h be5 pr9t$--0 practically exhau/$4 ,! =m] "w 0 cle>$ (f be=e ! end ( ! ye>1 ! book appe>+ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahfe1 & ! latt] 0 at once tak5 vigor\sly 9 h&1 z we see f a lett] que/ion+ ,sir ,john ,h]s*el ab\t ! e>?-pill>s on ! ,rittn]horn1 ne> ,botz51 & on ! influ5ce :i* *anges 9 ! %ape ( ! e>?'s orbit & ! position ( its axis w\ld h ^u climate--a view :i* _h be5 advocat$ by ,dr4 ,croll4 ,lyell1 x w be rememb]$1 _h orig9ally reg>d$ geographical conditions z ! only factors :i* modifi$ climate1 b he 0 evid5tly impress$ by ,croll's argum5t1 & ready1 if 8 ma!matics 7 correct1 to admit a/ronomical *anges z an indep5d5t1 ?\gh probably less pot5t1 cause ( v>iation4 ,! ,*ri/mas ( #ahfd & ! foll[+ ,new ,ye> 7 sp5t 9 ,b]l91 & 9 ! summ] ( #ahfe he _h aga9 rec\rse to ,kiss+54 ,?\gh he writes t ! wat]s did him nei!r h>m nor good1 he 0 at any rate well en\gh aft] ! cure to und]take a r l5g?y t\r ) ,lady ,lyell & 8 nephew#aci ,leon>d1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he exam9$ = himself ! wond]ful e>?-pill>s ne> ,botz51 & visit$ ! ,ma]jal5 ,see1 t pretty lake held up by ! ice ( ! great ,alets* ,glaci]1 9 ord] to see :e!r x ?rew any light on ! orig9 ( ! p>allel roads ( ,gl5roy4 ,he 0 satisfi$ t x did1 = he f\nd !re a l>ge t]race exactly on a level ) ! col :i* sep>ates ! valley occupi$ by ! lake f t ( ! ,vies* glaci]4 ,on 8 return to ,engl&1 he writes a long lett] to ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 discuss+ ! orig9 ( ^! e>?-pill>s1 & mak+ inquiries z to ! precise po9ts f :i* 8 fri5d1 m ?an =ty ye>s be=e1 _h made "s elaborate draw+s4 ,! exp$ition1 z well z ! lett]1 to quote ,lyell's own words1 7 pretty well = a man :o 0 battl+ ) sixty-eight ye>s4 ,he compla9s1 h[ev]1 ( little m ?an occasional attacks ( lumbago1 & a necessity = tak+ great c>e ( himself2 b 8 eyes 7 n[ m tr\blesome ?an !y _h be51 & = ! la/ ye> he _h be5 driv5 to avail himself ( ! s]vices ( a secret>y1#adj ) ! result t he seem$ to h acquir$ a new lease ( 8 eyes1 & to be able1 = ord9>y purposes1 to use !m almo/ z well z =m]ly4 ,aft] 8 return f ! ,cont95t ,sir ,*>les 0 work+ h>d at ! new edition ( ! ,pr9ciples1 :i* obvi\sly gave him mu* tr\ble1 = lett]s /ill rema9 :i* 7 writt5 to ,h]s*el on que/ions relat+ to climate & a/ronomy2 to ,hook]1 ,wallace1 & ,d>w9 on ! transmutation ( species1 ! di/ribution & migration ( plants & animals1 ! effects ( geographical *anges1 & ev5 on su* matt]s z ! ,triassic reptilia ( ,elg9 & ,w>wick%ire1 ,c5tral ,india & ! ,cape4 ,at la/ ! fir/ volume ( ! new & mu*-enl>g$ edition 7t5?7 0 publi%$ 9 ,novemb]1 #ahff1 ! second volume n appe>+ till #ahfh4 ,few m5 at t "t ( life c\ld h accompli%$ su* a piece ( "w1 especially if !y _h be5 compell$1 z ,lyell 01 to read ) ! eyes & write ) ! h&s ( o!rs4 ,b ev5 n[1 9 reg>d to field "w1 he 0 /ill able to see ?+s = himself1 &1 ?\gh less vigor\s ?an =m]ly1 to und]take j\rneys ( mod]ate l5g?4 ,9 #ahff1 9 company ) 8 nephew ,leon>d1 he exam9$ ! ,glacial & late ,t]ti>y deposits ( ! ,suffolk coa/s2 look$ once m at ! sections ( ,jurassic rocks 9 ! ,isle ( ,portl& & ! neighb\rhood ( ,weym\?1 & d\btless speculat$ on ! orig9 ( ! ,*esil ,bank & ( ! ,fleet4 ,"o hon\r fell to him 9 ?is ye>1 :i*1 d\btless1 only ! accid5t ( 8 long s]vice on ! ,c\ncil _h previ\sly kept f him--namely1 ! ,wolla/on ,m$al ( ! ,geological ,society4 ,9 #ahfg he 0 /rong en\gh to visit ! ,p>is ,exhibition1 aft] :i* he w5t to ,=f>%ire1 & att5d$ ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association at ,dundee4 ,9 ! foll[+ ye> he 0 pres5t at ! same ga!r+ 9 ,norwi*1 besides mak+ v>i\s %ort] j\rneys 9 ,engl& & sp5d+ ,septemb] 9 ,pembroke%ire ) ,lady ,lyell & 8 bro!r's family1#ada 9 ^: company evid5tly he took mu* pleasure4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahfh he 0 aga9 9 ! field1 exam9+ ! spl5did plant rema9s ( ,eoc5e age 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,b\rnem\? & ,poole1 & ! %all[-wat] deposits ( ! ,purbeck gr\p ripple-m>k$ & sun-crack$1 toge!r ) ! traces ( _! anci5t =e/s4 ,ov] ^! he became z en?usia/ic z any "y geologi/4 ,at ?is "t also1 app>5tly1 he visit$ ! ,blackmore ,museum#adb at ,salisbury1 & himself f\nd re9de] antl]s 9 ! neighb\r+ gravels at ,fi%]ton4 ,9 ! autumn !y aga9 /ay$ at ,t5by ) ,colonel ,lyell's family1 :5 "o ( ! latt] 0 attack$ by a s]i\s illness4 ,b ,sir ,*>les 0 able to take 8 nephew ,leon>d to ,/4 ,david's1 & exam9e ! magnific5t sections ( fossilif]\s ,cambrian rocks1 "u ! guidance ( ,dr4 ,h4 ,hicks1 ^: "n is insep>ably connect$ ) ! geology ( ?is di/rict4 ,comp>atively few records are pres]v$ ( ! la/ six ye>s ( 8 life2 /ill !y are en\gh to %[ t 8 int]e/ 9 sci5ce nev] flagg$4 ,! few lett]s :i* h be5 pr9t$ %[ no signs ( decl9+ m5tal /r5g?4 ,?\gh 8 bodily p[]s _h become less vigor\s1 ?\gh 8 sight 0 weak1 & 8 limbs 7 less firm ?an 9 ! old5 times1 he 0 by no means ready to be laid altoge!r on ! %elf4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! spr+ ( #ahfi he w5t back to ! coa/ ( ,suffolk & ,norfolk1 to resume "w :i* he _h be5 unable to complete on 8 la/ visit4 ,/>t+ at ,aldbor\gh1 :]e ,plioc5e deposits are /ill expos$1 f ! ,corall9e ,crag up to ! ,*illes=d gr\p1 !y exam9$ ! coa/s by ,s\?wold & ,kess+l& to ,l[e/(t1 see+ a cont9u\s section1 = miles unbrok51 ( ! deposits f ! upp] "p ( ! ,plioc5e to ! glacial drift4 ,! ,kess+l& cliffs af=d$ good sections ( ! ,=e/ ,b$1 ! deposit :i* on =m] occasions he _h /udi$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,crom]4 ,x 0 cov]$ by sev]al y>ds ( /ratifi$ s&1 & t by glacial drift1 ) ! usual 'b\ld]s' ( *alk1 fl9t1 lias1 s&/one1 & o!r s$im5t>ies1 ) cry/all9e rocks f m di/ant places4 ,pass+ on into ,norfolk1 !y foll[$ ?is ,=e/ ,b$ & ! ov]ly+ b\ld] clay1 & !y f\nd 9 ! latt]1 ne> ,happisburgh1 "s fragm5ts ( sea-%ells1 & "o p]fect valve ( ,tell9a solidula 9 a b& ( gravel1 l a fragm5t ( an old sea-bea*1 int]calat$ 9 ! glacial clay4 ,z ! orig9 ( ?is clay has be51 ( late ye>s1 a subject ( dispute1 x may be int]e/+ to quote ,sir ,*>les's conclusion3--,i suppose1 !re=e1 we mu/ set x d[n z a m>9e =mation2 & und]nea? x1 f ,happisburgh to ,crom]1 comes ! fam\s lignite b$ & subm>9e =e/1 :i* mu/ h sunk d[n to all[ ( ! unque/ionable glacial =mation be+ ev]y:]e sup]impos$4#adc ,on revisit+ ,%]r+ham 7a village ab\t five miles along ! coa/ to ! we/ ( ,crom]71 he f\nd a /rik+ in/ance ( t sea *ange to :i* 9 8 e>ly days he _h call$ att5tion4 ,leon>d & ,i 7he writes to ,sir ,c4 ,bunbury7 h j return$ f ,%]r+ham1 :]e ,i f\nd t ! spl5did old ,hy! p9nacle ( *alk1 9 :i* ! fl9ts 7 v]tical1 betwe5 sev5ty & eighty feet high1 ! gr&e/ erratic 9 ! _w1 ( :i* ,i gave a figure 9 ! fir/ edition ( my ,pr9ciples1 has totally disappe>$4 ,! sea has advanc$ on ! l(ty cliff s mu* 9 ! la/ t5 ye>s1 t x may well h c>ri$ away ! :ole p9nacle 9 ! ?irty ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce our fir/ visit4 ,ano!r lett]1 be>+ date 9 ! next mon?1 to ,d>w9 %[s t 9 8 sev5ty-second ye> 8 m9d 0 fre% & ke5 z ev]4 ,x discusses an article writt5 by ,wallace 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review1 & indicates ! diff]5ce 9 reg>d to natural selection betwe5 ,lyell's own /&po9t & t ( 8 correspond5t4 ,! foll[+ extract may s]ve to %[ ! g5]al t5or ( ! rem>ks3--,z ,i feel t progressive developm5t 9 evolution _c be entirely expla9$ by natural selection1 ,i r hail ,wallace's sugge/ion t !re may be a ,supreme ,w & ,p[]1 :i* may n abdicate its functions ( int]f]5ce1 b may guide ! =ces & laws ( ,nature4 ,9 ano!r passage he ref]s1 to a controv]sy :i* _h be5 rec5tly />t$ by ,pr(essor 7aft]w>ds ,sir ,a47 ,ramsay1 & ov] :i* geologi/s h be5 fight+ ev] s9ce--viz4 :e!r lake-bas9s are excavat$ by glaci]s4 ,! passage is wor? quot+1 = x puts ! issue 9 a =m :i* aft] a qu>t] ( a c5tury is virtually un*ang$3-- ,z to ! scoop+ out ( lake-bas9s by glaci]s1 ,i h _h a long1 amicable1 b controv]sial correspond5ce ) ,wallace on t subject1 & ,i _c get ov] 7z1 inde$1 ,i h admitt$ 9 pr9t7 an intimate connection betwe5 ! numb] ( lakes ( mod]n date & ! glaciation ( ! regions conta9+ !m4 ,b z we d n "k h[ ice c scoop out ,lago ,maggiore to a dep? ( #b1fjj feet1 ( :i* all b #fjj is bel[ ! level ( ! sea1 gett+ rid ( ! rock suppos$ to be worn away z if x 0 salt t _h melt$1 ,i feel t x is a dang]\s causation to admit 9 explanation ( e cavity :i* we h to acc\nt =1 includ+ ,lake ,sup]ior4 ,!y :o use x seem to h x always at h&1 l ! 'diluvial wave or ! wave ( translation1' or ! 'convulsion ( nature or cata/rophe' ( ! old p>oxysmi/s4#add ,9 ! summ] he took a long] t\r1 go+ fir/ to ,we/morel& & !n to ,=f>%ire2 aft] :i*1 9 company ) ,lady ,lyell & 8 nephew1 he w5t to see ! old rocks ( ,ross-%ire1 above ,in*nadamff & ,ullapool1 &1 z he return$1 once m visit$ ! p>allel roads ( ,gl5roy4 ,b1 9 ! meantime1 not)/&+ ! difficulties m5tion$ above1 he /ill kept work+ at 8 books4 ,he 0 n[ engag$ 9 modify+ ! ,elem5ts ( ,geology4 ,( ?is1 to quote ! preface aft]w>ds publi%$1 he _h publi%$ six editions betwe5 ! ye>s #ahch & #ahfe1 beg9n+ ) a small duodecimo volume1 :i* increas$ ) ea* successive edition1 z new facts accumulat$1 until 9 #ahfe x _h become a l>ge & some:at exp5sive "w4 ,he !re=e det]m9$1 9 accordance ) ! advice ( fri5ds1 to br+ ! book back aga9 to a size m ne>ly approa*+ ! orig9al1 s t x might be )9 ! rea* ( ! ord9>y /ud5t4 ,?is 0 done by ! omission ( c]ta9 !oretical discussions & all su* ref]5ces to ,cont95tal geology z 7 n absolutely necess>y4#ade ,9 #ahgj ,sir ,*>les cont9u$ to travel1 ?\gh )9 ! limits ( ^! isl&s1 = he made "o j\rney along ! coa/ ( ,nor? ,devon1 & a second "o to ,scotl&1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* he visit$ ! ,isle ( ,arran1 & on 8 return halt$ fir/ at ,ambleside & !n at ,liv]pool1 to att5d ! meet+ ( ! ,briti% ,association1 :i* began on ! #ad? ( ,septemb]4 ,! foll[+ ye> he paid an ,april visit to ,t9tagel1 ! ,l&'s ,end1 & o!r p>ts ( ,cornwall1 & 9 ! summ] w5t to ! ,nor? ( ,engl&4 ,writ+ f ,p5ri? to ,sir ,c4 ,bunbury1 he rem>ks t he _h mu* enjoy$ 8 't\r ( inspection1' & _h tri$ to make x a t\r ( re/1 :i* is difficult4 ,naturally s1 = he _h be5 work+ 8 way f ,buxton on ! look-out = glacial deposits & /udy+ especially ! /ratifi$ drifts on ! hills ea/ ( ,macclesfield1 #a1bjj feet above ! sea4 ,8 rem>ks on ^! %[ t he appreciat$ fully bo? ! significance ( ! m>9e fossils :i* !y conta9 & ! !oretical difficulties caus$ by ! abs5ce ( su* rema9s 9 o!r deposits1 :e!r 9 ,d]by%ire or ! ,lake ,di/rict1 or 9 ! l[l& betwe5 ?is locality & ,moel ,tryfa51 sev5ty-f\r miles away4 ,! t5? edition ( ! ,pr9ciples _h be5 quickly sold1 & ,sir ,*>les 0 n[ employ$ 9 ! prep>ation ( ano!r "o4 ,9 ?is less *ange 0 necess>y ?an on ! la/ occasion2 /ill1 ! rapid increase ( k1 m especially 9 reg>d to ! temp]ature & curr5ts ( ! sea1 oblig$ him to make consid]able alt]ations 9 ! p>ts :i* dealt ) ^! subjects & ) que/ions ( climate1 s t he reca/ or rewrote five *apt]s4 ,x 0 publi%$ 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgb2 & 9 ! summ] ( t ye>1 no d\bt 9 view ( a new edition ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man1 he w5t to ! s\? ( ,france1 ) ,lady ,lyell & ,pr(essor ,t4 ,m',k4 ,hughes1 to exam9e ! ,aurignac cave4 ,"h sev]al human skeletons _h be5 discov]$ "s ye>s be=e1 app>5tly entomb$ ) ! bones ( v>i\s ext9ct mammals1 su* z ! cave-be> & lion1 ! mammo? & woolly rh9oc]os--9 %ort1 ) a fauna *>act]i/ic ( ! palaeoli?ic age4 ,b 0 ?is really ! date ( ! int]m5t8 ,"s di/+ui%$ geologi/s 7 ( op9ion t1 ?\gh ! cave _h be5 !n occupi$ by wild bea/s1 its floor _h be5 di/urb$1 & ! corpses buri$ 9 neoli?ic times4 ,on ?is po9t ,lyell 0 unable to obta9 conclusive evid5ce1 & 0 oblig$ to conf9e himself to a /atem5t ( ! facts & argum5ts on ei!r side ( ! "q4#adf ,%ortly aft] ! publication ( ?is new edition ( ! ,antiquity ( ,man 9 ,janu>y1 #ahgc1 an unexpect$ & irrep>able b]eavem5t d>k5$ ! ev5+ ( 8 days4 ,on ,april #bd? ,lady ,lyell1 ! companion & helpmate ( =ty ye>s1 0 tak5 f him aft] a few days' illness f an inflammatory cold4#adg ,! %ock 0 ! m sev]e because ! loss 0 s un=ese54 ,lady ,lyell 0 twelve ye>s 8 junior1 & _h always enjoy$ good heal?