,transcrib]'s note3 ,9 ?is pla9 text v]sion1 und]l9$ text 9 ! orig9al is surr\nd$ by equals symbols2 italic typeface is surr\nd$ by und]scores2 bold typeface & small caps typeface are repres5t$ by ,,upp] ,,case4 ,! oe-ligature appe>s z oe4 ,*anges to ! text 7to correct typographical errors7 are li/$ at ! end ( ! book4 ,a few cases ( miss+ punctuation h be5 regul>is$ 9 ! adv]tisem5ts )\t comm5t4 ,all adv]tis+ mat]ial has be5 reta9$ 9 ! same position z x appe>s 9 ! orig9al book4 ,!re are ext5sive adv]tisem5ts be=e & aft] ! title page1 foll[+ ! index & 9 a sixte5 page publi%]'s catalogue at ! end ( ! book4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,w> ,,inv5tions 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,ian ,,h>dy ,,s]ies ,,by ,,comm&] ,e4 ,,hamilton ,,currey1 ,r4,n4 ,ea* ,volume ) ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r4 #es4 ea* ,ian ,h>dy's c>e] 9 ,h4,m4 ,navy is told 9 f\r volumes1 :i* are describ$ bel[4 ,ea* volume is complete 9 itself1 & no k ( ! previ\s volumes is necess>y1 b few boys w read "o ( ! s]ies )\t wi%+ to p]use ! o!rs4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,naval ,,cadet ,a s\nd & :olesome /ory giv+ a lively picture ( a naval cadet's life4--,birm+ham ,gazette4 ,a v :olesome book = boys1 & ! lurk+ dang] ( ,ian's ill de$s be+ imitat$ may be reg>d$ z negligible 9 comp>ison ) ! good likely to be done by ! example ( 8 manly1 hone/ nature4 ,ian 0 a boy :om 8 fa!r might occasionally h reason to :ip1 b nev] feel a%am$ (4--,unit$ ,s]vice ,magaz9e4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,mid%ipman ,a jolly sequel to 8 la/ ye>'s book4--,*ri/ian ,_w4 ,! 'real ?+4' 444 ,c]ta9 to en?ral boys ( almo/ any age :o love /ories ( ,briti% pluck4--,obs]v]4 ,comm&] ,e4 ,hamilton ,currey1 ,r4,n41 is becom+ a s]i\s rival to ,k+/on z a writ] ( sea /ories4 ,j z a =m] g5]ation revell$ 9 ,k+/on's do+s ( 8 ?ree h]oes f _! middy days until !y became admirals all1 s w ! pres5t-day boys read ) int]e/ ! /ory ( ,ian ,h>dy4 ,la/ ye> we knew him z a cadet2 ?is ye> we get ,ian ,h>dy1 ,mid%ipman4 ,! pres5t in/alm5t ( 8 /irr+ hi/ory is breezily writt54--,york%ire ,obs]v]4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,s5ior ,,mid%ipman ,( ^? :o are n[ writ+ /ories ( ! sea1 ,comm&] ,currey holds p]haps ! lead+ position4 ,he has a gift ( n>rative1 a ke5 s5se ( hum\r1 & above all he writes f a full /ock ( k4--,saturday ,review4 ,x is no exagg]ation to say t ,comm&] ,currey be>s wor?ily ! mantle ( ,k+/on & ,capta9 ,m>ryat4--,man*e/] ,c\ri]4 ,! ,ian ,h>dy ,s]ies is j spl5did = boys to read1 & ! be/ ( x is t ea* book is complete 9 itself4 ,b n _m boys w read "o ( ! s]ies )\t be+ ke5ly desir\s ( read+ all ! o!rs4--,%effield ,telegraph4 ,,ian ,,h>dy ,,fight+ ,,! ,,moors ,by writ+ ?is s]ies ! au?or is do+ national s]vice1 = he writes ( ! ,navy & ! sea ) k & s\nd s5se4444 ,:at a welcome addition ! :ole s]ies w\ld make to a boy's libr>y4--,daily ,graphic4 ,! "r romantic /uff1 full ( fight+ & hairbread? escapes4444 ,comm&] ,currey has ! secret ( mak+ ! m5 & %ips seem actual4--,times4 ,by ?is "t ,ian ,h>dy has become a real fri5d & we consid] him all a h]o %\ld be4--,outlook4 ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,limit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,ea* volume pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,ex4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,,(f]s ,a ,,spl5did ,,*oice4--,globe4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,piracy ,,by ,e4 ,,keble ,,*att]ton1 ,b4,a4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,%ip ,) _m illu/rations ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,a]onautics ,,by ,,*>les ,c4 ,,turn] ,a ,,valuable ,,contribution ,,to ,,! ,,lit]ature ,,( ,,?is ,,mo/ ,,m>vell\s ,,subject4--,briti% ,weekly ,) =ty illu/rations ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,a/ronomy ,,by ,,hector ,,macph]son1 ,,junr4 ,) ?irty-sev5 illu/rations ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,savage ,,life ,describ+ ! ,habits1 ,cu/oms1 ,ev]yday ,life1 ,arts1 ,crafts1 ,games1 ,adv5tures & ,sports ( ,primitive ,man ,,by ,,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot ,m4,a41 ,b4,,sc41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,l4,s41 c4 ,) =ty illu/rations ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sieges ,,by ,,! ,,rev4 ,,edw>d ,,gilliat ,) sixte5 illu/rations ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,animal ,,arts ,,crafts ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,sc41 ,j4 ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,) tw5ty-sev5 illu/rations ,a ,,*>m+ ,,subject ,,well ,,set ,,=?4--,a!num ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,locomotion ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) tw5ty-five illu/rations ,,crisply ,,writt51 ,,brimful ,,( ,,incid5t4 ,,to ,,intellig5t ,,lads ,,%\ld ,,be ,,z ,,welcome ,,z ,a ,,ballantyne ,,/ory4--,glasg[ ,h]ald ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,pol> ,,exploration ,,by ,g4 ,,fir? ,,scott ,) tw5ty-f\r illu/rations ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ,,?rill+ly ,,int]e/+4 ,liv]pool ,c\ri] ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y ,,by ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,) _m illu/rations ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,subm>9e ,,eng9e]+ ,,by ,,?omas ,w4 ,,corb9 ,,au?or ,,( ,,me*anical ,,inv5tions ,,( ,,to-,,day ,) _m illu/rations diagrams ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,%ip ,,by ,e4 ,,keble ,,*att]ton1 ,b4,a4 ,) ?irty-f\r illu/rations ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,fi%]ies ,) descriptions ( ! ,_m & ,curi\s ,me?ods ( ,fi%+ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w ,,by ,,sidney ,,wright ,) tw5ty-f\r illu/rations ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,photography ,,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,) sixty-?ree illu/rations ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+ ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) _m illu/rations ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,m9+ ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) tw5ty-f\r illu/rations ,,we ,,_c ,,praise ,,?is ,,book ,,too ,,highly4--,briti% ,weekly ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep ,,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,) illu/rations ,,mo/ ,,fasc9at+2 ,,admirably ,,adapt$ ,,= ,,! ,,"y4 ,daily ,news ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,limit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,lavi%ly ,illu/rat$4 ,ex4 ,cr[n #hvo4 #es4 ea* volume ,,spl5did ,,volumes4--,! ,outlook ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,spani% ,,ma9 ,,by ,n4 ,j4 ,,davidson1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,) _m illu/rations ,,new ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity ,,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,) =ty-five illu/rations ,,admirable 444 ,,cle> ,,& ,,concise4--,! ,graphic ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) tw5ty-six illu/rations ,a ,,m9e ,,( ,,in=mation ,,& ,,/irr+ ,,incid5t4--,scotsman ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) ?irty illu/rations ,a ,,g5u9ely ,,fasc9at+ ,,book4 ,liv]pool ,c\ri] ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,insect ,,life ,,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,) tw5ty illu/rations ,,well ,,m]its ,,its ,,allur+ ,,title4 ,daily ,telegraph ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,briti% ,,life ,,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a4 ,a ,,ma/]piece ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,k1 ,,brilliant ,,inv5tion1 ,,& ,,g5u9e ,,hum\r4 ,liv]pool ,c\ri] ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,bird ,,life ,,by ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,) ?irty illu/rations ,,mo/ ,,fasc9at+1 ,,sugge/ive1 ,,& ,,readable4--,spectator ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry ,,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,philip1 ,d4,,sc41 ,,ph4,d4 ,) ?irty illu/rations ,a ,,fasc9at+ ,,exposition ,,9 ,,popul> ,,language4--,illu/rat$ ,london ,news ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,great ,,w> ,,by ,n4 ,j4 ,,davidson1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,) _m illu/rations ,,new ,,revis$ ,,edition ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) tw5ty-five illu/rations ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,exploration ,,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) sixte5 illu/rations ,,vivid ,,& ,,vigor\s4 ,glasg[ ,h]ald ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mission>y ,,h]oism ,,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,b4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,) ?irty-n9e illu/rations ,a ,,mo/ ,,entranc+ ,,volume4 ,expository ,times ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,plant ,,life ,,by ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a4 ,) ?irty-f\r illu/rations ,,int5sely ,,int]e/+4 ,le$s ,m]cury ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w ,,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,) sixte5 full-page illu/rations ,a ,,v ,,fasc9at+ ,,book4 ,graphic ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,geology ,,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,grew1 ,m4,a4 ,) tw5ty-five illu/rations ,,absorb+ly ,,int]e/+4 ,scotsman ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,manufacture ,,by ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,) =ty illu/rations ,,well ,,plann$1 ,,well ,,writt51 ,,& ,,well ,,illu/rat$4 ,pall ,mall ,gazette ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,limit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,popul> ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,"y ,,p ,,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,among writ]s = boys on sci5ce1 easily ! mo/ skilful is ,mr4 ,*>les ,gibson4 ,he writes s cle>ly1 simply & *>m+ly ab\t ! mo/ difficult ?+s t 8 books are q z ent]ta9+ z any ord9>y book ( adv5ture4 ,mr4 ,gibson has a fir/-rate sci5tific m9d & consid]able sci5tific atta9m5ts4 ,he is nev] guilty ( an inexact phrase--c]ta9ly1 nev] an obscure "o--or a mislead+ analogy4 ,we c\ld imag9e him hav+ a vogue among our "y folk comp>able ) t ( ,jules ,v]ne4--,! ,nation4 ,mr4 ,gibson has fairly made 8 m>k z a popul>is] ( sci5tific k4--,gu>dian4 ,,j ,,publi%$ ,,! ,,/>s ,,_! ,,my/]ies 7,vol4 ,,iii4 ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,*ildr5 ,,s]ies74 ,) ,col\r$ ,frontisp4 o!r ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,our ,,good ,,slave ,,electricity 7,vol4 ,i4 ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,*ildr5 ,,s]ies74 ,) ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,an exquisitely cle> book = *ildi% beg9n]s4--,! ,nation4 ,told 9 simple & rem>kably cle> language1 & ) su* +5uity t _m pages ( x read l a fairy tale4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,,! ,,great ,,ball ,,on ,,:i* ,,we ,,live 7,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,*ildr5 ,,s]ies74 ,) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & o!r ,illu/rations4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,capital4--,field4 ,a mo/ fasc9at+ & sugge/ive /ory ( ! e>?4 ,mr4 ,gibson n only kn[s 8 subject ?or\ghly1 b has ! capacity ( convey+ ! k to "y folk4--,*ur* ,family ,newspap]4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity4 ,describ+ 9 ,non-te*nical ,language :at is kn[n ab\t ,electricity & _m ( its int]e/+ applications4 ,) #da ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,admirable1 cle> & concise4--,graphic4 ,v ent]ta9+ & in/ructive4--,que54 ,a book :i* ! m]e/ tyro1 totally unacqua9t$ ) elem5t>y pr9ciples1 c und]/&4--,electricity4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,photography4 ,its ,discov]y & its ,applications4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,!re is n a dry or un9t]e/+ page ?r\gh\t4--,c\ntry ,life4 ,! n>ration is ev]y:]e rem>kable = its flu5cy & cle> /yle4--,by/&]4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! mo/ important ,discov]ies 9 ,sci5ce4 ,) #cj ,illus4 #es4 ,! mo/ curi\s boy ( me*anical b5t w\ld f9d su* a book satisfy+4--,we/m9/] ,gazette4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,manufacture4 ,a ,popul> ,acc\nt ( ! ,m>vels ( ,manufactur+4 #es4 ,a popul> & practical acc\nt ( all k9ds ( manufacture4--,scotsman4 ,j ! sort ( book to put into ! h&s ( s5ior boys z a s*ool prize4--,%effield ,telegraph4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,_w4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,lives1 ,sacrifices1 ,successes1 & ,failures ( "s ( ! greate/ ,sci5ti/s 9 ! ,_w's ,hi/ory4 ,) #ai ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,! :ole field ( sci5ce is well cov]$4444 ,e "o ( ! #cjj odd pages conta9s "s int]e/+ piece ( in=mation4--,a!num4 ,,! ,,autobiography ,,( ,,an ,,electron4 ,) #h ,illu/rations4 ,long #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 net4 ,a brilliant /udy4--,daily ,mail4 ,q a unique book 9 its way1 at once attractive & illum9at+4--,record4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity4 ,) #ag ,illu/rations & ,diagrams4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,manufacture4 ,) #bb ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,limit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,w> ,,inv5tions ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,tank4 ,^! weird-look+ eng9es are lit]ally mov+ =ts1 & are ! evolution ( a peaceful agricultural ma*9e fitt$ ) cat]pill> :eels1 t is1 a broad b& encircles ! driv+ :eels1 & s ! :ole con/ruction moves z x 7 on its own revolv+ plat=m & is ?us prev5t$ f s9k+ into ! s(t gr\nd4 ,! pr9ciple itself is n new1 z x 0 adapt$ to transport c>ts dur+ ! ,crimean ,w>4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,w> ,,inv5tions ,a ,description ( ,w>%ips1 ,guns1 ,tanks1 ,rifles1 ,bombs1 & ,o!r ,in/rum5ts & ,munitions ( ,w>f>e1 ,h[ ,!y ,7 ,inv5t$ ,h[ ,!y ,are ,employ$ by ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb9 ,au?or ( ,! ,romance ( ,subm>9e ,eng9e]+1 ,me*anical ,inv5tions ( ,to-,day1 c41 c41 c4 ,) _m ,illu/rations ,london ,seeley1 ,s]vice ,co4 ,limit$ #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet #aiah 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) _m illu/rations4 #es4 ea*4 ,spl5did ,volumes4--,! ,outlook4 ,! ,libr>y ( ,romance (f]s a spl5did *oice4--,globe4 ,gift ,books ^: value x w\ld be difficult to ov]-e/imate4 ,! ,/&>d4 ,?is s]ies has n[ won a consid]able well des]v$ reputation4 ,! ,gu>dian4 ,ea* ,volume treats its allott$ !me ) accuracy1 b at ! same "t ) a *>m t w comm5d itself to read]s ( all ages4 ,! root idea is excell5t1 & x is excell5tly c>ri$ out1 ) full illu/rations & v prettily design$ cov]s4--,! ,daily ,telegraph4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,! ,romance ( ,savage ,life ,! ,romance ( ,plant ,life ,! ,romance ( ,e>ly ,briti% ,life ,by ,,edw>d ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,sieges ,by ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,romance ( ,bird ,life ,by ,,john ,,lea4 ,m4,a4 ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,sc4 ,! ,romance ( ,animal ,arts & ,crafts ,by ,,sidney ,,wright ,! ,romance ( ! ,_w's ,fi%]ies ,by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,! ,romance ( ,mission>y ,h]oism ,by ,g4 ,,fir? ,,scott ,! ,romance ( ,pol> ,exploration ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,photography ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,electricity ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,manufacture ,! ,romance ( ,sci5tific ,discov]y ,by ,,*>les ,c4 ,,turn] ,! ,romance ( ,a]onautics ,by ,,hector ,,macph]son1 ,junr4 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,a/ronomy ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon471 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,! ,romance ( ,e>ly ,exploration ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,exploration ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,me*anism ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,inv5tion ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,eng9e]+ ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,locomotion ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,m9+ ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,! ,romance ( ! ,animal ,_w ,! ,romance ( ,insect ,life ,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne ,! ,romance ( ! ,mighty ,deep ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,grew1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,geology ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,philip1 ,d4,sc41 ,ph4,d4 ,! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,*emi/ry ,by ,e4 ,,keble ,,*att]ton1 ,b4,a4 ,! ,romance ( ! ,%ip ,! ,romance ( ,piracy ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb9 ,! ,romance ( ,subm>9e ,eng9e]+ ,! ,romance ( ,w> ,inv5tions ,by ,,norman ,j4 ,,davidson1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,! ,romance ( ! ,spani% ,ma9 ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co41 ,,limit$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,i4 ,,h[ ,,peaceful ,,arts ,,help ,,9 ,,w> #ag ,,ii4 ,,gunp[d] ,,& ,,its ,,mod]n ,,equival5ts #bg ,,iii4 ,,radium ,,9 ,,w> #ci ,,iv4 ,a ,,good ,,s]vant1 ,,?\gh ,a ,,bad ,,ma/] #di ,v4 ,,m9es1 ,,subm>9e ,,& ,,subt]ranean #fa ,,vi4 ,,milit>y ,,bridges #ge ,,vii4 ,,:at ,,guns ,,are ,,made ,,( #ib ,,viii4 ,,m ,,ab\t ,,guns #ajh ,,ix4 ,,! ,,guns ,,!y ,,use ,,9 ,,! ,,navy #abj ,x4 ,,%ells ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,made #ace ,,xi4 ,,:at ,,%ells ,,are ,,made ,,( #adf ,,xii4 ,,measur+ ,,! ,,velocity ,,( ,a ,,%ell #aei ,,xiii4 ,,"s ,,adjuncts ,,9 ,,! ,,eng9e ,,room #afd ,,xiv4 ,,eng9es ,,( ,,w> #afi ,,xv4 ,,de/roy]s #ahd ,,xvi4 ,,battle%ips #aia ,,xvii4 ,,h[ ,a ,,w>%ip ,,is ,,built #bjb ,,xviii4 ,,! ,,torp$o #bae ,,xix4 ,,:at ,a ,,subm>9e ,,is ,,l #bbc ,,xx4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,wireless ,,telegraphy #bdj ,,xxi4 ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,,9 ,,w> #beb ,,xxii4 ,,milit>y ,,telegraphy #bfd ,,xxiii4 ,,h[ ,,w> ,,inv5tions ,,gr[ #bgf ,,xxiv4 ,,a]oplanes #bhd ,,xxv4 ,,! ,,a]ial ,,lifeboat #big ,,index #cac ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,a ,,tank ,frontispiece ,,page ,,ma*9e-,,gun ,,v]sus ,,rifle #cb ,,an ,,italian ,,m9e-,,lay] #fd ,,an ,,incid5t ,,at ,,loos #hj ,,an #ah-,,p\nd] ,,9 ,,action #if ,a ,,g]man ,,automatic ,,pi/ol #aab ,,bomb ,,?r[+ #acf ,,bomb-,,?r[]s ,,at ,,"w #afj ,,! ,,tripod ,,ma/ #bjh ,,li/5+ ,,= ,,! ,,enemy #bdh ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,by ,,:i* ,,! ,,a]ials ,,are ,,connect$ ,,to ,,! ,,app>atus #bea ,,! ,,p>5t ,,( ,,! ,,tank #bhj ,,! ,,gu>dian ,,angel ,,p>a*ute #cjd ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,w> ,,inv5tions ,,*apt] ,i ,,h[ ,,peaceful ,,arts ,,help ,,9 ,,w> ,9 ! old5 times w>f>e 0 support$ by a s+le trade1 t ( ! arm\r]4 ,n[adays ! :ole res\rces ( ! greate/ manufactur+ nations sc>cely suffice to supply ! ne$s ( _! armies4 ,s mu* is ?is ! case t no nation c possibly hope to become p[]ful 9 a milit>y or naval s5se unless !y are ei!r a great manufactur+ community or c rely ^u ! support ( "s great manufactur+ ally or neutral4 ,x is mo/ a/oni%+ to f9d h[ closely "s ( ! mo/ innoc5t & h>mless ( ! commodities ( peace are relat$ to ! dea?-deal+ devices ( w>4 ,( ^! no two examples c\ld be m /rik+ ?an ! common salt ) :i* we season our food & ! soap ) :i* we wa%4 ,yet ! manufacture ( soap furni%es ! mat]ial = ! mo/ furi\s ( explosives & ! *ief ag5t 9 its manufacture is ! common salt ( ! table4 ,common salt is a comb9ation ( ! metal sodium & ! gas *lor9e4 ,!re are _m places1 ( :i* ,*e%ire is a notable example1 :]e va/ quantities ( ?is salt lie buri$ 9 ! e>?4 ,=tunately x is v easily dissolv$ 9 wat] s t if wells be sunk 9 a salt di/rict ! wat] pump$ f !m w h mu* salt 9 solution 9 x4 ,?is is h[ ! und]gr\nd deposits are tapp$4 ,x is n necess>y = m5 to g d[n z !y d aft] coal1 = ! wat] excavates ! salt & br+s x to ! surface4 ,to obta9 ! solid salt f ! salt wat]1 or br9e z x is call$1 x is only necess>y to heat ! liquid1 :5 ! wat] passes away z /eam leav+ ! salt beh9d4 ,important ?\gh ?is salt is 9 connection ) our food1 x is p]haps /ill m important z ! s\rce f :i* is d]iv$ *lor9e & cau/ic soda4 ,h[ ?is is done c be/ be expla9$ by means ( a simple exp]im5t :i* my read]s c try 9 imag9ation ) me or1 bett] /ill1 p]=m = !mselves4 ,take a tumbl] & fill x ) wat] ) a little salt dissolv$ 9 x4 ,next obta9 two %ort pieces ( wire & two pieces ( p5cil lead1 :i* ) a pocket lamp batt]y w complete ! app>atus4 ,connect "o piece ( wire to ea* t]m9al ( ! batt]y & twi/ ! o!r end ( x r\nd a piece ( p5cil lead4 ,place ^! s t ! ends ( ! leads dip into ! salt wat]4 ,x is important to keep ! wires out ( ! solution1 ! leads alone dipp+ into ! liquid1 & ! two leads %\ld be an in* or s ap>t4 ,9 a few mom5ts y w obs]ve t t9y bubbles are collect+ ^u ! leads & ^! jo9+ toge!r into l>g] bubbles w soon deta* !mselves & float up to ! surface4 ,^? :i* arise f "o ( ! leads w be =m$ ( ! gas *lor9e & ! o!rs ( hydrog54 ,x w be int]e/+ j to enum]ate ! names ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ?is app>atus4 ,fir/ let me say t ! process by :i* ^! gases are ?us obta9$ is call$ electrolysis3 ! liquid is ! electrolyte3 ! two pieces ( p5cil lead are ! electrodes4 ,t electrode by :i* ! curr5t ent]s ! electrolyte is call$ ! an-ode1 :ile ! o!r is ! ca?-ode4 ,9 o!r words1 ! curr5t trav]ses !m 9 alphabetical ord]4 ,n[ x is famili> to ev]yone t all matt] is suppos$ to consi/ ( t9y p>ticles call$ ,molecules4 ,^! are f> too t9y = anyone to see ev5 ) ! f9e/ microscope1 s we d n "k = c]ta9 t !y exi/3 we assume t !y d1 h[ev]1 because ! idea seems to fit 9 ) a l>ge numb] ( facts :i* we c obs]ve & x enables u to talk intelligibly ab\t !m4 ,we may1 accord+ly1 speak z if we knew = a c]ta9ty t molecules really exi/4 ,n[ :5 we dissolve salt 9 wat] x seems z if ea* molecule splits up into two ?+s :i* we !n call ions4 ,salt is n peculi> 9 ?is respect1 = _m o!r sub/ances d ! same :5 dissolv$ 9 wat]4 ,all su* sub/ances1 s9ce !y c be ioniz$1 are call$ ionog5s4 ,n[ ! peculi>ity ab\t ions is t !y are always /rongly electrifi$ or *>g$ ) electricity4 ,at ?is /age we mu/ make a little excursion into ! realm ( electricity4 ,y probably "k t if a rod ( glass be rubb$ ) a silk h&k]*ief x becomes able to attract little scraps ( pap]4 ,t is because ! rubb+ causes x to become *>g$ ) electricity4 ,9 l mann] a piece ( res9 if rubb$ w become *>g$ & w also attract little pieces ( pap]4 ,a piece ( electrifi$ res9 & an electrifi$ glass rod w1 moreov]1 attract ea* o!r1 b two pieces ( res9 or two pieces ( glass1 if electrifi$1 w repel ea* o!r4 ,?is leads u to believe t !re are two k9ds ( electrification or two k9ds ( electrical *>ge4 ,at fir/ ^! two k9ds 7 spok5 ( z vitre\s or glass electricity & res9\s electricity1 b aft] a :ile ! idea arose t !re 0 really "o k9d ( electricity & t ev]y?+ possess$ a c]ta9 am\nt ( x1 ! electrifi$ glass hav+ a little too mu* ( x & ! electrifi$ res9 a %ade too little ( x4 ,f ?is came ! idea ( call+ ! *>ge on ! glass a positive *>ge & t on ! res9 a negative *>ge4 ,rec5t inve/igations seem to %[ t we h got ^? two t]ms ! wrong way r\nd1 b to avoid confusion we /ill use !m 9 ! old way4 ,x w be suffici5t = our purpose1 !re=e1 if we assume t e molecule ( matt] has a c]ta9 normal am\nt ( electricity associat$ ) x & t "u ^? conditions ! pres5ce ( ! electricity is n 9 any way noticeable4 ,:5 a molecule becomes ioniz$1 h[ev]1 "o ion always seems to run (f ) m ?an its fair %>e ( ! electricity1 ! result be+ t "o is electrifi$ positively1 l rubb$ glass1 :ile ! o!r is negatively *>g$1 l rubb$ res94 ,?us1 :5 ! common salt is dissolv$ 9 wat]1 two lots ( ions are =m$1 "o lot positively *>g$ & ! o!r lot negatively4 ,ea* molecule ( salt consi/s ( two atoms1 "o ( sodium & "o ( *lor9e3 consequ5tly1 "o ion is a *lor9e atom & ! o!r is a sodium atom1 ! latt] be+ positive & ! =m] negative4 ,n[ ! electrodes are also *>g$ by ! action ( ! batt]y4 ,t connect$ to ! positive pole ( ! batt]y becomes positively *>g$ & ! o!r negatively4 ,! anode1 !re=e1 is positive & ! ca?ode negative4 ,x has be5 po9t$ out t two simil>ly *>g$ bodies1 su* z two pieces ( glass or two pieces ( res91 repel ea* o!r1 :ile ei!r ( ^! attracts "o ( ! o!r sort4 ,h5ce we arrive at a rule t simil>ly *>g$ bodies repel ea* o!r1 :ile dissimil>ly *>g$ bodies attract ea* o!r4 ,act+ ^u ?is rule1 !re=e1 ! anode />ts draw+ to itself all ! negative ions1 9 ?is case ! atoms ( *lor9e1 :ile ! ca?ode ga!rs toge!r ! positive ions1 ! atoms ( sodium4 ,?us ! action ( ! batt]y ma9ta9s a sort+ out process by :i* ! sodium is ga!r$ toge!r ar\nd "o ( ! electrodes & ! *lor9e r\nd ! o!r4 ,^? ions1 by ! way1 :i* travel t[>ds ! an-ode are call$ an-ions1 :ile ^? :i* g to ! ca?-ode are t]m$ cat-ions4 ,?us f>1 ,i ?9k1 y w h foll[$ me3 ! *lor9e is ga!r$ to "o place & ! sodium to ! o!r4 ,! =m] creates bubbles & floats up to ! surface & escapes4 ,b :]e1 y w ask1 does ! hydrog5 come f1 :i* we f\nd1 9 ! exp]im5t1 0 bubbl+ up r\nd ! ca?ode4 ,moreov]1 :at becomes ( ! sodium8 ,bo? ^? que/ions c be answ]$ toge!r4 ,! sodium ions1 hav+ be5 drawn away f _! old p>tn]s ! *lor9e ions1 are unhappy1 & long = fre% p>tn]s4 ,!y !re=e proce$ to jo9 up ) molecules ( wat]4 ,b wat] conta9s too mu* hydrog5 = t4 ,e molecule ( wat] has two atoms ( hydrog5 l9k$ up ) "o ( oxyg51 b sodium does n l two atoms ( hydrog53 x insi/s on hav+ "o only4 ,accord+ly ! oxyg5 atom f ! wat]1 toge!r ) "o ( ! hydrog5 atoms1 jo9 =ces ) ! sodium atom into a molecule ( a new sub/ance1 a mo/ valuable sub/ance 9 _m manufactures1 call$ ,cau/ic ,soda1 :ile ! odd atom ( hydrog51 depriv$ ( its p>tn]s1 has no?+ left to d b to cl+ = a :ile to ! ca?ode & f9ally float up & away4 ,! sum-total ( ! op]ation !re=e is ?is3 :5 we pass an electric curr5t ?r\gh salt wat]1 betwe5 graphite electrodes1 *lor9e goes to ! anode & escapes1 :ile cau/ic soda is =m$ r\nd ! ca?ode & hydrog5 escapes4 ,let u see n[ h[ ?is is appli$ comm]cially4 ,= ! production ( ,*lor9e ! app>atus ne$ be little m ?an our exp]im5tal app>atus made l>ge4 ,! anode c be cov]$ 9 su* a way z to cat* ! gas z x bubbles upw>ds4 ,9 times ( peace ?is gas is *iefly us$ = mak+ blea*+ p[d]4 ,x is l$ into *amb]s :]e x comes into contact ) lime1 ) :i* x comb9es into *loride ( lime1 a p[d] :i* is sometimes us$ z a dis9fectant1 b ! *ief use ( :i* is = blea*+ ^? cotton & wooll5 fabrics = ! manufacture ( :i* ?is c\ntry is fam\s ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,! ,g]mans1 h[ev]1 h taught ! _w ano!r use = *lor9e4 ,^? gallant ,canadians :o 7 ! fir/ victims ( ! attack by poison gas :o sudd5ly f\nd !mselves fight+ = brea?1 & a few ( :om1 m =tunate ?an ! re/1 h rea*$ _! homes %att]$ 9 heal? ) p]man5t damage to _! lungs1 ^? brave fell[s suff]$ f poison+ by *lor9e4 ,we _c obta9 ! o!r product1 ! cau/ic soda1 by ! same simple means4 ,9 our little exp]im5t we succe$$ 9 manufactur+ "s ( x 9 ! region ar\nd ! ca?ode1 & _h we drawn (f "s ( ! liquid f !re we w\ld h be5 able to detect its pres5ce4 ,b x w\ld h be5 mix$ up ) mu* ord9>y salt1 & = comm]cial purposes we ne$ ! cau/ic soda sep>ate f ! salt4 ,! pr9ciple is1 h[ev]1 j ! same1 z y w see4 ,imag9e a l>ge oblong vat divid$ by v]tical p>titions into ?ree sep>ate *amb]s4 ,^! p>titions d n q rea* ! bottom ( ! vessel1 s t !re is a means ( communication betwe5 all ?ree *amb]s4 ,?is is clos$1 h[ev]1 by fill+ ! l[] "p ( ! vat ) m]cury up to a level a little high] ?an ! l[] ends ( ! p>titions4 ,?us we h ?ree sep>ate *amb]s ) communication betwe5 !m b t communication is seal$ up by ! m]cury4 ,! two end *amb]s are fill$ ) salt wat]1 or br9e1 :ile ! c5tre "o is fill$ ) a solution ( cau/ic soda4 ,9 ea* end comp>tm5t is a /ick ( graphite1 bo? be+ electrically jo9$ toge!r & s connect$ up t !y =m anodes1 :ile 9 ! c5tre comp>tm5t is ! ca?ode4 ,:5 ! curr5t fl[s f ! anodes x c>ries ! sodium ions ) x1 j z x did 9 our little exp]im5t4 ,b its c\rse1 ?is "t1 is n /raight1 s9ce 9 ord] to travel f anode to ca?ode x has to pass ?r\gh ! op5+s 9 ! p>titions1 9 o!r words ?r\gh ! m]cury4 ,on arrival at or ne> ! ca?ode ! ions ( sodium cause ! cau/ic soda to be =m$ j z 9 our exp]im5t1 b 9 ?is case1 y w notice1 ! =mation takes place 9 a *amb] f :i* ! salt br9e is completely exclud$ by ! m]cury4 ,br9e is cont9ually f$ into ! out] *amb]s & ! solution ( cau/ic soda is drawn f ! c5tre "o1 :ile ! *lor9e is collect$ ov] ! anodes4 ,& n[ we c g a /ep fur!r on our progress f common salt to explosive4 ,9 ! soap works !re are enorm\s copp]s 9 :i* are boil$ v>i\s k9ds ( fat4 ,! s\rce ( ! fat may be ei!r animal or vegetable1 _m k9ds ( beans1 nuts & se$s furni%+ fats practically id5tical ) t :i* c be got f ! fat fle% ( a %eep1 = in/ance4 ,to ?is fat is add$ "s cau/ic soda solution & ! :ole is kept boil+ = "s consid]able "t4 ,?is protract$ boil+ is to enable ! soda ?or\ghly to attack ! fat & comb9e ) x1 :]eby two entirely new sub/ances are =m$4 ,at fir/ ! two new sub/ances are n app>5t1 = !y rema9 toge!r 9 "o liquid4 ,! addition1 h[ev]1 ( "s br9e causes ! *ange to become obvi\s = some?+ 9 ! liquid turns solid1 s t x c be easily tak5 away f ! re/4 ,t solid is no?+ else ?an soap4 ,x rema9$ dissolv$ 9 ! wat] :i* =ms "p ( ! liquid until ! salt 0 put 91 b z x w n dissolve 9 salt wat]1 z y w discov] if y attempt to wa% 9 sea wat]1 x sep>ates out z soon z ! salt is add$4 ,b /ill a liquid rema9s3 :at c t be8 ,x is ma9ly salt wat] & glyc]9e1 t /icky /uff :i* 9 peace times we put on our h&s if !y get sore 9 w9t]1 or take1 9 a little wat]1 to soo! a sore ?roat4 ,t x has o!r & v diff]5t uses 0 br\ght home to me :51 dur+ ! w>1 ,i tri$ to buy "s at a *emi/'s1 only to le>n t x c\ld n be sold except 9 cases ( extreme ne$ "u ! ord]s ( a doctor4 ,! mix$ liquid is di/ill$ ) ! result t ! wat] is driv5 (f & ! salt deposit$1 :i* ) o!r m9or purify+ processes gives ! pure glyc]9e4 ,! next /ep takes u to ! explosives factory1 :]e ! glyc]9e is mix$ ) sulphuric & nitric acids4 ,n[ glyc]9e1 z y w h obs]v$1 comes f ! animal or vegetable s\rces & !re=e is "o ( ^? sub/ances kn[n z organic1 &1 l _m o!r ( ! organic comp\nds1 x consi/s ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg54 ,nature has a m>vell\s way ( comb9+ ^! same ?ree ?+s toge!r 9 _m v>i\s ways to =m _m widely diff]5t sub/ances & if1 to su* a comp\nd1 we c add a little nitrog51 we usually get an explosive4 ,?us1 ! glyc]9e1 ) "s nitrog5 f ! nitric acid1 becomes nitro-glyc]9e1 a mo/ f]oci\s & excitable explosive1 ! basis ( sev]al ( ^? explosives )\t :i* w>f>e z we "k x to-day w\ld be impossible4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,gunp[d] ,,& ,,its ,,mod]n ,,equival5ts ,! orig9 ( gunp[d] appe>s to be lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,at all ev5ts x has be5 9 use = _m c5turies & is /ill made 9 _m c\ntries4 ,mo/ boys h tri$ to make x at "s "t or o!r & ) v>y+ degrees ( success4 ,su* exp]im5ts g5]ally lead to a glori\s blaze1 a delightfully horrid smell & no h>m to anyone1 ! exp]im5t] ow+ 8 safety to 8 inv>iable lack ( complete success1 = al?\gh o!r & bett] explosives h sup]s$$ x = _m purposes x is capable ( do+ a lot ( h>m :5 x is well made4 ,x consi/s ( a mixture ( *>coal1 sulphur & saltpetre gr\nd up v f9e & mix$ v intimately toge!r4 ,! mixture is wett$ & press$ into cakes & dri$1 aft] :i* x is brok5 up into small pieces4 ,! precise proportions ( ! v>i\s mat]ials seem to v>y a great deal 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 b g5]ally speak+ !re is ab\t #ge p] c5t ( saltpetre 7or to give x its sci5tific "n1 nitrate ( pota%71 #ae p] c5t ( *>coal & #aj p] c5t ( sulphur4 ,n[ gunp[d]1 l all explosives1 is simply "s ?+ or mixture ( ?+s :i* is capable ( burn+ v quickly4 ,:5 we light ! fire we set go+ ! process :i* we call combu/ion1 or burn+1 &1 z we "k f our own exp]i5ce1 t process causes heat to be g5]at$4 ,:at takes place 9 ! fire-grate is t ! c>bon ( ! coal ent]s into comb9ation ) oxyg5 f ! air1 ! two toge!r =m+ a new comp\nd call$ c>bonic acid gas4 ,!re is no?+ lo/ or de/roy$ 9 ?is process1 ! c>bon & oxyg5 simply *ang+ into ! new sub/ance1 & c\ld we weigh ! gas produc$ we %\ld f9d t x agre$ precisely ) ! weight ( ! c>bon & oxyg5 consum$4 ,= ! purpose = :i* we require ! fire1 namely1 to heat ! room1 ! *ief feature ab\t ?is process is n :at is =m$ 9 ! %ape ( gas1 = t simply goes (f up ! *imney1 b ! heat :i* is lib]at$4 ,we believe t 9 "s my/]i\s way ! heat is lock$ up 9 ! coal4 ,lat5t is ! t]m we use1 :i* means hidd53 9 o!r words we believe t ! heat is hidd5 9 ! coal3 we _c feel x or p]ceive x 9 any way1 b x comes out :5 we let ! c>bon comb9e ) ! oxyg54 ,:y ^! two ?+s comb9e at all is "o ( ^? my/]ies :i* may nev] be solv$4 ,we h !ories on ! subject1 b all we really "k is t "u c]ta9 conditions if !y be 9 contact ) "o ano!r !y w comb9e1 app>5tly = ! simple reason t x is _! nature s to d4 ,:5 we apply ! mat* to ! fire all we d is to set up ! conditions "u :i* ! c>bon & oxyg5 are able to foll[ _! natural in/9cts1 s to speak4 ,a coal fire1 z we all "k1 burns sl[ly1 = ! simple reason t x is only at ! surface ( ! lumps t c>bon & oxyg5 are 9 contact4 ,if we gr9d up ! coal into a f9e p[d] & !n bl[ x into a cl\d1 s t e t9y p>ticle is surr\nd$ ) air1 a sp>k w cause an explosion4 ,t is h[ ^! t]rible explosions 9 coal-pits are caus$4 ,?is is sometimes se5 on a small scale :5 "o %akes ! empty fire-%ovel aft] putt+ coal on ! fire to get rid ( ! f9e du/ adh]+ to x & to save mak+ a mess 9 ! f5d]4 ,t little cl\d ( f9e du/ w (t5 bur/ into flame l a mild explosion4 ,we see f ?is t to make an explosion we require fuel1 j z we d to make a fire3 b we ne$ t x %all be v intimately mix$ ) oxyg51 s t all ( x c burn up 9 practically a s+le in/ant4 ,n[ 9 gunp[d] we get ^! conditions fulfill$4 ,we h ! c>bon 9 ! %ape ( *>coal1 we also h "s sulphur :i* likewise burns readily1 & we h saltpetre :i* conta9s oxyg54 ,?us1 y see1 we d n ne$ to g to ! air = ! oxyg51 = ! gunp[d] possesses x already1 lock$ up 9 ! saltpetre4 ,moreov]1 we c see n[ :y x is s important = all ! mat]ials to be gr\nd up v f9e1 = x is only by s do+ t we c ensure t e p>ticle ( *>coal or sulphur %all h p>ticles ( saltpetre close by ready to furni% oxyg5 at a mom5t's notice4 ,ano!r ?+ to be obs]v$1 = x lets u into ! great key to ! manufacture ( ne>ly all explosives1 is ! sci5tific "n ( saltpetre4 ,x is nitrate ( potassium1 & all sub/ances ^: names beg9 ) nitr- conta9 nitrog53 :ile ! t]m9ation ate signifies ! pres5ce ( oxyg54 ,we ne$ ! oxyg5 to make ! explosion b we d n ne$ ! nitrog51 yet ! latt] has to be pres5t = )\t x ! oxyg5 w\ld be too sl[ 9 gett+ to "w4 ,nitrog5 is "o ( ! /range/ sub/ances on e>?4 ,extremely lazy itself1 x has ! knack ( hu/l+ its companions1 p>ticul>ly oxyg51 & mak+ !m "w ) trem5d\s fury4 ,:5ev] we get ! lazy gas nitrog5 to ent] into a comb9ation ) o!r ?+s we may confid5tly look = extraord9>y activity ( "s sort4 ,s :5 we put a light to a quantity ( gunp[d] we set up ^? conditions "u :i* ! c>bon & oxyg5 c comb9e1 & at ! same mom5t our lazy fri5d ! nitrog5 turns out 8 p>tn] oxyg5 f ! nitrate 9 :i* !y 7 till !n comb9$ & a sudd5 burn+ is ! result4 ,! solid gunp[d] is sudd5ly *ang$ into a volume ( hot gas #bejj times z great4 ,t is to say1 "o cubic in* ( gunp[d] *anges sudd5ly into #bejj cubic in*es ( gas4 ,t sudd5 expansion to #bejj times its volume is :at we t]m an explosion4 ,if x takes place 9 an enclos$ space s t ! gas =m$ wants to exp& b _c1 ! result is a pressure ( ab\t =ty tons p] squ>e in*4 ,if t enclos$ space 7 ! int]ior ( a gun1 t =ce ( =ty tons p] squ>e in* w\ld be available = driv+ out ! projectile4 ,n[1 gunp[d] is /ill us$ = sport+ purposes & also = "s special purposes 9 w>f>e1 b x has ! great disadvantage t x makes a lot ( smoke1 s t ! enemy w\ld be easily able to locate ! guns 7 x to be us$ 9 !m4 ,z we "k s well1 by ! messages f ,france1 guns & rifles drop _! %ells & bullets app>5tly f n[h]e & are extremely difficult to locate4 ,t is ow+ to ! use ( improv$ p[d]s "o ( ! great features ( :i* is _! smokelessness4 ,! reason :y gunp[d] makes a d5se smoke1 is because ! burn+ :i* takes place is v incomplete4 ,!re=e1 by "s su* means z a m intimate mixture ( ! mat]ials a bett] & m complete burn+ mu/ be br\ght ab\t4 ,"o ( ! be/ kn[n ( ! new p[d]s 7!y are all spok5 ( z p[d]s1 :atev] _! =m1 s9ce !y h tak5 ! place ( ! old gunp[d]7 is nitro-glyc]9e1 ! basis ( :i* is glyc]9e4 ,! way 9 :i* we obta9 ?is useful mat]ial has already be5 expla9$4 ,x consi/s ( c>bon1 a lot ( hydrog5 & "s oxyg54 ,^! are n m]ely mix$ toge!r b are 9 comb9ation1 j z oxyg5 & hydrog5 are comb9$ 9 wat]4 ,c>bon & hydrog5 w bo? comb9e ) oxyg5 & w give (f heat 9 ! process1 b 9 glyc]9e !y are already happily unit$ toge!r & s glyc]9e itself is no use z an explosive4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we br+ nitric acid & sulphuric acid into contact ) x a pair ( new p>tn]%ips is set up1 "o be+ wat] & ! o!r a comp\nd conta9+ c>bon & hydrog51 a lot ( oxyg5 &1 mo/ important ( all1 "s ( t di/urb+1 re/less ?\gh lazy nitrog54 ,?is is nitro-glyc]9e1 a p>ticul>ly furi\s explosive1 = t curi\s nitrog5 seems to be s uncom=table 9 8 new surr\nd+s t at ! smalle/ provocation he w break up ! :ole comb9ation & !n !re w be a mass ( free atoms ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 all seek+ new p>tn]s1 j "r = a glori\s explosion4 ,s furi\s & untam$ is ?is /uff t x 0 almo/ useless until ! fam\s ,nobel hit ^u ! idea ( tam+ x d[n by mix+ x ) an e>? call$ ,kieselguhr1 :i* r$uces its s5sitiv5ess suffici5tly to make x a v safe explosive to use4 ,to ?is mixture ,nobel gave ! "n ( dynamite4 ,x is int]e/+ at ?is po9t to comp>e ! action ( ?is typical mod]n explosive ) t ( ! old] gunp[d]4 ,! latt] is only a mixture3 ! =m] is a *emical comp\nd4 ,! smalle/ p>ticle ( mat]ial 9 ! gunp[d] is a little lump conta9+ millions ( molecules & /ill m ( atoms3 :5 ! nitrog5 has brok5 up ! orig9al nitro-glyc]9e1 j be=e ! explosion actually takes place1 we h a mixture ( s+le atoms4 ,?us ! mixture is f> m intimate 9 ! latt] case & ! burn+ is !re=e quick] & m ?or\gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ma*9e-,,gun v]sus ,,rifle4 ,?is illu/rates ! rapidity & accuracy ) :i* ! mod]n rifle c be us$4 ,s]geant ,o',le>y1 ,v4,c41 tackl$ a gun crew ( five & kill$ !m all be=e !y _h "t to slew _! gun r\nd--a /rik+ contra/ to ! ,br[n ,bess ( a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,ano!r well-kn[n explosive is gun-cotton4 ,surely ?is mu/ be a fancy "n1 = :at c h>mless1 simple cotton h to d 9 connection ) guns4 ,x is a p]fectly g5u9e descriptive "n1 h[ev]4 ,x seems v /range at fir/1 b x is p]fectly true t nitrog51 z x turn$ glyc]9e into dynamite1 c also turn cotton into gun-cotton4 ,cotton consi/s ma9ly ( cellulose1 a comp\nd ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg51 happily comb9$ toge!r & !re=e %[+1 z we well "k f exp]i5ce1 no t5d5cy :atev] to *ange into any?+ else1 lea/ ( all to g (f bang4 ,b t /ate ( ?+s is v mu* *ang$ :5 we h induc$ nitrog5 to take a h& 9 ! game4 ,9 actual practice1 cotton wa/e1 pure & clean1 is dipp$ into a mixture ( sulphuric & nitric acids :]eby ! cellulose becomes *ang$ into nitro-cellulose1 j z a simil> process *anges glyc]9e into nitro-glyc]9e4 ,! :ole process ( manufacture is ( c\rse f> m ?an t simple dipp+1 b t is ! fundam5tal fact ( x all4 ,! re/ is conc]n$ ) gett+ rid ( ! sup]flu\s acid1 te>+ ! /uff into pulp & press+ x into blocks4 ,x is probably ! safe/ ( explosives1 s9ce x c be kept wet1 9 :i* case ! dang] ( an accid5tal explosion is practically nil1 provid$ reasonable c>e be tak54 ,ev5 :5 dry1 x behaves 9 a v k9dly way4 ,if hit ) a hamm]1 x only burns = a mom5t j at ! po9t /ruck4 ,if ignit$ ) a r$-hot rod1 x burns b does n explode1 unless x is enclos$4 ,! burn+1 t is to say1 is n suffici5tly rapid to con/itute an explosion4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x be explod$ by a detonator1 by :i* is meant a small quantity ( a v p[]ful explosive1 su* z fulm9ate ( m]cury1 fir$ close to x1 x !n goes (f ) a viol5ce :i* leaves little to be desir$4 ,x w\ld be bett] /ill c\ld we p]suade a little m oxyg5 to ent] into its composition1 = z x is !re is n q en\gh to burn up ! o!r matt]s completely4 ,t1 h[ev]1 does n cause smoke1 s9ce ! combu/ion is complete en\gh to *ange ev]y?+ into invisible gases4 ,) m oxyg5 m heat might be g5]at$ & ! p[] ( ! explosion be made great]4 ,/ill1 ev5 z x is1 ! explosion ( gun-cotton has be5 e/imat$ by a high au?ority to produce a pressure ( #afj tons p] squ>e in*1 f\r times z mu* z gunp[d]4 ,nitro-glyc]9e has ! advantage ( a r l>g] proportion ( oxyg5 to c>bon1 result+ 9 its be+ r m en]getic4 ,yet ano!r class ( explosive is made f ,coal ,t>4 ,?is is a by-product 9 ! manufacture ( gas = light+ & also 9 ! manufacture ( coke = indu/rial purposes4 ,x comes f ! retorts along ) ! gas 9 a gase\s =m b cond5ses into a black liquid 9 ! pipes & m p>ticul>ly 9 an arrangem5t ( cool$ pipes call$ a cond5s] specially plac$ to int]cept x4 ,9 ! *emi/'s eyes x is ! mo/ int]e/+ ( liquids1 = x is full ( my/]ies & possibilities4 ,! mo/ wond]ful a*ievem5ts ( *emi/ry h x = _! raw mat]ial & !re is /ill scope = mu* m 9 ! same direction4 ,if ! t> be g5tly heat$ 9 a clos$ vessel x w evaporate & ! vap\r c be l$ to ano!r vessel1 !re cool$ & conv]t$ back into a liquid4 ,?is looks r l do+ "w = no?+1 b ! v>i\s liquids1 ( :i* t> is a mixture1 evaporate at diff]5t temp]atures1 s t ?is furni%es a means ( sep>at+ !m4 ,! fir/ liquid ?us procur$ is kn[n z coal t> naph?a1 & if x be aga9 di/ill$ x c be subdivid$ fur!r1 ! fir/ liquid sep>at$ f x be+ kn[n z ,b5z9e4 ,?is1 aga91 is ano!r ( ^? almo/ numb]less ?+s :i* consi/ ( c>bon & hydrog54 ,also1 l ! o!r simil> sub/ances :i* we h be5 discuss+1 x c1 if treat$ ) nitric acid1 be made to take into p>tn]%ip a quantity ( oxyg5 & nitrog54 ,?us we get nitro-b5z5e4 ,we c repeat ! process1 :5 x w take m & become di-nitro-b5z5e4 ,aga9 we c repeat x1 ?us produc+ tri-nitro-b5z5e4 ,! second liquid sep>at$ f coal t> naph?a is call$ ,tolu5e1 :i* aga9 is compos$ ( c>bon & hydrog5 9 slightly diff]5t proportions4 ,l its confrre b5z5e x1 too1 c be treat$ ) nitric acid1 becom+ nitro-tolu5e & !n di-nitro-tolu5e & f9ally tri-nitro-tolu5e1 ! deadly explosive ( :i* we read 9 ! pap]s z ,t4,n4,t4 ,aft] ! naph?a has be5 remov$ f ! t> ano!r sub/ance is obta9$ call$ ,ph5ol1 :i* 9 a prep>$ =m is famili> to u all z ! dis9fectant ,c>bolic ,acid4 ,x also c be treat$ ) nitric acid1 to produce tri-nitro-ph5ol1 o!rwise kn[n z ,picric ,acid1 :i* aft] a little fur!r treatm5t becomes ! fam\s ,lyddite4 ,mo/ ( ! actual explosives us$ 9 w>f>e are prep>$ f "o or m ( ! above-m5tion$ comp\nds4 ,= example1 nitro-glyc]9e & gun-cotton1 hav+ be5 dissolv$ 9 acetone 7ano!r comp\nd ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg57 & a little vasel9e add$1 =m a s(t gelat9\s sub/ance :i* on be+ squeez$ ?r\gh a f9e hole comes out look+ l a cord or /r+1 & h5ce is call$ ,cordite4 ,o!r explosives are f9i%$ 9 ! =m ( %eets1 ! dissolv$ gun-cotton or :atev] x may be be+ roll$ betwe5 hot roll]s :i* give x ! conv5i5t =m ( %eets & at ! same "t evaporate ! solv5t4 ,by comb9+ ^! v>i\s sub/ances v>i\s *>act]i/ics c be giv5 to ! f9i%$ explosive4 ,= in/ance1 ! "o :i* drives ! %ell f ! gun1 kn[n z ! propellant1 mu/ n be too sudd5 9 its action4 ,x mu/ pu% /eadily4 ,its purpose is to drive ! %ell n to bur/ ! gun1 :]e=e its action mu/ be comp>atively sl[ & cont9u\s s long z ! %ell is /ill 9 ! gun4 ,x mu/ foll[ ?r\gh z ! golf play] w\ld put x4 ,! *>ge 9 ! %ell1 h[ev]1 ne$s to g (f ) ! greate/ possible viol5ce s z to bl[ ! %ell to pieces & to scatt] ! fragm5ts s t !y d ! maximum ( damage4 ,^? explosives1 ^: function is ?us to bur/ ) a sudd5 %ock1 are call$ ,high ,explosives1 z di/+ui%$ f ! propellants :i* produce a m or less su/a9$ pu%4 ,! great fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* enables l>ge quantities ( ^! p[]fully explosive sub/ances to be h&l$ ) comp>ative safety involves ! use ( two diff]5t sub/ances 9 comb9ation4 ,t :i* is us$ 9 quantity & :i* actually does ! "w is made comp>atively ins5sitive1 inde$ 9 "s cases x is v ins5sitive1 s t x c safely travel by tra91 by %ip & by road & also may be h&l$ by ! soldi]s & sailors ) v little risk4 ,"s ( ^! comp\nds c be /ruck or set on fire ) impunity4 ,!y are none ! less viol5t1 h[ev]1 :51 by ! ag5cy ( a suitable detonator !y are caus$ to explode4 ,! detonator1 ( c\rse1 has to be v s5sitive inde$1 b x ne$ only be us$ 9 v small quantities1 s t by itself x1 too1 is comp>atively safe4 ,fulm9ate ( m]cury is (t5 employ$ = ?is purpose--a comp\nd bas$ ^u m]cury b 9 :i* nitrog5 ( c\rse figures l>gely4 ,?us1 !re are two ?+s necess>y = ! successful explosion1 "o ( :i* is p[]ful b ins5sitive1 :ile ! o!r is highly s5sitive b relatively h>mless s9ce x is nev] all[$ to exi/ 9 l>ge quantities1 & z f> z possible ^! are kept ap>t until ! la/ mom5t4 ,"o o!r ?+ may be m5tion$ 9 reg>d to ?is matt] :i* is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,t is ! necessity = ! utmo/ uni=mity 9 ^! v>i\s comp\nds1 s t :5 ! gunn]s put a *>ge into a gun !y c rely ^u x to ?r[ ! %ell exactly z its pr$ecessor did4 ,mod]n artill]y seeks to ?r[ %ell aft] %ell )9 a small area :i* w\ld cle>ly be q impossible if "o *>ge 7 liable to be /rong] or weak] ?an ano!r1 = we c easily see t ! m p[]ful ! impetus giv5 ! f>!r w ! %ell g4 ,to secure ?is uni=mity ! greate/ c>e is tak5 at all /ages ( ! manufacture1 & v>i\s bat*es ( ! same /uff are te/$ & mix$1 & any ( !m turn+ out a little too /rong are plac$ ) "s a little too weak1 s t _! faults may neutralize ea* o!r4 ,by su* me?ods z ^! a rem>kable degree ( uni=mity is atta9$1 ! result ( :i* we see :5 we read 9 ! pap]s ( ! wond]fully accurate gunn]y ( :i* our soldi]s & sailors are capable4 ,9 conclusion1 a ^w ( w>n+ may be appropriate4 ,ref]5ce has be5 made above to ! safety ( mod]n explosives 9 ! abs5ce ( ! detonators1 b d n let t lead anyone to take lib]ties4 ,%\ld any read] come into possession ( any ( ^! mat]ials1 ev5 9 ! smalle/ quantities1 let him treat x ) ! utmo/ respect1 = al?\gh :at has be5 said ab\t safety is q correct1 x only means comp>ative safety1 !re c be no absolute safety :]e ^! sub/ances are conc]n$4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,radium ,,9 ,,w> ,:5 we rememb] h[ all =ms ( sci5tific k 7 call$ ^u to help 9 ! great /ruggle1 x is n surpris+ to he> t1 al?\gh 9 a comp>atively humble way1 ,radium has _h to d its %>e4 ,n[ radium is "o ( ! mo/1 if n actually ! mo/1 rem>kable sub/ance kn[n4 ,ab\t a g5]ation ago sci5tific m51 or "s ( !m at all ev5ts1 7 gett+ r cocksure4 ,( c\rse !y 7 q "r :5 !y realiz$ h[ mu* 0 kn[n ab\t ?+s & :at great /rides _h be5 made dur+ ! ye>s ?r\gh :i* !y _h liv$4 ,!y 7 pr\d ( ! a*ievem5ts ( _! sci5tific fri5ds1 = ,i am n imput+ p]sonal vanity to anyone1 & !y _h reason to be pr\d4 ,!y made ! mi/ake1 h[ev]1 ( ?9k+ t 9 "o direction at lea/ !y _h le>nt all t !re 0 to be kn[n4 ,! pres5t g5]ation ( sci5tific m5 seem to be almo/ too prone to g to ! o!r extreme & to dwell r mu* on h[ little we "k n[ & ! wond]ful ?+s :i* are go+ to be discov]$ 9 "t4 ,b t is by ! way4 ,a g5]ation ago m5 seem to h pretty well made up _! m9ds t !y knew all ab\t atoms4 ,!y said t ev]y?+ 0 made up ( atoms1 t ! atoms c\ld n be subdivid$ nor *ang$ into any?+ else except tempor>ily by comb9ation ) o!r atoms1 & t :5 ^! comb9ations 7 brok5 up ! atoms rema9$ j z be=e1 q un*ang$4 ,!y believ$ t ! atoms 7 un*angeable & ev]la/+4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 a fam\s address1 ref]r$ to ?is 9 some:at fl[]y language1 tell+ 8 he>]s t ! atoms w\ld be /ill ! same :5 !y & he _h melt$ into ! inf9ite azure ( ! pa/1 :i* a wag translat$ into ! slang expression ( ! "t1 till all is blue4 ,n[ n v long aft] ,pr(essor ,tyndall made ?is hi/oric spee* ,pr(essor ,h5ri ,becqu]el1 ( ,p>is1 0 try+ "s exp]im5ts ) phosphoresc5t mat]ials1 t is1 mat]ials :i* gl[ 9 ! d>kness4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ^! exp]im5ts he us$ "s photographic plates ^u :i*1 to 8 surprise1 he f\nd m>ks :i* he ?\ght ought n to h be5 !re4 ,?9k+ at fir/ t he _h accid5tally fogg$ 8 plates1 z e photograph] has done at "s "t or o!r1 he tri$ 8 exp]im5ts aga9 ) special c>e b /ill he got ! my/]i\s m>ks4 ,^? m>ks 7 caus$ by "s ( ^? un*angeable & ev]la/+ atoms delib]ately & ( _! own accord bl[+ !mselves to bits4 ,= ! celebrat$ ,fr5*man 0 n cont5t to let ! matt] ( ^? my/]i\s m>ks re/3 he want$ to "k :at caus$ !m & he did n desi/ until he 0 on ! track ( ! secret4 ,x appe>$ aft] c>eful inve/igation t !y 7 made by ! action ( some?+ 9 "s ( ! ore ( ! metal uranium :i* he _h be5 us+4 ,moreov]1 ?is some?+ evid5tly _h ! p[] ( p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! walls ( ! d>k-slide to ! plate )94 ,f9ally1 x 0 track$ d[n to ! uranium itself :i* 0 unque/ionably prov$ to be giv+ (f some?+ 9 ! nature ( invisible light1 or at all ev5ts invisible rays1 ( /range p5etrative p[]4 ,a little lat] x 0 obs]v$ t c]ta9 ores ( uranium seem$ to give (f ^! rays m freely ?an w\ld be acc\nt$ = by ! am\nt ( uranium pres5t1 f :i* fact x 0 inf]r$ t !re mu/ be some?+ else pres5t 9 ! ore capable ( giv+ (f ! rays mu* m p[]fully ?an uranium c4 ,madame ,curie ultimately f\nd out two su* sub/ances1 "o ( :i* %e call$1 aft] h] native l&1 ,polonium 7= %e is a ,pole71 & ! o!r ,radium4 ,x is ! latt] :i* is responsible = by f> ! great] "p ( ! rays =m$4 ,! rays are invisible1 b !y affect a photographic plate 9 ! same way t light does4 ,!y also make air into a conductor ( electricity & if all[$ to imp+e ^u a surface coat$ ) a suitable sub/ance !y cause x to gl[4 ,?is spontane\s giv+ (f ( rays is n[ spok5 ( by ! g5]al t]m ( radio-activity1 & x has gr[n into an important bran* ( sci5ce4 ,a numb] ( o!r sub/ances h be5 f\nd to exhibit ! same peculi> ray-=m+ p[]s1 notably ,?orium1 "o ( ! compon5ts ( ! inc&esc5t gas mantle by ! prolong$ application ( a fragm5t ( :i* to a photographic plate an impression c be obta9$ due to ! rays4 ,:at1 !n1 are ^! rays8 ,x is f\nd t !y are ( ?ree k9ds1 n t !y v>y f "t to "t1 b t !y c be sort$ out into ?ree diff]5t sorts ( rays :i* are giv5 (f simultane\sly all ! "t4 ,! fir/ sort are /opp$ by a %eet ( pap]1 ! second pass+ easily ?r\gh a ?ick metal plate1 :ile ! ?ird appe> to be id5tical ) ,x-rays4 ,= conv5i5ce ! ?ree sorts are t]m$ ,alpha1 ,beta & ,gamma rays1 respectively1 aft] ! fir/ ?ree lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet4 ,fur!r1 ! ,alpha rays prove to be a torr5t ( t9y p>ticles ab\t ! size ( atoms1 inde$ if !y be collect$ ! gas ,helium is obta9$1 s t evid5tly !y are helium atoms1 & s9ce t is "o ( ^? sub/ances ^: molecules consi/ ( a s+le atom ea* !y are also molecules ( helium4 ,no d\bt ! reason :y !y are s easily /opp$ by a piece ( pap] is because be+ complete atoms !y are l>ge1 huge inde$1 comp>$ ) ! p>ticles :i* =m ! ,beta rays1 = !y are app>5tly ^? same electrons :i* are f\nd 9 ! ,x-ray tube1 & :i* are at lea/ #bjjj times small] ?an ! smalle/ atom4 ,:5 ! electrons 9 ! vacuum tube are sudd5ly br\ght to a /&/ill ,x-rays are giv5 (f & 9 l mann] ,x-rays no d\bt w\ld be giv5 (f :5 !y />t on _! j\rney1 provid+ t !y />t$ sudd5ly en\gh4 ,h5ce x is ! />t+ or sudd5 explosion-l ejection ( ! ,beta p>ticles :i* is believ$ to give rise to ! ,gamma rays4 ,! /r5g? or int5sity ( ! rays c be measur$ v conv5i5tly by _! action 9 mak+ air conductive to electricity1 = :i* purpose a v beautiful b simple in/rum5t call$ an ,electroscope is employ$4 ,x consi/s g5]ally ( a glass-sid$ box or else a bottle ) a l>ge /opp]1 consi/+ ( sulphur or "s o!r p>ticul>ly good insulator4 ,?r\gh ?is a wire passes d[n into ! inside ( ! vessel t]m9at+ 9 a v]tical flat /rip to ! upp] end ( :i* is atta*$ a simil> /rip ( gold leaf or alum9ium foil4 ,normally ! leaf hangs d[n close to ! /rip1 b if ! wire above ! /opp] be electrifi$ by t\*+ x ) a piece ( seal+-wax rubb$ lightly aga9/ ! coat sleeve ! *>ge ( electricity passes d[n into ! inside & causes bo? /rip & leaf to become s electrifi$ t !y repel ea* o!r4 ,ow+ to ! non-conductivity ( ! air 9 its normal condition ! leaf w1 if ! insulation ( ! /opp] be good1 rema9 project+ almo/ horizontally = "s "t until1 z x loses its *>ge by a sl[ leakage1 x gradually settles d[n close to ! /rip4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a piece ( radium be br\ght ne> :ile x is /ick+ out1 ! leaf w fall almo/ in/antly4 ,x-rays h a simil> effect ev5 f sev]al feet or y>ds away4 ,! int5sity ( ! radio-activity ( diff]5t sub/ances c be comp>$ by not+ ! diff]5ce 9 ! rate at :i* ! leaf falls "u ! influ5ce ( ea*4 ,:at is happ5+1 !n1 to ! atoms ( radium1 :i* causes !m to %[ ^! curi\s effects & to give (f ^! /range rays8 ,to give any intellig5t answ] to t "q we are b\nd to assume t :i* ! old] g5]ation ( sci5ti/s ?\ght impossible1 namely1 t atoms c be brok5 up4 ,!n we are =c$ to believe t ! atoms ( ?is p>ticul> sub/ance radium are ( a peculi>ly flimsy un/able sort1 s t !y _c p]man5tly hold _! p>ts toge!r b are liable to break up1 z f> z we c see ?r\gh _! own inh]5t weakness & "u ! influ5ce ( disruptive =ces at "w )9 !mselves4 ,we mu/ rememb]1 h[ev]1 t ! t9ie/ speck ( matt] :i* we c see conta9s a numb] ( atoms ( su* a size z to be q beyond ! grasp ( our m9ds4 ,to give a r\gh idea ( x 9 figures is useless z no "o c compreh5d ! real value ( a figure or two foll[$ by probably f a doz5 to tw5ty n\ghts4 ,x is be/ to cont5t ourselves ) ! g5]al /atem5t t a speck ( matt] only j visible to ! eye conta9s an exce$+ly va/ numb] ( atoms4 ,( c\rse a speck ( radium is no exception to ?is & we mu/ rememb]1 too1 t all ( !m d n break up at once4 ,inde$1 ! numb] break+ up at any "t are actually c\ntable by means ( a v simple contrivance & a s5sitive electromet]4 ,consequ5tly1 9 view ( ! enorm\s numb] pres5t & ! comp>atively small numb] break+ up at any mom5t1 x is n surpris+ to he> t1 s x is e/imat$1 ! process c g on = an almo/ indef9ite numb] ( ye>s1 c]ta9ly = hundr$s4 ,!re are1 moreov]1 c]ta9 facts :i* we ne$ n g into "h f :i* ! above fact c be cle>ly inf]r$1 q ap>t f :at has be5 said ab\t ! va/ numb]s ( ! atoms4 ,x seems z if ! uranium atoms break up fir/1 giv+ (f helium atoms & electrons & leav+ an int]m$iate sub/ance call$ ,ionium :i* 9 its turn breaks up giv+ (f ! same ?+s aga9 & leav+ radium4 ,t 9 its turn goes ?r\gh a complicat$ s]ies ( *anges /ill giv+ (f ! same alpha p>ticles or atoms ( helium & electrons until1 x is sugge/$1 x f9ally settles d[n into ! simple commonplace metal lead ( :i* we make bullets & wat] pipes & su*-l ord9>y ?+s4 ,we see !n t all ?r\gh its hi/ory--its radio-active hi/ory at any rate--?is /uff is ?r[+ (f atoms ( helium at a v high velocity 7ab\t #ej1jjj miles a second71 & if x be enclos$ 9 any?