#adh--y\?ful & vigor\s = h] age1 z he writes--s t he nev] contemplat$ surviv+ h]1 & c\ld h>dly believe x :5 ! calamity happ5$4 ,he bore ! bl[ bravely1 consol+ himself by reflect+ t ! sep>ation1 at 8 age--ne>ly sev5ty-six--c\ld n be = v long1 &1 z he writes to ,pr(essor ,he]1 ( ,zu]i*1 endeav\r+1 by daily "w at my fav\rite sci5ce1 to =get z f> z possible ! dreadful *ange :i* ?is has made 9 my exi/5ce4 ,lady ,lyell 0 a woman ( r>e excell5ce4 ,/r5g? & sweetness 7 h]s1 bo? 9 no common degree4 ,! daught] ( ,leon>d ,horn]1 & ! niece ( ,francis ,horn]1 h] own excell5t und]/&+ _h be5 c>efully tra9$1 & %e _h t g5]al k & ^? intellectual ta/es :i* we expect to f9d 9 an educat$ ,engli%woman2 & f h] *ildhood %e _h brea!d ! ref9+ air ( ta/e1 k1 & goodness4 ,h] m>riage 444 gave a sci5tific turn to h] ?\ghts & /udies1 & %e became to h] husb&1 n m]ely ! true/ ( fri5ds & ! mo/ affectionate & sympa!tic ( companions1 b a v effici5t help]4 ,%e 0 frank1 g5]\s1 & true2 h] moral in/9cts 7 high & pure2 %e 0 fai?ful & firm 9 fri5d%ip2 %e 0 fe>less 9 ! expression ( op9ion )\t be+ aggressive2 & %e _h t =ce ( "* & quiet en]gy ( temp]am5t t gave h] ! p[] to d all t %e _h resolv$ to d4444 ,%e _h m ?an a common %>e ( p]sonal beauty2 b _h %e n be5 beautiful %e w\ld h be5 lovely1 su* 0 ! *>m ( h] mann]s1 :i* 7 ! natural expression ( w>m? & t5d]ness ( he>t1 ( quick sympa?ies1 & ( a tact z delicate z a bl9d man's t\*4#adi ,he 0 n1 h[ev]1 left to be> 9 solitude ! burd5 ( d>k5+ sight & ( a desolat$ home4 ,8 elde/ si/]1 ,miss ,lyell1 came f ,k9nordy to take c>e ( 8 h\se & wat* ov] him 9 ^! la/ ye>s ) an affectionate devotion2 & 9 h] company & t ( ,pr(essor ,hughes he ev5 c>ri$ out ! plan1 :i* _h be5 already 9 contemplation1 ( once m go+ on to ! ,cont95t & ( visit+ ,pr(essor ,he]1 at ,zu]i*4 ,he work$ on1 z well z sl[ly increas+ infirmities all[$1 aft] 8 return to ,engl&1 fully occupi$ 9 prep>+ a second edition ( ! ,/ud5t's ,elem5ts & a new "o ( ! ,pr9ciples4#aej ,9 ,june1 #ahgd1 he aga9 visit$ ,cambridge1 ?is "t to receive ! degree ( ,,ll4,d4--an hon\r :i* t ,univ]sity _h be5 /rangely sl[ 9 conf]r+ ^u him4#aea ,x 0 !n too evid5t t 8 /r5g? 0 decl9+1 = he became quickly fatigu$ by any ex]tion ( body or m9d2 nev]!less1 he 0 able soon aft]w>ds to make once m ! j\rney to ,=f>%ire1 & to visit !re sev]al ( 8 e>li] geological haunts4 ,9 "s ( ^! little excursions he _h z 8 companion ,mr4 ,j4 ,w4 ,judd1#aeb ) ^: rec5t rese>*es into ! ru9$ volcanoes ( ,t]ti>y age & ! yet e>li] /ratifi$ rocks 9 ! ,we/]n ,isles ( ,scotl& ,sir ,*>les 0 h>dly less int]e/$ ?an he w\ld h be5 9 ! days :5 ! ,pr9ciples 0 a new book4 ,?ree or f\r lett]s writt5 ab\t ?is "t h be5 pr9t$#aec :i* %[1 f _! vig\r & fre%ness1 t ! m9d 0 /ill ke5 & bright1 ?\gh ! bodily ma*9]y 0 becom+ outworn4 ,aft] 8 return to t[n he ev5 v5tur$1 on ,novemb] #e?1 to d9e at ! ,geological ,club1#aed ( :i* he _h be5 a memb] f its f\ndation1 on its fiftie? anniv]s>y meet+1 & spoke ) a vig\r :i* surpris$ 8 fri5ds4 ,! tale1 h[ev]1 is ne>ly told2 ! s&s ( life 7 runn+ l[4 ,8 fail+ eyesight & o!r infirmities n[ began to increase rapidly1 & t[>ds ! close ( ! ye> he became v feeble4 ,b 8 _s 0 ev] alive to 8 old belov$ sci5ce1 & 8 affectionate int]e/ & ?\ght = ^? ab\t him nev] fail$4 ,he d9$ d[n/airs on ,*ri/mas ,day ) 8 bro!r's family1 b %ortly aft] t kept to 8 room4 ,on ,febru>y #bbnd1 #ahge1 ,*>les ,lyell ent]$ into 8 re/4 ,! end may h be5 slightly accel]at$ by two causes--"o1 ! dea?1 f inflammation ( ! lungs1 aft] a %ort illness1 ( 8 bro!r1#aee ,colonel ,lyell1 :o1 up to t "t1 _h visit$ him almo/ daily2 ! o!r1 ! %ock giv5 to 8 enfeebl$ sy/em by accid5tally fall+ on ! /airs a few weeks be=e4 ,b 9 no case c\ld x h be5 long delay$2 ! bodily frame 0 outworn2 ! h\r ( re/ _h come4 ,8 fell[-work]s 9 sci5ce felt unanim\sly t b "o place ( sepulture 0 wor?y to receive ! body ( ,*>les ,lyell--! ,abbey ( ,we/m9/]1 our national ,valhalla4 ,a memorial1 be>+ _m important signatures1 0 at once pres5t$ to ,dean ,/anley1 :o gave a will+ cons5t1 & ! int]m5t took place ) all due solemnity on ,saturday ! #bg?4 ,! grave 0 dug 9 ! nor? aisle ( ! nave1 ne> t ( ,woodw>d1 "o ( ! pione]s ( ,briti% geology & ! f\nd] ( ! *air ( t sci5ce 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,x is m>k$#aef by a slab ( ,d]by%ire m>ble1 :i* be>s ?is inscription3-- ,,*>les ,,lyell1 ,,b>onet1 ,f4,r4,s41 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,geology4 ,,born ,,at ,,k9nordy1 ,,9 ,,=f>%ire1 ,,novemb] #ad1 #agig2 ,,di$ ,,9 ,,london1 ,,febru>y #bb1 #ahge4 ,,?r\gh\t ,a ,,long ,,& ,,labori\s ,,life ,,he ,,s\ght ,,! ,,means ,,( ,,deciph]+ ,,! ,,fragm5t>y ,,records ,,( ,,! ,,e>?',s ,,hi/ory ,,9 ,,! ,,pati5t ,,inve/igation ,,( ,,! ,,pres5t ,,ord] ,,( ,,nature1 ,,enl>g+ ,,! ,,b\nd>ies ,,( ,,k ,,& ,,leav+ ,,on ,,sci5tific ,,?\ght ,,an ,,endur+ ,,influ5ce4 ,o ,,"l1 ,,h[ ,,great ,,are ,,?y ,,works1 ,,& ,,?y ,,?\ghts ,,are ,,v ,,deep4 ,,psalm ,,xcii4 #e4 ,sir ,*>les1 by 8 w1 left to ! ,geological ,society ( ,london ! die1 execut$ by ,mr4 ,leon>d ,wyon1 ( a m$al to be ca/ 9 bronze1 & aw>d$ annually to "s geologi/ ( di/9ction1 :e!r ,briti% or =eign4 ,he fur!r left a sum ( two ?\s& p\nds1 free ( legacy duty1 to ! ,society1 9 tru/1 ! int]e/ ( x to be appli$ z foll[s3--,n less ?an "o-?ird ( x to accompany ! m$al1 & ! rema9d] to be giv51 9 "o or m portions1 = ! fur!rance ( ! sci5ce4 ,sir ,*>les 0 succe$$ 9 ! family e/ates by 8 nephew ,leon>d1 ! elde/ son ( ,colonel ,lyell1 :o lives at ,k9nordy1 b has rebuilt ! h\se4 ,he 0 creat$ a b>onet 9 #ahid4 ,,footnotes3 #acg ,! nature ( ,eozoon1 :e!r x be ! rema9s ( a =am9if] ( unusual size & peculi> habit ( gr[?1 or m]ely a v exceptional arrangem5t ( its con/itu5t m9]als1 has be5 s9ce ! above-nam$ date a fruitful subject ( controv]sy4 ,= "s ye>s ! balance ( op9ion 0 9 fav\r ( an organic orig92 n[ x seems to be di/9ctly t5d+ 9 ! o!r direction4 #ach ,report ( ,brit4 ,assoc41 #ahfd1 p4 xxiv4 #aci ,colonel ,lyell's elde/ son1 ! pres5t b>onet4 #adj ,he 0 =tunate 9 obta9+ ! help ( ,miss ,arabella ,buckley1 a lady ( cong5ial ta/es 9 lit]ature & sci5ce4 #ada ,! relation%ip 0 unusually close1 = ,colonel ,lyell _h m>ri$ ano!r ,miss ,horn]4 #adb ,= a description ( ?is f9e collection ( prehi/oric antiquities1 see ,fl9t ,*ips1 by ,e4 ,t4 ,/ev5s1 #ahgj4 #adc ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 ii4 p4 #ddj4 #add ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 ii4 p4 #ddc4 #ade ,! book1 ?us abbreviat$1 & entitl$ ,! ,/ud5t's ,elem5ts ( ,geology1 0 publi%$ 9 #ahga4 ,a second edition appe>$ 9 ,febru>y1 #ahgd2 a ?ird1 revis$ by ,mr4 ,leon>d ,lyell & o!rs1 9 #ahgh2 & a f\r?1 edit$ by ,pr(4 ,p4 ,m4 ,duncan1 9 #ahhe4 #adf ,antiquity ( ,man 7f\r? edition71 *ap4 vii4 #adg ,%e _h be5 suff]+ f influ5za1 b _h accompani$ h] husb& & nephews to ,ludl[ at ! beg9n+ ( ! mon?4 ,!y became uneasy at h] increas+ debility1 & return$ to t[n on ! #ad? 7,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnal ( ,sir ,c4 ,bunbury1 iii4 p4 #i74 #adh ,he m5tions1 on ,janu>y #e?1 #ahef1 t %e _h n be5 well en\gh to breakfa/ ) him1 = ! second "t only s9ce our m>riage4 #adi ,quot$ f an obitu>y notice by ,g4 ,s4 ,hill>d1 ,esq41 9 ! ,bo/on 7,u4,s47 ,daily ,adv]tis] 7pr9t$ 9 ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 ii4 p4 #dfg74 #aej ,?is 0 publi%$ aft] 8 dea?4 ,he _h complet$ "o volume2 ! o!r 0 revis$ by 8 nephew ,leon>d4 #aea ,ab\t ! same "t he 0 admitt$ to ! fre$om ( ! ,turn]s' ,company 9 ! ,city ( ,london4 #aeb ,n[ ,pr(essor ,judd1 ,f4,r4,s41 ( ! ,royal ,college ( ,sci5ce1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 #aec ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 ii4 pp4 #dec-dei4 #aed ,! ,club consi/s ( a c]ta9 numb] ( ,fell[s ( ! ,geological ,society1 :o d9e toge!r be=e ! ev5+ meet+s4 #aee ,8 bro!r ,?omas1 :o _h retir$ f ! ,navy ) ! rank ( capta91 _h di$ 7unm>ri$7 "s ye>s be=e at ! jo9ture h\se 7,%iel ,hill71 ,k9nordy1 :]e he _h resid$ ) "o ( 8 si/]s4 #aef ,a m>ble bu/1 a copy by ,!$ ( ! orig9al execut$ by ,gibson1 is plac$ ne> ! grave4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,summ>y4 ,9 /ature1 ,sir ,*>les ,lyell#aeg 0 r above ! middle height1 some:at squ>ely built1 ?\gh n at all /\t1 ) cle>-cut1 intellectual features1 & a =ehead1 broad1 high1 & massive4 ,he w\ld h be5 a man ( comm&+ pres5ce1 if 8 extremely %ort sight _h n oblig$ him to /oop & pe] into any?+ he wi%$ to obs]ve4 ,?is defect1 9 addition to ! weakness ( 8 eyes 0 a s]i\s imp$im5t 9 field "w4 ,z ,pr(essor ,ramsay rem>k$ 9 #ahea1 aft] sp5d+ a few days ) him 9 ! s\? ( ,engl&1 he requir$ p to po9t ?+s out to him1 & w\ld h be5 unable to make a geological map1 b und]/ood all :5 expla9$1 & speculat$ !reon well4#aeh ,?is defect ( sight1 accord+ to ,sir ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 :o _h be5 8 companion 9 m ?an "o excursion 9 ,canada1 0 at times ev5 a s\rce ( dang]4 ,! expression ( 8 face 0 "o ( ?\ghtful p[] & graci\s b5ignity4#aei ,9 8 "w1 ,lyell 0 v me?odical1 beg9n+ & end+ at fix$ h\rs4 ,accu/om$ to make use ( ! help ( o!rs on acc\nt ( 8 weak sight1 he 0 s+ul>ly unconsci\s ( outw>d bodily movem5t1 ?\gh highly s5sitive to pa94 ,:5 dictat+1 he 0 (t5 re/less1 mov+ f 8 *air to 8 s(a1 pac+ ! room1 or sometimes fl++ himself full l5g? on two *airs1 trac+ patt]ns on ! floor1 z "s ?\ghtful or eloqu5t passage fl[$ f 8 lips4 ,b ?\gh a rapid writ] & dictator1 he 0 s5sitively consci5ti\s 9 ! correction ( 8 manuscript1 p>tly f a /rong s5se ( ! duty ( accuracy1 p>tly f a desire to save 8 publi%] ! exp5se ( pro( corrections4 ,h5ce passages once f9i%$ 7 r>ely alt]$1 ev5 aft] _m ye>s1 unless new facts arose4 ,! *>act]i/ic ) :i* anyone :o sp5t "s "t 9 ,*>les ,lyell's company 0 mo/ impress$1 0 8 ?ir/ = k1 comb9$ ) a s+ul> op5ness1 & p]fect fairness ( m9d4 ,he 0 absolutely free f all petty pride1 & f t common fail+ ( m5 ( sci5ce1 :i* causes !m to cl+ ) su* t5acity to op9ions once =m$1 ev5 9 ! face ( ! /ronge/ evid5ce4#afj ,ramsay wrote ( him1#afa ,we all l ,lyell mu*2 he is anxi\s = in/ruction1 & s f> f affect+ ! bigwig1 he is n afraid to le>n any?+ f anyone4#afb ,! notes he takes are amaz+4 ,no man c\ld h giv5 a /rong] pro( ( c&\r & pla/icity ( m9d & ( 8 c>e = tru? alone ?an ,lyell did 9 deal+ ) ! "q ( ! orig9 ( species4 ,f ! fir/ he approa*$ x )\t prejudice4 ,s long z ! facts adduc$ by ,lam>ck & o!rs appe>$ to him insuffici5t to support _! hypo!ses1 he gave ! pref]5ce to "s modification ( ! ord9>ily accept$ view--t a species began 9 a creative act--b aft] read+ ,d>w9's classic "w1#afc & discuss+ ! subject 9 private1 n only ) its au?or1 b also ) ,sir ,j4 ,hook] & ,pr(essor ,huxley1 he 0 conv9c$ t ,d>w9 0 "r 9 8 ma9 cont5tion1 ?\gh he held back 9 reg>d to c]ta9 m9or po9ts1 = :i* he ?\ght ! evid5ce z yet insuffici5t4 ,( 8 conduct 9 ?is matt]1 ,d>w9 ju/ly wrote3 ,consid]+ 8 age1 8 =m] views1 & position 9 society1 ,i ?9k 8 action has be5 h]oic4#afd ,dean ,/anley1 9 ! pulpit ( ,we/m9/] ,abbey1 on ! ,sunday foll[+ ! fun]al1 summ$ up 9 a few eloqu5t s5t5ces ! great moral lesson ( ,lyell's life4 ,f e>ly y\? to extreme old age x 0 to him a solemn religi\s duty to be incessantly le>n+1 fe>lessly correct+ 8 own mi/akes1 always ready to receive & reproduce f o!rs t :i* he _h n 9 himself4 ,sci5ce & religion = him n only 7 n divorc$1 b 7 "o & indivisible4#afe ,to asc]ta9 ! tru?1 & to be l$ by reason n by impulse1 t 0 ,lyell's great aim4 ,s$gwick once#aff criticis$ 8 "w 9 t]ms :i*1 9 "o respect1 seem to me curi\sly mi/ak53 ,lyell 444 is an excell5t & ?