+ ?is enclos+ vessel or sub/ance w be subject$ to a cont9ual bomb>dm5t by ! alpha p>ticles4 ,n[ j z a piece ( iron gets hot if we hamm] x1 s ! enclos+ matt] is heat$ by ! cont9ual bl[s :i* x is receiv+ night & day1 ye> 9 & ye> out1 f ! alpha p>ticles4 ,consequ5tly ! imm$iate surr\nd+s ( a speck ( radium are always slightly rais$ 9 temp]ature4 ,moreov]1 if a speck ( radium be plac$ aga9/ a scre5 cov]$ ) suitable mat]ials ea* p>ticle :i* /rikes x w make a little spla% ( light4 ,at lea/ t is :at x looks l :5 se5 ?r\gh a magnify+ glass1 b to ! nak$ eye !re only appe>s a beautiful /eady gl[4 ,suppose1 !n1 t in/ead ( putt+ ! speck ( radiant matt] 9 front ( a scre5 we mix x up intimately ) a fluoresc5t sub/ance su* z sulphide ( z9c1 we !n get ! same conditions 9 a slightly diff]5t =m4 ,ea* p>ticle ( ! sub/ance s]ves z a t9y scre5 :i* gl[s e "t a p>ticle hits x4 ,?us is produc$ a lum9\s pa9t :i* gl[s by night1 suitable = pa9t+ ! dials ( in/rum5ts :i* h to be us$ 9 ! d>k4 ,no d\bt "s ( my read]s w h exp]i5c$ ! /rangely m+l$ delight & horror ( see+ a ,zeppel9 9 ! night sky int5t on dropp+ murd] & dea? on ! sleep+ civilians ( a peaceful t[n or city4 ,"s too may h witness$ ! lat] acts 9 t wond]ful drama1 :51 beside ! silv]y mon/] illum9at$ by ! beams ( ! se>*light !re mu/ h be51 ?\gh q invisible1 a little a]oplane mann$ by "o man or at mo/ two4 ,t a]oplane 01 no d\bt1 fitt$ ) in/rum5ts at :i* ! pilot glanc$ n[ & !n & :i* he 0 able to see & read because ( ! t9y speck ( radium mix$ into ! pa9t4 ,! little alpha p>ticles gave him ! light by :i* to see1 b !y gave no help to ! ,g]mans on ! ,zeppel94 ,h5ce1 9 due "t he did 8 "w & ! gigantic balloon1 ! pride ( ! ,kais] & 8 hordes1 fell to ! gr\nd1 a blaz+ wreck4 ,h[ he did x ,i _c tell1 b ( ?is ,i am sure1 t mo/ probably radium help$ him by mak+ lum9\s & visible ! in/rum5ts :i* guid$ him4 ,b probably x has r5d]$ & w /ill r5d] u ev5 great] s]vices 9 ! way ( help+ to repair ! damages to our injur$ manhood4 ,h[ _m m5 came back f ! w> crippl$ ) rheumatism because ( ! h>d%ips ?r\gh :i* !y w5t4 ,t disease is believ$ to be due to a sub/ance :i* m+les ) ! blood & :i*1 al?\gh usually liquid & h>mless sometimes *anges into a solid & settles 9 ! jo9ts4 ,n[ x is believ$ t radium prop]ly adm9i/]$ w act ^u t solid & cause x to *ange back into its liquid =m aga91 !reby cur+ ! disease4 ,c]ta9ly _m ( ! m9]al spr+s at su* places z ,ba? & ,buxton give =? a wat] :i* %[s a c]ta9 am\nt ( radio-activity & x may be t :i* gives ^? wat]s _! heal+ prop]ties4 ,if s1 we may look =w>d ) confid5ce to ! "t :5 radio-activity w be induc$ to play a /ill m successful "p 9 meet+ ?is pa9ful & widespread illness4 ,!n1 ( ! o!r ills :i* w inevitably arise 9 our m5 ?r\gh ! h>d%ips :i* !y h endur$ are sure to be "s ( ! canc]\s type1 _m ( :i* appe> to succumb to treatm5t by radium4 ,if a v small quantity inde$ be c>ri$ = a few days 9 a pocket x w impr9t itself ^u ! sk9 b5ea? z if x burnt ! tissues4 ,x is nev] advisable1 !re=e1 to c>ry radium 9 ! pocket )\t special precautions4 ,"o _c help feel+1 h[ev]1 t 9 t little fact is a h9t ( usefulness :5 ! be/ modes ( application h be5 discov]$1 = z a means ( safely & pa9lessly burn+ away "s undesirable gr[? x w\ld seem to be )\t a rival4 ,x is said1 too1 t x has ! /range p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 ! normal & ! abnormal1 attack+ ! latt] b leav+ ! =m]1 s t :5 appli$1 say1 to "s abnormal gr[? l canc] x may be able to remove x )\t h>mful effect ^u ! surr\nd+ tissues4 ,( ?is1 h[ev]1 x is too soon to write ) confid5ce4 ,x has n be5 kn[n long en\gh = our doctors to f9d out ! be/ modes ( use1 b t w come ) "t3 mean:ile !re are indications t 9 all probability x w r5d] good s]vice to mank9d4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,a ,,good ,,s]vant1 ,,?\gh ,a ,,bad ,,ma/] ,"o morn+ dur+ ! w> ! :ole ,briti% nation 0 />tl$ to le>n t ,mr4 ,lloyd ,george1 !n ! ,m9i/] ( ,munitions1 _h tak5 ov] a l>ge numb] ( di/ill]ies4 ,c\ld x be t he1 a teetotall] & temp]ance advocate1 0 go+ to supply all 8 work]s ) :iskey8 ,or 0 he go+ to close ! places s z to /op ! supply ( t tempt+ dr9k8 ,nei!r ( ^! sugge/ions 0 8 real reason4 ,:at he want$ ! di/ill]ies = 0 to make alcohol = ! w>1 n = dr9k+ purposes b = ! v _m uses :i* only alcohol c fulfil 9 mo/ important manufactures4 ,probably alcohol is ! next important liquid to wat]4 ,= example1 c]ta9 p>ts ( %ells h to be v>ni%$ & ! only satisfactory way to make v>ni% is to dissolve c]ta9 gums 9 alcohol4 ,! _s makes ! solid gum = ! "t be+ into a liquid :i* we c spread ) a bru%1 yet1 aft] be+ spread1 x evaporates & passes (f into ! air1 leav+ beh9d a beautiful coat+ ( gum4 ,t is h[ all v>ni%+ is done1 ! alcohol =m+ ! vehicle 9 :i* ! solid gum is = ! mom5t c>ri$ & by :i* x is appli$4 ,x is f> & away ! mo/ suitable liquid = ! purpose1 & )\t x v>ni%+ w\ld be v difficult & unsatisfactory4 ,h5ce "o ne$ = alcohol1 to c>ry on ! w>4 ,!n aga9 "s ( ! mo/ important explosives are solid or semi-solid1 & yet !y require to be mix$ 9 ord] to =m ! v>i\s p[d]s 9 use by our gunn]s4 ,! be/ way to br+ ab\t ?is mixture is to dissolve ! two compon5ts 9 alcohol1 !reby =m+ !m bo? into liquids :i* c be readily mix$4 ,aft]w>ds ! alcohol evaporates2 inde$1 "o ( its great virtues = ?is & simil> purposes is t x quietly takes itself (f :5 x has done its "w l a v well-drill$ s]vant4 ,:at !n is ?is preci\s liquid & h[ is x produc$8 ,9 ord] to answ] t "q x is necess>y fir/ to /ate t !re are a :ole family ( sub/ances call$ alcohols1 all ( :i* are compos$ ( c>bon1 hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 c]ta9 proportions4 ,!re are also a numb] ( k9dr$ sub/ances also1 n exactly bro!rs b fir/ c\s9s1 s to speak1 :i* because ( _! resemblance to ?is important family h names t]m9at+ 9 ol4 ,!y owe _! exi/5ce to ! wond]ful behavi\r ( ! atoms ( c>bon4 ,9 ord] to obta9 "s sort ( sy/em :]eby ! v>i\s comb9ations ( c>bon c be simply expla9$ *emi/s picture ea* c>bon atom z be+ arm$ ) f\r little l9ks or hooks ) :i* x is able to grapple1 z x 71 & hold on to o!r atoms4 ,ea* hydrog5 atom1 likewise1 has its hook1 b only "o in/ead ( f\r4 ,n[ x is easy to picture to ourselves an atom ( c>bon 9 ! middle ) its hooks po9t+ out nor?1 s\?1 ea/ & we/ ) a hydrog5 atom l9k$ on to ea*4 ,t gives u a picture ( ! molecule ( ,me?ane1 ! gas :i* =ms ! *ief con/itu5t ( coal gas su* z we burn 9 our homes4 ,me?ane is also giv5 (f by petroleum & x is ! cause ( ! explosions 9 coal m9es1 be+ kn[n to ! m9]s z fir$amp4 ,x is ! fir/ ( a long s]ies ( sub/ances :i* ! *emi/ call$ p>aff9s4 ,! fir/1 z y see1 consi/s ( "o ( c>bon & f\r ( hydrog54 ,add ano!r ( c>bon & two m ( hydrog5 & y get ! second ,e?ane4 ,add ! same aga9 & y get ! ?ird1 ,propane1 & s on until y c rea* a sub/ance consi/+ ( ?irty-five p>ts ( c>bon & sev5ty-two p>ts ( hydrog54 ,all we ne$ tr\ble ab\t1 h[ev]1 is ! fir/ two1 ,me?ane & ,e?ane4 ,we h pictur$ to ourselves ! molecule ( me?ane3 let u d ! same ) e?ane4 ,imag9e two c>bon atoms side by side l9k$ toge!r or h& 9 h&4 ,ea* w be us+ "o ( its hooks to grasp "o hook ( its bro!r atom4 ,h5ce ea* w h ?ree hooks to sp>e on to :i* we c hook a hydrog5 atom4 ,?us we get two ( c>bon & six ( hydrog5 neatly & prettily l9k$ up toge!r4 ,! atoms =m an int]e/+ little patt]n & to build up ! v>i\s p>aff9 molecules ) a p5cil & pap] has all ! attractions ( a puzzle or game4 ,all y h to d is to add a fre% atom ( c>bon alongside ! o!rs & !n atta* an atom ( hydrog5 to ea* available unus$ hook4 ,if y c>e to try ?is y w get ! :ole s]ies1 ea* "o hav+ "o atom ( c>bon & two ( hydrog5 m ?an its pr$ecessor4 ,if y mix toge!r a quantity ( me?ane & an equal quantity ( *lor9e1 :i* ,i h %[n y 9 ano!r *apt] h[ to get f common salt1 a *ange takes place1 = 9 ea* molecule ( me?ane "o hydrog5 atom becomes deta*$ & an atom ( *lor9e takes its place4 ,h[ or :y ?is *ange occurs we d n "k4 ,x is a fact t ! *lor9e has ?is p[] to ou/ ! hydrog5 & !re we mu/ leave x1 = ! pres5t at any rate4 ,! sub/ance s =m$ is call$ me?yl *loride4 ,9 ano!r *apt] ref]5ce has be5 made to t sub/ance :i* is made f common salt & :i* is s important 9 s _m manufactures call$ cau/ic soda4 ,if we br+ "s ( x into contact ) ! me?yl *loride ! *lor9e is puni%$ = its rud5ess 9 displac+ ! hydrog52 x is paid back 9 its own co91 = x is 9 turn displac$ n ?is "t by a s+le atom b by a little p>tn]%ip call$ hydroxyl "o atom ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg5 act+ toge!r4 ,we c aga9 =m a neat little picture ( :at happ5s4 ,! oxyg5 atom has two hooks1 "o ( :i* x gives to its fri5d ! hydrog5 atom & ?us !y g ab\t h&-9-h&1 ! oxyg5 hav+ "o unus$ hook ) :i* to hook on to some?+ else4 ,9 ?is case x hooks on to t p>ticul> hook f :i* x pu%es ! *lor9e4 ,we h ?us se5 two *anges take place4 ,fir/1 ! hydrog5 is displac$ by ! *lor9e3 !n ! *lor9e is turn$ out & its place tak5 by ! hydroxyl4 ,& dur+ bo? ^! *anges ! c5tral c>bon atom & its ?ree hydrog5 p>tn]s h rema9$ unaffect$4 ,^? f\r atoms are call$ ! me?yl gr\p1 & a me?yl gr\p comb9$ ) a hydroxyl gr\p =ms me?yl alcohol4 ,simil> *anges c be br\ght ab\t ) ,e?ane z ) ,me?ane1 & 9 !m ! two c>bon atoms & ! five hydrog5 rema9 un*ang$1 :5ce !y too are reg>d$ z a gr\p1 ! ,e?yl gr\p1 & an e?yl gr\p hook$ on to a hydroxyl gr\p gives u a molecule ( e?yl alcohol4 ,^! gr\ps ( :i* we h be5 speak+ nev] exi/ sep>ately except at ! mom5t ( *ange1 b 9 ! wond]ful *anges :i* ! *emi/ is able to br+ ab\t ! atoms =m+ ^! gr\ps seem to h a fondness = keep+ toge!r & mov+ toge!r f "o sub/ance into ano!r4 ,9 a ^w1 !y behave z if !y 7 ea* a s+le atom & !y are call$ by ! "n ( ,radicles2 ! ^w simply means a little root4 ,! me?yl radicle & ! e?yl radicle1 s9ce !y =m ! basis ( two ( ! p>aff9 s]ies1 are call$ p>aff9 radicles1 s t we c describe ?is useful alcohol z a p>aff9 radicle ) a hydroxyl radicle hook$ on to x4 ,if we use ! me?yl radicle we get me?yl alcohol3 if we use ! e?yl radicle we get e?yl alcohol4 ,n[ e?yl alcohol is ! _s :i* is conta9$ 9 all /rong dr9k4 ,:iskey has z mu* z #dj p] c5t & br&y & rum ab\t ! same1 :ile ale has only ab\t #f p] c5t4 ,all ( !m may be reg>d$ z impure =ms ( e?yl alcohol1 ! v>i\s impurities giv+ to ea* its p>ticul> ta/e4 ,e?yl alcohol1 too1 is :at is sold at *emi/s' %ops z spirits ( w9e1 :]e also we c pur*ase t :i* is famili> z me?ylat$ spirits1 :]eby !re hangs a tale4 ,all ,gov]nm5ts reg>d alcohol = dr9k+ z a fit subject = taxation4 ,:5 anyone buys a dr9k ) alcohol 9 x a "p ( :at he pays goes to ! ,gov]nm5t 9 ! =m ( duty4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 alcohol is us$ = trade purposes1 = mak+ v>ni% or some?+ l t1 !re is no reason :atev] :y x %\ld be *>g$ ) duty4 ,b if ! v>ni% manufactur] is to h alcohol duty-free :at is to prev5t him f us+ "s ( x = dr9k+8 ,to get ov] ! difficulty1 t :i* is suppli$ to him or to anyone else = trade purposes is delib]ately adult]at$ s z to make x s extremely na/y t no "o is likely to want to put x 9 8 m\?4 ,x s happ5s t me?yl alcohol1 :ile z good z ! o!r = _m purposes1 is horrible to ! ta/e & s x =ms a v conv5i5t adult]ant = ?is purpose4 ,!re=e1 :5 me?ylat$ _s is sold to y = dry+ y\r photographs1 ! *emi/ gives y e?yl alcohol ) en\gh me?yl alcohol 9 x to make sure t nei!r y nor anyone else w ev] want to dr9k x4 ,t1 !n1 is alcohol3 a ne> relative ( p>aff9 oil & also ( coal gas1 yet x is f nei!r ( ^! t we get x4 ,! *anges describ$ above enable y to realize :at x is1 b !y d n tell h[ x is made 9 l>ge quantities4 ,e?yl alcohol is obta9$ f sug> by ! employm5t ( g]ms or microbes4 ,any sort ( sug> w d3 x ne$ n be sug> su* z we eat4 ,9 practice ! sug> is usually obta9$ f />*1 t v common sub/ance :i* =ms ! mat]ial ( potatoes1 gra9 ( all k9ds1 beans & s on4 ,!re is a k9dly little g]m :i* w q readily turn />* into sug> = u if we give x ! *ance4 ,! malt/] />ts ! process4 ,he gets "s gra91 & spread+ x out 9 a damp condition ^u 8 floor sets x a-gr[+4 ,z soon z x has j />t$ to gr[1 h[ev]1 he transf]s x to 8 kiln1 :]e by heat+ x he kills ! "y plants4 ,z is well kn[n1 e se$ conta9s ! food to n\ri% ! little gr[+ plant until x is /rong en\gh to draw its supplies f ! soil & ! food ?us provid$ = ! "y :eat plant is />*1 :i*1 :5 x is ready = x1 x turns into sug>4 ,! little %oot lives on sug> & ! malt/] & di/ill] conspire to /eal t sug> int5d$ = ! baby plants & turn x into alcohol4 ,s ! little plant lib]ates by "s wond]ful means a mat]ial call$ dia/ase1 :i* has ! p[] ( *ang+ />* into sug>4 ,x does x1 ( c\rse1 = ! purpose ( provid+ its own necess>y food1 b ! malt/] does n want ! process to g too f>3 he only wants to produce ! dia/ase1 & t is :y he kills ! plants1 aft] :i* he has f9i%$ ) ! matt] & h&s ! malt$ gra9 or malt ov] to ! di/ill] = ! next process4 ,! di/ill] mixes ! malt ) w>m wat]1 :]eupon ! dia/ase comm5ces ! conv]sion ( ! />* ( ! gra94 ,at ?is /age fre% gra9 may be add$ & potatoes1 inde$ almo/ any?+ compos$ l>gely ( />* = ! dia/ase to "w ^u4 ,! process goes on until1 9 "t1 ! liquid consi/s v l>gely ( sug> dissolv$ 9 wat]1 :i* is /ra9$ away f :at is left ( ! gra91 etc4 ,malt sug> is v simil> to1 b n q ! same z1 cane sug>4 ,x consi/s ( twelve p>ts ( c>bon1 tw5ty-two ( hydrog5 & elev5 ( oxyg54 ,x is an int]e/+ little puzzle to sket* ^? atoms out on pap]1 ea* ) its prop] numb] ( hooks1 & see h[ !y c be comb9$ toge!r4 ,malt sug>1 milk sug> & cane sug> all consi/ ( ! same ?ree elem5ts 9 ! same proportions & ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is no d\bt due to ! diff]5t ways 9 :i* ! atoms c be hook$ up toge!r4 ,yea/ is next add$ to ! liquid1 ^u :i* ! process ( f]m5tation is set up1 ! t9y liv+ cells ( ! yea/ plant produc+ a sub/ance :i* is able to *ange ! sug> into alcohol4 ,! alcohol ?us =m$ is1 ( c\rse1 comb9$ ) wat]1 b x c be sep>at$ f x by g5tle heat+ s9ce x passes (f into vap\r at a l[] temp]ature ?an does wat]4 ,?us ! vap\r fir/ aris+ f ! mixture is caught & cool$ :]eby ! liquid alcohol is obta9$4 ,?is op]ation1 call$ fractional di/illation1 has to be repeat$ if alcohol q free f wat] is requir$1 9 addition to :i* ! attraction :i* quicklime has = wat] is call$ into play to coax ! la/ remnant ( wat] f ! o!r4 ,& n[1 h[ ab\t ! me?yl alcohol8 ,t is obta9$ 9 q a diff]5t way1 by heat+ wood & collect+ ! vap\rs giv5 (f by x4 ,h5ce x is (t5 call$ wood _s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 at lea/ two v valuable sub/ances are obta9$ by ?is op]ation1 me?yl alcohol & acetone4 ,! vap\rs giv5 (f by ! wood are cool$1 :]eupon t> is =m$ :ile ^u x !re floats a d>k liquid :i* conta9s ! wood _s1 acetic acid & acetone4 ,to capture ! acetic acid lime is add$ to ! mixture1 & s9ce !re is a natural aff9ity betwe5 !m1 ! acetic acid & lime comb9e into a solid :i* rema9s beh9d :5 ! :ole mass is suitably heat$4 ,:at comes ov] 9 ! =m ( vap\r is a mixture ( wat]1 acetone & wood _s4 ,! =m] is entic$ away by ! use ( quicklime1 :ile ! o!r two are sep>at$ by ! process ( fractional di/illation already ref]r$ to4 ,n[ let me ask y to =m ano!r little picture1 ei!r 9 y\r m9d or ) pap] & p5cil4 ,imag9e two me?yl radicles1 ea*1 let me rem9d y1 a c>bon atom ) ?ree hydrog5 atoms hook$ on & "o sp>e hook4 ,also imag9e "o atom ( oxyg5 ) its two hooks out/ret*$ l two arms1 & j l9k "o radicle on to ea*4 ,!n y h ! picture ( me?yl e!r4 ,all ! e!rs are =m$ by tak+ two ( ! p>aff9 radicles & l9k+ !m toge!r by means ( ! two hooks ( an oxyg5 atom4 ,! e!r :i* is s l>gely us$ 9 hospitals = w\nd$ soldi]s is e?yl e!r1 consi/+ ( two e?yl radicles jo9$ by oxyg54 ,h[ x is made we w come to 9 a mom5t1 b z y see already x is a close relative ( alcohol4 ,n[ f me?yl e!r take away ! c5tral oxyg5 & 9 its place put c>bon4 ,?is atom w h two hooks to sp>e :i* x c employ to hold on to ! two hooks ( ! oxyg54 ,! result is a molecule ( acetone4 ,?is is us$ z a solv5t 9 a simil> mann] to alcohol = _m purposes1 & !re 0 a great dem& = x no d\bt dur+ ! w>4 ,"o int]e/+ use ( acetone is 9 connection ) ! gas acetyl5e4 ,( great use bo? = light+ & also 9 conjunction ) oxyg5 = weld+ & cutt+ metals1 ?is gas suff]s f ! disadvantage t x _c be compress$ into cyl9d]s & c>ri$ ab\t z oxyg5 c4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be dissolv$ 9 acetone4 ,! cyl9d]s 9 :i* x is c>ri$ are !re=e fill$ ) coke saturat$ ) acetone & !n :5 ! acetyl5e is press$ 9 x dissolves1 com+ out ( solution aga9 z soon z ! pressure is releas$4 ,9 ?is dissolv$ condition x is q safe to c>ry ab\t4 ,= a mom5t let u turn back to ! comm5cem5t ( ! *apt] to ! subject ( me?ane4 ,:5 mix$ ) *lor9e1 x w be rememb]$1 "o hydrog5 atom gave place to a *lor9e atom4 ,if ! process be repeat$ ano!r hydrog5 atom w be displac$ 9 ! same way1 :ile a fur!r repetition w result 9 ! removal ( a ?ird1 :5 !re w be a c>bon atom 9 ! c5tre ) ?ree *lor9e & "o hydrog5 hook$ on to x4 ,) t picture 9 y\r m9d's eye y w be contemplat+ ! molecule ( t wond]ful & b5efic5t sub/ance1 *lor(orm4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! numb]less op]ations :i* h be5 c>ri$ out by ! surgeons 9 ! c\rse ( ?is la/ w> we realize a little h[ great is ! total sum ( pa9 & suff]+ :i* has be5 sav$ ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( ?is sub/ance1 ?is simple neat little arrangem5t ( five t9y atoms4 ,n[ t aga9 is obta9$ 9 manufacture f alcohol4 ,alcohol1 blea*+ p[d] & wat] are mix$ & !n di/ill$1 by :i* ( c\rse is meant t ! mixture is evaporat$ by heat & ! vap\r collect$ & cool$ back into liquid aga94 ,! liquid s obta9$ is *lor(orm4 ,h>dly less important ?an ?is1 9 our milit>y hospitals1 is e!r1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,x1 too1 is manufactur$ f alcohol4 ,! alcohol1 toge!r ) sulphuric acid1 is plac$ 9 a /ill & heat$1 ! vap\r giv5 (f be+ l$ to ano!r vessel & !re cond5s$4 ,! liquid ?us obta9$ is e!r & s long z ! supply ( fre% alcohol is kept up ! production ( e!r goes on cont9u\sly4 ,! sulphuric acid does n disappe> & s does n ne$ to be replac$1 f :i* x w\ld appe> z if x might j z well n be !re1 b t is n ! case4 ,x plays ! "p ( :at is call$ a cataly/1 "o ( ! curiosities ( *emi/ry4 ,!re are _m in/ances 9 :i* two ?+s w comb9e only 9 ! pres5ce ( a ?ird :i* appe>s to be itself unaffect$4 ,?is ?ird sub/ance is a cataly/4 ,x rem9ds "o ( ! cl]gyman at a w$d+ :o unites o!rs b rema9s un*ang$ himself4 ,9 conclusion1 "o may m5tion t _m ( ! m$ic9es ) :i* our injur$ m5 7 coax$ back to heal? & /r5g? owe _! exi/5ce to alcohol1 = _m drugs are obta9$ f vegetable sub/ances by dissolv+ out a "p ( ! h]b ) alcohol4 ,?us1 z a dr9k1 x is unque/ionably v h>mful4 ,inde$1 9 t way x probably kills m p p] ye> ?an its use 9 ! manufacture ( explosives caus$ 9 ! wor/ ye> ( ! w>4 ,yet x also furni%es *lor(orm1 e!r & m$ic9al drugs & p]=ms a :ole ho/ ( useful s]vices to mank9d4 ,f9ally1 if oil & coal %\ld ev] run %ort x is q prep>$ to run our eng9es = u4 ,truly x is a wond]ful sub/ance4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,m9es1 ,,subm>9e ,,& ,,subt]ranean ,! ^w m9e 9 its milit>y s5se orig9ally meant j ! same z x does 9 ! ord9>y way1 b l _m o!r words x has got twi/$ into new uses ! connection ( :i* ) ! orig9al mean+ is v obscure4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ( ^! v]bal puzzles is ! subm>9e m9e4 ,!re seems at fir/ sight n ! remote/ connection betwe5 ! float+ b>rel ( explosives conceal$ b5ea? ! wat] & :at we ord9>ily call a m9e4 ,! explanation ( ?is is t ! t]m has acquir$ ?is mean+ aft] pass+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( /ages4 ,:5 soldi]s m9e = ! purpose ( bl[+ up _! enemies !y dig a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 & conceal !re9 a quantity ( explosives s arrang$ t !y bl[ up :5 ! enemy pass ov] or ne>4 ,! op]ation ( digg+ ! hole 9 ! e>? is cle>ly ak9 to ! "w ( ! m9] & s su* is q appropriately call$ a m9e4 ,! hole may be dug f ! surface d[nw>ds1 ! m>ks ( excavation be+ aft]w>ds cov]$ up & oblit]at$ z mu* z possible4 ,9 o!r cases ! hole may be a tunnel />t+ f a tr5* & driv+ t[>ds ! enemy's position4 ,! idea1 ( c\rse1 is to burr[ until ! end ( ! tunnel is j "u "s important "p ( ! enemy's works or =tifications4 ,:5 ! end ( ! tunnel has rea*$ ! "r spot explosives c be plac$ !re1 ! tunnel p>tly /opp$ to prev5t ! explosion f driv+ back ^u ^? :o make x & ! :ole fir$ at ! desir$ mom5t4 ,?is tunnell+ is also call$ sapp+ & ! tunnel itself a sap4 ,milit>y eng9e]s are (t5 spok5 ( z sapp]s & m9]s z if ! two ?+s 7 cle>ly diff]5t1 b z a matt] ( fact bo? are (t5 us$ to describe ! same ?+4 ,r\ghly1 we may say t a m9e :i* /ays /ill 9 ! hope t ! enemy w walk ^u x is a m9e prop]1 :ile a m9e :i* itself progresses t[>ds ! enemy until x ultimately goes (f b5ea? him1 is a sap & ! mak+ ( su* a ?+ is sapp+4 ,or we might say t sapp+ is "u-m9+1 9 :i* s5se we use x 9 g5]al conv]sation :5 we speak ( some?+ sapp+ a man's /r5g?4 ,soldi]s speak ( _! eng9e]+ comrades z sapp]s j z !y t]m artill]ym5 gunn]s1 b ! only reason :y !y call !m by t "n in/ead ( m9]s is because ! latt] is a well-kn[n t]m appli$ to ^? :o "w 9 coal m9es4 ,a subt]ranean m9e1 !n1 is no?+ m or less ?an a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 made 9 any way t may be conv5i5t1 fill$ ) explosives & fir$ at a suitable "t to d damage to ! enemy4 ,9 o!r words1 x is simply "s explosive conceal$ 9 ! gr\nd ) means = fir+ x1 & :5 ! sailor conceals explosives 9 ! sea s t !y may bl[ up ! enemy's %ips1 he borr[s 8 milit>y comrades' t]m & calls x a m9e too4 ,c\nt]-m9+ is ! enemy's reply to m9+4 ,suppose ,i 0 fooli% en\gh to wi% to bl[ up my neighb\r :o lives 9 ! h\se opposite to m9e4 ,i might />t f my cell> & dig a tunnel "u ! road until ,i knew t ,i _h arriv$ "u 8 dwell+4 ,b suppose t he got to "k ( my little s*eme3 he c\ld !n try c\nt]-m9+4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld mean />t+ a tunnel ( 8 own f 8 cell> t[>ds my tunnel3 !n1 z soon z ! two tunnels _h come suffici5tly ne> to ea* o!r1 he c\ld let (f 8 explosives !reby wreck+ my tunnel & putt+ an end to my op]ations :ile yet ,i 0 only half-way across ! road4 ,?us he w\ld /op me be=e ,i _h _h "t to h>m him1 & s9ce he ne$ only tunnel j f> en\gh to r5d] ! necess>y explosion h>mless to 8 h\se1 :ile ,i to succe$ w\ld h to tunnel "r across ! road1 ! man :o is c\nt]-m9+ always has a slight natural advantage ov] ! man :o is do+ ! m9+4 ,if only he gets to "k :at is go+ on 9 "t he c always retaliate4 ,all =ms ( l& m9e are improvis$ on ! spot accord+ to circum/ances4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 ) subm>9e m9es on :i* mu* +5uity has be5 exp5d$1 ! m9es be+ made 9 work%ops a%ore ready = lay+ & !n laid by %ips & sometimes by div]s4 ,( ^! !re are two ma9 k9ds1 ^? :i* are put 9 place 9 times ( peace = ! protection ( p>ticul> h>b\rs & *annels1 & ^? :i* are simply dropp$ ov]bo>d f a m9e-lay+ %ip dur+ ! actual w>4 ,!y all consi/ ess5tially ( a case ( iron or /eel plates rivet$ toge!r j z a /eam boil] is made1 9 fact ! cases are made 9 a boil] %op4 ,! *>ge is gun-cotton fir$ by a detonator1 ! latt] be+ excit$ by a /roke f a hamm]1 z 9 a rifle1 or else by electricity4 ,9 ! latt] case1 a t9y filam5t ( plat9um wire is 9 contact ) ! detonator1 & ! wire be+ heat$ by ! curr5t1 j z ! filam5t ( a lamp is1 ! detonator is fir$ by ! heat4 ,( ! p]man5t m9es :]eby ! entrances to important *annels are protect$ arrangem5ts are (t5 made = fir+ by obs]vation1 t is to say1 by ! action ( an obs]v] a%ore4 ,be+ laid by div]s & securely an*or$ to heavy weights lay+ on ! bottom1 wires are c>ri$ f ! m9es to ! obs]vation /ation4 ,! obs]v] wat*es & fires ! m9es at ! "r mom5t by simply press+ a key !reby mak+ ! electrical circuit4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 m9es are fir$ by contact4 ,obs]vation m9es h ! advantage t :ile !y may be explod$ "u an enemy !y w all[ a fri5dly %ip to pass 9 p]fect safety4 ,contact m9es1 on ! o!r h&1 w af=d protection aga9/ attacks by night :5 enemy craft may attempt to creep 9 "u cov] ( d>kness4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,italian ,,m9e-,,lay]4 ,?is photograph 0 tak5 look+ d[n ^u ! deck ( ! %ip4 ,! m9es run ^u rails1 & are pu%$ by ! m5 t[>ds ! /]n1 :5ce !y are dropp$ "o at a "t into ! wat]4 ,! spla% indicates t "o has j fall54 ,contact m9es are (t5 fir$ electrically1 sometimes by batt]ies ( _! own inside _! own cases1 or else by curr5t f ! %ore ?r\gh wires1 ! circuit be+ complet$ by an automatic device ( "s sort actuat$ unwitt+ly by ! un=tunate victim4 ,"o ( ^! contact devices w illu/rate ! g5]al "* ( !m all4 ,imag9e a little vessel ) m]cury 9 x3 x is1 g5]ally speak+1 ( "s insulat+ mat]ial1 b "r at ! bottom is a metal /ud ) :i* ! m]cury makes contact4 ,! rim may likewise be ( metal or a metal rod may project d[nw>ds into x3 x matt]s n :i*1 = we c see at once t x is q easy s to arrange ?+s t :]eas1 :ile upright1 ! m]cury %all be well cle> ( ! upp] contact1 x %all :5 ! vessel is tilt$ fl[ on to x1 !reby bridg+ f l[] contact to upp] contact & complet+ ! circuit4 ,( c\rse1 a m9e mu/ only g (f :5 actually /ruck by a %ip & n :5 x is g5tly swung to & fro by ! action ( tide or curr5t 9 ! wat]4 ,t is easily arrang$1 = ! vessel & contacts c be s %ap$ t contact is n made until an angle ( tilt is rea*$ :i* no tide or ord9>y commotion ( ! wat] c\ld br+ ab\t4 ,x is cle>ly possible1 too1 to comb9e ! contact & obs]vation arrangem5ts 9 su* a way t contact m9es c be made safe = fri5dly %ips dur+ ! daytime4 ,x is only necess>y to adopt ! %ore batt]y arrangem5t already m5tion$ & disconnect ! batt]ies dur+ ! day or :5 no enemy is 9 sight1 re/or+ ! connection dur+ ! d>kness or 9 ! ev5t ( ho/ile %ips try+ to ru% ! passage4 ,ano!r int]e/+ s*eme = keep+ m9es safe until requir$ is to an*or !m 9 :at is t]m$ a dormant condition4 ,?is means t a loop is tak5 9 ! wire rope by :i* !y are an*or$1 ! loop be+ fa/5$ by means ( a l9k4 ,?is l9k1 h[ev]1 conta9s a small quantity ( explosive :i* c be fir$ f ! %ore4 ,?is has ! effect ( break+ ! l9k1 releas+ ! loop & all[+ ! m9e to float upw>ds to ! full l5g? ( ! rope4 ,?us ! m9e is d[n deep1 well bel[ ! bottom ( ! bigge/ %ip until releas$ = action4 ,x is d\btful :e!r mu* use is made n[adays ( p]man5t m9es ( ! types j describ$1 = !y h1 no d\bt1 be5 l>gely displac$ by ! tempor>y m9e :i* c be laid 9 a mom5t by simply be+ dropp+ ov]bo>d f a %ip1 b x is q possible t "s ( ! def5ces (1 say1 ! ,d>danelles1 7 ( ! p]man5t nature4 ,s let u pass on to ! tempor>y m9es4 ,^! 7 us$ by ! ,g]mans f ! fir/ few h\rs ( ! w>4 ,"o ( ! fir/ naval incid5ts 0 :5 our %ips discov]$ a small ,g]man excursion /eam] :i* _h be5 conv]t$ into a m9e-lay] /rew+ ^! deadly ?+s surreptiti\sly 9 ! ,nor? ,sea 9 ! hope t "s ( our vessels w\ld run ^u !m4 ,ne$less to say1 t %ip w5t on no m excursions4 ,laid ?us1 x is evid5t t !re c be no wires runn+ a%ore1 s t all m9es ( ?is class mu/ be contact m9es4 ,:at makes !m ( extreme int]e/ is ! way !y are laid4 ,j ?9k = a mom5t :at is involv$4 ,f ! v nature ( ?+s _! lay+ mu/ (t5 be done 9 secret4 ,x is n ! ,briti% practice to place !m 9 ! op5 seas1 except av[$ly1 aft] due notice1 9 c]ta9 specifi$ areas1 :]e !y are laid q op5ly "u ! protection ( adequate =ces to ensure aga9/ int]ruption4 ,!re is little d\bt1 h[ev]1 t !y h laid _m a m9e field secretly 9 purely ,g]man wat]s1 :ile ev]yone kn[s t ! ,g]mans h n hesitat$ to s[ ! %ipp+ r\tes broadca/ ) ^! ?+s1 su* "w ( c\rse be+ done secretly & l>gely at night4 ,! m9e c !re=e only be laid by dropp+ x into ! wat] & leav+ x4 ,yet x mu/ n float on ! surface or x w be easily se5 & pick$ up2 x mu/ float bel[1 s t ! unsuspect+ %ip may run ^u x4 ,& x is q impossible to make a ?+ float 9 wat] any:]e except ^u ! surface4 ,if x does n float ^u ! surface x s9ks to ! bottom3 !re is no half-way h\se betwe54 ,_m p are surpris$ to he> ?is1 judg+1 no d\bt1 by ! fact t a balloon floats 91 & n on1 ! air & expect+ an object float+ 9 wat] to be able to d ! same ?+4 ,! diff]5ce is due to ! fact t air is easily compressible1 s t ! air close to ! e>? is d5s]1 m compress$1 & !re=e heavi]1 ?an ! air high] up ow+ to its hav+ ! :ole weight ( ! upp] air press+ d[nw>ds ^u x4 ,! d5sity ( ! air dim9i%es1 = ?is reason1 z "o asc5ds1 & a balloon :i* displaces m ?an its own weight ( air at ! surface ( ! e>? rises until x has rea*$ j t height :5 ! air displac$ exactly equals 9 weight ! balloon itself3 !n x goes no high]4 ,precisely ! same conditions exi/ 9 ! sea except t wat] be+ incompressible is no d5s] at ! bottom ( ! sea ?an on ! surface4 ,!re=e1 if a ?+ s9ks at all x s9ks "r to ! bottom4 ,!re is "o v +5i\s device = ov]com+ ?is difficulty by means ( a motor & propell]4 ,! m9e has enclos$ 9 its case a motor driv5 by a /ore ( compress$ air :i* op]ates a propell]4 ,9 ?is x is some:at l a torp$o1 b 9 ?is case ! propell] is set v]tically s t its action lifts ! m9e up 9 ! wat]4 ,n[ ! m9e is s weight$ t x j & only j s9ks :5 dropp$ 91 b on rea*+ a c]ta9 dep? ! motor />ts & by means ( ! propell] raises x ne>ly to ! surface aga94 ,on ne>+ ! surface ! motor /ops & ! m9e s9ks once m1 only to be rais$ aga9 9 due c\rse1 s t ! ?+ keeps on ris+ & fall+2 x nev] rises above a c]ta9 dep? nor falls bel[ a c]ta9 dep?1 b oscillates cont9ually betwe5 its two limits4 ,! "q !n arises1 :at />ts & /ops ! motor at precisely ! "r mom5ts to produce ?is result8 ,x is done by means ( a hydro/atic valve4 ,z j po9t$ out1 ! wat] at ! bottom ( ! sea is support+ ! weight ( all t wat] :i* is above x4 ,! wat] is n compress$ by ?is1 b ! pressure is !re all ! same4 ,obvi\sly ! degree ( pressure at any po9t dep5ds ^u ! weight ( ! lay] ( wat] above1 & s9ce ! weight ( t lay] w obvi\sly increase & dim9i% ) its ?ickness x foll[s t1 />t+ f ! surface1 :]e ! pressure is nil1 we get a p]fectly /eady & regul> increase z we desc5d1 until we rea* ! maximum at ! bottom4 ,n[ )9 ! m9e is a small wat]tight diaphragm1 ! out] surface ( :i* is 9 contact ) ! wat] & ^u :i*1 !re=e1 ! wat] presses4 ,z ! m9e desc5ds1 !re=e1 ?is diaphragm is b5t inw>ds m & m by ! pressure ( wat] & t is made to />t ! motor4 ,adju/m5ts c easily be made s t a c]ta9 degree ( b5d+ %all result 9 />t+ ! motor1 :i* is ! same z say+ t ! motor %all />t automatically at a c]ta9 dep?4 ,likewise z ! m9e rises "u ! influ5ce ( ! propell] ! pressure decreases1 ! diaphragm /raight5s out & at a c]ta9 pr$et]m9$ dep? ! motor is /opp$4 ,:51 f9ally1 ! /ore ( motive p[] is exhau/$ ! m9e s9ks to ! bottom & is lo/1 a v valuable feature f a humanit>ian po9t ( view1 s9ce x means t ! active life ( ! m9e is %ort & x _c g /ray+ ab\t ! oceans = weeks or ev5 mon?s1 f9ally bl[+ up "s q innoc5t pass5g] %ip4 ,m (t51 h[ev]1 ?is difficulty ( dep? is ov]come by an*or+ ! m9e at ! dep? mo/ suitable = /rik+ ! bottom ( a pass+ %ip4 ,b "h aga9 !re seem to be insup]able difficulties1 = ! dep? ( ! sea v>ies & s ! l5g? ( ! an*or rope mu/ be v>i$ ) almo/ e m9e t is laid4 ,x has be5 f\nd possible1 h[ev]1 to make ! m9es automatically adju/ ! l5g? ( _! own an*or ropes s t ! desir$ result is atta9$ )\t difficulty no matt] h[ deep ! sea may be4 ,let me describe h[ x is done 9 ! ,elia m9es us$ by ,great ,brita94 ,! inv5tor1 ,capta9 ,elia1 0 an (fic] 9 ! ,italian ,navy4 ,! m9e consi/s ( ?ree p>ts3 7#a7 ! m9e prop]1 a case conta9+ ! explosive1 gun-cotton & ! fir+ me*anism2 7#b7 ! an*or2 & 7#c7 ! weight1 all ( :i* are connect$ toge!r by suitable wire ropes4 ,! m9e is light] ?an wat] & s floats3 ! an*or1 :i* be>s no resemblance to ! ord9>y an*or b :i* is an iron case conta9+ me*anism1 only able to act z an an*or by virtue ( its weight1 is heavi] ?an wat] & s s9ks1 :ile ! weight ( solid ca/ iron s9ks m readily /ill4 ,! an*or is (t5 fitt$ ) :eels s t x =ms a truck ^u :i* ! m9e & ! weight are plac$1 ! :ole runn+ ^u rails laid on ! deck ( ! m9e-lay]4 ,z ?is %ip /eams ahead ! m5 pu% ! m9es along ! rails1 dropp+ !m ov] ! /]n at regul> int]vals4 ,:5 ! ?+ rea*es ! wat]1 ! weight s9ks ! mo/ rapidly1 !reby tugg+ at ! *a9 :]eby x is connect$ to ! an*or4 ,! latt]1 be+ less compact1 s9ks m sl[ly s t ! pull ^u ! rope is ma9ta9$ until at la/ ! weight re/s ^u ! bottom4 ,!n & only !n is ! pull relax$4 ,n[ inside ! an*or is a w9*1 ^u :i* is w\nd a l5g? ( flexible wire rope1 ! o!r end ( :i* is atta*$ to ! m9e4 ,! latt]1 x w be rememb]$1 is light en\gh to float & s1 s9ce x lies ^u ! surface :ile ! an*or s9ks1 ! rope is drawn (f ! w9*4 ,b !re is a spr+ cat* :i* is able to hold ! w9* & to prev5t x f pay+ out rope1 & t cat* is only held (f by ! pull ( ! weight4 ,consequ5tly1 z soon z ! weight t\*es ! bottom & its pull ^u ! an*or ceases1 ! w9* is gripp$ by ! cat*1 no m rope is paid out1 & f t mom5t1 z ! an*or desc5ds1 x drags ! m9e d[n ) x4 ,! result1 !n1 is t ! m9e becomes an*or$ at a dep? bel[ ! surface r\ghly equal to ! l5g? ( ! rope connect+ weight to an*or4 ,m9es ( ?is k9d c1 ( c\rse1 be fir$ electrically by ! tilt+ ( a cup ( m]cury or simil> device z already describ$4 ,ano!r arrangem5t is to fit project+ horns ^u ! surface ( ! m9e made ( s(t metal s t !y w be b5t or cru%$ by a /rong bl[ su* z a pass+ %ip w\ld give4 ,?is breaks a glass vessel inside1 lib]at+ *emicals :i* cause detonation4 ,! me?od adopt$ 9 ! ,elia m9es is to h a project+ arm pivot$ ^u ! top ( ! m9e4 ,! m9e is sph]ical 7!y are ne>ly all ei!r sph]ical or cyl9drical71 ) ! rope atta*$ to ! ,s\? ,pole1 s to speak1 & ! arm pivot$ to ! ,nor? ,pole4 ,z ! m9e floats 9 ! wat] ! arm projects out horizontally4 ,! effect ( ?is arrangem5t is t :5 a %ip /rikes ! m9e ! latt] rolls along its side1 b ! arm be+ too long1 simply trails along4 ,?us ! sph]ical case ( ! m9e turns :ile ! arm rema9s /ill & t is made to unscrew & ev5tually release a hamm] :i*1 /rik+ ! detonator1 fires ! m9e4 ,9 o!r words1 ?is type ( m9e is explod$ n by ! %ip giv+ x a bl[1 b by its rubb+ itself along 9 contact ) ! m9e4 ,! great advantage ( ?is is t x is only a %ip t c d ?is4 ,no *ance commotion 9 ! wat] c d x3 no *ance bl[ f float+ wreckage c d x3 only ! rubb+ action ( a %ip c accompli% x4 ,su* a m9e1 too1 is less likely to be affect$ by c\nt]-m9+1 ( :i* m pres5tly4 ,app>5tly ! lay+ ( ^! m9es mu/ be v dang]\s "w1 = s9ce a bl[ w explode mo/ ( !m1 :at is to prev5t _! receiv+ t bl[ :ile on ! deck ( ! m9e-lay]1 or at all ev5ts z !y are dropp$ into ! wat]4 ,9 all cases1 precautions are tak5 aga9/ su* an ev5t4 ,sometimes a hydro/atic valve is employ$1 ! arrangem5t be+ t ! fir+ me*anism is lock$ until releas$ by ! valve1 until1 t is1 ! m9e is imm]s$ to a pr$et]m9$ dep? 9 ! wat]4 ,ano!r device = ! same purpose is a lump ( sug>4 ,! m9e is s made t x _c be fir$ until ?is lump has be5 melt$ by ! action ( ! wat]3 sal ammoniac is ano!r sub/ance employ$ = ! same purpose4 ,! te*nical t]m = ?is is a soluble seal4 ,! fir+ arrangem5t1 :atev] x may be1 is seal$ up s t x _c come into op]ation until ! seal has be5 dissolv$ away by ! wat]1 or until ! m9e has be5 9 ! wat] long en\gh = ! m9e-lay] to get out ( h>m's way4 ,ano!r int]e/+ feature ( ! ,elia m9e is connect$ ) ! s\rce ( ! p[] :i* drives ! hamm] :i* causes ! explosion4 ,! an*or1 x w be rememb]$1 pulls ! m9e d[n "u wat]1 ! latt] be+ ( itself buoyant4 ,!re is a cont9ual pull1 !re=e1 ^u ! rope by :i* ! m9e is held "u4 ,x is t pull :i* works ! hamm]4 ,& n[ obs]ve ! beautiful result ( t simple arrangem5t4 ,suppose ! m9e breaks its rope & gets loose1 s t x c drift ab\t & c>ry dang] f> & wide4 ,x c break loose & x c drift ab\t1 b at ! v mom5t ( gett+ loose ! dang] vani%es1 = ! rope ceases to pull & ! fir+ me*anism loses its motive p[]4 ,9 o!r m9es ! same result has be5 s\ght by means ( clockwork1 :i* ?r[s ! fir+ arrangem5ts out ( action aft] ! lapse ( a giv5 "t4 ,?is s*eme ( ,capta9 ,elia's1 h[ev]1 :]eby ! v act ( break+ adrift produces its own safegu>d1 is "o ( ! mo/ delightful in/ances ( a happy inv5tion4 ,9 conclusion1 j a ^w ab\t ! measures tak5 aga9/ m9es4 ,c\nt]-m9+ is "o4 ,x consi/s 9 lett+ (f o!r m9es 9 ! mid/ ( a m9e-field ) ! purpose ( giv+ !m su* a %ak+ up t "s ( !m w be explod$ by ! %ock4 ,! simple/ & inde$ ! only effective way1 h[ev]1 seems to be ! simple primitive me?od ( dragg+ a rope along betwe5 two light draught vessels & ?us te>+ ! m9es up by _! roots1 s to speak4 ,! v act ( ?us dragg+ x along by its an*or rope (t5 causes a m9e to explode1 well a/]n ( ! m9e-sweep+ vessels1 b sometimes !y are pull$ up & fir$ or sunk by a %ot f a gun :i* ! sweep] c>ries = ! purpose4 ,! sweep+ up ( ! m9e-fields is a duty (t5 allott$ to ! /eam fi%+ boats or trawl]s1 ^: crews seem p>ticul>ly well fitt$ = ! "w4 ,x is a haz>d\s duty1 & _m lives h be5 lo/ ?r\gh x4 ,let u hope t 9 "t to come all subm>9e m9es & ! dang]s connect$ ) !m w be a ?+ ( ! pa/1 = !y are mean1 c[>dly & contemptible weapons4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,milit>y ,,bridges ,bridg+ has always be5 an important "p ( actual w>f>e4 ,9 my s*ool days ,i /udi$ ,cs> f a textbook :i* is n mu* 9 use n[adays & :i* _h v copi\s notes1 prom95t among :i* 0 a description1 ) draw+s1 ( a bridge made by ! ,roman ,legions 9 ,gaul4 ,& a f9e bridge x 01 too4 ,h[ its details came to be kn[n 0 p>tly ?r\gh ! description giv5 by ,cs> himself & p>tly by a /udy ( c]ta9 old timb]s f\nd 9 ! b$ ( ! ,rhone1 :i* timb]s 7 believ$ to be relics ( ! v bridge :i* ! great ,julius himself _h _h built4 ,?is bridge ( ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s ago appe>$ to be built ( baulks ( timb] fa/5$ toge!r 9 v mu* ! same mann] z t adopt$ by ! eng9e]+ units ( ! great armies ( to-day4 ,e obs]vant p]son has notic$ h[ tall poles & %ort /icks ti$ toge!r ) ropes c be fa%ion$ into ! firm1 /rong scaffold+ f :i* workm5 c 9 safety raise great tall build+s4 ,t mode ( con/ruction c always be us$ to =m a bridge4 ,equally well kn[n1 no d\bt1 are ! gantries built ov] ! footway :ile a l>ge build+ is 9 c\rse ( con/ruction4 ,g5]ally ( huge squ>e baulks ( timb]1 !y are int5d$ to c>ry v heavy loads ( mat]ials & to save ! public pass+ b5ea? f any possibility ( damage ?r\gh heavy objects fall+ f above4 ,^? gantries furni% u ) an example ( ano!r sort ( con/ruction 9 wood :i* c be & is (t5 us$ 9 bridg+4 ,:5 ! ,g]mans retir$ 9 ,nor!rn ,france !y blew up all bridges beh9d !m1 & be=e ! ,allies c\ld use ^? bridges !y _h to repair !m4 ,if only = foot-traffic1 a contrivance ( poles1 la%$ toge!r aft] ! mann] ( ! build]'s scaffold1 is ample 9 mo/ ( su* cases & by its means a /rong & safe bridge c be made ^u :at is left ( ! old bridge 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4 ,= light vehicles a simil> /ructure b made /rong] by m la%+s & ( poles clos] toge!r w suffice1 b = heavy traffic1 ) guns & possibly railway tra9s1 rec\rse has to be _h to ! heavy timb]work exemplifi$ by ! build]'s gantry4 ,?is takes long] to make1 s9ce ! timb]s are big1 heavy & n easy to move ab\t3 !y are1 moreov]1 n simply laid beside or across ea* o!r & ti$1 b are cut ! "r l5g?s1 & "o is not*$ :]e ! end ( ano!r fits into or aga9/ x4 ,! baulks are connect$ by bolts & nuts = :i* holes h to be drill$ or by rods ( iron ) a %>ply po9t$ prong on ea* end /ret*+ across f "o baulk to ano!r1 "o prong be+ driv5 into ea*4 ,) ! long-?\ght-out milit>y op]ations ( mod]n w>f>e x is j possible t /eelwork = repair+ c]ta9 p>ticul> bridges might be prep>$ 9 advance & simply laun*$ across :5 ! "t arrives1 b t is manife/ly impossible except 9 c]ta9 cases & "u p>ticul>ly fav\rable conditions1 su* z railway facilities = br++ up ! new bridge close to ! site :]e x is to g4 ,ne>ly e milit>y bridge !re=e has to be m or less improvis$ on ! spot4 ,9 a highly develop$ c\ntry scaffold poles or baulks may be f\nd or br\ght up by road or rail1 9 less civilis$ l&s _! equival5ts may be cut & prep>$ f neighb\r+ =e/s1 b all armies h1 z a recognis$ "p ( _! organisation1 c]ta9 eng9e]+ field companies1 & bridg+ tra9s1 :i* c>ry ) !m l>ge quantities ( mat]ial c>efully s*em$ out long 9 advance1 s %ap$ & s prep>$ t x c be fa%ion$ into almo/ any?+1 mu* z ! /rips ( a boy's meccano c be adapt$ to =m a great v>iety ( objects4 ,fir/1 !re are pontoons1 l>ge ?\gh light boats or punts1 ab\t #bj feet long1 con/ruct$ ( ?9 wood ) canvas cem5t$ all ov] to give additional /r5g? & wat]-tightness4 ,ea* pontoon rides ^u its own c>riage ^u :i* !re are also /[$ away quantities ( timb]s ( v>i\s sorts1 an*ors = hold+ ! pontoons 9 place1 o>s = r[+ !m1 ropes ( diff]5t k9ds1 & s on4 ,ea* pontoon1 moreov]1 is divid$ ab\t ! middle into two pieces call$ respectively ! b[ piece & ! /]n piece4 ,! two are normally c\pl$ toge!r by cunn+ly devis$ fa/5+s b !y c be quickly sep>at$1 9 :i* /ate !y =m two %ort] boats4 ,o!r c>riages c>ry m timb] & mat]ial int5d$ = ! purpose ( =m+ tre/le bridges b :i* is also usable 9 connection ) ! pontoons4 ,( ?is mat]ial ! *ief sorts are legs1 long /raight pieces :i* =m ! uprights2 transomes1 heavi] beams :i* c be fitt$ across horizontally betwe5 two legs s t ! ?ree =m a huge lett] ,h or a v robu/ ,rugby goal2 baulks :i* are light timb]s tap]$ (f t[>ds ea* end = ! sake ( lightness & ( su* size t !y fit snugly into not*es :i* are cut 9 ! upp] surface ( ! transomes2 & planks call$ *esses = =m+ ! floors ( a bridge4 ,probably ! mo/ dramatic incid5t ( ! w> 0 :5 ! ,briti%1 hav+ be5 app>5tly beat5 by ! ,turks 9 ,mesopotamia1 driv5 f> back & _! ,g5]al & _m troops captur$1 sudd5ly turn$ ! tables ^u _! enemies1 driv+ !m f ,kut & s5d+ !m flee+ helt]-skelt] to ,bagdad & !n beyond4 ,n[ ! capture ( ,kut & !n ( ,bagdad 7 bo? made possible by ! rapid bridg+ ( ! ,tigris1 & )\t d\bt ?is is ! sort ( mat]ial :i* 0 us$4 ,let u see h[ x is done4 ,an army arrives at a riv] across :i* x is decid$ to ?r[ a pontoon bridge4 ,! pontoons are unload$ (f _! wagons & laun*$ into ! wat]4 ,"o is r[$ out & an*or$ a little way f ! %ore1 :ile ^u ! bank p>allel ) ! riv] is laid a transome4 ,on ! c5tre ( ! pontoon is a c5tre beam ) not*es 9 x l ^? 9 ! transomes & f ! "o to ! o!r baulks are pass$4 ,mean:ile a second pontoon has be5 r[$ into place & m baulks are pass$ f ! fir/ pontoon to ! second1 :ile *esses are laid ^u ! baulks to =m a plat=m or floor4 ,?us1 pontoon by pontoon1 ! bridge gr[s until x has rea*$ ! fur!r bank4 ,if pontoons are sc>ce & ! loads to be c>ri$ by ! bridge are light !y are divid$ 9 two1 & in/ead ( a r[ ( pontoons jo9$ by baulks !re is a r[ ( pieces jo9$ by baulks4 ,pieces arrang$ ?us =m a light bridge1 pontoons a m$ium bridge1 :ile pontoons plac$ clos] toge!r =m a heavy bridge4 ,:i* %all be built dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( pontoons available 9 relation to ! wid? ( ! riv] & ! nature ( ! traffic :i* w h to pass ov]4 ,an alt]native arrangem5t is to make ! pontoons up fir/ into gr\ps or rafts & !n bridge f raft to raft in/ead ( bridg+ betwe5 pontoons4 ,!re is /ill ano!r way ( mak+ ! bridge1 & t is to put x toge!r alongside ! bank1 aft]w>ds sw++ x across ! riv] l ! op5+ or %utt+ ( a door4 ,anyone c see t !re mu/ be _m advantages 9 ?is latt] me?od :5 x is practicable1 s9ce m m5 c "w at once & ) great] safety1 = all w be ne> ! bank4 ,x is evid5t t su* a /ructure dep5ds = its security entirely ^u ! an*ors4 ,^? :i* are c>ri$ = ! purpose are l ^? ( a %ip b !re may n be en\gh or !y may n suit e k9d ( riv]-b$4 ,!y are (t5 improvis$ !re=e4 ,two wagon :eels la%$ toge!r1 ) heavy /ones clipp$ betwe5 !m1 are said to be a v effective an*or4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions a net fill$ ) /ones is surpris+ly effective4 ,two pickaxes ti$ toge!r =m a good imitation ( ! conv5tional an*or1 z also does a h>r[ sunk & held d[n by /ones ?r[n ^u x4 ,tre/le bridges are made 9 q a diff]5t way4 ,! tre/les are =m$ ( two legs or uprights ) a transome betwe51 a %ape :i* resembles1 z has be5 already rem>k$1 a v robu/ ,rugby goal4 ,! transome is connect$ to ! legs by a special =m ( b& :i* p]mits x to be fix$ at any height )\t hav+ to drill any special holes = ! connections4 ,! legs are s %ap$ at _! ends t !y c be %od ) /eel %oes provid$ = ! purpose1 enabl+ !m to get a good foo?old ev5 on %ifty soil4 ,! tre/les are put toge!r a%ore1 & ea* is tak5 out 9 a boat or on a pontoon to ! place :]e x is to /&4 ,!n x is laun*$ feet =emo/ into ! wat]1 ! boat be+ on ! side away f ! %ore1 s t a rope f ! tre/le to ! %ore w enable m5 on l& to pull ! tre/le into an upright position4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an ,,incid5t ,,at ,,loos4 ,?is picture gives u "s little idea ( ! deva/ation caus$ by mod]n weapons4 ,x also %[s ! inv5tiv5ess ( ! soldi] :o makes 8 rifle into a batt]+-ram4 ,incid5tally we see a k9d-he>t$ soldi] rescu+ a little girl f dang]4 ,?is incid5t really happ5$4 ,?us tre/le aft] tre/le is add$ until ! bridge has gr[n "r across ! wat] to ! fur!r bank4 ,! tre/les _c fall ov] sideways because ( _! own wid?1 !y _c fall =w>ds or backw>ds because ( ! baulks :i* pass betwe5 !m & c>ry ! floor1 b z a precaution diagonal ties ( rope are always add$ "h & !re along ! bridge1 t is to say1 two tre/les are ti$ toge!r ) two ropes1 ea* rope pass+ f ! bottom ( "o tre/le to ! top ( ! o!r1 a =m ( ty+ :i* is v effective & v easy & simple to c>ry out4 ,"o int]e/+ ?+ to notice is ! =m ( ! baulks1 9 :i* connection ,i w\ld l to rem>k t :5 ,i use ! ^w )\t inv]t$ commas ,i mean x 9 ! ord9>y s5se z imply+ a big heavy timb]1 b :5 ,i use ! commas ,i mean x 9 its te*nical s5se z x is us$ 9 milit>y eng9e]+4 ,9 ?is latt] s5se x describes ! timb]s specially provid$ = ! purposes j describ$4 ,l>ge supplies ( ! ord9>y heavy baulks c\ld n be c>ri$ ) an army3 b /r5g? is requir$ nev]!less4 ,h5ce ! milit>y eng9e]s h inv5t$ a =m :i* comb9es /r5g? ) lightness4 ,if y /& a plank ^u its edge1 support$ at ea* end s z to =m a beam1 its /r5g? w v>y z its wid? & z ! squ>e ( its height4 ,if !n y d\ble its wid? y only d\ble its /r5g?1 b if y d\ble its height y multiply its /r5g? f\r times4 ,if y halve ! wid? ( a giv5 beam y halve its /r5g?1 b if y !n d\ble its height y quadruple t half1 9 o!r words1 )\t mak+ ! beam any heavi] by ^! two op]ations y d\ble its /r5g?4 ,moreov]1 if y support a beam at ea* end & pass a load ov] x or spread a load p]man5tly ^u x1 its greate/ /r5g? is requir$ 9 ! middle4 ,y c %ave away ! ends )\t mak+ ! beam z a :ole any less /rong4 ,s ^! baulks are made l planks1 v oblong if look$ at endwise1 also ?9n] at ! ends ?an 9 ! middle4 ,b if by *ance !y tipp$ ov] on to _! sides !y w\ld = t v reason be v weak1 & t is :y ! not*es are provid$ 9 ! transomes & ! c5tre beams ( ! pontoons1 9 ord] t ! baulks1 hav+ be5 laid edgewise 9 !m1 _c tip ov]4 ,?us a consid]able sav+ is made 9 ! weight ( ! bridg+ mat]ial to be c>ri$4 ,x sometimes happ5s t :5 a tre/le is dropp$ into ! wat] "o leg w fall into a depression 9 ! riv]-b$ or w s9k m deeply if ! b$ be s(t1 leav+ ! :ole /ructure lop-sid$ & useless4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is easily ov]come1 s9ce x is provid$ aga9/4 ,a little iron bracket1 :i* is c>ri$ = ! purpose1 is clipp$ on to ! leg :i* has sunk ne> its top & on to x is hung a pair ( pulley blocks--"o ( ^? little contrivances :i* ev]yone has se5 at "s "t or ano!r by :i* "o man pull+ a *a9 quickly c raise1 al?\gh sl[ly1 a heavy load4 ,by ?is means ! end ( ! transome is rais$ until x is horizontal & ! legs h assum$ an upright po/ure1 :5 ! transome is refa/5$ to ! leg 9 its new position4 ,?us we see ! advantage ( clamp+ ! transome to ! leg r ?an fix+ x ) any arrangem5t ( holes4 ,! iron b&1 :i* is fa/5$ on to ! transome & :i* grasps ! leg1 is s arrang$ t ! great] ! load ! m tightly does x hold1 s t x is p]fectly safe "u all conditions4 ,! tre/le bridge has a great advantage ov] ! float+ bridge if ! height ( ! wat] v>ies at all1 z = in/ance1 ) ! tide4 ,! =m] rema9s /ill1 :ile ! latt] goes up & d[n1 requir+ a special arrangem5t to be contriv$ = connect+ x to ! %ore4 ,"u "s conditions a susp5sion bridge is ! mo/ conv5i5t =m ( all1 p>ticul>ly if ! banks are high & /rong1 or if ! curr5t be v rapid or ! riv]-b$ v s(t4 ,9 su* cases /eel wire ropes are /ret*$ across ! wat] betwe5 two tre/les4 ,! latt] may be made 9 ! way j describ$1 b m (t5 !y h to be /rong] & are built specially out ( big /rong timb]s securely fa/5$ toge!r4 ,_! =m does n matt] mu* s long z !y are /rong & /iff1 high en\gh to c>ry ! ends ( ! susp5sion ropes & ( su* a %ape z n to block ! entrance to ! bridge itself4 ,! high] !y are ! bett]1 because1 accord+ to ! natural laws :i* gov]n su* ?+s1 ! m sag or dip !re is 9 ! ropes across ! riv] ! less sev]ely w !y be /ra9$4 ,!y ne$ to be v /rong1 z ! :ole weight ( ! bridge & its load falls ^u _! %\ld]s4 ,! pull ( ! susp5sion ropes1 moreov]1 t5ds to pull !m =w>d into ! wat]1 s !y mu/ be held back by o!r /rong ropes call$ guys1 & ! action ( ^! two sets ( ropes entails ! un=tunate tre/les be>+ really m weight ?an ! actual weight ( ! bridge & load4 ,! guys1 too1 require v /rong an*orage or at ! critical mom5t !y may give way1 :5 ! :ole contrivance1 ) possibly valuable guns or ammunition on bo>d1 w be precipitat$ into ! wat]4 ,! m5 may be able to swim b ! guns w s9k4 ,hav+1 !n1 con/ruct$ a tre/le ^u ea* bank1 securely guy$ x back & connect$ ! susp5sion ropes to x1 ! next op]ation is to atta* small] v]tical ropes to ! susp5sion ropes at int]vals1 to support ! ends ( ! transomes4 ,!n ^u ! latt] are laid baulks & ^u !m ! floor+ z usual4 ,or if ropes be n suffici5tly pl5tiful1 timb]s may be la%$ on to ! susp5sion ropes in/ead1 ! transomes be+ fa/5$ to !m4 ,t is all t is absolutely ess5tial to a susp5sion bridge1 b "o s =m$ w\ld be r flimsy & un/able4 ,x ne$s to be /iff5$ by diagonal timb]s at suitable places & (t5 x has props plac$ ^u ! bank rea*+ out z f> z _! l5g? w p]mit ov] ! wat] to /eady & consolidate :at to comm5ce ) is r too mu* l a spid]'s web4 ,^? little /r5g!n+ dodges c be laid d[n 9 no books4 ,!y ne$ to be left to ! judgm5t ( ! m5 9 *>ge to d :at is necess>y 9 ! be/ way !y c ) ! mat]ials :i* happ5 to be at h&4 ,b v (t5 w>f>e has to be c>ri$ on 9 ! mo/ outl&i% places :]e armies c only travel light1 & :]e1 hamp]$ by bridg+ mat]ial ( ! conv5tional sort1 !y w\ld h no *ance 9 cat*+ up ) a fleet & agile native enemy4 ,yet bridges are ne$$ ev5 m "u ^? conditions p]haps ?an "u any o!r4 ,!re are _m examples ( ?is 9 ! w>s j beyond ! fronti] 9 ,nor!rn ,india4 ,!n +5uity has to make good ! luck ( prep>$ mat]ial & ! bridges are made ( ^? mat]ials :i* happ5 to be procurable4 ,an army 9 ,india once want$ to cross a riv]1 :]e no mat]ials ( ! ord9>y k9d 7 available4 ,! riv]1 h[ev]1 0 l9$ ) tall re$s4 ,a re$ has = c5turies be5 a fav\rite example ( weakness & untru/wor?9ess1 s h[ c re$s be made to =m a safe bridge8 ,?is is h[ x 0 done4 ,great quantities ( re$s 7 cut & 7 made up into neat r\nd bundles ab\t a foot 9 diamet]4 ,ropes 7 sc>ce too1 b ^! likewise 7 improvis$ by twi/+ long grasses into ropes4 ,x is surpris+ :at good ones c be made 9 ?is way1 & !y s]v$ _! purpose well4 ,_m bundles hav+ ?us be5 made numb]s ( !m 7 ti$ toge!r s z to =m rafts4 ,ea* bundle 9 fact 0 a small pontoon1 & ! rafts :i* 7 ?us con/itut$ diff]$ only 9 size f ! regulation rafts made ( pontoons4 ,:ile ?is "w 0 be+ done two ropes 7 got across ! riv] & secur$ on bo? banks3 !n rafts 7 float$ d[n 9 succession1 ea* "o on arrival be+ ti$ up "u ! two ropes4 ,f9ally a track ( bo>ds 0 laid ov] ! c5tre & ! bridge 0 /rong en\gh = m5 9 f\rs to walk ov] x4 ,_h x be5 necess>y1 ! floor c\ld h be5 made ( bru%wood1 int]lac$ s z to =m a k9d ( cont9u\s matt+ or ( a lay] ( bran*es cov]$ ) canvas4 ,floors = bridges c be made 9 _m ways4 ,a dodge :i* soldi]s 9 ! ,briti% ,army are taught is h[ to make boats = bridg+ purposes out ( a t>paul9 or piece ( canvas1 support$ on a framework ( light wood poles or twigs4 ,! outl9e ( ! boat is fir/ drawn r\ghly on ! gr\nd4 ,!n ?ree po/s are driv5 9 on ! c5tre l9e ( ! boat & to ! top ( ^! ?ree a horizontal pole is ti$1 ?91 flexible bran*es /ripp$ ( _! b>k1 be+ fix$ by hav+ _! ends /uck 9 ! gr\nd on ei!r side4 ,! ends are driv5 9 on ! outl9e already m>k$ out s t :5 done ! bran*es =m a framework l ! ribs ( a boat upside d[n4 ,o!r bran*es are int]tw9$ among ^! s z to b9d !m toge!r & f9ally a t>paul9 or canvas %eet is laid ov] all4 ,a numb] ( boats =m$ aft] ?is fa%ion c be us$ z pontoons to support a bridge1 or sev]al c be made into a raft & t[$ to & fro--a sort ( float+ bridge4 ,ano!r s*eme is to make a numb] ( crates l ^? 9 :i* crock]y & o!r ?+s are (t5 pack$4 ,^! are ( v simple & easy con/ruction1 consi/+ ( /icks slightly po9t$ at ! ends driv5 into o!r pieces :i* are p]=at$ ) suitable holes to receive ! ends4 ,! only tools necess>y are an axe 7or ev5 a pocket-knife w d7 to %>p5 ! ends & an aug] to make ! holes4 ,almo/ any sort ( wood c be made to s]ve4 ,! cov] = ?is1 & inde$ = mo/ ( ^! improvis$ rafts1 is t>paul9 or canvas1 ! latt] ( :i*1 be+ ! mat]ial us$ = s _m purposes1 is almo/ sure to be available 9 "s =m or o!r4 ,= in/ance1 e "o ( ^? famili> ,g5]al ,s]vice ,wagons has its l>ge canvas cov]4 ,9 fact1 a g5]al s]vice wagon1 tak5 (f its :eels & wrapp$ up 9 its own canvas cov]1 makes q a s]viceable boat1 pontoon1 punt1 b>ge or :atev] y l to call x4 ,!n !re is an +5i\s type ( little bridge :i* c be quickly & easily made :]e bamboos or simil> light canes or /icks are available4 ,! only tool requir$ 9 mak+ ?is is a c\ple ( poles t5 feet or s 9 l5g?4 ,to comm5ce )1 ^! poles are laid side by side ^u ! bank ) "o end ( ea* po9t$ out ov] ! wat]1 ov]hang+ x by ab\t f\r feet4 ,two m5 !n climb along ^!1 :ile o!rs sit ^u ! in%ore ends to keep !m f tipp+ into ! wat]4 ,seat$1 !n1 on ! out] ends ( ! poles ! m5 drive "s bamboos or :atev] !y are us+ into ! wat]1 aft] :i* !y tie a crosspiece to ! uprights1 s =m+ a light tre/le4 ,!n ! poles are pu%$ =w>d until !y ov]hang ano!r f\r feet beyond ! tre/le j made1 ! o!r m51 ( c\rse1 cont9u+ to sit ^u ! re> ends4 ,& s ! bridge gr[s until x entirely crosses ! /ream4 ,betwe5 ! tre/les o!r light poles are laid & ti$1 =m+ ! floor ^u :i* m5 c cross 9 s+le file4 ,ano!r type1 kn[n z ! hop pole bridge is made ( slightly heavi] poles :i* are ti$ toge!r 9 ?rees s z to =m isosceles triangles4 ,ea* triangle =ms "o tre/le4 ,! two poles :i* =m ! sides project a little above ! apex s t 9 fact we h an isosceles triangle ) a ,v at ! apex4 ,to ! root ( ! ,v ano!r pole is ti$ loosely & ! :ole tre/le is pu%$ feet fir/ into ! wat]4 ,!n1 by pu%+ ! pole1 x is =c$ into an upright position 9 :i* x is secur$ by ! pole be+ firmly fix$ to ! %ore & /rongly la%$ to ! root ( ! ,v :]e1 be=e1 x 0 only loosely ti$4 ,a second tre/le is !n 9 l mann] fix$ 9 front ( ! fir/ "o1 connect$ to x by a pole j z ! fir/ is connect$ to ! bank4 ,& s ! ?+ gr[s4 ,to all ! upp] ends ( ! ,v's a light pole is ti$ to =m a h&rail4 ,9 ?is case1 ( c\rse1 ! floor ( ! bridge is no?+ m ?an a pole1 b ) ! assi/ance ( a h&rail x is q easy to walk along a s+le pole4 ,& t rem9ds me ( a simple type ( susp5sion bridge :i*1 an eng9e] (fic] once assur$ me1 is actually copi$ f "o habitually made by "s ( ! ,indian natives4 ,x consi/s ( ?ree ropes ^u "o ( :i* y walk1 :ile ! o!r two =m a h&rail ^u ei!r side4 ,! ?ree ropes are held at int]vals 9 _! correct relative positions by little wood5 frames =m$ ( ?ree /icks ti$ toge!r1 "o rope be+ ti$ to ea* corn] ( ea* triangle4 ,on ! banks /akes are driv5 9 & ti$ back ) cords to give additional /r5g?1 & to !m ! ends ( ! ropes are secur$4 ,"o drawback to ?is =m ( bridge is t ! ropes are naturally f> f level & "o has to walk d[n a /eep hill to comm5ce ) & up aga9 at ! o!r end4 ,i once saw a specim5 ( ?is k9d ( bridge across a wide dit*1 a "p ( ! old def5ces ( ,*a?am1 & an eld]ly g5tleman :o 0 ) me1 a man ( consid]able proportions1 insi/$ ^u try+ x = himself4 ,he took b a /ep or two :5 8 foot began to slide d[nhill along ! foot rope fa/] ?an he d>e move 8 h&s along ! h& ropes1 ) ! result t he 0 v soon 9 a v uncom=table position4 ,?us he rema9$1 to ! amusem5t ( all 8 fri5ds1 until two /alw>t ,royal ,eng9e]s came to 8 aid & upright$ him4 ,9 cross+ a swamp some?