\ghtful writ]1 b n1 ,i ?9k1 a great field obs]v] 444 8 m9d is ess5tially d$uctive n inductive4 ,! =m] criticism1 z has be5 already admitt$1 is j1 b ! latt]1 pace tanti viri1 seems to me ! rev]se ( ! tru?4 ,surely !re nev] 0 a geologi/ ^: habits & me?ods 7 m /rictly inductive ?an ,lyell's4 ,he w\ld sp>e no pa9s1 & h>dly any exp5se1 to asc]ta9 = himself :at ! facts 72 he ab/a9$ f draw+ any conclusion until he _h accumulat$ a good /ore2 he comp>$ & m>%all$ !m1 & f9ally adopt$ ! int]pretation ) :i* !y seem$ mo/ accordant4 ,?is int]pretation1 h[ev]1 w\ld be modifi$1 or ev5 reject$1 if new & important facts 7 discov]$4 ,surely ?is is ! me?od ( induction2 surely ?is is ! mode ( reason+ adopt$ by ,d>w9 & by ,newton1 & ev5 by ,bacon himself4 ,b ,s$gwick1 great man z he 01 almo/ unrivall$ 9 ! field1 m brilliant1 ?\gh less p]sev]+ ?an ,lyell1 0 n always q free f prejudices2 & x may be not$ t he m ?an once /igmatises an op9ion :i* he dislikes by decl>+ x n to be 9 accordance ) inductive me?ods4 ,sir ,joseph ,hook]'s judgm5t 0 f> m accurate3 ,"o ( ! mo/ philosophical ( geologi/s1 & "o ( ! be/ ( m5#afg2 or t ( ,*>les ,d>w9 himself3 ,! sci5ce ( geology is enorm\sly indebt$ to ,lyell--m s1 z ,i believe1 ?an to any o!r man :o ev] liv$4#afh ,lyell felt a ke5 int]e/ 9 ! broad] aspect ( political que/ions1 & ?is n only 9 8 own c\ntry1#afi ?\gh he took little or no %>e 9 p>ty /ruggles1 = ! vulg>ity ( ! demagogue & ! co>s5ess ( ! hu/+s 7 (f5sive to a man ( su* ref9em5t4 ,8 op9ions h>monis$ ) 8 sci5tific habits ( ?\ght1 always progressive1 b nev] extravagant4 ,he 0 9 fav\r ( great] fre$om 9 education1 ( ! re/riction ( class privileges1 & ( an ext5sion ( ! fran*ise1 b he saw cle>ly t any?+ l univ]sal suffrage1 z ! _w is at pres5t con/itut$1 w\ld only mean giv+ a prepond]at+ influ5ce to ^? lea/ compet5t to wield x2 t is1 to ! m ignorant & easily delud$4 ,z 9 su* cases ! glib tongue w\ld become m pot5t ?an ! voice ( reason1 ! demagogue ?an ! /atesman1 he fe>$ t ! /&>d ( national hon\r w\ld be almo/ inevitably l[]$1 & national disa/] be a probable result4 ,t all m5 are equal & entitl$ to an equal %>e 9 ! gov]nm5t--a dogma n[ reg>d$ 9 "s circles z almo/ sacr$--w\ld h be5 repudiat$ by him ) ! quiet scorn ( a man :o pref]s facts to fancies1 & inductive reason+ to s5tim5tal rhapsody4 ,a p>tisan he c\ld n be1 = he saw too cle>ly t 9 political matt]s tru? & "r 7 seldom a monopoly ( any side1 & ?\gh by no means want+ 9 a c]ta9 quiet & re/ra9$ en?usiasm1 he _h almo/ an abhorr5ce ( fanaticism4 ,"o example may s]ve = _m1 to indicate ! way 9 :i* he reg>d$ bo? ?is _s & any difficult "q4 ,naturally he _h a /rong dislike to slav]y2 he fully recognis$ ! inju/ice & wrong to ! negro1 & ! evil effects ^u ! ma/]4 ,nev]!less1 aft] visit+ ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 & giv+ ! impressions ( 8 j\rney1 he ?us expresses himself3 ,! m ,i reflect$ on ! condition ( ! slaves1 & endeav\r$ to ?9k on a practical plan = ha/5+ ! p]iod ( _! lib]ation1 ! m difficult ! subject appe>$ to me1 & ! m ,i felt a/oni%$ at ! confid5ce display$ by s _m anti-slav]y speak]s & writ]s on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic4 ,! c\rse pursu$ by ^! agitators %[s t1 next to ! positively wick$1 ! class :o are usually call$ 'well-mean+ p]sons' are ! mo/ mis*iev\s 9 society4 ,he !n po9ts out h[ a /rong feel+ aga9/ slav]y _h be5 spr++ up 9 ,virg9ia1 ,k5tucky1 & ,m>yl&2 h[ ! emancipation p>ty _h be5 ga9+ gr\nd1 & slav]y /eadily retreat+ s\?w>ds1 b f ! mom5t t ! abolition movem5t began1 & t mission>ies 7 s5t to ! ,s\!rn ,/ates1 a reaction 0 p]ceiv$--! plant]s took ! al>m--laws 7 pass$ aga9/ education--! condition ( ! slave 0 worse1 & n a few ( ! plant]s1 by d9t ( def5d+ _! in/itutions aga9/ ! argum5ts & misrepres5tations ( _! assailants1 came actually to delude !mselves into a belief t slav]y 0 legitimate1 wise1 & exp$i5t--a positive good 9 itself4#agj ,at a subsequ5t p]iod he speaks ( ,mrs4 ,bee*] ,/[e's fam\s book1 ,uncle ,tom's ,cab91 z a gross c>icature4 ,b 9 ! great /ruggle betwe5 ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,/ates1 8 sympa?ies w5t ) ! =m]4 ,x 0 ! fairness ( 8 criticisms1 & 8 he>ty appreciation ( ! good side 9 ,am]ican in/itutions1 t won him _m fri5ds & made 8 books welcome on t side ( ! ,atlantic4 ,lyell's views on religi\s que/ions accord$1 z might be expect$1 ) ! g5]al b5t ( 8 m9d4 ,he 0 a memb] ( ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1#aga appreciat$ its s]vices1 ! *>m ( music1 & ! beauty ( ar*itecture1 b he fail$ to und]/& :y noncon=mity %\ld entail p5alties1 :e!r legal or social4 ,8 m9d 0 ess5tially undogmatic2 feel+ t c]ta9ty 0 impossible 9 que/ions :]e ! ord9>y means ( v]ification c\ld n be employ$1 he ab/a9$ f speculation & %rank f =mulat+ 8 ideas1 ev5 :5 he 0 conv9c$ ( _! g5]al tru?4 ,he 0 cont5t1 h[ev]1 to believe :]e he c\ld n prove1 & to tru/1 n fa9tly1 ! l>g] hope4 ,s he work$ on 9 calm confid5ce t ! hone/ se>*] aft] tru? w\ld nev] g f> a/ray1 & t ! ,god ( ,nature & ( ,revelation 0 "o4 ,he s\ght 9 ?is life to foll[ ! way ( righte\sness1 ju/ice1 & goodness1 & he di$ 9 ! hope ( immortality4 ,z he disapprov$ ( any approa* to p]secution on ! gr\nd ( religion1 s he object$ /rongly to ! exclusive privileges :i* 9 8 day 7 enjoy$ by ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 especially to its virtual monopoly ( education4 ,on ?is po9t he sev]al times expresses himself 9 =cible t]ms2 z1 = in/ance1 9 ^! words3 ,! ,*ur* ( ,engl& asc5d5cy is really ! p[] :i* is oppressive "h1 & n ! mon>*y1 nor ! ari/ocracy4 ,p]haps ,i feel x too s5sitively z a sci5tific man1 s9ce our ,puseyites h exclud$ physical sci5ce f ,ox=d4 ,!y are wise 9 _! g5]ation4 ,! abject def]5ce to au?ority advocat$ consci5ti\sly by !m c nev] survive a s\nd philosophical education4#agb ,to ?is p>ty--or to ! ,ca?olic movem5t1 z x is n[ (t5 call$--9 ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&1 ,lyell _h a /rong dislike2 he deem$ _! claims to au?ority unw>rantable1 _! practices 9 _m respects ei!r *ildi% or sup]/iti\s4 ,z we h endeav\r$ to br+ out 9 ! c\rse ( ?is volume ! guid+ pr9ciples ( ,lyell's "w1 a brief recapitulation only is ne$$ z a conclusion4 ,t "w 0 regulat$ by two maxims3 ! "o1 ,g & see2 ! o!r1 ,pref] reason to au?ority4 ,to ! fir/ maxim he gave expression m ?an once1 :ile he 0 always inculcat+ x by example4 ,imitat+ ! well-kn[n say+ ( ,demo/h5es 9 reg>d to oratory1 he emphatically decl>es t 9 ord] to =m compreh5sive views ( ! globe1 ! fir/1 ! second1 & ! ?ird requisite is travel4#agc ,:at he prea*$1 he practis$2 ab\t a qu>t] ( ! la/ fifty ye>s ( 8 life mu/ h s be5 sp5t4 ,( ! second maxim also he 0 a liv+ example4 ,x 0 8 practice n only to see = himself1 b also to judge = himself1 9 all que/ions o!r ?an ^? necess>ily res]v$ = speciali/s2 8 rule1 t ?\ght %\ld be free f ! fe> ( man1 b subject to ! laws ( reason+4 ,z a "y man he _h advocat$1 almo/ s+le-h&$1 sci5tific views :i* 7 unpopul> alike ) ! old] au?orities 9 geology & ) ! suppos$ fri5ds ( religion2 he _h prote/$ aga9/ ! invocation ( cata/rophic de/ruction & cataclysmal flood 9 ord] to cle> away difficulties 9 ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>?2 9 o!r words1 aga9/ an appeal to miracle1 :5 a cause c\ld be f\nd 9 ! exi/+ ord] ( ,nature2 & he _h disput$ ! "r ( any prie/hood1 :e!r ,romani/ or ,prote/ant1 to hold ! keys ( k4 ,he v9dicat$1 aga9/ all corn]s1 8 claim--nay1 8 bir?right--to sit1 z an e>ne/ /ud5t1 at ! feet ( ,nature to li/5 & to le>n1 z %e *ose to tea*1 :e!r by ! act$ drama ( ! liv+ _w or by ! sil5t record ( ! rocks4 ,he 01 9 %ort1 m obs]v] ?an !ori/1 m philosoph] ?an poet1 m a s]vant ( reason ?an a dream] ( dreams4 ,8 example is "o well wor?y ( remembrance at ! pres5t epo*4 ,! :irligig ( "t has br\ght its rev5ges1 & has introduc$ into geology a class ( /ud5ts almo/ unkn[n 9 ! days :5 ,lyell 0 9 8 vig\r4 ,! developm5ts ( m9]alogy & palaeontology1 helpful & valuable z !y h be5 by mak+ geology m ( an exact sci5ce &1 9 "s cases1 sub/itut+ ord] = confusion1 h t5d$ to produce /ud5ts v famili> ) ! app>atus ( a laboratory or ! collections ( a museum1 b n ) ! face ( ! e>?4 ,?is1 9 itself1 w\ld n be necess>ily hurtful1 because ! field ( geology is s wide t !re is room = all2 b x leads sometimes to an undue exaltation ( trifles1 to an ov]-e/imation ( ! m9t1 anise1 & cumm9 ( sci5ce1 to a wa/e ( "t ^u :at is call$ ! lit]ature ( ! subject4 ,?is la/ (t5 means ei!r se>*+ mu* *aff = a few gra9s ( :eat1 or sp5d+ mu* lab\r ) ! hope ( discov]+ :e!r ,a or ,b 0 ! fir/ to conf] a "n ^u a species2 ! priority p]haps be+ only ( a few mon?s1 & t "n nei!r p>ticul>ly appropriate nor euphoni\s4 ,p>tly f ?is1 p>tly f o!r causes1 ! importance1 nay1 ! absolute necessity ( travel1 = ! education ( a geologi/ is n[ too (t5 =gott54 ,9 ?is sci5ce !re are _m que/ions--"s ( !m almo/ fundam5tal--= :i* no p]quisitions 9 a libr>y1 no rese>* 9 a laboratory1 no /udies 9 a museum1 h[ev] consci5ti\sly pati5t & pa9/ak+ !y may be1 c be accept$ z an adequate prep>ation2 que/ions 9 :i* ,nature is at once ! be/ book1 ! be/ laboratory1 & ! be/ museum1 & exp]i5ce is ! only safe tea*]4 ,:at w\ld ,lyell h said to m5--& su* might n[ be nam$--:o und]took to discuss wide geological problems ) ! mo/ limit$ exp]i5ce :o1 = example1 pos$ z au?orities ^u :at ice c or _c d1 )\t hav+ ev5 se5 a glaci] or speculat$ on ! mo/ intricate que/ions 9 petrology )\t hav+ /udi$ m ?an "s corn] ( ?is isl&1 or1 inde$1 )\t any precise k ( t8 ,w\ld n he--av]se z he 0 to speak+ sev]ely--h c5sur$ !m = talk+ ab\t ?+s :i* !y c\ld n possibly und]/&1 & = d>k5+ c\nsel by words )\t k8 ,lyell1 no d\bt1 _h exceptionally fav\rable opportunities4 ,! elde/ son ( a weal?y man--:o cont5t$ly acquiesc$ 9 8 seek+ fame r ?an =tune1 & suppli$ him ) ! necess>y funds--8 "t 0 8 own1 z he _h n only en\gh = 8 ord9>y wants1 b also c\ld af=d to travel z mu* z he desir$4 ,8 social position 0 suffici5tly good to facilitate 8 access to ^? :o _h already atta9$ to em95ce4 ,he 0 bless$ ) a sympa!tic & helpful wife1 & !y _h no *ildr54 ,?us !y 7 p]fectly free1 bo? 9 ! disposal ( _! "t at home & 9 _! p]egr9ations abroad4 ,besides ^! ?+s !y bo? enjoy$ good heal?4 ,lyell's con/itution 0 n1 inde$1 s robu/ t he c\ld take lib]ties2 he _h to be c>eful ab\t cakes & ale1 & to lead a fairly regul> life1#agd b by s do+ he 0 able to be always 9 good condition = 8 "w4 ,8 eyes1 9 fact1 7 8 only tr\ble & :o is !re :o has n got 8 own ?orn 9 ! fle%8 ,lyell also 0 happy 9 all 8 dome/ic relations4 ,8 lett]s indicate t all ! family--on bo? sides--7 on affectionate t]ms1 & conta9 few ref]5ces to anxieties & tr\bles1 su* z ! sickness & dea? ( ^? de> to him1 until 8 life approa*$ ! p]iod :5 su* trials become inevitable4 ,?us free f ! imp$im5ts :i* h beset _m o!r m5 ( m>k$ ability1 su* z weak heal? & physical suff]+1 ! we>+ anxiety ( an invalid wife or a sickly family1 ! h>ass+ c>es ( pecuni>y losses or ( an insuffici5t income1 ,lyell _h an exceptional *ance4 ,b o!r m5 h ! same & d n use x2 !y are crippl$ by ?is burd5 or div]t$ by t allurem5t1 & might h be5 too (t5 becomes _! epitaph4 ,lyell nev] falt]$ 9 ! c\rse :i*1 comp>atively e>ly 9 life1 he _h m>k$ out = himself4 ,) t /eady p]si/5cy & quiet en]gy :i* are *>act]i/ic ( ! ,l[l& ,scot1 he put aside all temptations & ev]y?+ :i* ?reat5$ to int]f]e ) 8 "w4 ,:ile nei!r recluse nor h]mit1 nei!r *urli% nor unsociable1 nay1 :ile ?or\ghly enjoy+ witty & intellectual society1 he all[$ no?+ to di/ract him f 8 ma9 purpose4 ,conv9c$ t !re 0 a "w :i* he c\ld d1 & a "n :i* he c\ld w91 he 0 will+1 = sake ( ?is1 to run risks & to make sacrifices4 ,he did n inde$ despise fame1 b he nev] condesc5d$ to unwor?y arts to obta9 x2 he held t ! lab\r] 0 wor?y ( 8 hire1 b ) him x 0 always ! "w fir/1 & ! wage second1 :e!r t 7 co9$ gold or laurel wrea?4 ,he 0 s+ul>ly free f all petty jeal\sies1 & ready to le>n f all :o c\ld tea* him any?