+ 9 ! nature ( a bridge is sometimes requir$4 ,canvas laid ^u bran*es (t5 makes a good road ov] :at w\ld o!rwise be impassable4 ,rapidly mov+ deta*m5ts ( cavalry are provid$ ) :at is call$ air-raft equipm5t1 :i* enables !m to get _! light ,horse ,artill]y guns across riv]s :i* w\ld be impassable o!rwise4 ,x consi/s ( sixty bags l huge cyl9drical footballs except t ! out] cov]+ is canvas in/ead ( lea!r4 ,^! are bl[n up p>tly by ! m\? & p>tly by pumps provid$ = ! purpose until !y are j ab\t z tight z a football %\ld be4 ,!n !y are laid out 9 r[s ( twelve1 ea* r[ be+ fa/5$ toge!r by ! bags be+ ti$ to a pole runn+ l5g?wise ( ! r[4 ,cords are atta*$ to ! bags = ! purpose4 ,! five r[s are !n plac$ p>allel & connect$ toge!r by two light planks call$ :eelways plac$ across ! r[s & ti$ !reto4 ,?is arrangem5t is capable ( c>ry+ light guns or ammunition wagons4 ,! m5 are expect$ to ride ?r\gh ! wat]1 b if necess>y some?+ c be laid ^u ! raft1 betwe5 ! :eelways1 to =m a floor ^u :i* m5 & ev5 horses c ride4 ,z "p ( ! equipm5t !re is a small collapsible boat ) o>s & by its means m5 fir/ cross1 c>ry+ ) !m a l9e by :i*1 aft]w>ds1 ! raft c be haul$ to & fro4 ,rafts c be made1 too1 ( hay tightly ti$ up 9 wat]pro( gr\nd-%eets or t>paul9s or canvas4 ,inde$1 giv5 a little +5uity & ! ne$ to use x 7= x is v true t necessity is ! "m ( inv5tion71 x is surpris+ :at a l>ge v>iety ( ?+s c be press$ into ?is s]vice4 ,( c\rse1 b>rels c be made to =m excell5t pontoons1 b !re is "o clev] little way ( us+ !m :i* is m ?an usually int]e/+1 & ) t ,i mu/ conclude ?is *apt] :i* has already exce$$ its appo9t$ limits4 ,imag9e two poles p]haps t5 feet long1 plac$ p>allel4 ,betwe5 !m1 at "o end1 a b>rel is la%$3 at ! o!r end is a plank =m+ ) ! poles a ,t4 ,a man c !n sit ^u ! b>rel & paddle ab\t1 = ! poles & planks w /eady ! b>rel j z ! outrigg]s & floats /eady ! n>r[ canoes or catam>ans ( :i* we read 9 books ( travel4 ,= t reason a bridge =m$ ( su* is call$ a catam>an bridge4 ,( c\rse1 if !re are only a few b>rels to be _h !y c be fitt$ out l ?is & !n comb9$ into a raft4 ,or if !re are en\gh ( !m !y c be an*or$ at int]vals & poles or planks laid f "o to ano!r s z to =m a cont9u\s bridge4 ,or a s+le "o may be us$ z a boat4 ,i c almo/ fancy ,i see "s ( my read]s :o h access to a pond rigg+ up an old b>rel 9 ?is way1 j to see h[ x goes4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,:at ,,guns ,,are ,,made ,,( ,no long] ago ?an ! days ( ! ,crimea1 ! l>ge/ guns 7 made ( ! *eape/ & commone/ k9d ( iron1 t kn[n z ca/ iron4 ,?is mat]ial has ! advantage ( be+ *eap & easily work$1 b is comp>atively weak & liable to crack1 s t ! guns ( t "t 7 comp>atively small comp>$ ) ^? ( to-day2 !y c\ld only )/& a feeble explosion & _! range 0 !re=e limit$4 ,_h ! en]getic explosives ( ! pres5t "t be5 employ$ 9 !m !y w\ld inevitably h bur/1 kill+ _! gunn]s in/ead ( ! enemy4 ,attempts 7 made to /r5g!n !m ) b&s made ( wr\ght iron1 a =m ( ! metal :i* is t\gh & ela/ic & !re=e bett] able to )/& sudd5 %ocks ?an ! m brittle ca/ iron1 b x 0 n a real success4 ,at fir/ sight "o naturally wond]s :y ! :ole gun 0 n made ( ! /rong] wr\ght iron4 ,! reason 0 t :ile ca/ iron c be melt$ & p\r$ 9 a liquid =m into a m\ld1 s z to produce ! %ape ( ! gun1 wr\ght iron w n melt4 ,x w s(t5 ) heat1 9 :i* condition x c be hamm]$ into %ape &1 moreov]1 :5 9 a v s(t /ate two pieces c be jo9$ by simply =c+ !m closely toge!r1 :i* op]ation is call$ weld+4 ,) ! ma*9]y available n[ x w\ld be possible to make a gun ( wr\ght iron1 b ev5 a few ye>s ago x w\ld h be5 q impossible4 ,!re 0 an obvi\s ne$ !re=e ( a metal :i* c\ld be melt$ & ca/ 9 m\lds l ca/ iron1 yet t\gh & /rong to resi/ %ock l wr\ght iron4 ,=tunately ?is problem excit$ ! int]e/ ( a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,h5ry ,bessem]1 a g5tleman :o1 hav+ made a consid]able =tune ?r\gh an +5i\s me?od ( manufactur+ bronze p[d]1 _h suffici5t leisure & money to devote himself to its solution4 ,! va/ /eel indu/ries ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ! direct results ( ?is g5tleman's lab\rs1 & 9 ! latt] c\ntry !re are q a numb] ( t[ns :i*1 be+ ! home ( /eelworks1 are call$ by 8 "n4 ,iron is "o ( ! mo/ pl5tiful ?+s 9 ! _w4 ,deposits runn+ into millions ( tons are to be f\nd 9 _m p>ts1 b x is practically always 9 ! =m ( ore1 t is to say1 9 comb9ation ) some?+ else g5]ally oxyg5 & sometimes oxyg5 & c>bon4 ,! =m] sort ( ore is call$ oxide ( iron & ! latt] c>bonate ( iron1 & bo? ( !m be> n ! slighte/ resemblance to ! metal4 ,!y are j rocks :i* =m "p ( ! e>?'s cru/1 & x is only ! metallurgi/ :o c tell :at !y consi/ (4 ,9 ord] t ! iron may be obta9$ f ! ore x is necess>y = ! oxyg5 to be sep>at$ f x1 an op]ation :i* requires ! int]v5tion ( heat1 & ! heat mu/ be obta9$ f a fuel :i* consi/s ma9ly ( c>bon4 ,wood fulfils ^! requirem5ts1 b !re is n en\gh wood 9 ! :ole _w to smelt all ! iron :i* we ne$4 ,x 0 n until pit-cole displac$ *>-cole 7to use ! spell+ ( ! p]iod7 t ! iron indu/ry began to assume its pres5t importance4 ,to produce iron *eaply1 !re=e1 ore & coal %\ld = pref]5ce lie side by side1 & 9 "s few fav\r$ localities t /ate ( ?+s exi/s4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 ! ore & ! coal are n f\nd toge!r1 ) ! result t "o has to be tak5 to ! o!r1 & 9 practice x is usually ! ore :i* is tak5 to ! coal4 ,h5ce1 ! iron & /eelworks are g5]ally to be f\nd on ! coalfields1 :ile ! ore comes by rail or %ip f1 x may be1 remote p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! me?od by :i* ! metal is obta9$ f ! ore is 9 pr9ciple v simple4 ,coal & ore are mix$ toge!r 9 a furnace1 ! fire be+ fann$ by a p[]ful bla/ ( air4 ,! result is t ! bonds unit+ iron & oxyg5 are relax$ by ! heat1 :5 ! oxyg51 hav+ a pref]5ce = union ) c>bon r ?an ) iron1 leaves ! latt] to jo9 up ) "s ( ! c>bon ( ! coal4 ,! furnace 9 :i* ?is op]ation is c>ri$ out is a tall1 v]tical cyl9d] ( iron1 l9$ ) firebrick4 ,! fire is at ! bottom & ! fre% fuel & ore are ?r[n 9 at ! top4 ,z ! ore is r$uc$ 7! *emi/'s t]m = remov+ oxyg5 f any?+7 ! liquid iron accumulates 9 ! l[e/ "p ( ! furnace1 :5ce x is drawn (f at int]vals1 be+ all[$ to run into grooves or gutt]s 9 a b$ ( s&1 :]e x solidifies into :at is call$ pig iron4 ,along ) ! coal & ore1 !re is ?r[n into ! furnace f "t to "t quantities ( lime/one :i* comb9es ) ! e>?y impurities ) :i* ! ore is contam9at$4 ,toge!r ^! =m :at is call$ slag1 :i* also exi/s1 :ile 9 ! furnace1 z a liquid1 b is s mu* light] ?an ! molt5 iron t x keeps q sep>ate & c p]iodically be drawn (f ?r\gh a hole high] up ?an t ?r\gh :i* ! iron is obta9$4 ,! slag solidifies into a h>d /one :i* is brok5 up & us$ = mak+ concrete & t>-pav+1 also = road metal4 ,! k9d ( furnace j describ$ is1 ow+ to ! /rong bla/ ( air ne$$ = its op]ation1 call$ a bla/-furnace4 ,"o w\ld be incl9$ to ?9k t a fire s well suppli$ ) oxyg51 bo? f ! bla/ & f ! ore itself1 w\ld cause ! fuel to be completely burnt up1 yet su* is n ! case4 ,! gases :i* asc5d f ! fire consi/ l>gely ( c>bon-monoxide1 a burnable gas ) lots ( heat /ill left 9 x4 ,ye>s ago1 & "o may /ill see in/ances ( x1 ?is gas 0 all[$ to escape at ! top ( ! furnace1 :]e x burnt 9 ! =m ( a huge flame4 ,9 mo/ mod]n furnaces1 h[ev]1 !re is a k9d ( plug 9 ! orifice at ! top :i*1 :ile x c be l[]$ 9 ord] to admit ! ore & fuel1 normally prev5ts ! escape ( ! gases1 :i* are l$ away ?r\gh pipes4 ,9 "s cases ! gases are burnt "u boil]s to provide ! works ) /eam1 9 o!r cases !y heat o!r furnaces = metallurgical purposes1 :ile 9 yet o!rs !y are employ$ to drive l>ge gas-eng9es to g5]ate electricity4 ,x is sometimes a difficulty to f9d useful employm5t = ! va/ quantities ( ?is bla/-furnace gas :i* are produc$ at a l>ge works4 ,we see1 !n1 h[ is obta9$ ! pig iron f :i* ! o!r k9ds ( iron & /eel are made4 ,x is n pure iron by any means2 inde$1 x is n s\ght to make iron pure1 z is ! case ) mo/ o!r metals1 s9ce1 9 its pure /ate1 x is too s(t to be ( mu* use4 ,all ! famili> =ms ( iron & /eel are really alloys ( iron & c>bon1 a fact :i* t5ds to give iron its unique position among ! metals1 s9ce by exce$+ly slight v>iations 9 ! p]c5tage ( c>bon we c v>y ! prop]ties ( ! iron to an amaz+ ext5t1 !reby produc+ 9 effect a wide range ( diff]5t sub/ances ea* p>ticul>ly suitable = a p>ticul> purpose4 ,to make ca/ iron1 su* z ! guns ( ! ,crimea 7 made (1 x is only necess>y to melt up "s pig iron & to p\r x into a m\ld4 ,!re is sc>cely a t[n 9 :i* !re is n an iron f\ndry1 ei!r l>ge or small1 & t is ! "w c>ri$ on !re4 ,a small] =m ( ! bla/-furnace1 kn[n z a cupola1 melts ! pig iron1 & ! m\lds are g5]ally made ( s&4 ,! process ( p\r+ ! melt$ metal into ! m\lds is call$ ca/+ & ! ?+s s produc$ are ca/+s1 & are said to be made ( ca/ iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,,an #ah-,,p\nd] ,,9 ,,action4 ,! crew consi/s ( six m54 ,no4 #a 7! s]geant7 gives in/ructions4 ,no4 #b /&s at ! "r ( ! bree*4 ,no4 #c fires ! gun4 ,no4 #d holds ! %ell ready = plac+ 9 ! bore4 ,no4 #e adju/s ! fuse & h&s ! %ell to ,no4 #d4 ,no4 #f prep>es ! ammunition & h&s x to ,no4 #e4 ,9 ?is picture only ?ree ( ! crew are left4 ,wr\ght iron is made by work+ ! molt5 pig iron in/ead ( ca/+ x4 ,! "w is done 9 a diff]5t type ( furnace altoge!r f ! bla/ furnace & ! cupola4 ,x is m l an ov51 9 ! floor ( :i* is a depression :]e9 ! molt5 metal lies4 ,! fire-place is s arrang$ t ! flames pass ov] ! metal1 be+ deflect$ d[nw>ds ^u x by ! ro( z !y pass4 ,x %\ld be und]/ood t 9 ca/+ pig iron "o does little m ?an =m x into "s desir$ %ape1 ! nature ( ! metal und]go+ little or no *ange4 ,9 work+ x1 h[ev]1 into wr\ght iron1 we *ange its nature4 ,! pig iron conta9s f #b to #e p] c5t ( c>bon1 :i* x obta9s f ! coal 9 ! bla/-furnace1 & x is ?is p>ticul> proportion ( c>bon :i* gives x its own peculi> prop]ties4 ,to conv]t x into wr\ght iron a workman puts a long iron rod into ! furnace & /irs ! metal ab\t1 !reby expos+ x to ! air & p]mitt+ ! c>bon to be burnt out4 ,z x loses c>bon ! iron becomes less & less fluid until x rea*es a /icky /age4 ,?us ! workman1 :o is kn[n by ! "n ( puddl]1 z ! process is call$ puddl+1 works up a ball ( dec>boniz$ & !re=e /icky iron ^u ! end ( 8 rod4 ,hav+ ?us produc$ a r\gh ball or lump he draws x out ( ! furnace & leaves x to cool4 ,?us ! result ( ! puddl+ process is to produce a numb] ( r\gh lumps or balls ( iron ) only ab\t "o-t5? p] c5t ( c>bon4 ,!y are next reheat$1 9 ano!r furnace1 & a numb] ( !m are hamm]$ toge!r "u a me*anical hamm] into l>g] lumps call$ blooms or billets4 ,! hamm]+ process has ! effect ( driv+ out impurities & also ( improv+ ! texture ( ! metal4 ,iron %eets1 b>s1 rods & s on are =m$ by heat+ ! billets & roll+ !m out 9 p[]ful roll+ mills1 ma*9es :i* 9 pr9ciple are precisely simil> to ! dome/ic mangle1 :]e9 two iron roll]s ) prop]ly %ap$ grooves 9 !m squeeze out ! billet into ! desir$ =m4 ,wr\ght iron1 ow+ to ! me?od by :i* x is produc$1 is n homog5e\s1 t is to say1 x is nor q ! same all ?r\gh1 ) ! result t :5 x is roll$ x develops a gra9 some:at simil> to ! gra9 9 wood1 s t if b5t across ! gra9 x is some:at liable to crack4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x has ! advantage ov] /eel t x ru/s mu* less readily4 ,h5ce1 = outdoor purposes x is /ill sometimes pref]r$ to ! o!rwise m popul> /eel4 ,n[ ! problem :i* ,bessem] set be=e himself 0 to f9d out h[ to make a metal :i* c\ld be ca/ l ca/ iron yet %\ld be z /rong & t\gh z wr\ght iron4 ,aft] a little exp]im5t+1 by a happy inspiration1 he hit ^u ! idea ( bl[+ air ?r\gh a mass ( molt5 pig iron1 !reby burn+ out ! c>bon1 j z is done 9 ! puddl+ process1 only mu* quick] & ) less lab\r4 ,by ?is means he produc$ a metal ) less c>bon ?an ca/ iron & m ?an wr\ght iron1 a sort ( int]m$iate /ate betwe5 ! two1 & to 8 joy he f\nd t ?is ,bessem] /eel c\ld be ca/ l ca/ iron yet _h /r5g? & t\ghness equal to if n sup]ior to t ( wr\ght iron4 ,moreov]1 x 0 homog5e\s & :5 roll$ did n possess ! tr\blesome gra9 *>act]i/ic ( wr\ght iron4 ,hav+ ?us f\nd ! way to make ?is new & desirable metal1 ,bessem] enc\nt]$ a great disappo9tm5t1 s great t x w\ld h entirely beat5 _m m54 ,he made samples ( /eel & submitt$ !m to exp]ts 9 iron manufacture4 ,ev]yone ?\ght !m admirable & _m l>ge iron works 7 induc$ by !m to make arrangem5ts ) ,bessem] = ! "r to use 8 process4 ,8 "n 0 already fam\s & x seem$ z if a new =tune 0 made1 :51 to 8 al>m1 he le>n$ t :]ev] x 0 tri$ except 9 8 own works1 ! process 0 a mis]able failure4 ,in/ead ( be+ at ! end ( 8 lab\rs he 0 j at ! beg9n+4 ,x turn$ out t ! p>ticul> iron :i* he happ5$ to buy & use at 8 own works 0 p>ticul>ly free f an impurity :i* is1 g5]ally speak+1 a great nuisance 9 iron1 namely1 phosphorus4 ,x 0 pure accid5t :i* _h l$ him to use ?is iron3 x happ5$ to be ! k9d he c\ld pur*ase mo/ easily 9 ! small quantities ne$$ = 8 exp]im5ts b x l$ him into a great difficulty1 = o!r p1 aft] pay+ him = ! "r to use 8 process & aft] sp5d+ l>ge sums on ! requisite plant1 f\nd !mselves unable to make ! /eel because ( ! phosphorus 9 _! iron & f9d+ !mselves unable to make a success 7 incl9$ to write him d[n a fraud4 ,z x turn$ out1 aft] mu* lab\r on ,bessem]'s "p1 x 0 due to ! pres5ce ( t9y p]c5tages ( phosphorus 9 mo/ ( ! iron t is produc$4 ,aft] mu* tr\ble he 0 able to induce c]ta9 own]s ( bla/-furnaces to make1 by special me?ods1 a k9d ( pig iron practically free f phosphorus & !re=e suitable = 8 process4 ,?is special pig iron 0 kn[n z ,bessem] ,pig ,iron4 ,a little lat] a new inv5tor1 a ,wel%man1 ,?omas by "n1 ov]came ! difficulty 9 ano!r way1 b to expla9 t ,i mu/ fir/ describe ! ,bessem] ,conv]t]1 ! special app>atus design$ by ,bessem] = mak+ 8 /eel4 ,x c be/ be lik5$ to a huge iron kettle ) a big sp\t at ! top & ) two project+ p9s1 "o on ea* side4 ,^! p9s re/ 9 supports1 s t x is easy to tilt ! :ole ?+ ov] on to its side4 ,?is is l9$ ) fire-clay or "s suitable heat-resi/+ mat]ial4 ,?r\gh "o ( ! p9s 7trunnions is _! prop] "n7 !re runs a hole1 communicat+ to :at we might call a grat+ 9 ! bottom ( ! conv]t]4 ,to ?is holl[ trunnion !re is connect$ ! pipe f a p[]ful bl[+ eng9e1 s t air c be driv5 9 at w4 ,to load or *>ge ! conv]t] x is tilt$ ov] some:at to "o side s t molt5 pig iron c be p\r$ into x4 ,! bla/ is !n turn$ on aft] :i* x is rais$ to an upright position ) ! air bubbl+ up f bel[ ?r\gh ! iron4 ,?us by be+ br\ght into close contact ) air1 ! c>bon is burnt out ( ! metal until none is left4 ,t1 h[ev]1 is n desir$1 s1 z soon z ! c>bon is kn[n to h all gone1 a fre% quantity ( molt5 iron is add$ ( a special k9d1 ! am\nt ( c>bon 9 :i* is kn[n v exactly4 ,?us all ! c>bon is fir/ remov$ & !n exactly ! "r am\nt is add$1 & s ! desir$ result is atta9$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,n[ ,?omas's improvem5t 0 ?is4 ,he discov]$ t ! conv]t] c\ld be l9$ ) c]ta9 sub/ances :i* h a great attraction = phosphorus & "u ^? conditions any phosphorus :i* may be 9 ! ore goes readily f ! iron into ! l9+1 or =ms1 ) mat]ial f ! l9+1 a slag :i* floats ^u ! surface ( ! metal4 ,:5 ! process is complet$ ! conv]t] is tipp$ ov] once m & ! metal1 n[ /eel1 is p\r$ into rectangul> m\lds f :i* ! /eel c be lift$ aft] cool+ 9 ! =m ( +ots4 ,/eel produc$ by ,bessem]'s process z improv$ by ,?omas is call$ ,basic ,bessem] ,/eel4 ,incid5tally ,?omas1 by ?is inv5tion1 laid ! f\ndation ( mu* ( ! /eel indu/ry ( ,g]many & ,belgium1 = !re are enorm\s deposits ( ore 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,luxemburg :i* because ( ! pres5ce ( phosphorus 7 useless until ,?omas %[$ h[ x c\ld be dealt )4 ,& !re is ano!r int]e/+ feature ( ?is basic process4 ,phosphorus is a valuable f]tiliz]1 s t ! slag makes a v f9e *emical manure4 ,x is gr\nd up into a f9e p[d] & is sold to f>m]s "u ! "n ( ,?omas's ,phosphate ,p[d]4 ,x owes its f]tiliz+ virtues to ! pres5ce ( ! phosphorus :i* x has /ol5 f ! molt5 iron4 ,bessem] d]iv$ a huge =tune f 8 process aft] he _h f\ght & ov]come 8 difficulties1 9 addition to :i* he receiv$ ! hon\r ( knigh?ood & became ,sir ,h5ry ,bessem]4 ,x w be notic$ t "o ( ! virtues ( ! process is its economy 9 fuel4 ,dur+ ! :ole "t t ! metal is 9 ! conv]t]1 f tw5ty to ?irty m9utes1 no fuel is us$ to keep x hot4 ,! reason = t is t ! c>bon :i* is be+ got rid ( is act+ z fuel4 ,x is burn+ ) ! air :i* is driv5 ?r\gh1 !reby g5]at+ heat4 ,9 ,bessem]'s e>ly days1 x 0 arrang$ t he %\ld att5d a meet+ ( ironma/]s at ,birm+ham to expla9 8 new process4 ,on ! morn+ ( 8 lecture two em95t ironma/]s 7 breakfa/+ toge!r 9 a ,birm+ham hotel :5 "o exclaim$ to ! o!r1 ,:at d y ?9k1 !re is a fell[ com+ "h to-day to tell u h[ to make /eel )\t fuel4 ,to ?is em95t ,s\? ,wales ironma/] ! proposal seem$ prepo/]\s b x 0 true all ! same4 ,al?\gh va/ quantities ( /eel are made by ! ,bessem] process !re is ano!r "o ( equal importance kn[n z ! ,siem5s-,m>t9 ,op5-he>? process4 ,9 ?is ! molt5 metal is kept 9 a huge ba? practically boil+ until ! c>bon has be5 r$uc$ to ! requir$ am\nt4 ,p]haps ! mo/ int]e/+ feature ab\t x is ! way 9 :i* fuel is sav$ by :at is call$ ! reg5]ative me?od due to t v]satile g5ius ,sir ,william ,siem5s4 ,! op5-he>?1 z x is t]m$1 is a huge rectangul> *amb] ( firebrick ) a firebrick ro(1 & doors along "o side j "u ! ro( ?r\gh :i* ! process c be wat*$ & new mat]ials be add$ f "t to "t4 ,! fire is "s way away & n und]nea? z "o might p]haps expect4 ,n[ if a deep coke fire is f$ ) insuffici5t air x does n give (f c>bonic acid su* z usually arises f a fire1 & :i* z ev]yone kn[s w n burn1 b a gas call$ c>bon monoxide :i* w burn v well4 ,s ! fire-place = ^! furnaces is con/ruct$ 9 su* a mann] z to produce c>bon monoxide1 :i* !n passes ?r\gh a huge flue to "o end ( ! op5-he>?4 ,"h x meets air com+ ?r\gh ano!r flue & ! two comb9+ bur/ into flame ov] ! metal4 ,! hot gases result+ f ?is burn+ pass out ?r\gh a flue at ! o!r end ( ! he>? to a tall *imney :i* causes ! necess>y draught1 b on _! way !y pass ?r\gh a *amb] loosely fill$ ) bricks4 ,consequ5tly ! hot gases only rea* ! op5 air aft] hav+ giv5 up mu* ( _! heat to ^! bricks4 ,aft] t op]ation has be5 go+ on = a "t c]ta9 valves are op]at$ & ! gas & air !n come 9 at ! o!r end ( ! he>?1 travell+ ?r\gh x 9 ! opposite direction4 ,& ! air comes ?r\gh ! *amb] :i* has ! hot bricks 9 x1 br++ back into ! furnace a l>ge quantity ( t heat :i* o!rwise w\ld h gone up ! *imney b :i* ! bricks int]cept$4 ,?us all day long does ?is rev]sal take place at int]vals1 ! fre% air all ! "t pick+ up & br++ back "s ( ! heat :i* j previ\sly _h escap$ t[>ds b n into ! *imney4 ,?is arrangem5t enables ! process to compete1 s f> z economy is conc]n$1 ) ! ,bessem] process4 ,at int]vals ! /eel is tapp$ (f f ! furnace & run into +ot-m\lds1 ! same z ) ! o!r process4 ,on ! :ole x is reg>d$ z produc+ a slightly bett] /eel1 ! op]ation be+ "u slightly bett] control4 ,h[ev] ! /eel is made ! +ots are reheat$ & ei!r hamm]$ "u a p[]ful /eam hamm] or press$ 9 an enorm\s hydraulic press4 ,?is greatly improves ! quality4 ,! /eel c !n be roll$ into plates1 b>s or :atev] =m may be requir$4 ,! f9] qualities ( /eel su* z are us$ = mak+ %>p tools are made 9 q ano!r way4 ,in/ead ( be+ made f crude iron by tak+ out ! c>bon1 ! mat]ials are ! f9e/ qualities ( wr\ght iron & *>coal :i* are mix$ toge!r 9 ! correct quantities & melt$ 9 a crucible4 ,?is ca/ /eel is v h>d1 s t x w c>ry a v f9e1 %>p edge4 ,x is also capable ( be+ temp]$ by heat+ & cool+1 s t ! exact degrees ( h>dness & t\ghness c be atta9$4 ,( rec5t ye>s a special quality ( /eel = tools call$ high-spe$ /eel has be5 produc$1 ma9ly by ! addition to ord9>y ca/ /eel ( a small p]c5tage ( tung/54 ,! advantage ( ?is is t1 )9 c]ta9 limits1 ?is does n s(t5 ) heat1 & x is1 ,i c assure y1 a great inv5tion 9 w>-"t1 :5 a nation is /ra9+ e n]ve to turn out guns & %ells z fa/ z possible4 ,= all ^! ?+s ne$ to be turn$ 9 la!s & if y h ev] wat*$ a metal-turn+ la! at "w y w h notic$ t ! tool :i* actually takes a %av+ (f ! article be+ turn$ t5ds to get hot4 ,= ?is reason la!s are usually fitt$ ) pumps :i* pump cold soap-suds on to ! tool z x works4 ,:at y see !re is ! en]gy employ$ 9 %av+ ! metal be+ turn$ into heat 9 ! tool4 ,if left uncool$ by ! wat] x w\ld soon be r$-hot4 ,& ! fa/] ! ma*9e works ! hott] w ! tool get4 ,n[ ) ! old /eel a v little heat w suffice to make x s(t1 :5 its cutt+ p[] is lo/4 ,s ) ! old /eel1 no matt] h[ mu* cool+ wat] y might use1 !re 0 a di/9ct limit to ! spe$ ( ! la! & ! spe$ at :i* ! "w 0 f9i%$1 = if t spe$ 7 once exce$$ a /op became necess>y to regr9d ! tool or to put 9 a fre% "o4 ,b ) high-spe$ /eel t limit is mu* high]1 = x c get almo/ r$-hot be=e x loses its h>dness & consequ5tly ma*9es c be run & jobs f9i%$ at a spe$ :i* w\ld h be5 out ( ! "q only a few ye>s ago4 ,if "o bellig]5t knew h[ to make high-spe$ /eel :ile ! o!r did n ! =m] w\ld h an enorm\s advantage 9 w>-"t4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 /eel su* z is us$ = tools is call$ h>d /eel1 :ile t made by ! ,bessem] & ,siem5s-,m>t9 processes is call$ mild /eel4 ,leav+ out ( acc\nt = ! mom5t fancy /eels su* z t j describ$1 :]e o!r metals are add$ to ! mixture1 ! ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 all ! v>ieties ( /eel is simply a slight diff]5ce 9 ! p]c5tage ( c>bon4 ,?is is s rem>kable t x is wor? :ile to tabulate ^! p]c5tages aga94 ,ca/ iron has f #b to #e p] c5t4 ,/eel f "o-fif? to "o p] c5t4 ,wr\ght iron less ?an "o-fif? p] c5t4 ,mild /eel1 :i* has lea/ c>bon ( all ! v>ieties ( /eel & 9 ?is respect is !re=e ne>e/ to wr\ght iron1 is us$ = ! same purposes z wr\ght iron1 su* z %ipbuild+1 bridges & ro(s1 tanks1 gas-hold]s1 etc4 ,:5 ! ,admiralty want a specially fa/ %ip su* z a torp$o-boat de/roy] ) a hull z light z possible consi/5t ) /r5g? !y h x made ( /eel ) a slightly l>g] p]c5tage ( c>bon s t ! /eel is /rong] & ! vessel's frame c be made light]4 ,! /eel = %ells1 too1 ne$s to be ( a c]ta9 /r5g? to give ! be/ results1 s ! p]c5tage ( c>bon is adju/$ accord+ly4 ,= guns !mselves1 aga91 special prop]ties are ne$$1 & s n only is ! c>bon regulat$ to a nicety b o!r ?+s su* z nickel & *romium are add$4 ,altoge!r1 /eel is "o ( ! mo/ m>vell\s sub/ances kn[n1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ m>vell\s metal4 ,copp] is j copp] & no m1 z9c is j z9c1 & ! same ) lead1 b iron 7:i* really includes /eel7 c be adapt$ to s _m purposes1 c be end[$ at w ) s _m diff]5t prop]ties1 t )\t d\bt iron1 common1 pl5tiful iron1 is ! k+ ( all ! metals4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,m ,,ab\t ,,guns ,z has be5 rem>k$ else:]e1 "s ( ! guns us$ by ! soldi]s 9 l& w>f>e are v diff]5t f ^? us$ 9 ! navy4 ,! latt]1 be+ c>ri$ on ! %ips to :i* !y belong1 c be ( ^? proportions :i* be/ suit _! purpose4 ,consequ5tly !y are usually v long comp>$ ) _! diamet]4 ,! field guns us$ by ! ,royal ,field ,artill]y are %ort] 9 proportion to _! calibre ?an are ! big naval guns4 ,o!rwise !y w\ld be f> too long to h&le 9 ! field4 ,!y are m\nt$ on c>riages drawn by horses1 & are s h&y t !y c g any:]e :]e infantry c g & c travel j z fa/4 ,x takes a v %ort "t to get !m ready = action1 too1 s t !y c accompany infantry q freely1 nei!r arm imp$+ ! movem5ts ( ! o!r4 ,! ,horse ,artill]y1 aga91 ^: guns are ev5 light] /ill1 c accompany cavalry1 travell+ z fa/ & com+ into action almo/ z quickly z ! troop]s !mselves4 ,! fam\s ,fr5* sev5ty-fives 7mean+ #ge millimetres calibre7 :i* play$ su* a great "p 9 ! w>1 are field guns int5d$ to move rapidly & to op]ate ) infantry4 ,bo? ^! types ( gun 7 us$ by ! ,briti% 9 ,s\? ,africa1 z also 7 "s field h[itz]s1 a type ( gun to :i* fur!r ref]5ce w be made lat]4 ,b ! ,bo]s taught ! _w some?+ new z to ! possibilities ( mov+ heavy guns quickly4 ,p]haps ! reason = ?is 0 t !y1 be+ some?+ ( ! nature ( amateurs 9 ! art ( w>f>e1 7 less "u ! influ5ce ( tradition4 ,anyway1 !y surpris$ ! ,briti% by ! quick way 9 :i* !y mov$ heavy guns1 sometimes into q difficult positions1 ov] r\gh gr\nd & up /eep hills4 ,^! heavy guns ( !irs 7 call$ by ! ,briti% soldi]s ,long ,toms4 ,b ! ,briti% 7 quick to respond1 p>ticul>ly ! ev]-res\rceful navy4 ,:5 ! w> broke out !re 71 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,durban1 a numb] ( w>%ips :i* _h z "p ( _! own armam5t "s ( ^? guns :i* aft]w>ds became fam\s z #dg's1 t be+ ! diamet] ( ! bore 9 in*es4 ,!y 7 ( ! long %ape usual 9 naval guns1 & x is easy to see t !y 7 mu* heavi] ?an ! field guns ( #c in*es or s 9 diamet]4 ,capta9 ,scott 7n[ ,admiral ,sir ,p]cy ,scott7 saw t ^! w\ld be useful1 s he quickly design$ "s c>riages = !m1 got ^! made 9 ! railway work%ops at ,durban1 & 9 a few h\rs 0 ru%+ !m up to ,ladysmi?4 ,x 0 ^! guns v l>gely :i* enabl$ t t[n to hold out = s long1 until1 9 fact1 x 0 triumphantly reliev$4 ,?us ! effect ( ! ,bo] w> 0 to %[ t mu* heavi] weapons c\ld be manipulat$ 9 ! field ?an _h be5 consid]$ possible be=e4 ,! ,great ,w> :i* foll[$ b a few ye>s lat] c>ri$ on ?is same lesson1 = "o ( ! great surprises ) :i* ! ,allies 7 confront$ 9 ! e>ly days ( ! conflict 0 ! inexplicable fall ( =tresses :i* till !n _h be5 deem$ almo/ impregnable4 ,lige1 ,namur1 ,maubeuge &1 f9ally1 ,antw]p1 all fell to a wond]ful gun ( enorm\s dim5sions :i* ! ,au/rians _h produc$ f up _! sleeve1 s to speak4 ,l conjur]s !y _h kept !m secret until ! la/ mom5t4 ,^! weapons :i* made hi/ory s fa/ 7 ( ! k9d call$ h[itz]s1 a "n m5tion$ j n[4 ,x %\ld be expla9$ "h t gunn]s talk ( guns & h[itz]s z if ! latt] 7 n guns2 b t is only a conv5i5t habit :i* has gr[n up1 = ! latt] are unque/ionably guns4 ,! di/9ction is1 h[ev]1 s conv5i5t t we may well adopt x ourselves = ! re/ ( ?is *apt]4 ,repeat$ ref]5ces h be5 made already to ! "q ( ! l5g? ( guns1 & x has be5 po9t$ out t to get high velocity1 great range & vigor\s hitt+ p[] a gun ne$s to be z long z possible4 ,on %ips ?is is only limit$ by ! /r5g? ( ! /eel ( :i* ! gun is made1 = beyond a c]ta9 l5g? ! gun b5ds ( its own weight4 ,a%ore1 h[ev]1 ! difficulties ( transport impose a fur!r limitation 9 mo/ cases1 al?\gh ! fam\s #dg1 l _m o!r naval guns1 has a l5g? ( #ej calibres1 & ! guns ( small calibre d approximate some:at to ! proportions ( ! naval guns1 s9ce ev5 !n _! l5g? comes )9 manageable limits4 ,mod]n w>f>e1 h[ev]1 requires ! use ( l>g] %ells conta9+ l>g] *>ges ( explosives1 & to fire ^! requires guns ( great] calibre4 ,we he> ( %ells ( z great a diamet] z #af in*es be+ ?r[n into ! ,belgian =tresses & ( c\rse no?+ small] ?an a #af-;in* gun c\ld d t4 ,n[ a #af-;in* gun1 if made to ! naval proportions ( #ej calibres or ev5 #de calibres1 w\ld mean a l5g? ( at lea/ #fj to #gj feet4 ,x w\ld also mean a weight exce$+ #ajj tons1 = ! #ab-;in* naval gun ( #ej calibres weighs ab\t #gj tons4 ,& x is easy to see t su* a gun w\ld be v difficult to move on ! field ( battle4 ,inde$1 x w\ld be almo/ useless because ( ! "t x w\ld take to get x into position & to con/ruct ! f\ndations :i* x w\ld ne$4 ,if ! ,au/rians _h only _h su* z ^? ! ,belgians w\ld h _h pl5ty ( "t to prep>e = !m at ,antw]p1 :]eas x 0 ! quickness ) :i* !y br\ght up _! heavy guns t a/oni%$ ev]yone & took _! oppon5ts by surprise4 ,! secret ( ?is a/oni%+ p]=mance lies 9 ! fact t !y 7 n guns at all b h[itz]s1 :i* in/ead ( be+ long1 sl5d] tubes are %ort1 fat ones1 & t involves a diff]5t idea 9 gunn]y altoge!r4 ,! gun fires at an object4 ,! h[itz] fires its %ell upw>ds ) ! purpose ( dropp+ x ^u ! object4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is well illu/rat$ by ! me?ods ( practis+ ) !m4 ,9 le>n+ to "w a gun ! gunn]s fire at a v]tical t>get j z ^? ( y :o practise %oot+ at a m9iature range fire at a t>get ( pap] plac$ v]tically aga9/ a wall4 ,! t>get = h[itz] practice1 on ! o!r h&1 is a squ>e m>k$ out on ! level gr\nd1 & ! object ( ! gunn]s is to see h[ great a proportion ( a giv5 numb] ( %ots !y c drop inside t squ>e4 ,( c\rse1 be+ s mu* %ort] ! h[itz]s _c ?r[ a %ell s f> or at su* a high velocity z ! naval guns1 b t c to a c]ta9 ext5t be comp5sat$ = by us+ a high] explosive = ! propellant4 ,t1 h[ev]1 involves great] /resses 9 ! tube :5 fir+ takes place & also calls = /rong] f\ndations 9 ord] t ! aim may be /eady4 ,a great "p1 too1 ( ! velocity ( a naval %ell is requir$ = ! p5etration ( ! arm\r1 :]eas aga9/ =ts or e>?works x is suffici5t if ! %ell gets !re4 ,moreov]1 g5]ally speak+1 x is possible to get mu* ne>] to a =tress or entr5*$ position = ! purpose ( attack+ x ?an x is to an enemy %ip on ! sea4 ,except = ! occasional help ( a mi/ !re is no cov] to be obta9$ at sea1 :ile on l& ! gr\nd mu/ be v flat inde$ if !re is no l[ hill or undulation beh9d :i* a gun c be set up unnotic$4 ,! ,au/rians *]i% a piece ( /eelwork f "o ( ! =ts ( ,antw]p :i* !y sma%$ ) a %ell f "o ( _! big h[itz]s at a range ( sev5 miles4 ,!y evid5tly 7 able to get _! big h[itz]s )9 t comp>atively %ort di/ance ( ! ,antw]p =tifications )\t be+ mole/$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,g]man ,,automatic ,,pi/ol4 ,! action is fully describ$ on ! illu/ration4 ,9 ?is connection "o (t5 he>s ! ^w mort> us$1 & j a ref]5ce to t w be appropriate "h4 ,_m ye>s ago %ort guns :i* ?rew _! balls v high 7 9 use1 & because ( _! resemblance to ! mort> :i* is us$ = p\nd+ up ?+s ) ! aid ( a pe/le ^! 7 t]m$ mort>s4 ,lat] a man nam$ ,h[itz] introduc$ a type ( gun :i* 0 some?+ ( a compromise betwe5 ! long ?9 gun & ! %ort /ubby mort>4 ,z "t has gone on1 h[ev]1 ! mort>s h gr[n 9 l5g? :ile ! h[itz]s h %ort5$1 until to-day ! two names are us$ almo/ indiscrim9ately to d5ote ! same ?+4 ,h5ce ! giant h[itz]s ( ! ,au/rians are (t5 spok5 ( z ! ,skoda mort>s1 ,skoda be+ ! "n ( ! factory :]e !y 7 made4 ,at "o "t _m p wond]$ :y ! ,g]mans did n put "s ( ^! huge mort>s on _! battle%ips3 _m ?\ght t !y w\ld d s1 & t by t means !y w\ld demoli% our navy z !y _h already sma%$ ! ,belgian =ts4 ,! reason !y did n is1 no d\bt1 ! v simple "o1 t our naval guns w\ld h probably sunk _! %ips be=e ! h[itz]s c\ld h rea*$ ours1 because if !y _h attempt$ to make up = ! %ortness ( ! weapons by us+ high] explosives1 ^! mort>s w\ld1 !re is little d\bt1 h knock$ to pieces ! %ips on :i* !y 7 m\nt$4 ,! old-fa%ion$ =tress1 sudd5ly made out-(-date by ! ,skoda mort>s1 0 usually arm$ ) guns ( ! naval type4 ,sea-coa/ =ts are always s arm$4 ,n[adays1 h[ev]1 ! inl& =tress takes ! =m ( a labyr9? ( tr5*es & und]gr\nd passages1 comb9$ ) deeply excavat$ *amb]s kn[n z dug-outs1 & ^! d n fitly accommodate l>ge guns at all4 ,! guns are plac$ well back beh9d ! tr5*es %elt]$ beh9d hills or woods1 ov] :i* !y hurl _! %ells4 ,! *ief def5d]s ( ! actual tr5* are ! ma*9e gun1 :i* is little m ?an an automatic rifle on a /&1 & ! tr5* mort>4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to sum up broadly ! features ( mod]n artill]y4 ,!re is fir/ ! naval gun1 ! ideal gun1 long & ( great range1 able to s5d =? its %ells ) great velocity4 ,?is gun appe>s aga9 9 ! sea-coa/ =ts1 :]e ! conditions are v mu* ^? :i* obta9 on a %ip & :]e ! attack+ p>ty is ( necessity a %ip4 ,9 ! field we h ! field & horse artill]y1 :i* we may reg>d z ! naval gun modifi$ some:at 9 ord] to make x easy to move ab\t1 s t x c accompany troops & support ! op]ations ( bo? infantry & cavalry4 ,^! light guns are support$ by ! field h[itz]s1 :i* are also light & easily h&l$1 & ! guns ( ! #dg type1 orig9ally naval guns b n[ m\nt$ on :eels & possess+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( mobility1 n equall+ ! field guns x is true1 b /ill v s]viceable 9 a campaign4 ,!n we h ! h[itz]s ( v>i\s sizes :i* h r5d]$ ! old-fa%ion$ /eel & concrete =ts useless1 & :i* are ! *ief weapons us$ 9 ! mod]n tr5* w>f>e4 ,x is ^! :i* bl[ 9 ! walls ( ! tr5*es & dug-outs1 %att] ! b>b$-wire entanglem5ts & r5d] x possible = ! infantry to attack an entr5*$ position4 ,f9ally1 we h ! ma*9e guns1 ea* ( :i* is equival5t to a consid]able numb] ( riflem5 & :i*1 ) ! tr5* mort>s1 =m ! *ief def5ces ( ! actual tr5* itself4 ,( c\rse ^! are only useful aga9/ attacks by infantry3 !y _c 9 any way cope ) ! heavy artill]y4 ,t has to be dealt ) by ! oppos+ artill]y po/$ away back beh9d ! tr5*es4 ,& n[ let u take a r m close look at "s ( ^! weapons4 ,ess5tially ea* "o is a /eel tube4 ,x may be a s+le tube or x may be sev]al "o outside ano!r4 ,x may ev5 h a lay] ( wire betwe5 two tubes z _m naval guns h4 ,x is inv>iably 7"o small exception w be m5tion$ lat]7 load$ at ! bree* or re> end & n ?r\gh ! muzzle z us$ to be ! cu/om4 ,= ?is purpose x ne$s a bree*-block or door1 :i* c be op5$ to put 9 ! %ell & explosive1 & :i* c !n be clos$ tightly s t x w n be driv5 out or bur/ op5 :5 ! explosion takes place & also %all be gas tight s z n to let any ( ! =ce ( ! explosion escape4 ,!n ! gun mu/ be m\nt$ ^u a c>riage s t x c be quickly mov$ ab\t4 ,! light] =ms ( artill]y are fir$ :5 ^u ! same c>riage ^u :i* !y travel4 ,9 ye>s gone by ! :ole ?+1 c>riage z well z gun1 us$ to run back :5 ! gun 0 fir$1 :i* 0 a great nuisance s9ce x _h to be got back into position aga9 aft] ea* %ot4 ,to obviate ?is ! gun is n[ m\nt$ ^u a slide1 & x is ! slide :i* is fitt$ to ! c>riage4 ,?us ! gun c slide back )\t ! c>riage mov+ at all4 ,! latt] is made v /rong1 & %oes are provid$ at ! end ( *a9s :i* g "u ! :eels j l ! drag :i* coa*es & heavy c>ts h = use go+ d[n hills4 ,!re is also a "p l a spade :i* c be driv5 d[n into ! gr\nd s t1 :at ) ! %oes & ! spade1 ! c>riage is fix$ v firmly4 ,! gun is kept at ! front "p ( ! slide by means ( a p[]ful spr+1 :i* is compress$ :5 ! gun is fir$ b :i*1 z ! =ce ( ! recoil is sp5t1 pu%es ! gun back to its orig9al position once m4 ,! spr+ is (t5 re9=c$ by a cyl9d] & a pi/on ) compress$ air or wat] beh9d x1 act+ aft] ! mann] ( ^? door *ecks ) :i* we are all famili>1 its function be+ to /eady ! motion ( ! gun & to let x g g5tly back to its place )\t slamm+1 j z ! door *eck prev5ts a door f slamm+4 ,by ?is means ! gun is return$ automatically aft] ea* %ot to practically ! same position :i* x occupi$ be=e1 s t x does n ne$ re-aim+ ea* "t1 b only a slight readju/m5t if ev5 t4 ,! result ( ?is is t su* a gun c be fir$ v rapidly4 ,9 fact1 x c be fir$ j z fa/ z ! gunn]s c keep on reload+ x4 ,! big ,skoda mort>s ow$ _! mobility to ! clev] way 9 :i* !y 7 con/ruct$4 ,! gun tube itself1 ! support = x or m\nt+1 & ! /eel f\ndation 7 ea* fitt$ to a special motor-driv5 trolley4 ,! /eel f\ndation 0 dump$ d[n on ! gr\nd1 :i* ( c\rse 0 prep>$ = x 9 advance1 !n ! m\nt+ 0 run "r on to x s t x simply ne$$ bolt+ d[n & f9ally ! tube 0 hoi/$ by specially prep>$ appliances into its place4 ,x is said t ! :ole op]ation occupi$ less ?an an h\r4 ,= fir+1 ^! mort>s ( c\rse are po9t$ at a v high angle1 almo/ l an a/ronomical telescope4 ,no d\bt ! gunn]s h _m jokes ab\t %oot+ ! moon & s on1 = t is j :at !y seem to be attempt+4 ,= load+1 h[ev]1 !y are l[]$ into a horizontal position3 ! %ell comes up on a small h&-truck1 is rais$ by a specially design$ jack until x is level ) ! bree*1 & is !n pu%$ into its place4 ,! bree* is !n clos$1 ! tube re-elevat$1 & all is ready = fir+4 ,betwe5 ^! two =ms ( gun1 ! field gun on its light c>riage1 :i* n only be>s x f place to place b =ms its support :ile 9 action1 & ! great mort> c>ri$ 9 p>ts on specially made trolleys1 !re are n[ an enorm\s v>iety ( guns & mort>s adapt$ = ! v>i\s purposes :i* exp]i5ce 9 ! ,great ,w> reveal$4 ,artill]y suff]$ _m *anges 9 ! light ( ! ,s\? ,african campaign & ( ! ,russo-,japanese w>1 b ( f> m importance h be5 ! lessons le>nt 9 ,nor!rn ,france & on ! pla9s ( ,pol&4 ,to "s ext5t ^! lessons h be5 le>nt & pr(it$ by dur+ ! actual w>1 b !re is no d\bt t z m5 h "t to ?9k ov] !m 9 ! ye>s ( peace :i* are ahead _m m developm5ts w take place4 ,unless1 t is1 we are on ! ?re%old ( t happy "t :5 guns & fight+ mat]ial ( all sorts w be look$ ^u z ! relics ( a bad & ru9\s "t n[ happily pa/4 ,9 conclusion1 a pass+ ref]5ce mu/ be made to ! tr5* mort>s & simil> contrivances :i* h aris5 z ! result ( ! prolong$ spell ( tr5* w>f>e :i* no "o _h ev] contemplat$4 ,^! are 9 effect v %ort range mort>s or h[itz]s1 specially int5d$ = ?r[+ bombs f tr5* to tr5*4 ,"s are simply ! l>g] mort>s on a small scale1 b "o has decid$ly orig9al features4 ,?is consi/s ( a %ort light mort> into :i* ! bombs are slipp$ ?r\gh ! muzzle1 ?us rev]t+ to ! old me?od ( load+4 ,! propellant is comb9$ ) ! bomb & !re is a p]cussion cap :i* fires x z soon z x /rikes ! bottom ( ! tube4 ,?us ! op]ation is j ab\t z simple z x c be3 ! man m]ely places ! bomb 9 ! upturn$ muzzle & lets x slide d[n4 ,an in/ant lat]1 up x comes aga91 to g sail+ ?r\gh ! air into ! tr5* ( ! enemy a hundr$ y>ds away4 ,"o mu/ n conclude ?is *apt]1 h[ev]1 )\t a ref]5ce to ^? useful weapons :i* are kn[n among ! soldi]s z ,ar*ibalds & (ficially z anti-aircraft guns4 ,^! are p]haps ! mo/ famili> guns ( all to ! g5]al public1 s9ce !y 7 in/all$ 9 _m places 9 ,brita9 = ! purpose ( deal+ ) ! ,zeppel9s4 ,no d\bt n a few ( my read]s h _h ! exp]i5ce ( be+ awak5$ f _! beauty sleep by ! crack+ ( ! anti-aircraft guns & h se5 _! %ells bur/+ l squibs 9 ! air4 ,!y are fairly long guns1 n unlike field guns1 b !y are m\nt$ ^u special supports :i* enable !m to be po9t$ at any angle s t !y c fire "r up into ! sky4 ,! sights1 also1 are some:at diff]5t1 be+ fitt$ ) prisms1 or reflectors1 s t ! gunn]s c look along ! sights & align ! gun ^u an object ov]head )\t ly+ on _! backs4 ,mu* m c\ld be said on ?is subject1 b national int]e/s =bid1 s ) ?is g5]al review ( mod]n artill]y we mu/ pass to ano!r subject4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,guns ,,!y ,,use ,,9 ,,! ,,navy ,bo? ! great ,engli%-speak+ nations are imm5sely pr\d ( _! navies4 ,!y c1 on occasion1 produce soldi]s by ! million ( ! v highe/ & mo/ effici5t type1 b !y nev] feel q t pride & patriotic f]v\r ov] _! soldi]s t !y d ov] _! %ips ( w> & _! sailors4 ,! guns1 !re=e1 ) :i* ! %ips are arm$1 always =m a subject ( great int]e/1 especially ^? l>ge ones :i* con/itute ! armam5t ( ! ,dreadn\ght battle%ips & battle-cruis]s4 ,let u fir/ consid] :at is requir$ 9 a naval gun1 = x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! naval & milit>y weapons are diff]5t 9 "s respects4 ,exp]i5ce at ! ,d>danelles %[$ t ev5 ! guns ( ! ,que5 ,elizabe?1 ! l>ge/ & mo/ p[]ful !n kn[n1 fre% f ! f9e/ factories1 7 n p>ticul>ly successful aga9/ ! ,turki% =ts4 ,! ,g]mans1 too1 set up :at 0 probably a naval gun & occasionally dropp$ %ells into ,dunkirk ) x at a range ( tw5ty miles or s1 b )\t caus+ mu* h>m1 & ! fact t !y only did x occasionally & !n ab&on$ x altoge!r seems to indicate t 9 _! op9ion !y 7 n do+ mu* good ) x4 ,x mu/ n be assum$ f ?is t naval guns are bad guns or poor guns1 h[ev]1 b simply t !y are made = a special purpose = :i* !y are highly effici5t1 f :i* x foll[s almo/ z a natural consequ5ce t !y are some:at less effici5t :5 us$ = "s o!r purpose4 ,_! purpose is to pi]ce ! h>d /eel arm\r ) :i* w>%ips are protect$ & !n to explode 9 ! enemy's int]ior1 :]eas 9 mod]n w>f>e ! greate/ milit>y guns are *iefly requir$ to bl[ a big hole 9 ! gr\nd or to %att] a block ( concrete4 ,9 bo? cases ! ultimate object is to c>ry a quantity ( explosive into ! enemy's t]ritory & !re explode x1 b :]eas ! l& gun has simply to d t & no m1 ! naval gun has to pi]ce ?ick arm\r-plate z well4 ,& j ?9k :at t means4 ,_m l>ge %ips h _! vital p>ts protect$ by arm\r-plates twelve in*es ?ick4 ,moreov]1 ! arm\r-plates are made ( v special /eel1 ! f9e/ t c be inv5t$ = ! purpose4 ,va/ sums ( money h be5 exp5d$ 9 exp]im5t+ to f9d out j ! be/ sort ( /eel = resi/+ p5etration by %ells4 ,"s "t ago ,i saw sev]al pieces ( arm\r-plate :i* _h be5 us$ 9 "o ( ^! te/s4 ,!y _h be5 set up "u conditions z ne>ly z possible ! same z ^? obta9+ on ! side ( a %ip & !n !y _h be5 fir$ at f v>y+ di/ances1 ! effects ( ! v>i\s %ots be+ c>efully record$4 ,& t is only "o exp]im5t out ( t5s ( ?\s&s :i* h be5 tri$ aga9 & aga91 :ile ! /eel manufactur]s are always try+ to improve & aga9 improve ! %ell-resi/+ prop]ties ( _! /eel4 ,?us1 we see1 ! pres5ce ( ! /eel arm\r :i* has to be p]=at$ be=e ! %ell c d its "w makes ! task set be=e ! naval gun some:at diff]5t f t :i* confronts its milit>y bro!r4 ,^! consid]ations result 9 ! naval gun ne$+ to h z flat a trajectory z possible & its projectiles ! highe/ possible spe$4 ,n[ trajectory1 x may be useful to expla91 is ! te*nical t]m employ$ to d5ote ! c\rse ( a projectile1 :i* is always m or less curv$4 ,let u imag9e t we see a gun1 po9t$ 9 a p]fectly horizontal direction1 & let u also imag9e t by "s miracle we h got rid ( ! =ce ( gravity & also t !re is no air4 ,"u ^? conditions ! %ot f ! gun w\ld g p]fectly /raight & ) undim9i%$ velocity = ev] & ev]4 ,!n let u imag9e t ! air comes into be+4 ,! effect ( t is to act z a brake :i* gradually sl[s ! %ell d[n until f9ally x /ops x4 ,!oretically1 p]haps1 x w\ld nev] q /op x1 b = all practical purposes x w\ld4 ,aga91 let u suppose t :ile ! air is abs5t ! =ce ( gravity comes into play1 :at effect w t h8 ,x w gradually pull ! %ell d[nw>ds out ( its horizontal c\rse1 mak+ x describe a beautiful curve4 ,b1 someone may ?9k1 does n a rapidly-mov+ body rema9 to "s ext5t unaffect$ by gravity8 ,n at all3 x falls j ! same & j z quickly z if x 7 fall+ /raight d[n4 ,if our imag9>y horizontal gun 7 set at a height ( sixte5 feet & a %ell 7 j pu%$ out ( x s t x fell /raight d[n ! %ell w\ld t\* ! gr\nd 9 "o second4 ,if ! gr\nd 7 p]fectly flat & ! %ell 7 fir$ s t x rea*$ a po9t half a mile away 9 "o second x w\ld /rike ! gr\nd exactly half a mile away4 ,y see1 ! horizontal motion due to ! explosion 9 ! gun & ! d[nw>d motion due to gravity g on simultane\sly & ! two comb9$ produce ! curve4 ,to make ?is q cle>1 let u imag9e two guns precisely alike side by side & bo? po9t$ p]fectly horizontally4 ,f "o ! %ell is j pu%$ out3 f ! o!r x is fir$ at ! highe/ velocity atta9able3 bo? ^? %ells w fall sixte5 feet or a %ade m 9 "o second1 & if ! gr\nd 7 p]fectly level bo? w\ld /rike ! gr\nd at ! same mom5t al?\gh a great di/ance ap>t4 ,cle>ly1 !n1 ! fa/] ! %ell is travell+ ! m ne>ly horizontally w x move1 = x w h less "t 9 :i* to fall1 & ! sl[] ! m curv$ w be its pa?1 f :i* we see t ! air by r$uc+ ! velocity causes ! curve to become /eep] & /eep] z ! %ell proce$s4 ,if1 !n1 our gun is plac$ l[ d[n1 z x mu/ be on a %ip1 to get ! longe/ range we mu/ po9t x m or less upw>ds because o!rwise ! %ell w fall into ! wat] be=e x has rea*$ its t>get4 ,:5 we d t we complicate matt]s some:at1 = gravity t5ds to r$uce ! velocity :ile ! %ell is ris+ & to add to x aga9 :ile x is fall+4 ,we ne$ n g too deeply into t1 h[ev]1 s long z we realize t1 :atev] ! conditions may be1 ! %ell 9 actual use has to foll[ a curv$ c\rse1 fir/ ris+ & !n fall+4 ,! really important "p ab\t a %ell's j\rney is ! end4 ,s long z x hits x really does n matt] :at x does on ! way1 & if x misses x is equally immat]ial4 ,! reason :y we ne$ to bo!r ab\t ! fir/ "p ( ! trip is because ^u x dep5ds ! f9al result4 ,:atev] ! trajectory may be we see t ! %ell mu/ necess>ily arrive 9 a slant+ direction4 ,& ! m /eeply slant+ t direction is ! less likely is ! t>get to be hit4 ,if ! %ell w5t /raight x w\ld only be necess>y to po9t ! gun 9 ! "r direction & ! object w\ld be hit no matt] h[ f> away x might be4 ,! m curv$ ! c\rse is1 ! m likely ! %ell is to fall ei!r too ne> or too f>1 9 ! "o case dropp+ into ! wat]1 9 ! o!r pass+ cle> ov] ! oppos+ %ip4 ,let u look at x ano!r way4 ,suppose ! vital p>ts ( a %ip rise #bj feet out ( ! wat] & ! %ell arrives at su* an angle t x falls #bj feet 9 #ajj y>ds3 !n1 if ! %ip be )9 a c]ta9 zone #ajj y>ds wide x w be hit 9 a vital spot4 ,if x be ne>] ! %ell w pass ov]1 if x be fur!r ! %ell w fall into ! wat]4 ,t #ajj y>ds is :at is call$ ! dang] zone4 ,if ! %ell is fall+ less /eeply1 say1 #bj feet 9 #bjj y>ds1 !n ! dang] zone is increas$ to #bjj y>ds & s on1 :i* gives u ! rule t ! flatt] ! trajectory1 or ! m ne>ly /raight ! c\rse ( ! %ell ! great] is ! dang] zone & ! m likely is ! enemy %ip to be hit4 ,we h e/abli%$ two facts1 !re=e1 fir/1 t ! trajectory mu/ be z flat z possible &1 second1 t to make x flat ! velocity mu/ be high4 ,we c also see ano!r reason = high velocity1 namely1 to give p5etrat+ p[]4 ,to obta9 a high velocity ! gun mu/ be long1 & consequ5tly naval guns are always long1 a fact :i* is v noticeable 9 ! photographs ( w>%ips4 ,! reason = ?is is q obvi\s aft] a little ?\ght4 ,y c\ld n ?r[ a cricket ball v f> if y c\ld only move y\r h& ?r\gh a di/ance ( "o foot4 ,to get ! be/ result y in/9ctively rea* z f> back z ev] y c & !n rea* =w>d z f> z y are able1 s t ! ball %all h z long a j\rney z possible 9 y\r h&4 ,p]haps y d n "k x b all ! "t y are mov+ y\r h& ) ! ball 9 x y are putt+ en]gy into t ball1 :i* en]gy c>ries x along aft] y h let g ( x4 ,& x is j ! same ) ! %ell 9 ! gun4 ,s long z x is 9 ! gun en]gy is be+ add$ to x b z soon z x leaves ! muzzle t ceases4 ,aft] t x has to pursue its own way "u ! influ5ce ( ! en]gy :i* has be5 imp>t$ to x4 ,! p[d] :i* is employ$ z ! propellant or driv+ p[] is ( su* a nature & s adju/$ z to quantity t z f> z possible x %all give a comp>atively sl[ /eady pu% r ?an a sudd5 %ock1 s z to make full use ( ! gun's l5g?1 ! exp&+ gases foll[+ up ! %ell z x goes =w>d & keep+ a con/ant pu% ^u x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a gun c be too long1 = no /eel is inf9itely /rong & /iff1 s t beyond a c]ta9 limit ! muzzle ( ! gun w\ld be likely to droop slightly ( its own weight & s make ! %oot+ inaccurate4 ,! limit seems to be ab\t #ej calibres or1 9 o!r words1 fifty times ! diamet] ( ! bore4 ,= a consid]able "t ! /&>d big gun ( ! ,briti% ,navy 0 ! #ab-;in*1 t be+ ! calibre or diamet] ( ! bore4 ,! fam\s ,dreadn\ght _h guns ( t calibre & s _h h] imm$iate successors4 ,! #ab-;in* gun ( fifty calibres weighs #fi tons & fires a projectile weigh+ #hej lbs4 :i* x hurls f its muzzle at a velocity ( ab\t #cjjj feet p] second4 ,m rec5tly ! size has gr[n to #ac1 #ad & ev5 z great z #ae in*es calibre1 b we may = ! mom5t take ! #ab-;in* gun z typical ( all ^! l>ge guns & h a look at its con/ruction4 ,x is made ( a special k9d ( /eel kn[n z nickel-*rome gun /eel1 =m$ by add+ c]ta9 proportions ( ! two r>e metals nickel & *romium to ! mixture ( iron & c>bon :i* we ord9>ily call /eel4 ,! metal is made aft] ! mann] describ$ 9 ano!r *apt] & is ca/ into ! =m ( suitably-siz$ +ots :i* are aft]w>ds squeez$ 9 enorm\s hydraulic presses into ! r\gh %ape requir$4 ,besides giv+ ! metal ! desir$ =m ?is action has ! effect ( improv+ its quality4 ,s9ce a gun is necess>ily a tube x may be wond]$ :y ! /eel is n ca/ /raight away into t %ape in/ead ( into a solid block & ! reason :y t is n done is v int]e/+4 ,x is f\nd t any impurities 9 ! metal--& x is impossible to make x )\t "s impurities--collect 9 t "p :i* cools la/ & obvi\sly t "p ( a block :i* cools la/ is ! c5tre4 ,?us ! impurities ga!r toge!r 9 ! c5tre ( ! mass :5ce !y are remov$ :5 t c5tre is cut away1 :]eas if ! fir/ ca/+ 7 a tube !y w\ld collect 9 a "p :i* w\ld rema9 9 ! f9i%$ gun4 ,! +ot1 !n1 is ca/ & press$ r\ghly to %ape4 ,!n x is put into a la! :]e x is turn$ on ! outside & a hole bor$ "r ?r\gh ! c5tre4 ,b t is by no means all ( ! tr\bles ?r\gh :i* ?is piece ( /eel has to pass4 ,x und]goes a v /r+5t heat treatm5t1 be+ alt]nately heat$ 9 a furnace to "s precise temp]ature & !n plung$ into oil1 :]eby ! exact degree ( h>dness requir$ is atta9$4 ,moreov]1 ?is is only "o ( ! tubes :i* g to make up ! gun1 :i* is a composite /ructure ( f\r tubes plac$ "o ov] ano!r ) a lay] ( tightly w\nd wire z well4 ,fir/1 !re is ! inn]mo/ tube1 ! :ole l5g? ( ! gun1 !n a second "o outside t1 usually made 9 two halves4 ,bo? are c>efully made to fit1 & !n ! out] is exp&$ by heat to enable x to be slidd5 ov] ! inn] "o1 aft] :i* on cool+ x contracts & fits tightly4 ,outside ?is second tube is w\nd ! wire1 or m /rictly speak+ tape1 = x is a qu>t] ( an in* wide & a sixte5? ?ick4 ,x is s /rong t a s+le /r& ( x c\ld su/a9 a ton & a half4 ,x is c>efully w\nd on2 fir/ sev]al lay]s runn+ ! :ole l5g? ( ! gun & !n extra lay]s :]e ! greate/ /resses come1 t is to say1 ne> ! bree*1 = t has to )/& ! initial %ock ( ! explosion4 ,altoge!r ab\t #acj miles ( wire g on a s+le gun4 ,! advantages ( ?is =m ( con/ruction are _m4 ,= "o ?+1 a wire or /rip c be exam9$ ?r\gh\t its :ole l5g? & any defect is sure to be f\nd1 :]eas 9 a solid piece ( /eel1 no matt] h[ c>efully x may be made1 !re may lurk hidd5 defects4 ,moreov]1 if a solid tube develops a crack any:]e x is liable to spread1 :]eas a few /r&s ( wire may be brok5 )\t 9 any way affect+ ! re/4 ,x has be5 f\nd t ev5 if a %ell bur/ :ile inside "o ( ^! guns no h>m is done to ! m5 9 ! turret :]e x /&s1 a ?+ :i* _c be said = guns compos$ entirely ( tubes1 s t ! m]it re/s ) ! wire4 ,a ?ird advantage is t ! wire c be w\nd on to ! tube b5ea? x at precisely t t5sion :i* is calculat$ to give ! be/ result1 :]eas 9 %r9k+ "o tube on to ano!r ?is _c always be atta9$4 ,ov] ! wire !re come two m tubes n runn+ ! :ole l5g? b meet+ & ov]lapp+ some:at ne> ! middle1 s t at "o po9t !re are actually f\r conc5tric tubes besides ! wire4 ,at ! re> end a k9d ( cap call$ ! bree*-piece cov]s ov] ! ends ( all ! tubes1 itself hav+ a c5tral hole into :i* fits ! bree*-block1 "o ( ! triumphs ( mod]n eng9e]+1 ( :i* m 9 a mom5t4 ,:ile we h 9 m9d ! wire-w\nd =m ( con/ruction x is int]e/+ to note t some?+ simil> b 9 a crude =m 0 practis$ sixty ye>s or m ago4 ,! guns ( t era 7 "s ( !m ev5 ( ca/ iron :ile ! m ref9$ consi/$ ( a /eel tube /r5g!n$ ) coils ( wr\ght iron4 ,?is iron 0 fir/ roll$ into flat b>s1 !n x 0 made hot1 & w\nd on spirally r\nd an iron b> ! same size z ! tube4 ,a little hamm]+ conv]t$ ?is spiral into a tube :i* 0 !n fitt$ r\nd ! /eel tube4 ,?us1 al?\gh v diff]5t !re is /ill a di/9ct resemblance betwe5 ?is old me?od & ! up-to-date wire-w\nd weapon4 ,! manufacture ( guns1 x may be rem>k$1 owes m to "o man ?an to any o!r1 namely1 ,mons4 ,gu/ave ,canet1 a ,fr5* eng9e] :o1 hav+ f\ght 9 ! ,franco-,g]man ,w>1 decid$ to devote 8 eng9e]+ tal5ts to develop+ ! artill]y ( 8 native l&4 ,he sp5t _m ye>s 9 ,engl& b lat] e/abli%$ works at ,havre = ! manufacture ( guns ^u improv$ me?ods1 f9ally m]g+ 8 int]e/s into ^? ( ! great ,fr5* armam5t firm ( ,s*neid] ( ,creusot4 ,by ,fr5* & ,engli% artill]i/s at all ev5ts ! "n ( ,canet is reg>d$ ) rev]5ce4 ,b to get back to our naval gun4 ,x w be cle> t op]ations su* z h be5 describ$1 involv+ ! h&l+ ( great tubes fifty feet or m 9 l5g?1 heat+ !m z requir$1 dipp+ !m 9 oil :ile hot & s on1 c only be c>ri$ out at works specially design$ = ! purpose4 ,! furnaces :]e ! tubes are heat$ are well-l =mations 9 ! gr\nd1 deep en\gh to take ! tube v]tically4 ,to lift !m 9 & out !re h to be tall travell+ cranes capable ( cat*+ ! tube by its upp] end & lift+ x "r out ( ! furnace s t its l[] end cle>s ! gr\nd4 ,to accompli% ?is ) a little to sp>e ! cranes ne$ to be sev5ty feet or s high4 ,!n !re are deep pits full ( oil s t a tube c be heat$ 9 a furnace1 drawn out by a crane & quickly dropp$ into ! adjac5t oil ba?4 ,likewise !re h to be pits ( a ?ird k9d :]e9 a cold tube c be set up :ile a hot "o is dropp$ ov] x = ! purpose ( %r9k+ ! latt] on4 ,!n1 ( c\rse1 !re h to be la!s ( gigantic dim5sions capable ( tak+ a l5g? ( ne>ly sixty feet & ( sw++ an object weigh+ any?+ up to fifty tons4 ,b ( ^? ma*9es we c only pause to make m5tion1 = we mu/ pass on to ! bree*-block1 9 "s ways ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! gun4 ,:5 x 0 fir/ sugge/$ to leave ! back end ( ! gun op5 s t ! p[d] & projectiles c\ld be put 9 t way in/ead ( ?r\gh ! muzzle1 p at once =esaw h[ mu* w\ld dep5d ^u ! arrangem5ts = /opp+ up ! hole :ile ! gun 0 fir$4 ,=1 ( c\rse1 ! =ce ( ! explosion is ex]t$ equally 9 all directions1 backw>d j z mu* z =w>d1 s t unless v securely fix$ ! /opp] clos+ ! bree* w\ld be liable to become a projectile travell+ 9 ! wrong direction4 ,to fix su* a ?+ securely en\gh to avoid accid5ts w\ld surely take up too mu* "t & s l>gely neutralize any advantage aris+ f its use4 ,^! fe>s 71 inde$1 to "s ext5t ju/ifi$ by accid5ts :i* actually occurr$ ) ! e>ly examples ( bree*-load+ guns1 & = t reason our own au?orities = a "t look$ askance at bree*-load]s4 ,n[ let u take a look at ! bree*-block ( ! #ab-;in* naval gun ( to-day1 :i* nev] bl[s out1 n ev5 :5 #cej lbs4 ( cordite g (f j ! o!r side ( x4 ,! explosion hurls an #hej-p\nd %ell at ! rate ( #cjjj feet p] second b x nev] /irs ! bree*-block4 ,yet x c be op5$ & clos$ s quickly1 includ+ ! necess>y fa/5+-up aft] clos+1 t %ots c be fir$ f ! gun at ! rate ( "o e fifte5 seconds4 ,! bree*-block p>takes ( ! nature ( a plug & also ( a door4 ,x sw+s ^u h+es l ! latt] b its %ape m resembles ! =m]4 ,if we want to make su* a ?+ v secure we usually make x 9 ! =m ( a screw ) _m ?reads1 b t entails turn+ x r\nd _m times & t takes "t4 ,giv5 pl5ty ( "t to screw ! bree*-block into its place & !re w\ld nev] h be5 any anxiety z to ! possibility ( its bl[+ out1 b !re is n "t4 ,! problem1 !re=e1 0 to get ! /r5g? ( a screw comb9$ ) quickness ( action4 ,?is dilemma is avoid$ 9 ! foll[+ simple mann]4 ,! bree*-block is giv5 a screw ?read on its ext]ior surface1 & ! hole 9 ! bree*-piece is giv5 a simil> screw-?read on its inn] surface1 j z if ! "o 7 to be labori\sly screw$ into ! o!r aft] ! mann] ( an ord9>y screw 9 ma*9]y4 ,!n f\r grooves are cut "r across ! ?reads on ! block & simil>ly on ! bree*-piece1 s t at f\r diff]5t places !re is no ?read left4 ,9 o!r words1 in/ead ( ! ?read runn+ r\nd & r\nd cont9u\sly1 ea* turn is divid$ up into f\r sections ) sections ( pla9 un?read$ metal 9 betwe54 ,?us 9 a c]ta9 position ! block c be pu%$ into ! hole )\t any ?reads engag+ at all1 = ea* /rip ( ?read$ block passes ov] an un?read$ /rip 9 ! hole & vice v]sa1 9 o!r words1 ! ?reads on ! "o "p miss ^? on ! o!r "p4 ,yet an eigh? ( a turn s]ves to make all ! ?reads engage & ! ?+ is held almo/ z securely z if x 7 j an ord9>y screw ) ?reads its :ole l5g?4 ,! block is c>ri$ ^u a h+$ arm s t al?