+1 b he 0 no weakl+1 sway$ by e brea? ( w9d1 = he rea*$ 8 conclusions sl[ly & cauti\sly1 & nev] /opp$ to ask :e!r !y w\ld be popul>4 ,=w>d1 = tru?'s sake1 t 0 ! motto ( 8 life4 ,9 yet ano!r way 0 ,lyell felix opportunitate vitae4 ,9 8 days1 geology might be comp>$ to a c\ntry :i* _h be5 = "s "t discov]$ b 0 n yet explor$4 ,settlem5ts _h be5 e/abli%$ "h & !re2 9 _! neighb\rhood "s gr\nd _h be5 cle>$1 & a firm base ( op]ations _h be5 secur$1 b ar\nd & beyond 0 ! virg9 =e/1 ! untrodd5 l&4 ,at almo/ e /ep ! travell] met ) "s fre% accession to 8 k or a new problem to solve4 ,he c\ld feel ! allurem5t ( expectation or ! joy ( discov]y ev5 9 c\ntries o!rwise well kn[n2 :]e n[ he c hope only to pick up "s t9y detail or to plunge into "s int]m9able controv]sy4 ,if he n[ desires fre% fields & pa/ures new1 he mu/ w&] beyond ! limits ( civilis$ l&s2 = )9 ^! e crag is hamm]-m>k$1 & ! (ficial geologi/ is at "w mak+ maps4 ,b n only ?is1 ,lyell liv$ 9 ! days :5 ! lit]ature ( 8 sci5ce 0 ( v mode/ dim5sions4 ,?is _h its obvi\s drawbacks1 b x _h also its advantages1 :i*1 p]haps1 7 m ?an comp5sations4 ,at ! pres5t day ! consci5ti\s /ud5t is 9 dang] ( be+ ov]:elm$ by ! mass ( pap]s1 pamphlets & books1 f all l&s & 9 all languages--:i* he is expect$1 if n to read1 at lea/ to scramble ?r\gh be=e v5tur+ to write on any subject4 ,fifty ye>s ago x requir$ a v limit$ am\nt ( /udy--(t5 only a few h\rs' rese>*--to put ! geologi/ 9 possession ( all t 0 kn[n1 s t he approa*$ 8 !me v mu* z a ma!matician attacks a problem4 ,?is burd5 ( sci5tific lit]ature1 see+ t life is %ort & human /r5g? is limit$1 ?reat5s to /ifle ! progress ( sci5ce itself1 & we c h>dly v5ture to expect t any m great g5]alisations w be made 9 geology or palaeontology1 unless a man arise :o is d>+ en\gh to subord9ate read+ to ?9k+1 & s /rong 9 8 grasp ( pr9ciples t he c make light ( details4 ,x has be5 sometimes said t ,lyell 0 n an orig9al ?9k]4 ,possibly n2 vix]e =tes ante ,agamemnona is true 9 sci5ce no less ?an 9 national hi/ory2 !re 7 ma!maticians be=e ,newton1 philosophic naturali/s be=e ,d>w91 geologi/s be=e ,lyell4 ,he did n claim to h discov]$ ! pr9ciple ( uni=mity4 ,he tells u himself :at _h be5 done by 8 pr$ecessors 9 ,italy & 9 ,scotl&3 b he scatt]$ ! mi/s ( error & illusion1 he plac$ ! idea ^u a firm & logical basis2 9 a ^w1 he f\nd uni=mit>ianism an hypo!sis1 & he left x a !ory4 ,t surely is a m solid gift to sci5ce1 a bett] claim to greatness1 ?an any numb] ( brilliant guesses & fancies1 :i*1 aft] coruscat+ = a brief season to ! amazem5t ( a gap+ cr[d1 explode into d>kness1 & are no m se54 ,b to a c]ta9 ext5t ,lyell has ?r[n 8 own "w into ! %ade4 ,! fame ( 8 books causes 8 num]\s sci5tific pap]s#age to be ov]look$2 p>ticul>ly 8 contributions to ! hi/ory ( coalfields & to ! classification ( ! ,t]ti>y deposits4 ,moreov]1 into ^! books he 0 con/antly incorporat+ new & orig9al matt]4 ,we may be fairly famili> ) ! ,pr9ciples & ! ,elem5ts1 b we fail to realise until we h read 8 ,life & ! acc\nts ( 8 two t\rs 9 ,am]ica h[ mu* ^? books are made up f ! results ( actual exp]i5ce & p]sonal /udy 9 ! field4 ,x has be5 also said t ,lyell c>ri$ ! pr9ciple ( uni=mity a little too f>4 ,b1 suppose we conc$e ?is1 does x am\nt to m ?an ! admission t he 0 human8 ,x is almo/ inevitable t ! discov]] or prophet ( a great tru?1 :o has to enc\nt] ! /orm & /ress ( controv]sy1 %\ld /ate 8 case a little too /rongly1 or %\ld ov]look "s m9or limitation4 ,suppose we grant t ,lyell 0 a little too lavi% 9 8 e/imate ( ! "t at ! disposal ( geologi/s4 ,! physici/ _h n !n int]v5$1 ) argum5ts drawn f 8 own sci5ce1 to insi/ t nei!r e>? nor sun c reckon _! ye>s by myriads ( myriads1 & ev5 n[ ?is controv]sy _c be reg>d$ z clos$4 ,suppose we grant t 9 accept+ ,hutton's dictum1 ,i f9d 9 ! e>? no signs ( a beg9n+1 ,lyell 0 misl$ by appe>ances1#agf :i* h s9ce prov$ to be delusive1 & t facts1 s f> z !y g1 po9t r 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,well1 ?is po9t also is n yet to be reg>d$ z settl$2 & ( "o ?+1 at any rate1 we may be sure1 t if ,lyell 7 n[ liv+ he w\ld frankly recognise new facts1 z soon z !y 7 e/abli%$1 & w\ld n %r9k f any modification ( 8 !ory :i* ^! might dem&4 ,great z 7 8 s]vices to geology1 ?is1 p]haps1 is ev5 great]--= ! lesson applies to all sci5ces & to all seek]s aft] k--t 8 c>e]1 f fir/ to la/1 0 ! manife/ation ( a judicial m9d1 ( a noble _s1 rais$ f> above all p>ty passions & petty consid]ations1 ( an intellect great 9 itself1 b great] /ill 9 its gr& humility2 t he 0 a man to :om tru? 0 z ! 'pe>l ( price1' wor?y ( ! devotion &1 if ne$ be1 ! sacrifice ( a life4 ,,footnotes3 #aeg ,9 ?is p>agraph ,i h v5tur$ to quote l>gely1 & m or less v]batim1 f ! words ( ,miss ,buckley 7,lyell's secret>y7 9 ! article on 8 life1 writt5 by my fri5d ,pr(essor ,g4 ,a4 ,j4 ,cole1 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography1 vol4 xxxiv4 #aeh ,life ( ,sir ,a4 ,ramsay1 by ,sir ,a4 ,geikie1 *ap4 v4 #aei ,vidi tantum1 :5 8 p[]s 7 beg9n+ to fail1 b x is ?is expression :i* is /amp$ on my m9d z *>act]i/ic ( ! face 9 ,*>les ,lyell1 &1 ,i may add1 also 9 ,*>les ,d>w94 #afj ,j4 ,w4 ,dawson1 cit$ 9 ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography4 #afa ,ut supra4 #afb ,i may add my own te/imony4 ,:5 ! second edition ( ! ,/ud5t's ,elem5ts 0 pass+ ?r\gh ! press4 ,i v5tur$ to write to him ab\t "o or two petrological details1 :i* ,i ?\ght might be m precise4 ,?\gh at t "t ,i _h publi%$ b few pap]s1 ,i receiv$ m ?an "o k9d lett] ) ! reque/ t ,i w\ld read "s ( ! pro(-%eets ( ! book & sugge/ alt]ations4 #afc ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 publi%$ 9 #ahei4 #afd ,life & ,lett]s ( ,c4 ,d>w91 ii4 p4 #cbf4 #afe ,quot$ 9 ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 ii4 p4 #dfa4 #aff ,9 #ahfe4 ,life & ,lett]s ( ,s$gwick1 ii4 p4 #dab4 #afg ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnal ( ,sir ,c4 ,bunbury1 iii4 p4 #ff4 #afh ,life & ,lett]s ( ,c4 ,d>w91 i4 p4 #gf4 #afi ,he ma9ta9$ = _m ye>s an int]e/+ correspond5ce ) ,mr4 ,g4 ,ticknor1 ( ,bo/on1 ,u4,s4,a41 9 :i* he (t5 discusses political que/ions1 bo? ,briti% & ,am]ican4 #agj ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 *ap4 ix4 #aga ,9 ! lat] "p ( 8 life he appe>s to h sympa?is$ m ) ! ,unit>ians1 = he att5d$ ! s]vices at ,dr4 ,m>t9eau's *apel 9 ,little ,portl& ,/reet1 ?