\gh x c be turn$ 9 ?is mann] x c also be swung back freely :5 necess>y4 ,comb9$ ) ! bree*-block is a pneumatic contrivance :i* bl[s a p[]ful jet ( air ?r\gh ! gun e "t ! bree* is op5$1 !reby clean+ away ! effects ( ! la/ explosion4 ,ea* ( ^! great guns is m\nt$ ^u a slide s t :5 x is fir$ x c slide back1 !reby exhau/+ ! effect ( ! recoil1 yet c be return$ in/antly to its orig9al position4 ,inde$1 ?is return is br\ght ab\t q automatically by ! ag5cy ( spr+s1 compress$ air & hydraulic p[]4 ,?us ! gun fires1 slides back1 returns & is at once ready = ! next %ot4 ,x is tra9$1 or po9t$ 9 a horizontal plane1 by turn+ ! turret 9 :i* x /&s b ! correct elevation is ga9$ by ! use ( telescopic sights4 ,! pr9ciple ( ^! sights is v simple4 ,imag9e a graduat$ circle fix$ to ! side ( ! gun4 ,pivot$ at ! c5tre ( ! circle is a small telescope4 ,! telescope c be turn$ r\nd to any angle ^u ! circle & x c !n be clamp$ at t p>ticul> angle4 ,! range hav+ be5 giv5 to ! (fic] 9 comm& ( ! gun f ! range-f9d+ /ation on ano!r "p ( ! %ip1 ! telescope is set to ! correct angle4 ,!n ! gun is elevat$ or depress$ until ! %ip be+ aim$ at is precisely 9 ! c5tre ( ! field ( view ( ! telescope1 9 o!r words1 until ! telescope is po9t+ exactly at ! %ip4 ,!n ! gun is fir$4 ,! effect1 !re=e1 is ?is4 ,! telescope always po9ts 7:ile ! gun is be+ fir$7 at ! object aim$ at1 b ! gun is po9t$ upw>ds at a c]ta9 angle1 :i* angle dep5ds ^u h[ ! telescope is set ^u ! divid$ circle4 ,?us ! sett+ ( ! telescope = a giv5 range produces ! correct upw>d tilt ( ! gun = t range4 ,! bree*-block c>ries a trigg] & hamm] arrangem5t :]eby ! fir+ c be done & also an electrical arrangem5t s t an electric sp>k c be employ$4 ,bo? ^! fir+ contrivances are s made t !y _c be op]at$ until ! bree*-block has be5 ins]t$ & made secure4 ,?us a premature explosion is gu>d$ aga9/4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,%ells ,,& ,,h[ ,,!y ,,are ,,made ,mod]n w>f>e seems to resolve itself v l>gely into a "q ( :i* side c procure ! mo/ %ells4 ,dur+ ! great w> !re 0 a "t :5 ! ,briti% & _! allies 7 h>d press$ because !y _h n suffici5t %ells4 ,! enemy _h 9 t matt] /ol5 a m>* ^u !m & _h dur+ ! w9t]1 :5 milit>y activity is at its m9imum1 rapidly produc$ l>ge supplies ( high-explosive %ells4 ,discov]+ _! lack ! ,briti% set ab\t rem$y+ x 9 true ,briti% fa%ion4 ,x is q *>act]i/ic ( ?is /range p to let ! enemy get ahead at ! comm5cem5t1 aft] :i* !y pull !mselves toge!r & put on a spurt1 s to speak1 & aft] t ! enemy _h bett] prep>e = ! wor/1 = defeat is only a "q ( "t4 ,s1 f9d+ !mselves %ort ( %ells1 !y set to & dott$ ! :ole c\ntry 9 an incr$ibly %ort "t ) huge factories entirely devot$ to mak+ %ells4 ,old] factories also 7 adapt$ to ! same purpose4 ,places int5d$ & normally us$ = ! manufacture ( ! mo/ peaceable ?+s--pl\ghs1 gramophones & piano p>ts = example--7 soon turn+ out %ells or p>ts !re( by ! ?\s&4 ,electric-light works1 wat]works1 cotton mills1 te*nical s*ools1 all sorts ( places :]e1 = do+ _! own repairs or = "s simil> reason1 !re happ5$ to be a la! or two1 all ^! 7 organiz$ & 9 a few weeks !y too 7 work+ night & day some?+ to d ) %ells4 ,mean:ile o!r factories 7 spr++ up = ! purpose ( mak+ explosives :ile o!rs aga9 7 erect$ = produc+ ! acids & o!r *emicals necess>y = ! explosive works2 & yet ano!r k9d ( works1 ! fill+ factories1 came into be+ z if by magic & ?\s&s ( girls flock$ f f> & ne> to ^! places1 !re to fill ! %ells ) ! explosives4 ,ev5 ! soldi]s did n realize a few ye>s ago h[ important ! supply ( %ells 0 go+ to be4 ,! rifle has fall5 f its old place ( importance :ile ! gun & ! %ell h ris5 to ! fir/ place4 ,:at1 !n1 is a %ell8 ,x is :at its "n implies1 a case cov]+ some?+ else1 j z ! %ell ( a fi% cov]s its own]4 ,x is a holl[ cyl9d] ( /eel ) c]ta9 ?+s inside x4 ,its *ief function is to hold ^! o!r ?+s & to be %ot out ( a gun c>ry+ !m ) x to _! de/9ation4 ,y want to cause an explosion 9 an enemy's %ip4 ,y _c get ne> en\gh to put ! explosives !re by h&1 = he w n let y1 s y put !m into a /eel %ell & !n hurl ! :ole ?+ at him out ( a gun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bomb ,,?r[+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rik+ ?+s ab\t ! w> 0 ! re-inv5tion ( ! bomb ?r[n by h&4 ,?is (fic] hurl$ bombs at ! enemy = tw5ty-f\r h\rs cont9u\sly4 ,9 ! attempt to prev5t y\r do+ him any h>m by ?us ?r[+ boxes ( explosives at him1 ! enemy clo!s ! sides ( 8 mo/ valuable & important %ips ) ?ick /eel plates1 :]e=e y h to make y\r %ell /rong & t\gh s t x %all n spl9t] aga9/ ! arm\r b %all on ! contr>y bore its way ?r\gh1 f9ally explod+ 9 ! int]ior ( ! %ip4 ,if x is n a %ip t y are attack+ b1 say1 an e>?work or an arrangem5t ( tr5*es1 !n y d n ne$ to p5etrate /eel arm\r & y\r %ell c be ?9n] & ( light] con/ruction4 ,x /ill ne$s to be /rong1 h[ev]1 = x has ano!r function besides simply c>ry+ ! explosive4 ,x mu/ hold ! =ce ( ! explosion 9 = a mom5t :ile x ga!rs =ce s t :5 ! h\r comes ! p5t-up en]gy may /rike all r\nd ) ! utmo/ viol5ce4 ,ev5 ! mo/ p[]ful explosives are comp>atively feeble if !y g (f 9 ! op54 ,by hold+ !m 9 *eck = a mom5t & !n lett+ _! =ce loose sudd5ly y get a mu* m =ceful bl[4 ,%ells :i* conta9 only an explosive are call$ common %ells or high-explosive %ells4 ,%rapnel %ells con/itute ano!r type 9 :i* ! =ce ( ! explosion is simply employ$ to release a numb] ( r\nd bullets1 :i* /rike ma9ly because ( ! velocity :i* !y d]ive f ! orig9al motion ( ! %ell4 ,^! are above all ?+s man-kill+ %ells1 = _! result is ak9 to a volley ( bullets at close range4 ,we c ?us sum up ! *ief types ( %ell z foll[s3 ! naval %ell :i* has to be capable ( p5etrat+ arm\r3 ! high-explosive %ell :i* mu/ be able to break up e>?works & bl[ d[n ! walls ( tr5*es3 & ! %rapnel %ell :i* scatt]s a %[] ( bullets & is mo/ useful 9 attacks ^u bodies ( m5 r ?an ^u mat]ial /ructures4 ,"s %ells h _! propell5t explosive comb9$ ) !m j z ! famili> rifle c>tridge conta9s ! propellant comb9$ ) ! bullet4 ,9 ! l>g] sizes1 h[ev]1 x is mu* m conv5i5t to h ! propellant 9 a sep>ate c>tridge1 :i* c be h&l$ sep>ately & load$ into ! gun sep>ately4 ,z has be5 already expla9$1 ! propellant is a p[d] :i* gives a /eady pu% r ?an a de/ructive bl[3 moreov]1 x is practically smokeless1 s z n to give away ! position ( ! gun to ! enemy4 ,! high explosive1 h[ev]1 %att]s & usually makes a d5se smoke1 s t ! obs]v]s c see :]e x fell & report to ! gunn]s :e!r or n !y h got ! range4 ,soldi]s' lett]s h told u ( ! black ,m>ias & coal boxes us$ by ! ,g]mans1 ^? t]ms be+ simply soldi]s' nick-names aris+ no d\bt f ! fact t c]ta9 p>ticul> %ells are fill$ ) tri-nitro-tolu5e :i* gives a black smoke4 ,cle>ly1 smoke1 :i* is mo/ objectionable 9 ! propellant1 is a positive advantage 9 ! bur/+ *>ge4 ,& n[ let u take a glimpse at ! manufacture ( "o ( ^! t]rible missiles4 ,an +ot ( %ell-/eel is fir/ ca/ z describ$ 9 an e>li] *apt]4 ,s9ce impurities are apt to rise1 :ile ! metal is liquid1 ! top ( ! +ot is always cut (f & disc>d$4 ,?is wa/e mat]ial is us$ = _m o!r purposes1 9 :i* a *ance flaw w\ld n be a s]i\s matt]1 "u ! title ( %ell-disc>d /eel4 ,! l[] "p is !n heat$ & pass$ ?r\gh a roll+ mill1 a ma*9e v simil> 9 pr9ciple to ! dome/ic mangle1 ! roll]s be+ ( iron ) suitable grooves cut 9 !m4 ,a few passages ?r\gh ?is ma*9e trans=ms ! +ot into a ?ick r\nd b>4 ,?is is !n sawn into %ort pieces call$ billets1 ea* ( :i* is ! "r size to =m a %ell4 ,aga9 heat$1 a p[]ful press drives a po9t$ b> ?r\gh ! s(t5$ /eel1 !reby conv]t+ ! %ort billet into a r\gh tube4 ,ano!r press !n slightly closes 9 "o end1 mak+ x resemble a bottle )\t a bottom & ) ! neck brok5 (f4 ,! r\gh =g+ is !n ready to be ma*9$1 an op]ation :i* is p]=m$ 9 a la!4 ,! outside is made p]fectly r\nd & smoo? & ( precisely ! "r size4 ,! inside is also bor$ out to ! correct diamet] & f9i%$ (f to an exce$+ smoo?ness s z to avoid ! possibility ( any r\gh places irritat+ ! explosive :i* 9 due "t w be fill$ into x4 ,= ! same reason1 ! inside1 :5 f9i%$1 is v>ni%$ 9 a c]ta9 way & ) a c]ta9 v>ni%4 ,! =mation ( ?is v>ni% is "o ( ^? little ?\ght ( b highly important s]vices :i* alcohol r5d]s to u1 z m5tion$ else:]e4 ,! small] end 7t :i* has already be5 p>tially squeez$ 97 is bor$ out & screw$ = ! reception ( ! nose-bu%1 :ile ! o!r end is recess$ = ! reception ( ! plate :i* =ms ! bottom4 ,mo/ ( ^! op]ations h to be v accurately c>ri$ out &1 to ensure t t is s1 gauges are cont9ually employ$ to *eck ! "w4 ,^! gauges are bas$ ^u a v simple pr9ciple1 kn[n z ! limit pr9ciple4 ,?is is bo? int]e/+ & important1 suffici5tly s to m]it a m detail$ ref]5ce4 ,x mu/ fir/ be realiz$ t no two ?+s are alike & no measurem5t is p]fectly correct4 ,:5 we lightly speak ( two ?+s be+ alike we really mean t = ! purpose contemplat$ !y are ne>ly en\gh alike4 ,two ?+s might be alike = "o purpose & yet be s unlike z to be useless = ano!r4 ,:at ! au?orities d 9 ! case ( %ells1 !re=e1 & :at is done n[adays 9 _m bran*es ( eng9e]+1 is to recognize ?is fact & at ! same "t ov]come ! difficulty by /at+ :at diff]5ce is p]missible4 ,9 o!r words1 in/ead ( say+ t a ?+ mu/ be a c]ta9 size1 x is requir$ to fall betwe5 two limits3 x mu/ n be m ?an "o or less ?an ! o!r4 ,= example1 suppose a hole is requir$ to be nom9ally an in* 9 diamet] x may be specifi$ t x %all n exce$ an in* plus "o-?\s&? or fall %ort ( an in* m9us "o-?\s&?4 ,9 su* a case a v>iation ( a ?\s&? ( an in* ei!r way is p]mitt$4 ,! p]mitt$ v>iation may be m ?an t1 or x may be less & be measur$ 9 t5-?\s&?s1 x all dep5ds ^u circum/ances4 ,cle>ly 9 e case x is desirable to p]mit z l>ge a v>iation z is consi/5t ) a good result4 ,n[ to make measures ) ! degree ( accuracy j m5tion$ is n easy4 ,"o c j ab\t see ?r\gh a crack a ?\s&? ( an in* wide if held up to a bright light4 ,h[ !n c dim5sions su* z ^! be dealt ) easily & quickly 9 ! r\gh conditions ( a l>ge work%op8 ,let u aga9 ?9k ( t "o-in* hole & we %all see h[ simply & easily x is done4 ,! gauge 9 su* a case w\ld be %ap$ some:at l a dumb-bell1 "o end be+ ! g end & ! o!r ! n-g end4 ,! =m] is made to agree z ne>ly z possible ) ! l[] limit1 ! o!r ) ! high] limit1 & all ! inspector has to d is to try fir/ "o end 9 ! hole & !n ! o!r4 ,"o mu/ g 9 & ! o!r mu/ n-g4 ,s long z t happ5s he kn[s t ! hole is correct )9 ! prescrib$ limits4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 bo? g 91 !n he kn[s ! hole is too l>ge1 or if nei!r goes 9 he kn[s x is too small4 ,x may be urg$ by "s acute read] t ! gauges !mselves _c be correct1 & t is q true1 b x is possible1 by great c>e & labori\s me?ods1 to produce gauges :i* are correct to )9 f> n>r[] limits ?an ^? m5tion$4 ,9 ! case ( outside dim5sions ! gauges take ! =m ( a ?umb & f+] capable ( spann+ ! object to be measur$1 & 9 t case also two are us$1 "o ( :i* mu/ g & ! o!r n-g4 ,by me?ods su* z ^! ! %ells are measur$ & exam9$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important features ( a %ell is its driv+ b&4 ,9 ! old days ( r\nd cannon balls x is said t ! gunn]s us$ to wrap greasy rag r\nd ea* s z to make x fit ! cannon & to prev5t ! =ce ( ! explosion to "s ext5t wa/+ itself by bl[+ pa/ ! ball4 ,t is "o ( ! functions ( ! driv+ b&4 ,x is made ( copp] :i* is comp>atively s(t1 & x =ms a fairly tight fit 9 ! bore ( ! gun1 s t :ile ! %ell is free en\gh to slide out ( ! gun x is tight en\gh to prev5t ! loss ( any ( ! driv+ =ce ( ! explosive4 ,its second purpose is to give ! necess>y sp9n+ action to ! %ell4 ,! old cannon ball suff]$ f ! fact t x (f]$ a consid]able surface to ! air 9 proportion to its weight4 ,! idea arose1 !re=e1 ( mak+ projectiles cyl9drical & ) a po9t$ nose1 s t :ile ! weight might be increas$ ! resi/ance to ! air might be ev5 r$uc$4 ,b x 0 cle>ly no use do+ ?is unless ! ?+ c\ld be made to travel po9t =emo/4 ,n[ = "s r my/]i\s reason1 if y %oot a cyl9drical object out ( a gun1 x w turn head ov] heels 9 ! air1 unless y give x a sp9n+ motion4 ,?is motion1 h[ev]1 because ( a gyroscopic effect1 keeps ! %ell po9t fir/ all ! "t4 ,x has ano!r effect1 too1 kn[n z air-bor+4 ,a sp9n+ %ell seems actually to bore its way ?r\gh ! air4 ,probably ?is is due to a c5trifugal action1 ! sp9n+ %ell ?r[+ ! air outw>ds f itself & s to "s ext5t suck+ ! air away out ( its own pa?4 ,:e!r t be ! true explanation or n1 ! fact rema9s t ! sp9n+ %ell makes its way ?r\gh ! air bett] ?an a non-sp9n+ "o w\ld d4 ,! gun1 !re=e1 has =m$ 9 its bore a v sl[ screw-?read call$ rifl+1 f a ,fr5* ^w mean+ a screw4 ,& x is ! second function ( ! copp] b& to cat* ?is rifl+ & by x be turn$ z ! %ell proce$s along ! b>rel4 ,! s(t copp] con=ms to ! %ape ( ! rifl+ & s itself becomes 9 a s5se a screw engag+ ) ! rifl+4 ,?is b& is situat$ ne> ! base ( ! %ell1 ly+ 9 a groove turn$ 9 ! %ell = its reception4 ,to prev5t ! b& turn+ r\nd )\t turn+ ! %ell !re is a wavy groove turn$ 9 ! bottom ( ! l>g] groove1 & ! b&1 be+ put on hot1 is squeez$ into ! latt] by a p[]ful press4 ,! nose-bu% is a little fitt+ ( brass :i* screws into ! small] end ( ! %ell & x has a hole 9 its c5tre into :i* ano!r brass fitt+1 ! nose itself1 is screw$4 ,! base ( ! %ell is clos$ ) a little disc ( /eel plate4 ,p sometimes wond] :y ! orig9al =g+ is n made solid at ! bottom s z to save ! necessity = ?is disc1 b ! reason is t if t 7 done defects might v possibly arise 9 ! /eel 9 ! c5tre :i*1 s9ce x is ! v spot :]eon ! propellant acts1 might let "s ( ! heat or =ce ( ! propellant ?r\gh1 caus+ a premature explosion ( ! *>ge inside ! gun itself in/ead ( among ! ranks ( ! enemy4 ,9 ! case ( naval %ells1 ! nose is n ( brass b ( a s(t k9d ( /eel4 ,"o might expect x to be ( ! v h>de/ /eel1 s9ce x has to pi]ce ! h>d arm\r1 b exp]i5ce has %[n t ! s(t nose is bett] ?an a h>d "o4 ,! reason probably is t a h>d nose spl9t]s1 :]eas a s(t "o spreads out on /rik+ ! arm\r & !n acts z a protection to ! body ( ! %ell beh9d x4 ,9 ^! %ells1 too1 ! fuse :i* explodes ! *>ge is plac$ 9 ! base4 ,9 ! o!rs x is 9 ! nose1 b cle>ly x c\ld n be s plac$ 9 ! arm\r-pi]c+ %ell4 ,x is int]e/+ to m5tion t ! propell5t p[d] has comb9$ 9 x "s vasel9e or o!r greasy matt] :i* acts z a lubricant betwe5 ! gun & ! %ell :5 fir+ takes place4 ,%rapnel is s diff]5t f ! o!r types ( %ell t x m]its a %ort p>agraph or two to itself4 ,in/ead ( be+ fill$1 z ! o!rs are1 solely ) explosive1 ! front "p ( x accommodates a consid]able numb] ( small r\nd bullets1 beh9d :i* comes a *>ge ( gunp[d]4 ,! front half ( ! %ell is sep>ate f ! back "p1 ! two be+ connect$ by rivets ( s(t iron wire1 s t a sudd5 %ock c r5d !m ap>t4 ,! %ell is fir$ f ! gun & comes fly+ along3 sudd5ly1 ow+ to ! action ( ! fuse1 ! gunp[d] explodes3 ! case !n flies 9 two1 ! bullets are lib]at$ & fall 9 a %[]4 ,9 ! ,s\? ,african ,w>1 :]e =tifications 7 few1 ^! %ells 7 v effective1 b aga9/ =tifications1 & p>ticul>ly aga9/ tr5*es & b>b$ wire1 big explosive %ells are ( mu* great] value4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,:at ,,%ells ,,are ,,made ,,( ,! body ( a %ell is made ( /eel ( a fairly /rong v>iety4 ,t is to say1 x is /rong] ?an t us$ = %ipbuild+ & = bridges & su* "w3 b x is less s ?an "s ( ! high] grades ( /eel1 su* z t us$ = mak+ wire ropes4 ,ow+ to s mu* ( ?is /eel be+ roll$ dur+ ! w>1 %ell quality has come to be z well kn[n to ! g5]al eng9e] z any ( ! _m v>ieties :i* he has be5 accu/om$ to s9ce 8 appr5tice days4 ,_m p wond]$1 at "o "t1 :y ! *eap] & m easily work$ ca/ iron c\ld n be us$ = %ells4 ,!re 0 a p]iod :5 ! /eel works 7 q unable to cope ) ! dem&s = /eel1 yet ! iron f\ndries 7 cry+ out = "w4 ,?is "q !n arose 9 _m m9ds1 ,:y n make ca/ iron %ells8 ,! answ] is t ca/ iron is too weak3 x w\ld bl[ into fragm5ts too soon4 ,j ?9k :at a %ell is & :at x has to d4 ,x is a metal case fill$ ) explosive4 ,x is ?r[n f a gun & is int5d$ to bl[ itself to pieces on arrival at its de/9ation4 ,x is t self-de/ruction :i* c>ries de/ruction to all ar\nd z well4 ,x is necess>y1 9 ord] to obta9 ! be/ result1 t an appreciable "t %\ld elapse betwe5 ! ignition ( ! explosive & ! bur/+ ( ! case4 ,! =ce ( ! mo/ sudd5 explosion is n really develop$ at once1 b takes an appreciable "t4 ,aft] ignition1 !re=e1 z ! explosion gradually becomes complete1 ! pressure inside ! %ell is gr[+1 & too weak a %ell w\ld g to pieces be=e ! maximum pressure _h be5 atta9$4 ,?us mu* ( ! en]gy ( ! explosion w\ld simply be lib]at$ into ! air in/ead ( be+ employ$ 9 hurl+ ! fragm5ts ( %ell ) enorm\s =ce4 ,t is1 ( c\rse1 n a complete explanation ( ! :ole action ( a high-explosive %ell1 b x indicates g5]ally ! reason :y a special quality ( /eel is requir$ 9 ord] to get ! be/ results4 ,/eel hav+ be5 dealt ) 9 ano!r *apt]1 we w pass to ! o!r metals :i* play important if n ess5tial p>ts 9 ! production ( mod]n projectiles4 ,s important are sev]al ( ^! t ! lack ( "o or two ( !m w\ld1 "u mod]n conditions1 mean c]ta9 defeat = a nation4 ,let u fir/ ( all take copp]1 ( :i* is made ! driv+ b&s ( ! %ells & :i* 9 comb9ation ) z9c =ms brass ( :i* noses & o!r important p>ts are made4 ,its ore is f\nd 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 notably 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ,*ile & ,spa94 ,! ores are ( sev]al k9ds1 ! simpl] ones to deal ) be+ oxides & c>bonates ( copp]1 mean+ comp\nds ( copp] ) oxyg5 & ) oxyg5 & c>bon respectively4 ,x w be rememb]$ t ores ( iron are usually ( ! same nature1 namely1 oxides & c>bonates1 & consequ5tly we f9d t ! me?od ( obta9+ copp] f ^! ores resembles ! me?ods employ$ to obta9 iron f its ores4 ,! ore is ?r[n into a l>ge furnace1 l ! bla/ furnaces ( ! ironworks1 & 9 ! heat ( ! fire ! bonds betwe5 copp] & oxyg5 are loos5$ & ! sup]ior attractions ( ! c>bon 9 ! fuel entice ! oxyg5 away1 leav+ ! metal comp>atively pure4 ,un=tunately1 h[ev]1 copp] is f\nd mo/ pl5tifully 9 comb9ation ) sulphur ) :i* x =ms :at is t]m$ sulphide4 ,?is copp] sulphide is call$ by m9]s copp] pyrites4 ,ano!r tr\ble is t mix$ ) ! copp] pyrites !re is usually m or less ( iron pyrites1 or sulphate ( iron1 s t to obta9 ! copp] n only has ! sulphur to be got rid ( b also ! iron4 ,?is complicates ! op]ations v mu*1 ! ore hav+ to be subject$ to repeat$ roa/+s & melt+s dur+ :i* ! sulphur passes (f 9 ! =m ( sulphur dioxide 7a mat]ial f :i* sulphuric acid c be obta9$71 leav+ oxyg5 9 its place4 ,?us ! copp] sulphide becomes copp] oxide1 aft] :i* ! oxyg5 is c>ri$ away by c>bon1 leav+ ! relatively pure metal4 ,moreov]1 at ea* op]ation v>i\s sub/ances are ?r[n into ! furnace call$ fluxes1 :i* d n m+le ) ! metal b float on ! top 9 ! =m ( slag1 & into ! slag ! iron passes1 s t f9ally ! copp] is obta9$ alone4 ,z9c is ano!r important mat]ial = %ell-mak+4 ,its ores us$ to be f\nd 9 great pl5ty 9 ,silesia1 b ! *ief s\rce ( supply is n[ ,au/ralia4 ,x is :at is call$ z9c bl5de1 & consi/s ( z9c sulphide1 or z9c & sulphur 9 comb9ation4 ,9 all ^! names1 x may be int]e/+ to m5tion1 at ?is po9t1 ! t]m9ation ide indicates a comp\nd ( two sub/ances1 s t we c safely conclude t ! ides consi/ ( ! two elem5ts nam$ 9 _! titles & no o!rs4 ,?us z9c sulphide is z9c & sulphur & no?+ else1 iron sulphide is iron & sulphur1 copp] oxide is copp] & oxyg51 & s on4 ,! bl5de is fir/ roa/$ 9 huge furnaces specially built = ! purpose4 ,to ensure its be+ ?or\ghly treat$ x has to be rabbl$ or turn$ ov] & ov]1 s9ce o!rwise all ( x might n be br\ght into contact ) ! necess>y oxyg54 ,at "o "t done by m5 ) rakes1 x is n[ g5]ally accompli%$ by me*anical means4 ,a description ( "o su* furnace w be ( int]e/4 ,x consi/s ( a long rectangul> build+ ( brickwork b\nd toge!r ) /eel framework4 ,inside x is divid$ up into l[ *amb]s1 ! ro( ( ea* =m+ ! floor ( ! "o above4 ,at int]vals along its l5g? mighty %afts ( iron pass up f und]nea? "r ?r\gh all ! floors1 em]g+ f9ally above ! topmo/1 :ile along und]nea? ! furnace !re runs a %aft ! action ( :i* turns ! v]tical %afts sl[ly r\nd & r\nd4 ,atta*$ to ! v]tical %afts are long /rong arms ( iron1 "o arm to ea* floor1 & ^u ! arms are plac$ rabbles1 z !y are t]m$1 pieces ( iron %od sometimes ) fireclay1 resembl+ mo/ ( any famili> objects a small pl\gh%>e4 ,z ! arms sl[ly revolve1 at ! rate ( once or twice p] m9ute1 ! arms are c>ri$ r\nd & r\nd & ! rabbles pl\gh up & turn ov] & ov] ! lay] ( ore ly+ ^u ! floor4 ,!re are arms on ! top ( ! furnace1 too1 sometimes1 :]e ! ore is fir/ laid s t x may be dri$ by ! heat escap+ f ! furnace b5ea?1 an int]e/+ example ( economy effect$ by utiliz+ heat :i* w\ld o!rwise be wa/$4 ,! :ole ( ! furnace1 f end to end & on e floor1 is ?us swept cont9ually by ! rotat+ arms ) _! dep5d5t rabbles1 & ! latt] are cunn+ly %ap$ s t !y n only turn ! ore ov] & ov]1 b gradually pass x along ! diff]5t floors or he>?s4 ,x is f$ automatically by a me*anical fe$] :i* pu%es x on1 a small quantity at a "t1 to ! dry+ he>? on ! top4 ,!n ! rabbles take *>ge ( x & gradually pass x f ! area swept by "o %aft to t ( ! next until x has pass$ "r along ! top & has become ?or\ghly dri$4 ,arriv$ !re x falls ?r\gh a hole on to ! topmo/ he>? or floor1 along :i* x travels by ! same means b 9 ! contr>y direction until x aga9 falls ?r\gh a hole on to ! top floor b "o4 ,& s x goes on until at la/1 fully roa/$1 x falls f ! bottom floor ( ! furnace into trucks or o!r provision = c>ry+ x away4 ,"s k9ds ( ore require to be heat$ by means ( gas :i* is g5]at$ 9 a gas-produc] ne> by4 ,9 o!rs1 h[ev]1 ! sulphur 9 ! ore acts z ! fuel1 & s ! furnace1 hav+ be5 once />t$1 c be kept up = long p]iods )\t ! exp5diture ( any coal at all4 ,v little att5tion is ne$$ by furnaces su* z ^!1 s t ) no fuel to pay = & v little lab\r1 !y are extremely economical4 ,ow+ to ! great heat1 too1 ! arms w\ld /& a v good *ance ( gett+ melt$ 7 !y n kept cool by a cont9ual /ream ( wat] fl[+ ?r\gh ! %afts & arms4 ,?is furni%es a cont9ual supply ( hot wat] :i* is sometimes us$ = o!r purposes 9 ! works4 ,! process ( roa/+1 :e!r c>ri$ on 9 furnaces su* z ^! or n1 results 9 ! =mation ( oxide in/ead ( sulphide2 9 o!r words1 ! sulphur is turn$ out & oxyg5 takes its place4 ,! dislodg$ sulphur !n jo9s up ) "s m oxyg5 & =ms sulphur dioxide1 :i* c be l$ away to ! sulphuric acid plant & !re1 by union ) wat]1 turn$ into t extremely valuable sub/ance1 sulphuric acid4 ,we _c1 h[ev]1 treat z9c oxide z we w\ld iron oxide or copp] oxide1 = z9c is volatile1 & s1 in/ead ( accumulat+ 9 ! bottom ( a bla/ furnace z ! iron & copp] d1 w\ld pass (f up ! *imney4 ,! oxide is !re=e mix$ ) coal or "s o!r =m ( c>bon & plac$ 9 retorts made ( fireclay4 ,^! retorts are fix$ 9 r[s "o above ! o!r l ! retorts at a gasworks1 & hot gases f a gas-produc] d[n bel[ pass ar\nd & among !m4 ,to ! m\? ( ea* retort is fitt$ a cond5s]1 also made ( fireclay4 ,n[ :at happ5s 9 ! retorts is ?is3 ! heat loos5s ! bonds betwe5 ! z9c & ! oxide1 ! latt] pass+ into union ) "s c>bon f ! coal4 ,! z9c at ! same "t becomes vap\r & passes into ! cond5s]1 ! l[] temp]ature ( :i* turns x into a liquid :i* ! workm5 remove at int]vals 9 ladles4 ,on be+ p\r$ into m\lds & all[$ to solidify ?is metal is call$ by ! "n ( spelt]1 :i* be>s to z9c ! same relation t pig-iron does to ! m highly develop$ =ms ( iron4 ,spelt] is simply z9c 9 its crude/ =m4 ,t91 al?\gh less important 9 w> ?an copp] & z9c1 plays a n unimportant "p4 ,x has be5 f\nd = c5turies 9 ,cornwall4 ,! ,romans us$ to trade ) ! natives ( ,brita9 = t94 ,al?\gh consid]able quantities ( x is /ill obta9$ f !re1 ! greate/ t9-produc+ c\ntry ( all at pres5t is ! ,f$]at$ ,malay ,/ates4 ,au/ralia also furni%es ore1 z does ,bolivia & ,nig]ia4 ,9 ,cornwall ! ore occurs z rock 9 ve9s or lodes fill+ up :at mu/ once h be5 fissures 9 granite rocks4 ,t ne> ! surface has long be5 tak51 s t to-day ! m9es are v deep & co/ly to "w4 ,"s c only af=d to op]ate :5 ! m>ket price ( t9 is above a c]ta9 limit4 ,mu* ( ! ore f ! new] di/ricts--! ,malay ,/ates1 = example--is 9 small fragm5ts mix$ ) gravel 9 b$s ne> ! surface4 ,su* is call$ alluvial or /ream t91 s9ce ! deposits 7 und\bt$ly put 9 _! pres5t position by /reams or riv]s4 ,s long z !y la/ ^! easily accessible alluvial deposits w always be *eap] to "w ?an ! deep m9es4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !y may give out1 & rec5t explorations und]gr\nd seem to indicate t !re is /ill mu* valuable ore n only ( t9 b ( o!r metals too1 to be obta9$ f ! old m9es ( ,cornwall4 ,! ore ( t91 l s _m o!r ores1 is g5]ally oxide4 ,x is fir/ roa/$ to expel sulphur & ars5ic :i* are (t5 pres5t z impurities1 & !n x is melt$ 9 a rev]b]atory furnace su* z t describ$ = ! manufacture ( wr\ght iron4 ,z usual1 ! oxyg5 comb9es ) c>bon1 ! impurities =m slag :i* floats on ! top1 & ! pure metal falls to ! bottom ( ! furnace f :5ce x c be drawn (f4 ,mix$ ) or 9 ! neighb\rhood ( t9 ore !re is sometimes f\nd ano!r m9]al call$ wolfram1 :i* plays an extremely important "p 9 mod]n w>f>e1 s mu* s t ! ,briti% & o!r ,gov]nm5ts engag$ 9 ! w> 7 at times h>d put to x to f9d en\gh4 ,its value resides 9 ! fact t x conta9s tung/51 an elem5t :i* has wond]ful p[]s 9 h>d5+ /eel4 ,x consi/s ( tung/5 & oxyg51 b is n an oxide s9ce !re is also iron 9 ! p>tn]%ip4 ,?is fact is v useful1 h[ev]1 s9ce x enables ! p>ticles ( wolfram to be pick$ out f ! mass ( o!r /uff among :i* !y are f\nd by a magnet4 ,!re are "s v wond]ful ma*9es call$ magnetic sep>ators1 made = ?is express purpose4 ,9 "o1 ) :i* ,i am famili>1 !re is an endless b& /ret*$ horizontally ^u two roll]s4 ,"o ( ! roll]s be+ driv5 r\nd ! belt travels along s t ! m9]al be+ f$ on to x 9 a /ream is c>ri$ along "u sev]al magnets4 ,^! magnets are v diff]5t f ! ord9>y magnet1 inasmu* z !y are revolv+4 ,we might almo/ describe !m z small magnetiz$ fly:eels4 ,z !y sp9 r\nd !y pick up slightly ! p>ticles ( ore :i* conta9 iron1 b h no effect at all ^u ^? :i* d n conta9 iron4 ,!y d n actually lift ! p>ticles up on to !mselves3 !y j ex]cise a slight pull ^u !m1 & by virtue ( ! fact t !y are revolv+1 pull !m (f ! b& & ?r[ !m to "o side4 ,! :eels c be set clos] or f>!r f ! belt at w s z to make !m act m or less /rongly1 & ?us ! mo/ magnetic p>ticles c be sep>at$ f ^? less magnetic1 ^! latt] be+ /ill kept sep>ate f ! :olly non-magnetic p>ticles4 ,?us by simple & purely me*anical means are ! preci\s bits ( wolfram obta9$ f ! o!r less valuable or wor?less m9]als ) :i* !y are mix$4 ,! same me?od is us$ ) o!r m9]als besides wolfram3 x c be appli$ to all ^? :i* exhibit 9 "s small degree ! magnetic prop]ties :i* we usually associate ) iron4 ,?is sort+ out ( "o m9]al f o!rs cont9ually crops up 9 connection ) ne>ly all ! metals except iron4 ,iron is practically ! only "o ^: ore occurs 9 va/ masses :i* ne$ simply to be dug up & ?r[n into ! furnace4 ,! o!rs1 :]e !y occur z rock 9 ve9s1 h to be cru%$ to deta* :at is want$ f :at is n want$1 & !n ! two h to be sort$ 9 "s way4 ,magnetic sep>ation is b "o ( ^! ways4 ,ano!r takes advantage ( ! fact t we seldom f9d two ?+s toge!r :i* h precisely ! same specific gravity4 ,consequ5tly1 if we ?r[ ! mixture on to a %ak+ table ! heavi] p>ticles w behave diff]5tly f ! light] ones & ! two w sep>ate4 ,! same result c be obta9$ by ?r[+ ! mixture into a /ream ( wat]1 ! wat] act+ diff]5tly ^u ! light] & ^u ! heavi] p>ticles4 ,ano!r way :i* may be m5tion$ is f\nd$ ^u ! fact t "s ?+s c be readily wett$ ) oil :ile o!rs ?r[ ! oil (f & refuse to be wett$ by x4 ,if a mixture ( ^! two sorts ( ?+ be /irr$ viol5tly 9 a suitable oily liquid ! =m] w be f\nd ev5tually 9 ! fro?1 :ile ! latt] w s9k to ! bottom4 ,all ^! diff]5t me?ods are employ$1 z !y are f\nd necess>y 9 prep>+ ! ores ( ! v>i\s metals to :i* we h be5 ref]r+4 ,except 9 ! case ( alluvial ores :i* h be5 brok5 already by ! action ( anci5t /reams ( wat]1 ne>ly all ores 7except iron7 h to be cru%$ be=e ! ores c be sep>at$ out4 ,"s ( ?is "w is done by ! v simple/ contrivances1 %[+ h[ 9 "s cases inv5tion has almo/ come to a /op ?r\gh ! ma*9es hav+ be5 r$uc$ to _! simple/ =m4 ,a notable in/ance ( ?is is ! /amp mill1 9 :i* heavy timb]s are lift$ up by ma*9]y & !n all[$ to slide d[n ^u ! ore1 j l gigantic pe/les4 ,m elaborate gr9d+ ma*9es are sometimes us$1 h[ev]1 b x is impossible to m5tion !m all "h4 ,! action ( sort+ out ! fragm5ts ( ore f ! miscellane\s assortm5t ( cru%$ rocks is t]m$ conc5trat+1 & ! sort$ ores are call$ conc5trates4 ,ano!r metal :i* has prov$ itself ( imm5se importance 9 w> is alum9ium1 & x fitt+ly comes at ! close ( ! li/ s9ce x is dealt ) 9 a mann] peculi> to itself4 ,practically all ! o!rs are obta9$ f _! ores by means ( heat & heat alone4 ,alum9ium is obta9$ by electricity act+ 9 ! process call$ electrolysis4 ,x is surpris+ to le>n t alum9ium is "o ( ! v commone/ ?+s on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,clay & _m common rocks are v l>gely made ( x4 ,clay1 to be precise1 is a silicate ( alum9a1 a t]m :i* is int]e/+ :5 x is expla9$4 ,silica is ! "n giv5 to oxide ( silicon4 ,s& is mo/ly silica4 ,alum9a1 too1 is oxide ( alum9ium4 ,silicate ( alum9a is a comb9ation ( ! two4 ,any clay1 !re=e1 c\ld be us$ z an ore f :i* to obta9 alum9ium1 b ( c\rse !re are c]ta9 m9]als specially suitable = ! purpose1 s9ce 9 !m ! metal is pl5tiful & easily extract$4 ,9 ano!r *apt] ref]5ce is made to ! production ( cau/ic soda f a solution ( common salt by electrolysis4 ,! same pr9ciple1 precisely1 is us$ to obta9 ! metal alum9ium f its ore1 :i* is g5]ally an oxide4 ,common salt1 let me rem9d y1 is sodium & *lor9e comb9$4 ,:5 y dissolve x 9 wat] x becomes ioniz$1 :i* means t ea* molecule ( salt splits up into two ions "o ( :i* is electrically positive & ! o!r electrically negative4 ,!n1 :5 we introduce two electrodes into ! solution & connect !m to a batt]y or dynamo1 all ! positive ions g to "o electrode & all ! negative ions to ! o!r4 ,we _c dissolve alum9ium ore 9 wat]1 b we c 9 a ba? ( molt5 cryolite1 & = "s reason or o!r1 :e!r because ( ! heat or n we _c say1 ! ore becomes ioniz$1 ! alum9ium atoms be+ "o sort & ! oxyg5 atoms ! o!r sort4 ,^! ions !n sort !mselves out1 ! oxyg5 ions be+ tak5 into comb9ation ) ! c>bon rod :i* =ms ! positive electrode1 :ile ! metal ions collect ^u ! negative electrode4 ,s9ce ?is latt] is a slab ( c>bon :i* =ms ! bottom ( ! vessel 9 :i* ! process is c>ri$ on1 ! result is t pure alum9ium gradually accumulates 9 ! bottom ( ! vessel & c be drawn (f f "t to "t4 ,alum9ium is always produc$ 9 places :]e electric p[] c be obta9$ *eaply1 su* z ne> wat]falls4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,measur+ ,,! ,,velocity ,,( ,a ,,%ell ,9 at lea/ two ( ! prec$+ *apt]s ( ?is book ref]5ce has be5 made to ! spe$ at :i* a %ell fir$ f a gun travels ?r\gh ! air4 ,su* velocities z #c1jjj feet p] second h be5 m5tion$ 9 ?is connection1 & "s read]s are sure to h wond]$ h[ su* measurem5ts c\ld possibly be made4 ,possibly "s sceptics h ev5 suppos$ t !y 7 n measur$ at all b simply e/imat$ 9 "s way or o!r4 ,!y are actually measur$1 h[ev]1 & by v simple & +5i\s means4 ,ne$less to say1 electricity plays a v important "p 9 ?is wond]ful a*ievem5t4 ,9 fact1 )\t ! aid ( electricity x is difficult to see h[ x c\ld be done at all4 ,p (t5 ask h[ quickly electricity travels1 z if :5 we s5t a telegraph signal along a wire a little bullet1 s to speak1 ( electricity 7 %ot along ! wire l ! c>ri]s ( ! pneumatic tubes 9 ! big drap]s' %ops4 ,t is q a misconception1 = 9 reality ! circuit ( wire is m l a pipe full ( electricity1 & :5 we set a curr5t fl[+ :at we d is to set ! :ole ( t electricity mov+ at once4 ,if we ?9k ( a circul> tube full ( wat] ) a pump at "o spot 9 ! circuit1 we see t z soon z ! wat] beg9s to move any:]e x moves ev]y:]e4 ,moreov]1 if x /ops at "o po9t x /ops simultane\sly at e o!r po9t4 ,:ile practically ?is is ! case x is !oretically n q s1 = ! in]tia ( ! wat] :5 x is sudd5ly />t$ or /opp$ no d\bt causes a slight di/ortion ( ! tube itself result+ 9 a v slight 7q imp]ceptible7 ret>dation ( ! movem5t ( ! wat]4 ,electricity also has a prop]ty comp>able to ! in]tia :i* we are famili> ) 9 ! objects ar\nd u1 & !re is also a prop]ty 9 e conductor :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t resembles ! ela/icity ( ! wat]-pipe1 :]eby x may = a mom5t be bulg$ out4 ,9 a %ort wire1 h[ev] 7up to a mile or s71 p>ticul>ly if ! fl[ & return p>ts ( ! circuit be twi/$ toge!r1 ?is electrical in]tia practically vani%es & consequ5tly we may say t = all practical purposes ! curr5t />ts or /ops1 z ! case may be1 at precisely ! same mom5t 9 e "p ( ! circuit4 ,t fact is ( great value :51 z 9 ! case we are n[ discuss+1 we want to comp>e v exactly two ev5ts occurr+ v ne> toge!r z to "t b f> ap>t z to place4 ,illu/ration3 ,,bomb-,,?r[]s ,,at ,,"w4 ,_m k9ds ( bombs are us$4 ,"o has a metal head & a h&le ab\t a foot long1 ) a /ream] to ensure correct flight2 ano!r =m resembles a bru% :5 x is fly+ ?r\gh ! air2 & a ?ird1 kn[n z ! egg1 is oval 9 =m4 ,we ne$ to comp>e ! "t :5 ! %ell leaves ! gun ) ! "t :5 x passes ano!r po9t1 say1 "o hundr$ y>ds away1 & !n aga9 ano!r po9t1 say "o hundr$ y>ds fur!r on /ill4 ,suppos+1 !n1 a velocity ( #c1jjj feet p] second1 ! "t int]val betwe5 ! fir/ po9t & ! second & betwe5 ! second & ?ird w be some:]e ab\t a t5? ( a second4 ,s we %all ne$ a timepiece ( "s sort :i* w n only measure a t5? ( a second1 b w measure = u a v small diff]5ce betwe5 two p]iods1 ea* ( :i* is only ab\t a t5? ( a second & :i* w be v ne>ly alike4 ,t repres5ts a degree ( accuracy exce$+ ev5 :at ! a/ronom]s1 ^? pr9ces ( measur]s1 are accu/om$ to4 ,?is exce$+ly delicate timepiece is f\nd 9 a fall+ weight4 ,s long z ! ?+ is s heavy t ! air resi/ance is negligible1 we c calculate ) ! greate/ nicety h[ long a weight has tak5 to fall ?r\gh a giv5 di/ance4 ,ne> ! muzzle ( ! gun !re is set up a frame ^u :i* are /ret*$ a numb] ( wires s close toge!r t a %ell _c get pa/ )\t break+ at lea/ "o ( !m4 ,^! wires are connect$ toge!r s z to =m "o1 & ?r\gh !m !re fl[s a curr5t ( electricity ! action ( :i*1 ?r\gh an electro-magnet 9 ! in/rum5t h\se1 holds up a long lead weight4 ,at "s di/ance away1 say "o hundr$ y>ds1 !re is a simil> frame also electrically connect$ to an electro-magnet 9 ! same in/rum5t h\se4 ,?is second magnet1 :5 en]giz$ by curr5t f ! frame1 holds back a %>p po9t :i*1 "u ! action ( a spr+1 t5ds to press =w>d & scrat* ! lead weight4 ,! ?ird frame is likewise connect$ to a ?ird magnet controll+ a po9t simil> to ! o!r4 ,to comm5ce )1 curr5t fl[s ?r\gh all ?ree frames s t all ?ree magnets are en]giz$4 ,! gun is !n fir$ & imm$iately ! %ell breaks a wire 9 ! fir/ frame1 cutt+ (f ! curr5t f ! fir/ magnet & all[+ ! weight to fall4 ,mean:ile1 ! %ell rea*es ! second frame1 break+ a wire !re1 ) ! result t ! second magnet loses its p[]1 lets g ! po9t :i* x has be5 hold+ back & p]mits x to make a light scrat* ^u ! fall+ weight4 ,?is action is foll[$ almo/ imm$iately by a simil> action on ! "p ( ! ?ird magnet1 result+ 9 a second scrat* on ! lead weight4 ,! position ( ^! two scrat*es on ! weight & _! di/ance ap>t gives a v accurate indication ( ! "t tak5 by ! %ell to pass f ! fir/ scre5 to ! second & f ! second to ! ?ird4 ,f ^? times x is possible to calculate ! initial velocity ( ! %ell & ! spe$ at :i* x w move 9 any "p ( its c\rse4 ,inde$1 ) ^? two times z data1 x is possible to "w out all t x is necess>y to "k ab\t ! behavi\r ( ! %ell4 ,?is is r5d]$ practicable by ! fact t ! mom5t ! wire is cut ! magnet lets g1 no matt] :at ! di/ance ( ! scre5 f ! in/rum5t may be4 ,b = ! in/antane\s action ( ! curr5t1 all[ance ( "s sort w\ld h to be made = ! fact t "o scre5 is f>!r ?an ano!r & ! :ole problem w\ld be made mu* m complicat$4 ,ev5 z x is1 someone may urge t ! magnets !mselves possess in]tia & w n let g q in/antane\sly1 b t c be ov]come by mak+ ! magnets all alike s t ! in]tia w affect all equally4 ,x is only necess>y to h a swit* :i* w break all ! ?ree circuits at ! same mom5t 7q an easy ?+ to arrange7 & !n adju/ all ?ree magnets s t :5 ?is is op]at$ !y act simultane\sly4 ,aft] t !y c be reli$ ^u to d _! duty q accurately4 ,?us by a me?od :i* 9 its details is q simple is ?is seem+ly impossible measurem5t tak54 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,"s ,,adjuncts ,,9 ,,! ,,eng9e ,,room ,be=e we deal ) ! subject ( ! eng9es employ$ 9 w>f>e1 x may be int]e/+ to m5tion two beautiful little inv5tions :i* h be5 made 9 connection ) !m4 ,let u take fir/ ( all a contrivance :i* tells almo/ at a glance ! am\nt ( "w :i* ! eng9es ( a %ip are do+4 ,z ev]yone kn[s1 !re is 9 e %ip 7except ^? few :i* are propell$ by paddles7 a long /eel %aft1 call$ ! tail-%aft1 :i* runs f ! eng9e situat$ some:]e ne> amid%ips to ! propell] at ! /]n4 ,_m %ips1 ( c\rse1 h sev]al propell]s1 & !n !re are sev]al %afts4 ,n[ ea* ( ^! %afts is a ?ick /rong /eel rod support$ at int]vals 9 be>+s4 ,if anyone 7 told t1 9 work+1 t %aft became m or less twi/$1 he w\ld be tempt$ to ?9k he 0 be+ made fun (4 ,yet su* is lit]ally ! case4 ,! ?ick /rong massive b> becomes actually twi/$ by ! turn+ action ( ! eng9e at "o end & ! resi/ance ( ! propell] at ! o!r4 ,& ! am\nt ( t twi/+ is a measure ( ! "w :i* ! eng9e is do+4 ,! puzzle is h[ to measure x :ile ! eng9e is runn+1 = ( c\rse ! twi/ comes out ( x z soon z ! eng9e /ops4 ,a space on ! %aft is select$1 betwe5 two be>+s1 = ! fix+ ( ! app>atus4 ,ne> to ea* be>+ !re is fitt$ on to ! %aft a metal disc ) a small hole 9 x4 ,on "o ( ! be>+s is fix$ a lamp & on ! o!r a telescope4 ,:5 ! eng9e is at re/ & !re is no twi/ 9 ! %aft1 all ^! f\r ?+s--! lamp1 ! two holes1 & ! telescope--are 9 l9e4 ,consequ5tly1 on look+ ?r\gh ! telescope ! light is visible4 ,b :5 ! eng9e is at "w & ! %aft is m or less twi/$ "o ( ! holes gets out ( l9e & x becomes impossible to see ! light ?r\gh ! telescope4 ,a slight adju/m5t ( ! telescope1 h[ev]1 br+s all f\r into l9e aga91 :i* adju/m5t c be easily made by a screw motion provid$ = ! purpose4 ,& ! am\nt ( adju/m5t t is f\nd necess>y =ms a measure ( ! am\nt ( ! twi/+ :i* ! %aft suff]s & t aga9 tells ! numb] ( horse-p[] :i* ! eng9e is putt+ into its "w4 ,b x is also necess>y to "k h[ fa/ ! eng9e is work+4 ,!re are _m devices :i* w tell ?is1 ( :i* ! spe$omet] on a motor-c> is a famili> example4 ,mo/ ( ^? "w on ! c5trifugal pr9ciple1 ! in/rum5t actually measur+ n ! spe$ b ! c5trifugal =ce result+ f ! spe$1 :i* am\nts to ! same ?+4 ,!re is "o in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 :i* op]ates on q a diff]5t pr9ciple1 because ( :i* x is specially int]e/+4 ,x consi/s ( a nice-look+ wood5 box ) a glass front4 ,?r\gh ! glass "o sees a r[ ( little :ite knobs4 ,if ?is be plac$ some:]e ne> ! eng9e :ile x is at "w imm$iately "o ( ! knobs comm5ces to move rapidly up & d[n1 s t x looks no long] l a knob b is elongat$ into a :ite b&4 ,!re is no visible connection betwe5 ! in/rum5t & ! eng9e1 yet ! numb] ov] t p>ticul> knob :i* becomes ?us agitat$ indicates ! spe$ ( ! eng9e4 ,let u 9 imag9ation op5 ! case & we %all f9d t ! knobs are atta*$ to ! ends ( a numb] ( light /eel spr+s set 9 a r[4 ,! spr+s are all precisely alike except = _! l5g?1 9 :i* respect no two are alike4 ,inde$1 z y proce$ f "o side ( ! in/rum5t to ! o!r ea* succe$+ "o is a little long] ?an ! previ\s "o4 ,n[ a spr+ has a c]ta9 spe$ at :i* x naturally vibrates & o!r ?+s be+ equal t spe$ dep5ds ^u its l5g?4 ,y c1 ( c\rse1 =ce any spr+ to vibrate at any spe$ if y c>e to take ! tr\ble1 b ea* "o has its own natural spe$ at :i* x w vibrate "u v slight provocation4 ,e eng9e is1 ( c\rse1 made to run z smoo?ly z possible4 ,all revolv+ or reciprocat+ p>ts are = ?is reason c>efully balanc$ & 9 turb9es ! :ole mov+ "p1 s9ce x is r\nd & symmetrical1 naturally approa*es a condition ( p]fect balance4 ,h5ce e eng9e ought to run p]fectly smoo?ly4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 h[ev]1 no eng9e ev] does4 ,!re are c]ta9 limitations to man's skill & at ! high spe$ ( a fa/-runn+ eng9e1 su* z is to be f\nd on a de/roy]1 = example1 "s little irregul>ity is sure to make itself felt by a slight vibration 9 ! floor4 ,x may be h>dly p]ceptible to ! s5ses1 b to a spr+ ^: natural frequ5cy happ5s to be j t same spe$ or ne>ly s1 x w be v app>5t & 9 a few seconds t spr+ w be respond+ q vigor\sly4 ,x is ano!r example ( ! pr9ciple ( resonance1 :i* is employ$ s f9ely 9 mak+ wireless telegraph app>atus selective4 ,e wireless app>atus is made to h a c]ta9 natural frequ5cy ( its own & x !re=e picks up readily ^? signals :i* proce$ f ano!r /ation hav+ ! same frequ5cy :ile ignor+ ^? f o!rs4 ,9 j ! same way a re$ or spr+ 9 ?is spe$-indicator picks up & responds to impulses d]iv$ f ! eng9e only :5 !y are ( a frequ5cy correspond+ ) its own natural frequ5cy4 ,h5ce1 "o spr+ out ( ! :ole range responds to ! vibrations ( ! eng9e :ile ! o!rs rema9 almo/ if n entirely unaffect$4 ,9 ano!r =m1 ! spr+s are actuat$ electrically4 ,a magnet1 or a s]ies ( magnets1 is arrang$ s t z ! eng9e turns ! magnets pass successively ne> to a coil ( wire1 !reby induc+ curr5ts 9 t wire4 ,!y =m1 9 fact1 a small dynamo or g5]ator1 g5]at+ "o impulse p] revolution or two or ?ree or :atev] numb] may be mo/ conv5i5t4 ,!n ! curr5t f ?is is l$ r\nd ! coil ( a long electro-magnet plac$ j "u ! free ends ( all ! spr+s4 ,! magnet !re=e gives a s]ies ( pulls1 at regul> int]vals1 & ! rapidity ( ^? pulls w dep5d ^u ! spe$ ( ! eng9e1 :ile ! frequ5cy ( !m w be regi/]$ by ! movem5t ( "o or o!r ( ! spr+s4 ,?is in/rum5t c also be employ$ to det]m9e ! spe$ ( a]oplane motors &1 9 fact1 any k9d ( eng9e1 especially ^? ^: spe$ is v high4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,eng9es ,,( ,,w> ,! phrase :i* ,i h us$ = ! title ( ?is *apt] is (t5 giv5 a v wide mean+ :i* includes all k9ds & v>ieties ( devices us$ 9 w>f>e4 ,9 ?is case ,i am giv+ x its n>r[] s5se1 tak+ x to indicate ! /eam-eng9es & oil-eng9es :i* are employ$ to drive our battle%ips1 cruis]s & de/roy]s1 our subm>9es & our aircraft4 ,!y are inv5tions ( ! highe/ importance1 :i* h play$ a l>ge "p 9 %ap+ mod]n w>f>e4 ,! type ( eng9e almo/ inv>iably us$ on %ips ( w> o!r ?an subm>9es is ! /eam turb9e4 ,great ,brita91 = ! mo/ "p1 uses t p>ticul> k9d associat$ ) ! "n ( ! ,hon4 ,sir ,c4 ,a4 ,p>sons1 :ile ! ,unit$ ,/ates r fav\r ! ,curtiss ma*9e4 ,o!r nations h adopt$ ei!r "o ( ^! or else some?+ v simil>4 ,all turb9es are v simple 9 _! pr9ciple1 f> m s t ! old] type ( /eam-eng9e1 call$1 because ! ess5tial p>ts ( x move to & fro1 ! reciprocat+ /eam-eng9e4 ,9 ^! latt] ma*9es !re are a numb] ( cyl9d]s ) clos$ ends & ) v smoo? int]iors1 9 ea* ( :i* slides a disc-l object call$ a pi/on4 ,! /eam ent]s a cyl9d] fir/ at "o end & !n at ! o!r1 ?us pu%+ ! pi/on to & fro4 ,! movem5t ( ! pi/on is communicat$ to ! outside by means ( a rod :i* passes ?r\gh a hole 9 ! cov] at "o end ( ! cyl9d]1 ! to & fro motion be+ conv]t$ into a r\nd & r\nd motion by a connect+-rod & crank j z ! up & d[n motion ( a cycli/'s knees is conv]t$ into a r\nd & r\nd motion by ! l[] leg & ! crank4 ,! l[] "p ( a cycli/'s leg is1 inde$1 a v accurate illu/ration ( :at ! connect+-rod ( a /eam-eng9e is4 ,z is evid5t to ! ha/ie/ obs]v]1 "s arrangem5t has to be made :]eby ! /eam %all be l$ fir/ into "o end & !n into ! o!r end ( ! cyl9d]3 also t provision %all be made = lett+ ! /eam out aga9 :5 x has done its "w4 ,moreov]1 su* arrangem5ts mu/ be automatic4 ,h5ce1 e reciprocat+ eng9e has special valves = ?is purpose & su* valves ne$ rods & cranks 7or some?+ equival5t7 to op]ate !m4 ,fur!r1 to get ! be/ results ! /eam mu/ n simply be pass$ ?r\gh "o cyl9d] b ?r\gh sev]al 9 succession4 ,eng9es :]e ! /eam goes ?r\gh only "o cyl9d] are call$ simple1 :]e x goes ?r\gh two !y are comp\nd1 :]e ?ree triple-expansion1 :]e f\r quadruple-expansion4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ea* cyl9d] has its own connect+-rod & crank1 also its own set ( rods1 etc41 = work+ its valves4 ,h5ce1 a high-class m>9e reciprocat+ eng9e is ( necessity a complicat$ mass ( cyl9d]s1 rods1 cranks & o!r mov+ p>ts cont9ually sw++ r\nd or to & fro at consid]able spe$s1 all ne$+ oil+ & att5tion & all liable at times to give tr\ble4 ,& n[ comp>e t ) ! turb9e1 :i* has ,,two p>ts1 only "o ( :i* moves4 ,t "p1 moreov]1 is tightly %ut up inside ! o!r "o1 be+ !reby protect$ f any *ance ( damage f outside & likewise r5d]$ unable to inflict any damage ^u ^? 9 att5dance ^u x4 ,at fir/ sight x seems v /range t ! turb9e %\ld be ! new] ( ! two1 = x is simply an improv$ =m ( ! old "t-hon\r$ picturesque w9dmill :i* us$ to top e hill & gr9d ! corn = e village & hamlet4 ,! old w9dmill _h f\r sails aga9/ :i* ! w9d blew1 driv+ ! :ole f\r r\nd z ev]yone kn[s4 ,! new turb9e has a great _m sails1 only we n[ call !m blades1 & ! /eam bl[s !m r\nd4 ,! old w9dmill _h to h ano!r small] set ( sails at ! back = ! purpose ( keep+ ! ma9 sails always 9 t position 9 :i* !y w\ld cat* ! full =ce ( ! breeze4 ,9 ! turb9e we ne$ n d t1 = we %ut ! w9dmill up 9 a k9d ( tunnel & cause ! /eam to bl[ 9 at "o end & out at ! o!r4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( turb9e lies simply 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ! /eam is guid$ 9 its passage ?r\gh ! ma*9e4 ,aft] t g5]al description we c take a m detail$ view ( ! ,p>sons turb9e4 ,! cas+ or fix$ "p is a huge iron box suitably %ap$ = /&+ firmly & rigidly ^u ! floor ( ! eng9e-room4 ,x is made 9 two halves1 ! upp] ( :i* c be easily lift$ (f :5 necess>y4 ,(t51 inde$1 ?is upp] half is h+$ to ! l[]1 s t x c be op5$ l ! lid ( a box4 ,inside1 ! cas+ is cyl9drical1 comp>atively small at "o end b increas+ by /eps till x is v mu* l>g] at ! o!r end4 ,at ea* end is a be>+ or support 9 :i* ! rotor or mov+ "p is held & 9 :i* x c turn freely4 ,! rotor or "p :i* rotates is a /rong /eel =g+ %ap$ some:at to foll[ ! l9es ( ! inside ( ! cas+4 ,x does n entirely fill ! cas+ b leaves a space all r\nd & all ! way along1 :i* space is int5d$ to accommodate ! blades4 ,! ends ( ! rotor are small] ?an ! body s9ce !y are int5d$ to fit into ! be>+s1 & "o ( ! ends is prolong$ s z to be available = c\pl+ to ! propell]-%aft ( ! %ip4 ,at "o end ( ! cas+1 ! small] "o1 is ! /eam inlet & ! /eam aft] em]g+ f x passes along till x f9ds its way out at a v l>ge outlet =m$ at ! bigg] end4 ,on its way x has to pass ?\s&s ( small blades s t ! progress ( ea* individual p>ticle ( /eam is n a /raight l9e b a cont9ual zigzag4 ,!re are r+s ( blades r\nd ! rotor1 tightly fix$ to its surface4 ,!re are likewise r+s ( blades affix$ to ! inn] surface ( ! cas+1 ! r+s ^u ! cas+ com+ 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! r+s on ! rotor4 ,let u imag9e t we c see ?r\gh ! cas+ ( a turb9e at "w & t look+ d[n ^u x f above we c trace ! progress ( a p>ticle ( /eam4 ,x ru%es 9 f ! inlet & at once makes /raight = ! outlet at ! fur!r end4 ,sudd5ly1 h[ev]1 x enc\nt]s "o ( ! guide blades 7^? on ! case7 & by x is deflect$ to "o side1 we w suppose ! left4 ,t causes x to ru% /raight at "o ( ! blades ^u ! rotor aga9/ :i* x /rikes viol5tly1 giv+ t blade a di/9ct & def9ite pu% to ! left4 ,reb\nd+1 x !n comes back t[>ds ! "r b quickly is caught by ano!r guide blade & by x hurl$ back ^u a second rotor blade1 giv+ x a leftw>d pu% j z x did to ! fir/4 ,?us x goes zigzagg+ f "o set ( blades to ! o!r until1 tir$ out1 s to speak1 x f9ally fl[s away =celess & feeble ?r\gh ! outlet1 hav+ giv5 up all its en]gy to ! blades ( ! rotor aga9/ :i* x has /ruck 9 its c\rse4 ,t1 !n1 is ! j\rney ( "o s+le p>ticle4 ,multiply t by an unkn[n numb] ( millions & y h a description ( :at takes place 9 ! int]ior ( a /eam turb9e4 ,! blades are s proportion$1 s arrang$ & s plac$ t x is v difficult inde$ = a p>ticle ( /eam to creep pa/ )\t do+ its %>e ( "w4 ,practically e "o is made use ( & :ile1 ( c\rse1 ! action ( a s+le p>ticle ( /eam w\ld h b a negligible effect1 ! va/ numb] engag$ cause ! rotor to be p[]fully bl[n r\nd4 ,! reason :y ! cas+ & rotor are made l>g] & l>g] z "o proce$s f ! inlet t[>ds ! exhau/ or outlet is t ! /eam mu/1 if all its en]gy is to be extract$1 exp& z x goes & ! enl>gem5t provides room = ?is expansion4 ,"o ( ! great advantages ( ! turb9e is t ! /eam is always ent]+ at ! same end4 ,9 ! cyl9d] ( a reciprocat+ eng9e ! /eam ent]s alt]nately4 ,x comes 9 hot b z x does its "w & f9ally goes out x becomes v mu* cool]3 ! next lot ( /eam :i* ent]s1 !re=e1 is *ill$ by ! cool walls ( ! cyl9d] :i* h j be5 cool$ by ! dep>ture ( ! previ\s lot ( /eam3 s heat is wa/$4 ,wa/$ heat means fuel lo/1 & z any giv5 %ip c only c>ry a limit$ quantity ( fuel1 wa/$ heat means less range & m frequ5t returns to ! base to coal or to oil4 ,also let me rem>k aga9 ^u ! simplicity ( ! turb9e z oppos$ to ! o!r sort4 ,! latt] consi/s ( a mass ( mov+ & sway+ rods & cranks1 to "w among :i*1 z ! eng9e]s h to d1 is a t]rify+ & n]ve-rack+ exp]i5ce4 ,! turb9e1 on ! o!r h&1 has its only work+ "p enclos$4 ,x is difficult to tell1 by look+ at x1 :e!r a turb9e is at "w or n1 s sil5t & /ill is x1 s self-conta9$4 ,! reciprocat+ eng9e-room is noisy & full ( turmoil3 ! turb9e room is weirdly /ill by comp>ison4 ,on ! :ole1 too1 x makes bett] use ( ! /eam :i* x uses1 b x has "o decid$ drawback4 ,x w n rev]se1 :i* ! o!r type ( eng9e does readily4 ,?is means t two turb9es h to be c\pl$ toge!r1 "o ) ! blades s set t ! /eam drives x r\nd correctly to produce motion ahead & ! o!r set ! opposite way s t x drives ! vessel a/]n4 ,! /eam c be s5t ?r\gh ei!r turb9e at w & s motion c be obta9$ 9 ei!r direction4 ,:i*ev] turb9e is 9 use ! o!r revolves idly4 ,un=tunately x is impossible to make a turb9e to g sl[ly & yet be effici5t4 ,consequ5tly1 sl[ /eam]s _c use turb9es1 b = w>%ips1 :i* are ne>ly all fa/ boats1 x has almo/ displac$ ! old] type ( eng9e4 ,! ,curtiss turb9e is diff]5t f ! ,p>sons 9 t ! /eam enc\nt]s p]iodically1 9 its passage ?r\gh1 a p>tition p]=at$ ) funnel-%ap$ holes4 ,betwe5 ! p>titions x passes blades ^u :i* x acts j z already describ$4 ,! *ief effect ( ?is is to p]mit ! ma*9e be+ made ( a r m conv5i5t %ape & size4 ,o!r v>ieties ( turb9e are m or less comb9ations ( ! two ideas und]ly+ ^! two4 ,:5 we look at a locomotive 9 motion we always see /eam com+ out ( ! funnel1 b we nev] see t 9 ! case ( a /eam]4 ,t is because all ! en]gy ( ! /eam is tak5 & us$ 9 ! latt] case1 :ile 9 ! =m] mu* valuable en]gy goes (f up ! funnel1 mak+ a puff+ noise in/ead ( do+ useful "w4 ,on ! /eam%ip ! /eam is l$ n to ! op5 air b to a vessel call$ a cond5s] ! walls ( :i* are kept cool by a cont9ual circulation ( cold wat]4 ,! /eam on ent]+ ! cond5s] at once collapses into wat]1 leav+ a vacuum4 ,a pump call$ ! air-pump removes ! wat] 7:i* 0 once /eam7 f ! cond5s] & also any air :i* might get 91 ) ! result t ! eng9e is always dis*>g+ its /eam into a vacuum4 ,?us to ! pressure ( ! /eam is add$ ! suction ( ! vacuum4 ,9 turb9e %ips ! cool+ wat] = ! cond5s]s is circulat$ by p[]ful c5trifugal pumps driv5 by subsidi>y eng9es4 ,! /eam is obta9$ f boil]s ( t special v>iety kn[n z wat]-tube4 ,! boil]s ) :i* mo/ p are famili> are ei!r ,lanca%ire or ,corni%1 bo? sorts be+ l>ge /eel cyl9d]s ) two /eel flues 9 ! =m] & "o 9 ! latt] runn+ f back to front4 ,! fire is made 9 ! front "p ( ! flue & ! hot gases f x pass to ! back & !n along ! sides & und]nea? ?r\gh flues =m$ 9 ! brickwork 9 :i* ! boil] is set4 ,locomotive boil]s1 h[ev]1 h no flues1 b ! hot gases f ! fire 9 ! fire-box pass ?r\gh tubes :i* run f end to end ?r\gh ! cyl9drical %ell1 ea* tube />t+ f ! fire-box beh9d & t]m9at+ 9 ! smoke-box 9 front4 ,?us we h tubes ) fire inside & wat] outside3 h5ce su* boil]s are call$ fire-tube boil]s4 ,on _m %ips ( ! m]*ant type cyl9drical boil]s are us$ :i* comb9e ! features1 to "s ext5t1 ( ! ,corni% & ! fire-tube1 s9ce !re is a flue runn+ f front to back 9 :i* ! fire is made & ! hot gases return f back to front ?r\gh a numb] ( tubes :i* occupy ! space above ! fire4 ,arriv$ at ! front ! gases pass upw>ds to ! *imney4 ,wat]-tube boil]s are diff]5t f all ( ^!1 s9ce 9 !m ! wat] is inside ! tubes :ile ! fires play ar\nd ! outside4 ,?is enables /eam to be got up v quickly1 a matt] ( mu* importance = a w>%ip :i* may be call$ ^u to und]take "s op]ation at a mom5t's notice4 ,! boil]s are f$ ) wat] f ! cond5s]s1 s t ! same wat] is us$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,:5 coal is burnt x is put on ! fires by h&1 = al?\gh me*anical /ok+ is a great success on l&1 !re are special difficulties :i* prev5t its use at sea4 ,x is becom+ m & m ! fa%ion n[ to burn oil in/ead ( coal 9 sev]al types ( %ips & 9 ^? cases ! oil is bl[n 9 ! =m ( spray into ! furnace4 ,?is has _m advantages1 "s ( :i* are exemplifi$ on a small scale by ! diff]5ce betwe5 us+ a coal fire & a gas /ove4 ,l ! latt]1 ! oil spray c be quickly lit :5 ne$$ & z quickly ext+ui%$4 ,x c be regulat$ & adju/$ ) equal facility4 ,oil c be tak5 on bo>d too ?r\gh a pipe1 sil5tly & quickly & )\t ! t]rible dirt & ! exhau/+ lab\r involv$ 9 coal+ a big %ip4 ,oil1 too1 c be tak5 on bo>d at sea1 f a tank /eam]1 almo/ z easily z x c be tak5 9 a%ore1 :]eas ! difficulty ( coal+ at sea despite _m +5i\s ef=ts has nev] be5 solv$ q satisfactorily4 ,f9ally1 oil c be /[$ any:]e1 = ! /ok]s d n ne$ to dig x out ) a %ovel4 ,!re=e x c be c>ri$ 9 ^? spaces betwe5 ! inn] & out] bottoms :i* h to be !re 9 ord] to give /r5g? to ! %ip's hull b :i* w\ld be q useless = c>ry+ coal4 ,! advantages ( oil fuel1 !re=e1 are _m & no d\bt x w be us$ m & m z "t goes on4 ,= ,great ,brita91 oil fuel has ! disadvantage t x has to be import$ :]eas ! f9e/ /eam coal 9 ! _w is f\nd 9 abundance 9 ,s\? ,wales1 b ! difficulty may ev5tually be ov]come by di/ill+ f native coal an oil :i* w s]ve z well z t :i* is n[ import$4 ,s mu* = ! turb9e1 ! eng9e ( ! big %ips3 n[ = ! ,diesel oil-eng9e :i* drives ! subm>9es4 ,x belongs to t family ( eng9es call$ int]nal-combu/ion s9ce 9 !m ! fuel is burnt actually inside ! cyl9d] & n "u a sep>ate contrivance su* z a boil]4 ,!re h be5 oil-eng9es1 s call$1 = _m ye>s1 b !y 7 really gas-eng9es s9ce ! oil 0 fir/ heat$ till x turn$ into vap\r & !n t vap\r 0 us$ z a gas4 ,! ,diesel eng9e1 h[ev]1 actually burns oil 9 its liquid /ate4 ,to und]/& h[ x works let me ask y to conjure up ?is little picture be=e y\r m9d's eye4 ,a holl[ iron cyl9d] is fix$ 9 a v]tical position3 its upp] end is clos$ b its l[] end is op53 inside x is a pi/on1 free to slide up & d[n3 by means ( a connect+-rod h+$ to x & pass+ d[nw>ds ?r\gh ! op5 l[] end ! pi/on is connect$ to a crank & fly:eel4 ,at ! upp] end ( ! cyl9d] are c]ta9 op5+s :i* c be cov]$ & uncov]$ 9 succession by ! action ( suitable valves4 ,n[ let u assume t t eng9e is at "w1 ! pi/on go+ rapidly up & d[n 9 ! cyl9d]4 ,z x goes d[n x draws 9 a quantity ( air ?r\gh a valve :i* op5s to admit ! air at j ! "r mom5t4 ,! mom5t ! pi/on rev]ses its movem5t & />ts to g up aga9 t valve closes & ! air is entrapp$4 ,! pi/on cont9ues to rise1 h[ev]1 ) ! result t ! air becomes compress$ 9 ! upp] "p ( ! cyl9d]4 ,n[ x is necess>y to rem9d y at ?is po9t t compress+ air or inde$ any gas1 raises its temp]ature4 ,?is air1 !re=e1 :i* 0 drawn 9 at ! temp]ature ( ! out] atmosph]e1 by ! "t ! pi/on has rea*$ ! top ( its /roke has atta9$ a temp]ature well above ! ignition po9t ( ! oil fuel4 ,! pi/on1 hav+ arriv$ at ! top ( its /roke1 ! upp] "p ( ! cyl9d] is fill$ ) hot compress$ air3 ! next mom5t ! pi/on comm5ces its desc5t1 b at precisely t same mom5t a valve op5s & !re is project$ into ! cyl9d] a spray ( oil4 ,in/antly x bur/s into flame1 heat+ ! air /ill m1 s t z ! pi/on desc5ds ! air1 exp&+ ) ! heat1 pu%es /rongly & /eadily ^u x4 ,! am\nt ( t pu% c be v>i$ by v>y+ ! duration ( ! jet4 ,! long] ! jet is inject$ ! m heat is g5]at$ & ! m su/a9$ is ! pu%4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! jet is cut (f v quickly ! pu% is only a g5tle "o4 ,! p[] ( ! eng9e c ?us be adju/$ to suit v>y+ circum/ances by a slight v>iation 9 ! valve :i* controls ! jet4 ,! pi/on hav+ ?us be5 driv5 d[n to ! limit ( its /roke1 x comm5ces ano!r upw>d movem5t1 at :i* mom5t ano!r valve op5s & lets out ! hot wa/e gases :i* h result$ f ! burn+ ( ! oil4 ,?us ! cyl9d] is clean$ out ready = a fre% supply ( pure air to be drawn 9 on ! next ensu+ d[n/roke4 ,! eng9e ?us works ^u a s]ies or cycle ( op]ations :i* are repeat$ automatically ov] & ov] aga94 ,fir/ comes a d[n/roke1 draw+ 9 air3 !n an up/roke1 compress+ x3 !n a second d[n/roke1 dur+ :i* ! fuel burns & ! p[] is g5]at$3 &1 f9ally1 a second up/roke dur+ :i* ! wa/e products ( ! burn+ are eject$4 ,p[]1 x w be notic$1 is only develop$ 9 "o out ( ! f\r /rokes3 ! o!r movem5ts hav+1 9 s+le cyl9d] eng9es1 to be p]=m$ by ! mom5tum ( ! fly:eel4 ,9 mo/ cases1 h[ev]1 ! eng9e has sev]al cyl9d]s 9 :i* ! cycles are arrang$ to foll[ 9 succession4 ,?us1 if !re are f\r cyl9d]s1 !re is always p[] be+ develop$ by "o ( !m4 ,! valves are op]at$ automatically by ! eng9e itself j z is ! case ) /eam-eng9es4 ,! eng9e also works a small pump :i* provides ! v highly compress$ air necess>y to bl[ ! oil jet into ! cyl9d]4 ,arrangem5ts are (t5 provid$ :]eby ! eng9e :5 work+ /ores up a res]ve ( compress$ air :i* c be us$ to />t x4 ,f ! v nature ( its work+ su* an eng9e _c develop p[] until x has accompli%$ at lea/ f\r /rokes or two revolutions1 s t x _c possibly />t itself4 ,if1 h[ev]1 compress$ air be admitt$ to ! cyl9d]s to give x a vigor\s pu% or two & s get x go+1 x c !n take up its own "w & g on indef9itely4 ,9 "s cases ?is is n necess>y & t ( an eng9e 9 a subm>9e is "o ( !m4 ,9 t in/ance1 ! electric motor1 :i* drives ! boat :5 subm]g$1 c be made to give ! eng9e a />t4 ,by alt]+ ! rotation 9 :i* ! valves act ! direction c be rev]s$4 ,a v simple me*anism c be made to effect ?is *ange1 s t rev]s+ is q easy4 ,aircraft are mo/ly1 if n entirely1 driv5 by petrol eng9es1 "s ( :i* are v little diff]5t f ^? ( a motor-c> or motor-cycle4 ,^! motor-c> eng9es are s well kn[n t little ne$ be said ab\t !m4 ,x may be well to expla91 h[ev]1 t !y1 l ! ,diesel eng9es1 "w on a cycle ( f\r /rokes1 z foll[s3-- ,fir/ /roke 7d[n7 draws 9 a mixture ( air & gas4 ,second /roke 7up7 compresses ! mixture4 ,j at ! top ( ?is /roke an electric sp>k fires ! mixture1 caus+ an explosion :i* drives ! pi/on d[nw>ds1 ?us mak+ ! ,?ird /roke 7d[n71 dur+ :i* ! p[] is develop$4 ,f\r? /roke 7up7 expels ! wa/e products ( ! explosion4 ,al?\gh all ( !m "w on ?is same cycle1 9 :i* !y resemble ! eng9es ( ! motor-c>1 !re are sev]al mu*-us$ types ( a]o-eng9e 9 :i* ! me*anical arrangem5t ( ! p>ts is q diff]5t4 ,( ^! ! be/ kn[n is ! fam\s ,gnome eng9e :i* has a consid]able numb] ( cyl9d]s arrang$ ar\nd a c5tre l ! spokes ( a :eel4 ,! c5tre is 9 fact a case :i* cov]s ! crank1 & ! cyl9d]s are plac$ 9 relation to x j z ! spokes are plac$ ar\nd ! hub ( a :eel4 ,!re is only "o crank & all ! connect+-rods drive on to x4 ,ow+ to _! position ar\nd x !y ?us act 9 succession1 giv+ a nice regul> turn+ ef=t4 ,fur!r1 ^! eng9es diff] f all o!rs 9 t ! crank is a fixture :ile ! re/ ( ! eng9e goes r\nd1 exactly ! opposite ( :at we are accu/om$ to4 ,! eng9e1 9 fact1 con/itutes its own fly:eel4 ,ru%+ ?us ?r\gh ! air1 ! cyl9d]s t5d to keep !mselves cool1 do+ away ) ! ne$ = cool+ wat] & radiators4 ,consequ5tly eng9es ( ?is type are ! v lighte/ kn[n 9 proportion to _! horse-p[]4 ,a fifty horse-p[] eng9e c be easily c>ri$ by "o man4 ,x w\ld be possible to g on mu* long] ) ?is mo/ int]e/+ subject ( eng9es1 b hav+ treat$ ! ?ree types :i* are mo/ us$ 9 w>f>e1 x is n[ "t to pass on to some?+ else4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,de/roy]s ,except = ! subm>9e ! mo/ prom95t craft dur+ ! w> has und\bt$ly be5 ! de/roy]4 ,all w>%ips are 9 "o s5se de/roy]s1 s9ce x is _! prime duty to de/roy o!r %ips1 s :y %\ld "o p>ticul> k9d ( boat be giv5 ?is "n specially8 ,l _m o!r ( ! t]ms :i* we use x is an abbreviation1 a m]e remnant ( a fully descriptive title4 ,torp$o ,boat ,de/roy] is :at ^! %ips are call$ 9 ! ,navy ,li/4 ,ev5 t full title1 h[ev]1 only tells u :at _! orig9al purpose 03 x leaves u v mu* 9 ! d>k z to ! _m v>i\s functions :i* !y p]=m4 ,! inv5tion ( ! torp$o call$ = ! con/ruction ( small boats :]eby ! new weapon c\ld be us$ to be/ advantage1 & s we got our torp$o boats4 ,!y 9 turn call$ =? ano!r boat ^: duty x 0 to run d[n & de/roy !m1 & 9 t way we get our de/roy]s4 ,f t bit ( naval hi/ory we c almo/ see = ourselves :at ! *>act]i/ics ( ! de/roy]s mu/ be4 ,!y h to be bigg] ?an ! torp$o boats1 b z ! latt] 7 q small ! de/roy]s1 ?\gh l>g]1 are /ill comp>atively small craft1 latt]ly ( ab\t "o ?\s& tons4 ,!n !y h to be v fa/1 9 ord] to be able to *ase ! o!rs &1 f9ally1 !y ne$ "o or two guns1 comp>atively small s z n to ov]burd5 ! %ip & yet l>ge en\gh to dispose ( any?+ ( _! own size or small]4 ,unque/ionably1 _! greate/ feature is _! spe$4 ,!y are ! fa/e/ %ips afloat1 rivall+ ev5 a fairly fa/ tra94 ,"s ( !m c exce$ =ty miles an h\r4 ,!y are v active & nimble1 too1 be+ able to turn 9 a comp>atively small circle4 ,= w>%ips1 too1 !y are *eap1 s t a comm&] c af=d to risk los+ a de/roy] :5 he w\ld fe> to risk ano!r vessel4 ,= all purposes except ! actual h>d-hitt+ !y are ! mo/ useful weapon :i* ! comm&] ( ! fleet possesses4 ,:5 ! ma9 fleet puts to sea a :ole cl\d ( ^! small] craft hov] r\nd look+ = subm>9es or = ! surface torp$o boats :i* might try to attack ! l>ge %ips "u cov] ( d>kness1 :ile keep+ a %>p look-out1 too1 = m9es or any o!r k9d ( float+ dang]1 & ?us !y scre5 ! m valuable %ips4 ,likewise d !y convoy m]*ant %ips sometimes1 especially ?r\gh wat]s believ$ to be infe/$ ) subm>9es4 ,!y also sally =? on little exp$itions ( _! own1 kn[+ t !y c fight any craft equally spe$y & %[ a clean pair ( heels to any heavi] %ips1 :ile by adroit use ( _! own torp$oes !y may ev5 bag a cruis] or two4 ,!y are pre-em95tly ! enemy ( ! subm>9e1 = ! "u-wat] boat is necess>ily less active ev5 :5 x is on ! surface ?an !y are1 s t a subm>9e caught by a de/roy] /&s a v good *ance ( be+ ramm$ by x1 :i* means t ! de/roy] delib]ately ru%es at x1 us+ its own b[ z a ram :]e) to knock a hole 9 x4 ,or if t be n practicable ! de/roy]1 :ile dodg+ ! torp$o ( ! subm>9e1 may plant a s+le well-aim$ %ot into its oppon5t & ! fight is ov]4 ,a clev]ly-h&l$ de/roy] appe>s to h little difficulty 9 avoid+ ! comp>atively sl[ torp$o1 b no %ip ev] built c\ld avoid a prop]ly aim$ %ell1 two facts :i* are cle>ly indicat$ by ! v few cases 9 :i*1 dur+ ! w>1 a de/roy] has succumb$ to a subm>9e4 ,! gun ( ! latt]1 if x has "o1 is no mat* = ! guns ( ! de/roy]4 ,naval /rategy & tactics1 :5 "o ?9ks ab\t !m c>efully1 reveal a v close resemblance to ^? ( ! football field4 ,! de/roy]s are l ! =w>ds1 quick1 light & nimble1 valuable *iefly because ( _! ability to run swiftly & to dodge clev]ly1 :ile ! heavy1 /olid backs repres5t ! battle%ips 9 _! ability to )/& ! heavy %ocks ( ! game4 ,any imag9ative boy w be able to c>ry ?is simile f>!r /ill & a comp>ison ( ! description ( ! battle ( ,jutl& ) 8 own k ( ! game w reveal a surpris+ p>allelism4 ,?us ! read] w to a v l>ge ext5t be able to see = himself ! manifold uses to :i* ^! wond]ful little %ips l5d !mselves1 & he w see t above ev]y?+ else x is _! spe$ :i* c\nts1 :i* fact gives u ! key to _! peculi> con/ruction4 ,to comm5ce )1 !y are made z light z possible4 ,! mat]ial us$ is diff]5t f t ( ord9>y %ips1 be+ high-t5sile /eel1 a /eel into :i* a little m c>bon ?an usual is introduc$1 result+ 9 ab\t #ej p] c5t high] t5sile /r5g? b also involv+1 alas6 r m brittl5ess4 ,:5 made ( ?is mat]ial ! :ole framework ( ! vessel c be made ( light] beams & ! cov]+ c be ( ?9n] plates ?an w\ld be ! case if ! mild /eel ord9>ily employ$ = %ipbuild+ 7 us$4 ,! high-t5sile /eel is light] = a giv5 /r5g? & !re=e a %ip built ( x is light] ?an x w\ld o!rwise h to be4 ,besides ! use ( ?is p>ticul> mat]ial e res\rce 9 ! way ( +5uity & skill on ! "p ( ! design]s is b5t t[>ds sav+ weight4 ,no unnecess>y "p is ev] put 91 b1 on ! o!r h&1 necess>ies are sk9n$ d[n to ! utmo/ limit consi/5t ) safety 9 ord] to produce a light %ip4 ,h[ difficult ?is problem is is h>dly realiz$ until "o ?9ks ( ! conditions :i* prevail :5 a %ip floats 9 ! wat]4 ,! upw>d support ( ! wat] is ex]t$ 9 a fairly regul> way all along ! %ip :ile ! weights inside :i* are press+ d[nw>d are conc5trat$ 9 lumps4 ,! eng9es1 = example1 repres5t a v heavy weight conc5trat$ 9 "o fairly conf9$ spot4 ,?us ! vessel has to h suffici5t /iffness to resi/ ! action ( ^! oppos+ =ces :i* are ?us t5d+ to break h] 9 two4 ,t1 moreov]1 occurs 9 ! /ille/ wat]2 :5 ! sea is r\gh /ill worse /resses are br\ght to be> ^u ! comp>atively fragile hull1 = a wave may lift ea* end1 leav+ ! middle m or less unsupport$1 or "o may lift ! middle :ile ! ends to a c]ta9 ext5t are left ov]hang+4 ,all ?is1 too1 is 9 addition to ! knocks & buffets caus$ by huge volumes ( wat] be+ flung aga9/ ! %ip by cross seas 9 ! height ( a tempe/4 ,9 ! case ( ord9>y %ips :]e spe$ is n ( su* great importance1 ! problem is simplifi$ by ! use ( :at is t]m$ a high factor ( safety1 :i* means t ! design]s calculate ^! =ces z ne>ly z !y c & !n make ! /ructure amply /rong en\gh4 ,9 o!r words1 c>e is tak5 to keep well on ! safe side4 ,9 a de/roy]1 h[ev]1 !re is no room = su* a m>g9 ( safety4 ,risks h to be tak51 & x is only ! high degree ( skill & exp]i5ce possess$ by our %ip design]s :i* enable ^! light %ips to be made )1 z exp]i5ce %[s1 a v consid]able degree ( safety4 ,!y h to be cont9ually *oos+ betwe5 /r5g? on ! "o h& & lightness on ! o!r & ! way 9 :i* !y comb9e ! two is m>vell\s4 ,! weight ?us sav$ is us$ = c>ry+ eng9es1 boil]s & fuel4 ,relatively to its size1 ! de/roy] is ab\t z /rong z an egg-%ell1 b its eng9es are ( extraord9>y p[]4 ,! de/roy]s are g5]ally organiz$ & op]ate 9 little gr\ps or flotillas ( p]haps tw5ty or s ) a small cruis] or a flotilla lead] z a flag%ip1 on :i* is ! (fic] 9 comm& ( !m all4 ,!re is also usually a depot %ip = ea* flotilla4 ,! flotilla lead]s are :at "o might call sup]-de/roy]s1 ab\t d\ble ! size ( ! ord9>y l>ge de/roy]1 :i* is to say1 ab\t two ?\s& tons1 & capable ( v high spe$4 ,! depot %ips =m a k9d ( float+ headqu>t]s = _! respective flotillas4 ,!y are usually old cruis]s :i* are specially fitt$ up = ! purpose1 & al?\gh !y are ( comp>atively sl[ spe$ !y c by wireless telegraphy keep 9 t\* ) ! de/roy]s1 :i* c return to !m :5 occasion p]mits or dem&s4 ,!y c>ry work%ops 9 :i* small repairs c be c>ri$ out1 sp>e ammunition & /ores ( all k9ds & sp>e m5 = ! crews4 ,9 fact !y c look aft] ! small] craft mu* z a "m looks aft] h] *ildr51 & = t reason !y are sometimes call$ "m %ips4 ,z has be5 said1 ! de/roy] 0 orig9ally int5d$ to de/roy torp$o boats1 b small torp$o boats h almo/ gone out ( exi/5ce or r ! class h s gr[n 9 size z to h become m]g$ 9 ! de/roy]s1 :i*1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 are well arm$ ) torp$oes :i* !y h at times us$ ) great effect4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 to f9d t a /ill new] class ( %ip has aris5 :i* has be5 describ$ by "o au?ority z de/roy]-de/roy]s4 ,(ficially kn[n z light arm\r$ cruis]s1 n v mu* is kn[n ( _! details4 ,!y are1 h[ev]1 ab\t #cejj tons1 ) #aj guns1 l>ge en\gh t is to dispose ( any de/roy] :i* !y might enc\nt]4 ,?us1 to review ! :ole class ( %ips ( :i* we h be5 speak+1 we may say t !re are ! de/roy]s1 all ! m rec5t ( :i* are ab\t #ajjj tons b dim9i%+ z we g backw>d 9 "t to ab\t #cej or #djj2 ! flotilla lead]s ab\t twice ! size ( ! l>ge/ de/roy]s2 & ! de/roy]-de/roy]s ne>ly twice z l>ge z ! flotilla lead]s3 all are *>act]is$ by high spe$ & by guns j l>ge en\gh = ! "w = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,all are arm$1 too1 ) ! deadly torp$o = attack ^u l>g] %ips ?an !mselves4 ,!y are ess5tially night-birds1 mu* ( _! "t be+ sp5t /eal+ ab\t ) all lights out1 9 pit* d>kness1 seek+ = in=mation or = a *ance to put a torp$o into "s *ance victim4 ,^! night op]ations are v haz>d\s1 b s skilful are ! "y (fic]s :o h *>ge ( ^! boats t seldom d we he> ( mi%aps4 ,b al?\gh1 z has be5 said1 ! torp$o boat has almo/ vani%$1 its "u-wat] comrade has rec5tly assum$ a place 9 ! fir/ rank ( importance1 & p]haps to u ! mo/ valuable "w ( all done by ! de/roy] is t ( hunt+ d[n & s9k+ ^! mod]n pirates4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,battle%ips ,p]haps ! greate/ w> inv5tion ( mod]n times 0 ! ,briti% battle%ip ,dreadn\ght4 ,( c\rse1 !re h be5 battle%ips = c5turies4 ,9 hi/ory we read ( fleets consi/+ ( s _m %ips ( ! l9e or 9 o!r words l9e-(-battle %ips1 mean+ %ips :i* 7 consid]$ capable ( tak+ _! place 9 l9e ( battle1 z di/+ui%$ f frigates :i* correspond to ! mod]n cruis]4 ,! l9e-(-battle %ips 7 /\t & /rong ) pl5ty ( guns4 ,!y w5t into ! ?ick ( ! fight1 s9ce !y 7 capable ( giv+ & receiv+ h>d bl[s1 :ile ! light] frigates hov]$ ar\nd seek+ an op5+ to use _! high] spe$ to cut (f /raggl]s or to prey ^u m]*ant %ips4 ,al?\gh s diff]5t 9 =m & mat]ial t a sailor ( ! old days1 c\ld he revisit ! e>?1 w\ld n recognize !m1 ! battle%ips ( to-day are ! real desc5dants ( ! l9e-(-battle %ips ( ^? times4 ,!y are /\t & /rong1 ) ! heavie/ guns1 capable ( giv+ & tak+ ! h>de/ knocks1 & x is !y :o =m ! backbone ( ! fleet4 ,z we saw 9 ! acc\nts ( ! battle ( ,jutl&1 ! ,g]man ,fleet tackl$ our cruis]s & light] vessels b discreetly )drew :5 ! battle%ips came up4 ,look$ at 9 ano!r way1 we may say t a battle%ip is a float+ =tress4 ,its spe$ is n great1 :5 comp>$ ) o!r %ips1 b x is con/ruct$ to c>ry enorm\s guns4 ,x is also arm\r$ ) /eel plates ( great ?ickness & ( special h>dness plac$ ^u ! outside ( ! hull s z to cov] its vital p>ts & protect !m f ! %ells ( ! enemy4 ,its *ief function1 we may say1 is to c>ry its guns3 to enable x to d ?is ) safety1 x is arm\r$3 & to enable x to get to grips ) its enemies x has eng9es & boil]s4 ,^? are ! ?ree features ( greate/ importance 9 a battle%ip1 its guns1 its arm\r & its eng9es4 ,all else is ( m9or importance4 ,x is /range to ?9k h[ %ort a "t ! iron or /eel %ip has be5 ) u4 ,9 ! ,am]ican ,civil ,w>1 = in/ance1 only ab\t sixty ye>s ago1 ! battle%ips 7 made ( wood4 ,x 0 dur+ t w> t ,ericcson ?\ght ( ! idea ( putt+ iron plates to protect ! sides ( a %ip f ! ho/ile %ots1 & f t improvis$ arm\r+ ( a wood5 %ip has aris5 ! iron-clad or1 m correctly1 /eel-clad mon/]s ( to-day4 ,x is j ab\t fifty ye>s ago s9ce ! la/ iron-clad wood5 battle%ip 0 laun*$ = ! ,briti% ,navy4 ,h] "n 0 ,repulse1 & %e took ! wat] 9 #ahfh4 ,) a tonnage ( #faij & a horse-p[] ( #ccej1 %e _h a spe$ ( #ab knots4 ,h] arm\r+ ( iron 0 9 p>ts #d in*es & 9 o!r p>ts #f in*es ?ick1 :ile %e c>ri$ #bj guns ( sizes :i* to-day w\ld seem m]e toys4 ,if all h] guns 7 dis*>g$ toge!r %e w\ld ?r[ a total weight ( #bafj lbs4 ( projectiles4 ,n[1 = comp>ison1 let u take a mod]n battle%ip1 ! ,orion1 = example4 ,! tonnage is #bb1fhj1 ! horse-p[] #bg1jjj4 ,%e is m ?an twice ! l5g? ( ! old] %ip & is arm\r$ ) /eel #ab in*es ?ick4 ,h] #aj l>ge guns1 ea* #ac in*es 9 diamet]1 if fir$ toge!r 7z ,i once he>d !m1 l ?und]1 ?\gh #aj miles away7 ?r[ a weight ( #ab1ejj lbs4 ,f ?is we see ! wond]ful gr[? 9 size1 spe$ & 9 hitt+ p[] dur+ ! comp>atively %ort p]iod ( fifty ye>s4 ,b !re is a m /rik+ comp>ison /ill4 ,! ,repulse's guns ?rew #bafj lbs4 & ! ,orion's ?r[ #ab1ejj4 ,b t takes no acc\nt ( ! en]gy ) :i* ! weight is ?r[n4 ,a t5nis ball hit h>d1 might really conta9 m en]gy & d m damage to any?+ x hit ?an a cricket ball ?r[n g5tly1 :i* illu/rates ! fact t 9 comp>+ ! p[] ( guns we ne$ to consid] some?+ m ?an ! m]e weight ( ! projectiles4 ,to arrive at a real comp>ison we take ! weight ( ! projectiles 9 tons & multiply x by ! spe$ at :i* !y leave ! guns 9 feet p] second4 ,& we call ! answ] s _m foot-tons4 ,n[ ! en]gy ( ! ,repulse ?us reckon$ comes to j "u #cj1jjj2 t ( ! ,orion to j "u #fij1jjj4 ,! ,orion c hit tw5ty-?ree times z h>d z c\ld its =]unn] ( only fifty ye>s ago4 ,s9ce ! ,repulse all our battle%ips h be5 built ( wr\ght iron or mild /eel4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 !re 0 a /eady developm5t 9 size & horse-p[] & 9 spe$ until #aijf1 9 :i* ye> !re 0 laun*$ ! _w-fam\s ,h4,m4,s4 ,dreadn\ght4 ,previ\sly no battle%ip _h be5 fa/] ?an #ai knots3 %e 0 design$ = #ba knots4 ,h] tonnage 0 #ag1ijj1 exce$+ by m ?an #ajjj tons any?+ t _h gone be=e4 ,b ! great *ange 0 9 ! guns4 ,pre-,dreadn\ghts _h1 or "o ought to say h = !re are /ill _m 9 exi/5ce1 f\r ( ! bigge/ guns1 a numb] ( m$ium-siz$ guns & a /ill l>g] numb] ( smalli% guns int5d$ = ! purpose ( keep+ (f torp$o craft & su* small fry4 ,at "o /roke ,"l ,fi%]1 :o 0 !n ! ,fir/ ,sea ,"l ( ! ,briti% ,admiralty1 *ang$ all ?is4 ,he swept all ! m$ium-siz$ guns away & gave ?is new %ip ,,t5 ( ! l>ge/ guns !n 9 use4 ,! adv5t ( ?is %ip />tl$ ! :ole naval _w1 = x 0 se5 at once by all ^? able to judge t !re 0 a vessel :i* might be expect$ to s9k ) ease any o!r %ip afloat4 ,! onslaught f ^? t5 guns w\ld be m ?an any o!r %ip c\ld /&4 ,s o!r p[]s set to "w to copy m or less exactly1 :ile ,great ,brita9 quickly built m l h]4 ,s important 0 ?is new inv5tion t v soon ! /r5g? ( ! naval p[]s began to be reckon$ entirely on ! numb] ( ,dreadn\ghts !y possess$1 ! old] %ips be+ left out ( acc\nt z ?\gh !y did n make any diff]5ce "o way or ! o!r4 ,b ,great ,brita9 0 n cont5t ) ! ,dreadn\ght1 = ea* succe$+ %ip or set ( %ips 0 improv$ until1 only f\r ye>s lat]1 !re 0 laun*$ ! ,orion already ref]r$ to1 ne>ly #ejjj tons bigg]1 ) #bejj m horse-p[]1 & ) #ac-;in* guns in/ead ( #ab-;in*4 ,! ,orion & h] si/]s are (t5 spok5 ( z sup]-,dreadn\ghts4 ,! ,dreadn\ghts z a class are (t5 ref]r$ to z all-big-gun %ips1 s9ce t is ! feature :i* mo/ di/+ui%es !m f ^? :i* w5t be=e4 ,^! l>ge guns are m\nt$ 9 turrets z !y are call$4 ,we might describe ^! z turn-tables ) a cov] ov] some?+ l a small gas-hold]4 ,!re are usually two guns 9 ea* turret1 al?\gh !re are a few %ips ^: turrets h ?ree 9 ea*4 ,! turrets seem to be /&+ on ! deck ( ! %ip & x is by turn+ !m r\nd t ! guns are tra9$ or po9t$ at _! t>get4 ,! orig9al ,dreadn\ght _h "o turret 9 front & two beh9d1 all on ! c5tre-l9e ( ! %ip1 & two m1 "o ea* side1 amid%ips4 ,9 late vessels all five turrets are on ! c5tre-l9e4 ,?us ! ,dreadn\ght c fire six guns ahead1 eight a/]n & eight to ei!r side1 :ile ! new] %ips c fire f\r ahead1 f\r a/]n & all t5 on ei!r side4 ,!re are o!r battle%ips ) ev5 m guns ?an ^!1 su* z ! ,u4,s4,a4 %ip ,wyom+1 ) twelve #ab-;in* guns1 b ! ,briti% ,navy seems to pref] to /ick to ! orig9al numb] ( t54 ,! reason = ?is is t e su* %ip is a compromise betwe5 ?ree alt]natives4 ,! ?ree great features h already be5 po9t$ out1 namely1 ! guns1 ! arm\r & ! propell+ ma*9]y4 ,ei!r ( ^! c be increas$ at ! co/ ( "o or bo? ( ! o!rs1 b all _c be increas$ )\t s9k+ ! %ip1 unless inde$1 ! %ip be made l>g] & !n o!r consid]ations crop up4 ,& t br+s u to ano!r class ( %ip (t5 rank$ among ! battle%ips4 ,^! rem>kable vessels are also t]m$ cruis]s & ! fa%ion seems to h e/abli%$ itself ( comb9+ ! two names & call+ !m battle-cruis]s4 ,!y gave a f9e acc\nt ( !mselves dur+ ! w>4 ,! fir/ ?ree ( ^!1 ( :i* ! ,inv9cible is usually tak5 z ! type1 made its appe>ance ! ye> aft] ! ,dreadn\ght1 & l ! latt] 7 ! (fspr+ ( ! f]tile bra9 ( ,"l ,fi%]4 ,! ,inv9cible 0 ab\t ! same size z ! ,dreadn\ght1 b _h ne>ly twice ! horse-p[] 7#da1jjj71 :i* enabl$ x to atta9 an actual spe$ ( ne>ly six knots m1 namely1 #bhf4 ,= guns x _h eight ( ! same l>ge weapons1 & x 0 arm\r$ ) #g-;in* /eel arm\r-plates in/ead ( #aa-;in*4 ,?us we see illu/rat$ :at has j be5 said1 less guns & ?9n] arm\r1 to all[ = m eng9e p[] & high] spe$4 ,or1 to put x ! o!r way1 we obs]ve h[ high] spe$ 0 atta9$ at ! exp5se ( ! guns & ! arm\r4 ,b j z ! ,dreadn\ght 0 foll[$ by o!r /ill great] improvem5ts 9 ! same direction we get1 9 #aiaj1 ! fam\s %ip ,lion1 a vessel n unkn[n to ! ,g]mans1 a sup]-,inv9cible4 ,?is %ip has a tonnage ( ov] #bf1jjj & #gj1jjj horse-p[]4 ,x 0 design$ to d #bh knots4 ,we saw ! use ( ^! %ips 9 ! ,jutl& battle1 :51 us+ _! high spe$1 !y attack$ ! ,g]man battle%ips & kept !m engag$ :ile ! sl[] battle%ips came up4 ,?\gh !y suff]$ sev]e losses1 :i* probably ! m heavily arm\r$ battle%ips w\ld h escap$1 !y held ! ,g]mans s t x 0 only ! fail+ light :i* sav$ !m f utt] de/ruction4 ,ano!r example 0 ! way 9 :i* !y hunt$ d[n ,von ,spee & 8 squadron (f ! ,falkl&s1 :5 !y caught ! ,g]mans because ( _! high] spe$ & !n sank !m by means ( _! heavi] guns ) practically no loss to !mselves4 ,we saw !m aga9 9 ! ,heligol& battle1 com+ up to ! assi/ance ( ! light] vessels j 9 ! nick ( "t & scatt]+ ! enemy l s mu* *aff4 ,a fact little kn[n to mo/ p & productive ( mu* surprise is t ^! battle%ips & cruis]s are n su* v l>ge vessels1 :5 comp>$ ) ^? ( ! m]*ant s]vice4 ,! ,lion is #ffj feet long & #hf feet wide1 ! ,aquitania is #icj feet long & #ih feet wide1 & ! ,olympic is #hhb feet long & #ib feet wide4 ,! mighty ,orion makes a poor] %[+ /ill 9 po9t ( size1 s9ce %e is only #ede feet long & #hh feet wide--little ov] half ! l5g? ( ! ,aquitania4 ,x is difficult to comp>e ! tonnage ( a w>%ip ) t ( a m]*ant %ip1 s9ce !y are n measur$ 9 ! same way4 ,! =m] is ! displacem5t or actual weight ( wat] displac$3 9 o!r words ! precise weight ( ! vessel 9 tons ( #bbdj lbs4 ,! tonnage ( a m]*ant %ip1 h[ev]1 has no?+ to d ) weight b is bas$ ^u capacity & is arriv$ at by a purely arbitr>y rule1 ?us3 all ! enclos$ space 9 ! %ip is measur$ 9 cubic feet & ! total is divid$ by "o hundr$4 ,t gives ! gross tonnage4 ,to arrive at ! net tonnage ! space occupi$ by ! eng9es & all o!r space necess>y = ! work+ ( ! %ip is exclud$4 ,orig9ally ! tonnage ( a m]*ant %ip 0 ! numb] ( tuns ( w9e :i* x c\ld c>ry4 ,?us1 y see1 comp>+ ! tonnage ( a w>%ip ) t ( a m]*ant %ip is some:at l comp>+ a p\nd ) a bu%el4 ,net regi/]$ tonnage is g5]ally consid]ably less ?an ! displacem5t tonnage ( ! same %ip1 s t a w>%ip is usually less ?an a m]*ant %ip ( ! same nom9al numb] ( tons4 ,& n[ let u turn to "s ( ! int]nal arrangem5ts ( ^! wond]ful %ips1 m p>ticul>ly to ! means = work+ ! guns4 ,ea* turret is plac$ ov] ! top ( :at we might call a well1 runn+ "r d[n deep into ! inside ( ! %ip4 ,at ! bottom ( ?is well is ! magaz9e1 :]e ! %ells are /or$ & also ! c>tridges conta9+ ! explosive :i* drives ! %ell f ! gun4 ,und]nea? ! turret1 =m+ a k9d ( basem5t to x1 is a *amb] call$ ! work+ *amb]1 & up to x ! %ells & c>tridges pass by means ( lifts4 ,= safety's sake only a small quantity ( explosives is kept "h at any "o "t1 b x is f "h t ! guns ov]head are f$4 ,%ells & c>tridges alike pass up z requir$ by means ( hoi/s "r to ! guns4 ,inde$1 ! hoi/s are +5i\sly contriv$ s t 9 :atev] position a gun may be ! hoi/ /ops exactly opposite ! bree*1 or op5+ at ! back ( ! gun ?r\gh :i* x is load$4 ,!n a me*anical ramm] drives ! %ell or c>tridge into its place 9 ! gun4 ,! hoi/s are work$ by hydraulic p[] or electricity1 & 9 mo/ cases by bo?1 arrangem5ts be+ made s t ei!r c be us$ at w1 ?us s]v+ z alt]natives 9 case ei!r %\ld get out ( ord]4 ,! turrets !mselves are also turn$ by p[]4 ,inde$1 s heavy are ! weights involv$ t only by ! use ( c>efully design$ ma*9]y is ! op]ation ( su* great weapons made possible4 ,a s+le %ell ( ! #ace-;in* gun weighs #abej lbs4 ,ar\nd ea* turret !re is plac$ a wall ( ?ick arm\r plate z high z x is possible to make x )\t int]f]+ ) ! movem5t ( ! guns4 ,?is is call$ ! b>bette arm\r & ! space enclos$ by x1 9 :i* ! turret /&s1 is call$ a b>bette1 an old =tification t]m mean+ a place beh9d a ramp>t4 ,! turret is cov]$ ov]1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 by a /eel hood1 s t altoge!r ! guns & _! crews are ab\t z well protect$ z x is possible to be4 ,t all ?is means a consid]able burd5 ^u ! %ip is %[n by ! fact t a pair ( #ab-;in* guns ) _! turret & b>bette arm\r w weigh some?+ l #fjj tons1 & if !re be five ( !m t means #cjjj tons 9 all4 ,d[n bel[ 9 ! magaz9e !re are lift+ appliances :]eby ! %ells c be readily pick$ up & run to ! hoi/4 ,moreov]1 !re is elaborate ma*9]y = keep+ !m cool4 ,our allies ! ,fr5* _h1 ye>s ago1 sev]al bad accid5ts ?r\gh ! explosives go+ (f spontane\sly 9 _! %ips1 & ?is is q likely to happ5 if ! magaz9es become too hot4 ,s refrig]at+ app>atus is in/all$ simil> to t employ$ 9 meat-c>ry+ %ips1 :i* provides a con/ant fl[ ( cool air into ! magaz9es4 ,! %ips also are subdivid$ to ! greate/ possible ext5t consi/5t ) effici5t work+1 s t 9 ! ev5t ( a collision or a torp$o mak+ a hole bel[ wat] ! %ip may n s9k4 ,z f> z possible ! divisions or bulkheads are made to run "r f top to bottom )\t any op5+s1 b t obvi\sly is a v inconv5i5t arrangem5t1 s 9 _m places !re h to be doorways ?r\gh !m1 lead+ f "o "p ( ! %ip to ano!r4 ,9 su* cases ^! are clos$ by wat]-tight doors1 :i* c be %ut be=e ! %ip goes into action or into any dang]\s region4 ,! eng9es ( ^! vessels are n[ always turb9es4 ,?is type ( eng9e has _m advantages ov] ! old] type1 9 :i* c]ta9 p>ts move to & fro1 t motion be+ *ang$ by cranks into a r\nd & r\nd action4 ,= "o ?+1 !y are light] = a giv5 p[]1 s t m p[] c be put into a %ip )\t add+ to ! weight4 ,t means high] spe$4 ,!n !re is less to get out ( ord]4 ,anyone :o has be5 into a %ip's eng9e room :]e to & fro or reciprocat+ eng9es are at "w w realize ?is1 = !re is a maze ( rods & cranks all mov+ toge!r1 & _m p>ts :i* ne$ to be oil$ :ile 9 motion & :i* w\ld get hot & tight if !y 7 n c>efully look$ aft]4 ,all ?is 9 an enclos$ space ) possibly an uncom=table motion ( ! :ole %ip us$ to make ! eng9e]'s life at sea a v haz>d\s & unhappy "o4 ,b ! turb9e is entirely enclos$4 ,!re is no?+ to be se5 mov+ at all4 ,inde$1 !re is only "o mov+ "p1 & t is c\pl$ directly to ! propell]-%aft1 s t no?+ c\ld possibly be simpl]4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,h[ ,a ,,w>%ip ,,is ,,built ,:5 x is decid$ to build a c]ta9 %ip1 ! fir/ ?+ to be done is to draw x on pap]4 ,! ,admiralties ( ! _w1 & also ! great %ipbuild]s1 h ea* _! own *ief design] in/all$ 9 a big1 light1 quiet (fice fitt$ ) l>ge /rong1 flat tables at :i* "w a numb] ( draughtsm54 ,! naval au?orities tell ! *ief 9 g5]al t]ms :at !y want ! %ip to be capable (1 & he det]m9es its size & =m4 ,!n ! draughtsm5 "w out 8 ideas on pap]1 !mselves decid+ ^u ! m9or details1 until !y h produc$ exact repres5tations ( ! %ip :i* is to be4 ,"s draughtsm5 deal ) ! actual hull ( ! %ip1 :ile o!rs design ! v>i\s fitt+s & m9or details1 all work+1 ( c\rse1 "u ! con/ant sup]vision ( ! *ief4 ,9 ?is connection "o may p]haps allude to a matt] :i* ! g5]al public (t5 seems to misund]/&--! "w & functions ( a draughtsman4 ,i h he>d p say ( a boy t he is good at draw+ s !y ?9k ( mak+ a draughtsman ( him4 ,n[ ! po9t is t ! actual draw+ is p]haps ! lea/ important "p ( a draughtsman's "w4 ,he has to "k :at to draw4 ,he is giv5 j a r\gh idea ( some?+ & f t he has to produce a p]fect design1 be>+ 9 m9d t ! ?+ to be made mu/ well fulfil its purpose1 mu/ be easy & *eap to con/ruct1 mu/ be /rong en\gh yet n too heavy1 mu/ be made ( ! mo/ suitable mat]ial & s on4 ,he has to possess a good deal ( ! k ( ! skill$ workman1 he has to be some?+ ( a sci5ti/ & a good ma!matician 9 addition to 8 ability to make neat & accurate draw+s4 ,s1 y see1 ^! m5 ^: m9ds conceive ! details ( our great %ips are m5 ( long tra9+ & exp]i5ce1 ) f> great] k & skill ?an we sometimes give !m cr$it =4 ,anyway1 !re !y /&1 ea* at 8 own table1 b5d+ ov] 8 own draw+-bo>d1 ea* do+ 8 own p>ticul> %>e t[>ds produc+ ! p]fect %ip4 ,b :5 all is said & done1 !re are limitations to ! clev]ness ( ! clev]e/ among u1 s ! next /ep1 aft] ! draughtsm5 h done _! be/1 is to te/ :at !y h done by exp]im5t4 ,ye>s ago a c]ta9 ,mr4 ,william ,fr\de int]e/$ himself 9 ! "q ( ! be/ %apes = %ips1 & he f\nd t by mak+ an exact model ( a %ip & !n draw+ t model ?r\gh wat] x 0 possible to =etell j h[ t %ip w\ld behave4 ,he built himself a tank = ! purpose ( ^! exp]im5ts at ,torquay1 :]e he liv$1 & by its aid he add$ a v important *apt] to ! sci5ce ( %ipbuild+4 ,n[adays ! ,admiralty h a l>ge & well-fitt$ tank at ,portsm\?1 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,navy h "o at ,wa%+ton1 private %ipbuild]s h ! use ( a national tank at ,bu%ey1 ne> ,london1 :ile sev]al ( ! l>ge firms h tanks ( _! own4 ,! national tank at ,bu%ey1 by ! way1 0 giv5 to ! nation by ,mr4 ,y>r[1 a fam\s %ipbuild]1 9 memory ( ,mr4 ,fr\de1 x be+ call$ ! ,william ,fr\de ,tank 9 recognition ( ! great "w done by him4 ,n[ ^! tanks may be describ$ z r elongat$ swimm+-ba?s4 ,su* a /ructure is g5]ally a little n>r[] ?an ! av]age ba?1 b x is long] & mu* deep]4 ,at "o end !re are m9iature docks 9 :i* ! models float :5 n 9 use1 :ile at ! o!r !re is a slop+ bea* ^u :i* ! waves caus$ by ! models exp5d _! en]gy h>mlessly4 ,along ea* side !re runs a rail ^u :i* are support$ ! ends ( a travell+ bridge4 ,driv5 by electric motors1 ?is bridge c run to & fro f end to end ( ! tank1 & its purpose is to drag ! models ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,c>ri$ ^u ! bridge is a plat=m :i* be>s a numb] ( in/rum5ts1 *ief among :i* is a self-record+ dynamomet]4 ,n[ a dynamomet] is an in/rum5t = measur+ ! =ce ( a pull1 & :5 we call x self-record+ we mean t x automatically takes a record ( a s]ies ( pulls or ( a v>y+ pull4 ,9 ?is case !re projects bel[ ! bridge a lev]1 to ! end ( :i* ! model "u te/ is atta*$4 ,z ! bridge ru%es along x pulls ! model ?r\gh ! wat] by means ( ?is lev]1 & ! =ce :i* is exp5d$ 9 do+ s is record$ 9 ! =m ( a wavy l9e ^u a %eet ( rul$ pap]4 ,if ! model slips ?r\gh ! wat] v easily !re is little pull ^u ! lev] & ! l9e drawn by ! p5 ( ! in/rum5t rema9s l[ d[n ^u ! *>t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 mu* p[] is ne$$ & ! pull is a /rong "o ! p5 moves & ! l9e rises t[>ds ! top ( ! pap]4 ,any *ange1 :e!r increase or decrease1 is ?us %[n by ! rise or fall ( ! ink l9e4 ,"o model c be ?us tri$ at v>i\s spe$s & its behavi\r not$ "u diff]5t conditions4 ,o!r matt]s c be inve/igat$ too1 su* z :e!r or n ! b[ rises 9 ! wat] or falls :5 ! boat is 9 motion1 also h[ mu* su* rise or fall may am\nt to4 ,! suitability ( a c]ta9 %ape ( vessel1 moreov]1 c to a c]ta9 ext5t be se5 by obs]v+ ! commotion :i* x makes 9 ! wat]4 ,ev]yone has notic$ ! way 9 :i* a %ip ?r[s up a wave at its b[s1 & t b[-wave1 z x is t]m$1 repres5ts s mu* en]gy be+ wa/$4 ,! p[] ( ! eng9es is absorb$ to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 mak+ t wave4 ,x is impossible to make any?+ :i* :5 =c$ ?r\gh ! wat] w n make "s wave1 b c]ta9 =ms cause less ( x ?an o!rs1 & ! design] ( a %ip seeks to f9d t =m :i* w make ! smalle/ b[-wave4 ,9 l mann] ! eddies :i* a %ip leaves 9 its wake are ! result ( wa/$ en]gy1 & ! %ip mu/ be s %ap$ t !y too w be r$uc$ to a m9imum4 ,%ipbuild]s f9d t !re are ?ree ?+s :i* ret>d a %ip's movem5t3 sk9 friction1 or friction betwe5 ! wat] & ! sides ( ! %ip2 wave mak+ at ! b[ & eddy mak+ at ! /]n4 ,! fir/ dep5ds l>gely ^u ! smoo?ness ( ! %ip's surface1 ! second & ?ird dep5d ^u its %ape4 ,if a model behaves badly 9 ! tank ! fault may be ei!r too mu* wave mak+ or too mu* eddy mak+1 & :i* ( ^! x is ! dynamomet] does n ( c\rse tell4 ,9 _m cases ! exp]i5c$ eye ( ! tank (ficials furni%es ! clue to ! tr\ble1 b 9 "s cases a c9ematograph is us$ to make a complete s]ies ( photographs ( ! model & ! wat] ar\nd x z x ru%es f end to end4 ,^! c !n be /udi$ 9 conjunction ) ! *>t & ! cause ( ! fault discov]$4 ,! real aim1 x is obvi\s1 ( all ^! tank exp]im5ts is to f9d out ! l[e/ horse-p[] necess>y to drive ! %ip1 or ! be/ =m ( %ip to get ! highe/ spe$ out ( a giv5 horse-p[]4 ,! co/ ( keep+ up ^! l>ge tanks & mak+ ! models & conduct+ ! exp]im5ts is v great1 = n only are ! premises v l>ge 7,i "k "o 9 :i* ! wat] alone co/ ne>ly a hundr$ p\nds7 b a highly skill$ /aff is necess>y4 ,! sav+ effect$ 9 ! co/ ( %ips & ! sup]ior effici5cy ( ! %ips makes x well wor? :ile h[ev]4 ,!re is /ill "o o!r po9t ab\t ?is matt] :i* w possibly be puzzl+ ! obs]vant read]4 ,:at are ! models made ( & h[ are !y made8 ,!y are made ( p>aff9 wax1 & a v important dep>tm5t ( ! exp]im5tal tank is t :]e ! models are =m$4 ,fir/ ( all a r\gh m\ld is fa%ion$ by h& 9 modell+ clay & into ?is is p\r$ melt$ wax1 ! result be+ a v r\gh model ( ! %ip4 ,?is is !n plac$ 9 ! model-mak+ ma*9e4 ,^? ( my read]s :o are famili> ) an eng9e]'s %op w "k :at a plan+ ma*9e is l1 & f t !y c =m an idea ( ! g5]al /ructure ( ?is rem>kable tool4 ,!re is1 fir/ ( all1 a travell+ table :i*1 z ! ma*9e works1 travels to & fro4 ,spann+ ?is table is a beam :i* c>ries on its "u side two revolv+ cutt]s1 s t z ! table passes b5ea? !m ! cutt]s c op]ate ^u any?+ plac$ ^u ! table4 ,ano!r "p ( ! ma*9e is a bo>d ^u :i* is plac$ ! draw+ %[+ ! ext]nal %ape ( ! propos$ %ip1 & work+ ov] ?is bo>d is a po9t] connect$ by a sy/em ( rods & lev]s to ! cutt]s j m5tion$4 ,! r\gh block ( wax1 !n1 hav+ be5 plac$ ^u ! table & ! to & fro motion set go+1 ! att5dant guides ! po9t] along ! l9es ( ! draw+1 & z he does s ! cutt]s s move z to c>ve away ! s(t wax into ! precise %ape ( ! model4 ,a little smoo?+ by h& is all t is necess>y to complete ! conv]sion ( ! r\gh piece ( wax into a p]fect model4 ,x is !n plac$ 9 ! wat] & balla/$ ) little bags ( %ot until x floats at j ! correct dep?1 & f9ally a light wood5 frame is fitt$ to x = ! purpose ( mak+ ! connection to ! lev] by :i* x is pull$ along4 ,?us1 aft] mu* ?\ght & exp]im5t1 ! designs = a new %ip are complet$4 ,trac+s are !n made ( !m on semi-transp>5t pap] or clo?1 :i* trac+s are !n us$ z negatives1 f :i* a numb] ( photographic pr9ts are made1 j z ! amateur photograph] makes pr9ts f 8 negatives4 ,at lea/ t is h[ !y us$ to be done1 9 a huge pr9t+ frame1 b n[adays a ma*9e is m (t5 employ$ :i* passes ! trac+ or negative ) a piece ( photographic pap] beh9d x sl[ly pa/ an electric light1 ?us do+ ! "w m quickly & m conv5i5tly1 = ! draw+s ( %ips are (t5 v long & w\ld ei!r require an enorm\s frame or else w\ld h to be made 9 pieces & jo9$ toge!r4 ,! pr9ts are f9ally pass$ out to ! works to be translat$ 9 t]ms ( iron1 /eel & wood4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important "p ( a %ipy>d is ! m\ld l(t1 a l>ge ap>tm5t on ! floor ( :i* ! %ip is drawn out full size4 ,!n f ^! full-size draw+s m\lds or templets are made ( wood or s(t metal1 %[+ ! exact size & %ape ( ! v>i\s p>ts4 ,! m\lds or templets g !nce to ! work%ops1 :]e ! b>s & plates ( /eel are cut to ! "r %ape & p]=at$ ) holes1 & "s ( ! pieces are !re jo9$ toge!r ) rivets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,tripod ,,ma/4 ,"h we see "o leg ( ! tripod ma/ ( a w>%ip4 ,^! ma/s h great] /ability & fre$om f vibration ?an o!rs4 ,!y are us$ = obs]vation & range-f9d+1 & h a fight+-top on :i* guns ( small calibre are m\nt$4 ,"h is %[n a sailor c>ry+ a w\nd$ comrade4 ,f ! work%ops ! v>i\s pieces or p>ts g to ! y>d :]e ! slip is on :i* ! vessel is be+ built4 ,?is slip is by ! wat]'s edge1 conv5i5tly plac$ ) a view to ! fact t lat] on ! great /ructure1 weigh+ possibly ?\s&s ( tons1 has got to slide d[n into ! wat]4 ,:]e ! keel ( ! %ip is to g a r[ ( timb] blocks is plac$ a few feet ap>t1 & ^u ^! blocks ! plates ( /eel :i* =m ! l[e/ "p ( ! %ip are laid4 ,^u !m are laid o!r p>ts1 & ^u !m o!rs1 ! jo9ts be+ made by rivet+4 ,?us ! great %ip gr[s f ! keel upw>ds4 ,z %e gets bigg] & bigg] !re comes ! dang] ( h] tipp+ ov]1 & t is provid$ aga9/ by ! use ( props or %ores along bo? sides4 ,by ! "t ! hull is ready = laun*+ x is (t5 ( great weight1 all ( :i* is borne ^u ! wood5 blocks und]nea? ! keel4 ,consequ5tly1 if ! gr\nd be n good1 piles h to be driv5 9 or concrete f\ndations laid to enable ! huge mass ( ! %ip to be support$4 ,= ?is reason a l>ge vessel _c be built any:]e b only on a prop]ly prep>$ slip1 & x is ! possession ( a l>ge numb] ( su* places :i* enables ,great ,brita9 to build s _m %ips at once4 ,along ea* side ( ! slip !re is usually a r[ ( tall ma/s ) a beam project+ out sideways ne> ! top ( ea*1 =m+ cranes by :i* ! heavi] p>ts c be hoi/$ into position4 ,9 o!r y>ds1 aga91 !re is a tall iron /ructure call$ a gantry along ea* side ( ! slip1 :ile travell+ cranes span across f "o to ! o!r ov] :]e ! gr[+ %ip lies4 ,^! travell+ cranes1 work$ by electricity1 p]mit heavy weights to be h&l$ ) ease & safety4 ,o!r subsidi>y cranes1 mean:ile1 c>ry ! heavy hydraulic rivet+ ma*9es by :i* rivet+ is done4 ,mu* rivet+ is done by h&1 m5 work+ toge!r 9 squads ( f\r4 ,( ^! "o1 (t5 q a boy1 heats ! rivets 9 a small furnace1 aft] :i* he ?r[s !m "o by "o to man numb] two1 :o ins]ts ea* z he receives x 9 its prop] hole & holds x !re ) a big heavy hamm] or else a tool call$ a dolly4 ,numb] two is call$ ! hold]-up1 s9ce he holds ! rivet up 9 its place :ile ! rema9+ two hamm] x ov] ) alt]nate bl[s ( _! hamm]s4 ,9 _m cases1 h[ev]1 ! two la/ describ$ m5 give place to "o1 :o is arm$ ) a tool 9 %ape mu* l a pi/ol & op]at$ by compress$ air obta9$ ?r\gh a flexible tube4 ,:5 he presses a trigg] a little hamm] inside ! pi/ol gives a rapid s]ies ( bl[s to ! rivet1 complet+ ! job m quickly ?an ! two m5 c d ) h& hamm]s4 ,a ?ird way ( do+ ?is op]ation s important 9 ! build+ ( a %ip is by ! hydraulic ma*9e susp5d$ f ! cranes4 ,to ! casual onlook] ?is has ! notable feature ( be+ sil5t1 :]eas rivet+ by h& & /ill m by a pi/ol hamm] is t]ribly noisy4 ,! reason = ?is is t ! hydraulic rivet] does n hamm] at all1 b1 l a huge me*anical h&1 x takes ! rivet betwe5 f+] & ?umb & j squeezes x d[n4 ,"o /range result ( all ?is hamm]+ 9 ( rivets is t e %ip by ! "t x leaves ! slip has become a huge magnet1 ) some:at disconc]t+ effects ^u its own compasses1 b ( t m lat] on4 ,?us ! great %ip gr[s1 be+ made piece by piece 9 ! work%ops to ! %apes indicat$ f ! m\ld l(t & put toge!r & rivet$ on ! slip1 until f9ally 9 due "t x is ready to take its fir/ j\rney4 ,! laun*+ ( a big %ip always /rikes me z ab\t ! bolde/ & mo/ d>+ ?+ :i* is ev] done 9 ! c\rse ( indu/ry4 ,= ! huge /ructure1 naturally top-heavy1 weigh+ hundr$s or ?\s&s ( tons1 is j all[$ to slide at its own sweet w4 ,f ! mom5t x />ts until x is well 9 ! wat] x is 9 *>ge ( itself1 s to speak1 & if any?+ 7 to g wrong no p[] on e>? c\ld /op x once x _h got a />t4 ,t no?+ ev] does g wrong1 or sc>cely ev] at all ev5ts1 is due to ! c>e ) :i* all prep>ations are made be=e t critical mom5t :5 ! %ip is let loose & to ! skill & exp]i5ce ( ^? 9 *>ge4 ,z ! hull rea*es t degree ( completion :5 x c safely be put 9 ! wat]1 /rong wood5 /ructures t]m$ laun*+ ways are con/ruct$ "o on ea* side ( h]4 ,^! really act l huge rails ^u :i* 9 due c\rse !re w slide a gigantic toboggan4 ,trem5d\sly solid & /rong !y h to be1 z !y h ea* to c>ry half ! total weight ( ! %ip4 ,"u ea* side ( ! %ip & ^u ! laun*+ ways !re is built a timb] framework capable ( rais+ ! %ip bodily (f ! blocks ^u :i* until n[ x has repos$4 ,^! two frames1 be+ connect$ toge!r by *a9s pass+ b5ea? ! keel1 con/itute :at is call$ ! cradle1 ! toboggan :i* is to slide d[n ! ways1 be>+ ! %ip ^u x4 ,x is easy to see t be+ top-heavy some?+ mu/ be done to give ! %ip support be=e ! %ores on ei!r side c be tak5 away1 & x is equally cle> t ^! latt] mu/ be remov$ be=e %e c slide d[n to ! wat]4 ,nei!r w\ld x d to let ! vessel slide ^u h] own plates1 s we see t ! cradle fulfils a tw(old purpose1 fir/ enabl+ ! %ip to rea* ! wat] )\t ripp+ holes 9 h] own plates1 & secondly giv+ x ! necess>y side support to prev5t x f toppl+ ov] on ! way4 ,:5 all is ready1 b a %ort "t be=e ! h\r appo9t$ = ! laun*1 a curi\s op]ation is p]=m$4 ,betwe5 ! ma9 "p ( ! cradle & ! "p :i* actually slides ^u ! ways w$ges are ins]t$1 hundr$s ( !m1 & !y are all driv5 9 simultane\sly4 ,_! purpose is to make ! cradle slightly high] & s to lift ! %ip (f ! blocks ^u :i* x 0 built4 ,if !y 7 driv5 9 "o at a "t ea* w\ld only dig its way into ! timb] & no?+ else w\ld happ51 b be+ driv5 all toge!r a mo/ p[]ful lift+ action is produc$ :i* actually raises ! mighty %ip4 ,s hundr$s ( m5 /&1 ea* ) 8 hamm] ready to /rike a w$ge1 :ile ! =eman /&s by ) a gong4 ,at a /roke on ! gong ! hundr$s ( hamm]s /rike z "o1 & s ! %ip is rais$ (f ! blocks1 :i* c !n be remov$1 to facilitate :i* !y too are built ( w$ge-%ap$ pieces :i* c easily be knock$ ap>t4 ,! %ores1 too1 h ceas$ to s]ve any useful purpose & c be tak5 away until at la/ all %ores & all blocks are gone & ! vessel re/s ^u ! cradle only4 ,mean:ile tons ( grease h be5 put on ! ways1 & ! %ip1 urg$ by its own weight1 is /ra9+ to get d[n ! greasy slope into ! elem5t = :i* all along x has be5 int5d$4 ,at ?is /age ! only ?+ :i* re/ra9s x is a k9d ( trigg] arrangem5t on ei!r side :i* locks ! cradle 9 its place4 ,9 "s y>ds elaborate me*anical cat*es controll$ by electricity are us$ = ?is1 b 9 _m ! old device ( dog %ores is /ill us$4 ,^! are simply two /\t wood props :i* fit betwe5 a projection on ! ways & "o on ! cradle1 !re be+ "o dog %ore on ei!r side4 ,j ov] ea* dog %ore !re hangs a weight4 ,! p]son :o p]=ms ! c]emony cuts ! cord :i* holds ! weights1 ! weights fall1 ! dog %ores are knock$ away1 & ! %ip is free4 ,sl[ly at fir/1 b ga!r+ spe$ e mom5t1 %e moves maje/ically d[nw>ds into ! wat]1 be+ ultimately br\ght to re/ by means ( *a9s4 ,:e!r done by ! simple dodge ( cutt+ a cord or by ! m ref9$ me?od ( press+ an electric pu%1 ! laun*+ is g5]ally prec$$ by ! break+ ( a bottle ( w9e aga9/ ! b[s & ! pron\ncem5t ( ! vessel's "n4 ,once safely afloat1 ! vessel is t[$ away & b]!d alongside a :>f :]eon are cranes & o!r ma*9es :i* lightly drop on bo>d ( h] ! massive turb9es & boil]s :i* 9 "t w propel h]1 & ! guns ) :i* %e w fight4 ,all ! multitud9\s little f9i%+ t\*es are "h put into h] until at la/ %e sallies =? on h] trial trips to %[ :at %e is capable (1 aft] :i* foll[ trials ( h] guns1 & !n %e takes h] place 9 ! fleet4 ,?us1 briefly sket*$1 we see ! hi/ory ( ! w>%ip f h] inception 9 ! m9ds ( h] design]s till %e is ready to meet ! foe4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,! ,,torp$o ,9 p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica !re lives a little fi%1 :i*1 if y t\* its nose1 gives y a sev]e electric %ock4 ,! natives call x ! torp$o4 ,:5 an artificial fi% came to be inv5t$1 capable ( giv+ a v na/y %ock to anyone t\*+ its sn\t1 t "n 0 be/[$ ^u x too4 ,ev5 m ?an ! subm>9e1 ! torp$o resembles a fi% ) its graceful outl9es & its f9s & tail1 ! *ief diff]5ce be+ t ! tail ( ! torp$o c>ries a c\ple ( little rotat+ propell]s4 ,look$ at ano!r way we may say t ! torp$o is an automatic subm>9e4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 we all "k x be/ z ! weapon ( ! subm>9e4 ,x 0 orig9ally inv5t$ by an ,au/rian :o took x to a ,mr4 ,:itehead1 an ,engli%man :o !n _h an eng9e]+ works at ,fiume4 ,?is g5tleman took up ! idea & develop$ x into ! ,:itehead torp$o1 :i* is to-day us$ by half ! navies 9 ! _w1 ! re/ us+ some?+ v simil>4 ,x is curi\s to note t ! ,g]man v>iety is call$ ! ,s*w>tzkopf1 ! mean+ ( :i* is blackhead4 ,! smoo?1 /eel1 fi%-l body consi/s ( two sep>ate p>ts1 :i* c be deta*$ f ea* o!r4 ,! front "p call$ ! head is made 9 two k9ds1 ! w>-head & ! peace-head4 ,! =m] conta9s a l>ge quantity ( explosive & ! me*anism = fir+ x on com+ into contact ) any h>d body4 ,x is only us$ 9 actual w>f>e4 ,! peace-head is precisely ! same %ape & weight z ! o!r b is q h>mless1 s t :5 x is fitt$ to ! torp$o ! latt] c be h&l$ ) p]fect safety1 a valuable feature dur+ ! frequ5t ex]cises ?r\gh :i* our sailors g 9 _! ef=ts to atta9 p]fection 9 ! use & h&l+ ( ^! valuable weapons4 ,s mu* = ! head4 ,! body ( ! torp$o conta9s a beautiful little eng9e precisely simil> to a /eam-eng9e b on a small scale1 :i* is driv5 by compress$ air1 a /ore ( :i* is c>ri$ 9 a comp>tm5t provid$ = ! purpose4 ,!n !re is an automatic /e]+ app>atus controll$ by a gyroscope1 ! purpose ( :i* is to keep ! torp$o /e]$ 9 precisely t direction 9 :i* x is />t$4 ,if any outside =ce1 su* z curr5t or tide1 deflects x f its pa? ! gyroscope1 act+ ?r\gh a rudd] at ! tail1 br+s x back aga94 ,l ! subm>9e1 moreov]1 x has rudd]s :i* c /e] x upw>ds or d[nw>ds & ^! aga9 are controll$ automatically s t hav+ be5 set to travel at a c]ta9 dep? ! torp$o c be laun*$ into ! wat] ) ! practical c]ta9ty t x w desc5d to t dep? & !n ma9ta9 x4 ,?is rem>kable result is atta9$ by ! use ( two devices act+ 9 comb9ation1 namely1 a hydro/atic valve & a p5dulum4 ,ei!r ( ^! alone w\ld set ! ?+ go+ by leaps & b\nds1 at "o "t above ! requir$ dep? & at ano!r equally bel[ x1 & s on alt]nately4 ,! hydro/atic valve consi/s ( a flexible diaphragm1 "o side ( :i* is 9 contact ) ! wat] outside1 s t s9ce ! pressure increases ) increas+ dep?1 x is b5t inw>ds m or less z ! dep? v>ies4 ,?is deflection is made to control ! horizontal rudd]s4 ,suppose t ?+s are adju/$ = ! rudd]s to /e] ! torp$o horizontally :5 at a dep? ( t5 feet3 if x desc5ds to twelve feet ! increas$ deflection ( ! diaphragm w s *ange ! rudd]s t !y w t5d to /e] slightly upw>ds3 if1 on ! o!r h&1 x rises to eight feet ! contr>y w happ51 ) ! result t x w desc5d4 ,z has be5 said already1 ?is alone w\ld result 9 a cont9ually undulat+ c\rse1 s ! p5dulum is introduc$ to *eck ! too decid$ *anges 9 direction & s produce a practically /raight c\rse4 ,!re is an int]e/+ feature1 too1 ab\t ! propell]4 ,x is tw9 b n1 z 9 %ips1 two screws side by side4 ,in/ead1 !y are bo? set ^u "o %aft or r ^u two conc5tric %afts1 l ! two h&s ( a clock4 ,! h\r-h& ( a clock is on "o %aft1 a solid "o1 :i* itself turns inside ! %aft ( ! m9ute h&1 :i* is holl[4 ,! propell]s ( ! torp$o are likewise1 "o on a tubul> %aft & ! o!r on a solid %aft inside x4 ,^! two %afts turn 9 opposite directions1 b s9ce ! two propell]s are made opposite h&s !y bo? equally pu% ! torp$o along4 ,! reason = ?is arrangem5t is t )\t x ! action ( a s+le propell] w\ld t5d to turn ! torp$o ov] & ov]4 ,in/ead ( ! torp$o turn+ ! propell] ! propell] w\ld to "s ext5t turn ! torp$o4 ,! range ( ! torp$o dep5ds1 cle>ly1 ^u ! quantity ( compress$ air :i* x is able to c>ry & t is limit$ by c]ta9 practical consid]ations4 ,"o ( ^! is ! space requir$ to /ore x1 & a v +5i\s me?od has be5 inv5t$ :]eby ! limit$ supply is ek$ out s t 9 effect its quantity is increas$4 ,z ! air is us$ up ! pressure 9 ! air-*amb] naturally falls & :5 t has gone on to a c]ta9 ext5t *emicals come into action :i* g5]ate heat1 :]eby ! rema9+ air is rais$ 9 temp]ature4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 increases ! volume ( air & ! result is j ! same z if a great] quantity 7 c>ri$ to comm5ce )4 ,! explosion is br\ght ab\t by ! press+ 9 ( a p9 :i* normally projects f ! nose or po9t ( ! torp$o1 & x w\ld be v easy to knock ?is accid5tally1 caus+ a premature explosion1 7 n precautions tak5 to prev5t x4 ,^! take ! =m ( a little fan :i* is turn$ by ! wat] z ! torp$o proce$s ?r\gh x4 ,! fir+-p9 is lock$ by means ( a screw s t x _c be op]at$ until x has be5 releas$ by ! )drawal ( ! screw & t c only be done by ! fan4 ,?us1 :ile on ! subm>9e or :atev] %ip c>ries x1 ! torp$o _c be fir$3 x only becomes capable ( explosion aft] x has pass$ ?r\gh ! wat] = a c]ta9 di/ance1 f> en\gh1 t is1 = ! fan to h undone ! screw4 ,?us ! maximum ( safety is comb9$ ) ! maximum ( s5sitiv5ess :5 ! object aim$ at is /ruck4 ,!re are o!r =ms ( torp$o :i* al?\gh little us$ are by no means lack+ 9 int]e/4 ,!re is ! ,br5nan1 = example1 at "o "t mu* fav\r$ 9 ! ,briti% ,navy4 ,its propell]s 7 op]at$ f ! %ore1 by ! pull+ ( two v flexible /eel wires4 ,! effect 0 mu* z if ! ?+ 7 driv5 by re9s1 z a horse is driv54 ,on %ore 0 a p[]ful eng9e ) two l>ge drums on :i* ! wires c\ld be w\nd & by :i* !y c\ld be drawn 9 at a v high spe$4 ,by pull+ "o m ?an ! o!r ! torp$o c\ld be /e]$ & x is said t su* a torp$o c\ld be made to foll[ a %ip ?r\gh complicat$ evolutions & fairly hunt x d[n1 f9ally ov]tak+ & /rik+ x4 ,! purpose ( su* weapons 0 cle>ly to def5d a port or road/ead aga9/ enemy craft :i* might try to ru% 94 ,x ne$$ to be controll$ by someone p]*$ ^u an em95ce ( "s sort f :i* he c\ld wat* its c\rse & guide x z might be necess>y4 ,comp>e ?is ) ! ease ) :i* ! ,:itehead torp$o is j slipp$ into ! wat] & !n left to itself4 ,a subm>9e has 9 its b[s ei!r "o or two tubes j l>ge en\gh to hold ! torp$o easily4 ,at ! front is a flap door :i* is kept clos$ :ile ! torp$o is slipp$ into its place4 ,!n ! simil> door at ! re> ( ! tube is clos$ aft] :i* ! front "o c be op5$4 ,wat] ( c\rse fl[s 9 & surr\nds ! torp$o :5 ?is takes place & a little pu% f "s compress$ air s5ds x float+ out4 ,z x em]ges f ! tube ! eng9es are set go+ automatically & likewise ! gyroscope :i* /e]s x1 aft] :i* x cont9ues to proce$ 9 a /raight l9e1 soon seek+ & ma9ta9+ ! desir$ dep?4 ,o!r vessels besides subm>9es h subm]g$ torp$o-tubes l ^!1 b o!rs aga9 h tubes ( a diff]5t k9d4 ,^! are fix$ on ! deck & h ! advantage t !y c be po9t$ 9 any direction almo/ l a gun1 :]eas ! o!rs are ei!r fix$ rigidly 9 ! vessel or are only slightly movable4 ,9 ! case ( ^! o!r tubes ! torp$o is %ot ov] ! side ( ! %ip1 (f :i* x leaps into ! wat] some:at l a man div+4 ,"o o!r k9d ( /e]able torp$o may be m5tion$ because ( its +5uity1 al?\gh s f> z is kn[n x is n 9 actual use4 ,x is call$ ! ,armorl1 a comp\nd ( ! names ( its inv5tors1 ,messrs4 ,arm/rong & ,orl+4 ,x is controll$ by wireless telegraphy 9 a v simple b effective mann]4 ,! rudd] :i* /e]s x is connect$ to a small crank 9 su* a way t z ! crank revolves x turns ! helm fir/ to "o side & !n to ! o!r4 ,suppose t1 to comm5ce )1 ! rudd] is /raight3 a qu>t] ( a revolution ( ! crank sets x to "o side1 say1 ! "r3 ano!r qu>t] sets x /raight aga93 a ?ird qu>t] sets x to ! left3 & s on4 ,! crank is turn$ by a w\nd-up spr+1 ! effect ( :i* is1 h[ev]1 normally held 9 *eck by a cat*4 ,:5 a wireless impulse comes along ! cat* is lift$ = a mom5t1 ! crank slips r\nd a qu>t] ( a turn & ! rudd] is mov$ accord+ly4 ,e impulse *anges ! position ( ! rudd] & by s5d+ suitable s]ies ( impulses x c be set z desir$ & *ang$ at any mom5t4 ,a difficulty ) all ^! guid$ torp$oes is t !y mu/ c>ry "s indication :]eby _! place at any mom5t w be made visible to ! man 9 control4 ,a little ma/ & flag w\ld d1 = example1 b x w\ld be a fair m>k = ! enemy's guns & be+ %ot away w\ld leave ! torp$o uncontrollable4 ,! same objection seems to apply to ! wireless ant5na :i* ?is la/ type mu/ c>ry ) :i* to receive _! guid+ impulses1 b t c be made light & almo/ invisible4 ,x is :5 ! ?+ is cle>ly visible t ! dang] arises1 &1 ( c\rse1 to s]ve its purpose x mu/ be visible4 ,! way 9 :i* ?is difficulty 0 ov]come by ,messrs4 ,arm/rong & ,orl+ is a beautiful example ( +5uity4 ,!y cause a jet ( wat] to be bl[n upw>ds by compress$ air1 some?+ l ! sp\t+ ( a :ale1 s famili> 9 books ( natural hi/ory4 ,t =ms a ma/ :i* is cle>ly visible1 yet ! enemy may blaze away at x to _! he>t's cont5t )\t damag+ x 9 ! lea/4 ,,*apt] ,,xix ,,:at ,a ,,subm>9e ,,is ,,l ,! precise details ( ! subm>9es ( our own navy or ( any o!r = t matt] are wrapp$ 9 my/]y4 ,^? :o might tell d n "k & ^? :o "k mu/ n tell4 ,true1 !re h be5 fully descriptive articles 9 _m books & magaz9es1 b x may be safely ass]t$ t ^? descriptions are no?+ m ?an :at ?is *apt] av[$ly is1 reflections by ! au?ors on :at su* a craft mu/ be l1 m or less4 ,x is j z well t ?is %\ld be cle>ly und]/ood1 & ! foll[+ description does n claim to be any m ?an t4 ,j z an a]oplane foll[s ! g5]al design ( a bird ( ! swall[ type1 :i* so>s )\t flapp+ its w+s1 s ! subm>9e necess>ily foll[s mu* ! l9es ( a fi%4 ,x has f9s :i* help to guide x1 x has rudd]s :i* comp>e ) ! fi%'s tail1 & :ile x _c use ei!r f9s or tail to pu% itself along z ! fi%es d1 x has "o or m propell]s :i* s]ve t purpose admirably4 ,x is r rem>kable t1 :ile we (t5 imitate nature v closely1 !re is "o v important me*anical feature :i* almo/ inv>iably di/+ui%es man-made s*emes f natural ones--t is1 t man uses rot>y motion = _m purposes :]eas nature practically nev] does4 ,to be p]fectly hone/1 ! natural me*anisms are f> too difficult = u to copy or ,i expect we %\ld d s4 ,= example1 wat* a goldfi% & see h[ clev]ly x uses its tail4 ,man c\ld nev] hope to make any?+ s p]fect z t tail4 ,absolutely "u its own]'s control1 x s]ves a d\ble purpose ( propell+ & /e]+ 9 a mann] :i* is equally beautiful & impossible to imitate4 ,= c]ta9 def9ite purposes1 h[ev]1 a rot>y propell] is q z good z any?+ :i* ! fi%es c %[ u4 ,z a /raight=w>d1 simple1 =w>d-pu%+ device x is equal to any?+ t a fi% possesses4 ,x has to be giv5 t "o duty1 h[ev]1 & no o!r1 ! /e]+ be+ ! task ( a sep>ate device1 ! rudd]4 ,!re aga91 too1 we see h[ nature does two ?+s ) "o k9d ( me*anism :ile we h to use two1 = ! fi% /e]s itself to "r & to left ) its tail 9 a v]tical plane1 b if x wants to /e] upw>ds or d[nw>ds x twi/s its tail ov] some:at t[>ds a horizontal plane4 ,! subm>9e1 h[ev]1 ne$s two di/9ct & sep>ate rudd]s1 "o = "r & left /e]+ & "o = up & d[n1 ! latt] be+ g5]ally a pair1 "o ea* side ! v]tical rudd] = ! sake ( symmetry & balance4 ,s we f9d t a subm>9e has a body l t ( a fi% except t x is r m rotund1 p]haps1 ?an ! mo/ portly fi% usually se54 ,x has c]ta9 fix$ f9s project+ f its sides1 :i* toge!r ) ! rudd]s enable x to be guid$4 ,x has also c]ta9 long f9s call$ bilge keels = ! purpose ( keep+ x f roll+ too mu*4 ,also1 x has "o or m propell]s & ! two k9ds ( rudd] already ref]r$ to4 ,a fi%1 nev] wi%+ to get outside itself & walk ab\t ^u its own upp] surface1 ne$s no deck1 9 :i* ! subm>9e diff]s f x1 = ! crew require some:]e :]e !y c enjoy a brea? ( fre% air :5 opportunity (f]s4 ,x is n a v commodi\s place1 "o c\ld n exactly take a long walk ^u x1 nor ev5 play deck-quoits1 b on ! back ( ! subm>9e !re is an und\bt$ deck :]e ! m5 c get out & ^u :i* !y c /& :5 %e is on ! surface4 ,a fi%1 moreov]1 takes little he$ ( ?+s ^u ! surface3 its int]e/s lie almo/ entirely bel[4 ,h5ce x has no conn+-t[] or p]iscope1 b )\t ^! ! subm>9e w\ld be useless4 ,! =m] is a little oblong t[] some?+ l a *imney1 :i* projects upw>d f ! deck1 :ile project+ to a high] level /ill is ! tall holl[ ma/ ) prism & l5ses at ! top call$ ! ,p]iscope1 ?r\gh :i* ! comm&] ( ! subm>9e1 himself comp>atively inconspicu\s1 c sweep ! horizon = enemies or victims4 ,! problem ( con/ruct+ a %ip to travel "u wat] is q diff]5t f mak+ "o to travel on ! surface 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,:5 deep d[n ! pressure ( ! wat] t5d+ to cru% ! vessel is some?+ enorm\s4 ,r\ghly speak+1 x is a p\nd p] squ>e in* = e two feet 9 dep?1 s t if a subm>9e dives to a dep? ( fifty feet ! wat] presses ^u x ) a =ce ( ab\t tw5ty-five p\nds ^u e squ>e in* ( its surface4 ,on a squ>e foot1 t means ov] a ton4 ,& !re are _m squ>e feet ( ! surface 9 ev5 a small subm>9e4 ,consequ5tly1 ! :ole %ell ( ! %ip has to be ( v sub/antial con/ruction4 ,moreov]1 !re are curi\s /ra9s :i* come ^u ! vessel :5 x dives to :i* surface %ips are n subject4 ,all ^! h to be reckon$ z f> z possible & all[$ =4 ,! size ( ! mod]n subm>9e is n kn[n ) any c]ta9ty1 b we may put x d[n r\ghly z two hundr$ feet long & at lea/ a ?\s& tons displacem5t1 :i* means t t is its actual weight1 includ+ ev]y?+ & ev]ybody on bo>d1 :5 x is j ab\t to subm]ge4 ,( c\rse1 a subm>9e1 alone among boats1 has two tonnages4 ,:5 x is on ! surface x is comp>atively light4 ,inde$1 runn+ light is ! te*nical t]m describ+ x :5 x is rid+ ^u ! surface ( ! wat] l an ord9>y %ip4 ,!n1 by increas+ its weight1 x c cause itself to s9k until ! little prom5ade or deck call$ ! sup]/ructure is j subm]g$ & little c be se5 above wat] except ! conn+-t[]4 ,t is t]m$ ! awa% position1 & x is cle> t x is !n displac+ m wat] ?an :5 runn+ light1 & h5ce its displacem5t tonnage mu/ be m4 ,:5 x is desir$ to s9k1 ! vessel is set 9 motion 9 ! awa% position1 f :i* x is gradually /e]$ d[nw>ds by ! div+ rudd]s1 until only ! p]iscope1 or x may be n ev5 t1 is left %[+ above4 ,!n ! maximum ( wat] is be+ displac$4 ,x is !n actually displac+ m ?an its own weight ( wat]1 = if left to itself x w rise rapidly & x is only ! spe$ & ! action ( ! rudd]s :i* keep x "u4 ,we see1 !n1 t ! action ( a subm>9e 9 subm]g+ itself is a real g5u9e dive4 ,x s9ks ^u an ev5 keel until x is awa%1 aft] :i* x goes "u head-fir/1 j z a swimm] does4 ,x also rises b[ fir/4 ,?is t5d5cy to rise :5 ! comb9$ action ( movem5t & rudd] ceases con/itutes a v consid]able safegu>d1 = %\ld any?