\gh ,i am n aw>e t he =mally sec$$ f ! ,*ur* ( ,engl&4 #agb ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnals1 vol4 ii4 pp4 #hb-abg4 ,x mu/ h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t ! ,high ,*ur* p>ty 7 n alone 9 _! opposition2 inde$1 aft] a "t1 !y 7 m tol]ant ( geologi/s ?an ! extreme ,evangelical s*ool4 ,i h "s cutt+s f ! ,record newspap]1 dat$ ab\t #ahgf1 :i* are int]e/+ examples ( n>r[-m9d$ ignorance & !ological arrogance4 #agc ,life1 ,lett]s1 & ,j\rnal1 i4 p4 #bcc4 ,pr9ciples1 i4 #fi 7elev5? edition74 #agd ,he admits t :5 ,"l ,enniskill5 & ,mur*ison _h s$uc$ him1 aft] a ,geological ,society meet+1 to p>take ( pt]odactyl 7woodcock7 pie & dr9k pun* into ! small h\rs1 8 "w suff]$ = f\r or five days aft]w>ds4 #age ,^! 7 ab\t sev5ty-six 9 numb]1 ! great majority writt5 prior to ! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( 8 life4 #agf ,su* z ! seem+ int]calation ( cry/all9e s*i/s ) fossilif]\s rocks1 or ! imm$iate sequ5ce ( ! two4 ,,index4 ,address to ! ,briti% ,association at ,ba?1 #aij ,alps1 ,!1 ,glaci]s (1 #agg ,am]ica1 ,fir/ visit to1 #acj ----1 ,second visit to1 #aee ----1 ,?ird visit to1 #agb ----1 ,f\r? visit to1 #agc ,antiquity ( ,man publi%$1 #ahe ----1 ,synopsis (1 #ahf ,aurignac ,cave1 ,!1 ,visit to1 #bjj ,auv]gne1 ,j\rney to1 #cc ,avic5na's treatise on m9]als1 #ha ,ba*elor ( ,arts1 ,degree (1 conf]r$ on him1 #bf ,b>1 ,call$ to !1 #cj ,b>onet1 ,creat$ a1 #aij ,beaumont1 ,elie de1 8 !ory ( m\nta9-*a9s1 #if ,bir? & bir?place1 ,81 #i ,brittany1 ,t\r 91 #ej ,briti% ,association1 ,address to1 #aij ,cave rema9s1 ,dr4 ,s*m]l+'s collection1 #aja ,cont95tal rese>*es 9 geology1 #ba ,crom]1 ,inve/igations at1 #aif ,cuvi]1 ,meets )1 9 ,p>is1 #bh ,d>w9 & ,lyell1 #abj ----1 8 op9ion ( ,lyell's "*1 #bjh ,dea? ( ,lady ,lyell1 #bjj ---- ,sir ,*>les ,lyell1 #bjd ,d5m>k & ,s\!rn ,norway1 ,rese>*es 91 #abb ,deputy-,lieut5ant ( ,=f>1 ,appo9tm5t z1 #eh ,de%ayes1 ! em95t con*ologi/1 #db ,diluviali/s & ,fluviali/s1 ,!1 #dc ,doctor ( ,laws degree conf]r$ on him1 #bjb ,eifel1 ,visit to ! volcanic di/rict (1 #fb ,elem5ts ( ,geology publi%$1 #abe ,engis skull1 ,!1 #ajb ,entomology1 ,e>ly /udies 91 #ae ,etna explor$1 #aha ,family1 ,! ,lyell1 #aj ,fa!r1 ,81 #i ,fluviali/s & ,diluviali/s1 ,!1 #dc ,=e/ ,b$1 ,!1 #aif ,frascatoro1 8 views on geology1 #hc ,g5]elli's !ories1 #hg ,geological ,society1 ,elect$ a ,fell[ ( !1 #bg ----1 ,8 fir/ pap]s to !1 #bh ----1 ,elect$ secret>y ( !1 #bh ----1 ,elect$ ,presid5t ( !1 #aaa ,geology1 ,fir/ /udies 91 #ai ----1 ,cont95tal rese>*es1 #ba ,glaci]s ( ! ,alps1 ,8 !ory ( !1 #agg ,gr& ,can>y1 ,voyage to1 #agd ,great ,dismal ,swamp1 ,!1 explor$1 #ada ,horn]1 ,miss1 ,m>riage )1 #fi ,humboldt1 ,meet+ )1 9 ,p>is1 #bh ,huttonian ,!ory1 ,!1 #ia ,infancy1 #aj ,inscription on ,lyell's tomb/one1 #bje ,irel&1 ,visit to1 #aeb ,kess+l& ,cliffs & ! ,=e/ ,b$1 #aif ,k+'s ,college1 ,lectures at1 #fh ,knight$1 #agj ,law1 ,!1 ,/udies =1 #bg ,lectures at ,k+'s ,college1 #fh ---- at ! ,royal ,in/itution1 #ga ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 8 conclusions on geology1 #hc ,lett] to ,h]s*el on ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 #aah ,lyell family1 ,!1 #aj ----1 ,lady1 ,dea? (1 #bjj ----1 ,sir ,*>les1 ,dea? (1 #bjd ,lyellia1 ,! moss nam$1 #i ,madeira1 ,voyage to1 #agc ,m>riage to ,miss ,horn]1 ,81 #fi ,m$al ( ! ,royal ,society pres5t$ to him1 #aaa ,memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 ,elect$1 #aij ,midhur/1 ,s*ool ,days at1 #af ,moel ,tryfa51 ,crags (1 #fa ,montreal & ,quebec1 ,j\rney to1 #adf ,moro's views1 #hg ,moss call$ ,lyellia1 #i ,"m1 ,81 #aj ,naples1 ,visit to1 #ch ,n>r[ escape :5 a *ild1 #aa ,new ,orleans1 ,j\rney to1 #afa ,niag>a ,falls1 ,8 impressions (1 #acd ,norm&y & ,brittany1 ,rese>*es 91 #ej ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,travels 91 #acj ,om> ! ,le>n$1 8 ,retreat ( ! ,sea1 #hb ,ord] ( ,sci5tific ,m]it be/[$ by ! ,k+ ( ,prussia1 #aij ,orig9 ( ,species1 ,lett] to ,h]s*el on !1 #aah ,ox=d1 ,und]graduate days at1 #ai ,palma1 ,inve/igations at1 #agd ,p]sonal *>act]i/ics ( ,lyell1 #bjf ,pla/ic ,=ce dogma1 ,!1 #hd ,political views1 ,81 #baj ,presid5t ( ! ,geological ,society1 ,is elect$1 #aaa ,pr9ciples ( ,geology1 fir/ volume publi%$1 #eg ----1 second volume publi%$1 #fh ----1 ?ird volume publi%$1 #gb ----1 its hi/ory & v>i\s editions1 #gc ,pr(essor ( ,geology at ,k+'s ,college1 #eh ,pyr5ees1 ,visit to !1 #eb ,quebec & ,montreal visit$1 #adf ,religi\s ,que/ions1 ,8 views on1 #bab ,r+wood1 ,s*ool days at1 #ab ,royal ,in/itution1 ,lectures at1 #ga ,royal ,society1 ,is elect$ a ,fell[ ( !1 #cj 7note7 ----1 ,m$al (1 pres5t$ to him1 #aaa ,salisbury1 ,s*ool days at1 #ab ,s>um1 ,excursions to1 #ac ,sc&9avia1 ,inve/igations 91 #ajd ,s*ool days1 #ab ,s*m]l+'s collection ( cave-rema9s1 #aja ,sci5tific pap]s1 l>ge numb] writt5 by him1 #bbj ,scrope's "w on ,volcanoes1 #ig ,sea-s]p5t1 ,lyell's views conc]n+ x1 #aeg ,second ,visit to ,nor? ,am]ica publi%$1 #afg ,/anley1 ,dean1 8 rem>ks respect+ ,lyell's life-"w1 #bjh ,switz]l&1 ,fir/ t\r 91 #ba ,t5]iffe1 ,rese>*es at1 #agd ,tomb/one1 ,lyell's1 ,inscription on1 #bje ,travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica publi%$1 #acj ,und]graduate days1 #ai ,vallisn]i's conclusions1 #hf ,views on religi\s que/ions1 ,lyell's1 #bab ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 8 conclusions on geology1 #hc ,wales1 ,visit to1 #ahi ,w]n]'s !ories1 #hh ,w1 ,lyell's1 #bje ,wolla/on ,m$al ( ! ,geological ,society pres5t$ to him1 #aid4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,cassell ,,company1 ,,limit$1 ,,la ,,belle ,,sauvage1 ,,london1 ,e4,c4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,typographical errors correct$ 9 ! text3 ,page #cf ,viv>rais *ang$ to ,viv>ais ,page #dj excell5za *ang$ to eccell5za ,page #ij ,viv>rais *ang$ to ,viv>ais ,page #abi ,brorgni>t *ang$ to ,brongni>t ,page #adh occur$ *ang$ to occurr$ ---------------------------------------- -----