+ happ5 to ! propell+ ma*9]y ! vessel simply rises4 ,at "o "t weights 7 atta*$ to ! "u side ( ! hull :i* c\ld be deta*$ f ! inside s t 9 ! ev5t ( ! vessel desc5d+ aga9/ ! wi% ( h] comm&]1 %e c\ld be simply =c$ to ! surface by ! great excess ( buoyancy result+ f %$d+ ^! safety weights4 ,( c\rse1 9 ! ev5t ( a s]i\s p]=ation ( ! hull nei!r ( ^! =ms ( surplus buoyancy w\ld br+ ! boat up4 ,let u n[ trace ! op]ations ( div+ "r ?r\gh1 suppos+ t our subm>9e is fir/ runn+ light4 ,9 t condition %e is be+ driv5 by ! oil eng9es :i* con/itute h] prim>y propell+ p[]4 ,! hat* or door at ! top ( ! conn+-t[] is op51 z also1 x may be1 is ! "o l[] d[n1 j at ! foot ( ! t[]4 ,m5 are /&+ ^u ! little plat=m =m$ by ! t[]1 & "o ( !m is /e]+ by means ( a :eel1 keep+ 8 eye1 moreov]1 ^u a compass also provid$ !re1 t be+ 9 fact1 to ! subm>9e :5 light1 :at ! bridge is to ! ord9>y /eam]4 ,o!r memb]s ( ! crew may be ^u ! sup]/ructure or deck j bel[1 :ile o!rs aga9 are d[n inside1 att5d+ to _! duties !re4 ,"u ^! conditions ! inside is by no means an unpleasant place4 ,pl5ty ( fre% air comes d[n ?r\gh ! op5 hat*es & ?r\gh ! v5tilators1 x be+ drawn d[n ?r\gh ! latt] by means ( a fan4 ,prep>ations are !n made = subm]g+4 ,! h&-rail along ! little deck is remov$4 ,! upp] /e]+ :eel & compass are cov]$ up or %ut away into ! cov]+s provid$ = !m1 ! wireless app>atus1 if provid$1 is remov$ & ! ma/ %ut d[n4 ,hat*es are securely clos$ & valves 9 ! v5tilat+ pipes are clos$4 ,9 fact e op5+ is %ut & made wat]-tight s t no risk %all be run ( div+ prematurely & tak+ 9 wat] accid5tally4 ,! qu>t]-ma/] transf]s himself to ! /e]+ :eel inside1 :]e he has ano!r compass to guide him1 n ( ! magnetic v>iety ?is "t b a cunn+ application ( ! gyroscope4 ,! comm&]1 too1 hav+ desc5d$ be=e ! la/ hat* 0 clos$ d[n1 takes 8 /& at ! eyepiece ( ! p]iscope1 s9ce t is n[ 8 only means ( see+ :at is go+ on above4 ,ano!r man takes 8 place at ! :eel :i* controls ! div+ rudd]1 conv5i5tly ne> to :i* is a pressure gauge s connect$ to ! out] wat] t z ! %ip dives its dep? is record$ ^u its dial3 t 9 effect is to him :at ! compass is to 8 comrade at ! o!r :eel4 ,) e movem5t ( m5 !re ne$s to be adju/m5t made to keep ! %ip on an ev5 keel4 ,o!rwise %e w\ld g d[n by ! b[ or d[n by ! /]n accord+ z ! m5's weight %ift$ t[>ds ei!r end4 ,?is is arrang$ = by two small tanks =m$ 9 ! /ructure ( ! vessel1 "o at ei!r end4 ,connect$ toge!r by pipes & controll$ by compress$ air1 wat] c be transf]r$ f "o to ! o!r at w & s ! balance be always kept4 ,q simple manipulations ( a valve s]ve to accompli% ?is delicate balanc+ p]=mance4 ,x is p]haps n ( su* importance at ?is /age1 b 9 a mom5t1 :5 ! :ole vessel w be "u wat]1 a v little movem5t inde$ w suffice to upset ! equilibrium4 ,next wat] balla/ is admitt$ into c]ta9 o!r spaces 9 ! %ip's /ructure1 ^! spaces be+ call$1 because ( ! use to :i* !y are put1 balla/ tanks4 ,gradually1 z ! incom+ wat] increases ! weight ( ! vessel1 %e s9ks until %e is awa%4 ,!n ! div+ rudd]s are set at ! "r angle 7a p5dulum s]ves to %[ ! angle at :i* ! boat po9ts7 & d[n %e goes4 ,z ! pressure-gauge indicates ! approa* to ! requir$ dep? ! rudd] is flatt5$ out a little until j t position is f\nd :i* keeps ! boat "u at ! desir$ dep?4 ,( c\rse1 :5 all hat*es & op5+s 7 clos$ ! supply ( fre% air 0 cut (f & aft] t ! crew _h to dep5d ^u ! air conta9$ 9 ! subm>9e4 ,also1 !y _h to /op ! eng9e1 = )\t air x _c "w3 nor c x "w )\t giv+ (f fumes1 :i*1 if admitt$ to ! %ip1 w\ld soon suffocate ! crew4 ,j be=e clos+ up1 !re=e1 ! eng9e is /opp$ & electric motors take up ! task ( driv+ ! %ip4 ,n[ suppose t1 :ile runn+ subm]g$1 ! comm&] espies1 ?r\gh 8 p]iscope1 an unsuspect+ enemy4 ,he tries =?) to get z close z he c4 ,hav+ not$ ! direction ( ! vessel & :i* way %e is go+ & z f> z possible h] spe$1 he subm]ges m deeply1 9 all probability1 le/ ! :ite /reak :i* repres5ts ! wake caus$ by 8 p]iscope %\ld reveal 8 pres5ce4 ,= possibly %e is "o ( ^? t]rible de/roy]s 9 fair fight ) :i* he has b a poor *ance4 ,8 only safety ly+ 9 complete invisibility1 he !re=e subm]ges entirely1 tru/+ to 8 calculations to lead him 9 ! desir$ direction4 ,?us he attempts &1 if he h good luck1 he succe$s 9 gett+ reasonably ne> to 8 foe4 ,!n he mu/ try s to manoeuvre t 8 b[ %all at ! "r mom5t be po9t+ t[>ds ! qu>ry1 = 8 torp$o tubes are 9 ! b[ & !y are fix$1 or ne>ly s at all ev5ts1 s t he c only fire !m 9 a direction ne>ly1 if n precisely1 9 ! direction ( ! c5tre l9e ( 8 %ip4 ,nay1 he mu/ d ev5 m ?an t4 ,x w n d to fire ! torp$o directly at ! %ip1 = a torp$o is comp>atively sl[4 ,suppose x is capable ( =ty miles an h\r1 & ! o!r %ip is a mile away3 ! torp$o w take n9ety seconds to rea* x4 ,& 9 t "t x may h travell$ a mile or s itself4 ,s ! subm>9e man has to all[ = t4 ,occasionally1 !re=e1 he comes up a little = a mom5t 9 ! hope ( gett+ a sight ( ! enemy :ile n reveal+ 8 own pres5ce4 ,or p]haps he may decide to risk be+ se5 & caught1 tru/+ to ! *ance ( gett+ 8 own bl[ 9 fir/4 ,he ne$s to be a mo/ res\rceful man1 ) cle> & ke5 judgm5t & supreme self-confid5ce1 or he c nev] grapple ) su* a task4 ,suppos+1 !n1 t he succe$s 9 gett+ undetect$ into a fav\rable position1 z he ?9ks2 at ! critical mom5t ! o!r %ip may *ange its c\rse1 & ! :ole s*eme goes awry4 ,p]haps he !n tries to foll[1 b t is bad1 = ! end ( a %ip is n ne>ly s good a t>get z ! side & ! "p hit is n s vuln]able4 ,! fir/ torp$o may1 h[ev]1 s disable ! vessel z to give him *ance to get into position = a second & bett] %ot4 ,anyway1 :5 he ?9ks he has got 8 be/ *ance he lets (f a torp$o1 imm$iately div+ to be safe out ( h>m's way = a :ile4 ,!n he rises to see ! result ( 8 "w4 ,if successful he w\ld be sure to he> ! s\nd1 = wat] is an excell5t s\nd-conductor & a subm>9e is l a gigantic telephone e>-piece4 ,x mu/ be a n]ve-rack+ job at ! be/ ( times1 = ! subm>9e is a v vuln]able craft4 ,a memb] ( ! crew ( a ,g]man subm>9e captur$ dur+ ! w> is report$ to h said t out ( t5 subm>9es attack$1 n9e 7 sunk4 ,t may or may n be true1 b x is c]ta9 t a v little damage1 :i* w\ld h>dly affect an ord9>y craft1 is en\gh to s9k a subm>9e4 ,t is because1 9 ord] to be able to s9k at w1 ! res]ve ( buoyancy has to be v l[4 ,an ord9>y surface %ip has at lea/ z mu* ( its bulk above wat] z bel[3 h5ce x c take on bo>d a weight ( wat] almo/ equal to1 if n exce$+ its own weight be=e x s9ks4 ,at ! be/ a subm>9e has n m ?an #cj p] c5t ( excess & s x s9ks if wat] am\nt+ to only #cj p] c5t ( its weight gets into x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! res]ve 9 "o case is at lea/ #ajj p] c5t3 9 ! o!r at mo/ #cj p] c5t4 ,dur+ ! w> a subm>9e saw & tri$ to track d[n1 some:at aft] ! mann] describ$1 a sl[1 /eady-go+ colli] :i* plies betwe5 ,london & ! nor? c>ry+ coal = a ,london gas-works4 ,hav+1 z x ?\ght1 got into position = dis*>g+ its torp$o x rose = a f9al look :5 7x mu/ h be5 to ! amazem5t ( ! crew7 ! colli] 0 se5 mak+ /raight = !m4 ,:at !y really ?\ght no "o w ev] "k1 = ! colli] _h ! be/ ( ! enc\nt]1 ! subm>9e 0 cru%$ b5ea? h] blunt b[s & sank1 no d\bt1 = ev]4 ,! m]e fact t a sl[1 clumsy1 heavily-lad5 colli] c\ld ev] ?us vanqui% an up-to-date subm>9e is eloqu5t te/imony to _! vuln]ability4 ,_m a subm>9e1 too1 has fall5 to ! %ells ( an arm$ fi%+ trawl] simply because ! %ells ( ! latt] 7 s mu* quick] 9 action ?an a torp$o1 c\pl$ ) ! fact t "o well-plac$ %ot1 by prev5t+ a subm>9e f div+1 r5d]s x almo/ helpless4 ,"s subm>9es1 h[ev]1 h a gun on ! deck1 s t :5 light !y c fight l a de/roy] or o!r lightly-arm$ vessel4 ,! gun %uts d[n into a cavity :5 ! vessel goes bel[4 ,! p]iscope1 :i* =ms su* an important "p ( ! subm>9e's equipm5t1 is really v little m ?an a telescope4 ,on ! top !re is a little mirror1 or m probably a prism or ?ree-corn]$ piece ( glass :i* s]ves precisely ! same purpose 9 t x reflects exactly z a mirror does4 ,?is is s plac$ t x ?r[s ! light f di/ant objects d[n ! tube into ! int]ior ( ! %ip4 ,9 ! tube are l5ses v l ^? ( an ord9>y telescope & ! light may be made to ?r[ a picture ^u a little table or scre5 or else c be view$ ?r\gh ano!r prism directly by ! eye4 ,9 ei!r case ! p]iscope is j l an ord9>y telescope set up v]tically ) a prism at ! top s t x c see at "r angles1 & possibly ano!r at ! bottom s t ! picture c be view$ at "r angles to ! direction ( ! tube4 ,! latt] is necess>y only = ! conv5i5ce ( ! obs]v]1 s9ce o!rwise he w\ld h to be ^u 8 back to look up ! tube4 ,! :ole app>atus c be rotat$ me*anically & a scale =ms a means ( measur+ ! precise direction 9 :i* ! prism or mirror is at any mom5t po9t$4 ,?is is useful = measur+ r\ghly ! position ( ! prey1 & x may ev5 be us$ z a r\gh means ( gett+ ! range4 ,ano!r feature is ! gyroscope compass1 to :i* a pass+ ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,x is fairly well kn[n t an object :5 sp9n+ exhibits prop]ties q diff]5t f ^? :i* x possesses :5 /ill4 ,a boy's top is a famili> illu/ration1 = :ile sp9n+ x w /& p]fectly /eady1 support$ only ^u a tall peg ) a %>p po9t1 a pose :i* x w absolutely refuse to ma9ta9 :5 n sp9n+4 ,n[ =tunately = ! pres5t purpose x s happ5s t "o ( ! peculi>ities ( ! gyroscope or sp9n+-:eel is ?is3 t if m\nt$ 9 a c]ta9 way x p]si/s 9 plac+ its axis 9 ! same plane z t 9 :i* ! axis ( ! e>? lies4 ,if y imag9e = a mom5t a plane or flat surface ( :i* ! e>?'s axis =ms a "p y w see t :]ev] t plane cuts ! surface ( ! e>? w be a l9e 9 a nor? & s\? direction4 ,consequ5tly1 if any horizontal object has its axis 9 t same plane x1 too1 w always po9t nor? & s\?4 ,a :eel1 small b heavy1 is !re=e m\nt$ ) its axis support$ horizontally ^u a little metal raft float+ 9 a tr\gh ( m]cury & driv5 r\nd at a v fa/ spe$ by a small electric motor fix$ 9 x4 ,:atev] its position may be to />t )1 ?is revolv+ :eel w 9 a %ort "t slew itself r\nd ^u ! support+ m]cury until its own axis is 9 ! same plane z ! axis ( ! e>?3 until1 9 fact1 its axis po9ts due nor? & s\?4 ,arriv$ 9 t position1 x w rema9 !re no matt] h[ ! %ip ^u :i* x /&s may turn4 ,s9ce x floats freely ^u m]cury ! motion ( ! %ip has little effect ^u x1 s little inde$1 t x has no difficulty 9 foll[+ its own peculi> b5t1 ev5 if ! %ip be describ+ circles4 ,! advantages ( ?is are v>i\s3 two ( !m may be /at$4 ,fir/1 ! app>atus po9ts to ! actual geographical nor? & n to ! magnetic nor?1 :i* is a slightly diff]5t direction & "o1 moreov]1 subject to frequ5t v>iation4 ,second1 x is absolutely unaffect$ by ! pres5ce ( iron or o!r magnets1 a v fruitful s\rce ( error 9 ! magnetic compass :5 us$ ^u an iron %ip close to /eel guns & electrical ma*9]y4 ,surr\nd$ ) iron z is ! compass 9 ! int]ior ( a subm>9e1 ! magnetic ne$le practically refuses to "w at all1 s t1 al?\gh employ$ on o!r %ips1 x is on ! subm>9e t ! gyro-compass f9ds its mo/ important field ( usefulness4 ,! pressure-gauge or manomet]1 :i* indicates ! dep?1 is probably n diff]5t 9 any respect1 except 9 its dial1 :i* is m>k$ 9 feet-dep? in/ead ( 9 p\nds-pressure1 f ! pressure-gauge us$ on /eam boil]s4 ,x has ei!r a little cyl9d] ) a pi/on 9 x :i* ! wat] presses upw>ds m or less aga9/ ! =ce ( a spr+1 a diaphragm :i* is b5t m or less1 or a b5t tube :i* tries to /raight5 itself out z ! pressure inside x increases4 ,! old] subm>9es d]iv$ _! p[] f petrol eng9es simil> to ^? :i* drive high-p[] motor-c>s1 b n[adays ^! h giv5 place to eng9es ( ! type inv5t$ by ! un=tunate ,diesel :o1 aft] mak+ "o ( ! mo/ brilliant & successful inv5tions ( mod]n times1 committ$ suicide1 app>5tly 9 ! height ( 8 success4 ,^! eng9es burn *eap heavy oil 9 place ( ! co/ly ref9$ petrol3 !y are exce$+ly reliable & well-behav$1 & are free f _m ( ! tr\bles :i* affect ! petrol motor4 ,!y are ref]r$ to 9 m detail 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,9 tw9-screw boats !re are two di/9ct eng9es1 "o = ea* propell]4 ,ea* eng9e1 too1 is c\pl$ to a dynamo by :i* x c g5]ate electric curr5t1 :i* is /or$ 9 l>ge accumulator batt]ies until requir$ & !n )drawn to drive ! dynamos z motors :ile ! boat is subm]g$1 = if y fe$ a dynamo ) curr5t x becomes a motor4 ,a great deal ( "w is done1 on ! subm>9e1 by compress$ air1 ( :i* l>ge /ores are c>ri$ 9 /rong /eel cyl9d]s4 ,= example1 ! balla/ is eject$ f ! balla/ tanks1 :5 ! boat is requir$ to rise1 n by pumps b by ! action ( compress$ air f a cyl9d]4 ,! simple movem5t ( a tap ?us suffices to bl[ out ! wat] 9 a v %ort "t4 ,! torp$oes1 too1 are giv5 _! initial pu% :i* s5ds !m out ( _! tube into ! wat] by compress$ air4 ,9 o!r ways1 too1 compress$ air is employ$ & to facilitate its use !re are _m tubes & valves :]eby ! cyl9d]s & o!r app>atus are connect$4 ,l all ?+s human1 ^! tubes & valves h _! defects1 :i* 9 ?is case means t !y leak some:at1 b ?is defect is ( value s9ce ! leak+ air helps to keep pure & sweet ! air inside ! boat :i*1 :5 subm]g$1 ! m5 h to brea!4 ,to :at ext5t x is us$ ,i d n "k1 b x is a fact t c]ta9 *emicals1 cau/ic soda = in/ance1 h ! p[] to absorb ! objectionable c>bonic acid :i* makes tightly-%ut rooms seem close & uncom=table1 & if some?+ ( t sort be employ$1 x1 toge!r ) ! fre% air :i* ?us leaks 9 by accid5t1 is und\bt$ly en\gh to enable m5 to live "u wat] = _m h\rs at a /ret*4 ,on ! o!r h&1 sev]al in/ances are on record 9 :i* /rong heal?y "y (fic]s h1 aft] a c\rse ( s]vice on a subm>9e1 be5 f\nd to be suff]+ s]i\sly f *e/ & lung tr\ble1 br\ght on1 no d\bt1 by long spells ( duty 9 ?is unheal?y atmosph]e4 ,x us$ to be ! cu/om to keep "s :ite mice on bo>d a subm>9e to give w>n+ ( ! impurities 9 ! air4 ,be+ v susceptible to ! smell ( petrol vap\r1 :i* us$ to be a s\rce ( consid]able dang]1 & also to c>bonic acid1 ^! little creatures squeak$ ) anxiety "s "t be=e ! conditions became really dang]\s1 ?us giv+ timely w>n+4 ,!re is an in/rum5t1 h[ev]1 :i* w give an indication ( ?is sort & probably x has be5 br\ght 9 to re9=ce ! mice if n actually to supplant !m4 ,?is int]e/+ little in/rum5t1 :i* ! gasworks p use = detect+ leakage1 consi/s ( a metal drum ) a por\s diaphragm4 ,normally ! pressure ( ! atmosph]e ^u ! diaphragm is equall$ & balanc$ by ! pressure ( ! air inside ! drum1 b if !re be gas 9 ! air ?is balance is upset1 ! diaphragm is bulg$ 9 or out & a f+] is !reby mov$1 :i* movem5t =ms a measure ( ! am\nt ( gas pres5t4 ,9 conclusion1 we may fitt+ly take a glance at :at happ5s :5 a subm>9e f\nd]s4 ,only a few ye>s ago ?is occurr$ ) lam5table frequ5cy1 ?\gh n[ x is q r>e except "u ! actual /ress ( w>f>e4 ,sev]al int]e/+ s*emes 7 !re=e inv5t$ to give ! m5 at lea/ a sport+ *ance ( gett+ to safety4 ,"o 0 to make ! conn+-t[] deta*able & wat]-tight1 s t ! m5 c\ld get into x1 fa/5 !mselves 9 & float up to ! surface4 ,! practical difficulties 9 ! way prev5t$ ?is be+ a success4 ,= example1 if suffici5tly deta*able 9 an em]g5cy x 0 difficult to make x suffici5tly wat]-tight 9 ord9>y use4 ,ano!r & bett] device provid$ ! m5 ) small helmets & jackets1 l ! dress ( a div] v mu* simplifi$4 ,"o ( ^! = ea* man 0 /or$ 9 an accessible place 9 ! boat & p>titions 7 devis$ inside ! hull itself 9 ord] t :atev] happ5$ !re %\ld be air entrapp$ some:]e :]e9 ! m5 c\ld live = a "t & put on _! helmets 9 safety4 ,!n1 ?us provid$1 !y c\ld crawl out ?r\gh ! hat*way & float up to ! surface4 ,arriv$ !re !y c\ld inflate _! jackets by bl[+ into !m1 op5 ! w9d[ ( ! helmet & float ^u ! surface 9 comp>ative safety until rescu$4 ,?is app>atus 0 l>gely in/all$ 9 ,briti% subm>9es & a tank 0 built at ,portsm\? :]e ! m5 c\ld actually practise ) x "u wat]4 ,a ?ird device may also be m5tion$4 ,?is takes ! =m ( a buoy fitt$ into a recess 9 ! boat's upp] surface4 ,suffici5t l9e is coil$ up inside x & :5 ! occasion arises x c be releas$ f inside4 ,?is does n 9 itself save ! crew b x may g a long way t[>ds ensur+ _! safety by lett+ ^? above "k j :]e ! sunk5 craft is & guid+ !m 9 _! ef=ts to raise x4 ,! torp$o1 ! weapon )\t :i* ! subm>9e w\ld be practically useless1 is dealt ) 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,en\gh has be5 said "h to give a good g5]al idea ( ^! int]e/+ craft1 _! fitt+s1 _! uses & ! sort ( life :i* befalls ^? :o man !m4 ,,*apt] ,,xx ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,= ages p 7 puzzl$ z to ! nature ( light4 ,py?agoras1 t old ,greek :o inv5t$ :at we n[ call ! =ty-sev5? proposition ( ,euclid1 ?\ght t ! bright body %ot (f /reams ( t9y p>ticles :i* lit]ally hit ! obs]v] 9 ! eye4 ,sir ,isaac ,newton ?\ght ! same1 b = once ! greate/ sci5ti/ ( all "t 0 wrong4 ,= :5 ! ,dani% a/ronom]1 ,rom]1 discov]$ t light travell$ at ! rate ( some:]e ab\t #ahf1jjj miles p] second x dawn$ ^u p t x 0 sc>cely believable t p>ticles ( any k9d c\ld by any means be made to move s fa/4 ,s !y set ab\t se>*+ = a new explanation1 & !y f\nd x 9 ! idea t light 0 convey$ f ! bright body to ! obs]v]'s eye by means ( waves1 & z !re _c be waves ( no?+ !y _h to imag9e a some?+ to exi/ 9 all ! vacant spaces ( ! univ]se capable ( =m+ ! waves ( light4 ,?is some?+ 0 call$ ! lum9if]\s e!r or light-be>+ e!r4 ,we c nei!r see1 feel1 ta/e nor he> x4 ,our s5ses tell u no?+ ab\t x4 ,inde$1 if x does really exi/ x mu/ be s v diff]5t f any?+ t we d "k by our s5ses t "o is (t5 tempt$ to d\bt its exi/5ce4 ,/ill1 x expla9s s _m ?+s :i* are o!rwise unexpla9able & enables u s correctly to reason f "o ph5om5on to ano!r t our reason =ces u to accept x z a fact1 at all ev5ts until some?+ bett] comes along4 ,?is wave !ory 9 reg>d to light 0 f9ally set at re/ by ! curi\s discov]y ab\t a c5tury ago by ,dr4 ,?omas ,"y ( ,london t if two lots ( light 7 br\ght toge!r 9 a c]ta9 way !y produc$ d>kness4 ,n[ if a ray ( light 7 a /ream ( p>ticles1 two su* rays w\ld inevitably & always1 if add$ toge!r1 produce a d\bly brilliant light1 & "u no conceivable circum/ances c\ld !y d any?+ else4 ,b two lots ( waves c1 & d1 "u ! prop] conditions1 neutralize ea* o!r s z to produce re/4 ,?is mutual action ^u ea* o!r ( two sets ( waves c be v simply exhibit$ by two viol9 /r+s tun$ to ne>ly b n q ! same note4 ,if y h a viol9 h&y1 try x & y w f9d t :5 ei!r /r+ is pluck$ sep>ately x gives a /eady cont9u\s s\nd1 b if bo? be pluck$ at ! same "t !y give a ?robb+ s\nd4 ,t is because1 p]iodically1 z "o /r+ is com+ up ! o!r is go+ d[n1 s t !y neutralize ea* o!r1 :ile at o!r times1 ow+ to ! fact t "o is vibrat+ fa/] ?an its fell[1 bo? are ris+ & fall+ toge!r4 ,:5 neutraliz+ ea* o!r !re is a mom5t>y sil5ce1 :ile 9 betwe5 ! sil5ces come ! times :5 bo? are act+ toge!r & !re=e produc+ a specially l\d s\nd4 ,& s z ! vibrations ( ! fa/] keep ga9+ ^u ^? ( ! sl[] /r+ "o he>s a cont9ual cresc5do & !n dim9u5do repeat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,s two sets ( s\nd waves sometimes produce sil5ce4 ,& 9 l mann] two sets ( light waves c be made s to int]f]e 7t is ! te*nical t]m7 t toge!r !y produce d>kness4 ,s = a hundr$ ye>s or m p h1 g5]ally speak+1 accept$ ! idea t light consi/s ( waves 9 a m$ium call$ ,! ,e!r4 ,heat also is br\ght to u f ! sun & f any di/ant hot body by simil> means1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 light waves & heat waves be+ simply 9 _! wave l5g? or ! di/ance ap>t4 ,! diff]5t col\rs ( light1 too1 are to be acc\nt$ = by diff]5t wave l5g?s4 ,y h ( c\rse se5 h[ a magnet c act ^u a piece ( iron at a di/ance4 ,y may1 too1 h tri$ ! exp]im5t ( j]k+ a magnet pa/ a piece ( wire1 !reby g5]at+ an electric curr5t 9 ! wire4 ,bo? ^? ?+s ne$1 = explanation1 t we assume ! exi/5ce ( a some?+ invisible & undetectable by our s5ses betwe5 ! magnet & ! iron & betwe5 ! magnet & ! wire1 by :i* ! action ( "o is convey$ to ! o!r4 ,s p imag9$ ano!r ,e!r capable ( act+ l a l9k betwe5 ! magnet & ! iron & betwe5 ! magnet & ! wire4 ,n[ j ab\t half a c5tury ago a celebrat$ pr(essor ( ,cambridge ,univ]sity br\ght all ^! facts ab\t light1 heat1 magnetism & electricity toge!r & by skilful reason+ %[$ t b "o ,e!r suffic$ to expla9 all ^! ?+s4 ,he %[$ h[ magnetic & electric =ces act+ toge!r c\ld produce waves l ^? ( light & heat4 ,& f9ally he demon/rat$ by figures t waves s =m$ w\ld necess>ily travel at ! v spe$ at :i* light & heat are kn[n to move4 ,?is is kn[n z ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light4 ,& n cont5t ) %[+ ! nature ( ?+s already kn[n1 ,pr(essor ,cl]k-,maxwell add$ a prophecy t !re 7 o!r waves 9 exi/5ce ( long] wave l5g?1 :i* no "o !n knew h[ to make or to detect if made4 ,foll[+ up ?is prophecy _m inve/igators s\ght ^! waves1 & ! fir/ to f9d !m 0 ,pr(essor ,h]tz ( ,c>lsruhe 9 ,g]many4 ,=tunately = 8 position 9 ! m9ds ( ,engli% p he di$ be=e ! ,w>1 s t 8 "n is n sulli$ by ! /upidities ( :i* ,g]man pr(essors 9 m rec5t days h be5 guilty4 ,on ! contr>y1 8 writ+s %[ him to h be5 a k9dly1 mode/1 g5ial s\l1 & p>ticul>ly gratify+ is 8 g5]\s ass]tion 9 "o ( 8 books t _h he n himself discov]$ ^! waves he is c]ta9 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge w\ld h done s4 ,he seem$ q anxi\s to %>e ! cr$it ( 8 discov]y ) 8 ,engli% colleague z he call$ him4 ,let u see !n h[ ^! ,h]tzian waves are produc$4 ,9 ! ye> #agdh a ,dut* exp]im5t] nam$ ,cuneus ?\ght he w\ld try to electrify wat]4 ,he got a glass flask & fill$ x ) wat] into :i* he let drop "o end ( a *a9 connect$ to an old-fa%ion$ frictional electrical ma*9e4 ,?us he /ood ) ! flask 9 8 h& :ile a fri5d work$ ! ma*9e4 ,aft] a %ort "t ! fri5d /opp$ & ,cuneus took hold ( ! *a9 to lift x out1 :5 to 8 a/oni%m5t he receiv$ a %ock :i* knock$ him ov]1 broke 8 flask & s5t him to b$ to recov]4 ,unwitt+ly ,cuneus _h inv5t$ :at became kn[n !reaft] z a ,leyd5 j>1 ,leyd5 be+ ! t[n 9 :i* he liv$4 ,x consi/$1 y w notice1 ( two conductors1 ! wat] & 8 h&1 ) an insulator1 ! glass1 9 betwe54 ,to und]/& or r to give ourselves a useful work+ explanation ( h[ su* an app>atus comes to be *>g$ we mu/ fir/ imag9e t ev]y?+ conta9s a c]ta9 normal am\nt ( electricity :i* we c by c]ta9 means add to or take away f at w4 ,:5 we add "s to any?+ we say we h giv5 x a positive *>ge3 :5 we subtract "s we say t we h imp>t$ a negative *>ge4 ,cle>ly1 if we add "s to "o ?+ we mu/ fir/ obta9 x f some?+ else1 & if we take "s away f "o ?+ we mu/ d some?+ ) :at we h tak51 & s we add x to some?+ else4 ,!re=e :5ev] we *>ge any?+ positively we mu/ *>ge some?+ else negatively & vice v]sa4 ,n[ ! ease ) :i* we c ?us *>ge two bodies seems to dep5d ^u _! ne>ness to ea* o!r1 s t ! easie/ ?+s to *>ge are two plates ( metal sep>at$ by ! ?9ne/ possible insulator4 ,mod]n ,leyd5 j>s are usually =m$ ( a ?9 glass j> ) a l9+ inside & out ( t9foil4 ,! ,leyd5 j> is1 h[ev]1 only "o =m ( ! piece ( electrical app>atus kn[n z an electrical cond5s]1 & _m o!r =ms exi/4 ,= example1 a flat %eet ( glass ) foil above & bel[1 or sev]al su* pil$ "o on top ( ano!r4 ,an em95t electrician :om ,i "k has rec5tly made "s ( two t9 patty pans put bottom to bottom1 ne>ly b n q t\*+1 ! :ole be+ enclos$ 9 a solid block ( p>aff9 wax4 ,& ,i might describe _m o!r =ms1 b :atev] !y may be e "o is ess5tially two conductors ) an insulator betwe54 ,n[ :5 a cond5s] has be5 *>g$ its *>ges rema9 = a consid]able "t unless !y be giv5 a *ance to escape4 ,suppose y h a *>g$ cond5s] & t y take a wire & ) x t\* simultane\sly bo? ! conductors1 ! surplus on "o plate w ru% ?r\gh ! wire & make good ! defici5cy ^u ! o!r2 x w ?us 9 an in/ant become dis*>g$4 ,n[ sev]al sci5tific m5 _h sugge/$1 be=e ,h]tz's "t1 t :5 t occurr$ some?+ else happ5$ too4 ,!y ?\ght t ! *>ge did n simply ru% f "o plate to ! o!r in/antly1 b t x oscillat$ to & fro = a p]iod2 t ! surplus ru%+ r\nd ov]%ot ! m>k1 s to speak1 & n only made up ! defici5cy b caus$ a surplus on ! opposite plate1 aft] :i* ?is new surplus ru%$ back aga9 ?r\gh ! wire1 do+ ! same ?+1 ?\gh to a less & less degree1 sev]al times ov] be=e a condition ( p]fect re/ 0 rea*$4 ,to use a simple analogy1 x 0 ?\ght t ! surplus swung to & fro l ! sw++ ( a p5dulum4 ,we "k t a p5dulum sw+s because ( its in]tia1 & electricity possesses a prop]ty v l in]tia :i*1 x 0 ?\ght1 w\ld cause x to behave 9 ! same way4 ,! ,e!r waves travel at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second1 s t if1 z 0 ?\ght1 a sudd5 curr5t ( electricity gives rise to a wave1 curr5ts :i* succe$ ea* o!r at ! rate ( "o p] second w\ld produce waves #ahf1jjj miles ap>t4 ,a hundr$ curr5ts p] second w\ld give a wave l5g? ( #ahfj miles4 ,a ?\s& p] second w\ld give #ahf miles4 ,b a ?\s& succe$+ curr5ts p] second are difficult to produce1 & #ahf miles is s v mu* great] ?an ! t9y fraction ( an in*1 :i* is ! l5g? ( ! light & heat waves1 t ,h]tz _h to f9d "s way ( mak+ curr5ts succe$ ea* o!r fa/] ev5 ?an a ?\s& times p] second4 ,s he ?\ght ( ^! oscillat+ curr5ts :i* 7 suppos$ to occur :5 a cond5s] 0 dis*>g$1 & he rigg$ up a cond5s] ) an induction coil & a sp>k gap 9 a way :i* he ?\ght w\ld d :at he want$4 ,!re is n room "h to expla9 ! ,induction ,coil1 inde$ x is s well kn[n t x w be q suffici5t to /ate t x is an app>atus :i* takes /eady curr5t f a batt]y & gives back in/ead a lot ( little spurts or spla%es ( curr5t at a rate (1 say1 fifty or "o hundr$ spla%es p] second1 accord+ z we adju/ ! little vibrat+ spr+ :i* =ms a "p ( ! coil4 ,we c s connect ?is to a cond5s] t ea* spla% w *>ge x up2 & we c comb9e ) x a sp>k-gap1 t is to say1 a gap betwe5 two knobs1 s t e "t x is *>g$ x imm$iately dis*>ges aga9 ?r\gh ?is gap4 ,?us we may h1 say1 "o hundr$ spla%es p] second1 & ea* spla% is foll[$ by sev]al oscillations across ! air-gap1 ! oscillations tak+ place at ! rate ( p]haps a million p] second4 ,ea* s]ies ( oscillations is call$ a tra94 ,n[ a million p] second gives a wave-l5g? some:]e ab\t :at ,h]tz want$1 s he arrang$ 8 app>atus z j describ$4 ,= a cond5s] he us$ two metal plates a little di/ance ap>t1 ! air betwe5 =m+ ! insulat+ mat]ial4 ,he set up 8 app>atus 9 a l>ge room1 & hav+ />t$ ! coil he mov$ ab\t ) a ne>ly complete hoop ( wire1 ! ends ( :i* ne>ly t\*$4 ,work+ 9 d>kness he f\nd aft] a :ile t sometimes he c\ld see little sp>ks1 v small b j visible across ! gap betwe5 ! ends ( ! b5t wire4 ,^? sp>ks only occurr$ :5 ! coil 0 9 action1 & s he knew t ! "o 0 ! result ( ! o!r's "w4 ,by c>eful pa9/ak+ exp]im5t he f\nd t ! sp>ks 7 unque/ionably caus$ by waves1 & t ! waves mov$ ) ! same spe$ z light1 also t !y c\ld be reflect$ & refract$ j on precisely ! same pr9ciples z ^? :i* control light4 ,moreov]1 he measur$ ! wave-l5g?4 ,at fir/ sight x seems incr$ible t anyone c\ld measure ! di/ance ap>t ( waves :i* travel at su* a spe$ z #ahf1jjj miles p] second1 b =tunately1 by a special application ( int]f]5ce1 x is possible to make ! waves /& /ill & tamely submit to measurem5t4 ,an example ( ?is c be se5 by simply tapp+ a glass ( wat]1 :5 ! ripples be+ reflect$ (f ! sides int]f]e ) ea* o!r & become /ation>y4 ,/ation>y waves are half ! wave-l5g? ( ! orig9al waves1 & by us+ ?is me?od ,h]tz 0 able to make a measurem5t :i* at fir/ sight seems beyond ! b\nds ( possibility4 ,?us ,h]tz discov]$ h[ to make ! waves :i* ,cl]k-,maxwell _h pr$ict$ & also h[ to detect !m :5 made4 ,x 0 n long be=e ! idea arose ( us+ ^! waves = signall+ to a di/ance4 ,_m exp]im5ts 7 made b ) no v /rik+ success until #ahif :5 ,m>coni fir/ came to ,engl&4 ,h]tz _h notic$ t ! f>!r ap>t he plac$ ! plates ( 8 cond5s] ! f>!r c\ld he get 8 tell-tale sp>k1 s ,m>coni saw t ! plates ( 8 cond5s]1 too1 mu/ be f> ap>t4 ,he also f\nd t ! e>? c\ld be us$ z "o ( ! plates1 t 9 fact !re 0 a great advantage 9 s us+ x4 ,s1 "o plate hav+ to be ! e>? itself & ! o!r remov$ z f> z possible f x1 ! tall ma/s ( ! wireless ant5na came into be+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,li/5+ ,,= ,,! ,,enemy4 ,special s5sitive cyl9d]s are sunk into ! gr\nd to :i* ! usual telephonic app>atus is fix$4 ,?is enables ! sapp]s to detect any und]gr\nd op]ations by ! enemy4 ,:5 ,m>coni came to ,engl& he 0 tak5 "u ! k9dly w+ ( ,sir ,william ,preece1 ! vet]an eng9e] ( ! ,po/ ,(fice1 & ! facilities :i* ,sir ,william 0 able to give no d\bt help$ l>gely 9 8 subsequ5t rapid progress4 ,aft] a few exp]im5ts 9 ,london he got to "w across ! ,*annel1 s5d+ messages f ! ,nor? ,=el& ,ligh?\se to ,wim]eux on ! coa/ ( ,france1 includ+ congratulatory messages betwe5 ! ,fr5* au?orities & good ,que5 ,victoria4 ,a little lat] he 0 signall+ f ,niton 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight to ! ma9l& & to ! f> we/ at ! ,liz>d4 ,! fir/ wireless telegram :i* 0 actually paid = 0 s5t by ,"l ,kelv91 ! fa!r ( cable telegraphy1 f ,niton to ! ma9l&1 :5ce x 0 transmitt$ by l& wires to ,sir ,george ,/okes4 ,?is incid5t1 s int]e/+ because ( its m>k+ a /age 9 ! hi/ory ( ?is great inv5tion1 also because ( ! p]sons conc]n$1 occurr$ 9 #ahih4 ,b ,m>coni 0 quickly increas+ ! range ( 8 app>atus f> beyond any?+ already m5tion$4 ,he j\rney$ 9 ! ,italian w>%ip ,c>lo ,alb]to z f> nor? z ,cron/adt & z f> ea/ z ,italy1 keep+ 9 communication ) ,engl& all ! "t4 ,!n he cross$ ! ,atlantic1 aga9 keep+ up communication ) ,engl& ! great] "p ( ! j\rney4 ,rais+ 8 wires to a great height by means ( kites he 0 soon able to signal f ,nova ,scotia to ! great /ation j previ\sly built at ,poldhu 9 ,cornwall1 & !n wireless telegraphy f l& to l& across ! great ocean became an accompli%$ fact4 ,we all "k h[ ?+s h progress$ s9ce !n4 ,a telegram by ,m>coni is z commonplace to-day z a telegram by cable4 ,! ,briti% ,gov]nm5t is n[ engag$ ^u a s]ies ( /ations dott$ ab\t ! globe 9 su* a way t e "p ( ! widely sep>at$ ,briti% ,empire %all be 9 con/ant t\* ) e o!r "p by wireless telegraphy4 ,9 o!r words1 ! range ( ! sy/em has n[ become su* t no?+ fur!r is ne$$4 ,! ,briti% ,admiralty has a few wires slung to po/s on ! top ( ! (fices 9 ,london1 & ^? few wires enable t\* to be ma9ta9$ ) %ips4 ,z almo/ e intellig5t newspap] read] 9 ,great ,brita9 kn[s1 ! ,g]mans 7 9 ! habit1 dur+ ! w>1 ( s5d+ news to ! ,unit$ ,/ates by wireless telegraphy1 :i* news 0 always pick$ up by ! ,admiralty in/allation & circulat$ to ! ,briti% newspap]s1 (t5 to ! amusem5t ( _! ,briti% read]s4 ,! fam\s ,emd51 too1 :i* _h su* a run ( success until x enc\nt]$ ! ,au/ralian cruis] ,sydney1 met its end entirely ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( wireless telegraphy4 ,^! incid5ts give u a good idea ( ! usefulness ( wireless 9 naval w>f>e4 ,9 milit>y "w x is us$ *iefly 9 connection ) air-craft1 b ( t m w be said 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,transmitt]4 ,,receiv]4 ,,diagram ,,%[+ ,,! ,,pr9ciple ,,by ,,:i* ,,! ,,a]ials ,,are ,,connect$ ,,to ,,! ,,app>atus4 ,,*apt] ,,xxi ,,wireless ,,telegraphy ,,9 ,,w> ,! hi/ory ( ?is wond]ful inv5tion has be5 describ$ 9 ! prec$+ *apt]4 ,n[ we w see h[ x is appli$ 9 w>f>e4 ,let u take fir/ its uses 9 connection ) ! ,navy4 ,! a]ial wires or ant5na are /ret*$ to ! top ( ! highe/ ma/ ( ! vessel4 ,:]e !re are two ma/s !y (t5 span betwe5 ! two4 ,%ips :i* h ma/s = no o!r reason are suppli$ ) !m = ?is special purpose4 ,9 ! case ( subm>9es1 ! :ole ?+1 ma/ & wires includ$1 is tempor>y & c be tak5 d[n or put up quickly & easily at w4 ,! /ations a%ore are equipp$ mu* aft] ! same mann] z are ! %ips1 except t sometimes !y are a little m elaborate1 z !y may well be s9ce !y d n suff] f ! same limitations4 ,= example1 ! well-kn[n ant5na ov] ! ,admiralty build+s 9 ,london consi/s ( ?ree ma/s plac$ at ! ?ree corn]s ( a triangle ) wires /ret*$ betwe5 all ?ree4 ,h[ev] ^! wires may be arrang$ & support$ !y are v c>efully insulat$ f _! supports1 = :5 s5d+ !y h to be *>g$ ) curr5t at a high voltage & ne$ good insulation to prev5t its escape1 :ile1 9 receiv+1 ! curr5ts induc$ 9 !m are s v fa9t t good insulation is requir$ 9 ord] t !re may n be ! slighte/ avoidable loss4 ,! function ( ^! wires1 x w be und]/ood1 is to =m "o plate ( a cond5s]1 ! e>? be+ ! o!r plate & ! air 9 betwe5 ! dielectric or insulator4 ,9 ! case ( %ips ! e>? is repres5t$ by ! hull ( ! vessel4 ,x makes a p>ticul>ly good e>? s9ce x is 9 p]fect contact ) a va/ mass ( salt wat]1 & t aga9 is 9 contact ) a va/ area ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,salt wat] is a surpris+ly good conductor ( electricity4 ,9 l& /ations e>? consi/s ( a metal plate well buri$ 9 damp gr\nd4 ,! :ole "q ( conduction ( electricity ?r\gh ! e>? is v p]plex+4 ,!re seems to be resi/ance (f]$ to ! curr5t at ! po9t :]e x ent]s ! gr\nd1 b aft] t none at all4 ,consequ5tly ! resi/ance betwe5 two e>? plates a few y>ds ap>t & betwe5 simil> ones a ?\s& miles ap>t is ab\t ! same4 ,?\gh ! e>? is made up ma9ly ( :at1 9 small quantities1 are v bad conductors inde$1 tak+ ! e>? z a :ole x is an exce$+ly good conductor4 ,t makes x all ! m important t :]e ! curr5t ent]s %\ld be made z good a conductor z possible1 & ! con/ruction & location ( ! e>? plates is !re=e v c>efully consid]$ s z to get ! be/ results4 ,wires1 ( c\rse1 connect ! ant5na to ! e>?1 !reby =m+ :at is call$ an oscillatory circuit4 ,! ord9>y electric circuit is a complete pa? ( wire or o!r good conductor ar\nd :i* ! curr5t c fl[ 9 a cont9u\s /ream4 ,an oscillatory circuit is "o :i* is incomplete1 b ! ends ( :i* are s =m$ t !y con/itute ! two plates ( a cond5s]4 ,9 t way1 accord+ to !ory1 ! circuit is complet$ betwe5 ! two ends by a /ra9 or di/ortion 9 ! ,e!r betwe5 !m4 ,a cont9u\s curr5t w n fl[ 9 su* a circuit1 b an alt]nat+1 int]mitt5t or oscillat+ curr5t w fl[ 9 x 9 _m respects z if !re 7 no gap at all b a complete r+ ( wire4 ,at "s conv5i5t po9t 9 ?is oscillatory circuit are ins]t$ ! wireless in/rum5ts1 "o set = s5d+ & ! o!r set = receiv+1 ei!r be+ br\ght into circuit at w by ! simple movem5t ( a swit*4 ,9 small in/allations ! c5tral feature ( ! s5d+ app>atus is an ,induction ,coil op]at$ by a suitable batt]y or by curr5t f a dynamo4 ,connect$ ) x is a suitable sp>k gap consi/+ ( two or ?ree metal balls well insulat$ & s arrang$ t ! di/ance betwe5 !m c be delicately adju/$4 ,?is is g5]ally done by a screw arrangem5t ) insulat+ h&les1 s t ! op]ator c safely adju/ !m :ile ! curr5t is on4 ,! curr5t f ! batt]y or dynamo to ! coil is controll$ by a key simil> to ^? us$ 9 ord9>y telegraphy1 ! action be+ su* t on depress+ ! key ! curr5t fl[s & ! coil p\rs =? a torr5t ( sp>ks betwe5 ! knobs ( ! sp>k-gap1 b on lett+ ! key up aga9 ! sp>ks cease4 ,s9ce ! sp>ks s5d out e!rial waves :i* 9 turn affect ! di/ant receiv+ app>atus x foll[s t a signal is s5t :5ev] ! key is depress$4 ,moreov]1 if ! key be held d[n a %ort "t a %ort signal is s5t1 b if x be kept depress$ = a little long] a long signal is s5t1 by :i* means intelligible messages c be transmitt$ ov] va/ di/ances4 ,c]ta9 specifi$ wave l5g?s are always us$ 9 wireless telegraphy4 ,t is to say1 ! waves are s5t out at a c]ta9 rate s t !y foll[ ea* o!r at a c]ta9 di/ance ap>t4 ,9 o!r words1 x is necess>y to be able to adju/ ! rate at :i* ! curr5ts w oscillate betwe5 ! ant5na & e>?4 ,e oscillatory circuit possesses two prop]ties :i* are *>act]i/ic ( x4 ,^! two prop]ties are kn[n z ,capacity & ,inductance4 ,x is n necess>y to expla9 "h :at ^! t]ms mean precisely4 ,x is q suffici5t j to "n !m & to /ate t ! rate at :i* oscillations take place 9 su* a circuit dep5ds ^u ! comb9$ effect ( ^! two prop]ties4 ,consequ5tly1 if we c arrange ?+s s t capacity or inductance or bo? c be add$ to a circuit at w & 9 any quantity )9 limits1 we c )9 ^? limits obta9 any rate ( oscillation :i* we desire & consequ5tly s5d out ! message-be>+ waves at any int]val we l2 9 o!r words1 we c adju/ ! wave-l5g? at w4 ,=tunately1 x is v easy to add ^! prop]ties to an oscillatory circuit 9 a v simple mann]4 ,a c]ta9 little in/rum5t call$ a tun] is connect$ up 9 ! circuit & by ! simple movem5t ( a few h&les ! desir$ result c be obta9$ quickly ev5 by an op]ator ) b a mod]ate exp]i5ce4 ,he has c]ta9 graduat$ scales to guide him1 & he is only call$ ^u to "w accord+ to a pre>rang$ rule 9 ord] to obta9 any ( ! regulation wave-l5g?s4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! in/rum5ts are n directly ins]t$ 9 ! ant5na circuit1 ! circuit t is :i* is =m$ by ! a]ial wires1 ! e>? & ! int]-connect+ wires4 ,in/ead1 ! two sides ( ! sp>k-gap are connect$ toge!r s z to =m a sep>ate circuit ( _! own1 ! local circuit z we might call x1 & !n ! two circuits1 ! ant5na circuit & ! local circuit1 are connect$ toge!r by induction4 ,a coil ( wire is =m$ 9 ea*1 & ^! two coils are w\nd toge!r s t curr5ts 9 "o w9d+ induce simil> curr5ts 9 ! o!r w9d+1 & by t means ! oscillations set up by ! coil 9 ! local circuit are trans=m$ into simil> oscillations 9 ! ant5na circuit4 ,?is trans=mation involves c]ta9 losses1 b x is f\nd 9 practice to be by f> ! mo/ effective arrangem5t4 ,bo? ! circuits h to be tun$ to ! desir$ wave l5g?1 b t is done q easily by ! op]ation ( ! h&les 9 ! tun] already ref]r$ to4 ,x is to ?is c\pl+ toge!r ( tun$ circuits t ,m>coni's mo/ fam\s pat5t relates4 ,x is regi/]$ 9 ! ,briti% ,pat5t ,(fice "u ! numb] #gggg1 & h5ce is kn[n z ! f\r sev5s pat5t4 ,x has be5 ! subject ( mu* litigation1 :i* proves its exceptional importance1 & x is to ! fact t ! ,m>coni ,company h be5 able to su/a9 _! rights "u x t !y owe _! comm&+ position to-day 9 ! realm ( wireless telegraphy4 ,! ,receiv+ ,app>atus also consi/s ( a sep>ate local circuit :i* c be c\pl$ :5 desir$ to ! ant5na circuit ?r\gh a trans=m]4 ,! same simple tun+ arrangem5t is made to affect ?is circuit also1 s t ! multiple tun]1 z ! in/rum5t is call$1 controls all ! circuits bo? = s5d+ & = receiv+4 ,! oscillations caus$ 9 ! ant5na circuit by ! action ^u x ( ! e!rial waves fl[+ f ! di/ant transmitt+ /ation pass ?r\gh "o w9d+ ( ! trans=m] & !reby induce simil> oscillations 9 ! local receiv+ circuit :i* are made p]ceptible by ! receiv+ in/rum5t4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 made to ! orig9al =m ( receiv+ app>atus call$ ! ,coh]]4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 has be5 v l>gely sup]s$$ by ! ,magnetic ,detector ( ,m>coni & ! ,cry/al ,detector1 bo? ( :i* make ! signals p]ceivable z buzz+ s\nds 9 ! telephone4 ,! magnetic detector owes its exi/5ce to ! fact t oscillations t5d to de/roy magnetism 9 iron4 ,x is believ$ t e molecule ( iron is itself a t9y magnet4 ,if t be s "o w\ld expect e piece ( iron to be a magnet1 :i* we "k x is n4 ,we c always make a piece ( iron into a magnet by putt+ ano!r magnet ne> x1 b :5 we take ! o!r magnet away ! iron loses its p[]1 or to be precise x almo/ loses x4 ,a piece ( ev5 ! be/ & s(te/ iron hav+ once be5 magnetiz$ reta9s a little magnetic p[] :i* we call residual magnetism4 ,all ?is is easily expla9$ if we rememb] fir/ t a heap ( t9y magnets ly+ higgl$y-piggl$y w\ld 9 fact exhibit no magnetic p[] outside ! heap4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we br\ght a p[]ful magnet ne> !m x w\ld h ! effect ( pull+ a lot ( !m into ! same position1 ( arrang+ !m 9 fact s t in/ead ( all m or less neutraliz+ ea* o!r !y c\ld act toge!r & help ea* o!r4 ,!n ! heap w\ld become magnetic4 ,on remov+ ! p[]ful magnet1 h[ev]1 a lot ( ! little ones w\ld be sure to fall d[n aga9 into _! old places & s ! heap w\ld at once lose a l>ge "p ( its p[]1 yet "s w\ld rema9 & s x w\ld reta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( residual magnetism4 ,if1 !n1 y 7 to give ! table on :i* ! little magnets re/ a good %ake1 ! higgl$y-piggl$yness w\ld be re/or$ & ev5 ! residual magnetism w\ld vani%4 ,s we believe t ! little molecules lie j anyh[1 :]e=e !y neutralize ea* o!r & ! mass ( iron is p[]less4 ,:5 ano!r magnet comes ne>1 h[ev]1 !y are m or less pull$ into ! "r position & ! iron becomes magnetiz$4 ,:5 ! magnet is remov$ ! magnetism :i* x produc$ is l>gely lo/1 & if la/ ( all we give ! iron a sm>t bl[ ) a hamm] ev5 ! residual magnetism vani%es too4 ,n[1 oscillations tak+ place 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a piece ( iron possess+ residual magnetism h mu* ! same effect z ! bl[ ( a hamm]4 ,probably because ( its rapidity an oscillat+ curr5t %akes ! molecules up & /rews !m ab\t at r&om1 entirely de/roy+ any ord]ly arrangem5t ( !m4 ,& ,m>coni us$ t fact 9 detect+ oscillations4 ,two little coils ( wire are w\nd toge!r1 "o inside ! o!r4 ,?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! inn]mo/ !re runs an endless b& ( s(t iron wire4 ,/ret*$ on two roll]s ?is b& travels /eadily along1 ! motive p[] be+ clockwork1 s t x is always ent]+ ! coil at "o end & leav+ x at ! o!r4 ,z x travels x passes close to two p[]ful /eel magnets1 s t z x ent]s ! coil x is always slightly magnetiz$4 ,! oscillations are pass$ ?r\gh "o ( ! two conc5tric coils1 & _! action is to remove sudd5ly ! residual magnetism 9 t "p ( ! mov+ wire :i* is at ! mom5t pass+ ?r\gh4 ,t sudd5 demagnetization !n affects ! second ( ! conc5tric coils1 induc+ curr5ts 9 x1 n ( an oscillat+ nature b ( an ord9>y int]mitt5t k9d :i* c make !mselves audible 9 a telephone :i* is connect$ ) ! coil4 ,?is arrangem5t1 !n1 causes ! oscillations1 :i* w n op]ate a telephone1 to produce o!r curr5ts ( a diff]5t nature :i* w4 ,! reason :y oscillations h no effect 9 a telephone is no d\bt because !y *ange s rapidly1 at rates1 z has be5 m5tion$ already1 ( ! ord] ( a million p] second4 ,! telephone diaphragm1 light & delicate ?\gh x is1 is f> too gross & heavy to respond to su* rapidly *ang+ impulses z t4 ,9 ! magnetic detector ! difficulty is ov]come by mak+ !m *ange ! magnetic condition ( "s iron wire :i* *ange 9 turn produces curr5ts capable ( op]at+ a telephone4 ,! ,cry/al ,detector a*ieves ! same result 9 ano!r way4 ,!re are c]ta9 sub/ances1 ( :i* c>borundum is a notable example1 :i* conduct electricity m readily 9 "o direction ?an ! o!r4 ,mo/ ( ^! sub/ances are cry/all9e 9 _! nature1 & h5ce ! detector 9 :i* !y are us$ gets its "n4 ,c>borundum1 by ! way1 is a sort ( artificial diamond produc$ 9 ! electric furnace & l>gely us$ z a gr9d+ mat]ial 9 place ( em]y4 ,x is easy to see t by pass+ an oscillat+ curr5t1 :i* is a v rapidly alt]nat+ curr5t1 ?r\gh "o ( ^! "o-direction conductors "o half ( ea* oscillation is m or less /opp$4 ,oscillations1 aga91 are surg+s to & fro3 ! cry/al t5ds to let ! tos g ?r\gh & to /op ! fros4 ,t does n q expla9 all t happ5s4 ,x is n fully und]/ood4 ,! fact rema9s1 h[ev]1 t by putt+ a cry/al 9 s]ies ) ! telephone ! oscillations become directly audible4 ,! t]m 9 s]ies ) means t bo? cry/al & telephone are ins]t$ 9 ! local receiv+ circuit s t ! curr5ts 9 t circuit pass ?r\gh bo? 9 succession4 ,! resi/ance ( ! cry/al be+ v great1 a special telephone is ne$$ = use ) x4 ,x is q an ord9>y telephone1 h[ev]1 except 9 t x is w\nd ) a great _m turns ( v f9e wire & is !re=e call$ a high-resi/ance telephone4 ,:i*ev] ( ^! detectors be us$1 !n1 ! op]ator sits1 ) 8 telephone clipp$ on to 8 head1 & ) 8 tun] set = t wave l5g? at :i* 8 /ation is s*$ul$ to "w1 li/5+ = signals4 ,he may g = h\rs )\t be+ call$ up1 & 9 ! meantime he may he> _m signals int5d$ = o!rs4 ,he kn[s !y are n = him1 s9ce e message is prec$$ by a code signal indicat+ to :om x is address$4 ,"u ! conditions ( w>f>e !re is f> m li/5+ ?an !re is s5d+1 b :5 a /ation wi%es to s5d ! op]ator j swit*es ov]1 cutt+ out 8 receiv+ app>atus & br++ 8 transmitt+ in/rum5ts into op]ation1 &1 hav+ adju/$ 8 tun] = ! wave l5g? ( ! /ation to :i* he desires to communicate1 he fl+s out 8 message4 ,9 w>-"t1 too1 !re is mu* li/5+ = ! signals ( ! enemy1 :i* is ! reason :y z few messages are s5t out z possible4 ,9 ?is case ! man sits ) 8 telephone on 8 head c>efully *ang+ 8 tun] f "t to "t 9 ! endeav\r to cat* any message 9 any wave-l5g? :i* may be travell+ ab\t4 ,?is se>*+ ! e!r = a *ance message ( ! enemy mu/ be at times a v we>isome job1 b x mu/ be v>i$ ) v excit+ int]vals4 ,on aircraft x is cle> t no e>? connection is possible4 ,! ant5na 9 t case usually hangs v]tically d[n f ! ma*9e or air%ip4 ,"u ^! conditions ! valuable effect ( ! e>? connection is ( c\rse lo/4 ,z w be rememb]$1 ! e>?-connect$ app>atus s5ds =? waves :i* cl+ m or less to ! neighb\rhood ( ! e>?'s surface1 :ile ^? f ! non-e>!d app>atus z us$ by aircraft t5d to fly 9 all directions4 ,! latt] app>atus is 9 fact almo/ precisely simil> to t :i* ,h]tz us$ 9 8 fir/ exp]im5ts4 ,h5ce ! range is comp>atively poor "u ^! conditions1 b x is good en\gh = v valuable "w 9 w>f>e4 ,communication betwe5 airman & artill]y by ?is means has revolutioniz$ ! h&l+ ( l>ge guns 9 ! field4 ,to save ! airman f ! accid5tal cat*+ ( 8 a]ial wire 9 a tree or on a build+ !re is sometimes fitt$ a contrivance ( ! nature ( wire-cutt]s s t he c at any mom5t cut himself free f x4 ,s f> we h dealt almo/ exclusively ) ! naval & a]ial use ( ?is wond]ful inv5tion4 ,x is employ$1 ?\gh 9 a less] degree1 9 l& w>f>e4 ,9 su* cases ! a]ial may be m]ely a wire ?r[n on to & caught up on a high tree4 ,m elaborate devices are us$1 h[ev]1 su* z a high telescopic t[] simil> to ! tall fire-escape ladd]s ( ! fire-brigades4 ,anyone :o has se5 ! ladd]s ru% up to a burn+ build+ & comm5ce to erect !mselves almo/ be=e !y h /opp$ w realise h[ valuable su* a ma*9e mu/ be = =m+ a tempor>y & easily movable wireless ant5na4 ,! p[] :i* causes ! tall t[] to ext5d itself erect 9 a few seconds is compress$ air c>ri$ 9 cyl9d]s ^u ! ma*9e1 :ile ! p[] :i* takes x f place to place is a petrol motor1 & s9ce ! latt] c be made to re-*>ge ! /orage cyl9d]s x is cle> t 9 x we h a m>vell\sly conv5i5t adjunct to ! wireless app>atus4 ,b ap>t f su* c>efully prep>$ devices ! m5 ( ! ,royal ,eng9e]s are pa/ ma/]s 9 ! art ( rigg+ up1 accord+ to ! conditions ( ! mom5t1 all sorts ( make%ift app>atus :]eby signall+ ov] q long ranges c be c>ri$ on by wireless4 ,su* improvisations1 c\ld !y be record$1 w\ld con/itute w> inv5tions ( a high ord]4 ,,*apt] ,,xxii ,,milit>y ,,telegraphy ,telegraphy plays a v important "p 9 w>f>e4 ,! comm&] ( ev5 a small unit _c see all t 8 m5 are do+ or suff]+1 b is kept po/$ by telegraph or telephone1 :ile communication betwe5 units dep5ds v l>gely inde$ ^u su* means4 ,wireless telegraphy1 9 l& w>f>e1 is l>gely devot$ to communication betwe5 aircraft & ! artill]y batt]ies ) :i* !y are work+1 & to avoid int]f]5ce ) t important "w telegraphy by wire is employ$ = mo/ o!r purposes4 ,"r at ! front ?is communication is kept up by means ( t type ( in/rum5t :i* ! soldi]s call a buzz]1 = ! good & suffici5t reason t t is really :at x does4 ,9 view ( ! fact t soldi]s speak ( _! home-l&1 = :i* !y are endur+ all mann] ( risk & h>d%ip1 & to :i* !y are long+ to return1 by ! contemptu\s-s\nd+ "n ( ,blighty1 we might expect t :at !y call a buzz] has no?+ :atev] to d ) mak+ s\nd1 b 9 ?is case ! "n describes ! ?+ v aptly4 ,its sole purpose & int5t is to make buzz+ s\nds ( ei!r long or %ort duration4 ,p]haps ! simple/ way 9 :i* ,i c describe ?is useful & int]e/+ inv5tion is by tell+ y h[ y c make "o = y\rself4 ,x is no?+ m ?an an electric-bell me*anism connect$ up 9 a c]ta9 way4 ,z mo/ p "k1 an electric bell conta9s a magnet made ( two r\nd pieces ( iron plac$ p>allel & yok$ toge!r at "o end by means ( a ?ird piece ( iron1 g5]ally flat1 :ile on to ea* r\nd piece is ?read$ a bobb9 ( insulat$ wire4 ,! iron becomes a magnet :51 & only :51 curr5t fl[s ?r\gh ! wire4 ,ne> ! free ends ( ! r\nd pieces1 or ! poles ( ! magnet1 to use ! or?odox t]m1 is plac$ ano!r little piece ( iron call$ ! armature1 c>ri$ ^u a light spr+4 ,:5 ! curr5t fl[s 9 ! wire ! armature is pull$ t[>ds ! poles aga9/ ! =ce ( ! spr+1 b :5 ! curr5t ceases ! magnet lets g & ! armature1 urg$ by ! spr+1 sw+s back aga94 ,beh9d ! armature is a little po/ ?r\gh :i* passes a screw tipp$ ) plat9um1 & 9 op]ation ?is screw is advanc$ until its po9t t\*es a small plate ( plat9um c>ri$ by ! armature4 ,connection = ! curr5t is made to ?is contact screw :5ce x passes to ! armature1 ?r\gh ! spr+ to ! wire ^u ! magnet1 ?r\gh t & away4 ,on complet+ ! circuit1 !n1 z :5 y pu% ! button at ! front door1 curr5t fl[s & en]gizes ! magnet4 ,a mom5t lat]1 h[ev]1 ! armature moves1 breaks ! contact ) ! screw & /ops ! curr5t4 ,!n ! magnet lets g & ! armature spr+s back1 mak+ contact once m & sett+ ! curr5t fl[+ aga94 ,^! actions repeat !mselves ov] & ov] aga9 q automatically1 & ! hamm] :i* is atta*$ to ! armature vibrates accord+ly4 ,t is ! ord9>y famili> electric bell4 ,cut (f ! hamm] & y h a buzz] ) :i* excell5t telegraph signals c be s5t4 ,s mu* = ! s5d+ app>atus4 ,! receiv+ device is simply an ord9>y telephone receiv]4 ,!re is sometimes a little confusion 9 p's m9ds because ( ?is4 ,a telephone is us$1 b x is us$ z a telegraph in/rum5t4 ,! s\nds he>d 9 x are n spee* b long & %ort buzz+ s\nds :i*1 be+ int]pret$ accord+ to ! code ( ,morse1 deliv] up _! message4 ,n[ ! telephone1 by :i* t]m is always meant ! receiv] 7! s5d+ "p ( ! telephone app>atus be+ a microphone71 is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable pieces ( electrical app>atus :i* ! m9d ( man has ev] conceiv$4 ,x is a/oni%+ly robu/4 ,) ord9>y c>e y _c damage x4 ,!re is no ne$ :atev] to keep x wrapp$ 9 cotton wool or ev5 to keep x 9 a case4 ,)\t h>m y c put x loose 9 y\r pocket4 ,)9 reason y may ev5 drop x a few times )\t h>m4 ,its co/ is only a few %ill+s4 ,yet its s5sitiv5ess is simply a/\nd+4 ,x w detect ! exi/5ce ( curr5ts s small t any o!r type ( in/rum5t to deal ) !m has to be extremely delicate & co/ly4 ,x consi/s ( a magnet fitt$ into a little brass case ) a little piece ( s(t iron fix$ on ea* pole1 :ile ea* ( ^! pole-pieces is surr\nd$ by a t9y coil ( wire4 ,! lid ( ! box is a disc ( ?9 %eet-iron1 & ?+s are s proportion$ t ! pole pieces ne>ly b n q t\* ?is %eet-iron diaphragm4 ,an out] cov]1 g5]ally ( ebonite1 s]ves to cat* ! s\nd-waves caus$ by any movem5t ( ! diaphragm & convey !m to ! e>4 ,! action ( ! p]man5t magnet t5ds to pull ! diaphragm inw>ds--to bulge x 9 slightly--s t x is 9 a /ate ( v un/able equilibrium4 ,because ( ?is in/ability a v t9y curr5t fl[+ ?r\gh ! coils & ei!r add+ to or subtract+ f ! /r5g? ( ! magnet is suffici5t ei!r to draw x /ill clos] or to let x rec$e a little4 ,:e!r x approa*es or rec$es dep5ds ^u ! direction ( ! curr5t ?r\gh ! coils & makes no diff]5ce to ! s\nd4 ,! movem5t ( ! diaphragm is great or small accord+ z ! curr5t is /rong or weak3 any v>iation 9 ! curr5t causes a p]fectly correspond+ movem5t 9 ! diaphragm4 ,ev5 ^? v small & v complex *anges 9 air-pressure :i* give u ! s5sation ( s\nd are v fai?fully foll[$ by ?is simple bit ( %eet iron1 s t ! s\nds are fai?fully reproduc$ = our b5efit4 ,at ! mom5t1 h[ev]1 we are n deal+ ) spee* b ) buzz+ s\nds1 :i* are v simple1 be+ m]ely a rapid succession ( ticks4 ,! telephone1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 takes no notice ( a /eady curr5t1 except :5 x />ts & /ops4 ,b ea* "t t occurs x gives a tick4 ,h5ce1 if we />t & /op a curr5t v rapidly1 or to use ano!r t]m1 make x rapidly int]mitt5t1 we get a rapid succession ( ticks1 & if rapid en\gh !y =m a humm+1 buzz+1 or s++ s\nd4 ,if v fa/ y c get a positive %riek4 ,! precise "* ( ! s\nd dep5ds entirely ^u ! rapidity ( ! int]mitt5cy4 ,n[ x is easy to see t ! curr5t pass$ ?r\gh an electric-bell me*anism is int]mitt5t4 ,x is ! v nature ( ! app>atus to make ! curr5t int]mitt5t4 ,x is by s do+ t x works4 ,!re=e1 if we pass ! same curr5t :i* works a bell ?r\gh a telephone we get a buzz+ or humm+ s\nd accord+ to ! spe$ ( int]ruption4 ,! vibration ( ! armature itself also causes a humm+ s\nd ( a simil> note or tone to t he>d 9 ! telephone1 b x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t ^! two s\nds are q diff]5t4 ,"o is ! result ( me*anical motion1 ! o!r is ! result ( electrical action produc+ motion 9 ! diaphragm ( ! telephone4 ,:5 y li/5 9 ! telephone x is n t y he> ! s\nd ( ! bell me*anism1 y he> ano!r s\nd altoge!r1 al?\gh1 s9ce bo? h ! same orig91 bo? h ! same note or tone4 ,take any old bell1 !n1 :i* y may happ5 to h or be able to procure & an old telephone su* z c be b\ght = a %ill+ or s at a second-h& %op1 & ^! toge!r ) a pocket-lamp batt]y c be =m$ into a milit>y field telegraph4 ,! way to connect ^! up is to run a wire f "o ( ! copp] /rips on ! batt]y to "o ( ! t]m9al screws on ! bell1 a second wire f ! o!r screw on ! bell to "o ( ! flexible wires ( ! telephone1 :i* may be a mile away if y l1 a ?ird wire return+ f ! o!r flexible wire ( ! telephone back to ! batt]y4 ,to s5d signals all y h to d is to t\* ! return wire ^u ! second /rip ( ! batt]y = %ort or long int]vals1 !reby mak+ ! dot-&-da% signals4 ,or a simple =m ( key c easily be contriv$ = ! purpose4 ,e "t y complete ! circuit ! buzz] w buzz1 9 o!r words1 x w p]mit an int]mitt5t curr5t to pass r\nd ! circuit & a buzz+ or humm+ s\nd w be he>d 9 ! telephone1 no matt] h[ f> away x may be4 ,?is arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 involves two wires betwe5 ! two /ations1 & 9 practice only "o is usual4 ,?is c\ld be arrang$ by runn+ ! ?ird wire f ! telephone n back to ! s5d+ /ation b to a peg driv5 into ! e>?1 connect+ ! second pole ( ! batt]y 9 l mann] to an e>? p9 at ! s5d+ end4 ,?us ! return wire w\ld be done away ) & ! e>? utiliz$ in/ead4 ,to d t1 un=tunately1 y w\ld ne$ to increase v greatly ! p[] ( y\r batt]y1 = al?\gh ! pa? ?r\gh ! e>? itself (f]s practically no resi/ance at all to ! curr5t1 ! actual places :]e ! curr5t passes to e>? & f e>?1 especially if !y be simply tempor>y pegs driv5 into ! gr\nd1 (f] v consid]able resi/ance1 s t 9 ord] to get en\gh curr5t ?r\gh ! buzz] to make x "w w\ld ne$ a p[]ful batt]y4 ,!re is ano!r way1 h[ev]1 by :i* t difficulty c be ov]come q easily4 ,probably all my read]s "k some?+ ( ! induction or %ock+ coil1 :]e9 int]mitt5t curr5ts 9 "o "p ( ! coil induce int]mitt5t curr5ts ( a some:at diff]5t k9d 9 ano!r "p ( ! coil4 ,few p realize1 h[ev]1 t ! same effect c be atta9$1 )9 limits1 9 a s+le coil su* z ! w9d+ ^u ! magnet ( an electric bell4 ,wat* a bell at "w & y w notice a bright sp>k at ! place :]e ! contact is made & brok54 ,t sp>k is due to a sudd5 ru% ( curr5t :i* takes place 9 ! coil :5 ! orig9al curr5t is /opp$1 9 o!r words1 :5 ! contact is brok54 ,x is z if ! coil gives a r vici\s kick e "t ! curr5t is /opp$4 ,!re is n mu* electricity 9 ?is kick curr5t1 b x is v =ceful1 & x is t =ce :i* makes x actually jump across ! gap aft] contact has be5 brok51 !reby caus+ ! sp>k4 ,n[ we c capture mo/ ( t en]gy & make x g a long di/ance ?r\gh wire & ?r\gh e>? c>ry+ our messages = u4 ,to d ?is we ne$ to make a new connection on ! bell at ! place :]e ! spr+ is fix$4 ,!n we c make two circuits4 ,"o is betwe5 ! two t]m9al screws ( ! buzz]1 9 :i* circuit we mu/ include ! batt]y & ! key4 ,t circuit w be j z x w\ld be if we 7 fix+ ! buzz] to ann\nce our visitors at ! front door4 ,! second circuit is diff]5t3 lead "o wire f ! new connection j made & take x to a p9 driv5 into ! gr\nd4 ,if ! gr\nd is j a %ade moi/ a wire meat-skew] w answ] admirably4 ,!n lead a second wire f t "o ( ! two t]m9al screws :i* is connect$ directly to ! w9d+ ( ! magnet 7n to t "o :i* is connect$ to ! contact screw7 & lead x away to y\r di/ant /ation4 ,at ! o!r /ation connect ! s+le wire to ! telephone z be=e & ! o!r end ( ! telephone to a p9 9 ! e>?4 ,y w f9d t ! kicks f ! coil w trav]se wire & e>?-return q easily1 :ile !re w be no difficulty ab\t work+ ! bell1 = ! small batt]y w d t q well4 ,9 fact1 aft] cutt+ ! hamm] (f & s conv]t+ a bell into a buzz]1 ,i h got q good results ) "o-?ird ( a pocket-lamp batt]y4 ,! little flat batt]ies s famili> to u all if dive/$ ( _! out] cov]+ w be f\nd to consi/ ( ?ree little dry cells any "o ( :i* is q capable ( s5d+ messages 9 ! way describ$ z f> z any amateur is likely to want to s5d4 ,to be able to s5d & receive at ei!r end x is only necess>y to connect bo? telephones & bo? coils 9 s]ies4 ,t is to say1 connect "o end ( ! coil to ! long wire & ! o!r to "o wire ( ! telephone1 ! o!r wire ( ! telephone be+ connect$ to e>?4 ,if ?is be done at bo? ends signals c be s5t & receiv$ bo? ways4 ,_m "y read]s1 sc\ts1 memb]s ( cadet corps & ! l1 w f9d great pleasure & int]e/ 9 con/ruct+ & work+ ?is app>atus1 besides :i* x %[s precisely :at ! (ficial buzz] is l4 ,al?\gh beautifully made1 ( c\rse1 ! army in/rum5t is ess5tially j t & little m4 ,x has an additional feature1 h[ev]1 namely1 a microphone1 s t :5 desir$ x c be us$ z a speak+ telephone = transmitt+ v]bal messages4 ,x also has ! bottom ( ! case made ( a brass plate s t e>? p9s are (t5 unnecess>y1 ! case dump$ d[n ^u ! gr\nd be+ a good en\gh e>?4 ,buzz]s are n us$ = v long l9es3 =ty miles is ab\t ! limit1 & usually ! di/ances are v mu* less4 ,t is because long l9es r object to rapidly *ang+ curr5ts fl[+ ?r\gh !m4 ,:y1 y say1 :at curr5ts c\ld *ange m rapidly ?an telephone curr5ts c>ry+ spee*1 yet !y g = hundr$s ( miles8 ,true1 b 9 t case !re are two wires1 fl[ & return1 twi/$ toge!r all ! way1 "u :i* conditions !y int]act ^u ea* o!r 9 su* a mann] z to aboli% ! difficulty to :i* ,i am ref]r+4 ,buzz]s & inde$ all ! telegraph circuits consi/ ( "o wire & ! e>?1 :i* is q diff]5t4 ,ano!r objection to ! buzz] is t x is apt to int]f]e ) o!rs4 ,= in/ance1 if two buzz] sets are at "w any:]e ne> ea* o!r & ! wires run p>allel = a di/ance !y w be able to he> ea* o!r's signals z well z _! own4 ,if two su* sets are e>!d ne> toge!r ! same ?+ happ5s1 ! signals ( "o are pick$ up by ! o!r1 a v annoy+ /ate ( affairs = ! op]ators4 ,"r at ! front1 h[ev]1 amid ! r\gh & tumble ( ! actual fight+1 ! buzz] is supreme4 ,! wire us$ is sometimes pla9 copp] enamell$3 m (t51 h[ev]1 x is a mixture ( /eel & copp] /r&s twi/$ toge!r & cov]$ ) a /rong insulat+ cov]+4 ,?is is c>ri$ on reels 9 prop]ly fitt$ c>ts :i* c advance at a gallop1 pay+ out ! wire z !y g4 ,! inn] end ( ! wire is connect$ to ! axle ( ! reel 9 su* a way t a telegraphi/ 9 ! c>t is 9 communication all ! "t ) ! />t+-po9t1 ! :eels ( ! c>t provid+ him ) an e>? connection4 ,:5 lay+ ^! wires ano!r int]e/+ little device is (t5 us$--an e>? plate on ! op]ator's heel4 ,?us1 :ile c>ry+ ! wire along1 lay+ x z he goes1 he c /ill be 9 communication ) ! />t+-po9t e "t he puts 8 heel to ! gr\nd4 ,= ! long] l9es away back f ! fight+ ! me?ods employ$ are j ! same z ^? ( peace4 ,s\nd] in/rum5ts are us$1 ,:eat/one automatic ma*9es1 duplex & quadruplex sy/ems1 :]eby two & f\r messages are s5t simultane\sly ov] ! same wire1 inde$ all ! contrivances & ref9em5ts ( ! home telegraph (fice are to be f\nd 9 ! field telegraph (fices4 ,b x w\ld h>dly be fitt+ to describe !m "h4 ,"s in=mation on ! subject w be f\nd 9 ,! ,romance ( ,subm>9e ,eng9e]+1 :]e _! application to cable telegraphy is dealt )4 ,a g5u9e speciality ( w>f>e1 h[ev]1 is ! me?ods by :i* make%ift arrangem5ts c be set up1 su* z s5d+ telegraph messages ov] a telephone wire )\t int]f]+ ) ! latt]4 ,imag9e t ,a & ,b are ! two wires ( a telephone circuit runn+ 7= ! sake ( simplicity7 f nor? to s\?4 ,at ! s\? end ,i connect a telegraph set to bo? wires :ile y1 we w imag9e1 d ! same at ! nor? end4 ,y & ,i c !n signal to ea* o!r )\t ! telephone man he>+ u at all4 ,to him ! two wires are fl[ & return1 to u !y are bo? fl[1 ! e>? be+ our return4 ,?us our signals nev] rea* 8 in/rum5ts at all4 ,b :5 we ea* connect to bo? 8 wires1 d we n %ort-circuit or connect !m to ea* o!r1 !reby de/roy+ 8 circuit8 ,no1 we are too cunn+ = t4 ,we fir/ connect ! two wires ,a & ,b toge!r ) a coil ( closely w\nd wire1 hav+1 9 sci5tific language1 mu* inductance1 & telephone curr5ts %un a coil ( t sort4 ,!n we make our connection to ! c5tre ( t coil s t our curr5ts g to ,a ?r\gh half ! coil & to ,b ?r\gh ! o!r half4 ,?is enables u to use ! app>atus )\t int]f]+ ) ! o!r fell[ at all4 ,= ?is1 by ! way1 we mu/ use ord9>y telegraph in/rum5ts4 ,we _c employ a buzz]1 = ^! coils :i* we use to ob/ruct ! passage ( ! o!r man's telephone curr5ts w\ld also ob/ruct ! *ang+ curr5ts f a buzz]4 ,! sl[1 /eady curr5ts ( ! ord9>y telegraph pass q easily1 h[ev]4 ,aga91 suppose y & ,i want to communicate by buzz] & !re is already a wire laid pass+ bo? ( u b 9 use already = ord9>y telegraphy4 ,we only ne$ to add a cond5s] to our app>atus & we c manage all "r4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! s]vice in/rum5ts g5]ally h cond5s]s p>tly = ?is v purpose4 ,ea* ( u !n connects 8 in/rum5t to ! wire & to e>?1 aft] :i* we c signal to ea* o!r :ile ! telegraphi/ is unaw>e ( ! fact4 ,! reason t is possible is ! rev]se ( :at we saw j n[4 ,!re we _h a coil :i* ob/ruct$ buzz] or telephone curr5ts b pass$ ord9>y telegraph curr5ts4 ,"h we use cond5s]s :i* w pass our buzz] curr5ts b n ! ord9>y telegraph curr5ts4 ,?us ! soldi] telegraphi/ is up to _m dodges :]eby he c save "t or save mat]ial1 bo? ( :i* may be preci\s4 ,z 9 bridge build+ & o!r bran*es1 he ne$s to be quick to adapt himself to circum/ances1 to utilize to ! full any opportunities :i* may pres5t !mselves4 ,b 8 pr9ciples are q simple & d n diff] 9 any way f ^? ( peace4 ,x is only 9 apply+ !m t ! diff]5ces arise4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiii ,,h[ ,,w> ,,inv5tions ,,gr[ ,! inv5tor ( "o ( ! devices describ$ lat] on 9 ?is book mode/ly claims t he did n inv5t x b x inv5t$ itself4 ,:at he means is t he work$ /ep by /ep1 f simple beg9n+s1 ea* /ep :5 complete sugge/+ ! next4 ,to put x ano!r way1 _m inv5tions gr[ 9 ! inv5tor's m9d1 sometimes f unpromis+ beg9n+s1 ! mo/ unlikely />t (t5 result+ 9 ! mo/ successful end+4 ,:o has n he>d ( ! tanks :i* made su* a "n = !mselves :5 !y sudd5ly appe>$ 9 ,nor!rn ,france8 ,! ,briti% ,comm&]-9-,*ief simply m5tion$ t a new type ( arm\r$ c> _h come into use ) good results1 b ! newspap] m5 set ! :ole non-,teutonic _w laugh+ ) droll /ories ( huge mon/]s sugge/ive ( prehi/oric animals :i* sudd5ly began to crawl ?r\gh ! slime & mud ( ! battle-field1 p\r+ dea? & de/ruction ^u ! a/\nd$ ,g]mans4 ,h[ !y came to be call$ tanks no "o seems to "k cle>ly b t is h[ !y w be kn[n = all "t4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ t !y 7 s nam$ because tank is "o ( ! ?+s :i* !y c]ta9ly are n1 ! int5tion be+ !reby to add to ! my/ification ( ! enemy4 ,t is by ! way1 h[ev]1 = we are m conc]n$ ) ! ?+s ?an ) _! "n4 ,_! precise orig9 is wrapp$ 9 my/]y b we h x on excell5t au?ority t !y grew out ( ! peaceful tractor1 orig9ally int5d$ to drag a pl\gh to & fro across a field 9 ! s]vice ( ! f>m]4 ,an illu/ration ( "o ( ^! int]e/+ ma*9es w be se5 9 ?is book :i* w well repay a little /udy4 ,x consi/s ( a /eel frame or plat=m ^u :i* is m\nt$ a f\r-cyl9d] petrol eng9e ) a res]voir above to c>ry ! supply ( fuel & ) a radiator 9 front to cool ! wat] :i* keeps ! eng9e f becom+ too hot4 ,t[>ds ! back ( ! vehicle is :at is call$ by eng9e]s a worm-ge>1 ! function ( :i* is to r$uce ! "o ?\s& revolutions p] m9ute ( ! eng9e to some:]e ne> ! sl[ spe$ requir$ ( ! :eels ( ! tractor4 ,?is worm-ge> is simply a :eel ) suitable tee? on its edge 9 conjunction ) a screw s made t its ?read c engage com=tably ) ! tee?4 ,?is latt]1 because ( ! wriggl+ appe>ance :i* x pres5ts :5 x is revolv+ is call$ a worm1 :i* "n x gives to ! :ole app>atus4 ,bo? :eel & worm are m\nt$ 9 be>+s :i* =m "p ( a case enclos+ ! :ole s t dirt is exclud$ :ile1 ! case be+ fill$ ) oil1 ample lubrication is assur$4 ,! %afts ( bo? :eel & worm em]ge ?r\gh holes 9 ! case4 ,x w easily be se5 t ea* s+le turn ( ! worm w propel ! :eel "o too?1 s t if ! :eel h fifty tee?1 = example1 ! worm w turn fifty times to ! :eel's once4 ,?us a great r$uction 9 spe$ is atta9able ) ?is device & :at is equally valuable1 a great increase ( p[] also results4 ,?us a small eng9e1 work+ at a high spe$1 is able by means su* z ?is to pull v heavy loads at a sl[ spe$4 ,x is evid5t1 h[ev]1 t ! r$uction necess>y 9 ?is case _c be atta9$ ev5 by a worm-ge>1 = !re are o!r :eels visible :i* %[ t ord9>y too? ge>+ is also employ$ to r$uce ! spe$ ev5 fur!r be=e x is appli$ to driv+ ! tractor along4 ,practically all ! o!r ge> :i* we see 9 ! picture1 above ! plat=m1 consi/s ( ! controll+ app>atus4 ,! object ) a screw-l appe>ance j beh9d ! eng9e is n really a screw b is a flexible c\pl+ jo9+ ! eng9e to ! worm-ge>1 its flexibility enabl+ ! two to "w sweetly toge!r ev5 ?\gh by *ance !y may get j a little out ( l9e ) ea* o!r4 ,b by f> ! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! ma*9e is t :i* is und]nea? ! frame4 ,at "o end we see a pair ( ord9>y-look+ :eels & betwe5 !m ! ge> = sw++ !m to "r or left = /e]+ purposes1 b ev5 !y are some:at unusual1 s9ce !y w be se5 to h flanges or rims r\nd ! edge = ! purpose ( bit+ into ! e>?1 s t !y may be able to guide ! ma*9e ! bett] 9 s(t gr\nd4 ,! back :eels1 h[ev]1 are q peculi>1 = !re is a pair on ea* side & r\nd ea* pair is a *a9 some:at aft] ! fa%ion ( a huge bicycle *a94 ,! l9ks ( ?is *a9 are made ( t\gh /eel & !y are two feet wide1 s t ea* *a9 =ms a broad track ^u :i* ! ma*9e moves4 ,! l9ks ( ?is track-*a9 w be se5 to be too?-%ap$ s t !y grip or bite deeply into ! yield+ gr\nd4 ,! tee?1 moreov]1 are %ap$ l ^? ( a saw & !y are s plac$ z be/ to help ! tractor =w>d4 ,betwe5 ! two *a9-:eels w be notic$ a r[ ( small] :eels & x is ^! :i* l>gely support ! weight ( ! ma*9e1 ! *a9s =m+ tracks ^u :i* !y run4 ,! :eels actually turn$ by ! p[] ( ! eng9e are ! *a9-:eels1 & _! action is su* z to keep on lay+ d[n & !n tak+ up aga9 two broad firm tracks along :i*1 at ! same "t1 !y keep propell+ ! o!r :eels :i* c>ry ! weight above4 ,! effect1 really1 is j z if ! ma*9e _h a pair ( driv+ :eels two feet wide & ( enorm\s diamet]1 ( su* diamet]1 9 fact1 t ! "p 9 contact ) ! gr\nd is almo/ flat4 ,?us !re is always a broad be>+ surface to prev5t s9k+ 9 s(t e>?1 :ile ! too?-l %ape ( ! l9ks gives a firm hold ev5 "u v adv]se conditions4 ,?is =m ( con/ruction has be5 us$ = "s few ye>s n[ "u ! "n ( cat]pill> or c5tip$e traction4 ,a glance at ! picture w expla9 ^? names1 p>ticul>ly if ! *a9-driv5 "p ( ! vehicle be imag9$ to be a little long] ?an x is 9 ! p>ticul> ma*9e %[n4 ,! idea ( arm\r+ a vehicle ) bullet-pro( plates is also a fairly old conception4 ,arm\r$ tra9s 7 us$ aga9 & aga9 dur+ ! ,s\? ,african ,w>1 & arm\r$ motor-c>s became famili> to mo/ p4 ,9 ! case ( c>s1 h[ev]1 ! arm\r c\ld only be v light & ! guns c>ri$ 7 limit$ practically to a s+le ma*9e-gun & "s rifles4 ,moreov]1 ! op]ations ( a c> are v l>gely conf9$ to su* places z are bless$ ) good roads or smoo? pla9s4 ,an arm\r$ c> ( ! old] type w\ld h cut a poor figure amid ! %ell-holes & m9e-crat]s ( ,nor!rn ,france4 ,x w\ld h _h to keep to ! roads & s x 0 little us$4 ,b ! idea ( an arm\r$ vehicle 0 good & a good idea is nev] entirely lo/4 ,soon] or lat] "s g5ius puts x to good use4 ,?us ! idea ( an arm\r$ vehicle came to be associat$ ) ! idea repres5t$ 9 ! c5tip$e tractor & ! result 0 ! tank4 ,:y n arm\r a l>ge c5tip$e1 said someone8 ,make x v big & /rong4 ,x w trample d[n ! b>b-wire entanglem5ts z if !y 7 grass4 ,if made long en\gh & rightly balanc$ x w pass ov] ! tr5*es l a mov+ bridge4 ,no?+ b a direct hit f a heavy gun w d x mu* h>m4 ,=1 obs]ve1 ! me*anism c be entirely cov]$ up1 all ! vital p>ts c be well protect$1 & ! *a9 tracks c be s /rong z to be almo/ undamageable4 ,illu/ration3 ,by p]mission ( ,messrs4 ,fo/] & ,co4 ,,! ,,p>5t ,,( ,,! ,,tank4 ,"h we see an innoc5t agricultural tractor ) cat]pill> h9d :eels4 ,x is out ( su* a ma*9e t ! idea ( ! =midable tank 0 evolv$4 ,?us we get a glimpse ( ! gr[? ( ?is simple peaceful agricultural ma*9e into "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ me*anical a*ievem5ts ( ! ,great ,w>4 ,ano!r ?+ :i* seems to h gr[n m or less ( itself is ! bomb or gr5ade4 ,be=e ! "t ( mod]n accurate fire-arms h&-gr5ades 7 q a recogniz$ weapon4 ,! ,gr5adi] ,gu>ds owe _! title to ?is fact & c>ry ! design ( a bur/+ gr5ade ^u _! uni=ms4 ,yet until a few ye>s ago ev]yone ?\ght t su* ?+s 7 done ) = ev]3 t ) mod]n rifles soldi]s w\ld seldom get ne> en\gh toge!r to use gr5ades & t if !y did ! bayonet w\ld be ! weapon to be us$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! ,g]mans 7 driv5 back at ! battle ( ! ,m>ne & f\nd !mselves compell$ to entr5* 9 ord] to avoid fur!r disa/]1 x soon became evid5t t nei!r rifle nor bayonet nor bo? toge!r entirely fill$ ! ne$s ( ! infantryman4 ,s9ce ! ,allies 7 n p[]ful en\gh to drive ! ,g]mans f _! tr5*es =?)1 !y1 too1 _h to entr5*4 ,gradually ! tr5*es drew ne>] & ne>] toge!r & at ! same "t skill 9 entr5*+ increas$4 ,?us a "t soon arriv$ :5 bo? rifle & bayonet 7 l>gely useless = purposes ( (f5ce4 ,!n ! h&-gr5ade came into its own aga91 = ! m5 c\ld ?r[ x f ! dep?s ( _! own tr5* high into ! air 9 ! hope t x w\ld fall into ! tr5*es ( ! enemy4 ,! call = ^! quickly produc$ ! supply4 ,!re is little ne$ to describe !m "h1 = :o among u has n intimate fri5ds :o us$ !m aga9 & aga98 ,?is mu* may be said1 h[ev]4 ,!y 7 little holl[ balls ( ca/ iron1 sometimes *equ]$ s t :5 !y bur/ !y flew into _m fragm5ts4 ,inside 0 a *>ge ( explosive ) a suitable fuse or fir+ me*anism4 ,"s 7 fix$ to ! end ( a /ick = conv5i5ce 9 ?r[+1 :ile o!rs 7 simply h&l$ l a cricket-ball4 ,!y s]ve to %[ u1 h[ev]1 h[ an old idea may "u fre% conditions be reviv$ into :at is practically a new inv5tion4 ,ano!r example ( ! same sort is ! revival ( *a9 mail4 ,:o1 b a few ye>s ago1 w\ld h ?\ght x possible t mod]n soldi]s w\ld g to battle %ea!d 9 %irts consi/+ ( little metal plates cunn+ly connect$ by wire l9ks & s ov]lapp+ ea* o!r z to =m a p]fect %ield = all ! m vital p>ts ( ! body8 ,to :at ext5t ^! 7 worn ,i d n "k1 = ! ,briti% soldi] is a v %y fell[ 9 "s ways & !re are few :o w\ld n be a trifle a%am$ to let _! comrades see !m ?us g>b$4 ,!y w\ld feel t x 0 a confession ( fe>1 & h[ev] afraid an ,engli%man may be he w nev] admit x4 ,he is really a pi\s fraud1 = ! m he is really afraid inw>dly ! m c\rage\sly w he act j to hide 8 fe>4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! bullet-pro( helmet is worn (ficially n[adays !re seems no reason :atev] :y ! bullet-pro( wai/coat %\ld n be adopt$ (ficially too4 ,x is v light & v flexible & x is claim$ t x is q effectual 9 /opp+ rifle & ma*9e-gun bullets4 ,?us we see 9 :at diff]5t ways inv5tions gr[4 ,"s are w>like f fir/ to la/1 l ! gun & ! torp$o1 b we f9d a va/ range ( peaceful ?+s gr[+ into implem5ts ( w>f>e1 z ! f>m]'s tractor has be5 develop$ into ! tank1 :ile n less int]e/+ are ! old ideas reviv$ & adapt$ to mod]n ne$s1 exemplifi$ by ! h&-gr5ade & ! *a9 arm\r4 ,,*apt] ,,xxiv ,,a]oplanes ,( all ! great inv5tions p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ because ( ! sudd5ness ) :i* !y h come ^u u are ^? relat+ to ! navigation ( ! air4 ,until a few ye>s ago to fly 0 tak5 to typify ! impossible4 ,n[ we see m5 fly+ e day & !re is sc>cely anyone :o has n _h a fri5d or relative 9 ! ,fly+ ,corps4 ,rec5t exp]i5ce1 too1 has %[n t ?is "o inv5tion has revolutioniz$ w>f>e 9 sev]al important dep>tm5ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! use ( v heavy long-range artill]y4 ,huge guns1 hidd5 9 a holl[ or beh9d a hill1 h be5 set to ?r[ %ells on to an unse5 t>get1 :ile a man 9 an a]oplane above wat*es ! result & signals back by wireless4 ,?us by ! aid ( aircraft ! p[] ( artill]y has be5 imm5sely increas$4 ,aga91 aircraft h sup]s$$ cavalry = reconnaissance purposes1 t is to say1 = f9d+ out ! enemy's /r5g? & prep>$ness4 ,only a few ye>s ago a ,g5]al :o ne$$ in=mation z to 8 foe w\ld s5d =w>d a scre5 ( cavalrym5 :o w\ld cauti\sly creep =w>d until1 judg+ by :at !y c\ld see & by :at sort ( a reception !y got1 !y 7 able to =m "s idea ( ! foe's arrangem5ts4 ,n[adays1 h[ev]1 ! airm5 sail ov] 8 head & take photographs ( him & 8 positions4 ,a c>eful comm&] to-day n only scre5s 8 m5 & 8 guns f view along ! l& b he also tries 8 be/ to make !m invisible f above4 ,&1 speak+ ( inv5tions1 ! soldi]s h %[n a degree ( +5uity 9 mak+ !mselves & _! guns invisible :i* almo/ m]its a volume to itself4 ,! airman1 !re=e1 goes up & sails ov] ! enemy4 ,he may be simply obs]v+ = "s p>ticul> unit ( artill]y1 or he may be s5t to f9d out ?+s g5]ally--no?+ 9 p>ticul>1 b any?+ :i* seems likely to be ( use4 ,he looks out int5tly & c>efully1 moreov] he n only looks ) 8 own eyes3 z has j be5 m5tion$1 he takes photographs1 :i* c be develop$ on 8 return & /udi$ m9utely at leisure4 ,he may1 or may n1 accord+ to circum/ances1 s5d back reports ( an urg5t nature by wireless telegraphy4 ,9 "s cases ^! duties are all c>ri$ out by "o man1 b 9 o!rs !re are two3 "o ! pilot :o looks aft] ! work+ ( ! ma*9e1 & ! o!r ! obs]v] ^: :ole att5tion c ?us be devot$ to scrut9iz+ ! enemy4 ,( c\rse1 :5 a]oplanes g on sc\t+ exp$itions l ?is !y are apt to be attack$ by ! enemy bo? by anti-aircraft guns & also by o!r a]oplanes4 ,! =m] c only be met by high spe$ & ! /e]+ ( a some:at erratic c\rse s z to confuse ! gunn]s & prev5t !m f tak+ good aim4 ,! o!r a]oplanes1 h[ev]1 mu/ be met by actual fight+4 ,! only way to defeat !m is to g = !m & attack !m1 a ma*9e-gun be+ ! mo/ usual weapon4 ,besides ^? :o g up = def9ite sc\t+ op]ations or to spot1 z x is t]m$1 = ! artill]y1 !re are o!r ma*9es ^: sole duty is fight+4 ,^! g up = ! purpose ( driv+ (f ^? ma*9es ( ! enemy :i* may come pry+1 or to keep ! gr\nd1 s to speak1 = ! sc\t+ ma*9es & enable !m to d _! "w unmole/$4 ,!n !re are1 ( c\rse1 /ill o!rs ^: function is to c>ry out bomb+ exp$itions4 ,all ^! diff]5t duties call = diff]5t types ( ma*9e1 b ,i d n propose to g into ! diff]5ces "h s9ce *anges are s rapid 9 ?is p>ticul> field t only ! g5]al pr9ciples rema9 un*ang$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,:at has j be5 h9t$1 h[ev]1 z to ! diff]5t k9ds ( "w :i* ! a]oplane is call$ ^u to d w enable ! read] to see :y diff]5t k9ds ( ma*9es are ne$$4 ,s f> we h only spok5 ( a]oplanes4 ,!re is a k9d ( ma*9e sometimes call$ a hydroplane b :i* we are gradually gett+ to call a sea-plane4 ,! latt] t]m is mu* to be pref]r$1 s9ce ! =m] is also 9 use to d5ote a special k9d ( high-spe$ boat4 ,n[ a sea-plane only diff]s f an a]oplane 9 t x has floats in/ead ( :eels4 ,! a]oplane has :eels to enable x to alight ^u & arise f ! gr\nd3 ! sea-plane has floats by :i* x c alight ^u ! wat] & arise f ! wat] also4 ,9 "s in/ances ?is float idea is made s pron\nc$ a feature ( ! ma*9e t x becomes a fly+ boat4 ,sea-planes are !re=e really only a]oplanes specially adapt$ = a c]ta9 purpose4 ,!y are really j z mu* a]oplanes z ^? ma*9es :i* g by t "n4 ,x is some:at un=tunate1 !re=e1 t a sep>ate t]m is us$ to describe !m4 ,b !re x is3 names gr[ 9 a v curi\s way1 n always 9 a logical way1 & a "n hav+ once /uck to a ?+ 9 ! m9d ( ! public x is v difficult to make any alt]ation4 ,a]oplanes1 !n1 may be said to include a subdivision kn[n z sea-planes1 & = ! re/ ( ?is *apt] :at is said ( a]oplanes w apply to sea-planes also4 ,)\t d\bt1 ^! are ! fa/e/ vehicles 9 exi/5ce4 ,_m ( !m c exce$ a spe$ ( a hundr$ miles an h\r4 ,consequ5tly1 ! pilot lives :ile he is al(t 9 ! equival5t ( a furi\s gale1 & x w\ld seem z if t mu/ produce su* a degree ( cold z to be almo/ un5durable4 ,moreov]1 x appe>s t ?is cold is almo/ z bad 9 summ] z 9 w9t]1 = ! temp]ature high up 9 ! air is mu* ! same all ! ye> r\nd4 ,! consequ5t muffl+ up ) ?ick clo!s & gloves1 :ile x mitigates ! cold1 mu/ add greatly to ! pilot's difficulties 9 manag+ 8 ma*9e4 ,! protection = 8 eyes & e>s :i* is made necess>y by ! same conditions mu/ likewise add to 8 difficulties or at any rate to 8 discom=t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! effect ( glid+ at a v high spe$ ov] a p]fectly smoo? track1 = t is 9 effect :at x is1 is v exhil>at+1 :i* to "s ext5t comp5sates = ! o!r drawbacks4 ,moreov]1 ! h&l+ ( su* a ma*9e 9 ! air1 p>ticul>ly if a fight is includ$ 9 ! programme1 appeals /rongly to ! sport+ in/9cts ( "y m51 s mu* s t dur+ ! ,w>1 9 spite ( ! dang]s & h>d%ips1 & ! cont9ual loss ( life1 !re 0 nev] a de>? ( m5 anxi\s to become pilots4 ,ow+ to ^! consid]ations1 too1 x foll[s t ! be/ aviators are to be f\nd 9 ^? l&s :]e ! p are mo/ devot$ to sports4 ,h5ce1 z we h x on excell5t au?ority1 ! "y m5 ( ,great ,brita9 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ) _! love ( adv5ture & _! /rong sport+ in/9cts1 make bett] m5 9 ! air ?an ! ,g]mans4 ,b really we are m conc]n$ "h ) ! ma*9es ?an ) ! m51 s let u get back to our subject4 ,! a]oplane consi/s ( "o or m planes or surfaces :i*1 on be+ held at a c]ta9 slant & !n pu%$ =w>d rise or rema9 support$ 9 ! air4 ,!re=e ! plane or planes ne$ to be supplem5t$ by fir/ a tail & horizontal rudd] to hold !m at ! correct slant1 & an eng9e & propell] to drive !m =w>d4 ,x is n necess>y1 "h1 to g ov] ! hi/ory ( ! a]oplane1 z t has be5 told s (t54 ,x is n ( mu* int]e/1 moreov]1 except to ^? :o are p>ticul>ly conc]n$ ) small details ( con/ruction1 = 9 a g5]al way ! ma*9e ( to-day is v little diff]5t f "o pictur$ by ,sir ,george ,cayley a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,x is only ! p]fect+ ( ! details :i* has trans=m$ a dream into a v real ?+4 ,s we w look only at ! con/ruction ( ! a]oplane 9 a g5]al way1 to d :i* we mu/ fir/ consid] :y x flies at all4 ,x is due to ! well-e/abli%$ law t action is always accompani$ by a reaction equally /rong & 9 ! opposite direction4 ,:5 a gun is fir$ ! explosion n only drives ! %ell =w>d b equally drives ! gun itself backw>d4 ,! backw>d en]gy ( ! recoil is precisely equal to ! =w>d en]gy ( ! %ell4 ,! two are equal b 9 opposite directions4 ,9 l mann] a rocket asc5ds because ! hot gases f ! pap] cyl9d] bl[ =cibly d[nw>ds1 !reby produc+ an equal reaction upw>ds4 ,n[ ! plane ( a fly+ ma*9e is held ) its =w>d edge a little high] ?an its re> edge1 s t z x is pu%$ along x t5ds to cat* ! air & ?r[ x d[nw>ds4 ,h5ce ! reaction t5ds to lift ! plane upw>ds4 ,:5 ! ma*9e />ts ! reaction is n suffici5t to ov]come gravity1 :i* is try+ to hold ! ma*9e d[n ^u ! gr\nd1 b z ! spe$ increases & ! air is ?ru/ d[n ) m & m viol5ce ! po9t is ultimately rea*$ :5 ! reaction is able to ov]come gravity & ! ma*9e asc5ds4 ,:5 a suffici5t height is rea*$1 ! pilot alt]s ! position ( 8 horizontal rudd] or elevator s z to make ! position ( ! plane m flat1 ) ! result t x ?r[s ! air d[nw>ds to a less ext5t1 & ! reaction is !reby r$uc$ until x is only j suffici5t to keep ! ma*9e at ! same height4 ,to desc5d1 ! position ( ! plane is made /ill flatt]1 ! reaction is r$uc$ /ill m & gravity has its way once aga91 br++ ! ma*9e to e>?4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ma*9e acts "u ! influ5ce ( two =ces3 ! d[nw>d pull ( gravity & ! upw>d reaction due to ! action ( ! ma*9e 9 ?r[+ ! air d[nw>d4 ,! =m] nev] v>ies1 ! latt] c be v>i$ by ! pilot at w3 he c increase x by increas+ ! spe$ or by increas+ ! tilt ( 8 plane or planes3 he c r$uce x by dim9i%+ ! spe$ or ! tilt4 ,s9ce g5]ally speak+ ! spe$ ( 8 eng9e w rema9 con/ant1 he rises1 rema9s at ! same height or falls1 at w1 by ! simple manipulation ( ! elevator ?r\gh :i* he c *ange ! tilt or incl9ation4 ,mo/ ma*9es h a fix$ tail z well z a horizontal rudd] or elevator1 ! same be+ s set t x t5ds to keep ! plane 9 a c]ta9 normal incl9ation1 ! elevator be+ call$ 9 to increase t or dim9i% x z may be requir$4 ,9 addition to ! elevator !re is also ano!r rudd] ( ! ord9>y k9d1 su* z e %ip & boat has1 = guid+ ! ma*9e to "r or left4 ,! elevator /e]s up & d[n1 ! rudd] /e]s to ei!r h&4 ,provision is also made = balanc+ ! ma*9e4 ,?is is sometimes 9 ! =m ( two small planes h+$ to ! ma9 plane1 "o at ei!r end1 connect$ toge!r & to a controll+ lev] by wires1 s t by _! use ! pilot c /e] ! "r-h& side ( 8 ma*9e upw>ds & ! left-h& d[nw>d1 or vice v]sa1 if ?r\gh any cause he f9ds a t5d5cy to capsize4 ,9 "s ma*9es ! same effect is produc$ n by sep>ate planes b by pull+ ! ma9 plane itself some:at out ( %ape1 b precisely ! same pr9ciple is involv$4 ,! planes are usually made ) a slight curve 9 !m1 s t !y may ! bett] cat* ! air & scoop x d[nw>ds1 s to speak4 ,!y usually consi/ ( fabric specially made = ! purpose1 /ret*$ ^u a light wood5 framework4 ,! :ole framework is usually ( wood ) metal fitt+s frequ5tly made ( alum9ium = ! sake ( lightness4 ,! eng9es h be5 m5tion$ 9 ano!r *apt]4 ,! propell] :i* is almo/ inv>iably fix$ directly ^u ! %aft ( ! eng9e has two blades only & n ?ree z is usual ) ^? ( %ips4 ,precisely :y ?is %\ld be s is n cle>1 b exp]i5ce %[s t two-blad$ propell]s are pref]able = ?is "w4 ,!y are made ( wood1 sev]al lay]s be+ glu$ toge!r "u pressure1 ! result+ log be+ !n c>v$ out to ! requir$ %ape4 ,?is makes a /rong] ?+ ?an x w\ld be if cut out ( a s+le piece ( wood4 ,all p>ts1 eng9e1 elevator1 rudd] & balanc+ arrangem5t1 are controll$ by v simple means f ! pilot's seat4 ,9 monoplanes !re is b "o ma9 plane1 resembl+ a pair ( bird's w+s4 ,or if we c>e to look ^u x z two planes1 "o ea* side ( ! body1 !n we mu/ call x a pair4 ,s9ce ! "n mono indicates "o x is be/ to ?9k ( x z "o plane al?\gh x may be 9 two p>ts4 ,! biplane has1 z its "n implies1 two planes1 b 9 t case !re c be no d\bt1 s9ce !y are plac$ "o above ! o!r4 ,ma*9es h be5 made ) ?ree planes & ev5 ) z _m z five1 b monoplanes & biplanes appe> to hold ! field4 ,x is n possible = an a]oplane to be 9 any s5se arm\r$ = protection aga9/ bullets3 = def5ce ! pilot has to dep5d ^u 8 own cunn+ manoeuvres comb9$ ) ! fa/ spe$ at :i* he c move4 ,= (f5sive purposes he usually has a ma*9e gun m\nt$ "r 9 front ( him ) :i* he c p\r a /ream ( bullets into an oppon5t or ev51 by fly+ l[1 he c attack a body ( infantry4 ,x is record$ t "o ,g]man prison] dur+ ! w>1 speak+ ( ! d>+ ( ! ,briti% pilots 9 ?us attack+ m5 on foot1 exclaim$1 ,!y w pull ! caps (f our heads next4 ,"s ( ! a]oplanes h _! propell] beh9d ! pilot & "s h x 9 front4 ,! latt]1 to di/+ui% !m1 are call$ ,tractor ma*9es1 s9ce 9 _! case ! propell] pulls !m along4 ,n[ x is easy to see t a difficulty arises 9 su* cases ?r\gh ! be/ position = ! gun be+ su* t x ?r[s its bullets "r on to ! propell]4 ,b t has be5 ov]come 9 a mo/ simple yet +5i\s way4 ,! gun is itself op]at$ by ! eng9e ) ! result t a bullet c only be %ot =? dur+ ^? int]vals :5 nei!r blade ( ! propell] is 9 ! way4 ,! propell] is mov+ s fa/ t x _c be se5 & ! bullets are fly+ out 9 a cont9u\s rattle1 yet e bullet passes betwe5 ! blades & n "o ev] t\*es4 ,x is easy to see t :5 an a]oplane is mann$ by a s+le man1 z is (t5 ! case1 he mu/ h 8 h&s v full inde$1 :at ) ! ma*9e itself & ! gun z well4 ,9 fact1 he (t5 has to leave ! ma*9e = a %ort "t to look aft] itself :ile he busies himself ) ! gun4 ,n[ !re we see a sign ( ! wond]ful "w :i* has be5 done 9 ! c\rse ( b a few ye>s 9 ! p]fect+ ( ! a]oplane1 ! result ( a s]ies ( improvem5ts 9 detail :i* make b a dre>y /ory if relat$ b :i* make all ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! risky1 unc]ta9 ma*9e ( a few ye>s ago & ! safe1 reliable ma*9e ( to-day4 ,mod]n ma*9es are inh]5tly /able4 ,! old] ones _h ! elem5ts ( /ability 9 !m b !y 7 s crudely proportion$ t ^! inh]5t qualities did n h a *ance to come into play4 ,if "o drops a flat c>d edgewise f a height x seems z if x ought to fall /raight d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,yet we all "k f exp]i5ce t x seldom does any?+ ( ! k9d4 ,in/ead1 x assumes a position some:]e ne> horizontal & !n desc5ds 9 a s]ies ( swoops f side to side4 ,!re we see ! pr9ciple at "w :i*1 9 a well-design$ a]oplane1 causes inh]5t /ability4 ,! explanation is z foll[s4 ,! a]oplane is su/a9$ 9 ! air ?r\gh ! upw>d pressure ( ! air resi/+ ! d[nw>d pull ( gravity4 ,t has be5 fully expla9$ already4 ,n[ gravity1 z we all "k1 acts ^u e "p ( a body :e!r x be an a]oplane or any?+ else4 ,b = practical purposes1 we may reg>d its action z conc5trat$ at "o p>ticul> po9t 9 t body1 call$ ! c5tre ( gravity4 ,likewise1 ! upw>d pressure ( ! air acts ^u ! :ole ( ! "u surface ( ! plane or planes1 yet we may reg>d x z conc5trat$ at a c]ta9 po9t call$ ! c5tre ( pressure4 ,fur!r1 we all "k f exp]i5ce t a p5dulum or o!r susp5d$ body is only /ill :5 its c5tre ( gravity is exactly "u ! po9t ( susp5sion4 ,if we move x to ei!r side x w sw+ back aga94 ,9 j ! same way1 ! only position 9 :i* an a]oplane w rema9 /eady is t 9 :i* ! c5tre ( gravity is exactly "u ! po9t ( susp5sion or1 9 o!r words1 ! c5tre ( pressure4 ,= ! c5tre ( pressure 9 ! a]oplane is precisely simil> to ! po9t ( susp5sion ( a p5dulum4 ,let u1 !n1 picture to ourselves an a]oplane fly+ along on a horizontal c\rse ) ?is happy /ate ( ?+s prevail+4 ,some?+ we w suppose occurs to upset x ) ! result t x beg9s to dive d[nw>ds4 ,x is !n 9 ! position ( slid+ d[nhill & in/antly its spe$ increases 9 consequ5ce4 ,t increase ( spe$ causes ! air to press a little m /rongly ?an x did be=e ^u ! front edge ( ! planes4 ,9 o!r words1 ! c5tre ( pressure %ifts =w>d a little1 ) ! result t ! c5tre ( gravity is !n a little to ! re> ( ! c5tre ( pressure4 ,a mom5t's reflection w %[ t ) ! c5tre ( pressure 7or po9t ( susp5sion7 9 advance ( ! c5tre ( gravity !re is a t5d5cy = ! ma*9e to turn upw>ds aga91 or1 9 o!r words1 to "r itself4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! initial upset causes x to %oot upw>ds ! spe$ in/antly falls (f & ! c5tre ( pressure retreats1 turn+ ! ma*9e d[nw>ds once m4 ,& ! same pr9ciple applies :atev] ! di/urbance may be4 ,in/antly & automatically a turn+ =ce comes into play :i* t5ds to *eck & ultimately to correct :at has gone wrong4 ,?is pr9ciple expla9s ! behavi\r ( ! c>d dropp$ f an up/airs w9d[ &1 no d\bt1 z has be5 said1 x op]at$ also 9 ! e>ly fly+ ma*9es1 b 9 _! case o!r factors caus$ di/urb+ elem5ts ) :i* ! self-right+ t5d5cy 0 n /rong en\gh to cope4 ,z "t w5t on1 h[ev]1 exp]i5ce taught ! mak]s h[ to avoid ^! di/urb+ factors until at la/ ! self-right+ t5d5cy 0 able to act effectively1 ?us produc+ ! a]oplane :i* is inh]5tly /able & :i* w1 = %ort p]iods at all ev5ts1 fly safely )\t att5tion f its pilot4 ,ea* little improvem5t 9 ?is direction 0 an inv5tion4 ,( c\rse1 !re 7 c]ta9 m5 ^: names /& out prom95tly 9 ! hi/ory ( ! a]oplane1 notable among :om are ! ,wright bro!rs1 b ! f9al result is due to innum]able inv5tions1 _m ( !m by unkn[n m54 ,b p]haps someone w say1 h[ c y possibly talk ab\t f9al results 9 a matt] :i* is /ill 9 its infancy8 ,! answ] to t is t s f> z ! safe1 flyable ma*9e is conc]n$1 x has arriv$4 ,little n[ rema9s to be done 9 t direction4 ,fur!r improvem5ts !re w1 ( c\rse1 be1 b ! great fundam5tal problems ( flight h be5 solv$4 ,,*apt] ,,xxv ,,! ,,a]ial ,,lifeboat ,balloons _h n long be5 inv5t$ :5 ! idea arose ( a device by means ( :i* an a]onaut :o f\nd himself 9 difficulties might be able to rea* ! gr\nd 9 safety4 ,9 o!r words1 ! ne$ 0 felt = some?+ :i* %\ld play t[>ds ! balloon ! "p :i* ! lifeboat does to ! %ip4 ,! orig9al idea ( a p>a*ute 0 ev5 old] ?an t1 s9ce we are told ( a man away back 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury :o amus$ ! ,k+ ( ,siam by jump+ f a height & /eady+ 8 desc5t by means ( a c\ple ( umbrellas4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 until ! v end ( ! eighte5? c5tury or ! beg9n+ ( ! n9ete5? t desc5ts 7 made f really consid]able heights f balloons4 ,! usual arrangem5t !n 0 to h ! p>a*ute hang+ at full l5g? fa/5$ bel[ ! basket1 or ti$ to "o side ( ! balloon 9 su* a mann] t x c\ld be deta*$ by cutt+ ! cords t held x up4 ,:5 ! p>a*ute 0 c>ri$ bel[ ! balloon basket ! man 0 already 9 ! cradle or seat ( ! p>a*ute ready to be dropp$1 b :5 ! seat 0 ti$ to ! side ( ! c> ( ! balloon ! a]onaut1 :5 he wi%$ to make a desc5t1 fir/ got f ! c> into ! seat1 &1 ca/+ himself adrift f ! c>1 swung out f "u ! c5tre ( ! balloon s t :5 he 0 hang+ cle> ano!r man 9 ! balloon cut ! cords or pull$ a slip-knot :i* set ! p>a*ute free4 ,!re 7 diff]5t ways ( do+ ?is & :5 a man 0 by himself he _h to get into ! sl+ ( ! p>a*ute &1 on f9d+ himself cle> ( ev]y?+1 he w\ld give a tug to a cord :i* w\ld release a cat* hold+ up ! p>a*ute & all[ x to drop to e>?4 ,! p>a*ute1 at ! v fir/1 0 b a simple affair1 be+ little m ?an a circul> %eet ( cotton or simil> fabric1 b x 0 v soon f\nd necess>y to make x a bag or x w\ld n prop]ly hold ! air4 ,cords 7 atta*$ at regul> int]vals all ar\nd ! edge ( ?is bag1 ^! cords be+ ga!r$ toge!r & atta*$ to ! edge ( a basket :i* c>ri$ ! man4 ,sometimes only a sl+ 0 us$1 or a simple light seat aft] ! fa%ion ( ! bosun's *air ^u :i* a sailor is sometimes haul$ to ! top ( an unclimbable ma/1 or a /eeplejack to ! top ( a *imney4 ,?us1 :5 x 0 dropp$1 ! weight ( ! man1 pull+ ^u all ! cords simultane\sly1 drew d[n ! edge ( ! bag1 :i*1 cat*+ ! air 9 its fall1 act$ z a p[]ful brake & r$uc$ ! rate ( fall+ to su* an ext5t t if all w5t well ! man alight$ 9 safety if n com=t4 ,z has already be5 rem>k$ 9 ano!r *apt]1 air1 :i* seems to u sometimes to be s exce$+ly light z to h practically no weight at all1 really has weight & also ! prop]ty :i* we call in]tia1 by virtue ( :i* ?+s at re/ pref] to /ay at re/4 ,n[ :5 ?is op5 air-bag1 ( consid]able area1 is pull$ d[nw>ds x causes a v consid]able di/urbance 9 ! air4 ,z x desc5ds ! air inside & b5ea? x is fir/ pu%$ d[nw>ds & compress$ a little1 !n x comm5ces to move outw>ds1 t[>ds ! edge1 r\nd :i* x f9ally escapes to fill ! slight vacuum 9 ! space j above ! desc5d+ p>a*ute4 ,all ?is ! air objects to d because ( its in]tia4 ,! p>a*ute has to =ce x to act ?us & 9 t way x uses up "s ( ! =ce ( gravity :i* all ! "t is pull+ ! man e>?w>ds4 ,9 o!r words1 t =ce1 in/ead ( dragg+ ! man d[nw>ds at su* a spe$ z to da% him to pieces1 is s f> employ$ 9 *urn+ up ! air t :at is left only br+s him d[n q sl[ly & ends ) j a g5tle bump4 ,t is ! sci5tific explanation ( :at happ5s1 al?\gh express$ 9 some:at homely language4 ,to anyone :o ?9ks ( ?is matt] x w be cle> t a relatively heavy weight l a man1 susp5d$ f a p>a*ute1 is l a v delicately pois$ p5dulum1 & consequ5tly x is n surpris+ to he> t ! e>ly p>a*utes oscillat$ v consid]ably f side to side1 s mu* s1 inde$1 t ?is oscillation became a decid$ dang]1 = be=e ! prop] %ape ( ! air-bag 0 f\nd out !y sometimes skidd$ & ev5 turn$ inside out4 ,x 0 f\nd1 h[ev]1 at q an e>ly /age t ?is in/ability c\ld be to "s ext5t cur$ by mak+ a hole "r 9 ! c5tre or cr[n ( ! p>a*ute ?r\gh :i* ! air compress$ inside c\ld bl[ upw>ds 9 a p[]ful jet4 ,at fir/ sight x seems z if ?is w\ld mu* weak5 ! p>a*ute & cause x to desc5d too quickly1 b q a l>ge hole c be safely made1 & to make su* a hole is only ! same ?+ z slightly r$uc+ ! area & t c be easily rem$i$ by slightly increas+ ! diamet]4 ,read+ ( ?is _m ye>s ago1 ,i h (t5 be5 puzzl$ z to :y ! pres5ce ( ! hole %\ld h ?is /eady+ effect1 ! explanation giv5 9 ! old sci5tific textbook f :i* ,i le>nt x be+ obvi\sly v unsatisfactory4 ,( rec5t ye>s1 h[ev]1 ?is subject ( p>a*utes has be5 v deeply /udi$ by an em95t eng9e] ( ,london1 ,mr4 ,e4 ,r4 ,cal?rop1 ! inv5tor ( ! ,gu>dian ,angel p>a*ute to :i* ^! rem>ks are lead+ up1 & he has hit ^u :at is und\bt$ly ! explanation4 ,he says t ! big jet ( air %oot+ upw>ds ?r\gh ! cr[n ( ! p>a*ute =ms 9 effect a rudd] :i* /e]s ! p>a*ute 9 a /raight d[nw>d c\rse1 j z ! rudd] guides a boat ^u ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,x is q possible t ?us f> ! impression convey$ to ! read]'s m9d is t ! p>a*ute & its use are v simple1 /raight=w>d matt]s4 ,"o may be incl9$ to ?9k t x is only necess>y to get a circul> %eet ( fabric1 to fa/5 ! cords to x1 to connect !m to a suitable seat & !n to desc5d f any height at any "t 9 p]fect safety4 ,if y make a model f a flat %eet ( cotton1 !n "o made l a bag1 & drop !m ) little weights atta*$ f ! top w9d[ ( y\r h\se y w see :at funny ?+s ! air c d4 ,aft] hav+ tri$ ^! little ones1 y w beg9 to suspect t ! big p>a*ute is full ( wayw>dness3 &1 z a matt] ( fact1 until rec5t ye>s1 x has be5 v l>gely a delusion & a sn>e4 ,by its refusal to act & op5 at ! "r mom5t x has sacrific$ _m lives4 ,al?\gh app>5tly s simple1 !re 7 conditions exi/+ & =ces at "w :i* = a c5tury or m _h nev] be5 prop]ly consid]$ & inve/igat$1 & x is only n[ t we h arriv$ at a p>a*ute ^: c]ta9ty ( action & g5]al tru/wor?9ess entitle x to be call$ ! lifeboat ( ! air4 ,! tr\bles ) ! old] p>a*utes 7 two4 ,fir/1 al?\gh (t5 x op5$ q quickly1 & c>ri$ its load z p]fectly z c\ld be desir$1 x sometimes _h ! habit ( delay+ its op5+1 & unless ! fall 7 f a v great height x 0 unsafe to take ! risk1 inde$1 x sometimes refus$ to op5 at all1 & ! poor p>a*uti/ suff]$ a fe>ful dea?4 ,x _h to be c>ri$ 9 a m or less fold$-up /ate4 ,(t5 x 0 hung up by its c5tre to ! side ( a balloon1 :5 x 0 v l a %ut-up umbrella4 ,consequ5tly ! p[] ( op5+ quickly & c]ta9ly 0 ( ! fir/ importance1 & ! lack ( t p[] & ! unc]ta9ty ( its action 7 a v s]i\s defect4 ,x has always suff]$ f an ill reputation z to reliability4 ,! second fault lay ) ! cords4 ,!y w\ld p]si/ 9 gett+ entangl$4 ,ev]yone kn[s h[ a doz5 cords hang+ ne> toge!r w get entangl$ ) ea* o!r on ! slighte/ provocation4 ,su* cords if bl[n ab\t by a /rong w9d w\ld be mu* worse ev5 ?an :5 /ill1 & if1 z mu/ (t5 be ! case ) p>a*utes1 !y be coil$ up1 we all "k f our own exp]i5ce t "s ( !m w\ld be almo/ sure to get knott$ & tangl$ toge!r :51 9 a sudd5 em]g5cy1 ! attempt 0 made to pull !m all out ( _! coils 9 a second or two4 ,j picture to y\rself :at x means3 a doz5 coil$ cords all close toge!r1 !mselves all coil$ up 9 loops1 sudd5ly pull$4 ,some?+ awkw>d appe>s almo/ inevitable4 ,& ! result ( ev5 "o rope go+ awry may be fatal1 = x may prev5t ! p>a*ute op5+ out fully1 probably giv+ x a lop-sid$ =m incapable ( gripp+ ! air effectually & consequ5tly all[+ ! un=tunate man to fall ) a velocity :i* means c]ta9 dea?4 ,?is second cause ( failure to op51 ?r\gh entanglem5t ( cordage1 has happ5$ 9 a numb] ( cases1 ) fatal results4 ,s mu* = ! faults ( ! old primitive p>a*ute4 ,n[ let u consid] = a mom5t ! urg5t ne$ = a p>a*ute :i* is free f su* faults4 ,! man :o goes up 9 a balloon on a ,saturday aft]noon feels s sure ( 8 craft t he ?9ks he ne$s no lifeboat1 yet m5 9 ord9>y free balloons h be5 kill$ = want ( !m4 ,! spectators at c\ntry fairs no long] appreciate a p>a*ute desc5t z a great & extraord9>y spectacle4 ,b 9 w>f>e1 ) kite balloons by ! doz51 ) dirigible balloons by ! score & a]oplanes by ! hundr$1 ! call = p>a*utes is urg5t & irresi/ible4 ,at all ev5ts1 ,mr4 ,cal?rop f\nd an irresi/ible call to devote ye>s ( close /udy1 unceas+ toil & consid]able sums ( money to ! task ( p]fect+ an improv$ p>a*ute :i* w\ld always op5 & op5 quickly1 & ^: cords w\ld nev] get entangl$4 ,he has ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t by s do+ he has provid$ an appliance t 9 ! air is z reliable z a lifeboat is at sea1 & t at all times1 & f e k9d ( aircraft1 c be dep5d$ ^u 9 case ( accid5t to save ! lives ( gallant airm5 :o b = 8 "w w\ld be da%$ to dea?4 ,! ,great ,w> has taught u to reg>d life some:at *eaply4 ,= ye>s we 7 m conc]n$ ) tak+ life ?an ) sav+ x1 yet surely to save ! life ( "o's own m5 is equival5t to tak+ ! lives ( "o's oppon5ts1 s t ev5 f ! po9t ( view ( w>f>e ! sav+ ( life may be a help t[>ds victory4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly s :5 ! lives sav$ are ^? ( ! *oice/ spirits1 & among ! mo/ highly tra9$4 ,x has be5 reckon$ t to make a fully-tra9$ pilot co/s z mu* z #aejj1 s t to save b a few1 ev5 9 _! prep>atory nights on ! tra9+-gr\nds :]e s _m accid5ts happ51 makes q an appreciable diff]5ce 9 ! co/ ( a w>1 )\t consid]+ ! ma9 "q ( ! m5's lives4 ,_m inv5tions arise ?r\gh a man ?9k+ ( an idea & !n seek+ & f9d+ "s application = x4 ,else:]e 9 ?is book1 ,i give examples ( su* cases4 ,"h we h an in/ance ( ! opposite1 = ,mr4 ,cal?rop f\nd 8 ?\ghts /rongly direct$ 9 ?is direction by ! dea? ( a p]sonal fri5d1 ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,s4 ,rolls1 "o ( ! e>ly m>tyrs 9 ! cause ( aviation1 n to m5tion o!rs :o %>$ ! same risks & 9 "s cases ! same fate4 ,8 int]e/ ?us ar\s$1 he fir/ /udi$ all ! records :i* c\ld be f\nd relat+ to p>a*ute accid5ts1 s z to asc]ta91 if possible1 :at 7 ! causes ( failure4 ,!n he comm5c$ a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts ) a view to remov+ ^! causes4 ,improvem5t aft] improvem5t 0 tri$1 unexpect$ difficulties 7 discov]$ & grappl$ )1 ! k9ematograph 0 call$ 9 to record ! movem5ts ( ! fall+ objects1 a task = :i* x is f> bett] fitt$ ?an ! human eye1 & aft] ye>s ( ?is !re em]g$ ! f9i%$ p>a*ute1 automatic 9 its action1 p]fectly reliable & a true safegu>d1 :i* ,i am ab\t to describe4 ,! p>a*ute's body consi/s ( ! f9e/ quality silk c>efully cut into gussets ( su* a %ape t :5 sewn toge!r some:at aft] ! mann] ( ! cov] ( an umbrella1 !y =m a %all[ bag1 p>abolic 9 section1 ( t p>ticul> %ape :i* ! mat]ial w\ld assume naturally 7 x p]fectly ela/ic :5 enclos+ its resi/+ body ( compress$ air4 ,at int]vals r\nd ! edge are fa/5$ tw5ty-f\r ,v-%ap$ tapes4 ,^! are only a few feet long & ! l[] end ( ea* ,v-%ap$ pair is atta*$ to a long ma9 tape4 ,!re are twelve ( ^! ma9 tapes1 & _! l[] ends unite 9 a metal disc f :i* is susp5d$ ! sl+ & h>ness by :i* ! man is support$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,gu>dian ,,angel ,,p>a*ute4 7#a7 ,%[s ! airman 9 ! h>ness by :i* he is atta*$ to ! p>a*ute4 ,by means ( ! />-%ap$ buckle he c in/antly release himself4 7#b7 ,%[s ! p>a*ute two seconds aft] ! airman has jump$ f ! a]oplane4 ,9 7#c7 he is se5 ne>+ ! gr\nd4 7,by p]mission ( ,e4 ,r4 ,cal?rop1 ,esq47 ,s ! tw5ty-f\r %ort tapes =m twelve ,v's to ! po9ts ( :i* are atta*$ ! twelve long tapes :i* support ! man4 ,! reason :y tapes are us$ 9 ?is p>ticul> p>a*ute & n cords w be ref]r$ to lat]4 ,9 ! cr[n ( ! silk body !re is ! usual hole = ! purpose ( =m+ ! air-rudd] to /eady ! p>a*ute 9 its desc5t4 ,& n[ we c consid] ! fir/ great feature ( ?is wond]ful inv5tion & ask ourselves ^! que/ions3 ,by :at means is x made to op58 ,:at makes x m reliable ?an o!rs8 ,to answ] t we mu/ fir/ see :y ! o!rs sometimes refus$ to op54 ,9 :atev] way an ord9>y p>a*ute may be pack$ x mu/1 :5 com+ into use1 assume ! /ate ( a %ut umbrella ) a hole 9 ! top4 ,9 ?is condition x is assum$ t z x falls ! air w f9d a way 9 ?r\gh ! l[] end & w bl[ ! p>a*ute op5 9 precisely ! same way t a /rong w9d w sometimes bl[ out ! folds ( an umbrella4 ,b1 z a matt] ( fact1 ! loose folds ( a p>a*ute1 :5 ! edge ( ! gussets is ga!r$ 91 are sure to ov]lap & enfold ea* o!r m or less4 ,?us1 :5 9 ! %ut-umbrella /ate1 x sometimes happ5s t air :i* is inside c escape upw>ds ?r\gh ! hole m easily ?an fre% air c get 9 f bel[4 ,! p>a*ute1 9 su* a /ate1 is1 let u imag9e1 fall+ rapidly ?r\gh ! air4 ,! result is j ! same z if x 7 /ill & ! air 7 ru%+ upw>ds pa/ x4 ,& ! upw>d ru% pa/ ! top hole t5ds to suck air out ?r\gh ! hole fa/] ?an fre% air c f9d a way 9 at ! bottom4 ,?is is ! pr9ciple ( ! ejector1 :i* eng9e]s h put to _m uses4 ,= example1 ! vacuum brakes employ$ on _m l>ge railways owe all _! p[] to /op a tra9 to a vacuum caus$ by an ejector4 ,!re is a %ort tube or nozzle1 plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ano!r tube ?r\gh :i* /eam bl[s4 ,! action ( ! /eam 9 ! out] tube z x ru%es pa/ ! end ( ! inn] tube drags aft] x ! air :i* is 9 ! inn] tube s effectively z to produce q a good vacuum4 ,& 9 precisely ! same way1 ! upw>d ru% ( air pa/ ! p>a*ute1 or :at is j ! same1 ! fall+ ( ! p>a*ute ?r\gh /ation>y air1 c suck ! air f inside ! latt] & create a vacuum 9 x if ! gussets ga!r$ toge!r at ! m\? un=tunately ov]lap "o ano!r & are ?us lock$ toge!r by ! pressure ( ! air /riv+ to get 94 ,?us1 in/ead ( ! d[nw>d fall caus+ ! ord9>y p>a*ute to op51 z 9 mo/ cases x w d q well1 ! fall "u ^! p>ticul> conditions actually b9ds its folds toge!r & prev5ts x f op5+4 ,x is true ?is does n (t5 happ51 b ! risk is always pres5t at e drop1 & ?is unreliability has co/ ! lives ( brave m5 & wom51 & ! k ( ?is con/ant risk has l$ o!rs to write d[n ! p>a*ute a failure1 by reason ( its kn[n unreliability to op5 in/antly4 ,ev5 :5 x does op5 ! dep? x falls be=e x op5s is s v>iable1 by reason ( ! fight betwe5 vacuum & pressure1 t x may be "o hundr$ feet "o "t & "o ?\s& feet next "t ) ! same p>a*ute4 ,n[ ! ,gu>dian ,angel is design$ s t ^? conditions _c occur4 ,its silk5 cov]+ is fir/ laid out on ! gr\nd & into ! c5tre is introduc$ a beautifully-design$ disc ( alum9ium1 some:at l a l>ge inv]t$ sauc]1 ( exce$+ lightness b ( ample /r5g? = :at x has to d4 ,!n ! silk body is pleat$ & fold$ back ov] ! upp] "p ( ?is laun*+-disc & gradually pack$ s t x occupies b a v small space ^u ! upp] surface ( ! disc4 ,x is s fold$ t its edge comes 9 ! topmo/ lay] & also 9 su* a mann] t on ! tapes be+ pull$ ! silk unfolds easily & regul>ly1 fl[+ d[n z x 7 ov] ! edge ( ! disc almo/ z wat] fl[s if all[$ to fall f a tap ^u ! c5tre ( an inv]t$ sauc]4 ,aft] ! fold+ is complete ano!r alum9ium disc is plac$ above ! pack$ silk body :i* %ields x f ! enorm\s air pressure :5 x is be+ releas$ f an a]oplane fly+ at top spe$4 ,! upp] & l[] fabric cov]s are !n sup]impos$ & seal$ & ! ,gu>dian ,angel p>a*ute is ready = use4 ,! tapes1 likewise1 are fold$ up1 9 a special way ^u ! bottom cov]1 :i* is sprung ov] ! bottom ( ! disc4 ,! bottom cov] ) ! tapes ^u x1 is pull$ away by ! weight ( ! airman z he makes 8 jump to safety1 & ! tapes are s arrang$ t a pull ^u !m causes !m to draw out /eadily & smoo?ly1 almo/ l wat] fall+ f a height4 ,if we reg>d ! silk z =m+ a %all[ bag inv]t$1 we may say t x is fold$ ^u ! disc inside out & ! function ( ! disc is to cause x to spread & enclose a wide column ( air z x is pull$ f its folds4 ,to comm5ce ) x is no?+ m ?an s mu* fold$-up silk1 b f ! fir/ mom5t ( action x becomes a bag ) a wide-op5 m\?1 = its op5 m\? _c be small] ?an ! disc4 ,!re=e1 f ! fir/ in/ant x beg9s to grip ! air & ! ejector action nev] gets a *ance to comm5ce4 ,! pressure ( air inside is f ! v comm5cem5t ( ! fall great] ?an t ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,moreov]1 ! disc cov]s ! hole until ! p>a*ute is actually op51 !reby mak+ ejector action d\bly impossible4 ,! widely-op5$ m\? ( ! air-bag 7,i _c help repeat+ t t]m = x is s expressive7 swall[s up m & m air z ! ?+ falls rapidly1 ) ! result t ! air inside is in/antly compress$ & ! increas+ pressure z ! silk is m & m fully drawn out causes x to exp& until ! :ole is fully ext5d$ l a huge umbrella4 ,! in/ant compression ( ! enclos$ column ( air is :at causes x always to op5 automatically4 ,:5 once x is po9t$ out x is easy to see :at a diff]5ce ! pres5ce ( ?is disc makes4 ,x is s simple t x _c fail to act & hav+ once produc$ t op5 m\? all ! re/ is due to ! action ( natural =ces :i* c be absolutely reli$ ^u4 ,! ord9>y p>a*ute ) its hopeless irregul>ities has1 9 fact1 be5 conv]t$ into a ma*9e ^: action c nev] fail4 ,! disc is fa/5$ to ! balloon or a]oplane & is left beh9d :5 ! p>a*ute falls1 hav+ done its "w4 ,& n[ let u consid] ! tapes4 ,z has already be5 rem>k$1 a s]ies ( coil$ cords _c be reli$ ^u to pull out /raight )\t possibility ( entanglem5t1 b a tape1 if fold$ to & fro l a ,*9ese crack]1 w inv>iably d s4 ,s pack$ tapes h be5 sub/itut$ = coil$ cord$ rigg+1 ) ! c]ta9ty t !y _c be entangl$ 9 ! fi]ce/ air curr5t4 ,& n[ we come to ano!r int]e/+ feature4 ,! man is n susp5d$ directly f ! small disc to :i* ! tapes are atta*$ b by a non-sp9n+ sl+ :i* conta9s a %ock absorb]4 ,?is latt] consi/s ( a numb] ( /r&s ( rubb] & x is ow+ to its action t ! aviator :o tru/s 8 life to ! p>a*ute suff]s little or no %ock2 ev5 :5 ! in/ant op5+ ( ! p>a*ute beg9s to arre/ 8 fall4 ,& n only does x save him f %ock1 b x also avoids ! possibility ( too great a /ress com+ sudd5ly ^u ! p>a*ute or its rigg+ ( tapes4 ,! aviator himself is atta*$ to ! p>a*ute ?r\gh ! %ock-absorb] sl+1 by means ( a h>ness :i* he we>s con/antly ?r\gh\t 8 flight1 s t 9 ! ev5t ( tr\ble he only has to jump ov]bo>d & ! p>a*ute automatically does ! re/4 ,?is h>ness consi/s ( two light b /rong alum9ium tubul> r+s ?r\gh :i* he places 8 arms1 comb9$ ) a s]ies ( /raps :i* c be s adju/$ t ! /ress ( c>ry+ him comes ^u ^? p>ts ( 8 body be/ adapt$ to be> x4 ,?is improv$ p>a*ute is ! only "o :i* is capable ( be+ us$ in/antly & )\t prep>ation = desc5t f an a]oplane fly+ at top spe$4 ,x is easy to see t x is "o ?+ to drop f a /ation>y or ne>ly /ation>y balloon & q ano!r to dive f an a]oplane at "o hundr$ miles p] h\r4 ,! latt] is equival5t to sudd5ly tru/+ oneself to a p>a*ute dur+ ! /ronge/ gale4 ,x has be5 f\nd1 by exp]im5t1 h[ev]1 t high spe$ is no b> to ! use ( ?is p>a*ute s9ce x only causes ! p>a*ute to op5 a little m quickly ?an usual1 :i* means t x c be us$ ) safety f an ev5 l[] height4 ,"u ! wor/ conditions ?is wond]ful p>a*ute c be reli$ ^u always to op5 & c>ry its load at a height ( only "o hundr$ feet1 & its use is safe 9 all circum/ances :5 dropp$ f two hundr$ feet above ! gr\nd4 ,aft] x has once got into op]ation & tak5 *>ge ( affairs1 s to speak1 ! man desc5ds at ! rate ( only fifte5 feet p] second1 :i* is j ab\t ! same z dropp+ f a height ( a little ov] ?ree feet4 ,9 o!r words1 he w arrive on ! gr\nd ) no worse bump ?an y w\ld get by jump+ (f ! d9+-room table4 ,b suppose t !re 7 a w9d bl[+3 w\ld n ! p>a*ute come d[n 9 a slant+ direction & !n drag ! man along8 ,or may he n alight ^u a tree or ! ro( ( a h\se1 only to be pull$ (f aga9 & flung headlong8 ,q true he might1 7 n prop] provision made = su* occurr5ces4 ,embodi$ 9 ! h>ness is a lock :i* c be in/antly undone1 by a simple movem5t ( a lev] 9 ! h&1 & by its aid ! man on t\*+ e>? or on alight+ ^u any?+ solid c release himself in/antly1 aft] :i* ! p>a*ute c sail away :i!r x w1 b he w be safe & s\nd4 ,:at ,mr4 ,cal?rop has accompli%$ by ! inv5tion ( 8 ,gu>dian ,angel p>a*ute may be summ>is$ briefly by say+ t he has r$uc$ ! m9imum height f :i* a p>a*ute c\ld be dropp$ f two ?\s& to two hundr$ feet1 & t he has made x possible to laun* a p>a*ute1 ) ! c]ta9ty ( safety1 f any k9d ( aircraft fly+ at ! sl[e/ or highe/ spe$ ( :i* !y are capable4 99 99 99 99 99 ,y are only a boy n[1 b :5 9 ye>s to come y are q old & h grey hair y may become a ,memb] ( ! ,air ,bo>d &--:o kn[s--x may become y\r duty to decide t ?is great inv5tion %all be always us$ on ! tra9+ gr\nds to save ! lives ( ! "y m51 n yet born1 :o are !n le>n+ to fly4 ,dur+ ! ,w>1 "o 0 kill$ e day1 #cfe 9 a ye>1 _m ( :om might h be5 sav$ _h m ,gu>dian ,angels be5 9 use4 ,,index ,acetone1 #cf1 #eg1 #eh ,acetyl5e1 #eh ,a]oplanes1 types (1 #bhe1 #bhf ,air-raft equipm5t1 #hi ,alcohols1 #di1 #ej1 #ea1 #eb1 #ee1 #aci ,alum9ium1 #aeg ,an*ors = float+ bridges1 #hj ,anti-aircraft guns1 #aai ,aquitania1 s4s41 #aig ,arm\r]1 #ag ,au/rian heavy mort>s1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aag ,bamboo1 bridges made (1 #hg ,basic /eel1 #aja ,becqu]el1 ,h41 #dj ,b5z5e1 #ce ,bessem]1 ,sir ,h5ry1 #ic1 #ih1 #ii1 #ajj1 #ajb ,bla/-furnace1 #id1 #ie ,boil]s 9 w>%ips1 #agf ,bree*-block ( guns1 #aca1 #acb ,br5nan torp$o1 #bai ,cal?rop1 ,e4 ,r41 #cjj1 #caa ,canet1 ,gu/ave1 #abi ,canvas boats1 #hf ,c>bolic acid1 #ce ,c>bon1 #bh1 #ej1 #id1 #ih ,c>bon 9 /eel1 #ajf ,c>bon monoxide1 #ie ,c>riages ( guns1 #aaf ,ca/ iron1 #if1 #ig ,catam>an bridge1 #ij1 #ia ,cau/ic soda1 #bb1 #bc1 #bd ,*loride ( lime1 #bc ,*lor9e1 #ah1 #ai1 #ba1 #bc1 #eb ,*lor(orm1 #ei ,cl]k-,maxwell1 ,pr(essor ,j41 #bdc ,coal du/ explodes1 #bi ,coal t>1 #cd ,contact-fir+ m9es1 #fe ,copp]1 #adg ,cordite1 #cf ,cotton explosives1 #cb1 #cc ,c\nt]m9+1 #fc1 #gc ,crucible /eel1 #ajd ,curie1 ,madame1 #da ,detonator1 #cg ,dia/ase1 #ee ,diesel eng9e1 #agh1 #bcf ,dreadn\ght1 ,h4,m4,s41 #aid ,driv+-b& on %ells1 #adb ,dynamite1 #ca ,electricity1 positive & negative1 #bj1 #ba ,electrodes1 #ai ,electrolysis ( salt1 #ah1 #ai ,electrolyte1 #ai ,electrons1 #db ,electroscope1 #dc ,elia m9es1 #gj ,e?ane1 #ea ,e!r1 #eh1 #ei ,explosion1 =ce (1 #cj ,field guns1 #ajh1 #aad ,flotilla lead]s1 #ahi ,fractional di/illation1 #ce1 #eg ,fr5* field artill]y1 #ajh ,fr\de1 ,william1 #bjc ,fulm9ate ( m]cury1 #cg ,glyc]9e1 #be ,gravity1 action ( ^u %ells1 #abb1 #abc1 #abd ,gu>dian ,angel p>a*ute1 #cjj ,gun-cotton1 #cb1 #cc ,gunp[d]1 #bg1 #cj ,gyroscope1 uses (1 #baf1 #bcd ,helium1 #db ,h]tzian waves1 #bdc ,high explosives1 #cf1 #ach ,high-explosive %ells1 #acg ,high-spe$ /eel1 #aje ,hop-pole bridges1 #hh ,horse artill]y1 #ajh1 #aad ,h[itz]s1 #aaa1 #aad1 #aae ,hydro/atic valve1 #fh1 #bag ,hydroxyl1 #eb1 #ec ,int]f]5ce ( waves1 #bda1 #bdh ,inv9cible1 ,h4,m4,s41 #aif ,ionog5s1 #bj ,ions ( common salt1 #ai ,iron ore1 #ic ,kieselguhr1 #cb ,ladysmi?1 guns at1 #aji ,laun*+ a %ip1 #baa ,limit gauges1 #adj ,l9e-(-battle %ips1 #aia ,lion1 ,h4,m4,s41 #aig ,lyddite1 #ce ,ma*9e guns1 #aae ,magnetic detector1 #beg ,malt1 #ee ,m>coni1 #bdh ,me?ane1 #ea ,me?ylat$ _s1 #ed ,m9e1 subm>9e1 #fc et seq4 ,m9e1 subt]ranean1 #fa ,mort>s1 #aaa1 #aab1 #aac1 #aad1 #aah ,naval guns1 #aab1 #abj et seq4 ,naval %ells1 #acf1 #acg ,nitrate ( potassium1 #cj ,nitro-b5z5e1 #ce ,nitro-glyc]9e1 #bf1 #ca1 #cb ,nitrog51 action (1 #bf1 #cj ,obs]vation m9es1 #fe ,oil fuel1 #agg ,olympic1 s4s41 #aig ,organic sub/ances1 #bf ,orion1 ,h4,m4,s41 #aic ,p>a*utes1 #big ,p>aff9s1 #ea ,p]iscope1 #bbe1 #bcc ,petrol eng9e1 #aha1 #ahb ,ph5ol1 #ce ,picric acid1 #ce ,pig iron1 #ie1 #ig ,poison gas1 #bc ,pontoons = bridg+1 #gg ,propellants1 #cf1 #abe1 #ach ,radio-activity1 #da ,radium1 #ci et seq4 ,rays f radium1 #da1 #db ,re$s1 bridges made (1 #he ,repulse1 ,h4,m4,s41 #aib ,rheumatism & radium1 #dg ,rifl+ 9 guns1 #adc ,roll+ mills1 #ih1 #aci ,salt & explosives1 #ah ,saltpetre1 #bg1 #bi1 #cj ,scott1 ,sir ,p]cy1 #aji ,sea-planes1 #bhg ,%ell-/eel1 #adf ,%rapnel %ells1 #acg1 #add1 #ade ,siem5s /eel1 #ajb1 #ajc ,sights = guns1 #acc ,smokeless p[d]1 #ca ,soap1 #be ,sodium1 #ah1 #bb ,soluble seal us$ 9 m9es1 #gb ,sp9n+ action ( %ells1 #adb ,/ability ( a]oplanes1 #bic ,/eam-eng9es1 #agj ,/eel = guns1 #abf ,sulphuric acid1 #ca1 #cb1 #aej ,susp5sion bridges1 #hc ,tanks1 #bgf ,telephone us$ 9 telegraphy1 #bff ,t91 #aeb1 #aec ,t4,n4,t41 #ce ,tolu5e1 #ce ,torp$o boats1 #ahd ,trajectory1 #abb ,tr5* mort>s1 #aah ,tre/le bridges1 #hj1 #hc ,tri-nitro-b5z5e1 #ce ,tri-nitro-ph5ol1 #ce ,tri-nitro-tolu5e1 #ce ,tung/51 #aje1 #aec ,tun+ wireless telegraph app>atus1 #bee ,turb9e1 /eam1 #ag ,uranium1 #da ,:itehead torp$o1 #bae ,wire-w\nd guns1 #abh ,wolfram1 #aec ,wood _s1 #eg ,wr\ght iron1 #ig ,wyom+1 ,u4,s4 battle%ip1 #aie ,x-rays1 #db1 #dc ,zeppel9 v4 a]oplane1 #df ,z9c1 #adi1 #aej1 #aea ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,br5don ,,& ,,son1 ,,ltd41 ,,plym\?1 ,,engl&4 #aiag ,great ,classics = ,little ,*ildr5 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,odyssey ,,told ,,= ,,little ,,*ildr5 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,f\rte5 ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,a really *>m+ volume 9 all respects4 ,no writ] has done "w ( ?is k9d s well s9ce ,k+sley fir/ set ! fa%ion 9 8 ma/]piece1 ,! ,h]oes4--,gu>dian4 ,! /ories c\ld n be told m simply & directly1 or 9 a way bett] fitt$ to delight & int]e/ *ildr51 ?an !y are 9 ?is *>m+ book4 ,we are delight$ to see ! book embelli%$ ) ,flaxman's exquisite illu/rations4 ,greatly d>+ 444 !y h be5 col\r$ 9 simple col\rs1 l ^? ( classical wall pa9t+s4 ,! effect is q excell5t4--,spectator4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,iliad ,,told ,,= ,,little ,,*ildr5 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,f\rte5 ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,:at ne$ n[adays to praise ,pr(4 ,*ur*'s skill 9 pres5t+ classical /ories to "y read]s8 ,?is is a capital example ( ! cultur$1 simple /yle4 ,a delightful gift-book4--,a!num4 ,pr(4 ,*ur* has writt5 z good a book z c ev] be produc$ = ,engli% *ildr5 f ! lit]>y treasures ( ,greece4 ,! illu/rations are wor?y ( ! writ+4--,%effield ,indep5d5t4 ,) delightful simplicity ( /yle ,pr(4 ,*ur* retells ! /ory ( ! ,siege ( ,troy s t x ceases to be 'hi/ory1' & becomes an engross+ n>rative4 ,! h&some volume has a doz5 excell5t illu/rations4--,dundee ,c\ri]4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,neid ,,told ,,= ,,little ,,*ildr5 ,,by ,,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*1 ,m4,a4 ,) ,f\rte5 ,illu/rations 9 ,col\rs4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,pr(essor ,*ur* has probably done m ?an any o!r man liv+ to br+ ! classics ( ,greece & ,rome )9 ! compreh5sion ( "y folks4 ,he has a simple /yle t mu/ be ! envy ( writ]s = *ildr54--,dundee ,adv]tis]4 ,a delightful gift-book4--,a!num4 ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,limit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,animal ,,arts ,,crafts ,,describ+ ,,! ,,wond]ful ,,intellig5ce ,,( ,,animals ,,reveal$ ,,9 ,,_! ,,"w ,,z ,,masons1 ,,pap] ,,mak]s1 ,,raft ,,div+-,,bell ,,build]s1 ,,m9]s1 ,,tailors1 ,,eng9e]s ,,( ,,roads ,,bridges1 ,c4 ,c4 ,,by ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,sc41 ,,john ,,lea1 ,b4,a4 7,,cantab47 ,) ,?irty ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo41 #es4 ,w c>ry mo/ read]s1 "y & old1 f "o surprise to ano!r4--,glasg[ ,h]ald4 ,a *>m+ subject1 well set =?1 & dramatically illu/rat$4--,a!num4 ,x seems l pure romance to read ( ! curi\s ways ( ,nature's craftsm51 b x is q a true tale t is set =? 9 ?is pl5tifully illu/rat$ book4--,ev5+ ,citiz54 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,insect ,,life ,,describ+ ,,! ,,curi\s ,,int]e/+ ,,9 ,,! ,,insect ,,_w ,,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,au?or ( ,! ,romance ( ! ,animal ,_w1 c4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,an ent]ta9+ volume1 "o m ( a s]ies :i* seeks ) mu* success to describe ! wond]s ( nature & sci5ce 9 simple1 attractive =m4--,graphic4 ,(f]s mo/ int]e/+ descriptions ( ! /range & curi\s inhabitants ( ! insect _w1 sure to excite inquiry & to fo/] obs]vation4 ,!re are ants :ite & yell[1 locu/s & cicadas1 bees & butt]flies1 spid]s & beetles1 scorpions & cockroa*es--& especially ants--) a really sci5tific inve/igation ( _! wond]ful habits n 9 dry detail1 b 9 free & *>m+ exposition & n>rative4 ,an admirable book to put 9 ! h&s ( a boy or girl ) a turn = natural sci5ce--& :e!r or n4--,educational ,times4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w ,,describ+ ,,! ,,curi\s ,,& ,,int]e/+ ,,9 ,,natural ,,hi/ory ,,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s ,) ,sixte5 full-page ,illu/rations4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,mr4 ,sel\s takes a wide range 9 ,nature2 he has se5 _m wond]s :i* he relates4 ,op5 ! book :]e we w we f9d some?+ a/oni%+4--,spectator4 ,x is 9 tru? a mo/ fasc9at+ book1 z full ( incid5ts & z v>i\s 9 int]e/ z any o!r "w ( imag9ation1 &1 beyond ! pleasure 9 ! read+ !re is ! satisfaction ( kn[+ t "o is 9 ! h&s ( a g5u9e au?ority on "s ( ! mo/ picturesque subjects t natural hi/ory af=ds4 ,mr4 ,sel\s' me?od is /rong1 safe1 & s\nd4 ,! volume has num]\s illu/rations ( a high ord] ( workman%ip & a h&some b9d+ ( /rik+ design4--,s*ool ,gov]nm5t ,*ronicle4 ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,limit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity ,,describ+ ,,9 ,,non-,,te*nical ,,language ,,:at ,,is ,,kn[n ,,ab\t ,,electricity ,,_m ,,( ,,its ,,int]e/+ ,,applications ,,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,electricity ,,( ,,to-,,day1 ,,etc4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) #cd ,illu/rations & #aa ,diagrams4 #es4 ,ev]y:]e ,mr4 ,*>les ,r4 ,gibson makes admirable use ( simple analogies :i* bespeak ! practis$ lectur]1 & br+ ! matt] home )\t te*nical detail4 ,! att5tion is fur!r su/a9$ by a s]ies ( surprises4 ,! description ( electric units1 ! volt1 ! ohm1 & especially ! amp]e1 is bett] ?an we h f\nd 9 m pret5ti\s works4--,academy4 ,mr4 ,gibson's /yle is v unlike ! ord9>y text-book4 ,x is fre%1 & is non-te*nical4 ,its facts are /rictly sci5tific1 h[ev]1 & ?or\ghly up to date4 ,if we wi% to ga9 a ?or\gh k ( electricity pleasantly & )\t too mu* tr\ble on our own "p1 we w read ,mr4 ,gibson's 'romance4'--,expository ,times4 ,a book :i* ! m]e/ tyro totally unacqua9t$ ) elem5t>y electrical pr9ciples c und]/&1 & %\ld !re=e especially appeal to ! lay read]4 ,especial int]e/ atta*es to ! *apt] on wireless telegraphy1 a subject :i* is apt to 'floor' ! un9itiat$4 ,! au?or r$uces ! subject to its simple/ aspect1 & describes ! fundam5tal pr9ciples und]ly+ ! action ( ! coh]] 9 language s simple t anyone c grasp !m4--,electricity4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,%ip ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,h] ,,orig9 ,,& ,,evolution ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times ,,by ,e4 ,,keble ,,*att]ton1 ,b4,a4 ,,oxon4 ,,au?or ,,( ,,sail+ ,,%ips ,,& ,,_! ,,/ory1 ,,etc4 ,,etc4 ,) #cd ,illu/rations4 ,price #es4 ,"o ( ! mo/ in/ructive & intellig5t treatises on sea-life t x has yet be5 our lot to p]use4--,syr5 & ,%ipp+4 ,!re is n a d\bt ab\t ?is volume be+ ! be/ ( its k9d yet publi%$4--,dundee ,c\ri]4 ,absorb+ly int]e/+ & highly in/ructive4--,liv]pool ,daily ,po/4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,a/ronomy ,,by ,,hector ,,macph]son1 ,,junior ,) #cb ,illu/rations ,diagrams4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo4 ,price #es4 ,we c conceive no book bett] adapt$ ?an ?is h&somely got up & beautifully illu/rat$ volume to attract ! "y1 & ev5 old] p to ! /udy ( ! sublime/ ( sci5ces4--,ed9burgh ,news4 ,describ$ 9 popul> language1 yet ) a ?or\ghness :i* w give ! read] a surpris+ly complete grasp ( ! subject4--,*ri/ian4 ,an ideal book = pres5tation1 z inde$ all ,messrs4 ,seeley's ,romance books are4--,ea/]n ,morn+ ,news4 ,an excell5t comp5dium ( ! mo/ int]e/+ facts 9 a/ronomy1 told 9 popul> language4 ,great c>e has evid5tly be5 tak5 to secure accuracy4 ,! illu/rations are exce$+ly good4--,! ,a!num4 ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,limit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,/ories by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur* ,! ,headma/] ( ,eton 7,dr4 ! ,hon4 ,e4 ,lyttelton7 advis$ 8 he>]s1 9 a rec5t spee* at ! ,royal ,alb]t ,in/itute1 to read ,pr(essor ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur*'s ,/ories f ,hom]1 "s ( :i*1 he said1 he _h read to ,eton boys aft] a h>d s*ool day1 & at an age :5 !y 7 n 9 ! lea/ desir\s ( le>n+1 b 7 anxi\s to g to tea4 ,! /ories 7 s brilliantly told1 h[ev]1 t ^? "y ,etonians 7 entranc$ by !m1 & !y actually begg$ ( him to g on1 be+ q prep>$ to sacrifice _! tea "t4 ,pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ea* ,! ,*ildr5's neid ,! ,*ildr5's ,iliad ,! ,*ildr5's ,odyssey ,! ,fa]y ,que5 & h] ,knight ,! ,crusad]s ,greek ,/ory & ,song ,/ories f ,hom] ,/ories f ,virgil ,! ,cr[n ( ,p9e ,/ories f ,greek ,trag$ians ,/ories ( ! ,ea/ f ,h]odotus ,/ory ( ! ,p]sian ,w> ,/ories f ,livy ,roman ,life 9 ! ,days ( ,cic]o ,) ! ,k+ at ,ox=d ,c\nt ( ,saxon ,%ore ,! ,hamm] ,/ory ( ! ,iliad ,/ory ( ! ,odyssey ,/ories f ,greek ,com$ians ,h]oes ( ,*ivalry & ,romance ,helmet & ,spe> ,/ories ( ,*>lemagne ,extra ,cr[n #hvo1 illu/rat$1 & o!r sizes #cs4 #f;d4 ,la/ ,days ( ,j]usalem ,! ,burn+ ( ,rome ,! ,fall ( ,a!ns ,/ories f ,engli% ,hi/ory ,patriot ,h]o #bs4 #f;d4 ,! ,*antry ,prie/ ( ,b>net ,h]oes ( ,ea/]n ,romance ,?ree ,greek ,*ildr5 ,to ! ,lions ,a ,"y ,mac$onian #bs4 ,h]oes ( ,ea/]n ,romance #as4 #f;d4 ,h]oes & ,k+s ,greek ,gulliv] ,nicias ,/ory ( ! ,iliad & neid ,to ! ,lions #as4 ,/ory ( ! ,iliad ,/ory ( ! ,odyssey ,/ory ( ! ,iliad & neid #f;d4 ,la/ ,days ( ,j]usalem ,/ory ( ! ,iliad ,/ory ( ! ,odyssey ,/ories f ,virgil ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,limit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,catalogue ( ,books = ,"y ,p1 ,publi%$ by ,seeley1 ,s]vice ,co ,limit$1 #ch ,great ,russell ,/reet1 ,london ,"s ( ! ,cont5ts ,adv5ture1 ,! ,libr>y ( #ab ,b$=d ,libr>y1 ,! #b ,*ur*1 ,/ories by ,pr(essor #c ,gib]ne1 ,books by ,miss #f ,h]oes ( ! ,_w ,libr>y1 ,! #h ,m>%all1 ,/ories by ,miss ,beatrice #i ,m>%all1 ,/ories by ,mrs4 #i ,mission>y ,biographies #aj ,olive ,libr>y1 ,! #aj ,p9k ,libr>y1 ,! #aa ,pr9ce's ,libr>y1 ,! #aa ,romance1 ,! ,libr>y ( #ac ,royal ,libr>y1 ,! #ab ,russell ,s]ies1 ,! #ab ,sc>let ,libr>y1 ,! #ad ,sci5ce = ,*ildr5 #ad ,sunday ,e*oes #b ,wond] ,libr>y1 ,! #af ,! ,publi%]s w be pleas$ to s5d po/ free _! complete ,catalogue or _! ,illu/rat$ ,m9iature ,catalogue on receipt ( a po/-c>d ,,seeley1 ,,s]vice ,,co4 ,,limit$ 99 99 99 99 99 ,,catalogue ,,( ,,books ,arrang$ alphabetically "u ! names ( ,au?ors & ,s]ies ,,aguil>1 ,,grace4 ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,bruce4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 7,,sc>let ,,libr>y47 ,,&]s51 ,,hans4 ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #as4 #f;d41 #bs41 & #cs4 #f;d4 7,,sc>let ,,& ,,pr9ce',s ,,libr>ies47 ,,alcott1 ,l4 ,m4 ,,little ,,wom5 ,,& ,,good ,,wives4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #bs4 7,,sc>let ,,libr>y47 ,also ,,little ,,wom51 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d42 & ,,good ,,wives1 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,arabian ,,nights' ,,ent]ta9m5ts4 ,) ,illu/rations1 #as4 #f;d4 7,,p9k ,,libr>y72 #bs4 7,,royal ,,sc>let ,,libr>ies72 #cs4 #f;d4 7,,pr9ce',s ,,libr>y74 ,,ballantyne1 ,r4 ,m4 ,,! ,,dog ,,crusoe ,,& ,,8 ,,ma/]4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,h4 ,m4 ,,brock1 ,r4,i4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 & #bs4 #f;d4 ,,b$=d ,,libr>y ,,= ,,boys ,,& ,,girls1 ,,!4 ,a ,s]ies ( books describ+ ! ,adv5tures1 ,brav]y1 & ,res\rce ( ,soldi]s1 ,sailors1 & o!rs 9 all ,p>ts ( ! ,_w4 ,sq4 ,cr[n #hvo1 ) _m ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,d>+ ,,de$s ,,( ,,fam\s ,,pirates4 ,by ,lieut4 ,e4 ,,keble ,,*att]ton1 ,r4,n4,v4,r41 ,au?or ( ,sail+ ,%ips & _! ,/ory1 c4 c4 ,,d>+ ,,de$s ,,( ,,hunt]s ,,& ,,trapp]s4 ,by ,,erne/ ,,"y1 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,au?or ( ,! ,k+ ( ! ,yell[ ,robe1 c4 c4 ,,b]!t1 ,e4 ,,! ,,wild ,,man ,,( ,,! ,,woods4 ,) ,illu/rations1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,blake1 ,m4 ,m4 ,,! ,,siege ,,( ,,norwi* ,,ca/le4 ,) ,illu/rations1 #es4 ,,boisragon1 ,major ,,alan ,m4 ,late ,royal ,iri% ,fusili]s4 ,,jack ,,sc>lett1 ,s&hur/ ,cadet4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,brock1 ,mrs4 ,,c>ey4 ,,dame ,,wynton',s ,,home4 ,a ,/ory ,illu/rative ( ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,my ,,fa!r',s ,,h&1 & o!r ,/ories4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,sunday ,,e*oes ,,9 ,,weekday ,,h\rs4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,illu/rative ,tales4 ,sev5 ,vols4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,i4 ,! ,collects4 ,,ii4 ,! ,*ur* ,cate*ism4 ,,iii4 ,j\rney+s ( ! ,israelites4 ,,iv4 ,scripture ,*>act]s4 ,v4 ,! ,epi/les & ,gospels4 ,,vi4 ,! ,p>ables4 ,,vii4 ,! ,miracles4 ,,work+ ,,& ,,wait+4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,br[n ,,l9net4 ,,! ,,kidnapp+ ,,( ,,ettie1 & o!r ,tales4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,bunyan1 ,,john4 ,,! ,,pilgrim',s ,,progress4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 7,,sc>let ,,libr>y74 ,,c>t]1 ,miss ,j4 ,r4 ,m4 ,,diana ,,polw>?1 ,,royali/4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,life ( a ,girl 9 ,commonweal? ,days4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,*>leswor?1 ,miss4 ,,engl&',s ,,yeom54 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,oliv] ,,( ,,! ,,mill4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,m9i/]+ ,,*ildr54 #a4 ,olive ,libr>y4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo? gilt1 #bs4 #f;d4 #b4 ,sc>let ,libr>y4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #bs4 #c4 ,) #d ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,m9i/]+ ,,*ildr53 ,a ,,sequel4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,also ) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,clo?1 #bs4 & #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,brok5 ,,look+-,,glass4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 ,,! ,,old ,,look+-,,glass ,,& ,,! ,,brok5 ,,look+-,,glass2 or1 ,mrs4 ,doro?y ,cope's ,recollections ( ,s]vice4 ,9 "o volume4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,*att]ton1 ,e4 ,,keble4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,%ip4 ,) #cc ,illus4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,piracy4 ,_m ,illus4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,*ur*1 ,pr(essor ,,alfr$ ,j4 ,! ,headma/] ( ,eton 7,dr4 ! ,hon4 ,e4 ,lyttelton7 advis$ 8 he>]s1 9 a rec5t spee* at ! ,royal ,alb]t ,in/itute1 to read ,pr(essor ,a4 ,j4 ,*ur*'s ',/ories f ,hom]1' "s ( :i*1 he said1 he _h read to ,eton boys aft] a h>d s*ool day1 & at an age :5 !y 7 n 9 ! lea/ desir\s ( le>n+1 b 7 anxi\s to g to tea4 ,! /ories 7 s brilliantly told1 h[ev]1 t ^? "y ,etonians 7 entranc$ by !m1 & !y actually begg$ ( him to g on1 be+ q prep>$ to sacrifice _! tea "t4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,neid4 ,told = ,little ,*ildr54 ,) ,twelve ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,iliad4 ,told = ,little ,*ildr54 ,) ,twelve ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,*ildr5',s ,,odyssey4 ,told = ,little ,*ildr54 ,) ,twelve ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,cr[n ,,( ,,p9e4 ,a ,/ory ( ,cor9? & ! ,i/hmian ,games4 ,) ,illu/ration 9 ,col\r by ,,george ,,morr[4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,c\nt ,,( ,,! ,,saxon ,,%ore4 ,a ,tale ( ! ,dep>ture ( ! ,romans f ,brita94 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,fa]y ,,que5 ,,& ,,h] ,,knights4 ,/ories f ,sp5s]4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,*>lemagne ,,& ,,! ,,twelve ,,pe]s ,,( ,,france4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,crusad]s4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,w> = ! ,holy ,sepul*re4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,! ,,greek ,,trag$ians4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,greek ,,/ory4 ,) #af ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r4 ,crn4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,! ,,greek ,,com$ians4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,hamm]4 ,a ,/ory ( ,maccabean ,times4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,p]sian ,,w>1 f ,h]odotus4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,*ivalry ,,& ,,romance4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,! ,,ea/1 f ,h]odotus4 ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,helmet ,,& ,,spe>4 ,/ories f ! ,w>s ( ! ,greeks & ,romans4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations by ,g4 ,,morr[4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,iliad4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,also ,?9 ,pap] ,edition1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett4 ,*eap ,edition1 #f;d4 nett2 also clo?1 #as4 ,,roman ,,life ,,9 ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,cic]o4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,hom]4 ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,crn4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,livy4 ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,crn4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,/ory ,,( ,,! ,,odyssey4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,also ,?9 ,pap] ,edition1 clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett4 ,*eap ,edition1 #f;d4 nett4 ,also clo?1 #as4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,virgil4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,*eap edition1 sew$1 #f;d4 nett4 ,,) ,,! ,,k+ ,,at ,,ox=d4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,great ,rebellion4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #c_/f ea*4 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,a!ns4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,burn+ ,,( ,,rome4 ,a ,/ory ( ,n]o's ,days4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,*eap] ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,days ,,( ,,j]usalem1 f ,josephus4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,also a ,*eap ,edition4 ,sew$1 #f;d4 ,,/ories ,,f ,,engli% ,,hi/ory4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,*eap] ,edition4 ,revis$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,patriot ,,& ,,h]o4 ,) ,illu/ration4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #b_/f ea*4 ,,to ,,! ,,lions4 ,a ,tale ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & o!r ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,romance4 ,) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & ,eight o!r ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 7,,royal ,,libr>y72 #bs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,"y ,,mac$onian ,,9 ,,! ,,army ,,( ,,alex&] ,,! ,,great4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,*antry ,,prie/4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,?ree ,,greek ,,*ildr54 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a_/f ea*4 ,a ,,greek ,,gulliv]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,h]oes ,,& ,,k+s4 ,/ories f ! ,greek4 ,illus4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,/ories ,,( ,,! ,,iliad ,,& ,,! ,,neid4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #afmo1 sew$1 #as42 clo?1 #as4 #f;d4 ,also )\t ,illu/rations1 clo?1 #as4 ,,to ,,! ,,lions4 ,a ,tale ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,cody1 ,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,on ,,trail ,,& ,,rapid4 ,by ,dog-sl$ & ,canoe4 ,a ,/ory ( ,bi%op ,bompas's ,life among ! ,r$ ,indians & ,esquimo4 ,told = ,boys & ,girls4 ,) ,tw5ty-six ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,apo/le ,,( ,,! ,,nor?1 ,,an4 ,memoirs ( ,bi%op ,bompas4 ,) #db ,illu/rations & a ,map4 #gs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,new & ,*eap] ,edition4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 nett4 7,,cr[n ,,libr>y47 ,,coolidge1 ,,susan4 ,,:at ,,katy ,,did ,,at ,,home ,,& ,,at ,,s*ool4 ,illu/rations 9 ,col\r by ,h4 ,m4 ,,brock1 ,r4,i4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 7,,sc>let ,,libr>y47 ,,:at ,,katy ,,did ,,at ,,home4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,c\p91 ,h41 ,d4,sc41 & ,j4 ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,animal ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts4 ,) ,tw5ty-five ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,c[p]1 ,f4 ,,ca$walla3 or1 ,! ,saxons 9 ! ,isle ( ,wight4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 7,,pr9ce',s ,,libr>y47 ,,! ,,isl& ,,( ,,! ,,engli%4 ,a ,/ory ( ,napoleon's ,days4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,,george ,,morr[4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,capta9 ,,( ,,! ,,wight4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,craik1 ,mrs4 ,,john ,,halifax4 ,illu/rat$4 ,extra cr4 #hvo1 #bs4 7,,sc>let ,,liby47 ,,currey1 ,comm&] ,e4 ,,hamilton1 ,r4,n4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,naval ,,cadet4 ,col\r$ ,illus4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,mid%ipman4 ,a /irr+ /ory = boys4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,ian ,,h>dy1 ,,s5ior ,,mid%ipman4 ,) ,col4 ,illus41 #es4 ,,davidson1 ,n4 ,j41 ,b4,a4 ,a ,,knight-,,errant ,,& ,,8 ,,d\ghty ,,de$s4 ,! ,/ory ( ,amadis ( ,gaul4 ,col4 ,illus4 by ,h4 ,m4 ,,brock1 ,r4,i4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,spani% ,,ma94 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo4 ,) _m ,illu/rations1 #es4 ,,?+s ,,se5 ,,9 ,,ox=d4 ,clo?1 #bs4 nett2 lea!r1 #cs4 nett & #es4 nett4 ,,dawson1 ,rev4 ,canon ,e4 ,c4 ,,h]o9es ,,( ,,mission>y ,,adv5ture4 ,) ,tw5ty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,lion-,,he>t$4 ,bi%op ,hann+ton's ,life ,retold = ,boys & ,girls4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs41 #bs4 #f;d4 7,,olive ,,libr>y71 & #as4 #f;d4 ,,9 ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,! ,,dragons4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,mission>y ,,h]o9es ,,9 ,,_m ,,l&s4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,mission>y ,,h]o9es ,,( ,,! ,,cross4 ,) ,illus41 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,defoe1 ,,daniel4 ,,rob9son ,,crusoe4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 & #cs4 #f;d4 7,,sc>let ,,& ,,pr9ce',s ,,libr>ies47 ,,elliott1 ,miss4 ,,copsley ,,annals ,,pres]v$ ,,9 ,,prov]bs4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,mrs4 ,,blackett4 ,h] ,/ory4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #as4 ,,elliot1 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,r4,g4,s41 ,f4,l4,s4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,plant ,,life4 ,describ+ ! curi\s & int]e/+ 9 ! ,plant ,_w4 ,) #cd ,illu/rations4 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,popul>ly writt5 by a man ( great sci5tific accompli%m5ts4 ,,! ,,outlook4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,savage ,,life4 ,) ,=ty-five ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,briti% ,,life3 ,f ! ,e>lie/ ,times to ! ,com+ ( ! ,danes4 ,) #cj ,illu/rations4 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,ev]ett-,,gre51 ,,evelyn4 ,a ,,pair ,,( ,,orig9als4 ,) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & ,eight o!r ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,field1 ,rev4 ,,claud1 ,m4,a4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,mission>y ,,ent]prise4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,mission>y ,,crusad]s4 ,) _m ,illu/rations & a ,frontispiece 9 ,col\r1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,g>d9]1 ,,l9da4 ,,sylvia ,,9 ,,fl[]l&4 ,) #af ,illu/rations ,cr4 #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,gaye1 ,,sel9a4 ,,com+2 or1 ,! ,gold5 ,ye>4 ,a ,tale4 ,?ird ,edition4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,great ,,_w',s ,,f>m4 ,"s ,acc\nt ( ,nature's ,crops & ,h[ !y are ,gr[n4 ,) a ,preface by ,pr(essor ,,b\lg]1 & ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,second ,edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,gib]ne1 ,,agnes4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep4 ,) ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,mo/ fasc9at+4--,,daily ,,news4 ,,among ,,! ,,/>s2 or1 ,wond]ful ,?+s 9 ! ,sky4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,eigh? ,?\s&4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,duties ,,& ,,duties4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,curate',s ,,home4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,ocean ,,( ,,air4 ,meteorology = ,beg9n]s4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,/>ry ,,skies4 ,fir/ ,lessons on ,a/ronomy4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,sun1 ,,moon1 ,,& ,,/>s4 ,a/ronomy = ,beg9n]s4 ,) a ,preface by ,pr(essor ,,prit*>d4 ,) ,col\r$ ,illu/rations4 ,tw5ty-six? ,?\s&4 ,revis$ & ,enl>g$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,_w',s ,,f\ndations4 ,geology = ,beg9n]s4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,beside ,,! ,,wat]s ,,( ,,com=t4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,gibson1 ,,*>les ,r41 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,our ,,good ,,slave ,,electricity4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,great ,,ball ,,on ,,:i* ,,we ,,live4 ,) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,/>s ,,& ,,_! ,,my/]ies4 ,) a ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & #ai ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,romance ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y4 ,illu/rat$4 #es4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,_w4 ,an ,acc\nt ( ! ,lives & ,a*ievem5ts ( ,sci5ti/s ( all ages4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,autobiography ,,( ,,an ,,electron4 ,long #hvo4 #cs4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,electricity4 ,) ,eight illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,manufacture4 ,illu/rat$4 #bs4 ,,wireless ,,telegraphy4 ,_m ,illu/rations4 #bs4 nett4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity4 ,describ+ 9 non-te*nical language :at is kn[n ab\t electricity & _m ( its int]e/+ applications4 ,) ,=ty-"o ,illu/rations4 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,admirable 444 cle>1 concise4--,,! ,,graphic4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,photography4 ,! ,discov]y & its ,application4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,manufacture4 ,) ,tw5ty-f\r ,illu/rations & ,sixte5 ,diagrams4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,h[ ,,telegraphs ,,& ,,telephones ,,"w4 ,expla9$ 9 non-te*nical language4 ,) _m ,diagrams4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 nett4 ,,gilliat1 ,,edw>d1 ,m4,a4 ,=m]ly ,ma/] at ,h>r[ ,s*ool4 ,,=e/ ,,outlaws4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,mod]n ,,crusades4 #bd ,illus4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,9 ,,l9coln ,,gre54 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,reeve4 ,illu/rat$ by ,,sydney ,,hall4 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,wolf',s ,,head4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sieges4 #af ,illus4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,elizabe?an ,,age4 #af ,illus4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,mod]n ,,africa4 #af ,illus4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #es4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,mod]n ,,india4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,indian ,,mut9y4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,elizabe?an ,,h]oes4 ,) ,col\r$ & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,great ,,sieges4 ,) ,illus4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,indian ,,h]oes4 ,) ,illus4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,gold5 ,,recit]1 ,,!4 ,see ,,recit]s1 ,,! ,,gold54 ,,grew1 ,,edw91 ,m4 ,a4 7,oxon474 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,geology4 ,a popul> acc\nt 9 non-te*nical language4 ,) ,tw5ty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,grimm',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr4 #hvo1 #bs4 & #cs4 #f;d4 7,,sc>let ,,& ,,pr9ce',s ,,libr>ies72 also ,,p9k ,,libr>y1 #as4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,_w ,,libr>y ,ea* ,volume lavi%ly ,illu/rat$4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,indian ,,mut9y4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,edw>d ,,gilliat4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,sci5tific ,,_w4 ,by ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,mod]n ,,africa4 ,by ,rev4 ,,edw>d ,,gilliat4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,mission>y ,,ent]prise4 ,by ,rev4 ,,claud ,,field1 ,m4,a4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,pione]+4 ,by ,rev4 ,,edg> ,,s&]son1 ,m4,a4 ,,h]o9es ,,( ,,mission>y ,,adv5ture4 ,by ,rev4 ,,canon ,,dawson1 ,m4,a4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,mod]n ,,crusades4 ,by ,rev4 ,,edw>d ,,gilliat4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,mod]n ,,india4 ,by ,rev4 ,e4 ,,gilliat4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,! ,,elizabe?an ,,age4 ,by ,rev4 ,e4 ,,gilliat4 ,,hughes1 ,,?omas4 ,,tom ,,br[n',s ,,s*ooldays4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 & #bs4 #f;d4 7,,sc>let ,,& ,,olive ,,libr>ies47 ,,hyr/1 ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 price #es4 ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,des]ts4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,=e/s4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,,adv5tures ,,among ,,wild ,,bea/s4 ,) #bd ,illu/rations4 ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,,adv5tures ,,among ,,r$ ,,indians4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,r$ ,,indian ,,adv5ture4 ,) ,col\r$ & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,pol> ,,adv5ture4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,k+sley1 ,,*>les4 ,,we/w>d ,,ho6 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #bs4 #f;d4 7,,sc>let ,,& ,,olive ,,libr>ies47 ,,knight-,,errant ,,& ,,8 ,,d\ghty ,,de$s4 ,! /ory ( ,amadis ( ,gaul4 ,edit$ by ,n4 ,j4 ,,davidson1 ,b4,a4 ,) ,eight ,col\r$ ,illu/rations by ,h4 ,m4 ,,brock1 ,r4,i4 ,sq4 ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,lamb1 ,,*>les & ,,m>y4 ,,tales ,,f ,,%akespe>e4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 7,,sc>let ,,libr>y47 ,,lamb]t1 ,rev4 ,,john1 ,m4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mission>y ,,h]oism4 ,true ,/ories ( ! ,intrepid ,brav]y & ,/irr+ ,adv5tures ( ,mission>ies 9 all ,p>ts ( ! ,_w4 ,) ,?irty-n9e ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,mission>y ,,h]oes ,,9 ,,asia4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,mission>y ,,h]oes ,,9 ,,africa4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,mission>y ,,h]oes ,,9 ,,oceania4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr4 #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,mission>y ,,h]oes ,,( ,,nor? ,,& ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,mission>y ,,knights ,,( ,,! ,,cross4 ,) _m ,illu/rations & a ,frontispiece 9 ,col\r4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,lea1 ,,john1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon47 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,animal ,,arts ,,& ,,crafts4 ,see ,,c\p94 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,bird ,,life4 ,) ,tw5ty-six ,illu/rations4 #es4 ,,wond]s ,,( ,,bird ,,life4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,leyl&1 ,j4 ,,= ,,! ,,hon\r ,,( ,,! ,,flag4 ,a ,/ory ( our ,sea ,fights ) ! ,dut*4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,,lancelot ,,spe$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,macph]son1 ,,hector1 ,jun4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,a/ronomy4 ,) ,tw5ty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,a/ronomy4 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,m>ryat1 ,capta94 ,,ma/]man ,,ready4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,h4 ,m4 ,,brock1 ,r4,i4 #bs4 7,,sc>let ,,libr>y47 ,,m>%all1 ,,beatrice4 ,,8 ,,mo/ ,,de> ,,ladye4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,days ( ! ,c\ntess ( ,pembroke1 ,sir ,philip ,sidney's ,si/]4 ,illu/rat$4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,siege ,,( ,,york4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,days ( ,?omas1 ,lorde ,fairfax4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,an ,,old ,,london ,,nosegay4 ,ga!r$ f ! ,day-,book ( ,mi/ress ,lovejoy ,"y4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,old ,,blackfri>s4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,van ,dyck4 ,a ,/ory4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,que5',s ,,knight-,,errant4 ,a ,/ory ( ! ,days ( ,sir ,walt] ,raleigh4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,m>%all1 ,,emma4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #e_/- ,,9 ,,col/on',s ,,days4 ,a ,/ory ( ,old ,bri/ol4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,9 ,,f\r ,,reigns4 ,! ,recollections ( ,al!a ,all+ham1 #aghe-ahdb4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,9 ,,! ,,*oir ,,( ,,we/m9/] ,,abbey4 ,a ,/ory ( ,h5ry ,purcell's ,days4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 & at #cs4 #f;d4 ,,9 ,,! ,,ea/ ,,c\ntry ,,) ,,sir ,,?omas ,,br[ne1 ,,knight4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,a ,,haunt ,,( ,,anci5t ,,peace4 ,memories ( ,mr4 ,ni*olas ,f]r>'s ,h\se at ,little ,gidd+4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,t4 ,,hamilton ,,craw=d4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,k5s+ton ,,palace4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,m>y ,,ii4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 & #es4 ,,! ,,ma/] ,,( ,,! ,,musicians4 ,a ,/ory ( ,h&el's ,day4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 & at #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,p>son',s ,,daught]1 & ,h[ %e 0 ,pa9t$ by ,mr4 ,romney4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 & at #cs4 #f;d4 ,,p5%ur/ ,,ca/le4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,sir ,philip ,sidney4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d41 #es4 ,,*eap ,,edition4 ,demy #hvo1 #f;d4 ,,w9*e/] ,,meads4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,bi%op ,k54 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d41 #es4 ,,*eap ,,edition4 ,demy #hvo1 #f;d4 ,,"u ,,salisbury ,,spire4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,george ,h]b]t4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d41 #es4 ,,*eap ,,edition4 #f;d4 ,,"u ,,! ,,dome ,,( ,,/ ,,paul',s4 ,9 ! ,days ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #e_/- ,,"u ,,! ,,m5dips4 ,a ,tale ( ! ,times ( ,hannah ,m4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,con/antia ,,c>ew4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #c_/f ,,ca/le ,,mead[4 ,a ,/ory ( ,norwi* a ,hundr$ ,ye>s ,ago4 ,,an ,,escape ,,f ,,! ,,t[]4 ,,life',s ,,aft]ma?4 ,,n[-,a-,,days4 ,,on ,,! ,,banks ,,( ,,! ,,ouse4 ,,w9ifr$e',s ,,j\rnal4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #b_/f ,,! ,,old ,,gateway4 ,,millic5t ,,legh4 ,,violet ,,d\glas4 ,,hel5',s ,,di>y4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #a_/f ,,bro!rs ,,& ,,si/]s4 ,,brook ,,silv]/one4 #a_/- ,,! ,,fir/ ,,light ,,on ,,! ,,eddy/one4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mission>y ,,biographies4 ,) _m ,illu/rations & a ,frontispiece 9 ,col\r4 ,price1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,extra cr[n #hvo4 #a4 ,a ,,h]o ,,( ,,! ,,afghan ,,fronti]4 ,be+ ! ,life ( ,dr4 ,t4 ,l4 ,p5nell1 ( ,bannu1 told = ,boys & ,girls4 ,by ,a4 ,m4 ,,p5nell1 ,m4,b41 ,b4,s4 7,lond471 ,b4,sc4 #b4 ,,mission>y ,,crusad]s4 ,by ,,claude ,,field1 ,m4,a41 sometime ,c4,m4,s4 ,mission>y 9 ! ,punjab4 #c4 ,,judson1 ,,! ,,h]o ,,( ,,burma4 ,! ,life ( ,judson told = ,boys & ,girls4 ,by ,,jesse ,,page1 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 #d4 ,,on ,,trail ,,& ,,rapid ,,by ,,dogsl$ ,,& ,,canoe4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,,cody1 ,m4,a4 #e4 ,,mission>y ,,knights ,,( ,,! ,,cross4 ,by ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,,lamb]t4 #f4 ,,mission>y ,,h]o9es ,,( ,,! ,,cross4 ,by ,,canon ,,dawson4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,olive ,,libr>y4 ,/ories by well-kn[n ,au?ors4 ,extra cr[n #hvo4 ,) ,col\r$ & o!r ,illu/rations1 #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,&]s51 ,,hans4 ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,r4 ,m4 ,,ballantyne4 ,,! ,,dog ,,crusoe4 ,,*>leswor?1 ,miss4 ,,m9i/]+ ,,*ildr54 ,a ,,sequel ,,to ,,m9i/]+ ,,*ildr54 ,,engl&',s ,,yeom54 ,,oliv] ,,( ,,! ,,mill4 ,,*ur*1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,! ,,*antry ,,prie/4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,romance4 ,a ,,"y ,,mac$onian4 ,,?ree ,,greek ,,*ildr54 ,,to ,,! ,,lions4 ,a ,tale ( ! ,e>ly ,*ri/ians4 ,,dawson1 ,rev4 ,canon ,e4 ,c4 ,,lion-,,he>t$4 ,! ,/ory ( ,bi%op ,hann+ton's ,life told = ,boys & ,girls4 ,,ev]ett-,,gre51 ,,evelyn ,a ,,pair ,,( ,,orig9als4 ,,hughes1 ,t4 ,,tom ,,br[n',s ,,s*ooldays4 ,,k+sley1 ,,*as4 ,,we/w>d ,,ho6 ,,m>%all1 ,mrs4 ,,! ,,old ,,gateway4 ,,hel5',s ,,di>y4 ,,bro!rs ,,& ,,si/]s4 ,,violet ,,d\glas4 ,,millic5t ,,legh4 ,,mulock1 ,miss4 ,,john ,,halifax4 ,,/[e1 ,mrs4 ,,bee*]4 ,,uncle ,,tom',s ,,cab94 ,,wilb]=ce1 ,bi%op4 ,,aga?os1 ,,! ,,rocky ,,isl&1 & o!r ,sunday ,/ories4 ,,philip1 ,,james ,c41 ,d4,sc41 ,ph4,d4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry4 ,) ,tw5ty-n9e ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,p9k ,,libr>y4 ,/ories by well-kn[n ,au?ors4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,) _m ,illu/rations1 #as4 #f;d4 ,,*ur*1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,to ! ,lions4 ,! ,greek ,gulliv]4 ,,m>%all1 ,mrs4 ,bro!rs ,si/]s4 ,brook ,silv]tone4 ,,*>leswor?1 ,miss4 ,m9i/]+ ,*ildr54 ,! ,sequel to ,m9i/]+ ,*ildr54 ,! ,old ! ,brok5 ,look+-,glass4 ,,dawson1 ,canon ,e4 ,c4 ,lion-,he>t$4 ,mission>y ,h]o9es 9 _m ,l&s4 ,,lamb]t1 ,rev4 ,j4 ,g4 ,mission>y ,h]oes ( ,n4 ,s4 ,am]ica4 ,mission>y ,h]oes 9 ,asia4 ,mission>y ,h]oes 9 ,oceania4 ,mission>y ,h]oes 9 ,africa4 ,,wilb]=ce1 ,bi%op4 ,aga?os ,! ,rocky ,isl&4 ,,alcott1 ,l4 ,m4 ,little ,wom54 ,good ,wives4 ,,b]!1 ,t4 ,e4 ,! ,wild ,man ( ! ,woods4 ,,seeley1 ,e4 ,! ,_w be=e ! ,flood4 ,,&]s51 ,,hans4 ,fairy ,tales & ,/ories4 ,,grimm1 ,! ,bro!rs4 ,fairy ,tales & ,/ories4 ,,coolidge1 ,,susan4 ,:at ,katy did at ,home ,,by ,,v>i\s ,,au?ors ,! ,life ( a ,be>4 ,only a ,dog4 ,! ,life ( an ,elephant ,! ,arabian ,nights4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,pr9ce',s ,,libr>y4 ,) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,patriot ,,h]o4 ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*4 ,,cran=d4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,gaskell4 ,,! ,,vic> ,,( ,,wakefield4 ,by ,,oliv] ,,goldsmi?4 ,,! ,,arabian ,,nights' ,,ent]ta9m5ts4 ,,&]s5',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,,grimm',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,,! ,,wolf',s ,,head4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,,gilliat4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,coats4 ,by ,g4 ,i4 ,,:i?am4 ,,diana ,,polw>?1 ,,royali/4 ,by ,j4 ,r4 ,m4 ,,c>t]4 ,,! ,,fall ,,( ,,a!ns4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*4 ,,! ,,k+',s ,,reeve4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,,gilliat4 ,,! ,,cab9 ,,on ,,! ,,bea*4 ,by ,m4 ,e4 ,,w9*e/]4 ,,! ,,capta9 ,,( ,,! ,,wight4 ,by ,,frank ,,c[p]4 ,,ca$walla4 ,by ,,frank ,,c[p]4 ,,rob9son ,,crusoe4 ,by ,,daniel ,,defoe4 ,,recit]1 ,,! ,,gold54 ,a volume ( ,recitations ,read+s 9 ,prose ,v]se select$ f ! works ( ,,rudy>d ,,kipl+1 ,r4 ,l4 ,,/ev5son1 ,,conan ,,doyle1 ,,maurice ,,hewlett1 ,,*ri/9a ,,rossetti1 ,,?omas ,,h>dy1 ,,au/9 ,,dobson1 ,a4 ,w4 ,,p9]o1 c41 c4 ,) an ,introduction by ,,cairns ,,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,elocution at ! ,royal ,college ( ,music & ! ,guildhall ,s*ool ( ,music4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #gjd pp41 #cs4 #f;d4 ,also ,?9 ,pap] ,edition = ! ,pocket1 ) gilt edges4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,an admirable collection 9 prose & v]se4--,,! ,,spectator4 ,,recit]1 ,,! ,,gold5 ,,humor\s4 ,edit$1 & ) an ,introduction by ,,cairns ,,james1 ,pr(essor ( ,elocution at ! ,royal ,college ( ,music4 ,recitations & ,read+s select$ f ! writ+s ( ,f4 ,,an/ey1 ,j4 ,m4 ,,b>rie1 ,s4 ,r4 ,,crockett1 ,,major ,,drury1 ,,j]ome ,k4 ,,j]ome1 ,,b>ry ,,pa91 ,a4 ,w4 ,,p9]o1 ,,ow5 ,,seaman1 ,g4 ,b4 ,,%aw1 c4 ,ov] #gjj pages1 extra cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,also a ,?9 ,pap] ,edition1 ) gilt edges1 small cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,rob9son1 ,comm&] ,c4 ,n4 ,,= ,,! ,,hon\r ,,( ,,! ,,flag4 ,a ,/ory ( our ,sea ,fights ) ! ,dut*4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,,lancelot ,,spe$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,s&]son1 ,rev4 ,e4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,pione]+4 ,true ,/ories ( ! ,intrepid ,brav]y & ,/irr+ ,adv5tures ( ,pione]s 9 all ,p>ts ( ! ,_w4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,great ,,pione]s4 ,) ,col\r$ & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,royal ,,libr>y ,,= ,,boys ,,& ,,girls1 ,,!4 ,a ,s]ies ( h&some ,gift ,books by ,celebrat$ ,au?ors4 ,illu/rat$ by ,h4 ,m4 ,,brock1 ,,lancelot ,,spe$1 & o!r well-kn[n arti/s4 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ea*4 #a4 ,a ,,pair ,,( ,,orig9als4 ,by ,,evelyn ,,ev]ett-,,gre54 #b4 ,,john ,,halifax4 ,by ,miss ,,mulock4 #c4 ,,uncle ,,tom',s ,,cab94 ,by ,h4 ,,bee*]-,,/[e4 #d4 ,,we/w>d ,,ho6 ,by ,,*>les ,,k+sley4 #e4 ,,rob9son ,,crusoe4 ,by ,,daniel ,,defoe4 #f4 ,,tom ,,br[n',s ,,s*ool-,,days4 ,by ,,?omas ,,hughes4 #g4 ,,grimm',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,a ,new ,translation4 #h4 ,,! ,,arabian ,,nights' ,,ent]ta9m5ts4 #i4 ,,&]s5',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 #aj4 ,,:at ,,katy ,,did ,,at ,,home ,,& ,,at ,,s*ool4 ,by ,,susan ,,coolidge4 #aa4 ,,h]oes ,,( ,,ea/]n ,,romance4 ,by ,pr(4 ,a4 ,j4 ,,*ur*4 #ab4 ,,lion ,,he>t$4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,canon ,e4 ,c4 ,,dawson4 #ac4 ,,! ,,adv5tures ,,( ,a ,,cavali]4 ,by ,g4 ,i4 ,,:i?am4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,adv5ture ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ea*4 ,delightful books ( adv5ture1 beautifully pr9t$ & ta/efully got up4--,,educational ,,times4 ,,adv5tures ,,( ,,mission>y ,,explor]s4 ,by ,r4 ,m4 ,a4 ,,ibbotson4 ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,s\!rn ,,seas4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,/ead1 ,b4,a4 ,,adv5tures ,,among ,,trapp]s ,,hunt]s4 ,by ,e4 ,,"y1 ,b4,sc4 ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,arctic ,,regions4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 ,,adv5tures ,,among ,,wild ,,bea/s4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 ,,adv5tures ,,on ,,! ,,high ,,seas4 ,by ,r4 ,,/ead1 ,b4,a4 ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,des]ts4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 ,,adv5tures ,,on ,,! ,,great ,,riv]s4 ,by ,,ri*>d ,,/ead4 ,,adv5tures ,,9 ,,! ,,great ,,=e/s4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 ,,adv5tures ,,on ,,! ,,high ,,m\nta9s4 ,by ,r4 ,,/ead4 ,,adv5tures ,,among ,,r$ ,,indians4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,russell ,,s]ies ,,= ,,boys ,,girls1 ,,!4 ,col\r$ & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,pol> ,,adv5ture4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,great ,,pione]s4 ,by ,,edg> ,,s&]son1 ,m4,a4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,elizabe?an ,,h]oes4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,,gilliat4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,r$ ,,indian ,,adv5ture4 ,by ,h4 ,w4 ,g4 ,,hyr/4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,indian ,,h]oes4 ,by ,e4 ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 ,,/ories ,,( ,,great ,,sieges4 ,by ,e4 ,,gilliat1 ,m4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,libr>y ,,( ,,romance ,fully ,illu/rat$4 ,b\nd 9 blue1 sc>let1 & gold4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ea*4 ,spl5did volumes4--,,! ,,outlook4 ,gift books ^: value x w\ld be difficult to ov]e/imate4--,,/&>d4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,spani% ,,ma94 ,by ,n4 ,j4 ,,davidson1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,piracy4 ,by ,e4 ,,keble ,,*att]ton1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon474 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,sci5tific ,,discov]y4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,subm>9e ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,,?omas ,w4 ,,corb94 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,a]onautics4 ,by ,,*>les ,c4 ,,turn]4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,%ip4 ,! /ory ( its orig9 & evolution4 ,by ,e4 ,,keble ,,*att]ton4 ,) ,?irty-?ree ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,a/ronomy4 ,by ,,hector ,,macph]son1 ,jun4 ,) ,tw5ty-f\r ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,j4 ,c4 ,,philip1 ,d4,sc41 ,assi/ant ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,manufacture4 ,by ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,briti% ,,life4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,) #cj ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,geology4 ,by ,e4 ,s4 ,,grew1 ,m4,a4 7,oxon474 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,bird ,,life4 ,by ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,photography4 ,its ,discov]y & its ,application4 ,by ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,a4,i4,e4,e4 ,) #fc ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,sieges4 ,by ! ,,rev4 ,e4 ,,gilliat4 ,) #bd ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,savage ,,life4 ,by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 c4 ,) #de ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,fi%]ies4 ,by ,,sidney ,,wright4 ,) #bd ,illu/rations4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,animal ,,arts ,,crafts4 ,by ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,sc41 & ,j4 ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,) #bd ,illu/rations4 ,extremely fasc9at+4--,,liv]pool ,,c\ri]4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,exploration4 ,by ,a4 ,,williams1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,) #af ,illu/rations4 ,we _c imag9e a book t a boy w\ld appreciate m ?an ?is4--,,daily ,,telegraph4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mission>y ,,h]oism4 ,by ,,john ,c4 ,,lamb]t1 ,b4,a41 ,d4,d4 ,) #ci ,illu/rations4 ,ab\t #cej pages ( ! mo/ ?rill+ mission>y lives ev] collect$ 9 "o volume4--,,me?odi/ ,,times4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,plant ,,life4 ,by ,pr(4 ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,b4,a4 7,cantab471 ,b4,sc4 7,ed9474 ,) #cd ,illu/rations4 ,besides be+ ent]ta9+1 in/ructive & educative4--,,liv]pool ,,c\ri]4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,pol> ,,exploration4 ,by ,g4 ,,fir? ,,scott4 ,) #bd ,illu/rations4 ,?rill+ly int]e/+4--,,liv]pool ,,c\ri]4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,insect ,,life4 ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism4 ,by ,a4 ,,williams4 ,g5u9ely fasc9at+4 ,mr4 ,williams is an old fav\rite4--,l',,pool ,,c\ri]4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,electricity4 ,by ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,revis$ ,edition4 ,admirable 444 cle> & concise4--,,! ,,graphic4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w4 ,by ,,edmund ,,sel\s4 ,a v fasc9at+ book4--,,graphic4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration4 ,by ,a4 ,,williams4 ,a m9e ( ,in=mation & /irr+ incid5t4--,,scotsman4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion4 ,by ,a4 ,,williams4 ,revis$ ,edition4 ,an ideal gift book = boys1 fasc9at+ly int]e/+4--,,que54 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,a4 ,,williams4 ,an absorb+ "w ) its graphic descriptions4--,,/&>d4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,locomotion4 ,by ,a4 ,,williams4 ,crisply writt51 brimful ( incid5t n less ?an in/ruction4 ,%\ld be z welcome z a ,ballantyne /ory or a ,mayne ,reid romance4--,,glasg[ ,,h]ald4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,m9+4 ,by ,a4 ,,williams4 ,boys w revel 9 ?is volume4--,,city ,,press4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,mighty ,,deep4 ,by ,,agnes ,,gib]ne4 ,mo/ fasc9at+4--,,daily ,,news4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sc>let ,,libr>y1 ,,! ,,illu/rat$4 ,l>ge cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 gilt4 ,) ,eight orig9al ,illu/rations by ,h4 ,m4 ,,brock1 ,,lancelot ,,spe$1 & o!r lead+ ,arti/s4 ,price #bs4 p] volume4 ,,! ,,pilgrim',s ,,progress4 ,,! ,,wide1 ,,wide ,,_w4 ,,uncle ,,tom',s ,,cab94 ,,b5 ,,hur4 ,,g54 ,,lew ,,wallace4 ,,we/w>d ,,ho6 ,,k+sley4 ,,john ,,halifax4 ,by ,mrs4 ,,craik4 ,,rob9son ,,crusoe4 ,,defoe4 ,,little ,,wom5 & ,,good ,,wives4 ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,h5ry ,,esmond4 ,by ,w4 ,m4 ,,?ack]ay4 ,,! ,,swiss ,,family ,,rob9son4 ,,grimm',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,,poe',s ,,tales ,,( ,,my/]y ,,& ,,imag9ation4 ,,don ,,quixote4 ,by ,,c]vantes4 ,,gulliv]',s ,,travels4 ,,swift4 ,,! ,,days ,,( ,,bruce4 ,,tom ,,br[n',s ,,s*ooldays4 ,,tales ,,f ,,%akespe>e4 ,,lamb4 ,,hans ,,&]s5',s ,,fairy ,,tales4 ,,! ,,arabian ,,nights' ,,ent]ta9m5ts4 ,,! ,,scalp ,,hunt]s4 ,by ,capta9 ,,mayne ,,reid4 ,,m9i/]+ ,,*ildr54 ,,m9i/]+ ,,*ildr54 ,a ,sequel4 ,,! ,,dog ,,crusoe4 ,,ballantyne4 ,,ma/]man ,,ready4 ,,m>ryat4 ,,:at ,,katy ,,did ,,at ,,home ,,& ,,at ,,s*ool4 ,by ,,susan ,,coolidge4 ,,! ,,old ,,gateway4 ,e4 ,,m>%all4 ,,millic5t ,,legh4 ,e4 ,,m>%all4 ,,vic> ,,( ,,wakefield4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sci5ce ,,= ,,*ildr5 ,,our ,,good ,,slave ,,electricity4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,great ,,ball ,,on ,,:i* ,,we ,,live4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,) ,col\r$ ,frontispiece & _m o!r ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,/>s ,,& ,,_! ,,my/]ies4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,scott1 ,g4 ,,fir?4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,pol> ,,exploration4 ,illu/rat$ ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,?rill+ly int]e/+1 excell5tly illu/rat$4--,,liv]pool ,,c\ri]4 ,,seeley1 ,a4 ,,?is ,,great ,,globe4 ,fir/ ,lessons 9 ,geography4 #as4 #f;d4 ,,seeley1 ,m4 ,,! ,,_w ,,be=e ,,! ,,flood4 ,/ories f ! ,be/ ,book4 ,) ,illu/rations by ,g4 ,p4 ,,jacomb ,,hood4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #as4 & #as4 #f;d4 ,,sel\s1 ,e4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,animal ,,_w4 ,illu/rat$4 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,a v fasc9at+ book4--,,graphic4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,insect ,,life4 ,illu/rat$4 ,ex4 cr4 #hvo41 #es4 ,mr4 ,sel\s1 ! well-kn[n naturali/1 writes 9 purely in=mal /yle4--,,! ,,globe4 ,,wond]s ,,( ,,animal ,,life4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,wicks1 ,m4 ,,to ,,m>s ,,via ,,! ,,moon4 ,an ,a/ronomical ,/ory4 ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,wilb]=ce1 ,bi%op ,s4 ,,aga?os4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 sew$1 #f;d42 clo?1 #as4 ,,aga?os1 ,,! ,,rocky ,,isl&1 & o!r ,sunday ,/ories4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #as4 #f;d41 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,! ,,rocky ,,isl& ,,& ,,o!r ,,similitudes4 ,) ,illu/rations4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 sew$1 #f;d42 clo?1 #as4 ,,w9*e/]1 ,m4 ,e4 ,,adrift ,,9 ,a ,,great ,,city4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,a ,,city ,,violet4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,! ,,cab9 ,,on ,,! ,,bea*4 ,illu/rat$4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,a ,,ne/ ,,( ,,skyl>ks4 #es4 ,a ,,ne/ ,,( ,,sp>r[s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,a ,,wayside ,,sn[drop4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,*irps ,,= ,,! ,,*icks4 #bs4 #f;d4 ,,williams1 ,,ar*ibald1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon471 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,e>ly ,,exploration4 ,illu/rat$4 #es4 ,a companion volume to ',! ,romance ( ,mod]n ,exploration1' & if possible1 m full ( ,romance4--,,ev5+ ,,/&>d4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,exploration4 ,illu/rat$4 #es4 ,a m9e ( in=mation & /irr+ incid5t4--,,scotsman4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,me*anism4 ,illu/rat$4 #es4 ,mr4 ,williams is an old fav\rite2 a g5u9ely fasc9at+ book4--,,liv]pool ,,c\ri]4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,inv5tion4 ,) #bd ,illu/rations4 ,an ideal gift book = boys1 fasc9at+ly int]e/+4--,,que54 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+4 ,illu/rat$4 ,an absorb+ "w ) its graphic descriptions4--,,/&>d4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,locomotion4 ,illu/rat$4 ,crisply writt5 & brimful ( incid5t4--,,glasg[ ,,h]ald4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,mod]n ,,m9+4 ,) #bd ,illu/rations4 ,boys w revel 9 ?is volume4--,,city ,,press4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+4 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #bs4 ,,:i?am1 ,g4 ,i4 ,,! ,,la/ ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,coats4 ,a ,/ory ( ,cavali]s & ,r\ndheads4 ,illu/rat$ 9 col\r by ,,osc> ,,wilson4 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #cs4 #f;d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,wond] ,,libr>y ,) ,eight ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo4 ,price #bs4 ,,wond]s ,,( ,,animal ,,life4 ,,edmund ,,sel\s4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,manufacture4 ,by ,c4 ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,savage ,,life4 ,by ,pr(essor ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,a/ronomy4 ,by ,,hector ,,macph]son1 ,junr41 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,inv5tion4 ,by ,a4 ,williams1 ,b4,a4 ,revis$ & br\ght up to date by ,t4 ,w4 ,,corb94 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,*emi/ry4 ,by ,,james ,c4 ,,philip1 ,d4,sc4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,electricity4 ,by ,,*>les ,r4 ,,gibson1 ,f4,r4,s4,e4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,animal ,,+5uity4 ,by ,h4 ,,c\p91 ,d4,sc41 & ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,me*anical ,,+5uity4 ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,asiatic ,,exploration4 ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,! ,,plant ,,_w4 ,by ,g4 ,f4 ,,scott ,,elliot1 ,m4,a41 ,b4,sc41 ,f4,l4,s41 c4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,railways4 ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a41 ,f4,r4,g4,s4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,! ,,insect ,,_w4 ,by ,e4 ,,sel\s4 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,mod]n ,,eng9e]+4 ,by ,,ar*ibald ,,williams1 ,b4,a4 7,oxon47 ,,! ,,wond]s ,,( ,,bird ,,life4 ,by ,,john ,,lea1 ,m4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,wright1 ,,sidney4 ,,! ,,romance ,,( ,,! ,,_w',s ,,fi%]ies4 ,) _m ,illu/rations4 ,extra cr[n #hvo1 #es4 ,,"y1 ,,erne/4 ,,adv5tures ,,among ,,trapp]s ,,& ,,hunt]s4 ,) ,sixte5 ,illu/rations4 ,ex4 cr[n #hvo1 #es4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,! foll[+ *anges h be5 made to ! text3 ,page #c3 add$ miss+op5 quotation m>k3 7,x is no exagg]ation to say t ,comm&] ,currey be>s wor?ily ! mantle ( ,k+/on & ,capta9 ,m>ryat47 ,page #c3 add$ miss+ op5 quotation m>k 7,by writ+ ?is s]ies ! au?or is do+ national s]vice1 4447 ,page #ff3 add$ miss+ ^w on 7,ne$less to say1 t %ip w5t on no m excursions47 ,page #gg3 *ang$ bridg9v to bridg+ 7 444 c]ta9 eng9e]+ field companies1 & bridg+ tra9s1 4447 ,page #adg3 *ang$ ,*ili to ,*ile 7 444 notably 9 ! 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